cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Generalized Vernalization Response Function for Winter Wheat

Vernalization is a process required for certain plant species to enter the reproductive stage through an exposure to low, nonfreezing temperatures. These plant species include some fall-planted cereals, among them winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A three-stage linear function is currently used in wheat simulation models to describe the developmental response to the duration of the vernalization treatment, expressed as effective vernalization days (VD). This function lacks generality because the value of its coefficients varies with genotype. The objective of this study was to develop a generalized nonlinear vernalization response function for winter wheat. The nonlinear vernalization function developed in this study has coefficients with biological meaning. Data of final leaf number at different VD treatments in 12 winter wheat cultivars from 19 trials, which are from published research and from a growth chamber experiment conducted as part of this study, were used as independent data for evaluating the nonlinear vernalization function. These data sets represent a wide range of winter wheat cultivars developed in different parts of the world. The generalized nonlinear vernalization function described the developmental response to VD better (RMSE = 0.032) than the three-stage linear functions (RMSE = 0.060 for cultivar Karl 92 and RMSE = 0.129 for cultivar Arapahoe). It is concluded that the vernalization response of winter wheat can be described by a general vernalization function. This conclusion implies that a reduction in the input data requirements is possible for winter wheat simulation models.
THE STANDARDIZATION OF MINE ACCOUNTING

This paper presents the history of the international efforts to standardize mine accounting between 1895 and 1915. Extractive industries, such as mining and oil and gas, posed especially difficult problems for the accounting profession. In 1895 there was almost no literature to help in the resolution of these problems. During this following interval the issues of mine accounting were thoroughly discussed and limited standardization was achieved in some regions. Near the end of this period the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy unanimously adopted a set of accounting standards for the mining industry.
Pharmacology—The Effects of Lithium on Biogenic Amines

Since the initial report (Schildkraut, 1966) that acute administration of lithium salts altered the metabolism of norepinephrine in rat brain, numerous other studies have examined the effects of lithium salts on the turnover and metabolism of biogenic amines both in animal brain and in human subjects. This chapter will concern itself with the findings of these studies, which have also been considered in other recent reviews (e.g., Schildkraut, 1970; Fieve, 1970–1971; Gershon, 1970; Davis and Fann, 1971).
Review: Central venous catheters coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine reduce bloodstream infections

Source Citation Veenstra DL, Saint S, Saha S, Lumley T, Sullivan SD. Efficacy of antiseptic-impregnated central venous catheters in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infection. A meta-analysi...
Withstanding our Status as Outsiders-Within: Professional Counterspaces for African American Women Student Affairs Administrators

Although engagement in social and academic counterspaces has been studied as a strategy used by African American college students to withstand racially inhospitable campus climates, very little res...
The Scheduling of Kratom and Selective Use of Data

Kratom is a traditional drug from Southeast Asia that has been an emerging new substance in the United States. On August 30, 2016, the DEA announced the intention to emergency schedule kratom into ...
Area-efficient STT/CMOS non-volatile flip-flop

An area-efficient non-volatile flip flop (NVFF) is proposed. The proposed NVFF is comprised of two storages: a conventional flip flop as a static storage during the power-on and a spin-torque transfer magnetic tunnel junction (STT-MTJ) as a temporary storage during the power-off. The area overhead of the MTJ block is minimized by reusing a part of the existing flip flop. The energy overhead for the temporary storage is reduced by a current reuse technique. We evaluated the proposed NVFF circuit using a compact MTJ model targeting an implementation in a 10nm technology node. Results indicate that area overhead is 6.9% normalized to the conventional flip flop and that the energy overhead is 0.2pJ. Compared to the best previously known NVFFs, the proposed circuit succeeded in reducing the area by 4.1× and the energy by 1.5×.
The public/private divide: an analysis of American law relative to recruiting and transfer policies in interscholastic athletics

ABSTRACTCompetitive balance within interscholastic athletics in the United States is governed by state athletic associations. The policies derived by these associations vary by state and are meant to ensure high school athletic teams have an equitable chance of athletic success, especially in post-season tournament competition. Two specific policy types, recruiting and transfer restrictions, are often designed to safeguard against schools targeting specific athletes, or students choosing schools based on athletic motives. These policies are particularly challenging to create and enforce when private schools are involved, as private schools admit students differently than public schools and because private schools tend to have disproportionately high levels of athletic success. Consequently, legal cases challenging recruiting and transfer policies often include private high schools where violations of fundamental rights are alleged. A thorough review of such cases revealed that state athletic associations ...
Intravenous xenogeneic human cardiosphere-derived cell extracellular vesicles (exosomes) improves behavioral function in small-clot embolized rabbits

Acute ischemic stroke is devastating to patients and their families because of few viable therapeutic options to promote recovery after reperfusion windows close. Recent breakthroughs in biotechnology have resulted in a reproducible patented process for the purification of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from human cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs). Because CDC-EVs have many features potentially beneficial to treat acute ischemic stroke, CDC-EVs were evaluated in an established small-clot rabbit embolic stroke model, where clinically relevant end points were used to assess recovery in a more translational large animal model. Biodistribution studies with fluorescent DiD-labeled CDC-EVs showed intense uptake in the ischemic region of the brain. In this report, we show that intravenous (IV) CDC-EVs (0.75 mg/kg) administered 1-hour post-embolization significantly attenuate behavioral deficits following an embolic stroke in rabbits. In CDC-EV-treated rabbits, P50 (3.63 ± 1.27 mg, n = 24) was increased by 245% over vehicle control (1.05 ± 0.15 mg, n = 24); by comparison, rt-PA increased P50 by 91% (2.01 ± 0.24 mg, n = 23). Importantly, the therapy was also without adverse effects on intracerebral hemorrhage or survival rate of embolized rabbits. Thus, as a first step toward widespread use, CDC-EVs, given adjunctively to routine reperfusion therapy, merit further investigation as a therapeutic candidate for stroke.
Managing Parastomal Hernia

Parastomal herniation is a common consequence of operations that require creation of an intestinal stoma, with different incidences reported depending on whether it is clinically or radiographically detected. There are considerable data suggesting that sublay or onlay mesh reinforcement prevents delayed parastomal hernia. Suitable candidates requiring repair seem to have the best outcomes with definitive repair by laparoscopic means and placement of mesh in the sublay position utilizing the Sugarbaker technique of lateralization rather than a slit or keyhole approach. Poor operative candidates may be approached via a lateral parastomal approach, acknowledging the higher recurrence rate with this technique. The optimal approach, technical factors necessary for the best outcomes and the most appropriate mesh material remain to be defined.
Short communication: Asymptotic optimality of the static frequency caching in the presence of correlated requests

It is well known that the static caching algorithm that keeps the most frequently requested documents in the cache is optimal in case when documents are of the same size and requests are independent and identically distributed. However, it is hard to develop explicit and provably optimal caching algorithms when requests are statistically correlated. In this paper, we show that keeping the most frequently requested documents in the cache is still optimal for large cache sizes even if the requests are strongly correlated.
Outcome-Based Evaluation Data Collection

Believe me, there is no lack of data floating around most education and social programs! The problem is that much of it either is not usable for meaningful outcome-based evaluation, or not retrievable. An unfortunate truism is that many programs are data rich but information poor. Part of the reason for this situation is that program administrators are bombarded with requests for data from funding, licensing, or accrediting bodies who frequently ask for different data sets; but part of the reason is also that most program’s data systems have evolved over time, with little forethought given to the importance of developing an ongoing data-based management system that will provide data for multiple purposes, including outcome-based evaluation. I hope that this chapter will help that situation, but we also need to realize that data collection is neither easy nor inexpensive. Thus, our sixth guiding principle: Guiding Principle 6: Choose your data sets very carefully, because data collection is neither easy nor inexpensive.
Inhibitory actions of ceramide upon PKC-ε/ERK interactions

We have previously shown that interleukin-1 receptor-generated ceramide induces growth arrest in smooth muscle pericytes by inhibiting an upstream kinase in the extracellular signal-regulated kinas...
Challenges in Studying Multidimensional Semantic Representations in the Human Brain.

Concepts are a necessary component of higher-order cognition, and they facilitate the comprehension and production of language. However, because semantic representations are encoded by spatially diverse populations of neurons across frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, localizing function is
Effect of radiotherapy treatment modalities on survival in stage IIa prostate cancer: A National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) analysis.

5069Background: Radiation therapy remains one of the most effective methods of treating stage IIA prostate cancer. Several retrospective studies have determined that external beam radiation therapy...
Long-term Effects of Disasters on Health Care Utilization: Hurricane Katrina and Older Individuals with Diabetes.

Objective While the short-term effects of disasters on health care utilization are well documented, less is known regarding potential longer-term effects. This study investigates the effects of Hurricane Katrina on the health care utilization of older individuals with diabetes. Methods We examined Medicare claims and enrollment data for the 2002-2004 and 2006-2008 time periods for older individuals with diabetes. Our quasi-experimental design analyzed utilization across 2 treated and 3 control groups. We compared the proportion of individuals who received a screen related to diabetes before and after Katrina in the treated groups to the proportions in the control groups. Our regression analysis employs individual and year fixed effects to control for factors specific to a given individual or to a given year. Results We found that utilization rates in the 2002-2004 period exhibited roughly parallel trends for the treated and control groups, which provides support for our research design. The 2006-2008 utilization rates were generally lower for the treated groups than they were for the control groups. The differences were especially pronounced for older age cohorts. Conclusions Our study suggests that the effects of disasters on health care utilization may persist for years after the event. Recovery efforts may be improved by addressing both short-term and long-term health care interruptions. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:724-731).
A systematic review and meta-regression analysis to examine the 'timing hypothesis' of hormone replacement therapy on mortality, coronary heart disease, and stroke.

Abstract Background The ‘Timing Hypothesis’ states that the benefits and harms of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are related to the proximity with which it is begun following the onset of menopause. The primary aim of this analysis was to test for heterogeneity of treatment effect for HRT using Chi2 and I2 tests for younger versus older initiators of HRT. The secondary aim was to perform a meta-regression with mean age at trial baseline as the covariate for various outcomes. Methods Younger initiation trials were defined as those with mean age of participants 60 years. The primary endpoints included all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD) events (a composite of cardiac mortality and nonfatal myocardial (MI)), and a composite of stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA) and systemic embolism. Results Thirty-one RCTs were identified comparing HRT users to nonusers (n = 40,521). There was significant heterogeneity of treatment effect between younger versus older HRT initiators for all-cause mortality (Chi2 = 9.74, p = 0.002, I2 = 89.7%), cardiac mortality (Chi2 = 4.04, p = 0.04, I2 = 75.2%), and CHD events (Chi2 = 3.06, p = 0.08, I2 = 67.3%). Both groups experienced an increase in stroke, TIA and systemic embolism (1112/18,774 in the HRT group versus 734/18,070 in the control group; OR = 1.52; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.38–1.67). When performing the meta-regression, as age increased the treatment effect of HRT was increased for stroke, TIA and systemic embolism (point estimate 0.006 with a standard error of 0.002) (p = 0.0003). Conclusion Younger initiation of HRT may be effective in reducing death and cardiac events. However, younger HRT initiators remained at an increased risk of stroke, TIA and systemic embolism and this risk increased as average age increased. Younger menopausal women using HRT to treat vasomotor symptoms do not appear to be at an increased risk of dying or experiencing CHD events.
Chapter 31. Reactions of Interest in Medicinal Chemistry

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on reactions of interest in medicinal chemistry. Advances in the use of computers for the design of synthetic schemes are described. Application of computer graphics to input and output chemical structures, the development of a computer program to effectively perceive structural units and relationships, and the use of a computer system to generate a “tree” of possible intermediates starting from a given target molecule are discussed. The facile use of stereoselective hydrocyanation is described. Because the nitrile function can be converted to methyl as well as to a variety of functional groups, the conjugate addition of HCN has wide application. The use of organosulfur compounds in organic syntheses was also reviewed. The bicyclic amidines 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) have proven to be superior to pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, and other common amines in dehydrohalogenations of very sensitive molecules. A review summarized their use in dehydrohalgenations, condensations, and rearrangements. The α-Chloronitrones were explored as “enophiles” that would undergo 4+2 cycloadditions with isolated olefinic double bonds, even though the double bond is not activated.
Peroxiredoxin6 in Endothelial Signaling

Peroxiredoxins (Prdx) are a ubiquitous family of highly conserved antioxidant enzymes with a cysteine residue that participate in the reduction of peroxides. This family comprises members Prdx1–6, of which Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is unique in that it is multifunctional with the ability to neutralize peroxides (peroxidase activity) and to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) via its phospholipase (PLA2) activity that drives assembly of NADPH oxidase (NOX2). From the crystal structure, a C47 residue is responsible for peroxidase activity while a catalytic triad (S32, H26, and D140) has been identified as the active site for its PLA2 activity. This paradox of being an antioxidant as well as an oxidant generator implies that Prdx6 is a regulator of cellular redox equilibrium (graphical abstract). It also indicates that a fine-tuned regulation of Prdx6 expression and activity is crucial to cellular homeostasis. This is specifically important in the endothelium, where ROS production and signaling are critical players in inflammation, injury, and repair, that collectively signal the onset of vascular diseases. Here we review the role of Prdx6 as a regulator of redox signaling, specifically in the endothelium and in mediating various pathologies.
Hydrodynamic and Structural Response Modeling of a Prototype Floating Membrane Reservoir System for Pumped Storage Hydropower

AbstractHydrodynamic, computational fluid dynamics, and finite-element modeling were performed for a novel floating membrane reservoir system design for closed-loop pumped storage hydropower applic...
Zero-entropy invariant measures for skew product diffeomorphisms

In this paper, we study some skew product diffeomorphisms with non-uniformly hyperbolic structure along fibers and show that there is an invariant measure with zero entropy which has atomic conditional measures along fibers. For such diffeomorphisms, our result gives an affirmative answer to the question posed by Herman as to whether a smooth diffeomorphism of positive topological entropy would fail to be uniquely ergodic. The proof is based on some techniques that are analogous to those developed by Pesin and Katok, together with an investigation of certain combinatorial properties of the projected return map on the base.
G517(P) Transition to adult health services for young people with severe (gmfcs iv-v) cerebral palsy

Background Neurodisability poses additional challenges for transition to adult healthcare and there is increasing prevalence of those with complex disability. Data limitations mean greater knowledge of numbers and health needs is required to ensure local services meet needs. This study aimed to capture characteristics of young people with severe cerebral palsy and analyse current transition practice as a starting point for service development. Method Retrospective case note review of all patients with cerebral palsy, GMFCS IV-V, aged 9–23 years, living in a defined area and attending community and/or tertiary neurodisability clinics at a large children’s hospital. Results Thirty-two patients were identified; fourteen aged 19–23 (should have completed transition), five aged 14–18 (undergoing transition) and thirteen aged 9–13 (approaching transition). All had multiple comorbidities (median 9), medications (median 5.5), input from numerous specialties (median 6) and frequent service use (median 6 outpatient appointments, 1 inpatient admission over preceding 12 months). Additional aspects included ‘looked after’ status and learning disability recognition. First transition discussions occurred late at median age of 18.5, with 2.4 months between this and transfer to adult services. In 62%, GP involvement was limited to receiving copies of correspondence. 46% had a letter to the professional taking over care summarising management. There were no defined transition pathways in place for overarching management. Following transition, the GP became the lead for 62% and adult neurorehabilitation team for 23%. In 15%, there was ad-hoc involvement of an adult respiratory/ICU physician in coordinating care, where transition coincided with deteriorating health. Resulting current work includes identification of lead GP for child health and transition in each local practice, template letters sent at key ages highlighting the need to address transition, formalisation of learning disability diagnosis with education and adult palliative care involvement. Conclusion This study has highlighted the complex multisystem needs of this group, aspects to consider within transition planning and lack of documentation of this process. While improving the transition experience for these young people and families is important, the emphasis needs to be ensuring engagement of both adult and paediatric health teams so appropriate transition pathways and services are in place.
Organotypic breast tumor model elucidates dynamic remodeling of tumor microenvironment

Fibroblasts are a critical component of tumor microenvironments and associate with cancer cells physically and biochemically during different stages of the disease. Existing cell culture models to study interactions between fibroblasts and cancer cells lack native tumor architecture or scalability. We developed a scalable organotypic model by robotically encapsulating a triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell spheroid within a natural extracellular matrix containing dispersed fibroblasts. We utilized an established CXCL12 - CXCR4 chemokine-receptor signaling in breast tumors to validate our model. Using imaging techniques and molecular analyses, we demonstrated that CXCL12-secreting fibroblasts have elevated activity of RhoA/ROCK/myosin light chain-2 pathway and rapidly and significantly contract collagen matrices. Signaling between TNBC cells and CXCL12-producing fibroblasts promoted matrix invasion of cancer cells by activating oncogenic mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, whereas normal fibroblasts significantly diminished TNBC cell invasiveness. We demonstrated that disrupting CXCL12 - CXCR4 signaling using a molecular inhibitor significantly inhibited invasiveness of cancer cells, suggesting blocking of tumor-stromal interactions as a therapeutic strategy especially for cancers such as TNBC that lack targeted therapies. Our organotypic tumor model mimics native solid tumors, enables modular addition of different stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins, and allows high throughput compound screening against tumor-stromal interactions to identify novel therapeutics.
Chapter 8 – Mitochondrial disorders

Mitochondrial disorders represent a heterogeneous group of diseases caused by a dysfunction of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, the double membrane-bound organelles that generate energy in eukaryotic cells. This group collectively may involve any mode of inheritance, may present from the neonatal period to adulthood, and can clinically affect nearly every organ system. Symptoms are variable and evolve over time and may include developmental delay, myopathy, encephalopathy, seizures, ataxia, sensorineural hearing loss, ophthalmoplegia, retinopathy, diabetes mellitus, liver failure, cardiomyopathy, exercise intolerance, and gastric dysmotility. Given the variability of clinical presentations, establishing the diagnosis of a mitochondrial disorder is frequently challenging. Diagnostic delay or misdiagnosis is common. Mutations in 37 mitochondrial genes or over 100 nuclear genes can result in overlapping phenotypes. The reverse is also true with the same genetic mutation causing different clinical presentations. Not uncommonly, extensive laboratory evaluation is required including lactate and pyruvate levels, plasma amino acid profiles, urine organic acid profiles, plasma acylcarnitine profiles, and specific enzymatic analysis of skin and muscle. Neuroimaging is often needed. Recent developments in whole-exome sequencing have revolutionized diagnosis and expanded the molecular spectrum with discovery of new conditions. Although some symptomatic improvement may be achieved by the use of specialized vitamin and cofactor therapies as well as supportive illness management, there is no cure for these conditions and some can be fatal. Improvements in quality of life and survival can be achieved with multidisciplinary clinical management.
Tweeted, deleted: An exploratory study of the US government’s digital memory holes

Deletion is part of the Internet’s history and predates Twitter. Today, research on the laws underlying and facilitating government social media use and deletion practices has remained limited. The...
From the archives of MD Anderson Cancer Center: Untreated leukemic non-nodal mantle cell lymphoma with relapse as pleomorphic variant mantle cell lymphoma 21 years later.

Abstract Leukemic, non-nodal mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a distinct, rare, indolent variant of mantle cell lymphoma, but can relapse aggressively. It can present with lymphocytosis with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-like morphologic and immunophenotypic features as was initially considered in the index case. However, at time of splenectomy, two years later cyclin D1 overexpression was shown and the disease was realized to be leukemic non-nodal MCL. The patient was followed for 21 years, without therapy, before he developed clinically aggressive MCL with lymphadenopathy. Lymph node biopsy showed MCL, pleomorphic variant. We review the literature and discuss the features of leukemic non-nodal MCL as well as the potential pitfalls in diagnosis. Furthermore, we are not aware of another cases reported with a 21 year interval from initial diagnosis of leukemic non-nodal MCL to aggressive MCL.
Electron–phonon coupling and intrinsic bandgap in highly-screened graphene

Photoemission studies of graphene have resulted in a long-standing controversy concerning the strength of the experimental electron?phonon (el?ph) interaction in comparison with theoretical calculations. Using high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy we study graphene grown on a copper substrate, where the metallic screening of the substrate substantially reduces the electron?electron interaction, simplifying the comparison of the el?ph interaction between theory and experiment. By taking the nonlinear bare bandstructure into account, we are able to show that the strength of the el?ph interaction shows better agreement with theoretical calculations. In addition, we observe a significant bandgap at the Dirac point of graphene.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF COMMERCIAL AND NON-COMMERCIAL TOURNIQUETS FOR EXTREMITY HEMORRHAGE CONTROL IN A PERFUSED CADAVER MODEL.

BACKGROUND Tourniquets are a critical tool in the immediate response to life-threatening extremity hemorrhage; however, the optimal tourniquet type and effectiveness of noncommercial devices remain unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of five tourniquets in a perfused-cadaver model. METHODS This prospective study used a perfused-cadaver model with standardized superficial femoral artery injury bleeding at 700 mL/min. Five tourniquets were tested: combat application tourniquet; rapid application tourniquet system; Stretch, Wrap, And Tuck Tourniquet; an improvised triangle bandage windlass; and a leather belt. Forty-eight medical students underwent a practical hands-on demonstration of each tourniquet. Using a random number generator, they placed the tourniquets on the bleeding cadaver in random order. Time to hemostasis, time to secure devices, estimated blood loss, and difficulty rating were assessed. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare efficacy between the tourniquets in achieving the outcomes. RESULTS The mean ± SD participant age was 25 ± 2.6 years, and 29 (60%) were male. All but one tourniquet was able to stop bleeding, but the rapid application tourniquet system had a 4% failure rate. Time to hemostasis and estimated blood loss did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Stretch, Wrap, And Tuck Tourniquet required the longest time to be secured (47.8 ± 17.0 seconds), whereas the belt was the fastest (15.2 ± 6.5 seconds; p < 0.001). The improvised windlass was rated easiest to learn and apply, with 22 participants (46%) assigning a score of 1. CONCLUSION Four of five tourniquets evaluated, including both noncommercial devices, effectively achieved hemostasis. A standard leather belt was the fastest to place and was able to stop the bleeding. However, it required continuous pressure to maintain hemostasis. The improvised windlass was as effective as the commercial devices and was the easiest to apply. In an emergency setting where commercial devices are not available, improvised tourniquets may be an effective bridge to definitive care.
A Pediatric Hospital Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Department's Response to COVID-19: An Administrative Case Report.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this case report is to describe the challenges that COVID-19 presented for therapists in a pediatric hospital and the response to these challenges. METHODS (CASE DESCRIPTION): The case report setting is a physical therapy and occupational therapy department (department) of an academic pediatric medical center that provides a range of health care services for children and youth. Challenges that COVID-19 presented to the Department included: (1) managing safety concerns for patients, their families, and staff; (2) continuing to provide high-quality therapy services within state mandated restrictions; (3) triaging patients; and (4) keeping clinicians employed and working productively. RESULTS: The Department therapists responded to these challenges by: (1) increasing communication huddles, (2) developing procedures for staffing and triaging of patients, (3) developing procedures for telehealth therapy services, and (4) designing a remote work program for all department employees. The number of patients and staff on site were reduced by initiating telehealth services, triaging patients, and developing a remote work plan. Communication huddles, department meetings, and supervision meetings were converted to virtual meetings. Staffing rates, patient-care productivity, and department project work were maintained. CONCLUSION: In response to COVID-19, the department developed new protocols provided information about the protocols, which might be helpful for other pediatric hospitals or outpatient settings when planning for future pandemics or other issues that challenge the ability to provide usual care. Increasing the frequency of verbal and written communication on operational topics is recommended. Primary sources of information from national organizations (eg, the American Physical Therapy Association and the American Occupational Therapy Association) can assist with determining the scope of practice and code of conduct during a pandemic. IMPACT: COVID-19 posed challenges to operations and delivery of patient care. Although this case report is specific to COVID-19, principles applied and lessons learned from this experience can be applied to other emergency situations.
Chiral principal series categories I: Finite dimensional calculations

Abstract This paper begins a series studying D-modules on the Feigin-Frenkel semi-infinite flag variety from the perspective of the Beilinson-Drinfeld factorization (or chiral) theory. Here we calculate Whittaker-twisted cohomology groups of Zastava spaces, which are certain finite-dimensional subvarieties of the affine Grassmannian. We show that such cohomology groups realize the nilradical of a Borel subalgebra for the Langlands dual group in a precise sense, following earlier work of Feigin-Finkelberg-Kuznetsov-Mirkovic and Braverman-Gaitsgory. Moreover, we compare this geometric realization of the Langlands dual group to the standard one provided by (factorizable) geometric Satake.
Is the Rebuttable Fraud-on-the-Market Presumption in Securities Class Litigation Actually Irrebuttable?

This article discusses and analyzes issues that the Supreme Court will address in Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. et al. v. Arkansas Teacher Retirement System, et. al argued on March 29, 2021. This appeal from the Second Circuit again addresses the so-called “fraud-on-the-market presumption” that is available to plaintiffs in securities fraud litigation. The application of the presumption permits securities fraud plaintiffs to avoid having to plead and prove individual investor reliance in a Rule 23(b)(3) damage class action, thereby enabling class certification. When a plaintiff invokes the presumption, defendants have the opportunity to rebut the presumption. This Goldman Sachs case is the fourth time in the past decade that the Supreme Court has undertaken to articulate and clarify the requirements of the fraud-on-the-market presumption. In the three prior appeals, the Court upheld the continued use of the fraud-on-the-market presumption. In theory, defendants may rebut the presumption if the defendant can show that its alleged misstatements failed to impact a security’s price. In this appeal the Court will address how lower courts should address a defendant’s claim that the generic nature of its alleged misstatements failed to impact a security’s price. In addition, the Court will determine the parties relative burdens of production and persuasion when the parties seek to invoke or rebut application of the presumption.
‘Te conozco de cuando eras árbol’: Gender, Utopianism, and the Border in Cristina Rivera Garza's La cresta de Ilión

La cresta de Ilion (2002) by Cristina Rivera Garza (Mexico, 1964) suggests a utopian project that employs gender to confront homogenizing forces. Judith Butler's and Lucy Sargisson's theories on gender and utopianism inform this reading of the novel as it relates to new forms of utopia as an alternative to patriarchal order. La cresta de Ilion, which takes place along a blurry U.S./Mexico border, creates a utopian space where marginal figures move freely across both national and gender divides. Certain aspects of this text characterize it as a gender utopia: fluid identitary praxes that reject fixed notions of identity; an exploration of adjacencies of the masculine and the feminine; and the development of alternative language and power structures that deconstruct patriarchal notions and traditional national identities. This text suggests a broader project for reconfiguring geographic and cultural boundaries in a way that would permit a utopia of gender.
Isotonic versus Hypotonic Parenteral Maintenance Fluids in Very Severe Pneumonia

To compare the risk of hyponatremia between hypotonic and isotonic parenteral maintenance solutions (PMS) administered to children with very severe pneumonia, admitted in the general pediatric ward. A randomized controlled open label trial was conducted in the pediatrics department of a tertiary care medical college hospital including euvolemic children 2 mo to 5 y of age, fulfilling the WHO clinical definition of very severe pneumonia and requiring PMS. They were randomized to receive either isotonic PMS (0.9 % saline in 5 % dextrose and potassium chloride 20 meq/L) or hypotonic PMS (0.18 % saline in 5 % dextrose and potassium chloride 20 meq/L) at standard rates for next 24 h. A total of 119 children were randomized (59: Isotonic; 60: Hypototonic PMS). Nine (15 %) children in the isotonic PMS group and 29 (48 %) in the hypotonic PMS group developed hyponatremia during the study period, (p <0.001) with a relative risk being 3.16 (95 % CI 1.64 to 6.09). Mean serum sodium was significantly lower in the hypotonic group compared to the isotonic group (p < 0.001 each at 6, 12 and 24 h). The difference in mean change in serum sodium from baseline was also significant at 12 and 24 h (5.4 and 5.8 meq/L respectively; p < 0.001 each). This study demonstrates the rationality of the use of isotonic PMS in children with respiratory infections, a condition regularly encountered by most pediatricians.
Isotopically Depleted Carbon in the Mid-Depth South Atlantic During the Last Deglaciation

[1] The initial rise in atmospheric CO2 during the last deglaciation was likely driven by input of carbon from a 13C-depleted reservoir. Here we show that high resolution benthic foraminiferal records from the mid-depth Brazil Margin display an abrupt drop in δ13C during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) that is similar to but larger than in the atmosphere. Comparing the Brazil Margin results to published records from the North Atlantic, we are unable to account for the South Atlantic δ13C data with conservative mixing between northern and southern component water masses. Rapid input of abyssal water from the Southeast Atlantic could account for deglacial δ13C anomalies at the Brazil Margin but it would require a reversal in deep water flow direction compared to today. A new mid-depth water mass may explain similar HS1 δ13C values in both the North and South Atlantic, but contrasting oxygen isotopic values between the two basins do not support such a scenario. Instead, it appears that δ13C behaved non-conservatively during the deglaciation, possibly reflecting the input of carbon from an isotopically depleted source.
A First Step towards Live Botmaster Traceback

Despite the increasing botnet threat, research in the area of botmaster traceback is limited. The four main obstacles are 1) the low-traffic nature of the bot-to-botmaster link; 2) chains of "stepping stones;" 3) the use of encryption along these chains; and 4) mixing with traffic from other bots. Most existing traceback approaches can address one or two of these issues, but no single approach can overcome all of them. We present a novel flow watermarking technique to address all four obstacles simultaneously. Our approach allows us to uniquely identify and trace any IRC-based botnet flow even if 1) it is encrypted (e.g., via SSL/TLS); 2) it passes multiple intermediate stepping stones (e.g., IRC server, SOCKs); and 3) it is mixed with other botnet traffic. Our watermarking scheme relies on adding padding characters to outgoing botnet C&C messages at the application layer. This produces specific differences in lengths between randomly chosen pairs of messages in a network flow. As a result, our watermarking technique can be used to trace any interactive botnet C&C traffic and it only requires a few dozen packets to be effective. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach that has the potential to allow real-time botmaster traceback across the Internet. We have empirically validated the effectiveness of our botnet flow watermarking approach with live experiments on PlanetLab nodes and public IRC servers on different continents. We achieved virtually a 100% detection rate of watermarked (encrypted and unencrypted) IRC traffic with a false positive rate on the order of 10i¾? 5. Due to the message queuing and throttling functionality of IRC servers, mixing chaff with the watermarked flow does not significantly impact the effectiveness of our watermarking approach.
Chapter 1.3 Insights into glutamate physiology: contribution of studies utilizing in vivo microdialysis

Abstract Glutamate as the primary excitatory neurotransmitter is critical to most aspects of brain functioning in the normal and diseased states and as a result, there is great interest in monitoring in vivo fluctuations. Microdialysis is the most commonly used technique to sample in vivo glutamate levels, however, the significance of dialysate glutamate have been questioned because of the myriad of physiological functions involving glutamate as well as the widespread observation that basal levels of glutamate are primarily maintained by nonvesicular release mechanisms. The present chapter reviews the cycling of glutamate and synthesis-precursors such as glutamine and demonstrates that it is difficult to delineate a separate metabolic and neurotransmitter pool of glutamate in the extrasynaptic space. Further, evidence is presented indicating that synaptic and extrasynaptic pools of glutamate are capable of modulating neurotransmission by stimulating glutamate receptors. Potential cellular mechanisms underlying vesicular and nonvesicular glutamate release are reviewed regarding the extent to which each may contribute to glutamate signaling. It is concluded that studies utilizing in vivo microdialysis to monitor extrasynaptic pools of glutamate are complimentary to electrophysiological approaches that monitor synaptic glutamate, and that in vivo microdialysis can be used to advance our understanding of glutamate signaling in the normal and diseased states; indeed, future studies utilizing in vivo microdialysis have the potential to identify novel therapeutic targets for a variety of neurological disorders.
Authors' Reply to "Anatomic Twist to a Straightforward Ablation"

We appreciate the thoughtful comments of Dr. Chase, Dr. Devi A and Dr. John regarding our case report of a patient who underwent AV junction ablation via a congenitally abnormal venous system. Our patient had an interrupted inferior vena cava with continuation as the azygos vein which drained into the superior vena cava, and ablation was successfully performed with the ablation catheter taking this circuitous route, through a long SRO sheath.
Deviance as Pedagogy: From Nondominant Cultural Capital to Deviantly Marked Cultural Repertoires.

Background/ContextPierre Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital has been employed extensively in sociological, educational, and anthropological research. However, Bourdieu's conceptualization of cu...
Does Microelectronics Reduce Economies of Scale? A Case Study in the Turkish Chemical Industry

This paper delves into the question of how new technologies affect economies of scale at the empirical level. As theoretical studies are inconclusive, we introduce a case study in the Turkish chemical industry to observe the dynamics of the relationship between technology and economies of scale. By observing the changes in the sources of economies of scale, output and unit costs in our case study firms, we showed that while economies of product scale stayed stable, both economies of plant and firm scales increased in the chemical industry.
The Price of Land for Housing in Jakarta

In spite of its potential value to governments, detailed information as to how land prices vary spatially within Third World cities is usually lacking. This paper discusses the distribution of land prices in Jakarta using information provided on a neighbourhood basis by experienced real estate brokers. Appraised prices were given for different types of residential plot distinguished by tenure and infrastructural provision. Analysis of the data in Jakarta shows the relative importance of infrastructural provision and tenure (land title) for land prices. Examination of such data over time makes it possible to test whether and where there has been a spiralling of land prices, and in the case of Jakarta it is found that recent price increases have been consistently greater in suburban areas and in informal-sector plots, arising from the massive demand from low-income households for affordable housing. The paper concludes by drawing out policy implications.
The field dependence/independence cognitive style does not control the spatial perception of elevation.

Earlier work described the presence of a significant connection between an individual's ability to disregard distracting aspects of a visual field in the classical rod-and-frame test (RFT), in which a subject is required to set a rod so that it will appear vertical in the presence of a square frame that is roll tilted from vertical, and in paper-and-pencil tests, in which the subject is required to find a hidden figure embedded in a more complex figure (the Embedded Figures Test [EFT]; see, e.g., Witkin, Dyk, Faterson, Goodenough, & Karp, 1962; Witkin et al., 1954; Witkin, Oltman, Raskin, & Karp, 1971). This has led to a belief in the existence of a bipolar dimension of cognitive style that is utilized in such disembedding tasks—namely, the extent to which an individual is dependent on or independent from the influence of a distracting visual field. The influence of an inducing visual field on the perception of elevation measured by the setting of a visual target to appear at eye level (the visually perceived eye level [VPEL] discrimination) has also been found to be correlated with the RFT. We have thus explored the possible involvement of the dependence/independence cognitive style on the VPEL discrimination. Measurements were made on each of 18 subjects (9 of them female, 9 male) setting a small target to the VPEL in the presence of a pitched visual field across a range of six pitches from −30° (topbackward) to +20° (topforward) and on each of three tests generally recognized as tests of cognitive spatial abilities: the EFT, the Gestalt Completion Test, and the Snowy Pictures Test (SPT). Although there were significant pairwise correlations relating performance on the three cognitive tests (1.73, 1.48, and 1.71), the correlation of each of these three with the slope of the VPEL-versus-pitch function was not significant, as it was with the slope of the perception of visual pitch of the field (PVP)-versus-pitch function. VPEL, PVP, and a cognitive factor separated into three essentially independent factors in a multiple-factor analysis, with the three cognitive tests clustering at the cognitive factor, and with no significant loading on either of the other two factors. From the above considerations and a multiple-factor analytic treatment including additional results from this and other laboratories, we conclude that the cognitive-processing style held to be involved in the performance on the EFT and the perception of vertical as measured by the RFT is not general for egocentric space perception; it does not involve the perception of elevation.
A case‐control evaluation of the ketogenic diet versus ACTH for new‐onset infantile spasms

Summary Purpose: ACTH is currently the standard first-line therapy for new-onset infantile spasms, but it has significant side effects. We hypothesized the ketogenic diet (KD), previously reported as beneficial for intractable infantile spasms, would have similar efficacy, but better tolerability than ACTH when used first-line. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all infants started on the KD (n = 13) and high-dose ACTH (n = 20) for new-onset infantile spasms at our institution since 1996. Results: Infants were spasm-free in 8 of 13 (62%) infants treated with the KD within 1 month, compared to 18 of 20 (90%) treated initially with ACTH, p = 0.06. When effective, median time to spasm freedom was similar between ACTH and the KD (4.0 vs. 6.5 days, p = 0.18). Those treated with ACTH were more likely to have a normal EEG at 1 month (53% vs. 9%, p = 0.02), however, use of the KD led to EEG normalization within 2–5 months in all eight who became spasm-free. In the five children in whom the KD was unsuccessful, four became spasm-free subsequently with ACTH or topiramate immediately. Side effects (31% vs. 80%, p = 0.006) and relapse rate after initial success (12.5% vs. 33%, p = 0.23) were lower with the KD. Discussion: In this retrospective study, the KD stopped spasms in nearly two-thirds of cases, and had fewer side effects and relapses than ACTH. ACTH normalized the EEG more rapidly, however. Further prospective study of the KD as, with a 2-week time limit if unsuccesful, first-line therapy for infantile spasms is warranted.
Measurement of 224Ra and 226Ra activities in natural waters using a radon-in-air monitor

We report a simple new technique for measuring low-level radium isotopes (224Ra and 226Ra) in natural waters. The radium present in natural waters is first preconcentrated onto MnO2-coated acrylic fiber (Mn fiber) in a column mode. The radon produced from the adsorbed radium is then circulated through a closed air-loop connected to a commercial radon-in-air monitor. The monitor counts alpha decays of radon daughters (polonium isotopes) which are electrostatically collected onto a silicon semiconductor detector. Count data are collected in energy-specific windows, which eliminate interference and maintain very low backgrounds. Radium-224 is measured immediately after sampling via 220Rn (216Po), and 226Ra is measured via 222Rn (218Po) after a few days of ingrowth of 222Rn. This technique is rapid, simple, and accurate for measurements of low-level 224Ra and 226Ra activities without requiring any wet chemistry. Rapid measurements of short-lived 222Rn and 224Ra, along with long-lived 226Ra, may thus be made i...