cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relation of symptoms and symptom duration to premature ventricular complex–induced cardiomyopathy

Background Frequent idiopathic premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) can result in a reversible form of cardiomyopathy. In this study, the determinants of PVC-induced left ventricular (LV) dysfunction were assessed. Methods The subjects of this study were 241 consecutive patients (115 men [48%], mean age 48 ± 14 years) referred for ablation of frequent PVCs. One hundred eighty patients (75%) experienced palpitations and 61 (25%) did not. The PVC burden was determined by 24-hour Holter monitoring, and echocardiograms were performed to assess LV function. An LV ejection fraction of Results LV ejection fraction (mean 0.36 ± 0.09) was present in 76 of 241 patients (32%). There was a higher prevalence of males among the patients with PVC cardiomyopathy compared to patients with normal LV function (51/76 [67%] vs 64/165 [39%]; P P P P 60 months, the absence of symptoms, and the PVC burden in asymptomatic patients were independent predictors of impaired LV function (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 4.0 [1.1–14.4], 20.1 [6.3–64.1], 13.1 [4.1–37.8], and 2.1 [1.2–3.6], respectively). Conclusions The duration of palpitations and the absence of symptoms are independently associated with PVC-induced cardiomyopathy.
Atmospheric stability effects on wind fields and scalar mixing within and just above a subalpine forest in sloping terrain

Air temperature T a , specific humidity q, CO2 mole fraction χ c , and three-dimensional winds were measured in mountainous terrain from five tall towers within a 1 km region encompassing a wide range of canopy densities. The measurements were sorted by a bulk Richardson number Ri b . For stable conditions, we found vertical scalar differences developed over a “transition” region between 0.05 < Ri b < 0.5. For strongly stable conditions (Ri b > 1), the vertical scalar differences reached a maximum and remained fairly constant with increasing stability. The relationships q and χ c have with Ri b are explained by considering their sources and sinks. For winds, the strong momentum absorption in the upper canopy allows the canopy sublayer to be influenced by pressure gradient forces and terrain effects that lead to complex subcanopy flow patterns. At the dense-canopy sites, soil respiration coupled with wind-sheltering resulted in CO2 near the ground being 5–7 μmol mol−1 larger than aloft, even with strong above-canopy winds (near-neutral conditions). We found Ri b -binning to be a useful tool for evaluating vertical scalar mixing; however, additional information (e.g., pressure gradients, detailed vegetation/topography, etc.) is needed to fully explain the subcanopy wind patterns. Implications of our results for CO2 advection over heterogenous, complex terrain are discussed.
Thomomys nayarensis, a new species of pocket gopher from the Sierra del Nayar, Nayarit, Mexico

Abstract The southern pocket gopher, Thomomys umbrinus, traditionally has been divided into as many as 5 genetically defined subclades based on chromosomal and allozymic data. Recent molecular analyses have resurrected 2 species from within these clades: 1 from the Pacific coastal lowlands (T. atrovarius), and another from the highlands of the Sierra Madre Occidental (T. sheldoni). In this study, multilocus genetic analyses of 3 mitochondrial and 5 nuclear genes reveal a previously unrecognized 3rd species apparently restricted to the Sierra del Nayar of northeastern Nayarit, Mexico. In addition to molecular and chromosomal studies of this new species, cranial morphology is analyzed to help distinguish it from its congeners. This taxon, T. nayarensis, is described herein, and a key to distinguishing the 3 species of Thomomys in northeastern Nayarit is provided.
Activities of Daptomycin and Vancomycin Alone and in Combination with Rifampin and Gentamicin against Biofilm-Forming Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in an Experimental Model of Endocarditis

The findings of clinical and in vitro research support the theory that infective endocarditis (IE)-causing bacteria form biofilms and that biofilms negatively affect treatment outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to quantify the biofilm formation of methicillin (meticillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates obtained from patients with IE and to evaluate the in vitro activities of daptomycin and vancomycin alone and in combination with rifampin (rifampicin) or gentamicin while monitoring the isolates for the development of resistance. A high-inoculum, stationary-phase infection model of IE was used to simulate the pharmacokinetics in humans of daptomycin at 6 mg/kg of body weight/day, vancomycin at 1.25 g every 12 h (q12h) alone and in combination with rifampin at 300 mg every 8 h, and gentamicin at 1.3 mg/kg q12h. Two randomly selected clinical MRSA isolates were obtained from patients with IE; both MRSA isolates quantitatively produced biofilms. The time to bactericidal activity in the presence of daptomycin was isolate dependent but was achieved by 24 h for both MRSA isolates. Vancomycin did not achieve bactericidal activity throughout the experiment. At 24, 48, and 72 h, daptomycin-containing regimens had significantly more activity (greater declines in the mean number of CFU/g) than any of the vancomycin-containing regimens (P = 0.03). Rifampin and gentamicin antagonized or delayed the bactericidal activity of daptomycin (against MRSA B346846 for rifampin and against both isolates for gentamicin) in the first 24 h. Increases in the daptomycin and vancomycin MICs were not observed. We conclude that in an IE model of biofilm-forming MRSA, daptomycin monotherapy has better in vitro activity than daptomycin in combination with rifampin or gentamicin or any vancomycin-containing regimen studied within the first 24 h. Further investigations are needed to understand the initial delay in bactericidal activity observed when gentamicin or rifampin is combined with daptomycin.
SIMULATED CLIMATOLOGY OF A GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL WITH A HYDROLOGIC CYCLE II. ANALYSIS OF THE TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE

Abstract The thermal and dynamical structure of the tropical atmosphere which emerged from the numerical integration of our general circulation model with a simple hydrologic cycle is analyzed in detail. According to the results of our analysis, the lapse rate of zonal mean temperature in the model Tropics is super-moist-adiabatic in the lower troposphere, and is sub-moist-adiabatic above the 400-mb. level in qualitative agreement with the observed features in the actual Tropics. The flow field in the model Tropics also displays interesting features. For example, a zone of strong convergence and a belt of heavy rain develops around the equator. Synoptic-scale disturbances such as weak tropical cyclones and shear lines with strong convergence develop and are reminiscent of disturbances in the actual tropical atmosphere. The humid towers, which result from moist convective adjustment and condensation, develop in the central core of the regions of strong upward motion, sometimes reaching the level of the tro...
Methods for the Study of Evil-Doing Actions

For obvious ethical reasons, experimental studies of severe harm-doing actions are precluded. What methods are available to experimental social psychologists for the study of harm- and evil-doing activities? Three are suggested: experiments that may have a component of role-playing but still can illuminate nodes in the socialization into harm-doing process, probes into the conceptual world of individuals who are enlisted into real-world harm-doing socialization processes, and secondary analyses of case studies written by those who have been caught up in harm doing. The methodological limits of each activity are examined, and it is argued that an approach in which combinations of methods are employed to arrive at theoretical constructions can both support generalizations that provide insights into the socialization process and be sufficiently rigorous to support prudent social action recommendations.
Activation of the Ephippial Egg of Daphnia pulex

The ephippial eggs of Daphnia pulex require light for the initiation of development. The ephippial capsule prevents the completion of development but is not a barrier to an adequate light stimulus. Working with decapsulated eggs, the response to light increased to 100 % within 9 days of storage in the dark and remained at 100% for up to 60 days of storage in the dark. The response was not dependent on drying the ephippia. Ephippia stored in the light did not reach 100% response to illumination when decapsulated, indicating that activation was dependent on prior dark reactions. About 4500 ft-c-min of fluorescent light energy was required for 100% activation. The effective wavelengths were between 350 and 475 mµ with 2 x 106 ergs/cm2 sufficient to initiate nearly 100% development at 410 mµ, the most effective wavelength. Low temperature interfered with photoactivation but not with subsequent development. Chilling the ephippia resulted in an increased light requirement. Kinetic studies with chilled ephippia stored for various times in the dark indicated a diphasic process of photoactivation which has tentatively been interpreted as a light-dependent release of inhibition.
Associations between Peer Relationships and Depressive Symptoms Testing Moderator Effects of Gender and Age

Popularity and friendship are distinct constructs within the domain of peer relationships, and each is related to children's adjustment. The current study extended earlier research by testing whether the relations of popularity and friendship quality to depressive symptoms are moderated by age and gender. Participants (166 fifth graders, 156 eighth graders) completed rating scales about peers to assess popularity and self-report questionnaires to assess friendship quality and depressive symptoms. Friendship quality and popularity were correlated significantly, but the magnitude of the association was small Although friendship quality and popularity each made an independent contribution to predicting depressive symptoms, the association between popularity and symptoms of depression was stronger for girls than for boys. Possible explanations for the differing associations for boys and/or girls are discussed.
Mechanical and Thermophysical Properties of Silicon Nitride Thin Films at High Temperatures Using In-Situ Mems Temperature Sensors

The optimization of microelectronic devices and Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) technology depends on the knowledge of the mechanical and thermophysical properties of the thin film materials used to fabricate them. The thickness, stoichiometry, structure and thermal history can affect the properties of thin films causing their mechanical and thermophysical properties to diverge from bulk values. Moreover, it is known that the mechanical and thermophysical properties of thin films vary considerably at different temperatures. Bulk properties of semiconductors have been characterized over a wide range of temperatures; however there is limited information on thin film properties of silicon-based compounds such as silicon nitride, specially at high temperatures. In our work, MEMS devices designed to record the localized maximum temperature during high temperature thermal processes, which we call Breaking T-MEMS, will be presented as a way to determine some of the mechanical properties (Young's modulus and fracture strength) and thermophysical properties (coefficient of thermal expansion) of silicon-rich nitride thin films at high temperatures. The Breaking T-MEMS device consists of a thin film bridge suspended over a substrate. During testing, the devices are thermally loaded in tension by heating the sample. The low coefficient of thermal expansion of the film relative to that of the substrate causes the thin film bridge to break at a specific temperature. Through a combination of indirect experimental measurements, analytical expressions, numerical and statistical analysis, and if the experiments are conducted using at least two different substrates of known temperaturedependent coefficients of thermal expansion, some of the material properties of the film can be calculated from the breaking temperatures of various devices. The two candidate materials for the substrate are silicon and aluminum oxide (sapphire).
Top-of-Atmosphere Direct Radiative Effect of Aerosols over the Tropical Oceans from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Satellite Instrument

Abstract Nine months of the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES)/Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) broadband fluxes combined with the TRMM visible infrared scanner (VIRS) high-resolution imager measurements are used to estimate the daily average direct radiative effect of aerosols for clear-sky conditions over the tropical oceans. On average, aerosols have a cooling effect over the Tropics of 4.6 ± 1 W m–2. The magnitude is ≈2 W m–2 smaller over the southern tropical oceans than it is over northern tropical oceans. The direct effect derived from CERES is highly correlated with coincident aerosol optical depth (τ) retrievals inferred from 0.63-μm VIRS radiances (correlation coefficient of 0.96). The slope of the regression line is ≈−32 W m–2 τ–1 over the equatorial Pacific Ocean, but changes both regionally and seasonally, depending on the aerosol characteristics. Near sources of biomass burning and desert dust, the aerosol direct effect reaches −25 to −30 W m–2. The direct effect ...
Ecology of an Aquatic Snake (Thamnophis marcianus) in a Desert Environment: Implications of Early Timing of Birth and Geographic Variation in Reproduction

Abstract We studied the ecology of the checkered garter snake, Thamnophis marcianus, in a desert grassland in southeastern Arizona. The adult sex ratio was 0.67 M:F and varied significantly among seasons. As with other species of Thamnophis, adult females were significantly larger than males in SVL and body mass, and females also had longer jaws. Activity occurred both during the day and nighttime, but was confined to aquatic areas or their immediate vicinity. Mating occurred in late March and females gave birth to a single brood of an average of 15 offspring in late May and early June. The timing of birth in this population was among the earliest on record for any live-bearing snake in North America and was much earlier than for other checkered garter snake populations. In comparison with populations of T. marcianus from northern and southern Texas, females from Arizona had larger maternal body sizes and their offspring were larger as well; conversely, we found no significant differences in brood size am...
Co-induction Simply

This paper shows that an SMT-based program verifier can support reasoning about co-induction--handling infinite data structures, lazy function calls, and user-defined properties defined as greatest fix-points, as well as letting users write co-inductive proofs. Moreover, the support can be packaged to provide a simple user experience. The paper describes the features for co-induction in the language and verifier Dafny, defines their translation into input for a first-order SMT solver, and reports on some encouraging initial experience.
Vascular heterogeneity and targeting: the role of YKL-40 in glioblastoma vascularization

Malignant glioblastomas (GBM) are highly malignant brain tumors that have extensive and aberrant tumor vasculature, including multiple types of vessels. This review focuses on recent discoveries that the angiogenic factor YKL-40 (CHI3L1) acts on glioblastoma-stem like cells (GSCs) to drive the formation of two major forms of tumor vascularization: angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry (VM). GSCs possess multipotent cells able to transdifferentiate into vascular pericytes or smooth muscle cells (PC/SMCs) that either coordinate with endothelial cells (ECs) to facilitate angiogenesis or assemble in the absence of ECs to form blood-perfused channels via VM. GBMs express high levels of YKL-40 that drives the divergent signaling cascades to mediate the formation of these distinct microvascular circulations. Although a variety of anti-tumor agents that target angiogenesis have demonstrated transient benefits for patients, they often fail to restrict tumor growth, which underscores the need for additional therapeutic tools. We propose that targeting YKL-40 may compliment conventional anti-angiogenic therapies to provide a substantial clinical benefit to patients with GBM and several other types of solid tumors.
Larval Temperature–Food Effects on Adult Mosquito Infection and Vertical Transmission of Dengue-1 Virus

Temperature–food interactions in the larval environment can affect life history and population growth of container mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus Skuse, the primary vectors of chikungunya and dengue viruses. We used Ae. aegypti , Ae. albopictus , and dengue-1 virus (DENV-1) from Florida to investigate whether larval rearing temperature can alter the effects of larval food levels on Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus life history and DENV-1 infection and vertical transmission. Although we found no effect of larval treatments on survivorship to adulthood, DENV-1 titer, or DENV-1 vertical transmission, rates of vertical transmission up to 16–24% were observed in Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti , which may contribute to maintenance of this virus in nature. Larval treatments had no effect on number of progeny and DENV-1 infection in Ae. aegypti , but the interaction between temperature and food affected number of progeny and DENV-1 infection of the female Ae. albopictus parent. The cooler temperature (24°C) yielded the most progeny and this effect was accentuated by high food relative to the other conditions. Low and high food led to the highest (∼90%) and lowest (∼65%) parental infection at the cooler temperature, respectively, whereas intermediate infection rates (∼75–80%) were observed for all food conditions at the elevated temperature. These results suggest that temperature and food availability have minimal influence on rate of vertical transmission and a stronger influence on adults of Ae. albopictus than of Ae. aegypti , which could have consequences for dengue virus epidemiology.
When Ashley Madison Goes Wrong

One of the biggest family law stories of the summer of 2015 — other than Obergefell and the resolution of the constitutionality of same-sex marriage, of course — was the hack on Ashley Madison, an online dating site for married people seeking extramarital affairs. The hack resulted in the revelation of the details of over 30 million users of the site. The media soon turned its attention to matrimonial lawyers, who speculated about the consequences of the hack in terms of divorce. However, perhaps there might not be too many consequences after all, particularly when compared to historical family law.
Complete 0ħω calculations of Gamow-Teller strengths for nuclei in the iron region

Gamow-Teller strengths for selected nuclei in the iron region (A∼56) have been investigated via shell-model Monte Carlo calculations with realistic interactions in the complete fp basis. Results for all cases show significant quenching relative to single-particle estimates, in quantitative agreement with (n,p) data. The T=0 residual interaction and the f7/2-f5/2 spin-orbit splitting are shown to play major roles in the quenching mechanism. Calculated B(E2,21+→01+) values are in fair agreement with experiment using effective charges of ep=1.1e and en=0.1e.
The leopard in the garden: life in close quarters at the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle.

ABSTRACT French naturalists at the Museum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris in the early nineteenth century recognized that their individual and collective successes were intimately linked to questions of power over specimens. France’s strength abroad affected the growth of the museum’s collections. At the museum, preserving, naming, classifying, displaying, interpreting, and otherwise deploying specimens went hand in hand with promoting scientific theories, advancing scientific careers, and instructing the public. The control of specimens, both literally and figuratively, was the museum’s ongoing concern. The leopard in this essay’s title, a live specimen confiscated from the streets of Paris in 1793, serves here to represent the tensions created in an existing order of things by the introduction of a potentially disruptive agent. The essay explores the life of the museum and the interrelations among its naturalists, the special challenges created by the establishment of a menagerie, and the histor...
Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Programs for Criminal Offenders

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is among the more promising rehabilitative treatments for criminal offenders. Reviews of the comparative effectiveness of different treatment approaches have generally ranked it in the top tier with regard to effects on recidivism (e.g., Andrews et al., 1990; Lipsey & Wilson, 1998). It has a well-developed theoretical basis that explicitly targets “criminal thinking” as a contributing factor to deviant behavior (Beck, 1999; Walters, 1990; Yochelson & Samenow, 1976). And, it can be adapted to a range of juvenile and adult offenders, delivered in institutional or community settings by mental health specialists or paraprofessionals, and administered as part of a multifaceted program or as a stand-alone intervention. Meta-analysis has consistently indicated that CBT, on average, has significant positive effects on recidivism. However, there is also significant variation across studies in the size of those treatment effects. Identification of the moderator variables that describe the study characteristics associated with larger and smaller effects can further develop our understanding of the effectiveness of CBT with offenders. Of particular importance is the role such moderator analysis can play in ascertaining which variants of CBT are most effective. The objective of this systematic review is to examine the relationships of selected moderator variables to the effects of CBT on the recidivism of general offender populations.
Effect of Prefreeze Treatment on the Fertilizing Capacity of Frozen Chicken Semen

Abstract The effects were determined of dilution rate, holding time at 5 C, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) of processed-unfrozen and frozen-thawed semen from mature White Leghorns. Fertility of both processed-unfrozen and frozen-thawed semen was depressed with dilution rates of 0, 1:1, or 1:7. Fertility was highest with unfrozen (76 and 83%) and frozen (14 and 15%) semen with dilution rates of 1:3 or 1:5. When semen was held at 5 C for .25, 1, 4, 6, or 8 hr before DMSO was added, fertility of frozen-thawed sperm was lowered to levels of less than 11%, whereas the level of fertility (16%) was highest with a holding time of 2 hr. Fertility of processed-unfrozen semen was lowered with a holding time of 6 hr; holding times of .25, 1, or 2 hr had no effect on semen fertility. The DMSO levels of 4 or 6% (v/v) significantly depressed fertility of processed-unfrozen semen, whereas DMSO levels of 0, 2, or 6% provided less cryoprotection than the 4% level in which fertility was highest at 22%. Equilibration time of semen and 4% DMSO resulted in decreased fertility levels from 82% and 33%, respectively, for periods of 4 or 6 hr for processed-unfrozen samples. Fertility of frozen-thawed semen was significantly lower when there was no equilibration period (12%) or when the equilibration period was 4 or 6 hr (6 and 2%) than when the equilibration period was 1 (22%) or 2 (26%) hr. In all treatments, the level of fertility of frozen-thawed semen was lower than that of processed-unfrozen semen.
Calibration and adjustment of mechanical property prediction model for poly(vinyl alcohol)-enhanced carbon nanotube buckypaper manufacturing

Buckypaper is a free-standing carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet used to improve handling and manufacturability of CNT-based nanocomposites. To enhance the mechanical properties and manufacturing efficiency of buckypaper, polymeric binders, such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), are often added into the CNT network during the manufacturing process. This paper describes a physics-based model to predict the elastic modulus of PVA-enhanced buckypaper and a statistical approach to calibrate and adjust the model based on physical experiments. Compared to the physics-based model alone, the hybrid model can provide more accurate predictions for the Young’s modulus of PVA-enhanced buckypaper and give a 95 % confidence interval on the prediction. One of the inputs for this model, the average length of carbon nanotubes, was calibrated using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The bias of this model was adjusted by estimating a bias function. Both the calibration parameter and adjustment function were estimated from a set of experimental measurements. The improvement in making a prediction was validated by comparing the performance of the physics-based model, statistical model, and statistics-enhanced physics model at a new experiment point. The hybrid model provides a more accurate prediction than either the physics-based model or statistical model does. This model calibration technique provides an effective tool for nanomanufacturing process design and material property prediction.
Active transport of sodium by the isolated midgut of Hyalophora cecropia.

1. Sodium and lithium are actively transported by the isolated midgut of Hyalophora cecropia. 2. The short-circuit current in 32 mM sodium solution is about half of that in 32 mM potassium solution. 3. The sodium flux measured with 22Na from blood-side to lumen accounts for all of the short-circuit current and is 19 times the flux from lumen to blood-side. 4. In a solution containing 16 mM potassium and 16 mM sodium there is no transport of sodium, although a large current remains. 5. The sodium transport mechanism is not sensitive to ouabain.
Temperature Management in the Delivery Room and During Neonatal Resuscitation

Hypothermia soon after delivery has been independently associated with increased mortality and other adverse clinical outcomes in newborns. This review describes mechanisms of heat loss, particularly in the vulnerable preterm infant, the significance of thermal regulation, and strategies used to create a delivery room environment that facilitates optimal temperature management. Although quality improvement initiatives have successfully reduced rates of admission hypothermia, more research is needed on whether clinical outcomes are improved with active prevention of hypothermia.
Abstract 132: Comprehensive genomic analysis of human papillomavirus-associated oral cancers

Human papillomavirus-associated oral cancers comprise a distinct disease that is increasing in frequency in Western countries. Recent genomic landscape studies of oral cancers and of HPV-associated cervical cancers identified the most commonly mutated genes in each. Here we report a comprehensive analysis of 83 HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers studied by whole genome sequencing (WGS), and an additional 46 tumors evaluated by the Cancer Genome Atlas project (TCGA) by exome sequencing. We confirmed recurrent mutations in previously reported, frequently mutated candidate driver genes including PIK3CA, as well as several novel gene targets, each occurring recurrently at frequencies of more than approximately 3%. Our WGS data demonstrated recurrent focal genomic instability associated with HPV insertional mutagenesis. We observed dramatic changes in genomic copy number variants (CNVs) at chromosome 3q as well as numerous other chromosomal regions that are recurrently gained or lost in HPV-positive tumors. RNA-Seq data from this collection of oral cancers defined differentially expressed transcript levels and other molecular alterations associated with single nucleotide variants (SNVs), CNVs and other genomic structural variants in the tumors. Together, our results reveal a unique pattern of somatic variants that distinguishes HPV+ oral cancers both from HPV- oral cancers as well as other HPV+ tumors arising in distinct tissues including the uterine cervix. These data shed new light on the molecular pathogenesis of oral cancers, and provide new opportunities for development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for affected patients. Citation Format: David E. Symer, Keiko Akagi, Kevin R. Coombes, Weihong Xiao, Robert K. L. Pickard, Amit Agrawal, Maura L. Gillison. Comprehensive genomic analysis of human papillomavirus-associated oral cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 132.
Historical Perspectives on Ancient Greek Derived “a” Prefixed Nomenclature for Acquired Neurocognitive Impairment

Distinct forms of acquired neurocognitive impairment are often described by “a” prefixed terms that derive from ancient Greek (and in one case Latin). Two modern English language neurological and neuropsychological reference books were searched to identify 17 such terms in contemporary usage: amnesia, akinesia, ataxia, aphasia, agraphia, anosmia, apraxia, athetosis, ageusia, achromatopsia, agnosia, alexia, amusia, anomia, anarthria, anosognosia, and acalculia. These were traced to their initial association with acquired neurocognitive impairment in German, English, and French language medical publications from the late 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries (1770 through 1920). Some of these terms (e.g., agnosia) were used in ancient Greek, although not associated with neurocognitive impairment. The remainder constitute novel semantically plausible (e.g., anosmia) and unclear (e.g., alexia) formulations. In the localizationist thinking of the time, neurocognition was conceived as being organized within specialized “centers” in specific locations connected by pathways within the brain.
Childhood and Privacy

In 1930, Plant cited lack of privacy as a factor contributing to children’s emotional disorders. Since then, the topic of privacy and its relation to child development and experience has all but disappeared from available literature. Child psychology books contain few if any references to “privacy” but are replete with references to social development, social interactions, and children’s behaviors in groups. Yet it is untrue that the child development literature had nothing to tell us about “privacy.” Rather, it is the word “privacy” that rarely if ever appears. The present chapter attempts to answer the questions: “What role might privacy experiences play in child development?” “What is the nature of privacy experiences during childhood?” “How do childhood experiences contribute to or affect children’s patterns and concepts of privacy?” To answer these questions, I focus, first, on the general issue of conceptualizing the nature of human privacy. This conceptualization will provide a perspective for understanding age and age-related experiences as well as the role of cultural and sociophysical environmental factors. Research about privacy for children will be described and its contribution to our understanding of the role of privacy in child development will be explored. Finally, I attempt to suggest new and unexplored areas of research which might fruitfully extend our present knowledge.
The Relationship Between Social Support and Type 2 Diabetes Risk

Prior research links social support with several positive health outcomes. However, less is known about the association between social support and Type 2 diabetes risk factors, such as glycemic con...
Collision and Coalescence of Single Attoliter Oil Droplets on a Pipet Nanopore.

We describe the use of a quartz pipet nanopore to study the collision and coalescence of individual emulsion oil droplets and their subsequent nanopore translocation. Collision and coalescence of s...
Proctor: Detecting and Investigating Interference in Shared Datacenters

Cloud-scale datacenter management systems utilize virtualization to provide performance isolation while maximizing the utilization of the underlying hardware infrastructure. However, virtualization does not provide complete performance isolation as Virtual Machines (VMs) still compete for nonreservable shared resources (like caches, network, I/O bandwidth etc.) This becomes highly challenging to address in datacenter environments housing tens of thousands of VMs, causing degradation in application performance. Addressing this problem for production datacenters requires a non-intrusive scalable solution that 1) detects performance intrusion and 2) investigates both the intrusive VMs causing interference, as well as the resource(s) for which the VMs are competing for. To address this problem, this paper introduces Proctor, a real time, lightweight and scalable analytics fabric that detects performance intrusive VMs and identifies its root causes from among the arbitrary VMs running in shared datacenters across 4 key hardware resources – network, I/O, cache, and CPU. Proctor is based on a robust statistical approach that requires no special profiling phases, standing in stark contrast to a wide body of prior work that assumes pre-acquisition of application level information prior to its execution. By detecting performance degradation and identifying the root cause VMs and their metrics, Proctor can be utilized to dramatically improve the performance outcomes of applications executing in large-scale datacenters. From our experiments, we are able to show that when we deploy Proctor in a datacenter housing a mix of I/O, network, compute and cache-sensitive applications, it is able to effectively pinpoint performance intrusive VMs. Further, we observe that when Proctor is applied with migration, the application-level Quality-of-Service improves by an average of 2.2× as compared to systems which are unable to detect, identify and pinpoint performance intrusion and their root causes.
Biological Markers For Alzheimer’s Disease

The classical biological marker for Alzheimer disease is that originally described by Alois Alzheimer: the histological appearance of the cortex, nowadays defined precisely in terms of numbers of the characteristic plaques and tangles in appropriate regions of brain (McKahn et al., 1984)• The other widely accepted marker at the present time is deficiency of cholinergic markers in affected cortex, notably choline acetyltrans- ferase (CAT) activity (Bowen et al., 1982). Neither, however, is entirely specific for Alzheimer disease. We and others have seen brains at autopsy which contained the requisite numbers of plaques and tangles but which came from people who were clinically clearly not demented at the time they died (Ulrich, 1985). A number of groups have demonstrated profound cholinergic deficiencies and even damage to the nucleus basalis complex in patients who had dementing syndromes other than Alzheimer disease (Arendt et al., 1983). The first observation may reflect “preclinical disease,” and the second the importance of cholinergic systems in a variety of dementias. It is important to note, however, that neither of these accepted biological markers of Alzheimer disease would turn out to be “specific” if they were to be tested in conventional prospective studies. Their importance is their meaning in the appropriate clinical context and their relevance to the pathophysiology of the disorder (Perry et al., 1978).
The ERA: Law, Custom, and Change

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the rationale behind the arguments of both supporters and opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The purpose of this analysis is to suggest why opposition to the amendment has been mobilized and has become potent and to discover what relationships may exist between this phenomenon and more general political and social trends in the United States. To understand the arguments pro and con, one must first look at the kinds of distinctions based on sex under existing laws that would be affected by the passage of the ERAand one must also define the category of laws that would not be affected. The first set involves exemption for women from some of the obligations of citizenship that men are subject to. The most well-known and controversial is the exemption of women from compulsory military service and a corollary exemption from combat duty granted to women who choose to serve in the armed forces. The second category of laws involves what is usually called protective legislation. Under this rubric fall statutes, which limit the weight a woman may carry or load on the jobs, those that exclude women from overtime work, laws that prohibit women from certain occupations, and laws that stipulate that pregnant women must cease working at some specified period during their pregnancy. Exceptions to the general rule that an individual's sex should not determine his or her legal rights would include the laws that pertain to the physical characteristics of one sex or another. Thus, like other civil rights amendments, the amendment would be applicable only in the public sector of society. It follows that there would be a privacy qualification.
Integrated Computing & Telecommunications in Biomedical Research and Medicine

This paper reflects on the development of computer assisted medical decision making and biomedical research, and concludes that, despite long standing difficulties in these areas, routine reliance on computers will become firmly established within the current decade.
Challenges in managing intranets

The Internet has won over in the corporate networks and intranets are becoming a vital support to their business. New paradigms of mangagement are emerging to extend to cover business processes and activities. Large multi-site corporations will need to manage clusters of intranets bridged through public networks, giving rise to new management challenges.
The Power of Five: The Step before the Power of Ten

November 1986 5 In the 1960s, the teaching of basic addition moved from an emphasis on rote memorization f facts to teaching for understanding. Children were given counters to model addition problems, and they arrived at sums by counting them. This experience helped them to understand the concept of addition, but some people suspected that counting alone was not an adequate basis for teaching and learning addition facts. Easley and Wirtz have each argued, independently, that counting seriously limits children. Wirtz (1980, 17) has pointed out how distracting and disrupting one-by-one counting is to rational thinking and to arithmetic fluency. Easley and Easley (1982) have given several reasons why the method of basing addition on counting leads to serious problems. First, when children count to arrive at a sum, they can ignore the decimal base of our number system. For example, to add 6 and 7, they start at 7 and say number names in order, stopping after they have recited six of them. They do not need to understand or make use of the idea that 6 + 7 is equivalent to 10 + 3, that ten l's are "traded" for one 10. Such an idea is essential to an understanding of addition and subtraction of multidigit numbers with regrouping. Second, counting is such an easy way to arrive at a sum that children are not motivated to memorize the
Southeast Asian Studies: Gender

Although women's high status and the complementary relationship between male and female is often cited as characteristic of the 11 Southeast Asian nations, research on gender (the ways in which cultures construct and assign certain roles for men and women) is relatively recent. In the social sciences more systematic work on women's position in indigenous societies dates from the 1930s, with growing anthropological interest in kinship systems and social structure, as well as the family and the domestic economy. Post-war research on women in Southeast Asia was encouraged by the region's strategic and economic importance, the establishment of Women in Development programs, the women's liberation movement, the expansion of feminist anthropology, and the United Nations Decade of Women in 1975–85. Recent work has recognized the value of placing women's issues within the larger framework of gender, and common themes concern the influence of modernization on rural women, the effects of globalization and industrialization on female workers, and the ways in which the state constructs and perpetuates gender. Studies have been largely country-based because of the need for language expertise, and are concentrated on countries more open to scholarly access. Specialists have largely avoided generalizations across the region, stressing the need to place analysis in specific cultural and historical contexts.
Kernel-Based Semi-Supervised Learning Over Multilayer Graphs

Networks arise in fields such as sociology, biology, and machine learning among others, to describe complex and often interdependent systems. These increasingly complex systems call for flexible network models that allow for multiple types of interactions among the agents (nodes) known as multilayer networks. A frequently encountered task entails inference of nodal processes across the network given values on a subset of nodes. The present contribution relies on graph kernels, to put forth a novel inference approach that accounts for linear and nonlinear dependencies among nodes and leverages the layered network structure. Numerical tests with synthetic as well as real data corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed kernel-based multilayer learning scheme.
Teaching a Health Equity Course at a Midwestern Private University-A Pilot Study.

Teaching about health disparities and health equity at a 4-year institution is imperative. Unfortunately, there is a lack of empirical research demonstrating this concept and the proper way to deve...
Intrinsic and extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration are associated with hypertensive target organ damage in older African Americans

Epigenetic age acceleration, a measure of biological aging based on DNA methylation, is associated with cardiovascular mortality. However, little is known about its relationship with hypertensive target organ damage to the heart, kidneys, brain, and peripheral arteries. We investigated associations between intrinsic (IEAA) or extrinsic (EEAA) epigenetic age acceleration, blood pressure, and six types of organ damage in a primarily hypertensive cohort of 1390 African Americans from the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) study. DNA methylation from peripheral blood leukocytes was collected at baseline (1996–2000), and measures of target organ damage were assessed in a follow-up visit (2000–2004). Linear regression with generalized estimating equations was used to test for associations between epigenetic age acceleration and target organ damage, as well as effect modification of epigenetic age by blood pressure or sex. Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines (SOLAR) was used to test for evidence of shared genetic and/or environmental effects between epigenetic age acceleration and organ damage pairs that were significantly associated. After adjustment for sex, chronological age, and time between methylation and organ damage measures, higher IEAA was associated with higher urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR, p = 0.004), relative wall thickness (RWT, p = 0.022), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI, p = 0.007), and with lower ankle-brachial index (ABI, p = 0.014). EEAA was associated with higher LVMI (p = 0.005). Target organ damage associations for all but IEAA with LVMI remained significant after further adjustment for blood pressure and antihypertensive use (p < 0.05). Further adjustment for diabetes attenuated the IEAA associations with UACR and RWT, and adjustment for smoking attenuated the IEAA association with ABI. No effect modification by age or sex was observed. Measures of epigenetic age acceleration may help to better characterize the functional mechanisms underlying organ damage from cellular aging and/or hypertension. These measures may act as subclinical biomarkers for damage to the kidney, heart, and peripheral vasculature; however more research is needed to determine whether these relationships remain independent of lifestyle factors and comorbidities.
A Novel Privacy-Preserving Socio-technical Platform for Detecting Cyber Abuse (Extended Abstract)

In this abstract, we present perspectives on on-going work by the authors in creating a massive scale digital platform that enables youth to share content that suits their own privacy expectations, while still contributing to cyber-abuse research.
Cooperative effect of tumor necrosis factor and gamma-interferon on chemotactic peptide receptor expression and stimulus-induced actin polymerization in HL-60 cells.

We studied the effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), alone and in combination, on the expression of chemotactic peptide receptors, stimulus-induced actin polymerization, hydrogen peroxide production (H2O2), and expression of nonspecific esterase (NSE) positivity in human promyelocytic leukemic cell line HL- 60. These parameters were analyzed following a five-day culture with the cytokines. Chemotactic peptide receptor expression was studied using the fluoresceinated hexapeptide, formyl-norleucyl-leucyl- phenylalanyl-norleucyl-tyrosyl-lysine and flow cytometry. Actin polymerization, an important event required for chemotaxis and phagocytosis, was studied using NBD-phallacidin labeling, following stimulation with the chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl- phenylalanine (FMLP) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). TNF increased the expression of chemotactic peptide receptors in a dose-dependent fashion, and there was good correlation between the receptor expression, stimulus-induced actin polymerization, H2O2 production, and NSE positivity. IFN-gamma was less potent in inducing all the parameters studied but exerted a positive cooperative effect when combined with TNF. IFN-gamma at high concentrations induced chemotactic peptide receptors comparable in magnitude to that seen with TNF but failed to prime these cells to undergo actin polymerization in response to FMLP or PMA. Undifferentiated HL-60 cells showed a decrease in F- actin content on stimulation with PMA. This suggests that protein kinase C might have a negative regulatory role in stimulus-induced actin polymerization. The observations reported here indicate that appropriate combinations of different inducing agents with different modes of action might be necessary to duplicate the functional abilities of mature phagocytic cells.
Party Competition and Cooperation Shape Affective Polarization: Evidence from Natural and Survey Experiments in Israel:

Does electoral competition increase affective polarization? Can inter-party cooperation depolarize voters? Addressing these questions is challenging since both competition and cooperation are endog...
Experimental Evidence on the Effects (or Lack Thereof) of Informational Framing During the College Transition

Technology-facilitated interventions following high school graduation have shown promise for increasing the likelihood of college matriculation, but we know little about how to fine-tune these tool...