cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The presentation and management of hemangiomas.

Learning Objectives: After studying this article, the participant should be able to: (1) Define what is meant by either a classic (infantile) or atypical hemangioma and understand the natural history of each. (2) Identify the common phenotypic, histologic, and radiographic findings of a hemangioma. (3) Know the potential complications associated with hemangiomas. (4) Outline the options available to treat a hemangioma. Background: Hemangiomas represent the most common tumors of infancy. These lesions maintain unique patterns of growth, sequelae, and therapeutic modalities from other vascular birthmarks. Until recently, however, classification schemes based on historical phenotypic observations often complicated diagnosis and proper medical management. Methods: Mulliken and Glowacki redefined the identification of these lesions by correlating clinical, histological, and autoradiographical data from a series of patients with vascular marks. A formal classification was officially adopted by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies in 1996 to structure a clinically relevant classification system. Results: Under the adopted parameters, hemangiomas are classified as a subset of vascular tumors and delineated from vascular malformations. Generally, a hemangioma experiences a phase of rapid growth and expansion followed by slow, but steady, regression. The life cycle can be divided into the proliferating phase, involuting phase, and involuted phase, with each distinct in its time course and histological, radiographic, and molecular findings. Rarely, hemangiomas with an atypical presentation arise, and the clinician must be aware of their existence to avoid incorrect intervention and to prepare for possible life-threatening sequelae. Conclusions: The frequency of vascular marks in the general population makes it likely that a plastic surgeon will be involved in treatment of an affected patient at some point in his or her career. The goal of this article is to distinguish hemangiomas from other vascular marks by highlighting their presentation, possible complications, and common treatment modalities to aid diagnosis and therapeutic planning for this common vascular tumor.
FET circuit destruction caused by electrostatic discharge

Under certain environmental conditions, electrostatic discharges can cause catastrophic failure in both bipolar and FET integrated circuits [1]. Some devices (MOSFET's) are particularly susceptible to damage because of the relatively low destructive breakdown voltage (50 to 100 V) of their thin oxides. One source of concern is discharges from the human body during handling. This problem can be minimized by taking various approaches, such as 1) manufacturing the device so it has a high oxide breakdown voltage, 2) adding a protective device to the input, 3) developing special handling procedures to prevent high voltages from being applied to the devices accidentally. The objectives of this paper are to present a technique to test the effectiveness of FET protective devices using a simulated human static discharge and also to present a mathematical model that can predict a catastrophic failure as a function of voltage developed across the FET device and the energy dissipated. Both theoretical and experimental data are presented.
Inhibition of lactation and luteal function in postpartum rats by hypothalamic implantation of prolactin.

Lactating female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups on the 4th day post partum, and were given implants in the anterior median eminence of cocoa butter (controls); a mixture of prolactin and cocoa butter; prolactin, ACTH and cocoa butter; prolactin, GH and cocoa butter; or prolactin and cholesterol. On the day of implantation (day 0), litter size was reduced to 6 pups/mother and individual pup weights were recorded on days 2, 5 and 7 after implantation. Prolactin implants elicited a highly significant decrease in lactation as judged by litter weight gains when compared with the controls. Implants of prolactin and ACTH produced even greater reductions in litter weight gains than prolactin alone, reflecting the need for both hormones for maintenance of lactation. Implants of prolactin and GH had no greater inhibitory effect on lactation than prolactinalone. Implants of pellets of prolactin and cholesterol were ineffective for inhibiting lactating. The right inguinal mammary glands from rats give...
Comment on Baker, Brueckner, and Jastrow energies in nuclear matter

The $R$ matrix calculation of Baker, Hind, and Kahane for the energy of nuclear matter is reanalyzed. We find that because of the Pad\'e summation used, the $R$ matrix theory is qualitatively similar to the usual Brueckner theory with self-energies. Both theories differ qualitatively from variational theories using Jastrow correlation functions.
Asthenospheric ice-load effects in a global dynamical-system model of the Pleistocene climate

In a previous dynamical model the late Cenozoic climate variations were simulated, taking into account free and forced variations of atmospheric carbon dioxide acting in concert with changes in global ice mass and the deep ocean thermal state, all under the influence of the known earth-orbital radiative changes. This model is now extended by adding another relevant variable, bedrock/asthenosphere depression, including its associated ice-calving effects. Within the context of this extended model we (1) demonstrate the main results of previous bedrock/ice sheet models in what we believe is the simplest possible manner, (2) show how these previous models can exhibit the mid-Pleistocene transition with the inclusion of CO2 effects, (3) discuss the limitations of these previous bedrock models, and (4) illustrate the possibility of removing some of these limitations and accounting for further aspects of the paleoclimate record by using the full dynamical system that includes forced and free effects of CO2, as well as effects of bedrock depression and Milankovitch forcing. As one example of a new possibility, with bedrock effects included in the full system we can obtain a solution characterized by irregularly spaced, intermittent episodes in which the behavior is dominated either by near-40 kyr period oscillations or by near-100 kyr periods (such as prevailed over the Pleistocene).
Measurement of mixed-mode crack profiles by holographic interferometry

Holographic interferometry was used to study the mixed-mode fracture characteristics of mortar. The nature of crack propagation in such quasibrittle materials and the theoretical model used to interpret the experimental results indicated that a highly sensitive measurement technique was required. The gradual curvature of the propagating crack at different sections of the specimen necessitated full-field observation capability. The nature of the problem made holographic interferometry the ideal technique for this application. To measure the in-plane components of the opening and sliding of the crack surfaces during propagation, a single holographic plate was placed very close to the specimen. This allowed four independent observations of any point on the specimen from the four corners of the plate without any need for additional optics of exposures. Double-exposure holograms were made at different crack-propagation stages. The developed plate was illuminated by an unexpanded reference beam to form a real image of the object and observe displacement fringes. Fringe data were interpreted by using computer software written for this research.
Heat-Treated Soybeans for Lactating Cows

Abstract An experiment with 12 cows in switchback design determined the feeding value of a heat-treated soybean product. Treatments were regular soybean meal with 44% crude protein, commercially available heat-treated soybeans, and unheated soybeans. Concentrate mixes of protein sources and corn were formulated to contain 15% crude protein and fed at 1 kg/3kg milk. Forage portion of the diet consisted of 2.3kg alfalfa hay per day and corn silage ad libitum. Nitrogen solubilities of the protein supplement sources in 10% Burroughs' buffer solution were 13.8, 9.4, and 25.4%, and averaged 29.4, 28.9, and 33.2% for the total rations. Cows averaged 7 wk postpartum at the start of the experiment, which consisted of three 4-wk periods. Production of milk was similar for all treatments. Means for cows fed soybean meal, heat-treated soybeans, and unheated soybeans were 28.6, 29.1, and 28.3 kg/day. No differences were in milk fat (3.57, 3.61, and 3.53%) or total solids (12.16, 12.12, and 12.13%). Protein percent in milk was lower for heat-treated and unheated soybeans (3.00, 2.92, and 2.93%), probably because of the higher fat content of those diets. Amounts of long chain unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat were higher for soybean diets. Heating soybeans improved their value slightly as a feed for lactating cows, but milk production by cows past peak production was not significantly greater than production with conventional corn-soybean meal diets.
Altered β Adrenergic Receptor Function in Subjects with Symptomatic Mitral Valve Prolapse

Individuals with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) frequently show symptoms of a hyperadrenergic state. beta adrenergic receptor characteristics were compared in the lymphocytes of subjects with symptomatic MVP and control subjects during rest and exercise. At rest, the proportion of receptors binding agonist with high affinity, as determined from isoproterenol competition for (-)[125I]-iodopindolol binding sites, was greater in MVP subjects than in controls. With exercise, the proportion of high-affinity receptors in MVP subjects decreased to control levels. Isoproterenol stimulation of lymphocyte 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) also was greater in MVP subjects than in controls at rest, but not during exercise. Plasma catecholamine concentrations in MVP subjects were normal during both rest and exercise. Unlike exercise, isoproterenol infusion elicited clinical manifestations of increased adrenergic responsiveness in MVP subjects. The beta receptor in exercised MVP subjects exhibited unusually high affinity agonist binding (i.e. a lower dissociation constant KH than in either the same subjects at rest or exercised controls) and also abnormal coupling to the stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (GS) of adenylate cyclase, as reflected by the inability of guanine nucleotide to convert the receptor to a low-affinity state. These findings suggest that functional alteration of the beta adrenergic receptor, in the absence of abnormal plasma catecholamine levels, might contribute to the hyperadrenergic state of MVP subjects at rest. However, desensitization of high affinity beta receptors or altered receptor-GS coupling might preserve normal adrenergic responsiveness during exercise.
Thromboembolism in Patients With High-Grade Glioma

Objective To identify factors related to increased or decreased risk of thromboembolism (TE) in patients with high-grade glioma. Design We performed a retrospective analysis of 64 patients enrolled in two prospective clinical trials of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for newly diagnosed high-grade glioma. Material and Methods The 64 patients were 18 years of age or older and had histologically confirmed grade 3 or 4 astrocytoma, mixed astrocytoma-oligodendroglioma, or gliosarcoma. The diagnosis of TE was confirmed by impedance plethysmography, venography, duplex ultrasonography, ventilation-perfusion lung scanning, or pulmonary angiography. For statistical analysis, the study group was divided into those with and those without TE. Results TE developed in 18 of the 64 patients (28%). Of the 18 patients, II had deep venous thrombosis of a lower extremity, 5 had pulmonary emboli, and 2 had superficial thrombophlebitis. A paretic arm ( P = 0.017), a paretic leg ( P = 0.026), or a history of TE before the diagnosis of glioma ( P = 0.076) was more common in patients with TE than in those without TE. Ten patients in the group without TE were using aspirin preoperatively in comparison with no patient in the TE group ( P = 0.05). No significant differences were noted in duration of survival (median, 39.4 weeks and 46 weeks for the TE and non-TE groups, respectively). One patient with apparently excessive anticoagulation had a fatal intracerebral hemorrhage. Conclusion This study suggests that TE in patients with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma might be associated with a history of TE or with a paretic extremity; however, no evidence of worse survival was noted in the TE group. Treatment with heparin followed by warfarin sodium was associated with infrequent bleeding complications. An intriguing finding was that the use of aspirin before operation was associated with a decreased risk of TE. Thus, a prospective study with use of aspirin in patients with high-grade glioma at risk for TE would be reasonable.
The Relationship Between Single-Parent Status and Parenting Capacities in Mothers of Youth with Chronic Health Conditions: The Mediating Role of Income

Objective To retrospectively examine the relationship of single-parent status to parenting capacity variables in mothers of youth with a chronic health condition. Methods Parental overprotection, perceived vulnerability, and parenting stress were assessed in 383 mothers (308 married and 75 single parents) of youth with one of six chronic health conditions (i.e., type 1 diabetes, asthma, cancer, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, or sickle cell disease). Results Single mothers evidenced higher levels of both perceived vulnerability and parenting stress, but not overprotection, than married parents. These differences disappeared in the presence of income as a predictor. Conclusions Single parents appear to evidence differences in parenting capacity; however, low income appears to account in large part for the higher level of risk associated with single-parent status.
Using Data Mining to Estimate Missing Sensor Data

Estimating missing sensor values is an inherent problem in sensor network applications; however, existing data estimation approaches do not apply well to the context of datastreams, a major characteristic of sensornet applications. Additionally, they fail to account for relationships among sensors and simultaneously, incorporate the time factor making the estimation process computationally aware of the relative relevance of each data round in the datastream. To address this gap, we propose a data estimation technique, FARM, which uses association rule mining to discover intrinsic relationships among sensors and incorporate them into the data estimation while taking data freshness into consideration. FARM was tested with data from two real sensornet applications, namely climate sensing and traffic monitoring. Simulation shows that in terms of estimation accuracy, FARM outperformed existing techniques costing only marginally more space and time overheads while scaling well with the network size, thus assuring quality of service for real-time applications.
A simpler competitive analysis for scheduling equal-length jobs on one machine with restarts

We consider the online problem of scheduling jobs with equal processing times on a single machine. Each job has a release time and a deadline, and the goal is to maximize the number of jobs completed by their deadlines. Chrobak et al. (2007, SICOMP 36:6) introduce a preempt-restart model in which progress toward completing a preempted job is lost, yet that job can be restarted from scratch. They provide a 3/2-competitive deterministic algorithm and show that this is the optimal competitiveness. Their analysis is based on a complex charging scheme among individual jobs and the use of several partial functions and mappings for assigning the charges. In this paper, we provide an alternative proof of the result using a more global potential argument to compare the relative progress of the algorithm versus the optimal schedule over time. This new proof is significantly simpler and more intuitive that the original, and our technique is applicable to related problems.
Sharing the Cost of Multicast Transmissions

We investigate cost-sharing algorithms for multicast transmission. Economic considerations point to two distinct mechanisms, marginal cost and Shapley value, as the two solutions most appropriate in this context. We prove that the former has a natural algorithm that uses only two messages per link of the multicast tree, while we give evidence that the latter requires a quadratic total number of messages. We also show that the welfare value achieved by an optimal multicast tree is NP-hard to approximate within any constant factor, even for bounded-degree networks. The lower-bound proof for the Shapley value uses a novel algebraic technique for bounding from below the number of messages exchanged in a distributed computation; this technique may prove useful in other contexts as well.
Fibronectin and anchorage-independent and anchorage-dependent growth of benign and malignant cell lines

The presence of fibronectin in three "malignant" (AU-471, AU-436, LT-2) and two "benign" (BHK-21, WI-38) cell lines was demonstrated with a fluorescent antibody technique; two malignant (AU-471, AU-436) cell lines were fibronectin-negative and one (LT-2) retained fibronectin expression. One "benign" cell line (WI-38) expressed fibronectin, the other (BHK-21) did not. Anchorage-independent soft agar (AISA) growth correlated better with loss of fibronectin than with malignant potential. All three fibronectin-negative cell lines (benign and malignant) grew anchorage-independently (AU-471, AU-436, BHK-21), and both fibronectin-positive cell lines were anchorage-dependent (LT-2, WI-38). Surprisingly, the addition of Clg to anchorage-independent cells increased their anchorage-independent soft-agar cloning efficiency, but had no effect on anchorage-dependent cell lines. Anti-Clg antibodies decreased AISA growth. The effect of Clg on anchorage-independent growth varied with the concentration, and also between cell lines, and a variation in effect was noted between anchorage-independent (AISA) and anchorage-dependent (in flasks) growth even in the same cell line.
Real-time detection of crossing pedestrians for traffic-adaptive signal control

We propose an approach to detect and count pedestrians at an intersection, in real-time, using a fixed camera. After identifying moving objects in sequential images via motion segmentation, median filtering and erosion/dilation operations are performed to suppress noise. Connected component extraction is then employed to extract and label the moving objects in the image. The binary foreground region of each component is projected onto the axis perpendicular to its major axis to obtain a vertical projection histogram from which shadows can be detected, extracted and suppressed. Information about the size and coordinates of each component is then utilized to compute the number of people in the scene.
New Perspectives on Health Disparities and Obesity Interventions in Youth

Objective This article reviews intervention studies that address health disparities and the increasing rate of obesity in minority youth. The review focuses on interventions that target obesity-related behaviors (diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviors) and adiposity outcomes (body mass index) in minority children and adolescents. Methods A conceptual framework is presented that integrates ecological, cultural, social, and cognitive approaches to reducing obesity in ethnically diverse youth. The review highlights effective interventions in minority youth and distinguishes between culturally targeted and culturally tailored components. Results A limited number of studies have been conducted that target obesity-related behaviors and adiposity outcomes in minority youth. The most successful interventions for minority youth have incorporated culturally targeted and culturally tailored intervention components using multi-systemic approaches. Conclusions Further research is needed that focuses on testing the efficacy of theoretically based approaches that integrate culturally appropriate program elements for improving obesity-related behaviors and adiposity outcomes in minority youth.
Adjoint Operator Algorithms for Faster Learning in Dynamical Neural Networks

A methodology for faster supervised learning in dynamical nonlinear neural networks is presented. It exploits the concept of adjoint operators to enable computation of changes in the network's response due to perturbations in all system parameters, using the solution of a single set of appropriately constructed linear equations. The lower bound on speedup per learning iteration over conventional methods for calculating the neuromorphic energy gradient is O(N2), where N is the number of neurons in the network.
Fragile X: Treatment of Hyperactivity

To the Editor. The Committee on Genetics published a detailed and excellent report regarding health supervision for children with fragile X syndrome in the August 1996 issue of Pediatrics .1 Although many important health supervision issues were reviewed, I was concerned regarding the lack of mention of pharmacologic treatment for hyperactivity or attention …
Concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs in spent foundry sands.

Approximately 10 million tons of spent foundry sand (SFS) are generated in the United States each year, and their beneficial use in agricultural and horticultural applications is being considered. Other studies have demonstrated that trace elements are low enough in sands from iron, steel, and aluminum foundries to allow their beneficial use. Because data were not available on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in SFSs, we analyzed representative spent sands from 10 foundries to assess the potential for these compounds to limit their use in soil-related applications. The total TEQ (toxicity equivalent) concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 3.13 ng TEQ kg 1 , with an average concentration of 0.58 ng TEQ kg 1 . These concentrations are within the range of natural
Safety Considerations in the Use of Botulinum Toxins in Children With Cerebral Palsy

The use of botulinum toxins to decrease spasticity in children with cerebral palsy has become standard of care during the past decade. In 2008 reports of severe adverse events, including death, were reported in children who received injections of these medications. The following discussion focuses on the background of these reports, the response of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, as well as the safety profile and pharmacokinetics of botulinum toxins. Finally, the authors will offer their perspective on the safe use of botulinum toxins.
Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali

Combining great learning, interpretative originality, analytical sensitivity, and a charismatic prose style, Clifford Geertz has produced a lasting body of work with influence throughout the humanities and social sciences, and remains the foremost anthropologist in America. His 1980 book Negara analyzed the social organization of Bali before it was colonized by the Dutch in 1906. Here Geertz applied his widely influential method of cultural interpretation to the myths, ceremonies, rituals, and symbols of a precolonial state. He found that the nineteenth-century Balinese state defied easy conceptualization by the familiar models of political theory and the standard Western approaches to understanding politics. Negara means 'country' or 'seat of political authority' in Indonesian. In Bali Geertz found negara to be a 'theatre state,' governed by rituals and symbols rather than by force. The Balinese state did not specialize in tyranny, conquest, or effective administration. Instead, it emphasized spectacle. The elaborate ceremonies and productions the state created were 'not means to political ends: they were the ends themselves, they were what the state was for.... Power served pomp, not pomp power.' Geertz argued more forcefully in Negara than in any of his other books for the fundamental importance of the culture of politics to a society. Much of Geertz's previous work--including his world-famous essay on the Balinese cockfight--can be seen as leading up to the full portrait of the 'poetics of power' that Negara so vividly depicts. Review: 'The main purpose of Geertz's study is to delineate the general structure of the Negara by focusing on one particularly well-documented case, that of Bali in the era preceding the Dutch invasion of 1906. The outcome is a fascinating and remarkable book.'--The New York Review of Books
Assessment Accommodations for English Language Learners: Implications for Policy-Based Empirical Research

Increased attention to large-scale assessments, the growing number of English language learners in schools, and recent inclusionary policies have collectively made assessment accommodations a hotly debated issue, especially regarding the validity of test results for English language learners. Decisions about which accommodations to use, for whom, and under what conditions, are based on limited empirical evidence for their effectiveness and validity. Given the potential consequences of test results, it is important that policy-makers and educators understand the empirical base underlying their use. This article reviews test accommodation strategies for English learners, derived from “scientifically based research.” The results caution against a one-size-fits-all approach. The more promising approaches include modified English and customized dictionaries, which can be used for all students, not just English language learners
A unique glutamic acid-lysine (EK) domain acts as a splicing inhibitor

SRrp86 is a unique member of the SR protein superfamily of splicing factors containing one RNA recognition motif and two serine-arginine (SR)-rich domains separated by an unusual glutamic acid-lysine (EK) rich region. Previously, we showed that SRrp86 could regulate alternative splicing by both positively and negatively modulating the activity of other SR proteins as long as the entire region encompassing the RS-EK-RS domains was intact. To further investigate the function and domains of SRrp86, we generated a series of chimeric proteins by swapping the RNA recognition motif and RS domains between SRrp86 and two canonical members of the SR superfamily, ASF/SF2 and SRp75. Although domain swaps between SRrp86 and ASF/SF2 showed that the RRMs primarily determined splicing activity, swaps between SRrp86 and SRp75 demonstrated that the RS domains could also determine activity. Because SRp75 also has two RS domains but lacks the EK domain, we further investigated the role of the EK domain and found that it acts to repress splicing and splice-site selection, both in vitro and in vivo. Incubation of extracts with peptides encompassing the EK-rich region inactivated splicing and insertion of the EK region into SRp75 abolished its ability to activate splicing. Thus, the unique EK domain of SRrp86 plays a modulatory role controlling RS domain function.
Selective Loss of Sertoli Cell and Germ Cell Function Leads to a Disruption in Sertoli Cell-Germ Cell Communication During Aging in the Brown Norway Rat

We investigated the effects of aging on Sertoli cell-germ cell interactions from Brown Norway rats using the induction of four specific mRNAs as markers. The testes from aging (24 mo old) Brown Norway rats can be normal size or regressed. One marker, a von Ebner’s-like protein, is expressed in coculture and ‘‘in vivo’’ in germ cells from normal testes of 6- and 24-mo-old rats but not in germ cells from regressed testes of 24-mo-old rats. A second germ cell marker, the Huntington disease protein, is expressed in all germ cells. Two Sertoli cell markers, a serotonin receptor and a novel gene, are induced in Sertoli cells by meiotic germ cells. The serotonin receptor mRNA is expressed in Sertoli cells from 20-day, 6-mo, and 24-mo normal testes but not in those from 24-mo regressed testes. The novel gene is induced in Sertoli cells from all testes. We conclude that Sertoli cells from aged regressed testes are unable to respond to selective signals from germ cells from young rats, and germ cells from regressed testes show a similar selective loss. Such disruptions in communication between Sertoli cells and germ cells likely contribute to germ cell loss during aging. aging, gene regulation, Sertoli cells, spermatid, spermatogenesis, testis
A combinatorial analysis of enumerative data structures for assembly planning

Current assembly planning systems have used different definitions of an assembly plan and applied different restrictions to the planning process. This report surveys, analyzes, and compares several key aspects of assembly planning systems. The most common restrictions applied to assembly plans-sequentiality, monotonicity, and coherence-are defined and discussed. Three distinct definitions of an assembly plan are described and compared. Several enumerative data structures designed to represent large sets of assembly plans are analyzed and compared. >
Low-Reynolds Number Simulation for Flow over a Flapping Wing: Comparisons to Measurement Data

I. Introduction MANNED aerial vehicle (UAV) is an unpiloted aircraft that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation systems. UAVs are currently used in a number of military roles, including reconnaissance and attack. They are also used in a small but growing number of civil applications such as firefighting when a human observer would be at risk, police observation of civil disturbances and crime scenes, and reconnaissance support in natural disasters. In this study, the targeted problem is to understand the low-Reynolds number flow characteristics around small UAVs or Micro-Air Vehicles that mimic the flying motion of birds and insects. Low-Reynolds number flow over a moving and flapping foil is selected as a representation for the model problem. The difficulty in the traditional CFD simulation for this type of fluid-structure interaction problems is to incorporate the motions of the flapping foil. The advent of immersed-boundary (IB) methods enables the simulations of this type of fluid-structure interaction problems with reasonable accuracy and low computational costs. In previous studies using the IB methods, changes of surface force and flow characteristics due to the flapping motion have been investigated. Very low Reynolds number (in the 100s) simulations were often used as the representations for the practical situations with higher Reynolds number in the 1000s (Dong et al. 2006, Web et al., 2008). This was due to the limitation of the IB method used in these studies. With a recently developed IB method (Zhang and Zheng 2007), we are able to simulate flow over flapping foils with a wider range of Reynolds numbers to a few thousands. However, from our preliminary results, we found that Reynolds numbers did have effects on surface force and flow characteristics in some of the flapping wing cases even within the Reynolds number range of 100s-1000s, particularly for the cases of heaving and pitching motion. We therefore performed a detailed study for the effects of Reynolds numbers in simulating flapping wing motion within the low Reynolds regime, which is within the interested Reynolds number range of MAV. Reynolds number effects on heaving and pitching motions will be studied separately and then combined. In this Reynolds number range, transitions to turbulent flow can occur in certain regions; however, detailed flow physics related to turbulence effects are not the focus of the current study, which can be either directly simulated or modeled using LES, URANS, or other models. Rather, two-dimensional simulations using the IB method will be compared with available experimental data at different Reynolds numbers to study the merit of two-dimensional, low-Reynolds number simulation for flapping airfoils.
Minimum classification error training for online handwriting recognition

This paper describes an application of the minimum classification error (MCE) criterion to the problem of recognizing online unconstrained-style characters and words. We describe an HMM-based, character and word-level MCE training aimed at minimizing the character or word error rate while enabling flexibility in writing style through the use of multiple allographs per character. Experiments on a writer-independent character recognition task covering alpha-numerical characters and keyboard symbols show that the MCE criterion achieves more than 30 percent character error rate reduction compared to the baseline maximum likelihood-based system. Word recognition results, on vocabularies of 5k to 10k, show that MCE training achieves around 17 percent word error rate reduction when compared to the baseline maximum likelihood system
Morphological Variation in the Adult Vocal Tract: A Modeling Study of its Potential Acoustic Impact

In order to fully understand inter-speaker variability in the acoustical and articulatory domains, morphological variability must be considered, as well. Human vocal tracts display substantial morphological differences, all of which have the potential to impact a speaker’s acoustic output. The palate and rear pharyngeal wall, in particular, vary widely and have the potential to strongly impact the resonant properties of the vocal tract. To gain a better understanding of this impact, we combine an examination of morphological variation with acoustic modeling experiments. The goal is to show the theoretical acoustic effect of common inter-speaker differences for a set of English vowels. Modeling results indicate that the effect is indeed strong, but also surprisingly complex and context-specific, even when morphology varies in relatively straightforward ways. Index Terms: speech production, vocal tract morphology, inter-speaker variability, acoustic modeling, speaker modeling
Abstract 3471: Emergent Carotid Artery Stenting: Outcomes on a National Level

Background: Emergent carotid artery stenting (CAS) is sometimes performed in the setting of acute cerebral ischemia. In this study, we assess outcomes associated with CAS when performed emergently....
Nerve Transfers for the Restoration of Wrist, Finger, and Thumb Extension After High Radial Nerve Injury

High radial nerve injury is a common pattern of peripheral nerve injury most often associated with orthopedic trauma. Nerve transfers to the wrist and finger extensors, often from the median nerve, offer several advantages when compared to nerve repair or grafting and tendon transfer. In this article, we discuss the forearm anatomy pertinent to performing these nerve transfers and review the literature surrounding nerve transfers for wrist, finger, and thumb extension. A suggested algorithm for management of acute traumatic high radial nerve palsy is offered, and our preferred surgical technique for treatment of high radial nerve palsy is provided.
School Security and Student Misbehavior: A Multi-Level Examination

Despite a nationwide trend to increase security measures in schools, their effectiveness in reducing or preventing student misbehavior remains largely unexamined. In addition, there is concern that increased security may have unintended negative side effects and is applied inequitably across students of disparate racial/ethnic backgrounds. The purpose of this study was to explore student differences between high- and low-security schools and to understand the relationship of security to student misbehavior. Data from 10,577 Grade 10 students from 504 public schools from the Education Longitudinal Study were examined. Numerous differences in students served by high- and low-security schools were noted; high-security schools were more likely to serve African American students. Security was negatively associated with student self-reported misbehavior but was unrelated to teacher ratings. Security interacted with race/ethnicity such that African American students were rated as having higher levels of disrupti...
Solution structures of highly active molecular ir water-oxidation catalysts from density functional theory combined with high-energy X-ray scattering and EXAFS spectroscopy

The solution structures of highly active Ir water-oxidation catalysts are elucidated by combining density functional theory, high-energy X-ray scattering (HEXS), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. We find that the catalysts are Ir dimers with mono-μ-O cores and terminal anionic ligands, generated in situ through partial oxidation of a common catalyst precursor. The proposed structures are supported by 1H and 17O NMR, EPR, resonance Raman and UV–vis spectra, electrophoresis, etc. Our findings are particularly valuable to understand the mechanism of water oxidation by highly reactive Ir catalysts. Importantly, our DFT-EXAFS-HEXS methodology provides a new in situ technique for characterization of active species in catalytic systems.
Epidemiological analysis on food poisoning of Xinjiang production and construction corps, 1983-2012

Objective To epidemiologically analyze the food poisoning in various parts of Xinjiang production and construction corps from 1983 to 2012. Methods We collected the statistical data of food poisoning each year. Results From 1983 to 2012, 455 food poisoning incidents occurred, with 4479 people poisoned and 57 people killed. The incidence of food poisoning is 0.017/100, 000,and the mortality was 1.27%. Bacterial food poisoning accounted for 26%. The third quarter is the annual peak, accounting for49.2%. Food poisoning were usually caused by food of wild mushrooms, braised meat and homemade soy products. They accounted for more than 50% of food poisoning. Conclusion We should step up publicity to devise specific control measures to reduce the incidence of food poisoning.
Nosocomial Fungal Infections: Old Problems and New Challenges

SUMMARY The frequency of nosocomial mycoses has substantially increased in recent years, primarily because of the use of intensive therapeutic regimens in patients with cancer and organ transplantation. Further-more, newer fungi previously considered as contaminants or harmless colonizers have now emerged as significant human pathogens, par-ticularly in the immunocompromised host. Only through the collab-oration between clinicians, pathologists, microbiologists, and infection control officers can these fungal infections be recognized and treated early. It is hoped that the proper implementation of infection control policies, the advent of newer antifungals and biological response modifiers, and the advances in immunosuppressive regimens for organ transplant recipients will result in a significant improvement in the prevention and treatment of these life-threatening opportunistic mycoses.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE ADULT BONY SPINE

Modern diagnostic imaging techniques and new methods for anterior and posterior decompression and reconstruction of the bony spinal column have dramatically improved the surgeon's ability to treat malignant tumors of the adult bony spine. The day of the laminectomy and Harrington rod reconstruction has passed, and an aggressive surgical approach is now justified for many primary and secondary malignant lesions of the spine. This article addresses the diagnosis and therapy of malignant tumors of the bony spine, emphasizing the common primary tumors of the spine and even more common metastatic lesions. Specific tumor types and therapeutic approaches at different levels of the spine are addressed, and newer techniques available to the treating clinician are reviewed. Current specific approaches to myeloma/plasmacytoma, breast carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and chordoma and primary rectal carcinoma of the sacrum are reviewed in detail.
Cannulation and Sphincterotomy: Beyond the Basics

Cannulation and sphincterotomy are two of the most fundamental techniques required to perform ERCP successfully. Both of these techniques have evolved over the years and have been the subject of intense scrutiny. Modern cannulation and sphincterotomy techniques are designed to maximize efficiency and minimize harm to the patient. This chapter reviews basic and advanced techniques for cannulation and sphincterotomy.
Production for Exchange at the Knife River Flint Quarries, North Dakota

AbstractA methodological problem in debitage analysis is determining the origin and composition of mixed assemblages. I use multiple linear regression to estimate the kinds and amounts of tool-making activities represented in the debitage collection from the Benz site (32DU452A). a Knife River flint (KRF) workshop. The multiple regressions were calibrated using 205 replications of KRF tool manufacture. Estimates of the technological composition of debitage assemblages allow estimation of the numbers of tools manufactured. Results suggest that tool production was most efficient during the Late Paleoindian and Late Archaic periods, and that flintknappers may have produced tools for exchange during these times. There is no evidence of production for exchange during the Early and Middle Archaic period.
Age and Fertility: A Study on Patient Awareness.

OBJECTIVE Fertility declines as women age. Advancing maternal age increases pregnancy risks such as diabetes or hypertension. Studies suggest women are not aware of the risks of aging on fertility and pregnancy. The study objective was to assess women's knowledge of fertility and reproductive outcomes affected by aging. METHODS Prospective IRB approved survey of women (n=94) attending an obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) clinic. Data collected included demographics, pregnancy history, and knowledge of age-related fertility decline and pregnancy risks. Statistical analysis performed using JMP Pro11.0. RESULTS Ages ranged from 18 to 67. One third (30.5%) were aware fertility begins to decline at age 35, however this varied among groups depending on prior history of infertility or requiring fertility treatment. Nulliparous women were more unaware of the health risks of pregnancy over age 35 (1.4% vs 13.6%, P 0.02). African Americans (AA) women were less likely to think obesity (76% Caucasian vs 47.8% AA vs 66.7% other, P < 0.05) and older age (88% Caucasian vs 60.9% AA vs 82.7% other, P 0.02) affected fertility. CONCLUSION Knowledge regarding fertility and reproduction related to aging was variable and differed by age and race. Difficulty conceiving appears to be associated with higher knowledge levels. Public education will increase awareness of age-related fertility declines. Increased contact during pregnancy is an excellent opportunity to educate women in a nondirective way.
Thermal chemistry of a high temperature solid lubricant, cesium oxythiomolybdate Part II Thermo-oxidative stability of Cs2MoOS3/Si3N4mixtures

Cesium oxythiomolybdate (Cs2MoOS3) may be an excellent high temperature lubricant, providing a friction coefficient below 0.2 at 650°C. However, oxidation products provide the lubrication above 400°C. Lubricant effectiveness depends strongly on the composition of the substrate materials in contact, such as Si3N4, suggesting that tribochemical and/or thermal reactions at the interface produce new compounds. The thermo-oxidative stability of Cs2MoOS3/Si3N4and Cs2MoOS3/SiO2mixtures have been evaluated between room temperature and 1000°C in air. The transition temperatures and oxidation products were identified. The thermal chemistry of Cs2MoOS3/Si3N4mixtures was significantly different than that of Cs2MoOS3alone, largely due to the oxidation of Si3N4to glassy SiO2. Cesium oxythiomolybdate formed cesium oxides, which melted below 600°C. As SiO2is formed, the cesium oxides diffused into it, creating a cesium silicate glass. Also, Cs2MoO4was preferentially formed over complex cesium molybdates and molybdenum oxides. In a tribological application, Cs2MoO4, oxides, and cesium silicate glass may be formed at contacting interfaces from Cs2MoOS3films deposited on Si3N4substrates. Lubrication would be provided as the shear strength of these compounds decreases with increasing temperature.
Inequitable Variations: A Review of Research in Technology, Literacy Studies and Special Education.

This essay presents the results of a review of research published in the last 10 years on the uses of what we term ‘productive’ digital technologies in special education contexts. There is little overlap between research on productive technologies such as digital storytelling in mainstream contexts and research on technology use to support literacy learning in special education classrooms. Analysis centred on theoretical frameworks, research methods, educational contexts and technologies used with children and youth labelled with special needs. The initial sample of refereed journal articles (n = 1,132) was reduced to 14 studies for review. Results suggest large variations in the knowledge base about why, how, when and to what effects productive technologies might be used with children labelled with special needs. The essay presents further areas for theorising and research in the juncture of these separate fields to address the inequitable variations and social justice issues engendered by current research and practice.
Antecedents of team performance on case studies in a strategic management capstone course

Abstract Acquisition of knowledge and skills through team-based case studies is a common pedagogic approach in the strategic management courses. This study explores why some student teams perform better in case study work than others. Several variables associated with team attributes and their effects on team performance were examined. Results showed that effects of the independent variables varied in relation to subjective SA (“self-assessed”) team performance and objective EA (“expert assessed”) team performance. Except for the grade/performance orientation, other independent variables, including team process effectiveness, analytic orientation, learning orientation, and advance preparation showed a positive relationship, and diversity showed a negative relationship with subjective SA performance. In contrast, only two independent variables, advance preparation, and diversity, were related to objective performance EA; the former had a positive relationship and the latter had a negative relationship.
Detecting Imminent Lane Change Maneuvers in Connected Vehicle Environments

Lane changing is a complex decision-making process that is affected by factors such as vehicle features, driver characteristics, network attributes, and traffic conditions. Understanding the changes in driver behavior and vehicle trajectory before the lane change initiation process is essential to the design of a safe and reliable crash avoidance system. The recently introduced connected vehicle (CV) technology provides opportunities for real-time, high-resolution data exchange capability between vehicles. This study explored the high-resolution vehicle trajectory data attainable in CV environments for detecting the onset of lane change maneuvers. The observed change in behavior before the initiation of such a maneuver was examined to identify the associated driving pattern. This pattern was used to develop two lane change detection models: an artificial neural network (ANN) model and a multiple logistic regression (MLR) model. The two models were trained and tested with Next Generation Simulation data co...