cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Elastomer's Bulk Modulus by Means of a Confined Compression Test

Abstract The bulk modulus represents a material's resistance to volume change when subjected to pressure loading. Determination of bulk modulus is important for evaluation of applications where compression is involved. Most methods proposed for this purpose are complicated and costly. A simple method is to compress an elastomer button, fully confined in a metal fixture, on a tensile/compression machine. The reliability of this method is studied and a data-treatment technique is proposed to improve the accuracy. It shows that the testing method, with the new analysis technique recommended, is efficient and can be used as a routine test.
An Asian American community in the Southern United States: An exploration of fear of crime

ABSTRACTThis article is a qualitative study exploring fear of crime within an Asian American community in the southern region of the United States. As more and more Asian Americans move to the South, they force preexisting communities to encounter a burst of unfamiliar populations. The new makeup of communities in the South has resulted in fear of crime among the more recent residents. In interviews with leaders of the Asian American community, four major themes of fears were identified: violence against businesses, crime against personal property, invisibility and marginalization, and discrimination of individuals.
Comparative Biology of Retinoid Deprivation and Replacement in Flies and Rodents

The purpose of this review is to compare the findings from recent deprivation and replacement studies in Drosophila. rats and mice. Opsin is decreased in rhabdomeres of retinoid-deprived flies. In Drosophila. the visual system recovers quickly upon retinoid replacement even after prolonged deprivation. Importantly, photoreceptors do not degenerate. Total deprivation of all retinoids including retinoic acid is possible in Drosophila. Thus deprivation of vitamin A chromophore precursors can be achieved with or without deprivation of retinoic acid, a vertebrate transcriptional activator and morphogen. Replacement or rearing with specific dietary supplements including retinoic acid suggest that opsin transcription is regulated transcriptionally by a nuclear receptor acting within the −701 to −488 region in the ninaE [opsin gene] promoter. Phospholipase C [PLC], a phototransduction protein acting downstream from rhodopsin, is decreased by retinoid deprivation only in that the rhabdomeres are smaller when deprivation decreases opsin. However, a Drosophila retinoid binding protein expressed in Semper cells is specifically eliminated by retinoid deprivation. Total retinoid deprivation is not possible in the vertebrate since retinoic acid is essential. However, it was deemed useful to re-examine the effects of vitamin A deprivation and to investigate replacement in the rodent. Extended periods of deprivation were necessary to decrease sensitivity in rats and mice. Retinol replacement effected full recoveries. Vitamin A deprivation decreases interphotoreceptor matrix retinoid binding protein in the rat and the mouse. In summary, photoreceptors in the vertebrate, as in Drosophila. are robust against degeneration even when rhodopsin is drastically reduced.
Optical Techniques for Microscopic Imaging of Semiconductor and Ceramic Layers

Defection of material contaminates and material defects on microelectronic-grade silicon wafers is necessary to ensure high-quality material before beginning the value-added processing.1 Structural properties of thin films and subsurface layers are important for material characterization and phase identification.2 We report on our recent results on applying different optical techniques for microscopic imaging of semiconductor and ceramic layers.
Decision Aids: Do They Work?

Decision Aids (DAs) are educational tools designed to help patients make better decisions about their health that reflect their personal health history, circumstances, values, goals and preferences.
Microfluidic Platforms for Yeast-Based Aging Studies

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been a powerful model for the study of aging and has enabled significant contributions to our understanding of basic mechanisms of aging in eukaryotic cells. However, the laborious low-throughput nature of conventional methods of performing aging assays limits the pace of discoveries in this field. Some of the technical challenges of conventional aging assay methods can be overcome by use of microfluidic systems coupled to time-lapse microscopy. One of the major advantages is the ability of a microfluidic system to perform long-term cell culture under well-defined environmental conditions while tracking individual yeast. Here, recent advancements in microfluidic platforms for various yeast-based studies including replicative lifespan assay, long-term culture and imaging, gene expression, and cell signaling are discussed. In addition, emerging problems and limitations of current microfluidic approaches are examined and perspectives on the future development of this dynamic field are presented.
The Mighty World of Microbes: An Overview

The world of microbes on our planet is vast and diverse. This includes the normal bacterial flora present on the skin and mucous membranes of humans. The human microbiome project (HMP) was launched by NIH in 2007 as a part of a road map for medical research. The HMP serves as a template for researchers who are studying more than 1,000 microbial genomes with a focus on their role in health and disease. The study samples have been derived from five human body regions that are known to be inhabited by microbial flora. These include the gastrointestinal tract, female urogenital tract, mouth, nose, and skin. The techniques being used include finger printing, sequencing, dynamic range, and comparison of multiple samples. It is now well accepted that there are more microbial cells than human cells in the human body. Just the gastrointestinal tract harbors more than tenfold microbial cells than the number of human cells in the entire body. The understanding of the relationship between microbes and humans is at best rudimentary at this point in time. Similarly, the relationship between humans and microbes in the environment and environmental surfaces is poorly understood except for a few pathogenic microbes.
Ghost/sup 3D/: detecting body posture and parts using stereo

The paper describes how to detect human posture and upper body parts using overhead narrow-baseline stereo cameras. This information is extracted to understand retail customer behavior while shopping. We propose an approach to detect body posture without using an explicit 3D human model. The proposed method is based on a 3D silhouette, a silhouette-ghost of a person, that is constructed from a 2D silhouette. The 2D silhouette is detected by color and disparity background subtraction. Once the silhouette-ghost is generated, the head and shoulder regions are identified using the human body topological structure which constrains the relative position of each body part. A shape histogram, the distribution of relative positions of points on a 3D silhouette, is introduced to estimate the posture and body parts.
Novel plasmonic biosensors molding the flow of light and fluidics at subdiffraction limit

We introduce a novel hybrid platform merging label free nanoplasmonic biosensing with actively controlled nanofluidic analyte delivery to overcome mass transport limitations. We show 14-fold improvement in mass transport rate constants appearing in the exponentials.
Designing Molecular Probes To Prolong Intracellular Retention: Application to Nitroxide Spin Probes

Targeted delivery of molecular probes into cells enables cellular imaging through optical and magnetic modalities. Probe molecules that are well retained by cells can accumulate to higher intracellular concentrations, and thus increase the signal-to-noise ratio of, and widen the temporal window for, imaging. Here we synthesize a paramagnetic spin probe bearing six ionic functional groups and show that it has long intracellular half-life (>12 h) and exceptional biostability in living cells. We demonstrate that judicious incorporation of ionic substituents on probe molecules systematically increases intracellular retention time, and should therefore be beneficial to imaging experiments.
A comparative energy analysis of three electrochromic glazing technologies in commercial and residential buildings

Abstract This paper presents a simulation study of three dynamic electrochromic window glazings, including a novel glazing capable of independently modulating its optical properties in both the visible and near-infrared spectrums. This capability allows this so-called “dual-band” technology to actively manage the solar heat and visible light transmitted into a building’s interior, and creates the potential for heating, cooling, and lighting savings vis-a-vis competing window technologies. In this study EnergyPlus is used to simulate annual energy performance of the dual-band electrochromic (DBEC) glazing in three building types and 16 U.S. climate regions. The savings potential of DBEC windows are presented relative to a conventional electrochromic glazing; a visibly transparent, near-infrared switching electrochromic glazings; and several static alternatives, including ASHRAE 90-2010 standard compliant windows. Results indicate that the DBEC glazings are capable of outperforming alternatives in a diverse set of locations and building types, including both heating and cooling-dominated regions. Relative to code-compliant static windows, the DBEC is capable of achieving annual primary energy savings between 6 and 30 kW h/ft2 of window area from reduced heating, cooling, and lighting demand. Relative to other advanced glazings, the savings are significantly lower, ranging from 0 to 1.2 kW h/ft2. Regional DBEC energy cost savings versus high performance static windows are presented to identify early potential market entries based on energy savings. Finally, the impacts of widespread deployment of high-efficiency LED lighting on DBEC energy savings potentials are also presented.
Bradycardia during Transradial Cardiac Catheterization due to Catheter Manipulation: Resolved by Catheter Removal

Purpose. To report the resolution of bradycardia encountered during transradial cardiac catheterization through the catheter pullback technique in two cases. Case Report. A 62-year-old male and an 81-year-old male underwent coronary angiogram to evaluate for coronary artery disease and as a result of positive stress test, respectively. Upon engagement of the FL 3.5 catheter into the ascending aorta through the transradial approach, the first case developed bradycardia with a heart rate of 39 beats per minute. The second case developed profound bradycardia with a heart rate of 25 beats per minute upon insertion of the 5 Fr FL 3.5 catheter near the right brachiocephalic trunk through the right radial access. Conclusion. Bradycardia can be subsided by removal of the catheter during catheter manipulation in patients undergoing transradial coronary angiogram if there is a suspicion of excessive stretching of aortic arch receptors and/or carotid sinus receptors.
EEG sleep of normal healthy children. Part I: Findings using standard measurement methods

Despite the increasing application of all-night electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep studies to children for clinical as well as for research purposes, readily available normal EEG sleep standards for the period of childhood have remained sparse and, at present, reflect data on only approximately 100 children 6 to 16 years of age. As part of a large scale study examining various aspects of EEG sleep among children, findings derived using standard recording and scoring methods are reported for a new sample of nearly 100 normal, healthy children and are compared with existing standards. Data obtained add substantially to the existing database and generally confirm findings of previous normative reports on children in this age range.
Theory and Electrochemistry of Cytochrome c

Extensive simulations of cytochrome c in solution are performed to address the apparent contradiction between large reorganization energies of protein electron transfer typically reported by atomistic simulations and much smaller values produced by protein electrochemistry. The two sets of data are reconciled by deriving the activation barrier for electrochemical reaction in terms of an effective reorganization energy composed of half the Stokes shift (characterizing the medium polarization in response to electron transfer) and the variance reorganization energy (characterizing the breadth of electrostatic fluctuations). This effective reorganization energy is much smaller than each of the two components contributing to it and is fully consistent with electrochemical measurements. Calculations in the range of temperatures between 280 and 360 K combine long, classical molecular dynamics simulations with quantum calculations of the protein active site. The results agree with the Arrhenius plots for the reac...
Additive Component Analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the most versatile tools for unsupervised learning with applications ranging from dimensionality reduction to exploratory data analysis and visualization. While much effort has been devoted to encouraging meaningful representations through regularization (e.g. non-negativity or sparsity), underlying linearity assumptions can limit their effectiveness. To address this issue, we propose Additive Component Analysis (ACA), a novel nonlinear extension of PCA. Inspired by multivariate nonparametric regression with additive models, ACA fits a smooth manifold to data by learning an explicit mapping from a low-dimensional latent space to the input space, which trivially enables applications like denoising. Furthermore, ACA can be used as a drop-in replacement in many algorithms that use linear component analysis methods as a subroutine via the local tangent space of the learned manifold. Unlike many other nonlinear dimensionality reduction techniques, ACA can be efficiently applied to large datasets since it does not require computing pairwise similarities or storing training data during testing. Multiple ACA layers can also be composed and learned jointly with essentially the same procedure for improved representational power, demonstrating the encouraging potential of nonparametric deep learning. We evaluate ACA on a variety of datasets, showing improved robustness, reconstruction performance, and interpretability.
Toward goal-oriented robotic gait training: The effect of gait speed and stride length on lower extremity joint torques

Robot-assisted gait training is becoming increasingly common to support recovery of walking function after neurological injury. How to formulate controllers capable of promoting desired features in gait, i.e. goals, is complicated by the limited understanding of the human response to robotic input. A possible method to formulate controllers for goal-oriented gait training is based on the analysis of the joint torques applied by healthy subjects to modulate such goals. The objective of this work is to understand how sagittal plane joint torque is affected by two important gait parameters: gait speed (GS) and stride length (SL). We here present the results obtained from healthy subjects walking on a treadmill at different speeds, and asked to modulate stride length via visual feedback. Via principal component analysis, we extracted the global effects of the two factors on the peak-to-peak amplitude of joint torques. Next, we used a torque pulse approximation analysis to determine optimal timing and amplitude of torque pulses that approximate the SL-specific difference in joint torque profiles measured at different values of GS. Our results show a strong effect of GS on the torque profiles in all joints considered. In contrast, SL mostly affects the torque produced at the knee joint at early and late stance, with smaller effects on the hip and ankle joints. Our analysis generated a set of torque assistance profiles that will be experimentally tested using gait training robots.
What Can We Learn from the Genetics of Diabetes

It is great pleasure to have the opportunity to address you and I thank the organizers and especially Dr. Davies and Dr. Akamizu for inviting me to speak. The topic I was asked to address is: What progress has been made in the search for diabetes genes, and how and what are people looking for in the diabetes area that might contribute to the efforts to identify thyroid disease genes.
Anesthesia for Colonoscopy and Lower Endoscopic Procedures

Demand for anesthesiologist-assisted sedation is expanding for gastrointestinal lower endoscopic procedures and may add to the cost of these procedures. Most lower endoscopy can be accomplished with either no, moderate, or deep sedation; general anesthesia and active airway management are rarely needed. Propofol-based sedation has advantages in terms of satisfaction and recovery over other modalities, but moderate sedation using benzodiazepines and opiates work well for low-risk patients and procedures. No sedation for routine colonoscopy works well for selected patients and eliminates sedation-related risks. There is no difference in outcome measures based on sedation received.
The roles of parenting practices, sociocognitive/emotive traits, and prosocial behaviors in low-income adolescents.

Abstract The goal of the current study was to examine the links among parenting practices (i.e., use of social and material rewards), sociocognitive and socioemotive traits (i.e., perspective taking, prosocial moral reasoning, and empathic concern), and prosocial behaviors among adolescents in a low-income, Midwestern community. Participants were 311 adolescents (M age = 16.10 years; range = 14–19 years; 58.7% girls; 82.7% White; 13.6% Latino). The results demonstrated that social rewards were positively associated with perspective taking, empathic concern, and prosocial moral reasoning, which were each associated with multiple forms of prosocial behaviors. Material rewards were negatively associated with prosocial moral reasoning and empathic concern. There were also direct links between material and social rewards and prosocial behaviors. Discussion will focus on the intervening role of social cognitions and emotions in explaining links between parenting practices and low-income adolescents' prosocial behaviors.
Navigating the Microbiota Seas: Triangulation Finds a Way Forward

Identifying members of the intestinal microbiota that play causal roles in shaping human disease susceptibility has been an ongoing challenge. In their recent paper in Nature, Surana and Kasper (2017) present a new strategy that may help "triangulate" causal and therapeutically useful bacteria from the human gut.
Maternal obesity, fish intake, and recurrent spontaneous preterm birth.

Objective: Moderate fish intake in early pregnancy is associated with decreased risk of preterm birth (PTB). Obesity during pregnancy is characterized by inflammation and insufficiency of essential...
Augustus De Morgan on the teaching of mathematics

Augustus De Morgan (1806-1871) was a prolific writer, a notable mathematician and logician, and an excellent teacher. His work in logic and his invention of the logic of relations are well-known. However he also thought and wrote extensively about mathematics teaching pedagogy, and his approach is still relevant to mathematics teachers today. In this short note I offer selected quotations from De Morgan's writings on mathematics education, preceded by a short biography taken from.
Generalization of the Mandel—Spencer Double-slip Model

The double-slip theory for the flow of frictional materials, originated by Mandel (1947) and developed by Spencer (1964), is reviewed in the light of slip theories of metal plasticity and, in particular, a fully nonlinear formulation given by Asaro (1979), and further generalized by Nemat-Nasser and co-workers (1980) to include frictional effects and volumetric strains. The kinematical conditions associated with slip are examined in relation to the physical origin of ‘pressure sensitivity’ and inelastic volumetric straining. General forms of these conditions are laid out, and the corresponding constitutive equations are developed within a three-dimensional setting with an arbitrary number of active slip systems. The results are then specialized for application to plane deformation by double slip, and major features of the equations are pointed out. It is concluded that the most essential characteristic underlying both the Mandel—Spencer double-slip theory and Asaro’s theory of slip-induced crystal plasticity is the noncoaxiality between the stress tensor and the plastic deformation rate tensor. This allows an additional degree of freedom for plastic flow and, as a consequence, endows the theory with greater predictive capability for application to unstable deformations by localization.
Effects of Coach and Parent Training on Performance Anxiety in Young Athletes: A Systemic Approach

Coaches and parents play a major role in determining the consequences of sport participation in young athletes. This study focuses on the assessment of a systemic, empirically inspired intervention directed at coaches and parents. Parallel workshops derived in part from achievement goal theory were presented to the coaches and parents of 9 to 15 year old boys and girls participating in community-based basketball programs, and their effects were compared with a matched control condition. Multilevel analyses revealed significant Time x Condition interactions on all three subscales of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) and on a total anxiety score. Athletes in the intervention condition decreased in cognitive and somatic anxiety scores on the SAS-2, whereas athletes in the control condition exhibited increases in cognitive and somatic anxiety. Results suggest the potential efficacy of brief, economical interventions in enhancing the psychosocial impact of the youth sport environment.
Infected Renal Lithiasis: Results of Long-Term Surgical and Medical Management

Patients with infection stones composed of struvite (Mg-NH4-PO4) and associated with infections with urease producing bacteria have been difficult to manage1–10. Recurrence of infection, regrowth of stones, and multiple surgical procedures have been common in many long-term studies and some workers have felt that surgery for infected stone was contraindicated because of the high recurrence rate. A long-term study was begun in 1966 to evaluate the effectiveness of a combined program of treatment of infected renal calculi by aggressive surgical removal of stones, careful diagnostic evaluation, and close medical follow-up. This paper concerns the results of this long-term study.
Soybean Response to Sulfur Fertilization

Materials and Methods Trial location was Field B, which has a Fruitfield coarse sand soil with 1 percent organic matter and soil pH of 7.4. A spring soil test reported 222 lb/acre phosphorus (very high), 180 lb/acre potassium (low), and 22 lb/acre of sulfur (low) in the topsoil. Potash (0-0-60) was broadcast at a rate of 200 lb/acre before chisel plowing and disking. Soybean seed, Pioneer 93Y05, was planted on May 20 at seed spacing of 6-7 per ft in rows 30 in. apart. Soybeans were irrigated as needed with subsurface drip irrigation lines placed 12 in. deep and 60 in. apart. Weed control was achieved with use of s-metolachlor and glyphosate herbicides. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. A treatment plot consisted of six soybean rows 20 ft long with data taken from center two rows. Calcium sulfate (21% Ca, 17% S) was used as the sulfur source and banded between plot rows at rates to equal 0, 10, 20, and 40 lb/acre sulfur on June 22 when soybeans were at the V3 growth stage. Recently matured trifoliate leaves were collected on August 9 when soybeans were at R2 growth stage for percent sulfur in plant tissue determinations. Soybean plots were harvested on October 15 with a plot combine.
Patient-defined goals and preferences among older adults with cancer starting chemotherapy (CT).

10009Background: Older adults with cancer facing decisions with competing health outcomes may favor maintaining quality of life (QOL), independence, or cognition over prolonging survival. The goal ...
Compliance with guidelines and factors associated with ordering the 21-gene breast cancer assay.

6552Background: The 21-gene Recurrence Score result estimates the likelihood of distant recurrence and predicts the benefit of chemotherapy in early stage, hormonal receptor positive (HR+), HER2 ne...
First and Second Order Piezoresistive Characteristics of CMOS FETs: Weak through Strong Inversion

Experimental results validate a continuous model describing the stress dependencies of CMOS FETs from weak through strong inversion. The model incorporates the significant impact of threshold voltage changes (through $\mathrm{n}_{\mathrm{i}}^{2}$ ) on the stress responses in all regions of operation and describes both first- and second-order longitudinal and traverse piezoresistive coefficients for PMOS and NMOS devices. Orthogonal differential pairs of MOSFETs can be utilized to directly measure the mobility component of the overall stress response.
Absence of the ‘un-exchangeable’ monument: Cinematic design and national identity in a time of partition

In the 1954 film Jagriti, a train-trip to the historic sites of the recently-formed Indian nation erases Islamic monuments. A similar sequence enfolds in the 1957 Pakistani film Bedari, which mimic...
Accessibility and accommodations for patients with mobility disabilities in a large healthcare system: How are we doing?

Abstract Background People with disabilities continue to experience health disparities resulting from inaccessibility of healthcare practices and medical diagnostic equipment (MDE). Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accessibility of and accommodations for patients with mobility disabilities in clinics of a large healthcare system in the South Atlantic division of the U.S., to determine if accessibility was different based on clinic type, and to identify areas for improvement to increase accessibility. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 214 healthcare professionals conducted between March and June of 2018. Chi square tests and ANOVA were used to compare accessibility between primary care, hospital based, and private diagnostic clinics. Results A relatively high proportions of respondents reported that their clinic had implemented many accessible features. However, significant differences were found by clinic type with primary care clinics having better access to MDE including height adjustable exam tables, scales with handrails, wheelchair accessible scales, or padded leg supports. However, primary care clinics were less likely to have lifts for transferring patients. The percent of clinics with MDE was higher than that reported in previous studies which may be due to the safe patient handling and mobility program implemented at the healthcare system. Accommodations for patients when a barrier to care is encountered remain an area for improvement. Conclusion While accessibility for people with disabilities was greater in this healthcare system, areas for improvement were identified to help healthcare professional care for their patients with disabilities.
Personalized Nutrition: Customizing Your Diet for Better Health

This chapter highlights how we all respond differently to the foods we eat, which is due to differences in our genomes, microbiomes, and the way we metabolize foods. Two people can eat the same food, but the effects on their bodies are very different. We each have specific nutritional requirements depending on our biology, history, and lifestyle. Recent advances in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, the microbiome, and metabolomics are covered, as well as how these exciting new forensic tools are being used to tailor our diets to our particular needs. Personalized nutrition will transform our health care system – each of us will get tailored dietary advice to stave off those chronic diseases we are most susceptible to. The use of biometric sensors, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to monitor our health and wellness, and then suggest the optimum foods we should eat, is also discussed.
Basic postulates of groundwater occurrence and movement

For nearly two centuries, the partial differential equation of heat conduction has constituted the foundation for analyzing many physical systems, including those involving the flow of water in geologic media. Even as the differential equation continues to be a powerful tool for mathematical analysis in the earth sciences, it is useful to look at the groundwater flow process from other independent perspectives. The physical basis of the partial differential equation is the postulate of mass conservation. Alternatively, it is possible to understand groundwater movement in terms of energy and work because mechanical work has to be done in moving water against the resistance to flow offered by the solid material and to store water by opening up pore spaces. To this end, the behaviors of steady-state and transient groundwater systems are sought to be understood in terms of postulates concerning the state of a groundwater system, its tendency to optimally organize itself in response to impelling forces and its ability to store and release energy. This description of groundwater occurrence and flow, it is shown, is equivalent to the variational statement of the Laplace equation for the steady-state case and is similar to Gurtin’s (1964) variational principle for the transient case. The approach followed here has logical similarities with Hamilton’s principle for dynamical systems. Though the variational statement of the transient groundwater flow process is appealing in that it provides a rationale for deriving the parabolic equation, intriguing questions arise when one attempts to understand the physical significance of the variational statement. This work is motivated in part by a desire to develop a better understanding of the groundwater flow process from an intuitive base pertaining to discrete systems. Also, as we show an increasing preference to numerically solve groundwater flow problems on the basis of integro-differential equations, it is likely that the work presented here may contribute to improving such integral solution techniques.
Wall stress analyses in patients with ≥5 cm versus <5 cm ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm

Abstract Objective Current guidelines for elective surgery of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms (aTAAs) use aneurysm size as primary determinant for risk stratification of adverse events. Biomechanically, dissection may occur when wall stress exceeds wall strength. Determining patient-specific aTAA wall stresses by finite element analysis can potentially predict patient-specific risk of dissection. This study compared peak wall stresses in patients with ≥5.0 cm versus Methods Patients with aTAA ≥5.0 cm (n = 47) and Results Peak circumferential stresses at systolic pressure were 530 ± 83 kPa for aTAA ≥5.0 cm versus 486 ± 87 kPa for aTAA Conclusions Peak patient-specific aTAA wall stresses overall were larger for ≥5.0 cm than aTAA
A non-standard representation for Brownian Motion and Itô integration

In a recent paper [10], Peter A. Loeb showed how to convert non-standard measure spaces into standard ones and gave applications to probability theory. We apply these results to Brownian Motion and Ito integration. We first develop a number of new tools about Loeb spaces. We then show that Brownian Motion can be obtained as the Loeb process corresponding to a non-standard random walk obtained from a*-finite number of coin tosses. This permits a very constructive proof of a special case of Donsker's Theorem. The Ito integral with respect to this Brownian Motion is a non-standard Stieltjes integral with respect to the random walk. As a consequence, an easy proof of Ito’s Lemma is possible. The results in this paper were announced in [1].
Patients' Perspectives on Psychiatric Pharmacogenetic Testing.

Introduction There is growing interest to adopt pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing in psychiatric medicine, despite mixed views regarding its clinical utility. Nevertheless, providers are utilizing PGx testing among patients with mental health disorders. This study sought to assess genotyped patients’ perspectives and experiences with psychiatric PGx testing. Methods Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted among patients with depression who had undergone psychiatric PGx testing. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed inductively and deductively for salient themes. Results Twenty patients (100% Caucasian, 60% female, mean age 39±18 years) were interviewed. The majority of the PGx tests were provider-initiated for patients who failed multiple pharmacotherapies (50%) and/or had medication intolerances (45%). Patients’ pre-testing expectations ranged from hopefulness to indifference to skepticism. Their post-testing experiences varied from optimism to disappointment, with the perceived value of the test influenced by the results and cost of the test. Discussion Genotyped patients had mixed perspectives, expectations, and experiences with psychiatric PGx testing. Their perceived value of the test was influenced by the test outcomes and its cost.
Plasma Phospholipid Metabolites Associate With Functional Outcomes Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults.

OBJECTIVE To compare differences using a metabolomics approach in older adults (≥55) with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) to control adults and to identify a signature profile related to functional outcome 3-6 months post-injury. METHODS We performed metabolomics analysis using LC-MS of untargeted aqueous metabolites on plasma samples taken from a parent prospective cohort study. Older adults with mTBI (n = 14) were purposively sampled to include participants with worsening (decrease in GOS-E of at least 1 level) and improved (increase in GOS-E of at least 1 level) outcomes from 3 to 6 months. The data were analyzed using PLS-DA with VIP scores, Random Forest, and spline fit between the different groups as a function of time for exposure on outcome. RESULTS Separation of comparisons were seen at 24 hours (negative ionization) and 6 months (positive ionization), revealing two metabolites of interest, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Phosphatidylcholine levels were higher in those with mTBI compared to controls (p < 0.05), while lower concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine was seen in those with mTBI compared to controls (p < 0.05). Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate was significant in those with mTBI compared to controls (n = 10) based on improved (n = 6) versus worsened (n = 8) outcomes from 3 to 6 months. CONCLUSION We identified plasma metabolites related to phospholipid metabolism in older adults following mTBI and associated with long-term functional outcome. These findings may underly pathological mechanisms of outcome differences in older adults who experience mTBI.
Supporting Older Adults in Locating Mobile Interface Features with Voice Input

As mobile applications continue to offer more features, tackling the complexity of mobile interfaces can become challenging for older adults. Owing to a small screen and frequent updates that modify the visual layouts of menus and buttons, older adults can find it challenging to locate a function on a mobile interface quickly—even when familiar with the application. To address this issue, we present a system that supports older adults to quickly locate an on-screen feature on a mobile interface using speech queries. Our system allows users to ask for a function related to the current mobile screen using voice input. When that function is available, it provides visual guidance for users to engage with the pertinent user interface (UI) widget. The label and location of all UI components on the current screen are acquired via the Android’s Assist API. We discuss four scenarios of use.
“Yesterday is History, Tomorrow is a Mystery”: Dying in South African Frail Care

What happens when we die? This article traces answers to this question posed to staff and residents of a nursing (frail care) home in small-town South Africa run by a Christian women’s charitable organization. The religious, cultural, and racial diversity of staff and residents, along with their different medical understandings of declining health and death constellate expansive perceptions of dying and life after death. Staff and residents share certainty about the continuity of a soul or spirit after death through a Christian God, although precise locations and modes of egress for these spiritual entities are uncertain. Heaven and hell are not strongly defined or taken for granted realities. A presentist rather than historical orientation strongly shapes the rhythms of daily life and the end of life in the home. Residents aim to find meaning in daily life and staff aim to find meaning in aiding residents in the final moments of life by being tenderly co-present. Overall, peoples’ perceptions of spatiotemporal transitions from life to the immediate after-life effectively complicate notions of immanence in the anthropology of morality, ethics, and religion. To use one informant’s terms, the end of life is “a mystery” which residents and staff engage in delicate orchestrations of carework.
Home-deliveries Before-During COVID-19 Lockdown: Accessibility, Environmental Justice, Equity, and Policy Implications.

During the COVID-19 lockdowns, home deliveries have changed from being a desirable luxury or comfortable solution to a health-supporting and essential service for many COVID-19 at-risk populations. However, not all households are equal in terms of access to home deliveries. The onset of COVID-19 has brought to light access inequalities that preceded the pandemic and that the COVID-19 lockdown has exacerbated and made visible. The concept of home-based accessibility (HBA) is introduced, and novel research questions are addressed: (i) What type of households had zero home deliveries before COVID-19 lockdown? (ii) How the COVID-19 lockdown affected the type of households that receive home deliveries? and (iii) What are the implications of no access to home delivery services in terms of equity and environmental justice? To answer the first two questions, exploratory and confirmatory models with latent variables are estimated utilizing data collected from an online survey representative of the population in the Portland metropolitan region. Policy and environmental equity implications are discussed using the concept of home-based accessibility (HBA). The results indicate that traditionally underserved populations are less likely to benefit from home-based delivery services and that COVID-19 has worsened home delivery inequalities for underserved populations.
Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis in Pregnancy: Fetal Death at 36 Weeks of Gestation.

Introduction. Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis is a rare hepatologic disorder characterized by recurrent, self-limited episodes of severe pruritus, jaundice, and elevated bile acids. While there are guidelines for the management of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, the literature regarding benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis and pregnancy is limited. Case. A 29-year-old G1P0 woman, with history of liver toxicity, had elevated total serum bile acid levels and liver enzymes documented at 8 weeks of gestation and throughout her pregnancy. She had a reactive nonstress test just 3 days prior to her induction. Fetal demise was noted when she presented at 36 weeks for her induction. Conclusion. We recommend that women with elevated total serum bile acid early in pregnancy due to a separate entity relative to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy be managed in a more individualized approach.
Discussion and Recommendations

Over 50% of HIV-positive adults globally are women (WHO. 2011. The global health sector strategy on HIV/AIDS 2011–2015 [Online]. World Health Organization. Available: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/hiv_strategy/en/. Accessed Sept 2015) and if pregnant may be at risk of transmitting the virus to their baby during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. While HIV antiretroviral medications are available to treat the mother and prevent vertical transmission to the baby, high levels of adherence to ART are required to achieve optimal results for both.
The Classic: Epiphyseal Coxa Vara or Displacement of the Capital Epiphysis of the Femur in Adolescence

This Classic Article is a redacted reprint of the original work by J.A. Key, “Epiphyseal coxa vara or displacement of the capital epiphysis of the femur in adolescence.” (Note the case reports and associated figures were deleted but are available in the supplemental reprint of the original article available online.) An accompanying biographical sketch of J.A. Key is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-013-2907-9 . The classic article is reprinted courtesy of The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery from Key JA. J Bone Joint Surg. 1926;8:53–117.
Minimum S-T Cut of a Planar Undirected Network in O(n log²(n)) Time

Let N be a planar undirected network with distinguished vertices s, t, a total of n vertices, and each edge labeled with a positive real (the edge's cost) from a set L. This paper presents an algorithm for computing a minimum (cost) s-t cut of N. For general L, this algorithm runs in time O(n log2(n)) time on a (uniform cost criteria) RAM. For the case L contains only integers ≤n0(1), the algorithm runs in time O(n log(n)loglog(n)). Our algorithm also constructs a minimum s-t cut of a planar graph (i.e., for the case L= {1}) in time O(n log(n)).
Problem Posing with the Multiplication Table

Mathematical problem posing is an important skill for teachers of mathematics, and relates readily to mathematical creativity. This article gives a bit of background information on mathematical problem posing, lists further references to connect problem posing and creativity, and then provides 20 problems based on the multiplication table to be used or adapted for classroom use by teachers of mathematics.
ThinPrep detection of cervical and endometrial adenocarcinoma: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND The current study was performed to compare the accuracy of the ThinPrep™ Papanicoloau (Pap) test with that of the conventionally prepared Pap smear in detecting cervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas. METHODS The subject group consisted of all ThinPrep cases of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGCUS) or adenocarcinoma diagnosed between March 1998 and March 2000. Conventional smears collected between January 1996 and January 1998, before laboratory conversion to the ThinPrep system, comprised the control group. Histologic follow-up was obtained. RESULTS One hundred eighty-six (0.17%) of 112,058 ThinPrep Pap tests were interpreted as AGCUS/adenocarcinomas, compared with 77 (0.09%) of 83,464 conventional smears (P < 0.001). The overall sensitivity of a ThinPrep AGCUS/adenocarcinoma smear in detecting either cervical or endometrial adenocarcinoma was increased (72.0% vs. 41.5%; P < 0.001). The ThinPrep Pap test was more sensitive in detecting endometrial adenocarcinomas (65.2% vs. 38.6%; P = 0.010) and there was a trend for a higher sensitivity in detecting cervical adenocarcinomas (87.1% vs. 55.5%; P = 0.108). CONCLUSION The ThinPrep Pap test is a more sensitive method of detecting cervical and endometrial adenocarcinomas than the conventional Pap smear. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2002;96:000–000. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a temporizing approach in a patient with shock, myocardial infarct, and a large ventricle septal defect; successful repair after six days.

Rupture of the ventricular septum occurs in 1% to 2% of all acute myocardial infarctions (MI) requiring surgical intervention in the majority of cases. Furthermore, patch dehiscence and residual shunt are major problems following repair in the acute stage. A delay in repair may prevent patch dehiscence. We now describe the technique used for a successful repair of a ruptured ventricular septal defect following six days of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12070 (J Card Surg 2013;28:193–195)
Calculation of the sensitivity image in list-mode reconstruction

List-mode image reconstruction is attracting renewed interests in emission tomography as the number of possible lines of response (LORs) in modern scanners becomes more than the number of detected events in one data set. The advantage of list-mode processing is that it eliminates the storage of empty sinogram bins. However, a single back projection of all LORs is still necessary for calculating the sensitivity image. Since the detection sensitivity is dependent on the object attenuation and detector efficiency, the sensitivity image must be computed for each study. Exact computation of the sensitivity image can be a daunting task for modern scanners with a huge number of LORs. Thus, some fast approximate calculation is desirable. Here we use theoretical results that we have derived to analyze a Monte Carlo based backprojection approach for calculating the sensitivity image. We derive expressions for the total number of LORs required in the backprojection and the sampling distribution. Computer simulations show that the new sampling schemes can reduce reconstruction artifact compared to the uniform sampling approach with the same computation cost.
The effect of prolonged minimal exposure of antibiotics to E. coli (598.6)

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a normal flora bacterial species found in the lower intestines, which acts as an opportunistic pathogen, especially in hospitals and medical care facilities. The medical industry also battles drug-resistance in such pathogenic bacteria, which usually occurs with improper use of antibiotic treatment on infections. To evaluate bacterial tolerance to antibiotics over time, this study used E. coli (Strain ATCC 23848) in the presence of Ampicillin, Tetracycline, and Kanamycin Sulfate each of which function by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Tube dilutions tests were conducted to determine the initial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each antibiotic required to prevent E. coli cell growth. E. coli present in tubes with antibiotic concentrations less than the MIC were then cultured in non-lethal doses. Every two weeks an MIC was performed to determine if a change in the MIC had occurred.