cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous Beams with Prestressed Reinforcement

TEST DATA FROM FOUR CONTINOUS RECTANGULAR BEAMS, SIMPLY SUPPORTED OVER TWO 15-FT SPANS ARE REPORTED. THE ONLY VARIABLE IN THE TEST IS THE RELATIVE AMOUNT OF DEFORMED STEEL BARS AND PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PRISMS USED AS TENSION REINFORCEMENT OVER THE INTERMEDIATE SUPPORT. USE OF PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT AT INTERMEDIATE SUPPORT REGIONS OF BEAMS CONTROLS CRACK DEVELOPMENT AND PROPAGATION AT THOSE LOCATIONS AND IMPROVES THE OVERALL FLEXURAL RIGIDITY. OPTIMUM RESULTS ARE OBTAINED WHEN PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT IS USED SHORTLY AFTER THEY ARE CAST, WHEN THEY ARE PLACED AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE EXTREME TENSION FIBER, AND WHEN THEY ARE ACCOMPANIED BY A SMALL AMOUNT OF NONPRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT. PLASTIC CURVATURES AT A HINGING REGION MAY BE CONSIDERED TO EXTEND OVER A DISTANCE EQUAL TO THE EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF THE BEAM PLUS THE WIDTH OF THE DISTRIBUTING PLATE. HINGE ROTATIONS AND MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION ARE NOT INFLUENCED BY THE RELATIVE PRESTRESSING INDEX RATIO. BECAUSE OF THEIR BETTER SERVICEABILITY CRITERIA, BEAMS WITH PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT COULD BE ALLOWED HIGHER DESIGN PERCENTAGE MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION. /AUTHOR/
The Eritrean War: Issues and Implications

RESUMEL'Erythree, en bordure de la mer Rouge, a ete durant les quinze dernieres annees en guerre contre l'armee ethiopienne. Bien que cet etat de guerre ne soit pas connu, ou compris par un large public, les dimensions sociales, economiques, politiques, et strategiques du conflit d'Erythree n'ont ete ignorees ni par les grandes puissances, ni par les puissances regionales. Ce travail tente de presenter cette guerre dans une perspective erythreenne, de maniere a mettre en evidence les causes sous-jascentes du conflit. Le fond historique est analyse en relation avec le probleme de la legitimite de la « question nationale », dans un territoire qui ne se bat pas contre le colonialisme europeen mais resiste a I'annexation par un autre Etat africain.Des sources variees, comme un voyage dans l'ouest de l'Erythree, en 1971, avec le front de liberation erythreen, des discussions avec les representants du Front de liberation erythreen (FLE) et du Front de liberation populaire erythreen (FLPE) a Khartoum, Aden, et B...
Effects of reaction time performance on single-unit activity in the central auditory pathway of the rhesus macaque

The activity of single units at various locations in the central auditory pathway of rhesus macaques was recorded during the monkeys' performance and nonperformance in an auditory reaction time task. Evoked unit responses during performance were compared with those observed during passive delivery of identical stimuli. Single units were recorded from the cochlear nucleus, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus, and auditory cortex. Significant effects of task performance on unit discharge patterns were observed at all levels of the central auditory pathway: Spontaneous discharge rates in the more peripheral auditory nuclei tended to be higher during performance. Evoked discharge that occurred relatively late during a stimulus presentation (greater than 75 msec after stimulus onset) was increased during performance, compared with the nonperformance condition, in nuclei above the cochlear nucleus. The initial latency of evoked discharge was increased during performance for subcortical nuclei but was decreased for units in auditory cortex. These results suggest that the effects of performance may be mediated by a tonic increase in the excitability of auditory units which operates primarily at peripheral auditory stations, and a descending, stimulus-evoked increase in excitability which primarily influences the cells of higher auditory nuclei. At the cortical level, these changes lead to increased signal-to-noise ratio of the evoked response during performance in the auditory task.
Dispersive spectroscopy on AXAF

The designs of two transmission grating spectrometers and a Bragg crystal spectrometer that are being developed for the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) are described. The gratings, which are composed of arrays of small facets mounted on plates which can be inserted immediately behind the AXAF telescope, divide the AXAF energy band (80 eV-10 keV) into three regions and attain very high resolving powers for point sources. The Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS) is a focal plane instrument, in which X-rays that satisfy the Bragg law are reflected from a curved crystal which refocuses the beam onto an imaging detector. The BCS achieves the highest spectral resolutions of the AXAF spectrometers: for E values between 500 and 1600 eV, the FWHM of a narrow line is less than 1 eV.
S-Inosyl-l-Homocysteine Hydrolase, a Novel Enzyme Involved in S-Adenosyl-l-Methionine Recycling

S -Adenosyl- l -homocysteine, the product of S -adenosyl- l -methionine (SAM) methyltransferases, is known to be a strong feedback inhibitor of these enzymes. A hydrolase specific for S -adenosyl- l -homocysteine produces l -homocysteine, which is remethylated to methionine and can be used to regenerate SAM. Here, we show that the annotated S -adenosyl- l -homocysteine hydrolase in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii is specific for the hydrolysis and synthesis of S -inosyl- l -homocysteine, not S -adenosyl- l -homocysteine. This is the first report of an enzyme specific for S -inosyl- l -homocysteine. As with S -adenosyl- l -homocysteine hydrolase, which shares greater than 45% sequence identity with the M. jannaschii homologue, the M. jannaschii enzyme was found to copurify with bound NAD ⁺ and has K ₘ values of 0.64 ± 0.4 mM, 0.0054 ± 0.006 mM, and 0.22 ± 0.11 mM for inosine, l -homocysteine, and S -inosyl- l -homocysteine, respectively. No enzymatic activity was detected with S -adenosyl- l -homocysteine as the substrate in either the synthesis or hydrolysis direction. These results prompted us to redesignate the M. jannaschii enzyme an S -inosyl- l -homocysteine hydrolase (SIHH). Identification of SIHH demonstrates a modified pathway in this methanogen for the regeneration of SAM from S -adenosyl- l -homocysteine that uses the deamination of S -adenosyl- l -homocysteine to form S -inosyl- l -homocysteine. IMPORTANCE In strictly anaerobic methanogenic archaea, such as Methanocaldococcus jannaschii , canonical metabolic pathways are often not present, and instead, unique pathways that are deeply rooted on the phylogenetic tree are utilized by the organisms. Here, we discuss the recycling pathway for S -adenosyl- l -homocysteine, produced from S -adenosyl- l -methionine (SAM)-dependent methylation reactions, which uses a hydrolase specific for S -inosyl- l -homocysteine, an uncommon metabolite. Identification of the pathways and the enzymes involved in the unique pathways in the methanogens will provide insight into the biochemical reactions that were occurring when life originated.
La respuesta de la economía urbana al Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte: planificar para la competitividad

For log time cities have been economically limited by national borders; the liberalization of trade, which is part of globalization, has broadened the potential economic space of the cities. Besides, technologic change has also led to the increase of links between cities. This way, for international economy, the cities that were ignored have started to increasingly appear in the global economy. For instance, one can mention the internationalization of urban economies. The restructuring supposes the change from “large industrial districts” to outsourcing and globalized production; thus, economies of agglomeration have lost importance. Industrial enterprises can now be disassembled, while the economic activities are more mobile and can be relocated more easily than in the past. The traditional factors of localization (resources, production factors, proximity to transport, and agglomeration) are no longer decisive; nowadays policies are increasingly decisive as locational factors. In this context, the article analyzes three hypotheses. The first states that, as an effect of liberalization and technologic change, cities have become first-order economic actors, at the time that Nation-states have withdrawn. The second hypothesis is that cities can design strategic responses to challenges and opportunities. Finally, we state that cities can set policies into motion and make investments that allow them to develop their potential. In both cases, the cities require institutional changes and investments; both of them are strategies in competitiveness. However, a third option is also possible: cooperation between cities.
Assessment of Borderline Personality Disorder Using the MMPI-2 and the Personality Assessment Inventory.

The usefulness of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and the. Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) in the classification of patients diagnosed with Borderline Personality ...
Involvement of catecholamines in kindled amygdaloid convulsions in the rat.

Abstract The seizure state induced by amygdaloid kindling in the rat was accompanied by a significant depletion of norepinephrine (NE) in the hippocampus, midbrain, limbic lobes and frontal cortex. In contrast, there was no change in NE levels of the hypothalamus, brain stem or basal ganglia, nor were the levels of dopamine affected in any of these brain regions. Drugs which impair central noradrenergic mechanisms, including α-methyl-p-tyrosine, disulfiram and propranolol, enhanced the rate of development of kindled seizures; disulfiram and propranolol also increased the duration of after discharges accompanying the seizures. In contrast, drugs affecting dopaminergic mechanisms, including pimozide and apomorphine, as well as drugs acting on α-adrenergic receptors, phenoxybenzamine and clonidine, had no influence on the seizure state. It appears that central noradrenergic mechanisms, particularly those involving β-adrenergic receptors, may be involved in the pathogenesis of amygdaloid kindled seizures.
Automatic evaluation of two-fingered grips

Grip determination is essential to any task-level planning process. The complete force/moment equations are presented for grasping employing a rigid two-fingered gripper with a thin elastic layer on the contacting surface. The surface contact is modeled as a linear pressure variation. The quality measure of a grip is taken to be the coefficient of friction needed to keep the held object from slipping between the fingers under applied forces and moments. The lower the coefficient of friction, the better the grip. Incorporation of this evaluation into general grip selection strategy is discussed, and several examples are given.
Kinetics of the photoreduction of bis(2,4-pentanedionato)copper(II) in chloroform

Abstract Under 254 nm irradiation in chloroform, bis(2,4-pentanedionato)copper(II) is converted to CuCl·2HCl, from which CuCl precipitates at concentrations of 10 −3 M or higher. The photoreaction appears to be completely solvent-initiated, that is, the rate depends on the fraction of light absorbed by the solvent. Both CCl 3 radicals and HCl, produced photolytically, are able to initiate the reaction.
Optical assembly and alignment for the National Ignition Facility project

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) will use about 8,000 large optics to carry a high-power laser through a stadium-size building, and will do so on a very tight schedule and budget. The collocated Optics Assembly Building (OAB) will assemble and align, in a clean-room environment, the NIF`s large optics, which are the biggest optics ever assembled in such an environment. In addition, the OAB must allow for just-in-time processing and clean transfer to the areas where the optics will be used. By using a mixture of off-the-shelf and newly designed equipment and by working with industry, we have developed innovative handling systems to perform the clean assembly and precise alignment required for the full variety of optics, as well as for postassembly inspection. We have also developed a set of loading mechanisms that safely get the clean optics to their places in the main NIF building.
Generalizations of almost disjointness, c-sets, and the baire number of βN-N

Abstract We consider certain combinatorial problems and their consequences in βN-N. Let F be any family of infinite subsets of N. Then we are interested in conditions under which it is possible to find an almost disjoint family A = {AF:Fϵ F } such that Aϵ⊆F. If such a family A exists, we call F separable. We note that any family of cardinality less than c is separable, but that it is independent of the negation of the Continuum Hypothesis as to whether or not a union of ℵ1 separable families is separable. We consider the separability of unions of ultrafilters and use our results to show that it is consistent that if S is any nowhere dense subset of βN-N, then there exists a family of c pairwise disjoint open sets each of which is disjoint from S but contains S in its closure. We also consider rectangular arrays of subsets of N subject to the condition that each row and each column is an almost disjoint family, and we consider various maximality questions concerning these. We then note that if there exists such an array with K rows and K + columns and the columns are all maximal, then βN-N may be covered by K + nowhere dense sets.
L 2 ( H 1 ) norm a posteriori error estimation for discontinuous Galerkin approximations of reactive transport problems

Explicita posteriori residual type error estimators in L2(H1) norm are derived for discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods applied to transport in porous media with general kinetic reactions. They are flexible and apply to all the four primal DG schemes, namely, Oden--Babu?ka--Baumann DG (OBB-DG), non-symmetric interior penalty Galerkin (NIPG), symmetric interior penalty Galerkin (SIPG) and incomplete interior penalty Galerkin (IIPG). The error estimators use directly all the available information from the numerical solution and can be computed efficiently. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency and the effectivity of these theoretical estimators.
Introduction, revelation, and evolution of complementary gratings in photorefractive bismuth silicon oxide.

Principal and complementary space-charge gratings are formed in photorefractive bismuth silicon oxide with use of 785-nm light. An electric field is optionally applied in the direction of the grating for hologram evolution by either drift or diffusion of charge carriers. For write times on the order of the decay time of the principal grating, no complementary behavior is observed. For much longer write times, a complementary space-charge grating is introduced both in the presence and in the absence of the applied field, and is initially hidden due to screening by the principal grating. Uniform illumination in the presence of the field reveals the complementary grating. Time-resolved data show its growth and decay, with a response rate much lower than that of the principal grating. A two-level electron-hole transport model explains the observations; one level participates in the establishment of the principal grating by majority carriers, and the other in the establishment of the extended-lifetime complementary grating by minority carriers. A scheme for multiplexing normal and extended-lifetime complementary gratings is presented.
Combat vehicle crew helmet-mounted display: next generation high-resolution head-mounted display

The Combat Vehicle Crew Head-Mounted Display (CVC HMD) program is an ARPA-funded, US Army Natick Research, Development, and Engineering Center monitored effort to develop a high resolution, flat panel HMD for the M1 A2 Abrams main battle tank. CVC HMD is part of the ARPA High Definition Systems (HDS) thrust to develop and integrate small (24 micrometers square pels), high resolution (1280 X 1024 X 6-bit grey scale at 60 frame/sec) active matrix electroluminescent (AMEL) and active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD) for head mounted and projection applications. The Honeywell designed CVC HMD is a next generation head-mounted display system that includes advanced flat panel image sources, advanced digital display driver electronics, high speed (> 1 Gbps) digital interconnect electronics, and light weight, high performance optical and mechanical designs. The resulting dramatic improvements in size, weight, power, and cost have already led to program spin offs for both military and commercial applications.
Loop diuretic derivative L-644,711 inhibits K(+)-stimulated cellular injury in neonatal guinea pig cortical astrocytes.

An early pathological rise in extracellular K+ following acute hypoxia results in Cl− uptake into astrocytes through the Cl−/HCO 3 − exchanger with an osmotic equivalent of water. This study addressed effects of the anion transport inhibitor, L-644,711, (5,6,-dichloro-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-3-oxo-9a-propyl-1H-fluroen-7-yl)oxyacetic acid. Confluent primary cultures from neonatal guinea pigs, characterized as >95% astrocytes with antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein, were manipulated by incubation in either basal buffer (BB) with the ionic composition of Dulbecco’s minimum essential media (DMEM) or one with high extracellular K+ (HiK). Incubation in 27 or 60 mM Hik significantly reduced cell viability and precipitated a time-dose dependent increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux (30 min to 4h). L-644,711 was not cytotoxic, and significantly inhibited HiK-stimulated LDH efflux. The optimal effective dose of L-644,711 for preventing injury in guinea pig astrocytes was 10−11 M when administered simultaneously with the HiK paradigm or in reversing injury when administered 30 min after exposing cells to HiK. These findings indicate the potential usefulness of agents which modify ion transport processes in hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury.
Alterations in discrete glutamate receptor subunits in adult mouse dentate gyrus granule cells following perforant path transection

Custom-designed microarray analysis was utilized to evaluate expression levels of glutamate receptors (GluRs) and GluR-interacting protein genes within isolated dentate gyrus granule cells following axotomy of the principal input, the perforant path (PP). Dentate gyrus granule cells were evaluated by microdissection via laser capture microdissection, terminal continuation RNA amplification, and microarray analysis following unilateral PP transections at seven time points. Expression profiles garnered from granule cells on the side ipsilateral to PP transections were compared and contrasted with naive subjects and mice subjected to unilateral occipital cortex lesions. Selected microarray observations were validated by real-time quantitative PCR analysis. Postlesion time-dependent alterations in specific α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors, kainate receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and GluR-interacting protein genes were found across the time course of the study, suggesting a neuroplasticity response associated with the transsynaptic granule cell alterations following axotomy of incoming PP terminals.
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase expression in a recurrent primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma with eventual systemic involvement

To the Editor: Distinction between primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and systemic ALCL is important due to differences in clinical behavior, treatment, and prognosis.1 Primary cutaneous ALCL (PCALCL) is defined as the absence of extracutaneous disease at the time of diagnosis.1 Translocations involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene detected by immunohistochemistry as positive staining with antibodies against ALK or fluorescent in situ hybridization are observed in 50 to 80% of systemic ALCL cases but are rare in PCALCL.2, 3 Therefore, ALK positivity in ALCL suggests the probability of systemic involvement, i.e. systemic ALCL. We present a case of ALK+ PCALCL with eventual systemic involvement.
Infrared Spectroscopic Evidence for Calcium Ion Interaction with Carboxylate Groups of Casein

Abstract Examination of the Fourier-transform infrared difference spectra of lyophilized whole caseins with and without Ca 2+ ions provides direct empirical evidence for the interaction between these divalent ions and the carboxylate groups of glutamate and aspartate residues. In the absence of Ca 2+ , the O-C-O stretching vibrations of these carboxylates give two characteristic infrared absorption bands near 1400 and 1575cm −1 . When Ca 2+ ions are present, this pair of bands was observed to shift about 10cm −1 to approximately 1410 and 1565cm −1 , respectively. In addition, the difference in the frequency between the two peaks decreased. Such changes in the position of the carboxylate bands typically indicate that significant interaction has occurred between the carboxylates and the metal ion. This observation suggests that carboxylate groups may play an important role along side that of the serine phosphates as sites for Ca 2+ ion binding in caseins.
Chk2 is required for HSV-1 ICP0-mediated G2/M arrest and enhancement of virus growth

ICP0 is a multi-functional herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) immediate-early (IE) gene product that contributes to efficient virus growth and reactivation from latency. Here we show that HSV-1-induced cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M border requires ICP0 and Chk2 kinase and that ICP0 expression by transfection or infection induces ATM-dependent phosphorylation of Chk2 and Cdc25C. Infection of cells with a replication-defective mutant virus deleted for all the regulatory IE genes except ICP0 (TOZ22R) induced G2/M arrest whereas a mutant virus deleted in addition for ICP0 (QOZ22R) failed to do so. Chk2-deficient cells and cells expressing a kinase-deficient Chk2 did not undergo cell-cycle arrest in response to TOZ22R infection. Chk2 deficiency diminished the growth of wild-type HSV-1, but not the growth of an ICP0-deleted recombinant virus. Together, these results are consistent with the interpretation that ICP0 activates a DNA damage response pathway to arrest cells in G2/M phase and promote virus growth.
Voting on Citywide Propositions Further Tests of Competing Explanations

Existing research on urban referendum voting offers several different explanations of local voting patterns, but these usually are not tested against one another in a way that can demonstrate the relative importance of each. This research analyzes the response by voters in Kansas City, Missouri, to two tax-and-spending-type propositions and a fluoridation proposal by using predictor variables representative of the "socioeconomic status" explanation, the surge model of alienated voting, the "taxpayer-revolt" explanation, and "community cleavage" explanations. The results highlight the explanatory importance of racial cleavage, provide a contingency perspective on the significance of the socioeconomic status explanation, and call into question both the taxpayer-revolt explanation and any simplified surge model of alienated voting.
Can initial tacrolimus trough levels be predicted from clinical variables

In eligible patients, cardiac transplantation has become the definitive treatment for end-stage heart failure. The initial posttransplantation course is marked by many potential difficulties, including renal insufficiency, hemodynamic instability, and perioperative bleeding. It is important to prevent early rejection; calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus or cyclosporine, are integral parts of such management. However, these drugs are associated with renal toxicity in some patients. Previous work suggests that limiting the increase in tacrolimus levels is associated with less renal insufficiency. The hypothesis of the current study was that a combination of clinical or laboratory variables could identify patients at risk for rapid changes in tacrolimus target levels. No single variable was strongly associated with high resultant trough levels following a standard 1-mg oral "test dose" of tacrolimus. However, the combination of 2 indices of liver metabolism (alanine aminotransferase and total bilirubin) along with serum creatinine did identify patients who tended toward elevated levels of tacrolimus (> or =4.5 ng/dL). Other variables, such as demographics, and even functional variables, such as right ventricular function by echocardiography, did not enhance the predictive value of this simple scoring system.
Strong-coupling theory for the driving force in thermomigration.

The electronic contribution to the driving force for thermomigration in metals is considered within the linear-response formalism. Kubo response functions are evaluated for impurities in an electron gas subjected to a thermal gradient. A jellium model is assumed, and the electron-impurity coupling is allowed to be arbitrarily strong. In analogy to our earlier electromigration work, we find that driving-force contributions arise from on-shell and off-shell integrals over the T matrix. The on-shell integrals yield the force expression previously obtained by Fiks and Huntington from ballistic momentum-transfer considerations. The off-shell integrals yield a new contribution to the force which does not appear in calculations based upon the weak-scattering limit or upon the ballistic model. This contribution can be significant when the electromigration direct-force valence, ${Z}_{d}$, is appreciably different from the bare valence Z. The resulting contribution to the heat of transport is temperature independent and is roughly on the order of (1/2(${Z}_{d}$-Z)${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{F}$, where ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{F}$ is the Fermi energy. Numerical values on the order of an electron volt are possible for strong electron-impurity scattering.
Crossflow of elastic liquids through arrays of cylinders

Abstract The flow of a dilute solution of polyisobutylene in polybutene transverse to unidirectional arrays of cylinders has been investigated at Reynolds numbers less than 0.1. Two different arrays were used—a triangular pitch array and a rectangular pitch array. Both arrays have a porosity of 0.704, the same bed length and comprise identical cylinders. Steady state permeation experiments were run over a range of superficial velocities in both arrays, to study the onset of departure from Darcy's law. The rheology of the fluid was evaluated in shear before and after each set of runs. While departures from Darcy's law occurred in both arrays at similar values of Deborah number, mechanical degradation of the polymer solution was much more severe with the triangular pitch array than with the rectangular pitch array. Specifically, after several runs through the triangular array the relaxation time was halved while the change in viscosity was relatively minor; this reveals loss of the high molecular weight tail in the original polymer. This degradation was irrecoverable; no recovery was noted after two weeks. Measurements of molecular weight distribution on the same samples in Odell's laboratory confirm that the highest molecular weight components are degraded. Finite element simulations of Stokes flow were carried out for the two different geometries to determine extensional strain rates along the flow direction in several regions. This was followed by calculations of polymer chain deformation in these regions, with the nonlinear elastic dumbbell model. These calculations reveal that the maximum stretch rate in the triangular pitch array occurs along the streamline joining the stagnation points on adjacent cylinders; this leads to nearly complete extension of the polymer chain at a nominal Deborah number of 1 in the triangular array. However, in the rectangular pitch array, the maximum stretch rate occurs along streamlines considerably removed from the stagnation points, and the polymer chains are not extended along those streamlines up to a Deborah number of 1.
Psychiatric manifestations of Graves' hyperthyroidism: Pathophysiology and treatment options

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Other symptoms associated with the disease are goitre, ophthalmopathy, and psychiatric manifestations such as mood and anxiety disorders and, sometimes, cognitive dysfunction. Graves’ hyperthyroidism may result in these latter manifestations via the induction of hyperactivity of the adrenergic nervous system. This review addresses the psychiatric presentations, and their pathophysiology and treatment, in patients with hyperthyroidism, based on literature identified by a PubMed/MEDLINE database search. Although the focus is on mental symptoms associated with Graves’ disease, it is not always clear from the literature whether patients had Graves’ disease: in some studies, the patients were thought to have Graves’ disease based on clinical findings such as diffuse goitre or ophthalmopathy or on measurements of thyroid antibodies in serum; however, in other studies, no distinction was made between Graves’ hyperthyroidism and hyperthyroidism from other causes. Antithyroid drugs combined with β-adrenoceptor antagonists are the treatments of choice for hyperthyroidism, as well as for the psychiatric disorders and mental symptoms caused by hyperthyroidism. A substantial proportion of patients have an altered mental state even after successful treatment of hyperthyroidism, suggesting that mechanisms other than hyperthyroidism, including the Graves’ autoimmune process per se and ophthalmopathy, may also be involved. When psychiatric disorders remain after restoration of euthyroidism and after treatment with β-adrenoceptor antagonists, specific treatment for the psychiatric symptoms, especially psychotropic drugs, may be needed.
Interrupted aortic arch in the adult.

Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is a rare condition in infants that occurs approximately three times per million births. It is considered incompatible with life after the ductus arteriosus closes if it is not surgically corrected. A review found 37 reported cases not identified until the patient was over the age of 18, and analysis of these cases and of our own case is reported. (J Card Surg 2011;26:405-409)
Effects of aprotinin or tranexamic acid on proteolytic/cytokine profiles in infants after cardiac surgery.

Background After cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), elaboration of cytokines, and subsequent induction of interstitial proteases, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), can result in a complex postoperative course. The serine protease inhibitor, aprotinin, which has been used in congenital heart surgery putatively for modulating fibrinolysis is now unavailable, necessitating the use of lysine analogues such as tranexamic acid (TXA). The present study tested the hypothesis that distinctly different plasma profiles of signaling molecules and proteases would be differentially affected after the administration of aprotinin or TXA in the context of congenital cardiac surgery and CPB. Methods Thirty-seven patients (age, 4.8 ± 0.3 months) undergoing corrective surgery for ventricular septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot received either aprotinin (n = 22) or TXA (n = 15). Using a high throughput multiplex suspension immunoassay, plasma was serially quantified for cytokines and MMPs: before aprotinin or TXA (baseline), after separation from CPB, and 4, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-CPB. Results Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased initially after CPB in both the aprotinin and TXA groups, but at 24 and 48 hours post-CPB was approximately 50% lower in the aprotinin group ( p p Conclusions After ventricular septal defect or tetralogy of Fallot repair in children, cytokine induction occurs, which is temporally related to the emergence of a specific MMP profile. Moreover, these unique findings demonstrated differential effects between the serine protease inhibitor aprotinin and the lysine analogue TXA with respect to cytokine and MMP induction in the early postoperative period. The different cytokine-proteolytic profile between these antifibrinolytics may in turn influence biologic processes in the postoperative period.
Managing Geospatial Data and Services

Abstract Geographic information systems (GIS) are commonly misconceived as expensive and complicated map makers. Although GISs do create maps, they manipulate, organize, and display information, and aid in data documentation and accessibility. Managing GIS services involves, not just hardware and software issues, but managing digital data.
An Examination of Comment Letters Filed in the U.S. Financial Accounting Standard-Setting Process by Institutional Interest Groups

With the advent of some form of IASC-type harmonized accounting standards likely, it has been suggested that they are likely to be based to a large extent on U.S. accounting standards promulgated by the FASB. This study of the content of comments filed on twenty controversial FASB accounting standards by four institutions in the United States is timely. Those comments are assumed to represent the views of financial-statement users, attestors and preparers: FEI, IMA, AIMR, and AICPA. The adopted standards’ requirements are also examined in the context of these comments to provide insights about accounting characteristics on which the FASB has aligned with different interest groups. These characteristics include uniformity in accounting methods, disclosure, volatility in financial reporting, and conservatism. The results indicate that AIMR, in representing users, is the most constant in its positions. The two preparer organizations (FEI and IMA) took user-oriented positions on some issues, but showed a strong tendency to oppose costly disclosures and requirements associated with volatility. Comments from the AICPA were diverse but the study revealed an overall bias toward user views. Overall, the FASB aligned most closely with users and the AICPA. FASB tended to adopt standards that led to greater uniformity but compromised on costly disclosures and requirements associated with volatility and conservatism.
Lionfish envenomations in an urban wilderness.

Marine envenomations are commonly encountered along coastal regions of the United States. Although less frequent, marine bites and stings do occur in landlocked locales, such as the Midwest, because of an increased interest in keeping these exotic creatures as pets. We report 33 cases of envenomations by captive lionfish (Pterois volitans) called to a regional Chicago poison control center over a 2-year period. All stings were accidental, and 10 (30%) were treated in an emergency department. The wounds were uniformly on the hand, and all presented with local, intense pain. The majority of envenomations were responsive to prompt immersion in nonscalding water within 90 min, and all were advised on tetanus prophylaxis and local wound care. Two patients (6%) required hospitalization. In all cases, those patients envenomated recovered without permanent sequelae. As a result of increasing encounters with lionfish as pets, health care providers, regardless of their locale, should be familiar with the current treatment recommendations.
Fluctuations in amphibian populations : a meta-analysis

The magnitude of population fluctuations can affect the power of monitoring programs and the calculation of extinction risk. Because amphibian populations may be experiencing worldwide declines, understanding population fluctuations in amphibians is particularly important. I conducted a meta-analysis of population fluctuations in amphibian time series. I found that life history type, family and latitude were significant predictors of the coefficient of variation in population size. Life stage (e.g. tadpoles vs. adults) was a marginally significant predictor of the coefficient of variation. Coefficients of variation increased with series length in 27 of 29 time series that included 8 or more years. However, estimates of the coefficient of variation based on subsamples of longer time series often ranged two-to 10-fold, even with 5 or more years of data used. These results show that while some generalizations about amphibian population fluctuations might be possible, caution is necessary in selecting monitoring programs or calculating extinction risk from estimates of population variability.
A Protein Structure Initiative approach to expression, purification, and in situ delivery of human cytochrome b5 to membrane vesicles.

A specialized vector backbone from the Protein Structure Initiative was used to express full-length human cytochrome b5 as a C-terminal fusion to His8-maltose binding protein in Escherichia coli. The fusion protein could be completely cleaved by tobacco etch virus protease, and a yield of ~18 mg of purified full-length human cytochrome b5 per liter of culture medium was obtained (2.3 mg per]of wet weight bacterial cells). In situ proteolysis of the fusion protein in the presence of chemically defined synthetic liposomes allowed facile spontaneous delivery of the functional peripheral membrane protein into a defined membrane environment without prior exposure to detergents or other lipids. The utility of this approach as a delivery method for production and incorporation of monotopic (peripheral) membrane proteins is discussed.
Review Paper: Multi‐primary‐color displays: The latest technologies and their benefits

Abstract— Multi-primary-color (MPC) display technology is one of the fastest emerging research areas in recent years. Wide-color-gamut display devices have been required for visually sufficient and/or accurate color reproduction. It is well known that MPC displays can reproduce accurate colors with high efficiency. In addition, not only the image-quality improvement but some other performance of display devices is also required for display devices. This paper reviews achievements in MPC display technologies and focuses on the benefits of MPC displays: power-savings and high resolution.
Epstein-Barr virus SM protein functions as an alternative splicing factor.

Alternative splicing of RNA increases the coding potential of the genome and allows for additional regulatory control over gene expression. The full extent of alternative splicing remains to be defined but is likely to significantly expand the size of the human transcriptome. There are several examples of mammalian viruses regulating viral splicing or inhibiting cellular splicing in order to facilitate viral replication. Here, we describe a viral protein that induces alternative splicing of a cellular RNA transcript. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) SM protein is a viral protein essential for replication that enhances EBV gene expression by enhancing RNA stability and export. SM also increases cellular STAT1 expression, a central mediator of interferon signal transduction, but disproportionately increases the abundance of the STAT1β splicing isoform, which can act as a dominant-negative suppressor of STAT1α. SM induces splicing of STAT1 at a novel 5′ splice site, resulting in a STAT1 mRNA incapable of producing STAT1α. SM-induced alternative splicing is dependent on the presence of an RNA sequence to which SM binds directly and which can confer SM-dependent splicing on heterologous RNA. The cellular splicing factor ASF/SF2 also binds to this region and inhibits SM-RNA binding and SM-induced alternative splicing. These results suggest that viruses may regulate cellular gene expression at the level of alternative mRNA splicing in order to facilitate virus replication or persistence in vivo.
Real-time model predictive control of the Ćuk converter

A recently developed method for real-time hybrid model predictive control (HMPC) of switching converters is extended to the Cuk converter. Specifically, an integral quadratic performance index is used for stored energy and power flow regulation. The discrete-time HMPC problem is solved in real time using an active set optimization. Experimental results show that the control performs well in both steady state and transient operation (buck and boost) over a wide range of operating points.
Genes specifying cytokinin biosynthesis in prokaryotes

Cytokinins are plant hormones which have long been associated with cell division and plastid differentiation. Recently, they have been found to play a central role also in the growth of plant tumors. Certain phytopathogenic bacteria, notably Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi, can incite tumors on dicotyledonous plants and such tumors exhibit growth which is characteristic of the presence of excess auxin and cytokinin. Genes specifying cytokinin biosynthesis have now been isolated from both sets of bacteria. The genes encode prenyl transferase responsible for cytokinin biosynthesis which, upon expression in E. coli,cause the production of the active cytokinin, zeatin. Expression of these genes in association with the plant is responsible for at least part of the tumor phenotype, although the molecular mechanisms of infection by these bacteria are apparently quite dissimilar. There is extensive homology between the cytokinin biosynthetic genes from the two sets of bacteria.
Mapping of the loci controlling oleic and linolenic acid contents and development of fad2 and fad3 allele-specific markers in canola (Brassica napus L.)

The quality of canola oil is determined by its constituent fatty acids such as oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3). Most canola cultivars normally produce oil with about 55-65% oleic acid and 8-12% linolenic acid. High concentrations of linolenic acid lead to oil instability and off-type flavor, while high levels of oleic acid increase oxidative stability and nutritional value of oil. Therefore, development of canola cultivars with increased oleic acid and reduced linolenic acid is highly desirable for canola oil quality. In this study, we have mapped one locus that has a major effect and one locus that has a minor effect for high oleic acid and two loci that have major effects for low linolenic acid in a doubled haploid population. The major locus for high C18:1 was proven to be the fatty acid desaturase-2 (fad2) gene and it is located on the linkage group N5; the minor locus is located on N1. One major QTL for C18:3 is the fatty acid desaturase-3 gene of the genome C (fad3c) and it is located on N14. The second major QTL resides on N4 and is the fad3a gene of the A genome. We have sequenced genomic clones of the fad2 and fad3c genes amplified from an EMS-induced mutant and a wild-type canola cultivar. A comparison of the mutant and wild-type allele sequences of the fad2 and fad3c genes revealed single nucleotide mutations in each of the genes. Detailed sequence analyses suggested mechanisms by which both the mutations can cause altered fatty acid content. Based on the sequence differences between the mutant and wild-type alleles, two single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, corresponding to the fad2 and fad3c gene mutations, were developed. These markers will be highly useful for direct selection of desirable fad2 and fad3c alleles during marker-assisted trait introgression and breeding of canola with high oleic and low linolenic acid.
Gender Identity and the Gendered Process

Reading Cornelia H. Dayton and Lisa Levenstein’s essay on the last decade of scholarship in the now forty-year evolution of a field, I am struck by the choices that the authors have made. They are good choices, perhaps the only reasonable choices within which to organize an increasingly complex literature, and they have enabled Dayton and Levenstein to smoothly and generously incorporate an astonishing array of literature. For this we should all be grateful. I am happy to have my attention drawn to the new and exciting work they describe. And yet, from my perspective on the other side of the generational divide, I find the organizational categories limiting. Let me try in this short response to explain why. Dayton and Levenstein offer two trajectories in their piece. The first defines gender in terms of identity and pays special attention to issues of sexuality and the body. The second offers to link recent scholarship to mainstream narratives of U.S. history. In doing so, it shifts the definition of gender from identity to process and evokes a literature that speaks to a more traditional subject matter. The authors are quite right to note that differences in approach have not been divisive among historians, and yet if our usages of notions of gender have changed sufficiently to produce the rich literature the authors describe, it is worth noting their implications. Sharpening our understanding of the uses of gender might help us think a bit more about where the field will move in the future. As women’s history emerged from its celebratory mode in the 1970s to try to comprehend how men and women functioned inside what Gayle Rubin called a gender system, gender came to be understood as a process. Like class, it came to be seen not as a fixed set of circumstances but as a changing set of relationships intrinsic to particular visions of social order as they emerged at different times in different societies. As such, gender became a vehicle for exploring the distribution of power in society at large. In revealing something of how power was ordered and perpetuated, gender became crucial to comprehending social structure and social change. The more we understood of how gender operated, the more we would understand about hierarchies of domination as they functioned to
Continuous monitoring and cyber security for high performance computing

Continuous monitoring represents a potentially significant paradigm shift for cyber security as practiced throughout the US Federal Government. With continuous monitoring, rather than test a system once every three years during certification and accreditation, the security controls that are most vital and most volatile in a computer system are tested continuously to assure a high level of system security. A key goal is to provide near-real time security status-related information to organizational officials so they may take appropriate risk mitigation actions and make cost-effective, risk-based decisions regarding the operation of the information systems.Continuous monitoring implementation has initially focused on desktop computer systems. Designing a solution to continuously monitor servers will be considerably more complex and challenging. The challenge will be even greater for computers used for scientific instrumentation and experimentation. This paper describes the challenges of adapting and applying the new cyber paradigm of continuous monitoring for supercomputing. It describes research at Los Alamos National Laboratory intended to develop an approach to continuous monitoring appropriate for supercomputers.
Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Solids: An Emerging Class of Nanoporous Catalysts

Nanoporous hybrid materials, both metal-organic coordination polymers and hybrid metal oxides, have recently developed into an important new class of solid-state compounds. Potential applications in the field of heterogeneous catalysis include acid, shape-selective, chiral, ship-in-a-bottle, and shape-recognition-driven reactions. Here, we summarize the synthesis, structural features, chemical functionality, and catalytic properties of this unique family of materials.
New Species of Callianassa (Decapoda, Thalassinidea) From the Western Atlantic1)

Bei der Durchsicht mehrerer Museumssammlungen wurden drei neue Arten der Gattung Callianassa gefunden. Diese werden beschrieben. Eine Art, C. biformis, stammt von der gut durchforschten Ostkuste der U.S.A. C. argentinensis und C. agassizi kommen von den Kusten Argentiniens bzw. Venezuelas. Beide Gebiete sind noch relativ unerforscht. Die Callianassiden umfassen im westlichen Atlantik nun 22 Arten.