cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negative Results and Positive Artifacts Observed in a Comprehensive Search for Neutrons from “Cold Fusion” Using a Multidetector System Located Underground

AbstractA search for neutrons from deuterium “cold fusion” systems (both electrochemical and high-pressure gas cells) was conducted in an underground laboratory using three highly sensitive neutron detectors composed of 3He gas proportional counter tubes embedded in polyethylene moderators. Any neutron emission from a test cell would be simultaneously observed in all three detectors in a known proportion. The counting system can detect random, continuous emission at a rate of <100 n/h, and short bursts of as few as 35 neutrons. None of the cold fusion systems tested emitted neutrons at these levels. Occasional anomalous groups of counts were observed in individual detectors that closely mimicked both continuous and burst emission. These anomalies were identified as spurious detector artifacts rather than true detection, because counts were not observed in the appropriate proportion in all three detectors. The use of multiple detectors simultaneously observing the test system in a very low background envir...
Decision Making Among Patients with Unruptured Aneurysms: A Qualitative Analysis of Online Patient Forum Discussions.

Background Deciding to treat unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA) involves discussion with patients about outcomes data and personal attitudes toward risk of rupture versus procedural complication risk. We performed a qualitative analysis of online interpatient discussions to investigate perspectives on medical decision making. Methods On an aneurysm-specific forum, we identified patient conversation threads created between December 3, 2016 and December 3, 2018 containing discussion of medical decision making. These threads were analyzed using an adapted grounded-theory approach. Two researchers coded each thread and discussed discrepancies until consensus was reached. Coded content was analyzed to identify emergent themes. Results We analyzed 40 threads from a foundation-sponsored intracranial aneurysm–specific patient forum in the public domain. There were 110 user accounts, contributing 527 posts of average length 108 words. Fifty-seven users described diagnosis of UIA without history of rupture, and 20 described presentation with rupture. Patients 1) felt fortunate for diagnosis with UIA but were challenged by decision making and concern for rupture, 2) desired treatment by providers with large case volumes, clear communication, and an unbiased approach to decision making, 3) acted on qualitative understandings of individual risk, 4) considered psychological, social, and clinical factors in forming preferences for management, 5) sought information for purposes other than informing decision making, and 6) regained control through decision-making processes. Conclusions This is the first ethnographic account of decision making among patients with UIAs. Newly diagnosed patients explored treatment options using online forums. They faced ambiguity in identifying optimal management, creating apprehension and decisional conflict. Further research is required to improve risk communication and individualized decision making for patients with UIAs.
Modeling and identifying therapeutic targets in Hepatoblastoma.

e21518Background: Hepatoblastoma, an aggressive pediatric liver tumor, most often affects young children under five years of age. Surgical resection and chemotherapy have saved many children’s live...
Regional Contribution of Previable Infant Deaths to Infant Mortality Rates in the United States.

Objective Lack of standardization of infant mortality rate (IMR) calculation between regions in the United States makes comparisons potentially biased. This study aimed to quantify differences in the contribution of early previable live births ( Study Design Population-based cohort study of all U.S. live births and infant deaths recorded between 2007 and 2014 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) WONDER database linked birth/infant death records (births from 17–47 weeks). Proportion of infant deaths attributable to births Results Percentages of infant deaths attributable to birth Conclusion Live births at
The Marginal Cost of Frailty Among Medicare Patients on Hemodialysis

Introduction Dialysis patients incur disproportionately high costs compared with other Medicare beneficiaries. Care for frail individuals may be even more costly. We examined the extent to which frailty contributes to higher costs among dialysis patients. Methods We used ACTIVE/ADIPOSE (A Cohort to Investigate the Value of Exercise/Analyses Designed to Investigate the Paradox of Obesity and Survival in ESRD) enrollees (adult hemodialysis patients evaluated from June 2009 to August 2011) in a retrospective cohort analysis. Individuals using Medicare as the primary payer were included. Fried’s frailty phenotype was evaluated at baseline, 12, and 24 months. Costs were derived from linkage with the US Renal Data System (USRDS) and Medicare claims data. We used generalized estimating equations (GEEs) incorporating time-updated frailty and costs to evaluate adjusted point estimates and the marginal cost associated with being frail. We also investigated if frail patients who died during the study incurred higher costs than those who survived. Results Among 771 enrollees in ACTIVE/ADIPOSE, 425 met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 56 ± 13 years, body mass index (BMI) 29.2 ± 7.1 kg/m2, 42.4% were women, and 29.0% were frail at baseline. Over a mean follow-up of 2.3 years, frail individuals incurred 22% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.6%–35.8%) higher costs compared with nonfrail individuals ($87,600 per patient per year [pppy], 95% CI 76,800–100,000, vs. $71,800 pppy, 95% CI 64,800–79,600), the difference was driven primarily by higher inpatient expenditures. The difference between frail and nonfrail patients’ inpatient expenditures was even more pronounced among those who died during the study compared with those who survived. Conclusions Frail dialysis patients incur a significantly higher cost relative to their nonfrail counterparts, primarily driven by higher inpatient costs. Frail patients near end of life incur even higher costs.
Nearshore response to cold air outbreaks in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The nearshore response to synoptic meteorological patterns called Cold Air Outbreaks (CAOs) was studied with a cross-shelf mooring array located 7 km west of an estuarine outflow in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. The array consisted of 6 stations that spanned the nearshore measuring waves, currents, temperature, and salinity for a two-week period in December 2013. CAOs are prevalent during winter and are characterized by the passage of atmospheric cold fronts with offshore winds known to cool coastal waters. The prefrontal phases of CAOs coincided with downwelling favorable winds and westward flow that introduced a river plume into the nearshore. Offshore winds during the high pressure phase formed a two-layer circulation with offshore flow in the surface layer and onshore flow beneath, which was moderated by a river plume. The downwind advection of the river plume tended to enhance surface transport until the plume was flushed out of the nearshore, which formed adverse density gradients that reduced surface transport through vertical mixing. When the plume was not fully flushed out of the inner shelf, surface transport remained enhanced during the high pressure phase due to stratification that limited the formation of adverse density gradients. When the plume was initially shore detached at the onset of the high pressure phase, offshore flow was not enhanced by the downwind advection of the plume due to the existence of initial adverse density gradients. These results highlight the effects of nearshore river plumes in regulating inner shelf circulation during cold fronts.
Multisized Object Detection Using Spaceborne Optical Imagery

This article addresses the highly challenging problem of vehicle detection from high-resolution remote sensing imagery by introducing a novel medium size annotated dataset named satellite imagery multivehicles dataset (SIMD) along with an adapted single pass deep multiscale object detection framework with the aim to detect multisized/type objects for catering above-ground perspective of vehicles. The dataset images are acquired from multiple locations in the EU/US regions available in the public Google Earth satellite imagery. Specifically, it comprises 5000 images of resolution 1024 × 768 and collectively contains 45 096 objects in 15 different classes of vehicles including cars, trucks, buses, long vehicles, various types of aircrafts, and boats. In the proposed architecture, we demonstrate the relevant modifications needed to translate the state-of-the-art object detection frameworks to solve the object detection problem from remote sensing imagery. The proposed architecture has been evaluated on SIMD and a public dataset VEDAI. The comparative analysis has been performed with existing off-the-shelf single-shot object detection models including YOLO and YOLT yielding superior performance measured with standard evaluation strategies. To ignite further research in this domain, the introduced SIMD dataset and the corresponding architecture is publicly available at this link: http://vision.seecs.edu.pk/simd .
Elementary Students’ Motivation to Read and Genre Preferences

This study examines the psychometric properties of a reading motivation measure with a sample of upper elementary students in the United States (n = 195). The research explores upper elementary stu...
Probing the Hidden Sensitivity of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins to their Chemical Environment

Abstract Intrinsically disordered proteins and protein-regions (IDRs) make up roughly 30% of the human proteome and play vital roles in a wide variety of biological processes. Given a lack of persistent tertiary structure, all of the residues in an IDR are, to some extent, solvent exposed. This extensive surface area, coupled with the absence of strong intramolecular contacts, makes IDRs inherently sensitive to their chemical environment. Despite this sensitivity, our understanding of how IDR structural ensembles are influenced by changes in their chemical environment is limited. This is particularly relevant given a growing body of evidence showing that IDR function is linked to the underlying structural ensemble. We develop and use a combined experimental, computational, and analytical framework for high-throughput characterization of IDR sensitivity we call solution space scanning. Our framework reveals that IDRs show sequence-dependent sensitivity to solution chemistry, with complex behavior that can be interpreted through relatively simple polymer models. Our results imply that solution-responsive IDRs are ubiquitous and can provide an additional layer of biological regulation.
Röntgen s zweite Mitteilung „Über eine neue Art von Strahlen“

Nach einigen Wochen intensivster Arbeit mit seinen neuentdeckten Strahlen, in denen er zu seinem Leidwesen oft genug von neugierigen Besuchern unterbrochen wurde, reichte Rontgen am 9. Marz 1896 der Wurzburger Physikalisch-Medizinischen Gesellschaft seine zweite Mitteilung (768) uber die X-Strahlen ein. Auch diese zweite Mitteilung wurde unverzuglich in die „Sitzungsberichte“ der Physikalisch-Medizinischen Gesellschaft aufgenommen. Die Stahelsche Buchhandlung druckte, nach ihren mit der ersten Mitteilung gemachten Erfahrungen, dieses Mal eine solch grose Auflage, das keine weiteren Auflagen mehr notig waren. Der Titel war derselbe wie der der ersten Mitteilung, gefolgt von „II. Mitteilung“. Der auf dem orangefarbenen Umschlag gedruckte Preis war wiederum 60 R. Ein Titelblatt (Seite 1) zeigtwe denselben Text wie der Umschlag, Seite 2 war nicht bedruckt, der wissenschaftliche Text nahm Seiten 3–9 ein und die Seiten 10–12 wiesen Geschaftsanzeigen auf. Seite 2 des Umschlags war ebenfalls unbedruckt, wahrend die anderen beiden Seiten des Umschlags auch Geschaftsanzeigen enthielten.
Implementing Intergenerational Best Practices in Community-Based Settings: A Preliminary Study.

Evidence-based intergenerational (IG) programs bring youth and older adults together in shared activities and promote socioemotional health across age-groups. The core components of these IG progra...
Helped into Harm: Mediation of a Housing Voucher Intervention on Mental Health and Substance Use in Boys.

BACKGROUND Interventions can have harmful effects among subgroups they intend to help. The Moving To Opportunity experiment, in which families were randomized to receive a Section 8 housing voucher, was one example. Voucher receipt generally resulted in better long-term mental health and lower substance use and risk behavior outcomes among adolescent girls, but resulted in worse outcomes among adolescent boys. Reasons for this discrepancy and the unintended harmful health effects for boys are unclear. We used mediation analysis to estimate processes through which voucher receipt was hypothesized to affect adolescent mental health and substance use. METHODS We used longitudinal data (10-15 years) on boys enrolled in Moving To Opportunity. We estimated interventional (also known as stochastic) indirect effects of voucher receipt on mental health and substance use outcomes through mediators capturing aspects of the school environment, neighborhood poverty, and instability of the social environment. We also estimated interventional direct effects not operating through these mediators. We used a robust, efficient, nonparametric substitution estimator in the targeted minimum loss-based framework. RESULTS Housing voucher receipt increased long-term risk of any diagnostic statistical manual disorder, any mood disorder, any externalizing disorder, and cigarette smoking among boys. The majority (between 69% and 90%) of the total negative long-term effects could be explained by indirect effects through the mediators considered. CONCLUSIONS This evidence suggests that, even though the intervention had the desired effects on neighborhood poverty and the school environment, these "positives" ultimately negatively impacted the long-term mental health and behaviors of boys.
Brooding behavior of the cuban burrowing cockroachByrsotria fumigata (Blaberidae, Blattaria)

First instar nymphs ofByrsotria fumigata aggregate under and around their mother until the second stage. Brooding behavior is exhibited by a female parentB. fumigata by raising her body to allow nymphs access to the aggregation space beneath. Stimulus for aggregation is a pheromone present in and extractable from feces. Contact chemoreception was found to be the major sensory modality used by first instar nymphs in orientation to a pheromone source. No interspecific attraction to the aggregation pheromone from mandibular glands ogBlaberus craniifer was observed.
Laboratory hydraulic conductivity testing of GCLs in flexible-wall permeameters

One of the important properties of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) is hydraulic conductivity. In the laboratory, hydraulic conductivity of GCLs is typically measured in flexible-wall permeameters. The most important variables in hydraulic conductivity testing of GCLs are addressed, including (1) trimming the GCL specimen; (2) determining the thickness of the specimen; (3) selecting the effective stress; (4) selecting the hydraulic gradient; and (5) selecting the first wetting liquid and permeant liquid. A round-robin testing program was conducted in which 18 laboratories independently measured the hydraulic conductivity of a GCL that was permeated with water. The test specimens all came from the same GCL sample. The coefficient of variation, accounting for all sources of variability, was 42%. For experienced laboratories, this value reduced to 35%, which was identical to the variation in quality control tests performed over a 7-month period by the manufacturer on a variety of GCL samples. The round-robin test results are encouraging; there was less variability than might be expected, considering the difficulty in accurately measuring the hydraulic conductivity of relatively impermeable materials, such as GCLs.
Factors Influencing Mothers' Abilities to Engage in a Comprehensive Parenting Intervention Program

ABSTRACTObjective This research identified the possible factors influencing the ability of mothers perceived to be at the highest risk for child maltreatment to engage in a home visitation program. This study holds significance to public health nursing since home visitation is an integral component of public health nursing practice, with engagement being essential for human interaction and thus nursing care to occur. Design and Sample A qualitative descriptive design was used to offer a thematic summary of the experiences of program engagement from the perspective of 4 home visitation coach interventionists from health-related fields and a small sample of purposefully selected mothers involved in a longitudinal prevention study. Results Qualitative content analysis revealed 3 major themes related to engagement: (1) mothers struggle to meet the emotional needs of the self and the child; (2) mothers lack support in navigating complicated and stressful life events; and (3) mothers' consistency with program engagement is mediated through a trusting and caring relationship with coaches. Conclusions Home visitation coaches in this study demonstrated a continuous process of engagement by supporting mothers to explore and discover self-care strategies and ways to navigate life struggles. Over time, a foundation of trust and caring was developed, which in turn increased relationship building and program engagement. Language: en
Recovery of post stroke proximal arm function, driven by complex neuroplastic bilateral brain activation patterns and predicted by baseline motor dysfunction severity.

Objectives: Neuroplastic changes that drive recovery of shoulder/elbow function after stoke have been poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between neuroplastic brain changes related to shoulder/elbow movement control in response to treatment and recovery of arm motor function in chronic stroke survivors. Methods: Twenty-three chronic stroke survivors were treated with 12 weeks of arm rehabilitation. Outcome measures included functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) for the shoulder/elbow components of reach and a skilled motor function test (Arm Motor Abilities Test (AMAT)), collected before and after treatment. Results: We observed two patterns of neuroplastic changes that were associated with gains in motor function: decreased or increased task-related brain activation. Those with significantly better motor function at baseline exhibited a decrease in brain activation in response to treatment, evident in the ipsilesional primary motor and contralesional supplementary motor regions; in contrast, those with greater baseline motor impairment, exhibited increased brain activation in response to treatment. There was an linear relationship between greater functional gain (AMAT) and increased activation in bilateral primary motor, contralesional primary and secondary sensory regions, and contralesional lateral premotor area, after adjusting for baseline AMAT, age, and time since stroke. Conclusions: Recovery of functional reach involves recruitment of several contralesional and bilateral primary motor regions. In response to intensive therapy, the direction of functional brain change (i.e. increase or decrease in task-related brain recruitment) for shoulder/elbow reach components depends on baseline level of motor function and may represent either different phases or different strategies of neuroplasticity that drive functional recovery.
Abstract T MP65: Rate of Peri-Hematomal Edema Expansion Predicts Outcome After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose: There have been conflicting reports regarding the association between peri-hematomal edema (PHE) in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and outcome. We hypothesized that PHE expansion rate from baseline to 24 hours predicts mortality and poor functional outcome after ICH. Methods: ICH, PHE and intraventricular hemorrhage volumes were measured for 139 subjects who presented with primary ICH and received head computed tomography scans at baseline and 24-hours post-ICH. Subjects were retrospectively identified from a prospective cohort study of ICH. Inclusion criteria were age over 18 years with primary spontaneous supratentorial ICH. Exclusion criteria were infratentorial hemorrhage, primary intraventricular hemorrhage, or any suspected cause of secondary ICH. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between PHE expansion rate and 90-day mortality and functional outcome. Poor functional outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score > 2. Results: There was a strong association between PHE expansion rate and mortality (OR 1.42, p = 0.0025) and a trend in the correlation between PHE expansion rate and poor outcome (OR 1.50, p = 0.07). In a multivariable model accounting for hematoma volume and time from symptom onset to 24 hour scan, PHE expansion rate was a significant predictor of mortality (OR 1.07, p = 0.032). In a multivariable model accounting for hematoma volume, age, Glasgow Coma Scale score, presence of intraventricular hemorrhage and time from symptom onset to 24 hour scan, PHE expansion rate predicted poor functional outcome (OR 2.58, p = 0.05). Conclusions: PHE expansion rate predicts outcome in ICH and may represent a novel therapeutic target.
Learning through overcoming temporal inconsistencies

Perpetual learning is an indispensable capability for long-lived intelligent agents (natural or artificial) to adapt to dynamic and changing environments. In our previous work on inconsistency-induced learning, i2Learning, we have proposed a general framework and several inconsistency-specific learning algorithms for perpetual learning agents that consistently and continuously improve their performance at tasks over time through overcoming inconsistencies. This paper reports the latest results of the i2Learning research on treating temporal inconsistencies as learning stimuli and defining a learning algorithm that improves an agent's performance through refining its problem-solving knowledge as a result of overcoming temporal inconsistencies the agent encounters. We also compare our approach with related work.
Naturally Occurring Water Pollutants

Water quality is determined in part by the characteristics and concentrations of naturally occurring constituents. Many of these constituents are considered pollutants because they can harm the local ecology, aquatic organisms, or the people and other animals that use the water. For the purpose of this chapter, a naturally occurringwater pollutant (hereafter sometimes referred to as a “natural pollutant”) is defined as an element, amolecule, a compound, or an organism that is pathogenic to humans and is found in groundwater, surface water, in aerosols generated from these waters, or in the food chain influenced by these waters. For a natural pollutant to be pathogenic (i.e., capable of producing disease in humans or other animals), there must be a route whereby potential victims can be exposed (e.g., ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact). In addition, the individual must be susceptible to the specific disease and receive a dose of the pollutant that is sufficiently infectious or toxic to produce the disease. Natural pollutants accumulate in waters as a result of physical and chemical processes (e.g., leaching from bedrock), biological processes (e.g., release of metabolic by-products or exuberant growth of harmful algae), or deposition from the air. Natural pollutants can also be present in waters as the result of human activities or manmade systems that expedite the transfer of contaminated water from one place to another (e.g., agricultural waterways). The contaminants listed in this chapter range from elements to complex compounds, from single-celled yeasts to multicellular helminthes, and they have been documented or are implicated in diseases in humans and aquatic flora and fauna. In this chapter, we discuss direct exposures to these contaminants through drinking water and indirect exposures though the contaminants’ accumulation in foods, particularly seafood. We also discuss the additional complexity of addressing environmental reality—exposure to mixtures. Finally, we discuss how physical forcers, such as changes in climate and land use, might mitigate or exacerbate the public health impacts of these contaminants.
Training and competing in the heat in youth sports: no sweat?

Good youth sports coaches know well the routine leading up to the early stages of a new season. Assess every child carefully, while identifying and then prioritising the particular gaps and needs, and next outline an approach and plan to effectively advance the process of individual talent and sport development in a positive and enjoyable learning environment, in an effort to make the most of each one's athletic potential and move closer to his or her personal sport aspirations. The coach then begins to work through progressive training and development sessions with each youth athlete and introduces appropriate complementary physical conditioning, while continuing to refine technique and develop viable new competitive tactics. The competition schedule is then carefully planned and the season begins. However, for many young athletes, especially those participating in summer outdoor individual or team sports, environmental heat stress—particularly when the humidity level is high—can have an unanticipated overriding negative impact that can readily undo advances in fitness, movement, speed, power, endurance and competition tactics and goals. There is widespread recognition of and emphasis (including in the featured consensus statement)1 on the challenges to a young athlete's well-being, safety and sport performance when training and competing in the heat. Moreover, the contributing roles of the environment, acclimatisation status, hydration and other training or competition conditions and scenarios on mitigating or exacerbating exertional heat illness risk have been well clarified. Accordingly, recognised policy statements and guidelines on training and competing in the heat have placed an appropriate emphasis on addressing modifiable factors to meaningfully assist in keeping youth athletes safe and performing well in hot weather.2–4 Yet, undue heat-related problems continue across all sports when youth athletes train and compete in outdoor hot-weather venues. Unfortunately, the response is too often reactionary versus informed anticipation and prevention—that is, …
Rac GTPase interacts specifically with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

The Rac GTP-binding proteins are members of the Rho family and regulate growth factor-stimulated actin assembly in a variety of cells. The formation of phosphorylated inositol lipids has been implicated in control of the processes initiating and regulating such actin polymerization. Associations of Rho family GTP-binding proteins with enzymes involved in lipid metabolism have been described. Here we demonstrate a direct and specific interaction of Rac proteins with phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. This interaction is dependent upon Rac being in a GTP-bound state and requires an intact Rac effector domain. In contrast, direct binding of RhoA to PI 3-kinase could not be detected. Rac-GTP also bound to PI 3-kinase in Swiss 3T3 fibroblast and human neutrophil lysates, and increased PI 3-kinase activity became associated with Rac-GTP in platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated cells. Interaction of Rac-GTP with PI 3-kinase in vitro stimulated the activity of the enzyme by 2-9-fold. A specific interaction of active Rac with PI 3-kinase might be important in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
Nanocrystalline Mo2C as a Bifunctional Water Splitting Electrocatalyst

© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Mo2C is a well-known low cost catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but the other water splitting half reaction, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), has not been previously reported. To investigate both reactions and the origin of the catalytic sites, four synthesis methods were employed to prepare hexagonal Fe2N type Mo2C. A comparison of the HER activities in acidic and alkaline electrolyte and OER activities in alkaline electrolyte revealed that changes in synthesis route leads to morphological and surface composition variations resulting in different catalytic activities. In general, the trend in HER and OER activities show remarkably similar trends across the carbides synthesized via different routes irrespective of either electrolyte employed or reaction probed for electrocatalytic activities. Mo2C templated on multiwalled carbon nanotubes demonstrated the highest bifunctional catalytic activities, as well as superior electrochemical stability for both HER and OER. The writing's on the (multi)wall: Molybdenum carbide templated on multiwalled carbon nanotube is an excellent bifunctional electrocatalyst for HER catalyst in acid and base, and OER in base.
Power of a score test for quantitative trait linkage analysis of relative pairs.

Reference STAT-ARTICLE-2000-007doi:10.1002/1098-2272(2000)19:1+ 3.0.CO;2-7 Record created on 2006-04-21, modified on 2017-05-12
Alcohol use in New York after the terrorist attacks: A study of the effects of psychological trauma on drinking behavior

Research has suggested that exposure to psychological trauma is associated with increased abuse of psychoactive substances, particularly alcohol. To assess this, we analyzed alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and alcohol dependence among a random sample of 1681 New York City adults 1 year and 2 years after the September 11 attacks. In multivariate models controlling for demographic factors, other stressor exposures, social psychological resources, and history of anti-social behavior, we found that greater exposure to the World Trade Center disaster (WTCD) was associated with greater alcohol consumption at 1 year and 2 years after this event. In addition, our analyses also indicated that exposure to the WTCD was associated with binge drinking at 1 year after but not 2 years after this event. Alcohol dependence, assessed as present in either year 1 or year 2, also was positively associated with greater WTCD exposures. Posttraumatic stress disorder was not associated with alcohol use, once WTCD exposure and other covariates were controlled. Our study suggests that exposure to psychological trauma may be associated with increases in problem drinking long after exposure and deserves further investigation.
Abstract 2585: Resveratrol induces autophagy in prostate cancer cells and intervention suppresses the progression of PIN in animals

Resveratrol (3,4′-trihydroxystilbene), a natural product is present in significant concentrations in red wine, peanuts, walnuts etc. Emerging evidence indicates that resveratrol exerts antitumorigenic activity in various tumor models including prostate. Although multiple biological effects on proliferation, apoptosis and activation of SIRT1 have been demonstrated to be associated with resveratrol-induced activities, the precise mechanism associated with resveratrol-induced SIRT1 activation and cancer cell growth inhibition remains unclear. In addition, whether resveratrol intervention suppresses the development and progression of PIN (Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia) is unknown. In this study, we examined the role of SIRT1 and the underlying mechanism involved in resveratrol-mediated biological effects. Our results show that although resveratrol significantly inhibited proliferation of multiple prostate cell lines including RWPE-1, C42B, PC3 and DU145 at higher concentrations (> 50 µM); however, at lower concentrations ( −/− mice, we found that dietary administration of resveratrol reduced the incidence of high-grade PIN lesions significantly. These findings implicated an important role for mTORC1/SIRT1 signaling axis in mediating resveratrol-induced upregulation of autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis. [Supported by NIH CA137578 (APK)] Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2585. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2585
The Long Reach of the Carceral State: The Politics of Crime, Mass Imprisonment, and Penal Reform in the United States and Abroad

This essay reviews five books as they relate to the causes and political consequences of mass imprisonment in the United States and the comparative politics of penal policy: Ruth Wilson Gilmore's Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California (2007); Jeff Manza and Christopher Uggen's Locked Out: Felon Disenfranchisement and American Democracy (2006); Jonathan Simon's Governing Through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear (2007); Michael Tonry, ed., Crime, Punishment, and Politics in a Comparative Perspective (2007); and Bruce Western's Punishment and Inequality in America (2006). The essay first examines the enormous and growing political repercussions of having a vast penal system embedded in a democratic polity, including the political and electoral consequences of felon disenfranchisement; increasing political, social, and economic inequality for people marked by the penal system; and the phenomenon of “governing through crime.” It also analyzes emerging strategies of resistance to US penal policies and mass incarceration, why some countries are more vulnerable to hard-line penal policies than others, and what it will take to reverse the US prison boom.
Effect of organic compounds on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of sea spray aerosol produced by bubble bursting

The ocean comprises over 70% of the surface of the earth and thus sea spray aerosols generated by wave processes represent a critical component of our climate system. The manner in which different complex oceanic mixtures of organic species and inorganic salts are distributed between individual particles in sea spray directly determines which particles will effectively form cloud nuclei. Controlled laboratory experiments were undertaken to better understand the full range of particle properties produced by bubbling solutions composed of simplistic model organic species, oleic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), mixed with NaCl to more complex artificial seawater mixed with complex organic mixtures produced by common oceanic microorganisms. Simple mixtures of NaCl and oleic acid or SDS had a significant effect on CCN activity, even in relatively small amounts. However, an artificial seawater (ASW) solution containing microorganisms, the common cyanobacteria (Synechococcus) and DMS-producing green algae (Ostreococcus), produced particles containing ∼34 times more carbon than the particles produced from pure ASW, yet no significant change was observed in the overall CCN activity. We hypothesize that these microorganisms produce diverse mixtures of organic species with a wide range of properties that produced offsetting effects, leading to no net change in the overall average measured hygroscopicity of the collection of sea spray particles. Based on these observations, changes in CCN activity due to “bloom” conditions would be predicted to lead to small changes in the average CCN activity, and thus have a negligible impact on cloud formation. However, each sea spray particle will contain a broad spectrum of different species, and thus further studies are needed of the CCN activity of individual sea spray particles and biological processes under a wide range of controllable conditions.
The Embrace of Justice: The Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Miroslav Volf, and the Ethics of Reconciliation

Drawing on the final report of the Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Com- mission and on theology, this essay builds on Miroslav Volf's social Trinitarian account of reconciliation as embrace. Specifically, this essay argues for the ne- cessity of various forms of justice in social and political reconciliation and against the priority of forgiveness in reconciliation argued for by Volf. The heart of this argument is a theological anthropology that claims that to be created in the image of a perichoretic God who is Trinity is necessarily to be interde- pendent beings. This interdependence is manifest in the interpersonal, social, and political relations that constitute and are constituted by individual humans and the institutions in which they live. Therefore, the creation and maintenance of just institutions is necessary for the formation of persons capable of prac- ticing reconciliation, and for reconciled persons to live within.
Sensitivity techniques for systems with distributed parameters

Abstract We derive a simple sensitivity formula for systems described by the equation Lw = q where L is a partial differential operator that depends on a vector of parameters h. The applications of the formula suggests that different functional analytic settings may offer computational difficulties and analytical advantages and vice versa.
Student Pharmacists' Perceptions of Testing and Study Strategies

Objectives. To solicit student pharmacists' perceptions of testing, study strategies, and recall ability, and use of retrieval practices in metacognitive learning strategies.Methods. A 42-item survey instrument was constructed that covered the following areas of interest: perceptions of the purpose of testing, perceptions of study strategies, perceptions of recall ability, use of retrieval practice, and demographic characteristics. The survey instrument was administered to first-, second-, and third-year doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students (N = 425) at Purdue University.Results. Students perceived the primary purpose of tests to be to assess the amount of material they had learned. Massed practice was a technique that they frequently used in studying for course examinations. Students did not express confidence in their ability to recall learned information once they became pharmacists. The use of retrieval practice in learning was not used by most student pharmacists, nor did students perceive retrieval ...
A SLLN for a one-dimensional class cover problem

Class cover catch digraphs arise in classification problems in statistical pattern recognition. We prove a strong law of large numbers for the domination number in a random one-dimensional model of class cover catch digraphs. The proof avoids complicated computations due to the dependence of random variables by considering a related Poisson process problem where we may apply classical strong law results and Chernoff exponential probability bounds. Complete convergence in the Poisson representation establishes the desired result for the original problem.
METROPOLITAN AREAS AS REDISTRIBUTORS OF POPULATION

It is argued that the spatial patterns of place-ties collectively held by potential metropolitan-to-nonmetropolitan migrants are broader than those held by potential nonmetropol itan-to-metropol itan migrants. Consistent with this argu ment, it is hypothesized that metropolitan migration fields are asymmetrical , i.e., out-migration fields are more cosmopolitan than in-migration fields for the period 1965-1 970 within the United States. The hypothesis is accepted generally, and the asymmetry is found to be greatest for the largest metropolitan areas, some of which were also experiencing net out-migration during the period. It is concluded that the micro-level concept of place-ties and the macro-level concept of migration fields are important inputs to the understanding of population redistribution patterns.
Inversion of Surface And Borehole Gravity With Thresholding And Density Constraints

Minimum-structure inversion has been widely used in both hydrocarbon and mineral exploration for decades. However, models obtained with this method typically exhibit smooth variation of physical properties and smeared-out boundaries, and may not give detailed information about the target being investigated. In this paper we present a constrained joint inversion of surface and borehole gravity to increase the resolution of gravity inversion. We show that inversion of surface and borehole gravity with thresholding can help estimate the dip of the density anomalies to well. We then incorporate this dip information, as well as density constraints based on measurements of drilhole samples, into the inversion. We demonstrate that such a joint inversion approach can significangly improve the resolution of density inversion.
Long-term mutagenicity studies with chloroform and dimethylnitrosamine in female lacI transgenic B6C3F1 mice.

The weight of evidence indicates that chloroform induces cancer in the female B6C3F 1 mouse liver via a nongenotoxic-cytotoxic mode of action. However, it is probable that DNA damage occurs secondary to events associated with cytolethality and regenerative cell proliferation. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the potential mutagenic activity of chloroform in the B6C3F 1 lacl transgenic mouse liver mutagenesis assay including mutagenic events that might occur secondary to cytolethality. The positive control, dimethylnitrosamine (DMN( is a DNA-reactive mutagen and carcinogen. DMN-induced mutations were anticipated to require only a brief exposure and without further treatment were predicted to remain unchanged over time at those frequencies. Chloroform-induced mutations secondary to toxicity were anticipated to require longer exposure periods and to occur only under conditions that produced sustained cytolethality and regenerative cell proliferation. Female B6C3F 1 lacl transgenic mice were treated with daily doses of 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg of DMN by gavage for 4 days and then held until analysis 10, 30, 90, and 180 days postexposure. Livers from DMN-treated mice exhibited a dose-related 2- to 5-fold increase over control mutant frequencies and remained at those levels for 10 through 180 days postexposure. Thus, following the initial induction by DMN no selective mutation amplification or loss was seen for this extended period of time. Female B6C3F 1 lacl mice were exposed daily for 6 hr/day 7 days/week to 0, 10, 30, or 90 ppm chloroform by inhalation, representing nonhepatotoxic, borderline, or overtly hepatotoxic chloroform exposures. Timepoints for determination of lacl mutant frequency were 10, 30, 90, and 180 days of exposure. No increase in lacl mutant frequency in the liver was observed at any dose or timepoint with chloroform, indicating a lack of DNA reactivity. DNA alterations secondary to toxicity either did not occur or were of a type not detectable by lacl mutant frequency analysis, such as large deletions.
Compression stiffness of bonded square layers of nearly incompressible material

Abstract Two series solutions are presented for computing the compression stiffness of a thin square layer of nearly incompressible material bonded to and compressed between two rigid plates. The objective is to examine the validity of the four ad hoc assumptions made in a commonly adopted simple solution that deals with only the hydrostatic pressure. Eliminating the two stress assumptions, the first solution retains two remaining kinematic assumptions that the ‘bulge’ shape is parabolic and horizontal plane sections remain plane. The second solution further eliminates the first kinematic assumption. An error estimate resulting from the last assumption is shown to be small for rubber layers used in typical base isolation bearings. Comparison of these three solutions reveals that the parabolic bulge shape is indeed a realistic assumption. The convergence of the series solutions is shown to be very rapid. The ‘pressure’ solution is found to be a good approximation for a nearly incompressible material. Nevertheless, the first solution is recommended since it involves less assumptions and yet it is no more complicated in its final form. The influences of compressibility and shape factor on the compression stiffness are also illustrated.
Visual field progression differences between normal-tension and exfoliative high-tension glaucoma

PURPOSE: To compare the pattern, location, and rate of visual field (VF) change in normal-tension (NTG) and exfoliative high-tension glaucoma (XHTG). METHODS: Records of all patients with glaucoma in the New York Glaucoma Progression Study with five or more VF tests were reviewed. Patients were divided into NTG (all known IOP or= 21 mm Hg) groups. Automated pointwise linear regression analysis determined global and localized rates of change. RESULTS: There were 139 NTG and 154 XHTG eyes. Patients with XHTG were significantly older than those with NTG (mean +/- SD: 72.6 +/- 9.4 years vs. 62.7 +/- 12.8 years, P < 0.01), had higher mean IOPs (16.5 +/- 3.2 mm Hg vs. 13.3 +/- 2.0 mm Hg, P < 0.01) and greater central corneal thickness (CCT, 544.0 +/- 35.7 microm vs. 533.9 +/- 35.9 microm; P = 0.01). During a similar period, XHTG progressed globally almost twice as rapidly as did NTG (-0.64 +/- 0.7 dB/y vs. -0.35 +/- 0.3 dB/y, P < 0.01), which became nonsignificant after adjustment for differences in age, mean IOP, and CCT. In a multivariate model, variables significantly associated with progression were higher mean IOP (odds ratio [OR]: 1.09, P = 0.03) and decreased CCT (OR/40 mum thinner: 1.37, P = 0.03). Progression within the paracentral VF was more common in the NTG group (75% vs. 57.3%, P = 0.04). The most important factor associated with paracentral progression among eyes that reached a progression outcome was the diagnosis of NTG. CONCLUSIONS: XHTG and NTG eyes progress at a similar global rate after adjustment for differences in IOP, CCT, and age. However, NTG eyes progress more often in the central VF, independent of other factors. Glaucoma surveillance in eyes with open-angle glaucoma and statistically normal IOP should include periodic assessment of the central field.
Latex allergy: A relevant issue in the general pediatric population

Although latex allergy is a widely recognized problem of the pediatric myelomeningocele population and of frequent users of latex products, it is often overlooked in the general pediatric population. The prevalence of latex in common household items and in medical environments increases one's exposure and thus one's possibility of sensitization to latex. Latex allergy may range from mild local reactions such as erythema to more severe systemic reactions such as asthma or anaphylaxis. The immunoglobulin E-mediated mechanism of these reactions has been confirmed serologically by the presence of latex-specific immunoglobulin E with radioallergosorbent testing. Because avoidance of latex is currently the only way to prevent reactions, the identification of household items that contain latex is extremely important. However, because inadvertent exposure to latex is not uncommon, Medic-Alert bracelets and an Epi-Pen should be provided for children allergic to latex. Pediatric nurses should consider latex allergy as a possible diagnosis in situations of unexplained allergic or anaphylactic reactions and should be aware of optimal therapeutic interventions.