cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A DIAGNOSTIC MEASURE OF COMPETENCIES IN CAREER DECISION‐MAKING

Simulated Occupational Choice (SOC) was developed to measure competencies in career decision-making. SOC is a structured, individually-administered simulation exercise designed to elicit career decision-making behaviors and enable those behaviors to be observed, recorded, and scored in meaningful ways, particularly for diagnosis. It was administered during three field tests to small samples of 9th- and 12th-grade students and later to small numbers of college students. It has undergone a series of revisions during its development and is still to he considered an experimental instrument which may (1) be administered by counselors to diagnose a student's competencies and deficiencies in seeking, interpreting, and using information relevant to career decision-making, (2) be used with small samples of students to evaluate a guidance program or treatment, (3) serve as a criterion for validating group-administered tests of career decision-making competencies, and (4) provide the nucleus for a group course in career decision-making.
Nitrogen uptake efficiency in maize production using irrigation water high in nitrate

In order to achieve efficient use of nitrogen (N) and minimize pollution potentials, producers of irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) must make the best use of N from all sources. This study was conducted to evaluate crop utilization of nitrate in irrigation water and the effect N fertilizer has on N use efficiencies of this nitrate under irrigated maize production. The study site is representative of a large portion of the Central Platte Valley of Nebraska where ground water nitrate-N (NO3-N) concentrations over 10 mg L−1 are common. Microplots were established to accommodate four fertilizer N rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha−1) receiving irrigation water containing three levels of NO3-N (0, 10, 20 mg L−1). Stable isotope15N was applied as a tracer in the irrigation water for treatments containing 10 and 20 mg L−1 NO3-N. Plots that did not receive nitrate in the irrigation water where tagged with15N fertilizer as a sidedress treatment. Sidedressed N fertilizer significantly reduced irrigation-N uptake efficiencies. When residual N uptake is added to first year plant usage, total irrigation NO3-N uptake efficiencies are similar to total sidedress N fertilizer uptake efficiencies for our cropping system over the two year period. Efficiency of irrigation-N use depends on crop needs and availability of N from other sources during the irrigation season.
Identifying the mechanism of aquatic toxicity of selected compounds by hydrophobicity and electrophilicity descriptors

The most successful quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) have been developed by separating toxicants by their mechanisms of action (MOAs). However, since the activity of a chemical compound on an organism is dependent upon several physical, chemical and biological factors, among which interactions may also exist, the MOA of a compound is not easily determined. In this study, the use of discriminant analysis and logistic regression in distinguishing between narcotic and reactive compounds was investigated. The discriminating variables included hydrophobicity (log(K(ow))) and electrophilicity descriptors (S(av)(N), E(HOMO), and E(LUMO)). Classification results showed that logistic regression gave a smaller total error rate compared to discriminant analysis. Since the value of the descriptors can be calculated, the classification methods can be used in predictive toxicology.
Independent transfer of mitochondrial plasmids in Neurospora crassa.

IN the ascomycete fungus Neurospora, the distribution of homologous mitochondrial plasmid DNAs in different species1 and among mitochondrial types2 of N. crassa suggests that these molecules have moved between lineages of clonally propagated mtDNA. Here we report direct evidence for independent inheritance of mitochondrial plasmids by sexual reproduction which may help explain the distribution of these molecules among mitochondrial lineages.
Judgments of Omitted BE and DO in Questions as Extended Finiteness Clinical Markers of Specific Language Impairment (SLI) to 15 Years: A Study of Growth and Asymptote

Purpose Clinical grammar markers are needed for children with SLI older than 8 years. This study followed children who were previously studied on sentences with omitted finiteness to determine if a...
Effect of improved metabolic control on loss of kidney function in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients: an update of the Steno studies.

We re-examined 69 of the 70 patients entering the two independent Steno Studies of effects of improved metabolic control on progression of late diabetic complications. They were analysed according to an intent to treat after follow-up for 8 years (Steno Study 1) and 5 years (Steno Study 2). The glycaemic control had improved in the insulin infusion group compared with the conventional treatment group (mean HbA1c) by 2.0 +/- 0.6% vs 0.7 +/- 1.2 in Steno Study 1 and by 1.8 +/- 1.2% vs 0.4 +/- 1.3 (p less than 0.01) in Steno Study 2. In the insulin infusion groups three patients had died during episodes of ketoacidosis. These were not caused by malfunction of the insulin infusion pumps. In the conventional treatment groups, three patients suffered five cardiovascular events causing two deaths. From the sixth month of Steno Study 1 the annual change of the glomerular filtration rate was -3.7 (-5.4 to -2.0) ml.min-1.1.73 m-2 vs -1.0 (-2.1 to -0.1) (conventional vs insulin infusion group, mean (95% confidence interval, p less than 0.01]. The change in urinary albumin excretion was associated with the glycaemic control (n = 69, r = 0.49, p less than 0.0002). No progression was observed among 32 patients with low range microalbuminuria (30 to 99 mg/24 h).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pectoralis major transfer for serratus anterior paralysis

Serratus anterior paralysis can result in winging of the scapula and weakness of arm elevation. The etiology of the condition is injury to the long thoracic nerve. There are many proposed causes of long thoracic nerve injury including acute trauma, Parsonage-Turner syndrome, or viral illness. The long length of the long thoracic nerve makes it prone to compression injury along the chest wall. Most patients recover nerve function with conservative treatment. In those in whom nerve function fails to recover, surgical treatment involving pectoralis major transfer may be beneficial. In this study 9 patients underwent pectoralis major transfer with a fascia lata extension graft. The symptoms of most were improved, with correction of the winging and improved movement in the affected shoulder.
Wavelet-based switching faults detection in direct torque control induction motor drives

This study describes a method of detection and identification of IGBT-based drive open-circuit faults in direct torque control (DTC) induction motor drives. The detection mechanism is based on wavelet decomposition. The Symlet2 wavelet was selected as the wavelet base to perform stator current analysis during transients. In this method, the stator currents will be used as an input to the system. The MATLAB program was used to process discreet wavelet transform (DWT) of the signals. The stator current was used for the detection of the fault. When an open-circuit fault appears in an inverter IGBT, the signal fault information is included in each frequency region. There are spikes in the sixth level detail for incipient faults. The time of the spikes in the DWT is correlated with the time of fault. As a result of time domain studies, a faulty system can be easily discriminated from a healthy one. In this study the analysis of electrical transients arising during switch open-circuit faults in a three-phase power inverter feeding DTC induction motor drives was decomposed using the wavelet transform. The results demonstrate that the proposed fault detection and diagnosis system has very good capabilities.
Metabolic engineering: Use of system-level approaches and application to fuel production in Escherichia coli

Metabolic engineering was formally defined more than two decades ago (Bailey, 1991) and it is now an established discipline. Metabolic engineering is generally defined as the directed improvement of product formation or cellular properties through the modification of specific biochemical reactions or the introduction of new ones with the use of recombinant DNA technology (Bailey, 1991; Stephanopoulos, 1998). Therefore, the analysis and engineering/synthesis of metabolic pathways is of central importance to metabolic engineering. The analytical part uses a number of experimental and modeling techniques for the systematic study of cellular responses (in terms of RNA, protein and metabolite levels, metabolic fluxes, etc.) to genetic and environmental perturbations. This facilitates a rational design of metabolic modifications, which are implemented using recombinant DNA technology. Both, the analysis and the synthesis of metabolic pathways will be covered in this review. Recent efforts on the engineering of fermentative and biosynthetic pathways for biofuel production in Escherichia coli , as well as those enabling the utilization of novel feedstocks, will be highlighted.
A Petri net framework for automated analysis of Ada tasking behavior

Abstract In order to understand and analyze real-time distributed programs, one must account for interactions between proceses. Unfortunately, these interactions can be quite complex due to concurrency and nondeterminism. This paper describes a framework for automated static analysis of distributed programs written in Ada. The analysis is aimed at discovery of a program's potential tasking behavior, that is, behavior in terms of tasking-related issues. Central to the framework is the translation of a program into an abstract grammar system that represents a Petri net graph model.
Gas-phase reactions of dimethyl selenide with ozone and the hydroxyl and nitrate radicals

Abstract Experiments were carried out in a large-volume chamber to investigate the products of the atmospherically important reactions of dimethyl selenide. Dimethyl selenoxide [(CH 3 ) 2 SeO] was observed as the major product of the gas-phase reaction of dimethyl selenide with ozone, with an estimated yield of ∼ 90%. Significant fragmentation via Se-C bond breakage occurred during the reactions of dimethyl selenide with the OH radical and the NO 3 radical as indicated by HCHO formation yields of ∼ 40 and ∼ 60%, respectively. The spectra of the Se-containing products from both the reactions with the OH radical (in the presence of NO x ) and the NO 3 radical are consistent with the formation of nitrate salts, which are postulated to be [CH 3 Se(OH) 2 ] + NO 3 − and [(CH 3 ) 2 SeOH] + NO 3 − , which could arise from the intermediate formation of methaneseleninic acid [CH 3 Se(O)OH] and dimethyl selenoxide and their ensuing reactions with HNO 3 .
Crystal structure of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated Csn2 protein revealed Ca2+-dependent double-stranded DNA binding activity.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and their associated protein genes (cas genes) are widespread in bacteria and archaea. They form a line of RNA-based immunity to eradicate invading bacteriophages and malicious plasmids. A key molecular event during this process is the acquisition of new spacers into the CRISPR loci to guide the selective degradation of the matching foreign genetic elements. Csn2 is a Nmeni subtype-specific cas gene required for new spacer acquisition. Here we characterize the Enterococcus faecalis Csn2 protein as a double-stranded (ds-) DNA-binding protein and report its 2.7 Å tetrameric ring structure. The inner circle of the Csn2 tetrameric ring is ∼26 Å wide and populated with conserved lysine residues poised for nonspecific interactions with ds-DNA. Each Csn2 protomer contains an α/β domain and an α-helical domain; significant hinge motion was observed between these two domains. Ca2+ was located at strategic positions in the oligomerization interface. We further showed that removal of Ca2+ ions altered the oligomerization state of Csn2, which in turn severely decreased its affinity for ds-DNA. In summary, our results provided the first insight into the function of the Csn2 protein in CRISPR adaptation by revealing that it is a ds-DNA-binding protein functioning at the quaternary structure level and regulated by Ca2+ ions.
Optimization of spray drying by factorial design for production of hollow microspheres for ultrasound imaging.

A process for producing hollow microcapsules as ultrasound contrast agents was optimized using a 23 factorial experimental design method with two replicates. Spray drying, a conveniently scalable encapsulation technique, was used to encapsulate a volatile core material, such as ammonium carbonate, using biodegradable 50–50 poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide). Various effects due to changes in processing variables and their interactions were studied using the factorial grid. The high- and low-incremented variables examined included the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the spray dryer (5° and 15°C), air atomization pressure (80 and 100 psi), and polymer concentration in solvent (0.005 and 0.025 g/mL). Responses analyzed for computing the main effects and interactions were microcapsule morphology, yield, mean size, and zeta potential. Experimental results showed that polymer concentration was most important for determining microcapsule morphology. The temperature difference for drying prominently affected mean size, and atomization pressure was the main effect for microcapsule yield. Interactions among variables were not present in this case. The best conditions for producing PLGA microcapsules was a temperature difference of 5°C, an initial polymer concentration of 0.005 g/mL, and an atomization pressure of 80 psi. The microcapsule zeta potentials were unaffected by spray-drying conditions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 56: 333–341, 2001
Monitoring anthrax toxin receptor dissociation from the protective antigen by NMR

The binding of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) to the host cell receptor is the first step toward the formation of the anthrax toxin, a tripartite set of proteins that include the enzymatic moieties edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF). PA is cleaved by a furin-like protease on the cell surface followed by the formation of a donut-shaped heptameric prepore. The prepore undergoes a major structural transition at acidic pH that results in the formation of a membrane spanning pore, an event which is dictated by interactions with the receptor and necessary for entry of EF and LF into the cell. We provide direct evidence using 1-dimensional 13C-edited 1H NMR that low pH induces dissociation of the Von-Willebrand factor A domain of the receptor capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2) from the prepore, but not the monomeric full length PA. Receptor dissociation is also observed using a carbon-13 labeled, 2-fluorohistidine labeled CMG2, consistent with studies showing that protonation of His-121 in CMG2 is not a mechanism for receptor release. Dissociation is likely caused by the structural transition upon formation of a pore from the prepore state rather than protonation of residues at the receptor PA or prepore interface.
On the teaching thermodynamics in a department of physics

Symposium on the Teaching of Thermodynamics, Division of Chemical Education and Division of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, 108th meeting, New York City, Septembe...
Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1, a representative of vertebrate-specific Lef1/Tcf1 sub-family, is a Wnt-beta-catenin pathway target gene in human endothelial cells which regulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and promotes endothelial cell invasion

Wnt signaling is activated in many types of cancer and normal physiological processes. Various Wnt-related secreted factors may influence angiogenesis both in the tumor microenvironment and in normal tissues by direct action on endothelial cells. The mechanism of this Wnt action in angiogenesis is not well defined. We hypothesize that endothelial cells are responsive to Wnt signals and that Lef1, a member of the vertebrate-specific Wnt/beta-catenin throughput-inducing transcription factors' sub-family Lef1/Tcf1, mediates this responsiveness and promotes endothelial cell invasion. A human endothelial cell line, EAhy926 was exposed to Wnt3a or directly transfected with Lef1. Readouts included assessment of nuclear beta-catenin, Wnt throughput with a SuperTOPflash reporter assay, induction of Lef1 transcription, induction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 transcription, cell proliferation and cell invasion through a matrix in vitro. The effects on MMP2 were also evaluated in the presence of Lef1 silencing siRNA. Wnt3a increased nuclear beta-catenin and up-regulated Wnt/beta-catenin throughput. Wnt3a increased Lef1 transcription and activity of the Lef1 promoter. Both Wnt3a treatment and Lef1 overexpression induced MMP2 transcription but this effect was completely abrogated in the presence of Lef1 siRNA. Inhibition of Lef1 also reduced basal MMP2 levels suggesting that Lef1 regulates MMP2 expression even in the absence of exogenous Wnt pathway activation. Lef1 slightly increased proliferation of EAhy926 cells and increased invasion by more than two-fold. EAhy926 cells activate canonical Wnt signaling in response to Wnt3a ligand. The Wnt target Lef1 specifically regulates MMP2 expression in these cells and promotes endothelial cell invasion. The EAhy926 cell line provides a convenient alternative to primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in the study of angiogenesis and the role of Wnt signaling on endothelial cell function.
Keynote Address to the Africa Academy of Management 2nd Biennial Conference January 7, 2014: Sustainable Development in Africa Through Management Theory, Research and Practice: A Commentary

In the opening speech for the 2nd Biennial Conference for the Africa Academy of Management, the keynote speaker Linah Mohohlo – Governor of the Central Bank of Botswana – challenged the attending s...
Apparent thickening behavior of dilute polystyrene solutions in extensional flows

An experimental investigation was undertaken to study the apparent thickening behavior of dilute polystyrene solutions in extensional flow. Among the parameters investigated were molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, concentration, thermodynamic solvent quality, and solvent viscosity. Apparent relative viscosityη was measured as a function of wall shear rate\(\dot \gamma\) for solutions flowing from a reservoir through a 0.1 mm I.D. tube. As\(\dot \gamma\) increased, slight shear thinning behavior was observed up until a critical wall shear rate\(\dot \gamma _c\) was exceeded, whereupon either a large increase inη or small-scale thickening was observed depending on the particular solution under study. As molecular weight or concentration increased,\(\dot \gamma _c\) decreased andΔη, the jump inη above\(\dot \gamma _c\), increased.Δη increased as thermodynamic solvent quality improved. These results have been interpreted in terms of the polymer chains undergoing a coil-stretch transition at\(\dot \gamma _c\). The observation of a drop-off inη at high\(\dot \gamma\) (above\(\dot \gamma _c\)) was shown to be associated with inertial effects and not with chain fracture due to high extensional rates.
Examining the medical student body: peer physical exams and genital, rectal, or breast exams.

Background: Some medical schools have replaced all student practice peer physical examinations in the curriculum with examinations of standardized patients (SPs). Purpose: To assess attitudes of medical students toward practicing physical examinations with classmates, including genital, rectal, or female breast components. Methods: Survey administered to all 235 Year-4 students at University of Minnesota Medical School (69% response rate). Results: Ninety-five percent believed that limited peer practice exams are valuable. Six percent of students were uncomfortable with these exams: This was strongly associated with having had an uncomfortable experience. Conclusions: Although most students value practicing limited exams with classmates, a small, consistent number of students are very uncomfortable with these. Explicit guidelines for faculty and classmate behavior may minimize their discomfort, but alternatives to peer exam, such as SP exams, need to be provided this small group. There is no role for peer...
INTERACTION OF DISLOCATIONS ON CROSSED GLIDE PLANES IN A STRAINED EPITAXIAL LAYER

The full three-dimensional Peach-Koehler formalism is implemented numerically and used to investigate encounters between threading and misfit dislocations in a strained epitaxial layer. The possible outcomes of such interactions are found to include blocking, binding, repulsive passage, and attractive instabilities. We show that blocking is a weak effect, and that the peculiar substrate pileup structures previously attributed to a ``modified Frank-Read mechanism'' are actually a natural consequence of having sources operating on intersecting glide planes.
The US Egyptian Free Trade Agreement – Challenges and Prospects

In the era of US global dominance, Egypt enjoys substantial financial and political support from the US since signing a separate peace treaty with Israel in 1978. Signing a peace treaty with Israel, the main US ally in the Middle East, without the other Arab countries, cost Egypt dearly. Economists have estimated the effects of the Arab boycott one decade after the 1978 Camp David accord (where full economic and diplomatic ties were restored) to exceed $30 billion.2 This loss included the boycotting of Egyptian goods, services of Egyptian professionals, Egyptian intellectual properties, the stopping of Arab investments and Arab tourism in Egypt. As a partial compensation to Egypt, the USA (the broker of this peace process between Egypt and Israel) provided Egypt, to date, with over $30 billion in economic, technical and military assistance, since signing the 1978 Camp David accord.3 Furthermore, Egypt proved to be a reliable ally to the US during the Gulf War, and its commitment to the peace process has been unwavering since 1978 with no single violation to the International Peace Treaty with Israel in the last 21
A tableau approach to power system analysis and design

The tableau formulation of electronic circuit equations has been shown to be an efficient and useful formulation for circuit optimization. In this paper a tableau based formulation of the static power-flow equations for a power system is presented. Because of the explicit appearance of all quantities of interest the tableau formulation allows the general statement, and solution, of a variety of power system optimization and design problems without the need to resort to restrictive assumptions. „. UNIVERSfTY LIBRARIES CARNEGIE-MELLON PITTSBURGH, PE *• Introduction Due to the increasing interest in the management of energy, the development of computer aided design tools for solving power system design problems is becoming of greater importance. As a result there has been renewed interest in applying optimization methods which have proven useful for electronic circuit design to power system problems. " The electronic circuit design problem is handled by recasting at into an optimization problem by forming an [41 objective function which embodies the design objectives. The designable parameters are then adjusted iteratively by some suitable nonlinear programing algorithm (see for example [5]) to minimize the objective function. This procedure requires the efficient evaluation of the objective function, which requires a circuit simulation, and the gradient of the objective function with respect to the designable parameters. Development of the sparse tableau approach for circuit simulation [6] and the adjoint approach for evaluating gradients greatly aided the development of optimization procedures for circuit design. Much of the work in applying these procedures developed for circuit design to power system design was hampered by the restrictive assumptions that were often made. Typical of these assumptions were that the transmission lines were lossless and voltage profiles were flat, clearly an unrealistic situation. These assumptions were made so as to alter the equations which describe a power system, i.e. the load flow equations, usually written in terms of power and voltage, so that they resemble the equations which describe an electronic circuit, usually written in terms of current and voltage. In this paper we develop a tableau based formulation of the load flow equations for a power system. In addition to being able to take good advantage r g nl of highly efficient sparse matrix methods, * this formulation explicitly
Nitric oxide: new evidence for novel therapeutic indications

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) deficiency is implicated in many pathophysiological processes in mammals. NO is a ubiquitous molecule involved in multiple cellular functions. Uncontrolled or inappropriate production of NO may lead to several disease states including septic shock, rheumatoid and inflammatory arthropathies, and expansion of cerebral damage after stroke. However, to date, there are no therapeutic agents available that can overcome these conditions. Similarly, underproduction of NO by NO synthase or enhanced breakdown of NO also leads to diseases such as hypertension, ischemic conditions, pre-eclampsia, premature delivery, among others. NO donor therapies are indicated in these conditions. Results: Nitroglycerin and nitrates (NO donors) have been used as therapeutic agents for the past century, particularly to treat vascular disease, and the only significant adverse effects are headaches. NO donors are highly cost-effective and have beneficial effects in multiple body systems. When the body can...
The acute phase response and atherosclerosis

The acute phase response (APR) is an acute systemic response to infection. Recent studies reveal that the APR is chronically activated in patients at risk for atherosclerosis. Diabetes, hypertension, and elevated cholesterol trigger the APR, leading to the systemic release of hundreds of effector molecules that might damage the endothelium and activate macrophages, driving the process of atherogenesis. The signaling molecules that mediate the APR are attractive candidates for anti-inflammatory therapy of patients with atherosclerosis.
Up-regulation of NMDA receptor subunits in rat brain following chronic ethanol treatment

Abstract We investigated the effect of chronic ethanol administration and its withdrawal on the polypeptide levels of NMDA receptor subunits such as NR1, NR2A, and NR2B in the rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus using Western blot analysis technique. Our results indicate that chronic ethanol treatment upregulates NMDA receptor subunits NR1, NR2A, and NR2B (∼35%). At 48 h of last dose of ethanol administration, the protein content returned to almost control level, thereby demonstrating the reversibility of the changes.
Costs of infertility treatment: results from an 18-month prospective cohort study

Objective To examine resource use (costs) by women presenting for infertility evaluation and treatment over 18 months, regardless of treatment pursued. Design Prospective cohort study in which women were followed for 18 months. Setting Eight infertility practices. Patient(s) Three hundred ninety-eight women recruited from infertility practices. Intervention(s) Women completed interviews and questionnaires at baseline and after 4, 10, and 18 months of follow-up. Medical records were abstracted after 18 months to obtain details of services used. Main Outcome Measure(s) Per-person and per–successful-outcome costs. Result(s) Treatment groups were defined as highest intensity treatment use. Twenty percent of women did not pursue cycle-based treatment; approximately half pursued IVF. Median per-person costs ranged from $1,182 for medications only to $24,373 and $38,015 for IVF and IVF–donor egg groups, respectively. Estimates of costs of successful outcomes (delivery or ongoing pregnancy by 18 months) were higher—$61,377 for IVF, for example—reflecting treatment success rates. Within the time frame of the study, costs were not significantly different for women whose outcomes were successful and women whose outcomes were not. Conclusion(s) Although individual patient costs vary, these cost estimates developed from actual patient treatment experiences may provide patients with realistic estimates to consider when initiating infertility treatment.
Cancer fear and mood disturbance after radical prostatectomy: consequences of biochemical evidence of recurrence.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer often precedes any clinical sign or symptom of disease recurrence by several years. Thus, patients may have laboratory evidence of recurrence and do not know what it portends in terms of the future disease course. Little is known about the emotional consequences of biochemical recurrence. We compared cancer fear and mood disturbance in men with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer versus those without recurrence. In addition, associations among urinary symptoms, cancer fear and mood disturbance were examined.Materials and Methods: A survey including the American Urological Association symptom index, a cancer fear measure and the Profile of Mood States was mailed to patients at a urology clinic at a tertiary care hospital in 1999. Of the sample of 270 patients with prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy 126 (47%) responded to the mailed survey. A total of 45 men with biochemical prostate cancer recurrence were compared to 81 patie...
FREE KINETOSOMES IN AUSTRALIAN FLAGELLATES I. Types and Spatial Arrangement

An electron microscope study was made of Deltotrichonympha and Koruga, two closely-related hypermastigote flagellates that live in the hindgut of the Australian termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis These symbiotic protozoans have a typical flagellated rostrum and long body flagella. Their "giant centrioles" (centriolar apparatus) are large, fibrillar, and granular bodies which do not resemble typical centrioles in structure. The unique feature of interphase cells is the presence of more than half a million free kinetosomes in the anterior cytoplasm. Two classes of free kinetosomes, differing in length and spatial arrangement, were found. 500,000–750,000 short free kinetosomes are concentrated in a dense column which extends from the centriolar apparatus in the rostrum to the anterior side of the nucleus Most of the short free kinetosomes in the column are arranged end-to-end in chains of varying lengths. Within a kinetosomal chain, all of the individual kinetosomes face in the same direction with respect to their cartwheel ends In most flagellates, the short free kinetosomes are 0 07–0.13 µ long, and are remarkably similar in length within any cell Occasionally, cells with uniformly "longer" short free kinetosomes are found. 70,000–120,000 long free kinetosomes are scattered singly throughout the cytoplasm between the column of short free kinetosomes and the cell surface These long free kinetosomes are 0 4–0 7 µ long, similar in length to the kinetosomes of the body flagella, and are oriented parallel to the anterior-posterior axis of the cell. The significance of this remarkable accumulation of free kinetosomes is discussed.
Nonreflecting Far-Field Boundary Conditions for Unsteady Transonic Flow Computation

The approximate nonreflecting far-field boundary condition, as proposed by Engquisi and Majda, is implemented In the computer code LTRAN2. This code solves the Implicit finite-difference representation of the small-disturbance equations for unsteady transonic flows about airfoils. The nonreflecting boundary condition and the description of the algorithm for Implementing these conditions In LTRAN2 tire discussed. Various cases re computed and compared with results from the older, more conventional procedures. One concludes that the nonreflecting far-field boundary approximation allows the far-field boundary to be located closer to the airfoil; this permits a decrease in the computer lime required to obtain the solution through the use of fewer mesh points.
HAPTEN-CARRIER RELATIONSHIPS OF ISOANTIGENS A MODEL FOR IMMUNOLOGICAL MATURATION BASED ON THE CONVERSION OF HAPTENS TO CARRIERS BY ANTIBODY

In chickens, erythrocyte isoantigens have hapten-carrier relationships. Specific anticarrier antibody depresses the immune response to the carrier and enhances the immune response to the hapten. Antigenic determinants of "haptenic" isoantigens behave as carriers if they are coated with specific antibody. It is postulated that every humoral antibody response involves the cooperation of a carrier with a hapten and the progressive conversion by antibody of haptens to carriers. Thus a carrier is viewed as an antigenic determinant which is coated with antibody. The antibody-forming cell only synthesizes antibody to the uncoated haptenic determinants. The consequences of this interpretation for the development of immunological maturity and the secondary immune response are discussed.
Failure of repeated or prolonged immunization to stimulate the production of antibody of more than one specificity by individual spleen ceells.

Abstract Spleen cells from rabbits given several series of injections or a single prolonged series of injections of Arsanilzao-Pigeon red blood cell stromata (AA-Prbc stromata) were examined at autopsy 2–3 days after the last injection for plaque formation on a mixture of pigeon plus AA-sheep rbc with or without enhancement by anti-rabbit globulin serums. A total of 41 × 10 6 spleen cells yielded 18,866 direct plaques (presumably resulting from IgM) and 10.4 × 10 6 spleen cells yielded 18,532 plaques observed with enhancement (presumably resulting from the action of IgG). Concentric lysis of both the Prbc and AA-Srbc was observed in 28 of the direct plaques and 15 of the enhanced plaques. After subtracting the number of concentric plaques expected to result from plaque-forming cells (PFC) producing antibody cross reactive with Srbc and Prbc or from the chance juxtaposition of two separate antibody-forming cells, there remained 18 direct and 8 enhanced concentric double plaques. Thus after the extensive immunization given in these experiments, we found less than one cell per thousand PFC which made antibodies that recognized both the Prbc and AA determinants of the immunizing antigen.
The critical thermal maximum as a determinant of thermal tolerance in Mus musculus

Abstract 1. 1.|The critical thermal maximum (CTM) was used to assess thermal tolerance in Mus musculus acclimatized to two photoperiods and four thermal regimes. 2. 2.|Mice were acclimatized to 25±1 C and photoperiods of L-D 12:12 (12-h light alternating with 12-h darkness). L-D 12:12 had a unimodal cycle in CTM while mice exposed to 25 ± 1C and L-D 18:06 displayed a bimodal cycle in CTM. 3. 3.|Acclimation to constant temperatures (15, 25 and 30°C; L-D 12:12) had no effect on CTM but acclimatization to a cycling thermal regime (15–30°C; L-D 12:12) significantly increased the CTM. 4. 4.|These data support the suggestion of susceptibility-resistance cycles to heat stress and indicate that the CTMs of endotherms can be altered by internal and external modifying factors.
A note on the directional sea spectrum

Abstract The basic properties of the directional rough surface spectrum are summarized to provide guidance for the construction of empirical directional sea spectra for surface scattering calculations. It is important to note that some published sea spectra in the literature use a different definition for the directional wave number sea spectrum. As a result, these sea spectra do not satisfy some of the spectral properties discussed in this paper. Based upon the sea surface derived from stereo photography, a directional sea spectrum is calculated which is related to the directional autocovariance function of the sea surface by the Fourier transformation. Empirical expressions for the sea spectrum are given to further illustrate the various spectral properties. These spectral expressions are functions of correlation parameters which can be related to measured parameters of the sea surface and hence can be used in surface scattering calculations.
Going against the grain: chemotaxis and infection in Vibrio cholerae

Chemotaxis is the process by which motile cells move in a biased manner both towards favourable and away from unfavourable environments. The requirement of this process for infection has been examined in several bacterial pathogens, including Vibrio cholerae. The single polar flagellum of Vibrio species is powered by a sodium-motive force across the inner membrane, and can rotate to produce speeds of up to 60 cell-body lengths (approximately 60microm) per second. Investigating the role of the chemotactic control of rapid flagellar motility during V. cholerae infection has revealed some unexpected and intriguing results.
Body size and its effect on male-male competition in Hylaeus alcyoneus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)

Body size largely determines the outcome of male-male competition in the banksia bee,Hylaeus alcyoneus. Large males invariably perch on and defend banksia flower spikes, whereas smaller males often nonaggressively patrol circuits that take them repeatedly to several flower spikes. Within the population of males perching on banksia spikes, larger individuals tend to monopolize inflorescences that are higher in banksia shrubs, whereas smaller males often occupy spikes closer to the ground. Perches defended by larger males are more quickly occupied by replacements when the original residents are experimentally removed and held in temporary captivity. When released, the original residents invariably return to and displace the smaller replacements that have taken their territories. When territory takeovers do occur, the winner is almost always larger than the previous resident, showing that residency effects are secondary to body size in determining territorial ownership.
Do we live in a largely top-down regulated world?

Based on a review of mostly recent literature for a public lecture, the question is discussed whether we live in a largely “top-down” regulated world rather than one formed “bottom-up” by the resources for plant and animal growth. Of course, the top-down mechanism is predicated by bottom-up production, especially by the plants. Examples for the effects of grazing and predation for the land and the open sea, but including coral reefs, are discussed. The answer to the question posed by the title is affirmative. Ecosystems altered by man and urgent needs for marine conservation are briefly treated.
Experimental study of relative velocity fluctuations in turbulence

Abstract Photon correlation spectroscopy was used to explore turbulent pipe flow behind a grid. Measurements of the light intensity correlation function indicate that the probability distribution function of the relative velocity in turbalent flow is well approximated by a product of a lorentzian function and a gaussian-like function.
Safe in Unsafe Places: Leisure, Passionate Avocations, and the Problematizing of Everyday Public Life

Leisure is often distingtrished frorn and considered subsidiary to some other world, the "real" world. This paper explores how participation in passionate avocations _ leisure pursuits both generating and requiring heavy personal identity investments _ affects the public interface between the "real " world and the alternate world of the passionate avocation. We use the world of dog sport enthusiasts to problematize polar conceptualizations of certain important aspects of social life. In particular, we examine shifting experiential definitions of "safe" and "unsafe" public places by looking at how participation in dog sports shapes both the possibility of certain kinds of public interactions and also participants' public identities _ how they define themselves and are defined in public. The data come from four major sources. First, since 1992 we have interviewed approximately 50 enthusiasts in various dog sports. Second, by training and showing our own dogs, we enjoy participant observer access to a variety of dog-related activities and people. Third, we are involved in several Internet groups about dogs. Finally, using a technique Denzin (1989) terms "auto -ethnography, " two of the authors toured the country for nine months, attending dog sports events and training sessions and conducting interviews.
Efficacy of second line antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of patients with medically refractive complex partial seizures.

Summary: The efficacy of second-line antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) was evaluated in the treatment of 66 patients with complex partial seizures who had previously failed first-line AEDs. Methsuximide, valproate, or clorazepate had eliminated seizures in 11% of the patients at the end of the study. However, these good results deteriorated on longer follow-up and were not expected to be permanent. It is recommended that suitable patients with partial epilepsy be referred for surgical evaluation after failing the first-line AEDs, and that second-line AEDs be reserved for nonsurgical candidates. RESUME L'efficacite des medicaments antiepileptiques de seconde ligne (AEDs) a eteevaluee chez 66 patients ayant des crises partielles complexes qui avaient resiste aux AEDs de premiere ligne. Le methsuximide, le valproate ou le clonazepate avaient elimine les crises chez 11% des malades a la fin de l'etude. Cependant ces bons resultats diminuaient avec le temps et il est probable qu'ils ne sont pas durables. 11 est recommande d'envoyer les patients avec epilepsie partielle susceptible de beneficier d'un traitement chirurgical chez les chirurgiens apres l'echec des medicaments de premiere ligne et de reserver les medicaments de seconde ligne a ceux qui ne peuvent pas ětre candidats a un traitement chirurgical. RESUMEN Se ha evaluado la eficacia de medicaciones antiepilepticas de segunda categoria (AEDs) en el tratamiento de 66 enfermos con ataques parciales complejos que no habian mejorado previamente con AEDs de primera categoria. La metosuximida, el valproato y el cloracepato habi'an eliminado los ataques en el 11% de los pacientes al finalizar el estudio. Sin embargo estos buenos resultados no fueron persistentes al no mantenerse durante un periodo de seguimiento mas largo. Se recomienda que pacientes seleccionados y adecuados, con epilepsia parcial, sean referidos para una evaluacion quirurgica si han fallado en ellos los AEDs de primera categoria, reservando los AEDs para los candidatos no quirurgicos. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Wirkung von Antiepileptika (AED) der zweiten Wahl wurde bei der Behandlung von 66 Patienten mit komplexen Partialanfallen gepruft, die sich als resistent gegenuber AED der ersten Wahl erwiesen. Methsuximid, Valproat oder Clorazepat hatten die Anfalle bei 11% der Patienten am Ende der Untersuchung eliminiert. Diese guten Ergebnisse verschlechterten sich jedoch bei langerer Beobachtung und durfen nicht als endgultig angesehen werden. Es wird empfohlen, geeignete Patienten mit Partialepilepsie zur neurochirurgischen Begutachtung zu uber-weisen, wenn die Antiepileptika der ersten Wahl versagen sollten. Antiepileptika der zweiten Wahl sollten fur nicht-chirurgische Kandidaten reserviert bleiben.
A COMPARISON OF ACOUSTIC AND STRAIN GAUGE TECHNIQUES FOR CRACK CLOSURE

Crack closure at positive stress levels [i] is currently being investigated as a mechanism to explain variations in fatigue crack growth rate caused by changes in the testing conditions. Compliance [i-3], resistivity [4-6], optical [7,8], and acoustical [9,10] measurements, extensively used to monitor crack growth, yield information about crack closure. Correlation between the various results is quite difficult, however, since different monitoring techniques, sample geometries, materials, etc. have been involved. In the present investigation two of the above crack monitoring techniques are used on two different sample geometries, PTC [I0] and CT [ii], and two heats of A1 2219-T851, but otherwise equal testing conditions, to characterize closure more fully.
Induction of Interleukin-6 Release in Human Osteoblast-Like Cells Exposed to Titanium Particles In Vitro

Orthopaedic wear debris induces release of bone-resorbing factors from macrophages and fibroblasts. However, the extent to which elemental metallic particles induce bone cells to express factors contributing to implant loosening remains unclear. This study showed that exposure of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells to titanium particles at a concentration of 0.30% v/v resulted in a 15-fold increase in IL-6 release into the culture medium after 24 hours, when compared with cells without particles. Northern blots revealed that exposure of MG-63 cells to titanium particles at a concentration of 0.30% v/v for 24 hours increased IL-6 mRNA signal levels by 9.6-fold, when compared with control cultures. Pretreatment of MG-63 cells with cytochalasin B prevented the particle-induced increase of IL-6 expression but did not alter the basal level of IL-6 release from cells cultured in the absence of particles. The protein kinase C inhibitor, H7, and the serine/threonine kinase inhibitor, genistein, abolished the particle-induced increase in IL-6 release at a concentration of 100 μM for each compound. In contrast, an inhibitor of protein kinase A, HA1004, had no effect on the particle-induced increase in IL-6 release. The transcription factors, nuclear factor IL-6 and nuclear factor kappa B, translocated into the nucleus within 1 hour of particle exposure. This study showed that osteoblast-like cells respond to titanium particles through increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-6, in a process requiring phagocytosis and intracellular signaling pathways. These results suggest that osteoblasts play a direct role in implant loosening because of localized release of soluble mediators such as interleukin-6.
Rad9 Protein Contributes to Prostate Tumor Progression by Promoting Cell Migration and Anoikis Resistance

Rad9 as part of the Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 complex is known to participate in cell cycle checkpoint activation and DNA repair. However, Rad9 can act as a sequence-specific transcription factor, modulating expression of a number of genes. Importantly, Rad9 is up-regulated in prostate cancer cell lines and clinical specimens. Its expression correlates positively with advanced stage tumors and its down-regulation reduces tumor burden in mice. We show here that transient down-regulation of Rad9 by RNA interference reduces DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival in vitro. In addition, transient or stable down-regulation of Rad9 impairs migration and invasion of the cells. Moreover, stable reduction of Rad9 renders DU145 cell growth anchorage-dependent. It also decreases expression of integrin β1 protein and sensitizes DU145 and LNCaP cells to anoikis and impairs Akt activation. On the other hand, stable expression of Mrad9, the mouse homolog, in DU145/shRNA Rad9 cells restores migration, invasion, anchorage-independent growth, integrin β1 expression, and anoikis resistance with a concomitant elevation of Akt activation. We thus demonstrate for the first time that Rad9 contributes to prostate tumorigenesis by increasing not only tumor proliferation and survival but also tumor migration and invasion, anoikis resistance, and anchorage-independent growth.
Laser-induced fluorescence measurement of sodium in flames

Abstract In the present work the use of Saturated Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy to measure sodiumatom concentrations in flames is described. A flashlamp pumped-dye laser is used to excite the sodium, and the fluorescence signal is observed at 90° forming a focal volume about 27 μm by 1 mm. A linear curve of growth is obtained in an atmospheric flame for concentration in the range 0.008–0.2 PPM.