cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal determination of rate coefficients in multiple-reaction systems

Abstract An efficient methodology is developed for parameter estimation and is applied by fitting 6 unknown rate coefficients. The estimation procedure is generally applicable to any system, although development has currently been limited to first-order systems of ordinary differential equations (ODE), such as those describing multiple chemical reactions. The objective is to find parameter values so as to minimize the sum of squared error (SSE), where each error term is the difference between the calculated system solution at a point and a selected data value. Since the calculated solution is generally quite nonlinear, an iterative solution is required. At each iteration, parameter values are supplied, the system is solved, and the SSE is determined. In addition, efficient algorithms require the SSE gradient (with respect to the vector of unknown parameters) in order to provide updated parameter estimates. Using conventional techniques, determination of this gradient involves solution of an ODE system for each parameter to be estimated. ff more than a few parameters are involved, the cost could be prohibitive. However, a procedure using adjoint operators is developed in which the SSE gradient can be calculated by solving only one additional ODE system, regardless of the number of parameters being optimized. Combined with a quasi-Newton updating system, an efficient methodology results. This methodology has been applied to a set of six chemical reactions describing the aqueous speciation (hydrolysis) of iodine.
Suboptimal design of intentionally nonlinear controllers

A method of designing nonlinear controls for stationary plants is presented in the paper. The objective of the design is to produce soft-saturation-type constraints on certain state variables, such as velocity or acceleration. This is accomplished by formulating the problem as an optimization of a nonquadratic performance index. A sequence of suboptimal controls is then obtained. Although this sequence converges to the exact optimum solution, the procedure is stopped when the complexity of the resulting non-linear controller exceeds the design considerations of cost, size, and/or reliability. Experimental results of an actual design clearly indicate the desired velocity saturation effects.
The limiting volume of single input/single output intermediate storage in batch processes under periodic production failure

An analysis has been performed of the capacity of intermediate storage vessels required to buffer the effects of periodic production failure. Simple analytical expressions for the limiting volume of the storage as a function of failure frequency and system parameters have been developed for SISO storage system under the assumption that system variables were integer number. All these simple analytical expressions are directly useful for determining the storage size and are the bases for more advanced engineering study such as; operations research, controller design and process synthesis.
A Galerkin least squares method for time harmonic Maxwell equations using Nédélec elements

A Galerkin least squares finite element method for the solution of the time-harmonic Maxwell's equations using Nedelec elements is proposed. This method appends a least-squares term, evaluated within element interiors, to the standard Galerkin method. For the case of lowest order hexahedral element, the numerical parameter multiplying this term is determined so as to optimize the dispersion properties of the resulting formulation. In particular, explicit expressions for this parameter are derived that lead to methods with no dispersion error for propagation along a specified direction and reduced dispersion error over all directions. It is noted that this method is easy to implement and does not add to the computational costs of the standard Galerkin method. The performance of this method is tested on problems of practical interest.
Stochastic equivalence of ranking methods

The asymptotic behavior of linear rank statistics for comparing the locations of two populations, where the observations are ranked jointly with other populations, is considered. Under certain conditions, the asymptotic behavior of these statistics does not depend on which other populations are included in the ranking. In particular, the difference of a pair of these statistics, with the same score function, but based on two different rankings, converges to zero in probability under Pitman alternatives and Chernoff-Savage conditions on the scores and underlying distributions.
Sticking Coefficient of Atoms on Solid Surfaces at Low Temperatures.

It is shown that because of a polarization effect the sticking coefficient of atoms on surfaces remains finite down to much lower temperatures than has hitherto been supposed on the basis of the Born approximation to the sticking process.
Challenging Search Engines and Pop-Ups Under Copyright Law: Part 2

In the May-June 2002 issue of IEEE Micro, part 1 of “Challenging search engines under copyright law” appeared with the promise of a part 2 if the US Court of Appeals on the West Coast ever came to its senses and revised its opinion in Kelly v. Arriba Soft.The opinion condemned as illegal what it called “framing” and seemingly condemned as well all hyperlinking to which the linked site did not consent. The losing party, a company operating an image search engine then called Arriba Soft, seconded by numerous amici curiae (friends of the court), immediately filed papers asking the court to reconsider and refrain from destroying the Internet. Nothing happened for 16 months as the court considered what to do next. But the shoe has now finally dropped. The court issued a revised opinion, dodging the issue entirely on procedural grounds. Background The Arriba Soft image search engine was much like the present Google image search engine (www.google.com). If a user entered a search word or phrase, say “Gold Rush,” the engine would go to its index file and present an array of thumbnail images having some relation to the Gold Rush. (Thumbnails are small images in GIF or JPEG format that have much lower resolution than the originals.) The idea is that a user can readily scan a page of images for use much more quickly and easily than wading through verbal descriptions. For an example, see http:// images.google.com/images?q=%22gold+ rush%22&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl= en&btnG=Google+Search. (This will provide you with an array of reduced-size versions of images related to the Gold Rush, one of the first of which is a book cover, which will be used below as an illustrative example.) One of the many Web pages that Arriba’s spider program sought out for images was that of Leslie A. Kelly. Unlike many other Web page proprietors, Kelly objected violently to having users access his site via an image search engine. His grievance, as refined after several years of litigation, was that Arriba deep-linked to individual photographic images on his Web page, using a thumbnail image to identify Arriba’s link. For example, at the preceding URL, if you click on the cover image for the book The Gold Rush, your browser will recognize it as a hyperlink to continued on p. 71
Temporal characteristics of insulin: glucose ratio after varying degrees of stress and trauma in man.

We previously reported that the normal relationship between plasma glucose and serum insulin levels was altered for 48 hr after surgery. It is postulated that the inappropriately low insulin levels for the corresponding degree of glycemia after injury is influenced by the magnitude of trauma and by the time following trauma. Forty-one patients with major trauma and 11 with minor trauma were given varying quantities of glucose intravenously, while serial blood samples for insulin and glucose were analyzed for 5 days. To define the normal insulin to glucose relationship, 11 normal volunteers were infused with glucose solutions (5 to 30 g/hr). To evaluate the insulin to glucose relation, the slope of the regression line of insulin on glucose was calculated for 48 hr (early) and for the next 72 hr (late) for major and minor trauma (n = 302) and for normals (n = 115). The results show a highly significant insulin to glucose relationship as indicated by the slope of the regression line between major trauma and normal in both the early and late phases of trauma, and between the early phase of minor trauma and the normal control group. No significant difference was found between the late phase of minor trauma and normal. After trauma, inappropriately low insulin levels for the degree of glycemia is a function of trauma severity and time. This plays a major role in the abnormal carbohydrate metabolism of injury.
The Scalded-Skin Syndrome: Relation to Phage-Group II Staphylococci

Twelve patients with the scalded-skin syndrome were studied; 11 of them were infected with staphylococci of phage group II. Conjunctivitis was a common finding in these patients; however, impetigo was infrequent. The relation of phagetype 71 staphylococcal bacteriocin to the toxin responsible for the scalded-skin syndrome was investigated. Representative strains of all phage types in group II (3A, 3C, 55, and 71) produced an experimental disease in newborn mice that closely resembled the human disease, but only strains of phage type 71 were capable of producing the bacteriocin. Furthermore, purified bacteriocin failed to produce disease in the animal model. This study extends previous reports about the pathogenic role of phage-group II staphylococci in the scalded-skin syndrome and depicts the many unique features of this group of organisms.
Power law rheology of ice and the relaxation style and retention of craters on Ganymede

A numerical finite element model of viscous relaxation of craters in ice is presented which incorporates rheological data for ice at temperatures and pressures appropriated to the near-surface regions of Ganymede. For temperature gradients in reasonable agreement with those obtained from thermal and structural models of Ganymede, relaxation times greater than 10 to the 7th years were obtained for craters with diameters less than 100 km. For all craters with diameters greater than 10 km, the dependence of viscosity on stress was found to significantly shorten the relaxation time. The rheological laws which dominate crater relaxation are discussed for craters of various sizes. The results are compared with imagery from Voyager.
Relationships of Exodontiella, a non‐alysiine, exodont member of the family Braconidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera)

The placement of Exodontiella Wharton is re-examined in light of the discovery of four additional individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted from one of the individuals, the D2 expansion segment of the 28S rRNA gene was sequenced, and the sequence compared to selected taxa within the Braconidae. Based on the molecular data and the morphological study, Exodontiella is formally transferred from the Opiinae to the Gnamptodontinae. The genus and its included species are redescribed.
Importance of dissection in learning anatomy: personal dissection versus peer teaching.

Two studies or approaches to time savings in teaching gross anatomy were implemented and tested. Personal dissection vs. peer teaching of the upper and lower extremities revealed subtle effects of dissection on examination performance. Although peer teaching was generally successful, students preferred to dissect for themselves, lacking confidence in being taught by other students. ANOVA and multiple range tests carried out on the examination means indicated no difference between each student's scores on upper and lower extremity questions. However, subtle effects were reflected in significant differences (P < 0.05) in both ratio (upper%/lower%) and difference (upper%-lower%) between each student's percent scores on upper extremity and lower extremity questions, indicating enhanced performance on the extremity dissected. Students dissecting both extremities were intermediate in both ratio and difference, and not significantly different from either the "upper" or "lower" extremity groups. A questionnaire indicated that students who dissected only one extremity would have preferred to have dissected both extremities, and, contrary to overall examination performance, disagreed that they had learned both extremities at a satisfactory level. Although documenting adequate learning with time savings, the results are consistent with the contention that hands-on dissection enhances learning and confidence in the subject matter, because examination performance as well as personal satisfaction was enhanced on the extremity that was dissected.
Recent Credit Stagnation in the MENA Region: What to Expect? What Can Be Done?

This paper examines the recent credit slowdown among Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries from three analytical angles. First, it finds that, similar to other regions and to its past history, a credit boom preceded the current slowdown, and that a protracted period of sluggish growth is likely going forward. Second, it uncovers a key role played by bank funding (deposit growth and external borrowing slowed considerably) but whose effect was frequently dampened by expansionary monetary policy. Third, bank-level fundamentals - capitalization and loan quality - helped to explain differences in credit growth across banks and countries.
Characterization of photonic crystal coupled waveguides

In this research, we present an analysis of coupled photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides. Fabricated planar PhC coupled waveguides are characterized and experimental results are presented. Applications for PhC directional couplers include frequency selective filters, dispersion compensators, and optical switches.
Statistical mechanics of quantum spin systems. III

In the algebraic formulation the thermodynamic pressure, or free energy, of a spin system is a convex continuous functionP defined on a Banach space\(\mathfrak{B}\) of translationally invariant interactions. We prove that each tangent functional to the graph ofP defines a set of translationally invariant thermodynamic expectation values. More precisely each tangent functional defines a translationally invariant state over a suitably chosen algebra\(\mathfrak{A}\) of observables, i. e., an equilibrium state. Properties of the set of equilibrium states are analysed and it is shown that they form a dense set in the set of all invariant states over\(\mathfrak{A}\). With suitable restrictions on the interactions, each equilibrium state is invariant under time-translations and satisfies the Kubo-Martin-Schwinger boundary condition. Finally we demonstrate that the mean entropy is invariant under time-translations.
The Design and Use of Variance Component Models in the Analysis of Human Quantitative Pedigree Data

The use of variance components and multivariate linear models in genetics applications has a long history that dates back to (at least) Fisher's seminal 1918 paper “The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance” [Phil. Trans. 52: 399–433]. Although extensions and elaborations of Fisher's insights have been offered in recent times, relatively few studies exist which examine the theoretical and operational properties variance component models possess in complicated genetic analysis settings. In this paper variance component models, as well as some of their properties (e.g., power, efficiency, and sample size considerations) are discussed in the context of each of the following genetic analysis settings: 1. the detection of general polygenic additive and dominance effects; 2. the detection of genetic effects in the presence of environmental effects (and vice versa); 3. the detection of pleiotropic gene action; 4. aspects of the detection of genotype by environment interaction; and 5. sequential tests for general hypotheses framed in the context of settings 1 through 4. Exposition of the proposed methods and results are facilitated through a special emphasis placed on pedigree covariance structure modeling.
BASELINE UTILIZATION OF BREAST RADIOTHERAPY BEFORE INSTITUTION OF THE MEDICARE PRACTICE QUALITY REPORTING INITIATIVE

Purpose In 2007, Medicare implemented the Physician Quality Reporting Initiative (PQRI), which provides financial incentives to physicians who report their performance on certain quality measures. PQRI measure #74 recommends radiotherapy for patients treated with conservative surgery (CS) for invasive breast cancer. As a first step in evaluating the potential impact of this measure, we assessed baseline use of radiotherapy among women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer before implementation of PQRI. Methods and Materials Using the SEER-Medicare data set, we identified women aged 66–70 diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and treated with CS between 2000 and 2002. Treatment with radiotherapy was determined using SEER and claims data. Multivariate logistic regression tested whether receipt of radiotherapy varied significantly across clinical, pathologic, and treatment covariates. Results Of 3,674 patients, 94% (3,445) received radiotherapy. In adjusted analysis, the presence of comorbid illness (odds ratio [OR] 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19–2.42) and unmarried marital status were associated with omission of radiotherapy (OR 1.65; 95% CI, 1.22–2.20). In contrast, receipt of chemotherapy was protective against omission of radiotherapy (OR 0.25; 95% CI, 0.16–0.38). Race and geographic region did not correlate with radiotherapy utilization. Conclusions Utilization of radiotherapy following CS was high for patients treated before institution of PQRI, suggesting that at most 6% of patients could benefit from measure #74. Further research is needed to determine whether institution of PQRI will affect radiotherapy utilization.
A thermally reconfigurable reflection canceller for adaptive on-chip optical isolation on SOI

We demonstrate a compact, thermally reconfigurable reflection canceller on SOI for adaptive on-chip optical isolation without reliance on magneto-optic or nonlinear properties. An isolation ratio of 34dB is achieved with an insertion loss of <;0.15dB.
Synthesis and monochlorintion of 1-1silabicyclo[2.2.2]octaine

Abstract A new synthetic route is described for the preparation of 1-chloro-1-silabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Chlorination of this material afforded the α-, β- and γ-monochlorinated isomers which were isolated and characterized.
Quantum dot laser diode with low threshold and low internal loss

Data are presented demonstrating that a low-threshold quantum dot laser diode can achieve very low internal optical loss. The broad-area laser diode operates at the wavelength 1.22 m and delivers 2 W of power from a 1.6 cm-long cavity with uncoated facets, with a lasing threshold current density of 10.4 A/cm 2 . The laser diode's internal waveguide loss is extracted from cavity length measurements to be ~0.25cm -1 . The interdependence of threshold current density and internal optical loss is discussed.
Endocrinology of human parturition: a review

The existing data on the hormonal factors involved in human parturition indicate that the steroid hormones, progesterone and the oestrogens, play only a facilitatory role in the initiation of labour. A definite role for fetal adrenal steroids in this process has yet to be established, and they too may serve only a facilitating function. The stimulation of the uterine muscle during labour results from an interaction of oxytocin and prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha. Recent evidence suggests that oxytocin is most important for the initial phase of labour, whereas increased synthesis of PGF2 alpha is essential for the progression of labour. The role of PGE2 remains unclear, but this PG may play an important role in the ripening of the cervix which in turn is essential for successful parturition. The finding of maximal oxytocin receptor concentrations in the myometrium in labour adds strong support to the notion that oxytocin is the trigger for uterine contractions. The factors which control oxytocin receptor formation are therefore important; this may be one of the processes where the steroids play a crucial role. Oxytocin is also one of the stimuli that increase uterine PG synthesis; the coupling of oxytocin receptor occupancy and PG synthetase activity in uterine tissues may be another crucial factor in the mechanism of labour. The formation of gap junctions between the myometrial cells also seems essential for the synchronization and progression of myometrial activity. We propose, therefore, that the co-ordinating of oxytocin receptor formation, PG synthesis and gap junction formation is a key to the initiation and maintenance of human labour. The fetus may fulfil such a co-ordinating role through its influence on placental oestrogen production, through mechanical distention of the uterus, and through its secretion of neuro-hypophysial hormones and other stimulators of PG synthesis.
Free-Field Localization Performance With a Head-Tracked Virtual Auditory Display

Virtual auditory displays are systems that use signal processing techniques to manipulate the apparent spatial locations of sounds when they are presented to listeners over headphones. When the virtual audio display is limited to the presentation of stationary sounds at a finite number of source locations, it is possible to produce virtual sounds that are essentially indistinguishable from sounds presented by real loudspeakers in the free field. However, when the display is required to reproduce sound sources at arbitrary locations and respond in real-time to the head motions of the listener, it becomes much more difficult to maintain localization performance that is equivalent to the free field. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a study that used a virtual synthesis technique to produce head-tracked virtual sounds that were comparable in terms of localization performance with real sound sources. The technique made use of an in-situ measurement and reproduction technique that made it possible to switch between the head-related transfer function measurement and the psychoacoustic validation without removing the headset from the listener. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using head-tracked virtual auditory displays to generate both short and long virtual sounds with localization performance comparable to what can be achieved in the free field.
Surface soil fungal and bacterial communities in aspen stands are resilient to eleven years of elevated CO2 and O3

Abstract Soil microbial community changes associated with altered carbon cycling dynamics were investigated in aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) and/or elevated ozone (eO3) for eleven years, at the Rhinelander Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment (Wisconsin, USA). The relative abundance and composition of fungal and bacterial communities in the 0–5 cm soil depth was evaluated using qPCR of fungal or bacterial rRNA genes, cloned 16S (bacterial) and LSU (fungal) rRNA gene sequencing, small subunit rRNA pyrosequencing, and soil shotgun metagenomes. Fungal or bacterial biomass, measured by qPCR, did not differ with treatment. Under eO3, the ratio of Basidiomycota to Ascomycota significantly increased by two-fold (P 0.1) in the s diversity of fungal or bacterial communities were detected under eCO2. The overall composition of fungal and bacterial communities was resilient despite substantial changes in plant productivity, plant genotype, root density, and rates of soil C and N cycling under eCO2, documented in prior studies. Nonetheless, some candidate taxa (up to 20% of the total at the genus level) shifted in relative abundance in soils from eCO2 plots, suggesting that although community composition was generally stable, it was not static. The eCO2-responsive taxa did not shift under eCO2 plus eO3 conditions, suggesting an interactive effect of eO3 on the soil community. Our results show that the fungal and bacterial communities in the 0–5 cm depth mineral soil changed only in small ways after eleven years of eCO2. This study reinforces the view that soil microbial community changes in ecosystems responding to global climate change drivers may be highly-localized in soil strata.
Bounding-surface plasticity: Stress space versus strain space

A bounding-surface plasticity model is formulated in stress space in a general enough manner to accommodate a considerable range of hardening mechanisms. Conditions are then established under which this formulation can be made equivalent to its strain-space analogue. Special cases of the hardening law are discussed next, followed by a new criterion to ensure nesting. Finally, correlations with experimental data are investigated.
Residential broadband architecture over ADSL and G.Lite (C.992.2): PPP over ATM

The objective of this article is to present the end-to-end broadband service and protocol architecture over DSL that has been adopted for both ADSL and G.Lite (PPP over ATM). G.Lite is a new form of DSL, and its characteristics are discussed. The article then presents a vision for the evolution of an analog modem-based service to G.Lite and ADSL services. The article explains the standardized architecture of PPP over ATM for DSL, and explores how the unique characteristics of G.Lite affect higher-layer protocols (PPP over ATM). Finally, it discusses a vision of how DSL will be deployed together with home networking to provide broadband services to multiple devices in a user-friendly fashion.
Detection of B cell antigens in multiple sclerosis. Use of serum from multiparous women.

• Sera from two multiparous wives of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were used to detect B cell antigens in other patients. With serum X, 11 of 16 patients were positive as compared with ten of 16 controls (.05 P P
The effects of thermal activation on the complex conductivity of Ag2HgI4 in the microwave region

Abstract The complex conductivity of polycrystalline Ag 2 HgI 4 , a superionic conductor, has been measured as a function of temperature at 10, 24 and 70 GHz. Both conductivity and permittivity exhibited sharp changes at the β↔α phase transition. The microwave conductivity of the β-phase was found to be insensitive to temperature changes and that of the α-phase has thermal activation energies lower than that of dc. The observed monotonic increasing conductivity, decreasing permittivity, together with thermal activation effects are indicative of hopping ionic transport.
STAGGERS IN SHEEP IN PATAGONIA.

After observations and experimental work both in the field and laboratory, the following conclusions seem justified. 1. Staggers is a non-infectious disorder affecting horses, cattle, and sheep. 2. The disease is characterized by weakness, muscular twitching, irregular movements of the head, stiffness of the limbs, and transient motor paralysis, accompanied with spastic spasms on excitement. There is also a derangement of vision and conjunctivitis. 3. The postmortem lesions are not characteristic. 4. We readily produced the disease by feeding susceptible sheep on a coarse tuft grass commonly known as coiron or pampa grass ( Poa argentina ). 5. The time required to produce definite symptoms by feeding the grass varied. Two animals developed typical staggers after two feedings; in another instance a period of 21 days of feeding was required. The average time for the production of unmistakable symptoms in our experiments was 10 days. 6. Many sheep recover from staggers spontaneously. A complete change of diet will usually effect a cure within 2 weeks. 7. Older .animals that have pastured for long periods on lands where the grass grows become tolerant and are rarely affected with staggers. 8. The grass is toxic to sheep at all seasons of the year. We fed late winter and early spring grass and grass in flower, and produced staggers in every instance. The young green grass is as toxic as any edible portion of the plant.
Generic degrees are complemented

The notions of forcing and generic set were introduced by Cohen in 1963 to prove the independence of the Axiom of Choice and the Continuum Hypothesis in set theory. Let o be the set of natural numbers, i.e., (0, 1,2,3, . . .}. A string is a mapping from an initial segment of o into (0, l}. We identify a set A c w with its characteristic function. We now consider a set generic over the arithmetic sets. A set A E w is called n-generic if it is Cohen-generic for n-quantifier arithmetic. This is equivalent to saying that for every ,X:-set of strings S, there is a o cA such that o E S or (Vv Z= o)(v F# S). By degree we mean Turing degree (of unsolvability). We call a degree n-generic if it has an n-generic representative. For a degree a, let D(=%) denote the set of degrees which are recursive in a. Before Cohen’s work, there was a precursor of the notion of forcing in recursion theory. Friedberg showed that for every degree b above the complete degree 0’, i.e., the degree of a complete r.e. set, there is a degree a such that a’ = a U 0' = b. He actually proved this result by using the notion of forcing for 27 statements. In the construction of a real which satisfies some recursion-theoretic property, the notion of forcing makes the situation clear and it has become quite popular, see Lerman [8]. There is another important method in recursion theory, namely the priority method. Friedberg and Muchnik first independently invented the priority method to prove the existence of incomparable recursively enumerable degrees. The finite injury argument used there was improved by the infinite argument by Sacks, see [9]. Further, the 0”‘-priority argument was introduced by
On Combining Recursive Partitioning and Simulated Annealing To Detect Groups of Biologically Active Compounds

Statistical data mining methods have proven to be powerful tools for investigating correlations between molecular structure and biological activity. Recursive partitioning (RP), in particular, offers several advantages in mining large, diverse data sets resulting from high throughput screening. When used with binary molecular descriptors, the standard implementation of RP splits on single descriptors. We use simulated annealing (SA) to find combinations of molecular descriptors whose simultaneous presence best separates off the most active, chemically similar group of compounds. The search is incorporated into a recursive partitioning design to produce a regression tree for biological activity on the space of structural fingerprints. Each node is characterized by a specific combination of structural features, and the terminal nodes with high average activities correspond, roughly, to different classes of compounds. Using LeadScope structural features as descriptors to mine a database from the National Can...
Improving the Java memory model using CRF

This paper describes alternative memory semantics for Java programs using an enriched version of the Commit/Reconcile/Fence (CRF) memory model [16]. It outlines a set of reasonable practices for safe multithreaded programming in Java. Our semantics allow a number of optimizations such as load reordering that are currently prohibited. Simple thread-local algebraic rules express the effects of optimizations at the source or bytecode level. The rules focus on reordering source-level operations; they yield a simple dependency analysis algorithm for Java. An instruction-by-instruction translation of Java memory operations into CRF operations captures thread interactions precisely. The fine-grained synchronization of CRF means the algebraic rules are easily derived from the translation. CRF can be mapped directly to a modern architecture, and is thus a suitable target for optimizing memory coherence during code generation.
Use of sublethal endpoints in sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca

Short-term sediment toxicity tests that only measure effects on survival can be used to identify high levels of contamination but may not be able to identify marginally contaminated sediments. The objective of the present study was to develop a method for determining the potential sublethal effects of contaminants associated with sediment on the amphipod Hyalella azteca (e.g., reproduction). Exposures to sediment were started with 7- to 8-d-old amphipods. On day 28, amphipods were isolated from the sediment and placed in water-only chambers where reproduction was measured on day 35 and 42. Typically, amphipods were first in amplexus at about day 21 to 28 with release of the first brood between day 28 to 42. Endpoints measured included survival (day 28, 35, and 42), growth (as length and weight on day 28 and 42), and reproduction (number of young/female produced from day 28 to 42). This method was used to evaluate a formulated sediment and field-collected sediments with low to moderate concentrations of contaminants. Survival of amphipods in these sediments was typically >85% after the 28-d sediment exposures and the 14-d holding period in water to measure reproduction. Reproduction was more variable than growth; hence, more replicates might be needed to establish statistical differences among treatments. Previous studies have demonstrated that growth of H. azteca in sediment tests often provides unique information that can be used to discriminate toxic effects of exposure to contaminants. Either length or weight can be measured in sediment tests with H. azteca. However, additional statistical options are available if length is measured on individual amphipods, such as nested analysis of variance that can account for variance in length within replicates. Ongoing water-only studies testing select contaminants will provide additional data on the relative sensitivity and variability of sublethal endpoints in toxicity tests with H. azteca.
NDE research for aging aircraft integrity

The author reviews the NASA Airframe Structural Integrity Program (ASIP) and focuses on the role of nondestructive evaluation (NDE). Examples of advanced ultrasonic, thermal wave, photoacoustic, and acoustic emission approaches are presented. It is concluded that the measurement science technologies have advanced to a capability that warrants a review of QNDE (quantitative NDE) applications to in-service inspection of aircraft. Visual NDE is highly regarded and successful in today's environment. However, there are opportunities to integrate new tools and to use new analysis to extract more quantitative information from existing (or modified) technologies. >
Thermal Disadvantage Factor: An Efficient Calculation

A method is described where reactor cell flux and the disadvantage factor are calculated by using diffusion theory in the moderator and integral transport in the fuel. The method is efficient (noniterative) and provides results that agree well with Monte Carlo, P{sub 5} and ABH results.
Constitutional Law in 1932–33: The Constitutional Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the October Term, 1932.

The Supreme Court has at last passed squarely upon the broad powers of the Federal Radio Commission over the business of broadcasting and has upheld them in a sweeping manner in the case of Federal Radio Commission v. Nelson Bros. Bond & Mortgage Co. The general authority conferred on the Commission by the act of 1927 was enlarged in 1928 by provisions directing the Commission to maintain as great equality as possible in the allocating of broadcasting licenses among the zones created and further to distribute such licenses fairly and reasonably to the states within each zone according to population. In 1930, it appeared that Illinois had 55 per cent more than its quota of stations, while Indiana had 22 per cent under its quota. The Commission assigned to station WJKS at Gary, Indiana, operating rights on a frequency theretofore used by two Chicago stations. One of these, operated commercially by the respondent, used much National Broadcasting Company program material; the other, operated by the North Shore Church of Chicago, broadcast only religious programs. The effect of the order was to rule these stations off the air. It appeared that the Gary station had suffered from interference, and was furthermore equipped to serve its audiences with programs of unique interest.
Calibration of SEM voltage using electron channeling patterns of silicon

The actual accelerating voltage in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was determined using electron channeling patterns (ECPs). The technique involves selection of a set of high index lines. The properly chosen set of lines exhibits highly sensitive shifts as voltage is changed, allowing rapid SEM voltage calibration. The actual voltage is determined from a simple formula involving measurement of two distances on an ECP obtained from (100) silicon. Such calibrations were performed using both (100)Si and (100)GaAs crystals and the results were compared with voltage estimates from the high energy end of the continuous x-ray spectrum from silicon. The ECP determination was accurate to about 0.1 keV for a nominal setting of 15 keV. This is comparable to the accuracy of the x-ray technique when short (∼300 s) counting times are used.
Absorption spectrum and solar photodissociation of gaseous nitrous acid in the actinic - wavelength region

The absorption cross section of gaseous nitrous acid (HONO) in the actinic wavelength region (λ≥290 nm) of the solar radiation is mapped through laser photodissociation experiments. HONO is photodissociated by a tunable ultraviolet beam, and the OH product is monitored through fluorescence induced by a frequency-doubled dye laser. The absorption of HONO is mapped by scanning the photolysis wavelength. Since this technique yields relative cross-sections, we calibrate our measurements with previous measurements of absolute cross-section at 354 nm (because there is reasonable agreement among previous measurements at this wavelength). The present experimental approach is insensitive to the presence of NO2, which apparently contributed to inaccuracies in some of the previous conventional measurements on HONO absorption.
Blind fractionally-spaced equalization of noisy FIR channels: adaptive and optimal solutions

Blind fractionally spaced (FS) equalizers only require output samples taken at rates higher than the symbol rate to estimate the channel or the equalizer. Methods for finding FIR zero-forcing equalizers directly from the observations are described and adaptive versions are developed. In contrast, most methods require channel estimation as a first step to estimating the equalizer. For the noisy channel, the FIR equalizer is shown to be minimum mean-square error. FS equalizers are not unique, thereby allowing optimum zero-forcing parametric FIR or nonparametric IIR equalizers to be derived such that in addition to being zero-forcing, they also minimize the noise power at the output. These optimum equalizers do not depend on the input distribution and are also valid for deterministic inputs. Finally, if the additive noise is white, they do not depend on the SNR.
Marrow Stem Cells Shift Gene Expression and Engraftment Phenotype with Cell Cycle Transit

We studied the genetic and engraftment phenotype of highly purified murine hematopoietic stem cells (lineage negative, rhodamine-low, Hoechst-low) through cytokine-stimulated cell cycle. Cells were cultured in interleukin (IL)-3, IL-6, IL-11, and steel factor for 0 to 48 h and tested for engraftment capacity in a lethally irradiated murine competitive transplant model. Engraftment showed major fluctuations with nadirs at 36 and 48 h of culture and recovery during the next G1. Gene expression of quiescent (0 h) or cycling (48 h) stem cells was compared with lineage positive cells by 3′ end PCR differential display analysis. Individual PCR bands were quantified using a 0 to 9 scale and results were visually compared using color-coded matrices. We defined a set of 637 transcripts expressed in stem cells and not expressed in lineage positive cells. Gene expression analyzed at 0 and 48 h showed a major shift from “stem cell genes” being highly expressed at 0 h and turned off at 48 h, while “cell division” genes were turned on at 48 h. These observations suggest stem cell gene expression shifts through cell cycle in relation to cell cycle related alterations of stem cell phenotype. The engraftment defect is related to a major phenotypic change of the stem cell.
Investigating the link between radiologists' gaze, diagnostic decision, and image content.

Objective To investigate machine learning for linking image content, human perception, cognition, and error in the diagnostic interpretation of mammograms. Methods Gaze data and diagnostic decisions were collected from three breast imaging radiologists and three radiology residents who reviewed 20 screening mammograms while wearing a head-mounted eyetracker. Image analysis was performed in mammographic regions that attracted radiologists’ attention and in all abnormal regions. Machine learning algorithms were investigated to develop predictive models that link: (i) image content with gaze, (ii) image content and gaze with cognition, and (iii) image content, gaze, and cognition with diagnostic error. Both group-based and individualized models were explored. Results By pooling the data from all readers, machine learning produced highly accurate predictive models linking image content, gaze, and cognition. Potential linking of those with diagnostic error was also supported to some extent. Merging readers’ gaze metrics and cognitive opinions with computer-extracted image features identified 59% of the readers’ diagnostic errors while confirming 97.3% of their correct diagnoses. The readers’ individual perceptual and cognitive behaviors could be adequately predicted by modeling the behavior of others. However, personalized tuning was in many cases beneficial for capturing more accurately individual behavior.
Regional Concept for Transportation Operations: A Tool for Strengthening and Guiding Collaboration and Coordination

A regional concept for transportation operations (RCTO) presents a regional objective and what is needed to achieve that objective within a reasonably short time frame, possibly 3 to 5 years. It is a description of the desired state for transportation operations presented as an operations objective accompanied by a set of physical improvements that need to be implemented, relationships and procedures that must be established, and resource arrangements that are needed to accomplish the operations objective. An RCTO is created out of ongoing collaboration, primarily between managers responsible for operating the transportation system on a day-to-day basis, such as those for traffic operations, transit service, and public safety. Development of an RCTO should include participation by the regional planning organization to ensure consistency with the region's vision and goals. The scope of an RCTO reflects the nature of the collaborative activity. It guides the collaborative efforts of individual participants ...
A secure distributed search system

This paper presents the design, implementation and evaluation of Mingle, a secure distributed search system. Each participating host runs a Mingle server, which maintains an inverted index of the local file system. Users initiate peer-to-peer keyword searches by typing keywords to lightweight Mingle clients. Central to Mingle are its access control mechanisms and its insistence on user convenience. For access control, we introduce the idea of access-right mapping, which provides a convenient way for file owners to specify access permissions. Access control is supported through a single sign-on mechanism that allows users to conveniently establish their identity to Mingle servers, such that subsequent authentication occurs automatically, with minimal manual involvement. Preliminary performance evaluation suggests that Mingle is both feasible and scalable.
Predictors of invasive breast cancer in patients with an initial diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ: a guide to selective use of sentinel lymph node biopsy in management of ductal carcinoma in situ.

Background The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with an initial diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has not been well defined. The purpose of our study was to determine when the risk of finding invasive disease on final pathology in patients with an initial diagnosis of DCIS was sufficiently high to justify use of SLNB. Study design The records of 398 consecutive patients from our prospective database with an initial diagnosis of DCIS, treated between July 1999 and December 2002, were analyzed. Associations between clinical and pathologic factors and patient selection for SLNB and outcomes were analyzed for significance using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Of the 398 patients, 80 (20%) were found to have invasive disease on final pathology. Multivariate analysis revealed 4 independent predictors of invasive cancer on final pathology: 55 years of age or younger (odds ratio [OR], 2.19; p=0.024), diagnosis by core-needle biopsy (OR, 3.76; p=0.006), mammographic DCIS size of at least 4 cm (OR, 2.92; p=0.001), and high-grade DCIS (OR, 3.06; p=0.002). A total of 141 patients (35%) underwent SLNB as a component of their initial operation. Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of comedonecrosis (OR, 2.69; p=0.007) and larger mammographic DCIS size (OR, 1.18; p=0.0002) were independent predictors of patients' undergoing SLNB. Of these 141 patients, 103 (73%) were diagnosed by core-needle biopsy, 42 (30%) had invasive disease on final pathology, and 14 (10%) had a positive sentinel lymph node: 12 (86%) by hematoxylin and eosin staining and 2 by immunohistochemistry. The only independent predictor of a positive SLN was the presence of a palpable tumor (OR, 4.28, p=0.042). Of these 14 patients with a positive sentinel node, only 11 (79%) had invasive cancer on final pathology. Conclusions SLNB should not be performed routinely for all patients with an initial diagnosis of DCIS. Risks and benefits of SLNB should be discussed with patients who are younger, are diagnosed by core-needle biopsy, or have large or high-grade DCIS.
Principles of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor allosteric modulation.

N -Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are glutamate-gated ion channels with complex participation in synaptic transmission, integration, and plasticity. They are highly permeable to Ca 2+ , activate with characteristic kinetics, and generate currents with distinct amplitudes according to stimulation frequency. Multiple endogenous and pharmacological agents bind at distinct locations throughout the protein and modulate NMDA receptor responses with allosteric mechanisms. The NMDA receptor activation pathway consists of a series of consecutive, stepwise structural rearrangements rather than a binary, closed-open reaction. This high-resolution multistate gating reaction is used here to investigate the effects of ideal, state-specific modulators on physiologically relevant parameters of the macroscopic responses to single-pulse and high-frequency repetitive stimulation. The simulations suggest three significant aspects of NMDA receptor modulation: 1) modest, 1 kcal/mol bidirectional perturbations in receptor free energy cause up to a 50-fold change in the total charge transferred; 2) activators modulate primarily the response time course, whereas inhibitors are more effectively modulating current peak amplitude; and 3) state-specific modulators have opposite effects on charge transfer and current potentiation by high-frequency stimulation. The results imply that the magnitude of the NMDA receptor-mediated Ca 2+ influx and the receptor9s ability to discriminate stimulation frequency can be controlled separately. Thus, a detailed mechanistic characterization of NMDA receptor allosteric effectors may identify function-specific modulators and provides a road map for the development of combinatorial strategies for local, transient tuning of specific receptor functions.