cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Issues in word choice

This paper discusses word choice for natural language generation. It examines 11 issues, the solutions that have been proposed for them, and their implications for design. The issues are:How are appropriate words chosen?How is conciseness ensured?When does choice stop?How are patterns of lexicalization respected?How are interactions among choices handrled?How are the correct parts of speech chosen?How are words chosen to satisfy constituency?What ensures that a word stands in the correct relation to its neighbors?How is word order determined?Are all words chosen in the same way?In what order are the factors considered?This paper also discusses FIG, a generator which incorporates novel solutions to many of these issues. FIG violates common assumptions about the roles of modularity and grammar in generator design. Analysis of FIG leads to 4 principles for generator design, as follows:Have an explicit representation of the status of the generation process at each point in time.Use a single, unified representation.Do not rely on the details of the structure of the input.Treat most choices as emergent.
Proapoptotic bcl-2 family members, Bax and Bak, are essential for developmental photoreceptor apoptosis.

from wild-type, Bak / , Bax / , and Bax / Bak / mice were analyzed by histology and immunocytochemistry to identify persistent retinal cells. RESULTS. Adult Bax / Bak / eyes showed significant increases in the number of inner retinal cells, with an almost complete absence of TUNEL-positive cell death at P7. Some of these persistent cells in the inner retina notably included rod photoreceptors that normally undergo apoptosis after failure to migrate to the outer retina. These inner nuclear layer (INL) rods contained markers of early rod differentiation: rod opsin, arrestin, and recoverin. However, they did not form ectopic outer segments or contain the associated markers ROM-1, peripherin-2, and RP1. CONCLUSIONS. Bax and Bak are important for retinal development and are the first apoptotic factors identified as essential for developmental photoreceptor apoptosis. Future studies will investigate the potential role of Bax and Bak in mediating pathologic photoreceptor death. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:3598‐3605) DOI:10.1167/iovs.02-1113
Design and fabrication of a prototype projection data monitor with high information content

A prototype 28-in.-diagonal desktop data monitor capable of displaying 2048 × 2048- pixel images has been designed, built, and evaluated. The monitor uses optical projection technology. A reflective, crystalline silicon active-matrix light valve using liquid crystal electro-optics and a digital electronic interface architecture is described. This rear-projection monitor has four million resolvable pixels, uses three light valves to achieve color, has a low-gain surface diffuser screen, and functions as a fully interactive, color personal computer monitor with motion video capability. The monitor is 20 in. deep.
Vitamin D metabolism in bullfrogs and Japanese quail: Effects of estradiol and prolactin

Abstract Estradiol benzoate injection (5 mg/kg im daily) in the bullfrog for 15 days significantly increased both the plasma calcium level and the in vitro renal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 ] from 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 [25-(OH)D 3 ]. A lower dose (3 mg/kg im daily for 6 days) failed to show significant responses. Ovine prolactin injection (0.5 mg/kg im twice daily for 5 days) in Japanese quail also significantly increased both the plasma calcium level and the in vitro renal production of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 . A higher dose of prolactin (1.0 mg/kg in twice daily for 4.5 days) also stimulated in vitro renal production of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 and depressed that of 24,25-(OH) 2 D 3 but did not increase the plasma calcium significantly. On the other hand, a hypercalcemic dose of ovine prolactin (0.5 mg/kg im daily for 9 days) in the bullfrog failed to elicit any stimulation of in vitro renal production of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 . Bullforg kidney homogenates do not contain an inhibitor of the 25-(OH)D 3 -1-hydroxylase enzyme, as has been observed in homogenates prepared from mammalian kidneys.
Archiving numerical models of biogeochemical dynamics

No adequate community-wide mechanism or set of standards currently exists to ensure the long-term reproducibility of results from numerical modeling in biogeochemical research. Various investigators maintain copies of code and supporting materials through ad hoc methods, and some models and modeling studies are not archived by any mechanism other than the published manuscripts describing specific research results. This state of affairs invites trouble. To illustrate this situation, one of the authors of this article was recently involved in producing a state-of-the-art review on the topic of the effects of climate change on forests. The literature on this topic contains a rich array of results from dynamic models of global or regional vegetation produced by forcing these models with climate change scenarios.
Fluid flow analysis in an axially rotating porous pipe with mass injection at the wall

The laminar flow of an incompressible fluid in the developing region of an axially rotating porous pipe is numerically analyzed using the two-dimensional axisymmetric model in cylindrical coordinates. The numerical results from the present model are compared with existing results in the archival literature, and the agreement between the present results and the corresponding experimental data is very good. Once the model is validated, a parametric study is conducted for the case of the rotating porous pipe with radial blowing along its length and a uniform inlet axial velocity at the entrance. The pressure, velocity, and wall friction distributions are obtained and discussed. It is found that the rotation rate and blowing velocity significantly affect the velocity distribution in the pipe and the shear stresses at the wall.
Max Reger Introduces Atonal Expressionism

One of the central myths of Reger reception is how, unbidden, the young composer sent Johannes Brahms his Organ Suite, op. 16-dedicated dem Manen J. S. Bach's-and received encouragement and support from the older master, leading eventually to an exchange of postcards with photographs.1 This well-mannered, middle-class exchange is reminiscent of the more passionate Weihekuss bestowed upon the forehead of the young Liszt from another older master, Beethoven. Both appear to have served the same legitimizing purpose in the respective mythologies: the master anoints a successor. For Reger, the exchange with Brahms could be seen as a confirmation of his calling to translate the living spirits (the manaes, or Roman household gods) of both Bach and Brahms into a new syncretion and (as Arnold Schoenberg noted) venerate it with the compositional liturgy of the Liszt-Wagner cult. Yet the summoning of this new god and living in covenant with it were, for Max Reger, crossed with those personal devils of the desacralized, modern life-alcoholism, drug dependency, obesity, mental illness-joined by their more covert familiarsworkaholism, bourgeois consumerism in its early stages, and a certain boorish, pre-Great War behavior now remembered chiefly in the person of the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, a famously nervos politician. From this perspective, a genre in Reger's large output, rare but significant, seems frequently to translate the demons before the gods. He quarantined these works with a specific title, "Introduction," a rare phrase for a German that has precedent in the works of neither Bach nor Brahms; even Wagner chose "Einleitung" as a matter of habit.2 To introduce you to Max Reger in the way that he obviously wanted, consider Example 1. Certainly the oddest feature of a work that was deemed ultra-progressive in 1903 is its designated instrument: the organ, representing the living spirit of J. S. Bach. But the nature of the musical expression (even if judged by so superficial a measure as the formidable visual impression of the score) seems perhaps to be that of Erik, the mad phantom organist of the opera: murderer, freak, psycho. And on this point we meet up with Liszt, whose own organ works sketch the type in, for instance, the BACH Fantasia and the Weinen, Klagen variations.
Dynamical analysis of bayesian inference models for the eriksen task

The Eriksen task is a classical paradigm that explores the effects of competing sensory inputs on response tendencies and the nature of selective attention in controlling these processes. In this task, conflicting flanker stimuli interfere with the processing of a central target, especially on short reaction time trials. This task has been modeled by neural networks and more recently by a normative Bayesian account. Here, we analyze the dynamics of the Bayesian models, which are nonlinear, coupled discrete time dynamical systems, by considering simplified, approximate systems that are linear and decoupled. Analytical solutions of these allow us to describe how posterior probabilities and psychometric functions depend on model parameters. We compare our results with numerical simulations of the original models and derive fits to experimental data, showing that agreements are rather good. We also investigate continuum limits of these simplified dynamical systems and demonstrate that Bayesian updating is closely related to a drift-diffusion process, whose implementation in neural network models has been extensively studied. This provides insight into how neural substrates can implement Bayesian computations.
Foreign Firms' Brand Extensions in a Host Market: Strategic Factors in International Branding Strategy

The body of literature on brand extensions has extensively focused on consumers' evaluation and perceived fit of brand extensions. Yet little attention has been given to the internal and external strategic factors of foreign firms that affect brand extensions in a foreign host market. Drawing from international business and marketing literature, in this conceptual study we propose an integrative, conceptual framework to study these factors at three different levels: consumer-specific, industry-specific, and firm-specific factors in a host market. Specifically, we examine the impact of uncertainty avoidance, consumer innovativeness, market concentration, firms' heterogeneous resources (i.e., international experience and local market knowledge), and firms' strategic posture of standardization/adaptation. We also discuss implications and directions for future research.
Conditions for exact resultants using the Dixon formulation

A structural criteria on polynomial systems is developed for which the generalized Dixon formulation of multivariate resultants defined by Kapur, Saxena and Yang (1994) computes the resultant exactly. The concept of a Dixon-exact support (the set of exponent vectors of terms appearing in a polynomial system) is introduced so that the Dixon formulation produces the exact resultant for generic unmixed polynomial systems whose support is Dixon-exact. A geometric operation, called direct-sum, on the supports is defined that preserves the property of supports being Dixon-exact. Generic n-degree systems and multigraded systems are shown to be a special case of generic unmixed polynomial systems whose support is Dixon-exact. Using a scaling techniques discussed by Kapur and Saxena (1997), a wide class of polynomial systems can be identified for which the Dixon formulation produces exact resultants. This analysis can be used to classify terms appearing in the convex hull (also called the Newton polytope) of the support of a polynomial system that can cause extraneous factors in the computation of a projection operation by the generalized Dixon formulation. For the bivariate case, a complete analysis of the terms corresponding to the exponent vectors in the Newton polytope of the support of a polynomial system is given vis a vis their role in producing extraneous factors in a projection operator. A necessary and sufficient condition is developed for a support to be Dixon-exact. Such an analysis is likely to give insights for the general case of elimination of arbitrarily many variables.
The Church and Béla III of Hungary (1172–1196): The Role of Archbishop Lukäcs of Esztergom

1. "... cujus mensa communis fuit sibi cum pauperibus, ut viderentur invitati convivae non alimoniae quaestores." Thomas Wright, ed., Gualteri Mapes: De nugis curialium distinctiones quinque (London, 1850), p. 73, distinctio 2:7. The comments of Map ought to be regarded as a compliment because, as Friedrich Heer remarks in Europaische Geistesgeschichte, 2nd ed. (Stuttgart, 1965), p. 67, "die Satire wider die ganze 'weltliche' Festund Feierkultur hier und im alten Klerus zeigt im 12 Jahrhundert mit den Worten des Walter Mapes dieselbe Situation auf, gegen die Petrarca, Erasmus und die Reformer bis zum 19 Jahrhundert ankimpfen!" George O. Sayles, The Medieval Foundations of England (London, 1948), p. 369, says that Walter Map [d. 12201, a Welsh student at Paris, was later an itinerant justice, ambassador to France and envoy to a papal council, while Austin L. Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1955), p. 239, describes him as "Edmund Rich as he is commonly called, Walter Map," and places him among the distinguished teachers at Oxford in the early days. 2. See August Meineke, ed., Ioannes Cinnamus: Epitomae rerum ab loanne et Alexio Comnenis gestarum (Bonn, 1836), 1:4 (hereafter cited as Cinnamus), or the writ of Manuel to Stephen III of Hungary, Cinnamus, 5:6. On Cinnamus, see Karl Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur, 2nd ed. (Munich, 1897), pp. 279-286; Gyula Moravcsik, Byzantinoturcica, vol. 1, Die byzantinischen Quellen der Geschichte der Turkvolker (Budapest, 1942), pp. 180-189; idem, A magyar tbrtenet biztnci forrasai [Byzantine sources of Hungarian history], (Budapest, 1934), pp. 189-194 (hereafter cited as Moravcsik, Bizanci forrasok); idem, "Les sources byzantines de l'histoire hongroise," Byzantion 9 (1934): 663-666; Henrik Marczali, Ungarns Geschichtsquellen im Zeitalter der Arpaden (Berlin, 1882), pp. 130-140; Matyas Gy6ni, Magyarorszig ks a magyarsig a bizanci forrasok tiikreben: Ungarn und das Ungarntum im Spiegel der byzantinischen Quellen (Budapest, 1938), pp. 114-121. Or, see the Chronicon pictum, c. 156, in Emericus Szentpetery, ed., Scriptores rerum Hungaricarum, 2 vols. (Budapest, 1937-1938), 1:439 (hereafter cited as SSH). On the Chronicon pictum, see C. A. Macartney, The Medieval Hungarian Historians (Cambridge, 1953), pp. 133-142; Gyula Krist6, "Anjou-kori kr6nikaink" [Hungarian chronicles of the Anjou age], Szazadok 101 (1967): 457-468. For background, compare George Ostrogorsky, Geschichte des byzantinischen Staates, 2nd ed. (Munich, 1952), pp. 298-305; Balint H6man, Geschichte des ungarischen Mittelalters, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1940-1943), 1:387-389; Laszl6 Elekes and others, Magyarorszag tortinete 1526-ig [Medieval Hungarian history], (Budapest, 1961), pp. 98-103; Gyula Moravcsik, Byzantium and the Magyars (Amsterdam-Budapest, 1970), pp. 85-88.
Proales paguri sp. nov., a rotifer living on the gills of the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus (L.)

Abstract A rotifer, Proales paguri sp. nov. (Monogononta, Proalinae), living on the gills of the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus (L.) is described and figured. The percentage of crabs infested was found to increase with host size, and nearly all host specimens with a right propodus longer than 10 rnrn were found infested with from 1 to more than 40 rotifers. P. paguri feeds on the epithelial cells of the gills of the host.
Facile functionalization of FK506 for biological studies by the thiol–ene ‘click’ reaction

An efficient one-step functionalization of FK506 by the thiol–ene click (TEC) reaction is reported. This approach, which enables rapid and quantitative generation of bioactive FK1012 and FK506 derivatives, should facilitate biomedical applications of FK506-coupled molecules and expand the scope of the TEC reaction in natural product semi-synthesis.
Multiple Bifurcations in a Polynomial Model of Bursting Oscillations

Bursting oscillations are commonly seen to be the primary mode of electrical behaviour in a variety of nerve and endocrine cells, and have also been observed in some biochemical and chemical systems. There are many models of bursting. This paper addresses the issue of being able to predict the type of bursting oscillation that can be produced by a model. A simplified model capable of exhibiting a wide variety of bursting oscillations is examined. By considering the codimension-2 bifurcations associated with Hopf, homoclinic, and saddle-node of periodics bifurcations, a bifurcation map in two-dimensional parameter space is created. Each region on the map is characterized by a qualitatively distinct bifurcation diagram and, hence, represents one type of bursting oscillation. The map elucidates the relationship between the various types of bursting oscillations. In addition, the map provides a different and broader view of the current classification scheme of bursting oscillations.
Contributing to the Harms of Racial Isolation: Analysis of Requests for Teacher Transfers in a Large Urban School District:

Many harms of racial isolation are addressed in court proceedings on school desegregation. Although thefocus of these harms has traditionally been on students in schools and school districts (racia...
Partial coalescence of drops at liquid interfaces

When two separate masses of the same fluid are brought gently into contact, they are expected to fully merge into a single larger mass to minimize surface energy. However, when a stationary drop coalesces with an underlying reservoir of identical fluid, merging does not always proceed to completion1. Occasionally, a drop in the process of merging apparently defies surface tension by ‘pinching off’ before total coalescence occurs, leaving behind a smaller daughter droplet1,2,3. Moreover, this process can repeat itself for subsequent generations of daughter droplets, resulting in a cascade of self-similar events2. Such partial coalescence behaviour has implications for the dynamics of a variety of systems, including the droplets in clouds4, ocean mist and airborne salt particles5, emulsions6, and the generation of vortices near an interface7,8. Although it was first observed almost half a century ago, little is known about its precise mechanism. Here, we combine high-speed video imaging with numerical simulations to determine the conditions under which partial coalescence occurs, and to reveal a dynamic pinch-off mechanism. This mechanism is critically dependent on the ability of capillary waves to vertically stretch the drop by focusing energy on its summit.
On-line processing of the topic structure of a text ☆

Abstract Subjects in two experiments read two texts while their sentence reading times were recorded. Each text discussed 12 related topics. Across the two experiments, reading times on the sentences introducing the topics were affected by three manipulations: (1) Reading times were shorter if the new topic was directly related to the immediately preceding topic than if it was not directly related. (2) Reading times were shorter if an introductory paragraph was informative rather than uninformative about the topic structure of the text. (3) Reading times were longer if subjects outlined the introductory paragraph than if they did not outline. The results suggest that readers construct a representation of the topic structure of the text as they read.
Impact of Bioelectronic Medicine on the Neural Regulation of Pelvic Visceral Function.

Neuromodulation elicited by electrical stimulation of peripheral or spinal nerves is a U.S. Food and Drug Administered (FDA)-approved therapy for treating disorders of the pelvic viscera, including urinary urgency, urgency-frequency, nonobstructive urinary retention and fecal incontinence. The technique is also being tested experimentally for its efficacy in treating interstitial cystitis, chronic constipation and pelvic pain. The goal of neuromodulation is to suppress abnormal visceral sensations and involuntary reflexes and restore voluntary control. Although detailed mechanisms underlying the effects of neuromodulation are still to be elucidated, it is generally believed that effects are due to stimulation of action potentials in somatic afferent nerves. Afferent nerves project to the lumbosacral spinal cord, where they release excitatory neurotransmitters that activate ascending pathways to the brain or spinal circuits that modulate visceral sensory and involuntary motor mechanisms. Studies in animals revealed that different types of neuromodulation (for example, stimulation of a sacral spinal root, pudendal nerve or posterior tibial nerve) act by releasing different inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. In addition, certain types of neuromodulation inhibit visceral smooth muscle by initiating reflex firing in peripheral autonomic nerves or excite striated sphincter muscles by initiating reflex firing in somatic efferent nerves. This report will provide a brief summary of (a) neural control of the lower urinary tract and distal bowel, (b) clinical use of neuromodulation in the treatment of bladder and bowel dysfunctions, (c) putative mechanisms of action of neuromodulation on the basis of animal experiments and (d) new approaches using combination therapies to improve the efficacy of neuromodulation.
A Time-Unrolling Method to Compute Sensitivity of Dynamic Systems

Sensitivities of the dynamic system responses with respect to the system parameters are highly valuable, with broad applications such as system tuning and uncertainty quantification. Compared to the direct methods, adjoint methods are much more efficient when the number of parameters is large. In this paper, we present a time-unrolling method to compute adjoint sensitivities. Instead of explicitly constructing the adjoint system, which quite often is nontrivial, our time-unrolling method implicitly retrace the response trajectory by utilizing the fitting polynomial of the integration methods. This paper provides theoretical foundation of the method as well as experimental demonstrations of its effectiveness.
The Effect of Knowledge on Decision-Making in the Context of Organic Cotton Clothing

This research was designed to study whether consumer knowledge on organic cotton and relevant issues influences attitude toward and price acceptance of organic cotton clothing. The effect of consumer knowledge was also studied on the way consumers use product label information in purchasing organic cotton clothing. An online survey was developed to measure the variables including experimental choice-based conjoint models for mandatory and auxiliary label specifications. Four hundred ninety-eight people completed the survey. The results indicated that moderately and highly knowledgeable participants were more willing to buy organic cotton clothing at higher price points and they had more positive attitudes toward organic cotton clothing than low knowledgeable participants. The results suggest that differentially knowledgeable consumers may attend to different types of information provided on product labels to evaluate organic cotton apparel products. Providing product-related information on product labels is essential; however, providing additional information on the benefits of using organic cotton and socially responsible business practices may improve consumers’ knowledge and acceptability of organic cotton apparel products.
The Hawthorne Experiments: Statistical Evidence for a Learning Hypothesis

The historical productivity data from the Hawthorne experiments permit the statistical evaluation of the hypotheses of the original experimenters and others by conducting appropriate time-series analyses. In this paper a recent hypothesis by H. M. Parsons that the output trends in the first relay assembly test room experiment were due primarily to increased skill and competence is evaluated empirically by fitting a standard learning equation to the data for each operator. The learning equation describes the overall data trends very well. Then, to assess the effects of the experimental manipulations and variables hypothesized by other investigators, the productivity data are detrended of the learning effect and the detrended data are analyzed. This analysis shows that the introduction of rest pauses in the test room led to the more productive use of work time. Overall, it appears that the conditions motivating increased learning-i.e., improved reinforcement conditions (increased status and new economic incentives) and regular performance feedback -were the primary causes of increased output. Because the mysterious findings of long-term overall increases in worker productivity stimulated widespread theorizing, research, and debate, the Hawthorne First Relay Assembly Test Room experiment has had farreaching and continuing effects on management theory and policy. The many explanations, reanalyses and subsequent critiques of the Hawthorne research have extended the debate between contending management philosophies and in particular between the Human Relations (Mayo, a, b) and Scientific Management (Taylor) approaches. During the early years most of the debate was based solely on ideological grounds (cf. Argyle; Landsberger). Later analyses (cf. Blumberg; Carey) marshalled substantive evi
Drop/impact simulation and test validation of telecommunication products

Portable communication devices suffer impact-induced failure in usage. The products must pass drop/impact tests before shipment. The drop/impact performance is an important concern in product design. Due to the small size of this kind of electronic products, it is very expensive, time-consuming, and difficult to conduct drop tests to detect the failure mechanism and identify the drop behaviour. Finite element analysis provides a vital, powerful vehicle to solve this problem. The methodology of computer modeling, finite element method simulation and test validation techniques developed in ASMR at Motorola over the last two years are introduced in this paper. Two drop simulation and test validation cases in ASMR are reported in detail. The models are created with HYPERMESH, and the analysis is carried out with LS-DYNA3D. The analysis focuses on housing breakage, LCD cracking and structural disconnection under drop/impact shock. Apart from the computer simulation, a drop laboratory has been built in ASMR. With a customized drop tester, the drop orientation of the specimen can be controlled. The impact force relation to barrier, acceleration and strain inside the specimen during drop can be recorded in terms of time history curves. The test device, drop test and correlation of analysis and test data are illustrated in the paper. The simulation and test technology are applied to reliability identification and design support to Motorola's products.
Proliferation on the Peninsula: Five North Korean Nuclear Crises

To reduce the risk of nuclear terrorism, we must prevent terrorists from obtaining nuclear weapons or materials. This will require, among other things, a sustained effort to keep dangerous nations from going nuclear—in particular North Korea. This article reviews the efforts the United States has undertaken through the years to keep North Korea from building a nuclear arsenal, arguing that the history of proliferation on the Korean Peninsula is marked by five nuclear crises. A sixth could be on the horizon, further compromising American efforts to lessen the likelihood of a nuclear attack on U.S. soil.
Phasic coronary blood flow pattern during a continuous flow left ventricular assist support

Objective: Continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have been introduced and tested as a bridge to heart transplantation, bridgetorecovery,anddestinationtherapy,andseveralstudieshavebeenconductedtoassessthephysiologiceffectsofcontinuousflowLVADs. However, the effect of reduced pulsatility on the phasic coronary blood flow pattern is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the phasiccoronarybloodflowpatternsduringcontinuousflowLVADsupport.Methods:Phasiccoronarybloodflowpatternsandhemodynamicdata were analyzed using three flow probes placed around the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), left circumflex coronary artery (LCX), and the right coronary artery (RCA) in 16 pigs before and after initiating the LVAD support with or without creating LAD stenosis. Results :T he total coronary blood flow (TCBF, 112.8 � 31.4 mL/min) gradually decreased when the continuous flow LVAD support increased to 2.0 L/min (110.7 � 29.0 mL/min, P = 0.571), 2.5 L/min (103.7 � 26.1 mL/min, P = 0.079), and 3.0 L/min (101.5 � 27.2 mL/min, P =0 .027) because of decreasesinLADflowandLCXflow.LVADsupportcauseddecreaseinsystolicandpeaksystolicLADflow,LCXflow,andRCAflow,whereasdiastolic RCA flow increased. In the presence of LAD stenosis, the TCBF (97.7 � 36.1 mL/min) decreased when the continuous flow LVAD support increased to 2.0 L/min (83.9 � 22.1 mL/min, P = 0.029), 2.5 L/min (83.2 � 25.2 mL/min, P = 0.012), and 3.0 L/min (87.6 � 23.4 mL/min, P = 0.005) because of decreases in LCX flow. Conclusion: Use of a continuous flow LVAD decreased TCBF, LAD flow, and LCX flow secondary to
Development of the Metacercaria and Adhesive Organ of Mesostephanus yedeae Dennis and Penner, 1971 (Trematoda: Cyathocotylidae), and their Effects on Host Tissues

Development of the infective metacercaria of Mesostephanus yedeae Dennis and Penner, 1971 included: (a) ceicarial penetration and encystment in striated muscles, brain, liver and eye of Poecilia reticulata Peters; (b) a quiescent phase of nine days when no observable morphological change occurred; (c) a period of morphogenesis when an adhesive organ and a posterior body segment were differentiated. The time required for development to the infective metacercaria was delayed by decreasing the temperature of the fish host environment. The quiescent phase exhibited the greatest effects resulting from lowered temperature. Radial muscles and glands of the adhesive organ originated from parenchymal beta cells. The posterior appendage issued as a dorso-posterior evagination of the metacercarial body. Effects of the metacercaria on host tissues resulted in formation of a fibrous capsule in striated muscles, a granulomatous-like response in liver tissue, and necrosis of nervous tissue of the retinal complex which terminated in blindness of the infected eye. Effects of the adhesive organ on duodenal villi of the definitive host included “tearing” of the lamina propria and “pinching off” of pieces of duodenal epithelium.
The Hypertensive Response to Injection of Physostigmine into the Hypothalamus of the Unanesthetized rat

Microinjection of physostigmine (3-30 nmoles) into the posterior hypothalamic nucleus of freely-moving, unanesthetized rats elicited a dose-related hypertensive response. This effect was significantly reduced by prior central injection of hemicholinium-3. The direct acting cholinergic agonist, carbachol, also evoked an elevation of blood pressure following intrahypothalamic injection; however, this response was unaffected by prior administration of hemicholinium-3.
Life History and Ecology of Coyotes in the Mid-Atlantic States: A Summary of the Scientific Literature

Relatively little information has been published on Coyotes in the eastern United States, particularly in the mid-Atlantic region, the last area of the contiguous US to be colonized by Coyotes. Increases in eastern Coyote distribution and abundance have been documented, and concerns about their impact on wildlife and livestock are growing. Information from published and unpublished manuscripts, theses, dissertations, and state wildlife agency records in the mid-Atlantic region were examined and synthesized. This review provides a comprehensive summary of Coyote ecology in the mid-Atlantic for natural resource managers and researchers.
A New Method to Extract Bulk Carrier Mobility in Germanium-on-Insulator

A new method is presented to extract bulk carrier mobility of germanium-on-insulator (GeOI) films based on the data from the depletion mode of four-point probe pseudo-MOSFET measurement. Analytical models of the conductance in depletion region and related parameter extraction procedures are presented. This method is validated with both GeOI and silicon-on-insulator substrates prepared by layer transfer.
On Analyzing Diffusion Tensor Images by Identifying Manifold Structure Using Isomaps

This paper addresses the problem of statistical analysis of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images (DT-MRI). DT-MRI cannot be analyzed by commonly used linear methods, due to the inherent nonlinearity of tensors, which are restricted to lie on a nonlinear submanifold of the space in which they are defined, namely R6. We estimate this submanifold using the isomap manifold learning technique and perform tensor calculations using geodesic distances along this manifold. Multivariate statistics used in group analyses also use geodesic distances between tensors, thereby warranting that proper estimates of means and covariances are obtained via calculations restricted to the proper subspace of R6. Experimental results on data with known ground truth show that the proposed statistical analysis method properly captures statistical relationships among tensor image data, and it identifies group differences. Comparisons with standard statistical analyses that rely on Euclidean, rather than geodesic distances, are also discussed
Lichen-based critical loads for atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Western Oregon and Washington Forests, USA

Critical loads (CLs) define maximum atmospheric deposition levels apparently preventative of ecosystem harm. We present first nitrogen CLs for northwestern North America's maritime forests. Using multiple linear regression, we related epiphytic-macrolichen community composition to: 1) wet deposition from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, 2) wet, dry, and total N deposition from the Communities Multi-Scale Air Quality model, and 3) ambient particulate N from Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE). Sensitive species declines of 20e40% were associated with CLs of 1e4 and 3e 9k gNha �1 y �1 in wet and total deposition. CLs increased with precipitation across the landscape, presumably from dilution or leaching of depositional N. Tight linear correlation between lichen and IMPROVE data suggests a simple screening tool for CL exceedance in US Class I areas. The total N model replicated several US and European lichen CLs and may therefore be helpful in estimating other temperate-forest lichen CLs. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Effects of ApoE genotype and mild cognitive impairment on implicit learning

The goals were to investigate implicit learning in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and to determine the relations of implicit learning systems to apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype in healthy controls. Elderly controls grouped by ApoE status (ApoE-e4 allele carriers versus ApoE-e4 allele non-carriers) and MCI patients participated in the study. Individuals in all three groups completed both contextual cueing and serial reaction time (SRT) tasks. In the former, people learn to use repeated spatial configurations to facilitate search for a target, whereas in the latter, they learn to use subtle sequence regularities to respond more quickly and accurately to a series of events. Results revealed that healthy elderly individuals carrying the ApoE-e4 allele showed contextual cueing deficits compared to those who did not carry the ApoE-e4 allele. Further, elderly controls carrying the ApoE-e4 allele revealed similar amounts of contextual cueing as the MCI group, while the non-carriers performed better. Sequence learning, by contrast, was uninfluenced by either MCI or by ApoE genotype in healthy controls. This study provides further support for the medial temporal lobe dysfunction and relative integrity of fronto-striatal systems in MCI, and indicates the influence of ApoE genotype on implicit learning even in healthy older individuals without cognitive impairment.
Adaptive radio for multimedia wireless links

The quality of wireless links suffers from time-varying channel degradations such as interference, flat-fading, and frequency-selective fading. Current radios are limited in their ability to adapt to these channel variations because they are designed with fixed values for most system parameters such as frame length, error control, and processing gain. The values for these parameters are usually a compromise between the requirements for worst-case channel conditions and the need for low implementation cost. Therefore, in benign channel conditions these commercial radios can consume more battery energy than needed to maintain a desired link quality, while in a severely degraded channel they can consume energy without providing any quality-of-service (QoS). While techniques for adapting radio parameters to channel variations have been studied to improve link performance, in this paper they are applied to minimize battery energy. Specifically, an adaptive radio is being designed that adapts the frame length, error control, processing gain, and equalization to different channel conditions, while minimizing battery energy consumption. Experimental measurements and simulation results are presented to illustrate the adaptive radio's energy savings.
Effect of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen on Maple Syrup Stored in Plastic Jugs

Six maple syrups were stored in the dark for 6 months in pigmented and unpigmented high-density polyethylene jugs at room temperature (72°F) in three gas environments-nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. The syrup was analyzed for changes in flavor, color, and pH. A taste panel, tasting syrup from pigmented jugs only, detected flavor change in both the oxygen and carbon dioxide environments. There were statistically significant interactions for changes in both color and pH between gas and syrup treatments. The greatest darkening of color and decrease in pH were associated with the carbon dioxide. Jug pigmentation had no detectable effect on the syrup.
Astrocytes Underlie Neuroinflammatory Memory Impairment.

Neuroinflammation is being increasingly recognized as a potential mediator of cognitive impairments in various neurological conditions. Habbas et al. demonstrate that the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha signals through astrocytes to alter synaptic transmission and impair cognition in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.
Trigeminal and sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation for intractable craniofacial pain--case series and literature review

Facial pain is often debilitating and can be characterized by a sharp, stabbing, burning, aching, and dysesthetic sensation. Specifically, trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP), anesthesia dolorosa, and persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP) are difficult diseases to treat, can be quite debilitating and an effective, enduring treatment remains elusive. We retrospectively reviewed our early experience with stimulation involving the trigeminal and sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation for TNP, anesthesia dolorosa, and PIFP between 2010–2014 to assess the feasibility of implanting at these ganglionic sites. Seven patients received either trigeminal and/or sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation with or without peripheral nerve stimulation, having failed multiple alternative modalities of treatment. The treatments were tailored on the physical location of pain to ensure regional coverage with the stimulation. Fluoroscopy or frameless stereotaxy was utilized to place the sphenopalatine and/or trigeminal ganglion stimulator. All patients were initially trialed before implantation. Trial leads implanted in the pterygopalatine fossa near the sphenopalatine ganglion were implanted via transpterygoid (lateral-medial, infrazygomatic) approach. Trial leads were implanted in the trigeminal ganglion via percutaneous Hartel approach, all of which resulted in masseter contraction. Patients who developed clinically significant pain improvement underwent implantation. The trigeminal ganglion stimulation permanent implants involved placing a grid electrode over Meckel’s cave via subtemporal craniotomy, which offered a greater ability to stimulate subdivisions of the trigeminal nerve, without muscular (V3) side effects. Two of the seven overall patients did not respond well to the trial and were not implanted. Five patients reported pain relief with up to 24-month follow-up. Several of the sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation patients had pain relief without any paresthesias. There were no electrode migrations or post-surgical complications. Refractory facial pain may respond positively to ganglionic forms of stimulation. It appears safe and durable to implant electrodes in the pterygopalatine fossa via a lateral transpterygoid approach. Also, implantation of an electrode grid overlying Meckel’s cave appears to be a feasible alternative to the Hartel approach. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for various facial pain conditions.
The Influence of Particle Size on the Utilization of Phosphates by the Chick

Abstract A EXTENDED series of experiments on the utilization of different sources of phosphorus was undertaken in this laboratory some years ago. At the outset it was realized that one of the variables which might influence the results of such a study was the degree of fineness to which the experimental materials were ground. In view of this it was decided that all samples of phosphate studied should be reduced to a relatively uniform degree of subdivision. However, no information could be found which would indicate the most desirable degree of fineness in such materials. Accordingly, an experiment was designed to provide an answer to this question. The lack of information on this subject as well as the interest which we have encountered has prompted the publication of the results of this study. EXPERIMENTAL Two defluorinated phosphates representative of two commercial production techniques were selected for use in this experiment. X-ray . . .
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Five Membered Azaheterocyclic Systems

Abstract: The present review provides a comprehensive summary of microwave-assisted preparation of five-membered azaheterocyclic systems, such as pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole and tetrazole. Keywords: Azaheterocycles, Microwave, Synthesis. 1. INTRODUCTION Microwave energy has become a popular tool used in the syn-thesis of a variety of heterocyclic systems for a variety of reasons. Microwave energy offers tremendous advantages relative to tradi-tional heating, such as cleaner chemistry, reductions in reaction times, improved yields efficiency, product quality, and safety, as well as tremendous scope for automation. Synergy of this method-ology with reactions performed on support media, and/or in the absence of solvent, provides an environmentally clean technique that allows for the attainment of high yields of products at reduced energy costs. Heterocycles form the largest classical division of organic chemistry. They are of immense importance both in medicine and in industry, with many heterocyclic compounds being used as ac-tive intermediates. Among all heterocycles, five membered hetero-cyclic systems hold a prominent position as they constitute an inte-gral part of natural alkaloids, antibiotics, vitamins, nucleic acids, hormones and synthetic drugs. Microwave radiation was discovered as a method of heating in 1946 and has been used in chemistry since the 1970s. It was intro-duced to organic syntheses in the 1980's. Since then, terms such as MAOS (Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis) and MORE (Mi-crowave induced Organic Reaction Enhancements) came in to us-age. Over the years, chemists have successfully conducted a large range of organic reactions under microwave irradiation, including the Diels-Alder reaction [1], Ene reaction [2], Heck reaction [3], Suzuki reaction [4], Mannich reaction [5], as well as hydrogenation of -lactams [6], hydrolysis [7], dehydration [8], esterification [9], cycloaddition [10], epoxidation [11], reduction [12], condensation [13], and cyclization [14] reactions. Several reactions have been reported in which the
On Methodology In The Study Of Management And Organization

This paper describes, analyzes, and classifies methodologies that have been employed in developing certain management and organization theories. The authors also examine the effects of methodology ...
Book Review: A Review of: “Speaking Power: Black Feminist Orality in Women's Narratives of Slavery, by DoVeanna S. Fulton. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 2006.”

The tradition of oral narrativity, the verbal sharing of stories, has been and continues to be an essential part of African American women's experiences. This oral tradition, as a mode to communica...
An Unlawful Race: Shakespeare’s Cleopatra and the Crimes of early modern Gypsies

ABSTRACTBy evoking the implications of an “unlawful race”, this article draws attention to Cleopatra’s association with a marginalised, volatile, and criminalised group: early modern gypsies. What do anxieties about the group’s seditiousness – sexual and social – reveal about references to Cleopatra as a gypsy? What social appraisals and economic motives underpin early modern critiques of gypsies, informing Antony’s remorse that “a right gypsy hath at fast and loose / Beguiled me to the very heart of loss” (4.13.28–29)? The condemnation of gypsies, codified in social documents and royal edicts circulating in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England, signals a local experience of the alien within one’s borders. As such, Shakespeare’s depiction of the Egyptian queen uniquely represents Cleopatra as a racialised figure of transnational and local significance. In developing the ways gypsies inform Shakespeare’s construction of Cleopatra’s foreignness, I also investigate the cultural representations mitigati...
Efect Evaluation of the Awareness of Knowledge about Malaria:he Global Fund Malaria Project in Chongqing

Objective To evaluate the efects of knowledge about malaria ater the implementation of Global Fund Malaria Project in Chongqing for future prevention and treatment of malaria.Methods Four counties were selected from the counties of Global Fund Malaria Project of Chongqing.hree towns were randomly selected in each selected county;one primary school and one high school were investigated in each selected town;one class was randomly selected in each selected school;and 30 students in each selected class were randomly selected.hen,three villages were randomly selected in each selected county;one group of villagers were randomly selected in each selected village;and 200 local residents were randomly investigated in each selected villager group.Before and ater implementation of Global Fund Malaria Project,their awareness of malaria was investigated using a questionnaire.Results Ater implementation of the project,the pupils' average awareness rate of knowledge about malaria rose from 58.94% to 89.96%(χ2=179.48,P0.01) with average increase of 31.02%;the middle school students' average awareness rate of rose from 52.83% to 86.06%(χ2=196.64,P0.01) with average increase of 33.23%;the local residents' average awareness rate of knowledge about malaria rose from 56.74% to 83.89%(χ2=1 281.70,P0.01) with average increase of 27.15%.he accuracies of all respondents ater project implement was higher than before.Ater the implementation,the accuracies of malaria transmission route,main clinical symptoms,and seeing doctor while malaria occurring were all above 80%,but the accuracy of the index of best preventive methods was less than 50%.Conclusion he implementation of Global Fund Malaria Project in Chongqing increase the awareness rate of malaria knowledge but the relevant education should be strengthened,so as to promote general population's awareness of malaria prevention.