cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inferential reasoning and egg rejection in a cooperatively breeding cuckoo

Inferential reasoning—associating a visible consequence with an imagined event—has been demonstrated in several bird species in captivity, but few studies have tested wild birds in ecologically relevant contexts. Here, we investigate inferential reasoning by the greater ani, a cooperatively breeding cuckoo in which several females lay eggs in one nest. Prior to laying her first egg, each female removes any eggs that have already been laid by other females in the shared nest. After laying her first egg, however, each female stops removing eggs, presumably in order to avoid accidentally rejecting her own. But are anis using inferential reasoning to track the fate of their eggs in the communal nest, or is egg ejection governed by non-cognitive determinants? We experimentally removed eggs from two-female nests after both females had laid at least one egg and used video recording to verify that both females viewed the empty nest. We waited until one female (A) laid an egg in the nest, and video recorded the behavior of the female that had not yet re-laid (B). We predicted that if capable of inferential reasoning, female B should infer that the new egg could not be her own and she should remove it. Five out of five females tested failed to make this inference, suggesting that egg removal is either determined by the female’s reproductive status or by the amount of time elapsed between egg removal and re-laying. This apparent cognitive constraint may have implications for the evolutionary stability of the anis’ unusual breeding system.
Is Intimate Partner Violence Associated With the Use of Alcohol Treatment Services? Results From the National Survey on Drug Use and Health

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine (1) the prevalence of alcohol treatment use by intimate partner violence (IPV) type (any IPV, victimization, and perpetration) among problem drinkers and (2) the relationship between alcohol treatment use and IPV, by IPV type, in the general population. Method: The sample was drawn from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white cohabiting respondents 18–49 years of age and who reported one or more alcohol problems in the past year are included in the analysis. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between alcohol treatment use and IPV. Results: The prevalence of alcohol treatment use was significantly greater among individuals exposed to IPV, regardless of IPV type (7.4%, 7.8%, and 6.9% among those with any IPV, victimization, and perpetration, respectively) compared with those without reported IPV (2.8%, 2.8%, and 3.0%, respectively). Any IPV (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.97, 95% confide...
Reaction to Value Pricing by Different Suburban Populations

Value pricing strategies are beginning to be considered for future improvements in suburban areas that currently do not experience significant congestion but are expected to become congested in the future. This is a significant departure from implementing these strategies in congested urban areas, as is commonly done. Therefore, traveler reaction in these suburban areas is unknown. To plan and design value pricing projects most effectively, requires an understanding of the potential reaction of suburban travelers to value pricing. Responses to a survey of travelers using the eastern and western segments of Interstate 10 (I-10) outside San Antonio, Texas, were used to study differences in response to value pricing by suburban population groups. These surveys collected information on travelers' socioeconomic and trip characteristics, as well as their attitudes toward implementation of value pricing. Overall, the majority of travelers on I-10E and I-10W did not favor the implementation of value pricing for t...
The covering problem for the fields Q(−1)12 and Q(−3)12

Abstract Let k be a positive square free integer, N(−k) 1 2 the ring of algebraic integers in Q(−k) 1 2 and S the unit sphere in Cn, complex n-space. If A1,…, An are n linearly independent points of Cn then L = {u1Au + … + unAn} with u r ∈ N(−k) 1 2 is called a k-lattice. The determinant of L is denoted by d(L). If L is a covering lattice for S, then θ(S, L) = V(S) d(L) is the covering density. L is called locally (absolutely) extreme if θ(S, L) is a local (absolute) minimum. In this paper we determine unique classes of extreme lattices for k = 1 and k = 3.
SU-FF-T-19: A Study of the Effects of Seed Migration On Prostate Post-Seed Dose Plan Evaluation

Purpose:Brachytherapy using permanent seed implants has been an effective treatment for prostate cancer. It is a known fact that the seeds will migrate after implant, thus making the evaluation of long‐term (e.g. a few weeks) dose distribution difficult. We have performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the impact of seed migration on post‐seed dose plan evaluation parameters. Method and Materials: The CMS Interplant system and loose Pd‐103 seeds are used for the implant. The prostate is implanted with direct ultrasound visualization. CT scan and radiographs are taken 3 hours after the implant. Dosimetric studies are done using Nucletron's Theraplan Plus treatment planning system based on CTimages. The migrations of the seeds are randomly modeled according to Gaussian distribution. The mean migration is taken to be 0.5 cm and the sigma to be 0.25 cm. These numbers are close to latest clinical observations published. To test the sensitivity, an extreme case with mean migration of 1.0 cm and sigma of 0.5 cm is also modeled and compared. Patients are divided into 3 groups according to the prostate size. For each patient, the seed locations are modeled 10 times for a given mean migration, and the resulting 10 DVHs from the 10 trials are compared. Data are summarized according to prostate size and mean migration. Results: Preliminary results shows that D100 and D90 for prostate change about 3.5% and 2.5% respectively, V100 for prostate changes by about 25%, V100 and V150 for urethra change by about 20% and 50% respectively, and V50 for rectum changes by about 15%. Conclusion:Dose distribution changes as seed migrate, especially for the volume coverage. This effect should be taken into account when evaluating post‐seed plans. Quantitative knowledge of this effect may also factor into the seed distribution in the pre‐plan.
Identification of Disulphur Monoxide as an Absorbing Species in Carbonyl Sulphide Discharge Products

IN a recent article1 an absorption spectrum in the 2650–3250 A region, obtained from the products of an electrical discharge through carbonyl sulphide vapour, was described. The carrier of this spectrum was tentatively identified as C3SO, an analogue of carbon suboxide. This same absorption spectrum was also observed after the flash photolysis of carbonyl sulphide.
PACU Rocks! Cultivating a Nurturing Work Environment

Background Information PACU staff increasing, not engaged with each other. Staff felt unappreciated, not recognized for their performance. Lead to declining morale, lack of empathy towards one another, created overall feeling of dissatisfaction. Objectives of Project Create fun projects to involve staff in therapeutic relationships. Identify positive working relationships among staff. Develop anenvironment that stimulates positive communication. Recognize staff contribution to work environment. Process of Implementation Administration supported the endeavor. Targeted enthusiastic, positive, and motivated staff to create employee appreciation committee (EAC). Met monthly with formal agenda, encouraged staff input. Statement of Successful Practice The EAC is dynamic, utilizes fundraising events to facilitate worthy activities. These target staff’s lives, fun seasonal activities, annual picnics, holiday parties, calendar driven events. Statement of Positive Outcomes Achieved Staff more engaged in each others lives. Enthusiasm is tangible. Staff identifies feeling more appreciated. Retention high, staff affirms higher morale, sense of gratification. Translates into healthier working relationships, which enhances patient care. Implications for PeriAnesthesia Nurses. PACU staff enhance work environment by developing an EAC. Creates healthier, satisfying work environment. Retention, recruitment improved, employees support, encourage one another.
Conjoined twins in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

Conjoined twinning is an extremely rare occurrence among human and nonhuman primates. The current report describes a case of minimally conjoined omphalopagus rhesus monkey twins that were observed in the breeding colony at the California Regional Primate Research Center. The full-term nonviable male twins were morphologically normal and united in the umbilical region, involving the liver, xiphoid, umbilicus, body wall, and skin. The umbilical cords were separate, but closely aligned, within an ensheathing amnion; each cord contained two arteries and a vein. The closely associated cords were centrally inserted on a large bidiscoid placenta. There were no gross or histologic abnormalities in the viscera, with the exception of enlargement of the left central liver lobes, which constituted the area of attachment. The cause of death was attributed to asphyxia and trauma experienced during parturition.
The Physics and Chemistry of Small Translucent Molecular Clouds. X. SiO

We have made a survey of SiO in 29 of our standard sample of 11 cirrus cores and 27 Clemens-Barvainis translucent cores the structures and chemistry of which have been studied earlier in this series. SiO is detected in six objects, favoring those with large products of the local radiation field IUV and the column density. The fractional abundance of SiO is 1 × 10-10 in these six objects, and 1 × 10-11 over the remaining 23 searched objects for which an average of the observations yielded a detection. These SiO abundances are intermediate between those found in energetic star-forming regions (~1 × 10-8) and upper limits of ~2 × 10-12 found in cold dense clouds. We have analyzed the gas-phase chemistry of SiO and find that the temperature-dependent reactions Si + (OH, O2) → SiO cannot explain the strong dependence of SiO abundance upon cloud temperature, contrary to the conclusion of Langer & Glassgold. We have analyzed the SiO abundance characteristics in terms of accretion on and photodesorption from grains. Cosmic-ray desorption is found to be negligible. The same analysis applied to many other species studied in the translucent cloud series points to a uniquely strong binding of Si atoms onto grains, unlike the situation for other elements (C, N, O, S). We find this by determining a photodesorption yield factor for each molecular species which is consistent with the observations of the many species in both translucent and cold dense clouds, which agrees with experimental values for C, N, O, and S species, and which is much smaller for Si than for the other elements. Special binding mechanisms for Si onto grains are discussed.
Deposition of modified fibrinogen within the aortic intima

Abstract Substantial quantities of an insoluble form of fibrinogen differing from fibrin were found to occur within the intima of arteriosclerotic aortas. Identification was based on the fact that thrombin digests of reduced and alkylated protein from the tissue yielded fibrinopeptides in quantities that were stoichiometrically related to the composition of fibrinogen. The material could be extracted from the tissue with 5 M guanidine-HCI but not with common salt solutions or 40% urea. As judged from yields of fibrinopeptides, lesion bearing segments contained largest quantities averaging the equivalent of 3.6 mg of fibrinogen per g wet tissue with only 1 of 15 specimens giving none. The determinations for normal appearing segments from atherosclerotic vessels were occasionally as high; 10 of 15 fell below 0.5 mg/g. None was found in the aortic media. A tripeptide (glycylprolylarginine) located in a relatively thrombin-resistant segment of fibrinogen immediately behind fibrinopeptide A was measured and compared with the fibrinopeptides. There was not a large disparity in content of this peptide in relation to fibrinopeptides as occurs in fibrin clots, indicating that clot formation may not be the principle pathway to deposition of the protein related to fibrinogen in the aortic intima. It is suggested that the deposits are formed by a process analogous to the formation and stabilization of cryoprofibrin in blood.
Constrained optimization of cellulose acetate membrane using two‐level factorial design

This work presents a method, the SUMT algorithm, to optimize the performance of the cellulose acetate (CA) membrane by maximizing the permeate flux subject to an equality constraint of salt rejection and a pair of inequality constraints for each variable. Three variables, i.e., (1) the concentration of formamide in the casting solution, (2) the time of evaporation of the membrane prior to gelling, and (3) the annealing temperature of the membrane, were selected for this optimization study. Experiments based on the two-level factorial design were conducted for the determination of regression equations for both premeate flux and salt rejection. At a level of 97.00% rejection of a 0.5% sodium chloride solution at 600 psig, the maximum permeate flux of the CA membrane was predicted to be 14.52 gallons per day per sq. ft (gfd). This was later confirmed by experiments. The effects of the casting variables on membrane performance concluded in this study were consistent with those reported by other researchers.
Scaled Particle Theory Revisited: New Conditions and Improved Predictions of the Properties of the Hard Sphere Fluid†

We revisit the successful scaled particle theory (SPT) of hard particle fluids, originally developed by Reiss, Frisch, and Lebowitz (J. Chem. Phys. 1959, 31, 369). In the initial formulation of SPT, five exact conditions were derived that constrained the form of the central function G. Only three of these conditions, however, were employed to generate an equation of state. Later, the number of relations used to determine G was increased to five (Mandell, M. J.; Reiss, H., J. Stat. Phys. 1975, 13, 113). The resulting equation of state was an improvement over the original formulation, although its accuracy was still limited at high densities. In an effort to increase the accuracy of SPT predictions, we propose two new formally exact conditions on the form of G. These sixth and seventh conditions relate exactly known derivatives of G to the slope and curvature of the hard sphere radial distribution function at contact, g‘(σ+) and g‘ ‘(σ+), respectively. To apply the new conditions, we derive, again within th...
The Effect of Productive Activities on Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults With Dual Sensory Loss

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of three productive activities (paid employment, volunteer work, and informal helping) to mitigate the negative effects of dual sensory loss (DSL) on depressive symptoms among older adults. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze longitudinal data from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study. The sample consisted of 2,688 persons: 1,380 who developed DSL during the study and 1,308 who did not. Although participation in each of the productive activities was associated with fewer depressive symptoms for older adults with DSL, volunteering was also the only variable that moderated the relationship between DSL and depressive symptoms. Persons with a DSL who volunteered exhibited a larger decrease in depressive symptoms compared to persons without sensory loss who volunteered. A volunteer intervention for older adults with DSL may be a viable option to help reduce depression in this population.
Grain Boundary Contributions to Hydrogen-Affected Plasticity in Ni-201

Hydrogen embrittlement of structural materials, such as nickel-based alloys, is often characterized by enhanced dislocation processes as well as grain boundary decohesion leading to macroscale intergranular fracture. Nanoindentation and scanning probe microscopy (SPM) were used to characterize slip transfer across random grain boundaries and Σ3 recrystallization twins in annealed Ni-201. Thermal hydrogen charging leads to an increase in slip step width within pileups produced by nanoindentation along grain boundaries. The likelihood of slip transmission in the presence of hydrogen depends on the ease of slip within adjacent grains as well as on the misorientation of the grain boundary between them. The observed changes suggest that hydrogen limits dislocation cross-slip while increasing overall dislocation mobility. Coupled nanoindentation and SPM investigations provide a unique, local method for analyzing hydrogen effects on dislocation plasticity, which will be useful in developing grain-boundary-engineered materials.
Long mean free path of hot electrons selectively injected to higher subbands.

The long hot-electron mean free path observed by Sivan, Heiblum, and Umbach in high-mobility 2D electron-gas heterostructures is explained by electron transport in the second subband. Our estimates show that the mean free path in the second subband is longer by 2 orders of magnitude than that in the first subband. New magnetic-focusing measurements reveal hot-electron velocities lower than the Fermi velocity, as expected for a higher-subband transport. The electrostatic potential near a biased constriction used as the hot-electron injector is shown to induce nonadiabatic intersubband transfer.
School Engagement Among Urban Youth of Color Criterion Pattern Effects of Vocational Exploration and Racial Identity

School engagement is a multifaceted psychosocial process that functions as a key mediator of academic achievement, motivation, and school dropout. This study investigated the effects of vocational ...
The Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy

Of 113 cases of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, 13 patients had ophthalmic infiltrates. Eleven of the 13 had infiltrates in the orbital soft tissues, and five of these patients also had eyelid disease. One patient had infiltrates only within the eyelid, and one without disease in the orbit or eyelid had extensive infiltrates in the uveal tract. The microscopic differential diagnosis included a variety of lymphoreticular malignancies, storage diseases, histiocytosis X, rhinoscleroma, tuberculosis, and inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit. These 13 patients with ophthalmic disease were similar clinically and pathologically to patients with sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy who did not have ophthalmic disease.
The tandem GTPase, Der, is essential for the biogenesis of 50S ribosomal subunits in Escherichia coli

Summary A unique GTP-binding protein, Der contains two consecutive GTP-binding domains at the N-terminal region and its homologues are highly conserved in eubacteria but not in archaea and eukaryotes. In the present paper, we demonstrate that Der is one of the essential GTPases in Escherichia coli and that the growth rate correlates with the amount of Der in the cell. Interestingly, both GTP-binding domains are required at low temperature for cell growth, while at high temperature either one of the two domains is dispensable. Result of the sucrose density gradient experiment suggests that Der interacts specifically with 50S ribosomal subunits only in the presence of a GTP analogue, GMPPNP. The depletion of Der accumulates 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits with a concomitant reduction of polysomes and 70S ribosomes. Notably, Der-depleted cells accumulate precursors of both 23S and 16S rRNAs. Moreover, at lower Mg2+ concentration, 50S ribosomal subunits from Der-depleted cells are further dissociated into aberrant 50S ribosomal subunits; however, 30S subunits are stable. It was revealed that the aberrant 50S subunits, 40S subunits, contain less ribosomal proteins with significantly reduced amounts of L9 and L18. These results suggest that Der is a novel 50S ribosome-associated factor involved in the biogenesis and stability of 50S ribosomal subunits. We propose that Der plays a pivotal role in ribosome biogenesis possibly through interaction with rRNA or rRNA/r–protein complex.
New indications for already‐approved drugs: Time trends for the new drug application review phase

For 55 individual drugs, the time required for approval of the original new drug application (NDA) was compared with the time required for approval of supplemental NDAs. The mean time required for the original NDAs was 22.2 ± 18.1 months; the mean for review of all 46 follow-on indications was similar (19.1 ± 17.9 months). Since subsequent applications do not ordinarily require new assessment of clinical safety or animal toxicity studies, one would expect the subsequent applications to be processed more expeditiously. Such is not the case. The negative implications of these facts are discussed. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1987) 41, 368–370; doi:10.1038/clpt.1987.42
Precardiac mesoderm is specified during gastrulation in quail

The establishment of precardiac mesoderm and the role of anterolateral endoderm and ectoderm in regulating heart muscle cell development have been studied in quail using explant cultures. Mesoderm from precardiac regions of stage 4(+)-6 embryos was explanted alone or in combination with adjacent endoderm or ectoderm, cultured for 12 to 72 hr in several types of culture media, and then assayed by morphological and immunocytochemical criteria for the presence of differentiated cardiac myocytes. Results show that mesoderm from heart forming regions is capable of differentiating into beating cardiac myocytes in a defined medium lacking potential signaling molecules by stage 4+, the earliest time at which we could isolate mesoderm from adjacent cell layers. Although an interaction with anterolateral endoderm from stage 4+ onward is therefore not required for the specification of precardiac mesoderm in quail, explants consisting of mesoderm plus endoderm show an enhanced rate of myocyte differentiation and a shortened delay between expression of myosin heavy chain and the onset of beating. Endoderm also plays a central role in early heart morphogenesis since beating heart tubes form only in explants that contain both mesoderm and endoderm. In contrast, ectoderm from stage 4(+)-5+ embryos does not support development of precardiac mesoderm. These results suggest that early heart muscle cell development involves an initial specification step that occurs prior to or during gastrulation and which leads to the appearance of myocardial precursor cells, and a subsequent differentiation step during which endoderm plays a central role in enhancing the rate of myocyte differentiation and the degree of heart tube morphogenesis.
Nonlinear observers comprising high-gain observers and extended Kalman filters

A full order observer is designed for a class of nonlinear systems that can potentially admit unstable zero dynamics. The structure of the observer is composed of an Extended High Gain Observer (EHGO), for the estimation of the derivatives of the output, augmented with an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for the estimation of the states of the internal dynamics. The EHGO is also utilized to estimate a signal that is used as a virtual output to an auxiliary system comprised of the internal dynamics. In the special case of the system being linear in the states of the internal dynamics, we achieve semi-global asymptotic convergence of the estimation error. We demonstrate the efficacy of the observer in two examples; namely, a synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus and a Translating Oscillator with a Rotating Actuator (TORA) system.
The Economic Contribution of Pharmaceutical Marketing

ABSTRACTAlthough often criticized as wasteful or undesirable, pharmaceutical marketing activities contribute to the economic and clinical well-being of the nation. The inherent economic value of pharmaceutical products would not be realized without the promotional programs of pharmaceutical companies, which inform and educate physicians on the availability and uses of pharmaceutical products. There are no other commonly employed or widely used mechanisms whereby clinicians may learn about drugs and their uses. The value of pharmaceutical products is enhanced through pharmaceutical marketing activities, as they provide an information component to these products that would not be available without marketing activities.
New stochastic treatment of fermions with application to a double-chain polymer

An extension of the stochastic algorithm as applied to Hamiltonian lattice field theories is developed. This new scheme will converge in problems that have intrinsic negative signs in the matrix elements. As an example, this scheme is applied to a two-chain polymer problem with (spinless) fermions that have a pairwise interaction. Because of the multiple connected structure of the double chain, this problem has intrinsic minus signs. It cannot be transformed into a bosonic problem with only positive matrix elements. Numerical results from this application of the new algorithm are presented for the energy and certain correlation functions for moderately long chains. A discussion of a modification of the method which will allow the treatment of much larger systems is discussed.
Synthesis of Materials with Self-Ordering Chiral Macromolecules

Abstract The present work focuses on chirality, functionalization, and molecular shape to establish links between molecular architecture and the spatial organization of polymer chains in organic materials. The approach used was to synthesize chiral and racemic homologous polymers exhibiting a preference for extended chain conformations and having the strongly dipolar cyano group as a substituent of the stereogenic center. The strong dipole moment at the chiral center offered potential to combine strong long-range forces with chiral recognition. Electron and optical microscopies were our selected tools to probe three-dimensional structures, and nonlinear optics was used to measure the properties of the materials obtained. We found that the relative stereochemistry of the repeat unit dipole impacts significantly on global chain symmetry and its packing mode. Enantiomeric enrichment of chains changed hexagonally packed cylindrical molecules to board-like molecules which pack edge-to-edge in an orthorhombic l...
Glycoprotein analysis using enzymatic digestion and MALDI-TOF MS

A sensitive and facile method is described to identify the glycosylation sites and site-specific heterogeneity in the carbohydrate portion of glycoproteins. In this procedure, the peptide backbone of the glycoprotein is cleaved enzymatically. The peptide/glycopeptide mixture is divided into three fractions. The first fraction is analyzed directly by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), while the other two aliquots are analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS after enzymatic release of the N-linked and N- and O-linked chains. Comparison of these mass spectra provides the molecular weight of each carbohydrate side chain and of the peptide to which it is attached. This information combined with the protein's amino acid sequence identifies the glycosylation sites and provides information concerning site-specific oligosaccharide heterogeneity. This approach is faster and simpler than procedures currently used for glycosylation site mapping and can be performed on as little as 10 picomoles of glycoprotein.
Ammonium-mercury, electrogeneration and properties

Abstract The electrochemical reaction of NH 4 + and mercury has been studied at temperatures below the freezing point of mercury for the first time using potential step and linear sweep techniques. It was demonstrated that the liquid-solid transition of mercury plays a central role in the stability and electrochemical reversibility of ‘amalgam’. The ‘ammonium amalgam’ is deposited at the cathode surface as a solid phase. The deposition process proceeds through the nucleation and growth step, and the product was stable for at least several minutes. Electrochemical properties of the reduction product of NH 4 + and mercury discovered at temperatures below the freezing point of mercury, place ‘ammonium amalgam’ in the group of R 4 N-metals. We concluded that within the electrogenerated solid phase, ammonium-mercury, the electrons are associated with mercury in the form of negative clusters while NH 4 + acts as a counterion.
Free fatty acid release from human breast cancer tissue inhibits cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated killing.

Immune-mediated antitumor activities confront a variety of tumor-mediated defense mechanisms. Here, we describe a new mechanism involving FFA that may allow breast cancer to evade immune clearance. We determined the IC50 at which unbound free fatty acids (FFAu) inhibit murine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated killing to assess the physiologic relevance of this phenomenon. We found that the IC50 for unbound oleate is 125 ± 30 nM, ∼200-fold greater than normal plasma levels. FFA inhibition, however, may play an important role in breast cancer because we found that large quantities of FFAs are released constitutively into the media surrounding samples of human breast cancer but not normal or benign tissue. FFAu concentration ([FFAu]) increased to at least 25 nM in 20 of 22 cancer tissue samples and exceeded 100 nM in 11 patients. Media from these samples inhibited CTL-mediated killing. Extrapolation from our in vitro conditions suggests that for tumor interstitial fluid, in vivo [FFAu] may be 300-fold greater than we observed in vitro. Although breast cancer release of FFA may suppress effector cell antitumor activity, strategies that reduce interstitial [FFAu] may significantly improve antitumor immune therapies.
SODIUM EXCRETION (UNaV) AND RENAL CORTICAL RENIN CONXTENT (RCRC) IN ACUTE EXPERIMENTAL RENAL FAILURE (ARF)

We investigated the interrelationships of RCRC, UNaV and protection from ARF. Six groups of 225-300 Gm female Sprague Dowley rats received H2O (GR.A) or 1% Saline (S) to drink. Gr. B & C received S for 3d, D & E, S for 7d, F, S for 6 wks. C & E received deoxycorticosterone 2.5 mg IM for 3 & 7d respectively. UNaV was measured for the 24 hr. proceeding the experiment. Approximately ½ of each group was sacrificed. Kidneys were analyzed for RCRC. The other ½ received 10 ml/kg of 50% glycerol IM. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. The inverse correlation of UNaV and BUN (r -0.9, p < 0.001) is consistent with a feedback hypothesis of regulation of GFR in ARF but, contrary to current concepts, the lack of correlation of RCRC and severity of ARF argues against a local role for the renin anglotensin system in it. Protection from ARF occurs long before RCRC depletion during the course of saline drinking.
Radioiodine metabolism in the chick embryo.

Many studies have been made of the histology of the thyroid gland at various stages in the development of the chick embryo. These studies, as well as several to detsrmine the age of the chick embryo at which biochemical differentiation or thyroid function begins, have recently been summarized by Moore (1950). Methods used to determine thyroid function in the chick embryo include measurement of the total iodine in the thyroid glands (Sun, 1932), demonstration of the presence of the thyroxine in the chick thyroid by tadpole test (Hopkins, 1935), and demonstration of organic binding of radioiodine in the thyroid gland by autoradiography (Hansborough and Khan, 1951). Using these methods, it was not possible to detect any evidences of thyroid function or biochemical differention prior to the tenth day of incubation, which is the time colloid has been reported to appear in the thyroid gland (Bradway, 1929; Hopkins, 1935; Venzke, 1949).
Immune Deficiency in CHARGE Association

CHARGE association is the sporadic, non-random concurrence of Coloboma of the eye, Heart anomalies, choanal Atresia, Retardation of growth and development, Genitourinary anomalies, Ear anomalies and deafness (CHARGE association). Other abnormalities have also been reported in small numbers of patients with CHARGE association. The molecular basis of the CHARGE association is not clear. The spectrum of CHARGE association anomalies is wide and includes multiple systems. CHARGE association shares features with DiGeorge sequence, but no specific immune abnormalities are identified with the CHARGE association. The present study reports immune defects observed in three patients with CHARGE association. All patients presented with frequent upper and lower respiratory infections. The underlying immune abnormalities differ: one patient has impaired T-cell proliferation and poor antibody response to polysaccharide (pneumococcal) antigens; another has T-cell lymphopenia; and the third has a mild IgG2 subclass deficiency. Their course has so far been benign and they are all managed with prophylactic antibiotics. Although no single abnormality of the immune system is recognized in these patients, immune deficiency is considered among the occasional components of the CHARGE association.
Some Subgroups of Reproductive Age Women in the United States May Be at Risk for Iodine Deficiency

Consuming an adequate amount of iodine during pregnancy is critical for fetal neurologic development. Even a mild deficiency can impair cognitive ability. Important sources of iodine in the United States include dairy products and iodized salt. Although the U.S. population has traditionally been considered iodine sufficient, median urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) have decreased 50% since the 1970s. We analyzed 2001-2006 NHANES data from urine iodine spot tests for pregnant (n = 326), lactating (n = 53), and nonpregnant, nonlactating (n = 1437) women of reproductive age (15-44 y). We used WHO criteria to define iodine sufficiency (median UIC: 150-249 microg/L among pregnant women; >or=100 microg/L among lactating women; and 100-199 microg/L among nonpregnant, nonlactating women). The iodine status of pregnant women was borderline sufficient (median UIC = 153 microg/L; 95% CI = 105-196), while lactating (115 microg/L; 95% CI = 62-162) and nonpregnant, nonlactating (130 microg/L; 95% CI = 117-140) women were iodine sufficient. Dairy product consumption was an important contributor to iodine status among both pregnant and nonpregnant, nonlactating women, and those who do not consume dairy products may be at risk for iodine deficiency. Although larger samples are needed to confirm these findings, these results raise concerns about the iodine status of pregnant women and women of reproductive age who are not consuming dairy products. Iodine levels among U.S. women should be monitored, particularly among subgroups at risk for iodine deficiency.
Toward a model of self-administering data

We describe a model of self-administering data. In this model, adeclarative description of how a data object should behave is attached to the object, either by a user or by a data input device. A widespread infrastructure of self-administering data handlers is presumed to exist; these handlers are responsible for carrying out the specifications attached to the data. Typically, the specifications express how and to whom the data should be transferred, how it should be incorporated when it is received, what rights recipients of the data will have with respect to it, and the kind of relation that should exist between distributed copies of the object. Functions such as distributed version control can be implemented on top of the basic handler functions. We suggest that this model can provide superior support for common cooperative functions. Because the model is declarative, users need only express their intentions once in creating a self-administering description, and need not be concerned with manually performing subsequent repetitious operations. Because the model is peer-to-peer, users are less dependent on additional, perhaps costly resources, at least when these are not critical.An initial implementation of the model has been created. We are experimenting with the model both as a tool to aid in digital library functions, and as a possible replacement for some server oriented functions.
Perturbation of growth and differentiation of Friend murine erythroleukemia cells by 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in early S phase.

Cultured Friend murine erythroleukemia cells (Friend cells) are induced to undergo erythroid differentiation when grown in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and other compounds. The effects of unifilar substitution of bromouracil (BU) for thymidine in the DNA (BU-DNA) of Friend cells were examined. Cells were grown in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for one generation, then centrifuged and resuspended in medium containing DMSO without BrdU. These cells exhibited a delay in the appearance of heme-producing, benzidine-reactive (B+) cells and a decreased rate of cell proliferation in comparison to the control not containing BU-DNA. A transient inhibition of entry into S phase was observed when control cells or cells containing BU-DNA were grown in the presence of DMSO for 10 to 20 hours. This transient inhibition was increased in the BrdU culture. Thus, BU-substitution in Friend cells alters other cellular functions in addition to erythroid differentiation. The rate of increase in the percent of cells committed to differentiate (those forming B+ colonies in plasma clots) was similar in the BrdU and control cultures until 40 to 50 hours. After this time, a delay in the appearance of committed cells was observed in the BrdU culture. The effect of BrdU on the appearance of B+ cells was more pronounced and occurred earlier than its effect on the rate of commitment. Therefore, the delay in the appearance of B+ cells in the BrdU culture was due primarily to perturbation of post-commitment events such as the accumulation of hemoglobin. We also examined the effect on growth and differentiation after BrdU was incorporated during different intervals of S phase in cells synchronized by centrifugal elutriation or by double thymidine block and hydroxyurea treatment. The delay in the appearance of B+ cells and inhibition of cell proliferation were only observed when BrdU was incorporated in the first half of S phase. BrdU (10 μM) had no effect on growth or differentiation when present during late S or G1 and G2. These results, using two very different methods to achieve cell synchrony, indicate that the effects of BrdU on growth and differentiation described above are due to its incorporation into DNA sequences replicating during early S.
Relationship between Chlorophylls and Carotenoids of Ripening Tomato Fruit as Influenced by Potassium Nutrition

Studies of fruit pigmentation at various stages of ripening showed that the chlorophylls generally decreased as the total carotenoids increase during ripening. At any stage of ripening, the carotenoid content of K-deficient fruit was lower than that of normal fruit. The relation ship between the two pigment systems was altered by the K status of the fruit. When the rate of carotenogenesis was low (green and red stages), the chlorophylls were higher in high K-fruit than in K-deficient fruit. When the rate of carotenoid synthesis was rapid (breaker to light red stages), the chlorophyll level of K-deficient fruit was higher than that of normal fruit.
The effects of group housing on the research use of the laboratory rabbit

This project evaluated the influence of group housing on common aspects of research use of female laboratory rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Eight rabbits housed individually in conventional cages...
An Examination of Job Skills Required by Top U.S. Broadcast News Companies and Potential Impact on Journalism Curricula

Journalism programs in America’s colleges and universities are seeing record enrollments, despite dire predictions that journalism may be a dying industry and that jobs are scarce and getting scarcer. In order to prepare broadcast journalism students for the dynamic nature of the industry, it has become more important than ever for educators to stay abreast of the evolution of skills and attributes that are most important for employment and success in the journalism profession today. For the third consecutive year, a content analysis was conducted over a period of 3 months in 2008, 2009, and 2010 for all the employment opportunities posted by the top 10 broadcast journalism companies in the United States. The researchers identified several important findings over the 3-year period, including a significant increase in multimedia skills required by employers. In addition, findings consistent from year to year may boost educator confidence in using the results as a guide to specific curricular reforms. For example, the need for students to work in teams and for educators to create or simulate deadline pressure in assignments is critical. The ability
Part II. Dynamic single event upset characterization of the Virtex-II field programmable gate array using proton irradiation

The proton induced dynamic SEU cross-section of additional functional blocks and reference designs on the Virtex-II FPGA are presented. The measured reference design cross-sections are compared with calculated cross-sections based on their functional block utilization. The reference designs upset cross-sections are used to estimate their upset rate in the space radiation environment.
Maternal Postpartum Role Collapse as a Theory of Postpartum Depression

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of a theory of maternal postpartum role collapse. The influences of traditional role theory and symbolic interactionism are presented. The development of the maternal postpartum role collapse theory emerged from the study of postpartum depression among African-American women (Amankwaa, 2000). Major components of the theory of postpartum maternal role collapse consist of role stress, role strain, and finally role collapse. A discussion of the extension of role theory to role collapse as it is related to the postpartum mother is offered as an explanation of postpartum depression. Key Words: Symbolic Interactionism, Postpartum Depression, Maternal Role Collapse, and Grounded Theory Research
Tablet-breaking ability of older persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSEthe purpose of this study was to assess the ability of older persons with type 2 diabetes to accurately break in half 2 different formulations of micronized glyburide tablets.METHODSThirty persons with type 2 diabetes, over age 70, were recruited from the St Louis University geriatric clinics. Participants were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Group A broke 30 Glynase Prestabs and 30 generic tablets using 2 different manual tablet-breaking methods. Group B broke 15 Glynase Prestabs and 15 generic tablets without instructions. Visual analog scales were used to assess pain and difficulty of tablet breaking.RESULTSA higher percentage of successful tablet breaking was reported with Glynase Prestabs (80%) compared with the generic tablets (33%). Mean pain scores for breaking Glynase Prestabs were 0.1 (Group A) and 0.9 (Group B). Higher pain scores were obtained for the generic tablets (2.1 for Group A, 3.2 for Group B). Glynase Prestabs were easier to break in both groups, and the resultant half tablets s...
America's Changing Farmscape: A Study of Agricultural Tourism in Michigan*

Agricultural tourism incorporates visits to farms for the purposes of on-site retail purchases, enjoyment, and education. Long popular in the European Union (EU), agritourism is gaining popularity throughout the United States. Interest has grown as a result of stagnant grain prices, rising farm costs, and growing international competition. For rural areas seeking new economic options, the potential of these operations to generate new sources of income through sales and horizontal linkages to other tourism-based activities has sparked interest beyond the farm gate. This article, based on a survey and a statistical analysis of 300 agritourism operations in Michigan, summarizes factors associated with successful operations.
An Electronic Hybrid with Adaptive Balancing for Telephony

A new form of adaptive balancing hybrid is proposed for application to the two-wire to four-wire interface of a local digital switch. It is similar to an echo canceller but with a single degree of freedom and much simpler circuitry. In this paper a theory of operation of the hybrid is developed, and in a companion paper two circuit implementations and experimental results are reported.
Cyclosporin Analogs Inhibit In Vitro Growth of Cryptosporidium parvum

Cyclosporine and nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin (CS) analogs were demonstrated to be potent inhibitors of the growth of the intracellular parasite Cryptosporidium parvum in short-term (48-h) in vitro cultures. Fifty-percent inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) were 0.4 microM for SDZ 033-243, 1.0 microM for SDZ PSC-833, and 1.5 microM for cyclosporine. Two other analogs were less effective than cyclosporine: the IC50 of SDZ 205-549 was 5 microM, and that of SDZ 209-313 was 7 microM. These were much lower than the IC50 of 85 microM of paromomycin, a standard positive control for in vitro drug assays for this parasite. In addition, intracellular growth of excysted sporozoites that had been incubated for 1 h in cyclosporine was significantly reduced, suggesting that the drug can inhibit sporozoite invasion. The cellular activities of the CS analogs used have been characterized for mammalian cells and protozoa. The two analogs that were most active in inhibiting C. parvum, SDZ PSC-833 and SDZ 033-243, bind weakly to cyclophilin, a peptidyl proline isomerase which is the primary target of cyclosporine and CS analogs. However, they are potent modifiers of the activity of the P glycoproteins/ multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters, members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily. Hence, both cyclophilin and some ABC transporters may be targets for this class of drugs, although drugs that preferentially interact with the latter are more potent. Cyclosporine (0.5 microM) had no significant chemosensitizing activity. That is, it did not significantly increase sensitivity to paromomycin, suggesting that an ABC transporter is not critical in the efflux of this drug. Cyclosporine at concentrations up to 50 microM was not toxic to host Caco-2 cells in the CellTiter 96 assay. The results of this study complement those of studies of the inhibitory effect of cyclosporine and CS analogs on other apicomplexan parasites, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Toxoplasma gondii.
Energy aware routing for low energy ad hoc sensor networks

The recent interest in sensor networks has led to a number of routing schemes that use the limited resources available at sensor nodes more efficiently. These schemes typically try to find the minimum energy path to optimize energy usage at a node. In this paper we take the view that always using lowest energy paths may not be optimal from the point of view of network lifetime and long-term connectivity. To optimize these measures, we propose a new scheme called energy aware routing that uses sub-optimal paths occasionally to provide substantial gains. Simulation results are also presented that show increase in network lifetimes of up to 40% over comparable schemes like directed diffusion routing. Nodes also burn energy in a more equitable way across the network ensuring a more graceful degradation of service with time.