cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Household Products Database

The National Library of Medicine (NLM), in partnership with DeLima Associates, created the Household Products Database, which is based on the Consumer Information Database. The Household Products D...
A Large Multiethnic Genome-Wide Association Study of Adult Body Mass Index Identifies Novel Loci.

Body mass index (BMI), a proxy measure for obesity, is determined by both environmental (including ethnicity, age, and sex) and genetic factors, with > 400 BMI-associated loci identified to date. However, the impact, interplay, and underlying biological mechanisms among BMI, environment, genetics, and ancestry are not completely understood. To further examine these relationships, we utilized 427,509 calendar year-averaged BMI measurements from 100,418 adults from the single large multiethnic Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) cohort. We observed substantial independent ancestry and nationality differences, including ancestry principal component interactions and nonlinear effects. To increase the list of BMI-associated variants before assessing other differences, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in GERA, with replication in the Genetic Investigation of Anthropomorphic Traits (GIANT) consortium combined with the UK Biobank (UKB), followed by GWAS in GERA combined with GIANT, with replication in the UKB. We discovered 30 novel independent BMI loci ( P −8 ) that replicated. We then assessed the proportion of BMI variance explained by sex in the UKB using previously identified loci compared to previously and newly identified loci and found slight increases: from 3.0 to 3.3% for males and from 2.7 to 3.0% for females. Further, the variance explained by previously and newly identified variants decreased with increasing age in the GERA and UKB cohorts, echoed in the variance explained by the entire genome, which also showed gene–age interaction effects. Finally, we conducted a tissue expression QTL enrichment analysis, which revealed that GWAS BMI-associated variants were enriched in the cerebellum, consistent with prior work in humans and mice.
How the Commitment to Inclusion Has Highlighted the Need for Greater Collaboration in the United States1

ABSTRACT: In this article, we provide an overview of the special education policies and practices enacted in the United States over the past 25 years. Although there have been some improvements in conditions for students with special education needs, achievement data continue to indicate unacceptably low levels of achievement. We believe that the lack of achievement highlights the fact that greater collaboration is needed between special educators and general education educators. We describe the different forms of collaboration that have evolved over the past two decades and we provide recommendations for strengthening collaborations in the future.
310) Fear of Pain during Pregnancy

Hormonal changes have been implicated in the phenomenon of pain modulation during pregnancy. The role of psychosocial constructs such as fear and anxiety related to pain during pregnancy, however, has largely been overlooked. The current study investigated the cross-sectional associations between the report of pain-related fear among pregnant and non-pregnant female participants. The study consisted of three different convenience samples: pregnant females (N=1171; age: M=28.61, SD=5.3), non-pregnant female undergraduate students (N=274; age M=19.81, SD=3.9), and non-pregnant female patients (N=212) diagnosed with chronic pain (Age: M=46.06, SD=12.7). Participants completed the Fear of Pain Questionnaire-9 in order to determine their fear related to severe, minor, medical/dental, and overall fear of pain. There were significant differences among the three groups in their overall fear of pain (F(2,1649)=25.38, p
Origin of spontaneous mutations in maize has been hiding in plain sight.

Spontaneous mutations are the raw material of evolutionary change. Given their importance, it is surprising that so little is known about their origin, frequency, or molecular structure. These questions have weighed on me since my laboratory published a series of papers, with the first appearing in PNAS in 1985, on the structure of spontaneous mutations at the maize waxy gene (1). This and subsequent studies revealed the predominance of two classes of mutations: long-terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons (2) and complex deletions (3). Members of the same LTR retrotransposon families found among waxy mutants were also found as causative agents of spontaneous mutation at other maize loci. In all cases, the insertions contained members of LTR retrotransposon families, with fewer than 10 copies genome-wide. In contrast, the availability of an increasing amount of maize genome sequence revealed that 75% was derived from LTR retrotransposons, largely families with thousands, even tens of thousands, of copies (4). Despite comprising the vast majority of the maize genome, LTR retrotransposon activity—that is, the movement of elements in real time—had not been convincingly demonstrated in the 35 y since their discovery in spontaneous mutants. The paper in PNAS by Dooner et al. (5) reports that the mechanism to activate LTR retrotransposons in maize has been hiding in plain sight in the fields of geneticists and breeders. The authors couple their mastery of maize genetic resources with modern genomic and computational analyses to produce a large collection of spontaneous mutations, both at targeted genetic loci and throughout the genome. They demonstrate that low-copy retrotransposons are likely responsible for virtually all observed spontaneous mutations, including the unusual deletions. Furthermore, they determine that genetic backgrounds differ in the spectrum of activated retrotransposon families, with some elements moving in only one background and no elements moving in others. Most important … [↵][1]1Email: susan.wessler{at}ucr.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Acculturation, Communication, and Family Relationships: Challenges and Opportunities

This study examined intercultural family communication in the context of acculturation. Individuals adapting to a new culture must identify, evaluate, navigate, and negotiate cross-cultural differe...
Conversion Total Knee Arthroplasty is Associated with Increased Post-Acute Care Costs

Abstract Background Alternative payment models have been viewed as successfully decreasing costs following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) while maintaining quality. Concerns exist regarding access to care for patients who may utilize more resources in a bundled payment arrangement. The purpose of this study is to determine if patients undergoing conversion of prior surgery to TKA have increased costs compared to primary TKA patients. Methods Claims from Medicare and a single private insurer were queried for all primary TKA patients at our institution from 2015 to 2016. Ninety-day post-acute care costs were compared between primary and conversion TKA. Secondary endpoints included discharge disposition, complications, and readmissions. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for increased post-acute care costs and short-term outcome metrics. Results Of 3999 primary TKA procedures, 948 patients (23%) underwent conversion TKA. Conversion TKA was associated with greater post-acute care costs in patients with commercial insurance ($4714 vs $3759, P = .034). Among Medicare beneficiaries, prior ligament reconstruction was associated with increased post-acute care costs ($1917 increase, P = .036), while prior fracture fixation approached statistical significance ($2402 increase, P = .055). Conversion TKA was an independent risk factor for readmissions (odds ratio 1.46, 95% confidence interval 1.00-2.17, P = .050), while patients with a prior open knee procedure had higher rates of complications (odds ratio 2.41, 95% confidence interval 1.004-5.778, P = .049). Conclusion Our data suggest that conversion from prior knee surgery to TKA is associated with increased 90-day post-acute care costs and resource utilization, particularly prior open procedures. Without appropriate risk adjustment in alternative payment models, surgeons may be financially deterred from providing quality arthroplasty care given the reduced net payment and surgical complexity of such cases.
Complex Opial Inequalities

We establish here complex Opial type inequalities for analytic functions from a complex numbers domain into the set of complex numbers. See also [3].
Efficacy of Supporting Play Exploration and Early Development Intervention in the First Months of Life for Infants Born Very Preterm: 3-Arm Randomized Clinical Trial Protocol.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this project is to study the effect of a physical therapist intervention provided in the first months of life on developmental outcomes of infants born very preterm. Secondary aims are to investigate the impact of intervention timing on the efficacy and impact of the intervention on infants with and without cerebral palsy. METHODS This study is a multisite longitudinal controlled trial comparing developmental outcomes from infants in the Supporting Play, Exploration, and Early Development Intervention (SPEEDI)_Late or SPEEDI_Early group to a usual care group. SETTINGS ARE URBAN Urban and rural areas surrounding 2 academic medical centers. There will be 90 preterm infants enrolled in this study born at <29 weeks of gestation. SPEEDI is a developmental intervention provided by collaboration between a physical therapist and parent to support a child's motor and cognitive development. The primary outcome measure is the Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development Cognitive and Gross Motor Scaled Scores. Secondary measures include behavioral coding of early problem solving skills, the Gross Motor Function Measure, and Test of Infant Motor Performance. IMPACT More than 270,000 infants are born very preterm in the United States each year, 50% of whom will have neurological dysfunction that limits their ability to keep pace with peers who are typically developing. This study is a step toward understanding the impact that intensive developmental intervention could have in this population in the first months of life.
Designer Thinking, A Unique Combination of Cognitive Modes

The theory of cognitive modes states that individuals have unique and dominant ways of receiving, processing, and using information and that these styles influence behaviors and abilities. These abilities are natural talents. Every profession uses different. The work someone is most likely to enjoy and be successful in is work that uses his or her specific abilities. Research identifies three dominant cognitive modes for industrial designers: creative thinking, visual thinking, and adaptive thinking. This paper describes a series of experiences developed to help assess creative, visual, and adaptive thinking in students that are considering the industrial design program at Brigham Young University.
The Roman Republic to 49 BCE: Using Coins as Sources

The narrative of Roman history has been largely shaped by the surviving literary sources, augmented in places by material culture. The numerous surviving coins can, however, provide new information on the distant past. This accessible but authoritative guide introduces the student of ancient history to the various ways in which they can help us understand the history of the Roman republic, with fresh insights on early Roman-Italian relations, Roman imperialism, urban politics, constitutional history, the rise of powerful generals and much more. The text is accompanied by over 200 illustrations of coins, with detailed captions, as well as maps and diagrams so that it also functions as a sourcebook of the key coins every student of the period should know. Throughout, it demystifies the more technical aspects of the field of numismatics and ends with a how-to guide for further research for non-specialists.
Grazing Effects on Nitrous Oxide Flux in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System

Abstract Integrated crop-livestock (ICL) systems can improve profitability, production efficiencies, and reduce environmental degradation. Among the many environmental metrics important for assessing the sustainability of ICL systems, nitrous oxide (N2O) flux occupies a central role given its effect on net greenhouse gas balance of agricultural practices. Unfortunately, there is limited understanding of ICL system effects on N2O flux, particularly in North America. Therefore, we measured N2O flux from ICL and non-ICL practices near Mandan, ND USA using static chamber methodology over a 3-yr period (Oct 2016 - Oct 2019). Treatments included grazed and ungrazed cropland and grassland on a site with gently rolling topography and fertile Haplustoll soils. Grazing was done by yearling cattle in the fall of each year (0.41-0.76 ha steer-1). Maximum N2O flux from cropland generally occurred in March and April when soil moisture was abundant and air temperatures exceeded 0 °C (i.e., during spring snow melt). Nitrous oxide flux was over eight times greater under cropland compared to grassland (Mean = 33.7 vs. 4.1 μg N2O-N m-2 h-1, respectively). However, N2O flux was not affected by grazing in either production system. Within cropland, N2O flux was greater in corn (Zea mays L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phases of the rotation (Mean = 40.5 μg N2O-N m-2 h-1) compared to the soybean (Glycine max L.) and cover crop phases (Mean = 20 μg N2O-N m-2 h-1). Stepwise regression found N2O flux to be weakly related to volumetric water content when the soil was not frozen (r2
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Staff-Assessed Pain Behaviors Among Newly Admitted Nursing Home Residents

Abstract Context Nonverbal pain behaviors are effective indicators of pain among persons who have difficulty communicating. In nursing homes, racial/ethnic differences in self-reported pain and pain management have been documented. Objectives We sought to examine racial/ethnic differences in nonverbal pain behaviors and pain management among residents with staff-assessed pain. Methods We used the U.S. national Minimum Data Set 3.0 and identified 994,510 newly admitted nursing home residents for whom staff evaluated pain behaviors and pain treatments between 2010 and 2016. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% CIs estimated using robust Poisson models compared pain behaviors and treatments across racial/ethnic groups. Results Vocal complaints were most commonly recorded (18.3% non-Hispanic black residents, 19.3% of Hispanic residents, and 30.3% of non-Hispanic white residents). Documentation of pain behaviors was less frequent among non-Hispanic black and Hispanic residents than non-Hispanic white residents (e.g., vocal complaints: aPRBlack: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.73–0.78; with similar estimates for other pain behaviors). Non-Hispanic blacks (47.3%) and Hispanics (48.6%) were less likely to receive any type of pharmacologic pain intervention compared with non-Hispanic white residents (59.3%) (aPRBlack: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.86–0.88; aPRHispanics: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.84–0.89). Conclusion Among residents requiring staff assessment of pain because they are unable to self-report, nursing home staff documented pain and its treatment less often in Non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics than in non-Hispanic white residents. Studies to understand the role of differences in expression of pain, explicit bias, and implicit bias are needed to inform interventions to reduce disparities in pain documentation and treatment.
Verifying Autonomous Air Traffic Algorithms in the Presence of Sensor Error and Flight Perturbations

We offer a method to verify algorithms for air traffic control in the presence of sensor errors and flight perturbations. Since errors and perturbations are described by stochastic processes, verification by analytical methods is difficult. We turn to Monte Carlo simulation, but there are two major obstacles. Since air traffic algorithms are safety-critical, the algorithm must be established at a very high confidence level which requires an enormous number of trials. Another is that a simulation attempts to show that an algorithm correctly handles a hazard that might appear, but there is a lack of information about the frequency of occurrence of hazards in the airspace. This paper offers a solution to these and other obstacles. It recognizes there may be a number of algorithms that address different hazards, and the results of the different simulations must be combined to satisfy a global reliability requirement at a high confidence level. To demonstrate the feasibility of the approach, we apply it to an example, an initial effort in collision avoidance.
A solution to the limited global phosphorus supply: Regionalization of phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ash

Abstract Natural phosphate rock reserves are limited to few geographical regions around the world requiring supply chains that are prone for geopolitical and natural disaster risks. Considering phosphorus (P) as a critical mineral, a strategic commodity P reserve from recycled P was explored at an urban scale representative of a large metropolitan area. Water resource recovery facilities (wastewater treatment facilities) are the ideal P sink where P can be recovered from wastewater. Using data collected in a metropolitan area, a Triple Bottom Line (TBL) sustainability analysis considering economic, social, and environmental impacts and benefits was conducted in comparing P recovery approaches including recovered as biosolids for land application; as fertilizers for immediate use; and recovered from sewage sludge ash (SSA) as P reserves. Evaluation criteria selected for the TBL analysis are: Economic category includes capital expenditures (CapEx) and operating expenses (OpEx); Social category includes public health and sustainable P supply; and Environmental category includes future regulations, air quality impacts, water quality impacts, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Recovering P from SSA of the study area would require a capital investment of approximately 760 M USGS (2019) which is the most expensive due to construction of a new centralized facility. However, recovery of P from SSA showed the best TBL benefits among the three scenarios. The principal reasons are: a sustainable P supply in the future from recovered P as well as a safer final sludge disposal option compared with land application option. The annual OpEx for Scenario 3 was estimated at 62 M USGS (2019) which is also more attractive than the other scenarios due to reduction in sludge truck hauling distance and improved efficiency by centralizing the operation. From a sustainable P supply and public health perspective, the benefits of storing recovered P as reserves far outweighs the benefits of land application or when recovered as fertilizers for immediate use. This research presents a novel approach to secure future P supply by centralization of P recovery from SSA. Researchers can follow the approach and conduct analyses using evaluation criteria that are most applicable to their own regions.
What Could Also Cause or Aggravate the Implicit ‘Smile’ and ‘Asymmetry’?

This research note shows that the implied Black-Scholes volatility calculated using the bisection algorithm can have significant biases, which are more severe for in-themoney (ITM) options than for out-of-the-money (OTM) options. The biases are shown to have important implications as they could potentially aggravate the well-documented smile or smirk and asymmetry of implied Black-Scholes volatility for equity options. The findings caution the use of bisection algorithm for the calculation of Black-Scholes implied volatility. This research note also shows that the biases can be eliminated using the optimization algorithm which uses at least the first derivative of the objective function.
"I Teach, Therefore I Am?": Exploring the Teaching Personas of College Professors.

This exploratory study sought to identify the existence of a “teaching persona” in college professors. Specifically, an examination of self-reported differences in traits displayed as teachers versus in everyday life was conducted. Also investigated were feelings of job satisfaction and burnout in relation to these differences. Findings suggest that professors see themselves as more extraverted, emotionally stable, caring/supportive, professionally competent, and better communicators as teachers than in their everyday lives. However, adjunct professors lacked distinctiveness in all areas. Social science professors were less open to new experiences as teachers than in their everyday lives, while natural science professors were more open. In a few instances, larger differences between one’s teaching persona and everyday life were significantly related to more burnout and less job satisfaction. Being more conscientious, feeling more capable, and perceiving oneself as a better communicator in the teacher-role was associated with more job burnout.
Radiation Time, Dose, and Fractionation in the Treatment of Lung Cancer

Radiation therapy plays a vital role in the definitive management of early stage and locally advanced lung cancer. Local treatment failure is a primary cause of disease progression in lung cancer and improved local control has been associated with improved overall survival in both non-small cell (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC) (Arriagada et al. 1991; Machtay et al. 2012; Pignon et al. 1992). Delivery of radiation to the intrathoracic sites of disease is limited by the sensitivity of the surrounding non-neoplastic tissues, in particular the normal lung, esophagus, and heart. As such, substantial effort has been made to optimize radiation treatments to maximize tumor control while minimizing toxicity. Technological advancements have led to better imaging of tumors and organs at risk at the time of treatment planning and more precise delivery of therapeutic radiation. Other ways to improve the therapeutic ratio for lung radiotherapy include altering variables such as radiation dose, fractionation schedule, and time interval between treatments. This chapter will focus on the seminal trials that have established the standards for these factors in modern lung radiotherapy, specifically in the nonoperative management of early stage NSCLC (defined as stage I-IIB according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system), locally advanced NSCLC (defined as stages IIIA-B according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system), and limited stage SCLC (LS-SCLC, defined as disease limited to the ipsilateral hemithorax and regional lymph nodes).
Self-Propelled Weir Aerators

Low rate biological treatment processes such as aerated lagoons, oxidation ditches, etc., offer several advantages over high rate processes, especially at small communities and industrial plants. However, in order to satisfy mixing requirements in low rate treatment processes a substantial amount of energy must be provided. The energy consumption can be significantly reduced by the use of mobile, and, in particular, self-propelled aerators. Self-propelled aerators differ from stationary aerators in two major respects. First, their movement upon the water surface in treatment installations or natural water bodies causes the involvement of considerably larger volumes of water in the mixing process and second, they provide more uniform suspension of microorganisms, in the water being aerated. At the same time, the driving force causing the aerators to move upon the water surface is induced by the aeration device itself. This elminates the need for special propelling devices and thus permits a simple design. In this study, parameters for self-propelled jet aerators were analyzed. The major parameters for self-propelled aerators are the linear velocity of movement upon the water surface, the period of revolution, the service area, and the oxygenation capacity.
Low-income pre-schoolers with higher temperamental surgency enjoy and respond more to food, mediating the path to higher body mass index

Summary Background Temperament is associated with obesity risk. However, the mechanisms linking temperament and eating behaviour to childhood adiposity are unclear. Objectives To examine whether three temperament dimensions (surgency, effortful control and negative lability) are uniquely associated with an increased BMI z score (BMIz) concurrently and an excessive rate of change in BMIz longitudinally through four eating behaviours (food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, emotional overeating and satiety responsiveness) among low-income pre-schoolers, independent of home environment quality. Methods 379 pre-schoolers were recruited from Head Start in the Midwest region of the United States. Primary caregivers reported child temperament, eating behaviours and the level of chaos at home. Child BMIz was derived from weight and height measurements at ages 4, 5 and 6 years on average. Results Path analyses revealed that higher levels of surgency predicted more food responsiveness and enjoyment of food, which was in turn associated with higher concurrent BMIz, independent of effortful control, negative lability and home chaos. Conclusion Low-income surgent pre-schoolers were more likely to have elevated BMIz as they were more inclined to eat in response to external cues and have a high appetitive drive. Obesity prevention programmes might target low-income children with surgent temperaments, and the identified eating behaviours.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and ovarian function--implications for regulating steroidogenesis, differentiation, and tissue remodeling.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of transcription factors involved in varied and diverse processes such as steroidogenesis, angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, cell cycle, apoptosis, and lipid metabolism. These processes are critical for normal ovarian function, and all three PPAR family members – alpha, delta, and gamma, are expressed in the ovary. Most notably, the expression of PPARgamma is limited primarily to granulosa cells in developing follicles, and is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH). Although much has been learned about the PPARs since their initial discovery, very little is known regarding their function in ovarian tissue. This review highlights what is known about the roles of PPARs in ovarian cells, and discusses potential mechanisms by which PPARs could influence ovarian function. Because PPARs are activated by drugs currently in clinical use (fibrates and thiazolidinediones), it is important to understand their role in the ovary, and how manipulation of their activity may impact ovarian physiology as well as ovarian pathology.
Diuretic Management in Heart Failure

Many of the primary clinical manifestations of heart failure are due to fluid retention and congestion, and therefore treatments targeting congestion play a central role in heart failure management. Diuretic therapy remains the cornerstone of congestion treatment, and diuretics are prescribed to the majority of heart failure patients. Despite this ubiquitous use, there is limited evidence from prospective randomized studies to guide the use of diuretics. Some observational data have suggested that diuretics may actually be harmful in heart failure, potentially contributing to worsening renal function, neurohormonal activation, and even heart failure progression. Recent clinical trial data have provided new insights into the balance of risks and benefits from diuretics. This review describes the mechanism of action of available diuretic classes, reviews their clinical use based on current guidelines, and briefly discusses evolving alternatives to diuretic therapy in the management of congestion in heart failure patients.
Action potential propagation and antiarrhythmic drugs in cardiac ventricular tissue

The action of use-dependent drugs on electrical activity in the heart was simulated on a massively parallel supercomputer. At high concentrations, these drugs can bring about complete inhibition of electrical excitability. At lower concentrations less pronounced responses can be seen. >
Summing it up: An integrative review of studies of cancer survivorship care plans (2006‐2013)

In 2006, the Institute of Medicine recommended that cancer survivors who are completing primary treatment receive a survivorship care plan (SCP) based on face validity. The state of scientific knowledge regarding the SCP is unclear. The authors conducted an integrative review of existing evidence regarding SCPs. The MEDLINE/PubMed database, the Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) database were searched for relevant studies published between 2006 and 2013 using a combination of keywords: "survivors," "survivorship," "care plans," "care planning," "treatment summaries," and "cancer." Articles were included if they 1) reported results from an empirical study, 2) included cancer survivors who were diagnosed at age ≥ 18 years, 3) related to SCP, and 4) were published in English. In total, 781 records were retrieved; 77 were identified as duplicates, and 665 were abstracts or presentations that did not relate to SCPs for adults or were not empirical, which left 42 articles for inclusion in this review. Studies regarding SCP fell into 3 categories: 1) content (n=14), 2) dissemination and implementation (n=14), and 3) survivor and provider outcomes (n=14). SCPs have been endorsed and are associated with improved knowledge, but SCP use remains sporadic. Only 4 studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that avoided many biases associated with observational studies. Other limitations included cross-sectional or pre-SCP-post-SCP ("pre-post") designs, limited generalizability caused by a lack of sample diversity, and a lack of systematic testing of data-collection tools. The quantity and quality of SCP research are limited. SCPs have been endorsed, but evidence of improved outcomes associated with SCP is limited. Future research that addresses the methodological concerns of extant studies is needed regarding SCP use, content, and outcomes.
Vasovasostomy. Outpatient procedure for reversal of vasectomy.

Abstract Results of splinted and nonsplinted vasovasostomy in two groups of patients are presented. The nonsplinted technique outlined herein proved far superior in its patency rate. The procedure is easily done on an outpatient basis under local anesthesia. The procedure requires no special tools or magnification, and patients experienced no greater discomfit than they did from their initial vasectomy. We believe the procedure fulfills the need for an economical and effective vasovasostomy.
Peer-teaching in computer science with videos

This paper describes how we implemented peer-teaching in entry-level computer science courses through videos. CSCI 1301 is an introductory programming course that focuses on Java programming. Peer-teaching with videos allows for student-centered learning by providing an additional way for learners to view topics discussed in class. After listening to the instructor's lecture or reading the textbook, students can view videos created by peers. Both students creating the videos and students watching the videos benefit from the peer videos. Students create a video describing a solution a problem they missed on an exam. Researching the solution, preparing the presentation and orally presenting the solution helps the student develop a deep understanding of the topic and effective communication skills. Students that watch the videos benefit by having their peers reinforce the concept discussed in class and explain the solution in a way that they may be able to better understand. We remind the students that the video creator also had difficulty with that topic but now has a better understanding and is sharing what he/she learned. This leads to the feeling that they too can learn the material.
An Advanced Stochastic Model for Threshold Crossing Studies of Rotor Blade Vibrations

A stochastic model to analyze turbulence-excited rotor blade vibrations, previously described by Gaonkar et al. (1971), is generalized to include nonuniformity of the atmospheric turbulence velocity across the rotor disk in the longitudinal direction. The results of the presented analysis suggest that the nonuniformity of the vertical turbulence over the rotor disk is of little influence on the random blade flapping response, at least as far as longitudinal nonuniformity is concerned.
Consolidated methodology to predicting flow boiling critical heat flux for inclined channels in Earth gravity and for microgravity

Abstract The transition from single-phase to two-phase thermal systems in future space vehicles demands a thorough understanding of flow boiling critical heat flux (CHF) in reduced gravity, including microgravity. This study is a comprehensive, consolidated investigation of the complex trends of flow boiling CHF in a rectangular channel in both microgravity and for different orientations in Earth gravity. It is shown that the Interfacial Lift-off Model provides good predictions of CHF data for both gravitational environments and both single-sided and double-sided heating. CHF mechanism in Earth gravity is shown to be highly sensitive to flow orientation at very low velocities, but is consistent with the wavy vapor layer depiction of the Interfacial Lift-off Model at high velocities. The model predicts a stable vapor-liquid interface for downflow with a downward-facing heated wall at lower velocities, and wavy interface with a critical wavelength that decreases with increasing velocity at higher velocities. Predicted CHF values for microgravity fall about midway between the maxima and minima for Earth gravity. Overall, predicted values of CHF and key interfacial parameters for all orientations in Earth gravity and for microgravity converge above ∼1.5 m/s, which points to a velocity threshold above which inertia begins to effectively negate gravity effects.
Effects of varying inducer type and dose on hepatic monooxygenase activities in the mountain vole Microtus montanus.

Abstract 1. Hepatic monooxygenase activities of the mountain vole, Microtus montanus , were measured after i.p. injections of phenobarbital, B-naphthoflavone and Aroclor 1254 at doses ranging from 5 to 80 mg/kg. 2. The results showed that mountain voles differed in their induction of hepatic monooxygenase activity relative to other rodents. 3. The results also suggest substrate specificity in the detection of enzymatic induction and the importance of considering effects of varying inducer doses on hepatic monooxygenases.
The neutrophil NADPH oxidase

The NADPH oxidase of phagocytes catalyzes the conversion of oxygen to O2(-). This multicomponent enzyme complex contains five essential protein components, two in the membrane and three in the cytosol. Unassembled and inactive in resting phagocytes, the oxidase becomes active after translocation of cytosolic components to the membrane to assemble a functional oxidase. Multiple factors regulate its assembly and activity, thus serving to maintain this highly reactive system under spatial and temporal control until recruited for antimicrobial or proinflammatory events. The recent identification of homologs of one of the membrane components in nonphagocytic cells will expand understanding of the biological contexts in which this system may function.
Adaptive Web Search: Evolving a Program That Finds Information

Anyone who's used a computer to find information on the Web knows that the experience can be frustrating. Search engines are incorporating new techniques (such as examining document link structures) to increase effectiveness. However, searchers all too often face one of two outcomes: reviewing many more Web pages than they'd prefer or failing to find as much useful information as they really want. We introduce a new retrieval technique that exploits users' persistent information needs. These users might include business analysts specializing in genetic technologies, stockbrokers keeping abreast of wireless communications, and legislators needing to understand computer privacy and security developments. To help such searchers, we evolve effective search programs by using feedback based on users' judgments about the relevance of the documents they've retrieved. This approach uses genetic programming to automatically evolve new retrieval algorithms based on a user's evaluation of previously viewed documents
Recurrence of steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome after renal transplantation.

the present time, whether these babies should have a Blalock-Hanlon operation, a systemic arterial to pulmonary arterial anastamosis, or intracardiac repair during the early newborn period. Indeed, some of these patients may improve spontaneously as pulmonary vascular resistance decreases. The use o f prostaglandin E~ in infants with transposition of the great arteries may be detr imental if a foramen ovale is the only interatrial communication. In this instance, prostaglandin infusion may cause increased puhnonary blood flow and increased left atrial pressure, which may result in functional closure of the foramen ovale and further decreased atrial mixing of systemic and pulmonary venous return. Thus, until more information regarding the effects of prostaglandin El. in infants with transposition is obtained, it is probably not advisable to use prostaglandin E1 until the diagnosis of transposition is proven, and a successful Rashkind balloon atrial septostomy has been done )
Footedness in peacocks: is the dominant foot the one raised first in climbing, and what, in any case, does the emperor's tale really mean?

(1998). Footedness in Peacocks: Is the Dominant Foot the One Raised First in Climbing, and What, in any Case, Does the Emperor's Tale Really Mean? Laterality: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 291-294.
Comparing algorithm for dynamic speed-setting of a low-power CPU

To take advantage of the full potential of ubiquitous computing, we will need systems which minimize powerconsumption. Weiser et al. and others have suggested that this may be accomplished by a CPU which dynamically changes speed and voltage, thereby saving energy by spreading run cycles into idle time. Here we continue this research, using a simulation to compare a number of policies for dynamic speed-setting. Our work clarifies a fundamental power vs. delay tradeoff, as well as the role of prediction and of smoothing in dynamic speed-setting policies. We conclude that success seemingly depends more on simple smoothing algorithms than on sophisticated prediction techniques, but defer to the replication of these results on future variable-speed systems.
Measurement of the Coherency Matrix of a Stochastic Electromagnetic Broadband Beam

The statistical ensemble of a fluctuating, statistically-stationary and partially polarized beam is presented in terms of 2x2 matrix, so-called coherency matrix. Here we present a method to measure the matrix elements of a broadband beam.
NMR analysis of pharmaceuticals VIII: Determination of trimethadione in various dosage forms

An NMR procedure is described for the determination of trimethadione in its various pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method is both accurate and precise, with a standard deviation of ±0.3%. The NMR results of synthetic mixtures and commercial preparations were compared to those obtained by USP XVIII and NF XIII procedures. The NMR technique offers the advantages of speed, simplicity, and specificity.
Growth differentiation factor-9 signaling in the ovary

Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) is an oocyte-derived growth factor and a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. In GDF-9 null mice, follicle development is arrested at the primary stage and in vivo treatment with GDF-9 enhances the progression of primordial and primary follicles into small preantral follicles. In vitro, GDF-9 promotes granulosa cell proliferation but inhibits FSH-induced differentiation. GDF-9 also promotes the differentiation of theca cells in vivo and in vitro. GDF-9, like TGF-beta or activin, is a close member of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) family. GDF-9 likely initiates signaling by assembling two related but distinct types of receptors, both of which are serine/threonine kinases with a single transmembrane domain. The ligand-receptor binding activates intracellular transcription factors called Smads. In granulosa cells, Vitt et al. have shown that the BMP receptor type II is involved in GDF-9 signaling. The type I receptors and the Smad pathway for GDF-9 remain to be identified.
Active specific immunotherapy with vaccinia colon oncolysate enhances the immunomodulatory and antitumor effects of interleukin-2 and interferon α in a murine hepatic metastasis model

The role of cytokines as primary or adjuvant antineoplastic agents has been well established. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the interferons have, particularly, proven to be effective antitumor agents when given alone, and seem to act synergistically on the eradication of metastases from immunogenic tumors. Active specific immunotherapy, in the form of viral oncolysates, has also shown effectiveness in cancer therapy. Bearing this in mind, we decided to combine these agents in an adjuvant triple regimen and compare their effectiveness to other treatments in terms of tumor burden and survival in a murine colon cancer hepatic metastases model. BALB/c mice were injected with CC-36, a weakly immunogenic murine colon adenocarcinoma, intrasplenically, to produce artificial liver metastases. The animals were divided into one control group and seven treatment groups receiving either vaccinia colon oncolysate (VCO), IL-2, interferon-α (IFNα) alone, or combinations of these agents. Half the animals were followed for survival and the other half were sacrificed at the end of the experiment for quantification of tumor burden. The blood of the sacrificed animals was utilized in a series of immunological tests in order to demonstrate the cytolytic potential of the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in each treatment group, as well as to characterize phenotypically the cells acting as effectors. The tripleadjuvant regimen group was by far the most effective treatment group, demonstrating 100% survival and a significant reduction in tumor burden when compared to other groups. Furthermore, the PBL from the animals in this group showed 69.4% lysis of the CC-36 target cells in vitro. These effector lymphocytes were characterized as ASMG1-/Lyt2.2+ cytolytic lymphocytes. We conclude that these lymphocytes were stimulated by the administration of VCO and further augmented by the immunomodulation of the cytokines given in the triple regimen, and that such a regimen might prove beneficial in the treatment of established hepatic metastases from weakly immunogenic tumors.
Internal nares prosthesis.

Abstract Removable internal nares inserts were fabricated with methyl methacrylate resin to restore nasal airways which had been lost following reconstructive nasal surgery.
Digitalization of the myocardium in the intact animal by direct coronary artery drug administration: I. Methodologic and pharmacologic considerations☆

Abstract A new technic for infusion of digitalis drugs directly into the coronary artery of the awake or anesthetized animal is described. Coronary digitalization is not accompanied by alteration in heart rate, atrioventricular conduction, changes in systemic pressure, or modification of serum potassium concentration. A maximal uptake by the myocardium seems to exist as a function of the rate of drug infusion. The time of onset of toxicity when acetyl strophanthidin is employed varies from three to eight minutes. Drug effect is rapidly dissipated from the myocardium, thus permitting digitalization at intervals of 15 minutes. This preparation enables the study of effects of digitalis on the myocardium in the intact animal after imposition of acute and chronic changes in the organism. It provides a technic for sharply differentiating the central and peripheral action of the digitalis drugs in the same animal and promises clarification of many aspects of digitalis action.
Comparison of Two Cognitive Rating Scales in Medically Ill Patients

Patients with acute, complex behavioral syndromes combined with impaired comprehension and communication are difficult diagnostic challenges. Using a structured mental status interview can significantly reduce the chance of overlooking the presence of cognitive dysfunction. The authors tested the applicability of the cognitive portion of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-COG) as a screening instrument on a psychiatric consultation service. The ADAS-COG compared favorably with the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), but appeared to be less influenced by educational level. The advantages and disadvantages of using each of these tests on a psychiatric consultation service are discussed.
An Interesting Feature in the Venation of Helicopsyche, the Molannidae, and the Leptoceridae

The conclusions recorded in a recent paper by Prof. Martynov* regarding the venation of the Trichopterous genus Helicopsyche lead me to anticipate here one of several somewhat revolutionary views on the venation of the Trichoptera to which I have come during the progress of work on a rather extended report on that order of insects. *Martynov, A. B. On two Collections of Trichoptera from Peru. Annuaire (du Musee Zool. de l’Acad. Imperiale des Sci. de St. Petersburg. Vol. 17 (1912), 40 pp., Figs. 1-59.
The electronic band system of nickel acetylide, NiCCH

Optical spectra of the supersonically cooled NiCCH radical have been recorded in the 530–650 nm region using the resonant two-photon ionisation method, and five of the observed bands have been rotationally resolved. The rotationally resolved studies demonstrate that the ground state of NiCCH is of symmetry, corresponding to a 3d9 configuration on the nickel atom, with the hole located in a 3dδ orbital. Most of the observed bands are assigned to the electronic transition, which shows a progression in the Ni–C stretching mode, ν3. In addition, single excitations of the modes ν2 (C≡C stretch), ν4 (C≡C–H bend), and ν5 (Ni–C≡C bend) are observed, allowing these vibrational intervals to be determined for the state. Hot bands also allow the determination of ν5 in the ground state. Quantum chemical computations have also been performed, confirming that the ground state is of 2Δ symmetry. The results are placed in context via comparison to other monovalent, monoligated Ni complexes, particularly NiCu, NiH, and NiCN.
Triply differential photoelectron studies of resonances in molecular photoionization

Shape and autoionizing resonances are central to the study of molecular photoionization for various reasons, the most obvious one being that they are usually displayed prominently against nonresonant behavior in such observables as the total photoionization cross section, photoionization branching ratios, and photoelectron angular distributions. More importantly, the study of resonant features has repeatedly led to a deeper physical insight into the mechanisms of excitation, resonant trapping of the photoelectron, and decay of the excited complex that occur during the photoionization process. A major impetus has been provided in this area by the ability to freely probe resonances throughout the ionization continuum with synchrotron radiation and to perform angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometry on the ejected electrons. Selected examples will serve to illustrate the recent progress and the prospects of this stream of work.