cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Riparian vegetation response to gradients in residual basal area with harvesting treatment and distance to stream.

Abstract The long-term sustainability of riparian management zones (RMZs) depends upon the maintenance of desirable ecosystem conditions within the riparian buffer. We assessed the change in understory vegetation (density and/or biomass of tree seedlings, saplings, woody shrubs, and herbs) in response to different levels of residual basal area within eight northern hardwood RMZs in northeastern Minnesota, USA. Three-year herbaceous cover, diversity, and species composition was investigated in a subset of four of these sites. RMZs were 46 m wide and located next to upland clearcuts. Three overstory harvest treatments were applied in the RMZs: uncut controls with an average overstory basal area of 23 m2 ha−1, overstory basal area reduction to 16 m2 ha−1 in the medium-retention RMZs, and overstory basal area reduction to 8 m2 ha−1 in the low-retention RMZs. Both partial cut treatments followed best management practices to decrease management intensity towards stream banks, resulting in a gradient of decreasing residual basal area corresponding to increasing light availability with increasing distance from the stream. Understory shrub and sapling biomass, and density of small woody regeneration, including aspen/birch and beaked hazel, all increased in the partially harvested treatments by the third year following treatment, particularly in the low-retention RMZs. In all treatments, along the gradient of decreasing basal area with distance from the stream, small woody biomass and aspen/birch regeneration densities responded positively with distance to stream and increased light availability. Species with higher light requirements increased significantly with more light availability. In contrast, herbaceous species with higher nutrient and heat requirements responded negatively to increased light availability and increased distance to the stream, including in the controls. This response was large due to species differences between the location nearest to the stream and those further from the stream and most likely reflects different species compositions among fluvial landforms. While both partial harvesting treatments resulted in aspen regeneration densities within acceptable ranges for timber production standards, the lower (though not statistically significant) beaked hazel densities following the more conservative partial harvest treatment might be more favorable for the development of longer-lived conifer species in the long run. Further, many of the herbaceous responses were only observed at the extreme ends of the treatment gradient. Regardless of treatment, the edge effect on light availability, which extended at least 5 m into the uncut control RMZ, may reduce the functional width (i.e., effectiveness) of the vegetation buffer.
Selective attention: the effects of combining stimuli which control incompatible behavior.

Four rhesus monkeys learned both a color and tilt discrimination. The stimuli were combined to produce incompatible behavior. The behavior controlled by one set of stimuli was reinforced until “errors” virtually disappeared. The stimuli were tested separately again. Sixteen replications of the entire procedure indicated that the stimuli producing “errors” were ignored.
Remote pair programming (RPP) in massively open online courses (MOOCs)

Pair programming, a form of collaborative learning where two programmers work on the same computer, enhances learning in novice programmers and improves code quality in experienced programmers. Remote pair programming (RPP) brings the pedagogical technique of pair programming to the distributed online environment of Massively Open Online Courses (MOOCs). edX's CS169 Software as a Service MOOC successfully uses a Google+ community for students to generate their own RPP events or join events created by their peers. This paper examines survey results summarizing the RPP experiences and RPP technologies of student pairings in the Fall 2013 offering of CS169. In the future, the aim is to generalize RPP methodology through analyzing RPP sessions, expand applications of RPP to other MOOCs and traditional classrooms, and compare its effectiveness to in-person pair programming.
Skin β-Endorphin Mediates Addiction to UV Light

UV light is an established carcinogen, yet evidence suggests that UV-seeking behavior has addictive features. Following UV exposure, epidermal keratinocytes synthesize proopiomelanocortin (POMC) that is processed to melanocyte-stimulating hormone, inducing tanning. We show that, in rodents, another POMC-derived peptide, β-endorphin, is coordinately synthesized in skin, elevating plasma levels after low-dose UV. Increases in pain-related thresholds are observed and reversed by pharmacologic opioid antagonism. Opioid blockade also elicits withdrawal signs after chronic UV exposure. This effect was sufficient to guide operant behavioral choices to avoidance of opioid withdrawal (conditioned place aversion). These UV-induced nociceptive and behavioral effects were absent in β-endorphin knockout mice and in mice lacking p53-mediated POMC induction in epidermal keratinocytes. Although primordial UV addiction, mediated by the hedonic action of β-endorphin and anhedonic effects of withdrawal, may theoretically have enhanced evolutionary vitamin D biosynthesis, it now may contribute to the relentless rise in skin cancer incidence in humans.
BIODIVERSITY INFORMATICS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR APPLYING BIODIVERSITY INFORMATION TO MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION

Abstract Researchers, land managers, and the public currently often are unable to obtain useful biodiversity information because the subject represents such a large component of biology and ecology, and systems to compile and organize this information do not exist. Information on vascular plant taxonomy, as addressed by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and key partners, serves as an example of current efforts to integrate information. Current areas of informatics research related to online systems are focused on improving searches and intelligent systems, but are limited by available information. I recommend 5 steps to improve access to biodiversity information. For even a small portion of the world's information on biodiversity to become available online, sites need to be able to integrate information from multiple sources and search capacity needs to be improved and focused. In addition, incentives or public policy need to promote the use of standards, the long-term maintenance of data sets,...
ILUT: A dual threshold incomplete LU factorization

In this paper we describe an Incomplete LU factorization technique based on a strategy which combines two heuristics. This ILUT factorization extends the usual ILU(O) factorization without using the concept of level of fill-in. There are two traditional ways of developing incomplete factorization preconditioners. The first uses a symbolic factorization approach in which a level of fill is attributed to each fill-in element using only the graph of the matrix. Then each fill-in that is introduced is dropped whenever its level of fill exceeds a certain threshold. The second class of methods consists of techniques derived from modifications of a given direct solver by including a dropoff rule, based on the numerical size of the fill-ins introduced, traditionally referred to as threshold preconditioners. The first type of approach may not be reliable for indefinite problems, since it does not consider numerical values. The second is often far more expensive than the standard ILU(O). The strategy we propose is a compromise between these two extremes.
Leaders as Physicians: Back to Basics

EDITOR’S NOTE: Leadership development and the related issue of leadership behaviors are major priorities for our departments, medical schools, and affiliated institutions. This article is a departure from our usual format by offering the very personal reflections of a highly respected, experienced, successful senior leader from our field. Our reviewers acknowledged the value of this unique perspective for both current and future leaders. —Paul H. Dworkin, MD
Effect of substrate constraint on the stability and evolution of ferroelectric domain structures in thin films

The stability and evolution of ferroelectric domain structures in thin films are studied. Elastic solutions are derived for both elastically anisotropic and isotropic thin films with arbitrary domain structures, subject to the mixed stress-free and constraint boundary conditions. These solutions are employed in a three-dimensional phase-field model to investigate simultaneously the effect of substrate constraint and temperature on the volume fractions of domain variants, domain-wall orientations, surface topology, domain shapes, and their temporal evolution for a cubic-to-tetragonal ferroelectric phase transition. A specific example of a [001] orientated film heteroepitaxially grown on a [001] cubic substrate is considered. It is shown that the shapes of a-domains with tetragonal axes parallel to the film surface are significantly different from those of c-domains with tetragonal axes perpendicular to the film surface. For the substrate constraints and temperatures under which both a- and c-domains coexist, both types of a-domains are present with their tetragonal axes perpendicular to each other, and the domain wall orientations deviate from the 45 orientation generally assumed in thermodynamic analyses. It is demonstrated that a substrate constraint results in sequential nucleation and growth of different tetragonal domains during a ferroelectric phase transition.
Three times a day milking during the first half of lactation.

Abstract Three milking frequency treatments were compared: twice daily milking; thrice daily milking until milk dropped below 24 kg; thrice daily milking until milk dropped below 31 kg. Three time milking was at least 45 days but no more than 150 days. Cows (12 to 14 per group) were managed alike except for milking frequency. In early lactation, increased milking had little effect. With time the superiority in yields increased such that cows on three times for 150 days were outproducing two time cows by 20%. Cumulative milk yields were greater for the thrice groups than for the twice group by 5% at 56 days, 11 and 8% at 154 days, 11 and 9% at 182 days, and 10% at 280 days. Fat percentage, adjusted for previous lactation fat percentage, averaged .2 to .3% lower Nfor the cows milked three times until 24 kg but only .1% lower for cows milked thrice until 31 kg. Increased yield was primarily from prolonged peak yield and less subsequent decline. Switching from three to two milkings decreased yield 6 to 8% in the 1st wk. However, three time milking had a positive carryover, apparently due to higher starting yield at the point at which they were switched.
ATHLETE's Feet: Mu1ti-Resolution Planning for a Hexapod Robot

ATHLETE is a large six-legged tele-operated robot. Each foot is a wheel; travel can be achieved by walking, rolling, or some combination of the two. Operators control ATHLETE by selecting parameterized commands from a command dictionary. While rolling can be done efficiently with a single command, any motion involving steps is cumbersome - walking a few meters through difficult terrain can take hours. Our goal is to improve operator efficiency by automatically generating sequences of motion commands. There is increasing uncertainty regarding ATHLETE s actual configuration over time and decreasing quality of terrain data farther away from the current position. This, combined with the complexity that results from 36 degrees of kinematic freedom, led to an architecture that interleaves planning and execution at multiple levels, ranging from traditional configuration space motion planning algorithms for immediate moves to higher level task and path planning algorithms for overall travel. The modularity of the architecture also simplifies the development process and allows the operator to interact with and control the system at varying levels of autonomy depending on terrain and need.
Effects of lung motion and tracer kinetics corrections on PET imaging of pulmonary function

Mijailovich, Srboljub, Steven Treppo, and Jose G. Venegas. Effects of lung motion and tracer kinetics corrections on PET imaging of pulmonary function. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(4): 1154–1162, 1997.—A m...
Eagles, owls, and coyotes (oh my!): Taphonomic analysis of rabbits and guinea pigs fed to captive raptors and coyotes

Abstract There is the potential for multiple accumulating agents of small mammals ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) and guinea pigs ( Cavia porcellus ) fed to a bald eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ), great horned owl ( Bubo virginianus ), and coyote ( Canis latrans ). The analysis provides a taphonomic assessment of two small mammal taxa that differ in size and build and are broadly representative of small mammals recovered from archaeological sites. The ingested and non-ingested portions of the prey remains were analyzed for skeletal-, digested-, deleted-, and fractured-part representation, bone breakage, and bone surface modifications. The rabbit and guinea pig samples are compared and taphonomic differences between predators and prey taxa are observed. The predators produced variable and distinctive intra- and interspecific skeletal-, digested-, deleted-, and fractured part profiles. Bone surface modification frequency differences between the samples show a mixture of significant and non-significant intra- and interspecific comparisons. This study expands the range of small mammal experimental and actualistic studies to include prey of underrepresented size and build (guinea pigs) and characterizes the signatures of predator accumulations of small mammals. Often archaeological assemblages feature a mixture of accumulators, this analysis of raptor and mammalian carnivore predation on rabbits and guinea pigs will aid in the differentiation of predation between raptors, mammalian carnivores, and humans in the archaeological record.
Can Online Deliberation Improve Politics? Scientific Foundations for Success

Interest in deliberative democracy grows. Its appeal is understandable. Deliberation, with its emphasis on distributed speech rights and information exchange, has the potential to increase the quality and quantity of political interest and participation (Habermas 1996).While the benefits of deliberative democracy are easy to imagine, they can be hard to achieve. Like any form of civic education, the success of a deliberative endeavor depends on choices made by its designers. For a deliberative endeavor to increase participation, or affect how a target audience thinks about an important political matter, its informational content must, at a minimum,* attract the audience's attention and hold it for a non-trivial amount of time,* affect the audience's memories in particular ways (not any change will do), and* cause them to retain subsequent beliefs - or choose different behaviors - than they would have had without deliberation (Lupia 2002).
Integration of high capacity materials into interdigitated mesostructured electrodes for high energy and high power density primary microbatteries

Abstract Microbatteries are increasingly important for powering electronic systems, however, the volumetric energy density of microbatteries lags behind that of conventional format batteries. This paper reports a primary microbattery with energy density 45.5 μWh cm−2 μm−1 and peak power 5300 μW cm−2 μm−1, enabled by the integration of large volume fractions of high capacity anode and cathode chemistry into porous micro-architectures. The interdigitated battery electrodes consist of a lithium metal anode and a mesoporous manganese oxide cathode. The key enabler of the high energy and power density is the integration of the high capacity manganese oxide conversion chemistry into a mesostructured high power interdigitated bicontinuous cathode architecture and an electrodeposited dense lithium metal anode. The resultant energy density is greater than previously reported three-dimensional microbatteries and is comparable to commercial conventional format lithium-based batteries.
(De-)legitimizing medical professional discourses: evaluations from foreign English teachers in Japan

ABSTRACTUtilizing Donal Carbaugh's work on Cultural Discourse Analysis, this study explores the intersection of language, intercultural, and health communication within the context of globalization by focusing upon foreign language teachers as migrant workers. As part of a larger study interviewing 49 migrant workers in Japan, this study focuses upon 10 specific individual accounts of Assistant English Language Teachers' (ALTs) medical encounters and interactions with Japanese medical providers (JMPs) in Japan to uncover: (a) discursive practices ALTs use to (de)-legitimize JMPs and (b) cultural assumptions ALTs expect of JMPs. In particular, three ways are uncovered wherein terms of talk between ALTs and JMPs influenced perceptions and conceptions of medical interaction in Japan. First, place was rendered meaningful by ALTs by using two interrelated terms: ‘back home' and ‘here.' Such demarcations operated to (de)-legitimize the medical professional's practices, procedures, and credibility. Second, const...
Abstract 4308: Dynamic regulation of CD24 and the invasive, CD44posCD24neg phenotype in breast cancer cell lines

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Introduction The invasive, mesenchymal phenotype of CD44posCD24neg breast cancer cells has made them a promising target for eliminating the metastatic capacity of primary tumors. It has been previously demonstrated that CD44neg/lowCD24pos breast cancer cells lack the ability to give rise to their invasive CD44posCD24neg counterpart. Here we demonstrate that noninvasive, epithelial-like CD44posCD24pos cells readily give rise to invasive, mesenchymal CD44posCD24neg progeny in vivo and in vitro. This interconversion was found to be dependent upon Activin/Nodal signaling. Methods Breast cancer cell lines were sorted into CD44posCD24pos and CD44posCD24neg populations to evaluate their progeny for the expression of CD44, CD24, and markers of a mesenchymal phenotype. The FACS sorted populations were injected into immunocompromised mice to evaluate their tumorigenicity and invasiveness of the resulting xenografts. Results CD24 expression was dynamically regulated in vitro in all evaluated breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, a single noninvasive, epithelial-like CD44posCD24pos cell had the ability to give rise to invasive, mesenchymal CD44posCD24neg progeny. Importantly, this interconversion occurred in vivo as CD44posCD24pos cells gave rise to xenografts with locally invasive borders as seen in xenografts initiated with CD44posCD24neg cells. Lastly, the ability of CD44posCD24pos cells to give rise to mesenchymal progeny, and vice versa, was blocked upon ablation of Activin/Nodal signaling. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that the invasive, mesenchymal CD44posCD24neg phenotype is under dynamic control in breast cancer cell lines both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, our observations suggest that targeted therapy against CD44posCD24neg tumor cells may have limited success in preventing primary tumor metastasis unless Activin/Nodal signaling is arrested. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4308.
Differences in healthy life expectancy for the US population by sex, race/ethnicity and geographic region: 2008

Background Healthy life expectancy (HLE) varies among demographic segments of the US population and by geography. To quantify that variation, we estimated the national and regional HLE for the US population by sex, race/ethnicity and geographic region in 2008. Methods National HLEs were calculated using the published 2008 life table and the self-reported health status data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Regional HLEs were calculated using the combined 2007-09 mortality, population and NHIS health status data. Results In 2008, HLE in the USA varied significantly by sex, race/ethnicity and geographical regions. At 25 years of age, HLE for females was 47.3 years and ∼2.9 years greater than that for males at 44.4 years. HLE for non-Hispanic white adults was 2.6 years greater than that for Hispanic adults and 7.8 years greater than that for non-Hispanic black adults. By region, the Northeast had the longest HLE and the South had the shortest. Conclusions The HLE estimates in this report can be used to monitor trends in the health of populations, compare estimates across populations and identify health inequalities that require attention.
Attitude Dynamics and Control of a 3U CubeSat with Electrolysis Propulsion

Electrolysis propulsion systems at the CubeSat scale combine the best elements of liquid chemical and electric propulsion systems to create a system that is well-suited for this scale, providing over 800 m/s V while conforming to standard CubeSat specifications. The operations concept for the proposed spacecraft architecture is based on passive spin stabilization, and several factors that determine the required spin rate are investigated. Actuation strategies for achieving this spin through the use of magnetic torquers are discussed. Issues involving the dynamics of a spinning 3U mission, such as gravity gradient torques, shifts in the center of mass due to propellant consumption, and precession of the spacecraft are analyzed. Synergistic design of the propulsion subsystem and the attitudecontrol concept leads to an efficient, low-risk, high-performance architecture.
Resilient Coping Moderates the Effect of Trauma Exposure on Depression

Posttraumatic depression rates are increasing in the United States, and there is a great need to identify malleable factors that could moderate posttraumatic depression levels. The purpose of this study was to examine whether resilient coping moderates the effects of trauma exposure on depression, while controlling for neuroticism-an established predictor of depressive symptoms. This study used data from 3,734 pairs of twins from the community-based University of Washington Twin Registry. Each twin pair was randomized with twin A in one subsample and twin B in the second subsample. The four-item Brief Resilient Coping Scale measured resilient coping. The two-item Patient Health Questionnaire measured depression. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed on each subsample, controlling for neuroticism. In addition to significant effects of neuroticism and trauma exposure on depression (p < .001), the effect of the interaction of resilient coping and trauma exposure on depression was significant in both subsamples (p < .01). High levels of resilient coping were associated with lower depression scores in the context of previous trauma exposure. Individuals high in resilient coping who experienced significant life traumas were less depressed after trauma exposure, even after controlling for neuroticism. Because coping skills may be learned, interventions that teach resilient coping to individuals with traumatic histories merit investigation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exercise inhibits glucocorticoid-induced glutamine synthetase expression in red skeletal muscles

One purpose of this study was to determine whether the suppression of glucocorticoid-induced glutamine synthetase (GS) gene expression by exercise is localized to fiber types that are known to be primarily recruited during endurance running. A second purpose examined whether denervation, which is associated with a reduction in contractile activity, would upregulate GS expression. Exercise consisted of treadmill running at 31 m/min for 12-16 wk. Glucocorticoid treatment (100 mg/kg body wt hydrocortisone 21-acetate) was administered during the last 11 days of the exercise program. Basal GS expression was lowest (GS enzyme activity, 43 +/- 3 nmol.h-1.mg protein-1; GS mRNA, 1.0 arbitrary units) in the slow-twitch red soleus, a muscle type that is known to resist glucocorticoid-induced muscle wasting, intermediate (74 +/- 10 and 1.7 +/- 0.2) in fast-twitch red quadriceps, a muscle type susceptible to atrophy, and highest (106 +/- 16 and 5.4 +/- 1.3) in fast-twitch white quadriceps, a muscle type known to be most susceptible to atrophy. Hormone treatment increased GS enzyme activity and mRNA by two- to fourfold in all muscle types. Exercise diminished GS enzyme activity and mRNA in the fast-twitch red fibers to 35-70% of sedentary control values in both basal and glucocorticoid-stimulated muscles. The running also reduced GS enzyme activity in hormone-treated slow-twitch fibers but did not alter basal or glucocorticoid-induced GS expression in fast-twitch white fibers. These results indicate that glucocorticoids induce similar relative GS expression across all muscle types, but the low absolute levels of expression in slow-twitch muscles are not related to any atrophy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
March 1977–March 1978

From early 1977 to March 1978, tensions mounted between Cambodia and Vietnam and the great power backers of each. With the limited Vietnamese invasion in December 1977 and Cambodia’s subsequent public denunciation of Vietnam, they intensified by a quantum leap. Although Western states took pains not to get involved in the dispute, maintaining neutrality was an impossibility. This was especially true for a great power with such widespread interests as the United States. As Washington, under the newly inaugurated Carter administration, began to move towards closer relations with China, this was necessarily a step away from neutrality in the Sino-Soviet global dispute, and towards a more hostile position vis-a-vis the USSR. Taken to its logical conclusion, it was also a step which gave Washington and Phnom Penh a similar interest in opposing the extension of Soviet and Vietnamese power in Southeast Asia.
Long-term outcomes of letrozole treatment for precocious puberty in girls with McCune–Albright syndrome

OBJECTIVE McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a rare disorder with a broad spectrum including precocious puberty (PP) due to recurrent estrogen-secreting ovarian cysts. This study evaluates the long-term safety and efficacy of letrozole treatment in large cohort of girls with MAS-associated PP. DESIGN Retrospective cohort analysis. METHODS Clinical data, including history and physical examination, bone age, and pelvic ultrasounds, were reviewed on 28 letrozole-treated girls. Adult height was reviewed for 42 historical controls. Outcomes included rate of skeletal maturation, growth velocity, predicted adult height and adult height. RESULTS Twenty-eight girls received letrozole treatment. Treatment duration was 4.1 ± 2.6 years (mean ± 1 s.d.) (range: 0.5-10.9) and mean follow-up was 6.0 ± 3.3 years (range: 0.5-15.0), for a total of 135.9 person-years of follow-up. Letrozole treatment was highly effective at decreasing the rate of skeletal maturation, with a decline in change in bone age over change in chronological age (ΔBA/ΔCA) from 1.7 (IQR: 2.3) to 0.5 (IQR: 0.4) (P < 0.0001), and growth velocity Z-scores, which declined from 2.2 ± 2.3 to -0.6 ± 1.6 (P = 0.0004). Predicted adult height Z-scores increased significantly from -2.9 ± 3.2 to -0.8 ± 1.5 for subjects on treatment (P = 0.004). Four subjects who completed treatment reached adult height Z-scores ranging from -1.5 to 1.7 (median: -0.6), which were increased in comparison with untreated historical controls (P = 0.02). There was no change in uterine size or ovarian volumes, and no adverse events over the treatment period. CONCLUSIONS In this study with the longest follow-up to date, letrozole treatment resulted in sustained beneficial effects on skeletal maturation, growth velocity and predicted adult height.
Large-Scale Multi-Modal Data Exploration with Human in the Loop

A new trend in many scientific fields is to conduct data-intensive research by collecting and analyzing a large amount of high-density, high-quality, multi-modal data streams. In this chapter we present a research framework for analyzing and mining such data streams at large-scale; we exploit parallel sequential pattern mining and iterative MapReduce in particular to enable human-in-the-loop large-scale data exploration powered by High Performance Computing (HPC). One basic problem is that, data scientists are now working with datasets so large and complex that it becomes difficult to process using traditional desktop statistics and visualization packages, requiring instead “massively parallel software running on tens, hundreds, or even thousands of servers” (Jacobs, Queue 7(6):10:10–10:19, 2009). Meanwhile, discovering new knowledge requires the means to exploratively analyze datasets of this scale—allowing us to freely “wander” around the data, and make discoveries by combining bottom-up pattern discovery and top-down human knowledge to leverage the power of the human perceptual system. In this work, we first exploit a novel interactive temporal data mining method that allows us to discover reliable sequential patterns and precise timing information of multivariate time series. For our principal test case of detecting and extracting human sequential behavioral patterns over multiple multi-modal data streams, this suggests a quantitative and interactive data-driven way to ground social interactions in a manner that has never been achieved before. After establishing the fundamental analytics algorithms, we proceed to a research framework that can fulfill the task of extracting reliable patterns from large-scale time series using iterative MapReduce tasks. Our work exploits visual-based information technologies to allow scientists to interactively explore, visualize and make sense of their data. For example, the parallel mining algorithm running on HPC is accessible to users through asynchronous web service. In this way, scientists can compare the intermediate data to extract and propose new rounds of analysis for more scientifically meaningful and statistically reliable patterns, and therefore statistical computing and visualization can bootstrap each another. Finally, we show the results from our principal user application that can demonstrate our system’s capability of handling massive temporal event sets within just a few minutes. All these combine to reveal an effective and efficient way to support large-scale data exploration with human in the loop.
The Future of Open Innovation: The future of open innovation is more extensive, more collaborative, and more engaged with a wider variety of participants.

Institutional openness is becoming increasingly popular in practice and academia: open innovation, open R&D, and open business models. This special issue builds on the concepts, underlying assumptions and implications discussed in two previous R&D Management special issues (2006, 2009). This overview indicates the perspectives needed to develop an open innovation theory more fully. It also assesses some of the recent evidence that has come to light about open innovation, in theory and in practice.
Sacral neuromodulation for constipation and fecal incontinence in children

Abstract Sacral neuromodulation has become an established treatment option for adults with fecal incontinence, but has only been applied to children with defecatory disorders over the past decade. Unlike in adults, the primary cause of fecal incontinence in children is poorly controlled constipation. There is growing evidence that sacral neuromodulation can be effective in the treatment of children with both constipation and fecal incontinence refractory to conventional treatment, and sacral nerve stimulation appears to be a promising treatment for a population of children with limited treatment options and debilitating symptoms. However, both experience with this treatment modality and the quality of evidence for its use remain limited. Given the relatively high complication rate associated with sacral nerve stimulation, further research is needed before more widespread acceptance of this treatment in the management of children with refractory constipation and fecal incontinence.
Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Bond Acetoxylation via Electrochemical Oxidation.

Here we describe the development of a method for the Pd-catalyzed electrochemical acetoxylation of C–H bonds. The oxidation step of the catalytic cycle is probed through cyclic voltammetry and bulk electrolysis studies of a preformed palladacycle of 8-methylquinoline. A catalytic system for C–H acetoxylation is then developed and optimized with respect to the cell configuration, rate of oxidation, and chemistry at the counter electrode. This transformation is then applied to substrates containing various directing groups and to the acetoxylation of both C(sp2)–H and C(sp3)–H bonds.
Peritraumatic distress: A review and synthesis of 15 years of research.

Context Although the subjective trauma exposure criterion was removed from the DSM-5 criteria set for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), emerging literature suggests that peritraumatic distress may be useful in predicting outcomes after exposure to a stressful event. Method We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature examining the association between peritraumatic distress and PTSD and other psychiatric outcomes. The 57 studies herein varied in both experimental design and target populations. Results Forty-eight studies found associations between peritraumatic distress and PTSD outcome measures, 23 found associations between peritraumatic distress and other psychiatric outcomes, and three found associations between peritraumatic distress and PTSD-related symptoms or other psychiatric outcomes after non-Criterion A stressful events by DSM-5 criteria. Conclusion Peritraumatic distress is associated with PTSD symptom severity, other psychiatric symptoms, and severity of PTSD-related symptoms after exposure to non-Criterion A events, suggesting that peritraumatic distress is a risk factor for various psychiatric outcomes and furthering our understanding of the impact of subjective experience on trauma psychopathology.
Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is indicated in the treatment of morbid obesity. This chapter details indications, pitfalls, technique, and complications associated with this procedure.
The Physico-chemical Defect

About 20 years ago, an era of major advances in clinical and basic research into gallstone pathogenesis began when the principles of physical chemistry were applied to cholesterol solubilisation and transport. The major (experimental) outcome was the reasonably accurate clinical definition of cholesterol saturation and supersaturation. Supersaturation, the indispensable prerequisite to cholesterol crystallisation and precipitation, was the first key discovery of this era of advances.
Studies of Ion Clusters: Relationship to Understanding Nucleation and Solvation Phenomena

Study of the interactions of ions and molecules provides detailed knowledge of reaction kinetics, especially for certain bimolecular channels, and it is clear that these investigations also yield invaluable information concerning mechanisms of association reactions and related processes of unimolecular decomposition. Now, it is becoming recognized that there is another important area in the field of chemical physics to which such studies also contribute, namely, to an understanding of phase transitions and properties of the condensed state.
Obama’s Promise: Using Evidence to Fight the Nation’s Social Problems

This article describes and analyzes the development of evidence-based policymaking in the Obama administration, with a particular focus on the Investing in Innovation (i3) initiative at the Department of Education. After a brief summary of the administration’s evidence-based initiatives, the authors turn to a detailed discussion of one of them (i3), a competitive grant program that awards money to conduct educational interventions. There are three award amounts (tiers). Each tier requires that applicants demonstrate a specific level of evidence of effectiveness for the proposed intervention in order to secure funding. Based on interviews with 15 individuals involved (advocates, officials at the Office of Management and Budget, congressional staff, and Department of Education officials), the authors describe the genesis, legislative passage, and enactment of i3. Particular attention is given to the challenge of developing the standards of evidence that applicants are required to meet. Arguing that the administration’s six initiatives are unique in the way that they bring evidence to the center of the policymaking process, the authors posit that the Obama administration’s effort represents a fundamental and promising shift in the funding of social welfare programs and on using strength of evidence as a major criterion in federal grantmaking.
Anthropometry Versus Imaging for Prediction of Inflammation Among Hispanic Girls.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare total and regional estimates of body composition, by direct and indirect techniques, for the optimal prediction of C-reactive protein (CRP) among young (aged 9-12 years) Hispanic girls (N = 232). METHODS Standard anthropometric techniques were used to measure height, weight, and waist circumference. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) assessed body composition. Fasting serum CRP was measured by the AU5812 Clinical Chemistry Analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Brea, California). Associations between each total and regional body composition parameter and CRP were tested using linear regression (log-transformed, continuous CRP) and ordinal logistic regression (CRP < 1.0, ≥ 1.0-2.9, and ≥ 3.0 mg/L), controlling for maturation, dietary energy, physical activity, and medications. RESULTS All measures of total and regional body fat were positively associated with CRP (P < 0.0001) except for intermuscular fat by pQCT. There were no clinically relevant differences in their association with CRP between anthropometric (BMI; waist circumference) and DXA-derived (total fat and regional fat: trunk, gynoid, android fat, leg) measures of fat. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of body habitus in Hispanic girls, by multiple commonly available means, predicts CRP equally well.
Abstract 137: Temporal Trends in U.S. Hospitalization Rates for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage From 1994-2013

Background: It is hypothesized that the incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is decreasing due to a reduction in risk factors and more aggressive treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms, but long-term data from broadly representative populations are lacking. Methods: We assessed temporal trends in rates of hospitalization for SAH by using the 1994 to 2013 releases of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), which provides data on a 20% nationally representative sample of U.S. hospitalizations. We used previously validated International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes to identify hospitalizations for nontraumatic SAH. As a comparison, we also identified ICH hospitalizations since ICH shares many risk factors with SAH but is not generally amenable to preventive intervention such as aneurysm coiling or clipping. Population estimates from the U.S. census were used to calculate annual hospitalization rates per 10,000 persons. Rates were age-standardized to the 1994 U....
Stress analysis of a plain orthogonally woven textile composite under tension along the warp direction

A non-idealized finite element model of a plain orthogonally woven textile composite was subjected to tension along the warp direction, and the predicted stress state was investigated. The effect o...
Good Mothering Before Birth: Measuring Attachment and Ultrasound as an Affective Technology

The idea that fetal ultrasound is useful for promoting a pregnant woman’s emotional attachment to her fetus is commonplace in the United States. While STS scholars have examined many facets of ultrasound, scholars have not analyzed the medical construction of ultrasound as an affective technology. This article fills that gap by bringing feminist STS and affect studies together to examine medical understandings of fetal ultrasound’s emotional utility. The project interprets a unique archive of published medical research on measuring maternal-fetal bonding and using ultrasound to promote that bonding. My discourse analysis shows that this medical research defines “optimal bonding” in a way that reflects the norms of intensive mothering. I argue that this medical research contributes to the creation of a new, presumably high-risk population of “sub-optimal bonders.” The research I examine also suggests that medical professionals may be able to use the technological fix of ultrasound to manage this new population’s emotions and behaviors. In the process, medical experts individualize the risks of infant well-being and locate those risks in women’s emotional state.
Evaluation of new chemical and biological nematicides for managing Meloidogyne javanica in tomato production and associated double-crops in Florida

Background Two field experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy and field performance of three new non-fumigant chemical nematicides (fluensulfone, fluopyram, and fluazaindolizine) and two biological nematicides (Burkholderia rinojensis strain A396 and Purpureocillium lilacinus strain 251) for management of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica) on tomato and associated double-crops in Florida. Results In experiment 1, soil fumigation with metam potassium increased plant growth and reduced root galling on tomato by 77% relative to that of the untreated soil. All non-fumigant chemical nematicides reduced root galling on tomato (47-85% reduction); however, only fluensulfone showed a trend towards yield enhancement. In experiment 2, soil fumigation with chloropicrin increased plant growth and reduced root galling on tomato by 35% relative to that of the untreated soil; however, end-of-season populations of M. javanica in soil were larger than that of the non-fumigated soil. Fluensulfone showed a trend towards reduced root galling and enhanced fruit yield, whereas other non-fumigant nematicides did not. Double-cropped cucumber was 69% more galled when planted into soil previously fumigated with chloropicrin relative to that of untreated soil, and also showed reduced plant vigor and fruit yield. Conclusion Fluensulfone shows significant potential to be a component of an integrated pest management strategy for tomato in Florida. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Radar target recognition using wavelet-based features extracted from compressively sensed signatures

This paper addresses the loss (if any) in radar target recognition performance if the features are extracted directly in the compressive domain compared to those extracted in the classical (Nyquist rate) domain. This study examines the impact of extracting wavelet features from compressively sampled signatures on recognition performance. Two other comparison schemes involve; 1) signal reconstruction after compressive sampling followed by wavelet decomposition, and 2) wavelet decomposition applied directly onto compressively sampled signatures using the compressive-domain equivalent discrete wavelet transform. These comparisons use real radar signatures collected in a compact range, and include various additive noise and azimuth ambiguity scenarios.
Copyright Duration and the Progressive Degeneration of a Constitutional Doctrine

Through the last few decades, Congress has rendered much of the law of copyright duration a confusing and chaotic patchwork of rules that are often irreconcilable and simply unworkable. One can learn the rules, of course, but the rules often depend on multiple variables and facts that are outside the reach of interested parties, and are usually lost in history as the term of copyright stretches over an increasing span of years. The result is a law that effectively undermines the notion of copyright expiration and places at risk the constitutional doctrine of “limited Times,” and with it the integrity of the public domain.An examination of the history and incremental development of the law demonstrates its growing complexity and lack of practical feasibility of duration rules from the perspective of a user who is seeking to identify whether a work is protected or is in the public domain. A possible solution to some of the problems could be a system of registration of early works that would allow for clarity of claims and evenness of the application of copyright law.
The Oxidative Stress Response In Erythroid Precursors Is Mediated By tp53

Oxidative stress plays a key role in acute and especially chronic anemia as well red blood cell storage. Recent findings suggest that both erythroid precursors as well as mature red cells have increased sensitively to oxidative stress. Modeling oxidative stress in animals has been a challenge as many of the central genes in the oxidative stress response pathway are necessary for life and knockout animals die of overwhelming oxidative stress early in life. The zebrafish model allows pro-oxidant exposure early in hematopoietic development, and gata1 DsRed1 transgenic animals allow clear identification of erythroid precursors. We capitalized on these advantages of the zebrafish to interrogate the effects of oxidative stress on erythroid precursors. After 72 hours of exposure to the strong pro-oxidant naphthol at 10 – 30 µg, embryonic zebrafish up-regulated several anti-oxidant genes including: hypoxia-inducible factor ( hif1a) , nuclear factor (erythroid derived)-like 2 ( nrf2 ), ferritin heavy chain ( fth1a ), thioredoxin ( txn ), and heme oxygenase 1 ( hmox1 ); 1.5, 2.3, 2.5, and 3.0-fold respectively (p tp53 binding sites within 4 kb upstream of the first exon in each gene. We showed naphthol was able to induce tp53 expression 3-fold over baseline by qRT-PCR. We next took advantage of the tp53 mutant line tp53 M214K which has a mutation in the DNA binding region of tp53 rendering it non-functional similar to a complete knockout. We found that tp53 M214K fish were highly sensitive to pro-oxidant exposure with 80% of embryos showing severe to moderate anemia and cardiac edema after 72 hours of exposure to naphthol (versus 25% in wild-type control animals, n = 100/group; p tp53 M214K animals as shown by o-dianisidine staining (versus control animals, n = 10/group; p tp53 M214K animals showed a doubling in ROS generated compared to wild-type (n = 30/group, p tp53 by an alternative manner, we employed a known tp53 inhibitor, pifithrin, to inactivate tp53 . Exposure of animals to pifithrin simultaneous with naphthol recapitulated the finding that inhibition of tp53 increased sensitivity to ROS as 90% of exposed embryos displayed moderate to severe anemia induced cardiac edema (versus 30% in controls, n = 100/group; p gata1 DsRed1 zebrafish has labeled erythroid precursors, and using our experimental system we were able to specifically measure a dose responsive induction of ROS in erythroid precursors after naphthol exposure. Furthermore, gata1 DsRed1 animals harboring tp53 M214K showed a 20-fold increase in ROS after naphthol exposure (versus tp53 +/+ animals, n = 10/group; p gata1 DsRed1 cells. In conclusion, we show that amongst the many functions of tp53 , providing an anti-oxidant response is also a mechanism though which erythroid precursors metabolize ROS after exposure to pro-oxidants. Understanding the mechanisms by which the anti-oxidant response is regulated will allow us to potentially find more effective drug-able targets to treat the oxidative stress that accompanies acute and chronic anemia’s. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.