cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Challenges affecting a defense-in-depth security architected network by allowing operations of wireless access points (WAPs)

Many corporations and government organizations spend millions of dollars in the protection of their company or organizational data. These protection mechanisms often follow a secured layered approach, called defense in depth (DiD), which allow these organizations to have a more secured network based on security mechanisms at different areas of their network design. Defense in depth is the concept of protecting a computer network with a series of defensive mechanisms such that if one mechanism fails, another will already be in place to thwart an attack. Because there are so many potential attackers with such a wide variety of attack methods available, there is no single method for successfully protecting a computer network. Utilizing the strategy of defense in depth will reduce the risk of having a successful-and likely very costly-attack on a network. In today's environment there is more of a need than ever for increased security in enterprise level networks. Companies are finding themselves with offices around the world and needing a way to provide an affordable high speed secure communications between them as well as provide ways to implement wireless technologies in a secured environment. This paper describes an example of how this can be done and the special issues and challenges associated with securing these types of networks.
Glycine transfer RNA of Escherichia coli. II. Impaired GGA-recognition in strains containing a genetically altered transfer RNA; reversal by a secondary suppressor mutation.

Abstract The glycine-specific tRNA from Escherichia coli is separable into three components (tRNAIGly, tRNAIIGly and tRNAIIIGly) by chromatography over BD-ellulose. ‡ Triplet binding studies reveal that tRNAIGly recognizes predominantly GpGpG, tRNAIIGly recognizes both GpGpG and GpGpA, and tRNAIIIGly recognizes GpGpU and GpGpC. Strains carrying a suppressor (glyTsu) of the trpA36 mutation (Gly → Arg, GGA → AGA) lack a functional tRNAIIGly and, as a result, exhibit severe pleiotropic effects. As expected, the binding of [14C]glycyl-tRNA from glyTsu strains to ribosomes is only weakly stimulated by GpGpA (8% of the control), while binding in the presence of GpGpG, GpGpU and GpGpC is relatively normal. On the other hand, suppressed strains (glyUsu) lacking a functional tRNAIGly do not show these adverse effects, and tRNA from these strains displays a nearly normal codon recognition pattern. The pleiotropic effects seen in glyTsu strains lacking a normal tRNAIIGly are reversed either by (a) the presence of a normal glyT+ gene in the same organism, or (b) by secondary mutations (ins) unlinked to the glyT region. The GpGpA-stimulated binding of glyTsu ins tRNA to ribosomes is partially restored to normal. Transfer RNA from ins strains contains a new tRNAGly species (tRNAIIIGly), easily detectable by BD-cellulose chromatography. This new tRNAIIIGly, binds to ribosomes in the presence of GpGpA or GpGpG, but not GpGpU or GpGpC. The results indicate that tRNAIIIGly is formed by a genetically induced alteration of a portion of tRNAIIIGly. It seems likely that the ins mutation results in a GGU/C → GGA/G change in a redundant tRNAIIIGly species, thus relieving the pleiotropy induced by the loss of a normal tRNAIIGly.
How age impairs the response of the neuromuscular junction to nerve transection and repair: An experimental study in rats.

Age is the most important predictor of clinical outcome after peripheral nerve injury. The stability of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) after denervation is thought to be central to neuromuscular recovery. Stability is characterized by maintenance of the motor endplate and mRNA upregulation of the constituent nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor (nAChR) subtypes and the muscle regulatory factors (MRFs). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of age on the recovery and stability of the post-synaptic NMJ after peripheral nerve injury. Young and aged rats underwent transection and repair of the tibial nerve. At 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 weeks following transection, the gastrocnemius was examined for electrical recovery, NMJ fragmentation and endplate area, mRNA and protein levels of the MRFs and nAChR subtypes. After nerve injury, aged NMJ exhibited significant fragmentation and loss of motor endplate area while the young NMJ remained relatively stable. Concomitantly, age impaired peak upregulation of the MRFs and nAChRs. However, expression of γ-nAChR and myogenin after nerve injury was not affected by age. These data support the claim that upregulation of the nAChRs and MRFs may play an important role in maintaining NMJ stability following nerve transection and repair. Furthermore, expression of γ-nAChR and myogenin does not appear to prevent age-related NMJ fragmentation and loss of endplate area after nerve injury. These impairments of the aged NMJ response to injury may contribute to the poor neuromuscular recovery seen after nerve injury in this population.
Breast-feeding and neuroblastoma, USA and Canada.

Objective: Researchers have suggested an inverse association between breast-feeding and risk of childhood cancer. We investigated the association between breast-feeding and neuroblastoma in a large case–control study in the United States and Canada. Methods: Maternal reports of breast-feeding were compared among 393 children six months or older who had neuroblastoma and were identified through the Children's Cancer Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group and 376 age-matched controls identified by random-digit telephone dialing in a telephone interview case–control study. Results: Children with neuroblastoma were less likely to have breast-fed than control children (odds ratio (OR) = 0.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.5–0.9). The association between breast-feeding and neuroblastoma increased with breast-feeding duration (0–3 months OR = 0.7, CI = 0.4–1.0; 13+ months OR = 0.5, CI = 0.3–0.9). Conclusion: Breast-feeding was inversely associated with neuroblastoma and should be encouraged among healthy mothers. Additional research on possible mechanisms of this association may be warranted.
Developmental investigation of age at sexual debut and subsequent sexual risk behaviours: a study of high-risk young black males

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to identify unmediated associations of early sexual debut (ESD) on the current safer sex practices of young Black men (YBM). METHODS: A cross-sectional study of YBM (n = 697) attending clinics treating sexually transmissible diseases (STIs) in three cities was conducted. ESD was dichotomised at the age of 13 years and under. A series of regression models were used to test the moderating effects of ESD and perceived parental monitoring (PPM). A regression model also tested the effect of years of sexual experience (YSE) on sexual risk behaviours, while controlling for ESD. RESULTS: Mean age of debut was 13.95 years. ESD results varied with significance for pregnancy (P CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide mixed evidence for unmediated associations of ESD among young Black males. The study strongly posits that ESD may actually be a mediating variable rather than a causal explanation for sexual risk. The findings also suggest that advancing YSE foster diminishing vigilance in safer sex practices. These outcomes should be utilised to inform intervention development. Language: en
What Makes Insurance Companies Voluntarily Share Proprietary Customer Information

Many markets, such as the insurance and credit markets, are characterized by information asymmetry between firms and their clients. A cornerstone of these markets are the information exchanges, which process and distribute the voluminous customer information that member companies report to them voluntarily. Such institutions greatly alleviate the problem of information asymmetry in the markets. This paper provides a novel game-theoretic explanation for why such voluntary information-sharing arrangements can be self-enforcing --- namely, why the information exchanges, organized as independent for-profit corporations, can count on insurance companies and banks to continue to report their private customer information to them.
Standardization of Immunoglobulin M Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Routine Diagnosis of Arboviral Infections

Immunoglobulin M antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) is a rapid and versatile diagnostic method that readily permits the combination of multiple assays. Test consolidation is especially important for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) which belong to at least three virus families: the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Bunyaviridae. Using prototype viruses from each of these families and a panel of well-characterized human sera, we have evaluated and standardized a combined MAC-ELISA capable of identifying virus infections caused by members of each virus family. Furthermore, by grouping antigens geographically and utilizing known serological cross-reactivities, we have reduced the number of antigens necessary for testing, while maintaining adequate detection sensitivity. We have determined that a 1:400 serum dilution is most appropriate for screening antiviral antibody, using a positive-to-negative ratio of ≥2.0 as a positive cutoff value. With a blind-coded human serum panel, this combined MAC-ELISA was shown to have test sensitivity and specificity that correlated well with those of other serological techniques.
Assessing fatigue in persons with cancer: an instrument development and testing study.

BACKGROUND Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a highly prevalent, subjective experience of patients with and survivors of cancer. Effective assessment of the attributes of CRF from the patient's perspective is essential. The current study developed a measure of CRF from the patient's perspective and determined its psychometric properties for patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS Chemotherapy outpatients in a free-standing metropolitan area cancer clinic participated in the current multiphase study. In the instrument development phase, 42 items were generated from a qualitative study with 10 semistructured individual interviews and 6 daily fatigue diaries. These items were revised based on content evaluation by 20 cancer patient content experts. In the instrument analysis phase, the 30 content-validated items were pilot tested by 30 patients with breast carcinoma using cognitive interview techniques. The psychometric properties of the resulting 16-item, 5-point CRF rating scale were tested with 82 patients with breast carcinoma. RESULTS Principal axis factoring gave a one-factor solution accounting for 59% variance. Coefficient alpha reliability was 0.95 for the final 15-item scale. Convergent validity with the Schwartz Cancer Fatigue Scale was 0.84, concurrent validity with the Geriatric Depression Scale was 0.61, and predictive validity with the Cancer-Related Fatigue Distress Scale was 0.83. CONCLUSIONS This newly developed instrument to assess the subjective fatigue symptoms of patients with cancer demonstrated effective use of diary and interview methods in instrument development and both cognitive interviewing and traditional psychometric techniques in instrument analysis. The instrument has promising psychometric properties, but confirmatory testing is needed. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Leukotriene D4-induced hypotension is reversed by thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

Injection of leukotriene D4 (LTD4, 20 micrograms/kg, i.a.) to conscious spontaneous hypertensive (SHR) rats produces a short-lasting pressor and tachycardic response followed by prolonged hypotension and bradycardia. Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine were elevated at the peak pressor/tachycardic phase as well as at the hypotensive phase. Injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, 2 or 5 mg/kg) at the peak of the LTD4-induced hypotension resulted in prompt reversal of the hypotension and bradycardia in a dose-related manner. Naloxone (5 mg/kg) had no effect on blood pressure and heart rate of LTD4-treated SHR rats. Pretreatment with TRH (5 mg/kg) did not prevent the depressor effect of LTD4, but attenuated the bradycardic effect of this leukotriene. In addition, TRH had no effect on LTD4-induced hypotension in the pithed SHR rat. These results suggest that TRH might exert beneficial effects in hypotensive states mediated by leukotrienes or other mediators of anaphylactic reactions.
Analysis of Calcium (Ca) Transients during Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Frog Twitch Muscle Fibers

Singly-dissected fibers were micro-injected with furaptra, a rapidly-responding Ca indicator. Resting fluorescence (FR) and action-potential evoked changes (ΔF) were measured at 16 oC; ΔF/FR was scaled to units of ΔfCaD, the change in fraction of furaptra in the Ca-bound form. Measured ΔfCaD was compared with ΔfCaD simulated with a kinetic model of the underlying myoplasmic Ca movements. During the period 30-200 ms after an action potential, simulated ΔfCaD decayed toward baseline more slowly than measured ΔfCaD. If ΔfCaD was simulated with a modified model that incorporated competition between Mg and Ca for occupancy of the regulatory sites on troponin (assumed dissociation constant of Mg's reaction with the regulatory sites, 2.2 mM; assumed myoplasmic free [Mg], 1 mM), good agreement with measured ΔfCaD was observed. The results support the conclusion that Mg, at physiological levels, competes with Ca for occupancy of the regulatory sites, as indicated in some experiments from fragmented preparations, including tension-pCa measurements in skinned fibers and biochemical studies of isolated troponin molecules. ΔfCaD in frog was also compared with our previous measurements and simulations of ΔfCaD in mouse fibers (reviewed in J. Gen. Physiol., 2012). In frog, the SR Ca release flux elicited by an action potential appears to be the sum of two components. The time course of the first component is similar to that of the entire flux waveform in both fast-and slow-twitch mouse fibers, while that of the second is several-fold slower; the fractional release amounts are ∼0.85 (first component) and ∼0.15 (second component). An anatomical basis for two release components in frog is the presence of both junctional and para-junctional Ca release channels, whereas the mouse fibers have only junctional channels (Felder and Franzini-Armstrong, 2002). Supported by NIH (GM 086167)
To treat or not to treat with testosterone replacement therapy: a contemporary review of management of late-onset hypogonadism and critical issues related to prostate cancer

Over the last 10 years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of patients identified and treated with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). By virtue of age, race, and family history, many of these patients are concurrently at risk for harboring indolent prostate cancer. Other men are at increased risk for prostate cancer as a result of an elevated serum PSA level or having had a prior prostate biopsy showing prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) or atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP). The clinician is often challenged with the decision whether to initiate TRT in these patients. This review presents a contemporary overview of the rationale for TRT, as well as the relationship between testosterone (endogenous and exogenous) and premalignant and malignant lesions of the prostate. We will discuss preliminary data from several recent series demonstrating that TRT may be safely administered in select patients with certain premalignant and bona fide malignant tumors of the prostate. In the absence of a large randomized clinical trial with long-term outcome data evaluating TRT, we hope that this overview will provide clinicians with an evidence-based approach to managing these anxiety-provoking – and often frustrating – clinical scenarios.
On the Steenrod length of real projective spaces: finding longest chains in certain directed graphs

Abstract We consider a problem in homotopy theory that has been reduced to enumerative combinatorics by Christensen in (Ideals in Triangulated Categories: Phantoms, Ghosts and Skeleta, Ph.D. Thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA). (Although the motivation is topological, the problem is of independent combinatorial interest.) Consider a directed graph with vertices labeled by the non-negative integers. There is an outgoing edge from vertex n for each 0 in the binary representation of n (excluding ‘leading zeros’); if the 2 s term in n is 0, then the corresponding edge goes from vertex n to vertex n − 2 s . Let f(n) be the length of the longest sequence of edges starting with vertex n , and let g ( n ) be the longest sequence of edges starting from any vertex q ⩽ n . Then we analyze several unusual properties of f , and prove that the frequency table of g ( n ) is a sequence of non-decreasing powers of 2, where 2 a appears a + 1 times ( a ⩾ 1).
The Cumulative and Residual Impact of a Systemic Reform Program on Teacher Change and Student Learning of Science

This longitudinal, five-year study of teachers and students who had participated in a systemic reform program in science explored if (1) teacher change in practice realized during a three-year program is sustained one, two, and three years following the program, (2) student performance on state science assessments two years following studying with teachers at this school still demonstrated significant differences from students who attended the control school, and (3) student performance continued to be enhanced for both White and Minority students. Student achievement was assessed using the Discovery Inquiry Test in Science during sixth through eighth grades and the Ohio Graduation Test was used in 10th grade. The same students completed the test in grades 6–8 and 10th grade. Students from the Program school significantly outperformed students who attended the control school on the 10th grade state assessment in science. Findings in this study revealed the ability for sustained, whole-school, professional development programs to have a cumulative and residual impact on teacher change and student learning of science.
Galanin-containing neurons in the solitary nucleus and locus coeruleus of spontaneously hypertensive rats are associated with genetic hypertension

Spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats contained more galanin (GAL) content and GAL mRNA in locus coeruleus (LC) at the prehypertensive, but not at the well-established hypertensive stage, than did age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. However, there was also more GAL content, but not GAL mRNA, in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of SHR rats than WKY rats at both stages. This study suggests that galaninergic neurons in the LC and NTS may participate in the pathogenesis of genetic hypertension.
Racial differences in the presentation and outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is often cured with standard chemoimmunotherapy, but there is great heterogeneity in presentation and outcomes. METHODS: By using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 13 registries across the United States, the authors examined differences in incidence and survival for DLBCL by race. International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition histology codes 9678, 9679, 9680, and 9684 were used to identify cases. RESULTS: From 1992 to 2007, 38,522 cases of DLBCL were recorded in SEER. Sixty-five percent of black patients compared with 37% of white patients presented at age ≤60 years, 52% of blacks compared with 44% of whites presented with stage III/IV disease, and 31% of black versus 24% of white patients presented with B symptoms (all P 60, advanced stage, and B symptoms at diagnosis were predictors of worse survival (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Black patients with DLBCL in the United States present at younger age, more advanced stage, and have inferior survival. Epidemiological studies that examine the biological variants of DLBCL in concert with race are needed to elucidate the etiology of these disparities. Cancer 2011;. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Responses of epiphytes on eelgrass, Zostera marina L., to separate and combined nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment

Abstract We examined the effects of separate and combined nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment on the development of epiphytes on eelgrass (Zostera marina L.). The experiment used ten mesocosms as living models of shallow coastal lagoons along the southern shore of Rhode Island, USA. The mesocosms comprised, in duplicate, controls with no anthropogenic nutrient additions and four nutrient treatments: daily water column enrichment with phosphate alone (PO4), nitrate alone (NO3), nitrate plus phosphate (NO3 + PO4), or ammonium plus phosphate (NH4 + PO4). In the mesocosms enriched with PO4 alone, the epiphyte biomass, organic content, chlorophyll a content and community composition were as in the controls, but the nutrient content of the epiphytes (N and P) increased. Enrichment with NO3 alone increased chlorophyll a content, nutrient content, and relative abundance of cyanobacteria during the summer. Enrichment with NO3 + PO4 and with NH4 + PO4 produced intense and long lasting phytoplankton blooms that lowered epiphyte biomass and chlorophyll a content, but increased the N and P content of the epiphytes and the relative abundance of diatoms. There were no significant differences between the mesocosms enriched with NO3 + PO4 and those enriched with NH4 + PO4. Epiphyte biomass appears not to be a good indicator of nutrient loading or eutrophication in shallow coastal lagoons.
Impaired FSHβ Expression in the Pituitaries of Foxl2 Mutant Animals

Forkhead box L2 (FoxL2) is required for ovarian development and differentiation. FoxL2 is also expressed in the pituitary where it has been implicated in the development and regulation of gonadotropes, which secrete LH and FSH, the endocrine signals that regulate folliculogenesis in the ovary and spermatogenesis in the testis. Here, we show that FoxL2 is not required for the specification of gonadotropes; the pituitaries of Foxl2 mutant mice contain normal numbers of gonadotropes that express glycoprotein α subunit and LHβ. Whereas the specification of gonadotropes and all other hormonal cell types is normal in the pituitaries of Foxl2 mutant animals, FSHβ levels are severely impaired in both male and female animals, suggesting that FoxL2 is required for normal Fshb expression. The size of the pituitary is reduced in proportion to the smaller body size of Foxl2 mutants, with a concomitant increase in the pituitary cellular density. In primary pituitary cultures, activin induces FSH secretion and Fshb mRNA expression in cells from wild-type mice. In cells from Foxl2 mutant mice, however, FSH secretion is not detected, and activin is unable to drive Fshb expression, suggesting that the mechanism of activin-dependent activation of Fshb transcription is impaired. However, a small number of gonadotropes in the ventromedial region of the pituitaries from Foxl2 mutant mice maintain FSHβ expression, suggesting that a FoxL2- and activin-independent mechanism can drive Fshb transcription. These data indicate that, in addition to its role in the ovary, FoxL2 function in the pituitary is required for normal expression of FSH.
Jadeite: Shock-Induced Formation from Oligoclase, Ries Crater, Germany

Jadeite (high-pressure sodium aluminum pyroxene) has been identified in a shock-phase assemblage of oligoclase. The shock assemblage consists of minute particles with high refractive indices that contain at least two phases: one (identified by x-ray) is a jadeite that is nearly pure NaAlSi2O6; the other has the chemical composition of oligoclase minus jadeite and appears to be largely amorphous.
An Improved Measurement Model for Internal Integration: A Systems and Contingency Approach

One of the critical success factors in supply chain management is Internal Integration within the firms. In this study the authors have examined this construct in greater depth and have developed an improved measurement model grounded in systems and contingency theories. The authors have validated the model by conducting a large scale empirical study and by collecting data from 154 buyer-supplier dyads. The authors have established the construct validity by using refined Confirmatory Factor Analysis Multi-Trait Multi-Method Approach. The authors have used multiple perspectives from fields such as operations management, information systems management, and inter-organizational relationship management to present a richer construct.
Effects of one-sided heat input and removal on axially grooved heat pipe performance

The performance of an axially grooved heat pipe with one-sided heat input and removal was investigated analytically. Under zero-g condition the maximum heat transport of the pipe may decrease as much as 30% depending on the liquid slug behavior in the condenser section. In one-g environment the performance depends mainly on the fluid charge. The maximum heat transport, if over-charged, is almost equal to the value for uniform heating and cooling due to puddling effect. However, for some heater-cooler combinations the temperature drop across the heat pipe becomes very large. Computed results for tilted heat pipes compare favorably with available experimental data.
Automatic classification of sulcal regions of the human brain cortex using pattern recognition

Parcellation of the cortex has received a great deal of attention in magnetic resonance (MR) image analysis, but its usefulness has been limited by time-consuming algorithms that require manual labeling. An automatic labeling scheme is necessary to accurately and consistently parcellate a large number of brains. The large variation of cortical folding patterns makes automatic labeling a challenging problem, which cannot be solved by deformable atlas registration alone. In this work, an automated classification scheme that consists of a mix of both atlas driven and data driven methods is proposed to label the sulcal regions, which are defined as the gray matter regions of the cortical surface surrounding each sulcus. The premise for this algorithm is that sulcal regions can be classified according to the pattern of anatomical features (e.g. supramarginal gyrus, cuneus, etc.) associated with each region. Using a nearest-neighbor approach, a sulcal region is classified as being in the same class as the sulcus from a set of training data which has the nearest pattern of anatomical features. Using just one subject as training data, the algorithm correctly labeled 83% of the regions that make up the main sulci of the cortex.
Selective cell destruction and precise neurite transection in neuroblastoma cultures with pulsed ultraviolet laser microbeam irradiation: an analysis of mechanisms and transection reliability with light and scanning electron microscopy.

Ultraviolet (UV) laser pulses at 337 nm and 12 nsec were used as an effective surgical tool for the elimination of cells and the transection of cellular processes in culture. Analyses of lased neuroblastoma cells with light and scanning electron microscopy show that precise, immediate lesions of 0.5 μm to 2 μm can be produced using either of two techniques: (1) direct laser transections at energy densities above 12 μJ/μm2; and (2) indirect transections by involving the substrate in the surgery process at energy densities ranging from 1 to 12 μJ/μm2. The first technique uses cytoplasmic cavitations in the laser focus; the second depends on shock waves created by vaporizing substrate. Damage thresholds have been established for commonly used tissue culture materials and for unpigmented cytoplasm. Thresholds for all plastics tested lie below that of unpigmented cytoplasm making the direct transection technique inapplicable because of the formation of large, destructive shock waves. A reduction of energy densities to the damage thresholds of specific substrate materials allows the production of minute shock waves that create the highly localized damage required for reliable, precise and non-lethal cell surgery in culture.
Clonal populations of the mouse mammary cell line, COMMA-D, which retain capability of morphogenesis in vivo

Clonal populations were isolated from the mouse mammary cell line, COMMA-D, by transfection with a dominant-selectable gene, pSV2Neo, which confers resistance to the antibiotic, G418. Seven of twenty-four clones isolated retained the ability of the parental line to repopulate cleared mammary fat pads in vivo as ductal-alveolar hyperplasias. Two sublines designated CDNR2 and CDNR4 retained hyperplastic growth potential after multiple passages in vitro with low incidence of tumor formation. A third subpopulation, CDNR1, contained a single integration site for the pSV2Neo plasmid indicating a bonafide clonal origin for this subline. CDNR1 cells displayed heterogeneous growth phenotypes in vivo including hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma, and bone formation. Functional differentiation of CDNR1 cells organized as alveolarlike structures in vivo or on floating collagen gels in vitro was observed as determined by immunoperoxidase staining for the milk-specific protein, casein. Overall, the results indicate that a subset of cells from the COMMA-D cell line may be functionally analogous to stem cells existing in the mammary gland.
Karyotypes of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) from different geographic regions

Three different karyotypes have been found so far among Saimiri originating from five different South American localities. All animals examined have the same diploid number (44) of chromosomes but the number of acrocentric and submetacentric chromosomes varies, presumably as a result of pericentric inversions. Saimiri originating from Iquitos, Peru, consistently have ten acrocentric chromosomes; animals originating from Leticia, Colombia, have 12 acrocentric chromosomes. Hybrids produced in our laboratory have the expected 11 acrocentrics and one unpaired submetacentric chromosome. Animals originating from Guyana have fourteen acrocentric chromosomes and the expected two fewer submetacentric chromosomes. Squirrel monkeys from Costa Rica, Panama, and Pucallpa, Peru, studied to this date conform to the Iquitos type with ten acrocentric chromosomes. These findings point to genetic differences which may result in variable responses to laboratory situations. The evolutionary factors involved in this rearrangement of chromosomes and possible influences on phenotypes are subjects of interest for future study. The importance of identifying the source of squirrel monkeys used in biomedical research is apparent if results from different laboratories are to be repeated or compared.
On the role of Gibbsian segregation in causing preferential sputtering

It is well known that preferential sputtering with binary alloys correlates significantly with chemical binding, but only the sense and not the magnitude of the effect can be understood in these terms. It is argued here that the correlation is, in fact, an indirect one due to bombardment-induced Gibbsian (or similar) segregation. The preferentially removed component is characterized by a composition profile consisting of a one atom-layer-thick spike at the surface; this is the depth from which most sputtered atoms originated so the spike must have near-bulk composition. There is then a severely depleted subsurface region in accordance with Gibbsian segregation equilibrium (or an equivalent effect) and a final return to bulk composition. The reason for the marked correlation with chemical binding is that segregation is governed significantly more often by binding than by the alternatives of size, surface chemistry, an interstitial flux, or long-range ordering.
Relation between brain 5-HIAA levels and the release of serotonin into brain synapses.

Abstract Our findings in experiments using reserpine, an amine releaser, and fluoxetine, a serotonin uptake blocker, indicate that the reuptake of serotonin from brain synapses precedes its transformation to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Male rats were injected with reserpine or fluoxetine alone, or with fluoxetine one hour before reserpine; control animals received diluents. Reserpine lowered brain serotonin and raised brain 5-HIAA levels. Fluoxetine alone did not change serotonin levels but lowered 5-HIAA. Fluoxetine completely antagonized the reserpine-induced increase in 5-HIAA, and significantly enhanced its depletion of serotonin. In order to determine whether the ability of fluoxetine to block the rise in 5-HIAA after reserpine resulted from its effect on serotonin reuptake or from suppression of impulse flow along serotoninergic neurons, we also examined the effects of the drugs on serotonin metabolism in distal portions of acutely transected neurons (which, presumably, were no longer able to conduct impulses). No differences were noted between the responses of intact and lesioned serotoninergic neurons, indicating that fluoxetine's blockade of the rise in brain 5-HIAA results from its effect on serotonin reuptake.
High-voltage structure of MOS transistor for LCD driver circuits application

A high-voltage structure of MOS devices has been proposed in this work. Both NMOS and PMOS devices with the high-voltage structure have been fabricated using standard P-well CMOS process with 3 micrometers design rule. In order to increase the breakdown voltage of junction between drain/source and bulk of MOS devices, the high doping concentration of field region is separated from double-diffused drain/source region of MOS devices in this structure. The breakdown voltage of 65 and 70 V has been obtained for NMOS and PMOS, respectively. The purpose of this work is mainly developing a high-voltage MOS device for the circuits design of LCD drive.
Computational methods: a search engine for catalysts.

Trial and error has been the traditional method of finding the best catalyst for a reaction. A computational approach can reduce the lab work required.
Regulation of cholesterol metabolism by human choriocarcinoma cells in culture: Effect of lipoproteins and progesterone on cholesteryl ester synthesis☆

Abstract Cholesteryl ester synthesis by human choriocarcinoma cells in culture was studied by measuring the incorporation of [1- 14 C]oleate into cholesteryl esters. Cholesteryl ester synthesis was stimulated in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion when low-density lipoprotein was present in the culture medium, whereas there was no change in the rate of cholesteryl ester synthesis when high-density lipoprotein was present in the medium. The stimulation of cholesteryl ester synthesis by low-density lipoprotein was inhibited by chloroquine, an inhibitor of lysosomal degradative processes, and by progesterone. Cholesteryl ester synthesis, in the presence of low density lipoprotein, was further stimulated by aminoglutethimide, a substance which inhibits cholesterol side-chain cleavage. Based on these findings we suggest that cholesteryl ester synthesis by human choriocarcinoma cells in culture is inhibited by endogenously synthesized progesterone, a phenomenon that may be important in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the human placenta.
Coupling between sodium and succinate transport across renal brush border membrane vesicles

The coupling between Na+ and succinate transport through the renal brush border Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter was examined in a vesicle preparation. Initial rates of Na+ and succinate uptake were measured simultaneously using radioactive isotopes under zero-trans (Na+ and succinate-free intravesicular solutions) and voltageclamped conditions (p.d.=0 mV). The coupling coefficient is defined as the ratio of the succinate-dependent Na+ flux to the Na+-dependent succinate flux. Thecis Na+ and succinate concentrations were varied from 0.05–5 mM succinate and 25–150 mM Na+. The coupling coefficient was approximately 3 and was independent of the succinate and Na+ concentrations tested. These results suggest that only the free carrier and the fully loaded carrier (carrier +3 Na+ + succinate2−) are able to cross the brush border membrane; i.e., there is little evidence of slippage in the coupling between Na+ and succinate fluxes through the membrane via this carrier. A coupling coefficient of 3 is consistent with the electrogenic nature of the Na-dicarboxylate cotransporter.
Simulation of Spontaneous Imbibition Using Rayleigh-Ritz Finite Element Method-ADiscrete Fracture Approach

Spontaneous imbibition plays a very important role in the displacement mechanism of non-wetting fluid in naturally fractured reservoirs. We developed a new 2D two-phase finite element numerical model, as available commercial simulators cannot be used to model small-scale experiments with different and complex boundary conditions. For the non-linear diffusion saturation equation we cannot apply Rayleigh-Ritz Finite Element Method (FEM). Traditionally, the way around it is to use Galerkin FEM or Mixed FEM formulation, iterative nature of those, makes them unsuitable for solving large-scale field problems. But if we truncate the non-linear terms, decouple and solve analytically the dependent variables from saturation – the primary variable, this non-linear FEM problem reduces to a simple weighted integral weak form, which can be solved with Rayleigh-Ritz method. The advantage of this method is that it is non-iterative, which reduces computation time. We compared our numerical models with the analytical solution of this diffusion equation. We validated a Finite Difference Method (FDM) numerical model using X-Ray Tomography (CT) experimental data, and then went ahead and compared the results of FEM model to that of FDM model. A two-phase field size example, using discrete fracture approach, was developed and its results compared with a commercial simulator.
Keynote address thursday: Efficient resilience in future systems: Design and modeling challenges

The cost of maintaining current levels of hardware reliability appears to be un-affordable in the post-22 nm late CMOS design era. In the first part of this talk, we will examine the reasons behind such a projection, based on the modeled trends in technology, circuits and microarchitecture. Then, in the second part, we will present a vision of cross-layer resilience optimization, which forms the basis of an IBM-led project sponsored by DARPA under its PERFECT program. The goal is to demonstrate through parameterized, cross-layer modeling that such an approach can help provide cost- and energy-efficient resilience in a class of future embedded systems of interest to DARPA, U.S. Department of Defense and also to the general IT appliance industry. The modeling framework is targeted to be flexible enough that customized trade-off analyses are expected to be of value to other R&D efforts geared toward high-end server, mainframe, cloud and large-scale supercomputing market segments as well.
Explosive Joining for the Mars Sample Return Mission

A unique, small-scale, ribbon explosive joining process is being developed as an option for closing and sealing a metal canister to allow the return of a pristine sample of the Martian surface and atmosphere to Earth. This joining process is accomplished by an explosively driven, high-velocity, angular collision of the metal, which melts and effaces the oxide films from the surfaces to allow valence electron sharing to bond the interface. Significant progress has been made through more than 100 experimental tests to meet the goals of this ongoing developmental effort. The metal of choice, aluminum alloy 6061, has been joined in multiple interface configurations and in complete cylinders. This process can accommodate dust and debris on the surfaces to be joined. It can both create and sever a joint at its midpoint with one explosive input. Finally, an approach has been demonstrated that can capture the back blast from the explosive.
Robust Fault Detection and Isolation Using Robust l1 Estimation

The application of robust 1 estimation to robust fault detection and isolation (FDI) is considered. This is accomplished by developing a series, or bank, of robust estimators (full-order observers), each of which is designed such that the residual will be sensitive to a certain fault (or faults) while insensitive to the remaining faults. Robustness is incorporated by ensuring that the residual remains insensitive to exogenous disturbances as well as modeling uncertainty. Mixed structured singular value and 1 theories are used to develop the appropriate threshold logic to evaluate the outputs of the estimators used for determining the occurrence and location of a fault. A real-coded genetic algorithm is used to obtain the estimator gain matrices. This approach to FDI is successfully demonstrated using a linearized model of a jet engine.
XAS Studies of Ni and Zn Sorbed to Hydrous Manganese Oxide

Adsorption mechanisms of Zn2+ and Ni2+ on hydrous manganese oxide (HMO) were investigated using XAS. Analyses reveal that both metal ions retain their primary hydration shell when sorbed to HMO, which is consistent with physical sorption. These local structures are invariant of pH (3.0-7.0) and adsorbate loading (10(-4) - 10(-2) mol (g of HMO)-1), suggesting one average type of adsorption mechanism. In addition to the first shell, a second shell was observed with 6-8 O atoms at 3.34 A for Ni and 8-10 O atoms at 3.49 A for Zn. The lack of Ni or Zn contributions in the second shell eliminates the possibility of surface precipitation or polymerization. Likewise, the absence of Mn atoms in the second shell suggests outer-sphere adsorption. Interestingly, the local structure of Ni and Zn sorbed to HMO did not change with reaction time when as much as 90% of the sorbed contribution was due to the slow sorption process, thus supporting intraparticle diffusion as the rate-limiting mechanism. This result demonstrates that adsorption sites located along the micropore walls of HMO are similar to ones located on the external surface. Overall, metals from the same group in the Periodic Table appear to form similar adsorption complexes with HMO.
Phylogenetic Evidence for the Gain and Loss of a Sexually Selected Trait in Sailfin Mollies

A phylogenetic comparative approach was used to examine the evolution of the enlarged “sailfin,” characteristic of the monophyletic lineage of sailfin mollies (Poecilia: Mollienesia), but absent in one of its species, P. latipunctata. Ancestral character state reconstructions demonstrated that the ancestral sailfin molly possessed the enlarged sailfin, and, thus, males of P. latipunctata have secondarily lost this trait. The strength of female mating preference was measured in P. latipunctata for two known targets of sexual selection, large male size, and sailfin male phenotype. Females of P. latipunctata preferred conspecific males of larger body size to those of smaller body size, but showed no preference for sailfin males of a related species, P. velifera, when compared with males of the shortfin species, P. mexicana. Taken together, these results suggest that the targets of sexual selection may have shifted in this species and that reduction in female preference for sailfin males may have played a role in the loss of this ornament.
Intelligent polymeric surfaces through molecular self-assembly

Recently, stimuli-responsive surfaces have gained considerable interest among coatings researchers in industry as well as in academe. To date, many switchable surfaces based on such external stimuli as temperature, electricity, pH, and many others have been designed and developed. Environmentally switchable surfaces have been among the most widely studied surfaces since they are known to exhibit smart behavior under external influence. In the present work, we report the synthesis of hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic polyurethane coatings with tethered hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic moieties. These coatings have been characterized and tested for mechanical properties and surface characteristics using such advanced instruments as the scanning probe microscope (SPM), dynamic contact angle analyzer (DCA), adhesion tester, and nanoindenter. The surfaces with tethered hydrophobic or hydrophilic moieties, when immersed in water, showed remarkable changes in the surface topography, hence, their dynamic surface characteristics. The amphiphilic surfaces, containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, showed intelligent behavior in response to the external environment. The ability to tailor surfaces with predictable behavior upon exposure to the external environment opens up enormous opportunities for their potential end-use applications.
Use of Nitrogen-15 Isotopic Techniques to Estimate Nitrogen Cycling from a Mustard Cover Crop to Potatoes

Farmers in the Pacific Northwest are using cover crops such as white and brown mustards (Brassica hirta) in rotation with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) because it reduces potential wind erosion and serves as a biocontrol method for a number of plant pathogens. However, there is no information about the N cycling from the mustard cover crop to potato. We used a 15 N isotopic crop residue exchange technique to assess this N cycling potential in situ. We conducted two 15 N field studies from 2001 to 2004 in the Columbia Basin in eastern Washington on a Quincy sandy (Xeric Torripsamments) soil containing 4 g kg -1 soil organic matter under center pivot sprinkler irrigation to assess the fate and N cycling from a mustard cover crop to potato. The established rotation at the site was a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-sweet corn (Zea mayes L.)-sweet cornpotato rotation. The aboveground mustard cover crop recovered 34 to 51% of the 56 kg 15 N fertilizer applied. The total aboveground biomass and N uptake by the cover crop ranged from 4.6 to 7.5 Mg ha -1 and 92 to 142 kg N ha -1 , respectively. About 29% of the N in the cover crop was cycled and absorbed by the following potato crop. This study shows that the mustard cover crop can provide 30 to 40 kg N ha -1 toward the N requirement of a subsequent potato crop.
On the detachment of technique

In this paper, I analyze the notion of technique and a phenomenon, or practice, that I call the detachment of technique, or DT, for short. I argue that the technique of a significant human activity, such as thinking or teaching, is always embodied in persons and must be understood in relation to the context of ends that provides the technique whatever intellectual and moral authority it may have. With the use of two extended examples — one from Kurt Vonnegut's novel, Player Piano, and the other from the critical commentary of Harry Broudy — I explore the consequences of detaching the formal or mechanical aspects of technique from its traditional context of ends. DT and expert systems, the most advanced form of DT, are shown to distort the technique and destroy the traditions of significant human activities. I also explore DT as a technique that is informed by the tradition of technological rationality. The most serious problem of DT is that when technique is detached from the traditions of significant human activities, it is also separated from the educational process whereby intelligence is developed.