cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Security, Schooling, and the Consumer's Choice to Segregate

While most literature about security has focused on the role of surveillance and social control in maintaining order in society and in institutions such as schools, this article examines security in relation to consumerism. The article points out that security is big business—not so much a mechanism of social control, but rather an allure made up of enticement and the gratification that comes with consumer activities. Alhough based on research on corporate school security, the article is theoretical. It draws from studies in education, geography, and communication to demonstrate how security has developed into a consumer activity involving suburbanization, technology, self-segregation, and the partitioning of neighborhoods and schools in homogeneous and often-private microsocieties. Adding to studies of schooling that have examined discipline, school structure, the curriculum, and pedagogy in terms of social control, the article examines schooling in relation to the uses of security that lead not so much to surveillance and other controlling mechanisms, but to a freeing of wills and choices that lead to residential isolation and school segregation.
Trade Policy, Inequality and Performance in Indian Manufacturing

1. Trade Policy, Inequality and Performance - The Key Analytical Issues 2. Trade Policy in India 3. Growth and Structural Change in Indian Manufacturing, 1975-1999 4. Trade Policy and Economic Growth 5. Trade Policy, Productivity and Prices 6. International Trade and Employment 7. Trade Policy and Wage Inequality 8. Trade Policy and Regional Inequality 9. Conclusions
Chapter 30 Prediction of Human Volume of Distribution Using in vivo, in vitro, and in silico Approaches

Publisher Summary The frequency with which a drug must be taken is a function of several factors: the halflife and the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship. Typically medicinal chemists optimize the predicted pharmacokinetics of compounds in humans and the potency and other compound attributes simultaneously. Predicted human half-lives can be lengthened by decreasing the predicted clearance, and it is now commonplace in drug research to screen the newly synthesized compounds for in vitro metabolic lability in assays using human-derived reagents. The half-life (t1/2) of a drug is a function of two variables: clearance and volume of distribution. Half-life is directly related to volume of distribution (VD) and inversely related to clearance (CL). Thus, while the half-life can be lengthened by reducing the clearance the half-life can also be lengthened by increasing the VD. Methods to predict human VD can be categorized by the type of data that are required as input. Some methods utilize animal pharmacokinetic data, such as allometric scaling, and thus require the greatest effort in the generation of experimental data. Others require only in vitro data and while the conduct of in vitro experiments tends to be less labor intensive than in vivo studies these still require synthesis of a small quantity of compound to test. In silico approaches offer the possibility of not requiring any experimental input data, and could thus be applied before compounds are even synthesized.
Mapping the International Boundary Between the United States and Canada 1797–1843

Abstract The Barclay Collection (Coll. 26) at the Maine Historical Society includes original manuscript materials of the British Commissioners assigned to the boundary commissions for the line running from the islands in Passamaquoddy Bay near Nova Scotia and Maine, westerly to Lake of the Woods, Ontario from 1797 to 1843. In particular, the maps, surveys, and correspondence between the International Boundary Commissioners and surveyors give us a window into the world of nineteenth-century boundary survey work. This article will briefly describe the history of this archival collection, give some background into nineteenth-century boundary surveys, describe the original maps and letters by Great Lakes surveyor David Thompson, and will highlight a few of the map treasures to be found within the collection.
Coarctation of the aorta associated with Dandy–Walker variant

This article reports a rare case of coarctation of the aorta associated with Dandy-Walker variant in a 17-year-old girl. Differential diagnoses of coarctation of the aorta and Dandy-Walker variant are extensively discussed. In addition, standard surgical treatment of coarctation as well as new approaches such as endovascular stenting are described in detail to provide therapeutic insights into her management. Although surgical or endovascular repair of coarctation results in significant improvement of systemic hypertension and is associated with better survival, cardiovascular complications are still very common. Thus, long-term follow-up after repair is required, and high-quality imaging studies such as echocardiography, CT and MRI are warranted.
The Primary Caretaker Parent Rule: Child Custody and the Dynamics of Greed

The discussion of divorce in our society dwells disproportionately on the problems of the upper middle class. This is understandable, because it is the upper middle class that disproportionately reads and writes books and articles about divorce and, therefore, has a disproportionate voice in fashioning the laws and social mores that affect those undergoing divorce. The problems of upper middle class individuals undergoing divorce, however, are different from those afflicting the less-well-off individuals who make up the bulk of the divorcing population. The guilt feelings that may oppress a Yale Medical School-trained single mother when she hires a full-time housekeeper to care for her three-year-old are difficult for her, but the problems facing most of the mothers who pass through my court are more urgent and more concrete. They have all they can do to pay the rent and utility bills, keep the car running and find a little adult conversation.
Statistics for orbital neutron spectroscopy of the Moon and other airless planetary bodies

[1] A rigorous statistical approach is presented to address the shortcomings inherent in the analysis of counting experiments such as orbital neutron spectroscopy endeavors. Unlike the quasi-Gaussian statistics commonly applied to such investigations, the methodology described here incorporates fundamental elements of Poisson statistics including its inherent nature as a bounded, discrete, and intrinsically asymmetric probability distribution. In addition, we utilize the proper statistical formulae required to describe the data following background subtraction. Utilizing the Likelihood Ratio Method for hypothesis testing, we find that analyses utilizing collimated instruments such as the Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) aboard NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter overestimate detection significances by 2, under the assumption that collimator effectiveness as asserted by the LEND team is correct. This in turn implies that the required exposure times must be ∼2× longer to reach prelaunch sensitivity estimates. We provide updated estimates for hydrogen abundance sensitivity limits as a function of exposure time and compare the sensitivities of collimated (i.e., background subtracted) and uncollimated approaches.
Modulation of 3-methylcholanthrene toxicity in cultured neoplastic keratinocytes by glucocorticoids and retinoids is not accounted for by macromolecular adduct formation

3-Methylcholanthrene (3-MC) greatly inhibits the growth of two lines of human squamous carcinoma cells, SCC-9 and SCC-12B2. Exposure of the cells to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alone was much less effective and, in the presence of 3-MC, did not alter the sensitivity (EC50 = 0.3 microM) or extent of growth inhibition by the latter. The degree of 3-MC-mediated inhibition, however, was markedly alleviated by inclusion of retinoic acid (EC50 greater than or equal to 0.7 microM) and hydrocortisone (EC50 = 40 nM) or dexamethasone (EC50 = 3 nM) in the culture medium. These physiological effectors, which are known to have opposing actions on keratinocyte character in SCC cells, did not significantly alter either aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity or macromolecular adduct formation. Further analysis of the cellular responses indicated that hydrocortisone and, in some experiments, retinoids increased the growth rate in 3-MC-exposed cultures, while 3-MC increased the saturation density in retinoic acid-exposed cultures, an example of interference with a physiological response of the cells. These results indicate that alteration of the differentiated state, regardless of the direction of the change, can alter the sensitivity of the cells to toxic stimuli. Further investigation of the bases of such toxic responses and their modulation by the microenvironment may enhance our understanding of the target cell specificity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Accurate and General Solutions to Three-Dimensional Anisotropies: Applications to EPR Spectra of Triplets Involving Dipole−Dipole, Spin−Orbit Interactions and Liquid Crystals

Thanks to the squared Cartesian coordinates and its corresponding ternary diagram, several types of anisotropic physical quantities are expressed by a weighted mean of their principal values. Specifically, in terms of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of triplet states under various conditions, the anisotropies in the resonance field (due to spin dipole−dipole interaction), in the spin polarization (due to spin−orbit intersystem crossing, SO-ISC), and in the distribution of molecular orientations (due to liquid crystal alignment) are all linearized. The spectral intensity becomes a path integral on the ternary diagram along the field isolines. These major simplifications afford, for the first time, analytical line shape formulas of arbitrarily polarized triplets as sums of elliptical integrals. Even with approximations applied, the analytical results agree almost perfectly with both simulated and experimental spectra and accurately capture the higher-order spectral effects such as peak shi...
Whither equity in health? The state of the poor in Latin America

Abstract As Latin American nation states define their public health agendas, the notion of public re-sponsibility for health has slowly dissipated, and inclinations towards neoliberalism have led to an increasing privatization of health care. When it comes to the privatization of health, Haiti has many similarities to other parts of Latin Ameri-ca, from the Guatemalan highlands to the urban slums of Lima. Even in Chile, where health indi-cators rank amongst the best in Latin America, there is a growing equity gap in health outcomes. Although in health care the application of mar-ket forces cannot yield optimal results, health professionals have to increasingly work within the paradigm of market forces and defensively prove that their interventions are effective and inexpensive. Unless the poor are accorded some right to health care, water, food, and education, their lives will inevitably be short, desperate and unfree; these are not indicators by which we will want to be judged. Equity; Delivery of Health Care; Privatization
Hobbes's Reply to the Fool

The objection Hobbes raises in the voice of the Fool against his own argument is, apparently, that it is sometimes rational to break covenant. Hobbes's answer is puzzling, both because it seems implausible and also because it seems at odds with some of his own views. This article reviews several strategies critics have taken in trying to show that Hobbes's answer is more plausible than it seems and one attempt to show that the Fool's objection concerns the action of breaking covenant only indirectly.
Thin layer drying model for treated and untreated Stanley plums

Abstract In this study, a laboratory dryer was used for thin layer drying of treated and untreated plums, and the moisture ratios at any drying time were compared by 14 different mathematical models. The effect of drying air temperature and velocity on the coefficients of the best suited moisture ratio model were determined by the multiple regression method. Root mean square error (RMSE) and chi-square ( χ 2 ) were used for determination of the best suitable model. In addition to these statistical parameters, the modeling efficiency (EF) was also determined. According to the results, the Midilli et al. model is superior to the others for explaining the drying behaviour of treated and untreated plums. It is possible to predict the moisture content of the product with a generalised model showing the effect of drying air temperature and velocity with the range of 60–80 °C and 1.0–3.0 m/s. The effective diffusivity was found to be between 1.197 × 10 −7 and 4.551 × 10 −7 m 2 /s for treated plums and between 1.179 × 10 −9 and 6.671 × 10 −9 m 2 /s for untreated plums.
Use of the Hmb backbone-protecting group in the synthesis of difficult sequences.

Aggregation due to hydrogen-bonded interchain association is thought to be the cause of difficult sequences in solid-phase peptide synthesis. Hmb (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl) was introduced recently as a backbone-protecting group for Fmoc/tBu strategies which inhibits this association. Hmb derivatives of four amino acids are now available commercially. This paper describes the syntheses of two difficult sequences which were achieved by judicious use of the Hmb protecting group. (Hmb)Gly. which is attractive because of the ease of coupling the following residue, did not always produce the expected long-range effect. Moving the Hmb protection to a suitable preceding position in the sequence overcame this shortcoming. ©Munksgaard 1996.
Erythrocyte adducin: A structural regulator of the red blood cell membrane

Adducin is an α, β heterotetramer that performs multiple important functions in the human erythrocyte membrane. First, adducin forms a bridge that connects the spectrin–actin junctional complex to band 3, the major membrane-spanning protein in the bilayer. Rupture of this bridge leads to membrane instability and spontaneous fragmentation. Second, adducin caps the fast growing (barbed) end of actin filaments, preventing the tetradecameric protofilaments from elongating into macroscopic F-actin microfilaments. Third, adducin stabilizes the association between actin and spectrin, assuring that the junctional complex remains intact during the mechanical distortions experienced by the circulating cell. And finally, adducin responds to stimuli that may be important in regulating the global properties of the cell, possibly including cation transport, cell morphology and membrane deformability. The text below summarizes the structural properties of adducin, its multiple functions in erythrocytes, and the consequences of engineered deletions of each of adducin subunits in transgenic mice.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Adherence Interventions: Using Marginal Structural Models to Replicate the Findings of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Randomized controlled trials of interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral medications are not always feasible. Marginal structural models (MSM) are a statistical methodology that aims to replicate the findings of randomized controlled trials using observational data. Under the assumption of no unmeasured confounders, 3 MSM estimators are available to estimate the causal effect of an intervention. Two of these estimators, G-computation and inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW), can be implemented using standard software. G-computation relies on fitting a multivariable regression of adherence on the intervention and confounders. Thus, it is related to the standard multivariable regression approach to estimating causal effects. In contrast, IPTW relies on fitting a multivariable logistic regression of the intervention on confounders. This article reviews the implementation of these methods, the assumptions underlying them, and interpretation of results. Findings are illustrated with a theoretic data example in which MSM are used to estimate the effect of a behavioral intervention on adherence to antiretroviral therapy.
Plowing into drama

This article describes the structure, content, and participation in a junior high school creative drama project in which 900 students, working in groups of 50, played active and individual roles in a drama about regional history.
Gary Bridge, Tim Butler, and Loretta Lees (Editors). Mixed Communities: Gentrification by Stealth? (Bristol, UK: The Policy Press, 2012).

Mixed Communities offers 19 chapters from a range of authors, mostly Europeans, on the issue of mixed income housing development. Despite the number of chapters, the book is not overly long; the ch...
New developments in childhood Celiac Disease

Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common lifelong disorders in Europe and the United States, in both children and adults. It is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. This review addresses new developments in CD with respect to pediatric patients and emphasizes the need for awareness among health-care professionals. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and clinical spectrum of CD in children are highlighted.
Operative Treatment of Syndesmotic Disruptions Without Use of a Syndesmotic Screw: A Prospective Clinical Study

A new protocol for the selected omission of transsyndesmotic fixation in Weber class C ankle fractures was prospectively evaluated in 21 consecutive patients. As proposed in a previous cadaveric study (J. Bone Joint Surg., 71A:1548-1555, 1989), the protocol suggested that transsyndesmotic fixation was not required if (1) rigid bimalleolar fracture fixation was achieved or (2) lateral without medial fixation was obtained (i.e., with accompanying deltoid tears) if the fibular fracture was within 4.5 cm of the joint. According to this protocol, only 3 of 21 patients (14%) required transsyndesmotic fixation. Ten of the patients who did not receive transsyndesmotic fixation underwent pronation-external rotation stress radiographs in a fashion analogous to the previous cadaveric study. At 1- to 3-year follow-up, no stress (N = 10) or static view (N = 18) widening of the mortise or syndesmosis was seen in any patient, which supports (with the above guidelines) a limited, rather than routine, use of supplemental transsyndesmotic fixation. Clinical results from this prospective study seem to substantiate previously proposed biomechanical guidelines for the selected omission of transsyndesmotic fixation. Given these guidelines, transsyndesmotic fixation was unnecessary in many cases and the need can be determined before surgery by assessing the integrity of the deltoid ligament and level of the fibular fracture.
Defecation in stressful and non-stressful situations

If individual and strain differences in open-field defecation reflect a stable alimentary trait that is not indicative of response to stress, the rate of defecation in the open-field situation should be correlated with defecation in the home cage. This association was tested for 106 mice representing four different genotypes. The evidence indicates that home cage defecation rate has little association with open-field performance. Moreover, the relation between these two indices appears to vary with genotype.
Puppet Play With a Turkish Family

Children's play has gained theoretical recognition as an important process in children's social development (Erickson, 1972; Piaget, 1945; Vygotsky, 1978). As a therapy technique, puppet play has b...
Counting the n-Chromos of I. J. Schoenberg

We give an algorithm for enumerating then-chromos, which were first defined by I. J. Schoenberg.
Short-term response to dietary therapy in molybdenum cofactor deficiency

Molybdenum cofactor deficiency was diagnosed in a 3-month-old girl who presented with microcephaly, developmental delay, severe irritability, and lactic acidosis. Dietary methionine restriction, with cysteine supplementation, was associated with moderate short-term clinical improvement, including a resumption in predicted head growth, modest developmental progress, and a reduction in irritability. Clinical relapse was associated with noncompliance of dietary therapy 2 months later. Urinary sulfite levels measured by commercial dipsticks were useful in following therapy. Molybdenum cofactor deficiency is probably frequently underdiagnosed due to the lack of specific clinical or laboratory features. Screening of infants at risk for the presence of urinary sulfites or serum hypouricemia, or both, is both rapid and inexpensive.
Parsing the early cytoskeletal and nuclear organizational cues that demarcate stem cell lineages

Our recent report suggests that subtle changes in early cytoskeletal protein-level organization correlate with long-term stem cell lineage commitment1. In this extra-view, we dissect changes in the expression of both cytoskeletal and nuclear-regulating genes that may precede and, possibly, govern the formative lineage-specific organizational cues. Human mesenchymal stem cells cultured on glass under basal, osteogenic, and adipogenic induction media were analyzed for gene expression profiles within the first 24 hours. Several key actin organization regulating genes and nuclear and cell cycle regulatory genes were found to be upregulated in osteogenic media compared to adipogenic and basal conditions. Given the role of both cytoskeletal and nuclear genes, we examined the possibility of classifying stem cell subpopulations using high content imaging approaches based on the organization of both actin, as previously proposed, as well as nuclear organization and distribution of a nuclear organizational protein,...
Design artifacts in eulerian air quality models: evaluation of the effects of layer thickness and vertical profile correction on surface ozone concentrations

Abstract Previous studies on the regional acid deposition model (RADM) have revealed high bias of surface SO2 and O3 concentrations by the model, especially during nighttime hours. Comparison of the RADM results with surface measurements of hourly ozone concentrations from the National Dry Deposition Network (NDDN) sites showed distinct diurnal variations in the model high bias. Here, we investigate what part of this phenomenon is influenced by the coarse vertical resolution of RADM in representing the deposition layer. For certain deposition species in the model, we apply the planetary boundary layer (PBL) similarity theory to predict the high bias of the model results (volume averages) to the surface observations (time series at a point) for the horizontally homogeneous case. Here, we applied the profile corrections to a secondary species O3, which is one of active reacting species even at night especially with NO. However, we attempted to separate the effect of deposition layer thickness from the effects of other horizontal and vertical resolution such as emissions source distribution during the NOO3 titration process for a clearer presentation of our hypothesis. The study shows that there are situations when a considerable portion of the high bias of model O3 concentrations at night is explained by the coarse vertical resolution in the deposition layer. It is shown that the model needs to resolve, at least, the lower half of the PBL in order to predict surface deposition fluxes correctly. Comparison with several NDDN observations shows that for certain NDDN sites the present hypothesis cannot fully explain the model's high bias of daily minimum O3. In a companion paper, the effect of emission source distribution in representing the NOO3 titration process will be studied to investigate causes of the model bias further.
Clinical Decision Making About Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders Using the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment

Anxiety disorders are common among children but can be difficult to diagnose. An actuarial approach to the diagnosis of anxiety may improve the efficiency and accuracy of the process. The objectives of this study were to determine the clinical utility of the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Youth Self Report (YSR), two widely used assessment tools, for diagnosing anxiety disorders in youth and to aid clinicians in incorporating scale scores into an actuarial approach to diagnosis through a clinical vignette. Demographically diverse youth, 5 to 18 years of age, were drawn from two samples; one (N = 1,084) was recruited from a research center, and the second (N = 651) was recruited from an urban community mental health center. Consensus diagnoses integrated information from semistructured interview, family history, treatment history, and clinical judgment. The CBCL and YSR internalizing problems T scores discriminated cases with any anxiety disorder or with generalized anxiety disorder from all...
Clinical predictors of operative complexity in laparoscopic ventral hernia repair: a prospective study.

Because of uncertainties about the complexity of laparoscopic ventral hernia repair for varying patient populations, surgeons may be reluctant to perform this procedure. This study aimed to delineate the risk factors that can be identified in the preoperative setting predictive of longer operative times and complexity in laparoscopic ventral hernia repair. Patient demographics including body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, previous laparoscopic and open surgical procedures, ventral hernia repairs, and hernia characteristics (defect size and location, adhesions, incarceration) were recorded prospectively. Data are given as mean ± standard deviation. Times (min) required for abdominal access, adhesiolysis, and mesh placement as well as the total operative time were recorded during each case as outcome measures of operative difficulty. Univariate analyses were performed with the t-test or the Mann–Whitney U test as well as multivariate analyses using the stepwise analysis of covariance model to determine demographic and clinical variables influencing operative times. The study enrolled 180 patients (78 men and 102 women) with a mean age of 54.8 ± 12.2 years and a mean BMI of 33.3 ± 13.0 kg/m2. Multivariate analysis demonstrated significantly longer (p < 0.05) adhesiolysis and total operative times for patients with prior ventral hernia repairs, suprapubic hernia, bowel adhesion to the abdominal wall or hernia sac, and larger hernia defect. The total operative time also was increased (p < 0.05) with incarcerated hernia contents. Mesh placement time was increased (p < 0.05) with incarcerated hernia contents, suprapubic hernia location, hernias requiring larger mesh for repair, and decreased postgraduate year of the surgical assistant. The time required to obtain abdominal access was longer (p < 0.05) with a greater BMI and a higher American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classification. The operative times were not increased with a history of peritonitis, diabetes, immunosuppression, cancer, or with higher numbers of previous open or laparoscopic surgeries. At least 10 preoperatively identifiable patient variables, either alone or in combination, are predictive of prolonged operative times during laparoscopic ventral hernia repair and may be used as surrogates to determine the complexity of a minimally invasive approach.
Sedative-hypnotic use of diphenhydramine in a rural, older adult, community-based cohort: effects on cognition.

OBJECTIVE The authors sought to identify patterns and associations of prescription and over-the-counter sedative-hypnotic use in an older, rural, blue-collar, community-based cohort in southwestern Pennsylvania over 10 years. METHODS A group of 1,627 individuals age 65 and over were recruited and assessed during 1987–1989 and re-assessed during approximately biennial waves. Data included sleep medications, demographics, depressive symptoms, sleep complaints, and cognitive functioning (Mini-Mental State Exam [MMSE]). RESULTS At Waves 1 through 5, the mean age of the cohort increased from 73.4 to 80.5 years. Use of prescription sedative-hypnotics (primarily benzodiazepines) increased from 1.8% to 3.1%, and over-the-counter sedative-hypnotic use (primarily diphenhydramine) increased from 0.4% to 7.6%. At Wave 5 (1996–1998), 8.17% of the sample reported using diphenhydramine as a sleep aid. After adjusting for age and sex, diphenhydramine use was associated with higher education and more depressive symptoms, the latter becoming nonsignificant after controlling for initial insomnia. MMSE became significantly associated with diphenhydramine use when 143 subjects with dementia were excluded from the analysis. CONCLUSION As the cohort aged, prescription sedative-hypnotic use remained relatively stable, whereas over-the-counter sedative use, principally diphenhydramine, increased substantially. The association of this drug with cognitive impairment in persons without dementia highlights its potential for causing adverse reactions in older adults.
Effects of chronic ethanol feeding on glutathione turnover in the rat

Glutathione (GSH) is important in protection of cells against electrophilic drug injury and against reactive oxygen species. Both steady-state concentrations and turnover of GSH are important determinants of susceptibility of the hepatocyte to injury. Chronic ethanol administration is known to enhance susceptibility to electrophilic drug injury. We have examined the effects of chronic ethanol feeding on GSH turnover and the hepatic activities of GSH peroxidase and enzymes of the gamma-glutamyl cycle in the rat. Turnover of GSH was measured in individual animals by measuring the decrease in specific activity of GSH in bile over time after i.v. administration of [35S]cysteine. Rats fed ethanol had significantly increased rates of GSH turnover, 0.287 +/- 0.050 hr-1 vs 0.131 +/- 0.041 hr-1 (P less than 0.001), as well as steady-state GSH levels, 6.59 +/- 1.55 vs 4.30 +/- 1.28 mumoles/g liver (P less than 0.01). The activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and GSH-synthesizing enzymes were correspondingly increased significantly. By contrast, GSH peroxidase activity was decreased in ethanol-fed rats, 194 +/- 20.8 vs 311 +/- 89.9 nmoles NADPH oxidized/min/mg protein (P less than 0.001). Biliary output and concentrations of GSH and GSSG were similar in both groups. The increase in turnover of GSH was not due to an increase in oxidation of GSH. There was, however, an association between GSH turnover and the activity of hepatic GGT in ethanol-fed but not in control rats.
An Empirical Study in the Sociology of Knowledge

Investigations in the sociology of knowledge usually take as their point of departure some substantive property of a mode of thought. They then seek to delineate and understand the social origins of that mode of thought. This paper suggests the possibility of supplementing the substantive approach with structural materials. Portions of two different intellectual systems are treated empirically to ascertain the manner in which their demonstrations of proof are structured. These structures are uncovered through the use of Guttman scale analysis. While any set of branching deductions may be considered a partly ordered set, the findings reported here show that the portions of the intellectual system chosen for analysis converge to an almost perfectly ordered set (a Guttman scale). Finally, known properties of Guttman scales are assigned to the structural dimension, and implications for the sociology of knowledge are drawn.
The Role of Foraging Mode in the Origin of Therapsids: Implications for the Origin of Mammalian Endothermy

Abstract The question of the adaptive basis for the origin of mammalian endothermy remains unresolved despite a great deal of research effort. Controversy continues over which physiological adaptations were of greatest importance in starting ectothermic nonmammalian synapsids of the Late Paleozoic on the path that culminated in modern endothermic mammals. Models of the selective basis for the origin of endothermy fall into two main categories: “thermoregulation first” and “aerobic capacity first.” Studies of lizards show a dichotomy between a low-energy “sit-and-wait” (SW) foraging mode in Iguania and a more energy-intensive “widely foraging” (WF) mode in Autarchoglossa. It is proposed that in the transition from basal synapsids (“pelycosaurs”) to therapsids, a shift from the primitive SW mode to the WF mode put the ancestors of mammals on the path to increased aerobic capacity and the ability to sustain high levels of foraging activity. Selection for increased energy expenditure disproportionately increa...
Balloon-borne observations of the development and vertical structure of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1986

The vertical distribution of ozone measured at McMurdo Station, Antarctica using balloon-borne sensors on 33 occasions during November 6, 1986 - August 25, 1986 is described. These observations suggest a highly structured cavity confined to the 12-20 km altitude region. In the 17-19 km altitude range, the ozone volume mixing ratio declined from about 2 ppm at the end of August to about 0.5 ppm by mid-October. The average decay in this region can be described as exponential with a half life of about 25 days. While total ozone, as obtained from profile integration, declined only about 35 percent, the integrated ozone between 14 and 18 km declined more than 70 percent. Vertical ozone profiles in the vortex revealed unusual structure with major features from 1 to 5 km thick which had suffered ozone depletions as great as 90 percent.
Differential expression of heat shock proteins in Drosophila embryonic cells following metal ion exposure.

Abstract Drosophila embryonic cells were exposed to a number of metal ions that have been previously reported to act as teratogens in mammalian systems, including some known to induce heat shock (stress) proteins in a variety of model systems. This study examined the effects of these ions both on differentiation of muscles and neurons and on the induction of heat shock proteins. Metals such as arsenate, cadmium, and mercury all inhibited neuron and/or muscle differentiation in Drosophila embryonic cultures, while they also induced the entire set of heat shock proteins. Two metal ions, nickel and zinc, were shown to induce only the 22-and 23-K proteins, a pattern similar to that seen in “classical” teratogens reported previously. None of the metals tested induced only the 26-and 27-K proteins. These results suggest that there exist different regulatory mechanisms responsible for the heat shock response.
Decomposition kinetics of CaCu3Ti4O12

Various compositions of CaCu3+xTi4+yO12 ceramics based on the cation stoichiometry (x = ?0.06, 0, +0.06; y = ?0.08, 0, +0.08) were prepared via conventional solid state method. From the XRD data, CuO phases were found on the surface layers of all non-stoichiometric CCTOs. On the other hand, Cu2O phase was detected on the inner layers of Cu- and Ti-excessive CCTO which yielded low values of the dielectric constant (K). The Cu- and Ti-deficient CCTO showed the improvement of both K and tan ?, which can be explained by the lower grain resistivities compared to stoichiometric CCTO by the impedance spectroscopy. Further results from the cooling rate control and different sintering conditions of the stoichiometric CCTO are discussed in terms of the relationship between phase equilibria of CuO and Cu2O and the dielectric properties.
Cortical Cartography and Caret Software

Caret software is widely used for analyzing and visualizing many types of fMRI data, often in conjunction with experimental data from other modalities. This article places Caret's development in a historical context that spans three decades of brain mapping--from the early days of manually generated flat maps to the nascent field of human connectomics. It also highlights some of Caret's distinctive capabilities. This includes the ease of visualizing data on surfaces and/or volumes and on atlases as well as individual subjects. Caret can display many types of experimental data using various combinations of overlays (e.g., fMRI activation maps, cortical parcellations, areal boundaries), and it has other features that facilitate the analysis and visualization of complex neuroimaging datasets.
Is the Good Life the Easy Life

Three studies examined folk concepts of the good life. Participantsrated the desirability and moral goodness of a life as a function of thehappiness, meaning, and effort experienced. Happiness and meaning weresolid predictors of the good life, replicating King and Napa (1998).Study 1 (N = 381) included wealth as an additional factor. Resultsshowed little desire for exorbitant (over moderate) wealth, but also adesire to avoid poverty. When effort was operationalized as number ofhours worked, respondents desired the easy life, particularly atmoderate levels of income. When effort was operationalized as effortfulengagement (Study 2), 186 undergraduates and 178 community adults ratedthe hardworking life as morally superior to the easy life. Communityadults preferred meaningful lives of ease, while college studentspreferred meaningful lives that involved effort. Study 3 (N = 359) foundthe meaningful, effortful life was rated as most morally good, and thehappy effortful life was rated as most desirable, happy, and meaningful.The role of hard work in naive notions of The Good Life is discussed.
Does short-term fasting promote changes in state body image?

Abstract Fasting, or going a significant amount of time without food, is a predictor of eating pathology in at-risk samples. The current study examined whether acute changes in body image occur after an episode of fasting in college students. Furthermore, it evaluated whether individual difference variables might inform the relationship between fasting and shifts in body image. Participants (N = 186) included male (44.7%) and female college students who completed the Body Image States Scale (BISS) and other eating-related measures before a 24-h fast. Participants completed the BISS again after fasting. While no overall changes in BISS scores emerged during the study, some individuals evidenced body image improvement. Baseline levels of disinhibition and self-reported fasting at least once per week uniquely predicted improvement in body image. Individual difference variables may play a role in how fasting could be reinforced by shifts in body image.
'Pocket' virtual worlds: get off your chair and explore them!

PocketPCs afford the perfect opportunity to allow you to explore a ‘pocket’ virtual world. The size of the unit makes the experience personal and portable. If you think about a panorama as an immersive point in space – then a virtual world might be an array of navigable panoramas. And while rendering on a handheld might not seem possible – memory has become so small in size, large in capacity, and inexpensive that pre-rendering hundreds (if not thousands) of views could in fact be practical. These views could be CG or photographic. Of course you still are sitting on your chair with a handheld so we have to take it to the next level.
Through-the-Wall Radar Life Detection and Monitoring

Technology that can be used to unobtrusively detect and monitor the presence of human subjects from a distance and through barriers can be a powerful tool for law enforcement, military, and health monitoring applications. To this end, ultra-wide band radar has shown promise for real-time subject imaging, and compact Doppler radar solutions have demonstrated potential for providing non-invasive detection and monitoring of cardiopulmonary activity for multiple subjects. These technologies work through walls and other obstructions, and can even leverage the presence of ambient radio signals to provide a covert means to detect, isolate, and physiologically monitor multiple human subjects from a remote position. Practical applications ranging from counter-terrorism to health monitoring require systems that are accurate, affordable, and easy to use. Current research efforts addressing these challenges through radio, signal processing, and sensor networking will be presented.
Progress in Tribology Through Integrated Simulations and Experiments

Understanding and then predicting interfacial phenomena is much easier said than done. A significant challenge is that progress in tribology invariably requires the use of both experiment and theory. Experimental measurements shows trends and patterns, but often cannot directly reveal the mechanisms underlying those trends. Modeling and simulations can provide mechanistic insights, but must be validated by experiment. Unfortunately, experimental methods and numerical techniques have gained such sophistication that it is often very difficult for a single research group to be proficient at both. As a result, experimentalists and theorists often work independently, and may not even use the same terminology to describe a given phenomenon. In addition, there are often disconnects between the expectations one group has of the other. Albert Einstein described this sentiment well:
Interface instabilities in the interstellar medium.

In the present communication, we reexamine two limiting cases of star-forming mechanisms involving self-gravity, thermodynamics, and velocity fields, that we believe must be ubiquitous in the ISM -- the generally oblique collision of supersonic gas streams or turbulent eddies. The general case of oblique collisions has not yet been examined. However, two limiting cases have been studied in detail: (1) The head-on collision of two identical gas streams that form dense, cool accretion shocks that become unstable and may form Jeans mass clouds, which subsequently undergo collapse. (2) Linearly unstable tangential velocity discontinuities, which result in Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instabilities and related phenomena. The compressible K-H instabilities exhibit rich and unexpected behaviors. Moreover a new thermal-dynamic (T-D) mode was discovered that arises from the coupling of the perturbed thermal behavior and the unperturbed flow. The T-D mode has the curious characteristic that it may be strongly unstable to interface modes when the global modes in either medium are absolutely thermally stable. In the present communication additional models of case 1 are described and discussed, and self-gravity is added in the linear theory of tangential discontinuities, case 2. We prove that self-gravity fundamentally changes the behavior of interfacial modes -- density discontinuities (or steps) are inherently unstable on roughly the free-fall timescale of the denser medium to perturbations of all wavelengths.
Pharmacokinetics of oncolytic measles virotherapy: eventual equilibrium between virus and tumor in an ovarian cancer xenograft model

Because of their ability to replicate, the dose-response relationships of oncolytic viruses cannot easily be predicted. To better understand the pharmacokinetics of virotherapy in relation to viral dose and schedule, we administered MV-CEA intraperitoneally in an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer. MV-CEA is an attenuated oncolytic measles virus engineered to express soluble human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and the virus is currently undergoing phase I clinical testing in patients with ovarian cancer. Plasma CEA levels correlate with numbers of virus-infected tumor cells at a given time, and were used as a surrogate to monitor the profiles of viral gene expression over time. The antineoplastic activity of single- or multiple-dose MV-CEA was apparent over a wide range of virus doses (10(3)-10(8) TCID(50)), with little reduction in observed antitumor efficacy, even at the lowest tested dose. However, analysis of CEA profiles of treated mice was highly informative, illustrating the variability in virus kinetics at different dose levels. The highest doses of virus were associated with higher initial levels of tumor cell killing, but the final outcome of MV-CEA therapy at all dose levels was a partial equilibrium between virus and tumor, resulting in significant slowing of tumor growth and enhanced survival of the mice.
In-vehicle hybrid electrical architecture

One of the major challenges of today's in-vehicle electrical architecture is the rapidly increasing complexity of interconnecting controllers, sensors, actuators and other on-board electronic components. Traditionally, this task is accomplished using standard wired bus technologies such as Controller Area Network (CAN). In this paper we introduce the concept of hybrid electrical architecture as one that combines wireless and wired communication in a tight fashion. Namely, communication over the wired backbone is aware and in accordance with the communication on the wireless media and vice versa. The reasons for adopting hybrid architecture for intra-vehicle communication are increased robustness, reliability, lower latency, while preserving both wireless and wired resources. In this paper we propose a hybrid communication protocol tailored to a CAN based backbone. Our protocol increases end-to-end hybrid communication link's reliability while preserving wired CAN bus load, minimizes latency, and achieves all that with very low complexity.
The skeleton of early Eocene Cantius, oldest lemuriform primate.

A recently discovered partial skeleton of the adapid Cantius trigonodus from the early Eocene Willwood Formation of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, documents substantial new information about the anatomy of the oldest lemuriform primates. It is very similar in all features to its descendant, middle Eocene Notharctus, and both exhibit numerous resemblances to certain extant Malagasy lemurs, particularly Lepilemur, Propithecus, Lemur, and Hapalemur griseus. Like these forms, Cantius had relatively long hind limbs and short forelimbs. Forelimb traits (prominent brachialis flange of the humerus, well-developed olecranon process of the ulna, and strong shafts of the ulna and radius) suggest active use of the forelimbs in progression. Specializations in the hind limb (e.g., expanded articular surface of the femoral head, narrow and elevated patellar trochlea and prominent lateral trochlear ridge, posteriorly oriented femoral and tibial condyles, narrow and elongate talus, and hallucal metatarsal with prominent peroneal tubercle) indicate capabilities for leaping and for powerful grasping with an opposable hallux. Cantius was presumably primitive in having a relatively long ischium and much more distal inferior tibial tuberosity than most extant lemurs—traits suggesting that powerful extension of the thigh and flexion at the knee were important in its locomotion and posture. We interpret Cantius as an active arboreal quadruped with a propensity for leaping. The existence of this skeletal structure in one of the oldest primates of modern aspect suggests that it represents the primitive lemuriform morphology.
Study of Pressure Attenuation of a Submerged, Nonfree Jet and a Method of Calculation for Bottomhole Hydraulic Parameters

The pressure attenuation of a submerged, nonfree jet has been studied with a simulated wellbore. Equations describing pressure attenuation along the centerline and the cross-sectional pressure distribution of the jet are given. With these equations, bottomhole hydraulic parameters can then be calculated. Also, an optimal design of a jet-drilling hydraulic program based on bottomhole parameters has been developed.
The COX-2 inhibitors: new analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs

Selective COX-2 inhibitors offer a therapeutic alternative to the conventional nonselective NSAIDs. Rofecoxib has been demonstrated to be a valuable therapeutic agent in the management of acute orofacial pain. Selective COX-2 inhibitors are also indicated in patients who are likely to undergo surgery or invasive procedures in the near future because these drugs do not prolong the bleeding time. The efficacy of these drugs in the management of chronic orofacial pain is yet to be evaluated. The pharmacoeconomic impact of COX-2 inhibitors must also be considered, as the cost of selective COX-2 inhibitors is considerably higher than the other commonly used NSAIDs. Although it is clear that COX-2 inhibitors offer some advantages over the nonselective NSAIDs in terms of a lower risk of GI toxicity with long-term use, the effects following short-term use are still unclear. Until more data are available, COX-2 inhibitors should be avoided or used with the same caution as for conventional NSAIDs in patients with compromised renal and cardiac function.