cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Issues concerning spectral analysis of water samples for monitoring and treatment of public water resources

Experimental measurements conducted in the laboratory, involving hyperspectral analysis of water samples taken from public water resources, have motivated a re-evaluation of issues concerning the potential application of this type of analysis for water monitoring, treatment and evaluation prior to filtration. One issue concerns hyperspectral monitoring of contaminants with respect to types and relative concentrations. This implies a need to better understand the statistical profiles of water contaminants in terms of spatial-temporal distributions of electromagnetic absorption spectra ranging from the ultraviolet to infrared, which are associated with specific water resources. This issue also implies the need to establish correlations between hyperspectral signatures and types of contaminants to be found within specific water resources. Another issue concerns the use of absorption spectra to determine changes in chemical and physical characteristics of contaminants after application of water treatments, in order to determine levels of toxicity with respect to the environment. This paper presents a prototype spectral analysis showing various aspects relevant to water monitoring and discusses the use of basic theory for the interpretation of spectral features associated with water contaminants, as well as discussing inverse analysis of hyperspectral measurements.
Electrochemical and enzymic oxidation of biological purines

Summary The electrochemical and enzymic oxidations of uric acid, various N-methylated uric acids and of guanine, 8-oxyguanine and uric acid-9-riboside have been studied. The voltammetric, spectral and kinetic evidence supports the conclusion that the electrochemical and enzymic (peroxidase) reactions proceed by similar, if not identical, chemical mechanisms.
Hydroperoxides from phenyl ring reactions of photo-oxidized polystyrene

Abstract Hydroperoxide formation in polystyrene during 254 nm UV photo-oxidation has been examined. Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) was used, using both absorbance and reflectance (ATR) techniques. Free and H-bonded hydroperoxide bands were identified at 3540 and 3440 cm −1 , on the basis of absorption frequency and a decrease in peak intensity upon exposure to reactive chemical vapors. Their location on the repeat unit was evaluated using chain-deuterated polystyrene. This test showed that the phenyl ring reacts extensively to yield hydroperoxides, along with other groups. A marked decrease in the ratio of aromatic to aliphatic C-H stretch intensities provided consistent additional evidence of phenyl ring reaction.
Tuning the Composition and Nanostructure of Pt/Ir Films via Anodized Aluminum Oxide Templated Atomic Layer Deposition

Nanostructured metal films have been widely studied for their roles in sensing, catalysis, and energy storage. In this work, the synthesis of compositionally controlled and nanostructured Pt/Ir films by atomic layer deposition (ALD) into porous anodized aluminum oxide templates is demonstrated. Templated ALD provides advantages over alternative synthesis techniques, including improved film uniformity and conformality as well as atomic-scale control over morphology and composition. Nanostructured Pt ALD films are demonstrated with morphological control provided by the Pt precursor exposure time and the number of ALD cycles. With these approaches, Pt films with enhanced surface areas, as characterized by roughness factors as large as 310, are reproducibly synthesized. Additionally, nanostructured Ptlr alloy films of controlled composition and morphology are demonstrated by templated ALD, with compositions varying systematically from pure Pt to pure Ir. Lastly, the application of nanostructured Pt films to electrochemical sensing applications is demonstrated by the non-enzymatic sensing of glucose.
Synthesis and characterization of [FeFe]-hydrogenase mimics appended with a 2-phenylazopyridine ligand

Two new complexes in which 2-phenylazopyridine (pap) chelates iron in hydrogenase mimics, 1,2-(μ-benzenedithiolato)-2′-phenylazopyridinediirontetracarbonyl and 1,3-(μ-propanedithiolato)-2′-phenylazo- pyridinediirontetracarbonyl have been synthesized and fully characterized, including X-ray crystal structure determinations. The electronic structures of the two complexes are compared with the analogous 1,2-(μ-benzenedithiolato)diironhexacarbonyl and 1,3-(μ-propanedithiolato)diironhexacarbonyl complexes. Based on comparison of the crystal structures, the overall bonding in the 2Fe2S core of the molecules is little perturbed by replacing two carbonyl ligands with the pap ligand. Also, the coordinated pap ligand retains a similar structure and N˭N bond distance to that of the uncoordinated ligand. However, the charge asymmetry in the 2Fe2S core that results from chelating the pap ligand on one of the iron atoms induces substantial localization of the individual orbital characters in the 2Fe2S core. Most intere...
964 ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS (ABPA) WITH LOW SERUM IgE

Elevated serum IgE is helpful in making the diagnosis of ABPA and in monitoring the onset of exacerbation and response to therapy. ABPA occurs frequently in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). They also develop high total serum IgE.
Steroids and bone maturation in infant mice: relative activities of dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone.

A procedure for biological assay of the bone maturation effects of steroids, using immature mice in a 6-day test is described. Equal degrees of acceleration of bone development were produced by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and testosterone with doses in a ratio of 2.4 to 1; i.e., DHA had 42 % of the potency of testosterone, with 95 % confidence limits of 20 to 84 %. In contrast, 11β-hydroxy-Δ4-androstenedione at its LD50 had about 2 % of the potency of testosterone. Ovariectomy did not prevent the manifestation of the bone response to DHA. Corticosterone interfered with bone maturation at doses which gave a marked reduction in body growth. When a similar reduction was produced by restricting nursing time, an even greater interference with bone maturation resulted. Deoxycorticosterone was inactive in doses which give excellent maintenance of adrenalectomized mice. The sulfate of DHA was much less active than the free steroid.
Anomalous kinetics of sucrose uptake in maize scutellum slices

Abstract The kinetics of sucrose uptake into maize scutellum slices showed that the uptake mechanism had a saturable component with a Km of l.5mol m−3 sucrose. Nevertheless, uptake rate was constant (zero order) over extended periods of time until the bathing solution was nearly depleted of sucrose. It is concluded that these anomalous uptake kinetics reflect sucrose influx across the plasmalemma because of the following results: (a) Efflux of sucrose into buffer was negligible compared with uptake rate, (b) When slices were incubated in fructose, sucrose was synthesized and there was a net release of sucrose to the bathing solution until a steady-state was reached when influx and efflux were equal in magnitude. After the steady-state was reached, efflux of sucrose from the slices was nearly the same in magnitude as the estimated rate of uptake that would have occurred from bathing solutions initially containing the steady-state sucrose concentration, (c) Exchange of sucrose between bathing solution and slices was negligible compared with uptake rate, (d) Pretreatment of slices with uranyl nitrate abolished sucrose uptake, but uptake rate was re-established in these slices after treatment with HCl (pH 2). Uptake rate was set by the initial sucrose concentration of the bathing solution, and was not influenced by the level of endogenous sucrose or by the rate at which the sucrose concentration of the bathing solution declined. Abrupt increases in sucrose concentration during the uptake period increased the rate of uptake only if the concentration was increased above that at the start of the uptake period. Following abrupt decreases in sucrose concentration, there was a lag of about 30 min before uptake rate decreased greatly. If slices were washed and replaced in a fresh sucrose solution during the uptake period, a new uptake rate was set to correspond to the new initial sucrose concentration. It is suggested that the sucrose carrier has a transport site with a relatively low Km (much below 1.5mol m−3) and that the measured Km (1.5mol m−3) is that of a site that binds sucrose and thereby controls the rate of uptake. The low Km suggested for the transport site would explain the zero order kinetics but a model of the uptake mechanism that includes the control site cannot, as yet, be constructed from the data.
Truncus Arteriosus With Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Normal Aortic Arch

In hearts with a common arterial trunk (truncus arteriosus), there is almost always an inverse development of the aortic arch and the ductus arteriosus. Truncus with a normal aortic arch and a patent ductus is a rare echocardiographic and surgical finding. In this report, we describe 2 neonates in whom truncus arteriosus with a normal aortic arch and a medium or large patent ductus was diagnosed by preoperative echocardiography (without catheterization) and confirmed intraoperatively.
Polyelectrolytes for cell encapsulation

Abstract Recent advances in the use of polyelectrolyte materials for cell encapsulation are reviewed, with a focus on three current challenges: tunable mechanical properties, controlled cell adhesion, and enhanced oxygen supply. New notable results include methods for creating stable alginate–silica complexes, techniques for incorporating RGD-containing peptides into alginate gels, and an improved understanding of the effect of charge density on cell–material interactions.
Heart motion video-tracking (radarkymography) in diagnosis of congenital and acquired heart disease

Abstract Heart motion video-tracking (radarkymography) is a technic for recording the movements of cardiovascular structures. Over 100 patients with a variety of congenital and rheumatic heart lesions were studied. Characteristic graphic linear tracings were obtained in patients with mitral valve disease, obstruction to the aortic outflow tract, ventricular aneurysms and coarctation of the aorta. Radarkymography offers certain advantages over electrokymography, which to date has been the major technic for recording motion of the cardiac silhouette.
Head for the hills: The influence of environmental slant on spatial memory organization

Environmental slant is known to improve navigation performance in humans and other animals. Successful navigation relies on accurate spatial orientation and accurate spatial memory retrieval. The role of environmental slant in spatial orientation has been established, but its role in spatial memory organization is unclear. Two experiments using immersive virtual reality explored the influence of environmental slant on reference frame selection during spatial learning. Participants studied object locations on a sloped surface. When no additional environmental cues were present (Experiment 1), spatial memory retrieval was best from the studied perspective aligned with the direction of slope. When the direction of slope was placed in competition with the axis of the surrounding room (Experiment 2), spatial memory retrieval was best from the initially studied perspective. The latter finding contrasts with the results of research showing that pigeons preferentially rely on environmental slant over room shape. The findings are discussed in the context of spatial memory theory.
A simple network thermodynamic method for series-parallel coupled flows III. Application to coupled solute and volume flows through epithelial membranes

Abstract Using the network thermodynamic methods presented in the first two papers in this series (Mikulecky, Wiegand & Shiner, 1977; Mikulecky, 1977), an application to the coupled flows of salt and volume through epithelial membranes is developed. In another paper, the kidney proximal tubule is treated as a specific example (Thomas & Mikulecky,1978; Thomas, 1977). Two different experimental situations are examined in detail. The first is the case of transport across an epithelium with no external driving forces and a pump; the second is the case with transepithelial driving forces for both volume flow and solute flow but with no pump. For the linear network, the result for the most general case with a pump and transepithelial driving forces is obtained by superposition. The results obtained for the linear model lead to a number of interesting conclusions. The composition of transported fluid is independent of pump rate but does depend on the characteristics of the various membranes in the epithelium. The link between the genetic determination of epithelial membranes and the tonicity of blood is discussed. The absence of a need for a “standing gradient” in the interstitial space is clearly demonstrated, although the actual tonicity of that space can play a significant role, as is shown in detail in the work on the kidney proximal tubule. The topological aspects of the experimental design affect the manifestation of Onsager reciprocity in different parts of the system. Also, much of the epithelial function can be seen in terms of simple network concepts, such as the current divider properties of parallel pathways. The changes in topology brought about by different experimental design can be seen to alter these current-division patterns.
Current Status of the Management of Teeth With Furcation Invasions

Successful treatment of multirooted teeth with periodontal destruction of varying degrees into their furcations has long been one of the most challenging problems confronting the periodontist. Indeed, some earlier authors have reported that periodontal pockets that involve the domes of furcations of multirooted teeth present a hopeless, or at best an unfavorable prognosis, and should be extracted.1'2 In a recent study of untreated periodontal disease, maxillary and mandibular molars showed the greatest percentage of tooth loss over a period of 18 to 115 months;3 however, long-term studies of treated teeth with furcations have shown impressive statistics on retention for periodi up to 50 years.4"9 Nevertheless, the more complex anatomy of multirooted teeth does complicate treatment of furca invasions (FI).
“True Enough” Formulations: The MAPS Approach

Clinical case formulation is at the core of competent care. When appropriately constructed it is grounded in best practices and serves as an explanatory model, a prescriptive road map, and a yardstick for all interventions. Despite the key role of formulations, many clinicians struggle with their construction and usage. The author offers a new model described as the MAPS approach. This framework, which is pragmatic, driven by clinical data, and process oriented, helps clinicians develop a “true enough” core formulation focusing on the most salient clinical elements that must be addressed. Its graphic nature helps reinforce the interrelated systems nature of psychiatric work and directs the clinician to a restricted number of specific areas that both inform the “core formulation” and serve as the targets for care. This comprehensive model, which includes evaluation, formulation, treatment planning, and treatment monitoring, readily complements and dovetails with the full range of treatment approaches.
A sensitive and specific method for the measurement of monophosphoinositide at a microregional level in brain.

Abstract A method is described wherein monophosphoinositide is quantitatively extracted from as little as 1 mg of brain, deacylated to glycerophosphoryl inositol, trimethylsilylated and gas chromatographed. Amounts of glycerophosphoryl inositol as small as 5 ng (15 pmoles) have been chromatographed. The flame ionization detector response is linear from this level to 10 μg. This method gives values for monophosphoinositide in excellent agreement with those obtained with much larger tissue samples using the previously available techniques. Other advantages of the gas chromatographic method are its high degree of specificity, due to the increased resolution of the separation technique, and the considerable increase in the speed with which multiple determinations can be carried out.
Intercultural Communication and Speech Style

In her article, "Intercultural Communication and Speech Style," Fee-Alexandra Haase discusses intercultural communication as a concept for the production and analysis of speeches and written texts. Starting with a theoretical and historical perspective, Haase exemplifies selected intercultural patterns found in different cultures. Further, based on definitions of style in rhetoric from different cultural backgrounds from the ancient Greek culture up to modern approaches of rhetoricians, Haase proposes a concept for the analysis of texts employing aspects of rhetoric as an intercultural concept. Haase locates in her concept methods of composition used for the analysis of texts and spoken words within the tradition of style books and scholarly literature thus providing evidence of the development of style conceptualization. Finally, Haase proposes that the analysis of the main qualities of utterance (speech or text) others or we ourselves use can help as an adjustment within the intercultural conditions of discourse. Fee-Alexandra Haase, "Intercultural Communication and Speech Style" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 7.3 (2005):
NUCLEAR RNA SYNTHESIS IN PARTIALLY SYNCHRONIZED MOUSE FIBROBLASTS.

Abstract In suspension cultures of mouse fibroblasts partially synchronized with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine there was a delay of about two hours between mitosis and the separation of daughter cells. As judged by the rates of incorporation of [8- 14 C]hypoxanthine, the synthesis of nuclear RNA decreased somewhat during the period of DNA synthesis, increased markedly as the latter slowed, and remained active before and after mitosis.
Nanopharmaceuticals (part 1): products on the market

In 2000, the National Institute of Health launched the National Nanotechnology Initiative to support, coordinate, and advance research and development of nanoscale projects. The impact of this new program on health-science related research and development became quickly visible. Broad governmental financial support advanced the start of new, and the deepening of already existing, interdisciplinary research. The anticipated merger of nanoscience with medicine quickly instigated the conceptualization of nanomedicine. The adoption of nanoscience terminology by pharmaceutical scientists resulted in the advent of nanopharmaceuticals. The term "nano" became tantamount to "cutting-edge" and was quickly embraced by the pharmaceutical science community. Colloidal drug delivery systems reemerged as nanodrug delivery systems; colloidal gold became a suspension of nano gold particles. In this review, we first review nanoscience related definitions applied to pharmaceuticals, we then discuss all 43 currently approved drug formulations which are publicized as nanopharmaceuticals, and finally we analyze clinical aspects of selected drug formulations.
Mechanism of Fluconazole Resistance in Candida albicans Biofilms: Phase-Specific Role of Efflux Pumps and Membrane Sterols

Candida albicans biofilms are formed through three distinct developmental phases and are associated with high fluconazole (FLU) resistance. In the present study, we used a set of isogenic Candida strains lacking one or more of the drug efflux pumps Cdr1p, Cdr2p, and Mdr1p to determine their role in FLU resistance of biofilms. Additionally, variation in sterol profile as a possible mechanism of drug resistance was investigated. Our results indicate that parent and mutant strains formed similar biofilms. However, biofilms formed by double and triple mutants were more susceptible to FLU at 6 h (MIC = 64 and 16 μg/ml, respectively) than the wild-type strain (MIC > 256 μg/ml). At later time points (12 and 48 h), all the strains became resistant to this azole (MIC ≥ 256 μg/ml), indicating lack of involvement of efflux pumps in resistance at late stages of biofilm formation. Northern blot analyses revealed that Candida biofilms expressed CDR and MDR1 genes in all the developmental phases, while planktonic cells expressed these genes only at the 12- and 48-h time points. Functionality of efflux pumps was assayed by rhodamine (Rh123) efflux assays, which revealed significant differences in Rh123 retention between biofilm and planktonic cells at the early phase (P = 0.0006) but not at later stages (12 and 48 h). Sterol analyses showed that ergosterol levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.001) at intermediate and mature phases, compared to those in early-phase biofilms. These studies suggest that multicomponent, phase-specific mechanisms are operative in antifungal resistance of fungal biofilms.
Premature ejaculation: Past research progress, future directions

Abstract An 180 degree conceptual shift has led to effective intervention strategies for the individual experiencing a sexual dysfunction. Sexual performance impediments are no longer viewed as symptoms of underlying psychopathology with a poor prognosis for remediation. Instead, an increasing number of theorists, researchers, and clinicians view sexual dysfunctions from a more behavioral perspective, conceptualizing the problem in terms of individual learning histories, past and current environmental contingencies, and internally-mediated or situationally-based anxiety. The present paper surveys the literature concerning premature ejaculation and addresses the definitional complexity, etiological factors, and current assessment and treatment methodologies. Directions for future research are critically examined.
Recent Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Initiatives Have Not Been Shown to Improve the Education of Cardiology Fellows

The best lad schemes o’ mice an’ men Gang aft agley, An’ lea’e us nought but grief an’ pain, For promis’d joy! — —Robert Burns Before formal training programs in medicine, physician trainees learned at the feet of established physicians. Although formal training programs in internal medicine and surgery had been around for many years, the Flexner report in 1910 fundamentally changed how training was performed.1,2 Flexner described the mediocre quality of medical education at the turn of the century, noting the poor facilities, the profit motives, and the inadequate curricula. To reform medical education, he envisioned academically oriented hospitals where clinical observations drove research questions and advancements in patient care. Postgraduate trainees were indeed “residents”; they lived at the hospital, allowing the closest observation of their patients and a continuity of inpatient care that was unmatched. Indeed, in this setting, a night off duty was characterized, without a lack of sarcasm, as a lost opportunity to learn. Response by Kuvin p 537 In the 1950s, Residency Review committees were created for many specialties to set standards for and to evaluate residency programs in those specialties. In contrast to specialty boards that examined trainees at the completion of residency training, the review committees evaluated and accredited programs within individual specialties. In 1965, with the US Congress approval of the Medicare Bill and public support for graduate medical education (GME), the door was opened for GME policies to be subject to public policy. In 1972, the Coordinating Council on Medical Education (CCME), charged with approving and coordinating all areas of medical education, was born from 5 organizations: the American Medical Association, the American Board of Medical Specialties, the American Hospital Association, the Association of American Medical Colleges, and the Council of Medical Specialty Societies. The goals of the CCME were …
Discourses of Remediation: Low-Income Students and Academic Identities

This article draws on the framework of new literacy studies (Gee, 1996, 2005) to explore remedial students’ academic identities. The authors use discourse analysis to examine students’ written assignments from one remedial summer bridge course. Student-written assignments include themes and rhetorical devices that suggest the complexities of negotiating academic identities. In particular, low-income student participants express uncertainty about their academic selves. The authors offer this framework as one means of further exploring remedial student experiences.
A CRF2 agonist administered into the central nucleus of the amygdala decreases ethanol self-administration in ethanol-dependent rats

Alcohol dependence is characterized by excessive consumption, loss of control over intake and the presence of a withdrawal syndrome, including both motivational and physical symptoms. Previous studies have implicated the brain corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) stress systems in mediating the negative emotional state associated with ethanol withdrawal. CRF(1) receptor-specific antagonists, administered systemically, and CRF receptor subtype nonspecific antagonists, administered into the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), selectively decrease the anxiety-like behaviors and increased ethanol self-administration associated with ethanol withdrawal. In the present study, we investigated the role of CRF(2) receptors within the CeA in mediating ethanol self-administration in ethanol-dependent and nondependent animals. Male Wistar rats were made dependent on ethanol using an intermittent ethanol vapor exposure paradigm. Nondependent animals received similar conditions but were exposed to air only. Following 2 h of withdrawal from ethanol vapors, ethanol and water self-administration were measured following administration of urocortin 3, a highly selective CRF(2) agonist, in the CeA. In dependent rats, urocortin 3 (0.1 microg/microl and 0.5 microg/microl) decreased ethanol self-administration, with no effect on water self-administration. In nondependent rats, urocortin 3 (0.5 microg/microl) increased ethanol self-administration, with no effect on water self-administration. These data demonstrate an opposing role of the CRF(2) receptor subtype within the CeA in mediating ethanol self-administration in withdrawn, dependent and nondependent rats.
Non-Injection One-Pot Synthesized Lanthanide Ions Doped CdSe Nanocrystals with their Energy Transfer

The OA protected, Eu doped CdSe nanocrystals (NCs), which optical property could be control by temperature and reactant molar ratio, were prepared by non-injection one-pot synthesized method. And after modifying TTA, the Eu doped NCs showed energy transfer from NCs to Eu. The size, crystal structure, composition and the optical property of product were further studied in detail by TEM, PL, UV, XRD and EDS. The Eu doped NCs with excellent lanthanide characteristic fluorescence were possessed many potential applications in various fields, such as biological labeling, immunoassays, optical sensing, and so on.
Electronic Grassroots Organizing

Using principles derived from communication theory and social psychology, the authors develop and test propositions about grassroots organizing on electronic media. Three categories of users on a municipal electronic network were studied: city decision makers, activists who formed a grassroots group that developed and successfully lobbied city decision makers to establish a transitional center for the homeless, and a social group of users who later joined the system. The authors report analyses based on survey data, interviews, and extensive participant-observation. Results showed that (1) the municipal electronic network facilitated the formation of users' ties across traditional socioeconomic boundaries and power differentials, (2) users of the system reported that their perceptions regarding a (homeless) outgroup had been positively altered, and (3) the system enhanced participation of previous nonparticipants in civic life.
Selection of conidial longevity mutants of Neurospora crassa.

Conidial survival was measured after incubation in white light at 30°C and 85–100% relative humidity. The heritable median lifespan (MLS) of the wild-type (age0) was 22 days. Spontaneous short-lived mutants (age−) with MLS about 7 days occurred among both sexual and asexual progeny of wild-type at a frequency of about 10%. Radiationof conidia with near ultraviolet light increased the mutation frequency about 5–9-fold above spontaneous. The apparent spontaneous reversion frequency was about 0.1% or less. Four lines of evidence indicated that conditional defective conidiophorogenesis is a pleiotropic expression of the age− mutations. Of five age− mutants tested, all were photosensitive and remedial by vitamin E1 exhibiting wild-type survival in darkness or after preculture with vitamin E. Selective breeding yielded variants (age+) with about 14-day increments of MLS at each of three generations beyond the F1. The segregation of either age− or age+ in crosses to age0 was Mendelian. A survey of mutants of 61 genes with other biochemical or morphological phenotypes indicated, as a conservative estimate, that 9 or 15% may exert a pleiotropic adverse effect on conidial longevity.
exo -Brevicomin Biosynthesis in the Fat Body of the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae

exo-Brevicomin (exo-7-ethyl-5-methyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane) is an important semiochemical for a number of beetle species, including the highly destructive mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae. It also has been found in other insects and even in the African elephant. Despite its significance, little is known about its biosynthesis. In order to fill this gap and to identify new molecular targets for potential pest management methods, we performed gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses of cell cultures and in vitro assays of various D. ponderosae tissues with exo-brevicomin intermediates, analogs, and inhibitors. We confirmed that exo-brevicomin was synthesized by “unfed” males after emerging from the brood tree. Furthermore, in contrast to the paradigm established for biosynthesis of monoterpenoid pheromone components in bark beetles, exo-brevicomin was produced in the fat body, and not in the anterior midgut. The first committed step involves decarboxylation or decarbonylation of ω-3-decenoic acid, which is derived from a longer-chain precursor via β-oxidation, to (Z)-6-nonen-2-ol. This secondary alcohol is converted to the known precursor, (Z)-6-nonen-2-one, and further epoxidized by a cytochrome P450 to 6,7-epoxynonan-2-one. The keto-epoxide is stable at physiological pH, suggesting that its final cyclization to form exo-brevicomin is enzyme-catalyzed. exo-Brevicomin production is unusual in that tissue not derived from ectoderm apparently is involved.
Verification Studies for a Z-Coordinate Primitive-Equation Model: Tidal Conversion at a Mid-Ocean Ridge

Abstract We document the accuracy and convergence of solutions for a z -coordinate primitive-equation model of internal tide generation and propagation. The model, which is based on MOM3 numerics, is linearized around a state of rest to facilitate comparison with analytic estimates of baroclinic generation at finite-amplitude topography in a channel forced by barotropic tidal flow at its boundaries. Unlike the analytical model, the numerical model includes mixing of both buoyancy and momentum, and several definitions of “baroclinic conversion” are possible. These are clarified by writing out the energetics of the linearized equations in terms of barotropic kinetic energy, baroclinic kinetic energy, and available potential energy. The tidal conversion computed from the model, defined as the rate of conversion of barotropic kinetic energy into available potential energy, agrees well with analytical predictions. A comparison of different treatments of bottom topography (full-cells, partial-cells, and ghost-cells) indicates that the partial-cell treatment is the most accurate in this application. Convergence studies of flow over a smooth supercritical ridge show that the dissipation along tidal characteristics is, apparently, an integrable singularity. When the ocean bottom is not smooth, the accuracy and convergence of the model depend on the power spectrum of the topography. A numerical experiment suggests that the power spectrum of the resolved topography must roll off faster than k −2 to obtain convergent results from a linear numerical model of this type.
Objective Measures of Needs and Course Achievement in Introductory Psychology

(1958). Objective Measures of Needs and Course Achievement in Introductory Psychology. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 51-57.
Taste aversion following backward conditioning procedures in preweanling and adult rats

Laboratory rats, 18 and 90 days old, received an intraperitoneal injection (2% body weight) of .15M lithium chloride or .9% saline 10 or 30 min before 15-min access to 12% sucrose. Additional control groups received LiCl injection followed by tap water access. Testing with a 2-bottle choice procedure revealed reliable aversion effects for both age groups at each toxicosis-flavor interval. Adult rats showed reliably greater persistence of aversion following training with the 10- than with the 30-min interval. Rat pups showed no reliable differences in aversion across training intervals. Reliably greater aversion effects occurred for adults than for pups following training at the 10-min interval. Following training at the 30-min interval a similar reliable age effect occurred on Test Trial 1; but from Trial 2 onward the magnitude of aversion was similar for pups and adult rats.
Expression and Chloroplast Targeting of Cholesterol Oxidase in Transgenic Tobacco Plants

Cholesterol oxidase represents a novel type of insecticidal protein with potent activity against the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman). We transformed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants with the cholesterol oxidase choM gene and expressed cytosolic and chloroplast-targeted versions of the ChoM protein. Transgenic leaf tissues expressing cholesterol oxidase exerted insecticidal activity against boll weevil larvae. Our results indicate that cholesterol oxidase can metabolize phytosterols in vivo when produced cytosolically or when targeted to chloroplasts. The transgenic plants exhibiting cytosolic expression accumulated low levels of saturated sterols known as stanols, and displayed severe developmental aberrations. In contrast, the transgenic plants expressing chloroplast-targeted cholesterol oxidase maintained a greater accumulation of stanols, and appeared phenotypically and developmentally normal. These results are discussed within the context of plant sterol distribution and metabolism.
A planning approach to monitor and control for deep space communications

In recent years with the large increase in the number of space missions at NASA and JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), the demand for deep space communications services to command and collect data from these missions has become more difficult to manage. In an attempt to increase the efficiency of operating deep space communications antennas, we are developing a prototype system to perform monitor, control, execution and recovery in order to automate the operations of the Deep Space Network (DSN) communication antenna stations. The authors describe the antenna automation problem, the GASPER planning and scheduling system, how GASPER is used to generate antenna track plans and perform monitor and control during execution, and future work utilizing dynamic planning technology.
Study of Surface Defects With the Reflected Electrons

Studying crystal surfaces using the forward scattered high energy electrons Is discussed.Performance and applications of the basic REM and several variations of this technique are presented.
Enhanced left ventricular performance with phentolamine in acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract The hemodynamic effects of phentolamine (Regitine) were evaluated in nine patients with increased left ventricular filling pressure and clinical left ventricular failure (Group A) and five patients with normal left ventricular filling pressure and an uncomplicated course (Group B) within 48 hours of an acute myocardial infarction. Decreased afterload was noted in both groups after administration of phentolamine. Improved left ventricular performance was noted only in Group A and was manifested by a decrease in left ventricular filling pressure (from 23.9 to 13.6 mm Hg), increase in cardiac index (from 2.1 to 2.9 liters/min per m2), increase in stroke volume index (from 22.5 to 29.3 cc/beat per m2), and little change in heart rate (from 94.2 to 99.8 beats/min). In contrast, a decrease in stroke volume index (32 to 26 cc/beat per m2) and a greater increase in heart rate (77 to 94 beats/min) were noted in Group B. Reduction of preload, which accompanies a reduction in afterload with administration of phentolamine, may have caused a greater decrease in end-diastolic volume in Group B, resulting in the reduced stroke volume index and compensatory increase in heart rate. Our findings suggest that afterload reduction induced by administration of phentolamine enhances depressed left ventricular function in patients with increased left ventricular filling pressure after myocardial infarction. Careful monitoring to prevent complications is required.
Three informants' reports of child behavior: parents, teachers, and foster parents.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate whether disagreements in reporting child behavior problems between biological parents and foster parents and teachers are related to depressive symptoms in the biological parent. Method Child Behavior Checklists and Teacher's Report Forms were completed by parents, foster parents, and teachers on 95 foster children between ages 5 and 16 during 1990–1991. Depressive symptoms in biological parents were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the relation between parental depressive symptoms and the discrepancies between their reports and those of two other informants. Results In both the internalizing and externalizing behavior models, a significant relation was found between parents’ depressive symptoms and their discrepancies in reporting, but not with child behavior. This relation was stronger for internalizing than externalizing models. Conclusions Using foster parents (and teachers) as informants offered a unique opportunity to view the reports of biological parents in comparison to two independent reports. Foster parents have a similar observational situation as biological parents but bring a less emotionally invested perspective to behavior observation, even when they are relatives. It is likely that depressive symptoms in parents distort their reports of their children's behavior. Clinicians would be wise to supplement parental with other informant reports.
Descending Aortic Blood Flow Velocity as a Noninvasive Measure of Cardiac Output in Children

In previous work, we postulated that mean aortic flow velocity (MAFV) might be a direct measure of cardiac index. To investigate the assumptions inherent in this relation, we measured body surface area, aortic cross-sectional area (two-dimensional ultrasonography) and MAFV (Doppler ultrasonographys) in 70 normal children. For a direct check of the relation, we simultaneously measured cardiac index (Fick technique) and MAFV (Doppler ultrasonography) in 25 children after cardiac surgery. In the normal group, we found that body surface area was directly proportional to aortic cross-sectional area (R 0.94), and MAFV at rest was the same in the ascending and descending aorta (t test,p<0.05). In the intensive care patients, MAFV in the descending aorta was directly proportional to cardiac index over a wide clinical range [MAFV (cm/s)=CI (L/min/m2) · 7.7–1.2]. The assumptions made when deriving the relation between MAFV and cardiac index appear to be valid whether measured in the ascending or descending aorta. However, the scatter of results limits its clinical value. Mean aortic flow velocity is probably of greater use as a trend indicator and has the potential for continuous display using an esophageal Doppler probe when measured in the descending aorta.
Salvage radical prostatectomy for radiorecurrent prostate cancer: morbidity revisited

Purpose: With the advent of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing and transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy there has been stage migration in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, so that more younger men are being diagnosed with organ confined prostate cancer. Many patients elect radiation therapy, while some have recurrent or new prostate cancer with absent systemic disease and life expectancy greater than 10 years. We present our experience with salvage radical prostatectomy in these cases.Materials and Methods: Between 1995 and 2000, 6 men treated with curative intent with radiotherapy for prostate cancer were subsequently treated with salvage surgery for clinically localized prostate cancer. All men had biopsy proved recurrent or persistent prostate cancer, increasing serum PSA, no evidence of systemic disease at surgery and life expectancy greater than 10 years. We assessed the morbidity associated with this procedure and compared results to those in the contemporary literature.Results: Six pa...
Amphotericin B lipid complex for neonatal invasive candidiasis

This study describes the safety and eYcacy of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) in 11 neonates with systemic Candida infections. Nine of the 11 improved clinically, and eight of nine evaluable patients had a mycological cure with ABLC. Creatinine levels improved or did not significantly change in eight of the 11 patients. (Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001;84:F131‐F133)
The Measurement of Cerebral Infarction Edema With Sodium 22

Sodium 22 was used to determine quantitatively cerebral infarction edema in cats after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. A comparison was made of the sodium 22 edema determination with the wet weight-dry weight method of edema determination. There was a high degree of correlation between the two methods. The sodium 22 method of measuring cerebral infarction edema was less time consuming and easier than the wet weight-dry weight method, and served as a reliable means of quantitatively comparing the edema content in the hemispheres of animals with stroke.
Do we really need more entry mode studies

This commentary's title is not meant to be a rhetorical question. In congratulating Brouthers (2002) for the JIBS Decade Award, we have an opportunity to assess where we are within this field of inquiry, and what is our trajectory. I believe that we have accomplished a lot in this area of study. Nevertheless, I am concerned about its current trajectory, so much so that I think we should seriously question whether we need more entry mode studies – especially if we are going to get more of the same.
Changes in phosphorus biogeochemistry along an estuarine salinity gradient: The iron conveyer belt

We used sequential extractions to quantify different forms of particulate phosphorus (PP) in sediments along the salinity gradient of the Patuxent River estuary. About 50–90% of the PP was phosphate bound to iron oxides (Fe-P), and 8–30% was organic P (org-P). Loosely sorbed phosphate (sorb-P), detrital apatite, and authigenic plus biogenic apatite each made up ,10% of the PP. Suspended sediments from the watershed and deposited sediments in tidal freshwater had the highest concentrations of Fe-P, ranging about 30–55 mmol g21 sediment. As pore-water salinity increased to 7 along the estuarine gradient, Fe-P declined to 15–25 mmol g21, org-P increased from 4 to 10 mmol g21, sorb-P increased from 0.5 to 2.5 mmol g21, and total sediment PP declined from 60 to 40 mmol g21. Concentrations of pore-water solutes also changed with salinity. As salinity increased, dissolved Fe and ammonium decreased, while dissolved phosphate increased. Near the freshwater end of the gradient, the molar ratio of pore-water ammonium : phosphate was generally .16 (the Redfield ratio) and ranged up to .700, while at the saline end of the gradient the ratio was generally ,16 and ranged down to ,1.5. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that phosphate is released from terrigenous sediments when they are deposited in saline portions of the estuary where sulfide may enhance dissolution of Fe-P and form Fe sulfide precipitates. Such phosphate release may contribute to the generally observed switch from phosphorus limitation in freshwater to nitrogen limitation in coastal marine water.
Dealing with Posterior Glenoid Wear: A Slippery Slope

Posterior glenoid bone deficiency is frequently encountered among patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty. In the majority of cases, posterior wear is managed by maximizing exposure to the glenoid. Other methods such as eccentric reaming or removal of anterior bone with a burr, can change the version enough to allow glenoid component implantation. Occasionally, bone grafting procedures are necessary. Excessive posterior wear can lead to severe retroversion of the implanted glenoid component and possibly subsequent postoperative instability and early loosening. Anteversion of the humeral component to compensate for excessive posterior wear is controversial, but may have some applicability in certain cases.
Rheological Behavior of Living Cells Is Timescale-Dependent

The dynamic mechanical behavior of living cells has been proposed to result from timescale-invariant processes governed by the soft glass rheology theory derived from soft matter physics. But this theory is based on experimental measurements over timescales that are shorter than those most relevant for cell growth and function. Here we report results measured over a wider range of timescales which demonstrate that rheological behaviors of living cells are not timescale-invariant. These findings demonstrate that although soft glass rheology appears to accurately predict certain cell mechanical behaviors, it is not a unified model of cell rheology under biologically relevant conditions and thus, alternative mechanisms need to be considered.
The effect of flutamide on testosterone metabolism and the plasma levels of androgens and gonadotropins.

Flutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen, was given to 11 men with prostate cancer, in doses of 750 to 1500 mg daily for 0.5--7 months. Four patients had a clinical remission and seven showed no response. All the patients showed a profound change in the peripheral metabolism of testosterone: markedly increased conversion to androsterone (A) and correspondingly decreased conversion to etiocholanolone (E); the A/E ratio rose to levels never before observed consistently in any group of healthy or diseased humans. This change was probably due to alteration by flutamide of the relative activities of steroid 5alpha and 5beta reductase in favor of the former. 24-Hour mean plasma testosterone was increased in five of the six patients studied for this parameter, for the group as a whole, testosterone rose from 279 ng/dl to 484 ng/dl (P less than .05). 24-Hour mean values for plasma dihydrotestosterone, dehydroisoandrosterone, LH and FSH showed no significant change, for the group as a whole, in the same six patients. Since flutamide did not change the metabolic clearance rate or volume of distribution of testosterone tracers, the increased plasma levels of the hormone were probably due to increased production.
A simple motion planner for a spherical mobile robot

A spherical mobile robot that offers a number of advantages, is proposed. The success of our design is dependent upon development of simple control strategies for reconfiguration of the sphere. In this paper we address the open-loop control problem and present a simple strategy for reconfiguration. To bring the sphere to a desired position with a desired orientation, we use a specific kinematic model. Under this model, the motion of the sphere is comprised of straight lines and circular arcs for individual inputs. Our motion planner reconfigures the sphere using individual inputs, and as compared to existing motion planners, requires limited computation and provides the scope for easy implementation.