cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micromeasurement of Cavity Lining, Using Ultraviolet and Reflected Light, and the Effect of the Liner on Marginal Penetration, Evaluated with Ca45

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUAMESURATION DEL REVESTIMENTO DE CAVITATES CON LE UTILISATION DE LUMINE ULTRAVIOLETTE E RE- FLECTITE, E LE EFFECTO DEL REVESTIENTE SUPER LE PENETRATION MARGINAL EVALUTATE CON CA45.- Le spissitate del revestiente super le pariete del cavitate pareva esser relationate con le permeabilitate del dentina. Iste permeabilitate esseva rendite manifeste per le presentia del fluorescente revestiente de cavitates Copalite in le tubulos e per un oleosolubile colorante penetrative (un fraction naphthic) le qual, quando applicate a un secate superficie dental, se diffundeva prestemente usque al junction de dentina con adamante. Le constatationes revelava que tanto le etate del dente como etiam le textura superficial exerce un influentia super le penetration.
First time gun carrying and the primary prevention of youth gun violence for African American youth living in extreme poverty

Abstract First time gun carrying is specified as a logical starting point for the primary prevention of youth gun violence, which is also consistent with the public health approach to the prevention of firearm injuries for at risk African American youth. However, it is difficult to disentangle youth gun violence from other aspects of violence that are concentrated in high poverty settings. Insights from developmental life-course criminology (DLC) are used to: (1) categorize first time gun carrying as a critical inflection point in the development of youth violence; and (2) categorize exposure to violence in the community as a developmental pathway for first time gun carrying for youth attempting to prevent and/or deter future violent victimization. The ecological–transactional model of community violence provides a more nuanced breakdown of the impact of exposure to violence in the community on first time gun carrying given the embeddedness of contexts that shape child and adolescent development in high poverty settings. Finally, several areas for future research are outlined that include a need to better integrate gun carrying into existing theories as well as future longitudinal studies of high risk African American youth.
Role of Iron and Oxygen Radicals in the Progression of Chronic Renal Failure

As nephron population is lost from injury or disease the remaining nephrons undergo functional and anatomic hypertrophy. The compensatory or secondary events responsible for these changes may exert a detrimental effect on the remaining nephrons that ultimately leads to their destruction. Most studies have examined how these alterations cause glomerular injury. Although glomerular injury and functional alterations are the initial result of these events, tubulointerstitial disease may be the major determinate of subsequent nephron loss and progressive renal failure. Proteinuria has been used largely as an indicator of the severity of the glomerular involvement. However, an alternative hypothesis is that the proteinuria, resulting from the glomerular injury, actually perpetuates renal injury as a result of its damaging effect on renal tubules and the surrounding interstitium. Because of being the major protein fraction it has been assumed that albumin is largely, if not solely, responsible for the induction of tubulointerstitial injury. However, with glomerular disease all protein classes can be excreted. One protein of interest is transferrin. In association with the glomerular transferrin leak, iron also would be presented to the tubule fluid. Iron is a transition element capable of catalyzing the Haber Weiss reaction with formation of hydroxyl radicals. Normally, iron is maintained in a nonreactive state in virtually all biologic tissues and fluid. However, at the reduced pH of tubule fluid iron can dissociate from transferrin and assume a reactive state capable of catalyzing hydroxyl radical formation. The kidney in patients with the nephrotic syndrome appears to be unduly susceptible to free radical injury, as documented by its increase iron content in association with depletion of copper and selenium. These latter two elements are required co-factors for superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, whose depletion would render the kidney vulnerable to iron catalyzed free radical formation. It is thus suggested that iron catalyzed free radical formation in tubule fluid and/or the renal parenchyma is responsible for the induction of tubulointerstitial disease and progressive functional deterioration in proteinuric states.
Enabling semantic communications for virtual machines via iConnect

iConnect is an abstraction that encapsulates all of a virtual machine's interactions with outside entities. Its intent is to exploit semantic information to better support the end-to-end requirements of such VM communications. Focusing on the I/O performed by VMs and leveraging the fact that modern systems already have to virtualize the physical devices used by VMs, this paper shows that the iConnect abstraction can be implemented with the extension of existing virtual device interfaces. Specifically, by devising enhanced virtual devices, we can (1) efficiently implement the communication paths between virtual machines (VMs) and the virtualized platforms (VPs) on which they run, and (2) capture semantic information about VM-device interactions, which can then be used to implement additional functionality and efficient sharing of physical devices. The paper presents three concrete realizations of the iConnect abstraction: a multimedia device virtualization solution (VMedia) which utilizes semantic information to implement efficient sharing and enhanced functionality, a network virtualization solution that provides virtual NICs with QoS-support where the VM communicates its QoS requirements to the VP, and a storage virtualization solution which permits a VM to access a block device regardless of whether such a device is physically located locally or must be accessed at a remote location. A Xen-based implementation of the iConnect concept demonstrates substantial performance improvements and additional functionality derived from their use at a minimal cost to VMs, in part because iConnect utilizes additional computational resources of the VP and can take better advantage of certain underlying platform capabilities.
On penetration of a rigid axisymmetric punch into an elastic layer

Abstract A rigid axisymmetric punch of arbitrary shape presses into an elastic layer resting on an elastic foundation. This mixed boundary value problem is reduced directly to an initial value problem, without the need of introducing any auxiliary functions. The problem is solved readily on modern digital computers.
An experimental and numerical study of the high-temperature oxidation of 1,1,1-C2H3Cl3☆

Abstract Gaseous 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-C2H3Cl3) is injected into the postflame region of a turbulent combustor with equivalence ratios, residence times and temperatures in the range of those encountered in the postflame regions of hazardous waste incinerators. Measured concentrations are compared with a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism, which is presented with the sources of the reaction rate constants. Each rate is based on literature evaluation of experimental data, or if it is estimated, on fundamental principles of thermochemical kinetics and molecular thermodynamic properties. By basing the mechanism on fundamental principles, its applicability should extend beyond the experimental conditions for which it was developed. The model and the experimental data show reasonable agreement for all temperatures. A study of the important destruction pathways indicates that 1,1,1-C2H3Cl3 undergoes unimolecular decomposition to form 1,1-C2H2Cl2. Reacting with either Cl or OH, the 1,1-C2H2Cl2 forms the 1,1-dichlorinated vinyl radical CCl2CH. This radical reacts via competing routes CCl 2 CH = C 2 HCl + Cl , CCl 2 CH + O 2 = COCl 2 + HCO , to form chloroacetylene (C2HCl) or phosgene (COCl2).
Differential impact of short periods of rapid atrial pacing on left and right atrial mechanical function.

Current techniques to describe atrial function are limited by their load dependency and hence do not accurately reflect intrinsic mechanical properties. To assess the impact of atrial fibrillation ...
Acceptance by arthritis patients of clinical inquiry into their sexual adjustment

Abstract A structured interview was administered to 169 outpatients with arthritic disorders to investigate the extent to which such patients would want clinical inquiry into sexual problems, some of which may stem from the arthritis. Only about one fifth of the patients reported that a physician had ever inquired into their sexual adjustment, but four fifths believed that such inquiry would be important. Patients were generally comfortable with discussion of sexual problems with health care professionals, but women were significantly less so than men. Same-sex interviewers were significantly more acceptable than opposite-sex interviewers, especially among women patients.
Helicobacter mustelae infection in ferrets: Pathogenesis, epizootiology, diagnosis, and treatment

Gastric infection by Helicobacter mustelae is extremely prevalent in domestic ferrets. Colonization of the ferret stomach by this organism results in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease and has been associated with gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Histologically, H. mustelae infection of the ferret produces superficial mononuclear gastritis of the body, and diffuse antral gastritis accompanied by focal glandular atrophy of the antrum. Diagnosis of H. mustelae infection may be accomplished by culture of endoscopic biopsy samples, visualization of organisms in Warthin-Starry-stained sections of gastric tissue, evaluation of serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers to H. mustelae , fecal culture, or urea breath test. Treatment modalities typically include one or two select antibiotics along with mucosal protectants, proton pump inhibitors, and/or H-2 receptor antagonists in various combinations. Eradication is readily achieved with antimicrobial therapy of adequate duration. Studies to determine the efficacy of various treatment modalities, epizootiology, pathogenesis, and the influence of H. mustelae on gastric neoplasia have been largely stimulated by the use of the ferret as an animal model of H. pylori infection in humans.
An integral formula for generalized Gegenbauer polynomials and Jacobi polynomials

The generalized Gegenbauer polynomials are orthogonal polynomials with respect to the weight function |x|^2^@m(1-x^2)^@l^-^1^/^2. An integral formula for these polynomials is proved, which serves as a transformation between h-harmonic polynomials associated with Z^2 invariant weight functions on the plane. The formula also gives a new integral transform for the Jacobi polynomials, which contains several well-known formulae as special cases. The new formulae can be used to prove the positivity of certain sums of the generalized Gegenbauer and Jacobi polynomials.
Thermodynamic properties of actinides and fission products in liquid bismuth

Abstract A critical review on the fundamental properties (solubility, activity coefficients and stable metallic compounds) of actinides and rare earth fission products in liquid bismuth is conducted in this study. The available data are summarized and analyzed. New temperature-dependent correlations, which extend the available data to a broader range of applications, are developed based on existing data from different sources when multiple measurements are available. Analysis of the data shows the strong correlations between some properties (solubility and activity coefficients) and the atomic numbers of the elements.
Trace, failure and testing equivalences for communicating processes

A basic question in the theory of communicating processes is “When should two processes be considered equivalent?”. Attempts to answer this question have led to the concepts of observation equivalence, bisimulations, testing equivalence, failure equivalence, etc. The main point of this paper is to increase the understanding and motivation for two of these equivalences, namely failure and testing equivalences. The approach starts with the idea that the equivalence of processes should be reducible to the visible sequences of actions which a process performs in various contexts. This idea is implemented by a string-based semantic order for communicating processes where divergence is catastrophic. Under some assumptions about contexts, the resulting semantics is shown to be equivalent to theimproved failure semantics of Brookes and Roscoe(1) and also to themust testing-semantics of Hennessy and DeNicola.(2–4) This characterization gives independent support for the appropriateness of failures and testing.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering from Polyimide Model Compounds on Functionalized Metal Surfaces. Part I: Phthalic Anhydride/4-Aminophenyldisul de/Gold

Abstract The interphase between a polyimide and a metal substrate was modeled by depositing phthalic anhydride (PA) onto a gold substrate pretreated with 4-aminophenyldisulfide (APDS) and then curing in a mixture of acetic anhydride and pyridine or triethylamine. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIR) were used to characterize the model interphases. It was found that APDS was adsorbed dissociatively onto Au substrates through the sulfur atoms. The average tilt angle for APDS molecules adsorbed onto gold substrates was determined, using RAIR, to be approximately 46°. However, there was no preferred rotational angle of the adsorbed APDS molecules about the long molecular axes. When PA was deposited onto APDS-primed Au substrates, anhydride groups of PA reacted with amino groups of APDS to form amic acids. Curing these thin amic acid films in acetic anhydride catalyzed with pyridine produced mainly isoimide species, while curing in the presence of trie...
Propagation of Airy-Hermite-Gaussian waveguide modes in free space.

The cavity modes of metal strip waveguide lasers are most simply expressed in terms of Airy-Hermite-Gaussian functions. The free space propagation of the resulting beam modes has been examined, and both near- and far-field patterns have been calculated and measured. Phase plates may be useful for enhancing the far-field intensity.
Contributions of a disulfide bond to the structure, stability, and dimerization of human IgG1 antibody CH3 domain

Recombinant human monoclonal antibodies have become important protein-based therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases. The antibody structure is complex, consisting of β-sheet rich domains stabilized by multiple disulfide bridges. The dimerization of the CH3 domain in the constant region of the heavy chain plays a pivotal role in the assembly of an antibody. This domain contains a single buried, highly conserved disulfide bond. This disulfide bond was not required for dimerization, since a recombinant human CH3 domain, even in the reduced state, existed as a dimer. Spectroscopic analyses showed that the secondary and tertiary structures of reduced and oxidized CH3 dimer were similar, but differences were observed. The reduced CH3 dimer was less stable than the oxidized form to denaturation by guanidinium chloride (GdmCl), pH, or heat. Equilibrium sedimentation revealed that the reduced dimer dissociated at lower GdmCl concentration than the oxidized form. This implies that the disulfide bond shifts the monomer–dimer equilibrium. Interestingly, the dimer–monomer dissociation transition occurred at lower GdmCl concentration than the unfolding transition. Thus, disulfide bond formation in the human CH3 domain is important for stability and dimerization. Here we show the importance of the role played by the disulfide bond and how it affects the stability and monomer–dimer equilibrium of the human CH3 domain. Hence, these results may have implications for the stability of the intact antibody.
Medium-energy deuteron-carbon elastic scattering

Abstract Optical potentials for deuteron-carbon elastic scattering at 125, 156 and 422 MeV (lab) are obtained in terms of the two-nucleon scattering amplitude and nuclear form factors. The absolute cross-section, vector and tensor polarizations are calculated using complex WKB phase shifts for 50 partial waves. The predicted cross-sections agree well with experiment except at high scattering angle. The vector polarizations agree in magnitude while the tensor polarizations are much smaller than experiment.
Mars Science Laboratory Experimental Aerothermodynamics with Effects of Cavities and Control Surfaces

Preliminary designs of the Mars Science Laboratory required it to be attached through its aeroshell to the main spacecraft bus, thereby producing cavities in the heat shield. Several configurations were considered experimentally for the Mars Science Laboratory, which have a Viking aeroshell heritage and provide the lift to drag required for precision landing. To study the effects of the cavities and control surfaces on the heating levels experienced by the heat shield, an experimental aeroheating investigation was performed at the NASA Langley Research Center in the 20-Inch Mach 6 Air Tunnel. Three configurations were studied experimentally. The first configuration was the baseline without any control surface. The last two include a blended tab control surface and a blended shelf control surface. The effects of Reynolds number, angle of attack, and cavity size and location on aeroheating levels and distributions were determined for each configuration and are presented. To aid the interpretation of the effects of the cavities, laminar, thin-layer Navier-Stokes flowfield solutions were performed for the baseline configuration and were then postprocessed to calculate relevant boundary-layer properties. It was found that the effect of the cavities varied with angle of attack, freestream Reynolds number, and cavity size and location. The presence of a cavity raised local heating rates by as much as 250% and the downstream heating rates by as much as 325% as a result of boundary-layer transition. Forebody cavities had no effect on afterbody heating, and the presence of control surfaces decreased leeward afterbody heating slightly.
Gastroesophageal reflux in very low birth weight infants: association with chronic lung disease and outcomes through 1 year of age.

Gastroesophageal Reflux in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Association With Chronic Lung Disease and Outcomes Through 1 Year of Age
Evaluation of the national launch system as a booster for the HL-20

The capability of a proposed national launch system (NLS) to boost the personnel launch system (PLS) manned vehicle has been examined. A reference NLS configuration, the NLS-2 1.5 stage vehicle, and a reference HL-20 PLS configuration were used for the study. Performance has been analyzed for several PLS insertion orbits to support the Space Station Freedom resupply mission. The reliability of the NLS launch vehicle and its contribution to crew safety requirements have been determined. The launch-processing and launch facility requirements of these combined systems were also analyzed. Previous studies of these two systems have focused on either the PLS manned element or NLS launch vehicle. This paper combines the results of prior studies in an analysis of the integrated NLS/PLS configuration. This analysis has found the proposed NLS 1.5 stage launch vehicle to be an excellent booster for the PLS. Predicted performance margins for this launch-vehicle configuration are more than adequate, and acceptable reliability and safety levels are anticipated. Integration of this NLS/PLS configuration into NASA mixed-fleet launch architectures is feasible.
A utility-centered approach to building dependable infrastructure services

Achieving dependability in large scale infrastructure systems always requires making intelligent tradeoffs. This paper draws upon ideas from economics and operations research to propose a systematic approach to thinking about such tradeoffs in terms of the system beneficiary's utility. The design process consists of choosing a spanning set of axes for the design space, explicitly formulating utility functions with respect to each axis of the spanning set, and then iteratively converging on the design that maximizes overall utility. We apply this process to the design of a fictitious online banking system.
Simulation-based test adequacy criteria for distributed systems

Developers of distributed systems routinely construct discrete-event simulations to help understand and evaluate the behavior of inter-component protocols. Simulations are abstract models of systems and their environments, capturing basic algorithmic functionality at the same time as they focus attention on properties critical to distribution, including topology, timing, bandwidth, and overall scalability. We claim that simulations can be treated as a form of specification, and thereby used within a specification-based testing regime to provide developers with a rich new basis for defining and applying system-level test adequacy criteria. We describe a framework for evaluating distributed system test adequacy criteria, and demonstrate our approach on simulations and implementations of three distributed systems, including DNS, the Domain Name System.
Fragment-based identification of druggable ‘hot spots’ of proteins using Fourier domain correlation techniques

Motivation: The binding sites of proteins generally contain smaller regions that provide major contributions to the binding free energy and hence are the prime targets in drug design. Screening libraries of fragment-sized compounds by NMR or X-ray crystallography demonstrates that such ‘hot spot’ regions bind a large variety of small organic molecules, and that a relatively high ‘hit rate’ is predictive of target sites that are likely to bind drug-like ligands with high affinity. Our goal is to determine the ‘hot spots’ computationally rather than experimentally. Results: We have developed the FTMAP algorithm that performs global search of the entire protein surface for regions that bind a number of small organic probe molecules. The search is based on the extremely efficient fast Fourier transform (FFT) correlation approach which can sample billions of probe positions on dense translational and rotational grids, but can use only sums of correlation functions for scoring and hence is generally restricted to very simple energy expressions. The novelty of FTMAP is that we were able to incorporate and represent on grids a detailed energy expression, resulting in a very accurate identification of low-energy probe clusters. Overlapping clusters of different probes are defined as consensus sites (CSs). We show that the largest CS is generally located at the most important subsite of the protein binding site, and the nearby smaller CSs identify other important subsites. Mapping results are presented for elastase whose structure has been solved in aqueous solutions of eight organic solvents, and we show that FTMAP provides very similar information. The second application is to renin, a long-standing pharmaceutical target for the treatment of hypertension, and we show that the major CSs trace out the shape of the first approved renin inhibitor, aliskiren. Availability: FTMAP is available as a server at http://ftmap.bu.edu/. Contact: vajda@bu.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary Material is available at Bioinformatics online.
Intracellular glutamine concentration does not decrease in all muscles during sepsis.

Abstract The concentrations of glutamine and other amino acids were measured in plasma and intracellular fluid of soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of rats 4, 8, and 16 hr after induction of sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture or after sham operation. Previous studies have shown that muscle protein breakdown is greatly increased in EDL, but not in soleus muscle, in this sepsis model. Corresponding to previous observations of protein breakdown in sepsis, muscle glutamine was markedly depleted (>50%) in EDL by sepsis, while no significant fall in glutamine concentration in soleus was observed. Changes in muscle glutamine concentration in sepsis could not be attributed to changes in the precursor of glutamine, glutamic acid. Data were examined for changes consistent with hypothesized alterations in glutamine transport. Correlations among glutamine and other amino acids in muscle, histidine in particular, were consistent with a sepsis-induced alteration in activity of the sarcolemmal glutamine transporter, system N m . These results thus strengthen the proposed connection between muscle glutamine content and muscle protein metabolism under catabolic conditions.
Record long-distance movement of a Deer Mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus , in a New England montane boreal forest

We report a single-season, non-homing movement of 4287 ± 10 m by an adult male Deer Mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus , in western Maine, United States, in summer 2014. The movement was achieved in two stages: 927 ± 3 m in four days and an additional 3360 ± 10 m in 44 days. This is approximately 40% greater than the previously documented maximum linear movement for an individual of this species.
Sister chromatid exchanges: a reexamination of the evidence for sex and race differences in humans

Published evidence for human sex and race differences in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) levels is reexamined. There is substantial support for the conclusion that women average approximately 0.5 SCE/cell higher than men among normal healthy adults. An index of heterogeneity for SCE counts for cells from a single subject is introduced, and this statistic is applied to the data of Butler [1981], who compared Caucasians, Blacks, Native Americans, and Orientals with regard to SCE levels. There is evidence in Butler's data of differences in the heterogeneity index among these four racial groups, but this finding needs independent verification in a larger study.
Leydig cell tumor after treatment for Ewing's sarcoma.

Leydig cell tumors account for 3% of testicular tumors and have never been reported after treatment for Ewing's sarcoma. We report the unusual occurrence of a patient who developed a Leydig cell tumor of the testis 18 years after successful treatment for Ewing's sarcoma. Additional monitoring for second malignancies may become appropriate as long-term survival continues to improve for patients with Ewing's sarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:1008–1010. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
T-Independent form of Azophenylarsonate Fails to Reveal “Silent” Idiotype-Positive B Cells in Idiotype-Suppressed Mice

In three distinct chronic Ig-specific suppression systems in which suppression was initiated by injection of mice with anti-idiotype (Id) or anti-allotype sera, evidence has been presented by others that the differentiation of B cells bearing surface Ig with a target marker (Id or allotype) need not be totally disrupted. Normally "silent" Id+ B cells from Id-suppressed mice could be revealed by certain procedures, one of these being to make use of the powerful stimulatory properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. We have employed a similar strategy to determine whether cryptic CRIA+ B cells exist in significant numbers in hyperimmune, CRI-suppressed (HIS) A/J mice. Thus, following T cell removal, the Ar-specific B cell repertoire from HIS mice was probed using Ar- Brucella abortus as a T-independent Ag. No evidence for "silent" CRIA+ B cells was found. The results, taken in conjunction with those of others, suggests that there may exist multiple forms of long-term Ig-specific suppression.
Using empirical data to reason about internet research ethics

Internet technology holds significant potential to respond to business, educational, and social needs, but this same technology poses fundamentally new challenges for research ethics. To reason about ethical questions, researchers and ethics review boards typically rely on dichotomies like "public" versus "private," "published" vs. "unpublished," and "anonymous" vs. "identified." However, online, these categories are blurred, and the underlying concepts require reinterpretation. How then are we to reason about ethical dilemmas about research on the Internet? To date, most work in this area has been grounded in a combination of theoretical analysis and experience gained by people in the course of conducting Internet research. In these studies, ethical insight was a welcome byproduct of research aimed primarily at exploring other ends. However, little work has used experimental methods for the primary purpose of contributing to our reasoning about the ethics of research online. In this paper, we discuss the role of empirical data in helping us answer questions about Internet research ethics. As an example, we review results of one study in which we gauged participant expectations of privacy in public chatrooms (Hudson & Bruckman, 2004b). Using an experimental approach, we demonstrate how participants' expectations of privacy conflict with the reality of these public chatrooms. Although these empirical data cannot provide concrete answers, we show how they influence our reasoning about the ethical issues of obtaining informed consent.
Unilateral nasal allergic reactions increase bilateral sinus eosinophil infiltration.

We have previously shown that unilateral nasal challenge with antigen causes an increase in the number of eosinophils in the ipsilateral maxillary sinus. Here we aimed to determine whether there wa...
BROKERAGE ANALYSTS' RATIONALE FOR INVESTMENT RECOMMENDATIONS: MARKET RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF INFORMATION

We examine the rationales provided when sell-side analysts change investment recommendations. Although most changes in investment advice cite company fundamentals, analysts justify one in eight recommendation changes solely on the basis of price movements. Although markets react to price-basis recommendations, these reactions are smaller and less prolonged than to recommendations citing company fundamentals, consistent with investors' giving more weight to recommendations conveying fundamental information. Our results also suggest that sell-side analysts' incentives are tilted against downgrades. Price responses to downgrades are more pronounced than to upgrades, even controlling for the rationale. Moreover, the language justifying an upgrade is more likely to cite a general change in business prospects. In contrast, downgrades are more likely accompanied by an explicit reduction in the analyst's earnings forecast. JEL classification: G24, G14, G12.
Adaptive optics at Lawrence Livermore National Labratory

Adaptive optics enables high resolution imaging through the atmospheric by correcting for the turbulent air's aberrations to the light waves passing through it. The Lawrence Livermore National Labratory for a number of years has been at the forefront of applying adaptive optics technology to astronomy on the world's largest astronomical telescopes, in particular at the Keck 10-meter telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The technology includes the development of high-speed electrically driven deformable mirrors, high-speed low-noise CCD sensors, and real-time wavefront reconstruction and control hardware. Adaptive optics finds applications in many other areas where light beams pass through aberrating media and must be corrected to maintain diffraction-limited performance. We describe systems and results in astronomy, medicine (vision science), and horizontal path imaging, all active programs in our group.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Role of Children’s Support in Elders’ Decisions to Live in a Yanglaoyuan (Residential Long-Term Care)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of children’s support in elders’ decisions to live in a yanglaoyuan (residential long-term care) in Shanghai based on their intentions and actual experiences, drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data. The 2005 Shanghai Elderly Citizen Longitudinal Tracking Study (SECLTS) examines a stratified sample of community-dwelling elders and their intention to live in a yanglaoyuan (N = 1,512). Eleven semi-structured, retrospective interviews described how children participated in residents’ decision-making to live in a yanglaoyuan. Logistic regression analyses reveal that satisfaction with children’s support—financial, instrumental, and emotional—is negatively associated with respondents’ intention to live in a yanglaoyuan. Higher levels of respondents’ satisfaction with their children’s support are associated with lower levels of intention to live in a yanglaoyuan. Such support, however, does not necessarily determine elders’ decision to live in a yanglaoyuan. Qualitative analyses suggest that children participated throughout residents’ actual process of deciding to live in a yanglaoyuan. Children helped residents to make the decision to live in a yanglaoyuan. Residents reported how their children contributed to instrumental support to face family caregiving challenges and how they experienced and shared the emotional process in the decision-making. Quantitative and qualitative findings complement each other to provide a holistic understanding of the role of children’s support in elders’ intention to live in a yanglaoyuan, as well as in their actual decision-making experiences. These findings also suggest the evolving nature of children’s support in family caregiving in contemporary Chinese society.
A fast platform for simulating semi-flexible fiber suspensions applied to cell mechanics

Abstract We present a novel platform for the large-scale simulation of three-dimensional fibrous structures immersed in a Stokesian fluid and evolving under confinement or in free-space in three dimensions. One of the main motivations for this work is to study the dynamics of fiber assemblies within biological cells. For this, we also incorporate the key biophysical elements that determine the dynamics of these assemblies, which include the polymerization and depolymerization kinetics of fibers, their interactions with molecular motors and other objects, their flexibility, and hydrodynamic coupling. This work, to our knowledge, is the first technique to include many-body hydrodynamic interactions (HIs), and the resulting fluid flows, in cellular assemblies of flexible fibers. We use non-local slender body theory to compute the fluid–structure interactions of the fibers and a second-kind boundary integral formulation for other rigid bodies and the confining boundary. A kernel-independent implementation of the fast multipole method is utilized for efficient evaluation of HIs. The deformation of the fibers is described by nonlinear Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and their polymerization is modeled by the reparametrization of the dynamic equations in the appropriate non-Lagrangian frame. We use a pseudo-spectral representation of fiber positions and implicit time-stepping to resolve large fiber deformations, and to allow time-steps not excessively constrained by temporal stiffness or fiber–fiber interactions. The entire computational scheme is parallelized, which enables simulating assemblies of thousands of fibers. We use our method to investigate two important questions in the mechanics of cell division: (i) the effect of confinement on the hydrodynamic mobility of microtubule asters; and (ii) the dynamics of the positioning of mitotic spindle in complex cell geometries. Finally to demonstrate the general applicability of the method, we simulate the sedimentation of a cloud of semi-flexible fibers.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography of the Aorta and Peripheral Arteries

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has virtually replaced diagnostic conventional X-ray angiography and has become the primary imaging tool for the evaluation of the diseases of the aorta and branches for many indications (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13). Development of faster magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners with shorter TR (relaxation time) and TE (echo time) and powerful gradients, allowing completion of principal MRA sequences within single breath hold, has led this revolution (2). Improvements in coil, computer hardware/software technology, and postprocessing techniques have also contributed to this transition and made MRA a rapid and robust technique.
Status Monitoring of Line Arrester with Gaps

Aiming at repeated strike from heavy current(greater than nominal discharging current in zinc oxide valve element) may result in aging of zinc oxide valve element,which influences performance of the arrester and thereby the operational safety of power system.According to characteristics of lightning current,a status monitoring method of line arrester with gaps is presented and a on-line monitoring device dispensing with additional power is designed.The device can record numbers of discharge of arresters with gaps and give alarm instructions under the circumstance that there are eighteen lightning strikes greater than 20 kV.The performance test shows that the device is characterized by superiority in visibility,action reliability and reusability;besides,the device can effectively monitor the state of life of arrester with gaps.
Fauna: Past, Present and Future

Malaysia forms part of the equatorial belt of tropical rainforest. The world’s tropical rainforests occur in three great areas, the largest being in and around the Amazon basin, the next in Southeast Asia extending throughout the islands of the Malay Archipelago and the third being the forests of Central West Africa. There are also smaller areas of rainforest in Sri Lanka, the north east coast of Australia and Hawaii. These rainforests, particularly those in the three great areas, are of paramount importance to the world’s climate. They are ecological zones with the richest variety of plant and animal species of all environments on this planet. Although they occupy only about ten per cent of the land area of the world, they contain around seventy per cent of the world’s species of both flora and fauna.
The Biosynthesis of Chlorophylls

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the biosynthesis of chlorophylls. The enzymatic steps leading to the formation of Proto from ALA have been demonstrated in vitro with cell-free or partially purified enzyme preparations. Most of the enzymes have not been purified from chlorophyll-forming organisms, although cell-free preparations of Chlorella appear to contain all of them. Purer preparations of ALA synthesis have been made from Rhodo­pseudomonas spheroids than any other organism, but the presence of this enzyme has not been established in any other chlorophyll-forming organisms. Succinyl thiokinase, which catalyzes the formation of succinyl CoA from succinate and coenzyme A, has been prepared from spinach and wheat leaves, and also from Rhodo­pseudomonas Spheroids ( R. spheroids ). Except for the demonstration with R. spheroids chromatophore preparations of Mg Proto IX methyl esterase, information about intermediates between Proto IX and PChlide comes from analyses of Chlorella vulgaris, and R. spheroids mutants and culture media; the suggested sequence of compounds is based on chemical reasonableness. The enzymatic steps in the formation of other chlorophylls, except where they are identical to those in Chl a biosynthesis, are not known; even information on Chl b production does not provide a clear picture of its origin. Among the reactions which have been demonstrated with purified enzymes, mechanisms are generally unresolved.
Women of the Marketplace: Horizontal and Vertical Links

The central Herbaria Square of Montpellier was the site of retail activity of market sellers or hucksters who set up their stalls in the early morning, renting a small space daily from the owners and renters of houses around the square. Litigation over control of the square between Agnes’s grandson and the consuls and king of Majorca has left witness testimonies by the square’s market sellers, 15 women testifying for the side of Agnes’s family. Through the voices of these hucksters are revealed a stable, long-lasting community of women who sold goods on the square and benefitted from the vertical ties they entertained with elite and middling women whose protection and involvement may have contributed to their stability and modest success.
Impact of ADS-B on Controller Workload: Results from Alaska's Capstone Program

The Capstone program introduced avionics in Alaska that included ADS-B equipment, starting in the year 2000. The program succeeded in equipping 208 aircraft in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta by the end of 2004, resulting in Capstone-equipped aircraft accounting for nearly 100% of Part-135 operations by airplanes based in that region. This paper estimates the impact of the use of Capstone equipment on controller workload. It summarizes the results of a controller survey regarding the effect of Capstone equipment on controller tasks, and provides quantitative results regarding the effect of ADS-B equipment on controller workload. From the survey 57% of controllers indicated that they needed less time providing IFR separation services than without ADS-B, and 79% of the controllers felt that the overall efficiency of their operation had increased with ADS-B. An analysis of flight progress strips showed that the currently deployed Capstone equipment, when operating properly as required by ATC, would provide an 18% reduction in controller communications workload. The analysis also indicated that if all the aircraft in the Y-K Delta were properly equipped, the reduction in communications workload would be 26%.
Effects of array scaling and advanced beamforming algorithms on the angular resolution of microphone array systems

Abstract Several advanced beamforming methods have been developed in the past 20 years that have dramatically improved the angular resolution of microphone array systems. Meanwhile, the Rayleigh criterion has long been considered the standard criterion for angular resolution of such systems. In this investigation four microphone arrays were constructed as scaled models of a fifth microphone array. All of the arrays were subjected to a thorough regimen of testing with both broadband and narrowband sources. Using conventional beamforming, the angular resolution of each scaled array was determined as a function of frequency and compared to the Rayleigh criterion. The analysis was repeated with the advanced TIDY, DAMAS, DAMAS2, and CLEAN-SC beamforming algorithms so that the effects of array scaling and advanced beamforming can be determined as a function of frequency and compared to conventional beamforming.
Thoughts on History, Tuning and the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the United States.

The Tuning Movement and the scholarship of teaching and learning have each had a significant impact on teaching history in higher education in the United States. But the isolation of these initiatives from each other has lessened their potential impact. Interactions between the two might bring together the intellectual exploration of scholarship of teaching and learning and the activist engagement with practical challenges present in the U.S. Tuning Movement. The work of groups, such as the History Learning Project, could facilitate such interactions.
Annotation of seismocardiogram using gyroscopic recordings

This paper introduces a novel setup and algorithm for the automatic annotation of seismocardiographic (SCG) recordings from a MEMS accelerometer. The setup utilizes gyroscopic recordings as a reference for the detection of isovolumic moment (IM) and aortic valve closure (AC) peaks. A method for deriving the rotational kinetic energy waveform is proposed and the coefficients are generated using singular vector decomposition (SVD). Experimental results on 5 subjects at rest indicate an IM detection rate of 96.9% and AC detection rate of 95.6% without envelope filtering. It is suggested that this algorithm is feasible as an ECG-free automatic peak annotation method of SCG recordings from subjects at rest.
Od metody naukowej do naturalizmu metodologicznego. Ewolucja idei

Authors analyze the validity of methodological naturalism as a method of natural science. Methodological naturalism claims that science should invoke only natural causes, omitting references to the supernatural beings, such as God. According to the authors, methodological naturalism is a redundant add on to science which is not supporting the progress of science and even discourages the exploration of other kinds of knowledge. In their view, this method brings to science nothing more than what already was contained in Francis Bacon’s proposition which restricted science to the study and description of what is empirically observable, guarantying at the same time the objectivity of research and freeing science from the influence of metaphysical beliefs. As authors indicate, accepting methodological naturalism in science, assuming that only the empirically observable could be known, not only does not guarantee objectivity of science but also incorrectly enforces metaphysical naturalism claiming that there exist solely empirically knowable nature.
An Efficient Stochastic Decomposition Approach for Large-Scale Subsurface Flow Problems

Subsurface formations are of large scales and are inherently heterogeneous at a multiplicity of scales. Significant spatial heterogeneity and a limited number of measurements lead to uncertainty in characterization of formation properties and thus, to uncertainty in predicting flow in the formations. Such uncertainties add another dimension in probability space to the already large-scale subsurface problems. In this work, we develop an accurate yet efficient approach for solving flow problems in large-scale heterogeneous formations. We do so by obtaining higher- order solutions of the prediction and the associated uncertainty of reservoir flow quantities using the moment-equation approach based on Karhunen-Loeve decomposition (KLME). In the KLME approach, the log permeability (lnK) field is first expanded into a multiscale series in terms of orthogonal standard Gaussian random variables with their coefficients obtained from the eigen-decomposition of the lnK covariance. Next, the pressure and velocity fields are all decomposed with perturbation expansions in which each individual term is further expanded into a polynomial series of orthogonal Gaussian random products. The coefficients associated with these series are deterministic and solved recursively from low to high expansion orders. The pressure and velocity moments (such as the means, covariances, and higher moments) can then be calculated from these coefficients using simple algebraic operations. There are two attractive computational features in this new approach. First, all equations for the deterministic coefficients share exactly the same structure as the original equation, which greatly simplifies its implementation as the existing simulators/solvers can be utilized as well as significantly reduces the computation effort as the coefficient matrix remains unchanged and only the right-hand-side vector needs to be updated across different orders. Second, at each expansion order, the equations are independent of each other, which allows for performing massively parallel computation. The new approach is validated and its efficiency and accuracy is demonstrated with traditional Monte Carlo simulations in large-scale three-dimensional subsurface problems.
Mechanism-based Causal Models for Adaptive Decision Support.

We propose a framework for decision support in a changing world that rests on mechanism-based causal models. A causal model is a self-contained set of simultaneous structural equations representing a decision problem. In our framework, a causal model is instantiated from a mechanism knowledge base, where domain knowledge is stored as mechanisms along with generic non-intervening and intervening actions. A change in the world is modeled as applying an action on the causal model. The framework supports reasoning about the effect of actions to deduce the causal model representing the world brought about by the actions.