cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The creative wealth of nations : how the performing arts can advance development and human progress

Cultural activities are increasingly noted as drivers of meaningful development. But they have yet to gain a prominent place in the architecture of development strategy. The performing arts, discussed here, exhibit direct effects on social progress and economic growth through trade in music, movies, and temporary work permits for artists, for example. Indirect contributions may also include environmental stewardship, tourism, nation branding, social inclusion, cultural democracy, and shifting cultural behaviors. These direct and indirect contributions are not well documented. As such, how is the creative or cultural sector a crucial part of the wealth of nations, and how could the World Bank Group better leverage the performing arts in its development strategy? This discussion provides a broad snapshot, from arts education, to social inclusion, to international trade in services. Key constraints include: the paucity of data and the difficulty of measuring cultural activities, the challenge of intellectual property, and the unclear benefits of cultural tourism. Part I sets the stage. Part II then provides policy options to foster the performing arts as a promising engine for development. Suggestions include: 1. expanding direct involvement in artistic projects, 2. increasing the use of performing arts to address social issues, 3. collecting data, 4. promoting intellectual property training programs, 5. supporting digital platforms in the developing world that advance indigenous music, and 6. funding studies on such areas as cultural tourism. Progress still needs to be made in the discussion of the diverse ways that the performing arts can contribute to meaningful development.
Latin America: The Missing Financial Crisis

The current episode (2007-09) may well be the first time since Latin America gained its independence in the early 1800s that a major economic contraction and financial calamity in the industrialized world has not caused a wave of currency, sovereign debt or banking crises in the region. What explains Latin America's unprecedented resilience in contrast with, for example, Eastern Europe's now-evident financial vulnerability? Here we review the enormous progress made by many governments in Latin America in the past decade to reduce currency mismatches, allow for more flexible exchange-rate regimes, enhance the capitalization, funding and supervision of their banking systems, encourage the development of local capital markets, and implement sounder and more credible monetary and fiscal policies. Evidently, it is not necessary to wait for an improved international financial regulation in order for reform-minded, well-managed countries to reap the most benefits from, and minimize the deleterious impact of market cycles typical of, financial globalization.
Minimum input selection for structural controllability

Given a linear system x = Ax, where A is an n × n matrix with m nonzero entries, we consider the problem of finding the smallest set of state variables to affect with an input so that the resulting system is structurally controllable. We further assume we are given a set of “forbidden state variables” F which cannot be affected with an input and which we have to avoid in our selection. Our main result is that this problem can be solved deterministically in O(n + m√n) operations.
Measurement and modeling of magnetomechanical coupling in magnetostrictive iron-gallium alloys

Measurements are performed to characterize the nonlinear and hysteretic magnetomechanical coupling of iron-gallium (Galfenol) alloys. Magnetization of production and research grade Galfenol is measured under applied stress at constant field, applied field at constant stress, and alternately applied field and stress. A high degree of reversibility in the magnetomechanical coupling is observed by comparing a series of applied field at constant stress experiments with a single applied stress at constant field experiment. Accommodation is not evident and magnetic hysteresis for both applied field and stress is shown to be coupled. A stress, field, and orientation dependent hysteron is developed from continuum thermodynamics which employs a unified hysteresis mechanism for both applied stress and field. The hysteron has an instantaneous loss mechanism similar to Coulomb-friction or Preisach-type models and is shown to satisfy the second law of thermodynamics. Stochastic homogenization is employed to account for the smoothing effect that material inhomogeneities have on the magnetization.
Logic Engines as Interactors

We introduce a new programming language construct, Interactors , supporting the agent-oriented view that programming is a dialog between simple, self-contained, autonomous building blocks. We define Interactors as an abstraction of answer generation and refinement in Logic Engines resulting in expressive language extension and metaprogramming patterns. Interactors extend language constructs like Ruby, Python and C#'s multiple coroutining block returns through yield statements and they can emulate the action of monadic constructs and catamorphisms in functional languages. The full version of this paper [1] describes source level emulation of Prolog's dynamic database and various built-ins in terms of an Interactor API and design patterns for algorithms involving combinatorial generation and infinite answer streams.
The Age of the Observable Universe

The inflationary model for the inhomogeneous universe predicts that the age of the universe is exactly two-thirds of the Hubble time, the inverse of the Hubble constant. In this paper the Hubble time is taken to be 17 billion years from red-shift measurements and the age of the observable universe is found to be 11 billion years using radioactive chronometers. Since 11/17=0.647 is in close accord with 2/3=0.667, the inflationary model calculations can be taken as substantially correct in this case.
Phylogenetic relationships of the Helmeted Woodpecker (Dryocopus galeatus): A case of interspecific mimicry?

ABSTRACT Examples of phenotypic convergence in plumage coloration have been reported in a wide diversity of avian taxonomic groups, yet the underlying evolutionary mechanisms driving this phenomenon have received little scientific inquiry. We document a striking new case of plumage convergence in the Helmeted Woodpecker (Dryocopus galeatus) and explore the possibility of visual mimicry among Atlantic Forest woodpeckers. Our multilocus phylogenetic analyses unequivocally place D. galeatus within Celeus, indicating that the former has subsequently converged in appearance upon the distantly related and syntopic Dryocopus lineatus, to which it bears a remarkable resemblance in plumage coloration and pattern. Although details of the Helmeted Woodpecker's ecology and natural history are only now beginning to emerge, its smaller size and submissive behavior are consistent with predictions derived from evolutionary game-theory models and the hypothesis of interspecific social-dominance mimicry (ISDM). Moreover, e...
General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of magnetically choked accretion flows around black holes

Black hole (BH) accretion flows and jets are qualitatively affected by the presence of ordered magnetic fields. We study fully three-dimensional global general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of radially extended and thick (height H to cylindrical radius R ratio of |H/R| {approx} 0.2-1) accretion flows around BHs with various dimensionless spins (a/M, with BH mass M) and with initially toroidally-dominated ({phi}-directed) and poloidally-dominated (R-z directed) magnetic fields. Firstly, for toroidal field models and BHs with high enough |a/M|, coherent large-scale (i.e. >> H) dipolar poloidal magnetic flux patches emerge, thread the BH, and generate transient relativistic jets. Secondly, for poloidal field models, poloidal magnetic flux readily accretes through the disk from large radii and builds-up to a natural saturation point near the BH. While models with |H/R| {approx} 1 and |a/M| {le} 0.5 do not launch jets due to quenching by mass infall, for sufficiently high |a/M| or low |H/R| the polar magnetic field compresses the inflow into a geometrically thin highly non-axisymmetric 'magnetically choked accretion flow' (MCAF) within which the standard linear magneto-rotational instability is suppressed. The condition of a highly-magnetized state over most of the horizon is optimal for the Blandford-Znajek mechanism that generates persistent relativistic jets with and 100% efficiency for |a/M| {approx}> 0.9. A magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor and Kelvin-Helmholtz unstable magnetospheric interface forms between the compressed inflow and bulging jet magnetosphere, which drives a new jet-disk oscillation (JDO) type of quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) mechanism. The high-frequency QPO has spherical harmonic |m| = 1 mode period of {tau} {approx} 70GM/c{sup 3} for a/M {approx} 0.9 with coherence quality factors Q {approx}> 10. Overall, our models are qualitatively distinct from most prior MHD simulations (typically, |H/R| << 1 and poloidal flux is limited by initial conditions), so they should prove useful for testing accretion-jet theories and measuring a/M in systems such as SgrA* and M87.
Approximate Principal Direction Trees

We introduce a new spatial data structure for high dimensional data called the approximate principal direction tree (APD tree) that adapts to the intrinsic dimension of the data. Our algorithm ensures vector-quantization accuracy similar to that of computationally-expensive PCA trees with similar time-complexity to that of lower-accuracy RP trees. APD trees use a small number of power-method iterations to find splitting planes for recursively partitioning the data. As such they provide a natural trade-off between the running-time and accuracy achieved by RP and PCA trees. Our theoretical results establish a) strong performance guarantees regardless of the convergence rate of the power-method and b) that O(log d) iterations suffice to establish the guarantee of PCA trees when the intrinsic dimension is d. We demonstrate this trade-off and the efficacy of our data structure on both the CPU and GPU.
Chitinase 3-Like 1 Promotes Candida albicans Killing and Preserves Corneal Structure and Function by Controlling Host Antifungal Responses

Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) has been shown to play a role in promoting antibacterial responses, decreasing tissue injury, and enhancing pulmonary repair. This study sought to elucidate the role of CHI3L1 in augmenting the corneal innate immune response to Candida albicans infection in an animal model of fungal keratitis. Flagellin applied topically 24 h prior to C. albicans inoculation significantly protected the corneal from C. albicans and induced CHI3L1 expression in C57BL/6 mouse corneas. CHI3L1, however, played a detectable but minor role in flagellin-induced protection. While C. albicans keratitis was more severe in the corneas treated with Chi3l1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), corneas treated with recombinant CHI3L1 before C. albicans inoculation had markedly ameliorated keratitis, reduced fungal load, and decreased polymorphonucleocyte (PMN) infiltration in an interleukin 13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2)-dependent manner. CHI3L1 treatment resulted in the induction of the antimicrobial peptides β-defensin 3, CRAMP, and chemokine CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 in corneal epithelial cells. Importantly, CHI3L1 administered after C. albicans inoculation also had strong protection against fungal keratitis, suggesting a therapeutic window. This is the first report demonstrating that CHI3L1 is induced during fungal infection, where it acts as an immunomodulator to promote fungal clearance and to regulate antifungal innate immune responses in the cornea.
A note on concavity, homogeneity and non-increasing returns to scale

This paper provides a simple proof of the result that if a production function is homogeneous, displays non-increasing returns to scale, is increasing and quasiconcave, then it is concave. If the function is strictly quasiconcave or one-to-one, homogeneous, displays decreasing returns to scale and if either it is increasing or if \mathbf{0} is in its domain, then it is strictly concave. Finally it is shown that we cannot dispense with these assumptions.
Prevention of relapse and recurrence in depression: The role of long-term pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy

Major depressive disorder is a chronic disorder, frequently characterized by relapses and recurrences. One of the major risk factors for additional episodes of depression is the presence of residual symptoms that persist after a depressive episode ends; these residual symptoms tend to progress to another depressive episode. Although relapse or recurrence may be prevented with long-term pharmacotherapy, this approach is recommended only for patients at high risk of relapse or recurrence. Patients not at high risk who are effectively treated to full remission have a substantially lower risk of developing another depressive episode. In addition, psychotherapy, alone or combined with medication, has been shown to be effective in preventing further episodes of depression.
On Euclidean norm approximations

Euclidean norm calculations arise frequently in scientific and engineering applications. Several approximations for this norm with differing complexity and accuracy have been proposed in the literature. Earlier approaches [1-3] were based on minimizing the maximum error. Recently, Seol and Cheun [4] proposed an approximation based on minimizing the average error. In this paper, we first examine these approximations in detail, show that they fit into a single mathematical formulation, and compare their average and maximum errors. We then show that the maximum errors given by Seol and Cheun are significantly optimistic.
A degree bound for codimension two lattice ideals

Abstract Herzog and Srinivasan have conjectured that for any homogeneous k -algebra, the degree is bounded above by a function of the maximal degrees of the syzygies. Combining the syzygy quadrangle decomposition of Peeva and Sturmfels and a delicate case analysis, we prove that this conjectured bound holds for codimension 2 lattice ideals.
Ages of White Dwarf-Red Subdwarf Systems

We provide the first age estimates for two recently discovered white dwarf-red subdwarf systems, LHS 193AB and LHS 300AB. These unusual systems provide a new opportunity for linking the reliable age estimates for the white dwarfs to the (measurable) metallicities of the red subdwarfs. We have obtained precise photometry in the VJRKCIKCJH bands and spectroscopy covering from 6000 to 9000 A for the two new systems, as well as for a comparison white dwarf-main-sequence red dwarf system, GJ 283 AB. Using model grids available in the literature, we estimate the cooling ages, as well as temperatures, surface gravities, masses, progenitor masses, and total lifetimes of the white dwarfs. The results indicate that the two new systems are probably ancient thick-disk objects with ages of at least 6-9 Gyr. We also conduct searches of red dwarf and white dwarf compendia from SDSS data, Lepine Shara Proper Motion (LSPM) catalog, and Chaname & Gould for additional common proper motion white dwarf-red subdwarf systems. Only seven new candidate systems are found, which indicates the rarity of these systems.
In situ three-dimensional reconstruction of mouse heart sympathetic innervation by two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging

Background Sympathetic nerve wiring in the mammalian heart has remained largely unexplored. Resolving the wiring diagram of the cardiac sympathetic network would help establish the structural underpinnings of neurocardiac coupling.
Solid-Cryogen Cooling Technique for Superconducting Magnets of NMR and MRI

This paper describes a solid-cryogen cooling technique currently being developed at the M.I.T. Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory for application to superconducting magnets of NMR and MRI. The technique is particularly appropriate for “dry” magnets that do not rely on liquid cryogen, e.g., liquid helium (LHe), as their primary cooling sources. In addition, the advantages of a cryocirculator (a combination of a cryocooler and a working fluid circulator) over a cryocooler as the primary cooling source for dry magnets are described. The four magnets described here, all incorporating this cooling technique described and currently being developed at the FBML, are: 1) a solid-nitrogen (SN2)-cooled Nb3Sn 500-MHz/200-mm MRI magnet with an operating temperature range between 4.2 K (nominal) and 6.0 K (maximum with its primary cooling source off); 2) an SN2-cooled MgB2 0.5-T/800-mm MRI magnet, 1015 K; 3) an SN2-cooled compact YBCO “annulus” 100-MHz/9-mm NMR magnet, 10-15 K; 4) an SN2-cooled 1.5T/75-mm NbTi magnet for slow magic-angle-spinning NMR/MRI, 4.5-5.5 K.
Computer-aided design of separable two-dimensional digital filters

A procedure for the design of separable two-dimensional digital filters is presented. The computation involved in both the filter design and implementation is shown to be efficient. Several examples are presented which illustrate the application of the technique.
Do KIPP Schools Boost Student Achievement

Abstract The Knowledge Is Power Program (KIPP) is an influential and rapidly growing nationwide network of charter schools serving primarily disadvantaged minority students. Prominent elements of KIPP's educational model include high expectations for student achievement and behavior, and a substantial increase in time in school. KIPP is being watched closely by policy makers and educators as a possible model for urban education, but existing studies of KIPP's effects on students have been subject to methodological limitations, making them less than conclusive. We measure the achievement impacts of forty-one KIPP middle schools across the country, using propensity-score matching to identify traditional public school students with similar characteristics and prior-achievement histories as students who enter KIPP. We find consistently positive and statistically significant impacts of KIPP on student achievement, with larger impacts in math than reading. These impacts persist over four years following admissi...
Application of a chiral scaffolding ligand in catalytic enantioselective hydroformylation.

The synthesis of β-amino-aldehydes has been achieved through enantioselective hydroformylation of PMP-protected allylic amines. The reaction is accomplished by using a scalemic scaffolding ligand that covalently and reversibly binds to the substrate. These ligands behave like chiral auxiliaries because they are covalently attached to the substrate during hydroformylation; however, similar to traditional asymmetric ligands, they can be used in catalytic quantities. The directed hydroformylation of disubstituted olefins occurs under mild conditions (35 °C and 50 psi CO/H2), and Z-olefins afford excellent enantioselectivities (up to 93% ee).
Observational evidence for stochastic biasing

We show that the galaxy density in the Las Campanas Redshift Survey cannot be perfectly correlated with the underlying mass distribution since various galaxy subpopulations are not perfectly correlated with each other, even taking shot noise into account. This rules out the hypothesis of simple linear biasing and suggests that the recently proposed stochastic biasing framework is necessary for modeling actual data.
Uncertainty in satellite rainfall estimates: Time series comparison

Abstract We examined nine satellite rainfall algorithms and compared the rain fields produced from these algorithms for the period of August 1987 to December 1988. Preliminary results show algorithms which use the same satellite sensor data tend to be similar, suggesting the importance of sampling. Oceanic global mean rainfall ranges from 2.7 to 3.6 mm/d. The variability in zonal mean rain rate is about 1.5–2 mm/d for these algorithms.
Domain wall trajectory determined by its fractional topological edge defects

When a domain wall of a given chirality is injected into a magnetic nanowire, its trajectory through a branched network of Y-shaped nanowire junctions—such as a honeycomb lattice, for instance—can be pre-determined. This property has implications for data storage and processing.
Flow-thermal-structural study of aerodynamically heated leading edges

A finite element approach for integrated fluid-thermal-structural analysis of aerodynamically heated leading edges is presented. The Navier-Stokes equations for high speed compressible flow, the energy equation, and the quasi-static equilibrium equations for the leading edge are solved using a single finite element approach in one integrated, vectorized computer program called LIFTS. The fluid-thermal-structural coupling is studied for Mach 6.47 flow over a 3-in diam cylinder for which the flow behavior and the aerothermal loads are calibrated by experimental data. Issues of the thermal-structural response are studied for hydrogen-cooled, super thermal conducting leading edges subjected to intense aerodynamic heating.
Simulation of the 'negative temperature' instability for line vortices.

Abstract Numerical simulation of the Onsager “negative temperature” instability for a large number of discrete line vortices is reported.
A microcoded RISC

A new, microcoded, RISC-type system is proposed and presented. The microcode is stored in a 256 x 64 PROM Nanomemory in the CPU. The 8-bit opcode of each instruction is a direct address to the Nanomemory. Each Nanomemory 64-bit word (horizontal microcode) corresponds to a specific machine language instruction. A large 2048 x 32 CPU Register file, using the register window approach, is implemented. A bit-sliced (AMD2900) prototype is currently under construction.
Enhancing Thermoelectric Energy Recovery via Modulations of Source Temperature for Cyclical Heat Loadings

Recent improvements in thermoelectric (TE) materials have expanded the potential to use this technology to generate electricity from waste heat in a variety of applications. The performance of a TE generator improves when the temperature difference across the generator is as large as possible given the constraints associated with its application. This paper considers the use of a "thermal switch," located physically between the heat source and the TE device, to modulate the heat flow through the TE device. A control schema is envisioned which permits heat to flow from the source to the TE device only when the source temperature is near maximum, yielding a higher time-averaged temperature drop across the TE and therefore a higher efficiency. A numerical model is used to evaluate the benefits of an active thermal switch in series with a TE generator relative to a baseline case defined by the absence of a thermal switch for both time-varying and constant heat inputs. The results demonstrate that modulating the heat flow through the TE device and maintaining the source temperature at a near constant maximal value is capable of improving the time-averaged TE device energy recovery efficiency. For some conditions, improved efficiencies of more than five times are realized. The requisite physical conditions necessary for achieving these improvements are also identified.
Macrocyclic Oligo(phenylacetylenes) and Oligo(phenyldiacetylenes)

The following is a comprehensive survey of the chemistry of macrocycles comprised entirely of phenyl and acetylenic moieties. Although over four decades old, this area of research has come into its own just in the last few years. Widespread interest in the field has been spurred by recent discoveries utilizing these compounds as ligands for organometallic chemistry, hosts for binding guest molecules, models of synthetic carbon allotropes, and precursors to fullerenes and other carbon-rich materials. This review will discuss the preparation of a tremendous variety of novel structures and detail the development of versatile synthetic methods for macrocycle construction.
Avalanching in Single-Event-Upset Charge Collection in Semiconductor Diodes

The one-dimensional computer program DIODE has been used to calculate charge collection in single ionizing events in silicon and gallium arsenide diodes. Avalanche multiplication is calculated to occur above a threshold of 3 V in a silicon diode, in agreement with published measurements. Since avalanching may lead to burnout in very-large-scale integration semiconductors, it is a greater danger than the funneling effect of space charge. Carrier recombination is found to be important in gallium arsenide.
Do global string loops collapse to form black holes

Abstract Hawking has shown that the emission of gravitational radiation cannot prevent circular loops of gauged cosmic strings from collapsing into black holes. Here we consider the corresponding question for global strings: can Goldstone boson emission prevent circular loops of global cosmic strings from forming black holes? Our results show that for every value of the string tension there is a certain critical size below which the circular loop does not collapse to form a black hole. For GUT scale strings, this critical size is much larger than the current horizon.
Super-exponential distortion of subgroups of CAT(−1) groups

The purpose of this note is to produce explicit examples of CAT. 1/ groups containing free subgroups with arbitrary iterated exponential distortion, and distortion higher than any iterated exponential. The construction parallels that of Mahan Mitra in [2] but our groups are the fundamental groups of locally CAT. 1/ 2–complexes. The building blocks used in [2] are hyperbolic F3 I F3 groups, which are not known to be CAT.0/. Our building blocks are graphs of groups where the vertex and edge groups are all free groups of equal rank and the underlying graph is a bouquet of a finite number of circles. We use the combinatorial and geometric techniques from Dani Wise’s version of the Rips construction [3] to ensure that our building blocks glue together in a locally CAT. 1/ fashion.
Physical, Electrical, and Piezoelectric Properties of Hot-Forged Sr2(NbTa)2O7 Ceramics

Solid solution compositions of Sr2(NbxTa1−x)2O7 ceramics with Tc ranging from 450°C to 1342°C were fabricated utilizing a hot-forging technique to achieve preffered grain orientation and thus enhance poling. Translucent samples with greater than 99% theoretical density were obtained using this process. Depending on composition, the degree of orientation as determined by x-ray diffraction was found to be 75% to 95%. The thermal expansion, resistivity, and dielectric constant were shown to be very anisotropic. The direction perpendicular to the forging axis proved to be the ferroelectric “easy” direction, exhibiting hysteresis behavior. Piezoactivity in PLS polycrystals was measured for the first time. Hot-forged samples were electrically poled and the electromechanical properties determined using the five different modes of vibration. For Sr2(Nb0.5Ta0.5)2O7: N24=1504 Hz-m, s44=18.2×10-12m2/N, k24=3.0%, d24=2.6 pC/N, g24=6.3×10-3 Vm/N, and Qm=1100. This material was also shown to resist depoling when exposed to temperatures as high as 650°C.
Synthesis, electrochemistry and spectroscopy of novel ruthenium and rhodium complexes bound to 2,2′-Bi-1,3-dithiol (TTF)

Abstract The (TTF)2MCl3 (M = Ru(II) and Rh(I), TTF (tetrathiafulvalene) = 2,2′-bi-1,3-dithiol) complexes have been prepared by direct reaction of TTF and the MCI3 salt. Ultraviolet-visible spectra of the complexes are reported and indicate formation of a TTF+ cation with a reduced metal center. The presence of the oxidized TTF+ is further confirmed by resonance raman peaks near 1416 cm−1. Electrochemistry indicates oxidation/reduction of the complexes is localized on the TTF ligand rather than from the metal.
On variations in the peak luminosity of type ia supernovae

We explore the idea that the observed variations in the peak luminosities of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) originate in part from a scatter in metallicity of the main-sequence stars that become white dwarfs. Previous numerical studies have not self-consistently explored metallicities greater than solar. One-dimensional Chandrasekhar mass models of SNe Ia produce most of their 56Ni in a burn to nuclear statistical equilibrium between the mass shells 0.2 and 0.8 M?, for which the electron-to-nucleon ratio Ye is constant during the burn. We show analytically that under these conditions, charge and mass conservation constrain the mass of 56Ni produced to depend linearly on the original metallicity of the white dwarf progenitor. Detailed postprocessing of W7-like models confirms this linear dependence. The effect that we have identified is most evident at metallicities larger than solar and is in agreement with previous self-consistent calculations over the metallicity range common to both calculations. The observed scatter in the metallicity (-3 Z?) of the solar neighborhood is enough to induce a 25% variation in the mass of 56Ni ejected by SNe Ia. This is sufficient to vary the peak V-band brightness by |?MV| ? 0.2. This scatter in metallicity is present out to the limiting redshifts of current observations (z 1). Sedimentation of 22Ne can possibly amplify the variation in 56Ni mass to 50%. Further numerical studies can determine if other metallicity-induced effects, such as a change in the mass of the 56Ni-producing region, offset or enhance the variation that we identify.
Classification of Noncommutative Domain Algebras

Abstract Noncommutative domain algebras are noncommutative analogues of the algebras of holomorphic functions on domains of C n defined by holomorphic polynomials, and they generalize the noncommutative Hardy algebras. We present here a complete classification of these algebras based upon techniques inspired by multivariate complex analysis, and more specifically the classification of domains in hermitian spaces up to biholomorphic equivalence.
Energetic lunar nighttime ion events

The suprathermal ion detector experiment regularly observes ion events normally ranging from 250 eV/q to 1000 eV/q all through the lunar night. These ion events occur most often 2 to 3 days prior to the sunrise terminator. There is also a secondary activity peak 3 to 4 days after local sunset on the moon. The events are normally of 4 hr or less in duration, and the integral flux is 1 million ions per sq cm/sec/sr. This article discussed the character of these events and presents preliminary findings of a detailed study on this subject.
Ligand and substrate effects during Pd-catalyzed cyclizations of alkyne-tethered cyclohexadienones

The effects of ligand and substrate choice on the Pd-catalyzed cyclization of alkyne-tethered cyclohexadienones were examined. In the presence of a chiral ligand, the enantioselectivity of the desymmetrization is remarkably sensitive to structural changes in both the ligand and the substrate. Additionally, the regioselectivity of the reaction (5- vs. 6-membered ring formation) is dependent on the proximity of heteroatoms to the alkyne.
Searching for the Higgs bosons of minimal supersymmetry with muon pairs and bottom quarks

Abstract The prospects for the discovery of neutral Higgs bosons (φ0=H0,h0,A0) produced with bottom quarks via Higgs decays into muon pairs ( pp→b b φ 0 →b b μ μ +X ) at the CERN LHC are investigated in the minimal supersymmetric model. The complete physics background from the production of b b μ μ , b b W + W − (including t t ) and jjμ μ ,j=g,u,d,s,c in the Standard Model is calculated with realistic acceptance cuts. This discovery mode has a simple production mechanism from gg→b b φ 0 with its cross section proportional to 1/cos2β and could provide an opportunity to measure tanβ and the b b φ 0 couplings. In addition, we compare the associated discovery mode above with the inclusive discovery channel pp→φ 0 →μ μ +X . Promising results are found for the CP-odd pseudoscalar (A0) and the heavier CP-even scalar (H0) Higgs bosons for tanβ≡v2/v1≳14 and mA,mH≲ 325 GeV.
Optical Trapping and Manipulation Using Microfabricated Optical Tweezers Based on Diffractive Optics and Surface Plasmons

Microfabricated optical tweezers are reviewed. Fresnel zone plates are shown to offer comparable performance to traditional optical tweezers, when diffraction efficiency is taken into account. We demonstrate the manipulation of nanoparticles using surface plasmon polaritons.
Multinomial Inverse Regression for Text Analysis

Text data, including speeches, stories, and other document forms, are often connected to sentiment variables that are of interest for research in marketing, economics, and elsewhere. It is also very high dimensional and difficult to incorporate into statistical analyses. This article introduces a straightforward framework of sentiment-sufficient dimension reduction for text data. Multinomial inverse regression is introduced as a general tool for simplifying predictor sets that can be represented as draws from a multinomial distribution, and we show that logistic regression of phrase counts onto document annotations can be used to obtain low-dimensional document representations that are rich in sentiment information. To facilitate this modeling, a novel estimation technique is developed for multinomial logistic regression with very high-dimensional response. In particular, independent Laplace priors with unknown variance are assigned to each regression coefficient, and we detail an efficient routine for ma...
PBW Deformations of Skew Group Algebras in Positive Characteristic

We investigate deformations of a skew group algebra that arise from a finite group acting on a polynomial ring. When the characteristic of the underlying field divides the order of the group, a new type of deformation emerges that does not occur in characteristic zero. This analogue of Lusztig’s graded affine Hecke algebra for positive characteristic can not be forged from the template of symplectic reflection and related algebras as originally crafted by Drinfeld. By contrast, we show that in characteristic zero, for arbitrary finite groups, a Lusztig-type deformation is always isomorphic to a Drinfeld-type deformation. We fit all these deformations into a general theory, connecting Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt deformations and Hochschild cohomology when working over fields of arbitrary characteristic. We make this connection by way of a double complex adapted from Guccione, Guccione, and Valqui, formed from the Koszul resolution of a polynomial ring and the bar resolution of a group algebra.
Cloud Patterns, Waves and Convection in the Venus Atmosphere

Detailed descriptions and interpretations are provided for phenomena seen in the UV markings on Venus during the Mariner 10 encounter with that planet. The phenomena include the dark horizontal Y, circumequatorial belts, bowlike waves, the subsolar disturbance, midlatitude spiral streaks, the polar ring, and the polar region. Interpreting some of these phenomena in terms of physical processes that are familiar in earth's atmosphere, it is proposed that the large-scale brightness distribution can be most simply described in terms of a pattern with zonal wavenumber of unity which extends between about + and - 50 deg latitude and which progresses around the planet in about 4.2 days. The large-scale UV markings are interpreted as a wave phenomenon, and it is shown how the observed Y pattern could be produced by the superposition of a Rossby-Haurwitz wave dominant at middle latitudes and a Kelvin wave dominant near the equator. It is suggested that the bowlike waves may be true bow waves formed by the interaction of the rapid supercritical zonal flow with internal gravity waves of lower horizontal phase speeds generated by the subsolar disturbance.
Lattice supersymmetry and topological field theory

It is known that certain theories with extended supersymmetry can be discretized in such a way as to preserve an exact fermionic symmetry. In the simplest model of this kind, we show that this residual supersymmetric invariance is actually a BRST symmetry associated with gauge fixing an underlying local shift symmetry. Furthermore, the original lattice action is then seen to be entirely a gauge fixing term. The corresponding continuum theory has a topological field theory interpretation. We look, in detail, at one example - supersymmetric quantum mechanics which possesses two such BRST symmetries. In this case, we show that the lattice theory can be obtained by blocking out of the continuum in a carefully chosen background metric. Such a procedure will not change the Ward identities corresponding to the BRST symmetries since they correspond to topological observables. Thus, at the quantum level, the continuum BRST symmetry is preserved in the lattice theory. Similar conclusions are reached for the two-dimensional complex Wess-Zumino model and imply that all the supersymmetric Ward identities are satisfied exactly on the lattice. Numerical results supporting these conclusions are presented.
Oxiranylidene intermediate in the reaction of trans-2-chloro-3- tert-butyloxirane with sodium phenoxide.

Abstract The reaction of trans-2-chloro-3-(t-butyl)oxirane with sodium phenoxide in acetonitrile to give trans-2-phenoxy-3-(t-butyl)oxirane involves α-elimination to give an oxiranylidene which undergoes a stereoselective stepwise addition of phenol to give product.
Limites de représentations cristallines

Let F be the fraction field of the ring of Witt vectors over a perfect field of characteristic p (for example -modules attached to crystalline representations, which allows us to improve some results of Fontaine, Wach and Colmez.
Spontaneous Changes in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Single Isolated Brain Mitochondria

In this study we measured ΔΨm in single isolated brain mitochondria using rhodamine 123. Mitochondria were attached to coverslips and superfused with K+-based HEPES-buffer medium supplemented with malate and glutamate. In ∼70% of energized mitochondria we observed large amplitude spontaneous fluctuations in ΔΨm with a time course comparable to that observed previously in mitochondria of intact cells. The other 30% of mitochondria maintained a stable ΔΨm. Some of the “stable” mitochondria began to fluctuate spontaneously during the recording period. However, none of the initially fluctuating mitochondria became stable. Upon the removal of substrates from the medium or application of small amounts of Ca2+, rhodamine 123 fluorescence rapidly dropped to background values in fluctuating mitochondria, while nonfluctuating mitochondria depolarized with a delay and often began to fluctuate before complete depolarization. The changes in ΔΨm were not connected to oxidant production since reducing illumination or the addition of antioxidants had no effect on ΔΨm. Fluctuating mitochondria did not lose calcein, nor was there any effect of cyclosporin A on ΔΨm, which ruled out a contribution of permeability transition. We conclude that the fluctuations in ΔΨm reflect an intermediate, unstable state of mitochondria that may lead to or reflect mitochondrial dysfunction.
Inverse electron-demand aza-[4+2] cycloaddition reactions of allenamides

An inverse electron-demand aza-[4+2] cycloaddition reaction of allenamides with 1-azadiene is described here. Effects of solvents on diastereoselectivity along with synthetic scopes and mechanistic insights are illustrated. Despite some synthetic limitations, this aza-[4+2] cycloaddition does provide a useful template for the synthesis of aza-glycoside related heterocycles.
The multiple layers of ubiquitin-dependent cell cycle control.

Proliferation is driven by an intricate machinery, the smooth operation of which is essential for the development and survival of the organism. The central task of this machinery is to copy the genetic material of a dividing cell and to distribute it evenly between daughter cells. Yet, in higher eukaryotes, the division of every single cell has to be coordinated with the development of the whole organism. Mistakes in this cell cycle program are rarely tolerated: they give rise to developmental aberrations or cancer and often lead to the organism's demise. A collaborative effort from many laboratories has transformed our understanding of the cell cycle from a black box to an amazing level of molecular detail. Early groundbreaking studies revealed the crucial role of oscillating kinase activities in driving the embryonic cell cycle1–4. The activation of a kinase, which was first referred to as "maturation-promoting factor" and later identified to be cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1, was shown to trigger entry of cells into mitosis. Its capability to phosphorylate its substrates is dependent on the periodic synthesis of essential cyclin subunits5–7. Consequently, the removal of cyclins shuts down Cdk1 and leads to exit from mitosis. It was soon realized that ]cyclins are disposed of by ubiquitin-proteasome dependent degradation8, which brought ubiquitination into the limelight of cell cycle control. Subsequent studies extended the role of ubiquitination in regulating proliferation far beyond its part in the tug-of-war between kinase-activation and protein degradation. Ubiquitination also regulates checkpoints that ensure the high fidelity of cell division, and signaling networks that couple proliferation to differentiation and development. Such a powerful role in cell cycle control comes with its own risk, and many malignancies result from aberrant ubiquitination. In this review, we will discuss key concepts which illustrate how ubiquitination regulates cell cycle progression, and how its misregulation can trigger aberrant proliferation and cancer.
Reductive Self Coupling of 4-Oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehyde

The title aldehyde 1 gives the bischromones 2, 3 and disalicyloylbenzene 5 with sodium naphthalenide; a mixture of 3 and chromanone 22 with zinc in methanol; 3, carbinol 6 and diol 8 with zinc in acetic acid; and acetates 7 and 9 with Zn–Ac2O–AcONa.
Phase transitions in concentrated solution self-assembly of globular protein–polymer block copolymers

The phase behaviour of mCherry-b-PNIPAM (mChP) block copolymers with four different PNIPAM coil fractions is investigated in concentrated aqueous solution as a function of both concentration and temperature, demonstrating both order–order transitions (OOTs) and order–disorder transitions (ODTs) in globular protein–polymer block copolymers. Independent of coil volume fraction from 0.25 to 0.70, the temperature–concentration phase diagrams share several common features. At low concentrations, mCherry-b-PNIPAM forms a homogeneous disordered phase, and macrophase separation into an ordered conjugate-rich phase and a solvent-rich phase is observed at temperatures above the PNIPAM thermoresponsive transition temperature. mChP solutions are also observed to undergo a low-temperature ODT driven by increasing concentration. The order–disorder transition concentration (ODTC) behaviour of mChP is minimized for symmetric conjugates, suggesting that repulsive solvent-mediated protein–polymer interactions provide a driving force for self-assembly. Both coil fraction and solvent selectivity have large effects on the morphologies formed—disordered micelles, hexagonally packed cylinders, lamellae, and perforated lamellae are identified with the combination of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), depolarized light scattering (DPLS), turbidimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). An OOT is observed upon increasing temperature for three of the studied coil fractions at concentrations of 40–50 wt% due to changing solvent selectivity. SANS contrast-matching experiments show that water is weakly selective for PNIPAM at low temperatures and strongly selective for mCherry at high temperatures.
A Collaborative Kalman Filter for Time-Evolving Dyadic Processes

We present the collaborative Kalman filter (CKF), a dynamic model for collaborative filtering and related factorization models. Using the matrix factorization approach to collaborative filtering, the CKF accounts for time evolution by modeling each low-dimensional latent embedding as a multidimensional Brownian motion. Each observation is a random variable whose distribution is parameterized by the dot product of the relevant Brownian motions at that moment in time. This is naturally interpreted as a Kalman filter with multiple interacting state space vectors. We also present a method for learning a dynamically evolving drift parameter for each location by modeling it as a geometric Brownian motion. We handle posterior intractability via a mean-field variational approximation, which also preserves tractability for downstream calculations in a manner similar to the Kalman filter. We evaluate the model on several large datasets, providing quantitative evaluation on the 10 million Movie lens and 100 million Netflix datasets and qualitative evaluation on a set of 39 million stock returns divided across roughly 6,500 companies from the years 1962 -- 2014.
Re-matching, information and sequencing effects in posted offer markets

This paper evaluates the effects of some standard procedural variations on outcomes in posted offer oligopoly experiments. Variations studied include the presence or absence of market information, the use of re-matched or fixed seller pairs and alterations in the order of sequencing. Experimental results indicate that such variations can have first order effects on outcomes. For this reason, we recommend that results in oligopoly experiments be carefully interpreted in light of the procedures selected.
Energy gap structure and tunneling characteristics of layered superconductors

Abstract We have analyzed the energy gaps and density-of-states (DOS) of layered superconductors with two inequivalent layers in a unit cell along the c -axis. In the physically interesting parameter range where the interlayer hopping strengths of the quasiparticles are comparable to the critical temperature, the peaks in the DOS curve do not correspond to the order parameters (OP's) of each layer, but depend on the OP's and the interlayer hopping strengths in a complex manner. In contrast to a BCS superconductor, the DOS of layered systems have logarithmic singularities. Our simulated tunneling characteristics bear close resemblance to experimental results.
Microcoil nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Abstract In comparison with most analytical chemistry techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance has an intrinsically low sensitivity, and many potential applications are therefore precluded by the limited available quantity of certain types of sample. In recent years, there has been a trend, both commercial and academic, towards miniaturization of the receiver coil in order to increase the mass sensitivity of NMR measurements. These small coils have also proved very useful in coupling NMR detection with commonly used microseparation techniques. A further development enabled by small detectors is parallel data acquisition from many samples simultaneously, made possible by incorporating multiple receiver coils into a single NMR probehead. This review article summarizes recent developments and applications of “microcoil” NMR spectroscopy.
Vibrational spectra, normal coordinate calculations, and molecular mechanics calculations for 3-methyl-1-hexyne and 5-methyl-1-hexyne

Abstract IR and Raman spectra were obtained for 3-methyl-1-hexyne and 5-methyl-1-hexyne. The spectra were interpreted with the aid of normal coordinate calculations. Molecular mechanics calculations were made for all possible conformers of each compound. 3-Methyl-1-hexyne existed mainly in one stable conformation (C7C3C4C5C6 coplanar), but smaller amounts of several other conformers were present. 5-Methyl-1-hexyne existed mainly as two conformers, but smaller amounts of three others were probably present. Vibrational assignments, force constants, and MM2 structural parameters are given.
ON ALBANESE TORSORS AND THE ELEMENTARY OBSTRUCTION

We show that the elementary obstruction to the existence of 0-cycles of degree 1 on an arbitrary variety X, over an arbitrary field, can be expressed in terms of the Albanese 1-motives associated with dense open subsets of X. Arithmetic applications are given.