cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental studies on microbodies in wheat leaves : I. Conditions influencing enzyme development.

Catalase, glycolate oxidase, and hydroxypyruvate reductase, enzymes which are located in the microbodies of leaves, show different developmental patterns in the shoots of wheat seedlings. Catalase and hydroxypyruvate reductase are already present in the shoots of ungerminated seeds. Glycolate oxidase appears later. All three enzymes develop in the dark, but glycolate oxidase and hydroxypyruvate reductase have only low activities. On exposure of the seedlings to continuous white light (14.8 x 10(3) ergs cm(-2) sec(-1)), the activity of catalase is doubled, and glycolate oxidase and hydroxypyruvate reductase activities increase by 4- to 7-fold. Under a higher light intensity, the activities of all three enzymes are considerably further increased. The activities of other enzymes (cytochrome oxidase, fumarase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) are unchanged or only slightly influenced by light. After transfer of etiolated seedlings to white light, the induced increase of total catalase activity shows a much longer lag-phase than that of glycolate oxidase and hydroxypyruvate reductase. It is concluded that the light-induced increases of the microbody enzymes are due to enzyme synthesis. The light effect on the microbody enzymes is independent of chlorophyll formation or the concomitant development of functional chloroplasts. Short repeated light exposures which do not lead to greening are very effective. High activities of glycolate oxidase and hydroxypyruvate reductase develop in the presence of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole which blocks chloroplast development. The effect of light is not exerted through induced glycolate formation and appears instead to be photomorphogenetic in character.In senescing leaves excised from the plants decreases in activity of glycolate oxidase, and hydroxypyruvate reductase follow with some delay the decrease in chlorophyll content. The activity of catalase, however, is maintained at high levels, especially when the detached shoots are kept in light.
Fusions of Character Tables and Schur Rings of Abelian Groups

If the character table of a finite group H satisfies certain conditions, then the classes and characters of H can fuse to give the character table of a group G of the same order. We investigate the case where H is an abelian group. The theory is developed in terms of the S-rings of Schur and Wielandt. We discuss certain classes of p-groups which fuse from abelian groups and give examples of such groups which do not. We also show that a large class of simple groups do not fuse from abelian groups. The methods to show fusion include the use of extensions which are Camina pairs, but other techniques on S-rings are also developed.
Relationships between landscape patterns and fire occurrence within a successional gradient in sagebrush steppe–juniper woodland

Expansion of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook. var. occidentalis) has altered vegetation composition, fire behaviour and fire potential throughout south-western Idaho and eastern Oregon. Utilising GIS-derived products and fire-simulation software, the influence of the spatial arrangement of different woodland developmental stages on simulated surface fire occurrence was evaluated. Custom fuel models and a recent vegetation map processed in FARSITE under moderate fire conditions were used to create a fire-occurrence grid in three sixth-order watersheds on the Owyhee Plateau of south-western Idaho. Landscape pattern metrics were selected to quantify the spatial arrangement of plant communities within a neighbourhood around points from each successional stage randomly placed within each watershed. Linear regression analysis of fire occurrence and each of the selected landscape metrics was compared for four successional stages of western juniper encroachment to assess the effect of landscape-scale vegetation arrangement on fire occurrence. The landscape structure had little influence on whether an early-successional area burns in a surface fire, whereas the surrounding landscape structure influenced whether a late-successional or mature woodland area burned. Landscape metrics that showed significance in late-successional and mature woodland stages include patch density, mean area and Simpson’s diversity.
Impermeability of graphene and its applications

Abstract This review discusses the genesis of impermeability in graphene and its extraordinary applications in fluid-encasement for wet electron-microscopy, selective gas-permeation, nanopore-bio-diffusion, and barrier coating against rusting and environmental hazards. As the thinnest material, graphene is composed of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms linked to one another in a 2D honeycomb lattice with high electron-density in its aromatic rings, which blocks-off all molecules. This phenomena, in combination with its strong structure (C–C bond energy = 4.9 eV and intrinsic strength = 43 N/m) makes graphene the most impermeable membrane (thinnest membrane that is impermeable). Apart from the applications mentioned above, graphene coatings have enabled fundamental studies on chemical processes and fluid structures. For example, graphene can allow electron imaging of nanocrystal nucleation process and water-lattice-structure due to its impermeability. Along with being the strongest, most conductive, and optically-absorbing material (∼2.3% optical absorbance), graphene’s impermeability opens a wide range of exciting opportunities.
An autoradiographic map of (3H) diprenorphine binding in rat brain: Effects of social interaction

(3H)Diprenorphine binding was analyzed autoradiographically in the brains of 33 day old rat pups. A photographic atlas of diprenorphine binding in the coronal plane is provided to highlight the dispersion of opioid receptor systems through the brain. To determine whether brain opioid release may be induced by social interactions, half the animals were sacrificed following a 30 min period of social interaction while the other half were sacrificed following 30 min of social isolation. Opioid binding was higher in isolate-tested animals than socially-tested ones, suggesting that social interaction may promote endogenous brain opioid release.
Effect of oxygen availability and salinity on early life history stages of salt marsh plants. II. Early seedling development advantage of Spartina alterniflora over Phragmites australis (Poaceae)

In salt marsh soils, germination and the first phases of seedling development often occur under dark, hypoxic or anoxic, and saline conditions. Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis seedling development were examined under covaried oxygen and salinity concentrations in growth chamber experiments. First, the effects of oxygen and salinity on seedling development were tested in the dark, using a 5 X 5 factorial design. Oxygen did not affect P. australis plumule growth at oxygen concentrations from 21 down to 2.5%. Plumules were longer at ?10 than at ?25 g NaCl/L. Root growth was maximum in 21% oxygen, at ?10 g NaCl/L and reduced at all salinities in oxygen concentrations ?10%. No plumule or root growth occurred under anoxia. Salinity did not affect S. alterniflora mesocotyl emergence, which was fastest in anoxia and hypoxia. Mesocotyls did not emerge from the spikelet in 21% oxygen. In contrast, plumule growth was fastest in 21% oxygen, but was inhibited in anoxia. Under low oxygen and high salinity both plumule and root elongation were reduced. Coleoptile and mesocotyl elongation were greatest in 2.5 and 5% oxygen, and shortest in anoxia. The percentage of mesocotyls elongating was also highest in 2.5% oxygen. Rapid S. alterniflora coleoptile and mesocotyl elongation in anoxia enables its seedlings to escape the impact of the stressful environment where its seeds can germinate, but the seedlings could not survive otherwise. In separate experiments, S. alterniflora seeds were germinated and the seedlings grown in the dark for 10 d, then exposed to light for 4 d. Prior to illumination the seedlings did not develop beyond the stage of a small plumule enclosed in the coleoptile. Within 48 h of illumination in the presence of CO2, roots emerged and the plumule elongated inside the coleoptile at salinities up to 40 g NaCl/L, while the external environment remained anoxic. Without CO2, plumule growth and root development did not occur. This suggested oxygen was produced inside the coleoptile by the photosynthesizing plumule, and triggered root development. The ability of S. alterniflora seedlings to continue development under external anoxia and high salinity gives that species a competitive advantage over P. australis in high salinity and/or poorly drained marshes.
The Binding of Indole-3-acetic Acid and 3-Methyleneoxindole to Plant Macromolecules

Homogenates of pea (Pisum sativum L., var. Alaska) seedlings exposed to 14C-indole-3-acetic acid or 14C-3-methyleneoxindole, an oxidation product of indole-3-acetic acid, were extracted with phenol. In both cases 90% of the bound radioactivity was found associated with the protein fraction and 10% with the water-soluble, ethanol-insoluble fraction. The binding of radioactivity from 14C-indole-3-acetic acid is greatly reduced by the addition of unlabeled 3-methyleneoxindole as well as by chlorogenic acid, an inhibitor of the oxidation of indole-3-acetic acid to 3-methyleneoxindole. Chlorogenic acid does not inhibit the binding of 14C-3-methyleneoxindole. The labeled protein and water-soluble, ethanol-insoluble fractions of the phenol extract were treated with an excess of 2-mercaptoethanol. Independently of whether the seedlings had been exposed to 14C-indole-3-acetic acid or 14C-3-methyleneoxindole, the radioactivity was recovered from both fractions in the form of a 2-mercaptoethanol-3-methyleneoxindole adduct. These findings indicate that 3-methyleneoxindole is an intermediate in the binding of indole-3-acetic acid to macromolecules.
A Simple Preparative Route to Bis(imido)uranium(VI) Complexes by the Direct Reductions of Diazenes and Azides.

In clean, one-pot procedures, the uranium complex 1 reductively cleaves azides and azo compounds to generate bis(imido) derivatives [Eq. (a)]. This unusual reaction has not been observed previously in either the actinide series or with a metallocene complex.
Progress and directions in inertial fusion

The Office of Inertial Fusion, in this panel discussion on progress in inertial fusion, says that their near-term objective in the program is to determine the requirements in driver energy and pellet design to ignite a small fusion pellet in the laboratory. The author feels that they have developed a basis that gives a good projection of what will be required. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory discusses a laser facility called NOVETTE. One of the interesting things about the technology is that the crystal arrays are relatively large. The University of Rochester discusses an area called direct drive. The Los Alamos National Laboratory comments on progress in the understanding of electromagentic wave and particle interactions. The Naval Research Laboratory reveals progress in producing a uniform illumination with a realistic laser. The Sandia National Laboratory discusses the production of very high-brightness beams at modest volatages.
CD28-B7 bidirectional signaling: a two-way street to activation.

Engagement of CD28 by B7 molecules results in the activation of T cells. In addition to this T cell stimulation through CD28, the engagement of B7 on dendritic cells by CD28 can lead to the activation of dendritic cells.
The Small RNA RteR Inhibits Transfer of the Bacteroides Conjugative Transposon CTnDOT

CTnDOT is a 65-kb conjugative transposon present in Bacteroides spp. that confers resistance to erythromycin [erm(F)] and tetracycline [tet(Q)]. An interesting feature of CTnDOT is that both excision from the chromosome and transfer of CTnDOT are stimulated by exposure to tetracycline. However, when no tetracycline is present, transfer of CTnDOT is not detectable. Previous studies suggested that a region containing a small RNA, RteR, appeared to mediate repression of CTnDOT transfer; however, virtually nothing was known about RteR. We have demonstrated that RteR is a 90-nucleotide transcript that is not further processed. RteR inhibits conjugative transfer of CTnDOT by targeting the transfer region, a 13-kb operon that encodes the tra genes required to assemble the mating apparatus. We report here that RteR interacts with the region downstream of traA. Levels of the downstream tra mRNA are dramatically reduced when RteR is present. Further, RteR does not appear to decrease the half-life of the tra mRNA transcript, suggesting that RteR does not bind to the transcript to initiate RNase-dependent decay, similar to other trans-acting small RNAs. We predict that RteR may act to enhance termination of the tra operon within traB, which could account for the decreased abundance of the tra transcript downstream of traA and explain why the tra mRNA has the same half-life whether or not RteR is present. RteR is the only small RNA that has been characterized so far within the Bacteroidetes phylum.
One-of-a-Kind in a Full House: Some Consequences of Ethnic and Gender Distinctiveness

This research examines the behaviors of individuals in environments characterized by varying degrees of ethnic and gender diversity. Self-attention theory (e.g., Mullen, 1983) is used to explain how being one-of-a-kind (e.g., race or gender) in a social setting may affect behavior. Ethnic minorities have previously been found to avoid behaviors associated with their ethnicity when no other members of their ethnic group are present (Stayman & Deshpande, 1989). However, the extent to which they adopt the behaviors of the majority is not clear. This research investigates conformity and other possible consequences of distinctiveness. Findings from three experiments suggest that numerical minorities adjust to their distinctiveness by reducing perceived dissimilarities rather than increasing perceived similarities between themselves and members of the numerically dominant group.
SU-FF-J-80: Real-Time Visualization of Radiation Dose Accumulation in Lung Tumors

Purpose: The focus of this work is to develop a real‐time simulation and visualization method to calculate delivered dose to a moving lungtumor and to account for changes in tumor shape and location with breathing. Methods:Lungtumors move unpredictably depending on patient breathing patterns, thereby changing tumor location. A simulation framework is being developed to predict the amount and location of radiationdoses deposited in both moving lungtumors and surrounding normal lungtissues to be used for real‐time display of dose. A virtual cuboid of dimension 100×100×100 cubes is created with each cube of the dimension 1×1×1 mm3. A 3D volumetric sphere representing the lungtumor is place inside the cube. The motion of the 3D sphere was modeled as linear and sinusoidal simulating lungtumor motion. A radiation treatment plan of a small lungtumor was developed in a commercial planning system (iPlan, BrainLab). Each radiation beam was extracted as a 10 cm3 to match the above described cuboid. While simulating motion, the dose from each beam was accumulated to the sphere and to the cubic phantom to summate the total dose delivered. For validation, film dosimetry was performed and compared to the model. Results: A virtual patient was developed to represent a small lungtumor. The dose on the tumor was summed to generate real‐time dose to the target for each beam independently. Films taken in a sagittal and in a coronal plane in a motion phantom compared favorably to cross sections through the cuboid. Conclusions: This work presents a method of simulating and modelinglungtumors in real‐time and visualizing dose accumulated to them. Future developments include real‐time patient motion and patient anatomy.Conflict of Interest: This work is supported in part by a grant from Calypso medical.
Transition State Dynamics of Arn(ClHCl) (n = 0−5): Effects of Complex Formation on the Dynamics and Spectroscopy

The effects of intermolecular interactions on the transition state dynamics of the Cl + HCl reaction are investigated through time-dependent quantum simulations of the evolution of the ground state wave function for Arn(ClHCl-) on the Arn(ClHCl) potential when n = 0−5. A reduced dimensional approach has been employed in which the quantum/semiclassical time-dependent self-consistent field (Q/SC TDSCF) approximation is used to propagate the dynamics of the hydrogen and chlorine atoms, respectively, while the argon atoms are constrained to remain in the equilibrium configuration in Arn(ClHCl-). Analysis of the wave functions, obtained from these simulations, shows that as more argon atoms are introduced there is a change in the short time dynamics. When no argon atoms are present, the hydrogen atom rotates off of the Cl−Cl axis. As the number of argon atoms is increased, this motion becomes blocked, and when four or five argon atoms are present, the Cl−H−Cl subsystem is constrained to dissociate collinearly....
Effect of PG XX-34 on Transverse Cracking in Minnesota

The Minnesota Department of Transportation (DOT) adopted the use of performance-graded (PG) asphalt binders in 1997. In 1999 the Minnesota DOT required PG XX-34 binders for all new (not overlay) bituminous construction with the objective of reducing the amount of transverse cracking. Pavement management data were used to track the development of transverse cracking on PG XX-34 projects. The transverse cracking rate of the PG XX-34 projects was then compared with the cracking rates for similar projects from the pre-PG era. The comparison found that after 7 years of service, transverse cracks on the PG projects were developing at approximately 1/10th the rate experienced before performance grading was implemented.
Glutamate modulators as novel interventions for mood disorders.

Recent evidence suggests that critical molecules in neurotrophic signaling cascades are long-term targets for currently available monoaminergic antidepressants. As chronic and severe mood disorders are characterized by impairments in neuronal resilience, pharmacological strategies that subserve a neuroprotective function might alter disorder pathophysiology and modify disease progression. Several promising approaches involve modulation of the glutamate neurotransmitter system, via post-synaptic receptor blockade or potentiation and presynaptic vesicular release inhibition. A focused review of the extant scientific literature was conducted, with a discussion of 3 compounds or classes of drugs currently undergoing clinical investigation: ketamine, riluzole, and AMPA receptor potentiators. Recent investigations in mood disordered patients suggest that the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine might demonstrate rapid antidepressant properties. Riluzole has been shown to reverse glutamate-mediated impairments in neuronal plasticity and to stimulate the synthesis of brain derived neurotrophic factor. Open-label trials in treatment-resistant depression have yielded promising results. Likewise, AMPA receptor potentiators favorably impact neurotrophic factors as well as enhance cognition. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacological approaches that modulate components of the glutamate system offer novel targets for severe, recurrent mood disorders. Controlled studies are necessary.
On the effectiveness of the Lanczos method for the solution of large eigenvalue problems

Abstract The calculation of the smallest eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors of the generalized eigenproblem Kφ = λMφ is considered. It is shown that the accuracy of the computed eigensolution is dependent on the spread in the eigenvalues of the eigenproblem being solved, on the spectral content of the starting vector used and on the number of vectors that are generated in using the method. Numerical examples are given to substantiate these theoretical predictions. Also, the computational drawbacks of the method are discussed and an algorithm for implementing the Lanczos method on the computer is presented. Finally, it is proposed that the vectors generated in using the Lanczos method be used as the starting vectors for the subspace iteration, in which case the accuracy of the calculated eigensolution becomes user controllable. Some examples solved by using such a combined scheme are presented and the solution effectiveness is discussed.
Gandhigiri in cyberspace: a novel approach to information ethics

The interpretation of the terms 'information' and 'ethics' is often culturally situated. A common understanding is contingent to facilitating dialogue concerning the novel ethical issues we face during computer-mediated interactions. Developing a nuanced understanding of information ethics is critical at a point when the number of information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled interactions may soon exceed traditional human interactions. Utilitarianism and deontology, the two major schools of ethics are based in a western perspective. We contribute to the existing discourse on information ethics by arguing for the inclusion of Gandhian notions of non-violence and confrontation. These are particularly relevant to cyberspace, which does not always lend itself to coercion due to legal, political and economic limitations. We address the applicability of ahimsa, satyagraha, and swaraj to cyberspace. We discuss a Gandhian approach to system design. Finally, we use case studies to illuminate the application of Gandhian notions as well as their limitations.
Neuroprotection by anti-oxidant strategies in Parkinson's disease.

The advance of Parkinson’s disease has been suspected to be an outcome of oxidative stresses related to the metabolism of dopamine. Several recent studies have tested whether deprenyl (selegiline) or α-tocopherol (vitamin E) might attenuate the progression of Parkinson’s disease. Although preliminary results of an 800-patient controlled clinical trial (DATATOP) suggested in 1989 that neuroprotection might be achieved with deprenyl, more recent analysis has questioned this conclusion. The apparent protective effect of deprenyl is lost after 1 year of treatment, and the drug’s symptomatic antiparkinsonian effects confound an understanding of actions on the underlying disease. In the DAT ATOP trial, no neuroprotection was achieved with a-tocopherol. Methods developed in the deprenyl trials and newly discovered CSF markers of Parkinson’s disease may be useful tools for future investigations of neuroprotective strategies against Parkinson’s disease.
Critical Issues and Further Questions About Respondent-Driven Sampling: Comment on Ramirez-Valles, et al. (2005)

The application of respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is a promising new approach to understanding hidden populations, including those at high risk for HIV infection. The method has significant advantages over other sampling methods, including the possibility that representativeness samples can be accrued. However, the requirements for a respondent-driven sample to achieve representative and to demonstrate its superiority over other methods are quite strict. This report focuses on whether the accompanying paper by Ramirez-Valles et al. fulfills these requirements in terms of the theorems underlying RDS regarding sample recruitment rates, referral patterns, and network sizes. Further, it investigates the assertion that the accrued sample has proven that RDS is superior to more traditional time-location or venue-based sampling methods. Unconvinced that either is the case, the author suggests a method to test if RDS is indeed the gold-standard recruitment strategy for obtaining inclusive and representative samples of hidden populations.
Influence of crystallography upon critical nucleus shapes and kinetics of homogeneous f.c.c.-f.c.c. nucleation—III. The influence of elastic strain energy

Abstract The influence of crystallography upon critical nucleus shapes and kinetics of homogeneous f.c.c.-f.c.c. nucleation was studied by combining the discrete lattice point non-classical model utilized in paper II of this series with the microscopic theory of strain energy as applied by Cook and de Fontaine to compositional fluctuations in cubic lattices. This permits simultaneous consideration of the influence of anistropic interfacial energy and anisotropic strain energy upon nucleation. This is extremely difficult to do using other models of strain energy because of mathematical problems. The model is applied to f.c.c. nuclei in Al Cu and Cu Co alloys. Nuclei in Al Cu are plates because coherency strain energy predominates in this system. In Cu Co alloys, the misfit is smaller and the distortion tensor is cubic; thus the nuclei are essentially spherical. Despite this lesser effect, the influence of strain energy upon the nucleation kinetics of Co-rich precipitates in a Cu-rich Cu Co alloy is found to be very important, reducing these kinetics by as much as five orders of magnitude.
Mineralogy of the Mafic Anomaly in the South Pole-Aitken Basin: Implications for excavation of the lunar mantle

Mineralogy of South Pole-Aitken Basin (SPA) (the largest confirmed impact basin on the Moon) is evaluated using five-color images from Clementine. Although olivine-rich material as well as basalts rich in clinopyroxene are readily identified elsewhere on the farside, the dominant rock type observed across the interior of SPA is of a very noritic composition. This mineralogy suggests that lower crust rather than the mantle is the dominant source of the mafic component at SPA. The lack of variation in observed noritic composition is probably due to basin formation processes, during which extensive melting and mixing of target materials are likely to occur.
Low-temperature and high-strain-rate deformation of nickel and nickel-carbon alloys and analysis of the constitutive behavior according to an internal state variable model

Abstract Analysis of the strain-rate sensitivity of the yield stress and the strain-rate sensitivity of strain hardening in annealed and quasi-statically and dynamically prestrained Ni270, Ni-510 wt ppm (0.25 at.%) C, and Ni-1900 wt ppm (0.92 at.%) C is presented. Measurements in compression are analyzed according to an internal state variable model where for a given obstacle type the state variable represents the stress required for deformation at 0 K. State variables are defined for dislocations interacting with interstitial carbon atoms and for dislocations interacting with other dislocations. The application of a power law to combine the contributions of separate obstacles is investigated. Evolution of the mechanical threshold stress characterizing dislocation/dislocation interactions is analyzed using a modified Voce equation. The Stage II hardening rate is shown to be insensitive to the carbon concentration, while the hardening at large strains is strongly dependent on the carbon concentration. Dynamic strain aging is found to influence both the temperature and strain-rate dependent yield stress and the hardening rate in the nickel-carbon alloys. Deformation microstructures are characterized using transmission electron microscopy, and the measured dislocation cell size is correlated with the internal state variable characterizing dislocation/dislocation interactions.
On Seeing Monkeys, Cows, and Beggars Between Ethnography and Tourism

Through collaborative writing, the authors reflect on ethnographic engagement and critique “research tourism,” that is, drop-in, quick-fix “fieldwork” in developing countries. We position ourselves...
Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Surface Impingement at High-Density Ratio

In this work, a novel two-phase lattice Boltzmann method has been employed to study droplet impact dynamics in the presence of a surrounding lighter phase. All the simulations were conducted in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, with the density ratio of the liquid phase to the gas phase fixed at 50. First, simulations of binary droplet collisions are conducted to validate the methodology for 20 < We < 80. Three different types of outcome, namely, coalescence collision, separating collision, and stretching collision, are presented. Secondly, the normal impact of a liquid drop impinging on a perfectly smooth dry surface is simulated at various liquid Weber and Reynolds numbers. Results are shown to compare the spread factor dependence on impact velocity, liquid density, liquid viscosity, surface tension, and surface wetting characteristics. The results are validated with experimental data. Two different outcomes are obtained: deposition and splashing breakup. The transition to splashing is found to be dependent on the liquid Weber and Reynolds numbers.
ELL-associated factor 2 (EAF2), a functional homolog of EAF1 with alternative ELL binding properties

The (11;19)(q23;p13.1) translocation in acute leukemia results in the formation of an MLL-ELL fusion protein. ELL is an RNA polymerase II elongation factor that interacts with the recently identified EAF1 protein. To characterize the normal functions of ELL and its aberrant activities when fused to MLL, we isolated a second protein that interacts with ELL named EAF2 for ELL Associated Factor 2. EAF2 is highly homologous to EAF1, with 58% identity and 74% amino acid conservation. Using specific antibodies generated to EAF2, we coimmunoprecipitated ELL and EAF2 from multiple cell lines. Confocal microscopy revealed that endogenous EAF2 and ELL colocalized in a nuclear speckled pattern. Database comparisons with EAF2 identified a region with a high content of serine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid residues that is conserved with EAF1 and exhibited amino acid similarity with several translocation partner proteins of MLL, including AF4 and ENL. We found that EAF2 and EAF1 both contain transcriptional activation domains within this region. Using retroviral bone marrow transduction, we observed that a heterologous fusion of EAF2 to MLL immortalized hematopoietic progenitor cells. In contrast to EAF1, EAF2 does not bind to the carboxy-terminus of ELL. We identified a protein-protein interaction domain within the amino-terminus of ELL that binds to both EAF1 and EAF2. This amino-terminal interaction domain is disrupted in the formation of the MLL-ELL fusion protein. Thus, MLL-ELL retains an interaction domain for EAF1 but not for EAF2. Taken together, these data suggest that MLL-ELL may disrupt the normal protein-protein interactions of ELL.
Absolute stereochemistry of allylic alcohols, amines, and other ene moieties: a microscale cross metathesis/exciton chirality protocol.

A microscale chemical/chiroptical protocol for the determination of absolute configurations of allylic alcohols, amines, and related systems has been developed. The method is based on the conversion of the double bonds into a styrene, λmax 248 nm (e 15 000), or other styrenoid chromophores by cross olefin metathesis. The obtained styrenoid chromophore then couples with the allylic acylate to yield a distinct couplet. The proposed method allows one to determine the absolute configuration of both moieties flanking the double bond. It also overcomes the restriction of the conventional allylic benzoate method that gives rise to weak CD couplet, for which in many cases only one wing of the couplet is observable.
The role of bisphosphonates as adjuvant therapy for breast cancer

Bone is the most common site of distant recurrence in breast cancer. The development of skeletal metastases involves complex interactions between the cancer cells and the bone microenvironment. The presence of tumor in bone is associated with activation of osteoclasts, resulting in excessive bone resorption. Bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of osteoclastic bone resorption with proven efficacy in reducing tumor-associated skeletal complications. Several studies have investigated the adjuvant, or preventive, use of these drugs in breast cancer. Laboratory experiments have shown that the development of bone metastases can be inhibited by bisphosphonates. Three randomized clinical trials of bisphosphonates in nonmetastatic breast cancer patients have yielded conflicting results with respect to development of osseous and visceral metastases and survival. Defining the potential role of these agents in adjuvant breast cancer treatment requires further investigation in randomized, large-scale, multicenter clinical trials. The data available to date provide a strong impetus for continued clinical and laboratory work with bisphosphonates in breast cancer.
Accurate reaction time research with the TRS-80 microcomputer

Procedures for reaction time research with 1-msec accuracy are described using the video display of the TRS-80 microcomputer. The LVB Corporation interface is also employed. Use of the cassette recorder as a voice key in this research is illustrated. A sample assembly language program is presented.
Caudillo Politics: A Structural Analysis*

The Latin-American Wars of Independence realized the long-standing hope of the criollo gentry to rid themselves of Spanish limitations on their economic and political activities. From the beginning of the New World colonies, the Spanish rulers had labored diligently to check the aspirations of the colonial gentry by limiting their access to both land and status. Grants of encomienda had yielded up to the colonists use rights to Indian labor and produce, but not the ownership of land. At the same time, the Crown had curtailed the ability of criollos to obtain titles of nobility. These limitations had been supported by the prowess of Spanish arms, effective perhaps even more in keeping potential competitors at bay in Europe than in exercising viable military control in the New World. The failure of this ultimate means of control during the Napoleonic wars finally called into question also continued Spanish dominance over the American colonies.
Open Hand Detection in a Cluttered Single Image using Finger Primitives

Hand Detection plays an important role in human computer interaction (HCI) applications, as well as surveillance. We propose a hand detection technique that is robust to different skin color, illumination and shadow irregularities by exploiting the geometric properties of the hand. We first obtain the responses from two detectors that operate independently on the test image to identify parallel finger edges and curved fingertips. These responses are then grouped by using two decision trees trained on each primitive class, yielding two separate collections of groups. The final merging algorithm returns candidate hands in a given single image by comparing groups across each collection and merging those that satisfy a scoring function. The proposed system is robust to the size and the orientation of the hand, with the single requirement that one or more fingers are visible. The system is the first to successfully detect hands in an uncontrolled environment, without training on the skin color within a single image or using motion information.
Abstract 3487: CA9 expression highly correlates with cancer stem cell markers during passaging of PDX lines

Tumor-Initiating Cells (TICs), or Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), are considered a subpopulation of cells within a tumor that are particularly aggressive because when isolated, these cells can form secondary tumors. Along these lines, experiments in which fragments of tumors, derived from primary patient samples, are re-implanted into nude mice, the majority of cells within the fragment die. However, day 3 after re-implantation, a small subpopulation emerges that is able to seed a new tumor. We hypothesized that these cells are unique and rare within the original tumor and consequently present an opportunity to identify novel markers that can identify these aggressive tumor cells. After sorting live human cells from tumor fragments three days after passaging, we used single cell PCR to determine the extent of heterogeneity within the fragment population. We, in fact, found that there is a subpopulation that highly expresses markers of proliferation and stemness. This is in contrast to the major population within the fragment that is enriched for genes associated with hypoxia and stress response. Interestingly, we found that the hypoxia responsive gene, CA9, does not correlate with other markers of hypoxia, such as VEGF, when analyzing cells derived from the fragment. Instead, CA9 was highly expressed among cells that were also enriched for markers such as Ki67, survivin, and Lgr5. To confirm if CA9 does identify a more proliferative, stem-like population, we have sorted CA9+ and CA9- cells from three day PDX fragments and analyzed using DNA microarrays and real-time PCR. We have consistently found, among several different PDX lines, that passaging of tumors followed by sorting CA9+ cells enriches for cells with increased levels of Lgr5, ASCL2, CD133, and Ki67. This is also validated through IHC analysis in which the majority of the cells that are positive for Ki67 are also positive for CA9. We are continuing to investigate the tumorigenicity of these cells by reinjecting CA9+ and CA9- cells from fragments back into immune-compromised mice. Furthermore, we are building a gene list derived from the microarrays to inspect by single cell PCR if any of these genes associate with Lgr5 in a grown tumor. Thus, we believe this is a functionally relevant and novel method for identify novel TIC markers. Citation Format: Julia Friedman, Wenyan Zhong, Christine Loreth, Veronica Diesl, Xin Han, Justin Lucas, Andrea Hooper, Vlad Buklan, Edward Rosfjord, Danielle Leahy, Judy Lucas, Maximillian Follettie, Kim Arndt. CA9 expression highly correlates with cancer stem cell markers during passaging of PDX lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3487. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3487
ROCKS K-12 Model Rocketry Outreach Program at Arizona State University

Over the past six years the Arizona State University student rocketry group Daedalus Astronautics has developed and implemented the ROCKS K-12 outreach activity to a number of schools throughout the Phoenix metropolitan area. The general purpose of the outreach endeavor is to teach the fundamentals of rocketry by introducing K -12 students to the hands-on construction of model rockets. The program has been adapted to differing grade levels, with more advanced projects having been successfully implemented . These include egg-drop rocket launches and flying small altimeters to verify the analytical calculations of the maximum height of the rockets. The underlying goal is to chronicle Daedalus’ lessons learned and provide a comprehensive set of instructions and learning tools necessary for sustainability of the ROCKS program in the future. The paper also showcases illustrated step-by-step instructions for building small model rockets to help in this endeavor and further ease the transition to more complicated rocket programs. The narrative is geared towards teachers or outreach event coordinators, with mention of mapping to state science standards, that may want to perform this program in their own classrooms.
Lower Urinary Tract Reconstruction is Safe and Effective in Children With End Stage Renal Disease

ABSTRACTPurpose: Congenital urinary tract anomalies with bladder dysfunction pose a formidable management challenge in children with end stage renal disease (ESRD). We report a series of patients with ESRD who underwent lower urinary tract reconstruction to assess the results and surgical complications.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with ESRD who underwent urinary reconstruction. The etiology for renal failure included posterior urethral valves, cloacal anomalies, VATER syndrome and reflux nephropathy.Results: From 1989 to 2000, 20 patients were identified. Median patient age at time of reconstruction was 4.5 years and median followup was 7.3 years. Pre-transplant augmentation cystoplasty was performed in 14 patients (70%) and continent reconstruction without bladder augmentation was performed in 6 patients. Subsequent renal transplant was performed in 19 patients (15 with a living related donor). Overall patient survival was 95%. There was 1 death in th...
CodonExplorer: an online tool for analyzing codon usage and sequence composition, scaling from genes to genomes

DNA composition in general, and codon usage in particular, is crucial for understanding gene function and evolution. CodonExplorer, available online at http://bmf.colorado.edu/codonexplorer/, is an online tool and interactive database that contains millions of genes, allowing rapid exploration of the factors governing gene and genome compositional evolution and exploiting GC content and codon usage frequency to identify genes with composition suggesting high levels of expression or horizontal transfer.
Towards optimal rate allocation for data aggregation in wireless sensor networks

This paper aims at achieving optimal rate allocation for data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. We first formulate this rate allocation problem as a network utility maximization problem. Due to its non-convexity, we take a couple of variable substitutions on the original problem and transform it into an approximate problem, which is convex. We then apply duality theory to decompose this approximate problem into a rate control subproblem and a scheduling subproblem. Based on this decomposition, a distributed algorithm for joint rate control and scheduling is designed, and proved to approach arbitrarily close to the optimum of the approximate problem. Finally, we show that our approximate solution can achieve near-optimal performance through both theoretical analysis and simulations.
Line of sight robot navigation toward a moving goal

In this paper, we consider the problem of robot tracking and navigation toward a moving goal. The goal's maneuvers are not a priori known to the robot. Thus, off-line strategies are not effective. To model the robot and the goal, we use geometric rules combined with kinematics equations expressed in a polar representation. The intent of the strategy is to keep the robot between a reference point, called the observer, and the goal. We prove under certain assumptions that the robot navigating using this strategy reaches the moving goal successfully. In the presence of obstacles, the method is combined with an obstacle avoidance algorithm. The robot then moves in two modes, the navigation mode and the obstacle avoidance mode. Simulation of various scenarios highlights the efficiency of the method and provides an instructive comparison between the paths obtained for different reference points.
CAM01-2: Capacity Maximizing Packet Scheduling Algorithms for Interconnection Networks with Finite Buffers

In this paper, we analyze the throughput of interconnection networks, viewed as multi-stage queueing networks with infinite input queues, but finite internal cross-stage ones. We find that for very general arrival processes and arbitrarily fixed network topology, the stability region with finite internal buffers is identical to that for the corresponding network with infinite internal buffers, and is achievable via special scheduling policies. In particular, we define and study a class of throughput maximizing policies, known as projective cone scheduling (PCS) algorithms, which activate a set of concurrent service rates to all queues in the network based on observed backlog levels.
Pathways to Labor Force Exit: Work Transitions and Work Instability

The purpose of this study is to examine alternative pathways to labor force exit among older men. Based on the life course perspective, we distinguish between crisp exits from the labor force, which are characterized as being unidirectional, and blurred transition patterns, which include repeated exits, entrances, and unemployment spells. Using longitudinal data from the 1984 Survey of Income and Program Participation, we find that one-quarter of the sample of men aged 55 to 74 at first interview experienced at least one transition in labor force status over a 28-month observation period. Fewer than half of these can be characterized as crisp exits from the labor force. Our multivariate analysis suggests that blurred transition patterns are likely part of an effort to maintain economic status in later life.
PARENTAL FEEDING AND CHILDHOOD OBESITY IN PRESCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN: RECENT FINDINGS FROM THE LITERATURE

Background: Research from recent studies (2005–2010) concerning parent feeding of preschool children and the risk for childhood obesity were included in this review.Methods: An integrative literature review method, as proposed by , was used to analyze data from a broad array of research methods, such as qualitative and experimental, and represent research from multiple disciplines. Rigor was maintained by using clearly defined variables, maintaining an audit trail, and opening the research for review from peers and experts. Eighteen peer reviewed journal articles (3 qualitative and 15 descriptive, cross-sectional studies) were included.Results: Findings from these articles contribute to a better understanding of factors related to feeding and parents from different cultural, educational and economic backgrounds, and their children's risk for obesity. Specifically, findings concerned how parents controlled and modified their children's eating, parental perception of their children's risk for obesity, what ...
A Soil-Gas Emanation Measurement System Used for Radon–222

Abstract The transfer of various gases through the soil-atmosphere interface is of interest to agronomists, meteorologists, biologists and many others. Such gases include carbon dioxide, water vapor and radon. A system applicable to measurements of the emanation of gases has been developed and used to investigate the emanation of radon-222. The instrumentation was designed so that the variation of soil gas emanation with time, wind speed, soil moisture, soil type, and geographical location could be studied. The system has measured a net transport through the earth-atmosphere interface of 1.1±0.6 atoms of radon-222 per square centimeter per second (mean of 27 means, eight samples each, ± standard deviation of 27 means). For a set of eight samples collected on a given site, the coefficient of variation was 0.3 to 0.4. The analysis of a single sample provided the amount of radon-222 collected with an error of about 5 per cent. The system is completely portable, including the power supply, and can be carried ...
The y-ȳ Diagram

One of the most intriguing developments in the field of the geometrical op-tics of rotationally symmetric optical systems is the Delano y-ȳ diagram [2.1], see also [2.2,3]. Picture a lens that consists of several refracting surfaces that separate media with prescribed refractive indices. We choose a coordinate system in which the z axis is the axis of symmetry. Let the y,z plane be the meridian plane, which, in Fig.2.1, is the plane of the paper. We will be concerned with paraxial rays exclusively and will have no need of an x axis.
A second peritoneal cytology instead of the initial cytology as a prognostic factor in epithelial ovarian cancer

e16572 Background: Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is the most common gynecological malignancy causing death. Positive (+ve) peritoneal cytology is an important prognostic factor. The role of a repeat perito...