cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combining observations of channel network contraction and spatial discharge variation to inform spatial controls on baseflow in Birch Creek, Catskill Mountains, USA

Abstract Study region This study was carried out in the 32 km 2 Birch Creek watershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York State. Birch Creek is situated within the Hudson River Basin. Study focus Very few studies have paired measurements of changes in the extent of the actively flowing channel network with measurements of small scale flow variations. In this study, we map changes in a 23.5 km active channel network and concurrently take periodic measurements of discharge at 31 sub-channels (with drainage areas ranging from 0.04 to 11.5 km 2 ) in order to better understand the spatial distribution of baseflow generation over time within the catchment. New hydrological insights For the 31 different sub-channels, baseflow discharge per unit drainage area and per unit stream length were highly variable, even during periods of higher moisture storage when all channels were active. Simple mapping of the active channels would not have recognized these sizable spatial differences in discharge contribution. Previous studies of hydrologic scaling in the Catskills have noted the likelihood of heterogeneity in discharge below a threshold of approximately 3–8 km 2 . This study provides direct documentation of such heterogeneity at smaller spatial scales. When considering perennial and ephemeral streams, such heterogeneity was not well explained by standard topographic, geologic, or meteorological factors. We suggest the heterogeneity may arise from difficult to map fine-scale variations in subsurface properties.
Frequency of and risk factors for tumor upstaging after wide local excision of primary cutaneous melanoma

Background Detecting a more advanced stage of the primary melanoma after wide local excision and reconstruction can complicate patient counseling about prognosis, management of surgical margins, and indications for sentinel lymph node biopsy. Objective To identify the frequency of and risk factors associated with upstaging after wide local excision of primary melanoma. Methods Retrospective, single center, cross-sectional study of 1332 consecutive in situ to stage T4a melanomas treated with wide local excision. Results The overall rate of upstaging of melanoma was 3.9% (52/1332). After multivariate analysis, the greatest risk factor for upstaging was anatomic location on the head, neck, hands, feet, genitals, or pretibial leg (odds ratio [OR] 7.06, P P P = .004); older age (OR 1.03 per year, P = .002); and nonlentigo maligna histologic subtype (OR 3.6, P = .002). Limitations This was a single-site, retrospective observational study. Conclusions Clinicopathologic characteristics, particularly anatomic location on the head, neck, hands, feet, genitals, or pretibial leg and subtotal diagnostic biopsies, identify melanomas with an increased risk for upstaging.
Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy

Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with or without splenectomy is an alternative to open distal pancreatectomy and is performed for benign and malignant conditions of the body and tail of the pancreas. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
2D Materials: Applications for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

The intriguing properties of 2D crystals in atomically thin structures such as graphene and MoS2 and their hybrids/composites with other 1D structures (such as nanowires and nanotubes) in recent years have witnessed numerous scientific explorations and technological advancements. The rich physics has demonstrated their potential applications in numerous fields, in particular, in energy storage devices (supercapacitors and batteries) and energy harvesting devices (solar cells). While atomic layers of MoX2, WX2 (with X = S, Se), and number of other 2D materials recently discovered are in very infancy in the post-graphene era, they have shown promising properties along the energy storage and conversion directions. Graphene, however, continues to be the major candidate due to its abundance, economic considerations, and robustness in electronic, thermal, mechanical, chemical, and even biocompatible characteristics. In this review, we present a comprehensive report on the present status and future perspective of two classic candidates of 2D materials family—Graphene and MoS2. Although they share the same van der Waal inter-planar interaction, the atomic symmetry in intrinsic layer makes them very different in nature. We start with fundamentals of energy storage in supercapacitor applications and discuss practical achievements using these novel materials. Edge planes vs. basal plane reactivity and its impact are discussed. Defect incorporation and chemical functionalization with various elemental and functional groups with their impact on energy storage is discussed. The state-of-the-art results in the field are discussed, and finally our perspectives and challenges and opportunities in the field are discussed.
Idiotypic Suppression of B-Cell-Derived Tumors

The expression of idiotypic determinants on immunoglobulin-producing monoclonal neoplasms has been recognized for over a decade. Tumor idiotypes have two major applications: they are surface determinants against which highly specific immunity can be induced and used for therapy, and they are targets for immunoregulatory cells and antibodies, so that the tumors can serve as models for the regulation of nonneoplastic lymphocytes. Since the first demonstration of idiotype-specific tumor immunity against murine myelomas,1 the general validity of this approach has been convincingly established by numerous investigators. It is now clear that anti-idiotypic antibodies and/or T lymphocytes can suppress the growth or mediate the rejection of murine and human B-cell lymphomas and leukemias,(2,3) a variety of antibody-secreting myelomas,(4,5) and “hybridomas” produced by fusion of immune B lymphocytes and drug-marked myelomas.(6) The clinical applicability of such approaches is limited by the problem of producing specific anti-idiotypic antibodies and effector T lymphocytes against individual neoplasms. However, modern advances in techniques for long-term cell culture and somatic cell hybridization may well make it feasible to direct immunotherapeutic regimens against the idiotypic determinants present on B-cell-derived neoplasms.
‘Stored Program Concept’ Considered Harmful: History and Historiography

Historians agree that the stored program concept was formulated in 1945 and that its adoption was the most important single step in the development of modern computing. But the “concept” has never been properly defined, and its complex history has left it overloaded with different meanings. The paper surveys its use and development and attempts to separate it into three distinct aspects, each with its own history and each amenable to more precise definition.
Reflections on Seeking the ‘Invisible’ Online Learner

While much has been written regarding the learning behaviors of students participating in online courses, little research has been conducted to ascertain whether or not students are still engaged and actually learning even when not visibly involved in online discourse with other students and faculty. This presentation summarizes a preliminary study of inactive students enrolled in an online graduate course, augmented by further reflections of the author based on expereince and observation of online student behaviors over the next five years following the initial study. These findings attempt to identify how much time is spent in course related activity, what the reasons are for “invisibility,” and if preferred learning styles influence their online behavior. The data shows that these students do, in fact, spend a significant amount of time in learning related tasks, even when not visibly participating, and they feel they are still learning and benefiting from this low-profile approach to their online studies. Preliminary analyses of course grades indicate that the mean grade is better for highvisibility learners than for no-visibility learners. Subsequent reflections reinforce these findings, and suggest that further research on so-called invisible learner is a critical area of invesitgation to better understand the dynamics of asynchronous learning and teaching.
The Combination Laws and the Struggle for Supremacy in the Early Engineering Trades: The London Society of Journeymen Millwrights

The activities of the London Journeymen Millwrights Society were the catalyst for the first general Combination Act of 1799. Though a tiny local trades club, its reach throughout the major industries and services of the metropolis at that time made it a target for suppression by major commercial and political forces of those war times – the City of London Corporation and the government of William Pitt. Covering the last decades of the eighteenth and early decades of the nineteenth centuries, the study is set against the background of the technological and economic developments of the early industrial revolution. The disputes between masters and journeymen millwrights over the removal of traditional craft practices and lengthy, time-served apprenticeship laws, led to the emergence of a new breed of capitalist engineering employers in the London area. It involved side-lining the traditional ‘all-round’ time-served millwrights and their replacement by specialist engineers (fitters, filers, turners), in what was called an ‘engineering economy’. By contrast, the legacy of the journeymen millwrights’ trade club is found to be their sophisticated democratic constitution, large parts of which would be adopted by future generations of engineering and other trade unions.
Routing Algorithms for Robot Assisted Precision Irrigation

When robots navigate through vineyards to perform irrigation adjustments, an optimization problem emerges whereby robots are tasked with performing adjustments having the highest cumulative outcome within a given temporal budget due to limited battery charge. To this end, the robot needs to reach a set of spatially distributed sites, and the specific structure of the vineyard imposes various constraints on possible motions. In this paper we first demonstrate that this type of orienteering problem remains NP-hard even for the restricted class of graphs associated with precision irrigation. Then, we devise and analyze two greedy heuristics informed by the problem we consider. Finally, these algorithms are evaluated on settings associated with a commercial vineyard and we show that our methods favorably compare to solutions proposed in the past.
Demonstration of the “Work Models that Compute” Simulation Framework for Objective Function Allocation:

This document describes a demonstration of the computational simulation framework Work Models that Compute (WMC). WMC is a framework for the objective evaluation of function allocation between humans and robots. The WMC framework has been used to study the impact of function allocation on both the air traffic management and spacecraft operations work domains. Recent advances include modeling of human-robot control modes, locomotion, failures and physical resources. We propose a demonstration of WMC showcasing how WMC can provide useful, objective and quantitative insight in the trade-offs asso-ciated with function allocation. In the demonstration, we will analyze function allocation for an on-orbit maintenance scenario. We will first show how minor changes to a function allocations can have major ef-fects on the emergent work patterns that result from the simulation framework. Second, we will demon-strate an analysis of 10-15 possible function allocations (defined in advance) and cross-compare their char-...
Might Does Not Make Right: The Rule of Law in a Time of Terrorism

This is the handout for a talk given on February 15, 2007, as part of the Hot Spots Lecture Series of the International Studies Institute of the University of La Verne. The speech deals with a number of issues relating to the Iraq conflict and the challenges of terrorism. In the talk I connect what we know in legal philosophy about the normativity of law and Hartian distinctions between being obliged and being obligated with the implausibility of producing rule of law and deliberative democracy in Iraq by force. The talk begins a commentary on the recent important book by Stromseth, Wippman and Brooks, Can Might Make Rights?: Building the Rule of Law After Military Interventions. In the talk I critique the Bush Administration legal position that it can ignore statutes implementing international legal obligations. I address problems with unitary executive theory. In the talk, I ask questions about the implications of foreign court understandings of international law, such as the House of Lords judgment in Pinochet, holding that head of state immunity and possibly other forms of official immunity are inconsistent with the Torture Convention.
3-Hydroxy-2-(4- methylphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one

Our work in the area of carbon-monoxide-releasing mol­ecules led to the synthesis and crystallization of new flavone derivatives as inter­mediates. Herein we report the first crystal structure of the title compound, C16H12O3, a hy­droxy-substituted flavone where the 2-phenyl group has been replaced by a p-tolyl group. The introduction of the 3-hy­droxy group allows the formation of inter­molecular O—H⋯O=C hydrogen bonds, used to build centrosymmetric R22(10) ring motifs in the crystal.
Supramolecular Polymer Hydrogels for Drug-Induced Tissue Regeneration

Supramolecular polymers self-assemble into nanofibers, micelles, and other nanostructures through weak noncovalent interactions between subunits. Such systems possess attractive properties for use in a variety of practical settings such as energy, sustainability, and healthcare. In regenerative medicine, a common approach involves implanting a supramolecular material containing cell and growth factor binding motifs directly into a diseased or traumatized tissue defect, whereupon it interacts with and/or recruits components of the biological system to induce tissue healing. Here we introduce a supramolecular therapeutic in which tissue regeneration is orchestrated by a supramolecular polymer prodrug implanted subcutaneously in a remote tissue. Our approach exploits a hydrophobic small-molecule inhibitor of prolyl hydroxylase enzyme as both a regeneration-inducing therapeutic and a structure-directing agent in a supramolecular polymer that forms shear-thinning nanofiber hydrogels. Subcutaneous injection of the supramolecular hydrogel in the back of mice wounded with a critical-sized defect in the ear led to transient upregulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α and regeneration of ear tissue in a manner reminiscent of epimorphic regeneration. This drug-induced regeneration strategy utilizes a simple and translatable supramolecular design, eliminates the need for delivery of biologics ( e. g., growth factors, cells), and avoids implantation of a foreign material directly in a tissue defect.
Chemistry of condensed thiophenes. IV. Acetylation of phenanthro[4,5-bcd]thiophene

Treatment of phenanthro[4,5-bcd]thiophene (2) with acetyl chloride and aluminum chloride in nitrobenzene gives acetylation of positions ortho and para to the heteroatomic sulfur atom. In separate experiments, mixtures of 1- and 3-acetyl (50% yield, ratio 1.9:1) or of 1,5-, 1,7-, and 3,5-diacetyl (79% yield, ratio 3:1:1) derivatives were obtained. Isolated as isomerically pure products were the 1-acetyl and the 1,5-diacetyl compounds, as well as the oximes of the 1- and 3-acetyl derivatives. Comparison of these results is made with those reported for nitration of 2, which also occurs ortho and para to the sulfur atom, and with nitration and acetylation of pyrene (the benzolog of 2) which substitutes in the corresponding positions.
Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial.

Summary Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a substantial cause of comorbidity in people with HIV and there are no proven pharmacological treatments for the disease in this population. We assessed the effects of tesamorelin on liver fat and histology in people with HIV and NAFLD. Methods This randomised, double-blind, multicentre study with identical placebo as a comparator was done in a hospital and a medical research centre in the USA. People with HIV infection and a hepatic fat fraction (HFF) of 5% or more by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy were eligible. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either tesamorelin 2 mg once daily or placebo once daily for 12 months, followed by a 6-month open-label phase during which all participants received tesamorelin 2 mg daily. The randomisation list was prepared by the study statistician using a permuted block algorithm within each stratum with randomly varying block sizes. The primary endpoint was change in HFF between baseline and 12 months. The primary safety endpoint was glucose. Analysis was by intention to treat using all available data. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02196831. Findings 61 patients were enrolled between Aug 20, 2015, and Jan 16, 2019, of whom 30 received tesamorelin and 30 received placebo. Patients receiving tesamorelin had a greater reduction of HFF than did patients receiving placebo, with an absolute effect size of −4·1% (95% CI −7·6 to −0·7, p=0·018), corresponding to a −37% (95% CI −67 to −7, p=0·016) relative reduction from baseline. After 12 months, 35% of individuals receiving tesamorelin and 4% receiving placebo had a HFF of less than 5% (p=0·0069). Changes in fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin were not different between groups at 12 months. Individuals in the tesamorelin group experienced more localised injection site complaints than those in the placebo group, though none were judged to be serious. Interpretation Tesamorelin might be beneficial in people with HIV and NAFLD. Further studies are needed to determine the long-term effects of tesamorelin on liver histology. Funding National Institutes of Health and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
CURRENT ALGEBRA AND eta $Yields$ 3$pi$ DECAYS.

By making use of the algebra of currents and the notion of a "generalized partially conserved axial-vector current" we have calculated the rates for the $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\ensuremath{\pi}$ decays as well as the energy spectrum of the $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ mode. The calculated width of $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ is \ensuremath{\sim}120 eV which is compatible with the value obtained by using $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ to obtain the rate for $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma}$ from the known rate of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and then using the experimental branching ratios of $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$. However, the slope of the matrix element for $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ with respect to the kinetic energy of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ is found to be $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}0.48$, in contrast with the experimental value of $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}0.87$. We have indicated how a $\ensuremath{\rho}$-pole-dominance model can also give at least the correct sign of the slope. We also emphasize that even if one uses the experimental value of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and restricts oneself to the usual electromagnetic interactions ($\ensuremath{\Delta}I=1$) the ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})}$ turns out to be \ensuremath{\sim}1.4, in contrast with the experimental value of 0.83\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13.
Serious gaming as an active method of learning applied antibiotherapy in swine veterinary medicine

Background: Serious games have been increasing in popularity within health sciences education. Games can improve learning by increasing students' engagement and by developing their analytical, critical thinking, and teamwork skills. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a board game to teach applied swine antibiotherapy to veterinary students in their clinical year. Methods: Students were quizzed pre- and postclass to evaluate their knowledge retention. An anonymous seven-question survey was given to the students at the end of class to assess their satisfaction with the board game. Results: Students' quiz scores increased by 1.34 points on average between the beginning and end of class (P = 0.03). Students unanimously enjoyed playing the board game and recommended that it continued to be used in the next iteration of the course. Discussion: Using serious gaming proved to be an enjoyable method of reviewing antibiotherapy and applying it to swine clinical cases in this population of veterinary students. Implementing serious gaming in health sciences education requires a time investment for preparation but provides a richer experience for students and faculty alike.
Optimal control of a queue under a quality-of-service constraint with bounded and unbounded rates

Abstract We consider a simple Markovian queue with Poisson arrivals and exponential service times for jobs. The controller chooses state-dependent service rates from an action space. The queue has a finite buffer, and when full, new jobs get rejected. The controller’s objective is to choose optimal service rates that meet a quality-of-service constraint. We solve this problem analytically and compute it numerically under two cases: When the action space is unbounded and when it is bounded.
Prompt Fission Gamma-Ray Measurements at UML Research Reactor

Neutron-induced fission of 235 U was studied at the thermal column of the UMass Lowell 1 MW Research Reactor. A collimated, 2.25-inch diameter beam of thermal neutrons with the flux of ~5x105 n/cm2 /sec induced fission reaction on a plate of low-enriched uranium with the areal density ~25 mg/cm2 of 235 U. We have used the prompt fission-neutron tagging method to identify the fission reaction in the off-line analysis. The method employs the pulse-shape discrimination of neutrons and gamma-ray events in stilbene scintillator and enables identification of coincidence events of prompt fission gamma-rays and prompt fission neutrons in coincidence time intervals less than 20-30 ns. The prompt gamma-ray radiation was detected using two co-linear NaI(Tl) detectors. The measured spectra of prompt-fission gamma rays between 150 keV and 6 MeV are presented. The results from these initial measurements demonstrate the feasibility of the experimental method. Future measurements with extended arrays of detectors are planned.
Ionizing Photons and EUV Excesses in Clusters of Galaxies

Observations with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer satellite are purported to show extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-ray excesses in several clusters of galaxies (Bonamente, Lieu & Mittaz 2001). If interpreted as thermal emission, this would imply the presence of warm (T � 10 6 K) gas in these clusters with a mass comparable to that of gas at coronal temperatures. If true, this would have profound implications for our understanding of galaxy clusters and the distribution of baryons in the universe. Here we show that because of the large ionizing photon emissivities of gas at such low temperatures, the ionizing photon fluxes seen by disk galaxies in the observed clusters can be very large, resulting in minimum emission measures from neutral gas in such disks as high as 100 cm −6 pc. This result is essentially independent of the mechanism actually responsible for producing the alleged EUV excesses. The predicted emission measures in Abell 1795 (z = 0.063) are about an order of magnitude larger than seen in the Reynolds layer of the Galaxy, providing a straightforward observational test of the reality of the
Horse foraging behavior detection using sound recognition techniques and artificial intelligence

Abstract Wearable sensing technologies can be used for precision livestock production and to study foraging strategies to better understand the relationships between herbivores, vegetation, and landscape. In this context, monitoring grazing behavior (i.e. chew and bite events) can provide critical information for livestock management. This study presents a computational tool that utilizes wearable sensing and deep learning to distinguish chew and bite events in horses. A micro camera equipped with a microphone (0–18 kHz) was used to obtain video/audio data from horses during grazing. The collected audio data were treated in a pre-processing filtering step, then used to train a recurrent neural network (RNN) with a long short-term memory (LSTM) layer to detect and distinguish chews, bites, and noise events. A post-processing sliding window technique was used to filter events with low confidence levels and lengths. Initial evaluation of this system showed an accuracy of 88.64% for bite identification and an accuracy of 94.13% for chew identification. The distinction between events and evaluation of responses to different pasture species and structure can provide useful information on the plant-animal interface. That is aligned to information such as bite rate, bite mass, and grazing time, and can help determine management strategies that optimize intake and provide data for modeling foraging behavior to predict pasture use and animal performance.
Sex and Gender Differences in Clinical Pharmacology: Implications for Transgender Medicine

The transgender adult population is growing globally, but clinical pharmacology has lagged behind other areas of transgender medicine. Medical care for transgender adults may include long-term testosterone or estrogen treatment to align secondary sex characteristics with gender identity. Clinicians often use drug-drug interaction data from the general adult population to predict medication disposition or safety among transgender adults. However, this approach does not address the complex pharmacodynamic effects of hormone therapy in transgender adults. In this review, we critically examine sex-related and gender-related differences in clinical pharmacology and apply these data to discuss current gaps in transgender medicine.
Role of Stress-Survival Pathways and Transcriptomic Alterations in Progression of Colorectal Cancer: A Health Disparities Perspective

Every year, more than a million individuals are diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) across the world. Certain lifestyle and genetic factors are known to drive the high incidence and mortality rates in some groups of individuals. The presence of enormous amounts of reactive oxygen species is implicated for the on-set and carcinogenesis, and oxidant scavengers are thought to be important in CRC therapy. In this review, we focus on the ethnicity-based CRC disparities in the U.S., the negative effects of oxidative stress and apoptosis, and gene regulation in CRC carcinogenesis. We also highlight the use of antioxidants for CRC treatment, along with screening for certain regulatory genetic elements and oxidative stress indicators as potential biomarkers to determine the CRC risk and progression.
Financial reciprocity and elder care : understanding multiple, interdependent resource transfers

The main purpose of this study is to examine the influence of parent-to-child financial transfers and economic resources on financial transfers, coresidence. caregiving. and timehelp as multiple, interdependent transfers from middle-aged adult children to their elderly parefcts. Analyzing data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, which provides long-term observations of financial reciprocity and recent reports about elder care, the current study finds strong positive effects of prior parent-to-child financial transfers in the models of caregiving and time-help, which indicates the importance of reciprocity. Coresidence is positively related to past parent-to-child financial transfers; however, the effect becomes weak when other control variables are added. In terms of determinants of resource transfers, the results of multivariate logistic regression analyses suggest that the economic resources of parents and adult children are strong determinants of child-to-parent financial resource transfer when parent-to-child financial transfers and the sociodemographic characteristics of parents and adult children are controlled for. In addition, the education, employment status, health, and marital status of middle-aged adult children are statistically significant determinants of child-to-parent financial transfers. Controlling for child-to-parent financial transfers, economic resources of the parents and adult children, and other characteristics of the parents and children, adult children's decisions of coresidence are responsive to the parents' needs (surviving status, age, and health) and several characteristics of adult children (marital status, employment status, and the number of living siblings).
Combination therapy for sepsis: the wave of the future or too complex to consider?

After a distressingly long series of failed clinical trials in the development of innovative therapies for sepsis, a number of interventions have recently been shown to improve the outcome in sepsis [1], [2]. The mortality rate in severe sepsis has improved over the past 20 years [1], and part of the explanation for this improved outlook for septic patients is the availability of better treatment strategies. Recent successful clinical trials have evolved from the experience gained in earlier failed clinical trials and advances in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of sepsis [3], [4]. The landmark report that recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC, drotrecogin alpha activated) reduced the relative risk of mortality in septic shock over a control group by almost 20% represents the first large successful phase-3 trial in severe sepsis [5]. This study was followed in rapid session by reports of improved outcomes with early goal-directed therapy (aggressive resuscitation) for septic patients [6] and tight blood-sugar control to prevent sepsis in high-risk ICU patients [7]. After decades of study, stress-doses of gluco-corticoids have finally been shown to provide survival benefit in selected patients with vasopressor-dependent septic shock [8], [9].
Librarians and their bequests

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to consider librarians as donors. Design/methodology/approach – Opinion; literature review. Findings – Librarians are likely to remember charities with wills or other financial bequests. Research limitations/implications – A collection of stories about librarians as donors might be marketable. Look into library development success when partnering with professional financial advisors. Practical implications – Be nice to retired librarians and market your library’s giving opportunities to financial advisors. Originality/value – The author found no evidence of employment or occupation as a donor characteristic; this might be worth exploring either as research or profiteering.
So That's What RAND Means? A Brief Report on the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in Microsoft v. Motorola

On April 25, 2013, Judge James Robart in the Western District of Washington issued Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in Microsoft v. Motorola. The opinion outlines, for the first time, a court's framework for calculating "reasonable and nondiscriminatory" (RAND) royalty rates for patents essential to industry standards. While the court's analysis establishes a number of important principles for such calculations, particularly the importance of accounting for "royalty stacking," it also leaves open several important questions and its applicability to less widely-adopted standards may be limited.
The Vessel Network in the Stem

The vessels of a dicotyledonous tree stem do not all run neatly parallel; they deviate more or less from their axial path. This deviation differs in successive layers of the xylem; the vessels form a network. This has been known to foresters on a macroscopic scale as “cross grain”. Cross grain was considered an exceptional characteristic of certain species. We know today that virtually all xylem is microscopically “cross grained” in respect to the path of their vessels. This was described first by Braun (1959). He meticulously reconstructed the vessel network of Populus from a series of transverse sections and showed the structure in a block of the dimensions 0.3×1×2.5 mm. He also described the nature of vessel ends. Vessel ends are not easy to recognize, particularly not in single sections. They have occasionally been “seen” where India ink infusions terminated. However, this is by no means reliable, because India ink particles are quite large and ragged; lateral water loss from the vessels concentrates them, and they may clog the vessels somewhere midway. Anyone who has tried to fill a fountain pen with India ink will heartily agree! Vessel ends have occasionally been reported as terminal elements in macerations (e.g., elements that have a perforation only at one end; Handley 1936; Bierhorst and Zamora 1965). This is one of the most reliable methods, but the vessel end is then seen only in isolation.
Wound breakdown after middle cranial fossa craniotomy: an unusual complication after rhytidectomy.

Wound complications after middle cranial fossa craniotomy are rare. We describe a patient who underwent a left middle fossa craniotomy for resection of a small internal auditory canal tumor with subsequent development of wound breakdown and infection 1 week postoperatively. Prompting of the patient elicited a history of bilateral rhytidectomies. Wound debridement, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, dermal regeneration template placement, and prolonged antibiotic treatment were performed. Complete secondary intention healing occurred with an acceptable cosmetic outcome. Prior rhytidectomy scars must be identified and incorporated into the surgical planning prior to performing middle fossa craniotomy incisions. Laryngoscope, 124:554–557, 2014
Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flows

Digital computers capable of 1–10 MIPS (millions of instructions per second) are now readily available (e.g., CDC 6600,7600, IBM 360-195), while it is hoped that machines currently being developed will be capable of 10–100 MIPS (CDC STAR, Illiac, TI ASC, Cray Research). The great power of these machines has made possible the solution of some of the most challenging fluid dynamical problems, those of turbulence, by numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations.
Low Complexity Factorial Pulse Coding of MDCT Coefficients using Approximation of Combinatorial Functions

Factorial pulse coding, a method which is known to efficiently code an information signal using unit magnitude pulses, involves computation of combinatorial functions. These computations are highly complex as they require many multiply and divide operations on multi-precision numbers, especially when the length of a signal is large or many unit magnitude pulses are used for coding. In this paper, we propose a very low complexity method for approximation of these combinatorial functions. The approximate functions satisfy a property which preserves unique decode-ability of the factorial packing encoding/decoding algorithm. The low complexity computation enables use of factorial packing in encoding/decoding of 144 MDCT coefficients using 28 unit magnitude pulses for the audio coding mode of the EVRC-WB speech coding standard without affecting the number of bits required for coding.
Synthesizing IT job skills identified in academic studies, practitioner publications and job ads

This research examines IT job skills across three genres of texts: scholarly articles, practitioner literature, and online job ads. The job skills are organized in three broad categories: technical, humanistic and business skills. Findings suggest that the online advertisements list a strong mix of skills in these three categories, while practitioner literature tends to focus heavily on technical skills. The most recent practitioner literature, however, notes that CIOs are increasingly demanding business acumen as well as technical skills. Project management, financial analysis, and communication skills are the most frequently cited business skills. The scholarly literature tends to lag behind in terms of specific technical skills, but reports the richest set of IT job skills across the three categories.
Neonicotinoid Insecticides: Molecular Features Conferring Selectivity for Insect versus Mammalian Nicotinic Receptors

The favorable selective toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides (represented here by imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and a nitromethylene analogue) for insects versus mammals is not shared by three of their N-unsubstituted imine derivatives or by nicotine or epibatidine. The same selectivity pattern is evident at the receptor level, i.e., the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) versus mammalian nAChR subtypes (α1, α3, α4, and α7) assayed independently. The insect-selective compounds are not protonated with a nitroimine, cyanoimine, or nitromethylene group and the mammalian-selective compounds are ionized at physiological pH. We propose that the negatively charged tip of the nitro or cyano group (not a partial positive charge at imidazolidine N-1 as suggested earlier) interacts with a putative cationic subsite of the insect nAChR. This contrasts with the mammalian nAChRs where the iminium cation (+CNH2 ↔ C +NH2) of the neonicotinoid imine derivatives or ammonium nitrogen of nicotine or epibatidine in...
Dansylation of amino acids for high-performance liquid chromatography analysis

Abstract An amino acid dansylation procedure compatible with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is presented. The method provides high yield derivatization while the yield appears to be independent of the ratio of dansyl chloride to amino acid over a 1000-fold range. Studies of derivatization yields as a function of reaction time at ambient temperature and at elevated temperatures permit the proper choice of reaction conditions. A comparative study of the dansyl-liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and amino acid analyzer methods of analysis for amino acids in complex bacteria broths demonstrates the advantageous use of the dansyl-liquid chromatography approach.
Late recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma of bladder

The case is presented of a patient with local recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma eleven years after preoperative irradiation and cystourethrectomy.
Abnormal Lactation: Experimental Production of Physiologic Hypothalamic Lesions in Sheep

Lactation is a complex physiologic process requiring the concerted action of many hormonal factors, not the least important of which is the pituitary lactogenic hormone, prolactin (1). The release, and/or production, of most of the tropic hormones in the pituitary (luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropin, thyroid stimulating hormone) is stimulated by hypothalamic neurohormonal factors (2). In contrast, the hypothalamus normally holds the release of prolactin in check by elaborating the “prolactin-inhibiting-factor.” Consequently, compromising hypothalamic control over the pituitary, either by stalk section, median eminence lesion, or pituitary transplanatation, results in prolactin release and generally significant decreases in other tropic hormones (3).
PID12: AVERTING FUTURE AIDS CASES: MODELING COSTS OF INTERVENTIONS WITH OUT-OF-TREATMENT SUBSTANCE ABUSERS

OBJECTIVE: The North Carolina Cooperative Agreement (NCCoOp) for AIDS Intervention Research implemented an AIDS intervention in an urban, high-risk, primarily African-American, crack and injection drug-using population. Estimated costs for the standard intervention are $242 per person. How many future AIDS cases will be averted by making this expenditure? METHODS: We constructed an epidemic model to assess the long-term impacts of intervention related changes on HIV incidence and prevalence. Our model is a dynamic compartment model focusing on 8 distinct sexual and drug use risk groups within the community. Cost data are available from existing intervention analyses. RESULTS: 778 persons were enrolled in the NCCoOp intervention in Wake and Durham counties, NC. Of these, 80 (11.5%) were HIV positive. Using data collected prior to intervention, our model predicts that HIV prevalence will rise to 18% of the NCCoOp population in five years. The epidemic is driven predominantly by high-frequency needle users (HFNU), primary needle users (PNU), and primary crack users (PCU) who account for 79% of new infections over this time period. Using data collected after intervention, our model predicts HIV prevalence will decline to 7% of the NCCoOp population in five years. However, HFNU, PNU, and PCU account for 89% of new infections in this case. Risky drug use and sexual behaviors were dramatically reduced by intervention and this accounts for most of the reduction in HIV prevalence. Other factors influencing the reduction in HIV prevalence are AIDS mortality and growth in the drug using population. CONCLUSIONS: Our model provides evidence than an effective AIDS intervention in a high-risk population of out-of-treatment substance abusers can avert significant numbers of new HIV infections, which may offset initial costs.
Smoking characteristics of female veterans

Abstract Recent studies suggest that the prevalence of smoking among active duty military women is higher than that of active duty military men or civilians of either gender. No data have been published on cessation rates among female veterans. We wanted to report such rates in a group of female veterans at Pettis VAMC Preventive Medicine Clinic and to study predictive factors for smoking cessation and prevention. We identified female patients at Pettis VAMC Preventive Medicine Women's Clinic who had received services in the past 3 years or who enrolled as new patients during the study period; 529 received questionnaires by mail or at the clinic; 409 returned completed surveys. A high proportion (32.5%) of our sample of female veterans were current smokers, and 67% of female veteran smokers reported smoking at least one pack daily. More than one-third of ever-smokers began smoking during military service. Thirty-nine percent of the female veteran sample had CES-D scores of 16 or greater, and current smokers had significantly greater mean CES-D scores than former smokers. Twenty-three percent of current smokers had high nicotine dependence scores ( > 7). The highest proportion of CES-D scores compatible with depressive symptoms (55%) was seen among current smokers who consumed a pack or more of cigarettes per day. Ever-smokers who screened as depressed were significantly less likely to have quit than those with lower CES-D scores; however, in multivariate models, CES-D scores were not significantly related to cessation. The prevalence of current, ever, and heavy smoking was high among this sample of female veterans attending a VAMC Preventive Medicine clinic. An unexpectedly high prevalence of screening scores compatible with depression was found among this sample, particularly among smokers. This warrants further investigation, particularly in light of the reported relationship between depression and smoking.
Capnocytophaga: An update

Abstract Much new information has accrued in recent years attesting to the expanding taxonomic and clinical spectrum of Capnocytophaga . The incorporation of DF-2 and DF-2-like organisms into the genus has broadened not only the bacteriologic spectrum but also the clinical spectrum of disease caused by this group of organisms. In addition, increased awareness and improved microbiologic techniques have fostered the recognition of new clinical syndromes caused by the original species, e.g., focal infections and perinatal sepsis in nongranulocytopenic hosts. The inclusion of C. canimorsus and C. cynodegmi with their respective clinical syndromes document this genus as a significant opportunistic and general pathogen. The persistent difficulty in identifying the Capnocytophaga spp. to the species level with generally available microbiologic tests, and the definition of their virulence factors present a challenge for the future.
Propagation of light in a nonlinear absorber

The propagation of laser light a few wavelengths inside a saturable absorber is theoretically studied. Computed steady-state solutions of the Maxwell–Bloch equations that describe the unidimensional propagation of a plane monochromatic wave, without introducing the slowly varying envelope approximation, show how saturation effects can influence this propagation. This can even lead to the appearance of a self-reflected wave inside the absorber because of the refractive-index changes that are induced by nonlinear coupling. One finds a close relation between the failure of the slowly varying envelope approximation and the presence of the self-reflected wave.
Coherent-array HF Doppier sounding of traveling ionospheric disturbances: II. Assessment of errors

Abstract We examine errors which are likely to occur in the compact-array HF sounding technique for determining the velocity of traveling ionospheric disturbances. The errors arise from ionospheric irregularities (either large-scale specular facets, or fine-scale scatterers) and from the presence of multiple disturbance undulations propagating simultaneously with different velocities. The errors are either systematic (that is, not causing internal inconsistencies within the array velocimetry data) or random (that is, causing quantifiable inconsistencies between alternative velocity estimates furnished by the array). The random errors can be directly assessed using array data, as is illustrated for actual data from a 16-channel array.
Variance analysis of estimates and measurements of terrestrial heat flow

Abstract A components-of-variance-analysis is applied to compare heat flow estimates with heat flow measurements. Three types of heat flow data are analysed; they are: “between depth interval within well” variances, “between well site-within region” variances and “between region” variances. “Between depth interval-within well” heat flow variances are typically greater for estimates than for measurements, implying a greater unsystematic uncertainty with the interval heat flow estimates as compared to the interval measurements. “Between well site-within region” variances of heat flow are about the same, or in some cases less, for groups of estimated data as compared with groups of measured data. Therefore unsystematic uncertainties for good heat flow estimates at sites within a region should compare favourably with similar uncertainties for heat flow measurements at sites within a region. Both the “F” test and the “between region” heat flow variances suggest that estimates and measurements of heat flow can reasonably differentiate between regions of different heat flow. Some of the estimated and measured data groups are from the same region. The very limited number of heat flow estimates and measurements available indicate that the mean of estimates and the mean of deep measurements in the northern Colorado Plateau are in close agreement. While this suggests the possibility that a number of carefully calculated heat flow estimates may reasonably define the mean heat flow for a region, more data in other regions will be needed to support the concept.