cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of solution of chloroalkanes in n-heneicosane and in 1-chloroeicosane at 333.15 K using gas-liquid chromatography

Abstract Thermodynamic properties of solution at infinite dilution in n -C 21 H 44 and n -C 20 H 41 Cl at 333.15 K have been measured for several alkanes and chloroalkanes using g.l.c. The substitution of a chlorine atom for a methyl group in the solvent manifests itself in 16 per cent higher equilibrium vapor pressures for alkane solutes, and 10 to 30 per cent lower values for chloroalkanes, depending on the number of carbon atoms and the number and position of the chlorine atoms in the solute molecules. For the chloroalkanes, both enthalpy and entropy of transfer from n -C 21 H 44 to n -C 20 H 41 Cl are negative, typical values being −0.5 kcal th mol −1 and −1.0 cal th K −1 mol −1 . The same properties of transfer from the pure liquid chloroalkanes to both solvents are universally positive; however, α,ω-dichloroalkanes are the only ones studied with significantly higher escaping tendencies from the solvent relative to the pure solute, emphasizing their unusually strong dipole-dipole interaction in the latter. There is evidence that both chlorine atoms in α,ω-dichloroalkanes containing up to 5 carbon atoms interact simultaneously with the single chlorine atom in n -C 20 H 41 Cl.
The Automated Highway System: A Transportation Technology for the 21st Century

Abstract The current vehicle-highway system has reached a plateau in its ability to meet the demand for moving goods and people. This paper sketches an architecture for an automated highway system or AHS. The architecture can be realized by several designs that differ in terms of performance and sophistication. One design is described that could triple capacity and reduce travel time, guarantee collision-free operation in the absence of malfunctions, limit performance degradation in the case of faults, and reduce emissions by half. Evidence suggesting that the design can be implemented is summarized. It is indicated how the design can be adapted to different urban and rural scenarios and how a standard land-use model can show the impact of AHS on urban density. A summary of the progress of the National Automated Highway Systems Consortium is provided. The paper concludes with a critique of AHS.
Aircraft Icing Research at NASA Glenn Research Center

AbstractThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration Glenn Research Center (GRC; and its predecessor organizations) has been and continues to be a focal point for research in the field of aircraft icing. This paper provides a historical perspective on the contributions that GRC research has made to the field, as well as a synopsis of the current research being conducted at the center. The GRC’s icing research has been comprehensive, covering the characterization of the icing environment, investigations into the physics of ice accretion on aircraft surfaces, studies of the impact of icing on aircraft aerodynamics and engine performance, icing instrumentation development, and simulation of ice growth on aircraft using wind tunnels and computational methods. This research has led to improved safety for flight in icing conditions through contributions to the development of icing regulations; a greater understanding of the effects of ice accretion; and the development of experimental and computational met...
Pattern formation during dealloying

Abstract Dealloying is a process during which an element is selectively dissolved from an alloy. If the starting material is single phase and within certain compositional limits dealloying results in the formation of bicontinuous structures on nanometer length scales. We introduce the topic of dealloying and discuss its phenomenology. Various models of dealloying and porous metal formation are presented.
Synthesis of Complex Optical Wavefronts

For any coding scheme designed for the synthesis of an optical wavefront by a computer-generated, amplitude-transmittance hologram, two types of synthetic holograms may be defined: the first is the encoded form of the optical wavefront itself; the second is the encoded form of the Fourier transform of the wavefront. The extent of the optical wavefront produced by the first type varies inversely, while that of the second type varies directly, with resolution. Five coding schemes are characterized by two important quantities: the first is the minimum number of samples that must be numerically evaluated and drawn; the second is the product of the minimum resolution (lines/unit length) and length (per dimension) required for the drawing. These quantities are a measure of the required computer and drawing device capabilities, respectively, and knowledge of them permits comparison of the coding schemes.
Occurrences of Shales Partially Altered to Pyrophyllite

Examination of samples from shale outcrops on the periphery of the Utah Valley graben has revealed an unusual association of disseminated pyrophyllite with various clay minerals. Numerous samples were obtained from exposures in brick clay pits located in the Manning Canyon formation of Mississippian-Pennsylvanian age and from the Long Trail member of the Great Blue formation of Mississippian age. Associated clay minerals in these beds include illite, illite-montmorillonite mixed-layer clays, 7 A chlorite, 14A chlorite, kaolinite and sericite. Associated nonclay minerals include quartz, calcite, and small amounts of dolomite. Associated secondary minerals are calcite, aragonite, jarosite, gibbsite and gypsum. Three possible explanations of genesis have been considered in the present study: deposition of detrital pyrophyllite, surface weathering under special conditions, and hydrothermal or pneumatolytie activity. The third alternative explanation, hydrothermal or pneumatolytie activity, is believed to be the most acceptable. It is hypothesized that magnesium, iron, and interlayer cations have been removed from some of the original 2 : 1 layer clays in the shale by solutions localized along fault zones.
Rapid search for specific sites on DNA through conformational switch of nonspecifically bound proteins.

We develop a theory for the rapid search of specific sites on DNA, via a mechanism in which a nonspecifically-bound protein can switch between two conformations. In the “inactive” conformation, the bound protein has favorable, nonspecific interactions with the DNA, but cannot be recognized by the target site. In the “active” conformation, the protein is recognized by the target site but has a very rugged energy surface elsewhere on the DNA. The rate constant for protein binding to the specific site is calculated by an approach in which the protein, after reaching the DNA surface via 3D diffusion, searches for the target site via 1D diffusion while being allowed to escape to the bulk solution. Mindful of the pitfalls of many previous approximate treatments, we validate our approach against a rigorous solution of the problem when the protein has a fixed conformation. In the 1D diffusion toward the specific site, a conformationally switchable protein predominantly adopts the inactive conformation due to the favorable nonspecific interactions with the DNA, thus maximizing the 1D diffusion constant and minimizing the chance of escape to the bulk solution. Once at the target site, a transition to the active conformation allows the protein to be captured. This induced-switch mechanism provides robust speedup of protein-DNA binding rates, and appears to be adopted by many transcription factors and DNA-modifying enzymes.
Additional molecular evidence strongly supports the distinction between the recently described African primate Rungwecebus kipunji (Cercopithecidae, Papionini) and Lophocebus.

Department of Mammalogy, University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA b Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA Department of Anthropology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208277, New Haven, CT 06520-8277, USA Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8118, USA Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA Wildlife Conservation Society, Tanzania Program, P.O. Box 1475, Mbeya, Tanzania
A unifying framework for shoreline migration: 2. Application to wave‐dominated coasts

[1] The Bruun rule, widely used to predict transgression due to sea level rise on decade to century timescales based on a fixed nearshore profile, neglects the influence of inland topography and substrate lithology, leading to physically unreasonable predictions on longer timescales. We use a new approach, the shoreline Exner equation, to model shoreline transgression on wave-dominated coasts over timescales of decades to millennia. Our results show that interactions between nearshore processes and inland topography, neglected by Bruun-style models, drive morphologic evolution which modulates shoreline retreat. Analytical solutions suggest that while short-term shoreline retreat will sometimes follow the Bruun rule, long-term transgression will always follow the slope of the inland topography. Moreover, our results show that the slope of the inland landscape, relative to the nearshore slope, exerts a first-order control on coastal morphology, such that steep coasts tend to form cliff-backed beaches while gentle coasts tend to form barrier island-lagoon systems. However compositional variations between the inland landscape and nearshore system can alter this pattern.
Diffraction properties of highly birefringent liquid-crystal composite gratings.

We have fabricated electrically switchable holographic gratings, using Polaroid Corporation’s DMP-128 photopolymer filled with the nematic liquid crystal E7. It is shown that a coupled-wave theory that includes the effects of the birefringence of the liquid crystal must be used to explain the diffraction properties of these anisotropic volume gratings. Furthermore, a detailed comparison of theory and experiment provides information about the alignment of the liquid crystal within the polymer host.
Pulpal and micro-organism responses to two experimental dental bonding systems.

Abstract Several new bonding systems have been reported that promote strong adhesion. This in vivo study involves treatment with two experimental bonding systems of Class V cavity preparations in the teeth of three Macaca fascicularis primates and reports the pulpal responses and degree of micro-organism invasion associated with each treatment. In each monkey, the teeth in the upper left quadrant were treated with the experimental solution, containing 2.5% aluminum nitrate + 1.5% oxalic acid + 4.9% NPG, followed by application of PMDM and Silux XL™ composite. The lower right quadrant was treated with the experimental solution, containing 5.7% NPG + 2.$% nitric acid, followed by PMDM and Silux XL™ composite. The upper right and lower left quadrants were treated with clinical materials to establish positive and negative controls. After four, 25, and 59 days, the teeth were removed and underwent routine histological and bacteriological evaluation. Slight pathological conditions were noted for superficial and deep responses, but all values approached 0.0 by the 59th day. Micro-organisms were seen under only 12% of the restorations. Both experimental systems appear to be safe for human clinical trials.
Intercity Variations in the Relationship Between Urban Form and Automobile Dependence Disaggregate Analyses of Boston, Massachusetts: Portland, Oregon; and Houston, Texas

This study was motivated by the need for more empirical research on the urban form-travel connection. A two-tiered travel effect is expected from strengthening the urban form-travel connection: the enhancement of access to choices and a shift in travel mode choice from driving to nondriving. Existing studies have focused primarily on the second-tier effect but have largely omitted the first. This study attempted to fill that gap. Through joint-logit modeling of choice set formation and travel mode choice in three cities-Boston, Massachusetts; Portland, Oregon; and Houston, Texas-the study measured the degree of automobile dependence in the three cities. It also estimated elasticities of automobile dependence and of driving probabilities with respect to land use densification, transit access improvement, and control of motorization. There were large variations in the levels of automobile dependence and their elasticity estimates among the three cities. Public policies aimed at reducing automobile dependenc...
Prevalence and correlates of herpes simplex infections. The population-based AIDS in Multiethnic Neighborhoods Study.

Objective. —To examine the extent and correlates of infection with herpes Simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in an inner-city community, we studied the prevalence of antibodies to these viruses and their association with risk behaviors in a representative sample of unmarried white, black, and Hispanic adults living in San Francisco, Calif. Design. —Cross-sectional, community-based, random household survey. Participants. —In 1988 and 1989, we surveyed 1770 unmarried men and women aged 20 to 44 years from three San Francisco neighborhoods of varying geographic and cultural characteristics. Main Outcome Measures. —HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies based on an immunodot assay using type-specific glycoproteins gG-1 and gG-2. Results. —Of blood samples from 1212 participants available for testing, 750 (62%) had HSV-1 antibodies and 400 (33%) had HSV-2 antibodies. After controlling for other variables, HSV-1 antibody was significantly correlated ( P P Conclusions. —HSV-1 antibodies were found in nearly two thirds of single urban adults and were most common among Hispanics not born in the United States. HSV-2 antibodies were found in one third of this population and were associated with risk behaviors for sexually transmitted diseases. For both facial and genital herpes infections, self-reporting of infection was very insensitive and moderately specific. ( JAMA . 1992;268:1702-1708)
Races of Phytophthora sojae in Arkansas Soybean Fields and Their Effects on Commonly Grown Soybean Cultivars.

ABSTRACT Isolates of Phytophthora sojae were collected during 1995 to 1998 from soil samples collected in 23 Arkansas soybean fields in 14 counties, and characterized by race. A total of seven races (races 2, 10, 14, 15, 24, 26, and 38) were found. Races 10, 24, and 15 were the most common and comprised 47, 22, and 9% of the 32 isolates, respectively. A single isolate each of races 2, 14, 26, and 38 also was found. Three of the isolates collected could not be characterized to race due to inconsistent results. In 1997 and 1998, a portion of a single soybean field at the University of Arkansas Southeast Research and Experiment Center near Rohwer, AR was surveyed intensively for P. sojae. The area was planted each year to the P. sojae-susceptible cv. Williams and both plants and soil were collected to assay for P. sojae from 16 and 28 plots (4.9 by 7.6 m) in 1997 and 1998, respectively. A total of 83 isolates were collected (11 from plants and 72 from soil), and found to represent 13 pathotypes, including 6 ...
Spectral transition parameters for a class of Jacobi matrices

This paper initially considers a class of unbounded Jacobi matrices dened by an increasing sequence of repeated weights. Spectral parameters are then introduced in various ways to allow the authors to study the nature and location of the spectrum as a function of these parameters.
Evidence for glucocorticoid transport through the target cell membrane

Summary Treatment of intact cells from the glucocorticoid-responsive AtT-20/D-1 cell line with neuraminidase or phospholipase A 2 caused a reduction in the ability of these cells to incorporate labeled glucocorticoids. Similar treatments with proteolytic enzymes had no effect on steroid uptake. In contrast, cell-free binding to the cytosol receptor was not affected by neuraminidase or phospholipase A 2 treatment but was abolished by treatment with proteolytic enzymes indicating that the effect on cell uptake was not secondary to an effect on the cytosol receptor. These data suggest that steroid entry into the AtT-20/D-1 cell is mediated by components of the cell membrane which are sensitive to the loss of sialic acid groups or disruption of membrane architecture.
Chronicler: lightweight recording to reproduce field failures

When programs fail in the field, developers are often left with limited information to diagnose the failure. Automated error reporting tools can assist in bug report generation but without precise steps from the end user it is often difficult for developers to recreate the failure. Advanced remote debugging tools aim to capture sufficient information from field executions to recreate failures in the lab but often have too much overhead to practically deploy. We present Chronicler, an approach to remote debugging that captures non-deterministic inputs to applications in a lightweight manner, assuring faithful reproduction of client executions. We evaluated Chronicler by creating a Java implementation, ChroniclerJ, and then by using a set of benchmarks mimicking real world applications and workloads, showing its runtime overhead to be under 10% in most cases (worst case 86%), while an existing tool showed overhead over 100% in the same cases (worst case 2,322%).
Politics and Sex-Related Programs in Urban Schooling:

Very little is known about why urban school districts choose to enact sex-related education and health programs. In this article, the authors test a model explaining such programs using a 1992 Council of Urban Boards of Education survey. They find that the likelihood a school district will offer such programs is significantly affected by perceived local support for the programs, the percentage of women on the school board, the local Hispanic population, local median family income, and district private school enrollment. Measures of need, such as the urban birthrate, do not appear to have a significant effect.
Computer aided applications to injection molding: Transfinite/finite element thermal/stress response formulations

The paper describes two different computational approaches for simulating the effects due to temperature variations and therein the associated thermally induced stresses and warpage with emphasis on computer aided engineering applications to ‘plastic’ components. One approach is the conventional finite element approach, and the other is termed as the transfinite element approach. The development of unified thermal/stress formulations for each of the aforementioned approaches is described for applications to injection molded plastic parts. Results of both computational formulations are in excellent agreement for predicting the thermal response and unified thermal/stress response and agree qualitatively with previous studies. For this study, it is found that the transfinite element formulations are computationally more efficient although the conventional formulations can still be effectively used. Both formulations are capable of serving as powerful computational tools to help part designers to predict the thermal/stress responses accurately and effectively. The unified concepts and approaches offer potential for extension to more complex geometries and for combined heat transfer and stress problems.
Deformation-induced martensite formation and dislocation channeling in neutron-irradiated 316 stainless steel

Abstract The deformed microstructure in 316 stainless steel (316SS) after neutron irradiation in the range of 65–100 °C to 0.78 dpa was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Deformation-induced martensite transformation and dislocation channeling were observed at irradiation dose higher than 0.1 dpa. Estimation of the resolved shear stress (RSS) associated with each dislocation channel indicated a tendency for the RSS and channel width to be greatest when the angle between tensile axis and slip plane normal is around 45°. Furthermore, channel width increased with increasing RSS, indicating that the most extensive localized channel deformation tends to occur at a high RSS level. Deformation-induced martensite phase was found at various strain levels even at room temperature and tends to be exhibited mainly at intersections of channels. This suggests that a very high stress could lead to the γ → α martensite formation by the spreading of a Shockley partial dislocation over successive 〈1 1 1〉fcc planes.
Teaching the German R: A Practical Note for the Classroom Teacher

teaching in their primary schools were willing to wait ten years for final results of the evaluation of the Pilot Scheme. Those who had initially volunteered areas for the Pilot Scheme experiment and were not chosen were given the status of Associated Areas and offered the same training facilities and were able to begin a year later, in September 1965. Since then, and particularly since the language program "En Avant," produced by the Nuffield Foreign Languages Teaching Materials Project, was published in its final revised form, more and more authorities have introduced French from the age of 8 or 9 in their schools. But in most cases the lesson has been learned that the unplanned and haphazard introduction of foreign languages into the primary school can be disastrous. The Pilot Scheme has served a most valuable purpose in establishing a pattern that has influenced most of the local education authorities that have introduced French into the primary schools of their areas. The Pilot Scheme has also shown most convincingly that in the final analysis it is the quality of the teacher as a teacher that counts. Good primary school teachers can, with intensive courses in language, make excellent language teachers at this level and their own enthusiasm and competence will be reflected in their pupils' achievements. eaching in their prima y schools were willing to ait ten years for inal results of the evaluation f the Pilot Scheme. Those who had initially volnte red areas for the Pilot Scheme exp riment d were not chosen w re given the status of Asociated Areas and offered the same training failities and were able to begin a year l ter, in eptember 1965. Since then, and particularly ince the langua e program "En Avant," prouced by the Nuffield Foreign Lan uages Teachg Materials Project, was published in its final evised form, ore and more authorities ave inroduced French from the age of 8 or 9 in their We have learned in Britain that no FLES program can succeed unless there is:
Traitement endovasculaire d'une fistule aorto-duodénale active

Les fistules aorto-digestives necessitent une intervention d'urgence traditionnellement grevee d'une mortalite elevee. Nous rapportons l'observation d'un patient qui presentait une dissection aortique traumatique a la suite d'un accident de la voie publique. Il fut traite par fenestration a ciel ouvert de l'aorte sous-renale et resection intestinale, compliquee d'un sepsis abdominal avec fistules enterocutanees. Un mois plus tard il presenta une hematemese massive, et l'examen endoscopique montrait une fistule aorto-duodenale. En raison d'une paroi abdominale non abordable, une reparation par stentgraft fut realisee. Cet article decrit l'utilisation reussie des techniques endovasculaires pour obtenir l'hemostase immediate d'une fistule aorto-duodenale active. L'approche endovasculaire est une option valable dans les cas ou un abdomen hostile exclut la technique conventionnelle ouverte et peut servir de solution d'attente avant une reparation definitive ulterieure.
The evil of death and the Lucretian symmetry: a reply to Feldman

In previous work we have defended the deprivation account of death’s badness against worries stemming from the Lucretian point that prenatal and posthumous nonexistence are deprivations of the same sort. In a recent article in this journal, Fred Feldman has offered an insightful critique of our Parfitian strategy for defending the deprivation account of death’s badness. Here we adjust, clarify, and defend our strategy for reply to Lucretian worries on behalf of the deprivation account.
Combined deterministic and modified monte carlo method for calculating impulse responses of indoor optical wireless channels

Because of the importance of calculating an accurate impulse response of an indoor optical wireless room environment that includes sufficient orders of multipath reflections from reflecting surfaces of the room, several different algorithms exist to solve the problem of calculating impulse responses accurately and in a reasonable amount of computing time. Deterministic approaches that divide the reflecting surfaces into small elements give the best accuracy but they require high computing time. Modified Monte Carlo methods provide a very fast approach of calculating impulse responses but the calculated impulse responses contain variance or, in other words, they are not as temporally smooth when compared to deterministic approaches. In this paper, we have taken a combined approach where we calculate the contribution of first reflections to the total impulse response by a deterministic method, and then the contributions of second and rest of the reflections to the total impulse response are calculated by the Modified Monte Carlo method. This carries the advantage of both of these approaches. Moreover, the algorithm can be easily implemented for parallel computation similar to the Modified Monte Carlo method to utilize the full power of modern multicore computer processors.
Failed back surgery syndrome: Foreword

The solution to the failed back syndrome will come from the surgeon who masters the technology, the pathology and the surgery and who understands the patient. The back is normally dynamic and the failed back is no longer dynamic. The multimodality approach has validity and requires attention to the brain as well as the local pain site. Neuro-augmentation is a variable but critical component of pain control. Welfare systems that promote disability may undermine successful therapy. Solutions to great problems usually come from men who are passionate, observing and skilful.
Reconnaissance geophysics and geology of the Pinacate craters, Sonora, Mexico

The Pinacate volcanic field of northwest Sonora, Mexico contains eleven tuff-rimmed explosion craters as well as hundreds of cinder cones. A multiphase eruptive and collapse history for each of the craters is evidenced by: cinder cones exposed in cross-section in crater rims, rim-breaking cinder cones, major eccentric vents, erosion hiatuses between tuff deposition, and coalescing craters exhibiting differeng degrees of erosion. Basaltic intrusions occurred along ring fractures and in the center of at least one crater. Magnetic surveys indicate that explosion craters have tuffaceous feeder vents whereas cinder cones have basaltic, highly magnetic plugs. Computer models illustrate that magnetic terrain effects can contribute to anomalies observed associated with craters, and need to be considered where magnetic surveys include irregularities such as rims or peaks.
Interaction of chick oviduct progesterone receptor with immobilized aurintricarboxylic acid

Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) was immobilized on Sepharose 4B via a carbodiimide coupling mechanism. A majority of the chick oviduct progesterone receptor was retained on the affinity resin and could be recovered upon washing the column with buffer containing free ligand or 3 M guanidine-HCl. The [3H]progesterone-receptor complex retained its integrity following the chromatography on ATA-Sepharose as judged by sedimentation analysis. The procedure allowed significant purification of progesterone receptor: SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified preparation revealed elimination of many peptide bands present in the cytosol prior to ATA-Sepharose chromatography. The technique thus has a clear potential in characterization and purification of progesterone receptor.
Potential Replacement of Septic Tank Drain Fields by Artificial Marsh Wastewater Treatment Systemsa

Individual subsurface liquid waste disposal has been cited as a source of ground-water contamination. Wastewater treatment systems using emergent marsh vegetation planted in a gravel substrate in a plastic-lined trench could be used to treat septic tank effluent. A pilot plant treating unchlorinated primary municipal effluent achieved the following reductions in mass: BOD5-77%; COD-71%; orthophosphate–35%; total phosphorus–37%; nitrate–22%; coliform bacteria–99.9%. While such treatment is possible only during the growing season, it could be useful at summer cottages, camping areas, resorts and roadside rest areas. Marsh treatment systems are inexpensive to operate and virtually automatic.
Meningiomas in Children

Objective: Pediatric meningioma is a rare diagnosis. This retrospective review seeks to elucidate pertinent characteristics of pediatric patients presenting with meningioma. <i&g
Photoprotective habits of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus.

Background Previous studies have suggested that patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) are deficient in sunscreen use. Use of other photoprotective methods by patients with CLE has not been assessed to our knowledge. Objective We sought to identify demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with CLE who have the lowest overall sun-protection habits scores, and who are least likely to practice 5 individual photoprotective methods (ie, shade, sunscreen, long sleeves, hat, and sunglasses). Methods A total of 105 patients with CLE at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas completed a survey to evaluate their photoprotective practices. Additional information including demographics and clinical indicators related to CLE was collected from the patients. Results Patients with medium and dark skin (ie, Fitzpatrick skin types III-VI) and patients aged 31 to 50 years were the least likely CLE subgroups to practice overall photoprotection, as indicated by low sun-protection habits scores ( P = .001 and P = .04, respectively). In terms of individual photoprotective methods, male patients with CLE were deficient in sunscreen use, but were more likely to wear hats than female patients with CLE. Sunscreen and sunglasses use was also significantly more infrequent in dark-skinned patients than those with Fitzpatrick skin types I to IV. Patients with CLE between the ages of 41 and 50 years were least likely to wear hats. Limitations This study was subject to reporter bias and did not cover barriers to and knowledge of photoprotection. Conclusion Cultural customs and misconceptions shared by those from the general population have a significant influence on the photoprotective habits of this CLE population. These need to be addressed to improve photoprotection rates in these at-risk individuals.
Robust Sideslip Angle Estimation for Over-Actuated Electric Vehicles: A Linear Parameter Varying System Approach

A new estimation method for estimating the vehicle sideslip angle, mainly based on a linear parameter varying (LPV) model with independently estimated tire friction forces, is proposed for electric ground vehicles (EGVs) with four independent in-wheel motors. By utilizing the individual wheel dynamics, the longitudinal ground friction force is estimated from a PID observer based on a descriptor linear system approach. Moreover, the lateral ground friction force for each wheel is estimated through the friction ellipse relationship given the estimated longitudinal friction force, without relying on explicit tire models. Since the estimation errors of friction forces may bring parameter uncertainty for the LPV system, robust analysis with desired H-infinity performance is given for the observer design of the LPV modeling. This method is specially proposed for large tire slip angles and lateral friction forces. Simulation results for different maneuvers validate this novel sideslip angle estimation method.© 2013 ASME
Thermocapillary migration of a liquid drop normal to a plane surface

Abstract The quasistatic thermocapillary migration of a liquid drop normal to a plane rigid or a free liquid surface is analyzed using bispherical coordinates. Results for the ratio of the drop speed in the vicinity of the surface to the speed when isolated are calculated and presented for both rigid and free surfaces. The results illustrate that drops of sufficiently high thermal conductivity compared to that of the continuous phase can move more rapidly in the presence of a free surface than when isolated. An explanation of this surprising observation is given. Also, representative streamlines which exhibit interesting flow patterns are presented and discussed.
Magnitude of a catastrophic flood event at Kasei Valles, Mars

Kasei Valles compose an enormous outflow-channel system on Mars. The upper part of the channel system is typically less than 1 km deep and descends from Echus Chasma about 1 km over a distance of 1000 km; it then splits into north and south channels. On the basis of a stereomodel of Viking images, we have measured the geometry of a steep, constricted reach of the north channel that drops 900 m in only 100 km. A late-stage flood is hypothesized to have scoured the channel. If we assume that channel striations indicate water levels, then the flood had a minimum cross-sectional area of 3.12 x 10 7 m 2 (the putative flood had a width of 83 km, an average depth of 374 m, and maximum depth of 1280 m). These channel measurements suggest that flood velocities ranged from 32 to 75 m⋅s -1 and that discharge was greater than 1 km 3 ⋅s -1 , values larger than those calculated for any other flood event on Mars or Earth. The flood maintained supercritical flow and caused intense erosion in this area, scouring a 350-m-deep megapothole. The source of the flood water may have been a temporary lake in Echus Chasma, a deep canyon formed in association with tectonism at Valles Marineris.
Intrinsic pKas of ionizable residues in proteins: an explicit solvent calculation for lysozyme.

Molecular dynamics simulations of triclinic hen egg white lysozyme in aqueous solution were performed to calculate the intrinsic pKas of 14 ionizable residues. An all-atom model was used for both solvent and solute, and a single 180 ps simulation in conjunction with a Gaussian fluctuation analysis method was used. An advantage of the Gaussian fluctuation method is that it only requires a single simulation of the system in a reference state to calculate all the pKas in the protein, in contrast to multiple simulations for the free energy perturbation method. pKint shifts with respect to reference titratable residues were evaluated and compared to results obtained using a finite difference Poisson-Boltzmann (FDPB) method with a continuum solvent model; overall agreement with the direction of the shifts was generally observed, though the magnitude of the shifts was typically larger with the explicit solvent model. The contribution of the first solvation shell to the total charging free energies of the titratable groups was explicitly evaluated and found to be significant. Dielectric shielding between pairs of titratable groups was examined and found to be smaller than expected. The effect of the approximations used to treat the long-range interactions on the pKint shifts is discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A novel methodology to reproduce previously recorded six-degree of freedom kinematics on the same diarthrodial joint

The objective of this study was to develop a novel method to more accurately reproduce previously recorded 6-DOF kinematics of the tibia with respect to the femur using robotic technology. Furthermore, the effect of performing only a single or multiple registrations and the effect of robot joint configuration were investigated. A single registration consisted of registering the tibia and femur with respect to the robot at full extension and reproducing all kinematics while multiple registrations consisted of registering the bones at each flexion angle and reproducing only the kinematics of the corresponding flexion angle. Kinematics of the knee in response to an anterior (134 N) and combined internal/external (+/-10 N m) and varus/valgus (+/-5 N m) loads were collected at 0 degrees , 15 degrees , 30 degrees , 60 degrees , and 90 degrees of flexion. A six axes, serial-articulated robotic manipulator (PUMA Model 762) was calibrated and the working volume was reduced to improve the robot's accuracy. The effect of the robot joint configuration was determined by performing single and multiple registrations for three selected configurations. For each robot joint configuration, the accuracy in position of the reproduced kinematics improved after multiple registrations (0.7+/-0.3, 1.2+/-0.5, and 0.9+/-0.2 mm, respectively) when compared to only a single registration (1.3+/-0.9, 2.0+/-1.0, and 1.5+/-0.7 mm, respectively) (p<0.05). The accuracy in position of each robot joint configuration was unique as significant differences were detected between each of the configurations. These data demonstrate that the number of registrations and the robot joint configuration both affect the accuracy of the reproduced kinematics. Therefore, when using robotic technology to reproduce previously recorded kinematics, it may be necessary to perform these analyses for each individual robotic system and for each diarthrodial joint, as different joints will require the robot to be placed in different robot joint configurations.
How realistic is photorealistic

Computer graphics rendering software is capable of generating highly photorealistic images that can be impossible to differentiate from photographic images. As a result, the unique stature of photographs as a definitive recording of events is being diminished (the ease with which digital images can be manipulated is, of course, also contributing to this demise). To this end, we describe a method for differentiating between photorealistic and photographic images. Specifically, we show that a statistical model based on first-order and higher order wavelet statistics reveals subtle but significant differences between photorealistic and photographic images.
Design Study of a Superconducting Radiofrequency Beam Separator

A design study of a superconducting RF beam separator suitable for counter beams is presented. A simple two-deflector separation scheme permits one-contaminant rejection in momentum ranges from 8.5 to 19 GeV/c for P and ? beams and from 4.5 to 10 GeV/c for K beams. The operating wavelength ? = 24 cm was obtained by optimizing the transmission of wanted particles. An interdeflector spacing of L = 33 m follows. The geometrical configuration of the lead-coated iris-loaded structure is selected for highest bandwidth which is obtained when the ratio of aperture radius and wavelength is close to 0.2. The maximum deflecting field in the 3 m long resonant ring deflector is limited to about 7 MV/m. The superconducting structure is expected to have a shunt impedance of R ? 1012 ?/m and an unloaded quality factor of Qo ? 1.5 × 109. The ensuing RF power requirements are discussed.
Snow-Mediated Ptarmigan Browsing and Shrub Expansion in Arctic Alaska

Large, late-winter ptarmigan migrations heavily impact the shoot, plant, and patch architecture of shrubs that remain above the snow surface. Ptarmigan browsing on arctic shrubs was assessed in the vicinity of Toolik Lake, on the north side of the Brooks Range in Alaska. Data were collected in early May 2007, at maximum snow depth, after the bulk of the ptarmigan migration had passed through the area. In an area of tall shrubs, half of the buds on Salix alaxensis were browsed by ptarmigan. Three percent of the buds that were buried beneath the snow were browsed, 90% of the buds that were less than 30 cm above the maximum snow level were browsed, and 45% of the buds above that height were browsed. Ptarmigan browsing was found to be a major height limiter for tall shrubs, thereby controlling shrub architecture by brooming stems at the snow surface and inducing stump shoots. These results were qualitatively extrapolated by photographing shrub morphology over a region approximately 300 km wide across a series of north-flowing arctic rivers with headwaters in the Brooks Range. Ptarmigan “hedging” of shrub patches, and shrub growth under a warmer climate, are opposing forces mediated by snow distribution.
Proximal Region of the Gene Encoding Cytadherence-Related Protein Permits Molecular Typing of Mycoplasma genitalium Clinical Strains by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the PCR-amplified proximal region of the gene encoding cytadherence accessory protein P110 (MG192) revealed DNA sequence divergences among 54 Mycoplasma genitalium clinical strains isolated from the genitourinary tracts of women attending a sexually transmitted disease-related health clinic, plus one from the respiratory tract and one from synovial fluid. Seven of 56 (12.5%) strains exhibited RFLPs following digestion of the proximal region with restriction endonuclease MboI or RsaI, or both. No sequence variability was detected in the distal portion of the gene.
4D CT image acquisition errors in SBRT of liver identified using correlation.

the imaging modality of 4D CT and respiration-correlated CT was declared a “promising solution for obtaining high-quality CT data in the presence of respiratory motion”. To gather anatomically correct data over time, the existence of correlation between the internal organ movement and an external surrogate has to be assumed. For the in-house evaluation of such correlation, we retrospectively analyzed 21 four-dimensional computer tomography (4D CT) scans of five patients, out of which the artifacts experienced in three patients are shown here. To provide context and a baseline for the analysis of patient motion, a real-tissue liver phantom was used with a solid water block and liver tissue. The superior–inferior motion of fiducials in phantom and patients was correlated to the recorded anterior–posterior motion of an external surrogate marker on the chest. The use of a solid water block yielded a measurable correlation coefficient of 0.98 or better using a sinusoidal animation pattern. With sinusoidally-animated liver tissue, the minimum correlation observed was 0.96. Comparing this to retrospec-tive patient data, we found three cases of a change in the correlation coefficient, or simply a low correlation. The source of this low correlation was investigated by careful examination of the breathing traces and the CT-phase assignments used to reconstruct the datasets. Consequences of nonregular breathing are elabo-rated on. We demonstrate the impact of wrong phase assignments and missing image information in the 4D CT phase sampling processes. We also show how daily patient-based correlation analysis can indicate changes in breathing traces, which can be significant enough to decrease, or completely eliminate, previously existing correlation. PACS numbers: 87.57.-s, 87.57.Q-, 87.57.cp, 87.57.N-, 87.55.Qr Key words: 4D CT, patient breathing, liver motion, internal fiducials
Utility of the cleft lift procedure in refractory pilonidal disease.

Abstract Background Refractory pilonidal disease is a problem. We wished to show the utility of the cleft lift procedure in solving nonhealing. Methods We selected a subset of challenging cases for this study. The subset included all patients referred with persistent open wounds despite at least 2 prior pilonidal surgeries elsewhere. Results The 69 patients had undergone 223 surgeries (average, 3) and endured open wounds for a sum of 365 years (average, 5). All patients we contacted were healed after a single cleft lift surgery with 3 exceptions. Two patients required 2 lifts before healing and 1 patient required 3 lifts. Conclusions The cleft lift procedure gave excellent results in patients with refractory pilonidal disease.
Collateral Growth and Angiogenesis Around Cortical Stroke

Background and Purpose— We tested the hypothesis that there are significant long-term local vascular changes after ministroke that could form a basis for functional recovery. Methods— A 6- to 8-mm cranial window was opened over the barrel cortex, which was identified by an intrinsic optical signal during mechanical stimulation of the whiskers in anesthetized female Wistar rats. Branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) to this region were ligated. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) transits were recorded by videomicroscopy in each rat just before, immediately after, and 30 days after ligation. Changes in surface vessels and parenchymal perfusion were measured. In similarly prepared rats, angiogenesis was identified by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine labeling and immunohistochemistry for the integrin family member αvβ3. Results— The intrinsic optical signal disappeared immediately after MCA ligations. FITC injection just after ligation demonstrated 3 concentric regions: 1 region of unchanged perfusion, surroundin...
Redesigning a Fashion History Course Through Team-Based Learning:

In order to more deeply engage students in understanding and applying concepts in a fashion history course, the traditional lecture-style course that relied primarily on unit exams for assessment w...
Semiparametric maximum likelihood inference by using failed contact attempts to adjust for nonignorable nonresponse

In marketing research, social science and epidemiological studies, call-back of nonrespondents is standard. If respondents and nonrespondents tend to give different answers, the missing data are called nonignorable, and using them alone may produce biased results. To extend earlier work on nonresponse in the presence of call-backs, Alho (1990) proposed modelling the probability of response at each attempt through logistic regression, where outcomes of interest and covariates are explanatory variables. In this paper we propose a semiparametric maximum likelihood approach, and discuss large-sample properties and the semiparametric likelihood ratio statistic used to test whether the data are missing completely at random. Simulations are conducted to evaluate this approach and a modification of the method of Alho (1990). Data from the National Health Interview Survey are used for illustration.
Ozonesonde measurements at Hilo, Hawaii following the eruption of Pinatubo

Ozonesonde measurements at Hilo, Hawaii (20°N), after the eruption of Pinatubo in June 1991, are compared to measurements made there from 1985 to 1990 in order to investigate possible volcanic effects. The general nature of the ozone anomalies in 1991–92 can be summarized as lower than normal ozone below about 25 km and higher than normal ozone above. The net result was that total ozone was somewhat lower than average and, during late 1992, was as low as recorded in 1982, following the eruption of El Chichon. Elevated temperatures in the region of the volcanic aerosol layer and upward motion of the aerosol layer were observed at Hilo following the eruption. Although the nature of the perturbed ozone profile may be the result of enhanced upward motion associated with volcanic aerosol particle heating, and the coupling of quasi-biennial oscillation effects, the persistent nature of the perturbation, still present more than a year after the eruption, is not easily explained.