cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mining generalized association rules

Abstract We introduce the problem of mining generalized association rules. Given a large database of transactions, where each transaction consists of a set of items, and a taxonomy (is-a hierarchy) on the items, we find associations between items at any level of the taxonomy. For example, given a taxonomy that says that jackets is-a outerwear is-a clothes, we may infer a rule that “people who buy outerwear tend to buy shoes”. This rule may hold even if rules that “people who buy jackets tend to buy shoes”, and “people who buy clothes tend to buy shoes” do not hold. An obvious solution to the problem is to add all ancestors of each item in a transaction to the transaction, and then run any of the algorithms for mining association rules on these “extended transactions”. However, this “Basic” algorithm is not very fast; we present two algorithms, Cumulate and EstMerge, which run 2 to 5 times faster than Basic (and more than 100 times faster on one real-life dataset). Finally, we present a new interest-measure for rules which uses the information in the taxonomy. Given a user-specified “minimum-interest-level”, this measure prunes a large number of redundant rules; 40–60% of all the rules were pruned on two real-life datasets.
Integration of passive ranging with multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT) for application with angle-only measurements

This paper discusses the integration of a passive ranging method that uses multiple initial assumed range models within a Multiple Hypothesis Tracking (MHT) data association framework. The paper begins with a description of the use of multiple assumed range models along with a two model Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) approach for tracking maneuvering targets. It also discusses the choice of own ship maneuver required to provide observability for an air-toair encounter and how the own ship maneuver can be chosen to reduce the effects of target maneuver. Unscented filtering methods designed for use with the nonlinear angle-only measurements will be described. Computational feasibility is a major issue with any MHT application and can be particularly important for the typical high false alarm environment envisioned for EO systems, such as the IRST. Thus, the use of multiple range filters is only employed for selected tracks based upon the track score. This and other logic designed to ensure computational feasibility are discussed and simulation results are presented.
NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) is a classical coenzyme mediating many redox reactions. NAD(+) also plays an important role in the regulation of NAD(+)-consuming enzymes, including sirtuins, poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs), and CD38/157 ectoenzymes. NAD(+) biosynthesis, particularly mediated by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), and SIRT1 function together to regulate metabolism and circadian rhythm. NAD(+) levels decline during the aging process and may be an Achilles' heel, causing defects in nuclear and mitochondrial functions and resulting in many age-associated pathologies. Restoring NAD(+) by supplementing NAD(+) intermediates can dramatically ameliorate these age-associated functional defects, counteracting many diseases of aging, including neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the combination of sirtuin activation and NAD(+) intermediate supplementation may be an effective antiaging intervention, providing hope to aging societies worldwide.
Tuned Finite-Difference Diffusion Operators

Finite-difference simulations of fluid dynamics and magnetohydrodynamics generally require an explicit diffusion operator, either to maintain stability by attenuating grid-scale structure, or to implement physical diffusivities such as viscosity or resistivity. If the goal is stability only, the diffusion must act at the grid scale, but should affect structure at larger scales as little as possible. For physical diffusivities the diffusion scale depends on the problem, and diffusion may act at larger scales as well. Diffusivity can undesirably limit the computational time step in both cases. We construct tuned finite-difference diffusion operators that minimally limit the time step while acting as desired near the diffusion scale. Such operators reach peak values at the diffusion scale rather than at the grid scale, but behave as standard operators at larger scales. These operators will be useful for simulations with high magnetic diffusivity or kinematic viscosity such as in the simulation of astrophysical dynamos with magnetic Prandtl number far from unity, or for numerical stabilization using hyperdiffusivity.
Black hole masses from power density spectra: determinations and consequences

We analyse the scaling of the X-ray power density spectra with the mass of the black hole in the examples of Cyg X-1 and the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548. We show that the high-frequency tail of the power density spectrum can be successfully used for the determination of the black hole mass. We determine the masses of the black holes in six broad-line Seyfert 1 galaxies, five narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies and two quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) using the available power density spectra. The proposed scaling is clearly appropriate for other Seyfert galaxies and QSOs. In all but one of the normal Seyferts, the resulting luminosity to Eddington luminosity ratio is smaller than 0.15, with the source MCG -6-15-30 being an exception. The applicability of the same scaling to a narrow-line Seyfert 1 is less clear and there may be a systematic shift between the power spectra of NLS1 and S1 galaxies of the same mass, leading to underestimation of the black hole mass. However, both the method based on variability and the method based on spectral fitting show that those galaxies have relatively low masses and a high luminosity to Eddington luminosity ratio, supporting the view of those objects as analogues of galactic sources in their high, soft or very high state, based on the overall spectral shape. The bulge masses of their host galaxies are similar to that of normal Seyfert galaxies, so they do not follow the black hole mass–bulge mass relation for Seyfert galaxies, being evolutionarily less advanced, as suggested by Mathur. The bulge mass–black hole mass relation in our sample is consistent with being linear, with the black hole to bulge ratio ∼0.03 per cent, similar to Wandel and Laor for low-mass objects, but significantly shifted from the relation of Magorrian et al. and McLure & Dunlop.
Tapered semiconductor amplifiers for optical frequency combs in the near infrared

A tapered semiconductor amplifier is injection seeded by a femtosecond optical frequency comb at 780nm from a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. Energy gains of more than 17dB(12dB) are obtained for 1mW(20mW) of average input power when the input pulses are stretched into the picosecond range. A spectral window of supercontinuum light generated in a photonic fiber has also been amplified. Interferometric measurements show sub-Hertz linewidths for a heterodyne beat between the input and amplified comb components, yielding no detectable phase-noise degradation under amplication. These amplifiers can be used to boost the infrared power in f-to-2f interferometers used to determine the carrier-to-envelope offset frequency, with clear advantages for stabilization of octave-spanning femtosecond lasers and other supercontinuum light sources.
The Host Galaxy of GRB 060505: Host ISM Properties

We investigate the ISM environment of GRB 060505. Using optical emission-line diagnostic ratios, we compare the ISM properties of the GRB 060505 host region with the hosts of unambiguous long- and short-duration GRBs. We show that the metallicity, ionization state, and star formation rate of the GRB 060505 environment are more consistent with short-duration GRBs than with long-duration GRBs. We compare the metallicity and star formation rates of the GRB 060505 region with four other star-forming regions within the GRB 060505 host galaxy. We find no significant change in metallicity or star formation rate between the GRB 060505 region and the other four host regions. Our results are consistent with a compact-object-merger progenitor for GRB 060505.
Lewis Acid-Directed Reactions of Benzoquinone Mono-/Bis-imines: Application to Syntheses of Substituted β- and γ-Tetrahydrocarbolines

Ti(IV)-promoted reactions of N-phenylsulfonyl-3- and 4-piperidone enol ethers with 2-alkoxy-4-(N-phenylsulfonyl)imino-1,4-benzoquinone afford 8-alkoxy-7-hydroxy-tetrahydrocarbolines. However, reactions promoted by BF3 produce substituted benzofurans. Ti(IV)- or BF3-promoted reactions of 2-alkoxy-1-(N-benzoyl)-4-(N-phenylsulfonyl)-1,4-benzoquinone bisimines also afford substituted tetrahydrocarboline derivatives. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Decentralized Welfare: Will There Be Underprovision?

Abstract This paper develops an Asymmetric Nash Equilibrium model of welfare provision by states when the benefit payment is a local public good and a fixed population of welfare recipients distributes itself between states with logistic “migration” function. The model shows that state size is an important demand shifter across states because it alters the supply elasticity of recipients. The model provides estimates of how the degree of benefit under provision varies with this migration elasticity. Other demand instruments (such as taxpayer resources and “generosity”) likewise generate positive correlation between benefits and recipients, while supply shifters generate negative correlation between benefits and recipients. The model's predictions are closely matched empirically, when examining the reduced form impact of these instruments on the pattern of welfare benefits and recipients across states. Using these impacts to assign the instruments to either supply or demand sides of the model, it is possible to estimate the model's structural elasticities. These turn out to be high enough so that simulated solutions to the model generate considerable welfare underprovision and thus raise concern about a race to the bottom with decentralized control over AFDC.
Bayesian inference and model choice in a hidden stochastic two-compartment model of hematopoietic stem cell fate decisions

Despite rapid advances in experimental cell biology, the in vivo behavior of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) cannot be directly observed and measured. Previously we modeled feline hematopoiesis using a two-compartment hidden Markov process that had birth and emigration events in the first compartment. Here we perform Bayesian statistical inference on models which contain two additional events in the first compartment in order to determine if HSC fate decisions are linked to cell division or occur independently. Pareto Optimal Model Assessment approach is used to cross check the estimates from Bayesian inference. Our results show that HSC must divide symmetrically (i.e., produce two HSC daughter cells) in order to maintain hematopoiesis. We then demonstrate that the augmented model that adds asymmetric division events provides a better fit to the competitive transplantation data, and we thus provide evidence that HSC fate determination in vivo occurs both in association with cell division and at a separate point in time. Last we show that assuming each cat has a unique set of parameters leads to either a significant decrease or a nonsignificant increase in model fit, suggesting that the kinetic parameters for HSC are not unique attributes of individual animals, but shared within a species.
Microlensing of Circumstellar Disks

We investigate the microlensing effects on a source star surrounded by a circumstellar disk, as a function of wavelength. The microlensing light curve of the system encodes the geometry and surface brightness profile of the disk. In the mid- and far-infrared, the emission of the system is dominated by the thermal emission from the cold dusty disk. For a system located at the Galactic center, we find typical magnifications to be of order 10%-20% or higher, depending on the disk surface brightness profile, and the event lasts over 1 yr. At around 20 μm, where the emission for the star and the disk are comparable, the difference in the emission areas results in a chromatic microlensing event. Finally, in the near-infrared and visible, where the emission of the star dominates, the fraction of star light directly reflected by the disk slightly modifies the light curve of the system, which is no longer that of a point source. In each case, the corresponding light curve can be used to probe some of the disk properties. A fraction of 10-3 to 10-2 of optical microlensing events are expected to be associated with circumstellar disk systems. We show that the lensing signal of the disk can be detected with sparse follow-up observations of the next generation space telescopes. While direct imaging studies of circumstellar disks are limited to the solar neighborhood, this microlensing technique can probe very distant disk systems living in various environments and has the potential to reveal a larger diversity of circumstellar disks.
A series of quinoline analogues as potent inhibitors of C. albicans prolyl tRNA synthetase

Abstract A series of quinoline inhibitors of C. albicans prolyl tRNA synthetase was identified. The most potent analogue, 2-(4-bromo-phenyl)-6-chloro-8-methyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid, showed IC 50 =5 nM (Ca. ProRS) with high selectivity over the human enzyme.
Set systems without a 3-simplex

A 3-simplex is a collection of four sets A 1 , ? , A 4 with empty intersection such that any three of them have nonempty intersection. We show that the maximum size of a set system on n elements without a 3 -simplex is 2 n - 1 + ( n - 1 0 ) + ( n - 1 1 ) + ( n - 1 2 ) for all n ? 1 , with equality only achieved by the family of sets containing a given element or of size at most 2 . This extends a result of Keevash and Mubayi, who showed the conclusion for n sufficiently large. Highlights? We consider set systems on n elements without a 3-simplex. ? We determine the maximum size of such systems in terms of n . ? Our results also yield the unique extremal family for all n .
Parallel Implementation of the PHOENIX Generalized Stellar Atmosphere Program

We describe the parallel implementation of our generalized stellar atmosphere and non-LTE (NLTE) radiative transfer computer program PHOENIX. We discuss the parallel algorithms we have developed for radiative transfer, spectral line opacity, and NLTE opacity and rate calculations. Our implementation uses a multiple instruction-multiple data design based on a relatively small number of MPI library calls. We report the results of test calculations on a number of different parallel computers and discuss the results of scalability tests.
Using computer simulations to enhance conceptual change: the roles of constructivist instruction and student epistemological beliefs

Learners enter the classroom with informal ideas (alternative conceptions) about scientific phenomena; these ideas affect how the corresponding scientific explanations are learned. In addition, studentsO epistemological beliefs concerning learning influence achievement. This study investigated the effects of a constructivist versus objectivist learning environment on college studentsO conceptual change, using a computer simulation of the human cardiovascular system as an instructional tool. This study also investigated the interaction between constructivist versus objectivist learning situations and the studentsO epistemological beliefs. The constructivist approach resulted in significantly greater conceptual change than the objectivist approach for 2 of 6 commonly held alternative conceptions; the other 4 of 6 areas showed no significant differences for treatment group. More important, however, the treatment interacted significantly with epistemological beliefs. Individuals with more advanced epistemological beliefs learned more with a constructivist treatment; individuals with less developmentally advanced beliefs learned more with an objectivist treatment. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 145–160, 1998.
Compensation of self-phase modulation in fiber-based chirped-pulse amplification systems

We demonstrate a simple, all-fiber technique for removing nonlinear phase on a pulse-to-pulse basis in a fiber-based CPA system. Removal of 1.0 pi of nonlinear phase is achieved.
Exact Structural Inference in Optimal Job-Search Models

This article is a study of the exact posterior distributions of parameters appearing in a stationary optimal job-search model I exploit the simple latent structure of the search model when all job offers are observed to simulate posterior distributions of structural parameters when the latent structure is imperfectly observed. These simulations enable me to show the exact, and unusual, shape of the job-search likelihood when the data are durations and accepted wages. I also develop an algorithm to resample simulated posterior distributions to impose on the model the implications of fully optimal, utility-maximizing search. The methods are illustrated using simulated data.
A conditional analysis of movers' housing responses

Abstract Movers' responses to the five-year trend in income prior to the move are studied using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the new Slopes-Only option in the Search program in OSIRIS. Other events around the time of the move mask or dominate the income effects, and even for otherwise stable families there are subgroup differences in the income elasticities. Modelling housing demand clearly requires such rich response data imbedded in dynamic simulation models.
A fully automatic multi-atlas based segmentation method for prostate MR images

Most of multi-atlas segmentation methods focus on the registration between the full-size volumes of the data set. Although the transformations obtained from these registrations may be accurate for the global field of view of the images, they may not be accurate for the local prostate region. This is because different magnetic resonance (MR) images have different fields of view and may have large anatomical variability around the prostate. To overcome this limitation, we proposed a two-stage prostate segmentation method based on a fully automatic multi-atlas framework, which includes the detection stage i.e. locating the prostate, and the segmentation stage i.e. extracting the prostate. The purpose of the first stage is to find a cuboid that contains the whole prostate as small cubage as possible. In this paper, the cuboid including the prostate is detected by registering atlas edge volumes to the target volume while an edge detection algorithm is applied to every slice in the volumes. At the second stage, the proposed method focuses on the registration in the region of the prostate vicinity, which can improve the accuracy of the prostate segmentation. We evaluated the proposed method on 12 patient MR volumes by performing a leave-one-out study. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance (HD) are used to quantify the difference between our method and the manual ground truth. The proposed method yielded a DSC of 83.4%±4.3%, and a HD of 9.3 mm±2.6 mm. The fully automated segmentation method can provide a useful tool in many prostate imaging applications.
Progression of chronic renal disease

Progressive chronic renal disease is characterized histologically by the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins within the renal interstitium and progressive tubular atrophy. A number of kidney diseases and their progression to end-stage renal failure are driven by the intercrine, autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects of angiotensin II. Growth factors appear to have an important role in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Substantial evidence indicates that induction of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is mediated by high levels of glucose. TGF-beta is pivotal for the hypertrophy of mesangial and tubular cells. Other factors such as hypertension, protein glycation products, and other mediators may further amplify the synthesis of TGF-beta and/or the expression of its receptors in the diabetic state. Other cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha also contribute to the progression of chronic renal disease. The overall picture derived from several studies of chronic renal disease suggests that treatment of the progression of the renal fibrosis may require the use of several strategies to prevent the advent of end-stage renal disease.
Scaling Integral Projection Models for Analyzing Size Demography

Historically, matrix projection models (MPMs) have been employed to study population dynamics with regard to size, age or structure. To work with continuous traits, in the past decade, integral projection models (IPMs) have been proposed. Following the path for MPMs, currently, IPMs are handled first with a fitting stage, then with a projection stage. Model fitting has, so far, been done only with individual-level transition data. These data are used in the fitting stage to estimate the demographic functions (survival, growth, fecundity) that comprise the kernel of the IPM specification. The estimated kernel is then iterated from an initial trait distribution to obtain what is interpreted as steady state population behavior. Such projection results in inference that does not align with observed temporal distributions. This might be expected; a model for population level projection should be fitted with population level transitions. Ghosh, Gelfand and Clark [J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. 17 (2012) 641–699] offer a remedy by viewing the observed size distribution at a given time as a point pattern over a bounded interval, driven by an operating intensity. They propose a three-stage hierarchical model. At the deepest level, demography is driven by an unknown deterministic IPM. The operating intensities are allowed to vary around this deterministic specification. Further uncertainty arises in the realization of the point pattern given the operating intensities. Such dynamic modeling, optimized by fitting data observed over time, is better suited to projection. Here, we address scaling of population IPM modeling, with the objective of moving from projection at plot level to projection at the scale of the eastern U.S. Such scaling is needed to capture climate effects, which operate at a broader geographic scale, and therefore anticipated demographic response to climate change at larger scales. We work with the Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) data set, the only data set currently available to enable us to attempt such scaling. Unfortunately, this data set has more than 80% missingness; less than 20% of the 43,396 plots are inventoried each year. We provide a hierarchical modeling approach which still enables us to implement the desired scaling at annual resolution. We illustrate our methodology with a simulation as well as with an analysis for two tree species, one generalist, one specialist.
Dearomative indole (3 + 2) cycloaddition reactions.

A diastereoselective (3 + 2) dearomative annulation of 3-substituted indoles with α-haloketones has been developed. Significant regiochemical control was observed. This methodology provides easy access to highly functionalized cyclopenta- or cyclohexa-fused indoline compounds, which are common structures of many natural products. The synthetic potential of this reaction was demonstrated in the concise syntheses of the core structures of vincorine, isocorymine, and aspidophylline A. DFT studies (B3LYP-D3/6-311++G**/MeOH) on cyclization mechanisms involving the 2-hydroxyallyl cation and its deprotonated oxyallyl cation have been performed. Under the reaction conditions, with a sparingly soluble Na2CO3 base, both species may be present and both pathways are viable. Both pathways support the formation of the experimentally observed O-bound intermediate, its transformation to the final product, the regiochemical and eventual stereochemical outcome of the kinetic cyclization product, and the thermodynamic prefe...
Hydrogenation of 1-Butene and 1,3-Butadiene Mixtures over Pd/ZnO Catalysts

Several palladium catalysts supported on ZnO with different loadings and dispersions have been prepared, characterized, pretreated, and tested for the selective hydrogenation of small amounts of 1,3-butadiene in 1-butene. Hydrogen treatment at temperatures above 423 K caused a marked decrease in catalytic activity and a simultaneous increase in selectivity for reduction of butadiene primarily to olefins. Such treatment also caused partial reduction of the ZnO support which resulted in the formation of PdZn intermetallic phases (XRD results). XPS measurements suggested that the Pd crystallites were "decorated" with reduced Zn metal which significantly decreased the availability of the Pd adsorption sites, as determined by hydrogen and carbon monoxide chemisorption. Alternate oxidation and temperature-programmed reduction cycles could distinguish between the formation of (PdO)S and oxidation of the reduced Zn. Even though the overall activity was decreased after high-temperature exposure to hydrogen, the turnover frequency for the smaller number of active sites remained virtually unchanged. Moreover, the activation energy and reaction orders were not altered. High-temperature reduction also decreased the trans/cis-2-butene ratio formed from the butadiene: this may reflect slow interconversion between the syn and anti conformation of the 1,3-butadiene adsorbed on the Zn-decorated surface. These experiments have identified some of the important roles of the support and pretreatment conditions on the performance of such catalysts.
Cosmological acceleration from a gas of strings

In string gas cosmology, the extra dimensions of the underlying theory are kept at a microscopic scale by a gas of strings. In the matter-dominated era, however, dust pressure can lead to oscillations of the extra dimensions and to acceleration in the three visible dimensions, even with a vanishing cosmological term. We review the resulting oscillating expansion history, that provides an acceptable fit to the observed accelerated expansion of the Universe.
Small gaps between prime numbers: The work of Goldston-Pintz-Yildirim

In early 2005, Dan Goldston, Janos Pintz, and Cem Yildirim [12] made a spectacular breakthrough in the study of prime numbers. Resolving a long-standing open problem, they proved that there are infinitely many primes for which the gap to the next prime is as small as we want compared to the average gap between consecutive primes. Before their work, it was known only that there were infinitely many gaps which were about a quarter the size of the average gap. The new result may be viewed as a step towards the famous twin prime conjecture that there are infinitely many prime pairs p and p+2, the gap here being 2, the smallest possible gap between primes. Perhaps most excitingly, their work reveals a connection between the distribution of primes in arithmetic progressions and small gaps between primes. Assuming certain (admittedly difficult) conjectures on the distribution of primes in arithmetic progressions, they are able to prove the existence of infinitely many prime pairs that differ by at most 16. The aim of this article is to explain some of the ideas involved in their work. Let us begin by explaining the main question in a little more detail. The number of primes up to x, denoted by π(x), is roughly x/ log x for large values of x; this is the celebrated Prime Number Theorem. Therefore, if we randomly choose an integer near x, then it has about a 1-in-log x chance of being prime. In other words, as we look at primes around size x, the average gap between consecutive primes is about log x. As x increases, the primes get sparser and the gap between consecutive primes tends to increase. Here are some natural questions about these gaps between prime numbers. Do the gaps always remain roughly about size log x, or do we sometimes get unexpectedly large gaps and sometimes surprisingly small gaps? Can we say something about the statistical distribution of these gaps? That is, can we quantify how often the gap is between, say, α log x and β log x, given 0 ≤ α < β? Except for the primes 2 and 3, clearly the gap between consecutive primes must be even. Does every even number occur infinitely often as a gap between consecutive primes? For example, the twin prime conjecture says that the
Hexagonal-diamond-like gold lattices, Ba and (Au,T)3 interstitials, and delocalized bonding in a family of intermetallic phases Ba2Au6(Au,T)3 (T = Zn, Cd, Ga, In, or Sn).

Au-rich polar intermetallics exhibit a wide variety of structural motifs, and this hexagonal-diamond-like gold host is unprecedented. The series Ba2Au6(Au,T)3 (T = Zn, Cd, Ga, In, or Sn), synthesized through fusion of the elements at 700-800 °C followed by annealing at 400-500 °C, occur in space group R3[overline]c (a ≈ 8.6-8.9 A, c ≈ 21.9-22.6 A, and Z = 6). Their remarkable structure, generated by just three independent atoms, features a hexagonal-diamond-like gold superstructure in which tunnels along the 3-fold axes are systematically filled by interstitial Ba atoms (blue) and triangles of disordered (Au,T)3 atoms (green) in 2:1 proportions. The Au/Zn mixing in the latter spans ~34 to 87% Zn, whereas the Au/Sn result is virtually invariant compositionally. Complementary bonding between the gold lattice and the disordered (Au,T)3 units is substantial and very regular. Bonding and charge density analyses indicate delocalized bonding within the gold host and the (Au,T)3 triangular units, and moderately polarized bonding between Ba and the electronegative framework. The new structure can also be viewed empirically as the result of an atom-by-triad [i.e., Ba by (Au,T)3 triangle] topological substitution in a BaAu2 (AlB2-type) superstructure.
A note on 'Algorithms for connected set cover problem and fault-tolerant connected set cover problem'

A flaw in the greedy approximation algorithm proposed by Zhang et al. (2009) 1 for the minimum connected set cover problem is corrected, and a stronger result on the approximation ratio of the modified greedy algorithm is established. The results are now consistent with the existing results on the connected dominating set problem which is a special case of the minimum connected set cover problem.
Disentangling the Dynamical Mechanisms for Cluster Galaxy Evolution

The determination of the dynamical causes of the morphological Butcher-Oemler (BO) effect, or the rapid transformation of a large population of late-type galaxies to earlier Hubble types in the rich cluster environment between intermediate redshifts and the local universe, has been an important unsolved problem that is central to our understanding of the general problems of galaxy formation and evolution. In this article, we survey the existing proposed mechanisms for cluster galaxy transformation, and discuss their relevance and limitations to the explanation of the morphological BO effect. A new infrared diagnostic approach is devised to disentangle the relative importance of several major physical mechanisms to account for the BO effect, and an example of the first application of this procedure to a single rich intermediate redshift galaxy cluster is given to demonstrate the viability of this approach. The preliminary result of this analysis favors the interaction-enhanced secular evolution process as the major cause of the cluster galaxy morphological transformation. This conclusion is also supported by a wide range of other published results that are assembled here to highlight their implications on a coherent physical origin for the morphological BO effect.
The Relevance of Intention to Criminal Wrongdoing

In this paper, we defend the general thesis that intentions are relevant not only to moral permissibility and impermissibility, but also to criminal wrongdoing, as well as a specific version of the Doctrine of Double Effect that we believe can help solve some challenging puzzles in the criminal law. We begin by answering some recent arguments that marginalize or eliminate the role of intentions as components of criminal wrongdoing [e.g., Alexander and Ferzan (Crime and culpability: a theory of criminal law. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2009), Chiao (Crim Law Philos 4:37–55, 2010), Walen (Crim Law Philos 3:71–78, 2009)]. We then turn to some influential theories that articulate a direct role for intentions [e.g., Duff (Answering for crime: responsibility and liability in the criminal law. Hart Publishing, Portland, 2007), Husak (Crim Law Philos 3:51–70, 2009)]. While we endorse the commitment to such a role for intentions, we believe that extant theories have not yet been able to adequately address certain objections or solve certain puzzles, such as that some attempt convictions require criminal intent when the crime attempted, if successful, requires only foresight, and that some intended harms appear to be no more serious than non-intended ones of the same magnitude, for example. Drawing on a variety of resources, including the specific version of the Doctrine of Double Effect we have developed in recent published work, we present solutions to these puzzles, which in turn provide mutual support for our general approach to the role of intentions and for thinking that using others as means is itself a special kind of wrongdoing.
Physical properties of peanut hull pellets

Peanut hull (peanut pods and waste materials from processing of peanuts) was pelleted through a 3/16-in. (4.76 mm) diameter die. The effect of change in moisture content (4.2-21.2%, wet basis) of the pellets (due to exposure of the pellets to low or high humidity storage environments) on physical properties were measured. Pelleting increased the bulk density of the peanut hull from 151 kg/m(3) to more than 600 kg/m(3). Bulk density, particle density and durability of the pelleted peanut hull of pellets were significantly affected by moisture content attained by the pellets during exposure to the low or high humidity environment. Air relative humidity significantly influenced the rate at which the pellets exchange moisture with the environment while air temperature did not. The values of the constants of the GAB model were obtained from moisture sorption isotherm at 25 degrees C.
Vertical multinationals and host-country characteristics

Abstract We inquire into the question of what country characteristics, particularly, market size and labor-force composition, attract inward investment. This approach is motivated by the empirical observation that the poorest countries attract a far smaller share of world direct investment than their share of income. Small markets receive less investment per capita than larger ones. We develop a model that generates both stylized facts in equilibrium, suggesting the existence of a development trap for small, skilled-labor-scarce countries.
Hyperelastic Constitutive Modeling of Hexagonal Honeycombs Subjected to In-Plane Shear Loading

The in-plane flexible shear property of hexagonal honeycombs may be useful for the compliant structural applications. In this paper, hyperelastic strain energy functions are developed for a finite in-plane shear deformation of hexagonal honeycombs over a constituent material’s elastic range. Effective shear stress-strain curves of hexagonal structures and local cell wall deformation are investigated using the finite element based homogenization method. The hyperelastic models, which are only related to the effective properties of a honeycomb, may not be good enough to capture the nonlinear behavior at a high macroscopic shear strain level. The primary microscopic cell wall deformation mode under macroscopic in-plane shear loading was identified to be the bending of the vertical cell wall h, which is perpendicular to the macroscopic loading direction. The re-entrant hexagonal structures having a negative Poisson’s ratio shows a high macroscopic shear flexible property associated with the high h when the honeycombs are designed to have the same macroscopic shear modulus. DOI: 10.1115/1.4002640
Cryptographic Digital Communication

This paper reviews the fundamentals of cryptographic digital systems and defines and discusses the two basic types of ciphers. The remainder of this article examines the word and bit error rates in digital al communication systems with block or stream ciphers. Upper bounds and ensemble averages of the error rates are obtained for both ciphers. The effect of modulation type on the degradation in communication system performance caused by the addition of cryptography is analyzed. A comparison is made between block and stream ciphers with respect to their effects on degradation.
Making Jobs Good

Although economists typically look for a silver bullet to solve a problem, the authors find that creating good jobs will require a full-court press. Raising educational attainment is by no means enough. Other policies are also needed.
A push–pull 4a,4b-dihydrophenanthrene

Irradiation of (Z)-3-cyano-3′-aminostilbene in the absence of oxygen yields a push–pull substituted dihydrophenanthrene with substantial quinoidal character as evidenced by the pronounced solvent dependence of its absorption spectrum.
The thickness of high-redshift quasar ionization fronts as a constraint on the ionizing spectral energy distribution

High-redshift quasars (z ≥ 6) drive ionization fronts (I-fronts) into the intergalactic medium (IGM), with the thickness of the front generally increasing with the hardness of ionizing spectrum. If the thickness of the front can be measured, it can provide a novel constraint on the ionizing spectral energy distribution, uniquely available for sources prior to the end of reionization. Here we follow the propagation of an I-front into a uniform IGM, and compute its thickness for a range of possible quasar spectra and ages, and IGM neutral hydrogen densities and clumping factors. We also explore the effects of uniform and non-uniform ionizing backgrounds. We find that even for hard spectra, the fronts are initially thin, with a thickness much smaller than the mean free path of ionizing photons. The front gradually thickens as it approaches equilibrium in 10 8 -10 9 yr, and the thickness of its outer part can eventually significantly exceed simple estimates based on the mean free path. With a sufficiently high intrinsic hydrogen column density obscuring the source [log(N H /cm -2 ≥ 19.2] or a sufficiently hard power-law spectrum combined with some obscuration [e.g. d log F v /d log v ≥ -1.2 at log(N H /cm -2 ) ≥ 18.0], the outer thickness of the front exceeds ∼1 physical Mpc and may be measurable from the 3D morphology of its redshifted 21-cm signal. We find that the highly ionized inner part of the front, which may be probed by Lyman-line absorption spectra, remains sharp for bright quasars unless a large obscuring column [log(N H /cm- 2 ) ≥ 19.2] removes most of their ionizing photons up to ≈40 eV. For obscured sources with log(N H /cm -2 ) ≥ 19.8, embedded in a significantly neutral IGM, the black Lyα trough (where the neutral fraction is ∼10 -3 ) underestimates the size of the H II region by a factor of ≥4.
Effects of rocket exhaust on lunar soil reflectance properties

Abstract High-resolution images of the Surveyor, Luna, and Apollo landing sites obtained by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) show regions around the landers where reflectivity of the surface was modified. We interpret the change in reflectance properties of these regions mainly as disturbance of the regolith by rocket exhaust during descent of the spacecraft and we refer to these areas herein as “blast zones” (BZs). The BZs consist of an area of lower reflectance (LR-BZ) compared to the surroundings that extends up to a few meters out from the landers, as well as a broader halo of higher reflectance (HR-BZ) that extends tens to hundreds of meters away from the landers. When approximated as an ellipse, the average Apollo BZ area is ∼29,000 m2 (∼175 ± 60 m by 200 ± 27 m) which is 10× larger than the average Luna BZ, and over 100× larger than the average Surveyor BZ. The LR-BZs are most evident at the Apollo sites, especially where astronaut activity disturbed the soil, leading to a 15–30% (relative to background undisturbed areas) reduction in reflectance at ∼30° phase angle. The LR-BZs at the Surveyor and Luna sites are less evident and are unresolvable with NAC images. The average reflectance in the HR-BZs as determined for 30° phase angle is 3–12% higher than in the undisturbed surrounding areas; this magnitude is the same, within uncertainty, for all sites, indicating a common process or combination of processes causing differences in reflectance properties of the regolith. Phase-ratio images and photometric data collected over a range of illumination geometries show that a greater separation in reflectance occurs between the HR-BZs and undisturbed areas at phase angles between 0° and 70° and indicates that the HR-BZs are less backscattering than undisturbed areas. The LR-BZs are affected by macroscopic disruption of the surface and astronaut activity (at the Apollo sites). For the HR-BZ areas, reflectance has likely been affected by scouring from particles entrained by exhaust gases with low-angle trajectories. Regolith particle interactions with surface soil within HR-BZs may destroy fine-scale surface structure (e.g., “fairy-castle”) and decrease macroscopic roughness, contributing to a decrease in backscattering character within the HR-BZs and an increase in backscattering character within the LR-BZs. Redistribution of fine particles from the LR-BZ to the HR-BZ may have also contributed to the changed reflectance. Photometric modeling is consistent with one or a combination of these processes.
Comparisons Of Coded Aperture Imaging Using Various Apertures And Decoding Methods

The utility of coded aperture imaging of radioisotope distributions in Nuclear Medicine is in its ability to give depth information about a three dimensional source. We have calculated imaging with Fresnel zone plate and multiple pinhole apertures to produce coded shadows and reconstruction of these shadows using correlation, Fresnel diffraction, and Fourier transform deconvolution. Comparisons of the coded apertures and decoding methods are made by evaluating their point response functions both for in-focus and out-of-focus image planes. Background averages and standard deviations were calculated. In some cases, background subtraction was made using combinations of two complementary apertures. Results using deconvolution reconstruction for finite numbers of events are also given.
Storm fronts over galaxy discs: models of how waves generate extraplanar gas and its anomalous kinematics

The existence of partially ionized, diffuse gas and dust clouds at kiloparsec scale distances above the central planes of edge-on, galaxy discs was an unexpected discovery about 20 years ago. Subsequent observations showed that this extended or extraplanar diffuse interstellar gas (EDIG) has rotation velocities approximately 10-20 per cent lower than those in the central plane, and has been hard to account for. Here, we present results of hydrodynamic models, with radiative cooling and heating from star formation. We find that in models with star formation generated stochastically across the disc, an extraplanar gas layer is generated as long as the star formation is sufficiently strong. However, this gas rotates at nearly the same speed as the mid-plane gas. We then studied a range of models with imposed spiral or bar waves in the disc. EDIG layers were also generated in these models, but primarily over the wave regions, not over the entire disc. Because of this partial coverage, the EDIG clouds move radially, as well as vertically, with the result that observed kinematic anomalies are reproduced. The implication is that the kinematic anomalies are the result of three-dimensional motions when the cylindrical symmetry of the disc is broken. Thus, the kinematic anomalies are the result of bars or strong waves, and more face-on galaxies with such waves should have an asymmetric EDIG component. The models also indicate that the EDIG can contain a significant fraction of cool gas, and that some star formation can be triggered at considerable heights above the disc mid-plane. We expect all of these effects to be more prominent in young, forming discs, to play a role in rapidly smoothing disc asymmetries and in working to self-regulate disc structure.
Pregnancy decisions of women living with HIV: the need for multidisciplinary perspectives.

Women living with HIV, like all women, have the right to determine the number and spacing of their children. With the ultimate goal of ensuring that women living with HIV are at the center of decisionmaking about their sexual and reproductive health and rights, we convened a conference on HIV and pregnancy at the Harvard School of Public Health in March 2010. The purposes of the conference were to identify gaps in knowledge, stimulate research and determine ways to work across disciplines and life experiences. By bringing together researchers, service providers, policy makers and activists working in many different ways to support the pregnancy decisions of women living with HIV, the conference called attention to the need for a stronger evidence base drawing from biomedical, economic, political and social science perspectives alike. Conference proceedings highlighted the importance of moving beyond disciplinary silos to bring these perspectives together in order to provide more comprehensive information relevant to the lives of women and men living with HIV, as well as to create demand for appropriate services and policies. Working with Reproductive Health Matters, and with support from the World Health Organization (WHO), we sent a call for papers to conference participants to build on the conference presentations and discussions. Reproductive Health Matters and WHO were the ideal partners with whom to embark on this endeavor. The editor of Reproductive Health Matters began to bring attention to the sexual and reproductive health and rights of HIV-positive women as far back as 1986, even before the journal existed, and the journal has carried forward this commitment since its inception.* WHO’s Depart-
Matching of Buyers and Sellers by Brokers: A Comparison of Alternative Commission Structures

This note characterizes the set of Pareto optimal and stable matchings among buyers and sellers and examines the optimality of matching strategies employed by brokers under different commission structures. It is shown that the profit-maximizing matching strategy for the broker under percentage commission and flat-fee systems also maximizes the number of houses sold, but it minimizes the buyers' and sellers' surplus. On the other hand, net listing results in the sale of fewer houses, but it yields larger surplus for buyers and sellers.
Organic chemical conversions catalyzed by intercalated layered double hydroxides (LDHs)

Abstract In this review we examine recent advances in the use of crystalline layered double hydroxides (LDHs) intercalation compounds as catalysts for selected organic chemical conversions. Simple anion exchanged forms of LDHs exhibit catalytic properties toward organic halide exchange reactions, whereas others exhibit acid/base character as revealed by the catalytic conversions of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (MBOH) as a probe molecule. The catalytic properties of more complex intercalates also are reviewed, especially LDH compositions interlayered by pillaring polyoxometalates and metallo macrocycles, specifically, metallo-phthalocyanines and -porphyrins.