cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of fragment A from diphtheria toxin with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

Abstract The inhibition of protein synthesis by diphtheria toxin in extracts of mammalian cells results from the inactivation of elongation factor 2 (EF-2) by covalent attachment of the adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) moiety of NAD+. NAD+ + EF-2 ⇌ ADPR-EF-2 + nicotinamide + H+ This reaction is catalyzed by Fragment A (mol wt 24,000) or other less common fragments generated by limited proteolysis and reduction of the toxin, but not by the toxin itself (mol wt 63,000). This report describes studies of the interaction of NAD+ with Fragment A. In addition to its major enzymic activity, Fragment A also catalyzes the slow hydrolysis of the nicotinamide-ribose linkage of NAD+. NAD+ + H2O ⇌ ADPR + nicotinamide + H+ This activity (NAD+-glycohydrolase; EC 3.2.2.5) is several orders of magnitude lower than the NAD+:EF-2-ADPR-transferase activity and probably does not contribute to the toxicity of diphtheria toxin. However, its existence implies a direct binding of NAD+ to Fragment A and is of interest with regard to the mechanism of transfer of ADPR to EF-2. Binding of NAD+ and related compounds to Fragment A was studied by dynamic dialysis, fluorescence quenching, and spectral absorbance techniques. The fragment contains a single binding site for NAD+ with a Kd of about 8 µm. Binding of NAD+ is rapidly reversible, and no evidence of a covalent ADPR-Fragment A intermediate was found. NAD+ strongly quenches the intrinsic fluorescence of the fragment (emission maximum 333 nm) and induces a broad peak of absorbance at 360 nm (e ∼ 500). Both effects are interpreted to result from formation of a charge transfer complex between the nicotinamide moiety of NAD+ and at least one of the tryptophan residues of the fragment. Binding of NAD+ also enhances the resistance of the fragment to trypsin or chymotrypsin. No significant change in either the sedimentation coefficient (2.19 S) or the rotational relaxation time was found upon addition of NAD+. The affinities of various NAD+ analogs and partial structures for the binding site on Fragment A closely paralleled their activities as inhibitors or substrates of ADPR transfer. These results, together with the fact that Fragment A alone hydrolyzes the same linkage which is ruptured during ADPR transfer, leave little doubt that it is this binding site which is involved in transfer of ADPR to EF-2. A model of the ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 is proposed based on these and other results.
The False Promise of the Governance Model of Counterinsurgency Warfare

This article identifies two fundamentally contradictory theories of victory within the literature on counterinsurgency (COIN) and teases out testable models of each, focusing on their process predictions. The dominant paradigm in the literature and in U.S. foreign policy is the governance model, in which development of administrative competence, implementation of reforms removing or reducing the grievances fueling the insurgency, and the limited use of force defeat insurgencies by gaining the state broad popular support. The darker paradigm is the compellence model, in which COIN success is a process of violence and accommodation among elites that defeats the guerrillas by breaking their will, in part through forceful control of civilians and resources. This piece analyzes two critical cases presented as models of the governance approach, the campaigns in Dhofar, Oman, and El Salvador, to determine whether either model better explains these successes and the processes that led to them. It finds that the governance model fails to defeat insurgencies and is unlikely to succeed in the future because intervening great powers lack the leverage to force reforms upon clients, and clients are unlikely to commit regime suicide by fully implementing demanded reforms.
Measurement of the Helicity Difference in γ --> p --> -->pπ + π - with the CLAS Spectrometer at Jefferson Laboratory

The study of the properties of baryon resonances can provide us with hints to help us understand the structure of non‐perturbative QCD and the effect of a particular resonance on polarization observables. The investigation of double‐pion photoproduction data is needed to discover higher‐lying states and their properties at and above W ≈ 1.8 GeV. Therefore, the analysis of the helicity difference in gp γp→pπ+π− will help us in our understanding of QCD.The CLAS g9a (FROST) experiment, as part of the N* spectroscopy program at Jefferson Laboratory, has accumulated photoproduction data using linearly and circularly polarized photons incident on a longitudinally‐polarized butanol target in the photon energy range 0.3 to 2.4 GeV. The FROST experiment provides an important step toward a “complete” experiment for the reaction γN→KY. In this contribution, the method to calculate the helicity difference for the reaction γp→pπ+π− will be described and preliminary results will be discussed.
Digital Traces of Interest: Deriving Interest Relationships from Social Media Interactions

Facebook and Twitter have changed the way we consume information, allowing the people we follow to become our “social filters” and determine the content of our information stream. The capability to discover the individuals a user is most interested in following has therefore become an important aspect of the struggle against information overflow. We argue that the people users are most interested in following are not necessarily those with whom they are most familiar. We compare these two types of social relationships – interest and familiarity – inside IBM. We suggest inferring interest relationships from users’ public interactions on four enterprise social media applications. We study these interest relationships through an offline analysis as well as an extensive user study, in which we combine people-based and content-based evaluations. The paper reports a rich set of results, comparing various sources for implicit interest indications; distinguishing between content-related activities and status or network updates, showing that the former are of more interest; and highlighting that the interest relationships include very interesting individuals that are not among the most familiar ones, and can therefore play an important role in social stream filtering, especially for content-related activities.
Enhancing Access to Primary Cultural Heritage Materials of India

This chapter is about enhancing access to primary cultural heritage materials of India housed in academic libraries by integrating them with machine-readable texts, lexical resources, and linguistic software in a digital library. Integrating primary cultural materials with a digital library can enable broad use of Indic collections for research and education. For the purposes of illustrating this procedure, we outline here the development of a prototype using the collections of Sanskrit manuscripts in the libraries at Brown University and the University of Pennsylvania and integrating them with The Sanskrit Library. The result is extendable to collections of Indic materials throughout the world and can serve as a model for digitization projects of cultural materials in other major culture-bearing languages such as Greek, Latin, Arabic, Persian, and Chinese.
The Smyth Completion

Abstract The Smyth completion ([15], [16], [18] and [19]) provides a topological foundation for Denotational Semantics. We show that this theory simultaneously provides a topological foundation for the complexity analysis of programs via the new theory of “complexity (distance) spaces”. The complexity spaces are shown to be weightable ([13], [8], [10]) and thus belong to the class of S-completable quasi-uniform spaces ([19]). We show that the S-completable spaces possess a sequential Smyth completion. The applicability of the theory to “Divide & Conquer” algorithms is illustrated by a new proof (based on the Banach theorem) of the fact that mergesort has optimal asymptotic average running time.
Handedness and Neuroanatomical Asymmetries in Captive Chimpanzees: A Summary of 15 Years of Research

Abstract For the past 15 years, we have conducted a series of studies examining the role of genetic and non-genetic factors on the development of handedness, motor skill asymmetries and other behavioral asymmetries in captive chimpanzees. This chapter summarizes the collective results of these studies. In addition, recent findings on neuroanatomical asymmetries are presented as well as associations between behavioral and brain asymmetries. Collectively, we argue for continuity in the evolution of behavioral and brain asymmetries between humans and chimpanzees.
A Personalized Overview of Homogenization II

Most of the important developments of physics during the twentieth century were concerned with describing relations between different scales, and it is quite interesting for a competent outsider to observe how physicists dealt with the extraordinary challenge of discovering what happens at mesoscopic and microscopic scales, often from observations made at a macroscopic level. Such a challenge can hardly be addressed without making mistakes of the pseudo-logic type, where physicists naively believe that nature plays game A, because they guess that playing such a game gives a result resembling a partial observation B. Mathematicians should warn against such mistakes in logic, and propose help in finding a reasonable framework for that unnatural question of looking for an equation when one already knows the solution. It is not the fact that physicists use wild guesses about what really happens which is the problem, but the fact that they forget to tell students that they must find better guesses, and their worst mistake, of course, is to invent dogmas to make it more difficult for future students to say that a part of the rules that they learned is nonsense!
The Fundamentals of an Electronically-Based Federal Securities Act

We argue that the only level of market efficiency that is significant in fulfilling the objectives of the Securities Act of 1933 informational efficiency (not fundamental or allocational efficiency) and that many commentators overstate the weaknesses in SEC regulatory initiatives by premising their criticism on funamental or even allocational efficiency arguments. We next argue that the major impediment to reforming the operation of the Securities Act is not shifting the focus to company registration as recommended by the Advisory Committee on Capital Formatin and Regulatory Processes, but the continual imposition of section 11 liability in the issuer's path as it speeds toward capital markets. We argue that so long as section 11 liability has such a focus the operation of the Securities Act will be transactional and will continue to stimulate many issuers to raise funds via Rule 144A or Regulation S. The paper concludes with a description of how section 11 liability could be shifted to a triennial review of Exchange Act filings with more limited "due diligence" standards applied to selected portions of the Securities Act registration statement.
Magnetoresistance of N-Type Magnesium Germanide.

INTRODUCTION A. Magnetoresistance B. Properties of Mg^Ge C. Purpose of This Investigation THEORY A. Magnetoconductivity Tensor Components B. Experimental Approach C. Energy Surfaces of the Many-Valley Type EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A. Preparation of Samples B. Measurements EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS A. Hall Coefficient and Resistivity B. Magnetoresistance DISCUSSION A. Conduction Band Model B. Hall Coefficient C. Energy Separation Between Aand C-Minima D. Resistivity E. Hall Mobility F. Magnetoresistance
The GATI Client/Server Animation Toolkit

This paper presents GATI, an animation server that provides for, distributed, potentially collaborative, soft real time interactive animation in two and three dimensions. The system supports a high level animation language based upon a commands/event paradigm. Examples are given of how the toolkit is being used in a distributed, collaborative geometrical modeling environment. GATI runs on unix platforms supporting the X-11 windowing environment and using the XS Graphics Libraries.
Resources, Spending, and Party Politics in British Local Government

A common basis for reasoning about increasing need for local government support is the high variation of local government resources, measured here by the value of taxable property. The Labour and Conservative parties differ, as do most democratic parties, in their interpretation of how spending should relate to the local resource base. The purpose of the analysis is control for resource base while relating partisan influence on local councils to spending patterns. In fact, the British local government system appears to be relatively impervious to resource differences. Party differences do appear to be affected by resources in boroughs under Conservative control. The larger implication of the study is that the British appear to have devised a local government system where policy, in terms of per capita and total amounts of spending, is unrelated to the partisan structure of politics.
Genomics-based prognosis and therapeutic prediction in breast cancer.

Abstract Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. DNA microarray technology is being applied to breast cancer to identify new prognostic biomarkers, to predict response to therapy, and to discover targets for the development of novel therapies. New diagnostic assays based on global gene expression are being introduced into clinical practice or tested in large-scale clinical trials. This review focuses on translational studies using microarray analyses and discusses best practice features and pitfalls. We note that factors that predict metastatic disease are not necessarily the same factors that predict therapeutic response. We believe that the characterization and discernment of different systems among breast cancers is crucial for understanding drug sensitivity and resistance mechanisms and for guiding therapy.
Space-time diversity systems based on unitary constellation-rotating precoders

We present a unified approach to constructing linear space-time (ST) block codes based on unitary constellation-rotating (ST-CR) precoders. We show that with an arbitrary number of M-transmit and N-receive antennas, ST-CR precoders achieve 1 symbol/sec rate and enjoy maximum diversity gain MN over both quasi-static and fast fading channels. We also compare real with complex rotations to delineate the tradeoff between performance and complexity. Based on a simplified decoder, we study diversity and coding gains as well as information-theoretic aspects of the proposed ST-CR scheme. Compared with ST orthogonally designed (ST-OD) codes, ST-CR precoding provides larger coding gain and maximum mutual information. Though ST-OD codes afford simpler decoding, the tradeoff between performance and rate versus complexity favors the ST-CR codes when M, N or the spectral efficiency of the system increase.
Reconciliation of neutron star masses and binding of the lambda in hypernuclei

By relating scalar and vector couplings of the hyperons to the inferred empirical binding of the \ensuremath{\Lambda} hyperon in saturated nuclear matter, we obtain compatibility of this binding energy with neutron-star masses. Use of the observational constraint on the lower bound on the maximum neutron-star mass and the upper bound of the couplings that are compatible with hypernuclear levels, places bounds on the reduction in neutron-star mass that hyperons produce. For the best current estimate of nuclear-matter properties, the reduction in mass due to conversion of nucleons to hyperons is (0.71\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15)${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}}$. Neutrons comprise a slight majority population \ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}}$ neutron stars with mass \ensuremath{\sim}1.5${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}}$.
Steric factors involved in the action of glycosidases and galactose oxidase.

Abstract α-(1→2)- L = -Fucosidase, β- D = -galactosidase and galactose oxidase are sterically hindered by certain types of branching in the oligosaccharide chains. 1) β- D = -Galactosidase will not cleave galactose when the penultimate sugar carries a sialic acid residue as in I. 2) Galactose Oxidase will not oxidize the galactose residue in trisaccharide I but will in II. Moreover, neither galactose nor N -acetylgalactosamine, glycosidically bound as in III, is susceptible to oxidation with galactose oxidase until the α-(1→2) linkage between them is cleaved by α- N -acetylgalactosaminidase . 3) α-(1→2)- L = -Fucosidase action is inhibited by α-(1→3)- N -acetylgalactosaminyl or galactosyl residue, as in III and IV. Removal of the terminal sugars makes the fucosyl residue susceptible to fucosidase action.
Cyclic Lateral Load Behavior of a Pile Cap and Backfill

A series of static cyclic lateral load tests were performed on a full-scale 4×3 pile group driven into a cohesive soil profile. Twelve 324-mm steel pipe piles were attached to a concrete pile cap 5.18×3.05 m in plan and 1.12 m in height. Pile–soil–pile interaction and passive earth pressure provided lateral resistance. Seven lateral load tests were conducted in total; four tests with backfill compacted in front of the pile cap; two tests without backfill; and one test with a narrow trench between the pile cap and backfill soil. The formation of gaps around the piles at larger deflections reduced the pile–soil–pile interaction resulting in a degraded linear load versus deflection response that was very similar for the two tests without backfill and the trenched test. A typical nonlinear backbone curve was observed for the backfill tests. However, for deflections greater than 5 mm, the load-deflection behavior significantly changed from a concave down shape for the first cycle to a concave up shape for the ...
Demodex folliculitis presenting as periocular vesiculopustular rash.

AbstractPurpose: To report an unusual case of Demodex folliculitis presenting as periocular vesiculopustular rash.Design: Case report.Results: A 68 year-old woman presented with a unilateral periocular rash that was initially treated by her primary ophthalmologist with topical steroids and antivirals. Slit-lamp examination revealed severe bilateral blepharitis, right greater than left, with waxy sleeves around the eyelashes. The diagnosis of Demodex infestation was considered. Treatment with daily lid scrub with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), 1,2-hexanediol and 1,2-octanediol (OCuSOFT PLUS) and erythromycin ointment twice a day resulted in complete resolution of the symptoms after 4 weeks.Conclusions: Ophthalmologists should be aware of Demodex and consider it in the differential diagnosis of periocular skin lesions.
Orthonormal basis functions applied to optimal control with pole location constraints

This article presents a novel optimal control design technique based on a quadratic performance index, and using orthonormal basis functions to achieve prescribed closed loop poles. These functions are introduced through a Youla parametrization for the stable and unstable plant case, thus forcing a structural constraint into the controller.
A review of hot-carrier degradation mechanisms in MOSFETs

We review the hot-carrier effects and reliability problem in MOSFET. The mechanisms that produce the substrate and gate current are discussed, and the various mechanisms for hot-carrier degradation are presented. DC and AC lifetime models are summarized, and the effects on a CMOS circuit explained. The effects of scaling on the hot-carrier induced degradation are presented and the influence of processing steps and stress temperature discussed. Ways to improve the reliability of MOSFETs are then presented. Finally the reliability of SOI MOSFETs is compared to that of bulk MOSFETs.
Allometric Control of Human Gait

The stride interval in normal human gait is not strictly constant, but fluctuates from step to step in a random manner. These fluctuations have traditionally been assumed to be uncorrelated random errors with normal statistics. Herein we show that, contrary to thes assumption these fluctuations have long-time correlations. Further, these long-time correlations are interpreted in terms of a scaling in the fluctuations indicating an allometric control process. To establish this result we measured the stride interval of a group of five healthy men and women as they walked for 5 to 15 minutes at their usual pace. From these time series we calculate the relative dispersion, the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean, and show by systematically aggregating the data that the correlation in the stride-interval time series is an inverse power law similar to the allometric relations in biology. The inverse power-law relative dispersion shows that the stride-interval time series scales indicating long-time self-similar correlations extending for hundreds of steps, which is to say that the underlying process is a random fractal. Furthermore, the power-law index is related to the fractal dimension of the time series. To determine if walking is a nonlinear process the stride-interval time series were randomly shuffled and the differences in the fractal dimensions of the surrogate time series from those of the original time series were determined to be statistically significant. This difference indicates the importance of the long-time correlations in walking.
Size, morphology and composition of particulates in aquatic ecosystems: solving speciation problems by correlative electron microscopy

Particulates can impact directly on aquatic ecosystems by determining the availability and mode of dispersion of both contaminants and nutrients. An understanding of the mechanisms of such particle-associated phenomena is being augmented by particle analysis technology. In this context, microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, devised for problem solving, are being applied to frequently encountered sub-micrometre particulates which are ‘unstable’ with respect to methods of sample preparation and storage used routinely for particulates prior to analysis. These unstable aquatic particulates include ‘species’ sensitive to dehydration and to artificial aggregation induced by surfaces within a fractionation apparatus. These species, as defined broadly, include polysaccharide gels, hydrated humic substances, iron oxyhydroxides, viruses, the smallest micro-organisms and decomposing parts of cells. To develop predictive models of their roles as dispersing agents for contaminants, and to speciate such associations, it is necessary to characterize them in a state as close to the natural as possible. This critical review presents the state-of-the-art in the realistic characterization of hydrated sub-micrometre particulates by correlative electron microscopy (EM) used in conjunction with spectroscopy and minimally perturbing preparatory techniques. Correlative EM is a strategy for using several different kinds of microscopes and accessory techniques in a multi-method context to analyse a given specimen for different kinds of information, including relationships in three dimensions within colloid systems. Sizing, morphology and gross composition are determind on a ‘per particle’ basis by transmission EM used in conjuction with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, electron diffraction and molecule-specific stains. Heterogeneity measures and positional information are refined and quantified by correlating observations form transmission and scanning EM with those from optical microscopy. In a systematic, manner, artifacts of perturbation can be readily detected, assessed and minimized. Artifacts of shrinkage, swelling and redistribution of materials can be measured against a vitrified standard.
Antimicrobial Use in Patients with Advanced Cancer Receiving Hospice Care

Patients with advanced cancer receiving hospice and palliative care are highly susceptible to infections. The decision whether to treat an active or suspected infection in end-of-life care may be difficult. In order to develop guidelines for the use of antimicrobials (antibiotics and antifungals) in palliative care, we discussed antimicrobial options with 255 patients with advanced cancer at the time they entered a community-based hospice and palliative care program. We subsequently documented the use and effectiveness of the antimicrobials employed during the palliative care period. Most patients (79.2%) chose either no antimicrobials or symptomatic use only. Choices were influenced by age, the desire for symptom control, life-prolongation issues, and the condition of the patient. After admission, 117 patients had a total of 129 infections, with the most common sites being urinary tract, respiratory tract, mouth/pharynx, and skin/subcutaneous tissues. The use of antimicrobials controlled symptoms in the majority of the urinary tract infections, but were less effective in controlling symptoms in the other sites of infection. Survival was not affected by the patients' choice of whether to use antimicrobials, the prevalence of infections, or the actual use of antimicrobials. Symptom control may be the major indication for antimicrobial use for patients receiving hospice and palliative care.
Measurement of the depth of barbiturate narcosis.

Abstract 1. 1. Depth of narcosis is an important variable in the study of brain function. A quantitative scale for its measurement with means of regulation would be of value in physiology and clinical practice. 2. 2. In many cats under Nembutal, we have used electroencephalography, respiration, the flexion reflex and analysis of blood for drug concentration as standards of measurement. 3. 3. Starting with intraperitoneal injection of a standard dose of Nembutal, recovery was recorded. In a few cases, the initial surgery was done under ether and the EEG then recorded induction of narcosis by the i.p. injection. Thereafter narcosis was continued by intravenous injection, sometimes regulated by the Bickford feedback control, sometimes by an independent electric drive. 4. 4. The EEG proved the best indicator of the depth of narcosis. Two methods of EEG measurement were used: (1) the frequency of waves exceeding 1 3 of the maximum voltage; (2) the electrical energy derived from the EEG, rectified and integrated by Bickford's (1950) method. By proper choice of grid bias, the recorded energy could be made to correlate closely with the brain-wave count. As an absolute measure of narcosis, the brain-wave count appeared more reliable than the energy record. 5. 5. Blood analyses showed roughly the rate of disappearance of Nembutal after the standard i.p. dose (fig. 5). Brain-wave counts showed the corresponding recovery of function (fig. 4). There was wide variation in the brain-wave counts in different animals, but the rate of recovery was fairly uniform. 6. 6. The dose rate of i.v. injection determined the resulting depth of narcosis, which remained nearly constant for several hours if the rate was less than 6 mg/kg/hr. At higher rates, the narcosis grew progressively deeper (fig. 8). The failure to stabilize under these conditions suggests the loss of ability of the body to destroy the drug. Increasing CO2 tension in the blood may augment narcosis, but in several experiments loss of ability to destroy the drug occurred without increase in CO2 tension. 7. 7. The influence of Nembutal was greatly affected by even small changes in body temperature (fig. 10). Therefore, accurate temperature regulation is essential in the standardization of narcosis. 8. 8. The vigor of the flexion reflex indicated the depth of narcosis in the lighter stages but was imperfectly correlated with brain-wave activity and disappered at a moderate depth of narcosis. Similarly, respiratory rate was an insensitive measure of narcosis. 9. 9. A single experiment on a monkey showed greater susceptibility to Nembutal than was found in cats, and in deep narcosis the EEG showed a different pattern from any found in cats. 10. 10. The approximate correlation of EEG, by brain-wave count and by integrated electrical energy, and of the flexion reflex with Nembutal concentration in the blood is shown in table I. 11. 11. A procedure for maintaining a desired level of narcosis, based on electrical-energy recording and independently-regulated Nembutal injection, is proposed in the final section of the Discussion.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt vs. small-diameter prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunt: Extended follow-up of an expanded randomized prospective trial

We report herein the results of extended follow-up of an expanded randomized clinical trial comparing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) to 8 mm prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunt as definitive treatment for variceal bleeding due to portal hypertension. Beginning in 1993, through this trial, both shunts were undertaken as definitive therapy, never as a “bridge to transplantation.” All patients had bleeding esophageal/gastric varices and failed or could not undergo sclerotherapy/banding. Patients were excluded from randomization if the portal vein was occluded or if survival was hopeless. Failure of shunting was defined as inability to shunt, irreversible shunt occlusion, major variceal rehemorrhage, hepatic transplantation, or death. Median follow-up after each shunt was 4 years; minimum follow-up was 1 year. Patients undergoing placement of either shunt were very similar in terms of age, sex, cause of cirrhosis, Child’s class, and circumstances of shunting. Both shunts provided partial portal decompression, although the portal vein-inferior vena cava pressure gradient was lower after H-graft portacaval shunt (P<0.01). TIPS could not be placed in two patients. Shunt stenosis/occlusion was more frequent after TIPS. After TIPS, 42 patients failed (64%), whereas after H-graft portacaval shunt 23 failed (35%) (P <0.01). Major variceal rehemorrhage, hepatic transplantation, and late death were significantly more frequent after TIPS (P <0.01). Both TIPS and H-graft portacaval shunt achieve partial portal decompression. TIPS requires more interventions and leads to more major rehemorrhage, irreversible occlusion, transplantation, and death. Despite vigilance in monitoring shunt patency, TIPS provides less optimal outcomes than H-graft portacaval shunt for patients with portal hypertension and variceal bleeding.
Joint seasonal ARMA approach for modeling of load forecast errors in planning studies

To make informed and robust decisions in the probabilistic power system operation and planning process, it is critical to conduct multiple simulations of the generated combinations of wind and load parameters and their forecast errors to handle the variability and uncertainty of these time series. In order for the simulation results to be trustworthy, the simulated series must preserve the salient statistical characteristics of the real series. In this paper, we analyze day-ahead load forecast error data from multiple balancing authority locations and characterize statistical properties such as mean, standard deviation, autocorrelation, correlation between series, time-of-day bias, and time-of-day autocorrelation. We then construct and validate a seasonal autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model to model these characteristics, and use the model to jointly simulate day-ahead load forecast error series for all BAs.
The Importance of Topology and Reconnection in Active Region CMEs

A distinctive characteristic of interplanetary magnetic clouds is their rope-like magnetic structure, i.e. , their smoothly-varying helical field lines whose pitch increases from their core to their boundary. Because this regular structure helps to make MCs particularly geo-effective, it is important to understand how it arises. We discuss recent work which relates the magnetic and topological parameters of MCs to associated solar active regions. This work strongly supports the notion that MCs associated with active region eruptions are formed by magnetic reconnection between these regions and their larger-scale surroundings, rather than simple eruption or entrainment of pre-existing structures in the corona or chromosphere. We discuss our findings in the context of other recent works on both the solar and interplanetary sides, including ion composition and various MHD models of magnetic cloud formation. To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html
1690 EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS PALMITATE ON DE NOVO FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS IN FETAL LUNG EXPLANTS

De novo fatty acid synthesis in fetal lung is probably an important source of the long chain fatty acid constituents of pulmonary surfactant and membrane phospholipids. In some tissues, de novo fatty acid synthesis is regulated, in part, by the availability of exogenous fatty acids. Utilizing fetal rat lung explants, we measured de novo fatty acid synthesis by determining the rate of 3H2O incorporation in saponifiable lipids. During a 48 hr. incubation in synthetic medium, 3H2O incorporation in explants from 19 day fetal rat lung increased from 15.1 nmoles/mg protein/hr to 34.2 nmoles/mg protein/hr. Incorporation into glycerides increased from 5.81 nmoles/mg protein/hr to 8.58 nmoles/mg protein/hr. 14C-glucose incorporation into fatty acids also increased 2 fold during this time. Addition of 2.5mM palmitic acid to the incubation medium for 24 hrs. resulted in a 45% decrease in 3H2O and 14C-glucose incorporation into fatty acids. There was,however,a 2.5 fold increase in 3H2O incorporation into glycerides. After 48 hrs. of culture in palmitate,3H2O incorporation into fatty acids was not different from the control explants, while incorporation into glycerides by the explants cultured in palmitate continued to be 2.5 fold greater than controls. These data suggest that de novo fatty acid synthesis in fetal lung explants is regulated in the short term by the availability of exogenous fatty acid. In addition, exogenous fatty acid results in an increase in the incorporation at 3H2O into the glyceride moiety.
Oxygen modulation of superoxide radical injury in the krebs-perfused, isolated rabbit heart.

Myocardial malondialdehyde concentration (MDA) as an index of membrane lipoperoxidation was measured in previously ischemic isolated rabbit hearts reperfused with Krebs solution equilibrated with different oxygen concentrations. Hearts were subjected to a ischemic period of 30 min at 4°C and then reperfused at 37°C with a Krebs-Henseleit solution equilibrated with 95% oxygen (group 1), 65% oxygen (group 2), or 21% oxygen (group 3). MDA concentration in nanomoles per gram protein (mean &#45 SEM) at the end of reperfusion in group 1 ( n = 5) was 357 &#45 18; in group 2 ( n = 5) 282 &#45 18; and in group 3 ( n = 5) 246 &#45 16 ( p = .0008, group 1 vs. group 3; p = .0109, group 1 vs. group 2). The results support that oxidative stress after ischemia and reperfusion is modulated by the oxygen concentration of the reperfusate in the crystalloid-perfused isolated rabbit heart such that higher oxygen concentrations are associated with greater oxidative stress.
Polymicrobial sepsis following trauma inhibits interleukin-10 secretion and lymphocyte proliferation

Immune competence declines following major injury, and predisposes the trauma patient to infection. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), although an immunosuppressive cytokine, is also important in the initiation of immune responses. This study investigated alterations in IL-10 and immune function associated with polymicrobial sepsis following trauma using murine femur fracture (FFx) and cecal ligation/puncture (CLP) models. Mice were randomized to Normal, FFx, Alcohol and FFx (EtOH+FFx), CLP, FFx+CLP, and EtOH+FFx+CLP. Polymicrobial sepsis was induced by performing CLP 4 days after FFx, and animals were killed 14 days later ; immune function was assessed by in vitro splenocyte cultures. Lymphocyte proliferative responses were significantly suppressed in FFx and CLP animals. Splenocyte IL-10 production was significantly reduced in FFx and CLP animals, with concurrent increases in nitrite and tumor necrosis factor release. This study documents that trauma induces alterations in the inflammatory cytokine cascade that affect the immune response to subsequent septic challenges.
Teaching Resources for Childbirth Educators

Various categories of resources for childbirth educators are discussed, and specific items are listed and briefly evaluated. An annotated bibliography of books is classified according to those appropriate for both parents and professionals, those appropriate for professionals only, and those treating the subject of breastfeeding. Then there are lists of teaching aids, breastfeeding aids, less expensive booklets, films, and pamphlets usually available free from commercial concerns. Among the addresses given for ordering materials is one for aids in childbirth education for the blind.
A Meta-Analysis of Developmental Outcomes for Children of Same-Sex and Heterosexual Parents

ABSTRACT While there has been a recent upsurge in the number of studies related to children raised by gay and lesbian parents, the literature in this area continues to be small and wrought with limitations. This study presents a meta-analysis of the existing research and focuses on the developmental outcomes and quality of parent–child relationships among children raised by gay and lesbian parents. A total of 19 studies were used for the analysis and included both child and parent outcome measures addressing six areas. Analyses revealed statistically significant effect size differences between groups for one of the six outcomes: parent–child relationship. Results confirm previous studies in this current body of literature, suggesting that children raised by same-sex parents fare equally well to children raised by heterosexual parents. The authors discuss findings with respect to the implications for practitioners in schools.
On the structure of certain reflexive operator algebras

Abstract A characterization is given of the class of operators which commute with the core of a nest algebra modulo its Jacobson radical, and of those projections which commute with every member of the nest algebra modulo its radical. A precise description is given of those operators which commute modulo the radical with every member of the nest algebra of a nonatomic nest of uniform multiplicity one.
Rare earth analysis of usgs rocks SCo-1 and STM-1

Twelve of the rare-earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb and Lu) were determined by radiochemical neutron activation analysis on two samples per bottle from two bottles each of SCo-1 (Cody shale) and STM-1 (nepheline syenite). The data provide no evidence for differences in REE concentrations between bottles of the same rock. Values of the concentrations for most of the REE in SCo-1 and STM-1, based on the samples analyzed, have been established to better than ±10% overall uncertainty, with a 95% confidence limit.
Shed Mediastinal Blood Transfusion After Cardiac Operations: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Abstract Background . Cardiac surgical patients consume a significant fraction of the annual volume of allogeneic blood transfused. Scavenged autologous blood may serve as a cost-effective means of conserving donated blood and avoiding transfusion-related complications. Methods . This study examines 834 patients after cardiac operations at the University of Alabama Hospital. Data were collected on patients receiving unwashed, filtered, autologous transfusions from shed mediastinal drainage and those receiving allogeneic transfusions. The data were incorporated into clinical decision models; confidence intervals for parameters were estimated by bootstrapping sample statistics. Costs were estimated for transfusing both allogeneic and autologous blood. Results . The study found a 54% reduction in transfusion risk or a mean reduction of 1.41 allogeneic units per case (95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.79 units). The process saved between $49 and $62 per case. Conclusions . The use of autologous blood has the potential to significantly reduce the costs and risks associated with transfusing allogeneic blood after cardiac operations.
Arenavirus recombination: the formation of recombinants between prototype pichinde and pichinde munchique viruses and evidence that arenavirus S RNA codes for N polypeptide.

Abstract The ability of arenaviruses to form recombinant viruses by viral RNA segment reassortment has been investigated using a cloned, high-temperature adapted strain of prototype Pichinde virus (PIC), and a cloned, alternate Pichinde virus topotype named Pichinde Munchique (designated MUC). The oligonucleotide fingerprints of the large and small viral RNA segments of the two viruses can be easily distinguished. The virion RNA species of cloned wild-type progeny viruses recovered from dual wild-type PIC and MUC coinfections of BHK-21 cells have been analyzed by oligonucleotide fingerprinting. Other than PIC and MUC genotypes, progeny virus clones were found with PIC/MUC (large/small) RNA segment genotypes, indicating that these recombinant arenaviruses were formed by RNA segment reassortment. Dual infections of BHK-21 cells with a temperature-sensitive (ts), conditional lethal, mutant of MUC and the Group I ts mutants of PIC (but not the PIC Group II ts mutants), have yielded wild-type progeny viruses at high frequency. Genotype analysis of one of these recombinant progeny showed that it had a PIC/MUC genotype. This result indicated that the Group I mutants of PIC have a defective small viral RNA segment, and that the MUC ts mutant (and probably the PIC Group II ts mutants) has a defective large viral RNA segment. Plaque size analyses of the parental wild-type and reassortment viruses have shown that the plaque size of the reassortants was determined by the large viral RNA segment. Tryptic peptide analyses of the nucleocapsid (N) polypeptide of the PIC/MUC recombinant by comparison to similar analyses for PIC and MUC indicate that the recombinant has a MUC N polypeptide, i.e., that the viral S RNA codes for N polypeptide.
Improved assays for hydralazine and hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone in human plasma

Abstract Previous determinations of hydralazine and hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone based on derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography have been modified to improve the detection limits of the hydralazine assay and the selectivity of the hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone technique. The lower limits of determinations of hydralazine and hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone are 2 and 25 ng ml -1 , respectively. The application of this technique to the determination of these substances in human plasma is demonstrated.
Geology and Tectonics of the Songpan-Ganzi Fold Belt, Southwestern China

In the Late Paleozoic, the Sino-Korean (North China) and Yangtze-Cathaysian (South China) cratons collided. The Carboniferous and Permian foreland basin to the north of the Tongbo-Dabie Mountains, and elongate intermontane basins in East Qinling, were filled by marine to terrestrial sediments, in which the fauna and flora communicated from North China, South China, and West China. In Triassic time, the Dabie-Sulu Mountains became a Himalaya-type mountain range as a result of continent-continent collision and doubling of the crust. Marked exhumation of this mountain range shed huge amounts of detritus to the west. First filled were the remnant ocean basins in Qinling. As the remnant basins filled, submarine fan deposition shifted to the west to gradually fill the Songpan-Ganzi area. Songpan-Ganzi is surrounded by continents with pre-Sinian basement. The Sinian and Paleozoic strata and their fauna and flora are of Yangtzean affinity. Beginning in the Permian, a midocean-ridge triple junction was developed i...
Who Sleeps With Whom, or How (Not) to Want the West in Japan

Since the 1980s, there has been an underground exodus of women from Japan to the West, where they seek education, employment, and romance or marriage with Western men. The author considers women’s ...
The use of human patient simulation to improve academic test scores in nursing students

Many technologies that were not yet invented when today's educators went to nursing school are now staples in nursing colleges and schools worldwide. Although there are numerous studies that examine the relationship between simulation and student success, most focus on the affective and psychomotor domains of learning. This article focuses on the cognitive domain of learning and discusses the correlation between the use of high-fidelity human patient simulation and improved academic test scores.
AVOCADO CELLULASE EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION

Optimum conditions for the extraction and purification of avocado cellulase have been established. The best quantiative recovery of the cellulase from avocado tissue was obtained with a 0.04M acetate buffer, pH 5.0, containing 0.4M NaCl and 0.25% (v/v) Triton X-100. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 4.7 and the molecular weight, based on SDS gel electrophoresis, was 49,000. The enzyme was purified on a cellulose column to a single protein band on SDS gel electrophoresis. Rabbit antibody produced to the cellulase gave further proof of the enzyme's purity.
Nonlinear equation instability boundaries in flexible mechanisms

Methods are discussed to convey zones of nonlinear equation instability in mechanisms, and applied to a flexible rod in a slider crank mechanism. Instability zones are presented in the crank length-crank speed parameter plane for several piston mass parameter values. Unstable zones are not characterized by exponentially increasing solutions (as implied by previous studies based on linear equation representations), but instead display jumps and period doubling cascades. In one case the analytical response and its bifurcations are favorably compared to experimental results. The nonlinearities have a significant effect upon the boundaries of the instability zones and the nature of the response within the instability zones.
The Economics of Community Gardening

We evaluate determinants of community gardens in Philadelphia census tracts by developing a model of community gardening and testing it with negative binomial regression techniques. We find that home vacancy rates, labor force participation rates, poverty rates, and the number of healthy food stores have a positive impact. Theft rates, unemployment rates, the percentage of African Americans and non-citizens, home ownership rates, assault rates, and the existence of parkland all have a negative effect. Population density has an inverse-U effect. Our results are consistent with the argument that community gardening improves food security and social capital in needy neighborhoods.
Purification and characterization of a rat liver bile acid coenzyme A ligase from rat liver microsomes.

In the present study, using the C24bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid as substrate, rat liver bile acid CoA ligase activity (rBAL) was purified 200-fold from detergent-solubilized microsomes using a combination of Q-Sepharose anion exchange, hydroxyapatite, and CM-Sepharose chromatography. Purified rBAL had a molecular weight of 65 kDa by SDS–PAGE analysis. Gel filtration of purified rBAL indicated that rBAL activity forms a complex with other proteins with an apparent aggregate molecular weight of 243 kDa. A monoclonal antibody raised against the 65-kDa protein and covalently coupled to 6B-Sepharose completely absorbed rBAL activity from a semipurified preparation of rat liver microsomes. Western blot analysis confirmed the elution of the 65-kDa protein from the affinity phase at low pH. Optimum rBAL activity was found at pH 8.5, and activity was dependent on the divalent cation Mg2+. In the presence of 50 μM CoA and 2.5 mM MgCl2, kinetic analysis revealed that the apparentKms of ATP and chenodeoxycholic acid of the purified enzyme were 548 ± 247 and 18.0 ± 6.2 μM, respectively, and the apparentVmaxwas 9.53 ± 2.0 nmol min−1mg protein−1. The formation of chenodeoxycholyl-CoA by rBAL was strongly inhibited by hydrophobic bile acids (the C24monohydroxy bile acid lithocholic acid and 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoic acid, the C27homolog of cholic acid), but only weakly by cholic acid. Chenodeoxycholyl-CoA and 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-27-oyl-CoA were confirmed as reaction products of purified rBAL by HPLC-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.