cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrograde false channel perfusion: a complication of cardiopulmonary bypass during repair of dissecting aneurysms.

The current surgical treatment of dissecting thoracic aneurysms that originate above the aortic valve and dissect distally (Type I—De Bakey [3]) requires cardiopulmonary bypass for repair of the proximal intimal tear and obliteration of the false lumen [1, 2, 4, 5]. When the dissecting process extends toward the femoral arteries, cannulation of these vessels may result in perfusion of the false lumen. In addition, although a femoral cannula is inserted into the true lumen, perfusion of the false channel may occur through large reentry sites in the distal abdominal aorta or beyond the bifurcation. Retrograde arterial flow through the false lumen would jeopardize the blood flow to the central nervous system and to other vital organs. We have observed this complication in 2 patients with complete aortic dissection (Type I) during what appeared to be an otherwise adequate surgical procedure.
Analysis of the Motion of a Frictional Elastic Ball Dropped on an Inclined Surface

We are interested in how sticking and sliding collisions occur as the bouncing proceeds. In particular, we are interested under what circumstances the collisions are eventually all sliding, all sticking, or exhibit intermintancy between sticking and sliding
Angioscopically directed interventions improve arm vein bypass grafts.

Abstract Purpose: Our purpose was to determine the incidence and segmental distribution of intraluminal disease in the arm veins of patients in whom saphenous vein was unavailable or inadequate for bypass, determine whether angioscopic evaluation and directed interventions can upgrade the quality of arm vein conduit and improve early graft patency, and describe the angioscopic technique of in situ retrograde arm vein inspection. Methods: Retrospective review of 109 infrainguinal arm vein bypass grafts in 104 patients performed with intraoperative angioscopic vein preparation and monitoring between August 1989 and March 1992 was undertaken. Four additional arm veins harvested were discarded because of diffuse disease. Results: Intraluminal disease was noted in 71 (62.8%) of 113 arm veins, "webs" in 61 (54%), vein sclerosis in 25 (22.1%), localized stenosis in 11 (9.7%), and thrombus in 7 (6.2%). Intraluminal disease was most common in the cephalic (forearm 49.2%; arm 35.1%) and median cubital (33.3%) veins and least common in the basilic vein (11.7%). Eighty-three angioscopically directed interventions in 68 of 71 abnormal arm veins resulted in upgraded vein conduit quality in 47 (66.1%) of 71. Primary patency ( p = 0.0024). These differences persisted through 1 year by life-table analysis, ( p Conclusions: Not only is the routine use of the angioscope in arm vein bypass grafting a sensitive technique to detect the intraluminal diseases so prevalent in arm veins but it can also direct endoluminal and surgical interventions that upgrade the quality of the vein conduit and improve early graft patency. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:994-1004.)
Vascular control for resection of suprahepatic intracaval Wilms' tumor: Technical considerations

The surgical resection of Wilms' tumor can be complicated by tumor thrombus extension into the inferior vena cava. In cases of suprahepatic Wilms' tumor thrombus that may extend into the right atrium, a median sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are used to facilitate tumor resection. However, if the tumor can be localized and controlled below the atrium, resection without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass may limit morbidity. The authors describe a novel approach to tumor thrombectomy for a Wilms' tumor extending to the suprahepatic vena cava without the use of CPB. The authors used transesophageal echocardiography to localize the tumor thrombus and detect any tumor or air embolization and a minimal lower sternotomy to obtain intrapericardial control of the inferior vena cava. This technique may be useful in selected cases of Wilms' tumor as an alternative to median sternotomy and use of cardiopulmonary bypass.
Globalization, Expectations Model of Economic Nationalism, and Consumer Behavior

Purpose – The goals of the paper are to propose, measure, and empirically test the expectations model of economic nationalism. The model posits that economic nationalism is reflected in people's expectations of their government, domestic firms, and the general public, in terms of restricting the activities of foreign firms.Design/methodology/approach – A confirmatory factor analysis is conducted to test the model, using the LISREL procedure.Findings – Results show acceptable fit for the proposed model. Reliability of each of the three dimensions of economic nationalism is in the acceptable range. A nomological validity test showed that economic nationalism is related to other constructs not included in the model.Research limitations/implications – A limitation of the model is that it is based on a single sample. Future studies can test the generalizability of model with samples from different countries.Practical implications – The implication of the study is that increasing globalization might lead to an ...
Estimating energy and protein requirements of thermally injured patients: art or science?

pected period of sustained hypermetabolism from thermal injury. The predictive method was considered precise if the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the root mean-square prediction error was within 15% of the measured energy expenditure. Unfortunately, none of the formulas met the criteria for being precise. None of the formulas’ CIs for error was within 20% of measured energy expenditure. Thirty-three percent of all of the methods were biased toward overpredicting measured energy expenditure, whereas about 20% of the formulas consistently underpredicted measured energy expenditure. The most precise, unbiased methods for estimating resting energy expenditure in our population 10 were the formulas of Xie et al. 11 (18 15% error, CI 12–24%) and Milner et al. 12 (16 15% error, CI 10 –22%). Both methods included body surface area (BSA) and percentage of total body surface area burn (BSAB). The method of Milner et al. also included the number of days postinjury and the basal metabolic rate according to Fleish’s standards for normal subjects.13 Because of its practicality in ease of use without a substantial difference in error, we chose the formula of Xie et al. 11 for estimation of goal caloric
Ground-dwelling arthropods in upland and hydromorphic rice in Côte d'Ivoire.

Pitfall-trap sampling was used to determine the activity (numbers collected as determined by locomotor activity and density) of epigaeic (soil-surface dwelling) arthropods in rice cultivated at various toposequence sites on the slope of an inland valley in Bouake, Cote d’Ivoire, West Africa in 1994–1996. The major arthropod groups collected were ants, spiders, crickets, carabids and grasshoppers. Ants and spiders were the most active. Arthropod activity changed in response to crop growth stage with activity generally increasing towards harvest. Ant activity differed significantly between toposequence sites and was highest in the upper portion of the slope. The pattern for spider activity in relation to toposequence site varied among years. Agronomic practices that would enhance the populations of ground-dwelling predaceous arthropods are an important consideration when developing cultural practices for rice production on hillsides of inland valleys in West Africa.
Use of the red fluorescent protein as a marker of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic gene expression

A hallmark of all herpesvirus is the ability to exist in either a latent, or lytic, state of replication, enabling the lifelong infection of its host. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) can efficiently establish a latent infection in a variety of cell types in vitro, making it a valuable model for the study of latency and reactivation. To facilitate the identification of KSHV lytic replication, and allow subsequent experiments with live cells, a recombinant virus, rKSHV.219, was constructed using JSC-1 cells that expresses the red fluorescent protein (RFP) from the KSHV lytic PAN promoter, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the EF-1alpha promoter, and with the gene for puromycin resistance as a selectable marker. rKSHV.219 from JSC-1 cells was used to infect Vero cells for purification of the recombinant virus. Vero cells were also used for the production of rKSHV.219 at levels of 10(5)-10(6) infectious units (IU) of virus per milliliter using a combination of KSHV/RTA expressed from a baculovirus vector, BacK50, and butyrate. Virus produced from Vero cells was used to infect human fibroblasts (HF), 293, DU145, T24, HaCaT, and HEp-2 cells, and in all cells except 293 cells, only a latent infection was established with GFP expression, but no RFP expression. In 293 cells, 10-15% of cells showed lytic gene expression. Both primary and immortalized microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) were also infected with rKSHV.219, and reduced spontaneous lytic replication was found in immortalized cells. In all cells used in this study, rKSHV.219 efficiently established latent infections from which the virus could be reactivated to productive lytic replication. This work also demonstrated strong synergy between KSHV/RTA and butyrate for the activation of KSHV lytic replication and the production of infectious virus.
A Probe for Measuring Temperature in Radio-Frequency-Heated Material (Short Papers)

Measuring temperature in material being heated by radio-frequency (RF) fields is difficult because of field perturbations and direct heating caused by any conventional leads connected to the temperature sensor. A temperature probe consisting simply of a thermistor and plastic high-resistance leads appears to practically eliminate these problems. The design goals are described, and the performance of an initial test model of this type of probe is discussed.
Turbulent Kinetic Energy Budgets over Mountainous Terrain

Abstract The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of the airflow and turbulence structure over mountainous terrain. Turbulent characteristics of the airflow were measured using well-instrumented aircraft. The shear, buoyancy, transport of energy and eddy dissipation rate terms were obtained from direct measurements. The turbulent kinetic energy budgets were determined with respect to height and horizontal distance upwind and downwind of the mountain. The change of turbulence intensity was also demonstrated by comparing power spectra as a function of height, as well as a function of distance upwind and downwind of the mountain. The results show that all measurable terms were significant. The shear production and the eddy dissipation rate were the dominant terms. The buoyancy and vertical transport terms were smaller but still important. The imbalance term was estimated to be relatively small.
Development of post-combustion CO2 capture with CaO/CaCO3 looping in a bench scale plant

Abstract Several systems for CO2 capture using CaO as regenerable sorbent are under development at Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI). CaO/CaCO3 looping of carbon dioxide capture system can also be used for both pre-combustion and post-combustion carbon dioxide capture. At present, ITRI has established a post-combustion 1 kW CaO/CaCO3 looping of carbon dioxide capture system device in Taiwan. The carbonator is for the bubbling fluidized bed and the calciner is for the moving bed. The device made up 0.1 kg/hour of new CaO which has been under 57 hours of continuous operation. Capture efficiencies above 99% have been obtained under realistic flue gas conditions in the carbonator reactor. In the future, power generation, petrochemical industry and steel and iron industries are the first to be considered for reduction of CO2 emissions. Our goal is to establish a 1 MW (5 thousand tons of CO2 every year) pilot plant in 2011, 10 to 30 MW (50 to 150 thousand tons CO2 every year) demonstration plant in 2020 and a commercial plant in 2027 for post-combustion capture. In addition, ITRI has to research and develop the CO2 capture technologies from flue gases including Gasification or Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC), CaO/CaCO3 looping and innovative meso-porous nanomaterials for CO2 adsorption.
Mandates and Management Challenges in the Trenches: An Intergovernmental Perspective on Homeland Security

Scholars and practitioners agree that homeland security policy implementation is contingent on a strong system of intergovernmental relations. The responsibilities associated with the homeland security mission, often mandated, cut across federal, state, and local boundaries. Local-level stakeholders are especially important players in the implementation process. This article presents a local perspective on the way intergovernmental relations have changed—and the reasons for those changes—since 9/11. Results of a survey of county and city officials in Florida provide evidence that intergovernmental cooperation has improved as a result of federal and state mandates. These results are refined by an analysis of the effects of specific local characteristics and the quality and quantity of vertical and horizontal networks on intergovernmental cooperation and local preparedness. Homeland security appears to be a policy area in which mandated cooperation and coordination—in a time and place of urgency—have actually strengthened the intergovernmental system.
Flexible and fixed target stabilisation in an open economy

Abstract This paper contains a comparison, in an applied framework, of the effectiveness of implementing two alternative stabilisation strategies in an open economy. In particular, the familiar optimisation (flexible target) technique is compared with the newly developed dynamic Tinbergen (fixed target) technique. The fixed target approach allows for the exact achievement of targets over time when there are more targets than instruments provided the planning authorities are prepared to anticipate the target path. Alternatively, the flexible target approach imposes the constraint of compromising all targets when the number of targets exceeds the number of instruments.
Effects of Missile Size and Glass Type on Impact Resistance of “Sacrificial Ply” Laminated Glass

Experiments were performed as part of a larger study to develop the sacrificial ply design concept for laminated architectural glass. This concept allows windborne debris impacts in severe windstor...
Activation of the glycoprotein hormone α-subunit gene promoter in thyrotropes

Pituitary expression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene localizes to thyrotropes and gonadotropes. Factors that activate the alpha-subunit promoter exclusively in thyrotropes have not been described. In the current studies, alpha-subunit promoter activity was compared in alphaTSH thyrotropic and alphaT3 gonadotropic cells. Deletional analysis revealed a more important contribution of the -453/-381 region in thyrotropic cells and the -341/-297 region in gonadotropic cells, while other deletions had similar effects. Mutational analysis revealed some regions that were functionally similar, while others were active only in thyrotropic cells, such as the regions - 434/ - 421, - 398/ - 385, - 376/- 364 and - 363/- 351, that decreased activity by approximately 2-fold each. Combined mutation of the regions - 434/ - 421, - 398/ - 385 and - 376/ - 364 decreased activity by 5-fold in thyrotropic cells and not at all in gonadotropic cells. Cotransfection with Ptx1 in CV-1 cells resulted in a strong stimulation of alpha-subunit promoter activity, that was significantly diminished with mutation of the - 398/ - 385 region that disrupts the Ptx1 binding site, suggesting that this factor may play a role in thyrotrope-specific activation. This analysis provides basic information important to identify common and unique factors contributing to the cell-specific expression of the alpha-subunit gene.
Public good provision in a repeated game: The role of small fixed costs of participation

Pecorino (1998) models tariff lobbying in a repeated game and finds that cooperation can be maintained in a large group, even though tariff lobbying provides a rival public good to interest group members. We add small fixed costs of participation to this model and find that cooperation must break down in large groups. By contrast, if a fully rival public good directly enters the utility function, then cooperation is possible in large groups, even with small participation costs. Thus, we find only partial support for Olson’s (1965) proposition that collective action must break down in large groups.
Surface quality of holes drilled into aluminium 390

Abstract The pupose of this project was to develop a model for predicting surface finish of drilled holes for different feed rates, cutting speeds, fluid concentrations, and drill diameters. A regression equation was developed for a linear model using data collected from a 25experimental design. Aluminium 390 was used as the workpiece material. Feed rate, fluid concentration, and the interaction between feed rate and drill diameter were significant at the 5% level. Cutting speed and drill diameter were not significant within the ranges tested.
Governing the Frozen Commons: The Antarctic Regime and Environmental Protection

Governing the Frozen Commons examines the Antarctic Treaty System as a complex legal regime for managing resource activities in the Antarctic and assesses what innovative legal arrangements might be needed to regulate future political and economic developments there. In this study, Christopher C. Joyner analyzes a number of critical considerations affecting the circumpolar south, including the status of Antarctica as a global commons; the legal regime currently in place for managing Antarctic affairs; the legal, economic, and political implications of applying a common heritage of mankind regime to the Antarctic; the viability of the legal regimes now established for resource management, conservation, environmental protection, and scientific investigation in the Antarctic; and the prospect that Antarctica might be considered a world park.
Occurrence and persistence of future atmospheric stagnation events.

Atmospheric stagnation can have serious health implications due to increased pollution exposure. This study investigates how global warming will alter atmospheric circulation and the resulting changes in the frequency and persistence of stagnation events. The authors find an overall increase in the size of the population exposed to these events and highlight the need to evaluate air pollution management.
Recovery of C-starts, equilibrium and targeted feeding after whole spinal cord crush in the adult goldfish Carassius auratus.

Central nervous system neurons of many adult teleost fish are capable of regrowth across spinal cord lesions, which may result in behavioral recovery of swimming. Since there have been few, if any, studies that examine the return of behaviors other than swimming, we provide a quantitative analysis of the recovery of C-starts that occur in adult goldfish after spinal cord injury. In addition, we include a qualitative analysis of the return of targeted feeding and equilibrium. Whole spinal cord crushes near the junction of the brain and spinal cord [spinomedullary level (SML)] were made in 45 experimental fish. Eight sham-operated goldfish served as controls for the effects of the surgery procedures alone. After spinal cord crush and recovery from the anesthetic, experimental fish lay on their sides with no movement caudal to the wound. The fish were monitored for the return of behaviors for up to 190 days postoperatively. Twenty-five fish survived the course of this study. Of these fish, 12 regained equilibrium and C-starts, two regained equilibrium but not C-starts, and 11 did not regain equilibrium (one of these did display a C-start). Twenty-two of the 25 experimental fish that survived the 190 days were able to target food from the water surface. Quantitative analysis of recovered C-starts in this study revealed that the probability of eliciting the response is reduced, that latencies from stimulus to response are longer and that movement parameters (i.e. angles, distance and velocity) are reduced compared with those of sham-operated control animals for up to 190 days postoperatively. The recovery of C-starts, equilibrium and targeted feeding was due to re-growth across the wound site, since re-crushing the spinal cord at the SML resulted in the loss of these behaviors. Mauthner cells are known to initiate C-starts in goldfish. Since the majority of M-axons that regrow across a crush wound associate with an inappropriate pathway (i.e. the first ventral root), it is unlikely that these cells play a major role in the return of C-starts. We propose that regeneration of Mauthner cell homologues across the wound site is responsible for the recovery of most C-starts. The identifiability of the M-cell and its homologues provides a unique opportunity to analyze the mechanisms underlying behavioral recovery at the cellular level.
Enhancement of anticancer agent activity by selective inhibitiion of rapidly proliferating tissues of the host

Abstract Most cytotoxic drugs used in cancer therapy do not discriminate between neoplastic and normal proliferating cells. To avoid irreversible damage to vital host tissues, such as bone marrow and intestine, drugs must be administered at dosages which usually prove insufficient to eradicate all of the neoplastic cells present. This review focuses on an approach to improve cancer chemotherapy by selective protecting norma, proliferating cells during treatment, thereby permitting the administration of otherwise lethal doses of drug. Preclinical in vivo studies of cytokinetic modulation with interferon, or L -histidinol, as well as recent clinical studies of interferon modulation of the activity of 5-fluorouracil are reviewed.
Race Differences in Drug Offending and Drug Distribution Arrests

The War on Drugs’ emphasis on apprehending low-level drug offenders dramatically increased the number of arrests for drug distribution and exacerbated racial and ethnic disparities in such arrests. Although these disparities have been the topic of much discussion, they rarely have been the subject of multivariate empirical scrutiny. This research examines the degree to which race differences in drug offending, nondrug offending, and community context explain race differences in the likelihood of experiencing a drug distribution arrest in a longitudinal sample of youthful respondents (age 12-29). Our results indicate that in comparison with White drug offenders, Hispanic drug offenders’ greater likelihood of arrest is largely due to differences in community context; however, African Americans’ greater likelihood of arrest is not explained by differences in offending or community context. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Variation in Ozone Sensitivity Within Indian Hemp and Common Milkweed Selections from the Midwest

Abstract Sixteen selections of Apocynum cannabinum (Indian Hemp) and nine of Asclepias syriaca (Common Milkweed) from midwestern USA were exposed to 40 or 80 ppb ozone under controlled conditions within greenhouse continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) chambers to evaluate their relative ozone sensitivity. The incidence and severity of ozone-induced symptoms on both species were directly related to ozone concentration and duration of exposure. The most common foliar symptom was classic, dark, adaxial stipple, similar to symptoms ascribed to ambient ozone in the field. Indian Hemp was more sensitive to ozone than Common Milkweed. Both species exhibited considerable intraspecific variation in ozone sensitivity. Variability in the data was too great to assign definitive ozone-sensitivity ratings within geographic regions from which seed was selected. However, two locations were identified as possible collection sites for ozone-sensitive selections of both species: Wabaunsee County, KS and Plattsmouth, NE f...
Aggregation of bovine anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts or marrow stromal cells promotes aggrecan production

The development of a tissue-engineered alternative for current ligament grafts requires the creation of a fibrocartilaginous interface between the engineered ligament midsubstance and bone tissue. Therefore, the focus of this study was to examine the potential for cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) formation by altering culture parameters for bovine anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) fibroblasts and marrow stromal cells (MSCs). Specifically, cells were cultured without chondrogenic media supplements on aggrecan-coated surfaces, tissue culture-treated control surfaces, and nonadhesive surfaces that promoted cell aggregation, and examined over 14 days. Aggrecan-coated surfaces promoted the aggregation of ACL fibroblasts and MSCs within 24 h after seeding. Aggrecan gene expression was significantly upregulated in cell aggregates, regardless of how cell clustering was induced, with as much as 10.9 ± 1.2-fold upregulation in ACL fibroblasts and 9.7 ± 1.1-fold in MSCs after 3 days, compared to control surfaces. Dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) results and immunostaining verified the presence of aggrecan in ACL fibroblast and MSC aggregates throughout the culture period. Results indicate that ACL fibroblasts retained the ability to alter their gene expression and produce aggrecan, though MSCs, in general, had a more consistent response to aggregation. These findings support the use of aggregate-inducing materials to encourage production of aggrecan and suggest that altering the degree of clustering could produce a range of phenotypes from a single cell source. As such, this represents a first step which may inform future approaches to producing tissue-engineered ligament grafts. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:151–162. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intrusion as (anti)social communication: characterization and detection

A reasonable definition of intrusion is: entering a community to which one does not belong. This suggests that in a network, intrusion attempts may be detected by looking for communication that does not respect community boundaries. In this paper, we examine the utility of this concept for identifying malicious network sources. In particular, our goal is to explore whether this concept allows a core-network operator using flow data to augment signature-based systems located at network edges. We show that simple measures of communities can be defined for flow data that allow a remarkably effective level of intrusion detection simply by looking for flows that do not respect those communities. We validate our approach using labeled intrusion attempt data collected at a large number of edge networks. Our results suggest that community-based methods can offer an important additional dimension for intrusion detection systems.
Effects of etch rate on scallop of through-silicon vias (TSVs) in 200mm and 300mm wafers

The effects of etch rate on TSV sidewall variation in 8” (200mm) and 12” (300mm) wafers are investigated in this study. Emphasis is placed on the determination of sidewall scallop with different etch rates ranging from 1.7μm/min to 18μm/min and various TSV diameters (1μm, 10μm, 20μm, 30μm, and 50μm) by design of experiments (DoE). The BHE in/out (2666Pa/2666Pa) are the same for all the cases. Also, characterizations of the sidewall scallop are performed by cross sections and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, with a same etch recipe, mask, and 9 (5μm, 10μm, 15μm, 20μm, 25μm, 30μm, 40μm, 55μm, and 65μm) TSV diameters, the etch results such as etch rate, TSV depth, and sidewall scallop of 200 and 300mm wafers are provided and compared, Finally, a set of useful process guidelines and recipes for optimal TSV etching is presented.
Comparing bilinguals' quoted performances of self and others in tellings of the same experience in two languages

This article lends empirical support to the notion that quoted speech is “constructed dialogue” by exploring empirically how narratives of personal experience involve creative performance of locally imaginable personas, rather than accurate or faithful representation of actual people and their words. This work examines quotation in narratives of personal experience as a site where speakers use language pragmatically to enact socio-culturally locatable identities. Using a corpus of narratives in which French–Portuguese bilinguals told the same narratives of personal experience once in each language, it demonstrates that speakers do not quote more extensively when recounting experiences in the language in which those events “originally” occurred. Ultimately, what differs most in speakers' quotations in French and Portuguese tellings of the “same event” are the nonequivalent kinds and ranges of registers in which narrated characters are quoted. More specifically, speakers are more likely to quote themselves as speaking or having spoken in creative, marked registers in French than in Portuguese. This difference in the registers put in the mouths of quoted characters, in particular of quoted selves, may point to ways in which these bilinguals' multiple identities are instantiated within and across their two languages. More broadly, this work reveals ways in which all speakers may use narrative not only to describe the past but also to perform a variety of cultural selves, reinventing and reenacting characters as quoted selves and others.
Analysis of Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Hurricane Disaster Relief Plans

Understanding the impacts of transportation policies on different socioeconomic groups is a crucial part of ensuring equity in the overall transportation planning process. However, despite substantial research on the socioeconomic impacts of transportation in various contexts, there has been relatively little discussion of their potential influence on the provision of disaster relief. After the recent catastrophic natural disasters and terrorist acts around the world, transportation for disaster relief has become an increasingly important area of research. This paper focuses on the provision of disaster relief after a hurricane. By using a spatial model developed to site facilities for the distribution of relief goods, the study described in this paper considered the various decisions related to where these facilities should be located and investigated the differential impacts of the decisions on socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. The model is formulated and solved by using spatial data for a midsize...
The quest for rational chronic pain pharmacotherapy.

Kroenke, Krebs and Bair are to be commended for providing a comprehensive and critical review of chronic pain pharmacotherapy. As they explain, chronic non-cancer pain is extremely common, causes widespread suffering and disability, and prompts a great deal of health care utilization. Psychiatrists see many patients with chronic pain due to the high rates of comorbidity between mental health, substance abuse, and chronic pain disorders. Furthermore, the pharmacotherapies used to treat these types of disorders overlap considerably. Therapies prescribed for one of these types of disorder may augment or may disrupt therapies for the other disorders. It is therefore important for psychiatrists to be aware of the full array of options for chronic pain pharmacotherapy.
Variables in Research

The term variable has been defined as a “symbol to which numerals or values are assigned.” This generic description, albeit applicable to psychological variables in research, denotes a mathematical basis. Any variable, x or y, therefore implies one of the four basic measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio. The nature and number of variables available to the researcher are of numerous types. Their relative contributions in research investigations are not fixed but are related primarily to the experimental design involved in the research study. Hence it is difficult, if not impossible, to rank research variables with respect to importance or frequency of use or with respect to any other categorical designation. The discussion of variables that follows should be viewed in this context. Keywords: correlation methods; experimental designs; experimental methods; factorial designs; Hawthorne effect; research methodology; statistical analysis
Sites and Determinants of Early Cleavages in the Proteolytic Processing Pathway of Reovirus Surface Protein σ3

Entry of mammalian reovirus virions into target cells requires proteolytic processing of surface protein sigma3. In the virion, sigma3 mostly covers the membrane-penetration protein mu1, appearing to keep it in an inactive form and to prevent it from interacting with the cellular membrane until the proper time in infection. The molecular mechanism by which sigma3 maintains mu1 in this inactive state and the structural changes that accompany sigma3 processing and mu1 activation, however, are not well understood. In this study we characterized the early steps in sigma3 processing and determined their effects on mu1 function and particle infectivity. We identified two regions of high protease sensitivity, "hypersensitive" regions located at residues 208 to 214 and 238 to 244, within which all proteases tested selectively cleaved sigma3 as an early step in processing. Further processing of sigma3 was required for infection, consistent with the fact that the fragments resulting from these early cleavages remained bound to the particles. Reovirus type 1 Lang (T1L), type 3 Dearing (T3D), and T1L x T3D reassortant virions differed in the sites of early sigma3 cleavage, with T1L sigma3 being cleaved mainly at residues 238 to 244 and T3D sigma3 being cleaved mainly at residues 208 to 214. These virions also differed in the rates at which the early cleavages occurred, with cleavage of T1L sigma3 occurring faster than cleavage of T3D sigma3. Analyses using chimeric and site-directed mutants of recombinant sigma3 identified carboxy-proximal residues 344, 347, and 353 as the primary determinants of these strain differences. The spatial relationships between these more carboxy-proximal residues and the hypersensitive regions were discerned from the sigma3 crystal structure. The results indicate that proteolytic processing of sigma3 during reovirus disassembly is a multistep pathway with a number of molecular determinants.
ON THE ABSENCE OF JET FEATURES IN THE OPTICAL SPECTRA OF CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES

Blue- and redshifted hydrogen and helium satellite recombination lines have recently been discovered in the optical spectra of at least two supersoft X-ray sources (SSSs), RX J0513−069 and RX J0019.8+2156, and, tentatively, also in one short-period cataclysmic variable star (CV), the recurrent nova T Pyx. These features are thought to provide evidence for the presence of highly collimated jets in these systems. No similar spectral signatures have been detected in the spectra of other short-period CVs, despite a wealth of existing optical data on these systems. Here, we ask if this apparent absence of ‘jet lines’ in the spectra of most CVs already implies the absence of jets of the kind that appear to be present in the SSSs and perhaps T Pyx, or whether the current lack of jet detection in CVs can still be ascribed to observational difficulties. To answer this question, we derive a simple, approximate scaling relation between the expected equivalent widths (EWs) of the observed jet lines in both types of systems and the accretion rate through the disc, EW(line)∝˙M4/3acc. We use this relation to predict the strength of jet lines in the spectra of ‘ordinary’ CVs, i.e. systems characterized by somewhat lower accretion rates than T Pyx. Making the assumption that the features seen in T Pyx are indeed jet lines, and using this system as a reference point, we find that, if jets are present in many CVs, they may be expected to produce optical satellite recombination lines with EWs of a few hundredths to a few tenths of an angstrom in suitably selected systems. A similar prediction is obtained if the SSS RX J0513−069 is used as a reference point. Such EWs are small enough to account for the non-detection of jet features in CVs to date, but large enough to allow them to be detected in data of sufficiently high quality, if they exist.
A Finite-Oxide Thickness-Based Analytical Model for Negative Bias Temperature Instability

Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) in PMOS transistors has become a serious reliability concern in present-day digital circuit design. With continued technology scaling, and reducing oxide thickness, it has become imperative to accurately determine its effects on temporal circuit degradation, and thereby ensure reliable operation for a finite period of time. A reaction-diffusion (R-D)-based framework is developed for determining the number of interface traps as a function of time, for both the dc (static NBTI) and the ac (dynamic NBTI) stress cases. The effects of finite oxide thickness, and the influence of trap generation and annealing in polysilicon, are incorporated. The model provides a good fit with experimental data and also provides a satisfying explanation for most of the physical effects associated with the dynamics of NBTI. A generalized framework for estimating the impact of NBTI-induced temporal degradation in present-day digital circuits, is also discussed.
An example of resonances, coherent structures and topological phase transitions - the origin of the low frequency broadband spectrum in the auroral zone

We consider the phenomena of intermittent tur- bulence in magnetized space plasmas from the point of view of topological phase transitions involving the merging and interactions of anisotropic coherent structures. The stochas- tic behavior of these coherent plasma structures can undergo complex changes as the dynamic system evolves, similar to those commonly observed in (first and second order) equilib- rium phase transitions. When conditions are favorable, such topological entities can evolve into a state of forced and/or self-organized criticality (FSOC). As an example, we apply these ideas to the understanding of the origin of the com- monly observed broadband power-law low frequency electric field spectral densities and the characteristic filamentary cur- rent structures in the auroral zone. The broadband turbulence can provide efficient resonant energization of the ionospheric oxygen ions.
Understanding the anomalous dispersion of doubly ionized carbon plasmas near 47 nm

Over the last several years we have predicted and observed plasmas with an index of refraction greater than 1 in the soft X-ray regime. These plasmas are usually a few times ionized and have ranged from lowZ carbon plasmas to mid-Z tin plasmas. Our main calculational tool has been the average-atom code. We have recently observed C 2þ plasmas with an index of refraction greater than 1 at a wavelength of 46.9 nm (26.44 eV). In this paper we compare the average-atom method, AVATOMKG, against two more detailed methods, OPAL and CAK, for calculating the index of refraction for the carbon plasmas and discuss the different approximations used. We present experimental measurements of carbon plasmas that display this anomalous dispersion phenomenon. It is shown that the average-atom calculation is a good approximation when the strongest lines dominate the dispersion. However, when weaker lines make a significant contribution, the more detailed calculations such as OPAL and CAK are essential. During the next decade X-ray free electron lasers and other X-ray sources will be available to probe a wider variety of plasmas at higher densities and shorter wavelengths so understanding the index of refraction in plasmas will be even more essential. With the advent of tunable X-ray lasers the frequency-dependent interferometer measurements of the index of refraction may enable us to determine the absorption coefficients and lineshapes and make detailed comparisons against our atomic physics codes. 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.
A hierarchical circuit-level design methodology for microelectromechanical systems

A circuit-level methodology for hierarchical design and nodal simulation of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is presented. A layout-based schematic view is introduced as a geometrically intuitive MEMS representation that is transformed into a schematic suitable for behavioral simulation. As examples of the design methodology, suspended-MEMS inertial sensors, resonant actuators, and filters are designed using a small set of geometrically parameterized plate, beam, gap, and anchor elements. Effects of manufacturing variations are evaluated by simply changing parameter values of the elements.
Evaluation of dynamic tree-based data gathering algorithms for wireless sensor networks

One major challenge in sensor networks is to maximize network life under the constraint of extremely limited power supply. Thus, two important design issues of routing and data-gathering protocols are 1) minimizing energy consumption in sensor nodes and 2) adapting to node failures. This paper studies two tree-based data gathering protocols, based on distributed versions of shortest path tree (SPT) and maximum leaf tree (MLT) algorithms. Furthermore, the two distributed algorithms are extended to be dynamic and robust. A localized tree-reconstruction scheme, localized flooding algorithm, is added to handle joining and leaving (death) of sensor nodes. Accurate energy consumption has been modeled for both leaf-nodes and intermediate nodes, when sending and receiving control and data packets. The resulting dynamic algorithms are fast to adapt network changes. Performance is evaluated through detailed simulation. Comparing with MLT, due to its simplicity and smaller number of control message exchanges, SPT achieves better energy efficiency and less delay in tree constructions, data transmissions, and dynamic tree reconstructions
Commensurate-incommensurate and disordering transitions in an exactly solvable model of uniaxial absorbates

The authors consider a model for transitions in uniaxial absorbates with many types of walls. Dislocations are represented by junctions of walls and antiwalls. The model is solved exactly and exhibits commensurate, incommensurate and two kinds of disordered phases. The disordering transitions are not of the Kosterlitz-Thouless type and their experimental signature is pointed out. A new Lifshitz-like point is encountered.
Primary Mediastinal B-Cell Lymphoma

Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) is a distinct subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) that arises in the mediastinum and is putatively of thymic B-cell origin. It was first recognized in 1980, from a review of 184 adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases, and is now included as a distinct entity in the 4th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. It is rare in that it only accounts for 2–4 % of all NHL, and this has been an obstacle to carrying out large-scale clinical trials to define optimal therapy for this disease entity. Intriguingly, it shares many biologic features with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL), and its molecular profile more closely resembles that of CHL than other subtypes of DLBCL.
Hyperthermia exacerbates and hypothermia protects from noise-induced threshold elevation of the cochlear nerve envelope response in the C57BL/6J mouse

The scalp-recorded cochlear nerve envelope response (CNER) reflects the ability of high frequency cochlear nerve axons to fire in a phase-locked fashion to low frequency modulations of the acoustic envelope of high frequency stimuli. This property might be useful in evaluating the adverse effects of noise exposure on the ability of the ear to detect acoustic changes characteristic of vocalizations and speech. Hyperthermia (40°C rectal) per se had no observable influence on the CNER in C57BL/6 mice. Hypothermia (30°C) elevated CNER thresholds elicited by high frequency stimuli, although these stimuli still generated an auditory brainstem response. Mice exposed to noise when hyperthermic had greater threshold elevations than those exposed when euthermic (36°C); those exposed when hypothermic had smaller threshold elevations than those exposed when euthermic. These observations were discussed in terms of the interaction of temperature and noise on oxidative processes within the cochlea.
Brain Evolution: The Radiator Theory

Selection for habitual bipedalism in early hominins precipitated a cascade of events that eventually resulted in the evolution of a network of cranial veins that contributed to selective cooling of brains (SBC) under conditions that stimulated hyperthermia in the ancestors of early Homo, much as the radiators of cars prevent their engines from overheating. This vascular mechanism for regulating brain temperature released a thermal constraint that had previously kept brain size in check, thereby paving the way for the natural selection of enlarged brains (for whatever behavioral reasons) that occurred in the direct ancestors of Homo sapiens.
Re-Examination of the Role of Cyclic AMP in the Actions of Glucagon and Epinephrine

The classic investigations of Sutherland and coworkers into the actions of glucagon and epinephrine on hepatic glycogenolysis led to the discovery of cyclic AMP and largely formed the basis for the second messenger hypothesis of hormone action. Figure 1 shows an early schematic representation of this hypothesis published by Sutherland and Robison in 1966. It is interesting to note that in addition to the adenylate cyclase system, the figure depicts a generalized scheme with a plasma membrane receptor X and an intracellular second messenger Y. Thus, the authors recognized the possible existence of alternative mechanisms for hormones acting through cyclic AMP.
The effect of thyroid on calcium metabolism

Patients with exophthalmic goiter and normal controls were given a carefully weighed diet deficient in calcium (0.1 gm. per day) but adequate in total calories. On this regime a negative calcium balance was established in all subjects. Determinations were made of total calcium, nitrogen and phosphorus in urine and feces. Frequent basal metabolic rates and determinations of calcium and phosphorus of blood were also made.Three typical, rather severe cases of exophthalmic goiter showed a very high calcium excretion—one of them five times the average found in a series of controls. Phosphorus excretion was also increased though not as markedly as calcium. This high excretion was maintained with a high basal metabolic rate, but as the basal metabolic rate fell (following the ingestion of Lugol's solution and operation), the calcium excretion also fell markedly and approached normal.One myxedema patient showed a calcium excretion below normal. Two of the normal controls also took thyroid and thyroxin in amounts ...
Evaluation of New Insecticides for Control of Onion Thrips

The toxicity of 24 insecticidal sprays against onion thrips, Thrips labaci Lindeman, was compared in field experiments in southern California. Effective control of larvae was obtained with carbaryl, G-30494 [ S -(2,5-didllo- rophenylthio) methyl O, O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate], azinphosmethyl; fenthion; endosulfan; Imidan® ( O, O -dimethyl S -phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate), and DDT. Fair control of adult thrips was obtained with fenthion and DDT. Control with carbaryl, DDT, ethion, G-30494, azinphosmethyl, or Imidan was not improved by the addition of an oil emulsion. Also, control was not improved by adding Plyac® spreader to carbaryl sprays or WARF antiresistant ( N, N -dibutyl- p -chlorobenzenesulfonamide) to DDT.