cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fumed silica as stabilizer of precursor emulsions used to prepare polymer latexes

Introducing small amounts of fumed silica into mixtures of organic liquids, which contain ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA), a hydrocarbon (such as decane), and one of the following monomers: allylchloride (AC), 3,4-dichloro-1-butene (DCB), or methyl methacrylate (MMA), enabled their dispersion into an aqueous solution of surfactant with the generation of stable emulsions. Such emulsions cannot be generated in the absence of fumed silica. Functionalized polymer latexes of poly(AC–EGDMA), poly(DCB-EGDMA), and poly(MMA–EGDMA) could, thus, be prepared through the polymerization of the emulsions. The chloride units in the poly(AC–EGDMA) or in the poly(DCB–EGDMA) were subsequently converted to quaternary ammonium salts. The resulted polymer-supported quaternary ammonium salt together with RuCl3, 4-N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO) and ammonium persulfate were employed in the catalytic oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid. Furthermore, the presence of fumed silica in the emulsions enabled the preparation of latexes containing rather uniformly distributed inorganic particle clusters of submicrometer size. Polymer–inorganic blends of NaY zeolite–(SiOx)n/P (MMA–EGDMA), zeolite (4A)–(SiOx)n/P (MMA–EGDMA), TiO2–(SiOx)n/P (MMA–EGDMA), CuO–(SiOx)n/P (MMA–EGDMA), and Cu-(SiOx)n/P (MMA–EGDMA) were thus obtained. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The tissue-specific mammalian transcription factor, Pit-1, activates transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Pit-1 is a tissue-specific transcription factor which binds to specific DNA sequences within 5′ flanking regions of the PRL and GH genes and activates the transcription of these genes. Previous studies have shown that expression of Pit-1 is necessary to activate transcription from the PRL or GH promoters in heterologous mammalian cells. In the present study the ability of Pit-1 expression vectors to activate expression of reporter genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined. The test system used Pit-1 expression vectors and an indicator plasmid containing multiple copies of a Pit1-binding site as a replacement for the upstream activator sequence of the CYC1 promoter. Significant activation of indicator plasmid expression was detected only in the presence of functional Pit-1 expression vectors. In both mammalian and yeast cells, amino-terminal deletions of the Pit-1 coding sequence produced similar and gradual loss of transcriptional activation. This finding indicates that similar or identical regions o...
On the mathematical analysis and optimization of chemical vapor infiltration in materials science

In this paper we present an analysis of the partial differential equations that describe the Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI) processes. The mathematical model requires at least two partial differential equations, one describing the gas phase and one corresponding to the solid phase. A key difficulty in the process is the long processing times that are typically required. We address here the issue of optimization and show that we can choose appropriate pressure and temperature to minimize these processing times.
Aortic stiffness independently predicts exercise capacity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a multimodality imaging study

Background Exercise capacity in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) varies despite similar diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and mitral regurgitation (MR). Pulse wave velocity (PWV), determined by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), measures aortic stiffness and is abnormal in patients with HCM in comparison with controls. Objective To determine potential clinical and imaging predictors of peak oxygen consumption (pVO 2 ) in patients with HCM. Methods Fifty newly referred patients with HCM (62% men, 44±13 years, 90% receiving optimal drugs, 18% hypertensive) underwent Doppler echocardiography (transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)), cardiopulmonary exercise testing and CMR for symptom evaluation. TTE variables (diastology, post exercise MR and LVOT gradient (mmHg)), pVO 2 (ml/kg/min) and CMR variables (PWV (aortic path length between mid- and descending aorta/time delay between arrival of the foot of the pulse wave between two points, m/s), and LV volumetric indices) were measured. Results After exercise LVOT gradient, MR, deceleration time and pVO 2 were 104±52, 1±1, 240±79 ms, and 25±6, respectively. Mean basal septal thickness (cm), PWV, EF, ESV index (ml/m 2 ), EDV index (ml/m 2 ) and LV mass index (g/m 2 ) were 1.9±0.5, 9.3±7, 64%±7, 32±9, 87±17 and 112+36, respectively. Multiple regression analyses showed that only age (β=−0.38, p=0.004) and PWV (β=−0.33, p=0.01) predicted pVO 2 . Conclusion In patients with HCM, age and PWV are predictors of pVO 2 , independent of LV thickness, LVOT gradient and diastolic indices. Aortic stiffness potentially has a role in evaluation of symptoms of patients with HCM.
DEVICE TO MEASURE EASE OF SKIN REMOVAL FROM PEANUTS

SUMMARY— A new procedure for measuring the ease of skin removal from peanuts is described. A simple device was constructed from readily, available materials and will blanch a 250g sample in 2 min. A series of tests showed that the procedure has excellent precision and compares favorably with two commercial dry-blanching operations.
Tipping the Scales: The Syntax of Scalarity in the Complement of SEEM

This paper argues for a syntactic and semantic distinction between the verb seem that takes propositional complements (i.e., CP and IP) and the verb seem that takes nonpropositional complements. The latter takes a smaller sized complement (in terms of the presence of functional structure), has a perceptual rather than epistemic interpretation, and imposes a scalarity–related restriction on its complement, which will be formalized as a selectional requirement of a DegP complement. The notion of scalarity, heretofore applicable only to adjectives, is extended to PPs, such as out of her mind, and nouns, such as fool. DegP is projected either if a predicate is scalar (has a degree argument slot) or to function as a landing site for QR of degree, which will be shown to function as the licensing mechanism for complements of seem
Conceptualizing the Harm done by Rape: Applications of Trauma Theory to Experiences of Sexual Assault

Based on a review of theory and evidence, this article highlights the limitations of trauma response models and applications of posttraumatic stress to characterize the experiences of women who are raped. There are two primary problems with trauma response theories. First, traditional notions of trauma are likely too narrow to accurately capture the complexities of women's experiences of sexual violence in a gendered society. Second, the symptoms emphasized by clinical applications of the trauma model may legitimate one sociocultural manifestation of distress while excluding others. Alternative conceptualizations are presented to stimulate more ecologically grounded and culturally inclusive study of sexual violence. Using the rape of women as an example, this article illustrates the limitations of Western views of trauma and encourages researchers and practitioners to expand notions of survivors' responses to painful events.
Prescription privileges for psychologists: A professional affairs committee survey of division 40 members.

Abstract The Professional Affairs Committee conducted a survey of its members regarding the desirability of training for prescription privileges among its membership. While a majority of those surveyed appeared to be in favor of such training, many members expressed concern regarding the complexity of the training involved and its impact on the rigorous educational expectations already in place for clinical neuropsychologists.
From system-centric to data-centric logging - Accountability, trust & security in cloud computing

Cloud computing signifies a paradigm shift from owning computing systems to buying computing services. As a result of this paradigm shift, many key concerns such as the transparency of data transfer and access within the cloud, and the lack of clarity in data ownership were surfaced. To address these concerns, we propose a new way of approaching traditional security and trust problems: To adopt a detective, data-centric thinking instead of the classical preventive, system-centric thinking. While classical preventive approaches are useful, they play a catch-up game; often do not address the problems (i.e. data accountability, data retention, etc) directly. In this paper, we propose a data-centric, detective approach to increase trust and security of data in the cloud. Our framework, known as TrustCloud, contains a suite of techniques that address cloud security, trust and accountability from a detective approach at all levels of granularity. TrustCloud also extends detective techniques to policies and regulations governing IT systems.
Subcellular organization of GABAergic synapses: role of ankyrins and L1 cell adhesion molecules

In vertebrate nervous systems, different classes of synaptic inputs are often segregated into restricted compartments of target neurons. For example, distinct types of GABAergic interneurons preferentially innervate subcellular domains and have been implicated in the precise temporal regulation of integration within neurons and activity within networks. Recent studies suggest that the subcellular segregation of different classes of GABAergic synapses is largely genetically determined. The localization and signaling of L1 family immunoglobulin proteins recruited by ankyrin-based membrane adaptors might serve as compartmental labels, which contribute to subcellular synapse organization in cerebellar Purkinje neurons.
Effect of Adrenocorticotropin and Dietary Ascorbic Acid on the Graft-Versus-Host Reaction Capacity of Chickens

Two trials using the splenomegaly assay were conducted to assess the effects of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and dietary ascorbic acid (AA) on the ability of chickens to mount a graft-vs.-host reaction (GVHR). Broiler chicks served as blood donors. Birds received AA at levels of 0, 150, or 300 mg/kg of feed (ppm). At 6 wk of age, donor birds from each AA group received either three intramuscular injections of ACTH in gelatin at 12-h intervals, comparable injections of the gelatin, or no injections. Thirteen-day-old Single Comb White Leghorn embryos served as recipients. Two recipient embryos per donor were injected in a chorioallantoic vein with either whole blood (Trial 1) or saline-washed and reconstituted blood cells (Trial 1). Eggs were further incubated for 6 days, at which time the embryos were killed and each spleen excised. Relative spleen weights were expressed as milligrams of spleen/100 g embryonic body weight. Significant differences in relative spleen weight or donor plasma corticosterone (CS) levels did not occur in Trial 1. In Trial 2, regardless of AA treatment, relative spleen weights of embryos that received blood cells from donors treated with ACTH were significantly lower than controls. Donor CS was significantly lower in birds that received ACTH. These results indicate that, when washed and reconstituted blood cells are injected into recipients and donor plasma CS is decreased, GVHR capacity is suppressed in ACTH-treated donors.
Endothelial expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 protects the murine heart and aorta from pressure overload by suppression of TGF-β signaling

Chronic systemic hypertension causes cardiac pressure overload leading to increased myocardial O2 consumption. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a master regulator of O2 homeostasis. Mouse embryos lacking expression of the O2-regulated HIF-1α subunit die at midgestation with severe cardiac malformations and vascular regression. Here we report that Hif1af/f;Tie2-Cre conditional knockout mice, which lack HIF-1α expression only in Tie2+ lineage cells, develop normally, but when subjected to pressure overload induced by transaortic constriction (TAC), they manifest rapid cardiac decompensation, which is accompanied by excess cardiac fibrosis and myocardial hypertrophy, decreased myocardial capillary density, increased myocardial hypoxia and apoptosis, and increased TGF-β signaling through both canonical and noncanonical pathways that activate SMAD2/3 and ERK1/2, respectively, within endothelial cells of cardiac blood vessels. TAC also induces dilatation of the proximal aorta through enhanced TGF-β signaling in Hif1af/f;Tie2-Cre mice. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling by treatment with neutralizing antibody or pharmacologic inhibition of MEK–ERK signaling prevented TAC-induced contractile dysfunction and pathological remodeling. Thus, HIF-1 plays a critical protective role in the adaptation of the heart and aorta to pressure overload by negatively regulating TGF-β signaling in endothelial cells. Treatment of wild-type mice with digoxin, which inhibits HIF-1α synthesis, resulted in rapid cardiac failure after TAC. Although digoxin has been used for decades as an inotropic agent to treat heart failure, it does not improve survival, suggesting that the countertherapeutic effects of digoxin observed in the TAC mouse model may have clinical relevance.
Stability of a Chebychev pseudospectral solution of the wave equation with absorbing boundaries

Abstract Stability of the pseudospectral Chebychev collocation solution of the two-dimensional acoustic wave problem with absorbing boundary conditions is investigated. The continuous one-dimensional problem with one absorbing boundary and one Dirichlet boundary has previously been shown to be far from normal. Consequently, the spectrum of that problem says little about the stability behavior of the solution. Our analysis proves that the discrete formulation with Dirichlet boundaries at all boundaries is near normal and hence the formulation with absorbing boundaries at all boundaries, either for one-dimensional or two-dimensional wave propagation, is not far from normal. The near-normality follows from the near-normality of the second-order derivative pseudospectral differential operator. Further, the nearness to normality is independent of the boundary discretization. Stability limits on the timestep are, however, dependent on the boundary operator, with an explicit Euler method having the most restrictive condition. The Crank-Nicolson implementation has a stability limit the same as the Dirichlet formulation. Furthermore, in this case the restriction scales by 1 2 in moving from one dimension to two dimensions, exactly as in the central finite difference approximation. Numerical results confirm the predicted values on allowable timesteps obtained from a spectral analysis, for both Chebychev- and modified-Chebychev-implementations. We conclude that the spectrum of the evolution operator is informative for predicting the behavior of the numerical solution.
RIVER DISCHARGE DRIVES SURVIVAL OF LARVAL WALLEYE

This work was funded by Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Program project F-69-P, administered jointly by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Ohio Division of Wildlife.
Fast backprojection algorithm for synthetic aperture radar

We introduce a new algorithm for time-domain backprojection of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. The algorithm reproduces images generated by standard backprojection pixel-for-pixel to any required tolerance, but it runs roughly /spl radic/N times faster for an N by N pixel image. Fast backprojection retains the advantages of standard backprojection: perfect motion compensation for any flight path, low artifact levels, unlimited scene size, perfect focus for arbitrarily wide bandwidths and integration angles, and strictly local processing (i.e., pulses can be processed as they are collected without along-track buffering or corner turns). The new algorithm also makes it possible to store the image in progress on disk (rather than in memory) with only a mild penalty in processing speed.
The challenge of conflict of interest in medicine.

Summary As the relationships between industry and medicine increase, the primary goals of medicine, – high quality research, responsible patient care and excellent medical education – are at risk of being compromised by the undue pursuit of financial gain. Conflict of interest policies and procedures are designed to reduce that risk. This article seeks to clarify the concept of conflict of interest, counter the most common objections to its use, and describe the various methods of regulating conflict of interest.
Fundamentals of Gas Exchange and the Assessment of Oxygenation and Ventilation

The basic function of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen (O2) to, and remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from, the body. The essential steps in this process include the exchange of gas between the atmosphere and the alveoli (ventilation), the diffusion of these gases across the alveolar capillary membrane, the transportation of gases in the blood, and the diffusion of the gases to and from the tissue capillaries.
Biotinylated PAMAM Dendrimers for Intracellular Delivery of Cisplatin to Ovarian Cancer: Role of SMVT

Aim: The aim of this study was to prepare biotinylated PAMAM dendrimers loaded with cisplatin and to evaluate the cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: Biotinylated and unconjugated dendrimer- cisplatin complexes were investigated for encapsulation efficiency, in vitro cytotoxic activity and cellular accumulation of cisplatin in OVCAR-3, SKOV-3, A2780 (wild-type) and CP70 (A2780/CP70, cisplatin- resistant) cells. Results: Encapsulation efficiency of cisplatin ranged from 5.33% to 21.10%. In vitro cytotoxic activity revealed that IC 50 values of dendrimer-cisplatin complexes were significantly lower than that of free cisplatin in OVCAR-3, SKOV-3 and CP70 cell lines. Cellular uptake data showed highest accumulation of
Association of Inhaled Corticosteroids with Incident Pneumonia and Mortality in COPD Patients; Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

AbstractBackground: Inhaled corticosteroids are commonly prescribed for patients with severe COPD. They have been associated with increased risk of pneumonia but not with increased pneumonia-associated or overall mortality. Methods: To further examine the effects of inhaled corticosteroids on pneumonia incidence, and mortality in COPD patients, we searched for potentially relevant articles in PubMed, Medline, CENTRAL, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and manufacturers' web clinical trial registries from 1994 to February 4, 2014. Additionally, we checked the included and excluded studies' bibliographies. We subsequently performed systematic review and meta-analysis of included randomized controlled trials and observational studies on the topic. Results: We identified 38 studies: 29 randomized controlled trials and nine observational studies. The estimated unadjusted risk of pneumonia was increased in randomized trials: RR 1.61; 95% CI 1.35–1.93, p < 0.001; as well as in observational studies: OR 1.89; 95% CI...
Shielded radiography with a laser-driven MeV-energy X-ray source

Abstract We report the results of experimental and numerical-simulation studies of shielded radiography using narrowband MeV-energy X-rays from a compact all-laser-driven inverse-Compton-scattering X-ray light source. This recently developed X-ray light source is based on a laser-wakefield accelerator with ultra-high-field gradient (GeV/cm). We demonstrate experimentally high-quality radiographic imaging (image contrast of 0.4 and signal-to-noise ratio of 2:1) of a target composed of 8-mm thick depleted uranium shielded by 80-mm thick steel, using a 6-MeV X-ray beam with a spread of 45% (FWHM) and 107 photons in a single shot. The corresponding dose of the X-ray pulse measured in front of the target is ∼100 nGy/pulse. Simulations performed using the Monte-Carlo code MCNPX accurately reproduce the experimental results. These simulations also demonstrate that the narrow bandwidth of the Compton X-ray source operating at 6 and 9 MeV leads to a reduction of deposited dose as compared to broadband bremsstrahlung sources with the same end-point energy. The X-ray beam’s inherently low-divergence angle (∼mrad) is advantageous and effective for interrogation at standoff distance. These results demonstrate significant benefits of all-laser driven Compton X-rays for shielded radiography.
Towards predicting the time and rhythm of rearrest after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Purpose of the study: The guidelines for resuscitation recommend the use of an automated transport ventilator during CPR with secured airway.1 We investigated the influence of chest compressions on the accuracy of ventilator presets with Intermitted Positive Pressure Ventilation (IPPV), BiLevel Ventilation (BiLevel) and the novel ventilation mode Chest Compression Synchronized Ventilation (CCSV)2 in a simulation model. Materials and methods: After approval by the Ethics Committee 90 paramedics performed continuous manual chest compressions in a modified ALS-mannequin with a realistic lung model for 2min. 3 periods of mechanical ventilation (IPPV, BiLevel and CCSV) were applied in a randomized order. CCSV works with a very short pressure-controlled insufflation synchronized with each chest compression that is stopped before decompression begins. Ventilator presets (±tolerance range): IPPV Vt = 450ml (400/500ml), PEEP=0mbar, f=10/min; BiLevel Pinsp = 19mbar (17.1/20.9mbar), PEEP=5mbar, f=10/min; CCSV Pinsp = 60mbar (56/66mbar), PEEP=0mbar, Tinsp = 205ms, f= chest compression rate. Pressure-flow curves were recorded and the preset values were compared with the measured results. Values were defined as correct within tolerance range. Analysis with Wilcoxon-matchedpairs-test, results as median (25/75% percentiles). Results: IPPV Vt = 399ml (386/411ml), BiLevel Pinsp = 22.0mbar (19.7/25.6mbar) and CCSV Pinsp = 55.2mbar (52.6/56.7mbar). Frequency of delivering correct ventilation parameters according to ventilation mode: IPPV=40% (0/100%) vs. BiLevel = 20% (0/100%), p=0.37 and vs. CCSV=71% (50/83%), p<0.02. Pinsp was too high in BiLevel = 80% (0/100%) vs. CCSV=0% (0/0%), p<0.001. Conclusions: Chest Compression Synchronized Ventilation complies best with preset values compared to IPPV and BiLevel ventilation without exceeding the upper pressure preset during simulated CPR.
Vitamin D status and supplementation before and after bariatric surgery: a comprehensive literature review.

Abstract Background Bariatric surgery is the most effective long-term weight loss method. The most common procedures are Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). Bariatric patients are at high risk of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and insufficiency (VDI), which are associated with skeletal and nonskeletal ailments. There is no consensus regarding the optimal treatment for VDD/VDI in bariatric patients. Objectives To critically examine the literature on vitamin D status (serum 25[OH]D concentrations) pre- and postbariatric surgery as well as supplementation regimens currently used. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane from inception to May 2015 for articles relating to vitamin D, RYGB, and VSG. Of 208 citations retrieved, 30 were included. Results Preoperative VDD ( Conclusions It is widely accepted that serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 30 ng/mL are optimal; however, current postbariatric vitamin D supplementation fails to raise 25(OH)D above that level universally. This review highlights both the great need and the lack of consensus on the optimal supplementation regimen (dosage and frequency) for pre- and postbariatric patients. Future studies should investigate multiple regimens and attempt to identify methods for personalizing these regimens if found necessary.
Improved transcription and translation with L-leucine stimulation of mTORC1 in Roberts syndrome

Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a human developmental disorder caused by mutations in the cohesin acetyltransferase ESCO2. We previously reported that mTORC1 signaling was depressed and overall translation was reduced in RBS cells and zebrafish models for RBS. Treatment of RBS cells and zebrafish RBS models with L-leucine partially rescued mTOR function and protein synthesis, correlating with increased cell division and improved development. In this study, we use RBS cells to model mTORC1 repression and analyze transcription and translation with ribosome profiling to determine gene-level effects of L-leucine. L-leucine treatment partially rescued translational efficiency of ribosomal subunits, translation initiation factors, snoRNA production, and mitochondrial function in RBS cells, consistent with these processes being mTORC1 controlled. In contrast, other genes are differentially expressed independent of L-leucine treatment, including imprinted genes such as H19 and GTL2, miRNAs regulated by GTL2, HOX genes, and genes in nucleolar associated domains. Our study distinguishes between gene expression changes in RBS cells that are TOR dependent and those that are independent. Some of the TOR independent gene expression changes likely reflect the architectural role of cohesin in chromatin looping and gene expression. This study reveals the dramatic rescue effects of L-leucine stimulation of mTORC1 in RBS cells and supports that normal gene expression and translation requires ESCO2 function.
High performance MEMS micro-gyroscope

This paper reports on JPL's on-going research into MEMS gyroscopes. This paper will describe the gyroscope's fabrication-methods, a new 8-electrode layout developed to improve performance, and performance statistics of a batch of six gyroscopes recently rate tested.
Minimal Design of Sandwich Axisymmetric Plates I

The recently developed statical method is applied to the systematic determination of the minimum volume design of sandwich axisymmetric plates obeying Tresca’s yield criterion and belonging to a special class; namely, of plates supported along one of the edges only and carrying one- directional loads except possibly at the edges. It is revealed that the complexity of the problem may become considerable, but complete solutions are obtained in all cases. The most interesting findings are illustrated on specific examples.
Dynamic Response Of Embedded Strip AndRectangular Foundations Using A PoroelasticBEM

The dynamic response of embedded strip and rectangular shallow foundations subjected to time-harmonic vertical excitations is studied. A dynamic poroelastic plane strain BEM formulation is utilized to solve the strip foundation problems while a full three dimensional BEM is used for square and rectangular foundations. The paper aims to extend the previous work on the dynamic response of strip footings on the surface of poroelastic soil media to account for foundation embedment. The effect of different embedment ratios and permeability values of the soil on the vertical and horizontal compliance of such foundations is investigated.
Reconceptualizing Autonomy and Agency Through an Ontological Approach to Green Citizenship

This paper will draw upon recent work in feminist, citizenship and science studies as well as environmental political thought to reconceptualize autonomy and agency - key concepts to any understanding of citizenship - from an ontological perspective. As a growing body of research aimed at challenging the nature/culture divide and theorizing materiality suggests (Alaimo and Hekman 2008; Bennett 2004; Haraway 1997; Latour 2005; Pickering 1995), an ontological approach reveals a 'ance of agency' that includes the human, nonhuman nature, and artifice. Such an approach is appealing in that it chastises an arrogant anthropocentrism by acknowledging the very real (both material and significant) agency of the nonhuman natural world. However, it also raises serious questions, especially within the context of citizenship studies. How do we refigure notions of accountability in light of more collective conceptions of agency? Given the deep association of intentionality with understandings of human agency, how do we conceptualize and convey notions of material agency (notions that may apply to both the human body and the nonhuman natural world)? Might such an approach provide an alternative to conceptions of the body that emphasize vulnerability? What are the political consequences of these discursive choices?
Challenges of Modeling of Electronic State Specific Processes for Hypersonic Reentry Flows in DSMC

The modeling of hypersonic radiation in non-equilibrium, non-continuum flows is considered in the framework of the direct simulation Monte Carlo approach. The study explores the influence of electronic states on the flow chemistry and degree of ionization as well as the assumption that the electronic states can be described by a steady state solution to a system of rate equations of excitation, de-excitation and radiative transfer processes. The work implements selected excited levels of atomic nitrogen and oxygen and the corresponding electron impact excitation/de-excitation and ionization processes in DSMC. The simulations show that when excitation models are included, the degree of ionization in the Stardust transitional re-entry flow increases due to additional intermediate steps to ionization. The extra ionization reactions consume the electron energy to reduce the electron temperature. The DSMC predicted excited state level populations are lower than those prediction by a quasi steady state calculation, but, the differences can be understood in terms of the flow distribution functions.
AN APPARENT DISJUNCTION BETWEEN THE EVOLUTION OF FORM AND SUBSTANCE IN THE GENUS TETRAHYMENA.

The highly complex cell architecture found in species of the ciliate genus Tetrahymena appears to be genus-specific, i.e., members of the 26 or so species currently recognized within this genus are essentially identical in morphology (Nanney and McCoy, 1976; Nanney, 1977; Corliss, 1973; Williams and Bakowska, 1982). On the other hand, species differences in the electrophoretic properties of soluble enzymes are considerable (Borden et al., 1973; Borden et al., 1976). The species are now defined and identified largely on the basis of isozyme patterns in conjunction with breeding tests (Nanney and McCoy, 1976). Recent studies employing 1D gel electrophoresis indicate further that the molecular dissimilarities between the species apply to surface membrane proteins (Williams et al., 1980), and to at least some structural proteins as well (Vaudaux et al., 1977; Seyfert and Willis, 1981; Buhse and Williams, 1982). This has led to the suggestion that the same cell architecture is maintained by different molecules in different species of Tetrahymena (Nanney, 1977; Vaudaux et al., 1977; Seyfert and Willis, 1981). The studies in the present investigation were undertaken to offer a rigorous test of the "same morphology-different molecules" hypothesis by comparing total cell and cytoskeletal protein similarities among several Tetrahymena species using both 1D and 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two sexual but reproductively isolated species of Tetrahymena (T. thermophila and T. americanis) were found to be different in protein arrays at a level diagnostic of mammalian genera. Two recognized asexual species (T. pyriformis and T. vorax) showed similarly large genetic distances between themselves and each of the two sexual species. Moreover, very similar estimates of genetic distance were obtained whether determined in 1D or 2D gel electrophoresis, using either cytoskeletal or total cell proteins. The molecules which make up the unique cellular architecture found in species of the genus Tetrahymena appear to have undergone extensive evolutionary divergence, even though the specific architecture itself has been highly conserved within the genus.
The effect of hydroxyurea on differentiated marrow erythroid precursors.

SummaryA single i.v. dose of hydroxyurea (0.9 g/kg) produced transient marrow erythroid depopulation and reticulocytopenia in the mouse. Within minutes after drug administration there was a virtually complete erradication of marrow DNA synthesis which persisted for approximately 2 hr. Erythroid cell cycle kinetics, estimated with colchicine, revealed an entry of erythroid cells into mitosis for 80 min followed by no further accumulation of metaphase forms until the seventh hour. Thereafter erythroid cells accumulated in mitosis at a normal rate. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that hydroxyurea kills erythroid cells in DNA synthesis; the initial 80-min accumulation of erythroid mitoses represents the progression of G2 cells into mitosis. Unaffected cells in G1 at the time of drug administration require 7-8 hr to progress through DNA synthesis, G2, and enter mitosis. From these data it would appear that hydroxyurea may prove a useful agent in the study of erythropoiesis because of its sele...
Transonic Flow Dynamics Over a Hemisphere in Flight

The aero-optical environment and pressure field around a hemispherical turret were experimentally studied in flight between Mach numbers 0.5 and 0.8. Optical wavefronts were collected and used to map the spatial distribution of OPDRMS over the turret surface, and to track the optical shock location. The shock was present in the wavefronts at M = 0.7 and 0.8. The average shock location was found to be around 87 and the typical shock frequency was StD ~ 0.15. Pressure data was also collected over the turret surface. The power spectra were calculated for pressure sensors near 90, and the typical frequency was found also found to be StD ~ 0.15 at the higher Mach numbers where a stronger shock was present. Correlations between pressures between points on the top and at the back of the hemisphere were calculated and discussed. At subsonic speeds the pressure on top of the hemisphere is correlated over a wide range of frequencies. At transonic speeds they become more localized around the frequency of the moving shock; the pressure on top and on the back of the hemisphere are inphase at transonic speeds. All of these observations indicate a direct link between the moving shock and the shock-induced separation region downstream of the hemisphere.
Learning by Teaching about RDM: An Active Learning Model for Internal Library Education

T his paper reports on the design, delivery and assessment of a model for internal library education around research data management (RDM). Conducted at the University of Pittsburgh Library System (ULS), the exercise and resultant instructional session employed an active learning approach, in which a group of librarians and archivists explored data issues and conventions in a discipline of their own selection and presented their findings to an audience of library colleagues. In this paper, we put forth an adaptable active learning model for internal RDM education and offer guidance for its implementation by peer libraries that are similarly building internal capacity for the design and delivery of RDM services that are responsive to disciplinary needs .
Genotyping characteristic and drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in Weishi county of Henan province

Aim:To investigate the genotyping characteristic and drug resistance of the variable number tandem repeats(VNTR) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in Weishi,Henan province with multi-locus VNTR analysis preliminarily.Methods:A total of 257 Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates selected from Weishi county randomly were cultured with Lowenstein-Jensen medium from June 2009 to June 2011.The drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was determined by proportion method. The genotypes were identified by RD105 detection test and the polymorphism of 7 VNTR locus.The clustering of genotype was analyzed with BioNumerics.Results:Beijing family genotype accounted for 90.7%(233/257) by RD105 detection test.The VNTR genotypes showed obvious polymorphisms.The clustering of genotype showed that these strains could be categorized into 4 gene clusters(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ)and 230 genotypes.Among them, 59.1% were cluster Ⅲ including 152 genotypes,which was the dominant genotype. The drug resistant result showed that there were 23 MDR-TB strains,accounting for 8.9%(23/257),any there were 63 drug resistant strains,accounting for 24.5%(63/257). The drug resistant strains distribution between Beijing family genotype and non-Beijing family genotype,as well as major population and non- major population had significant differences(χ2=2.412 and 1.954,P0.05).Conclusion:There are at least 4 clusters of VNTR genotype and cluster Ⅲ is the predominant prevalent strain in Weishi county. The drug resistance is still not optimistic.
Senior executive behaviors for the Army Dental Care System of the 21st century

Challenges will most likely confront the Army Dental Care System as it moves into the next century. Like any other learning organization, the Army dental care system must develop a continuous stream of dynamic leaders to direct its evolution if it wants to survive. Using the Delphi method, the investigators surveyed senior dental leaders to determine the attitudes and behaviors believed to be required to perform successfully as commanders, residency directors, and senior staff officers. The essential executive behaviors appear to be consistent: be honest, act with integrity, be accountable for your actions, be dedicated to mission accomplishment, and perform your duty with care and compassion. Relying solely on ratings assigned to the behaviors, discriminant function analyses could predict proper group membership with an accuracy of 79.4%. When demographic information was included, prediction accuracy improved to 96.7%.
Tablet PCs in a Code Review Class

We describe an intervention in a code-review class using Tablet PCs. The class, Programming Studio, is a required class for Computer Science students at the junior level, mainly consisting of weekly small-group meetings—3–6 students, plus a moderator—in which each student presents his or her program for discussion. In the traditional format, each student presented their program by displaying it on the class display. In the Tablet PC format, every student has a copy of the presenter’s program on their tablet; students can draw on the program, with all students seeing every student’s annotations, and can navigate independently in the program. We discuss how the tablets are used, and present the results of an end-of-semester survey indicating that students who participated using both studio formats found the tablets helpful.
On Robust Estimation In Case-Control Studies with Errors in Covariates

We discuss robust estimates based on leverage downweighting of the coefficients in logistic regression case-control studies when the true predictor X is an unobserved continuous random variable, and instead a surrogate W is observed with nondifferential measurement error. The asymptotic theory of the estimates is derived, and consistent standard error estimates obtained. An illustrative example shows that the adverse effects of outliers upon standard methods can be somewhat ameliorated by our techniques.
Theory of lattice Boltzmann simulations of glacier flow

A lattice Boltzmann technique for modeling Navier-Stokes fluid flow is extended to allow steady-state simulations of glaciers and other slow-flowing solids. The technique is based on a statistical mechanical representation of flowing ice as a set of particles (populations) which translate and collide on a face-centered cubic lattice. The average trajectories of the populations give the velocities of the ice at any point in the glacier. The method has considerable advantages over other techniques, including its ability to handle complex realistic geometries without additional complications to the code. Examples are presented for two-dimensional simulations.
Compact size cellular / GSM band pass filter with High Resistivity thin film Silicon Integrated Passive Device (IPD) technology

A compact size 800MHz band-pass filter (BPF) design fabricated with ON Semiconductor High Resistivity Silicon Integrated Passive Device (IPD) process is presented in this paper. Insertion loss < 1.6 with reasonable filter rejection is achieved in a standard 01005 size. The proposed design provides good separation from multiple bands such as Mobile Radio, UHF low band, 2.4GHz ISM, and WiMAX applications. Here we discuss the IPD design procedure, simulation and model correlation results through on-wafer measurement. Performance variation by packaging option is also discussed.
Digital estimation of partial discharge

As the digital revolution takes hold it becomes increasingly practical to measure partial discharge parameters using purely digital techniques. Many of the possible approaches to the estimation problem are still not economically feasible for commercial testing applications. However, in the near future, the price of digital signal processors will be low enough to use in standard measurement systems. This paper considers some different approaches to the estimation of partial discharge amplitudes using digital techniques. A complete statistical description of signals generated by partial discharge is not currently available. However, it is possible to measure various statistical quantities associated with partial discharge. The first and second order moments are straight forward to measure, but higher order moments are much more difficult to measure accurately. Using only the first and second order moments an optimal linear minimum mean square error solution can be constructed. The solution to this problem will be discussed. Implementation of the linear minimum mean square error estimator requires reasonably sophisticated hardware if real time operation is desired. An approximate solution is considered which has a simple implementation. This approximate solution is suboptimal but has the advantage that its output has a simple interpretation useful even when the pulse repetition rate is so high that it is not possible to resolve the individual pulses. In this case the suboptimal solution still provides a meaningful output.
The Role of Mutation and Epimutation in the Development of Human Disease

The paradigm of disease causation holds that disease represents the manifestation or several manifestations of an underlying process that has one or more root causes. Thus, human diseases reflect a spectrum of pathologies and mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. The general categories of disease affecting humans include (a) hereditary diseases, (b) infectious diseases, (c) inflammatory diseases, and (d) neoplastic diseases. Pathological conditions representing each of these general categories have been described for every tissue in the body. Despite the grouping of diseases by the common features of the general disease type, the pathogenesis of each of the various diseases is unique, and in some cases multiple mechanisms can give rise to a similar pathology (disease manifestation). Disease causation may be related to intrinsic factors or extrinsic factors, but many or most diseases are multifactorial, involving a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. It is now well recognized that most major diseases are ultimately the result of aberrant gene expression and that susceptibility to disease is significantly influenced by patterns of gene expression in target cells or tissues for a particular type of pathology. It follows that gene mutations and other genetic alterations are important in the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Similarly, nongenetic alterations affecting the expression of key genes, called epimutations, may also contribute to the genesis of disease at many tissue sites. In this chapter, general concepts related to the molecular basis for the major disease types are reviewed. This review is not intended to be comprehensive. Rather, the current state of understanding related to the genes and molecular mechanisms (genetic and epigenetic) that contribute to illustrative diseases is described.
Teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis: an update

Teriflunomide, a once-daily, oral disease-modifying therapy, has demonstrated efficacy in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and patients with a first clinical episode suggestive of MS. As the only disease-modifying therapy with positive disability results in two Phase III trials, teriflunomide significantly slowed disability in patients with relapsing forms of MS. We highlight data from the Phase II study and the TEMSO, TOWER, TOPIC and TENERE teriflunomide studies. TEMSO MRI outcomes have been supported with Structural Image Evaluation Using Normalization of Atrophy analyses. We present data from long-term extensions of the Phase II study, TEMSO and TOWER, as well as results from patients who switched from other disease-modifying therapies to teriflunomide, patient-reported outcomes and supplementary measures of response.
Synthetic biology: Sensing with modular receptors.

Sensing and responding to diverse extracellular signals is a crucial aspect of cellular decision-making that is currently lacking in the synthetic biology toolkit. The development of modular receptor platforms allows for the rewiring of cellular input–output relationships.
The prevalence of spinal epidural lipomatosis on magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract Background Spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEL) refers to an excessive accumulation of fat within the epidural space. It can be idiopathic or secondary, resulting in significant morbidity. The prevalence of SEL, including idiopathic and secondary SEL, and its respective risk factors are poorly defined. Purpose We sought to: (1) assess the prevalence of SEL among patients who underwent a dedicated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the spine—including incidental SEL (ie, SEL without any spine-related symptoms), SEL with spine-related symptoms, and symptomatic SEL (ie, with symptoms specific for SEL); and (2) assess factors associated with overall SEL and subgroups. In addition, we assessed differences between SEL subgroups. Methods We reviewed the records of 28,902 patients, aged 18 years and older with a spine MRI (2004 to 2015) at two tertiary care centers. We identified SEL cases by searching radiology reports for SEL, including synonyms and misspellings. Prevalence numbers were calculated as a percentage of the total number of patients. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with overall SEL and subgroups. Results The prevalence of overall SEL was 2.5% (731 of 28,902): incidental SEL, 0.6% (168 of 28,902); SEL with symptoms, 1.8% (526 of 28,902); and symptomatic SEL, 0.1% (37 of 28,902). Factors associated with overall SEL in multivariate analysis were the following: older age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.02, p 30 (OR: 2.59, 95% CI: 1.97–3.41, p Conclusions We found that about 1 in 40 patients undergoing a spine MRI had SEL; 23% of whom with no symptoms, 72% with spine-related symptoms, and 5% with symptoms specific for SEL. Our data help identify patients who might warrant an increased index of suspicion for SEL.
Hierarchical (Multi Level) Computer Process and Business Control

ABSTRACT The role of the computer within the corporate structure is undergoing a complex process of evolution, spurred by rapid advances in hardware, logic design and sophisticated software yet constrained and directed by the traditional usage of computers in business and engineering. It is evident that the information used for accounting and recordkeeping purposes can also be exploited for control purposes at the middle management level, and for policy planning purposes at higher corporate levels. The ability to make programmable decisions is moving up the hierarchy of management. Analysis of business and physical systems reveal that the application of the tools and concepts used in the latter may be applied in the former. No sharp lines separate the levels of control in the management hierarchy. The dynamic process of a management information and control system is continuous, with action the result of decision. Action, in turn, may result in objectives being altered, leading to new decisions and consequent actions. The advent of integrated management information and control systems does not require great breakthroughs in mathematical or computer methods, but only the application of already known techniques and procedures.