cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations of the Faroe Bank Channel overflow using bottom-following RAFOS floats

Abstract Overflows do not easily lend themselves to study by Lagrangian floats that remain on a constant isobaric (pressure) or isopycnal (density) surface, since the mixing, entrainment, and descent of an overflow plume result in an increase of the pressure and typically a decrease in the density of the overflow waters. A simple technique to maintain the float's altitude above the bottom was developed, and 12 “bottom-following” RAFOS floats were deployed at or downstream of the sill in the Faroe Bank Channel in the summer of 2000 from the R.S.S. Discovery. A technical problem resulted in the majority of the floats becoming stuck to the bottom; nevertheless several floats were able to traverse the Iceland Basin and surface near the southeastern slope of Iceland. These floats made a descent from the mouth of the Faroe Bank Channel, only to shoal along the southern slope of the Iceland-Faroe Ridge before descending again when passing through the northwest corner of the Iceland Basin. Typical current speeds through the Basin were 0.20– 0.30 m s - 1 , with peaks of 0.40– 0.50 m s - 1 . Although the floats that were stuck on the bottom provided no trajectory information, they were able to provide a time-series of bottom or near-bottom temperature. In addition, a crude estimate of the flow regime could be made by interpreting the pressure signals from these stuck floats as a response to strong or weak currents. Floats that were bottom stuck near the mouth of the Channel experienced large fluctuations in temperature ( 0 – 5 ∘ C ) and height of the bottom (and thus presumably speed) on scales from 1 to 4 days. Another float stuck 100 km downstream of the sill underwent temperature and speed excursions on similar time scales, albeit over a smaller range. The behavior of the floats is assumed to be the result of the mesoscale variability of the overflow plume downstream of the Faroe Bank Channel.
Fated to be a professor

My family has included professors for four generations, most of them associated with the University of Toronto. This accounts for my attending that university as an undergraduate where I first studied sociology, and perhaps suggests that I was fated to go on to become a professor myself. I also embraced as a teen-ager the now obsolete identity of “intellectual,“ centered on left-wing political convictions and literary aspirations. This led me into the orbit of the “New York intellectuals“ when in graduate school at Columbia and later to sympathetic identification with my former teacher C. Wright Mills's argument in The Sociological Imagination. My father's posting as a diplomat in Washington during the early years of the Cold War made me, however, a critical supporter of American foreign policy and a liberal opponent of the New Left of the 1960s, a salient presence in the New York University sociology department where I have long taught. The collapse of communism in the early 1990s has led to the death of socialism as an ideal and a decline in the influence of Marxism within sociology. It is difficult to foresee what the effects of this on the field will be in the long run.
Opposite effects of the melanocortin-2 (MC2) receptor accessory protein MRAP on MC2 and MC5 receptor dimerization and trafficking.

MC2 (ACTH) receptors require MC2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP) to reach the cell surface. In this study, we show that MRAP has the opposite effect on the closely related MC5 receptor. In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and microscopy experiments, MC2 receptor was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum in the absence of MRAP and targeted to the plasma membrane with MRAP. MC5 receptor was at the plasma membrane in the absence of MRAP, but trapped intracellularly when expressed with MRAP. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation, where one fragment of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) was fused to receptors and another to MRAP, we showed that MC2 receptor-MRAP dimers were present at the plasma membrane, whereas MC5 receptor-MRAP dimers were intracellular. Both MC2 and MC5 receptors co-precipitated with MRAP. MRAP did not alter expression of β2-adrenergic receptors or co-precipitate with them. To determine if MRAP affects formation of receptor oligomers, we co-expressed MC2 receptors fused to YFP fragments in the presence or absence of MRAP. YFP fluorescence, reporting MC2 receptor homodimers, was readily detectable with or without MRAP. In contrast, MC5 receptor homodimers were visible in the absence of MRAP, but little fluorescence was observed by microscopic analysis when MRAP was co-expressed. Co-precipitation of differentially tagged receptors confirmed that MRAP blocks MC5 receptor dimerization. The regions of MRAP required for its effects on MC2 and MC5 receptors differed. These results establish that MRAP forms stable complexes with two different melanocortin receptors, facilitating surface expression of MC2 receptor but disrupting dimerization and surface localization of MC5 receptor.
Design team composition for high level language computer architectures

Recently the declining costs of computer hardware, combined with the rapidly increasing costs of software systems have led to considerable discussion of computer organizations. When a computing system is viewed as a data structure, a control structure, and a processing structure designed to execute algorithms, it is reasonable to consider how this system can be optimized in both a hardware sense, and in the sense of reducing the total system software costs. A reasonable approach to greater efficiency is to design computer systems whose structure more closely resembles that of the higher level language in which the algorithms are to be expressed.
Analysis, modeling, and the management of international negotiations

Negotiation management, a framework for practical implementation of computer-based support to negotiators and their staffs, is defined and described in this paper. In particular, three integrated tools and their underlying methodologies, are illustrated. The collaborative use of computers and information techniques in complex negotiation is framed in terms of a ‘discovery and design’ paradigm in which parties engage in dialogue, learn, and develop trust that can support the negotiation itself through a process of joint analysis and modeling.
An algorithm for determining the optimal blank shape for the deep drawing of aluminum cups

Abstract In the deep drawing of cups, the earing defect is caused by planar anisotropy in the sheet and friction between the blank and punch/die. In the past, several incomplete research efforts have been directed toward predicting an optimal blank shape that will avoid the formation of ears. In this paper, we consider the problem of optimal blank design for deep drawing, including the effects of anisotropy and friction. The material considered for the simulations is aluminum 2048. A planar anisotropic yield function proposed by Barlat is used. The initial blank shape chosen is circular. A finite element analysis is performed to simulate the deep-drawing process. An error metric, to measure the amount of earing, is constructed for the resulting cup. This error metric is then used to re-design the initial blank shape. The cycle is repeated until the error metric satisfies a preset convergence criterion. This iterative design process leads to an optimal blank shape. Several different test problems are considered, including flanged and flangeless circular and square cups. Simulation results are very encouraging with reasonable number of iterations to arrive at the optimal blank shape.
A great leap of faith: Editorial for JSHS special issue on physical literacy

The concept of physical literacy seems to be an abstract idea. Since it emerged in the literatureabout 25 years ago, it has been a philosophical topic for scholars and intellectuals in the field ofphysical education (PE). But with the recent adoption of the idea as an operational platform fordesigning PE curriculum and physical activity programs in Europe and Canada, it has reborn as apractical idea for operation. Most recently, the Society of Health and Physical Educators of theUnited States, the national organization responsible for developing national goals and standardsfor PE in the US, has adopted the concept of physical literacy as the ultimate goal for K-12PE.1 Not only was the concept used to help conceptualize future programming as a philosophicalguide, but also it was used as the platform to develop learning outcome assessment standards andbenchmark measures.
The impact of low birth weight and maternal age on adulthood offending

Abstract Purpose The current study examines the relationship between low birth weight and adult offending, and whether maternal age at childbirth moderates this relationship. Methods Using longitudinal data from mothers and offspring from the Providence sample of the Collaborative Perinatal Project, multivariate logistic regression models were used to study the relationship between low birth weight and adulthood arrest by maternal age. Results Offspring born at low birth weight were at an increased risk of adult arrest, but only if they were born to adolescent (and not adult) mothers. These results remained while controlling for preterm delivery, number of cigarettes smoked during pregnancy, mothers’ marital status, socioeconomic status, African American race, gender, and court contact during adolescence. Conclusions Results highlight the importance of considering the moderating role of maternal age at childbirth, and underscore the notion that the adverse effect of a child born at low birth weight—with respect to crime—can be exacerbated if the child is born to a young mother but lessened or even ameliorated if born to an older mother. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
An analysis and implementation of an efficient in-place bucket sort

Various methods, such as address-calculation sorts, distribution counting sorts, radix sorts, and bucket sorts, use the values of the numbers being sorted to increase efficiency but do so at the expense of requiring additional storage space. In this paper, a specific implementation of bucket sort is presented whose primary advantanges are that (i) linear average-time performance is achieved with an additional amount of storage equal to any fraction of the number of elements being sorted and (ii) no linked-list data structures are used (all sorting is done with arrays). Analytical and empirical results show the trade-off between the additional storage space used and the improved computational efficiency obtained. Computer simulations show that for lists containing 1,000 to 30,000 uniformly distributed positive integers, the sort developed here is faster than both Quicksort and a standard implementation of bucket sort. Furthermore, the running time increases with size at a slower rate.
Kinetics of the sol/gel transition

Abstract A 3-component gel containing two polymerizing species has been made by mixing tetraethyl orthosilicate and potassium methoxide in propanol, aging the solution and adding aluminum butoxide and 1 4 theoretical water for hydrolysis. Upon addition of the water and gentle heating, the solution gels uniformly. Experience forming gels indicates that it is preferrable to mix components without water, encouraging polymerization before adding a fast hydrolyzing component or the water for hydrolysis. This process can be carried out essentially at room temperature without adjustment of the pH. The kinetics of the sol/gel transition have been monitored using gas chromatography which records a decrease in alcohol fraction during polymerization, and using titration which records water absorption during hydrolyzation. Once the sol/gel transition is reached, the result is a monolithic gel which continues to polymerize without additional water.
An Advancement in Transistor Second Breakdown Performance Using Molybdenum Metalization

Transistor second breakdown failures usually appear as collector-emitter short circuits. Microscopic examination of these devices shows that the contact metalization has undergone physical change. Cross sectioning shows that the short circuit is the result of the contact metal melting and alloying into the device. If it is assumed that second breakdown itself is not destructive but leads to the melting and alloying of the contact metalization, then a high temperature metal should be superior to aluminum for withstanding hot spots. This paper describes the experimental results of transistors having molybdenum-aluminum metalization compared to devices with only aluminum contacts. The results indicate that devices with molybdenum, when driven into second breakdown, will outlive aluminum units with respect to current by a factor of three.
Interspecific Interactions between Marsh-dwelling Ammodramus Sparrows at a Migration Stopover

Abstract The social behaviors of Le Conte's (Ammodramus leconteii) and Nelson's Sharp-tailed (A. nelsoni) sparrows are poorly documented, as are their interactions with one another, even in the prairie marshes they share during the breeding season. We report the regular coincident presence and similar habitat associations of these species at a fall migration stopover, the Baker University Wetlands, near Lawrence, Kansas, over an 11-year period, and describe social behaviors (several previously unrecorded) at the site, including an aggressive interspecific encounter.
Rapid Full-Wave Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) Inversion in a Three-Dimensional Earth Structure Model for Earthquakes in Southern California

SUMMARY A central problem of seismology is the inversion of regional waveform data for models of earthquake sources. In regions such as Southern California, preliminary 3-D earth structure models are already available, and efficient numerical methods have been developed for 3-D anelastic wave-propagation simulations. We describe an automated procedure that utilizes these capabilities to derive centroid moment tensors (CMTs). The procedure relies on the use of receiver-side Green’s tensors (RGTs), which comprise the spatial-temporal displacements produced by the three orthogonal unit impulsive point forces acting at the receivers. We have constructed a RGT database for 219 broad-band stations in Southern California using a tomographically improved version of the 3-D SCEC Community Velocity Model Version 4.0 (CVM4) and a staggered-grid finite-difference code. Finite-difference synthetic seismograms for any earthquake in our modelling volume can be simply calculated by extracting a small, source-centred volume from the RGT database and applying the reciprocity principle. The partial derivatives needed for the CMT inversion can be generated in the same way. We have developed an automated algorithm that combines a grid-search for suitable focal mechanisms and hypocentre locations with a Gauss–Newton optimization that further refines the grid-search results. Using this algorithm, we have determined CMT solutions for 165 small to medium-sized earthquakes in Southern California. Preliminary comparison with the CMT solutions provided by the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN) shows that our solutions generally provide better fit to the observed waveforms. When applied to a large number of earthquakes, our algorithm may provide a more robust CMT catalogue for earthquakes in Southern California.
Blocked recursive image composition

Presentations that feature arrangements of photos (e.g., collages, photobooks and slideshows) are a popular means of sharing and communication. In the prevalent framework for creating such presentations, layouts are supplied to the user in the form of designed templates. However, a template library may not support a desired number of photos, combination of aspect ratios or range of areas. To alleviate this issue, we present BRIC, a method for arranging practically any number of photos on a rectangular canvas. Primary constraints ensure respect of photo aspect ratios and specified gutter thickness; while secondary constraints encourage layouts in which photo areas correspond to desired relative area values. Photos are arranged based on a recursive partition of the page, with photo areas computed as the solution to a linear system implied by the partition. We present a detailed description of BRIC along with examples that demonstrate its versatility.
Modulating T cell responses for the treatment of psoriasis: a focus on efalizumab.

An improved understanding regarding the pathophysiology of psoriasis, coupled with advances in molecular research, has prompted the development of targeted biologic treatments for patients with plaque psoriasis. T lymphocytes play an important role in initiating the immune system and the inflammatory responses that result in the development and maintenance of psoriatic plaques. Efalizumab (anti-CD11a, Raptiva; Genentech, Inc.) is a mAb that targets the T cell adhesion molecule, leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). By binding to CD11a - the alpha-subunit of LFA-1 - LFA-1 is prevented from binding with its ligand, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). This inhibits various T cell processes believed to be important in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, including T cell activation, T cell adhesion to endothelial cells and T cell migration. Clinical trials demonstrate that efalizumab, given subcutaneously once-weekly, provides clinical benefit, including improved quality of life, in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Efalizumab is associated with an early onset of action, with improvement noted as early as 14 days. Studies with extended treatment suggest that continuing efalizumab therapy is more beneficial in maintaining and improving responses. Relapse of psoriasis is usually seen within 60 - 70 days after discontinuation of therapy, and rebound in approximately 5% of patients (i.e., flare to > 125% of baseline) is noted. Efalizumab is associated with acute adverse events during the first and second injections, which decrease in incidence with each subsequent injection. Data indicate that efalizumab can be safely administered for extended periods of time. Given the efficacy, early onset of clinical benefit, the safety profile and the convenience of once-weekly subcutaneous home dosing, efalizumab offers an interesting new therapeutic option for the treatment of psoriasis and the potential for improved and potentially safer long-term, continuous 'maintenance' therapy.
Describing people: A poselet-based approach to attribute classification

We propose a method for recognizing attributes, such as the gender, hair style and types of clothes of people under large variation in viewpoint, pose, articulation and occlusion typical of personal photo album images. Robust attribute classifiers under such conditions must be invariant to pose, but inferring the pose in itself is a challenging problem. We use a part-based approach based on poselets. Our parts implicitly decompose the aspect (the pose and viewpoint). We train attribute classifiers for each such aspect and we combine them together in a discriminative model. We propose a new dataset of 8000 people with annotated attributes. Our method performs very well on this dataset, significantly outperforming a baseline built on the spatial pyramid match kernel method. On gender recognition we outperform a commercial face recognition system.
A New Simplified One-Port Laparoscopic Technique for Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Placement

BackgroundVarious techniques for laparoscopic insertion of a peritoneal dialysis catheter have been described. Usually 2 – 3 ports are required, and complications related to the port sites (such as...
Effects of Microchannel Cross-Section and Applied Electric Field on Electroosmotic Mobility

In this work we report on the numerical and experimental investigation of the effects of channel cross-section and applied electric field on electroosmotic flow (EOF) mobility in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/glass hybrid microchannels. The experimental results are used to calibrate and validate the simulation model to solve the Navier-Stokes equation for fluid flow and Poisson equation to resolve the external electric field. According to the Helmholtz Smoluchowski equation the electroosmotic mobility (muEO) is independent of channel cross-section and applied electric field. Contrary to the above relationship, the results presented in this work indicate that muEO is not constant but changes with channel cross-section as well as the applied electric field. The results of this work will be useful in determining the optimum channel dimensions for a desired electroosmotic velocity at a given applied electric field.
Characteristics of fiber-optic magnetic-field sensors employing metallic glasses

A variety of extremely high-sensitivity, room-temperature magnetic-field sensors have been fabricated and tested using single-mode fibers in conjunction with highly magnetostrictive metallic glasses. Minimum detectable fields of 5 x 10(-9) Oe/m fiber are reported. The typical characteristics of the fiber magnetometers are summarized.
Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis AhpD, an element of the peroxiredoxin defense against oxidative stress.

The resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to isoniazid (INH) is largely linked to suppression of a catalase-peroxidase enzyme (KatG) that activates INH. In the absence of KatG, antioxidant protection is provided by enhanced expression of the peroxiredoxin AhpC, which is itself reduced by AhpD, a protein with low alkylhydroperoxidase activity of its own. Inhibition of AhpD might therefore impair the antioxidant protection afforded by AhpC and make KatG-negative strains more sensitive to oxidative stress. We report here that the 3( E ),17-dioxime of testosterone is a potent competitive AhpD inhibitor, with a K i of 50 ± 2 nM. The inhibitor is stereospecific, in that the 3( E ) but not 3( Z ) isomer is active. Computational studies provide support for a proposed AhpD substrate binding site. However, the inhibitor does not completely suppress the in vitro activity of AhpC/AhpD, because a low titer of AhpD suffices to maintain AhpC activity. This finding, and the low solubility of the inhibitor, explains its inability to suppress the growth of INH-resistant M. tuberculosis in infected mouse lungs.
Antenna array beam steering using time-varying weights

The author presents a new technique of steering an array antenna by introducing time-varying phase weights. It is shown that the technique is equivalent to placing a linear phase and linear frequency offset across the array when transmitting a linear frequency modulated (LFM) waveform. The technique reduces array dispersion and increases the operating bandwidth. An element level signal generator is presented as a possible way of implementing the time-varying weights. A possible array implementation is also shown. >
Clinical Reasoning and Advanced Practice Privileges Enable Physical Therapist Point-of-Care Decisions in the Military Health Care System: 3 Clinical Cases

Background and Purpose Physical therapists frequently make important point-of-care decisions for musculoskeletal injuries and conditions. In the Military Health System (MHS), these decisions may occur while therapists are deployed in support of combat troops, as well as in a more traditional hospital setting. Proficiency with the musculoskeletal examination, including a fundamental understanding of the diagnostic role of musculoskeletal imaging, is an important competency for physical therapists. The purpose of this article is to present 3 cases managed by physical therapists in unique MHS settings, highlighting relevant challenges and clinical decision making. Case Description Three cases are presented involving conditions where the physical therapist was significantly involved in the diagnosis and clinical management plan. The physical therapist's clinical privileges, including the ability to order appropriate musculoskeletal imaging procedures, were helpful in making clinical decisions that facilitate timely management. The cases involve patients with an ankle sprain and Maisonneuve fracture, a radial head fracture, and a pelvic neoplasm referred through medical channels as knee pain. Outcomes Clinical pathways from point of care are discussed, as well as the reasoning that led to decisions affecting definitive care for each of these patients. In each case, emergent treatment and important combat evacuation decisions were based on a combination of examination and management decisions. Discussion Physical therapists can provide important contributions to the primary management of patients with musculoskeletal conditions in a variety of settings within the MHS. In the cases described, advanced clinical privileges contributed to the success in this role.
Statistics for Parallelism and Abstraction Level in Digital Simulation

This paper presents statistics of several designs at four design abstraction levels - the instruction, behavioral, RTL, and gate levels. The data includes simulation time profiles, maximum speedup and limitations of parallelism, typical model evaluation times, event distributions, element intensities, and component counts for the four abstraction levels. This data is then used to analyze and evaluate several speed-up approaches: mixed-level simulation, parallel software simulators, parallel pipelined hardware accelerators, and decreased time resolution. The results show that element activity is around 0.1 to 0.5% at any particular time point. For the example circuits (3400 gates, 5000 gates, and 150,000 transistors), simulations show that parallelism can obtain speed-ups between 10-30. We found a factor of roughly ten speed-up between each of the abstraction levels.
Demographic constraints in evolution: Towards unifying the evolutionary theories of senescence and niche conservatism

I suggest that there may be a fundamental conceptual unity between two seemingly disparate phenomena: (1) senescence (the progressive deterioration in physiological function and, thus, individual fitness with age) and (2) niche conservatism (the observation that species often seem rather fixed over evolutionary time in their basic niche properties). I argue that both phenomena arise from demographic asymmetries. The evolutionary theory of ageing rests on the observation that the force of selection declines with age, reflecting the basic demographic facts that in persistent populations there are always fewer individuals in old than in young age classes and these individuals tend to have lower reproductive value. A similar demographic asymmetry arises when populations inhabit environments with source habitats (i.e. where conditions are within the species' niche) and sink habitats (where conditions lie outside the niche): there tend to be more individuals in sources than in sinks and individuals in sources have relatively higher reproductive values. These demographic asymmetries should often imply that the force of selection is greater in sources than in sinks, leading automatically towards niche conservatism. I suggest that niche evolution is most likely in circumstances where these demographic asymmetries in space weaken or reverse.
Use of the Omentum in Chest-Wall Reconstruction

Increased use of the omentum in chest-wall reconstruction has paralleled the refinement of anatomic knowledge and the development of safe mobilization techniques. Important anatomic points are the omental attachments to surrounding structures, the major blood supply from the left and right gastroepiploic vessels, and the collateral circulation via the gastroepiploic arch and Barkow's marginal artery. Mobilization of the omentum to the thorax involves division of its attachments to the transverse colon and separation from the greater curvature to fabricate a bipedicled flap. Most anterior chest wounds and virtually all mediastinal wounds can be covered with the omentum based on both sets of gastroepiploic vessels. The arc of transposition is increased when the omentum is based on a single pedicle, allowing coverage of virtually all chest-wall defects. The final method of increasing flap length involves division of the gastroepiploic arch and reliance on Barkow's marginal artery as collateral circulation to maintain flap viability. With regard to chest-wall reconstruction, we have included the omentum in the armamentarium of flaps used to cover mediastinal wounds. The omentum is our flap of choice for the reconstruction of most radiation injuries of the chest wall. The omentum may also be used to provide protection to visceral anastomoses, vascular conduits, and damaged structures in the chest, as well as to cover defects secondary to tumor excision or trauma. In brief, the omentum has proved to be a most dependable and versatile flap, particularly applicable to chest-wall reconstruction.
The Demand for Faculty in Special Education: A Study of Searches Conducted in 1997-98

As part of the comprehensive study of the supply and demand of special education faculty, we surveyed search committee chairs about their open faculty positions, the manner in which their searches were conducted, and the outcomes of the searches. We inquired about those hired in successful searches and the reasons for failed searches. Information from 121 chairs of 1997-98 special education search committees was collected. The majority of positions were at the rank of Assistant Professor and came from existing lines left vacant due to faculty mobility. Seventy-three percent of the searches ended successfully; 76% of those hired were women and 20% were culturally or linguistically diverse. Failed searches were attributed to job offers being turned down and the perception of an inadequate applicant pool. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research investigating special education faculty demand and the deleterious impact on students with disabilities.
On testing the role of niche differences in stabilizing coexistence

Summary Replacement series designs have been criticized because they may inaccurately predict the outcome of competition, particularly when species’ vital rates respond to competitor density in strongly nonlinear ways. Here we explain that despite this concern, experiments manipulating frequency can still effectively quantify the strength of niche differences in stabilizing coexistence, the goal of an experiment we proposed in an earlier paper. Niche differences cause species to have greater per capita growth rates when rare than when common, and we demonstrate that this result is robust to variation in total density. We also emphasize that our proposed experimental design does not call for fixing density across species’ frequency gradients, thus differing from a traditional replacement series design. We show that our approach and the more labor-intensive response surface design share the same theoretical foundation and both are apppropriate for quantifying the role of niche differences in stabilizing the dynamics of coexisting species.
Forecasting conflict management in militarized interstate disputes

Is predicting the international community’s cumulative response to an interstate dispute possible? Can we predict what form conflict management will take and how it will evolve over the course of a dispute? I employ the concept of a conflict management trajectory to test a forecasting model of conflict management. This model accurately predicts conflict management behavior and uncovers numerous novel insights—including that the initial intervention indicates clearly the resources the international community is willing to spend on managing the dispute. These results confirm the need to theorize further about conflict management interdependence and offer clear advice to the policy community.
Detection of aberrant hippocampal mossy fiber connections: Ex vivo mesoscale diffusion MRI and microtractography with histological validation in a patient with uncontrolled temporal lobe epilepsy

Understanding the neurobiology and functional connectivity of hippocampal structures is essential for improving the treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. At the macroscale, in vivo MRI often reveals hippocampal atrophy and decreased fractional anisotropy, whereas at the microscopic scale, there frequently is evidence of neuronal loss and gliosis. Mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus (DG), with evidence of glutamatergic synapses in the stratum moleculare (SM) putatively originating from granule cell neurons, may also be observed. This aberrant connection between the DG and SM could produce a reverberant excitatory circuit. However, this hypothesis cannot easily be evaluated using macroscopic or microscopic techniques. We here demonstrate that the ex vivo mesoscopic MRI of surgically excised hippocampi can bridge the explanatory and analytical gap between the macro- and microscopic scale. Specifically, diffusion- and T2 -weighted MRI can be integrated to visualize a cytoarchitecture that is akin to immunohistochemistry. An appropriate spatial resolution to discern individual cell layers can then be established. Processing of diffusion tensor images using tractography detects extra- and intrahippocampal connections, hence providing a unique systems view of the hippocampus and its connected regions. Here, this approach suggests that there is indeed an aberrant connection between the DG and SM, supporting the sprouting hypothesis of a reverberant excitatory network. Mesoscopic ex vivo MR imaging hence provides an exciting new avenue to study hippocampi from treatment-resistant patients and allows exploration of existing hypotheses, as well as the development of new treatment strategies based on these novel insights. Hum Brain Mapp 37:780-795, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Translating into Votes: The Electoral Impacts of Spanish‐Language Ballots

This article investigates the impact of one election procedure designed to enfranchise immigrants: foreign-language election materials. Specifically, it uses regression discontinuity design to estimate the turnout and election impacts of Spanish-language assistance provided under Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act. Analyses of two different data sets—the Latino National Survey and California 1998 primary election returns—show that Spanish-language assistance increased turnout for citizens who speak little English. The California results also demonstrate that election procedures can influence outcomes, as support for ending bilingual education dropped markedly in heavily Spanish-speaking neighborhoods with Spanish-language assistance. Small changes in election procedures can influence who votes as well as what wins.
High-Speed and Low-Power Performance of n-type InSb/InP and InAs/InP Core/Shell Nanowire Field Effect Transistors for CMOS Logic Applications

The performance metrics of highly scaled n-type InSb/InP and InAs/InP core/shell nanowire (NW) field-effect transistors (FETs) are theoretically investigated using an 8-band k•p model and a semiclassical ballistic transport model. We present the ON-current, the intrinsic cut-off frequency, the gate-delay time, the power-delay product, and the energy-delay product of NWFETs with two NW diameters of 10 nm and 12 nm, which operate in the quantum capacitance limit. We compare the results to the numbers predicted or projected for other materials and dimensionalities and find good agreement. Within a source Fermi energy range of 0.1 – 0.3 eV for all devices, the ON-current varies from 7 – 58 μA, the intrinsic cut-off frequency ranges from 8 – 15 THz, the power-delay product varies from 2×10-20 – 9.7×10-19 J, the gate-delay time varies from 2 – 19 fs, and the energy-delay product ranges from 7×10-35 – 1×10-32 Js. These NWFETs, thus, provide both ultra-low power switching and high-speed.
The Influence of Protein Source on the Response of Chicks to Corn Oil

Abstract A HIGHLY significant response in chick growth to soybean oil has been shown by Campbell and Hill (1962) when diets contained either soybean protein, fish flour, egg albumen or blood fibrin as sources of protein. The following study was conducted in our laboratory in an effort to relate the growth response of chicks to corn oil to the lipid content of 3 different dietary proteins and to the fatty acid content of the chicks’ liver. Soybean protein, casein-gelatin, and heated egg albumen were used as protein sources. The soybean protein was used as prepared commercially and after extraction in our laboratory with hot methanol. EXPERIMENTAL Day-old Athens-Canadian Randombred male chicks were randomly allotted into pens of 12 each. Two pens were allotted to each of 8 diet treatments. The chicks were housed in electrically heated battery brooders and maintained for 4 weeks with ad libitum feeding. The treatments consisted of…
Wavelet decomposition-based efficient face liveness detection

Existing face recognition systems are susceptible to spoofing attacks. So, Face liveness detection is a pivotal part for reliable face recognition, which has recently acknowledged vast attention. In this paper we propose a wavelet decomposition based face liveness recognition system using an energy calculation technique. Live faces contain high energy components compared to fake or printed image. In this paper, we calculate energy components of live face as well as fake face using discrete wavelet decomposition method. We analyze percentage of energy at different levels as well as for different wavelet basis function. We also analyze percentage of energy at different RGB bands and efficient face liveness detection method has been proposed. Discrete wavelet representation has been used to calculate decomposed energy components. Moreover, it provides differentiation of several spatial orientations as well as average and detailed information which are missing in the fake faces. This technique provides excellent discrimination capability when compared to the previously reported works based on the discrete Fourier transform and n-dimensional Fourier transform operations. To verify the proposed approach, we tested the performance using various face antispoofing datasets such as university of south Alabama (UFAD), and MSU face antispoofing dataset which incorporates different types of attacks. The test results obtained using the proposed technique shows better performance compared to existing techniques.
Efficient optimal design and design-under-uncertainty of passive control devices with application to a cable-stayed bridge

Summary Structures today may be equipped with passive structural control devices to achieve some performance criteria. The optimal design of these passive control devices, whether via a formal optimization algorithm or a response surface parameter study, requires multiple solutions of the dynamic response of that structure, incurring a significant computational cost for complex structures. These passive control elements are typically point-located, introducing a local change (possibly nonlinear, possibly uncertain) that affects the global behavior of the rest of the structure. When the structure, other than these localized devices, is linear and deterministic, conventional solvers (e.g., Runge–Kutta, MATLAB's ode45, etc.) ignore the localized nature of the passive control elements. The methodology applied in this paper exploits the locality of the uncertain and/or nonlinear passive control element(s) by exactly converting the form of the dynamics of the high-order structural model to a low-dimensional Volterra integral equation. Design optimization for parameters and placement of linear and nonlinear passive dampers, tuned mass dampers, and their combination, as well as their design-under-uncertainty for a benchmark cable-stayed bridge, is performed using this approach. For the examples considered herein, the proposed method achieves a two-orders-of-magnitude gain in computational efficiency compared with a conventional method of comparable accuracy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IS FIBROMYALGIA A USEFUL DIAGNOSTIC LABEL

Fibromyalgia is a harmful diagnosis that magnifies everyday complaints into a full-blown syndrome.
High-Performance Red P-Based P–TiP2–C Nanocomposite Anode for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Storage

An amorphous red phosphorus-based composite has been synthesized via a facile and simple one-step high-energy mechanical milling process and investigated as an anode material for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. The resultant P–TiP2–C nanocomposite exhibits a high reversible capacity of 1116 mA h g–1, excellent cyclability, and a remarkable initial Coulombic efficiency of 86% in lithium half cells. Furthermore, it delivers an initial desodiation capacity of 755 mA h g–1 with a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 80% and a good capacity retention of 80% after 100 cycles in sodium half cells. The greatly improved electrochemical performance is due to the unique nanoarchitecture composed of well-blended red phosphorus and crystalline TiP2 homogeneously embedded in a conductive carbon network. The presence of the conductive TiP2 inclusions plays a crucial role in offering structural stability as well as high conductivity to the phosphorus-based composite particles during cycling, thereby leading to supe...
Politics as a Christian Vocation: Appendix: On the Humanistic Commitment

Government by the people, this work has argued, is politics through full and free discourse. Democracy, therefore, presupposes the humanistic commitment. It affirms that reason, “universal and yet individual to each,” is the “ultimate judge … to which all authority must bow” (Whitehead 1961: 162) – or that reasons authorized finally by common human experience are alone sufficient to validate any understanding that can be validated. Specifically, popular sovereignty depends on the possibility of assessing by argument the validity of religious claims and thus claims for ultimate terms of political assessment. But commitment to the way of reason, as I have called it, is today widely rejected, both by religious adherents and by those who purport to hold no such conviction at all. Throughout the extended diversity of our political community, one might even say, the exclusion of religious convictions from validation and invalidation through discourse is the one opinion about religion on which there is near consensus. A similar view dominates academic discussion. Chapter 2 reviewed alternative accounts of a democratic constitution and noted especially those for which justice is independent of any conception of the comprehensive good. Typically, theories pursue that separation in order to affirm religious freedom notwithstanding their assumption that religious differences cannot themselves be adjudicated in public discourse. Quite apart from discussions of democracy, moreover, many thinkers hold that rationality is misconceived when taken to be the arbiter of claims for universal principles of belief or practice.
Unifying Algorithm for Mechanistic Diagnosis of Atrial Tachycardia

Background— No existing criteria unequivocally differentiate focal atrial tachycardia (AT) caused by microreentry, triggered activity, or enhanced automaticity. Although macroreentrant AT is readily diagnosed based on entrainment criteria, the smaller circuit dimension associated with microreentrant AT makes it challenging to validate the presence of reset with fusion. An algorithm was, therefore, developed that is independent of entrainment but which reliably identifies specific mechanisms of focal AT. Methods and Results— Fifty-nine patients with AT underwent adenosine testing after mapping of tacycardia. Ten ATs had nonfocal activation, with ≥90% of tachycardia cycle length identified with electroanatomical mapping, findings consistent with macroreenty. All ATs were insensitive to adenosine. Forty-nine patients had focal AT with centrifugal activation. In 32/49 (67%) ATs, electrograms were nonfractionated, and <50% of tachycardia cycle length could be mapped. Based on programmed stimulation, 26/32 (81%) of these ATs were classified as due to triggered activity and 6/32 (19%) as due to enhanced automaticity. Adenosine terminated 100% of triggered ATs and transiently slowed or suppressed 100% of automatic ATs. The remaining 17 focal ATs had localized fractionated electrograms (≥35% of tachycardia cycle length) at the site of successful ablation and were classified as microreentrant. Adenosine had no effect in these ATs. The response to adenosine accurately differentiated all subtypes of focal AT, P <0.05. Conclusions— Adenosine-sensitivity (termination or transient slowing/suppression) in response to adenosine was 100% sensitive and specific for identifying focal AT mechanisms due to triggered activity or automaticity, respectively. Absence of adenosine effect on focal AT identifies tachycardia due to microreentry.
Sixty as the new forty: considerations on older related stem cell donors.

The era of reduced-intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation, with its emphasis on older patients, has created new challenges in the management of what is now an older related stem cell donor population. These donors are now on average no less than 10 years older than in the mid-1990s. Donors over 70 years of age are no longer isolated or exceptional cases. They may still be considered eligible for donation but many of them, based on the older age and their medical history, may no longer fully qualify as ‘healthy’ or ‘normal’. The older the donor, the more likely that hematologic abnormalities, comorbidities and treated malignancies will complicate the picture. Assessing the risk-benefit ratio for both donor and recipient can now be more challenging than ever.
Chromium photocatalysis: accessing structural complements to Diels–Alder adducts with electron-deficient dienophiles

A chromium-catalyzed, visible light-activated net [4 + 2] cycloaddition between dienes and electron-deficient alkenes is described. Gathered evidence, via control experiments, isolated intermediates, and measured redox potentials, points to several converging reaction pathways that afford the cyclohexene adducts, including a photochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition/vinylcyclobutane rearrangement cascade and a substrate excitation/oxidation sequence to a radical cation intermediate. Notably, the accompanying mechanistic stipulations result in a process that yields regioisomeric compounds from those generated by traditional Diels–Alder cycloadditions.