cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical modeling of hydroforming pre-bend process : Without inner mandrel

The aim of this study is to develop an analytical solution to the deformation profile of hydroforming pre-bend process, which will be in turn fed into finite element simulation code for subsequent hydroforming simulation. The conventional approach of using FEM to simulate pre-bending is extremely time consuming in terms of both CAE work and computer running, and can not meet the cycle time required for product development and manufacturing. This is part of a series work for pre-bend modeling, with the focus here on the practice without the use of an inner mandrel, and the tube is free to ovalize during the process. Since only a portion of the tube is undergoing the bending operation, the ovalization magnitude of the tube cross-section is not longitudinally uniform due to the end constraints provided by the undeformed portion of the tube. A large deformation elastoplastic analysis is presented, with the anisotropic plastic behavior of the tube sheet accounted for through the constitutive model. Deformation modes associated with tube ovalization and beam bending are analyzed. The actual deformation is determined by minimizing the total work done during the bending process. Numerical examples are presented for a series of tube geometries and bending curvature to illustrate the proposed approach.
Improving Diversity in the Health Professions

The health professional workforce of North Carolina does not reflect the rich diversity of the state's population, and the underrepresentation of various demographic groups in health care may affect the health outcomes of the state's citizens. There are opportunities for educational institutions to partner with others, share successful strategies, and implement measures to promote diversity among health professionals.
Tetradecyl Acetate and Related Compounds as Inhibitors of Attraction of the Pink Bollworm Moth to the Sex Lure Hexalure

Tetradecyl acetate and several related compounds when combined with hexalure ( cis -7-hexadecen-l-ol acetate) suppress the attraction of pink bollworm, Peclinophora gossypiella (Saunders), moths to hexalure. If these chemicals inhibit the detection of the natural female sex attractant, they may be useful in preventing male moths from locating females for mating.
A revision of the genus Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) II. The subgenus Caudatella

The six known species of this subgenus include E. ( C ) orestes from Oregon and E. ( C. ) cascadia from Oregon and northern California, both of which, like E. ( C. ) edmundsi Allen, are known only from nymphs. Adults of E. ( C ) hystrix Traver are described for the first time. E. ( C. ) heterocaudata McDunnough (= E. columbiella McD., new synonymy) is polytypic, with E. ( C. ) h. californica occurring in the Sierra Nevada mountains of central and southern California, and E. ( C. ) h. circia in west-central Oregon. Keys are given to the nymphs and to the adults so far as known, and complete synonymies and distributions are included.
Measuring Socioeconomic Background in PISA: One Size Might not Fit all:

As part of its flagship educational study – the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) – the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has undertaken extensive work to create an internationally relevant composite indicator aimed at measuring socioeconomic background. However, the degree to which a single measure of socioeconomic background is reliable and valid for all participating countries is not widely discussed. To fill this gap, the authors examine the home possessions index, which is a key component of PISA's socioeconomic indicator, and highlight a number of issues surrounding this index. In particular, they take a psychometric approach to investigating the reliability and some facets of the validity of the home possessions index in a number of participating PISA countries. Their findings suggest that there are notable concerns with the current index, including highly variable reliability by country, poor model-to-data consistency on a number of subscales, and ev...
Impact Of Rad50 On Telomere Recombination Mechanisms In Primary Bone Marrow and B-Cell Lymphomas Lacking Telomerase

The unlimited growth that occurs in tumors requires telomere maintenance. Yet, a portion of human tumors lack telomerase, and maintain telomeres using recombination-based mechanisms. Studies in other model organisms indicate that two different pathways of recombination-based mechanisms impact telomere maintenance and rely on the DNA repair proteins Rad50 and Rad51. In the Rad50-dependent pathway telomere recombination occurs within the telomere repeats. In contrast, recombination using the Rad51-dependent pathway occurs within repetitive sequences in the subtelomeres. Using a mouse B-cell lymphoma model lacking telomerase, Eμmyc+mTR-/-, and immortalized fibroblast cells lacking the RNA component of telomerase (mTR-/-) we have examined the impact of inhibiting Rad50 and Rad51a on telomere recombination. We find inhibiting Rad50 or Rad51a in Eμmyc+mTR-/- B-cell lymphomas, and in mTR-/- immortalized fibroblasts, has a synergistic effect on DNA damage sensitivity to mitomycin but not camptothecin. Inhibiting Rad50 in telomerase deficient cells also results in telomere shortening and in some tumors, reduced growth. In contrast, when Rad50 or Rad51a is inhibited in cells with telomerase, DNA damage sensitivity from mitomycin is not observed when compared to cells expressing a control shRNA. In addition inhibiting Rad50 in cells with telomerase does not significantly impact telomere length or recombination. Next we developed a comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) approach that detects recombination events in the subtelomeres. Using these subtelomere arrays we find B-cell lymphomas lacking telomerase exhibit a significant increase in subtelomere recombination compared to primary cells. We also examined the impact of inhibiting Rad50 on subtelomere recombination events. Our findings using aCGH suggest that inhibiting Rad50 does not impact subtelomere recombination in Eμmyc+mTR-/- B-cell lymphomas. Overall, our findings suggest that inhibiting either Rad50 or Rad51a in mTR-/- cells has a synergistic impact on the sensitivity to DNA damaging agents in contrast to cells with mTR+/+. Currently we are testing the impact of inhibiting Rad51a on subtelomere recombination. In addition these results further support that Rad50 contributes to telomere recombination mechanisms in tumors lacking telomerase and will provide insight into the mechanism of subtelomere recombination in mammalian cells. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Survival and Transport of Hepatitis a Virus in Soils, Groundwater and Wastewater

Hepatitis A virus (HAV), poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 1 were studied for their adsorption and survival in groundwater, wastewater and soils suspended in these media and for survival and transport through unsaturated miniature soil columns intermittently dosed with virus-laden groundwater or wastewater. There were differences among the viruses in adsorption to soils, with poliovirus adsorbed most extensively, echovirus the least and HAV intermediate between these two. All three viruses survived well (>90% inactivation) for at least 12 weeks in groundwater, wastewater and soil suspensions at 5°C. However, at 25 C, HAV survived generally longer than poliovirus and echovirus, with 90–99% inactivation of HAV and 99.9–99.99% inactivation of poliovirus and echovirus in 12 weeks. In miniature soil columns dosed with virus-laden groundwater or wastewater, virus reductions were generally least for echovirus and greatest for poliovirus. HAV reductions were intermediate between these two, but more like poliovirus. The ability of HAV to survive for long periods in soils, groundwater and wastewater and to migrate to some extent through unsaturated soils helps to explain why HAV can contaminate groundwater and cause outbreaks of groundwaterborne disease.
Explosion Time of Horizontal Lifts of Semimartingales on Differentiable Manifolds with Linear Connections

Let M be a smooth manifold with a linear connection, and let F(M) be the frame bundle over M. It is well known that for any continuous semimartingale X on M running up to a stopping time τ, there is a continuous horizontal lift U of X with respect to the linear connection, running up to a stopping time τ′. In this note, we provide a short proof for the fact that τ′ is always equal to τ.
Imaging Diagnosis of Testicular and Epididymal Tumors or Inflammatory Nodes in Children

Objective To analyzed imaging features of testicular and epididymal tumors or inflammatory nodes in children and to improve its diagnostic accuracy.Methods 13 cases underwent ultrasonography,of them,plain CT scan in 10 cases,enhanced CT scan in6 cases.Its signs were retrospectively analyzed and compared with surgical and pathological results.Results On ultrasonography,theinhomogenous and different echo could be viewed in 13 cases,color Doppler flow imaging was abundant in 8 masses,3 cases with littler,empty blood flow in 2 cases and retroperitoneal lymphatic metastasis were viewed in 2 cases.On plain CT scan,masses were mixed density in 4 cases,calcification could be seen within tumor in 3 cases,masses were soft tissue or main soft tissue density in 6 cases.Contrast-enhancedCT scan displayed obviously and inhomogenously in 4 cases,lightly enhancment in 1 case and no enhanced in 1 case.By surgical andpathological confirmed,3 were mature treatomaes,1 was immaturity teratoma,4 were yolk sactumor,3 were inflammatory nodes,1 wasrhabdomyosarcoma and 1 was cystic lymphangioma.Conclusion Each kind of testicular tumors in children has its owns CT and UScharacteristics.In combination of CT and US can carry high diagnostic accuracy.
Language effects in second-language learners: A longitudinal electrophysiological study of spanish classroom learning

How do the neural mechanisms involved in word recognition evolve over the course of word learning in adult learners of a new second language? The current study sought to closely track language effects, which are differences in electrophysiological indices of word processing between one's native and second languages, in beginning university learners over the course of a single semester of learning. Monolingual L1 English-speakers enrolled in introductory Spanish were first trained on a list of 228 Spanish words chosen from the vocabulary to be learned in class. Behavioral data from the training session and the following experimental sessions spaced over the course of the semester showed expected learning effects. In the three laboratory sessions participants read words in three lists (English, Spanish and mixed) while performing a go/no-go lexical decision task in which event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. As observed in previous studies there were ERP language effects with larger N400s to native than second language words. Importantly, this difference declined over the course of L2 learning with N400 amplitude increasing for new second language words. These results suggest that even over a single semester of learning that new second language words are rapidly incorporated into the word recognition system and begin to take on lexical and semantic properties similar to native language words. Moreover, the results suggest that electrophysiological measures can be used as sensitive measures for tracking the acquisition of new linguistic knowledge.
Heart block after Swan-Ganz insertion.

(1989). Heart Block After Swan-Ganz Insertion. Hospital Practice: Vol. 24, No. 10, pp. 36-36.
Influence of fat on blood coagulation: its detection with a modified thromboplastin generation test.

Abstract The mechanism of coagulation abnormalities induced by lipemia was studied by means of a modified thromboplastin generation test (T.G.T.) Modification consisted of dilution of absorbed plasma 1:10 and serum 1:40, which weakens the system and increases its sensitivity. Fifteen normal subjects were studied fasting and at the peak of lipemia following 70 Gm. of butter. At the height of lipemia, the diluted T.G.T. consistently revealed marked acceleration of thromboplastic activity during the first 5 minutes of incubation, while the standard T.G.T. was only slightly accelerated. Three spontaneously hyperlipemic patients (1 diabetic, 2 idiopathic) were studied while they were fasting. In these patients, also, increased activity of the diluted T.G.T. was proportional to the elevation of serum lipids. Shortening of Stypven time by lipemia was the most constant additional finding. Other coagulation tests gave variable and inconsistent results. The diluted T.G.T. proved to be a sensitive tool for study of the effects of lipemia on early phases of blood coagulation.
Benign Lymphocytosis and Reactive Neutrophilia: Laboratory Features Provide Diagnostic Clues

Peripheral blood leukocytoses are some of the most common abnormalities observed in the clinical hematology laboratory. This article discusses both benign lymphocytosis and reactive neutrophilia. Laboratory features and clinical syndromes associated with each of these specific leukocytoses and diagnostic considerations including differentiation from malignant disorders are addressed.
Effects of intravaginal and pelvic immunization on specific antibody in mouse vaginal fluid

Intravaginal (iv) immunization caused specific IgA secretion into mouse vaginal fluid, but lymphoid nodules were not detected in mouse vaginal mucosa (Parr et al., 1988). It is generally accepted that IgA responses are generated in mucosal lymphoid tissue, but regional lymph nodes may also be involved (Spencer et al., 1983). Also, immunization in the vicinity of mammary glands, salivary glands, or the respiratory tract can elicit specific IgA secretion into colostrum, saliva, and bile (Genco and Taubman, 1969; Taubman and Smith, 1974; Hall and Spencer, 1984). We therefore sought to identify non-mucosal sites in the mouse pelvis from which lymph drains to the lymph nodes that drain the vagina (iliac nodes), and to determine whether immunization at those sites would cause higher IgA titers in vaginal fluid than immunization at other sites. In addition, we studied the effects of adjuvants on responses to intravaginal (iv) immunization.
Counterion Condensation vs. Zeta Potential: Can Either Theory Describe the Electrophoresis of DNA and other Polyions?

Many textbooks state that the electrophoretic mobility of a polyion is directly proportional to the number of charged residues and inversely proportional to its frictional coefficient. If a series of polyions differ only in the number of charged residues, the frictional coefficients will be approximately constant. Hence, the free solution mobilities are expected to be proportional to the effective charge. However, the mobilities of the charge variants of a given polyion are proportional to the logarithm of the linear charge density, not the first power of the charge. The semilogarithmic relationship between the mobility and the fractional charge of the polyion is observed for single- and double-stranded DNA oligomers, small organic molecules, protein “ladders” and protein sequence mutants.Manning has used counterion condensation theory to derive an equation describing DNA electrophoretic mobility. This equation predicts that the mobilities should depend on the logarithm of the linear charge density, as observed. Surprisingly, the same equation can be used to predict the fractional mobilities of the charge variants of other types of polyions, if the square root of the surface charge density is used as the variable instead of the linear charge density. Mobilities calculated from theories of the zeta potential are less accurate than those calculated from the Manning equation. Hence, the Manning electrophoresis equation appears to have a wider validity than commonly recognized.
Infrastructure-less and calibration-free RFID-based localization algorithm for victim tracking in mass casualty incidents

We introduce an active RFID-based algorithm for real-time tracking of victims during a Mass Casually Incident (MCI). By using responders locations obtained from GPS on their Smartphones as mobile anchors and active RFID readings from the victims, the proposed localization algorithm obtains average localization accuracy commensurate with GPS [1] (under 20 ft.). The proposed algorithm is a mobile, scalable, affordable, calibration-free and infrastructure-less solution, which makes it suitable for use in an MCI.
Requirements for food ingredient and nutraceutical delivery systems

Abstract: A wide variety of colloidal delivery systems are available for utilization in the food industry to encapsulate, protect, and release nutraceutical components. The challenge for the food and beverage manufacturer is to decide which system is the most appropriate delivery system for a particular application, which is based on factors such as physicochemical properties, labelling and legal requirements, and economic factors. This chapter provides an overview of: the terminology used to refer to delivery systems; the different kinds of release mechanisms; the active components that can be encapsulated; and the materials and methods that can be used to fabricate delivery systems. In addition, it highlights the importance of carefully controlling particle characteristics (such as composition, charge, and size) to produce particular physicochemical and functional properties (such as optical, rheological, stability, and release).
An undergraduate Cyber Operations curriculum in the making: A 10 + year report

In fall 2002, Towson University launched an undergraduate computer security track within its computer science program. This program was the first undergraduate program in the state of Maryland with a strong and technical computer security focus and among the first in the country addressing the shortage of skilled cybersecurity professionals. Since its inception, this program has gone through several assessment cycles and curricular revisions to stay current with the demands of ever-evolving cybersecurity discipline. These revisions allowed the program to meet the rigorous requirements of the NSA Cyber Operations program, and in 2014, Towson University was designated as one of fourteen National Centers of Academic Excellence in Cyber Operations. This paper describes the current curriculum for the track and discusses lessons learned and challenges faced during the past fourteen years. We believe our undergraduate cyber operations program, developed, evolved and tested at a large public institution with students with widely-differing academic and socio-economic backgrounds provides a valuable model for adopting and adapting at other institutions interested in starting such programs.
Clickers Are Dynamic Assessment Tools in Marketing Education

The main objective of this study is to introduce clickers (personal response system, PRS) as a dyanamic assessement tool, and investigate the effect of clicker techmology, as an effective intervention, on students’ behaviors and motivation. Further, this study aims to offer a rationale for using clicker technology and suggest best parctices for intergrating the technology into marketing course curriculums.
Strategies for Increasing Faculty Involvement in Institutional or Program Assessment

ABSTRACTThis narrative research study was conducted to explore the experiences of full-time community college faculty members involved in student learning outcomes assessment. Prior research documented the need for more community college faculty involvement with assessment at the program and institutional levels (Grunwald & Peterson, 2003; Kinzie, 2010; Nunley, Bers, & Manning, 2011); however, little research had been published about faculty experiences with assessment at these levels. This study adds to the body of literature about community college faculty participation with assessment by sharing the perspectives of faculty members who had participated with either program or institutional assessment on their campus. One-hour semi-structured interviews with nine participants at three different 2-year institutions recognized for their assessment processes provided the data for the study. The size of this study was limited to nine participants so that an in-depth exploration of each participant’s experienc...
Intraventricular hemorrhage possibly extending from an infratentorial subdural hematoma via a perforated suprapineal recessus in a full-term neonate.

Background Although intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is very rarely reported in full-term neonates, it may occur in children with perinatal trauma, asphyxia, and coagulation disorders, and may originate in the choroid plexus and residual subependymal germinal matrix layer. Case Description We present the case of a full-term baby with IVH. She had no perinatal problems or coagulation disorders. Sagittal views of neuroimages demonstrated that the IVH possibly extended from a subdural hemorrhage (SDH) in the infratentorial area via a perforated suprapineal recessus. This was barely visible on a conventional axial view of a computed tomographic scan. Conclusion When the etiopathogenesis of IVH in a full-term baby with an uncomplicated delivery cannot be clearly defined, multi-directional and multi-modal neuroimaging may be useful.
Abnormal Head Postures

Most PCPs tend to think of orthomuscular causes for AHPs like muscular torticollis. All strabismologists know of children who were sent for physical therapy when in fact they had a fourth cranial nerve palsy. Conversely, strabismologists may tend to think that all patients with an AHP have an ocular cause. The truth lies somewhere in between. In one prospective multidisciplinary study of 63 children presenting to PCPs with an AHP [1], the cause of the AHP was orthopedic in 35 (56%), ocular in 25 (40%), and neurologic in 5 (8%). No specific cause could be found in the remaining eight (13%) patients (total is more than 100% as some patients had multiple etiologies). Congenital muscular torticollis was the most common orthopedic cause accounting for 31 patients (49%). The most common ocular cause was superior oblique muscle palsy, which accounted for 12 patients (19%). In two patients (3%) with fourth cranial nerve palsy there was secondary neck muscle contracture suggesting an orthopedic cause.
Behavioral Perspectives on Abnormalities of Breathing during Sleep

Research on respiration during sleep accelerated in 1965 when Gastaut, Tassinari, and Duron discovered that certain obese patients with daytime somnolence experience abrupt, repetitive obstruction of the airway hundreds of times during a night of sleep. Since then studies of adults and infants have demonstrated that respiratory physiology during sleep differs dramatically from that of wakefulness (Orem and Barnes, 1980; Phillipson, 1978).
Refractive Error in the Geriatric Population

An 88-year-old African-American male is sent by his primary care physician for retinal evaluation for diabetic retinopathy. He has had worsening diabetes control requiring insulin therapy. He moved to the area after the death of his wife, who had been his primary caregiver, and is currently living with his daughter. He has not seen an eye care professional in the last 12 years. His past medical history is significant for diabetes and hypertension, both diagnosed at the time of a stroke 5 years previously and both currently controlled. A diabetic nurse is working with the patient on diabetic nutrition and insulin administration, but has doubts if the patient can see well enough to accurately draw up his own insulin.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Tripodal Tris(nitroxide) Aluminum Complex and Its Catalytic Activity toward Carbonyl Hydroboration

An aluminum complex of a tripodal tris(nitroxide)-based ligand has been prepared and characterized. The complex has the ability to participate in metal–ligand cooperative catalysis, which has been exploited for the hydroboration of both aldehydes and ketones. This represents new, transition-metal-like reactivity for an earth-abundant metal.
Wheat straw biochar reduces environmental cadmium bioavailability.

Abstract Cadmium contamination in waters and soils can lead to food chain accumulation and ultimately deterioration in human health; means for reducing bioavailable Cd are desperately required, and biochars may play a role. Long-term (240 d) lab incubation experiments were utilized to explain wheat straw-derived biochar effects on Cd sorption and decreasing Cd bioavailability in soils and solutions (0, 5, and 15% biochar as wt:wt or wt:vol, respectively), and to identify Cd forms present using both the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) chemical sequential extraction procedure and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Biochar Cd removal was up to ~90% from Cd-containing solutions and contaminated soil as compared to the control. Based on the wet chemical sequential extraction procedure in conjunction with XAS, biochar application promoted the formation of (oxy)hydroxide, carbonate, and organically bound Cd phases. As a material, biochar may be promoted as a tool for reducing and removing bioavailable Cd from contaminated waters and soils. Thus, biochar may play a role in reducing Cd bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and improving environmental quality and human health.
Reply to Comment on ‘Linear energy transfer incorporated intensity modulated proton therapy optimization’

In this reply we present additional description of our linear model for LET optimization in response to the comments by Dr Gorissen. We clarify that this model cannot guarantee global optimal solutions to the sum-of-fractions problem. Based on our data, it could be used to optimize LET efficiently while dose constraints are maintained.
Obtaining the complex optical constants n and k via quantitative absorption measurements in KBr pellets

Reflectance (emittance) spectroscopy, especially at infrared wavelengths, continues to grow in utility as an analytical technique for contact, standoff, and remote sensing. The reflectance spectra of solids, however, are complex, depending on many parameters, even for the same material. Granule or powder particle size, crystal morphology, layer thickness, and substrate material all affect the spectral distribution of reflected light. However, such phenomena can all be modeled if the optical constants n(ν) and k(ν) are available. If the quantitative absorption coefficient K(ν) is known, the k value can be obtained via the relation k(ν) = 2.303K(ν)/4πν. The absorption coefficient can in turn be derived from a simple KBrpellet infrared absorption measurement, provided the pellet mass ratio is prepared quantitatively. The method requires the pellet’s mass and diameter, along with the analyte mass fraction and density. In this paper we demonstrate the requisite experimental details in preparing the pellets, as well as methods to reduce light scattering in order to obtain more quantitative values. Theoretical methods to derive the related optical constants will also be detailed, in particular the assumptions used to obtain the scalar refractive index n. Ideally, this value is known or measured separately, but in some cases we have found that it can be approximated (first approximation) for most organic chemicals by n~1.5 at the shortest wavelength. The results are presented for a couple of species.
New Approaches to the Evaluation and Management of Well-Appearing Term and Late Preterm Neonates at Risk for Early-Onset Sepsis

We examine established guidelines for evaluating infants at risk for early-onset sepsis (EOS), as well as newer risk-based assessment strategies that may safely reduce unnecessary antibiotic exposure for well-appearing newborns. We highlight a new multivariate risk assessment tool (Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis Calculator) that can reduce empirical antibiotic therapy, laboratory testing, maternal-infant separation, and healthcare costs, without increasing adverse events. In the era of intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis for group B Streptococcus (GBS), the incidence of EOS among term and late preterm infants has decreased substantially. Established guidelines recommend laboratory evaluation and empirical antibiotics for all infants exposed to maternal chorioamnionitis, regardless of the infant’s clinical condition. Since the publication of these guidelines, newer evidence suggests that well-appearing infants can safely be managed with close clinical observation alone. The Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis Calculator is a useful tool that quantifies an individual newborn’s EOS risk based on perinatal risk factors and clinical examination and has been shown to decrease laboratory evaluations and antibiotic use.
Endemism in Wyoming plant and insect herbivore communities during the early Eocene hothouse

The warm, equable, and ice-free early Eocene Epoch permits investigation of ecosystem function and macro-ecological patterns during a very different climate regime than exists today. It also provides insight into what the future may entail, as anthropogenic CO2 release drives Earth toward a comparable hothouse condition. Studying plant–insect herbivore food webs during hothouse intervals is warranted, because these account for the majority of nonmicrobial terrestrial biodiversity. Here, we report new plant and insect herbivore damage census data from two floodplain sites in the Wind River Basin of central Wyoming, one in the Aycross Formation (50–48.25 Ma) at the basin edge (WRE) and the second in the Wind River Formation in the interior of the basin (WRI). The WRI site is in stratigraphic proximity to a volcanic ash that is newly dated to 52.416 ± 0.016/0.028/0.063 (2σ). We compare the Wind River Basin assemblages to published data from a 52.65 Ma floodplain flora in the neighboring Bighorn (BH) Basin and find that only 5.6% of plant taxa occur at all three sites and approximately 10% occur in both basins. The dissimilar floras support distinct suites of insect herbivores, as recorded by leaf damage. The relatively low-diversity BH flora has the highest diversity of insect damage, contrary to hypotheses that insect herbivore diversity tracks floral diversity. The distinctiveness of the WRE flora is likely due to its younger age and cooler reconstructed paleotemperature, but these factors are nearly identical for the WRI and BH floras. Site-specific microenvironmental factors that cannot be measured easily in deep time may account for these differences. Alternatively, the Owl Creek Mountains between the two basins may have provided a formidable barrier to the thermophilic organisms that inhabited the basin interiors, supporting Janzen's hypothesis that mountain passes appear higher in tropical environments.
Legislating Gender in Mandate Palestine: Colonial Laws on Midwifery, Employment, and Marriage

This chapter uses colonial legislation as an analytical lens to examine Palestinian women’s status under the British Mandate (1920–1948), focusing on employment, midwifery, and minimum marriage age laws. When government legislation specifically targeted women, it tended to restrict women’s autonomy and focus on non-elites, who were the vast majority of Palestinian women during this period. Employment and midwifery ordinances particularly targeted working-class women and caused financial difficulties for many because the laws imposed manifold constraints on women’s work, such as forbidding women from working in so-called dangerous occupations and prohibiting unlicensed midwives to provide any health care beyond midwifery. Such regulations on midwifery also had the consequence of limiting rural Palestinians’ access to health care because only Western-educated health workers were authorized to perform most medical services. Indeed, government officials were far more interested in inspecting and disciplining midwives than with increasing access to acutely needed health care. However, many Palestinian women used innovative strategies to resist government regulations. Finally, British officials criminalized marriages involving girls under fifteen years old, but there was no penalty for marrying underage boys even though they were also susceptible to early marriage. The article included a proviso that effectively allowed underage marriage for girls, however, suggesting that this law was intended to promote Britain’s reputation rather than to encourage meaningful social change. This chapter argues that colonial employment, midwifery, and marriage laws disadvantaged Palestinian women’s position during the Mandate period because they limited women’s economic opportunities and legalized child marriage. Also, it will show that the government’s treatment of Palestinian women corresponded with its larger objectives of controlling its colonial subjects, regulating health care, presenting a benign image of Britain’s presence in Palestine, and propagating British constructs of gender among the colonized.
Human T Cell Response to Dengue Virus Infection

DENV is a major public health problem worldwide, thus underlining the overall significance of the proposed Program. The four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (1-4) cause the most common mosquito-borne viral disease of humans, with 3 billion people at risk for infection and up to 100 million cases each year, most often affecting children. The protective role of T cells during viral infection is well-established. Generally, CD8 T cells can control viral infection through several mechanisms, including direct cytotoxicity, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. Similarly, CD4 T cells are thought to control viral infection through multiple mechanisms, including enhancement of B and CD8 T cell responses, production of inflammatory and anti-viral cytokines, cytotoxicity, and promotion of memory responses. To probe the phenotype of virus-specific T cells, epitopes derived from viral sequences need to be known. Here we discuss the identification of CD4 and CD8 T cell epitopes derived from DENV and how these epitopes have been used by researchers to interrogate the phenotype and function of DENV-specific T cell populations.
Current Outcomes of Blunt Vertebral Artery Injuries.

Background There is no consensus on the treatment of blunt vertebral artery injuries, and studies are limited to small case series. We assessed the natural history and current management of these injuries. Methods We performed a retrospective study of a prospectively collected registry at a level I trauma center over a 5-year period. Additional information was gathered from patient charts and imaging review from electronic medical records. We analyzed demographics, mechanism of injury, Glasgow Coma Score, mortality, length of stay, associated injuries, Denver grading scale, neurological findings, level and laterality of injury, delay in diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up imaging. Results There were 13,080 trauma admissions during this time period yielding 141 patients with blunt vertebral artery injuries from 2013 to 2018 (1.1% incidence). Mean injury severity score (ISS) was 22 with a 30-day mortality of 14 (9.9%). An ISS of greater than 15 is associated with polytrauma and increased mortality. There were 112 (79.4%) associated cervical fractures. C6 and C7 were both equally the most common locations. There was one symptomatic injury manifesting as a cerebellar ischemic infarct. The degree of arterial injury was classified by the Denver grading scale. There were 61 (43.3%) instances of Denver grade I injuries, followed by grade IV at 36 (25.5%), grade II at 34 (24.1%), grade III at 8 (5.7%), and grade V at 1 (0.7%). The level of injury was recorded as follows: V2 = 67 (47.5%), V3 = 56 (39.7%), V1 = 48 (34%), V4 = 14 (9.9%). Medical therapy included aspirin in 93 patients (66%), 31 patients (22%) received systemic anticoagulation with heparin drip, and 2 patients (1%) were administered therapeutic Lovenox. A total of 15 patients (11%) received no medical treatment. There was one intervention in our series. Our only grade V injury was coil embolized. A total of 118 patients (84%) had follow-up imaging. Seventy-eight patients (96%) with grade I and grade II injuries did not worsen, and complete radiographic resolution was found in 50 patients (62%). Grade IV injuries persisted in 22 patients (75.9%). Median time to resolution for grade I and grade II injuries was 7 and 8 days, respectively. Most follow-up scans for grade I and II injuries occurred within 50 days. Conclusions Posterior circulation stroke due to blunt vertebral artery injury is rare. In our experience, the natural course of blunt vertebral artery injury was benign and neither delay in medical treatment nor choice of antithrombotic had a significant impact on outcomes. In our series, only 3 (3.7%) grade I and II injuries worsened and were without any clinical sequelae. We suggest that routine serial imaging in grade I and II blunt vertebral injuries is not warranted.
BioCartilage augmentation of marrow stimulation procedures for cartilage defects of the knee: Two-year clinical outcomes.

Abstract Background The present study evaluated short-term outcomes of microfracture augmented with micronized allograft cartilage matrix (BioCartilage) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for symptomatic focal femoral condyle or trochlea cartilage defects. Methods Patients who underwent microfracture augmented with BioCartilage and PRP for isolated contained chondral defects were evaluated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at one year postoperatively. Two-year postoperative outcomes included patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and rates of return-to-work and return-to-sport. Results Mean age of the 10 patients who completed the study was 39.7 years (range, 19–66 years), and five (50%) were female. Mean post-debridement defect size of the five femoral condyle and five trochlea defects was 2.4 cm2 (range, 0.7–5.0 cm2). One-year postoperative MRI analysis demonstrated that two chondral lesions were 50% filled, two sites were completely filled, and two sites had hypertrophied. Patients experienced improvements in three PROMs at six months, one year, and two years postoperatively (p Conclusions Our findings suggest that small, contained focal chondral injuries in the femoral condyle and trochlea treated with a marrow stimulation procedure augmented with BioCartilage and PRP are associated with significant improvements in patient-reported outcomes at two years postoperatively. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term durability and imaging characteristics of this intervention. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level IV.
Skeletal and Dental Development Preserve Evidence of Energetic Stress in the Moose of Isle Royale

Food shortages can leave diagnostic, and in the case of the dentition, irreversible changes in mineralized tissue that persist into historical and fossil records. Consequently, developmental defects of tooth enamel might be used to track ungulate population irruptions or declines in resource availability but dental tissue’s capacity for preserving historical population density changes has yet to be investigated in wild populations. We test the ability of macroscopic enamel defects, mandible and metapodial lengths to track changes in the well-known insular moose population of Isle Royale National Park. Our study demonstrates that 1) a moose density threshold exists on the island above which there is a significant decrease in mandible and metatarsus length and a concomitant increase in enamel hypoplasias, 2) food limitation has a more pronounced effect on male than female skeletal and dental growth, and 3) combined data from tooth enamel hypoplasias and bone lengths reflect the relative density of this ungulate population, and should be broadly applicable to other ungulate osteological samples. Developmental defects in dental enamel were among the highest recorded in a wild population, and even during low-density intervals the population density of Isle Royale moose has been high enough to negatively impact skeletal and dental growth, indicating the comparatively poor health of this isolated century-old ecosystem.
Regulation of the Peroxidase-Like Activity of nGO, MoS2 and WS2 Nanozymes by Using Metal Cations

Two dimensional nanoparticles (2D-NPs) along with other nanoscale materials have been deemed to be the next generation of artificial enzymes (nanozymes). The low-cost bulk-scale production, ease of storage and modification of such nanomaterials have given nanozymes an advantage over traditional enzymes. Many studies have been aimed at developing methods to increase the performance of these nanozymes, and also identify interfering agents. To investigate the interference of a number of metal cations, we studied the effect of Ti2+ , Fe2+ , Ag+ , Hg2+ , Co2+ , Cu2+ , Ni2+ , Pb2+ , Ca2+ , Zn2+ and Mn2+ in a nanozyme assays of 2D-NPs using ABTS radical formation. Ti2+ , Co2+ , Cu2+ , Ni2+ , Ca2+ , Zn2+ and Mn2+ ions did not display any notable effect on the peroxidase-like activity of nGO, MoS2 and WS2 2D-NPs. However, Fe2+ , Ag+ , Hg2+ and Pb2+ ions' effects on the overall ABTS reaction were significant enough to be visualised by partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA). We report that, similar to that of many natural enzymes, the nanozyme activity of 2D-NPs is regulated by a number of metal cations allowing their identification and discrimination by using a statistical analysis tool.
Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network Based Direction of Arrival Estimation Method Using Two Microphones for Hearing Studies

This work proposes a convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN) based direction of arrival (DOA) angle estimation method, implemented on the Android smartphone for hearing aid applications. The proposed app provides a ‘visual’ indication of the direction of a talker on the screen of Android smartphones for improving the hearing of people with hearing disorders. We use real and imaginary parts of short-time Fourier transform (STFT) as a feature set for the proposed CRNN architecture for DOA angle estimation. Real smartphone recordings are utilized for assessing performance of the proposed method. The accuracy of the proposed method reaches 87.33% for unseen (untrained) environments. This work also presents real-time inference of the proposed method, which is done on an Android smartphone using only its two built-in microphones and no additional component or external hardware. The real-time implementation also proves the generalization and robustness of the proposed CRNN based model.
Analyzing Chemistry Teachers’ Formative Assessment Practices Using Formative Assessment Portfolio Chapters

The effective use of formative assessment (FA) has been demonstrated to confer positive impacts on student learning. To understand why and how FA works, it is necessary to characterize teachers’ FA practices, but because both teaching practice and learning depend on the nature of the discipline, there are disciplinary aspects to examining this. This study aimed to develop an analysis of chemistry teachers’ FA practices through the lens of the chemical thinking framework. Two cohorts of middle and high school science teachers participated in year-long professional development with the goal of improving their FA practices in teaching chemistry. Each teacher submitted FA portfolio chapters throughout the year. To develop an approach to use in ongoing research that will analyze teachers’ progress across the year, the final FA portfolio chapters of participants (N = 13) were analyzed to characterize FA task design, the teacher’s purpose in implementing the FA, and how the teacher evaluated student work. FA tasks were found to range from revealing students’ mastery of concepts to uncovering students’ chemical thinking. Teachers also demonstrated a range of purposes behind their use of the FA tasks, and a range of focuses when evaluating student work. Correspondence among the FA task, a teacher’s purpose for its use, and the teacher’s evaluation approach revealed patterns that echo the broader research in science education, but with instantiation in chemistry. Ways for teachers to assess and diversify their own FA practices based on these findings are presented.
Solving the Max-Flow Problem on a Quantum Annealing Computer

This article addresses the question of implementing a maximum flow algorithm on directed graphs in a formulation suitable for a quantum annealing computer. Three distinct approaches are presented. In all three cases, the flow problem is formulated as a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem amenable to quantum annealing. The first implementation augments a graph with integral edge capacities into a multigraph with unit-capacity edges and encodes the fundamental objective and constraints of the maximum flow problem using a number of qubits equal to the total capacity of the graph $\sum _i{c_i}$ . The second implementation, which encodes flows through edges using a binary representation, reduces the required number of qubits to $\mathcal {O}(|E| \log C_{\max })$ , where $|E|$ and $C_{\max }$ denote the number of edges and maximum edge capacity of the graph, respectively. The third implementation adapts the dual minimum cut formulation and encodes the problem instance using $|V|$ qubits, where $|V|$ is the number of vertices in the graph. Scaling factors for penalty terms and coupling matrix construction times are made explicit in this article.
Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors and Outcomes During Left Ventricular Assist Device Support: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Abstract Background Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5i) have been used to treat pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVAD). The effects of PDE5i on post-LVAD outcomes including hemocompatibility-related adverse events are not well-established. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effects of PDE5i on post-LVAD outcomes. Methods and Results A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Pubmed and Embase databases from inception through November 25, 2020, to compare post-LVAD outcomes in patients with or without PDE5i use. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and I2 statistic were calculated. Thirteen observational studies were included in this analysis. The use of PDE5i was not significantly associated with lower postoperative right ventricular failure (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.02–5.96, P = .41). There was no significant association between PDE5i and gastrointestinal bleeding (OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.76–1.98, P = .2), overall stroke (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.21–1.68, P = .17), ischemic stroke (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.09–4.07, P = .38), or pump thrombosis (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.14–3.54, P = .46). Conclusions Our meta-analysis showed no significant association between PDE5i and post-LVAD right ventricular failure. Despite the antiplatelet effects of PDE5i, there was no significant association between PDE5i and gastrointestinal bleeding, overall stroke, ischemic stroke, or pump thrombosis. Randomized controlled studies are warranted to evaluate the net benefits or harms of PDE5i in the LVAD population.