cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elucidation of the catalytic cracking pathway for unsaturated mono-, di-, and triacylglycerides on solid acid catalysts

Abstract Heterogeneous catalytic transformation of lipids to transportation fuels offers a unique opportunity to provide sustainable energy while utilizing the current petroleum refining infrastructure. The reaction chemistry for the heterogeneous catalytic cracking of unsaturated acylglycerides was studied. Mono-, di-, and triolein, which are acylglycerides with oleic acid as the fatty acid constituent, were reacted at 400 °C over H+ZSM-5, faujasite, and silica–alumina catalysts. Reactions were carried out using a pulse-type microreactor utilizing online GC analysis. This technique allowed real time evaluation of reaction products using mass spectrometry and quantitation using a thermal conductivity detector. Selected products of these reactions were further reacted in an effort to elucidate the reaction pathway for producing green fuels from unsaturated lipids. The results indicated the removal of the heteroatom from the oxygenated feedstock by formation of CO and CO2. The shape-selective zeolite catalysts (i.e. H+ZSM-5 and faujasite) promoted the formation of aromatic compounds as tertiary cracking products. Silica–alumina, an amorphous catalyst, promoted the formation of linear dienes. A reaction scheme has been proposed for the deoxygenation of lipid compounds. These results reveal the potential of using lipid feedstocks for transportation fuels.
CT imaging in acute appendicitis: techniques and controversies.

H elical CT imaging has proved invaluable for aiding diagnostic evaluation in clinically confounding cases of acute appendicitis. Although it is incontrovertible that CT can diagnose and stage acute appendicitis with a high level of accuracy, controversy abounds in the radiological community regarding the optimal CT techniques to employ in patients suspected of having this acute abdominal condition. In this paper, we will present the CT techniques currently favored for imaging adults with suspected appendicitis, and attempt to compare their relative merits and deficiencies. CT has reported sensitivities of 76% to 100%, specificities of 83% to 100%, accuracies of 93% to 99%, positive predictive values of 92% to 100%, and negative predictive values of 92% to 100% for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. 1-16 It is now accepted that appendiceal CT should incorporate prospective thin-section (-< 5 mm section thickness) scanning through the right lower quadrant to maximize z-axis resolution and improve identification of the appendix. 8'15-17 Nevertheless, debate exists regarding the need to administer intravenous contrast material, the need to use and how to administer bowel contrast agents, and the necessity for scanning the entire abdomen and pelvis versus performing a focused data acquisition through the right lower quadrant. The definitive diagnosis of acute appendicitis on CT examination is based on identifying either the abnormal appendix or the presence of pericecal inflammation in association with a calcified appendicolith. 15-17 In very mild cases of nonperforating appendicitis, the abnormal appendix may appear as a fluid-filled, minimally distended tubular structure 5 to 6 mm in diameter. 17 In the most incipient
The role of parental stress in physically abusive families

This study examines the role of several components of parental stress in physically abusive and nonabusive families with conduct-disordered children. The 123 families studied were seen in a parenting clinic aimed at improving parent-child interactions in families with a highly oppositional child. Data were collected over a several-week period and included both mother and father self-report measures and independent observations by trained researchers. Parental stress was found to play an important role in abusive families. Physically abusive families were significantly more often low income, had younger mothers with less education, more frequently reported a family history of child abuse, and were more likely to be abusing alcohol or drugs. Abusive mothers reported more stress due to frequent life events, and had a more negative perception of these events. Further, these mothers had higher rates of both depression and state anxiety. Abusive fathers spanked their children significantly more often than the nonabusive fathers, and abusive mothers had the highest frequency of critical statements directed at their children. Children from abusive households had significantly more behavior problems. Finally, abusive mothers reported more marital dissatisfaction and social isolation than their nonabusive counterparts.
Determination of calibration constants for the hole-drilling residual stress measurement technique applied to orthotropic composites. I - Theoretical considerations

The hole-drilling technique for the measurement of residual stresses using electrical resistance strain gages has been widely used for isotropic materials and has been adopted by the ASTM as a standard method. For thin isotropic plates, with a hole drilled through the thickness, the idealized hole-drilling calibration constants are obtained by making use of the well-known Kirsch's solution. In this paper, an analogous attempt is made to theoretically determine the three idealized hole-drilling calibration constants for thin orthotropic materials by employing Savin's (1961) complex stress function approach.
Student Recruitment and the World Wide Web: An Analysis of the Supply of and Demand for Online Information in Planning

Despite consensus that a World Wide Web (WWW) presence is crucial for any academic program, there has been very little investigation into the supply of information by Web sites and the demand for information by prospective students. This is a gap in the literature that this article attempts to fill. Two data sets lie at the heart of this work: (1) a census of the WWW sites of Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP)-accredited planning programs and (2) a student survey of online information preferences. Findings indicate that the supply of information reflects demand rather well, with only a few existing gaps in online information. Despite this, a number of shortcomings remain concerning online information provision by planning programs. Web sites should emphasize content, but organization, connectivity, and style all play important roles in effective recruitment as well.
New chiral phosphine-phosphonites derived from (2R,3R)-dimethyl tartrate, (S)-binaphthol and (1R,2S)-ephedrine

Abstract The reaction of 2-lithiophenyldiphenylphosphine with phosphorus trichloride afforded the new unsymmetric phosphine, dichloro(2-diphenylphosphinophenyl)phosphine (4). Condensation of 4 with (a) (2R,3R)-dimethyl tartrate or (b) (S)-binaphthol in the presence of triethylamine gave new chiral phosphine-phosphonite ligands, (2R,3R)-[2-(2′-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)-4,5-bis(carbomethoxy)-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane] ((2R,3R)-5) and (S)-[2-(diphenylphosphino)benzene][1,1′-binaphthalen-2,2′-diyl]phosphonite] ((S)-6). The analogous reaction of 4 with (1R,2S)-ephedrine using N-methylmorpholine as the base, gave [2-(2′-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-1,3,2-oxazaphospholidine] (7) as a 95:5 mixture of diastereoisomers.
Transit of Hormonal and EGF Receptor-Dependent Signals Through Cholesterol-Rich Membranes

The functional consequences of changes in membrane lipid composition that coincide with malignant growth are poorly understood. Sufficient data have been acquired from studies of lipid binding proteins, post-translational modifications of signaling proteins, and biochemical inhibition of lipidogenic pathways to indicate that growth and survival pathways might be substantially re-directed by alterations in the lipid content of membranes. Cholesterol and glycosphingolipids segregate into membrane patches that exhibit a liquid-ordered state in comparison to membrane domains containing relatively lower amounts of these classes of lipids. These “lipid raft” structures, which may vary in size and stability in different cell types, both accumulate and exclude signaling proteins and have been implicated in signal transduction through a number of cancer-relevant pathways. In prostate cancer cells, signaling from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to the serine-threonine kinase Akt1, as well as from IL-6 to STAT3, have been demonstrated to be influenced by experimental interventions that target cholesterol homeostasis. The recent finding that classical steroid hormone receptors also reside in these microdomains, and thus may function within these structures in a signaling capacity independent of their role as nuclear factors, suggests a novel means of cross-talk between receptor tyrosine kinase-derived and steroidogenic signals. Potential points of intersection between components of the EGFR family of receptor tyrosine kinases and androgen receptor signaling pathways, which may be sensitive to disruptions in cholesterol metabolism, are discussed. Understanding the manner in which these pathways converge within cholesterol-rich membranes may present new avenues for therapeutic intervention in hormone-dependent cancers.
Modified value iteration for chemotherapy scheduling optimization

An optimization algorithm for chemotherapy scheduling study is developed in this paper. We consider the density of host and cancer cells of a patient as states, and define the optimal chemotherapy scheduling as the shortest treatment path that will cure the patient, if possible. Given the fact that the treatment time is always interger-valued in our model, we used a modified version of the value iteration algorithm originally designed for Markov Decision Process. Simulation results and discussions are also given.
Optoelectronics: Plasmon-enhanced plastic devices

The abundance of unique effects found at the nanoscale offers advantages for electronics. Now, complex heterostructures of metal clusters grown on a carbon-dot support exhibit interactive plasmonic activity that enhances the performances of LEDs and solar cells.
Full-Scale Evaluation of In Situ Cometabolic Degradation of Trichloroethylene in Groundwater through Toluene Injection

Groundwater contaminated with 500−1200 μg/L trichloroethylene (TCE) was treated in situ over a 410-day period by cometabolic biodegradation through injection of 7−13.4 mg/L toluene, oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide in groundwater circulated between two contaminated aquifers through two treatment wells located 10 m apart. One well pumped contaminated groundwater from the 8 m thick upper aquifer to the 5 m thick lower aquifer, while the other pumped contaminated water from the lower to the upper aquifers using flow rates of 25−38 L/min, effecting groundwater circulation between them. Following 18 days of periodic toluene injection to develop an active biological population, continuous pulses of toluene were added. Over 312 days, an average 87 ± 8% TCE removal was obtained in the upper aquifer with each pass through the treatment well. In the lower aquifer, removals were 83 ± 16% over the last 79 days when peroxide addition was reduced. Treatment reduced TCE in the regional groundwater plumes from about 1000 μg...
Some Non-Western Perspectives on International Relations

perspectives that are most at variance with Western formulations. Non-radical, Third-World views - those of the moderates, modernists, secularists, and globalists, and of the westernized and socialscience socialized products of American and European graduate schools - are not discussed in this essay. Westerners would find the views of these moderates congenial, though it should be noted that these people and their views are vilified by those theorists of whom I write in this essay. How representative non-Western radical thinking is today is difficult to determine. That its main themes recur in the analyses and pronouncements of Islamic fundamentalists, Arab nationalists, American Black nationalists, Iranian revolutionaries, Hindu fundamentalists, Chinese Marxists, Chiapas leaders, Shining Path and Tupac Amaru guerrillas, Singaporian officials, Lebanese poets, African dramatists, South American novelists, Caribbean political theorists and Indian film-makers, suggests that such thinking is fairly widespread. The themes resonate among young people, poor people and angry people, of which there are many in the non-Western world. Because the views of the radicals are unpleasant for Westerners to contemplate, they are too often ignored in the West,
Ionospheric effects on modern electronic systems

A basic overview of ionospheric phenomenology is provided. Some of the modern electronic systems of interest and the extent to which the ionosphere may place limits on design and operation are discussed. The effects of importance to electronic systems are defined, and the effects are discussed by frequency regime: the ELF ( >
A systolic VLSI architecture for complex SVD

A systolic algorithm for the SVD (singular value decomposition) of arbitrary complex matrices based on the cyclic Jacobi method with parallel ordering is presented. A novel two-step, two-sided unitary transformation scheme, tailored to the use of CORDIC (coordinate rotation digital computer) algorithms for high-speed arithmetic, is employed to diagonalize a complex 2*2 matrix. Architecturally, the complex SVD array is modeled on the Brent-Luk-VanLoan array for real SVD. An expandable array of O(n/sup 2/) complex 2*2 matrix processors computes the SVD of an n*n matrix in O(n log n) time. A CORDIC architecture for the complex 2*2 processor with an area complexity twice that of a real 2*2 processor is proposed. Computation time for the complex SVD array is less than three times that for a real SVD array with a similar CORDIC-based implementation. >
The Internet and the Rise of the New Network Cities, 1969–1999

The recent rapid growth of the Internet has avoided scrutiny from urban planners as little information is available from which to assess its impacts on cities and regions. As a result, explanations of the relationship between telecommunications and urban growth are overly simplistic, forecasting either the centralization of decision-making in so-called ‘global’ cities or wholesale urban dissolution. Based on two measurements of Internet geography—domain name registrations and backbone networks—this study finds that access to advanced communications technologies have broadly diffused across a wide group of medium-sized and large-sized metropolitan areas. Finally, the implications of these findings suggest a need to rethink global cities and a practical need to address the growing divide between network cities and the rest of the urban world.
Cancer-Related Lymphedema Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Impact: A Review

Purpose Cancer-related lymphedema (LE) is an incurable condition associated with lymph-involved cancer treatments and is an increasing health, quality of life (QOL), and cost burden on a growing cancer survivor population. This review examines the evidence for causes, risk, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and impact of this largely unexamined survivorship concern. Methods PubMed and Medline were searched for cancer-related LE literature published since 1990 in English. The resulting references (N = 726) were evaluated for strength of design, methods, sample size, and recent publication and sorted into categories (ie, causes/prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and QOL). Sixty studies were included. Results Exercise and physical activity and sentinel lymph node biopsy reduce risk, and overweight and obesity increase risk. Evidence that physiotherapy reduces risk and that lymph node status and number of malignant nodes increase risk is less strong. Perometry and bioimpedence emerged as attractive diagnostic ...
Muscle proportionality: The proportionality of skeletal muscle before and after intervention

Background There are many types of intervention that can lead to a change in lean body mass including: hormone replacement therapy, aging, menopause, strength training, aerobic exercise, extreme weight loss interventions (gastric bypass surgery), and starvation. Lean body mass is a metabolically active tissue which is involved in several key functions in the body, including: locomotion, basal metabolic rate, and strength. The purpose of this study was to assess the proportionality of changes of regional lean body mass (arms, trunk and legs) before and after intervention.
Using graphical based software to aid in the understanding of electromagnetic field theory

The addition of a telecommunications course sequence in the Electrical Engineering Technology (EET) department at Purdue University required the development of a course in RF circuits and electromagnetic field theory. Traditional methods for teaching electromagnetic (EM) field theory were not appropriate for the target audience. The typical student in the technology program does not have a strong background in vector calculus; the primary tool used to teach electromagnetic field theory. As a result, alternative methods had to be found that would convey the same information without the dependence on mathematical models for insight. Omitting the vector based mathematical models would be a mistake because most texts and articles on RF design assume knowledge of Maxwell's equations. The solution was to provide the students with visual based computer software that would allow the student to manipulate a graphical representation of the mathematical model in conjunction with teaching the mathematical models. Omatrix by Harmonic Software was chosen as the programming language because it was (1) relatively inexpensive, (2) had good graphing tools, and (3) used a simple BASIC like structure that was easy to teach and easy for the students to learn. The student comments on the use of the graphical software were favorable, except many students felt they spent too much time debugging their computer programs and not enough time understanding the results.
Human Alveolar Macrophages Suppress the Proliferative Response of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Human alveolar cells were isolated from bronchopulmonary lavage fluids obtained from patients undergoing clinically indicated bronchoscopy. Alveolar cells strongly suppressed the proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to mitogens and antigens. Separation of the alveolar cells into adherent and nonadherent fractions indicated that the suppression was mediated by the adherent cells, or alveolar macrophages. Indomethacin at least partially relieved suppression, suggesting the involvement of prostaglandin synthesis. The suppression could be duplicated by supernatants obtained from unstimulated cultures of alveolar cells. Some specificity of suppression was apparent, in that not all proliferating cells were suppressed. T lymphocytes may be more readily suppressed than B lymphocytes, and the most susceptible cells may be a subpopulation of T lymphocytes.
Critical Stability in Nuclei – An Old Problem Revisited

In this paper we will focus on the nucleon-nucleon interaction in relative S-states. The 1S0 interaction is known to be close to that for critical two-body binding. We will discuss two approaches to the NN interaction, which are equivalent on-shell but not off-shell. There is a well-defined transformation between these approaches [1]. One (my preferred approach) is to minimize the tensor forces far off-shell, which leads to more rapid convergence, but at the price of significant non-locality. This approach is used in a model of relativistic tensor quenching of OPEP [2]. With non-local NN interactions it is possible to fit not only NN observables, but also the NNN ground-state energies [3]. The other approach is to maximize the role of the π and keep the interaction as local as possible [4]. This approach is also internally consistent, but requires additional NNN interactions to fit nuclear data. Also, we discuss briefly a so-called low momentum interaction [5, 6], which fits S-wave phase shifts quite well. This interaction is strongly non-local, and it can be approximated by a schematic separable interaction. Finally, we mention the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model [7] and a good approximation, the Hulthen potential, which provides some insight into the near critical two-body binding.
Seismic Intensities, PGA, and PGV for the 20 April 2013, Mw 6.6 Lushan, China, Earthquake, and a Comparison with North America

Online Material: Seismic intensity map with observation points; table of geographical coordinates, MMI values. The 20 April 2013 M w 6.6 Lushan earthquake occurred at the geologic boundary between the western Sichuan basin and the eastern flank of the Tibetan plateau. This earthquake occurred 100 km south‐southwest of the epicenter of the 2008 M w 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake (Fig. 1). In response to the deadly Wenchuan earthquake, there has been a significant increase in the density of seismographic, strong‐motion, and Global Positioning System (GPS) stations throughout western Sichuan Province, including the vicinity of the Lushan earthquake. This increased level of earthquake monitoring has provided a dense array of coseismic recordings of the Lushan earthquake. These data have been used for numerous studies of the source properties, aftershock distribution, and the crustal strain field associated with this earthquake (Fang et al. , 2013; Liu et al. , 2013; Shan et al. , 2013; Xie et al. , 2013, 2014; Xu et al. , 2013; Han et al. , 2014; Zhang et al. , 2014). Figure 1. (a) Topographic map of Longmen Shan, western Sichuan Province, with the epicenters of the 2008 Wenchuan and 2013 Lushan earthquakes obtained from China Earthquake Network Center and the focal mechanisms (Global Centroid Moment Tensor project). The black lines show the extent of the rupture planes of the Wenchuan earthquakes (Zhang et al. , 2010; Hartzell et al. , 2013). (b) Finite‐fault slip model for the Lushan earthquake (Liu et al. , 2013); maximum slip is 150 cm and the rupture dimension for slip >25 cm is 20 km by 20 km. We report a field investigation of seismic intensities in the immediate vicinity of the epicenter of the Lushan earthquake. We compare these results with the recorded seismic ground accelerations and ground …
PP161. Association of maternal vitamin D and placenta growth factor with early-onset severe preeclampsia.

Introduction Decreased maternal 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-D) and placenta growth factor (PlGF) have both been associated with the diagnosis of early-onset severe preeclampsia (EOSPE). Prior investigations have identified these biomarkers to be decreased at the time of diagnosis of preeclampsia and prior to the onset of clinical diagnosis of preeclampsia. Objectives This investigation aimed to define the association of these biomarkers with EOSPE. This will yield information concerning possible potential for these biomarkers to be used in diagnosis of preeclampsia. Methods Patients with EOSPE and healthy controls were recruited and demographics, outcomes, and plasma were collected at matched gestational age. 25-OH-D was assessed by radioimmunoassay and reported in ng/mL. PlGF was assessed by ELISA and reported in pg/mL. Receiver operator curves were constructed for each regression model and sensitivity and specificity were reported for each biomarker. Results In EOSPE, both 25-OH-D and PlGF were decreased significantly compared to controls. The combination of age, race, and PlGF or 25-OH-D performed well in discrimination of EOSPE and controls. The logistic regression model using both PlGF and 25-OH-D is shown below: Conclusion PlGF and 25-OH-D are sensitive and specific markers for diagnosis of EOSPE. However, PlGF provided a higher sensitivity and specificity for EOSPE diagnosis.
History of Reading Struggles Linked to Enhanced Learning in Low Spatial Frequency Scenes

People with dyslexia, who face lifelong struggles with reading, exhibit numerous associated low-level sensory deficits including deficits in focal attention. Countering this, studies have shown that struggling readers outperform typical readers in some visual tasks that integrate distributed information across an expanse. Though such abilities would be expected to facilitate scene memory, prior investigations using the contextual cueing paradigm failed to find corresponding advantages in dyslexia. We suggest that these studies were confounded by task-dependent effects exaggerating known focal attention deficits in dyslexia, and that, if natural scenes were used as the context, advantages would emerge. Here, we investigate this hypothesis by comparing college students with histories of severe lifelong reading difficulties (SR) and typical readers (TR) in contexts that vary attention load. We find no differences in contextual-cueing when spatial contexts are letter-like objects, or when contexts are natural scenes. However, the SR group significantly outperforms the TR group when contexts are low-pass filtered natural scenes [F(3, 39) = 3.15, p<.05]. These findings suggest that perception or memory for low spatial frequency components in scenes is enhanced in dyslexia. These findings are important because they suggest strengths for spatial learning in a population otherwise impaired, carrying implications for the education and support of students who face challenges in school.
Primary Care Issues for HIV-Infected Patients

HIV primary care is determined by the intersection of the unique aspects of the infection and its treatment, the unique aspects of the populations affected by HIV, and the challenges of disease prevention and health maintenance in the general population. Any primary care provider may be called on to care for a patient living with HIV, and it is incumbent on all medical providers to become proficient in the management of this complex infection. This proficiency includes an awareness of local resources for referral, including medical and surgical specialists, mental health providers, and social service organizations. Given the complexity of HIV care in the twenty-first century and the potential for involvement of multiple consultants, the role of primary care provider is perhaps more critical for the HIV-infected patient than for the average patient.
Meta-analysis of the time-course of brain volume reduction in schizophrenia: implications for pathogenesis and early treatment.

Background Whole brain volume (BV) is significantly reduced in groups of schizophrenic patients, but there is disagreement as to when in relation to onset of illness these losses occur. Given what is known about the normal development and lifetime course of BV, intraventricular volume (IVV), extracerebral volume (ECV), and intracranial volume (ICV) changes, it is possible to allocate (within a narrow range of uncertainty) excessive brain volume loss (EBVL) to either the time before or the time after attainment of maximum brain volume (BV max ). Method Decreases in patient ICV relative to control ICV reflect early reductions in brain growth, while increases in ECV reflect later BV losses. There is however uncertainty as whether any relative increases in patient IVV occur early, later, or both. IVV differences were first assumed to be of early origin, so that early EBVL was measured by ICV−IVV differences and later EBVL by ECV differences alone. The IVV differences were then assumed to be of later origin, so that early EBVL was measured by ICV differences alone, and later EBVL by ECV+IVV differences. The results taken together delineate the maximum and minimum values for early and later losses. Results Patient-control volume differences in BV and ICV for 20 published magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of schizophrenic patients ( n =982) and controls ( n =1049), and differences in ECV for 17 of the same 20 studies, comprising 889 patients and 942 controls, showed a significant patient BV decrease of 34 cc's ( t =−4.94, df =19, p t =−2.64, df =19, p t =3.65, df =16, p t =−2.56, df =16, p t =−4.11, df =16, p Conclusion There is a small but significant whole brain EBVL in schizophrenia patients both before and after BV max , regardless of when excessive IVV enlargement is assumed to occur.
Thrombin hypothesis of thrombus generation and vascular lesion formation

Thrombin plays a central role in vascular lesion formation. It is the principal mediator of thrombogenesis, which is interrupted when direct antithrombins (including hirudin and its synthetic peptide analogs), thrombin receptor antagonist peptides, or thrombin generation inhibitors (including active-site inhibited factor VIIa, recombinant tick anticoagulant peptide, and omega-3 fatty acids) are used to block thrombin. Thrombin is also a potent growth factor, initiating smooth muscle cell proliferation at injury sites. In baboons, this reaction is 80% reduced by hirudin (p <0.01). Thrombin also plays a role in modulating the effects of other growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Thus, Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl prevents expression in baboons of PDGF-A mRNA induced by vascular injury due to balloon angioplasty; untreated mechanical injury results in a 3-fold increase in PDGF-A mRNA expression. Thrombin also regulates inflammatory processes, inducing expression both of leukocyte adhesion molecules and of their counterreceptors by endothelium.
Chemical, Physical, and Gel-forming Properties of Oxidized Myofibrils and Whey- and Soy-protein Isolates

Myofibrils, oxidized with FeCl 3 /H 2 O 2 /ascorbate, exhibited an increase in carbonyls and amines, SH SS conversion, peptide scission, myosin polymerization, and a decrease in thermal stability and gel-formation ability. Amino-acid side chains of whey-protein isolates (WPI) and soy-protein isolates (SPI) were also modified during oxida- tion, but the thermal stability of WPI or SPI was not significantly altered. Oxidation increased elasticity of SPI gel but not that of WPI gel. Similarly, oxidation promoted interactions of myofibrils with SPI but not with WPI, resulting in > 30% increases in elasticity of the myofibril/SPI composite gel over its nonoxidized control. Hence, in processed meats
Effect of Cecal Cultures Lyophilized in Skim Milk or Reagent 20 on Salmonella Colonization in Broiler Chicks

Mixed cultures of cecal bacteria that were grown under continuous flow anaerobic conditions were prepared as lyophilized powder in skim milk or Reagent 20 (R-20; a mixture containing sucrose and bovine serum albumin fraction V) and compared with broth cultures for reduction of Salmonella typhimurium enteric colonization. Day old broiler chicks were provided a standard corn-soybean diet with: 1) no culture, (control); 2) broth culture administered by crop gavage; 3) broth culture added to the drinking water; 4) culture lyophilized in skim milk and added to drinking water; 5) culture lyophilized in skim milk in gelatin capsules and force-fed; 6) culture lyophilized in R-20 and added to drinking water; and 7) culture lyophilized in R-20 in gelatin capsules and force-fed. All groups were challenged on Day 3 with 10(4) cfu of S. typhimurium per chick. Culture by crop gavage, culture in the drinking water, skim milk powder in capsules, and R-20 powder in the water and in capsules significantly (P < .05) reduced mean Salmonella colony-forming units in cecal contents by 3.21 to 5.26 log10 units at 10 d of age. Likewise, the number of cecal-culture-positive chicks in the same groups was significantly less than controls with reductions of 27 to 67%. The numbers of Salmonella per gram of cecal contents and the percentage of cecal-culture-positive chicks in the skim milk powder in the drinking water group were not different from control chicks in one of two experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
New Gene Evolution in the Bonus-TIF1-γ/TRIM33 Family Impacted the Architecture of the Vertebrate Dorsal–Ventral Patterning Network

Uncovering how a new gene acquires its function and understanding how the function of a new gene influences existing genetic networks are important topics in evolutionary biology. Here, we demonstrate nonconservation for the embryonic functions of Drosophila Bonus and its newest vertebrate relative TIF1-γ/TRIM33. We showed previously that TIF1-γ/TRIM33 functions as an ubiquitin ligase for the Smad4 signal transducer and antagonizes the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling network underlying vertebrate dorsal–ventral axis formation. Here, we show that Bonus functions as an agonist of the Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling network underlying dorsal–ventral axis formation in flies. The absence of conservation for the roles of Bonus and TIF1-γ/TRIM33 reveals a shift in the dorsal–ventral patterning networks of flies and mice, systems that were previously considered wholly conserved. The shift occurred when the new gene TIF1-γ/TRIM33 replaced the function of the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4L in the lineage leading to vertebrates. Evidence of this replacement is our demonstration that Nedd4 performs the function of TIF1-γ/TRIM33 in flies during dorsal–ventral axis formation. The replacement allowed vertebrate Nedd4L to acquire novel functions as a ubiquitin ligase of vertebrate-specific Smad proteins. Overall our data reveal that the architecture of the Dpp/BMP dorsal–ventral patterning network continued to evolve in the vertebrate lineage, after separation from flies, via the incorporation of new genes.
Bias and Accuracy in the Evaluation of Confession Evidence

The preceding chapters in this volume have focused primarily on how interrogations are conducted and have shed light on which of the standard investigative approaches used by police are most problematic with regard to producing coerced and/or false confessions. In this chapter we move from the interrogation room to the courtroom to consider the question of how confession evidence is evaluated once it is introduced at trial. If trial fact finders (judges and jurors) are in fact good at identifying and discounting problematic confessions—that is, ones that are indeed coerced or false—then the damage caused by errors made in the earlier stages of the criminal-justice process may be contained to some degree. We will review the empirical evidence that speaks to this issue. In addition, we will examine the related question of how evaluations of confession evidence are affected by the format in which it is presented. This issue of presentation format is an especially timely one as many states are currently grappling with how best to capture and later present what transpires during interrogations so as to minimize the possibility of unreliable confessions exerting any influence on trial verdicts.
Psychoanalysis and Deconstruction, A Love Story

In The Right to Narcissism: A Case for Im-Possible Self-Love , Pleshette DeArmitt opens the space for an alternative to origin story so popular with political philosophers, namely, the social contract, which assumes a rational and self-identical subject. She does this obliquely by deconstructing narcissism as love of the self-same, or, love of what Kristeva might call “the clean and proper self.” Like Echo interrupting Narcissus’s soliloquy of deadly self-absorbed pleasure and his solitary auto-affection upon seeing his own reflection, Pleshette interrupts the seeming proximity of self-same, the closeness of near, and the propinquity of proper by deflecting the image of Narcissus onto the voice of Echo, who comes into her own by repeating his words. How, asks Pleshette, can Echo’s reiteration of the words of another be anything more than mere repetition or reduplication? Echoing Derrida, she answers that it is through a declaration of love. Echo’s repetition of the words of Narcissus take on new meaning, and allow her to express herself, and her love, through the words of the other. After all words are words of the other. Language comes to us from the other. Echo becomes a self, a “little narcissist,” through an address from and to the other, through the appropriation and ex-appropriation of the other’s words.
Endocrine disruptors and obesity

The increasing incidence of obesity is a serious global public health challenge. Although the obesity epidemic is largely fueled by poor nutrition and lack of exercise, certain chemicals have been shown to potentially have a role in its aetiology. A substantial body of evidence suggests that a subclass of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which interfere with endocrine signalling, can disrupt hormonally regulated metabolic processes, especially if exposure occurs during early development. These chemicals, so-called 'obesogens' might predispose some individuals to gain weight despite their efforts to limit caloric intake and increase levels of physical activity. This Review discusses the role of EDCs in the obesity epidemic, the latest research on the obesogen concept, epidemiological and experimental findings on obesogens, and their modes of action. The research reviewed here provides knowledge that health scientists can use to inform their research and decision-making processes.
DMR (deacetylation and mechanical refining) processing of corn stover achieves high monomeric sugar concentrations (230 g L−1) during enzymatic hydrolysis and high ethanol concentrations (>10% v/v) during fermentation without hydrolysate purification or concentration

Distilling and purifying ethanol and other products from second generation lignocellulosic biorefineries adds significant capital and operating costs to biofuel production. The energy usage associated with distillation negatively affects plant gate costs and causes environmental and life-cycle impacts, and the lower titers in fermentation caused by lower sugar concentrations from pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis increase energy and water usage and ethanol production costs. In addition, lower ethanol titers increase the volumes required for enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation vessels increase capital expenditure (CAPEX). Therefore, increasing biofuel titers has been a research focus in renewable biofuel production for several decades. In this work, we achieved approximately 230 g L−1 of monomeric sugars after high solid enzymatic hydrolysis using deacetylation and mechanical refining (DMR) processed corn stover substrates produced at the 100 kg per day scale. The high sugar concentrations and low chemical inhibitor concentrations achieved by the DMR process allowed fermentation to ethanol with titers as high as 86 g L−1, which translates into approximately 10.9% v/v ethanol. To our knowledge, this is the first time that titers greater than 10% v/v ethanol in fermentations derived from corn stover without any sugar concentration or purification steps have been reported. The potential cost savings from high sugar and ethanol titers achieved by the DMR process are also reported using TEA analysis.
Empirical Analysis on Parallel Tasks in Crowdsourcing Software Development

Crowdsourcing has become a popular option for rapid acquisition, with reported benefits such as shortened schedule due to mass parallel development, innovative solutions based on the "wisdom of crowds", and reduced cost due to the pre-pricing and bidding effects. However, most of existing studies on software crowdsourcing are focusing on individual task level, providing limited insights on the practice as well as outcomes at overall project level. To develop better understanding of crowdsourcing-based software projects, this paper reports an empirical study on analyzing four largest projects on Topcoder platform that intensively leverage crowdsourcing throughout the product implementation, testing, and assembly phases. The analysis results conclude that: (1) crowdsourcing task scheduling follows typical patterns including prototyping, component development, bug hunt, and assembly and coding (2) budget phase distribution patterns does not following traditional patterns, and uploading task rate is not representing same budget rate associated with them as about 75% of uploaded tasks would price under 67% of total project budget, (3) Higher degree of parallelism would lead to higher demand for competing on tasks and shorter planning schedule to complete the project consequently better resource allocation.
Evaluation of vSIM for Nursing™: A Trial of Innovation

Abstract Background Virtual simulation is an emerging technology that has been suggested as an effective pedagogical approach to teaching various skills in nursing education. The purpose of this study was to report students' experience with vSim for Nursing™. Method This study used a descriptive, mixed-methods design with 54 accelerated Bachelor of Science in Nursing students. Students performed in scenarios with a patient who had pneumonia and developed anaphylaxis and a patient who developed cardiac arrest requiring defibrillation. Students were surveyed regarding their satisfaction with the experience. Results Most students reported that the product was easy to use (20% strongly agree, 78% agree). Nearly, all students recommended the virtual simulation for future use (98%). Several students indicated frustration with real-time features such as handwashing and the inability to multitask. Conclusions Most students suggested that the virtual simulation was a positive experience. However, this innovative pedagogy warrants more stringent investigation.
Calculated Vibrational Spectra for CHnOHm Species

There is a lack of reference vibrational spectra in the literature for many species that have been postulated to form on metal surfaces. In this paper we calculate high-quality reference spectra for a series of molecules of the form CHnOHm. Specifically, we looked at the neutral, charged, and excited charged forms of CH3OH, CH3O, CH3OH2, CH2O, CH2OH, CHO, and HCOH. These calculations were done using scaled MP2(full)/6-31g*, scaled B3LYP/6-31g*, scaled QCIST/6-31g*, and scaled MP2/6-311+G(2d,p) level. The result is a consistent set of reference spectra for a series of molecules of current interest.
Eugenic Discourse in Freeman's OLD WOMAN MAGOUN

In Mary Wilkins Freeman's “Old Woman Magoun,” the protagonist is not only protecting a child from being subjected to a life with an immoral man. She is also curbing the degeneracy of a corrupt fami...
Application Data as an Indicator for Post-Katrina Recovery of LSU Postdoctoral Dental Programs

Devastated by the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, the New Orleans campus of the Louisiana State University School of Dentistry was closed for two years. With help from the university’s Systems Office, the school created a temporary campus in Baton Rouge, seventy-five miles from the New Orleans campus. The eight postdoctoral education programs, however, were forced to find clinic and seminar space in other facilities and cities. Of the seventy-nine students in these programs, only sixteen did not continue after the storm. This article describes how each program maintained its curriculum while the main campus was closed. By comparing numbers of student applications to these programs in each year since Hurricane Katrina with the average baseline for each in the ten years preceding the storm, this article illustrates the current viability of these residency programs. Total applications in 2005–07 were significantly lower than baseline measures, but applications in 2008 and 2009 have returned to pre-storm levels. A comparison of these application numbers with national trends also demonstrates that these programs have rebounded from the effects of Hurricane Katrina.
Research on Model Conversion Technology of Source Servicing in Unified Information Platform of Smart Substation

The source servicing in the smart substation offers the base for the model integration between the substation and the main substation.The IEC 61850 Ed.2 provides the base for conversion and share of the information model between the substation and the main substation.The description form,the structure,the function and the characteristics of the SSD(system specification description) model in IEC 61850 Ed.2 and the CIM(common information model) model in IEC 61970 are analyzed.In addition,the difference and characteristics between SSD model and CIM model are compared.As a result,the mapping relation and the common ground are obtained.Furthermore,the conversion technology between SSD model and CIM model is realized,which provides forceful guarantee for data consistency at dispatch centers in source servicing of unified information platform of smart substation,and for the information share between the substation and the main substation.
Hunters and Bureaucrats: Power, Knowledge, and Aboriginal-State Relations in the Southwest Yukon

Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Aboriginal-State Relations in Kluane Country: An Overview 2. "It's Not Really 'Knowledge' at All, It's More a Way of Life" 3. The Politics of TEK: Power and the Integration of Knowledge 4. Counting Sheep: The Ruby Range Sheep Steering Committee and the Construction of Knowledge 5. Knowledge-Integration in Practice: The Case of the Ruby Range Sheep Steering Committee 6. "Just Like Whitemen": Property and Land Claims in Kluane Country Conclusion Notes References Index
Examining the Role of Employee-Brand Value Congruence in Internal Brand Management

Given the influential role brands play in shaping customers’ perceptions of service quality, many service companies leverage the power of brands to develop a competitive advantage (Berry 2000). However, to achieve brand success, service organizations need to ensure that the actual brand experience, as reflected through employees’ attitudes and behaviors, are consistent with the brand promise that are set through external branding practices. Recent research has highlighted the importance of brand value congruence in engendering employee brand building behaviors (Chang et al. 2012; Morhart et al. 2009). The rationale underpinning the value congruence effect lies in the role of values in guiding individuals’ attitudes and behaviors. For example, people are more attracted to others with similar values and have greater intentions to form and maintain relationships with similar people to reinforce their self-esteem (Smith 1998; Zhang and Bloemer 2008). Thus, we argue that, when employees perceive their value systems are consistent with the brand values, they are more likely to deliver brand performance. However, the theoretical foundation and comprehensive measurement with respect to employee perceived brand value congruence, as well as the outcomes of this construct is lacking. This study aims to fill this literature gap and offer both theoretical and managerial insights regarding internal branding initiatives that can foster employee – brand value congruence. Of particular significance in this examination is afforded through a new approach to measuring brand value congruence.
Education in Safe and Unsafe Spaces

Recent student demands within the academy for "safe space" have aroused concern about the constraints they might impose on free speech and academic freedom. There are as many kinds of safety as there are threats to the things that human beings might care about. That is why we need to be very clear about the specific threats of which the intended beneficiaries of safe space are supposed to be relieved. Much of the controversy can be dissolved by distinguishing between "dignity safety," to which everyone has a right, and "intellectual safety" of a kind that is repugnant to the education worth having. Psychological literature on stereotype threat and the interventions that alleviate its adverse effects shed light on how students’ equal dignity can be made safe in institutions without compromising liberty. But "intellectual safety" in education can only be conferred at the cost of indulging close-mindedness and allied vices. Tension between securing dignity safety and creating a fittingly unsafe intellectual environment can be eased when teaching and institutional ethos promote the virtue of civility. Race is used throughout the article as the example of a social category that can spur legitimate demands for "dignity safe space."
A garden in the street: the introduction of street trees in Boston and New York

Until the eighteenth century, New England streets and open spaces were intentionally kept ‘free from trees and other obstructions’.1 The reluctance to plant street trees was not unreasonable for, t...