cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race, class, unemployment, and housing vacancies in Detroit: an empirical analysis

ABSTRACTThis paper is an analysis of the spatial distribution of housing vacancies in Detroit in four census years: 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010. Our analysis is largely grounded in the contexts of race and class. We use both cartographic and statistical methods to illustrate the distribution of vacancies at the census tract level and to model the conditions that contribute to vacancy rates. A cartographic analysis of the spatial distribution of housing vacancies over time in Detroit indicates that a weak general pattern of outward diffusion occurred from 2000 to 2010. A regression analysis indicates there is a structural pattern of race and class characteristics at the tract level, as measured respectively by percent White—tied to the potential for White flight—and by unemployment rates—tied to financial factors of housing abandonment, that are good predictors of housing vacancy rates over fairly long time periods. Other good predictors are a tract’s percentage of rental housing and, to a lesser degree, th...
S6K1ing to ResTOR Adipogenesis with Polycomb

Signal-directed chromatin recruitment of mammalian Polycomb complexes is a fundamental component of epigenetic regulation. In this issue, Yi et al. (2016) reveal how mTORC1 activation deploys the ribosomal serine/threonine kinase S6K1 and Polycomb proteins at genomic regulatory regions to repress expression of anti-adipogenic developmental regulators.
Synthesis and surface properties of calixarene-oligomeric surfactant

The p-tert-butyl calix[n]arene(n=4,6,8) were synthesized by p-tert-butyl phenol,formaldehyde aqueous solution as raw materials.Six kinds of calixarene oligomeric surfactants were prepared by etherification of the calix[n]arene with 1,3-propane sultone and 1,4-butane sultone.The structures of intermediates and the final products were characterized by IR,and the structure of compound is similar with the structure of designed product.The products were qualitatively identified by dye method.The surface tensions of dilute aqueous solutions of the surfactants were measured at 25 ℃ by drop-volume method.The results indicate that with the calixarene cavity increases cmc and Γcmc of the surfactants solution decreases,but γcmc and Am increases.
Mars Cube One (MarCO) shifting the paradigm in relay deep space operations

A very significant challenge in the planetary mission design and operations is communications with ground control teams during critical events and highly risky maneuvers. These include entry, descent, and landing (EDL) and orbit insertion, which should not be carried out in the blind. Although vast planetary distances and long round-trip light times disallow real-time intervention from controllers, acquiring the relevant event performance parameters in near real-time can be imperative for determining the corrective actions needed immediately following or, in the case of significant anomalies, aid in the diagnostic analysis. During several previous Mars missions landing events, and the Huygens probe landing on Titan, the communications strategy relied on proximity links to planetary orbiters, which then relayed the data to the Deep Space Network (DSN). In addition, attempts were successfully made in parallel to receive the signal carrier directly at Earth often using large radio telescopes when the wavelength was outside the DSN’s reception bands. This Direct-to-Earth (DTE) back-up method was only possible due to special techniques utilizing the DSN’s open-loop Radio Science Receivers. In every case, it was very challenging since the link budget of a landing vehicles were designed for proximity orbiter relays and not for distances across the solar system. A new method is introduced since not all future missions can rely on the presence of pre-existing orbiters at their planetary targets to relay their critical data ad, furthermore, most missions would not likely have the resources to implement a reliable DTE link at acceptable data rates, bypassing a need for a relay asset. With the advent CubeSat form-factor spacecraft, one or more, for added reliability, CubeSats can be launched with the primary mission, travel to the target, and be positioned to view the critical event, such as EDL, and carry out real-time relay of the data to the DSN at higher rates. CubeSats have flown in the Earth environment but never flown or been operated in deep space or planetary environment so careful design as well as flight experience are needed. The relay function requires the development of radio and antenna systems to meet challenging specifications. After initial technical demonstration of the concept and operational experience, the cost can decrease as systems become more standardized with increased reliability. This paper describes the invention of the “carry your own relay” concept and the formulation of the mission likely to be the first planetary CubeSat mission called Mars Cube One (MarCO). It also describes the operational concept of relay small spacecraft and their role reducing mission risk as well as overall mission cost.
Die Rolle des Jobclub-Moderators: persönliche Veränderungsprozesse erfolgreich begleiten

Das Kapitel stellt die unterschiedlichen Rollen des Moderators in den JobClubs und in Grundzugen seine Kernaufgaben dar. Sie erfahren mehr uber die Wichtigkeit dieser Rollenvielfalt fur eine systematische und nachhaltige Arbeit der Jobjager an ihren personlichen Fragestellungen. Es wird aufgezeigt, worauf es bei der taglichen Arbeit des Moderators in den JobClubs ankommt, damit die Kommunikation bzw. der Austausch unter den Teilnehmenden offen und vertrauensvoll verlauft. Daruber hinaus sehen Sie, wie ein Moderator mit seiner Haltung den Selbstlernprozess unterstutzen kann. Zuletzt geht es noch um das Thema, wie man sich als Moderator eines JobClubs weiterentwickeln kann und soll.
Minimizing occupational exposure to pesticides: Reentry field data—a recapitulation

The occupational exposure of field workers to postapplication insecticide residues in the agricultural setting is referred to as the “reentry problem.” This problem is associated with illnesses precipitated by excessive Cholinesterase depression resulting from exposure to and consequent absorption of persisting residues of the organophosphorus insecticides and their toxic alteration products. The problem is not new. It came into existence hand-in-hand with the introduction in the early 1950s of organophosphorus insecticides into agriculture. The carbamate insecticides have received less emphasis since Cholinesterase inhibition is reversible with these compounds and, consequently, the problem can disappear before it can be unambiguously established for a field population. In addition to protecting workers from acute exposure, the question of health effects arising from chronic exposure also needs to be addressed. This considerably broadens the definition of the reentry problem and encompasses all insecticides since the potential exists that they may be teratogenic, oncogenic, or mutagenic or cause specific problems such as sterility or nerve damage. Information is needed which can be used to assess the potential hazards, if any, that workers are exposed to under actual field conditions, then to mitigate, or somehow compensate for, these hazards.
Reversed Palmaris Longus Muscle Causing Volar Forearm Pain and Ulnar Nerve Paresthesia

A case of volar forearm pain associated with ulnar nerve paresthesia caused by a reversed palmaris longus muscle is described. The patient, an otherwise healthy 46-year-old male laborer, presented after a previous unsuccessful forearm fasciotomy for complaints of exercise exacerbated pain affecting the volar forearm associated with paresthesia in the ulnar nerve distribution. A second decompressive fasciotomy was performed revealing an anomalous "reversed" palmaris longus, with the muscle belly located distally. Resection of the anomalous muscle was performed with full relief of pain and sensory symptoms.
Non-linear waves in lattices: past, present, future

In the present work, we attempt a brief summary of various areas where non-linear waves have been emerging in the phenomenology of lattice dynamical systems. These areas include non-linear optics, atomic physics, mechanical systems, electrical lattices, non-linear metamaterials, plasma dynamics and granular crystals. We give some of the recent developments in each one of these areas and speculate on some of the potentially interesting directions for future study.
Structure and Function of the Zika Virus Full-Length NS5 Protein

The recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) has infected over 1 million people in over 30 countries. ZIKV replicates its RNA genome using virally encoded replication proteins. Nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) contains a methyltransferase for RNA capping and a polymerase for viral RNA synthesis. Here we report the crystal structures of full-length NS5 and its polymerase domain at 3.0 A resolution. The NS5 structure has striking similarities to the NS5 protein of the related Japanese encephalitis virus. The methyltransferase contains in-line pockets for substrate binding and the active site. Key residues in the polymerase are located in similar positions to those of the initiation complex for the hepatitis C virus polymerase. The polymerase conformation is affected by the methyltransferase, which enables a more efficiently elongation of RNA synthesis in vitro. Overall, our results will contribute to future studies on ZIKV infection and the development of inhibitors of ZIKV replication.
CBC/Chemistries I

Complete blood count (CBC) and serum chemistries seen in late pregnancy are different compared to the nonpregnant values. The modalities affected, normal ranges in late pregnancy and the reasons for the change seen in late pregnancy are discussed.
The evolving metropolis after three decades: a study of community, neighbourhood and street form at the urban edge

In a highly cited paper, Southworth and Owens (1993) studied eight suburban areas in the San Francisco Bay area at the scales of community, neighbourhood and of street and house lot, and observed t...
The Economics of Health Care

A study in Health Affairs demonstrates that the United States spent more on health care in 2000 than any other country in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [1]. In 2010, total national health expenditures reached $2.6 trillion [2], which was over 17 % of GDP [3]; this percentage is the highest to date in America because the rise in health-care costs has outpaced inflation since 1970. In fact, in 1970, shortly after Medicare/Medicaid was created, health-care expenditures had comprised a mere 7.2 % of GDP. In 2008, our per-capita health expenditure was $7,538, which was $2,500 more than the next highest per-capita expenditure of Norway [4].
Rotational Motions of Tryptophan and Tyrosine Residues in Proteins

Proteins are flexible structures; their flexibility is crucial for biological function. The physical origin of protein flexibility has been discussed and it arises from the intrinsic flexibility of the polypeptide chain.1,2 The time scale of protein motions extends from picoseconds to several seconds depending on the process involved.3 The physiological importance of protein flexibility is well established but the functional importance of the dynamics in a given time range must still be proven. Several classes of motions can be distinguished on the basis of the element of the protein involved and of the time scale. It is likely that all of these motions can have some functional significance. It is our goal to characterize some of the motions and in particular the motions of residues. It has been proposed that correlated motions of residues occurring in the nanosecond time range can be relevant to biologically important events such as enzyme catalysis.3 However, theoretical investigations of protein motions based on molecular dynamics calculations have suggested that motions of residues occur in picoseconds.4 For example, in the molecular dynamics calculations one of the tryptophan residues in lysozyme displayed high amplitude fluctuations in few picoseconds.5 Also calculations of the rotational motions of the tyrosine residues of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) have shown high amplitude motions in few picoseconds.6 Simulations of the motions of several other proteins have given similar results.
Fundamental Concepts of Stress Analysis

In this chapter we will show how to apply concepts of stress, static equilibrium, and free body diagrams for stress analysis of coplanar statically determinate structures. A coplanar structure is one in which all the members, loads, and reactions are in the same plane. A statically determinate structure is one that can be analyzed by applying only equations of static equilibrium, without resorting to analysis of bending or axial deformation. The concepts in this chapter are fundamental to all stress analysis work. They should be understood clearly by engineers who design load-carrying frames or members. The nomenclature used in this chapter is listed at the end of the chapter.
On the covariance tensor

The concept of covariance, and the corollary concept of weak variance, are remarkably feebler in infinite-dimensional than in finite-dimensional spaces. This gives some indication of the weakness of such concepts as weak orthogonality in proving limit theorems for random variables in B-spaces.
Does the environment matter? Faculty satisfaction at 4-year colleges and universities in the USA

Faculty members seek employment in an environment that offers good fit and work satisfaction. As in other countries, higher education institutions in the USA vary by size, disciplinary focus, and emphasis on research. This study examined faculty satisfaction by institution type (baccalaureate, master’s, doctoral, and research) for recent full-time faculty members in 100 US 4-year institutions. Findings showed that, overall, satisfaction was highest for respondents in baccalaureate colleges. Subsequent analyses to examine strength of difference across institutional type confirmed initial differences for some facets of satisfaction, but not for others. Although differences that contributed to satisfaction by type were limited, results showed that faculty perceptions of the institutional environment firmly contribute to their satisfaction. Additional findings as well as policy and program implications are discussed.
Guest Editors’ Introduction: Intelligent Resource-Constrained Sensor Nodes

Following continued system miniaturization for over past five decades, the size of unit computing has been steadily shrinking. In the foreseeable future, computing will be all around us, in mostly invisible forms, and is expected to lead more than 50 billion Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, at the forefront of which will be distributed sensing nodes acting as the eyes and ears of IoT.
Training leaders for a culture of quality and safety

The purpose of this paper is to understand the degree to which a quality and safety culture exists after healthcare workers in an academic medical center complete a quality improvement and patient safety education program focused on developing leaders to change the future of healthcare quality and safety.,The safety attitudes questionnaire (SAQ) short-form was used for measuring the culture of quality and safety among healthcare workers who were graduates of an academic medical center’s healthcare quality and safety program. A 53 percent response rate from program alumni resulted in 54 usable responses.,This study found that 42 (78 percent) of the respondents report that they are currently working in a healthcare quality and safety culture, with 25 (59 percent) reporting promotion into a leadership role after completion of the quality improvement education program. This compares favorably to AHRQ culture of safety survey results obtained by the same academic medical center within the year prior revealing only 63 percent of all inpatient employees surveyed reported working in a quality and safety culture.,The study design precluded knowing to what degree a quality and safety culture, as measured by the SAQ, existed prior to attending the healthcare quality and safety program.,This study has practical value for other organizations considering a quality and safety education program. For organizations seeking to build capacity in quality and safety, training future leaders through a robust curriculum is essential. This may be achieved through development of an internal training program or through attending an outside organization for education.
Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) Is a Critical Microenvironmental Survival Factor for Myeloma Plasma Cells.

FAP is one of 32 consistently and significantly upregulated genes in osteoclasts after co-culture with CD138-immunomagnetic bead-selected myeloma plasma cells (MM PCs) from 19 patients and with 3 myeloma cell lines. FAP is a cell surface serine protease with both dipeptidyl peptidase and collagenase activity. This enzyme has been shown to be selectively expressed by tumor stromal fibroblasts in epithelial carcinomas, but not by epithelial carcinoma cells, and to promote tumor metastasis. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible involvement of FAP in myeloma using an ex vivo co-culture system and our established SCID-hu model for primary myeloma (Yaccoby et al., Blood, 1998; 1999). Myeloma-osteoclasts co-cultures were prepared as previously described (Yaccoby et al., Cancer Res., 2004). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from patient’s bone marrow were cultured on the backside of 1 μM pore-size transwell inserts’ membranes while MM PCs were incubated in the upper chamber of the inserts. Histologic examination demonstrated that the MSC’s cytoplasmic villi pass through the membrane pores, allowing contact with tumor cells. To study the role of FAP in myeloma we initially demonstrated by quantitive real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) that FAP was upregulated 3.0 fold (p 120 fold in myelomatous vs. nonmyelomatous human bone as determined by a whole bone marrow qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemical staining of myelomatous bone sections from SCID-hu mice revealed expression of FAP by osteoclasts, vascular endothelial cells, osteogenic cells and other stroma elements, but not by myeloma cells. To further study the involvement of FAP in myeloma cell survival we applied the siRNA approach in our myeloma-osteoclasts and myeloma-MSCs co-culture systems. Following preliminary testing of 4 probes, we have chosen a siRNA probe with >75% inhibition of FAP expression in osteoclasts and MSCs as determined by qRT-PCR. Addition of FAP siRNA to co-cultures of CD138-selected MM PCs with osteoclasts (n=5) and MSCs (n=3) for 48 hours, significantly (p
Risk of post-operative, pre-radiotherapy contralateral neck recurrence in patients treated with surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy for human papilloma virus-associated tonsil cancer

Objective:One approach to reduce treatment-related morbidity for human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated tonsil cancer is omitting radiotherapy to the contralateral neck. Pathologic risk factors for...
2-(Octa­decyl­sulfan­yl)-1,3-thia­zole

The title compound, C21H39NS2, crystallizes with two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, both having a linear 18-carbon alkyl chain bound through a thio­ether group. No π–π stacking or hydrogen bonding is observed. The orientation of the alkyl chains facilitates inter­molecular inter­actions between te chains. The structure is metrically ortho­rhom­bic but crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 and was found to be twinned by pseudomerohedry (emulating ortho­rhom­bic symmetry) and by inversion. The twin factions refined to 0.37 (4), 0.13 (4), 0.31 (5), and 0.19 (4).
Microbial Interaction Network Estimation via Bias-Corrected Graphical Lasso

With the increasing availability of microbiome 16S data, network estimation has become a useful approach to studying the interactions between microbial taxa. Network estimation on a set of variables is frequently explored using graphical models, in which the relationship between two variables is modeled via their conditional dependency given the other variables. Various methods for sparse inverse covariance estimation have been proposed to estimate graphical models in the high-dimensional setting, including graphical lasso. However, current methods do not address the compositional count nature of microbiome data, where abundances of microbial taxa are not directly measured, but are reflected by the observed counts in an error-prone manner. Adding to the challenge is that the sum of the counts within each sample, termed “sequencing depth,” is an experimental technicality that carries no biological information but can vary drastically across samples. To address these issues, we develop a new approach to network estimation, called BC-GLASSO (bias-corrected graphical lasso), which models the microbiome data using a logistic normal multinomial distribution with the sequencing depths explicitly incorporated, corrects the bias of the naive empirical covariance estimator arising from the heterogeneity in sequencing depths, and builds the inverse covariance estimator via graphical lasso. We demonstrate the advantage of BC-GLASSO over current approaches to microbial interaction network estimation under a variety of simulation scenarios. We also illustrate the efficacy of our method in an application to a human microbiome data set.
Drivers of Oyster Reef Ecosystem Metabolism Measured Across Multiple Timescales

Oxygen flux measurements between oyster reefs and the overlying water column approximate total ecosystem metabolism, representing a potentially valuable reef monitoring tool. In this study, seasonal oxygen flux measurements were made over an intertidal Crassostrea virginica oyster reef on the Virginia (USA) coast using the non-invasive aquatic eddy covariance (AEC) technique. Reef respiration (R) ranged from − 276 mmol m−2 day−1 in the summer to − 55 mmol m−2 day−1 in the winter, likely due to temperature effects on oyster filtering and sediment microbial activity. Reef gross primary production (GPP) varied less seasonally, resulting in net ecosystem metabolism (NEM) that was highly heterotrophic in the summer (− 141 mmol m−2 day−1) and nearly balanced in the winter (− 11 mmol m−2 day−1). Measurements of reef sediment chl a indicated higher concentrations of benthic microalgae than surrounding bare mudflat, while photosynthesis-irradiance curves utilizing 15-min flux averages confirmed light as a dominant short-term driver of microalgal production. Metabolic values were compared with past AEC results from this reef, creating a 4-year record that included a significant oyster die-off. Over this time span, R was closely coupled to GPP, indicating rapid internal cycling of carbon, while reef primary production was primarily attributed to sediment, rather than epiphytic, microalgae. Both R and GPP substantially decreased following the oyster die-off. These results illustrate that oyster reefs are highly dynamic environments, with complex processes that act on numerous time scales ranging from minutes to years. Consequently, AEC metabolism measurements can aid in oyster reef monitoring.
Abstract 1824: Coordinate translational control of the kras signaling pathway

G-quadruplex (GQ) elements are conserved translational control elements that induce a requirement for RNA helicase activity for efficient mRNA translation. Computational structure analyses identify multiple GQ elements in the 59UTRs of mRNAs encoding KRAS and key downstream signalling molecules. KRAS is a key oncogene in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and many other cancers and except for the specific G12C KRAS mutation we do not have pharmacological inhibitors. We find that KRAS and downstream signalling molecules including PI3K, RALA, RAC2, MYC, MET, and YAP1 strictly depend on the RNA helicase eIF4A for their translation. This implies a potential utility for eIF4A/DDX2 inhibitors. CR31B is a silvestrol analogue that efficiently and selectively blocks eIF4A. CR31B kills PDAC cells at nanomolar concentrations and has significant single agent in vivo efficacy across xenograft, primary PDX, and murine models of PDAC. Together, our findings reveal coordinate, GQ- and eIF4A-mediated control of the translation of key RAS signalling molecules as a vulnerability in KRAS-driven pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: Kamini Singh, Jianan Lin, Nicolas Lecomte, Prathibha Mohan, Steve D. Leach, Zhengqing Ouyang, Hans-Guido Wendel. Coordinate translational control of the kras signaling pathway [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1824.
COVID-19 pandemic and information diffusion analysis on Twitter

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted all aspects of our lives, including the information spread on social media. Prior literature has found that information diffusion dynamics on social networks mirror that of a virus, but applying the epidemic Susceptible-Infected-Removed model (SIR) model to examine how information spread is not sufficient to claim that information spreads like a virus. In this study, we explore whether there are similarities in the simulated SIR model (SIRsim), observed SIR model based on actual COVID-19 cases (SIRemp), and observed information cascades on Twitter about the virus (INFOcas) by using network analysis and diffusion modeling. We propose three primary research questions: (a) What are the diffusion patterns of COVID-19 virus spread, based on SIRsim and SIRemp? (b) What are the diffusion patterns of information cascades on Twitter (INFOcas), with respect to retweets, quote tweets, and replies? and (c) What are the major differences in diffusion patterns between SIRsim, SIRemp, and INFOcas? Our study makes a contribution to the information sciences community by showing how epidemic modeling of virus and information diffusion analysis of online social media are distinct but interrelated concepts.
Assessment of Upper-Extremity Joint Angles Using Harmony Exoskeleton

The biomechanical complexity of the human shoulder, while critical for functionality, poses a challenge for objective assessment during sensorimotor rehabilitation. With built-in sensing capabilities, robotic exoskeletons have the potential to serve as tools for both intervention and assessment. The bilateral upper-extremity Harmony exoskeleton is capable of full shoulder articulation, forearm flexion-extension, and wrist pronation-supination motions. The goal of this paper is to characterize Harmony’s anatomical joint angle tracking accuracy towards its use as an assessment tool. We evaluated the agreement between anatomical joint angles estimated from the robot’s sensor data and optical motion capture markers attached to the human user. In 9 healthy participants we examined 6 upper-extremity joint angles, including shoulder girdle angles, across 4 different motions, varying active/passive motion of the user and physical constraint of the trunk. We observed mostly good to excellent levels of agreement between measurement systems with $\textit {CMC}_{\textit {ip}} \,\, {>} \,\, {0.65}$ for shoulder and distal joints, magnitudes of average discrepancies varying from 0.43° to 16.03° and width of LoAs ranging between 9.44° and 41.91°. Slopes were between 1.03 and 1.43 with r > 0.9 for shoulder and distal joints. Regression analysis suggested that discrepancies observed between measured robot and human motions were primarily due to relative motion associated with soft tissue deformation. The results suggest that the Harmony exoskeleton is capable of providing accurate measurements of arm and shoulder joint kinematics. These findings may lead to robot-assisted assessment and intervention of one of the most complex joint structures in the human body.
Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

ABSTRACT Background and objectives Despite immense progress of imaging and updates in the MacDonald criteria, the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis remains difficult as it must integrate history, clinical presentation, biological markers, and imaging. There is a multitude of syndromes resembling multiple sclerosis both clinically or on imaging. The goal of this review is to help clinicians orient themselves in these various diagnoses. We organized our review in two categories: inflammatory and autoimmune diseases that are close or can be confused with multiple sclerosis, and non-inflammatory syndromes that can present with symptoms or imaging mimicking those of multiple sclerosis. Method Review of literature Conclusion Progress of imaging and biological sciences have drastically changed the approach and management of multiple sclerosis. But these developments have also shined a light on a variety of diseases previously unknown or poorly known, therefore greatly expanding the differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. While autoimmune, many of these diseases have underlying biological mechanisms that are very different from those of multiple sclerosis, rendering MS therapies usually inefficient. It is crucial to approach these diseases with utmost thoroughness, integrating history, clinical exam, and evolving ancillary tests. RESUME Contexte et objectifs Malgre d'immenses progres en imagerie et les mises a jour successives des criteres de MacDonald, le diagnostic de la sclerose en plaque demeure difficile : il doit integrer histoire de la maladie, examen clinique, marqueurs biologiques, et imagerie. De nombreux syndromes ressemblent a la sclerose en plaque soit par leur presentation clinique soit par leur caracteristiques radiologiques. L'objectif de cette revue de la litterature est d'orienter les cliniciens parmi ces differents diagnostics que nous classons en deux categories : maladies auto-immunes ou inflammatoire pouvant etre confondues avec la sclerose en plaque et syndromes non-inflammatoires pouvant se presenter avec des symptomes imitant la sclerose en plaques. Methode Revue de la litterature. Conclusion Les progres de l'imagerie et des sciences biologiques ont fondamentalement change l'approche clinique et therapeutique de la sclerose en plaques. Ces avancees ont aussi mis en lumiere une grande variete de maladies auparavant peu connues. Le diagnostic differentiel de la sclerose en plaque s'en est trouve etoffe. Bien qu'auto-immuns par nature, nombre de ces syndromes obeissent a des mecanismes physiopathologiques differents de la sclerose en plaque. Leur approche therapeutique est donc radicalement differente. Il est crucial d'approcher ces pathologies avec rigueur, en integrant histoire de la maladie, examen clinique, et examens complementaires.
Regulating the Transition of Vibrio cholerae Out of the Host

Properly mediating the transition between host and environment is of particular importance to toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, as it encounters numerous physical and biological stresses during these transitions. Interestingly, there is evidence that V. cholerae has evolved to preemptively prepare itself for this transition by turning off virulence genes and turning on environmental survival genes while still in the human host. This chapter focuses heavily on the genetic changes the bacterium undergoes as it transitions out of the host and into the aquatic environment. To better understand the changes in V. cholerae gene expression that occur during the transition out of the host, the chapter first discusses the state of gene expression prior to this transition. This prior, acute stage of infection within the small intestine is when V. cholerae multiplies on the epithelium and expresses virulence factors. Over the course of an infection, waterborne pathogens undergo two major transitions, environment to host and host to environment. During both of these transitions, they experience major physiochemical and nutrient stresses. The chapter focuses on the model pathogen V. cholerae, whose life cycle is studied in depth, and reveals fascinating adaptive and evolutionary strategies for moving between host and environment. Determination of where and how V. cholerae and other waterborne pathogens are persisting in the environment and the mechanisms by which they cycle between environment and host will allow us to more rationally plan public health interventions with maximum effectiveness.
Channeling Passions: Developing a Successful Social Media Strategy

Libraries often struggle with developing a consistent message that communicates their relevance and value to their patrons. When it comes to a social media strategy itâ€™s understood that consistency is an essential aspect in library branding, but how to do it? What measures need to be in place to decide to use new social media tools like Instagram and Pinterest? In 2012, Albertsons Library worked with Web and social media teams in the library and across the Boise State University campus to develop a strategy that works for todayâ€™s busy library staff and librarians. By channeling the passion of library staff members from units throughout the library, creating a shared calendar of themes, and asking for volunteers, the authors, who are the social media strategy coordinators, created a unified voice across all social media, the Libraryâ€™s Web presence, and on the screen savers in the computer labs. Â Â
Microstructure, lattice parameters, and superconductivity of YBa2(Cu1-xFex)3O7- delta for 0 <= x <= 0.33

Iron was substituted for copper in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$(${\mathrm{Cu}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${)}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ for 0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.33. Superconducting transition temperatures and lattice parameters have been determined as a function of Fe content. The orthorhombic distortion \ensuremath{\Delta}${a}_{0}$=2(b-a)/(a+b) decreased to zero near x=0.03. Beyond x=0.03 the structure appears tetragonal. For compositions 0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.15 the superconducting critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ decreased smoothly from ${T}_{c}$=90 K to below 4.2 K. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the spacing between the twin boundaries decreased from \ensuremath{\sim}200 nm for x=0 to \ensuremath{\sim}20 nm for x=0.02 before the twins disappeared for xg=0.03. The sharp streaks in TEM diffraction patterns were interpreted as due to the twin boundary layers whose thickness varied from \ensuremath{\sim}1 nm for the pure to \ensuremath{\sim}2 nm for the Fe (x=0.02) containing specimen. A tweed structure in the TEM image and associated diffuse streaks along the 〈110〉 directions in electron diffraction pattern appeared for xg0.015. This observation suggests that the structure consists of fine (l5 nm) orthorhombic domains, each domain having the twinlike crystallographic relation with its neighbors. Rietveld refinement of powder neutron diffraction for x=0.10 and 0.167 determined that Fe substituted primarily on the Cu ``chain'' site, and for every two atoms of Fe substituted, approximately one extra oxygen is incorporated in the Cu-O plane.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 negatively regulates constitutive gamma interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase expression

Gamma interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is an enzyme that catalyzes thiol bond reduction and plays an important role in the early steps of antigen processing. The key factor involved in the regulation of GILT expression upon cell stimulation with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). In this study, we examined the role of STAT1 in regulating the constitutive expression of GILT. We showed that STAT1 interacts with the GILT promoter, even in the absence of IFN-γ, and that STAT1 represses GILT expression. These results reveal an atypical negative regulatory role for STAT1 in the constitutive regulation of genes involved in antigen processing.
The effects of leaf litter nutrient pulses on Alliaria petiolata performance

Nutrient pulses can facilitate species establishment and spread in new habitats, particularly when one species more effectively uses that nutrient pulse. Biological differences in nutrient acquisition between native and exotic species may facilitate invasions into a variety of habitats including deciduous forest understories. Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande is an important invader of deciduous forest understories throughout much of North America. These understory communities contain many species which perform the majority of their growth and reproduction before canopy closure in spring. Because A. petiolata is a wintergreen biennial that can be active during autumn and winter, it may utilize nutrients released from decaying leaf litter before its competitors. To investigate this we manipulated the timing of leaf litter addition (fall or spring) and experimentally simulated the nutrient pulse from decaying leaves using artificial fertilizer. To determine whether A. petiolata affected the abundance of understory competitors, we also removed A. petiolata from one treatment. A. petiolata that received early nutrients exhibited greater growth. Treatments receiving fall leaf litter or artificial nutrients had greater A. petiolata adult biomass than plots receiving spring nutrient additions (leaf litter or artificial nutrients). However, fall leaf litter addition had no effect on the richness of competitor species. Thus, wintergreen phenology may contribute to the spread of A. petiolata through deciduous forest understories, but may not explain community-level impacts of A. petiolata in deciduous forests.
Comparative Fine Structure of Cnidaria Spermatozoa

The primitive type sperm of metazoans characteristically has a short round or conical head, a midpiece usually containing 4-5 mitochondria and a long flagellum (Franzen, 1956). The head usually contains the nucleus and an acrosome. The initiation of the fertilization process in many species occurs when the sperm first makes contact with the egg or egg coat and the acrosome undergoes well-defined changes in structure (for review see Colwin and Colwin, 1967; Franklin, 1970). These changes vary from species to species. Fine structural studies of coelenterate sperm are sparse, and the majority of these studies have been done on sperm of the hydrozoans (Szollosi, 1964; Burnett et al., 1966; Weissman et al., 1969; Hanisch, 1970; Hinsch and Clark, 1970; Stagni and Lucchi, 1970; Summers, 1970; Lunger, 1971). The only exception to the above is Afzelius and Franz#{233}n’s study of the primitive scyphozoan Nausitho#{235}. The above studies indicated that coelenterate sperm may lack an acrosorne. It is interesting, however, that while no discrete acrosome has been described numerous investigators (Hanisch, 1970; IIinsch and Clark, 1970; Summers, 1970; Afzelius and Franzen, 1971; Dewel and Clark, 1971; Lunger, 1971; O’Rand,
Discrete Negative Emotions and Counterproductive Work Behavior

The current study investigates how seven discrete negative emotions are related to seven dimensions of counterproductive work behavior (CWB). We surveyed 240 employed students about the frequencies of their negative emotions and CWBs over a 1-month time frame. Correlational analyses revealed that almost all emotions correlated significantly with all forms of CWB, but there were significant differences in the magnitude of correlations between emotion–CWB pairs. Furthermore, a series of multiple regression analyses suggested that there were different patterns in the emotions that accounted for unique variance across different forms of CWB. This study suggests that the understudied emotions of boredom and shame might be particularly important to our understanding of CWB.
An Examination of Competing Explanations for the Intergenerational Transmission of Domestic Violence

Although domestic violence has been a feature of most societies throughout human history (Levinson, 1989), only within the last 25 years have we come to view it as a serious social problem. North America and Western Europe have been the location for much of the research on this topic, but in recent years, researchers from other parts of the world have also begun to investigate this issue. Studies of domestic violence consistently find that childhood exposure to family violence significantly increases the chances that an individual will be violent toward his or her spouse or children during adulthood. This intergenerational pattern is often referred to as a “cycle of violence” (Gelles & Cornell, 1990; Steinmetz, 1987).
EMTs' knowledge regarding transmission of infectious disease.

Objective. To describe EMTs' knowledge of CDC universal precaution guidelines and transmission routes for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis, meningitis, and tuberculosis (TB) and their perceived exposures to and concerns about these diseases. Methods. A convenience sample of EMTs were surveyed at mandatory continuing education meetings in a midwest community (pop. 523,191) between October 1 and November 30, 1996. The survey contained 101 questions about knowledge of universal precautions, transmission routes, postexposure actions, personal and family concerns, and demographics. Correct responses were based on CDC guidelines, and incorrect answers were added. Results. Four hundred of 425 surveys (94%) were returned. Eighty-one percent of the EMTs were full-time paramedics with 9.4 (95% CI 8.7–10.0%) years of experience. Seventy-five percent reported HIV, hepatitis, and TB education, while 57% reported meningitis education within the preceding year. Ninety-one percent knew universal precautions ...
Morphological analysis of Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Cribroperidinium (Dinophyceae), and taxonomic implications.

Abstract The morphologies of well preserved specimens assigned to six species of Cribroperidinium Neale and Sarjeant 1962 found in samples whose ages range from Hauterivian to Eocene were analyzed. Detailed observation of the paratabulation patterns in these specimens indicates on the epicyst: absence of a second preapical paraplate and dorsal contact of second and fourth apicals, and on the hypocyst: arcuate shape of posterior intercalary and posterior sulcal paraplates, six‐sided antapical paraplate with its right side longer than its left and its longitudinal axis inclined to the left of the cyst, and fourth postcingular paraplate offset to the left relative to the mid‐dorsal precingular one. A structure probably related to the ventral pore, reported in several species of modern gonyaulacoids, occurs in all the species studied. These characteristics serve as a basis for redefining Cribroperidinium, emphasizing the details of paratabulation topology as diagnostic criteria. Study of published description...
How Youth Get Engaged: Grounded-Theory Research on Motivational Development in Organized Youth Programs

For youth to benefit from many of the developmental opportunities provided by organized programs, they need to not only attend but become psychologically engaged in program activities. This research was aimed at formulating empirically based grounded theory on the processes through which this engagement develops. Longitudinal interviews were conducted with 100 ethnically diverse youth (ages 14–21) in 10 urban and rural arts and leadership programs. Qualitative analysis focused on narrative accounts from the 44 youth who reported experiencing a positive turning point in their motivation or engagement. For 38 of these youth, this change process involved forming a personal connection. Similar to processes suggested by self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000), forming a personal connection involved youth’s progressive integration of personal goals with the goals of program activities. Youth reported developing a connection to 3 personal goals that linked the self with the activity: learning for the future, developing competence, and pursuing a purpose. The role of purpose for many youth suggests that motivational change can be driven by goals that transcend self-needs. These findings suggest that youth need not enter programs intrinsically engaged—motivation can be fostered—and that programs should be creative in helping youth explore ways to form authentic connections to program activities.
Neurophysiological and behavioral maturation of cerebellar function studied with tremorogenic drugs

Abstract Harmaline acts on the olivo-cerebello-reticular system to cause tremor. In infant rats, this system is immature. Harmaline-induced tremor develops during the second week of life, at approximately the same age as the climbing fiber synapses on the Purkinje cells assume a morphologically mature form. This suggests that the maturation of the climbing fiber synapses may be a critical event in the functional maturation of the cerebellum. To test this, the effects of harmaline on the behavior and neurophysiology of developing infant rats were studied. A method of probit analysis was developed to compare statistically the age of development of different responses in the rat. Probit analysis showed that neonatal rats developed the ability to tremor in response to harmaline at 9.4 ± 1.8 (mean ± SD) days of age. Using a method for recording from infant rats, the harmaline-induced bursting pattern of cell firing recorded from the cerebellum and inferior olive developed at 9.7 ± 3.8 and 11.0 ± 1.5 days, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between these three ages. This measurement of the development of harmaline responses represents an accurate timing of developmental events and the direct statistical comparison of the age of occurrence of these events. This study provides a direct statistical comparison of cerebellar development as determined electrophysiologically and behaviorally. The use of harmaline allowed the study of the climbing fiber system specifically, and provided electro-physiological data on inferior olive development. The data indicate that the inferior olive cell becomes functionally mature at 10 days and this development is the critical event in the emergence of harmaline-induced tremor.
YNT20, a bypass suppressor of yme1 yme2, encodes a putative 3′-5′ exonuclease localized in mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mutation of YME genes in yeast results in a high rate of mitochondrial DNA escape to the nucleus. The synthetic respiratory growth defect of yme1 yme2 yeast strains is suppressed by recessive mutations in YNT20. Inactivation of YNT20 creates a cold-sensitive respiratory growth defect that is more pronounced in a yme1 background and which is suppressed by yme2. Inactivation of YNT20 causes a qualitative reduction in the rate of mitochondrial DNA escape in yme1, but not yme2, strains, suggesting that YNT20 plays a role in the yme1-mediated mitochondrial DNA escape pathway. YNT20p is a soluble mitochondrial protein that belongs to a subfamily of putative 3′-5′ exonucleases. Furthermore, conserved sequence elements in Yme2p suggest that this protein may also function as an exonuclease.
Applications of 129I and 36Cl in hydrology

Since the first AMS measurements of 36Cl in 1978, this cosmogenic radionuclide has proved to be a versatile tracer of hydrologic processes in over 20 field studies. Natural 129I also appears to be useful for studying hydrologie processes although incomplete understanding of its production in nature and geochemical behavior largely limits interpretation to qualitative discussions. The range of hydrologic applications demonstrated for these radionuclides covers: estimation of residence time of water in the subsurface and net infiltration in arid soils; evaluation of ion filtration, leaching of connate water, and salt dissolution as sources of ground-water salinity; estimation of lithospheric thermal-neutron fluxes; and emanation and migration characteristics of fission-product 129I in different geochemical environments.