cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructure at carbon fiber microelectrode implantation sites after acute voltammetric measurements in the striatum of anesthetized rats

This work seeks to establish the feasibility of characterizing the ultrastructure of brain tissue disruption associated with the implantation of carbon fiber voltammetric microelectrodes. In vivo recording was performed by fast scan cyclic voltammetry in conjunction with carbon fiber microelectrodes (3.5 microm radius) in the striatum of rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate. After 4 h of in vivo recording, the microelectrodes were removed from the brain and the animals underwent intracardial perfusion. Brain tissue was collected and sectioned in the horizontal plane perpendicular to the axis of the microelectrodes. With microelectrodes of a conventional single barreled design, the tissue tracks were often too small to be followed by light microscopy to the point of deepest penetration, which would correspond to the implantation site of the carbon fiber itself. The enlarged tissue tracks formed by the implantation of double barreled electrodes, however, could be followed to their termination by light microscopy. Anatomical mapping was used to identify the fields laying 100 microm deeper than the deepest trace of such tracks. Electron microscopy of these fields revealed a spot of tissue damage presumed to be associated with the implantation site of the carbon fiber microelectrode. The spot of maximal tissue damage had a radius of 2.5 microm and was surrounded by an annular region with a width of 4 microm that contained a mix of healthy and damaged elements. Beyond this annular region, i.e. beyond 6.5 microm from the center of the spot of maximal damage, signs of microelectrode-associated damage were rare and consisted primarily of neurons with darkened cytoplasm.
Discrepancy detection and developmental changes in attentional engagement in infancy

Abstract The processing of discrepancies in visual arrays is fundamental to basic visual processes such as figure-ground segregation and object recognition. In six experiments, we examined this function in 3- and 5.5-month-olds. In Experiment 1, 5.5-month-olds detected a textural discrepancy induced by changes in individual color and shape features but not one induced by changes in relations among these features. These results suggest that, in infancy, as in adulthood, there are differences in the processes that detect featural discrepancies versus those that detect discrepancies in relations among features. Experiments 2, 3A, and 3B suggested that, unlike in the case of 3-month-olds in prior studies, textural and singleton discrepancies in arrays that 5.5-month-olds detect do not hold their attention in the presence of other attention-seeking cues. A comparison of the performance of 3- and 5.5-month-olds in Experiments 4A and 4B confirmed the presence of this developmental change. Altogether, these results indicate that infants’ detection of color and shape textural discrepancies is consistent with models of adult visual processing that posit a preattentive system for processing features and a resource-demanding attentional system for processing relations among features. They also suggest that the ability to disengage attention from a discrepancy and deploy it at another location develops between 3 and 5.5 months of age.
Vacancy diffusion in solids

Abstract A new theory for vacancy diffusion based on a scattering theory point of view is derived. The result is expressed in terms of a trace of a “correlation like” expression.
Superior Detachment of a Glenoid Labrum Variant Resembling an Incomplete Discoid Meniscus in a Wheelchair Ambulator

Symptoms of instability and painful clunking in the shoulder were found associated with superior detachment of an incomplete discoid glenoid labrum and biceps origin in a 25-year-old woman. The patient was paraplegic below the T4 level secondary to resection of a spinal cord astrocytoma at age of 17. Symptoms began after 3 years of wheelchair use and repetitive transfer injuries. On arthroscopic examination, only the central surface of the articular glenoid cartilage was visible because of labral coverage. The entire labrum was meniscoid without distinguishable variation. The superior labrum was in continuity with the root of the biceps tendon; however, the superior biceps-labral complex was completely stripped away from the underlying glenoid. The anterior, posterior and inferior labrum was firmly attached peripherally about the glenoid. An arthroscopic staple was used to reattach the biceps root and superior labrum to bone. At 6 year follow-up, the functional result was satisfactory.
Stress Isolation Structures in MEMS Gyroscope Packages

This paper describes the impact of lead frame design to minimize mechanical and thermal stresses to a MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) gyroscope in a plastic premold cavity package. Design ideas for incorporating stress-isolation structures by etching the die paddle in a lead frame were evaluated with finite element modeling (FEM) and experimental verifications. The results showed that the null drift due to external mechanical stress was significantly improved by more than one order of magnitude, and the temperature variation of the device output was also improved by 30%, both by mounting the device on the lead frame etched with stress-isolation structures.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Pyrene Nucleotide as a Mechanistic Probe: Evidence for a Transient Abasic Site-like Intermediate in the Bypass of Dipyrimidine Photoproducts by T7 DNA Polymerase†

We recently proposed a mechanism for why dAMP is primarily inserted opposite both T's of photoproducts of TT sites by T7 DNA polymerase [Smith, C. A., Baeten, J., and Taylor, J.-S. (1998) J. Biol. Chem., 273, 21933-21940] that was based on analysis of a recent crystal structure of a complex of this enzyme with a template, a primer, and a dideoxynucleotide. We proposed that indiscriminate insertion of dAMP opposite the 3‘-T of each photoproducts takes place via a transient abasic site-like intermediate, with the photoproduct outside the active site, whereas insertion of dAMP opposite the 5‘-T takes place with the photoproduct inside the active site. To obtain further support for this mechanism, we have investigated the selectivity of dNMP and pyrene nucleotide (dPMP) insertion opposite each T of the cis,syn, trans,syn-I, trans,syn-II, (6−4), and Dewar photoproducts of TT and opposite a tetrahydrofuran abasic site analogue by the exonuclease-deficient T7 DNA polymerase, Sequenase Version 2.0. Selectivity wa...
Aberrantly elevated microRNA-34a in obesity attenuates hepatic responses to FGF19 by targeting a membrane coreceptor β-Klotho

MicroRNA-34a (miR-34a) is the most highly elevated hepatic miR in obese mice and is also substantially elevated in patients who have steatosis, but its role in obesity and metabolic dysfunction remains unclear. After a meal, FGF19 is secreted from the ileum; binds to a hepatic membrane receptor complex, FGF19 receptor 4 and coreceptor β-Klotho (βKL); and mediates postprandial responses under physiological conditions, but hepatic responses to FGF19 signaling were shown to be impaired in patients with steatosis. Here, we show an unexpected functional link between aberrantly elevated miR-34a and impaired βKL/FGF19 signaling in obesity. In vitro studies show that miR-34a down-regulates βKL by binding to the 3′ UTR of βKL mRNA. Adenoviral-mediated overexpression of miR-34a in mice decreased hepatic βKL levels, impaired FGF19-activated ERK and glycogen synthase kinase signaling, and altered expression of FGF19 metabolic target genes. Consistent with these results, βKL levels were decreased and hepatic responses to FGF19 were severely impaired in dietary obese mice that have elevated miR-34a. Remarkably, in vivo antisense inhibition of miR-34a in obese mice partially restored βKL levels and improved FGF19 target gene expression and metabolic outcomes, including decreased liver fat. Further, anti–miR-34a treatment in primary hepatocytes of obese mice restored FGF19-activated ERK and glycogen synthase kinase signaling in a βKL-dependent manner. These results indicate that aberrantly elevated miR-34a in obesity attenuates hepatic FGF19 signaling by directly targeting βKL. The miR-34a/βKL/FGF19 axis may present unique therapeutic targets for FGF19-related human diseases, including metabolic disorders and cancer.
Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate: Methods and Outcomes

Minimally invasive treatments maximize surgical therapy while minimizing patient morbidity. The treatment of bladder outlet obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia recently has seen a large growth of minimally invasive technologies. The Holmium laser has become a mainstay for the treatment of urolithiasis and the Holmium’s versatility allows for the treatment of prostatic enlargement regardless of size. The Holmium laser has excellent cutting and coagulating capabilities and allows for a bloodless procedure. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate, because of its excellent hemostasis and unparalleled ability to endoscopically remove prostatic tissue, has become the treatment of choice for benign prostatic hyperplasia at the Methodist Hospital of Indiana.
Linking by collision initiated in the absence of preexisting reentrant tachycardia

Abstract Dynamic functional block in 1 limb of a reentrant circuit ("linking") can be maintained by either repetitive interference or collision of successive impulses entering the circuit. Occurrence of linking by collision during attempted overdrive pacing of reentrant tachycardias accounts for the entrainment phenomenon. To investigate whether linking by collision can be initiated in the absence of preexisting tachycardia, a human reentrant circuit model was studied. The model consisted of the atrioventricular node and His-Purkinje system as anterograde limb and an electronic stimulator that served as "retrograde limb" by initiating a paced atrial impulse at a predetermined ventriculoatrial interval following each sensed ventricular depolarization. In 3 patients with intact ventriculoatrial conduction, "reentrant tachycardia" was initiated by a ventricular extrastimulus (V 2 ), which retrogradely blocked bilaterally below the His bundle. When this same V 2 was followed, instead, by a paced V 2 V 2 train at a cycle length equal to the programmed ventriculoatrial interval of the "tachycardia," it could be shown that each beat of the train not only "traversed" the simulated "retrograde limb" but also retrogradely collided with a prior circulating impulse in the anterograde limb of the circuit, thereby constituting linking by collision at a supra-Hisian level with inability of even a single "reentrant cycle" to be completed; "tachycardia" became manifest only after termination of the V 2 V 2 train. The findings suggest the existence of a unique mechanism for initiation of certain clinical reentrant tachycardias during incremental pacing.
Effort expenditure during proportionally reinforced responding

A bar-pressing experiment was carried out in which laboratory rats were reinforced approximately in direct proportion to the level of time integral of force (“effort”) exerted per response. Over the course of training, the subjects increased in efficiency, as measured by amount of food obtained per unit effort exerted. It was not demonstrated, however, that the animals learned to take advantage of the effort-proportional reinforcement contingency.
Concurrent variation of response bias and sensitivity in an operant-psychophysical test.

The yes-no signal detection procedure was applied to a single-response operant paradigm in which rats discriminated between a standard auditory intensity and attenuated comparison values. The payoff matrix was symmetrical (with reinforcing brain stimulation for correct detections and brief time-out for errors), but signal probability and intensity differences were varied to generate a family of isobias and isosensitivity functions. The d' parameter remained fairly constant across a wide range of bias levels. Isobias functions deviated from a strict matching strategy as discrimination difficulty increased, although an orderly relation was maintained between signal probability value and the degree and direction of response bias.
Functional Disruption of the CD28 Gene Transcriptional Initiator in Senescent T Cells

We recently reported that aging is accompanied by the emergence of CD4(+)CD28(null) T cells, a functionally aberrant lymphocyte subset rarely seen in individuals younger than 40 years. Here, we directly examined whether the lack of CD28 expression is due to a defect at the level of transcriptional initiation. Molecular studies reveal that CD28 gene transcription is controlled by two sequence motifs, sites alpha and beta. In vitro transcription assays using initiator-dependent DNA templates revealed that reversed polarity or the deletion of either motif inhibited transcription, indicating that alpha/beta sequences constitute a composite initiator. Moreover, nuclear extracts from CD28(null) cells failed to activate transcription of alphabeta-initiator DNA templates. Transcription of such templates was, however, restored with the addition of extracts from CD28(+) cells. Although previously described initiator elements have been defined by a consensus sequence, the alphabeta-initiator has no homology to such sequence. These studies demonstrate that initiators have functions other than positioning elements for the basal transcription complex. Rather, initiators can have a direct role in regulating the expression of specific genes. The gain or loss of initiator activity can be an important determinant of cell phenotypes.
What's So Important About Job Satisfaction

In an era of cutback management, productivity tends to become more important than job satisfac tion. Yet job satisfaction cannot be ignored, for it serves four important functions for human resource managers:
Pathologic margin involvement and the risk of recurrence in patients treated with breast-conserving therapy.

BACKGROUND The relationship between the microscopic margins of resection and ipsilateral breast recurrence (IBR) after breast-conserving therapy for carcinomas with or without an extensive intraductal component (EIC) has not been adequately defined. METHODS Of 1,790 women with unilateral clinical Stage I or II breast carcinoma treated with radiation therapy as part of breast-conserving therapy, 343 had invasive ductal histology evaluable for an extensive intraductal component (EIC), had inked margins that were evaluable on review of their pathology slides, and received; ce60 Gray to the tumor bed; these 343 women constitute the study population. The median follow-up was 109 months. All available slides were reviewed by one of the study pathologists. Final inked margins of excision were classified as negative > 1 mm (no invasive or in situ ductal carcinoma within 1 mm of the inked margin); negative; cc 1 mm, or close (carcinoma; cc 1 mm from the inked margin but not at the margin); or positive (carcinoma at the inked margin). A focally positive margin was defined as invasive or in situ ductal carcinoma at the margin in three or fewer low-power fields. The first site of recurrent disease was classified as either ipsilateral breast recurrence (IBR) or distant metastasis/regional lymph node failure. RESULTS Crude rates for the first site of recurrence were calculated first for all 340 patients evaluable at 5 years, then separately for the 272 patients with EIC-negative cancers and the 68 patients with EIC-positive cancers. The 5-year rate of IBR for all patients with negative margins was 2%; and for all patients with positive margins, the rate was 16%. Among patients with negative margins, the 5-year rate of IBR was 2% for all patients with close margins (negative; cc 1 mm) and 3% for those with negative > 1 mm margins. For patients with close margins, the rates were 2% and 0% for EIC-negative and EIC-positive tumors, respectively; the corresponding rates for patients with negative margins > 1 mm were 1% and 14%. The 5-year rate of IBR for patients with focally positive margins was 9% (9% for EIC-negative and 7% for EIC-positive patients). The 5-year crude rate of IBR for patients with greater than focally positive margins was 28% (19% for EIC-negative and 42% for EIC-positive patients). CONCLUSIONS Patients with negative margins of excision have a low rate of recurrence in the treated breast, whether the margin is >1 mm or; cc1 mm and whether the carcinoma is EIC-negative or EIC-positive. Among patients with positive margins, those with focally positive margins have a considerably lower risk of local recurrence than those with more than focally positive margins, and could be considered for breast-conserving therapy. Cancer 1996;78:1921-8.
Opiate tolerance and dependence: receptors, G-proteins, and antiopiates

Despite the existence of a large body of information on the subject, the mechanisms of opiate tolerance and dependence are not yet fully understood. Although the traditional mechanisms of receptor down-regulation and desensitization seem to play a role, they cannot entirely explain the phenomena of tolerance and dependence. Therefore, other mechanisms, such as the presence of antiopiate systems and the coupling of opiate receptors to alternative G-proteins, should be considered. A further complication of studies of opiate tolerance and dependence is the multiplicity of endogenous opiate receptors and peptides. This review will focus on the endogenous opioid system--peptides, receptors, and coupling of receptors to intracellular signaling via G-proteins--in the context of their roles in tolerance and dependence. Opioid peptides include the recently discovered endomorphins and those encoded by three known genes--pro-opiomelanocortin, pro-enkephalin, and pro-dynorphin. They bind to three types of receptors--mu, delta, and kappa. Each of the receptor types is further divided into multiple subtypes. These receptors are widely known to be coupled to G-proteins of the Gi and Go subtypes, but an increasing body of results suggests coupling to other G-proteins, such as Gs. The coupling of opiate receptors to Gs, in particular, has implications for tolerance and dependence. Alterations at the receptor and transduction level have been the focus of many studies of opiate tolerance and dependence. In these studies, both receptor down-regulation and desensitization have been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Receptor down-regulation has been more easily observed in vitro, especially in response to morphine, a phenomenon which suggests that some factor which is missing in vitro prevents receptors from down-regulating in vivo and may play a critical role in tolerance and dependence. We suggest that antiopiate peptides may operate in vivo in this capacity, and we outline the evidence for the antiopiate properties of three peptides: neuropeptide FF, orphanin FQ/nociceptin, and Tyr-W-MIF-1. In addition, we provide new results suggesting that Tyr-W-MIF-1 may act as an antiopiate at the cellular level by inhibiting basal G-protein activation, in contrast to the activation of G-proteins by opiate agonists.
A random effects model for multistate survival analysis with application to bone marrow transplants

We present an extension of the non-homogeneous Markov model for a bone marrow transplant recovery process which allows for possible associations between the transition intensities. The associations between intensities are modeled by a correlated gamma frailty model. Based on a parametric model for the conditional transition intensities, we obtain estimates of the model parameters. We use these estimates to make predictions of patient's eventual prognosis given the current medical history of the patient. Estimates of the uncertainty in our predictions are obtained by a modified bootstrap technique.
Object recognition using L-system fractals

Abstract Fractals have been successfully used for modeling many classes of natural objects. We use a class of fractals, the L-system, to model and to recognize plants and trees. Results indicate that this approach has great potential for recognizing natural objects.
Cloning, expression and partial characterization of a novel rat phospholipase A2.

Abstract We report the cloning of a novel rat cDNA encoding a Ca 2+ -dependent, low molecular weight phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ). A rat RNA blot hybridized with the cDNA exhibited a putative 2.4 kb transcript in heart. When the cDNA was expressed in human 293s cells, PLA 2 activity accumulated in the culture medium. This conditioned medium optimally hydrolyzed the phospholipids of [1- 14 C]oleate-labeled Escherichia coli at neutral to alkaline pH with 10 mM or greater Ca 2+ . When single substrates were tested, l -α-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine was more efficiently hydrolyzed than l -α-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl phosphatidylcholine, l -α-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl phosphatidylethanolamine or l -α-1-stearoyl-2-arachidonyl phosphatidylinositol.
Population Size and Reproduction in Phlox pilosa

Abstract: We analyzed the relationships between population size and reproductive characteristics in the perennial prairie forb Phlox pilosa, an obligate outcrossing butterfly-pollinated species. We examined 27 populations ranging in size from 9 to over 75,000 flowering ramets in two regions of the state of Iowa (eastcentral and northwest) in 1993 and 1994. We collected flowers from each population and scored them for pollen arrival to stigmas and number of pollen tubes. We collected fruiting ramets from each population at the end of the Phlox growing season and scored them for height, biomass, and reproductive variables, including the number of flowers initiated and opened and the number of capsules initiated and matured. In both years, population size was significantly correlated with the number of capsules matured per ramet. Differences between populations in capsule production were set primarily at the pollination stage. In 1993, pollen arrival to stigmas was significantly lower than in 1994 and was correlated with population size in eastcentral Iowa populations, indicating that lower reproduction in small populations that year was at least partially due to inadequate amounts of pollen being moved. In 1993, weather conditions likely depressed pollinator activity, but absolute capsule formation was high because of high flower production per ramet and high population densities. In 1994, when pollen arrival to stigmas was relatively high and unrelated to population size, outcross pollen movement was greater in larger populations. Increased efficacy of outcross pollen movement in 1994 may have resulted from lower flower production and less dense populations forcing greater pollinator movement between ramets or from variation between years in fine-scale spatial genetic substructuring of populations. Our results indicate that the viability of Phlox pilosa can be best ensured by protecting and creating populations of at least 1000–2000 flowering ramets.
Aligning and attaching a lens to an optical fiber using light pressure force

We demonstrate two simple and inexpensive methods of using the force exerted by the light transmitted through an optical fiber to center a lens on the fiber core with submicrometer accuracy. By choosing the appropriate lens one can either focus, collimate, or defocus the light emerging from the fiber. We discuss extensions of this technique to a wider variety of lenses and light sources, including semiconductor lasers.
Neuroimaging findings in a child with dumbbell-shaped frontosphenoidal dermoid cyst presenting as preseptal cellulitis

We report the CT and MRI findings in a 5-year-old girl with histologically proven frontosphenoidal dumbbell-shaped dermoid cyst with sinus tracts in the frontal bone extending to the dura. Although the most common location for dermoid cyst in the head and neck is at the frontosphenoidal region, presentation with a tract extending deep to underlying bone or the intracranium is rare for this location. Complete surgical excision has been widely accepted as the basic treatment for dermoid cyst. However, the relatively extensive nature of such surgical interventions may be associated with serious risks to both visual acuity and cosmesis. From a clinical viewpoint, even if these are rare cases, radiological imaging is crucial for orienting the deeper extension of the lesion for presurgical planning.
How student teaching in an urban setting affects teacher candidates' career motivations

This is a qualitative study to determine changes in the motivation of senior student teachers to teach (at the elementary, early childhood, and secondary levels) in an urban setting during the student teaching internship in an urban public school. Emerging themes include roles of classroom teachers, discouragement from tenured teachers, school bureaucracy, views of students, relationships with cooperating teachers, candidates' views about subject matter, and their views about themselves. The findings indicate that motivation to teach changed during student teaching. This cohorts' experiences strengthened their confidence and commitment to teach in culturally diverse urban public schools rather than discouraging them. This research supports a contextual approach to understanding motivation and challenges educators to reflect on several issues of preservice training as well as collaboration with teacher practitioners. With a knowledge of what attracts teachers to the occupation and an understanding of how that attraction is influenced by field experiences in urban schools, programs which prepare teachers may be better able to educate teachers who want to teach in urban schools and can perform successfully in that setting.
Advantages of psychrophiles in improving bio‐treatment efficiency of small size constructed wetlands during cold weather

Constructed wetland technique for waste water treatment has many advantages, including high treatment efficiency, low investment and energy cost, and easy operation and maintenance. However, the inhibitive effect of low temperature on treatment efficiency remains a serious problem in cold weather for many small size wetlands. In this study, the application of cold-tolerating bacteria in maintaining the nitrogen waste treatment efficiency of small size constructed wetland during cold weather was investigated in Hebei province, northern China. Three strains of cold-resistant bacteria were purified, and their physiological characteristics in terms of growth rate and generation time under different growth conditions were tested. The effects of various environmental factors on the growth of these strains were also investigated, including ambient temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbon concentration, bio-retention time and pH. These strains of purified bacteria were then applied to constructed wetland systems, and their effects on nitrogen removal in cold temperatures were measured. It was found that these bacteria strains significantly improved the nitrogen removal efficiency of the constructed wetlands, suggesting a promising role that these microorganisms play in improving the efficiency of small size constructed wetlands in waste water treatment in cold weather. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Feedback control of dissipative PDE systems in the presence of uncertainty and noise using extended Kalman filter

This article focuses on dynamic output feedback and robust control of quasi linear parabolic partial differential equations (PDE) systems with time-varying uncertain variables. Especially processes that are described by dissipative PDEs are considered. The states of the process required for designing controllers are dynamically estimated from limited number of noisy process measurements employing an Extended Kalman filter. The issue of utilizing these estimated states in a robust controller to achieve the desired process objective is investigated. The controller design needs to address both model uncertainty and sensor noise. The methodology is employed on an representative example wherein the desired objective is to stabilize an unstable operating point in a catalytic rod, where an exothermic reaction occurs. A finite dimensional robust controller, utilizing dynamically estimated states, is used to successfully stabilize the process to an open-loop unstable steady-state.
Scalable streaming media authentication

Consumer networks, increasingly used for multimedia information and commercial content delivery, are destined to be heterogeneous. To provide QoS, it is necessary to adapt the multimedia stream to the heterogeneous network channel conditions and device capabilities. Meanwhile, security is an important component to restrict unauthorized multimedia content access and distribution. This suggests the need for a new cryptography system implementations that can operate at different data rates, i.e., be scaled to various multimedia content, different network topology, changing bandwidth, and diverse receiver device capabilities. Content authentication is one important security tool for secure multimedia content communication. Conventional message authentication schemes do not offer suitable scalability for this new set of applications. In this paper, we study the design of scalable media data stream authentication and present a framework for multimedia authentication that supports various kinds of scalability.
Interaction between protein and energy supply on protein utilization in growing cattle: A review

Abstract Based on research with growing pigs, most of the nutrient requirement systems for ruminants assume that the efficiency of amino acid (AA) utilization is not affected by energy supply. The objective of this literature review is to examine the information available to support that assumption for growing ruminants. Because the study of interactions between protein and energy supply is difficult due to ruminal metabolism, different experimental approaches have been used. Some experimental models (i.e. dietary modifications) are simple, but in some instances have led to inconclusive evidence and misinterpretation of the results. The use of totally intragastrically maintained animals allows energy and protein supply to be varied independent of each other. When this technique was used, the results on the effects of energy supply on protein deposition were variable, but most of the evidence seems to suggest that energy supply increases protein deposition, even at limiting levels of protein supply. In addition, fat mobilization may support protein synthesis when energy is limiting, but an adequate AA supply is provided. With preruminant calves, energy supply also was associated with increases in protein deposition, even when protein intake was limiting. Similar results were observed with growing steers provided with supplemental energy and protein through ruminal and abomasal infusions. According to this model, energy intake, independently of the source of energy, improved the efficiency of AA utilization, but the magnitude of improvement may depend on which AA limits protein deposition. Although the results were variable, and direct comparisons among experimental approaches are difficult, most of the experimental evidence indicates that energy supply affects the efficiency of protein utilization. Thus, the assumption of a constant efficiency for a broad range of energy intake is unlikely to be appropriate for growing ruminants. Although more research is needed to understand the mechanisms involved in those effects, modeling of AA requirements in growing cattle may require consideration of the amount of dietary energy supplied.
A new set of printed-circuit technologies for the IBM 3081 processor unit

A new set of printed-circuit technologies have been developed which permit construction of printed-circuit panels with several kilometers of controlled-impedance interconnections. Communications between internal layers of signal planes are achieved through small plated vias (drilled with a laser), while plated through-holes are used for the logic service terminals for cable terminations and module terminals. The panels are the largest currently known in the industry, 600 × 700 mm, and have the most layers, 20. This paper describes new package designs which are achievable with the exceptional versatility that the new technologies provide. These technologies encompass vacuum lamination, electroless plating, photosensitive dielectric, laser drilling, automatic twisted-pair wire bonding, and other new approaches to printed circuits.
GRP78 induction by calcium ionophore potentiates photodynamic therapy using the mitochondrial targeting dye victoria blue BO.

The cationic photosensitizing triaryl methane dye Victoria Blue BO (VBBO) localizes in mitochondria and causes oxidative damage to this organelle during photodynamic therapy (PDT). Oxidative stresses from other photosensitizers induce a variety of stress proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-based, calcium-binding stress protein GRP78 is a putative protective factor for photo-sensitizers such as Photofrin® that damage multiple intracellular sites and for several cytotoxic agents. In the current study VBBO-PDT was found to induce glucose-regulated protein (GRP)78. However, in contrast to other drugs, rather than being protected, human squamous carcinoma cells (FaDu) induced to express GRP78 by calcium ionophore A23187 became more sensitive to PDT. A line of Chinese hamster ovary cells (C.-1) constitutively overexpressing GRP78 also were more sensitive. Cytotoxicity of the A23187 treatment and VBBO was synergistic, with more than 11-fold potentiation with light irradiation, but was only additive in the dark. The in-creased cell killing was not due to differences in VBBO uptake or to changes in the intracellular localization of VBBO caused by calcium ionophore or GRP78. Thus, GRP78 appears to enhance rather than protect against VBBO-induced mitochondrial photodamage and contributes to cell death. This novel finding possibly may stem from the effects of GRP78, ER Ca2+ stores and ATP consumption on the Ca2+ and ATP-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition that may be evoked by PDT damage to the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The work suggests interventions that may potentiate PDT with mitochondrial targeting sensitizers and potential enhancements in efficacy when GRP78 is upregulated biologically or pharmacologically.
A Note on the Visualization of Conic Surfaces

The equation of a conic optical surface may be expanded in a power series, the first few terms of which are useful in optical engineering.
Detecting text in natural scenes with stroke width transform

We present a novel image operator that seeks to find the value of stroke width for each image pixel, and demonstrate its use on the task of text detection in natural images. The suggested operator is local and data dependent, which makes it fast and robust enough to eliminate the need for multi-scale computation or scanning windows. Extensive testing shows that the suggested scheme outperforms the latest published algorithms. Its simplicity allows the algorithm to detect texts in many fonts and languages.
Vehicular Transport Safety for the Child With Disabilities

This article reviews transport safety for the child with disahilities in vans, school huses, and automo­ biles. Because very little research has heen done in this area, information about safety for children with disabilities has heen extrapolatedfrom information based on the nondisabled population. Commercially available car seats and harnesses, most ofwhich are designed for the nondisabled child, can provide a high level of crash protection. Several available re­ straint systems are recommended.
Interannual variability of Aureococcus anophagefferens in Quantuck Bay, Long Island: natural test of the DON hypothesis

This study examined benthic and pelagic rate processes from the perspective of benthic dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its possible role in Aureococcus anophagefferens population dynamics. Sampling was conducted in Quantuck Bay, Long Island, New York, at three times in the summer of 2000 and two times in the summer of 2001. A. anophagefferens exhibited a large bloom between the May and July 2000 sample periods, but a smaller bloom was captured in the September 2000 sampling. Densities throughout 2001 were significantly lower than during 2000. There were few differences in most parameters measured between years, but the largest difference was the seasonal increase in both particulate (POM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) during 2000 that was not observed during 2001. In particular, DOP accumulated the most, followed by DON and DOC, which resulted in significant seasonal decreases in the C:N:P ratios of the DOM pools. On the contrary, changes in elemental ratios of POM were not observed. The seasonal accumulation of DON appeared to be driven largely (∼50%) by the flux of DON from the benthos in 2000, but during 2001, all measured DON fluxes were into the sediment from the water column. This is consistent with the lack of accumulation during this year. There was little evidence for changes in microzooplankton grazing pressure between 2000 and 2001, and therefore the accumulation of DON and DOP during 2000 could have provided a competitive advantage to A. anophagefferens over other picoalgal species (e.g., Synechococcus) resulting in the significant blooms observed in 2000.
An unusual cause of suicidal ideations

While the differential for suicidal ideations is broad, it is known that pathologic brain issues are a cause. Here, a case is presented of a gentleman who had an unusual growth into his frontal lobe leading to the suicidal ideations. The fact that he is chronically immunosuppressed likely led to this unique situation.
Pavithra (MO 13) and Panchami (MO 14): Two gall midge resistant varieties of rice

Hybridization programme was started in 1985 at the Rice Research Station, Moncompu using locally accepted varieties like MO 4, MO 6, MO 7 and gall midge (GM) resistant varieties such as MO 5, Surekha, Pothana etc. using pedigree-breeding method to evolve varieties with resistance to GM Biotype 5. Up to six generation, selection was practised based on GM resistance, yield and general performance. Two cultures, KAU M59–29–2–1–2 (IET 13983) from the cross Surekha / MO 5 and KAU M61-6-1-1-2 (IET 14260) from the cross Pothana / MO 5 performed well in yield trials over the check varieties and were released as Pavithra (MO 13) and Panchami (MO 14) respectively in 1998 for use in GM endemic areas.
The Role of Aging and Disability Resource Centers in Serving Adults Aging with Intellectual Disabilities and Their Families: Findings from Seven States

For the first time, adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) are living to experience old age. The purpose of this project was to assess the activities of aging and disability resource centers (ADRCs) as they seek to serve older adults with intellectual disabilities and their family caregivers. Data come from 21 in-depth qualitative interviews with ADRC staff in seven states. Results of this qualitative analysis indicate that ADRCs are not focusing explicitly on adults aging with I/DD and their family caregivers, but meeting the needs of this population is a future goal of ADRCs. Challenges related to accessing and providing information and referral services for adults aging with I/DD were described and highlight existing unmet needs of this population. Supporting adults who simultaneously require aging and disability services requires true coordination of aging and disability service systems.
Elaborating Consensus: Strategic Orientations and Rationales in Wartime Intergroup Relations

This research addresses the field of intergroup relations during World War II and immediately thereafter as a case study of a noncontentious (or consensus-oriented) social movement. It examines patterns of strategic activities and strategic rationales, drawing from Lofland's (1989; 1993) research mapping the 1980s peace movement. Analyses utilize a unique data source describing programmatic activities for 353 independent organizations from a directory compiled by the American Council on Race Relations in 1949, as well as primary historical documents chronicling strategic rationales among leaders of intergroup relations. Findings indicate a pattern of strategic eclecticism, with some grouping of activities around loose strategic orientations in the areas of formal/institutional challenges, community services/organization, and public education. Rationales emphasized efforts to link more and less contentious strategies—both across the movement field and movement phases—suggesting a complementary rather than ...
Left Ventricular Diastolic and Systolic Material Property Estimation from Image Data

Cardiovascular simulations using patient-specific geometries can help researchers understand the mechanical behavior of the heart under different loading or disease conditions. However, to replicate the regional mechanics of the heart accurately, both the nonlinear passive and active material properties must be estimated reliably. In this paper, automated methods were used to determine passive material properties while simultaneously computing the unloaded reference geometry of the ventricles for stress analysis. Two different approaches were used to model systole. In the first, a physiologically-based active contraction model [1] coupled to a hemodynamic three-element Windkessel model of the circulation was used to simulate ventricular ejection. In the second, developed active tension was directly adjusted to match ventricular volumes at end-systole while prescribing the known end-systolic pressure. These methods were tested in four normal dogs using the data provided for the LV mechanics challenge [2]. The resulting end-diastolic and end-systolic geometry from the simulation were compared with measured image data .
Paper Records and Electronic Audits: A Step Towards Regaining Voter Trust

The shortcomings of the voting systems used in the 2000 presidential election raised the awareness of the need to replace these systems. As a result, with the funds of Help America Vote Act (HAVA), many US states switched to Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) voting systems before the 2004 elections. Unfortunately these paperless voting machines were not as secure and efficient as state officials had hoped. Since their implementation, many studies have shown the threats of these systems and their flaws. While some data security experts tried to improve these voting systems, many discouraged their use and recommended more transparent methods. Although, several countries in Europe and around the world have successfully utilized E-voting, many US districts and states still don’t trust this technology and are returning to paper ballots. In this paper, we will propose a new system as a solution to the current problems. This approach combines the advantages of both paper ballots and Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) voting systems while avoiding the major flaws of these systems.
New Lawyers for a New Century – Legal Excellence and Moral Clarity: The Founding of Ave Maria School of Law

On April 8, 1999, Tom Monaghan's foundation, the Ave Maria Foundation, announced the formation of Ave Maria School of Law. It was scheduled to open in August 2000, would initially be funded by the financial generosity of the foundation, and would be governed and operated, not by a Catholic diocese or religious order like the more than twenty other Catholic law schools, but by an independent board of Catholic laity and clergy. The founding Dean of the Ave Maria School of Law sets out the history and background of founding this new law school in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
A study on hybridization of particle swarm and Tabu search algorithms for unconstrained optimization and estimation problems

This paper presents a short study on the hybridization of a swarm based optimization algorithm with a single agent based algorithm. Swarm based algorithms and single agent based algorithms have each distinct advantages and disadvantages. One goal of the presented work is to combine the concepts of the two different algorithms such that a more effective optimization routine results. In particular, we used a Particle Swarm (PS) based optimization algorithm as basis and induce Tabu Search (TS) based operators. The developed hybrid algorithm is tailored such that it has the capability to adapt to the given cost function during the optimization process. The proposed algorithm is tested on a set of different benchmark problems. In addition, the hybrid algorithm is utilized for solving the estimation problem encountered when colored noise is present and the Least Squares (LS) algorithm has bias problems.
Observations of Depth-Sensing Reciprocating Scratch Tests of DLC and Nitrogenated-DLC Overcoats on Magnetic Disks

In this investigation, the wear durability of existing and candidate protective overcoats and substrates was examined. Specifically, 5 nm thick diamond-like carbon (DLC) and nitrogenated diamond-like carbon (N-DLC) overcoats were deposited by sputtering onto glass, glass-ceramic, and NiP/AlMg substrates. The magnetic medium was a 15 nm thick layer of CoCrPt deposited on a 50 nm thick underlayer of CrV. The wear resistance of the hard disks was determined by a recently developed depth sensing reciprocating scratch test using the Nano Indenter© II. During the scratch tests, a constant normal load of 30 jtN was maintained at an indenter velocity of 2μm/sec. It was found the N-DLC/CoCrPt/CrV/glass disk exhibited the most wear resistance and least amount of plastic deformation after the last wear event. Conversely, the NDLC/CoCrPt/CrV/NiP/AiMg disk displayed the least wear resistance even though the magnitude of the elastic recovery was the greatest. This amount of recovery was influenced by the high elastic modulus of the NiP/AIMg substrate. Consequently, the scratch test failed to isolate the intrinsic properties of the overcoat, however it provided a very powerful means of quantitatively assessing the overall response of the whole magnetic disk. This is more relevant since it simulates the response the disks see in performance. In addition, a discrete amount of nitrogen up to 14 atomic % incorporated into the amorphous network resulted in an increase in overcoat durability compared to the DLC overcoat. This was attributed to an increase in the XPS determined number of N-sp 3 C bonded sites in a predominantly N-sp 2 C bonded matrix. However, with increasing nitrogen concentrations ≥18%, the film structure was weakened due to the micro-Raman spectroscopy determined formation of terminated sites in the amorphous carbon network since nitrogen failed to connect the sp 2 domains within the network.
Development of classes of racism measures for frequency and stress reactions: Relationships to race-based traumatic symptoms.

Carter (2007) proposed that different classes of racism might be associated with race-based traumatic stress symptoms (RBTSS). The present study details the development of measures designed to assess the utility of the classes of racism proposed by Carter (2007) and whether these classes predict RBT