cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colonoscopy in the management of diseases of the colon and rectum.

: This report covers a 2.5-year experience with colonoscopy in the management of 208 patients (104 men and 98 women, average age 58 years). Colonic bleeding of unknown cause and abnormal barium-enema findings were the most common indications for colonoscopic examination. During this period, 110 colonoscopic polypectomies were performed. Among the few complications was one case of perforation of the sigmoid from transcolonoscopic removal of a small carcinoma; the perforation was incidentally discovered at the time of subsequent laparotomy. Bleeding occurred in 6 patients, but only one of them required surgical intervention to arrest the hemorrhage. Colonoscopy is a safe, effective and reliable diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. Its use can reduce expense for the patient and obviate a long painful postoperative period.
Normalising police militarisation, living in denial

The militarisation of policing in the USA continues to be a critical area of enquiry for both the police and the society. Recent events in Boston speak to the centrality of this area of research for understanding state responses to an array of social problems, including violence, terrorism and civil unrest. The police capacity to organise and distribute state-sponsored violence as well as the ability to shape institutional appearances while doing so, impacts issues of civil rights, domestic order and the quality of political life in a democracy. The importance of the topic, coupled with the fact that we have made a modest contribution to the literature on this phenomenon, led us to read Garth den Heyer's essay with keen interest.
The Messy Desk Effect: How Tidiness Affects the Perception of Others

Summary Management students of both sexes (N = 76) at the University of Texas at Austin evaluated an absent officeholder more positively on nine personality traits if his desk was messy than if it was neat. The positive effect of a messy desk lessened with the presence of the occupant, however, and his ratings for sincerity, intelligence, ambition, warmth, and calmness improved when his desk was tidy.
Implementing Active Learning in an Online Teacher Education Course.

The purpose of this project was to evaluate an online course in child development in which active learning strategies were infused. Preservice teachers taking the course were future elementary teachers seeking initial prekindergarten to sixth-grade teaching certification. Sixty-one persons were enrolled in a traditional face-to-face section of the course, and fifty-four were enrolled in an online section of the same course. Online discussion postings and reflective journals were analyzed to determine the preservice teachers’ use of higher-level thinking skills. Mastery of course content was measured through final course grades. Results showed no significant difference between the two groups in overall achievement, but a significant difference was seen in the use of higher-level thinking. Preservice teachers in the online class showed a significant increase in the use of higher-level thinking from the beginning of the course to the end; however, those in the face-to-face course did not. In addition, higher...
Time-resolved infrared spectroelectrochemistry

The generation of time-resolved infrared spectra of species formed at the electrode-solution interface is reported. The methodology involves electronic pre- or post-coupling of the electrochemical experiment to the interferometer retardation timing. By the sorting of the data points in each of the resulting sets of interferograms, which are accumulated over finite intervals of time after initiation of the electrochemical experiment, spectra representing very short integrated time periods are obtained. These time discretized spectra represent the time evolution of the vibrational structure at the electrode surface.
Prostglandin E in the secretions of allergic rhinitis

Prostaglandin (PG) was extracted from nasal secretions of individuals with hay fever and from nasal washings of normal subjects. The extract was chromatographed in a silicic acid column and the purified PGE fraction was converted to PGB by alkaline dehydration. The PGB was then measured by a competitive radioimmunoassay with tritiated PGB1 and anti-PGB1 antibody, employing the double antibody technique. PGE was detected in the secretions of 6 of 12 hay fever patients and in the pooled normal nasal washings.
Electro-optic sampling of single electron beam bunches of ultrashort duration

The effect of ultrafast electron beam bunch dynamics on single shot electro-optic sampling detection schemes is examined. It is shown that ultrashort electron bunch fields of adequate magnitude can dynamically impose additional bandwidth on laser probe pulses. The significance of this effect is evaluated by comparing the dynamics of the laser probe to that of the nonradiative field of a single electron bunch for a given crystal material. Dynamic effects can be distinguished with ultrafast temporal resolution of the transmitted probe spectrum. Furthermore, velocity matching of probe and bunch fields in a co-propagation scheme is less restrictive. Such time resolved spectra then can noninvasively determine single bunch dynamics and represent a new type of electro-optic sampling.
Building Entrepreneurial Organizations to Make Learning in School Relevant (Innovations Case Discussion: iDiscoveri)

Living Knowledge System, an approach to improving the quality of education in India, demonstrates that there is room for entrepreneurs to innovate in education and to help fill the gap in the quality of education. This quality gap affects the vast majority of the world’s children, who have gained access to school as the result of the reforms and innovations of the last four centuries, which made basic education accessible to most around the world. The achievement of universal schooling was the result of a series of innovations introduced by policy and social entrepreneurs who built the global architecture that sustains compulsory access to basic education. The first among those innovators was Jon Amos Comenius, a Moravian minister who, upon reflection on the sources of violence and conflict, concluded in the seventeenth century that the foundation of peace rested in educating all people. This novel idea formed the foundation of national public education systems, a social innovation that would expand to a number of countries in Europe over the next two centuries. Central to the development of public education systems were technological innovations that made it possible to educate large numbers of children, with a limited number of skilled teachers, at low cost. Chief among them was the monitorial system of education, developed by Joseph Lancaster in the early nineteenth century, which allowed teachers to be assisted by students in a system of peer education in which a narrow, well-defined curriculum could be taught by more advanced students, or
Efficient RT-level fault diagnosis

Increasing IC densities necessitate diagnosis methodologies with enhanced defect locating capabilities. Yet the computational effort expended in extracting diagnostic information and the stringent storage requirements constitute major concerns due to the tremendous number of faults in typical ICs. In this paper, we propose an RT-level diagnosis methodology capable of responding to these challenges. In the proposed scheme, diagnostic information is computed on a grouped fault effect basis, enhancing both the storage and the computational aspects. The fault effect grouping criteria are identified based on a module structure analysis, improving the propagation ability of the diagnostic information through RT modules. Experimental results show that the proposed methodology provides superior speed-ups and significant diagnostic information compression at no sacrifice in diagnostic resolution, compared to the existing gate-level diagnosis approaches.
Isolation and characterization of apolipophorin-III from the giant water bug (Lethocerus medius)

Upon injection of synthetic adipokinetic hormone, lipophorin from Lethocerus medius decreased in density and became associated with apolipophorin-III (apoLp-III). ApoLp-III isolated from hemolymph of Lethocerus medius had a Mr= 19,000 and an amino acid composition high in methionine, in comparison with other apoLp-IIIs. Its circular dichroism spectrum was consistent with a protein with secondary structure of predominantly α-helix. NH2-terminal sequence alignment with apoLp-III sequences from other species showed a conservation of the hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties of residues at each position rather than of specific amino acids. ApoLp-III from Lethocerus medius has the potential to form amphipathic α-helices, similar to those found in the three-dimensional structure of Locusta migratoria apoLp-III. A portion of the apoLp-III molecules that are not associated with lipophorin contained the blue chromophore, biliverdin.
String matching with left-to-right networks

Abstract String matching is the process of searching for optimal alignment of two strings. In its more general form, the prototype string is replaced by a model representing multiple prototypes at the expense of an increase in computation complexity. We present a dynamic programming algorithm for models in the form of left-to-right networks, that is, directed graphs which may contain self-loops but not cycles; each vertex may represent one or more symbols including the empty symbol. The algorithm is extended to incorporate non-negative edge costs such as transition probabilities. The computation complexity is quadratic in the number of edges and the length of the string.
The kinetochore is an enhancer of pericentric cohesin binding.

The recruitment of cohesins to pericentric chromatin in some organisms appears to require heterochromatin associated with repetitive DNA. However, neocentromeres and budding yeast centromeres lack flanking repetitive DNA, indicating that cohesin recruitment occurs through an alternative pathway. Here, we demonstrate that all budding yeast chromosomes assemble cohesin domains that extend over 20–50 kb of unique pericentric sequences flanking the conserved 120-bp centromeric DNA. The assembly of these cohesin domains requires the presence of a functional kinetochore in every cell cycle. A similar enhancement of cohesin binding was also observed in regions flanking an ectopic centromere. At both endogenous and ectopic locations, the centromeric enhancer amplified the inherent levels of cohesin binding that are unique to each region. Thus, kinetochores are enhancers of cohesin association that act over tens of kilobases to assemble pericentric cohesin domains. These domains are larger than the pericentric regions stretched by microtubule attachments, and thus are likely to counter microtubule-dependent forces. Kinetochores mediate two essential segregation functions: chromosome movement through microtubule attachment and biorientation of sister chromatids through the recruitment of high levels of cohesin to pericentric regions. We suggest that the coordination of chromosome movement and biorientation makes the kinetochore an autonomous segregation unit.
Fatty aldehyde and fatty alcohol metabolism: review and importance for epidermal structure and function.

Normal fatty aldehyde and alcohol metabolism is essential for epidermal differentiation and function. Long-chain aldehydes are produced by catabolism of several lipids including fatty alcohols, sphingolipids, ether glycerolipids, isoprenoid alcohols and certain aliphatic lipids that undergo α- or ω-oxidation. The fatty aldehyde generated by these pathways is chiefly metabolized to fatty acid by fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH, alternately known as ALDH3A2), which also functions to oxidize fatty alcohols as a component of the fatty alcohol:NAD oxidoreductase (FAO) enzyme complex. Genetic deficiency of FALDH/FAO in patients with Sjogren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) results in accumulation of fatty aldehydes, fatty alcohols and related lipids (ether glycerolipids, wax esters) in cultured keratinocytes. These biochemical changes are associated with abnormalities in formation of lamellar bodies in the stratum granulosum and impaired delivery of their precursor membranes to the stratum corneum (SC). The defective extracellular SC membranes are responsible for a leaky epidermal water barrier and ichthyosis. Although lamellar bodies appear to be the pathogenic target for abnormal fatty aldehyde/alcohol metabolism in SLS, the precise biochemical mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. Nevertheless, studies in SLS highlight the critical importance of FALDH and normal fatty aldehyde/alcohol metabolism for epidermal function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
Vocal timing in face-to-face interaction of clinically depressed and nondepressed mothers and their 4-month-old infants

The timing of switching pauses is critical to mother-infant synchrony. The relation between switching-pause duration and maternal depression was studied in 15 depressed and 20 nondepressed mother-infant dyads. Switching pauses of depressed mothers were longer, more variable, and less consistent with scalar timing.
Massive left ventricular pseudoaneurysm.

A 50-year-old woman presented to the operating room for repair of a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. She had a history of cardiac sarcoidosis which had manifested as dilated cardiomyopathy and recurrent ventricular tachycardia, which was treated with an endocardial/epicardial ablation six months ago. Transesophageal echocardiography at the transgastric basal short axis view demonstrated a 4 cm rupture of the basal inferolateral wall of the left ventricle close to the base of the posterior mitral valve annulus giving rise to a large (9.5 × 7 cm) pseudoaneurysm (Fig. 1). Three dimensional reconstruction (Fig. 2) as seen from within the pseudoaneurysm looking into the left ventricle shows the extent of the rupture. The mitral valve apparatus can be seen through the defect. The patient underwent a patch closure of the defect. Fig. 1 Transesophageal echocardiography. The transgastric basal short axis view demonstrated a 4 cm rupture of the basal inferolateral wall of the left ventricle close to the base of the posterior mitral valve annulus giving rise to a large pseudoaneurysm. The ... Fig. 2 Transesophageal echocardiography. Three dimensional reconstruction as seen from within the pseudoaneurysm looking into the left ventricle shows the extent of the rupture (see arrow). The mitral valve apparatus can be seen through the defect. The fundamental features that differentiate true aneurysms from false aneurysms are the presence of a continuous surrounding myocardial wall found in true aneurysms and the presence of a pericardial wall usually with mural thrombus found in false aneurysms.1) Due to its lack of structural myocardial support, a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm carries a significant risk of expansion and fatal rupture and therefore requires an urgent surgical intervention.2)
World Art Project and holography

Imagine a work of art that contained something from every person in the world. What would it look like? How big would it be? What would it mean? These are just a few of the questions I have been asked over the past two years, with the beginning of World Art Project, in an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of arts, in October of 1988.
T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia with helper‐cell phenotype and a review of the literature

The majority of published cases of prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL) have been of B-cell origin. Nineteen cases of PLL of T-cell type have been described, as has a single case of PLL having a surface phenotype with features of both B-cells and T-cells. This report presents a review of these cases and comparison with one case of T-cell PLL. By using specific monoclonal antibody technique, this case was subcategorized into helper-cell phenotype: E-rosette(+), SIG(-), Anti-T(+), Anti-B(-), Anti-monocyte(-), OKT3(+), OKT4(+), OKT6(-), OKT8(-), Ia(+), and Tdt(-). Cytochemical studies showed paranuclear acid phosphatase granules. Postmortem examination revealed a predominant T-cell zone infiltration by the leukemic cells in the spleen and lymph nodes, with involvement of multiple organs. The application of the monoclonal antibody technique, which can be standardized among different laboratories to subclassify lymphoproliferative disorders into functional subtypes, should lead to a better understanding and more effective treatment of this disease.
Concomitant ECG findings and J wave patterns

Early repolarization (ER) was initially defined as STsegment elevation not associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) or pericarditis occurring in healthy individuals. The finding was considered benign and commonly seen in younger age groups, athletes, African Americans and bradycardic individuals. Later, the ST elevation was noted to often occur with J waves and slurs. Focusing on the slurs and J waves and ignoring the ST elevation, Haissaguerre et al. found that a cohort of patients with idiopathic VF exhibited a higher proportion of J wave pattern compared to controls. Since then multiple population and cohort studies evaluated the clinical and prognostic implications of J wave pattern and ER and have yielded mixed results. Studies attempted to refine their results by identifying subgroups that are at higher risk such as ST segment slope and concomitant ECG signs of structural heart disease. This review aims to provide an overview of studies examining the relationship of concomitant electrocardiogram (ECG) findings that interact with the J wave pattern to modulate risk and shed some light on the interaction observed in these studies. The term ER is used to refer to electrocardiographic phenomenon of ST elevation and J wave pattern is used to refer to J point elevation associated with notches or slurs. Studies of both ECG patterns are examined in an attempt to discern a relationship between these theoretically related phenomena. However it is recognized that the risk dictated by each ECG finding is probably not equivalent adding to the confusion in interpreting the data. Adopting more consistent definitions of the ECG phenomenon described may help identify the precise risk associated with the finding.
Revisiting an Abandoned Practice: The Death and Resurrection of Collection Development Policies

Academic libraries have a long tradition of endorsing and creating written collection development policies to communicate, both internally and externally, their dynamic collection practices. As revealed by a literature search, academic libraries, over time, appear to have abandoned this practice. This article documents how Texas A&M University Libraries embraced the ambitious task of resurrecting written collection development policies and, as part of this process, assessed the current state of collection development, systematically planned for future collection growth, and identified emerging fields of research requiring additional collection support. This process also undertook the integration of collection development into the organizational culture of the libraries. Reflecting on this process, the authors present the case for creating and maintaining written collection development policies in academic libraries.
Layer-by-layer evolution of structure, strain, and activity for the oxygen evolution reaction in graphene-templated Pt monolayers.

In this study, we explore the dimensional aspect of structure-driven surface properties of metal monolayers grown on a graphene/Au template. Here, surface limited redox replacement (SLRR) is used to provide precise layer-by-layer growth of Pt monolayers on graphene. We find that after a few iterations of SLRR, fully wetted 4–5 monolayer Pt films can be grown on graphene. Incorporating graphene at the Pt–Au interface modifies the growth mechanism, charge transfers, equilibrium interatomic distances, and associated strain of the synthesized Pt monolayers. We find that a single layer of sandwiched graphene is able to induce a 3.5% compressive strain on the Pt adlayer grown on it, and as a result, catalytic activity is increased due to a greater areal density of the Pt layers beyond face-centered-cubic close packing. At the same time, the sandwiched graphene does not obstruct vicinity effects of near-surface electron exchange between the substrate Au and adlayers Pt. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and...
EUVL mask patterning with blanks from commercial suppliers

Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) reflective mask blank development includes low thermal expansion material fabrication, mask substrate finishing, reflective multi-layer (ML) and capping layer deposition, buffer (optional)/absorber stack deposition, EUV specific metrology, and ML defect inspection. In the past, we have obtained blanks deposited with various layer stacks from several vendors. Some of them are not commercial suppliers. As a result, the blank and patterned mask qualities are difficult to maintain and improve. In this paper we will present the evaluation results of the EUVL mask pattering processes with the complete EUVL mask blanks supplied by the commercial blank supplier. The EUVL mask blanks used in this study consist of either quartz or ULE substrates which is a type of low thermal expansion material (LTEM), 40 pairs of molybdenum/silicon (Mo/Si) ML layer, thin ruthenium (Ru) capping layer, tantalum boron nitride (TaBN) absorber, and chrome (Cr) backside coating. No buffer layer is used. Our study includes the EUVL mask blank characterization, patterned EUVL mask characterization, and the final patterned EUVL mask flatness evaluation.
In-vivo plasma-mediated ablation as a function of laser pulse width

We evaluated in vivo wound healing responses to plasma- mediated ablation in skin as a function of laser pulsewidth and energy. Experiments utilized a regeneratively amplified Ti:Sapphire laser operating at 800 nm with pulsewidths varied from 7 ns to 100 fs. Skin incisions were created in mice by tightly focusing the laser beam on the tissue surface. Incisions of equal depth were compared at time points ranging from 6 hours to 3 weeks using standard histologic methods. Incision depth was proportional to pulse energy at each pulsewidth. Fluence threshold dependence on laser pulsewidth agreed with those predicted by ex vivo testing. Histologic analysis revealed minimal adjacent tissue damage at pulsewidths less than a few picoseconds and energies near the fluence threshold. Longer pulsewidths and higher fluence levels were associated with more significant collateral effects. These in vivo results suggest collateral tissue damage and secondary effects may be minimized by controlling laser pulsewidth and energy.
Unwritten History: African Work in the YMCA of South Africa

Conditions did not permit us to take this conversation to its logical con clusion. I was on the way to conduct a history class; we had clearly con nected at an inconvenient time. But that verbal exchange has stayed on my mind ever since. It demonstrated the power of the written word to connect people separated by thousands of miles, yet discover that they have a common purpose. Ours is to tell the story of the African voice in a new inclusive historiography of South Africa's Young Men's Christian Association.
Evaluating the potential for rostral diffusion in the cerebral ventricles using angiotensin II-induced drinking in rats.

In spite of evidence to the contrary, concern that substances injected into the fourth ventricle (4V) reach forebrain structures challenges the validity of using these injections to evaluate the role of hindbrain structures. Injection of AngII into the lateral ventricle (LV) increases water intake, but a similar response is not observed after injection into the 4V. This alone suggests the requirement of forebrain structures, but the potential for a counteracting, anti-dipsogenic pressor response to hindbrain AngII allows for lingering concern that this competing effect of AngII, rather than lack of forebrain access, underlies the negative result. Here, we used a double cannulation approach (LV and 4V) to evaluate the effect of the AngII receptor antagonist, losartan, on the drinking response to AngII injected into the LV. Injections of losartan into the LV blocked the dipsogenic response to AngII given 5 min later into the LV. There was no effect, however, when losartan was injected into 4V, even when we used a dose of losartan that was 25 times greater than needed when injected into the LV. Collectively, these experiments suggest that concerns about diffusion from hindbrain ventricles to forebrain structures are overstated and can be circumvented using proper dose and timing of injections. Moreover, these data provide additional support to the existing literature showing that forebrain structures are key sites in the stimulation of drinking behavior by AngII.
Use of data from bacteria to interpret data on DNA damage processing in mammalian cells

The most important reason for determining the changes in base sequence in the processing of DNA damage is to determine mechanisms. Currently, much more is known about these mechanisms in prokaryotes, partly because the experiments are easier and quicker to do in bacteria, and partly because of the wealth of well characterized bacterial mutants deficient in various DNA repair pathways. This paper summarizes some information on the mechanisms in bacteria that are involved in the induction by various agents of base change mutations, 1- and 2-base deletions or additions that cause frameshifts, and more complicated insertions and deletions that involve up to tens of base pairs. For gross DNA rearrangements such as large deletions involving hundreds or thousands of base pairs, there is actually more information available in mammalian cells than in bacterial cells. It is suggested that deletions of several kilobases or more in bacteria are not easy to detect because they have a high probability of deleting both the gene under study and an adjacent essential gene, forming a nonviable cell. In mammalian cells, the large size (30-40-kb pairs) of the average gene, including both introns and exons, means that a large deletion is more likely to be confined to a single gene and less likely to lead to a nonviable cell.
FULL-THICKNESS CUTANEOUS MARTIUS FLAPS: A USEFUL TECHNIQUE IN FEMALE RECONSTRUCTIVE UROLOGY

The labial fat pad is a versatile adjunct to many reconstructions. In some cases, not only is healthy tissue required for interposition, but epithelium is needed to close the vaginal defect. We report on full-thickness cutaneous Martius flaps from the medial labia majora used in complex vaginal repairs.
Silicon Communication: A Reply and Case Study.

In their contributions to this forum, Nadesan, Cloud, and Weaver have critiqued and extended our argument for the benefits of collaboration between organizational communication and cultural studies. Originally (Carlone & Taylor, 1998), we argued that communication scholars should integrate the resources of these fields to fashion new ways of engaging the convergence of organization and culture in the post-industrial, hyper-capitalist new economy. In response, Nadesan has distinguished a variety of arguments concerning the nature and consequences of “post-Fordism,” Cloud has asserted the enduring relevance of materiality and class, and Weaver has called for public relations practitioners and scholars to reflect on the “worldly” affiliations of their work with the hegemonic interests of profit, efficiency, and progress. In this short article, we address these responses and advance our project through a case study of a particular object.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and partner-specific social cognition: A pilot study of sex differences in the impact of arginine vasopressin

Abstract Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with problems in intimate relationships, partly due to deficits in social cognition. In this study, the role of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the link between PTSD and partner-specific social cognition was examined. Participants were 24 individuals from 12 heterosexual couples in which at least one partner exhibited clinically significant PTSD symptoms. Attention to partner expressions of anger was examined as an indicator of distress and need for affiliative behaviors to repair the relationship bond. AVP administration improved the speed of men's attentional engagement with their partners’ expressions of anger and alleviated the negative impact of PTSD on this social cognitive process. Further, men's morning urinary AVP levels were negatively correlated with their PTSD severity. No such effects were found among women or for attention to unfamiliar men's or women's anger expressions. Thus, the AVP system may function in the relationship problems associated with PTSD.
Studies on the cutaneous absorption of insulin

The cutaneous absorption of insulin, using rabbits as test animals, has been studied. The results reported indicate that the application of standard insulin solutions and ointments containing insulin. do not produce a lowering of blood sugar levels. Treatment of the skin with petroleum ether or chloroform prior to applying as solutions of insulin, however, is shown to result in a lowering of blood sugar.
A rheological mechanism of penetrative wear

A model is proposed which explains the penetrative wear of a soft material by a harder one. Three distinct modes of penetration are present depending on the applied load. During the most severe penetration plate-like wear debris is ejected at the leading edge of the slider. A series of slip line fields is presented to approximate this debris formation process. Plastic constraint is seen to be an important factor in wear particle formation.
Anion sorption on a calcareous, montmorillonitic soil-arsenic

Arsenic sorption on a calcareous, montmorillonitic soil was investigated as a function of solution pH (2-11) at two initial As concentrations (2.0 and 20 mmol m '). Arsenite sorption could not be determined because oxidation of arsenite occurred during the experiment. Arsenate sorption increased with increasing pH, exhibited a maximum near pH 10.5, and decreased at higher pH. Arsenate sorption as a function of pH was studied oh reference minerals representative of the dominant inorganic constituents of the soil: montmorillonite, kaolinite, and calcite. Arsenate sorption on the two clay minerals increased at low pH, exhibited a peak near pH 5, and decreased at higher pH. Arsenate sorption on the calcite increased from pH 6 to 10, peaked between pH 10 and 12, and decreased above pH 12. The constant capacitance model was able to describe arsenate sorption on kaolinite over the entire pH range studied and on montmorillonite and soil below pH 9. The soil sorption maximum near pH 10.5 was much reduced after removal of carbonates, indicating that carbonates play a major role in arsenate sorption above pH 9. Arsenate sorption on soil and calcite was unaffected by the presence of equimolar selenite concentrations.
The role of computers in dentistry

Although computers have been used in dental research, dental education, oral pathology, and in the business aspects of dentistry, dentists do not know enough about computers and computer experts do not know enough about dentistry.
Photodisintegration of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays by the universal radiation field.

Photodisintegration of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays by universal radiation field, analyzing implications on origin and propagation time
Parasympathetic hyperresponsiveness and bradyarrhythmias during apnoea in hypertension.

Voluntary end-expiratory apnoea in a 23-year-old asymptomatic mild hypertensive patient consistently elicited bradyarrhythmias (complete heart block and sinus pause) and sympathetic activation to muscle blood vessels, indicating simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activation during apnoea. The sympathetic bradyarrhythmic response to apnoea was potentiated by hypoxia and eliminated by atropine. Baroreflex activation also attenuated the bradycardic response to apnoea. A 43-year-old hypertensive patient with sleep apnoea also exhibited bradyarrhythmias (sinus arrest for up to 10 s) and a fall in perfusion pressure to <50 mmHg during episodes of sleep apnoea. These cardiovascular changes were associated with a reduction in oxygen saturation to levels as low as 35%. Neither patient was on any medication. Simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activation during episodes of apnoea may predispose to cardiovascular catastrophe. These chemoreflex mediated autonomic changes are inhibited by baroreflex activation. We propose that patients with impaired baroreflexes (patients with hypertension or heart failure and premature infants) may be especially susceptible to excessive autonomic responses to chemoreflex stimulation during periods of apnoea. In these patient groups, brady-arrhythmias, hypoxia, hypoperfusion and sympathetic activation during apnoea may predispose to sudden death.
The Other Sex Work Stigma in Sexuality Research

This article examines subjective experiences of stigma by contemporary sociologists in the field of sexuality studies. Many sexuality scholars reported experiences of stigma and marginalization in academic departments, such as disparaging jokes and assumptions about the researcher’s personal sexual identity or behavior. Women were more likely than men to report these types of subjective experiences. Although preliminary, these findings suggest the possibility of stigma in the academic workplace based on the area of research.
Natural-product synthesis: Stitching together palau'amine

The long-awaited first total synthesis of the structurally intriguing natural product palau'amine has now been achieved. The synthesis features cascade reactions and an 'across ring' stitching of a 'macropalau'amine', and sets the bar for future efforts towards an enantioselective variant.
Attitudes and Perceptions of Pediatric Residents on Transitioning to CPOE

Background: Many resident physicians have experienced transitioning from traditional paper documentation and ordering to an electronic process during their training. Objective: We sought to investigate the attitudes and perceptions of residents related to implementation of computer provider order entry (CPOE) and clinical decision support (CDS). Methods: Pediatric residents completed web-based surveys prior to CPOE implementation and at 6 months and 12 months after implementation. The survey assessed resident attitudes and perceptions related to CPOE and the use of CDS tools. Additionally, at 6 and 12 months, residents were asked how electronic medical record (EMR) resources might impact future career decisions. Results: Prior to CPOE implementation, 70% of residents were looking forward to CPOE, but 28% did not want to transition from paper ordering. At 12 months post-implementation, 80% of residents favored CPOE over paper ordering and only 3.33% wished to revert to paper ordering. Residents reported an increase in time needed to enter admission orders 6-months after CPOE implementation. By 12 months post-implementation, there was no significant difference in perceived time to complete admission orders when compared to pre-CPOE responses. Most residents (91.67%) identified that overall EMR resources were an important factor when considering future employment opportunities. The most important factors included the degree of EMR implementation, technology resources and the amount of support staff. The least important factors included patient portal access and which EMR product is used. Conclusions: Overall, residents demonstrated a preference for CPOE compared to traditional paper order entry. Many residents remained unaware of CDS tools embedded within CPOE at the 12 month follow-up, but a majority of residents did find them helpful and felt more knowledgeable about current guidelines. EMR resources, including degree of EMR implementation, technology resources and support staff are likely to be important factors as residents take future employment opportunities into consideration.
Group Risks, Risks to Groups, and Group Engagement in Genetics Research

This essay distinguishes between two kinds of group harms: harms to individuals in virtue of their membership in groups and harms to "structured" groups that have a continuing existence, an organization, and interests of their own. Genetic research creates risks of causing both kinds of group harms, and engagement with the groups at risk can help to mitigate those harms. The two kinds of group harms call for different kinds of group engagement.
RNase activity requires formation of disulfide bonds and is regulated by the redox state.

The activity of many RNases requires the formation of one or more disulfide bonds which can contribute to their stability. In this study, we show that RNase activity and, to a much lesser extent, nuclease activity, are redox regulated. Intracellular RNase activity was altered in vitroby changes in the glutathione redox state. Moreover, RNase activity was abolished following exposure to reducing agents such as β-ME or DTT. Following reduction with glutathione (GSH), RNase activity could be fully reactivated with oxidized glutathione (GSSG). In contrast, RNase activity could not be reactivated when reduced with DTT. Decreasing the level of glutathione in vivoin wheat increased RNase activity. Tobacco engineered to have an increased glutathione redox state exhibited substantially lower RNase activity during dark-induced senescence. These results suggest that RNase activity requires the presence of one or more disulfide bonds that are regulated by glutathione and demonstrate for the first time that RNase activity can be altered with an alteration in cellular redox state.
The attractiveness of the Droop equations. II. Generic uptake and growth functions.

Abstract In a recent paper the authors proved global asymptotic stability of the Droop equations. This system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations describes the growth of a microorganism in a chemostat. In this setting the growth rate of the organism is limited by the availability of a single nutrient. The state variables of the Droop system are biomass density, intracellular nutrient concentration (“cell quota” in Droop's terminology), and extracellular nutrient concentration. In the current paper the authors relax Droop's particular choices for the uptake and growth functions. Characterizing these functions in qualitative terms only, they again reach the same conclusion of global asymptotic stability. Their analysis relies on reducing the three-dimensional Droop system to a two-dimensional system via the first integral of Burmaster.
The effect of multiple goals on conversational relevance and topic shift

This study examines conversational relevance and topic extension in a situation where communicators are attempting both to be attentive to their partner and to introduce a new topic. Extending previous research that examined conversational relevance in “issue‐event”; structured conversations, the experiment tests a set of hypotheses about conversational extensions in a multiple‐goal situation. In contrast to prior research which found no evidence that social‐motivational factors influenced conversational extensions, this study demonstrated that the priority of respondents’ goals influenced the directness of links with the conversational issue. In addition, direct evidence is provided that conversational attentiveness is realized through extensions of the partner's issue. Several other ways in which multiple goals influence the nature of conversational extensions are discussed and directions for future study are suggested.
Visualization of heat transfer from arrays of impinging jets

Abstract A visualization technique is used to measure the heat transfer coefficient distribution on a flat plate on which either a single jet or an array of jets impinges. Liquid crystals coated on a mylar sheet are used to locate isotherms on a heated surface. By adjusting the surface heat flux, contours of constant heat transfer coefficient are obtained.
A shell model for buried pipes in earthquakes

Abstract A shell model which takes into account the dynamic interaction terms for the earthquake behaviour of buried pipes is presented. A more realistic ground motion input for seismic waves is chosen in the analysis. Then a parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of pipe radius, slenderness of the pipe, soil stiffness and wave propagation velocity on the modal amplitudes.
Do the KamLAND and solar neutrino data rule out solar density fluctuations

We elucidate effects of solar density fluctuations on neutrino propagation through the Sun. Using data from the recent solar neutrino and KamLAND experiments we provide stringent limits on solar density fluctuations. It is shown that the neutrino data constrains solar density fluctuations to be less than beta = 0.05 at the 70 % confidence level, where beta is the fractional fluctuation around the value given by the Standard Solar Model. We find that the best fit to the combined solar neutrino and KamLAND data is given by beta = 0.
Standing spin waves in ferromagnetic thin films

A theory of spin wave resonance in ferromagnetic thin films is discussed in a manner that permits a computation of the real and imaginary parts of the circularly polarized RF fields as well as the power absorption spectrum. The case of the dc field intensity applied normal to the surface of the film is considered, and the saturation magnetization is taken as constant throughout the body of the film. Variations in dc fields near the surfaces are treated in the boundary conditions for the RF magnetization by considering the unsymmetrical nature of the exchange interaction at the surfaces. The boundary conditions are characterized by a constant for each surface that controls the degree of surface pinning in the RF magnetization. Damping is included in the formulation by means of a phenomenological constant in the spin wave equation and by simulaneous solution of this equation with Maxwell's equations for a conductor. The results of a computer program are presented showing the roles of the various parameters in determining the power absorption spectrum and RF fields. A comparison with experimental spectra is made, and an anomalous resonance at field intensities higher than that for the principal resonance is predicted.
Investigations on the influence of headgroup substitution and isoprene side-chain length in the function of primary and secondary quinones of bacterial reaction centers

Abstract The contributions of headgroup and side-chain in the binding and function of the primary (QA) and secondary (QB) quinones of isolated reaction centers (RCs) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides were investigated. Various ubiquinones and structurally similar quinones were reconstituted into RCs depleted of one (1Q-RCs) or both (0Q-RCs) quinones. The influence of partition coefficients on the apparent binding affinities was minimized by expressing dissociation constants in terms of the mole fraction of quinone partitioned into the detergent. It was then apparent that the size of the isoprenyl side-chain was of little consequence in determining the binding affinity or the functional competence of either QA or QB, although an alkyl chain of equivalent size was a poor substitute. The degree of substitution of the headgroup, however, was a sensitive determinant of binding. For both quinone sites, the trisubstituted plastoquinones bound more weakly than the fully substituted ubiquinones. Similarly, for binding to the QA site, duroquinone (tetramethylbenzoquinone) bound much more strongly than trimethylbenzoquinone. The affinity of the QA site for ubiquinones was about 20-times stronger than the QB site, but the QB site is probably not more specific than the QA site. However, QB function depends on a suitable redox free-energy drop from QA as well as binding, and of all the quinones tested only the ubiquinones simultaneously supported full QA and QB activity. Even plastoquinone-A, which fills both roles in Photosystem II, was unable to do so in bacterial RCs, although it did bind. The unique ability of ubiquinones to both bind and provide the appropriate redox span is discussed. The temperature dependence of binding of the isoprenyl ubiquinones at the QA site changed markedly with chain length. For Q-10-Q-7, the binding enthalpy was positive and net binding was entirely driven by entropic factors. For the shorter-chain ubiquinones, Q-6-Q-1, both entropy and enthalpy of binding were favorable. This strong entropy-enthalpy compensation is suggested to arise from antagonistic interactions (anticooperativity) between headgroup and tail binding. For QB function by hydrophobic quinones, the temperature dependence of the micelle properties prevented easy access to thermodynamic parameters. However, for water-soluble Q-0, binding to the QB site was determined to be enthalpically driven. In the isoprenyl ubiquinone series, the electron transfer equilibrium for Q−AQB ↔ QAQ−B declined gradually as the side-chain was shortened from 7 to 1 isoprene unit, in both 0Q and 1Q-RCs, implying that the in situ redox midpoint potential in the QB site decreased with decreasing side-chain length.
QWIP-LED PIXELLESS THERMAL IMAGING DEVICE

Over the past several years, we have been developing an alternative approach to thermal imaging based on pixelless quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIP) integrated with light emitting diodes (LED). This paper reviews the basic concept, presents our latest results, and discusses issues related to the imaging performance. Analytical expressions are derived for evaluating noise equivalent temperature difference. Areas that need improvements are pointed out.
Evolution of the wide area network

This paper describes the dramatic changes taking place in the architecture and capabilities of the wide area network as it evolves from a collection of several service-specific networks, each typically supporting only one transport protocol, to a single multiprotocol network supporting a variety of services. The paper also discusses the technological forces driving this evolution and considers its practical implications.
Studying man–machine interfaces in the operating room

The concept of interface as a system-linking device is introduced and examples of man–machine interfaces in the operating room are given. Studying effectiveness of these systems links requires input from multiple professionals, including surgeons and engineers. Video recording performances of operators is a valuble research methodology. Using behavioural observation coding of actions seen on videotapes allows computational analysis of selected actions. One experience with introducing a video study is related. The future holds promise for a wide range of technologically aided performance improvements in the surgical suite. Some improvements will be appropriated from other fields. Participating in the research and development of these new products will be a rewarding role in the medical world.