cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Land Use Change Using an Eigenvector Spatial Filtering Model Specification for Discrete Responses

Spatial discrete choice models best suit unordered categorical response variables like land use change, but little literature is available about their application to large datasets. This chapter focuses on addressing the computational issues of a spatial discrete choice model and large datasets. An eigenvector spatial filter specification with coarser resolution has been used that accounts for spatial autocorrelation between neighboring land pixels. Variables of the built environment and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics are used as covariates in the spatial multinomial logistic regression.
Envisioning the future of ‘big data’ biomedicine

Abstract Through the increasing availability of more efficient data collection procedures, biomedical scientists are now confronting ever larger sets of data, often finding themselves struggling to process and interpret what they have gathered. This, while still more data continues to accumulate. This torrent of biomedical information necessitates creative thinking about how the data are being generated, how they might be best managed, analyzed, and eventually how they can be transformed into further scientific understanding for improving patient care. Recognizing this as a major challenge, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has spearheaded the “Big Data to Knowledge” (BD2K) program – the agency’s most ambitious biomedical informatics effort ever undertaken to date. In this commentary, we describe how the NIH has taken on “big data” science head-on, how a consortium of leading research centers are developing the means for handling large-scale data, and how such activities are being marshalled for the training of a new generation of biomedical data scientists. All in all, the NIH BD2K program seeks to position data science at the heart of 21 st Century biomedical research.
Evaluation of Species and Cultivars of Coneflower for Southeastern U.S. Landscapes

Twenty-one cultivars of coneflower (Echinacea sp.) were evaluated from June 2008 to August 2010 in two locations in North Carolina. Plant size was measured once during each growing season. Evaluators rated overall plant quality, as well as flower and foliage aesthetics. Plants were rated on a scale from 1 to 4, with 1 = poor and 4 = excellent. Any disease and insect problems were noted. Over the two-year study, average mortality rate was 34%. Cultivars ‘Bravado’, Kim's Knee High®, ‘Pink Double Delight’, and ‘White Swan’, had consistently high ratings, while ‘Emily Saul’ and yellow coneflower (E. paradoxa) rated the lowest. Kim's Knee High®, ‘Pink Double Delight’, and ‘White Swan’ received some of the best scores for flower quality, whereas yellow coneflower and ‘Ruby Star’ rated the lowest. There were minor differences between the locations regarding plant size and ratings, particularly for yellow coneflower. Evaluators either favored or abhorred this plant. This may be due to reflexed ray flowers that mi...
Flexible Connectors between Capsomer Subunits that Regulate Capsid Assembly.

Abstract Viruses build icosahedral capsids of specific size and shape by regulating the spatial arrangement of the hexameric and pentameric protein capsomers in the growing shell during assembly. In the T = 7 capsids of Escherichia coli bacteriophage HK97 and other phages, 60 capsomers are hexons, while the rest are pentons that are correctly positioned during assembly. Assembly of the HK97 capsid to the correct size and shape has been shown to depend on specific ionic contacts between capsomers. We now describe additional ionic interactions within capsomers that also regulate assembly. Each is between the long hairpin, the “E-loop,” that extends from one subunit to the adjacent subunit within the same capsomer. Glutamate E153 on the E-loop and arginine R210 on the adjacent subunit's backbone alpha-helix form salt bridges in hexamers and pentamers. Mutations that disrupt these salt bridges were lethal for virus production, because the mutant proteins assembled into tubes or sheets instead of capsids. X-ray structures show that the E153–R210 links are flexible and maintained during maturation despite radical changes in capsomer shape. The E153–R210 links appear to form early in assembly to enable capsomers to make programmed changes in their shape during assembly. The links also prevent flattening of capsomers and premature maturation. Mutant phenotypes and modeling support an assembly model in which flexible E153–R210 links mediate capsomer shape changes that control where pentons are placed to create normal-sized capsids. The E-loop may be conserved in other systems in order to play similar roles in regulating assembly.
Helping the New R&D Manager: Managing Career Transitions

(1983). Helping the New R&D Manager: Managing Career Transitions. Research Management: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 28-31.
Molecular pathology of total knee arthroplasty instability defined by RNA-seq

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a durable and reliable procedure to alleviate pain and improve joint function. However, failures related to flexion instability sometimes occur. The goal of this study was to define biological differences between tissues from patients with and without flexion instability of the knee after TKA. Human knee joint capsule tissues were collected at the time of primary or revision TKAs and analyzed by RT-qPCR and RNA-seq, revealing novel patterns of differential gene expression between the two groups. Interestingly, genes related to collagen production and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation were higher in samples from patients with flexion instability. Partitioned clustering analyses further emphasized differential gene expression patterns between sample types that may help guide clinical interpretations of this complication. Future efforts to disentangle the effects of physical and biological (e.g., transcriptomic modifications) risk factors will aid in further characterizing and avoiding flexion instability after TKA.
Stability of hepatitis C virus RNA and anti-HCV antibody in air-dried and freeze-dried human plasma samples.

Abstract Diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is based on testing for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV), hepatitis C core antigen (HCV cAg) and HCV RNA. To ensure quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA), proficiency panels are provided by reference laboratories and various international organizations, requiring costly dry ice shipments to maintain specimen integrity. Alternative methods of specimen preservation and transport can save on shipping and handling and help in improving diagnostics by facilitating QA/QC of various laboratories especially in resource limited countries. Plasma samples positive for anti-HCV and HCV RNA were either dried using dried tube specimens (DTS) method or lyophilization for varying durations of time and temperature. Preservation of samples using DTS method resulted in loss of anti-HCV reactivity for low-positive samples and did not generate enough volume for HCV RNA testing. Lyophilized samples tested positive for anti-HCV even after storage at 4 °C and 25 °C for 12 weeks. Further, HCV RNA was detectable in 5 of 5 (100%) samples over the course of 12 week storage at 4, 25, 37 and 45 °C. In conclusion, lyophilization of specimens maintains integrity of plasma samples for testing for markers of HCV infection and can be a potent mode of sharing proficiency samples without incurring huge shipping costs and avoids challenges with dry ice shipments between donor and recipient laboratories.
Is belief superiority justified by superior knowledge

Abstract Individuals expressing belief superiority—the belief that one's views are superior to other viewpoints—perceive themselves as better informed about that topic, but no research has verified whether this perception is justified. The present research examined whether people expressing belief superiority on four political issues demonstrated superior knowledge or superior knowledge-seeking behavior. Despite perceiving themselves as more knowledgeable, knowledge assessments revealed that the belief superior exhibited the greatest gaps between their perceived and actual knowledge. When given the opportunity to pursue additional information in that domain, belief-superior individuals frequently favored agreeable over disagreeable information, but also indicated awareness of this bias. Lastly, experimentally manipulated feedback about one's knowledge had some success in affecting belief superiority and resulting information-seeking behavior. Specifically, when belief superiority is lowered, people attend to information they may have previously regarded as inferior. Implications of unjustified belief superiority and biased information pursuit for political discourse are discussed.
Does promethazine shorten the length of stay in the post anesthesia care unit

The combination of promethazine and opioids is known to have an opioid-sparing effect, thereby facilitating a reduction in total patient opioid consumption. In recent years, this practice has fallen out of favor in many healthcare facilities, except primarily in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU). The goal of this study was to highlight the potential of promethazine as a direct or indirect adjuvant medication in acute pain management. The present investigation was undertaken with a case series of adult female patients who underwent open total abdominal hysterectomies. Data from the PACU was reviewed with patients being separated into two groups. Group 1 received only intravenous opioids for acute pain management. Group 2 received a combination of intravenous opioids for acute pain management and intravenous promethazine for nausea and/or vomiting. Patients were discharged from the PACU with a modified Aldrete score of 9 or 10. The study showed that patients who received promethazine in addition to opioids were discharged from the PACU an average of 19.2 minutes earlier than those patients who received only opioids (p=0.003). The time to achieve modified Aldrete score of 9 or higher was more quickly achieved when open abdominal hysterectomy patients received promethazine in addition to opioids in the PACU. The study concluded that promethazine, in combination with opioids, could potentially decrease PACU stay postoperatively. Based on the present investigation, the prospect of using promethazine in other facets of pain management are intriguing and warrant future studies. Specifically, it may be worth investigating whether promethazine is truly an adjunct in combination with opioids and to determine if there are any other antihistamines or neuroleptics which may have similar clinical effects to promethazine.
Monitoring the Carbonation-Induced Microcracking in Alkali-Activated Slag (AAS) by Nonlinear Resonant Acoustic Spectroscopy (NRAS)

This article presents the potential of nonlinear resonant acoustic spectroscopy (NRAS) for noninvasive monitoring of the carbonation progress in alkali-activated slag (AAS) mortars. In the search for sustainable concrete, AAS has emerged as a potential substitute for ordinary portland cement binder. However, carbonation is reported to be an important durability concern for AAS due to the absence of portlandite. In this study, the correspondence between the physical properties and microstructural evolution of sodium silicate-activated slag (SS-AS) and sodium hydroxide-activated slag (SH-AS) mortars were studied over the full course of accelerated carbonation. The measured properties include the following: compressive strength, carbonation depth, porosity, pore size distribution, and phase assemblage. In addition, NRAS was used to track the changes in materials stiffness (linear resonance frequency) and hysteretic nonlinearity (amplitude dependency of resonance frequency). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and porosimetry results showed the formation of microcracks and increased micrometer porosity in a carbonated AAS binder caused by calcium aluminum silicate hydrate decalcification; the cracking was more severe in the SS-AS than in the SH-AS. The NRAS results revealed a close correspondence between the observed microscopic changes in the samples and measured macroscopic test parameters, indicating the potential of acoustic techniques for monitoring the advancement of carbonation fronts in AAS mortars.
Programmed Secretion Arrest and Receptor-Triggered Toxin Export during Antibacterial Contact-Dependent Growth Inhibition.

Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) entails receptor-mediated delivery of CdiA-derived toxins into Gram-negative target bacteria. Using electron cryotomography, we show that each CdiA effector protein forms a filament extending ∼33 nm from the cell surface. Remarkably, the extracellular filament represents only the N-terminal half of the effector. A programmed secretion arrest sequesters the C-terminal half of CdiA, including the toxin domain, in the periplasm prior to target-cell recognition. Upon binding receptor, CdiA secretion resumes, and the periplasmic FHA-2 domain is transferred to the target-cell outer membrane. The C-terminal toxin region of CdiA then penetrates into the target-cell periplasm, where it is cleaved for subsequent translocation into the cytoplasm. Our findings suggest that the FHA-2 domain assembles into a transmembrane conduit for toxin transport into the periplasm of target bacteria. We propose that receptor-triggered secretion ensures that FHA-2 export is closely coordinated with integration into the target-cell outer membrane.
Left to Their Own Devices: A Student-Centered Approach to Civic Engagement

AbstractScholars have suggested that civic engagement in the United States is declining and some have argued that institutions of higher education are responsible for the fostering of civic engagement through efforts such as service learning. These opportunities may be created either through a top-down approach with student assignment to specific groups and activities, or a more unrestricted approach allowing individual activities with experience reports. As an instructor of an American Government course, I sought to examine the effects of a student-directed, group approach on students’ assignment evaluation. This article offers an approach to student civic engagement activities under minimal supervision. Students were offered class time, provided access to an online discussion forum, and instruction to utilize America: The Owner’s Manual (Graham 2009). Finally, students were given the direction to “collectively decide on a project in the spirit of ‘community service’”. Evaluation of the learning objectiv...
Investigating teacher candidates’ perceptions of collaboration during a co-teaching experience

While teacher candidates learn the theoretical value of instructional collaboration in teacher preparation programs, they often lack professional preparation experiences to develop collaborative skills as educators in the classroom. To address this need, some teacher education programs have integrated co-teaching as part of their required clinical practice experiences. This case study research design examines two teacher candidates’ perceptions of collaboration as they engaged in co-planning and co-teaching in a secondary level, social studies classroom. Qualitative data sources including semi-structured interviews, co-planning sessions, field notes, formal classroom observations, and candidate-created lesson plans were collected. Case study data were coded for both patterns of coherence and contradictions throughout the analysis. Four major themes emerging from the data included co-planning, co-teaching, support systems, and division of labor. Qualitative analysis of the data revealed these pre-service teachers shared similar positive perceptions regarding co-planning constructs, skills, and activities. Yet both participants struggled with individual issues of competition within the classroom, as well as personal and professional confidence as instructors, creating mixed perceptions of collaboration in co-teaching .
Anderson localization on the Bethe lattice using cages and the Wegner flow

Anderson localization on treelike graphs such as the Bethe lattice, Cayley tree, or random regular graphs has attracted attention due to its apparent mathematical tractability, hypothesized connections to many-body localization, and the possibility of nonergodic extended regimes. This behavior has been conjectured to also appear in many-body localization as a ``bad metal'' phase, and constitutes an intermediate possibility between the extremes of ergodic quantum chaos and integrable localization. Despite decades of research, a complete consensus understanding of this model remains elusive. Here we use cages, maximally treelike structures from extremal graph theory; and numerical continuous unitary Wegner flows of the Anderson Hamiltonian to develop an intuitive picture which, after extrapolating to the infinite Bethe lattice, appears to capture ergodic, nonergodic extended, and fully localized behavior.
Ab initio calculations of the atomic and electronic structure of CaTiO 3 (001) and (011) surfaces

We present the results of calculations of surface relaxations, energetics, and bonding properties for ${\text{CaTiO}}_{3}$ (001) and (011) surfaces using a hybrid description of exchange and correlation. We consider both CaO and ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$ terminations of the nonpolar (001) surface and Ca, TiO, and O terminations of the polar (011) surface. On the (001) surfaces, we find that all upper-layer atoms relax inward on the CaO-terminated surface, while outward relaxations of all atoms in the second layer are found for both terminations. For the ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$-terminated (001) surface, the largest relaxations are on the second-layer atoms. The surface rumpling is much larger for the CaO terminated than for the ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$-terminated (001) surface, but their surface energies are quite similar at 0.94 and 1.13 eV/cell, respectively. In contrast, different terminations of the (011) ${\text{CaTiO}}_{3}$ surface lead to very different surface energies of 1.86, 1.91, and 3.13 eV/cell for the O-terminated, Ca-terminated, and TiO-terminated (011) surface, respectively. Our results for surface energies contrast sharply with those of Zhang et al. [Phys. Rev. B 76, 115426 (2007)], where the authors found a rather different pattern of surface energies. We predict a considerable increase in the Ti-O chemical bond covalency near the (011) surface as compared both to the bulk and to the (001) surface.
Student perceptions of online active learning practices and online learning climate predict online course engagement

ABSTRACTStudent engagement in online courses may be more ambiguous, and complex to understand than in face-to-face (FtF) classrooms settings. Without regular FtF interaction, instructors may feel u...
Ant Colony Optimization to Reduce Schedule Acceleration in Crowdsourcing Software Development

The complexity of software tasks and the variety of developer skill sets requires to accomplish the tasks, provides a challenge in the planning process for software project managers. Uncertainty based on crowd workers’ different time zone and first language adds a layer of complexity to the CSD task scheduling. Therefore, accessing a scheduling model which can ease task allocation to improve task success and decrease project duration is essential. Existing models are either focused on the task allocation based on workers quality, or task availability in the crowdsourced platform. To create a flexible and effective model in CSD, we present an Ant Colony Optimization algorithm. The proposed approach shows a plan based on a list of available tasks in the platform and available workers based on their performance and rating metrics. The presented model is composed of four components: task fitness, workers’ attraction, task-worker availability, and task scheduler. Experimental results on 408 projects demonstrate that the proposed method reduced project duration on average 74 days.
Disorders of Potassium Metabolism

The concentration of potassium in our cells is some 37 times higher than in the extracellular compartment. Maintenance of this transcellular concentration gradient is central for normal cell function in general and for nerve conduction and muscle contraction in particular. Not surprisingly, multiple homeostatic mechanisms regulate the internal distribution of K+, as well as maintaining body K+ stores stable. Disorders of K+ metabolism occur when one or more of these systems is disrupted. Such disorders are often asymptomatic or only associated with mild and nonspecific symptoms. As a result, they are usually first detected, sometimes incidentally, by uncovering an abnormality in serum potassium concentration ([K+]). Although often asymptomatic, disorders of K+ metabolism can also produce life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias or paralyses with little or no warning. In such instances, the ability to recognize the problem and intervene in a timely fashion can be lifesaving. Management of disorders of K+ metabolism is based firmly on an understanding of normal K+ homeostasis. As a necessary introduction to these disorders, a brief review of normal K+ balance is presented below.
Saccharide Transfer to Sea Spray Aerosol Enhanced by Surface Activity, Calcium, and Protein Interactions

Sea spray aerosol (SSA) represents the largest source of natural primary aerosol with climate relevance in cloud formation. The aerosol-cloud activation process is influenced by saccharides, which ...
The Retrieval of Liberalism in Policing (Preface and Introduction)

There is a growing sense that many liberal states are in the midst of a shift in legal and political norms — a shift that is happening slowly and for a variety of reasons relating to security. The internet and tech booms — paving the way for new forms of electronic surveillance — predated the 9/11 attacks by several years, while the police’s vast use of secret informants and deceptive operations began well before that. On the other hand, the recent uptick in reactionary movements — movements in which the rule of law seems expendable — began many years after 9/11 and continues to this day. One way to describe this book is an examination of the moral limits on modern police practices that flow from the basic legal and political tenets of the liberal tradition. The central argument is that policing in liberal states is constrained by a liberal conception of persons coupled with particular rule of law principles. Part I consists of three chapters that constitute the book’s theoretical foundation, including an overview of the police’s law enforcement role in the liberal polity and a methodology for evaluating that role. Part II consists of three chapters that address applications of the theory, including the police’s use of informants, deceptive operations, and surveillance. The upshot is that policing in liberal societies has become illiberal in light of its response to both internal and external threats to security. The book provides an account of what it might mean to retrieve policing that is consistent with the basic tenets of liberalism and the limits imposed by those tenets.
Knowledge Translation at the Sites of Practice: From Outreach and Dissemination to Reflexive Evaluation

Since proposing a more systematic framework for translating applied linguistics (AL) research to practice (Grujicic-Alatriste, Linking discourse studies to professional practice. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2015), other publications followed suit (e.g., Lawson & Sayers, Sociolinguistic research: Application and impact. London: Routledge, 2016; McIntyre & Price, Applying linguistics: Language and impact agenda. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2018), engaging the question of relevance and impact in the various fields of AL and interdisciplinary studies. This chapter highlights the volume’s departing from current large-scale impact agenda and focusing instead on concrete steps undertaken by language researchers themselves to disseminate their own findings at the suitable sites of professional practice, thus beginning with the onset of outreach, not with the end result of impact. This introductory chapter reviews the strides made in translation research across fields and it outlines the Framework for Application elements used in all the chapters to disseminate research. Across the volume, authors used narrative accounts, case studies, and semi-ethnographic focus groups and workshops to engage dissemination, its intricacies, multiple stakeholders’ interests, reflexivity challenges, and future relevance. Translating research into practice is seen as a multi-step activity consisting of extensive outreach planning, dissemination initiatives, engagement with practitioners, and feedback loop leading to future collaboration. Challenges encountered by researchers are discussed and evaluated in lieu of praxis with suggestions for improving ongoing dissemination efforts.
ROAMing in mutable voids: Polymer free volumes from wobbling vibrational probes.

Polymers and polymeric materials exhibit flexibility between neighboring components of their molecular chains, permitting disordered conformations relative to the crystalline state. The disordered chain conformations lead to entanglements between neighboring chains, and the local intersections of polymer chains lead to voids in the material. Such voids or holes are named polymer free volume elements (FVEs). In their study of how FVEs in polymeric materials are related to their intrinsic microporosity and transport of gases, Budd, McKeown, and Fritsch (1) found inspiration from Lucretius. To paraphrase Lucretius’ teachings about atomistic theories from the Greeks, “Nature …has two forms …: the bodies, and the void where the bodies are placed and travel their varied paths” (ref. 1, p. 1977). More recently, we find that FVE sizes are key descriptors in molecular theories of polymers, polymeric materials, and glasses (1⇓⇓⇓–5). FVE distributions are critically important in applications of such materials to self-assembled amphiphiles (6), polymer composites (7), and perm-selective membranes (8). Thus, a great deal of attention has been paid to characterizing FVEs; the major methods used in these measurements are discussed below. Knowledge of FVE distributions in polymeric materials is needed for engineering of structural plastics. High-strength products require treatment to control and minimize the FVEs. One example is the processing of polyethylene chains (comprising repeats of the C H 2 group). When long polyethylene chains are extruded to maximize their alignment, the result is high-density polyethylene (HDPE), a widely used plastic material that we consume in vast quantities. Voids in HDPE result from shorter chains, poor chain alignment, and exposure to higher temperatures, so an increase in the number and size of FVEs correlates with a reduction in structural integrity. In other applications, such as using polymers to engineer perm-selective membranes for gas separations, increasing … [↵][1]1Email: ecastner{at}chem.rutgers.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Experience using intravenous posaconazole in paediatric and young adult oncology patients

BACKGROUND Posaconazole exhibits broad-spectrum antifungal activity. An IV formulation became available in 2014. Few studies describing the use of this formulation exist in patients under the age of 18 years. This study describes our experience using IV posaconazole in paediatric and young adult cancer patients. METHODS This single-centre retrospective chart review evaluated patients who received IV posaconazole and had at least one posaconazole plasma concentration obtained after five or more days with a consistent dosage. Relationships between doses required to achieve a plasma concentration of ≥1 µg/mL and patient age, weight and body surface area (BSA) were evaluated. The clinical record was reviewed to identify descriptions of any adverse events. RESULTS Twenty-five patients were analysed, with a median age of 10.5 years (range 1.9-22.9 years; 92% were <18 years). All patients were able to achieve a posaconazole plasma concentration ≥1 µg/mL during their treatment course. The daily mg/kg/day dose required to achieve the target concentration decreased significantly with increasing age of the patient (P = 0.018). Assessment of dosage based on BSA suggested a requirement of 225 mg/m2/day across all age groups <18 years. Adverse events documented in the clinical record were consistent with those described with the oral formulations. No CNS toxicities were observed with use of IV posaconazole. CONCLUSIONS Concentrations ≥1 µg/mL are achievable and a BSA-based dosing approach may allow a consistent empirical dose for patients <18 years of age. Therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended to ensure patients achieve therapeutic concentrations.
Predicting Residential Property Value in Catonsville, Maryland: A Comparison of Multiple Regression Techniques

Predicting Residential Property Value in Catonsville, Maryland: A Comparison of Multiple Regression Techniques
Family Social Capital: Links to Weight-Related and Parenting Behaviors of Mothers with Young Children.

Family social capital includes the social relationships, values, and norms shared by a family and is positively linked with children's mental and physical health status. This cross-sectional study addresses a gap in the literature related to family social capital vis-a-vis weight-related behaviors and home environments of 557 mothers and their young children (ages 2 to 9 years). Mothers completed an online survey comprised of valid, reliable questionnaires assessing family relationships and weight-related behavioral and home environment measures. The measures that determined family social capital (i.e., supportive, engaged parenting behaviors; family cohesion; family conflict; and family meal frequency) yielded distinct tertile groups that differed significantly (p < 0.001) on every family social capital measure with large effect sizes. Analysis of variance with Tukey post-hoc test revealed greater family social capital was linked to significantly better maternal health, dietary intake, physical activity, and sleep behavior. Additionally, maternal modeling of healthy eating and physical activity, child feeding practices, and home environments was higher in groups with greater family social capital. Child mental and physical health, physical activity, and sleep quality were better in families with greater family social capital. Findings suggest greater family social capital is linked to healthier weight-related behaviors and home environments. Future intervention studies should incorporate strategies to build family social capital and compare longitudinal outcomes to traditional interventions to determine the relative value of family social capital on health behaviors.
Personal exposure to average weekly ultrafine particles, lung function, and respiratory symptoms in asthmatic and non-asthmatic adolescents.

Abstract An increasing amount of evidence suggests ultrafine particles (UFPs) are linked to adverse health effects, especially in those with chronic conditions such as asthma, due to their small size and physicochemical characteristics. Toxicological and experimental studies have demonstrated these properties, and the mechanisms by which they deposit and translocate in the body result in increased toxicity in comparison to other air pollutants. However, current epidemiological literature is limited due to exposure misclassification and thus identifying health outcomes associated with UFPs. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between weekly personal UFP exposure with lung function and respiratory symptoms in 117 asthmatic and non-asthmatic adolescents between 13 and 17 years of age in the Cincinnati area. Between 2017 and 2019, participants collected weekly UFP concentrations by sampling for 3 h a day in their home, school, and during transit. In addition, pulmonary function was evaluated at the end of the sampling week, and respiratory symptoms were logged on a mobile phone application. Multivariable linear regression and zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) models were used to estimate the association between personal UFP and respiratory outcomes. The average median weekly UFP exposure of all participants was 4340 particles/cm3 (p/cc). Results of fully adjusted regression models revealed a negative association between UFPs and percent predicted forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity ratio (%FEV1/FVC) (β:-0.03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.02]). Prediction models estimated an association between UFPs and respiratory symptoms, which was greater in asthmatics compared to non-asthmatics. Our results indicate an interaction between asthma status and the likelihood of experiencing respiratory symptoms when exposed to UFPs, indicating an exacerbation of this chronic condition. More research is needed to determine the magnitude of the role UFPs play on respiratory health.
Hospital readmission in systemic sclerosis associated pulmonary hypertension: Results from the PHAROS registry.

OBJECTIVE To identify individual-level factors associated with hospital readmission among individuals with systemic sclerosis associated pulmonary hypertension (SSc-PH). METHODS Individuals enrolled in the Pulmonary Hypertension Assessment and Recognition of Outcomes in Scleroderma (PHAROS) registry contributed clinical data related to SSc-PH disease severity and hospital admissions. Readmission was defined as a subsequent hospitalization within 12 months of any hospital discharge. Characteristics were compared between individuals with and without readmissions using Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, or Kruskal Wallis test. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations between clinical predictors and likelihood of readmission. RESULTS Of 572 individuals with SSc-PH enrolled in PHAROS, 54% had ≥1 hospitalizations between 2005 and 2016. Among individuals ever-hospitalized, 34% had ≥1 readmission. Individuals with vs without readmissions had shorter median (IQR) time between index hospitalization date and next PHAROS visit (37 (3, 80) vs 81 (42, 136) days, p< 0.001). Index admissions related to PH or SSc (vs non-PH/SSc related) were associated with an increased odds of 12-month readmission (aOR 6.6 (95% CI 3.2, 13.6) and aOR 2.2 (95% CI 1.1, 4.5), respectively). Readmission was less likely among home oxygen users (vs non-users) (aOR 0.44; 95% CI 0.22, 0.89). Race, age, sex, disease duration, and disease subtype were not associated with readmission. CONCLUSION The strongest predictor for 12-month readmission was an index hospitalization reason related to PH. Home oxygen use was associated with lower odds of readmission. Future studies should determine whether testing for the need for home oxygen mediates the risk of readmission in SSc-PH.
Potential Causes of Recurrent Apneas During Sleep

The body contains chemoreceptors which respond to changes in PCO2 and PO2 and which operate within the respiratory system to keep arterial levels of PCO2 and PO2 within fairly narrow limits1. Chemoreceptors send signals to neurons in the brain which, in turn, actuate respiratory muscles which ventilate the lungs and change the content of O2 and CO2 in the blood. Blood is pumped by the heart to the tissues where it is used to metabolize nutrients and provide energy. The blood is then returned to the lungs where the process repeats itself. Increases in ventilation raise levels of arterial O2 content and lower CO2 while the opposite occurs when ventilation is decreased. This system is subject to a variety of disturbances, because of changes in the O2 and CO2 content of the inspired air or because of altered levels of metabolism. Other disturbances occur because the respiratory muscles are used not only to breathe but to maintain posture, for temperature regulation, and in digestion. In addition, because respiration can be altered voluntarily, disturbance in blood gas tensions can occur because of this behavioral control when there are changes in light intensity or noise levels in the environment, and when the respiratory muscles are used in speaking or to express emotion.
The Joint Effects of Justice Climate, Group Moral Identity, and Corporate Social Responsibility on the Prosocial and Deviant Behaviors of Groups

Pulling from theories of social exchange, deonance, and fairness heuristics, this study focuses on the relationship between overall justice climate and both the prosocial and deviant behaviors of groups. Specifically, it considers two contextual boundary conditions on this effect—corporate social responsibility (CSR) and group moral identity. Results from a laboratory experiment are presented, which show a significant effect for overall justice climate and a two-way interaction between overall justice climate and CSR on group-level prosocial and deviant behaviors, and a marginally significant interaction of group moral identity with overall justice climate on group deviance. The implications of contextual influences on workplace ethics and justice are discussed.
FORMATION, GRACE, AND PNEUMATOLOGY: Or, Where's the Spirit in Gregory's Augustine?

Eric Gregory's Politics and the Order of Love takes up an audacious project: enlisting Saint Augustine in order to “help imagine a better liberalism.” This article first provides a summary of Gregory's argument, focusing on his emphasis on love as a “motivation” for neighborly care, and hence democratic participation. This involves tracing the theme of motivation in the book, which is tied to his articulation of liberal perfectionism and an emphasis on civic virtue. In conclusion I raise the question of whether his project has ignored a key aspect of Augustine's account of love, namely, the role of the Holy Spirit, thereby demarcating the limits of Gregory's “rational reconstruction” of Augustine.
Fakers and Floodgates

There has always been the possibility of judicial skepticism about employment discrimination claims. Recently, the Supreme Court made this skepticism explicit. In University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar, the Supreme Court expressed concern about fake claims and floodgates of litigation. It then used these arguments to tip the substantive law against retaliation claims. This article responds to this explicit skepticism about discrimination claims. First, it shows that the Court created reasons to limit retaliation claims that are not tied to congressional intent. Second, the factual claims that the Court makes are not grounded in evidence, and available information suggests the opposite conclusion. Third, a change to the substantive law will not prevent spurious claims. Fourth, the fakers and floodgates arguments could become accepted and embedded in judicial doctrine. Finally, it shows that Nassar is symptomatic of the broader issue that courts use procedure and substance to impede factually intensive civil rights claims.
Experimental investigation of axisymmetric turbulent boundary layers

Measurements of the turbulent boundary layer over an experimental towed array were made at the David Taylor Model Basin, Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division using a stationary stereo- particle image velocimetry (SPIV) system. Data were collected at discrete transverse planes along the length of the array at tow speeds between 6.2 and 15.4 m/s. The corresponding momentum thickness Reynolds numbers Re θ varied from 4.8 × 105 to 1.1 × 106. This range is representative of values occurring in Navy applications and is much greater than those typically achieved in laboratory or with computational investigations. Instantaneous three-dimensional velocity fields and profiles have been published by the authors. However, the streamwise growth of the boundary layer and the variation with speed were not determined. The goal of this analysis is to provide additional insight into the development of axisymmetric boundary layers over long lengths and at moderate to high Reynolds numbers.
Do abstracts in otolaryngology journals report study findings accurately

Abstract Objectives Although published abstracts have the advantage of being prominent and concise, their quality in the otolaryngology literature has not been studied. We sought to understand the limitations of relying on abstracts as the sole source of information about published research. In addition, we sought to identify specific opportunities for improving the quality of published articles and their associated abstracts. Methods Studies of original research published in four major otolaryngology journals from January 2008 to June 2008 were included. Each study article and abstract was reviewed separately for 12 domains relating to study design, results, and conclusions. Good inter-rater reliability was established as part of the validation process. Results Four hundred eighteen articles were identified for study, which included 75 percent clinical research and 25 percent basic science. The most common omissions in the abstract when compared with the complete article were study limitations (91% left out of abstract), geographic location (79%), confidence intervals (75%), dropouts or losses (62%), and harms and adverse events (44%). Conversely, the abstract often included information about research design (99%), sample size (92%), source of the data (81%), and quantitative results (67%). These results did not differ significantly with regard to article type, journal, or level of evidence. Conclusions Readers of otolaryngology journals may form biased or inappropriate conclusions if they read only the abstract of a study, particularly with regard to study limitations, adverse events, and subject dropouts or losses. These results highlight the perils of using the abstract as a sole source of information.
Method for polymer hot embossing process development

Molding technologies associated with fabricating macro scale polymer components such as injection molding and hot embossing have been adapted with considerable success for fabrication of polymer microparts. While the basic principles of the process remain the same, the precision with which the processing parameters need to be controlled especially in the case of molding high aspect ratio (HAR) polymer microparts into polymer sheets is much greater than in the case of macro scale parts. It is seen that the bulk effects of the mold insert fixture and molding machine have a dominant influence on the molding parameters and that differences in material parameters such as the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymer sheets are critical for the success and typically differ from sheet to sheet. This makes it very challenging to establish standard processing parameters for hot embossing of sheet polymers. In the course of this paper, a methodology for developing a hot embossing process for HAR microstructures based on known material properties and considering the cumulative behavior of mold, material, and machine will be presented. Using this method force–temperature–deflection curves were measured with the intent of fine tuning the hot embossing process. Tests were carried out for different materials using a dummy mold insert yielding information that could be directly transferred to the actual mold insert with minimum development time and no risk of damage to the actual microstructures.
Developmental Pattern of Sugar and Amino Acid Transport in the Postnatal Rat Small Intestine

Extract: The transport of two sugars and three amino acids by proximal and distal intestinal segments of 2-, 5-, 10-, 16-, 22-, 26-, 30-, and 70− to 84-day-old rats was investigated. Labeled α-methyl-D-glucoside and D-galactose were the sugars and labeled L-valine, L-lysine, and glycine were the amino acids used. The sugars were selected because they are thought to share a common transport system in the adult rat. Conversely, the three amino acids were selected because they appear to have separate transport systems in the adult rat. Intracellular accumulation was the transport variable investigated. Transport of both sugars and the three amino acids was maximal in early postnatal life (period I; 2–5 days); however, the patterns of decrease in transport to adult levels showed marked variation. The pattern of decrease for both sugars as well as valine was similar, with about 50% of the total decrease occurring between periods I and II (10–16 days), about 33% between periods II and III (22–30 days), and 15–20% between periods III and IV (70–80 days). The well established predominance of the proximal intestine in sugar transport was not observed until period III. Lysine showed a relatively small decrease, 10%, between periods I and II, the largest decrease between periods II and III, 56.4%, and a decrease between periods III and IV nearly twice as large as the decrease of any other compound at the comparable age span. Glycine exhibited approximately 70% of its total decrease between periods I and II. The 15% decrease in glycine transport between periods II and III was less than one-half that shown by any of the other compounds during the same period. These developmental data give further support to the thesis of separate transport systems for neutral, basic, and glycine-preferring amino acids. Speculation: This study reveals that protein and carbohydrate digestion end products are maximally transported at or shortly after birth. Further, we believe that significant physiologic data may be obtained from the study of the postnatal developmental patterns of digestive processes
Analogies between the high-temperature deformation of polyphase rocks and the mechanical behavior of porous powder metal

Abstract In some rock types one or more mechanically similar minerals may constitute a loadcarrying framework, while other subordinate phases carry little load. If incompetent phases are more than one or two orders of magnitude weaker than the competent phases, the load-carrying framework behaves much like a porous solid. The deformational properties of porous powder metal provide analogies for the deformation of such porous-like rock types. (1) The yield strength of porous powder metal is analogous to the power law flow stress for rock deformed at high temperatures. (2) The correspondence principle relating elastic and viscoelastic deformation may be used to relate the Young's modulus of porous powder metals to the flow stress for Nabarro-Herring creep in rock. Where the incompetent fraction is 15% of the rock, there should be a 50% reduction in power law flow stress. For an incompetent fraction of 40%, the power law stress is reduced by an order of magnitude and the Nabarro-Herring creep stress is reduced by 80%.
Adding range restriction capability to dynamic data structures

A database is said to allow range restrictions if one may request that only records with some specified field in a specified range be considered when answering a given query. A transformation is presented that enables range restrictions to be added to an arbitrary dynamic data structure on n elements, provided that the problem satisfies a certain decomposability condition and that one is willing to allow increases by a factor of O(log n) in the worst-case time for an operation and in the space used. This is a generalization of a known transformation that works for static structures. This transformation is then used to produce a data structure for range queries in k dimensions with worst-case times of O(logk n) for each insertion, deletion, or query operation.