cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Barriers to achieving commercial success for diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals

The concluding session of this workshop focused on barriers that might be impeding the successful transition of radiopharmaceuticals from research tools to diagnostics and therapeutics that reach commercial success. Some lessons can be learned by reviewing the technology adoption life cycle as described by Geoffrey A. Moore (Moore, GA. Crossing the chasm. New York: HarperCollins, 2002). Additionally, a review of highly successful radiopharmaceuticals suggests that achieving commercial success may require advocacy by other interested groups.
CyberResistance: Saudi opposition between globalization and localization

The information society, late capitalism, and globalization raise serious questions about many tidy categories through which the world has conventionally been understood. Resistance, the subject of this essay, is one of these categories. The proliferation of globalizing means of communications such as the satellite dish and the internet has added new dimensions to our world. One is the collapse of premodern conceptions of space and time. Our phenomenological world is one that compresses time and in turn annihilates space, as Harvey suggests,David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1989). or delineates space and time and liberates them from their local markers, as Giddens argues.Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990), 21. As space shrinks phenomenologically, people in different places experience the same events at the same time.The globalized world and modernity and their impact on our understanding of the social phenomenon are not tied to the works of Harvey and Giddens alone. Other theorists such as Roland Peterson, Ulrich Beck, and Scott Lash are central to the globalization debate. For a good summary of the Globalization debate, see Malcolm Walters, Globalization (New York: Routledge, 1995). In light of the confusion stemming from the increase in global political, economic, and social activities, the world seems beset by the paradox of homogenizing and fragmenting impulses. Complicating this picture even further is our increasing dependence on the mediaFor a debate on the media, information society, and globalization, see Karamjit S. Gill, ed., Information Society: New Media, Ethics and Postmodernism (London: Springer-Verlag London Limited, 1996); Lance Starte, Ronald Jacobson, and Stephanie B. Gibson, Communication and Cyberspace (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc., 1996); Sandra Braman and Annabelle Mohammadi, Globalization, Communication, and Transnational Civil Society (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, Inc., 1996); and Andrew King (ed.) Postmodern Political Communication: The Fringe Challenges the Center (Westport, CT: Braeger, 1992). to bring world events to our homes, giving us the illusion that we were taken there to witness these events. In this heavily mediated world, the “signs for the real,”This is Baudrillard's argument. For more, see Jean Baudrillard, “Simulacra and Simulations,” in Mark Poster, ed., Jean Baudrillard: Selected Writing (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988), 166–84. text and image alike, seem more real than the real itself. Nowhere has the impact of globalization been felt more intensely than in the Middle East. Data from the Gulf states in particular raise new questions about our understanding of resistance, national boundaries, and territoriality as well as other social science concepts such as sovereignty, the nation state, and citizenship.
Radiation Patterns on a Budget: IEEE AP-S Student Design Challenge 2011

An important characteristic of an antenna is the radiation pattern, which determines in which direction(s) radiation is concentrated. Typical antenna radiation-pattern-measurement systems consist of measurement equipment and a controlled environment. Both of these elements can individually be prohibitively expensive, in terms of both cost and laboratory space. This paper outlines a low-cost (less than $1500) system for use at 2.4 GHz that is portable and requires a limited amount of space. Measurements are accomplished using a self-contained RF system, a simply constructed antenna rotator, a readily available data-acquisition and motor-controller circuit, and MA TLAB. A key feature of this system is an extremely low-cost and simple rotary joint, which eliminates cable twisting.
High-Contrast Electrochromism and Controllable Dissolution of Assembled Prussian Blue/Polymer Nanocomposites†

To maintain the momentum and impact of the field, assembled materials systems must increasingly incorporate broad functionality to meet real-world applications. Here we describe nanocomposite films of specially synthesized inorganic Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles and linear poly(ethylene imine) (LPEI) that possess the unusual functional combination of high-performance electrochromism for displays and controllable dissolution for drug delivery. Fabrication using layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly was followed by spectroelectrochemical characterization, allowing a full composition determination rarely achieved for LBL films. The electrochromic performance of thick LPEI/PB nanocomposites most relevant to applications surpassed that of inorganic PB films with competitive switching speed and superior contrast. Oxidation beyond the primary electrochromic transition removes nanoparticle ionization and can controllably dissolve the films. Because PB is non-toxic we suggest this mechanism for controlled in-vivo drug delivery. The performance and multifunctional quality of these nanocomposites promise a strong impact on flexible displays, electrochromic windows, and even biomedical devices.
Thermal radiation transport in a fluidized dry water system

Abstract This paper reports a numerical study on thermal radiation transport in a novel material called dry water. Dry water is a water-in-air inverse foam which consists of micrometer-sized water droplets encapsulated by hydrophobic fumed-silica nanoparticles. First, the size distribution of dry water was measured using a particle size analyzer. Then, the radiation characteristics of dry water were obtained using the Mie theory for coated spheres. One-dimensional, steady radiative transport in fluidized dry water system was modeled using the radiative transport equation (RTE) and was solved spectrally with the discrete ordinates method. The effects of silica coating and water droplet size as well as the volume fraction of dry water particles on reducing radiative heat transfer were studied parametrically. The results obtained using the size distributions from experimental measurements at a volume fraction of 10−4 showed that dry water reduced the local radiative heat flux by more than 60% with respect to that by silica particles alone whereas its performance was comparable to that of fine water mists. Moreover, reduction of the diameter of dry water particles from 150 to 50 μm and increasing their volume fraction from 10−4 to 10−3 decreased the radiative heat flux by 45% and 67%, respectively. Dry water is a novel and unique material that does not require high pressure fluid lines for producing fine mists and features a silica shell that can serve to encapsulate water soluble compounds, retard water evaporation from the core as well as increase scattering. With these unique features, dry water finds diverse engineering applications serving as a base for photo-catalytic nanoreactors, gas and chemical storage and delivery systems, as well as alternative mist systems in firefighting.
Self-modelocked Cr:forsterite laser with optimized group-delay dispersion

Self-modelocked operation of a cw-pumped Cr:forsterite laser and the generation of pulses as short as 25 fs from a self-modelocked Cr:forsterite laser with optimized cavity dispersion are demonstrated. The pulse duration is limited by the gain bandwidth of Cr:forsterite and corresponds to only 6 optical cycles. From measurements of the performance of the laser the dispersion and nonlinearity of forsterite are obtained. Finally, a regime of modelocked operation which has not been observed previously is reported along with a tentative explanation in terms of gain saturation and gain dispersion.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Somatostatin inhibits growth of rainbow trout

Implantation of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss with somatostatin-14 (SS-14) for 20 days resulted in reduced food conversion as well as significant growth retardation compared to controls. Relative growth as mass was reduced by 20%, whereas relative growth by length was reduced by 45%. A single intraperitoneal injection of SS-14 reduced plasma levels of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) and insulin. SS-14 injection also reduced [ 35 S]-sulphate incorporation into gill cartilage compared to saline-injected fish. In addition, in vitro incubation of gill cartilage with SS-14 reduced [ 35 S]-sulphate incorporation in a dose-related manner. These results indicate that SS-14 inhibits growth of rainbow trout and suggests that SS-14, in addition to influencing GH, may play an extra-pituitary role in the modulation of the GH-IGF-I axis.
Increased OLED radiative efficiency using a directive optical antenna.

We investigate the improvement in efficiency of organic light emitting diodes/displays (OLEDs) by embedding a typical OLED structure within a metallic patch grating resonator. A patch grating resonator is similar to the more familiar Fabry-Perot resonator, except that one mirror of the resonator is a metallic patch grating with a pitch ~ λ/2 that reduces lateral propagation of radiative emission. FDTD simulations of the proposed structure indicate a potential 71% increase in emitted power over that of a reference OLED structure, and an additional 5% gain from adding an ITO spacer adjacent to the metallic electrode layer (for a total 76% increase). Implementation of this structure requires little to no modification of the OLED manufacturing process.
Racial composition, sentencing reforms, and rates of incarceration, 1970–1980

Rates of incarceration in state prisons increased dramatically between 1970 and 1980, which was accompanied by greater racial disproportionality. This research examines the extent to which these trends may have been due to sentencing reforms during the decade, specifically determinate and mandatory sentencing. No evidence is found to support either hypothesis. Increases in the rate of incarceration were determined by the percentage of blacks in a state, the state's population size, the percentage of the population aged 18–29, and crime rates. Changes in the race specific rates were largely a function of the same variables, although certain effects varied by race. Estimates are made of the contribution by these differential effects to increased racial disproportionality over the decade.
Macroscopic quantum tunneling in magnetic proteins.

We report low-temperature measurements of the frequency-dependent magnetic noise and magnetic susceptibility of nanometer-scale antiferromagnetic horse-spleen ferritin particles, using an integrated dc SQUID microsusceptometer. A sharply defined resonance near 1 MHz develops below T\ensuremath{\sim}0.2 K. The behavior of this resonance as a function of temperature, applied magnetic field, and particle concentration indicates that it results from macroscopic quantum tunneling of the N\'eel vector of the antiferromagnets.
Application of Direct Methods for Crystal Structure Determination Using Strongly Dynamical Bulk Electron Diffraction

Abstract In recent work it was shown that dynamical diffraction effects on direct methods calculations can be taken into account, and that the effect of dynamical scattering is an approximate reconstruction of |1 − Ψ( r )|, where Ψ( r ) is the complex electron exit wave. The present work examines these approximations in more detail using the channeling theory and empirical examples. Despite a dependence on thickness and structure in the general case, the approximations are well justified for structures that consist of well-defined atomic columns along the beam direction. An overview of the present minimum relative entropy direct methods algorithm is presented.
Feeding behavior: Establishing causation in a systems environment

Abstract The physiology of an organism is a highly integrated interactive system. When one component is manipulated all other components will also change. This is viewed as a major impediment to uncovering the primary cause of a behavioral alteration following a biological manipulation. Computer modeling of the physiology combined with multiple linear regression analysis predicting subsequent behavior is viewed as a potential solution to this problem. Data obtained from continuous monitoring of rat behavior (feeding, drinking, running, general activity and core temperature) under normal conditions and while ingesting a diluted diet were analyzed. The results supported the efficacy of the approach by correctly identifying the nature of the changes which occur consequent to the dietary dilution. Data obtained from normal rats and from rats with medial septal ablation were also analyzed. The results indicated an insensitivity to the stomach contents resulting from the ablation. This indicated that the approach could identify the nature of the changes produced by a manipulation of unknown physiologic consequences.
Human longevity: the grandmother effect.

Why do women live long past the age of child-bearing? Contrary to common wisdom, this phenomenon is not new, and is not due to support for the elderly. Rather, grannies have a lot to offer their grandchildren.
Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPO®) capping and its significance in the preparation of PPO®/epoxy laminate

The thermal expansion property at 288°C of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPO®)/epoxy laminate was found to be affected by the PPO/epoxy copolymer content in the laminate. Capping of redistributed PPO with epoxide-containing reagents such as Araldite® EPN 1138 and an “upstaged” resin was readily accomplished with tetraethylammonium hydroxide or N, N-dimethylaminopyridine as the catalyst during the varnish preparation step. The resulting PPO/epoxy laminate maintained the nonlofting property despite the presence of phenolic hardener (curing accelerator) and antimony pentoxide (flame retardant) in the formulation. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Asynchronous spread spectrum communication paradigm for use in low-power applications: Description and simulation results

Contemporary wireless communication strategies focus on efficient use of bandwidth in order to allow more users to exploit the RF spectrum through techniques like Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (SS) and Direct-sequence SS. In many real-world applications, these methods are implemented for synchronous communication systems. To achieve synchronous communication, two-way handshaking that requires overhead circuitry is performed between the sender and receiver. In order to use spread spectrum methods for certain unconstrained and low-power applications, such as implantable and remote monitoring devices, it is necessary to refine these methods to support asynchronous communication. We have designed and modeled a SS system, which could be integrated with a custom integrated circuit that would provide elementary multi-user communication. The SS logic generates a gold-code based on address and data bits that is then modulated with a carrier to transmit the information. Because the system is asynchronous, we treat each transmitted code as an independent piece of information. The receiver decodes the information using a full correlation with the ideal known gold-codes. For efficiency purposes, the filter is applied in the frequency domain. A threshold is applied to the output of the filter to determine if a particular code is transmitted as well as the point in time/space from which the signal was sent. The method was simulated and evaluated under several scenarios including different carrier frequencies, multiple targets, and various positions relative to the receiver from the simulated receiver. The results demonstrate the utility of asynchronous SS under many different conditions.
Oral perception of the temperature of liquids.

The ability of humans to sense the thermal characteristics of liquids held in the mouth was measured in two experiments. It was found in the first experiment that warming was sensed more strongly than cooling when the suprathreshold oral response to warm and cold liquids was compared in terms of the heat transferred between the oral mucosa and the liquid. The second experiment extended the investigation to threshold and again found warming to be perceived more readily than cooling. These results contrast with earlier findings from studies of local thermal sensitivity that indicated the mouth was more uniformly sensitive to cooling than to warming. It is proposed that the occurrence of spatial summation in the warmth sense and the relatively high resting temperature of the mouth predispose the oral cavity to be sensitive to increases in skin temperature.
The speaking of Ralph McGill

For more than thirty years Ralph McGill has used the spoken word to supplement Ms work in the press. Increasingly this southerner has turned from manuscript to extemporaneous speaking. Because of his wide travels he is able to rely heavily on personal experiences, usually adapting his message after he arrives on the scene. The journalist contends that there is a need for less‐routine talks and more discussion of important local and national issues.
Molecular printing: A chemist's approach to a “desktop fab”

We have developed an arsenal of strategies based on a scanning probe molecular printing method1 recently developed in our group, namely polymer pen lithography (PPL),2 to form arbitrary patterns of molecular and biological species with nanometer-to-micrometer feature size control. PPL employs massively-parallel arrays of elastomeric tips to print arbitrary patterns of molecular inks (Fig. 1A). The precise feature size control of PPL arises from quantitative models relating dwell-time of the tips on the surface and the pressure exerted by the tips on the surface.3 Moreover, these relationships allow the precise leveling of the tip arrays with respect to the substrate surface, so that feature variation of less than 2% across a 1 cm2 areas can be achieved.4 Importantly, the molds used to fabricated the PPL pen arrays can also serve as inkwells, and as a result, multiplexed patterns can be readily created using these methods (Fig. 1B).5 These tools have been used to explore the concept of directed assembly, which has been employed to assemble a variety of devices, including biosensors and molecular tunnel junctions. We anticipate that these strategies will result in a suite of new molecular printing methods that move us towards the goal of a “desktop fab,” in which reproducible, nanoscale patterns can be printed over large areas without necessitating large capital investment or clean-room conditions.
An anomaly associated with 4-dimensional quantum gravity

We compute the functional determinant quotient (detP h )/(detP g ) for the Paneitz operatorP in conformally related Riemannian metricsg, h, and discuss related positivily questions.
Verbal behavior at a procedural level in the chimpanzee.

Ape language research has typically employed cognitive descriptions of ape competencies. Recently, Epstein, Lanza, and Skinner (1980) attempted to simulate some of the ape findings with pigeons. They also used cognitive terms to describe their results, but with “tongue-in-cheek.” In the hope of bringing about a better understanding of the ape research, this paper describes the main aspects of one ape language project, using a behavior-analytic framework. It then briefly compares and contrasts, from that perspective, the training programs used with pigeons and with apes. It is concluded that the behavior-analytic framework, and the procedures devised to produce language skills in apes, provide strong support for several of the major positions set forth in Skinner's (1957) Verbal Behavior.
The infrared emissivities of soil and Artemisia tridentata and subsequent temperature corrections in a shrub-steppe ecosystem☆

Abstract The determination of plant and soil temperatures using remote sensing technology is examined in a shrub-steppe ecosystem. The emissivities of Artemisia tridentata L. shrubs and the soil surface were examined in such an ecosystem. The emissivity of A. tridentata plants was calculated to be 0.97, which is in the range of reported values for other green plants. The soil emissivity was 0.93. Temperature readings from an infrared thermometer (IRT) must be corrected for the emissivity value of the target and the reflected sky radiation. Although these two factors produce errors which are opposite in sign, they will not offset one another. An analysis is presented which quantifies the temperature error resulting from ignoring the corrections. The error is negligible only for emissivity values greater than 0.98. The error is proportional to temperature, and increases rapidly with decreases in emissivity. The true emissivities must be determined, and the above corrections must be calculated in order to obtain accurate temperatures in an ecosystem from remote sensing methods.
Castration reduces olfactory bulb norepinephrine transporter function as indicated by responses to noradrenergic uptake blockers.

Abstract It has been demonstrated that castration alters the functioning of the olfactory bulb (OB)–norepinephrine (NE) system. In the present experiment, we examined one of the mechanisms by which castration modulates the OB–NE system by comparing NE uptake activity between intact and castrated male rats as studied using an in vitro superfusion technique. To accomplish this goal, NE output from the OB of intact and castrated male rats in response to infusion with two different drugs which alter NE uptake functions, tomoxetine and talsupram, were tested. Overall, NE outputs in response to tomoxetine were significantly higher in the castrated than in intact rats and both groups were significantly greater than non-infused controls. For the talsupram infusion group, NE outputs from the castrated, but not intact rats, were significantly greater than controls. No statistically significant differences were detected between the castrated and intact rats. These results demonstrate that castration alters the NE uptake activities in response to these noradrenergic uptake blockers and suggest that one mechanism by which castration alters OB–NE functioning is through reducing the uptake activity of NE within the OB. Such findings have important implications for olfactory-based learning and memory/recognition processes which are believed to involve the OB–NE system and are altered following castration.
Digital map as a virtual sensor – dynamic road curve reconstruction for a curve speed assistant

While digital map has been applied to many advanced driver assistance system applications, one critical attribute – road/lane curvature—is not available in the existing digital maps. Curvature derivation using splines is a well-known method in the computer graphics modelling community; however, it was also found that the direct application of the spline method is often not appropriate for real-time safety applications due to the resultant discontinuities in the curvature estimates and the lack of robustness against map data errors [CAMP, Enhanced digital mapping project final report, United States Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 2004]. This paper presents a method to reconstruct road curvature attributes in real time using digital map data based on the proposed circle centre search and circle selection algorithms. Simulation and experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method can deliver curvature estimates that meet the desired accuracy. The method was also applied to the curve o...
Eddy viscosity and the statistical theory of turbulence

Abstract We examine, for the case of stationary turbulence, the correlation between fully resolved turbulence (in the sense of Fourier modes) and a system composed of the same equations on a reduced wavenumber span. This ‘reduced system’ is subjected to a wavenumber-dependent eddy viscosity contrived so that the full and reduced systems have the same energy spectrum, on the reduced span. The particular numerical problem studied is isotropic turbulence, and the model of turbulence is a Langevin representation of the test-field model (Kraichnan (1971, J. Fluid Mech., 47: 513–524). The correlation between the full and reduced systems is surprisingly small, a fact we attribute to be related to the unpredictability of the underlying Navier-Stokes equations. The (qualitative) form of the eddy viscosity introduced by such modeling is also discussed, and it is noted that at large Reynolds numbers, there exists an optimal cut-off wavenumber which permits an elimination of explicit empiricism from this form of large eddy simulation (LES). Our computations permit a spectral estimate of the magnitude of the backscatter term in LES, along the lines recently proposed by Schumann (1995, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 451: 293–318).
The effect of aging on rat liver regeneration.

The effect of age on hepatocyte mensuration and mitotic activity 48 h after partial hepatectomy was investigated in rats. Both age and partial hepatectomy had significant effects upon hepatocyte counts per microscopic field. The number of hepatocytes per microscopic field declined with age in the control groups of different advancing ages and in the experimental groups of advancing ages. There was essentially no mitotic activity in the livers of the control groups. However, mitotic counts were greatly increased in livers from those animals that were partially hepatectomized; the increase in mitotic activity in the 13-month-old animals was double over that observed in both the very young and the very old.
Blood Potassium and Sodium of Hereford and Brahman Cattle and some Breeds of Sheep maintained in Florida

INCIDENTAL to other comparative physiological investigations with taurine and zebu cattle1, it was possible to determine the potassium and sodium content of the erythrocytes of these species by flame spectrophotometry. Although there have been several recent reports concerning potassium and sodium in the blood of sheep and their interesting genetic implications2, there is a paucity of information regarding these elements in the red blood cells of cattle.
Assembling iron-sulfur clusters in the cytosol.

Two proteins that together serve as a scaffold for iron-sulfur cluster assembly in the yeast cytosol have been identified, providing the first mechanistic insight into cytosolic cluster assembly.
Group membership: a novel approach and the first single-round algorithm

We establish a new worst-case upper bound on the Membership problem: We present a simple algorithm that is able to always achieve Agreement on Views within a single message latency after the final network events leading to stability of the group become known to the membership servers. In contrast, all of the existing membership algorithms may require two or more rounds of message exchanges. Our algorithm demonstrates that the Membership problem can be solved simpler and more efficiently than previously believed.By itself, the algorithm may produce disagreement (that is, inconsistent, transient views) prior to the "final" view. Even though this is allowed by the problem specification, such views may create overhead at the application level, and are therefore undesirable.We propose a new approach for designing group membership services in which our algorithm for reaching Agreement on Views is combined with a filter-like mechanism for reducing disagreements. This approach can use the mechanisms of existing algorithms, yielding the same multi-round performance as theirs.However, the power of this approach is in being able to use other mechanisms. These can be tailored to the specifics of the deployment environments and to the desired combinations of the speed of agreement vs. the amount of preceding disagreement. We describe one mechanism that keeps the combined performance to within a single-round, and sketch another two.
Conditioned avoidance in coyotes: Effects of administering LiCl during selected phases of the predatory sequence

Nine coyotes (Canis latrans) were tested for conditioned aversions to killing rabbits after lithium chloride (LiCl) was injected during three phases of the predatory sequence: approach, capture, and consumption. No long-term aversions were demonstrated following injections during the approach and capture phases. Aversions to killing rabbits lasted up to 20 days following injection during or shortly after the consumption phase.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY. IV. THE REPLACEMENT CAPACITY AND THE NONCYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF HOMOPLASTIC ANTERIOR PITUITARY GRAFTS

In developing an attack upon certain aspects of anterior pituitary activity, the writers reported recently upon the viability and persistence of hypophyseal grafts (1). Briefly, it was shown that intra-ocular transplants (homoplastic) may display a remarkable survival capacity, and that tissue so grafted may retain its histological differentiation for periods of several months' duration. These experiments were conducted upon intact animals. The importance of a feasible implantation technique becomes apparent when it is considered that little or nothing is known concerning such fundamental questions as the functional possibilities of grafted pituitary tissue, the normal control of pituitary activity, and the cyclic nature of hypophyseal function—all involving as they do the crucial problem of the necessity or otherwise of nervous connections for normal physiological function. The technique, accordingly, has been applied to the problem of the activity of grafts in the hypophysectomized animal, with particul...
Embryonic synthesis of myoglobin in vivo estimated by radioimmunoassay.

Abstract Chick embryos in ovo incorporated radioactivity from lysine-U- 14 C into myoglobin, as measured by an immunoprecipitation technique. The most consistent results were obtained by injection of the precursor into the yolk sac fluid. Incorporation, or apparent myoblobin synthesis, occurred in cardiac and skeletal muscle but not in liver, although incorporation of amino acid into total soluble proteins was equivalent in all tissues studied. Synthesis was highest in cardiac muscle and appeared there first in younger embryos. Myoglobin synthesis was detectable in the heart of embryos as early as 6 days of age and rose with age thereafter. Myoglobin synthesis appeared later and at lower levels in skeletal muscle. In vitro at neutral pH, tissue extracts of liver and muscle possessed only slight properties of myoglobin degradation. Using nonradioactive precipitin techniques, sensitive to 5–10 μg/ml, myoglobin was detected in embryonic heart muscle by week 2 of life and rose in content thereafter. Two of 8 embryos had trace amounts in thigh muscle near the time of hatching, and no embryos possessed measurable amounts of myoglobin in liver tissue or in pectoral skeletal muscle. Adult birds possessed equivalent amounts of myoglobin in heart and thigh muscle while pectoral muscle and liver tissue had no detectable myoglobin content.
Investigation of the Complexation of Pyrene and Naphthalene with Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin

The complexation of the now commercially available chemically modified cyclodextrin hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin with pyrene and naphthalene is compared against the unmodified β-cyclodextrin with the use of fluorescence measurements. A pronounced difference in the complexation properties of the two cyclodextrins is observed for the interaction with both pyrene and naphthalene.
Self-rated driving performance among elderly drivers referred for driving evaluation.

PURPOSE: To explore whether elderly drivers of varying driving skill levels (1) differ in their perception of their driving evaluation performance and (2) determine if self-rated driving evaluation performance is related to cognitive ability. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-two drivers aged 65 years or older and referred for a driving evaluation were enrolled into the study. Subjects were asked the question, "how well do you think you will perform today on your driving evaluation compared to others your own age?" Subjects also completed the Mini-Mental State Exam and a 30-min drive on a STISIM Drivetrade mark simulation (Systems Technology, Inc., Hawthorne, CA). Only 47 subjects completed both the simulated drive and self-rated item. RESULTS: Sixty-five percent of drivers rated themselves as performing better on a driving test than others of their age. Another 31.9% felt they would perform the same as others of their age on a driving test. A 50.0% of those considering themselves "a little better" and 52.9% of those considering themselves "a lot better" had an unsafe driving performance. As self-rated driving evaluation performance increased, there was a significantly increased risk of unsafe driving (p=0.02) in the study population. Drivers who considered themselves at least a little better than others of their age were over four times more likely to be unsafe drivers compared to others who believed they were comparable to or worse than other drivers of their age (RR=4.13, 95% CI=1.08-15.78). There was no significant difference in MMSE between self-rating groups (p=0.76). CONCLUSION: Older drivers assign high ratings to their driving performance, even in the presence of suspected skill decline. Cognitive ability was not related to self-rated driving evaluation performance.
In-situ X-ray diffraction study of Langmuir-Blodgett deposition

We have built a Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) deposition trough that mounts onto a Huber 4-circle diffractometer, so that the LB substrate and the water are in the same closed, temperature-controlled environment. We have used this system to study Langmuir−Blodgett films just after transfer using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. We were able to deposit from the L2, L2‘, S, and RII phases of a fatty acid monolayer, and observe the same structures in the transferred monolayers. Three of these phases have not been observed before on a glass substrate. Once deposited, the LB monolayer structure was not affected either by pressure changes in the water monolayer (when part of the substrate was still immersed) or by the substrate remaining in contact with the water or not. The structures were stable over time but changed irreversibly under the effects of radiation damage and temperature cycling. These results show that the change from the structure observed on water to the final LB structure does not occur during depositi...
Mass predictions from the Garvey-Kelson mass relations

Abstract Part A: The transverse Garvey-Kelson mass relation represents a homogeneous third-order partial difference equation. Procedures are described for estimating masses of nuclei with N ⩾ Z from the most general solution of this difference equation subject to a χ2 minimization, using the recent atomic mass adjustment of Wapstra, Audi, and Hoekstra as a boundary condition. A judicious division of the input data into subsets of neutron-rich and proton-rich nuclei had to be introduced to reduce systematic errors in long-range extrapolations. Approximately 5600 mass-excess values for nuclei with 2 ⩽ Z ⩽ 103, 4 ⩽ N ⩽ 157, and N ⩾ Z (except N = Z = odd for A Part B: The charge-symmetric mass relation of Kelson and Garvey for estimating masses of nuclei with Z > N and T ⩾ 1 is described. The calculations make use of the experimental Coulomb energy differences between T = 1 2 mirror nuclei for A ⩽ 59 and of estimated values for A > 59. Some 250 mass-excess values have been calculated. The standard deviation for reproducing the known values is σm ≈ 231 keV.
Setting Policies for Consumer Communications: A Behavioral Decision Research Approach

Abstract The authors offer a framework rooted in behavioral decision research for the evaluation and regulation of communications. The approach considers consumer interpretations of product communications, the sensitivity of choice to such judgments, and the acceptability of misunderstanding to regulators.
P17.43SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS PREDICTS SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH NEWLY DIAGNOSED GLIOBLASTOMA

BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with access to health care in the United States. Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) require intensive therapy from time of diagnosis to the end of life, and reduced access to health care could negatively impact survival. To evaluate whether SES is associated with overall survival in patients with GBM, we analyzed population-based cancer registry data. METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program tracks cancer incidence and survival in the United States. SEER data is collected within 18 geographically defined areas representing approximately 28% of the United States population. We obtained a custom SEER data set containing information on GBM diagnosed in the 2000-2010 period, excluding prior diagnoses of lower grade glioma, as well as information on census-tract level SES divided into quintiles based on the Yost index, which includes measures of occupation, unemployment, poverty, income, education and house values. JMP 9.0.1 software was utilized to evaluate GBM survival via Kaplan-Meier analyses as well as univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: A total of 26,481 patients with glioblastoma on whom SES data was available were included in the analysis group. In order from lowest to highest SES quintile, median survival was 5 months, 6 months, 6 months, 7 months, and 9 months (p < 0.0001). The association between SES and survival was not driven solely by poor outcomes in the lowest SES group; the difference in survival between the middle and highest quintiles was also statistically significant (p < 0.0001). SES remained highly associated with survival in a multivariable model also including patient age, sex, race/ethnicity, radiation therapy usage (yes vs no), and surgery type (gross total resection vs other surgery vs no surgery). CONCLUSION: There is a strong association between higher SES and increased survival after diagnosis of GBM in the United States. This effect may be due to later presentation with disease, less aggressive treatment after presentation, or a combination of these factors. It will be important to reassess this association in the future, to gauge the impact of upcoming changes to the United States healthcare payment system.
Vocal control therapy for stutterers: A trial program

Abstract A problem-solving approach to the treatment of stuttering, called vocal control therapy, has been shaped over a 4-year period. The program includes behavioral desensitization techniques as well as retraining vocal, respiratory, and other speech functions for fluency. Data from pre- and posttherapy video tapes of 12 out of 34 cases are given. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Application of solution techniques for rapid growth of organic crystals

Single crystals of a pure hydrocarbon, 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, with properties suitable for high-energy neutron detection were grown from toluene solutions using slow evaporation and temperature reduction methods with growth rates up to 10 mm/day. Application of the rapid growth technique developed earlier for growth of large water-soluble crystals shows that crystals of aromatic compounds can be successfully grown from solutions in large volumes required for their use as scintillator materials for radiation detection.
External brain morphology in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Abstract Although endocasts from fossil primates have been extensively examined in several previous studies, relatively little is currently known about the genetic and environmental factors that affect brain development in extant non-human primates. We examined the effects of age and sex on brain size and external morphology in a large sample of rhesus macaque endocasts from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection. Using a repeated measures design, we demonstrated that brain sulcus lengths can be reliably assessed with current computer input technology and careful trait definition. Age and sex variation in sulcus lengths and endocranial capacity were also analyzed using ANCOVA and maximum likelihood estimation methods. Our cross-sectional data indicated that total cranial capacity increases postnatally in the macaque, while the cortical sulci appear to have reached their adult length at or soon after birth. Cranial capacity reaches its adult volume at 3·57 years in females, but not until 6·08 years in males. We also found considerable sexual dimorphism in brain sulcus lengths with males larger than females, particularly for the more posteriorly located sulci. The dimorphism is, however, a function of overall brain size. After controlling for cranial capacity, there is no sexual dimorphism for sulcal lengths.
Modeling the movement of smoke and the effect of ventilation systems in mine shaft fires

Physical principles governing mine ventilation systems and state of the art ventilation modeling are initially outlined. Several computer programs for modeling the mine ventilation-mine fire interaction, which were developed during the last decade, are then described. An older program considers fires and ventilation systems as going through a sequence of steady state conditions. Airflow rates, pressure losses, temperatures, fume and methane concentrations can be determined. Newer programs allow transient state fume concentration calculations under the assumption of constant airflow rates as well as the determination of fume exposures of escaping miners. Recent work attempts the complete transient state simulation of fires and all ventilation properties.
Stripping voltammetry of thorium based on adsorptive accumulation

Abstract A sensitive stripping voltammetric procedure for quantifying thorium is described. The chelate of thorium with the azo dye Mordant Blue 9 is adsorbed on the hanging mercury drop electrode, and the reduction current of the accumulated chelate is measured during a negative-going potential scan. Cyclic voltammetry is used to characterize the interfacial and redox behaviors. The effects of pH, dye concentration and accumulation potential are discussed. The detection limit is 4 × 10 −10 M (4-min accumulation), a linear current-concentration relationship is observed up to 1.3 × 10 −7 M, and the relative standard deviation (at the 6 × 10 −8 M level) is 3.1%. Possible interferences by trace metals and organic surfactants are investigated. Simultaneous quantitation of thorium and nickel is illustrated.
A multimodal temporal panorama approach for moving vehicle detection, reconstruction and classification

Moving vehicle detection and classification using multimodal data is a challenging task in data collection, audio-visual alignment, data labeling and feature selection under uncontrolled environments with occlusions, motion blurs, varying image resolutions and perspective distortions. In this work, we propose an effective multimodal temporal panorama approach for moving vehicle detection and classification using a novel long-range audio-visual sensing system. A new audio-visual vehicle (AVV) dataset is created, which features automatic vehicle detection and audio-visual alignment, accurate vehicle extraction and reconstruction, and efficient data labeling. In particular, vehicles' visual images are reconstructed once detected in order to remove most of the occlusions, motion blurs, and variations of perspective views. Multimodal audio-visual features are extracted, including global geometric features (aspect ratios, profiles), local structure features (HOGs), as well various audio features (MFCCs, etc.). Using radial-based SVMs, the effectiveness of the integration of these multimodal features is thoroughly and systematically studied. The concept of MTP may not be only limited to visual, motion and audio modalities; it could also be applicable to other sensing modalities that can obtain data in the temporal domain.
Characterization And Measurement Of Noise Properties For A Digital Radiography System

An expression for the noise in digitized video images is derived assuming an arbitrary video data transformation. From this expression, the ratio of quantum noise to camera noise is detenained. Unlike the noise itself, this ratio is independent of the video data transformation. The other quantity independent of the video data transformation is the pixel contrast signal-to-noise ratio. Noise measurements for linear and logarithmic video amplification are presented and discussed. The use of noise measurements on linearly amplified video images for estimating the system signal-to-noise ratio and the noise equivalent detected photon flux is demonstrated.
Determination of the Orientation of Silanes on Silica Surfaces by Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy has been used for quantitative surface analysis of silica treated with trifunctional coupling agents such as γ-Methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane (γ-MPS), γ-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-GPS), and γ-Aminopropyltri-ethoxysilane (γ-APS). The calibration curves are obtained for several characteristic bands of the coupling agents. Using a highly polarizable gas in the photoacoustic cell and comparing the spectra with a nonpolarizable coupling gas, it is possible to evaluate orientation of the coupling agents on the silica surface. The type of orientation is a function of the extent of surface coverage. At low surface coverage, coupling agents tend to take a perpendicular orientation with respect to the surface, and increasing surface coverage leads to parallel orientation. Increasing the coupling agent concentration also causes orientational changes of the species which form chemical bonds with the silica surface (hydroxyl, water, and carbonyl groups).
Different fatty acids inhibit apoB100 secretion by different pathways: unique roles for ER stress, ceramide, and autophagy

Although short-term incubation of hepatocytes with oleic acid (OA) stimulates secretion of apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100), exposure to higher doses of OA for longer periods inhibits secretion in association with induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Palmitic acid (PA) induces ER stress, but its effects on apoB100 secretion are unclear. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inhibits apoB100 secretion, but its effects on ER stress have not been studied. We compared the effects of each of these fatty acids on ER stress and apoB100 secretion in McArdle RH7777 (McA) cells: OA and PA induced ER stress and inhibited apoB100 secretion at higher doses; PA was more potent because it also increased the synthesis of ceramide. DHA did not induce ER stress but was the most potent inhibitor of apoB100 secretion, acting via stimulation of autophagy. These unique effects of each fatty acid were confirmed when they were infused into C57BL6J mice. Our results suggest that when both increased hepatic secretion of VLDL apoB100 and hepatic steatosis coexist, reducing ER stress might alleviate hepatic steatosis but at the expense of increased VLDL secretion. In contrast, increasing autophagy might reduce VLDL secretion without causing steatosis.