cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of corn roots in malonate.

The rate of O 2 uptake by sub-apical corn roots is largely resistant to 0.1 m Na-malonate at pH 5.0. The resistance of this tissue, in which the tricarboxylic acid cycle is very active, is not due to the compensatory induction of another oxidative pathway as seems to be the case in fresh potato slices. In corn roots malonate inhibits succinate utilization as expected and the smallness of the effect on O 2 uptake is due to the utilization of endogenous (cytoplasmic) malate as acetyl acceptor and its conversion to succinate. Malonate uptake stops after 2 to 3 hours when only a fraction (roughly 20%) of the root volume has equilibrated with external malonate. After this time the accumulated succinate is apparently able to overcome the malonate block, the ability to oxidize acetate to CO 2 is largely regained and O 2 uptake is maintained at about 80% of the control level. Malonate sensitivity at high external concentrations of malonate and conditions appropriate for its uptake is therefore fully expressed only under conditions where the production or availability of extra-mitochondrial malate (or perhaps other precursors of oxaloacetate) is at a minimum.
EFFECT OF VERAPAMIL ON PHOSPHATE-INDUCED NEPHROCALCINOSIS. † 2128

Children treated for hypophosphatemic rickets with Vit-D and phosphate (P) often develop nephrocalcinosis (NC) presumably due to high doses of the latter. We previously found that parathyroidectomy (PTX) protects rats from P-induced NC. Others showed that calcium-channel blockers exert a PTX-like effect on end organs. In the present study we investigated the effect of verapamil (V) on P-induced NC in 6-wk old Sprague-Dawley female rats. Five groups of 5 intact animals in each were studied for 35 days: (a) control; (b) P 3.86 gm/L in drinking water; (c), (d), (e) P as in (b) + verapamil 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mcg /1 gm BW respectively, S.C., BID. At the last wk of study animals were placed in metabolic cages and urines collected. At the end of the study animals were anesthetized and exsanguinated. One kidney was ashed and the other studied histologically. NC was scored 0-4. Results (mean ± SD): animals had similar volumes of water intake and urine output. Urine phosphate in groups (b) 3515 ± 829 (c) 2914 ± 516 (d) 3345 ± 684(e) 3183 ± 546 mcg/100gmBW/24h was higher than in (a) 608 ± 351, but with no difference among themselves. There was no difference among the 5 groups in urine Ca and Mg excretion, serum P and creatinine, or creatinine clearance. Serum Ca ++ was slightly lower in the treated groups compared to (a). Kidney Ca content (μgm/gm dry tissue) was (a) 341 ± 153 (b) 11099 ± 2889 (c) 10351 ± 7053 (d) 4480 ± 4468 (e) 1638 ± 1876. An identical pattern was observed in kidney Mg content. Histologic NC scoring was (a) 0.2 ± 0.4 (b) 4.0 ± 0.0 (c) 3.8± 0.4 (d) 2.2 ± 1.1 (e) 1.0 ± 1.0. Thus high P intake in(b) resulted in severe NC which was not affected by low dose V in (c), but showed attenuation with higher dose of V in (d) and almost complete prevention of NC with the highest V dose in (e). Conclusion: verapamil has a dose-dependent protective effect against P-induced NC in the young rat.
Demand in space: Some neglected aspects

This paper delves into a more explicit analysis of demand in space than has been undertaken heretofore. Utility theory is used to develop the concepts of spatial income-distribution effect, spatial-induced income effect, and spatial substitution effect, the effects on demand of changes or differences in location. Indifference curve analysis is employed to give a graphical interpretation to these concepts.
The use of substituent constants in the quantitative treatment of hapten-antibody interaction

Abstract Regression analysis and substituent constants have been employed to analyze the roles of different intermolecular forces in hapten-antibody interaction using the experimental data of Pressman, Pauling, and their associates. From a study of benzoate and arsonate haptens with various antibodies, it was concluded that steric repulsion by substituents, as measured by the Es parameter, is the most important variable. Hydrophobic and electronic effects of substituents appear to be much less important.
Chloride attack of reinforced concrete: an overview

The mechanism of chloride-induced corrosion of steel embedded in concrete, the ingress of chlorides into the concrete, and the threshold chloride content for corrosion to occur are discussed. The binding of chloride ions by cement compounds and the associated effect of using different cements, both Portland and blended, as well as other factors influencing corrosion, are considered. Tests for the penetrability of concrete to chlorides are described. Finally, the prevention of corrosion is discussed.
A Rebirth of Being 'Born Again': Theological, Sacramental and Pastoral Reflections From a Roman Catholic Perspective

The purpose of this article is to alleviate some of the misunderstanding about the phrase 'you must be born-again' found in the Nicodemus Narra tive in John 3.1-15. Particularly, the theological, sacramental, and pastoral aspects ofbeing 'bom-again' will be explored in a Catholic context. Finally, this article will properly situate becoming 'bom-again' as an experience within the process of Christian conversion with implications for Catholic renewal.If you're born once, then you die twice, but if you're born twice, you die once. Pentecostal Riddle
Magnetic moment of the Delta(1232)-resonance in chiral effective field theory

We perform a relativistic chiral effective-field theory calculation of the radiative pion photoproduction ($\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}p{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) in the $\ensuremath{\Delta}$-resonance region, to next-to-leading order in the ``delta expansion.'' This work is aimed at a model-independent extraction of the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{+}$ magnetic moment from new precise measurements of this reaction. It also predicts the chiral behavior of $\ensuremath{\Delta}$'s magnetic moment, which can be used to extrapolate the recent lattice QCD results to the physical point.
Effects of ECT course on TSH and prolactin responses of TRH in depressed patients

The thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) responses to TRH were studied in 15 female depressed patients with melancholia (nine unipolar, six bipolar) during an electroconvulsive therapeutic course. The test was performed before initiation of treatment, 5 days after the final ECT session, and 1 month later, when the patients were on medication with heterocyclic antidepressants (HCAs). The maximal hormonal responses were not altered 5 days after the final ECT but both increased significantly 1 month later. Responders (n = 8) and non-responders (n = 7) to ECT did not differ significantly as regards changes in △max TSH and PRL. The seven non-responders to ECT improved markedly after 1 month's treatment with HCAs. Three out of four patients with blunted TSH response (< μIU/ml) continued to exhibit a blunted response in both post-ECT TRH tests. The rank order of magnitude of △max TSH remained remarkably stable throughout the assessment period as shown by the highly significant correlations between the values in the three time points.
Subcellular distribution of 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase activity in bovine pigment epithelium

Retinol dehydrogenase activity in subcellular fractions obtained from bovine pigment epithelium was attributable to two particulate oxidoreductases. One of these enzymes, all-trans retinol dehydrogenase, was present in the rod outer segment discs undergoing digestion in the phagolysosomes, and probably does not normally interconvert retinal and retinol in the pigment epithelium. The other enzyme, 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase, was present in the light membrane fractions, and probably functions (by its retinaldehyde reductase activity) to return the chromophore of rhodopsin, 11-cis retinal, to the ocular pool of vitamin A compounds.
Reality Bites: An Investigation of the Genre of Reality Television and Its Relationship to Viewers’ Body Image

Utilizing a unique methodological approach, this study investigated subtypes of reality television (RTV) to study the influence of exposure to RTV on body image (body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness) as compared a more traditional weekly report of RTV viewing. Young adults (N = 472) completed online surveys measuring their exposure to RTV and perceptions of their own body image. Four types of RTV were uncovered. Regression analyses using these 4 factors demonstrated that exposure to competition-based RTV shows (e.g., Dancing with the Stars) predicted increased body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. On the other hand, the weekly self-report of RTV viewing did not reveal any relationships between weekly exposure to RTV and body image. These findings underline the need for cultivation-based media studies that include program-based measures of genre-specific media exposure, especially when seeking to capture media effects related to RTV.
Novel 4-substituted-N,N-dimethyltetrahydronaphthalen-2-amines: synthesis, affinity, and in silico docking studies at serotonin 5-HT2-type and histamine H1 G protein-coupled receptors

Syntheses were undertaken of derivatives of (2S,4R)-(-)-trans-4-phenyl-N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine (4-phenyl-2-dimethylaminotetralin, PAT), a stereospecific agonist at the serotonin 5-HT2C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), with inverse agonist activity at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B GPCRs. Molecular changes were made at the PAT C(4)-position, while preserving N,N-dimethyl substitution at the 2-position as well as trans-stereochemistry, structural features previously shown to be optimal for 5-HT2 binding. Affinities of analogs were determined at recombinant human 5-HT2 GPCRs in comparison to the phylogenetically closely-related histamine H1 GPCR, and in silico ligand docking studies were conducted at receptor molecular models to help interpret pharmacological results and guide future ligand design. In most cases, C(4)-substituted PAT analogs exhibited the same stereoselectivity ([-]-trans>[+]-trans) as the parent PAT across 5-HT2 and H1 GPCRs, albeit, with variable receptor selectivity. 4-(4'-substituted)-PAT analogs, however, demonstrated reversed stereoselectivity ([2S,4R]-[+]-trans>[2S,4R]-[-]-trans), with absolute configuration confirmed by single X-ray crystallographic data for the 4-(4'-Cl)-PAT analog. Pharmacological affinity results and computational results herein support further PAT drug development studies and provide a basis for predicting and interpreting translational results, including, for (+)-trans-4-(4'-Cl)-PAT and (-)-trans-4-(3'-Br)-PAT that were previously shown to be more potent and efficacious than their corresponding enantiomers in rodent models of psychoses, psychostimulant-induced behaviors, and compulsive feeding ('binge-eating').
Endothelium-Derived Bone Morphogenic Protein Antagonists May Counteract the Proatherogenic Vascular Effects of Bone Morphogenic Protein 4

In the present issue of Circulation , Chang et al1 report novel shear stress–sensitive paracrine mechanisms that regulate the activity of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the vascular wall. BMP2 and BMP4 are structurally related members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Recent studies demonstrated that vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells are a significant source of BMPs,2–8 which regulate a host of cellular functions, including cardiovascular development,9 neovascularization in tumors,10 and smooth muscle cell chemotaxis in response to vascular injury,11 and control the balance between proliferation and activation of apoptosis in pulmonary arterial endothelial and smooth muscle cells.12 Article p 1258 Many lines of evidence suggest that BMPs may function as proinflammatory, prohypertensive, and proatherogenic mediators in the vessel wall.13 Recent studies have demonstrated a striking upregulation of BMP2/4 in atheroprone vascular regions and atherosclerotic lesions,5,6,11,14,15 and hypotheses have been put forward that endothelium-derived BMPs contribute to vascular calcification (reviewed elsewhere16,17). In vitro, BMP2 and BMP4 were shown to exert proinflammatory effects. Activation of BMP signaling by either overexpression of BMP2/4 in vascular cells or administration of recombinant BMPs activates NAD(P)H oxidases, which results in cellular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction (Figure, A and B).13 Chronic BMP4 infusion in C57Bl/6 and apolipoprotein-null mice also impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation and induces arterial hypertension in an NAD(P)H oxidase–dependent manner.8 BMP2 and BMP4 also elicit endothelial activation, thus enhancing monocyte adhesiveness.1,3–6 Evidence indicates that in endothelial cells BMP2 and BMP4 activate mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and nuclear factor-κB,3,6 at least in part, via NAD(P)H oxidase–dependent pathways. Future studies will elucidate in detail the role of BMP receptor subtypes and the interaction between downstream signaling mechanisms induced by BMP2/4 that mediate their proinflammatory effects in the cardiovascular system. A, BMP4 …
Upstream elements repress premature expression of an Aspergillus developmental regulatory gene.

Abstract The Aspergillus nidulans abaA gene regulates intermediate steps in asexual reproductive development and is itself developmentally regulated. An 822-base-pair DNA fragment from the abaA 5'-flanking region is sufficient to drive developmentally appropriate expression of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene. Deletion analysis showed that this fragment contains elements that repress transcription in vegetative cells and immature conidiophores and that activate transcription later during development. A 45-base-pair region encompassing the major and minor abaA transcription initiation sites contains directly repeated sequences related to the mammalian initiator (Inr) element (S. T. Smale and D. Baltimore, Cell 57:103-113, 1989). This element or sequences in the untranslated leader were sufficient for correct transcription initiation and for measurable developmental induction. Similar elements were present at or near the initiation sites of other developmentally regulated genes. We propose that the temporal and spatial specificity of expression of these genes results from modulation of the activity of Inr elements.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy

Purpose Epigenetic processes are implicated in cancer causation and progression. The acetylation status of histones regulates access of transcription factors to DNA and influences levels of gene expression. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity diminishes acetylation of histones, causing compaction of the DNA/histone complex. This compaction blocks gene transcription and inhibits differentiation, providing a rationale for developing HDAC inhibitors. Methods In this review, we explore the biology of the HDAC enzymes, summarize the pharmacologic properties of HDAC inhibitors, and examine results of selected clinical trials. We consider the potential of these inhibitors in combination therapy with targeted drugs and with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Results HDAC inhibitors promote growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis of tumor cells, with minimal effects on normal tissue. In addition to decompaction of the histone/DNA complex, HDAC inhibition also affects acetylation status and function of nonhistone protei...
Residential Mobility, Community Mobility, and Electoral Participation

This article investigates why Americans who move have lower voter turnout than those who stay put. Two hypotheses are drawn from the political science literature. One emphasizes the need to register at one's new address in order to vote. The other locates the cause of lower turnout in the disruption of social connections that results from moving. By distinguishing those who change residences within their communities from those who move outside of their communities, I test the hypotheses. The findings show that both types of moves affect turnout. However, changing residences appears to be more important than changing communitites. Thus it appears that the explanation for the relationship between moving and turnout derives more from the need to register after moving than the disruption of social ties.
Cochlear Function–An Analysis

A large number of experiments conducted since 1967 on live animals have suggested that mechanical processes in the cochlea are more complex than Bekdsy could observe on postmortem preparations. These experiments indicate that the entire sharp frequency analysis in the cochlea is performed by mechanical means. A conceptual model of cochlear micromechanics is presented, which brings together all the relevant experimental results. It shows how the tectorial membrane coupled to the organ of Corti through the stiff hairs of the outer hair cells can contribute to this analysis.
Determination of the particulate extinction-coefficient profile and the column-integrated lidar ratios using the backscatter-coefficient and optical-depth profiles

A new method is considered that can be used for inverting data obtained from a combined elastic-inelastic lidar or a high spectral resolution lidar operating in a one-directional mode, or an elastic lidar operating in a multiangle mode. The particulate extinction coefficient is retrieved from the simultaneously measured profiles of the particulate backscatter coefficient and the particulate optical depth. The stepwise profile of the column-integrated lidar ratio is found that provides best matching of the initial (inverted) profile of the optical depth to that obtained by the inversion of the backscatter-coefficient profile. The retrieval of the extinction coefficient is made without using numerical differentiation. The method reduces the level of random noise in the retrieved extinction coefficient to the level of noise in the inverted backscatter coefficient. Examples of simulated and experimental data are presented.
A Highly Stable Leakage-Based Silicon Physical Unclonable Functions

In this paper, we propose a new silicon PUF using efficient analog components that can be fabricated on a standard CMOS process. Our proposed design is built using leakage sensors with each measuring the leakage current of a transistor. Multiple identical leakage sensors are fabricated on the same chip. Due to manufacturing process variations, each sensor produces slightly different leakage values that can be compared in order to create a digital identification (ID) for the chip. Our results show that the proposed PUF is able to effectively identify a population of ICs. We also study the stability of our design with respect to temporary environmental variations like temperature and supply voltage. Our results show that nearly ideal stability can be achieved with minimal area overhead in our design. Comparing with a popular ring oscillator PUF architecture of the same entropy, our proposed PUF consumes about 80% less power, occupies about 85% less area, and has a high level of stability across a wide range of temperatures.
Clopidogrel–Drug Interactions

Multidrug therapy increases the risk for drug–drug interactions. Clopidogrel, a prodrug, requires hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolic activation to produce the active metabolite that inhibits the platelet P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor, decreasing platelet activation and aggregation processes. Atorvastatin, omeprazole, and several other drugs have been shown in pharmacodynamic studies to competitively inhibit CYP activation of clopidogrel, reducing clopidogrel responsiveness. Conversely, other agents increase clopidogrel responsiveness by inducing CYP activity. The clinical implications of these pharmacodynamic interactions have raised concern because many of these drugs are coadministered to patients with coronary artery disease. There are multiple challenges in proving that a pharmacodynamic drug–drug interaction is clinically significant. To date, there is no consistent evidence that clopidogrel–drug interactions impact adverse cardiovascular events. Statins and proton pump inhibitors have been shown to decrease adverse clinical event rates and should not be withheld from patients with appropriate indications for therapy because of concern about potential clopidogrel–drug interactions. Clinicians concerned about clopidogrel–drug interactions have the option of prescribing either an alternative platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibitor without known drug interactions, or statin and gastro-protective agents that do not interfere with clopidogrel metabolism.
Interaction of Antiparallel Microtubules in the Phragmoplast Is Mediated by the Microtubule-Associated Protein MAP65-3 in Arabidopsis

In plant cells, microtubules (MTs) in the cytokinetic apparatus phragmoplast exhibit an antiparallel array and transport Golgi-derived vesicles toward MT plus ends located at or near the division site. By transmission electron microscopy, we observed that certain antiparallel phragmoplast MTs overlapped and were bridged by electron-dense materials in Arabidopsis thaliana. Robust MT polymerization, reported by fluorescently tagged End Binding1c (EB1c), took place in the phragmoplast midline. The engagement of antiparallel MTs in the central spindle and phragmoplast was largely abolished in mutant cells lacking the MT-associated protein, MAP65-3. We found that endogenous MAP65-3 was selectively detected on the middle segments of the central spindle MTs at late anaphase. When MTs exhibited a bipolar appearance with their plus ends placed in the middle, MAP65-3 exclusively decorated the phragmoplast midline. A bacterially expressed MAP65-3 protein was able to establish the interdigitation of MTs in vitro. MAP65-3 interacted with antiparallel microtubules before motor Kinesin-12 did during the establishment of the phragmoplast MT array. Thus, MAP65-3 selectively cross-linked interdigitating MTs (IMTs) to allow antiparallel MTs to be closely engaged in the phragmoplast. Although the presence of IMTs was not essential for vesicle trafficking, they were required for the phragmoplast-specific motors Kinesin-12 and Phragmoplast-Associated Kinesin-Related Protein2 to interact with MT plus ends. In conclusion, we suggest that the phragmoplast contains IMTs and highly dynamic noninterdigitating MTs, which work in concert to bring about cytokinesis in plant cells.
The Cultural Evolution of Words and Other Thinking Tools

The emergence of language and culture is one of the major transitions in evolution (Maynard Smith and Szathmary 1995), and the key to the cumulative nature of cultural transmission in Homo sapiens as contrasted with other species is the digital nature of language, which permits semi-understood designed entities to be preserved and transmitted. Phonemes are not the only systems of self-correcting (digitized) norms; other "alphabets" of practices also contribute to high-fidelity preservation of cultural products.
The blooming of the French lilac

The history of diabetes mellitus is replete with many therapies, nearly all, including insulin, first given without any knowledge of a mechanism of action. Beginning with early Egyptian physicians who, according to the Ebers Papyrus of 1500 B.C.E., prescribed a mixture of cakes, wheat grains, fresh grits, green lead, earth, and water, up to the more recent introduction of the thiazolidinediones, knowledge of physiologic effects preceded by years or centuries any knowledge as to what the medicament actually did. In medieval times, a prescription of Galega officinalis was said to relieve the intense urination accompanying the disease that came to have the name of diabetes mellitus. G. officinalis, also known as Goat’s rue, the French lilac or Italian fitch (Figure ​(Figure1),1), was also given during the plague epidemics to promote perspiration and has been used as a galactogogue in cows. The active ingredient in the French lilac that produced the lowering of blood glucose was shown to be galegine or isoamylene guanidine (1). A curious chapter in the history of guanidine-based hypoglycemic agents arose from the mistaken notion that the tetany of hypoparathyroidism was due to the production of increased guanidine following parathyroidectomy, leading to the demonstration that an infusion of guanidine produced lowering of blood glucose (2). While guanidine itself and certain derivatives are too toxic for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, the biguanides (two linked guanidine rings) have proved useful, and three biguanides became available for diabetes therapy in the 1950s. Phenformin and buformin, the former becoming quite popular in the 1960s, were withdrawn from the pharmacopoeia in the early 1970s due to the emergence of frequent lactic acidosis and increased cardiac mortality (1). Metformin, a less lipophilic biguanide, proved safer and, after 20 years of use in Europe, was approved for use in the USA in 1995. Figure 1 The bloom of the French lilac. This blooming G. officinalis (Goat’s rue; French lilac; Italian fitch) is rich in guanidine. The plant’s long-recognized hypoglycemic properties led eventually to the synthesis of the biguanide compound metformin. ...
Epistemological Diversity and Education Research: Much Ado About Nothing Much?:

This chapter is reprinted from the article with the same title in Educational Researcher 35(2):3–12, (2006). Research in education and the training of education researchers are often said to require attention to epistemological diversity: Researchers ought to be familiar with different ways of knowing and diverse epistemological perspectives. But the notion is unclear. What is “epistemological diversity”? What exactly is epistemological about? Why is it important for education researchers to be knowledgeable about it? In addressing these questions, Siegel argues that the call for epistemological diversity is not, where justified, as radical or significant as it is often taken to be; and that, where it is radical or significant, it is not justified.
Crystal Structure of an Hsp90–Geldanamycin Complex: Targeting of a Protein Chaperone by an Antitumor Agent

The Hsp90 chaperone is required for the activation of several families of eukaryotic protein kinases and nuclear hormone receptors, many of which are protooncogenic and play a prominent role in cancer. The geldanamycin antibiotic has antiproliferative and antitumor effects, as it binds to Hsp90, inhibits the Hsp90-mediated conformational maturation/refolding reaction, and results in the degradation of Hsp90 substrates. The structure of the geldanamycin-binding domain of Hsp90 (residues 9-232) reveals a pronounced pocket, 15 A deep, that is highly conserved across species. Geldanamycin binds inside this pocket, adopting a compact structure similar to that of a polypeptide chain in a turn conformation. This, and the pocket's similarity to substrate-binding sites, suggest that the pocket binds a portion of the polypeptide substrate and participates in the conformational maturation/refolding reaction.
The effects of prolonged infusion of the dog's pancreas with glucose.

SEVERE hydropic degeneration of the islands of Langerhans and permanent diabetes have been produced in cats by repeated intraperitoneal injections of glucose (Dohan and Lukens, 1948). The prolonged, sustained hyperglycemia so produced was thought to be the most important factor in the production of the hydropic change and the persistent diabetes. To test further this possibility it seemed desirable to localize a sustained hyperglycemia to the pancreas or a portion of it. In this way the responses to systemic hyperglycemia might be avoided and changes found in the infused organ might be attributed to the local hyperglycemia. In the experiments reported herein, the successful infusion of a part of the pancrease with glucose usually resulted in systemic hypoglycemia and in changes in the islands of Langerhans which includes both hyperplasia and hydropic degeneration. Diabetes did not occur, nor was it expected, since only part of the pancreas was infused.
Computer Aided Design (CAD) Using Logic Programming

This paper gives an overview of expert systems and logic programming as applied to Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems. Our objective is to show the relevance of these two approaches developed from research in artificial intelligence for the solution of problems in VLSI design. We will provide some examples of the use of logic programming for familiar CAD tasks. The expert systems discussed function as experts in a very narrowly defined area of expertise, and can be called designer's assistants. We will also compare the use of logic programming (PROLOG) to current algorithmic solutions to VLSI design problems and discuss some future research in this area.
Adults are not big children: examining surrogate consent to research using adults with dementia.

Few early debates in bioethics invigorated the field to the same extent as the one concerning whether or not young children could be used in nontherapeutic research. Though some of the issues in the debate were never fully settled, a consensus emerged, reflected in the Common Rule—that surrogates could consent to use children in such research, although once the level of risk rises above minimal, additional stipulations are required. Nontherapeutic research on cognitively impaired elderly people raises equally complex ethical issues, but there has been a dearth of debate in the literature about whether such research is ethically permissible. Instead, there have been many published recommendations regarding the circumstances under which such research can occur.
Nerd nation: Images of nerds in US popular culture

This article examines the cultural figure of the nerd by analyzing images of nerds in movies, news articles and materials from the World Wide Web. This analysis shows that the previously liminal masculine identity of the nerd gets rehabilitated and partially incorporated into hegemonic masculinity during the period from the early 1980s through the present. In the process, the nerd becomes implicated in a variety of discourses about race and class as well as masculinities. Media representations use the figure of the nerd to displace bids for civil rights by African-American males and gay men. Discussions of nerds at work perpetuate stereotypes about computer users. The changing and contested meaning of the term nerd allows for both progressive uses and those which protect the status quo of hegemonic masculinity. All of these discursive uses of the nerd identity suggest that our use of computers is deeply connected to identity issues regarding race, class and gender. ●
Computational prediction of membrane-tethered transcription factors

Background Sequestration of transcription factors in the membrane is emerging as an important mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. A handful of membrane-spanning transcription factors has been previously identified whose access to the nucleus is regulated by proteolytic cleavage from the membrane. To investigate the existence of other transmembrane transcription factors, we analyzed computationally all proteins in SWISS-PROT/TrEMBL for the combined presence of a DNA-binding domain and a transmembrane segment.
Teaching Interpretation and Structure of the Revised Uniform Partnership Act: Moren Ex Rel. Moren v. Jax Restaurant and the Duty of Indemnification

This essay was written for the Saint Louis Law Journal’s forthcoming issue on Teaching Business Associations. The essay describes how one might teach Moren ex rel. Moren v. Jax Restaurant, which holds that under the Revised Uniform Partnership Act (RUPA) a general partnership held vicariously liable for a partner’s negligence is not entitled to indemnity from the negligent partner. In the essay, I suggest ten topics that a class discussion of the case could cover and offer thoughts on those topics. The topics are: (1) Partner’s Right of Indemnity and Negative Implication: Section 401(c); (2) Relationship of Partnership Law to Other Law: Section 104(a); (3) Consistency and "Ordinary Course of Business": Sections 301 and 305; (4) Textualist Reading of Section 401(c): Unlimited Indemnity; (5) RUPA Comments on LLPs and Section 306(c); (6) Changes from UPA Section 18(b); (7) Duty of Care: Section 404(c); (8) Exhaustion rule: Section 307(d); (9) Contracting for Indemnity and Liability Insurance: Section 103; and (10) The Purposes of Partnership Vicarious Liability and the Facts of Moren. As this list shows, Moren offers a great opportunity to explore the interrelationship of a number of RUPA provisions, a variety of statutory interpretation techniques, the differences between RUPA and the prior Uniform Partnership Act (UPA), the relationship between RUPA and agency law, and the merits and mechanics of vicarious liability and indemnity in general partnerships. My thesis is that students who are led to work through the difficulties the case presents will be better prepared to deal with the intellectual and practical challenges of transactional law practice, and will be in a better position to counsel clients about business entities and the uncertainties that lawyers need to plan for.
Delayed Gratification: Ideology, Parties, and the Competition for White House Control in the U.S. House of Representatives

By many accounts, gridlock in Congress has reached unusually high levels (e.g. McCarty, Poole, and Rosenthal 2006, 165-189). Congress’s ideological polarization can explain much of this phenomenon, but members often lack a clear ideological motivation when they choose to oppose proposals. In this paper I propose a new theory of legislative decisionmaking that predicts when and why members choose gridlock over action. I argue that a member judges a proposal according to whether it would move a status quo closer to his or her ideal point and whether it would increase his or her party’s chances of holding the presidency after the next election. I use a qualitative case study to illustrate the theory and an original dataset of members’ decisions on presidential roll-call votes to support the theory, bringing us closer to understanding the gridlock so prevalent in today’s Congress.
Free Speech for Holocaust Deniers—It is the American Way

In "Free Speech for Holocaust Deniers- It Is the American Way", Professor Loewy explains the legal foundation for allowing deniers of the holocaust protection under the First Amendment. He discusses the difference in false ideas and false facts, and he maintains that protection should be available under the first amendment to those providing information that is false to the public.
The X-Ray Crystallographic Structure of the Human Neonatal Fc Receptor at Acidic pH Gives Insights into pH-Dependent Conformational Changes

High levels of circulating immunoglobulin G (IgG) and serum albumin (SA) are maintained through recycling by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). FcRn interacts with IgG and SA in a pHdependent manner and rescues them from lysosomal degradation. We have determined the crystal structure of extracellular domain of human FcRn, a heterodimeric complex of -chain and 2- microglobulin, at pH 4.5. The structure was compared with the previously reported unliganded human FcRn structure at pH 8.5 and complex structures of FcRn bound to SA and/or Fc determined at acidic pHs. Structural differences are more pronounced between the two unliganded FcRn structures at pH 4.5 and pH 8.5 than between unliganded FcRn and the complex structures at acidic pHs. At acidic pH, protonation of H166 induces interactions with E54 and Y60 stabilizing the “WW loop” important for SA binding, and H161 interacts with E165 causing conformational changes of helix 3. These structural changes make the FcRn amenable for binding with SA at acidic pH. The Fc binding surface does not show any major main chain differences between the unliganded structures at pH 8.5 and pH 4.5. Side chain changes upon Fc binding were observed when compared with the complex structures. This suggests that major structural differences observed between unliganded and ligand bound structures are primarily due to pH changes rather than ligand binding.
Response timing variability: coherence of kinematic and EMG parameters.

A detailed kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) analysis of single degree of freedom timing responses is reported to (a) determine the coherence of kinematic and EMG variability to the reduced timing error variability exhibited with amplitude increments within a given criterion movement time and (b) understand the temporal organization of various movement parameters in simple responses. The data reveal that the variability of kinematic (time to peak acceleration, duration of acceleration phase, time to peak deceleration) and EMG (duration of agonist burst, duration of antagonist burst, time to antagonist burst) timing parameters decreased with increments of average velocity in a manner consistent with the variable timing error. In addition, the coefficient of variation for peak acceleration, peak deceleration, and integrated EMG of the agonist burst followed the same trend. Increasing average movement velocity also led to decreases in premotor and motor reaction times. Overall, the findings suggest a str...
Natural occurrence of keatite precipitates in UHP clinopyroxene from the Kokchetav Massif: A TEM investigation

We report the first natural occurrence of keatite, also known as silica K, discovered as a precipitate in the core of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) clinopyroxene (Cpx) within garnet pyroxenite from the Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction demonstrate that sub-micrometer and nano-scale keatite precipitates have a definite crystallographic relationship with the host pyroxene (diopside = ~Di 90 ) Cpx (100) || keatite (100) and Cpx (010) || keatite (001). Clinopyroxene provides a template for keatite nucleation due to the close structural relationship and excellent lattice match between the diopside and keatite. We propose that keatite micro-precipitates are formed in localized low-pressure micro-environments produced as a result of exsolution of extra silica and vacancies held within UHP host diopside and stabilized by the pyroxene lattice. Low-density metastable keatite and its relationship to the host pyroxene likely reflects the important influence of pyroxene/precipitate interfacial energy on the micro- and nano-scales in controlling the nature of exsolved phases in exhumed UHP minerals.
Clinical Evaluation of 2%-LSM Medium for Primary Isolation and Identification of Staphylococci

Staphylococci were isolated from clinical materials upon a new medium that incorporates 2% egg yolk into a 7.5% NaCl–1.0% mannitol–agar base. Production of opaque zones around colonial growth was positive evidence of lipovitellenin-lipase activity, and was found to correlate with coagulase production for 94.7% of the isolates tested. The reactions of staphylococci upon this medium were compared with other biochemical and morphologic characteristics to establish the usefulness of the medium to the clinician.
Tobacco in the 21st Century

1. Karen M. Wilson, MD, MPH* 1. *Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Dentistry, Aurora, CO. * Abbreviations: CEASE: : Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure FDA: : Food and Drug Administration NRT: : nicotine replacement therapy SHS: : secondhand smoke SIDS: : sudden infant death syndrome Although there is increasing understanding that cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke exposure are significant health risks to children, adolescents continue to start smoking, and children are still exposed to secondhand smoke. To add to this, companies are finding more novel ways to market tobacco products, including electronic cigarettes and dissolvable tobacco products. Pediatricians should understand the consequences of tobacco smoke exposure and the use of emerging products and be able to screen and counsel families about their exposure. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Identify the prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure among children in the United States. 2. Describe the health effects of cigarette smoking. 3. Understand the effects of secondhand smoke on children’s health and behavior. 4. Describe the role of the pediatrician in helping parents quit smoking and how to help parents access pharmacotherapy. 5. Understand the effect and use of noncigarette tobacco products. Eliza is a 5-year-old girl whose mother brings her to the office for wheezing. She has been coughing and having some upper respiratory tract congestion for 3 days, but this morning she developed increased wheezing and shortness of breath. Her mother has been giving her albuterol, which hasn’t seemed to help. She has a diagnosis of asthma and is taking an inhaled corticosteroid, which her mother says she has been using twice a day via a spacer, as directed at her last visit. Eliza was hospitalized at age 8 months with bronchiolitis, and since then she has been to the emergency department 6 times for exacerbations. She had to be hospitalized once but not in the intensive care unit. She has no other medical problems aside from …
P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 Is Essential for Adhesion to P-Selectin But Not E-Selectin in Stably Transfected Hematopoietic Cell Lines

P-selectin (CD62P) is a member of the selectin family of adhesion molecules involved in the regulation of leukocyte traffic. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is a mucin-like molecule that is thought to be a primary ligand for P-selectin. The interaction of P-selectin with PSGL-1 results in leukocyte rolling and recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation and tissue injury. However, expression of PSGL-1 protein alone is insufficient for binding to P-selectin. Several posttranslational modifications of PSGL-1, including sialylation, sulfation, and fucosylation by α1,3-fucosyltransferase(s) (FucT), are required for functional interaction with P-selectin. Recently, several groups have reported that PSGL-1 might also serve as a ligand for E-selectin. Differential posttranslational modifications of PSGL-1 may determine whether it can interact with either P- or E-selectin or both. To determine whether PSGL-1 is essential for adhesion to P- or E-selectin, we have constructed and analyzed a panel of stably transfected K562 cells. K562 cells express FucT-IV but not FucT-VII or PSGL-1, and do not bind to either E- or P-selectin. K562 cells transfected with PSGL-1 cDNA also did not bind to either P- or E-selectin. Binding to P-selectin occurred only when K562 cells were cotransfected with both FucT-VII and PSGL-1. In contrast, expression of FucT-VII alone was sufficient for E-selectin binding. These data demonstrate that expression of PSGL-1 is not required for adhesion of a stably transfected hematopoietic cell line to E-selectin, and suggest that FucT-IV alone cannot properly modify PSGL-1, expressed in transfected K562 cells, to bind P-selectin.
Federal Common Law

This paper argues that the familiar severe doctrinal limits on federal judicial lawmaking are not constitutionally required or necessary in any fundamental way to thinking about federal judicial lawmaking. Laying to rest misunderstandings flowing from misreadings of Erie v. Tompkins, this paper argues, rather, that case law, either federal or state, arises naturally from the essential province and duty of courts to decide issues properly before them. Our inhibitions about federal rules of decision flow from our apprehensions that the sphere of national lawmaking power will encroach upon the sphere of state lawmaking power. The paper argues that this fear cannot be addressed with sweeping prohibitions on the decision of questions that are, in fact, federal. Examples are given to demonstrate that, while the states retain the broad general power, when identifiable special national interests arise it cannot be supposed that Congress or the courts are disabled from dealing with those interests rationally.
Central Falls Retirees v. Bondholders: Assessing Fear of Contagion in Chapter 9 Proceedings

Modern Chapter 9 litigation has been characterized by extraordinary protections for municipal bondholders, and Central Falls is no exception. Although not well understood by politicians, fear of contagion has encouraged the adoption of legal arrangements that have limited the bankruptcy courts’ ability to include bondholders in the cost of restructuring municipal debt. This preference for bondholders (and, by extension, their insurers) has meant increased misery for taxpayers and retirees. Given that all of these actors appear to have been complicit to some degree in the creation and maintenance of the fiscally imprudent conditions that triggered bankruptcy and that evidence of true contagion is modest, it is hard to justify special protections for bondholders.
Um einen Tasso von außen bittend: Kunst und Dilettantismus am Musenhof von Ferrara

Torquato Tasso gehort in den Zusammenhang von Goethes nachitalienischer Reflexion auf die Moglichkeiten von Dichtung unter den asthetischen und gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen eines Musenhofs. Die Kritik des Musenhofs, vor allem seines Literaturbegriffs, enthullt sich am deutlichsten im Lichte von Goethes Kritik des Dilettantismus.
Cytokine mRNA expression in labial salivary glands and cytokine secretion in parotid saliva in Sjögren's syndrome.

Sjogren’s syndrome is an autoimmune exocrinopathy involving primarily the salivary and lacrimal glands. The secondary form of this disorder consists of exocrine involvement (the sicca syndrome) in an individual with another connective tissue disease. The most common associated condition is rheumatoid arthritis. Primary Sjogren’s syndrome is characterized by exocrine involvement alone. Although there is more restricted tissue involvement in primary Sjogren’s syndrome, this is a systemic condition, as evidenced by prominent serological evidence of autoimmune reactivity, including high titer autoantibodies (anti-nuclear antibodies [ANA], rheumatoid factors [RF], SS-A/Ro, SS-A/La) and hypergammaglobulinemia in the majority of patients. There is also an increased incidence of lymphoma.
New Insights into the Roles of Host Gene-Necrotrophic Effector Interactions in Governing Susceptibility of Durum Wheat to Tan Spot and Septoria Nodorum Blotch

Tan spot and Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) are important diseases of wheat caused by the necrotrophic fungi Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Parastagonospora nodorum, respectively. The P. tritici-repentis necrotrophic effector (NE) Ptr ToxB causes tan spot when recognized by the Tsc2 gene. The NE ToxA is produced by both pathogens and has been associated with the development of both tan spot and SNB when recognized by the wheat Tsn1 gene. Most work to study these interactions has been conducted in common wheat, but little has been done in durum wheat. Here, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of a segregating biparental population indicated that the Tsc2-Ptr ToxB interaction plays a prominent role in the development of tan spot in durum. However, analysis of two biparental populations indicated that the Tsn1-ToxA interaction was not associated with the development of tan spot, but was strongly associated with the development of SNB. Pa. nodorum expressed ToxA at high levels in infected Tsn1 plants, whereas ToxA expression in P. tritici-repentis was barely detectable, suggesting that the differences in disease levels associated with the Tsn1-ToxA interaction were due to differences in pathogen expression of ToxA These and previous results together indicate that: (1) the effects of Tsn1-ToxA on tan spot in common wheat can range from nonsignificant to highly significant depending on the host genetic background; (2) Tsn1-ToxA is not a significant factor for tan spot development in durum wheat; and (3) Tsn1-ToxA plays a major role in SNB development in both common and durum wheat. Durum and common wheat breeders alike should strive to remove both Tsc2 and Tsn1 from their materials to achieve disease resistance.