cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the nucleotide arrangement in deoxyribonucleic acids. X. Frequency and composition of pyrimidine isostichs in microbial deoxyribonucleic acids and in the DNA of E. coli phage T3.

Abstract DNA preparations from Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and typhosa, Serratia marcescens, and Rhodopseudomonas spheroides and also from bacteriophage T 3 have been studied with respect to the distribution and the composition of the pyrimidine isostichs released by mild acid hydrolysis. Two analytical procedures were employed in these investigations, namely the direct two-dimensional chromatography of the hydrolysate and the fractionation of the fragments on DEAE-cellulose. These DNA specimens showed several common characteristics: (a) The frequencies of the total pyrimidine isostichs of length 1 to 8 are similar in all preparations and correspond to the distribution predicted for a random polynucleotide. (b) The relative frequencies of individual oligonucleotide runs liberated by the various AT- and GC-types of DNA vary greatly from each other and deviate from the calculated random frequencies. (c) There exists a disparity in the relative contribution of cytosine and thymine to the isostichs of length 1 to 5: the shorter sequences are relatively richer in the first pyrimidine, the longer ones in the second. (d) Polycytidylic acid runs are comparatively very rare, whereas the frequency of polythymidylic acid sequences often exceeds random predictions. (e) DNA from genetically related species (E. coli, S. typhimurium and S. typhosa) exhibit very similar patterns of pyrimidine arrangement. The DNA of phage T 3 resembles, also in the frequency of many of its individual pyrimidine sequences, a randomly constructed polynucleotide. Though it has almost the same base composition as the DNA of its host species, E. coli, it differs from the latter in sequence characteristics.
Applications of the Hammett Equation to Heterocyclic Compounds

Publisher Summary The Hammett equation is one of the most widely applied relations between the structure and reactivity of organic compounds. This equation relates the relative reactivities of the series of di- and poly-substituted benzene derivatives. The various applications of the Hemmett equation to the reactions of heterocyclic compounds are discussed. Some of the particular situations arising in the heterocyclic aromatic chemistry, which can be treated in terms of the Hammett equation, include (1) reactivity of the groups attached to a heteroatom, (2) transmission through a heterocyclic ring, both six- and five-membered, and (3) fused ring systems. The transmission of the effects of one substituent in a disubstituted heterocycle is presented. The chapter also discusses the application of the Hammett equation to (1) bicyclic aromatic compounds of the quinoline and isoquinoline type, and (2) heterocycles of the indole-benzofuran type.
Near-optimal location of two landings on flat, uniform terrain

This paper presents a solution to the general transportation problem of optimally locating two facilities in the plane with the objective of minimizing expected straight-line travel cost from the facilities to demand points that are continuously distributed in probability across a complex polygonal region. Using this procedure, two landings can be optimally located on a harvest unit with respect to yarding costs; however, the cost of building roads to and hauling logs from the two landings must be optimized separately. In this respect, the present model does not optimize the trade-off between yarding and trucking of logs. Two examples are presented and analyzed. Future research opportunities are identified.
Does Humanity Law Require (or Imply) A Progressive Theory of History? (And Other Questions for Martti Koskenniemi)

In a number of essays over the last decade or so, Martti Koskenniemi has analyzed post-cold war developments in international law, especially the human rights revolution or the emergence of "humanity law" (Teitel, Humanity’s Law). In these works, Koskenniemi asserts a close, if not essential, connection between optimistic or progressive theories of history and liberal, cosmopolitan, post- or anti-statist approaches to international law. We challenge Koskenniemi’s arguments that humanity law is associated with a dogmatically progressive theory of history, that it is oriented toward a world government, that it relies on a version of historical determinism, that it posits a false universalism, and that legal indeterminacy undermines its claims. Many of our disagreements are related to Koskenniemi’s reading of Kant, and we explain in some detail where our readings diverge. Other differences reflect our competing notions of how contemporary law works, particularly the significance of non-state actors and the effects of international law beyond and below the state.
Geach's Three Most Inspiring Errors Concerning Medieval Logic

This paper analyses the import of three claims extracted from Geach's works concerning (i) theories of predication and the reference of common terms, (ii) the notions of being or existence, and (iii) the force/content distinction and theories of valid inference, respectively. The paper highlights the theoretical and historical errors involved in these claims as well as their enormous influence and inspiration in the field of the philosophical study of medieval logic and metaphysics.
Solution NMR determination of hydrogen bonding and base pairing between the glyQS T box riboswitch Specifier domain and the anticodon loop of tRNAGly

In Gram-positive bacteria the tRNA-dependent T box riboswitch regulates the expression of many amino acid biosynthetic and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes through a transcription attenuation mechanism. The Specifier domain of the T box riboswitch contains the Specifier sequence that is complementary to the tRNA anticodon and is flanked by a highly conserved purine nucleotide that could result in a fourth base pair involving the invariant U33 of tRNA. We show that the interaction between the T box Specifier domain and tRNA consists of three Watson-Crick base pairs and that U33 confers stability to the complex through intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Enhanced packing within the Specifier domain loop E motif may stabilize the complex and contribute to cognate tRNA selection.
Error analysis of the rapid lifetime determination method for single exponential decays with a non-zero baseline

Abstract The precision of Ashworth's baseline rapid lifetime determination method (BRLD) for treating an exponential decay on a constant baseline has been evaluated as a function of fitting region, noise level, and baseline contribution. Results have been compared with the weighted non-linear least squares method (WNLS). For the lifetime using the optimum fitting regions, the precision of the BRLD ranges from slightly better than, to about a factor of two worse than, WNLS depending on noise level and baseline contribution. For the preexponential factor, the BRLD is very close in performance to WNLS. Error surfaces for different conditions and possible applications are described.
Determining dicalcium ferrite and tetracalcium aluminoferrite in fired dolomite

We investigated the effect of tartaric acid, sodium tartrate, and Rochelle salt on dicalcium ferrite and tetracalcium aluminoferrite.
Anonymity and the voluntary provision of public goods

Abstract Experimental research investigating the voluntary provision of a pure public good has shown that participants consistently allocate a portion of their resources to this good when the full-information noncooperative game theoretic (Nash) prediction is to allocate zero resources to this good. This paper considers whether the discrepancy between empirical results and the Nash prediction is due to a lack of anonymity. We report a sequence of public goods experiments in which participants do not know the identity of other group members and the experimenter cannot associate any participant's decisions with that person's identity. The results indicate that these procedures do not alter the tendency for token allocations to differ from the Nash prediction.
Evaluation of partial arytenoidectomy as a treatment for equine laryngeal hemiplegia

The efficacy of partial arytenoidectomy was assessed in 6 Standardbred horses, with surgically induced laryngeal hemiplegia, at rest (Period A) and during exercise at speeds corresponding to maximum heart rate (Period C) and 75% of maximum heart rate (Period B). Peak expiratory and inspiratory airflow rate (PEF and PIF), and expiratory and inspiratory transupper airway pressure (PUE and PUI) were measured and expiratory and inspiratory impedance (ZE and ZI) were calculated. Simultaneously, tidal breathing flow-volume loops (TBFVL) were acquired using a respiratory function computer. Indices derived from TBFVL included airflow rates at 50 and 25% of tidal volume (EF50, IF50, EF25, and IF25) and the ratios of expiratory to inspiratory flows. Measurements were made before left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy (baseline), 2 weeks after left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy (LRLN) and 16 weeks after left partial arytenoidectomy coupled with bilateral ventriculectomy (ARYT). After LRLN, during exercise Periods B and C, Z1 and the ratio of EF50/IF50 significantly increased and PIF, IF50 and IF25 significantly decreased from baseline values. At 16 weeks after ARYT, Z1 returned to baseline values during Periods B and C. Although PIF, IF50, IF25, PEF/PIF, and EF50/IF50 returned to baseline values during Period B, these indices remained significantly different from baseline measurements during Period C. After ARYT, TBFVL shapes from horses during Period C approached that seen at the baseline evaluation. Partial arytenoidectomy improved upper airway function in exercising horses with surgically induced left laryngeal hemiplegia, although qualitative and quantitative evaluation of TBFVLs suggested that some flow limitation remains at near maximal airflow rates. These results indicate that, although the procedure does not completely restore the upper airway to normal, partial arytenoidectomy is a viable treatment option for failed laryngoplasty and arytenoid chondropathy in the horse.
The development of the concept of acceleration in elemewtary school children

Ninety-six children from the third grade through the sixth grade were given speed tasks and acceleration tasks. The results of the study suggest that the speed and acceleration tasks that require intensive logical operations could be used by the third and fourth grade children. The data also indicate that the speed and acceleration tasks that use extensive logical operations could be used by some fifth and sixth grade children.
A Peripheral Nerve Information Transducer for Amputees: Long-Term Multichannel Recordings from Rabbit Peripheral Nerves

A micromachined silicon technology is being developed for the purpose of sensing information from the stumps of amputated mammalian peripheral nerves. Information on long-term biocompatibility, anatomy, and physiology related to the structural design of this sensor is presented. Pertinent materials, fabrication, and surgical implantation issues are discussed. Noise, signal amplitude, and receptive field are considered as the prime determinants of the design of an appropriate electrode contact geometry for the structure. The selectivity of the device is also discussed in terms of the fine structure of the regenerated nerve. Examples of waveforms recorded from rabbit peripheral nerves using this sensor are presented and discussed in terms of electrical and physiological parameters. Possible use of the sensor as a source for a binary code suitable for communication of information to a computer is presented along with discussion of the limitations of the current technology and possible future applications.
Activation efficiencies for a standard qualification implant in GaAs annealed by a rapid thermal process

Recently a 150 keV, 2 × 1012 cm−2, Si29 implant, with furnace annealing at 850° C for 10 min with a GaAs proximity wafer, has been proposed as a standard qualification test for semi-insulating GaAs. In general, the electrical activation efficiency of implanted wafers is determined either from Hall effect data or from capacitance-voltage (C-V) data; however, the Hall effect method requires sizable depletion corrections at low implant doses. In this paper, we examine the proposed standard, and the methods of determining activation, from three points of view: (1) rapid-thermal annealing (RTA) vs furnace annealing; (2) a Si proximity cap vs a GaAs proximity cap; and (3) Hall effect vs C-V. Our conclusions are: (1) RTA produces higher activation efficiencies, at least for our particular wafers, than furnace annealing; (2) Si and GaAs proximity caps produce nearly equivalent activation efficiencies; and (3) the Hall effect, when corrected for depletion, is a useful technique for measuring activation efficiency, and appears to be more accurate than the C-V technique.
A case study of the potential environmental impacts of different dairy production systems in Georgia

The biological and physical processes of an intensively-managed rotational pasture-based dairy and a confinement fed dairy in the southeastern United States were simulated with the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM) to evaluate management effects on greenhouse gas emissions, soil carbon sequestration, carbon footprint, nitrate leaching, ammonia volatilization, erosion, phosphorus runoff, and phosphorus accumulation in the soil. Edge-of-field erosion and phosphorus runoff were less for the pasture-based dairy per unit of land and per unit of milk produced, but nitrate leaching was greater. Ammonia emissions were greater from the confinement dairy because of the greater handling of manure. Greenhouse gas emissions per cow were greater on the confined dairy, but with greater milk production per cow, the carbon footprint of milk produced was similar to that of the pasture-based dairy. Considering the potential soil carbon sequestration following the conversion of crop land to perennial grassland, the carbon footprint of the milk produced by the pasture-based dairy was slightly less than that of the confinement dairy. The results of this study were generally consistent with similar simulation studies done in the northeastern US with variations due to regional differences in climate, soil type, and agronomic practices. Simulated changes in production practices predicted that increasing milk production through improved animal management or feeding more corn decreased the carbon footprint of milk produced by the pasture-based dairy, while decreasing the inorganic nitrogen fertilizer application rate or raising replacement heifers on the farm had little effect. On the confinement dairy, covering the manure storage and flaring the biogas decreased the carbon footprint, using higher producing, pure-bred Holstein cows or producing less forage on the farm increased the footprint, and eliminating free-stall barns and placing all cattle on pasture had little effect on the footprint. The IFSM was capable of adapting to the climate and production practices of the southeastern US, but further improvements could be made to better represent the cropping practices used in this region.
Experiments to study cosmic ray isotopic composition up to Zr-40

Instruments being currently developed for balloon‐borne cosmic ray isotopic composition measurements should lead to instruments with the precise mass resolution and large geometry factor needed to study isotopes in the range 30≤Z≤40 with long duration exposure on a polar orbiting platform or on the moon.
Transport measurements on granular YBaCuO films

Abstract The critical current in granular YBaCuO films has been measured at temperatures very near the critical temperature, T c . The critical current is proportional to (1-T/T c ) 2 for T c . The current-voltage (I–V) characteristics of the films have also been measured as a function of temperature and indicate that the observed deviation from the (1-T/T c ) 2 dependence for T > .9T c is a natural consequence of the constant field criterion (e.g. .25 μV/mm) used to define the critical current.
Operation of trans-thylakoid thiol-metabolizing pathways in photosynthesis.

Thiol oxidation to disulfides and the reverse reaction, i.e. disulfide reduction to free thiols, are under the control of catalysts in vivo. Enzymatically assisted thiol-disulfide chemistry is required for the biogenesis of all energy-transducing membrane systems. However, until recently, this had only been demonstrated for the bacterial plasma membrane. Long considered to be vacant, the thylakoid lumen has now moved to the forefront of photosynthesis research with the realization that its proteome is far more complicated than initially anticipated. Several lumenal proteins are known to be disulfide bonded in Arabidopsis, highlighting the importance of sulfhydryl oxidation in the thylakoid lumen. While disulfide reduction in the plastid stroma is known to activate several enzymatic activities, it appears that it is the reverse reaction, i.e. thiol oxidation that is required for the activity of several lumen-resident proteins. This paradigm for redox regulation in the thylakoid lumen has opened a new frontier for research in the field of photosynthesis. Of particular significance in this context is the discovery of trans-thylakoid redox pathways controlling disulfide bond formation and reduction, which are required for photosynthesis.
Nanotube electronics for radiofrequency applications

Electronic devices based on carbon nanotubes are among the candidates to eventually replace silicon-based devices for logic applications. Before then, however, nanotube-based radiofrequency transistors could become competitive for high-performance analogue components such as low-noise amplifiers and power amplifiers in wireless systems. Single-walled nanotubes are well suited for use in radiofrequency transistors because they demonstrate near-ballistic electron transport and are expected to have high cut-off frequencies. To achieve the best possible performance it is necessary to use dense arrays of semiconducting nanotubes with good alignment between the nanotubes, but techniques that can economically manufacture such arrays are needed to realize this potential. Here we review progress towards nanotube electronics for radiofrequency applications in terms of device physics, circuit design and the manufacturing challenges. Arrays of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes are well suited for use in radiofrequency transistors. This article reviews progress towards nanotube-based radiofrequency devices in terms of device physics, circuit design and manufacturing challenges.
Modifying Speech to Children Based on Their Perceived Phonetic Accuracy

Purpose The authors examined the relationship between adults' perception of the accuracy of children’s speech and acoustic detail in their subsequent productions to children. Method Twenty-two adults participated in a task in which they rated the accuracy of 2- and 3-year-old children’s word-initial /s/ and /∫/ using a visual analog scale (VAS), then produced a token of the same word as if they were responding to the child whose speech they had just rated. Result The duration of adults' fricatives varied as a function of their perception of the accuracy of children’s speech: Longer fricatives were produced following productions that they rated as inaccurate. This tendency to modify duration in response to perceived inaccurate tokens was mediated by measures of self-reported experience interacting with children. However, speakers did not increase the spectral distinctiveness of their fricatives following the perception of inaccurate tokens. Conclusion These results suggest that adults modify temporal featu...
Radionuclide renography predicts functional changes in patients with renal artery involvement by Takayasu's arteritis.

Renovascular hypertension is a major complication of Takayasu’s arteritis, which contributes to the high mortality associated with the disease. We studied 5 patients affected by different degrees of Takayasu’s arteritis to assess the usefulness of radionuclide renography in evaluating renal perfusion and function, and to predict changes induced by the disease before and after therapeutic interventions. Computer-assisted dynamic renal imaging with Tc-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DPTA) and I-131 orthoiodohippurate (OIH), and renal arteriography were concurrently performed in all patients. Two patients with hemodynamically insignificant renal artery stenosis showed normal perfusion and function by renography. Three patients had significant renal artery stenosis and functional changes on renography. Subsequently, two of these patients had successful therapy (one had bilateral renal artery bypass grafts, and the other had renal artery angioplasty), and both showed functional improvement at renography. Our results demonstrate that radionuclide renography is valuable in the assessment of functional changes induced by Takayasu’s arteritis as well as for determining the response to therapeutic interventions.
Fluorescence Goggle System for Surgical Navigation

We developed a fluorescence goggle system for intraoperative imaging and surgical navigation. This system enables visualization of fluorescence information directly from the eyepieces in real time, which improves surgical accuracy.
THE COMBINING WEIGHT OF GELATIN AS AN ACID

1. The nature of the reaction between gelatin and sodium hydroxide has been studied at three concentrations of gelatin. 2. Gelatin appears to react stoichiometrically with sodium hydroxide. 3. The addition of gelatin to sodium hydroxide does not change the concentration of sodium ions in the solution. 4. A given amount of gelatin reacts with the same amount of sodium hydroxide no matter what the concentration of sodium hydroxide or ratio of sodium hydroxide to gelatin, provided there is sufficient excess of sodium hydroxide to prevent hydrolysis. 5. The combining weight of dry gelatin as an acid is found to be 1370 gm.
Trade Costs, Market Integration, and Macroeconomic Volatility *

This paper examines the e ffects of trade c osts on macroeconomic volatility. We first construct a dyn amic, general equilibrium two-country model, where the degree of market i ntegration depends directly on trade c osts. The model i s an extension of Obstfeld and Rogoff (1995). Naturally, a reduction in trade costs leads to more market integration, as the relative price of f oreign goods falls and households increase their consumption of imported goods. In addition, with more market integration, the model predicts that t he variability of the real exchange rate should fall, wh ile the variability of the trade balance should increase. Trade costs have ambiguous effects on the volatility of other macro variables, such as income and consumption. Finally, we present some e mpirical findings that provide mixed support f or the model predictions. K eywords: transport costs; tariffs; relative prices; globalization
Exchange nailing for aseptic nonunion of the femoral shaft

Thirty-six nonunions of the femoral shaft were treated by closed removal of previous nails, reaming of marrow cavity as widely as possible, and reinsertion of stable intramedullary nail. Indications included femoral shaft aseptic nonunions with inserted intramedullary nail, nonunions with a radiolucent line, without segmental bony defects, and less than 1 cm shortening. They were followed up for a median of 2.9 (1–6) years. Thirty-three nonunions healed uneventfully within a median period of 4 (3–8) months. Except for three persistent nonunions, no other significant complications occurred.
A unified theory of electrodynamic coupling in coronal magnetic loops - The coronal heating problem

The coronal heating problem is studied, and it is demonstrated that Ionson's (1982) LRC approach results in a unified theory of coronal heating which unveils a variety of new heating mechanisms and which links together previously proposed mechanisms. Ionson's LRC equation is rederived, focusing on various aspects that were not clarified in the original article and incorporating new processes that were neglected. A parameterized heating rate is obtained. It is shown that Alfvenic surface wave heating, stochastic magnetic pumping, resonant electrodynamic heating, and dynamical dissipation emerge as special cases of a much more general formalism. This generalized theory is applied to solar coronal loops and it is found that active region and large scale loops are underdamped systems. Young active region loops and (possibly) bright points are found to be overdamped systems.
Elevated homocysteine levels in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus.

The objective of this study was to analyse the association between serum homocysteine (Hcy) levels and the presence of Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) in a cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. We enrolled premenopausal, disease-inactive SLE patients (n= 34) with RP (group I, n= 11) or without RP (group II, n= 23), and age-matched healthy premenopausal women as controls (group III, n= 20). Fasting Hcy levels were determined for all these subjects. The results reveal that group I patients exhibited significantly greater serum Hcy levels (11.68+/–2.98 mmol/l) than group II patients (8.29+/–2.89 mmol/l) (P= 0.003), and group III healthy subjects (8.00+/–1.50 mmol/l) (P= 0.001); however, in this regard there was no significant difference between group II and group III patients (P= 0.927). In conclusion, elevated serum Hcy levels were noted for this cohort of SLE patients with RP compared to those not evidencing RP and healthy controls. Although the pathogenesis of RP still remains obscure, this study suggests that Hcy may play a role in the aetiopathogenesis of SLE patients with RP.
Using indirect cost multipliers to estimate the total cost of adding new technology in the automobile industry

Abstract In addition to the direct costs incurred during the vehicle production process, a manufacturer incurs certain indirect costs. These costs may be related to production, corporate operations, or selling. Cost analysts often use markup factors that relate indirect costs to the changes in direct costs. These factors are often called retail price equivalent (RPE) multipliers. However, there are concerns in using RPE multipliers in cost analysis. This study develops modified multipliers, referred to as indirect cost multipliers, and estimates them to range from 1.05 to 1.45 in the short run and from 1.02 to 1.26 in the long run.
Writing and Critical Thinking in the Social Studies

(1978). Writing and Critical Thinking in the Social Studies. Curriculum Inquiry: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 291-310.
Evaluation of call-response surveys for monitoring breeding Yuma Clapper Rails (Rallus longirostris yumanensis)

During March-June 2000 we evaluated the use of call-response surveys to monitor breeding Yuma Clapper Rails (Rallus longirostris yumanensis) at the Cienega de Santa Clara, Colorado River Delta, Sonora, Mexico. We assessed the effect that time of day, stage of breeding season, and number of survey periods had on the average number of rails detected at a station. Conducting call-response surveys resulted in a significant increase in the number of detected rails and reduced the coefficient of variation of the average number or rails per station, which increases the statistical power to detect population trends. Using this technique also appears to reduce the variation of rates of responses by rails through the breeding season when compared to passive listening. There was no difference between the number of rails detected during morning and afternoon surveys. The established protocol developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for Yuma Clapper Rail surveys is adequate for monitoring, and it should continue to be implemented on a yearly basis at the Cienega de Santa Clara and other wetlands of the Colorado River Delta in Mexico. SINOPSIS. Evaluacion de los muestreos con llamadas-respuestas para monitorear individuos de Ra- llus longirostris yumanenesis Durante Marzo-Junio del 2000 evaluamos el metodo de muestreos por llamado-respuesta para monitorear po- blaciones de Palmoteador de Yuma (Rallus longirostris yumanensis) durante la e reproductiva en la Cienega de Santa Clara, Delta del Rio Colorado, Sonora, Mexico. Evaluamos el efecto que la hora del dia, la etapa de la e reproductiva y el numero de periodos de muestreo tuvieron sobre el promedio de individuos detectados. Utilizar muestreos por llamado-respuesta resultaron en un incremento significativo en el numero de palmoteadores detec- tados y en una reduccion del coeficiente de variacion en el numero promedio de palmoteadores por estacion de muestreo, lo que incrementa el poder estadistico para detectar tendencias poblacionales. Esta tecnica aparentemente tambien reduce la variacion en las tasas de respuesta de los palmoteadores a traves de la temporada reproductiva, en comparacion con los muestreos pasivos. No encontramos diferencia entre el numero de palmoteadores detectados durante muestreos matutinos y vespertinos. El protocolo desarrollado por el Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de Estados Unidos para el muestreo de Palmoteador de Yuma es adecuado para el monitoreo de la subespecie, y su implementacion anual debe continuar en la Cienega de Santa Clara y otros humedales en el Delta del Rio Colorado, Mexico.
Irresistible holes in the ground

I would like to continue my technical lecture on how the continental crust fractures under far-field tectonic stress, but my stress-strain ellipsoid transparencies that are so necessary to this discussion are missing from my lecture notes. I suspect that they have been stolen by someone in this room.
Attitudes of professors and students toward college students who stutter

Abstract Do college professors and college students have negative personality stereotypes of college students who stutter? College professors and college students filled out a questionnaire containing 20 personality items and judged, on a scale from 1 to 7, the degree to which either a hypothetical college student who stutters or a hypothetical average college student possesses the trait in question. In general, participants rated the hypothetical student who stutters more negatively on the personality traits than they rated the hypothetical average college student. However, professor participants rated the hypothetical student who stutters more negatively than did the student participants. Possible reasons for and implications of these findings are discussed.
Sensitivity of Dunaliella and Scenedesmus (Chlorophyceae) to chlorinated hydrocarbons

Dunaliella tertiolecta and Scenedesmus quadricauda, two algal species with quite different morphological characteristics, were tested for resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbons, as measured by carb...
Altered tail-skin temperature responsiveness in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Abstract We evaluated the tail-skin temperature response to administration of several doses of isoproterenol in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after 48 h and after 4 weeks of diabetes. Blood glucose concentrations were significantly increased over controls 48 hours after administration of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.v.) and remained elevated to a similar degree in the 4-week group. Basal rectal temperature and tail-skin temperature (TST) were not different between controls and the diabetic groups and were not affected by administration of saline. However, administration of isoproterenol (25 μg/kg, s.c.) caused a significant rise in TST in the control group, but not in the rats diabetic for 4 weeks. A similar but exaggerated response was observed in the controls after subcutaneous administration of 40 μg/kg and 100 μg/kg of isoproterenol. The TST response in the 4-week diabetic rats still remained negligible with the two higher doses of isoproterenol. When the data were summarized as area under the TST curve, a dose-dependent increase was observed in the control groups and a significant absence of response was observed in the 4-week group. The rats studied 48 h after streptozotocin injection had a similar TST response to the control group after administration of 40 μg/kg of isoproterenol. Colonic temperatures did not significantly change between the two groups in any of the studies, although the colonic temperatures tended to rise in the control groups following administration of isoproterenol. We conclude from this study that the absence of a tail-skin temperature response in rats diabetic for 4 weeks results from either a reduced β-adrenergic receptor mediated response or an altered neural thermoregulatory reflex response, or both. These changes are probably not due to streptozotocin treatment or increases in blood glucose.
X-ray compressibility measurements of the graphite intercalates KC8 and KC24

Abstract The isothermal compressibilities of pristine graphite and stages 1 and 2 potassium-graphite have been measured at room temperature. Diamond anvil X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to determine the c-axis lattice constant as a function of hydrostatic pressure up to 12 kbar. The compressibilities k c ⋍ 1 C 33 were found to be (2.73±0.09)×10-12, (2.13±0.09)×10-12, (5.3±0.8)×10-12 and (1.6±0.2)×10 -12 cm 2 dyn for graphite, KC8, stage 2 KC24 and stage 3 KC24, respectively. The compressibility of KC8 was comparable to that of RbC8 deduced from neutron scattering experiments.
Mass spectrometric detection of biotinylated peptides captured by avidin functional affinity electrophoresis

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to detect biotinylated peptides captured by avidin functional affinity electrophoresis (AFAEP). Peptide samples loaded onto AFAEP were heated with sodium dodecyl sulfate to ensure that the peptides are negatively charged, and thus migrate electrophoretically toward the cathode through the embedded avidin zone in the middle of the gel. To detect the biotinylated peptides, the band containing the avidin-biotinylated peptide complexes was excised from a 7.5% w/v native polyacrylamide gel, and biotinylated peptides were extracted with aqueous 95% v/v formamide (pH 8.2), aqueous 6 M guanidine HCl (pH 1.5), or water, at temperatures from 4 to 95 degrees C for periods from 5 min to 24 h. It was observed that all three solvents are capable of extracting biotinylated peptides and avidin from the gel, but the best results were obtained with aqueous 95% v/v formamide (pH 8.2) at 65 degrees C for 20 min. However, some AFAEP-captured biotinylated peptides are not stable and are extensively modified by formamide during extraction at too high a temperature or too long an extraction time.
In Defense of Statics

I. Statics and dynamics — their nature and uses, 485. — II. Simple model of exponential growth, 488. — III. Models of population growth, 489. — IV. Accelerator-multiplier models, 490. — V. The Harrod-Domar-Hicks dynamic model, 492. — VI. Systems of economic development, 495. — VII. Possible avenues of escape from the rigidity of the dynamic model, 498. — VIII. Appraisal of comparative statics, 499. — IX. Conclusion, 501.
The propagation and eruption of relativistic jets from the stellar progenitors of gamma-ray bursts

New two- and three-dimensional calculations are presented of relativistic jet propagation and break out in massive Wolf-Rayet stars. Such jets are thought to be responsible for gamma-ray bursts. As it erupts, the highly relativistic jet core (3° to 5°; Γ 100) is surrounded by a cocoon of less energetic, but still moderately relativistic ejecta (Γ ~ 15) that expands and becomes visible at larger polar angles (~10°). These less energetic ejecta may be the origin of X-ray flashes and other high-energy transients, which will be visible to a larger fraction of the sky, albeit to a shorter distance than common gamma-ray bursts. Jet stability is also examined in three-dimensional calculations. If the jet changes angle by more than 3° in several seconds, it will dissipate, producing a broad beam with inadequate Lorentz factor to make a common gamma-ray burst. This may be an alternate way to make X-ray flashes.
Phototransduction Cascade Inactivation Kinetics Depend on Experimental Solutions

Significant variation exists in published measurements of the kinetics and sensitivity of mouse rod photoreceptors; this variation includes ∼2× differences in the amplitude of the single-photon response and the half-maximal flash strength, and ∼1.5× differences in the time-to-peak of the dim flash response. The most obvious discrepancy between these studies is in the conditions used to store and perfuse the retina during the course of the experiment. Here we characterize changes in phototransduction produced by different recording conditions. Consistent with past work, the sensitivity and response kinetics depended strongly on recording conditions. These differences resulted, at least in part, from an apparent change in relative time constants of rhodopsin and transducin inactivation. These results underscore the importance of identifying experimental conditions that closely resemble the physiological environment of the retina to relate properties of phototransduction to downstream processing and visually-guided behavior.
Long time photoelectric response of photosensitive liquid membranes and chloroplast discs

Abstract As a means to interrupt the photosynthetic process and draw off electrons for power production, Black Lipid Membranes (BLM) and chloroplast extract discs have been employed. Long time responses, were studied showing the effects of open/closed circuit characteristics, voltage-load resistance responses and BLM expansion and contractions behavior. Chloroplast extract and n-octane solutions were used to form BLM on a small hole in a Mylar support submerged in a cell containing liquid bathing solutions of different ionic strengths and compositions. The chloroplast extract discs were formed at a water/n-octane interface by natural migration of the chloroplast to the interface. The photoresponse of the chloroplast discs placed on a copper mesh electrode responded similarly to the BLM on Mylar support upon illumination. In addition to electric effects, the BLM photoactivity of the film and interfacial charge accumulation were seen to interact reversibly with the BLM size and thickness. A photo-induced growth in BLM area was observed during illumination.
Influence of phosphorus-solubilizing compounds on soil P and P uptake by perennial ryegrass

Found throughout the world, phosphorus (P)-fixing soils have long been studied for their effect on the availability of P fertilizers for crop production. It is known that organic acids in the rhizosphere affect P solubilization and uptake, although effectiveness has been shown to vary with acid, crop, and soil characteristics. Regardless, commercial products have been developed that include some formulation of organic acids intended to increase P solubility and uptake. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the ability of the commercial P-solubilizing products Avail (maleic-itaconic copolymer) and P Miner (organic acid-based product) to maintain a greater pool of plant-available P for uptake by perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Greenhouse experiments were conducted with P fertilization (0, 17, 34, and 50 kg P ha−1) and P solubilization materials in an incomplete 4 × 5 factorial design. Treatments were added to a soil with a high P-fixing capability and perennial ryegrass planted. Collected data included plant dry matter and P content, and acid (Mehlich-I) and labile (CaCl2) extractable soil P concentrations. Results are not definitive, but they indicate that both Avail and P Miner have the potential to improve available forms of P in the soil that are available to ryegrass. In these greenhouse trials, the application of P Miner at four times the recommended rate (480 kg ha−1) resulted in highest labile and acid-extractable P, while application of Avail and P Miner at the recommended rate (120 kg ha−1) resulted in the highest P uptake.
A Gene-targeted Mouse Model for Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia LOW LEVELS OF APOLIPOPROTEIN B mRNA IN ASSOCIATION WITH A NONSENSE MUTATION IN EXON 26 OF THE APOLIPOPROTEIN B GENE

Abstract Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, a syndrome characterized by abnormally low plasma levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol, is caused by mutations in the apolipoprotein (apo) B gene that interfere with the synthesis of a full-length apoB100. In many cases of familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, nonsense or frameshift mutations result in the synthesis of a truncated apoB protein. To understand why these mutations result in low plasma cholesterol levels, we used gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells to introduce a nonsense mutation (N1785Stop) into exon 26 of the mouse Apob gene. The sole product of this mutantApob allele was a truncated apoB, apoB39. Mice homozygous for this “apoB39-only” (Apob 39) allele had low plasma levels of apoB39 and markedly reduced plasma levels of very low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein cholesterol when fed a high fat diet. Analysis of liver and intestinal RNA from heterozygous apoB39-only mice revealed that theApob 39 mRNA levels were 60–70% lower than those from the wild-type allele. Interestingly, apoB39 was not cleared as rapidly from the plasma as apoB48. The apoB39-only mice provide new insights into the mechanisms of familial hypobetalipoproteinemia and the structural features of apoB that are important for lipoprotein metabolism.
Lockean toleration and the victim's perspective

According to Jeremy Waldron, John Locke's argument for the instrumental irrationality of persecution is fatally flawed. In this paper, I offer evidence that Waldron has misread Locke, and that Locke's views about why persecution generally proves inefficacious have greater plausibility than Waldron allowed. Locke's argument for the irrationality of intolerance does not, as has been thought, rest on a tendentious ontological distinction between ‘the will’ and ‘the understanding’, but on an account of the adverse psychological reaction of victims of persecution to their plight. Persecution, Locke argued, provokes in its victims feelings of distrust and hostility that diminishes the chances that they will convert to the religion that has persecuted them. An appeal to the ‘victim's perspective’ in order to dissuade would-be persecutors was a fundamental part of his case for toleration, and one that was noticed and employed by other proponents of toleration.
Regulation of aerobic fermentation in protozoans—III. Apparent unimportance of pyruvate kinase in carbohydrate metabolism

Abstract 1. 1. The pyruvate kinase (E.C. 2.7.1.40) from the protozoan Crithidia fasciculata has been investigated in a kinetic study. 2. 2. This enzyme is an allosteric protein with three binding sites for the substrate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and one site for the coenzyme adenosine diphosphate and magnesium. 3. 3. No heterotropic modifiers have been found to influence the activity of this enzyme. 4. 4. Growth studies indicate that carbohydrate is not utilized in significant amounts until late in the growth cycle, indicating that carbohydrate may not be a major substrate for growth in these organisms. 5. 5. The major pathway for carbohydrate metabolism appears to be from phosphoenolpyruvate to oxalacetate to malate, bypassing the pyruvate kinase.
Cochlear compression: Perceptual measures and implications for normal and impaired hearing

This article provides a review of recent developments in our understanding of how cochlear nonlinearity affects sound perception and how a loss of the nonlinearity associated with cochlear hearing impairment changes the way sounds are perceived. The response of the healthy mammalian basilar membrane (BM) to sound is sharply tuned, highly nonlinear, and compressive. Damage to the outer hair cells (OHCs) results in changes to all three attributes: in the case of total OHC loss, the response of the BM becomes broadly tuned and linear. Many of the differences in auditory perception and performance between normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners can be explained in terms of these changes in BM response. Effects that can be accounted for in this way include poorer audiometric thresholds, loudness recruitment, reduced frequency selectivity, and changes in apparent temporal processing. All these effects can influence the ability of hearing-impaired listeners to perceive speech, especially in complex acoustic backgrounds. A number of behavioral methods have been proposed to estimate cochlear nonlinearity in individual listeners. By separating the effects of cochlear nonlinearity from other aspects of hearing impairment, such methods may contribute towards identifying the different physiological mechanisms responsible for hearing loss in individual patients. This in turn may lead to more accurate diagnoses and more effective hearing-aid fitting for individual patients. A remaining challenge is to devise a behavioral measure that is sufficiently accurate and efficient to be used in a clinical setting.
Dopamine‐stimulated changes in activated calpain I in rat hippocampal slices

Activated calpain I immunoreactivity (76 kDa band) was detected in membranes prepared from rat brain hippocampal slices using a polyclonal antiserum raised against an N-terminus peptide of the cleaved subunit of calpain I. While basal levels of activated calpain I were stable over incubation times, 1 nM dopamine (DA) produced an initial 32% increase (5 min) in the 76 kDa protein followed by a 53% decrease in this band at 20 min of incubation. The DA-induced changes in activated calpain I immunoreactivity were blocked by the calpain inhibitor peptide, N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucinal(100 microM) or by EGTA. Basal levels of the 76 kDa band were not affected by the calpain inhibitor. These changes in activated calpain I, elicited by DA, are in accord with the DA-induced decreases in the levels of the calpain substrate, gamma PKC (Yurko-Mauro and Friedman; J Cell Biochem [Abstr] 180:80, 1994; J Neurochem 65: 1622-1630, 1995) and suggest that DA activates this Ca(++)-dependent protease in its regulation of neuronal signal transduction.
Conventional (clear cell) renal carcinoma metastases have greater bcl-2 expression than high-risk primary tumors

Bcl-2 antagonizes p53-induced apoptosis and may contribute to chemoresistance. In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the role of bcl-2 is not well-defined, though its expression is reportedly low in primary tumors and lacks prognostic value. This study evaluates patterns of bcl-2 expression in high-risk (pT3) primary tumors and in matched patient metastases. Immunohistochemical analysis of bcl-2 was performed on 149 cases of conventional (clear cell) RCC (112 pT3 primaries, 37 metastases). Paraffin-embedded tissues were obtained from nephrectomies and metastatic resections. Median follow up was 48 months in the entire cohort and 69 months in living patients. We evaluated associations between bcl-2 expression and tumor recurrence or patient survival with the Cox regression test, and used the t-test and Pearson correlation methods to evaluate bcl-2 expression in primary and metastatic cases. Bcl-2 expression was observed at a higher frequency in metastases (21/37 cases; 57%) compared to primary tumors (24/112 cases; 21%; P < 0.001). The percentage of cells stained was greater in metastases than primary tumors (P = 0.003). This finding was also noted when expression in metastatic cases was compared with matched primaries (P = 0.05). Bcl-2 expression did not predict disease-free (P = 0.30), disease-specific (P = 0.90), or overall (P = 0.51) survival. Most RCC primary tumors have low-to-absent levels of bcl-2 protein, whereas most RCC metastases display greater protein levels. Bcl-2 expression in primary tumors does not predict clinical outcome. However, expression of bcl-2 protein occurs at a high frequency in RCC metastases when compared to primary tumors. It may be reasonable to target RCC patients displaying altered bcl-2 levels for molecular therapies, such as anti-bcl2, should metastatic disease develop.