cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cascadable Current-Mode Biquads

New procedures are presented that yield cascadable, opamp based current-mode biquads from voltage-mode biquads without the use of voltage-mode to current-mode transformations. The opamps in the resulting current-mode circuits can be replaced by current-mode devices, such as current conveyors, producing circuits that are fully current-mode. The procedures are applied to several multi-opamp voltage-mode circuits to achieve current-mode lowpass, highpass, bandpass, notch, and allpass filters. The procedures are also applied to a single opamp circuit. Experimental results are given.
Distributed supervisory coordination with multiple operators and remote systems

This paper develops the concept of distributed supervisory coordination, which describes issues of coordination of groups of distributed experts and automated systems to support skilled task performance. The paper examines distinctions between supervisory coordination and other concepts of human-machine or human-human interactions. Although this paper emphasizes human-human interactions, the general issues addressed in this paper can also be applied to interactions with highly autonomous, free-ranging robots or agents. An example of this perspective of NASA Mission Control Center simulated flight operations. Specific issues covered include the impact of system events at multiple time scales; dimensions and distributions of expertise; and needs for effective and appropriate information flow among members of task performing teams.
Ion Secretion by Salt Glands of Desert Iguanas (Dipsosaurus dorsalis)

Abstract Unlike the NaCl‐secreting salt glands of many birds and reptiles, the nasal salt glands of lizards can secrete potassium as well as sodium, with either chloride or bicarbonate as the accompanying anion. The factors responsible for initiating secretion by the gland and the rates of cation and anion secretion were studied in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Lizards were given combinations of ions for several days, and secreted salt was collected daily and analyzed for sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Maximum total cation secretion rate was \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textc...
Production and Gains from Trade

This paper describes a classroom game in which students make production and trade decisions. Each student represents a country and decides how much of two goods to produce, how much to exchange with a partner country, and whether to specialize in the production of one of the two goods. In introductory level classes, the game helps students understand the notion of comparative advantage in production and distinguish between gains from pure exchange and gains from specialization and trade. Class discussion focuses on the concepts of production possibility frontier, marginal productivity of inputs, and on the determination of the price ratio at which trade may occur. In advanced classes, the exercise facilitates comparisons among different models of international trade and serves as a platform from which to introduce and discuss key issues in current research and public debate.
Turbulence in planetary occultations. IV - Power spectra of phase and intensity fluctuations

Power spectra of phase and intensity scintillations during occultation by turbulent planetary atmospheres are significantly affected by the inhomogeneous background upon which the turbulence is superimposed. Such coupling is particularly pronounced in the intensity, where there is also a marked difference in spectral shape between a central and grazing occultation. While the former has its structural features smoothed by coupling to the inhomogeneous background, such features are enhanced in the latter. Indeed, the latter power spectrum peaks around the characteristic frequency that is determined by the size of the free-space Fresnel zone and the ray velocity in the atmosphere; at higher frequencies strong fringes develop in the power spectrum. A confrontation between the theoretical scintillation spectra computed here and those calculated from the Mariner 5 Venus mission by Woo et al. (1974) is inconclusive, mainly because of insufficient statistical resolution. Phase and/or intensity power spectra computed from occultation data may be used to deduce characteristics of the turbulence and to distinguish turbulence from other perturbations in the refractive index. Such determinations are facilitated if observations are made at two or more frequencies (radio occultation) or in two or more colors (stellar occultation).
GeneNotes – A novel information management software for biologists

Background Collecting and managing information is a challenging task in a genome-wide profiling research project. Most databases and online computational tools require a direct human involvement. Information and computational results are presented in various multimedia formats (e.g., text, image, PDF, word files, etc.), many of which cannot be automatically processed by computers in biologically meaningful ways. In addition, the quality of computational results is far from perfect and requires nontrivial manual examination. The timely selection, integration and interpretation of heterogeneous biological information still heavily rely on the sensibility of biologists. Biologists often feel overwhelmed by the huge amount of and the great diversity of distributed heterogeneous biological information.
Multivariate morphometry and rates of morphologic evolution within the Pennsylvanian fusulinid Beedeina (Ardmore Basin, Oklahoma, USA)

Abstract Ten species in the genus Beedeina from Desmoinesian (Middle Pennsylvanian) rocks in the Ardmore Basin (southern Oklahoma, USA) were discriminated on the basis of 29 measured variates. Each species was characterized by its mean scores on the first and second axes in canonical variates analysis (CVA) and by its lowest stratigraphic occurrence in order to identify evolutionary lineages. The pumila → plattensis → erugata lineage involved overall size increase without appreciable changes in shape. The insolita → haworthi → aff. whitakeri → acme and insolita → cf. novamexicana → euryteines lineages both exhibited axial lengthening, but the former involved relative elongation and the latter involved relative inflation. CVA function coefficients were used to identify taxonomically important characters for the analysis of rates of morphologic evolution, and it was discovered that three of the five most important characters occur in the embryonic portion of the shell (proloculus diameter, half-length and wall thickness of the first volution). Rates of evolution are variable among ancestor-descendant pairs in the three lineages, but they do not differ significantly from rates documented in other groups of fossil and extant organisms. Apparent variation in rates is an artifact of the unequal time intervals over which morphologic change was measured, with shorter intervals resulting in faster rates. Among the five variates examined in all ancestor-descendant pairs (i.e., across a range of time intervals), proloculus size and half-length of the first and sixth volutions exhibited the fastest mean rates of change, whereas wall thickness in the first volution and radius vector of the fifth volution exhibited slower mean rates of change.
The pulmonary surfactant content of the inclusion bodies found within type II alveolar cells.

Tricomplex fixation has been used to investigate the contents of the inclusion bodies (cytosomes) found within granular pneumonocytes (pulmonary type II cells) and to compare it morphologically to material lining alveolar surfaces, to surfactant extracted from lung, and to an emulsion of synthetic dipalmitoyl lecithin. After tricomplex fixation, cytosomal contents, isolated surfactant and dipalmitoyl lecithin exhibit lamellar structures with a repeat of about 5.0 nm. These structures are not present if fixation is carried out by means of osmium tetroxide. These observations indicate that cytosomes contain a saturated phospholipid. The similarity of the lamellar form of cytosomal contents to isolated surfactant and to dipalmitoyl lecithin suggests further that this material is surfactant phospholipid and that pulmonary surfactant probably does not contain a nonlipid component which is attached to the hydrophilic ends of the phospholipid molecules. The material lining alveolar surfaces generally does not appear lamellar but exhibits many features of a hexagonal phase. It is thought, however, that cytosomal contents and material lining alveolar surfaces are composed of the same surfactant material since phospholipids can undergo reversible structural changes.
Aging and Stability of Vesicular Dispersions

Les vesicules formees par sonication de dispersions aqueuses de (heptyl-1' nonyl)-4 benzenesulfonate de sodium sont caracterisees par diffusion quasi elastique de la lumiere et par mesure de la conductivite electrique en fonction du temps
[3H] pirenzepine selectively identifies a high affinity population of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the rat cerebral cortex

Abstract The specific binding of [3H] pirenzepine was investigated in homogenates of rat cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, and heart. Specific binding of [3H] pirenzepine in the cerebral cortex as defined by displacement with atropine sulfate (1μM) was of high affinity (Kd = 4–10 nM, receptor density = 1.06 pmoles/mg protein), stereoselective, and competitive with drugs specific for the muscarinic receptor. In contrast, few [3H] pirenzepine binding sites were demonstrated in cerebellar and heart homogenates.
Structural transitions during the cold drawing of aliphatic ketone terpolymers

Abstract Cold drawing of aliphatic ketone terpolymers with CH 3 substituents is shown to promote production of the high density α crystal phase. The quantity of the minor α component decreases with increasing CH 3 content and the solid–solid α→β phase transition temperature is shown to be lower compared with the unsubstituted polymer. Draw rate affects the amount of α phase produced: low draw rate favours α phase. This is explained in terms of strain-induced heating effects: high rates increase the temperature above the T α→β transition.
Radiation effects in concrete for nuclear power plants, Part II: Perspective from micromechanical modeling

Abstract The need to understand and characterize the effects of neutron irradiation on concrete has become urgent because of the possible extension of service life of many nuclear power generating stations. Current knowledge is primarily based on a collection of data obtained in test reactors. These data are inherently difficult to interpret because materials and testing conditions are inconsistent. A micromechanical approach based on the Hashin composite sphere model is presented to derive a first-order separation of the effects of radiation on cement paste and aggregate, and, also, on their interaction. Although the scarcity of available data limits the validation of the model, it appears that, without negating a possible gamma-ray induced effect, the neutron-induced damage and swelling of aggregate plays a predominant role on the overall concrete expansion and the damage of the cement paste. The radiation-induced volumetric expansion (RIVE) effects can also be aided by temperature elevation and shrinkage in the cement paste.
Stock price effects of CEO turnover of US financial institutions

We use stock price reactions of CEO turnover announcements to analyse managerial effectiveness and entrenchment within the financial sector that is characterised by a greater information asymmetry. We distinguish among different types of changes in top executives to insulate different market effects. First, tests with resignations/retirements, excluding M&A and the financial crisis, suggest effectiveness of the CEOs for their firms. Second, tests with resignations/retirements, related to M&A, indicate positive effect of the external control market. Third, forced CEO resignations/retirements show ineffective firm monitoring, and CEO deaths support managerial entrenchment. Resignations related to bankruptcy have negative market effects, and the coefficients of tests during the financial crisis are larger with similar signs.
Developmental delay: Timely identification and assessment

This paper outlines the prevalence of developmental delay in children and discusses the recent literature regarding the benefits of early identification and evidence based strategies for developmental surveillance and screening. We describe a systematic approach to the child with developmental delay and the optimal methodology for arriving at the etiologic basis for the delay. A review of the most upto date and relevant literature was completed using Pub Med, online databases, and texts. The medical evaluation with specific emphasis on the most recent recommendations for genetic, laboratory and imaging studies is described. The American Academy of Pediatrics algorithm for developmental surveillance and screening is discussed with consideration for the importance of culturally relevant screening tools across populations. In addition, specific screening tools are briefly discussed that may prove beneficial to the primary care provider as he/she implements routine surveillance and screening.
Structure-activity relationships of 18 endogenous neuropeptides on the motornervous system of the nematode Ascaris suum

Abstract Neuropeptides play an important role in all nervous systems and structure-activity studies of related peptides is one approach to understanding this role. This study of the motornervous system of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum describes the physiological effects of a family of 18 endogenous Ascaris FMRFamide-like peptides (AF peptides) on the membrane potential and input resistance of the dorsal excitatory type 2 (DE2) and dorsal inhibitory (DI) motorneurons. These motorneurons are part of the final common output pathway from the motornervous system to the somatic muscle cells responsible for locomotion. AF peptide effects on the frequency of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in DE2 motorneurons were also measured to infer peptide effects on central presynaptic spiking neurons. AF peptide injections into intact worms were made to assess their qualitative effects on behavior, providing a context for interpreting motorneuron data. One category of AF peptides, N-terminally extended -FIRFa peptides (AF5, AF7 and AF1), has pronounced behavioral effects and qualitatively similar, but quantitatively different effects on DE2 and DI motorneurons. A second category of AF peptides (AF2, AF9, and AF8) also produces dramatic behavioral effects and strong electrophysiological effects on DE2 and/or DI motorneurons. A third category of AF peptides, consisting of six members of the -PGVLRFa group (which are encoded by the same gene and have closely related sequences) and peptide AF11, have pronounced behavioral effects, but relatively weak or negligible effects on DE2 and DI motorneurons. A fourth category of AF peptides, also consisting of structurally unrelated members, has pronounced behavioral effects and, as individual peptides, similar effects on both DE2 and DI motorneurons; AF15 is excitatory, while AF17 and AF19 are inhibitory, on both motorneuron types. Finally, two AF peptides (AF6, AF16) are relatively weak or inactive in producing behavioral or motorneuronal effects. Based on comparisons of the effects of AF peptides on DE2 and DI motorneurons, a tentative list of 5 major response-types is proposed as a working hypothesis to guide the search for AF peptide receptors. The findings attest to the potential complexity of neurosignaling in this comparatively simple nervous system.
Direct calculation of the derivatives of the free energy for Ising models by a modified Kadanoff variational method

Abstract A systematic procedure is presented for the direct calculation of the free energy and its first and second derivatives with respect to temperature or external field for Ising models in one to three dimensions with a wide class of interactions. These are classified by their point group symmetry properties. This renormalization group method is based on the modified Kadanoff variational method (MKVM). This method is not only general, but also very accurate numerically both near and far from the critical point. Further, it includes correction to scaling effects not present in the standard linearized renormalization group treatment. This work describes the technique and presents some illustrative results for the square lattice and body-centered cubic lattice with nearest neighbor interactions.
Structure Refinement of the Transmembrane Domain (TMD) of KCNE1 Protein using Deer Spectroscopy

KCNE1 is a single trans-membrane protein of the KCNE family that modulates the function of voltage gated potassium channels, including KCNQ1. Hereditary mutations in KCNE1 have been linked to diseases such as long QT syndrome (LQTS), atrial fibrillation, sudden death syndrome, and deafness. However, the structure of its physiologically relevant more native membrane bound state is unknown. The transmembrane domain of KCNE1 plays a key role in mediating the physical association with KCNQ1, modulating KCNQ1 gating kinetics, and modulating KCNQ1 pore conductance. This mechanism is still not fully understood. Previous solution NMR study indicated that KCNE1 possesses a curvilinear transmembrane domain in LMPG micelles. In this study, we used Double electron electron resonance spectroscopy coupled with site-directed spin labeling and simulated annealing molecular dynamics to report the structure of the TMD of KCNE1 in proteoliposomes. High quality DEER data consisting of similar distances in micelles, proteoliposomes and lipodisq nanoparticles suggest a curved helical TMD of KCNE1 in proteoliposomes similar to that in micelles. Additionally, we employed DEER distance restraints obtained at 8 double spin labeling sites in simulated annealing molecular dynamics and predicted the structure of the TMD of KCNE1 in vesicles which supports the previous micelle structure. This study will provide useful information about how TMD functions in channel activation during E1/Q1 interactions in diseases causing mutations.
Information Technology Workers in the Federal Service More Than a Quiet Crisis

Does the federal service face more serious problems in recruiting, motivating, and retaining high-quality information technology (IT) professionals and administrators (PAs) than it does other PAs? Using a 1% sample of federal personnel records for 1976-2003, we compare the turnover rates, qualifications, and performance ratings of federal IT and other PAs and examine the flexibility of the federal service to raise IT pay in a tight labor market. Federal IT workers do not have ideal qualifications; however, their performance ratings are as high and their turnover rates are as low as other PAs, perhaps because the federal service hires IT PAs at higher grade levels, promotes them faster, and pays them more than other comparably educated and experienced PAs.
Evidence for two distinct c-src loci on human chromosomes 1 and 20.

A number of proto-oncogenes have recently been localized to the chromosomal segments that are the breakpoints in the specific rearrangements noted in human malignant diseases1. Moreover, rearranged forms of several proto-oncogenes have been identified in malignant cells; in several instances, the proto-oncogene has undergone an alteration as a result of a nonrandom chromosomal rearrangement2–4. One proto-oncogene that has yet to be associated with human neoplastic disease is c-src, the cellular homologue of the transforming sequence of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). By somatic cell hybridization, c-src has been mapped to chromosome 20, but its precise location was not determined5. We have now mapped this gene by using in situ hybridization of the cloned human c-src probe to human mitotic chromosomes. We report here that the human genome contains two loci with strong homology to the coding regions of this oncogene, at Ip34–p36 and 20ql2–ql3. It is noteworthy that these chromosomal regions are frequently involved in the structural rearrangements observed in haematological malignant diseases6–8.
Tolerance of acid waters by native brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)

Abstract 1. Brown trout from Galloway in southwest Scotland, an area of naturally occurring acid low-calcium water, show greater tolerance of low pH than hatchery-reared fish from a neutral area. 2. Both strains of Salmo trutta show the ability to recover chloride influx after a 2 hr episode of low pH. 3. Acclimation to low pH conditions probably occurs, but only over several generations of fish.
Bosonic path integral for spin-12 particles

Abstract The 3D Dirac propagator is expressed as a path integral over curves of commuting two-component spinors. This is related to the path integral recently employed by Polyakov to demonstrate Fermi-Bose transmutation for solitons in the gauged CP1 model with Chern-Simons term. Several difficulties concerning the latter path integral are identified and corrected from our point of view.
A transduction pathway associated with receptors coupled to the inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein Gi that amplifies ATP-mediated arachidonic acid release.

Abstract ATP is copackaged and coreleased with adrenergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic neurotransmitters, suggesting a possible interaction between the signaling pathways for ATP and these coreleased neurotransmitters. Muscarinic m2 and m4, alpha 2-adrenergic, and D2-dopaminergic neurotransmitter receptors, which have in common their ability to inhibit adenylate cyclase through the inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein Gi, were transfected and expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that contain endogenous ATP receptors coupled to the release of arachidonic acid. Normal functional coupling of m2, m4, alpha 2, and D2 receptors was demonstrated by their ability to inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation with dose-response activities consistent with previous reports for these Gi-coupled receptors. Stimulation of m2, m4, alpha 2, and D2 receptors resulted in an augmentation of ATP-stimulated arachidonic acid release. With the exception of the m4 receptor, none of the receptors tested was able to stimulate arachidonic acid release in the absence of ATP. Potentiation of ATP-stimulated arachidonic acid release was independent of changes in cAMP. The augmentation of ATP-stimulated arachidonic acid release and the inhibition of cAMP accumulation were both blocked by pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of Gi, but with different dose-response characteristics. Inhibition of protein kinase C with staurosporine or long-term pretreatment of the cells with the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate blocked the augmentation response. This demonstrates that Gi-coupled inhibitory receptors can amplify ATP-receptor-stimulated arachidonic acid release through a pertussis-toxin-sensitive G protein, independent of their ability to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity.
Interleukin 1 — A possible mediator of neural fibrosis in leprosy

Abstract Neural fibrosis in leprosy, the disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium, Mycobacterium leprae, is closely related to the cell-mediated immune response to this microorganism. The fibrosis appears to be due to soluble mediators released by the immune effector cells. Interleukin 1, a macrophage product that stimulates fibroblast migration, proliferation and synthetic activity, possesses the requisite properties to qualify for such a mediator.
Nitrogen, phenolic acids, and other feeding cues for salt marsh detritivores.

A number of feeding cues determine the palatability of detritus to detritivorous invertebrates. In salt marsh detritus the feeding cues include flavor provided by phenolics such as ferulic acid, pH, salinity, and nitrogen content. We examined the feeding responses to each cue by using experimental manipulations where we changed concentrations of these chemical cues. The palatability of detritus of the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora to the detritivorous snail Melampus bidentatus is reduced by increases in ferulic acid in the detritus. The acidity of the acid is partly responsible for inhibition of feeding, but other flavors of the ferulic acid are the major factor. Changes in salinity makes detritus more or less palatable to different species of detritivores. Available nitrogen confers greater palatability to detritus.
Gingerol Decreases after Processing and Storage of Ginger

Fresh cooked ginger and processed ginger products were extracted with methanol and analyzed by HPLC to study changes in the levels of [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerols after the products had been cooked and processed, and during storage of the products. Sensory tests evaluated the intensity of pungency in different processed products. Cooking and processing of paste and scnbei decreased (p 0.05) gingerol levels, but blanching and freeze-drying had no effect. Gingerols in all products degraded gradually with storage. Ginger powder had a lower degradation rate than the paste stored at 4°C. Likewise, ginger senbei was more stable than ginger powder stored at room temperature (≅ 23°C).
Health Effects of Mold in Children

Mold is ubiquitous, and exposure to mold and its products of metabolism is unavoidable, whether indoors or outdoors. Mold can produce a variety of adverse health outcomes by four scientifically validated pathophysiologic mechanisms: hypersensitivity, toxicity, infection, and irritation. Some adverse health outcomes have been attributed to mold for which mechanisms of injury are not well defined or are implausible. This article discusses these adverse health outcomes, focusing predominantly on those for which valid associations have been established.
PKCα regulates the hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes through extracellular signal–regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2)

Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) isozyme family are important signal transducers in virtually every mammalian cell type. Within the heart, PKC isozymes are thought to participate in a signaling network that programs developmental and pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophic growth. To investigate the function of PKC signaling in regulating cardiomyocyte growth, adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of wild-type and dominant negative mutants of PKC alpha, beta II, delta, and epsilon (only wild-type zeta) was performed in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of wild-type PKC alpha, beta II, delta, and epsilon revealed distinct subcellular localizations upon activation suggesting unique functions of each isozyme in cardiomyocytes. Indeed, overexpression of wild-type PKC alpha, but not betaI I, delta, epsilon, or zeta induced hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes characterized by increased cell surface area, increased [(3)H]-leucine incorporation, and increased expression of the hypertrophic marker gene atrial natriuretic factor. In contrast, expression of dominant negative PKC alpha, beta II, delta, and epsilon revealed a necessary role for PKC alpha as a mediator of agonist-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, whereas dominant negative PKC epsilon reduced cellular viability. A mechanism whereby PKC alpha might regulate hypertrophy was suggested by the observations that wild-type PKC alpha induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), that dominant negative PKC alpha inhibited PMA-induced ERK1/2 activation, and that dominant negative MEK1 (up-stream of ERK1/2) inhibited wild-type PKC alpha-induced hypertrophic growth. These results implicate PKC alpha as a necessary mediator of cardiomyocyte hypertrophic growth, in part, through a ERK1/2-dependent signaling pathway.
Handling Frequent Design Changes by Automatic Optimization-Constrained Updates of Parametric CAD Models

A common difficulty in designing mechanical systems is in handling the effects that design changes in one subsystem have on another, or on the system as a whole. This is made more difficult in early engineering design, when frequent changes are required and design information is preliminary. Increased efforts have been made to capitalize on the benefits of numerical optimization methods (search methods) in early engineering design – because of the large impact early decisions have on subsequent development activities. An important step toward executing meaningful optimizations in early design is the development of a design optimization framework that can be used when objectives, constraints, variables, and other conditions are expected to change as the design progresses and new information is gained. This paper presents a design framework that considers such change by subjecting the parametric updating of CAD models to optimization criteria. Under the proposed framework, a part is generically and parametrically modeled in a CAD system; when changes are made to the design of subsystems that interact with the part, the part is then automatically updated subject to design objectives and constraints. In this way, the updated part or subassembly satisfies system and subsystem level optimization criteria. Thus reducing the need for the designer to react to design changes in one subsystem by manually correcting the affected design of another. The proposed framework carries practical implications that are demonstrated in the development of a suspension rocker for a formula SAE car designed and built at Brigham Young University, resulting in a rocker weight savings of 18%.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The requirements of the rare moss, Hamatocaulis vernicosus (Calliergonaceae, Musci), in the Czech Republic in relation to vegetation, water chemistry and management

Abstract Hamatocaulis vernicosus , a rare moss, has been investigated in detail for its habitat preferences, ecology and population dynamics in the Czech Republic. At all its known sites plant species composition was described and relationships with environmental factors investigated (water table, pH, water conductivity). Experiments that included mowing and gap cutting were investigated at three sites over two years. Hamatocaulis vernicosus had the highest cover at neutral pH (6.7–7.2) and conductivity between 100 and 250 μS/cm, although most localities had lower values. It was influenced positively by mowing only at a site with a high vascular plants cover, and gap cutting was only beneficial at sites with a low water table. The growth and vitality of Hamatocaulis may, therefore, be supported by suitable management especially in drier habitats.
High-Pressure Ion Exchange Chromatography as Applied to the Separation of Complex Biochemical Mixtures

Abstract Interest in liquid column chromatography, including ion exchange chromatography, as a separation method has increased markedly in the past few years. Numerous new automated analytical techniques, as well as applications for preparative or production-scale separations, have been developed. This has been particularly true in the areas pertaining to separation and analysis of biochemical mixtures such as physiologic fluids. The recent trend in ion exchange chromatography has been toward achieving two goals: high-resolution analysis in the case of complex mixtures, and high-speed separation when simpler mixtures are involved. In either case, the use of small-diameter ion exchange resin particles coupled with high flow rates (and, in some cases, long columns) requires operation at relatively high column inlet pressures, since the pressure drop through the ion exchange column is dependent on factors such as resin particle size, flow rate, and column length.
Characterizations of second order Sobolev spaces

Abstract Second order Sobolev spaces are important in applications to partial differential equations and geometric analysis, in particular to equations such as the bi-Laplacian. The main purpose of this paper is to establish some new characterizations of the second order Sobolev spaces W 2 , p ( R N ) in Euclidean spaces. We will present here several types of characterizations: by second order differences, by the Taylor remainder of first order and by the differences of the first order gradient. Such characterizations are inspired by the works of Bourgain et al. (2001) and Nguyen (2006, 2008) on characterizations of first order Sobolev spaces in the Euclidean space.
Complete Ration-Group Feeding Systems for Dry and Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract In three experiments, complete rations based on silage were fed ad libitum to Holstein cows in groups. In Experiment 1, a corn silage ration supplemented with nitrogen and mineral was compared with a ration of corn silage plus alfalfa meal for dry cows. There were no differences in energy intake or weight gains during the dry period nor in health disorders or milk production following calving. Eighty lactating cows (40 per group) were fed a ration containing 34% hay crop silage:ll% sudan silage:55% concentrate (dry matter) either once or twice daily in Experiment 2. Frequency of feeding had no effect on intake of dry matter or milk yield. Average production for both groups was 15.2kg milk/cow per day. In Experiment 3, 45 first-lactation and 78 older cows were fed one of three rations for the entire lactation. The rations were 35:47:18 (H), 47:35.5:17.5 (M), and 60:23.5:16.5 (L) forage:high moisture ear corn concentrate dry matter. Intakes of dry matter were similar for all three treatments. Average milk yields were 20.7, 19.8, and 18.1 kg/cow per day. Weight gains of first lactation animals fed diets M and L were less than those fed diet H. Cows on diets lower in energy density (M and L) appeared to regulate energy balance primarily by decreased milk production rather than increased feed intake.
Ethnicity, Well-Being, and the Organization of Labor among Shade Tobacco Workers

The cultivation and processing of shade tobacco in the Connecticut River Valley (United States) is highly specialized and labor intensive and is dependent on a multi-ethnic workforce of migrant farm workers from Latin America and the West Indies. Production is structured through an ethnically reified division of labor, constituted by historical migration patterns, English language ability, and racially informed perceptions of what constitutes a “good worker.” Regardless of position, these workers find themselves geographically and socially isolated and subjected to hazardous and exploitative working conditions. This article will explore the effects of these conditions on workers’ physical and emotional well-being. Using Foucault's notion of governmentality, the article demonstrates the ways in which these deleterious effects are embedded in workers’ internalizing of race and ethnicity as naturalizing principles for self-regulation and the organization of work and in neoliberal forces that produce a surplu...
Streak spectrograph temperature analysis from electrically exploded Ni/Al nanolaminates

Abstract We report on electrically-induced heating and mixing of multilayered nickel/aluminum (Ni/Al) laminates observed by streak camera emission spectroscopy. Past experiments probing the kinetic energy of material ejected from the reaction zone indicate that additional kinetic energy originates from Ni/Al samples, presumably from exothermic mixing between the two metals. Here we examine streak spectrographs of similar experiments to determine the presence of expected elements and their temperatures. We conducted these experiments in rough vacuum, but found the emission to be dominated by argon (Ar) and nitrogen (N) lines in addition to the expected emission of Al and Ni, which were also present. Using the spectral information of Ar, we analyzed the relative intensities of four Ar peaks between 425 and 455 nm, with respect to their expected Boltzmann distributions to yield temperatures as a function of time. These temperatures were 2.24–2.59 eV for Al samples, and 2.93–3.27 eV for both Ni and Ni/Al samples, and were within estimates based on the measured electrical energy delivered to each device. The higher Ni/Al sample temperatures seemed to validate our past measurements of increased kinetic energy and the apparent rapid exothermic mixing between Ni and Al, although Ni samples yielded surprisingly high temperatures as well. These results may be important for future nanomanufacturing techniques involving localized heating from reactive Ni/Al multilayers, where the precise control of spatial temperatures may necessitate an equally precise temporal control of the reaction.
African American Feminist Masculinities: Personal Narratives of Redemption, Contamination, and Peak Turning Points.

This descriptive study focuses on the qualitative meanings of feminist Black men’s lives, gleaned from narrative patterns inherent in their life stories. The intent of the study was to understand how each man evolved a feminist masculinity and his ability to change. Turning points were categorized as redemption (a positive experience following a negative experience), peak (a positive experience following another positive experience), or contamination (a negative experience following a positive experience). Most turning points were categorized as redemption narrative sequences, followed by peak, then contamination accounts. These narrative accounts help us to understand key life episodes that led some African American men to accept feminism as a guide for reconstructing their definitions and practices of masculinity
Nerve growth factor induces galanin gene expression in the rat basal forebrain: implications for the treatment of cholinergic dysfunction.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a potential treatment for cholinergic dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In rats, NGF activates gene expression of the acetylcholine synthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and prevents age- and lesion-induced degeneration of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons. Cholinergic neurons in the BF coexpress galanin (GAL), a neuropeptide that has been shown to impair performance on memory tasks possibly through the inhibition of cholinergic memory pathways. NGF up-regulates both ChAT and GAL gene expression in cultured pheochromocytoma cells; however, the effect of chronic in vivo NGF administration on GAL gene expression within the BF has not been studied. We used in situ hybridization and quantitative autoradiography to assess GAL and ChAT gene expression within the BF of adult male rats following chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of NGF or cytochrome c. We now report that, in addition to stimulating ChAT gene expression, NGF strongly up-regulated the GAL gene in the rat cholinergic BF. NGF had no effect on GAL gene expression in other noncholinergic forebrain regions. NGF induction of GAL gene expression in the BF was specific, because gene expression for another neuropeptide, neurotensin, present within noncholinergic BF neurons was unchanged. Our data provide the first evidence that in vivo NGF administration up-regulates GAL gene expression in the cholinergic BF. These results suggest that the concurrent induction of GAL in the BF could limit the ameliorating actions of NGF on cholinergic dysfunction. J. Comp. Neurol. 379;563–570, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A method for optimizing control-free costs in systems with linear controllers

Optimization problems for n -dimensional systems with m linear controls and cost functions not explicitly dependent on the control variables are transformed into equivalent problems involving only ( n-m ) state variables and m controls, and cost functions which are dependent on the controls. The equivalent problems can be solved by standard techniques, but at a considerable computational advantage stemming from the reduced dimensionality. An illustrative example is worked out for a discrete linear system.
Channeling Globality: The 1997-98 El Nino Climate Event in Peru

We examine the unfolding of a planetary climate event, the 1997–98 El Nino, in a single country, Peru. Rather than seeing the worldwide attention to the event as an instance of globalization, we look at the actors who, in our terms, channeled globality by evoking a worldwide scale to build connections between disparate elements in cultural and political projects. We document how participants in Peruvian media and in everyday conversations attended selectively to certain international images and ideas as they related to the El Nino event and reworked them in distinctively Peruvian fashion. We also examine the specific context and tactics that allowed the state to succeed in channeling globality to further its ends.
FTi.r. studies of polymer blends containing the poly(hydroxy ether of bisphenol A) and poly(ε-caprolactone)

Abstract Fourier transform infra-red (FTi.r.) studies of the polymer blend system poly(hydroxy ether of bisphenol A) (phenoxy)-poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) are presented. These two polymers are miscible in the amorphous state and information concerning the presence and nature of intermolecular interactions between the two polymers has been gained. Specifically, direct evidence has been obtained for a hydrogen bonding interaction between the PCL carbonyl group and the phenoxy hydroxyl group. Significantly, the relative strength of this interaction is found to be weaker than the corresponding intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction in pure phenoxy. In contrast, a cursoryFTi.r. study of phenoxy-poly(ethylene oxide) blends reveals that the intermolecular interaction occuring between these two polymeric components is stronger than that occuring in pure phenoxy. In addition, PCL is a crystallizable polymer and studies performed on the PCL-phenoxy blends at room temperature have led to further information on the state of order of PCL in these blends. The ramifications of these results are discussed.
A Framework for Realizing Software-Defined Federations for Scientific Workflows

Federated computing has been shown to be an effective model for harnessing the capabilities and capacities of geographically- distributed resources in order to solve large science and en- gineering problems. However, traditional High Performance Computing (HPC) based federation models can be restrictive as they present users with a pre-defined set of resources and do not allow federations to evolve in response to changing resources or application needs. As emerging application workflows and the underlying resources become increasingly dynamic and exhibit changing requirements and constraints, they cannot be easily supported by such federation models. Instead, new federation models that are capable of dynamically adapting to these emerging needs are required. In this paper, we present a programmable dynamic federation model that uses software-defined environment concepts to drive the federation process and seamlessly adapt resource compositions at runtime. The resulting software-defined federation adapts to meet both requirements and constraints set by the user, application, and/or resource providers. In this paper we present the design and prototype implementation of such software-defined federation model, and demonstrate its operation and performance through a use case where heterogeneous, geographically distributed resources are federated based on user specifications, and the federation evolves over time following the requirements and constraints defined by the user.
The choice of a mixing distribution in duration models

Abstract The Hougaard mixing distribution is considered for a Weibull duration model. This distribution is flexible and also encompasses the gamma and the inverse Gaussian distributions making it useful in discriminating between alternate distributions.
Down to Earth Underdetermination

There are many parts of science in which a certain sort of underdetermination of theory by evidence is known to be common. It is argued that reflection on this fact should serve to shift the burden of proof from scientific anti-realists to scientific realists at a crucial point in the debate between them.
Differentiation of newly born neurons and glia in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat

In order to determine whether newly born cells in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat express the neuronal marker, neuron-specific enolase, or the glial marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein, we performed combined immunohistochemistry and autoradiography on brains from adult rats perfused at various times ranging from 1 h to four weeks following [3H]thymidine administration. Light-microscopic examination revealed a negligible number of [3H]thymidine-labeled cells showing neuron-specific enolase immunoreactivity during mitosis. However, by two weeks after [3H]thymidine administration, a significant increase in the density of [3H]thymidine-labeled neuron-specific enolase-immunoreactive cells was detected. Three weeks following [3H]thymidine injection the majority of [3H]thymidine-labeled cells (> 70%) were immunoreactive for the neuronal marker. At the four-week time-point, [3H]thymidine-labeled neuron-specific enolase-immunoreactive cells were indistinguishable from neighboring granule cells. In contrast, glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity was observed in a small but significant number of [3H]thymidine cells at the 1-h time-point and the proportion of labeled cells that were immunoreactive for this cell marker did not increase with time. [3H]Thymidine-labeled cells that were immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein typically showed morphologic characteristics of radial glia at all time-points. At the 1-h time-point, the majority of [3H]thymidine-labeled cells were observed in the hilus (> 60%) with the remainder being located in the granule cell layer. However, with a four-week survival-time most [3H]thymidine-labeled cells (> 85%) were located in the granule cell layer. The majority of newly born cells in the adult dentate gyrus differentiate into neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Statistical consulting in clinical research: The two‐way street

Clinical research often rests on statistical interpretation of numerical data. Thus, effective collaboration between clinician and statistician can have central importance. Interaction in the planning phases of a project can identify tractable scientific and statistical problems that will need attention and can help avoid intractable ones. The central need is for clear, broad, specific two-way communication on scientific issues and research roles.
Laparoscopic intragastric approach for gastroesophageal leiomyoma and cancer.

Laparoscopic intragastric surgery was first described by Ohashi. We report our technique in the management of gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) leiomyoma and superficial cancers. This technique allows for excellent exposure of the pathology of the GEJ with minimal dissection of the stomach or disruption of the vagi. For leiomyoma, all patients undergo endoscopic biopsy to rule out a gastrointestinal stromal tumor before local excision.