cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood-brain barrier transport of butanol and water relative to N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine as the internal reference.

The literature regarding the blood--brain barrier (BBB) transport of butanol is conflicting as studies report both incomplete and complete extraction of butanol by the brain. In this work the BBB transport of both (/sup 14/C)butanol and (/sup 3/H)water was studied using the carotid injection technique in conscious and in ketamine- or pentobarbital-anesthetized rats employing N-isopropyl-p-(/sup 125/I)iodoamphetamine ((/sup 125/I)IMP) as the internal reference and as a fluid microsphere. The three isotopes (/sup 3/H, /sup 125/I, /sup 14/C) were conveniently counted simultaneously in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. IMP is essentially completely sequestered by the brain for at least 1 min in conscious rats and for 2 min in anesthetized animals. Butanol extraction by rat forebrain is not flow limited but ranges between 77 +/- 1 and 87 +/- 1% for the three conditions. The permeability-surface area product/cerebral blood flow ratio of butanol and water in rat forebrain remains relatively constant, despite a twofold increase in cerebral blood flow in conscious relative to pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. The absence of an inverse relationship between flow and butanol or water extraction is consistent with capillary recruitment being the principal mechanism underlying changes in cerebral blood flow in anesthesia. The diffusion restriction of BBB transport of butanolmore » in some regions, but not in others, necessitates a careful regional analysis of BBB permeability to butanol prior to usage of this compound as a cerebral blood flow marker.« less
Kinetics of domain wall pinning in an incommensurate Pb overlayer on a Cu(110) surface

We have used grazing incidence X-ray scattering to study the kinetics of domain wall pinning during the transition between an incommensurate phase and a domain wall glass phase. The growth of both domain wall density and domain size are described by power-laws. The results are discussed in the context of recent theoretical models of growth.
Shhh! It's Quiet Time From 2 P.M. to 4 P.M.: Our Family is Bonding Beyond This Door

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program Creating a quiet environment in the mother–baby unit can be challenging. Literature suggests that implementing quiet time (QT) can increase patient satisfaction and promote healing. Proposed Change To initiate a QT program that would provide families and their new infants an uninterrupted period to rest, bond, and breastfeed. The scores related to a quiet environment from the Hospital Consumers Assessment of Health Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) and feedback from mothers who were discharged confirmed the need to reduce interruptions. QT was conceived after the Mother/Baby Shared Decision Making Council reviewed the literature and current practice and identified potential solutions. QT is a daily 2‐hour period in which no one may enter the patient's room unless requested by the patient. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation The Iowa Model for evidence‐based practice and Kaizen quality improvement techniques guided the project. The typical number and timing of interruptions per day were observed to determine when the least amount of traffic was entering and leaving patient rooms. It was identified that the best time for QT was between 2 p.m. and 4 p.m. Implementation involved collaboration and coordination with several departments, and education about the benefits of QT and its effect on daily routines. Changes in work routines for several services were required to avoid interrupting patients during QT. Letters were sent to physicians to describe the program and purpose of the change. The maternal–child staff was educated and a date was set for implementation. QT signage was created and displayed. Flyers were given out during maternity tours and childbirth classes, and were also distributed to patients on admission. QT was also advertised on the facility's web site and in monthly publications. During implementation, meetings continued to discuss and resolve issues and promote full adoption. Since starting QT, positive feedback was obtained from follow‐up phone calls with patients who were discharged and no complaints about interruptions have been received. HCAHPS scores for “patients room always kept quiet” increased from 70% in the fourth quarter in 2011 to 78% in the second quarter in 2012. Though it is not possible to conclude that QT increased exclusive breastfeeding, it may contribute to the increase in rates from 33% in January 2012 to 63% in July 2012. Implications for Nursing Practice New mothers need time to rest, heal, and bond with their infants. Providing QT each day can contribute to improved patient satisfaction and increased rates of exclusive breastfeeding.
Effects of intravenous hydration and pitressin on renal function in subjects with essential hypertension.

Various abnormalities in metabolism of water and electrolytes have been noted in patients with arterial hypertension and have variously been considered as causes or results of the hypertension. In this paper new data on these relationships are presented by a study of the changes in renal function produced by intravenous hydration, Pitressin, and lowering of the blood pressure.
Isomorphic multiclass spatial price and multimodal traffic network equilibrium models

Abstract In this paper, we first show that a multiclass spatial price equilibrium model can be formulated as an equivalent multimodal traffic network equilibrium model with special structure. This connection allows us to obtain, for the multiclass spatial price equilibrium model, in a routine manner, any information that is currently available in the well developed theory of the general multimodal network equilibrium model, and moreover, to strengthen a number of these results taking advantage of the special structure of the equivalent multimodal traffic network model.
Thermodynamics of pyridine coordination in 1,4-phenylene bridged bimetallic (Pd, Pt) complexes containing two N,C,N' motifs, 1,4-M2-[C6(CH2NR2)4-2,3,5,6].

The thermodynamics of pyridine coordination in 1,4-phenylene-bridged binuclear palladium and platinum organometallic complexes [1,4-(MOTf)2-{C6(CH2NR2)4-2,3,5,6}] (11, M = Pd, Pt; R = CH3, C2H5, R2 = −(CH2)5−) are measured by 1H NMR in DMSO-d6. The coordination of substituted pyridines by bimetallic complexes 11 or 12 in DMSO is found to proceed via two effectively independent metalligand binding events, and the association constants for pyridine coordination and rate constants for pyridine exchange are nearly identical to those measured previously on monometallic analogs. A linear free energy relationship between the association constant for pyridine coordination and the inductive Hammett constant of the pyridine substituent is observed, and the sensitivity (ρ = −1.7 to −2.1) in DMSO depends only slightly on metal (Pd vs Pt) and spectator ligand (pincer dialkylamine vs triarylphosphine). The association constant for a particular pyridine ligand, however, varies by roughly 3 orders of magnitude across the...
Agglutinin-mediated attachment of erythrocytes to hemocytes of Helix pomatia.

Abstract In order to ascertain whether agglutinins can serve as links to bind hemocytes of Helix pomatia to mammalian erythrocytes, rosette-formation tests were performed. These involved pretreatment of H. pomatia hemocytes with each of 15 nonnative agglutinins and incubation of them with human erythrocytes. It has been found that, of the agglutinins tested, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) as well as those from Ricinus communis, Axinella polypoides, Anguilla anguilla (anti-Heet), concanavalin A, and Limulus polyphemus caused rosette formation with human erythrocytes. In addition, it has been found that a small number of H. pomatia hemocytes are capable of direct binding to erythrocytes of mice, rabbits, rats, and sheep.
Dynamic appraisal of infrastructure investments

Abstract The assessment of the reciprocal impacts of infrastructure investments and their socio-economic environment requires that a number of such aspects be simultaneously considered. Some of those aspects, however, have not been traditionally incorporated in such assessments due (in part) to the limitations inherent in the techniques utilized in current practice. This paper presents a conceptual framework for the use of dynamic simulation in the assessment of packages of infrastructure investments. The concepts are then applied to case studies involving the evaluation of coordinated sets of infrastructure projects in rural areas.
Was Pius XII “Hitler’s Pope”? The Concordat of 1933

An unfortunate admixture of history-blinding “presentist” bias, exacerbated by today’s sound bite culture, academic overspecialization by scholars and professional historians, and polarizing polemics have led to a consensus regarding the topics of Pius XII’s conduct toward European Jewry during the fascist era. In the wake of the eightieth anniversary of the July 1933 Reichskonkordat between the Vatican and the Third Reich, the moment is timely to revisit the main issues. This essay re-examines the key arguments, introduces overlooked historical evidence, and considers the reports on Pius XII by prewar and wartime contemporaries.
Differential pattern of Xist RNA accumulation in single blastomeres isolated from 8‐cell stage mouse embryos following laser zona drilling

Xist gene expression begins at the late 2-cell stage in female mouse embryos and by the third division results in the accumulation of an average 100 copies of Xist RNA per cell, as measured by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In the blastocyst, the trophectoderm maintains the paternally imprinted pattern of Xist expression present during early development, while either the maternal or the paternal X chromosome can express Xist among cells of the inner mass. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has previously established that Xist transcripts are localized on the silenced X chromosome, forming aggregates of variable dimensions in blastomeres of 8-cell embryos. This observation and the fact that Xist RNA accumulation per cell sharply decreases after morula stage raise the possibility that cells of cleaving embryos contain different levels of Xist RNA, perhaps linked to their subsequent developmental fates. We show here that Xist RNA is efficiently recovered from single blastomeres isolated from 8-cell embryos following laser zona drilling. Sexing of the samples and simultaneous quantification of Xist RNA in individual cells is achieved with a multiplex Xist/Sry real-time RT-PCR assay sensitive to the single-copy level. This analysis reveals that Xist RNA is indeed accumulated to substantially different levels in individual blastomeres of the same 8-cell embryo and that two blastomeres contain most of the molecules per embryo. These results support the conclusion that cells of the early mammalian embryo are not all functionally equivalent. Differential Xist gene expression could arise from differences in DNA methylation, or the order in which cells divide.
Structural Characterization of Ultrathin Epitaxial ErSi2−x on Si(111)

The epitaxial structure of ErSi 2−x on Si(1 11) has been investigated using Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Films 10 nm. thick show channeling minimum yields of 4% after room temperature deposition and annealing to 800°C. Plan view electron microscopy on ultrathin layers 0.5 nm. to 10 nm. thick reveals the formation of a complex microstructure involving vacancy ordering in these films. This superlattice structure is interpreted by considering domain formation and twinning in the heteroepitaxial ErSi 2−x .
Flood and landslide applications of near real-time satellite rainfall products

Floods and associated landslides account for the largest number of natural disasters and affect more people than any other type of natural disaster. With the availability of satellite rainfall analyses at fine time and space resolution, it has also become possible to mitigate such hazards on a near-global basis. In this article, a framework to detect floods and landslides related to heavy rain events in near-real-time is proposed. Key components of the framework are: a fine resolution precipitation acquisition system; a comprehensive land surface database; a hydrological modeling component; and landslide and debris flow model components. A key precipitation input dataset for the integrated applications is the NASA TRMM-based multi-satellite precipitation estimates. This dataset provides near real-time precipitation at a spatial-temporal resolution of 3 h and 0.25° × 0.25°. In combination with global land surface datasets it is now possible to expand regional hazard modeling components into a global identification/monitoring system for flood/landslide disaster preparedness and mitigation.
Vorticity-Velocity Formulation for Three-Dimensional Steady Compressible Flows

The vorticity-velocity formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations is extended to the solution of three-dimensional compressible fluid flow and heat transfer problems. The basic governing equations are expressed in terms of three Poisson-like equations for the velocity components together with a vorticity transport equation and an energy equation. The resulting seven coupled partial differential equations are solved by a finite difference method on a single grid and a discrete solution is obtained by combining a steady-state and a time-dependent Newton's method. Once a converged solution is obtained, one of the velocity equations can be removed from the system and replaced by the continuity equation and a "conservative" solution is obtained by using the previous solution as a starting estimate for Newton's method with only a few additional iterations. The numerical procedure is evaluated by applying it to natural and mixed convection problems. The formulation is found to be stable at high Rayleigh numbers and it may be applied to a wide variety of flow and heat transfer problems.
Buoyancy-Enhanced Oxygen Transport in the Experimental Liquid Lead Bismuth Eutectic Container

The active oxygen control technique is a recently developed effective method for mitigating structural corrosions by forming a protective oxide film along the structural materials in corrosive lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) systems. The mechanisms of LBE corrosion and the oxidation of stainless steel in LBE environment have been analyzed. The active oxygen control technique is introduced and the oxidation experiment results with oxygen control are summarized. The buoyancy-enhanced oxygen transport, both laminar and turbulent, in the experimental LBE container has been numerically investigated using the finite volume method. The flux of oxygen at the gas-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces, the oxygen concentration in the bulk flow, and the rate of oxide layer formation are calculated. The time needed for the momentum and energy to reach the steady state and the time for the bulk concentration of oxygen to reach equilibrium are estimated. The rate of oxide layer formation on the steel surface under different t...
Mixed alkyl isocyanide-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene complexes of chromium: A series of 17-, 18- and 19-electron species of the type [Cr(CO)3(CNR)(R′-DAB)]1+,0,1′

Abstract The chromium(0) complexes Cr(CO)3(CNR)(R′-DAB) (R = Me, CHMe2, CMe3, or xylyl; R′ = i-Pr, t-Bu, Cy or p-tol) can be prepared by the reaction of Cr(CO)3(NCMe)3 with equimolar quantities of R′-DAB and RNC. These complexes are oxidized to the paramagnetic 17-electron salts [Cr(CO)3(CNR)(R′-DAB)]PF6 by [(η5-C5H5)2Fe]Pf6 in ethanol, and can be reduced to the paramagnetic 19-electron radical anions [Cr(CO)3(CNR)(R′-DAB)]− using NaHg in tetrahydrofuran. The spectroscopic (IR, 1H NMR, electronic absorption and ESR) and electrochemical properties of the [Cr(CO)3(CNR)(R′-DAB)]1+,0,1′ species (where appropriate) have been recorded. The dark red monocationic species [Cr(CO)3(CNR)(R′-DAB)]PF6 are subject to disproportionation in solution to give separable mixtures of dark blue Cr(CO)3(CNR)(R′-DAB) and green [Cr(CNR)4(R′-DAB)](PF6)2.
Narrow rings: Observations and theory

Abstract Voyager 1 and 2 observations have revealed that within the rings of Saturn lies a set of narrow, eccentric rings resembling those of Uranus. Voyager 2 observations have proven crucial in refining the Uranian ring orbit models to a remarkable level of precision. All these rings share some common structural and kinematical characteristics, such as spatially variable radial widths and uniform precession, but interesting differences exist which provoke attention and may be related to the differing dynamical environments in which these rings dwell. The current state of our knowledge of the shape, behavior, and confinement of narrow rings is discussed.
Paediatric burns in Bucharest, Romania; 4327 cases over a 5-year period.

This is a retrospective study based upon 4327 paediatric burns (0–16 years of age) admitted over a period of 5 years, as from January 1988. Epidemiological data include age, sex, cause of burn, extent of injury, social and economic status, period of time between the accident and the admission to hospital. The overall mortality rate was 5.8 per cent. We tried to correlate the mortality rate with the epidemiological data. The recent use of Flamazine cream in our centre (as from January, 1993) seems to have decreased the mortality rate to 2.6 per cent (12 deaths out of 450 patients admitted during the first 7 months of 1993). No study of childhood burns has previously been reported from Romania.
Marathon Runner’s Retinopathy

Purpose: To report a case of an unusual retinopathy in an otherwise healthy 25-year-old marathon runner.Methods: Case report.Results: A 25-year-old female marathon runner developed sudden onset of monocular vision loss during a routine training run. The retinal features included a large, central, subhyaloid hemorrhage, multiple intraretinal hemorrhages, disc edema and venous dilation and tortuosity resembling characteristics of both valsalva retinopathy and nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Work up for underlying systemic cause was negative. However, the patient did participate in endurance exercise.Conclusion: Strenuous exercise increases activated platelets and other clotting factor elements. During exercise, this increase in clotting factors in the coagulation cascade is usually balanced by activation of key elements in the fibrinolysis cascade as well. However, certain individuals, especially those who already have a predisposition to clotting or other thrombogenic risk factors may disrupt t...
THE EXTRACTION OF METALLIC SPECIES BY DIALKYLPHOSPHORIC ACIDS

Abstract Of the organophosphates, the mono-acidic dialkylphosphates—(RO) 2 P(O)OH—have not only proven valuable solvent extraction reagents for the separation of metallic species, they have also proven a rewarding subject for the investigator interested in solvent extraction mechanisms. Studies of extraction behaviour, osmotic behaviour, and infra-red spectra have shown that these reagents are usually present in organic solvents as hydrogen-bonded dimers H 2 X 2 which, at low loadings, extract metal cations M z + to form complexes of the type M(X 2 H) z . The demonstrated wide occurrence of this simple cation exchange mechanism—free of complicating extensive association and electrolyte extraction—offers an excellent opportunity to examine theeffects of ion charge, size, and coordination properties on extraction. In contrast, systems at high loadings have shown more varied and complicated behaviour involving polynuclear complex formation and anion extraction. The pronounced and selective “synergistic” enhancement of extraction found when the dialkylphosphoric acids are used in combination with the neutral organophosphorous compounds has aroused considerable interest and deserves continued study.
A comparison of GPU strategies for unstructured mesh physics

SUMMARY There have been few efforts to date to write physics algorithms for general unstructured meshes (meshes composed of arbitrary polygons/polyhedra) on graphics processing units (GPUs). Typical strategies for GPU memory management, such as double-buffering and coalescing memory accesses, are difficult to apply to the irregular memory storage patterns of unstructured meshes. This paper presents results from an initial GPU version of a typical unstructured mesh kernel. Three different memory management strategies are described and implemented. Timing results for all three strategies are presented, in some cases showing speedups of over 20 times compared with the original CPU code.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemorrhagic extravasation cyst of the mandible.

Abstract A case of hemorrhagic extravasation cyst is presented. Operative treatment resulted in prompt obliteration of the lesion.
Chest pain emergency centers: improving acute myocardial infarction care.

Uncertainty and delay are common in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). In the last 20 years, the need for faster, more accurate, and more cost-effective diagnosis gave rise to the concept of specialized treatment of patients with chest pain in emergency departments (EDs). The original strategy dedicated a separate section of the ED and a nursing staff to the task of rapid intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and triage of low-risk patients. Chest pain centers grew quickly in popularity but evolved with a variety of goals, staffing plans, diagnostic resources, and levels of commitment. There existing centers--the University of Cincinnati Heart ER, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Medical College of Virginia--have implemented chest pain strategies with the common aims of (1) screening for the entire spectrum of coronary artery disease, (2) avoiding unnecessary admissions, and (3) using multiple diagnostic modalities. Yet, they differ in the specifics of their approaches and diagnostic methods (e.g., echocardiography vs. treadmill vs. myocardial perfusion imaging). The safety and cost effectiveness of these centers are discussed.
Consonant cluster neutralisation and targeted constraints

In this paper, I propose an optimality-theoretic account of the generalisation that deletion processes that apply to intervocalic biconsonantal clusters canonically delete the first consonant (schematically, VC1C2V → VC2V). The approach to contextual neutralisation proposed here has two main components. First, I follow the licensing-by-cue framework (e.g. Steriade 1997) in identifying ‘weak’ elements as those without strong perceptual cues. Second, I argue that the constraints responsible for contextual neutralisation ‘target’ weak elements. This approach captures the deletion generalisation above, because the relevant targeted constraint prefers only the correct output VC2V (from which the weak consonant C1 has been removed), not the incorrect output VC1V. Intuitively, the representation containing a weak element (VC1C2V) is compelled to neutralise to a representation that is perceptually very similar (VC2V). The targeted-constraint approach is formalised by replacing the standard violation-based definition of OT optimisation with a new definition – which is equivalent except when ‘targeted’ constraints are involved – based on harmonic orderings. The approach is shown to extend to certain cases of (i) contextually determined feature neutralisation and (ii) phonological opacity.
A tracking framework for collaborative human computer interaction

The ability to track multiple people and their body parts (i.e., face and hands) in a complex environment is crucial for designing a collaborative natural human computer interaction (HCI). One of the challenging issues in tracking body parts of people is the data association uncertainty while assigning measurements to the proper tracks in the case of occlusion and close interaction of body parts of different people. This paper describes a framework for tracking body parts of people in 2D/3D using multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT) algorithm. A path coherence function has been incorporated along with MHT to reduce the negative effects of closely spaced measurements that produce unconvincing tracks and needless computations. The performance of the framework has been validated using experiments on real sequence of images.
An Efficient Way of Calculating Temperatures in the Strip Rolling Process

The two-dimensional heat transfer between the strip and rolls in strip rolling is modeled by one-dimensional heat conduction equations adopting Lagrangian coordinate systems on the contact surfaces. Finite difference formulations are used in the rolling direction and analytical solutions are applied normal to this direction, making computation more efficient. Heat transfer in the sticking region is considered. The influence of real area of contact on heat transfer is also taken into account, resulting in a method capable of modeling the strip rolling process operated in any of several different lubrication regimes. This method provides good temperature predictions.
Renal Oxalosis in Neonatal Calves

Kidney tissues were collected from 142 calves during a study of pre- and peri- natal mortality. Fifty-six calves had oxalate crystals in their renal tissue. Thirty-four of the 56 had either single or multiple congenital defects, mostly of the skeleton. Twenty-two of the 56 died of causes other than congenital defects. The renal oxalosis was more pronounced in those calves affected with congenital anomalies. Renal oxalosis (oxalate crystals in kidneys) results from a defect in the excretory phase of oxalate metabolism (3,6). In domestic herbivores, it results from ingesting excessive amounts of oxalates in plants, abnormal renal response secondary to injury, or a defect in metabolism. In domestic carnivores and swine it is caused by ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning (7,8). Although primary renal oxalosis is an inherited metabolic disorder in man, its incidence in animals has not been established (5, 6, 13, 161. In one report (14), oxalosis was diagnosed in 257 kidneys from 545 aborted bovine fetuses and neonatal calves that died of various causes. It was thought that oxalates might have originated from mouldy feed, although this could not be established. Subsequent attempts to induce abortions in pregnant ewes by feeding various amounts of oxalic acid in the ration did not result in abortions (15). Oxalate crystals were found in the kidneys of newborn lambs, however, which suggested that the oxalates or their precursors were transferred through placenta into fetal tissues ( 151. Renal oxalosis has been associated with several types of bovine congenital anomalies (14). Neonates with congenital defects had oxalate crystals in kidneys. Arthrogryposis, cleft palate, hydrocephalus, cardiac defects, osteopetrosis, chon- drodysplasia and segmental aplasia of intestines were some of the anomalies described. The pathological significance of renal oxalosis in ruminants, particularly in the absence of any clinical evidence of oxalate poisoning, has not been fully investi- gated. We noted a possible cause-and-effect relationship between oxalate crystals and bovine congenital defects. We have found no reports of bovine congenital
Broadening of action spectrum in a patient with solar urticaria.

Summary Solar urticaria is a rare disorder of unknown aetiology, characterized by immediate erythema and whealing on sun-exposed skin. This report describes a patient in whom increasing clinical photosensitivity was accompanied by a marked expansion of the action spectrum. The classification and treatment of solar urticaria is discussed.
Role of Trapping in Detection of a Small Bog Turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) Population

ABSTRACT We used data collected from a small but increasing population of bog turtles to evaluate the surveying methods for detecting such a small population and the level of trapping effort required to reliably detect it. Trapping with unbaited traps detected this small population more reliably and with less investigator-time investment than did widely used visual and manual search techniques. This population was most easily detected in May and June, but we still needed more than 9000 trap-hours of trapping effort to reach a 95% likelihood of capturing one of the turtles present. Based on our results, we suggest a standard of 20 traps per hectare for 20 days (a 20–20 rule) as an effort level that has a very high likelihood of detecting such small but potentially viable populations.
Small Built Works Project

Abstract The Small Built Works Project is an experimental design-build program that uses the city as its laboratory. Work is primarily initiated by a senior undergraduate option studio offered in the Spring then augmented by a construction techniques elective open to both graduate and undergraduate students. Small Built Works has completed twenty-seven streetscape projects in Buffalo's urban core since 2001 under the management construct of six conceptual projects that have generated four approved building permits. These six projects are the Community Transformation Project (2001–2004), the Bus Shelter Project (2002–2005), the Gateway Project (Kiosk and Planter 2003–2005), the Totem Project (Mardi Gras float and the Connecticut Street Sculpture Park 2004–2006), the El Museo Gallery (2005–2006), and the Greening Collaborative Project (2006). In 2005, the Small Built Works Project won the National Council of Architecture Registration Boards Grand Prize for the creative integration of education and practice....
The Estimation of Hydrometeor Profiles from Wideband Microwave Observations

Profiles of the microphysical properties of clouds and raincells are essential in many areas of atmospheric research and operational meteorology. In order to enhance the understanding of the nonlinear and underconstrained relationships between cloud and hydrometeor microphysical profiles and passive microwave brightness temperatures, estimations of cloud profiles for an anvil, a convective, and an updraft region of an oceanic squall were performed. The estimations relied on comparisons between radiative transfer calculations of incrementally estimated microphysical profiles and concurrent dual-altitude wideband brightness temperatures from the 22 February 1993 flight during TOGA-COARE. The wideband observations (10--220 GHz) are necessary for estimating cloud profiles reaching up to 20 km. The low frequencies enhance the rain and cloud water profiles, while the high frequencies are required to detail the higher altitude ice microphysics. A microphysical profile was estimated for each of the three regions of the storm. Each of the three estimated profiles produced calculated brightness temperatures within approximately 10 K of the observations. A majority, of the total iterative adjustment were to the estimated profile's frozen hydrometeor characteristics and were necessary to match the high frequency calculations with the observations. This indicates a need to validate cloud resolving models using high frequencies. Some difficulties matching the 37 GHz observation channels on the DC-8 and ER-2 aircrafts with the calculations simulated at the two aircraft heights (approximately 11 km and 20 km, respectively) were noted and potential causes presented.
Exposing server performance to network managers through passive network measurements

We describe a novel approach to managing the application-level performance of servers within an enterprise network given only passively-collected TCP/IP headers of packets from a link connecting clients to servers. The analysis is driven by constructing, in real-time, a source-level model of the request-response exchanges between each server and all of its clients. By continuously monitoring traffic, we generate a statistical profile of numerous application-layer measures of server performance. Given these measures, and their distributions over time, a network manager can quickly triage server performance problems in generic terms without any knowledge of the servers operation or a priori interaction with the serverpsilas operators. This approach is illustrated by using a continuous, 2-month dataset taken from a border router on the UNC campus to diagnose an actual problem with a UNC web portal.
Multi-microelectrode probe for neurophysiological experiments

Four-site, passive microprobes for use in acute neurophysiological experiments are described. These microprobes allow simultaneous recordings of action potential activity to be made from multiple neurons at different locations in the neural tissue. The microprobe is a planar structure, fabricated using integrated-circuit techniques. It consists of gold electrode structures sandwiched between two polyimide dielectric layers and bonded to a 15- mu m-thick molybdenum substrate. The top dielectric layer has windows to expose the bonding pads and electrode sites. The bonding pads and interconnect wires at the probe head are entirely encapsulated in a polycarbonate resin tube filled with silicone sealant to protect the interconnections from contact with body fluids. The four recording sites are approximately 25- mu m square and arranged colinearly, 500 mu m apart, on a dagger-shaped structure 2.7 mm long by 0.15 mm wide at the lowest electrode site. The site impedances, measured in saline solution at 1 kHz, were between 3 and 4 M Omega . Probe lifetime was characterized; the more recent design has three sites that survived over 750 hours. >
Close Encounters: Lessons From an Indigenous MBA Program

Entrepreneurship is perceived to be a key to revitalizing the economies of American Indian communities. Gonzaga University offers an MBA specifically designed to prepare tribal college instructors to teach entrepreneurship. Beginning with the relevant background on the need for and benefit of indigenous management education, this article describes the elements of this unique program such as the cohort system, on-line and on-campus courses, and culturally appropriate curriculum changes. The program is analyzed through a qualitative examination of an alumni survey. The survey reveals that the foremost challenge for the program is the integration of indigenous cultural values and management practices with mainstream business curricula. The most prominent success factor the survey reveals is the fit between the program’s goals and the mission of the Jesuit institution in which the program resides. Finally, the survey results provide some insight into the impact the program is having on indigenous communities.
LOCALIZATION IN THE TOMATO GENOME OF DNA RESTRICTION FRAGMENTS CONTAINING SEQUENCES HOMOLOGOUS TO THE RRNA (45S), THE MAJOR CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING POLYPEPTIDE AND THE RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE GENES

DNA restriction fragments containing sequences homologous to the ribosomal RNA (45s), the major chlorophyll a/b binding polypeptide (CAB) and the small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RBCS) genes have been localized and mapped in the tomato nuclear genome by linkage analysis. Ribosomal RNA genes map to a single locus, R45s, which resides in a terminal position on the short arm of chromosome 2 and corresponds to the Nucleolar Organizer Region. The size of the 45s repeating unit is estimated to be approximately 9 kb in Lycopersicon esculentum and 11 kb in Lycopersicon pennellii. Five loci were found to contain CAB sequences. Two of the loci, Cab-1 (chromosome 2) and Cab-3 (chromosome 8), together accounted for more than 80% of the hybridization signal. These loci contain more than one CAB structural gene. The other three loci, Cab-2 (chromosome 8), Cab-4 (chromosome 7) and Cab-5 (chromosome 12), each account for 80% of the signal, with the remainder being associated with Rbcs-1 (chromosome 2). Rbcs-2 and Rbcs-3 may contain more than one copy of the gene.
Vector diffraction theory and coherent transition radiation interferometry in electron linacs

Electrons impinging on a thin metallic foil produce small bursts of transition radiation (TR) as they cross the boundary from one medium to the next. A popular diagnostic application is found for compact electron bunches. In this case they will emit radiation more or less coherently with an enhancement of the intensity on wavelengths comparable to or larger than the bunch size, generating coherent transition radiation (CTR). Several detailed analytical descriptions have been proposed for describing the resulting spectral distribution, often making different simplifying assumptions. Given that bunches tenths of millimeters long can generate measurable spectra into the millimeter range, concern may arise as to weak diffraction effects produced by optical interference devices containing elements with dimensions in the centimeter range.
Traditional and new simulation techniques for plasmon nanoparticles and photonic crystals

The paper briefly reviews existing computational techniques for electromagnetic wave propagation at optical frequencies (Discrete Dipole Approximation, the T-matrix - Extended Boundary Condition methods, the Multiple Multipole Method, Finite Difference (FD) and Finite Element (FE) Methods), and contributes to the development of FD methods. The overall objective is to put together a set of complementary tools for simulations in nanoscale photonics. One powerful tool - FE analysis - is applied to optimization of plasmon-enhanced AFM tips in apertureless near-field optical microscopy. Another tool is a new FD calculus of "Flexible Local Approximation MEthods" (FLAME). In this calculus, any desirable local approximations (e.g. scalar and vector spherical harmonics, Bessel functions, plane waves, etc.) are seamlessly incorporated into FD schemes. FLAME achieves a remarkable accuracy improvement, as compared to FEM, for problems with cylindrical and spherical plasmon nanoparticles and for a photonic crystal with an array of cylindrical rods and a waveguide bend.
Changes in Labor Force Participation of Persons 55 and Over Since World War II: Their Nature and Causes

In the United States trends in labor force participation since 1940 have varied widely among age-sex groups in the population 55 and over (Figure 1). Setting aside the temporary World War II upsurge, at one extreme are men 65 and over whose rate of participation trended sharply downward throughout the entire period. The participation rate of men aged 55–64 was fairly constant through the late 1950s, but then started downward and by the 1970s was falling at a rate similar to that of men 65 and over. In contrast to the declining rates for men, rates for older women were either constant or rising. The rate for women 65 and over was virtually unchanged throughout the entire period, remaining at the low level of 10 percent or less. Among women 55–64 labor force participation rose at an unprecedented rate until around 1970, after which it leveled off. At present among persons 55–64, 70 percent of men are in the labor force and about 40 percent of women; among those 65 and over, less than 20 percent of men are in the labor force, and under 10 percent of women.
Witchcraft, Shamanism, and Nostalgia: A Review Essay

The study of witchcraft seems to be globalizing in many respects. Not only are witches themselves supposedly globalizing, but the people who try to study them are also adopting a more global outlook. Moreover, witchcraft as a topic is no longer tied to specific areas of the world, but seems to crop up everywhere. For this essay I purposely chose three recent studies, out of a wide array of possible books, which come from very different parts of the world. Reading them comparatively can highlight key trends in this field, and also important differences.
Revisiting the Market Risk Premium

Though the profound importance of the market risk p remium to finance is unquestioned, its actual measurement has been problematic for both academics and analysts alike. What exactly is the magnitude of the ex post market risk premium? What is its relationship with the expected or ex ante premium? Though finance theory estimates an hi storical equity premium of 1-2%, simple arithmetic averaging of historical data gives a gre ater mean of 5-6%, an anomaly known as the equity premium puzzle. More recent findings provide a still greater equity premium point estimate. This paper shows that statistical misspecification of historical equity premium data may be an important contributing factor for such contradictio ns.
Aircraft Vibration Flight Testing

THE study of aircraft vibration which is described in this paper is part of a joint research program being carried out by the Bureau of Aeronautics of the U. S. Navy and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The work was performed at the Naval Aircraft Factory by the author with the assistance of Messrs. Wiese and Pearson of the Naval Engineering staff, and the cooperation of C. S. Draper and E. S. Taylor of M.I.T. All experimental data was taken with the electrical vibration recording equipment developed as part of an M.I.T.-Navy research program. This apparatus has already been described in two papers.
Nanocrystalline and Polyicosahedral Structure of a Nanospike Generated on Metal Surface Irradiated by a Single Femtosecond Laser Pulse

Short pulse laser irradiation of metal targets can trigger a cascade of highly nonequilibrium processes leading to the formation of unique surface structures of interest to various practical applications. In this paper, we report the results of a large-scale atomistic simulation predicting the generation of a ∼200 nm long frozen nanospike on the surface of a Ag target irradiated by a femtosecond laser pulse. The simulation provides detailed information on the mechanisms responsible for the formation of the nanospike and the processes that define its complex nanostructure. The competing contributions of the epitaxial regrowth of the solid part of the target and the homogeneous nucleation of new crystallites triggered by the strong undercooling of the liquid regions are found to produce a remarkable variability of the structural motifs coexisting in different regions of the frozen nanospike. The homogeneous solidification, in particular, proceeds along two distinct paths selected at the nucleation stage and...
Optical-Pump Sources for Nd : Glass Lasers

It is well known that Xe flashlamps are commonly used to pump Nd:glass lasers. The reasons are varied but include the following considerations: 1) The output of Xe flashlamps extends spectrally from the ultraviolet region to the infrared, thus overlapping the absorption spectra of Nd3+. 2) Xe flashlamps are high-brightness sources and because of a high efficiency for converting electrical to spectral output they can provide the flux necessary to achieve reasonable stored-energy densities in Nd:glass lasers. 3) The lifetime limits of Xe flashlamps are fairly well understood; such lamps are durable and have, when driven properly, an acceptable lifetime for present Nd:glass laser systems. 4) The technology for producing high energy Xe flashlamps is advanced; commercial products are offered by at least four companies.
Stress Training Enhances Pilot Performance During a Stressful Flying Task

This study investigated whether stress training introduced during the acquisition of simulator-based flight skills enhances pilot performance during subsequent stressful flight operations in an actual aircraft. Thirty participants with no previous flying experience were assigned either to a stress-trained treatment group or a control group. Stress training consisted of pairing skill acquisition in a flight simulator with stress coping mechanisms in the presence of a cold pressor. Control participants received identical skill acquisition training but without stress training. Performance was then compared between groups during flight in a Piper Archer aircraft. Participants who received flight simulator stress training demonstrated better performance in a stressful flying task than those in the control group. The results of this study indicate that stress training during the acquisition of flight skills may enhance pilot performance in stressful operational flight and therefore, might mitigate the contribut...
Tailored nanoheterojunctions for optimized light emission.

We present coupled classical and quantum simulations of 1 to 2 nm Si nanocrystals (NCs) embedded in amorphous ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ and we show that by tuning the density of the oxide matrix one may change the relative alignment of Si NC and ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ electronic states at the interface. We find that interfacial strain plays a key role in determining the variation of the nanaoparticle gap as a function of size, as well as of conduction band offsets with the oxide. In particular, our results show that it is the variation of the valence band offset with size that is responsible for the gap change. Our findings suggest that the elastic properties of the embedding matrix may be tuned to tailor the energy levels of small Si NCs so as to optimize their performance in optoelectronic devices and solar cells.
Imposition of Oscillatory Waves inside a Cylindrical Tube with Large Wall Suction

This study considers the laminar oscillatory flow in a porous tube with uniform wall suction. For a low aspect ratio tube, the time-dependent governing equations are decomposed following a regular perturbation of the dependent variables. The method of matched-asymp totic expansions is then used to obtain a solution for the unsteady momentum equation developing from flow decomposition. The numerically verified end results suggest that the asymptotic scheme is capable of providing a sufficiently accurate solution. This is due to the error associated with the matched-asymptotic expansion being smaller than the error introduced while linearizing the Navier-Stokes equations. A basis for comparison is established by examining the evolution of the oscillatory field in both space and time. The corresponding boundary-layer behavior is also characterized over a range of oscillation frequencies and wall suction velocities. In general, the current solution is found to exhibit features that are consistent with the laminar theory of periodic flows. By comparison to the exact Sexl profile established in nonporous tubes, the current critically-damped solution exhibits a slightly smaller overshoot and depth of penetration. These features may be attributed to the suction effect that tends to attract the shear layers closer the wall.
Local Heat Transfer Characteristics of Flows Induced by Multiple Piezoelectrically Actuated Vibrating Cantilevers

Piezoelectric fans have been shown to provide substantial enhancements in heat transfer over natural convection while consuming very little power. The local heat transfer coefficients induced by multiple piezoelectric fans operating simultaneously in close proximity are determined experimentally. The fans vibrate close to an electrically heated stainless steel foil, and the entire temperature field is observed by means of an infrared camera. A vibration amplitude of 10 mm is considered, with the distance from the heat source to the fan tip chosen to vary from 0.01 to 2.0 times the amplitude, and the distance between the fans, or pitch, varying from 0.5 to 4.0 times the amplitude. The two-dimensional contours of the local heat transfer coefficient are compared to those observed for a single fan under similar conditions. Results show that the benefit of adding a second fan is highest at an intermediate pitch that is equal to the vibration amplitude. Constructive interference is observed under these conditions yielding a local performance increase over isolated fan operation. For a large fan pitch, separate contours surrounding each fan are similar to those of a single fan, but their performance is lower than that of the corresponding single fan. For a small fan pitch the cooling obtained with the fan pair is similar to that with just one fan, suggesting minimal benefit from adding the second fan in this case.Copyright © 2007 by ASME