cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Know How to Transmit Knowledge

Intellectualism about knowledge-how is the view that practical knowledge is a species of propositional knowledge. I argue that this view is undermined by a difference in properties between knowledge-how and both knowledge-that and knowledge-wh. More specifically, I argue that both knowledge-that and knowledge-wh are easily transmitted via testimony while knowledge-how is not easily transmitted by testimony. This points to a crucial difference in states of knowledge. I also consider Jason Stanley's attempt to subsume knowledge-how under an account of de se knowledge. I argue that there are crucial differences between de se knowledge and knowledge-how. Thus, this paper advances both the discussion of intellectualism and the literature on the nature of de se knowledge.
Holonic Condition Monitoring and Fault-Recovery System for Sustainable Manufacturing Enterprises

Relatively new technologies such as sensor networks and automated identification, and increased computational power available through distributed computing offer the advantage of real-time monitoring of manufacturing resources and production orders. This work integrates the distributed manufacturing concept, largely used previously in constructs such as agent-based and holonic manufacturing systems with the new sensor network and distributed computing technologies embedded within the manufacturing system for condition monitoring and fault-recovery purposes. Failure, mode, and effects analysis method is also considered in the model. Through this integration the simulated operations of the proposed manufacturing enterprise model receive more visibility, flexibility, and agility and, ultimately, provide a sustainable enterprise model able to address in real-time the uncertainties of the manufacturing environment for the entire lifetime of the manufactured products, as well as the lifecycle of the manufacturing equipment.
The multivariate association between genomewide DNA methylation and climate across the range of Arabidopsis thaliana

Epigenetic changes can occur due to extracellular environmental conditions. Consequently, epigenetic mechanisms can play an intermediate role to translate environmental signals to intracellular changes. Such a role might be particularly important in plants, which often show strong local adaptation and have the potential for heritable epigenetic states. However, little is currently known about the role of epigenetic variation in the ecological mechanisms of adaptation. Here, we used multivariate redundancy analyses to examine genomewide associations between DNA methylation polymorphisms and climate variation in two independent panels of Arabidopsis accessions, including 122 Eurasian accessions as well as in a regional panel of 148 accessions in Sweden. At the single-nucleotide methylation level, climate and space (geographic spatial structure) explain small yet significant amount of variation in both panels. On the other hand, when viewed in a context of genomic clusters of methylated and unmethylated cytosines, climate and space variables explain much greater amounts of variation in DNA methylation than those explained by variation at the single-nucleotide level. We found that the single-nucleotide methylation polymorphisms with the strongest associations with climate were enriched in transposable elements and in potentially RNA-directed methylation contexts. When viewed in the context of genomic clusters, variation of DNA methylation at different sequence contexts exhibit distinctive segregation along different axes of variation in the redundancy analyses. Genomewide methylation showed much stronger associations with climate within the regional panel (Sweden) compared to the global (Eurasia). Together, these findings indicate that genetic and epigenetic variation across the genome may play a role in response to climate conditions and local adaptation.
Why Do Employees Leave Their Firm to Become Entrepreneurs? A Meta-Analytic Review

There is a lack of consensus regarding the predictors of entrepreneurial spawning. We meta-analyzed 28 studies (with 128 effect sizes) to examine the predictors of entrepreneurial spawning. Our findings indicate that some employee characteristics (age, gender, family background, education, family income, and job position) are positively and significantly associated with entrepreneurial spawning, some parent firm characteristics (firm age, firm performance, firm diversity, and patents) are negatively and significantly related to entrepreneurial spawning, and some environmental characteristics (self-employment and unemployment rate) are positively and significantly related to entrepreneurial spawning. We identified two inverted U-shaped relationships (age and tenure with entrepreneurial spawning).
Improved Scheme of Rotor Earth-fault Protection with Injection Square Wave Voltage

An improved rotor earth-fault protection scheme with injection square wave voltage is introduced.The improved scheme without exciting voltage leading into enhances the security of the protection by the method of redundancy sampling calculation.The low cost of the protection devices which are manufactured based on the improved scheme benefits the popularization of products.
Tracheal stenosis: an unusual presenting complication of idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis.

Idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis is a rare, obliterative, inflammatory process which is characterized by an abnormally exuberant proliferation of fibrous tissue within the superior mediastinum, resulting in the encroachment and occlusion of its contained structures. Usually, this is one of the low-pressure vascular structures, most often the superior vena cava. Airway obstruction as a primary presenting complication of this condition is rare with past treatment results usually being palliative at best. In this article, a patient with this complication is presented in whom emergent surgical treatment and tracheal decortication afforded permanent relief. The clinical presentation, morphology of the disease, and treatment are reviewed.
The Impact of Predecision Similarity Upon the Postdecision Evaluation of the Chosen and Unchosen Alternatives in an Unobtrusive Experimental Setting

Several studies have examined the change in the relative evaluation of a chosen alternative from before to after a decision (Brehm, 1956; Anderson, Taylor and Holloway, 1966; Holloway, 1967; LoSciuto and Perloff, 1967; Mittelstaedt, 1969; Cohen and Goldberg, 1970; Sheth, 1970; and Winter, 1974). These studies generally suggest that the degree of favorable relative change with the chosen alternative is greater when the predecision attitude toward the chosen alternative is similar to that toward an unchosen alternative, than when the chosen and unchosen alternatives are dissimilar.
Emerging and Reemerging Viral Diseases

An emerging infectious disease (EID) is defined as a disease caused by a pathogen that has not been observed previously within a population or geographic location. Viruses are a major cause of EIDs, particularly −ssRNA viruses. Many variables are involved in the emergence or reemergence of viruses. These can be classified into human factors, environmental/ecological factors, and viral factors and include urbanization, globalization, weather and climate change, and the genetic composition of the virus. The great majority of emerging viral diseases are zoonoses, notably transmitted by arthropods and nonhuman mammals. Flaviviruses include several notable vector-transmitted viruses, while rodents and bats are thought to be the natural reservoirs of arenaviruses and filoviruses, respectively. This chapter discusses several notable outbreaks of emerging and reemerging viruses, including the 2014–15 outbreak of Ebolavirus in West Africa.
Diversity starts early: notharctid primates from the Sandcouleean (Early Eocene) of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA

Abundant specimens, mostly isolated teeth, of the Primate family Notharctidae occur in the Early Eocene rocks of the Powder River Basin of northeastern Wyoming, USA. Very early in the North America...
Plasma exchange in the intensive care unit: Technical aspects and complications.

Background Data on plasma exchange therapy in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting are scarce. We aimed to describe the technical aspects and the adverse events associated with the procedure in critically ill patients. Methods All adult patients treated by plasma exchange in the medical ICU of the Saint-Louis university hospital between January 1, 2013 and March 31, 2015 were prospectively included. Results We report on 260 plasma exchange procedures performed in 50 patients. The centrifugation technique was used for 159 (61%) procedures and the filtration technique for the other 101 (39%) procedures. Both techniques had similar efficacy to treat hyperviscosity syndrome (n = 18). Seventy (26.9%) of the 260 plasma exchange procedures were reported with at least one adverse reaction. Centrifugation and filtration techniques had similar rates of adverse reactions (23.9 vs. 31.7%, P = .19). Hypotension was the most reported (n = 21, 8%) and correlates with a low hematocrit before therapy. Most complications were related to allergic reactions to the replacement fluids. Coagulation disorders depended on the type of replacement fluid. The post-exchange fibrinogen level was decreased by 54% [48;66] with albumin 5%, and 4% [−5;17] with plasma frozen within 24 h. Twenty-three (22.8%) of the 101 filtration procedures experienced filter clotting. Filter clotting was associated with a higher volume exchange prescribed when compared to procedures without filter clotting (4600 [4000;5000] ml vs. 3900 [3600;4800] ml, P < .01). Conclusion Plasma exchange is a relatively safe and generally well-tolerated procedure in the ICU setting. Most adverse events are unpredictable and related to minor allergic reactions.
"CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE NIGERIA TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY: AN ANALYSIS OF MTN-NIGERIA. LOKOJA ZONE"

In the Nigeria society, corporate social responsibilities (CSR) has been a highly contemporary and contextual issue to all stakeholders including the government, the corporate organization itself and the general public. This paper is therefore, intended to consider the imperatives and benefits of CRS on the Nigeria society. The method used in this research is from primary and secondary source, relying heavily on the relevant information available from the telecommunication sector and other sources. The findings of the study are as follows :( 1). Corporate social responsibility is not a new subject, neither is it strange to telecommunication industry,(2). Profit objective is the major and primary objective of every firm, but no responsible firm will neglect the all important corporate social responsibility objective. (3). There is a well formulate corporate social responsibility policy in the telecommunication sector and which is strictly Adhered to. This policy is also made to comply with the directions of regulatory authorities and also government policies. The paper recommendations on the issue of corporate social responsibility is that, government should enact laws that will guide the activities of Nigerian telecoms sector that is to say, a collection of policies and practices linked to relationship with key stakeholders, values, compliance with legal requirements and respect for people, communities and the environment at large as they go about their businesses.
Chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: Comparison of one versus two cycles mitomycin-C.

e15001 Background: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin-C (MMC) is standard treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Randomized clinical trial...
Measuring contraceptive prevalence among women who are at risk of pregnancy.

Abstract Objectives The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) is generally reported among in-union women ages 15–49. Here, union status and age serve as proxies for exposure to the risk of pregnancy. As a result of changing dynamics, age and union status proxies may be insufficient for determining the rate of contraceptive use among women at risk of pregnancy. Our objectives are to define a measure of contraceptive use among women at risk, to measure contraceptive use among such women and to compare this rate with conventional CPR. Study design Using data from the United States 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), we explore self-reported data on contraceptive use, sexual recency, pregnancy status and fecundity to develop an alternative CPR (ACPR) measure, contraceptive prevalence among women at risk of pregnancy. After defining and measuring ACPR, we compare ACPR and conventional CPR estimates using NSFG and Demographic and Health Survey data from 48 surveys completed from 2000 to 2015 in low- and middle-income countries. Results For measuring ACPR, it is best to limit sexual activity recency component to “four weeks” to minimize underreport of coital-specific methods. It is best to limit the contraceptive use component to “current use” rather than “use at last sex” to minimize underreport of permanent methods. In the United States, 86% of women at risk of pregnancy are currently using contraception. Conclusion Women at risk of pregnancy report higher levels of contraceptive use than the conventional CPR indicates. Implications statement Development of ACPR exposed some potential family planning measurement weaknesses. Specifically, because CPR is based on report of “current use,” our analyses show that CPR may underreport coital-specific methods. As a result, CPR estimates may be somewhat deflated, and unmet need estimates may be somewhat inflated.
Module Level Communication Protocol Specifications of Applications Software for Distributed Computing Systems

While the advantages of distributed computer systems are well established and documented,(1) the technology for developing distributed software is still very immature. A distributed software system consists of a number of distributed processing components (DPCs), which are each executing on a different processing node of the distributed computer system. Each DPC, in turn, consists of a number of functional modules; modules which reside in different DPCs must communicate via message passing. Naturally, the most important aspects of distributed software systems are the communication mechanisms which are required for both message exchange based communication and synchronization. These communication mechanisms are referred to as communication protocols. The ISO Reference Moder defines these communication protocols into seven different layers. The “lowest” layer is called the physical layer and the “highest” layer is called the applications layer. In this paper, we are only concerned with the communication protocols of the applications layer. Specifically, we present guidelines for deriving the applications layer communication protocols for modules which comprise a distributed software system. The techniques which we are presenting are intended for use during the design phase of the software lifecycle, as opposed to the implementation phase. In order to represent (document) the protocols used, we use a communications-based design representation scheme which is based on the Petri net model.(3)
The Real Effects of FAS 166/167 on Banks’ Mortgage Approval and Sale Decisions

We examine the real effects of FAS 166 and FAS 167 on banks’ loan‐level mortgage approval and sale decisions. Effective in 2010, these standards tightened the accounting for securitizations and consolidation of securitization entities, respectively, causing banks to recognize an estimated $811 billion of securitized assets on balance sheet. We find that banks that recognize more securitized assets exhibit larger decreases in mortgage approval rates and larger increases in mortgage sale rates. These effects significantly exceed those of banks’ off–balance sheet securitized assets, consistent with our results being driven by the consolidation of securitization entities rather than by securitization per se. We conduct tests that help rule out the financial crisis as an alternative explanation for our results. Further analyses suggest that mechanisms underlying the results include consolidating banks’ reduced regulatory capital adequacy, increased market discipline, and consequent desire not to recognize high‐risk mortgages on balance sheet.
Neuronale Netze in ökonomischen Modellen

In diesem Kapitel wird gezeigt werden, wie neuronale Multi-Layer-Perceptron Netzwerke in okonomische Modelle integriert werden konnen.1 Im ersten Abschnitt 3.1, S. 19 ff. werden die Grundlagen neuronaler Netze und insbes. die des Lernalgorithmus am Beispiel zweier makrookonomischer Gutermarkt-Modelle erlautert. Von einer Integration des neuronalen Netzes in das Modell kann dort noch nicht gesprochen werden, weil der Informationsflus nur einseitig ist: Die Daten zum Training des neuronalen Netzes werden durch die Modelle generiert. Aufgabe des neuronalen Netzes ist es, die diesen Daten zugrunde liegende Gesetzmasigkeit (also das Modell) so genau wie moglich zu approximieren. Ruckkopplungen vom neuronalen Netz zum Modell und damit zur Generierung der Daten finden aber nicht statt. Insofern ist der Informationsflus nur einseitig: vom Modell zum neuronalen Netz. Vorteilhaft ist, das dadurch die Modellstruktur einfach bleibt und auf diese Weise grundlegende Mechanismen und Probleme des Lernprozesses im Rahmen des Modells erlautert werden konnen.
Master Creep Compliance Curve for Random Viscoelastic Material Properties

The objective of this study is to apply the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) to the viscoelastic material functions that exhibit a large degree of variability to predict the long-term behavior of a vinyl ester polymer (Derakane 441–400). Short-term tensile creep experiments were conducted at three temperatures below the glass transition temperature. Strain measurements in the longitudinal and transverse directions were measured simultaneously using the digital image correlation technique. The creep compliance functions were characterized using the generalized viscoelastic constitutive equation with a Prony series representation. The Weibull probability density functions (PDFs) of the creep compliance functions were obtained for each test configuration and found to be time and temperature dependent. Creep compliance curves at constant probabilities were obtained and used to develop the master curves for a reference temperature of 24 °C using the TTSP.
ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE FOR HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS

Roller compacted concrete (RCC) has been a known technology for paving since the early 1930s. This article discusses the following topics concerning RCC: mixture characteristics, factors affecting pavement quality, demonstration projects.
Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Optically Active β-Butyrolactone with Several Lactones: Synthesis of New Biodegradable Polyesters

The reactions of the optically active β-butyrolactone with e-caprolactone, δ-valerolactone, β-methyl-δ-valrolctone and L-lactide in the presence of distannoxane complexes as catalysts at 100 °C gave new optically active biodegradable polyesters of high molecular weights, comprising (R) -3-hydroxybutyrate. Polymers which have over 80 mol% of (R) -3HB unit showed to have almost the same degree of biodegradability in comparison with P(3HB- co- 11% 3HV) which was produced by microbial synthesis.
Theory of NMR Imaging

In conventional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) it is customary to place a small homogeneous specimen, typically less than 1 ml, of pure liquid or solid in a very uniform magnetic field, often uniform to a part in 109, and NMR spectra and relaxation times are recorded and interpreted. In contrast with conventional NMR spectroscopy, NMR imaging is concerned with applications to heterogeneous specimens, for example parts of the human body, which are not small, and furthermore they are placed in a deliberately non-uniform magnetic field.
Concepts in Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS)

This chapter deals with all the important aspects of Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS). The indications for VATS have been divided into basic and advanced procedural options. Contraindications for VATS have been listed and divided into absolute and relative groups. Aspects of ventilation in VATS have been explained with regards to single-lung and double-lung options. Preoperative considerations and positioning of patients with regards to access requirement in either the anterior, middle or posterior mediastinum have been explained. A list of basic instrumentation for VATS depending on the procedure type has been provided. Optimal placement of the ports using the baseball diamond or clock configuration concepts for VATS has been explained. Options in the use of chest tubes and complications encountered in VATS have been clearly outlined.
The Particle-Hole Interaction in Finite Nuclei

The standard Random Phase Approximation (RPA) is extended by including the exchange of one- and the coupling to two-phonon excitations in the residual interaction. Within this scheme a microscopic understanding of the excitation spectra of doubly closed-shell nuclei, like e.g. 16O, is possible. The mechanism to generate the many low-lying isoscalar natural parity states in 16O is discussed and related to the attraction of the residual nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction. The connection of this residual particle-hole (ph) interaction with the treatment of the single-particle (sp) self-energy is discussed.
A contaminated binormal model for ROC data: Part III. Initial evaluation with detection ROC data.

Rationale and Objectives. The authors' purpose was to evaluate how well the contaminated binormal receiver operating characteristic (ROC) model fits ( a ) degenerate data for which standard ROC models commonly fail and ( b ) nondegenerate data from exemplary experiments, for which the standard binormal model should be appropriate. Materials and Methods. The authors studied two examples of binormally degenerate data, with and without interior points, and ROC rating data from four experiments in visual psychophysics and radiology. The plots of contaminated binormal ROC curves of the binormal degenerate data were examined. For ROC data with at least one interior point, the new model was compared with conventional models on the basis of likelihood-ratio χ 2 statistics (G 2 ). Results. With no interior points, the contaminated binormal model gave results consistent with the fundamental principle underlying ROC analysis, that is, for a fixed false-positive probability, the higher the true-positive probability, the better the diagnostic performance. Contaminated binormal ROC curves go through the empirical ROC points of the degenerate data without crossing the chance line or climbing far above the true-positive fractions of the points. For several model ROC studies, the contaminated binormal model gave smaller G 2 results than conventional ROC models, although the differences tended to be small, usually with little difference in ROC area. Conclusion. The contaminated binormal model fits binormal degenerate data better than conventional ROC models, and it offers an explanation for the degeneracy. The lower G 2 values on some classic, nondegenerate ROC data suggest that contamination may not be limited to degenerate ROC data.
Modern applications of low-valent early transition metals in synthesis and catalysis

Low-valent early transition metals are often intrinsically highly reactive as a result of their strong propensity toward oxidation to more stable high-valent states. Harnessing these highly reducing complexes for productive reactivity is potentially powerful for C–C bond construction, organic reductions, small-molecule activation and many other reactions that offer orthogonal chemoselectivity and/or regioselectivity patterns to processes promoted by late transition metals. Recent years have seen many exciting new applications of low-valent metals through building new catalytic and/or multicomponent reaction manifolds out of classical reactivity patterns. In this Review, we survey new methods that employ early transition metals and invoke low-valent precursors or intermediates in order to identify common themes and strategies in synthesis and catalysis. Low-valent early transition metals are experiencing a renaissance in synthesis and catalysis, finding applications in unusual C–C bond forming reactions, oxidative group-transfer catalysis, proton-coupled electron transfer, photoredox catalysis and more.
FPGA IP Obfuscation Using Ring Oscillator Physical Unclonable Function

IP piracy, reverse engineering, and tampering with FPGA based IP is increasing over time. ROPUF based IP obfuscation can provide a feasible solution. In this paper, a novel approach of FPGA IP obfuscation is implemented using Ring Oscillator based Physical Unclonable Function (ROPUF) and random logic gates. This approach provides a lock and key mechanism as well as authentication of FPGA based designs to protect from security threats. Using the Xilinx ISE design tools and ISCAS 89 benchmarks we have designed a secure FPGA based IP protection scheme with an average of 15% area and 10% of power overhead.
Vitamin D deficiency in patients with newly diagnosed cancer.

e13117Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is pandemic in modern society. There has been increasing interest in vitamin D and its impact on cancer. A number of studies have been published on a po...
Abstract 1721: FOXO1, a downstream substrate of AKT, function as tumor suppressor in HCC carcinogenesis

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the fifth most common tumor types in the world and the third leading cause of cancer-related death. However, the signaling pathways underlying hepatic pathogenesis are still poorly understood, hence lacking of effective targeted therapy. Activation of PI3K/AKT signaling cascade has been implicated in HCC development. It has been well-established that the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), is a major downstream effector of AKT. The reason why mTORC1 can be consistently activated is partly due to inactive mutations of a negative element regulating mTORC1, tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2), found in 10% human HCCs. Beyond TSC2, forkhead Box O transcription factor 1 (FOXO1), is another AKT substrate. It has been proved that FOXO1 plays a crucial role in the insulin signal pathway and liver regeneration relying on AKT isoforms. However, the role of FOXO1 in HCC development has not been well established. Here we report, by using TCGA database the mRNA level of FOXO1 significantly decreases among the FOXO family, comparing tumor tissue to the surrounding tissue. The overall survival rate favors patients with high FOXO1 expression level. The inhibition efficacies of a pan-AKT inhibitor, in both TSC2 wide type cells and TSC2-null ones, indicating TSC2 is not the only target downstream of AKT. Protein analysis shows the activity of mTORC1 can still be inhibited as well as the phosphorylation of FOXO1 in TSC2-null cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that in the presence of TSC2, AKTi can suppress the activation of mTORC1 directly through TSC2. Otherwise, in the absence of TSC2, AKTi can still inhibit mTORC1 via activation of FOXO1. Furthermore, we overexpress the activated FOXO1 (FOXO1 AAA) in TSC2-null HCC cell lines. Cell growth are significantly prohibited, implicating FOXO1 is a tumor suppressor in HCC cells. Over expression of activated FOXO1 can also delay mTORC1 activation based HCC in AKT/Ras FVB mice model.Lesions consist mainly of clear-cell hepatocytes, owing to an increase in glycogen and fat storage. Proliferation is nearly the same within the neoplastic nodules. Activated AKT occurs both in the cytoplasm and on the membrane. Interestingly, FOXO1AAA escapes into the cytoplasm instead of remaining in the nuclei where it should stay. In a conclusion, AKT/mTORC1 can be a classic molecular pathway for HCC pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the parallel substrate of AKT, FOXO1, may also be an important factor in a TSC2 independent way. Citation Format: Shu Zhang, Xin Chen. FOXO1, a downstream substrate of AKT, function as tumor suppressor in HCC carcinogenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1721.
Computer-aided detection and visualization of pulmonary embolism using a novel, compact, and discriminative image representation

Abstract Diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) and excluding disorders that may clinically and radiologically simulate PE poses a challenging task for both human and machine perception. In this paper, we propose a novel vessel-oriented image representation (VOIR) that can improve the machine perception of PE through a consistent, compact, and discriminative image representation, and can also improve radiologists’ diagnostic capabilities for PE assessment by serving as the backbone of an effective PE visualization system. Specifically, our image representation can be used to train more effective convolutional neural networks for distinguishing PE from PE mimics, and also allows radiologists to inspect the vessel lumen from multiple perspectives, so that they can report filling defects (PE), if any, with confidence. Our image representation offers four advantages: (1) Efficiency and compactness—concisely summarizing the 3D contextual information around an embolus in only three image channels, (2) consistency—automatically aligning the embolus in the 3-channel images according to the orientation of the affected vessel, (3) expandability—naturally supporting data augmentation for training CNNs, and (4) multi-view visualization—maximally revealing filling defects. To evaluate the effectiveness of VOIR for PE diagnosis, we use 121 CTPA datasets with a total of 326 emboli. We first compare VOIR with two other compact alternatives using six CNN architectures of varying depths and under varying amounts of labeled training data. Our experiments demonstrate that VOIR enables faster training of a higher-performing model compared to the other compact representations, even in the absence of deep architectures and large labeled training sets. Our experiments comparing VOIR with the 3D image representation further demonstrate that the 2D CNN trained with VOIR achieves a significant performance gain over the 3D CNNs. Our robustness analyses also show that the suggested PE CAD is robust to the choice of CT scanner machines and the physical size of crops used for training. Finally, our PE CAD is ranked second at the PE challenge in the category of 0 mm localization error.
Coffee and tea fraud

Abstract Coffee and tea are ubiquitous drinks around the world, either as a way to start the day or as a means of welcoming someone to a meeting or into a home. Unless the coffee beans are ground on-site, however, it can be difficult to tell if the flavor source for the beverage is authentic or adulterated. While it is straightforward to distinguish green (unroasted) coffee beans that are Arabica from Robusta given their physical characteristics, ground beans are more challenging to identify. Tea leaves similarly have complex, natural odor profiles and dried, ready to brew tea leaves can be difficult for a consumer to distinguish from those that have been colored with dyes or pigments. As described in this chapter, fraud mitigation in coffee and tea starts with a strong set of supply chain controls, followed by a targeted selection of downstream physical and chemical authentication strategies.
Nonlinear ion transport mediated by induced charge in ultrathin nanoporous membranes

Ultrathin membranes with nanoporous conduits show promise for ionic separations and desalination applications, but the mechanisms underlying the nonlinear ionic transport observed in these systems are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate how induced charge at membrane interfaces can lead to nonlinear ionic transport and voltage-dependent conductance through such channels. The application of an electric field on a polarizable membrane leads to induced charges at the membrane interfaces. The induced charges in turn are screened by diffuse charges in the electrolyte, which are acted upon by the electric field. For extremely thin membranes, the induced charge effect can be significant even for moderate applied voltages commonly used in experiments. We apply a continuum Poisson-Nernst-Planck model to characterize the current-voltage behavior of ultrathin membranes over a wide parameter space. The predictions of the model are compared to recent experiments on graphene and ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ membranes in an electric field. We expect the role of induced charge to be especially pronounced in the limit of atomically thin membranes.
The Primrose Path: Rights and Autonomy

Rights are relationships in which the rightsholder is categorically entitled to be left alone (prerogative), to demand some kind of good or performance (claim), to be able to change the status of another (power), or to be exempt from others’ powers (immunity). Looked at ethically, rights are difficult to ground. In the real world, assertions of right tend to be based on specifics of relationships and of the type of situation involved. The existence of an ethical right is often controversial, and is unenforceable in any event. The almost infinite panoply of putative ethical rights-relationships must be reduced to legal rights. Legal rights are limited, written, enforceable, and have no justification except the legitimacy of the government that imposes and seeks to enforce them. Ethically-derived rights cannot serve as a theoretical basis for child welfare. Legal approaches generally prioritize children’s beneficent interests over their abstract rights. Among the putative rights that laws tend to deemphasize, at least in the US, is a presumed right to autonomy. Autonomy is a cluster concept that includes independence from others, choice, authenticity, etc. Empirical studies suggest that most people prioritize relationships, security, and (to a point) material well-being over autonomy. This is in contrast to much philosophical speculation. Furthermore, attention to child autonomy is often a pretext for supplanting parental values. Thus, I reject concern for autonomy as a prominent feature in settling parent-state disputes.
Optimization of H264 for low delay video communications over lossy channels

In this paper, we study the data partitioning (DP) and its optimization for H264 video coding standard. H264 does not include DP in baseline profile, which is the most suitable profile for low delay, low complexity, and loss prone environments. To analyze the optimization of DP, we first introduce the concept of subchannels to abstract the physical layer. This allows us to move channel coding from application layer to physical layer. Then, we build the video encoder system around NEWPRED (1996) so that error propagation and its analysis is eliminated. Finally, we provide macroblock and slice level optimizations that result in optimal mode decisions and unequal error protection (LTEP) rates for data partitions. Experimental results show about 0.5 dB performance increase as compared to no data partitioning.
On the storage economy of error-tolerating question-answering systems

The possibility of saving various computational resources is an argument often advanced in favor of permitting question-answering systems to make occasional errors. In this paper we establish absolute bounds on the amount of memory savings that is achievable with a specified error level for certain types of question-answering systems. Question-answering systems are treated as communication channels carrying information concerning the acceptable answers to an admissible set of queries. Shannon's rate-distortion theory is used to calculate bounds on the memory required for several question-answering tasks. For data retrieval, pattern-classification, and position-matching systems it was found that only small memory gains could be materialized from error-tolerance. In pair-ordering tasks on the other hand, more significant memory savings could be accomplished if small error-rates are tolerated. Similar limitations govern the tradeoffs between error and computation time.
Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic method for mapping DNA replicons.

The authors describe in detail a method which allows determination of the directions of replication fork movement through segments of DNA for which cloned probes are available. The method uses two-dimensional neutral-alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis followed by hybridization with short probe sequences. The nascent strands of replicating molecules form an arc separated from parental and nonreplicating strands. The closer a probe is to its replication origin or to the origin-proximal end of its restriction fragment, the shorter the nascent strands that are detected by the probe. The use of multiple probes allows determination of directions of replication fork movement, as well as locations of origins and termini. In this study, the author used simian virus 40 as a model to demonstrate the feasibility of the method, and the authors discuss its applicability to other systems.
Functional Analysis of the Murine TCRβ-Chain Gene Enhancer

The TCRβ-chain gene enhancer activates transcription and V(D)J recombination in immature thymocytes. In this paper we present a systematic analysis of the elements that contribute to the activity of the murine TCRβ enhancer in mature and immature T cell lines. We identified a region containing the βE4, βE5, and βE6 motifs as the essential core of the TCRβ enhancer in pro-T cells. In mature cells, the core enhancer had low activity and required, in addition, either 5′ or 3′ flanking sequences whose functions may be partially overlapping. Mutation of any of the six protein binding sites located within the βE4–βE6 elements essentially abolished enhancer activity, indicating that this core enhancer contained no redundant elements. The βE4 and βE6 elements contain binding sites for ETS-domain proteins and the core binding factor. The βE5 element bound two proteins that could be resolved chromatographically and that were both essential for enhancer activity.
Msh2-mediated mismatch repair and apoptosis cooperate with DNA polymerase proofreading to suppress spontaneous cancer in mice

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4850 DNA replication fidelity, cell-cycle checkpoints, and apoptotic signaling all contribute to faithful genetic transmission and the suppression of tumorigenesis. Studies in E.coli and S. cerevisiae show that mismatch repair (MMR) and DNA polymerase proofreading are primary determinants of DNA replication fidelity that cooperate to ensure faithful DNA synthesis. However, the functional relationship of these pathways in mammals and their impact on cancer development is not known. Using mouse models, we studied the cooperation of DNA polymerase proofreading and MMR on suppression of spontaneous mutations and cancer. Mice deficient in DNA polymerase delta proofreading ( Pold1D400A ; Goldsby et al. PNAS , 99:15560, 2002) and MMR ( Mlh1null or Msh2null ) were bred to generate double-mutant mice. Mice homozygous deficient for both DNA polymerase delta (Pol delta) proofreading and MMR were not viable. However, Pol delta proofreading haploinsufficiency accelerates the cancer mortality of homozygous Mlh1null mice. Mlh1null haploinsufficiency also accelerates the cancer mortality of homozygous PoldD400A mutant mice. Fluctuation assays done on murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) showed that Pold1 D400A /+/ Mlh1null/null MEFs had an ∼40-fold increase in spontaneous mutation rate over the single mutants alone, and a ∼340-fold increase over wildtype. In contrast the Pold1D400A/D400A/Mlh1null/+ MEFs exhibited no increase in mutation rate over the single mutants despite the increase in cancer mortality. This shows that MMR cooperates with Pol delta proofreading to suppress spontaneous mutations and cancers in mice. To further analyze the nature of this cooperation we used an allele of Msh2 , Msh2G674A , which contains a point mutation in the ATPase domain that uncouples the mismatch repair function and apoptotic signaling function of MMR (Lin et al, Cancer Res . 64: 517, 2004). These mice are deficient in mismatch repair, but proficient in MMR-mediated apoptotic signaling. We compared the cancer mortality of the Pold1D400A/+/Msh2null/null with Pold1D400A/+/Msh2G674A/G674A mice and found that there was a significant decrease in survival (median survival = 66 and 98 days, respecitvely; p < 0.001). These data show that DNA polymerase delta proofreading cooperates with MMR to suppress mutations and spontaneous cancers in mice and suggests that cooperation involves both Msh2-mediated mismatch repair and apoptotic signaling.
A compact printed Van Atta Array with zero-phase CRLH transmission lines

A key component in the design of a printed Van Array is the requirement of the transmission line (TL) interconnects between the elements to be a factor of the operating wavelength. This results in interconnects that introduce a 2π phase shift. Traditionally, meander-lines have been used to design these interconnects; however, one drawback is the large space required for the layout. In this paper, a more compact Van Atta array that uses zero-phase composite right/left-handed TLs instead of meander-lines is presented. The result is a Van Array array that is 34.0% smaller at the operating frequency of 2.43 GHz. For validation, simulations are compared to measurements of several prototypes.
Mastectomy With Immediate Expander-Implant Reconstruction, Adjuvant Chemotherapy, and Radiation for Stage II–III Breast Cancer: Treatment Intervals and Clinical Outcomes

Purpose To determine intervals between surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation in patients treated with mastectomy with immediate expander-implant reconstruction, and to evaluate locoregional and distant control and overall survival in these patients. Methods and Materials Between May 1996 and March 2004, 104 patients with Stage II–III breast cancer were routinely treated at our institution under the following algorithm: ( 1 ) definitive mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection and immediate tissue expander placement, ( 2 ) tissue expansion during chemotherapy, ( 3 ) exchange of tissue expander for permanent implant, ( 4 ) radiation. Patient, disease, and treatment characteristics and clinical outcomes were retrospectively evaluated. Results Median age was 45 years. Twenty-six percent of patients were Stage II and 74% Stage III. All received adjuvant chemotherapy. Estrogen receptor staining was positive in 77%, and 78% received hormone therapy. Radiation was delivered to the chest wall with daily 0.5-cm bolus and to the supraclavicular fossa. Median dose was 5040 cGy. Median interval from surgery to chemotherapy was 5 weeks, from completion of chemotherapy to exchange 4 weeks, and from exchange to radiation 4 weeks. Median interval from completion of chemotherapy to start of radiation was 8 weeks. Median follow-up was 64 months from date of mastectomy. The 5-year rate for locoregional disease control was 100%, for distant metastasis-free survival 90%, and for overall survival 96%. Conclusions Mastectomy with immediate expander-implant reconstruction, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiation results in a median interval of 8 weeks from completion of chemotherapy to initiation of radiation and seems to be associated with acceptable 5-year locoregional control, distant metastasis-free survival, and overall survival.
The Reaction of Phenyl(trichloromethyl)mercury with Substituted Norbornenes

The addition of phenyl(trichloromethyl)mercury to five substituted norbornenes is described, and the results compared with those obtained with bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene and 3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclopentene. The reaction proves to be useful for synthetic purposes, in that it leads usually to ring expansion. However, a possible disadvantage is that the addition step is sensitive to steric hindrance and depends on the reactivity of the double bond.
The John Lisle Chancery manuscripts: The ‘pleas and demurrers’

(1989). The John Lisle Chancery manuscripts: The ‘pleas and demurrers’. The Journal of Legal History: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 327-342.
Activity Theory and Qualitative Research in Digital Domains

Understanding the interactions between people, computer-mediated communication, and online life requires that researchers appropriate a set of methodological tools that would be best suited for capturing and analyzing the phenomenon. However, these tools are not limited to relevant technological forms of data collections and analysis programs; it also includes relevant theoretical frameworks for researchers to use when studying these interactions. In this article, the author proposes activity theory as an underused, but powerful, conceptual tool for qualitative researchers to use when studying digital life. The author first provides a synopsis of activity theory, explains why it fits well with both digital studies and qualitative research, and applies activity theory to understanding an online community. This article is meant to be a starting point for qualitative researchers interested in finding a new conceptual framework to holistically study the nexus of people, technology, and community online.
Retrograde HRP demonstration of afferent projections to the midbrain and nest calls in the ring dove

Midbrain control of vocalization was evaluated in the ring dove by determining the major afferent inputs with retrograde tract tracing technique. Horseradish peroxidase was infused into various portions of the nucleus intercollicularis, an estrogen concentrating area, which disrupts nest calls when lesioned and induces the vocalization when stimulated by estrogen. Most labelled cell bodies were found in the archistriatum, including a region homologous to the mammalian amygdala.
Large-Format, Full-Resolution Digital Laser Platemaking...A New Experience

This paper reports on a large-formt (41- by -59 inches), high-resolution (1 x 106 pixels/in2) and high-speed (2.8 x 106pixels/sec) Digital Laser Platemaker (DLPM) that is under development at the US Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories. The development is a stationary drum system with semi-automatic interior media loading. Significant reductions in the through-put-time to produce lithographic copies of digital products produced by the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) is expected. The primary savings are expected to be derived from the ability to completely by-pass all conventional photographic processes. Plate exposure in the DLPM is accomplished by the modulation of an Argon-Ion UV laser that exposes presensitized or wipe-on press plates.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Longitudinal analysis of resourcefulness, family strain, and depressive symptoms in grandmother caregivers

Abstract Background Grandmothers living with grandchildren face stressors that may increase depressive symptoms, but cognitive-behavioral strategies, such as resourcefulness, may reduce the effects of stressors on mental health. Purpose This analysis examined the contemporaneous and longitudinal relationships among intra-family strain, resourcefulness, and depressive symptoms in 240 grandmothers, classified by caregiving status to grandchildren. Methods Grandmothers raising grandchildren, grandmothers living in multigenerational homes, and non-caregivers to grandchildren reported on intra-family strain, resourcefulness, and depressive symptoms using mailed questionnaires at three time points over 5 years. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the mediating effects of resourcefulness and the relationships between variables. Discussion Grandmother caregiver status had significant effects on depressive symptoms and intra-family strain but not on resourcefulness. At all waves, higher resourcefulness was associated with fewer depressive symptoms, which reduced appraisals of intra-family strain. Conclusions Interventions focused on strengthening resourcefulness could reduce depressive symptoms over time.