cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Reaction of n-Butyl Isocyanide with Human Hemoglobin: II. THE LIGAND-BINDING PROPERTIES OF THE α AND β CHAINS WITHIN DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN

Abstract At pH 7.0, 20°, both in the absence and presence of phosphates, the time course of n-butyl isocyanide binding to deoxyhemoglobin is biphasic, and the two kinetic phases can be isolated spectrally and identified with the properties of the α and β chains. Under all conditions at this pH, both the association and dissociation rate constants of the β chains are at least 10 times larger than the corresponding α chain rate constants, which indicates that the β heme site is much more accessible to this isocyanide than the α heme site. However, the spectral and functional heterogeneity observed in the kinetic and equilibrium data at pH 7.0 is absent at pH 9.1. This would appear to indicate that the chains possess similar ligand-binding properties at alkaline pH. For stripped hemoglobin in 0.05 m 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)2,2',2''-nitriloethanol (bis-tris), pH 7.0, 20°, the affinities of the chains within deoxyhemoglobin (defined by the reaction Hb4 + X ⇌ Hb4X) are roughly equivalent, the affinity of the deoxy α chains being slightly greater than that of the β chains. For unstripped hemoglobin in 0.1 m Pi, pH 7.0, the affinity of the deoxy α chains appears to be slightly lower than that of the β chains. At pH 7.0, the addition 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or inositol hexaphosphate to samples of stripped hemoglobin allows the generation of populations of partially saturated intermediates which contain n-butyl isocyanide bound preferentially to β heme sites. Thus, the most striking effect of phosphates is a lowering of the ligand affinity of the α chains relative to that of the β chains within the deoxy tetramer. A detailed analysis has been performed on both equilibrium and kinetic data obtained with stripped hemoglobin in 0.05 m bis-tris, pH 7.0. In order to fit both types of data with a single set of rate constants, the tetramer had to be considered as the minimum unit of function, and within this unit, the structural transition from deoxy-like to oxy-like hemoglobin was postulated to occur only after three ligand molecules had been bound. From the resultant values assigned to this set of rate constants, the total free energy of interaction per binding site was calculated to be ∼2.0 kcal per mole which is 0.3 kcal per mole smaller than the value which has been reported for the oxygen reaction. This result, coupled with the remarkable effects of phosphates and pH on the manifestation of chain differences, suggests the need for caution not only in comparing results obtained under different experimental conditions but also in using results obtained with one ligand to predict the behavior of hemoglobin with another.
Magnetic reconnection models of flares.

The most feasible energy source for solar and stellar flares is the energy stored in coronal magnetic fields. To convert a significant fraction of this energy into heat and kinetic energy in a short time requires rapid change in the topology of the magnetic fields, and hence, rapid reconnection of field lines. Recent numerical and analytical models of solar flares suggest that the magnetic energy released by reconnection drives chromospheric ablation in the flare ribbons. Simple theoretical arguments based on compressible reconnection theory predict that the temperature of the ablated plasma should be about 1.03 × 106 B0.62 oK where B is the coronal magnetic field strength in Gauss.
Discretization of Continuous Systems

The modal superposition method of analysis was applied in the preceding chapter to some simple structures having distributed properties. The determination of the response by this method requires the evaluation of several natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. The calculation of these dynamic properties is rather laborious, as we have seen, even for simple structures such as one-span uniform beams. The problem becomes increasingly more complicated and unmanageable as this method of solution is applied to more complex structures. However, the analysis of such structures becomes relatively simple if for each segment or element of the structure the properties are expressed in terms of dynamic coefficients much in the same manner as done previously when static deflection functions were used as an approximation to dynamic deflections in determining stiffness, mass, and other coefficients.
A heuristic for emergency operations scheduling with lead times and tardiness penalties

Abstract We study the operations scheduling problem encountered in the process of making and distributing emergency supplies. The lead times of a multi-echelon process, including shipping time, assembly time, and waiting time for raw materials must be explicitly modeled. The optimization problem is to find an inventory allocation and a production/assembly plan together with a shipping schedule for inbound supplies and outbound deliveries so that the total tardiness in customer order fulfillment is minimized. We define the problem as a mixed integer programming model, perform a structure analysis of the problem, and then propose a new search heuristic for the problem. This proposed heuristic finds a feasible solution to the problem by solving a series of linear programming relaxation problems, and is able to terminate quickly. Observations from an extensive empirical study are reported.
Scaling Mixing during Miscible Displacement in Heterogeneous Porous Media

This paper discusses scaling of mixing during miscible flow in heterogeneous porous media. In large field systems dispersivity appears to depend on system length due to heterogeneities. Three types of scaling are discussed to investigate the heterogeneous effects. Dimensional analysis of mixing during flow through geometerically scaled heterogeneous models is illustrated using measured dispersion. Fractal analysis of mixing in statistically scaled heterogeneous porous media is discussed. Analog scaling of pressure transients in heterogeneous porous media is suggested as an in-situ method of estimating dispersion.
Solution of the heawood map-coloring problem—Cases 3, 5, 6, and 9

Abstract This paper gives a proof of the fact that the chromatic number of an orientable surface of genus p is equal to the integral part of ( 7 + 1 + 48 p ) / 2 whenever the latter is congruent to 3, 5, 6, or 9 modulo 12.
IS A GLOBAL ETHICS POSSIBLE

This article addresses the question: Is a global ethics possible? The authors suggest developing a global ethics is a subject of critical importance to the practice of public administration. Ethics is important in public administration, especially at the international level. However the form and pace of globalization?rapidly changing the very nature of work in both the public and private sectors?are removing many familiar organizational, regional and even cultural norms and ethics. Considering the world’s diversity, is it even logical to assume that a universally accepted global ethics is possible? The authors propose that it is both logical and possible. The article first summarizes the ideas of the most noted scholar on global ethic?Hans Kung. It next presents an abbreviated explanation of the common spiritual wisdom literature, which is built on the five largest religious traditions. The article then applies the Kung criteria set to the spiritual wisdom literature and concludes that it is a viable candidate for being considered a universal global ethics.
Learning From Cases and Questions: The Socratic Case-Based Teaching Architecture

The case-based teaching architecture provides a framework for computer-based learning environments that couple the benefits of active learning with learning from cases. A case-based teaching system consists of two interdependent components: a task environment that provides a learner with an engaging task, and a storyteller that monitors the learner's interactions with the task environment looking for opportunities to present instructive cases that will help the student learn from his or her situation. In Socratic case-based teaching, the task environment engages the learner in a dialogue by posing open-ended, thought-provoking questions. The development of Creanimate, a system designed to teach elementary school age students about animal adaptation, provided an opportunity to explore important research issues for the implementation of Socratic case-based teaching systems: dialogue management, indexing of cases in a computer memory, and reminding strategies for case presentation. Testing of Creanimate reve...
Alarm criteria in radiation portal monitoring

Gamma detectors at border crossings are intended to detect illicit nuclear material. These detectors collect counts that are used to determine whether to trigger an alarm. Several candidate alarm rules are evaluated, with attention to background suppression caused by the vehicle. Because the count criterion leads to many nuisance alarms and because background suppression by the vehicle is smaller for ratios of counts, analysis of a ratio criterion is included. Detection probability results that consider the effects of 5 factors are given for 2 signal-injection studies, 1 for counts, and 1 for count ratios.
SU‐GG‐J‐54: Comparison of Head and Neck Localization with Portal Imaging and Megavoltage Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography

Purpose: To compare portal imaging (PI) and mega‐voltage cone‐beam CT (MV‐CBCT) for head and neck (HN) cancer patient localization. Method and Materials: The treatment couch shifts were recorded for 30 HN cancer patients localized weekly using anterior‐posterior and right‐lateral portal images, and for 11 patients localized using MV‐CBCT, either daily (n=4) or twice weekly (n=7). A total of 214 and 184 shifts were obtained for PI and MV‐CBCT, respectively, in the left‐right (LR), superior‐inferior (SI) and anterior‐posterior (AP) directions, along with the magnitude of the 3D shifts. The percentage of shifts that are equal to 0 in any direction, that is no treatment couch correction was applied in that direction, was also compared for the two techniques. Results: The average MV‐CBCT and PI shifts were −0.9±3.9 and 0.0±2.2 mm, respectively, in the LR direction, −0.2±2.4 and −0.1±3.5 mm in the SI direction, −1.0±4.2 and −0.2±2.6 mm in the AP direction. The average 3D shifts were 5.2±3.6 mm and 2.2±4.3 mm for MV‐CBCT and PI, respectively. The proportion of 0 mm shifts for MV‐CBCT and PI was 55% and 88%, respectively, in the LR direction, 71% and 81% in the SI direction, 49% and 90% in the AP direction. Conclusion: The three‐dimensional nature of the MV‐CBCT localization method offers a greater ability to detect small shifts and helps reach a compromise between the 3 translational treatment couch shifts that can be applied and the 12 degrees of freedom corresponding to translational and rotational movements of the head and/or neck, independently. This greater accuracy of MV‐CBCT allows to reduce CTV‐to‐PTV margins, therefore potentially improving the therapeutic ratio. Research partially supported by Siemens Medical Solutions.
It’s More Than a Blood Test: Patients’ Perspectives on Noninvasive Prenatal Testing

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) offers pregnant women a new risk assessment tool for fetal aneuploidy that is superior to conventional screening tests. We conducted focus groups with women who were currently pregnant or had recently delivered in the past year to characterize their perspectives about NIPT and to explore factors they would consider during decision making about its use. Women identified accuracy, early timing, testing ease, and determination of fetal sex as advantages of NIPT over other screens, and the noninvasive method of NIPT as an advantage over diagnostic tests. False positive and false negative results, anxiety, cost and insurance coverage were seen as disadvantages of NIPT. Women who do not want fetal aneuploidy information most likely will not undergo NIPT, despite its advantages over other screening tests. However, given its advantages, the decision to have NIPT is straightforward for women who want genetic information about the fetus. Women emphasized the need to make autonomous, private, and informed choices about NIPT, as they would with any prenatal genetic testing option. These perspectives may guide clinicians to conduct effective and clinically relevant counseling with pregnant women who consider utilizing this new genetic technology.
Kant and Rawls: Contrasting Conceptions of Moral Theory

In his A Theory of Justice1 (henceforth: TJ), John Rawls claims his two principles of justice are an interpretation of Kant’s second formulation of the categorical imperative and that the Original Position is a procedural interpretation of Kantian autonomy. The thesis of this essay is that Rawls’ theory is Kantian only in its articulation or formulation, not in its foundation or justification. It will be argued that Rawls’ two principles are a plausible construal of Kant’s categorical imperative, but that Rawls’ foundation is really a synthesis of Kantian and Utilitarian principles. Let us briefly consider Kant’s theory.
A model for assessing, quantifying, and correcting for index element mobility in weathering studies

Evidence shows that high field strength (HFS) elements commonly used to index chemical weathering are variably mobile. This mobility may be linked to redistribution of suspended solids. A mass-balance model is presented that can quantify such redistribution without assuming immobility for any single element. Two tropical weathering profiles on quartz diorite and basalt are examined and redistribution of the HFS elements Zr and Ti is documented, along with potential corrections for the resulting changes in measured concentrations.
Husserl’s Theory of Belief and the Heideggerean Critique

I develop a “two-systems” interpretation of Husserl’s theory of belief. On this interpretation, Husserl accounts for our sense of the world in terms of (1) a system of embodied horizon meanings and passive synthesis, which is involved in any experience of an object, and (2) a system of active synthesis and sedimentation, which comes on line when we attend to an object’s properties. I use this account to defend Husserl against several forms of Heideggerean critique. One line of critique, recently elaborated by Taylor Carman, says that Husserl wrongly loads everyday perception with explicit beliefs about things. A second, earlier line of critique, due to Hubert Dreyfus, charges Husserl with thinking of belief on a problematic Artificial Intelligence (AI) model which involves explicit rules applied to discrete symbol structures. I argue that these criticisms are based on a conflation of Husserl’s two systems of belief. The conception of Husserlian phenomenology which emerges is compatible with Heideggerean phenomenology and associated approaches to cognitive science (in particular, dynamical systems theory).
DCT-based scheme for lossless image compression

In this paper, a new method to achieve lossless compression of 2D images based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is proposed. This method quantizes the high energy DCT coefficients in each block, finds an inverse DCT from only these quantized coefficients, and forms an error residual sequence to be coded. Furthermore, a simple delta modulation scheme is performed on the coefficients that exploits correlation between high energy DCT coefficients in neighboring blocks of an image. The resulting sequence is compressed by using an entropy coder, and simulations show the results to be promising and more effective than just simply performing entropy coding on original raw image data.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Colon-specific drug delivery

Abstract The delivery of drugs to the colon has a number of important implications in the field of pharmacotherapy. Several diseases, including IBD, can be treated more effectively by local delivery of antiinflammatory agents to the large intestine. SASP is the classic prodrug used to deliver 5-ASA for localized chemotherapy of IBD. Due to adverse side-effects of SASP, a number of newer 5-ASA prodrugs are under development. The use of azo-reductase activity of colonic microflora has also been used to liberate 5-ASA from polymeric prodrugs and more recently to catalyze the partial degradation of hydrogels in the colon. These hydrogels may be useful in the delivery of peptides and proteins to the colon. The colonic bacteria also produce a wide array of glycosidases capable of hydrolyzing simple glycosides as well as polysaccharides. These enzymes have been exploited to release drugs in the large intestine. A number of studies have indicated that corticosteroids released from glycoside prodrugs are absorbed from the lumen of the large intestine and lead to much higher colonic tissue levels than are possible when the parent corticosteroid is administered systemically. The colon is also a potential site for absorption of peptides and proteins. Some potential limitations involved in oral peptide and protein delivery from the colon are discussed. In addition, the use of specific receptors and lectins on colonic mucosal cells offer the potential to deliver drugs to the colonic mucosa in a selective way. Interestingly, certain lectins have significantly increased binding to colonic mucin in several disease states: IBD and large bowel carcinoma. Exploiting these differences could lead to new, biologically oriented colonic drug delivery systems that deliver drugs selectively to the target cells, thereby reducing systemic exposure.
Energy derivatives for configuration interaction wave functions

Equations providing the first and second derivatives of a configuration interaction (CI) energy with respect to an external parameter are provided. We assume no restriction on the form of the CI expansion built from molecular orbitals obtained in a multiconfiguration Hartree–Fock (MCHF) calculation. Also, the coupled perturbed multiconfiguration Hartree‐Fock formalism is presented for a general MCHF wave function and provides the first order and second order changes of the molecular orbital expansion coefficients with respect to an external parameter.
Phosphorylation modulates the affinity of light-activated rhodopsin for G protein and arrestin.

Reduced effector activity and binding of arrestin are widely accepted consequences of GPCR phosphorylation. However, the effect of receptor multiphosphorylation on G protein activation and arrestin binding parameters has not previously been quantitatively examined. We have found receptor phosphorylation to alter both G protein and arrestin binding constants for light-activated rhodopsin in proportion to phosphorylation stoichiometry. Rod disk membranes containing different average receptor phosphorylation stoichiometries were combined with G protein or arrestin, and titrated with a series of brief light flashes. Binding of Gt or arrestin to activated rhodopsin augmented the 390 nm MII optical absorption signal by stabilizing MII as MII·G or MII·Arr. The concentration of active arrestin or Gt and the binding constant of each to MII were determined using a nonlinear least-squares (Simplex) reaction model analysis of the titration data. The binding affinity of phosphorylated MII for Gt decreased while that f...
Enterocutaneous Fistulas: A Look at Causes and Management

Despite advances in medical technology and surgical care, the management of enterocutaneous fistulas remains one of the most challenging problems faced by physicians. Success depends on an expert multidisciplinary team, access to long-term enteral and parenteral nutrition support, advanced wound care, optimal medical management and meticulous, methodical, surgical decision-making and technique. Management is complex and multiphasic. Improved survival rates for many morbid problems have resulted in a growing population of patients with increasingly complex fistulas. This article reviews the etiologies as well as classic and evolving management strategies for this problem.
Analysis of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection Parameters as a Function of Energetics, Source Location, and Magnetic Structure

We describe a study of how ICME parameters vary as function of source location, associated flare magnitude, and magnetic structure. The strongest compositional enhancements are found to occur in events originating in central longitudes of the Sun, those with large associated flares, and those that are identified as magnetic clouds. In situ velocity is highest for events associated with large flares. Density has a strong negative correlation with associated flare size, but no strong trend with source longitude or magnetic cloud structure. Temperature is lower than expected for events originating in central longitudes, events associated with large flares, and for magnetic clouds. Total magnetic field is highest for events originating in central longitudes and for magnetic clouds. Combining these results, we suggest that ICMEs may have a basic structure consisting of a core (or cores) of magnetic cloud plasma and compositional signatures that are modulated by CME energetics, surrounded by an envelope with weaker signatures. If this core/envelope scenario is proven to be valid, that suggests that a larger percentage of energetic ICMEs may contain enhanced composition that is not detected by the current single track observations.
Anisotropic Intensity Profiles in Ferroelectric LiNbO3 Single Crystal Fibers

Experimental studies of laser light intensity profiles, with light propagation direction perpendicular to the optical c-axis, in ferroelectric single crystal fibers such as LiNbO 3 are carried out and reported. Theoretical simulations of such multimode propagation of light are also conducted for the LiNbO 3 single crystal fibers. The simulation and experimental studies are extended to and compared with the commercially available single mode and multimode silica optical fibers. Theoretical simulations provided a good account for the light intensity profiles measured and led to a preliminary interpretation of complex specklegram observed in anisotropic single crystal fibers.
A structure-parameter-adaptive (SPA) neural tree for the recognition of large character set

Abstract An adaptive self-organizing neural tree called the structure-parameter-adaptive (SPA) neural tree is presented in this paper. The SPA neural tree can adapt to a changing environment parametrically and structurally. The SPA neural tree grows when new concepts are learned and shrinks when old concepts are disposed. It also makes parameter adaptation to cope with small changes in the environment. The SPA neural tree is suited to hierarchical classification. Its application to character pattern recognition is also presented in this paper. When applied to character pattern recognition, it shows promising performance.
Ontogeny of Langerhans cells in human embryonic and fetal skin: cell densities and phenotypic expression relative to epidermal growth.

Langerhans cells (LCs) positive for HLA-DR antigens were present in developing human epidermis by at least 7 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA). Most were negative for CD1 (T6) until 12-13 weeks EGA when they underwent a dramatic increase in CD1 reactivity. To gain insight into the density of LCs during ontogeny and to assess whether their distribution was coordinated with epidermal growth, the number of cells positive for both HLA-DR and CD1 antigens was determined relative to surface area and to volume of developing, interfollicular epidermis. LCs differed in their phenotype, distribution (follicular vs. interfollicular), size, and shape between 7 and 21 weeks EGA; however, during this period they maintained a statistically equivalent (P greater than .25) density (65 cells/mm2 and 1,750/mm3) even though the epidermis increased in thickness and the fetus rapidly expanded its surface area. While LCs were evenly distributed within the epidermal sheets at all gestational ages, those in embryonic skin were much smaller and less dendritic than the older cells. The density, size, and shape of LCs in developing skin seemed to be independent of epidermal status (e.g., thickness of keratinization, and number of cell layers) but rather were correlated with gestational age. The number of fetal LCs, through at least 23 weeks EGA, was only 10-20% of the adult LC density. Thus, we can conclude that the increase in LC density to adult levels must occur either during the third trimester or after birth.
Synthesis, characterization, and electrocatalytic activity of PtPb nanoparticles prepared by two synthetic approaches.

Intermetallic PtPb nanoparticles have been synthesized by two solution-phase reduction methods. In the first (PtPb−B), Pt and Pb salts were reduced by sodium borohydride in methanol at room temperature. In the second (PtPb−N), metal−organic Pt and Pb precursors were reduced by sodium naphthalide in diglyme at 135 °C. Both methods produced small agglomerated nanoparticles of the ordered intermetallic PtPb (mean crystal domain size <15 nm) which were characterized by pXRD, SEM, UHV−STEM, BET, EDX, and electron diffraction. The electrocatalytic activity of PtPb nanoparticles produced by both methods toward formic acid and methanol oxidation was investigated and compared to Pt and PtRu. Both PtPb−B and PtPb−N nanoparticles exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity compared to commercially available Pt black and PtRu nanoparticles. For formic acid oxidation, the PtPb nanoparticles exhibited considerably lower onset potentials and higher current densities than Pt or PtRu. For methanol oxidation, the PtPb nan...
Coulomb blockade in single-layer Au nanocluster films

The $I\ensuremath{-}V$ characteristics of single-layer Au nanocluster films are found to depend on the size of the Au core of the nanoclusters with the threshold voltage rising as the cluster size decreases. The thresholds are also found to depend linearly on array length and temperature up to 300 K. At the higher temperatures, the thresholds are observed to go negative, which may be interpreted as an effect of transport over a barrier. These findings, interpreted using numerical simulation, provide strong evidence that the system is governed by Coulomb blockade and that disorder, though clearly present, plays only a secondary role.
Early Immune Senescence in HIV Disease

Non-AIDS-defining co-morbidities that occur despite viral suppression and immune reconstitution using antiretroviral therapy depict early aging process in HIV-infected individuals. During aging, a reduction in T-cell renewal, together with a progressive enrichment of terminally differentiated T cells, translates into a general decline of the immune system, gradually leading to immunosenescence. Inflammation is a hallmark of age-associated comorbidities, and immune activation is a hallmark of HIV disease. Constant stimulation of the immune system by HIV or due to co-infections activates the innate and adaptive immune system, resulting in release of mediators of inflammation. Immune activation coupled with lack of anti-inflammatory responses likely results in accelerated aging in HIV disease. Dysfunctional thymic output, along with HIV-mediated disruption of the gastrointestinal barrier leading to microbial translocation, contributes to the circulating antigenic load driving early senescence in HIV disease.
Extendibility of chemically amplified resists: another brick wall?

The chemically amplified resist concept, first described two decades past and originally targeted for the 1000 nm device generation, has proved to have remarkable versatility. The semiconductor industry has come to rely on the properties of CA resists to achieve high resolution, high aspect ratio imaging accompanied by the high throughput that stems from their catalytic imaging mechanism. As the industry maps the evolution of lithographic technology to the 20 nm regime, it is appropriate to review the factors that control the performance of CA resists, and examine whether the traditional evolutionary path of materials refinement will provide materials capable of supporting device manufacturing at those dimensions. The impacts of image blur, line-edge roughness and shot noise on the ability to image CA resists at nanoscale dimensions will be discussed.
Effect Of Urine Volume On Apparent Urine Nitrogen Accumulation By A Pasture Sward

Management intensive grazing (MIG) has the potential to increase dairy farm profitability in the northeast United States, but recent lysimeter studies in this region have shown that a substantial amount of NO3-N applied in cattle urine is leached below the root zone. Projecting the results of these lysimeter studies over a pastured landscape indicates that water quality standards may not be achieved, even at normal stocking rates. However, these projections were made from data based on a single volume of urine application. How the urine volume (i.e., size of cow) affects NO3-N accumulation by pasture herbage and how this accumulation subsequently affects the amount of NO3-N that is leached from a urine deposition in the climatic conditions of the northeast U.S. is not known. A two growing season field study was conducted to determine the impact area from synthetic urine applied in 1, 2, and 3 L volumes to a predominantly orchardgrass (Dactyls glomerata L., cv. ‘Pennlate’) sward. Dry matter yields and appa...
On the correlation of experimental viscosity data

Synopsis The paper gives empirical correlations for low-density viscosity with temperature and viscosity excess with density, for carbon dioxide (measured by Michels, Botzen and Schuurman) and nitrogen (measured by Lazarre and Vodar). It is shown that in carbon dioxide, the correlation breaks down around the critical point, but otherwise includes the whole range of states from liquid to gaseous. In the case of nitrogen, the correlation seems to break down at the higher densities for lower temperatures. Smoothed values for the viscosity of carbon dioxide are given.
The Acceleration of Energetic Particles in the Solar Wind

The two principal mechanisms for accelerating energetic particles in the solar wind, statistical acceleration and shock acceleration, are reviewed briefly. Statistical accleration in both Alfven and magnetosonic turbulence is considered, but it is argued that neither may be of particular importance in the solar wind. Shock acceleration is illustrated with the case of acceleration at the forward and reverse shocks which bound corotating interaction regions in the solar wind. The anomalous cosmic-ray component, which may be the most important example of acceleration in the solar wind, is also discussed briefly.
A multiple motive perspective on strike propensities

Strike propensities refer to the extent to which union members are willing to engage in strikes. The present paper identifies four motivational explanations for individual propensity to strike: social exchange relationships between member and union, and member and company, economic circumstances, and social status. These four models complement each other, and together permit substantial integration of previous literature as well as suggesting new antecedents of strike propensities. We evaluated each model using survey data from 2548 unionized retail employees. While the economic model explained the most variance in strike propensity, each model accounted for a significant amount of unique variation in the members' strike propensities. Our organizational framework of the motivational explanations of strike propensity into four distinct but complementary motivational models and our addition of new predictor variables represent our study's major contributions. Implications for strike research and union member–union relations are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetization reversal of ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic bilayers

By incorporating random interfacial exchange interaction into the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation, we show that magnetization reversal of exchange-biased films possesses unique hysteresis features. A detail magnetization reversal process for different ferromagnetic layer thickness is analyzed.
The Surface Boundary Layer in Coastal Upwelling Regions

Abstract Observations from the Oregon, northwest Africa, Peru, and northern California shelves are used to examine the characteristics of the surface boundary layer in coastal regions during the upwelling season. The observations from these four regions yield a consistent picture of the structure of the surface boundary layer. Both CTD and moored observations reveal the presence of surface mixed layers that are typically 0–20 m thick with variability at diurnal and subtidal (periods longer than 36 hours) frequencies. The subtidal surface mixed-layer depth variability scales as u*/(NIf)½, where u* = (τS/ρ0)½ is the shear velocity, NI is the buoyancy frequency below the surface mixed layer, and f is the Coriolis frequency. Surprisingly, this relationship indicates that the subtidal variability of surface mixed-layer depth does not depend strongly on either the surface heat flux or advection of heat, both of which are large in coastal upwelling regions. Within the surface mixed layer the cross-shelf current ...
Demonstration of a hybrid time/wavelength division multiplexed interferometric fibre sensor array

A 14-element interferometric sensor array based on a hybrid time/wavelength division addressing scheme is reported. The system uses two time-division addressed sub-arrays operating at 790 nm and 835 nm which are addressed via common input/output fibres using WDM couplers. Preliminary results obtained show crosstalk levels < −50 dB electrical.
Gate-first implant-free InGaAs n-MOSFETs with sub-nm EOT and CMOS-compatible process suitable for VLSI

We have demonstrated the first InGaAs MOSFETs with sub-nm EOT featuring a gate-first implant-free process compatible with VLSI. At L G = 65 nm, these devices are among the best reported ones in terms of electrostatic integrity but they suffer from a large access resistance related to a large gate-to-source/drain spacing. Future work will focus on scaling this spacing in the 5 nm range in order to achieve the desired on-performance.
The Correlate of Religion Involvement and Formal Service Use Among Community-Dwelling Elders: An Explorative Case of Naturally Occurring Retirement Community

Spirituality and religion have become important topics in social work practice, especially in work with the terminally ill and the elderly. Understanding the impact of religion on formal service use gives insight to the significance of spirituality and religion in developing and delivering services to elderly persons. This study was to use the survey data conducted in a naturally occurring retirement community (NORC). The results indicate that attending religious services has an important negative relationship with formal service use after controlling all demographic and social factors. This study contributes to the growing research literature on older adults service use and deepens the perception of religion and attending religion services on the issue of spirituality and aging.
Guest editorial: technologies for practical robot applications

Robotics is on the verge of becoming the next disruptive technology to impact our society. Research volume, as well as technology development by the robotics industry, has grown exponentially in recent years. There are many market forecasts predicting a significant increase in the deployment of robotic systems in the next decade. Much of the increase of the robotics volume is expected to be in applications where robots act in direct support of humans, including health care, small-scale manufacturing, leisure and entertainment, the service sector and defense. In response to this growth, governments around the world have launched initiatives to support research and technology development in these areas. The main objective of the IEEE International Conference onTechnologies for Practical RobotApplications (TePRA) is to provide researchers, innovators, entrepreneurs and robotics professionals with a balanced forum in robotics science, engineering and technology. With an emphasis on practical applications and industry participation, TePRA technical programs featured more than 200 technical paper and poster presentations, robot demonstrations, student competitions, panel sessions and exhibits since 2009. The conference tracks covered application domains ranging from medical to defense, from educational to industrial robots, as well as new technologies in sensing, actuation and computation for enabling practical robot applications. This special issue of the Journal of Intelligent Service Robotics is a compilation of extended manuscripts selected from the 2013 TePRA technical program. The special issue
Experimental analyses of patch selection by foraging black surfperch (Embiotoca jacksoni Agazzi)

Abstract The dynamics of microhabitat use by foraging adult and juvenile black surfperch (Embiotoca jacksoni Agazzi) were explored. Detailed observations of black surfperch feeding at Santa Catalina Island, California, revealed that adults and young-of-year juveniles co-occurred in the same habitat but used different algal substrata as foraging sites. Juveniles selected invertebrate prey almost exclusively from the surface of foliose algae. The occurrence of young E. jacksoni was highly correlated with that of foliose algae. Adults tended to bite most frequently from turf, a low-growing matrix of plants, colonial animals, and debris covering the rocky substratum. The abundance of adults was negatively correlated with the occurrence of foliose algae. Adults and juveniles showed marked, but different, preferences in their utilization of taxa of algae as foraging substrata. Certain algae (e.g., Zonaria farlowii Setchell & Gardner) were preferred while other taxa (e.g., Sargassum palmeri Grun) were avoided by both age groups. However, most types of algae were preferred by one group but not the other. To test the hypothesis that knowledge of algal substratum composition allows prediction of fish occurrence and foraging behavior in a patch, algal cover on 2 × 2 m2 areas of bottom was manipulated creating plots dominated by turf, Zonaria farlowii, or Sargassum palmeri. Fish occurrence could be accurately predicted on the basis of abundance of foliose algae, but foraging activity of fish was highly dependent on the algal taxon that dominated the patch. Differential prey availabilities among foraging substrata provided some insight into the patterns of foraging patch preferences displayed by adult and juvenile Embiotoca jacksoni.
Surface phenomena in elasticity

The characteristic properties of free surfaces of elastic bodies, such as propagation speeds of characteristic waves and conditions of instability of the surface shape (wrinkling), are considered. The results are generalized whenever a free surface is streamlined by an inviscid flow. The theory is illustrated by example.
Unequal academic achievement in high school: the mediating roles of concerted cultivation and close friends

Building from the classic Wisconsin model of status attainment, this study examines whether a specific style of parenting, concerted cultivation, and a close friend’s school-related attitudes and behaviors mediate the relationship between a family’s socioeconomic status and their child’s academic achievement in the United States. Using a recursive path model on nationally representative panel data of high school students (N = 10,350), the results confirm a direct association between socioeconomic status and concerted cultivation. In addition, concerted cultivation and close friends are shown to mediate the relationship between a family’s socioeconomic status and their child’s academic achievement.
Branch plant location and the product cycle in computer manufacturing

Abstract This paper examines the implications of changes in product and process technology in the computer industry for the regional location pattern of production facilities. Emphasis is placed on the different locational needs of research and development activities as opposed to volume production of components. Using establishment data, the existing pattern of location is analyzed. A location model for branch plants is estimated across SMSAs; the results show that SMSA size and wage rates are repelling forces for branches. Agglomeration factors, educational level, and the supply of engineers, as well as the distance to headquarters, are positive influences on location. Manufacturing employment in the United States has grown faster outside than inside the traditional manufacturing belt for decades (Carlino 1984); this trend has accelerated in recent years. Causes of this redistribution may include surplus farm labor in the South (Cogan 1982), an attractive climate in the West, and unionization and high taxes in the North. Changes in product and process technology have also affected the location of some industries. This paper attempts to show how technology and the product life cycle influence the location of computer manufacturing.
The role of the pentose phosphate shunt in glucose induced insulin release: in vitro studies with 6-aminonicotinamide, methylene blue, NAD + , NADH, NADP + , NADPH and nicotinamide on isolated pancreatic rat islets.

Abstract The possible role of the pentose phosphate shunt in insulin release was investigated in vitro with collagenase isolated pancreatic islets of rats. Parameters measured were insulin released into the medium and measured by an immunoassay and formation of 14CO2 from glucose labeled either in the C-1 or C-6 position. The in vitro effect of the following substances was studied: 1. 1. 6-Aminonicotinamide, an antimetabolite in the synthesis of pyridine nucleotides. In islets of animals pretreated with 6-amino nicotinamide 6 h previously and in the presence of 3 mg/ml glucose in the incubation medium, 6-aminonicotinamide markedly reduced oxidation of [1-14C]glucose but did not affect that of glucose labeled in C-6. Concomitantly there was a marked decrease in insulin release. This action of 6-aminonicotinamide did not take place when it was added only to the incubation medium. Pretreatment with 6-aminonicotinamide did not change the insulin concentration of the islets, making it unlikely that it interfered with insulin synthesis. The effect of 6-aminonicotinamide is consistent with partial inhibition of the pentose shunt. 2. 2. Methylene blue: this agent was selected because it is known from studies with red blood cells that it will oxidize NADPH and thus stimulate activity of the pentose shunt. In concentrations of 0.5 and 2 μg/ml, methylene blue markedly stimulated oxidation of [1-14C]glucose but not that of C-6. Simultaneously there was a dose related decrease of insulin released. 3. 3. Pyridine nucleotides: in the absence of glucose only NADPH exhibited a significant effect of insulin release. If glucose (3 mg/ml) was present 1 or 10 mM of NAD+ or NADH exhibited a significant effect, NADP+ or NADPH were less effective. If the pentose shunt was blocked by pretreatment with 6-aminonicotinamide, all 4 pyridine nucleotides stimulated insulin release. Similarly there was an increase in oxidation of [1-14C]glucose, consitent with restimulation of the pentose shunt. 4. 4. Nicotinamide by itself exhibited a small effect; however, it was much less than the one produced by equimolar concentrations of the pyridine nucleotides. Conclusion: Restricted availability of NADPH either less production or by fast removal leads to a decrease in glucose-induced insulin release. Pyridine nucleotides will restimulate 6-aminonicotinamide blockade insulin release and glucose oxidation by the pentose shunt. Recently it has been proposed by others that the polyol pathway may play a key role in insulin release, our data are consistent with such a hypothesis. Furthermore they do support a major role of the pentose shunt in insulin release.
Generalized microstructural evolution by interface controlled coarsening

Abstract The predictions of existing theories of coarsening of microstructures under the control of reactions that occur at the interface are generalized to describe the behavior of microstructures of arbitrary geometry. If in its evolution the structure achieves an asymptotic condition characterized completely by a change in scale, as is observed for many systems, the results simplify to the predictions of the existing geometrically simple theories; the square of the scale of the system varies linearly with time.
Strong enhancement of band edge PL intensity and improved morphology for AlGaAs grown on lenticular GaAs substrates by low pressure MOVPE

Abstract It is widely known that the band edge photoluminescence (PL) intensity of MOVPE-grown AlGaAs decreases rapidly below that of comparable LPE-grown material for MOVPE growth temperatures below 780°C. This paper demonstrates that most of the lost intensity can be recovered in low pressure (LP) MOVPE by the use of a high substrate misorientation from {100}. AlGaAs (25% Al) was grown at 700°C on a GaAs lenticular substrate at 30 Torr. PL spectra for the AlGaAs film were taken as a function of substrate misorientation. The band edge intensity was found to be strongly misorientation dependent, with minimum intensity at 2° –3° of misorientation (a commonly used MOVPE misorientation) and maximum intensity at greater than 10° of misorientation. The maximum to minimum intensity ratios were 1000 at 77 K and 50 at 300 K. AlGaAs grown at a misorientation of 2°-3° or less had moderate band edge intensity with considerable deep level emission, whereas at high misorientation only band edge emission was observed. The 300 K PL intensity enhancement of 50-fold with high misorientation is approximately what is lost in reducing the growth temperature (700°C versus 780°C) on nominal {100} substrates using conventional TMGa, TMAl and arsine sources. These results suggest that AlGaAs with high optical quality can be grown at reduced growth temperatures by LP MOVPE if high substrate misorientations are employed. This paper also reports the observation of extended regions of {100} facets with dimensions on the order of a micron for AlGaAs grown on a GaAs lens by LP MOVPE. The regions of long-range morphological ordering appear as a “cat's eye”-shaped feature and for representative growth conditions cover the area with misorientation less than 4.5° from {100}. The long-range ordering in morphology does not appear to originate from nucleation flaws, a case reported previously for atmospheric pressure MOVPE.
Solubility of Tricalcium Citrate in Solutions of Variable Ionic Strength and in Milk Ultrafiltrates

Summary Solubility of tricalcium citrate has been determined at 21 and 95° C. by dissolution in water and by precipitation from supersaturated solutions containing various proportions of calcium to citrate and at pH 4.4 to 8.8. Solubility product in solutions at equilibrium varied with ionic strength, according to the relation pks = 17.63 − 10.84 μ , but was unaffected by variations in pH and temperature and by the presence of magnesium or phosphate ions. Milk ultrafiltrates were shown to be saturated with tricalcium citrate, i.e., the calculated pk s values agreed with the solubility product in all but two of the 15 samples tested, and composition of two ultrafiltrates was unaffected by agitation with crystals of tricalcium citrate.