cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Customary Law and the Domain of Federal Common Law Today

Ce chapitre vise a placer dans son contexte le role limite du Droit coutumier dans le Droit federal actuel des USA en evaluant le statut de le common law federal dans la jurisprudence des tribunaux federaux. Comme nous l’etudions ici, du common law federal d’origine judiciaire- qui en composant une regle de decision peut parfois faire reference au Droit coutumier- est contrariee, si ce n’est pas defavorisee. En retour, cela offre peu de possibilite pour le Droit federal- ou tout au moins pour le common law federal pour regarder et emprunter des principes du Droit coutumier. Apres avoir trace l’approche evolutive de le common law federal aux USA et avoir discute les « enclaves » contemporaines dans lesquelles le Droit coutumier continue d’exercer une influence sur le common law federal, ce chapitre conclut en observant que le resultat de cette evolution est un corps de Droit federal moderne qui est plus insulaire par sa nature qu’a sa Fondation et qui des lors, contrairement a ce qui prevalait a ses debuts est moins susceptible d’utiliser le Droit coutumier. Determiner si cela est une bonne ou une mauvaise chose, comme nous l’etudions en conclusion, est un sujet qui merite un debat serieux.
Equations and approximations involved in computing vertical wind velocities from superpressure balloon data

Superpressure, or constant-level, balloons have long been used to obtain horizontal wind velocities in the atmosphere. This paper presents equations which can be used to evaluate ω; the vertical wind component in pressure co-ordinates, from on-board pressure and temperature sensors. These equations take into account the short-term displacements of a balloon from its equilibrium density level, and thus they do not assume that the balloon precisely maintains constant density. The longer-term and largeramplitude diurnal oscillations in balloon level, and also an approximation used in deriving the vertical velocity equations, are both discussed in some detail. These equations can be used to obtain quantitative estimates of ω if reasonable estimates of the ambient lapse rate could be obtained.
Identification of Kinases and Interactors of p53 Using Kinase-Catalyzed Cross-Linking and Immunoprecipitation

Kinase enzymes phosphorylate protein substrates in a highly ordered manner to control cell signaling. Unregulated kinase activity is associated with a variety of disease states, most notably cancer, making the characterization of kinase activity in cells critical to understand disease formation. However, the paucity of available tools has prevented a full mapping of the substrates and interacting proteins of kinases involved in cellular function. Recently we developed kinase-catalyzed cross-linking to covalently connect substrate and kinase in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Here, we report a new method combining kinase-catalyzed cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (K-CLIP) to identify kinase-substrate pairs and kinase-associated proteins. K-CLIP was applied to the substrate p53, which is robustly phosphorylated. Both known and unknown kinases of p53 were isolated from cell lysates using K-CLIP. In follow-up validation studies, MRCKbeta was identified as a new p53 kinase. Beyond kinases, a variety of p53 and kinase-associated proteins were also identified using K-CLIP, which provided a snapshot of cellular interactions. The K-CLIP method represents an immediately useful chemical tool to identify kinase-substrate pairs and multiprotein complexes in cells, which will embolden cell signaling research and enhance our understanding of kinase activity in normal and disease states.
Stratification Risk Analysis in Bridging Patients to Lung Transplant on ECMO: The STABLE Recipient Risk Score

Purpose No recipient risk index for in-hospital mortality of patients bridged to lung transplantation (LTP) using ECMOhas been clinically validated. We queried the UNOS database to generate a novel quantitative recipient risk score. Methods Since 2004 a total of 783 patients in the US were bridged to LTP using ECMO. Patients Results 6 pretransplant recipient specific variables were translated into a 26 point scoring system (Table 1). Derivation and validation cohort scores ranged between 0-22 and 0-24, with ROC areas under the curve of 71% and 75%, respectively (Figure 1A, 1B). In both derivation (Figure 1C) and validation (Figure 1D) cohort, each STABLE point increased the odds of in-hospital mortality by 22% (OR 1.22 [1.14-1.31, p Conclusion The STABLE score is a novel and validated tool for recipient risk stratification of patients on ECMO bridge to LTP. High predictive power of in-hospital mortality may aid clinical decision making and organ allocation.
Cortical impact injury in rats promotes a rapid and sustained increase in polyunsaturated free fatty acids and diacylglycerols.

Neurotrauma activates the release of membrane phospholipid-derived second messengers, such as free arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, AA) and diacylglycerols (DAGs). In the present study, we analyze the effect of cortical impact injury of low-grade severity applied to the rat frontal right sensory-motor cortex (FRC) on the accumulation of free fatty acids (FFAs) and DAGs in eight brain areas 30 min and 24 hours after the insult. At these times, accumulation of FFAs and DAGs occurred mainly in the damaged FRC. The cerebellum was the only other brain area that displayed a significant accumulation of DAGs by day one post-injury. By 30 min, accumulation of free AA in the FRC displayed the greatest relative increase (300% over sham value), followed by free docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA, 150%), while both 20:4-DAGs and 22:6-DAGs were increased 100% over sham values. At day one, free 22:6 and 22:6-DAGs showed the greatest increase (590% and 230%, respectively). These results suggest that TBI elicits the hydrolysis of phospholipids enriched in excitable membranes, targeting early on 20:4-phospholipids (by 30 min post-trauma) and followed 24 hours later by preferential hydrolysis of DHA-phospholipids. These lipid metabolic changes may contribute to the initiation and maturation of neuronal and fiber track degeneration observed following cortical impact injury.
Vertical bone augmentation for implant site development: A burgeoning role for orthodontics

Abstract Extraction of an ankylosed tooth is a common scenario orthodontists face in daily practice. The extraction of an ankylosed tooth is often traumatic, leaving behind a defective alveolar ridge. A common approach to correct alveolar bony defects is bone grafting periodontal surgeries. This article shows a less invasive biological method by bodily horizontal tooth movement into the edentulous defect to build a wide bony ridge.
How to Run for Political Office: A Primer for Midwives and Other Nontraditional Candidates

Service in public office is a laudatory civic activity, and nontraditional candidates such as midwives have much to offer in this role. Newcomers to the political process benefit from basic information about how to run a campaign, raise money, utilize effective messaging, deal with political attacks, and seek endorsements and other campaign support. Midwives encounter ethical and legal implications specific to their position of trust as health care providers. In order to demystify the campaign process for novices, this practical guide to the basics of running for local office has been extrapolated from the experience of one midwife candidate in order to decrease potential barriers to others' political engagement and political ambition.
Implications of schedule irregularity as a minimum wage response margin

Empirical research on minimum wages has historically focused on employment effects, with the implicit assumption that workers who remain employed under a minimum wage regime are better off. This pa...
Environmental correlates of circannual breeding periodicity in a multi-species assemblage of Amazonian electric fishes

We quantified patterns of circannual reproductive breeding periodicity in a multi-species assemblage of the gymnotiform knifefish genus Brachyhypopomus from Amazonian floodplain and terra firme stream habitats. We applied linear mixed-effect models and model selection to a dataset of 3205 fish from the five most abundant species to identify environmental variables predictive of gonadosomatic index (GSI) – including rainfall, river level, water temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH. A single common floodplain species exhibited a well-demarcated ca. 6-month breeding season corresponding to the rising-water and high-water period. In this species the strongest predictors of GSI in both sexes were river level and pH. Conductivity, temperature, and DO all exhibited substantial circannual variation in the floodplain but were uncorrelated to GSI. Four common terra firme stream-dwelling species exhibited longer (ca. 7–9-month) and less distinct breeding seasons that were approximately coincident with the late dry/early rainy season. The stream species exhibited a congruent species-wide response in which GSI was predicted in both sexes by rainfall, but not by physico-chemical water properties (all of which exhibited relatively minor circannual variation). Five of the most abundant species in this study have a semelparous one-year life history, but one (B. beebei) has an iteroparous two-year life history. Consistent with a pattern of terminal reproductive investment, we observed a more pronounced elevation of GSI (especially in females) in B. beebei’s final second breeding season than in its first.
Linear accelerator-based radiosurgery is associated with lower incidence of radionecrosis compared with gamma knife for treatment of multiple brain metastases.

Abstract Background Gamma knife (GK) and linear accelerator (LINAC)-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) both offer excellent local control in the management of multiple brain metastases. The efficacy and toxicity of LINAC and GK SRS have not been directly compared in the modern era. We studied outcomes in patients treated with LINAC SRS and GK at two separate institutions. Methods We identified patients treated with either LINAC or GK who were treated to ≥2 lesions and had available follow up. LINAC patients were treated using single-isocenter multitarget technique. We used Cox regression, Fine and Gray competing risks regression, and nearest neighbor propensity score matching to account for confounders and imbalance between cohorts. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to estimate overall survival and rates of radionecrosis. Results We identified 391 patients who were treated in 537 courses to a total 2699 lesions (LINAC: 1014, GK: 1685). After propensity score matching, GK was associated with similar overall survival (HR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.59–1.24; p = 0.41) and higher rate of radionecrosis (HR = 3.83; 95% CI 1.66–8.84; p = 0.002) compared to LINAC. In a secondary propensity score matched analysis comparing radionecrosis in single-fraction LINAC and GK, GK remained associated with higher incidence of radionecrosis (HR = 4.42; 95% CI 1.28–15.29; p = 0.019). Conclusions In this multi-institutional study, we found similar overall survival with lower incidence of radionecrosis in patients treated with LINAC compared to GK SRS. These findings are hypothesis generating and should be validated in an independent cohort.
Comparative Acoustic Analyses of L2 English: The Search for Systematic Variation.

BACKGROUND/AIMS Previous research has shown that exposure to multiple foreign accents facilitates adaptation to an untrained novel accent. One explanation is that L2 speech varies systematically such that there are commonalities in the productions of nonnative speakers, regardless of their language background. METHODS A systematic acoustic comparison was conducted between 3 native English speakers and 6 nonnative accents. Voice onset time, unstressed vowel duration, and formant values of stressed and unstressed vowels were analyzed, comparing each nonnative accent to the native English talkers. A subsequent perception experiment tests what effect training on regionally accented voices has on the participant's comprehension of nonnative accented speech to investigate the importance of within-speaker variation on attunement and generalization. RESULTS Data for each measure show substantial variability across speakers, reflecting phonetic transfer from individual L1s, as well as substantial inconsistency and variability in pronunciation, rather than commonalities in their productions. Training on native English varieties did not improve participants' accuracy in understanding nonnative speech. CONCLUSION These findings are more consistent with a hypothesis of accent attune-ment wherein listeners track general patterns of nonnative speech rather than relying on overlapping acoustic signals between speakers.
Synthesis and characterization of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilms.

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium capable of reducing various metal and sulfur compounds and precipitating them in nanoparticulate form. Here, we report the synthesis of molybdenum disulfide nanomaterials at the site of S. oneidensis biofilms grown in the presence of molybdenum trioxide and sodium thiosulfate. Samples from the growth medium were imaged using scanning electron microscopy and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, absorbance spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. These methods revealed the presence of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticle aggregates 50–300 nm in diameter with both hexagonal and rhombohedral polytypes. As a biosynthesis method for molybdenum sulfide, the use of S. oneidensis offers the advantage of significantly reduced heat and chemical solvent input compared to conventional methods of synthesizing molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles.
Risk Factors for Postoperative Inflammatory Complications After Maxillofacial Reconstruction Using Polyether-Ether-Ketone Implants

Purpose Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) implants are increasingly used for the reconstruction of craniomaxillofacial deformities, but limited data exist on their limitations or risk factors for complications associated with their use. The purpose of the present study was to identify risk factors for postoperative inflammatory complications (POICs) after the use of PEEK implants in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted, incorporating all patients treated with patient-specific PEEK implants at the authors' institution from August 1, 2012 to June 30, 2019. The outcome variable was the presence of POICs. The potential predictor variables were demographic, medical, anatomic, and treatment related. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher exact tests, t tests, and multivariable logistic regression analysis where appropriate. Results The 32 patients included in the study were composed of 68.8% men; mean age was 40.6 years. The PEEK implant was placed adjacent to the paranasal sinuses in 56.3% of patients. The indication for use was malar depression in 50.0%, orbital dystopia in 46.9%, forehead or skull defects in 21.9%, and mandibular contour deformities in 6.2%; 8 patients had more than 1 indication. The overall rate of POICs was 28.1%. Of the POICs, 66.7% were managed with incision and drainage, revision surgery, or removal and 33.3% were managed with outpatient wound care or antibiotics. Tobacco use, the presence of an intraoral incision, and the presence of multiple incisions were all associated with POICs. On multivariable analysis, tobacco use approached significance (odds ratio, 17.3 [95% confidence interval, 0.98 to 306.7]) and multiple incisions (odds ratio, 6.9 [95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 32.3]) had a statistically significant association with the occurrence of complications. Conclusions The present study identified several variables potentially associated with complications after the use of PEEK implants in maxillofacial reconstruction. Consideration should be given in the preoperative evaluation when a smoker is identified and when multiple incisions are planned.
Prenatal maternal posttraumatic stress disorder as a risk factor for adverse birth weight and gestational age outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Background Although not routinely assessed, prenatal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with poor maternal mental health and mother-infant bonding. Prenatal PTSD may also be associated with birth weight and gestational age outcomes, but this remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the association of prenatal PTSD with risk of low birth weight (LBW) or preterm birth (PTB) (dichotomous medically-defined cut-offs) or with birth weight (BW) or gestational age (GA) (continuous variables). Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted in Web of Science, MedLine, PubMed, and PsychInfo. Data were collected and processed according to Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Study quality was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottowa Quality Assessment Scale. Pooled effect sizes were estimated with random-effects models (correlation for continuous and odds ratios for dichotomous outcomes). Results Sixteen studies with 51,470 participants (prenatal PTSD 8%) were included in 4 meta-analyses. Maternal prenatal PTSD was associated with higher risks of LBW (OR = 1.96; 95% CI, 1.26, 3.03; P = .003), PTB (OR = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.16, 1.73; P = .001), and reduced GA (r = -0.04; 95% CI, -0.06, -0.01; P = .002). Limitations Different designs across studies, variety of PTSD assessment practices, and a small pool of studies were noted. Conclusions Findings suggest prenatal PTSD presents increased risks of LBW, PTB, and reduced GA. Evidence of physical harm to neonates from prenatal PTSD provides a powerful rationale to increase prenatal PTSD screening and identify effective prenatal interventions to improve maternal and child outcomes.
Osmium contamination of seawater samples stored in polyethylene bottles

A low blank—high yield procedure for the accurate determination of seawater osmium concentration and isotope composition has been developed. The improvement in the detection limit has revealed a subtle temporal increase in the concentration of samples obtained during the GEOTRACES expeditions that were stored in high density polyethylene bottles. This increase in Os concentration is accompanied by significant decrease in the 187Os/188Os ratio of the water indicating substantial contamination of waters in two out of three bottles that were investigated; the third bottle, which is not contaminated, shows evidence of Os removal. In comparison, analyses of another aliquot of water stored in a Teflon bottle show no contamination. Samples collected in low density polyethylene bottles during SAFe expedition have also been contaminated. Bottle cleaning with HNO3 has directly/indirectly contributed to the bottle blank. We also find that a snow-melt sample stored in a Teflon bottle has remained uncontaminated for more than a year, despite having an Os concentration that is ~14 times lower than seawater. We conclude that the low level samples, such as seawater, need to be stored in Teflon bottles for accurate and precise estimate of Os concentration and isotope composition, although polypropylene bottles may be an acceptable alternative. A re-evaluation of previously published data and data obtained in the present study still indicates that Os is not a conservative element in the seawater column and that small but significant variations in the seawater 187Os/188Os ratio may exist with depth and among different ocean basins.
Review of Elementary Probability Theory

This chapter contains sections titled: Sample Space, Events, and Probabilities Random Variables Cumulative Distribution Functions, Expectation, and Moment Generating Functions Discretely Distributed Random Variables Continuously Distributed Random Variables Some Useful Inequalities Joint Distribution Functions Conditional Expectation Independent Random Variables Conditional Independence A Law of Large Numbers First-Order Autoregressive Estimators Measures of Separation Between Distributions Statistical Confidence Deciding Between Two Alternative Claims Problems
Health Implications of the Supreme Court's Obergefell vs. Hodges Marriage Equality Decision

The United States Supreme Court's Obergefell vs. Hodges groundbreaking marriage equality decision also created new terrain for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons regarding health, healthcare, and health benefits. This article addresses the health implications of this decision by examining its impact on minority stress and stigmatization and health-related benefits. It also includes a discussion of several impending issues affecting LGBT health that remain after Obergefell.
Transfer of Working Memory Performance Enhancement Induced by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) (P3.220)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether transient performance enhancement induced by pairing tDCS with a working memory task transfers to non-trained tasks within the same cognitive domain in cognitively healthy individuals. BACKGROUND: Prior investigations employing direct current stimulation of the brain have demonstrated that anodal (excitatory) tDCS of the frontal lobe elicits improvement on the N-back working memory task in healthy subjects and patient populations (Fregni et al 2005; Boggio et al 2006; JM et al 2009). However the degree to which enhanced performance in these experiments reflects broader enhancement of a cognitive domain rather than a specific experimental task remains unclear. DESIGN/METHODS: In separate experimental sessions, 12 healthy subjects received anodal tDCS (2mA) and sham stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) for 20 minutes. Session order was counterbalanced across subjects. Subjects trained on a 3-back version of the N-back task during stimulation. Before and after stimulation, subjects completed an adjusting Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT). Both the experimenter and subjects were blind to stimulation condition. RESULTS: Subjects were significantly more accurate on the adjusting PASAT task after receiving real tDCS compared to their pre-stimulation performance. Anodal stimulation also induced an improvement in efficiency (combined speed and accuracy). No change in PASAT performance was observed after sham stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pre-clinical pilot study suggest that the cognitive benefit of tDCS to the dlPFC generalizes to at least some other tasks in the domain of working memory beyond the task being paired with stimulation. The generalizability of stimulation effects within cognitive domains has important implications for future exploration of tDCS as a remediation tool in patients with executive dysfunction due to neurologic disease. Study Supported by: JG was supported through the University Scholars Program of the Center for Undergraduate Research and Fellowships at the University of Pennsylvania. Disclosure: Dr. Gill has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hamilton has nothing to disclose.
Procedural Volume Modeling, Rendering, and Visualization

Volume visualization techniques have advanced dramatically over the past fifteen years. However, the increase in scale of visualization tasks has been increasing at even a faster rate. Today, many problems require the visualization of gigabytes to terabytes of data. Additionally, the number of variables and dimensionality of many scientific simulations and observations has increased, while the resolution of computer graphics displays has not changed substantially (still a few million pixels). These factors present a significant challenge to current visualization techniques and approaches. We propose a new approach to visualization to solve these problems and provide flexibility and extensibility for visualization challenges over the next decade: procedural visualization. In this approach, we encode and abstract datasets to a more manageable level, while also developing more effective visualization and rendering techniques.
Beginnings & Endings: 146 BCE as an Imperial Moment, from Polybius to Sallust

The year 146 BCE marked an endpoint for the cities of Carthage and Corinth – two otherwise unrelated poleis that were destroyed by Rome within the space of a few months. In many ways, modern tradition has taken it for granted that these two calamities should be considered a single point in time, and that this moment (“146”) should be deemed a juncture in Roman, if not broader, history. This paper explores the earliest evolution of the “146” event horizon, from the work of Polybius to Sallust. It argues that Sallust’s well-known “theorem” – that an eliminated « fear of the enemy » inaugurated a calamitous process of internal decline – is to be understood as a multi-layered response to earlier interpretations, as pioneered by Polybius. The paper begins by reconstructing the “destructions” within their contemporary intellectual and historiographical contexts. It then explores Polybius’ views, as he considered the “synchronic” fall of Carthage and Corinth to be of unprecedented significance. For in his History , Polybius writes with an urgency, insisting that the political, pragmatic lessons to be gleaned from history were ever more pressing in his lifetime, since Fate was rapidly pulling together the myriad lifespans of all the Mediterranean states, converging upon a single polis : Rome. The events of 146 BCE, featured in the finale of the History , thus marked, in Polybius’ eyes, the full triumph of Rome as a newly minted « world-city » ( kosmopolis ). As such, they provided the ultimate Polybian lesson in statesmanship, for both ruler and ruled, while leaving an ominous possibility: that the convergence upon one polis would subject all to its individual lifecycle ( anacyclosis ), which was not immune from the corrosions of time and Fortune. And it is here, this paper asserts, that subsequent authors – Posidonius, followed by Sallust in particular – crafted their responses to the questions left unanswered by Polybius. Sallust’s unique contribution – one that was to have a lasting impact – was to explore a world in which all of the looming portents in Polybius’ History had indeed come to pass. The elimination of Carthage in particular (as a « rival for empire » ), had, for Sallust, undeniably tipped the moral-political scales, bringing about despotism abroad and deterioration at home. And even worse, the very lines between Roman and foreign, public and private, and virtue and vice had themselves become irreparably blurred, and with them, the baseline notion that history itself, as a genre, was capable of fulfilling its core promises. Sallust thus viewed his own era as locked within two timescales, now inextricably confused: that of a cyclical world history, and that of Rome as an individual state. Together, in Sallust’s presentation, the two had sunk through a distorted lens into utter disarray, with the ideals and simple lessons of the past being truly beyond the grasp of the immediate, crushing present and the gaze of the historian.
Obstacles and future of gene therapy for hemophilia

Introduction: The recent success of early-phase clinical trials for adeno-associated viral (AAV) liver-directed gene therapy for hemophilia B (HB) demonstrates the potential for gene therapy, in the future, to succeed protein-based prophylaxis therapy for HB. Significant obstacles, however, need to be overcome prior to widespread adoption. The largest obstacles include immune responses to the AAV capsid including preexisting neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and a delayed cellular immune response. Emerging evidence suggests that the latter is vector-dose dependent. Furthermore, the development and eradication of inhibitors remains a significant safety concern. Similarly, biological differences between Factor VIII and Factor IX (FIX) impose challenges to direct adoption of the successes for HB to hemophilia A (HA).Areas covered: The advantages and limitations of the current strategies addressing these obstacles for gene therapy for HB and HA are discussed, as well as vector manufacturing issues relevant to wi...
Female Sex Workers and the Social Context of Workplace Violence in Tijuana, Mexico

Gender-based violence in the workplace impacts the physical and emotional wellbeing of sex workers and may lead to other health problems, such as PTSD and depression, drug abuse, and a greater likelihood of sexually transmitted infections. This study examines the social context of workplace violence and risk avoidance in the context of legal regulations meant to reduce harms associated with the industry. Ethnographic research, including 18 months of extended field observations and interviews with 190 female sex workers, is used to illustrate how sex workers in Tijuana, Mexico, experience and manage workplace violence. Multiple subthemes emerge from this analysis, including deciding where to work, working with a third party, avoiding theft, and dealing with police. These findings support the idea that the risk of violence is part of a larger "hierarchy of risk" that can result in a "tradeoff" of harms.
Enhanced fault-tolerant CMOS memory elements

CMOS memory elements used in space as well as some terrestrial applications must be immune to radiation-induced errors such as single event upsets. Existing designs protect the stored data against single event upsets in the internal nodes, but are vulnerable to transient faults in the control and data lines. In this paper, we enhance the design of a fault-tolerant CMOS latch to handle these types of errors. We propose separate optimizations for pipeline registers and static random-access memories. The designs are verified through extensive circuit simulations.
Distribution and movements of fin whales in the North Pacific Ocean

1 We summarize fin whale Balaenoptera physalus catch statistics, sighting data, mark recoveries and acoustics data. The annual cycle of most populations of fin whales had been thought to entail regular migrations between high-latitude summer feeding grounds and lower-latitude winter grounds. Here we present evidence of more complex and varied movement patterns. 2 During summer, fin whales range from the Chukchi Sea south to 35 °N on the Sanriku coast of Honshu, to the Subarctic Boundary (ca. 42 °N) in the western and central Pacific, and to 32 °N off the coast of California. Catches show concentrations in seven areas which we refer to as ‘grounds’, representing productive feeding areas. 3 During winter months, whales have been documented over a wide area from 60 °N south to 23 °N. Coastal whalers took them regularly in all winter months around Korea and Japan and they have been seen regularly in winter off southern California and northern Baja California. There are also numerous fin whale sightings and acoustic detections north of 40 °N during winter months. Calves are born during the winter, but there is little evidence for distinct calving areas. 4 Whales implanted with Discovery-type marks were killed in whaling operations, and location data from 198 marked whales demonstrate local site fidelity, consistent movements within and between the main summer grounds and long migrations from low-latitude winter grounds to high-latitude summer grounds. 5 The distributional data agree with immunogenetic and marking findings which suggest that the migratory population segregates into at least two demes with separate winter mating grounds: a western ground off the coast of Asia and an eastern one off the American coast. Members of the two demes probably mingle in the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands area. 6 Prior research had suggested that there were at least two non-migratory stocks of fin whale: one in the East China Sea and another in the Gulf of California. There is equivocal evidence for the existence of additional non-migratory groups in the Sanriku-Hokkaido area off Japan and possibly the northern Sea of Japan, but this is based on small sample sizes.
The Theory of Absolute Surface Shear Viscosity. I

The steady-state velocity field generated at a fluid interface by a slowly rotating disk of radius a thrust into that interface is solved in lammar flow approximation. The theory takes full account of the hydrodynamic coupling between the internal viscosity $\mu$ of the substrate with the surface viscosity $\eta$ of an adsorbed surface film. Results are presented in graphical form of the interfacial velocity field near the rim of the disk for various values of the dimensional ratio $\eta/\mu$ a$.
Model Predictive Control for Compliant Pneumatic Systems

Pneumatic systems possess inherent compliance and potentially variable stiffness that make them an appealing actuator choice for tracking applications where contact and interaction are likely. However, good control of pneumatic systems is impeded by discontinuous and nonlinear dynamics, especially compliance and friction. The most successful previous solutions have either applied high-gain PD or sliding mode control. These achieve tracking control for compliant systems by transforming them into stiffer ones. Model predictive control can better balance precision tracking with compliance (low output impedance), so that the system is safer in case of collision disturbance. It can be coupled with a predictive observer that estimates friction as a known disturbance. The estimate is incorporated into the optimization, improving friction compensation for pneumatics, which has slow dynamics that do not react quickly enough with traditional feedforward compensation. Finally, predictive control enables constrained finite-time optimization, driving the system closer to its peak performance capability.© 2014 ASME
Teacher Evaluation as a Function of Student and Instructor Personality

Intuitive, feeling, extraverted teachers attract, and feeling students produce, ratings different from their type opposites.
Report on the Geneva Conference: Developments in Controlled Fusion Electronics

Recent developments in controlled fusion electronics observed at the Second U.N. Intemational Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy (Geneva, Switzerland, 1958) are discussed, and a comparison of the problems associated with the different approaches is given.
Early administration of therapeutic anticoagulation following intravenous thrombolysis for acute cardiogenic embolic stroke caused by left ventricular thrombus: case report and topic review.

Cardiogenic cerebral embolism represents 20% of all acute ischemic strokes with one third of these being caused by left ventricular thrombus (LVT). LVT is not a contraindication for treatment with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rtPA) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However the subsequent treatment of a potentially unstable LVT is contraindicated for 24 hours following the use of IV rtPA according to current guidelines. We present a 66-year-old man with AIS treated with IV rtPA. Echocardiogram shortly after treatment demonstrated both a large apical and septal thrombus in the left ventricle and at 12 hours post IV rtPA infusion, therapeutic anticoagulation with heparin was started without complication. In practice, the action of IV rtPA outlasts its apparent half-life because of thrombin-binding and the prolonged effects and longer half-life of its product, plasmin, however the pharmacokinetics do not warrant prolonged avoidance of therapeutic anticoagulation when clinically indicated. Our case demonstrates that anticoagulation for potentially unstable LVT can be safely initiated at 12 hours following IV rtPA treatment for AIS.
Pop-Up Constructions Motivate and Reinforce Science Learning for Upper Elementary Students

ABSTRACT Pop-up boxes and folder constructions support student inquiry while integrating art, craft, spatial, and creativity skills. Step-by-step illustrated directions for constructing pop-up boxes are provided with example images of pop-up boxes focused on ecological issues. Teachers used these pop-up constructions to assist fourth- and fifth-grade students in understanding environmental problems with youth-implemented solutions. Classroom testing showed that combining art with science through pop-up constructions allowed students to be creative, to have both minds-on and hands-on activity, and to use motor and spatial skills in constructing the pop-ups, along with paper engineering concepts in their pop-up designs. Teachers reported strong student engagement, collaboration, and productivity during the lessons, with students expressing enjoyment in the activity. Examples of two additional pop-ups addressing the topic areas of simple machines and ecosystems are provided.
Comparing two approaches to the rate of return to investment in education.

The economic value of investment in education has typically been measured by its rate of return, frequently estimated by the internal rate of return or the earning function approach. Given the importance of the rate of return estimates for individuals and countries, especially developing countries, in making decision on educational investment, we need to know how these methods compare as empirical researchers have used only one method, mainly due to data constraints. This study presents and compares the rate of return estimates obtained from these two methods using household data‐sets that have been typically employed in such studies. The results of the study confirm the previously established stylized facts about the rate of return to education. In addition, the internal rate of return approach exhibits ‘diminishing returns’ to schooling, reflecting ever rising cost of higher increments of schooling, while the earning function approach yields the opposite pattern, reflecting the greater relative increase...
Isolation and characterization of serum resistant strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa derived from serum sensitive parental strains

Six serum-resistant (serR) mutantPseudomonas aeruginosa strains were isolated from six serum-sensitive (serS) parental strains by subculturing the sensitive strains in increasing concentrations of normal pooled fresh human serum (FHS). Although the colonial type of the mutant was similar to that of the parental strains, each of the serR mutants had an altered serotype when compared to its parental counterpart. Three mutant strains and their corresponding parental strains were chosen for further examination. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from the serR strains were found to be heterogeneous, containing LPS with varying degrees of O-side-chain substitution, whereas the LPS of the serS strains contained primarily lipid A-core polysaccharide components. Although two of the serR mutant strains had an outer membrane protein (OMP) profile analogous to their serS parental counterparts, one serR strain differed from its parental strain by the absence of a 32,000 dalton major OMP. These studies suggest that the susceptibility ofP. aeruginosa to the bactericidal activity of FHS may be related to either or both LPS structure or OMP content.
Product Development with Virtual Prototypes

Here, Douglass Post discusses how the use of virtual prototypes analyzed with physics-based performance prediction tools is a potential game changer for product development.
TRANSFER OF SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION THROUGH THE EARTH'S MOLECULAR ATMOSPHERE

Abstract An extensive study of the scattering and absorption of solar ultraviolet radiation in the Earth's molecular atmosphere was recently completed for the spectral region 2875-3600 A. Some results of the study are discussed in this paper to demonstrate the following: (1) the appreciable contribution by the multiply-scattered radiation to the upward radiation emerging at the top of the atmosphere. This contribution is a function of wavelength, total ozone, and the directions of incidence and observation; and it can increase the intensity of the primary scattered radiation by a factor of two, (2) the feasibility of obtaining useful information on the spatial distribution of atmospheric ozone from satellite measurements of the ultraviolet radiation backscattered by the Earth's atmosphere, (3) the significant changes in the energy absorbed per unit mass at any level of a partly-absorbing atmosphere due to the scattering and the presence of ground reflection. The results are presented for two spectral regions where the scattering optical thickness is moderate but the absorption optical thickness varies by two orders of magnitude.
STABILIZATION BY QUANTIZED STATE OR OUTPUT FEEDBACK: A HYBRID CONTROL APPROACH

Abstract This paper deals with global asymptotic stabilization of continuous-time systems with quantized signals. A hybrid control strategy originating in earlier work relies on the possibility of making discrete on-line adjustments of quantizer parameters. We explore this method here for general nonlinear systems with general types of quantizers affecting the state of the system or the measured output.
Interlisp-D: further steps in the flight from time-sharing

The Interslip-D project was formed to develop a personal machine inplementation of Interlisp for use as an environment for research in artificial intelligence and cognitive science [Burton et al., 80b]. This note describes the principal developments since our last report almost a year ago [Burton et al., 80a].
Factoring motorists' responses to the 1994 Northridge earthquake

Abstract One of the keys to mitigating the effects of earthquake damage on transportation system performance is to understand how motorists respond to such adverse conditions. The January 1994 Northridge earthquake afforded the opportunity to study such responses. Parts of four major freeways in the Los Angeles area were damaged resulting in the displacement of many motorists. In this study, 502 motorists, many of whom were displaced from the damaged Santa Monica Freeway, responded to a mailed questionnaire. This questionnaire asked, for example, about changes in travel patterns, factors affecting alternative route choice, wayfinding strategies used, and difficulty in following alternative routes. A factor analysis was used to generalize motorists9 attributes and behavior when forced to abandon customary routes in the event of a disaster. Such a generalization could inform the content and format of route guidance information provided by Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) following a disaster that adversely impacts an urban transportation system.
Cholinergic axons from delayed septal implants and sympathetic fibers co-exist in the denervated dentate gyrus

Adult female rats received a unilateral fornix/fimbria lesion 6 weeks prior to obtaining an implant of embryonic septal tissue. The ingrowth of cholinergic axons from the delayed implants into the denervated dentate gyrus was visualized by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry. Since sprouting of anomalous sympathetic fibers also occurs following fornix/fimbria transection, the organization of these fibers was identified with the monoamine histofluorescence technique. Lesion control specimens with fornix/fimbria lesions demonstrate that sympathetic fibers are present along the septo-temporal axis of the dentate gyrus by 6 weeks postlesion. In specimens with delayed septal implants there is ingrowth of AChE fibers along the septo-temporal axis of the dentate gyrus with the densest distribution of fibers located at the septal pole of the dentate. The sympathetic fibers which are present in the dentate prior to the implantation of the septal tissue still persist in regions which contain a moderate density of AChE fibers but appear absent or diminished in regions with a dense cholinergic ingrowth. The data suggest that the postsynaptic signals necessary for the selective reinnervation of the dentate gyrus by the septal cholinergic axons are not abolished by synaptic reorganization in the neuropil which occurs prior to the implantation of the septal tissue. Moreover, there may be some competition between the cholinergic and sympathetic fibers for this postsynaptic signal and for space within the dentate neuropil.
Nutritional status and growth hormone regulate insulin-like growth factor binding protein (igfbp) transcripts in Mozambique tilapia.

Growth in teleosts is controlled in large part by the activities of the growth hormone (Gh)/insulin-like growth factor (Igf) system. In this study, we initially identified igf-binding protein (bp)1b, -2b, -4, -5a and -6b transcripts in a tilapia EST library. In Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), tissue expression profiling of igfbps revealed that igfbp1b and -2b had the highest levels of expression in liver while igfbp4, -5a and -6b were expressed at comparable levels in most other tissues. We compared changes in hepatic igfbp1b, -2b and -5a expression during catabolic conditions (28 days of fasting) along with key components of the Gh/Igf system, including plasma Gh and Igf1 and hepatic gh receptor (ghr2), igf1 and igf2 expression. In parallel with elevated plasma Gh and decreased Igf1 levels, we found that hepatic igfbp1b increased substantially in fasted animals. We then tested whether systemic Gh could direct the expression of igfbps in liver. A single intraperitoneal injection of ovine Gh into hypophysectomized tilapia specifically stimulated liver igfbp2b expression along with plasma Igf1 and hepatic ghr2 levels. Our collective data suggest that hepatic endocrine signaling during fasting may involve post-translational regulation of plasma Igf1 via a shift towards the expression of igfbp1b. Thus, Igfbp1b may operate as a molecular switch to restrict Igf1 signaling in tilapia; furthermore, we provide new details regarding isoform-specific regulation of igfbp expression by Gh.
Contact metathesis polymerization (CMP)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) has been used to investigate adhesive and coating formation via a general process called contact metathesis polymerization (CMP). This process involves applying a metathesis catalyst directly to the surface to be modified and initiating the polymerization by exposing this newly formed catalyst-coated surface to a monomer capable of undergoing ROMP, thereby creating an adhesive bond or coating. In this paper, we describe excellent primary adhesion results of bonding low surface energy elastomers to metals and themselves using ROMP as the operative chemistry. The elastomers natural rubber, EPDM, and Santoprene® are difficult to bond using conventional methods, particularly in their post-vulcanized state. CMP yields rubber-tearing bonds to pre- and post-vulcanized elastomers at room temperature under ambient conditions in air, in the presence of moisture, and with minimal surface preparation using well-defined olefin metathesis catalysts.