cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thickness dependent binary behavior of elongated single-domain cobalt nanostructures

We have studied the switching behavior of single-domain cobalt nanostructures using a combination of magnetometry and magnetic force microscopy. The elongated nanostructures are 80×140 nm wide, and range in thickness from 14 to 30 nm. Structures thinner than 20 nm form a single-domain binary system featuring two preferred orientations of the magnetization. An additional double-domain configuration becomes increasingly favorable as the thickness approaches 30 nm. The onset of this double-domain state agrees with previously reported numerical calculations. We also present a quantitative study of interparticle coupling in tightly packed arrays. The local dipolar field increases the squareness of the hysteresis loop as the interparticle separation decreases below 400 nm.
Discovery and validation of gene classifiers for endocrine-disrupting chemicals in zebrafish (danio rerio)

Development and application of transcriptomics-based gene classifiers for ecotoxicological applications lag far behind those of biomedical sciences. Many such classifiers discovered thus far lack vigorous statistical and experimental validations. A combination of genetic algorithm/support vector machines and genetic algorithm/K nearest neighbors was used in this study to search for classifiers of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in zebrafish. Searches were conducted on both tissue-specific and tissue-combined datasets, either across the entire transcriptome or within individual transcription factor (TF) networks previously linked to EDC effects. Candidate classifiers were evaluated by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on both the original training data and a dedicated validation dataset. Multi-tissue dataset yielded no classifiers. Among the 19 chemical-tissue conditions evaluated, the transcriptome-wide searches yielded classifiers for six of them, each having approximately 20 to 30 gene features unique to a condition. Searches within individual TF networks produced classifiers for 15 chemical-tissue conditions, each containing 100 or fewer top-ranked gene features pooled from those of multiple TF networks and also unique to each condition. For the training dataset, 10 out of 11 classifiers successfully identified the gene expression profiles (GEPs) of their targeted chemical-tissue conditions by GSEA. For the validation dataset, classifiers for prochloraz-ovary and flutamide-ovary also correctly identified the GEPs of corresponding conditions while no classifier could predict the GEP from prochloraz-brain. The discrepancies in the performance of these classifiers were attributed in part to varying data complexity among the conditions, as measured to some degree by Fisher’s discriminant ratio statistic. This variation in data complexity could likely be compensated by adjusting sample size for individual chemical-tissue conditions, thus suggesting a need for a preliminary survey of transcriptomic responses before launching a full scale classifier discovery effort. Classifier discovery based on individual TF networks could yield more mechanistically-oriented biomarkers. GSEA proved to be a flexible and effective tool for application of gene classifiers but a similar and more refined algorithm, connectivity mapping, should also be explored. The distribution characteristics of classifiers across tissues, chemicals, and TF networks suggested a differential biological impact among the EDCs on zebrafish transcriptome involving some basic cellular functions.
Field Independence/Dependence, Hemispheric Specialization, and Attitude in Relation to Pronunciation Accuracy in Spanish as a Foreign Language

Sixty-six intermediate students studying Spanish at Indiana University were measured on 12 variables believed to be related to pronunciation accuracy. The students' pronunciation was rated by three judges. Variables that related most to pronunciation accuracy were: (a) attitude or individual concern for pronunciation; (b) subject's degree of field independence (FI) as measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) (Witkin et al., 1971); and (c) subject's degree of right hemispheric specialization (RT) in relation to accurate pronunciation on a free-speech exercise. Variables that proved to have little or no relationship to pronunciation were: (a) left/integrated hemispheric specialization, (b) gender, (c) foreign travel, (d) other languages learned/spoken, (e) overall Grade Point Average (GPA), (f) GPA in Spanish, and (g) having Spanish-speaking relatives. The relationship between pronunciation accuracy and subjects' total number of years of formal instruction in Spanish approached significance; however, this relationship was lost in a multiple regression analysis when factors such as attitude and FI were taken into consideration. The results suggest that although FI and RT hemispheric specialization relate to accurate target language pronunciation in certain tasks, attitude or concern for pronunciation accuracy proved to be the most significant factor. Finally, a classroom model of pronunciation instruction is posited, as well as implications for future research.
Serum transfer of collagen‐induced arthritis.II. Identification and Localization of Autoantibody to Type II Collagen in Donor and Recipient Rats

Collagen-induced arthritis can be transferred from immunized arthritic rats to unimmunized recipients by intravenous injection of an immunoglobulin concentrate of sera. This study identifies antibodies in the transfer concentrate which localize to the articular surface of cartilage in joints of recipients. Immunoglobulin can also be demonstrated in the same location in arthritic joints from rats after immunization. Antibody capable of transferring arthritis is present in donor rats over a period of at least 3 weeks and can be absorbed using homologous type II collagen. In addition, anti-type II collagen antibodies can be eluted from arthritic joints of rats with early disease.
New architectures: Performance highlights and new algorithms

Abstract Parallel computers are having a profound impact on computational science. Recently highly parallel machines have taken the lead as the fastest supercomputers, a trend that is likely to accelerate in the future. We describe some of these new computers, and issues involved in using them. We present elliptic PDE solutions currently running at 3.8 gigaflops, and an atmospheric dynamics model running at 1.7 gigaflops, on a 65 536-processor computer. One intrinsic disadvantage of a parallel machine is the need to perform inter-processor communication. It is important to ensure that such communication time is maintained at a small fraction of computation time. We analyze standard multigrid algorithms in two and three dimensions from this point of view, indicating that performance efficiencies in excess of 95% are attainable under suitable conditions on moderately parallel machines. We also demonstrate that such performance is not attainable for multigrid on massively parallel computers, as indicated by an example of poor multigrid efficiency on 65 536 processors. The fundamental difficulty is the inability to keep 65 536 processors busy when operating on very coarse grids. Most algorithms used for implementing applications on parallel machines have been derived directly from algorithms designed for serial machines. The previously mentioned multigrid example indicates that such ‘parallelized’ algorithms may not always be optimal. Parallel machines open the possibility of finding totally new approaches to solving standard tasks—intrinsically parallel algorithms. In particular, we present a class of superconvergent multiple scale methods that were motivated directly by massevely parallel machines. These methods differ from standard multigrid methods in an intrinsic way, and allow all processors to be used at all times, even when processing on the coarsest grid levels. Their serial versions are not sensible algorithms. The idea that parallel hardware—the Connection Machine in this case—can lead to discovery of new mathematical algorithms was surprising for us.
Purification, characterization and cloning of tensilin, the collagen-fibril binding and tissue-stiffening factor from Cucumaria frondosa dermis.

Abstract The inner dermis of the sea cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa , is a mutable collagenous tissue characterized by rapid and reversible changes in its mechanical properties regulated by one or more protein effectors that are released from neurosecretory cells. One such effector, tensilin, is a collagen-fibril binding protein, named for its ability to induce dermis stiffening. Tensilin was purified using an affinity column constructed from C. frondosa collagen-fibrils. The protein migrates as a single band on SDS-PAGE (Mr∼33 kDa) and has an isoelectric point of 5.8. Equilibrium sedimentation experiments suggest a molecular mass of ∼28.5–29.4 kDa. Carbohydrate analysis of tensilin revealed no measurable sugar content. The molar amount of tensilin was determined to be 0.38% that of collagen and 47% that of stiparin, a constitutive matrix glycoprotein. A full-length cDNA clone for tensilin was obtained from a C. frondosa inner dermis cDNA expression library. Predicted properties derived from the deduced peptide sequence were in agreement with those of the native protein. A noted feature of tensilin's deduced peptide sequence, particularly in its N-terminal domain, is its homology to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Tensilin's C-terminal tail has no known homology to other proteins but contains a putative collagen-fibril binding site.
Bcl-2 and GDNF delivered by HSV-mediated gene transfer act additively to protect dopaminergic neurons from 6-OHDA-induced degeneration.

Previous studies have demonstrated that either the neurotrophin glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or the antiapoptotic peptide Bcl-2 delivered into striatum by a viral vector protects dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra in vivo from degeneration induced by the administration of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). In this study we used recombinant, replication-incompetent, genomic herpes simplex virus-based vectors to deliver the genes coding for Bcl-2 and GDNF into rat substantia nigra (SN) 1 week prior to 6-OHDA injection into the striatum. Vector-mediated expression of either Bcl-2 or GDNF alone each resulted in a doubling in cell survival as measured by retrograde labeling with fluorogold (FG) and a 50% increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) neurons in the lesioned SN compared to the unlesioned side. Gene transfer of Bcl-2 and GDNF were equivalent in this effect. Coadministration of the Bcl-2-expressing vector with the GDNF-expressing vector improved the survival of lesioned SN neurons as measured by FG labeling by 33% and by the expression of TH-IR by 15%. These results suggest that the two factors delivered together act in an additive fashion to improve DA cell survival in the face of 6-OHDA toxicity.
Opioids enhance CXCL1 expression and function after incision in mice.

Abstract Chronic opioid consumption increases postoperative pain. Epigenetic changes related to chronic opioid use and surgical incision may be partially responsible for this enhancement. The CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling pathway, implicated in several pain models, is known to be epigenetically regulated via histone acetylation. The current study was designed to investigate the role of CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling in opioid-enhanced incisional sensitization and to elucidate the possible epigenetic mechanism underlying CXCL1/CXCR2 pathway–mediated regulation of nociceptive sensitization in mice. Chronic morphine treatment generated mechanical and thermal nociceptive sensitization and also significantly exacerbated incision-induced mechanical allodynia. Peripheral but not central messenger RNA levels of CXCL1 and CXCR2 were increased after incision. The source of peripheral CXCL1 appeared to be wound area neutrophils. Histone H3 subunit acetylated at the lysine 9 position (AcH3K9) was increased in infiltrating dermal neutrophils after incision and was further increased in mice with chronic morphine treatment. The association of AcH3K9 with the promoter region of CXCL1 was enhanced in mice after chronic morphine treatment. The increase in CXCL1 near wounds caused by chronic morphine pretreatment was mimicked by pharmacologic inhibition of histone deacetylation. Finally, local injection of CXCL1 induced mechanical sensitivity in naive mice, whereas blocking CXCR2 reversed mechanical hypersensitivity after hind paw incision. Perspective Peripheral CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling helps to control nociceptive sensitization after incision, and epigenetic regulation of CXCL1 expression explains in part opioid-enhanced incisional allodynia in mice. These results suggest that targeting CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling may be useful in treating nociceptive sensitization, particularly for postoperative pain in chronic opioid-consuming patients.
Uncertainty quantification of a corrosion-enabled energy harvester for low-power sensing applications

New developments in novel energy harvesting schemes for structural health monitoring sensor networks have progressed in parallel with advancements in low-power electronic devices and components. Energy harvesting from galvanic corrosion is one such scheme that has shown to be a viable solution for powering sensing platforms for marine infrastructure. However, with this particular energy harvesting scheme, the power output is current limited as a result of a high terminal resistance that increases with time. In addition, the output voltage is non-stationary, and is a function of several environmental parameters and the applied resistive load. Variability in the power source requires a robust conditioning circuit design to produce a regulated power supply to the sensing and computing electronics. This paper experimentally investigates the non-stationary power characteristics of a galvanic corrosion energy harvester; and uncertainty quantification (UQ) is performed on the measured power characteristics for two experimental specimens subject to resistive load sweeps. The effects on designing a low-power sensor node are considered, and the uncertainty characteristics are applied to a low-power boost converter by means of a Monte Carlo simulation. Lastly, the total energy harvester capacity (measured in mA-Hr) is approximated from the data and is compared to a conventional battery.
Transfer following two-choice differential reward learning in children

Following training to criterion simultaneously on two discriminations involving pairs of stimuli rewarded with 4 vs 2 or 1 vs 0 tokens, 93 children from prekindergarten to second-grade classes received transfer trials (members of one pair tested against stimuli from the other pair) and single-stimulus tests (Ss stating reward magnitude associated with each stimulus separately). Younger children appeared to transfer on the basis of approach-avoidance tendencies developed during training, whereas older Ss used information about absolute reward magnitudes. Verbalization of reward magnitudes increased in accuracy with age, but was only imperfectly related to transfer.
Self-Construal as a Predictor of Korean American Women's Intention to Vaccinate Daughters against Human Papillomavirus

Korean Americans represent one of the fastest growing Asian subpopulations in the United States. Despite a dramatic reduction in incidence nationwide, cervical cancer remains a major threat for Korean American women. By preventing the strains of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) known to cause cervical cancer, the HPV vaccines appear to be a promising solution to reduce the persistent disparities in cervical cancer among not only Korean Americans, but also other racial and ethnic minorities more generally. However, current literature lacks a better understanding of how cultural and behavioral factors influence Korean American women's intention to vaccinate their adolescent daughters against HPV. This manuscript presents the results of testing the mechanisms through which interdependent self-construal (an orientation of self in which individuals define themselves primarily through their relationships with others), attitudes, and subjective norms impact Korean American mothers' intention to vaccinate their daughters. Our findings suggest that self-construal holds promise for health communication research to not only uncover the rich variance of health-related beliefs among individuals of shared cultural descent, but also to understand the context in which these beliefs are embedded.
Training Pediatricians to Become Child Advocates

The primary goal of pediatrics is to improve the health and well-being of children. Pediatricians work toward this goal by enhancing medical knowledge and technology through basic science, biomedical and clinical research; as well as by providing high-quality clinical care. Our pediatric training programs educate young physicians to be competent and confident clinicians and many specialty fellowships provide excellent research training. However, pediatric training programs often overlook the need to train young pediatricians to become community leaders and effective advocates for children despite articles published over a 20-year period stressing the importance of child advocacy.1–5 Child advocacy has become more difficult as managed care and competition have threatened the financial status of many public and private providers as well as health insurance plans. As responsibility for making child health policy shifts from the national to state and local levels, we need more pediatricians to become effective advocates. Experience in several states such as Hawaii, Minnesota, and Colorado has demonstrated that pediatricians can influence the passage of state legislation that greatly benefits children. For this to occur, pediatric residencies should develop leadership training programs that stress community service and child advocacy. Leadership and child advocacy skills can be learned in the same way as clinical decision making skills are acquired, through problem-based learning and experience. It has been my personal experience that many medical students and pediatric residents are eager to learn how they can become more involved in child health policy decision-making and child advocacy. Unfortunately, I do not know of curricular materials or training guidelines for teaching these important advocacy skills. The goal of this commentary is to provide a framework for teaching these skills based on the author's experience working with community-based organizations and legislators in Colorado. This commentary describes a three-stage process for becoming an effective …
Block copolymers obtained by free‐radical mechanism. I. Methyl methacrylate and styrene

Block copolymers were synthesized using styrene and methyl methacrylate as the monomers and a multifunctional initiator, di-t-butyl 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanoperoxyvalerate). The unique feature of this sequential initiator is the fact that the formation of the free radicals can be achieved thermally and/or by a redox system at different stages. The polymerizations for the formation of the block copolymer were carried out in two stages. First, a polymeric initiator was synthesized, which was then used in the second stage to initiate the polymerization of the second monomer. Styrene and methyl methacrylate were used as the comonomers. Selective solvent fractionation was used for the separation of the block from the homopolymers. The separation technique was found to be efficient, giving pure block copolymers which could subsequently be characterized by GPC, NMR, IR, and EM techniques.
Antibiotics—Their mechanism of action and uses as anti-infective agents

Abstract Anti-infective agents of clinical usefulness for systemic administration act by inhibition of enzymatic processes important in the metabolic scheme of the pathogenic organism. This action may occur (1) at the cell wall, preventing the uptake of an essential metabolite or (2) within the cell where it may block catabolic energy-supplying mechanisms or anabolic protein-synthesizing processes. In any case the organism loses its ability to reproduce itself. Within the body this is tantamount to the destruction of the organism and recovery from the symptoms which it has been causing. The organisms against which a given antibiotic is effective is called its bacterial spectrum. Overlapping of the bacterial spectra of different antibiotics probably indicates that the organisms have a common enzyme capable of being blocked by the antibiotic; however, the variety of enzyme systems is so great and so varied that a bacterial species is capable of producing mutant strains resistant to a given antibiotic. These mutant strains make use of alternate pathways not blocked by the antibiotic. A desirable bacterial spectrum must have a minimum or no effects on the cells of the tissues of the host. This means that it must block metabolic pathways which are peculiar to bacteria and not present in tissue cells. This property is present in penicillin and probably to a large degree in chloramphenicol, aureomycin, and terramycin, and to a definitely lesser degree in streptomycin. Other antibiotics as tyrothricin are so harmful to the tissues that in spite of desirable bacterial spectra their use is confined to topical application.
Generating single attosecond pulses via spatial filtering

The first observation of isolated attosecond pulses by Hentschel [Nature414, 509 (2001)] resulted from an experiment that left the exact mechanism of their generation unresolved. A complete simulation of the experiment reveals the reason for its success: single pulses were efficiently isolated from two or more generated pulses by spatial filtering in the far field. Our explanation suggests a new, simple paradigm for the production of isolated attosecond bursts. We show that this method can be used, in conjunction with carrier-envelope phase stabilization, to select single attosecond pulses by use of 10fs driving pulses.
The Scientific Basis for Shipibo Soil Classification and Land Use: Changes in Soil‐Plant Associations with Cash Cropping

Since the Shipibo began cash cropping rice, their land use patterns have changed with proportionately less utilization of soft sandy soils, which are best for staple Musa production, and greater use of harder clayey soils, which are more suitable for rice and root crops. Statistical analysis of soil samples reveals the physical-chemical basis for Shipibo soil categories and indicates the effect ofswidden agriculture on levels of important soil characteristics. While cultural principles for planting have summarized these important ecological relationships in the past, they are often violated with increasing rice production. Examination of time allocation and food consumption data shows that changes in Shipibo land use patterns are associated with higher labor costs during brief periods of the agricultural cycle and greater dependence on domesticated animal foods.
Assessing the relationship between ambient toxicity and instream biological response

Robust canonical correlation and classification methods were used to evaluate relationships between ambient toxicity and instream biological response. Ten studies of freshwater aquatic systems were used in the analysis. These studies included eight site studies conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Complex Effluent Toxicity Testing Program, one study by the University of Kentucky and one study by the University of North Texas. Results from ambient toxicity tests, including Ceriodaphnia neonate production and Pimephales promelas dry weight and survival, were used to predict impact at sampling stations. Instream biological response variables, including fish and benthic richness, were used to classify whether or not a station was impacted. The strength of the relationship between ambient toxicity and instream impact was determined by statistically evaluating agreement between the predicted and observed impacts. Results of the analysis showed that statistically significant relationships between ambient toxicity and instream impact were found in each of the studies.
Immobilization of alkaline phosphatase on microporous nanofibrous fibrin scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) promotes bone formation by degrading inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), an inhibitor of hydroxyapatite formation, and generating inorganic phosphate (Pi), an inducer of hydroxyapatite formation. Pi is a crucial molecule in differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts. In this study, a method to immobilize ALP on fibrin scaffolds with tightly controllable pore size and pore interconnection was developed, and the biological properties of these scaffolds were characterized both in vitro and in vivo. Microporous, nanofibrous fibrin scaffolds (FS) were fabricated using a sphere-templating method. ALP was covalently immobilized on the fibrin scaffolds using 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). Scanning electron microscopic observation (SEM) showed that mineral was deposited on immobilized alkaline phosphatase fibrin scaffolds (immobilized ALP/FS) when incubated in medium supplemented with β-glycerophosphate, suggesting that the immobilized ALP was active. Primary calvarial cells attached, spread and formed multiple layers on the surface of the scaffolds. Mineral deposition was also observed when calvarial cells were seeded on immobilized ALP/FS. Furthermore, cells seeded on immobilized ALP/FS exhibited higher osteoblast marker gene expression compared to control FS. Upon implantation in mouse calvarial defects, both the immobilized ALP/FS and FS alone treated group had higher bone volume in the defect compared to the empty defect control. Furthermore, bone formation in the immobilized ALP/FS treated group was statistically significant compared to FS alone group. However, the response was not robust.
Aspects of the photobleaching and photoyellowing of wool

The photobleaching of wool, using the 488 nm line of an argon ion laser and north light fluorescent lamps, in wet and dry states, has been studied. Destruction of the chromophores absorbing in the visible wavelength region was accompanied by a modest increase in UV-absorbing chromophores. Use of north light lamps resulted in little change in the natural fluorescence, whereas irradiation with the 488 nm laser line caused a decrease. UV irradiation of wool using either the 351 nm line of the argon ion laser or UV fluorescent lamps led to extensive yellowing, manifested by an increase in both visible-light- and UV-absorbing chromophores, and this was generally accompanied by a marked increase in natural fluorescence. The wool yolk has a definite protective effect upon UV irradiation of wool but no effect was observed upon north light irradiation.
MP-DSM: a distributed cross layer network control protocol

We present a distributed cross layer approach to controlling the network performance under various QoS requirements in interference limited systems. The interaction between the different layers of the OSI protocol stack requires a cross layer approach in order to optimally allocate the resources of the network. The message passing direct step method presented here is an adaptive and distributed algorithm that achieves maximum network performance. Using the forward and backwards networks, this algorithm finds the left and right Perron Frobenius eigenvectors for the system and automatically adjusts the operating point of the system (data rates, link rates and transmitter powers) to their optimal values while satisfying QoS constraints. The approach is developed and simulated using the TCP Reno.
Adequacy of training in preventive medicine and public health: a national survey of residency graduates.

PURPOSE: To evaluate training in general preventive medicine and public health, determining which experiences and institutional sponsors best prepare residents for practice and where improvements are most needed. METHOD: A 1991 survey of the 1,070 graduates of preventive medicine residencies from 19
Validated transmittance band model for atmospheric nitrous oxide in the infrared

A discussion is presented on the application of numerical methods to line-by-line and measured transmittance data in the determination of the band model parameters for atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O). A double exponential described by three absorber parameters and one spectral parameter is adopted as the analytical transmittance function over the three principal infrared bands. The model developed with the recommended numerical method reproduces the original data with an overall rms deviation of 1.49%. lowtran compatible model parameters are provided at 5-cm−1 intervals for 20-cm−1 resolution transmittance calculations, together with a vertical N2O concentration profile.
Inability of progestogen pretreatment to prevent premature luteolysis of induced corpora lutea in the anestrous bitch

Abstract Fourteen mature anestrous bitches were used to determine the effectiveness of pretreatment with an orally active progestogen to prevent premature luteolysis of induced corpora lutea (CL) in the anestrous bitch. In Group 1, seven bitches were treated orally with megestrol acetate (Ovaban®) at the rate of 2.2 mg/kg body weight for eight days. Three days later, the bitches were treated daily with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) (44 IU/kg body weight) administered intramuscularly for nine consecutive days, and each bitch was given 500 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on day 10, or on the first day of induced estrus if the bitches exhibited estrus while being treated with PMSG. A control group (Group 2) of seven bitches was not treated with Ovaban® but was similarly given PMSG and HCG. Estrus was detected twice daily using a vasectomized male dog and verified by vaginal cytology. Blood samples were obtained on the first day of induced estrus (day 0) and every other day until day 90 post-estrus. Plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations were determined by a non-extraction solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA), and data were analyzed by Student's t-test. There was no significant difference between the progesterone profiles of both groups of bitches. In addition, P4 values were less than 1 ng/ml by day 50 post-estrus. Results of this study suggested that pretreatment with an orally active progestogen was not effective in preventing premature luteolysis of induced CL in the anestrous bitch.
A single-resource allocation problem with Poisson resource requirements

We consider a stochastic resource allocation problem that generalizes the knapsack problem to account for random item weights that follow a Poisson distribution. When the sum of realized weights exceeds capacity, a penalty cost is incurred. We wish to select the items that maximize expected profit. We provide an effective solution method and illustrate the advantages of this approach via computational experiments.
Sampling errors in closed-loop hybrid computer programs

This paper applies a previously derived equation for sampling error in hybrid systems to the case of hybrid computer systems which use first-order analog hold de vices. Explicit expressions for sampling error are ob tained for a general hybrid computer program and for several classes of programs corresponding to particular cases. The equations apply for most types of hybrid com puter operation including the case for which the digital computer is used to integrate one or more of the prob lem equations.The error equations are used to examine the effect of various allocations of computing operations, both in general terms and through use of a particular example. The results, while providing no new insight into gross effects, give quantitative relations which sharpen intui tive guidelines for programming a hybrid computer.The equations place in evidence the following facts which are not apparent from a qualitative study: (1) The major components of sampling error depend on the first power of the sampling peri...
Generalization of treadmill-slip training to prevent a fall following a sudden (novel) slip in over-ground walking

The purposes of the study were to determine (1) whether treadmill-slip training could reduce the likelihood of falls during a novel slip in over-ground walking, and (2) to what extent such (indirect) training would be comparable to (direct) over-ground-slip training. A treadmill-slip training group (Group A, n=17) initially experienced repeated perturbations on treadmill intended to simulate forward-slip in over-ground walking. Perturbation continued and its intensity reduced when necessary to ensure subjects' successful adaptation (i.e., when they could land their trailing foot ahead of the slipping foot in at least 3 of 5 consecutive trials). They then experienced a novel slip during over-ground walking. Another 17 young adults in Group B experienced an identical novel slip that served as the controls. They then underwent more slip trials during over-ground walking. Their 16th slip trial was analyzed to represent the over-ground-slip training effect. Eight subjects (47%) in Group A fell upon their first treadmill slip, while all adapted successfully after a minimum of 15 slip trials. Upon the novel slip during over-ground walking, none of them fell in comparison to four subjects (23.5%) fell in Group B upon the same trial (p<0.05). Group A's control of stability, both proactive and reactive, was significantly better than that of Group B's on their first over-ground slip, while the level of improvement in the control of stability derived from indirect treadmill training was not as strong as that from direct over-ground-slip training, as demonstrated in Group B's 16th slip trial (p<0.001). These results clearly demonstrated the feasibility of fall reduction through treadmill-slip training.
Methodology for the In Vivo Measurement of the Δ9-Desaturation of Myristic, Palmitic, and Stearic Acids in Lactating Dairy Cattle

There is limited methodology available to quantitatively assess the activity of the Δ9-desaturase enzyme in vivo without chemically inhibiting the enzyme or using radioactively labeled substrates. The objective of these experiments was to develop methodology to determine the incorporation and desaturation of 13C-labeled fatty acids into milk lipids. In a preliminary experiment, 3.7 g [1-13C]myristic acid ([1-13C]14:0), 19.5 g [1-13C]palmitic acid ([1-13C]16:0), 20.0 g [1-13C]stearic acid ([1-13C]18:0) were combined and infused into the duodenum of a cow over 24 h. In a following experiment, 5.0 g [1-13C]14:0, 40.0 g [1-13C]16:0, and 50.0 g [1-13C]18:0 were infused into the abomasums of separate cows as a bolus over 20 min or continuously over 24 h. Milk fat was extracted using chloroform:methanol. Fatty acids were methylated, and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were converted to dimethyl disulfide derivatives (DMDS). The FAME and DMDS were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. In the preliminary experiment, 13C enrichment in 14:0 but not 16:0 or 18:0 was observed. When dosage amounts were increased in the following experiment, peak enrichments from the bolus infusion were observed at 8 h. Enrichments for continuous infusion peaked at 16 h for 14:0 and 18:0, and at 24 h for 16:0. The Δ9-desaturase products of these fatty acids were estimated to be 90% of cis-9 14:1, 50% of cis-9 16:1, and 59% of cis-9 18:1. This study demonstrates that 13C-labeled fatty acids may be utilized in vivo to measure the activity of the Δ9-desaturase enzyme.
The virtual toxicology service: wearable head-mounted devices for medical toxicology.

History of Telemedicine Although the Institute of Medicine (IOM) first defined telemedicine in 1996 as the use of electronic information and communications technologies to provide and support health care when distance separates participants, the use of electronic communications technologies in medicine is not new [1]. In 1877, a group of physicians created a telephone exchange including local pharmacies in order to facilitate improved patient communications [2, 3]. In the 1970s, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Lockheed Martin, and the Indian Health Services teamed together to create the Space Technology Applied to Rural Papago Advanced Health Care (STARPACH) program—a telemedicine initiative involving real time video, data and voice-over-microwave interaction to extend healthcare to a rural setting [4]. Over the past two decades, telemedical systems have successfully connected rural and community hospitals to large urban centers with subspecialty expertise. These initiatives have improved care for specific patient subgroups including those in nursing homes, dermatological complaints, and trauma [2, 5]. In particular, the specialties of neurology and dermatology have employed telemedicine to extend their reach in resource poor settings. Telestroke employs a controlled video camera and monitor screen for a remote neurologist to help diagnose and manage emergency department patients with stroke while static photo technology and emerging live video devices have helped a remote dermatologist complete dermatology consults remotely [6–9].
Excellence in Design—Sashiko Bride: Patternworks International Outstanding Solution to a Patternmaking Problem, 2001

A non-traditional wedding dress, Sashiko Bride was custom-designed and hand-made for a Japanese-American wedding. The design draws from Japanese culture through asymmetrical balance and the incorporation of nine traditional sashiko quilting patterns. The primary fabric, silk satin organza, is reminiscent of translucent Japanese paper. The design focuses on garment structure by integrating silhouette, structural seaming, unusual pattern shapes, and fit to form a unique asymmetrical design. Sashiko Bride was created through complex patternmaking and assembly of unusually shaped garment parts to form a well-fitted and -designed garment that enhances the physical features and cultural background of the bride.
Magmatic compositions and source terranes estimated from melt inclusions in detrital Cr-rich spinels: An example from mid-Cretaceous sandstones in the eastern Tethys Himalaya

Abstract Cr-rich spinel is a detrital component within turbidites from the well-exposed, mid-Late Cretaceous Tianba Formation sequence in the Nieru Valley, southern Tibet. About 5% of the spinels contain melt inclusions, most of which are partly crystallized. To homogenize the crystallized melt inclusions for subsequent analysis by electron microprobe, spinels were heated at 1200 °C and 1250 °C for 96 h at controlled oxygen fugacity (FMQ) and quenched. This technique differs significantly from those previously applied by other investigators to melt inclusions in spinels, in having oxidation fugacity and temperatures more closely resembling natural conditions. The compositions of the melt inclusions correlate well with those of host spinels. The geochemistry of the melt inclusions and the Cr-rich spinels in the Tianba Formation turbidites suggests that the source of the Cr-rich spinels was hotspot basalts. Based on palaeo-tectonic reconstructions, presence of mid-Late Cretaceous fossils in the strata, and the chemical compositions of melt inclusions and detrital spinel, we infer that the volcanics of Rajmahal, which are associated spatially and temporally with Kerguelen hotspot activity on India about 117 Ma ago, were the likely source of these Cr-rich spinels.
Systematic screening for PRKAR1A gene rearrangement in Carney complex: identification and functional characterization of a new in-frame deletion.

Background: Point mutations of the PRKAR1A gene are a genetic cause of Carney complex (CNC) and primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD), but in 30% of the patients no mutation is detected. Objective: Set up a routine-based technique for systematic detection of large deletions or duplications of this gene and functionally characterize these mutations. Methods: Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) of the 12 exons of the PRKAR1A gene was validated and used to detect large rearrangements in 13 typical CNC and 39 confirmed or putative PPNAD without any mutations of the gene. An in-frame deletion was characterized by western blot and bioluminescence resonant energy transfer technique for its interaction with the catalytic subunit. Results: MLPA allowed identification of exons 3-6 deletion in three patients of a family with typical CNC. The truncated protein is expressed, but rapidly degraded, and does not interact with the protein kinase A catalytic subunit. Conclusions: MLPA is a powerful technique that may be used following the lack of mutations detected by direct sequencing in patients with bona fide CNC or PPNAD. We report here one such new deletion, as an example. However, these gene defects are not a frequent cause of CNC or PPNAD.
Application of a Web-Based Tailored Health Risk Assessment in a Work-Site Population:

This article presents an examination of the feasibility of implementing a Web-based tailored health risk assessment (HRA) as part of a University-based work-site health promotion program. Although the effectiveness of tailoring has been well established in the research literature, tailoring health messages for the purposes of health promotion and behavior change is only now starting to be used and evaluated in real-world settings. Key issues to be examined include the feasibility of delivery of a web-based tailored HRA, utility of data gathered for program planning, participation rates compared to traditional programming, usability, and participant satisfaction with the HRA.
Second-order boundary-layer effects in hypersonic flow past axisymmetric blunt bodies

Abstract : First- and second-order boundary-layer theory are examined in detail for some specific flow cases of practical interest. These cases are for flows over blunt axisymmetric bodies in hypersonic high-altitude (or low density) flow where second-order boundary-layer quantities may become important. These cases consist of flow over a hyperboloid and a paraboloid both with free-stream Mach number infinity and flow over a sphere at free-stream Mach number 10. The method employed in finding the solutions is an implicit finite-difference scheme. It is found to exhibit both stability and accuracy in the examples computed. The method consists of starting near the stagnation-point of a blunt body and marching downstream along the body surface. Several interesting properties of the boundary layer are pointed out, such as the nature of some second-order boundary-layer quantities far downstream in the flow past a sphere and the effect of strong vorticity interaction on the second-order boundary layer in the flow past a hyperboloid. In several of the flow cases, results are compared with other theories and experiments. (Author)
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Aspidosperma-Type Alkaloids

Abstract Aspidosperma alkaloids are complex indole-containing natural products that historically have generated a considerable amount of interest from the synthetic community. Many members of this class are biologically active and replete with functional groups and chiral centers which provide a challenging proving ground for new methodology. This review will highlight recent advances in the total synthesis of molecules such as aspidospermidine, the subincanadines, vinblastine, and haplophytine in the past decade.
Differences in perceived importance and personal use of sun protection among primary care physicians are reflected in their clinical practice.

Background There is inadequate data regarding sun protection awareness, personal practice, and patterns of patient education among primary care clinicians. Methods Anonymous surveys were mailed to physicians in the Departments of Medicine, Family Practice, and Pediatrics at our institution. Results Of the 578 surveys distributed to primary care physicians, 170 (29%) responded. Of the responding physicians, 116 (68%) reported wearing sunscreen whenever outside, 14 (8%) did so daily, and 12 (7%) never wore sunscreen. Additionally, 54 (32%) reported wearing protective clothing consistently and 100 (59%) did so occasionally. Given a list of preventive medicine issues, sun protection was ranked lowest on a 10-point scale (6.7), behind smoking cessation (9.0), active lifestyle (8.2), and cholesterol control (7.4). Pediatricians placed the highest relative ranking (7.7) for sun protection and were most consistent in providing sun protection education, with 60% reporting this practice in over half of visits, compared to 32% of family physicians and 17% of internists. Among attending physicians, 70% reported wearing sunscreen whenever they are outside, compared to 58% of house-staff physicians. Attending physicians reported providing sun protection counseling more frequently than house-staff physicians (33% vs. 8%). The greatest impediments in providing sun protection counseling were inadequate time during office visits, not thinking about sun protection during office visits, and lack of proper training. Limitations The response rate to our survey was relatively low. The perceived importance and personal practice of sun protection at our Midwestern academic institution may not reflect those of physicians practicing in other regions or settings. Conclusions Differences in the perceptive importance and personal practice of sun protection are reflected in the self-reported clinical practice of these primary care physicians. This reinforces the opportunity to educate primary care clinicians to join the public health effort to increase sun protection awareness.
What Do They Want in Life?: The Life Goals of a Multi-Ethnic, Multi-Generational Sample of High School Seniors

This study investigated ethnic as well as gender and generational similarities and differences in the life goals among graduating high-school seniors. Adolescents came from six ethnic groups: White, African, Mexican, Other Latino, Filipino, and East/Southeast Asian Americans. Their self-articulated medium-range life goals were grouped into 8 major categories such as occupational, educational, familial, and material goals. Group differences in various aspects of future plans, such as priorities given to different life goals, time frame of attainment, and perceived controllability over their attainment, were also examined. Hypothesized group differences based on current social realities and small-scale qualitative studies on ethnic minorities were not found; there were very few ethnic, gender, and generational differences in adolescents’ life goals. All groups reported a higher priority for, earlier expected attainment of, and more control over their medium-range educational and occupational goals than their family-related and material goals. Further, long-term educational and occupational aspirations were high across all groups. There were moderate ethnic differences in educational expectations and none for corresponding career expectations. Thus, current inequalities in educational and occupational attainments across ethnic groups were only partially reflected in the life goals of adolescents on the brink of graduating from high school.
The Conditioning Effects of Policy Salience and Complexity on American Political Institutions

Years ago, Bill Gormley introduced public policy scholars to a new and innovative saliencecomplexity typology for regulatory policies. This typology not only helps scholars catalog numerous policies into distinct categories, but also helps explain variation in political processes. Specifically, different policies provide different incentives for political actors to be involved in policymaking. Salience encourages activity on the part of elected officials; complexity often requires policymaking outside of the public sphere. In this article, I extend Gormley’s salience-complexity typology to more than just regulatory policies and confirm that levels of institutional activity vary across this range of public policies. I also expand on Gormley’s contribution by differentiating the distinct impacts that policy type has on the policy activities of Congress and the presidency, and propose that institutional activity differs according to the dynamics of a policy’s salience.