cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drug Education: Some Impressions from Experiences in Illinois.

The concept of training workshop dominates the approach of the State of Illinois to drug education, although programs of many modalities are currently operating within that state. The factual content of drug education and its associated vocabularies can tempt an educator to label himself an “expert” on drugs. Facts, while indispensable to effective drug education, are 1) scarce, and 2) only part of the education associated with drugs. Drug abuse is often symptomatic of other problems. Young and old may tend to make more of the “issue” of drugs than a pseudoscientific controversy. Simplistic models of drug use and abuse cannot explain all drug taking behavior, nor can they fully contain implications for changing adverse drug taking behavior. Insofar as education is a science, it is an applied science. We should move rapidly beyond creating “awareness” of the drug problem and begin to equip people with community action skills.
DECADE LABELING: THE PLAY OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY AND NARRATIVE PLOT*

Because of its commitment to conceive of society processually, and because process is predicated on the passage of time, the perspective we have come to call symbolic interactionism has from the beginning paid more than ordinary attention to the topic of time-how we attend to it subjectively (Le., its “feel” and “heft”); the meanings we attach to it; how different institutional and interactional contexts lead us to contract or expand it; how despite its “objective,” measurable and unceasing flow we nevertheless somehow manage in sentiment to sharply bound durations one from the other; and, finally, the varying ways different cultures socialize us to anticipate time, experience it and later to reconstruct it. The progenitors of what would later be called symbolic interactionism made important forays into the topic, most notably William James in Psychology (1892). There, for example, he explains why slow moving, uneventful passages of time are later recalled to be of short duration while quickly-paced, eventful passages seem in retrospect to be of long duration. Some years later Mead, too, in the Philosophy of the Present (1932) expands our understanding of how that which is problematic about the present affects our interpretations of the past and our expectations of the future. Still later, several sociologists of a symbolic interactionist orientation
Intraoperative near-infrared imaging can distinguish cancer from normal tissue but not inflammation.

Introduction Defining tumor from non-tumor tissue is one of the major challenges of cancer surgery. Surgeons depend on visual and tactile clues to select which tissues should be removed from a patient. Recently, we and others have hypothesized near-infrared (NIR) imaging can be used during surgery to differentiate tumors from normal tissue. Methods We enrolled 8 canines and 5 humans undergoing cancer surgery for NIR imaging. The patients were injected with indocyanine green (ICG), an FDA approved non-receptor specific NIR dye that accumulates in hyperpermeable tissues, 16–24 hours prior to surgery. During surgery, NIR imaging was used to discriminate the tumor from non-tumor tissue. Results NIR imaging identified all tumors with a mean signal-to-background ratio of 6.7. Optical images were useful during surgery in discriminating normal tissue from cancer. In 3 canine cases and 1 human case, the tissue surrounding the tumor was inflamed due to obstruction of the vascular supply due to mass effect. In these instances, NIR imaging could not distinguish tumor tissue from tissue that was congested, edematous and did not contain cancer. Conclusions This study shows that NIR imaging can identify tumors from normal tissues, provides excellent tissue contrast, and it facilitates the resection of tumors. However, in situations where there is significant peritumoral inflammation, NIR imaging with ICG is not helpful. This suggests that non-targeted NIR dyes that accumulate in hyperpermeable tissues will have significant limitations in the future, and receptor-specific NIR dyes may be necessary to overcome this problem.
The rainbow bridge: Hamiltonian limits and resonance in predator-prey dynamics.

In the presence of seasonal forcing, the intricate topology of non-integrable Hamiltonian predator-prey models is shown to exercise profound effects on the dynamics and bifurcation structure of more realistic schemes which do not admit a Hamiltonian formulation. The demonstration of this fact is accomplished by writing the more general models as perturbations of a Hamiltonian limit, ℋ, in which are contained infinite numbers of periodic, quasiperiodic and chaotic motions. From ℋ, there emanates a surface, Γ, of Nejmark-Sacker bifurcations whereby the annual oscillations induced by seasonality are destabilized. Connecting Γ and ℋ is a bridge of resonance horns within which invariant motions of the Hamiltonian case persist. The boundaries of the resonance horns are curves of tangent (saddle-node) bifurcations corresponding to subharmonics of the yearly cycle. Associated with each horn is a rotation number which determines the dominant frequency, or “color”, of attractors within the horn. When viewed through the necessarily coarse filter of ecological data acquisition, and regardless of their detailed topology, these attractors are often indistinguishable from multi-annual cycles. Because the tips of the horns line up monotonically along Γ, it further follows that the distribution of observable periods in systems subject to fluctuating parameter values induced, for example, by year-to-year variations in the climate, will often exhibit a discernible central tendency. In short, the bifurcation structure is consistent with the observation of multi-annual cycles in Nature. Fundamentally, this is a consequence of the fact that the bridge between ℋ and Γ is a rainbow bridge. While the present analysis is principally concerned with the two species case (one predator and one prey), Hamiltonian limits are also observed in other ecological contexts: 2n-species (n predators, n prey) systems and periodically-forced three level food chain models. Hamiltonian limits may thus be common in models involving the destruction of one species by another. Given the oft-commented upon structural instability of Hamiltonian systems and the corresponding lack of regard in which they are held as useful caricatures of ecological interactions, the pivotal role assigned here to Hamiltonian limits constitutes a qualitative break with the conventional wisdom.
Stereospecificity of reactions catalyzed by HIV-1 integrase.

The retroviral integrase catalyzes two successive chemical reactions essential for integration of the retroviral genome into a host chromosome: 3′ end processing, in which a dinucleotide is cleaved from each 3′ end of the viral DNA; and the integration reaction itself, in which the resulting recessed 3′ ends of the viral DNA are joined to the host DNA. We have examined the stereospecificity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase for phosphorothioate substrates in these reactions and in a third reaction, disintegration, which is macroscopically the reverse of integration. Integrase preferentially catalyzed end processing and integration of a substrate with the (R p)-phosphorothioate stereoisomer at the reaction center and disintegration of a substrate with an (S p)-phosphorothiate at the reaction center. These results suggest a model for the architecture of the active site of integrase, and its interactions with key features of the viral and target DNA.
Boson pairing and unusual criticality in a generalized XY model.

We discuss the unusual critical behavior of a generalized $XY$ model containing both $2\ensuremath{\pi}$-periodic and $\ensuremath{\pi}$-periodic couplings between sites, allowing for ordinary vortices and half-vortices. The phase diagram of this system includes both single-particle condensate and pair-condensate phases. Using a field theoretic formulation and worm algorithm Monte Carlo simulations, we show that in two dimensions it is possible for the system to pass directly from the disordered (high temperature) phase to the single particle (quasi)condensate via an Ising transition, a situation reminiscent of the ``deconfined criticality'' scenario.
Remodeling of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma

Several pathologic changes occur in the airway epithelium in asthma, but the relationship between these changes and the initiation and progression of asthma remains poorly understood. One possibility is that changes in the structure and function of the epithelium induced by environmental exposure in genetically susceptible subjects represent primary pivotal events that occur early in the pathogenesis of asthma. Alternatively, these epithelial changes may occur simply as a consequence of pivotal early events in other systems, such as immune deviation in childhood to a helper T cell type 2 (Th2) subtype of CD4(+) cells. Epithelial desquamation in asthma represents a pathologic change that is frequently cited as important for the mechanisms of airway remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness. Desquamation of the epithelium may not represent true pathology, however, but may instead be an artifact of tissue sampling and handling. Evidence is more firm for other pathologic changes in the epithelium. For example, goblet cell numbers are increased in asthma, leading to increases in stored mucins in the epithelium and in secreted mucins in sputum. The functional consequences of these changes include sputum production and airway narrowing, which lead to asthma exacerbations. Currently available data suggest that an important mechanism for goblet cell hyperplasia in asthma is the action of Th2 cytokines. Improved understanding of epithelial goblet cell abnormalities in asthma will hopefully lead to novel therapies for mucin hypersecretion, which is an important cause of morbidity and mortality.
SST: secure, error‐free file transfer package

The SST (Super Simple Transfer) package simplifies PC file transfers by automating modern setup and using menus to conduct transfers. Error‐free transmission and data security are provided. SST runs on IBM/PCs, ATs PSI2s and compatible computers. The package sells for $89.95 from Interoffice Communications Systems, 606 South Olive St., Suite 1420, Los Angeles, CA 90014, USA. Telephone: +1(213)622–5972.
Meat Yield of Coastal California's Key Prey Species

Abstract Cervids and leporids provided the majority of terrestrial animal protein for prehistoric occupants of the west coast of California. Realistic estimation of biomass provided by these key dietary resources is an important element in understanding provisioning behaviors and the nutritional stability of prehistoric societies. Typically, however, analyses of coastal California archaeofaunas rarely include estimates of nutritional biomass, relying instead on specimen quantifications or ratios to define the prehistoric diet. When reconstruction of biomass is attempted, methodology is selected from among a number of problematic analytical techniques. Resulting estimates of dietary biomass tend to be equivocal, yet they are used to argue ostensible images of prehistoric lifeways. Here, several zooarchaeological techniques are applied to a multi-site trans-Holocene archaeofaunal data set to demonstrate how selection of analytical technique introduces powerful bias into archaeological interpretation. <...
Ignorance, Instrumentality, Compensation, and the Problem of Evil

Some theodicists, skeptical theists, and friendly atheists agree that God-justifying reasons for permitting evils would have to have an instrumental structure: that is, the evils would have to be necessary to secure a great enough good or necessary to prevent some equally bad or worse evil. D.Z. Phillips contends that instrumental reasons could never justify anyone for causing or permitting horrendous evils and concludes that the God of Restricted Standard Theism does not exist—indeed, is a conceptual mistake. After considering Phillips’ and other objections in the neighborhood, I argue that the Expanded Theism of Christian theology does forward a God who ‘digs in’ and eternally answers for horrors.
Alpha particle optical potentials at 240 MeV

Abstract Elastic and inelastic scattering of 240 MeV alpha particles on 58 Ni, 116 Sn and 197 Au have been studied. Optical potentials were obtained and are consistent with results at other beam energies. The inelastic scattering differential cross sections for the 1.454 MeV 2 + and 4.475 MeV 3 − states in 58 Ni and the 1.294 MeV 2 + and 2.266 3 − states in 116 Sn were fit well with DWBA calculations using deformation lengths from other works.
An association between migraine and cutaneous allodynia

Recent animal studies on the mechanism of migraine show that intracranial pain is accompanied by increased periorbital skin sensitivity. These findings suggest that the pathophysiology of migraine involves not only irritation of meningeal perivascular pain fibers but also a transient increase in the responsiveness (ie, sensitization) of central pain neurons that process information arising from intracranial structures and skin. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the increased skin sensitivity observed in animal also develops in humans during migraine attacks. Repeated measurements of mechanical and thermal pain thresholds of periorbital and forearm skin areas in the absence of, and during, migraine attacks enabled us to determine the occurrence of cutaneous allodynia during migraine. Cutaneous allodynia is pain resulting from a nonnoxious stimulus to normal skin. In 79% of the patients, migraine was associated with cutaneous allodynia as defined, and in 21% of the patients it was not. The cutaneous allodynia occurred either solely within the referred pain area on the ipsilateral head, or within and outside the ipsilateral head. Cutaneous allodynia in certain well-defined regions of the skin during migraine is an as yet unreported neurological finding that points to hyperexcitability of a specific central pain pathway that subserves intracranial sensation.
Medial hypothalamic serotonin: role in circadian patterns of feeding and macronutrient selection

Abstract Hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT) is believed to have an inhibitory effect on food intake in a variety of species. To define more precisely the nature of this effect, this study investigated the effects of medial hypothalamic 5-Ht injection on natural patterns of macronutrient intake in freely feeding rats. Serotonin (5–20 nmol) was injected directly into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of brain-cannulated rats maintained ad libitum on pure macronutrient diets, protein, carbohydrate and fat, and measurements of nutrient intake were taken one hour later. To assess whether the action of 5-HT on macronutrient intake varies across the light-dark cycle, these tests were conducted at 3 different times in the nocturnal feeding period, during hours 1, 6 and 11 after lights out. The results demonstrate that the suppressive effect of PVN 5-HT on food intake is dose dependent, nutrient selective, as well as time dependent. Specifically, PVN injection of 5-HT, at all doses tested, was effective at only one time of the nocturnal cycle, namely, at the onset of the active, dark period. While no behavioral effect of 5-HT was detected in the middle and late phases of the dark, a strong, dose-dependent reduction of nutrient intake was revealed immediately after lights out. This suppressive effect was characterized by a highly selective decrease in carbohydrate intake, along with a significant enhancement in preference for protein, as well as for fat, and little change in total caloric intake. While the rat's nutrient preferences also varied across the nocturnal cycle, the selective effects of 5-HT on nutrient intake occurred independently of these shifts in baseline eating patterns. Based on these results and other published findings, we propose that 5-HT in medial hypothalamic nuclei, in particular, the PVN, ventromedial and suprachiasmatic nuclei, acts in a phasic, circadian-related manner, specifically at the start of the active feeding cycle. At this time, it exerts its inhibitory effect primarily on the carbohydrate-rich meal that naturally occurs at dark onset and, while inducing satiety for carbohydrate, promotes the ingestion of protein in the next meal of the active cycle.
Flower bud induction, initiation, differentiation and development in the ‘Earliglow’ strawberry

Abstract ‘Earliglow’ strawberry plants were sampled from September to the end of October and subjected to short days (9 h) or long days (9 h with the dark period interrupted from 23.00 to 02.00 h with low-level incandescent radiation), with or without chilling (4.4°C), in the phytotron at NCSU. Plants were then forced under either short or long days in a greenhouse and floral induction, initiation, differentiation and development were studied. Short days enhanced induction and initiation, but tended to delay differentiation. Macroscopic cluster production was enhanced with slight chilling (50 h), but was delayed by 3 weeks with substantial chilling (150 h). The studies also indicated that developmental studies with strawberries must rely on several growth characteristics when assessing photoperiod or temperature effects on a given response. For example, if flower cluster production is used as a measure of rest, short days alone cannot induce rest in ‘Earliglow’. However, if leaf production is the indicator, rest is induced by short days alone.
Relativistic kinematics for three-body final states☆

Title of program: TWOBDY Catalogue number: ABOS Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University of Belfast, N. Ireland (see application form in this issue) Computer: IBM 360/91. Installation: Princeton University Operating system: OS 360 Programming language used: FORTRAN IV High speed store required: 1597 words. No. of bits in a word: 64 Is the program overlaid? No No. of magnetic tapes required: None What other peripherals are used? Card Reader; Line Printer No. of cards in combined program and test deck: 185 Card punching code: EBCDIC
The influence of bias on the subjective interpretation of cardiac angiograms

Subjective interpretation of angiographic left ventricular regional wall motion is routinely performed with knowledge of the location and extent of coronary artery stenosis. We studied 100 patients with coronary artery disease in order to determine the accuracy of such wall motion assessment relative to a more objective standard based upon computer-assisted left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and end-systolic fractional shortening referenced to the end-diastolic area centroid. Only 379 of 700 (54%) region-by-region comparisons of wall motion were in precise agreement. Computer-assisted wall motion analysis correlated significantly better with ejection fraction than did subjective analysis (r = 0.82 vs r = 0.61, p < 0.002). In 56 patients, in whom major discordance was noted, subjective assessment of wall motion correlated significantly better with the presence of coronary artery stenosis (p < 0.05), but objective assessment correlated significantly better with ejection fraction in these same patients (p < 0.02). These data suggest that the accuracy of subjective assessment of regional wall motion, relative to global ejection fraction, can be adversely biased by knowledge of the patient's coronary anatomy. Because of the inherently reproducible nature of the algorithmic process, and in light of the better correlation with global function, computer-assisted analysis of regional wall motion might be preferable to conventional subjective assessment.
Induction of tolerance in rats by treatment with antithymocyte serum and adult skin homografts.

Abstract ACI rats bearing healthy DA skin homografts > 150 days after completion of a 35-day course of antithymocyte serum given at the time of grafting, accepted another DA skin graft for > 150 days. These animals promptly rejected third-party skin and transfer of the long-surviving homografts to new ACI hosts resulted in acute rejection, ruling out adaptation. Use of serum from hosts of long-accepted skin did not enhance survival of donor strain skin grafts in rats of the recipient strain. Specific unresponsiveness (tolerance) seems to have been achieved as the result of immunosuppression and adult skin as the only source of antigen.
262 GLUCOSE AND INSULIN INHIBIT FETAL LUNG MATURATION IN VITRO

Delayed fetal lung development is a feature of the diabetic pregnancy. Although hyperglycemia and/or hyperinsulinemia have been suggested as causes of this pulmonary maturational delay, they are difficult to evaluate independently in vivo. We therefore studied the effect of glucose (G) and insulin (I), alone and in combination, on lung development in fetal rat lung in culture. 19-day fetal rat lung explants were cultured in F-12 medium (10mM G; ∼300 mosm) and in F-12 media with a total of 50 mM G, 100 mM G, I (1 unit/ml), I + 50 mM G, and I + 100 mM G. Explants were cultured for 48 hours, then pulsed with H3-choline for 4 hours. Incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine (pmol/hr/mg protein) was used as an index of fetal lung maturation. Explants cultured in media containing 40 and 90 mM added mannitol (osmolar controls) did not evidence the inhibition seen under the high G conditions. Moreover, uptake of choline from the media into the non-lipid fraction was not affected by changes in G, I, or osmolarity. CONCLUSIONS: Choline incorporation is decreased 20-30% by increased G, and approximately 40% by I. There was no additive effect of high G and I in the doses used. We conclude that both G and I have a direct inhibitory effect on fetal lung maturation in vitro.
TWC International Open Government Dataset Catalog

The TWC International Open Government Dataset Catalog (IOGDC) integrates a diverse selection of more than 70 government dataset catalogs from around the world. IOGDC demonstrates a practical dataset catalog metadata model for integrating diverse dataset catalogs collected from the real world and linking those catalogs into Linked Data Cloud. IOGDC's faceted browsing and search interface provides a scalable and reconfigurable solution for finding and browsing open government datasets which also offers a compelling demonstration of the value of a common metadata model for open government dataset catalogs. We believe that the vocabulary choices demonstrated by IOGDC highlight the potential for useful Linked Data applications to be created from open government catalogs and will encourage the adoption of such a standard worldwide.
A clinicopathological study of renal amyloidosis in dogs.

Abstract Forty-four cases of histologically confirmed renal amyloidosis in dogs were reviewed. The majority (77·3 per cent.) of these dogs did not have a history of typical predisposing disease. The mean age was 9·2 years. The common clinical syndrome was one of progressive renal insufficiency with marked proteinuria. The major deposits were invariably glomerular, although amyloid was also seen in the renal medula of several kidneys. Deposits were occasionally present in other organs. Electron microscopy of two renal biopsy specimens revealed mesangial and basement membrane deposits similar to those seen in human and experimentally induced amyloidosis. The clinical courses of 14 dogs (31·8 per cent.) were complicated by thrombosis, primarily involving the major pulmonary arteries.
Applications of lasers to biology and medicine

The applications of lasers to medicine and biology have grown very rapidly over the last decade and now include a wide variety of activities. These range from eye surgery through holographic microscopy and pattern recognition to the sealing of dental enamel. This paper reviews some of the fundamentals which underlie these applications and briefly reviews a few of the more significant applications themselves. In particular, the interactions between lasers and the biological material are discussed in an attempt to develop a physical foundation for the applications of lasers to surgery. This is followed by a discussion of the threshold for laser damage to eyes and the application to the repair of detached retinas and diabetic retinopathy. Applications of lasers to more general surgery, such as cutting of the liver, and to the special problem of microsurgery in embryology, are treated briefly. A variety of other papers and books have treated some aspects of this subject [1]-[5]; however, this paper presents a concise treatment of major applications with more than usual emphasis on the background physics. The background on holographic microscopy and pattern recognition is not treated here, but is partially covered in [6]-[9].
Combined liver and kidney transplantation

Purpose of reviewSince the implementation of the model for end-stage liver disease scoring system for organ allocation in orthotopic liver transplantation in 2002, the number of combined liver and kidney transplantations (CLKTs) that have been performed in the USA has increased significantly. To sta
Client Perceptions of Welfare Caseworker Support and Client Mental Health: Longitudinal Evidence from the Welfare, Children, and Families Project

Although some research suggests that welfare caseworker support may improve the mental health of clients, the evidence is largely cross-sectional. Building on previous research, this study uses survey data from the Welfare, Children, and Families Project, a sample of 380 low-income women with children living in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio, to predict psychological distress over 2 years (1999 and 2001) with a multi-item measure of perceived welfare caseworker support and a host of relevant background variables. The longitudinal change score analysis indicates that women who report improvements in caseworker support tend to exhibit fewer symptoms of psychological distress from baseline to follow-up. These results persist with controls for initial levels of psychological distress, and they confirm previous cross-sectional work, emphasizing the importance of the nature of the caseworker-client relationship.
Signature-Based Protection from Code Reuse Attacks

Code Reuse Attacks (CRAs) recently emerged as a new class of security exploits. CRAs construct malicious programs out of small fragments (gadgets) of existing code, thus eliminating the need for code injection. Existing defenses against CRAs often incur large performance overheads or require extensive binary rewriting and other changes to the system software. In this paper, we examine a signature-based detection of CRAs, where the attack is detected by observing the behavior of programs and detecting the gadget execution patterns. We first demonstrate that naive signature-based defenses can be defeated by introducing special “delay gadgets” as part of the attack. We then show how a software-configurable signature-based approach can be designed to defend against such stealth CRAs, including the attacks that manage to use longer-length gadgets. The proposed defense (called SCRAP) can be implemented entirely in hardware using simple logic at the commit stage of the pipeline. SCRAP is realized with minimal performance cost, no changes to the software layers, and no implications on binary compatibility. Finally, we show that SCRAP generates no false alarms on a wide range of applications.
Self-reproach and personal responsibility

A confusion exists between the aims of psychotherapy of diminishing self-reproach, on the one hand, and increasing the experience of personal responsibility, on the other. In order to clarify this problem a distinction is made between moral responsibility, central to self-reproach, and psychological responsibility or agency. Self-reproach is shown to be inimical to the experience of psychological responsibility, with reference to psychotherapy of a case of severe obsessive self-reproach.
Social support in pregnant and parenting adolescents: research, critique, and recommendations.

UNLABELLED ISSUE AND PURPOSE: Adolescent pregnancies continue to occur at an alarming rate in the United States, resulting in adverse outcomes for both the adolescent and her baby. Since social support has been shown to improve pregnancy and parenting outcomes, a critique of research in this area is presented. SOURCES Published literature. CONCLUSIONS Multisite research studies, which are longitudinal in design, are needed, with particular attention paid to variations in the need for social support by stage of adolescence.
Does Household Gun Access Increase the Risk of Attempted Suicide?: Evidence From a National Sample of Adolescents

The aim of this research is to assess if home firearm access increases the risk of nonfatal suicidal attempts among adolescents. Such a gun focus has largely been limited to case-control studies on completed suicides. This line of research has found that household gun access increases the risk of suicide due to features of available firearms (e.g., provide little time for rescue). We extend this "risk factor" perspective to the study of nonfatal suicide attempts among a national sample of adolescents. Current findings reveal that home handgun access, but not long gun only access, is associated with an increased risk of attempted suicide in cross-sectional models. In panel models, however, we find no significant association between home firearm access (of any gun type) and risk of attempted suicide. The implications of these findings for research on suicidal behavior among adolescents are discussed. Language: en
Soil temperature and fumigation effects on plant phosphorus uptake and related microbial properties

Abstract Early season problems with growth of corn (Zea mays L.) under cool, wet conditions prompted a study of the effects of soil and environmental conditions on mineralization and plant uptake of phosphorus (P). Our objective was to determine the effect of soil test P, temperature, and soil fumigation on soil P availability and uptake during early corn growth. Corn was grown in growth chambers at temperatures of 14°C or 25°C. Soils were a high‐P Hastings silty clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Udic Argiustoll) and a low‐P Sharpsburg clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll). Plants grew for up to 42 d either in soil which had been fumigated with methyl bromide to reduce microbial populations or left unfumigated. We harvested whole pots for soil and plant analysis at 1, 14, 28, and 42 d after planting. Biomass carbon (C) and biomass P were lower in fumigated soils and biomass C increased with time. Fumigation increased Bray Pl‐extractable P at all times. Phosphatase activity and m...
Actin cytoskeleton in ischemic acute renal failure

A 36-year-old African American man was evaluated in the emergency room at Wishard Memorial Hospital following a motor vehicle accident. The patient’s car was hit from behind, and as he fled the scene of the accident, he fell and rolled down a hill. He was subsequently detained by police and brought to the hospital for evaluation of diffuse trauma and myalgias. In the emergency room, he was awake and alert but tachycardic, with a heart rate of 136 beats/min, a respiratory rate of 20 breaths/min, and a blood pressure of 104/57 mm Hg. The trauma team’s evaluation disclosed no significant injuries. However, he was admitted for evaluation and hydration, and because of an elevated serum creatinine level. His medical history was remarkable for a solitary right kidney, excessive alcohol intake, and use of crack cocaine, but he denied illicit intravenous drug use. He was taking no prescribed medications and had no history of diabetes, hypertension, or past surgeries. He had no known allergies. The baseline serum creatinine had been 1.2 mg/dL
Realization of tunable photonic crystals based on the metal-insulator transition of VO 2

The feasibility of an electrically programmable photonic crystal (PC) is investigated theoretically based on the metal-insulator transition of vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ). We propose a slab structure based on VO 2 whose dielectric properties can be modulated by selectively applying the bias on a lithographically defined array of gate electrodes to induce the phase transition. So, unlike the ordinary PCs, wave propagation in the desired structure may be switched on/off or redirected to our satisfaction. To examine the idea, the photonic band structure (PBS) and the wave guiding characteristics are investigated by using the iterative plane wave expansion and the finite difference time domain methods. The results clearly indicate that the changes induced in the VO 2 dielectric properties via the phase transition can enable effective modulation of wave propagation at a high speed, offering a promising opportunity for a photonic circuit that can be programmed or reconfigured on demand.
Content-enriched access to electronic information: summaries of selected research

With the continuing increases in computer processing and storage capabilities, the barriers to and benefits of electronic access to more information content are becoming serious issues in information science research. The experiments described in this article, which address the value of content‐enriched access, are important to continued progress in information retrieval. Well‐selected content components and full‐text materials in electronic systems must be linked with improved search methodologies, better computer interfaces, and greater understanding of the structure and use of knowledge. Content‐enriched records, augmented by these other developments, will enhance the probability of users identifying the information they require.
Characterization of single-isomer, heptasulfated β-cyclodextrins by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and indirect UV detection capillary electrophoresis

The molecular weight, the purity, and the degree of substitution for several newly synthesized single-isomer, heptasulfated β-cyclodextrin derivatives, heptakis-6-sulfato-β-cyclodextrin, heptakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-β-cyclo-dextrin, and heptakis(2,3-dimethyl-6-sulfato)-β-cyclodex-trin, were determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and indirect UV detection capillary electrophoresis. The main fragmentation mechanism of these single-isomer, fully sulfated cyclodextrins involves dissociation of the sulfate groups. The extent of desulfation increases with the skimmer-collimator voltage bias and the number of charges on the electrospray ions. By reducing the skimmer-collimator voltage bias, the loss of sulfate groups could be reduced, though not completely eliminated, for the doubly charged molecular ions. Thus, ESI-MS can be used to confirm the degree of substitution for the most sulfated isomer, but not to determine the exact concentration distribution for the lower substituted isomers in a mixture.
Improved dispersion and mechanical properties of hybrid nanocomposites

Abstract Dispersion of nanoparticles and its effect on the mechanical properties were investigated by fabricating nanocomposites via conventional sonication, sol–gel, and a combination of sonication and sol–gel methods. Silica nanoparticles in epoxy produced via sol–gel was procured as Nanopox F 400 to produce silica/epoxy nanocomposite whereas the conventional sonication method was followed to produce alumina/epoxy and carbon nanofibers (CNF)/epoxy nanocomposites. Then, the conventional sonication method was employed in the presence of sol–gel nanoparticles to improve the dispersion quality of conventional dry nanoparticles as well as to increase the particle loading. In the current method, the epoxy with silica nanoparticles produced by the sol–gel method was used as the starting material for sonication. In the subsequent step, particles of the second type were added to the silica/epoxy precursor via sonication. Using this method, two different types of nanoparticles were added to produce hybrid nanocomposites with higher particle loading where alumina and CNF were used as hybridizing particles. TEM micrographs revealed an improved dispersion quality of alumina nanoparticles and CNFs in the presence of very well dispersed silica nanoparticles. The improvement in dispersion was reflected in much improved mechanical properties of the nanocomposites.
Anti-predator response of red-backed salamanders ( Plethodon cinereus ) to chemical cues from garter snakes ( Thamnophis sirtalis ): laboratory and field experiments

Recent laboratory studies show that terrestrial salamanders exhibit anti-predatory behavior in response to chemical cues from predators, but no studies have confirmed these results in the field where environmental and social factors may influence responses. We exam- ined the character and duration of anti-predator behavior of red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) exposed to control stimuli and chemical cues from garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) in evening laboratory and field tri- als. In the laboratory, P. cinereus significantly avoided snake rinse for 36 h. In the field, P. cinereus exposed to the same cues delayed emergence from refugia for 2 h, but this response did not last to the following morning (12 h later). Individual salamanders found in groups of two or more did not show a differential response to snake cues. These data show that red-backed salaman- ders respond to predator cues in natural settings, and that shelter size combined with social grouping influence anti-predator behavior.
Interactive Exploration of Remote Isosurfaces with Point-Based Non-Photorealistic Rendering

We present a non-photo realistic rendering technique for interactive exploration of isosurfaces generated from remote volumetric data. Instead of relying on the conventional smooth shading technique to render the isosurfaces, a point-based technique is used to represent and render the isosurfaces in a remote client-server environment. The non-photo realistic nature of the proposed rendering method enables the server to transmit only the essential surface features, which substantially reduces the network traffic. The algorithm also utilizes frame coherence and efficiently encodes the isosurface configuration inside each voxel cell to further minimize the network overhead. Finally, our algorithm can adjust the point distributions using different illumination settings to adapt to different network speeds.
Recent changes in the treatment of hypertension

Hypertension affects a large portion of the United States' population and is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular events. A variety of treatment guidelines exist including the American Diabetes Association, European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology and the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure guidelines. The following is a summary of these guidelines regarding the effective treatment of hypertension.
Average evoked response and muscle tension

The effects of increased peripheral muscle tension on the average evoked response (AER) recorded from vertex EEG to visual stimuli were studied in 14 normal Ss. The Ss viewed a random series of light flashes of four intensities while: (1) holding two 5-lb weights; (2) relaxing; and (3) doing mental arithmetic. Utilizing all experimental runs, no effects of increased muscle tension were seen. Two experimental effects were observed, however: (1) an overall AER amplitude decrease across sessions and days and during initial runs when Ss held weights, and (2) an amplitude increase restricted to low intensities when “weight” was compared with the “relax” condition from the third day of experimental testing. Both arousal and attentional effects appear to interact with peripheral muscle tension in influencing the visual AER.
Growth hormone and muscle function responses to skeletal muscle ischemia.

We examined the effects of ischemia (ISC) alone and with low-intensity exercise (ISC+EX) on growth hormone (GH) and muscle function responses. Nine men (22 ± 0.7 yr) completed 3 study days: an ISC ...
Oseltamivir Dosing in Critically Ill Patients With Severe Influenza

Objective: To evaluate the literature for published reports regarding the efficacy of standard versus higher dosing of oseltamivir in critically ill patients with severe influenza. Data Sources: An English-language literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966-February 2014) using the terms oseltamivir and influenza limited to humans and adults older than 19 years. Additional articles were identified through a manual search of the references obtained from the MEDLINE search. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles were manually screened for inclusion related to pharmacokinetic or clinical studies comparing varying doses of oseltamivir, particularly in the critically ill patient population. Studies investigating the pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) were also included. Data Synthesis: During the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, the World Health Organization suggested 150 mg twice daily as a consideration in...
Amine exchange into ammonium bisulfate and ammonium nitrate nuclei

Abstract. The exchange kinetics and thermodynamics of amines for ammonia in small (1–2 nm diameter) ammonium bisulfate and ammonium nitrate clusters were investigated using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). Ammonium salt clusters were reacted with amine gas at constant pressure to determine the kinetics of exchange. The reverse reactions, where aminium salt clusters reacted with ammonia gas, were also studied, and no substitution of ammonia for amine was observed. Gibbs free energy changes for these substitutions were determined to be highly exothermic, −7 kJ/mol or more negative in all cases. Uptake coefficients (reaction probabilities) were found to be near unity, implying that complete exchange of ammonia in small clusters by amine would be expected to occur within several seconds to minutes in the ambient atmosphere. These results suggest that if salt clusters are a component of the sub-3 nm cluster pool, they are likely to be aminium salts rather than ammonium salts, even if they were initially formed as ammonium salts.
An outcomes analysis approach to utilization management: quality assessment of appropriateness of specialty referrals.

This report illustrates some methods by which to identify, guide, and develop acceptable levels of ex pected outcomes, defined as the validity or appropri ateness of specialty referrals or procedur...
Subcentimeter Pulmonary Nodules are Not Associated with Disease Progression in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: Renal cell carcinoma most commonly metastasizes to the lung. Indeterminate pulmonary nodules develop preoperatively in half of the patients with localized renal cell carcinoma but clinical significance remains poorly defined. We determined whether the presence of indeterminate pulmonary nodules, or nodule size or number is associated with renal cell carcinoma outcomes.Materials and Methods: We reviewed data on 1,102 patients with renal cell carcinoma in whom chest computerized tomography was done within 6 months before nephrectomy from 2002 to 2012. Patients with metastatic disease at presentation, benign tumors, pulmonary nodules greater than 2 cm or concurrent pulmonary disease were excluded, leaving 748 available for analysis. Study outcomes included lung metastasis, any distant metastasis or death from renal cell carcinoma. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess whether the presence of indeterminate pulmonary nodules, or nodule size or number was associated with outcomes. Models ...
Prenatal pulmonary hypertension index: novel prenatal predictor of severe postnatal pulmonary artery hypertension in antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Purpose This study aim to assess the potential of prenatal predictors of postnatal severe pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) in isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and to define a new prenatal pulmonary hypertension index (PPHI).
Integrating Assessment and Evaluation Into Partnership Initiatives: Lessons From the Community Partnerships for Older Adults.

Communities nationwide have formed cross-sector partnerships to face the needs of an aging population, particularly for the purpose of improving long-term supportive service systems. Research is li...
Knee joint laxity affects muscle activation patterns in the healthy knee

This study investigated the effects of anterior knee joint laxity on muscle activation patterns prior to and following a lower extremity perturbation. Participants were subjected to a forward and either internal (IR) or external (ER) rotation perturbation of the trunk and thigh on the weight-bearing shank. Pre-activity (%MVIC) before the perturbation, and reflex time (ms) and mean reflex amplitude (%MVIC) following the perturbation were recorded via surface electromyography (sEMG) in the medial and lateral gastrocnemius, hamstring and quadriceps muscles. Twenty-one NCAA DI intercollegiate female athletes with below average anterior knee laxity (3-5 mm) were compared to 21 with above average anterior knee laxity (7-14 mm) as measured by a standard knee arthrometer. Groups differed in reflex timing by muscle (P = 0.013), with females with above average knee laxity (KT((>7 mm))) demonstrating a 16 ms greater delay in biceps femoris reflex timing compared to females with below average knee laxity (KT(( 7 mm)) vs. KT(( 7 mm)) demonstrated higher activation levels in the biceps femoris than KT((<5 mm)) (47% vs. 27% MVIC; P = 0.025) regardless of response (pre vs. post perturbation) or direction of rotation. These findings suggest females with increased knee laxity may be less sensitive to joint displacement or loading (delayed reflex), and are more reliant on active control of the gastrocnemius and biceps femoris muscles to potentially compensate for reduced passive joint stability.
CCL5 participates in early protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Control of M.tb, the causative agent of TB, requires immune cell recruitment to form lung granulomas. The chemokines and chemokine receptors that promote cell migration for granuloma formation, however, are not defined completely. As immunity to M.tb manifests slowly in the lungs, a better understanding of specific roles for chemokines, in particular those that promote M.tb-protective T(H)1 responses, may identify targets that could accelerate granuloma formation. The chemokine CCL5 has been detected in patients with TB and implicated in control of M.tb infection. To define a role for CCL5 in vivo during M.tb infection, CCL5 KO mice were infected with a low dose of aerosolized M.tb. During early M.tb infection, CCL5 KO mice localized fewer APCs and chemokine receptor-positive T cells to the lungs and had microscopic evidence of altered cell trafficking to M.tb granulomas. Early acquired immunity and granuloma function were transiently impaired when CCL5 was absent, evident by delayed IFN-gamma responses and poor control of M.tb growth. Lung cells from M.tb-infected CCL5 KO mice eventually reached or exceeded the levels of WT mice, likely as a result of partial compensation by the CCL5-related ligand, CCL4, and not because of CCL3. Finally, our results suggest that most T cells use CCR5 but not CCR1 to interact with these ligands. Overall, these results contribute to a model of M.tb granuloma formation dependent on temporal regulation of chemokines rather than on redundant or promiscuous interactions.
Social Support and Life Satisfaction among the Never Married: Examining the Effects of Age

This article examines the role of social support (measured as presence of a confidant, perceived social support, and frequency of informal interaction) in determining life satisfaction among the ne...