cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of Children's School Lunch Recalls: Comparing Accuracy of Nutrients Versus Foods

Abstract Children often provide self-reports of diet for nutrition studies; however, the validity of such reports remains in question. Although validation studies usually present results for "accuracy of reporting" various nutrients , people report what they ate as foods , not nutrients. We used observations to validate 4th-graders' school lunch recalls to 1) determine accuracy at the nutrient level, 2) determine whether accuracy at the nutrient level differed for same-day versus next-day recalls, and 3) contrast accuracy at the nutrient level with accuracy at the food level (as determined previously). A total of 237 students (179 Black, 58 White; 120 male) from 4 schools were randomly selected, observed eating school lunch, and interviewed on either the same (n=89) or next day (n=148). Levels for energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, calcium, sodium, cholesterol, saturated fat, and fiber were determined using Nutrition Data System (University of Minnesota). A 2 by 2 MANOVA indicated p 0.13 for the main effect of same-day versus next-day, and p > 0.47 for the interaction. These results are in contrast to results from previous analyses (JADA 1997; 97:1293–1298) at the food level for this group which indicated that differences between recalled and observed foods were larger for next-day than for same-day recalls (ANOVA, p's amount reported eaten (which was assessed only for matched foods) was high for both same- and next-day recalls. Thus, the time interval between eating and reporting appears to be important when assessing accuracy of children's self-reports of school lunch at the food level, but not at the nutrient or amount levels. This may be because analyses at the nutrient level allows for substitutions of one food for another, as well as over- and under-reporting of amounts, which may falsely inflate accuracy levels for some nutrients but not others. Research to improve the accuracy of children's self-reports of diet should analyze at the food and amount levels, instead of only at the nutrient level.
Shape from Texture without Boundaries

We describe a shape from texture method that constructs an estimate of surface geometry using only the deformation of individual texture elements. Our method does not need to use either the boundary of the observed surface or any assumption about the overall distribution of elements.The method assumes that surface texture elements are drawn from a number of different types, each of fixed shape. Neither the shape of the elements nor the number of types need be known in advance. We show that, with this assumption and assuming a generic, scaled orthographic view and texture, each type of texture element can be reconstructed in a frontal coordinate system from image instances. Interest-point methods supply a method of simultaneously obtaining instances of each texture element automatically and defining each type of element. Furthermore, image instances that have been marked in error can be identified and ignored using the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. A further EM procedure yields a surface reconstruction and a relative irradiance map from the data. We provide numerous examples of reconstructions for images of real scenes, show a comparison between our reconstruction and range maps, and demonstrate that the reconstructions display geometric and irradiance phenomena that can be observed in the original image.
Fuel utilization following injury: Relationship to hormonal environment

Abstract To investigate the relationship between fuel metabolism, insulin resistance, and hormonal environment, insulin clamp studies and indirect calorimetry were performed in nine normal volunteers after they had received a continuous infusion of the three “stress” hormones, cortisol, glucagon, and epinephrine, for 3 days. Studies after a 3-day infusion of saline served as control. Diets were constant and matched on both occasions. Hormonal infusion achieved hormone concentrations similar to those seen following mild to moderate injury. In this altered environment, insulin failed to suppress endogenous glucose production and resulted in reduced glucose disposal. The glucose that was taken up was oxidized, not stored. Furthermore, insulin failed to suppress fat oxidation. The altered hormonal environment achieved by triple hormonal infusion, simulated many of the features of post-traumatic fuel metabolism.
Significance of gametophyte form in long-distance colonization by tropical, epiphytic ferns

Gametophyte morphology of tropical epiphytic ferns may confer an advantage for establishment on islands. Most tropical, epiphytic ferns belong to five families: Hymenophyllaceae, Grammitidaceae, Vittariaceae, Polypodiaceae, and Elaphoglossaceae. Gametophytes of these families are long-lived and clone-forming. In addition, most Hymenophyllaceae, Grammitidaceae, and Vittariaceae produce dispersible gemmae. Each of these characteristics increases opportunity for outbreeding, and when island floras are statistically compared with floras of adjacent mainlands, island floras are found to be rich in epiphytic species possessing gemmae (Hymenophyllaceae, Grammitidaceae, and Vittariaceae), and depauperate in epiphytic species lacking gemmae (Polypodiaceae and Elaphoglossaceae). We propose that gametophytic gemmae significantly aid long-distance colonization of outbreeding species because gemmae 1) allow gametophytes to exploit available niches through dispersal of gemmae, and through clonal expansion and persistence of the resulting gametophyte, and 2) facilitate sexual reproduction by providing the opportunity for sperm and antheridiogen transfer when gametophytes are distant, and by providing a new source of tissue for antheridia formation.
Stereochemistry of hydrogen migration from C-24 to C-25 during biomethylation in ergosterol biosynthesis

[methyl-2H3]Methionine and zymosterol, [27-13C]lanosterol, [24-2H]lanosterol and lanosterol were separately incubated with the sterol auxotroph Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain GL7. Spectral evidence (1H and 13C-NMR) obtained on three different isotopically labeled ergosterol samples indicated that C-28 was derived from AdoMet, H-24 migrated to C-25 and the C-25 hydrogen on (27-)-methyl 13C-labeled ergosterol was introduced from the Re-face to produce the 25R-stereochemistry.
Broadband terahertz modulators based on reconfigurable metamaterials and their potential application in terahertz imaging

A new scheme for broadband terahertz modulation based on periodic arrays of subwavelength metallic slits is presented. By using this scheme, we demonstrate low loss terahertz modulation with 100% modulation index over a broad modulation bandwidth of more than 0.2THz.
Food Preferences of Dominant Salt Marsh Herbivores and Detritivores

. Food preferences of six dominant salt marsh invertebrates were studied to identify detritivores and to assess differences in their diets. Animals fed on agar suspensions of dead and live foods in petri dishes with four compartments. Only two foods were included in each dish. Relative palatability was assessed by measuring the amount of suspension removed or by counting the number of feeding marks left on the surface of the suspensions. Feeding marks reflected differences in mouth parts and feeding mechanisms of the six invertebrates. Melampus bidentatus, Orchestia grillus, and Philoscia vittata preferred dead litter over live tissues of marsh graminoids, blue-green algae, and sulfur bacteria. No preference for detritus from different graminoids was shown by M. bidentatus. Orchestia grillus fed preferentially on Spartina patens detritus. Philoscia vittata preferred detritus from S. alterniflora and S. patens. Blue-green algae and sulfur bacteria were preferred over detritus by Littorina saxatalis, but detritus was preferred over live graminoids. Littorina saxatalis fed preferentially on Juncus gerardi detritus. Blue-green algae, sulfur bacteria, and live graminoids were preferred over detritus by L. littorea. Talorchestia longicornis also preferred blue-green algae. On the basis of their food preferences, Littorina saxatalis, Melampus bidentatus, Orchestia grillus, and Philoscia vittata were classified as detritivores. Feeding on detritus from different plant species could result in a partitioning of this food resource in the detritus-based food chains of the salt marsh ecosystem.
Hemodynamics in Congenital Mitral Stenosis

The hemodynamic findings in five patients with congenital mitral stenosis, four of whom resided at mild altitude (5,200 to 6,500 feet) are presented. Pulmonary hypertension was present in all patients. Reactivity of the pulmonary vascular bed was noted in the four patients residing at altitude. The administration of tolazoline and/or 100 percent O 2 to three patients resulted in an average drop in mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) of 20 mm Hg (range 13 to 33) and in TPR of 790 dynes/M 2 (range 350 to 1,200). In one patient catheterized 36 hours after being transferred to sea level mean PAP declined from 85 to 40 mm Hg and TPR decreased from 1,590 to 730 dynes/M 2 . These studies have shown the presence of markedly elevated TPR in patients with congenital mitral stenosis who reside at 5,200 feet. The pronounced reactivity of the pulmonary vascular bed with drugs and/or increase in oxygen tension suggests that reactive vasoconstriction, due in part to mild hypoxia, is an important factor in maintaining the high TPR in these patients.
Boson mass spectrum of Kaluza-Klein theories on hyperspheres

Abstract We derive the mass spectrum of a (4 + d )-dimensional Einstein-Yang-Mills theory with gauge group SO( d ), spontaneously compactified to four dimensions. The background manifold is the product of four-dimensional flat space and a d -sphere with Killing-metric. The Yang-Mills field has a classical value to the spin connection on the sphere. Using harmonic expansions, we calculate the mass spectrum for spin-2, spin-1 and spin-0 bosons. The theory is found to be classically stable for d ≠ 3 and has no massless scalar bosons for d ≠ 4.
Use of hydrocarbon sniffing in offshore exploration

Abstract The solution of natural hydrocarbon gases from offshore bottom seepage into the overlying water column makes possible the use of hydrocarbon sniffing as an exploration tool. Modern sniffers usually consist of a gas breakout system, sorbents to concentrate the hydrocarbons and a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector to separate and measure individual hydrocarbons. Recent studies on the hydrocarbon composition of fourteen seep gases, indicating that thirteen are pure methane (>99.8%) of biological origin, downgrade the probability that a given bubbling seep is indicative of an underlying liquid petroleum deposit. Sniffing for C3–C6 hydrocarbons in near-bottom waters maximizes chances for success in offshore liquid petroleum exploration.
Optical simulation of photonic crystal patterned layer lasers

The dispersion relation of a cavity surrounded by multi-layered photonic crystals is obtained using a fast, accurate and generalized round trip operator. This will assist in the optical design of photonic crystal patterned lasers. A 2D quasi-bandgap was obtained for the lowest order mode of a 1D multi-layered photonic crystal. Although the method is demonstrated for 1D photonic crystal layers, the method is general and can be extended to two dimensional systems.
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies of monoacylated anthocyanins from the wild carrot: Part 1. Inter- and intra-molecular interactions in solution

Inter- and intra-molecular interactions of five anthocyanins (one non-acylated and four acylated with either sinapic acid or 4-methylated sinapic acid) obtained from cell culture of the wild carrot (Daucus carotassp. carota) have been studied by one- and two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Temperature and concentration dependencies of proton chemical shifts show that self-association of non-acylated anthocyanins depends upon the number and position of the sugar units. It was found for the first time that there were non-acylated anthocyanins that were not protected by self-association. Both intra- and inter-molecular interactions were found in the acylated anthocyanins under study. These compounds form strong intra-molecular π-complexes between the sinapoyl group and the anthocyanidin nucleus, the double bond of sinapic acid being involved as well as its aromatic ring. Upon increasing the concentration of the anthocyanins or lowering the temperature of the NMR sample, the π-complexes form multinuclear complexes as shown by the resultant negative nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) values. Spin diffusion was observed in the acylated anthocyanins for temperatures below −40°C. It was also concluded that, because anthocyanins fall in the range of medium-size molecules with NOEs of small magnitude, and because they readily form complexes, two-dimensional NOE experiments are more reliable for structural elucidation of the anthocyanins than are one-dimensional steady-state NOE experiments. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new dorsal gland in the ground‐squirrel, Callospermophilus, with a note on its anal gland

In the golden-mantled ground-squirrel, Callospermophilus, a spatulate glandular area has been noted in the skin of the back. It has been found in the following species: C. l. lateralis, C. l. arizonensis, C. l. caryi, C. l. saturatus, C. l. tescorum, C. c. chrysodeirus, and C. bernardinus. Probably it is common to the genus. The individual glands making up this area are modified and enlarged sudoriparous glands. They are divided into a tightly coiled and branched fundus, a large sinus, and a duct which passes caudad and outward to its exit at the surface. The glands secrete a strongly smelling oil, which is probably left on vegetation and other objects in the animal's environment and serves as a source of information to other members of the species. The glands are more active in spring and summer than in winter. They are stimulated by excitement. While present in both sexes, both adult and juvenile, they are best developed in adult males. Callospermophilus has three anal glands. These have flat-topped, straight-sided nipples which are protruded from the anus if the animal is frightened. A milky substance with a very weak odor can be extruded.
Density Currents in Shear Flows-A Two-Fluid Model

Abstract This paper develops a two-fluid steady-state model of a density current and its front propagating into a uniformly sheared environmental flow. This model is used to examine the kinematic and dynamic factors that control the depth and propagation speed of the density current and the geometric shape of the density current front. For an idealized inviscid flow, the results show that the density current becomes deeper and propagates faster relative to the environmental flow as the shear increases toward positive (i.e., the system-relative inflow speed decreases with height). When the effects of energy loss and negative vorticity generation are taken into account for the entire or physically constrained fractional depth of the upper-layer outflow, multiple solutions are found for two possible flow states: supercritical and subcritical, similar to that of Benjamin. The supercritical (or subcritical) state is characterized by a large (small) Froude number for the downstream upper-layer outflow, in which...
Possible forms for dwell-time histograms from single-channel current records

Certain macromolecules embedded in the cell membranes of a variety of cells behave as gated ion-selective pores or channels. The length of time that a channel remains open or closed is not deterministic in nature and must be described in terms of relative probabilities. If channels act independently of each other and appropriate experimental conditions can be maintained, the behavior of a channel can be described by a homogeneous Markov process. Using this representation, the relative probability of observing openings (or closings) of various durations can be described by a sum of discrete components which are related to the underlying model of the kinetic behavior of the channel. Generally, these discrete components are taken to be simple decaying exponentials; however, exponentially decaying oscillatory components (as well as certain others which are discussed) are consistent with the Markov process representation. The presence of components other than simple decaying exponentials is shown to imply the violation of detailed balance in the steady-state (which requires energy), and thus, the presence of cyclic pathways in models which accurately represent the kinetic behavior of the channel. Oscillatory components, if present, will in general decay at a faster rate than the slowest decaying component, which, except under a very restricted set of conditions, will be a simple exponential.
VASOMODULATORY ACTION OF CLOPIDOGREL AND TICLOPIDINE

Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine derived antiplatelet drug that has currently undergone extensive clinical trials in the management of various arterial disorders related to platelet activation. While the proposed mechanism of its pharmacologic action is believed to be the inhibition of ADP mediated direct and indirect actions on platelet adhesion/aggregation and other activation processes, several other observed pharmacologic actions suggest that this drug may also have additional sites of action. Ticlopidine also belongs to the same class of ADP receptor inhibitor and is extensively used for prevention of ischemic disorders. In order to investigate the vasomodulatory action of clopidogrel and ticlopidine, rabbit and rat isolated tissue preparation systems were used. Clopidogrel and ticlopidine were found to produce dose dependent vasomodulatory actions in rabbit or rat treated with 30 minutes intravenous administration. The aortas harvested from both the rabbits and rats treated with clopidogrel or ticlopidine exhibited marked desensitization to the serotonin, endothelin-1, serum and platelet rich plasma/arachidonic acid mixtures. Both control rabbit aortic rings and rat aortic strips did not produce any inhibition of the serotonin induced contraction. These data suggest that clopidogrel and ticlopidine plays an important role in producing these vasomodulatory actions. Furthermore these observations indicate that both the clopidogrel and ticlopidine also modulate the vascular sites which may be contributory to the observed clinical effects.
Time-resolved EPR studies of main-chain radicals from acrylic polymers. poly(acrylic acid)s

Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy is used to study the structure and dynamics of main chain radicals created after 248 nm laser excitation of aqueous solutions of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The polymeric radicals are created via Norrish I cleavage of the side-chain carboxyl group. The radicals are characterized by computer simulation of well-resolved, fast motion spectra acquired at high temperature (>100 °C). Hyperfine coupling constants and g factors are reported for both PMAA and PAA main-chain radicals. The TREPR signal intensities exhibit a strong dependence on pH, disappearing entirely at pH values >6. Similar to previously studied polymer radicals with ester side chains such as PMMA, symmetry issues play a large role in determining the magnitude of the fast motion coupling constants. Attempts to produce the polymer radicals via a photooxidative mechanism at high pH values failed, and this is discussed in terms of chromophore activity...
Further Investigation of Low-Energy Ion Sputtering in Ion Thrusters

This paper is an update detailing further progress on research that was presented at the Joint Propulsion Conference in 2003. Low-energy sputtering yields of xenon-molybdenum (Xe+-Mo) systems were studied using both experimental techniques and models. The experimental measurements were obtained through Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and mass-loss techniques. Both techniques produced similar data when they were applied simultaneously. Differential sputtering yields measured in each of the RBS experiments revealed an under-cosine angular distribution of sputtered atoms. The experimental results were surprising because the total sputtering yield was found to increase with decreasing ion energy between 80 and 60 eV. Modeling studies were performed using TRIM (The TRansport of Ions in Matter) computer simulations and semi-empirical models. Experimental and modeling results are compared with the sputtering yield data from other researchers. The comparison shows a lack of agreement among the experimental data and the models.
Covalent Capture and Stabilization of Cylindrical β-Sheet Peptide Assemblies

Covalentcapture of supramolecular peptide assemblies such as A leads to kinetically stable cylindrical β-sheet structures B. The covalent bond-forming processes employed must be mild enough to tolerate peptide backbone groups as well as intersubunit hydrogen bonding. On the basis of these criteria, olefin metathesis using a selective RuII catalyst developed by Grubbs et al. as well as cysteine disulfide formation were investigated. This general strategy involving the marriage of noncovalent and covalent chemistry may prove useful in preparation of functional molecular constructs.
Top Management Team Demography and Corporate Strategic Change

This study examined the relationship between the demography of top management teams and corporate strategic change, measured as absolute change in diversification level, within a sample of Fortune ...
Sinking rates and dissolution of midwater fish fecal matter

The sinking rates of fecal matter from 7 southern California midwater fish species were investigated. Feces were obtained from 162 specimens of Stenobrachius leucopsarus, Triphoturus mexicanus, Leuroglossus stilbius, Lampanyctus ritteri, Argyropelecus affinis and Parvilux ingens, which were collected in the Santa Barbara and San Clemente Basins between 1977 and 1979. In addition, feces obtained from 6 laboratory-maintained specimens of the midwater zoarcid Melanostigma pammelas were used for repeated sinking-rate measurements. The mean of the measured sinking rates for all species was 1.19 cm s-1 (1 028 m d-1), which is much higher than the known descent rates of euphausiid and copepod fecal pellets and of most other particulate organic detritus. Dissolution characteristics were also investigated for fecal matter from 4 species collected by the same series of net hauls: S. leucopsarus, T. mexicanus, A. affinis, and Sternoptyx obscura. The release of dissolved organic compounds from this material is low and does not represent a significant output during the relatively short time required to sink through the water column. These findings suggest that midwater fish fecal matter may represent a major source of organic transfer between the pelagic community and the benthos.
A Model of Proficiency-Based Oral Achievement Testing for Elementary Arabic

: The purpose of this article is to provide a description of a proposed proficiency-based oral achievement test for elementary Arabic instruction. It begins with background information about the materials used for elementary Arabic at the University of Michigan, the rationale for testing oral skills at this level, and a brief description of the types of oral testing of Arabic that have been attempted during the past two years. The major part of this article provides a detailed description of the proficiency-based oral achievement test including its format, scoring procedure, administration, and implications. Included are a test facsimile and sample items.
Tripelennamine: Enhancement of brain-stimulation reward

Thresholds for reinforcing electrical stimulation to the medial forebrain bundle were determined in rats by means of a rate-free psychophysical method. The acute administration of tripelennamine lowered the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the abuse liability of tripelennamine may be related to its ability to sensitize the central neural pathway that mediates reward.
SLAM Family Receptors Distinguish Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells and Reveal Endothelial Niches for Stem Cells

To improve our ability to identify hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their localization in vivo, we compared the gene expression profiles of highly purified HSCs and non-self-renewing multipotent hematopoietic progenitors (MPPs). Cell surface receptors of the SLAM family, including CD150, CD244, and CD48, were differentially expressed among functionally distinct progenitors. HSCs were highly purified as CD150(+)CD244(-)CD48(-) cells while MPPs were CD244(+)CD150(-)CD48(-) and most restricted progenitors were CD48(+)CD244(+)CD150(-). The primitiveness of hematopoietic progenitors could thus be predicted based on the combination of SLAM family members they expressed. This is the first family of receptors whose combinatorial expression precisely distinguishes stem and progenitor cells. The ability to purify HSCs based on a simple combination of SLAM receptors allowed us to identify HSCs in tissue sections. Many HSCs were associated with sinusoidal endothelium in spleen and bone marrow, though some HSCs were associated with endosteum. HSCs thus occupy multiple niches, including sinusoidal endothelium in diverse tissues.
Aminoacyl-tRNA specificity of a 40S ribosomal subunit binding factor from rabbit reticulocytes.

A factor, isolated from rabbit reticulocytes, catalytically promotes the codon directed, GTP independent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to 40S ribosomal subunits. High specificity is observed for binding of Met-tRNAf in the presence of ApUpG or ApUpG(U) n , but much of this apparent specificity is lost when poly(A,G,U) is used as the template. The factor promotes poly(A,G,U) directed binding of at least Met-tRNA m and Val-tRNA in addition of Met-tRNA f to 40S ribosomal subunits. However, Met-tRNA f is almost exclusively bound when both Met-tRNA species are present in a ratio similar to that observed in reticulocytes.
Transient outward current (IA) in clonal anterior pituitary cells: blockade by aminopyridine analogs

Whole cell voltage-clamp recordings from GH3 cells, a clonal cell line derived from a rat anterior pituitary tumor, demonstrated a rapidly activating and inactivating (“transient”) voltage-dependent outward current. This current, referred to as IA, was elicited by step depolarization from holding potentials negative to −50 mV, showed strong outward rectification at potentials positive to −30 mV, and exhibited steady state inactivation with V1/2 near −64 mV. The current rose to a peak within 3,4-diaminopyridine = 3-aminopyridine > 2-aminopyridine. These drugs reduced the peak conductance of IA, and produced complex effects on its time-dependent decay. With submaximal degrees of block, there was an increase in the inactivation rate, suggesting that open channels are preferentially blocked by the drugs. It is concluded that GH3 pituitary cells possess an aminopyridine-sensitive transient outward current comparable to the A-current in neural cells. However, this cell line is unusual in that it expresses both rapidly and slowly decaying A-current components.
Impact of HTLV-I Tax on cell cycle progression and the cellular DNA damage repair response

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a rapidly progressing, clonal malignancy of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Fewer than one in 20 infected individuals typically develop ATL and the onset of this cancer occurs after decades of relatively symptom-free infection. Leukemic cells from ATL patients display extensive and varied forms of chromosomal abnormalities and this genomic instability is thought to be a major contributor to the development of ATL. HTLV-I encodes a regulatory protein, Tax, which is necessary and sufficient to transform cells and is therefore considered to be the viral oncoprotein. Tax interacts with numerous cellular proteins to reprogram cellular processes including, but not limited to, transcription, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and apoptosis. This review presents an overview of the impact of HTLV-I infection in general, and Tax expression in particular, on cell cycle progression and the repair of DNA damage. The contribution of these activities to genome instability and cellular transformation will be discussed.
Ground states of large icosahedral fullerenes

The ground states for large icosahedral fullerenes and for C 60 n molecular ions (-6≤n≤+1) are treated starting from full rotational symmetry and the use of Hund's rule. Treating the icosahedral symmetry as a subgroup of the full rotational group, the icosahedral symmetry of these molecular states is introduced. A method to calculate the electronic structures for the icosahedral molecules and ions is formulated for large fullerenes using a spherical harmonic expansion on a sphere, and the calculated results for C 60 are compared with molecular orbital calculations
Orbital Restriction on the Functional Form of the Lagrangian

The fact that a non-relativistic particle describes an orbit imposes a restriction on the functional form of the Lagrangian. For a classical particle subjected to an arbitrary local ‘generalized force,’ the (local) Lagrangian is shown to involve, at highest, first, second and third time-derivatives of the position respectively, in one, two and three dimensions. The generalization in the quantum regime is indicated with the aid of Feynman's path integrals.
Electron Storage in Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes. Fermi Level Equilibration in Semiconductor–SWCNT Suspensions

The use of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as conduits for transporting electrons in a photoelectrochemical solar cell and electronic devices requires better understanding of their electron-accepting properties. When in contact with photoirradiated TiO2 nanoparticles, SWCNTs accept and store electrons. The Fermi level equilibration with photoirradiated TiO2 particles indicates storage of up to 1 electron per 32 carbon atoms in the SWCNT. The stored electrons are readily discharged on demand upon addition of electron acceptors such as thiazine and oxazine dyes (reduction potential less negative than that of the SWCNT conduction band) to the TiO2–SWCNT suspension. The stepwise electron transfer from photoirradiated TiO2 nanoparticles → SWCNT → redox couple has enabled us to probe the electron equilibration process and determine the apparent Fermi level of the TiO2–SWCNT system. A positive shift in apparent Fermi level (20–30 mV) indicates the ability of SWCNTs to undergo charge equilibration with phot...
SOLUTIONS OF RESTRICTED THREE-BODY PROBLEM REPRESENTED BY MEANS OF TWO FIXED CENTER-PROBLEM

Restricted three-body problem is solved using solutions of eulers problem of two fixed centers
Investigation of Godunov Flux Against Lax Friedrichs' Flux for the RKDG Methods on the Scalar Nonlinear Conservation Laws Using Smoothness Indicator

The importance of smoothness indicator is well known in the numerical computation of hyperbolic conservation laws. The main aim is to compare and contrast Godunov flux with that of Lax-Friedrich's using smoothness indicator. We will only explore the case of smooth solutions. An example is offered to show how both fluxes behave under the TVD-RKDG scheme.
Trading Fat for Forests: On Palm Oil, Tropical Forest Conservation, and Rational Consumption

The longstanding butter vs margarine debate has recently become more complex as the links between margarine, industrial palm oil plantations, and tropical deforestation are made increasingly clear. Yet despite calls for consumers to get informed and take responsibility for tropical deforestation by boycotting margarine or purchasing buttery spreads made with sustainably-sourced palm oil, research in multiple contexts demonstrates that even the most aware, engaged, and rational consumers run into significant barriers when trying to reduce their environmental impacts. This paper supplements important critiques of neoliberal conservation at the site of extraction or intended conservation (Carrier and West 2009; Igoe and Brockington 2009; Bόscher et al. 2012), with empirical research from the other end of the commodity chain. It argues that programs which place faith in the ability of rational consumers to influence conservation outcomes through their choices on the market, neglect significant structural constraints and overestimate the efficacy of market choices. While careful to recognise the importance of civic pressure for policy legitimacy, this article also contributes to a special section on rational actors, calling into question the dominant ideology of free and rational choice that undergirds so many market-based conservation programs.
On a tracer method for evaluating catalytic data

This paper presents theoretical studies of a method of using a radioactive tracer technique to evaluate the kinetic data of heterogeneous catalytic reactions that are coupled with a Knudsen type of pore diffusion. By superimposing a transient radioactive tracer response over the steady state concentration profile in the catalyst particle, one can establish an implicit relation between the total amount of radioactive components diffused out of the particle and the kinetic data of the reaction system. This relation can then be used to evaluate kinetic data of the reaction system. A detailed study of general monomolecular complex systems is given. Use of the method for nonlinear systems is also included.
Nitrogenated porous carbon electrodes for supercapacitors

Nitrogenated porous carbon materials, made by coating the pore surface with nitrogen functional groups from the pyrolysis of hexamine, were characterized and tested for supercapacitor applications. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the nitrogen content of the nitrogenated carbon sample was found to be 14 wt%. Electrochemical properties from potentiostatic and galvanostatic measurements, and open circuit voltage (OCV) were used to evaluate the effect of nitrogen in porous carbon electrodes. The nitrogenated carbon exhibits pseudocapacitive behavior and an increase in capacitance that is almost double that of plain porous carbon. The cyclic stability is also improved, as the sample retains its high capacitance even after extensive cycling. Also, the nitrogenated carbon shows battery-like characteristics with an initial OCV of ca. 0.4 V, and an OCV of ca. 0.3 V after cycling.
The Cognitive Change Checklist (3CL): Cross-Validation of a Measure of Change in Everyday Cognition

Objective The recently developed cognitive change checklist (3CL) is comprised of four scales titled memory, executive, language, and remote recall. A previous study demonstrated that the checklist met criteria for reliability and validity in characterizing cases of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early dementia in a memory disorder clinic sample. In this study we examined further the reliability, validity, and efficacy of the 3CL in distinguishing among groups of normal individuals, those with cognitive complaints, amnestic and non-amnestic MCI cases, and early-stage demented individuals. Design Scale validation study. Setting Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Participants One hundred and twenty-five individuals who completed extensive evaluations as part of a longitudinal study of cognitive change. Results Scale reliabilities were found to be well within guidelines to support their use in the clinical assessment of change in global and specific cognitive domains. The factor structure of the 3CL was found to be highly similar to that originally reported. Validation support was obtained from correlational analyses that showed significant scale relationships with neurocognitive measures and with MRI ratings of medial temporal atrophy. Informant 3CL scales were found to discriminate individuals with cognitive complaints but without clinical findings from those individuals with amnestic MCI or early dementia. Conclusion Results extend the foundation of support for the use of the 3CL as a measure to facilitate identification of cases of MCI and early AD. Further examination of the diagnostic utility of the scale, and of its value in combination with cognitive screening measures, will also be required. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current and future immunotherapeutic approaches to multiple myeloma therapy

SUMMARY Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy associated with heterogeneous treatment and survival outcomes due in part to the ability of MM to evade and suppress the immune system. Research has focused on finding ways to modulate and enhance immunity while targeting the bone marrow microenvironment. Contemporary therapies include immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors and autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplant and have improved outcomes for patients with MM. Future therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor cells and MM vaccines, show promise to further improved outcomes, particularly when used in combination with existing therapies. This review covers the mechanism of action of currently available and future therapies and explores ways in which treatment may be more specifically directed in the future.
Changes in liver protein abundance in inbred alcohol-preferring rats due to chronic alcohol exposure, as measured through a proteomics approach.

This study compares the total liver proteome of inbred alcohol-preferring line (iP) rats exposed to alcohol with iP rats without alcohol experience. Rat liver proteins were extracted using a three-step procedure. Each of the three solutions solubilizes a different set of proteins. The extracted proteins were separated by 2-DE. Scanned gels of two sample groups, alcohol-exposed iP and alcohol-naive iP, were compared, revealing many protein spots with significantly higher or lower densities. These spots were cut from the gel, destained, and subjected to trypsin digestion and subsequent identification by LC-MS/MS. Twenty-four individual rats, 12 alcohol-naive, and 12 alcohol-exposed, were used in this study. Two groups, each containing six naive and six exposed animals, were created for statistical comparison. For the first group, 64 spots were observed to have statistically significant intensity differences upon alcohol exposure across all three extracts while 118 such spots were found in the second group. There were 113 unique proteins in both groups together. The majority of these proteins were enzymes. Significant changes are observed for three major metabolic pathways: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid beta-oxidation. In addition, enzymes involved in protein synthesis and antioxidant activity show significant changes in abundance in response to alcohol exposure.
Extending Faceted Search to the General Web

Faceted search helps users by offering drill-down options as a complement to the keyword input box, and it has been used successfully for many vertical applications, including e-commerce and digital libraries. However, this idea is not well explored for general web search, even though it holds great potential for assisting multi-faceted queries and exploratory search. In this paper, we explore this potential by extending faceted search into the open-domain web setting, which we call Faceted Web Search. To tackle the heterogeneous nature of the web, we propose to use query-dependent automatic facet generation, which generates facets for a query instead of the entire corpus. To incorporate user feedback on these query facets into document ranking, we investigate both Boolean filtering and soft ranking models. We evaluate Faceted Web Search systems by their utility in assisting users to clarify search intent and find subtopic information. We describe how to build reusable test collections for such tasks, and propose an evaluation method that considers both gain and cost for users. Our experiments testify to the potential of Faceted Web Search, and show Boolean filtering feedback models, which are widely used in conventional faceted search, are less effective than soft ranking models.
MB/sup +/-tree: a new index structure for multimedia databases

We describe a new indexing structure named the MB/sup +/-tree which has been designed to assist content-based retrieval in image and video databases. The types of queries considered are the nearest-neighbor query based on a weighted Euclidean-distance similarity measure and the range query, both in a multidimensional space. The indexing structure can support queries which retrieve a large number of approximate matches as well as those which retrieve a small number of close matches. The MB/sup +/-tree is based on linear order in the multidimensional space and has several features of the standard B/sup +/-tree.
Low-delay rate control for DCT video coding via /spl rho/-domain source modeling

By introducing the new concepts of characteristic rate curves and rate curve decomposition, a generic source-modeling framework is developed for transform coding of videos. Based on this framework, the rate-quantization (R-Q) and distortion-quantization (D-Q) functions (collectively called R-D functions in this work) of the video encoder can be accurately estimated with very low computational complexity before quantization and coding. With the accurate estimation of the R-Q function, a frame-level rate control algorithm is proposed for DCT video coding. The proposed algorithm outperforms the TMN8 rate control algorithm by providing more accurate and robust rate regulation and better picture quality. Based on the estimated R-D functions, an encoder-based rate-shape-smoothing algorithm is proposed. With this smoothing algorithm, the output bit stream of the encoder has both a smoothed rate shape and a consistent picture quality, which are highly desirable in practical video coding and transmission.
An integrated interactive visualization and analysis environment to study the impact of fire on building structures

In order to move away from the current prescriptive design methods towards performance based methods for the design of structures under fire, we need validated computer models. The next section describes our approach for modeling and analysis.
A Heterodimer of Thioredoxin and I B 2 Cooperates with Sec18p (NSF) to Promote Yeast Vacuole Inheritance

Early in S phase, the vacuole (lysosome) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae projects a stream of vesicles and membranous tubules into the bud where they fuse and establish the daughter vacuole. This inheritance reaction can be studied in vitro with isolated vacuoles. Rapid and efficient homotypic fusion between saltwashed vacuoles requires the addition of only two purified soluble proteins, Sec18p (NSF) and LMA1, a novel heterodimer with a thioredoxin subunit. We now report the identity of the second subunit of LMA1 as IB2, a previously identified cytosolic inhibitor of vacuolar proteinase B. Both subunits are needed for efficient vacuole inheritance in vivo and for the LMA1 activity in cell extracts. Each subunit acts via a novel mechanism, as the thioredoxin subunit is not acting through redox chemistry and LMA1 is still needed for the fusion of vacuoles which do not contain proteinase B. Both Sec18p and LMA1 act at an early stage of the in vitro reaction. Though LMA1 does not stimulate Sec18p-mediated Sec17p release, LMA1 cannot fulfill its function before Sec18p. Upon Sec17p/Sec18p action, vacuoles become labile but are rapidly stabilized by LMA1. The action of LMA1 and Sec18p is thus coupled and ordered. These data establish LMA1 as a novel factor in trafficking of yeast vacuoles.
Divided parents, shared children Conflicting approaches to relocation disputes in the USA

Custody relocation disputes pose intractable dilemmas for courts in a highly mobile society. The custodial parent, most often a woman, seeks self-determination, freedom of movement and a continued custodial relationship with the child. The non-custodial parent seeks to preserve a geographically close relationship with the child. Courts must identify the best interests of the children amidst these multiple and conflicting interests. They make decisions that may determine the course of custodial parents’ lives, affecting remarriage, employment, education, and proximity to family. A narrow doctrinal focus on children’s best interests ignores these key aspects of relocation disputes. This article examines the varied legislative and judicial approaches to relocation disputes in the US and proposed principles for resolution of these disputes. It reviews scholarship analyzing relocation disputes from a wide range of perspectives, including: conflicting social science research; competing ideologies of the post-divorce family; alternative dispute resolution; parents’ constitutional rights; domestic violence victims; and proposals to eliminate geographic presumptions and remedy the economic effect of restraints on relocation. Relocation doctrine in the US should be realigned to address these complex perspectives. States should also assist post-divorce families to support children through the common experience of relocation.
Location, Location, Location: Macrophage Positioning within Tumors Determines Pro- or Antitumor Activity

Macrophages infiltrate hypoxic tumor regions, where they promote angiogenesis and immunosuppression. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Casazza and colleagues report that tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) entry into avascular tumor areas is regulated by Semaphorin 3A/Neuropilin-1 signaling; interference with this pathway entraps TAMs in oxygenated areas, preventing their tumorigenic function.
Reaction of Amorphous Minb Films with Crystalline Metal Overlayers

In many cases the stability of amorphous films is influenced by interaction with metallic crystalline overlayers. Such interactions between Au, Ni, Nb and Ta overlayers and a-(Ni-Nb) films are reported. During interdiffusion Au overlayers reacted with a-(Ni-Nb) to form two different adjacent crystalline layers. In order to study the influence of relaxation of the amorphous film on overlayer reaction several a-(Ni-Nb) samples were pre-annealed prior to Au deposition. High depth resolution Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) demonstrates that preannealing lowers the diffusion poefficient of Au in a-(Ni-Nb) at 4500C from 7.5×10 −22 m 2 /s to 8.7×10 −23 m 22 /s. During interdiffusion Ta was discovered to be substantially more inert than Au. For example, negligible interdiffusion between Ta and a-(Ni-Nb) at 505°C after 25 hours implies a diffusivity of less than 5×10 −24 m 2 /s. These observations allow assessment of some of the requirements for increasing the stability of crystalline-amorphous metal film layered structures.