cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic measurement of glomerular diameters in normal adult humans

The average size of acoustic scatterers and the integrated backscatter coefficient of kidney cortex were measured in vivo from 2-4 MHz for a group of 50 normal adult volunteers. Our goal was to determine the sensitivity of the ultrasonic measurements under clinical conditions by identifying biologic sources of estimation uncertainty. Based on 10 measurements on each kidney of each volunteer, the average glomerular diameter for the group was found to be 216 +/- 27 microns (SD). Glomerular size was found to correlate with body surface area (r = 0.4), and the ratio of glomerular surface area to body surface area (GSA/BSA) was found to be constant throughout normal adult life with GSA/BSA = (8.24 +/- 1.35) x 10(-8) (SD). These results are consistent with histologic analyses found in the literature. Within an individual, 7% standard errors in GSA/BSA are typical. Biologic variability dominates the variance in scatterer size estimates in a group not matched for BSA, where it accounts for 47% of the variance. In a group of individuals matched for BSA, biologic variability accounts for only 21% of the variance; day-to-day variability accounts for 35% of the variance; and experimental parameters account for the remainder. If a deviation greater than 2 x SD is considered abnormal, then this technique can potentially detect changes in glomerular diameter as small as 30 microns within an individual. To detect abnormal GSA/BSA values for an individual, GSA/BSA would have to differ from the mean for that group by about 3.6 x 10(-8) or about 40%. Therefore, at this time scatterer size estimates appear most reliable for tracking the progression of disease and treatment for an individual over time.
Swift-BAT results on the prompt emission of short bursts

This is a brief review of short hard bursts (SHBs) from previous missions and from Swift-BAT; in particular, a review of the developing class of gamma-ray bursts which are similar to SHBs in that they have the short hard initial spike (0.1 to a few seconds), but that they also have a long extended phase of soft emission (50-200s). Further, we suggest that a class of events discovered by Horvath in the T90 versus hardness ratio plane is this SHB with extended emission.
The matched-pairs defibrillation efficacy hypothesis test

It is common to statistically test the hypothesis that one defibrillation technique is better than another. A standard approach is to estimate the DF/sub 50/ (the shock strength which defibrillates 50% of the time) on a set of subjects under test and control conditions, analyzing the results by pairing the DF/sub 50/'s on an animal-by-animal basis. This paper presents a new approach based on pairing the data on a stimulus-by-stimulus basis. The new approach (matched-pairs) is shown to be easy to use, more versatile, and more sensitive (lower p-values) than the standard approach. The matched-pairs approach is particularly useful in clinical studies where many subjects may receive only a few stimuli.
Hierarchical anatomical brain networks for MCI prediction: revisiting volumetric measures.

Owning to its clinical accessibility, T1-weighted MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) has been extensively studied in the past decades for prediction of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The volumes of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are the most commonly used measurements, resulting in many successful applications. It has been widely observed that disease-induced structural changes may not occur at isolated spots, but in several inter-related regions. Therefore, for better characterization of brain pathology, we propose in this paper a means to extract inter-regional correlation based features from local volumetric measurements. Specifically, our approach involves constructing an anatomical brain network for each subject, with each node representing a Region of Interest (ROI) and each edge representing Pearson correlation of tissue volumetric measurements between ROI pairs. As second order volumetric measurements, network features are more descriptive but also more sensitive to noise. To overcome this limitation, a hierarchy of ROIs is used to suppress noise at different scales. Pairwise interactions are considered not only for ROIs with the same scale in the same layer of the hierarchy, but also for ROIs across different scales in different layers. To address the high dimensionality problem resulting from the large number of network features, a supervised dimensionality reduction method is further employed to embed a selected subset of features into a low dimensional feature space, while at the same time preserving discriminative information. We demonstrate with experimental results the efficacy of this embedding strategy in comparison with some other commonly used approaches. In addition, although the proposed method can be easily generalized to incorporate other metrics of regional similarities, the benefits of using Pearson correlation in our application are reinforced by the experimental results. Without requiring new sources of information, our proposed approach improves the accuracy of MCI prediction from (of conventional volumetric features) to (of hierarchical network features), evaluated using data sets randomly drawn from the ADNI (Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative) dataset.
Effects of Hurricanes, Land Use, and Water Management on Nutrient and Microbial Pollution: St. Lucie Estuary, Southeast Florida

Lapointe, B.E.; Herren, L.W., and Bedford, B.J., 2012. Effects of hurricanes, land use, and water management on nutrient and microbial pollution: St. Lucie Estuary, southeast Florida. Journal of Coastal Research, 28(6), 1345-1361. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. in all but the South Fork. Low salinities in 2005 correlated with low dissolved oxygen, high turbidity, elevated nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, and high fecal and total coliform counts. Highest turbidity (84.4 NTU), nitrate (37.9 mM), and total dissolved nitrogen (130.8 mM) concentrations occurred in the South Fork, whereas the highest ammonium (15.4 mM), soluble reactive phosphorus (10.5 mM), and total dissolved phosphorus (13.8 mM) concentrations occurred in the North Fork. High fecal and total coliform counts occurred in tidal creeks adjacent to dense residential areas that rely on septic tanks for on-site sewage disposal. The data suggest that increased stormwater retention, minimization of freshwater releases from Lake Okeechobee, and enhanced treatment of both stormwater and sewage are needed to mitigate future stormwater-driven water quality perturbations in the SLE.
On log-Time Alternating Turing Machines of Alternation Depth k (Extended Abstract)

Several input read-modes for alternating Turing machines have been proposed in the literature. For each input read-mode and for each fixed integer k ≥ 1, a precise circuit characterization is established for log-time alternating Turing machines of k alternations, which is a nontrivial refinement of Ruzzo's circuit characterization of alternating Turing machines. Complete languages in strong sense for each level of the log-time hierarchy are presented, refining a result by Buss. The class GC(s(n), Π k B ) is investigated, which is the class of languages accepted by log-time alternating Turing machines of k alternations enhanced by an extra ability of guessing a string of length s(n). A systematic technique is developed to show that for many functions s(n) and for every integer k>1, the class GC(s(n), Π k B ) has natural complete languages. Connections of these results to computational optimization problems are exhibited.
REASSESSMENT OF OPERATIVE INDICATION FOR MODERATE CONGENITAL AORTIC STENOSIS.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY The case of 2 patients are presented in whom aortic commissurotomy did not result in a significant improvement of aortic valve function. Indication for surgery was the presence of a peak systolic gradient of 50 mm. Hg or greater; mean ejection gradient was considerably less in these patients. At surgery, valve area was only slightly diminished, and little could be safely done to improve function. A third patient, from another center, preoperatively had moderate aortic stenosis without symptomatology or cardiomegaly and postoperatively has severe aortic regurgitation. In view of the morbidity and mortality of surgery, and the limitations of what can be accomplished at operation without producing crippling aortic regurgitation, we conclude that hemodynamic data as the only indication for surgical intervention are of unproved validity and should be used with great caution. If hemodynamic data are used as indication for surgery, valve area or mean ejection pressure gradient should be the basis, rather than peak systolic pressure gradient. “Spike-wave” pressure patterns are particularly misleading in exaggerating the peak gradient. It is the exception rather than the rule to achieve a normal aortic valve by commissurotomy. The possibility of subsequent calcification and the ultimate requirement of total valve replacement seem plausible arguments for a more conservative approach to moderate valvular aortic stenosis in the young patient.
In Vivo Response of Laser Processed Porous Titanium Implants for Load-Bearing Implants.

Applications of porous metallic implants to enhance osseointegration of load-bearing implants are increasing. In this work, porous titanium implants, with 25 vol.% porosity, were manufactured using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™) to measure the influence of porosity towards bone tissue integration in vivo. Surfaces of the LENS™ processed porous Ti implants were further modified with TiO2 nanotubes to improve cytocompatibility of these implants. We hypothesized that interconnected porosity created via additive manufacturing will enhance bone tissue integration in vivo. To test our hypothesis, in vivo experiments using a distal femur model of male Sprague–Dawley rats were performed for a period of 4 and 10 weeks. In vivo samples were characterized via micro-computed tomography (CT), histological imaging, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical push-out tests. Our results indicate that porosity played an important role to establish early stage osseointegration forming strong interfacial bonding between the porous implants and the surrounding tissue, with or without surface modification, compared to dense Ti implants used as a control.
High diagnostic accuracy of hybrid, contrast-enhanced tc99m sestamibi SPECT/4DCT for preoperative parathyroid adenoma localization

261 Objectives Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT/CT and 4DCT have individually shown promise in the precise anatomic localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients undergoing evaluation for parathyroid surgery.12 We sought to determine the feasibility and accuracy of a hybrid SPECT/diagnostic, two phase “4D”CT parathyroid adenoma localization protocol. Methods 26 patients who underwent SPECT/4DCT at our institution and subsequently underwent parathyroid surgery were retrospectively included in the study. Our imaging protocol consisted of 10 minute and 2 hour planar images in addition to a contrast-enhanced SPECT/CT beginning at 30 minutes post-injection. The images were acquired on a Symbia Intevo SPECT/CT system, equipped with a 16 slice CT. The CT images either consisted of arterial and venous phase contrast-enhanced images or noncontrast and arterial phase contrast-enhanced images. Images were interpreted as positive for parathyroid adenoma if a characteristic soft tissue nodule with any sestamibi uptake and attenuation and/or CT enhancement values distinct from thyroid gland was observed. The location of each adenoma was precisely described based on the CT findings. The reference standard for the presence or absence and correct location of each parathyroid adenoma was determined by a combination of the operative and pathology findings. Results Our sestamibi SPECT/4DCT protocol correctly detected and described the location of one or more parathyroid adenomas in 22/25 cases (88%) with surgical and pathological confirmation. 2 of 3 cases with false negative results were nonlocalizing studies, and, in the other case, an additional parathyroid adenoma was found in addition to the correctly localized one. All 4 ectopic parathyroid adenomas were correctly localized, 2 of which were in the superior mediastinum, and 2 were in the tracheoesophageal groove. The per gland sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of this technique were 84.6%, 96.6%, 95.6%, and 87.5%, respectively. Conclusions The described contrast-enhanced Tc99m sestamibi SPECT/4DCT technique performs favorably in the accurate pre-operative localization of parathyroid adenomas. The high diagnostic accuracy of this hybrid approach is favorable compared to historical localization methods.
Shifts to earlier selfing in sympatry may reduce costs of pollinator sharing

Coexisting plant congeners often experience strong competition for resources. Competition for pollinators can result in direct fitness costs via reduced seed set or indirect costs via heterospecific pollen transfer (HPT), causing subsequent gamete loss and unfit hybrid offspring production. Autonomous selfing may alleviate these costs, but to preempt HPT, selfing should occur early, before opportunities for HPT occur (i.e., "preemptive selfing hypothesis"). We evaluated conditions for this hypothesis in Collinsia sister species, C. linearis and C. rattanii. In field studies, we found virtually identical flowering times and pollinator sharing between congeners in sympatric populations. Compared to allopatric populations, sympatric C. linearis populations enjoyed higher pollinator visitation rates, whereas visitation to C. rattanii did not differ in sympatry. Importantly, the risk of HPT to each species in sympatry was strongly asymmetrical; interspecies visits comprised 40% of all flower-to-flower visits involving C. rattanii compared to just 4% involving C. linearis. Additionally, our greenhouse experiment demonstrated a strong cost of hybridization when C. rattanii was the pollen donor. Together, these results suggest that C. rattanii pays the greatest cost of pollinator sharing. Matching predictions of the preemptive selfing hypothesis, C. rattanii exhibit significantly earlier selfing in sympatric relative to allopatric populations.
Conscious and Unconscious Processes in the Psychology of Motivation

In their book, The Dynamics of Action, Atkinson and Birch (1970) distinguish among three possible relations between phenomenal or conscious states and motivational states. They indicate that phenomenal states may stand in an epiphenomenal relation of parallelism to motivational states. In this view phenomenal states are outside the chain of causal influence. Alternatively, phenomenal states may exert a causal influence on motivational states. Finally, Atkinson and Birch propose a variant of their second position which asserts that all motivational states are influenced by phenomenal states. In this chapter I want to present arguments for a somewhat different way of construing the relations between phenomenal states and motivational states. I shall argue that phenomenal states do in point of fact exert an influence on motivational states. However, motivational states are only weakly related to their phenomenal manifestations. Thus, the phenomenal representation of the state is not to be construed as an exhaustive representation. In addition, I shall argue that in many if not all instances the influence of conscious motivational states or conscious components of motivational states is parallel to the influence of unconscious motivational states. Although I shall argue for the existence of unconscious motivational influences, I do not wish to argue that the influence of unconscious motivational states is in any fundamental sense different from the influence of conscious motivational states or conscious components of motivational states.
A theory of thalamocortex

This chapter presents the first comprehensive high-level theory of the information processing function of mammalian cortex and thalamus; herein viewed as a unary structure. The theory consists of four major elements: two novel associative memory neuronal network structures (feature attractor networks and antecedent support networks ), a universal information processing operation (consensus building), and an overall real-time brain control system (the brain command loop). One important derived type of thalamocortical neural network is also presented, the hierarchical abstractor (which, as with all other networks of thalamocortex, is "constructed" out of antecedent support and feature attractor networks). Some smaller constructs are also introduced. Arguments are presented as to why this theory must be basically correct. READER WARNING: The content of this chapter is complicated and almost entirely novel and unfamiliar. Detailed study and multiple readings may be required. Effort expended in learning its content will be richly rewarded. Carrying out computer experiments can be a useful learning adjunct. For simplicity and readability, the theory is presented as fact, without constant recitation of disclaimers such as "it is hypothesized."
Coming Out Mad, Coming Out Disabled

Brewer provides a clear overview of the connection points and rifts between disability studies and mad studies, which often go unstated in the literature; this chapter is, therefore, useful for readers new to either field. By analyzing scholarship from three authors who strategically identify as both disabled and mad, Katie Aubrecht, Margaret Price, and A.J. Withers, Brewer argues that claiming both identities provides a position from which critique of both fields is possible. She concludes that these authors model coalitional scholarship using personal narrative to trouble divisions between who can claim mad or disabled identities. Brewer calls for more scholars to share their complex identifications with disability studies and mad studies, and she weaves her own personal narrative throughout this chapter.
Aviation and Procedural Medicine

Aviation and medicine are two complex fields involving many interdependent steps where problems can occur. When they inevitably do the outcome can be catastrophic, leading to injury or even loss of life. While both professions have made great strides to reduce error and improve safety, we would suggest medicine can still learn much from the approach aviation has developed. We will show how pilots spend a significant amount of time on planning and early recognition of impending challenges, utilize the concept of crew resource management routinely, and stay much focused during each specific mission. More importantly, they are very open and committed to discussing every event or near event to improve the system, and are supported in this by their superiors without fear of punishment or retribution. By adopting many of these principles, medicine can develop a true culture of safety such as aviation has done, leading to a remarkable improvement in their safety record.
Independent Dominating Sets in Directed Graphs.

In this paper, we study independent domination in directed graphs, which was recently introduced by Cary, Cary, and Prabhu. We provide a short, algorithmic proof that all directed acyclic graphs contain an independent dominating set. Using linear algebraic tools, we prove that any strongly connected graph with even period has at least two independent dominating sets, generalizing several of the results of Cary, Cary, and Prabhu. We prove that determining the period of the graph is not sufficient to determine the existence of an independent dominating set by constructing a few examples of infinite families of graphs. We show that the direct analogue of Vizing's Conjecture does not hold for independent domination number in directed graphs by providing two infinite families of graphs. We initialize the study of time complexity for independent domination in directed graphs, proving that the existence of an independent dominating set in directed acyclic graphs and strongly connected graphs with even period are in the time complexity class $P$. We also provide an algorithm for determining existence of an independent dominating set for digraphs with period greater than $1$.
Decision-Making under Risk: Evidence from Northern Ethiopia

There is a long standing discussion of whether expected utility theory (EU) or prospect theory (PT) best explains the behavior with respect to risky choices. Often these two approaches are compared by putting questions to students in laboratory situations. Here we try to investigate stated preferences of farmers who are functioning under high levels of risk in real life. As part of a larger survey, four binary choices were offered during two successive years. The experimental test was performed 199 farmers in two districts in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Three items were central in comparing the risk attitude according to EU and PT: the asymmetry of risk perceptions, the independence axiom and the shape of the utility function. The farmers in the two different districts (Enderta and Hintalo-Wajerat) differed significantly in their risk attitude. Enderta farmers were significantly risk-averse for gains and risk-seeking for losses; their preferences conformed to the hypothesis of prospect theory. However, expected utility maximization was found to be an appropriate descriptor for Hintalo-Wajerat farmers. In order to identify the factors that affect farmer's preferences, a binary choice model was used. Household income was found to be positive and significant while value of livestock had the expected negative sign and was directly related to a decrease in risk aversion. Knowledge of farmers' attitude toward risk has important implications for policy makers to devise policies that can overcome the critical constraints they face in meeting their basic needs
Attitudes toward and Barriers to Acetaminophen Use in the Chronic Pain Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The use of acetaminophen is recommended in pain management, particularly acute pain management, to reduce opioid utilization and opioid related adverse drug events. Acetaminophen’s role in chronic ...
Co-evolution of work structure and process in organizations: improvisation in post-disaster debris removal operations

This study examines the performance of cognitive work—as constrained by physical, policy and resource-related factors—in the near-simultaneous design and execution of disaster response operations. The demands of the situation described here—the removal of debris from a high-value barrier island in the US state of New York after Hurricane Sandy (2012)—lay at the far boundaries of the responding organizations’ experience, making this case an excellent candidate for study. Data are analyzed on the deliberative processes of the responding organization in order to characterize the interaction between the design and operation of the debris removal network over time. Statistical data modeling of these processes reveals a number of temporal dependencies between ideation and decision-making processes, as well as between components of the system. The illumination and quantification of these processes using data produced through normal operations contributes significantly to theories of the cognitive and behavioral phenomena that underlie organizational response to highly non-routine events, thus building upon broader theories of organizational improvisation and performance.
Conclusion: Never Accomplished Modernization

In contrast to Foucault’s (Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage, 1979, p. 8) assertion that “the body as the major target of penal repression disappeared,” this book revealed that patterns in the control of prisoners in both the past and the present in Iran have relied on the body. Although this book is not about torture in Iranian prisons, the pain that prisoners and their families suffer is not less (if not more) severe than the torture that takes place in the most hidden cells of the prisons or on the sites of public executions. In fact, prisons in Iran not only deprive prisoners of all their rights without imposing a calculated, measured degree of pain; rather, the tools of physical punishment and control over the body have not disappeared at any time in the penal system’s history.
A qualitative study of how mental models impact engineering students’ engagement with empathic communication exercises

Empathy is an important professional skill for engineers. Defined as the capacity to understand and share the feelings of others, empathy can help engineers work on teams and interact more effectiv...
Frustrated spin-1/2 dimer compound K 2 Co 2 ( Se O 3 ) 3 with easy-axis anisotropy

Magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, and specific-heat measurements under both in-plane and out-of-plane field on ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{(\mathrm{Se}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{3}$ single crystals are reported. The Co dimers in this compound, which are made from face-sharing effective spin-1/2 $\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ octahedra, sit on the corners of a geometrically frustrating triangular planar lattice. No long-range magnetic ordering is found down to 0.35 K, which, together with the large negative Curie-Weiss temperature obtained from fitting the temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility, indicates that the system is magnetically frustrated. Analysis of the field and orientation dependence of the magnetic and thermodynamic properties suggests the presence of an easy-axis anisotropy. The magnetic fluctuations present due to geometric frustration are more resistant to an in-plane field than a perpendicular-to-plane field.
Congenital Anomalies and Pediatric Lesions

Common congenital/developmental disorders of the lung include congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM), broncho-pulmonary sequestration, bronchogenic cyst, and congenital lobar emphysema. Swyer-James syndrome is also included in this group.
Functional Connectivity in Dorsolateral Frontal Cortex: Intracranial Electroencephalogram Study

Motivation: Mechanisms underlying the variation in the appearance of electroencephalogram (EEG) over human head are not well characterized. We hypothesized that spatial variation of the EEG, being ...
The effect of fatty acid composition and retinoic acid on human keratinocyte plasma membrane viscosity

Lipids, specifically fatty acids and their derivatives, play important and widely varying roles in human epidermis. They are key building blocks in all membranes and in the structures forming the outer layers of skin, and they undergo an active metabolic process that provides many compounds other than the important β-oxidation product, acetyl coenzyme A (CoA). This review focuses on the metabolism of these lipids in mammalian tissues, in the skin and its epidermal component, and in human epidermal cells grown in culture (keratinocytes).
Argon Laser Photocoagulation in Peripheral Retinal Nonvascular Diseases: Retinal Tears, Retinal Degenerations’ and Retinoschisis

The purpose of this presentation is to discuss indications and techniques for argon laser photocoagulation in nonvascular peripheral retinal diseases. The absorption properties of retinal pigment epithelium for the argon laser wavelength make argon laser photocoagulation an excellent means to treat retinal tears, retinal degeneration, and retinoschisis. The indications for treatment of these disorders remain complex. Since Gonin first recognized that retinal detachments were caused by retinal tears (1920), the indications for prophylactic treatment of retinal tears has been questioned. Meyer-Schwickerath introduced retinal photocoagulation in the form of xenon arc light making treatment more feasible than with the previously used electrocautery (1960). In spite of the even more sophisticated method of treatment with the slit lamp argon laser photocoagulator introduced in 1969 (Little, Zweng & Peabody, 1970), the indications for treatment of certain nonvascular peripheral retinal pathology remains controversial.
Can Democracy Work If It Relies on People Like Us

The problem with democracy is that it depends on people like us to make it work. The evidence seems to suggest strongly that we may not be quite up to the task. The solution, if there is one, is to find a way to become better than we are. Education is part of the way that we become better, and schools are a big part, though not all, of education. In this paper I will argue that if our democracy is to survive its slide into plutocracy, schools must make a concerted effort to instill in children the virtues they will need to be democratic citizens. Education must make children wiser and more virtuous, not just smarter.
True superconductivity in a two-dimensional superconducting-insulating system

We present results on disordered amorphous films which are expected to undergo a field-tuned superconductor-insulator transition. Based on resistance and $I\ensuremath{-}V$ characteristics, we find evidence of a low field metal-to-superconductor transition. This transition is characterized by a rapid drop in resistance and discontinuities in the $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curves. The metallic phase just above the transition seems to be an unusual, non-Fermi metal and the superconducting phase seems to be a true zero resistance state.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND RELATIVE BIOAVAILABILITY OF SUPPLEMENTAL ORGANIC ZINC SOURCES FOR POULTRY AND RUMINANTS

Eight commercially available organic Zn products and reagent-grade ZnSO4 x 7H2O (Zn Sulf) were evaluated by polarographic analysis, and solubility in .1 M K2HPO4-KH2PO4 buffer (pH 5), .2 M HCl-KCl buffer (pH 2), and deionized water. Fractions from these solubility tests were evaluated by gel filtration chromatography for structural integrity. Degree of chelation was generally positively related to chelation effectiveness determined by polarography. The organic sources were Zn methionine complex A (Zn MetA), Zn methionine complex B (Zn MetB), Zn polysaccharide complex (Zn Poly), Zn lysine complex (Zn Lys), Zn amino acid chelate (Zn AA), Zn proteinate A (Zn ProA), Zn proteinate B (Zn ProB), and Zn proteinate C (Zn ProC). Three experiments were conducted to estimate the relative bioavailability of Zn from the organic Zn supplements for chicks and lambs when added at high dietary levels to practical diets. Bone Zn concentration increased (P < .001) as dietary Zn increased in both experiments. When Zn Sulf was assigned a value of 100% as the standard, multiple linear regression slope ratios of bone Zn from chicks fed 3 wk regressed on dietary Zn intake gave estimated relative bioavailability values of 83 +/- 14.6 and 139 +/- 16.9 for Zn AA and Zn ProA, respectively, in Exp. 1 and 94 +/- 11.6, 99 +/- 8.8, and 108 +/- 11.4 for Zn Poly, Zn ProB, and Zn ProC, respectively, in Exp. 2. In Exp. 3, 42 lambs were fed diets containing Zn Sulf, Zn ProA, Zn AA, or Zn MetB for 21 d. Based on multiple linear regression slope ratios of liver, kidney, and pancreas Zn and liver metallothionein concentrations on added dietary Zn, bioavailability estimates relative to 100% for Zn Sulf were 130, 110, and 113 for Zn ProA, Zn AA, and Zn MetB, respectively. Except for Zn ProA, which was greater, the organic Zn supplements had bioavailability values similar to that of Zn Sulf for chicks and lambs. Bioavailability of organic Zn products was inversely related to solubility of Zn in pH 5 buffer in chicks (r2 = .91) and pH 2 buffer in lambs (r2 = .91), but not to an estimate of degree of chelation.
Compilation techniques for partitioned global address space languages

Partitioned global address space (PGAS) languages have emerged as a viable alternative to message passing programming models for large-scale parallel machines and clusters. They also offer an alternative to shared memory programming models (such as threads and OpenMP) and the possibility of a single programming model that will work well across a wide range of shared and distributed memory platforms. Although the major source of parallelism in these languages is managed by the application programmer, rather than being automatically discovered by a compiler, there are many opportunities for program analysis to detect programming errors and for performance optimizations from the compiler and runtime system. The three most mature PGAS languages (UPC, CAF and Titanium) offer a statically partitioned global address space with a static SPMD control model, while languages emerging from the DARPA HPCS program are more dynamic. In this talk I will describe some of the analysis and optimizations techniques used in the Berkeley UPC and Titanium compilers, both of which source-to-source translators based on a common runtime system. Both compilers are publicly released and run on most serial, parallel, and cluster platforms. Building on the strong typing of the underlying Java language, the Titanium compiler includes several forms of type-based analyses for both error detection and to enable code transformations. The Berkeley UPC compiler extends the Open64 analysis framework on which it is built to handle the language features of UPC. Both compilers perform communication optimizations to overlap, aggregate, and schedule communication, as well as pointer localization, and other optimizations on parallelism constructs in the language. The HPCS languages can use some of the implementation techniques of the older PGAS languages, but offer new opportunities for expressiveness and suggest new open questions related to compiler and runtime support, especially as machines scale towards a petaflop.
Choline acetyltransferase: Enzyme mechanism and mode of inhibition by a styrylpyridine analogue

1. 1. Choline acetyltransferase of the calf caudate nucleus was studied, with particular emphasis on its mode of inhibition by styrylpyridine analogues. 2. 2. Product-inhibition studies suggest a sequential, Theorell-Chance type of mechanism for this enzyme. CoA was competitive with the substrate acetyl-CoA, and acetylcholine was competitive with choline. 3. 3. Inhibition by styrylpyridine analogues was non-competitive with both acetyl-CoA and choline and was initially reversible, but partial irreversibility was observed when the enzyme and inhibitor were preincubated at 37° before substrate addition. 4. 4. Acetylcholinesterase was also inhibited to various degrees by most of the styrylpyridine analogues, and with this enzyme, N-methyl-4-(i-naphthylvinyl)pyridinium iodide (NVP+) was found to block the enzyme deacylation step (E-acetyl + H2O ⇄ E + acetic acid), which is thought by other workers to involve an imidazole moiety on cholinesterase. 5. 5. With choline acetyltransferase in the presence of [14C]acetyl-CoA, an apparent [14C]acetyl-CoA-enzyme intermediate was detected by gel filtration. The relative amount of this intermediate was diminished when choline was present. NVP+ did not prevent its formation, but did prevent its disappearance in the presence of choline. This effect with the acetyltransferase may be analogous to the blocking of deacylation observed with acetylcholinesterase. 6. 6. The inhibition of choline acetyltransferase by NVP+ was not reversed by dithiothreitol, although this sulfhydryl compound completely reversed inhibition by Hg2+ and by the specific sulfhydryl reagent, allyl 2-propene-i-thiolsulfinate (allicin). Inhibition by Cu2+, which may be expected to interact with imidazole groups as well as others, tended to protect the enzyme from NVP+. It is proposed that NVP+ may interfere with the functioning of a catalytic imidazole moiety during enzyme deacylation.
Searching for Intergenerational Green Solutions: The Relevance of the Public Trust Doctrine to Environmental Preservation

In the Common Law jurisprudence, a trust is "the legal relationship between one person having an equitable ownership in property and another person owning the legal title to such property." In the context of the Public Trust Doctrine, the legal title is vested in the state and the equitable title in the public. Thus the state is responsible as trustee to manage the property in the interest of the public. The PTD has been praised by the environmentalist community as "the most promising legal basis upon which individual members of the public could maintain a lawsuit to protect natural resources from needless degradation and destruction." In contrast, critics contend that it is "more rhetorically than legally charged." The purpose of this article is to assess the relevance of the PTD to environmental protection.
Magnetothermodynamics of the Ising antiferromagnet Dy 2 Ge 2 O 7

We report systematic low-temperature measurements of the dc magnetization, ac susceptibility, and heat capacity of dysprosium pyrogermanate $({\text{Dy}}_{2}{\text{Ge}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{7})$ single crystal and powder samples. Our results confirm that ${\text{Dy}}_{2}{\text{Ge}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{7}$ is an anisotropic antiferromagnet. The isothermal field dependent magnetization and the integrated magnetic entropy both indicate that the ${\text{Dy}}^{3+}$ ions behave as Ising-like spins, analogous to those in the pyrochlore spin ice materials. Both single-spin and collective spin-relaxation phenomena appear to lead to spin freezing in this material, again in analogy to observations in the spin ice materials, suggesting that such phenomena may be generic to a broader class of magnetic materials.
Identification of Influenza A Virus PB2 Residues Involved in Enhanced Polymerase Activity and Virus Growth in Mammalian Cells at Low Temperatures.

UNLABELLED Mutations in the polymerase genes are known to play a major role in avian influenza virus adaptation to mammalian hosts. Despite having avian origin PA and PB2, the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (pH1N1) can replicate well in mammalian respiratory tracts, suggesting that these proteins have acquired mutations for efficient growth in humans. We have previously shown that PA from the pH1N1 virus A/California/04/09 (Cal) strongly enhances activity of an otherwise avian polymerase complex derived from A/chicken/Nanchang/3-120/01 (Nan) in mammalian cells. However, this enhancement was observed at 37°C but not at the lower temperature of 34°C. An additional introduction of Cal PB2 enhanced activity at 34°C, suggesting the presence of unidentified residues in Cal PB2 that are required for efficient growth at low temperature. Here, we sought to determine the key PB2 residues which confer enhanced polymerase activity and virus growth in human cells at low temperature. Using a reporter gene assay, we identified novel mutations, PB2 V661A and V683T/A684S, which are involved in enhanced Cal polymerase activity at low temperature. The PB2 T271A mutation, which we previously reported, also contributed to enhanced activity. The growth of recombinant Cal containing PB2 with Nan residues 271T/661V/683V/684A was strongly reduced in human cells compared to wild-type virus at low temperature. Among the four residues, 271A and 684S are conserved in human and pH1N1 viruses but not in avian viruses, suggesting an important role in mammalian adaptation of pH1N1 virus. IMPORTANCE The PB2 protein plays a key role in the host adaptation, cold sensitivity, and pathogenesis of influenza A virus. Despite containing an avian origin PB2 lacking the mammalian adaptive mutations 627K or 701N, pH1N1 influenza virus strains can replicate efficiently in the low temperature upper respiratory tract of mammals, suggesting the presence of unknown mutations in the pH1N1 PB2 protein responsible for its low temperature adaptation. Here, in addition to PB2 271A, which has been shown to increase polymerase activity, we identified novel PB2 residues 661A and 683T/684S in pH1N1 which confer enhanced polymerase activity and virus growth in mammalian cells especially at low temperature. Our findings suggest that the presence of these PB2 residues contributes to efficient replication of the pH1N1 virus in the upper respiratory tract, which resulted in efficient human-to-human transmission of this virus.
Contextual Factors Influencing Collaboration Levels and Outcomes in National Forest Stewardship Contracting

The number of policies promoting collaborative processes in national forest management has increased considerably over the past decade but do mandates alone increase the levels of collaboration in national forest management? Collaborative governance literature identifies the importance of the situational context for the emergence and performance of collaboration but does not identify the role of specific attributes and processes. This article presents a comparative case-study analysis of factors influencing levels of collaboration in USDA Forest Service stewardship contracting processes. Incorporating concepts from the collaborative governance literature and Institutional Analysis and Development framework we found policy and administrative guidance alone will not increase the use of collaborative processes associated with stewardship contracts. A combination of existing agency-community planning efforts, leadership, and agency support were essential for collaboration to materialize. Top-down policy direction meant to increase the use of collaboration to achieve natural resource management objectives must incorporate opportunities to establish these conditions.
Event Coalitions in the Pittsburgh G20 Protests

Protests at events such as the 2009 Group of Twenty (G20) Summit in Pittsburgh frequently require activists to engage in some type of coalition work. This article examines two event coalitions crea...
Effects of Iron Status and Soy Protein on Iron Absorption by Rats

The effects of iron nutrition and soy protein on iron absorption by rats was studied. Rats were fed semipurified diets containing either 0, 5, or 20 micrograms of added iron per gram of diet to obtain groups with different iron status. After 3 weeks the rats had mean hemoglobin concentrations of 7.0, 10.7 and 13.2 g/dl, respectively. As the rats became more anemic, percent iron absorption from casein and soy protein diets increased. The relative availability of iron from soy compared with casein-based diets was 70 to 90%. Iron status did not affect the relative iron availability among treatments. The rat trials did not indicate any significant differences between iron absorption from meals containing soy flour (SF), soy protein concentrate (SC) or soy protein isolate (SI) regardless of the iron status of the rat. These studies do not support the hypothesis that the subject's iron status will affect the relative availability of iron from foods. Recent human iron absorption studies suggest that relative iron availability from meals containing soy proteins is lower than expected based on rat studies. Furthermore, differences in iron availability between soy flour and soy isolate observed in human studies are not apparent in these rat studies.
Chronic bacterial osteomyelitis suppression of tumor growth requires innate immune responses

Clinical studies over the past several years have reported that metastasis-free survival times in humans and dogs with osteosarcoma are significantly increased in patients that develop chronic bacterial osteomyelitis at their surgical site. However, the immunological mechanism by which osteomyelitis may suppress tumor growth has not been investigated. Therefore, we used a mouse model of osteomyelitis to assess the effects of bone infection on innate immunity and tumor growth. A chronic Staphylococcal osteomyelitis model was established in C3H mice and the effects of infection on tumor growth of syngeneic DLM8 osteosarcoma were assessed. The effects of infection on tumor angiogenesis and innate immunity, including NK cell and monocyte responses, were assessed. We found that osteomyelitis significantly inhibited the growth of tumors in mice, and that the effect was independent of the infecting bacterial type, tumor type, or mouse strain. Depletion of NK cells or monocytes reversed the antitumor activity elicited by infection. Moreover, infected mice had a significant increase in circulating monocytes and numbers of tumor associated macrophages. Infection suppressed tumor angiogenesis but did not affect the numbers of circulating endothelial cells. Therefore, we concluded that chronic localized bacterial infection could elicit significant systemic antitumor activity dependent on NK cells and macrophages.
Dissociation phenomena and age

Younger and older subjects selected from non-psychiatric populations were administered two scales to determine frequency of dissociation. Younger subjects were found to dissociate more frequently than older subjects, suggesting that dissociative experiences become less common with increasing age.
Human mitochondrial DNA: roles of inherited and somatic mutations

Mutations in the human mitochondrial genome are known to cause an array of diverse disorders, most of which are maternally inherited, and all of which are associated with defects in oxidative energy metabolism. It is now emerging that somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are also linked to other complex traits, including neurodegenerative diseases, ageing and cancer. Here we discuss insights into the roles of mtDNA mutations in a wide variety of diseases, highlighting the interesting genetic characteristics of the mitochondrial genome and challenges in studying its contribution to pathogenesis.
Effectiveness of antenatal corticosteroid administration after preterm premature rupture of the membranes.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the effect of antenatal betamethasone administration on the incidences of respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, and perinatal infectious morbidity in the setting of preterm premature rupture of membranes. Study Design: We performed a nonconcurrent prospective analysis of women with singleton pregnancies who were delivered between 24 and 32 weeks' gestation after preterm premature rupture of membranes. Patients were subdivided into 2 groups according to betamethasone exposure: (1) none (control group) and (2) two 12-mg doses in a 24-hour interval on admission (single-course group). Patients who received >2 doses of betamethasone were excluded. All patients received broad-spectrum prophylactic antibiotics. Data were analyzed with the Student t test, the χ 2 test, and the Fisher exact test. Multiple logistic regression analyses incorporated multiple variables considered risk factors for respiratory distress syndrome and intraventricular hemorrhage. P Results: A total of 362 patients were included, with 203 in the control group and 159 in the single-course group. Patients in these groups were delivered at 31.0 ± 3.0 and 30.2 ± 2.7 (mean ± SD) weeks' gestation, respectively. The groups were similar with respect to selected demographic characteristics, latency until delivery, mode of delivery, birth weight, and maternal group B streptococcal colonization status. Univariate analysis demonstrated significant decreases in the frequencies of both respiratory distress syndrome (odds ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.5) and grade III/IV intraventricular hemorrhage (odds ratio, 0.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.6) in the single-course group. The frequencies of early neonatal sepsis, chorioamnionitis, endometritis, and neonatal death were similar between groups. Multiple logistic regression analyses determined that a single course of betamethasone was independently associated with reductions in the frequencies of both respiratory distress syndrome (odds ratio, 0.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.4) and grade III/IV intraventricular hemorrhage (odds ratio, 0.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.4). Conclusions: A single course of betamethasone administered antenatally to patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes was associated with decreases in the frequencies of both respiratory distress syndrome and advanced grades of intraventricular hemorrhage without any increase in perinatal infectious morbidity. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:925-9.)
Bilateral Candida parapsilosis interface keratitis after laser in situ keratomileusis

We report a case of Candida infection after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and review the literature for reports of post-LASIK fungal infections. Risk factors may include postoperative surgical intervention and extended use of topical steroids.