cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review: Counter Space: Design and the Modern Kitchen

Counter Space: Design and the Modern Kitchen . Museum of Modern Art, New York. 15 September 2010–2 May 2011 Drawn from the Museum of Modern Art's holdings in design, art, and film, Counter Space highlights the 1926–27 Frankfurt Kitchen, designed for the large public housing projects of that German city. While the curator Juliet Kinchin and curatorial assistant Aidan O'Connor claim in the wall text to explore "the twentieth-century transformation of the kitchen as a barometer of changing technologies, aesthetics, and ideologies," the exhibit offers surprisingly little political analysis of gender stereotypes and the domestic workplace. It recapitulates dominant ideas about woman's proper place—at home working in the "efficient" private kitchen—without the context of feminist critiques and collective alternatives created over the last century and a half. The curators emphasize design and technology in a crowded exhibit divided into four parts: "Toward the Modern Kitchen," "The New Kitchen," "Visions of Plenty," and "Kitchen Sink Dramas." Kitchen design was the subject of intense controversy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as part of debates about how public and private life would be defined in an urban, industrial society. For example, Melusina Fay Peirce's Cambridge Cooperative Housekeeping Society, Ellen Swallow Richards's New England Kitchen, and Alva Myrdal and Sven Markelius's Collective House in Stockholm provided alternative visions of the kitchen as collective infrastructure to support women's full involvement in paid employment and public life. Peirce and her collaborators worked together to provide cooked food and clean laundry to husbands for cash on delivery in 1869; Richards taught at MIT and designed large-scale equipment for community kitchens staffed by women scientists within neighborhoods or settlement houses in 1890; Myrdal and Markelius built an apartment house with …
Evaluating Educational Interventions That Induce Service Receipt: A Case Study Application of "City Connects".

Educational interventions are complex: Often they combine a diagnostic component (identifying student need) with a service component (ensuring appropriate educational resources are provided). This ...
Comparing cal3 and other a posteriori time-scaling approaches in a case study with the pterocephaliid trilobites

Abstract. Reconstructing the tree of life involvesmore than identifying relationships among lineages; it also entails accurately estimating when lineages diverged. Paleontologists typically scale cladograms to time a posteriori by direct reference to first appearances of taxa in the stratigraphic record. Some approaches use probabilistic models of branching, extinction, and sampling processes to date samples of trees, such as the recently developed cal3 method, which stochastically draws divergence dates given a set of rates for those processes. However, these models require estimates of the rates of those processes, which may be hard to obtain, particularly for sampling. Here, we contrast the use of cal3 and other a posteriori time-scaling approaches by examining a previous study that documented a decelerating rate of morphological evolution in pterocephaliid trilobites. Although aspects of the data set make estimation of branching, extinction, and sampling rates difficult, we use a multifaceted approach...
SHMemCache: Enabling Memcached on the OpenSHMEM Global Address Model

Memcached is a popular key-value memory store for big data applications. Its performance is directly related to the underlying run-time systems including the communication protocols. OpenSHMEM is a strong run-time system that supports data access to both local and remote memory through a simple shared-memory addressing model. In view of the communication compatibilities between Memcached and OpenSHMEM, we propose to integrate the programmability and portability of OpenSHMEM for supporting Memcached on a wide variety of HPC systems. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of SHMemCache, an OpenSHMEM-based communication conduit for Memcached, which can expand the deployment scope of Memcached to various leadership facilities with OpenSHMEM run-time.
Class II members of the poly(A) binding protein family exhibit distinct functions during Arabidopsis growth and development

The poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) binds to the poly(A) tail of eukaryotic cellular mRNAs and contributes to their stability and translational efficiency. In plants, PABP is expressed from an unusually large gene family grouped into 3 classes that expanded during the evolution of land plants. Subsequent to expansion of the family, members diverged in their primary sequence and in expression. Further expansion of the family and divergence of its members in the Brassicaceae demonstrate the continued dynamic evolution of PABP in plants. In this study, the function of the widely-expressed class II PABP family members was examined to determine how individual class II members contribute to plant growth and development. Of the 3 class II PABP members, PAB2 and PAB4 contribute most to vegetative growth and vegetative-to-floral transition whereas PAB2, and the recently-evolved third class II member, PAB8, contribute to inflorescence and silique growth. Interestingly, although class I and class III PABP members are expressed specifically in reproductive organs, class II PABP members are also necessary for fertility in that the combinatorial loss of PAB2 and either PAB4 or PAB8 expression resulted in reduced fertility. Although all 3 class II members are required for protein expression, PAB4 contributes most to the steady-state level of a reporter mRNA and to protein expression. These findings suggest that class II PABP members are partially overlapping in function but also involved in distinct aspects of plant growth and development.
The Use of Digital Educational Technology and Third Spaces with Foreign-Born Latinos

ABSTRACTThis article addresses the concept of educational third spaces that move beyond the paternalistic concept of a teacher as a font of knowledge filling the empty vessels of the students’ minds, especially for foreign-born Latino (FBL) students. These students often struggle and lag behind their native-born peers as they master the new language of instruction while acculturating to a new and challenging environment. However, as digital natives, current elementary FBL students have the potential to empower themselves via the use of educational technology. In organic third spaces, educational technology can foster active learning and personal empowerment.
γ — γ Coincidence Method for Measuring Resonance Escape Probability in U238 Lattices

(1960). γ — γ Coincidence Method for Measuring Resonance Escape Probability in U238 Lattices. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 479-480.
SEPARABLE AND POLYNOMIAL GAMES

This chapter discusses separable and polynomial games. The special properties of polynomial games do not translate into results concerning general continuous games. However, the theory of polynomial games extends to the class of all separable games. There are very few actual situations that can be represented in terms of separable games. The chapter discusses the duality theory of convex cones and the facial dimensions of convex sets. It also reviews the dimension relations for solutions of finite convex games. The method of dual convex cones is the familiar interplay between points of a convex cone and its planes of support. The duality relations between convex cones is useful in furnishing a geometrical representation of strategies for finite convex games from which the bounds on the spectrums of the optimal strategies can be deduced.
Generating Rasch-based activity of daily living measures from the Spinal Cord Injury Longitudinal Aging Study

Retrospective Longitudinal Study. (1) To determine whether the Spinal Cord Injury Activities of Daily Living (SCI_ADL) measure shows adequate item-level and precision psychometrics; (2) to investigate whether the SCI_ADL measure effectively detects ADL changes across time; (3) to describe self-care task(s) participants can and cannot do across time. Two Midwestern hospitals and 1 Southeastern specialty hospital in 1993. All participants were adults with traumatic SCI of at least 1-year duration at enrollment. We used 20-year (1993–2013) retrospective longitudinal data and categorized participants into three injury levels: C1–C4 (cervical; n=50), C5–C8 (n=126) and T1–S5 (thoracic, lumbar and sacral; n=168). We first examined psychometrics of the SCI_ADL with factor and Rasch analyses; then we investigated longitudinal change of SCI_ADL scores at three time points over 20 years (1993, 2003 and 2013) using generalized linear mixed modeling and post hoc analyses. The SCI_ADL measure demonstrated unidimensionality, person strata of 2.9, high Cronbach’s α (0.93) and fair person reliability (0.76). T1–S5 had the highest measures, following C5–C8 and C1–C4 at three time points (P<0.05). The C1–C4 and T1–S5 groups showed significant decreases from 2003 to 2013; however, none of the three groups showed significant differences from 1993 to 2003 (P<0.05). The SCI_ADL measure could detect longitudinal ADL changes of the population with SCI across time. The C1–C4 group decreased the most in ADLs, indicating higher need of long-term services and rehabilitation.
Community in Crisis: Confronting Our Heroin Epidemic and Leveraging Community Engagement to Address a Pressing Issue

In the fall of 2015, Northern Kentucky University began a sustained, multidimensional effort to explore our region’s devastating heroin epidemic. The goal was to engage NKU’s students, faculty, and staff with the community through public dialogue, experiential learning, and research. Taken together, our engagements would contribute to public understanding of the crisis and its scope, as well as to evidence-based solutions in every relevant sector, including social and human services, education, public policy, and health care. The initiative began as all such engagement should: with the university listening to the community and then structuring our plans according to that counsel. The purpose of this article is to describe this effort and its outcomes, thus providing a template for colleges and universities wishing to engage deeply around an important community topic.
Cognitive Development and Clinical Interventions

Achenbach (1978b) noted that the vast majority of research on child psychopathology is influenced more by adult treatment models than by a developmental perspective. He asserted that children must be considered in terms of developmental progressions along physical, social, and cognitive dimensions. Researchers and practitioners alike need to become more aware of “normal” developmental sequences and to understand the relationship of their interventions to the current and future states of the changing child.
Lotfi Zadeh, Fuzzy Sets, and I: A Personal Odyssey

When I immigrated to the United States in 1966 (see [1] for details), I was fortunate to begin my academic career at UCLA. Although I taught courses in computer architecture and design, I was primarily interested at that time in developing a general theory of systems. This motivated me to arrange a meeting with Lotfi Zadeh in Berkeley shortly after I settled in Los Angeles. I knew and admired his work in system theory, and I wanted to exchange ideas with him in this area. The meeting went very well. When I was about to leave, he mentioned that he had just embarked on research in a radically new area – a theory of fuzzy sets. He gave me a signed reprint of his paper, published just a few months before my visit, in which he outlined basic ideas of this envisioned new area [2]. This was my first acquaintance with Lotfi Zadeh and with fuzzy sets, which influenced my academic life in a profound way. As is explained later, fuzzy set theory has eventually become one of my primary research interests, and Lotfi and I have developed a close relationship and friendship.
The principles of representative government: Direct democracy and representation: selection of officials in Athens

Representative government gives no institutional role to the assembled people. That is what most obviously distinguishes it from the democracy of the ancient city-states. However, an analysis of the Athenian regime, the best-known example of classical democracy, shows that a further feature (one less often commented on) also separates representative democracy from so-called direct democracy. In the Athenian democracy, many important powers were not in the hands of the assembled people. Certain functions were performed by elected magistrates. But what is particularly remarkable is that most of the tasks not done by the Assembly were entrusted to citizens selected by a drawing of lots. By contrast, none of the representative governments set up in the last two centuries has ever used lot to assign even one modicum of political power, whether sovereign or executive, central or local. Representation has only been associated with the system of election, sometimes in combination with heredity (as in constitutional monarchies), but never with lot. So consistent and universal a phenomenon ought to invite attention and indeed scrutiny. It cannot be accounted for, as can the absence of the popular assembly, by material constraints alone. To explain why representative governments grant no role to the assembly of citizens, authors usually talk about the size of modern states. It is simply not possible, in political entities so much larger and more populous than the city states of Antiquity, to bring all the citizens together in one place to deliberate and make decisions as a body. Inevitably, therefore, the function of government is performed by a number of individuals smaller than the totality of citizens.
Managing Clinical Appointments in an Academic Medical Center

According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, roughly 40% of all outpatient visits in the US are made to teaching hospitals. The educational mission of these settings adds stages to the care delivery process and, in some instances leads to a system which is a hybrid between a single and two-server queue. We consider the problem of determining appointment schedules for these settings which explicitly account for the teaching mission, high no-show rate, a blending of patient types, highly variable processing times, processing in multiple stages, processing times that are not independent across stages, and a dynamic policy regarding the involvement of a medical trainee. We formulate the resulting problem and develop structural results. We then use properties of the optimization problem to develop an intuitive Cyclic scheduling approach, which bundles multiple patients into each Cycle. The application of our modeling framework is illustrated for the AMC clinic that motivated this work.
The Relational Costs of Free Legal Services

At the same time that government funding for civil legal services has decreased, large law firms have increasingly invested substantial financial resources into pro bono legal services. Although these investments have expanded the availability of free legal representation, they have caused other problems that can be broadly grouped into two categories. The first is that nonprofit legal services organizations (“NLSOs”) face undue costs when they collaborate with law firms. The second is that the increasing involvement of law firms tends to produce a mismatch between the needs of the poor and the kinds of matters that receive free legal representation. Scholars have primarily explained these problems by examining law firm motivations for engaging in pro bono work but have yet to explore the structure of pro bono relationships between firms and NLSOs and its effects on legal services. The literature posits that the core purpose of NLSOs is to provide quality legal services to the poor. It would follow that NLSOs only engage in pro bono relationships that do not compromise this purpose. However, NLSOs engage in pro bono relationships that appear to contravene their core purpose. This Article draws on qualitative empirical data to show how institutional relationships increase inequality in legal services, how this inequality is generated, and what can be done to alleviate it. Findings suggest that NLSOs respond to law firms’ strong interest in pro bono work and board seats virtually regardless of the quality of pro bono work or costs to NLSOs. This Article argues that this structure contributes to problems in the delivery of legal services. It also provides macro, meso, and micro analyses of the incentive structures of law firms and NLSOs, and makes corresponding proposals for reallocating power to increase competition. It uses the literature on power in organizational sociology to explain why NLSOs are generally unable to force law firms to compete.
Hiatal and Paraesophageal Hernia (Open and MIS Approaches)

This chapter describes the surgical procedure for repair of hiatal and paraesophageal hernia as performed by the following approaches: open and laparoscopic. The text includes an introduction that outlines the indications, risks, alternatives, essential steps, needed equipment, and variations in technique for the procedure in question. This is followed by a template operative dictation, which provides the reader with an operative report, such as is found in a patient chart or electronic medical record. A description is provided of the following critical concepts for this procedure: abdominal access, exposure of the hiatus with division of phrenoesophageal membrane, dissection of the greater curve, identification of the vagi, mediastinal dissection, crural re-approximation, with or without mesh reinforcement, fundoplication, and abdominal closure.
Magnetotail Reconnection at Jupiter: A Survey of Juno Magnetic Field Observations.

At Jupiter, tail reconnection is thought to be driven by an internal mass loading and release process called the Vasyliunas cycle. Galileo data have shown hundreds of reconnection events occurring in Jupiter's magnetotail. Here we present a survey of reconnection events observed by Juno during its first 16 orbits of Jupiter (July 2016-October 2018). The events are identified using Juno magnetic field data, which facilitates comparison to the Vogt et al. (2010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA015098) survey of reconnection events from Galileo magnetometer data, but we present data from Juno's other particle and fields instruments for context. We searched for field dipolarizations or reversals and found 232 reconnection events in the Juno data, most of which featured an increase in |B θ |, the magnetic field meridional component, by a factor of 3 over background values. We found that most properties of the Juno reconnection events, like their spatial distribution and duration, are comparable to Galileo, including the presence of a ~3-day quasi-periodicity in the recurrence of Juno tail reconnection events and in Juno JEDI, JADE, and Waves data. However, unlike with Galileo we were unable to clearly define a statistical x-line separating planetward and tailward Juno events. A preliminary analysis of plasma velocities during five magnetic field reconnection events showed that the events were accompanied by fast radial flows, confirming our interpretation of these magnetic signatures as reconnection events. We anticipate that a future survey covering other Juno datasets will provide additional insight into the nature of tail reconnection at Jupiter.
Abstract IA17: Comprehensive genomic profiling of cell-free DNA enables treatment response monitoring

Liquid biopsies have advanced significantly over the past decade but are still not routinely used to guide patient care. Part of the reason is that prospective clinical trials will be needed to demonstrate clinical utility, but detection sensitivity also needs to improve. For instance, liquid biopsies are not yet capable of discerning which patients need surgery after neoadjuvant treatment or which patients need adjuvant treatment right after surgery. They are also not yet sensitive enough to determine whether it is safe to stop therapy, as BCR-ABL testing has shown for patients with CML. We reason that 1,000-fold higher detection sensitivity (10−6) will be required to provide sufficient dynamic range to guide treatment decisions in most patients. One way to improve detection sensitivity is to track more mutations per patient. This is because when tumor fraction is low in the bloodstream, only some mutations will be drawn in a blood tube, and the sampling of mutations will be random. Yet, each patient’s cancer is unique, with mutations scattered throughout the genome, and existing technologies are not well suited for tracking large numbers of distinct mutations. Conventional sequencing has an error rate of 10−3 and methods that repeatedly sequence each fragment, or model noise in normal samples, can achieve 10−4 to 10−5 but are not robust to spontaneous errors. Duplex sequencing is the most accurate method for mutation detection (10−6) but requires extremely deep sequencing to form a consensus of sense strands of each cfDNA duplex, which makes it highly inefficient and costly. In my talk, I will first describe our team’s efforts to thoroughly optimize duplex sequencing for accurate tracking of large mutation fingerprints. I will show that detection limits up to 100-fold better than ddPCR can be achieved in serial dilution series, and that this enables treatment response monitoring in patients treated for early-stage breast cancer. I will then describe a new method to improve the efficiency of duplex sequencing using mutation enrichment. I will show that it is possible to track tens of thousands of distinct mutations in cfDNA using up to 1000-fold less sequencing, and that this enables 1000-fold better detection limit than ddPCR. In all, we believe that the improved dynamic range, afforded by the higher accuracy and efficiency in cfDNA sequencing, could make treatment response monitoring feasible for more cancer patients. Citation Format: Viktor Adalsteinsson. Comprehensive genomic profiling of cell-free DNA enables treatment response monitoring [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Liquid Biopsies; Jan 13-16, 2020; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(11_Suppl):Abstract nr IA17.
Increasing Incidence of Anaplasmosis in the United States, 2012 Through 2016

Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease that is primarily caused by the rickettsial bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Anaplasmosis is a febrile disease with common symptoms, including headaches, fever, and lethargy, but it can cause serious organ failure and even death if left untreated. Human infections are reported annually to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). This report analyzed the cases of anaplasmosis reported by the NNDSS from 2012 to 2016. In total, there were 15,778 reported A. phagocytophilum infections, and the incidence rate was 7.27 cases per million persons per year, with the number of reported cases increasing each year. The demographic group most affected was middle-aged and elderly white males. Infections were most abundant in the coastal northeast and northern midwest regions. Our study provides useful results for a basic understanding of incidence, distribution, and severity of A. phagocytophilum infections.
Gallbladder, Gallstones, and Diseases of the Gallbladder in Children.

1. Deborah A. Goldman, MD* 1. *Pediatric Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH Pediatric providers should have a heightened awareness of gallbladder diseases in children, which have increased in incidence during the past few decades. After completing this review, readers should be able to: 1. Understand gallbladder issues in children. 2. Understand what pediatric population is at increased risk for cholelithiasis. 3. Be able to recognize the signs and symptoms associated with gallstone disease in children. 4. Know what treatments are available and when to refer for surgery. 5. Understand the concepts associated with other diseases of the gallbladder. There is an increased incidence of gallstones in the pediatric population, most likely due to the rise of childhood obesity. There needs to be increased awareness of gallstones in this population and of other risk factors associated with gallstone formation in children. Diseases of the gallbladder have been known to occur since antiquity, with models of the gallbladder and biliary tree dating back thousands of years. In fact, gallstones have been found in mummies from ancient Egypt. Some historians have even postulated that Alexander the Great died of an acute episode of cholecystitis. Although this organ has been described for centuries in historical medical accounts, it has only been in the past 100 years that the function and diseases of the gallbladder have been better recognized. The incidence of these disorders is relatively uncommon in children compared with adults. However, during the past several decades there has been increased recognition of diseases of the gallbladder, including gallstones, in the pediatric population. This may stem from the abrupt rise in childhood obesity, which carries an increased risk of gallstone formation. Therefore, there needs to be awareness among pediatric providers about gallbladder disease …
Feasibility of Volatile Biomarker-Based Detection of Pythium Leak in Postharvest Stored Potato Tubers Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry.

The study evaluates the suitability of a field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) system for early detection of the Pythium leak disease in potato tubers simulating bulk storage conditions. Tubers of Ranger Russet (RR) and Russet Burbank (RB) cultivars were inoculated with Pythium ultimum, the causal agent of Pythium leak (with negative control samples as well) and placed in glass jars. The headspace in sampling jars was scanned using the FAIMS system at regular intervals (in days up to 14 and 31 days for the tubers stored at 25 °C and 4 °C, respectively) to acquire ion mobility current profiles representing the volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Principal component analysis plots revealed that VOCs ion peak profiles specific to Pythium ultimum were detected for the cultivars as early as one day after inoculation (DAI) at room temperature storage condition, while delayed detection was observed for tubers stored at 4 °C (RR: 5th DAI and RB: 10th DAI), possibly due to a slower disease progression at a lower temperature. There was also some overlap between control and inoculated samples at a lower temperature, which could be because of the limited volatile release. Additionally, data suggested that the RB cultivar might be less susceptible to Pythium ultimum under reduced temperature storage conditions. Disease symptom-specific critical compensation voltage (CV) and dispersion field (DF) from FAIMS responses were in the ranges of −0.58 to −2.97 V and 30–84% for the tubers stored at room temperature, and −0.31 to −2.97 V and 28–90% for reduced temperature, respectively. The ion current intensities at −1.31 V CV and 74% DF showed distinctive temporal progression associated with healthy control and infected tuber samples.
Optimal Title Search

In the U.S., title to land is protected by a system of public records that would-be buyers must consult in order to ensure that they are dealing with the true owner. Search is a costly process, however, especially as one goes back in time and the records deteriorate. This paper uses a sequential search model to determine how far back in time buyers should search. We find that in general, search of the entire record is not optimal, which implies that optimal search does not establish title with certainty. We test the model using state statutes and search guidelines that limit the required length of title search. Our results show that the search limits vary across states according to the predictions of the model.
Longitudinal trends of the small mammal community of the Apostle Islands archipelago

Documenting longitudinal changes in small mammal communities provides insights into ecosystem dynamics. We examined changes in small mammal communities of the Apostle Islands archipelago (Wisconsin, USA) since the establishment of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore in 1970. We trapped small mammals from 20 of the 22 islands of the archipelago (2017–2020) and compared those results to historical (1961–2004) records. Microtus pennsylvanicus (p = 0.0076) and Sorex cinereus (p = 0.0268) exhibited significant changes in distribution. Microtus pennsylvanicus was likely extirpated from 10 of the 11 islands where it was previously detected, while S. cinereus increased in distribution. Peromyscus spp. colonized at least three islands since the establishment of the National Lakeshore, potentially through human-facilitated dispersal (i.e., boating, kayaking). Myodes gapperi remained widespread and abundant. Recent trends (2003–2004 to 2017–2020) in abundance indicated that S. cinereus may be declining locally on the islands, whereas Tamiasciurus hudsonicus may be increasing. Community diversity was driven by island size, regardless of variation over time. Long-term changes in small mammal populations across the archipelago likely reflect reduction of human extractive activities following the establishment of the National Lakeshore and the corresponding succession of vegetative communities. Our work suggests that even though small mammal communities of the archipelago have changed over time, larger islands may be able to better retain species that have been lost on others; therefore, island size remains an important predictor of community diversity.
Splenic artery embolization with N-butyl cyanoacrylate in patients with blunt abdominal trauma:

IntroductionSplenic artery embolization (SAE) has been shown to be safe and effective for non-operative management of patients with splenic trauma while preserving splenic function. A variety of co...
A New Nonparametric Estimate of the Risk-Neutral Density with Application to Variance Swap

In this paper, we develop a new nonparametric approach for estimating the risk-neutral density of asset price and reformulate its estimation into a double-constrained optimization problem. We implement our approach in R and evaluate it using the S&P 500 market option prices from 1996 to 2015. A comprehensive cross-validation study shows that our approach outperforms the existing nonparametric quartic B-spline and cubic spline methods, as well as the parametric method based on the Normal Inverse Gaussian distribution. More specifically, our approach is capable of recovering option prices much better over a broad spectrum of strikes and expirations. While the other methods essentially fail for long-term options (1 year or 2 years to maturity), our approach still works reasonably well. As an application, we use the proposed density estimator to price long-term variance swaps, and our prices match reasonably well with those of the variance future downloaded from the Chicago Board Options Exchange website.
Die Problematik der Führungsrolle in zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen

Vor einigen Jahren war die Welt und vor allem Amerika Zeuge eines politischen Dramas, das sich als wahre Tragodie abspielte. Brachte dieser Fall nicht ein gewisses Verstandnis der Machtkonflikte unter einflusreichen Menschen mitsich, hatte man ruhig die Uberlegungen daruber an dem Punkt einstellen konnen, wo das menschliche Interesse erschopft war und die tiefere Bedeutung dieses Falles fur das Fuhrungswesen beginnt. Ich beziehe mich hier auf den Fall Adlai Stevenson, der durch einen Artikel von Stewart Alsop und Charles Bartlett in der Saturday Evening Post an die Offentlichkeit gebracht wurde1.
Mommy Made Me Do It: Mothering Fat Children in the Midst of the Obesity Epidemic

AbstractThis article examines current trends in court cases, advice manuals and political campaigns that blame parents, and mothers more specifically, for their child's weight. The article suggests that the current political climate for overweight children and their mothers is harmful in ways often overlooked during discussions of childhood obesity and that in order to truly understand what is best for large children we must earnestly examine what might be unintentional yet problematic consequences of how the childhood obesity epidemic is being discussed.
Defective Proteasome Delivery of Polyubiquitinated Proteins by Ubiquilin-2 Proteins Containing ALS Mutations

Ubiquilin proteins facilitate delivery of ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome for degradation. Interest in the proteins has been heightened by the discovery that gene mutations in UBQLN2 cause dominant inheritance of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the mechanisms by which the mutations cause ALS are not known. Here we report on the underlying defect of ubiquilin-2 proteins containing ALS-linked mutations in affecting proteasome-mediated degradation. We found that overexpression of ubiquilin-2 proteins containing any one of five different ALS mutations slow degradation of Myc, a prototypic proteasome substrate. Examination of coprecipitating proteins indicated that the mutant proteins are generally capable of binding polyubiquitinated proteins, but defective in binding the proteasome. GST-pulldown studies revealed that many of the mutants bind weaker to the S5a subunit of the proteasome, compared with wild type (WT) ubiquilin-2 protein. The results suggest the mutant proteins are unable to deliver their captured cargo to the proteasome for degradation, which presumably leads to toxicity. Quantification of cell death is consistent with this idea. Measurement of protein turnover further indicated the mutant proteins have longer half-lives than WT ubiquilin-2. Our studies provide novel insight into the mechanism by which ALS-linked mutations in UBQLN2 interfere with protein degradation.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BACTERIAL CULTURES AND COLONY COUNTS IN PAIRED SPECIMENS OF URINE OBTAINED BY CATHETER VERSUS VOIDING FROM NORMAL INFANTS AND INFANTS WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTION

Bacteriologic studies, including cultures and colony counts, of catheterized and voided specimens of urine from infants (all under 2 years of age) were carried out in three groups: Group I, paired specimens (catheter and clean-voided); Group II, random non-clean-voided specimens; Group III, clean-voided and catheter specimens in a group of infants with clinical evidence of urinary tract infection. In 70% of the Group I patients there was complete "diagnostic" correlation between catheter and clean-voided specimens if one accepts the figure of 1,000 colonies/ml of urine as the dividing line between a true bacteriuria and contamination, as established in this clinic for those over 2 years of age. While a 96% "diagnostic" correlation between clean-voided and catheter specimens is observed if the line between "contamination" and "infection" is placed at 10,000 colonies/ml, and this figure corresponds to the 98% correlation figure found in the group over 2 years of age, it is our feeling that the critical count should remain at 1,000 colonies/ml of urine for both infants and children. Repeat examination of clean-voided or catheter specimens should resolve all equivocal findings. Proper "strapping" of boy and girl infants after careful cleansing of perineum, vulva or prepuce and glans will provide satisfactory samples of urine for bacteriologic study. Where doubtful results are obtained, the study of more than one specimen of urine is absolutely necessary. Catheterization, under certain circumstances, may be necessary to clarify doubtful findings, but this should be carried out with the full realization of the risk of introducing infection.
Apparent in vivo pathway of granulosis virus invasion and infection.

The invasion and ensuing replication of an insect granulosis virus in Trichoplusia ni is described.
Thought Disorder in Preschool Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Preschool identification of and intervention for psychiatric symptoms has the potential for lifelong benefits. However, preschool identification of thought disorder, a symptom associated with long term risk for social and cognitive dysfunction, has received little attention with previous work limited to examining preschoolers with severe emotional and behavioral dysregulation. Using story-stem methodology, 12 children with ADHD and 12 children without ADHD, ages 4.0-6.0 years were evaluated for thought disorder. Thought disorder was reliably assessed (Cronbach's alpha = .958). Children with ADHD were significantly more likely than children without ADHD to exhibit thought disorder (75 vs 25 %; Fischer's Exact Test = .0391). Thought disorder can be reliably assessed in preschool children and is present in preschool children with psychiatric illness including preschool children with ADHD. Thought disorder may be identifiable in preschool years across a broad range of psychiatric illnesses and thus may be an appropriate target of intervention.
Typing of group B streptococci: comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and conventional electrophoresis.

The SmaI restriction endonuclease digestion patterns of chromosomal DNAs from 35 group B streptococci were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Nineteen different patterns and four possible variants were identified. Twenty-four isolates were previously analyzed by conventional electrophoresis of HindIII-digested and/or BglII plus EcoRI double-digested chromosomal DNA. Although interpretations by both methods were essentially the same, PFGE identified as variants two isolates that were previously classified as the same isolate. More importantly, PFGE of the chromosomal DNA of group B streptococci digested with SmaI generated more easily defined patterns, since fewer and better separated bands were obtained, whereas digestion with HindIII or EcoRI plus BglII typically generated 100 or more bands. SalI digestion also yielded easily evaluable results, although the SalI fragments were somewhat smaller than those generated by SmaI. In our hands, PFGE patterns were more easily discerned and interpreted than were patterns previously generated by conventional electrophoresis. Images
Home Foreclosure and Child Protective Services Involvement.

OBJECTIVE: We estimated associations between experiencing a home foreclosure filing and experiencing a child protective services (CPS) investigation or substantiation. METHODS: We linked a large sample drawn from administrative data on foreclosure filings, CPS involvement, and participation in a host of other public programs for >60 000 Wisconsin households over a 4-year period from 2008 to 2011. Our empirical analyses used piecewise exponential survival models to estimate the risk of CPS involvement (investigation or substantiation) as a function of a home foreclosure filing and a set of individual and household characteristics. We fitted these models with and without the inclusion of propensity score weights. RESULTS: Households that experienced a foreclosure filing had a much higher probability of CPS involvement. This was true in the year before the filing as well as the year after the foreclosure filing. However, these associations were generally largest in the period before or shortly afterward. CONCLUSIONS: Experiencing a foreclosure filing is associated with increased CPS involvement. However, it is not clear that this association is driven by the foreclosure filing action itself. Rather, increased risk of CPS involvement is apparent during the process of moving toward the filing as well as the year or so after the filing, both of which are likely characterized by limited economic resources as well as by financial and other stress.
Comparison of rapidly acting intramuscular olanzapine, lorazepam, and placebo: a double-blind, randomized study in acutely agitated patients with dementia.

This double-blind study investigated the efficacy and safety of rapid-acting intramuscular olanzapine in treating agitation associated with Alzheimer's disease and/or vascular dementia. At 2 h, olanzapine (5.0 mg, 2.5 mg) and lorazepam (1.0 mg) showed significant improvement over placebo on the PANSS Excited Component (PANSS-EC) and Agitation–Calmness Evaluation Scale (ACES), and both 5.0 mg olanzapine and lorazepam showed superiority to placebo on the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory. At 24 h, both olanzapine groups maintained superiority over placebo on the PANSS-EC; lorazepam did not. Olanzapine (5.0 mg) and lorazepam improved ACES scores more than placebo. Simpson–Angus and Mini-Mental State Examination scores did not change significantly from baseline. Sedation (ACES ⩾8), adverse events, and laboratory analytes were not significantly different from placebo for any treatment. No significant differences among treatment groups were seen in extrapyramidal symptoms or in corrected QT interval at either 2 h or 24 h, and no significant differences among treatment groups were seen in vital signs, including orthostasis. Intramuscular injection of olanzapine may therefore provide substantial benefit in rapidly treating inpatients with acute dementia-related agitation.
Against customer service.

Abstract This essay examines the nature of service in medicine and the relationship between service and profit. “Customer service medicine” is identified with the interrelated views that 1) profit is or ought to be healthcare's fundamental concern and 2) the quality of medical service corresponds to the degree to which it produces a feeling of approval in patients. This position is contrasted with the more traditional “beneficence model,” which holds that 1) service ought to be healthcare's fundamental concern and 2) the proper criterion of quality medical service is the alleviation, mitigation, or prevention of the human suffering that occasions illness. Five shortcomings in the customer service model are identified: 1) customer service advocates often appeal to an unsound “efficiency argument”; 2) the prioritization of profit over service will vitiate patients' legitimate trust in healthcare; 3) the prioritization of profit converts medicine from a “practice” into an “instrumental activity”; 4) the prioritization of profit countervails the values of continuity and thoroughness; and 5) the notion of service as customer satisfaction derives more from the exigencies of turning a profit than from an analysis of sick persons' needs.
Indications for Minimally Invasive Disk and Vertebral Procedures

Objective. This article reviews some of the interesting advances that have taken place in the treatment of chronic lower back discogenic pain and leg pain associated with disk protrusion. Indications, including patient-selection criteria, of selected minimally invasive procedures are discussed. Design. Comprehensive review. Results. Several nonsurgical approaches to discogenic pain are described, including minimally invasive annular heating procedures like Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy (Smith and Nephews, London, UK), DiscTrode (Radionics Inc., Burlington, MA) and Intradiscal Biacuplasty (Baylis Medical Inc., Montreal, Canada). Careful selection of the patients may significantly improve the success rates of these procedures. Significant advances in treatment of predominantly leg pain caused by contained disk protrusion are also described. A few percutaneous minimally invasive modalities of discectomy or disk decompression have become therapeutic alternatives to open surgical procedures and may produce similar clinical improvements. In addition, patients may rapidly return to their baseline functional capacity. Unfortunately, there are no good clinical comparison studies or even individual prospective controlled studies to confirm such a claim. Kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty are established as minimally invasive, interventional techniques that decrease pain and improve function in patients with fractured vertebrae due to osteoporosis and other osseous lesions such as metastases, multiple myeloma, and hemangiomas. Conclusions. Several percutaneous minimally invasive disk and vertebral procedures for the treatment of back and neck pain were introduced recently. Sufficient clinical evidence to accept these new treatment modalities is still lacking and will probably require years to accumulate.
Concanavalin A is synthesized as a glycoprotein precursor.

Concanavalin A (Con A) is a tetrameric lectin which is synthesized in the cotyledons of developing jack-bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) D.C.) seeds and accumulates in the protein bodies of storage-parenchyma cells. The polypeptides of Con A have a molecular weight of 27000 and a relative molecular mass (Mr) of 30000 when analyzed by gel electrophoresis on denaturing polyacrylamide gels. In-vitro translation of RNA isolated from immature jack-bean cotyledons shows that Con A is synthesized as a polypeptide with Mr 34000. In-vivo pulse labeling of cotyledons with radioactive amino acids or glucosamine also resulted in the formation of a 34000-Mr polypeptide. In-vivo labeling with radioactive amino acids in the presence of tunicamycin yielded an additional polypeptide of 32000 Mr. Together these results indicate that Con A is cotranslationally processed by the removal of a signal sequence and the addition of an oligosaccharide side chain of corresponding size. Analysis of the structure of the oligogosaccharide side chain was accomplished through glycosidase digestion of glycopeptides isolated from [3H]glucosamine-labeled Con A. Incubation of the labeled glycopeptides with endoglycosidase H, α-mannosidase or β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, followed by gel filtration, allowed us to deduce that the oligosaccharide side chain of pro-Con A is a high-mannose oligosaccharide. Pulse-chase experiments with labeled amino acids are consistent with the interpretation that the glycosylated precursor of Con A is processed to mature Con A (Mr=30000). The 4000 decrease in Mr is interpreted to result from the removal of a small glycopeptide. The implications of the conversion of a glycoprotein pro-Con A to mature Con A are discussed in the context of the unique circular permutation of the primary structure of Con A.
The Lewis acidities of organotin halides toward tributylphosphine and tributylphosphine oxide: the effect of the donor site

Abstract The stoichiometry of the adducts formed by tributylphosphine (TBP) and tributylphosphine oxide (TBPO) with organotin halides in benzene was determined by 31 P NMR spectroscopy and by calorimetry. Except for two cases, all adducts were found to have 1/1 stoichiometry. For the MeSnCl 3 /TBP and the Me 2 SnCl 2 /TBPO systems there was evidence for a small amount of 1/2 adduct. Both techniques indicate no adduct formation between triorganotin halides and TBP, whereas the equilibrium constants for the 1/1 adducts of TBPO with triorganotin halides range from 150 to 300. With the diorgano- and monoorgano-tin halides, however, the equilibrium constants for 1/1 adduct formation with TBP are the same as or greater than those for TBPO. Enthalpy changes determined by calorimetry show the same reversal of basicity, which can be attributed to steric repulsions in the weakly acidic triorgano derivatives with TBP. These repulsions are overwehlmed by the greater intrinsic tin-phosphorus dative bond strength in the di- and mono-organotin halide adducts.