cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personal Influences on Dynamic Trust Formation in Human-Agent Interaction

The development of automated technologies in our daily life has transformed the role of human operators from a controller to a teammate who shares control with automated agents. However, this 'teammate' relationship between humans and automation raises an important but challenging research question regarding the formation of human-agent trust. Considering that the formation of human-agent trust is a dynamic and sophisticated process involving human factors, this study conducted a two-phase online experiment to examine personal influences on users' trust propensity and their trust formation in human-agent interactions. Our findings revealed distinctive personal influences on dispositional trust and the formation of human-agent trust at different stages. We found that users who exhibit higher trust propensities in humans also develop higher trust toward automated agents in initial stages. This study, as the first of its kind, not only fills the gap of knowledge about personal influences on human-agent trust, but also offers opportunities to enhance the future design of automated agent systems.
The Effects of Neighbourhood Characteristics and the Built Environment on Pedestrian Injury Severity: A Random Parameters Generalized Ordered Probability Model with Heterogeneity in Means and Variances

Abstract Transportation infrastructure facilities and pedestrian/driver behaviors are associated with neighborhood characteristics and the built environment. However, the effects of neighborhood characteristics and the built environment on pedestrian injury severity are not well documented. To investigate and quantify the effects of neighborhood characteristics and built environment on pedestrian injury severity, a random parameters generalized ordered probit model with heterogeneity in means and variances was proposed to consider the ordinal nature of injury data and the issue of threshold and unobserved heterogeneity. A total of 3867 pedestrian-vehicle crashes that occurred in Florida Department of Transportation District 7 from 2011 to 2014 were analyzed. Based on the estimation results, three factors (African American community, school zone, and bus stop area) related to neighborhood characteristics and the built environment were identified to have significant influence on pedestrian injury severity. Pedestrian-vehicle crashes that occurred in African American community or bus stop area are less likely to involve incapacitating and fatal injuries. The presence of a school within a 0.5-km buffer from a crash leads to a decreased probability of fatal injury and an increased probability of incapacitating injury. In addition, the estimated parameter for elderly pedestrian indicator (50
Musical dual-task training in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia: a randomized controlled trial.

Background/aims Dual-task training may improve dual-task gait performance, balance, and cognition in older adults with and without cognitive impairment. Although music has been widely utilized in dementia management, there are no existing protocols for music-based dual-task training. This randomized controlled study developed a Musical Dual-Task Training (MDTT) protocol that patients with dementia can use to practice walking and making music simultaneously, to enhance attention control in patients during dual-tasking. Methods Twenty-eight adults diagnosed with mild-to-moderate dementia were assigned to the MDTT (n=15) or control groups (n=13). The MDTT group received MDTT, while the control group participated in non-musical cognitive and walking activities. The effects of MDTT were evaluated through the primary outcome of attention control, and secondary outcomes of dual-task performance, balance, falls efficacy, and agitation. Results The MDTT group showed a significant improvement in attention control, while the control group did not (P<0.001). A significant effect favored MDTT over control treatment for the secondary outcome of falls efficacy (P=0.02) and agitation (P<0.01). Conclusion MDTT, a music therapy intervention that demands a high level of cognitive processing, enhances attention control, falls efficacy, and helps alleviate agitation in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia.
Application of gamma-aminobutyric acid increased the level of phytohormones in Citrus sinensis.

In the current study, we showed that exogenous GABA supplementation increases the endogenous GABA level, several amino acids, and phytohormones in citrus plants, suggesting that GABA works in harmony with phytohormones. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a key role in cytosolic regulation of pH, controlling of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. Although it is well-known that GABA is implicated in plant defense and it could act as a signaling molecule, its effect on phytohormones is not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous GABA on citrus phytohormones using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A significant increase in endogenous GABA was observed in GABA-treated plants. The highest increase in GABA was recorded in plants treated with 10 mM 7 days post-treatment. In addition, we observed a moderate increase in several amino acids including glycine, l-alanine, l-proline, l-asparagine, and l-glutamine. The levels of benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, salicylic acid, trans-jasmonic acid, indole acetic acid, indole propionic acid, and abscisic acid were significantly increased in GABA-treated plants compared to the control. The gene expression showed that GABA transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) were induced in GABA-treated plants, indicating a conversion of GABA to succinate. In addition, the gene expression of the regulatory enzymes of the TCA cycle (malate dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase) was upregulated in GABA-treated plants, indicating an induction of respiration. In agreement with the chemical analysis, the gene expression results showed that most of the genes implicated in the biosynthesis of phytohormones were also upregulated in GABA-treated plants. Our results indicated that GABA works in harmony with phytohormones and suggested that regulation of phytohormones by exogenous GABA could play a key role in reducing plant stress.
Editorial: digital imaging in dermatology

Abstract In this article we discuss the recent surge in activity in digital imaging in dermatology. The key role of digital imaging as an adjunct to detection of early malignant melanoma, with application in following patients with the dysplastic nevus syndrome, is explored. Other current and future uses of digital imaging in image archiving, in clinical studies such as hair growth studies, and in telediagnosis are reviewed. We review the varying research activities of image analysis laboratories participating in the dermatology image researching group. Research laboratories included in this group are at Oregon Health Sciences University, Xerox Corporation, University of Arizona, University of Cincinnati, University of Munich, University of Wurzburg, University of Arkansas, Harvard University, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, Johns Hopkins University, National Institutes of Health, and University of Missouri at Columbia and Rolla. The role of new imaging devices in dermatology including the “nevoscope” and the dermatoscope is explored. Goals and challenges for the new technology are discussed.
Reproduction, Events and Management | Estrous Cycles: Seasonal Breeders

Seasonal influences on reproduction are directly linked to milk yield, as the production of offspring is required for initiation of lactation, and is important in relation to targeting milk markets. While an understanding of seasonality is critical from a production standpoint, from an evolutionary perspective seasonal breeding has evolved as an adaptation to ensure a favorable reproductive rate and the survival of offspring in regions with great variations in climatic, nutritional, and/or other adverse environmental conditions. While strict seasonal breeders are driven principally by photoperiodic cues, other species may exhibit seasonal cycles directed by a variety of climatic, nutritional, and/or behavioral indicators. The reasoning behind the evolution of these strategies in the context of agriculturally important livestock species is explored in this article, in addition to the physiological basis for seasonality and how it might be controlled in a production setting. For comparative purposes, the seasonal nature of several multipurpose livestock species (cattle, small ruminants, camelids, horses, and swine) is indicated, with emphasis on those used worldwide for the production of milk and milk by-products.
Stress ulcer and open-field behavior of spontaneously hypertensive, normotensive, and Wistar rats

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and the normotensive Wistar/Kyoto (WKY) rat were observed, along with Wistar rats (which represent the parent strain), on various open-field behaviors. All three strains were subsequently exposed to the activity-stress (A-S) ulcerogenic procedure. SHR and Wistar rats were very active in most open-field measures as compared with WKY rats, but only SHRs were active during the A-S treatment. WKY rats were very ulcer prone and had significantly more ulcers than SHRs, which in turn had more ulcers than Wistar rats. It was anticipated that Wistar rats would resemble the WKY rats, but in most measures the Wistars resembled the SHRs. The study suggests that although WKY rats function as an appropriate control for hypertension studies, these rats may be inappropriate as controls for other physiological and behavioral studies.
Volatile Odor and Flavor Components Formed in Deep Frying

Publisher Summary The presence of flavor and odor components in frying oil and fried-products oils are important because they add to both the desirable and undesirable flavor aspects of the fried food. Flavor and odor components in frying fats and fried products arise through autoxidation and decomposition at frying temperatures as well as by hydrolysis of fat by steam generated by water present in the food product. Hydrolysis of frying fat by moisture produces diacyl glycerides and free fatty acids. The diacyl glycerides formed can further be hydrolyzed into monoglycerides and ultimately glycerol and fatty acid. Such fatty acids are themselves very reactive and exhibit flavor characteristics. A majority of the fatty acids thus formed, however, are volatilized and removed from the oil by steam generated by deep frying. Both the fried product and frying oil absorb odor and flavor compounds formed during heating of the initial frying oil. Such compounds are responsible for many aspects of desirable fried food flavor, although their presence may also cause quality deterioration of the product.
Abnormal nuchal translucency: residual risk with normal cell-free DNA screening

Objective: To determine the proportion of genetic abnormalities that could be identified by cell-free DNA screening in pregnancies with an abnormal nuchal translucency.Methods: From 2015–2017, preg...
102 THE CONDITIONAL KNOCKDOWN OF CREB USING CRE-LOX-REGULATED SHRNA.

The cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) is a transcriptional activator involved in a diverse array of functions, including glucose homeostasis, cell survival, learning, and memory. In addition, CREB also plays an important role in neoplastic hematopoiesis. Bone marrow from patients with acute leukemia overexpresses CREB compared with normal bone marrow; CREB transgenic mice in which CREB is overexpressed in myeloid cells develop myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic syndrome after 1 year. To further investigate the role of CREB in blood cell development, we used two Cre-lox-regulated lentiviral vectors to deliver short hairpin (shRNA) directed against CREB. The vectors pSICO-puro and pSICO-R allowed for the conditional activation and inactivation of shRNA expression, respectively. Both the 32D murine myeloid leukemia cell line and Ba/F3 pro-B cell line expressing the bcr-abl oncogene were transduced with either vector. Cre recombinase was subsequently introduced to the cells through viral transduction using a lenti-Cre construct. We demonstrated that CREB levels can be temporally controlled with this technique. The ability to conditionally knockdown CREB is an important tool in understanding CREB9s role in normal and aberrant hematopoiesis.
Abstract B06: Repositioning the FDA-approved antiviral drug ribavirin as targeted therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Purpose: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a squamous cell carcinoma that is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, leading to poor disease-free and overall survival. Accumulating literature suggests that elevated protein expression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), and inosine-5’-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH)—proteins implicated in myriad cancers—correlates with poor prognosis in NPC. These three proteins are modulated by the Food and Drug Administration-approved antiviral drug ribavirin, which has recently been repositioned by our laboratory and others as a promising anticancer agent. Based on this intersection of molecular signature and drug targets, we investigated the potential of ribavirin as a therapeutic agent for NPC. Experimental Design: We assessed antineoplastic efficacy of ribavirin on six human NPC cell lines in vitro using cellular growth assays, flow cytometry, and scratch wound assays. Mechanistic pathways involved were investigated using genomic expression datasets, Western blots, and enzymatic activity assays. The effects of combining ribavirin with radiation were assessed using clonogenic assays and flow cytometry. Finally, we evaluated the effects of ribavirin on tumor growth in vivo using two human cell line-derived xenograft models. Results: Ribavirin significantly decreased NPC cellular proliferation and migratory capacity in addition to promoting cell cycle arrest and cell death. Modulation of the EZH2, Snail, eIF4E, and IMPDH pathways was observed in response to ribavirin treatment. Ribavirin significantly enhanced the cytotoxic effects of radiation therapy in NPC. Most importantly, ribavirin significantly reduced flank tumor growth in two NPC xenograft models. Conclusions: Our work suggests that ribavirin has potent anticancer effects in NPC and could represent a safe and promising addition to current NPC treatment regimens. Citation Format: Sakibul Huq, Joshua Casaos, Michael Peters, Yuanxuan Xia, Andy Ding, Manuel Morales, Noah Gorelick, Riccardo Serra, Tianna Zhao, Wataru Ishida, Alexander Perdomo-Pantoja, Arba Cecia, Chenchen Ji, Ian Suk, David Sidransky, Mariana Brait, Henry Brem, Nicolas Skuli, Betty Tyler. Repositioning the FDA-approved antiviral drug ribavirin as targeted therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Optimizing Survival and Quality of Life through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; 2019 Apr 29-30; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(12_Suppl_2):Abstract nr B06.
Examination of P granule dynamics in vivo and ex vivo

ABSTRACT – This preprint should not be cited RNA granules are RNA/protein condensates proposed to form in cells by liquid-liquid phase separation, a thermodynamic process that partitions molecules between two liquid phases without energy input. The C. elegans P granules are RNA granules that exhibit liquid-like behaviors. Using ex vivo methods, we find that P granules are not simple liquids. P granules solidify outside of cells, becoming resistant to dilution and high salt. P granules also solidify in cells upon shift to high temperature or inactivation of the DDX6 RNA helicase. Solidification of RNA granules has been linked to neurodegeneration. Our findings suggest that active processes are needed continuously to counteract the intrinsic propensity of RNA granules to solidify.
Towards a “Surgical GPS”: Combining Surgical Ontologies with Physician-Designated Anatomical Landmarks

In Computer Assisted Surgery (CAS) the application of generic surgical planning models on individual patient cases is often limited by the number of cases incorporated into the models, as well as the variation that exists between surgical departments in individual hospitals due to local practices. This study seeks to provide a software foundation for the integration of physician-designated anatomical landmarks with existing surgical ontologies for surgical process modeling, in conjunction with Resource Description Framework (RDF) models. Various ontologies were combined with physician-verified landmarks to form surgical process model components, encoded as RDF triples, using the software Karma. These generic, but approach-specific surgical procedure models have been augmented by the physician-submitted landmark information, which is unique for both the patient of interest and the workflows adopted by the physicians themselves. The landmark information is collected through a simple graphical user interface (GUI) using a basic form submission plugin from a website. The data are then integrated into existing ontologies as distinct values through Karma. These newly constructed RDFs are validated using the Apache Jena Fuseki software tool for interoperability, based on their compatibility with SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language). Anatomical landmark datasets were easily submitted through the Author’s public website GUI, which also provides a baseline set of generic landmark information and notifies the user of changes made to this default dataset. These datasets and associated ontologies were then successfully joined in Karma to produce viable Terse RDF Triple Language (Turtle) entries. These Turtles specify surgeon-submitted anatomical landmarks, which are now represented by the object, the third part of the semantic triple. Apache Jena Fuseki accepted these models and successfully implemented SPARQL queries that allow users to obtain critical information based on content filtering. The information obtained through SPARQL may be utilized in conjunction with medical imaging-based multi-surface anatomical models to enhance patient care and descriptively guide surgeons through procedures by highlighting the anatomical landmarks along a surgical corridor. Augmented surgical ontologies may enhance the outcome of surgical interventions through their use within the field of computer-assisted surgery (CAS) and can provide a representation of the methods present in pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative procedures. A combination of physician-determined, patient-specific, landmarks and verified ontologies, ultimately produce a Turtle that can be incorporated into any combination of surgical workflows. Upon development of the “Surgical GPS”, which will utilize these patient-specific anatomical landmarks and personalized multi-surface anatomical models, surgeons will navigate a patient’s surgical corridor through RDF-based highlighting of patient anatomy.
Quickest Detection of a Moving Target in a Sensor Network

To be considered for the 2019 IEEE Jack Keil Wolf ISIT Student Paper Award. The problem of quickest detection of a moving target in sensor networks is studied. At some unknown time, a target emerges in the sensor network, and one of the sensors in the network is affected, whose data generating distribution undergoes a change. It is assumed that as the target moves around in the sensor network, the sensor that is affected by the target changes with time. Specifically, if a sensor becomes unaffected, then its data generating distribution changes back to the pre-change mode. A discrete time Markov chain is used to model the location of the affected sensor, and thus the data generating distribution of the sensor network after the target emerges is a hidden Markov model. The goal is to detect the existence of the target as quickly as possible subject to false alarm constraints. A windowed test based on a generalized likelihood ratio approach is constructed, and its asymptotic optimality is further established. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate its performance.
Throwing shade: Physiological responses to light explain competition and facilitation in a tree diversity experiment

Interspecific facilitation is often invoked in explanations of biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships in plant communities, but it is seldom clear how it occurs. Physiological experiments show that excess light causes stress that may depress long-term carbon assimilation. If shading by a plant9s neighbors reduces light stress, it may facilitate that plant9s growth. On the other hand, when light is a limiting factor for growth, shading will often have a net negative, competitive effect. In a tree diversity experiment, we measured growth rates and photosynthetic physiology of broadleaf tree species across a gradient of light availability imposed by their neighbors. At the extremes, trees experienced nearly full sun (monoculture), or were shaded by nearby fast-growing conifers (shaded biculture). Although most species had lower growth with larger neighbors, implying a net competitive effect, the two most shade-tolerant species (Tilia americana and Acer negundo) had positive responses to neighbor size. Compared to the others, these two species were especially susceptible to photoinhibition (reduced dark-acclimated Fv/Fm) in full sun. While most species had lower assimilation rates in shaded bicultures, T. americana had carbon assimilation rates up to 25% higher. T. americana also dropped its leaves 3-4 weeks later in the shaded biculture, extending its growing season. We conclude that although large neighbors can cause light limitation in shade-intolerant species, they can also increase growth through abiotic stress amelioration in shade-tolerant species. Both positive and negative species interactions in our experiment can be explained by the photosynthetic responses of trees to the light environment created by their neighbors. We show that physiological measurements can deepen our understanding of the species interactions that underlie biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships.
Differences in Types of Intimate Partner Violence: Implications for Public Policy

Intimate partner violence has been recognized as a serious social problem in the United States since the 1970s, when the leaders in the Women’s Movement became alarmed at victimization of women in their own homes by their husbands or boyfriends (Dobash and Dobash 1992). Women still make up 70 percent of all intimate partner homicides, and are twice as likely to be killed by an intimate partner as men are (Catalano, Smith, Snyder, and Rand 2009). The Anti Violence against Women Acts of 1994 and subsequent years have led to more uniform state policies on domestic violence and other violence against women, but have been used to justify intrusion into private homes, particularly with mandatory arrest laws (Davis, O’Sullivan, Farole, and Remple 2008). The law has not been successful at specific deterrence (Peterson 2008), but it has been more effective at punishment (Dixon 2008). Treating all domestic violence cases as though they were the same also has implications for treatment programs (Peterson 2008; Saunders 2008). In this article, I consider the importance of making distinctions among types of intimate partner violence, the effects of failure to do so, along with implications for research, advocacy, and treatment.
A longitudinal study of weight and shape concerns and disordered eating groups by gender and their relationship to self-control

Weight/shape concerns and disordered eating are common among young adults. Minimal research has examined these variables longitudinally by gender and in connection to self-control. The present study examined the level of weight/shape concerns and disordered eating at the end of the first and fourth year of college separately by gender and explored differences in self-control. Participants included 394 female and 157 male undergraduates (N = 551; 40% non-white) who were categorized into three groups using a cluster analysis by gender: low weight/shape concerns and low disordered eating (LowWS–LowDE group), high weight/shape concerns and low disordered eating (HighWS–LowDE group), and high weight/shape concerns and high disordered eating (HighWS–HighDE group). Approximately, 62% of women and 54% of men reported having weight/shape concerns and/or disordered eating at the end of the first year of college, and around 51% of women and 44% of men reported having weight/shape concerns and/or disordered eating at the end of the fourth year. Results indicated that those in the HighWS–HighDE group had lower self-control compared to those in the LowWS–LowDE group at the end of the first and fourth year in both women and men. Women, but not men, who worsened in weight/shape concerns and/or disordered eating over time also reported significantly decreased self-control from their first to their fourth year. Findings support the role of self-control in the maintenance of weight/shape concerns and disordered eating for both women and men. Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies
Linear and nonlinear crystal optics using the magnetic field of light

We study the $^{7}F_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{5}D_{1}$ magnetic-dipole transition in the $4f$ shell of europium ions at a wavelength of 527.5 nm and demonstrate spectral hole burning, ion class selection, and optical pumping to specific ground hyperfine states. We then use the narrow lines of the selected ions to observe linear group delay of a weak probe pulse with a group velocity of $c/3800$. We also demonstrate electromagnetically induced transparency by establishing a $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ scheme between the ground hyperfine levels and driving the ions to a dark state.
Laparoscopic Right Hemicolectomy (Medial-to-Lateral Approach)

Oncologic resections of the colon follow its formal anatomic blood supply. A right hemicolectomy can be performed both laparoscopically and open. The approach can be lateral to medial or medial to lateral depending on the surgeon’s preference. This chapter describes a laparoscopic medial to lateral approach.
Avalanches make us all innovators

Avalanches generate enormous breakdowns. The practices of innovation adoption may be just what you need to resolve them.
The Phenomenon of “Forgetting”

Whether emergent through neuroscientific effect or affective becoming, the phantom penis provokes us to think about the role external and internal pleasure plays in the capacitation, restrictions, ...
Training Stacked Denoising Autoencoders for Representation Learning.

We implement stacked denoising autoencoders, a class of neural networks that are capable of learning powerful representations of high dimensional data. We describe stochastic gradient descent for unsupervised training of autoencoders, as well as a novel genetic algorithm based approach that makes use of gradient information. We analyze the performance of both optimization algorithms and also the representation learning ability of the autoencoder when it is trained on standard image classification datasets.
Evaluating the Impact of Cyber Attacks on Secure and Non-Secure Routable GOOSE Messages

This paper will evaluate the impact of cyberattacks involving Routable Goose (R-GOOSE) messages. This will be demonstrated when implementing it on a communication link based on the secured and non-secured Data Distribution Service (DDS). The proposed technique is introduced for fast and robust communication over the WideArea Network (WAN). The framework security is addressed by setting the DDS authentication, encryption/decryption, and adding permission access control mechanisms. The cyber-attack on the non-secured framework caused the tripping of multiple protective relays in the power system, eventually leading to a blackout. While the same cyber threat using the secured communication technique showed the system’s capability to deny such an attack. The attack’s impact on the power system dynamics was verified experimentally through Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation using a hardware setup and Matlab/Simulink software. The results showed that the proposed framework is fast, reliabale, robuste, and secure enough against cyber-attacks scenarios.
A Review of HLA Techniques for Blood Bankers

This small book is intended to supplement an earlier (1982) book from the same publisher on Theoretical Aspects of HLA. Originally, both books were manuals to be given out to participants in workshops held by the American Association of Blood Banks, and were intended to present the ins and outs of HLA to blood bankers who were not already experts in the field.
The interface between phylogenetics and population genetics: investigating gene trees, species trees, and population dynamics in the Phyllophaga fraterna species group.

This study uses traditional and contemporary phylogenetic and population genetic analyses to assess the causes of discordance (i.e., lineage sorting and introgression) among mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees for a clade of eastern North American scarab beetles (fraterna species group, genus Phyllophaga). I estimated gene trees using individual and combined analysis of one mitochondrial and two nuclear loci in M R B AYES , and inferred a species tree using a hierarchical coalescent approach based on all loci in the program BEST. Because hybridization violates the assumptions of BEST, I tested for introgression by comparing species monophyly between the mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees based on the prediction that cytoplasmic genomes introgress more readily than nuclear genomes. Haplotype exclusivity was identified using Bayesian tests of monophyly and the genealogical sorting index. I used the results of the phylogenetic analyses and monophyly tests to develop an explicit hypothesis of introgression that could be tested in the program IMa. Results from these analyses provided evidence for introgression across clades within the fraterna group. The tiered analytical approach used in this study demonstrated how the use of multiple methods can identify when assumptions are violated and methods are prone to yield misleading results.
Dynamics of immune response and drug resistance in malaria infection

Malaria parasites that concurrently infect a host compete on the basis of their intrinsic growth rates and by stimulating cross-reactive immune responses that inhibit each others' growth. If the phenotypes also show different drug sensitivities ('sensitive' vs. 'resistant' strains), drug treatment can change their joint dynamics and the long-term outcome of the infection: most obviously, persistent drug pressure can permit the more resistant, but otherwise competitively-inferior, strains to dominate. Here a mathematical model is developed to analyse how these and more subtle effects of antimalarial drug use are modulated by immune response, repeated re-inoculation of parasites, drug pharmacokinetic parameters, dose and treatment frequency. The model quantifies possible effects of single and multiple (periodic) treatment on the outcome of parasite competition. In the absence of further inoculation, the dosage and/or treatment frequency required for complete clearance can be estimated. With persistent superinfection, time-average parasite densities can be derived in terms of the basic immune-regulating parameters, the drug efficacy and treatment regimen. The functional relations in the model are applicable to a wide range of conditions and transmission environments, allowing predictions to be made on both the individual and the community levels, and, in particular, transitions from drug-sensitive to drug-resistant parasite dominance to be projected on both levels.
Ethnic and Gender Differences in Additive Effects of Socio‑economics, Psychiatric Disorders, and Subjective Religiosity on Suicidal Ideation among Blacks

Background: This study aimed to investigate the additive effects of socio‑economic factors, number of psychiatric disorders, and religiosity on suicidal ideation among Blacks, based on the intersection of ethnicity and gender. Methods: With a cross‑sectional design, data came from the National Survey of American Life, 2001–2003, which included 3570 African‑American and 1621 Caribbean Black adults. Socio‑demographics, perceived religiosity, number of lifetime psychiatric disorders and lifetime suicidal ideation were measured. Logistic regressions were fitted specific to groups based on the intersection of gender and ethnicity, while socioeconomics, number of life time psychiatric disorders, and subjective religiosity were independent variables, and lifetime serious suicidal ideation was the dependent variable. Results: Irrespective of ethnicity and gender, number of lifetime psychiatric disorders was a risk factor for lifetime suicidal ideation (odds ratio [OR] ranging from 2.4 for Caribbean Black women to 6.0 for Caribbean Black men). Only among African‑American men (OR = 0.8, 95% confidence interval = 0.7–0.9), perceived religiosity had a residual protective effect against suicidal ideation above and beyond number of lifetime psychiatric disorders. The direction of the effect of education on suicidal ideating also varied based on the group. Conclusions: Residual protective effect of subjective religiosity in the presence of psychiatric disorders on suicidal ideation among Blacks depends on ethnicity and gender. African‑American men with multiple psychiatric disorders and low religiosity are at very high risk for suicidal ideation.
Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Pathogenesis: A Response-to-Injury Paradigm

Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a rare but important cause of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in young adults. In this paper, we review both human and animal studies of brain AVM, focusing on the: (1) natural history of AVM hemorrhage, (2) genetic and expression studies of AVM susceptibility and hemorrhage, and (3) strategies for development of a brain AVM model in adult mice. These data target various mechanisms that must act in concert to regulate normal angiogenic response to injury. Based on the various lines of evidence reviewed in this paper, we propose a “response-to-injury” model of brain AVM pathogenesis.
Analysis of Fairness and Incentives of Profit Sharing Schemes in Group Buying

Payoff distribution within coalitions in group-buying environments, where a group of buyers pool their demands to benefit from volume discounts, is a well-studied problem. However, the general assumption in literature is unit demand, where every buyer needs one item. In the case of varying volume demands, both the valuation and the contribution of buyers will change. In this paper, we introduce the variable demand group-buying game with implied values, where the valuation of one item for the buyer is equal to the unit price, which the buyer can obtain by itself. Buyers with higher volumes of demand have lower valuation per unit. We consider scenarios where volume discounts kick in at multiple volume thresholds and investigate the effect of different profit sharing mechanisms in coalitions of buyers: proportional cost sharing based on volume demand and valuation, proportional profit sharing based on volume and contribution, and adjusted Clarke mechanism. All these mechanisms are efficient, budget-balanced, and individual rational. We evaluated these five payoff mechanisms on the following criteria: stability, incentive compatibility, and fairness. We introduce a fairness criteria that correlates with marginal contribution. Experimental results show that fairness and stability are difficult to satisfy simultaneously.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PLANNING: AN EXPLORATION OF SOCIAL JUSTICE, EQUITY, AND CITIZEN INCLUSION

Sustainability development is receiving increased attention in public administration theory and practice. It has been lauded as promoting increased environmental well-being, while also improving the well being of citizens. Can sustainable development principles promote social justice, equality, and citizen participation in public administra tion practice? Will these principles be at odds with economic stabil ity? What are the overall consequences for civil society ? This paper considers these questions by exploring case studies in which the ap plication and practice of environmental sustainability is integrated in public decision making. It discusses the role of sustainable develop ment in public risk management and in promoting social justice through the use of systems approaches, time and place knowledge, and stakeholder participation.
Development of an Emotional Car-following Model

This research effort proposes a new car-following model that includes the effects of emotion on driver behavior. The methodology used to investigate the effects of emotion on driver behavior has three main components: a psychological personality survey, a psychological emotion survey, and simulator scenarios. There were three simulator scenarios used in this study: a base scenario, an anxiety scenario, and an anger scenario. The design of the study was such that the scenarios induced certain emotions in the participants and those emotions were measured using psychological emotion surveys. The base scenario allowed the participants to interact without any pressure being applied to them. The anxiety scenario applied pressure to the participants through a time limit and police vehicles patrolling the roadway. The anger scenario applied pressure to the participants through aggressive actions by the surrounding traffic. The findings showed that emotions caused drivers to change the distribution of their driving behaviors. The new car-following model uses a markovian process to account for the different distributions of behavior for each emotional state.
Small breast lesion classification performance using the normalized axial-shear strain area feature.

Abstract Breast cancers that are found and confirmed because they are causing symptoms tend to be larger and are more likely to have already spread to the lymph nodes and beyond. Thus, early detection and confirmation are of paramount importance. The normalized axial–shear strain area (NASSA) feature from the axial-shear strain elastogram (ASSE) has been shown to be a feature that can identify the boundary-bonding conditions that are indicative of the presence of cancer. Recently, we investigated and reported on the potential of the NASSA feature for breast lesion classification into fibroadenomas and cancers. In this article, we investigate the size distribution of the lesions that were part of the previous study and analyze classification performance specifically on small lesions ( p 10 mm had a difference of 0.52 ± 0.24 ( p 10 mm). These results suggest that the ASSE feature can work equally well, even on small lesions, to improve the standard ultrasound BIRADS–based breast lesion classification of fibroadenoma and malignant tumors.
Morphologic effects of denervation on the taste buds of the catfish barbel

Abstract The morphological effects of sectioning the gustatory nerves were studied in the taste buds of the catfish mandibular barbel. Gross observations as well as scanning electron microscope studies showed a proximal-distal degeneration of the taste buds. Serial histologic sections of the denervated barbel illustrated the progressive breakdown of the taste buds as early as 2 days after nerve section. The centrifugal sweep in bud degeneration was completed in 9 to 10 days at 22°C but occurred in stepwise alterations in individual buds and not by overnight disappearance of all buds simultaneously as heretofore reported. Silver impregnation and transmission electron microscope studies of the main nerves showed rapid wallerian degeneration of sensory nerve fibers occurring within a few days. The results are compared with similar studies in tetrapods.
Experiments and Engineering Models of Microparticle Impact and Deposition

Abstract This article summarizes, reviews and consolidates some of the research work done by the authors over recent years. It covers a wide variety of topics related to the experimental and analytical investigations of the impact of microparticles with flat surfaces in the presence of adhesion and frictional forces. Over 180 experiments were conducted under vacuum conditions to study the effects of particle size, shape, incident translational and rotational velocities, and substrate surface roughness on the oblique impact response of the particle. Analytical models of the impact process were developed, including an algebraic, rigid-body model and a numerical simulation that can be used to predict rebound and capture conditions and to model the forces and displacements that occur during the contact duration. These models were validated using experimental results. Overall, the article covers impact conditions ranging from the more idealized case of a microsphere impacting a molecularly-smooth surface to th...
Non-invasive, in vivo monitoring of neuronal transport impairment in a mouse model of tauopathy using MEMRI.

The impairment of axonal transport by overexpression or hyperphosphorylation of tau is well documented for in vitro conditions; however, only a few studies on this phenomenon have been conducted in vivo, using invasive procedures, and with contradictory results. Here we used the non-invasive, Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging technique (MEMRI), to study for the first time a pure model of tauopathy, the JNPL3 transgenic mouse line, which overexpresses a mutated (P301L) form of the human tau protein. We show progressive impairment in neuronal transport as tauopathy advances. These findings are further supported by a significant correlation between the severity of the impairment in neuronal transport assessed by MEMRI, and the degree of abnormal tau assessed by histology. Unlike conventional techniques that focus on axonal transport measurement, MEMRI can provide a global analysis of neuronal transport, i.e. from dendrites to axons and at the macroscopic scale of fiber tracts. Neuronal transport impairment has been shown to be a key pathogenic process in Alzheimer’s disease and numerous other neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, MEMRI provides a promising set of functional biomarkers to be used during preclinical trials to facilitate the selection of new drugs aimed at restoring neuronal transport in neurodegenerative diseases.
Interfacial Shear Strength of Oxide Films on Carbon Fibers Formed by the Sol-Gel Process

Abstract The bonding of oxide films on AU carbon fibers is investigated using the single-filament-composite (SFC) specimen. The oxide films were formed by first dip-coating fibers in solutions of zirconium-n-propoxide, zirconium-n-propoxide chelated by ethyl acetoacetate or a zircoaluminate inorganic polymer coordinated to methacryloxy and oleophilic ligands, followed by steam hydrolysis and thermal treatment Coating uniformity and morphology were examined by SEM and EDXA. Fiber strength distributions at different gage lengths were obtained from tensile strength measurements of single fibers, coated and uncoated, and analyzed by Weibull statistics. Fiber fragmentation in SFC specimens was also monitored to obtain the critical length, l c . Fiber strength, [sgrave]sim, at the critical length was predicted by numerical simulation using the bimodal distribution parameters experimentally determined. The simulation model of fragment distribution with respect to fiber strength in the SFC specimen was developed ...
Green, Enzymatic Syntheses of Divanillin and Diapocynin for the Organic, Biochemistry, or Advanced General Chemistry Laboratory

Environmentally benign chemistry is an increasingly important topic both in the classroom and the laboratory. In this experiment, students synthesize divanillin from vanillin or diapocynin from apocynin, using horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide in water. The dimerized products form rapidly at ambient temperature and are isolated by filtration. The products are readily distinguished from starting materials by solubility, NMR spectroscopy, or melting point analysis. The experiment is adaptable to an organic chemistry course in the context of radical reactions of phenols, to a biochemistry course in the context of metalloenzymes, or to an advanced general chemistry course in the context of green chemistry.
Development of LC-MS methods for quantitation of hepcidin and demonstration of siRNA-mediated hepcidin suppression in serum.

Abstract Introduction A requisite step in developing a therapeutic to modulate the levels of hepcidin is the development of a quantitative method for measuring the concentration of serum hepcidin. Methods To this end, an LC-MS method, based on selected reaction monitoring (SRM) with a triple quadrupole MS and an isotopically labeled hepcidin as internal standard, was developed to measure hepcidin in mouse and monkey sera. Results Initially, 40 normal cynomolgus monkeys and 40 normal mice were studied to determine the normal endogenous levels of hepcidin, and an average of 50 ng/mL was found in the monkeys and 46 ng/mL in the mice. Next, experiments were conducted where an siRNA, targeting hepcidin, was administered to cynomolgus monkeys, resulting in effective hepcidin reduction (inhibition rate) of 87% after 24 h and 74% after 48 h, demonstrating to effectively reduce serume level of hepcidin. Conclusions For better sensitivity, especially for the low volumes available for mouse sera, a second LC-MS method, based on parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) using a Orbitrap MS was developed and shown to be at least 10 fold lower in detection limits (or consumption of serum volume) than the SRM approach.
Optimized rotation-axis attitude maneuver controller for the Space Shuttle Orbiter

This paper describes a controller for automatic attitude maneuvers of reaction-control-jet-equipped spacecraft. It is based on a new, real-time algorithm for solution of fuel-optimal maneuvers, assuming on-off control and linearized dynamics. These solutions provide efficient model trajectories that are easily tracked using a feed-forward, feedback controller structure. This approach was developed as a software upgrade to the Space Shuttle Orbiter on-orbit autopilot, for which it shows a very substantial performance benefit in a wide range of simulated maneuver tasks.
DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE NOMENCLATURE OF CLAY MINERALS AND RELATED PHYLLOSILICATES

ABSTRACT ATTEMPTS to find a generally acceptable scheme of classification and nomenclature for clay minerals by the nomenclature committees of The Clay Minerals Society (C.M.S.), the ComiteA International pour l'etude des Argiles (C.I.P.E.A.), and the International Mineralogical Association (I.M.A.) are summarized. The C.M.S. committee has been working on this problem continuously since 1961 and has transmitted its views to C.I.P.E.A., first at the time of the Stockholm meeting, 1963, and subsequently, in more detail, after receiving the first draft of the C.I.P.E.A. proposals. The C.I.P.E.A. committee held discussions in Stockholm, 1963, and subsequently submitted a first draft to 32 nations; from the replies received, a final draft of the C.I.P.E.A. proposals was prepared and submitted to the I.M.A. in 1964. The report from the I.M.A. was made available in August, 1965.