cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The social cost of lobbying over climate policy

Domestic political processes shape climate policy. In particular, there is increasing concern about the role of political lobbying over climate policy. This paper examines how lobbying spending on the Waxman–Markey bill, the most prominent and promising United States climate regulation so far, altered its likelihood of being implemented. We combine data from comprehensive United States lobbying records with an empirical method for forecasting the policy’s effect on the value of publicly listed firms. Our statistical analysis suggests that lobbying by firms expecting losses from the policy was more effective than lobbying by firms expecting gains. Interpreting this finding through a game-theoretic model, we calculate that lobbying lowered the probability of enacting the Waxman–Markey bill by 13 percentage points, representing an expected social cost of US$60 billion (in 2018 US dollars). Our findings also suggest how future climate policy proposals can be designed to be more robust to political opposition. Political interests play a key role in the passage of climate policy. This study quantifies that political lobbying reduced the probability of enacting the Waxman–Markey bill in the United States by 13 percentage points, representing US$60 billion in expected climate damages.
Proximal Both Bone Forearm Fractures: A Dorsal Approach to the Radius

Both bone forearm fractures are common injuries which require a variety of treatment strategies. The typical treatment strategy is surgical to restore length, rotation, and curvature of the radius as well as to provide stability for early motion. Proximal fractures of the radius present a unique challenge. A dorsal approach to the radius affords an excellent view of the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) and a more proximal exposure of the radius. The critical portion of this approach is the identification of the PIN.
Toward a Full(er) Implementation of Active Learning.

Many university statistics instructors are interested in teaching with active-learning approaches in their classrooms. In this article, we attend to active learning in three ways. First, we review how the statistics education community has addressed issues surrounding active learning implementation to date. Second, we describe how our project used design experiment methodology to create active-learning materials. Finally, using embedded case study methodology, we report on factors that impacted the extent to which statistics instructors facilitated active learning using our project’s materials. We describe properties of classroom interactions that led to full implementation of active learning and show how the unifying theme of relinquishing mathematical and statistical authority had explanatory power to inform ways instructors might effectively implement active learning. First published May 2019 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives
Relaxin Enhances Bone Regeneration with BMP-2-Loaded Hydroxyapatite Microspheres

Our aims were to 1) evaluate the capacity of hollow hydroxyapatite (HA) microspheres (212-250 μm) to serve as a delivery system for controlled release of BMP-2 in vitro and 2) examine relaxin as an enhancer of BMP-2 for bone regeneration. Hollow HA microspheres were converted from borate glass microspheres and characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. The microspheres loaded with BMP-2 and relaxin were implanted for 6 weeks in Sprague Dawley rats with calvarial defects. BMP-2 alone in the range up to 1 μg per defect exhibited dose-dependent bone regeneration while relaxin alone in the range up to 0.25 μg per defect did not promote bone regeneration. When compared with BMP-2 alone (1 μg per defect), a 50% reduction in the BMP-2 dose was achieved with the addition of 0.05, 0.1, or 0.25 μg of relaxin per defect. These results show that loading HA microspheres with a combination of relaxin and BMP-2 can significantly reduce the BMP-2 dose required to regenerate an equivalent amount of bone.
Journal of Chemical Education Call for Papers: Special Issue on Insights Gained While Teaching Chemistry in the Time of COVID-19

The Journal of Chemical Education announces a call for papers for an upcoming special collection of Communications on Insights Gained While Teaching Chemistry in the Time of COVID-19.
The Right Desire

Aristotle suggests we follow the practically wise person’s lead as we strive to become morally good. And this advice is not offered as some abstract theoretical principle about the nature of the good life. Instead, it is supposed to be practical advice we can all use to become better people. But is this good advice?
CNS Metastases in Patients With MET Exon 14-Altered Lung Cancers and Outcomes With Crizotinib.

PURPOSEAlthough MET exon 14 (METex14)–altered lung cancers were first identified more than a decade and a half ago, the frequency of CNS metastatic disease remains poorly defined. Furthermore, the ...
Efficacy of methylene blue in a murine model of amlodipine overdose.

Abstract Introduction Amlodipine overdoses have significant cardiac toxicity and are difficult to treat. Methylene blue has potential as a treatment for overdoses. Methods A randomized controlled study of methylene blue as a treatment for amlodipine toxicity was conducted in C57Bl/6 mice. A baseline echocardiography was followed by gavage administration of amlodipine (90 mg/kg). Five minutes after gavage, animals received either vehicle solution (controls) or methylene blue (20 mg/kg) by intra-peritoneal injection. Animals were continuously monitored, and cardiac parameters were acquired every 15 min up to two hours. Results Only 50% of control animals survived to the two-hour endpoint compared to 83% that received methylene blue. Amlodipine delivery induced significant reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) in the vehicle treated animals relative to animals in the treatment group (p Discussion The amlodipine dose induced cardiotoxicity that were effects were more pronounced in the untreated group. 50% vehicle controls quickly progressed into heart failure (within 90 min of exposure) and did not survive the two h observation endpoint. Distinctly, only one animal from the Methylene blue treatment group did not survive (83% survival) the study. Additionally, the surviving animals from the Methylene blue group displayed significantly higher ejection fraction, fractional shortening, stroke volume, and cardiac output compared to vehicle group, indicating that methylene blue preserved cardiac function. Conclusion In this mouse model of amlodipine overdose, methylene blue decreased cardiac toxicity.
Wave function analysis with a maximum flow algorithm

An efficient algorithm for computing the maximum-flow path in a network is applied to the identification of the dominant configuration state functions (CSFs) in a graphically contracted function (G...
Signed graphs with stable maximum nullity at most two

Abstract A signed graph is a pair ( G , Σ ) , where G = ( V , E ) is a graph (in which parallel edges are permitted, but loops are not) with V = { 1 , … , n } and Σ ⊆ E . The edges in Σ are called odd and the other edges of E even. By S ( G , Σ ) we denote the set of all symmetric n × n matrices A = [ a i , j ] with a i , j 0 if i and j are adjacent and connected by only even edges, a i , j > 0 if i and j are adjacent and connected by only odd edges, a i , j ∈ R if i and j are connected by both even and odd edges, a i , j = 0 if i ≠ j and i and j are non-adjacent, and a i , i ∈ R for all vertices i. For a graph G = ( V , E ) with V = { 1 , … , n } , we denote by N ( G ) the set of all symmetric matrices X = [ x i , j ] with x i , i = 0 for all i ∈ V , and x i , j = 0 if i and j are adjacent. A matrix A ∈ S ( G , Σ ) has the Strong Arnold Property if for all X ∈ N ( G ) , A X = 0 implies that X = 0 . The parameters ξ of a signed graph ( G , Σ ) are the largest nullity of any matrix A ∈ S ( G , Σ ) that has the Strong Arnold Property. In a previous paper, we gave a characterization of 2-connected signed graphs ( G , Σ ) with ξ ( G , Σ ) ≤ 2 . In this paper, we give a complete characterization of the signed graphs ( G , Σ ) with ξ ( G , Σ ) ≤ 2 .
Wastewater Monitoring Raises Privacy and Ethical Considerations

Analysis of municipal wastewater, or sewage for public health applications is a rapidly expanding field aimed at understanding emerging epidemiological trends, including human and disease migration. The newly gained ability to extract and analyze genetic material from wastewater poses important societal and ethical questions, including: How to safeguard data? Who owns genetic data recovered from wastewater? and What are the ethical and legal issues surrounding its use? In the U.S., both corporate and legal policies regarding privacy have been historically reactive instead of proactive. In wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), the pace of innovation has outpaced the ability of social and legal mechanisms to keep up. To address this discrepancy, early and robust discussions of the research, policies, and ethics surrounding WBE analysis and genetics are needed. This article contributes to this discussion by examining ownership issues for human genetic data recovered from wastewater and the uses to which it may be put. We focus particularly on the risks associated with personally identifiable data, highlighting potential risks, relevant privacy-enhancing technologies, and appropriate ethics. This article proposes an approach for people conducting WBE studies to help them systematically consider the ethical and privacy implications of their work.
Case Study: End User Development of an Agent-based Model of Malaria Transmission to Support the Design of Late-Life-Acting Insecticides for the Control of Malaria Transmission and Delay of the Evolution of Insecticide Resistance

Abstract We describe an end-user developed agent-based simulation of malaria transmission. The simulation’s development is a case study demonstrating an approach for non-technical investigators to easily develop useful simulations of complex public health problems. We focused on malaria transmission, a major global public health problem, and insecticide resistance (IR), a major problem affecting malaria control. Insecticides are used to reduce transmission of malaria caused by the Plasmodium parasite that is spread by the Anopheles mosquito. However, the emergence and spread of IR in a mosquito population can diminish the insecticide’s effectiveness. IR results from mutations that produce behavioral changes or biochemical changes (such as detoxification enhancement, target site alterations) in the mosquito population that provide resistance to the insecticide. Evolutionary selection for the IR traits reduces the effectiveness of an insecticide favoring the resistant mosquito population. It has been suggested that biopesticides, and specifically those that are Late Life Acting (LLA), could address this problem. LLA insecticides exploit Plasmodium’s approximate 10-day extrinsic incubation period in the mosquito vector, a delay that limits malaria transmission to older infected mosquitoes. Since the proposed LLA insecticide delays mosquito death until after the exposed mosquito has a chance to produce several broods of offspring, reducing the selective pressure for resistance, it delays IR and gives the insecticide longer effectivity. Such insecticides are designed to slow the evolution of IR thus maintaining their effectiveness for malaria control. For the IR problem, the simulation shows that an LLA insecticide could work as intended, but its operational characteristics are critical, primarily the mean-time-to-death after exposure and the associated standard deviation. We also demonstrate the simulation’s extensibility to other malaria control measures, including larval source control and policies to mitigate the spread of IR. The simulation was developed using NetLogo as a case study of a simple but useful approach to public health research.
Bayesian automated weighting of aggregated DFT, MD, and experimental data for candidate thermodynamic models of aluminum with uncertainty quantification

Abstract Atomic-scale modeling methods such as density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) can predict the thermodynamic properties of materials at a lower cost than experimental measurements. However, their regular usage in thermodynamic model construction is hampered by the lack of quantitative agreement with experimental measurements and the lack of uncertainty estimates on the data. To make regular usage of this atomistic simulation data, it is important to assess whether the atomistic simulation datasets, by themselves or in combination with experimental measurements, result in the same physics-informed models best supported by experimental measurements alone. In this work, models of aluminum thermodynamic properties are discussed using three data sources: atomistic calculations (DFT and MD), experiments, and a combination of atomistic calculations and experiments. The study shows that, after ensuring self-consistency in predicting key invariant points, both experimental measurements and atomistic calculations can significantly contribute to an optimal model.
Declaring War: Congress, the President, and What the Constitution Does Not Say

1. A constitutional tyranny and presidential dictatorship Part I. What Is the History?: 2. How the president declares war: the War of 1812 3. Why the Congress ought not declare war: the Spanish-American War, 1898 4. A plan for acquiescence: the War Powers Resolution of 1973 Part II. What Is a Declaration of War?: 5. Declaring and commanding: forms, functions, and relationships 6. Lawful and unlawful declarations of war: quantity over quality 7. Six possible structures Part III. What Are the Solutions?: 8. A constitutional amendment 9. A congressional work-around Part IV. What Is the Theory?: 10. Bellum justum et pium: the rule of law and roman piety 11. The rule of law: searching for ontology 12. Senator Malcolm Wallop Appendix I. Five congressional declarations of war and one appropriations act Appendix II. The federative powers in parliamentary governments.
Auditor Role and the Conflicting Effects of Audit Committee Quality on Auditor Conservatism

We examine the effect of Audit Committee (AC) quality on auditor conservatism from two perspectives that may be held by the auditors. The first perspective is that enhanced AC quality lowers audit risk, which allows auditors to be less aggressive when insisting on recording adjusting entries – resulting in smaller, less conservative audit adjustments. The second perspective is that high quality ACs are more independent of management and more supportive of auditors, which allows auditors to be more aggressive in negotiations with management – resulting in larger, more conservative audit adjustments. We find that senior managers appear to hold the first perspective and become more likely to waive adjusting entries under high-quality ACs. Partners appear to hold the second perspective and become less likely to waive adjusting entries under high-quality ACs. We attribute this difference in perspective to the different audit roles partners and senior managers play when considering and interacting with the audit committee.
On Constitutive Relationships for Fatigue Crack Growth

Consideration is given to various mechanisms of fatigue crack growth as a function of the ΔK level, and a constitutive relation is discussed which incorporates these different mechanisms. The effects of crack closure are discussed as is also the effect of an overload as influenced by ΔK level and thickness. The process referred to as anomalous crack growth is considered in terms of the development of crack closure in the wake of a newly formed fatigue crack. Additionally, the need for further research on environmental effects is indicated.
Learning and Instruction, Cognitive and Situative Theories of

Cognitive theory, which views cognition as symbolic computation, and situativity theory, which views cognition as (inter)action in the social and material world, are two alternative theoretical perspectives on the nature of human learning. These theories are contrasted in terms of their implications for educational research and practice. Keywords: epistemology; instruction; learning sciences; situated cognition; symbolic processing
6 Control of Messenger RNA Stability during Development

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the regulation of mRNA stability in embryonic development and cell differentiation. It is indicated that the mechanism of action varies for different mRNAs and in different organisms. Cis-acting elements that mediate mRNA degradation are frequently located in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs. In some cases, these regulatory elements appear to activate RNA degradation through deadenylation, as for the Drosophila bicoid and hunchback mRNAs, the C. elegans fern-3 mRNA, the Xenopus for Eg2 mRNA, and the plant transmitting-tissue specific (TTS) mRNAs. For many mRNAs, the translational status seems to be critical for the control of mRNA decay as evidenced by the stabilization of some mRNAs by a premature stop codon. In other cases, inhibitors of protein synthesis block mRNA decay and this may mean either that ribosome transit on the specific mRNA is necessary or that degradation depends on the continuous synthesis of an essential transfactor. Some progress has recently been made in the identification of trans-acting factors that recognize regulatory sequences in the target RNA. Drosophila and C. elegans genetics have been instrumental in the identification of such factors, and some interesting insights regarding the similarities and differences between these organisms have emerged.
Atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion: diagnostic performance, human papillomavirus testing, and follow-up results.

BACKGROUND Current guidelines recommend colposcopy rather than high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for the evaluation of abnormal cervical cytology interpreted as “atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion“ (ASC-H) based on data from the Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance/Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (ASCUS/LSIL) Triage Study (ALTS), which indicated that ASC-H had a significantly greater frequency of high-risk HPV positivity and underlying high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) compared with ASCUS. The cytologic interpretations in the ALTS were expert consensus diagnoses rather than routine, single-pathologist readings. METHODS The authors conducted a comparative analysis of Hybrid Capture 2 high-risk HPV positivity and frequency of histologically diagnosed HSIL for ASC-H and ASCUS to evaluate the performance of ASC-H as a cytologic interpretation subcategory and the potential utility of HPV testing for colposcopy triage of ASC-H in routine practice. RESULTS Sixty-four of 96 patients with ASC-H (66.7%) were HPV-positive compared with 484 of 1079 patients with ASCUS (44.9%). Among the patients who had histologic follow-up, HSIL was identified in 18 of 45 patients (40.0%) with HPV-positive ASC-H compared with 27 of 266 patients (10.2%) with HPV-positive ASCUS (P < 0.0001) and 1 of 22 patients (4.5%) with HPV-negative ASC-H (P = 0.003); the latter result was similar to the finding of HSIL in 5 of 85 patients (5.9%) with HPV-negative ASCUS. The frequency of HPV-positive ASC-H in the current study (67%) was lower than that obtained in the ALTS for ASC-H (86%) but higher than that for ASCUS in both this study (45%) and in the ALTS (51% for all ASC; 63% for ASCUS, equivocal for LSIL). Underlying HSIL was detected in a similar percentage of patients with HPV-positive ASC-H in this study and in the ALTS (41%). CONCLUSIONS The greater frequency of HPV positivity and the significantly increased risk of underlying HSIL for ASC-H compared with ASCUS indicated that ASC-H category utilization and performance are appropriate in this routine clinical practice setting. The lower frequency of HPV positivity for ASC-H compared with the ALTS data and the similar low risk of HSIL in HPV-negative ASC-H and HPV-negative ASCUS indicate that HPV testing for triage of ASC-H in routine practice has the potential to reduce the number of women who are referred for colposcopy without an increased risk of failure to detect HSIL among HPV-negative women, similar to its triage role for ASCUS. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol). © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A Dislocation barrier model for fatigue crack growth threshold

The primary mechanism of fatigue crack growth is crack-tip dislocation emission followed by the glide of the emitted dislocations. Both of these two processes are controlled by the crack-tip resolved shear stress field, which is characterized by the resolved shear stress intensity factor, K Rτ
Reduced proteasomal activity contributes to the accumulation of carbonylated proteins in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1556–1567. Abstract We have recently shown that several carbonylated proteins, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, β-actin and β-tubulin, accumulate within cerebellar astrocytes during the chronic phase of myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 peptide-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice. As protein carbonyls cannot be repaired and there is less oxidative stress in chronic than in acute EAE, we hypothesized that the accumulation of carbonylated proteins in these animals may be due to a defect in the degradation of the modified proteins. Alternatively, oxidized proteins in chronic EAE mice may be more resistant to proteolysis. Using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated astrocytes and several protease inhibitors we identified the 20S proteasome as the proteolytic system responsible for the elimination of most oxidized proteins. We also discovered that the chymotrysin-like and caspase-like activities of the 20S proteasome are impaired in chronic EAE, while the amount of proteasome was unchanged. Proteasome failure in these animals was confirmed by the build-up of ubiquitinated proteins, mostly within astrocytes. In a cell-free system, carbonylated proteins from EAE mice with acute and chronic disease seem to be equally sensitive to proteasomal degradation. Altogether, the results support the notion that diminished activity of the 20S proteasome is a major contributor to the accumulation of carbonylated proteins in astrocytes of chronic EAE mice.
Investigation Of Student Learning In Thermodynamics And Implications For Instruction In Chemistry And Engineering

As part of an investigation into student learning of thermodynamics, we have probed the reasoning of students enrolled in introductory and advanced courses in both physics and chemistry. A particular focus of this work has been put on the learning difficulties encountered by physics, chemistry, and engineering students enrolled in an upper‐level thermal physics course that included many topics also covered in physical chemistry courses. We have explored the evolution of students’ understanding as they progressed from the introductory course through more advanced courses. Through this investigation we have gained insights into students’ learning difficulties in thermodynamics at various levels. Our experience in addressing these learning difficulties may provide insights into analogous pedagogical issues in upper‐level courses in both engineering and chemistry which focus on the theory and applications of thermodynamics.
Fractal Models for Floc Density, Sedimentation Velocity, and Floc Volume Fraction for High Peclet Number Reactors

Abstract Analytical models of floc characteristics are developed as components of a comprehensive flocculation model. The models are derived for reactors with a high ratio of advective fluid transport relative to diffusion (i.e., high Peclet number) and batch reactors where the floc size distribution is expected to be relatively narrow compared with completely mixed flow reactors. High Peclet number flows are obtained in gravity-driven hydraulic flocculators without mechanical agitation. Hydraulic flocculators are an ideal technology for a low carbon footprint and where robust, low maintenance operation is required. The models, combined with measurements of floc sedimentation velocity and floc volume fraction, suggest that the fractal dimension of flocs is approximately 2.3 and that 0.65–1 μm is approximately the particle size beyond which fractal geometry is needed for description of floc properties.
Colored varieties of the silica minerals

Quartz, when chemically pure SiO_2, is colorless and transparent from about 145 nm in the ultraviolet to about 2700 nm in the infrared when in mm to cm thickness. Natural quartz has three important colored varieties: amethyst (violet), citrine (yellow to brown) and smoky (dark smoky quartz is sometimes called morion). A fourth variety, prasiolite (green) also exists. Each of these varieties exhibits either a substitutional or interstitial component other than Si. In addition to chemical substitutions, development of color in some of these varieties requires exposure to ionizing radiation or heat. Each of these varieties can be produced through heat-treatment or irradiation of natural quartz of a different color and can also be produced by direct synthesis or through synthesis followed by irradiation. Other colored varieties of natural quartz (rose, blue, chrysoprase, jasper, etc.) are, in fact, mixtures of quartz and other phases (although there may be a type of rose quartz from substitutional causes alone).
Shielding effectiveness estimation using matrices

An approach to the determination of shielding effectiveness using a formalism originally developed for dielectric sandwich electromagnetic walls is briefly reported. Walls composed of metal skins are essentially impervious, since even fairly light materials are many skin depths thick. The lighter materials, paints and films, are both much thinner and the conductivity is only a few tens of Siemens. Consequently, the shielding effectiveness will be more limited, but still adequate. The theory is presented, and the cascade of matrices required in the solution is discussed. >
The importance of the proximal resection margin distance for proximal gastric adenocarcinoma: A multi-institutional study of the US Gastric Cancer Collaborative

Background A 5 cm margin is advocated for distal gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). The optimal proximal resection margin (PM) length for proximal GAC is not established. Methods Patients who underwent curative-intent resection for proximal GAC from 2000 to 2012 at 7 centers in the US Gastric Cancer Collaborative were included. PM length was sequentially dichotomized and analyzed at 0.5 cm increments (0.5–6.5 cm). Outcomes after negative margin (R0) and positive microscopic margin (R1) resections were compared. Primary endpoints were local recurrence (LR) and overall survival (OS). Results All patients (n = 162) had R0 distal margins. 151 (93.2%) had an R0-PM with mean length of 2.6 cm (median:1.7 cm; range:0.1–15 cm). A greater PM distance was not associated with LR or OS. An R1-PM was associated with higher N-stage (N3:73% vs. 26%; P = 0.007) and increased LR (HR6.1; P = 0.009) but not associated with decreased OS. On multivariate analysis, an R1-PM was also not independently associated with LR. Conclusions For resection of proximal gastric adenocarcinoma, proximal margin length is not associated with local recurrence or overall survival. An R1 margin is associated with advanced N-stage but is not independently associated with recurrence or survival. When performing resection of proximal gastric adenocarcinoma, efforts to achieve a specific margin distance, especially if it necessitates an esophagectomy, should be abandoned. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:203–207. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Generation of Long-Term T-Lymphoid Cell Lines With Specific Cytotoxic Reactivity for a Syngeneic Murine Lymphoma

The long-term in vitro growth in T-cell growth factor (TCGF) of murine cytotoxic T-lymphoid cells directed against syngeneic tumor antigens was investigated. C57BL/6 mice were immunized to syngeneic FBL-3 lymphoma by two ip injections of irradiated FBL-3 lymphoma cells. Splenocytes from these animals were injected into mice with disseminated lethal FBL-3 tumor. The injection of cyclophosphamide (Cy) plus immunized lymphocytes significantly improved survival with cure of 53% of 38 animals. In comparison, treatment with Cy alone resulted in 0 of 31 cured and treatment with Cy plus unimmunized cells resulted in 0 of 40 cured (P less than 0.0005). These in vivo immunized lymphocytes were reexposed to FBL-3 tumor in vitro for 5 days in lectin-free TCGF (LF-TCGF). Although in vivo and in vitro sensitized lymphocytes exhibited no cytotoxicity toward fresh FBL-3 tumor cells in an 18-hour 51Cr release assay, expansion of appropriately sensitized cells in LF-TCGF resulted in significant lysis of fresh FBL-3 tumor cells. This significant lysis was specific and lysed syngeneic FBL-3 but not syngeneic MCA-103 fresh tumor targets. This maximal specific cytotoxicity was maintained for 2.5 months. A screening assay was developed that permitted rapid identification and isolation of low-frequency cytotoxic clones with reactivity specific for FBL-3 tumor. Several of these cloned cells were grown for almost 3 months with maintenance of high degrees of specific lysis (as much as 4,500 lytic U/10(6) cells). These cytotoxic lines and clones will be of value for the study of tumor-host immunologic interactions and perhaps for use in adoptive immunotherapy.
Vesiculation from Pseudomonas aeruginosa under SOS

Bacterial infections can be aggravated by antibiotic treatment that induces SOS response and vesiculation. This leads to a hypothesis concerning association of SOS with vesiculation. To test it, we conducted multiple analyses of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced from the Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild type in which SOS is induced by ciprofloxacin and from the LexA noncleavable (lexAN) strain in which SOS is repressed. The levels of OMV proteins, lipids, and cytotoxicity increased for both the treated strains, demonstrating vesiculation stimulation by the antibiotic treatment. However, the further increase was suppressed in the lexAN strains, suggesting the SOS involvement. Obviously, the stimulated vesiculation is attributed by both SOS-related and unrelated factors. OMV subproteomic analysis was performed to examine these factors, which reflected the OMV-mediated cytotoxicity and the physiology of the vesiculating cells under treatment and SOS. Thus, SOS plays a role in the vesiculation stimulation that contributes to cytotoxicity.
Possible interaction driven topological phases in (111) bilayers of LaNiO3

We use the variational mean-field approach to systematically study the phase diagram of a bilayer heterostructure of the correlated transition-metal oxide LaNiO${}_{3}$, grown along the (111) direction. The Ni${}^{3+}$ ions with a ${d}^{7}$ (or ${e}_{g}^{1}$) configuration form a buckled honeycomb lattice. We show that, as a function of the strength of the on-site interactions, various topological phases emerge. In the presence of a reasonable size of the Hund's coupling, as the correlation is tuned from intermediate to strong, the following sequence of phases is found: (1) a Dirac half-semimetal phase, (2) a quantum anomalous Hall insulator (QAHI) phase with Chern number one, and (3) a ferromagnetic nematic phase breaking the lattice point-group symmetry. The spin-orbit couplings and magnetism are both dynamically generated in the QAHI phase.
Spray Quenching in a Ventilated Duct Fire

Analysis of the interaction between cold liquid sprays, a flowing hot gas, and an ignited duct wall is presented. This situation simulates what could be the result of a fire spread in an underground ventilated wood lined corridor or a coal mine entry. Spread of an ignition front is defined as the rate of propagation of a specific ignition temperature along the solid wall. Radial wall conduction, heat and mass transfer associated with the liquid sprays, convection at the wall, and surface, luminous, and nonluminous radiative interchange are accounted for. The zone method of solution is chosen as it can accommodate real gas effects in the analysis, and the adaptability of this approach to include luminous flames proved to be successful. Wall friction is included through the use of a friction coefficient. The results presented show in the direction of flow the variation in the temperature of the duct, the gas, and the liquid droplets. Also presented is the quenching distance along the duct at which wall ignition ceases as a function of spray distribution, air flow rate, and other pertinent parameters. The results give qualitative and quantitative assessment of the parameters which control a fire spread identified by the model presented.
Oligosaccharide composition of heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins by capillary electrophoresis

The application of capillary electrophoresis to total compositional analysis of heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin samples has been studied. Optimum resolution of 17 defined oligosaccharides was obtained with the buffer system composed of 10 mM sodium borate and 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate at pH 8.81 and at a constant voltage of 20 kV. The ratio of oligosaccharide charge to the number of saccharide residues correlated with the migration time. For oligosaccharides having the same charge to saccharide ratio, the larger of the oligosaccharides eluted earlier. A hexasaccharide having a 3-O-sulfated glucosamine residue at the reducing end and arising from heparin's antithrombin III binding site, migrated in an unusual fashion. The limit of oligosaccharide detection was from 600 fmol to 1 pmol. Quantitative analysis could conveniently be performed on 10 pmol of an oligosaccharide sample. Oligosaccharide composition using capillary electrophoresis was obtained by nearly complete depolymerization of heparins with a mixture of heparin lyase I, II, and III. The analysis resulted in 95% mass balance for both heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin. Capillary electropherograms of heparin and different low-molecular-weight heparins depolymerized with heparin lyase I alone showed a high level of structural heterogeneity in the products formed. The oligosaccharide maps thus obtained might find use in fingerprinting the heparin and low-molecular-weight samples.
A bilingual approach for conducting Chinese and English social media sentiment analysis

Propose a bilingual approach for conducting social media sentiment analysis.Test the approach with movie reviews collected from online social network sites.Experiments show that the proposed approach is effective and has high accuracy. Due to the advancement of technology and globalization, it has become much easier for people around the world to express their opinions through social media platforms. Harvesting opinions through sentiment analysis from people with different backgrounds and from different cultures via social media platforms can help modern organizations, including corporations and governments understand customers, make decisions, and develop strategies. However, multiple languages posted on many social media platforms make it difficult to perform a sentiment analysis with acceptable levels of accuracy and consistency. In this paper, we propose a bilingual approach to conducting sentiment analysis on both Chinese and English social media to obtain more objective and consistent opinions. Instead of processing English and Chinese comments separately, our approach treats review comments as a stream of text containing both Chinese and English words. That stream of text is then segmented by our segment model and trimmed by the stop word lists which include both Chinese and English words. The stem words are then processed into feature vectors and then applied with two exchangeable natural language models, SVM and N-Gram. Finally, we perform a case study, applying our proposed approach to analyzing movie reviews obtained from social media. Our experiment shows that our proposed approach has a high level of accuracy and is more effective than the existing learning-based approaches.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of gonadotropin subunit transcription: evidence for the involvement of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (Ca/CAMK II) activation in rat pituitaries.

The intracellular pathways mediating GnRH regulation of gonadotropin subunit transcription remain to be fully characterized, and the present study examined whether calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (Ca/CAMK II) plays a role in the rat pituitary. Preliminary studies demonstrated that a single pulse of GnRH given to adult rats stimulated a transient 2.5-fold rise in Ca/CAMK II activity (as determined by an increase in Ca/CAMK II phosphorylation), with peak values at 5 min, returning to basal 45 min after the pulse. Further studies examined the α, LHβ, and FSHβ transcriptional responses to GnRH or Bay K 8644+KCl (BK+KCl) pulses in vitro in the absence or presence of the Ca/CAMK II-specific inhibitor, KN-93. Gonadotropin subunit transcription was assessed by measuring primary transcripts (PTs) by quantitative RT-PCR. In time-course studies, both GnRH and BK+KCl pulses given alone increased all three subunit PTs after 6 h (2- to 4-fold). PT responses to GnRH increased over time (3- to 8-fold over basal at...
The Harvey Girls: Women Who Opened the West

From the 1880s to the 1950s, the Harvey Girls went west to work in Fred Harvey's restaurants along the Santa Fe railway. At a time when there were "no ladies west of Dodge City and no women west of Albuquerque," they came as waitresses, but many stayed and settled, founding the struggling cattle and mining towns that dotted the region. Interviews, historical research, and photographs help re-create the Harvey Girl experience. The accounts are personal, but laced with the history the women lived: the dust bowl, the depression, and anecdotes about some of the many famous people who ate at the restaurants--Teddy Roosevelt, Shirley Temple, Bob Hope, to name a few. The Harvey Girls was awarded the winner of the 1991 New Mexico PressWomen's ZIA award.
High temperature coadsorption study of zirconium and oxygen on the W(100) crystal face

Abstract The coadsorption of zirconium and oxygen on W(100) has been studied by Auger electron spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction, mass spectroscopy, ion sputtering, and work function measurement techniques. Adsorption of zirconium onto W(100) followed by heating in an oxygen partial pressure produces rapid diffusion of a ZrO complex into the bulk and the formation of a tungsten oxide layer. Heating in vacuum causes desorption of the tungsten oxide and segregation of the ZrO complex to the surface. The activation energy for the ZrO bulk-to-surface diffusion is 30 ± 2 kcal/mole. Upon heating in vacuum at 2000 K the composite surface exhibits predominantly a (1 × 1) LEED structure with a room temperature field emission retarding potential work function of 2.67 ± 0.05 eV. The Richardson work function for this unusually thermally stable surface is 2.56 ± 0.05 eV with a pre-exponential of 6 ± 2. The effects of carbon and nitrogen contamination on this low work function ZrOW composite surface are discussed and a structural model for the surface is presented.
Platinum(II) terpyridyl-acetylide dyads and triads with nitrophenyl acceptors via a convenient synthesis of a boronated phenylterpyridine.

Four new Pt(II) terpyridyl acetylide complexes which possess a covalently linked nitrophenyl moiety were prepared and studied. Specifically, the chromophore−acceptor (C−A) dyads reported here include [Pt(ptpy-ph-p-NO2)(C≡C−C6H5)](PF6)3 (1), where ptpy-ph-p-NO2 = 4′-{4-(4-nitrophenyl)-phenyl}-[2,2′;6′,2′′]terpyridine, and C≡C−C6H5 = phenylacetylide and [Pt(ptpy-ph-m-NO2)(C≡C−C6H5)](PF6)2 (2), where ptpy-ph-m-NO2 = 4′-(4-m-nitrophenyl-phenyl)-2,2′;6′,2′′-terpyridine, as well as the related donor−chromophore−acceptor (D−C−A) triads [Pt(ptpy-ph-p-NO2)(C≡C−C6H4CH2−PTZ)]PF6 (3), where C≡C−C6H4CH2−PTZ = 4-ethynylbenzyl-N-phenothiazine, and [Pt(ptpy-ph-m-NO2)(C≡C−C6H4CH2−PTZ)]PF6 (4). Transient absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical analyses were used to characterize these compounds. In contrast to previous observations for closely related multicomponent systems, it appears that, in the current systems, the nitrophenyl group is not an effective quencher of the excited state. The luminescence and transient ab...
Some Reasons for Not Using the Yates Continuity Correction on 2×2 Contingency Tables

Abstract In a contingency table with fixed marginal totals, and with row totals or column totals equal to each other, the Yates correction and the Kendall-Stuart correction for continuity improve estimates of the unknown probabilities. Otherwise only the Kendall-Stuart correction may be relied on to improve estimates over the chi-square approximation to the uncorrected statistic. If some marginal totals are random, the Yates corrected statistic provides a test different than the test which uses the uncorrected statistic.
Base-resolution maps of 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine reveal genome-wide DNA demethylation dynamics.

Base-resolution maps of 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine reveal genome-wide DNA demethylation dynamics
Energy balances applied to electrowetted systems

Wetting between a dielectric liquid and an insulated flat, over-coating a conducting surface, is analyzed using energy balances. The temperature and entropy, the wetted surface area and the interfacial surface energy, the voltage and charge are considered the conjugate pairs of state variables in the system. Reversible, equilibrium mechanics are used to obtain the voltage versus charge relations on lines of isothermal, constant interfacial surface energy. The voltage is generally considered linear with charge, i.e., a linear capacitor for most systems of interest. However, non-linear, charged systems are included in the general energy balances developed. The heat released during charging of an isothermal, aquatic dielectric is shown to be 140% larger than the electrical work in a linear capacitor system at room temperature. The stability of linear systems is studied in quite a bit of detail: it is shown that a parallel plate capacitor whose capacitance changes linearly with wetted surface area is neutrally stable (free energy curvature is zero) at constant voltage and absolutely stable (positive free energy curvature) at constant charge. It is again established experimentally in these systems that the voltage squared is proportional to the interfacial surface energy's driving force using charge control. The charge added to the system is proportional to the total wetted surface area so the current is proportional to the areal velocity of the interface. It is experimentally demonstrated that the second derivative of the wetted capacitance versus area is central to stability control for constant voltage systems; controlled wetting for constant charge and voltage systems in electro-capillary lines are investigated in some detail.
Planetary science: message from Mercury.

After a 30-year gap, all eyes are back on Mercury as the MESSENGER probe gives us our second glance at the Sun's nearest neighbour. Hints of intriguing results to come are already at hand.
On the numerical solution of three-dimensional boundary value problems by separation of variables

The classical method of separation of variables is subject to certain deficiencies as a numerical method for the solution of the Dirichlet problem for the Laplace equation. The method is only appli...
An Approximation for the Zakai Equation

In this article we consider a polygonal approximation to the unnormalized conditional measure of a filtering problem, which is the solution of the Zakai stochastic differential equation on measure space. An estimate of the convergence rate based on a distance which is equivalent to the weak convergence topology is derived. We also study the density of the unnormalized conditional measure, which is the solution of the Zakai stochastic partial differential equation. An estimate of the convergence rate is also given in this case. 60F25, 60H10.}
Use of Dexon Mesh for abdominal partitioning above the peritoneal reflection.

Dexon Mesh® (Davis & Geck, Sugarland, TX) was used to partition the abdomen after incomplete resection of a locally advanced left colon cancer. Following surgery, external beam radiotherapy was delivered to the left flank without the risk of radiation enteritis. The technique of abdominal partitioning using Dexon Mesh® is described.
Primary immunodeficiency or not? Making the correct diagnosis

Making a correct diagnosis of a primary immunodeficiency disease is crucial for the selection of proper therapy. Although many cases go undiagnosed, there are also many instances of incorrect diagnosis that result in years of inappropriate treatment and failure to implement beneficial treatment. This article summarizes 2 actual cases in which incorrect diagnoses led to recommendations of unwarranted high-risk or costly treatments. Had the physicians chosen tests of immune function rather than relying on immunoglobulin levels or cell counts, they would have arrived at the true diagnoses.
A labeled-tree approach to semantic and structural data interoperability applied in hydrology domain

The issues of data integration and interoperability pose significant challenges in scientific hydrological and environmental studies, due largely to the inherent semantic and structural heterogeneities of massive datasets and non-uniform autonomous data sources. To address these data integration challenges, we propose a unified data integration framework, called Hydrological Integrated Data Environment (HIDE). HIDE is based on a labeled-tree data integration model referred to as DataNode tree. Using this framework, characteristics of datasets gathered from diverse data sources - with different logical and access organizations - can be extracted and classified as Time-Space-Attribute (TSA) labels and are subsequently arranged in a DataNode tree. The uniqueness of our approach is that it effectively combines the semantic aspects of the scientific domain with diverse datasets having different logical organizations to form a unified view. Further, we also adopt a metadata-based approach for specifying the TSA-DataNode tree in order to achieve flexibility and extensibility. The search engine of our HIDE prototype system evaluates a simple user query systematically on the TSA-DataNode tree, presenting integrated results in a standardized format that facilitates both effective and efficient data integration.