cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Membraneless Electrolyzers for Low-Cost Hydrogen Production in a Renewable Energy Future

Summary Although the economics of producing hydrogen from water electrolysis are currently dominated by the cost of electricity, electrolyzer capital costs will become much more important in a renewable energy future when very-low-cost electricity will be available for a small fraction of the day. Due to their potential for simple construction and high current densities, membraneless electrolyzers represent a promising approach to driving down capital costs to the levels required for water electrolysis to compete with steam methane reforming. This article highlights the challenges and opportunities for membraneless electrolyzers to become a disruptive technology in a renewable energy future.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Locally Progressive and Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer after Prior Radiation

Introduction Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is an aggressive malignancy that has consistently demonstrated poor outcomes despite aggressive treatments. Despite multimodal treatment, local disease progression and local recurrence are common. Management of recurrent or progressive pancreatic carcinomas proves a further challenge. In patients previously treated with radiation therapy, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a promising modality capable of delivering high dose to the tumor while limiting dose to critical structures. We aimed to determine the feasibility and tolerability of SBRT for recurrent or locally-progressive pancreatic cancer in patients previously treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Materials and Methods Patients treated with EBRT who developed recurrent or locally-progressive Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) treated with SBRT reirradiation at our institution, from 2004-2014 were reviewed. Our primary endpoints included overall survival (OS), local control, regional control and late grade 3+ radiation toxicity. Endpoints were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method. The association of these survival endpoints with risk factors was studied with univariate Cox proportional hazards models. Results We identified 38 patients with recurrent/progressive pancreatic cancer treated with SBRT following prior radiation therapy. Prior radiation was delivered to a median dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions. SBRT was delivered to a median dose of 24.5 Gy in 1-3 fractions. Surgical resection was performed on 55.3% of all patients. Within a median follow up of 24.4 months (IQR, 14.9-32.7 months), the median overall survival from diagnosis for the entire cohort was 26.6 (95% CI: 20.3-29.8) months with 2-year OS of 53.0%. Median survival from SBRT was 9.7 months (95% CI, 5.5-13.8). The 2-year freedom from local progression and regional progression was 58% and 82%, respectively. For the entire cohort, 18.4% and 10.5% experienced late grade 2+ and grade 3+ toxicity, respectively. Conclusion This single institution retrospective review identified SBRT reirradiation to be a feasible and tolerable treatment strategy for patients with previously-irradiated locally progressive or recurrent pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Coal Technology for Power, Liquid Fuels, and Chemicals

The United States contains about 23% of the world’s coal reserves, with Russia, China, Australia, and India each having more than 5% of the reserves. Coal represents over 90% of US proven reserves of fossil fuels. Recoverable reserves of US coal are estimated to be 227 Gt (billion tons; all numbers quoted are in metric tons). Bituminous coals (with a heating value of 23.26–34.89 MJ/kg) comprise nearly one-half of total US coal reserves. Eastern US coals are generally bituminous. Western and southwestern US coals are mainly subbituminous (with a heating value of 20.93–27.91 MJ/kg) and lignite (with a heating value of 18.61–23.26 MJ/kg). Coal is a major source of energy for electric power production and process heat and can serve as a source of synthetic fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry.
Retrovirus Vectors for Gene Transfer: Efficient Integration into and Expression of Exogenous DNA in Vertebrate Cell Genomes

Retroviruses are animal viruses with an RNA genome that replicate through a DNA intermediate. The DNA intermediate, the provirus, is stably integrated into cellular DNA. (Alternatively, retroviruses can be considered the RNA form of cellular movable genetic elements that transpose through an extracellular RNA intermediate.) Because of this efficient integration and other properties to be discussed, retroviruses are considered the most likely vectors for use in human gene therapy (Wyngaarden, 1985).
Software product lines: a pedagogical application

This paper provides an overview of Software Product Lines and discusses issues involved in using Software Product Lines in courses. An SPL designs and produces common assets for a group of related products as a family; rather then building the products one at a time. SPL has been successful in delivering 80% to 100% reuse. SPL is moving out of an early adaptor phase and into mainstream reuse, which should increase industry demand for developers familiar with SPL. Understanding SPL is best done with a complete example. We discuss a complete set of publicly available SPL related assets that we developed, and discuss their use in the classroom.
Setting Up in the OR

Of course, it is expected that you will perform a proper scrubbing of your hands and arms. Depending on your ASC’s protocols there will be water and brush scrubs or perhaps alcohol-based scrubs. For the first scrub of the day, we suggest a full water/soap-based scrubbing of hands and arms with under-nail cleaning usually supplied to the ASC in self-contained scrub systems with sponge, liquid soap/antiseptic. Subsequent scrubs using waterless alcohol-based systems have become popular and seem to be adequate for asepsis. Follow the manufacturer’s directions.
Expand the differential…think beyond rheumatoid arthritis.

A 31-year-old male patient with severe, migratory arthralgias presented to our academic medical centre after being erroneously diagnosed and treated for rheumatoid arthritis for over 1 year. Multiple immunomodulatory therapies for rheumatoid arthritis were attempted with no relief of symptoms. Eventually, the pain was so bothersome that the patient became bedridden for 1 month prior to presenting to our facility. Our assessment revealed that the patient met the diagnostic criteria, known as the Yamaguchi criteria, needed to diagnose adult-onset Still’s disease. Yamaguchi criteria include migratory inflammatory arthritis, quotidian fevers, leucocytosis and a salmon-coloured maculopapular rash. These signs and symptoms may go unnoticed or overlooked if adult-onset Still’s disease is not considered. The patient was treated with anakinra (a recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist) and had rapid improvement in his symptoms, with the restoration of mobility.
Does the melatonin receptor 1B gene polymorphism have a role in postoperative delirium

Introduction Patients undergoing cardiac surgery are at high risk for postoperative delirium, which is associated with longer hospital and intensive care lengths of stays, increased morbidity and mortality. Because sleep disturbances are common in delirium, melatonin has been an area of interest in the treatment of delirium. The rs10830963 single nucleotide polymorphism of the melatonin receptor 1B gene can cause pathological dysfunction of this receptor and is associated with delayed morning offset of melatonin. We hypothesized patients undergoing aortic cardiac surgery who have the risk genotype of a melatonin receptor 1B polymorphism would have a higher incidence of postoperative delirium. Methods Ninety-eight patients undergoing aortic root or valve surgery underwent analysis for melatonin receptor 1B single nucleotide polymorphism, rs10830963. Using a validated method, CHART-DEL, all charts were retrospectively reviewed and scored for the presence of delirium while blinded to the results of the melatonin receptor 1B gene polymorphism. Results Genotyping for melatonin receptor 1B polymorphism was acceptable in 76 subjects of European descent of which 18 (23.7%) had delirium. Four of seven subjects with the risk genotype had delirium versus only 20.3% of subjects without the risk genotype. This carried an odds ratio of 5.2 (1.0, 26.1), p = 0.050. Conclusion This observation suggests a role of the risk genotype of a melatonin receptor 1B polymorphism in the development of postoperative delirium. These hypotheses generating results warrant further prospective studies in a larger cohort group with delirium, circadian rhythm and melatonin assessments.
Bad characters or just more polarization? The rise of extremely negative feelings for presidential candidates

Abstract What explains the recent rise in extremely negative feelings towards presidential candidates? Using the American National Election Studies survey data from 1984 to 2016, we show that negative feelings towards presidential candidates have grown steadily in recent elections, with unusually large numbers of zero ratings on candidate thermometers in 2004, 2012, and, especially, 2016. Such evaluations are primarily reserved for candidates of the other party and shown to be strongly related to partisan polarization. Importantly, however, candidate traits have long played and continue to play major roles in candidate evaluations, though their effects vary by year. Indeed, the unprecedented number of the most negative scores in 2016 appears due more to increases in negative perceptions of candidate leadership, competence and empathy than to polarization. Clinton and Trump are just as much to blame for the public's animosity as the rising tide of polarization.
The Suspicious Factors in Electronic Word-of-Mouth Communication

Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) has become influential on the Internet. As more incidents of using fake eWOM have been exposed, Internet users have developed various levels of suspicion toward eWOM communications. This exploratory study investigated Internet users’ perceptions under the scope of suspicion and distrust. We were interested in how eWOM skepticism influences Internet users’ selection of factors that indicate fake reviews. The findings reveal that Internet users with higher levels of eWOM skepticism are more likely to perceive more factors as indicators of fake reviews and tend to choose the conditions that are not very intuitive.
Trends in participation in teen pregnancy and STI prevention programming, 2002–2016

Abstract Programs designed to help youth prevent early/unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection (STI) have been shown to yield a positive impact on youth behavior and key outcomes. However, recent evidence suggests that youth participation in prevention programming for health-risk behavior may be declining. The aim of the present study is to provide up-to-date information on the national trends in adolescent participation in prevention programming targeting early pregnancy and STI in the United States. We examined fifteen years of cross-sectional data (2002–2016, N = 234,803) from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Our main outcome was youth self-reported (no/yes) past-year participation in a pregnancy or STI prevention program. Survey adjusted prevalence estimates and logistic regression analysis were used to examine trends in participation. Youth participation in pregnancy and STI prevention programming decreased significantly from a high of 15% in 2003 to a low of 7% in 2016. Representing a 53% proportional decline in youth participation, this downward trend was significant even when controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, household income, and urbanicity (AOR: 0.947, 95% CI: 0.943–0.951). The downward trend in participation was observed across racial/ethnic subgroups. A consistent pattern of differences in prevalence was observed with African-American youth reporting the highest levels of participation followed by Hispanic, and then White youth. It is incumbent upon concerned citizens, scientists, and policymakers to push for change that can shift the trend line in adolescent participation in teen pregnancy and STI prevention programming to an upward tilt.
Emission Mechanisms in X-Ray Sources

A large body of spectral information on X-ray sources has now become available, but the interpretation remains ambiguous. If temperature variations and finite optical depth effects are taken into account, almost any spectrum can be fitted to a model of thermal bremsstrahlung. If a suitable energy spectrum is adopted for the relativistic electrons, a wide variety of synchrotron spectra becomes possible. Although one or the other interpretation may seem artificial in some cases, it nevertheless should be pointed out that a strictly isothermal source would be a miracle and that power-law type energy spectra of the relativistic particles can apply over only a limited range of energies. More satisfactory progress can be made when the spectral data are augmented with structural information, when emission lines can be studied and polarization can be measured. Not only do the intensities of emission lines give much more detailed information on the temperature and density in a hot gas than can be derived from the continuum, but at sufficient resolution velocity fields can also be studied. Useful structural information probably can be obtained only if spatial resolution of 1 arc-min or better is achieved. But one has only to look at the situation in radio astronomy to see how essential this information is for the building of quantitative models.
REFOCUS: THE FILMS OF WILLIAM CASTLE Ed. Murray Leeder. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2018. 280 pp. $110 hardback.

In fall 2018, the horror film The Nun was promoted with the line “The Bigger the Screen, the Bigger the Screams.” Horror films, like comedies, are often marketed with a promise that they are best e...
Improved protein expression in HEK293 cells by over-expressing miR-22 and knocking-out its target gene, HIPK1

Stable cell lines can continuously produce a recombinant protein without the need to repeatedly engineer the genome. In a previous study HIPK1, Homeodomain-interacting Protein Kinase 1, was found to be a target of the microRNA miR-22 that, when repressed, improved expression of both an intracellular and a secreted protein. In this report, HEK293 cells stably over-expressing miR-22 were compared with HEK293 with knockout of HIPK1, executed by CRISPR/Cas9, for their ability to improve recombinant protein expression. In this model case of luciferase, over-expression of miR-22 improved overall activity 2.4-fold while the HIPK1 knockout improved overall activity 4.7-fold.
Comment on “Central Bank announcements: Big news for little people?” by Michael Lamla and Dmitri Vinogradov

Abstract Lamla and Vinogradov study the causal effect of central bank announcements on consumers' expectations and perceptions by conducting a new series of surveys. I discuss the key empirical results of the paper, supplement their results with evidence of news coverage patternssurrounding Federal Open Market Committee meetings, and provide suggestions for future research using the authors' novel dataset.
Association of Frailty With 30-Day Outcomes for Acute Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, and Pneumonia Among Elderly Adults.

Importance The addition of a claims-based frailty metric to traditional comorbidity-based risk-adjustment models for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure (HF), and pneumonia improves the prediction of 30-day mortality and readmission. This may have important implications for hospitals that tend to care for frail populations and participate in Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services value-based payment programs, which use these risk-adjusted metrics to determine reimbursement. Objective To determine whether the addition of frailty measures to traditional comorbidity-based risk-adjustment models improved prediction of outcomes for patients with AMI, HF, and pneumonia. Design, Setting, and Participants A nationwide cohort study included Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries 65 years and older in the United States between January 1 and December 1, 2016. Analysis began August 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Rates of mortality within 30 days of admission and 30 days of discharge, as well as 30-day readmission rates by frailty group. We evaluated the incremental effect of adding the Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) to current comorbidity-based risk-adjustment models for 30-day outcomes across all conditions. Results For 785 127 participants, there were 166 200 hospitalizations [21.2%] for AMI, 348 619 [44.4%] for HF, and 270 308 [34.4%] for pneumonia. The mean (SD) age at the time of hospitalization was 79.2 (8.9) years; 656 315 (83.6%) were white and 402 639 (51.3%) were women. The mean (SD) HFRS was 7.3 (7.4) for patients with AMI, 10.8 (8.3) for patients with HF, and 8.2 (5.7) for patients with pneumonia. Among patients hospitalized for AMI, an HFRS more than 15 (compared with an HFRS Conclusions and Relevance Among Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries, frailty as measured by the HFRS was associated with mortality and readmissions among patients hospitalized for AMI, HF, or pneumonia. The addition of HFRS to traditional comorbidity-based risk-prediction models improved the prediction of outcomes for all 3 conditions.
Derivation Rules and Completeness

Quantification theory can be formulated in various ways and the proofs of metatheorems can be given in different ways. In order to see the essential features and to understand the reasons for alternative approaches we will consider several.
The Genetics of Autism

This chapter is written to make the fast-paced, expanding field of the genetics of autism accessible to those practitioners who help children with autism. New genetic knowledge and technology have quickly developed over the past 30 years, particularly within the past decade, and have made many optimistic about our ability to explain autism. Among these advances include the sequencing of the human genome (Lander et al., 2001) and the identification of common genetic variants via the HapMap project (International HapMap Consortium, 2005), and the development of cost-efficient genotyping and analysis technologies (Losh, Sullivan, Trembath, & Piven, 2008). Improvement in technology has led to improved visualization of chromosomal abnormality down to the molecular level. The four most common syndromes associated with autism include fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, 15q duplications, and untreated phenylketonuria (PKU; Costa e Silva, 2008). FXS and 15q duplications are discussed within the context of cytogenetics. TSC is illustrated within the description of linkage analysis.
CHAPTER NINE – TOWARDS SPECIALIZATION

A goal of our theory is to understand how “higher” levels of perception might emerge from “lower” ones, i.e., to understand “perceptual hierarchy.” In this chapter we discuss this notion and describe a possible model of it called framework specialization. We illustrate framework specialization with two examples: the incremental rigidity scheme of Ullman (1983) and “specialized chain bundles.” Our presentation is neither complete nor rigorous, but is an extended speculation guided by work in progress.
Ocular symptoms associated with digital device use in contact lens and non-contact lens groups.

Abstract Purpose Previous reports indicate that “eye fatigue” occurs in roughly 60 % of the adult population using digital devices and may negatively impact quality of life. However, the construct of eye fatigue remains poorly understood. The goal of this study was to quantify the relationship among symptoms most frequently associated with eye fatigue in those using digital devices. Methods Six hundred and two soft contact lens (SCL) wearers and 127 non-contact lens (non-CL) wearers who reported using digital devices at least 4 hours per day completed a questionnaire assessing the frequency and severity of ten symptoms commonly associated with digital device-related eye fatigue. Subjective ratings were made separately for each symptom using unipolar, five-point Likert scales. Results From the initial pool of respondents, 89 % of the SCL wearers reported experiencing eye fatigue more than once per month, while over 60 % reported more than once per week. Notably, eye fatigue frequency did not differ between the soft contact and non-contact lens groups. Although eye strain/pain, dryness, and tired eyes were the most frequently endorsed symptoms by both groups, only dryness and eye irritation were significant factors that discriminated the SCL from the non-CL wearers on the basis of frequency and severity. Principal component analysis indicated that eye strain/pain, soreness, tired eyes, and headaches may comprise a “primary sensations” factor, whereas burning, eye irritation, tearing and dryness comprise a “secondary or surface sensations” factor, and blurred/double vision and words move/float comprise a “visual sensations” factor. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of frequency and severity ratings for SCL wearers yielded excellent fits (RMSEA = 0.046 and 0.050, respectively) with construct reliabilities ranging from 0.729 to 0.824. Conclusion Frequent and severe eye fatigue is highly prevalent among both soft contact lens and non-contact lens wearers. Those utilizing SCL do not experience symptoms at higher frequency or severity. Key descriptors of digital eye fatigue have been identified and may then be used to help identify and evaluate specific causative, palliative, or ameliorating factors.
Application of Connected and Automated Vehicles in a Large-Scale Network by Considering Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Technology:

Application of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) is expected to have a significant impact on traffic safety and mobility. Although several studies evaluated the effectiveness of CAVs in a sma...
A Comparative Analysis of Blind and Sighted Children's Communication Skills.

This study compared the development of communication skills in blind and sighted children. The specific skills investigated were the abilities to detect the communication-relevant characteristics o...
The Potential Impact of the U.S. Carbon Capture and Storage Tax Credit Expansion on the Economic Feasibility of Industrial Carbon Capture and Storage

Abstract In early 2018, the U.S. Congress expanded the 45Q tax credit program for the capture, storage, and utilization of CO2. The 45Q tax credit expansion creates a financial incentive of $50 for each tonne of CO2 placed in long-term storage, a significant increase from the $20 per tonne that was originally authorized in the Energy Policy Act of 2008. Here, we estimate the net present value of industrial carbon capture and storage with the $50 per tonne credit and find that in some industrial systems, the costs of capturing, transporting, and storing one tonne of CO2 is less than $50. For systems in which the $50 tax credit is not cost effective, economies of scale associated with small emissions quantities are limiting, and a simple gaseous transportation solution which saves on CO2 compression costs improves economics in some cases. However, the $50 tax credit is unlikely to be sufficient to stimulate changes in the management of most industrial CO2 emissions.
High income men have high value as long-term mates in the U.S.: personal income and the probability of marriage, divorce, and childbearing in the U.S.

Abstract Using data from the first Census data set that includes complete measures of male biological fertility for a large-scale probability sample of the U.S. population (the 2014 wave of the Study of Income and Program Participation-N = 55,281), this study shows that high income men are more likely to marry, are less likely to divorce, if divorced are more likely to remarry, and are less likely to be childless than low income men. Men who remarry marry relatively younger women than other men, on average, although this does not vary by personal income. For men who divorce who have children, high income is not associated with an increased probability of having children with new partners. Income is not associated with the probability of marriage for women and is positively associated with the probability of divorce. High income women are less likely to remarry after divorce and more likely to be childless than low income women. For women who divorce who have children, high income is associated with a lower chance of having children with new partners, although the relationship is curvilinear. These results are behavioral evidence that women are more likely than men to prioritize earning capabilities in a long-term mate and suggest that high income men have high value as long-term mates in the U.S.
Dissecting the fatigue experience: A scoping review of fatigue definitions, dimensions, and measures in non-oncologic medical conditions.

Abstract Introduction Fatigue is a prevalent and potentially debilitating symptom that impacts the health-related quality-of-life of individuals diagnosed with acute and chronic medical conditions. Yet, its etiologic mechanism is not fully understood. Additionally, the assessment and determination of the clinical meaning of fatigue and its multidimensionality may vary by medical condition. Methods A scoping literature review was conducted to investigate how fatigue is defined and measured, including its dimensions, in non-oncologic medical conditions. The PubMed database was searched using keywords. Results Overall, 8376 articles were screened at the title/abstract levels, where 293 articles were chosen for full-text review that mentioned fatigue or included fatigue measures. The review of the full text excluded 246 articles that did not assess at least one fatigue dimension using validated questionnaires and clinical tests. The final set included 47 articles. Physical fatigue was the most assessed fatigue dimension and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory was the most widely used questionnaire to assess fatigue in this review. Limitations This review was limited by including only English-language publications and using PubMed as the sole database for the search. Conclusions This review affirms that fatigue is a multidimensional construct, agnostic of medical condition, and that individual fatigue dimensions can be measured by validated clinical measures. Future research should focus on expanding the repertoire of clinical measures to assess specific fatigue dimensions.
Development of an Enzyme-Inhibitor Reaction Using Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Protein II for One-Pot Megamolecule Assembly

This paper presents an enzyme building block for the assembly of megamolecules. The system is based on the inhibition of the human-derived cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABP2) domain. We synthesized a synthetic retinoid bearing an arylfluorosulfate group, which uses sulfur fluoride exchange click chemistry to covalently inhibit CRABP2. We conjugated both the inhibitor and a fluorescein tag to an oligo(ethylene glycol) backbone and measured a second-order rate constant for the protein inhibition reaction of approximately 3,600 M -1 s -1 . We used this new enzyme-inhibitor pair to assemble multi-protein structures in one-pot reactions using three orthogonal assembly chemistries to demonstrate exact control over the placement of protein domains within a single, homogeneous molecule. This work enables a new dimension of control over specificity, orientation, and stoichiometry of protein domains within atomically precise nanostructures.
9 – Fundamentals of Power System Protection

This chapter defines the power system faults, the role of protective relaying, and the basic concepts of relaying. Power systems are built to allow continuous generation, transmission, and consumption of energy. Most of the power system operation is based on a three-phase system that operates in a balanced mode, often described with a set of symmetrical phasors of currents and voltages being equal in magnitude and having the phase shifts between phases equal to 120. The faults may be defined as events that have contributed to a violation of the design limits for the power system components regarding insulation, galvanic isolation, voltage and current level, power rating, and other such requirements. The faults occur randomly and are associated with any component of the power system. As a result, the power component experiences an exceptional stress, and unless disconnected or de-energized, the component is damaged beyond repair. In general, the longer the duration of a fault, the larger is the damage. This chapter further describes elements of a relaying system and defines the basic concept of a relaying scheme. In addition, the basic principles of protective relaying operation are discussed. More detailed discussions of each of the relaying solutions using the mentioned principles aimed at protecting different power system components are outlined.
Assessment and Legal Education: What Is Assessment, and What the *# Does It Have to Do with the Challenges FacingLegal Education?

Legal education is changing. In response to critiques that law schools do not adequately prepare students for the practice of law, law schools are reconsidering the entire law school curriculum. Law schools are seeking the answers to questions, such as: What should we teach law students? Which teaching methods best ensure student learning of the substantive law, doctrines, skills, and values that are necessary to the successful practice of law? These are not new questions, but now law schools must find answers during a time of crisis. In this Article, Professor Ruth Jones discusses how assessment, the systematic collection, review, and use of information about educational programs undertaken for the purpose of improving student learning and development, can be employed to assist law schools in developing programs and courses to respond to changes within the profession. During this Article, Professor Jones describes the history of assessment, why it is being adopted by educational accreditation groups, and how law schools can employ assessment not only in response to accreditation demands but to better analyze student learning, courses, and programs.
HENRY JACOB (1563-1624)

Known for his formation of seventeenth-century congregation-alism, this article argues that within Henry Jacob’s articulation of church government, the office of the pastor functions as a keystone of the congregation in the New Testament church. This survey is the product of both synthesis and analysis of the works of Henry Jacob. For the former, a simplified and systematic formulation of Jacob’s pastoral theology is seen in seven broad areas. For the latter, an effort is made to reflect on each area’s contribution to the thesis of the pastor as congregational keystone.
Connectivity‐based whole brain dual parcellation by group ICA reveals tract structures and decreased connectivity in schizophrenia

Mapping brain connectivity based on neuroimaging data is a promising new tool for understanding brain structure and function. In this methods paper, we demonstrate that group independent component analysis (GICA) can be used to perform a dual parcellation of the brain based on its connectivity matrix (cmICA). This dual parcellation consists of a set of spatially independent source maps, and a corresponding set of paired dual maps that define the connectivity of each source map to the brain. These dual maps are called the connectivity profiles of the source maps. Traditional analysis of connectivity matrices has been used previously for brain parcellation, but the present method provides additional information on the connectivity of these segmented regions. In this paper, the whole brain structural connectivity matrices were calculated on a 5 mm(3) voxel scale from diffusion imaging data based on the probabilistic tractography method. The effect of the choice of the number of components (30 and 100) and their stability were examined. This method generated a set of spatially independent components that are consistent with the canonical brain tracts provided by previous anatomic descriptions, with the high order model yielding finer segmentations. The corpus-callosum example shows how this method leads to a robust parcellation of a brain structure based on its connectivity properties. We applied cmICA to study structural connectivity differences between a group of schizophrenia subjects and healthy controls. The connectivity profiles at both model orders showed similar regions with reduced connectivity in schizophrenia patients. These regions included forceps major, right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, thalamic radiation, and corticospinal tract. This paper provides a novel unsupervised data-driven framework that summarizes the information in a large global connectivity matrix and tests for brain connectivity differences. It has the potential for capturing important brain changes related to disease in connectivity-based disorders.
Co-transcriptional DNA and RNA Cleavage during Type III CRISPR-Cas Immunity

Immune systems must recognize and destroy different pathogens that threaten the host. CRISPR-Cas immune systems protect prokaryotes from viral and plasmid infection utilizing small CRISPR RNAs that are complementary to the invader’s genome and specify the targets of RNA-guided Cas nucleases. Type III CRISPR-Cas immunity requires target transcription, and whereas genetic studies demonstrated DNA targeting, in vitro data have shown crRNA-guided RNA cleavage. The molecular mechanism behind these disparate activities is not known. Here, we show that transcription across the targets of the Staphylococcus epidermidis type III-A CRISPR-Cas system results in the cleavage of the target DNA and its transcripts, mediated by independent active sites within the Cas10-Csm ribonucleoprotein effector complex. Immunity against plasmids and DNA viruses requires DNA, but not RNA, cleavage activity. Our studies reveal a highly versatile mechanism of CRISPR immunity that can defend microorganisms against diverse DNA and RNA invaders.
Teaching programming paradigms using a laboratory approach

With the development of new architectures and increasing abstraction came the realizations that a course in programming languages need not be based on any particular model of computation or paradigm but must provide a solid foundation in most commonly used programming paradigms. In this paper we discuss an effective way to introduce procedural, object oriented, logic and functional programming paradigms using the closed (supervised) laboratory approach.
Twenty-six patients with hematologic disorders and X chromosome abnormalities: Frequent idic(X)(q13) chromosomes and Xq13 anomalies associated with pathologic ringed sideroblasts

Abstract In our experience, acquired structurally abnormal X chromosomes are found in about 1% of patients with hematologic disorders who have a chromosomally abnormal clone. Over a 10-year period, we identified 26 patients with hematologic disorders who had an acquired X chromosome abnormality. In 13 of these patients, the breakpoints were at Xq13, and in 13 the breakpoints were other than Xq13. Seven of the patients with Xq13 breakpoints had idic(X)(q13) chromosomes. The 13 patients with Xq13 breakpoints were all older females, and 12 had pathologic ringed sideroblasts with dysmyelopoietic syndromes or a history of these syndromes. Among the 13 patients with breakpoints other than Xq13, seven were male and six were female; only one of these patients had pathologic ringed sideroblasts, and all of these patients had a variety of hematologic disorders. Xq13 may contain genes that, when altered by the formation of chromosome abnormalities, may be associated with neoplastic disorders involving pathologic ringed sideroblasts.
Dynamic models for software reliability assessment

A class of models for describing the behavior of software failures is presented. The models fit into the framework of dynamic general linear models. The motivation for the models and inferences made using linear Bayesian methods are discussed. Finally, the models are applied to some actual software failure data. >
Developmental Timing of Trauma Exposure Relative to Puberty and the Nature of Psychopathology Among Adolescent Girls

Objective Increased neuroplasticity and neural development during puberty provide a context for which stress and trauma can have dramatic and long-lasting effects on psychological systems; therefore, this study was designed to determine whether exposure to potentially traumatic events during puberty uniquely predicts adolescent girls' psychopathology. Because neural substrates associated with different forms of psychopathology seemingly develop at different rates, the possibility that the developmental timing of trauma relative to puberty predicts the nature of psychopathology (posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], depressive, and anxiety disorders) was examined. Method A subset of 2,899 adolescent girls from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement who completed the study 2+ years postmenarche was selected. Past-year psychiatric disorders and reports of age of trauma exposure were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Developmental stages were defined as the 2 years after the year of menarche ("postpuberty"), 3 years before and year of menarche ("puberty"), 2 to 6 years before the puberty period ("grade school"), and 4 to 5 years after birth ("infancy–preschool"). Results Compared to other developmental periods, trauma during puberty conferred significantly more risk (50.47% of model R 2 ) for girls' past-year anxiety disorder diagnoses (primarily social phobia), whereas trauma during the grade school period conferred significantly more risk (47.24% of model R 2 ) for past-year depressive disorder diagnoses. Recency of trauma best predicted past-year PTSD diagnoses. Conclusion Supporting rodent models, puberty may be a sensitive period for the impact of trauma on girls' development of an anxiety disorder. Trauma prepuberty or postpuberty distinctly predicts depression or PTSD, suggesting differential etiological processes.
Use of Japanese-beetle traps to monitor flight of the Pacific coast wireworm, Limonius canus (Coleoptera: Elateridae), and effects of trap height and color

Japanese-beetle traps were used to monitor flight of the Pacific coast wireworm, Limonius canus LeConte, in an agricultural field in northern Oregon. Overwintered beetles first appeared in traps in mid-March 2000 and 2001, and were collected until mid- to late-May both years. Most (93%) of the females collected at the beginning of the flight period had been in seminated, which may indicate that mating takes place very soon after beetles emerge from the soil. Sex ratios favored males at the beginning of the flight period and favored females at the end of the flight period. Lower temperatures in April 2001 compared to those in 2000 may have caused a delay in timing of the peak catch (relative to timing in 2000) by almost 3 weeks. A count of over eight beetles per trap per 7-day sampling interval was obtained during the week of peak catch in April 2000. Traps were hung at three heights: 1.5, 0.9, and 0.3 m above ground. Catch decreased with increasing trap height. Traps that had been painted yellow collected more beetles than traps painted white, which in turn collected more beetles than traps painted red, green, dark blue, or black. Two other elaterids, Ctenicera pruinina (Horn) and Cardiophorus montanus Bland, were also trapped during the study. Key words: Limonius canus; click beetles; monitoring; flight; trap
Site-specific mutagenesis using asymmetric polymerase chain reaction and a single mutant primer

Abstract A method is described for preparing site-specific mutants using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based protocol. The protocol requires a single mutant primer, and has been used to introduce mutations into DNA fragments ranging in size from 200 bp to 1569 bp in length in the GM-CSF, beta-actin, human growth hormone and erythropoietin genes. Sequence analysis of PCR derived mutant fragments shows an error rate of less than one bp change per 1500 bp incorporated. Single base pair mutations have been introduced into these genes which create unique restriction sites. We demonstrate that these mutant templates may be used for competitive PCR to quantitate mRNA and DNA. This method thus offers a rapid means for producing competitive templates for use in quantitative PCR.
Fluorescent scattering by anisotropic molecules embedded in small particles

Calculations using the randomly oriented with uncorrelated emission model are made for the Rayleigh ratios of several polymers. (AIP)
How to apply the categorical imperative

"Act only on that maxim that yo u can at the same time will as a universal taw. ''~ Many have thought that this formulation of the categorical imperative could not be successfully applied to particular moral situations to determine what kinds of actions are right and wrong. Others have thought that it could be, and have defended Kant against his critics. Much has been written about Kant's famous four examples in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Grundlegung), both to criticize and to defend Kant's sample application arguments. In fact, the application of the categorical imperative is by now a well worn topic. The aim of the present paper is to give a new positive interpretation of how the categorical imperative is to be applied. There have been critiques of Kant's applications and defenses of Kant against such criticism, but it is surprisingly seldom that a positive interpretation of how the categorical imperative is to be applied has been offered. 2 The present interpretation is presented by giving an account of the second of Kant's four examples in the Grundlegung 3 the argument against making a lying promise. In certain ways this application -a derivation of a perfect duty to others may serve as a model for other applications, though there are also important ways in which imperfect duties and duties to oneself are different from such a duty. Also, the kind of application set forth here is based on the doctrine of the Grundlegung, with some supplementation from Kant's later ethical works; but it does not take into account, for example, the detailed and quite different account of the application of the categorical imperative in the Metaphysics of Morals. In the context of that work the making of a lying promise would either be a violation of a contractual or property-right related obligation, 4 and hence fall under the philosophy of right (Recht), or else, as a lie be a
Cytokines in children with otitis media with effusion.

We assayed 38 middle ear effusions from 23 children aged 4-13 years (mean 7) undergoing tympanostomy tube placements. All fluid was assayed for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, interleukin (IL) 1beta, IL-8, and IL-10. Cytokine concentrations were measured by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Detectable levels of IL-1beta, IL-8, and IL-10 were found in all of the effusions. TNF-alpha was detected in 18 of the middle ear effusions (47.4%). The mean concentration of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta , IL-8, and IL-10 was, respectively, 0.423 +/- 1.39, 30.58 +/- 68.7, 7001.9 +/- 6743, and 56 +/- 58.7 pg/ml. There was a strong, statistically significant correlation between the concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta (r = 0.87, P = 0.001) and between IL-1beta and IL-8 (r = 0.53, P = 0.001). There was no correlation between the concentrations of IL-10 and other cytokines examined or between tympanic membrane pathology and the concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta , IL-8, or IL-10. The presence of IL-10 in middle ear effusions may be one of the causes of a lack of clinical features of acute inflammation and may lead to a chronic inflammatory state.
Investigation of Loss Generation in an Embedded Transonic Fan Stage at Several Gaps Using High-Fidelity, Time-Accurate Computational Fluid Dynamics

The blade-row interaction (BRI) rig at the Air Force Research Laboratory, Compressor Aero Research Laboratory, has been simulated at three axial gaps between the highly loaded upstream stator row and the downstream transonic rotor using TURBO. Previous work with the stage matching investigation (SMI) demonstrated a strong dependence of mass flow rate, efficiency, and pressure ratio on the axial spacing between an upstream wake generator and the downstream rotor through the variation of the axial gap. Several loss producing mechanisms were discovered and related to the spacings, referred to as close, mid, and far. In the SMI work, far spacing had the best performance. The BRI experiments were a continuation of the SMI work with the wake generator replaced with a swirler row to turn the flow and a deswirler row to create a wake by diffusion. Results of the BRI experiments showed a performance degradation between mid- and far spacings, which was not observed in SMI. This trend is seen in the numerical work as well, and the time-averaged data show that the majority of this performance change occurred in the rotor. An unsteady separation bubble periodically forms and collapses as shocks reflect through the stator passage, creating additional aerodynamic blockage. The shed vortices induced by the unsteady loading and unloading of the stator trailing edge are chopped, with a frequency related to the spacing, by the rotor leading edge and ingested by the rotor. Once ingested the vortices interact in varying degrees with the rotor boundary layer. A treatment of the loss production in the BRI rig is given based on the time-accurate and time-averaged, high-fidelity TURBO results.
An exergy-based framework for evaluating environmental impact

The analysis framework introduced in this paper utilizes the recognition that exergy is a form of environmental free energy to provide a fundamental basis for valuing environmental interactions independent from their secondary impacts (e.g., global warming, photochemical smog). In order to extend exergy to analyze environmental interactions, modifications are required to the traditional representation of the environment and definition of the dead state used in technical exergy analysis. These are accomplished through a combination of logical extensions and use of non-equilibrium thermodynamic principles. The framework is comprised of two separate components: (1) environmental exergy analysis and (2) anthropocentric sensitivity analysis. Environmental exergy analysis is based on fundamental thermodynamic principles and analysis techniques. It extends the principles of technical exergy analysis to the environment in order to quantify the locations, magnitudes, and types of environmental impact—state change, alteration of natural transfers, and destruction change. Anthropocentric sensitivity analysis is based on the concepts of anthropocentric value and anthropocentric sensitivity. It enables the results of environmental exergy analysis to be interpreted for decision making, but at the expense of introducing some subjectivity into the framework. A key attribute of the framework is its ability to evaluate and compare the environmental performance of energy systems on a level playing field, regardless of the specifics of the systems—resources, by-products, sizes, time scales.
Time Subtraction Digital Fluoroscopy with a Dual Memory System

This paper describes an x-ray fluoroscopic system for imaging arterial structures following intravenous injection of contrast medium. This system digitally processes video data from a TV camera that views the output of an x-ray image intensifier. The digital processing includes subtraction and contrast amplification. The unit (1) produces a real-time, continuous subtraction sequence, (2) improves the signal-to-noise ratio by averaging together up to 128 video frames generated at fluoroscopic levels, (3) does not require an interface to eh x-ray generator, and (4) can use either a moving or frozen mask image for subtraction.