cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An expert system to diagnose anemia and report results directly on hematology forms

An attempt was made to create an expert system with sufficient accuracy to diagnose classes of anemia and report presumptive diagnoses directly on the hematology form. The system should simulate the processes of human experts who can reliably achieve diagnostic separability by pattern analysis. A hybrid expert system combining rule-based and artificial neural network (ANN) models was constructed to evaluate microcytic anemia in a 3-layered program using hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and coefficient of variation of cell distribution width (RDWcv) as inputs. These measurements are available as standard output on most hematology analyzers. Three categories of microcytic anemia were considered, iron deficiency (IDA), hemoglobinopathy (HEM), and anemia of chronic disease (ACD). A novel feature of the model is its construction and training using human expert input alone. Model construction is described in detail. The model's performance was evaluated with actual case data. It was successful in correctly classifying 96.5% of 473 documented cases of microcytic anemia and anemia of chronic disease. It thus exhibits sufficient accuracy for it to be considered for use in reporting microcytic anemia diagnoses on hematology forms.
Expression of human aromatase (CYP19) in Escherichia coli by N-terminal replacement and induction of cold stress response

CYP19 (P450arom) catalyzes the aromatization reaction of C19 steroids leading to estrogens. While readily expressed in insect cells, the human P450arom has been a difficult P450 to express in Escherichia coli at useful levels. In the present study, we replaced the N-terminal sequence in human CYP19 with the corresponding sequences of other microsomal P450s (CYP2C11 and CYP17) that are efficiently expressed in E. coli. Although the N-terminal replacement alone was not sufficient for the expression, human P450arom was successfully expressed up to the level of 240nmol/l culture by the combination of the N-terminal replacement and the induction of cold stress response by 1 microg/ml chloramphenicol. Membrane fractions containing the expressed P450arom catalyzed aromatization of androstenedione with a specific activity of 4.9 nmol/min/nmol P450. Our results are important to provide large quantities of human P450arom as an active form for structure-function studies.
Toward a Marxian Theory of Deviance

This paper considers the prospects for the development of a Marxian interpretation of deviance and control. The weaknesses of conventional perspectives are identified and an approach is suggested which applies the insights of Marxian theory to an investigation of deviance production in modern society. This process is explored with special attention to the capitalist mode of production, the system of class control in capitalist societies, the genesis and maintenance of “problem populations,” the channeling of these populations into deviant statuses, and the distinctive character of deviant groups. The emergence of monopoly and state capitalism is examined in an attempt to understand the dynamics of structural change, deviance production and social control. The overproduction of deviance in advanced capitalist societies and attempts at the “solution” of this problem are also discussed.
Synthesis of diamond in high power-density microwave methane/hydrogen/oxygen plasmas at elevated substrate temperatures

Resumen Effects of elevated substrate temperatures and oxygen additive on the chemical vapor deposition of diamond are presented. High power-density microwave plasmas in a high concentration of methane diluted by hydrogen led to high diamond growth rates at elevated substrate temperatures up to around 1450°C. When methane and hydrogen were the only reactant gases and the substrate temperature was higher than 1450°C, graphitic deposits started to show up. With the addition of a small amount of oxygen (less than 2%), diamond films deposited at substrate temperatures higher than 1450°C at 30 μm h −1 were achieved. Diamond deposition at substrate temperatures exceeding 1600°C was achieved on molybdenum substrates. At such high temperatures, diamond grows well but the nucleation density was low. Raman spectra and surface morphologies of diamond films are correlated with the growth conditions.
Genetic Analysis of Beet Curly Top Virus: Examination of the Roles of L2 and L3 Genes in Viral Pathogenesis

The monopartite DNA genome of beet curly top geminivirus (BCTV, strain Logan) contains four leftward (complementary sense) open reading frames (ORFs) designated L1, L2, L3, and L4. We investigated the functions of the L2 and L3 ORFs by mutational analysis. We found that in Nicotiana benthamiana and sugarbeet plants, neither a functional L2 nor a functional L3 gene is required for infectivity. Double mutants were also infectious, and no evidence for a synergistic effect of these genes was evident. However, while sugarbeet plants inoculated with L2 or L3 mutants showed symptoms that were indistinguishable from those elicited by wild type virus, mutant-inoculated N. benthamiana plants displayed a novel phenotype in which recovery of the plant from initially severe disease symptoms was greatly enhanced. Enhanced recovery was associated with a large reduction in viral DNA levels. Our studies did not provide evidence for functional homology between the BCTV L2 gene and its presumed homologue (AL2) in the bipartite geminiviruses. In contrast, mutants with lesions in the L3 ORF accumulated three- to five-fold less DNA than wild type virus in a protoplast replication assay, consistent with the interpretation that the BCTV L3 gene is a homologue of the bipartite geminivirus AL3 gene which is known to function as a replication enhancer. Functional homology was directly confirmed in experiments which demonstrated that the BCTV L3 gene can complement a tomato golden mosaic virus AL3 mutant, and vice versa.
Synthesis and characterization of bicontinuous cubic poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) gyroid (PEDOT GYR) gels

We describe the synthesis and characterization of bicontinuous cubic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) conducting polymer gels prepared within lyotropic cubic poly(oxyethylene)10 nonylphenol ether (NP-10) templates with Iad (gyroid, GYR) symmetry. The chemical polymerization of EDOT monomer in the hydrophobic channels of the NP-10 GYR phase was initiated by AgNO3, a mild oxidant that is activated when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The morphology and physical properties of the resulting PEDOT gels were examined as a function of temperature and frequency using optical and electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Microscopy and SAXS results showed that the PEDOT gels remained ordered and stable after the UV-initiated chemical polymerization, confirming the successful templated-synthesis of PEDOT in bicontinuous GYR nanostructures. In comparison to unpolymerized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) gel phases, the PEDOT structures had a higher storage modulus, presumably due to the formation of semi-rigid PEDOT-rich nanochannels. Additionally, the storage modulus (G′) for PEDOT gels decreased only modestly with increasing temperature, from ∼1.2 × 105 Pa (10 °C) to ∼7 × 104 Pa (40 °C), whereas G′ for the NP-10 and EDOT gels decreased dramatically, from ∼5.0 × 104 Pa (10 °C) to ∼1.5 × 102 Pa (40 °C). EIS revealed that the impedance of the PEDOT gels was smaller than the impedance of EDOT gels at both high frequencies (PEDOT ∼102 Ω and EDOT 2–3 × 104 Ω at 105 Hz) and low frequencies (PEDOT 103–105 Ω and EDOT ∼5 × 105 Ω at 10−1 Hz). These results indicated that PEDOT gels were highly ordered, mechanically stable and electrically conductive, and thus should be of interest for applications for which such properties are important, including low impedance and compliant coatings for biomedical electrodes.
An investigation of the inclusion complex of cyclomaltoheptaose (β-cyclodextrin) with N-methylanthranilic acid in the solid state

Abstract A 2:1 complex between cyclomaltoheptaose (β-cyclodextrin) and N-methylanthranilic acid has been studied in the solid state. The inclusion complex belongs to the triclinic system (space group P1) with unit cell dimensions a = 15.2773(15) A, b = 15.4710(15) A, c = 17.9627(18) A, α = 99.632(5)°, β = 113.416(5)°, and γ = 102.818(5)°. The complex forms a head-to-head channel-type structure with the N-methylanthranilic acid lying between the β-cyclodextrin groups in a sandwich fashion, which is held in place by an extensive hydrogen-bonding network between the cyclodextrin molecules.
Numerical Solution of Flow Near the Rotor of a Wind Turbine

A numerical procedure based on the full Navier-Stokes equations as applied to the flow near a wind turbine rotor is developed. The flow is assumed axisymmetric, and the unsteady equations of motion are cast in terms of a stream function, one vorticity component, and the peripheral velocity. The vorticity equation and the peripheral momentum equation are solved by an alternating difference implicit technique, and the Poisson equation for the stream function is solved by direct matrix reduction. The rotor is modeled as an actuator disk, and the direct simulation of a given actual wind turbine rotor is considered in detail. Turbulent transport is modeled by an integrated turbulent kinetic energy equation with a simple extension to represent the effects of swirl. Comparison with field measurements on a horizontal-axis, three-bladed Elektro 10-kW machine at a station right behind the rotor shows that a good prediction of the radial distribution of the axial velocity was obtained.
Optical metrology at the NSLS-II

Rapid progress in synchrotron optics performance places a high demand on optical characterization techniques used to validate surface parameters prior to installation of the X-ray optics. It is now necessary to characterize optical surface figure and slope errors and roughness on meter-long optics over spatial frequencies as short as 0.1 {micro}m The new NSLS-II Optical Metrology Laboratory (OML) includes instruments for measuring: (1) long spatial frequency figure errors with a ZYGO MST Fizeau-type 4* interferometer, capable of 0.1 nm sensitivity, (2) mid spatial frequencies with an upgraded ZYGO NewView 6300 white light interferometric microscope, capable of reaching 0.1 nm accuracy at a lateral resolution of 1 {micro}m, (3) high frequency roughness with an AFM (Nanosurf AG) with linearity better than 0.2% over the 80 {micro}m measurement area and sensitivity approaching 0.01 nm, and (4) slope errors with a long trace profiler currently under development that will be able to reach 50 nrad slope error accuracy. At present, the OML supports the NSLS-II R&D efforts and provides ongoing testing for NSLS optics. Future plans include the construction of a specialized metrology beamline for at-wavelength metrology, radiometry, in situ surface figuring, crystal optics characterization, and instrumentation development.
The effect of zinc oxide and eugenol on dentine evaluated by microhardness testing

Abstract The hardness of dentine measured with a microhardness tester was slightly, though in all but one case significantly, increased by contact with ZnO and eugenol cement inserted into standard cavities cut in six young human premolars. The increase was much less than that previously reported from contact with Ca(OH)2 but greater than that following contact with amalgam.
Estimation of reliability for exponential stress-strength models with explanatory variables

Abstract Confidence bounds for δ = P ( Y X | z , w ) are obtained, where X and Y are independent exponential variables with explanatory variables z and w , respectively. The Fisher scoring method as an iteration method is used to obtain estimates of regression parameters. Simulation results are presented to verify the distributional assumptions of estimators.
Effect of coarse-graining on detrended fluctuation analysis

Several studies have investigated the scaling behavior in naturally occurring biological and physical processes using techniques such as detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). Data acquisition is an inherent part of these studies and maps the continuous process into digital data. The resulting digital data is discretized in amplitude and time, and shall be referred to as coarse-grained realization in the present study. Since coarse-graining precedes scaling exponent analysis, it is important to understand its effects on scaling exponent estimators such as DFA. In this brief communication, k-means clustering is used to generate coarse-grained realizations of data sets with different correlation properties, namely: anti-correlated noise, long-range correlated noise and uncorrelated noise. It is shown that the coarse-graining can significantly affect the scaling exponent estimates. It is also shown that scaling exponent can be reliably estimated even at low levels of coarse-graining and the number of the clusters required varies across the data sets with different correlation properties.
Geographic Information Systems (GISs), spatial statistics in

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a networked collection of hardware and software tools that recognizes georeferencing in the data and features the georeferencing in database management, data analysis, and visualization of results (principally maps) from the analysis. This combination of geography and computer science has been known as geographic information science. Spatial statistics in GIS has grown in importance, however, spatial databases in a GIS can be very large. It may be that, without some form of dimension reduction, only the most simple statistical methodologies will scale up. Keywords: dimension reduction; dynamical spatial process; experimental design; geographic information science; hierarchical statistical model; location error; spatial analysis
Centrifugally driven winds from protostellar disks. I - Wind model and thermal structure

The thermal structure of a wind that is centrifugally driven from the surface of a protostellar disk is studied. A generalized version of the Blandford and Payne self-similar wind model is introduced, and the temperature and ionization distributions in the outflow are investigated. For the evolution of atomic winds, the heat equation and the rate equations that describe the ionization and excitation state of hydrogen are solved self-consistently. Ambipolar diffusion is found to be a robust mechanism for heating the gas. In the more powerful outflows, molecular hydrogen is collisionally dissociated close to the disk surface, and hydrogen is mainly atomic within a few astronomical units from the central source. It is also demonstrated that these outflows have enough momentum to lift dust grains from the disk surface.
Rapid Conversion fromβ-MHC toα-MHC mRNA Expression in Embryonic Rat Ventricle Culturedin oculois not Dependent on Thyroid Hormone or Testosterone ☆

Abstract We investigated the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoenzymes in embryonic rat ventricles cultured in the anterior eye chamber of an adult rat. In oculo , these grafts beat and mature in an environment where the hormonal milieu can be manipulated. S1 nuclease protection assays were performed on pooled samples of ventricle grafts and compared to normally growing ventricles. At the time of grafting (embryonic day 12, E-12), 23±4% of the MHC mRNA was of the α isoform. While the proportion of ventricular α -MHC mRNA did not increase in utero , embryonic ventricles cultured in oculo showed a rapid increase in the relative amount of α -MHC mRNA expression (to 84±10% by 3 days and 86±5% by 8 days in oculo ). α -MHC mRNA expression predominated through 8 weeks of culture in oculo , being 76% at 8 weeks in oculo . Additional experiments were performed to determine whether the rapid conversion to α -MHC expression resulted from exposure to adult levels of testosterone or thyroid hormone. Reduction of testosterone exposure to non-detectable levels by host orchiectomy did not affect the rapid conversion to α -MHC mRNA expression. Exposure to a hypothyroid milieu (i.e., PTU-treated hosts) decreased but did not prevent the conversion from β - to α -MHC mRNA expression at 8 days in oculo ; with 83% of the MHC mRNA being of the α isoform in hypothyroid hosts compared to 95% in euthyroid hosts. After 8 weeks of culture in hypothyroid hosts, however, α -MHC mRNA expression was undetectable in grafted ventricles. These data suggest that E-12 myocardial grafts respond to the hormonal milieu of an adult rat with rapid conversion from β - to α -MHC mRNA expression and that α -MHC expression in early developing heart may show reduced sensitivity to downward modulation by a hypothyroid hormonal milieu.
Comparison of three roughness function determination methods

Three methods have been used to experimentally determine the roughness function (ΔU +) for several rough surfaces. These include the rotating disk, the towed plate, and the velocity profile methods. The first two are indirect methods in as much as they rely on measurements of overall torque or resistance and boundary layer similarity laws to obtain ΔU +, whereas the velocity profile method provides a direct measurement of ΔU +. The present results indicate good agreement between the towed plate and the velocity profile methods for all of the surfaces tested. Tests for the rotating disk were carried out at much higher unit Reynolds numbers. Using this method, the results for sandpaper rough surfaces agree within their uncertainty with a Nikuradse-type roughness function in the fully rough regime, while a spray painted surface agrees with a Colebrook-type roughness function.
Money and Mandates: The Politics of Intergovernmental Conflict

The federal government's relationship with the states depends in part on the level of federal aid and the number of federal mandates. Environmental policy, with less federal aid and more mandates, differs from education policy and health policy. The volume of intergovernmental litigation is heavier and rhetorical references to intergovernmental partnerships by agency heads are more common in environmental policy. Waivers are more common in education policy and health policy, but that appears to be a function of congressional policies largely barring environmental policy waivers. Federal judges are more supportive of the federal government's position on environmental protection and education than its position on health care. Overall, federal funding and mandates appear to have an impact on state governments, federal bureaucrats, and federal judges.
Novel technique for measuring the mechanical properties of porous materials by nanoindentation

A new technique for measuring the elastic-plastic properties of porous thin films by means of nanoindentation is proposed. The effects of porosity on indentation hardness and modulus are investigated through finite element analyses based on the Gurson model for plastic deformation of ductile porous materials. Intrinsic mechanical properties of the thin film are obtained by eliminating both substrate and densification effects. The technique is applied to the special case of a porous, low-permittivity dielectric thin film. The results are in good agreement with those obtained independently using the plane-strain bulge test.
Problematizing the distinction between expert and lay knowledge

Public policy issues with technical dimensions present a special problem for democracy. As public issues they should receive the attention of all affected stakeholders, but as technical issues they are typically addressed through the narrow perspective of expertise. This essay argues that a reified distinction between “expert” and “lay” knowledge contributes to this problem, with implications both for democracy and for the quality of technical decisions. Integrating perspectives from communication theory with work in sociology and policy studies, the essay reexamines the expert/lay distinction and suggests a more dialogical, rather than dichotomous, model for the relationship between expert and lay knowledge. Two brief empirical examples, drawn from settings where lay citizens and technical specialists have collaborated closely, illustrate and ground the theoretical argument.
Dementia in the elderly: an education model including information, management, and counselling.

Abstract The number of elderly people in the United States who have dementia is increasing because there are proportionately more older adults in the total population. Because dementia causes progressive deterioration in memory and reasoning, families of individuals with dementia experience emotional, physical, and economic burdens. It is necessary to educate and counsel health-care professionals and caregivers to assure appropriate care for the patient with Alzheimer's disease.
Infrared spectroscopic detection of light-induced change in chloride-arginine interaction in halorhodopsin

A light-induced transient change in the ionic interaction between chloride and arginine in the transmembrane anion pump halorhodopsin (hR) is detected with infrared absorption spectroscopy. In the IR difference spectrum of hR and one of its photoproducts (hL), only a few bands have frequencies that depend on the particular halide ion (Cl-, Br-, or I-) present. Three of the halide-sensitive negative difference bands (at 1695, 1610, and 1170 cm-1) correspond in frequency to arginine C-N vibrations and undergo anion-dependent shifts that match those seen in ethylguanidinium halide model compounds. These shifts reflect the different strengths of the ionic interactions formed with the various halides. We conclude that a halide-arginine ion pair is present in the hR state; this interaction appears to be disrupted by photoconversion to hL.
Science and Technology Issues in Spacecraft Fire Safety

The space station, a permanently-inhabited orbiting laboratory, places new demands on spacecraft fire safety. Long-duration missions may call for more-constrained fire controls, but the accessibility of the space station to a variety of users may call for less-restrictive measures. This paper discusses fire safety issues through a review of the state of the art and a presentation of key findings from a recent NASA Lewis Research Center Workshop. The subjects covered are the fundamental science of low-gravity combustion and the technology advances in fire detection, extinguishment, materials assessment, and atmosphere selection. Key concerns are for the adoption of a fire-safe atmosphere and the substitution for the effective but toxic extinguishant, halon 1301. The fire safety studies and reviews provide several recommendations for further action. One is the expanded research in combustion, sensors, and materials in the low-gravity environment of space. Another is the development of generalized fire-safety standards for spacecraft through cooperative endeavors with aerospace and outside Government and industry sources.
Who has the ear of the president

50 years after the appointment of the first presidential science adviser, the White House is flooded with scientific information. Roger Pielke Jr suggests how the next administration might develop ways to use it best. The first presidential science adviser was appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower 50 years ago this week. The anniversary has prompted reminiscences of a time when the science adviser was closer to the seat of power than at any time since. But in a Commentary, Roger Pielke Jr argues that there's no going back. The role has changed: the job of the science adviser under the next president will be to help his or her administration make the most of the vast infrastructure of expert advice that now exists in the United States.
Nerve growth cone motility.

Summary Although many issues remain unresolved, the past year has witnessed a number of advances in our understanding of the inter-relationships between extracellular influences, cell phenotype, growth associated proteins, second messengers, and cytoskeletal components in the control of neurite outgrowth and growth cone behavior. Some of the early events associated with process initiation have been tentatively identified, and more is known about the assembly and stabilization of the microtubular framework of growing neurites. The mechanical forces involved in neurite extension have begun to be quantified, and interactions between the actin and microtubule systems are being further characterized. The current data more strongly support a functional role for GAP-43 in control of motility. The data also tend to support a central role for cytoplasmic calcium in mediating the actions of many growth-regulating influences, and strongly implicate changes in actin filament stability as mediating the behavioral effects of calcium (Fig. 1).
Applications Of The Discriminant Function In Automatic Pattern Recognition Of Side-Looking Radar Imagery

There have been some technological improvements for identifying and interpreting side-looking radar imagery since the appearance of Hoffman's review article on radar technology in 1960 [1]. These are marked by the refinement of traditional photo-interpretation techniques, and the use of false-color enhancement and isodensitracer [microdensitometer] attempting to correlate density patterns with terrain features [2]. These methods proved to be more sophisticated for individual case studies, but not efficient for processing the massive inflow of SLR data from aerospace platforms as expected in the future. The purpose of this paper is to suggest an automatic pattern recognition system of SLR imagery based upon discriminatory analyses on the isodensitracer and TV scanned data.© (1972) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Concept identification with reinforcement of hypotheses and misinformative stimulus labeling

College students solved simple concept-identification problems in which feedback was contingent on their current hypothesis (H). No dimension was consistently labeled until Ss pattern of responses over a block of stimuli indicated that he was using the solution H. The results indicated that some Ss were pure H testers, choosing new Hs on the basis of local consistency; these Ss had little difficulty with their problems. The remaining Ss evidently tried to integrate the unreliable feedback information over more than one trial and found their problems quite difficult or impossible to solve.
Reaction Time, Movement Time, and Intelligence: A Replication and Extension.

Abstract The purpose of the investigation was to replicate and extend a study by Jensen and Munro which found reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) parameters to correlate negatively and moderately with Raven matrices performance. A sample of 20 ninth-grade girls was used. Relationships between RT and MT and Raven scores were found to be negative and moderate to high, thus replicating the Jensen and Munro study. In addition, moderate to strong negative correlations were found between RT and MT parameters and reading comprehension and performance on the California Test of Basic Skills. Weaker relationships were found for mathematics and English grades although the direction was consistently negative.
Spectral and Probability-Density Nature of Square-Prism Separation-Reattachment Wall Pressures

The statistical nature of the fluctuating pressures associated with the separation--reattachment flow were studied for a two-dimensional square prism in uniform flow for low (0.33 percent) and high (10.4 percent) turbulence levels. Studies were also made with a splitter plate to inhibit the feedback effect arising from vortex shedding. The nature of the separation--reattachment flow was characterized by use of the measured value of the mean and fluctuating pressure fields. Spectral distribution of the unsteady pressures reveals strong energy spikes at the Strouhal frequency which are eliminated by the presence of the splitter plate. Probability density distributions indicate appreciably non-Gaussian nature only in the wake. Additional information is presented on the variation with angle of the Strouhal frequency for the wake flow.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 stimulate the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer by activation of the nuclear factor kappa B

Binding of peptide hormones to surface membrane receptors leads to the transcription of specific genes within relevant target cells. How these signals are transduced to alter gene expression is largely unknown, but this mechanism probably involves a sequence of enzymatic steps that activate factors in the nucleus that modulate transcription. We now demonstrate that two different peptide hormones, or cytokines, stimulate the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer, and this effect is mediated by nuclear factor (NF) kappa B (nuclear factor that binds the kappa immunoglobulin light chain gene enhancer). These cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1, act on multiple cell types and represent the only naturally occurring activators of this transcription factor among eight cytokines examined. Although NF-kappa B binding can be stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, tumor necrosis factor alpha acts through an independent mechanism, inducing NF-kappa B binding in HT-2 cells, which did not show increased binding in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and causing superinduction in Jurkat T-lymphoma cells. Tumor necrosis factor alpha is also a more selective activator of T cells than phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, having no effect on lymphokine production in EL-4 cells at the same time it induces NF-kappa B. These findings suggest that human immunodeficiency virus gene expression can be induced in T cells without activating lymphokine secretion and that the role of these cytokines in the activation of latent human immunodeficiency virus infection deserves further clinical evaluation. Finally, this link between binding at the surface membrane and stimulation of a specific transcription factor should help define intermediates for these cytokine activation pathways.
Models of primary interactions

Abstract Physics assumptions and models implemented in modern Monte Carlo simulation codes for hadronic cosmic ray interactions are reviewed. Concepts of extrapolating to highest cosmic ray energies are discussed and shortcomings of the different model assumptions are emphasized.
Androgen resistance--the clinical and molecular spectrum.

RESISTANCE to the action of androgens, like other forms of hormone resistance, is characterized by partial or complete absence of the usual effects of the hormones and normal or increased hormone production.1 Since androgens are important for normal male sexual development and fertility, defects in androgen action are often associated with abnormal sexual differentiation, infertility, or both. This article reviews the phenotypic variation and the range of molecular defects that have been identified in persons with mutations causing androgen resistance. Male Phenotypic Development During embryogenesis the indifferent gonad in males is converted to a testis in response to a testis-determining . . .
Liquid Crystals As Large Aperture Waveplates And Circular Polarizers

Liquid crystal technology can be applied to the development of alternatives to devices currently used in large high peak power laser systems. This paper explores two such alternatives. One is the use of nematic liquid crystal compounds in place of standard crystalline materials such as quartz and mica, as large aperture waveplates. The other is the use of selective reflection exhibited by the cholesteric class of liquid crystals to construct circular polarizer/optical isolators. The principles of operation, fabrication details, and performance data for both applications are presented.
Light-plasma interaction studies with high-power glass laser

High-intensity (1013–1017 W/cm2) 1.06 μm laser light absorption experiments with spherical and planar targets suggest that inverse bremsstrahlung absorption is not the dominant absorption mechanism. Evidence is presented that resonance absorption together with ponderomotive force effects such as filamentation and density profile steepening strongly influence the laser light absorption.
AGU Midwest Meeting Report

Approximately 150 Midwestern geophysicists attended the third annual AGU Midwest Meeting, which was held at Purdue University, September 26–28, 1977. The majority of the 75 papers presented were related to topical special sessions arranged by seven sections of the Union to be of particular, current importance to Midwestern geophysics. The interest shown in the meeting indicates not only the vigor of current geophysical research in the Midwest but also the desirability of continuing these meetings. The majority of the papers presented were in the area of solid-earth geophysics, and these primarily were concerned with the paleogeodynamics and contemporary geodynamics of the Midwest. They reflect the growing interest in deciphering the complex evolutionary history of the continental interior by utilizing a wide range of methodologies and the concepts of plate tectonics which have generally emphasized oceanic and continental margin features. The papers in the session on Geology and Geophysics of the Precambrian Basement Rocks of the Midcontinent Region demonstrated that geophysical data can be used to clarify and amplify our understanding of the basement geology in poorly exposed regions. By extension of the data base to include buried portions of the basement, it soon may be possible to determine the major structural, lithologic, and chronologic provinces of the basement in the Midwest fairly accurately. The session dealing with Geodynamics of Plate Interiors demonstrated that the structures present in the midcontinent reflect a long and complex midplate tectonism which is not completely understood. The 15 papers of the sessions on the New Madrid Seismic Zone, the 38th Parallel Lineament, and the Seismicity of the Midwest illustrate the rapidly broadening interest in and knowledge of the tectonic framework of the seismically active New Madrid area and environs. It was emphasized that this area is an excellent example of reactivation of ancient structures during the Phanerozoic and locally into the present. Interpretation of surface, air, and satellite geophysical and geological data suggests the presence of an ancient easterly striking rift south of the 38th Parallel Lineament and a northeast-trending graben lying along the axis of the New Madrid Seismic Zone. Microearthquakes together with historical seismicity are being used to delineate active faults of this area and estimate earthquake recurrence rates and the local stress state.
Deep ultraviolet LEDs based on AlGaN alloys by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

We report the development of AlGaN-based deep UV LEDs by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, which at bare-die configuration have an output power of 1.3 mW at 200 mA and external quantum efficiency of 0.16%.
The Role of Motility Proteins and Metastasis-Suppressor Genes in Prostate Cancer Progression

In 1996, an estimated 317,000 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed in the United States. The incidence of prostate cancer has more than doubled in the past five years; in fact, it is estimated that aggressive screening starting at age 50 could potentially identify 10,000,000 American men with histologically localized prostate cancer. In order to reduce deaths from prostate cancer, it is necessary not only to diagnose but also to accurately predict the clinical course of an individual patient's cancer, thus allowing for more effectively directed treatment. Acquisition of metastatic ability is a well-recognized criterion for the aggressiveness of prostate cancer. A number of molecular and cellular changes associated with the malignant progression of prostate cancer have been identified. Certain of these changes may potentially be used as markers for metastatic ability of histologically localized prostate cancer cells. This concise review will consider two parameters which are associated with the acquisition of metastatic ability: increased cellular motility and loss of metastasis-suppressor gene function. A link between these two parameters has been demonstrated and may contribute to the development of innovative approaches for predicting the metastatic ability of individual tumors.
Historical demography and contemporary spatial genetic structure of an estuarine crab in the northeast Pacific ( Hemigrapsus oregonensis )

Discrete estuary subpopulations of the mud crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis (Dana, 1851) are connected via larval dispersal. Sequence variation at the mtDNA COI locus was examined in eight populations sampled in 2001–2002 from central California through northern Oregon in the northeast Pacific (36.6–45.8°N) to infer patterns of dispersal and historical connectivity in the region. Strong evidence for persistence since the mid-Pleistocene, with no range truncation resulting from southward shifting temperature isoclines, was provided by a phylogeographic pattern of haplotypes of an older clade distributed throughout the sampled range. A recently derived clade became widespread only north of Cape Blanco after the last glacial maximum. Its clear pattern of restriction to the northern area, in the absence of similarly restricted southern clades, suggests that contemporary dispersal around Cape Blanco is rare (population FST = 0.192). Low pairwise differentiation within Oregon and within central California, as well as contrasts between northern and southern groups in the shape of the pairwise mismatch distribution, nucleotide diversity, and Tajima’s D suggest that these regions reflect different demographic histories. Potential mechanisms explaining this latitudinal break include contemporary coastal circulation patterns, selection, and ancient patterns of larval dispersal in the California Current.
Application of composition PDF methods in the investigation of turbulence–radiation interactions

Abstract The composition probability density function (PDF) method is used to study radiating reactive flows. The method is able to treat turbulence–radiation interactions (TRI) in a rigorous way: many unclosed terms due to TRI in the traditional Reynolds-averaging process can be calculated exactly and all others can be accurately modeled by using the optically thin eddy approximation. The application of the method is demonstrated by considering a simplified methane/air diffusion flame, which shows enhancement of the radiative fluxes as a result of TRI. The importance of considering different TRI terms is investigated, indicating that the absorption coefficient–Plank function correlation is the most important.
Role of Selected Cations and Gas Speciation on the Reduction of Fayalite at 1300°C

Pure fayalite liquid was reduced at 1300°C in variable C/H ratio gas mixtures, all with constant fO2 both with and without various cation additives that included Cr2O3, MnO, CaO, TiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, and K2O. Similar studies were also performed on Carol Lake iron ore pellets without these cation additives. The role of cation additives in reduction with CO-rich gases is minimally important. In hydrogen-rich reduction studies, the reduction per hour was increased 50% by a 2.5 wt% addition of CaO, increased by about 75% by a 2.5 wt% addition of Cr2O3, and increased by about 50% for a 2.5 wt% addition of MnO as compared to the reduction rate of pure fayalite liquid. Much more dramatic than any cation additive effect is the role of the hydrogen content of the gas mixture. At 1300°C and a fixed –log fO2= 13, the reduction per hour of pure fayalite liquid triples with the replacement of the CO by hydrogen even with just the first 10 vol% of hydrogen. Theoretical discussions of the role of cation additives and gas speciation on fayalite melt structure are presented.
Nursing Home Staff and Residents' Families Role Expectations

This study evaluates role expectancies in essential nursing services of nursing home professionals and relatives of residents. Whereas previous studies have indicated substantial role ambiguity, the present research indicates significant agreement between the groups. Even so, areas exist where families deem themselves responsible for a task, but staff expectations are incongruent. Analysis of this process and steps to ameliorate this problem are discussed.
Inclined-plane model of the 2004 Tour de France

We make modifications to a model we created to predict the stage-winning times of the 2003 Tour de France. With the modifications in place, we model the 2004 Tour de France. We demonstrate here the utility of our 2003 model with its successful application to the 2004 race; our total of all stage-winning times is just 0.05% different from the actual total. We also apply our 2004 model to the 2003 Tour de France and compare our results with our 2003 model. Our 2004 model misses the actual sum of stage-winning times in the 2003 race by just 1.77%.
Hegel on Saying and Showing

L'A. souligne l'importance chez Hegel de l'art religieux et de la mythologie grecs dans la progression historique de la conscience sensible vers la connaissance conceptuelle, en tant que l'apparente contradiction d'une connaissance artistique et religieuse realise a la fois l'aspect negatif et positif de l'Aufhebung
Deep drilling at the Siljan Ring impact structure: oxygen-isotope geochemistry of granite

The Siljan Ring is a 362-Ma-old impact structure formed in 1700-Ma-old I-type granites. A 6.8-km-deep borehole provides a vertical profile through granites and isolated horizontal diabase sills. Fluid-inclusion thermometry, and oxygen-isotope compositions of vein quartz, granite, diabase, impact melt, and pseudotachylite, reveal a complex history of fluid activity in the Siljan Ring, much of which can be related to the meteorite impact. In granites from the deep borehole, δ18O values of matrix quartz increase with depth from near 8.0 at the surface to 9.5‰ at 5760 m depth. In contrast, feldspar δ18O values decrease with depth from near 10 at the surface to 7.1‰ at 5760 m, forming a pattern opposite to the one defined by quartz isotopic compositions. Values of δ18O for surface granites outside the impact structure are distinct from those in near-surface samples from the deep borehole. In the deep borehole, feldspar coloration varies from brick-red at the surface to white at 5760 m, and the abundances of crack-healing calcite and other secondary minerals decrease over the same interval. Superimposed on the overall decrease in alteration intensity with depth are localized fracture zones at 4662, 5415, and 6044 m depth that contain altered granites, and which provided pathways for deep penetration of surface water. The antithetic variation of quartz and feldspar δ18O values, which can be correlated with mineralogical evidence of alteration, provides evidence for interaction between rocks and impact-heated fluids (100–300° C) in the upper 2 km of the pluton. Penetration of water to depths below 2 km was restricted by a general decrease in impact-fracturing with depth, and by a 60-m-thick diabase sill at 1500 m depth that may have been an aquitard. At depths below 4 km in the pluton, where water/rock ratios were low, oxygen isotopic compositions preserve evidence for limited high-temperature (>500° C) exchange between alkali feldspar and fluids. The high-temperature exchange may have been a post-impact event involving impact-heated fluids, or a post-magmatic event.
Effects of a polymeric, nonequilibrium ``antifreeze'' upon ice growth from water

Antifreeze glycopeptides (AFGPs) that adsorb to ice from liquid water solution and prevent ice crystal growth over a range of supercooling are found in the blood of some Antarctic fish. They are polymers with from four to about 52 monomer units. The shortest, with four and five of the repeating units, adsorb at prism-face orientations, (1010), aligned normal to the c-axis. The adsorption plane of the longer ones is (4150) when the concentration in solution is low. This may be the result of the 3% misfit with the ice structure, producing a bond strain that increases with increasing length of adsorbed AFGP. Jogs to an adjacent plane between every five adsorbed units can explain the new orientation. However, the adsorption plane reverts gradually back to (1010) with increasing concentration in solution. This and the effects upon ice growth habit are discussed in terms of the standard conceptual model of the adsorption of polymers at solid surfaces: adsorption of segments of the molecules, with loops and tails projecting into the solution from the interface. In contrast with the shorter AFGPs, the longer ones produce a novel interface instability caused by the adsorption-inhibition of growth, that produces a submicroscopically fibrous growth texture at higher solution concentrations.
Psychological Warfare in Vietnam

Although psychological warfare was practiced to a greater degree in the Vietnam conflict than in any other war in history, virtually nothing has been published about it. Perhaps few wished to be identified with such activity, or it may be that security considerations prevented discussion of the operations. At any rate, the end of the Cold War has made it possible to take a brief look at a hitherto unknown (or undiscussed) subject. This article, however, does not make a pretense of being comprehensive for the whole war, but rather reflects personal observations during one brief period of intense fighting--the summer of 1966.
Being Conservative with a Limited Number of Test Results

combined loads. It is a common practice to repeat the element tests and then select the lowest test result as a conservative estimate of the mean failure stress. Thispractice is equivalent to reducing the average test failure stress by a knockdown factor (one that is quite variable). Instead, we propose using the average test result with an explicit knockdown factor obtained from statistical distribution of the test data. We show reductions in the variability of the estimated mean failure stress as well as the likelihood of unconservative estimate. In addition, when the initial distribution or confidence interval of the mean failure stresses is available, we can further decrease the chance of unconservative estimate using Bayesian updating. We demonstrate the gains associated with Bayesian updating when the upper and lower bounds of errors in the analytical predictions are available. Examples with uniform and lognormal distributions of failure stresses compare the lowest-result approach with the two alternatives with the explicit knockdown factor. Both approaches significantly reduce the likelihood of unconservative estimates of the mean failure stress. The average approach reduced this likelihood by about a half and the Bayesian approach by up toanorderofmagnitude(from12.5to1%).Wealsoexaminescenariosinwhichestimatesoferrorandvariabilityare substantially inaccurate. We show that, even then, the likelihood of unconservative estimates reduces significantly. Remarkably,anunderestimateofvariabilityalsoresultsinabouta2%higheraverageoftheestimatedmeanfailure stress. Thus, we are able to simultaneously use higher average failure stress (leading to lower weight) and reduce the likelihood of unconservative estimates.
Synthesis of organic–inorganic hybrid composite and its thermal conversion to porous bioactive glass monolith

Abstract We report the synthesis and bioactivity studies of 3-dimensional macro-porous material produced by thermal treatment of organic–inorganic hybrid composite. This is prepared by sol–gel processing of co-poly(methylmethacrylate (MMA)-vinyltriethoxysilane (VTS)) with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), calcium nitrate and zinc nitrate, ([CH2C(CH3)(CO2CH3)]0.8n-[CH2-CH(Si(OEt)3]0.2n-SiO2-CaO-ZnO) (1). Thermal treatment of this polymer at 600 °C yielded macro-porous bioglass monolith, with pore size distribution between 1 and 5 μm and showed excellent bone bonding ability in simulated body fluid. The ratio of VTS:MMA in the organic polymer can easily be controlled. Since the VTS is the bonding agent, the amount of VTS in the co-polymer can be utilized to increase or decrease the porosity of the hybrid composite. This may be a convenient approach for preparation of bioglass scaffolds especially in tissue engineering of bone.