cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fiscal Federalism and Economic Crises in the United States: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic and Great Recession

The architecture of fiscal federalism in the United States represents an obstacle for prompt and comprehensive policy responses to economic crises, especially by subnational levels of government. As both a public health and economic crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic has put unique fiscal pressures on subnational governments. This article reviews the pandemic's fiscal effects on these governments, as well as the federal government's response. By comparing the response to the COVID-19 crisis during the Trump administration with the response to the Great Recession during the Obama administration, we show that while the speed and magnitude of federal aid was unprecedented in 2020, it was nevertheless conditional in nature and beset by familiar political and institutional obstacles. Despite major fiscal pressures, state revenues rebounded earlier than expected, in part due to the relaxation of public health measures and the collection of taxes from online transactions; yet, state resources remained strained throughout the year, especially in states reliant on the hospitality and the oil sectors. And while local property taxes were buoyed by a surging housing market, cities and counties were confronted with declining revenue from other sources and intense emergency spending needs. Thus, despite unprecedented levels of federal support for state and local governments, the legacies of "fend for yourself" federalism live on.
Three-dimensional algorithms for grid restructuring in Free-Lagrangian calculations

Grid restructuring algorithms which lower the price of three-dimensional Free-Lagrange calculations are presented. The algorithms are first given for the case of planar triangulated surfaces embedded in and spanning a three-dimensional region. The tetrahedra generated by this technique form a Delaunay mesh if the interplane spacing is comparable to the resolution within the planes. The algorithm can therefore be used for efficient determinations of Voronoi connections for initial grids. Modifications of the algorithm for the case of closely spaced surfaces are demonstrated in the context of restructuring algorithms which can accommodate colliding surfaces. Then, the restriction to planar surfaces is removed and regular surfaces are examined. The basic algorithm is the same, with an additional operation to project the vertices of one surface onto another. Finally, vertices on the surface are allowed to migrate anywhere in space.
TalkPrinting: improving speaker recognition by modeling stylistic features

Automatic speaker recognition is an important technology forintelligence gathering, law enforcement, and audio mining. Conventionalspeaker recognition systems, which are based on independent short-term spectral samples, suffer from a lack of noise robustness and are unable to modela speaker's idiosyncratic stylistic features. This paper describes "TalkPrinting",a program of research aimed at adding such stylistic features to conventionalsystems. Results on three preliminary systems based on stylistic featuresdemonstrate that (1) the new features alone carry significant speakerinformation; (2) they also carry significant complementary informationcompared to the conventional features; and (3) they provide increasingimprovements in performance with increasing test durations.
Why Counting Votes Doesn't Add Up: A Response to Cox and Miles' Judging the Voting Rights Act

In Judging the Voting Rights Act, Professors Adam B. Cox and Thomas J. Miles posit that their findings "contrast" and "cast doubt" on the core findings we reported in two related studies. Cox and Miles do not dispute our finding that Section 2 plaintiffs have been more likely to prevail in jurisdictions "covered" by the temporary provisions of the Voting Rights Act than elsewhere. Instead, they observe that the votes judges cast in Section 2 cases in covered jurisdictions were no more likely to favor liability than the votes they cast in non-covered ones. Based on this observation, Cox and Miles conclude that coverage does not matter. The observation about votes is correct but the conclusion is not. To be sure, the votes Cox and Miles chose to count do not, standing alone, show that covered jurisdictions "still have more voting rights problems" than non-covered ones. But no good reason exists to suspect that they would. Counting votes by individual judges rather than examining final judgments may well illuminate a number of issues, but as a lens through which to compare covered and non-covered jurisdictions, it promises at best a skewed vision of "voting rights problems" in these regions. This brief essay explains why.
A case study of the design and evaluation of a persuasive healthy lifestyle assistance technology: challenges and design guidelines

Technology can be used as an intervention of unhealthy lifestyles, but designing such a technology is challenging - usability as well as the ability of changing the user's behavior needs to be considered. The design and evaluation process of a future generation persuasive healthy lifestyle assistance technology which involves physiology, environment monitoring, and automation was studied in this paper.Several challenges were identified and design guidelines were developed for designing such a technology which is used as an intervention of the user's unhealthy lifestyle.
Detection of high levels of pyrrolizidine-N-oxides in the endangered plant Cryptantha crassipes (Terlingua Creek cat's-eye) using HPLC-ESI-MS.

Introduction A previous investigation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids produced by nine species of Cryptantha identified at least two chemotypes within the genus. Other research has postulated that pyrrolizidine-N-oxide concentrations increase as the growing conditions become harsher, particularly with respect to water availability. Cryptantha crassipes is an endangered plant with a very limited distribution range within a dry, harsh Texan ecosystem. Objective To determine the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (and their N-oxides) profile and concentrations in Cryptantha crassipes. Methodology Methanolic extracts of Cryptantha crassipes were partitioned into dilute sulphuric acid and the alkaloids concentrated using strong cation exchange, solid-phase extraction columns. Extracts were analysed using reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation ion trap mass spectrometry. Results The N-oxides of lycopsamine and intermedine were the major pyrrolizidine alkaloids detected in Cryptantha crassipes. Smaller to trace amounts of other pyrrolizidine alkaloids observed were: the 7- and 3′-acetylated derivatives and the 1,2-dihydro analogs of lycopsamine-N-oxide and/or intermedine-N-oxide; a pair of unidentified N-oxides, isobaric with lycopsamine-N-oxide; and the N-oxides of leptanthine, echimiplatine, amabiline, echiumine and dihydroechiumine. Only trace amounts, if any, of the parent free base pyrrolizidine alkaloids were detected. The concentration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids was estimated to be 3–5% of the dry weight of milled leaves, or 10–50 times the levels previously reported for similar chemotypes. Conclusions The high levels of the N-oxides of lycopsamine and intermedine establish the genus chemotype of the endangered Cryptantha crassipes and support earlier data linking high levels of N-oxides to dry, harsh growing conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new topology of top-cross-loop for low-profile monopole UWB antenna

Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allocated 3.1 GHz to 10.6GHz to short range (<10m) communication with acceptable EIRP in the beginning of this century. This adoption for radio reusability revived the research in Ultra Wideband (UWB) communication which dates back to the first commercial electromagnetic data communications more than 100 years ago by Marconi. UWB communication systems possess advantages of robustness against multipath and jamming, and potential high data rate capability (typically 100Mbps) over short range. These characteristics among others make UWB systems promising solutions for indoor navigations, intrusion detections and communications in entertainment, sports, medical and defense areas.
Bandwidth Compression Of Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery By Quantization Of Raw Radar Data

A study is made of the effects of quantization of the radar returns transmitted from aircraft or spacecraft employing a synthetic aperture radar system. The study is based on the output images obtained after one-bit, two-bit, and eight-bit quantizations and comparing the results to ground truth. In this way the degradation resulting from data or bandwidth reduction is determined. Quantization is evaluated in terms of crater scene, number of looks, and transmission error rate. It is found that two-bit quantization of raw radar data from homogeneous scenes processed to 32 looks yields nearly all the details of the original. One-bit quantization of raw radar data from homogeneous scenes processed to 32 looks yields a good visual representation of the scene but some fine detail is lost and the absolute reflectivity level is not reliable. Image quality is observed to improve with more looks and video and intermediate frequency quantization are not distinguishable even for one-bit quantizations. Image quality is not influenced by bit error rates less than about 2 to the -7th power.
Multicellular Model for Intercellular Synchronization in Circadian Neural Networks

We developed a multicellular model characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity to investigate possible mechanisms that underlie circadian network synchronization and rhythmicity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We populated a two-dimensional grid with 400 model neurons coupled via γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) neurotransmitters through a putative Ca2+ mediated signaling cascade to investigate their roles in gene expression and electrical firing activity of cell populations. As observed experimentally, our model predicted that GABA would affect the amplitude of circadian oscillations but not synchrony among individual oscillators. Our model recapitulated experimental findings of decreased synchrony and average periods, loss of rhythmicity, and reduced circadian amplitudes as VIP signaling was eliminated. In addition, simulated increases of VIP reduced periodicity and synchrony. We therefore postulated a physiological range of VIP within which the system is able to produce sustained and synchronized oscillations. Our model recapitulated experimental findings of diminished amplitudes and periodicity with decreasing intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, suggesting that such behavior could be due to simultaneous decrease of individual oscillation amplitudes and population synchrony. Simulated increases in Cl− levels resulted in increased Cl− influx into the cytosol, a decrease of inhibitory postsynaptic currents, and ultimately a shift of GABA-elicited responses from inhibitory to excitatory. The simultaneous reduction of IPSCs and increase in membrane resting potential produced GABA dose-dependent increases in firing rates across the population, as has been observed experimentally. By integrating circadian gene regulation and electrophysiology with intracellular and intercellular signaling, we were able to develop the first (to our knowledge) multicellular model that allows the effects of clock genes, electrical firing, Ca2+, GABA, and VIP on circadian system behavior to be predicted.
Time domains of {1}/{f} and white noise fluctuations

Abstract We investigate the two types of stochastic features of the solution of the differential equation d2x/dt2−(1/τ)dx/dt+(θ0/τ)2xe2t/τ=0. The solution x(t) of this equation, when evaluated at multiples of the time interval Δt=τ, generates the random sequences xn of the logistic map xn+1=4xn(1−xn) with a white power spectrum. When time is treated as continuous, however, the power spectrum is essentially 1 f . A connection between the logistic map and the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot function is also made.
Proof of the Third Law of Thermodynamics for Ising Ferromagnets

The third law of thermodynamics is proved for a large class of Ising models with generalized ferromagnetic many-body interactions. A sufficient condition for the third law to hold is that the model have nearest-neighbor couplings which are bounded from below by a positive constant. The proof is based on a spin-correlation inequality of Griffiths which implies a corresponding inequality for the bulk entropy per spin. Ground-state degeneracy considerations are completely avoided.
TensorDB: In-Database Tensor Manipulation with Tensor-Relational Query Plans

Today's data management systems increasingly need to support both tensor-algebraic operations (for analysis) as well as relational-algebraic operations (for data manipulation and integration). Tensor decomposition techniques are commonly used for discovering underlying structures of multi-dimensional data sets. However, as the relevant data sets get large, existing in-memory schemes for tensor decomposition become increasingly ineffective and, instead, memory-independent solutions, such as in-database analytics, are necessitated. We introduce an in-database analytic system for efficient implementations of in-database tensor decompositions on chunk-based array data stores, so called, TensorDB. TensorDB includes static in-database tensor decomposition and dynamic in-database tensor decomposition operators. TensorDB extends an array database and leverages array operations for data manipulation and integration. TensorDB supports complex data processing plans where multiple relational algebraic and tensor algebraic operations are composed with each other.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor mimicking carotid body tumor—case report and review

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor is a rare neurogenic tumor that usually presents in geriatic patients. Typically, it is found in the trunk and extremities and rarely presents in the head and neck region. It may mimic a carotid body tumor when it presents in the neck. We report the first case of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the vagus nerve in an adolescent boy. He presented with an asymptomatic lateral neck lump that was thought to be a benign schwannoma on preoperative imaging. We describe the diagnostic dilemma and management difficulties in this patient and review the literature.
Price fairness and its asymmetric effects on overall price, quality, and value judgments: the case of an upscale hotel.

Abstract Recent tourism and hospitality research has evidenced growing interests in such marketing issues as pricing, quality management, and value-laden destination development. While these and related behavioral theories have been introduced into the tourism and hospitality literature, many of them need rigorous re-evaluations and systematic inquiries in the tourism and hospitality context. Hence, building on economic utility theory, this study investigates a pricing issue with a focus on potential asymmetric effects of positive and negative price deviations—deviations from the internal reference price—on overall price, quality, and value perceptions of traveling lodging customers. Results indicate that the hypothesized asymmetric effects between positive (i.e., gain) and negative (i.e., loss) price deviations exist in buyers’ judgments of quality and value, although this is not the case in overall price perceptions. The article includes managerial implications of the findings and suggestions for future research in related contexts.
Control of internal resonances in vibration isolators using passive and hybrid dynamic vibration absorbers

Abstract This paper discusses methods to improve isolator performance by controlling Internal Resonances (IRs), also referred as wave effects , in vibration isolators. The IRs are associated with the isolators’ internal elastic motions that are due to the inertia existing in practical vibration isolators. It is well known that the IRs degrade the isolator performance as predicted by ideal massless isolator models. This degradation could be as high as 20–30 dB in the force transmissibility at the IR frequencies and 10–20 dB in the overall noise radiation from the foundation in the audible frequency range. This paper proposes two approaches of using dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs) directly embedded into the isolator to attenuate the IRs. The first approach uses passive DVAs (PDVA). The effectiveness of this approach is investigated analytically using a 3 dof vibration model. It is shown that the PDVAs are very effective in attenuating the IRs and improve the isolator's performance at high frequencies. However, the PDVAs are less effective at low frequencies. To complement the effectiveness of the PDVA, an active control force is added, forming the hybrid DVA (HDVA) approach. The effectiveness of both the PDVA and the HDVA approaches, as well as the significance of the IRs in a commercial rubber mount, is also demonstrated experimentally. It is shown that an enhanced isolator with DVAs outperforms the original isolator without DVAs. Compared to the original isolator, in the isolation region of the experimental system, the PDVA approach reduces force transmissibility by 18.5% and overall noise radiation by 4.3 dB. The HDVA approach reduces the force transmissibility and radiated noise by 92.2% and 9.1 dB, respectively.
Stress-induced dura vascular permeability does not develop in mast cell-deficient and neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice

Abstract Migraine headaches are often precipitated by stress and seem to involve neurogenic inflammation (NI) of the dura mater associated with the sensation of throbbing pain. Trigeminal nerve stimulation had been reported to activate rat dura mast cells and increase vascular permeability, effects inhibited by neonatal pretreatment with capsaicin implicating sensory neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP). The aim of the present study was to investigate NI, assessed by extravasation of 99-Technetium-gluceptate (99Tc-G), as well as the role of mast cells, SP and its receptor (NK-1R) in dura mater of mice in response to acute stress. Restraint stress for thirty min significantly increased 99Tc-G extravasation in the dura mater of C57BL mice. This effect was absent in W/Wv mast cell-deficient mice and NK-1 receptor knockout mice (NK-1R−/−), but was unaltered in SP knockout mice (SP−/−). Acute restraint stress also resulted in increased dura mast cell activation in C57BL mice, but not in NK-1R−/− mice. These data demonstrate for the first time that acute stress triggers NI and mast cell activation in mouse dura mater through the activation of NK-1 receptors. The fact that SP−/− mice had intact vascular permeability response to stress indicates that some other NK-1 receptor agonist may substitute for SP. These results may help explain initial events in pathogenesis of stress-induced migraines.
Upper airway obstruction caused by a nasopharyngeal polyp and brachycephalic airway syndrome in a Chinese Shar‐Pei puppy

Objective: To describe the case management for a dog diagnosed with a nasopharyngeal polyp. Case summary: A 9-week-old Shar-Pei puppy presented for progressive dyspnea and collapse. Clinical signs were consistent with an upper airway obstruction (UAO) and a temporary tracheostomy was performed. The puppy was at first diagnosed with and treated for brachycephalic airway syndrome but continued to exhibit signs of an UAO after soft palate resection. Nasopharyngoscopy revealed a nasopharyngeal polyp causing the UAO, which was surgically removed. The puppy has been free of clinical signs for 1 year after removal of the polyp. New or unique information provided: This is the first report of a nasopharyngeal polyp causing a life-threatening UAO in a puppy. It emphasizes the importance of examining the nasopharyngeal space in neonates presenting with UAO.
The Effect of a Campaign Internship on Political Efficacy and Trust

This study examines the effect of a 10-week campaign internship course on political efficacy and trust. We compared changes in these key political attitudes between a group of 33 undergraduate students in a campaign internship course and a control group of 65 students taking government courses. A multiple regression analysis indicates that participation in the campaign internship was associated with statistically significant increases in internal efficacy and trust in government. Although intern students reported reduced levels of external efficacy over the course of the internship, participation in the internship did not have a statistically significant effect on external efficacy when other intervening variables were taken into account. Overall, our findings provide additional support for the argument that internships can change the way that young people view political institutions and their role in the political system.
The genomics of speciation in Drosophila: diversity, divergence, and introgression estimated using low-coverage genome sequencing.

In nature, closely related species may hybridize while still retaining their distinctive identities. Chromosomal regions that experience reduced recombination in hybrids, such as within inversions, have been hypothesized to contribute to the maintenance of species integrity. Here, we examine genomic sequences from closely related fruit fly taxa of the Drosophila pseudoobscura subgroup to reconstruct their evolutionary histories and past patterns of genic exchange. Partial genomic assemblies were generated from two subspecies of Drosophila pseudoobscura (D. ps.) and an outgroup species, D. miranda. These new assemblies were compared to available assemblies of D. ps. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis, two species with overlapping ranges in western North America. Within inverted regions, nucleotide divergence among each pair of the three species is comparable, whereas divergence between D. ps. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis in non-inverted regions is much lower and closer to levels of intraspecific variation. Using molecular markers flanking each of the major chromosomal inversions, we identify strong crossover suppression in F1 hybrids extending over 2 megabase pairs (Mbp) beyond the inversion breakpoints. These regions of crossover suppression also exhibit the high nucleotide divergence associated with inverted regions. Finally, by comparison to a geographically isolated subspecies, D. ps. bogotana, our results suggest that autosomal gene exchange between the North American species, D. ps. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis, occurred since the split of the subspecies, likely within the last 200,000 years. We conclude that chromosomal rearrangements have been vital to the ongoing persistence of these species despite recent hybridization. Our study serves as a proof-of-principle on how whole genome sequencing can be applied to formulate and test hypotheses about species formation in lesser-known non-model systems.
Inactivity and inflammation in the critically ill patient

Bed rest is a commonly prescribed activity restriction among patients in the ICU. Although bed rest may promote rest, recovery and safety, inactivity related to bed rest also may lead to complications and adverse outcomes. The biological mechanisms that lead to immediate and long-term sequelae from bed rest have not been elucidated. It may be the inflammatory factors common to critical illness combined with bed rest lead to a positive feedback loop, contributing to inflammatory disequilibrium. This disequilibrium has a profound affect on muscles. Muscle decay has serious and long-term adverse outcomes on survivors of critical illness. Mobility therapy may improve inflammatory disequilibrium and preserve muscles, leading to improved functional outcome. Investigations in the laboratory, in healthy people and among patients with systemic inflammatory disease, suggest that activity does not exacerbate inflammation. Clinically, exercise is beneficial to patients with various chronic inflammatory diseases. Further study is needed to best understand the role, duration, and frequency of activity in promoting recovery for critically ill patients.
Quick Test Validation Study and Examination of Form Equivalency

Two groups (organic and functional) of 32 patients each, seen at the Wilford Hall USAF Hospital, Psychology Service, were given both the Quick Test and the full WAIS. Correlations between each form of the Quick Test and both scaled scores and IQs on the WAIS were obtained. The correlations suggest that the QT and the Verbal section of the WAIS tap similar abilities. Further, the QT possesses sufficient relationship to the WAIS Full Scale IQ to justify its use as a brief screening device as a measurement of general intelligence. Regression analyses indicated that no significant gain in predictive validity is obtained by the administration of all forms of the QT and that for functional and mixed groups Form 2 of the QT is the best predictor of WAIS Full Scale IQs. Some data which question the form equivalence of the QT are presented.
Men confronting death: Management versus self determination

Whereas the traditional hospital situation places a premium on inculcating an attitude of docility, compliance, and dependency on the part of the patient and his or her family, such attitudes are more often in direct conflict with the way in which most men in our society have been socialized. An understanding of how such gender role conditioning affects men's behavior would appear to have much value in offering more effective intervention procedures to terminally ill male patients and their families, and to men who are intimately involved with a terminally ill patient.
X-ray and molecular modeling studies on the structure-function correlations of polysaccharides

X-Ray fiber diffraction analysis and computer molecular modeling have revealed the three-dimensional structures of several important industrially useful polysaccharides such as algin, carrageenan, galactomannan, gellan, pectin, welan, xanthan and xanthan:guaran complex. Consistent with their chemical structures, their molecular morphologies, which include single and double helices, are quite distinct. The helix-helix associations are promoted by cations and/or water molecules and the patterns are not always the same. The polymer-dependent structural details can be correlated with, and used to understand the molecular basis of, the observed physical properties.
Nature of the carbohydrate units of experimentally induced connective tissue of man, dog and rat.

Abstract 1. 1. Digestion of experimentally induced connective tissue of man, dog and rat with trypsin solubilized about 30 per cent of the carbohydrate and peptide portions; and final digestion was accomplished with Pronase. 2. 2. Carbohydrate units yielded by this procedure, with only a few amino acid residues attached, were isolated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. 3. 3. Characterization of glycopeptides separated by these procedures indicated the presence of three distinct carbohydrate units: glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine; plasma-type heteropolysaccharides consisting of galactose, mannose, glucosamine, fucose and sialic acid; and a mixture of glycosaminoglycans composed predominately of dermatan sulfate, chrondroitin-4 and/or -6 sulfates and hyaluronic acid.
Medical care of girls with Turner Syndrome: where are we lacking?

Objective: To characterize the medical care of a large cohort of girls with Turner syndrome with a focus on changes in management since establishment of international consensus guidelines in 2007.Methods: We reviewed medical records of patients followed up for Turner syndrome between 2000 and 2010.Results: A total of 128 girls aged 13.2 ± 0.5 years were identified. Average age at diagnosis was 4.1 ± 5.1 years. Overall, medical assessments performed included a hearing test in 56%, thyroid screening in 95%, renal ultrasonography in 100%, and echocardiography in 100%. Before 2007, none of the patients had screening performed for celiac disease, dyslipidemia, or liver dysfunction, and none had routine electrocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Since 2007, 63% were screened for celiac disease, 54% for liver abnormalities, and 38% for dyslipidemia. Electrocardiography was performed in 23%, while cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 39%. Although conjugated equine oral estrogen was...
Discrimination, racial identity, and cytokine levels among African-American adolescents.

PURPOSE: Low-grade inflammation, measured by circulating levels of cytokines, is a pathogenic mechanism for several chronic diseases of aging. Identifying factors related to inflammation among African-American youths may yield insights into mechanisms underlying racial disparities in health. The purpose of the study was to determine whether (1) reported racial discrimination from ages 17-19 years forecasts heightened cytokine levels at the age of 22 years and (2) this association is lower for youths with positive racial identities. METHODS: A longitudinal research design was used with a community sample of 160 African-Americans who were aged 17 years at the beginning of the study. Discrimination and racial identity were measured with questionnaires, and blood was drawn to measure basal cytokine levels. Ordinary least squares regression analyses were used to examine the hypotheses. RESULTS: After controlling for socioeconomic risk, life stress, depressive symptoms, and body mass index, racial discrimination (β =.307; p CONCLUSIONS: High levels of interpersonal racial discrimination and the development of a positive racial identity operate jointly to determine low-grade inflammation levels that have been found to forecast chronic diseases of aging, such as coronary disease and stroke. Language: en
A relevant course in statistics, research and policy development

Abstract Many students with master's degrees who enter fields where policy-making and management are intertwined lack the ability to direct or use supporting research based on computerized quantitative techniques. We have developed a first year graduate course which gives students experience with a real, often controversial, research problem. These students, who come largely from non-numerical backgrounds, become capable of communicating effectively with programmers and of evaluating statistical research by others, so that upon graduation they are much more capable of doing relatively sophisticated, computerized research on their own.
Macropolitics and Microperceptions: Is There a Possible Market Answer to Water Woes in Ambovombe-Androy, Madagascar?

In Ambovombe-Androy water is scarce, time-consuming to obtain, and expense. Nonetheless, there is little study into the complexity of popular perception of costs for services in Madagascar. This paper addresses this gap. It is based on a district-wide household survey, focus groups, and interviews. It looks at the wide variation in pricing expectations across a number of intra-community demographic groups and economic classes before considering the user perceptions of water markets themselves as determinants of their willingness to pay. It concludes by isolating the determinants under which and places in which the new macro-level strategies are likely to be accepted, and work, at the community level in Ambovombe-Androy.
Phase separation instability in the Hubbard model

The simple cubic Hubbard model is examined at zero temperature, for the case of strong interactions and average densities near but not at the half-filled band. It is shown that the ferromagnetic state which is usually assumed to be the ground state is unstable against phase separation. A new phase diagram is proposed, featuring a two-phase region in which the equilibrium state is separated into macroscopic antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic phases (of differing density).
Studies in chemotherapy. IV. The synthesis of certain unsymmetrical disulfide derivatives of the 4-hydroxyphenyl radical†

Abstract A method for the synthesis of several unsymmetrical diaryl disulfides having the 4‐hydroxyphenylsulfenic radical or its acetyl or benzoyl derivatives as one of the components is described.
Models of irreversibility for binary adders

Heat generation limits the performance of computing systems, ultimately dictated by the thermodynamic necessity to expel energy into the environment proportionally to information loss in the computing process. We develop models to track the irreversible bit erasures in standard binary adders, presenting a methodology to estimate the bounds for components on various levels of design abstraction. The approach can be used to quantify the logical reversibility of a design and direct the optimization efforts for higher degree of energy conservation.
FSGO calculations of octahydrotriborate anion and tetraborane

The FSGO quantum mechanical model is used to makeab initio calculations of the geometrical structures and energies of the ground state configurations of the octahydrotriborate anion, B3H8−, and tetraborane, B4H10. Both molecules are assumed to belong to theC2v symmetry point group during these computations. Comparisons with available experimental data show good agreement. B4H10 calculations are also compared with results of SCF calculations.
SV40 deletion mutants lacking the 21-bp repeated sequences are viable, but have noncomplementable deficiences

Abstract We have constructed deletion mutants of simian virus 40 (SV40) lacking the two tandemly repeated copies or all three copies of the 21-bp repeated sequence located in the origin region. The mutants were viable, but had lower infectivities compared to the wild type. The mutant lacking two copies of the 21-bp repeat grew fairly well indicating that the one copy of the 21-bp repeat it contains is adequate. The other mutant lacking all the three copies of the 21-bp repeat was also viable but grew poorly. The viability of this mutant suggests that the upstream 72-bp repeated sequence compensates, though only partially, for the absence of the 21-bp repeat. The growth deficiencies of the deletion mutants could not be overcome by complementation with temperature-sensitive helper mutants providing either the early or the late functions of the virus, suggesting that the deficiencies lie in both early and late gene expression and/or in replication.
INEQUALITIES BETWEEN EVENT AND TIME AVERAGES

We consider a stochastic process with an embedded point process in a stationary and ergodic context. Under a “lack of anticipation” assumption for the evolution of the process vis-a-vis the point process, a new better (worse) than used expectation property for the point process, and a monotonicity assumption for the behavior of the process between points, inequalities between event and time averages are obtained. Sample path monotonicity between points is not required (as is the case with existing approaches) and can be replaced with a simple monotonicity requirement for the expected value of the process between points. Inequalities between conditional event and time averages are also examined via a novel argument involving a conditional version of the Palm inversion formula.
Asymptotic expansions for large deviation probabilities in the strong law of large numbers

LetX1,X2,... be a sequence of independent random variables with common distribution functionF having zero mean, and let (Sn) be the random walk of partial sums. The weak and strong laws of large numbers, respectively, imply that for any α∈ℝ and e>0 the probabilitiesP{Sm>α+em} and $$Pm: = P\{ S_n > \alpha + \varepsilon n {\text{for some }}n \geqq m\} $$ tend to 0 asm tends to ∞. Building upon work of Bahadur and Ranga Rao [Ann. Math. Stat.31, 1015–1027 (1960)], Siegmund [Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheor. Verw. Geb.31, 107–113 (1975)], and Fill and Wichura [Probab. Th. Rel. Fields81, 189–212 (1989)], we produce complete asymptotic expansions for the probabilitiesP{Sm>α+em} andpm.
Growth reference charts and the nutritional status of Indian children.

Abstract We evaluate the growth performance of Indian children of age 0–3 using data from the 1998–1999 National Family and Health Survey, making use of the new child growth standards developed by the World Health Organization’ Multicentre Growth Reference Study. We find that the new charts lead to an increase of 4.2 million in the estimated number of stunted children, and an increase of 2.3 million in the estimated number of wasted children. The estimated number of underweight children decreases instead by 2.1 million. We also use data on ethnic Indians living in the United Kingdom to provide evidence on the height genetic potential of Indians. We find that children of Indian ethnicity who live in the UK have anthropometric outcomes comparable to those in commonly used growth standards and that the height of ethnic South Asian in the sample is negatively related with the amount of time spent outside the United Kingdom.
Positive Attributes Protect Adolescents From Risk for the Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract Purpose Risk for cardiovascular disease develops as early as adolescence. The primary objective of the present study was to identify whether low levels of positive and high levels of negative emotions and attitudes are associated with the combination of cardiovascular risk factors known as the metabolic syndrome. Methods Participants were 239 healthy adolescents (57% black; 53% female; mean age, 15.7 years) from a low-to-middle class community. They completed measures of negative and positive emotions and attitudes, which were factor analyzed and yielded two factors. Positive attributes included general positive affect, optimistic attitudes, subjective social status, and self-esteem. Negative emotions included cynical attitudes, depressive symptoms, trait anger, and general negative affect. Components of the metabolic syndrome (waist circumference, glucose, blood pressure, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were standardized and averaged to create a metabolic syndrome composite risk score. Results Linear regression analyses showed that the positive attributes factor was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome composite risk score, p Conclusions Adolescents with more positive attributes had lower metabolic syndrome risk scores. This study emphasizes the importance of the development of psychosocial resources during the adolescent transition for potentially reducing future cardiovascular risk.
Surgical treatment of acute dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta

Abstract During an eleven-year period (1959-1970) 27 patients were operated upon for acute dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta. There were 4 hospital and 4 late deaths. Nineteen patients are well and active one month to seven years after operation. In 21 of the patients the ascending aorta was replaced with a graft; 6 had the aortic valve excised and replaced with a prosthesis; in 5 patients the leaflets were resuspended but left in situ; and in 16 patients the valve was competent and was not disturbed. We recommend early operation for acute dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta.
Monopole Excitation in the Giant-Resonance Region of Pb 208

Inelastic scattering of 45-MeV protons and 70-MeV $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ particles has been used to study the giant-resonance region of $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$. The giant resonance is found to be highly structured with states of different multipolarities, such as dipole, quadrupole, and octupole. A monopole state is found at 9.11 MeV which exhausts about 2% of the monopole-sum-rule strength.
NS-398, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 blocker, acutely inhibits receptor-mediated contractions of rat aorta: role of endothelium.

Abstract NS-398 (N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)-methane sulfonamide) is a selective inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase-2 isozyme in vitro and in vivo. This study reports on acute inhibition of receptor-mediated contractions of isolated rat aorta by NS-398 and its modulation by endothelium-derived nitric oxide. NS-398 (1–10 μM) blocked norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) evoked contractions and suppressed Emax responses for both agonists. Emax changes occurred in endothelium-intact vessel rings and in the absence, as well as in the presence of cycloheximide or dexamethasone in the physiological salt solution (PSS) bathing the tissues. NS-398 altered contractions to these receptor agonists in denuded rings only at 10 μM, and did not significantly alter contractions to KCl and sodium fluoride in all situations. NS-398 (3 and 10 μM) reduced aortic contractions initiated by cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase blocker, in endothelium intact rings bathed with PSS with/without nitro- d -arginine methyl ester ( d -NAME;100 μM), but did not alter contractions to the compound in endothelium-denuded aortic rings and in vessel rings bathed with PSS+ l -NAME (100 μM). Western blot analyses reveal significantly denser cyclooxygenase-2 protein expressions in freshly isolated endothelium-intact, compared to, denuded vessel segments. We conclude that: (1) cyclooxygenase-2 is constitutively expressed in rat aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and (2) NS-398 modulates aortic contractions principally through an action on endothelial cyclooxygenase-2. Our data strongly suggest that cyclooxygenase-2 and/or its product(s), in concert with endothelium-derived nitric oxide, regulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump activity in rat aorta.
Optimal multipliers for pseudo-random number generation by the linear congruential method

A systematic search method is employed to find multipliers for linear congruential pseudo-random number generation which are optimal with respect to statistical independence of pairs of successive pseudo-random numbers. Tables of such optimal multipliers corresponding to moduli 2n,n ≦ 35, are included.
Meaning From Within: Possible Selves and Personal Meaning of Charismatic and Non-Charismatic Leaders

Executive Summary The leadership literature has identified both the leader's self-concept and personal meaning as sources of motivation for charismatic and non-charismatic leaders. However, while several versions of charismatic and non-charismatic leadership theory predict such effects, none of them explains how the content of a leader's personal meaning is influenced by the self-concept. This article seeks to advance leadership theory by addressing this fundamental problem. Based on theories of possible selves, personal meaning and charismatic leadership, this article describes how a leader's thoughts about his or her potential and future may influence the personal meaning of charismatic and non-charismatic leaders.
Simultaneous measurements of velocity and CH distribution. Part II: deflected jet flames

Abstract The mixing and combustion processes of deflected jet flames injected at three different angles into a crossflow (−45°, 0°, and 45°) are investigated using the simultaneous PIV and CH PLIF technique. Deflected jet flames injected at 0° and 45° are stabilized with hydrogen pilot flames, while deflected jet flames injected at −45° stabilize without pilot flames at certain injection velocities. A correlation between the velocity on the CH layer, U F , and the stoichiometric velocity, U S , is found at the wind-ward side, but it is not as distinct at the lee side of the jets. Contrary to attached jet diffusion flames in coflow, a large two dimensional dilatation is observed on the flame surface at upstream positions, and it is thought to be a result of the premixed characteristics of deflected jet flames. As the injection angle increases the flame length increases due to the reduced entrainment.
Left ventricular assist device malposition interrogated by 4-D cine computed tomography

67-year-old female with left ventricular assist device (LVAD) presented with recurrent low-flow alarms. No clear etiology could be determined by history, or evaluation with radiograph and echocardiogram. Computed tomographic (CT) imaging with 3-D and 4-D assessment identified the abnormality as steep angulation of the inflow cannula and partial obstruction by the adjacent anterior wall, likely in part caused by recovered left ventricular function and reverse remodeling. Improved left ventricle size and function was correlated by semi-automated analysis of CT data, which also indicated mild right ventricle dilation and systolic dysfunction. LVAD explantation was performed, and has been well tolerated by the patient. Echocardiography remains the primary imaging modality to assess patients post LVAD placement, but in this instance CT provided valuable information to identify the abnormality and help direct patient management. CT assessment in patients with LVAD additionally provides valuable information prior to redo sternotomy for pump explantation, revision, or transplantation.
The Dimensionality of Bipolar Scales in Self-Description:

Sets of bipolar scales were constructed for self- description for 13 different traits. Within each trait four scales, which differed in the relationship be tween the trait dimension and the desirability of the endpoints, were developed. Two scales had either both desirable or both undesirable endpoints. The other two scales had one desirable and one unde sirable endpoint but differed from one another in the direction of the trait dimension. Self-descrip tions were obtained from 606 students on the 13 sets of scales and bipolar marker scales to measure the dimensions of evaluation, potency, activity, and familiarity. In addition, each student answered a true-false social desirability scale. The data were factor analyzed and rotated to simple structure. The factors closely reflected the trait dimensions. There were no factors that could be interpreted as either a social desirability or evaluation factor. The correlations of the bipolar scales that had differ ences in desirability of the endpoints averaged ....
Review of noninvasive techniques for detecting microfracture

Abstract Detection and quantification of microfracture has become an integral aspect of concrete technology. Better methods that have emerged over the last decade have led to improved understanding of fracture mechanisms and the consequent effect on mechanical properties such as toughness and durability that are critical to sustainable development. This paper focuses on the applications of nondestructive and noninvasive diagnostic methods such as interferometry and acoustic techniques to cementitious materials. For the sake of brevity, non-destructive evaluations of large-scale cracking such as delaminations and spalling have not been addressed here. The growth and propagation of microcracks is a critical factor under service loads. It is the primary cause of intrusion by degenerating substances and corrosion, and it is important to the use of concrete in environmental remediation. The techniques reviewed here are pertinent to these issues and could evolve into effective on-site monitoring tools.
Nichtenzymatische Aktivierung von molekularem Stickstoff

Man kennt heute mehrere Ubergangsmetall-Komplexe, die molekularen Stickstoff aus der Gasphase aufnehmen konnen. Zum Teil sind die N2-Metall-Komplexe so stabil, das sie isoliert und einer Strukturanalyse unterzogen werden konnen; der Stickstoff erwies sich jedoch dabei bisher als chemisch inert. In anderen Fallen ist in aprotonischen Losungsmitteln Reduktion zu N3⊖ moglich; bei der Hydrolyse oder Alkoholyse wird der Stickstoff in Form von Ammoniak freigesetzt. Die Struktur der intermediaren, aktiven N2-Metall-Spezies kann dort nur durch mechanistische Untersuchungen angenahert werden. In den bisher isolierten, stabilen Komplexen ist der Stickstoff uber ein einsames Elektronenpaar in Richtung der Molekulachse („end-on”) gebunden; chemische Aktivitat setzt aber moglicherweise Bindung senkrecht zur Molekulachse („edge-on”) voraus.
Does Distance Matter Less Now? The Changing Role of Geography in Biotechnology Innovation

Using patent citation data for the U.S., we test whether knowledge spillovers in biotechnology are sensitive to distance, and whether that sensitivity has changed over time. Controlling for self-citation by inventor, assignee, and examiner, cohort-based regression analysis shows that physical distance is becoming less important for spillovers with time.