cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Just-in-Time Manufacturing

Just-in-Time (JIT) is a philosophy of operation that seeks to utilize all resources in the most efficient manner by eliminating anything that does not contribute value for the customer. In this philosophy, resources include—but are not limited to—equipment, facilities, inventory, time, and human resources. Because of this broad definition of resources, JIT includes many different components. Some of those components emphasize the efficient use of material resources; other components of JIT focus on the efficient use of human resources. In fact, experts don’t even agree completely on the factors that should be included as components of JIT. To make matters worse, some components of JIT are also important components of other techniques, such as Total Quality Management (TQM).
Instability and Turbulence in Jets

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses instability and turbulence in fully developed flows. In the past, the instability and turbulence were treated quite separately and differently. The former was cast into an eigen-value problem in which an unsteady, linear partial differential equation, the well-known Orr-Summerfeld equation, was solved; the point of departure of the latter one is the Reynolds equations, a set of time averaged, nonlinear partial differential equations that are incomplete. The main objective was to study the behavior of these structures in space and time and, in particular, to understand the dynamics of their motion. It was also seen that the results described were deduced using a deterministic point of view: the vortex structures generated by the unstable shear layer interact with each other through an induction mechanism. The random behavior was caused by outside and self-induced disturbances that produce phase fluctuations in the interaction process. Finally, if the description of the flow development is a realistic one, one must conclude that the turbulent transport process is actuated by a long range force field, the induced pressure field and, therefore, cannot be expressed in terms of a local gradient diffusion model.
Invertebrate connective tissue: I. The amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the collagen from Thyone briareus

1. 1. Two collagen fractions and one noncollagen fraction have been isolated from the body wall of the echinoderm Thyone briareus by gelatinization, followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Both collagen fractions contained only glucose and galactose as carbohydrate constituents and were devoid of methionine and cysteine. 2. 2. One of the collagen fractions was found to be homogeneous on polyacrylamidegel disc electrophoresis and to contain the highest glycine content (34.8 mole % amino acid) yet reported for an invertebrate collagen.
Retrospective review of dog bite injuries in children presenting to a South Australian tertiary children's hospital emergency department.

AIM: To describe the characteristics, circumstances and consequences of dog bite injuries in children in order to inform the discourse concerning preventative approaches. METHOD: A retrospective review of children presenting to the emergency department (ED) of the Women's and Children's Hospital (WCH) in South Australia between the years 2009 and 2011 was performed. RESULTS: A total of 277 children presented to the WCH with dog bite injuries between 2009 and 2011. Of those, 141(51.0%) were referred for admission. Injury rates were highest in those aged 0-4, declining thereafter with age. In the 0-4 year age group, 89.5% of children presented after being bitten by a familiar dog with 92.5% occurring at home. The head/neck region constituted the most common location for injuries. We found that 67.5% of dog bite injuries were provoked and occurred between the child and a familiar dog (78.0%). Dogs from the bull terrier group (20.0%) and Jack Russell Terriers (11.0%) were the two most documented breeds. Almost half of the children presenting during the specified timeframe required at least one operation under a general anaesthetic. Two children were referred to a psychologist for management of post-traumatic stress. CONCLUSION: Dog bite injuries are common in children and often require admission for inpatient care. This presents as a significant public health burden. For this reason, prevention initiatives need to be implemented on an ongoing basis. Language: en
High-Precision Calculations for the Ground and Excited States of The Lithium Atom

Publisher Summary Over the past decade, there has been considerable progress on high-precision calculations for the lithium atom. This chapter summarizes some of the progress made on selected properties of the ground and excited states of lithium (Li). The lithium atom has long served as a test case for newly developed computational methods. This system has also been intensively investigated for its own intrinsic interest. It is a few-body system; hence, the calculations of very high precision may be possible for the lithium atom. The helium atom and members of its isoelectronic series have been extremely popular targets for computationalists. Very high levels of precision are available for a number of calculated properties of two-electron systems. For example, the nonrelativistic ground state energy of the helium atom is known to be around eighteen digits of precision. The lithium atom, with one additional electron, turns out to be a much more complicated system to study. A number of new mathematical difficulties arise and some of these have hampered progress on the calculation of several properties.
Built-In Gain and Built-In Loss Property on Formation of a Partnership: An Exploration of the Grand Elegance of Partnership Capital Accounts

This article is a primer on the issues faced by partners in dealing with the consequences of built-in gain or loss property contributed to a partnership. The article explores the tax consequences of almost every aspect of the partnership treatment of built-in gain and loss property.The use of properly maintained capital accounts to answer tax allocation questions is a principal focus of the article. The first part of the article discusses basic principles of partnership taxation that provide for the formation of partnerships and allocation of partnership book and tax items. A thorough understanding of these fundamental principles is a prerequisite to discussing the problems of built-in gain and loss property. Part II considers the problems raised by contributions of built-in gain property. The analysis demonstrates that recent proposed Treasury regulations regarding contributed built-in gain or loss property and partnership mergers in some circumstances create mischief by failing to fully address deferred recognition. Part III looks at the complexity that is added by the existence of debt in the partnership. Part IV addresses special problems created by built-in loss property, including the issues raised by section 704(c)(1)(C) enacted in 2004. The analysis in this part demonstrates the need for analyzing partnership capital accounts in order to apply the basis limitation of section 704(c)(1)(C)(ii) in the context of its statutory purpose and suggests an interpretation of section 704(c)(1)(C)(ii) in conjunction with optional basis adjustments that produces proper allocations of loss. Part V considers partnership allocations that occur on the admission of a new partner to a partnership with built-in gain and built-in loss property.
Using real spatial correlation matrices for improved array processing

The authors examine the maximum number of signals whose parameters can be estimated with a linear, equally spaced array of M sensors. The conventional view is that, when none of the signals is fully correlated, this number is one less than the number of sensors; however, the authors show how to make the extension to one less than twice the number of sensors. This increase in the number of signals is accomplished by using length 2M real signal vectors rather than the usual length M complex vectors. It is shown that 2M of these real vectors are linearly independent with probability one, and, thus, angles of arrival can be unambiguously estimated for 2M-1 signals. >
Personality and Friendship Satisfaction in Daily Life: Do Everyday Social Interactions Account for Individual Differences in Friendship Satisfaction?:

Who are the people who maintain satisfying friendships? And, what are the behaviours that might explain why those people achieve high friendship satisfaction? We examined the associations between p...
Consistency in Administration and Response for the Backward Push and Release Test: A Clinical Assessment of Postural Responses.

Background and Purpose The backward push and release test (PRT) is a standardized clinical test of postural responses elicited by perturbations. Our goal was to determine reliability of administration and response. This will inform clinical administration and determine whether to develop an instrumented version. Methods One examiner administered 10 backward PRT trials to adults with Parkinson disease (12), multiple sclerosis (14) and controls (12). We used three-dimensional motion analysis, force plates and instrumented gloves to measure administration and response. Administration variables were angle of posterior trunk lean and the distance of the centre of mass (CoM) behind the ankle. Postural response variables were latency of postural response from release to step initiation and first compensatory step length. Reliability was measured using the range of variables across trials, comparison of first and later trials, intraclass correlations (ICCs) to measure consistency and correlations between administration and response. Results There was inherent variability in administration, which affected postural response characteristics. Larger trunk angle and greater CoM–ankle distance were correlated with shorter postural response latencies and larger step lengths. Participant height also had an effect; taller participants had larger trunk angles prior to release resulting in longer latencies and larger step lengths. Using ICCs, consistency of trunk angle was likely acceptable and CoM–ankle distance was high. Consistency of latency was low, while step length was likely acceptable. Discussion Despite variability in administration and inconsistency in response, different postural response characteristics were detected between patients with different disease states. Based on these results, we will create algorithms to instrument the PRT using inertial movement sensors to collect more sensitive measures of postural responses than observational clinical rating scales. Feedback for appropriate lean angle and calibration for participant height will improve consistency and usefulness of the instrumented PRT. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visuospatial deficits predict rate of cognitive decline in autopsy-verified dementia with Lewy bodies.

Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) is often characterized by pronounced impairment in visuospatial skills, attention, and executive functions. However, the strength of the phenotypic expression of DLB varies and may be weaker in patients with extensive concomitant Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To determine whether strength of the DLB clinical phenotype impacts cognitive decline, visuospatial and language tests were retrospectively used to predict two-year rate of global cognitive decline in 22 autopsy-confirmed DLB patients (21 with concomitant AD) and 44 autopsy-confirmed “pure” AD patients. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) revealed a significant interaction such that poor baseline performances on tests of visuospatial skills were strongly associated with a rapid rate of cognitive decline in DLB but not AD (p < .001). No effect of confrontation naming was found. DLB patients with poor visuospatial skills had fewer neurofibrillary tangles and were more likely to experience visual hallucinations than those with better visuospatial skills. These results suggest that the severity of visuospatial deficits in DLB may identify those facing a particularly malignant disease course and may designate individuals whose clinical syndrome is impacted more by Lewy body formation than AD pathology.
‘Transitions are Scary for our Kids, and They're Scary for us’: Family Member and Youth Perspectives on the Challenges of Transitioning to Adulthood with Autism

Background Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face many challenges as they age into adulthood. Because little is known about the perspectives of caregivers and youth during this critical transition, this study explored their social, educational, and vocational needs and experiences. Method Two focus groups were conducted with youth with ASD (n = 13) and two focus groups were conducted with their caregivers (n = 19), where theme analysis strategies derived from Grounded Theory were utilized to identify themes. Results Both groups experienced fear and anxiety about transitioning, unmet needs were also high, leaving caregivers struggling to fill gaps. Most caregivers and youth reported lacking individualized services. Caregivers faced difficulty in motivating youth and creating opportunities for education and employment. Although youth have future goals, they were unaware of steps needed to accomplish them and hesitant to talk to caregivers. Conclusions Findings indicate considerable unmet needs for caregivers and youth with ASD. Perspectives of both groups should be considered when developing programmes and educating providers.
Producer–Researcher Interactions in On-Farm Research: A Case Study on Developing a Certified Organic Research Site

Increasing consumer demand for organic products has created a need for certified organic research sites. Our objective is to discuss the lessons learned from evaluating alternate cropping systems to establish a certified site in western Iowa. Oat (Avena sativa L.), ‘Kelson’ snail medic [Medicago scutelata (L.) Mill.] or ‘Polygraze’ burr medic (Medicago polymorpha L.), triticale (3Triticosecale spp.), sweet corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], rye (Secale cereale L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) or red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) were evaluated in five crop sequences as transition strategies for converting no-till corn and soybean land for certified organic production. Five models for managing organic research sites were developed and are discussed to help researchers and producers become aware of the different roles, goals, and management challenges faced when developing a certified organic research site. A “shared management model” (Type 3) best described our project involving a transitioning grower and researchers. Maintaining annual profit throughout the transition period was our most important factor, so potential returns to land, labor, and management were calculated to compare the various transition strategies. Only two of the cropping systems incurred a positive return to management. They used either a high-value crop such as sweet corn (provided it was marketable) or low-cost crops (i.e., oat and alfalfa). We conclude that learning from our experiences will enable others to develop certified organic research sites and become involved with on-farm research studies with much less stress than that encountered by our farmer cooperator, technical staff, land owner, and research team.
Trace-metal covariation as a guide to water-mass conditions in ancient anoxic marine environments

Patterns of sedimentary trace-metal variation can provide information not only about benthic redox conditions, but also about other water-mass properties in ancient marine depositional systems. Trace metals such as Mo, U, V, and Re display conservative concentration profiles in the global ocean but varying concentration profiles in modern anoxic silled basins (e.g., the Black Sea, Cariaco Basin, and Framvaren Fjord) as a consequence of enhanced sedimentary uptake, water-mass mixing, microbial cycling, and other processes. Because basin-specific patterns of aqueous trace-metal concentrations can be recorded by the sediment, chemostratigraphic studies of ancient anoxic marine facies have the potential to provide information about the degree of water-mass restriction as well as secular changes in aqueous chemistry and basin hydrography. In the Upper Pennsylvanian Hushpuckney and Stark shales of midcontinent North America, strong positive covariation among major trace metals supports extraction from a water mass of unmodified “normal” seawater chemistry with control of sedimentary trace-metal uptake primarily by benthic redox variation. This inference is consistent with unrestricted renewal of deep waters of the Late Pennsylvanian Midcontinent Sea via lateral advection of oxygen-deficient intermediate waters of the eastern tropical Panthalassic Ocean through a deep-water corridor in the Greater Permian Basin region. In contrast, trace metals in the Upper Devonian Ohio Shale of eastern North America exhibit divergent stratigraphic trends: relative to total organic carbon (TOC), V and Zn increase, Ni is constant, and Mo and U decrease upsection. This pattern records secular evolution of the aqueous chemistry of the silled Appalachian Basin in response to an increase in restriction of deep-water exchange. Basinal restriction intensified during the later stages of deposition of the Ohio Shale as a consequence of the onset of a major glacioeustatic regression that culminated at the Devonian-Carboniferous system boundary. Analysis of trace-metal patterns in other ancient anoxic marine systems has the potential to yield new insights regarding hydrographic variables such as rates of deep-water renewal and the degree of evolution of water-mass chemistry, in addition to information about paleoredox conditions.
Intrinsic laser-induced damage in bulk transparent dielectrics

Our results from experiments on laser-induced damage in transparent dielectrics are incompatible with the well-known avalanche ionization model. The mechanism of damage may involve a collective response of the dielectric, such as “dielectric-metal” phase transition.
Preparing the Dental Office for Medical Emergencies

Modern dental offices must be equipped to initiate prompt emergency care should the sudden need arise. With the elderly population in dental practices increasing, these emergencies will undoubtedly occur. This article discusses the basic emergency equipment the average dental office should possess to allow for an adequate initial response. It also discusses the policies and personnel needed for dealing with emergencies. Among the basic emergency equipment, an office should have syringes, an Ambu bag, a portable oxygen system, a sphygmomanometer (child and adult sizes), and an EKG/defibrillator. Emergency drugs that should be stocked include aromatic ammonia, aspirin, and nitroglycerine. The dentist should also develop a protocol and policy for his/her staff to follow when a medical emergency arise.
Antiarrhythmic action of synthetic oxytocin in anesthetized man.

Synthetisches Oxytocin wurde fur die Behandlung von ventrikularen Arrhythmien, welche bei Patienten im Lauf einer Allgemeinnarkose aufgetreten sind, verwendet. In 8 von 10 Fallen erfolgte eine prompte Wiederherstellung des normalen Sinusrhythmus. Es konnten keine unerwunschten kardiovaskularen Wirkungen beobachtet werden.
Conversion of the carboxy group of sialic acid donors to a protectedhydroxymethyl group yields an efficient reagent for the synthesis of the unnaturalbeta-linkage

New sialyl donors with a protected hydroxymethyl group at the anomeric center are over 1000 times more reactive than the normal ester containing sialylation reagent and give excellent yield (>90%) with unusually high β-stereoselectivity in sialylation.
High-throughput single-molecule optofluidic analysis

We describe a high-throughput, automated single-molecule measurement system, equipped with microfluidics. The microfluidic mixing device has integrated valves and pumps to accurately accomplish titration of biomolecules with picoliter resolution. We demonstrate that the approach enabled rapid sampling of biomolecule conformational landscape and of enzymatic activity, in the form of transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, as a function of the chemical environment.
A scaling theoretical analysis of vibrational relaxation experiments: rotational effects and long-range collisions

Abstract Expressions for the quantum number scaling of vibration—translation (V T) and vibration—vibration (V V) rates are derived. The derivation uses the recently developed scaling theory of non-reactive processes and invokes the assumption of rotational equilibrium. However, the V V and V T scaling relationships include rotational effects through the rotational energy gaps and the rotational distributions. The variables in this theory are a fundamental set of rates and the average collision range, lc, for the particular inelastic process. The physically transparent meaning of these variables, combined with the a priori nature of the scaling coefficients, allows one to investigate actual dynamical effects and not just merely fit data. A detailed analysis of V V energy transfer in the CO CO system is presented. Three conclusions are drawn: (1) rotational effects are crucially important in the scaling of the rates; (2) the process is predominantly long-range with lc = 5.5 ± 0.5 au; and, (3) the available experimental data is consistent with single quanta vibrational changes in the V V rates.
Selective removal of acetic acid from hardwood-spent sulfite liquor using a mutant yeast☆

The hexoses in spent sulfite liquor can be converted to ethanol by yeasts, but conversion to ethanol of the pentose d-xylose in lignocellulosic hydrolysates is inhibited generally by the presence of acetic acid. The feasibility of a yeast-based process for selective removal of the acetic acid in hardwood-spent sulfite liquor was demonstrated. The process depends on the use of a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that grows on acetic acid but not on d-xylose, d-glucose, d-mannose, or d-fructose. The process could be used to decrease the concentration of acetic acid in hardwood liquor within 24 h to levels that no longer inhibit bioconversion of xylose to ethanol. Indications of the conversion of d-xylose to ethanol in the acetic acid-depleted liquor were the ability of several d-xylose-fermenting yeasts to use essentially all of the sugars and produce as much as 73% of the theoretical amount of ethanol within 24 h. The process might be generally applicable to obviation of acetic acid inhibition effects in ethanol production from hemicellulose hydrolysates.
Analyzing and re-engineering business processes using simulation

Increasingly, companies around the world are re-engineering their core business processes to be more profitable and to improve customer satisfaction. Modeling and analysis are two critical steps in any process redesign effort. In this paper, we discuss the need for simulation tools that can be used effectively to model, document and analyze business processes. We also present the design of a hierarchical simulation tool called BPMAT (Business Process Modeling and Analysis Tool), and discuss its implementation.
COMPLETING COMMUTATIVE ACTIONS

Completions of semigroup acts are constructed from Prostak families of subsets, and embedding into such a completion is studied.
A Florida Marine Ornamental Pathway Risk Analysis

An expert panel of 18 importer, wholesaler, retailer, producer, harvester, researcher, extension, and agency representatives implemented a known risk analysis process to assess risks associated with the marine ornamental pathway. The participants produced a literature review, marine ornamental trade description, assessed the ecological risks to Florida waters, determined the escape risk at each link and node in the pathway, and suggested risk mitigation actions. Annually, the global marine ornamental trade includes 1,500 fish species, 200 coral species, and 500 invertebrate species (excluding coral), with sale of approximately 20 million fish specimens, 10 million invertebrate specimens (excluding coral), and 10 million coral pieces. Currently, 28 exotic ornamental marine fish species have been observed in Florida waters. Two of the 28 fish species (a species complex) are established as reproducing populations in mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic waters. Participants examined the potential for economic, env...
The effect of 7-oxa-13 prostynoic acid on the mechanism of action of bradykinin in human synovial fibroblasts.

Abstract Bradykinin, a potent inflammatory mediator, induces an increment in intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations of human synovial fibroblasts and evokes the synthesis and release of 3H-arachidonic acid and 3H-E prostaglandins from these cells pre-labeled in their phospholipids. Fetal calf serum in the media also stimulates the synthesis and release of these labeled lipids from pre-labeled human synovial fibroblasts and potentiates the bradykinin-induced cyclic AMP response. The PGE1 analogue, 7-oxa-13 prostynoic acid, completely abrogates both the bradkinin-induced cyclic AMP response and the bradykinin- and fetal calf serum-evoked release of labeled E-prostaglandins from pre-labeled cells. In serum-free media, the prostaglandin antagonist stimulated the release of 3H-arachidonic acid from pre-labeled human synovial fibroblasts and did not inhibit the bradykinin-induced release of this lipid.
A complex task? Direct modulation of transcription factors with small molecules

Transcription factors with aberrant activity in disease are promising yet untested targets for therapeutic development, particularly in oncology. Directly inhibiting or activating the function of a transcription factor requires specific disruption or recruitment of protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions. The discovery or design of small molecules that specifically modulate these interactions has thus far proven to be a significant challenge and the protein class is often perceived to be 'undruggable.' This review will summarize recent progress in the development of small-molecule probes of transcription factors and provide evidence to challenge the notion that this important protein class is chemically intractable.
Body mass index and cancer screening in older American Indian and Alaska Native men.

Context: Regular screenings are important for reducing cancer morbidity and mortality. There are several barriers to receiving timely cancer screening, including overweight/obesity. No study has examined the relationship between overweight/obesity and cancer screening among American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). Purpose: To describe the prevalence of fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing among AI/AN men within the past year by age and rurality, and determine if body mass index (BMI) is associated with screening. Methods: A national cross-sectional survey was administered face-to-face to 2,447 AI/AN men at least 55 years of age in 2004-2005. Participants were asked when they last had FOBT and PSA testing. BMI was derived from self-reported height and weight, and rurality of residence was defined by rural-urban commuting area codes. We assessed the association of cancer screening and BMI with logistic regression models, adjusting for demographic and health factors. Findings: Prevalence of up-to-date FOBT and PSA testing were 23% and 40%, respectively. Older men were more likely than younger men to have FOBT and PSA testing. BMI was not associated with receipt of FOBT or PSA testing. Conclusions: This is the first study to examine obesity and health care in AI/ANs. As in other populations, FOBT and PSA testing were suboptimal. Screening was not associated with BMI. Studies of AI/AN men are needed to understand the barriers to receiving timely screenings for prostate and colorectal cancer.
Martian channels and the search for extraterrestrial life.

The origin of the channels on Mars has been a subject of intense interest since they were first recognized on early Mariner 9 images (Driscoll, 1972; Masursky, 1973). Their presence on the planet, and their striking resemblance to terrestrial flood channels related to glacial outbursts or to dendritic river systems has suggested to most investigators (Baker, 1974, 1977; Nummedal, 1978; Carr, 1979; Masursky et al., 1977) that they were formed by running water. Because life as we know it is dependent on water, the discovery by the ‘Mariner cameras’, of watercut channels and volcanoes as a source for water, and water ice in the residual north polar cap by Viking, has reaffirmed the choice of Mars as the best target for the search for extraterrestrial life.
Ret protein expression in adrenal medullary hyperplasia and pheochromocytoma

Ret is a developmentally regulated tyrosine kinase involved in formation and maintenance of the nervous system. Ret mutations predisposing to pheochromocytomas and medullary thyroid carcinomas occur in multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes 2A and 2B. Biochemical studies have demonstrated overexpression of Ret mRNA and protein in pheochromocytomas compared to normal adrenal medulla. However, the cellular distribution of Ret in the normal human adrenal and in hyperplastic lesions that antecede pheochromocytomas are unclear. The present investigation was undertaken to resolve the histological distribution of Ret in the normal human adrenal, in pheochromocytomas evolving from adrenal medullary hyperplasia in MEN2A and in sporadic pheochromocytomas. Ret expression was studied by immunohistochemistry using both a polyclonal and a monoclonal antibody, with confirmation by immunoblotting of representative cases. Only occasional cells stained for Ret in the normal adrenal, consistent with the distribution in adult adrenals of other species. Heterogeneous, progressively increased Ret expression was observed during the evolution of pheochromocytomas. In both normal and neoplastic adrenal, the most intense immunoreactivity was observed in cells with neuron-like features. Our finding that Ret is not expressed at high levels in the early stages of disease suggests that elucidation of mechanisms that regulate Ret expression is required for understanding the pathobiology of MEN2A. The association of high-level Ret expression with neuronal morphology suggests that the variable overexpression of Ret in pheochromocytomas might in part be an epiphenomenon, reflecting the known phenotypic plasticity of these tumors.
Coeditors' Introduction: Closing Literacy Gaps: Understanding the Interrelationships Between Bilingualism and Biliteracy Development

This issue of the Bilingual Research Journal (Volume 37, Number 2) is dedicated to our friend and colleague, Janette Kettman Klingner (November 14, 1953–March 20, 2014). A professor at the Universi...
Tutorial on System Safety for Software Engineers in Global Industry: Concepts and Implementation

This introductory tutorial is designed to provide a perspective on development of software-intensive safety-related system in a regulated industry where the multidisciplinary projects reach across national boundaries. The safety concepts and implementations are discussed focusing on the necessary conformance to local and international safety standards and guidelines.
A pilot study of home-based videoconferencing for breastfeeding support.

Background:Research on using videoconferencing for breastfeeding support is limited.Purpose:Although European case reports have described videoconferencing for providing lactation support, this was...
Outcomes of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in super-super-obese patients

Abstract Background There is limited outcome data for super-super-obese (SSO) patients, those with Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 60 kg/m 2 , who seek surgical treatment with Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (LRYGB). A large single center LRYGB experience was reviewed to compare the safety and efficacy of LRYGB in SSO patients to the standard obese population undergoing this procedure. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database and an Institutional Review Board approved prospective database was used to identify all patients undergoing LRYGB by multiple surgeons at a single institution between 1/1/1994 and 11/15/2013. Preoperative co-morbidities, postoperative complications, 30-day outcomes, and weight loss at yearly intervals were analyzed to determine difference between SSO patients and NonSSO patients (BMI 2 ). Results Of the 2009 patients undergoing LRYGB over the past 20 years; 328 had BMI≥60 kg/m 2 . Preoperative co-morbidities, conversion to open, and length of stay were significantly increased among SSO patients; however there was no significant difference in postoperative outcomes or complications. Percent reduction of excess BMI beyond 12 months was significantly improved among NonSSO patients with less than 30% follow-up beyond 2 years. Conclusions LRYGB appears well tolerated for super-super-obese patients with BMI≥60 kg/m 2 in experienced centers. These patients still have significant reduction in excess BMI despite being less than NonSSO patients undergoing RYGB. The ACS NSQIP database provides excellent tracking of institutional progress with bariatric surgical outcomes to facilitate the improvement of best practice techniques.
Origins of Enantioselectivity in Reductions of Ketones on Cinchona Alkaloid Modified Platinum

A model to explain the stereoselectivities of reductions of activated ketones on cinchona alkaloid modified platinum is proposed and is supported by calculations by density functional and force field methods. The model involves nucleophilic catalysis by the cinchona alkaloid. The zwitterionic adduct between a cinchona alkaloid and ketone is adsorbed on Pt through the quinoline ring and two heteroatoms and is subsequently reduced with inversion. The model rationalizes the observed stereoselectivities for hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds.
Pharmacologic management of the hospitalized pediatric asthma patient

The incidence of asthma continues to rise and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Acute asthma exacerbations warranting hospitalization should be aggressively treated with inhaled selective β2-agonists, inhaledIB, and oral or parenteral steroids. Aminophylline no longer is recommended for acute treatment, but continues to be useful in the outpatient setting. Magnesium levels should be obtained early and replacement considered. Helium-oxygen mixtures, which can be administered by facemask, are well-tolerated and should be considered early if patients are not improving. Failure of conventional therapy merits use of aggressive adjunct treatment, such as IV β2-agonist, ketamine, antihistamines, and noninvasive and invasive mechanical ventilation. Rarely, inhalational anesthetics may be helpful and require complex delivery systems and have potential significant side effects. If all therapy fails, extracorporeal membrane oxygen (ECMO) can be instituted and is successful, especially if instituted prior to cardiopulmonary arrest.
Characterization of mitochondrial DNA in chloramphenicol-resistant interspecific hybrids and a cybrid.

We have examined the restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns exhibited by the mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) of four chloramphenicolresistant (CAPR)human × mouse hybrids and one CAPRcybrid derived from CAPRHeLa cells and CAPSmouse RAG cells. Restriction fragments of mtDNAs were separated by electrophoresis and transferred by the Southern technique to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper. The covalently bound DNA fragments were hybridized initially with32P-labeled complementary RNA (cRNA) prepared from human mtDNA and, after removal of the human probe, hybridized with mouse [32P]cRNA prepared from mouse mtDNA. Three hybrids which preferentially segregated human chromosomes and the cybrid exhibited mtDNA fragments indistinguishable from mouse cells. One hybrid, ROH8A, which exhibited “reverse” chromosome segregation, contained only human mtDNA. The pattern of chromosome and mtDNA segregation observed in these hybrids and the cybrid support the hypothesis that a complete set of human chromosomes must be retained if a human mouse hybrid is to retain human mitochondrial DNA.
Estimation of additive and dominance variance components in finite polygenic models and complex pedigrees

Estimation of variance components with the finite polygenic model (FPM) was evaluated. Phenotypic data for a 6300-pedigree simulated under a wide range of additive genetic models were analysed with constant homozygote difference across loci using deterministic Maximum Likelihood (DML) and a Bayesian method implemented via Gibbs sampling (BGS). Results indicate that under no selection, both DML and BGS accurately estimated the variance components, with a FPM of 5 loci or more. When both analysis methods were applied to equivalent data sets on populations that had undergone selection, the DML method produced upward biased estimates of additive genetic variation and heritability due to its use of pedigree loop cutting, while BGS provided more accurate estimation. BGS was extended to non-additive FPMs with variable homozygote differences and dominance effect across loci. This method was used to analyse data simulated under two genetic models with positive, completely dominant gene action at all loci. Results indicate that the estimates of additive and dominance variances slowly increase as the number of loci in the FPM for analysis increases, while accuracy of predicting individual breeding values and dominance deviations remains unaffected. For the simulated pedigree structure, a FPM with 10 loci or slightly fewer appears to be appropriate for variance component estimation in the presence of dominance.
Optimal Contracts Under Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard: A Continuous-Time Approach

This article presents a continuous-time agency model in the presence of adverse selection and moral hazard with a risk-averse agent and a risk-neutral principal. Under the model setup, we show that the optimal controls are constant over time, and thus the optimal menu consists of contracts that are linear in the final outcome. We also show that when a moral hazard problem adds to an adverse selection problem, the monotonicity condition well known in the pure adverse selection literature needs to be modified to ensure the incentive compatibility for information revelation. The model is applied to a few managerial compensation problems involving managerial project selection and capital budgeting decisions. We argue that in the third-best world, the relationship between the volatility of the outcome and the sensitivity of the contract depends on interactions between the managerial cost and the firm's production functions. Contrary to conventional wisdom, sometimes the higher the volatility, the higher the sensitivity of the contract. The firm receiving good news sometimes chooses safer projects or invests less than it does with bad news. We also examine the effects of the observability of the volatility on corporate investment decisions. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
Quantum mechanics of extended objects in relativistic field theory

We study canonical quantization of certain solutions of nonlinear classical field theories known as extended objects. These solutions are characterized by an energy density confined in a finite region of space for all time. We formulate a quantum theory in terms of the normal modes of oscillation about a static solution and the couplings among these modes. A Feynman diagram prescription is given for calculating Green's functions of the fields in the presence of an extended object. We discuss the extension of the formalism to solutions exhibiting a steady rotation in some internal-symmetry space. Problems that may arise in applying the formalism to bag models for quark confinement are mentioned. (AIP)
Decreased endometrial HOXA10 expression associated with use of the copper intrauterine device.

Objective To characterize human endometrial HOXA10 expression in patients using a copper intrauterine device (IUD). Design Case-control study. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) Women using copper IUDs. Intervention(s) Immunohistochemical analysis of endometrial HOXA10 expression in biopsy samples obtained from 24 women using a copper Paraguard T380A as well as in samples obtained from 10 normal cycling women who were not using an IUD or hormonal contraceptives. Main Outcome Measure(s) Endometrial HOXA10 expression. Result(s) Endometrial HOXA10 expression was markedly decreased in the biopsy samples obtained from women using the IUD contraceptive when compared with controls. The mean H score for endometrial stromal cell HOXA10 expression in samples obtained from women using the Paraguard IUD was 0.21 compared with 2.2 in the control endometrial biopsy samples. Endometrial glandular expression of HOXA10 was absent in all IUD users. Conclusion(s) Decreased endometrial HOXA10 expression was apparent in women who use a copper IUD. Expression of HOXA10 is essential for endometrial receptivity. A novel mechanism of copper IUD action involves suppression of genes required for endometrial receptivity. The dramatic decrease of endometrial HOXA10 in response to IUD use may contribute to contraceptive efficacy.
Evaluation of the local composition model for VLE of binary mixtures of triethylene glycol with methane, water and benzene

This work evaluated the predictive accuracy of the local composition model (LCM) formulation developed by Li et al. (1986) for four binary, vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) mixtures. The four components comprising these mixtures were benzene, triethylene glycol (TEG), water and methane, while the mixtures examined in this work were the benzene-TEG, water-TEG, methane-TEG and methane-benzene systems. The Khan-Chung-Lee-Starling (KCLS) equation of state developed by Chung et al. (1984) was used with the LCM to predict the VLE behavior of these systems. The accurate results obtained in this work may be applied to the design of natural gas dehydration processes. On evalue dans ce travail la precision de la formulation du modele de composition locale (LCM) elaboree par Li et al. (1986) pour quatre melanges d'equilibre liquide-vapeur (ELV) binaires. Les quatres composants de ces melanges sont le benzene, le triethylene glycol (TEG), l'eau et le methane, tandis que les melanges examines ici sont les systemes benzene-TED, eau-TEG, methane-TEG et methane-benzene. On a utilise l'equation d'etat de Khan-Chung-Lee Starling (KCLS) elaboree par Chung et al. (1984) conjointement au LCM afin de predire le comportement ELV de ces systemes. Les resultats precis obtenus dans ce travail peuvent ětre appliques a la conception des procedes de deshydratation de gaz naturel.
The interaction of deoxyribonucleic acid and acridine orange.

Abstract The interaction of acridine orange (AO) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in acetate, citrate, and phosphate buffers between pH 3.15 and 7.0 was studied spectrophotometrically and fluorometrically. The absorbancy of the dye was decreased and the fluorescence quenched in the presence of DNA, and further addition of DNA caused a shift of the absorption maximum to longer wavelengths and an enhancement of fluorescence. The point of wavelength shift in absorbancy and maximum quenching of fluorescence occurred at the same weight concentration of DNA, namely 10 −2 mg. DNA/ml. of reaction mixture. These results are interpreted as indicating the formation of two distinct complexes between DNA and acridine orange.
MOSCOW ON THE RISE: FROM PRIMATE CITY TO MEGAREGION*

In this article I examine Moscow's role in the political‐economic space of the Russian Federation. A broad range of data supports the thesis that the capital has become a primate city, one that ser...
Negotiation as Interactive Problem Solving

The use of the term interactive problem solving as a metaphor for negotiation implies that conflicting parties have a shared problem - essentially a problem in their relationship- which needs to be solved by addressing the underlying causes and the dynamics of the conflict in an interactive process. The term has been used to describe an unofficial third-party approach to conflict resolution, which typically brings together politically influential representatives of two parties in conflict for direct communication in problem-solving workshops. The present article draws on the experiences from this micro-process to develop a framework for the macro-process of negotiation. Within this framework, it describes the ultimate goal of negotiation as transformation of the relationship between the parties, which requires an agreement that addresses the fundamental needs and fears of both parties on a basis of reciprocity. It then discusses four components of negotiation - identification and analysis of the problem, joint shaping of ideas for solution, influencing the other side, and creating a supportive political environment - and procedures that the metaphor of interactive problem solving suggests for each. Finally, it identifies vehicles for integrating the perspective of interactive problem solving into the larger negotiation process.
Cardiac catheterization techniques in pulmonary hypertension.

Abstract Once considered dangerous and potentially life threatening, cardiac catheterization of the patient with pulmonary hypertension can be performed safely and provides essential information in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary hypertension. This article summarizes the modern techniques used for right-heart catheterization, selective pulmonary angiography, and pulmonary angioscopy in the evaluation of the patient with pulmonary hypertension or suspected chronic thromboembolic disease.
Value of arteriography in the evaluation of a sonolucent pancreatic mass.

A pseudoaneurysm of the pancreaticoduodenal artery secondary to chronic pancreatitis was erroneously diagnosed as a pancreatic pseudocyst by abdominal plain films, barium gastrointestinal studies, and abdominal ultrasound. Because of the operative findings, it was necessary to interrupt surgery undertaken to drain the presumed pseudocyst. Angiography is strongly recommended as a preoperative study in patients with sonolucent pancreatic masses to distinguish pseudoaneurysms of pancreatic vessels from pseudocysts.
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockade Amplifies the Early Signals of Cardiac Growth Response to Angiotensin II in Hypertrophied Hearts

Background —We have previously shown that the acute molecular growth response of new protein synthesis and protein kinase C activation in response to angiotensin II (Ang II) is altered in left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy compared with normal hearts. We have also shown an upregulation of Ang II type 2 (AT 2 ) receptors in hypertrophied hearts relative to controls. Activation of AT 2 receptors is proposed to counteract growth effects of AT 1 receptor in response to Ang II. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that in hypertrophied hearts, the AT 2 receptor mediates inhibitory effects on the new cardiac protein synthesis in response to acute Ang II stimulation. Methods and Results —Flaccid buffer-perfused adult normal and hypertrophied rat hearts were perfused with Ang II 10 −8 mol/L plus prazosin 10 −7 mol/L or Ang II plus the AT 2 blocker PD 123319 5×10 −7 mol/L. New protein synthesis was measured by the rate of [ 3 H]phenylalanine incorporation into the LV proteins. In normal hearts, Ang II (n=8) increased the rate of [ 3 H]phenylalanine incorporation by 74±27% ( P P =NS). In hypertrophied hearts, Ang II alone (n=6) increased the rate of [ 3 H]phenylalanine incorporation only by 23±13% ( P =NS versus no drug). In contrast, treatment with PD123319 (n=7) induced a 76±21% increase in new LV protein synthesis compared with Ang II alone ( P 2 receptor blockade in Ang II–stimulated hypertrophied hearts was associated with enhanced membrane protein kinase C translocation and reduced LV cGMP content. Conclusions —These data support the hypothesis that in adult hypertrophied rat hearts, inhibition of cardiac AT 2 receptors, which are upregulated in chronic LV hypertrophy, amplifies the immediate LV growth response to Ang II. This appears to be related to augmented Ang II–stimulated PKC activation and suppression of cGMP signaling.