cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dependence on Atomic Number of the Nuclear Photoeffect at High Energies

A measurement was made of the number of neutron-proton coincidences observed when 320-Mev bremsstrahlung bombarded D, Li, Be, C, O, Al, Ti, Cu, Sn, and Pb. If one normalizes the data for the number of neutron-proton pairs in a nucleus (i.e., by dividing by $\frac{\mathrm{NZ}}{A}$) it is found that the observed coincidences decrease as $A$ increases.It is possible to quantitatively account for this $A$ dependence by correcting for the probability that two nucleons will escape from inside a nucleus without either having a collision. The probability of escape is a function of the nuclear radius, $R$, and the mean free path, $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, in nuclear matter. For medium weight elements the observed neutron-proton pairs are produced with a cross section given by ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{Z,A}(\mathrm{coincidences})\ensuremath{\cong}3.0(\frac{\mathrm{NZ}}{A}){\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{D}}P(\frac{2R}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}),$ where ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{D}$ is the cross section for the photodisintegration of the deuteron and where $P(\frac{2R}{\ensuremath{\lambda}})$ is the probability-of-escape factor. For two nucleons emitted at 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, the form of $P(x)$ is $P(x)=(\frac{3}{{x}^{3}})[2\ensuremath{-}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}x}({x}^{2}+2x+2)]$The formula for the cross sections is shown to be what one would expect if the fundamental mechanism in complex nuclei is the same as that suggested by Wilson for the photodisintegration of the deuteron. The constant, 3.0, depends on the cube of a neutron-proton pair interaction distance. A less naive treatment also involves a nucleon pair correlation function.
Geometry of Power Flows and Optimization in Distribution Networks

We investigate the geometry of injection regions and its relationship to optimization of power flows in tree networks. The injection region is the set of all vectors of bus power injections that satisfy the network and operation constraints. The geometrical object of interest is the set of Pareto-optimal points of the injection region. If the voltage magnitudes are fixed, the injection region of a tree network can be written as a linear transformation of the product of two-bus injection regions, one for each line in the network. Using this decomposition, we show that under the practical condition that the angle difference across each line is not too large, the set of Pareto-optimal points of the injection region remains unchanged by taking the convex hull. Moreover, the resulting convexified optimal power flow problem can be efficiently solved via semi-definite programming or second-order cone relaxations. These results improve upon earlier works by removing the assumptions on active power lower bounds. It is also shown that our practical angle assumption guarantees two other properties: 1) the uniqueness of the solution of the power flow problem and 2) the non-negativity of the locational marginal prices. Partial results are presented for the case when the voltage magnitudes are not fixed but can lie within certain bounds.
Gradient Adjusted Predictor with Pseudo-Distance Technique for Lossless Compression of Color-Mapped Images

Color-mapped images are widely used in many applications. Unlike most of the color-mapped image compression techniques, which require two passes, the pseudo-distance compression technique requires one pass and runs in linear time. Recently, we showed that when a structured arithmetic coder is used, after a color-mapped image is transformed with a pseudo-distance technique, better compression gains can be achieved over GIF and Huffman coder. In this work, we show that further compression gains are possible when a Gradient Adjusted Predictor is employed along with the pseudo-distance technique.
Perioperative Immunomodulation With Flt3 Kinase Ligand or a Whole Tumor Cell Vaccine Is Associated With a Reduction in Lung Metastasis Formation After Laparotomy in Mice

Introduction:Laparotomy has been associated with temporary postoperative immunosuppression and accelerated tumor growth in experimental models. In a previous murine study, a whole cell vaccine plus...
55Fe Concentration and Specific Activities in North Pacific Marine Organisms

Marine organisms have been shown to have up to 1000-fold higher specific activities of iron-55 than that in seawater. It was also shown that iron-55 specific activities increase 10 to 30-fold in salmon between mid and northern latitudes. These observations are currently explained on the basis of a different chemical form for iron-55 in seawater and greater dilution of the iron-55 by stable iron at mid-latitudes than at the northern latitudes. The half-time for iron-55 concentrations in mature harvested salmon at all latitudes is approximately 10 months, which is comparable to the half-time for movement of stratospheric debris to the earth's surface. This observation precluded the possibility that early tropospheric deposition of iron-55 from the 1961-62 Russian nuclear tests contributed significantly to the long-term concentrations of iron-55 in marine biota.
Biology of fetal wound healing: hyaluronate receptor expression in fetal fibroblasts.

Abstract Fetal tissue repair is rapid, relatively scarless, and proceeds in an environment rich in hyaluronic acid. Understanding the interaction of hyaluronic acid (HA) with the reparative cells may provide important insight into the remarkable process of fetal wound healing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the HA receptor (a member of the CD44 family of cell surface glycoproteins) and its density on the cell surface of fetal fibroblasts. HA receptor expression on both adult and fetal fibroblasts was first studied by Western blot analysis. Autoradiographs of the blots were assessed by densitometry to quantitate the relative amounts of the HA receptor. It appears that the HA receptor expressed on both adult and fetal rabbit dermal fibroblasts is a 56-kd protein. After normalizing for total protein concentration using the Bradford protein assay, the fetal HA receptor density was found to be approximately four-fold greater than that of the adult. The same adult and fetal fibroblasts were then studied by flow cytometry, using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Relative fluorescence was representative of HA receptor density. Corroborating the authors' earlier result with the Western blot analysis, the FACS analysis showed that the fetal fibroblasts had 2.5 times the fluoresence of the adult cells. It is concluded that, in comparison to adult fibroblasts, fetal fibroblasts have an increased density of cell-surface HA receptor.
A constitutive algorithm for rate-dependent crystal plasticity

Abstract An algorithm is proposed for the finite element implementation of a rate-dependent crystal plasticity model. A ‘planar double slip’ two-dimensional crystal model is used. The constitutive equations are derived in detail, and it is shown that they reduce to a set of three ordinary differential equations: two for the resolved shear stresses on the slip planes, and one for the angle that defines the slip systems’ orientation. The proposed algorithm, which is suitable for implementation in an explicit finite element code such as PRONTO2D, is based on a weighted residual method for the approximate solution of these equations. It turns out that the performance of the algorithm does not restrict the selection of the global time increment. The efficiency and performance of the algorithm is demonstrated through a comparison with the so-called rate-tangent method. Also, numerical examples are given to demonstrate the model's capability to capture shear localization phenomena at high strain rates, using the PRONTO2D explicit finite element code.
Membrane Lipids: What Membrane Physical Properties are Conserve during Physiochemically-Induced Membrane Restructuring?

SYNOPSIS. Current theories assert that organisms finely adjust the order, or fluidity, of their cellular membranes in response to changes in their physiochemical environment ( e.g. , pressure, temperature, salinity, etc.). However, membrane order may not be the only property that is conserved. The most commonly observed alterations in cell membrane composition under conditions of altered physiochemical environment, namely changes in the phosphatidylethanolamine/phosphatidylcholine (PE/PC) ratio and the content of highly unsaturated acyl chains, are difficult to fully reconcile with the conservation of membrane order alone. This report reviews the literature concerning two properties of membranes that may play vital roles in the adaptation of cellular membranes to changing environments: a ) the tendency of membranes to relax into the reversed hexagonal phase and b ) the occurrence and structure of lipid-driven domains within the membrane. The tendency of a membrane to form the reversed hexagonal phase is a property central to a variety of important cellular events. This tendency is tightly regulated by variation of the ratio of hexagonal phase-forming lipids to lamellar phase-forming lipids in the membrane. In most animal cells, this corresponds to the PE/PC ratio. Highly unsaturated acyl chains, in conjunction with cholesterol, modulate the occurrence and structure of lipid-driven membrane domains. These membrane domains are also critically involved in a number of key cellular processes. The changes in membrane lipid composition that occur during adaptation to the environment may be required for the preservation of the tendency to form nonlamellar phases and of the occurrence and specific structure of domains within the membrane, in addition to overall membrane order.
Potential Energy Surface and Product Branching Ratios for the Reaction of Dicarbon, C2(X1Σg+), with Methylacetylene, CH3CCH(X1A1): An Ab Initio/RRKM Study

Ab initio calculations of the potential energy surface for the C2(X1Σg+) + CH3CCH(X1A1) reaction have been carried at the G2M level of theory. The calculations show that the dicarbon molecule in the ground singlet electronic state can add to methylacetylene without a barrier producing a three-member or a four-member ring intermediate, which can rapidly rearrange to the most stable H3CCCCCH isomer on the C5H4 singlet surface. This isomer can then lose a hydrogen atom (H) or molecular hydrogen (H2) from the CH3 group with the formation of H2CCCCCH and HCCCCCH, respectively. Alternatively, H atom migrations and three-member-ring closure/opening rearrangements followed by H and H2 losses can lead to other isomers of the C5H3 and C5H2 species. According to the calculated energetics, the C2(X1Σg+) + CH3CCH reaction is likely to be a major source of the C5H3 radicals (in particular, the most stable H2CCCCCH and HCCCHCCH isomers, which are relevant to the formation of benzene through the reactions with CH3). Amon...
New simulation methodology for effects of radiation in semiconductor chip structures

New and effective modeling methodologies have been developed to simulate particle transport in arbitrarily complex back-end-of-line (BEOL) topologies of a semiconductor chip. They are applied to address a number of critical problems that involve the single-event-effect analysis of new device structures for 65-nm CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) technologies and beyond. These new simulation techniques also provide a generic building block on which a new version of the IBM soft-error Monte Carlo model (SEMM-2) is constructed. In this paper, we review the basic concepts of this development and discuss some important applications.
The Anti‐Benthamism of J. M. Keynes: Implications for The General Theory

AbstractKeynes severely criticized the “Benthamite tradition,” the overvaluation of the “economic criterion” He found “the love of money” corrosive of community and esthetic values and an encouragement to reckless exploitation of places that should be in the public domain In “Art and the State,” he proposes the rebuilding of large sections of modern cities to rekindle popular feelings of beauty and community values One of the factors behind this philosophy was G E Moore's Principia Ethica (1903) It criticizes Bentham for committing “the naturalistic fallacy” of confusing means with ends and idealizes two “goods” in themselves, the pleasure of human relations and the enjoyment of beauty in nature and art These ideals Keynes saw undermined by the Benthamite tradition Such criticism is the “moral-political paradigm” on which The General Theory is erected Minute calculation of advantages and disadvantages, on which classical economics is based, is rejected Behind consumption and investment functions are sociological and psychological factors, “animal spirits,” and the like Calculation prevails in the stock and bond markets (liquidity preference)–to everybody's sorrow The proposed slow elimination of institutions that make liquidity preference possible, and of the rentier, follow logically Econometrics, viewed as the tool of the overvaluation of the economic criterion, is also rejected. In many articles Keynes aimed at much more than revolutionizing political economy, he aimed at weaning England from Benthamite utilitarianism and raising the cultural values of the populace By 1938 he knew that he had failed.
Tuff-cement or concrete interactions in the repository environment

Hydrothermal interactions of tuff or tuff minerals with cement or concrete were investigated at 200{sup 0}C under a confining pressure of 8 or 30 MPa for 1 to 20 weeks. These chemical interactions produced crystalline hydrous calcium silicates such as Al-substituted tobermorite, xonotlite and gyrolite. Tobermorite was the most common interaction product of cement and tuff or tuff minerals because of pozzolanic reaction. The extent of cement hydration and the quantity of cement in the cement mix affected the abundance of tobermorite as expected. The reaction of concrete with tuff resulted in the formation of smectite in addition to tobermorite due to the generation of slight acidic conditions in this reaction mixture under the present hydrothermal conditions. The formation of tobermorite by the interaction of tuff with cement or concrete has positive implications to the physical (bonding) and chemical (sorption) properties in the repository sealing system because tobermorite (Al-substituted) acts both as a binding agent and as a cation exchanger. 15 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.
Effect of ozone on sulfhydryl groups of ribosomes in pinto bean leaves relationship with ribosome dissociation

Summary Chloroplast ribosomes and cytoplasmic ribosomes were isolated from the primary leaves of control and ozone-treated pinto bean plants. On the basis of a unit of ribosomal protein, the levels of ribosomal sulfhydryl groups and their kinetic responses to 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) were assayed by Ellman's procedure in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The sedimentation profile of ribosomes was determined by sucrose density gradient. Ozone, 0.30 ppm for 20 to 50 min, decrease the levels of sulfhydryl groups in chloroplast ribosomes far more than in cytoplasmic ribosomes. Both ozone and p-chloromercuribenzoate directly dissociate polysomes and monosomes of isolated chloroplast ribosomes into smaller particles in vitro. The levels of sulfhydryl groups which react with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) are higher in chloroplast ribosomes than in cytoplasmic ribosomes. The reaction with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) of this higher level of sulfhydryl groups in chloroplast ribosomes goes to completion much faster than the reaction of the lower level of sulfhydryl groups in cytoplasmic ribosomes. With these data, the mechanism which is directly involved in the previous finding, ozone's preferential influence on the disintegration of chloroplast ribosomes in bean leaves is discussed.
Probing an Ancient Protein's Dynamics with NMR

The tyrosine kinases Abl and Src are very similar in function and fold. However, the cancer drug imatinib exhibits highly selective binding for Abl compared to Src. For a long time it was assumed that these differences arise through a conformational selection mechanism of a DFG-loop, which allows binding of imatinib only if it is in the correct conformation. Recently, an additional induced fit step in the process of imatinib binding has been shown to account for the differences in binding of the drug to Abl in comparison with Src. To investigate the binding mechanism of imatinib to Abl we used resurrected enzymes along the nodes in a phylogenetic tree between the common ancestor of Abl and Src and the contemporary Abl kinase. We show that the binding affinities of each of the four resurrected ancestor enzymes are gradually increasing from the common ancestor towards the contemporary Abl and that the mechanism of binding is comprised of a conformational selection step followed by an induced fit step. To probe the conformational changes the enzyme undergoes upon imatinib binding, we use CPMG relaxation dispersion experiments. We show that most of the exchanging residues are in an intermediate or fast time regime. Combining the CPMG data with molecular dynamics will allows us to get a more detailed look at which residues play an import role for the selectivity of imatinib towards Abl kinase.
Temperature dependence of ESR spectra of methyl methacrylate radicals from 77 K to 300 K

The radicals formed in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) under vacuum by UV irradiation at room temperature were carefully examined from 77 K to 300 K by electron spin resonance (ESR). The conventional nine-line spectrum was observed with significant overall intensity changes in contrast to previous reports. The intensity decreases greatly as the temperature increases from 77 K to 100 K. The intensity of the ESR spectrum increases as the temperature increases gradually from 100 K to 260 K. The spectral changes were reversible at all temperatures. Three different models are considered to interpret the temperature dependence of the intensity of the ESR spectrum. The results indicate that the ESR spectrum depends on (1) the steady-state concentration of the propagating radical in the polymer, (2) the conformational distributions of the radicals, and (3) the environmental structures of the polymer matrix.
A Fade-Level Skew-Laplace Signal Strength Model for Device-Free Localization with Wireless Networks

Device-free localization (DFL) is the estimation of the position of a person or object that does not carry any electronic device or tag. Existing model-based methods for DFL from RSS measurements are unable to locate stationary people in heavily obstructed environments. This paper introduces measurement-based statistical models that can be used to estimate the locations of both moving and stationary people using received signal strength (RSS) measurements in wireless networks. A key observation is that the statistics of RSS during human motion are strongly dependent on the RSS "fade level” during no motion. We define fade level and demonstrate, using extensive experimental data, that changes in signal strength measurements due to human motion can be modeled by the skew-Laplace distribution, with parameters dependent on the position of person and the fade level. Using the fade-level skew-Laplace model, we apply a particle filter to experimentally estimate the location of moving and stationary people in very different environments without changing the model parameters. We also show the ability to track more than one person with the model.
Some Properties of the Arcsine Distribution

Abstract Three characterizations of the arcsine distribution are presented. A symmetric random variable X has the arcsine distribution if and only if X 2 and (1 + X) /2 are identically distributed. Also, a symmetric random variable has an arcsine distribution if and only if X 2 and 1 – X 2 are identically distributed and X and 2X (1 – X 2) are identically distributed. A related result dealing with two i.i.d. random variables is also presented. The fact that the sine of a uniform random variable has the arcsine distribution is used to motivate these characterizations. One of the characterizations is used to quantify the heavy-tailed nature of the arcsine distribution.
Fractal analysis of semantically distributed data

The purpose of this paper is to present a simple, but efficient methodology for analysing semantically distributed data. The analysis reveals important information about the statistical distribution of the geographically distributed data sets. This information can be helpful in deriving accurate data mining models that correctly reflect the semantics of the distributed data sites and help in avoiding inappropriate summarisation of the data. Although, our methodology operates on distributed homogeneous data sets, it can also work with certain heterogeneous data sets that can be transformed into homogeneous data sets without a reduction in their intrinsic dimensionality. Experiments showed that this type of transformation is in fact feasible for some data sets. We propose a measure for comparison of data sets based on the correlation fractal dimension and the cross-value. We tested our methodology on real world data sets and showed that the proposed approach discovers differences in the semantics of both di...
RHIC Injection Kicker Power Supply System Control, Integration and Commission

The RHIC Yellow ring Fast Injection Kicker Power Supply System was successfully commissioned in January 1997 as part of the Sextant Test. Construction of an identical system for the Blue ring has been completed and will be commissioned during the 1999 RHIC start-up. Each of these Injection Kicker systems consists of four subsystems and a control system center. The four subsystems are located on a floating high voltage deck inside a protective caged room because of the unusual grounding of the structure. The kicker power supplies and auxiliary equipment jump to potentials as high as 10 kV during each pulse and must be inaccessible during operation. The RHIC Injection Kicker Power Supply System Control, Integration and Commissioning results are presented in this paper.
Development of Connections in the Human Visual System During Fetal Mid-Gestation: A Dil-Tracing Study

Animal studies have shown that connections between the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and visual cortex begin to develop prenatally. To study the development of these connections in humans, regions of fixed brain from fetuses of 20–22 gestational weeks (GW) were injected with the fluorescent tracer DiI. Placement of DiI in the optic nerve or tract labeled retinogeniculate projections. In the LGN, these projections were already segregated into eye-specific layers by 20 GW. Retinogeniculate segregation thus preceded cellular lamination of the LGN, which did not commence until 22 GW. Thalamocortical axons, labeled from DiI injections into the optic radiations, densely innervated the subplate, but did not significantly innervate the cortical plate. This pattern was consistent with observations of a “waiting period” in animals, when thalamocortical axons synapse in the subplate for days or weeks before entering the cortical plate. Cortical efferent neurons (labeled retrogradely from the optic radiations) were located in the subplate and deep layers of the cortical plate. In summary, human visual connections are partially formed by mid-gestation, and undergo further refinement during and after this period. The program for prenatal development of visual pathways appears remarkably similar between humans and other primates.
Control of H-C(sp3) bond cleavage stoichiometry: clean reversible alkyl ligand exchange with alkane in [LPt(Alk)(H)2]+ (L=[2.1.1]-(2,6)-pyridinophane).

The ability of platinum compounds to activate methane catalytically in aqueous solution was first described more than 30 years ago.[1] Determining the mechanism of the Shilov reaction, which was considered to be an oxidative addition of an alkane to a platinum(ii) center, remained challenging for over 25 years. First, increasingly persistent alkylhydridoplatinum(iv) complexes have been discovered,[2] and then the ability of platinum(ii) species to add hydrocarbons to produce very stable platinum(iv) alkyl hydrides was demonstrated.[3] Recent work[4] has shown that the transient [LPtCH3] , where L is a ligand that cannot structurally accommodate the square-planar geometry preferred by four-coordinate PtII species and only modestly stabilizes the related octahedral alkane oxidative addition products, cleaves alkane C H bonds. Here L is [2.1.1]-(2,6)-pyridinophane, and the transient is available according to Equation (1) in Scheme 1. This transient cleaves one substrate C H bond, but methane is eliminated easily from the PtIV intermediate 1; b-H elimination from the derived PtII alkyl compound then leads to net conversion of alkane to (coordinated) olefin, thus accomplishing a second substrate C H bond cleavage.
Second Order Efficient Estimating a Smooth Distribution Function and its Applications

Consider a problem of estimation of a cumulative distribution function of a random variable supported on a finite interval, with a circular random variable being a particular case. It is well known that empirical (sample) distribution is asymptotically first order efficient, that is, its mean squared error converges with optimal rate and constant. However, the estimator is discontinuous. Thus, is it possible to suggest a better estimator for the case of a smooth distribution, in particular an analytic one? The answer is “yes” and, interestingly, the derivative of the estimator suggested is an efficient estimate of an underlying probability density. Moreover, Monte Carlo simulations reveal that an adaptive estimator mimicking the second order efficient estimator have attractive properties for practically important small samples.
Subcutaneous DMPA vs. intramuscular DMPA: a 2-year randomized study of contraceptive efficacy and bone mineral density

Abstract Background A formulation of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) has been developed that allows subcutaneous injection (104 mg/0.65 mL; DMPA-SC) and achieves highly effective contraception with a similar tolerability profile to intramuscular DMPA (150 mg/mL; DMPA-IM). Study Design This randomized, evaluator-blinded study was designed to compare efficacy, safety, and user satisfaction in women receiving DMPA-SC ( n =266) or DMPA-IM ( n =268) for 2 years with an option to continue for a third year. The primary objectives were to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) changes and contraceptive efficacy after 2 years. Results A total of 225 women completed the first 2 years of this study (DMPA-SC, n =116; DMPA-IM, n =109). After 2 years of DMPA use, BMD loss was marginally smaller in the DMPA-SC group than in the DMPA-IM group at both the total hip (���3.3% and ���3.6%, respectively) and lumbar spine (���4.3% and ���5.0%, respectively). In those women who received DMPA during the third year, there were no statistically significant differences in BMD loss between DMPA-SC and DMPA-IM groups at the end of Year 3. Recovery of BMD was observed in the small subpopulation of women who had discontinued DMPA-SC or DMPA-IM after the second year. The 2-year treatment-failure cumulative pregnancy rate was 0% in the DMPA-SC group and 0.8% (95% confidence interval, 0.00���2.37%) in the DMPA-IM group (life-table method). Adverse events were similar in the two groups except that injection site reactions were more common in the DMPA-SC group. Conclusion DMPA-SC is an effective and well-tolerated contraceptive option, providing comparable efficacy and BMD safety to DMPA-IM.
Situational Interest and Instructional Design: A Guide for Simulation Facilitators

The education reformer, Horace Mann once suggested that trying to teach a learner without creating interest is like hammering cold iron. All too often, health care educators begin an instructional session while the mind of the learner is focused on places other than on the subject to be learned. Regardless of specialization, understanding situational interest and ways to nurture it in the facilitation process is important for educators. However, it is especially important for the health care community as it helps us to develop best practices in instructional design and facilitation that can improve simulation-based instruction. This article defines situational interest and explains how instructional design can generate such interest with the use of advance organizers, active learning strategies, and the practices of effective reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action. Developing situational interest may lead to an individual interest or passion for the subject, foster lifelong learning, and encourage learners to return for additional simulation-based learning experiences.
Have Gubernatorial Elections Become More Distinctive Contests

Gubernatorial and presidential elections over the period 1947-1986 are examined, using a previously reported process for decomposing partisan electoral outcomes series into their long-term and short-term components. These measures are employed to examine the proposition that gubernatorial elections have become increasingly isolated from outside forces. It is found that presidential coattails appear to be declining in importance (but not only because a number of states have moved to off-year elections). Gubernatorial elections have converged around a national pattern of relatively close competition, unlike state-level presidential contests, which have shifted in favor of Republican candidates. The pattern of gubernatorial outcomes varies more from state to state, however. In specific elections, the short-term forces remain in rough equilibrium between the parties in gubernatorial contests, but not in presidential contests, where the average short-term shifts favoring one party or the other fluctuate from o...
Differential Suppression of DNA Repair Deficiencies of Yeast rad50, mre11 and xrs2 Mutants by EXO1 and TLC1 (the RNA Component of Telomerase)

Rad50, Mre11, and Xrs2 form a nuclease complex that functions in both nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). A search for highly expressed cDNAs that suppress the DNA repair deficiency of rad50 mutants yielded multiple isolates of two genes: EXO1 and TLC1. Overexpression of EXO1 or TLC1 increased the resistance of rad50, mre11, and xrs2 mutants to ionizing radiation and MMS, but did not increase resistance in strains defective in recombination (rad51, rad52, rad54, rad59) or NHEJ only (yku70, sir4). Increased Exo1 or TLC1 RNA did not alter checkpoint responses or restore NHEJ proficiency, but DNA repair defects of yku70 and rad27 (fen) mutants were differentially suppressed by the two genes. Overexpression of Exo1, but not mutant proteins containing substitutions in the conserved nuclease domain, increased recombination and suppressed HO and EcoRI endonuclease-induced killing of rad50 strains. exo1 rad50 mutants lacking both nuclease activities exhibited a high proportion of enlarged, G2-arrested cells and displayed a synergistic decrease in DSB-induced plasmid:chromosome recombination. These results support a model in which the nuclease activity of the Rad50/Mre11/Xrs2 complex is required for recombinational repair, but not NHEJ. We suggest that the 5'-3' exo activity of Exo1 is able to substitute for Rad50/Mre11/Xrs2 in rescission of specific classes of DSB end structures. Gene-specific suppression by TLC1, which encodes the RNA subunit of the yeast telomerase complex, demonstrates that components of telomerase can also impact on DSB repair pathways.
Comprehensive Model for On-Chip Power Grid Transient Analysis and Power Grid-Induced Noise Prediction

A comprehensive modeling methodology is presented for the switching analysis of the on-chip power grid. Contrary to commonly used techniques, an electromagnetic model is used for the discretization of the volume occupied by the grid. Thus, the tedious and error-prone extraction of a distributed RLC model for the power grid is avoided. In addition, the generated discrete model allows for power grid induced coupling to be taken into account in the transient simulation. The electromagnetic model for the power grid is complemented by a distributed RC model for the semiconductor substrate and RLCG models for the interconnects. Thus, a comprehensive model results for the quantification of on-chip interconnect and power grid noise effects during switching. Transient simulations using this model are carried out using a hybrid time-domain integration scheme which combines a SPICE-like engine for the analysis of the RLCG netlists and the nonlinear drivers, and a numerical integration algorithm for the discrete electromagnetic model for the power grid
Percutaneous Approach to Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Urinary Tract

The preliminary rationale for endoscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (UTTCC) was to preserve renal parenchyma and to decrease the morbidity of therapy. In this regard, endoscopic management was introduced to treat patients with UTTCC in an anatomic or functional solitary kidney, patients with bilateral disease, and patients who were not candidates for open surgery due to underlying comorbidity. Today, endoscopic management remains the standard of care for such patients, as long as they have noninvasive disease. A percutaneous approach, in particular, has proven to be an effective minimally invasive treatment for large (>1.5 cm), low-grade UTTCC limited to the calices, renal pelvis, and proximal ureter. Because of the high incidence of recurrence and progression, elective endourologic management for grade III T1 tumors is not recommended. Some controversy still exists regarding the use of endoscopic management in patients with a normal contralateral kidney, in those who have multiple tumors in the same kidney or ipsilateral collecting system, and in patients with a solitary kidney with high-grade disease. This chapter describes the technique and discusses results of recent studies on percutaneous management of UTTCC. Recent results of instillation immuno- and chemotherapy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma are also discussed.
Unchanged recovery of crossovers after x-irradiation of pupal Habrobracon.

mothers heterozygous for four linked markers showed no significant variation between females, or within age groups from ages 2 to 38 days, or foilowing x-radiation doses of 1000 r, 2000 r, or 3000 r to the white pupal stage. Total fertility was increased among lower dosage females and was drastically reduced in the 3000 r group. The constancy of recombination in the wasp was attributed to the lack of synaptic chromosomes in gonial cells rather than to radioresistance of chromosomes or to complete selection against pseudocrossovers in haploid larvae and pupae. (auth)
Assessment of inhaled acute ammonia-induced lung injury in rats

This study examined acute toxicity and lung injury following inhalation exposure to ammonia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350 g) were exposed to 9000, 20,000, 23,000, 26,000, 30,000 or 35,000 ppm of ammonia for 20 min in a custom head-out exposure system. The exposure atmosphere, which attained steady state within 3 min for all ammonia concentrations, was monitored and verified using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) gas analyzer. Animals exposed to ammonia resulted in dose-dependent increases in observed signs of intoxication, including increased chewing and licking, ocular irritation, salivation, lacrimation, oronasal secretion and labored breathing. The LCt50 of ammonia within this head-out inhalation exposure model was determined by probit analysis to be 23,672 ppm (16,489 mg/m(3)) for the 20 min exposure in male rats. Exposure to 20,000 or 23,000 ppm of ammonia resulted in significant body weight loss 24-h post-exposure. Lung edema increased in all ammonia-exposed animal groups and was significant following exposure to 9000 ppm. Bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) protein concentrations significantly increased following exposure to 20,000 or 23,000 ppm of ammonia in comparison to controls. BAL cell (BALC) death and total cell counts increased in animals exposed to 20,000 or 23,000 ppm of ammonia in comparison to controls. Differential cell counts of white blood cells, neutrophils and platelets from blood and BALF were significantly increased following exposure to 23,000 ppm of ammonia. The following studies describe the validation of a head-out inhalation exposure model for the determination of acute ammonia-induced toxicity; this model will be used for the development and evaluation of potential therapies that provide protection against respiratory and systemic toxicological effects.
Thermoelectric Power of Silver and a Proton Conductor Measurements on Dense and Porous Samples

Thermoelectric power measurements have been reported on many oxides over the past several decades. In many of these studies, difficulties were encountered in achieving sample and thus electromotive force (emf) equilibration. Thermoelectric power in the present work was measured on dense and porous samples of two materials: silver, a noble metal, and Ba 3 Ca 1.18 Nb 1.82 O (9-δ) or BCN18, a high-temperature proton conductor. The objective of the work on porous BCN18 was to facilitate rapid sample equilibration by substantially increasing diffusion kinetics because BCN18 can exchange oxygen and/or water vapor with the atmosphere. Silver is not expected to exhibit any exchange of matter with atmosphere. Upon change of temperature, the time required for equilibration of emf was about the same for dense and porous silver samples, consistent with expectations. Correspondingly, the measured thermoelectric power was also about the same for both samples. In BCN18, however, kinetics of emf equilibration was much faster in porous samples compared to that in dense samples. Thus, it was not possible to accurately measure thermoelectric power of BCN18 using dense samples, especially at low temperatures (below 700°C). The vast difference in equilibration kinetics between dense and porous BCN18 samples is attributed to differences in solid-state diffusion distances between porous samples (on the order of a few micrometers) and dense samples (on the order of a millimeter). Above ∼700°C, thermoelectric power measured using dense and porous BCN18 was nearly the same, since experiments could be conducted for a long enough time to ensure equilibration even when using dense samples. Thermoelectric power on porous BCN18 was measured between 500 and 800°C over a range of partial pressures of water vapor between ∼0.023 and ∼0.31 atm. Issues relating to kinetics of emf equilibration in dense and porous samples of silver and BCN18 are discussed.
Safety of Routine Invasive Versus Selective Invasive Therapy in Women with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome

Introduction Prior studies suggested that a routine invasive approach in the management of non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) is beneficial in men, but the data are less conclusive in women. One study conducted exclusively in women found that routine invasive therapy was associated with a markedly increased risk of major bleeding. This pilot randomized controlled trial compared the safety of a routine invasive versus a selective invasive strategy among women.
Post-thaw ATP supplementation enhances cryoprotective effect of iodixanol in rat spermatozoa.

Background Successful cryopreservation of rat spermatozoa from various strains still remains a challenge. The objective of this study was to determine if combinations of OptiPrep™ (iodixanol) and adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) can improve rat sperm function during the cryopreservation procedure.
Microstructure taxonomy based on spatial correlations: Application to microstructure coarsening

Abstract To build materials knowledge, rigorous description of the material structure and associated tools to explore and exploit information encoded in the structure are needed. These enable recognition, categorization and identification of different classes of microstructure and ultimately enable to link structure with properties of materials. Particular interest lies in the protocols capable of mining the essential information in large microstructure datasets and building robust knowledge systems that can be easily accessed, searched, and shared by the broader materials community. In this paper, we develop a protocol based on automated tools to classify microstructure taxonomies in the context of coarsening behavior which is important for long term stability of materials. Our new concepts for enhanced description of the local microstructure state provide flexibility of description. The mathematical description of microstructure that capture crucial attributes of the material, although central to building materials knowledge, is still elusive. The new description captures important higher order spatial information, but at the same time, allows down sampling if less information is needed. We showcase the classification protocol by studying coarsening of binary polymer blends and classifying steady state structures. We study several microstructure descriptions by changing the microstructure local state order and discretization and critically evaluate their efficacy. Our analysis revealed the superior properties of microstructure representation is based on the first order-gradient of the atomic fraction.
CREATING ADVANCED ARCHITECTURES FOR SPACE SYSTEMS: PRODUCT AND PROCESS

Techniques are considered for developing clean sheet designs of advanced architectures for space systems. The A-TOS system, an ionospheric mapping system using a swarm of small satellites, is used as an example. A process for exploring open ended trade spaces is briefly described, and its application to A-TOS followed. The utilities and costs of 1380 possible architectures are calculated. The trade space is explored; the two primary missions of the A-TOS system are found to drive the architecture in opposite directions, suggesting a rethinking of the mission mix. This tension is coupled with the available funding level, as larger, more expensive swarms can do both missions. The process is observed to require frequent updating of the utility functions used to capture user needs, and revisiting of the design parameter set to be explored, as understanding of the system and its technical challenges emerges. Overall, both the process used and the swarm-based architectures considered are found to be useful in defining and understanding a large set of available architectures.
Glycogen stores in glucagon-treated rats. II. Effect of alloxan diabetes.

Summary and Conclusions1) The effects of glucagon and of epinephrine on liver and muscle glycogen and adrenal ascorbic acid of alloxan diabetic rats were studied. 2) Twenty minutes after injection of epinephrine a decrease in liver and muscle glycogen was observed. The decrease was still greater after 2 hours. 3) Two hours after injection of glucagon there was a decrease in liver glycogen and, in one experiment, an increase in muscle glycogen. 4) Twenty-four hours after injection of glucagon, liver glycogen had returned to, but not above, the initial level. 5) The adrenal glands of alloxan diabetic rats are significantly larger than those of normal rats. The injection of glucagon or epinephrine may further stimulate adrenal cortices, as indicated by occasional decrease in their ascorbic acid content. 6) It is concluded that: a) the glycogenolytic effects of glucagon and epinephrine are unimpaired in alloxan diabetes, and b) the delayed increase in liver glycogen, observed in normal rats after injection of...
Normal Grip Strength in Young Children

Norms for grip strength of children aged 4 to 16 years were determined in a study of 530 Swedish children at the Department of Rehabilitation, Umea University, Sweden.
43 POSITIVE INFLUENCE OF SUPPLEMENTAL MANGANESE ON IRON INCORPORATION IN BRAIN AND RED BLOOD CELLS.

Structural, biochemical, and physiologic similarities make it possible for manganese to directly interact with iron on enzymes and proteins that require iron as a cofactor in their catalytic center. Elegant in vitro studies by Li et al (Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2005;205:188-200) demonstrate that manganese treatment alters the transcriptional but not translational level of the transferrin receptor (Tfr) expression and significantly augments the influx of Fe to the choroid plexus at the blood-CSF barrier. Transferrin bound diferric iron interacts with Tfr to undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis into erythroid precursors, hepatocytes, and brain endothelial cells, and proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular Tfr segment provides an index of the iron tissue levels. Although manganese toxicity is well documented, a beneficial role for manganese on iron homeostasis in the blood and the brain has never been reported. We present a lifelong iron deficiency microcytic anemia associated with symptoms suggestive of neurotransmitter dysregulation and perceptual size distortion in a 54-year-old white female. She had a total absence of sweating, severe constipation, and intolerance to heat and cold and episodes of oculomotor bias with size underestimation lasting 15 to 20 minutes. The anemia and symptoms resolved with daily administration of 10 mg over-the-counter oral manganese supplement (manganese). Premanganese levels for haptoglobin, direct bilirubin, and immunoglobulin were within the normal range. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and platelet and white cell counts were within the normal range. Erythropoietin levels were 11 mU/mL (ref 4-21 mU/mL). Blood transfusions but not oral iron improved her symptoms but not the red cell indices and a consistently low reticulocyte count (0.6%). She had been off oral iron for a few months prior to her visit. Manganese was started in May 2005, discontinued December to February 2006 (‡), and resumed from then until the present. Manganese-induced changes in her hematologic profile and iron status from April 2005 to November 2006 are presented in Table 1. Studies performed in March and April in 2005 show iron studies consistent with appropriate iron absorption from the gut and inefficient incorporation of iron in the erythron, possibly from decreased TfR expression. Her tissue iron stores measured by ferritin levels were negligible. Manganese significantly increased her Hgb levels and corrected the MCV but not the soluble transferrin receptor levels that remain consistently above normal, an indication of deficient iron tissue storage. She started perspiring, and her ocular symptoms did not recur. On August 6, 2006, she had significant blood loss (§) that decreased her red blood cell count to 2.8 mill/μg and created a normochromic normocytic anemia with a reticulocyte count rising to 2%, a surprising consequence of manganese. We postulate that manganese, by positively influencing Tfr expression, reversed the underlying microcytic hypochromic iron deficiency anemia and related symptoms.
Evaluation of Hot Slag Hazard on the Power Supply Aerial Wires at Baosteel

A strange" flashover of 220 kV aerial wire happened at Baosteel is analyzed, and the safety status of Baosteel' s power supply aerial wires is discussed. Through detailed analysis, three necessary conditions that caused the flashover are found, including the hot slag conveyed by a truck, the humid atmosphere, and the staying of the truck under the wire. Besides, a hole that appeared at the spot is analyzed and possible reasons are given. Some suggestions are put forward to prevent similar events and to improve the reliability of the Baosteel power supply system.
An Adaptive Multi-user Decorrelating Receiver for CDMA Systems

A novel and efficient adaptive implementation of the multi-user decorrelating detector for the uplink in a CDMA mobile communications system is presented. Further, decision feedback is incorporated into this structure to yield a detector with improved performance. Receiver performance evaluation is conducted for some multi-user scenarios to substantiate the potential of this structure for real-time operation.