cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Shape Classification Using Bayesian Aggregation

In 3D shape classification scenarios with classes arranged in a hierarchy from most general to most specific, the use of an independent classifier for each class can produce predictions that are inconsistent with the parent-child relationships of the hierarchy. To be consistent, an example shape must not be assigned to a class unless it is also assigned to its parent class. This paper presents a Bayesian framework for combining multiple classifiers based on a class hierarchy. Given a set of independent classifiers for an arbitrary type of shape descriptor, we combine their possibly inconsistent predictions in our Bayesian framework to obtain the most probable consistent set of predictions. Such error correction is expected to improve accuracy on the overall classification by utilizing the structure of the hierarchy. Our experiments show that over the 170-class hierarchical Princeton Shape Benchmark using the Spherical Harmonic Descriptor (SHD) our algorithm improves the classification accuracy of the majority of classes, in comparison to independent classifiers. Our method is also more effective than straightforward heuristics for correcting hierarchical inconsistencies.
Many-body Coulomb gauge exotic and charmed hybrids

Abstract Utilizing an effective QCD Coulomb gauge Hamiltonian with linear confinement specified by lattice, we report a relativistic many-body calculation for the light exotic and charmed hybrid mesons. The Hamiltonian successfully describes both quark and gluon sectors, with vacuum and quasiparticle properties generated by a BCS transformation and more elaborate TDA and RPA diagonalizations for the meson ( q q ) and glueball (gg) masses. Hybrids entail a computationally intense relativistic three quasiparticle ( q q g ) calculation with the 9-dimensional Hamiltonian matrix elements evaluated variationally by Monte Carlo techniques. Our new TDA (RPA) spectrum for the nonexotic 1−− charmed ( c c and c c g ) system provides an explanation for the overpopulation of the observed J/ψ states. For the important 1−+ light exotic channel we obtain hybrid masses above 2 GeV, in broad agreement with lattice and flux tube models, indicating that the recently observed resonances at 1.4 and 1.6 GeV are of different, perhaps four quark, structure.
Computing points of bounded height in projective space over a number field

We construct an algorithm for solving the following problem: given a number field $K$, a positive integer $N$, and a positive real number $B$, determine all points in $\mathbb P^N(K)$ having relative height at most $B$. A theoretical analysis of the efficiency of the algorithm is provided, as well as sample computations showing how the algorithm performs in practice. Two variants of the method are described, and examples are given to compare their running times. In the case $N=1$ we compare our method to an earlier algorithm for enumerating elements of bounded height in number fields.
Epidemiology of Lung Cancer

In the United States, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women even though an extensive list of risk factors has been well-characterized. Far and away the most important cause of lung cancer is exposure to tobacco smoke through active or passive smoking. The reductions in smoking prevalence in men that occurred in the late 1960s through the 1980s will continue to drive the lung cancer mortality rates downward in men during the first portion of this century. This favorable trend will not persist unless further reductions in smoking prevalence are achieved.
From 1 → 3 dendritic designs to fractal supramacromolecular constructs: understanding the pathway to the Sierpiński gasket

The iterative synthetic protocols used for dendrimer construction were developed based on the desire to easily craft highly branched macromolecules with ideally an exact mass and tailored functionality. Inspired by arboreal design and precursors of the utilitarian macromolecules known as dendrimers today, our first examples employed predesigned, 1 → 3 or 1 → (1 + 2) C-branched, building blocks. Physical characteristics of the dendrimers, including their globular shapes, excellent solubility, and demonstrated aggregation, revealed the inherent supramolecular potential. The architecture that is characteristic of dendritic materials also exhibits obvious fractal qualities based on self-similar, repetitive, branched frameworks. Thus, both the fractal design and supramolecular aspects of these constructs are suggestive of a larger field of fractal materials that incorporate repeating geometries and are derived by complementary building block recognition and assembly. Use of 〈terpyridine–M2+–terpyridine〉 connectivity for the sides and tuned directed organic vertices has opened the door to other types of novel materials. This approach also circumvents the nonideality of dendrimers, since the heteroleptic, one-step, spontaneous self-assembly process facilitates quantitative outcomes.
Inspirations, Discoveries, and Future Perspectives in Total Synthesis

The last one hundred years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the power and reach of total synthesis. The pantheon of accomplishments in the field includes the total synthesis of molecules of unimaginable beauty and diversity such as the four discussed in this article: endiandric acids (1982), calicheamicin gamma(1)(I) (1992), Taxol (1994), and brevetoxin B (1995). Chosen from the collection of the molecules synthesized in the author's laboratories, these structures are but a small fraction of the myriad constructed in laboratories around the world over the last century. Their stories, and the background on which they were based, should serve to trace the evolution of the art of chemical synthesis to its present sharp condition, an emergence that occurred as a result of new theories and mechanistic insights, new reactions, new reagents and catalysts, and new synthetic technologies and strategies. Indeed, the advent of chemical synthesis as a whole must be considered as one of the most influential developments of the twentieth century in terms of its impact on society.
Multi-User Diversity with Random Number of Users

Multi-user diversity (MUD) is considered when the number of users in the system is random. Average throughput of a MUD system is shown to have a completely monotone derivative with respect to (deterministic) number of users. Following this, randomization of number of users is shown to give degraded throughput averaged across the number of users distribution. Using stochastic ordering theory, a framework for comparison of performance for different user distributions is provided. For Poisson distributed number of users communicating over Rayleigh faded channels, long-term average throughput is shown to scale as a double logarithmic function of average number of users.
Learning Applied to Successive Approximation Algorithms

A linear reinforcement learning technique is proposed to provide a memory and thus accelerate the convergence of successive approximation algorithms. The learning scheme is used to update weighting coefficients applied to the components of the correction terms of the algorithm. A direction of the search approaching the direction of a "ridge" will result in a gradient peak-seeking method which accelerates considerably the convergence to a neighborhood of the extremum. In a stochastic approximation algorithm the learning scheme provides the required memory to establish a consistent direction or search insensitive to perturbations introduced by the random variables involved. The accelerated algorithms and the respective proofs of convergence are presented. Illustrative examples demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithms.
Consecutive-Photo Method to Measure Vapor Volume Flow Rate During Boiling From a Wire Immersed in Saturated Liquid

A photographic measurement technique is developed to quantify the vapor volume flow rate departing from a wire during boiling. The vapor flow rate is determined by measuring the volume of bubbles after departure from the boiling surface in consecutive frames of high-speed video. The measurement technique is more accurate and easier to implement than a previously developed photographic/laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) method. Use of the high-speed camera in place of a standard video camera eliminates the requirement for LDA-acquired bubble velocity measure-ments. The consecutive-photo method requires relatively few video images to be analyzed to obtain steady-state vapor volume flow rates. The volumetric flow rate data are used to calculate the latent heat transfer and, indirectly, sensible heat transfer which comprise the nucleate boiling heat flux. The measurement technique is applied to a 75-μm diameter platinum wire immersed in saturated FC-72
Integrated Quality and Quantity Modeling of a Production Line

During the past three decades, the success of the Toyota Production System has spurred much research in manufacturing systems engineering. Productivity and quality have been extensively studied, but there is little research in their intersection. The goal of this paper is to analyze how production system design, quality, and productivity are inter-related in small production systems. We develop a new Markov process model for machines with both quality and operational failures, and we identify important differences between types of quality failures. We also develop models for two-machine systems, with infinite buffers, buffers of size zero, and finite buffers. We calculate total production rate, effective production rate (ie, the production rate of good parts), and yield. Numerical studies using these models show that when the first machine has quality failures and the inspection occurs only at the second machine, there are cases in which the effective production rate increases as buffer sizes increase, and there are cases in which the effective production rate decreases for larger buffers. We propose extensions to larger systems.
Preparation of β-Keto Esters and β-Diketones by C-Acylation/Deacetylation of Acetoacetic Esters and Acetonyl Ketones with 1-Acylbenzotriazoles

Acyl-, aroyl-, and heteroaroyl-acetic esters 6a−f and 8a−l are prepared by reactions of 1-acylbenzotriazoles 1a−k with acetoacetic esters 5 or 7a,b in the presence of sodium hydride followed by regioselective deacetylation. Similar C-acylation/deacetylation of acetylacetone and benzoylacetone affords β-diketones 10a−d and 13a−c, respectively.
Oxidatively induced abstraction reactions. A synthetic approach to low-coordinate and reactive early transition metal complexes containing metal-ligand multiple bonds.

A library of low-coordinate titanium and vanadium complexes containing terminal metal−ligand multiply bonded functionalities such as alkylidenes, alkylidynes, and imides have been prepared by one-electron oxidatively induced α-hydrogen abstraction reactions. In the case of the alkylidene motif, the nucleophilic nature of the M−C multiple bond permits subsequent reactions such as α-hydrogen migration to generate other rare functionalities such as phosphinidene−alkyl and imide−alkyls. Identifying and fine-tuning of the supporting ancillary ligand on the metal has allowed the isolation of kinetically stable titanium alkylidene and phosphinidene systems. The former is a key functionality to generate transient titanium alkylidynes, which readily engage in intermolecular C−H activation reactions of arenes and alkanes, and the ring-opening metathesis of aromatic substrates such as pyridines. In this Account, we describe several synthetic strategies to achieve reactive functionalities, functionalities that were p...
A flit level simulator for wormhole routing

Wormhole routing, the latest switching technique to be utilized by massively parallel computers, enjoys the distinct advantage of a low latency when compared to other switching techniques. More simulation tools would prove beneficial to the communication research community to aid in evaluating wormhole routed algorithms. These tools should reveal the optimum use of the network resources, which will allow for new algorithms to be compared against previously proven algorithms. Some of these resources include topology, buffers, virtual channels, and message size. The contribution of this research is a simulator that simulates network activity for three selected wormhole routed algorithms. The simulator provides an optimal network setting for each of the three simulated algorithms. The simulator will allow for settings other than reported in the literature. Thus allowing for new results for each algorithm to be achieved. Experimental results with various settings will be shown, to coincide with previous observations that will substantiate the integrity of the simulator. These results will then be used to deduce an optimal setting for each algorithm. These settings differ from previous reports in the literature for each algorithm.
Double Surprise into Higher Future Returns

Post-earnings-announcement drift is the well-documented ability of earnings surprises to predict future stock returns. Despite nearly four decades of research, little has been written about the importance of how earnings surprise is actually measured. We compare the magnitude of the drift when historical time-series data are used to estimate earnings surprise with the magnitude when analyst forecasts are used. We show that the drift is significantly larger when analyst forecasts are used. Furthermore, we show that using the two models together does a better job of predicting future stock returns than using either model alone.
Issues of Chaos and Recurrence in Infinite Dimensions

Various issues with regard to chaos and recurrence in infinite dimensions are discussed. The doctrine we are trying to derive is that Sobolev spaces over bounded spatial domains do host chaos and recurrence, while Sobolev spaces over unbounded spatial domains are lack of chaos and recurrence. Local Sobolev spaces over unbounded spatial domains can host chaos and are natural phase spaces e.g. for fluid problems, but are very challenging to study.
Electrical generation of spin in crystals with reduced symmetry

We propose a simple way of evaluating the bulk spin generation of an arbitrary crystal with a known band structure in the strong spin-orbit coupling limit. We show that, in the presence of an electric field, there exists an intrinsic torque term which gives rise to a nonzero spin generation rate. Using methods similar to those of recent experiments which measure spin polarization in semiconductors, this spin generation rate should be experimentally observable. The wide applicability of this effect is emphasized by explicit consideration of a range of examples: bulk wurtzite and strained zinc-blende ($n$-GaAs) lattices, as well as quantum well heterojunction systems.
Causal Inference in Hybrid Intervention Trials Involving Treatment Choice

Randomized allocation of treatments is a cornerstone of experimental design but has drawbacks when a limited set of individuals are willing to be randomized, or the act of randomization undermines the success of the treatment. Choice-based experimental designs allow a subset of the participants to choose their treatments. We discuss here causal inferences for hybrid experimental designs in which some participants are randomly allocated to treatments and others receive their treatment preference. This work was motivated by the Women Take Pride (WTP) study, a doubly randomized preference trial (DRPT) that assessed behavioral interventions for women with heart disease. We propose a model for estimating the causal effects in the subpopulations defined by treatment preferences, and thus preference effects. We describe an EM algorithm for computing maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters. We illustrate the method by analyzing sickness impact profile (SIP) scores and treatment adherence in the WTP d...
Whole-Body Human Thermal Modeling, an Alternative to Immersion in Cold Water and Other Unpleasant Endeavors

The human thermal regulatory system is remarkable. It allows humans to live under environmental temperatures that range from −45 °C in Arctic regions to + 50 °C in the Saharan desert, while maintaining the temperature of critical organs within ± 1 °C of 37 °C, without employing heating and cooling systems that we now take for granted. Of course, that requires building suitable shelters and wearing appropriate clothing, but it is still quite remarkable.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Firms' Heterogeneous Sensitivities to the Business Cycle, and the Cross-Section of Expected Returns

Note to the reviewer: I am currently in the middle of a major revision of this paper. That is why in some places the paper is unfinished. Since this paper is due to be presented at a conference on firm dynamics in late April, I believe it will be greatly improved by the Summer. Abstract: In this paper, I propose and test a simple technology-based theory of firms' sensitivities to aggregate shocks. I show that when the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor is below unity, low profitability firms are more sensitive to aggregate shocks, i.e. to the business cycle. Since the wage is smoother than productivity, revenues are more procyclical than costs, making profits, the residual procyclical. Firms with low profitability are more procyclical since the residual is smaller and the amplification greater. I study the asset pricing implications of this technology and find that it can explain the riskiness of small and "value" firms (Fama and French 1996). These firms are less profitable and are thus more procyclical. I find empirically that the cross-section of expected returns is well explained by differences in sensitivities of firms' earnings to GDP growth, or by differences in profitability. The model yields rich empirical implications by linking a firm's real behavior (the elasticity of output, employment and profits to an aggregate shock) to its financial characteristics (the firm's betas and its average return). I next embed my partial equilibrium model in a full DSGE model to conduct a GE analysis. Empirically I show that firms with low margins are indeed more sensitive to the business cycle in their employment, sales or profits.
Pervious concrete with titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst compound for a greener urban road environment

Abstract The United States is facing the problem of controlling air pollution from vehicle emissions, especially in growing urban areas. This study investigates the photocatalytic effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) applied onto pervious concrete pavement to remove some of these pollutants from the air, so that pervious concrete pavement can be installed for two sustainable applications: storm water management and air pollutant removal. The photocatalyst, TiO2, activates with UV radiation to oxidize air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study compared different methods to apply TiO2 onto the surface of pervious concrete and measured the photocatalytic activity of the concrete, the infiltrating characteristics of the pervious concrete, and its ability to withstand environmental impact. High pollutant reductions were seen with a driveway protector mix, a commercial water-based TiO2 preparation, TiO2 in water, a cement–water slurry with low cement concentration, and the commercial PURETI coating. It was found that nitrogen oxide (NO) was efficiently removed with each of these treatments, while VOCs displayed more variability in removal efficiency. Different coating methods can cause different degree of infiltration rate reduction depending on the specific design of coating materials while none of the application methods decreased the infiltration rates below levels applicable for standard hydrological design. When pervious concrete was compared to traditional concrete, pervious concrete showed higher NO reductions.
Large-eddy simulation study of the logarithmic law for second- and higher-order moments in turbulent wall-bounded flow

The logarithmic law for the mean velocity in turbulent boundary layers has long provided a valuable and robust reference for comparison with theories, models and large-eddy simulations (LES) of wall-bounded turbulence. More recently, analysis of high-Reynolds-number experimental boundary-layer data has shown that also the variance and higher-order moments of the streamwise velocity fluctuations u ′+ display logarithmic laws. Such experimental observations motivate the question whether LES can accurately reproduce the variance and the higher-order moments, in particular their logarithmic dependency on distance to the wall. In this study we perform LES of very high-Reynolds-number wall-modelled channel flow and focus on profiles of variance and higher-order moments of the streamwise velocity fluctuations. In agreement with the experimental data, we observe an approximately logarithmic law for the variance in the LES, with a ‘Townsend–Perry’ constant of A 1 ≈1.25 . The LES also yields approximate logarithmic laws for the higher-order moments of the streamwise velocity. Good agreement is found between A p , the generalized ‘Townsend–Perry’ constants for moments of order 2p , from experiments and simulations. Both are indicative of sub-Gaussian behaviour of the streamwise velocity fluctuations. The near-wall behaviour of the variance, the ranges of validity of the logarithmic law and in particular possible dependencies on characteristic length scales such as the roughness length z 0 , the LES grid scale Δ , and subgrid scale mixing length C s Δ are examined. We also present LES results on moments of spanwise and wall-normal fluctuations of velocity
Asymmetry in first‐price auctions with affiliated private values

Collusion and heterogeneity across firms may introduce asymmetry in bidding games. A major difficulty in asymmetric auctions is that the Bayesian Nash equilibrium strategies are solutions of an intractable system of differential equations. We propose a simple method for estimating asymmetric first-price auctions with affiliated private values. Considering two types of bidders, we show that these differential equations can be rewritten using the observed bid distribution. We establish the identification of the model, characterize its theoretical restrictions, and propose a two-step non-parametric estimation procedure for estimating the private value distributions. An empirical analysis of joint bidding in OCS auctions is provided. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Paradox of Meritocracy in Organizations

In this article, we develop and empirically test the theoretical argument that when an organizational culture promotes meritocracy (compared with when it does not), managers in that organization ma...
Halo concentration and the dark matter power spectrum

We explore the connection between halo concentration and the dark matter power spectrum using the halo model. We fit halo model parameters to non-linear power spectra over a large range of cosmological models. We find that the non-linear evolution of the power spectrum generically prefers the concentration at non-linear mass scale to decrease with the effective slope of the linear power spectrum, in agreement with the direct analysis of the halo structure in different cosmological models. Using these analyses, we compute the predictions for the non-linear power spectrum beyond the current resolution of N-body simulations. We find that the halo model predictions are generically below the analytical non-linear models, suggesting that the latter may overestimate the amount of power on small scales.
How gravitational-wave observations can shape the gamma-ray burst paradigm

By reaching through shrouding blastwaves, efficiently discovering off-axis events and probing the central engine at work, gravitational wave (GW) observations will soon revolutionize the study of gamma-ray bursts. Already, analyses of GW data targeting gamma-ray bursts have helped constrain the central engines of selected events. Advanced GW detectors with significantly improved sensitivities are under construction. After outlining the GW emission mechanisms from gamma-ray burst progenitors (binary coalescences, stellar core collapses, magnetars and others) that may be detectable with advanced detectors, we review how GWs will improve our understanding of gamma-ray burst central engines, their astrophysical formation channels and the prospects and methods for different search strategies. We place special emphasis on multimessenger searches. To achieve the most scientific benefit, GW, electromagnetic and neutrino observations should be combined to provide greater discriminating power and science reach.
Radical-mediated thiodesulfonylation of the vinyl sulfones: access to (α-fluoro)vinyl sulfides

Radical-mediated thiodesulfonylation of the vinyl and (α-fluoro)vinyl sulfones, derived from aldehydes and ketones, with aryl thiols in organic or aqueous medium provided access to vinyl and (α-fluoro)vinyl sulfides. The vinyl sulfides were formed predominantly with E stereochemistry independent of the stereochemistry of the starting vinyl sulfones.
Persistent Antigen and Prolonged AKT–mTORC1 Activation Underlie Memory CD8 T Cell Impairment in the Absence of CD4 T Cells

Recall responses by memory CD8 T cells are impaired in the absence of CD4 T cells. Although several mechanisms have been proposed, the molecular basis is still largely unknown. Using a local influenza virus infection in the respiratory tract and the lung of CD4(-/-) mice, we show that memory CD8 T cell impairment is limited to the lungs and the lung-draining lymph nodes, where viral Ags are unusually persistent and abundant in these mice. Persistent Ag exposure results in prolonged activation of the AKT-mTORC1 pathway in Ag-specific CD8 T cells, favoring their development into effector memory T cells at the expense of central memory T cells, and inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin largely corrects the impairment by promoting central memory T cell development. The findings suggest that the prolonged AKT-mTORC1 activation driven by persistent Ag is a critical mechanism underlying the impaired memory CD8 T cell development and responses in the absence of CD4 T cells.
Implications of recent measurements of the Milky Way rotation for the orbit of the Large Magellanic Cloud

We examine the implications of recent measurements of the Milky Way (MW) rotation for the trajectory of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). The ∼14 ± 6 per cent increase in the MW circular velocity relative to the International Astronomical Union (IAU) standard of 220 km s−1 changes the qualitative nature of the inferred LMC orbit. Instead of the LMC being gravitationally unbound, as has been suggested based on a recent measurement of its proper motion, we find that the past orbit of the LMC is naturally confined within the virial boundary of the MW. The orbit is not as tightly bound as in models derived before the LMC proper motion was measured.
Valuative invariants for polymatroids

Many important invariants for matroids and polymatroids, such as the Tutte polynomial, the Billera-Jia-Reiner quasi-symmetric function, and the invariant $\mathcal{G}$ introduced by the first author, are valuative. In this paper we construct the $\mathbb{Z}$-modules of all $\mathbb{Z}$-valued valuative functions for labelled matroids and polymatroids on a fixed ground set, and their unlabelled counterparts, the $\mathbb{Z}$-modules of valuative invariants. We give explicit bases for these modules and for their dual modules generated by indicator functions of polytopes, and explicit formulas for their ranks. Our results confirm a conjecture of the first author that $\mathcal{G}$ is universal for valuative invariants.
Differentiation of prostate cancer from normal tissue in radical prostatectomy specimens by desorption electrospray ionization and touch spray ionization mass spectrometry

Radical prostatectomy is a common treatment option for prostate cancer before it has spread beyond the prostate. Examination for surgical margins is performed post-operatively with positive margins reported to occur in 6.5–32% of cases. Rapid identification of cancerous tissue during surgery could improve surgical resection. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is an ambient ionization method which produces mass spectra dominated by lipid signals directly from prostate tissue. With the use of multivariate statistics, these mass spectra can be used to differentiate cancerous and normal tissue. The method was applied to 100 samples from 12 human patients to create a training set of MS data. The quality of the discrimination achieved was evaluated using principal component analysis – linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) and confirmed by histopathology. Cross validation (PCA-LDA) showed >95% accuracy. An even faster and more convenient method, touch spray (TS) mass spectrometry, not previously tested to differentiate diseased tissue, was also evaluated by building a similar MS data base characteristic of tumor and normal tissue. An independent set of 70 non-targeted biopsies from six patients was then used to record lipid profile data resulting in 110 data points for an evaluation dataset for TS-MS. This method gave prediction success rates measured against histopathology of 93%. These results suggest that DESI and TS could be useful in differentiating tumor and normal prostate tissue at surgical margins and that these methods should be evaluated intra-operatively.
A Model-Theoretic Framework for Theories of Syntax

A natural next step in the evolution of constraint-based grammar formalisms from rewriting formalisms is to abstract fully away from the details of the grammar mechanism---to express syntactic theories purely in terms of the properties of the class of structures they license. By focusing on the structural properties of languages rather than on mechanisms for generating or checking structures that exhibit those properties, this model-theoretic approach can offer simpler and significantly clearer expression of theories and can potentially provide a uniform formalization, allowing disparate theories to be compared on the basis of those properties. We discuss L2K, P, a monadic second-order logical framework for such an approach to syntax that has the distinctive virtue of being superficially expressive---supporting direct statement of most linguistically significant syntactic properties---but having well-defined strong generative capacity---languages are definable in L2K, P iff they are strongly context-free. We draw examples from the realms of GPSG and GB.
Secure Degrees of Freedom for Gaussian Channels with Interference: Structured Codes Outperform Gaussian Signaling

In this work, we prove that a positive secure degree of freedom is achievable for a large class of real Gaussian channels as long as the channel is not degraded and the channel is fully connected. This class includes the MAC wiretap channel, the 2-user interference channel with confidential messages, the 2-user interference channel with an external eavesdropper. Best known achievable schemes to date for these channels use Gaussian signaling. In this work, we show that structured codes outperform Gaussian random codes at high SNR when channel gains are real numbers.
Ad-hoc localization using ranging and sectoring

Ad-hoc localization systems enable nodes in a sensor network to fix their positions in a global coordinate system using a relatively small number of anchor nodes that know their position through external means (e.g., GPS). Because location information provides context to sensed data, such systems are a critical component of many sensor networks and have therefore received a fair amount of recent attention in the sensor networks literature. The efficacy of these systems is a function of the density of deployment and of anchor nodes, as well as the error in distance estimation (ranging) between nodes. In this paper, we examine how these factors impact the performance of the system. This examination lays the groundwork for the main question we consider in this paper: Can the ability to estimate bearing to neighboring nodes greatly increase the performance of ad-hoc localization systems? We discuss the design of ad-hoc localization systems that use range together with either bearing or imprecise bearing (such as sectoring) information, and evaluate these systems using analysis and simulation.
Validation of a trace-driven CDC 6400 simulation

A computer center typically faces questions of how to deal with a growing load in the face of tight financial constraints and with the need for lead time for planning ways to meet the demand. The needs may be met by altering the equipment configuration, changing priority algorithms and other features of the operating system, controlling the time scheduling of various classes of job load, or perhaps shifting load from one machine to another if the center is large enough to have such a capability. It is often difficult to gather enough data and insight to show the direction these changes should go and to support the decision to do so. One useful set of tools is provided by simulation backed up by measurements required for validation. However, it is all too common to find that fear of interruptions of the computing center's service to user, combined with an overworked systems programming staff, prevents insertion of the desired measurement probes into the operating system. Then one is restricted to measures that can be derived from the normal accounting log, or "Dayfile", and to software probes that can be injected in the guise of user's programs. In spite of these limitations, useful results can be obtained, and this paper describes validation of a simulation model of a multiprogramming system, the Control Data 6400, making use of these restricted measurements.
WANDERING DOMAINS IN NON-ARCHIMEDEAN POLYNOMIAL DYNAMICS

We extend a recent result on the existence of wandering domains of polynomial functions defined over the $p$ -adic field ${\mathbb{C}_p}$ to any algebraically closed complete non-archimedean field ${\mathbb{C}_K}$ with residue characteristic $p>0$ . We also prove that polynomials with wandering domains form a dense subset of a certain one-dimensional family of degree $p+1$ polynomials in ${\mathbb{C}_K}[z]$ .
Borrowed Power: Debt Finance and the Resort to Arms

Military expenditure is often funded by debt and war losers often repudiate some or all of their obligations. Since governments tend to repay their debt in peace or victory, negotiated settlements become inefficient and can affect crisis bargaining and war termination. I analyze a complete-information model in which players can determine the distribution of power through their military allocations b efore attempting to reach a peaceful bargain. I show that players might borrow to improve their military capabilities even when doing so will make it impossible to settle the dispute without fighting. This new explanation for war is not driven by commitment problems or informational asymmetries but by the inefficiency of peace imposed by the need to repay the debt. Wa r is the result of actions that eliminate the bargaining range rather than inability to loc ate mutually acceptable deals in that range, as the traditional explanation has it.
Disability and poverty : a survey of World Bank poverty assessments and implications

In this paper the authors survey the World Bank poverty assessment literature to date on the relationship between disability and poverty.The authors find that using standard assumptions about the distribution of household consumption among household members and the typical way that poverty lines are set in World Bank poverty assessments, this relationship may not appear to be as quantitatively significant as common sense and anecdotal evidence would suggest.Their assessment is limited by the fact that household surveys which are used by the Bank to determine consumption and consumption-based poverty typically do not include any questions about the disability status of household members. Only in one region of the Bank's work, Europe and Central Asia, do the authors find poverty assessments with numeric poverty rates for households with disabled members. Other poverty assessments done in other regions of the Bank, in some cases, do provide data on disabled people in regard to employment, health, social assistance, or a related subject, but do not provide poverty rates per se. This literature is assessed in this work, and directions for further research the authors will undertake are indicated.
Michael-Stork addition of cyclopentyl enamine to allenyl ketones and esters.

We report the first examples of a Michael−Stork enamine addition to allenyl esters and ketones. Studies reveal that 2 equivalents of enamine are required for optimal yields. In the case of an allenyl methyl ketone, cyclopentyl enamine addition led to 8-oxobicyclo[3.2.1]octane formation, providing evidence for the in situ formation of an enamine intermediate following the initial Michael−Stork reaction.
Rising returns to schooling in Argentina, 1992-2002 : productivity or credentialism?

There has not been much change in the premium to primary education, while the returns to secondary education increased, but by less than the premium to university. The returns to incomplete university also increased significantly. There is a signal that there might be credentialism at the tertiary level, but 15 years of schooling also represents a significant threshold. The returns to schooling are higher in the private sector. There is little evidence of screening or credentialism driving the returns to schooling, which increased significantly in Argentina from 1992 to 2002.
Perturbation treatment of the longitudinal coupling impedance of a toroidal beam tube

A simple analytical expression for the longitudinal coupling impedance of a toroidal beam tube below the resonance region has been derived by expanding the electromagnetic fields of the toroidal beam tube in a power series in curvature and substituting directly into Maxwell's equations. The resulting expression consists of the impedance of the straight beam pipe plus a correction terms due to the curvature. It has been verified that this result gives excellent agreement to the exact solution below the first resonance. >
The private classical capacity and quantum capacity of a quantum channel

A formula for the capacity of a quantum channel for transmitting private classical information is derived. This is shown to be equal to the capacity of the channel for generating a secret key, and neither capacity is enhanced by forward public classical communication. Motivated by the work of Schumacher and Westmoreland on quantum privacy and quantum coherence, parallels between private classical information and quantum information are exploited to obtain an expression for the capacity of a quantum channel for generating pure bipartite entanglement. The latter implies a new proof of the quantum channel coding theorem and a simple proof of the converse. The coherent information plays a role in all of the above mentioned capacities
Testing neutrino properties at long baseline experiments and neutrino factories

Abstract It is shown that explanations of atmospheric neutrino anomaly other than ν μ −ν τ oscillations (e.g. decay, decoherence and ν μ −ν τ −ν KK mixing) can be tested at future facilities. Stringent tests of CPT invariance in neutrino oscillations can also be performed.
Performance Under Pressure in the NBA

The authors analyze the effects of psychological pressure on performance using National Basketball Association (NBA) free throw data from the 2002-2003 through 2009-2010 seasons. The authors find evidence that players choke under pressure— they shoot on average 5-10 percentage points worse than normal in the final seconds of very close games. Choking is more likely for players who are worse overall free throw shooters, and on the second shot of a pair after the first shot is missed. In general, performance declines as pressure increases (as game time remaining decreases, and as the score margin decreases, whether the shooter’s team is winning or losing). However, the authors find no evidence of choking when games are tied in the final 15 seconds. The authors also fail to find evidence of performance under pressure being affected by home status, attendance, and whether or not the game is in the playoffs.
Interception of a Rautenstrauch Intermediate by Alkynes for [5+2] Cycloaddition: Rhodium-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 3-Acyloxy-4-ene-1,9-diynes to Bicyclo[5.3.0]decatrienes

In 1984, Rautenstrauch reported that the 3-acyloxy-1,4-enyne 1 could undergo cyclization to form cyclopentadiene 2 and cyclopentenone 3 in the presence of a palladium catalyst through 1,2-acyloxy migration (Scheme 1).[1] The vinyl metal complex 4, metal carbene 5, and metallacyclohexadiene 6 were proposed as intermediates in this transformation.[1,2] The scope of this rearrangement reaction has been expanded significantly by the use of π-acidic metals,[3] such as gold- and platinum-based catalysts, for the synthesis of functionalized five-membered rings.[4] The 1,2-acyloxy migration of propargyl esters has also been employed in other synthetically useful transformations catalyzed by gold,[5,6] platinum,[6,7] ruthenium,[8,9] copper,[6] and more recently rhodium.[10]
Joint Universal Lossy Coding and Identification of I.I.D. Vector Sources

The problem of joint universal source coding and modeling, addressed by Rissanen in the context of lossless codes, is generalized to fixed-rate lossy coding of continuous-alphabet memoryless sources. We show that, for bounded distortion measures, any compactly parametrized family of i.i.d. real vector sources with absolutely continuous marginals (satisfying appropriate smoothness and Vapnik?Chervonenkis learnability conditions) admits a joint scheme for universal lossy block coding and parameter estimation, and give nonasymptotic estimates of convergence rates for distortion redundancies and variational distances between the active source and the estimated source. We also present explicit examples of parametric sources admitting such joint universal compression and modeling schemes.
Total synthesis of (+)-rishirilide B: development and application of general processes for enantioselective oxidative dearomatization of resorcinol derivatives.

A concise synthesis of (+)-rishirilide B (2) is described. This is the first synthesis to be reported for the (+)-enantiomer of rishirilide B (2) as found in nature. The strategy accentuates the valuable combination of a method for o-quinone methide coupling with a method for enantioselective resorcinol dearomatization, which provides a densely functionalized chiral building block. The convergent synthesis illustrates several improvements and refinements to these methods and their supporting chemistries. Among these is the in situ generation of PhI[OTMS]OTf. Combination of this oxidant with phenol 31 constitutes the first example of a diastereoselective oxidative dearomatization of a resorcinol displaying a 2-alkyl substituent. In addition, the preparation of the cyclic sulfone 34 is reported. As a new dimethide precursor expressing a readily cleavable O-benzyl residue, sulfone 34 should prove useful in future endeavors. A protocol using the aluminum amide of dimethylhydrazine for opening and cleavage of ...
Systematic testing of multicast routing protocols: analysis of forward and backward search techniques

We present a new methodology for developing systematic and automatic test generation algorithms for multipoint protocols. These algorithms attempt to synthesize network topologies and sequences of events that stress the protocol's correctness or performance. This problem can be viewed as a domain-specific search problem that suffers from the state space explosion problem. One goal of this work is to circumvent the state space explosion problem utilizing knowledge of network and fault modeling, and multipoint protocols. The two approaches investigated are based on forward and backward search techniques. We use an extended finite state machine (FSM) model of the protocol. The first algorithm uses forward search to perform reduced reachability analysis. Using domain-specific information for multicast routing over LAN, the algorithm complexity is reduced from exponential to polynomial in the number of routers. This approach, however, does not fully automate topology synthesis. The second algorithm, the fault-oriented test generation, uses backward search for topology synthesis and uses backtracking to generate event sequences instead of searching forward from initial states. Using these algorithms, we have conducted studies for correctness of the multicast routing protocol PIM.
Pseudocyclic and non-amorphic fusion schemes of the cyclotomic association schemes

We construct twelve infinite families of pseudocyclic and non-amorphic association schemes, in which each nontrivial relation is a strongly regular graph. Three of the twelve families generalize the counterexamples to A. V. Ivanov's conjecture by Ikuta and Munemasa (Eur J Combin 31:1513---1519, 2010).
Single-Strand Stacking Free Energy from DNA Beacon Kinetics

DNA beacons are short single-stranded chains which can form closed hairpin shapes through complementary base pairing at their ends. Contrary to the common polymer theory assumption that only their loop length matters, experiments show that their closing kinetics depend on the loop composition. We have modeled the closing kinetics and in so doing have obtained stacking enthalpies and entropies for single-stranded nucleic acids. The resulting change of persistence length with temperature effects the dynamics. With a Monte Carlo study, we answer another polymer question of how the closing time scales with chain length, finding τ ∼ N2.44±0.02. There is a significant crossover for shorter chains, bringing the effective exponent into good agreement with experiment.
Mapping the G-structures and supersymmetric vacua of five-dimensional N=4 supergravity

We classify the supersymmetric vacua of supergravity in terms of G-structures. We identify three classes of solutions: with (2) and Id structure. Using the Killing spinor equations, we fully characterize the first two classes and partially solve the latter. With the graviton multiplet decomposed in terms of multiplets: the graviton, vector and gravitino multiplets, we obtain new supersymmetric solutions corresponding to turning on fields in the gravitino multiplet. These vacua are described in terms of an SO(5) vector sigma model coupled with gravity, in three or four dimensions. A new feature of these vacua, which is not seen from an point of view, is the possibility for preserving more exotic fractions of supersymmetry. We give a few concrete examples of these new supersymmetric (albeit singular) solutions. Additionally, we show how by truncating the set of fields to minimal supergravity coupled with one vector multiplet we recover the known two-charge solutions.
Modeling Internet-Scale Policies for Cleaning up Malware

An emerging consensus among policy makers is that interventions undertaken by Internet Service Providers are the best way to counter the rising incidence of malware. However, assessing the suitability of countermeasures at this scale is hard. In this paper, we use an agent-based model, called ASIM, to investigate the impact of policy interventions at the Autonomous System level of the Internet. For instance, we find that coordinated intervention by the 0.2%-biggest ASes is more effective than uncoordinated efforts adopted by 30% of all ASes. Furthermore, countermeasures that block malicious transit traffic appear more effective than ones that block outgoing traffic. The model allows us to quantify and compare positive externalities created by different countermeasures. Our results give an initial indication of the types and levels of intervention that are most cost-effective at large scale.