cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Achieving Universal Primary Education by 2015: A Chance for Every Child

A number of countries committed themselves to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), aimed at eradicating extreme poverty, and improving the welfare of people by the year 2015. The book assesses whether universal primary education can be achieved by 2015. The study focuses on the largest low-income countries that are furthest from the goal, home to about seventy five percent of the children out of school globally. By analyzing education policies, and financing patterns in relatively high-performing countries, the study identifies a new policy, and financing framework for faster global progress in primary education. The authors use a simulation model to show how adoption of this framework, could accelerate progress in low-income countries, currently at risk of not reaching the education MDG. The study however, makes it clear that worldwide attainment of universal primary education by 2015, will necessitate an even stronger combination of political will, deep and sustained reform, faster dissemination of best practices, and intensified financial effort than has been marshaled to date.
Video Compressive Sensing for Spatial Multiplexing Cameras Using Motion-Flow Models

Spatial multiplexing cameras (SMCs) acquire a (typically static) scene through a series of coded projections using a spatial light modulator (e.g., a digital micromirror device) and a few optical sensors. This approach finds use in imaging applications where full-frame sensors are either too expensive (e.g., for short-wave infrared wavelengths) or unavailable. Existing SMC systems reconstruct static scenes using techniques from compressive sensing (CS). For videos, however, existing acquisition and recovery methods deliver poor quality. In this paper, we propose the CS multiscale video (CS-MUVI) sensing and recovery framework for high-quality video acquisition and recovery using SMCs. Our framework features novel sensing matrices that enable the efficient computation of a low-resolution video preview, while enabling high-resolution video recovery using convex optimization. To further improve the quality of the reconstructed videos, we extract optical-flow estimates from the low-resolution previews and imp...
The Chandra Deep Field North Survey. VI. The Nature of the Optically Faint X-Ray Source Population

We provide constraints on the nature of the optically faint (I ” 24) X-ray source population from a 1M sChandra exposure of a region within the Hawaii —anking-—eld area containing the 8@ ] 8@ Hubble Deep Field North region. We detect 47 deg~2) optically faint sources down to 0.5¨ (2400 ~350400 2.0 keV and 2.0¨8.0 keV —uxes of B3 ] 10~17 ergs cm~2 s~1 and B2 ] 10~16 ergs cm~2 s~1, respectively; these sources contribute B14% and B21% of the 0.5¨2.0 keV and 2.0¨8.0 keV X-ray background radiation, respectively. The fraction of optically faint X-ray sources is approximately constant (at B35%) for 0.5¨8.0 keV —uxes from 3 ] 10~14 ergs cm~2 s~1 down to the X-ray —ux limit. A considerable fraction of the optically faint X-ray sources are Very Red Objects (I[K ” 4). Analysis of the (30 ~1014%) optical and X-ray properties suggests a large number of optically faint X-ray sources are likely to host obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity at z \ 1¨3. From these results we calculate that a signi—cant fraction (B5%¨45%) of the optically faint X-ray source population could be obscured QSOs (restframe unabsorbed 0.5¨8.0 keV luminosity [3 ] 1044 ergs s~1 )a tz „ 3. Given the number of X-ray sources without I-band counterparts, there are unlikely to be more than B15 sources at z [ 6. We provide evidence that the true number of z [ 6 sources is considerably lower. We investigate the multiwavelength properties of optically faint X-ray sources. Nine optically faint X-ray sources have kJy radio counterparts; of the optically faint kJy radio sources in this B 53 ~1724% region. The most likely origin of the X-ray emission in these X-ray detected, optically faint kJy radio sources is obscured AGN activity. However, two of these sources have been previously detected at submillimeter wavelengths, and the X-ray emission from these sources could be due to luminous star formation activity. Assuming the spectral energy distribution of NGC 6240, we estimate the 175 km —ux of a typical optically faint X-ray source to be less than 10 mJy; however, those sources with detectable submillimeter counterparts (i.e., could be substantially brighter. Hence, most optically faint
Estimating the half-life of theoretically founded real exchange rate misalignments

This paper models empirically the short and long-term behavior of the real exchange rate misalignment -- a key variable in academic and policy circles. The equilibrium real exchange rate is derived from a theoretical model with intertemporal external equilibrium and internal equilibrium (in traded and non-traded markets) based on the current account dynamics and Harrod-Balassa-Samuelson productivity, respectively. This provides a bridge between theory and empirics that links the real exchange rate and its fundamentals (terms of trade, the ratio of net foreign assets to gross domestic product, and productivity differentials). The paper contributes to the literature by: (a) estimating an unrestricted vector error correction model that examines the short-term dynamics of real exchange rate misalignments and links these deviations with shocks to fundamentals from 1970 to 2010, and (b) computing the speed of reversion of real exchange rate misalignments with respect to a fundamentals-based equilibrium level. The paper reconciles two strands of the empirical literature that estimate the half-life of purchasing power parity deviations: one, the linear adjustment model that renders the consensus half-life estimates of purchasing power parity deviations, and another, the non-linear adjustment model of purchasing power parity deviations. The model estimates the half-life of real exchange rate deviations from their fundamental equilibrium at approximately 2.8 years. Consequently, about 25 percent of the real exchange rate deviation from its equilibrium level is corrected in the next year. Approximately 43 percent of the countries in the sample have a half-life of real exchange rate deviations from equilibrium less than 2.5 years -- which is consistent with predictions from non-linear mean reversion models.
Internal and external evidence in the identification and semantic categorization of proper names

We describe the proper name recognition and classification facility ("PNV') of the SPARSER natural language understanding system. PNF has been used very successfully in the analysis of unrestricted texts in several sublanguages taken from online news sources. It makes its categorizations on the basis of 'external' evidence from the context of the phrases adjacent to the name as well as 'internal' evidence within the sequence of words and characters. A semantic model of each name and its components is maintained and used for subsequent reference. We describe PNF's operations of delimiting, classifying, and semantically recording the structure of a name; we situate PNF with respect to the related parsing mechanisms within Sparser; and finally we work through an extended example that is typical of the sorts of text we have applied PNF to.
Demonstration of broadband and wide-angle optical metasurface-based waveplates

We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of broadband and wide-angle metasurface-based plasmonic waveplates. Such nanostructured waveplates are formed by an array of rectangular gold nanopatches on a dielectric spacer backed by a solid gold layer. By engineering the anisotropic resonant response of the nanopatch array and tailoring the light interference in the dielectric spacer, highly efficient polarization transformation can be achieved over a broad wavelength range with a wide field-of-view. As a proof-of-concept example, a half-wave plate at the near-infrared regime is demonstrated, showing a polarization conversion ratio and efficiency both higher than 92% within a wavelength range spanning 640 nm to 1290 nm.
Picosecond pulse generation in synchronously pumped dye lasers

Abstract Synchronously pumped dye lasers are studied. The ultrashort pulse evolution is numerically investigated for a large number of round-trips. A stationary pulse is found.
Peralkylation of saccharides under aqueous conditions

Abstract Treatment of saccharides with sodium hydroxide and alkyl halides in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide solution offers a very efficient method for the complete alkylation of saccharides in high yields.
Adaptive mesh strategies for the spectral element method

An adaptive spectral method was developed for the efficient solution of time dependent partial differential equations. Adaptive mesh strategies that include resolution refinement and coarsening by three different methods are illustrated on solutions to the 1-D viscous Burger equation and the 2-D Navier-Stokes equations for driven flow in a cavity. Sharp gradients, singularities, and regions of poor resolution are resolved optimally as they develop in time using error estimators which indicate the choice of refinement to be used. The adaptive formulation presents significant increases in efficiency, flexibility, and general capabilities for high order spectral methods.
Singular BPS saturated states and enhanced symmetries of four-dimensional N = 4 supersymmetric string vacua

Abstract A class of supersymmetric (BPS saturated), static, spherically symmetric solutions of four-dimensional effective N = 4 supersymmetric superstring vacua, which become massless at special points of moduli space, is studied in terms of the fields of the effective heterotic string theory compactified on a six-torus. Those are singular four-dimensional solutions corresponding to O (6,22, Z ) orbits of dyonic configurations (with zero axion), whose left-moving as well as right-moving electric and magnetic charges are orthogonal (light-like in the O (6,22, Z ) sense), while the O (6,22, Z ) norms of both the electric and magnetic charges are negative. Purely electric [or purely magnetic] and dyonic configurations preserve 1 2 and 1 4 of N = 4 supersymmetry, respectively, thus belonging to the vector and the highest spin 3 2 supermultiplets, respectively. Purely electric [or purely magnetic] solutions (along with an infinite tower of SL (2, Z ) transformed states) become massless at a point of the corresponding “one-torus”, thus may contribute to the enhancement of non-Abelian gauge symmetry, while dyonic solutions become simultaneously massless at a point of the corresponding two-torus, and thus may in addition contribute to the enhancement of the local supersymmetry there.
Bivalent Influenza Vaccine in Children with Cancer

Although it had been recommended that children with malignant diseases be immunized against influenza, few data were available to indicate the immune response or reactions that might be expected from this group. Forty-six children with malignant diseases received various dosages of killed split or whole bivalent (A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75) influenza vaccine or a placebo by the intramuscular route. Two doses were administered four weeks apart. The children were receiving various regiments of cancer chemotherapy. The response to A/New Jersey/76 antigen in the children with malignant diseases was similar to that found in normal children who were immunized with bivalent or monovalent (A/New Jersey/76) vaccine in the National Influenza Immunization Trials. Fourteen of 26 children had antibodies to A/Victoria/75 before immunization; nine of the 12 children without these antibodies developed them after the first dose of vaccine. Adverse reactions after vaccination were minimal.
Degradation and Characterization of Antimisting Kerosene (AMK).

Abstract : Experiments are described which demonstrate the feasibility of degrading AMK in a single pass with a system consisting of a hydraulic fuel pump from a TF30 engine and several types of flow restrictors such as packed tubes or needle valves. The performance of the degraded AMK was evaluated with full-scale aircraft filters (JT8D and CF6), a T63 combustor and laboratory scale tests including filtration, ignition, and gel permeation chromatography. Rheological experiments indicated that while the shear viscosity of AMK increases above a critical shear rate, the magnitude of the shear viscosity is not large enough to explain the effectiveness of the FM-9 additive. However, it has been shown that, associated with the critical shear rate, AMK exhibits strong viscoelastic effects that are not evident at low shear rates or in flow through an orifice. (Author)
Using simulation methods for bayesian econometric models: inference, development,and communication

This paper surveys the fundamental principles of subjective Bayesian inference in econometrics and the implementation of those principles using posterior simulation methods. The emphasis is on the combination of models and the development of predictive distributions. Moving beyond conditioning on a fixed number of completely specified models, the paper introduces subjective Bayesian tools for formal comparison of these models with as yet incompletely specified models. The paper then shows how posterior simulators can facilitate communication between investigators (for example, econometricians) on the one hand and remote clients (for example, decision makers) on the other, enabling clients to vary the prior distributions and functions of interest employed by investigators. A theme of the paper is the practicality of subjective Bayesian methods. To this end, the paper describes publicly available software for Bayesian inference, model development, and communication and provides illustrations using two simpl...
Polarized light propagation through tissue and tissue phantoms

We show that standard tissue phantoms can be sued to mimic the intensity and polarization properties of tissue. Polarized light propagation through biologic tissue is typically studied using tissue phantoms consisting of dilute aqueous suspensions of microspheres. The dilute phantoms can empirically match tissue polarization and intensity properties. One discrepancy between the dilute phantoms and tissue exist: common tissue phantoms, such as dilute Intralipid and dilute 1-micrometers -diameter polystyrene microsphere suspension, depolarize linearly polarized light more quickly than circular polarized light. In dense tissue, however, where scatterers are often locate din close proximity to one another, circularly polarized light is depolarized similar to more quickly than linearly polarized light. We also demonstrate that polarized light is depolarized similar to or more quickly than linearly polarized light. We also demonstrate that polarized light propagates differently in dilute versus densely packed microsphere suspensions, which may account for the differences seen between polarized light propagation in common dilute tissue phantoms versus dense biologic tissue.
The role of self-produced movement and visual tracking in infant spatial orientation

In two longitudinal studies, infants were trained at 12 and 18 months to find an object hidden in one of two identical wells in a Plexiglas box. On the test trial, normal access was blocked and infants were either guided by their mother or allowed to move on their own to another opening on the opposite side. In Experiment 1 significantly more correct responding occurred after active movement than after passive at 12 months, with correct responding related to high visual tracking. In contrast, at 18 months correct search without tracking predominated among both movement conditions. A difference between the conditions in the position of the mother on the test trial was ruled out as a contributor to performance on the basis of data from Experiment 2. When opaque sides were inserted to prevent tracking in Experiment 3, active movement no longer facilitated correct search at 12 months, thus indicating that the tracking and not the active movement per se was the critical factor.
Breathing mode frequencies of a rotating Fermi gas in the BCS-BEC crossover region

We study the breathing mode frequencies of a rotating Fermi gas trapped in a harmonic plus radial quartic potential. We find that as the radial anharmonicity increases, the lowest order radial mode frequency increases while the next lowest order radial mode frequency decreases. Then at a critical anharmonicity, these two modes merge and beyond this merge the cloud is unstable against the oscillations. The critical anharmonicity depends on both rotational frequency and the chemical potential. As a result of the large chemical potential in the BCS regime, even with a weak anharmonicity the lowest order mode frequency increases with decreasing the attractive interaction. For large enough anharmonicities in the weak coupling BCS limit, we find that the excitation of the breathing mode frequencies make the atomic cloud unstable.
A novel multiple access scheme via compressed sensing with random data traffic

The problem of compressed sensing (CS) based multiple access is studied under the assumption of random data traffic. In many multiple access systems, i.e., wireless sensor networks (WSNs), data arrival is random due to the bursty data traffic for every transmitter. Following the recently developed CS methodology, the technique of compressing the transmitter identities into data transmissions is proposed, such that it is unnecessary for a transmitter to inform the base station its identity and its request to transmit. The proposed compressed multiple access scheme identifies transmitters and recovers data symbols jointly. Numerical simulations demonstrate that, compared with traditional multiple access approaches like carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), the proposed CS based scheme achieves better expectation and variance of packet delays when the traffic load is not too small.
Density Perturbations of Thermal Origin During Inflation

We study thermally induced density perturbations during inflation. This scenario is characterized by two thermodynamical conditions: (1) The primordial perturbations originate in the epoch when the inflationary universe contains a thermalized heat bath. (2) The perturbations of the inflationary scalar field are given by the fluctuation–dissipation relation. We show that the spectrum of the primordial perturbations is of power law, but tilted, and there is a relation between the amplitude and the index of the power spectrum. Aside from the mass scale of the inflation, the amplitude–index relation does not depend on the other parameters like g-factor. These results are found to be well consistent with observations of the temperature fluctuations of cosmic microwave background if the mass scale of the inflation is about 1015 GeV. Instead of the purely adiabatic case, the consequent density perturbation is an admixture of adiabatic and isocurvature one. Therefore, the detection of super-Hubble suppression of the spectrum would be effective for further discrimination between the thermally originated models and others.
Logarithmic corrections and finite-size scaling in the two-dimensional 4-state Potts model

We analyze the scaling and finite-size-scaling behavior of the two-dimensional 4-state Potts model. We find new multiplicative logarithmic corrections for the susceptibility, in addition to the already known ones for the specific heat. We also find additive logarithmic corrections to scaling, some of which are universal. We have checked the theoretical predictions at criticality and off criticality by means of high-precision Monte Carlo data.
Fast Algorithms for Slew-Constrained Minimum Cost Buffering

As a prevalent constraint, sharp slew rate is often required in circuit design, which causes a huge demand for buffering resources. This problem requires ultrafast buffering techniques to handle large volume of nets while also minimizing buffering cost. This problem is intensively studied in this paper. First, a highly efficient algorithm based on dynamic programming is proposed to optimally solve slew buffering with discrete buffer locations. Second, a new algorithm using the maximum matching technique is developed to handle the difficult cases in which no assumption is made on buffer input slew. Third, an adaptive buffer selection approach is proposed to efficiently handle slew buffering with continuous buffer locations. Fourth, buffer blockage avoidance is handled, which makes the algorithms ready for practical use. Experiments on industrial netlists demonstrate that our algorithms are very effective and highly efficient: we achieve about 90x speedup and save up to 20% buffer area over the commonly used van Ginneken style buffering. The new algorithms also significantly outperform previous works that indirectly address the slew buffering problem.
STOCK MARKET RECOGNITION OF MULTINATIONALITY OF A FIRM AND INTERNATIONAL EVENTS

This paper presents the results of empirical tests on a necessary condition for the diversification service hypothesis: market recognition of the multinationality of a firm and the existence of international factors. Employing both a two- factor international market model and residual analyses, this study examines whether the US stock market considers the multinationality of a firm and inter- national events which are expected to affect the price of MNCs' stock. The residual analysis is conducted over a period which includes both fixed and floating exchange rates. Results from both analyses support the hypothesis that the US stock market does recognize the multinationality of a firm.
The Macroeconomic Effects of False Announcements

Suppose that the government were to announce the economy will be booming in six months, and this announcement is based on false data. What effect would such an announcement have on future aggregate activity? This paper employs revisions of the series of leading economic indicators to test the hypothesis that such an announcement would have a positive effect on future activity. We find that the evidence is generally consistent with the hypothesis and that for the time period 1976–1988 the expectational shocks measured by these revisions explain over 20 percent of the fluctuation in the quarterly growth rate of industrial production.
Sulfosalts with Alkaline Earth Metals. Centrosymmetric vs Acentric Interplay in Ba3Sb4.66S10 and Ba2.62Pb1.38Sb4S10 Based on the Ba/Pb/Sb Ratio. Phases Related to Arsenosulfide Minerals of the Rathite Group and the Novel Polysulfide Sr6Sb6S17

The new compounds, Sr6Sb6S17, Ba2.62Pb1.38Sb4S10, and Ba3Sb4.66S10 were prepared by the molten polychalcogenide salt method. Sr6Sb6S17 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with a = 8.2871(9) A, b = 15.352(2) A, c = 22.873(3) A, and Z = 4. This compound presents a new structure type composed of [Sb3S7]5- units and trisulfide groups, (S3)2-, held together by Sr2+ ions. The [Sb3S7]5- fragment is formed from three corner-sharing SbS3 trigonal pyramids. The trisulfide groups are separated from the [Sb3S7]5- unit and embedded between the Sr2+ ions. Ba3Sb4.66S10 and Ba2.62Pb1.38Sb4S10 are not isostructural but are closely related to the known mineral sulfosalts of the rathite group. Ba3Sb4.67S10 is monoclinic P21/c with a = 8.955(2) A, b = 8.225(2) A, c = 26.756(5) A, β = 100.29(3)°, and Z = 4. Ba2.62Pb1.38Sb4S10 is monoclinic P21 with a = 8.8402(2) A, b = 8.2038(2) A, c = 26.7623(6) A, β = 99.488(1)°, and Z = 4. The Sb atoms are stabilized in SbS3 trigonal pyramids that share corners to build ri...
Kinematics of Diffuse Ionized Gas Halos: A Ballistic Model of Halo Rotation

To better understand diffuse ionized gas (DIG) kinematics and halo rotation in spiral galaxies, we have developed a model in which clouds are ejected from the disk and follow ballistic trajectories through the halo. The behavior of clouds in this model has been investigated thoroughly through a parameter space search and a study of individual cloud orbits. Synthetic velocity profiles have been generated in z (height above the plane) from the models for the purpose of comparing with velocity centroid data from previously obtained long-slit spectra of the edge-on spirals NGC 891 (one slit) and NGC 5775 (two slits). In each case, a purely ballistic model is insufficient to explain observed DIG kinematics. In the case of NGC 891, the observed vertical velocity gradient is not as steep as predicted by the model, possibly suggesting a source of coupling between disk and halo rotation or an outwardly directed pressure gradient. The ballistic model more successfully explains DIG kinematics observed in NGC 5775; however, it cannot explain the observed trend of high-z gas velocities nearly reaching the systemic velocity. Such behavior can be attributed to either an inwardly directed pressure gradient or a possible tidal interaction with its companion, NGC 5774. In addition, the ballistic model predicts that clouds move radially outward as they cycle through the halo. The mass and energy fluxes estimated from the model suggest that this radially outward gas migration leads to a redistribution of material that may significantly affect the evolution of the interstellar medium.
Risk-aware limited lookahead control for dynamic resource provisioning in enterprise computing systems

Utility or on-demand computing, a provisioning model where a service provider makes computing infrastructure available to customers as needed, is becoming increasingly common in enterprise computing systems. Realizing this model requires making dynamic, and sometimes risky, resource provisioning and allocation decisions in an uncertain operating environment to maximize revenue while reducing operating cost. This paper develops an optimization framework wherein the resource provisioning problem is posed as one of sequential decision making under uncertainty and solved using a limited lookahead control scheme. The proposed approach accounts for the switching costs incurred during resource provisioning and explicitly encodes risk in the optimization problem. Simulations using workload traces from the Soccer World Cup 1998 web site show that a computing system managed by our controller generates up to 20% more profit than a system without dynamic control while incurring low control overhead.
Factors controlling traffic crashes

Based on traffic safety literature, the author's judgment, and traffic accident data, this article identifies the most important factors controlling traffic crashes. Using a hierarchical schema, the article presents these factors in the following order of importance: human infrastructure factors of individual behavior-specifically, social norms and closed-loop compensatory feedback control-and legislative intervention, and engineering infrastructure factors involving roadways, traffic control systems, and vehicles. Although social norms are found to provide the greatest opportunity for reducing traffic crash rates, the author stresses that several factors explain changes in traffic crash data, and considers attempts to explain such data using only one factor to be, at best gross oversimplification. Language: en
SYNTHESIS OF ALKYL- AND ARYLPHOSPHONIC ACID MONOESTERS BY DIRECT ESTERIFICATION OF DIBASIC PHOSPHONIC ACIDS IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ARSONIC ACID CATALYST

Partial hydrolysis of a diester, hydrolysis of the monochloro monoester, or alcoholysis of a phosphonic acid anhydride generally is used to prepare monoesters of alkyl- and arylphosphonic acids. Limited cases have been reported for the esterification of a dibasic phosphonic acid to yield the monoester, and none of these methods are as simple as the analogous method for preparing carboxylic acid esters, in which the carboxylic acid is esterified with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst. Described is a method for preparing monoesters of alkyl- and arylphosphonic acids by direct esterification with an alcohol in the presence of a catalytic amount of phenylarsonic acid. The water formed during the reaction is removed azeotropically. For example, methylphosphonic acid was esterified in good yield to give its isopropyl, butyl, cyclohexyl, bornyl, and octadecyl monoesters. Similarly prepared are the ethyl, butyl, hexyl, and 2-(ethylthio)ethyl monoesters of phenylphosphonic acid, as well as 2-isopropox...
Distributed Low-Rank Subspace Segmentation

Vision problems ranging from image clustering to motion segmentation to semi-supervised learning can naturally be framed as subspace segmentation problems, in which one aims to recover multiple low-dimensional subspaces from noisy and corrupted input data. Low-Rank Representation (LRR), a convex formulation of the subspace segmentation problem, is provably and empirically accurate on small problems but does not scale to the massive sizes of modern vision datasets. Moreover, past work aimed at scaling up low-rank matrix factorization is not applicable to LRR given its non-decomposable constraints. In this work, we propose a novel divide-and-conquer algorithm for large-scale subspace segmentation that can cope with LRR's non-decomposable constraints and maintains LRR's strong recovery guarantees. This has immediate implications for the scalability of subspace segmentation, which we demonstrate on a benchmark face recognition dataset and in simulations. We then introduce novel applications of LRR-based subspace segmentation to large-scale semi-supervised learning for multimedia event detection, concept detection, and image tagging. In each case, we obtain state-of-the-art results and order-of-magnitude speed ups.
PALLADIUM-CATALYZED COUPLING OF VINYLIC HALIDES, ALKENES, AND AMINES

Abstract The palladium-catalyzed, three component coupling of vinylic halides, alkenes, and amines has been re-examined. The success of the cross-coupling of vinylic halides, alkenes and amines depends heavily on the structures of each of the three substrates, as well as the reaction conditions. The presence of water greatly improves the yield. Secondary amines give much better results than primary amines. Only unhindered, monosubstituted, terminal alkenes react well. Non-conjugated 1,4- and 1,5-dienes afford good yields of a single product, apparently due to chelation during coupling. Relatively unhindered vinylic halides generally, but not always, give the best results. Mixtures of regioisomers arising from vinylic palladium addition to both ends of the alkene double bond are observed when less hindered amines and vinylic halides are employed. Mixtures of stereoisomers are also not uncommon. These reactions proceed via vinylic palladium formation and addition to the alkene, rearrangement to a π-allylpalladium intermediate, and subsequent palladium displacement by the amine.
Ethics in Extension

Abstract Ethical activity cannot be mandated, since ethics are an individual value system that interacts with, and is supported or inhibited by, the moral values of society and any restrictive legislation. However, discussion of ethical topic areas assist in the establishment of individual and societal ethical standards. Extension specialists are characterized as being dedicated professionals; advocates of the industry and of consumers; and persons interested in the long-term success of the poultry system, which results in benefits to society. Too often, they also are characterized as accepting of situations that must be changed if the poultry system is to survive and to progress. Administrators have the power and, therefore, the responsibility to ensure policy decisions are ethical and to examine the long-term effects of those policy decisions. Many administrators have the respect of their agricultural industries and of Extension personnel because of their attempt to create an ethical environment. The objective of Extension personnel should not be ethical perfection, which is unattainable, but rather recognition of imperfections in themselves and the system with attempts to correct deficiencies. Basic questions of ethics or fairness should be discussed before attempting to create changes in individual behavior or in a system. There is little value to great philosophical debates or protestations of unethical behavior if there is no concurrent attempt to modify situations that led to initial ethical concerns.
Strategic Monetary Policy with Non-Atomistic Wage Setters

Monetary policy analyses usually assume an atomistic private sector, thereby ignoring potential interactions between policy and wage-setting decisions. Yet, non-atomistic wage setters are a key feature of several industrialized economies. We study the economic consequence of non-atomistic agents and show that this qualifies previous results on the effects and desirability of a conservative central banker. In particular, the central bank aversion to inflation may have a permanent effect on structural employment, while no such effect emerges with atomistic agents.
Cross-linking of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase protein.

Abstract The addition of cupric-1,10,-phenanthroline, a cross-linking catalyst, to sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes caused protein sulfhydryl groups to form disulfide bridges. Following a short exposure to the catalyst (15 s, 22°C) most of the protein was in a dimeric form ( M r = 248 000). Longer exposure times resulted in the formation of trimers, tetramers and other oligomers too large to enter the gel. At low temperatures (4°C) dimer formation predominates, even for exposure times as long as 5 min. Cross-linking in the presence of 7.5 mM Triton X-100 (a concentration that resulted in clearing of the membrane suspension and thus solubilization of the membrane components) showed the appearance of a considerable dimer fraction, however, most of the (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ )-ATPase protein appeared as a monomer. Following 1 min of cross-linking at 22°C, freeze-etched membranes showed no alteration in the number or appearance of 80 A intramembranous particles. Thus extensive cross-linking of the (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ )-ATPase protein can occur without disruption of the normal position of the intramembrane portion of the molecule.
The speed of light and the new meter

New developments in the measurement of optical frequencies and the speed of light offer now the exciting possibility of creating a unified time-length measurement system and a highly accurate new meter.
Design, synthesis and biological activity of novel C2-C3' N-Linked macrocyclic taxoids.

Abstract A series of novel macrocyclic taxoids was designed and synthesized by connecting the C-2 and C-3′ N positions of the taxoid framework with various tethers. Cytotoxicity of these macrocyclic taxoids was evaluated against a human breast cancer cell line LCC6-WT, and a couple of the taxoids exhibited 0.09–0.3 μM IC 50 values.
Supersymmetry, finite temperature and gravitino production in the early universe

We reconsider post-inflation gravitino production, in the context of hidden sector supergravity models. We discuss the possible role of supersymmetry breaking from finite temperature effects in enhancing the rate for gravitino production and argue that there is no such enhancement. Our conclusion is based on a simple decoupling argument, which is independent of temperature. We also characterize the properties of goldstino-like hydrodynamic fluctuations that arise in supersymmetric models at finite temperature. We show that they cannot lead to enhanced gravitino emission via infrared divergences. We comment on an analogy with axion emission from hadronic matter.
Physical principles of the zirconia exhaust gas sensor

A brief description of the zirconia exhaust gas sensor is given. The electrochemical principles of the sensor are reviewed. Starting from the Nernst equation, theoretical relations are derived which relate the galvanic potential of the sensor to the composition of the exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine. Theoretical curves of galvanic potential versus the inlet air-fuel ratio are shown and discussed. The utility of the zirconia exhaust gas sensor is defined in applications such as closed-loop engine control systems.
Regioselective Synthesis of Multisubstituted Furans via Metalloradical Cyclization of Alkynes with α-Diazocarbonyls: Construction of Functionalized α-Oligofurans

Co(III)–carbene radicals generated from activation of α-diazocarbonyls by Co(II)–porphyrin complexes have been shown to undergo a new type of tandem radical addition reaction with alkynes that affords five-membered furan structures. The Co(II) complex of 3,5-DitBu-IbuPhyrin, [Co(P1)], is effective in catalyzing the metalloradical cyclization reaction under neutral and mild conditions. The [Co(P1)]-catalyzed process tolerates a wide range of α-diazocarbonyls and terminal alkynes with varied steric and electronic properties, producing polyfunctionalized furans with complete regioselectivity. The catalytic synthesis features a high degree of functional group tolerance and can be applied iteratively to construct functionalized α-oligofurans.
Applications of ion implantation for modifying the interactions between metals and hydrogen gas

Abstract Ion implantations into metals have been shown recently to either reduce or enhance interactions with gaseous hydrogen. Published studies concerned with modifications of these interactions are reviewed and discussed in terms of the mechanisms postulated to explain the observed changes. The interactions are hydrogenation, hydrogen permeation, and hydrogen embrittlement. In particular, the results of the reviewed studies are (a) uranium hydriding suppressed by implantation of oxygen and carbon, (b) hydrogen gettered in iron and nickel using implantation of titanium, (c) hydriding of titanium catalyzed by implanted palladium, (d) tritium permeation of 304L stainless steel reduced using selective oxidation of implanted aluminum, and (e) hydrogen attack of a low-alloy steel accelerated by implantation of helium. These studies revealed ion implantation to be an effective method for modifying the interactions of hydrogen gas with metals.
Resonance and double negative behavior in metamaterials

A generic class of metamaterials is introduced and is shown to exhibit frequency dependent double negative effective properties. We develop a rigorous method for calculating the frequency intervals where either double negative or double positive effective properties appear and show how these intervals imply the existence of propagating Bloch waves inside sub-wavelength structures. The branches of the dispersion relation associated with Bloch modes are shown to be explicitly determined by the Dirichlet spectrum of the high dielectric phase and the generalized electrostatic spectra of the complement.
RS1, custodial isospin and precision tests

We study precision electroweak constraints within a RS1 model with gauge fields and fermions in the bulk. The electroweak gauge symmetry is enhanced to SU(2)L × SU(2)R × U(1)B−L, thereby providing a custodial isospin symmetry sufficient to suppress excessive contributions to the T parameter. We then construct complete models, complying with all electroweak constraints, for solving the hierarchy problem, without supersymmetry or large hierarchies in the fundamental couplings. Using the AdS/CFT correspondence our models can be interpreted as dual to a strongly coupled conformal Higgs sector with global custodial isospin symmetry, gauge and fermionic matter being fundamental fields external to the CFT. This scenario has interesting collider signals, distinct from other RS models in the literature.
The occupations of slaves sold in New Orleans: Missing values, cheap talk, or informative advertising?

We propose an alternative test for adverse selection using notarial records for slaves sold in New Orleans in 1830. The experiment is simple and mimics the used car example originally proposed by Akerlof (1970). When rst sold in New Orleans, buyers of imported slaves were uninformed of the slaves’ unobservable characteristics. In time, the new owners learned more about their slaves and the \lemons" were sold and the \peaches" retained. Because buyers anticipate that the slaves oered for sale were of lower quality on average, they reduce their bids for these slaves. Consequently, we should observe a lower price for the slaves who were resold in the market. We test this proposition by linking the sequential sales records of 833 slaves sold in New Orleans. Through a comparison of initial and resale prices, we nd that prices increased which suggests that adverse selection had a relatively small eect on the prices of slaves.
Vibration characteristics of curved beams

The paper presents a concise framework studying the coupled vibration of curved beams, whether the curvature is built-in or is caused by loading. The governing equations used are both geometrically-exact and fully intrinsic, with a maximum degree of nonlinearity equal to two. For beams with initial curvature, the equations of motion are linearized about the reference state. For beams that are curved because of the loading, the equations of motion are linearized about the equilibrium state. A central difference spatial discretization scheme is applied, and the resulting linearized ordinary differential equations are cast as an resulting eigenvalue problem. The numerical examples include: (1) validation of the analysis for both in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations by comparison with published results, and (2) presentation of results for vibration of curved beams with free-free, clamped-clamped, and pinned-pinned boundary conditions. For coupled vibration, the numerical results also exhibit the low-frequency mode transition or veering phenomenon. Substantial differences are also shown between the natural frequencies of curved beams and straight beams, and between initially curved and bent beams with the same geometry.
Testing Restrictions on a Model of Japanese Meat Demand

Tests for quasi-separability, net substitutability, and perfect substitutability are developed and implemented on an almost ideal demand system model of the Japanese meat sector. The data set satisfies both symmetry and homogeneity. There is evidence of net complimentarity between chicken and dairy beef and chicken and pork. The tests indicate that Japanese Wagyu beef is considered a separate commodity to both imported beef and dairy beef. The results also indicate that fish can be treated as separable in the Japanese meat demand system.
On the Geometric Conservation Law for High-order Discontinuous Galerkin Discretizations on Dynamically Deforming Meshes

An approach for constructing high-order Discontinuous Galerkin schemes which preserve discrete conservation in the presence of arbitrary mesh motion, and thus obey the GCL, is derived. The approach is formulated for the most general case where only the coordinates defining the mesh elements are known at discrete locations in time, and results in the prescription of higher-order quadrature rules for certain terms in the governing equations in arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) form. For BDF1 temporal discretizations, the approach is exactly equivalent to a space-time formulation, while providing a natural extension to more complex discretizations such as BDF2. The method is shown to preserve the temporal accuracy of the underlying time-stepping scheme, for BDF1 and BDF2 schemes, for high-order spatial discretizations of the flow equations and mesh motion definition ranging up to fifth order accurate. Future work will investigate extensions of this approach to higher-order temporal schemes such as implicit Runge-Kutta schemes.
Driven quantum transport on the nanoscale

We explore the prospects to control by use of time-dependent fields quantum transport phenomena in nanoscale systems. In particular, we study for driven conductors the electron current and its noise properties. We review recent corresponding theoretical descriptions which are based on Floquet theory. Alternative approaches, as well as various limiting approximation schemes are investigated and compared. The general theory is subsequently applied to different representative nanoscale devices, like non-adiabatic pumps, gates, quantum ratchets, and transistors. Potential applications range from molecular wires under the influence of strong laser fields to microwave-irradiated quantum dots.
The effect of privatization on wealth distribution in Russia

The paper considers the Russian privatization process and examines how its deviation from the competitive sale standard was likely to affect wealth inequality. (Privatization here is defined narrowly as the transfer of existing assets from government ownership to private hands.) While empirical evaluation is all but impossible due to the dearth of reliable data, it is feasible to analyze the institutional features of Russian privatization in terms of their effect on redistribution of wealth. The paper argues that the most relevant and interesting issue is to evaluate privatization’s distributional consequences relative to the informal pre-reform property rights. In light of this, privatization is modelled as a rent-seeking contest with incumbency advantage of enterprise managers who initially held the greatest informal rights over assets. The rent-seeking contest is shown to strongly magnify this pre-reform wealth inequality reflected in the incumbency advantage. In addition, the paper analyzes the distributional consequences for various wealth groups of the differences in the composition of their pre-reform informal wealth, most importantly a relatively large share of housing assets in the wealth of the poor. The effect of wealth redistribution on economic growth in Russia is also discussed.
On the Evidence for Extreme Gravity Effects in MCG ?6-30-15

We examine the unusual Fe-Kα line profile in MCG -6-30-15 observed by ASCA during a deep minimum in the source intensity. The intense red wing and depressed blue wing of the line have been interpreted as evidence for extreme gravitational redshifts in terms of emission from within 6 gravitational radii of a black hole. We find that the data do not uniquely support this interpretation and can be equally well explained by occultation of the continuum source and the putative line-emitting accretion disk, which we offer as an alternative hypothesis. Two problems with previous modeling were that the equivalent width of the line during the deep minimum was required to be unusually large (greater than 1 keV) and the line intensity was thought to increase as the source became dim. The occultation model does not suffer from these problems. Our results serve to highlight the hazards of overinterpreting observational results that have low statistical significance to the extent that theoretical implications can become generally accepted when the data do not provide a strong case for them.
Scheduling Kalman filters in continuous time

A set of N independent Gaussian linear time invariant systems is observed by M sensors whose task is to provide the best possible steady-state causal minimum mean square estimate of the state of the systems, in addition to minimizing a steady-state measurement cost. The sensors can switch between systems instantaneously, and there are additional resource constraints, for example on the number of sensors which can observe a given system simultaneously. We first derive a tractable relaxation of the problem, which provides a bound on the achievable performance. This bound can be computed by solving a convex program involving linear matrix inequalities. Exploiting the additional structure of the sites evolving independently, we can decompose this program into coupled smaller dimensional problems. In the scalar case with identical sensors, we give an analytical expression for an index policy proposed in a more general context by Whittle. In the general case, we develop open-loop periodic switching policies whose performance matches the bound arbitrarily closely.