cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on Rapid Detection of Larch Wood Modulus of Elasticity Based on Micro-Drilling Resistance

Aimed at finding the correlation between the micro-drilling resistance and modulus of elasticity of two larch wood and the feasibility to rapid assessment of the modulus of elasticity,the micro-drilling resistance meter was adopted to detect the internal situation of new and old larch wood.The results showed that the micro-drilling resistance detection value and elastic modulus presented a significant linear correlation for general larch materials.The micro-drilling could be used to better assess the modulus of elasticity,and the correlation coefficient were 0.831 9 between them.However,for the old larch,the precision of using micro-drilling resistance for rapid detection of the elastic modulus were relatively poor with the correlation coefficient of 0.341 5,it should combine with other testing indicators to get the reliable data.
Study on Current Status of AIDS-related Knowledge,Attitude,and Behaviors Among Rural Residents and Its Influencing Factors

Objective To investigate the current condition about AIDS-related knowledge,attitude,behavior and its influencing factors among rural residents,and to provide the evidence for strategy development and measures on AIDS-related health education and behavioral intervention. Methods With the two-stage cluster sampling method,1,458 rural residents in two counties of Xiangtan were surveyed via KAP questionnaires. Results The awareness rate of AIDS-related knowledge of the surveyed residents was 69.3%,with the average score of 8.2 points.The main influencing factor of the score was that the individuals had received AIDS intervention services in the most recent year(OR=5.71),followed by migrant workers taking up temporary work for 6 months or above(OR=4.88),with the educational background of high school or above(OR=3.89),males(OR=2.63),and age(aged between 45 and 60 years, OR=0.57),(all P0.05).The major route of acquiring AIDS-related knowledge was TV,accounted for 79.5%.The average score of AIDS-related attitude was 4.9 points.5.2% of the surveyed residents had non-marital sexual behavior in the most recent year.There were 27.9% using condoms in the last sexual behavior.And only 5.8% received voluntary counseling and testing(VCT) service in the most recent year. Conclusions The rural residents had poor AIDS-related knowledge as a whole.Health education about AIDS-related knowledge should extend the coverage,integrate system with targets,eliminate the discrimination and vanquish the fears.It is very necessary to carry out health education and behavioral intervention for the residents aged between 45 and 60 years,the residents with low educational background,female residents,unmarried residents,and the migrant workers.
Effect of unilateral nephrectomy on growth of the Wistar/Furth Wilms' tumor.

Abstract Compensatory renal growth, that is, renal growth following contralateral nephrectomy, is mediated by either the elaboration or the activation of a renotrophic growth factor. Since tumor growth may be modulated by various factors, we evaluated the effect of the renotroph1c growth factor associated with compensatory renal growth on the Wistar/Furth rat Wilms’ tumor. When compared to tumors grown in sham nephrectomized animals, tumors grown in animals who had undergone unilateral nephrectomy showed an increase in tumor weight and in DNA content. In addition the rate of new cell formation as reflected by the uptake of tritiated thymidine into tumor cells’ was significantly higher and did not decline when tumors grown in animals who had undergone unilateral nephrectomy were compared to tumors from sham nephrectom1zed animals. Our studies therefore suggest that the renotrophic growth factor associated with compensatory renal growth may have ubiquitous growth regulating activity and that further studies may elucidate its role in the modulation of normal and neoplastic growth
Short-pulse extraction from high stage-gain KrF e-beam amplifiers

Building upon the experience and hard-ware of the Aurora laser system, a new KrF laser, called Mercury, is presently under construction at Los Alamos. The goal is to provide a smaller, more cost-effective laser test-bed that is ultimately capable of delivering ~3 TW in a 200-μm spot size for KrF technology development and for ICF uses
Live Imaging of LysoTracker-Labelled Phagolysosomes Tracks Diurnal Phagocytosis of Photoreceptor Outer Segment Fragments in Rat RPE Tissue Ex Vivo

Renewal of rod photoreceptor outer segments in the mammalian eye involves synchronized diurnal shedding after light onset of spent distal outer segment fragments (POS) linked to swift clearance of shed POS from the subretinal space by the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Engulfed POS phagosomes in RPE cells mature to acidified phagolysosomes, which accomplish enzymatic degradation of POS macromolecules. Here, we used an acidophilic fluorophore LysoTracker to label acidic organelles in freshly dissected, live rat RPE tissue flat mounts. We observed that all RPE cells imaged contained numerous acidified POS phagolysosomes whose abundance per cell was dramatically increased 2 h after light onset as compared to either 1 h before or 4 h after light onset. Lack of organelles of similar diameter (of 1–2 μm) in phagocytosis-defective mutant RCS rat RPE confirmed that LysoTracker live imaging detected POS phagolysosomes. Lack of increase in lysosomal membrane protein LAMP-1 in RPE/choroid during the diurnal phagocytic burst suggests that formation of POS phagolysosomes in RPE in situ may not involve extra lysosome membrane biogenesis. Taken together, we report a new imaging approach that directly detects POS phagosome acidification and allows rapid tracking and quantification of POS phagocytosis by live RPE ­tissue ex situ.
The Finite Volume Method (FVM)

In this chapter, the reader is introduced to the finite volume method (FVM). The relationship of the method to fundamental conservation laws is elucidated. The fundamental procedure to derive finite volume equations is discussed for both the Cartesian and the cylindrical coordinate systems. The advection–diffusion equation is introduced, and several well-known fluxing schemes for the treatment of the advective flux are presented and demonstrated. These include upwind schemes of various order and the exponential scheme. Several examples are presented to highlight the conservation property of the FVM and its similarities and differences with the finite difference method. Finally, the formulation of the method is extended to generalized curvilinear coordinates (body-fitted mesh) and demonstrated through an example.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Brachyspira Species Isolated from Swine Herds in the United States

Outbreaks of swine dysentery, caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and the recently discovered "Brachyspira hampsonii," have reoccurred in North American swine herds since the late 2000s. Additionally, multiple Brachyspira species have been increasingly isolated by North American diagnostic laboratories. In Europe, the reliance on antimicrobial therapy for control of swine dysentery has been followed by reports of antimicrobial resistance over time. The objectives of our study were to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility trends of four Brachyspira species originating from U.S. swine herds and to investigate their associations with the bacterial species, genotypes, and epidemiological origins of the isolates. We evaluated the susceptibility of B. hyodysenteriae, B. hampsonii, Brachyspira pilosicoli, and Brachyspira murdochii to tiamulin, valnemulin, doxycycline, lincomycin, and tylosin by broth microdilution and that to carbadox by agar dilution. In general, Brachyspira species showed high susceptibility to tiamulin, valnemulin, and carbadox, heterogeneous susceptibility to doxycycline, and low susceptibility to lincomycin and tylosin. A trend of decreasing antimicrobial susceptibility by species was observed (B. hampsonii > B. hyodysenteriae > B. murdochii > B. pilosicoli). In general, Brachyspira isolates from the United States were more susceptible to these antimicrobials than were isolates from other countries. Decreased antimicrobial susceptibility was associated with the genotype, stage of production, and production system from which the isolate originated, which highlights the roles of biosecurity and husbandry in disease prevention and control. Finally, this study also highlights the urgent need for Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute-approved clinical breakpoints for Brachyspira species, to facilitate informed therapeutic and control strategies.
The Zeno (Z=1) Behavior of Water: A Molecular Simulation Study

The regularity of fluid properties observed at the Zeno or Z=PV/RT=1 point has been proposed as a means of testing and improving volumetric equations of state. Previous research has shown that molecular interactions can be qualitatively and quantitatively related to the linear Z=1 contour of Tr vs ρr for pure fluids from the Boyle temperature to the triple point. In this study, we expand the molecular simulation analysis of previous work to gain a detailed microscopic understanding of the properties of Zeno-point systems. Our calculations show that popular semiempirical water models, such as SPC and SPC/E water, are able to replicate closely experimentally determined water properties in the Zeno-point region. Detailed molecular dynamics simulations of Z=1.00 and adjacent Z=0.75 and Z=1.25 states reveal common features over a wide range of temperatures and densities, from 77 to 1097°C and 1.01 to 0.029 g·cm−3. Radial distribution functions of high-temperature, high-density Zeno-point fluids display remarkable long-range structural correlation well above the critical temperature and pressure, and examination of hydrogen bonding within each system shows that large water–water hydrogen-bonded clusters persist at high temperatures and supercritical densities. These results are compared to the existing extended corresponding-states approaches for pure fluid properties.
Talking the talk: translating research to practice

ABSTRACTDecades of research have identified features of classrooms and teachers’ talk that are associated with children’s language growth. Unfortunately, much of this work has not yet translated to widespread practice in early childhood classrooms. Given the important contributions that early language development makes to later academic achievement, enacting the findings of research is of paramount importance. Here, we review current research, identifying factors that support early language development and practices, settings, and materials in early childhood classrooms that are associated with language development. We present findings from our studies and those of others that indicate the pitfalls and promises of past and current instructional practices. Finally, we pose a call to action for researchers and practitioners to improve the quality of children’s language experiences in early childhood classrooms.
Six Years in the Life of a Mother Bear - The Longest Continuous Heart Rate Recordings from a Free-Ranging Mammal.

Physiological monitoring of free-ranging wild animals is providing new insights into their adaptations to a changing environment. American black bears (Ursus americanus) are highly adaptable mammals, spending up to half the year hibernating, and the remainder of the year attempting to gain weight on a landscape with foods that vary seasonally and year to year. We recorded heart rate (HR) and corresponding activity of an adult female black bear over the course of six years, using an implanted monitor. Despite yearly differences in food, and an every-other year reproductive cycle, this bear exhibited remarkable consistency in HR and activity. HR increased for 12 weeks in spring, from minimal hibernation levels (mean 20–25 beats/minute [bpm]; min 10 bpm) to summer active levels (July daytime: mean 95 bpm). Timing was delayed following one cold winter. In August the bear switched from primarily diurnal to nocturnal, coincident with the availability of baits set by legal hunters. Activity in autumn was higher when the bear was with cubs. Birthing of cubs in January was identified by a transient increase in HR and activity. Long-term physiological and behavioral monitoring is valuable for understanding adaptations of free-ranging animals to climate change, food availability, and human-related stressors.
Performance of a Web-based Method for Generating Synoptic Reports.

Context: The College of American Pathologists (CAP) requires synoptic reporting of all tumor excisions. Objective: To compare the performance of different methods of generating synoptic reports. Methods: Completeness, amendment rates, rate of timely ordering of ancillary studies (KRAS in T4/N1 colon carcinoma), and structured data file extraction were compared for four different synoptic report generating methods. Results: Use of the printed tumor protocols directly from the CAP website had the lowest completeness (84%) and highest amendment (1.8%) rates. Reformatting these protocols was associated with higher completeness (94%, P < 0.001) and reduced amendment (1%, P = 0.20) rates. Extraction into a structured data file was successful 93% of the time. Word-based macros improved completeness (98% vs. 94%, P < 0.001) but not amendment rates (1.5%). KRAS was ordered before sign out 89% of the time. In contrast, a web-based product with a reminder flag when items were missing, an embedded flag for data extraction, and a reminder to order KRAS when appropriate resulted in improved completeness (100%, P = 0.005), amendment rates (0.3%, P = 0.03), KRAS ordering before sign out (100%, P = 0.23), and structured data extraction (100%, P < 0.001) without reducing the speed (P = 0.34) or accuracy (P = 1.00) of data extraction by the reader. Conclusion: Completeness, amendment rates, ancillary test ordering rates, and data extraction rates vary significantly with the method used to construct the synoptic report. A web-based method compares favorably with all other methods examined and does not reduce reader usability.
Implementing Internet of Things in a military command and control environment

While the term Internet of Things (IoT) has been coined relatively recently, it has deep roots in multiple other areas of research including cyber-physical systems, pervasive and ubiquitous computing, embedded systems, mobile ad-hoc networks, wireless sensor networks, cellular networks, wearable computing, cloud computing, big data analytics, and intelligent agents. As the Internet of Things, these technologies have created a landscape of diverse heterogeneous capabilities and protocols that will require adaptive controls to effect linkages and changes that are useful to end users. In the context of military applications, it will be necessary to integrate disparate IoT devices into a common platform that necessarily must interoperate with proprietary military protocols, data structures, and systems. In this environment, IoT devices and data will not be homogeneous and provenance-controlled (i.e. single vendor/source/supplier owned). This paper presents a discussion of the challenges of integrating varied IoT devices and related software in a military environment. A review of contemporary commercial IoT protocols is given and as a practical example, a middleware implementation is proffered that provides transparent interoperability through a proactive message dissemination system. The implementation is described as a framework through which military applications can integrate and utilize commercial IoT in conjunction with existing military sensor networks and command and control (C2) systems.
Fragility of ionic liquids measured by Flash differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract Ionic liquids display outstanding properties and have a wide range of potential uses. Their unique ionic and organic nature also identify them as good glass-forming materials. In this work, a series of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with varying functionalities from aliphatic to aromatic groups and a fixed bis[(trifluoromethane)sulfonyl]amide ([NTf2]−) anion are characterized using a commercial rapid scanning nanocalorimetry instrument, the Mettler Toledo Flash DSC. The limiting fictive temperature Tf′, which is equivalent to the glass transition temperature Tg, is measured on heating as a function of cooling rate. The dynamic fragility is obtained for the series of ionic liquids, and using this data along with a compilation of data from the literature for a total of 50 ionic liquids reveals that aromatic structure increases fragility more than expected simply based on the change in Tg. Our results provide an approach to control fragility of ionic liquids through chemical modifications to the side group.
Silver Hut Expedition, 1960–1961

On my return to London I learned by chance that Sir Edmund Hillary was planning a combined scientific and mountaineering expedition to the Himalayas, and that the physiological program would be the responsibility of Griffith Pugh whom I vaguely knew. I applied to join this, and to my astonishment was accepted even though I had never done any climbing before. The expedition was in three parts. In the fall of 1960, the components of the structure that we were to live in during the winter were carried in. This was the so-called Silver Hut that was eventually located at an altitude of 5800 m (19,000 ft) about 15 km south of Mount Everest. The second part was the wintering period when 8 physiologists lived in the hut for up to 5 months. Probably no one had lived so high for so long before. We carried out an extensive research program with an emphasis on the physiology of exercise and blood changes. For example I found that the oxygen saturation of the arterial blood fell dramatically on exercise, and also that the altitude caused essentially no change in the diffusing capacity of a lung as measured with carbon monoxide. For the third part of the expedition we took a high level route across to Mt Makalu, altitude 8481 m (27.8200 ft). The climbers had planned to ascend this without supplementary oxygen but were unsuccessful and we had great difficulties in rescuing one of the climbers who collapsed near the summit. I spent several days on the Makalu col at an altitude of 7440 m (24,400 ft) and there we made the highest measurements of maximal oxygen consumption that have been reported to date. The scientific return of the expedition was outstanding and it started my lifelong interest in high altitude physiology.
Reading Kathleen Mallory: Trauma and Survival in the Detective Fiction of Carol O’Connell

The interrelationships between gender and trauma in Carol O’Connell’s construction of her recalcitrant police detective Kathleen Mallory are revealing. What is fascinating about O’Connell’s construction of Mallory is her refusal to give Mallory the prospect of a happy ending, suggesting that the traumas that define Mallory are not easily rectified through the conventional happy endings for women—heterosexual (or homosexual) love and/or motherhood. By refusing this ending, O’Connell, through Mallory, posits the necessity of an accounting of, as opposed to simple empathy with, the violence done by those deemed expendable by the rich and powerful. It is this demand for an accounting that forms the basis of her critique of violence against women and children.
Differential response of native arizona gray squirrels and introduced abert's squirrels to a mosaic of burn severities

Disturbance events can alter habitat properties, leading to species displacement, isolation, and/or local extinction. Therefore, understanding the interactions of potential ecological drivers on native and introduced wildlife species post-fire is critical to understand influences on distribution. We studied native Arizona gray squirrels (Sciurus arizonensis), which are believed to favor dense riparian habitat, and introduced Abert's squirrels (S. aberti), which prefer open ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests. We examined how uncommon native Arizona gray squirrels and introduced Abert's squirrels used areas previously burned by widespread fires more than a decade prior to our study. To determine how past fire may affect squirrel habitat, we examined squirrel use and occupancy within fire altered habitats and used distance sampling to determine squirrel distribution, feeding, and nest use within a mosaic of burn severities. Occupancy and habitat use indicated that introduced Abert’s squirrels readily used post-fire conditions more than native Arizona gray squirrels, likely due to the opening of a dense understory. Arizona gray squirrels remained in unburned riparian areas; therefore, fire affected riparian areas can be directly targeted for management to increase abundance of the native species.
FROM FAMINE TO A FEAST: LITTLE ENDOGENOUS THYROXINE TO OVERPRODUCTION

Objective: Spontaneous conversion of autoimmune hypothyroidism to Graves disease is a rare occurrence. We present a case of antibody-confirmed autoimmune hypothyroidism, in which the patient was on replacement therapy with levothyroxine for 8 years and had spontaneous conversion to Graves disease with positive thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAbs). Methods: A 79-year-old woman was evaluated for persistent fatigue following acute dermatomal herpes zoster. She had developed progressive tremor of the extremities and heat intolerance. Her other problems included Hashimoto thyroiditis and vitiligo, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, osteoporosis, and hypercholesterolemia. Her medications included metformin, aspirin, lisinopril, atorvastatin, zoledronic acid, and levothyroxine. Clinical examination was notable for healed lesions of herpes zoster and hand tremors. Results: Laboratory evaluation revealed triiodothyronine level of 1.83 ng/mL (normal range, 0.80 t...
4 – MUCOSAL IMMUNITY OF THE GENITAL TRACT

This chapter provides an overview of the mucosal immune system and its various components. It discusses the induction of the secretory IgA and its transport to the mucosal surfaces and the T-cell–mediated immunity. The genital tract is unique among mucosal surfaces as it responds to foreign proteins and protects the reproductive system from invading organisms while not destroying the developing fetus. The genital tract differs from the intestinal and the respiratory mucosal surfaces in the way antigens are presented. The major immunoglobin at most mucosal surfaces in higher mammals is IgA, comprising more than 60% of the total immunoglobulin produced. The mucosal immune compartment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, known as gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), is also discussed. This system is best used by way of oral immunization to induce protection of not only the GI tract but also of other mucosal surfaces through the common mucosal immune system.
Global odds model with proportional odds and trend odds applied to gross and microscopic brain infarcts

Medical and epidemiological researchers commonly study ordinal measures of symptoms or pathology. Some of these studies involve two correlated ordinal measures. There is often an interest in includ...
On The Importance of a Full Apology: How to Best Repair Broken Trust

Focusing on one type of trust repair—the apology—this study seeks to determine if (a) the number of components in an apology affects the effectiveness of the apology in repairing trust, and (b) the...
Exotic Tipula paludosa and T. oleracea (Diptera: Tipulidae) in the United States : geographic distribution in western Oregon

The geographic distributions of the exotic Tipula paludosa Meigen (Diptera: Tipulidae) and T. oleracea Linnaeus, were estimated in western Oregon, in the northwestern United States. These two exotic crane fly species are agricultural pests in temperate regions of northern Europe where they are native. In Oregon, both species were first documented in the northwestern region of the state and were believed to have spread south. Tipula paludosa was collected at all sampling sites along the coast, at sites in the Willamette Valley, in the Northern Cascade Mountains and south into northern California. This represents a significant range expansion since the first documentation of this species in Oregon 15 years ago. Tipula paludosa was not collected at 5 of the 6 sites in the drier southwestern interior portion of the sampling region. Tipula oleracea, known to be present for only 5 years in northern regions of Oregon but with likely better dispersal abilities, was collected at sites in the Willamette Valley, the southern coast, the southwestern interior and northern California. The continued spread of both exotic species on the west coast of the United States may potentially affect numerous agricultural producers, homeowners and members of the lawn care industry.
Groups as moral boundaries: A developmental perspective

In this chapter we present the perspective that social groups serve as moral boundaries. Social groups establish the bounds within which people hold moral obligations toward one another. The belief that people are morally obligated toward fellow social group members, but not toward members of other groups, is an early-emerging feature of human cognition, arising out of domain-general processes in conceptual development. We review evidence that supports this account from the adult and child moral cognition literature, and we describe the developmental processes by which people come to view social groups as shaping moral obligation. We conclude with suggestions about how this account can inform the study of social cognitive development more broadly, as well as how it can be used to promote positive moral socialization.
Effects of deportation fear on Latinxs’ civic and political participation

As deportations have increased, fear of removal has risen. However, few scholars have addressed the effects of deportability on civic and political engagement. Using the Pew Hispanic Center's 2010 ...
A Scoping Review of the Practice Recommendations of Secrets in Couple’s Therapy

In couple’s therapy, secrets between the couple often arise, and couple’s therapists must navigate a balance between their ethical and therapeutic responsibilities. This paper provides a scoping re...
Prevalence of “Reversal Nystagmus” in Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Purpose To investigate the prevalence of reversal nystagmus in individuals with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Study Design Prevalence of reversal nystagmus was assessed in 28 subjects with unilateral posterior canal BPPV, canalithiasis type. Six trials of Dix-Hallpike testing were completed for each subject. Results Reversal nystagmus was present in 129 out of 167 Dix-Hallpike maneuvers that were performed (77.2%). In 19 trials where nystagmus was absent with the dependent position of Dix-Hallpike testing, reversal nystagmus was nonetheless demonstrated in 11 trials (57.9%). Conclusion Reversal nystagmus is commonly demonstrated in individuals with posterior canal BPPV, canalithiasis type. It is frequently evoked even when there is no nystagmus with the dependent position of Dix-Hallpike testing. Observation of reversal nystagmus may enhance the identification of BPPV during Dix-Hallpike testing.
Assessing Colorectal Cancer Screening Barriers in Rural Appalachia.

Objectives The age-appropriate colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rate in the rural Appalachian area is low compared with the national rate, which may account for the overall higher incidence of CRC in this area. The purpose of this study was to explore potential barriers to CRC screening in the West Virginia Appalachian area. Methods A cross-sectional survey was designed to identify patient-reported barriers to CRC screening using the health belief model to assess their attitudes and behaviors. Autonomous paper-based surveys were randomly handed to individuals older than 50 years at various locations, including healthcare and nonhealthcare facilities. All of the responses were then categorized into two groups: the screened group and the unscreened group. Differences among both groups were statistically analyzed. Results There were three main areas that significantly accounted for the discrepancies between the screened and unscreened groups: perceptions of discomfort from screening tests, psychological and behavior deterrents in CRC screening and diagnosis, and limited resources for accessing care, especially transportation. In particular, psychological and behavioral deterrents in CRC screening appeared to play a role in promoting aversion to CRC screening. Conclusions Lack of CRC screening awareness and knowledge may be responsible for fatalism regarding CRC and aversion to screening. Thus, multidisciplinary interventions that provide education about CRC screening, early intervention prognosis, and treatment options, as well as addressing systemic barriers to screening, such as assistance with scheduling, prep instructions, and transportation, can improve the screening rate in Appalachia and eventually lead to better outcomes through the early diagnosis of CRC.
Density functional theory analysis of symmetry-filtering scandium nitride magnetoresistive junctions

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) show great promise for implementation in high-performance STT-MRAM and novel computing regimes such as magnetic logic and neuromorphic computing. However, a handful of material setbacks stand in the way of the adoption of leading MgO MTJs over other emerging technologies, such as Resistive-RAM junctions, in next-generation architectures. Here, we explore the properties of iron / scandium nitride (ScN) magnetoresistive junctions using density functional theory (DFT) and find ScN a promising barrier material given its novel electron symmetry filtering properties, high TMR, and low RA-product. Magnetoresistance ratios exceeding 1900% are enabled by Δ2’ symmetry filtering through the barrier, in addition to the traditional Δ1 symmetries observed in MgO MTJs. The electronic properties of the diffusive Fe/ScN interface are resolved, with predicted half-metallicity that could amplify MR in realistic low-power ScN devices.
The Life and Career of Jules Tygiel

I HAVE BEEN ASKED TO OPEN THIS FORUM by writing about the career of Jules Tygiel. This will be both an easy and difficult task. Easy, because I met Jules early in both of our careers and had many personal and professional contacts with him over thirty plus years and in that time grew to admire him as a person and as a historian. Difficult, because his achievements are legion and it is difficult to decide what to highlight and what to leave out of the essay. I first met Jules at meetings of the North American Society for Sport History (NASSH). The first time I was aware of the quality of his work was hearing a paper delivered for him at a regional meeting of the Popular Culture Association. I think there were about six people in the room, none being Jules. The paper was read by the moderator, and still its quality was unmistakable. What many do not know is just how close the profession came to losing Jules’s great talent and his superb contributions to sport history and to the profession itself. I remember talking with him just before he went off to take a one-year position at San Francisco State in the fall of 1978. He had been through a series of temporary appointments in what then was a brutal job market. He told me that if the position at SFSU did not work into a permanent job, he was prepared to leave the academy.
Rheumatic diseases and the microbiome.

Every human is intimately associated with a large and diverse population of microorganisms living on the skin and mucous membranes. These commensal organisms are known as the microbiome, or microbiota, and are acquired in young childhood. The microbiome is critically important in establishing a fully function immune system. For example, Th17 T helper cells are not present in a germ-free environment. The relationship of the microbiome to autoimmune disease is being explored actively. Mechanisms by which the microbiome may influence these diseases include, but are not limited to, molecular mimicry as well as induction and regulation of both Th17 and regulatory T cells. There are ample data that a specific oral microbe, Porphyromonas gingivalis, the only bacteria with the enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase, is involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Connection between other rheumatic autoimmune diseases and the microbiome remains to be made.
Anemia: Clinical Approach

Anemia is a commonly encountered problem in clinical medicine. Broadly categorized, the causes of anemia relate to acute loss, inadequate production, or destruction of red blood cells. Thoughtful review of the complete blood count (CBC) and reticulocyte count combined with examination of the peripheral blood smear leads to the creation of an appropriate differential diagnosis. The mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width, and reticulocyte count provide particularly useful information when considered together and sometimes point toward the specific cause of anemia present. This knowledge minimizes the amount of additional laboratory investigation required. Accurate and timely diagnosis facilitates appropriate therapeutic intervention.
Environmental Asthma Reduction Potential Estimates for Selected Mitigation Actions in Finland Using a Life Table Approach

Aims: To quantify the reduction potential of asthma in Finland achievable by adjusting exposures to selected environmental factors. Methods: A life table model for the Finnish population for 1986–2040 was developed and Years Lived with Disability caused by asthma and attributable to the following selected exposures were estimated: tobacco smoke (smoking and second hand tobacco smoke), ambient fine particles, indoor dampness and mould, and pets. Results: At baseline (2011) about 25% of the total asthma burden was attributable to the selected exposures. Banning tobacco was the most efficient mitigation action, leading to 6% reduction of the asthma burden. A 50% reduction in exposure to dampness and mould as well as a doubling in exposure to pets lead each to a 2% reduction. Ban of urban small scale wood combustion, chosen as a mitigation action to reduce exposure to fine particles, leads to a reduction of less than 1% of the total asthma burden. Combination of the most efficient mitigation actions reduces the total asthma burden by 10%. A more feasible combination of mitigation actions leads to 6% reduction of the asthma burden. Conclusions: The adjustment of environmental exposures can reduce the asthma burden in Finland by up to 10%.
Sub-retinal pigment epithelial deposits in a dominant late-onset retinal degeneration.

Purpose. To determine the pathogenesis of an autosomal dominant late-onset retinal degeneration by studies of the retinal histopathology, phenotype of family members, and candidate genes for the disease. Methods. The retina from an 80-year-old patient donor was prepared for light and electron microscopy, including special stains and immunocytochemistry. Family members were examined clinically and with retinal function tests. Rhodopsin, peripherin//?DS, and TIMP3 genes were screened for mutations, and linkage analysis was performed with short tandem repeat polymorphisms flanking these genes. Results. Affected family members had nyctalopia in the sixth decade of life and severe visual loss developed by the eighth decade. The donor retina showed marked loss of photoreceptors except in the inferior periphery. A thick layer of extracellular deposits was present between the RPE and Bruch's membrane in all retinal regions. A 70-year-old affected family member had a retinopathy resembling retinitis pigmentosa. Her 42-year-old daughter had a patch of punctate yellow-white lesions in one fundus and abnormal dark adaptation. The 50-year-old son of the donor had normal fundi but abnormal dark adaptation and electroretinography. No mutations were detected in the coding sequence of the rhodopsin, peripherin/ilDS, and TIMP3 genes. Rhodopsin and TIMP3 were further excluded with linkage analysis. Conclusions. This novel retinal degeneration shares histopathologic and clinical features with both Sorsby fundus dystrophy and retinitis pigmentosa. The sub-RPE deposits may disrupt the exchange of nutrients and metabolites between the retina and the choriocapillaris, leading to photoreceptor dysfunction and degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996; 37:1772-1782.
A pilot dose-escalation study of the effects of nordihydroguareacetic acid on hormone and prostate specific antigen levels in patients with relapsed prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE To assess the tolerability of the effects of nordihydroguareacetic acid (NDGA) and its effect on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics in patients with relapsed prostate cancer, as among the many biological effects of NDGA is the inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) tyrosine kinase. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients were those with an increasing PSA level after definitive local therapy, in either the non-castrate (androgen-dependent prostate cancer, ADPC) or the castrate state (castration-resistant prostate cancer, CRPC) with no evidence of metastatic disease by bone scan or computed tomography of the abdomen or pelvis. Treatment consisted of continuous oral daily dosing according to a planned dose escalation of 750, 1250, 1750, 2250 and 2500 mg of NDGA. PSA levels were measured every 28 days. Serial levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, oestradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin were measured at baseline and monthly while on study therapy. RESULTS Fifteen patients were enrolled, including 11 with ADPC and four with CRPC. There were asymptomatic increases in transaminase in six patients, two of which were grade 3, all occurring at ≥3 months. The increases in transaminase resolved after stopping NDGA but recurred with repeated dosing. Doses of NDGA up to 2500 mg/day caused no other toxicities. A median (range) of 5.5 (1–13) cycles were delivered. Of the 11 patients with ADPC, one had a decline in PSA level of >50% of the baseline value and one a decline of <50%. Three patients with ADPC had a greater than three-fold increase in PSA doubling time while on therapy, one from 11 to 46 months (750 mg), one from 9.5 to 49.5 months (1750 mg), and one from 5.9 to 46.2 months (2500 mg). There were no reductions in PSA level in patients with CRPC. There were no significant effects on levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, oestradiol or sex hormone-binding globulin. CONCLUSIONS Continuous daily dosing with NDGA is reasonably well tolerated but is associated with transaminitis in some patients, that occurs after several months on therapy. There were apparent effects on the rate of increase in PSA. Further study is required to determine the optimum pharmacokinetics and antitumour effects of this therapy.
The Back End of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Technical and Economic Analysis—Part I: Once-Through Cycle

The back end of the nuclear fuel cycle has been analyzed under current conditions in the United States, taking into consideration the framework defined by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 and its amendments. The different steps of the back end of the fuel cycle are studied and different alternatives are compared under technical and economic criteria. Several technical issues have been analyzed for their impact on the economics of the fuel cycle. The bases for the analysis are explained, and the results for a once-through cycle are presented. The results show that a repository in tuff represents the minimum cost situation. The economic model appears very sensitive to several parameters, in particular the period of retrievability and the storage costs.
Neutron total cross sections on protons and nuclei in the 10 to 30 GeV/c momentum range

We present the results of a recent AGS measurement of the total cross section for neutrons on protons, deuterons and other nuclei in the momentum range 10 to 30 GeV/c. The standard good-geometry transmission technique was used with a total absorption spectrometer to detect the transmitted neutrons. Biasing the spectrometer towards high neutron momenta together with the strongly-peaked momentum spectrum of the beam gave relatively good momentum resolution. Measurements were made at mean momenta of 12, 13, 18 and 26.5 GeV/c. Results are presented and the cross sections for nuclei are compared with theoretical predictions.
Absence of Classical Lumps

Solutions of the equations of classical Yang-Mills theory in four dimensional Minkowski space are studied. It is proved (Theorem 1) that there is no finite energy (nonsingular) solution of the Yang-Mills equations having the property that there exists ɛ,R,t0>0 such that $$E_R (t) = \int\limits_{|\bar x| \leqq R} {\theta _{00} (t,\bar x)d^3 \bar x \geqq \varepsilon foreveryt > t_0 ,} $$ \(\theta _{00} (\bar x,t)\) being the energy density. Previously known theorems on the absence of finite energy nonsingular solutions that radiate no energy out to spatial infinity are particular cases of Theorem 1. The result stated in Theorem 1 is not restricted to the Yang-Mills equations. In fact, it extends to a large class of relativistic equations (Theorem 2).
P5-11-03: Real-Time Imaging of Human Breast Tissue with Reflectance Confocal Microscopy: Correlation with Routine Pathology.

Background: Near-infrared reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) allows for immediate noninvasive 3-D optical sectioning of opaque objects, such as human tissue, without using the potentially destructive staining and fixing methods used with routine pathology. Recently, RCM has been used to differentiate between malignant and non-malignant dermatologic conditions. We hypothesize that this technique can be used to efficiently and reliably evaluate human breast tissue for the presence of malignancy without compromising the ability to perform routine immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses that accompany the diagnosis of invasive breast cancer. Methods: 45 core needle breast biopsies (12mmx2mm) were collected under sonographic guidance. Biopsy specimens were immediately placed in phosphate buffered saline, injected with 5% acetic acid to enhance reflectivity of the nuclei, and imaged within 5–10 minutes. Digital images of the nuclear and cellular morphology from each intact specimen were acquired and catalogued within 1 hour of biopsy using the VivaCell 5000. Tissue samples were then formalin-fixed and sectioned for routine HE 2 specimens with IDC also contained ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Evaluation of the RCM images led to the same diagnosis of invasive carcinoma vs. not in all 45 samples and correctly identified 6/9 IDC and 1/1 ILC. RCM correctly identified 1/2 specimens known to contain DCIS. RCM misclassified 3 IDC as DCIS (1), ILC (1), or lobular carcinoma in situ (1), and 1 DCIS as ILC. With respect to the determination of ER/PR status, RCM accurately assessed positivity for both receptors in all 5 specimens. Conclusions: RCM is comparable to standard microscopy for the reliable identification of carcinoma, and the ability to evaluate breast tissue for malignancy using this technology allows for real-time pathology and may negate the need for repeat diagnostic biopsies to ensure adequate sampling for diagnosis. Importantly, the ability to perform routine IHC for ER/PR status after tissue processing for RCM appears to be preserved. Further evaluation applying the existing technology to a larger sample size for histopathologic correlation, assessment of ER/PR status, and evaluation for HER2 status are planned. These encouraging findings support interest in tailoring RCM for breast tissue to improve the ability to distinguish between invasive vs. in situ disease, and ductal vs. lobular histology. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-11-03.
Iron deficiency anemia. When is parenteral therapy warranted

Iron deficiency anemia is a common problem encountered in primary care practice. Once the diagnosis is confirmed and the possible causes are identified, replacement of iron stores is indicated. Most patients respond favorably to oral iron preparations. However, therapy with intravenous iron dextran (InFeD) may be warranted in some cases. Side effects, which are usually mild, occur in 25% of patients. Test doses of undiluted iron dextran occasionally elicit anaphylactic reactions. However, affected patients still may be successfully treated intravenously with the use of prophylactic antihistamines, corticosteroids, and histamine2 blockers. Treatment of iron deficiency anemia almost always brings symptomatic improvement.
On the linear stability of inviscid incompressible plane parallel flow

A class of constants of motion is obtained for the time-dependent form of the Rayleigh stability equation, which provides stability criteria for velocity profiles with multiple inflexion points.
The synthesis and characterization of volatile lithium alkoxides, and the single crystal X-ray structure of [LiOCMe2Ph]6

Abstract The lithium alkoxides, [LiOR]n, [R = But (1) and PhMe2C (2)], have been prepared and fully characterized in solution by IR, 1H, 13C and 7Li NMR, and cryoscopy in benzene, which gave a value of n = 6. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies on [LiOC Me2Ph]6 (2) at −169°C revealed that this molecule crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with unit cell dimensions, a = 12.555(2), b = 12.010(2), c = 16.405(3) A; β = 99.44(1)°, Z = 2, dcalc = 1. 161 g cm−3, as a hexagonal prism. The oxygen and lithium atoms in the hexameric species are arranged into two Li3O3 planes.
Analysis of conformationally-linked dissociation of proteins.

Abstract Conformationally-linked dissociation equilibria of dimeric proteins have been examined to determine how experimentally obtainable parameters, such as the apparent dissociation constant, k D , and the apparent conformational transition constant, K conf , are related to intrinsic subunit interaction constants, K A or K B , and intrinsic isomerization constants, K 1 or k 2 . Limiting models are considered in which either the conformational change occurs before dissociation or in which the dissociation occurs before the conformational change, as well as a general model including both possibilities. Models are also considered in which three conformations are allowed or in which four subunits (tetramers) are involved. Simulated data for the dimer equilibria are presented to show how variation of protein concentration and variation of certain constants affect the proportion of various molecular species, the weight-average molecular weight, and the overall extent of conformational change. Methods are suggested to distinguish between the different limiting cases based upon the dependence of K D and/or K conf on protein concentration, perturbant concentration, and temperature. It is concluded that methods used to calculate self-dissociation constants oligomeric proteins include linked isomerization reactions such that the equilibrium constant obtained should not be considered as a true subunit interaction term. Indeed, dissociation can occur under the influence of a perturbant with no change in the intrinsic affinity of the subunits but with the sole effect of the perturbant being on a linked conformational change. Additional experiments on the thermodynamics of the conformational change are required to determine the actual relationship. Depending on the complexity of the equilibria involved and the relative value of the equilibrium constants, the extent of the conformational change can vary directly with, vary inversely with, or he independent of the total protein concentration. Even when intrinsic subunit affinities are not affected by the perturbant, the extent of conformational change can vary with protein concentration. Interpretation of data from proteins which may be involved in conformationally-linked dissociation reactions, therefore, must be made with caution.