cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for evaluation of gas exchange: mouth to mouth ventilation of infants by emergency medical technicians.

Abstract We describe a model for evaluating techniques of infant ventilation during resuscitation. The utility of the model is illustrated by testing performance of emergency medical technicians in mouth to mouth ventilation of a model 4 kg infant. Ventilation was generally adequate with mean (± S.D.) frequency 22 ± 9 breaths per minute and tidal volume 40 ± 13 ml. Gas delivered to the model consisted of P I CO 2 7 ± 6 mmHg and F I O 2 0.20 ± 0.007. Assuming normal metabolic rate and respiratory dead space, alveolar gas composition resulting from the simulated resuscitations would be P A CO 2 = 31 ± 20 and P A O 2 = 110 ± 19 mmHg. Nine of ten rescuers would have achieved satisfactory P A CO 2 ⩽ 50 and P A O 2 ⩾ 100. However, the rescuers' exhaled oxygen concentration is not adequate to correct hypoxemia if associated with hypoventilation or a wide alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient.
Windows-based software for recording clinical electroretinograms

Purpose To develop user-friendly Windows-based software for recording submicrovolt clinical full-field electroretinograms (ERGs). Methods LabVIEW (National Instruments) — a parallel, graphical language based on structured dataflow diagramming created for data acquisition and instrument control — was used to write ERG software that runs on Windows XP. Data acquisition and instrument control are enabled with a National Instruments 16-bit PCI Multifunction DAQ card. Results This software simulates a signal-averaging storage oscilloscope and has been used in our clinic since 2007 to record responses to 1/minute, 0.5 Hz, and 30 Hz flashes. The front panel includes virtual controls for a digital notch filter, a digital low-pass filter, a digital band-pass filter centered at 30 Hz, and an artifact reject buffer. Responses are saved to a sequential file readable by a spreadsheet program. A key feature when averaging cone ERGs to 30 Hz flashes is that ocular noise is removed independent of signal size, so that a low reject threshold can be used for every patient without attenuating the signal. The program can resolve cone ERGs as small as 0.05 µV to quantify retinal function in nearly all patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Conclusion Programming in LabVIEW allows the creation of Windows-based software that is user-friendly and state-of-the-art for resolving submicrovolt responses to 30 Hz flashes.
Vibrational Anharmonicity in the Methyl Halides

A simple model has been assumed for the anharmonic intramolecular potential function of the methyl halides; a quadratic potential in instantaneous curvilinear coordinates has been supplemented with Morse functions for the bond‐stretching coordinates. All parameters in this potential function are known from other work, and the model could therefore be used to estimate the anharmonic spectroscopic parameters of the methyl halides. These are discussed and compared with the experimental values where the latter are known. Systematic differences in the calculated anharmonic constants Xss′ for the symmetric and asymmetric CH stretching vibrations are noted, and an explanation is offered. The concept of group anharmonicities has also been investigated.
New DNA polymerase activity associated with nuclear membranes from a human lymphoid cell line

An endogenous DNA synthesizing system has been isolated in association with the nuclear membranes obtained from a normal human lymphoid cell line. Some of this endogenous DNA synthesis is sensitive to pre-treatment of the membrane fraction with RNase; therefore both DNA and RNA are involved in an as yet undefined manner. The DNA polymerase(s) isolated from this membranous fraction shows different chromatographic behavior and primer-template requirements from those of the known mammalian DNA polymerases and may therefore represent a new polymerase species. Fluorescence measurements of the membrane proteins show that the endogenous DNA synthesis is closely associated with changes in the membranes.
Provider information and resource foraging in healthcare delivery

The objective of this research was to develop an empirically supported language for describing strategies and processes that healthcare providers utilise to obtain, share and use resources during healthcare delivery. A combination of observational data from clinical providers and reviews of prior literature in the resource foraging domain have resulted in an improved theoretical framework of multidimensional resource foraging. Results of the literature review indicate that existing theories of resource foraging and previous medical literature on taxonomies of healthcare provider tasks are insufficient to describe the demands and requirements for team-based, event-driven, healthcare task coordination. This improved framework provides a significant advance in both the methodology and measurement of resource foraging, and patient care task coordination among providers across a range of healthcare settings.
New ternary oxides of tetravalent platinum and palladium with the pyrochlore structure

Abstract New compounds of the type A+32B+42O7 with the pyrochlore structure have been prepared where A is a rare earth cation or In and B is Pt+4 or Pd+4. The palladium compounds were prepared at 65 kbar whereas only 3 kbar was necessary for the preparation of the platinum compounds. Analogous compounds where B+4 is Rh could not be prepared under similar conditions.
Thermoelectric performance of lanthanum telluride produced via mechanical alloying

Lanthanum telluride (La3−xTe4) has been synthesized via mechanical alloying and characterized for thermoelectric performance. This work confirms prior reports of lanthanum telluride as a good high-temperature thermoelectric material, with zT~1.1 obtained at 1275 K. The thermoelectric performance is found to be better than that of SiGe, the current state-of-the-art high-temperature n-type thermoelectric material. Inherent self-doping of the system allows control over carrier concentration via sample stoichiometry. Prior high-temperature syntheses were prone to solute rejection in liquid and vapor phases, which resulted in inhomogeneous chemical composition and carrier concentration. The low-temperature synthesis provides homogeneous samples with acceptable control of the stoichiometry, and thus allows a thorough examination of the transition from a heavily doped degenerate semiconductor to a nondegenerate semiconductor. The effect of carrier concentration on the Hall mobility, Seebeck coefficient, thermal and electrical conductivity, lattice thermal conductivity, and thermoelectric compatibility are examined for 0.03<=x<=0.33.
Blood–Spinal Cord Barrier Pericyte Reductions Contribute to Increased Capillary Permeability

The blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB) regulates molecular exchange between blood and spinal cord. Pericytes are presumed to be important cellular constituents of the BSCB. However, the regional abundance and vascular functions of spinal cord pericytes have yet to be determined. Utilizing wild-type mice, we show that spinal cord pericyte capillary coverage and number compared with the brain regions are reduced most prominently in the anterior horn. Regional pericyte variations are highly correlated with: (1) increased capillary permeability to 350 Da, 40,000 Da, and 150,000 Da, but not 2,000,000 Da fluorescent vascular tracers in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions and (2) diminished endothelial zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin tight junction protein expression. Pericyte-deficient mutations (PdgfrβF7/F7 mice) resulted in additional pericyte reductions in spinal cord capillaries leading to overt BSCB disruption to serum proteins, accumulation in motor neurons of cyotoxic thrombin and fibrin and motor neuron loss. Barrier disruption in perciyte-deficient mice coincided with further reductions in ZO-1 and occludin. These data suggest that pericytes contribute to proper function of the BSCB at the capillary level. Regional reductions in spinal cord pericytes may provide a cellular basis for heightened spinal cord barrier capillary permeability and motor neuron loss.
Textual analysis of retired nurses’ oral histories

This paper considers the use of textual analysis of oral histories as a method for historians of nursing. Fifty-three oral histories of retired nurses in midwestern USA were analyzed for the purpose of historical reconstruction of past education experiences in nursing. Textual analysis was used to determine how nurses made sense of their educational experiences, and it involved gathering data, analyzing the information, and using a different method of interpreting the data. Although the participants responded to specific questions, the oral histories in this study are more than mere answers to the researchers' queries. The participants' memories are narratives that are the joint product of both the historian and the participant. As such, the oral history becomes a text to be stored along with other primary sources for future historians' use. The research also suggests decentering oral histories from an exclusively academic agenda and focusing more on what the participants choose to remember and why they make those choices.
Sorting and transepithelial transport of adsorbed protein tracers: effects of temperature.

The epithelium of the guinea pig yolk sac is involved in the selective transport of macromolecules to the fetus. We studied the compartments involved in sorting and transepithelial transport of protein tracers and the effect of lowered temperature (18°C) on these events. Explants of yolk sac were incubated with a mixture of cationized ferritin (CF) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP, Sigma type VI). At 4°C, both tracers were bound to the cell surface and binding of an HRP-gold complex was shown to be inhibited by mannan. At 37°C and 18°C, both tracers were taken up into tubules and vesicles in the apical cytoplasm. Usually the tubules contained a mixure of tracers, but they often showed a polarized distribution with CF and HRP at opposite ends. The vesicles also contained mixtures of the tracers, but some contained only one. In addition, there were some irregularly shaped vacuoles composed of saccules that contained either a mixture, HRP alone, or CF alone. These results suggest that these adsorbed ligands are binding to unique microdomains of the endocytic complex. After 20 min at 37°C coated vesicles 100 nm in diameter were located in the apical cytoplasm and coated vesicles of the same size were located at the lateral cell membrane. Usually they contained only HRP or CF, although occasional mixtures were seen. At 18°C, HRP was transported across the cells in 100 nm vesicles. However, transport of CF was completely inhibited at the lower temperature. Although uptake at 18°C was slower than that at 37°C, experiments with 125I-CF allowed comparison of time points at which equal uptake had occurred. These experiments demonstrated that inhibition of CF transport was not due to decreased amounts of internalized CF. These differences in transport of HRP and CF suggest that multiple compartments are involved in the sorting and transepithelial transport of protein, and at least one is perturbed by lower temperature.
Reasons for not intensifying medications: differentiating "clinical inertia" from appropriate care.

Background “Clinical inertia” has been defined as inaction by physicians caring for patients with uncontrolled risk factors such as blood pressure. Some have proposed that it accounts for up to 80% of cardiovascular events, potentially an important quality problem. However, reasons for so-called clinical inertia are poorly understood.
Swept source Fourier domain optical coherence tomography

Swept laser based Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) systems were designed and developed. 3-D structure, Doppler and polarization imaging with high speed and high sensitivity were described and demonstrated
French via Spanish: A Positive Approach to Language Learning for Minority Students.

Abstract The University of Texas at El Paso has instituted French language classes for Hispanophones. The courses were begun to meet the needs of the large Spanish-speaking contingent of its student body. Such a system has psychological and linguistic advantages: students do not have to pass through a second foreign language (English), and the similarities in structure and vocabulary between French and Spanish speed up second language acquisition. More time can then be devoted to the phonetic and linguistic problems of the Spanish speaker. In addition, the presentation of French culture is approached directly, starting from the students' Latin-American background, and not through the barrier of Anglo-Saxon values. Because of the growing number of Spanish speakers in the United States, such a method could be of use not just on the Mexican border, but in any institution having Spanish-speaking students.
New type of eigenoscillations and total-transmission resonance through an iris with below-cutoff hole in a rectangular waveguide

The total-transmission phenomenon of the main mode of a rectangular waveguide through a below-cutoff hole in the waveguide shorting before the point of occurrence of the higher-order waveguide modes is found. The effect is due to generation of high-Q eigenoscillations at the evanescent E11 mode and is originated from a specific oscillation formed near a step junction of two waveguides, namely a larger single-mode waveguide and a smaller below-cutoff one. The iris composed of such two junctions is longitudinally symmetric. Thus, a pair of resonances occurs in accordance with the existence of a pair of symmetric and antisymmetric field distributions at the iris. Analogy with the recently found effects in double-periodic gratings with small holes is revealed.
The benefits of anticipatory grief for the parents of dying children

(1977). The benefits of anticipatory grief for the parents of dying children. International Journal of Family Counseling: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 48-53.
Comparison of systemic and retrograde delivery of adenosine A2A agonist for attenuation of spinal cord injury after thoracic aortic cross-clamping.

Background Paraplegia remains a devastating complication of thoracic aortic surgery, which has been attenuated by retrograde adenosine and systemic adenosine A 2A receptor activation. We hypothesized that despite retrograde spinal perfusion of an adenosine A 2A agonist (ATL-146e), systemic therapy produces superior spinal cord protection with reduced inflammation. Methods Forty pigs underwent 30-minute thoracic aortic cross-clamping. Pigs received: no therapy (control); retrograde saline (retrograde control); retrograde ATL-146e; systemic ATL-146e; systemic ATL-146e with retrograde saline; or systemic and retrograde ATL-146e. Retrograde therapies were given during ischemia. Systemic ATL-146e (0.06 μg·kg −1 ·min −1 ) was given intravenously for 3 hours at reperfusion. At 24 hours, motor function was assessed using the Tarlov scale. Tissue was analyzed for neuronal viability, microtubule-associated protein-2 expression, and neutrophil sequestration (myeloperoxidase activity). Results Four pigs received retrograde barium showing both radiographic and histologic spinal cord perfusion. Tarlov scores at 24 hours were significantly improved versus both control groups in all ATL groups except the combined ATL-146e group (all p p p Conclusions Both retrograde and systemic ATL-146e therapies attenuate ischemic spinal cord injury, but combining the two routes was less effective. Given comparable results between the two routes and the simplicity of systemic delivery, peripheral venous ATL-146e at reperfusion should be preferred for spinal cord protection in thoracic aortic surgery.
Why Liberal Arts Colleges Can Often Do Political Science Better than Big Research Institutions: A Reflection from an Americanist

By supporting new course development and by encouraging cross-disciplinary conversations and collaborations, liberal arts colleges can often help political scientists expand their capacities beyond narrow disciplinary “silos,” with benefits for faculty and students alike. At the same time, it is important to teach political science students what our own discipline has to offer, to help students understand our discipline’s strengths, and to borrow when confronted with moments when explanatory frameworks of the discipline fail. Liberal arts departments begin the training of many future Ph.D.s; however, our job is not only to equip students to do further work within the discipline but also to use its tools to become engaged and astute democratic citizens who can analyze, interpret, and evaluate policies and political developments around them.
Is laparoscopy safe and effective for treatment of acute small-bowel obstruction?

Background: Acute small bowel obstruction (SBO) has been a relative contraindication for laparoscopic treatment due to the potential for bowel distention and the risk of enteric injury. However, as laparoscopic experience has increased, surgeons have begun to apply minimal access techniques to the management of acute SBO.
Inquiry, Instrumentalism, and the Public Understanding of Science

Two seemingly complementary trends stand out currently in school science education in the United States: one is the increased emphasis on inquiry activities in classrooms, and the other is the high level of attention given to student understanding of the nature of science. This essay looks at the range of activities that fall within the first trend, noting, in particular, the growing popularity of inquiry activities that engage students in engineering-type tasks. The potential for public disengagement from science and technology issues is described as a result of the continued juxtaposition of these sorts of inquiry activities with our current, idealized portrayals of the nature of science—the emphasis of the second trend. Drawing on Dewey's instrumental theory of knowledge, an alternative way of thinking about science is offered that would not only provide for a more authentic understanding of science, but also invite much needed public participation in the broad governance of science in modern-day democratic societies. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed89:803–821, 2005
Detection and location of very small print defects in real time for high-speed digital printing

This paper addresses the variations and adaptations of processes needed for verifying print quality in real time for high-speed digital printers. The term high-speed is here defined to be more than 750 printed pages per minute. The processes used for print verification are based on very high speed image processing technology applied to scanned images of the printed pages. Print verification is done by scanning the printed copies on the obverse and reverse web sides thereby forming two streams of digitized images. Digitized images from each scanned image stream are then spatially aligned page by page, line by line and pixel by pixel with digitized images from a corresponding source streams. The accuracy of alignment needed to compensate for the poor dimensional stability of paper creates a need for considerable sophistication in image alignment. The source and aligned scanned images are compared to find pixel sequences that are different. The intent is to identify all differences, either missing-black or unexpected-black, that are larger than a 0.01 inch (0.25 mm) square. These differences may represent unacceptable defects in the printed copies.
Phylogenetic analysis and molecular evolution of the dormancy associated MADS-box genes from peach

Dormancy associated MADS-box (DAM) genes are candidates for the regulation of growth cessation and terminal bud formation in peach. These genes are not expressed in the peach mutant evergrowing, which fails to cease growth and enter dormancy under dormancy-inducing conditions. We analyzed the phylogenetic relationships among and the rates and patterns of molecular evolution within DAM genes in the phylogenetic context of the MADS-box gene family. The peach DAM genes grouped with the SVP/StMADS11 lineage of type II MIKCC MADS-box genes. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the peach SVP/StMADS11-like gene family, which contains significantly more members than annual model plants, expanded through serial tandem gene duplication. We found evidence of strong purifying selection acting to constrain functional divergence among the peach DAM genes and only a single codon, located in the C-terminal region, under significant positive selection. Because all DAM genes are expressed in peach and are subjected to strong purifying selection we suggest that the duplicated genes have been maintained by subfunctionalization and/or neofunctionalization. In addition, this pattern of selection suggests that the DAM genes are important for peach growth and development.
Hazing as a Process of Boundary Maintenance in an Online Community

Online as well as offline, elite members of communities may seek to consolidate their power and maintain inequality by employing processes of boundary maintenance. One form of boundary maintenance is hazing, or subjecting potential group members to degrading initiation rituals. This article presents a case study of how one online community employs hazing techniques. Using both quantitative and qualitative computer-mediated discourse analysis, the study examines how the elite members of the community enact violence, withhold cultural capital, and control access as a means to retain their power and maintain their boundaries. The results of this study have implications for understanding boundary maintenance, hazing in online contexts, and online communities in general.
Highlights From a Workshop on Opportunities for Cancer Prevention During Preadolescence and Adolescence

Abstract In an effort to explore opportunities for cancer prevention during preadolescence and adolescence, the Cancer Prevention Across the Lifespan workgroup within the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) convened an informal panel of experts for a 2-day workshop August 9–10, 2011. In this report, we provide highlights from the workshop. A central theme of the workshop was that preadolescence and adolescence are times of unique susceptibility and vulnerability within the lifespan. Participants discussed the evidence linking exposures during adolescence (e.g., risky behaviors, chemicals, medical imaging procedures) and subsequent cancer risk during adulthood. Participants also discussed potential opportunities to intervene on risk factors for cancer at multiple levels during adolescence, the importance of more focused approaches to adequately address health disparities, and the ongoing need for transdisciplinary and translational prevention research. Future opportunities for the CDC include further leveraging surveillance data from sources such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, and the National Children's Study and continuing to build on collaborations with other federal agencies and with national, state, and local organizations. Many ideas and insights generated during the workshop will be put into action as CDC continues to explore opportunities for cancer prevention during youth and across the lifespan.
Sequence and Comparative Analysis of the Rabbit α-like Globin Gene Cluster Reveals a Rapid Mode of Evolution in a G + C-Rich Region of Mammalian Genomes

Abstract A sequence of 10,621 base-pairs from the α-like globin gene cluster of rabbit has been determined. It includes the sequence of gene ζ (a pseudogene for the rabbit embryonic ζ-globin), the functional rabbit α-globin gene, and the θ1 psuedogene, along with the sequences of eight C repeats (short interspersed repeats in rabbit) and a J sequence implicated in recombination. The region is quite G + C-rich (62%) and contains two CpG islands. As expected for a very G + C-rich region, it has an abundance of open reading frames, but few of the long open reading frames are associated with the coding regions of genes. Alignments between the sequences of the rabbit and human α-like globin gene clusters reveal matches primarily in the immediate vicinity of genes and CpG islands, while the intergenic regions of these gene clusters have many fewer matches than are seen between the β-like globin gene clusters of these two species. Furthermore, the non-coding sequences in this portion of the rabbit α-like globin gene cluster are shorter than in human, indicating a strong tendency either for sequence contraction in the rabbit gene cluster or for expansion in the human gene cluster. Thus, the intergenic regions of the α-like globin gene clusters have evolved in a relatively fast mode since the mammalian radiation, but not exclusively by nucleotide substitution. Despite this rapid mode of evolution, some strong matches are found 5′ to the start sites of the human and rabbit α genes, perhaps indicating conservation of a regulatory element. The rabbit J sequence is over 1000 base-pairs long; it contains a C repeat at its 5′ end and an internal region of homology to the 3′-untranslated region of the α-globin gene. Part of the rabbit J sequence matches with sequences within the X homology block in human. Both of these regions have been implicated as hot-spots for recombination, hence the matching sequences are good candidates for such a function. All the interspersed repeats within both gene clusters are retroposon SINEs that appear to have inserted independently in the rabbit and human lineages.
Study of 78As with the 80Se(d, α) reaction

Abstract The 80 Se(d, α) 78 As reaction was investigated with 16.0 MeV deuterons. The ground state and nineteen excited levels of 78 As were identified up to 1.27 MeV excitation energy. Except for the level at 276 keV, all the other excited levels were previously unreported. Angular distributions were measured and compared with DWBA calculations. Unambiguous L -values could be extracted for nine transitions. The transition to the ground state of 78 As has an L = 3 character. Four levels at 276, 536, 967 and 1072 keV were tentatively assigned as J π = (1 + ) levels. Four transitions were observed to proceed with L = 1 transfer, indicating a significant shift from the shell model description in this mass region. The configuration dependence on angular-distribution shape was examined. The measured Q -value for the 80 Se(d, α) 78 As reaction is 5.755 ± 0.012 MeV.
Anxiety sensitivity as a mediator of the association between asthma and smoking

AbstractObjective: Despite its negative effects, smoking is more common among individuals with asthma compared to those without. Anxiety sensitivity (fear of arousal-related sensations) is associated with both smoking and asthma; however, no research, to date, has examined the interplay between these three factors. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in the association between asthma diagnosis and smoking status. Methods: The current study was a secondary analysis of data from three existing datasets of non-smokers and smokers with and without asthma (n = 433; 56.3% female, Mage = 34.01 years, SD = 13.9). Participants provided information on their asthma diagnosis status and smoking status and completed self-report measures. Results: As hypothesized, after controlling for gender, race and age, there was a significant indirect effect of asthma diagnosis on smoking status through anxiety sensitivity (95% CI = 0.07–0.48). Conclusions: These results...
Stone Conservation on Buildings and Monuments

The rapid, visible decay of stone in urban areas has made it necessary to protect stone surfaces from premature decay; the attempt is to halt the natural process of stone decay but we can merely slow down nature’s continuous gnawing. Protective commercial chemicals have been applied since the 17 th century. The heterogeneity of stone, however, does not permit a generalized panacea; the number of failures in stone preservation is greater than cures. In the early days of stone treatment, the access of surface water was prevented by the application of linseed oil and hot waxes. Total sealing rarely solved the problem, as the actual travel routes for moisture within the monument or from the ground were not yet understood. Undesirable stains, efflorescence and accelerated flaking were the result. Today, the great variety of chemicals consists of sealing paints and varnishes, and silicones, resins and other compounds designed to achieve efficient penetration.
Modifications of both selectivity factor and upstream binding factor contribute to poliovirus-mediated inhibition of RNA polymerase I transcription.

Soon after infection, poliovirus (PV) shuts off host-cell transcription, which is catalysed by all three cellular RNA polymerases. rRNA constitutes more than 50 % of all cellular RNA and is transcribed from rDNA by RNA polymerase I (pol I). Here, evidence has been provided suggesting that both pol I transcription factors, SL-1 (selectivity factor) and UBF (upstream binding factor), are modified and inactivated in PV-infected cells. The viral protease 3Cpro appeared to cleave the TATA-binding protein-associated factor 110 (TAF110), a subunit of the SL-1 complex, into four fragments in vitro. In vitro protease-cleavage assays using various mutants of TAF110 and purified 3Cpro indicated that the Q265G266 and Q805G806 sites were cleaved by 3Cpro. Both SL-1 and UBF were depleted in PV-infected cells and their disappearance correlated with pol I transcription inhibition. rRNA synthesis from a template containing a human pol I promoter demonstrated that both SL-1 and UBF were necessary to restore pol I transcription fully in PV-infected cell extracts. These results suggested that both SL-1 and UBF are transcriptionally inactivated in PV-infected HeLa cells.
Observations of an Inertial Peak in the Intrinsic Wind Spectrum Shifted by Rotation in the Antarctic Vortex

AbstractSpectral analyses of time series of zonal winds derived from locations of balloons drifting in the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex during the Vorcore campaign of the Strateole program reveal a peak with a frequency near 0.10 h−1, more than 25% higher than the inertial frequency at locations along the trajectories. Using balloon data and values of relative vorticity evaluated from the Modern Era Retrospective-Analyses for Research and Applications (MERRA), the authors find that the spectral peak near 0.10 h−1 can be interpreted as being due to inertial waves propagating inside the Antarctic polar vortex. In support of this claim, the authors examine the way in which the low-frequency part of the gravity wave spectrum sampled by the balloons is shifted because of effects of the background flow vorticity. Locally, the background flow can be expressed as the sum of solid-body rotation and shear. This study demonstrates that while pure solid-body rotation gives an effective inertial frequency equal to...
Outcome Measures for Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis: Recommendations From the American Physical Therapy Association Neurology Section Task Force

Various studies have described the benefits of using outcome measures (OMs) in physical therapist practice1–3; however, multiple barriers interfere with their use (eTab. 1).1,3,4 Most notably, a limited understanding of how to select and apply the best OM has been reported to be a barrier.3,4 Wedge et al3 reported that physical therapists do not always critically evaluate the psychometric properties of OMs, are unfamiliar with OM-related resources, and have difficulties determining patient suitability for particular OMs. Physical therapists working with people with multiple sclerosis (MS) have additional challenges when selecting OMs. Multiple sclerosis is a complex, heterogeneous, and progressive disorder causing a wide variety of symptoms among patients.5,6 Symptom variability in individual patients throughout the course of the disease also must be considered. Additionally, people with MS are treated in a variety of settings, which may affect OM selection and use (eg, due to limited space and equipment in a home environment). Thus, selecting 1 or 2 OMs for use with all people with MS is challenging, requiring the clinician to determine the most appropriate OMs to measure relevant constructs. Although some resources exist to assist the physical therapist with identifying and selecting OMs for people with MS,7–13 literature is lacking that describes a consensus-based method to determine which OMs are appropriate for people with MS at various disability levels and in different practice settings. In 2009, the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) Neurology Section (“the Section”) began a process to develop recommendations for the use of OMs for patients with neurological conditions, beginning with stroke (information pertaining to the Section's OM recommendations is available elsewhere14). The following year, the Section expanded its efforts by creating a task force …
Scattering of low coherence radiation and applications

In an effort to understand complex scattering phenomena, characteristics of optical waves such as polarization, angular spectrum, and temporal coherence have been extensively studied. In this article we will review several applications where the coherence properties of broad-band radiation offer unique sensing and diagnostic capabilities.
Thioctic acid and dihydrolipoic acid are novel antioxidants which interact with reactive oxygen species.

Thioctic acid (TA) and its reduced form dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) have recently gained somc recognition as useful biological antioxidants. In particular, the ability of DHLA to inhibit lipid peroxidation has been reported. In the present study, the effects of TA and DHLA on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the aqueous phase have been investigated. Xanthine plus xanthine oxidase-generated superoxide radicals (O2), detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) using DMPO as a spin trap. were eliminated by DHLA but not by TA. The sulhydryl content of DHLA, measured using Ellman's reagent decreased subsequent to the incubation with xanthine plus xanthine oxidase confirming the interaction between DHLA and O2-. An increase of hydrogen peroxide concentration accompanied the reaction between DHLA and O2x, suggesting the reduction of O2- by DHLA. Competition of O2- with epinephrine allowed us to estimate a second order kinetic constant of the reaction between O2- and DHLA, which was found to be...
Medium-Frequency Skywave Propagation in Region 2

A Regional Administrative MF Broadcasting Conference (ITU Region 2, the Americas) is being planned. Technical standards will be discussed in the first session which has been scheduled to commence on March 10, 1980 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. One of the most important topics will be the selection of a skywave field strength prediction method for international coordination in Region 2. The purpose of this paper is to review qualitatively the existing prediction methods and to compare these methods quantitatively against measured data taken in various parts of Region 2. The merits and shortcomings of these methods when applied to different geographical areas will be studied. Suggested modifications to improve the existing methods will also be discussed.
Microstructure and Flow Behaviior of Fresh Cement Paste

Characteristics of aqueous cement suspensions and the packing nature during setting were investigated as keys controlling the microstructure and density of a cement paste. The Theological properties of the paste were studied as functions of hydration and setting; these properties are influenced by a variety of external factors, which are discussed. The objective of this paper is to sketch a new atomistic approach to a group of rheological phenomena which are as interesting from a scientific viewpoint as they are important for technology. The experiments were carried out by a HAAKE rheometer and an acoustic ultrasonic system. At different flow state, the acoustic emission signal generated from micro-structure is transformed due to wave propagation and due to the transducer response. The scientific information obtained through this study is expected to contribute the establishment of concept of setting processing. The measurements of flow properties relating to flocculation and coagulation were evaluated with respect to the effects of processing conditions on structure development in cement paste.
Selection, enrichment, and culture expansion of murine mesenchymal progenitor cells by retroviral transduction of cycling adherent bone marrow cells.

It has been difficult to characterize murine bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) because of contamination with hematopoietic cells. We took advantage of the rapid proliferation of MPCs after replating to enrich murine MPCs by transfection with a retroviral vector carrying both LacZ and the selective neomycin resistance (neoR) gene. Freshly harvested BM cells from mice were incubated with BAG retroviral vector produced by amphotropic psi-CRIP or ecotropic psi-CRE producer cells for 48 hours and grown in the presence of G418.Cells incubated in psi-CRIP supernatant formed colonies composed of large homogeneous cells that were free of CD45(+) cells, but cells incubated in psi-CRE supernatant did not form stromal cell colonies. In the undifferentiated state, the cells displayed a fibroblast-like phenotype with low alkaline phosphatase activity. However, upon treatment with dexamethasone or 5-azacytidine, the retrovirally transduced cells differentiated into oil-red-O-positive adipocytic cells and osteogenic cells generating von Kossa-positive bone nodules. Osteogenic supplements composed of beta-glycerophosphate, dexamethasone, and ascorbic acid induced an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and acute osteogenesis associated with early cell detachment. Subcutaneous injection with retrovirally transduced cells into day 1 newborn mice of the same strain produced ectopic calcium depositions surrounded by X-gal(+) cells. Retroviral selection of cycling adherent cells is an effective approach for enrichment of MPCs.
Automatic predicate abstraction of C programs

Model checking has been widely successful in validating and debugging designs in the hardware and protocol domains. However, state-space explosion limits the applicability of model checking tools, so model checkers typically operate on abstractions of systems.Recently, there has been significant interest in applying model checking to software. For infinite-state systems like software, abstraction is even more critical. Techniques for abstracting software are a prerequisite to making software model checking a reality.We present the first algorithm to automatically construct a predicate abstraction of programs written in an industrial programming language such as C, and its implementation in a tool — C2BP. The C2BP tool is part of the SLAM toolkit, which uses a combination of predicate abstraction, model checking, symbolic reasoning, and iterative refinement to statically check temporal safety properties of programs.Predicate abstraction of software has many applications, including detecting program errors, synthesizing program invariants, and improving the precision of program analyses through predicate sensitivity. We discuss our experience applying the C2BP predicate abstraction tool to a variety of problems, ranging from checking that list-manipulating code preserves heap invariants to finding errors in Windows NT device drivers.
Cross-cultural assessment of emotions: The expression of anger

The purpose of this article is to focus on unique issues that are encountered in the crosscultural adaptation of measures of emotions. We take into consideration the cross-cultural equivalence of the concept of emotion, and how cultural differences influence the meaning of words that are utilized to describe these concepts. The critical need to take the state-trait distinction into account in adapting measures of emotional states and personality traits is then discussed. The effects of language and culture in adapting measures of the experience, expression, and control of anger in Latin-America are also reviewed. The construction of the Latin American Multicultural State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory is described.
Evaluating station post insulator performance from electric field calculations

This paper illustrates the use of electric field calculations for evaluating the performance of porcelain post insulators in stations for AC system voltages up to 1200 kV. The electric field was calculated using a 3-dimensional commercially available computer package that is based on the Boundary Element Analysis method. A comparison has been made of the effectiveness of several commonly used methods for improving contamination performance, namely, adding leakage distance (taller posts, ribbed sheds and creepage extenders) and coating the insulator with hydrophobic materials. It is shown that for station post insulators used in EHV and UHV systems (greater than 240 kV), coating the insulators with hydrophobic materials or replacing them with composite insulators offers superior protection to flashovers initiated under wet and contaminated conditions than provided by methods that simply increase the leakage distance. For lower voltages (less than 240 kV), all methods considered are effective.
Nuclear Localization of Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 Correlates with Serum Thyrotropin Activity and May Be Increased in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinomas with Aggressive Clinical Course

Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) is essential for thyroid differentiation and regulates expression of thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, sodium/iodide symporter, and thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R) genes. Because thyrotropin (TSH) upregulates these same genes, we hypothesized TSH-R activation might increase TTF-1 and that TTF-1 might be differentially expressed in benign and malignant thyroid disease. TTF-1 expression and sub-cellular localization were determined by immunohistochemistry in 62 thyroid carcinomas, 15 benign lesions, and 2 normal thyroids. Nuclear TTF-1 was detected in benign (77%) and malignant lesions (69%), with similar intensity in both (1.1+/-0.19 versus 1.0+/-0.10). Nuclear TTF-1 staining correlated with the effective serum TSH level (p = 0.02) and patient age (p < 0.05). Nuclear TTF-1 was detected in 35 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), of which 23% developed recurrent or persistent disease, and was absent from 18 PTC, of which only 6% recurred (p = 0.06). We conclude that nuclear TTF-1 correlates with serum TSH activity, increases with age, and may be increased in persistent or recurrent PTC.
Mathematical Machines and Integrated Stem: An Intersubjective Constructionist Approach

In this chapter, we report two studies in which 3rd- and 4th-grade students used a distributed computing infrastructure (ViMAP-Tangible) in order to collaboratively invent “mathematical machines” for generating geometric shapes. ViMAP-Tangible combines the ViMAP visual programming language with a distributed computing infrastructure, in which students collaboratively control the behavior of a virtual agent using both mechanical devices and virtual algorithms. The curricular activities integrate engineering practices such as user-centered design; agent-based computer programming; mathematical reasoning about multiplication, rates, and geometry; and physical science concepts central to learning Newtonian mechanics. In Study 1, we investigate the key affordances of such a distributed computing environment for learning Integrated STEM, and identify the relationships between the various elements of students’ physical constructions and computational models, and their STEM learning outcomes. Study 2 is a deeper investigation of the effect of iterative user testing on the refinement of children’s designs and their STEM learning.
Analytic Radiation Transport Systems and Monte Carlo Benchmarks

Several one-energy group, discrete-direction radiation transport systems having analytic flux solutions are presented as an aid in Monte Carlo benchmark analysis techniques independent of realistic geometry and cross-section data requirements. Exact comparison of analytic and Monte Carlo results to several significant digits is possible for up to 26 directions in one, two, and three dimensions. A continuous direction model has also been formulated from an infinite limit of the discrete-direction model. Complete analytic flux solutions are possible through the imposition of boundary sources dictated by assumed exponential solutions of the transport equation. Extensions to two energy groups, two cross-section media, secondary particle production, time dependence, and continuous slowing down are examined. A website is provided from which codes and sample output files for the analytic and Monte Carlo models can be downloaded.
Synthesis and Properties of Salicylic Acid Surface Molecularly Imprinted Polymers from Aqueous Emulsions

The surface molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIPs) to salicylic acid (SA) were synthesized by emulsion polymerization using salicylic acid as template,acrylamide as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker in aqueous media. The static equilibrium adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the selective adsorption of salicylic acid to the SMIPs. The selective binding experiments for substrates indicate that the SA-SMIPs exhibit higher affinity and selectivity for salicylic acid than for m-hydro xybenzoic acid and sulfo salicylic acid. The scatchard analysis shows that two classes of binding sites are produced in the SA-SMIPs and the equilibrium dissociation constants are calculated to be 2.03 mmol/L and 9.97 mmol/L,respectively. Further,the adsorption of SA onto SA-SMIPs surface is rather fast in the beginning.
Analysis of Neonatal Vaccination in Futian District from 2010 to 2011

Objective To analyze the hepatitis B and BCG vaccination and the influencing factors among 59,527 newborns delivered in Maternity Hospital of Futian District in Shenzhen City. Methods We contrastively analyzed the situation of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine and the first dose of BCG vaccine in 59,527 newborns delivered in Maternity Hospital of Futian District in Shenzhen City. Results There were 59,527 newborns surveyed in Futian District,the first dose coverage rate of hepatitis B vaccine in 2011(95.81%) was higher than that in 2010(94.31%),and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=71.51,P0.01).The coverage rate of hepatitis B immunoglobulin in the neonates with HBsAg-positive mother in 2011(98.27%) was significantly higher than that in 2010(78.23%),and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=502.87,P0.01).No statistically significant difference was found in the coverage rates of neonatal BCG vaccine between 2011(84.00%) and 2010(83.43%),but the average coverage rate of BCG vaccine(83.71%) was lower than that of hepatitis B vaccine(89.21%) in the same period,and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=4,064.57,P0.01). Conclusions The coverage rates of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin in 2011 are significantly higher than those in 2010 in Futian District,which benefit from just-in-time supply of hepatitis B immunoglobulin and strict implementation of "Technical Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Mother-to-child HBV Transmission in Shenzhen".But the coverage rate of BCG vaccine needs to be improved.