cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Circulation of Antarctic intermediate water in the South Indian Ocean

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrographic data collected on the R.R.S. Charles Darwin Cruise 29 along 32°S during November-December 1987, are used to examine the circulation in the South Indian Ocean. The emphasis is on Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW); bottom waters and mode waters are also examined. Bottom waters entering in the western boundary of the Crozet Basin (about 60°E) and in the Mozambique Basin (about 40°E) have low concentrations of anthropogenic CFCs. The rest of the bottom and deep waters up to about 2000 m have concentrations that are below blank levels. Above the intermediate waters there are injections of mode waters, which are progressively denser in the eastward direction. They form a broad subsurface CFC maximum between 200 and 400 m. The injections of recently ventilated (with respect to CFCs and oxygen) Subantarctic Mode Waters (SAMWs) at different densities indicate that there is considerable exchange between the subtropical and subantarctic regions. The tracer data presented show that the circulation of AAIW in the South Indian Ocean is different from that in the South Atlantic and South Pacific oceans in several ways. (1) The most recently ventilated AAIW is observed in a compact anticyclonic gyre west of 72°E. The shallow topography (e.g. that extending northeastward from the Kerguelen Plateau) may deflect and limit the eastward extent of the most recently ventilated AAIW. As a consequence, there is a zonal offset in the South Indian Ocean of the location of the most recently ventilated SAMW and AAIW, which does not occur in the other two oceans. The strongest component of SAMW is in the east, while the AAIW is strongest in the western-central South Indian Ocean. The offset results in a higher vertical gradient in CFCs in the east. (2) The Agulhas Current may impede input of AAIW along the western boundary. (3) Tracers are consistent with an inter-ocean flow from the South Pacific into the Eastern Indian Ocean, similar to the South Atlantic to Indian linkage. (4) It appears that the high wind stress curl forces an equatorward component of the circulation that is strongest around 60°E. As a result the highest concentrations of CFCs and oxygens in bottom waters, AAIW, and the lightest component of SAMW are co-located along the 32°S track at about 60°E. Thus, the most recently ventilated circumpolar waters, participating in both the wind driven and the thermohaline circulations, follow similar paths equatorward into the subtropical Indian Ocean.
On the Rayleigh-Scattering Optical Depth of the Atmosphere

It is pointed out that revised Rayleigh-scattering optical depths published by Hoyt (1977) are not correct, because King's (1923) formula, which was used by Hoyt, requires that the rotational lines be included in the polarization measurement. To exclude them is to exclude the contribution of the Raman-shifted photons to the total molecular extinction. Hoyt's error was repeated by Froehlich and Shaw (1980), who also confused the depolarization for natural light with that for (polarized) laser light. In an effort to clarify basic concepts, attention is given to the origin of the depolarization correction, depolarization ratios, vibrational Raman effects, and extinction measurements.
The Decline in Partisanship A Test of Four Explanations

This study examines four explanations associated with the rationalistic or cognitive model of party identification for the decline in partisanship. The results of the study show that several factors affect the number of Independents within the electorate. Some of these factors have different effects on the partisanship of younger and older, and Northern and Southern citizens. Other factors have a more general influence on partisanship. Perceptions of the importance or relevance of parties, especially as a means for making electoral choices, affect the level of partisanship among all population groups examined. Evaluations of the Democratic and Republican parties affect the partisanship of both younger and older Northerners, but not Southerners.
Covalent Modification of the NF-κB Essential Modulator (NEMO) by a Chemical Compound can Regulate its Ubiquitin Binding Properties In Vitro

Post-translational modification by ubiquitin plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Ubiquitin-binding proteins play a critical role in recognizing and relaying polyubiquitin-based signaling. NEMO (NF-κB Essential Modulator) is a central player in canonical NF-κB signaling whose major function is to bind to Lys-63- and/or M1- (or linear) linked polyubiquitin chains generated in response to cell stimulation. Here we show that Withaferin A (WA), a steroidal lactone, causes a change in NEMO's interaction with specific types of polyubiquitin chains in vitro. WA induces full-length recombinant NEMO to bind to long Lys-48-linked polyubiquitin chains but not tetra-ubiquitin species. Significantly, the UBAN (ubiquitin binding in ABIN and NEMO) domain, essential for the ability of NEMO to bind M1/Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin, is dispensable for the WA-induced gain-of-function activity. Mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated that WA covalently modifies NEMO on a cysteine residue within the C-terminal zinc finger (ZF) domain. Point mutations to the ZF can reverse the WA-induced Lys-48-polyubiquitin binding phenotype. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of directly altering the ubiquitin interaction properties of an ubiquitin-binding protein by a chemical compound, thereby shedding light on a novel drug class to potentially alter polyubiquitin-based cellular processes.
The Mallophagan Family Menoponidae. Part III

Material examined . A male and a female from Ramphastos brevicarinatus , Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone, collected by Mr J. Van Tyne of the University of Michigan, through whose kindness I have been enabled to examine them. The species was originally described from “probably Ramphastos tocard ” (which is R. brevicarinatus ) from Colombia. My material agrees with the original description and is probably correctly identified, although, as will be further considered, another species of the same genus occurs upon toucans.
Rapid prototyping methods of silicon carbide micro heat exchangers

Conventional heat exchangers are mainly constructed of metal alloys. The manufacturing process of metal alloys usually requires assembling and joining techniques such as welding and diffusion bonding. In addition, the structures are limited to simple shapes due to the restrictions of the fabrication methods. This research focused on the manufacturing of compact heat exchangers made of high thermal-conductivity ceramic material, rather than on the performance of the devices. To achieve a high surface-volume ratio in heat exchangers, a strategy was adopted that fabricates miniaturized devices with a high shape complexity. This paper discusses an approach that uses a combination of mould shape deposition manufacturing (Mould SDM) and the gelcasting process to fabricate monolithic ceramic heat exchangers. This approach not only makes one-piece heat exchangers possible but introduces materials with superior thermal properties to the heat management applications. Silicon carbide is chosen for such applications because of its high thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, and corrosion resistance. The high chemical resistance of ceramic materials also extends the use of heat exchangers to chemical processing devices such as chemical reactors. The initial investigation of the process for micro reactors is also discussed.
Postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease in women

Abstract Aim The belief in the hypothesis of cardiovascular benefit of hormone therapy (HT) in postmenopausal women was widespread; however, the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) hormone trials found no evidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) benefit among women aged 50–79 with no prior CHD diagnosis and HT increased risk of stroke. This article reviews the literature regarding HT and CHD, with emphasis on the findings from the WHI trials. Data synthesis Findings from observational studies and animal studies addressing biological plausibility that had been interpreted as evidence to support the use of HT were reviewed and findings from the trials of women with cardiovascular disease and the WHI hormone trials are summarized, with specific commentary on the issue of differential effects of HT in younger versus older women. Conclusions HT should not be prescribed for the purpose of preventing cardiovascular disease. The WHI offered support for the current U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommendation to limit HT to short-term use. There is a clear need for a greater understanding of the effects of both endogenous and exogenous estrogens in relationship to the aging cardiovascular system.
Real world implementation of facial recognition systems

Facial recognition algorithms compete with each other to get the best results in public tests such as those run by NIST, and ‘labelled faces in the wild’, a database of face photographs designed for studying the problem of unconstrained face recognition, hosted by the University of Massachusetts. Companies proclaim at trade shows and conferences that they have the ‘best algorithm’ – it's proven because they are top in the tests.
Evaluation of hydroxyapatite microspheres made from a borate glass to separate protein mixtures

A hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), transformed from a calcium-containing borate glass, has been investigated for its protein adsorption and chromatographic characteristics. Microspheres of the borate glass were transformed into HA by reacting them with a 0.25 M phosphate (K2HPO4) solution for 24 h at 37 °C (pH 9.0). The HA microspheres with a diameter of 45–90 μm were hand packed into a steel column (4.6 mm × 80 mm) and used to separate a binary protein mixture of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme. HA microspheres, with a diameter <45 μm, were used for separating a protein mixture of BSA, myoglobin, and lysozyme. These microspheres had a diameter that was 20–30 times larger than commercial HA column packing spherical particles, 2–3 μm, but these microspheres had a six times larger surface area and a more uniform spherical shape. These advantages compensated for their larger size and the separation results were comparable to those commercially available HA columns in the separation of the proteins studied. These unique HA microspheres, made from microspheres of a borate glass, are considered to be useful as packing materials for protein separation in chromatography.
Isolation and properties of a proteinase from Tetrahymena pyriformis W

Abstract The isolation of an extracellular proteinase in the form of a crystalline mercury derivative from Tetrahymena pyriformis W is described. When activated with cysteine and Versene, this enzyme splits denatured hemoglobin, carbobenzoxy- l -glutamyl- l -tyrosine (Cbz-GT), and α-benzoyl- l -arginine methyl ester (BAME). The optimum pH for action on hemoglobin and BAME is pH 7, whereas Cbz-GT is readily split at pH 4.0. Tyrosine appears to be absent from the proteinase molecule. The properties of this enzyme have been compared with other proteinases reported in the literature.
Fluid compositions in the Earth's crust

Fluids in the Earth's Crust: Their Significance in Metamorphic, Tectonic and Chemical Transport Processes. By W. S. Fyfe, N. J. Price and A. B. Thompson. Pp. 372. (Elsevier Scientific: Amsterdam and New York, 1978.) 49.75; Dfl.125.
Mechanizing bankers' morality

The limitations of a machine can be of as much value as its capabilities. In particular, it is argued that bankers should not use computers for accounting. Certain rules of banking behavior, such as the conservation of money and the universality of permission, are used to guide the design of a banking system which cannot misbehave. It is done in a way that bank officers can understand without having specialized computer knowledge. The functions discussed are bookkeeping, permission, data capture, information retrieval, auditing, programming, device management, maintenance and disaster recovery. The design is incomplete. Enough material is provided to establish the validity of the design principle of imbedding banking rules so deeply into the computer that violation is improbable to the point of impossibility.
Key to and status of opiine braconid (Hymenoptera) parasitoids used in biological control of Ceratitis and Dacus s.l. (Diptera: Tephritidae).

A key is presented to the 42 species of opiine Braconidae previously collected in biological control programs directed against Ceratitis and Dacus s. l. Diagnostic features and present nomenclatural status are also discussed for these species. Biosteres oophilus (Fullaway) is treated as a synonym of Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), and B. watersi (Fullaway) as a synonym of B. dacusii (Cameron).
Inference of multicast routing trees and bottleneck bandwidths using end-to-end measurements

The efficacy of end-to-end multicast transport protocols depends critically upon their ability to scale efficiently to a large number of receivers. Several research multicast protocols attempt to achieve this high scalability by identifying sets of co-located receivers in order to enhance loss recovery, congestion control and so forth. A number of these schemes could be enhanced and simplified by some level of explicit knowledge of the topology of the multicast distribution tree, the value of the bottleneck bandwidth along the path between the source and each individual receiver and the approximate location of the bottlenecks in the tree. In this paper, we explore the problem of inferring the internal structure of a multicast distribution tree using only observations made at the end hosts. By noting correlations of loss patterns across the receiver set and by measuring how the network perturbs the fine-grained timing structure of the packets sent from the source, we can determine both the underlying multicast tree structure as well as the bottleneck bandwidths. The simulations show that the algorithm is robust and appears to converge to the correct tree with high probability.
Impact of Insecticide Residue Exposure on the Invasive Pest, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): Analysis of Adult Mobility

Twenty eight insecticides were evaluated in the laboratory to characterize the impact of specific compounds on locomotory behavior and mobility of adult Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Horizontal distance and angular velocity were measured for individuals exposed to dry insecticide residue for 4.5 h to evaluate how quickly and intensely a given insecticide induced changes in motor activities in no-choice glass arenas. Eight out of nine pyrethroid insecticides induced uncoordinated and irregular movement within 10 min after exposure to insecticides. After 1.5 h, most adults were incapacitated. By contrast, there was no immediate stimulation when H. halys were exposed to organophosphate residues. After 1.5 h, four out of seven organophosphates resulted in increased horizontal distance moved and angular velocity indicating irregular walking paths by exposed adults. Carbamate and neonicotinoid insecticides produced fairly similar patterns with virtually no stimulation in horizontal distance moved or angular velocity, except for imidacloprid and thiacloprid. Neither endosulfan (organochlorine) nor indoxacarb (oxadiazine) affected the horizontal movement of H. halys. Vertical distance climbed by adult H. halys was measured immediately after the 4.5-h insecticide exposure period and at 7 d. In general, adults that survived until day 7 were able to climb vertical distances similar to those in the control. In particular, this result was observed for seven out of nine pyrethroid materials that incapacitated all adults after the 4.5-h exposure period. Mobility changes of adult H. halys are discussed in the context of enhancing integrated pest management programs.
Who's the Boss? A Role-Theoretic Analysis of Customer Work

Following a role-theoretic perspective, we conceptualize employees who work with customers as brokers between an organization and its customers. This unique organizational position increases the li...
TAS-MAC: A traffic-adaptive synchronous MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

Duty cycling improves energy efficiency but limits throughput and introduces significant end-to-end delay in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we present a traffic-adaptive synchronous MAC protocol (TAS-MAC), which is a high throughput low delay MAC protocol tailored for low power consumption. It achieves high throughput by using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) with a novel traffic-adaptive allocation mechanism that assigns time slots only to nodes located on active routes. TAS-MAC reduces the end-to-end delay by notifying all nodes on active routes of incoming traffic in advance. These nodes will claim time slots for data transmission and forward a packet through multiple hops in a cycle. The desirable traffic-adaptive feature is achieved by decomposing traffic notification and data transmission scheduling into two phases, specializing their duties and improving their efficiency respectively. Simulation results and tests on TelosB motes demonstrate that the two-phase design significantly improves the throughput of current synchronous MAC protocols and achieves the similar low delay of slot stealing assisted TDMA with much lower power consumption.
The use of a single-fibre fragmentation test to study environmental durability of interfaces/interphases between DGEBA/mPDA epoxy and glass fibre: the effect of moisture

Abstract The influence of environmental exposure, both thermal and hydrothermal, on the average critical length/diameter (Lc/D) ratio of fibre fragments, as measured by the single-fibre fragmentation test, has been investigated. The increase in c/D for hydrothermally treated samples indicated that degradation of the interfacial properties was dominant, while Lc/D for the thermally treated samples showed no change. Apparently, degradation of both the interfacial shear strength and the fibres occurred under hydrothermal conditions. Analysis of the distilled water in which the hydrothermally treated samples had been soaked detected the presence of ions from E-glass. Furthermore, fragmentation of the fibre after hydrothermal treatment reached its limit (saturation) at a lower value of applied strain than did fibres after exposure to the dry or thermal environments. Changes in strength at the interface and in the fibre appear to be the major factors influencing the Lc/D values on hydrothermal exposure.
Electron-stimulated surface reactions in ReO3

Abstract Effects of electron irradiation on ReO3 supported on different substrates (carbon and silicon monoxide) in both non-UHV and UHV environments were investigated using high resolution electron microscopy. It was observed that clean ReO3 was stable under electron irradiation in a carbon free environment. When carbon was present, electron irradiation induced surface reactions of ReO3 with carbon to form a metastable ReC phase. ReC has a NaCl fcc structure and a lattice parameter of 4.00 ± 0.05 ( A ) . The kinetics of the reaction were found to be linear with time.
Application of the space-time conservation element and solution element method to one-dimensional convection-diffusion problems

The existing 2-D alpha-mu scheme and alpha-epsilon scheme based on the method of space-time conservation element and solution element, which were constructed for solving the linear 2-D unsteady advection-diffusion equation and unsteady advection equation, respectively, are tested. Also, the alpha-epsilon scheme is modified to become the V-E scheme for solving the nonlinear 2-D inviscid Burgers equation. Numerical solutions of six test problems are presented in comparison with their exact solutions or numerical solutions obtained by traditional finite-difference or finite-element methods. It is demonstrated that the 2-D alpha-mu, alpha-epsilon, and nu-epsilon schemes can be used to obtain numerical results which are more accurate than those based on some of the traditional methods but without using any artificial tuning in the computation. Similar to the previous 1-D test problems, the high accuracy and simplicity features of the space-time conservation element and solution element method have been revealed again in the present 2-D test results.
GETTING CITIES TO KEEP BOOKS

Cities need to learn to keep social and economic books if their policies are to be made corrigible and subject to evaluation. Keeping such books will require the use and development of indicators that can track the principal dimensions that determine the quality of their inhabitants' lives and that are necessary for testing the theories on which their policies are based. The experience of the private corporation shows that accounting is possible and essential. Developing a similar practice for cities is a high priority task.
Heat shock protein 22 (Hsp22) regulates oxidative phosphorylation upon its mitochondrial translocation with the inducible nitric oxide synthase in mammalian heart.

Objectives Stress-inducible heat shock protein 22 (Hsp22) confers protection against ischemia through induction of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Hsp22 overexpression in vivo stimulates cardiac mitochondrial respiration, whereas Hsp22 deletion in vivo significantly reduces respiration. We hypothesized that Hsp22-mediated regulation of mitochondrial function is dependent upon its mitochondrial translocation together with iNOS. Methods and Results Adenoviruses harboring either the full coding sequence of Hsp22 (Ad-WT-Hsp22) or a mutant lacking a N-terminal 20 amino acid putative mitochondrial localization sequence (Ad-N20-Hsp22) were generated, and infected in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. Compared to β-Gal control, WT-Hsp22 accumulated in mitochondria by 2.5 fold (P<0.05) and increased oxygen consumption rates by 2-fold (P<0.01). This latter effect was abolished upon addition of the selective iNOS inhibitor, 1400W. Ad-WT-Hsp22 significantly increased global iNOS expression by about 2.5-fold (P<0.01), and also increased iNOS mitochondrial localization by 4.5 fold vs β-gal (P<0.05). Upon comparable overexpression, the N20-Hsp22 mutant did not show significant mitochondrial translocation or stimulation of mitochondrial respiration. Moreover, although N20-Hsp22 did increase global iNOS expression by 4.6-fold, it did not promote iNOS mitochondrial translocation. Conclusion Translocation of both Hsp22 and iNOS to the mitochondria is necessary for Hsp22-mediated stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation.
Kant on Property Rights and the Social Contract

For all contract theorists, including Kant, political legitimacy is based upon the (counterfactual or hypothetical) consent of the governed. The dif ferences amongst them begin to emerge when we inquire into the motiva tions and considerations which lead up to the agreement. For Kant, consent to the social contract is not based upon considerations of rational self interest or prudence (Hobbes), nor upon a natural right to self-preservation and the guarantee of absolute property rights (Locke), but upon a moral obligation to institutionalize and make peremptory in a social contract pro perty rights that in the state of nature have only a provisional character. Whether this approach ultimately makes the idea of a voluntary agreement superfluous is a question I will address below.1 First I would like to consider the unique status Kant assigns to property rights in his theory of the social contract. This status has for the most part not been observed in the secon dary literature, and Kant has even been accused of falling behind the achievements of Locke and Rousseau by grounding property rights on an element of brute force.2 However, since Kant himself espoused a labor theory of property rights in his earlier writings, it is important to consider carefully the basis for its subsequent rejection in the Rechtslehre. Further, since Kant's theory of property rights constitutes an alternative to Locke (as well as to Hobbes and Rousseau), it may be possible to find within the con tract tradition an alternative to the view of property rights found in some of its contemporary versions (e.g., Rawls, Nozick or Buchanan). In the natural-law tradition (as well as in Kant) the right to private pro perty implies an authorization on the part of the owner to prohibit others from its use by coercion.3 For Kant, therefore, it is a matter of "strict justice" and falls under the "universal principle of justice."4 Since, accor ding to this tradition, the earth was originally given by God to all men in common, the central question for the theory of property rights is how such an obligation/authorization could arise. Furthermore, since rights entail a moral authority over others and since one cannot acquire an authority over others without their consent, Grotius and Pufendorf argued that property rights could only come about through an actual contract or agreement in which everyone relinquishes his common right to the use of the land and agrees to a principle for its individual or private distribution. For these theorists, the validity of private property rights presupposes that this unique
Activation of Phosphorylase by Cyclic AMP without Augmentation of Contractility in the Perfused Guinea Pig Heart

This study was designed to determine whether intracellular cyclic AMP augments myocardial contractility directly. Isolated guinea pig hearts were perfused with media containing cyclic AMP and other adcninc nucleotides with or without 3% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to facilitate myocardial uptake. Phosphorylase b to a transformation, detennined fluorometrically, was used as an index of increased intracellular cyclic AMP. Heart rate, left ventricular pressure and dP/dt were assessed in isovolumic preparations. DMSO, 3%, did not significantly affect myocardial performance or mask increased contractility produced by epinephrine. Cyclic AMP, 10-4M, with or without DMSO depressed left ventricular pressure and dP/dt modestly, even when heart rate was maintained constant by pacing. Phosphorylase activation increased from a control value of 16.5±1.44% (mean±SE, N=12) to 40.0±3.1% (N=19) following perfusion with 10-4M cyclic AMP with 3% DMSO; DMSO alone increased phosphorylase much less. 5'-AMP with DMSO compared to D...
CT-guided Percutaneous Catheter Drainage in Necrotizing Pancreatitis: Outcomes among Patients Discharged with Drains in Place

Purpose To evaluate the clinical success of discharging patients with persistent drainage from percutaneous pancreatic catheters and to identify factors related to complications and re-admission. Materials and Methods The authors identified 15 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis who were discharged with drains after computed tomographic (CT)-guided catheter drainage at their institution from 2000 to 2006. At discharge, all patients were afebrile and were tolerating oral diets but had persistent catheter output. Data reviewed included abdominal CT scans (at admission, before drain placement, and before discharge), microbiologic results, catheter caliber, number of catheters, outpatient follow-up, and re-admission records. Results Seven of the 15 patients (47%) remained clinically well and underwent successful outpatient catheter removal (median duration of catheter drainage, 94 days). Eight of the 15 patients (53%) were re-admitted because of abdominal pain and/or fever (median time to re-admission, 15 days). Six of the eight re-admitted patients (75%) underwent surgical debridement and two (25%) had catheters manipulated followed by eventual successful outpatient catheter removal. The mean percentage reduction in size of the necrotic collection before discharge was higher in the seven patients who remained clinically well compared to the eight who required re-admission (87.6% vs 49.6%, P = .037). Conclusions Patients with necrotizing pancreatitis who have persistent drainage from percutaneous catheters at the time of hospital discharge are more likely to be re-admitted if there is CT evidence of inadequate resolution of the necrotic collection.
“Imaging Evaluation of Collaterals in the Brain: Physiology and Clinical Translation”

The cerebral collateral circulation is a network of blood vessels designed to preserve cerebral blood flow when primary routes fail. Though recognized for hundreds of years, the beneficial influence of collateral flow has now gained significant attention due to widely available, rapid, and real-time non-invasive imaging techniques. Multimodal CT and MRI based techniques, with angiographic and perfusion assessments, are becoming mainstays in the care of patients with ischemic brain disease. These methods allow for precise delineation of the structural and functional aspects of cerebral blood flow and as such provide valuable information that can inform the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral ischemia, in both the acute and chronic setting.
Nuclear Resonance Study of Gallium-Substituted Yttrium Iron Garnet

Nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) studies have been made of $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ and of $^{69}\mathrm{Ga}$ and $^{71}\mathrm{Ga}$ in gallium-substituted yttrium iron garnet (YIG) as a function of gallium substitution at several temperatures. At 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ studies were made up to 43% gallium substitution, while the gallium nmr studies were made up to 55% substitution. Net-magnetization studies have also been made at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K up to gallium substitutions of 53%. From the $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ nmr studies, as well as the net-magnetization studies, we have obtained approximately the site distribution of the iron ions and the magnetizations for the two sublattices. From the experimental concentration dependence of the $^{71}\mathrm{Ga}$ hyperfine field we find that in pure YIG in the low-temperature limit the contribution to the Ga hyperfine field at the $d$ site from iron ions on neighboring $d$ sites is 0.57 of the contribution from neighboring $a$ sites and oppositely directed.
CourseRank: a social system for course planning

Special-purpose social sites can offer valuable services to well-defined, closed, communities, e.g., in a university or in a corporation. The purpose of this demo is to show the challenges, special features and potential of a focused social system in action through CourseRank, a course evaluation and planning social system.
The Application of Ecological Theory Toward an Understanding of the Human Microbiome

The human-microbial ecosystem plays a variety of important roles in human health and disease. Each person can be viewed as an island-like “patch” of habitat occupied by microbial assemblages formed by the fundamental processes of community ecology: dispersal, local diversification, environmental selection, and ecological drift. Community assembly theory, and metacommunity theory in particular, provides a framework for understanding the ecological dynamics of the human microbiome, such as compositional variability within and between hosts. We explore three core scenarios of human microbiome assembly: development in infants, representing assembly in previously unoccupied habitats; recovery from antibiotics, representing assembly after disturbance; and invasion by pathogens, representing assembly in the context of invasive species. Judicious application of ecological theory may lead to improved strategies for restoring and maintaining the microbiota and the crucial health-associated ecosystem services that it provides.
Tactile relationships in the subway as affected by racial, sexual, and crowded seating situations

Observations of touching behavior were made on New York City's IRT subway line to determine whether homogeneous behavioral patterns exist in the subway. Direct observations of race, sex, and crowding on subway car benches were made. These factors were coded as variables that might affect touching among strangers. The data indicated the presence of tactile avoidance behavior in crowded situations, but statistical significance was achieved only in the case of racial and sexual heterogeneous relationships. The data support Leichty's hypothesis (1975) concerning the existence and operation of universes of touch. The demonstration of patterned interaction challenges the view of subways as environments of heterogeniety. Language: en
Influence of miscut on crystal truncation rod scattering

X-rays can be used to measure the roughness of a surface by the study of crystal truncation rod scattering. It is shown that for a simple cubic lattice the presence of a miscut surface with a regular step array has no effect on the scattered intensity of a single rod and that a distribution of terrace widths on the surface is shown to have the same effect as adding roughness to the surface. For a perfect crystal without miscut, the scattered intensity is the sum of the intensity from all the rods with the same in-plane momentum transfer. For all real crystals, the scattered intensity is better described as that from a single rod. It is shown that data-collection strategies must correctly account for the sample miscut or there is a potential for improperly measuring the rod intensity. This can result in an asymmetry in the rod intensity above and below the Bragg peak, which can be misinterpreted as being due to a relaxation of the surface. The calculations presented here are compared with data for silicon (001) wafers with 0.1 and 4° miscuts.
Analysis of the interaction of human C5a and C5a des arg with human monocytes and neutrophils: Flow cytometric and chemotaxis studies

C5a and C5a des Arg are potent complement-derived mediators that bind receptors on peripheral blood leukocytes and tissue-specific cellular elements to elicit and amplify inflammatory and immunomodulatory reactions. To study the interactions of C5a and C5a des Arg with these cells, fluorescein conjugates of these ligands were prepared by a new technique and their binding to monocytes, neutrophils, platelets, and endothelial cells was studied with flow cytometry. Fluoresceinated C5a produced neutrophil myeloperoxidase release and chemotaxis and also bound rabbit anti-C5a antibody much like native anaphylatoxin; likewise, fluoresceinated C5a des Arg demonstrated retention of biologic and antigenic activities. Both fluorescein-conjugated C5a and C5a des Arg bound to monocytes and neutrophils in a concentration-dependent, saturable, and homogeneous manner, but 10- to 15-fold higher concentrations of C5a des Arg were required to attain saturable binding of these leukocytes. Ligand binding was specifically inhibited by native purified human C5a in a concentration-dependent manner, while it was unaffected by C3a or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-lysine. There was no evidence of a C5a receptor-negative subpopulation of monocytes or neutrophils. Moreover, comparative binding experiments with leukocytes from multiple normal volunteers showed that a greater percentage of monocytes than neutrophils bound C5a at less than saturable concentrations of ligand (P less than 0.05, 0.5 to 5.0 nM). A representative half-maximal binding of fluorescein-conjugated C5a (C5a des Arg) binding to monocytes and neutrophils was 1.2 nM (30 nM) and 2.6 nM (68 nM), respectively. In contrast, fluorescein-conjugated C5a did not specifically bind to human platelets or umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Wide-Band Monopulse Sonar: Processor Performance in the Remote Profiling Application

Monopulse radars are used extensively to track isolated targets to within angular error variances that are very small in comparison with antenna beamwidth. Analogous active sonar configurations (e.g., split-beam sonar) have been in use for several decades, although very little attention has been paid to adaptation of the monopulse concept to accommodate wide-hand operation, or to the angular error variance that is due to a wave phenomenon known in the radar community as "glint." The wide-band adaptation is relatively simple, and permits adjustments in the design of the array processor to reduce glint errors and to avoid anomalous magnification of errors due to ambient noise. This adaptation also has the advantage of being free of angle ambiguities, regardless of the transmitted pulse spectrum. Performance is analyzed for the particular application of remotely measuring the depth/structure profile of the seafloor. Sensitivity to various design parameters is analyzed in detail.
Recursive Bayesian estimation using piece-wise constant approximations

Abstract In Bayesian estimation, the objective is to calculate the complete density function for an unknown quantity conditioned on noisy observations of that quantity. This work considers recursive estimation of a nonlinear discrete-time system state using successive observations. The formal recursion for the density function is easily written, but generally there is no closed form solution. The numerical solution proposed here is obtained by modifying the recursion and using a simple piece-wise constant approximation to the density functions. The approach also allows detailed analysis of error propagation through the algorithm, yielding a bound on the maximum error growth, and a characterization of the situations with potential for large errors. The stability of the algorithm is demonstrated by comparing its long-term performance to a Kalman filter for a linear system with Gaussian noises. Comparison to the point mass algorithm shows improved estimation accuracy, and, for moderately dense grids, faster computation. As an example, the algorithm is applied to a system identification problem, and the results compared to a popular second order minimum variance estimator. The optimal estimate derived from the approximate density is seen to be far superior.
A Proposed Extendable Classification Scheme for Compliant Mechanisms

Limited resources are currently available to assist engineers in implementing compliant members into mechanical designs. As a result, engineers often have little to no direction incorporating compliance, though compliant mechanisms have characteristics that prove to be more advantageous in some circumstances. This paper proposes a classification scheme for compliant elements and mechanisms that can be used to compose a reference source intended to help engineers find existing compliant designs they can incorporate in their own designs. The classification scheme decomposes compliant mechanisms and elements of compliant mechanisms according to their respective functions.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
LYSOPHOSPHOLIPIDS MODULATE CHANNEL FUNCTION BY ALTERING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LIPID BILAYERS

Lipid metabolites, free fatty acids and lysophospholipids, modify the function of membrane proteins including ion channels. Such alterations can occur through signal transduction pathways, but may also result from "direct" effects of the metabolite on the protein. To investigate possible mechanisms for such direct effects, we examined the alterations of gramicidin channel function by lysophospholipids (LPLs): lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), lysophosphatidylserine (LPS), and lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). The experiments were done on planar bilayers formed by diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine in n-decane a system where receptor-mediated effects can be excluded. At aqueous concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), LPLs can increase the dimerization constant for membrane-bound gramicidin up to 500-fold (at 2 microM). The relative potency increases as a function of the size of the polar head group, but does not seem to vary as a function of head group charge. The increased dimerization constant results primarily from an increase in the rate constant for channel formation, which can increase more than 100-fold (in the presence of LPC and LPI), whereas the channel dissociation rate constant decreases only about fivefold. The LPL effect cannot be ascribed to an increased membrane fluidity, which would give rise to an increased channel dissociation rate constant. The ability of LPC to decrease the channel dissociation rate constant varies as a function of channel length (which is always less than the membrane's equilibrium thickness): as the channel length is decreased, the potency of LPC is increased. LPC has no effect on membrane thickness or the surface tension of monolayers at the air/electrolyte interface. The bilayer-forming glycerolmonooleate does not decrease the channel dissociation rate constant. These results show that LPLs alter gramicidin channel function by altering the membrane deformation energy, and that the changes in deformation energy can be related to the molecular "shape" of the membrane-modifying compounds. Similar alterations in the mechanical properties of biological membranes may form a general mechanism by which one can alter membrane protein function.
EPIQ-efficient detection of SNP-SNP epistatic interactions for quantitative traits.

Motivation: Gene–gene interactions are of potential biological and medical interest, as they can shed light on both the inheritance mechanism of a trait and on the underlying biological mechanisms. Evidence of epistatic interactions has been reported in both humans and other organisms. Unlike single-locus genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which proved efficient in detecting numerous genetic loci related with various traits, interaction-based GWAS have so far produced very few reproducible discoveries. Such studies introduce a great computational and statistical burden by necessitating a large number of hypotheses to be tested including all pairs of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Thus, many software tools have been developed for interaction-based case–control studies, some leading to reliable discoveries. For quantitative data, on the other hand, only a handful of tools exist, and the computational burden is still substantial. Results: We present an efficient algorithm for detecting epistasis in quantitative GWAS, achieving a substantial runtime speedup by avoiding the need to exhaustively test all SNP pairs using metric embedding and random projections. Unlike previous metric embedding methods for case–control studies, we introduce a new embedding, where each SNP is mapped to two Euclidean spaces. We implemented our method in a tool named EPIQ (EPIstasis detection for Quantitative GWAS), and we show by simulations that EPIQ requires hours of processing time where other methods require days and sometimes weeks. Applying our method to a dataset from the Ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health study, we discovered a pair of SNPs with a near-significant interaction (P = 2.2 × 10−13), in only 1.5 h on 10 processors. Availability: https://github.com/yaarasegre/EPIQ Contact: li.ca.uat.tsop@nareh
Multicultural Counseling: A 10-Year Content Analysis of the Journal of Counseling & Development.

The emphasis on multicultural counseling during the past 20 years has influenced the increase in scholarly publications on this topic. The authors report the findings of a content analysis of 102 multicultural-centered articles. Journal of Counseling & Development issues spanning 1990–2001 were evaluated. Findings are reported for methodology, populations discussed, applied settings, and authors' roles and institutional affiliations. Findings indicate that there has been an increase of multicultural-focused publications since 1990 and that publications are more exploratory and developmental rather than pathology-oriented.
Regional party system, causal attribution, and economic voting in new democracies: The case of the 2007 Korean presidential election

How do citizens in new democracies locate the target of responsibility for economic conditions, and how do political cleavages mediate citizens’ attribution process and their consequences? To answe...
Cerebellar neoplasms in children

EOPLASIA in children is uncommon; yet, the most common site for the occurrence of solid neoplasms in children is the central nervous system.’ The present incidence is approximately 2.5 central nervous system tumors per 100,000 children per year. Pediatric brain tumors, in fact, constitute 15% to 20% of all primary brain tumors. However, unlike the situation in the adult population, the posterior fossa is a common location for primary brain tumors to occur.2*3 Approximately one half of the childhood cases are discovered in the posterior fossa. The vast majority of these arise in either the parenchyma of the cerebellum (hemispheres or vermis), or the linings of the fourth ventricle (eg, the primitive neuroectodermal tumor/medulloblastoma, cerebellar astrocytoma, ependymoma). A small, though not insignificant, proportion of posterior fossa neoplasms in children arise within the
Dogs are more permissive than cats or guinea pigs to experimental infection with a human isolate of Bartonella rochalimae.

Bartonella rochalimae was first isolated from the blood of a human who traveled to Peru and was exposed to multiple insect bites. Foxes and dogs are likely natural reservoirs for this bacterium. We report the results of experimental inoculation of two dogs, five cats and six guinea pigs with the only human isolate of this new Bartonella species. Both dogs became bacteremic for 5-7 weeks, with a peak of 10 3 -10 4 colony forming units (CFU)/mL blood. Three cats had low bacteremia levels (< 200 CFU/mL) of 6-8 weeks' duration. One cat that remained seronegative had two bacterial colonies isolated at a single culture time point. A fifth cat never became bacteremic, but seroconverted. None of the guinea pigs became bacteremic, but five seroconverted. These results suggest that dogs could be a reservoir of this strain of B. rochalimae, in contrast to cats and guinea pigs. Bartonella rochalimae / dogs / cats / guinea pigs / zoonosis
Infantile acne as the initial sign of an adrenocortical tumor

A 23-month-old boy with persistent acne since 6 months of age had signs of virilization and accelerated growth. Hormone evaluation indicated increased levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone. Ultrasound and abdominal computed tomographic scan revealed a large adrenal mass consistent with an adrenocortical tumor. The patient underwent surgical excision of the well-encapsulated tumor with normalization of his hormones and no subsequent recurrence. Although rare, childhood adrenocortical tumors have a poor prognosis, with the majority of tumors having regional and metastatic disease. Because early diagnosis and complete surgical excision improve prognosis, children with refractory infantile acne should be evaluated for signs of virilization and accelerated growth. Laboratory evaluation should include luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, total and free testosterone cortisol, DHEA, and its sulfate (DHEA-S). Elevated levels of DHEA and DHEA-S should prompt an aggressive diagnostic evaluation for an adrenocortical tumor.
Experimenting With Teacher Professional Development: Motives and Methods

A strong base of research is needed to guide investments in teacher professional development (PD). This article considers the status of research on PD and articulates a particular direction for future work. Little is known about whether PD can have a positive impact on achievement when a program is delivered across a range of typical settings and when its delivery depends on multiple trainers. Despite a consensus in the literature on the features of effective PD, there is limited evidence on the specific features that make a difference for achievement. This article explains the benefits offered by experiments in addressing current research needs and—for those conducting and interpreting such studies—discusses the unique methodological issues encountered when experimental methods are applied to the study of PD.