cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reversible CH activation of an N-methyl group in a bis-Zr(IV) diazametallacycle: generation of an end-on, side-on coordinated bridging alkylideneamido ligand

Abstract The complex (Cp 2 Zr) 2 (μ-NH t Bu)(μ-NCH 2 ) was obtained when the stoichiometric reaction between Cp 2 (THF)ZrN t Bu and PhCHNMe was carried out. The crystal structure of this dinuclear species shows two Cp 2 Zr fragments bridged in a moderately symmetric fashion by a NH t Bu group, and in an extremely asymmetric fashion by a NCH 2 (methyleneamido) group. The methyleneamido fragment exhibits an unusual coordination mode: it is bound to one Zr atom in a linear fashion (∠Zr1N1C21=176.9(6)°) and to the second Zr atom (Zr2) in a side-on fashion.
Surface defects and their role in the shock sensitivity of cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine

The surface of cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine (RDX), a commonly used crystalline explosive was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). A diversity of surface defects was observed in different RDX particles as well as different parts of the same particle. Statistical analysis was undertaken to model the observed surface characteristics with the known shock sensitivities of the material. To quantify the surface defects observed on the crystalline surface of the RDX particles, surface roughness measurements were acquired. It was determined that there exists a statistically significant relationship between surface roughness characteristics and the shock sensitivity of the material.
Rhythms of resurrection: The comebacks of Ruth St. Denis

Ruth St. Denis (1879–1968) had one of the first and longest careers as a professional modern dancer. At age 62, she embarked on a “comeback” that lasted nearly three decades, appearing on stage and screen in the dances that had made her an international star earlier in her career. This essay examines the relationship between her well-known “Orientalism,” her feminism, her spirituality, and her perspective on aging and ageism. In particular, it brings into relief her innovative efforts to redefine dance as a feminist project at the intersection of aging and modern dance history. St. Denis converted “oriental tradition” into a feminist dance praxis, thus, staking a claim for the aging dancer under the banner of feminist politics.
NON-VOLATILE HIGH SPEED & LOW POWER CHARGE TRAPPING DEVICES

We report the operational characteristics of ultra-small-scaled SONOS (below 50 nm gate width and length) and SiO2/SiO2 structural devices with 0.5 um gate width and length where trapping occurs in a very narrow region. The experimental work summarizes the memory characteristics of retention time, endurance cycles, and speed in SONOS and SiO2/SiO2 structures. Silicon nitride has many defects to hold electrons as charge storage media in SONOS memory. Defects are also incorporated during growth and deposition in device processing. Our experiments show that the interface between two oxides, one grown and one deposited, provides a remarkable media for electron storage with a smaller gate stack and thus lower operating voltage. The exponential dependence of the time on the voltage is reflected in the characteristic energy. It is ~0.44 eV for the write process and ~0.47 eV for the erase process in SiO2/SiO2 structural device which is somewhat more efficient than those of SONOS structure memory.
The Evening Chorus of the Desert Clicker, Ligurotettix coquilletti (Orthoptera: Acrididae): Mating Investment with Delayed Returns

The diel periodicities of male signaling and long-range female orientation to male signals were studied in Ligurotettix coquilletti, a territorial grasshopper in which singing males defend individual host plants (Larrea tridentata bushes) as mating territories. Systematic observations revealed that both male and female activity schedules were markedly bimodal. Each consisted of a midday plateau and a sharp crepuscular peak. Curiously, neither courtship nor mating followed the intense signaling activity at dusk. The onset of midday activity was advanced by warmer temperatures, whereas the crepuscular peak appeared to be fixed at 15–40 min post-sunset. Crepuscular singing was louder and typically involved a higher percentage of the population than midday signaling. Singing rates in the evening equalled or exceeded those during the day. Male singing and female relocation movements (toward Larrea bushes) were synchronized remarkably, but each occurred with or without the presence of the other. It is proposed that some females relocate at dusk because this is the last opportunity for these visually orienting insects to move onto their host plant until the following day and that males which sing intensely at this time would tend to attract such females for future mating opportunities.
Argon-induced hyperfine frequency shift in potassium

The hyperfine spectrum of the Van der Waals molecule KAr is analyzed assuming an isotropic perturbation of the potassium hyperfine constant. The analysis yields the hyperfine frequency shift in KAr as a function of the internuclear separation between 9 and 18 bohr. The shift is positive at short range, $Rl12$ bohr, and negative at longer range. The results are compared to theoretical estimates of the shift, and are used to calculate the pressure shift of optically pumped potassium in argon.
Nickel penetration through rubber gloves

Positive patch tests confirm nickel penetration through rubber gloves. Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) results indicate that nickel reactivity may occur where DMG testing is negative.
A computer model of information processing in children

A model of cognitive information processing has been constructed on the basis of a protocol gathered from a child taking an object association test. The basic elements of the model are a graph-like data base and strategy. The data base contains facts that relate objects in the experiment. The graph distance that separates two objects in the data base is the measure of how well a relation is known. The strategy used in searching for facts that relate two objects is sequential in nature. The model has been programmed for computer testing in the LISP programming language. The responses of the computer model and the original subject are compared. To aid in the model evaluation a revised test was defined and administered to two children. The results were modeled and the correspondence of model and subject performance is discussed.
Nondeterministic linear tasks may require substantially nonlinear deterministic time in the case of sublinear work space

Log-size Parabolic Clique Problem is a version of Clique Problem solvable in linear time by a log-space nondeterministic Turning machine. However, no deterministic machine (in a very general sense of this term) with sequential-access read-only input tape and work space ns solves Log-size Parabolic Clique Problem within time n1 + t if s + 2t
Abstract 5353: Leptin regulates cell differentiation and protumorigenic responses in pancreatic stellate cells

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by marked desmoplasia orchestrated by pancreatic stellate cells (PaSCs). Epidemiological studies indicate that obesity and chronic pancreatitis (from alcoholism) increase the risk of PDAC. We recently showed that a diet high in fats and calories increases blood leptin levels and accelerates the development of desmoplasia and early pancreatic neoplasia in the conditional KrasG12D mouse model of pancreatic carcinogenesis. We hypothesize that environmental risk factors such as obesity and alcohol abuse facilitate PDAC progression by regulating PaSC tumorigenic responses. Here we measured leptin and ethanol effects on cell differentiation into the myofibroblast phenotype, cell proliferation and fibrogenic responses in primary mouse PaSC and mouse and human PaSC lines. Inhibitors of mTOR signaling were used to delineate the role of mTOR on leptin-mediated PaSC responses. We found that leptin receptors are expressed in cultured-activated primary mouse PaSCs and in immortalized mouse and human PaSCs. In quiescent PaSCs isolated from the mouse pancreas, leptin alone or in combination with ethanol markedly accelerated PaSC activation and promoted extracellular matrix (ECM) protein production (collagen and fibronectin) via ERK and Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathways, suggesting that these pathways interact to modulate the activated PaSC phenotype. In activated PaSCs, leptin induced activation of JAK/STAT and mTORC1 signaling pathways, and the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin blocked leptin-induced mTORC1 activation and markedly reduced fibronectin production and cell proliferation. Other factors known to regulate cell proliferation and inflammation in obesity and alcohol abuse, such as IGF-1, TNFα, and LPS also transiently activated Akt/mTORC1 signaling in PaSCs. Further, we found that pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) cells isolated from the KrasG12D mice interact with PaSCs to promote their proliferation and ECM production. Our data support a key role for leptin-induced Akt/mTOR signaling in regulating PaSC pro-tumorigenic responses and indicate that leptin and other inflammatory factors provide the mechanistic underpinnings of environmental risk factor promotion in PDAC. Citation Format: Jun Gong, Raymond Gong, Richard T. Waldron, Aurelia Lugea, Stephen J. Pandol. Leptin regulates cell differentiation and protumorigenic responses in pancreatic stellate cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5353. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5353
Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen and Distribution of Carbon-13 and Nitrogen-15 in Aggregates of Everglades Histosols

Oxidation of Histosols in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) of south Florida leads to decreases in soil depth, changes in biogeochemical properties, and may limit land use options in the future. The objectives of this study were to determine how long-term cultivation infl uences organic matter dynamics and C and N distribution throughout the profi le of a drained Histosol. We measured organic C and N stocks, aggregation, and the natural abundance of δ 13 C and δ 15 N in aggregates from Histosols 100 yr after drainage for two land uses: sugarcane (Saccharum offi cinarum L.) and prairie. Macroaggregates comprised the bulk of total soil for both land uses, averaging 81% of the total soil in fractions >0.25 mm. Macroaggregation increased with depth and the proportion to whole soil was 65% higher at 30 to 45 cm than 0 to 15 cm. Cultivated soil averaged 13% higher organic C, but 11% lower organic N than prairie throughout the profi le (0–45 cm). The majority of the organic C (76%) and N stocks (77%) was in macroaggregate fractions >0.25 mm. The distribution of organic matter among aggregate-size fractions generally did not differ between land uses, except that organic C and N were 39 and 44%, respectively, greater for macroaggregates in prairie than cultivated soil at 0 to 15 cm. The δ 15 N decreased with depth for both land uses, indicating that organic matter was more decomposed and humifi ed in surface soil (0–15 cm). The decrease with depth likely resulted from inundation of subsurface soils and low O 2 levels, which subsequently lowered rates of decomposition. The δ 13 C decreased with depth for cultivated soil but increased for prairie, and was signifi cantly higher for soil cropped to sugarcane (-25.37‰) than prairie (-26.20‰). Soil organic matter under cultivation was less humifi ed than prairie soil due to recent C inputs from sugarcane. The 2-mm fraction had 12% lower δ 15 N than other fractions, indicating that recent organic matter inputs accumulated in macroaggregate fractions. Smaller aggregates contained higher δ 15 N and older organic matter. In contrast to most studies of mineral soils, cultivation of Histosols increased C storage relative to prairie, with the major difference between land use being higher soil organic matter levels in the subsurface (15–45 cm). Thus, cropping may reduce the rate of oxidation of Histosols in southern Florida relative to the prairie ecosystem.
Pharmacologic Approaches to Composite Tissue Allograft

This article discusses the pharmacologic approaches and the most promising new compounds for composite tissue allograft tolerance. Although some approaches rely on a combination of immunosuppressive agents that act synergistically against rejection, other strategies use immunologic manipulation, including major histocompatibility complex matching, induction of chimerism, and use of monoclonal antibodies to abrogate the immune response. There is still a need, however, to reproduce these findings in species phylogenetically closer to humans. This may be the target of future research efforts, which may overcome the challenge of limb and face transplant rejection.
Treating the Elderly Patient with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Decisions regarding the optimal treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia in the elderly patient requires the consideration of multiple factors. Population-based studies have demonstrated that, for all age groups, aggressive therapy results in improved survival and quality of life when compared with palliative care. The optimal induction and postremission regimen for older patients has yet to be determined. Furthermore, not all patients are candidates for such therapy. Consideration of patient and disease-related factors can help to determine the appropriateness of intensive therapy in a given patient. For those patients for whom aggressive induction therapy does not seem to be in their best interest, novel agents are being investigated that will hopefully address the issues of induction death and early relapse associated with these patient populations.
Modeling of delamination damage evolution in laminated composites subjected to low velocity impact

This study examines the delamination evolution, under quasi-static conditions, of laminated polymeric composites with mechanically nonlinear resin rich interfaces. The constitutive behavior of the interface is represented by two models developed by Needleman and Tvegaard. These models assumed that the interfacial tractions, a function of only the interfacial displacement, will behave similarly to the interatomic forces generated during the interatomic seperation. The interface material's parameters control the load at which the delamination growth initiates and the final delamination size. A wide range of damage accumulation responses have been obtained by varying the model parameters. These results show that Tvergaard's model has been found to be better suited of the two models in predicting damage evolution for the configurations examined.
Spinal cord neuronotrophic factors (SCNTFs): I. Bioassay of Schwannoma and other conditioned media

Abstract We present a procedure for the dissociation and growth in serum-free defined culture medium of 4-day chick embryo lumbar spinal cord (LC4) neurons. LC4 neurons will not survive for even 24 h without the addition of trophic supplements (putative spinal cord neuronotrophic factors, SCNTFs). Serum-free medium conditioned over chick embryo heart and skeletal muscle, mouse Schwann and rat RN22 Schwannoma cell cultures were found to contain SCNTF activity which could be quantitated using a convenient neuronal survival bioassay. RN22 conditioned medium also contains polyornithine-binding neurite promoting factors (PNPFs) which can be physically separated from SCNTF. When SCNTF and PNPF were presented to LC4 neurons individually or in combination (i) SCNTF, but not PNPF, supported neuronal survival whereas (ii) PNPF, but not SCNTF, induced neurite production. When LC4 neurons were grown in SCNTF alone, nearly all of them exhibited a flattened, circular, ‘fried-egg’ morphology. The subsequent addition of PNPF caused these cells to extend long neurites with characteristic terminal growth-cone-like structures.
Development and validation of a modular, extensible docking program: DOCK 5

We report on the development and validation of a new version of DOCK. The algorithm has been rewritten in a modular format, which allows for easy implementation of new scoring functions, sampling methods and analysis tools. We validated the sampling algorithm with a test set of 114 protein–ligand complexes. Using an optimized parameter set, we are able to reproduce the crystal ligand pose to within 2 A of the crystal structure for 79% of the test cases using our rigid ligand docking algorithm with an average run time of 1 min per complex and for 72% of the test cases using our flexible ligand docking algorithm with an average run time of 5 min per complex. Finally, we perform an analysis of the docking failures in the test set and determine that the sampling algorithm is generally sufficient for the binding pose prediction problem for up to 7 rotatable bonds; i.e. 99% of the rigid ligand docking cases and 95% of the flexible ligand docking cases are sampled successfully. We point out that success rates could be improved through more advanced modeling of the receptor prior to docking and through improvement of the force field parameters, particularly for structures containing metal-based cofactors.
Infant Pulmonary Function in a Randomized Trial of Fetal Tracheal Occlusion for Severe Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) carries a high mortality risk secondary to pulmonary hypoplasia and respiratory failure. In experimental animals, fetal tracheal occlusion (TO) induces lung growth and morphologic maturation. We measured indicators of pulmonary function in 20 infants who were enrolled in a randomized trial of fetal TO as treatment for severe CDH [nine with conventional treatment (controls); 11 with TO]. We hypothesized that TO would improve lung function. At birth, the TO group had a lower mean gestational age (30.8 +/- 2.0 versus 37.4 +/- 1.0 wk; p=0.0002). All infants required assisted ventilation. Mortality did not differ between groups (64 versus 78%, TO and control, respectively; p=0.64). We measured respiratory mechanics at four study points: 1) first 24 h, 2) before CDH operative repair (5.9 +/- 2.2 d), 3) immediately after repair (7.0 +/- 2.2 d), and 4) before elective extubation (32.5 +/- 16.1 d). We calculated perioperative oxygenation index and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference to assess efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange. Data were analyzed by univariate and repeated measures techniques. Respiratory system compliance (Crs) was low. The rate of increase in Crs over the four study points was greater in the TO group than in control subjects. Crs in the TO group was significantly greater at study 2 (0.28 +/- 0.12 versus 0.17 +/- 0.04 mL.cm H2O(-1).kg(-1); p=0.02) and study 4 (0.93 +/- 0.45 versus 0.51 +/- 0.16 mL.cmH2O(-1).kg(-1); p=0.02). oxygenation index did not differ between groups, but alveolar-arterial oxygen difference was lower in the TO infants. We conclude that fetal TO for severe CDH results in modest improvements in neonatal pulmonary function that are of questionable clinical significance.
Intracellular Localization of LRV1 in Infected Leishmania Cells and Epitope Conservation of the Coat Protein

Polyclonal antibodies were raised against a recombinant fragment of the coat protein of LRVI-I to determine the epitope conservation of the coat protein among LRVI isolates, and the intracellular localization of LRVI particles in promastigote cells of Leishmania braziliensis. Western blot analysis showed that specific epitopes of the coat protein are highly conserved among isolates from different geographic areas. Using indirect immunofluorescence assays LRVI viral particles were observed as fluorescent granules, limited to the cytoplasm and with no apparent association to the host organelles or the cell membrane, characteristic of a persistent, non-infectious virus.
Pointwise and L2 bounds in some nonstandard problems for the heat equation

We consider some initial-boundary value problems for the linear and nonlinear heat equation where the gradient of the solution is prescribed on the boundary. Assuming that a solution exists, we obtain bounds for the solution and its gradient by maximum principle arguments or by means of differential and integral inequalities.
Correlators of short multitrace operators in N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory

Multitrace scalar operators in the $(0,k,0)$ representations of $\mathrm{SU}{(4)}_{R}$ share many properties with their single-trace analogues. These multitrace operators are primary fields of short representations of the $\mathcal{N}=4$ superconformal group. Thus, they have protected dimensions. We show that two- and three-point correlator functions of such operators do not receive radiative corrections at order ${g}^{2}$ in perturbation theory for an arbitrary gauge group.
Partitioning Space Cross-Cultural Factors Influencing Domestic Spatial Segmentation

Spatial boundaries are imposed conceptually and/or physically on otherwise continuous space. The degree to which partitioning occurs varies from culture to culture. Reasons for cross-cultural diver...
The nuclear structure of 24Na and some remarks on the nuclear structure of 25Mg

The experimental data on the 2aNa(d, p)Z4Na reaction at Ed = 7.8 MeV reported in a previous paper 1) (referred to as I) are used for a tentative interpretation of the even parity levels of 24Na at low excitation. Comparison with the interpretation of the nuclear structure of 25Mg leads to assignment of rotational bands in ~4Na (table 5 and fig. 6). The spectroscopic data of the (d, p) reaction on ~3Na and 2*Mg and the position of the intrinsic states of the rotational bands in 24Na and 25Mgyield a reasonable fit to the unified model for ~ ~ 0.2 at K = 0.08, to be con- trasted with a value of~ ~ 0.4 to 0.5 at K = 0.08 deduced from the magnetic moment, the total energy of the nucleus in the Nilsson model and the quadrupole moments of nuclei in this region. The rotation-particl e coupling distorts the rotational structure of 2~Na and 26Mg considerably. The unified model alone and this model including a residual central two-body interaction between the two odd nucleons predict a ground state spin 1 + instead of 4 + for ~4Na. Taking into account a two-body spin-orbit force and a tensor force may yield a correct prediction of the ground state spin.
Effects of colony-level variation on competitive ability in the invasive Argentine ant

Abstract Although colony size and nest number are believed to influence competitive ability in social insects, experimental studies testing this idea are rare. Here, we experimentally manipulated worker number and nest number in laboratory colonies of Argentine ants, Linepithema humile , to test how these attributes, working alone or in combination, affected different components of exploitative and interference ability. As expected, every measure of competitive performance tested increased with worker number. In contrast, the influence of nest number was more complex, with colony-level performance increasing, decreasing, or remaining constant depending on the type of competition-related test or colony-size category being considered. In the exploitation of randomly distributed food items, retrieval rates decreased with nest number for 50-worker colonies yet increased with nest number for 2500-worker colonies. In contrast, retrieval rates decreased with nest number across all colony sizes when resources were clumped. In two experiments on interference competition, only colonies with more than 1000 workers and that occupied single nests were able to maintain more than 10 workers, on average, at baits in the presence of a competitor, Forelius mccooki . Argentine ant workers initiated a majority of pairwise fights against F. mccooki workers but often lost (i.e. either retreated or were injured), in part because their pre-emptive attacks left them vulnerable to chemical defensive compounds used against them by Forelius . These findings promise to promote a better understanding of the causes of invasion success not only for the Argentine ant but for other invasive ants as well, given that most have colony structures resembling that of L. humile .
A general route for the synthesis of functional, protein -based hydrogel microspheres using tailored protein charge

pH-induced protein aggregation facilitated the formation of nucleation centers for the chain growth polymerization of hydrogel microspheres.
Age at menarche in deaf girls

SummaryUsing the status quo and retrospective methods, age at menarche was estimated for a sample of 212 deaf girls 7 through 20 years of age. Median age at menarche via probit analysis was 11·91 ± 0·25 years, while the mean based on recalled age in older girls (≥ 15·5 years) was 12·56 ± 0·16 years. These two estimates thus differ by approximately 0·6 years. The probit estimate of median age at menarche in deaf girls is similar to mean ages reported for blind girls. However, the retrospective age is later. Thus, the present data are inconclusive as to whether the sensory deprivation imposed by deafness has an accelerating effect on menarche similar to that hypothesized for light deprivation in blind girls.
Genetic algorithm for combining new and existing image processing tools for multispectral imagery

We describe the implementation and performance of a genetic algorithm (GA) which evolves and combines image processing tools for multispectral imagery (MSI) datasets. Existing algorithms for particular features can also be “re-tuned” and combined with the newly evolved image processing tools to rapidly produce customized feature extraction tools. First results from our software system were presented previously. We now report on work extending our system to look for a range of broad-area features in MSI datasets. These features demand an integrated spatio- spectral approach, which our system is designed to use. We describe our chromosomal representation of candidate image processing algorithms, and discuss our set of image operators. Our application has been geospatial feature extraction using publicly available MSI and hyperspectral imagery (HSI). We demonstrate our system on NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) HSI which has been processed to simulate MSI data from the Department of Energy’s Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) instrument. We exhibit some of our evolved algorithms, and discuss their operation and performance.
Transgenic Mice Expressing a Mutant Form of Loricrin Reveal the Molecular Basis of the Skin Diseases, Vohwinkel Syndrome and Progressive Symmetric Erythrokeratoderma

Mutations in the cornified cell envelope protein loricrin have been reported recently in some patients with Vohwinkel syndrome (VS) and progressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma (PSEK). To establish a causative relationship between loricrin mutations and these diseases, we have generated transgenic mice expressing a COOH-terminal truncated form of loricrin that is similar to the protein expressed in VS and PSEK patients. At birth, transgenic mice (ML.VS) exhibited erythrokeratoderma with an epidermal barrier dysfunction. 4 d after birth, high-expressing transgenic animals showed a generalized scaling of the skin, as well as a constricting band encircling the tail and, by day 7, a thickening of the footpads. Histologically, ML.VS transgenic mice also showed retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum, a characteristic feature of VS and PSEK. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy showed the mutant loricrin protein in the nucleus and cytoplasm of epidermal keratinocytes, but did not detect the protein in the cornified cell envelope. Transfection experiments indicated that the COOH-terminal domain of the mutant loricrin contains a nuclear localization signal. To determine whether the ML.VS phenotype resulted from dominant-negative interference of the transgene with endogenous loricrin, we mated the ML.VS transgenics with loricrin knockout mice. A severe phenotype was observed in mice that lacked expression of wild-type loricrin. Since loricrin knockout mice are largely asymptomatic (Koch, P.K., P.A. de Viragh, E. Scharer, D. Bundman, M.A. Longley, J. Bickenbach, Y. Kawachi, Y. Suga, Z. Zhou, M. Huber, et al., J. Cell Biol. 151:389–400, this issue), this phenotype may be attributed to expression of the mutant form of loricrin. Thus, deposition of the mutant protein in the nucleus appears to interfere with late stages of epidermal differentiation, resulting in a VS-like phenotype.
Skeletal Heterogeneity and the Purposes of Bone Remodeling: Implications for the Understanding of Osteoporosis

Publisher Summary The cells of bone influence its structure by means of four processes: growth, repair, modeling, and remodeling, the last being the basis of bone tissue turnover in the adult skeleton. The purposes of growth and repair are obvious. Modeling serves to adapt bones to changes in mechanical loading, a process that is most effective during growth. In the analysis of bone remodeling, it seems reasonable to make two assumptions. First, periodic replacement of bone serves to maintain its ability to carry out its functions. Second, because the most obvious difference between the old bone removed and the new bone put in its place is in their ages, excessive age of bone in some way compromises its functional capacity; in general, there is a reciprocal relationship between the rate of turnover and the mean age of the bone. Because the primary function of bone is mechanical, the primary purpose of remodeling of bone is to maintain its load-bearing capacity. This is accomplished partly by preventing structural damage at the microscopic and submicroscopic levels and partly by repairing such damage after it occurs. Further, the relative importance of the mechanical and metabolic aspects of remodeling, debated inconclusively for many years, is evidently different in different regions of the skeleton, although both are essential to the organism as a whole. Moreover, the most important non-mechanical function of bone remodeling concerns the regulation of calcium homeostasis. Bone is involved in both determining the steady-state target value for plasma-free calcium and correcting deviations from the target value. Both of these processes depend on a relatively high rate of bone remodeling, but in quite different ways. Bone mineral also functions as a reservoir for sodium and as a buffer for hydrogen ion regulation. Bone remodeling may also provide biochemical support for hematopoiesis as well as the mechanical support provided by the bone itself.
EXPLORATION AND PRIORITIZATION OF FUEL CELL COMMERCIALIZATION BARRIERS FOR USE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FUEL CELL ROADMAP AND ACTION PLAN FOR CALIFORNIA

Barriers to fuel cell commercialization are often introduced as general challenges, such as cost and durability, without definition of the terms and usually without prioritizing the degree to which each of these barriers hinders the development of fuel cell technology. This work acts to objectively determine the importance of technology barriers to fuel cell commercialization and to develop a list of appropriate actions to overcome these barriers especially as they relate to the California market. Using previous fuel cell roadmaps and action plans along with feedback from the fuel cell community, benchmarks (i.e., the current technology status) and milestones (i.e., the desired technology status) for fuel cell technology are explored. Understanding the benchmarks and milestones enables the development of a list of fuel cell commercialization barriers. These barriers or gaps represent issues, which if addressed, will enhance the market feasibility and acceptance of fuel cell technologies. The research process determined that the best technique to address these barriers and bridge the gaps between fuel cell benchmarks and milestones is to develop specific research projects to address individual commercialization barriers or collections of barriers. This technique allows for a high resolution of issues while presenting the material in a form that is conducive to planning for organizations like industry, regulatory bodies, universities, and government entities that desire to pursue the most promising projects. The current analyses resulted in three distinct research and development areas that are considered most important based upon the results. The first and most important research and development area is associated with technologies that address the connection and interaction of fuel cells with the electric grid. This R&D area is followed in importance by the production, use and availability of opportunity fuels in fuel cell systems. The third most important category concerned the development and infrastructure required for transportation related fuel cell systems. In each of these areas the fuel cell community identified demonstration and deployment projects as the most important types of projects to pursue since they tend to address multiple barriers in many different types of markets for fuel cell technology. Other high priority types of projects are those that addresses environmental and grid related barriers. The analyses found that Cost / Value to Customer, System Integration and Customer Requirements were the most important barriers that affect the development and market acceptance of fuel cell technology.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Social and Emotional Adjustment in Children Affected with Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome: Associations with ADHD and Family Functioning

This study examined social-emotional functioning in children with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (TS) alone and children with TS and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In addition, the contribution of family functioning to social competence was examined. Children with a clinical diagnosis of TS were recruited from the Yale Child Study Center TS specialty clinic. Unaffected control children were recruited through newspaper advertisements and announcements within the university and at area schools. The final sample consisted of 72 children (45 boys and 27 girls) between the ages of 8 and 14. Sixteen children met DMS-III-R criteria for TS, 33 children met criteria for TS and ADHD, and 23 children had no psychiatric diagnoses. Children with TS and ADHD evidenced more externalizing and internalizing behavior problems and poorer social adaptation than children with TS only or unaffected controls. Children with TS only were not significantly different from unaffected controls on most measures of externalizing behaviors and social adaptation but did exhibit more internalizing symptoms. Tic symptom severity was not associated with social, behavioral, or emotional functioning among children with TS, even after stratifying by medication status. However, ADHD diagnosis, obsessional symptom severity, and family functioning were significantly associated with social and emotional adjustment among TS children. Moreover, family functioning was associated with social and emotional adjustment even after controlling for TS and ADHD diagnostic status. These findings demonstrate that much of the social and behavioral dysfunction in children with TS is ADHD-specific and children with TS alone have a very different social-emotional profile than do those with TS plus ADHD. Finally, social-emotional adjustment in children with TS is best understood within the family context.
High-order boundary integral equation solution of high frequency wave scattering from obstacles in an unbounded linearly stratified medium

We apply boundary integral equations for the first time to the two-dimensional scattering of time-harmonic waves from a smooth obstacle embedded in a continuously-graded unbounded medium. In the case we solve, the square of the wavenumber (refractive index) varies linearly in one coordinate, i.e. ( Δ + E + x 2 ) u ( x 1 , x 2 ) = 0 where E is a constant; this models quantum particles of fixed energy in a uniform gravitational field, and has broader applications to stratified media in acoustics, optics and seismology. We evaluate the fundamental solution efficiently with exponential accuracy via numerical saddle-point integration, using the truncated trapezoid rule with typically 102 nodes, with an effort that is independent of the frequency parameter E. By combining with a high-order Nystrom quadrature, we are able to solve the scattering from obstacles 50 wavelengths across to 11 digits of accuracy in under a minute on a desktop or laptop.
Sooting Counterflow Diffusion Flames with Varying Oxygen Index

Abstract Varying oxygen concentrations was found to have pronounced effects on the sooting characteristics of diffusion flames. Ethylene and propane flames were stabilized around a porous ceramic cylindrical burner mounted in a vertically oriented, low turbulence wind tunnel. Laser light scattering and extinction, laser Doppler velocimetry and thermocouple temperature measure- ments were obtained along the forward stagnation line. Measurements of soot particle size, number density and volume fraction showed that with an increasing oxygen index the soot volume fractions in both ethylene and propane flames increased at all locations along the stagnation stream- line. For ethylene flames (when the oxygen index increased from 0.18 to 0.28). the maximum soot volume fraction increased by almost an order of magnitude. Propane was found to produce about one half the volume of soot of an ethylene flame at the same oxygen index. The increase in soot volume fraction with increasing oxygen index was attributed to bot...
Principles of Behavior Modification

The field of behavior modification, or applied behavior analysis, is distinguished from other approaches in several ways. The fundamental characteristics and properties of the behavioral approach were identified in an article appearing in the first issue of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (Baer, Wolf, & Risley, 1968). One set of properties identified in this landmark article was the methodological requirements of applied behavior analysis. The methodology was characterized by four unique requirements. The empirical focus was on observable behavior, or rate of response, in contrast to inferred states of feelings. Second, the analytical orientation involving the experimental analysis of functional relationships between variables was the primary focus of research. Third, the utilization of within-subject analyses, controlling experimentally for potential confounding variables (in contrast to statistical control), was the preferred method of studying human behavior. Finally, the applied component of the field dictated that socially relevant problems be the subject of research, and that effective technologies be developed which produce practically significant changes in behavior (Kazdin, 1977; Wolf, 1978).
Fully Bayesian Spatial Prediction Using Gaussian Markov Random Fields

In this chapter, we consider the problem of predicting a large scale spatial field using successive noisy measurements obtained by mobile sensing agents.
Pre and post embolization cone beam CT to predict post-treatment outcomes in patients treated with DEB-TACE for HCC

performed in the two years following implementation of a structured reporting initiative were compared to those performed in the two years preceding implementation. A “non-negative” study was one in which a lesion was seen that was not definitively benign, or a study in which the liver was not sufficiently evaluated. For all “non-negative” studies, the patient’s history was reviewed to determine if they had cross-sectional imaging to complete the liver evaluation. Results: 607 patients had a screening US in the two years prior to the structured reporting initiative and 1385 after. The “nonnegative” rate was 13.8% (n1⁄484) before structured reporting and 13.0% after (n1⁄4180, p1⁄40.610, Chi-square). Prior to structured reporting, 53 patients complied with guidelines and underwent subsequent cross-sectional imaging following a non-negative study (63.1%) compared to 107 patients following implementation of structured reports (58.8%, p1⁄40.572, Chi-square). Conclusions: Overall, 39% of patients with non-negative screening US were not referred for additional diagnostic imaging. Implementation of a structured reporting initiative did not improve the rates of a non-negative screening US reports or compliance with recommended follow-up imaging. This suggests that for patients at risk for HCC the standardization of screening US reports has not impacted behavior for either the reading radiologist or referring clinician (1).
Facial expressions, pain and nociception--are they related?

For the practicing physician, the recognition of pain in patients with dementia can represent a challenge because these patients are often unable to verbally report their pain. Can facial expressions of pain be used as an alternative pain indicator in this population? Elliott Ross considers this question by examining relevant neurobiological research.
Improved Sleep Quality is Associated with Reductions in Depression and PTSD Arousal Symptoms and Increases in IGF-1 Concentrations.

Study Objectives:One-third of deployed military personnel will be diagnosed with insomnia, placing them at high risk for comorbid depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and medical condi...
Detection of Gene Expression in Mouse Embryos and Tissue Sections

Analysis of gene expression patterns is central to the study of embryonic development. This chapter details methods for detecting gene expression in whole mouse embryos and in tissue sections. The most commonly used methods available in mouse are described and include mRNA in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and detection of enzymatic and fluorescent protein reporters.
Structural and Functional Regulation of Desmosomes

Intercellular adhesion and communication in mammalian epithelial cells occurs via special ized junctional complexes, which include tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions (Fig. 1).[1] Desmosomes are unique among these junctions, as they are coupled to the intermediate filament (IF)-based cytoskeleton. These form stable complexes that facilitated the ultrastructural and biochemical characterization of desmosomes but also made progress in the molecular organization of these junctions more challenging.[2]–[5] Although the individual components that make up a desmosome are now fairly well established, we are just beginning to appreciate how desmosomes are assembled into highly regulated and dynamic adhesive units.
Comparison of semiologies between tilt-induced psychogenic nonsyncopal collapse and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

We sought to characterize the clinical features of tilt-induced psychogenic nonsyncopal collapse (PNSC) from a cohort of young patients and to compare the semiologies between PNSC and EEG-confirmed psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). A PNSC diagnosis was made if a clinical event occurred during tilt-table testing that the patient regarded as fainting, but neither hypotension nor EEG changes were present. A diagnosis of PNSC was made in 17.6% of all patients referred during the 15-month study period. Cohorts with psychogenic nonsyncopal collapse (n=40) and PNES (n=40) did not differ in age (15.5±2.2 versus 14.6±2.7, p=.11) or female gender (80% versus 72.5%, p=.43). Psychogenic nonsyncopal collapse events were briefer than PNES events (median: 45 versus 201.5s, p<.001). Negative motor signs (head drop, body limpness) predominated in PNSC (85% versus 20%, p<.001), while the positive motor signs of convulsion occurred more often with PNES (90% versus 30%, p<.001). Behavioral arrest (25% versus 32.5%, p=.46) and eye closure (85% versus 72.5%, p=.21) did not differ between PNSC and PNES. Patients with PNSC were more likely to be tearful before (30% versus 7.5%, p=.02) and after (62.5% versus 7.5%, p<.001) an event. In conclusion, although overlap exists, the features of PNSC generally appear similar to neurally mediated syncope, while the features of PNES generally appear similar to epileptic seizures. Psychogenic nonsyncopal collapse and PNES likely represent similar disorders that differ primarily by clinical semiologies and referral patterns.
Attitudes Toward Bisexuality According to Sexual Orientation and Gender

ABSTRACTDespite increasing support for lesbian and gay individuals, the same degree of tolerance has not extended to bisexual individuals, and bisexual invisibility and biphobia are continuing problems that affect the mental health and well-being of people who are bisexual. There is evidence that attitudes toward people who are bisexual may vary by one's own sexual orientation or gender. In the present study, the authors examined differences in attitudes toward people who are bisexual by sexual orientation and gender. The authors also asked participants who were bisexual to describe their experiences of being stigmatized. This study found significant effects for sexual orientation but not for gender; specifically, heterosexual participants reported significantly more biphobia and negative bisexual attitudes than participants who were gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Further, participants who were bisexuals reported feeling most stigmatized by individuals who were heterosexual. The results of this study indicate...
Transurethral ventral buccal mucosa graft inlay urethroplasty for reconstruction of fossa navicularis and distal urethral strictures: surgical technique and preliminary results

To introduce a novel surgical technique for the reconstruction of distal urethral strictures using buccal mucosal graft (BMG) through a transurethral approach. A retrospective institution chart review was conducted of all the patients who underwent a transurethral ventral BMG inlay urethroplasty from March 2014 to March 2016. Patients with greater than one-year follow-up were included. Steps of the procedure: transurethral ventral wedge resection of the stenosed segment and transurethral delivery and spread fixation of appropriate BMG inlay into the resultant urethrotomy. The patients were followed for post-operative complications and stricture recurrence with uroflow, PVR, cystoscopy and outcome questionnaires. Three patients with a minimum of 12-month follow-up are included in this case series. The mean age of the patients was 42 years (35–53); mean stricture length was 2.1 cm (1–4). All patients had at least 2 previous failed procedures. Mean follow-up was 18 months (12–24). There were no stricture recurrences or fistula. Mean pre- and post-operative uroflow values were 4.3 (0–8) and 19 (16–26), respectively. Neither penile chordee nor changes in sexual function were noted in patients on follow-up. Transurethral ventral BMG inlay urethroplasty is a feasible option for treatment of fossa navicularis strictures. This single-stage technique allows for avoiding skin incision or urethral mobilization. It helps to prevent glans dehiscence, fistula formation and avoids the use of genital skin flaps in all patients, especially those affected with LS. This novel surgical technique is an effective treatment alternative for men with distal urethral strictures.
Abdominal ectopic pregnancy with undetectable serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin 9 days following blastocyst transfer

With the availability of the highly sensitive β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) assays, all pregnancies, including ectopic pregnancies (EP), are expected to have detectable serum β-hCG at 4 weeks' gestation or 9 days following blastocyst transfer. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a woman who underwent in vitro fertilization, had undetectable serum β-hCG 9 days after blastocyst transfer, and was then diagnosed with a ruptured abdominal EP and intra-abdominal bleeding 19 days later. This case highlights that the rise in serum β-hCG might be delayed in abdominal EP compared to intrauterine pregnancy. This delay should raise the suspicion for EP, thus meriting close monitoring. Moreover, in the absence of menstruation, an undetectable serum β-hCG 9 days post-blastocyst transfer should prompt β-hCG measurement in 2-3 days to avoid the misdiagnosis of an EP.