cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional velocity and concentration measurements and simulations of a scaled Jack Rabbit II mock urban array

Abstract Magnetic resonance (MR) techniques provide non-invasive, three-dimensional measurements of velocity and concentration fields. Applying MR techniques to measure flows of contaminants through urban arrays provides a wealth of information that is difficult to obtain with large-scale field tests. In this project, a 1:188 scaled model of the phase 1 Jack Rabbit II field test was replicated and studied using a water tunnel with properties chosen to mimic field conditions. Three-dimensional, time-averaged flow data was measured using magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV) and magnetic resonance concentration (MRC) techniques. The scaled flow was also modeled with large-eddy simulations (LES) to provide a dataset for comparison with the MR based measurements. Despite a complex, three-dimensional flow field, both velocity and concentration show good agreement between the experimental measurements and simulation data. Measurement uncertainty was estimated to be ± 5 % of each of the measured velocity components at each location for MRV and ± 4 % of the measured concentration at each location for MRC.
The Controversy over Energy Takings: A Tale of Pipelines and Eminent Domain

This article examines the controversy over the exercise of eminent by private enterprise to acquire property for oil and natural gas pipelines. Although opposition to pipelines is largely driven by broad environmental concerns to curb reliance on fossil fuels, this article focuses on whether energy takings by non-governmental entities satisfy the “public use” requirement in state condemnation statutes or as a constitutional norm. It traces the history of eminent domain in the United States from the mill acts of the eighteenth century, emphasizing that legislators frequently delegated eminent domain power to canals, turnpikes and railroads in order to improve transportation. Courts regularly sustained these laws as effectuating a “public use.” In other words, “public use” was never confined to public ownership. In the late nineteenth century courts readily upheld legislation conferring eminent domain authority on private pipeline companies, comparing pipelines to other modes of transportation. With the Natural Gas Act of 1938 Congress asserted federal authority over the transportation of natural gas, and in 1947 granted federal eminent domain authority for interstate natural gas pipelines. Oil pipelines, on the other hand, continue to rely on a patchwork of state laws to exercise eminent domain power. For decades after World War II the acquisition of land for pipelines was not particularly controversial. With new technology, however, oil and gas production soared as did the need for expanded pipeline infrastructure. Critics now maintained that taking for pipelines were not for “public use,” and therefore failed to satisfy state eminent domain statutes or were unconstitutional. This article notes the erosion of the “public use” norm as a meaningful restraint on eminent domain, especially at the federal level. It then considers the checkered pattern of recent state legislative actions and judicial decisions, arguing that most state courts are likely to uphold the use of eminent domain for pipelines. It also points out that the same legal arguments used against pipeline construction are being employed to challenge new electric power transmission lines. The article concludes by questioning whether affected landowners and environmental advocates have much in common with respect to the rights of property owners and predicting that any alliance will prove fleeting and tactical.
Deceleration of relativistic jets with lateral expansion

We present a model for the hydrodynamics of a relativistic jet interacting with the circum-stellar medium (CSM). The shocked CSM and the jet material are assumed to be in an infinitely thin surface, so the original 2D problem is effectively reduced to 1D. From general conservation laws, we derive the equation of motion for each fluid element along this surface, taking into account the deceleration along the surface normal due to newly swept-up mass and lateral expansion due to pressure gradient in the tangential direction. The pressure and energy density of the shocked CSM are given by the jump conditions at the forward shock. The method is implemented with a finite-differencing numerical scheme, along with calculation of synchrotron emission and absorption from shock-accelerated electrons, in a new code Jedi (for "jet dynamics"). We present a number of test cases, including top-hat jet, power-law structured jet, "boosted fireball" profile, and CSM with density jump at the wind termination shock. Based on the agreement with other analytical and numerical calculations, we conclude that our simplified method provides a good approximation for the hydrodynamics and afterglow emission for a wide variety of jet structures and CSM density profiles. Efficient modeling of the afterglow from e.g., neutron star mergers, will provide important information on the jet energetics, CSM properties, and the viewing angle.
Plasmodesmata-localized proteins and reactive oxygen species orchestrate light-induced rapid systemic signaling in Arabidopsis

Abstract Systemic signaling and systemic acquired acclimation (SAA) are key to the survival of plants during episodes of abiotic stress. These processes depend on a continuous chain of cell-to-cell signaling events that extends from the initial tissue that senses the stress (local tissue) to the entire plant (systemic tissues). Among the different systemic signaling molecules and processes thought to be involved in this cell-to-cell signaling mechanism are reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium, electric and hydraulic signals. How these different signals and processes are interlinked, and how they transmit the systemic signal all the way from the local tissue to the entire plant, remain however largely unknown. Here, studying the systemic response of Arabidopsis thaliana to a local treatment of excess light stress, we report that respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (RBOHD)-generated ROS enhance cell-to-cell transport and plasmodesmata (PD) pore size in a process that depends on the function of PD-localized proteins (PDLPs) 1 and 5, promoting the cell-to-cell transport of systemic signals during responses to light stress. We further identify aquaporins, and several different calcium-permeable channels, belonging to the glutamate receptor-like, mechanosensitive small conductance-like, and cyclic nucleotide-gated families, as involved in this process, but determine that their function is primarily required for the maintenance of the signal in each cell along the path of the systemic signal, as well as for the establishment of acclimation at the local and systemic tissues. PD and RBOHD-generated ROS orchestrate therefore light stress-induced rapid cell-to-cell spread of systemic signals in Arabidopsis. One-sentence summary Respiratory burst oxidase homolog D-generated reactive oxygen species enhance cell-to-cell transport and plasmodesmata (PD) pore size in a process that depends on the function of the PD-localized proteins (PDLPs) 1 and 5, promoting the cell-to-cell transport of rapid systemic signals during the response of Arabidopsis to excess light stress.
Counterevidence of crime-reduction effects from federal grants of military equipment to local police.

In 2017, the Trump Administration restored local law enforcement agencies’ access to military weapons and some other types of surplus military equipment (SME) that had been prohibited by the Obama Administration. The Justice Department background paper used to justify this decision cited two papers published by the American Economic Association. These papers used SME data collected with a 2014 Freedom of Information Act request and concluded that SME, supplied to local law enforcement by the federal government via the 1033 Program, reduces crime. Here we show that the findings of these studies are not credible due to problems with the data. Using more detailed audit data on 1033 SME, we show that the 2014 data are flawed and that the more recent data provide no evidence that 1033 SME reduces crime. Studies of transfers of surplus military equipment to police have argued that they reduce crime. Gunderson et al. reanalysed US federal data and replicated key studies. They find no credible evidence that crime drops when local police get more SME.
The NOAA Track-Wise Wind Retrieval Algorithm and Product Assessment for CyGNSS

A novel approach in addressing cyclone global navigation satellite system (CyGNSS) intersatellite and GPS-related calibration issues is proposed, based on a track-wise $σ^o$ bias correction method. This method makes use of both ancillary data from numerical weather prediction models and a semiempirical geophysical model function. Care is taken, so the track-wise $σ^o$ bias correction maintains CyGNSS signal sensitivity. Both intersatellite and GPS-related calibration issues are removed after correction. Long-term $σ^o$ downward trend, observed throughout the CyGNSS mission, is greatly reduced. Using the corrected $σ^o$ measurements, a wind retrieval method is also presented and its product thoroughly assessed for a three-year period against European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWFs), Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) A/B, Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR)-2, GMI, WindSat, hurricane weather research and forecasting (HWRF) model, and the stepped frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR) winds. The overall wind speed bias and standard deviation of the error (stde) against ECMWF are 0.16 and 1.19 m/s, while these are -0.11 and 1.12 m/s against ASCAT A/B, respectively. The same metrics against AMSR-2/GMI/WindSat (combined) are -0.19 and 1.11 m/s, respectively. The bias and stde against soil moisture active passive (SMAP) are -0.38 and 1.90 m/s, respectively. In the tropical cyclone environment, the bias and stde against HWRF are -0.54 and 2.90 m/s, and -4.71 and 5.88 m/s with SFMR. Finally, CyGNSS wind performance is gauged in the presence of rain. Below 10 m/s, the bias between CyGNSS and ECMWF increases as the rain rate increases. Between 10 and 15 m/s, biases are mostly absent. Above 15 m/s, results are inconclusive due to the low number of collocated rain samples. Overall, the presented CyGNSS wind speed product both exhibits consistency and reliability, showing promise of using GNSS-R derived winds for operational purposes.
This Is the House that Law Built: A Systems Story of Racism

Referring to racism as a system does not mean simply that racism is big, messy, and intractable. Saying that racism is a system brings a wealth of work on systems to bear on a phenomenon that permeates our culture, our politics, and our economy - a phenomenon that reaches into our internalized psyches and our interpersonal interactions and also shapes our institutions, policies, and laws. Viewing racism through a systems lens, viewing racism as a system, provides an understanding of how racism functions, which is necessary for taking actions to neutralize and reverse it. Racism and race in the United States were both created by law. Law is the backbone of our social structure. Law is the enacted and codified framework that constitutes our articulated collective story. As it did four centuries ago, law captures and communicates our ideology of race; law also affects and effects the social structures of continuing racism. Overall, law created and continues to maintain the system that is racism. It accomplishes this today while concurrently professing to be committed to opposing and dismantling racial inequality. We need systems stories in order to dismantle and transform racism; the predominant stories that law offers are deficient, distracting, and disingenuous. We must be straight with ourselves and others about the systemic nature of racism as well as law's role in creating and sustaining it.
The Latin American Writers of the Nineteenth Century

The previous chapter has shown that while the dominant trend throughout the nineteenth century was an inclination toward positivism, a great number of the publicists who participated in this trend at least paid their respects to the naturalistic tradition 1. If this was generally true throughout the rest of the western world, it was almost wholly true in Latin America; i.e., among those thinkers and writers who tended toward positivism in Latin America virtually all were disposed to at least acknowledge the existence of naturalistic forces as having legal implications.
CHIL Integration Tools and Middleware

In this chapter, we introduce two integration tools for smart environments: SitCom and CHiLiX. CHiLiX is an eventing middleware component for receiving messages from remote perceptual components and for controlling their status from services and situation modeling components. SitCom is a platform for developing context-aware services, editing and deploying context situation models, and simulating perceptual components. SitCom, which stands for Situation Composer, is constructed as an open and extensible framework with rich graphical rendering capabilities, including 3D visualization.
Compression Ignition Engines – Revolutionary Technology That has Civilized Frontiers all Over the Globe from the Industrial Revolution into the Twenty-First Century

The history, present and future of the compression ignition engine is a fascinating story that spans over 100 years, from the time of Rudolf Diesel to the highly regulated and computerized engines of the 21st Century. The development of these engines provided inexpensive, reliable and high power density machines to allow transportation, construction and farming to be more productive with less human effort than in any previous period of human history. The concept that fuels could be consumed efficiently and effectively with only the ignition of pressurized and heated air was a significant departure from the previous coal-burning architecture of the 1800s. Today, the compression ignition engine is undergoing yet another revolution. The equipment that provides transport, builds roads and infrastructure, and harvests the food we eat needs to meet more stringent requirements than ever before. How successfully 21st Century engineers are able to make compression ignition engine technology meet these demands will be of major influence in assisting developing nations (with over 50% of the world’s population) achieve the economic and environmental goals they seek.
Surprising Properties of the Nuclear Stratosphere Indicated by Energy Spectra and Large-Angle Correlations Between 4 He and 1 , 2 , 3 H or 4 He

Abstract Angular and energy distributions are reported for 4 He in correlation with 1,2,3 H and 4 He in the reaction 337 MeV 40 Ar+ nat Ag. Comparisons are made to a statistical model that includes emitter. Energy spectra important barrier reductions compared to those for cold nuclei, ≈25%, 12%, 8% and 0 for 1 H, 4 He, 2 H and 3 H respectively. Emitter deformation alone cannot give an explanation. A transitory nuclear stratosphere is suggested with proton emission favored from its fringes of lowest density.
A non-classical hydrogen bond in the molybdenum arene complex [η6-C6H5C6H3(Ph)OH]Mo(PMe3)3: evidence that hydrogen bonding facilitates oxidative addition of the O–H bond

Mo(PMe3)6 reacts with 2,6-Ph2C6H3OH to give the eta 6-arene complex [eta 6-C6H5C6H3(Ph)OH]Mo(PMe3)3 which exhibits a non-classical Mo...H-OAr hydrogen bond; DFT calculations indicate that the hydrogen bonding interaction facilitates oxidative addition of the O-H bond to give [eta 6,eta 1-C6H5C6H3(Ph)O]Mo(PMe3)2H.
Acidic air Pollution and birds in Europe

Evidence from a survey conducted by the European Continental Section of the International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP-ECS) suggests that birds have not served as such good early warning indicators of ecological damage from acid precipitation as they have for damage from organochlorine pesticide use. Only a few highly specialized species have been badly affected, and then long after the impact was observed in other organisms. Some birds have even benefited from the superabundance of dead and decaying standing timber.
Identification of metabolites of fluorine-18-labeled M2 muscarinic receptor agonist, 3-(3-[(3-fluoropropyl)thio]-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylpyridine, produced by human and rat hepatocytes.

Abstract An accurate, rapid method for the determination of unmetabolized 3-(3-{(3-[ 18 F]fluoropropyl)thio}-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylpyridine (FP-TZTP), a selective M2 muscarinic agonist, is necessary in order to obtain quantitative information from positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Using LC–MS–MS to analyze products from cultured human and rat hepatocytes, we identified metabolites resulting from oxidation of the nitrogen in the tetrahydropyridine ring, sulfur-oxidation, demethylation of the tertiary amine, and oxidation of the tetrahydropyridine ring. From the knowledge of the structure of the metabolites, we have developed a two-step extraction sequence that allows rapid determination of the parent fraction in plasma without time-consuming chromatographic analysis.
The effectiveness of the exciton mechanism in superconducting layered compounds

The excitonic interaction resulting from an array of adsorbed dyes on a plane conducting metallic sheet is considered. We show that only with the appropriate choice of dye and with certain constraints on the structure and properties of the metallic system can this interaction be strong enough to influence the superconducting properties of the sheet.
Computational modeling of bilingualism: How can models tell us more about the bilingual mind?*

Models are no new beasts to scholars of bilingualism. During the last several decades we have seen many interesting and important models that postulate how the bilingual mind works. But specific, computationally implemented, models are far less common than general, verbal, models of bilingualism. This is because the former require efforts on the part of the researcher to conduct algorithmic and representational implementations, whereas the latter do not. The central question is: What good does implementation do in telling us about the bilingual mind beyond what the verbal models do? This Special Issue is an attempt to address this question with seven computational models of bilingualism from different research labs.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of the 1:2 Salt Formed Between 1,2-(4-Pyridyl)Ethane and 2-(4-Hydroxyphenylazo)Benzoic Acid

Proton transfer occurred during co-crystallization of 1,2-(4-pyridyl)ethane with 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid to yield a salt comprising a 1:2 ratio of 1,2-bis(4-pyridinium)ethane dications and 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoate anions. Centrosymmetrically related anions associate by charge-assisted O–H···O hydrogen bonds to form 24-membered {···OC3N2C4OH}2 synthons. These are connected into a supramolecular polymer via charge-assisted N–H···O hydrogen bonds involving the 1,2-bis(4-pyridinium)ethane dications. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P−1 with a = 8.517(4) A, b = 9.110(5) A, c = 10.477(5) A, α = 96.850(13)°, β = 94.446(12)°, γ = 104.946(10)° and Z = 1 {two anions and a dication}. Supramolecular chains mediated by charge-assisted O–H···O and N–H···O hydrogen bonding are found in the salt containing a 1:2 ratio of 1,2-bis(4-pyridinium)ethane dications and 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoate anions.
Frequency domain time-resolved microscope using a fast-scan CCD camera

Time-resolved fluorescence imaging can enhance the contrast of microscope images and it can also provide important information about the micro-environment in cellular systems. We have developed a fluorescence microscope which can measure fluorescence lifetimes over an entire image. Fluorescence lifetimes are measured by using heterodyne frequency domain techniques. Heterodyning is accomplished by using an intensity modulated laser light source and a fast scan CCD camera coupled with a gain modulated microchannel plate as the detector. The high duty cycle of this method allows us to generate a phase resolved image with about five seconds integration time. Operating in the fast scan mode, the systematic uncertainties in lifetime determination caused by photobleaching are less severe than those of slow-scan cameras. The microchannel plate can be modulated at frequencies up to 300 MHz, which allows us to measure lifetimes as short as 500 ps with resolution of 50 ps. The modulation of the microchannel plate only slightly degrades the spatial resolution of the image from the diffraction limit; 0.8 micron resolution is maintained with 500 nm laser excitation.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Measuring optical tunneling times using a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer

We report a prediction for the delay measured in an optical tunneling experiment using Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference, taking into account the Goos-Hanchen shift generalized to frustrated total internal reflection situations. We precisely state assumptions under which the tunneling delay measured by an HOM interferometer can be calculated. We show that, under these assumptions, the measured delay is the group delay, and that it is apparently 'superluminal' for sufficiently thick air gaps. We also show how an HOM signal with multiple minima can be obtained, and that the shape of such a signal is not appreciably affected by the presence of the optical tunneling zone, thus ruling out the explanation of the anomalously short tunneling delays in terms of a reshaping of the wavepacket as it goes through the tunneling zone. Finally, we compare the predicted tunneling delay to a relevant classical delay and conclude that our predictions involve no non-causal effect.
Gonadal- and Sex-Chromosome-Dependent Sex Differences in the Circadian System

Compelling reasons to study the role of sex in the circadian system include the higher rates of sleep disorders in women than in men and evidence that sex steroids modulate circadian control of locomotor activity. To address the issue of sex differences in the circadian system, we examined daily and circadian rhythms in wheel-running activity, electrical activity within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and PER2::LUC-driven bioluminescence of gonadally-intact adult male and female C57BL/6J mice. We observed greater precision of activity onset in 12-hour light, 12-hour dark cycle for male mice, longer activity duration in 24 hours of constant darkness for female mice, and phase-delayed PER2::LUC bioluminescence rhythm in female pituitary and liver. Next, in order to investigate whether sex differences in behavior are sex chromosome or gonadal sex dependent, we used the 4 core genotypes (FCG) mouse model, in which sex chromosome complement is independent of gonadal phenotype. Gonadal males had more androgen receptor expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and behaviorally reduced photic phase shift response compared with gonadal female FCG mice. Removal of circulating gonadal hormones in adults, to test activational vs organizational effects of sex revealed that XX animals have longer activity duration than XY animals regardless of gonadal phenotype. Additionally, we observed that the activational effects of gonadal hormones were more important for regulating activity levels in gonadal male mice than in gonadal female FCG mice. Taken together, sex differences in the circadian rhythms of activity, neuronal physiology, and gene expression were subtle but provide important clues for understanding the pathophysiology of the circadian system.
Design Optimization of a Hybrid, Small, Decentralized Power Plant for Remote/Rural Areas

Abstract The focus of this research is to create a tool that will take into account wind, solar, and biomass resources at a location and determine how these three sources of energy would be best combined into a hybrid system to meet the load demand. The tool will allow the user to input the specifications for various models for each type of system, and then meet the load based on user inputted parameters (e.g., a requirement to meet 90% of the load at all times). The cost of energy will then be analysed, allowing the user to see what combination of elements would result in the least expensive cost of energy, as well as different ways the load may be met. The tool, which is nicknamed here HYPORA (for Hybrid Power Optimized for Rural/Remote Areas) will take into account not only the scientific basis of renewable energy; it will also account for economic and need factors, including government incentives. It is based on Microsoft EXCEL platform and can be used by engineers and scientists, as well as general public, policymakers, investors, and students, due to its user-friendliness.
Effects of V/III ratio on ordering in GaInP: Atomic scale mechanisms

Ga0.5In0.5P layers have been grown by organometallic vapor‐phase epitaxy using various values of input V/III ratio for two phosphorus precursors, phosphine, the conventional precursor, and tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP), a newly developed, less‐hazardous precursor. For growth on nominally (001) GaAs substrates misoriented by 3° (and in some cases by 0° or 6°) to produce [110] steps on the surface at a growth temperature of 620 °C, the Cu–Pt‐type ordering is found to be strongly affected by the input flow rate of the phosphorus precursor (V/III ratio). For decreasing input partial pressures below 3 Torr for PH3 and 0.75 Torr for TBP the low‐temperature photoluminescence (PL) peak energy increases indicating a lower degree of order. This is confirmed by transmission electron diffraction results. The decrease in the degree of order corresponds to a decrease in the concentration of [110]‐oriented P dimers on the surface, as indicated by surface photoabsorption spectroscopy results. These data indicate that the...
How have we diagnosed early-stage lung cancer without radiographic screening? A contemporary single-center experience.

Background The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), which demonstrated a reduction in lung cancer mortality, may result in widespread computed tomography (CT)-based screening of select populations. How early-stage lung cancer has been diagnosed without screening, and what proportion of these cases would be captured by a screening program modeled on the NLST, is not currently known. We therefore evaluated current patterns of early-stage lung cancer presentation.
ENHANCEMENT OF GP120-SPECIFIC CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY (CMC) BY HIV HYPERIMMUNE INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN (HIVIG)-ARMED EFFECTOR CELLS. † 1049

ENHANCEMENT OF GP120-SPECIFIC CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY (CMC) BY HIV HYPERIMMUNE INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN (HIVIG)-ARMED EFFECTOR CELLS. † 1049
II.—The Relationships of the ‘Sparassodonta.’

The Sparassodonta are an interesting group of extinct mammals found in the Tertiary formations of Patagonia. They appear to have taken the place of true Carnivora in South America during most of the Tertiary period, as the Carnivorous Marsupials do in the modern fauna of Australia. Their relationship has been in dispute since they were first made known to science by the distinguished South American paaeontologist Florentino Ameghino. In dental formula and other characters of the teeth and jaws they agree with the Carnivorous Marsupials, and show a high degree of adaptive specialization for predaceous habits. Dr. Ameghino was able to determine, however, from specimens in his collection, that the replacement of the premolars, in certain genera at least, was more complete than in modern marsupials, and approached that of the placental carnivora. He regarded them, therefore, as an intermediate group, ancestral to the Creodonta and modern Carnivora. Mr. Tomes, in his interesting study of thb enamel structure of the Creodonta and allied groups, has recently shown that in one genus of Sparassodonts the enamel shows the more highly differentiated structure of the true Carnivora, instead of the more primitive structure of Marsupial Carnivores. The collections made by the Princeton and American Museums in the Santa Cruz formation of Patagonia contain a splendid series of Sparassodont remains, including skulls and skeletons of the principal genera, which have recently been exhaustively studied by Dr. Sinclair. These show that the Sparassodonts agree with Marsupials, and especially with Thylacinus in almost all the distinctive features of dentition, skull, and skeleton characters by which they are separated from the placental mammals.
Preserving David C Sabiston Jr's legacy in medical students' surgical education.

In one study, up to 50% of medical students believed that they were an inconvenience to the service on surgical rotations, but almost all faculty andresidents (more than 95%) wanted medical students on the service. 1 What gives medical students the feeling that we are the “spaceoccupying lesions” in the operating room? And how do we overcome this feeling? For those of us pursuing a career in surgery, mentorship has played a central role. The quest tofindtheresidentorattending physicianwhowecanlook up to is not a recent phenomenon, but has been the center of clerkships (surgery or otherwise) for decades. Research has also pointed to “a passion for the art of surgery” as a leading factor in selection of candidates with lower likelihood of attrition. 2 Where does a passion for the art of surgery arise? According to some, “personalized education and mentorship practiced at top programs.entices medical students to train to be general surgeons.” 3 It is difficult to escape the tradition of mentorship at our institution. The entire hall of the first floor of the Hospital Addition for Surgery building is lined with pictures of residents thanking, mainly, Dr David C Sabiston Jr. I often wondered about his role in our surgical clerkship in the past, and whether the aspiring surgeons from our institution have changed now that his era is a tradition of the past. However, his influence lives ondthrough his trainees, his authoritative text, and his support for the medical student research year at Duke University. I am unsure of whether attendings posthumously contribute to grand rounds at other institutions, but Dr Sabiston contributes regularly to our grand rounds: when someone brings up “Well, Dr Sabiston would have asked, why not do this?” or that, or the other. David Sabiston’s “masterword” was work, 4 and it
EFFECTS OF DISTANCE BETWEEN POLLEN DONOR AND POLLEN RECIPIENT ON FITNESS COMPONENTS IN ESPELETIA SCHULTZII.

The effect of flowering time and of distance between pollen donor and pollen recipient on the proportion of filled achenes, aborted seeds, and seedling survivorship was studied in populations of Espeletia schultzii in the Venezuelan Andes. Hand-pollinations were performed in two different years and at different times during the flowering season. Pollinations within-population included crosses between plants within a few meters to a maximum of 500 m apart and between-population pollinations included crosses between plants more than 10 km and up to 78 km away. Late in the flowering season, plants suffered a reduction in the proportion of filled achenes and an increase in aborted seeds. The proportion of filled achenes and aborted seeds did not vary significantly between the distances between pollen and ovules in crosses done early in the flowering season. However, the proportion of filled achenes in crosses between individuals within 30 m distance were very variable, either very successful or not successful. Beyond 30 m, for some of the populations, the frequency of unsuccessful crosses was almost 0. This pattern was observed at three elevation sites in two consecutive years. When crosses were done late in the flowering season, the proportion of filled achenes was lower in crosses between close individuals and between very distant ones. Seedling survivorship varied significantly between the crossing distances at the higher elevation only. The results show that a clear effect of the incompatibility alleles on the crossing success of the plants is present in the different populations examined, while they suggest that the effect of inbreeding or outcrossing depression is less clear but might still be present only under certain conditions. Late in the season, when plants might have fewer resources available for reproduction and at the high and intermediate site where cold and dry environmental conditions are less favorable for the plants, the discrimination among distances was stronger.
Family dynamics in homosexual women

Subjects for this study were drawn from an informal social group of young, relatively well-functioning lesbians. Overall scores on a projective questionnaire (the Elias Family Adjustment Test) confirmed the prediction that homosexual women would show more evidence of adverse factors in their upbringing than would a matched heterosexual comparison group. Statistically significant differences were also found between the homosexual and heterosexual groups on subtests measuring negative attitudes toward mother, negative attitudes toward father, struggle for independence, parent-child friction, interparental friction, family inferiority, rejection of child, and parental qualities. No differences were found on subtests tapping preference for one parent over the other or oedipal concerns. Inspection of significantly differentiating FAT items revealed a remarkably consistent picture of the childhood homes of these lesbian subjects. The homosexual women described a neglecting and churlish father, a martyred and preoccupied mother, and children who felt angry and spiteful. Discussion is focused upon the implications of these findings for construction of a valid general theory of the genesis of homosexuality in women. Inferences drawn from this study—particularly those concerning the importance of negative childhood experiences with the father—are compatible with some previous studies of lesbian women and with many investigations of female role development in general.
Seastrokes: A New Threat for North Carolina Swimmers?: A Case Report

Spinal cord infarcts have been reported in young healthy patients following contact with the water on the beaches of North Carolina. Although their exact cause is not known, contact with a toxic marine animal has been proposed. We describe a patient who suffered a “seastroke” and review the pertinent literature.
Detection of obscured and partially covered objects using partial network matching and an image feature network-based object recognition algorithm

An approach to image classification based on the analysis of the network of points generated by an image feature detection algorithm has been proposed. This network-based approach looks at the networks produced by two images and scale and then compare them, making a classification decision. This paper considers techniques to handle the problem posed by input images that are obscured or in which the target is partially covered. These approaches are compared with the base algorithm to assess the impact on performance in the general case, obscured scenarios and obstructed scenarios.
Analysis of the Interaction of Group A Streptococci With Fibrinogen, Streptokinase and Plasminogen

Group A streptococci demonstrate a numer of distinct ways to interact with the human fibrinolytic system to acquire unregulatable cell-surface enzymatic activity. Interactions between bacteria, fibrinogen, streptokinase and plasminogen resulted in acquisition of cell-associated enzymatic activity that can lyse fibrin clots despite the presence of the major physiological plasmin inhibitor, α2-antiplasmin. Western blot analysis of extracted streptococcal surface proteins suggested that binding of fibrinogen to M or M-related proteins mediated the capture of streptokinase—plasminogen complexes to the bacteria. The enzymatic complex formed by reaction of bacteria with fibrinogen, streptokinase and plasminogen was found to be more stable in human plasma than pre-formed plasmin bound directly to the same bacteria strain.
HIV-1 Gag: Flipped out for PI(4,5)P2

The plasma membrane of virus-infected cells constitutes a barrier to the egress of newly assembled virus particles but also can serve as a platform that viruses use to facilitate their assembly. In the case of HIV-1, virus assembly is driven by the Gag precursor protein, Pr55Gag (1–3), and it has been established for many years that the association of Pr55Gag with the plasma membrane is an essential step in the virus assembly pathway. Less clear are the precise mechanism by which Pr55Gag binds membrane and the identity of host cell components that dictate the specificity of the membrane-binding process. In most cell types, HIV-1 assembly appears to take place primarily at the plasma membrane, although in some cells, including the physiologically relevant macrophage, assembly may occur in intracellular compartments known as multivesicular bodies (MVBs) (4–7). Recent findings indicate that a particular member of the phosphoinositide family of lipids, phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], serves an important function in directing Pr55Gag to the plasma membrane (8). In this issue of PNAS, Saad et al. (9) present evidence for a direct interaction between Gag and PI(4,5)P2 and provide a compelling structural model to help explain the role that PI(4,5)P2 plays in promoting the association of Pr55Gag with the plasma membrane. In a broader context, the proposed model suggests a novel mechanism by which phosphoinositides can help stabilize the association of proteins with cellular membranes.
Immunodeficiency in subtypes of chronic sinusitis

Abstract Background Defects in T cell regulation of B cell heavy chain switching may lead to humoral immune defects and chronic sinusitis. Methods Chronic sinusitis subjects were subdivided into aspirin-sensitive polyp (ASA, n=11), nonsensitive polyp (Polyp, n=22), and nonpolypoid (Nonpolyp, n=41) groups. The prevalences of "low" IgE, IgA, IgM and IgG subclasses were compared by ?2 with Bonferroni corrections (∗ Results Low IgE (0-9 IU/ml) was more prevalent in Nonpolyp (20/38) compared to ASA (3/9 ∗ ) and 0/14 Polyp (0/14, ∗∗ vs. the other 2) groups. High IgE (>100 IU/ml) was present in about 27% of each group. Qualitative IgE levels correlated (Spearman) with allergic rhinitis (0.52), polyps (0.37) but not CT scores (0.04). "Low" subclasses were significantly more prevalent for IgG3 in ASA (2/11 ∗∗ ) and Nonpolyp (9/41 ∗ ) than Polyp (1/22) subjects; IgG2 in Nonpolyp (6/41) than Polyp (0/22 ∗ ); and IgG4 in Nonpolyp (7/41) than Polyp (1/22 ∗ ) groups. Low IgA was more prevalent in Nonpolyp (6/41) than Polyp (0/22 ∗ ) and ASA (2/11 ∗ ). IgG1 and IgM did not differ. Blood eosinophilia was more prevalent in Polyp (8/14 ∗ ) and ASA (4/11 ∗ ) compared to Nonpolyp (11/41) subjects. Conclusions Nonpolypoid chronic sinusitis subjects had the highest prevalences of reduced IgE (53%), IgG3 (22%), and IgG4 (17%) suggesting T & B cell dysfunction. Peripheral eosinophilia was more prevalent (36%) in polypoid subjects.
Modeling Antarctic ice sheet and climate variations during Marine Isotope Stage 31

Abstract Marine Isotope Stage 31 (MIS-31) is one of the major interglacials of the early Pleistocene ~ 1.08 to 1.06 Ma. Data from proximal sediment cores around several sectors of Antarctica indicate strong sea surface warming and ice shelf and sea ice retreat. Benthic deep-sea-core δ 18 O values at this time are some of the lowest of the Pleistocene, indicating both deep sea warming and reduced global ice volume. A coeval alignment of orbital parameters produces one of the strongest high-latitude summer insolation anomalies of the last several million years. Here we use a 3-D ice sheet-shelf model to simulate the evolution of Antarctic ice sheets through the event, and a global climate model to simulate temperatures and sea ice during peak Antarctic warmth. The ice model predicts nearly complete collapse and subsequent recovery of marine ice in West Antarctica, and the ice and climate model results agree well with proximal sediment core data in the Ross Embayment recovered by the ANDRILL and Cape Roberts drilling projects. The dominant forcing is found to be variations in sub-ice-shelf oceanic melting, with insignificant surface melting of terrestrial ice flanks even during peak warmth. Implications are noted in light of other observations and theories of Pliocene–Pleistocene Antarctic ice sheet variability that do involve surface melt.
The mechanism of tanning in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator--I. Tanning agents and protein carriers in the blood during ecdysis.

1. 1. Labeled N-acetyldopamine, N-acetylnoradrenalin and their beta-glucoside forms were identified by paper chromatography as metabolites of 2-14C-dopamine in the blood of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, undergoing ecdysis. 2. 2. The blood appears to be the main site of synthesis of the glucoside forms. 3. 3. The label became tightly incorporated into the cuticle at ecdysis, suggesting that the glucoside forms are involved in the tanning process. 4. 4. The attachment of the labeled glucosides to two proteins (∼ 150,000 and >400,000 daltons) and the subsequent incorporation of these glucosides into the cuticle matrix suggests that these proteins act as carriers in the transport of tanning agents into the cuticle.
Backward behavior of solutions of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation

Abstract We prove that any solution of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation either belongs to the global attractor or it cannot be continued to a solution defined for all negative times. This extends a previous result of the first author who proved that solutions which do not belong to the global attractor have superexponential backward growth. A particular consequence of the result is that the global attractor can be characterized as the maximal invariant set.
Contractility of Placental Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Response to Stimuli Produced by the Placenta: Roles of ACE vs. Non-ACE and AT1 vs. AT2 in Placental Vessel Cells

Our previously published work has shown that non-ACE angiotensin II (Ang II) generating system is dominate in the placenta and may play a critical role in regulation of placental vascular contractile function. In the present study, using a collagen gel contraction assay we further studied contractility of placental vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in response to factors produced by preeclamptic (PE) placentas. Placental VSMCs/type-1 collagen gels were incubated with PE placental conditioned medium in the presence or absence of inhibitors or receptor blockers. Captopril (an ACE inhibitor), chymostatin (a non-ACE chymase inhibitor), losartan (an AT1 receptor blocker) and PD123,319 (an AT2 receptor blocker) were used to study the specific ACE vs. non-ACE and AT1 vs. AT2 effects on placental VSMC contractility, respectively. Our results showed that chymostatin, but not captopril, and PD123,319, but not losartan, significantly attenuated placental VSMC/collagen gel contraction, p<0.01, respectively. The inhibitory effects of chymostatin and PD123,319 were dose-dependent. Our results suggest that chymase, a non-ACE Ang II generating enzyme, may contribute significantly to Ang II generated in the placenta vascular tissue and that the AT2 receptor may play an important role in the regulation of Ang II induced contractility of placental VSMCs. These results provide new insights into Ang II generation and Ang II receptor regulation of vessel contractile function in the placental vasculature. These results also suggest the potential role of increased chymase activity and altered AT2 receptor function in placental related pregnancy disorders such as preeclampsia and IUGR.
Teaching object-oriented simulation with PsimJ simulation package

PsimJ is a Java-based discrete-event simulation package that supports the process interaction approach to simulation. This paper presents insights of how this simulation tool can help improve the teaching of object-oriented simulation. The simulation tool can also be used to help to understand and visualize a concept or a system. It can also be used to reinforce learned concepts through the design and development of a simulation model. A comparison of MODSIM III and PsimJ is provided as an introduction to show that PsimJ has a comparative set of functionalities to MODSIM III, a once widely used commercial simulation package.
Mental Health and Academic Achievement: Role of School Nurses

PURPOSE. This article discusses how school nurses promote mental health and subsequent academic achievement by screening and referral for children demonstrating mental health problems. Nursing interventions are discussed at the individual, systems, and community levels. CONCLUSION. Mental health problems can affect school performance and academic achievement. When mental health problems are not recognized, students may be unable to reach their academic potential. School nurses are in a key position to provide interventions to address mental health and academic achievement. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. The role of school nurses and examples of mental health collaborative activities are provided.
Topological insulators with inversion symmetry

Topological insulators are materials with a bulk excitation gap generated by the spin-orbit interaction that are different from conventional insulators. This distinction is characterized by ${Z}_{2}$ topological invariants, which characterize the ground state. In two dimensions, there is a single ${Z}_{2}$ invariant that distinguishes the ordinary insulator from the quantum spin-Hall phase. In three dimensions, there are four ${Z}_{2}$ invariants that distinguish the ordinary insulator from ``weak'' and ``strong'' topological insulators. These phases are characterized by the presence of gapless surface (or edge) states. In the two-dimensional quantum spin-Hall phase and the three-dimensional strong topological insulator, these states are robust and are insensitive to weak disorder and interactions. In this paper, we show that the presence of inversion symmetry greatly simplifies the problem of evaluating the ${Z}_{2}$ invariants. We show that the invariants can be determined from the knowledge of the parity of the occupied Bloch wave functions at the time-reversal invariant points in the Brillouin zone. Using this approach, we predict a number of specific materials that are strong topological insulators, including the semiconducting alloy ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x}$ as well as $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Sn}$ and HgTe under uniaxial strain. This paper also includes an expanded discussion of our formulation of the topological insulators in both two and three dimensions, as well as implications for experiments.
Insulin receptors and functions in normal and spontaneously transformed cloned rat hepatocytes.

Abstract Spontaneous transformation of late passages of a cloned line of normal, differentiated, diploid rat hepatocytes (RL-PR-C) leads, not only to a loss of contact-inhibition of growth and ultimately to oncogenicity, but also to a variety of characteristics suggestive of a loss of involvement with insulin: lack of a serum requirement for growth; reductions in numbers and affinity of insulin receptors; increased rate of dissociation of insulin; loss of insulin stimulation of protein synthesis; and, a reduction in insulin's ability to activate glycogen synthase and to stimulate glycogen synthesis from glucose.
Contact-potential measurements of the adsorption of Cs, O2 and H2 on (110) Ta

Electron beam retarding potential method to measure work function changes resulting from Cs, oxygen and hydrogen adsorption on /110/ Ta single crystal
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis and Multivariate Statistics for Pottery Provenance

The application of instrumental neutron activation analysis and multivariate statistics to archaeological studies of ceramics and clays is described. A small pottery data set from the Nasca culture in southern Peru is presented for illustration.