cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What if we considered a novel dimension of school readiness? The importance of classroom engagement for early child adjustment to school

Abstract Children's preparedness for school is an important predictor of their eventual academic attainment, health, and personal success well into adulthood. Although kindergarten knowledge of numbers and vocabulary represent robust indicators of children's readiness to learn at school entry, theory and research suggest that self-directed learning skills are also important in meeting the challenges of the elementary school classroom. This review examines evidence related to the potential benefits (e.g., improving children's academic outcomes) of targeting classroom engagement skills, a person-environment fit characteristic reflecting task-orientation and industriousness. Reviewed studies suggest that classroom engagement skills are malleable and robust predictors of later elementary school achievement. Research also suggests that cognitive control skills in the form of executive functions are likely to underlie individual differences in classroom engagement. This paper provides evidence that developing p...
Criterion‐Referenced Tests: Part I. origins

Where were you in 1963, when this article was first published? What are the two kinds of information you can get from achievement tests? What is a‘triterion level?”
Archean rocks of the Black Hills, South Dakota: Reworked basement from the southern extension of the Trans-Hudson orogen

The Little Elk and the Bear Mountain terranes on the margin of the Precambrian core of the Black Hills provide the only known exposures of Archean rocks between the Archean Wyoming and Superior provinces. The Little Elk terrane consists of a supracrustal sequence dominated by biotite-feldspar gneiss (meta-arkose or metatuff) that is intruded by the slightly metaluminous to peraluminous, calc-alkaline Little Elk Granite, which has a U-Pb intercept age of 2,549 ± 11 m.y. A biotite-plagioclase schist (metagraywacke) dominates the Bear Mountain terrane and is intruded subparallel to foliation by the peraluminous granite at Bear Mountain. An isochron calculated from six severely discordant U-Pb zircon analyses yields an age of 2,393 ± 230 m.y. The Archean terranes participated in the Trans-Hudson orogenic event, suggested by a published Rb-Sr age for the Little Elk Granite (∼1,850 m.y.), 1.87-1.97 Gaigneous activity in the Black Hills, and the similarity in orientation of the Proterozoic deformational fabric with geophysical anomalies interpreted to be associated with the Trans-Hudson orogen. The metamorphic conditions estimated for the Archean rocks may be the result of a thermal event that produced the Proterozoic Harney Peak Granite and thermal high northeast of Lead, South Dakota. The unexposed Precambrian basement is probably dominated by granites similar to the Little Elk Granite and supracrustal rocks consisting of continental margin deposits, based on the REE contents of the Archean schists and on the heavy-mineral assemblages in, the uraniferous nature of, and the metasedimentary clasts in, the lower Proterozoic Box Elder Creek Formation. The ages and the relatively long-lived crustal sources for these Archean granites, and the similarity of the inferred basement characteristics to those of rocks in the Wyoming province, suggest that the Black Hills Archean rocks may be the easternmost exposures of this province. The probable Trans-Hudsonian reworking of the Black Hills Proterozoic rocks and their similarity to those in northern Saskatchewan imply that the Black Hills occupies a tectonic position comparable to that of rocks described from the Cree Lake Zone of Saskatchewan.
Evaluation of organic infusions and synthetic compounds mediating oviposition in Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Oviposition responses of gravidAedes albopictus andAe. aegypti were evaluated to natural organic infusions (hay infusion, larval rearing water, and field-collected larval water) as well as compounds isolated from hay infusion (3-methylindole, 4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol, indole, and phenol) known to elicit oviposition inCulex mosquitoes. In laboratory bioassays, significant oviposition responses were obtained fromAe. albopictus, but not fromAe. aegypti, to dilutions of hay infusion and field water. Oviposition responses of both species were moderate to the synthetic compounds tested in the laboratory (0.01–100 µg/liter). Only 3-methylindole (0.1 µg/liter) and 4-ethylphenol (1.0 µg/liter) elicited significantly more oviposition byAe. albopictus than did well water. Of the synthetic compounds tested withAe. aegypti, only phenol (1.0 µg/liter) and 4-ethylphenol (0.1 µg/liter) elicited significantly more oviposition than did well water. Significant repellency or oviposition deterrence for both species occurred in response to at least one high concentration of most of the compounds tested. In field cage evaluations, oviposition responses byAe. albopictus were strongest to larval water and field water, moderate to hay infusion and 3-methylindole (100 µg/liter), and low to well water. A mixture of five synthetic compounds mimicking hay infusion was no more effective than 3-methylindole alone. ForAe. aegypti, oviposition responses were greatest to larval water and least to 3-methylindole. In an olfactometer, gravid females of both species oriented more to field water than to well water and onlyAe. albopictus oriented more to larval water or hay infusion than well water. In general, gravidAe. albopictus responded more strongly to oviposition stimuli than didAe. aegypti.
Thermodynamic properties of calcium-magnesium alloys determined by emf measurements

Abstract The thermodynamic properties of Ca–Bi alloys were determined by electromotive force (emf) measurements to assess the suitability of Ca–Bi electrodes for electrochemical energy storage applications. Emf was measured at ambient pressure as a function of temperature between 723 K and 1173 K using a Ca(s)|CaF 2 (s)|Ca(in Bi) cell for twenty different Ca–Bi alloys spanning the entire range of composition from x Ca = 0 to 1. Reported are the temperature-independent partial molar entropy and enthalpy of calcium for each Ca–Bi alloy. Also given are the measured activities of calcium, the excess partial molar Gibbs energy of bismuth estimated from the Gibbs–Duhem equation, and the integral change in Gibbs energy for each Ca–Bi alloy at 873 K, 973 K, and 1073 K. Calcium activities at 973 K were found to be nearly constant at a value of a Ca = 1 × 10 −8 over the composition range x Ca = 0.32–0.56, yielding an emf of ∼0.77 V. Above x Ca = 0.62 and coincident with Ca 5 Bi 3 formation, the calcium activity approached unity. The Ca–Bi system was also characterized by differential scanning calorimetry over the entire range of composition. Based upon these data along with the emf measurements, a revised Ca–Bi binary phase diagram is proposed.
NK cells and their receptors

Despite early reports that natural killer (NK) cells are non-specific or have non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted killing, it is now clear that NK cells express a panoply of receptors with defined specificity for ligands expressed on their cellular targets. The roles of these receptors in terms of physiological NK cell effector functions, such as cytotoxicity and cytokine production, are beginning to be unravelled. Inasmuch as NK cells accumulate in the uterus, an appreciation of NK cell receptor specificities and their physiological functions should provide valuable clues to the role of NK cells in the uterus and during pregnancy.
Capillary zone electrophoresis with fluid-impervious polymer tubing inside a fused-silica capillary

Abstract A fused-silica capillary was used as a mold in the in situ formation of, and as a sheath for, a highly crosslinked poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) inner tubing having 3–5 μm wall thickness. This ‘tube-in-the-tube’ construction with the thin-walled, fluid-impervious polymer inner tubing precluded contact between the aqueous buffer solution and the inner wall of the fused-silica capillary. As a result, this structure withstood long-term treatment with highly alkaline solutions without deterioration. In order to hydrophilize the inner surface of the polymer tube, a polyoxyethylene oligomer was grafted to its inner wall and subsequently crosslinked. The inner tube with such hydrophilic coating was also stable to hydrolytic attack by 1 M NaOH. Although the nonpolar polymeric inner surface generated electrosmotic flow as if it had some fixed negative charges, the flow velocity became almost negligibly small once it had been hydrophilized. As illustrated by electropherograms, the hydrophilization of the polymeric inner tube greatly facilitated the CZE of basic proteins in the pH range from 3 to 6 without the need for additives in the electrophoretic medium to mask the silanol groups at the surface of quartz capillaries.
Isolated one particle states in boson quantum field theory models

Abstract We give sufficient conditions to ensure the existence of isolated one-particle states in the joint energy-momentum spectrum of an Osterwalder-Schrader scalar boson quantum field theory. We do not require the existence of sharp-time fields or weak coupling.
Role of Meckel's Cartilage in the Development and Growth of the Rat Mandible

DEPORTS on the role of Meekel's cartilage' in the development and growth of the mandible are conflicting. While some investigators have shown that this cartilage plays no role in mandibular growth,"1 2 Baumiiller3 reported that the anterior section of Meckel's cartilage promotes growth of the anteromedial surface of the pig mandible. A number of studies have shown that this cartilage ossifies,4-5 while others report that it does not undergo endochondral ossifications9 This disagreement in the literature concerning the fate or function of Meckel's cartilage is due to the fact that in the normal growth of bones resorption of bone tissue occurs simultaneously with apposition, and thus the growth pattern of bones is erased. Furthermore, due to the resorption, no fixed point is preserved in bones from which quantitative studies can be made. The cartilages which undergo endochondral ossification also show rapid resorption of their bony splints and a destruction of their path of growth. In the present investigation a new method has been used. It consist; of a serial histologic study of Meekel's cartilage in ia (incisor absent) rats in which growth of bone and cartilage occurs more or less normally, but the resorption of bone tissue is absent or severely retarded. Consequently, the perichondral bony splint which forms around Meckel's cartilage prior to, and during, its ossification persists and serves not only as an indicator of the path of growth of this cartilage, but also as a fixed point from which quantitative studies can be made., By comparing the ia rats at successive stages of development, the increment of bone and cartilage can be determined. Furthermore, by using certain fixed points on the ia Meekel's cartilages, the direction of growth of these cartilages can be ascertained. Finally, by comparing Meckel's cartilage of ia and normal rats at the same developmental stage, the extent of the resorption of calcified cartilage could be measured. These methods have been used previously in describing the growth pattern of the rat tibia'0 and mandible."' The present investigation on the growth pattern of Meckel's cartilage showed that it not only is a center of endochondral ossification, but that it also plays an important role in the growth of the mandibular process and in the growth of the rat mandible.
Clostridium difficile Infection

Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea in Europe and North America and is a serious reemerging pathogen. Recent outbreaks have led to increasing morbidity and mortality and have been associated with a new strain (BI/NAP1/027) of C difficile that produces more toxin than historic strains. With the increasing incidence of C difficile infection, clinicians have also seen a change in the epidemiology with increased infections in previously low-risk populations. This chapter highlights the current knowledge on C difficile virulence, human disease, epidemic outbreaks and optimal treatment strategies.
Oxygen saturation of blood in the superior mesenteric vein: in vivo verification of MR imaging measurements in a canine model. Work in progress.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in estimating oxygen saturation of blood (%HbO2) in the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) of a canine model in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR imaging was used to measure the T2 of blood in samples obtained via a catheter placed in the SMV in seven mongrel dogs. %HbO2 was measured with a reflectance oximeter. These measurements were obtained at the resting state, during superior mesenteric artery occlusion, and after reperfusion. MR imaging and oximeter measurements were then compared by using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Refocusing intervals (tau 180) of 12 and 24 msec were used for 17 and 18 %HbO2 measurements with MR imaging, respectively. With tau 180 of 12 msec, there was an excellent correlation between MR imaging measurements and oximeter measurements (r = .969). The intercept was 5.3% and the slope was 0.959. With tau 180 of 24 msec, r = .953, the intercept was 15.4%, and the slope was 0.817. CONCLUSION: Estimates of %HbO2 i...
The Unassimilable Otherness of the "Post" of Postmodern and the Radicality of Radical Sociology

With its universal validity claims. Enlightenment thinking exhibits the imperialist and patriarchal arrogance of an ethnocentrism. At work in the modernist portrayals of postmodernism as the external other of truth, clarity, and political responsibility, is the colonizing appropriation of the other as a fixed reality which is at once an other and yet entirely knowable. The "clarity" of Enlightenment hides the power play behind its assumed transparency. In contrast to modernist portrayals of postmodernity as a period in a unilinear progression, the latter needs to be understood as the other within modernity that cannot be reduced to the same. Postmodernism situates difference and alterity within the modem. To the extent that sociology is defined in terms of a modernist fundamentalism, it is poised to colonize. So is a critical sociology that assumes a marxist identity but limits the definition of that identity to an Enlightenment legacy. Postmodern criticisms are indispensable for a decolonized, ethically ...
Unequal protagonists: modelling the Irish insurgency 1916-1921

Although the story of the Irish struggle for independence and ethnic recognition goes back centuries, the 20th century proved most violent. This case study focuses on the Irish insurgency in the early decades, specifically the Easter Rising of 1916 and the Anglo-Irish War of 1919-1921. The insurgency will be characterised with an engineering modelling technique that captures relationships between and among inorganic and organic factors, i.e., events and human behaviour/response. System dynamics will be used to facilitate a holistic representation of these events and relationships from a macro to micro perspective. The purpose of the study is to better understand the Irish struggle for national and ethnic recognition through a system dynamics model that facilitates assessment of cause and effect factors, direct and indirect variables, and corresponding and correlative relationships of the insurgency as a complex system. The paper proffers a research and representation methodology that addresses the constraints placed on typical empirical research by coupling social science research methods with advanced system modelling applications.
THE EXTENT OF REGENERATION OF THE ENUCLEATED ADRENAL GLAND IN THE RAT AS INFLUENCED BY THE AMOUNT OF CAPSULE LEFT AT OPERATION

THE ADRENAL GLAND of the rat can be enucleated by excising the distal tip of the gland and expressing the body (nucleus) of the remainder of the gland from its capsule. The capsule of the gland and a narrow rim of glomerulosa cells remain attached to the pedicle. When the enucleation is performed on both adrenals or when it is performed on one gland and the opposite adrenal is removed from the body there is a rapid regeneration of cortical tissue from the remaining capsule. For more detailed descriptions of regeneration of enucleated adrenal glands the reader is referred to earlier papers (1, 2). The object of the present study was to determine whether the amount of capsule left at the time of operation may be a factor in determining the extent of regeneration of cortical tissue in the enucleated adrenal gland.
What Is Your Guess? Unexpectedly High Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone—Another Case of Heterophile Antibody?

A 20-month-old girl came to the endocrine clinic for a follow-up of her congenital hypothyroidism. She appeared well with no signs of hypo- or hyperthyroidism. The results of her thyroid function tests (Roche cobas c 501 analyzer) were as follows: free thyroxine (T4),2 11.2 ng/L (reference interval, 8.0–18.0 ng/L); thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 185.2 mU/L (reference interval, 0.800–8.200 mU/L). The patient was receiving levothyroxine treatment, and the results of her previous …
The Biggest Need: a New Model of Computation

The development of HPC systems capable of exascale performance will demand innovations in hardware architecture and system software as well as programming models and methods. The combination of a vast increase in scale of such systems combined with the emergence of heterogeneous multicore structures is forcing future systems to be organized and operate on principles very different from the conventional practices of the last two decades. The biggest need for achieving exascale computing is the development of a new model of computation that will provide the new paradigm exploiting the opportunities and addressing the challenges of the emerging technologies and advanced architectures that together will comprise future exascale systems. This brief paper discusses the need for a new model of computation and the properties such a model should embody.
Left main coronary artery stenosis following mediastinal irradiation

The association of mediastinal radiation therapy and coronary artery disease has been documented over the past three decades. This report describes a case of left main coronary artery stenosis eight years after radiation therapy in a 27-year-old woman. The patient was a young woman with no risk factors for coronary artery disease who had development of new-onset angina at rest. At coronary arteriography, the patient was found to have a tight ostial left main stenosis. The association of mediastinal radiation therapy with fixed and vasospastic coronary artery disease is reviewed. With many patients treated by radiation therapy now surviving their thoracic malignancies, an enlarging young population may be susceptible to the early development of ischemic heart disease.
Tsunamigenic incisions produced by the December 2004 earthquake along the coasts of Thailand, Indonesia and Sri Lanka

Field observations and satellite images indicate that tsunami waves exhibit specific patterns during flooding and recession forming characteristic incisions in the coastal landscape. To study these incisions we analyze high resolution remote sensing images of the coastline of Indonesia, Thailand and Sri Lanka impacted by the tsunami of December 26th, 2004. The analysis sheds light on the different mechanisms by which currents scour incisions during the flooding and receding phases of a tsunami. During flooding the high velocity flow indents the levees of existing tidal channels and bays, leaving short flood scours. The receding water then dissects the coastline with equally spaced return channels widening toward the coast.
Closed‐form derivation of an 8‐node hexahedral element stiffness matrix by the hybrid stress method

A general methodology for deriving explicit element stiffness matrices in hybrid stress formulations has recently been developed by the author. The technique utilizes special stress field transformations to eliminate the complementary energy matrix inherent to hybrid formulations, thus simplifying the stiffness definition such that an explicit evaluation can be accomplished. The elimination of numerical integration and matrix inversion results in a substantial decrease in computational cost. The methodology is applied to derive explicit algebraic expressions for the Pian-Tong hexahedral element stiffness matrix.
Safety and Efficacy of Prophylactic Anticoagulation in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury

Background Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are at high risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE), but physicians are cautious with chemical prophylaxis in these patients because of concern about exacerbating intracranial hemorrhage. We hypothesized that early use of chemical thromboprophylaxis would reduce VTE incidence without increasing intracranial hemorrhage. Study Design Records of all patients admitted with a TBI to a Level I trauma center from 2006 to 2008 were reviewed. TBI was defined as intracranial hemorrhage, hematoma, contusion, or diffuse axonal injury with a head Abbreviated Injury Scale score >2. Patients were excluded if they were discharged or died within 72 hours of admission. Chemical prophylaxis was defined as subcutaneous or intravenous unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin before any VTE diagnosis. Progression of TBI was defined by worsening CT findings. VTE was defined as deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolus confirmed by radiology reports. Primary outcomes were progression of hemorrhage and VTE events. Results Eight hundred and twelve of the 1,258 patients admitted to the trauma center with a TBI met study criteria. Chemical thromboprophylaxis was given to 49.5% (n = 402). Mean head Abbreviated Injury Scale score was 3.4 in both groups. One hundred and sixty-nine patients started prophylaxis within 48 hours and 242 patients began within 72 hours. Patients receiving chemical prophylaxis had a lower incidence of VTE (1% versus 3%; p=0.019). Although not statistically significant, they also had a lower rate of injury progression, 3% versus 6% (p = 0.055). Conclusions Use of chemical thromboprophylaxis in TBI patients with a stable or improved head CT after 24 hours substantially reduces the incidence of VTE and does not increase the risk of progression of intracranial hemorrhage.
Natural inflation: Status after WMAP 3-year data

Inflationary cosmology, a period of accelerated expansion in the early Universe, is being tested by cosmic microwave-background measurements. Generic predictions of inflation have been shown to be correct, and in addition individual models are being tested. The model of natural inflation is examined in light of recent three-year data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe and shown to provide a good fit. The inflaton potential is naturally flat due to shift symmetries, and in the simplest version is V(ϕ) = Λ4 [1 ± cos(Nϕ/f)]. The model agrees with WMAP3 measurements as long as f > 0.7 mPl (where mPl = 1.22 × 1019GeV) and Λ ~ mGUT. The running of the scalar spectral index is shown to be small — an order of magnitude below the sensitivity of WMAP3. The location of the field in the potential when perturbations on observable scales are produced is examined; for f > 5 mPl, the relevant part of the potential is indistinguishable from a quadratic, yet has the advantage that the required flatness is well motivated. Depending on the value of f, the model falls into the large field (f ≥ 1.5 mPl) or small field (f < 1.5 mPl) classification scheme that has been applied to inflation models. Natural inflation provides a good fit to WMAP3 data.
Sequence complexity of cDNA transcribed from a diverse mRNA population

Mouse liver poly(A)+mRNA was reverse transcribed using oligo-p(dT) or random oligonucleotides as primers to yield cDNA about equal to the mass of the template RNA. The size profile of the oligo-p(dT)-primedd cDNA was similar to that of the template RNA. RNA or cDNA driven saturation annealing of labeled single copy genomic DNA (scDNA) showed that 2% of the scDNA was complementary in either case indicating the sequence complexity of cDNA was equivalent to that of the template mRNA. These results establish for the first time that cDNA represents essentially all of the sequence complexity of a diverse template RNA population in which individual mRNA species are present in vastly different concentrations. RNA driven hydridization of the cDNA showed that about 40% of the cDNA mass represents most of the sequence complexity of the template RNA. Also, kinetics of this hybridization indicate a complexity of 58,000 kb for the template RNA, a value similar to that obtained by scDNA hybridization. We conclude that appropriately characterized cDNA probes can be used to make valid qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the complex, infrequent class mRNAs of different cells and tissues.
Effects of pure zinc deficiency on glucose tolerance: Role of corticosterone

Abstract We have previously shown that rats force-fed a zinc-deficient diet for 8 days had impaired glucose tolerance curves which were not due to altered blood insulin and glucagon levels. In exploring the ponteitial mechanism of the abnormal glucose metabolism, we studied the effect of isolated zinc deficiency on blood corticosterone levels and glucose tolerance in adrenalectomized and sham-operated rats. In Experiment 1, two groups of weanling, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were intragastrically force-fed identical amounts of diet based on the intake of ad libitum -fed, zinc-replete rats. Zinc-replete, force-fed rats (ZRF) were tube-fed a purified diet containing 50 ppm of zinc three times daily, and zinc-deficient, force-fed rats (ZDF) were similarly tube-fed a zinc-deficient diet. Serum corticosterone levels were similar in the two groups until the sixth day of feeding and substantially elevated on the eighth day in the ZDF group. In Experiment 2, four groups of rats were similarly tube-fed: adrenalectomized, zincdeficient, force-fed (ADX-ZDF); adrenalectomized, zinc-replete, force-fed (ADX-ZRF); sham-operated, zinc-deficient, force-fed (Sham-ZDF); and sham-operated, zinc-replete, force-fed (Sham-ZRF). After 6 days of feeding, glucose tolerance was already impaired somewhat in ZDF rats although blood corticosterone levels were not elevated. Even in adrenalectomized rats serum glucose levels were higher in zinc-deficient rats. These results suggest that glucocorticoid may participate along with other factors in the impaired glucose tolerance observed in zinc-deficient, force-fed rats.
The functional genomic response of developing embryonic submandibular glands to NFκB inhibition

The proper balance between epithelial cell proliferation, quiescence, and apoptosis during development is mediated by the specific temporal and spatial appearance of transcription factors, growth factors, cytokines, caspases, etc. Since prior studies suggest the importance of transcription factor NF?B during embryonic submandibular salivary gland (SMG) development, we attempted to delineate the emergent dynamics of a cognate signaling network by studying the molecular patterns and phenotypic outcomes of interrupted NF?B signaling in embryonic SMG explants. SN50-mediated inhibition of NF?B signaling in SMG explants results in a highly significant increase in apoptosis and decrease in cell proliferation. Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) analyses of proteomic and transcriptomic assays identify specific transcripts and proteins with altered expression that best discriminate control from SN50-treated SMGs with 100% sensitivity and specificity. These include PCNA, GR, BMP1, BMP3b, Chk1, Caspase 6, E2F1, c-Raf, and JNK-1, as well as several others of lessor importance. Thus, it is apparent that inhibition of NF?B nuclear translocation alters the expression of a cognate genetic network with broadly related, rather than independent, components. Morphological and functional genomic analyses subsequent to inhibition of NF?B nuclear translocation indicate that NF?B-mediated transcription is critical to embryonic SMG developmental homeostasis. Relative to understanding complex genetic networks and organogenesis, our results demonstrate the importance of evaluating the gene, protein, and activated protein expression of multiple components from multiple pathways within broad functional categories.
Light absorption by soluble chemical species in Arctic and Antarctic snow

[1] Using a liquid core waveguide spectrophotometer we have quantified the very low light absorption of dissolved chromophores (light absorbing trace species) in filtered samples of melted polar snows. Light absorption coefficients at 280 nm span the ranges of 0.005–0.029 m−1 and 0.002–0.027 m−1 for samples from Summit, Greenland, and Dome C, Antarctica, respectively. Absorption coefficients decrease with increasing wavelength and also decrease with depth in the snowpack. At both sites, NO3− and H2O2 together account for approximately half of the summed light absorption coefficients for wavelengths of 280 nm and above; the remaining ∼50% of light absorption is due to unknown, probably organic, chromophores. Rates of sunlight absorption by soluble chromophores in surface snows are approximately (1–4) × 1011 and (0.5–9) × 1011 photons cm−3 s−1 during summer at Summit and Dome C, respectively. Approximately 50–90% of this sunlight absorption is due to unknown chromophores, while the remainder is due to hydrogen peroxide and nitrate. Although we do not know quantum yields for the photochemical reactions of the unknown chromophores, their large contribution to the rate of sunlight absorption suggests that they play an important role in the photochemistry of polar snowpacks. In addition, at Summit it appears that up to 60% of the unknown chromophores are emitted from the snow into the boundary layer during the day and redeposited at night. This flux might affect the composition and chemistry of both the snowpack and boundary layer.
A message from psychologists to economists: mere predictability doesn’t matter like it should (without a good story appended to it) ☆

Stephen J. Gould (Pittsburgh, 3/3/97) recently defined humans as ‘the primates who tell stories.’ This paper reviews evidence for a more radical definition as ‘the primates whose cognitive capacity shuts down in the absence of a story’ when attempting to incorporate probabilistic information to make a coherent probabilistic inference. Thus, people cannot conform (‘descriptively’) to the standard expected utility (EU) model of economic decision making, given that probabilities often cannot be combined either implicitly or explicitly in the absence of a good, clearly relevant story justifying the combination. Moreover, that inability severely limits the standard EU model for use in prescriptive decision making. ©1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. People have a great deal of difficulty appreciating statistical contingency in the absence of a causal story that makes the contingency ‘reasonable.’ In particular, people often do not understand on a purely statistical basis the relationship between properties that describe sets versus those that describe members of these sets, particularly when thinking about human behavior. For example, people often ‘underutilize’ base rates—that is, the simple extent of the sets or classes about which inference are to be made—in the absence of a causal story; thus, in deciding whether a particular blue taxi was responsible for a particular hit-and-run accident in visibility poor enough to preclude definite identification of the taxi color, people will often ignore the base rate information that 90 percent of the accidents are due to blue taxis because 90 percent of taxis in town are blue; when, however, people are told that 90 percent of accidents are due to blue taxis because the blue taxi company hires inferior drivers and does not train them well, this base rate information is incorporated into judgments about the particular accident (given it creates a story about why we should q This paper was first presented at a conference of Psychology and Economics, Faculty of Commerce and Business
Combined bone grafting and orthodontic treatment of an iatrogenic periodontal defect: a case report with clinical reentry.

Background: This case report discusses the treatment of an iatrogenic periodontal defect caused by an inadequate orthodontic appliance in a 9-year-old girl. Methods: The multidisciplinary approach to this case consisted of periodontal treatment using a bone grafting technique to restore the 10 mm bone dehiscence. Three months later orthodontic treatment was initiated to straighten and level the central incisors. Six months later mucogingival surgery was performed to cover 2 to 3 mm gingival recession. Results: The bony defects were completely filled and the 10 mm dehiscence was reduced to 4 mm. The connective tissue graft resulted in a complete coverage of the recessions and a thickening of the keratinized gingiva. The patient is still undergoing orthodontic treatment. So far, straightening of the upper central incisors and closure of the diastema are satisfactory. Conclusions: Inadequate orthodontic appliances can cause iatrogenic periodontal defects. A multidisciplinary approach in a well-defined sequen...
Recent Developments in Vacuum Tube Transmitters

This paper describes a number of vacuum tube transmitters which have been developed and built during the past year, both for commercial use and the various governmental departments. It includes a discussion of the circuits utilized, and the reasons for adopting the present circuits in place of the former "antenna oscillators." The 20-kilowatt transmitters built for the United Fruit Company for installation in Central America, are described in detail, since they represent most completely the developments to date in medium power vacuum tube transmitters.
Adult Female Fragile X Premutation Carriers Exhibit Age- and CGG Repeat Length-Related Impairments on an Attentionally Based Enumeration Task.

The high frequency of the fragile X premutation in the general population and its emerging neurocognitive implications highlight the need to investigate the effects of the premutation on lifespan cognitive development. Until recently, cognitive function in fragile X premutation carriers (fXPCs) was presumed to be unaffected by the mutation. Although as a group fXPCs did not differ from healthy controls (HC), we show that young adult female fXPCs show subtle age- and significant FMR1 gene mutation-modulated cognitive function as tested by a basic numerical enumeration task. These results indicate that older women with the premutation and fXPCs with greater CGG repeat lengths were at higher risk for difficulties in the deployment of volitional attention required to count 5 to 8 items, but spared performance when spatial shifts of attention were minimized to subitize a few (1 to 3). Results from the current study add to a growing body of evidence that suggests the premutation allele is associated with a subtle phenotype and implies that the cognitive demands necessary for counting are less effectively deployed in female fXPCs compared to HCs.
Smooth boundary conditions for quantum lattice systems

We introduce a new type of boundary conditions, smooth boundary conditions, for numerical studies of quantum lattice systems. In a number of circumstances, these boundary conditions have substantially smaller finite-size effects than periodic or open boundary conditions. They can be applied to nearly any short-ranged Hamiltonian system in any dimensionality and within almost any type of numerical approach.
Liver AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase during and after exercise

Exercise induces a decline in liver malonyl-CoA, an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether this decrease in malonyl-CoA is accompan...
Influence of Glycine max nodulation on the persistence in soil of a genetically marked Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain

Since competition with indigenous strains limits nodule occupancy by bacteria applied to seeds, the ecology of Bradyrhizobium inoculum strains used for soybean is of concern. A genetically marked strain,B. japonicum I-110 ARS, was directly enumerated from soil on selective medium. A clear long-term positive influence of even limitedGlycine max nodulation was shown by comparisons of population densities obtained with or without plant removal prior to nodule senescence in the first year and with an incompatible as well as a compatible soybean variety after 5 years.
Low-dimensional description of free-shear-flow coherent structures and their dynamical behaviour

The snapshot form of the Karhunen-Loeve (K–L) expansion has been applied to twodimensional, two-component hot-wire data from the region of a weakly pertubed free shear layer that includes the first pairing process. Low-level external perturbation was provided by a loudspeaker driven by a computer-generated signal composed of two sine waves of equal amplitude at the frequencies of the naturally developing fundamental instability wave and its first subharmonic, separated by a controllable initial phase angle difference. It was found that a large fraction of the fluctuation energy is carried by the first few modes. A low-dimensional empirical eigenfunction space is obtained which describes the shear-flow coherent structures well. Galerkin projection of the Navier-Stokes equations onto this basis set of principal eigenfunction modes results in a low-order system of dynamical equations, and solution of this system of equations describes the dynamics of the coherent structures associated with eigenfunctions. Finally the simulation, as obtained from the system of dynamical equations, is shown to compare reasonably well with the experiments.
Rapid Thermal Processing of High Efficiency N-Type Silicon Solar Cells with Al Back Junction

In this paper we report on the design, fabrication and modeling of 49 cm2, 200-mum thick, 1-5 Omega-cm, n- and p-type lang111rang and lang100rang screen-printed silicon solar cells. A simple process involving RTP front surface phosphorus diffusion, low frequency PECVD silicon nitride deposition, screen-printing of Al metal and Ag front grid followed by co-firing of front and back contacts produced cell efficiencies of 15.4% on n-type lang111rang Si, 15.1% on n-type lang100rang Si, 15.8% on p-type lang111rang Si and 16.1% on p-type lang100rang Si. Open circuit voltage was comparable for n and p type cells and was also independent of wafer orientation. High fill factor values (0.771-0.783) for all the devices ruled out appreciable shunting which has been a problem for the development of co-fired n-type lang100rang silicon solar cells with Al back junction. Model calculations were performed using PC1D to support the experimental results and provide guidelines for achieving >17% n-type silicon solar cells by rapid firing of Al back junction
Examining the Role of Exposure to Incongruent Messages on the Effect of Message Framing in an Internet Health Search

This study examines the effects of exposure to messages incongruent with one’s motivational orientation. In a factorial design with regulatory orientation and message frame as independent variables, participants (N = 106) conducted an information search on a web program. Participants selected online information that was congruent with their activated motivational orientation. Compatibility effects resulted in promotion orientation/gain frame and prevention orientation/loss frame participants reporting more favorable attitudes than promotion orientation/loss frame and prevention orientation/gain frame participants irrespective of exposure to messages incongruent with the activated motivational orientation. A similar pattern of results occurred with message recall. For behavioral intention, significant differences occurred for only the promotion orientation condition where gain-framed messages elicited greater behavioral intentions than the loss-framed message.
Identification of cone classes in Xenopus retina by immunocytochemistry and staining with lectins and vital dyes

The aim of the present study was to determine the number of cone classes in the Xenopus retina. We examined the dimensions and staining properties of cones, utilizing two monoclonal antibodies, COS-1 and OS-2, developed by Szel and Rohlich (1985). Living cones also were reacted with the plant lectins peanut agglutinin (PNA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and with a fluorescent stilbene dye, DIDS, which binds selectively to red-sensitive cones (Kleinschmidt, 1991; Kleinschmidt & Harosi, 1992a,b). Three cone populations were distinguished based on differences in size and staining properties. Eighty-eight percent of all cones were stained strongly by COS-1, PNA, and DIDS, but weakly by OS-2. The group of cones stained by COS-1 had the largest mean dimensions of outer segment length, width, and oil droplet diameter. COS-1 negative cones were divisible into two groups: a subclass of miniature cones (approximately 4% total cones) was stained strongly by OS-2, PNA, and DIDS. The balance, constituting approximately 9% total cones, were of intermediate size, were not stained by PNA and reacted weakly to OS-2 and DIDS. WGA stained all cones. Large, COS-1+ cones appear to be red-sensitive and belong to the class of anion-tunable cone pigments. We suggest that the intermediate size, COS-1 negative cones are blue-sensitive based on the finding that blue-sensitive chromatic horizontal cells connect to them preferentially (Witkovsky et al., work in progress).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ON COUPLING CO2 CORROSION AND MULTIPHASE FLOW MODELS

Corrosion prediction in multiphase flow has been a challenging task in oil and gas industry for many years. Strictly speaking, the existing mechanistic CO2 corrosion models can only be used in single-phase flow. To add the capability of predicting corrosion in multiphase flow, the mass transfer and the turbulent diffusivity correlations in the models have to be modified to properly calculate the mass flux of corrosion species. An approach for establishing these correlations in different flow regimes is presented. The implementation of the method for stratified flow proves the feasibility of this proposal.
Effects of conventional and alternating cushion weight-shifting in persons with spinal cord injury

A repeated-measures study of 13 adult full-time wheelchair users with spinal cord injury (SCI) was carried out to determine whether alternating-pressure air cushion (APAC) use compared with independent pressure relief (IPR) provides reliable, effective pressure relief for individuals with SCI. Bilateral mean ischial interface pressure (IP), transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2), and unilateral laser Doppler blood flow were evaluated. Blood flow component contributions were determined using short-time Fourier transform (STFT)-based spectral analysis. IPR assessment was carried out at recruitment. Study participants then used an APAC for 2 wk every 3 mo for 18 mo. IPR weight-shifting decreased mean ischial IP (p < 0.05) and increased mean TcPO2 (p < 0.05). All variables rapidly returned to preintervention levels following weight-shifting except for the cardiac component of blood flow. APAC-induced weight-shifting decreased mean ischial IP (p < 0.05). Mean TcPO2 increased and was higher than for IPR. STFT analysis indicated that quiet sitting following APAC-induced weight-shifting produced a higher neurogenic component of blood flow than following IPR (p = 0.02). Thus, IPR positively affects multiple aspects of tissue health but produces transient improvements and must be repeated regularly. APAC activation dynamically and continuously alters IP distribution with more sustained positive tissue health effects.
Long-term outcomes in a high-risk bladder cancer screening cohort

Objective To evaluate the long-term outcomes in patients at high risk of bladder cancer who participated in a bladder cancer screening trial. Materials and Methods Patients who were classified as high risk based on age ≥50 years, ≥10 pack-years (combination of packs of tobacco per day and years of smoking) smoking and/or ≥15 years environmental exposure were enrolled in a one-time screening trial using a nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) assay, between March 2006 and November 2007, at Dallas Veterans Affairs Hospital. We assessed the subsequent detection of smoking-related malignancies (bladder, lung and renal cell carcinoma [RCC]) in these patients up until 31 January 2014. Multivariable regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with bladder cancer diagnosis and survival. Results The study cohort included 925 patients, of whom 886 (95.8%) were smokers and 613 (66.3%) had received hazardous occupational exposure. At initial screening, 57 patients had a positive NMP22 test and two had bladder cancer. Another nine patients (1.0%) were diagnosed with bladder cancer during the median follow-up of 78.4 months. The bladder cancers were non-invasive (Ta) and seven were low grade and four high grade. RCC and lung cancer were diagnosed in 10 (1.1%) and 18 patients (1.9%), respectively. A total of 134 patients died, including three from RCC and 12 from lung cancer, but none from bladder cancer. Factors associated with worse overall survival on multivariable analysis were: lung cancer (hazard ratio [HR] 5.06; P 60 pack-years smoking history (HR 4.51; P = 0.037). Conclusion At 6.5 years of follow-up, no patients in this high-risk cohort developed muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Lung cancer, haematuria and >60 pack-years smoking history are independent predictors of mortality. Other-cause mortality is an important consideration in patients undergoing bladder cancer screening.
Comments on A parallel mixture of SVMs for very large scale problems

Collobert, Bengio, and Bengio (2002) recently introduced a novel approach to using a neural network to provide a class prediction from an ensemble of support vector machines (SVMs). This approach has the advantage that the required computation scales well to very large data sets. Experiments on the Forest Cover data set show that this parallel mixture is more accurate than a single SVM, with 90.72% accuracy reported on an independent test set. Although this accuracy is impressive, their article does not consider alternative types of classifiers. We show that a simple ensemble of decision trees results in a higher accuracy, 94.75%, and is computationally efficient. This result is somewhat surprising and illustrates the general value of experimental comparisons using different types of classifiers.
Cellular Inhibitors of the Interferon-Induced, dsRNA-Activated Protein Kinase

Interferon can modulate multiple cellular functions related to growth, differentiation, and immunomodulation as well as antiviral activity (for reviews, see Petska et al. 1987; Sen and Lengyel 1992). In this review, we will discuss the regulation of the double-stranded (ds) RNA-activated protein kinase which is one of more than 30 proteins induced by interferon. The dsRNA-activated protein kinase will be referred to as the P68 kinase (Katze et al. 1987; Meurs et al. 1990) based on its molecular weight of 68 000 in human cells, although it also has been referred to as dsl (Lengyel 1982), DAI (Mellits et al. 1990), dsRNA-PK (Hovanessian 1989), elF-2α-PKds (Akkaraju et al. 1989), Pl/elF-2 kinase (Samuel 1991), and PKR (Clemens 1992).
Restoration of Hand Function by the Use of Partial or Total Prosthetic Replacement

The partial prosthesis fills the gap between a total prosthesis and reconstructive surgery. It allows the patient who still has a functioning hand remnant to have useful prehension; at the same time, available sensation is not masked. It may aid a patient awaiting reconstructive surgery and avoid total amputation and a total prothesis. A partial prosthesis may be used when a patient is reluctant to undergo multiple reconstructive procedures. A satisfactory result sometimes may be achieved with a combination of surgery and a partial prothesis. The development of efficient partial prostheses for the patient who lacks major structures of the hand due to trauma or congenital deficiency should be continued.