cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The international normalized ratio does not reflect bleeding risk in esophageal variceal hemorrhage.

Background/Aims: The international normalized ratio (INR) has not been validated as a predictor of bleeding risk in cirrhotics. The aim of this study was to determine whether elevation in the INR correlated with risk of esophageal variceal hemorrhage and whether correction of the INR prior to endoscopic therapy affects failure to control bleeding. Patients and Methods: Patient records were retrospectively reviewed from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2010. Cases were cirrhotics admitted to the hospital due to bleeding esophageal varices. Controls were cirrhotics with a history of non-bleeding esophageal varices admitted with ascites or encephalopathy. All variceal bleeders were treated with octreotide, antibiotics, and band ligation. Failure to control bleeding was defined according to the Baveno V criteria. Results: We analyzed 74 cases and 74 controls. The mean INR at presentation was lower in those with bleeding varices compared to non-bleeders (1.61 vs 1.74, P = 0.03). Those with bleeding varices had higher serum sodium (136.1 vs 133.8, P = 0.02), lower hemoglobin (9.59 vs 11.0, P
Pediatric dental clinic location and utilization in a high-resource setting.

Objectives Examine dental utilization by Medicaid-insured children living in a high-resource area. Characterize distance and travel-related variables to accessing care. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected on dental clinics in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, caring for Medicaid-insured children ≥1 year. Shortest distances, drive times, and bus travel between dental clinics and high-poverty census tracts were determined through geographical information systems analysis. Primary care clinic (PCC) survey data were analyzed for children's dental use. Demographic characteristics and travel-related variables were compared between children who had and had not been to a dentist. Results Ten dental clinics accepted Medicaid-insured children ≥1 year. Mean distance between high-poverty census tracts and their nearest clinic was 1.2 miles [standard deviation (SD) 0.2 miles], with mean bus travel time 15.6 minutes (SD 12.3 minutes). Overall, 46 percent of PCC children reported a dental visit, and this was not significantly different between those who lived in a high-poverty census tract versus those who did not (41 percent and 35 percent, respectively, P = 0.58). Children traveled a mean distance of 4.75 miles (SD 2.37 miles) to their dental clinic. Mean distance to their nearest dental clinic was 2.81 miles (SD 2.12 miles). Conclusion Dental clinics in a high-resource area are in close proximity to where young Medicaid-insured children live; and distances between children's homes and dental clinics are not significantly different between children who had and had not reported a dental visit, suggesting that barriers persist despite close proximity. Regardless, closer proximity may contribute to the higher utilization of services observed compared with national rates.
Rough Terrain Autonomous Mobility—Part 2: An Active Vision, Predictive Control Approach

Off-road autonomous navigation is one of the most difficult automation challenges from the point of view of constraints on mobility, speed of motion, lack of environmental structure, density of hazards, and typical lack of prior information. This paper describes an autonomous navigation software system for outdoor vehicles which includes perception, mapping, obstacle detection and avoidance, and goal seeking. It has been used on several vehicle testbeds including autonomous HMMWV‘s and planetary rover prototypes. To date, it has achieved speeds of 15 km/hr and excursions of 15 km. We introduce algorithms for optimal processing and computational stabilization of range imagery for terrain mapping purposes. We formulate the problem of trajectory generation as one of predictive control searching trajectories expressed in command space. We also formulate the problem of goal arbitration in local autonomous mobility as an optimal control problem. We emphasize the modeling of vehicles in state space form. The resulting high fidelity models stabilize coordinated control of a high speed vehicle for both obstacle avoidance and goal seeking purposes. An intermediate predictive control layer is introduced between the typical high-level strategic or artificial intelligence layer and the typical low-level servo control layer. This layer incorporates some deliberation, and some environmental mapping as do deliberative AI planners, yet it also emphasizes the real-time aspects of the problem as do minimalist reactive architectures.
HOFSTRA'S FAMILY LAW WITH SKILLS COURSE: IMPLEMENTING FLER (THE FAMILY LAW EDUCATION REFORM PROJECT)

The Family Law Education Reform Project ( FLER) Final Report documented that the current doctrinally oriented family law curriculum at most law schools does not adequately prepare students for modern family law practice. FLER recommended that law school courses move from the study of cases to the study of the legal system’s effect on families, and integrate the study of alternative dispute resolution and interdisciplinary knowledge. In response, Hofstra Law School has made a comprehensive attempt to implement FLER’s curricular recommendations. This article discusses one major innovation – the Family Law with Skills course. Family Law with Skills is the basic course in Hofstra’s revised curriculum and is designed to integrate doctrinal teaching with professional skills development. In addition to studying legal doctrine, students are required to engage in structured field observation of family court proceedings; interviewing, counseling, negotiation, and mediation representation exercises in a divorce dispute; direct and cross examination of a social worker in a child protection dispute; and drafting of a surrogacy agreement. The article describes each exercise and discusses its rationale, student reaction to the course, and lessons learned.
Plasma cell labeling index and β2-microglobulin predict survival independent of thymidine kinase and C-reactive protein in multiple myeloma

The plasma cell labeling index (PCLI) and serum beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M) are independent prognostic factors in multiple myeloma (MM). Recently, levels of thymidine kinase (TK) and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been shown to have prognostic value. We studied 107 patients with newly diagnosed myeloma to determine whether TK and CRP values added prognostic information not already available using the PCLI and beta 2M. Univariate survival analysis showed prognostic significance for the PCLI, TK, beta 2M, age, serum albumin, and CRP. Multivariate analysis showed that only PCLI and beta 2M have independent prognostic significance. The survival curves were better separated using the PCLI and beta 2M than with other combinations of variables. Among nine patients under age 65 with low PCLI and low beta 2M, eight were alive almost 6 years after starting chemotherapy. These good-risk patients could not be identified by standard clinical features. Although creatinine and calcium were normal, other features such as bone lesions, osteoporosis, fracture, and anemia were present and stage distribution was similar to other patients in the study. In conclusion, PCLI and beta 2M measured at diagnosis are independent prognostic factors. They must be considered when interpreting the results of clinical trials and should be helpful in counseling patients and in designing new trials. When the PCLI and beta 2M values are known, the TK and CRP values do not add useful additional prognostic information.
Galactoside Accumulation by Escherichia coli, Driven by a pH Gradient

Abstract Acidification of the external medium results in thiomethylgalactoside accumulation in an energy-depleted adenosine triphosphatase-negative mutant of Escherichia coli.
Fluorotrimethylsilane affinities of anionic nucleophiles: a study of fluoride-induced desilylation.

In this study, preparation and decomposition of five novel pentavalent fluorosiliconates, RSi(CH3)3F− (R=CH3CH2O, CF3CH2O, (CH3)2CHO, (CH3)3SiO, and (CH3)3SiNH) is used to investigate the process of fluoride-induced desilylation. The siliconates were characterized by collision-induced dissociation and energy-resolved mass spectrometry. Decomposition of RSi(CH3)3F− leads to loss of the nucleophile R− and FSi(CH3)3, except in the case of (CH3)3SiNHSi(CH3)3F−, where HF loss is also observed. Ion affinities for FSi(CH3)3 have been measured for all five nucleophiles, and compare well with computational predictions. The observed trend of the bond dissociation energies resembles the trend of ΔHacid values for the corresponding conjugate acids, RH. Additionally, this data has been incorporated with existing thermochemistry to derive fluoride affinities for four of the silanes (R=CH3CH2O, (CH3)2CHO, (CH3)3SiO, and (CH3)3SiNH). We use the fluoride affinity of the silanes and the FSi(CH3)3 affinity of the departing nucleophilic anion to assess the feasibility of fluoride-induced desilylation of the silanes examined in this work.
Nonlinear aggregate interlock model for concrete pavements

The objective of the study was to develop a constitutive model that captures the nonlinear behavior of shear load transfer through aggregate interlock. A stepwise linear model was proposed. The model parameters were determined by optimizing numerically predicted to experimentally measured slab deflection basins. Continuous measurements of concrete deflection basins and truck loading were obtained using a specially designed large-scale slab tester. The numerical simulations were conducted using ABAQUS/Standard Version 6.2. Excellent deflection reproducibility was achieved for a wide range of crack widths and concrete containing different coarse aggregates. As expected, the results show that as the crack width increases, aggregate interlock is governed by the crack pattern and aggregate size. If the coarse aggregates are fractured, aggregate size does not affect aggregate interlock. The model was successfully incorporated in the pavement analysis tool EverFE 2.24 to demonstrate the significance of aggregate...
Fluid-shear method to evaluate bacterial adhesion to glass surfaces

Adhered bacteria onto different surfaces cause infection that affects our health and environments. The understanding of the bacterial adhesive strength is crucial for better control and safe manufacturing in order to design adhesion resistant materials. The current evaluation methods lack precision and are often time consuming. In the present research, we developed a fluid-shear method to quantitatively evaluate bacterial adhesive strength on glass substrates. The glass was chosen based on its abundance in household, industrial, and medical environments. The fluid shear stress applied by a rheometer ranged from 0 to 3 Pa and the average surface roughness (Ra) of glass ranged from 1 to 23 nm. Bacterial adhesive stress was calculated based on the measurement of the critical radius. It was also found that the adhesive strength decreased with the increase of surface roughness, while the number of adhered bacteria increased when the surface become rougher. The fluid-shear method was proven to be effective in measure bacterial adhesion on a surface.
Introduction to the Symposium Multinationals: The Janus Face of Globalization*

panning the globe, its afﬁliates andstrategic partnerships linking coun-tries in complex webs of alliances, themultinational enterprise (MNE) is theembodiment of globalization and itsprincipal agent. Nation states have con-tributed towards making the MNE thekey agent of globalization through pro-moting technological innovation, reduc-ing tariff and non-tariff barriers, and lib-eralizing their domestic ﬁnancial sys-tems. Multinationals have been theprime movers behind globalization, tak-ing advantage of the increased opennessof domestic economies to integrate theiractivities across national markets and so-cieties.Given their mobility and visibility, itis not surprising that MNEs have becomea lightning rod for groups concernedabout the various costs of globalization:social, cultural, political, and perhapsmost importantly, the economic costs.Although international business (IB)scholars and policymakers emphasizethe beneﬁts of globalization and cooper-ative relations with MNEs, the publicand non-governmental organizationshave ignored these views and focused onthe “dark side” of MNE-state relations.With the growing backlash against glob-alization and MNEs, more research onthe Janus face of globalization is neededif the pro-MNE, pro-globalization viewsof most IB scholars are to prevail in pub-lic policy debates.This research symposium served as aninvitation to international businessscholars to further explore the Janus faceof globalization. Through organizing thissymposium, we have come to appreciatethat when scholars look at problemsidentiﬁed with globalization’s dark side,they also often contribute to our under-standing of the bright side—the potentialfor globalization to bring with it wide-spread beneﬁts for all. We submit that asscholars we can learn more when we tryto ferret out the causal relationships be-tween globalization, the MNE, the state,
Are there epinephrine neurons in rat brain

The present model of epinephrine containing and PNMT containing neurons in rat brain (and by extension other species) implies that epinephrine is primarily a postsynaptic metabolite of norepinephrine in forebrain due to the probable postsynaptic localization of PNMT. As a result the most physiologically relevant pool is found in extracellular space with the bulk of tissue epinephrine found co-stored in noradrenergic terminals. Changes in the extracellular pool of epinephrine are effected by changes in the extracellular norepinephrine concentration as in times of increased release, reuptake blockade or inhibition of degradation. alpha 2-Adrenergic receptors associated with cells not necessarily in synaptic contact with the noradrenergic terminal containing epinephrine could be stimulated through this extracellular pool. The majority of PNMT containing cells in the brainstem/medulla appear to also contain other catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes. The present model suggests that epinephrine formed in these neurons is primarily used as a co-transmitter with norepinephrine formed in these same terminals. The balance of norepinephrine to epinephrine found in vesicles in these terminals would be a function of intraneuronal PNMT activity, MAO activity and reuptake which would be the major regulator of intraneuronal norepinephrine concentrations. The literature is reviewed in these contexts, questioning the existence of classical epinephrine neurons. Evidence is presented in support of a model for postsynaptic synthesis of epinephrine in the forebrain, especially during times of high norepinephrine release. The classic model of compartmentalization of biosynthetic enzymes is used in support of a co-transmitter role of epinephrine in the brainstem/medulla. Epinephrine is considered a unique metabolite of norepinephrine with important pharmacological actions and a receptor subtype in brain which monitors and regulates its formation. Epinephrine is recognized by the uptake system on noradrenergic terminals and vesicles and can therefore compete for storage in these noradrenergic neurons. Based on the distribution of PNMT and its association with major noradrenergic fiber tracts, epinephrine can be considered a site-selective metabolite of physiological and neuronal importance. Due to the compartmentalization of synthetic enzymes, it is probably not a classical neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, although it may be the primary catecholamine neurotransmitter in some medullary neurons.
A New Kantian Solution to the Third Antinomy of Pure Reason and to the Free Will Problem

The goal of this paper is to articulate a new solution to Kant's third antinomy of pure reason, one that establishes the possibility of incompatibilist freedom-the freedom presupposed by our traditional conceptions of moral responsibility, moral worth, and justice-without relying on the doctrine of transcendental idealism (TI). A discussion of Henry Allison's "two-aspect" interpretation of Kant's TI allows me both to criticize one of the best defenses of TI today and to advance my own TI-free solution to the third antinomy by appeal to a thesis of epistemic modesty based on Paul Guyer's realist interpretation of Kant's theory of experience. According to this interpretation, the a priori forms of our sensibility and understanding are not forms that the mind imposes on a material whose real properties are unknowable to us but are instead forms that limit or filter the kinds of things we can experience and know. In particular, being causally determined is a real feature of things as they are in themselves, but the necessity and universality of our deterministic claims are relative, restricted to the objects of possible experience. Consequently, though a causally determined event cannot be free, the necessity and universality of determinism does not entail that free events (choices) cannot exist but that they cannot constitute objects of possible experience. After arguing that freedom is possible, I outline an argument for the reality of freedom, based on the requirements of morality. Finally, I argue that my view, though opposed to metaphysical naturalism, is consistent with scientific realism and methodological naturalism.
Generalized vector-dominance model of dilepton production

We construct a model for dilepton production in hadron-hadron interactions based on the idea of generalized vector dominance. We argue that in the high-mass region the generalized vector-dominance model and the Drell-Yan parton model are alternative descriptions of the same underlying physics. In the low-mass regions the models differ; the vector-dominance approach predicts a greater production of dileptons. We compare the model to the limited dilepton data that are presently available and also integrate over one of the leptons to study the contributions to the single-lepton yield. We find that the high-mass vector mesons which are the hallmark of the generalized vector-dominance model make little contribution to the large yield of leptons observed in the transverse-momentum range $1l{p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}l6$ GeV. We illustrate with a simple model, however, the extreme sensitivity of the large-${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ lepton yield to the large-transverse-momentum tail of vector-meson production.
Adenovirus-mediated transfer of HPV 16 E6/E7 antisense RNA to human cervical cancer cells

To explore the potential of an adenoviral antisense RNA transcript for gene therapy of cervical cancer, we introduced the antisense RNA transcript of E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 into cervical cancer cells harboring HPV 16 via a recombinant adenoviral vector, Ad5CMV-HPV 16 AS and analyzed the effects of expression of these genes on cell growth and tumor growth. Ad5CMV-HPV 16 AS contains the cytomegalovirus-promoter, E6 and E7 genes of HPV 16 in antisense orientation, and the SV40 polyadenylation signal in a mini-gene cassette, which is inserted into the E1-deleted region of modified adenovirus 5. The entire E6/E7 region of HPV 16 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) before cloning into the mini-gene cassette. By reverse transcriptase-PCR, HPV 16 E6/E7 antisense RNA was detected in SiHa cells infected with Ad5CMV-HPV 16 AS. The growth of the Ad5CMV-HPV 16 AS-infected cells was greatly suppressed, as evidenced by a decrease in cell count. The growth inhibitory effect of Ad5CMV-HPV 16 AS was significantly enhanced by an adenoviral p53 construct, Ad5CMV-p53. In an ex vivo study in nude mice, tumorigenicity was completely inhibited in mice injected with Ad5CMV-HPV 16 AS-infected SiHa cells. These data suggest that transfection of cervical cancer cells with HPV 16 E6/E7 antisense RNA in a form such as Ad5CMV-HPV 16 AS is a potential novel approach to the therapy of HPV 16-positive cervical cancer.
Dual-Doppler Lidar Measurement of Winds in the JAWS Experiment

The use of coherent Doppler lidar measurements for analysis of wind fields near airports was investigated during the Joint Airport Weather Studies (JAWS) project of NASA and NOAA. Periodic lidar scans were made with two 10.6-micron CO2-pulsed Doppler lidars spaced 15 km apart in order to calculate the Cartesian wind fields near Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). Analyses were also carried out for the flow behind gust fronts, with the desired flow fields corresponding both to surface winds measured by a Portable Automated Mesonet (PAM), and numerical models of Great Plains thunderstorm outflows. Comparison of low elevation scans carried out using the lidar instruments and a CP-4 Doppler radar showed distinct differences due to a bias toward weaker velocities in the radar measurements. The rms difference between the radar and the lidar measurements was 3.1 m/s. The experimental results were consistent with those of a previous study comparing Wave Propagation Laboratory (WPL) lidar with the CP-3 5.5-cm radar operated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR).
Robotic Mitral Valve Repair: A Review of Anesthetic Management of the First 200 Patients

Objective The aim of this study was to describe the evolution in anesthetic technique used for the first 200 patients undergoing robotic mitral valve surgery. Design A retrospective review. Setting A single tertiary referral academic hospital. Participants Two hundred consecutive patients undergoing robotic mitral valve surgery using the da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) at Mayo Clinic Rochester. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results After obtaining institutional review board approval, surgical and anesthetic data were recorded. For analysis, patients were placed in 4 groups, each containing 50 consecutive patients, labeled Quartiles 1 to 4. Over time, there were statistically significant decreases in cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times. Significant differences in the anesthetic management were shown, with a reduction of intraoperative fentanyl and midazolam doses, and the introduction of paravertebral blockade in Quartile 2. There was a reduction of time between incision closure and extubation, and nearly 90% of patients were extubated in the operating room in Quartiles 3 and 4. Despite changes to the intraoperative analgesic management, and focus on earlier extubation, there were no differences seen in visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores over the 4 quartiles. Reductions were seen in total intensive care unit and hospital length of stay during the study period. Conclusions Changes to the practice, including efforts to limit intraoperative opioid administration and the addition of preoperative paravertebral blockade, helped facilitate earlier extubation. In the second half of the study period, close to 90% of patients were extubated in the operating room safely and without delaying patient transition to the intensive care unit.
Short-term clearance of cell-free nucleic acids after first-trimester termination of pregnancy.

To determine the kinetics of the short-term clearance of cell-free nucleic acids in maternal plasma, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 36 women who underwent first-trimester elective surgical termination. By using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and measurement of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) gene (as a marker of fetal DNA), β-hCG (a placental messenger RNA transcript), and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; as a marker of both total DNA and mitochondrial RNA), we found that cell-free nucleic acids in maternal plasma are not cleared within 90 minutes after the procedure, in contrast to the case of term delivery, in which levels decrease rapidly after birth.
Temporal and depolarization-induced changes in the absolute amounts of mRNAs encoding metabotropic glutamate receptors in cerebellar granule neurons in vitro.

: Cerebellar granule neurons in primary culture express metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) coupled to the stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis and to the inhibition of cyclic AMP (cAMP) formation. To evaluate which mGluR mRNAs are expressed in granule neurons under different depolarizing conditions, we measured the absolute amounts of selected receptor mRNAs in neurons cultured for 3–13 days in the presence of either 10 or 25 mM KCl. mGluR-specific primer pairs and internal standards, corresponding to unique regions of mGluR1a, mGluR2, mGluR3, mGluR4, and mGluR5, were constructed and used in a competitive PCR-derived assay to quantify the corresponding mRNA levels. For phosphoinositide-coupled receptors, the absolute content of mGluR1a mRNA was three to 10 times higher than the content of mGluR5 mRNA. The expression of mGluR5 mRNA increased up to 9 days in vitro and was much higher in 10 mM than in 25 mM KCl. For the cAMP-coupled receptors, there was a large amount of mGluR4 mRNA and a much smaller content of the mGluR3 and mGluR2 mRNAs. Maintaining the granule neurons in vitro in 10 mM KCl increased the absolute amount of mRNAs encoding mGluR2 and mGluR4 at 9 and 13 days in vitro. In contrast, the content of the mGluR3 mRNA was consistently higher in neurons cultured in 25 mM KCl. These data are consistent with the possibility that in primary cultures of cerebellar neurons, phosphoinositide responses may be predominantly mediated by mGluR1a, rather than mGluR5, and that cAMP inhibition involves preferentially mGluR4 and mGluR3.
Control design for robust tracking and smooth transition in power systems with battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage devices

Abstract This paper considers some control design problems in a power system driven by battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage devices. The currents in the battery and the supercapacitor are actively controlled by two bidirectional buck–boost converters. Two control objectives are addressed in this paper: one is to achieve robust tracking of two reference variables, the battery current and the load voltage, the other is to achieve smooth transition of these variables during load switch. Based on the state-space averaged model we newly developed, the control design problems are converted into numerically efficient optimization problems with linear matrix inequality (LMI) constraints. An experimental system is constructed to validate the control design methods.
Cdc42, dynein, and dynactin regulate MTOC reorientation independent of Rho-regulated microtubule stabilization

In migrating adherent cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells, the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) reorients toward the leading edge [1-3]. MTOC reorientation repositions the Golgi toward the front of the cell [1] and contributes to directional migration [4]. The mechanism of MTOC reorientation and its relation to the formation of stabilized microtubules (MTs) in the leading edge, which occurs concomitantly with MTOC reorientation [3], is unknown. We show that serum and the serum lipid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), increased Cdc42 GTP levels and triggered MTOC reorientation in serum-starved wounded monolayers of 3T3 fibroblasts. Cdc42, but not Rho or Rac, was both sufficient and necessary for LPA-stimulated MTOC reorientation. MTOC reorientation was independent of Cdc42-induced changes in actin and was not blocked by cytochalasin D. Inhibition of dynein or dynactin blocked LPA- and Cdc42-stimulated MTOC reorientation. LPA also stimulates a Rho/mDia pathway that selectively stabilizes MTs in the leading edge [5, 6]; however, activators and inhibitors of MTOC reorientation and MT stabilization showed that each response was regulated independently. These results establish an LPA/Cdc42 signaling pathway that regulates MTOC reorientation in a dynein-dependent manner. MTOC reorientation and MT stabilization both act to polarize the MT array in migrating cells, yet these processes act independently and are regulated by separate Rho family GTPase-signaling pathways.
SEASONAL NUTRIENT DYNAMICS, NUTRIENT RESORPTION, AND MYCORRHIZAL INFECTION INTENSITY OF TWO PERENNIAL FOREST HERBS

Patterns of mycorrhizal infection, seasonal foliar nutrient concentrations, nutrient allocation to shoots and rhizomes, and nutrient resorption were measured in relation to soil nutrient availability in two species of perennial forest herbs, Geranium maculatum L. and Polygonatum pubescens Pursh., in four forest stands in southern and central Ohio. The percentage of plants with V-A mycorrhizae and the proportion of root length colonized by VAM structures increased with decreasing nutrient availability in both species. Foliar N and P concentrations in plants from lower fertility sites were as high, or higher, than those in plants from higher fertility sites; as a result, tissue nutrient enrichment ratios (foliar concentration/soil available concentration) increased with decreasing fertility. Proportional resorption of N and P generally decreased with decreasing nutrient availability, a pattern inconsistent with those exhibited by woody plants in these forest stands. We hypothesize that the inverse relationship between nutrient uptake efficiency (via mycorrhizae) and nutrient use efficiency (resorption) exhibited by these forest understory herbs, but not by trees or herbs from high-light environments, may be related to low-light limitation of energy reserves in the forest understory.
Gas-chromatographic technique for rapid isolation of uranium fission products

A gas-chromatographic technique for a rapid separation of fission iodine or bromine from the other elements formed in nuclear fission was developed. Recoil-formed, volatile methyl bromide and methyl iodide were isolated within 1 min after the end of irradiation. An extension of this technique to other elements and to other nuclear reactions should be possible.
Counseling persons injured at work

Support and treatment programs for persons injured at work have expanded considerably since their early beginnings in Germany in 1884. Industrially injured workers must deal with problems in at least four major areas: 1) medical restoration, 2) temporary economic maintenance, 3) psychosocial adjustment to disability, and 4) vocational restoration. The counselor's role in assisting such persons is a significant one. In fact, it could be argued that the counselor is the only professional who has been specifically trained to assist persons who must confront the psychosocial and vocational restoration problems commonly associated with work-related injury. Both individual and group counseling methods can be used to facilitate positive psychosocial adjustment. Essential elements of the vocational restoration process include vocational assessment, job analysis, treatment (including career counseling and possibly physical restoration and/or job training), job placement, and follow-up. Specific counselor interventions in all areas should be guided by both theoretical and practical considerations, and family members and employers should be involved in programming whenever feasible or appropriate. Employee assistance programs and proprietary rehabilitation companies are discussed as relatively recent developments in the United States which offer potential to reduce and/or treat work-related injury and disability.
The effect of forced vergence on retinal correspondence

The spatial characteristics of the changes in retinal correspondence produced by forced convergence were studied. The vertical extent of lateral shifts in binocular correspondence were quantified by comparing the convergence of the eyes measured with binocular search coils to the convergence of the eyes as determined using nonius lines having vertical separations (gaps) between the nonius lines of 0.5-4.8 degrees. Lateral shifts in binocular correspondence only occurred for nonius gaps < 3-4 degrees. The effects of horizontal retinal eccentricity on lateral shifts in correspondence were determined by measuring the nonius horopter of the subject under forced convergence, using 11 nonius line eccentricities between 4.5 degrees left and right. The nonius horopter was shifted toward the fusion target maximally near the fixation point. There was no shift beyond 3 degrees of eccentricity. We conclude that the nonius horopter is 'dimpled' vertically and horizontally, facilitating local fusion by shifting the line horopter and the region of single binocular vision toward the point of regard over a region of 3 degrees around the fixation point.
Hospitality solid waste minimization: a global frame

Abstract Environmentally responsive hospitality solid waste minimization (SWM) programs and practices are urgently needed. A strategic SWM approach means first implementing material elimination or reduction. Second, institute procedures to reuse and extend product life. Third, seek avenues to recycle waste prior to resorting to disposal. Two perspectives to guide SWM efforts are described. The biosphere perspective highlights the interdependent nature of our global environment. The life-cycle analysis perspective assesses cradle-to-grave impacts of SWM alternatives. Together, these views and practices can result in cost avoidance, can enhance consumer image and employee morale, and can lessen environmental impacts.
The Moral Development of Public Relations Practitioners: A Comparison With Other Professions and Influences on Higher Quality Ethical Reasoning

This study gathered baseline data on the moral development of 118 public relations professionals. The respondents scored 7th highest among all professionals tested. They performed significantly better when the ethical dilemmas were about public relations issues than when they were not, indicating domain expertise on ethical issues. No significant differences were found between men and women, or managers and nonmanagers. There were significant correlations between moral reasoning and several variables including political ideology and fundamental/liberal religious views.
Microsatellite DNA markers for the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus

Eleven microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus . Primers reliably amplify alleles in inbred lines derived from two divergent populations previously shown to have genetic distances of 18% for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. The 11 loci provided markers for eight of the species’ 12 chromosomes.
Gold Z-pinches on Saturn

We will show data from gold z-pinch implosions on the Sandia Saturn accelerator at current levels of 10 MA. The x-ray yields and powers from these experiments have reached 600 kj and 20 TW, respectively. These data differ dramatically from identical experiments using materials such as aluminum. The final pinch diameter, plasma temperature, overall radiation pulse width, and spectrum are also quite different than aluminum z-pinch results. The z-pinch load consists of a wire array 1.25 or 1.5 cm in diameter, 2-cm long with a variable number of wires (8–24). The total mass of the wire array is − 1 mg. Calculations suggest that the maximum kinetic energy which can be delivered to the the imploding load is − 350 kj. The total x-ray output of 600 kj was significantly larger than the kinetic energy stored in the pinch. This result implies a non-kinetic source of energy. An estimate of the Spitzer resistivity gave a pinch resistance which, when coupled with the current in the load, could explain the difference between the total x-ray yield and the kinetic energy in the plasma.
Fluorescence studies of the molecular conformation of α-lactalbumin

Abstract The ultraviolet fluorescence of α-lactalbumin was shown to be markedly altered during the 2 distinct conformational changes which this protein undergoes. The more subtle of these, which occurs at pH 6 as the temperature is lowered from 25° to 1°, involves contraction of the “crevices” housing the 2 ‘exposed’ tryptophan groups and is accompanied by a short-wavelength shift of about 10 mμ of the emission spectrum. The more drastic process, denaturation below pH 4, results in a long-wavelength shift of 10–18 mμ and an increase in the apparent quantum yield of about 40%. The molecular origins of these spectral shifts have been interpreted in terms of a model derived from a recent theory which explains shifts in the emission spectrum of tryptophan in terms of an excited state complex. According to this model, the thermal transition which occurs at pH 6 for α-lactalbumin produces a short-wavelength shift due to inhibition of complex formation resulting from hindered rotation of tryptophans in the contracted “crevice”. The low pH denaturation of α-lactalbumin, which we have shown earlier to involve molecular swelling but no enhanced exposure of tryptophans, produces a long-wavelength shift of the emission spectrum due to enhanced complex formation resulting from increased freedom of rotation of the 3 “buried” tryptophans.
Prodigies of propagation: the many modes of clonal replication in boloceroidid sea anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria)

Summary Diverse modes of clonal propagation were documented in tiny zooxanthellate sea anemones from the tropical Pacific. All were boloceroidids, as indicated by the tentacles' basal sphincter and the animals' swimming behavior. In one species, single tentacles were pinched off at the sphincter, shed into the coelenteron, and brooded there while regenerating into minute new polyps in ~4 days. Within a day of release, the propagules fed on live prey and swam by lashing the tentacles. A similar process occurs in another species studied, Bunodeopsis medusoides. In a third species a previously undescribed mode of replication was seen. These anemones bore a primary cycle of tentacles that engaged actively in feeding and swimming, were not shed, and showed no sign of producing polyps. Alternating with these tentacles were fan-like clusters of shorter tentacles that were relatively inactive in feeding and swimming. Despite the sphincter at the base of each of these clustered tentacles, they were never shed sing...
Blood-brain neutral amino acid transport activity is increased after portacaval anastomosis

In rats after portacaval anastomosis (an animal model of chronic liver disease), transport of tryptophan and other members of the large neutral amino acid group from blood to brain was markedly enhanced. Increased transport activity was apparently restricted to the neutral amino acid transport system, since brain uptake of glucose, inulin, and tyramine was unaffected while blood-brain arginine transport was significantly reduced. These results strikingly confirm the hypothesis that carrier-mediated blood-brain transport is the limiting factor determining the availability of the neutral amino acids to the brain. The encephalopathy associated with cirrhosis may be the result of abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism and neurotransmission secondary to increased neutral amino acid transport activity and an increased brain content of members of the neutral amino acid group.
Identification of Two Domains of the p70 Ku Protein Mediating Dimerization with p80 and DNA Binding

The Ku autoantigen is a heterodimer of 70 (p70) and ∼80 kDa (p80) subunits that is the DNA-binding component of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) complex involved in DNA repair and V(D)J recombination. Binding to DNA ends is critical to the function of DNA-PK, but how Ku interacts with DNA is not completely understood. To define the role of p70 and p80 and their dimerization in DNA binding, heterodimers were assembled by co-expressing the subunits using recombinant baculoviruses. Two p70 dimerization sites, amino acids 1–115 and 430–482, respectively, were identified. Binding of p70 to linear double-stranded DNA could be demonstrated by an immunoprecipitation assay, and required the C-terminal portion (amino acids 430–609), but not interaction with p80. The p70 mutants 1–600, 1–542, 1–115, and 430–600 did not bind DNA efficiently. However, DNA binding of 1–600, 1–542, and 1–115, but not 430–600, was restored by dimerization with p80, indicating that p70 has two DNA binding sites, each partially overlapping one of the dimerization sites. The C-terminal domain can bind DNA by itself, but the N-terminal domain requires dimerization with p80. These observations could be relevant to the multiple functional activities of Ku and explain controversies regarding the role of dimerization in DNA binding.
Genetics and evolution of phenotypic plasticity to nutrient stress in Arabidopsis: drift, constraints or selection?

Abstract To better understand the genetic basis and evolution of phenotypic plasticity, we have investigated how the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) responds to nutrient stress. A preliminary experiment showed that two populations that are very closely related genetically tended to respond in a similar fashion to a variety of nutrient stresses. We then asked if there is a general relationship between the degree of genetic differentiation of 16 natural populations of A. thaliana and the similarity in the way they cope with a fundamental nutrient stress, nitrogen limitation. We also grew plants from four mutant lines known to be affected in nitrogen uptake and metabolism, using their background isogenic line as a control. This last experiment tested whether or not defects in major genes involved in nitrogen bio-processing affect the intensity or pattern of phenotypic plasticity. We found a high degree of genetic differentiation among populations for the ability to respond to nitrogen stress. However, we detected no significant correlation between the genetic distance among natural populations and the similarity of their response to low nitrogen availability. Since the genetic distances among populations were measured using neutral molecular markers, this suggests that random genetic drift and other non-deterministic evolutionary phenomena were not the driving force shaping differences among populations in the response to stress. On the other hand, several characters were highly correlated in their responses to nitrogen limitation, suggesting either that they were modified by natural selection in a like manner, or that they are influenced by similar genetic constraints (due to either pleiotropy or tight linkage). Finally, the mutants did not differ from the parental wild type strain in their pattern of nitrogen-induced stress response. Therefore, although the genes defective in the mutants are part of the biochemical pathway that uptakes and metabolizes nitrates, we conclude that they are not involved in the control of phenotypic plasticity to nitrogen limitation in this species.
Graphical control systems and multiple displays

Abstract Control systems are considered which require updating of a large number of graphics displays of system and subsystem configurations. All of the displays are to be updated and to be shown on a CRT screen upon user demand, within a limited time period. Many models for evaluating system performance are given for different hardware combinations. The problem was initially studied at the Goddard Space Flight Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in Greenbelt, Maryland with regard to ground control systems for spacecraft.
Syndications in sovereign lending

Abstract The paper develops a gmae theoretic model of lender/sovereign borrower relationships. Conditions that determine a self-enforced equilibrium in loan contracts are derived. The model is extended to explain syndicated lending under different regimes of cost and penalty structures. For example, it is shown that for certian atypes of penalty functions, when the marginal penalty imposition capability of a ‘low penalty type’ lender at smaller loan levels is greater than the marginal penalty impositon of a ‘high penalty type’ lender at higher loan levels, there will be an incentive for banks to lend as a syndicate, with particular types of interbank clauses. Implications of the model, in terms of responsibilities of syndicate members as understood in the legal literature, are also discussed.
Oxygen Degradation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Hardwood Kraft Lignin

A series of sweet gum kraft pulps with initial kappa numbers ranging from 29 to 13.6 was subjected to oxygen delignification employing 1.00 and 4.00% charges of caustic. The O-delignified pulps were characterized according to lignin content, pulp yield, and viscosity. In addition, residual lignin samples were isolated from the kraft brownstock and the post-oxygen-delignified kraft pulps, along with the corresponding O-effluents. The structural changes of these lignins during oxygen delignification were investigated using UV spectroscopy and advanced NMR techniques. Differential UV spectra indicated that lignins isolated from oxygen-delignified kraft pulp and its effluent were significantly reduced at λmax 260, 280, and 370 nm in comparison to the brownstock lignins. These changes in absorbance are attributed to the degradation of phenolic and stilbene structures during oxygen delignification. 31P NMR lignin data revealed that the primary sites of oxidation during an O-stage were syringyl and guaiacyl phen...
Fate mapping of nervous system and other internal tissues in genetic mosaics of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract Enzyme marker techniques allow the identification of the genotype of internal tissues in Drosophila genetic mosaics. These methods were used to derive fate maps for the nervous system and several other internal organs. The fate maps were compared to other cell lineage studies and to the fate mapping results on neurological mutants. The mosaic data for the nervous system also indicate that only a few blastoderm cells (3–10) give rise to each major ganglion.
Wegener's Granulomatosis

Abstract Wegener's granulomatosis is characterized by necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis. The localized form involves The upper or lower respiratory tracts, or both; in the commoner generalized f...
Disseminated extramedullary plasmacytomas

A 53-year-old man developed multiple, widespread infiltrative tumors of his lips, eyelids, ears, distal fingers and toes, tongue, buccal mucosa, scrotum, and larynx. Biopsy results of three involved sites were similar, with dermal infiltration by well-differentiated plasma cells. Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy were essentially normal. The patient responded well to therapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare disease that most often arises in the upper respiratory tract. The relationship of this entity to other forms of myelomatosis is discussed.
Navigating between Scylla and Charybdis: Continuing the dialogue on communication and social justice

(1996). Navigating between Scylla and Charybdis: Continuing the dialogue on communication and social justice. Communication Studies: Vol. 47, No. 1-2, pp. 142-151.