cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The action of magnesium sulfate on cerebral circulation and metabolism in toxemia of pregnancy.

Abstract 1. 1. Studies of cerebral blood flow, cerebal vascular resistance, cerebral oxygen consumption, and respiratory quotient of the brain, as well as mean arterial blood pressure and the blood gases were made before and after intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate to 15 women with toxemia of pregnancy. 2. 2. Magnesium sulfate significantly lowers mean arterial blood pressure, but not to normal levels. 3. 3. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization by the brain are slightly increased. 4. 4. Cerebral vascular resistance is decreased to a notable degree but not to the point where normal cerebral vascular tone is restored. 5. 5. A number of sedatives and vasodilators were compared and contrasted with the effects of magnesium sulfate on the brain. 5.1. A. Certain sedatives (intravenously administered barbiturates) depress cerebral oxygen metabolism in the same manner as does eclampsia. Cerebral blood flow is also decreased. None of the sedatives, other than magnesium sulfate, alleviated cerebral vasospasm. 5.2. B. All of the vasodilators studied relieved the increased cerebral vascular resistance without compromising cerebral circulation and metabolism. 6. 6. It is concluded that magnesium sulfate with its exemplary action on the brain is a superior sedative and anticonvulsant in toxemia of pregnancy. Because its vasodilator action is not strong, it may be combined to great physiologic and therapeutic advantage with appropriate vasodilators when marked hypertension and vasospasm are present.
Comparison of Carboxymethylation Patterns of Harbor Seal and Sperm Whale Myoglobins

Abstract Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and sperm whale (Physeter catodon) myoglobins were carboxymethylated in 0.2 m bromoacetate at pH 6.8. The modification of histidine residues leveled off after approximately 6 and 8 days, respectively, of reaction at 25° in the dark. The NH2-terminal glycine and valine residues, respectively, were modified, as were 1 or 2 lysine residues on the average. The modified seal protein was subjected to digestion with trypsin and the acid-insoluble fraction from that treatment further exposed to thermolysin. The modified sperm whale protein was subjected to thermolysin alone. Peptides containing histidine or a derivative were isolated and identified, and conclusions concerning the patterns of reactivity were tabulated. The results with the sperm whale protein confirm and complete the assignments reported previously (Hugli, T. E., and Gurd, F. R. N. (1970) J. Biol. Chem. 245, 1939–1946). Histidine residue 64 was found to be unreactive, while the peculiar suppression of reactivity of residue 36 relative to the reaction product obtained in the crystalline state was confirmed. The pattern of reactivity of the harbor seal protein was similar. The freely reactive histidine residues were 8, 81, 113, and 116, the unreactive residues were 24, 64, 82, 93, and 97, and those showing various patterns of restriction were 36, 48, 119, and 152.
Folic acid and chromosome breakage: IV. Variance estimates from longitudinal studies of normal individuals and their implications for sample size and power to detect differences between populations

The frequency of chromosome aberrations was studied in minimal essential medium (MEM) with and without folic acid (FA) in lymphocytes of 4 normal individuals, each sampled 12 times over a 1-year period. The cells cultured without FA had significantly more breaks and gaps. In both media about 75% of aberrations were classified as gaps. Calculations based on variance estimates suggest that the use of medium without FA could enhance the statistical power to distinguish differences in proportions of chromosome breakage between groups in the same study.
Pathogenic implications of iron accumulation in multiple sclerosis

Iron, an essential element used for a multitude of biochemical reactions, abnormally accumulates in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The mechanisms of abnormal iron deposition in MS are not fully understood, nor do we know whether these deposits have adverse consequences, i.e., contribute to pathogenesis. With some exceptions, excess levels of iron are represented concomitantly in multiple deep gray matter structures often with bilateral representation, while in white matter pathological iron deposits are usually located at sites of inflammation that are associated with veins. These distinct spatial patterns suggest disparate mechanisms of iron accumulation between these regions. Iron has been postulated to promote disease activity in MS by various means: 1) iron can amplify the activated state of microglia resulting in the increased production of proinflammatory mediators; 2) excess intracellular iron deposits could promote mitochondria dysfunction; and 3) improperly managed iron could catalyze the production of damaging reactive oxygen species. The pathological consequences of abnormal iron deposits may be dependent on the affected brain region and/or accumulation process. Here we review putative mechanisms of enhanced iron uptake in MS and address the likely roles of iron in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Adsorption, Gas Separation

Gas-phase adsorption is widely employed for the large-scale purification or bulk separation of air, natural gas, chemicals, and petrochemicals. An adsorbent attracts molecules from the gas, and the molecules become concentrated on the surface of the adsorbent and are removed from the gas phase. Most commercial adsorbents for gas-phase applications are employed in the form of pellets, beads, or other granular shapes, most commonly packed into fixed beds through which the gaseous feed mixtures are passed. The growth in both variety and scale of gas-phase adsorption separation processes, particularly since 1970, is due in part to continuing discoveries of new porous, high surface-area adsorbent materials (particularly molecular sieve zeolites) and to improvements in the design and modification of adsorbents. To permit the recovery of pure products and to extend the adsorbent's useful life, adsorbents should generally be inert and not react with or catalyze reactions of adsorbate molecules. Commercially useful adsorbents can be classified by the nature of their structure (amorphous or crystalline), by the sizes of their pores, by the nature of their surfaces (polar, nonpolar, or intermediate), or by their chemical composition, of which the size of the pores is the most important initial consideration. Adsorption processes are temperature-swing adsorption (TSA) and pressure-swing (PSA) as well as purge-swing cycles and nonregenerative approaches. Most adsorption processes use fixed beds, but some use moving- or fluidized-beds or wheels. Keywords: Gas phase adsorption; Principles; Models; Adsorption; Adsorbents; Pressure swing; Purge swing; Reactive adsorption; Moving beds; Fluidized beds; Design; Computer systems; Nonregenerative processes
Urban precipitation extremes: How reliable are regional climate models?

[1] We evaluate the ability of regional climate models (RCMs) that participated in the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) to reproduce the historical season of occurrence, mean, and variability of 3 and 24-hour precipitation extremes for 100 urban areas across the United States. We show that RCMs with both reanalysis and global climate model (GCM) boundary conditions behave similarly and underestimate 3-hour precipitation maxima across almost the entire U.S. RCMs with both boundary conditions broadly capture the season of occurrence of precipitation maxima except in the interior of the western U.S. and the southeastern U.S. On the other hand, the RCMs do much better in identifying the season of 24-hour precipitation maxima. For mean annual precipitation maxima, regardless of the boundary condition, RCMs consistently show high (low) bias for locations in the western (eastern) U.S. Our results indicate that RCM-simulated 3-hour precipitation maxima at 100-year return period could be considered acceptable for stormwater infrastructure design at less than 12% of the 100 urban areas (regardless of boundary conditions). RCM performance for 24-hour precipitation maxima was slightly better, with performance acceptable for stormwater infrastructure design judged adequate at about 25% of the urban areas.
Microbubble formation during crystallization of LiNbO3 melts

Abstract Bubbles whose size ranged from sub-micron to ∼ 1 μm were observed along the interface in the interface liquid boundary layer of LiNbO3 melts when fiber-shaped LiNbO3 crystals were grown via laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG). This method usually yields a very high temperature gradient near the solid-liquid interface leading to significant thermoelectric power which affects the distribution of LiNbO3 intrinsic species in the melt. Supersaturation of OLi− and/or O2− ions at the interface were calculated to have a large enough total supersaturation to nucleate bubbles due to a combination of both solute build up and a significant temperature difference between the interface and the far-field liquid.
Correspondence between telephone and written assessments of physical violence in marriage

Clinic couples (N = 50) participated in a study examining the consistency of reported rates of aggression via telephone and written administrations of the Conflict Tactics Scale. Both husbands' and wives' reports of physical aggression were highly consistent between the telephone and written assessments. Reports of wife-to-husband aggression were significantly more consistent than reports of husband-to-wife aggression. As expected, wives reported significantly more husband-to-wife aggression than their husbands reported. Generally, there were no significant sex differences on reports of wife-to-husband aggression. The implications of these findings for various studies are discussed.
CoSMIC: addressing crosscutting deployment and configuration concerns of distributed real-time and embedded systems

This paper describe a model-driven development (MDD) toolsuite called Component Synthesis using Model-Integrated Computing (CoSMIC), which configures and deploys distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems using quality of service (QoS)-enabled component middleware. We show how CoSMIC addresses crosscutting configuration and deployment concerns at multiple layers of middleware and applications in component-based DRE systems. We also discuss how CoSMIC leverages model checking and analysis tools to validate key properties for configured DRE systems.
Breakdown of the adiabatic limit in low-dimensional gapless systems

When a thermodynamic system is changed sufficiently slowly, entropy is generally conserved and the process is adiabatic, and therefore reversible. However, this adiabaticity does not seem to hold for low-dimensional systems with a high-density of low-energy states.
Lower-order branching and conjugate function discontinuities

Abstract An example is given of a fourth-order linear ordinary differential operator K on (− ∞, ∞) for which the higher-order conjugate point functions η 2 and η 3 are discontinuous. Introduced to settle the issue of discontinuity are the notions of lower-order branching and degenerate branching of boundary value problems of de la Vallee-Poussin type.
Polyaromatic ether‐sulfone‐ketones with fluorosubstituted p‐cyclophane units as crosslinking sites

Polyaromatic either-sulfone-ketones containing fluoro-substituted p-cyclophane units were prepared from isophthaloyl chloride, terephthaloyl chloride, diphenyl ether, diphenoxydiphenyl sulfone, and a small amount of 1,1,2,2,9,9,10,10-octafluoro-[2,2]-p-cyclophane (type A) or pseudo-p-1,12,2,9,9,10,10-octafluoro-[2,2]-p-cyclophane bis-acid chloride (type B) by Friedel-Crafts-type polymerization. The p-cyclophane units were incorporated as crosslinking sites. Crosslinking was achieved by curing polymers at 300–350°C for several days. The polymers obtained, containing 1–10 wt % fluoro-substituted p-cyclophane units, were moderately soluble in dichloromethane, DMF, and sulfuric acid with inherent viscosities between 0.4 and 0.6. Laminates on glass fiber were made with excellent thermal stability.
Challenges to participating in a lifestyle intervention program: the Native American Diabetes Project.

PURPOSE: This paper describes the factors that American Indian teachers in the Native American Diabetes Project (NADP) reported affected participation in the NADP lifestyle education sessions. METHODS: A postsession exit interview was conducted with each of the 7 mentors (teachers) of the NADP sessions. Interview questions addressed general perceptions of the sessions, factors that kept participants from coming to the sessions, and attitudes toward diabetes and persons with diabetes. Interviews were transcribed and responses reflecting factors related to participation were marked and organized into topic areas. RESULTS: Mentors reported a range of factors that affected participation in the sessions, such as conflicts with community activities and beliefs/attitudes about diabetes. The latter factor includes program knowledge, recruitment methods, attitudes toward the program, and beliefs about diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Asking community members what factors they believe affect participation is an important component of increasing participation in community-based programs. Community members can provide a valuable personal perspective of actual and potential conflicts in the community.
Vibrations and thermal transport in nanocrystalline silicon

We use a combination of vibrational-mode analysis and molecular-dynamics simulations to study the effect of grain size on the nature of thermal vibrations, their localization, and their ability to carry heat in nanocrystalline silicon. Vibrational-mode analysis demonstrates that the vibrations that carry most of the heat in small-grain $(\ensuremath{\lesssim}3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ structurally heterogeneous nanocrystalline silicon are almost identical in nature to those in homogeneous amorphous silicon, where the majority of the vibrations are delocalized and unpolarized. Consequently, the principal thermal conductivity mechanism in such a nanocrystalline material is the same as in the amorphous material. With increasing grain size, the vibrational modes become progressively more like that of a crystalline material; this is reflected in a crossover in the mechanism of thermal transport to that of a crystalline material.
Animation of Crystal Structure Variations with Pressure, Temperature and Composition

The mineralogical literature is full of images of crystal structures. These images provide a satisfying way to understand and interpret the results of a crystal structure analysis. They also provide a visual model for understanding many physical properties. For instance, an atomic-scale understanding of the cleavage in mica is immediately obtained once an image of its structure has been seen. Now, however, with the advent of personal computers that can compute and display images quickly, it is possible to routinely create dynamic images of crystal structures, not only by simply spinning them about an axis, but also as a function of temperature, pressure and composition. Examples of these animations are found on the cover of this volume and at the edges of the pages of this chapter. Such dynamic images are effective means for presenting papers at meetings using computer projectors, and could have a place in on-line journals. They can be a useful guide for understanding the results of an experiment and are indispensable in the classroom situation. Constructing a series of images, stored as bitmaps, and then displaying these images one after another is an effective way to make the computer animations. This paper presents an outline of the procedures for making these sorts of movies. It is anticipated that the contents of this chapter will soon be outdated, because computer-generated animation techniques are still rapidly developing. As such, we at least hope to provide a starting point and some motivation for those who would like to present and visualize their data in a new and exciting way. A movie can be easily constructed from a set of data if the data can be characterized by a one-dimensional parameter. Because a movie is a set of images, or frames, displayed as a function of time, we can use …
An Efficient Task Scheduling Method for Improved Network Delay in Distributed Sensor Networks

One of the challenge in developing smart sensor networks is the minimization of network delay or at the very least be able to have upper and lower boundaries of network delay when sensor nodes respond to higher level applications. In this paper, we present a highly efficient task scheduling method based on linear programming that integrates both sensing and networking communication delay. The objective is to minimize the total response time and global power consumption of the network with respect to the total number of sensor nodes in the network. Simulation results based on closed-form solutions for the task scheduling problem are presented for two scenarios with homogeneous and six scenarios with heterogeneous sensor nodes using single level tree-network topology. Specifically, for the heterogeneous scenarios, responding sequence that results in global optimum total respond time has also been found.
Cell culture: Soft gels select tumorigenic cells

Pliable gels of fibrin, a fibrous protein involved in blood clotting and linked to cancer, select cells with high in vivo aggressiveness and 'stemness' from a pool of cancer cells.
Problems in teaching the pronunciation of Japanese to English-speaking persons

Abstract The tonal character of spoken Japanese makes important demands upon the learner: 1. He must be trained to discriminate carefully by ear and reproduce in pronunciation the characteristic low, mid and high tones. 2. The characteristic melody patterns must be learned. 3. Special care must be taken in making smooth transitions from one level of pitch to another while passing from syllable to syllable. 4. He must eliminate the carry-over of English stress accent into Japanese.
Hardware Specialization in Low-power Sensing Applications to Address Energy and Resilience

This paper explores implications of introducing machine learning capabilities within a hardware-specialized platform for low power embedded sensing applications. Such a platform enables algorithms well suited for analyzing complex sensor signals under strict energy constraints. However, the benefits go further, enabling the effects of errors to be overcome in the presence of hardware faults within the platform. Although errors can result in substantial bit-level perturbations, the approach described views these an alteration on the way that information is encoded within the embedded data. The new information encoding can thus be learned in the form of an error-aware model. The energy implications of hardware-specialized machine-learning kernels are analyzed using a fabricated custom IC, and the hardware-resilience implications are analyzed using an FPGA platform, which permits controllable and randomized injection of logical hardwarefaults.
Determinants of governance structure in alliances: the role of strategic, task and partner uncertainties

Research in transaction cost economics and structural sociology has emphasized the role of opportunism and trust in the choice between equity and non-equity governance forms in alliances. This paper suggests that the uncertainty surrounding partner cooperation is not straightforwardly predictive of governance structure in alliances. Instead, task uncertainty and strategic uncertainty associated with the activities performed within alliances induce coordination and adaptation requirements that are important determinants of alliance governance, independently of partner uncertainty. Support for this view is provided based on a 12-year panel of alliances formed in the US telecommunications, entertainment and computer industries.
Fast perturbation Monte Carlo method for photon migration in heterogeneous turbid media

We present a two-step Monte Carlo (MC) method that is used to solve the radiative transfer equation in heterogeneous turbid media. The method exploits the one-to-one correspondence between the seed value of a random number generator and the sequence of random numbers. In the first step, a full MC simulation is run for the initial distribution of the optical properties and the “good” seeds (the ones leading to detected photons) are stored in an array. In the second step, we run a new MC simulation with only the good seeds stored in the first step, i.e., we propagate only detected photons. The effect of a change in the optical properties is calculated in a short time by using two scaling relationships. By this method we can increase the speed of a simulation up to a factor of 1300 in typical situations found in near-IR tissue spectroscopy and diffuse optical tomography, with a minimal requirement for hard disk space. Potential applications of this method for imaging of turbid media and the inverse problem are discussed.
Shedding light on Merlin's wizardry

Inactivation of the tumor suppressor Merlin, encoded by the NF2 (Neurofibromatosis type 2) gene, contributes to malignant conversion in many cell types. Merlin is an Ezrin–Radixin–Moesin protein and localizes underneath the plasma membrane at cell–cell junctions and other actin-rich sites. Recent studies indicate that Merlin mediates contact inhibition of proliferation by blocking recruitment of Rac to the plasma membrane. In mitogen-stimulated cells, p21-activated kinase phosphorylates Ser518 in the C-terminus of Merlin, inactivating the growth suppressive function of the protein. Furthermore, the myosin phosphatase MYPT1–PP1δ, has been identified as a direct activator of Merlin and its inhibition has been linked to malignant transformation. Finally, studies in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have revealed that Merlin functions together with the band 4.1 protein Expanded to block the endocytosis of many signaling receptors, causing their accumulation at the plasma membrane, and to inactivate the Hippo signaling pathway. Here, we review these recent findings and their relevance to the tumor suppressor function of Merlin.
Effects of plasma sheet variability on the fast initial ring current decay

[1] We study the effects of plasma sheet variations on the fast initial ring current (RC) decay during the March 31, 2001 storm. Previous studies have focused on the effects of enhanced plasma sheet density on RC buildup during the main phase of the storms. Using model simulations and energetic particle data from the instruments on CLUSTER and LANL, we demonstrate that the drop of plasma sheet density during the early recovery phase is important for the fast RC decay. In fact, an additional ∼50 nT decrease in Dst index occurs if this drop is not taken into account. We also demonstrate that there is no preconditioning of the RC during this storm period. The second enhancement in the convection electric field is not more effective in building the RC than the first in the case of the same magnetospheric plasma inflow on the nightside. This study shows that the fast initial RC decay is controlled not only by the decreased convection electric field, dayside outflow through the magnetopause, and internal loss processes, but also by the time-varying nightside inflow of plasma from the magnetotail. All factors should be considered for accurate predictions of RC decay timescales and Dst index.
Right Alternative Rings with Idempotents

for all elements x and a. Throughout this paper, all rings will be assumed to have characteristic prime to 2 and 3. If a right alternative ring A has an idempotent, it has an Albert [l] decomposition A = A,(e) + A,,,(e) + Ao(e), where A,(e) and A,(e) are closed under Jordan product. We show that if A has a decomposition where A,(e)+ and A,(e)+ are simple Jordan algebras and A satisfies a few other conditions, then A is alternative or A = A,(e) @ A,,(e) (direct sum). The Albert decomposition with respect to an idempotent e is useful in right alternative rings provided it can be stretched to a Peirce decomposition. This means it is necessary for (e, e, A) = 0. We simply assume our idempotent has this property. Our theorem is:
Methylmercury and dissolved organic carbon relationships in a wetland-rich watershed impacted by elevated sulfate from mining.

Abstract Methylmercury (MeHg), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and sulfate (SO4=) relationships were investigated in the mining-influenced St. Louis River watershed in northeast Minnesota. Fewer wetlands and higher SO4= in the mining region lead to generally lower availability and solubility of DOC in mining streams compared to non-mining streams. MeHg concentrations, however, are similarly low in mining and non-mining streams during low flow periods, implying that the extra DOC found in non-mining streams carries little MeHg with it during these periods. High water levels elevated MeHg concentrations in both stream types owing to release from wetlands of DOC species that contain MeHg and remain relatively soluble in streams with elevated ionic strength. In-river methylation appeared to be a negligible component of the MeHg budget for the St. Louis River during this study as MeHg and DOC concentrations were intermediate to those observed in its mining-influenced and wetland-dominated tributaries.
Fremont, pathmarker of the West

"This biography merits the adjective definitive...is a book at once distinguished and engaging."--New York Times "[Nevins] has ...raised biography to the level of literature."--Christian Science Monitor. "If this is not Fremont, it is as near to him as anyone is likely to get."--Books. "A contribution of first-rate significance to the history of the United States in the nineteenth century."--Springfield Republican. One of the most controversial and romantic figures in American history, John C. .Fremont experienced a dizzying succession of public triumphs and humiliations. He made his name exploring the West, surveying, mapping, and describing the Rockies, the Great Basin, and Oregon country. Allan Nevins gives Fremont full credit for his achievements as a topographer, soldier, and politician while noting how often his rashness attracted enemies and led to his downfall: to a court-martial for disobeying orders during the Bear Flag Rebellion, to a disastrous winter expedition in the San Juan Mountains, to his defeat as the first presidential candidate of the Republican party, to the loss of his Civil War command. Through sickness and health, poverty and wealth, his wife, the vivacious Jessie Benton Fremont, stood by him. Their enduring romance occupies much more than the background in this absorbing story of his life. The dean of American historians, Allan Nevins won the Pulitzer Prize for his biographies of Grover Cleveland and Hamilton Fish.
Management of symptomatic malignant ascites with diuretics: Two case reports and a review of the literature

Malignant ascites is a common complication of advanced cancer. It is associated with distressing symptoms and poor prognosis. Treatment may be aimed at the underlying cancer but is rarely successful. Therapeutic success for the available symptomatic treatment options for ascites is often limited. Control of symptomatic malignant ascites is possible with the use of diuretics in selected patients, is well tolerated, and should be tried first.
When a brand caught fire: the role of brand equity in product-harm crisis

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate differences in consumer reactions to high- versus low-equity brands in terms of consumer attitude toward the brand, involvement with the brand, company credibility and consumer purchase intentions. Design/methodology/approach – Experimental procedure is conducted to test three hypotheses using 317 consumer participants. The experiment is carried out comparing a high-equity personal computer (PC) brand and a low-equity PC brand involved in product-harm crisis. Findings – The results indicate that, in the case of product-harm crisis, negative consumer perceptions regardless of brand equity level; less negative perceptions for a high-equity brand than for a low-equity brand; and smaller loss in consumer perceptions for a high-equity brand than for a low-equity brand. Research limitations/implications – The findings highlight the importance of brand equity in crisis management explained by covariation theory of attributions. Practical implications – Althou...
Increased response to intrastriatal L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4) in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats.

Unilateral intrastriatal injection of the prototype Group III metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4) induces rotation in rats with ipsilateral unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal projection but not in unlesioned control animals [Kearney et al., (1998) Neuroscience 87:881–891]. We studied differences in striatal neuron Fos-like immunoreactivity expression, striatal neuron Fos-like immunoreactivity localization, and regional [14C]-2-deoxyglucose uptake after unilateral intrastriatal injection of L-AP4 between control and unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. There was a left shift of the dose response curve with more striatal neurons expressing Fos-like immunoreactivity at lower doses of L-AP4 in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned animals. In unlesioned striata, L-AP4 injections tended to induce Fos-like immunoreactivity in striato-pallidal projection neurons. In lesioned animals, the majority of striatal neurons expressing Fos-like immunoreactivity were striatonigral projection neurons. In both control and lesioned animals, intrastriatal injection of L-AP4 produced widespread decreases in [14C]-2-deoxyglucose uptake in basal ganglia nuclei and related regions, but the magnitude of this effect increased markedly in lesioned animals. Striatal dopamine denervation enhances the response of striatal neurons to intrastriatally injected L-AP4 with an apparent shift in the type of striatal projection neuron responding to L-AP4.
An atmosphere of thought

Science and Russian Culture in an Age of Revolutions. By Kendall E. Bailes. Indiana University Press: 1990. Pp. 238. $29.50.
Variation of the magnetic ordering in GdT2Zn20 (T=Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh and Ir) and its correlation with the electronic structure of isostructural YT2Zn20

Magnetization, resistivity, and specific heat measurements were performed on solution-grown single crystals of six $\text{Gd}{T}_{2}{\text{Zn}}_{20}$ ($T=\text{Fe}$, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, and Ir) compounds, as well as on their Y analogs. For the Gd compounds, the Fe column members manifest a ferromagnetic (FM) ground state (with an enhanced Curie temperature ${T}_{C}$ for $T=\text{Fe}$ and Ru), whereas the Co column members manifest an antiferromagnetic (AFM) ground state. Thermodynamic measurements on $\text{Y}{T}_{2}{\text{Zn}}_{20}$ revealed that the enhanced ${T}_{C}$ for ${\text{GdFe}}_{2}{\text{Zn}}_{20}$ and ${\text{GdRu}}_{2}{\text{Zn}}_{20}$ can be understood within the framework of Heisenberg moments embedded in a nearly ferromagnetic Fermi liquid. Furthermore, electronic structure calculations indicate that this significant enhancement is due to a large transition metal partial density of states at the Fermi level that places these compounds close to the Stoner FM criterion. The change from FM to AFM ordering (between the Fe and Co column materials) is associated with the filling of electronic states with two additional electrons/f.u. The degree of this sensitivity is addressed by the studies of the pseudoternary compounds $\text{Gd}{({\text{Fe}}_{x}{\text{Co}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x})}_{2}{\text{Zn}}_{20}$ and $\text{Y}{({\text{Fe}}_{x}{\text{Co}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x})}_{2}{\text{Zn}}_{20}$, which clearly reveal the effect of $3d$-band filling on their magnetic properties.
Biochemical signals and biological responses elicited by the focal adhesion kinase.

Abstract The focal adhesion kinase, FAK, is an important component of an integrin-dependent signaling pathway, which functions to transmit signals from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm. FAK is an essential gene product, since the fak −/− mouse exhibits embryonic lethality. A number of important biological processes, including cell motility and cell survival, are controlled by integrin-dependent signals and FAK has been implicated in regulating these processes. This review will focus upon recent findings providing insight into the mechanisms by which FAK transmits biochemical signals and elicits biological effects.
The Distinctiveness of Jewish Voting A Thing of the Past

The apparent persistence of Jewish liberalism contradicts the belief that upward economic mobility leads to political conservatism among immigrant groups. However, some have suggested that Jews are losing their political distinctiveness from non-Jewish whites. The authors analyzed the 1993 Los Angeles mayoral election. A near majority of Jews voted against the liberal candidate and for the moderate Republican candidate, yet Jews and non-Jewish whites differed markedly on partisan and ideological dimensions. Although Jews may not always vote for liberal candidates, major political differences between Jews and non-Jewish whites remain. Jews continue to resist the general trend of other European immigrant groups to “become white.”
Petrophysical Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Utica Shale and Marcellus Shale, Appalachian Basin, USA

Paleozoic organic-rich mudrock (“shale”) units were deposited on the eastern margin of the United States of America from the initial Cambrian rifting to the assembly of Pangaea after the Devonian. Two of these organic-rich shale units the Ordovician Point Pleasant-Utica and Devonian Marcellus Shale of the northern Appalachian basin are some of the most active shale gas/oil plays in the world, and a significant component in the United States energy market. Unconventional hydrocarbon plays are often referred to as statistical plays due to their high degree of heterogeneity, and present challenges for characterization and exploitation. Productivity depends upon an inter-related set of reservoir, completion and production characteristics. A key control on success is regional geology and sequence stratigraphy, in particular the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of organic matter, silica, and carbonate. The distribution of these key elements has been modeled at the basin and local scales. A 3-D mudrock lithofacies model is constructed using sequence stratigraphy to constrain mineral composition, rock properties and organic content. Core analysis and log data were used to calibrate the model from core scale to well scale and finally to regional scale. Geostatistical approaches were used to develop a quantitative relationship between conventional logs and lithofacies, and to model the distribution of mudrock lithofacies in three-dimensions. Controlled primarily by dilution, organic matter productivity, and organic matter accumulation distribution of organic-rich mudrock lithofacies was dominantly affected by water depth and distance to shoreline. The controls on mudrock reservoir quality are subtle and heterogeneity present in Utica and Marcellus results in regional and local well production variations. The proposed 3-D lithofacies modeling approach aids in recognizing geologic and engineering targets, designing horizontal well trajectories, targeting fracture stimulation strategies and understanding shale depositional environments and processes. The proposed approach can be extended to other organic-rich shale reservoirs.
Islet of Langerhans allogeneic transplantation at the University of Geneva in the steroid free era in islet after kidney and simultaneous islet-kidney transplantations.

Abstract Aims We report a single-center experience of islet allogeneic transplantation in islet after kidney (IAK) and simultaneous islet-kidney (SIK) type 1 diabetic recipients using a steroid-free immunosuppressive regimen. Methods Eight patients received 12 islet infusions in 5 IAK and 3 SIK procedures. Median age was 51 years (range, 30–58 years) with a male:female ratio of 2:6. IAK was considered only for patients with a stable kidney function and a creatinine clearance level >60 mL/min. SIK was considered for patients with a counterindication for simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation. Immunosuppression was based on sirolimus/tacrolimus combined with daclizumab induction. Two consecutive infusions of >5000 islet equivalents (IEQ)/kg were planned. Results Five patients completed the transplantation course, whereas 3 patients received only 1 islet infusion. All patients have functional grafts (C-peptide >166 pmol/L) at 6-month median follow-up. Of 5 patients who completed their transplantation course 4 became insulin independent. HbA1c and fructosamine decreased over time, showing improved metabolic control. Severe adverse events were observed in 4 patients. One SIK patient died after OKT-3 treatment of severe kidney rejection. Conclusions The Edmonton immunosuppressive protocol can be applied for patients undergoing either IAK or SIK procedures, with a high rate of graft function and insulin independence. Morbidity is higher than among patients undergoing solitary islet transplantation for type 1 brittle diabetes.
College Choice for LD Students: Know Your “SWIS”

Guidelines for matching the needs of students with learning disabilities to appropriate college programs
The global nitrogen cycle: changes and consequences

Abstract In the absence of human activities, biological N fixation is the primary source of reactive N, providing about 90–130 Tg N year −1 (Tg = 10 12 g) on the continents. Human activities have resulted in the fixation of an additional ∼150 Tg N year −1 by energy production, fertilizer production, and cultivation of crops (e.g., legumes, rice). Some sinks of anthropogenic N have been estimated (e.g., N 2 O accumulation in the atmosphere; loss to coastal oceans), however due to the uncertainty around the magnitude of other sinks (e.g., retention in groundwater, soils, or vegetation or denitrification to N 2 ) a possibly large portion of the N fixed by humans is missing. While we know that N is accumulating in the environment, we do not know the rate of accumulation. Due to the myriad of effects of excess N on humans, ecosystems, and the atmosphere, and their cascading nature (i.e., one atom of N can have a large number of excess N on humans, ecosystems, and the atmosphere, and their cascading nature (i.e., one atom of N can have a large number of different effects as it is transformed to different N species), this lack of knowledge is unfortunate. There are limited options available to society to reduce the amount of N mobilized by human action because there is, in effect, a N imperative — it is required for food production. As population and per capita consumption of food (especially animal products) increase, more and more N will be converted from unreactive to reactive forms in the future. This is especially true in less developed regions.
Gas-phase radical-radical recombination reactions of nitroxides with substituted phenyl radicals

Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry has been used to examine gas-phase reactions of four different nitroxide free radicals with eight positively charged pyridyl and phenyl radicals (some containing a Cl, F, or CF3 substituent). All the radicals reacted rapidly (near collision rate) with nitroxides by radical–radical recombination. However, some of the radicals were also able to abstract a hydrogen atom from the nitroxide. The results establish that the efficiency (kreaction/kcollision) of hydrogen atom abstraction varies with the electrophilicity of the radical, and hence is attributable to polar effects (a lowering of the transition-state energy by an increase in its polar character). The efficiency of the recombination reaction is not sensitive to substituents, presumably due to a very low reaction barrier. Even so, after radical–radical recombination has occurred, the nitroxide adduct was found to fragment in different ways depending on the structure of the radical. For example, a cationic fragment was eliminated from the adducts of the more electrophilic radicals via oxygen anion abstraction by the radical (i.e., the nitroxide adduct cleaves heterolytically), whereas adducts of the less electrophilic radicals predominantly fragmented via homolytic cleavage (oxygen atom abstraction). Therefore, differences in the product branching ratios were found to be attributable to polar factors. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 216–229 2004
EFFECT OF WHITE BREAD IN NUTRITIONALLY ADEQUATE DIETS ON IRON UTILIZATION BY ANEMIC RATS

Addition of up to 50% of oven-dried white bread in diets had no effect on utilization of ferrous sulfate iron by rats that were previously iron deficient. Diets were adequate in protein and all other nutrients, except iron, and bread was added only at the expense of carbohydrate. The parameters of response measured were hemoglobin, packed cell volume and red blood cell count. In diets containing a high proportion of protein from wheat, the low nutritional value of this protein may contribute to poor iron absorption but white bread itself appears not be detrimental to utilization of the mineral.
Puzzling over schizophrenia: schizophrenia as a pathway disease.

Effective treatment for schizophrenia is still an unmet clinical need. Alleviating problems associated with cognitive impairment and finding the root of the disease remain priorities for clinicians and scientists. The incomplete understanding of the basis of this pathology has urged for research that will unravel the genetic origin of schizophrenia. But studies involving environmental exposure and social impact have also hinted at extrinsic factors as players in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, which may be exploited to prevent the development of the disease. In 'Bench to Bedside', Patrick Sullivan proposes a model putting forward how genetic variants may confer risk by functioning together within the same pathway. This disease pathway hypothesis would imply a polygenetic variation affecting the same pathway and the alteration of a transcriptional network as a root for increasing schizophrenia risk. In 'Bedside to Bench', Andreas Meyer-Linderberg and Heike Tost discuss human-based population studies that suggest that environmental factors linked to development of schizophrenia can affect brain regions involved in the human social-emotional processing network. Genetic risk variants for schizophrenia can also influence similar regions in the brain, suggesting that environmental and intrinsic factors may converge in the same neural circuit.
Exploring the Knowledge Base of HB & SE Using the Concept of Reciprocity

Abstract Building on prior scholarly work relevant to theory selection and evaluation for the Human Behavior and Social Environment (HB & SE) knowledge base, we identify and describe several emergent frameworks that aid our understanding and conceptualization of the “reciprocal interaction” between persons and their environments. These frameworks include life course, cultural psychological, social capital and neighborhood effects perspectives. We conclude with implications for HB & SE knowledge base and curriculum development.
Determination via classical mechanics of the maximum number of electrons in an atomic bound state

Let \ensuremath{\psi} be any normalizable energy eigenfunction for N electrons in an atom having Z protons in a fixed pointlike nucleus. Recently, it has been shown with use of quantum mechanics [Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 907 (1984)] that, for the state \ensuremath{\psi}, N+1 with F no larger than 4. Evidence was presented that F=F(N)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2 as N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}. In this paper we show that the same result holds in classical mechanics for a bound system.
Talking Off-Label: The Role of Stasis in Transforming the Discursive Formation of Pain Science

This article uses Foucault's enunciative analysis and stasis theory to explore the rhetorical work of the Midwest Pain Group (MPG) as its members struggle to collaborate across disciplinary difference to transform the discourse and practice of pain science. Foucault's enunciative analysis explains how discourse formations regulate statements, but not how formations can be transformed. We argue that stases can be thought of as nodes in the networks of statements Foucault describes and that stasis theory explains the rhetorical means through which members of the MPG work to transform the discourse of pain science. As the members of the MPG confront the epistemological incommensurability that exists between their individual disciplines, they establish a meta-discourse in which the definitional and jurisdictional stases help them invent a new definitional topos. We describe the way this rhetorical work occurs “off- label” in violation of the discursive restrictions of scientific disciplines, regulatory agenci...
Depression of immunologic surveillance by pump-oxygenation perfusion.

Abstract A depression in serum bactericidal capacity and immunoprotein factors (complement and immunoglobulins) essential to the integrity of host surveillance mechanisms has been demonstrated in patients who have had corrective cardiac surgery employing standard nonmembrane pump oxygenation. It is inferred that these adverse effects on protein and possibly cellular factors in the blood are attributable to cardiopulmonary bypass, and are mediated in part through the interface protein denaturation that occurs in the blood oxygenator. Although a causal relationship has not been established definitely, there is evidence to suggest that cardiopulmonary bypass produces changes that underlie the diverse pathophysiologic states, including susceptibility to infection, abnormal bleeding, and deranged organ function, which contribute so significantly to the morbidity and mortality of open heart surgery.
Coadsorption of water and hydrogen on Pt(100): formation of adsorbed hydronium ions

Abstract Coadsorption of water and hydrogen on Pt(100) was studied under conditions of ultrahigh vacuum with thermal desorption spectroscopy and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. The experiments were conducted over a temperature range of 100–700 K and coverages ranging from submonolayer to several multilayers. The surface reaction H 2 O + H → H 3 O + + e − occurs in water/hydrogen coadsorbate; H 2 O + was identified by a new vibrational peak at 1150 cm −1 , assigned to the umbrella mode, and isotope exchange between coadsorbed H 2 O and D. Isotope exchange in the coadsorbate involves three reaction equilibria: intralayer exchange in the aqueous layer (primarily water), intralayer exchange in the chemisorbed deuterium layer, and interlayer exchange between the aqueous and chemisorbed deuterium layers. Both intralayer exchanges are essentially completely equilibrated for the conditions of the experiment, whereas interlayer exchange is kinetically limited, ranging from zero to 55% approach to equilibrium depending on the coverages of both species. Irreversible hydration of chemisorbed hydrogen, as probed by thermal desorption, is essentially negligible. This behavior is consistent with the production of hydronium ions, since the above surface reaction is approximately energetically neutral. These results are also consistent with recent attempts to unify the electrochemical and vacuum potential scales, which predict hydronium ion formation on high work function surfaces, like platinum, but not on low work function surfaces, like copper.
Long-Term Results of the Radial Artery Used for Myocardial Revascularization

Background— No information is available on the long-term results of radial artery (RA) grafts used as coronary artery bypass conduits. Methods and Results— In this report, we describe the long-term...