cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutrophil Dysfunction in the Airways of Children with Acute Respiratory Failure Due to Lower Respiratory Tract Viral and Bacterial Coinfections

Neutrophils are recruited to the airways of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) where they acquire an activated pro-survival phenotype with an enhanced respiratory burst thought to contribute to ARDS pathophysiology. Our in vitro model enables blood neutrophil transepithelial migration into cell-free tracheal aspirate fluid from patients to recapitulate the primary airway neutrophil phenotype observed in vivo. Neutrophils transmigrated through our model toward airway fluid from children with lower respiratory viral infections coinfected with bacteria had elevated levels of neutrophil activation markers but paradoxically exhibited an inability to kill bacteria and a defective respiratory burst compared with children without bacterial coinfection. The airway fluid from children with bacterial coinfections had higher levels of neutrophil elastase activity, as well as myeloperoxidase levels compared to children without bacterial coinfection. Neutrophils transmigrated into the aspirate fluid from children with bacterial coinfection showed decreased respiratory burst and killing activity against H. influenzae and S. aureus compared to those transmigrated into the aspirate fluid from children without bacterial coinfection. Use of a novel transmigration model recapitulates this pathological phenotype in vitro that would otherwise be impossible in a patient, opening avenues for future mechanistic and therapeutic research.
Insulin-Like Peptide Signaling in Mosquitoes: The Road Behind and the Road Ahead

Insulin signaling is a conserved pathway in all metazoans. This pathway contributed toward primordial metazoans responding to a greater diversity of environmental signals by modulating nutritional storage, reproduction, and longevity. Most of our knowledge of insulin signaling in insects comes from the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, where it has been extensively studied and shown to control several physiological processes. Mosquitoes are the most important vectors of human disease in the world and their control constitutes a significant area of research. Recent studies have shown the importance of insulin signaling in multiple physiological processes such as reproduction, innate immunity, lifespan, and vectorial capacity in mosquitoes. Although insulin-like peptides have been identified and functionally characterized from many mosquito species, a comprehensive review of this pathway in mosquitoes is needed. To fill this gap, our review provides up-to-date knowledge of this subfield.
Positionality and Belonging: Analyzing an Informally Situated and Culturally Responsive Computer Science Program

In recent years, there has been increased attention on promoting access to computer science among all students. Our study seeks to address the underrepresentation of racially minoritized youth in computer science by offering a culturally responsive after-school coding club at a local public library that serves a racially and socioeconomically diverse community. We analyzed facilitator interviews and student focus groups using qualitative data analysis with a focus on facilitator positionality and culturally responsive frameworks. Findings suggest facilitator positionality helped establish affirming, near-peer relationships with participants and situated facilitators as advocates for expanding and diversifying computer science. Additionally, the culturally responsive frameworks helped students to feel a sense of belonging in both the informal learning environment and in the field of computer science.
Expression of apoptosis and proto-oncogene related proteins with hepatocarcinogenesis from choline-deficient diet rats in early phase.

4270 Oxidative stress has been considered to play a major role in carcinogenesis and cancer development. Chronic feeding of a choline-deficient (CD) diet in rats has been shown to cause the development of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), and co-feeding of the free radical trapping compound, PBN (phenyl N-t-butyl nitrone) has been found to inhibit carcinogenesis. In this model, oxidative stress is thought to play a significant role that could cause malfunction in apoptotic pathways and activation of proto-oncogenes. The objectiveof this study was to assess the expression of cancer- and apoptosis-related proteins in the livers of rats fed CD diet for short period of time, within a few weeks. Primary liver cells were isolated with the in vivo collagenase perfusion method. Cells were treated with fluorescene-labeled antibodies for various cancer- and apoptosis-related proteins, i.e., Fas (apoptosis), CD44 (cell adhesion), FasL (apoptosis), and c-Met (proto-oncogene product). DAF-2DA was used to label nitric oxide (NO). Labeled cells were subjected to flow cytometric analysis using FACS CALIBUR. Results indicated that a significant population of CD cells had increased expression of Fas, CD44, c-Met, and NO, whereas the choline-sufficinet diet fed control had a negligible effect on the expression of these factors. In CD plus PBN treated rats, the expression of these factors were significantly lower than CD-treated cells alone, suggesting that PBN had an inhibitory effect from the CD diet. Western blot analysis is in progress, with preliminary results indicating a similar result to that obtained from FACS analysis. Present data suggest that choline-deficient diet produces an oncogenic environment from the early phase of the feeding of a CD diet, and that PBN can inhibit several factors that assist tumor development. Funding was gratefully provided by the Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology (OCAST) grant fMRI-002.
A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR TWO-PHASE FUEL INJECTION IN STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINES

A computational model is presented which can deal with a variety of fluid-dynamic problems associated with injection of fuel into engine chambers. The model differs from previous ones in that it depends more on the basic equations of fluid dynamics and less on experimental correlations. It has been applied to a wide variety of gas jet injection problems examining the effects on the flow field and fuel/air mixing caused by variations in injection velocity, mass flow rate, air swirl, and injector location. Increased jet velocity markedly enhances air/fuel mixing; increasing the air swirl rate enhances the mixing to a lesser degree. Slower mixing results when the injector is located at the chamber wall than when it is located close to the chamber axis. Use of the spray droplet model has identified the physical processes characterizing the evolution of such sprays. The gas jet and the droplet jet are qualitatively and quantitatively different, and the conventional use of gas jet models in environments which are not close to the thermodynamic critical point is probably not appropriate in most cases.
Marsh bird occupancy of wetlands managed for waterfowl in the Midwestern USA

Marsh birds (rallids, bitterns, and grebes) depend on emergent wetlands, and habitat loss and degradation are the primary suspected causes for population declines among many marsh bird species. We evaluated the effect of natural wetland characteristics, wetland management practices, and surrounding landscape characteristics on marsh bird occupancy in Illinois during late spring and early summer 2015-2017. We conducted call-back surveys following the North American Standardized Marsh Bird Survey Protocol three times annually at all sites (2015 n = 49, 2016 n = 57, 2017 n = 55). Across all species and groups, detection probability declined 7.1% ± 2.1 each week during the marsh bird survey period. Wetlands managed for waterfowl (ducks, geese, and swans) had greater occupancy than reference wetlands. Marsh bird occupancy increased with greater wetland complexity, intermediate levels of waterfowl management intensity, greater proportions of surface water inundation, and greater proportions of persistent emergent vegetation cover. Wetland management practices that retain surface water during the growing season, encourage perennial emergent plants (e.g., Typha sp.), and increase wetland complexity could be used to provide habitat suitable for waterfowl and marsh birds.
Role of oxidative stress in the efficacy and toxicity of herbal supplements

Abstract The importance of oxidative stress has been increasingly recognized in diabetes and related cardiovascular complications as well as in chemical-induced toxicity, which makes it a potential therapeutic target for tackling such health issues. On the other hand, numerous herbal supplements have been reported effective to prevent diabetes and chemical-induced organ injury. Recently, emerging studies indicate that antioxidation is a possible mechanism responsible for the therapeutic effect of herbal extracts. Hereby, we reviewed the most recent studies regarding the antioxidant effect of herbal supplements. Also, we summarized the herbal extracts causing hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity via oxidative stress. We aim to highlight the importance of oxidative stress in the therapeutic effectiveness of herbal supplements, as well as in mediating their adverse effects.
Using Eye Tracking to Assess the Temporal Dynamics By Which Drivers Notice Cyclists in Daylight: Drivers Becoming Aware of Cyclists

Bicyclists face the risk of being involved in collisions with motor vehicles on roadways. This experiment used eye tracking technology to better understand how drivers notice bicyclists in daylight. Participants searched for bicyclists while wearing a head-mounted eye tracker, as they were driven along an open-road route that included a test bicyclist during the daytime. Participants pressed buttons when they detected that a bicyclist might be present in or near the roadway and when they were confident that a bicyclist was present. Through the use of eye tracking technology, this experiment provided a better understanding of the differences among the distances from which participants glance at, detect, and recognize bicyclists in daytime roadways.
Can Covid Catalyze an Educational Transformation? Competency-Based Advancement in a Crisis.

Can Covid Catalyze an Educational Transformation? The Covid-19 pandemic presents an urgent imperative to rethink residency graduation requirements and an opportunity to implement the competency-bas...
Whom to Help? Immediacy Bias in Judgments and Decisions About Humanitarian Aid

People exhibit an immediacy bias when making judgments and decisions about humanitarian aid, perceiving as more deserving and donating disproportionately to humanitarian crises that happen to arouse immediate emotion. The immediacy bias produced different serial position effects, contingent on decision timing (Experiment 1). When making allocation decisions directly after viewing to four emotionally evocative films about four different humanitarian crises, participants donated disproportionately more to the final, immediate crisis, in contrast, when making donation decisions sequentially, after viewing each of the four crises, participants donated disproportionately to the immediate crisis. The immediacy bias was associated with "scope neglect." causing people to take action against relatively less deadly crises (Experiments 2 and 3). The immediacy bias emerged even when participants were warned about emotional manipulation (Experiment 3). The immediacy bias diminished over time, as immediate emotions presumably subsided (Experiment 2). Implications for charitable giving, serial position effects, and the influence of emotion on choice are discussed.
Trajectories of Hypoxemia & Respiratory System Mechanics of COVID-19 ARDS in the NorthCARDS dataset

RationaleThe preliminary reports of COVID Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (COVIDARDS) suggest the existence of a subset of patients with higher lung compliance despite profound hypoxemia. Understanding heterogeneity seen in patients with COVIDARDS and comparing to non-COVIDARDS may inform tailored treatments. ObjectivesTo describe the trajectories of hypoxemia and respiratory compliance in COVIDARDS and associations with outcomes. MethodsA multidisciplinary team of frontline clinicians and data scientists created the Northwell COVIDARDS dataset (NorthCARDS) leveraging over 11,542 COVID-19 hospital admissions. Data was summarized to describe differences based on clinically meaningful categories of lung compliance, and compared to non-COVIDARDS reports. A sophisticated method of extrapolating PaO2 from SpO2, as well estimating FiO2 from non invasive oxygen delivery devices were utilized to create meaningful trends of derived PaO2 to FiO2 (P/F). Measurements and Main ResultsOf the 1595 COVIDARDS patients in the NorthCARDS dataset, there were 538 (34{middle dot}6%) who had very low lung compliance ( 50ml/cmH2O). The very low compliance group had double the median time to intubation compared to the low-normal group (107 hours(IQR 26{middle dot}3, 238{middle dot}3) vs. 37{middle dot}9 hours(IQR 4{middle dot}8, 90{middle dot}7)). Oxygenation trends have improved in all groups after a nadir immediately post intubation. The P/F ratio improved from a mean of 109 to 155, with the very low compliance group showing a smaller improvement compared to low compliance group. The derived P/F trends closely correlated with blood gas analysis driven P/F trends, except immediately post intubation were the trends diverge as illustrated in the image. Overall, 67{middle dot}5% (n=1049) of the patients died during the hospitalization. In comparison to non-COVIDARDS reports, there were less patients in the high compliance category (2.2%vs.12%, compliance [≥]50mL/cmH20), and more patients with P/F [≤] 150 (57{middle dot}8% vs. 45.6%). No correlation was apparent between lung compliance and P/F ratio. The Oxygenation Index was similar, (11{middle dot}12(SD 5{middle dot}67)vs.12{middle dot}8(SD 10{middle dot}8)). ConclusionsHeterogeneity in lung compliance is seen in COVIDARDS, without apparent correlation to degree of hypoxemia. Notably, time to intubation was greater in the very low lung compliance category. Understanding ARDS patient heterogeneity must include consideration of treatment patterns in addition to trajectories of change in patient-level data and demographics.
Experimentally-manipulated perceptions of good sleep predict greater reactivity to and poorer recovery from a social stressor in university students.

The present study was conducted to examine the impact of experimentally-manipulated perceptions of sleep on self-reported affective reactivity and recovery from a social stressor in undergraduate s...
Dissemination of Information for a New Protocol: Flow Chart vs Text Based Algorithm

Background: Cleveland Clinic is implementing a new protocol as a decision-making algorithm for oxygen management. The goal of the protocol is for respiratory therapists (RTs) to safely and effectively manage oxygen administration for adult patients. Because of the protocol complexity, we are uncertain about the method of training for implementation. The purpose of this study is to compare two forms of disseminating information; a graphical flow chart or a text based algorithm, both representing the same information content. The first hypothesis was either form of the algorithm would improve knowledge acquisition (test scores). The second hypothesis was that both forms of the algorithm would yield the same results. Methods: The study population was volunteer RTs from eight hospitals in the US Cleveland Clinic system. The study was implemented as an on-line learning module with pre-test comprised of 10 patient scenarios to determine baseline knowledge before exposure to the protocol. There were two versions of the post-test (same scenarios); one that provided the decision-making algorithm of the oxygen management protocol as a graphical flow chart and the other the text based version of the algorithm. The pre-test and post-test questions were worded differently but tested the same decisions. Participants were randomly assigned to the two versions of the post test. Outcome data were mean differences between the pre-test and post-test scores hypothesis 1) and percent change between pre- and post-tests (hypothesis 2). Data were compared with t-tests and P
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Sport-Related Concussions

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers great promise for elucidating the underlying neuropathology associated with dynamic processes and intrinsic neuronal activation (i.e., functional connectivity; fcMRI). This chapter begins with a discussion of the physiological underpinnings of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response and the many ways in which head trauma can affect this complex signal. Next, we present a review of current findings. Evoked fMRI studies of sport-related concussion (SRC) have indicated alterations of the BOLD signal during the acute phase of injury, with conflicting results for the semi-acute to chronic phases. Alterations of fcMRI within the default mode network and other networks have been reported following SRC, which may contribute to athletes’ reports of increased distractibility and other neuropsychological problems. Both evoked and fcMRI studies have suggested that biologically based disruption of emotional processing neural networks is associated with prolonged psychological symptoms. Finally, we focus on the considerable methodological challenges of performing fMRI research with concussed athletes. We posit that the fMRI signal represents a complex filter through which researchers can assess the physiological correlates of protracted recovery or chronic impairments, an important goal for the burgeoning field of SRC research.
Formation of Enzyme-Substrate Complexes with Protocollagen Proline Hydroxylase and Large Polypeptide Substrates

Abstract Cartilage from chick embryos was incubated with 14C-proline and puromycin in order to prepare puromycin peptides which were substrates for the synthesis of 14C-hydroxyproline with protocollagen proline hydroxylase. Stable enzyme-substrate complexes were recovered when the substrate was mixed with the enzyme and the mixtures were examined by gel filtration. Although ascorbate, α-ketoglutarate, and ferrous iron are required for catalytic activity, formation of the enzyme-substrate complexes did not require addition of the cofactors or cosubstrates to dialyzed enzyme. Formation of the complexes was reduced but not prevented by EDTA in concentrations which inhibited catalytic activity. Under the conditions used, the enzyme in the isolated complexes was readily saturated with substrate, but it was difficult to saturate the substrate with enzyme. With high concentrations of enzyme relative to substrate, the initial velocity for the reaction was greater than the initial velocity observed with the isolated enzyme-substrate complexes, suggesting that 1 molecule of polypeptide substrate could bind more than 1 molecule of enzyme. The enzyme-substrate complexes were in equilibrium with free enzyme and substrate, since addition of a competing polypeptide produced a dissociation of the initial complexes and a rapid inhibition of the hydroxylation of the substrate. Most of the substrate was still recovered in the enzyme-substrate complexes under conditions in which the over-all concentration of substrate was about 100 pm polypeptide. Since the enzyme appeared to be saturated with substrate under these conditions, the results suggested that the dissociation constant for the complexes expressed in terms of the molar concentration of substrate polypeptides was probably less than 100 pm. The affinity of the enzyme for substrate decreased after partial hydroxylation of the substrate. After one-sixth of the available 14C-proline in the substrate was converted to 14C-hydroxyproline, it was no longer possible to demonstrate enzyme-substrate complexes in the gel filtration column. Previous kinetic measurements demonstrated that the enzyme has a higher affinity for large polypeptides than for small ones of the same structure, and that a single encounter between enzyme and a large polypeptide probably involves a large segment of the polypeptide. The present results indicate that multiple encounters between enzyme and substrate are necessary to complete the hydroxylation of polypeptide substrates with molecular weights of up to 100,000. Since the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate decreases after partial hydroxylation of the substrate, the introduction of the final few hydroxyl groups into large polypeptide substrates apparently does not proceed as readily as the introduction of the first few hydroxyl groups.
Irregularly Shaped Seamounts Near the East Pacific Rise: Implications for Seamount Origin and Rise Axis Processes

Abstract : We present new Seabeam and SeaMARC I data for small (<1 km high) volcanoes near the East Pacific Rise (EPR) that exhibit irregular (non-circular) plan-form shapes and whose surfaces are commonly cut by young faults and fissures. The structural control, petrology and close proximity of these irregular seamounts to the EPR strongly suggests a close genetic link between EPR processes and seamount formation and growth. We infer that their irregular shapes are due to early growth from eruptive conduits (fractures) that consist of intersecting sets of EPR parallel, EPR-perpendicular and oblique faults. Since many small volcanoes near the EPR have irregular shapes, we suggest that larger circular volcanoes may evolve from small irregular ones. This could occur if volcano shape is dominated by the geometry of their conduits in the early stages of growth (in turn controlled by local tectonic stress) but later their shapes are dominated by caldera collapse and gravitational stress within the edifice.
Robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy: comparison of complications and cost to the open approach.

Background Robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (RP) has shown some advantages over open pancreaticoduodenectomy (OP) but no data has been published providing a cost comparison. Methods Retrospective analysis of all pancreaticoduodenectomies at a single quaternary cancer referral center was performed. Patient demographics, comorbidities, operative characteristics, complications, and charge data were recorded, and then compared using standard statistical methods. Results 71 pancreaticoduodenectomies were performed: 22 RP and 49 OP. Patients undergoing OP had similar demographics, comorbidities, pathology, and oncologic characteristics as patients undergoing RP. While operative charges were higher for RP, once inpatient stay associated costs and follow-up costs were included, there was no difference in total costs between RP and OP. Conclusions Patients undergoing RP have equivalent rates of R0 resection as OP, and benefit from decreased number of complications, surgical site infections, and length of stay in the intensive care unit. Once cost of complications and follow-up are incorporated, no significant difference between procedures exists. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spine motility with synaptic contact.

Dendritic protrusions, including filopodia and spines, are highly dynamic1,2,3, but the extent to which their motility depends on afferent innervation or synaptic activity is under debate2,3,4,5,6,7,8. By monitoring dendritic spines of labeled Purkinje cells in cerebellar slices by two-photon microscopy, followed by ultrastructural analysis of the same imaged spines, we show that dendritic spines can exhibit morphological rearrangements even when they are contacted by presynaptic terminals.
Investigating MOOCs Through Blog Mining

MOOCs (massive open online course) is a disruptive innovation and a current buzzword in higher education. However, the discussion of MOOCs is disparate, fragmented, and distributed among different outlets. Systematic, extensively published research on MOOCs is unavailable. This paper adopts a novel method called blog mining to analyze MOOCs. The findings indicate, while MOOCs have benefitted learners, providers, and faculty who develop and teach MOOCs, challenges still exist, such as questionable course quality, high dropout rate, unavailable course credits, ineffective assessments, complex copyright, and limited hardware. Future research should explore the position of MOOCs and how it can be sustained.
Abstract 16019: MRI Venous Volume Measurements are Associated With Ankle Brachial Index in Peripheral Artery Disease Patients: Results From the Effect of Lipid Modification on Peripheral Arterial Disease After Endovascular Intervention Trial (ELIMIT)

Introduction: The relationship between peripheral artery disease (PAD) and the venous system remains poorly understood. The objective of this secondary analysis of ELIMIT was to assess the association between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based superficial femoral vein (SFV) volumes and measures of PAD in patients randomized to triple lipid modification therapy (simvastatin, ezetimibe, niacin) versus mono therapy (simvastatin). Hypothesis: We hypothesized that SFV volume measurements are associated with PAD due to the relationship between arterial and venous flow. Methods: SFV wall, lumen, and total volumes were quantified by MRI in all available ELIMIT scans (79 patients) and analyzed by drug groups and changes over 2-years. Pooled linear regression analyses were performed to assess the associations of SFV measures with ABI, measures of the superficial femoral artery (SFA), and maximum walking time (MWT). Results: There were no significant differences at baseline or for the 24-month changes in SFV vol...
Achieving Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty hours compliance within advanced surgical training: a simulation-based feasibility assessment

Abstract Background Certain operative cases occur unpredictably and/or have long operative times, creating a conflict between Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) rules and adequate training experience. Methods A ProModel-based simulation was developed based on historical data. Probabilistic distributions of operative time calculated and combined with an ACGME compliant call schedule. Results For the advanced surgical cases modeled (cardiothoracic transplants), 80-hour violations were 6.07% and the minimum number of days off was violated 22.50%. There was a 36% chance of failure to fulfill any (either heart or lung) minimum case requirement despite adequate volume. Conclusions The variable nature of emergency cases inevitably leads to work hour violations under ACGME regulations. Unpredictable cases mandate higher operative volume to ensure achievement of adequate caseloads. Publically available simulation technology provides a valuable avenue to identify adequacy of case volumes for trainees in both the elective and emergency setting.
Use of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia as a guide to antiarrhythmic drug therapy in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia

From a population of 260 patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia (ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia with syncope) we identified 52 (20%) who had infrequent ventricular premature beats during exercise testing and 48 hours of ambulatory monitoring. These patients underwent invasive electrophysiologic study utilizing programmed premature stimulation with up to three extrastimuli at currents of twice and three times middiastolic threshold. The end point for testing was nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), defined as 3 to 20 propagated responses resulting from the last premature stimulus. A multiple response was obtained in 45 patients consisting of reproducible NSVT in 36 and sustained ventricular tachycardia in nine. The 36 patients with NSVT underwent 540 electrophysiologic tests with 18 antiarrhythmic agents. Suppression of the repetitive response was achieved in 31 of the 36 patients (86.1%). After an average follow-up of 21 months, one of 31 patients in whom the repetitive response had been abolished had recurrent arrhythmia. This contrasted with recurrence in two of the five patients in whom NSVT was still provoked. During the extensive testing, ventricular fibrillation was not induced. Sustained ventricular tachycardia occurred in 27 of the 540 tests (5.0%), but cardioversion was required in only 12 (2.2%). We conclude that NSVT constitutes a safe electrophysiologic end point for selecting an effective antiarrhythmic program in patients who have experienced malignant ventricular arrhythmia but in whom monitoring and exercise testing are inadequate to guide therapy.
High-resolution protein–protein docking

The high-resolution prediction of protein-protein docking can now create structures with atomic-level accuracy. This progress arises from both improvements in the rapid sampling of conformations and increased accuracy of binding free energy calculations. Consequently, the quality of models submitted to the blind prediction challenge CAPRI (Critical Assessment of PRedicted Interactions) has steadily increased, including complexes predicted from homology structures of one binding partner and complexes with atomic accuracy at the interface. By exploiting experimental information, docking has created model structures for real applications, even when confronted with challenges such as moving backbones and uncertain monomer structures. Work remains to be done in docking large or flexible proteins, ranking models consistently, and producing models accurate enough to allow computational design of higher affinities or specificities.
Electric field effects on drop size and terminal velocity in liquid‐liquid systems

Resultats experimentaux obtenus dans une colonne de 0,15 m de section et 0,45 m de hauteur, avec les systemes: gouttes d'eau dans l'heptane et dans le pentane, gouttes de glycerine dans le pentane
The Seriation of Fashion

The “seriational technique,” a new method for measuring and interpreting the incessant nature of stylistic change in fashion, is presented. Two established research methods—content analysis and seriation—are combined to form this technique. Content analysis of headgear featured in Godey's Lady's Book and Magazine, 1830—1898, is used to collect data pertaining to stylistic change in bonnets. A variant of seriation is then used to order these data for analysis and interpretation. Major nineteenth century American bonnet types illustrated in Godey's are dated and defined on the basis of style. The results obtained from using the “seriational technique” are then applied in both isolated and comparative situations. More generally, the approach should be relevant in all branches of home economics that use quantitative techniques for either historic or contemporary studies.
Eh—pH diagrams for elements from Z = 40 to Z = 52: Application to the Oklo natural reactor, Gabon

Abstract Eh—pH diagrams for elements from Z = 40 (Zr) to Z = 52 (Te) have been constructed in order to comment on migration/retention of these elements at Oklo. Although data for fissiogenic amounts of some of these elements are lacking, where such data are available to agreement between predicted migration/retention based on the Eh—pH diagrams and actual measurement is excellent. Based on Eh—pH diagrams, migration (to what degree is uncertain) of Mo and Cd is predicted whereas retention of Y, Zr, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag and Te is also predicted. An earlier report of Frejacques et al. of Tc migration is in disagreement with Eh—pH prediction, and recent (unpublished) data argue for Tc retention. In view of the agreement between prediction and observation, the possible migration of Sb and retention of In and Sn is proposed. These data again demonstrate the usefulness of Eh—pH diagrams for the Oklo fossil nuclear reactor but, more important, allow constraints to be placed on repositories for nuclear waste now under consideration.
LDA measurement of the passage flow field in a 3-D airfoil cascade

Three-dimensional internal flow computational models are currently being developed to predict the flow through turbomachinery blade rows. For these codes to be of quantitative value, they must be verified with data obtained in experiments which model the fundamental flow phenomena. In this paper, the complete three-dimensional flow field through a subsonic annular cascade of cambered airfoils is experimentally quantified. In particular, detailed three-dimensional data are obtained to quantify the inlet velocity profile, the cascade passage velocity field, and the exit region flow field. The primary instrumentation for acquiring these data is a single-channel Laser Doppler Anemometer operating in the backscatter mode, with chordwise distributions of airfoil surface static pressure taps also utilized. Appropriate data are correlated with predictions from the MERIDL/TSONIC codes.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Current Concepts

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is generally defined as a progressive, fibrosing inflammatory disease of the lung parenchyma of unknown cause. It is characterized by slowly increasing dyspnea, diffuse interstitial lung infiltrates, restrictive lung dysfunction, and impaired gas exchange. Ultimately, it is fatal in most patients, and treatment options remain unsatisfactory. The advent of high-resolution computed tomography of the chest and modifications in the histopathologic classification of interstitial pneumonias have reshaped the concept of IPF. Although initially thought to be a relatively specific clinicopathologic entity, it seems likely that IPF as previously defined is a heterogeneous disorder consisting of several clinicopathologic entities with differing histopathologic patterns, clinical course, response to therapy, and prognosis. The most common histologic pattern in cases previously defined as IPF is usual interstitial pneumonia, which is associated with a median survival of less than 3 years. For accurate prognosis and optimal management of patients, the clinician should attempt to be as precise as possible in distinguishing various clinicopathologic entities that have been included under the clinical heading of IPF. In the future, we recommend that the use of the term "idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis" be restricted to patients with usual interstitial pneumonia and that clinicians recognize the fact that other idiopathic interstitial pneumonias do not have the same prognostic effect traditionally ascribed to IPF.
Chromosome aberrations in full-term low birth weight neonates.

Chromosome analyses were done on umbilical-cord blood leucocyte cultures of 225 full-term low birth weight neonates as well as 225 normal birth weight newborn controls who were matched with the study group for sex, race and maternal age. Five chromosome anomalies were found in the study group, i.e. two male infants had 47, trisomy 21 syndrome, two female infants had 47,E18 trisomy syndrome and one female had an extra small chromosome which was morphologically similar to a G group chromosome with a short arm deletion. On the other hand, one boy in the controls had 47,trisomy 21 syndrome. The results suggest that chromosome aberrations play a role in the etiology of low birth weight in full-term infants.
Helioseismic Constraints on the Gradient of Angular Velocity at the Base of the Solar Convection Zone

The layer of transition from the nearly rigid rotation of the radiative interior to the latitudinal differential rotation of the convection zone plays a significant role in the internal dynamics of the Sun. Using rotational splitting coefficients of the p-mode frequencies, obtained during 1986-1990 at the Big Bear Solar Observatory, we have found that the thickness of the transitional layer is 0.09 +/- 0.04 solar radii (63 +/- 28 Mm), and that most of the transition occurs beneath the adiabatically stratified part of the convection zone, as suggested by the dynamo theories of the 22 yr solar activity cycle.
Structure of the FGF receptor tyrosine kinase domain reveals a novel autoinhibitory mechanism.

Abstract The crystal structure of the tyrosine kinase domain of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1K) has been determined in its unliganded form to 2.0 A resolution and in complex with an ATP analog to 2.3 A resolution. Several features distinguish the structure of FGFR1K from that of the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor. Residues in the activation loop of FGFR1K appear to interfere with substrate peptide binding but not with ATP binding, revealing a second and perhaps more general autoinhibitory mechanism for receptor tyrosine kinases. In addition, a dimeric form of FGFR1K observed in the crystal structure may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which FGF receptors are activated. Finally, the structure provides a basis for rationalizing the effects of kinase mutations in FGF receptors that lead to developmental disorders in nematodes and humans.
Mass transfer during wall-rock alteration: An example from a quartz-graphite vein, Black Hills, South Dakota

Abstract Mass transfer and fluid-rock interaction have been evaluated along two sample traverses in low-sillimanite grade quartz-mica schist adjacent to a synmetamorphic quartz-graphite vein in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota. In an ~ 17 cm halo between apparently unaltered schist and the vein contact is an outer zone of cryptic alteration and three inner zones of visible alteration. The cryptic zone consists of the original prograde metamorphic mineral assemblage (quartz + biotite ± muscovite + plagioclase + microcline) plus anomalously high amounts of tourmaline. The outermost visible zone contains abundant graphite. The second visible zone is defined by intensive bleaching of the schist. The innermost visible zone, immediately adjacent to the vein, is tourmaline + quartz + plagioclase + limonite + graphite. The vein is composed almost entirely of quartz, but also contains trace amounts of graphite. Mass balance calculations indicate that Al was essentially inert. The predominant chemical changes during wall-rock alteration were addition of B and C from the vein-forming fluid along with loss of K from the wall rocks, corresponding to precipitation of tourmaline and graphite, and the progressive destruction of microcline, biotite, and muscovite toward the vein. In addition, the elements V, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Sb, W, and Au were introduced into the country rock, whereas Si, Rb, Ba, and Cs were removed. On the basis of a constant Al reference frame, calculations indicate a net volume loss of 21–34% within one centimeter of the vein with little or no volume loss further from the vein. Fluid-rock interaction modeling suggests that between one and four equivalent masses of fluid interacted chemically with the most altered mineral assemblages. In addition, greater than one equivalent mass of reactive fluid penetrated to distances of at least 5 cm from the vein contact.
Using diatom assemblages to assess urban stream conditions

We characterized changes in diatom assemblages along an urban-to-rural gradient to assess impacts of urbanization on stream conditions. Diatoms, water chemistry, and physical variables of riffles at 19 urban and 28 rural stream sites were sampled and assessed during the summer base flow period. Near stream land use was characterized using GIS. In addition, one urban and one rural site were sampled monthly throughout a year to assess temporal variation of diatom assemblages between the urban and rural stream sites. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the 1st ordination axis distinctly separated rural and urban sites. This axis was correlated with conductivity (r=0.75) and % near-stream commercial/ industrial land use (r=0.55). TWINSPAN classified all sites into four groups based on diatom assemblages. These diatom-based site groups were significantly different in water chemistry (e.g., conductivity, dissolved nutrients), physical habitat (e.g., % stream substrate as fines), and near-stream land use. CCA on the temporal diatom data set showed that diatom assemblages had high seasonal variation along the 2nd axis in both urban and rural sites, however, rural and urban sites were well separated along the 1st ordination axis. Our results suggest that changes in diatom assemblages respond to urban impacts on stream conditions.
Planning the City upon a Hill: Boston since 1630

An account of Boston's planning history. Nine chapters detail the key developments that shaped each period of Boston's growth, focusing on the post-World War II era. The text describes the process and significance of all the major projects - from the first wharves to the latest skyscrapers.
Design research for a context-aware capture system to support biology education

Automatic capture technology could enable students to record and index much information-both digital and non-digital-with little extra effort. Can this technology be designed to augment students' education without overwhelming them? Can it be designed to meet educators' goals? This research will address these questions by studying the information needs and educational practices of undergraduate biology students. Findings will provide a foundation for the design of capture systems that can enhance education and support effective e-Portfolios.
Job change and the middle seasons of a man's life

Developmental tasks faced by adults in midlife were found to be related to various criteria in job changing decisions. The establishment period of adulthood as well as the midlife transition were p...
International Trade Under Imperfect Competition

Nature and scope of the problem, 567. — I. The decreasing cost factor, 569. — II. Imperfect substitutability, 573. — Two types of additional demand for imports, 574. — Three types of product differentiation: differences in the products themselves, 575; differences in the location of producers, 579; customer inertia, 579. — III. Incurring costs to influence demand, 580. Summary of conclusions, 581.
Excised patches of plasma membrane from vertebrate rod outer segments retain a functional phototransduction enzymatic cascade.

Abstract Ion channels in excised patches of plasma membrane are generally considered to be isolated from any intracellular regulation mechanisms. For example, in excised patches of vertebrate rod outer segment plasma membrane, the cGMP-activated cation channels have traditionally been studied in room light because the enzyme cascade linking photon absorption to channel closure was assumed to be inoperative. To investigate the possibility that, in fact, such excised patches retain a functional phototransduction enzymatic cascade, this same preparation was studied in darkness. Patches excised in the dark were found to retain the light sensitivity of their cGMP-induced conductance and the ability to synthesize cGMP. In the presence of guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTP[gamma S]), a nonhydrolyzable GTP analog, light suppresses the cGMP-induced conductance irreversibly. Furthermore, inhibitors of phosphodiesterase activity reduce light sensitivity, whereas activated phosphodiesterase or activated transducin does not directly affect the channels. These results (i) establish that excised patches from rod outer segment retain functional phototransduction enzymes, (ii) support the classical view that channel opening is modulated by phosphodiesterase-mediated cGMP hydrolysis, and, most surprisingly, (iii) demonstrate that diffusion in excised patches is so restricted that local enzymes can induce variations in the concentration of small molecules. The indication that excised patches are not as simple as usually surmised opens the possibility of using them to study other intracellular transduction mechanisms.
The relationships between e-shopping and store shopping in the shopping process of search goods

Abstract Internet facilitates hybrid shopping processes by enabling consumers to acquire information, experience product, and conduct transaction using different media (e.g., internet, store, and catalog) at different locations at different times. Although several studies have explored how internet transactions and store sales influence each other, few investigated transportation implications of the hybrid shopping process of single products. Using 540 internet users in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, USA, this study decomposed their shopping processes of a group of search goods (books, CDs, VCDs, videotapes, and album) to understand the relationships of e-shopping and store shopping. We found the media for product awareness, information search, and product trial are important predictors of transaction medium; and the awareness medium is the most important. Further, 17% of store buyers used internet for information search and/or product trial, and about 10% of internet buyers made trips to store to acquire information and/or experience product. The findings carry implications for marketing strategies and travel demand analysis.
In Situ Adsorption Studies of a 14-Amino Acid Leucine-Lysine Peptide onto Hydrophobic Polystyrene and Hydrophilic Silica Surfaces Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance, Atomic Force Microscopy, and Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

The adsorption of a 14-amino acid amphiphilic peptide, LK14, which is composed of leucine (L, nonpolar) and lysine (K, charged), on hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) and hydrophilic silica (SiO2) was investigated in situ by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. The LK14 peptide, adsorbed from a pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution, displayed very different coverage, surface roughness and friction, topography, and surface-induced orientation when adsorbed onto PS versus SiO2 surfaces. Real-time QCM adsorption data revealed that the peptide adsorbed onto hydrophobic PS through a fast (t 30 min) multistep adsorption and rearrangement occurred on the hydrophilic SiO2. AFM measurements showed different surface morphologies and friction coefficients for LK14 adsorbed on the two surfaces. Surface-specific SFG spectra indicate very different ordering of the adsorbed peptide on hydrophobic PS as compared to hydrophilic SiO2. At the LK14 solution/PS interface, CH resonances corresponding to the hydrophobic leucine side chains are evident. Conversely, only NH modes are observed at the peptide solution/SiO2 interface, indicating a different average molecular orientation on this hydrophilic surface. The surface-dependent difference in the molecular-scale peptide interaction at the solution/hydrophobic solid versus solution/hydrophilic solid interfaces (measured by SFG) is manifested as significantly different macromolecular-level adsorption properties on the two surfaces (determined via AFM and QCM experiments).
Telepsychiatry and Geriatric Care

The use of telecommunications--telephone, computer, videoconferencing equipment--to provide mental health services at a distance has grown rapidly. This review encompasses reports from programs that provide telepsychiatry services, including telephone- and computer- based education and support services, telephone screening for dementia, and the use of videoconferencing to provide psychiatric consultations, health education, and administrative support. The extensive experience to date supports the value of telepsychiatry. Applications in geriatric settings and research involving geriatric subjects are reviewed. Cost analyses and economic evaluations of telepsychiatry are preliminary at this time and need further refinement. There is great potential for using telecommunications to expand access to mental health services to underserved geriatric populations.