cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiological responses of three species of unionid mussels to intermittent exposure to elevated carbon dioxide.

Freshwater systems are at risk owing to increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, and one of the possible reasons for these elevations is the deployment of non-physical fish barriers to prevent invasive fish movements. Carbon dioxide barriers have the potential to create short, chronic and intermittent exposures of CO2 for surrounding freshwater biota. Although intermittent exposures to a stressor may be more ecologically relevant, the majority of laboratory tests use chronic or short-term time periods to determine how organisms will respond to an environmental stressor. Measurements of the physiological responses of three species of unionid mussel, giant floaters (Pyganodon grandis), threeridge (Amblema plicata) and plain pocketbook (Lampsilis cardium), exposed to control pCO2 (~1000 µatm) or intermittent conditions of pCO2 (ranging from ~1000 to ~55 000 µatm) 12 times per day over a 28 day period were gathered. There was no indication of recovery in the physiological responses of mussels between applications of CO2, suggesting that the recovery time between CO2 pulses (1.5 h) was not sufficient for recovery from the CO2 exposure period (0.5 h). Observations of acid-base and stress responses were consistent with what has been observed in chronic studies of freshwater mussels exposed to elevated pCO2 (i.e. elevations in HCO3-, Ca2+, Na+ and glucose, and decreases in Mg2+ and Cl-). However, species differences were observed across almost all variables measured, which emphasizes the need for multispecies studies.
Data-Driven Development of the Dewey Decimal Classification

Changes involved in maintaining the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), a general classification system, have derived in the past from many distinct sources. Without disregarding these sources, the DDC editorial team is also considering data-driven methods of (1) identifying existing areas of the DDC warranting further development or (2) identifying topics with sufficient literary warrant to justify explicit inclusion in the DDC. The use of two sources of data is under investigation. The first data source reflects the assignment of recently created Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSHs) to resources described in WorldCat records (i.e., LCSHs added within the past 5 years). The second data source reflects the assignment of numbers from the current full edition of Dewey to WorldCat records. The topics and schedule areas identified through these means require investigation to ascertain if they are viable candidates for further development. Preliminary work with these data sources reveals that the strategies hold promise.
CD44 and Other Cell Interaction Molecules Contributing to B Lymphopoiesis

The term “adhesion” seems much too narrow to describe the multifunctional molecules on which this book is based. In addition to mediating physical interactions, as the name suggests, they serve as receptors for cell-cell communication and in the binding of cells to the extracellular matrix. The distinction between cell adhesion molecules and growth factor receptors has become blurred by reports that the latter can immobilize cells. Moreover, the same, or closely related, molecules can serve different specialized functions in multiple tissues. Information is gradually accumulating about interaction molecules expressed in lymphohematopoietic tissues and to date none have been convincingly described which are restricted to those sites. Our experience with B lymphocyte precursors suggests that molecules critical for the formation and export of blood cells from bone marrow are closely related to those responsible for their recruitment from the bloodstream and migration within peripheral tissues. Like other cell adhesion molecules, they have the very interesting property of having multiple functional states, which are actively regulated by cells that express them. The emphasis of this review will be on studies which have implicated four cell adhesion/ interaction molecules in B lymphopoiesis.
The Use of the Past to Shape the Present: Shifting Depictions of the Ancient World in Twentieth-Century American Cinema

The ancient film epic has its roots at the very dawn of cinema as a form of popular art and entertainment, with a number of early silent films drawing their plots from ancient Biblical and Classical sources, and the genre remains relevant in the early twenty-first century. Ancient film epics thus provide a useful lens through which to trace evolutions in film history and in western culture more broadly. This paper analyzes seven American films spanning the early twentieth century to the early twenty-first century (Intolerance, Quo Vadis, The Egyptian, The Ten Commandments, Spartacus, Gladiator, 300), identifying specific ways each film mirrors or challenges the time period in which it was produced.
What to Expect When You Are Arrested: A Guide to Navigating for Unhoused Defendants

Public defenders often are overworked and have little time to spend with clients; many defendants do not even receive one. But even represented unhoused defendants can help themselves with HRAP’s first-of-its-kind guide to navigating court, which introduces common legal terms and timelines, and provides strategies for those experiencing homelessness to advocate for themselves.
Reducing the Genotoxic Potential of Retroviral Vectors

The recent development of leukemia in gene therapy patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease because of retroviral vector insertional mutagenesis has prompted reassessment of the genotoxic potential of integrating vector systems. In this chapter, various strategies are described to reduce the associated risks of retroviral genomic integration. These include deletion of strong transcriptional enhancer-promoter elements in the retroviral long terminal repeats, flanking the retroviral transcriptional unit with enhancer blocking sequences and designing vectors with improved RNA 3' end processing. Protocols are provided to evaluate the relative biosafety of the modified vectors based on their ability to immortalize hematopoietic progenitor cells and propensity to trigger clonal hematopoiesis or leukemogenesis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Childhood and the Entry into Adolescence: A Pivotal Period in Health-Related Behaviors and Prevention

Across definitions, a critical component of health is that it is more than just the absence of disease. At the same time, it has been much easier to define the experience of disease than it is the experience of “physical, mental, and social well-being.” Hence, most industrialized societies use systems for tracking morbidity and mortality as indicators of population health. When population data are parsed by demographic characteristics like age, gender, and ethnicity, childhood and the entry into adolescence are periods of relative good health with low mortality in comparison to younger and older ages. Despite the absence of serious disease and death, the entry into adolescence has been the target of numerous health-focused preventive interventions (Millstein, Petersen, & Nightingale, 1993; Ozer & Irwin, 2009). The rationale behind these initiatives is not based on current health per se as much as it is based on the critical aspects of development that occur as children become adolescents.
Quality Planning for the Manufacturing Supply Chain

Quality as a supply chain performance measure has not been sufficiently addressed in the literature. Planning for quality in the manufacturing supply chain requires a context that can be provided by a schematic model showing the interrelationship betwee..
Associations Between Acculturation and Oral Health Among Older Chinese Immigrants in the United States.

Background: The aim of this study was to understand the associations between acculturation and oral health among older Chinese immigrants in the United States. Method: We used data from the PINE st...
Lithium-ion cycling performance of multi-walled carbon nanotube electrodes and current collectors coated with nanometer scale Al2O3 by atomic layer deposition

Abstract A carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode as a replacement anode current collector in a lithium-ion cell is a promising approach to increase cell gravimetric energy density and gain other operational benefits like flexibility or overdischarge tolerance. Concerns for substantial irreversible losses motivate the investigation of the electrochemical performance of a CNT electrode with a nanoscale coating of Al 2 O 3 deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Cycling of CNT electrodes in coin cells vs. Li metal between 0.005 and 1.5 V vs. Li/Li + at 10 mA/g with a 1.2 M LiPF 6 3:7 ethylene carbonate:ethyl methyl carbonate w/w electrolyte shows the Al 2 O 3 coating leads to a 55% reduction in cumulative irreversible loss after 50 cycles. X-ray diffraction shows the Al 2 O 3 coating promotes improved interlayer stability of the concentric graphene layers of the CNTs during cycling and Raman spectroscopy shows the Al 2 O 3 limits the formation of defects in the CNT walls and/or amorphous carbon generation. In testing the Al 2 O 3 coated CNT electrode as an anode current collector, cycling vs. Li metal of a mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) composite shows the Al 2 O 3 leads to a 17% decrease in irreversible losses of the electrode after 5 cycles while electrode performance up to ∼ C/2 indicates the Al 2 O 3 coating does not adversely affect current collector-to-composite charge transfer. Collectively, the results indicate that an ALD coating of Al 2 O 3 is a promising way to decrease irreversible losses for CNT electrodes, representing an advancement towards use of CNT current collectors in lithium-ion cells.
Novel flexible heteroarotinoid, SL-1-39, inhibits HER2-positive breast cancer cell proliferation by promoting lysosomal degradation of HER2.

Abstract SL-1-39 [1-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)thiourea] is a new flexible heteroarotinoid (Flex-Het) analog derived from the parental compound, SHetA2, previously shown to inhibit cell growth across multiple cancer types. The current study aims to determine growth inhibitory effects of SL-1-39 across the different subtypes of breast cancer cells and delineate its molecular mechanism. Our results demonstrate that while SL-1-39 blocks cell proliferation of all breast cancer subtypes tested, it has the highest efficacy against HER2+ breast cancer cells. Molecular analyses suggest that SL-1-39 prevents S phase progression of HER2+ breast cancer cells (SKBR3 and MDA-MB-453), which is consistent with reduced expression of key cell-cycle regulators at both the protein and transcriptional levels. SL-1-39 treatment also decreases the protein levels of HER2 and pHER2 as well as its downstream effectors, pMAPK and pAKT. Reduction of HER2 and pHER2 at the protein level is attributed to increased lysosomal degradation of total HER2 levels. This is the first study to show that a flexible heteroarotinoid analog modulates the HER2 signaling pathway through lysosomal degradation, and thus further warrants the development of SL-1-39 as a therapeutic option for HER2+ breast cancer.
Normalization and pooling in hierarchical models of natural images

Divisive normalization and subunit pooling are two canonical classes of computation that have become widely used in descriptive (what) models of visual cortical processing. Normative (why) models from natural image statistics can help constrain the form and parameters of such classes of models. We focus on recent advances in two particular directions, namely deriving richer forms of divisive normalization, and advances in learning pooling from image statistics. We discuss the incorporation of such components into hierarchical models. We consider both hierarchical unsupervised learning from image statistics, and discriminative supervised learning in deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). We further discuss studies on the utility and extensions of the convolutional architecture, which has also been adopted by recent descriptive models. We review the recent literature and discuss the current promises and gaps of using such approaches to gain a better understanding of how cortical neurons represent and process complex visual stimuli.
Proteasome Inhibitors Decrease AAV2 Capsid-Derived Peptide Epitope Presentation On MHC Class I Following Transduction.

Abstract 695 Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are one of the most extensively studied and highly used vector platforms for gene therapy applications. We have recently provided evidence for AAV capsid-derived antigen presentation through MHC class I on the surface of AAV-transduced cells, supporting the hypothesis that in the first clinical trial using AAV to treat Hemophilia B, AAV capsid proteins were presented on the surface of transduced hepatocytes, resulting in clearance by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and consequent loss of therapeutic transgene expression. Proteasome inhibitors are small molecule compounds that are able to specifically inhibit the activity of the proteasome, resulting in a buildup of ubiquitinated proteins, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species, and a general decrease in presentation of MHCI-peptide complexes. It has previously been shown that proteasome inhibitors can have a dramatic effect on AAV transduction in vitro and in vivo. Here we describe using the FDA approved proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, to decrease capsid antigen presentation on hepatocytes in vitro, while at the same time, enhancing gene expression in vivo. Using an AAV capsid specific T cell reporter line to analyze effects of proteasome inhibitor on antigen presentation, we demonstrated capsid antigen presentation at low MOI9s, as well as inhibition of antigen presentation at clinically relevant levels of bortezomib. We also demonstrate that bortezomib can enhance FIX expression from an AAV2 vector in C57Bl/6 mice, however does not appear to enhance expression of AAV8. Based on the data presented here, it appears as if future studies using proteasome inhibitors in large animal models may be warranted. A pharmacological agent that can enhance AAV transduction, decrease T-cell activation/proliferation, and decrease antigen presentation would be a promising solution to many of the obstacles to successful translation of AAV-mediated, liver-directed gene transfer to the clinic. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Host Inflammation Increases Alloimmunization to Transfused Red Blood Cells.

Background: Alloimmunization to RBC is a serious sequelae of transfusion, which can result in hemolytic transfusion reactions and difficulty identifying compatible units for future transfusion. Although any given unit of RBC contains numerous alloantigens, only 6% of transfusion recipients mount a measurable alloantibody response. The factors that determine whether a given transfusion recipient will generate antibodies remains undetermined. Activation of the innate immune system through inflammation is known to have a significant effect on immune responses in other settings. Accordingly, we hypothesized that recipient inflammation would modulate humoral responses to transfused RBC. Methods: Hen egg lysozyme (HEL) is a well studied antigen. In order to convert HEL into a model blood group antigen, we utilized transgenic mHEL mice, which express HEL on the surface of RBC as a transmembrane protein. Leukoreduced mHEL RBC were transfused into B10. BR recipient mice (H-2 k MHC haplotype). To induce host inflammation, recipient mice received an intraperitoneal injection of poly(I:C), which is a double-stranded RNA that mimics inflammation commonly seen with viral infection. The inflammatory effects of poly (I:C) were confirmed by observing activation of macrophages using flow cytometry. Plasma was obtained from recipient mice 7 and 14 days post-transfusion, and anti-HEL antibody titers and isotypes were determined by HEL specific ELISA. Results: Inflammation of mice with poly (I:C) resulted in a significant increase in the magnitude of anti-HEL IgG synthesis. Whereas mice receiving mHEL RBC alone had only a weak anti-HEL IgG response, treatment with poly (I:C) prior to transfusion resulted in a 15 fold increase in anti-HEL IgG (p value =.0003). In addition, whereas IgG1 and IgG3 were the predominant anti-HEL IgG subtypes in mice receiving mHEL RBC alone, IgG3 and IgG2b predominated in mice treated with poly (I:C) prior to mHEL transfusion. Thus, treatment of transfusion recipients with an agent that mimics inflammation commonly seen in viral infections significantly increased humoral immunity and altered IgG subtype composition. Discussion: The findings reported here demonstrate that host inflammation with a viral-like agent increases alloimmunization to transfused RBC and suggests that co-existing infections in humans may increase humoral immunization to transfused RBC. In addition, since different IgG subtypes have different hemolytic potentials, the observed deviation may influence the clinical significance of alloantibody formation. These findings provide the rational basis for possible intervention using immunomodulatory agents to prevent alloimmunization or to divert the response to a non-hemolytic IgG subtype.
The anti-tubocurarine effects of physostigmine, neostigmine, and edrophonium in the rat

The anti-tubocurarine effects of physostigmine, neostigmine, and edrophonium were studied in the intact rat over large dose ranges of the antagonists. With increasing doses the PD50 of tubocurarine increased, reached a plateau, and then decreased. On the basis of the results it was concluded that 1. the anti-tubocurarine effect is directly related to the anti-acetocholinesterase activity of these agents, 2. the loss of anti-tubocurarine effect after large doses of edrophonium is related to the neuromuscular blocking effects of this agent and 3. the loss of anti-tubocurarine effects after large doses of neostigmine and physostigmine may be attributed to a decrease of acetylcholine released by the nerve ending per stimulus.
A bifurcation theorem for nonlinear matrix models of population dynamics

We prove a general theorem for nonlinear matrix models of the type used in structured population dynamics that describes the bifurcation that occurs when the extinction equilibrium destabilizes as ...
Use of Individualized Learning Plans to Facilitate Feedback Among Medical Students

AbstractTheory: Self-regulated learning theory suggests that individualized learning plans can benefit medical trainees by providing a structured means of goal setting, self-monitoring, and self-ev...
Multi-informant prediction of near-term suicidal behavior independent of suicidal ideation.

Abstract Background Both the Suicide Crisis Syndrome (SCS) and clinicians’ emotional responses to suicidal patients are predictive of near-term suicidal behaviors. Thus, we tested predictive validity of a combination of the proposed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual SCS criteria and the Therapist Response Questionnaire Suicide Form (TRQ-SF) for near-term suicidal behavior. Methods The presence of SCS in adult psychiatric outpatients (N=451) was assessed using relevant items from validated psychometric assessments. Clinicians completed the TRQ-SF immediately after patient intake. Suicide attempts (SA) and a combination of suicide plans and attempts (SPA) were measured at one month follow-up (N=359). Results At follow-up nine patients reported having SPA and seven reported SA. Meeting the SCS criteria were associated with near-term SA (χ2=5.987, p Conclusions Multi-informant risk assessment not reliant on patient self-reported ideation appear to enhance predictive power of traditional risk assessments in identifying imminent suicide risk.
Predictors of COVID-19 severity: A literature review.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a rapidly evolving global emergency that continues to strain healthcare systems. Emerging research describes a plethora of patient factors-including demographic, clinical, immunologic, hematological, biochemical, and radiographic findings-that may be of utility to clinicians to predict COVID-19 severity and mortality. We present a synthesis of the current literature pertaining to factors predictive of COVID-19 clinical course and outcomes. Findings associated with increased disease severity and/or mortality include age > 55 years, multiple pre-existing comorbidities, hypoxia, specific computed tomography findings indicative of extensive lung involvement, diverse laboratory test abnormalities, and biomarkers of end-organ dysfunction. Hypothesis-driven research is critical to identify the key evidence-based prognostic factors that will inform the design of intervention studies to improve the outcomes of patients with COVID-19 and to appropriately allocate scarce resources.
Cardiovascular reactivity to a naturally occurring stressor: Development and psychometric evaluation of a psychophysiological assessment procedure

Three studies were conducted to examine the feasibility, reactive effects of assessment, stability, sampling parameters, and sensitivity of an assessment procedure designed to measure cardiovascular responses to a discrete, naturally occurring, and replicatable stressor--university course examinations. Undergraduate students monitored their blood pressure and heart rate several times during one or two classroom examinations and for several class sessions preceding each examination. Classroom examinations were generally associated with significant increases in subjective measures of distress and cardiovascular measures. Reactive effects of assessment and other sources of error were minimized and responses were reasonably stable over time. These results support the potential utility, validity, and cost-efficiency of this methodology for assessing cardiovascular reactivity to naturally occurring stressors.
Microstructure Mixing Observations and Finescale Parameterizations in the Beaufort Sea

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 51(1), (2021): 19-35, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-19-0233.1.
Contact analysis of rigid and deformable bodies with peridynamics

Abstract This chapter presents a new particle-based contact algorithm for peridynamic modeling of impact. The penalty-based contact model employs the parameters directly computed from contact mechanics. The contact force evolution is validated by performing an impact test on a target which is governed by the peridynamic equation of motion. Also, it is shown that the contact force is not sensitive to the mesh discretization of the impactor. Furthermore, this approach is capable of modeling arbitrary shape impactors.
Isotope analysis reveals dietary overlap among sympatric canids

When colonizing new regions, invading species might compete strongly with phylogenetically related species native to the regions they are colonizing, eventually leading to coexistence or displacement. In the southeast of the United States, recently established coyotes (Canis latrans) compete with red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), although it remains unclear if competition is leading to resource partitioning or displacement by species. Using nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes, we tested the hypothesis that coyotes compete with foxes for food resources, with canids partitioning those resources to mitigate competition. We compared diets of canids in the southeast to those in the Plains region of the United States, a region where all three species historically have coexisted. We analyzed 217 hair samples from both regions pre-1960, prior to coyote colonization of the southeast, and post-2000, after coyotes were ubiquitous there, to assess differences in diet among species for both regions (southeast versus Plains and time periods, pre- versus postcolonization by coyotes). Modeling revealed significant dietary overlap among historical and contemporary populations in the southeast. Historically, all species partitioned resources in the Plains. Contemporarily, red fox and coyotes co-occurring in the Plains overlapped in diet; however, gray fox diet did not overlap with those of red fox and coyotes. Absence of partitioning in diet among co-occurring canids in the southeast indicates that interspecific competition could be strong in the region. Competition among canid populations in the southeast could lead to further resource partitioning among species that promotes coexistence or competitive exclusion of smaller fox species where coyote populations are abundant.
Development of an Intrinsically Safer Methanolysis/Aromatic Nitro Group Reduction for Step 1 and 2 of Talazoparib Tosylate

A change in facility for the synthesis of the step 2 intermediate for talazoparib tosylate (1·TsOH) required the development of an alternative, intrinsically safer process. Rapid route scouting and...
Energy Levels from Nuclei to Proteins

Consider the energy levels of a number of systems. Nuclei, with a characteristic length of a few fm, possess excitation energies of the order of keV to MeV. A typical example is given in Fig. 22.1. The first excited state of the nucleide 57Fe is at 14.4 keV; it has a mean life of 1.4×10?7 sec. The spin of the ground state is 1/2, of the first excited state 3/2. In a magnetic field, both ground state and excited state show a Zeeman splitting. In an electric field, the ground state remains degenerate, the excited state splits into two substates. The dominant excitation in atoms is electronic and too well known to be discussed here.
Lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis in pathogenic Neisseria. Cloning, identification, and characterization of the phosphoglucomutase gene.

The lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of pathogenic Neisseria is an important factor in disease pathogenesis. Little is known about the genes involved in neisserial LOS biosynthesis. To elucidate specific LOS biosynthetic genes, we screened a Tn916 library that was constructed in Neisseria meningitidis strain NMB. This strain expresses a single LOS that has an molecular mass of 4.5 kDa and binds monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3F11. This library was screened using a mAb panel that recognizes structural differences in neisserial LOS oligosaccharides. A stable LOS mutant of strain NMB was identified which we designated NMB-R6. This mutant expressed an LOS with an molecular mass of approximately 3.1-3.2 kDa and did not bind mAb 3F11. Genomic DNA from this mutant transformed N. meningitidis strain NMB to the tetracycline resistant NMB-R6 phenotype greater than 10(-4)/recipient/micrograms of DNA. In addition, we transformed Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain 1291 (LOS phenotype molecular mass 4.5 kDa, mAb 3F11+) to the NMB-R6 LOS phenotype with N. meningitidis NMB-R6 genomic DNA. Analysis of N. gonorrhoeae strain 1291-R6 LOS by mass spectroscopy showed that the LOS oligosaccharide structure is GlcNAc–>Hep2phosphoethanolamine–>2-keto-3-deoxymannooctuloson ic acid (where Hep is heptose). Sequence analysis showed that the transposon is inserted into the 3' end of a gene that has homology to the human phosphoglucomutase (PGM) gene. Sequence comparison indicated that the putative PGM gene in N. gonorrhoeae 1291 and N. meningitidis NMB had 92% identity at the DNA level. PGM and glucokinase activity was present in cell free extracts of N. meningitidis NMB and N. gonorrhoeae strain 1291. N. meningitidis NMB-R6 and N. gonorrhoeae strain 1291-R6 had no detectable PGM activity, whereas glucokinase activity was similar to the wild type strains. PGM activity can be reconstituted in N. meningitidis strain NMB-R6 by transformation with the cloned PGM gene. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that NMB-R6 transformed with the PGM gene expressed the 3F11+, 4.5-kDa LOS of the parent NMB strain. The inability of N. meningitidis NMB-R6 and N. gonorrhoeae strain 1291-R6 to convert glucose 6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate results in the truncated LOS phenotype expressed by these mutants.
The L2-Approximation Orders of Principal Shift-Invariant Spaces Generated by a Radial Basis Function

Approximations from the L 2-closure S of the finite linear combinations of the shifts of a radial basis function are considered, and a thorough analysis of the least-squares approximation orders from such spaces is provided. The results apply to polyharmonic splines, multiquadrics, the Gaussian kernel and other functions, and include the derivation of spectral orders. For stationary refinements it is shown that the saturation class is trivial, i.e., no non-zero function in the underlying Sobolev space can be approximated to a better rate. The approach makes essential use of recenl results of de Boor, DeVore and the author.
A Behavior-Based Approach to Securing Email Systems

The Malicious Email Tracking (MET) system, reported in a prior publication, is a behavior-based security system for email services. The Email Mining Toolkit (EMT) presented in this paper is an offline email archive data mining analysis system that is designed to assist computing models of malicious email behavior for deployment in an online MET system. EMT includes a variety of behavior models for email attachments, user accounts and groups of accounts. Each model computed is used to detect anomalous and errant email behaviors. We report on the set of features implemented in the current version of EMT, and describe tests of the system and our plans for extensions to the set of models.
Staged Reconstruction for HLHS

The goal of staged reconstructive surgery for children with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is the Fontan procedure. In the Fontan procedure, systemic venous return from the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC) is directed to the pulmonary arteries separating the systemic and pulmonary circulations. Successful completion of the Fontan procedure results in relief of cyanosis, decreases the volume load of the single ventricle, and allows adequate cardiac output without significant elevation of systemic venous pressure. Many investigators including Glenn and others experimented with a variety of right heart bypass procedures prior to 1971 when Fontan and Baudet reported the first “physiologic” correction of tricuspid atresia with a “Fontan” procedure [1,2]. In 1973, Kreutzer and colleagues reported the first Fontan procedure with a direct connection of the right atrium to the pulmonary artery [3]. Norwood and colleagues reported the first successful Fontan operation in a patient with HLHS in 1983 [4]. This child had undergone Stage I reconstruction as a neonate and underwent a successful one-stage nonfenestrated atriopulmonary Fontan procedure at 16 months of age. Subsequent investigators described further technical modifications including complete right heart bypass, total cavopulmonary connection (lateral tunnel), and the extracardiac Fontan procedure [5, 6, 7].
Sugars, Sweeteners, and Confections

Sugars are simple carbohydrates classified as monosaccharides or disaccharides (see Chap. 3). The common granulated or table sugar is the disaccharide sucrose, made of glucose and fructose. This chapter on sugars, sweeteners, and confections examines the sources, roles, and properties of sugars, the various types of nutritive sweeteners, and sugar substitutes added to foods. As well, confections and factors influencing candy types are addressed. Sugar should be used sparingly in the diet, and depending on serum glucose and lipid goals, nutritive and nonnutritive sweetener intake should be individualized by consumers.
Bayesian variable selection in generalized additive partial linear models

Variable selection in regression models has been well studied in the literature, with many non-Bayesian and Bayesian methods available in this regard. An important class of regression models is generalized linear models, which involve situations where the response variable is discrete. To add more flexibility, generalized additive partial linear models can be considered, where some predictors can have a non-linear effect while some predictors have a strictly linear effect. We consider Bayesian variable selection in these models. The functions in the non-parametric additive part of the model are expanded in a B-spline basis and multivariate Laplace prior put on the coefficients with point mass at zero. The coefficients corresponding to the strictly linear components are assigned a univariate Laplace prior with point mass at zero. The prior times the likelihood is mathematically intractable, but we find an approximation by expansion around the posterior mode, which is the group lasso solution in generalized linear model setting for the choice of prior. We thus completely avoid Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, which are extremely slow and unreliable in high-dimensional models. We evaluate the performance of the Bayesian method by conducting simulation studies and real data analyses. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipid membrane permeability of modified c[D-Pen2, D-pen5]enkephalin peptides

Permeability coefficients of a series of analogues of a potent opioid peptide, c[D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin, were measured in a model membrane system. The analogues included hydrophobic amino acid substitutions on position 3. Liposomes of a mixed composition consisting of zwitterionic lipids and cholesterol served as the model membranes. The obtained permeability coefficients range between 0.38 x 10(-12) and 2.9 x 10(-12) cm/s. These data were correlated with the hydrophobicity scale of Nozaki and Tanford (J. Biol. Chem. 246, 1971, 2211-2217) (correlation coefficient = 0.9933) and with determinations of lipid order perturbation by differential scanning calorimetry (correlation coefficient = -0.9779). The reasonably good correlation obtained within the family of analogues substituted on position 3 (Gly, Ala, Leu, Phe) indicates that changes in permeabilities are primarily related to increases in the partition coefficient of the peptide. However, Phe residue added on the N-terminal end of the peptide (position 0) does not appear to follow the observed trend, showing stronger lipid perturbation and lower permeability compared to the Phe3 analog. This observation demonstrates that each class of peptide modifications requires a new basis of permeability analysis and predictions.
The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Endothelial Function and Arterial Elasticity in Cardiovascular Disease as Novel and Emerging Biomarkers.

Some consider the measurements of arterial elasticity and flow-mediated dilation to be an indirect “biomarker” of endothelial dysfunction. As such, we describe the various uses of these techniques in the evaluation of the natural history of vascular disease. These measures are potential markers of disease, as abnormalities reflect changes in the integrity of vascular structure but occur prior to the manifestation of symptomatic cardiovascular events. In this review, the natural history of arterial elasticity is discussed, and the effects of aging and inflammation are reviewed. The role that arterial elasticity and flow-mediated dilation have in predicting future cardiovascular disease, and the effects of pharmacologic agents on these measures, is also reviewed.
Development of an Apparatus for the Testing of Hydrocephalic Shunts

This abstract summarizes the development of a new apparatus designed to test hydrocephalic shunts. Hydrocephalus is a medical condition most commonly characterized by above-normal intracranial pressure (ICP) that occurs when a patient’s head cannot properly regulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume in the head. The condition is generally caused by a blockage to flow of CSF in the normal biological pathways. This can result from a birth defect, trauma, or disease. In a hydrocephalic patient, excess fluid builds up in the ventricles resulting in increased mechanical stress and physical deformation of the brain. Untreated, this condition can be quite severe and can lead to brain damage or death. Standard treatment involves implanting an artificial shunt to drain the ventricle and bypass the blockage. The CSF is normally routed to the abdominal cavity. Reducing fluid volume alleviates high ICP and mechanical stress on the brain. Shunting improves the survival rate from 30 to 60 percent for untreated patients to 65 to 95 percent for patients with shunt systems installed [1].Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Laser ultrasonic inspection of the microstructural state of thin metal foils

A laser-based ultrasonic technique suitable for characterization of the microstructural state of metal foils is presented. The technique relies on the measurement of the intrinsic attenuation of laser-generated longitudinal waves at frequencies reaching 1 GHz resulting from ultrasonic interaction with the sample microstructure. In order to facilitate accurate measurement of the attenuation, a theoretical model-based signal analysis approach is used. The signal analysis approach isolates aspects of the measured attenuation that depend strictly on the microstructure from geometrical effects. Experimental results obtained in commercially cold worked tungsten foils show excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. Furthermore, the experimental results show that the longitudinal wave attenuation at gigahertz frequencies is strongly influenced by the dislocation content of the foils and may find potential application in the characterization of the microstructure of micron thick metal foils.
Finite deformation of a harmonic elastic medium containing an ellipsoidal cavity

Abstract This work is concerned with the formulation and solution of a problem for the response of a harmonic medium which, in its natural state, occupies the region exterior to an ellipsoid. The medium is deformed under the influence of pressure applied to the cavity wall, as well as stress applied at infinity.
Effects of thermophysical property estimation on process design

Abstract This paper demonstrates the importance of relating thermophysical data estimation procedures to the design application of the information so generated. Examples are given of the utility of vapor-liquid equilibrium and solubility data in distillation and extractive distillation. Computer-aided design techniques were employed to generate the property estimates and to evaluate their effects on distillation column designs. Specific guidelines are developed on screening of data sources, determination of data requirements and verification of correlations.
Valley-dependent optoelectronics from inversion symmetry breaking

Inversion symmetry breaking allows contrasted circular dichroism in different $k$-space regions, which takes the extreme form of optical selection rules for interband transitions at high symmetry points. In materials where band edges occur at noncentral valleys, this enables valley-dependent interplay of electrons with light of different circular polarizations, in analogy to spin dependent optical activities in semiconductors. This discovery is in perfect harmony with the previous finding of valley contrasted Bloch band features of orbital magnetic moment and Berry curvatures from inversion symmetry breaking [D. Xiao, W. Yao, and Q. Niu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 236809 (2007)]. A universal connection is revealed between the $k$-resolved optical oscillator strength of interband transitions, the orbital magnetic moment and the Berry curvatures, which also provides a principle for optical measurement of orbital magnetization and intrinsic anomalous Hall conductivity in ferromagnetic systems. The general physics is demonstrated in graphene where inversion symmetry breaking leads to valley contrasted optical selection rule for interband transitions. We discuss graphene based valley optoelectronics applications where light polarization information can be interconverted with electronic information.
Issues in breast cancer screening in older women

Screening is a way of detecting disease early in an asymptomatic population. For cancer screening to be effective, there not only must be a test that will detect cancer earlier, but there also must be a treatment that will result in an improved outcome. The strongest evidence for screening benefit comes from randomized prospective trials with a decrease in mortality as the outcome. For women older than 69 years of age, there is no direct scientific evidence that screening mammography will decrease their mortality from breast cancer. If there is no direct evidence (positive or negative), what can we say about any potential benefit for older women? The Forum on Breast Cancer Screening in older women (held in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, in 1990 and sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Aging) systematically reviewed a number of issues that were considered to have an indirect but positive impact on the benefit of screening mammography--incidence (which rises dramatically with age), mortality (greater in women older than 65), mammography detection (enhanced in breasts of older women), and elderly survival rates (the average women older than 65 lives long enough to benefit from screening). Unresolved issues were the proper interval for screening (12 vs. 24 vs. 33 months) and the extent to which clinical breast examination contributes to a decrease in mortality. Clinical research in the form of a national trial is needed, because the recommendations to initiate or continue screening mammography in women older than 65 is based not on scientific evidence but on opinion.
Teaching East Asian rhetoric

Abstract Our profession has regretfully overlooked the rhetoric of Asia. The growing importance of the Pacific region as well as the intrinsic worth of such a study should persuade us to free ourselves from such ethnocentric myopia. While a few courses and some convention papers and journal articles are beginning to appear, there needs to be many more. While some recent empirical studies in cross cultural communication have discussed Asian contexts, there have been very few humanistic studies of Asian rhetoric. A suggested course is here outlined, with recommended readings and projects, and suggested sources for Asian speeches in English.
Development of a neurobehavioral battery for children exposed to neurotoxic chemicals.

Abstract In recent years there has been heightened concern over the potential impact of environmental exposures on neurological function in children. Children are thought to be especially vulnerable to neurotoxic effects due to a number of factors including play behavior, differences in metabolism, and the development state of the brain. Performance tests from the computerized Behavioral Assessment and Research System (BARS) and other non-computerized tests have been combined to develop a brief battery that assesses multiple neurobehavioral functions in preschool children aged 4–6. Tests were selected to assess a variety of cognitive functions including attention, memory, motor speed and coordination and other executive functions. The battery has also been translated into Spanish and developed for use with Latino populations. Four to six-year-old children are particularly challenging because of the shorter attention span and lower motivation to complete an extended test session. When testing this group it is important to maintain the motivation of the child throughout the entire session in order to obtain accurate performance measures. A series of sequential pilot studies were used to select and develop appropriate methods and parameters for the tests in the battery. Although English-speaking children were able to complete the initial battery with minimal difficulties, several difficulties were encountered when the tests were administered to a Latino population. Cultural differences made some material inappropriate for testing due to unfamiliarity with the material, and in some cases items in a test had more than one correct translation which made administration difficult.
Future forecasting with LEAP

Abstract A rapidly changing business environment has caused numerous firms to adopt some form of environmental assessment as part of their strategic planning process. Extrapolative techniques and trend analysis are useful when forecasting for the short-term and in comparatively stable environments. Futuristic methodologies are appropriate in turbulent environments with long-term planning requirements. The Likelihood of Events Assessment Process (LEAP), a new method of forecasting developed by the author, is explained in detail using examples from a recent study which used top level life insurance executives to predict the relative likelihood of occurrence of planning dates for a set of events in the socio- political environment of business.
The oblique approach for US-guided peripheral venous cannulation in phantom models

Results There was a statistically significant reduction in the rate of cannulation failure with the oblique technique (12%, 95% CI 3-20%) versus SA (22%, 95% CI 11-32%) or LA (32%, 95% CI 20-44%) (Pearson chi2 7.1; df=2; p=0.03). Mean time to cannulation (in seconds) was not observed to be significantly different between the SA (31, 95% CI 24-37), LA (28, 95% CI 23-33), and oblique (34, 95% CI 25-44) techniques. There was no significant difference in the rate of PVWP between the SA (18%, 95% CI 8-28%), LA (22%, 95% CI 11-32%), and oblique (15%, 95% CI 6-24%) techniques. Conclusion The type of US-guided technique employed for peripheral vascular access was significantly associated with success of cannulation in this study. The oblique technique was associated with a near 2 and 3-fold decrease in failure rate compared with the SA and LA techniques, respectively. The three techniques for US-guided peripheral vessel cannulation are equivalent with respect to time to cannulation and rates of PVWP
The nature and metabolism of potentially amyloidogenic carboxyl-terminal fragments of the Alzheimer βA4-amyloid precursor protein: Some technical notes

Abstract The proteolytic processing and secretion of APP are regulated by protein phosphorylation, especially via protein kinase C and protein phosphatases 1 and/or 2A. Our studies of these regulatory mechanisms have led us to perform extensive experimentation on the metabolism of APP carboxyl-terminal fragments, using as our system either untransfected, undifferentiated rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells or APP-baculovirus infected S19 cells. We have not assayed APP fragments for biological activity in either system. However, we have made potentially relevant observations regarding APP carboxyl-terminal fragment trafficking. In this note, we review our published and unpublished data in relation to published reports from other laboratories using related systems.