cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recrystallization of polycrystalline silicon

Optical metallography is used to investigate the recrystallization properties of polycrystalline semiconductor-grade silicon. It is found that polycrystalline silicon recrystallizes at 1380 C in relatively short times, provided that the prior deformation is greater than 30%. For a prior deformation of about 40%, the recrystallization process is essentially complete in about 30 minutes. Silicon recrystallizes at a substantially slower rate than metals at equivalent homologous temperatures. The recrystallized grain size is insensitive to the amount of prestrain for strains in the range of 10-50%.
Understanding Patient Compliance and Persistence with Osteoporosis Therapy

Chronic non-terminal diseases, including postmenopausal osteoporosis, are associated with poor treatment compliance and persistence. The longer a patient with osteoporosis complies and persists with treatment, the lower the risk of fracture. Retrospective studies with emphasis on real-world data have led to a greater understanding of the factors affecting medication compliance and persistence, and their association with improved treatment outcomes. However, these data do not contain information about patient choices of medication or patient commitment to particular medication regimens. Patient preferences can affect compliance and persistence behaviours. While recent evidence questions the importance of dosing regimen in patient preferences, other recent data show that medication efficacy and safety remain the most important determinants of patient preference. Informed patient decision making about treatment options, adverse effects and outcomes can have a beneficial impact on medication-taking behaviour. Healthcare professionals play a crucial role in the management of factors associated with poor compliance and persistence with osteoporosis therapies. Education about disease consequences and differences among treatment options, as well as treatment monitoring and positive reinforcement, are crucial to improving medication compliance and persistence in osteoporotic patients.
Velocity oscillations in the outer heliosphere: A signature of pickup ion temperature variability?

[1] Unusual long wavelength (0.5–1 AU), low-frequency (∼3 × 10−5 s−1) velocity oscillations have been observed by Voyager 2 at 48 AU in the outer heliosphere (Paularena et al., 1996). The velocity oscillations appear to be superimposed on weak linear velocity gradients that are typically increasing. To date, no explanation has been advanced for the origin of either the flow gradients or the oscillations. Here we show that pickup ions can excite low-frequency fluctuations and drive the flow field linearly. The model is compared directly to velocity oscillations observed by the Voyager 2 PLS instrument between 40 and 55 AU over the 6-year period 1993–1998.
Tan-spot resistance screening of Aegilops species

Two hundred and twelve accessions of 8 diploid and 10 polyploid species of Aegilops were evaluated for resistance to tan-spot disease of wheat, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs., under greenhouse conditions. One or more accessions of Ae. bicornis, Ae. biuncialis, Ae. Crassa, Ae. columnaris, Ae. cylindrica, Ae. speltoides, Ae. squarrosa. Ae. triaristata. Ae. triuncialis, and Ae. Ovata showed resistance following a 24-hour post-inoculation wet period. With a 36-hour wet period, diploids became only slightly or moderately susceptible and resistant polyploids became susceptible. A 48-hour wet period resulted in still greater susceptibility of both diploid and polyploid species.
Degenerative Changes of the Menisci of the Knee Value of Different MR Pulse Sequences

Increased meniscal MR signal attributable to meniscal degeneration is a common finding. The role of different MR sequences in the analysis of the extent and distribution of meniscal degeneration in middle-aged and elderly patients has not been thoroughly evaluated. We retrospectively studied the role of different MR sequences in 175 anatomic meniscal sections originating from 20 freshly frozen knees from 10 cadavers using MR-anatomic correlation. T1-weighted and proton-density spin-echo images as well as postprocessed meniscal windows based on T1-weighted spin-echo images proved to be the most reliable in this diagnosis (53.7%, 54.9%, and 53.1% correctly diagnosed meniscal sections, respectively). T2-weighted spin-echo images and gradient-echo images proved to be less reliable (37.1% and 40.0% correctly diagnosed meniscal sections). While the T2-weighted spin-echo images commonly underestimated the extent of meniscal degeneration, gradient-echo images commonly overestimated the extent of such changes. These last two types of sequences should not be used alone in the description of meniscal degeneration.
Navigating the storm: A counterproductive work behavior and leadership case study in a Division I FBS School

Abstract The “Navigating the storm” case study is positioned in the context of a North American, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I FBS marketing department. The case study scenario revolves around Steve, an ambitious graduate assistant (GA) who was recently promoted to the Marketing and Promotions Game Day Director, as he interacts with his team of employees and prepares for the first home football game of the season. This personnel management case study is centered on the interaction of six important areas: transformational leadership and implementing a leadership vision, counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs), organizational justice perceptions, equity theory, leader–member exchange (LMX) theory, and hiring processes. In reading this case study, answering the provided questions, and engaging in the suggested teaching activities, sport management students should develop an applied understanding of how these six areas come together to impact human performance in a sport industry job setting.
Reactivating memories for consolidation.

The consolidation of memory is thought to occur via a hippocampal-neocortical dialog involving reactivation of memory patterns in the hippocampus during sharp-wave ripples. In this issue of Neuron , Nakashiba et al. demonstrate that CA3 output is required for consolidation of contextual fear memory. They also show that lack of CA3 output results in a decrease in ripple-related reactivation, providing additional evidence for a role of ripple-related reactivation in the consolidation process.
Inelastic thresholds and dibaryon resonances

A method of Basdevant and Berger is applied to the problem of whether there are pp resonances near the n..delta../sup + +/ threshold. In particular, the /sup 1/D/sub 2/ partial wave of proton-proton elastic scattering is analyzed around this threshold. The method is expected to determine (in principle) whether the pp partial waves in which structure has been observed are resonant and, in this event, allow a reliable determination of the resonance parameters.
Categorization of the Quality Concept

The authors used categorization theory to guide research on apparel quality. Respondents were females, 150 students and 55 nonstudent adults, who wrote at least three sentences about the quality of (a) apparel and (b) a blouse. Using content analysis, four classifications were formed to describe the criteria attributes: aesthetic (e.g., stylish), usefulness (e.g., versatile), performance (e.g., does not shrink), and extrinsic criteria (e.g., brand name). Aesthetic and performance criteria accounted for 81% to 83% of criteria mentioned. When the data were pooled, respondents generated more criteria to classify blouse quality than to classify apparel quality. Furthermore, criteria for blouse quality were mentioned more often than criteria for apparel quality suggesting that, at the aggregate level, respondents used blouse quality as a basic level category. However when data were analyzed separately by consumer experience (e.g., age), differences in categorization schemes were found. These results have implications for merchandising strategies that focus on quality.
Phytotoxicology. II. Poisonous Plants and Plant-Caused Emergencies

(1969). Phytotoxicology. II. Poisonous Plants and Plant-Caused Emergencies. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 143-148.
Studies Addressing the Mechanism of Anti-Asialo GM1 Prevention of Graft-Versus-Host Disease Due to Minor Histocompatibility Antigenic Differences

In mice, as in humans, lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) with skin involvement often occurs in immunoincompetent recipients of donor hematopoietic cells in spite of matching at major histocompatibility loci and nonreactivity in mixed lymphocyte culture, if donor and recipient are disparate at several minor histocompatibility loci. In mice, both death and skin disease can be prevented by the use of an antiserum containing antibodies to a cell surface glycolipid, asialo GM 1 (ASGM 1 ). Because treatment of only the recipients with anti-asialo GM, substantially reduces the subsequent proliferation of infused donor lymphoid cells, we infer that anti-asialo GM 1 interferes with a host minor-antigen-presenting cell, so that donor lymphocytes fail to see minor host antigens as immunogenic. Of the tissues examined by immunofluorescence microscopy, ASGM 1 was found on the epidermal Thy-1+ dendritic cell, on dendritic cells in the thymus, and as has been previously described, on lung and spleen cells. Following the intravenous administration of anti-asialo GM 1 , only the spleen showed an obvious change, losing approximately 80% of its ASGM 1 + cells. Further analysis of spleen cells bearing ASGM 1 may better define the phenotype of the inferred minor antigen-presenting cell and lead to a method of improving the outcome of human bone marrow transplantation.
Theoretical investigation of the hypothesized crossing between the Penning and atomic autoionizing states of He+K.

The Penning ionization interaction He(12s/sup 3/S)+K(3p/sup 6/4s) and the atomic autoionizing state interaction He(1s/sup 2/)+K(3p/sup 5/4s/sup 2/) have been determined in a configuration-interaction calculation utilizing a basis set designed to treat these two states equitably. In contrast to an earlier calculation, the corresponding two potential curves are found not to cross. This finding puts in question the original speculation that the observed large He/sup */+K ionization cross section is due partially to collisional excitation of atomic states that subsequently autoionize. However, the calculated Penning ionization cross section is still in agreement with the experimental measurement.
On hop count and euclidean distance in greedy forwarding in wireless ad hoc networks

In this letter, a probabilistic analysis is presented that captures the bounds on hop count from a given Euclidean distance between two nodes and vice versa in a greedy forwarding in wireless ad hoc networks. Accuracy of the analysis is verified via network simulations. The results could be useful in ad hoc and sensor network design and performance evaluation.
Teratogenicity of a Commercial Xylene Mixture in the Mouse

Pregnant outbred albino (CD‐1) mice received (gavage, three times a day in cottonseed oil) a xylene mixture (60.2% m‐xylene, 9.1% o‐xylene, 13.6% p‐xylene, and 17.0% ethyl benzene) on d 6–75 of gestation (d 1 being the day vaginal plugs were observed). The mice were killed on d 18, the general and reproductive health of the dams evaluated, and the fetuses examined and processed to characterize external, visceral, and skeletal malformations. At 3.6 ml/kg·d, xylene killed 12 of 38 dams and caused a significantly (p < 0.05) smaller average weight gain during pregnancy than did the vehicle (cottonseed oil). Fetuses from dams treated with xylene at 2.4 ml/kg·d and higher doses had average fetal weights significantly lower than that of the control fetuses. However, the percent of resorptions for xylene was significantly greater than for the control only at 3.6 ml/kg·d. At 2.4, 3.0, and 3.6 ml/kg·d xylene produced a significantly (p < 0.07) greater average percent of malformed fetuses than did the control. Cleft...
Comparison of pulmonary uptake with transient cavity dilation after exercise thallium-201 perfusion imaging

AbstractOBJECTIVESThe purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between elevated lung/heart ratio (LHR) and transient ischemic dilation (TID) after stress thallium-201 myocardial perfus...
3D Printing for Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineering aims to fabricate functional tissue for applications in regenerative medicine and drug testing. More recently, 3D printing has shown great promise in tissue fabrication with a structural control from micro- to macro-scale by using a layer-by-layer approach. Whether through scaffold-based or scaffold-free approaches, the standard for 3D printed tissue engineering constructs is to provide a biomimetic structural environment that facilitates tissue formation and promotes host tissue integration (e.g., cellular infiltration, vascularization, and active remodeling). This review will cover several approaches that have advanced the field of 3D printing through novel fabrication methods of tissue engineering constructs. It will also discuss the applications of synthetic and natural materials for 3D printing facilitated tissue fabrication.
Having your cake and eating it too: routing security with privacy protections

Internet Service Providers typically do not reveal details of their interdomain routing policies due to security concerns, or for commercial or legal reasons. As a result, it is difficult to hold ISPs accountable for their contractual agreements. Existing solutions can check basic properties, e.g., whether route announcements correspond to valid routes, but they do not verify how these routes were chosen. In essence, today's Internet forces us to choose between per-AS privacy and verifiability.In this paper, we argue that making this difficult tradeoff is unnecessary. We propose private and verifiable routing (PVR), a technique that enables ISPs to check whether their neighbors are fulfilling their contractual promises to them, and to obtain evidence of any violations, without disclosing information that the routing protocol does not already reveal. As initial evidence that PVR is feasible, we sketch a PVR system that can verify some simple BGP policies. We conclude by highlighting several research challenges as future work.
Profound changes in drug metabolism enzymes and possible effects on drug therapy in neonates and children

Introduction: There are profound changes that take place in drug metabolism enzymes during fetal and postnatal development. These changes may significantly impact drug therapy in children. Areas covered: A combination of focused and comprehensive literature searches using PubMed and reference lists (from inception to 7 November 2009) is undertaken to identify reports on in vitro and in vivo development of drug metabolism enzymes as well disposition of selected drugs and their effect in children. The article provides an update on development of drug metabolism enzymes and their impact on drug substrate disposition and disease, which may aid to improve clinical practice and optimally design clinical trials in children. Expert opinion: Drug metabolism enzyme activity changes profoundly throughout the continuum of postnatal development and often results in different disposition pathways than in adults. Genetics and co-morbidity interact significantly with these developmental changes. Translation of existing k...
Long-range periodic planar nanostructures produced in glass by femtosecond laser dielectric modification

Polarization dependent periodic nanostructures consisting of long-range arrayed planes of modification, < 20 nm thick and separated by /spl sim/240 /spl plusmn/ 25 nm, are created in fused silica through femtosecond laser irradiation. The periodicity is revealed by ultrahigh spatial resolution chemical etching combined with atomic force microscopy.
Detection of left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis in patients with left bundle branch block: exercise, adenosine or dobutamine imaging?

AbstractObjectives. This study sought to assess the diagnostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging during exercise and pharmacologic stress in patients with left bundle branch block.Backgroud. Pa...
Knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare providers towards prenatal HIV screening and prevention of mother -to-child transmission in nigeria

TOWARDS PRENATAL HIV SCREENING AND PREVENTION OF MOTHER -TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION IN NIGERIA L. NNEKA MOBISSON, DONNA NEALE (F), University of Pennsylvania, Pediatrics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Yale University, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut OBJECTIVE: Over 3.5 million people in Nigeria are living with HIV/AIDS; consequently, the risk of perinatal transmisson is great. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare providers regarding prenatal HIV screening and the use of antiretroviral drugs in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Nigerian pregnant women. STUDY DESIGN: A cross sectional survey using self-administered questionnaires among 150 healthcare providers (physicians and nurses) was conducted at four healthcare facilities in Nigeria from June August 2000. Three of these healthcare facilities are designated pilot centers for the national prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) program. Differences in responses between physicians and nurses were compared for each category and at each hospital. RESULTS: Of 150 self-administered questionnaires that were fielded, 86 healthcare providers responded, representing 57% of physicians and nurses. Less than two-thirds of respondents had correct knowledge regarding the use of antiretroviral drugs in mother-to-child transmission with physicians being more knowledgeable than nurses. Despite the difference in knowledge levels, more nurses than physicians acknowledged the importance of screening pregnant women for HIV (93% vs. 70.91%; p = 0.04). In addition, a significantly larger proportion of nurses routinely inquire about the HIV status of pregnant women (60% vs. 38%). CONCLUSION: Current healthcare providers have limited knowledge levels regarding the use of antiretroviral drugs in the prevention of mother-to child transmission. In addition, a significant proportion of healthcare providers do not have attitudes or practices conducive to the prevention of perinatal transmission. This may negatively impact on the success of the PMTCT programs in Nigeria. This study highlights the need for continuous and comprehensive training of healthcare providers at government and private healthcare facilities to increase the likelihood of achieving the objectives of PMTCT programs.
Broadband Seismic Background Noise at Temporary Seismic Stations Observed on a Regional Scale in the Southwestern United States

Background noise power spectral density (PSD) estimates for 54 PASS- CAL Colorado Plateau/Rio Grande Rift/Great Plains Seismic Transect (LA RISTRA) stations were computed using data from 1999 to 2000. At long periods (0.01-0.1 Hz), typical vertical noise levels are approximately 12 dB higher than the nearby Global Seismic Network (GSN) borehole station ANMO, but horizontal power spec- tral density (PSD) noise levels are approximately 30 dB higher. Long-period noise levels exhibit essentially no spatial correlation along the LA RISTRA transect, indi- cating that local thermal or atmosphere-driven local slab tilt is the dominant source of noise in this band. Between 0.1 and 0.3 Hz, typical noise levels are dominated by naturally occurring microseismic noise and are essentially identical to those observed at ANMO. At short periods, 0.3-8 Hz, typical noise levels along the network exceed ANMO levels by approximately 15 dB, with the highest levels corresponding to proximity to cultural noise sources. No significant day/night variations were observed in the microseismic band; however, both low- and high-frequency noise levels show an increase of up to 8 dB in median midday versus midnight noise levels. We find that the major shortcomings of these shallow PASSCAL-style temporary vaults rela- tive to a GSN-style borehole installation are increased susceptibility to long-period horizontal (20 sec) noise and to surface noise sources above approximately 2 Hz. Although the high-frequency near-surface noise field is unavoidable in shallow vaults, we suggest that increased understanding and mitigation of local tilt effects in shallow vaults offers the possibility of significantly improving the long-period noise environment.
3D interconnection using butterfly via for high speed and RF package design

Semiconductor markets require continuous device miniaturization while the I/O density and the frequency/speed of operation increase. Maintaining acceptable signal integrity at the system level has become more challenging than ever. Impedance control at high speeds of operation is one of the key elements of good signal integrity design. Impedance is relatively easy to control for 2D transmission lines, however becomes quite challenging for 3D structures such as wirebond's or vias. It is generally accepted that the silicone package is a major design challenge in obtaining good system level performance. In this paper, a butterfly (fan-shape) via structure is proposed for impedance control and improved shielding. Our proposed via structure is 60% ∼ 80% smaller compared to a typical through hole via therefore enables real estate saving at the package level as well.
The effects of nanoscale geometry and spillover on room temperature storage of hydrogen on silica nanosprings

Silica nanosprings (NSs) consisting of multiple nanowires intertwined were demonstrated to reversibly store 0.85 wt% hydrogen at 20 bar and room temperature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates a mixed 3+–4+ ionization state of the silicon atoms and partially explains the enhanced surface adsorption of H2 relative to other forms of silica. Theoretical modeling and simulation using a Lennard-Jones potential demonstrated that interstitial sites between the silica nanowires forming the NS are energetically more favorable adsorption sites relative to single nanowires. The addition of Pd nanoparticles to the surface of the silica NSs was demonstrated to increase the hydrogen storage capacity to ≈3.5 wt% at 66 bar and room temperature. Palladium-nanoparticle-induced hydrogen spillover is attributed to the enhanced storage capacity relative to bare silica NSs.
Projections from Orbitofrontal Cortex to Anterior Piriform Cortex in the Rat Suggest a Role in Olfactory Information Processing

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been characterized as a higher-order, multimodal sensory cortex. Evidence from electrophysiological and behavioral studies in the rat has suggested that OFC plays a role in modulating olfactory guided behavior, and a significant projection to OFC arises from piriform cortex, the traditional primary olfactory cortex. To discern how OFC interacts with primary olfactory structures, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was injected into orbitofrontal cortical areas in adult male rats. Labeled fibers were found in the piriform cortex and olfactory bulb on the side ipsilateral to the injection. Notably, the projection to piriform cortex was predominantly from ventrolateral orbital cortex, and was not uniform; rostrally, the projection to the ventral portion of the anterior piriform cortex (APC) was substantial, while the dorsal APC was virtually free of labeled fibers. Labeled fibers were found in both the dorsal and ventral portions in more caudal regions of APC. Most labeled fibers were found in layer III, although a substantial number of fibers were observed in layers Ib and II. Labeled fibers in posterior piriform cortex also were seen after injection into orbitofrontal areas. Taken together with previous reports, these findings suggest that piriform cortex includes multiple subdivisions, which may perform separate, parallel functions in olfactory information processing. Further, these results suggest that the OFC, in addition to its putative role in encoding information about the significance of olfactory stimuli, may play a role in modulating odor response properties of neurons in piriform cortex.
Analysis of elastic scattering of 0.8 GeV polarized protons from 116Sn and 124Sn

Abstract Differential cross section and analyzing power data for elastic scattering of 0.8 GeV polarized protons from 116Sn and 124Sn are analyzed in terms of a spin-dependent Kerman-McManus-Thaler formalism. Neutron matter densities and rms radii are deduced with careful attention to sources of error, and found to be in good agreement with Hartree-Fock predictions.
Distribution of Scandium Between Coexisting Biotite and Hornblende in Igneous Rocks

Scandium analyses of more than 90 pairs of coexisting biotite and hornblende from igneous rocks of various provinces (including Southern California, Boulder, Sierra Nevada, Boulder Creek batholiths and the Jemez Mountains volcanic rocks) indicate that the distribution ratio (K d = Sc hornblende /Sc biotite ) for most samples closely approached that of an equilibrium distribution. Median K d values for the igneous samples range from 4.8 to 8.0, which are higher than similar values derived from published data on metamorphic samples and apparently not related to the mode of crystallization (volcanic, hypabyssal, or plutonic). A correlation between Kd and mafic index, (FeO + Fe 2 O 3 )/(FeO + Fe 2 O 3 + MgO) X 100, of both the minerals and the host rock, and between K d and SiO 2 content of the host rock, can be established only for the Southern California batholith samples. However, whether this correlation reflects temperature dependence, compositional dependence, or both, cannot be specified uniquely with present data. The present data also cast doubt on the validity of the so-called “scandium geothermometer.”
The Net Black Advantage in Educational Transitions An Education Careers Approach

Recent studies have found a net Black advantage in educational attainment. This pattern indicates that after controlling for socioeconomic and academic characteristics, Black students are more likely to continue education than are their White counterparts. Using an educational careers approach, this study examines selection and student expectations and parental aspirations as potential explanations of this pattern. Results indicate that a net Black advantage exists from high school entry through postsecondary enrollment and that student expectations and parental aspirations partially explain the net Black advantage. These findings call into question selection explanations of the net Black advantage, underscore the role of socioeconomic disparities for educational stratification, and highlight the utility of an educational careers approach for understanding how race structures educational attainment.
Toward high-spatial resolution gravity surveying of the mid-ocean ridges with autonomous underwater vehicles

The shallow ocean crust of the mid-ocean ridge (MOR) is a critical environment where important chemical and biological exchanges occur. Resolving the 3-D structure of the subsurface environment beneath MOR crests at spatial scales ranging from 1-1000 meters remains a continuing challenge in marine geophysics. Previous submerged gravity surveys have employed manned, remotely operated, or towed submersibles - to date, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have not been used. Obtaining sub-mGal gravity measurements requires highly accurate knowledge of vehicle depth, velocity, attitude, and attitude rate, and we report the impact that sensing errors have on obtaining accurate estimates of the vehicle acceleration measured by the gravimeter. We investigate the effect of AUV velocity on filtering of the gravity anomaly data and how this bounds the achievable spatial resolution of gravity surveys. These results demonstrate the limitations imposed on continuous gravity surveying by vehicle velocity and present navigation sensing. Precision gravimetry will significantly enhance the bathymetric, magnetic, and optical data currently obtained by the AUV, and the data obtained promises to advance our knowledge of a wide variety of processes occurring at MORs, as well as other structurally complex seafloor terrains.
Optimal classification and its consequences

A particular classification and retrieval model are considered. A notion is introduced which indicates the extent to which retrieval performance may be improved by a suitable choice of classification within the model. A method for determining the optimal performance for the model is outlined together with an algorithm for constructing the classification which allows this limit to be attained. A treatment of the mathematical preliminaries for a particular class of match function is given. The relevance of the analysis in research on information retrieval systems is discussed.
Interactive priming enhanced by negative damping aids learning of an object manipulation task

We investigated how free interaction with an object influences the formation of motor planning. Subjects controlled a force-feedback planar manipulandum that presented simulated anisotropic inertial forces. As a performance evaluation, subjects made circular movements about a prescribed track. In order to investigate potential enhancement of motor planning, we introduced negative damping during an ldquointeractive primingrdquo phase prior to task performance. As a control, we presented a second subject group with normal interactive priming. Our results showed significantly greater reduction in maximum curvature error for the subject group that received enhanced priming (two-tailed T-test, p=1.86e-6) compared to the control group. Group-I demonstrated a 34.8% reduction in error while Group-II achieved 5.78% reduction. We also observed that the presentation of enhanced priming evidently caused a greater sensitivity to catch trials compared to the control. Group-I demonstrated a larger increase (92.0%) in maximum curvature error in catch- trials (with respect to baseline), compared to Group-II (50.8%) during early training (two-tailed T-test, p=1.9e-3). These results suggest that some forms of augmentation to task dynamics - leading to the exploration of a broader state space -can help the accelerate the learning of control strategies suitable for an unassisted environment. The finding is also consistent with the hypothesis that subjects can decompose the environment impedance into acceleration and velocity dependent elements.
Imágenes de ciudad. Cartagena de Indias y La Habana en El amor en los tiempos del cólera y La novela de mi vida.

Basandose en propuestas de Edward Soja y Benedict Anderson, este trabajo ofrece una lectura comparativa de la forma como se representan las ciudades de Cartagena y La Habana en dos novelas contemporaneas: El amor en los tiempos del colera y La novela de mi vida. El punto de partida es la diferencia entre las nociones de lugar y espacio, entendido este como realidad fisica o lugar; y como contexto de relaciones el espacio. Se indaga por la significacion que estas ciudades tienen en el imaginario colectivo, a traves de descripciones de los personajes y de las ideas de algunos teoricos.
THE EFFECT OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE AND VITAMIN C ON CHRONIC LEUKEMIA

1. Four patients with chronic lymphatic (lymphocytic) leukemia, and 3 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia were given ten daily treatments of desoxycorticosterone acetate (5 milligrams) and vitamin C (1 gram) parenterally. 2. No significant immediate or post-treatment effects resulting from this treatment were observed in either group. 3. Desoxycorticosterone acetate and vitamin C in combination have no lympholytic action in patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia.
Multimodal representation of limb endpoint position in the posterior parietal cortex

Understanding the neural representation of limb position is important for comprehending the control of limb movements and the maintenance of body schema, as well as for the development of neuroprosthetic systems designed to replace lost limb function. Multiple subcortical and cortical areas contribute to this representation, but its multimodal basis has largely been ignored. Regarding the parietal cortex, previous results suggest that visual information about arm position is not strongly represented in area 5, although these results were obtained under conditions in which animals were not using their arms to interact with objects in their environment, which could have affected the relative weighting of relevant sensory signals. Here we examined the multimodal basis of limb position in the superior parietal lobule (SPL) as monkeys reached to and actively maintained their arm position at multiple locations in a frontal plane. On half of the trials both visual and nonvisual feedback of the endpoint of the arm were available, while on the other trials visual feedback was withheld. Many neurons were tuned to arm position, while a smaller number were modulated by the presence/absence of visual feedback. Visual modulation generally took the form of a decrease in both firing rate and variability with limb vision and was associated with more accurate decoding of position at the population level under these conditions. These findings support a multimodal representation of limb endpoint position in the SPL but suggest that visual signals are relatively weakly represented in this area, and only at the population level.
Kinetics and Products of the Reaction SO3 + NH3 + N2

The kinetics of the gas phase reaction SO3 + NH3 + M were measured in N2 at 295 K over the pressure range 10−400 Torr with laminar flow reactors coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer. The pressure dependence of the second-order rate coefficient is fit well by the generalized Troe formalism giving k0 = (3.9 ± 0.8) × 10-30 cm6 molecule-2 s-1 and k∞ = (4.7 ± 1.3) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The association product of the SO3 + NH3 reaction and secondary acid cluster products were detected by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Models of the temporal behavior of SO3, sulfamic acid, and sulfamic acid dimer show that sulfamic acid dimerizes at near the hard sphere gas kinetic limit (k > 5 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, 20 Torr N2, 295 K) and the dimer is relatively stable with respect to decomposition to monomers (ΔG°298 ≤ −9 kcal mol-1).
Electrically driven tuning of the dielectric constant in MoS2 layers.

The properties of two-dimensional materials, such as molybdenum disulfide, will play an important role in the design of the next generation of electronic devices. Many of those properties are determined by the dielectric constant which is one of the fundamental quantities used to characterize conductivity, refractive index, charge screening, and capacitance. We predict that the effective dielectric constant (e) of few-layer MoS2 is tunable by an external electric field (Eext). Through first-principles electronic structure calculations, including van der Waals interactions, we show that at low fields (Eext < 0.01 V/A) e assumes a nearly constant value ∼4 but increases at higher fields to values that depend on the layer thickness. The thicker the structure, the stronger the modulation of e with the electric field. Increasing of the external field perpendicular to the dichalcogenide layers beyond a critical value can drive the system to an unstable state where the layers are weakly coupled and can be easily ...
A Micro-Technique for the Determination of the Acid-Base Balance of the Blood.:

An acid-base pipette has been developed for the determination of the acid-base balance of the blood on a single specimen of 0.1 cc. Finger blood is collected under oil saturated with a mixture of 5% CO2—95% air. The pipette consists of a lower stem, A, graduated from 0.0 to 0.1 cc. in 0.005 cc. divisions, and a bulb, B, of 2 cc. volume and 11 mm. inside diameter (Fig. 1). The volume of 2 cc. is indicated by a calibration ring on the upper stem. It is important that the bulb B be made from the test-tubes similar to those containing the standards for the pH determination.The use of the pipette is as follows: 0.1 cc. of blood is sucked into the pipette. This is followed by adjusted phenol-red saline solution up to the 2 cc. mark. The pipette is capped with a heavy rubber band and centrifuged. The volume of cells is noted, the pH is determined according to the method of Hastings and Sendroy1 by comparison with standard tubes in a comparator block; the CO2 content of the solution is determined by transferring ...
The "undetermined" ruling: a medicolegal dilemma.

For many years it has been the duty of coroners and medical examiners not only to investigate deaths of medicolegal interest but also to render an opinion as to the cause and manner of death. “Cause of death” is understood to be the primary disease, injury, or physiologic disturbance that brings about a person's death. “Manner of death” is ruled “natural” when death results solely from a disease process and “unnatural” when death results from unavoidable injury (“accident”), conscious intent of the decedent (“suicide”), or the act of another (“homicide”).
Not Just Individualism: Studying American Culture and Religion after Habits of the Heart

How do people construct religious meaning in their conversations with each other? What kinds of religious culture exist in American society? How do people draw connections between their religion and their social context? These are the kinds of questions I work on answering in my research. I study American religious culture, and I focus my attention on talk and communication; it would be impos sible for me to avoid engaging with Habits of the Heart, even if I wanted to! Everything I've written has engaged the ideas in Habits, and I assign all or part of the book in four of the classes I teach at Kenyon College. Here I offer my reflec tions on its legacy-the good, the bad, and the ways forward.
Cygnus A: Some Topics from the Workshop

The international workshop on Cygnus A was held in Green Bank WV, USA and was attended by 45 participants who reported on radio, infrared, optical, UV, X-ray, and theoretical results. Rather than attempt to cover all of the papers presented at the workshop, we have selected 8 topics. We apologize to those whose work is not mentioned here. Because of the limitations of length, we have foregone the luxury of figures and we refer to articles in the Cygnus A book (to be published early in 1996 by Cambridge University Press) by first author only. All references to page and figure numbers refer to the Cygnus A book.
Basics of Stem Cell Biology as Applied to the Brain

Stem cell technology can allow us to produce human neuronal cell types outside the body, but what exactly are stem cells, and what challenges are associated with their use? Stem cells are a kind of cell that has the capacity to self-renew to produce additional stem cells by mitosis, and also to differentiate into other—more mature—cell types. Stem cells are usually categorized as multipotent (able to give rise to multiple cells within a lineage), pluripotent (able to give rise to all cell types in an adult) and totipotent (able to give rise to all embryonic and adult lineages). Multipotent adult stem cells are found throughout the body, and they include neural stem cells. The challenge in utilizing adult stem cells for disease research is obtaining cells that are genetically matched to people with disease phenotypes, and being able to differentiate them into the appropriate cell types of interest. As adult neural stem cells reside in the brain, their isolation would require considerably invasive and dangerous procedures. In contrast, pluripotent stem cells are easy to obtain, due to the paradigm-shifting work on direct reprogramming of human skin fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells. This work has enabled us to produce neurons that are genetically matched to individual patients. While we are able to isolate pluripotent stem cells from patients in a minimally invasive manner, we do not yet fully understand how to direct these cells to many of the medically important neuroendocrine fates. Progress in this direction continues to be made, on multiple fronts, and it involves using small molecules and proteins to mimic developmentally important signals, as well as building on advances in “reprogramming” to directly convert one cell type into another by forced expression of sets of transcription factors. An additional challenge involves providing these cells with the appropriate environment to induce their normal behavior outside the body. Despite these challenges, the promise of producing human neuroendocrine cell types in vitro gives opportunities for unique insights and is therefore worthwhile.
Milton's band of brothers

CHRISTIAN FRATERNITY Tracing the causes of the civil wars, Thomas Hobbes argues in Behemoth (1682) that the people were “corrupted” by a number of “seducers”: his comprehensive list includes Presbyterian ministers, “Papists,” sectarians grouped under the name of “Independents,” “men of the better sort” well versed in the classical canon and especially works on ancient republics, the cities, particularly London, war-mongers seeing economic opportunity, and the ignorant people themselves. Much has been made about Hobbes's view that the universities were hotbeds of radicalism, and consequently, the focus has been on his remarks about classically educated men reading Livy and fomenting revolt. Less has been said about Hobbes's other groups. Notably, Presbyterians headed his list, followed by two other religious factions. This is not entirely surprising since Hobbes argues in Leviathan (1651) that religion could be used to deceive the people. But is there more to this than Hobbes's dislike of religious fanaticism? In the second dialogue of Behemoth , speaker B, having been suitably instructed by speaker A, declares, “I understand now, how the Parliament destroyed the peace of the kingdom; and how easily, by the help of seditious Presbyterian ministers, and of ambitious ignorant orators, they reduced this government into anarchy.” Furthermore, in the last dialogue, Hobbes gives to speaker B his famous judgment of the relative merits of Salmasius's Defensio Regia and Milton's First Defence : “They are very good Latin both, and hardly to be judged which is better; and both very ill reasoning, hardly to be judged which is worse; like two declamations, pro and con , made for exercise only in a rhetoric school by one and the same man.
The sawtooth sign is predictive of obstructive sleep apnea

The sawtooth sign in spirometry is associated with redundant upper airway tissue and snoring, but its predictive value for identifying obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is disputed. We retrospectively assessed the predictive value of the spirometric sawtooth sign in terms of the odds ratio (OR) of association with a diagnosis of OSA compared to those without the sign. Consecutive spirometry reports showing a sawtooth sign were identified from our laboratory. We identified 50 subjects with sawtooth sign and 100 control subjects without sawtooth sign, matched for age, BMI, and gender. The electronic medical record of each patient was queried for a diagnosis of OSA based on physician-reported diagnoses. Of the 50 subjects with sawtooth sign, 22 were found to have a current diagnosis of OSA (44%). Twenty-seven of the 100 controls (27%) also had OSA. From logistic regression analysis, sawtooth sign was associated with an increased likelihood of OSA (OR = 2.12, 95% C.I. 1.04 to 4.35). Similar results were obtained after adjustment for age, gender, pack years, and BMI (OR = 2.61, 95% C.I. 1.13 to 6.21). Patients with the sawtooth sign have greater odds of having a diagnosis of OSA compared with those without the sign. If prospectively evaluated, as a result of improved identification, we hypothesize that the sawtooth sign may show an even stronger association with OSA. This relatively common finding, which adds no cost to routine spirometry, may serve as an indicator for OSA workup for some individuals not already identified as having OSA.
Where Spoiling Occurs

This chapter develops and quantitatively tests hypotheses from competing theoretical approaches on where spoiling occurs. Overall, spoiling is prevalent following peace agreements, with 65 of the 301 peace agreements and 46 of the 138 peace processes experiencing spoiling. The emergence of spoiling also follows predictable patterns. Termination spoiling is primarily a weapon of the weak. Outsiders are more likely to challenge peace agreements, particularly those that are comprehensive, in conflicts with a lack of lootable resources. Modification spoiling, on the other hand, is driven mostly by incentives: the greatest predictors are comprehensive peace agreements, civil wars fought over control of the central government, and more politically open systems—in situations where the stakes are the highest and the impact on future political power the greatest.
The Safety and Its Evaluation of Biotechnology-derived Foods

Biotechnology-derived (BD) foods are those foods produced from gene modified organisms,which are developedby those processes whereby genes that are not endogenous to the organism are transferred to microorganisms,plants,oranimals employed in food production,or where the expression of existing genes is permanently modified,using the techniquesof eexisting genes is permanently modified,using the techniques of genetic engineering.It was briefly introduced the conceptof substantial equivalence for the assessment of safety for BD foods.Two key issues for the safety of BD foods,i.e.theinherent toxicity of the transgenes and their products,and unintended effects resulting from the insertion of the new geneticmaterial into host genome,were analyzed and discussed from the perspectives of both theoretic conjecture and reviews oftrial results.The status and challenges of current safety assessment methodologies for Bd foods were also smmarized.
Dysfunction of Arousal Systems in Sleep-Related Migraine Without Aura:

Della Marca G, Vollono C, Rubino M, Di Trapani G, Mariotti P & Tonali PA.Dysfunction of arousal systems in sleep-related migraine without aura. Cephalal-gia 2006; 26:857–864. London. ISSN 0333-1024Primary headaches are closely related to sleep. Modiﬁcations in the patterns ofarousal during sleep have been reported in migraine, especially in the nightspreceding a headache attack. We aimed at evaluating the pattern of arousal fromsleep in a group of patients affected by sleep-related migraine. We enrolled 10consecutive patients, three males and seven females, aged between 20 and62 years, who presented frequent attacks of migraine without aura (more thanﬁve per month), closely related to sleep (more than one-half of the attacksoccurred during sleep, causing an awakening). A control group was studied,matched for age and sex. Patients and controls underwent a full-night polysom-nographic study, following adaptation; arousal pattern was studied by the scor-ing of the high-frequency EEG arousal and by the cyclic alternating pattern(CAP). Migraineurs showed a lower CAP rate in non-rapid eye movement(NREM) sleep and, in particular, a lower number of A1 phases (low-frequency,high-amplitude EEG bursts) compared with the controls. Migraineurs alsoshowed a lower index of high-frequency EEG arousals during rapid eye move-ment (REM) sleep. The reduction in the CAP rate indicates a lower level ofarousal ﬂuctuation in NREM sleep. The reduced arousal index in REM suggestsa dysfunction in neural structures involved in both the control of REM sleep andthe pathophysiology of migraine, such as the hypothalamus and the brainstem.
Semilinear elliptic equations with additive noise

With temporal white noise, the solutions of stochastic parabolic equations have low regularity in time (Holder continuous with exponent 1∕2 −e and e > 0 is arbitrarily small) and thus the spectral approximation of Brownian motion leads to only half order convergence in its truncation mode n. With spatial white noise, however, the solution can be smoother and we can expect higher-order convergence with spectral approximation of Brownian motion.