cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of forearm movements on human gait during walking with various self-selected speeds

The forearms significantly contribute to the upper extremity movements and, consequently, whole-body responses during locomotion. The purpose of this study is to provide a more in-depth understanding of the mechanism controlling forearm movements during walking by comprehensively investigating the effects of the forearms on the lower and upper limb movements. Such an understanding can provide critical information for the design and control of robotic upper-limb prostheses. Twelve healthy young participants were recruited to compare their gait during (1) natural walking, (2) walking while wearing a pair of artificial passive forearms and having their actual forearms restrained by orthopedic braces, and (3) walking with only having their forearms restrained by the braces (i.e., no artificial forearms). While the passive forearms in condition 2 were to determine if the forearm movements were passively or actively controlled, condition 3 was to account for the effects of restraining the forearms in condition 2. The participants' lower-limb joint angles and spatiotemporal parameters remained unchanged across the three conditions while walking at their normal and fast self-selected gait speeds. However, significant decreases were observed in the shoulder and trunk angles, the interlimb coordination, and the shoulder-trunk correlations when walking with the artificial forearms. These observations were in tandem with the increased muscle activity of the biceps, trapeziuses, and posterior deltoids, which controlled the shoulder motion and trunk rotation during walking with the artificial forearms across both normal and fast self-selected speeds. Although not significant, the metabolic energy analysis of five participants revealed an increase during walking with artificial forearms. The results support the idea that the body actively controls the forearm movements through the shoulder and trunk rotations to mitigate the undesired disturbances induced by the passive forearm movements during locomotion.
Parental vaccine hesitancy: scope, causes, and potential responses.

Purpose of review We reviewed the literature about parental vaccine hesitancy, focusing on publications from October 2019 to April 2021 to describe patterns and causes of hesitancy and interventions to address hesitancy. Recent findings Recent studies expand understanding of the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy globally and highlight associated individual and contextual factors. Common concerns underlying hesitancy include uncertainty about the need for vaccination and questions about vaccine safety and efficacy. Sociodemographic factors associated with parental vaccine hesitancy vary across locations and contexts. Studies about psychology of hesitancy and how parents respond to interventions highlight the role of cognitive biases, personal values, and vaccination as a social contract or norm. Evidence-based strategies to address vaccine hesitancy include presumptive or announcement approaches to vaccine recommendations, motivational interviewing, and use of immunization delivery strategies like standing orders and reminder/recall programs. A smaller number of studies support use of social media and digital applications to improve vaccination intent. Strengthening school vaccine mandates can improve vaccination rates, but policy decisions must consider local context. Summary Vaccine hesitancy remains a challenge for child health. Future work must include more interventional studies to address hesitancy and regular global surveillance of parental vaccine hesitancy and vaccine content on social media.
Mixed Metal Thiophosphate Fe2-xCoxP2S6: Role of Structural Evolution and Anisotropy.

Metal chalcophosphates, M2P2Q6 (M = transition metals; Q = chalcogen), are notable among the van der Waals materials family for their potential magnetic ordering that can be tuned with an appropriate choice of the metal or chalcogen. However, there has not been a systematic investigation of the basic structural evolution in these systems with alloying of the crystal subunits due to the challenge in the diffusion process of mixing different metal cations in the octahedral sites of M2P2Q6 materials. In this work, the P2S5 flux method was used to enable the synthesis of a multilayered mixed metal thiophosphate Fe2-xCoxP2S6 (x = 0, 0.25, 1, 1.75, and 2) system. Here, we studied the structural, vibrational, and electronic fingerprints of this mixed M2P2Q6 system. Structural and elemental analyses indicate a homogeneous stoichiometry averaged through the sample over multiple layers of Fe2-xCoxP2S6 compounds. It was observed that there is a correlation between the intensity of specific phonon modes and the alloying concentration. The increasing Co alloying concentration shows direct relations to the in-plane [P2S6]4- and out-of-plane P-P dimer vibrations. Interestingly, an unusual nonlinear electronic structure dependence on the metal alloying ratio is found and confirmed by two distinct work functions within the Fe2-xCoxP2S6 system. We believe this work provides a fundamental structural framework for mixed metal thiophosphate systems, which may assist in future studies on electronic and magnetic applications of this emerging class of binary cation materials.
Data Bases and Statistical Systems: Labor and Work

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 11, pp. 7511–7517, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd., with revisions made by the Editor.
Incidental Chylous Ascites at the Time of Cesarean Section

Chylous ascites has multiple etiologies including malignancies, liver cirrhosis, intraperitoneal infections, and trauma. It is rarely reported in pregnancy. We report a case of chylous ascites noted at the time of cesarean section performed at 35 weeks of gestation on a patient with preeclampsia and suspected placental abruption. The diagnosis and treatment of chylous ascites as well as the pregnancy outcome are presented. A literature review of chylous ascites in pregnancy is discussed as well.
The ELisA facility - RESTful API and client libraries

The ATLAS experiment at the LHC (CERN) comprises a large and geographically distributed community of about three thousand scientists from all over the world. A shift crew of about 10 people running the experiment 24/7 supervises the data taking. Information concerning the experiment operation and behavior has to be reported and shared with the whole community. To provide such functionality, a logbook facility, known as ELisA, has been developed to offer a user-friendly web interface to browse activity logs and an effective way for shifters and experts to report on system operations.
Role of adenosine and wake-promoting basal forebrain in insomnia and associated sleep disruptions caused by ethanol dependence

Insomnia is a severe symptom of alcohol withdrawal; however, the underlying neuronal mechanism is yet unknown. We hypothesized that chronic ethanol exposure will impair basal forebrain (BF) adenosinergic mechanism resulting in insomnia-like symptoms. We performed a series of experiments in Sprague-Dawley rats to test our hypothesis. We used Majchrowicz's chronic binge ethanol protocol to induce ethanol dependency. Our first experiment verified the effects of ethanol withdrawal on sleep-wakefulness. Significant increase in wakefulness was observed during ethanol withdrawal. Next, we examined c-Fos expression (marker of neuronal activation) in BF wake-promoting neurons during ethanol withdrawal. There was a significant increase in the number of BF wake-promoting neurons with c-Fos immunoreactivity. Our third experiment examined the effects of ethanol withdrawal on sleep deprivation induced increase in BF adenosine levels. Sleep deprivation did not increase BF adenosine levels in ethanol dependent rats. Our last experiment examined the effects of ethanol withdrawal on equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 and A1 receptor expression in the BF. There was a significant reduction in A1 receptor and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 expression in the BF of ethanol dependent rats. Based on these results, we suggest that insomnia observed during ethanol withdrawal is caused because of impaired adenosinergic mechanism in the BF.
Towards Prediction of Radiation Pneumonitis Arising from Lung Cancer Patients Using Machine Learning Approaches

Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is a potentially fatal side effect arising in lung cancer patients who receive radiotherapy as part of their treatment. For the modeling of RP outcomes data, several predictive models based on traditional statistical methods and machine learning techniques have been reported. However, no guidance to variation in performance has been provided to date. In this study, we explore several machine learning algorithms for classification of RP data. The performance of these classification algorithms is investigated in conjunction with several feature selection strategies and the impact of the feature selection strategy on performance is further evaluated. The extracted features include patients demographic, clinical and pathological variables, treatment techniques, and dose-volume metrics. In conjunction, we have been developing an in-house Matlab-based open source software tool, called DREES, customized for modeling and exploring dose response in radiation oncology. This software has been upgraded with a popular classification algorithm called support vector machine (SVM), which seems to provide improved performance in our exploration analysis and has strong potential to strengthen the ability of radiotherapy modelers in analyzing radiotherapy outcomes data.
Aerobic Respiration, Principles of

Basic Functions of Aerobic Respiration Components Involved in Aerobic Respiration and Their Function Regulation of Aerobic Metabolism Taxis Response to O2 Keywords: aerobic respiration; biodegradation; respiration, aerobic
Etograma do escorpião amarelo Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello 1922 (Scorpiones: Buthidae), em cativeiro = Comparative ethogram of the yellow scorpion Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello 1922 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in captivity

Embora comuns em todo o Brasil e com grande importância medico-sanitaria, os escorpioes ainda tem seu comportamento pouco estudado. Este estudo objetivou descrever o etograma de Tityus serrulatus, em cativeiro. Foram analisados 41 individuos, seis adultos e 35 filhotes, no periodo de abril a junho de 2011. Foram realizadas 61 horas de observacoes e doze atos comportamentais foram descritos e classificados em sete diferentes padroes de comportamento: imobilidade, forrageamento, interacoes com individuos da mesma especie, os cuidados dos pais, ecdise, limpeza e hidratacao. Comparativamente os animais apresentaram um menor numero de atos comportamentais que o previsto na literatura. Sugere-se que imaturos apresentem um repertorio comportamental menos diversificado que os adultos.
Second Language Pragmatic Competence: Individual Differences in ESL and EFL Environments

Pragmatic competence is as an essential aspect of communicative competence. Does environment have an effect on developing pragmatic competence? Do levels of pragmatic competence differ between English as a second language (ESL) and English as a foreign language (EFL) students? Most studies have shown greater pragmatic awareness among ESL students than EFL students, indicating that the target language (TL) environment has a positive influence on the appropriate use of sociopragmatics. Some studies, however, have yielded a different outcome that not only challenges previous research but defies the assumption that living in the TL environment allows pragmatic competence to better develop. This review of the literature finds that input alone is insufficient for pragmatic competence; learners must notice linguistic forms in their use. A deeper analysis also reveals that individual factors such as pragmatic transfer and learner motivation have a more complex role to play than exposure.
Silver tin oxide contact erosion in automotive relays

The erosion properties of a silver tin oxide contact material used in automotive DC relays were evaluated as a function of current and life cycles in lampload switching. The eroded surfaces were analyzed and an erosion mechanism based on transfer interface fracture was presented to explain the contact resistance, material transfer and welding properties of the silver tin oxide contact material. Pip and crater formation in silver tin oxide are small because of a weak deposit/cathode interface that resulted in delamination of pips.
Testing wireless local area network transceiver ICs at 5GHz

A 5GHz IEEE 802.11a compliant wireless local area network transceiver integrated circuit was tested using a Teradyne Catalyst mixed signal test system. Methods for implementing transmit and receive tests and results of those tests are described. The tests included transmit carrier and sideband suppression, transmit spectrum mask, transmit modulation accuracy, receive I- and Q-balance, and receive error vector magnitude.
Defining the Impact of Surgical Approach on Perioperative Outcomes for Patients with Gastric Cardia Malignancy.

Gastric cardia cancer is currently treated with several operations. The purpose of the current study was to compare outcomes associated with three common operative approaches. The ACS-NSQIP Participant Use File was searched to identify all patients with gastric cardia malignancy who underwent total gastrectomy (TG), transhiatal esophagectomy (THE), or thoraco-abdominal esophagectomy (TAE) between 2005 and 2012. Demographic, perioperative risk factors, and outcomes were analyzed. Overall, there were 982 patients identified in the database who met inclusion criteria. The median age was 65 years (range 20–88) and 807 (82.2 %) were male. The number of patients allocated to each approach was 204 TGs (20.8 %), 271 THE (27.6 %), and 507 TAE (51.6 %). All approaches had similar major morbidity, cardiopulmonary morbidity, and 30-day mortality, however, TAE was associated with the highest overall morbidity (TAE 49.9 % vs. TG 40.7 % and THE 43.5 %, p = 0.048). The independent risk factors predicting mortality were age greater than 65 years, history of myocardial infarction, and postoperative cardiopulmonary morbidity. For patients with proximal gastric cancer, the three most common operative approaches were associated with clinically-significant rates of overall and major morbidity. Approach-associated morbidity should be considered along with tumor location and extent when choosing a technique for resection of gastric cardia malignancy.
A commensal symbiotic factor derived from Bacteroides fragilis promotes human CD39+Foxp3+ T cells and Treg function

Polysaccharide A (PSA) derived from the human commensal Bacteroides fragilis is a symbiosis factor that stimulates immunologic development within mammalian hosts. PSA rebalances skewed systemic T helper responses and promotes T regulatory cells (Tregs). However, PSA-mediated induction of Foxp3 in humans has not been reported. In mice, PSA-generated Foxp3+ Tregs dampen Th17 activity thereby facilitating bacterial intestinal colonization while the increased presence and function of these regulatory cells may guard against pathological organ-specific inflammation in hosts. We herein demonstrate that PSA induces expression of Foxp3 along with CD39 among naive CD4 T cells in vitro while promoting IL-10 secretion. PSA-activated dendritic cells are essential for the mediation of this regulatory response. When cultured with isolated Foxp3+ Tregs, PSA enriched Foxp3 expression, enhanced the frequency of CD39+HLA-DR+ cells, and increased suppressive function as measured by decreased TNFα expression by LPS-stimulate...
Teaching Delegation to RN Students

Registered nurse (RN) students have difficulty learning delegation and supervision, and new RNs lack confidence in executing these skills. To improve safety, therefore, RN educators require new teaching and learning strategies to help prelicensure students develop delegation and supervision skills. Our team of nurse educators and researchers developed, implemented, and evaluated a classroom learning activity on delegation and supervision for RN students. The activity, which is grounded in David Kolb's (1983) experiential learning theory, was developed from a research study on delegation and supervision in nursing homes. Drawing on the research data, we constructed robust case studies that authentically illustrate the nursing home practice environment, including the realistic impediments to best practice. Students in our Accelerated Bachelor of Nursing program found the learning activity beneficial to their understanding of and readiness to engage in delegation and supervision.
Introduction to Financial Model Building with MATLAB

MATLAB is a modeling environment that allows for input and output processing, statistical analysis, simulation, and other types of model building for the purpose of analysis of a situation. MATLAB uses a number-array-oriented programming language; that is, a programming language in which vectors and matrices are the basic data structures. Reliable built-in functions, a wide range of specialized toolboxes, easy interface with widespread software like Microsoft Excel, and beautiful graphing capabilities for data visualization make implementation with MATLAB efficient and useful for the financial modeler. Keywords: software; modeling; name of function; M-file; scripts; arrays; function name; scripts; functions; Optimization; Simulation
Development of accelerated options in an associate degree nursing program

Accelerated programs of study for students are one way nurse educators can address projected needs for registered nurses. A community college in the mid-Atlantic region developed several options within the curriculum that allowed nursing students to complete their studies in 15 months instead of the 22–25 months required for traditional students. A prior degree was not a requirement for admission, yet student outcomes have been equivalent to or have exceeded those of the traditional students. This article describes program design, student characteristics, and outcomes. Because these accelerated options are ongoing, lessons learned have been used for quality improvement.
A Design to Improve the Effective Damping Characteristics of Hole-Pattern-Stator Annular Gas Seals

Predictions are presented for hole-pattern-stator seals for which the hole depth is varied axially, showing that various depth patterns can significantly improve damping pefor- mance in terms of both increasing the seal's effective damping and reducing its crossover frequency―the frequency at which effective damping changes from positive to negative. Test results are presented for the seal with the best variable hole depth (VHD) pattern showing an increase in peak damping by a factor of 1.6 over a constant hole depth (CHD) design versus predictions of 2.7. The crossover frequency is reduced by approximately 40%. The VHD seal has a significant negative static stiffness that probably arises from a friction-factor-jump phenomenon, not flow path divergence. The VHD seal leaks less than a comparable CHD design.
Xenobiotics and xenoestrogens in fish : modulation of cytochrome P450 and carcinogenesis

As is the case with mammals, an ever-increasing number of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are being characterized from fish. The focus of work on fish CYPs has been primarily on environmental induction of CYP1A by pollutants such as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and dibenzofurans. This response has been the basis for a sensitive biomonitoring tool of ecosystem health for a number of years. Studies have documented a correlation between CYP1A induction, pollutant levels and tumor incidence, especially in bottom-dwelling species. The rainbow trout has been utilized as a tumor model to document the role of CYP1A modulation in the inhibition or promotion of cancer. Fish are also very responsive to the class of chemicals known as xenoestrogens. Recent evidence is presented documenting the modulation of CYPs by xenoestrogens and their potential role as modulators of the tumor response. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge concerning the occurrence of CYPs in fish and focus on the role of CYP1A induction in environmental monitoring of various genotoxic carcinogens and in the modulation of cancer in the trout model. Finally, the important class of aquatic pollutants known as xenoestrogens have now been shown to modulate CYP levels perhaps leading to alterations in tumor response or other adverse effects.
Photoacoustic determination of small optical absorption coefficients: extended theory

Photoacoustic measurement of small absorption coefficients provides an important alternative to standard techniques. The theoretical basis for such measurements is extended to include the effects of thermally generated mechanical motion of the sample, by incorporating the thermoelastic equations for an isotropic solid in a cylindrical configuration. Sample calculations show that this thermoacoustic effect may dominate the photoacoustic signal for certain modulation frequencies and beam configurations.
Extended Kalman filtering and fixed interval smoothing for the vehicle-mounted mine/UXO detector system

A differential Global Position System (DGPS) is one of the capabilities that has been used in Countermine testing and operation by the vehicular mounted mine detector system to record the locations of the detected mines. During the system's data acquisition, the DGPS may incur the measurement errors due to measurement noises and other sources of inaccuracy that result in mis-positioning of the detected mines. The position errors, however, could be reduced if the Kalman filtering algorithm is implemented in the system. To optimally reduce these errors, the fixed- interval smoother could also be used if a small interval of processing time is allowed during the countermine testing or operation via the use of standoff radar or the forward looking IR sensor. These improvements will enhance ground registration of the candidate mines. Thus, data of the same mine that have been collected from multiple sensor or from the multiple looks by a single sensor can be associated correctly. The correct data association will provide better data fusion that improves the probability of detection and the false alarm rate. Kalman filtering and fixed-interval smoothing algorithms are developed and implemented, and the results of their applications to real test data are presented.
The Intersection of Aestheticism and Administrative Placement at Payton High

This case is centered on the term aestheticism, the discrimination or bias against those who do not possess the most desired physical qualities. In this particular case, the authors have chosen to highlight how African American administrators might be selected, assigned, or appointed based on their physical attributes and characteristics. The authors have chosen to reintroduce the term aestheticism, which originally appeared in Victorian England in the mid-1800s. It had a connotation of an appreciation and dissemination of middle class beauty with regard to art and style. However, it is the authors' goal in this reintroduction of aestheticism to “ismatize” it as a potential “ism” that highlights a void regarding the covert and overt discrimination that many individuals face on a daily basis as result of physical appearances that are not directly related to their race, ethnicity, religion, or gender.
Fusiform dilatation of the cavernous carotid artery in acromegalic patients

Surgeons undertaking transsphenoidal surgery in patients with acromegaly confront multiple unique challenges secondary to the anatomic alterations caused by growth hormone–secreting tumors. The senior author has noted a fusiform dilatation of the cavernous carotid artery in many acromegalic patients. The authors aim to quantify this dilatation and correlate it with potential contributing factors. Clinical and radiographic data were retrospectively assessed in acromegalic patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery from 2000 through 2011. Randomly selected patients with nonsecreting pituitary adenomas were used as the control cohort. Demographic information, comorbidities, and preoperative growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels were recorded. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging variables included tumor size, diameters of the petrous, cavernous, and supraclinoid segments of the carotid artery, and extent and location of cavernous sinus invasion. Independent correlations between acromegaly and each variable were assessed with multivariate regression analysis. Forty randomly selected patients with growth hormone–secreting adenomas who underwent surgery and had MR imaging with thin coronal slices of the pituitary region were enlisted in our study cohort. The mean age was 45.7 years. Forty-two males (52.5 %) were included in the study. Mean carotid artery diameter measurements for acromegalic and control patients, respectively, were 4.2 vs. 3.8 mm (petrous carotid), 5.0 vs. 4.0 mm (cavernous carotid), and 3.3 vs. 2.9 mm (supraclinoid carotid). Multivariate analysis showed only age and cavernous carotid diameter were statistically significant independent variables (p = 0.02, p < 0.001, respectively). Age, tumor size, growth-hormone or insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, and cavernous sinus invasion did not correlate with cavernous carotid artery diameter. In patients with acromegaly, there is a fusiform dilatation of the cavernous carotid artery that must be considered when planning transsphenoidal surgery.
Application of the pseudo-2-fluid theory to mixtures.

Values of the exponent m in the configurational energy expression, E=-Nrsη/2vm, have been obtained from enthalpy of mixing data for 17 non-polar and weakly polar liquids and several alcohols. With these pure component m values and volume fraction averaged mixture m values, the pseudo-2-fluid theory is successfully applied to fifty binary mixtures of nonpolar and weakly polar constituents and ten binary mixtures containing normal alcohols. Agreement between the excess enthalpies calculated from density data and observed HE values approaches the limits of experimental accuracy.
Precocious puberty due to rathke cleft cyst in a child

Objective: To report a case of a child with precocious puberty attributable to Rathke cleft cyst (RCC).Methods: The clinical features, laboratory results, and findings on ultrasonography of the pel...
A fiber-optic weigh-in-motion sensor using fiber Bragg gratings

In this weigh-in-motion (WIM) research, we introduce a novel design of WIM system based-on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technologies. The novel design comes from the idea using in-service bridge as the weigh scale. While vehicles traveling over the bridge, the weights can be recorded by the strain gauges installed on the bridge abutments. In this system, the bridge beam is replaced by a piece of steel plate which supports the weight of the traveling vehicle. Four steel tubes are attached firmly at the corners of the plate serving as the bridge abutments. All weights will be finally transferred into the tubes where four FBGs are attached and can record the weight-induced strains by shifting their Bragg wavelengths. Compared with other designs of fiber-optic WIM systems, this design is easy and reliable. Especially it's suitable for heavy vehicles because of its large capacity, such as military vehicles, trucks and trailers. Over 40-ton load has been applied on the system and the experimental results show a good repeatability and linearity under such a large load. The system resolution has been achieved as low as 10 kg.
OCLC 1998–2008: Weaving Libraries into the Web

ABSTRACT The author briefly reviews OCLC's history form 1967 to 1998, then focuses on the accomplishments and activities of the OCLC cooperative from 1998 to 2008. Particular attention is given to OCLC's strategy of weaving libraries into the World Wide Web and the transformation of WorldCat from a bibliographic database into a globally networked information resource.
Puerto Rican Subjective Locations: Definitions and Perceptions of Literacy

This manuscript addresses the epistemological shift from traditional “objective” and “neutral” forms of perceiving literacy to more complex and subjective perceptions, allowing for traditionally ma...
Expanded applications, shifting paradigms and an improved understanding of host-biomaterial interactions.

Abstract The conventional approach to biomaterial design and development typically focuses upon the mechanical and material properties with long-term objectives that include an inert host immune response and long-lasting mechanical and structural support. The emergence of and interest in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have driven the development of novel cell-friendly biomaterials, materials with tailored degradation rates, materials with highly specific architectures and surfaces, and vehicles for delivery of bioactive molecules, among numerous other advancements. Each of these biomaterial developments supports specific strategies for tissue repair and reconstruction. These advancements in biomaterial form and function, combined with new knowledge of innate and acquired immune system biology, provide an impetus for re-examination of host–biomaterial interactions, including host–biomaterial interface events, spatial and temporal patterns of in vivo biomaterial remodeling, and related downstream functional outcomes. An examination of such issues is provided herein with a particular focus on macrophage polarization and its implications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Structure analyses of menthone- and isomenthone-tosylhydrazones, C17H26N2O2S

The crystal and molecular structures of two configurational isomers of the title compound have been determined by three-dimensional, single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. Both (2S,5R)- and (2R,5R)-4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid-[5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexylidene] hydrazide (hereafter referred to as menthone- and isomenthone-tosylhydrazone, orI andII, respectively) crystallize in the orthorhombic space groupP212121 (No. 19, D24) with four formula units per cell anda=5.209(1),b=17.501(1),c=20.154(1)A anda=5.281(1),b=17.300(1),c=20.422(1)A, respectively. The phase problems were solved by direct methods and the respective final full-matrix least-squares refinements of 1767 and 3010 unique reflections converged toR=0.046 and 0.052. In both structures, the toluenesulfonamide group occupies a positionanti to the more substituted side of the cyclohexyl ring, the C(16)-C(11)-N(2) angles are significantly wider than 120°, and each sulfonamide nitrogen (1) atom appears to exhibit a distorted trigonal pyramidal geometry. The structures differ in the positioning of the isopropyl and methyl substituents on the cyclohexane ring, with thetrans isomerI having both groups equatorial, while thecis isomerII exhibits an axial isopropyl group. The molecules in the crystal lattice are held together by van der Waals forces. X-ray powder diffraction, conoscopic, infrared, and1H and13C NMR analyses have been performed.
The distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human plaque.

The association between Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and periodontal disease in juveniles has been well documented. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence and proportions of A. actinomycetemcomitans in supragingival and subgingival plaque samples from the maxillary first molars of a large number of young adults. The study population included 284 adults, aged 20–40, ranging in periodontal disease status from healthy to moderate periodontitis but with the majority exhibiting early periodontal disease. The clinical characteristics of probing depth, attachment level, plaque index, and gingival index were measured. Supragingival and subgingival plaque samples were evaluated microscopically for microbial forms. They were also cultured on supplemented blood agar and various selective agar media including selective media for A. actinomycetemcomitans. The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival and supragingival plaque for individuals in the population was 13.0% (37/284) and 4.9% (14/284), respectively. Proportions of actinobacilli, based on total anaerobic counts, were found at or below 1% in 87% of 47 subgingival sites from 37 subjects. Supragingival and subgingival sites with actinobacilli were compared to sites without actinobacilli. Subgingival sites with A. actinomycetemcomitans had a significantly higher mean plaque index, with 79% of these sites having a plaque index greater than 1.0 compared to 30% of sites without actinobacilli. The mean gingival index, probing depth, and attachment level of sites with actinobacilli were also higher, but not significantly, than those without. Of the microbial forms enumerated, only spirochetes had a significantly higher mean proportion at subgingival sites when compared to sites without actinobacilli. Mean proportions of the cultivable microorganisms, Veillonella spp. and Streptococcus spp., were significantly lower at sites with A. actinomycetemcomitans. Differences in the mean proportions of certain microorganisms were compared between the 47 subgingival sites with actinobacilli divided into three groups by probing depth. Mean proportions of A. actinomycetemcomitans were significantly higher at intermediate probing depths between 3.0 and 5.0 mm compared to deeper sites with probing depths above 5.0 mm. On the other hand, dark-pigmented Bacteroides spp. mean proportions were significantly higher at deeper probing depths than at either intermediate or shallow, less than or equal to 3.0 mm, probing depths. There were no significant differences in the mean proportions of spirochetes between shallow, intermediate, or deeper probing depths of the 47 subgingival sites with actinobacilli.
Lessons for living in a chemical world.

When Dr. Ayres wrote to me asking me to come here he gave as an inducement the fact that this was the dioxin capital of the world. I was wondering about this because I am on the International Scientific Committee for Seveso in Italy and when I was there they told me that they were the dioxin capital of the world. The only explanation I have for that was that there must be a great deal that is not known to allow two excellent groups to make the same claim.
Synergistic responses of oak, pine and shrub seedlings to edge environments and drought in a fragmented tropical highland oak forest, Oaxaca, Mexico

Processes of natural regeneration in highly fragmented landscapes are strongly influenced by edge environments due to the effects of vegetation cover on microclimate conditions. These effects may be diminished or exacerbated through synergistic interactions with extreme climatic events such as drought. This study assessed the growth and physiological responses of five native tree and shrub species (Quercus acutifolia Nee ´, Q. castanea Nee ´, Pinus oaxacana (Mart.) Mirov, Dodonea viscosa (L.) Jacq., Rhus virens Adams) to microsites along edge gradients occurring between forest remnants and openings of different sizes ( 1 ha) in both a highly fragmented and a relatively undisturbed adjacent landscape over a 2-year period (1 year with normal rainfall and one with extreme drought). Of the species studied, the shrub seedlings had significantly lower mortality (3‐13%) than the oak (37‐53%) and pine (35%). Seedling survival for all species was greatest in the edge and forest understory environments, suggesting that vegetation cover may have a facilitative effect on seedling regeneration. Greater survivorship and biomass of the shrub seedlings, especially in the open microsites, was attributed to their root system having a sufficient biomass and depth to more effectively access deeper water supplies. Interactions between edge effects and an extreme drought event were found to have a more pronounced impact on the performance of oak and pine seedlings compared to shrub seedlings. Patterns of pre-dawn water potential ðcpd � 2:9Þ and greater phenological plasticity (fast turnover) in response to drought, contributing to greater growth and survival success. To effectively manage fragmented tropical highland oak forest landscapes for reestablishment of the native oak ecosystem, there is a need to understand the complex and often synergistic interactions between different plant species, the edge environment, and climatic variability that strongly influence regeneration processes. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Parental involvement laws, religion, and abortion rates

This article explores whether policy endogeneity partially explains the negative relationship generally reported between parentll involvement laws and abortion rates, since parental involvement laws are found to be negatively related to both teen and adult abortion rates. Since parental involvement laws may be more likely to be passed in jurisdictions with a higher level of antiabortion sentiment, both the law and anti-abortion sentiment may be responsible for lower abortion rates. To explore this possible interrelatedness, a religiosity level variable was used as a proxy for anti-abortion sentiment, since anti-abortion sentiment might affect abortion rates directly and indirectly through the greater likelihood of the enactment of parental involvement laws. The relationship of parental involvement laws and religiosity level to abortion rates was analyzed for teens and adults; regressions were estimated for four age groups: 15–19, 20–24, 25–29, and 30–34 years old. Residence county-level 1995 abortion rates were regressed against parental involvement laws and religiosity levels as well as several control county-level variables—restrictive public funding, unemployment rate, population density, percent of college graduates, extent of poverty, percent of married-couple families, and geographic region. The sample consisted of the 1,008 counties from the 17 states that reported abortion numbers by county and by age group. Using log transformations of the dependent variable abortion rates, log-linear weighted regression models were run for the four age groups. Parental involvement laws were highly statistically significantly related (p<0.1) to lower abortion rates for all four age groups; the coefficient was larger, however, when the religiosity level variable was excluded from the model. The coefficient for the religiosity level was highly statistically significant (p<01) for all four age groups when the parental involvement variable was excluded from the model; when the parental involvement variable was included in the model, the coefficient for the religiosity level decreased for all four age groups and was statistically significant for only three of the four age groups. Since the coefficients for both the religiosity level and the parental involvement law decrease when both variables are included, the negative relationship between parental involvement laws and abortion rates does seem to reflect some policy endogeneity so that the reported impact of parental involvement laws may be overstated.
Modeling autumn migration of a rare soaring raptor identifies new movement corridors in central Appalachia

Abstract Understanding animal movements is fundamental to ecology and conservation, yet direct measurement of movements of birds is both challenging and costly. Raptor behavior and demography are especially difficult to monitor, but models of movement can provide information toward this goal. The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in eastern North America is an apex predator of regional conservation concern, and little is known about its population ecology, movements, or behavior. We designed an agent-based model to simulate autumn migration of eagles in Pennsylvania, USA. Inputs to the model included information on regional topography, known flight behaviors (i.e. slope-soaring and thermal-soaring and gliding), estimated uplift, and a principal axis of migration. In total, we modeled 6094 flight routes, averaging 2191 (±1281; ±SD; range: 3–5373) moves. Simulations were spatially comparable to historic flight route data collected via telemetry and generally followed topography that provided uplift. In our model, orographic uplift available to migrant eagles was stronger and more frequent than thermal uplift, and uplift forms were not correlated with one another (r = −0.145). Modeled golden eagle migration in autumn follows a narrow-front pattern as individuals are concentrated in areas that produce orographic uplift. Simulated flights were more concentrated on days when historic counts of golden eagles were high at monitoring sites. In contrast, simulations were more dispersed on days when fewer actual eagles were recorded. We used output from our simulations to select new sites that could be used for monitoring migratory raptors. Relatively large numbers of golden eagles were observed at these sites, thus validating performance of our model. This work identifies a novel, cost-effective method for modeling migration patterns of and furthering conservation goals for a rare, low-density raptor species.
A review of current developments in process and quality control for injection molding

Injection molding is one of the most versatile and important manufacturing processes capable of mass-producing complicated plastic parts in net shape with excellent dimensional tolerance. Injection molding process and quality control has been an active research area for many years, as part quality and yield requirements become more stringent. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art research and development in injection molding control. It organizes prior studies into four categories, namely, process setup, machine control, process control, and quality control, and presents the distinction and connection of these different levels of control. This paper further reviews and compares the typical variables, models, and control methods that have been proposed and employed for those control tasks. Strictly speaking, real online quality control without human intervention has yet to be realized, primarily due to the lack of transducers for online, real time quality response measurement, and a robust model that correlates the control variables with quantitative quality measurements. Based on the research progress to date, this paper suggests that the different levels of control tasks have to be integrated into a multilevel quality control system, and that the quality sensor and the process and quality model are the two most important areas for further advancement in injection molding control. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24: 165–182, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20046
Seismological Investigations for Siting an LNG Facility

Siting of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) facilities requires seismological investigations to identify the closest capable faults, to estimate the capability of faults in the vicinity of proposed sites to generate earthquakes, and to provide engineers with appropriate ground-motion parameters (peak acceleration, predominant period, and duration of strong ground-motion) for design and construction. These investigations consist of analysis of seismicity data to correlate hypocenters and faults, estimation of the maximum magnitude of an earthquake for particular faults, and calculations of recurrence intervals of earthquakes. The investigation of the proposed Little Cojo Bay LNG Terminal Site, near Point Conception, California, for which a peak acceleration of about 0.65 g appears reasonable, is presented as an example.
Neighboring hydrogen, isotope effect, and conformation in solvolysis of 3-methyl-2-butyl p-toluenesulfonate☆☆☆

Abstract In connection with hydrogen participation in solvolysis, 3-methyl-2-butyl p-toluenesulfonate is a marginal system. Comparison of the behavior of 3-D-3-methyl-2-butyl toluenesulfonate with that of the undeuterated analog discloses a substantial isotope effect on solvolysis rate, but only a small effect on product composition. The evidence points to a relatively high value of (kΔ/ks), the ratio of rate constants for anchimerically assited and unassisted solvolysis processes. Conformational considerations make understandable the relatively low degree of rate acceleration displayed by 3-methyl-2-butyl toluenesulfonate.
Sequence of the 5′-flanking region of the rat 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase gene: Regulation by glucocorticoids

Dexamethasone addition to cultured hepatocytes caused a 90-fold increase in mRNA for 6-phosphofructo 2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. Glucocorticoid administration in vivo also increased the enzyme's mRNA in skeletal muscle by 3-4-fold. The sequence of the 5'-flanking region of the enzyme's gene revealed at least one consensus glucocorticoid response element. The amino acid sequence derived from a partial cDNA clone for the rat skeletal muscle bifunctional enzyme was identical to that of the liver isozyme except for an undetermined amount of N-terminal sequence. It is concluded that the rat muscle and liver isozymes, which are postulated to be identical except for the N-terminal region, are both regulated by glucocorticoids.
Modelling and analysis of service parts logistics systems

Many organisations purchase equipment, that is, subject to unpredictable failures to carry out their services. When these breakdowns occur, maintenance technicians restore the equipment in a timely fashion either through repair or the installation of spare parts. In this research, the behaviour of the service parts logistics system (SPLS) is approximated with a modified M/G/1 HOL queuing model. Then, the costs structure of the SPLS is defined and approximated with a mathematical model that captures the interdependence of the inventory policy and the technician assignment. A heuristic ‘assign locations’ is implemented based on the modified M/G/1 HOL queuing, the costs model and a genetic algorithm to search for the near-minimum cost technician assignment given a fixed technician’s vehicle inventory policy.
Easier way to find the sagittal depth: comments.

An easy formula for calculating both the approximate and (by iteration) the exact sagittal depth of a chord is presented. (AIP)
On the algebraic construction of chemistry from quantum mechanics. A fundamental valency vector field defined on the euclidean 3-space and its relation to the Hilbert space

To obtain from quantum mechanics directly the qualitative deductions of chemistry, a mathematical machinery is set up. A single vector space, and a dyad space relate different molecules or spatial configurations of an isomeric set of atoms to each other. Different electronic Hamiltonians belong to the dyad space and are treated so as to be used directly without the intermediary of orbitals, parameter choices, or variational calculations.