cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family treatment of a borderline personality

This article discusses family therapy as a complementary treatment modality with the adult borderline patient. According to theory, the separation-individuation process is the underlying conflict of the pathological adaptation of the adult borderline patient and the goal of therapy is often considered to be separation of the patient from the family. Family treatment can facilitate the process of separation-individuation as it allows for the concomitant enhancement of the separateness of the parents. Family treatment can also reduce anxiety about separation, minimize the development of a premature intense transference, and prevent the battle for control between the therapist and the parents. Moreover, the process of the family treatment itself, described in this article, reflects the developmental phase of symbiosis, followed by the subphases of the separation-individuation process, i.e., differentiation, practicing and rapprochement, with the groundwork being laid for moving into object constancy. The ego functioning of all family members has the potential of being enhanced and strengthened through this process.
Inititiation, Flow Rate, and Routing of Capillary-Driven Flow of Liquid Moving through Microchannels on a Slipchip

This study is devoted to controlling the initiation and flow rate of spontaneous liquid-liquid flow passing through microfluidic channels in response to capillary action on a non-wetting droplet. Aqueous droplets were generated on a hydrophobic SlipChip in a shallow channel, and then a stepwise change in capillary force was induced by connecting the shallow channel to a deeper channel filled with immiscible oil. A model to predict the rate of spontaneous flow was developed based on the balance of net capillary pressure with viscous flow resistance; the inputs to the model were the liquid-liquid surface tension, advancing and receding contact angles at the three-phase aqueous-oil-surface interface, and the geometry of the device. The effects of contact angle hysteresis, presence or absence of a lubricating oil layer, and adsorption of surfactants at liquid-liquid or liquid-solid interfaces were quantified. Two different regimes of flow were studied. Faster (mm/s) flow rates were obtained when oil being displaced by the aqueous could escape through connected channels, and slower (μm/s) flow rates were obtained when displaced oil could escaped only through a μm-scale gap between the plates of the SlipChip (“dead-end flow”). Both diluted salt solutions and complex biological media such as human blood plasma were found to flow using this approach, and we anticipate it being useful in the future for control of flow in microfluidic designs that do not require external power, valves, or pumps. Approaches based on initiation of spontaneous flow would be useful for design and operation of the SlipChip platform as well as for other droplet-based and plug-based microfluidic devices.
A unified correlation of substituent effects with carbon, proton and fluorine chemical shifts in aromatic and olefinic systems

At the present time no completely satisfactory quantum mechanical calculations exist for carbon, proton or fluorine chemical shifts in various substituted aromatic or olefinic systems. However, the chemical shifts in such systems have been shown to be well correlated by a linear multiple regression analysis with the Swain and Lupton field and resonance para meters ℱ and ℛ, and the semiempirical parameter Q. The utility of Q in testing substituent stereochemistry has been exemplified previously. Here the applications of the complete regression analysis to a wide variety of different systems for the three nuclei are given. The correlation is also shown to apply to selenium in substituted selenophenes. The 13C chemical shifts for a series of ortho substituted toluenes are presented and comparisons made with other ortho disubstituted benzenes.
The Duality of Structure in China’s National Television Market:A Network Analysis of Audience Behavior

This study adapts Giddens' structuration theory to assess audience agency and its relationship with media structures. It employs network analysis to examine the co-evolution of audience duplication patterns and elements of media structure in China's national television market. The findings reveal that Chinese audiences tend to gravitate to channels with greater market share, higher household penetration rates, and more drama programming. Furthermore, channels tend to adjust their levels of drama programming relative to patterns of audience duplication in the long run. Finally, there was evidence of higher-order patterns of audience behavior, suggesting the existence of channel repertoires, and market concentration.
Validation of model-based optimization of brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) plant operation

Abstract A previously developed model-based optimization methodology is validated in an industrial brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) desalination plant in Southern California. A close match between model predictions and plant data in numerous cases indicates that the mathematical model accurately describes the main characteristics involved in typical industrial BWRO processes. It is demonstrated in this desalination plant that a 10% reduction in energy consumption can be achieved while maintaining the same permeate flow rate by adjusting operating conditions as suggested by the model. Furthermore, an opportunity for significant savings in disposal cost is identified due to a reduction in brine volume. This work clearly shows the effectiveness of model-based optimization in RO plant operation.
Risk adjusted forecasting of electric power load

Load forecasting of energy demand is usually focused on mean values in related statistical models and ignores rare peak events. This paper provides Extreme Value Theory analysis of the peak events in electrical power load demand. It estimates risk of the peak events by combining forecast of the mean with extreme value modeling of distribution tail. The approach is demonstrated for electric load demand data for a US utility. The problem is to find the forecast margins that keep the risk of demand exceeding forecast plus the margin to one event per year. The long tail model of the peak events is more accurate and yields 50% larger margin compared to the normal distribution model. These results show that the long tail behavior of the forecast errors must be taken into account when trying to keep outage risk low. I. INTRODUCTION Forecasting and management of peak loads is the key to energy efficiency of the power grid and to carbon reduction through renewables. To accommodate for the peak loads, current power grid capacity is three times larger than the average load. The technological and operational changes introduced by the non-traditional generation and distribution increase the load-power balance variability and the risk of large forecast errors. The load demand substantially exceeding the scheduled supply might lead to an outage. Utilities must schedule supply a day in advance in the electric power markets. The forecasted supply must take into account the risk of exceeding the day-ahead schedule, e.g., see (1), (2). This paper is focused on forecast adjustment needed to control the risk. The underlying models are trained on historical data. This simplifies practical application of the approach. Practical load forecasting is usually focused on mean values and relies on least squares or other related statistical methods for fitting predictive models to the historical data. In research literature, several machine learning techniques, such as neural networks, have been tried to forecast the power load (5), (7). Other techniques used in the literature, including (6), (7), involve versions of ARMAX (auto-regressive mov- ing average with exogenous inputs) model. The mentioned forecasting approaches are based on least squares model fit, which implies normal distribution of the forecast errors. They forecast the distribution mean and they do not address outliers. The training data outliers that do not follow the normal distribution for the model errors can bias the model. *This work was supported by a Seed Grant from TomKat Center for
Soft drugs—XIV. Synthesis and anticholinergic activity of soft phenylsuccinic analogs of methatropine

Three soft drug analogs and a metabolite of methatropine based on phenylsuccinic structural moiety were synthesized and tested for activity. In an in vivo assay, the soft drugs were found to be two orders of magnitude less potent than methatropine while the carboxylate metabolite was found to be one order of magnitude less potent than the soft drugs. A structural isomer of compound 4a was found to be less potent. All the soft drugs tested elicited shorter durations of mydriatic action in rabbit eyes compared to atropine. The untreated eye was dilated in the atropine treated animals while no dilation occurred in the soft drug treated animals indicating facile systemic metabolism of the soft drugs to inactive moieties, possibly the carboxylate metabolite. In in vitro stability studies, the soft drugs have been found to be more hydrolytically labile than atropine. The shorter duration of mydriatic action of compound 4a coupled with increased hydrolytic lability make this a candidate for further study.
Revisión de los enigmáticos puntos gatillo miofasciales como causa habitual de dolor y disfunción musculoesqueléticos enigmáticos

Resumen Este articulo analiza como los puntos gatillo miofasciales (PGM) pueden relacionarse con la disfuncion musculoesqueletica (DME) en el lugar de trabajo y lo que se puede hacer para tratarla. La causa de gran parte de esta DME y del dolor resulta enigmatica para la medicina moderna, ademas de muy costosa, del mismo modo que la causa de los PGM ha sido elusiva durante todo el siglo pasado, pese a una amplia literatura que resulta confusa debido a abordajes estrictamente regionales y a una, al parecer, interminable variedad de denominaciones. Los PGM son activados por sobrecarga muscular aguda o persistente, la cual es caracteristica de la DME producida en el medio laboral. Los PGM pueden afectar a cualquiera de los musculos del cuerpo, y a veces a gran numero de ellos, constituyendo una causa importante y compleja de dolor musculoesqueletico. Las caracteristicas clinicas y etiologicas de los PGM han sido poco exploradas por los investigadores, lo cual ha conducido a una falta de formacion de los profesionales sanitarios y a una infravaloracion de su importancia clinica. Los PGM no tienen un criterio diagnostico de referencia, ni disponen de ninguna prueba rutinaria de laboratorio o de diagnostico por imagen. Los PGM requieren una exploracion especifica no rutinaria y un tratamiento especifico del musculo para un alivio rapido cuando se encuentra agudo, ademas de la resolucion de los factores de perpetuacion cuando es cronico. Tras descubrirse la falsedad de una premisa decisiva, los estudios electrodiagnosticos estan efectuando actualmente unos progresos alentadores hacia la clarificacion de la etiologia de los PGM basandose en el modelo de 5 o 6 pasos de feedback positivo de la hipotesis integrada. Se mencionan las necesidades investigadoras especificas. Los PGM son tratables y merecen una consideracion y una atencion mayores por parte de investigadores y clinicos.
Some implications of the gel point concept to the chemistry of alkyd resins

This study explored the effects of chemical composition, extent of polyesterification and possible side-reactions upon the rheological behavior of a variety of oil-modified, glyceryl phthalate alkyds in both melt and in dilute solutions with several solvents. Correlative data were obtained on molecular weight and on other aspects of solubility and drying properties important to paint technology. Viscometric data proved very useful in relating variances of reaction degree with usage properties of these polymeric materials. Those data suggest a viewpoint of the gel point mechanism which enhances practical utility of polyesterification theory. This hypothesis proposes that alkyd synthesis is not a homogeneous reaction throughout, and that phase separation creates a colloidal dispersion in the reacting mass long before gelatification occurs. Classical polyesterification theory can predict the event of initial phase separation; other process variables affect the relative stability of the transition colloid which ultimately coalesces into the final gel structure. Practical properties of alkyds in paint vehicles can be adjusted to satisfy varying requirements by arresting the reaction at different levels before or in the transition region. Measurements of melt viscosity and intrinsic viscosity are especially sensitive and convenient probes for control of process and product in terms of this concept.
Flowfield simulation about the SOFIA Airborne Observatory

The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations have been applied to Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) configurations. Comparisons between numerical and experimental results are made in two-dimensions for free shear layers and a rectangular cavity, and in three-dimensions for simplified SOFIA geometries. Dominant acoustic behaviour of the cavity flows compare well with experiment. The sensitivity of the solutions to changes in grid cell size and artificial dissipation levels are shown. Furthermore, optical path distortion due to the flow field is modelled using geometrical constructs. The results demonstrate the viability and usefulness of the present computational methods for this class unsteady applications.
Daily rhythms in content and utilization of tyrosine in the whole mouse.

Tyrosine content and utilization in mouse liver, showing daily rhythm in composite metabolism rate
Algorithms for weakly triangulated graphs

Abstract We present improved algorithms for the recognition and the weighted versions of the optimization problems for the class of weakly triangulated graphs. In particular, we improve the complexity of the recognition problem from O(n4.376) to O(mn2), the complexity of finding maximum weighted clique and minimum weighted coloring from O(n5) to O(n4), and the complexity of finding maximum weighted independent set and minimum weighted clique cover from O(mn3) to O(n4).
Surgical management of pectus carinatum: 30 years' experience.

Pectus carinatum is an uncommon malformation that is often more symptomatic than the appearance suggests, and one that physicians often do not refer for surgical correction. Hospital records of 90 patients who underwent repair of pectus carinatum deformities between 1970 and 2000 were reviewed. During the same period another 445 patients underwent repair of excavatum deformities. Minimal deformity was observed before the age of 10 years for 81 of 90 patients; only 7 of the 90 underwent repair before age 11 years. AH patients were symptomatic; 84 had exertional dyspnea and exercise limitation, 52 had frequent respiratory infections, 24 had asthma, and 38 had chest discomfort. The mean pectus severity score (width of chest divided by the distance between the sternum and spine) was 1.73 (the normal chest is 2.56). The type of repair varied with the type of deformity, consisting of subperiosteal resection of the deformed cartilages, transverse osteotomy of the anterior sternum with insertion of a cartilage wedge, and support with a steel strut for 4 to 6 months in 76 of 90. There were no deaths within 1 year after the repair. Complications included hypertrophic scar (n=13), wound seroma (n=5), pleural effusion (n=3), and pneumothorax (n=2). The mean blood loss was 78 ml, and the mean hospital stay was 2.6 days. With a mean follow-up of 12.8 years, all patients experienced alleviation of respiratory symptoms and chest discomfort and diminished exercise limitation; 88 of 90 patients experienced a very good to excellent long-term result. One patient required reoperation. Pectus carinatum often causes more severe respiratory symptoms and exercise limitation than is generally recognized. Repair in 90 patients with carinatum deformities has resulted in marked clinical improvement in all patients, with low morbidity and short hospitalization.
Decontamination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on green onions using pulsed light (PL) and PL–surfactant–sanitizer combinations

Imported green onion has been associated with three large outbreaks in the USA. Contamination has been found on both domestic and imported green onions. The objective of our study was to investigate Escherichia coli O157:H7 inactivation efficacy of pulsed light (PL) as well as its combination with surfactant and/or sanitizers on green onions. Green onions were cut into two segments, stems and leaves, to represent two different matrixes. Stems were more difficult to be decontaminated. Spot and dip inoculation methods were compared and dipped inoculated green onions were found to be more difficult to be decontaminated. Results showed that 5s dry PL (samples were not immersed in water during PL treatment) and 60s wet PL (samples were immersed in water and stirred during PL treatment) treatments provided promising inactivation efficacy (>4log10CFU/g) for spot inoculated stems and leaves. For dip inoculated green onions, 60s wet PL treatment was comparable with 100ppm chlorine washing, demonstrating that PL could be used as an alternative to chlorine. To further increase the degree of microbial inactivation, combined treatments were applied. PL combined with surfactant (SDS) was found to be more effective than single treatments of PL, SDS, chlorine, citric acid, thymol, and hydrogen peroxide, and binary combined treatments of PL with one of those chemicals. Addition of chlorine or hydrogen peroxide to the PL-SDS combination did not further enhanced its microbial inactivation efficacy. The combination of PL and 1000ppm of SDS reduced the E. coli O157:H7 populations dip inoculated on the stems and leaves of green onions by 1.4 and 3.1log10CFU/g, respectively. Our findings suggest that PL could potentially be used for decontamination of E. coli O157:H7 on green onions, with wet PL added with SDS being the most effective PL treatment.
Visual working memory for line orientations and face identities.

Previous studies have shown that the number of objects we can actively hold in visual working memory is smaller for more complex objects. However, complex objects are not just more complex but are often more similar to other complex objects used as test probes. To separate effects of complexity from effects of similarity, we measured visual memory following a 1-sec delay for complex and simple objects at several levels of memory-to-test similarity. When memory load was one object, memory accuracy for a face (a complex attribute) was similar to a line orientation (a simple attribute) when the face changed in steps of 10% along a morphing continuum and the line changed in steps of 5° in orientation. Performance declined with increasing memory load and increasing memory-to-test similarity. Remarkably, when memory load was three or four objects, face memory was better than orientation memory at similar changed steps. These results held when memory for line orientations was compared with that for inverted faces. We conclude that complex objects do not always exhaust visual memory more quickly than simple objects do.
Expedited laser damage profiling of KD x H 2−x PO4 with respect to crystal growth parameters

We investigate the laser-induced damage resistance at 355 nm in deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate (DKDP) crystals grown with varying growth parameters, including speed of growth and temperature. The aim is to explore a new expedited method to study the growth parameters affecting the laser-induced damage resistance in DKDP material to obtain crystals with enhanced performance.
ROLE OF VLTAB, AN ABC TRANSPORTER COMPLEX, IN VIOLOGEN TOLERANCE IN STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

Streptococcus mutans, a Gram-positive organism, is the primary causative agent in the formation of dental caries in humans. To persist in the oral cavity, S. mutans must be able to tolerate rapid environmental fluctuations and exposure to various toxic chemicals. However, the mechanisms underlying the ability of this cariogenic pathogen to survive and proliferate under harsh environmental conditions remain largely unknown. Here, we wanted to understand the mechanisms by which S. mutans withstands exposure to methyl viologen (MV), a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) that generates superoxide radicals in the cell. To elucidate the essential genes for MV tolerance, screening of ∼3,500 mutants generated by ISS1 mutagenesis, revealed 15 MV-sensitive mutants. Among them, five and four independent insertions had occurred in SMU.905 and SMU.906 genes, respectively. These two genes are appeared to be organized in an operon and encode a putative ABC transporter complex; we designated the genes as vltA and vltB, for viologen transporter. To verify our results, vltA was deleted by using an antibiotic resistance marker; the mutant was just as sensitive to MV as the ISS1 insertion mutants. Furthermore, vltA and vltB mutants were also sensitive to other viologen compounds such as benzyl and ethyl viologens. Complementation assays were also carried out to confirm the role of VltA and VltB in viologen tolerance. Sensitivity to various drugs, including a wide range of QACs, was evaluated. It appears that a functional VltA is also required for full resistance toward acriflavin, ethidium bromide, and safranin; all are well-known QACs. These results indicate that VltA/B constitute a heterodimeric multidrug efflux pump of the ABC family. BLAST-P analysis suggests that homologs of VltA/B are widely present in streptococci, enterococci, and other important Gram-positive pathogens.
Mutations in the STAT1‑interacting domain of the hepatitis C virus core protein modulate the response to antiviral therapy.

RNA viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), have markedly error-prone replication, resulting in high rates of mutagenesis. In addition, the standard treatment includes ribavirin, a base analog that is likely to cause mutations in different regions of the HCV genome, resulting in deleterious effects on HCV itself. The N-terminal region of the core protein is reported to block interferon (IFN) signaling by interaction with the STAT1‑SH2 domain, resulting in HCV resistance to IFN therapy. In this study, mutations in the HCV core protein from IFN/ribavirin‑treated patients were analyzed, with particular focus on the N‑terminal domain of the HCV core which is reported to interact with STAT1. HCV PCR positive patients enrolled in this study were either undergoing pegylated IFN/ribavirin bitherapy and had completed 12 weeks of initial treatment or were treatment‑naive patients. The HCV core protein was cloned and sequenced from these patients and mutations observed in the STAT1‑interacting domain of the core protein from treated patients were characterized using in silico interaction to depict the role of these mutations in disease outcomes. Our results suggest that the amino acids at positions 2, 3, 8, 16 and 23 of the HCV core protein are critical for core-STAT1 interaction and ribavirin-induced mutations at these positions interfere with the interaction, resulting in a better response of the treated patients. In conclusion, this study anticipates that HCV core residues 2, 3, 8, 16 and 23 directly interact with STAT1. We propose that IFN/ribavirin bitherapy‑induced mutations in the STAT1‑interacting domain of the HCV core protein may be responsible for the improved therapeutic response and viral clearance, thus amino acids 1-23 of the N-terminus of the core protein are an ideal antiviral target. However, this treatment may give rise to resistant variants that are able to escape the current therapy. We propose similar studies in responsive and non-responsive genotypes in order to gain a broader picture of this proposed mechanism of viral clearance.
Spin-crossover behavior in a new series of iron (II) compounds based on the ligand 5-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole

The title ligand (hereafter LL), is found to form an exciting new series of pseudo-octahedral Fe(II) compounds with formula Fe(LL)3X2. N Solvent, which exhibit conveniently studied spin-crossover transformations between nominal5T and1A states of Fe(II). Mossbauer spectra indicate that the spin-crossover transformations for these new systems are probably of the continuous type. There is considerable variation in the degree of conversion to low spin with decreasing temperature depending on gegen ion, solvation and/or location of methyl substituent on the triazole - ligand. The Mossbauer spectra for particular complexes in this group show an absence of both noticeable hysteresis and mechanical grinding effects.
Natural language generation in the IBM flight information system

The IBM flight information system is a speech based conversational system which allows users to create multi-leg airline travel itineraries based on live flight availability information. We discuss here the components of the system relating to natural language generation. The deep generation component of the system decides what to say based on information shared with the user about constraints on flights. The surface generation component generates text based on a simple error catching mechanism and a few basic "generation constructs".
The Constitution of the Second Republic of Nigeria

The 1979 Constitution of Nigeria was modeled on that of the United States. Unfortunately, that 1979 instrument built-in corrupt politico-economic competition during the rise and collapse of Nigeria's oil boom. Some such problems might have been minimized had certain critical American Constitutional theory been studied in advance. But Nigerians of the current, post-Constitutional period yet can facilitate national politico-economic progress by adopting a specific "Jeffersonian" political economy principle; that principle actually had been contradicted by the Constitution of the Second Republic.
Characteristics of a dynamic holographic sensor for shape control of a large reflector

Design of a distributed holographic interferometric sensor for measuring the surface displacement of a large segmented reflector is proposed. The reflector's surface is illuminated by laser light of two wavelengths and volume holographic gratings are formed in photorefractive crystals of the wavefront returned from the surface. The sensor is based on holographic contouring with a multiple frequency source. It is shown that the most stringent requirement of temporal stability affects both the temporal resolution and the dynamic range. Principal factor which limit the sensor performance include the response time of photorefractive crystal, laser power required to write a hologram, and the size of photorefractive crystal.
Characterization of the Surface Area and Porosity of Sol-Gel Films Using Saw Devices

A novel technique for accurately obtaining nitrogen adsorption isotherms on thin porous films has been developed. These isotherms are useful for characterizing the surface area and pore size distribution of porous samples. The sensitivity to adsorbed nitrogen is increased by several orders of magnitude over conventional techniques by forming the test film on the substrate of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device. This device functions as a microbalance able to detect less than 100 pg/cm2 of film. Surface areas and pore size distributions calculated from adsorption isotherms obtained with this technique on silicate sol-gel films are compared to those for bulk samples prepared from similar sol-gel solutions.
Contemporary piracy research in criminology: a review essay with directions for future research

The realm of the ocean is scarcely studied by criminologist despite it being a component of the space of society. With the growth of maritime piracy in the past decade, this void has become increas...
The use of fluoride for the prevention of chronic intracranial implant dislodgment

A procedure is described for treating the skull with an acidulated fluoride solution at the time of intracranial implantation of cannulas or electrodes. Fluoride has a stabilizing effect on the hydroxyapatite of bones and teeth. In our experience, fluoride treatment has reduced the incidence of dislodgment of intracranially implanted appliances.
Parental medical neglect in the treatment of adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

Objective Although childhood sexual abuse has been a frequent focus of research on eating disorders, other forms of maltreatment have been less commonly reported. Parental medical neglect is examined in this study as having serious consequences for the treatment and prognosis of patients with anorexia nervosa. Method Two case studies illustrate parental interference with treatment in which Child Protective Services (CPS) had to be involved in compliance with state law. Two adolescent females who were admitted for treatment for anorexia nervosa are presented. Results In both cases, the parents refused to comply with the recommendations of the treatment team, placing their children's health in jeopardy. In compliance with reporting guidelines, CPS was notified in both cases. Conclusions Clinicians who treat minors with anorexia nervosa must consider parental compliance with treatment. Indications for the involvement of CPS are outlined. Optimally, this notification can ensure that the patient and family receive the requisite treatment. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 358–362, 2001.
Theory, data, methods: developing spatially explicit economic models of land use change

Questions of land use/land cover change have attracted interest among a wide variety of researchers concerned with modeling the spatial and temporal patterns of land conversion and understanding the causes and consequences of these changes. Among these, geographers and natural scientists have taken the lead in developing spatially explicit models of land use change at highly disaggregate scales (i.e. individual land parcels or cells of the landscape). However, less attention has been given in the development of these models to understanding the economic process — namely, the human behavioral component — that underlies land use change. To the extent that researchers are interested in explaining the causal relationships between individual choices and land use change outcomes, more fully articulated economic models of land use change are necessary. This paper reviews some of the advances that have been made by geographers and natural scientists in developing these models of spatial land use change, focusing on their modeling of the economic process associated with land use change. From this vantage point, it is argued that these models are primarily “ad hoc,” developed without an economic theoretical framework, and therefore are susceptible to certain conceptual and estimation problems. Next, a brief review of traditional economic models of land use determination is given. Although these models are developed within a rigorous economic framework, they are of limited use in developing spatially disaggregate and explicit models of land use change. Recent contributions from economists to the development of spatially explicit models are then discussed, in which an economic structural model of the land use decision is developed within a spatially explicit framework and from which an estimable model of land use change is derived. The advantages of this approach in terms of simulating policy scenarios and addressing econometric issues of spatial dependency and endogeneity are discussed. We use some specific examples from ongoing research in the Patuxent Watershed, Maryland, USA to illustrate our points. The paper concludes with some summary remarks and suggestions for further research. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Documentation of the Impact of Spinal Cord Injury on Female Sexual Function: The Female Spinal Sexual Function Classification

Significant new research has examined the impact of specific levels and degrees of spinal cord injury (SCI) on female sexual response. Research has also recently examined two methods of improving sexual responsiveness in women with SCI. The use of false-positive feedback and sildenafil were both noted as potential treatment methods that deserve further study. Concomitant with these observations, there has been a significant increase in overall interest in female sexual dysfunction. This interest has resulted in a new classification system for female sexual dysfunction, which takes into account both physiological and psychological aspects of sexual dysfunction. We propose a new classification system to predict female sexual function and dysfunction after SCI. This nomenclature, the Female Spinal Sexual Function Classification, is recommended for use as an adjunct to the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury.
The Medical and Legal Aspects of Maternal Mortality

Sudden unexpected changes in the life of a family create many different emotions in various family members. The death of a young woman during or after her pregnancy is especially difficult because of the strain it places on family dynamics. One of the consequences is that there is, commonly, a newborn, and perhaps other children, without a mother and caregiver. In families that relied on both parents working, there are financial hardships imposed by the death. There is the emotional void that is felt by her partner, parents, sisters, brothers, and extended family. This extreme stress leads to questions about the death that need to be addressed by the health care providers. If the anger that is part of the grieving process is not adequately resolved, healing cannot occur. It is then that the family may pursue the legal process to help obtain answers about what happened and, more importantly, why it happened to their loved one.
Mobile imagery systems using commercial technology

Considerable improvement in satellite channel capacity utilization is achievable through application of compression technology to military communications, especially secondary imagery systems. Standards activities are producing uniform and powerful compression algorithms. In addition, the NITFS standardizes the format of digital imagery and imagery related data. NITFS incorporates JPEG and will incorporate other compression algorithms in the future. >
Barriers to the Delivery of Psychosocial Care for Cancer Patients: Bridging Mind and Body

Harold Alan Pincus, The New York State Psychiatric Institute; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY; and RAND Corp, Pittsburgh, PA Sapana R. Patel, The New York State Psychiatric Institute; and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
Investigation of Depth of Interaction Decoding for a Continuous Crystal Detector

We present a clustering method to exact depth of interaction (DOI) information from a thick crystal version (i.e., ~8 mm) of our cMiCE small animal PET detector. This clustering method, based on the maximum-likelihood (ML) method, can effectively build look-up tables (LUT) for different DOI regions. Thus the position of interaction and DOI can be estimated simultaneously using our statistics based positioning (SBP) method. SBP is a LUT searching algorithm based on the ML method that uses 2-dimensional mean-variance LUTs of the light responses from each photomultiplier channel with respect to different gamma ray interaction locations. DETECT2000 simulated data was used to help validate our approach. 2 and 4 DOI region clustering were applied on the simulated data. The misclassification rate is about 5% for 2 DOI regions and 14% for 4 DOI regions. Using multi-DOI LUTs also improved the spatial resolution of the detector. These results show that our ML clustering method is a consistent and reliable way to characterize DOI in a continuous crystal detector without additional treatment to the crystal or additional electronic circuitry. The ability to characterize the depth dependent light response function from empirical data is a major step forward in developing practical detectors with DOI positioning capability.
Cytoplasmic sequestration of the tumor suppressor p53 by a heat shock protein 70 family member, mortalin, in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines

While it is known that cytoplasmic retention of p53 occurs in many solid tumors, the mechanisms responsible for this retention have not been positively identified. Since heatshock proteins like mortalin have been associated with p53 inactivation in other tumors, the current study sought to characterize this potential interaction in never before examined colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines. Six cell lines, one with 3 different fractions, were examined to determine expression of p53 and mortalin and characterize their cellular localization. Most of these cell lines displayed punctate p53 and mortalin localization in the cell cytoplasm with the exception of HCT-8 and HCT116 379.2 cells, where p53 was not detected. Nuclear p53 was only observed in HCT-116 40-16, LS123, and HT-29 cell lines. Mortalin was only localized in the cytoplasm in all cell lines. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry revealed that p53 and mortalin were bound and co-localized in the cytoplasmic fraction of four cell lines, HCT-116 (40-16 and 386; parental and heterozygous fractions respectively of the same cell line), HT-29, LS123 and LoVo, implying that p53 nuclear function is limited in those cell lines by being restricted to the cytoplasm. Mortalin gene expression levels were higher than gene expression levels of p53 in all cell lines. Cell lines with cytoplasmic sequestration of p53, however, also displayed elevated p53 gene expression levels compared to cell lines without p53 sequestration. Our data reveal the characteristic cytoplasmic sequestration of p53 by the heat shock protein mortalin in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines, as is the case for other cancers, such as glioblastomas and hepatocellular carcinomas.
Effect of High Level Aureomycin Feeding on Rate of Egg Production

Abstract Reports pertaining to the feeding of antibiotics to laying hens have been adequately reviewed by Elam, Jacobs and Couch (1953). In general, neither egg production nor hatchability have been improved by feeding antibiotics, but Sizemore, Lillie and Bird (1952) reported that adding aureomycin to a vitamin B12-deficient laying diet increased hatchability. When birds were reared on antibiotic-supplemented diets they produced eggs with a higher hatchability than those from hens which had been reared on diets containing no antibiotic. Elam et al. (1953) reported improved egg production and hatchability as a result of feeding penicillin or bacitracin. It should be observed that in the studies of these workers, a vitamin B12-deficient diet was fed. The present report concerns the effects of feeding laying hens high levels of aureomycin in diets adequate in all known vitamins. PROCEDURE Twelve lots of 9–12 New Hampshire pullets each were used in this experiment. The …
Ethionine induced degeneration and regeneration in the rat parotid gland: an electron microscope study.

The object of the present study was to establish a model for the study of parotid gland regeneration. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were placed for 11 days on a protein-free diet with daily intraperitoneal doses of aqueous DL-ethionine equivalent to 0.5 mg/gm body weight, and returned to a normal diet on day 12. At varying intervals, both during and after intoxication, animals were sacrificed and the parotid glands prepared for study with the transmission electron microscope. Ultrastructural observations indicated that damage was essentially limited to the acinar cells, in which the protein synthetic apparatus was the focus of injury. The rough endoplasmic reticulum displayed atypical configurations, loss of attached ribosomes and membrane fragmentation. In the Golgi region, an atypical structure, a “crystalloid” arose during intoxication. Because of the morphology and apparent formation of the “crystalloid” it was assumed to be an abnormal secretion product. Resumption of a normal diet resulted in the rapid restitution of the normal cytoarchitecture. During the first week of recovery, there was prominent mitotic activity in mature acinar cells. It was concluded that the primary effect of ethionine upon the parotid gland is interference with the function of the protein-synthetic apparatus, leading to morphologic alteration of the acinar cells. The mitotic activity observed during recovery indicated that in the adult rat, acinar cells retain the potential for proliferation.
LOOFA-PB: A Modified LOOFA Scheduler for Variable-Length Packet Switching

The LOOFA algorithm is a cell-based scheduler for CIOQ crossbar switches that can guarantee the work-conserving property in a cell-based switch if the crossbar switch works twice as fast as the line rate (speedup of two). Unfortunately, the cell based LOOFA algorithm is not work-conserving for variable- length packet switches because it interleaves the cells from different inputs to a particular output and does not necessarily serve cells belonging to a packet contiguously. Thus, the cells belonging to a variable- length packet must be reassembled at the output port before the packet can be transmitted. This requires a large buffer at the output stage, and causes extra delays. PLF, which is another suggested scheduling algorithm for variable-length packet switches, has its own limitations. PLF must use a considerable amount of memory at every crosspoint of the buffered crossbar, making the overall complexity high. In this paper we examine the work conserving property of the LOOFA and the PLF algorithms in variable-length packet switches and propose a packet-based version of the LOOFA (called the LOOFA-PB) for variable-length packets. The proposed algorithm is a (Lmax/2)-work- conserving algorithm and does not need a buffered crossbar or a speedup greater than two. In addition, the LOOFA-PB algorithm eliminates the need for reassembly and serves packets contiguously. As a result, it reduces the overall packet delay. Finally, eliminating the SAR functionality from the algorithm results in a smaller die size when implemented in an ASIC, and cheaper cost.
An efficient algorithm for time delay estimation

We present a conceptually simple and computationally efficient algorithm, which is referred to as WRELAX for the well-known time delay estimation problem. The method is a relaxation-based minimizer of a complicated nonlinear least squares criterion, WRELAX can be applied to detecting and classifying roadway subsurface anomalies by using an ultra-wideband ground-penetrating radar. Numerical and experimental examples are provided to demonstrate the performance of the new algorithm.
The benefits of model building in teaching engineering design

Abstract Using verbal protocol analysis, we report how model building has the potential to aid engineering students in solving a design task. From our analysis of 8 students in varying engineering disciplines, we found that physical construction of a model during an open-ended design task helped students generate and evaluate ideas, better visualize their ideas, and helped students uncover differences between real behavior and the conceptual model used to predict that behavior. Model building also enhanced creative thinking and helped students become more aware of their own meta-cognitive design strategies. We also found that, regardless of when they began sketching or building, the process was fairly similar in length for most of these students.
Pediatric Cushing’s Disease and Pituitary Incidentaloma: Is This a Real Challenge?

Cushing’s disease (CD) is the most common cause of endogenous Cushing’s syndrome in children and adolescents and represents a rare cause of short stature. A 14-year-old boy came to our attention for progressive weight gain and short stature. At examination, height was 140 cm (3rd centile) and weight was 37.7 kg (10th centile). Tanner stage was G2, PH 3, testis 3 mL. Hypothyroidism and growth hormone deficiency were excluded. A marked increase of urinary free cortisol, a nonsuppressible serum cortisol after Liddle 1 test, and an elevated ACTH value confirmed the diagnosis of ACTH dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a left microadenoma and a r ight focal area of lesser enhancement. Therefore, bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) with CRH stimulation was performed to obtain an accurate preoperative localization of the adenoma: the interpetrosal sinus ACTH gradient indicated lateralization of ACTH secretion to the left side. The patient underwent transsphenoidal surgery with selective microadenomectomy, with an immediate ACTH decline in the postoperative phase. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of corticotrophic pituitary adenoma. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy was instituted. Clinical examination demonstrated a rapid catch-up growth (10th centile), with a normalization of body mass index and an adequate pubertal development.
Partitioning of leaf nitrogen with respect to within canopy light exposure and nitrogen availability in peach (Prunus persica)

Relationships between leaf nitrogen content and within canopy light exposure were studied in mature nectarine peach trees (Prunus persica cv. Fantasia) that had received 0, 112, 196, 280 or 364 kg of fertilizer nitrogen per hectare per year for the previous 3 years. The relationships between light saturated leaf CO2 assimilation rates and leaf nitrogen concentration were also determined on trees in the highest and lowest nitrogen fertilization treatments. The slope of the linear relationship between leaf N content per unit leaf area and light exposure was similar for all nitrogen treatments but the y-intercept of the relationship increased with increasing N status. The slope of the relationship between leaf N content per unit leaf area and light saturated CO2 assimilation rates was greater for the high N trees than the low N trees, but maximum measured leaf CO2 assimilation rates were similar for both the high and low N treatments. A diagrammatic model of the partitioning of leaf photosynthetic capacity with respect to leaf light exposure for high and low nitrogen trees suggests that the major influence of increased N availability is an increase in the photosynthetic capacity of partially shaded leaves but not of the maximum capacity of highly exposed leaves.