cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subpixel resolution with the multispectral thermal imager (MTI)

The Multispectral Thermal Imager Satellite (MTI) has been used to test a sub-pixel sampling technique in an effort to obtain higher spatial frequency imagery than that of its original design. The MTI instrument is of particular interest because of its infrared detectors. In this spectral region, the detector size is traditionally the limiting factor in determining the satellite’s ground sampling distance (GSD). Additionally, many over-sampling techniques require flexible command and control of the sensor and spacecraft. The MTI sensor is well suited for this task, as it is the only imaging system on the MTI satellite bus. In this super-sampling technique, MTI is maneuvered such that the data are collected at sub-pixel intervals on the ground. The data are then processed using a deconvolution algorithm using in-scene measured point spread functions (PSF) to produce an image with synthetically-boosted GSD.
Experience with scientific-technical prediction in converter refractories production

The use of the method of expert evaluation allows a comparison, in the quantitative factors of the levels of prospectiveness and the features of development in the region of converter refractories, and also a prognosis of the resistance (life). The main trend in the work should be considered to be the use of refractories produced from synthetic clinkers based on magnesium oxide and calcium oxide with low impurity concentrations, and also guncreting of linings. It is important to increase the density and slag resistance of the procducts. Accelerating measures aimed at improving the properties of refractories and the operating conditions will allow a substantial increase in the converter lining life in a short period of time.
Transport of glutamate and aspartate across the membranes of rat liver mitochondria.

Abstract Chromatographic analyses have indicated that aspartate and glutamate constitute from 50–70% of the total free amino acids in freshly isolated mitochondria. Radioactive tracer studies indicate that while the l -isomers of glutamate and aspartate are rapidly accumulated by mitochondria, the d -isomers of these amino acids do not penetrate the mitochondrial membrane. The action of two inhibitory compounds, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (Sanger's reagent) and tannic acid, on the transport of l -glutamate and l -aspartate has been examined. A marked inhibition of l -glutamate transfer by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene is observed. A corresponding effect on the transport of either l -aspartate or the anionic substrate, succinate has not been found. Tannic acid, an agent previously known to inhibit certain carrier-mediated solute fluxes in mitochondria, is shown also to inhibit the uptake of both l -glutamate and l -aspartate. These findings are consistent with the view that the mitochondrial membranes of rat liver cells contain distinct, stereospecific transport mechanisms for aspartate and glutamate.
SCINTIGRAPHIC DETECTION OF BONE AND BONE MARROW IN-FARCTS IN SICKLE CELL DISORDERS

Differentiation of osteomyelitis (OSTEO) from bone infarction (BI) in patients with sickling disorders is a difficult clinical problem. In patients with OSTEO there is increased uptake of isotope on bone scan (BS) soon after onset of symptoms. We have used 99mTc suifur colloid for bone marrow scan (BMS) and 99mTc diphosphonate for BS to evaluate acute bone pain in 26 patients with sickling disorders. 99mTc tagged agents are readily available, and radiation is within the acceptable range for repeated diagnostic tests. In all 22 patients whose course subsequently indicated BI, the area of infarction had decreased or absent uptake on BMS. The corresponding area on BS varied in appearance depending on the interval between onset of pain and scanning. Of 7 patients studied within 5 days of onset, 6 had decreased uptake and 1 had increased uptake on BS in the area of the marrow infarct. Of 15 patients evaluated 5 days or more after onset, 4 had decreased and 11 had increased uptake on BS in the area of infarct due to reactive bone formation. One patient had diffuse increased uptake on BS with normal BMS, ruling out infarction and consistent with the clinical diagnosis of septic arthritis. Three patients with cellulltis had normal BS and BMS. In patients with BI extensive abnormality on BMS with minimal abnormality on BS indicates primary involvement of the marrow. Since these typical patterns are present at any stage of BI, the combination of BS and BMS may be useful in differentiating BI from early OSTEO.
The hotelling valuation of natural resources: some further results

Abstract This paper tests the Hotelling Valuation Principle (HVP) for natural resources using data from oil and gas ‘pure plays’ such as royalty trusts and master limited partnerships. The results support the HVP which specifies that the value of any mineral reserve may be predicted by the market price of the resource, net of extraction costs. Regression results also indicate that a Box-Cox transformation of variables provide a better means of estimating the functional relationship between the value of an exhaustible natural resource and its market price.
The Economics of Life and Death

National economic performance can reflect the health of the nation and the well-being of its citizens. National economics should encompass the economics and life and death. Mortality statistics or other health measures such as famines reduced life expectancies and higher female mortality can be used to gauge the economic health economic deprivation of a country. Analysis of mortality data can be useful in economic evaluations of social arrangements and public policy. Economic explanations of famine may be inadequately based on measures of food production and availability or income and purchasing power. A more complete understanding of famine is possible through analysis of the acquisition and distribution of food and the entitlement within different groups within society. Policy should be directed to the economic processes that affect a groups ability to procure food. The Bangladesh famine in 1974 could not have been predicted on the basis of food supply per capita because this measure was high in 1974. It was the floods and their destructive impact on rice production that left workers without the means to secure food. Panic led to hoarding which drove the prices up. US aid was delayed over political posturing. A similar example is given for the famine in Bengal in 1943 when the purchasing power of rural laborers real wages declined. The Ethiopian famine in 1973 was the result of a drought in Wollo province which did not substantially reduce national food production. Prevention of famine is possible by growing more food providing incentives to increase investment in agriculture diversification of production expansion of manufacturing investment in health care and education and increasing the purchasing power of the most famine-affected groups. Public employment programs could be directed to famine-affected groups as occurred in Maharashtra during the droughts of 1972-73. India after independence has been successful thus far in averting famine through this means. The approach relies in part on the market but also on politics. Chinas lack of political will allow their famine to continue for 3 years. Conflicts and wars affect famines. Famines can be averted only through luck in a dictatorship. A democracy more effectively guarantees attention to famine prevention. Famine reflects the failure in some economic and political structures.
Progesterone prevents linkage of rabbit myometrial α2-adrenergic receptors to inhibition of adenylate cyclase

The uterine response to adrenergic stimulation is determined by the hormonal milieu. This response is particularly well characterized in the rabbit. In this species, as in humans, the response of the uterus to sympathetic stimulation is a-adrenergically mediated contraction with elevated circulating estrogen. However, with progesterone predominance, similar stimulation inhibits uterine contractions, a response mediated by β-adrenergic receptors acting through their second message, cyclic adenosine monophosphate. We studied the mechanisms by which sex steroids regulate myometrial adrenergic responses. In this study, we questioned whether part of the effect of sex steroids could be explained by an alteration of the coupling of the α 2 -adrenergic receptor to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase. We found that in the progesterone-treated rabbit, although α 2 -receptors are present, they are not linked to inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate synthesis. The net synthesis of cyclic adenosine monophosphage in response to endogenous catecholamines is determined by their activation of β-adrenergic receptors to increase and α 2 -receptors to decrease cyclic adenosine monophosphate formation. Thus the uncoupling of α 2 -receptors contributes to increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate in myometrium of progesterone-treated animals consistent with the reported predominance of β-adrenergic contractile responses in this setting.
Acute exposure to noise affects sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake in the central nervous system of the rat

Rats were acutely (45 min) exposed to white noise at intensity of either 70 or 100 dB. Sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake was determined in the striatum, frontal cortex, hypothalamus, and hippocampus immediately after exposure. The effects of noise on choline uptake varied according to the intensity of the noise and the brain area studied. Exposure to noise of 70 dB significantly increased the choline uptake in the frontal cortex, hypothalamus, and hippocampus as compared to the uptake of sham-exposed rats, whereas decreased choline uptake in the frontal cortex and hippocampus was observed acute exposure to noise of 100 dB. No significant effect on choline uptake in the striatum was seen after exposure to noise of either intensity. In addition, pretreatment of the rats with the narcotic antagonist naltrexone (1 mg/kg, IP) before noise exposure blocked the effects of noise on choline uptake in the central nervous system. Changes in cholinergic activity in the central nervous system could be a response to the stress effect of noise and may be mediated by endogenous opioids.
A biochemical basis for the radiosensitizing and cytotoxic effects of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract There have been many investigations on the radiosensitizing and cytotoxic effects of chlorpromazine, both in vitro and in vivo . We have extended the studies to include the chemotherapeutic effect of chlorpromazine on lymphosarcoma and on a mammary adenocarcinoma arising spontaneously in breeding female CBA mice. Chlorpromazine was ineffective in the former tumor but enhanced the longevity of tumor-bearing mice in the latter case. The drug was also observed to potentiiate the hyperthermic killing of L5178Y cells and inhibit cellular oxygen utilization by cultured mammalian cells. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed.
Contribution of the cosmological constant to the relativistic bending of light revisited

We study the effect of the cosmological constant $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ on the bending of light by a concentrated spherically symmetric mass. Contrarily to previous claims, we show that, when the Schwarzschild-de Sitter geometry is taken into account, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ does indeed contribute to the bending.
Regulation of GRIP1 and CBP Coactivator activity by Rho GDI modulates estrogen receptor transcriptional enhancement.

Estrogen receptor α (ER) coordinates gene expression with cellular physiology in part by controlling receptor- cofactor interactions in response to extracellular signals. We have previously shown that the Rho signaling pathway modulates ER transcriptional activation. We now demonstrate that Rho GDI-dependent increase in ER transactivation is dependent on the ER AF-2 coactivator binding site, prompting us to examine regulation of receptor coactivators by Rho GDI. Indeed, Rho GDI cooperates with GRIP1 to increase ER ligand-independent and ligand-dependent transactivation and also enhances GRIP1 transcriptional activity when GRIP1 is tethered to DNA. The GRIP1 activation domain 1 (AD1), which binds CBP/p300, is necessary for Rho GDI to modulate GRIP1 activity. Using E1A to inhibit the endogenous CBP/p300 and a Gal4-CBP fusion protein to assay CBP activity, we find that the effect of Rho GDI on ER transactivation is CBP/p300-dependent. Importantly, the ability of CBP/p300 to transduce the Rho GDI signal to ER occurs through both GRIP1-dependent and -independent pathways. These data suggest a complex interplay between ER transcriptional activation and the Rho signaling pathways through modulation of receptor cofactors, which may have evolved to coordinate receptor-dependent gene expression with Rho-regulated events, such as cell migration. We speculate that dysregulation of the Rho-ER axis may participate in cancer progression.
Spatial and temporal distribution of resting female mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the coastal plain of North Carolina.

The spatial and temporal distribution of 28 species of female mosquitoes resting in natural (swamp, woods, and swamp-woods ecotone) and human-made (beneath bridges) habitats in blackwater stream-associated ecosystems in Duplin County, N.C., was determined by sampling with a D-Vac vacuum aspirator during 1984 and 1985. Two types of resting distributions were evident. In type one, species including Aedes atlanticus Dyar & Knab, Ae. canadensis (Theobald), Ae. triseriatus (Say), and Psorophora ferox (von Humboldt) rested predominantly on vegetation and were not collected beneath bridges. In type two, species including Anopheles punctipennis (Say), Culex erraticus (Dyar & Knab), Cx. peccator Dyar & Knab, Cx. pipiens L. and Cx. quinquefasciatus Say and their hybrids, Cx. restuans Theobald, Cx. territans Walker, and Uranotaenia sapphirina (Osten Sacken) rested on vegetation, in natural shelters in swamp habitats, and beneath bridges. Differences in the proportion of gravid mosquitoes among habitats were evident for Ae. canadensis, An. punctipennis, Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus and their hybrids, Cx. restuans, Cx. territans, Ps. ferox, and Ur. sapphirina, indicating that gonotrophic condition may influence resting site selection.
Solvent Effects on Acyl Transfers to Phosphonates

Abstract The nucleophilic reactivity of the phosphate dianion in aqueous solution is unusually low, relative to that of other nucleophiles of comparable pK4,s. For example, in the reaction with g-nitrophenyl acetate (pNPA), phosphate shows a negative deviation of over two orders of magnitude from the Bransted correlation (βnuc ≈ 0.7) obtained with other oxygen nucleophiles [l]. Since there are over 1 3 0 enzymatic reactions which catalyze nucleophilic reactions of phosphate, we were interested in exploring the possible sources of this catalytic efficiency. By using phosphonates (Rpo3 −2) as phosphate analogs we have shown an unusual insensitivity of the rate of acetyl transfer from E- nitrophenol to the phosphonate dianion (βnuc = 0.3). These observations, along with the more favorable entropy of activation for the reaction of pNPA with phosphonates (ΔS‡ ≈ −13 eu) than with most other nucleophiles (e.g., with imidazole or with acetate, δS‡ ≈ −30 eu) suggest a significant contribution of desolvation to the...
Chemical synthesis and expression of a gene encoding HIV-1 TAT protein

A gene encoding the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) TAT protein was chemically synthesized and expressed in HeLa cells and in a cell-free system. To facilitate both the assembly of the synthetic gene and further mutagenesis and gene fusion studies, several unique restriction endonuclease cleavage sites were included in the coding sequence without altering the encoded protein sequence. The synthetic TAT coding sequence was fused to a translation start signal and placed under SV40 early transcriptional control. Co-transfection of the TAT-encoding synthetic gene together with a reporter gene (chloramphenical acetyl transferase or beta-galactosidase) linked to an HIV LTR confirmed that the synthetic gene product exhibits similar activity to TAT expressed from HIV genomic DNA in the transactivation of the LTR. TAT mRNA prepared by cell-free transcription of the synthetic TAT coding sequence was also shown to produce functional TAT following microinjection into HeLa-derived cells containing an integrated reporter gene with the HIV LTR linked to beta-galactosidase.
Methemoglobin formation by a local anesthetic and some related compounds.

SUMMARY Citanest (L 67, α-n-propylamino-2-methylpropionanilide) and some related compounds were studied for methemoglobin formation in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, Citanest did not induce met-Hb formation in red cell suspension. Under the same conditions a related compound, o-toluidine, in a dose of 40 mg/dl, did produce met-Hb. Intramuscular injection of Citanest and o-toluidine in cats induced met-Hb in the circulating blood. Lidocaine and a related compound, 2,6-xylidine, did not produce met-Hb in the cat on intramuscular injection. In clinical experiments on 50 patients who received Citanest (200-1,600 mg) by epidural injection, met-Hb, exceeding 10% of the total hemoglobin, was observed in a few cases. The met-Hb concentration increased roughly parallel with the dose of Citanest administered. The only complication encountered was slight cyanosis in one case, whose met-Hb concentration was 2.79 g/dl. In most cases maximum met-Hb concentration was attained three to five hours after administration of Citanest, and met-Hb disappeared within 24 hours after the injection. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that the safe upper limit of Citanest for a single injection is 10 mg/kg body weight.
Assignment of the human gene for the α1 subunit of the cardiac DHP-sensitive Ca2+ channel (CCHL1A1) to chromosome 12p12−pter

A human clone corresponding to the gene encoding the α1 subunit of the cardiac dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel (CCHL1A1) has been isolated and partially sequenced. Oligonucleotides based on the human sequence were constructed and used in the polymerase chain reaction to amplify specifically this human gene in human-rodent somatic cell hybrids. Using somatic cell hybrids that contained defined regions of human chromosome 12, the human α1 subunit of the cardiac dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel has been assigned to the short arm of chromosome 12 in the interval 12p12-pter.
Genetic amniocentesis following multifetal pregnancy reduction to twins: assessing the risk.

Fifty-three patients who elected to reduce their pregnancies to a twin gestation in our centre are known to have subsequently undergone genetic amniocentesis. Five of these patients lost their entire pregnancy following the genetic amniocentesis procedure. This is equivalent to a 9·4 per cent pregnancy loss rate for reduced twin gestations in comparison with an expected loss rate of 2 per cent for non-reduced twin gestations.
Social inference and mortuary practices: an experiment in numerical classification

Abstract Recent cross‐cultural studies of ethnographically recorded mortuary procedures indicate that variations in the form of mortuary ritual symbolize and reflect the membership of the deceased in the components of a social system. Such formal patterns of burial procedure can best be identified archaeologically through the numerical classification of mortuary attributes. A general interpretive orientation towards the study of mortuary practices is developed in this paper as a basis for testing the relative utility of average‐ and complete‐linkage cluster‐analyses, fact‐analysis, and monothetic division using the sum of chi‐squares and the information statistic, for the classification of mortuary data. The results of this experiment indicate that classification with the information statistic is most suitable for analysis of thesocial dimensions of mortuary practices:
Quotas for women in elected legislatures: Do they really empower women?

Synopsis The demand for 30% reservations for women in electoral bodies has escalated in the last decade and has produced significant increases in women legislators in many countries. Those campaigning for quotas anticipated a change in government policies and priorities and an increased influence of women in decision-making. Such a shift in power depends both on the types of party systems and of electoral systems, issues widely overlooked. Utilizing proportional representation (PR) with a fixed party list system will certainly increase the number of women elected; but women selected must be party loyalists. Studies suggest their impact on policy is limited. Reservations in countries using the single-member constituency system require legal change. Women leaders of civil society organizations are more likely to win elections under the single-constituency system and thus have greater influence on policy. Many obstacles remain for women to be effective in all these male-dominated chambers.
Concentration, pH, and Surface Charge Effects on Cadmium and Lead Sorption in Three Tropical Soils

Reactions of heavy metals with soil are important in determining metal fates in the environment. Sorption characteristics of two heavy metals, Cd and Pb, in three tropical soils (Mollisol, Oxisol, and Ultisol) from Puerto Rico were assessed at varying metal concentrations (0 to 1.2 mM) and pH values (approximately 2 to 7). All soils sorbed more Pb than Cd. Sorption maxima were obtained for each metal for the Oxisol and Ultisol soils, but not the Mollisol. Sorption appeared to depend more on soil mineralogy than organic matter content. Sorption isotherms were linear within the sorption envelope with similar slopes for each soil-metal curve, when plotting metal sorption as a function of pH. Cadmium and Pb isotherms yielded average slopes of approximately 36+/-1 and 28+/-1 units (percent increase in metal sorption per 1-unit increase in pH), respectively. Metal sorption depended more on metal type than soil composition. Cadmium sorption displayed a greater pH dependence than Pb. Cadmium sorption was less than or equal to the amount of negative surface charge except at pH values greater than the point of zero net charge (PZNC). This suggests that Cd was probably sorbed via electrostatic surface reactions and/or possible inner-sphere complexation at pH > 3.7. However, the amount of Pb sorbed by the Oxisol was greater than the amount of negative surface charge, suggesting that Pb participates in inner-sphere surface reactions. Lead was sorbed more strongly than Cd in our soils and poses less of a threat to underlying ground water systems due to its lower mobility and availability.
Sampling from a moving window over streaming data

We introduce the problem of sampling from a moving window of recent items from a data stream and develop two algorithms for this problem. The first algorithm, "chain-sample", extends reservoir sampling to deal with the expiration of data elements from the sample. The expected memory usage of our algorithm is O(k) when maintaining a sample of size k over a window of the n most recent elements from the data stream, and with high probability the algorithm requires no more than O(k log n) memory.When the number of elements in the window is variable, as is the case when the size of the window is defined as a time duration rather than as a fixed number of data elements, the sampling problem becomes harder. Our second algorithm, "priority-sample", works even when the number of elements in the window can vary dynamically over time. With high probability, the "priority-sample" algorithm uses no more than O(k log n) memory.
Ensuring a scientific basis for community interventions for asthma.

Abstract Community based interventions are an important part of public health management of many diseases, including asthma. However, there are few scientifically proven and readily available community interventions for asthma. In an effort to increase the number of available interventions, we have identified ongoing asthma intervention research, identified potentially effective asthma interventions based on completed research, and prepared several of the effective interventions for widespread implementation through a process called “translation.” We provide an example of one of these effective interventions now available for widespread implementation, “Creating a medical home for asthma.” This intervention grew out of need for an intervention in New York City Department of Health (NYCDOH) clinics. The intervention includes training all clinic staff in a comprehensive, preventive approach to asthma care. All of the materials needed to implement the intervention are available to all through the NYCDOH web site ( www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/cmha/index.html ). This example points to the importance of making the tools needed to implement effective interventions available across the country and the role of public/private partnerships to assure the availability of science-based interventions for asthma control.
The Adjoint of Differentiation

Let n be any nonnegative integer. Let V = Pn be the vector space of polynomials of degree at most n, equipped with the inner product ⟨f, g⟩ = ∫10f(x)g(x) dx. Let D: V → V be the differentiation operator, D(f) = f′. Then D has an adjoint D*. We have closed-form expressions for D*, which were conjectured by computing D* for small values of n and finding a pattern. (If f(x) is a polynomial of degree k ≤ n, then while the value of D(f(x)) is independent of n, the value of D*(f(x)) depends on n.) We also find formulas for D* in terms of classical Legendre polynomials, shifted to the interval [0, 1]. Using these formulas, it is easy to prove that our closed-form expressions are correct. An alternative approach yields combinatorial identities involving the entries of the inverses of Hilbert matrices.
A combination of PPAR-γ agonists and HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) as a new therapy for the conservative treatment of AAS (aortic aneurysm syndromes)

The aetiology of aortic aneurysms (AAs) is the subject of intense clinical investigation. One of the critical points in their pathogenesis is the disruption of the balance between vascular extracellular matrix deposition and degradation. AAs are common features in some genetically determined diseases of the connective tissue, such as Marfan and Loeys-Dietz Syndromes. Acquired factors determining an enhanced inflammatory state of the arterial wall also play a key role. Previous studies have determined the role of TGF-beta as the principal mediator of the pathogenesis of the alterations of the arterial wall homeostasis in aneurysms. The current medical management of any AA is mainly focused on the use of pharmacological agents that reduce hemodynamic stress of aortic wall, since hypertension is the major risk factor for the enlargement and rupture of the AAs. Thus, this approach is useful to reduce the risk of aneurysm rupture but is far from being a comprehensive pathophysiology-based therapeutic approach. Drugs with the potential of reducing the action of TGF-beta, which activation and expression has been reported to have a major role in the molecular pathogenesis of the aneurysms, improving matrix repair, decreasing the proteolytic pattern and inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme as well as preventing angiotensin II-induced AT1R (angiotensin type 1 receptor) activation, can represent new options in the medical therapy of AAs. We propose that a combination of statins and PPAR-gamma agonist could be a useful adjunctive therapy in this condition. The new pathophysiology-based therapeutic approach, involving the pathological patterns and mechanisms leading to the rupture of the AAs, could represent an interesting additional tool in combination with the current established anti-hypertensive therapy.
Solution-based thermodynamic modeling of the Ni–Ta and Ni–Mo–Ta systems using first-principle calculations

Abstract Solution-based thermodynamic descriptions of the Ni–Ta and Ni–Mo–Ta systems are developed with supporting first-principles calculations and reported experimental data for parameter evaluation. For the Ni–Ta system, the liquid, bcc and fcc phases are described with a random solution model, D022–Ni3Ta is treated as a stoichiometric compound, and the remaining compounds are modeled as solid solutions on multiple sublattices. The resulting model for the Ni–Ta system is integrated with reported treatments of the Ni–Mo and Mo–Ta systems, and a thermodynamic model for the ternary Ni–Mo–Ta system is developed. The zero-Kelvin enthalpies of formation for the intermetallic compounds in the Ni–Mo–Ta system and the enthalpies of mixing for the bcc and fcc special quasirandom structures (SQS) in the binary Ni–Ta system are computed using the Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package (VASP). Phase equilibria modeling results for the ternary Ni–Mo–Ta system are summarily presented in the form of isothermal sections and liquidus projections, with appropriate comparisons with available experimental data.
Binding, coupling, and mRNA subtype heterogeneity of α1-adrenergic receptors in cultured human RPE

In retinal pigment epithelium, apically applied epinephrine changes the conductance of specific ions which subsequently affects the membrane voltage and stimulates transepithelial fluid transport. In this investigation, myo -[ 3 H]inositol radiotracer studies, radioligand binding with [ 125 I]HEAT, and ribonuclease protection assays were performed to examine the coupling of this receptor to phosphoinositide hydrolysis and the specific mRNA subtypes expressed in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. After labeling second to sixth passage cells with 3- μ -Ci myo -[ 3 H]inositol for 24 hr, epinephrine caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in [ 3 H]inositol phosphate products (EC 50 of 0.7 μ m ). This stimulation was antagonized by prazosin but not by propranolol. The effect of epinephrine was potentiated by the presence of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline (10 μ m ). Pertussis toxin (1 μ g per well) attenuated the stimulatory effect of epinephrine. In the radioligand binding assays, [ 125 I]HEAT binding sites varied among different cell lines, with a range of 44 to 200 fmol (mg protein) −1 . Using a ribonuclease protection assay, α 1D and α 1B, but not α 1C, adrenergic mRNA subtypes were detected in cultured human cells. Collectively, these results show that the catecholamines act on a potentially heterogeneous population of α 1-adrenergic receptors coupled to phospholipase C by a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein.
Analyzing the fault tolerance of double-loop networks

The paper analyzes the fault tolerance of a class of double-loop networks referred to as forward-loop backward-hop (FLBH), in which each node is connected via unidirectional links to the node one hop in front of it and to the node S hops in back of it for some S. A new measure of fault tolerance is described, along with techniques based on Markov chains to calculate upper and lower bounds on the fault tolerance of this network topology quickly and efficiently. The results of these calculations provide a more precise description of network fault tolerance than has been achieved with previously published techniques. >
Diagnosis and Management of Humeral Head Bone Loss in Shoulder Instability

Humeral head bone defects (Hill-Sachs lesions) are caused by anterior shoulder dislocation with impaction of the posterosuperior humeral head onto the anterior glenoid rim. Frequently, these bony lesions are associated with glenohumeral instability, and large lesions may contribute to recurrent instability after failure of a soft tissue repair. To improve outcomes and minimize the risk of persistent instability, a thorough understanding of the biomechanics of humeral bone loss is required. Detection and quantification of clinically relevant humeral head bone loss are performed through an accurate history, physical examination, and interpretation of imaging studies. The diagnosis and treatment options for reverse Hill-Sachs lesions are discussed, and the various treatment options for Hill-Sachs lesions are reviewed, including operative techniques to limit engagement of the deformity by soft tissue transfer, rotational osteotomy, bone grafting, or osteochondral transplantation.
Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: Improving Outcomes in the Emergency Department

With an increasing incidence of sepsis, increasing use of the emergency department by populations at risk, and an increase in time spent in the emergency department awaiting hospital admission, emergency medicine practitioners are offered a valuable opportunity to make a significant difference in the fight against sepsis. By administering appropriate antibiotics in a timely fashion, removing possible sources of infection, practicing early goal-directed hemodynamic optimization, using lung-protective ventilation strategies, and judiciously using corticosteroids and intensive insulin therapy, the goal of reducing mortality from sepsis can be achieved.
The molecular pathogenesis of poxviruses.

Over the years, there have been a number of excellent reviews and articles which discuss aspects of orthopoxvirus virulence and pathogenesis (Fenner 1948a; Fenner 1948b; Fenner 1949a; Fenner 1949b; Fenner and Cairns 1959; Mims 1964; Blanden 1970; Blanden 1971a; Blanden 1971b; Jacoby et al. 1983; Jacoby and Bhatt 1987; Bhatt and Jacoby 1987a; Bhatt and Jacoby 1987b; Bhatt et al. 1988; Fenner et al. 1988a; Fenner et al. 1988b; Joklik et al. 1988). In particular, we would refer readers to the recent, excellent book by Fenner, Wittek and Dumbell (1989) upon which we have drawn extensively for this review and that provides over 40 years of personal perspectives on the subject.
Reversing the Simon Effect with Prior Practice of Noncorresponding Location Words

A benefit for spatial correspondence, called the Simon effect, is typically obtained in choice-reaction time tasks when the stimulus location is irrelevant to the task. Reversal of the Simon effect to favor noncorresponding stimulus-response locations has been obtained for physical-location stimuli after minimal practice (84 trials) with an incompatible spatial mapping. After practice with location-word stimuli, the Simon effect for physical locations is not reduced. The present study evaluated whether practice with "incompatibly" mapped location words can reverse the Simon effect when the practice session emphasizes color-to-response mappings rather than spatial mappings. Two conditions were tested in which the proportion of noncorresponding to corresponding trials was manipulated in the practice session. A full reversal was evident when all trials in the practice session were noncorresponding. Implications for interface design are discussed.
Dog genome evolution: A strategy to segregate biogeographic effects from human selection

The article of Boyko et al. (1) supports the general biological rules underlying evolution: barriers to gene flow will result in genetic drift. In contrast to wild animals, in dog populations this is modified by human selection. The weighted center of the principle component analysis explaining 38% of the variance (figure 4 in ref. 1) indicates that dogs of northern Namibia and Egypt (>5,000 km apart) show little genetic difference consistent with a continuous gene flow across the African continent. In contrast, the Middle Eastern Salukis and the Afghan hounds (from Afghanistan) differ more substantially from Western indigenous African dogs of Egypt (only 2,500 km apart, or half the distance between Namibia and Egypt). This difference underscores that biogeographic distance is distorted by other factors such as barriers to gene flow and human selection. The case of the Basenji highlights this discrepancy even better: Basenjis come from the Congo basin and one would expect them to be genetically somewhere between Ugandan and northern Namibian village dogs—the Congo basin being situated slightly off but somewhat between Uganda and Namibia. The great genetic differences of the Basenji from these village dogs suggest that other factors such as breeding preferences in the countries of origin or a small Western breeding stock from which the samples were taken has perhaps distorted biogeographic differences. Controlling for this aspect would require a direct comparison between local village dogs and breeds originating from the same areas. Existing data suggest that both segregation [Sloughis and North African village dogs (2)] as well as some intermixing [Salukis with Akbash (3)] will be found between Western dog breeds and other local dogs in the country of origin. More such comparisons of internationally recognized* indigenous African breeds such as Aidi, Azawakh, Basenji, and Sloughi with biogeographically overlapping village dogs would complement this study and would reveal the influence of biogeographic differences and human selection better than comparing with breeds originating outside of Africa (e.g., Afghan Hound, Pharaoh Hound, Saluki).
Atomistic mechanism for the activation and desensitization of an AMPA-subtype glutamate receptor

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Upon agonist binding, an iGluR opens to allow the flow of cations and subsequently enters into a desensitized state. It remains unclear how agonist binding to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) is transmitted to the transmembrane domain (TMD) for channel activation and desensitization. Here we report molecular dynamics simulations of an AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid)-subtype iGluR in explicit water and membrane. Channel opening and closing were observed in simulations of the activation and desensitization processes, respectively. The motions of the LBD-TMD linkers along the central axis of the receptor and in the lateral plane contributed cooperatively to channel opening and closing. The detailed mechanism of channel activation and desensitization suggested by the simulations here is consistent with existing data and may serve as a guide for new experiments and for the design of pharmacological agents.
On the Interpretation of Hume's Dialogues

One of the most striking facts about Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion is the fact that it has been subject to so many mutually contradictory interpretations. It is not, to be sure, unusual that a complex philosophical work be capable of a variety of interpretations. The case of the Dialogues is, however, surely an exceptional one, for the contradictory interpretations concern what is clearly the main subject of the book: the justifiability of world-hypotheses, and specifically the justifiability of the religious world-hypothesis. According to some commentators, Hume's point in the Dialogues is that no world-hypothesis whatever is justifiable, perhaps none is even intelligible. According to others, Hume not only does not deny the possibility of a justified world-hypothesis, but actually proposes some particular hypothesis as the most reasonable one. Those who agree that Hume defends some world-hypothesis, however, differ radically about its content. For some, Hume's preferred hypothesis is that the explanation of order in the universe is a deity immanent in the universe. For others, Hume subscribes to a deity distinct from the universe whose order he explains, and possessing many, at least, of the traditional attributes of God, including wisdom, power, and benevolence. Still others hold that Hume's God, while distinct from the universe, possesses only the natural, not the moral, attributes traditionally assigned to him. Some commentators have even argued that Hume's purpose in the Dialogues is to employ scepticism in defence of religious faith. How, one must ask, is it possible that so many mutually contradictory interpretations have been proposed? How is this striking fact about the Dialogues to be explained?
The Effect of dye-dye interactions on the spatial resolution of single-molecule FRET measurements in nucleic acids.

We study the effect of dye-dye interactions in labeled double-stranded DNA molecules on the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency at the single-molecule level. An extensive analysis of internally labeled double-stranded DNA molecules in bulk and at the single-molecule level reveals that donor-acceptor absolute distances can be reliably extracted down to approximately 3-nm separation, provided that dye-dye quenching is accounted for. At these short separations, we find significant long-lived fluorescence fluctuations among discrete levels originating from the simultaneous and synchronous quenching of both dyes. By comparing four different donor-acceptor dye pairs (TMR-ATTO647N, Cy3-ATTO647N, TMR-Cy5, and Cy3-Cy5), we find that this phenomenon depends on the nature of the dye pair used, with the cyanine pair Cy3-Cy5 showing the least amount of fluctuations. The significance of these results is twofold: First, they illustrate that when dye-dye quenching is accounted for, single-molecule FRET can be used to accurately measure inter-dye distances, even at short separations. Second, these results are useful when deciding which dye pairs to use for nucleic acids analyses using FRET.
A low loss high performance filter structure

An improved structure for low loss, sharp cutoff, high-rejection filters has been developed. Center frequencies as high as 1500 MHz can be realized with standard optical processing techniques. Relative bandwidths of up to 0.67 K/sup 2/ are achievable. Data are presented for 900-MHz filters on 128 degrees YX-LiNbOI/sub 3/ and 950-MHz filters on 36 degrees YX-LiTaO/sub 3/ each having 3% and 1.6% relative bandwidths. 50-dB out-of-band rejection, and >
On the Problem of Empathy: The Case of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia

Abstract Drawing from research conducted on the personal, cultural, and moral significance of pain on the island of Yap (Waqab), Federated States of Micronesia, I argue in this article that one possible root to reincorporating empathy within the context of contemporary culture theory is to uncover the cultural and phenomenological ways that understandings of empathy and what constitutes authentic empathetic acts are shaped. After briefly examining foundational philosophical definitions of empathy, the article advances a number of differing cultural phenomenological orientations implicated in the experience and expression of empathy. These orientations are understood to help to foreground the place of empathy in what may otherwise be viewed as a general reluctance to engage in empathetic attunement in Yapese society. [empathy, cultural phenomenology, morality, suffering, Yap]
Nonmedical Fetal Ultrasound Knowledge and Opinions of Maine Obstetricians and Radiologists

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate knowledge and opinions regarding nonmedical fetal ultrasound (NMFU) in obstetricians (OB) and radiologists (R). Methods. A questionnaire was sent to all Maine fellows of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists practicing obstetrics and members of the Maine Society of Radiology in April 2005. Results. Among OB, 52 (81.2%), 24 (37.5%), 45 (75.0%), and 56 (87.5%) did not know whether the American College of Radiology, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, or US Food and Drug Administration held positions on NMFU. Among R, 11 (37.9%), 27 (93.1%), 19 (65.5%), and 24 (82.7%) did not know whether the organizations held positions. More R than OB agreed that women might forego medical ultrasound after NMFU (62.1% versus 49.2%; P = .05), whereas more OB than R believed fetal anomalies would go undetected during NMFU (79.4% versus 62.1%; P = .04). OB and R had concerns for false-positive NMFU diagnoses (41.9% and 31.0%), false reassurance by NMFU (76.2% and 62.1%), poor imaging causing anxiety (39.7% and 51.7%), and lack of physician availability to review suspected abnormalities on NMFU (73.0% and 65.5%). Sizable minorities of OB and R believed NMFU providers should be disciplined by licensing boards (33.9% and 44.8%), excluded from society memberships (22.9% and 37.9%), or reported to the Food and Drug Administration (21.3% and 31.0%). Conclusions. Most Maine OB and R are aware of their own but not each other’s professional or regulatory NMFU positions yet practice within these guidelines. Most
Horizontal coupling impedance of the APS storage ring

The three-dimensional wake potentials of the APS storage ring have been reconstructed according to the impedance database concept. Every wakefield-generating component in the ring was considered including small-gap insertion device (ID) chambers, rf cavities, shielded bellows, beam position monitors, synchrotron radiation absorbers, scrapers, flags, various chamber transitions, septum chambers, and pulsed kickers. In this paper the result for the horizontal wake potentials and its impedance are presented. The numerically obtained impedance has been used to investigate the experimental results. Tune shift was calculated and compared with the measurement. We also observed a horizontal focusing in the calculated wake potential of the shallow transition without rotational symmetry.
Playing with the Pieces: Deconstruction and the Loss of Moral Culture

This paper investigates the assumptions and implications of the notion of deconstruction as they are found in writers concerned with organization theory and organization ethnography. Deconstruction, and postmodernism generally, is shown to be a continuation of modernity’s attack on cultural authority and its celebration of the ideology of individualism with its concomitant of endless criticism. Deconstruction posits the oppositional nature of language and symbolism as a ‘violent hierarchy’ and seeks to overturn this hierarchy to achieve human freedom. This reading of the repressive aspects of culture is shown to undermine the essential dynamic of culture, which is a recurrent splitting of what is from what is not in the process of forming meaning. By opening up structures of meaning to expose their repressed contents, deconstruction aspires to question all authority. This is particularly threatening to the ethical aspects of organizational culture, because it suggests a continuous attempt to question the boundary between right and wrong. Indeed, orders of right and wrong are seen by deconstruction as mere political attempts at controlling an organization. Ethics is reduced to politics; authority is confused with power. I argue here, instead, that stable structures of meaning are needed over time to found a traditional and thus legitimate base for business ethics. Contrary to deconstruction’s goal of opening meaning to its repressed opposite, I assert that memory should be seen as a moral decision based on past experience. Business ethics requires stable moral standards and, no less, the capacity to believe in them.
myo-Inositol metabolism in plants

The multifunctional position supplied by myo-inositol is emerging as a central feature in plant biochemistry and physiology. In this critique, attention is drawn to metabolic aspects and current assessment is made of manifold ways in which myo-inositol and its metabolic products impact growth and development. The fact that a unique enzyme, common to all eukaryotic organisms where such assessment has been undertaken, controls conversion of D-glucose-6-P to 1L-myo-inositol-1-P provides a useful point of departure for this brief metabolic survey. Some aspects such as biosynthesis, phosphate and polyphosphate ester hydrolysis, and O-methylation of myo-inositol have captured the consideration of molecular biologists, yet other aspects including oxidation, conjugation, and transfer to phospholipids remain virtually untouched from this viewpoint. Here, an attempt is made to enlist new interest in all facets of myo-inositol metabolism and its place in plant biology. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.