cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of IFN-γ responsiveness in CD8 T cell-mediated viral clearance and demyelination in coronavirus-infected mice

Immunocompetent, but not RAG1(-/-) mice infected with MHV-JHM develop demyelination. Transferred CD8 T cell-enriched splenocytes reconstitute demyelination, and this ability is dependent on donor IFN-gamma. We used IFN-gammaR1(-/-) mice to examine the target of IFN-gamma in CD8 T cell-mediated demyelination. In IFN-gammaR1(-/-)RAG1(-/-) recipients, demyelination is decreased, but not eliminated, while viral titers are significantly increased when compared to IFN-gammaR1(+/+)RAG1(-/-) recipients. IFN-gammaR1(-/-) CD8 T cells retain virus-specific effector function regardless of IFN-gammaR1 expression. Although IFN-gammaR1 responsiveness is critical for maximal demyelination, increased levels of infectious virus coupled with adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells may result in myelin destruction independent of IFN-gammaR1 expression.
Comparison of the adsorption of linear alkanesulfonate and linear alkylbenzenesulfonate surfactants at liquid interfaces

Linear alkanesulfonates and linear alkylbenzenesulfonates constitute a large fraction of the surfactants used in commercial detergents and cleansers. Despite the industrial significance and the possible environmental impact of these compounds, very little is known regarding the molecular properties of these compounds and how they relate to macroscopic properties desired in applications. This study employs vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS) to examine and compare the molecular structure of surfactants in these two classes as they adsorb at organic/water and air/water interfaces. The linear alkane- and alkylbenzenesulfonates studied are, respectively, dodecanesulfonate and dodecylbenzenesulfonate. By measurement and comparison of the vibrational spectra of these adsorbed surfactants, changes in the orientation of the aromatic ring and the conformation of the alkyl chains are examined as a function of the number density of surfactant molecules at the interface. The change in aromatic ring orientat...
Classroom Communication: An International Problem

Research on teaching includes numerous references to the importance of effective communication in classroom instruction. However, presentation and clarification of concepts in various academic areas may be interdependent with other variables. Interpersonal relationships developed between teachers and students affect the teachers' expectations for students' academic performance and social behavior in the classroom setting (Brophy and Good, 1978). Teachers make decisions teachers who are unaccustomed to working with students from various minority groups. Language differences between these teachers and minority students constitute the greatest impediment to mutual understanding. Teachers consider non-standard English an educational disadvantage and tend to place more emphasis on a student's speech than on any other characteristic (Giles and Thakerer, 1980). The use of black or other dialectal forms of English are often equated with lower socio-economic status, sometimes described as disadvantaged. Rist (1970) found that black students in an inner-city kindergarten class were treated differentially, partially on the basis of the degree to which they spoke standard English. This was one of several criteria utilized by a black teacher to informally predict the level of
Automated profiling of the troposphere

A system operating at radio wavelengths, which continuously profiles the winds, temperature, and humidity of the troposphere, is discussed. Fixed-beam Doppler radar is used for measurement of the winds and tropopause height; millimeter-wave radiometry with antenna beams fixed-pointed to the zenith is used for temperature, humidity, and liquid measurements. The system operates unattended during almost all weather conditions; typical examples of data are presented.
The Influence of Direct Implantation of Gold Thioglucose into the Brain of Chickens on Food Consumption and Weight Gain

Abstract Placement of gold thioglucose-filled cannulas into various areas of the avian brain which have previously been shown to have an effect on food consumption did not result in any significant increases in food consumption or body weight gain. These results are contrary to those which have been reported for some mammals. These data also raise the question about the existence of a glucostatic food intake control mechanism in birds.
Selective Attention and Locus of Control in Learning Disabled and Normal Children

A growing body of literature clearly shows typical LD children have trouble directing their attention to the central features of an externally-provided task. Further, LD children perceive the consequences surrounding their behavior to be more externally-controlled than does the average learner. This inactive, externally-controlled learning style is well documented. Further research needs now to isolate the subgroups which may exist within the broader characterization and examine the effectiveness of remedial techniques with the various subgroups. - G.M.S.
An equal excess negotiation algorithm for coalition formation

Coalition formation is an important form of interaction in multiagent systems. It enables the agents to satisfy tasks that they would otherwise be unable to perform, or would perform with a lower efficiency. The focus of our work is on real-world application domains where we have systems inhabited by rational, self-interested agents. We also assume an environment without any trusted central manager to resolve issues concerning multiple agents. For such environments, we have to determine both an optimal (utility-maximizing) coalition configuration and a stable payoff configuration, concurrently and in a distributed fashion. Solving each of these problems is known to be computationally expensive, and having to consider them together exacerbates the problem further. In this paper, we present our Progressive, Anytime, Convergent, and Time-efficient (PACT) algorithm for coalition formation to address the above concerns. We assess the stability of the resulting coalition by using a new stability concept, the relaxed core, which is a slight variation on the core. We show experimentally that our algorithm performs admirably in comparison to an optimal solution, it typically produces solutions that are relaxed-core-stable, and it scales well.
Fat bodies and reproduction in female Anolis carolinensis

The role of the fat body in supporting ovarian growth was studied in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Environmental and social stimulation of ovarian growth in well-fed animals was not accompanied by reductions in fat body weight or by increases in serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels. Adiposectomy had no effect on serum NEFA, but did reduce hepatic glycogen compared to sham-operated controls. Adiposectomized lizards receiving injections (either hormone or carrier) also had lower hepatic glycogen levels when compared to uninjected controls. Administration of estradiol to ovariectomized lizards was effective in increasing serum levels of NEFAs, but had little effect on fat body weights. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) administration increased serum free fatty acid levels in sham-operated lizards but was without effect in adiposectomized animals. It is concluded that the lipids contained in the lizard fat body are not preferentially utilized for reproduction and may not be used for that purpose if adequate energy is supplied from other sources.
Cancers of the Pancreas and Hepatobiliary System

Objectives To review the incidence, risk factors, staging, and diagnosis of hepatobiliary malignancies and pancreas cancer as well as nursing challenges associated with managing patients with these tumors. Data Sources Published research reports, epidemiologic data, patient management guidelines, and institution-based clinical tools. Conclusion While survival is slowly increasing, morbidity and mortality associated with hepatobiliary and pancreas cancers remains high. Further scientific study is needed to identify methods of detecting these malignancies earlier and to develop therapeutic approaches that will effectively decrease tumor burden while simultaneously palliating disease and treatment-induced consequences including both physical and emotional effects. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses need to be familiar with the natural history of these diseases and current and future therapies to facilitate treatment decision-making when options are limited, anticipate and intervene in managing disease and treatment-induced effects, and support clinical research efforts.
SOME THOUGHTS ON MINIMALLY INVASIVE CORONARY BYPASS

With the advent of minimally invasive and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), cardiac surgery has reached a “strategic inflexion point” at which alternate pathways offer both dangers and opportunities that may lead to increased success or dismal failure. Since the price of a cardiac surgeon’s misjudgment is ultimately paid by the patient, at critical junctures it is vital to maintain our profession’s tradition of vigorous discussion and debate about new technologies. Most of my comments will be about off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) because avoidance of the pump seems a worthwhile goal. In contrast, with current technology, the complexity and risk of port-access coronary bypass with the pump seem to outweigh the benefit of merely avoiding a sternotomy. This view may change as we improve port-access techniques but I know from personal experience that sternotomy incisions are not so bad. Furthermore, portaccess CABG is done in relatively few centers compared with off-pump CABG.
Accurate, wide-range, automated, high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of octanol/water partition coefficients. II: Equilibrium in partition coefficient measurements, additivity of substituent constants, and correlation of biological data

Occasionally, results from the highly reproducible automated log P(o/w) measurement (ALPM) differ from those determined by shake-flask methods. Several specific examples affording different values are presented. One source of these differences may be curvilinearity in plots of log (t — t0) versus percent methanol, which complicate accurate intercept determinations and, thus, estimates of log P(o/w). Other sources of these differences are presented and discussed, although their cause remains unclear. Equilibrium ALPM log P(o/w) measurements of various phenyl-, methyl-, fluoro-, chloro-, and bromobenzenes, suggest substituent constants are not strictly additive. Moreover, the higher values indicate that calculated values may not be accurate for those compounds having multiple substituents or high log P(o/w) values. ALPM gives better predictability of the in vivo concentration process of 8 or 12 toxicants in fish than the shake-flask method, another HPLC method, or even calculated log P(o/w) values. However, it equally correlates the binding to bovine serum albumin by 34 chemicals as predicted by a combination of shake-flask and calculated log P(o/w) values reported else-where.
Stresses in adhesively bonded joints - A closed-form solution

The plane strain of adhesively bonded structures which consist of two different orthotropic adherents is considered. Assuming that the thicknesses of the adherends are constant and are small in relation to the lateral dimensions of the bonded region, the adherends are treated as plates. The transverse shear effects in the adherends and the in-plane normal strain in the adhesive are taken into account. The problem is reduced to a system of differential equations for the adhesive stresses which is solved in closed form. A single lap joint and a stiffened plate under various loading conditions are considered as examples. To verify the basic trend of the solutions obtained from the plate theory a sample problem is solved by using the finite element method and by treating the adherends and the adhesive as elastic continua. The plate theory not only predicts the correct trend for the adhesive stresses but also gives rather surprisingly accurate results.
Infections in the Kidney Transplant Recipient

Transplant recipients are at higher risk for a wide variety of severe infections, including skin and disseminated disease, due to immunosuppression. Fungal infections are especially common and can range from slight scale on the feet to life-threatening multisystem disease. Fungal infections in humans can be divided into three main groups based on tissue invasion and host characteristics: superficial cutaneous, subcutaneous, and opportunistic. Each has the potential to complicate the management of a renal transplant patient. A high index of suspicion is required to identify potential fungal infections in these patients. With proper awareness, the vast majority of fungal infections can be identified and successfully treated. This chapter primarily reviews the common fungal infections, their clinical characteristics, strategies for diagnosing fungal infections, and treatment of the more common infections. Other opportunistic infections are included for completeness but will not be covered in depth.
Single beam synthesis from thinned arrays

A readily steerable, ambiguity‐free beam is formed in real time from a receive aperture containing a sparsely populated array of transducer elements with selected spacings. The system approach utilizes multiple phase‐matched local oscillators in the process of producing at an IF a full set of synthetic spatial frequencies which are similar to the actual spatial frequencies associated with all conventional apertures. A summation of these synthetic spatial frequencies produces the scannable beam with at least as much resolution and freedom from interference as that obtainable from the same size aperture fully filled with closely spaced elements. Beam formation is accomplished either within the system by using a beam forming network or externally by applying the synthesized spatial frequencies to a fully filled transmit array of elements (an autonomous retrodirective system). Experimental measurements at a rf demonstrate that the principles are valid. Superdirectivity, circular arrays (for cylindrical coverage), self‐steering arrays, real‐time holography, passive distance measurement, and frequency/phase modulation recovery from incident carriers are possible extensions of the system approach.
In-situ deformation of the aortic valve interstitial cell nucleus under diastolic loading.

Within the aortic valve (AV) leaflet resides a population of interstitial cells (AVICs), which serve to maintain tissue structural integrity via protein synthesis and enzymatic degradation. AVICs are typically characterized as myofibroblasts, exhibit phenotypic plasticity, and may play an important role in valve pathophysiology. While it is known that AVICs can respond to mechanical stimuli in vitro, the level of in vivo AVIC deformation and its relation to local collagen fiber reorientation during the cardiac cycle remain unknown. In the present study, the deformation of AVICs was investigated using porcine AV glutaraldehyde fixed under 0–9 0 mm Hgtransvalvular pressures. The resulting change in nuclear aspect ratio (NAR) was used as an index of overall cellular strain, and dependencies on spatial location and pressure loading levels quantified. Local collagen fiber alignment in the same valves was also quantified using small angle light scattering. A tissue-level finite element (FE) model of an AVIC embedded in the AV extracellular matrix was also used explore the relation between AV tissue- and cellularlevel deformations. Results indicated large, consistent increases in AVIC NAR with transvalvular pressure (e.g., from mean of 1.8 at 0m m Hgto a mean of 4.8 at 90 mm Hg), as well as pronounced layer specific dependencies. Associated changes in collagen fiber alignment indicated that little AVIC deformation occurs with the large amount of fiber straightening for pressures below 1m m Hg, followed by substantial increases in AVIC NAR from 4m m Hg to 90 mm Hg. While the tissue-level FE model was able to capture the qualitative response, it also underpredicted the extent of AVIC deformation. This result suggested that additional micromechanical and fiber-compaction effects occur at high pressure levels. The results of this study form the basis of understanding transvalvular pressure-mediated mechanotransduction within the native AV and first time quantitative data correlating AVIC nuclei deformation with AV tissue microstructure and deformation. DOI: 10.1115/1.2801670
Ordering Energy Levels of Interacting Spin Systems

The total spin S is a good quantum number in problems of interacting spins. We have shown that for rather general antiferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic Hamiltonians, which need not exhibit translational invariance, the lowest energy eigenvalue for each value of S [denoted E(S)] is ordered in a natural way. In antiferromagnetism, E(S + 1) > E(S) for S > O. In ferrimagnetism, E(S + 1) > E(S) for S > S, and in addition the ground state belongs to S < S. S is defined as follows: Let the maximum spin of the A sublattice be S A and of the B sublattice S B; then S ≡ S A − S B. Antiferromagnetism is treated as the special case of S = O. We also briefly discuss the structure of the lowest eigen-functions in an external magnetic field.
Modeling bacterial species abundance from small community surveys.

Taxon abundance patterns are a central focus in evolution and ecology, providing the basic architecture of natural assemblages and potential clues to their formative processes. To better interpret species abundance patterns in natural microbial communities, we examined the consequences of three fundamental types of abundance patterns—uniform, geometric, and lognormal distributions. Theoretical communities were constructed based on the three pattern types with 2000 to 20,000 species and 107 to 1010 individuals. The “dominant” species (species 1) among models that differed only in pattern type generally varied in abundance by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude. At the extremes among all the models examined, the dominant species comprised as much as 16% and as little as 0.005% of the total community. Analysis of the models and comparison with seven published surveys suggests that entire soil bacterial communities do not routinely exhibit Preston’s cannonical subset of lognormal distributions. Use of the models to evaluate survey limitations showed that common diversity indices are generally sensitive to sample size over the range (50 to 200 clones) commonly used for microbial communities, emphasizing the need to compare surveys of similar size. The results collectively demonstrate that uniform, geometric, and lognormal distributions have profoundly different experimental and ecological consequences. Further, defined abundance models provide a simple quantitative tool for evaluating abundance patterns in clone libraries (even small ones) from natural communities.
Using Integrative Models in an Advanced Heterogeneous System Simulation

This paper is an academic experience report describing the use by researchers at the University of Arizona of a domain-specific language developed by the Institute for Software Integrated Systems (at Vanderbilt University). The domain in question is heterogeneous, distributed simulation of quad-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as they respond to command and control requests from a human operator. We describe in detail how our individual designs of the controller and guidance laws for the UAV, its rendering and position updates, on-board sensors, and the various commands to delegate mission-critical behaviors, all interact using the ISIS-developed modeling language. We then discuss the outlook for this domain (heterogeneous system simulation and integration) for domain-specific languages and models, specifically for unmanned vehicle control and interaction. A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the 8th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling.
Characteristics of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) breeding places near Salisbury, Rhodesia

. 1. A survey of Culicoides breeding places was made around Salisbury. Out of forty species caught in light traps, only nineteen were reared from breeding places. 2. The seven most abundant species with their characteristic sites were C.pycnostictw in mud around water bodies, especially dams; C.nivosus very prevalent around puddles rich in organic matter:C. distinctipennis along drainage canals intermediate in organic matter; C.gulbenkiani in cow dung especially on damp soil; Caccraensis gp. only in rot holes and tree forks; Cschultzei gp. along streams and drainage canals in mud rather poor in organic matter; C.tropi-calis in drainage canals very low in organic matter; C.imicola possibly breeds widely dispersed mainly in a rich mixture of organic matter and damp soil, with cow pats and edges of water bodies being marginal. 3. The prevalent species are believed to breed all year round. Preponderance of females in the breeding places was found in C.pycnostictus, C.nivosus and C.accraensis gp. while the reverse was true in C.distinctipennis and C.gulbenkiani. The preponderance of males as indication of proximity to breeding sites is thus probably questionable.
Subchondral bone cysts in the horse: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment options

Summary In summary, there is still controversy with regard to subchondral bone cysts in the horse but in the last 10 years we have gathered much useful information, both on pathogenesis and treatment. It is clear that osteochondrosis is not the only means of acquiring a subchondral bone cyst. We also have good data on the response to surgical treatment in the femorotibial joint and fetlock joint. We have less extensive data on the treatment in the pastern, coffin and elbow joint. Whether cancellous bone graft augments healing is still controversial. At the moment the author feels that the most important principles are enucleation of the cyst and suppression of any ongoing inflammatory reaction that can cause progressive lysis after surgical curettage.
Glycan analysis of therapeutic glycoproteins

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are glycoproteins produced by living cell systems. The glycan moieties attached to the proteins can directly affect protein stability, bioactivity, and immunogenicity. Therefore, glycan variants of a glycoprotein product must be adequately analyzed and controlled to ensure product quality. However, the inherent complexity of protein glycosylation poses a daunting analytical challenge. This review provides an update of recent advances in glycan analysis, including the potential utility of lectin-based microarray for high throughput glycan profiling. Emphasis is placed on comparison of the major types of analytics for use in determining unique glycan features such as glycosylation site, glycan structure, and content.
USE OF RECOMBINANT ANTIGENS FOR DETECTION OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION IN SWINE

Five recombinant Toxoplasma gondii antigens, designated B427, C51, C55, V22, and MBP30 were assessed for their potential use in an enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) for detection of T. gondii infection in swine. The antigens were evaluated with sera from young pigs that had been fed 1-10,000 T. gondii oocysts of the VEG or GT-1 strains. Results were compared with an EIA using a native T. gondii antigen extract. All 5 recombinant antigens, as well as native antigen, detected antibody responses as soon as 3 wk after infection in pigs inoculated with 1 or 10 oocysts of the VEG strain. This antibody response persisted, at varying levels, for 14 wk when the experiment was terminated. All antigens also detected antibody responses in pigs 4 wk after inoculation with 10,000 oocysts of the GT-1 strain. The antibody response recognized by native antigen remained high through 51 wk after inoculation. However, there was considerable animal-to-animal variation in responses to the individual recombinant antigens. Only antigens C51 and MBP30 consistently detected a positive antibody response over the entire 51-wk course of the experiment. These results suggest that these antigens might be useful for the serological detection of T. gondii infection in pigs.
Two-Dimensional Heated Jets in Shallow Water

The flow field induced by a two-dimensional heated jet in shallow stagnant water is analyzed. The governing partial differential equation is reduced to ordinary differential equations by integrating over the depth with assumed distributions of temperature and velocity. A multiple regression analysis applied to numerical results yielded simple expressions for the near-field dilution and the far-field length of the surface layer. A few experiments were conducted which guided the mathematical analysis. A reasonable agreement is obtained between the experimental results and numerical calculations.
Groups of Divisibility

An important application of abelian l-groups is to the theory of integral domains, via groups of divisibility. In this chapter we shall explore the connection between these two theories, which is facilitated by the fact that every abelian l-group can be obtained as a group of divisibility of a suitable domain (see Theorems 11.1 and 11.2 below). These ideas grew out of the classical theory of valuations on fields (see [Ja] for example). Krull [32] was the pioneer in this work, with Jaffard [53] and Ohm [69] making important contributions. Numerous authors have since made use of l-groups to solve ring-theoretic problems; examples of such an approach can be found in Ohm [66], [69], Heinzer [69], Sheldon [73], Hill [72], Lantz [75], Brewer, Conrad and Montgomery [74], and Anderson and Watkins [86]. Valuable books in the field are [M] and [Gi].
ROC analyses in eyewitness identification research

Abstract There has been a recent surge of interest in analyzing the results of eyewitness identification experiments using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Proponents of this approach have argued not only that ROC analyses are useful but that more traditional approaches are deficient and should not be used. Three arguments might be made for why researchers would prefer ROC approaches over other techniques. The first is that ROC analyses can provide an index of underlying memory discriminability. The second is that ROC analyses provide useful information about the practical utility of identification procedures. The third is that ROC analyses are useful for testing theory. In this article, I critically examine each of these arguments and conclude that recent claims that ROC methods provide the only justifiable method of comparing identification procedures are overstated.
Wobblies of the Partido Liberal Mexicano: Reenvisioning Internationalist and Transnational Movements through Mexican Lenses

This article examines the Mexican grassroots base of the Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) and PLM members who belonged to the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). It suggests that a grassroots perspective, one that is also multilingual and transnational, reframes both the PLM and the IWW. Eschewing an institutional approach, this perspective suggests that the organizational underbelly for much of this work rested with Mexican social networks that formed the labor crews, strikes, foci, and union locals. PLM supporters prepared for a Mexican revolution. Some of them did so while organizing IWW locals. Within the context of the intense migration of the period, labor and revolutionary foci moved across binational space, facilitating the spread of ideas, organizing, strikes, and revolutionary forays that were, in effect, binational “circularities of struggle.” These Wobblies of the PLM challenged industrial capitalism, questioned U.S. imperialism and racism, and helped launch the first social revolution in Mexico. This perspective reframes the IWW as one part of a spectrum of organizations attempting to counteract dispossession; yet it simultaneously reveals the organization as more expansive, diverse, multilingual, and transnational than previously presented. By decentering the United States and Europe, this Mexican perspective contributes to a re-envisioned transnational internationalist Left that includes the Americas and opens interpretative frameworks that cross gender, racial, ethnic, and national categories.
Clinical research of post-operative III° atrioventricular block in septal defects

Objective To explore the prognosis and protective ways of post-operative complete atrioventricular block(CAVB)in septal defects.Methods Retrospective data of 178 patients after surgical closure of septal defects were studied,of which 58 were atrial septal defects,120 were ventricular septal defects.In the 178 patients,11 cases of CAVB caused by open heart operation with extravorpored circulation were treated mainly with pacemaker and adrenocortical hormone.The defect sites,operantion ways,happening time of CAVB and its duration,prognosis were analyzed in the 11 patients.Results Of the 11 postoperative CAVB patients,7 recovered to normal heart rhythm,1 kept sustained AVB,1 suddenly died.Postoperative CAVB was mainly relative to defect sites,operation ways,duration of bypass,regional myocardial edema.Conclusion Defect sites and operation ways are key factors to AVB after open heart extracorporeal operation.So it is important to master the relation between conduct bundle anatomy and defect sites and changing operation ways is the key to avoiding AVB.Most AVB is able to return to nomal,a few may progress to sustained AVB.Patients with CAVB lasting more than 1 month have poor prognosis and permanent pace makers should be recommended.
Analysis of seasonal characteristics of main infectious diseases from 2004 to 2010 in Jinan City

Objective To study the seasonal changes of infectious diseases and provide scientific basis for the control strategy and measures.Methods Concentration and circular distribution method were employed to analyze the epidemic seasonal characteristics of infectious disease from 2004 to 2010 in Jinan.Results The M value of bacillary dysentery,acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis,hand-foot-mouth disease and brucellosis were 0.5902,0.5521,0.6076 and 0.4405.The peak time of bacillary dysentery,acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis,hand-foot-mouth disease and brucellosis was July 27,September 7,June 20 and July 18 using circular distribution method.There was positive correlation between M and R values(r=0.999,P0.001).Conclusion Bacillary dysentery,acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis and hand-foot-mouth disease have obvious seasonal characteristics.Brucellosis has certain seasonal characteristics.We should take pertinence precaution measure timely.
Parental Provision of Structure: Implementation and Correlates in Three Domains

This study examined parents’ provision of structure , defined as the organization of the environment to facilitate competence, and the degree to which it supports versus controls children’s autonomy, in the domains of homework and studying, unsupervised time, and responsibilities in a diverse sample of sixth-grade children and their parents. Four components of structure and four components of autonomy support were combined into composites that were independent. Parents provided the most structure and least autonomy support in the unsupervised domain. Structure was associated with several competence outcomes in the unsupervised domain, whereas relations between autonomy support and outcomes were more prevalent in the other domains. Results suggest the importance of differentiating structure and the way it is implemented and considering the meaning of structure within different domains.
Use of chromium as an animal feed supplement

The supplementation of chromium in farm livestock is a relatively new phenomenon with actual supplementation of diets occurring only in the 1990s. Currently, there are only four forms of chromium; namely, chromium picolinate (CrPic), chromium propionate (CrProp), chromium methionine (CrMeth), and chromium yeast (CrYst).that are allowed to be fed to farm livestock in North America and each of those forms has certain restrictions. The allowance of supplementation and the particular restrictions are based upon materials submitted by companies to the appropriate review agency. Certain conditions compromise or diminish the Cr status of animals including low availability of Cr from normal feedstuffs and the effect of stress on Cr excretion. Supplementation of young pigs immediately after weaning does not have any uniform effect on either growth measures or on immunocompetence, whereas supplementation of the growing animal has provided some responses of improved feed efficiency and improved muscling. Chromium supplementation of cattle resulted in an increase in insulin on several occasions. Supplementation has not demonstrated improvements in growth measures unless growth is depressed for some reason. Beyond the effects on glucose and insulin, Cr supplementation has clearly affected serum cortisol levels in multiple species.
Just Macaws: A Review for the U.S. Southwest/Mexican Northwest†

Evidence from bones, artifacts, and imagery demonstrates the importance of scarlet macaws in Southwest/Northwest sites from around A.D. 700 to today. Archaeologists interpret these birds as indicators of exchange, ritual, and social complexity. These varied interpretations are questioned based on the life cycle of the macaw and issues with aging archaeological specimens. Ethnographic and documentary data provide comparative material for archaeological macaws. Use of macaws, their skins, and feathers reflects a widespread and apparently stable set of practices with implications for interaction, beliefs, and politics.
Regioselective Hydrohydroxyalkylation of Styrene with Primary Alcohols or Aldehydes via Ruthenium‐Catalyzed C−C Bond Forming Transfer Hydrogenation

Transfer hydrogenative coupling of styrene with primary alcohols using the precatalyst HClRu(CO)(PCy3 )2 modified by AgOTf or HBF4 delivers branched or linear adducts from benzylic or aliphatic alcohols, respectively. Related 2-propanol mediated reductive couplings also are described.
The PRISM Taxonomy of Best Matching

This chapter presents the notion of the PRISM taxonomy of best matching along with its 3 + 1 dimensions, as a taxonomic framework for systematic identification and specification of best matching processes in various and unrelated domains. Several examples from manufacturing, supply, and service systems are presented to illustrate and exemplify the features and applications of this framework. The purpose is to enable understanding and problem solving capabilities through analogical reasoning—comparative analysis of different matching processes by means of the PRISM taxonomy.
Synaptic excitation by climbing fibre collaterals in the cerebellar nuclei of juvenile and adult mice

Key points The inferior olive sends instructive motor signals to the cerebellum via the climbing fibre projection, which sends collaterals directly to large premotor neurons of the mouse cerebellar nuclei (CbN cells). Optogenetic activation of inferior olivary axons in vitro evokes EPSCs in CbN cells of several hundred pA to more than 1 nA. The inputs are three-fold larger at younger ages, 12 to 14 days old, than at 2 months old, suggesting a strong functional role for this pathway earlier in development. The EPSCs are multipeaked, owing to burst firing in several olivary afferents that fire asynchronously. The convergence of climbing fibre collaterals onto CbN cells decreases from ∼40 to ∼8, which is consistent with the formation of closed-loop circuits in which each CbN neuron receives input from 4-7 collaterals from inferior olivary neurons as well as from all 30-50 Purkinje cells that are innervated by those olivary neurons. Abstract The inferior olive conveys instructive signals to the cerebellum that drive sensorimotor learning. Inferior olivary neurons transmit their signals via climbing fibres, which powerfully excite Purkinje cells, evoking complex spikes and depressing parallel fibre synapses. Additionally, however, these climbing fibres send collaterals to the cerebellar nuclei (CbN). In vivo and in vitro data suggest that climbing fibre collateral excitation is weak in adult mice, raising the question of whether the primary role of this pathway may be developmental. We therefore examined climbing fibre collateral input to large premotor CbN cells over development by virally expressing channelrhodopsin in the inferior olive. In acute cerebellar slices from postnatal day (P)12-14 mice, light-evoked EPSCs were large (> 1 nA at -70 mV). The amplitude of these EPSCs decreased over development, reaching a plateau of ∼350 pA at P20-60. Trains of EPSCs (5 Hz) depressed strongly throughout development, whereas convergence estimates indicated that the total number of functional afferents decreased with age. EPSC waveforms consisted of multiple peaks, probably resulting from action potential bursts in single collaterals and variable times to spike threshold in converging afferents. Activating climbing fibre collaterals evoked well-timed increases in firing probability in CbN neurons, especially in younger mice. The initially strong input, followed by the decrement in synaptic strength coinciding with the pruning of climbing fibres in the cerebellar cortex, implicates the climbing fibre collateral pathway in early postnatal development. Additionally, the persistence of substantial synaptic input at least to P60 suggests that this pathway may function in cerebellar processing into adulthood.
Dynamic role assignment using general value functions

Collecting and maintaining accurate world knowledge in a dynamic, complex, competitive, and stochastic environment such as RoboCup 3D Soccer Simulation is a challenging task. Knowledge should be learned in real-time with time constraints. We use recently introduced Off-Policy Gradient Descent algorithms in Reinforcement Learning that illustrate learnable knowledge representations for dynamic role assignments. The results show that the agents have learned competitive policies against the top teams from RoboCup 2012 for three vs three, five vs five, and seven vs seven agents. We have explicitly used subset of agents to identify the dynamics and the semantics for which the agents learn to maximize their performance measures, and to gather knowledge about different objectives so that all agents participate effectively within the team.
Noninvasive Cardiac Testing vs Clinical Evaluation Alone in Acute Chest Pain: A Secondary Analysis of the ROMICAT-II Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance The incremental benefit of noninvasive testing in addition to clinical evaluation (history, physical examination, an electrocardiogram [ECG], and biomarker assessment) vs clinical evaluation alone for patients who present to the emergency department (ED) with acute chest pain is unknown. Objective To examine differences in outcomes with clinical evaluation and noninvasive testing (coronary computed tomographic angiography [CCTA] or stress testing) vs clinical evaluation alone. Design, Setting, and Participants This study was a retrospective analysis of data from the randomized multicenter Rule Out Myocardial Ischemia/Infarction by Computer Assisted Tomography (ROMICAT-II) trial. Data for 1000 patients who presented with chest pain to the EDs at 9 hospitals in the United States were evaluated. Interventions Clinical evaluation plus noninvasive testing (CCTA or stress test) vs clinical evaluation alone. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome was length of stay (LOS). Secondary outcomes included hospital admission, direct ED discharge, downstream testing, rates of invasive coronary angiography, revascularization, major adverse cardiac events (MACE), repeated ED visit or hospitalization for recurrent chest pain at 28 days, and cost. Safety end points were missed acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and cumulative radiation exposure during the index visit and follow-up period. Results Of the 1000 patients randomized, 118 patients (12%) (mean [SD] age, 53.2 [7.8]; 49 [42%] were female) did not undergo noninvasive testing, whereas 882 (88%) (mean [SD] age, 54.4 [8.14] years; 419 [48%] were female) received CCTA or stress testing. There was no difference in baseline characteristics or clinical presentation between groups. Patients who underwent clinical evaluation alone experienced a shorter LOS (20.3 vs 27.9 hours;P Conclusions and Relevance In patients presenting to the ED with acute chest pain, negative biomarkers, and a nonischemic ECG result, noninvasive testing with CCTA or stress testing leads to longer LOS, more downstream testing, more radiation exposure, and greater cost without an improvement in clinical outcomes. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01084239
Colloidal Nanocrystals of Lead-Free Double-Perovskite (Elpasolite) Semiconductors: Synthesis and Anion Exchange To Access New Materials

Concerns about the toxicity and instability of lead-halide perovskites have driven a recent surge in research toward alternative lead-free perovskite materials, including lead-free double perovskites with the elpasolite structure and visible bandgaps. Synthetic approaches to this class of materials remain limited, however, and no examples of heterometallic elpasolites as nanomaterials have been reported. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of colloidal nanocrystals of Cs2AgBiX6 (X = Cl, Br) elpasolites using a hot-injection approach. We further show that postsynthetic modification through anion exchange and cation extraction can be used to convert these nanocrystals to new materials including Cs2AgBiI6, which was previously unknown experimentally. Nanocrystals of Cs2AgBiI6, synthesized via a novel anion-exchange protocol using trimethylsilyl iodide, have strong absorption throughout the visible region, confirming theoretical predictions that this material could be a promising photovoltaic a...
CHAPTER 196 – Structure, Function, and Regulation of Photoreceptor Phosphodiesterase (PDE6)

The PDE6 family is one of five families of PDEs that contain noncatalytic, cGMP-binding GAF domains. The catalytic and regulatory features of the PDE6 family make it uniquely suited as the central effector of the visual transduction pathway. The lifetime of activated rod phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6) during rod phototransduction is a highly regulated process. Much work remains to fully describe the molecular events within the PDE holoenzyme and its interactions with transducin that precisely regulate the extent and duration of PDE6 activation. The interaction of PDE6 with other proteins such as the "5 subunit" or GARP2 is poorly understood, but may represent novel mechanisms for regulating the subcellular localization or catalytic activity of PDE6. Finally, it is possible that cross-talk between the visual transduction pathway and as yet uncharacterized signaling pathways may be fundamental to a complete understanding of rod PDE6 regulation during daytime illumination conditions when rod photoreceptors are near or at response saturation.
The Gathering Storm: Is Untreatable Typhoid Fever on the Way?

Klemm et al. (mBio 9:e00105-18, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00105-18) present comprehensive antibiotic sensitivity patterns and genomic sequence data on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi blood culture isolates from typhoid fever cases during an epidemic in Pakistan. Microbiologic and genomic data pinpoint the identities and locations of the antimicrobial resistance genes and the outbreak strain's lineage. They propose that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi be added to the list of bacterial pathogens of public health importance that have become extensively drug resistant (XDR). This paper portends possible dire scenarios for typhoid fever control if XDR strains disseminate globally. Since the outbreak strain is of the H58 haplotype, known for its ability to spread worldwide and displace endemic S Typhi, this concern is well-founded. The report of Klemm et al. forewarns the global community to address control of typhoid fever more aggressively through prevention, should therapeutic options disappear. This Commentary frames the Klemm et al. findings within a historic perspective.
The Needed Relationship

Today, as in the past, the student of things political feels almost compelled to wonder about the relationship between the spiritual and the temporal. As he wonders, he soon discovers that this relationship has been a long one, that in some historical periods — as in the Middle Ages — it has signified the very essence of the period, and that it has involved and will continue to involve very complex issues. In discovering these aspects of the relationship in question, he firmly concludes that the question of the rapport between church and state will be of importance for years to come.
The Influence of Tobacco Retailer Density and Poverty on Tobacco Use in a Densely Populated Urban Environment

Objectives:Researchers have identified associations between neighborhood-level factors (eg, income level, tobacco retailer density) and smoking behavior, but few studies have assessed these factors...
Barriers to Greater Clinical Implementation

The cardiac imaging community is facing a peculiar paradox. There is abundant evidence showing that CCTA is the most appropriate initial imaging test in patients with suspected CAD. The evidence has been presented at length here and elsewhere in this textbook. Yet CCTA is far less commonly utilized than older, less effective tests like MPI and SE (recall that in the Medicare population, MPI is used 53 times as often as CCTA). Possible reasons for this have been discussed earlier. Hopefully some of the obstacles preventing greater use of CCTA will be resolved as time goes on. The imaging equipment will undoubtedly become faster, more efficient, and more automated, thus allowing radiologic technologists to do most of the work without requiring the presence of a physician. Advances in software and machine learning are already occurring and will allow for computer-aided identification of exams that are normal. We must do a better job at educating our primary care colleagues and the nurse practitioners and physician assistants who work for them about the advantages accruing to early use of CCTA in their chest pain patients. Cardiologists and other cardiac imagers who have become overly accustomed to using MPI (perhaps because they own the equipment) should be encouraged to change their approach. As Arbab-Zadeh has pointed out (Arbab-Zadeh A, J Am Coll Cardiol Img 9:565–567, 2016), CCTA has come a long way and is ready for prime time. Cardiologists and radiologists must work together to make it happen.