cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mesenteric venous thrombosis: A lethal complication of hyperglycemic crises.

Purpose Although hyperglycemic crises can lead to a hypercoagulable state, few instances of associated mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) have been reported. Worsening abdominal pain in the context of shock requiring vasopressor support should prompt urgent further investigation. Summary A 44-year-old Hispanic male arrived at an emergency department with chief complaints of lethargy, polydipsia, and polyuria. His past medical history included type 2 diabetes, epilepsy, obesity, tobacco smoking, and noncompliance with his medications. On arrival the patient had a serum glucose concentration of >1,600 mg/dL, and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS) was diagnosed. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit with respiratory failure and subsequently developed shock refractory to fluid resuscitation, necessitating vasopressor support. On hospital day 4, a computerized tomogram obtained for investigation of increasing abdominal tenderness revealed superior MVT and pneumatosis intestinalis. Despite an emergency laparotomy and enterectomy, the patient ultimately succumbed on hospital day 41 due to recurrent pneumonia complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock. Conclusion Shock that is refractory to aggressive fluid resuscitation, necessitating pressor support, in the setting of HHS or diabetic ketoacidosis should prompt investigation for the underlying source of shock. Other etiologies, including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and obstructive shock, should be considered; however, infection is the leading trigger of hyperglycemic crises. Although rarely reported, MVT should be considered in the diagnostic algorithm in the absence of an identified infectious source. Prompt investigation should include use of diagnostic modalities such as computed tomography to assess for MVT.
The impact of Chicago's small high school initiative

Abstract This project examines the effects of the introduction of new small high schools on student performance in the Chicago Public School (CPS) district. Specifically, we investigate whether students attending small high schools have better graduation/enrollment rates and achievement than similar students who attend regular CPS high schools. We show that students who choose to attend a small school are more disadvantaged on average, including having prior test scores that are about 0.2 standard deviations lower than their elementary school classmates. To address the selection problem, we use an instrumental variables strategy and compare students who live in the same neighborhoods but differ in their residential proximity to a small school. In this approach, one student is more likely to sign up for a small school than another statistically identical student because the small school is located closer to the student’s house and therefore the “cost” of attending the school is lower. The distance-to-small-school variable has strong predictive power to identify who attends a small school. We find that small schools students are substantially more likely to persist in school and eventually graduate. Nonetheless, there is no positive impact on student achievement as measured by test scores.
Contributions of asthma, rhinitis and IgE to exhaled nitric oxide in adolescents

Exhaled nitric oxide fraction (FeNO) is an indicator of allergic airway inflammation. However, it is unknown how asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and allergic sensitisation relate to FeNO, particularly among adolescents and in overlapping conditions. We sought to determine the associations between asthma, AR, and aeroallergen immunoglobulin (Ig)E and FeNO in adolescents. We measured FeNO among 929 adolescents (aged 11–16 years) in Project Viva, an unselected prebirth cohort in Massachusetts, USA. We defined asthma as ever asthma physician diagnosis plus wheezing in the past year or taking asthma medications in the past month, AR as a physician diagnosis of hay fever or AR, and aeroallergen IgE as any IgE >0.35 IU·mL−1 among 592 participants who provided blood samples. We examined associations of asthma, AR and IgE with percent difference in FeNO in linear regression models adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, age and height, maternal education and smoking during pregnancy, and household/neighbourhood demographics. Asthma (14%) was associated with 97% higher FeNO (95% CI 70–128%), AR (21%) with 45% higher FeNO (95% CI 28–65%), and aeroallergen IgE (58%) with 102% higher FeNO (95% CI 80–126%) compared to those without each condition, respectively. In the absence of asthma or AR, aeroallergen IgE was associated with 75% higher FeNO (95% CI 52–101), while asthma and AR were not associated with FeNO in the absence of IgE. The link between asthma and AR with FeNO is limited to those with IgE-mediated phenotypes. FeNO may be elevated in those with allergic sensitisation alone, even in the absence of asthma or AR.
Forging New Urban Policies for the 21st Century

As humanity has entered what has been called both the Anthropocene Age and the Urban Age, we need to be globally conscious of how we may be able to successfully create a sustainable urbanity. While our various national political systems have taken a number of actions to combat global warming and other features of sustainability, these actions have clearly been inadequate to the task, so the present article focuses on what urban areas and their governments, which contain within their borders both the vast majority of our planets population and economic products, can do to bring about environmental sustainability. To achieve this, planners will need to both create models of environmental sustainability, and also create economic, governance, quality of life and urban planning models supportive of both urban and environmental sustainability. This article undertakes to identify the interdependent strategies through which our urban areas can forge themselves into fully sustainable cities. The development of a new shared economy to replace the current primacy of global laissez-faire capitalism, the need to establish democratic urban governance worldwide, to put enhancement of quality of life ahead of GNP growth, and the establishment of urban planning and design guidelines will provide a path towards global sustainability of our common human heritage into our collective, global future.
#Cardioonc: Are We Reaching Across the Digital Aisle?

Author(s): Jackson, Samuel B; Tanoue, Michael; Shahandeh, Negeen; Lopez-Mattei, Juan; Brown, Sherry-Ann; Han, Janet K; Yang, Eric H
Linkage of Ford Production System and QS-9000 quality standard

Competition in the automotive industry has always been rather intense. As companies strive to achieve "lean" operations, the manufacturing strategies have focused on reducing cost, using less resources, improving quality, and most importantly, exceeding customer expectations. In light of planned change such as the Ford Production System strategy, component manufacturers are also faced with an imposed, automotive industry quality standard known as QS9000. There are some common linkages between the two changes but there also may be some differences. A discussion brings to light how companies seeking "lean" manufacturing can deal with "imposed" quality standards.
Constitutive overexpression of Nrf2-dependent HO-1 confers resistance to apoptosis by EGCG in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4891 Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol found in green tea is a widely studied cancer chemopreventive and anticancer agent. The major mechanism of EGCG-mediated anticancer effects appears to be related to induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Studies have shown differential sensitivity to EGCG between tumor cells or tumor cells versus normal cells. EGCG has been shown to modulate multiple but different signal transduction pathways depending on the cell types. These may be due to the differential oxidative status imposed by EGCG or differential expression level of endogenous antioxidant defense enzymes in different cells. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is known to be induced by a variety of stress stimuli and represents a key enzyme for the protection of cells against oxidative tissue injury. However, in cancer cells HO-1 may contribute to growth advantage and cellular resistance against chemotherapy. We found that human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells are markedly resistant to apoptosis induction by EGCG even at high concentrations (∼100 μM; 72 h). The lung cancer cells were found to express high constitutive HO-1 and Nrf2, as compared to other human epithelial cancer cells where EGCG leads to apoptosis. We investigated whether the constitutively elevated-HO-1 expression in A549 cells is associated with the observed exceptional resistance to apoptosis by EGCG. Employing two approaches: selective HO-1 inhibition with tin protoporphyrin (SnPPIX) and siRNA-mediated knockdown of HO-1 gene, we show that HO-1 blocking in A549 cells i) reduces cell proliferation; ii) upregulates p53, p21, and Bax; iii) sensitizes lung cancer cells to apoptosis induction by EGCG as well as by hydrogen peroxide and tert -butylhydroperoxide, suggesting a protective role of HO-1 against ROS-mediated apoptosis. In parallel with HO-1 upregulation, cellular Nrf2 was shown to be located in the nucleus and bound to antioxidant response element sequence, which suggests that the constitutive HO-1 expression is mediated by Nrf2 transcriptional activation. Additionally, we found that the transcriptional activation of Nrf2-targeted HO-1 mRNA and protein expression as well as cellular resistance to EGCG were decreased by inhibition of protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). These effects were more profound by PKCα inhibitor, Ro317549, than by ERK inhibitor, PD98059, suggesting the involvement of an oxidative signaling pathway in the elavation of HO-1 expression. More importantly, we observed that EGCG at higher concentrations (>200 μM) could induce apoptosis and completely blocks HO-1 protein and mRNA by inhibition of PKCα phosphorylation as well as translocation and transactivation of Nrf2. Collectively, our results suggest a possibility that HO-1-, Nrf2- and PKCα-signaling pathways could be targets for lung cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy.
Secretion of Vitamin A and Retinol-Binding Protein into Plasma Is Depressed in Rats by N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (Fenretinide)

In clinical trials the cancer preventive drug N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (HPR) markedly lowers plasma concentrations of retinol and retinol-binding protein (RBP). Five hours after injection of HPR (51 mumol/kg), serum concentrations of retinol and RBP were 33 and 42% lower, respectively, than control values in rats. Because the mean transit time for retinol disappearance from serum of HPR-treated rats (1.9 h) was similar to that for radiolabeled retinol in control rats in previous studies, plasma retinol turnover is apparently not accelerated by HPR treatment. To study the effects of HPR on the secretion of the retinol-RBP complex from liver, control or HPR-treated rats were injected with chylomicrons containing [3H]vitamin A and [14C]triglycerides. Both labels were rapidly cleared from plasma in the two groups. In control rats [3H]retinol concentrations began to increase in plasma after 30 min due to liver secretion of retinol bound to RBP. In HPR-treated rats, secretion was apparently inhibited because the amount of [3H]retinol bound to RBP at 4.66 h was only 2.6% of the control level. We conclude that HPR partially blocks the secretion of the retinol-RBP complex from liver and other tissues, and thus depresses plasma concentrations of vitamin A and RBP.
A Statutory Definition of the Standards for Determining Human Death

In recent years, there has been much discussion of the need to refine and update the criteria for determining that a human being has died.1 In light of medicine’s increasing ability to maintain certain signs of life artificially2 and to make good use of organs from newly dead bodies, new criteria of death have been proposed by medical authorities.3 Several states have enacted or are considering legislation to establish a statutory “definition of death,”4 at the prompting of some members of the medical profession who apparently feel that existing, judicially-framed standards might expose physicians, particularly transplant surgeons, to civil or criminal liability.5 Although the leading statute in this area6 appears to create more problems than it resolves,7 some legislation may be needed for the protection of the public as well as the medical profession, and, in any event, many more states will probably be enacting such statutes in the near future.8
Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Understanding Concepts and Applications

This volume presents the important concepts required for implementing two disciplines of factor analysis - exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with an emphasis on EFA/CFA linkages. Modern extensions of older data analysis methods (e.g., ANOVA, regression, MANOVA, and descriptive discriminant analysis) have brought theory-testing procedures to the analytic forefront. Variations of factor analysis, such as the factoring of people or time, have great potential to inform psychological research. Thompson deftly presents highly technical material in an appealing and accessible manner. The book is unique in that it presents both exploratory and confirmatory methods within the single category of the general linear model (GLM). Canons of best factor analytic practice are presented and explained. An actual data set, generated by 100 graduate students and 100 faculty from the United States and Canada, is used throughout the book, allowing readers to replicate reported results.
Project Appraisal Methodology: A Multidimensional R&D Benefit/Cost Assessment Tool

Project Appraisal Methodology PAM is a multidimensional, easy to use tool for assessing the relative merits of R&D projects. It requires users to estimate three vectors of economic and scoring values: energy benefits, consumer savings and societal factors. The Division of Fossil Fuel Utilization, Department of Energy implemented PAM in support of their annual R&D planning, programming and budget preparation activities for FY 1981. Illustrative results, sensitivity analyses, and model parametrics are presented. Project rank is shown to be most sensitive to life cycle cost, year of initial commercialization, and planning horizon. Model weights, on the other hand, have little effect. Results also seem to indicate that the common formulation of the resource allocation optimization problem is not appropriate in a highly uncertain environment such as energy forecasting. Finally, several potential improvements to the methodology in the present application are discussed.
Tensions Between Materials and Environmental Quality

The tensions between availability of materials and quality of the environment will increase with economic growth and the appreciation of environmental values. These tensions can be relieved to an extent by internalizing the costs of environmental protection so that they are reflected in the price of materials. Economic incentives and disincentives, such as effluent fees, are receiving renewed attention (5, pp. 49-51). In addition, government regulation to protect the environment will, perhaps arbitrarily, affect the availability and use of materials. The report, Man, Materials, and Environment (5, p. 25), concluded that: A national materials policy should be based upon the principle that calculations of benefits and costs associated with the extraction, transport, processing, use, and disposal of materials should take full account of the value of common property resources and of any change in the value of common properties resulting from the impact of materials on the environment; and should support the principle that those responsible for impairment of the environment should bear the costs of damage or repair. These principles should become a commonplace element of property rights, legislation, and administrative practice at all levels of government. The difficulty of measuring benefits and costs should not delay adoption of these principles but suggests the need for continuous observation and experimentation. Environmental protection regulations will result in: (i) increased costs for many materials; (ii) disruptive changes in use of materials, due to environmental characteristics and revised cost effectiveness calculations; (iii) restrictions on the siting of processing and manufacturing installations; (iv) preemption of access and surface rights to some mineral bearing lands, particularly those that are federally controlled; (v) diversion of capital from new production facilities; and (vi) frustrating delays in decisions, such as those affecting leasing and plant siting. In return for these generally undesirable disruptions in the continued development and supply of materials, society will obtain: (i) improved quality of air and water; (ii) long-term protection of the natural ecosystems of which man is a part; (iii) more efficient allocation of natural resources on the basis of more accurate and complete accounting of costs; (iv) improved human health through decreased contamination of the environment with toxic substances; and (v) conservation of materials through a closing of the production, use, and disposal cycle. Ingenuity and a more complete understanding of the parts and interactions of the energy, materials, and environment system can do much to reduce the tensions in these conflicts and bring about equitable trade-offs among societal goals.
Electrophysiological characterization of Grueneberg ganglion olfactory neurons: spontaneous firing, sodium conductance, and hyperpolarization-activated currents.

Mammals rely on their acute olfactory sense for their survival. The most anterior olfactory subsystem in the nose, the Grueneberg ganglion (GG), plays a role in detecting alarm pheromone, cold, and...
Platelet-rich plasma application in sinus graft surgery: Part I--Background and processing techniques.

Abstract The uses of cytokine growth factors in soft tissue applications has been reported on. The scientific background and various processing techniques to prepare the autologous materials are reviewed here. An ongoing research project to study grafting of the maxillary sinus for bone regeneration and implant site preparation with the growth factor Platelet Rich Plasma is outlined.
A new buffer layer for MOCVD growth of GaN on sapphire

High quality GaN films have been grown on sapphire substrates (C face and A face) by atmospheric pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using a new buffer layer. With our reactor configuration and growth parameters, a GaN film grown on a single GaN buffer layer appears opaque with high density of hexagonal pits. Using a single A1N buffer layer results in extremely nonuniform morphology with mirror-like areas near the edge of the substrates and opaque areas in the center. The double buffer layer we report here, with GaN as the first layer and A1N as the second, each with an optimized thickness, leads to mirror-like films across the entire substrate. Scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, x-ray diffraction, and van der Pauw geometry Hall measurement data are presented to establish the quality of our films. The mechanism for this new buffer layer is also discussed.
Nanoscopic Imaging of Biomolecules, Cells and Tissues with STORM

We have developed a new form of super-resolution light microscopy, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), and achieved three-dimensional multi-color fluorescence imaging of cells and tissues with ~20 nm lateral and ~50 nm axial resolutions.
Coupled Rotor/Tower Aeroelastic Analysis of Large Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines

Formulation of the governing nonlinear equations of motion for the coupled rotor/tower dynamics of a large two-bladed horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) is presented. Each blade has elastic flap and lead-lag bending deflections and the supporting tower has bending-bending-torsion deflections. Rotor/tower coupling is accomplished by enforcing dynamic equilibrium between the rotor and the top of the tower. The nonlinear periodic coefficient equations of motion are used to study aeroelastic stability and response of the NASA/DOE 100 kW Mod-O wind turbine. The influence of the flexible tower and nonlinear terms on rotor stability is examined. Isolated rotor blade behavior is compared to the complete coupled rotor/tower system and the basic differences are identified. It is concluded that for high tower stiffness, the aeroelastic response is primarily dependent on isolated rotor forcing, yaw mechanism flexibility, and tower shadow effect. It is also shown that rotor stability can be improved by "tuning" the support system stiffness.
Nanoplasmonic sensing and detection

Measuring minute amounts of chemical and biological objects in the environment and in living organisms is one of the most common and important tasks in chemistry, biology, medicine, environmental monitoring, transportation, homeland security, and defense. Although the existing methods of sensing and detection are numerous and powerful, they are not without shortcomings: insufficient sensitivity; long detection times; necessity for enzymatic, fluorescent, or radioactive labeling; high costs, and so on. Optical spectroscopic methods have the advantage of being fast, noncontact, and relatively inexpensive, but they are not necessarily sensitive enough.
Comment on “Bloch Electrons in a Jahn-Teller Crystal and an Orbital-Density-Wave State due to the Berry Phase”

A Comment on the Letter by Himyasu Koizumi, Takashi Hotta, and Yasutami Takada, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4518 (1998). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Social Networks, Social Circles, and Job Satisfaction.

This paper tests the proposition that social networks serve as a social resource which affects job satisfaction through the provision of social support. Drawing from the literature on job satisfaction and social support, the author argues that three types of networks are likely to affect job satisfaction: dense networks, social circles composed of co-workers, and kin-centered networks. Data from the 1985 General Social Survey, indicates that co-worker social circles and kin-centered networks positively affect job satisfaction and that certain of these network effects vary by contextual factors.
Fuel Effects on Aircraft Combustor Emissions

Results of an analytical program to determine the effects of broad variations in fuel properties on the pollutant emissions generated by several prominent turbojet engine combustion systems, including both tubo-annular and annular configurations, are presented. Measurements of mean drop size conducted at representative engine operating conditions are used to supplement the available experimental data on the effects of combustor design parameters, combustor operating conditions, and fuel type, on pollutant emissions.The results of the study indicate that the fuel’s physical properties that govern atomization quality and evaporation rates have a significant effect on the emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. Analysis of the available experimental data shows that the influence of fuel chemistry on the emissions of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen, is small. Smoke emissions are found to be strongly dependent on combustion pressure, primary-zone fuel/air ratio, and the mode of fuel injection (pressure atomization or airblast). Fuel chemistry, as indicated by hydrogen content, is also important.Equations are presented for the correlation and/or prediction of exhaust emissions in terms of combustor size, combustor geometry, engine operating conditions, fuel spray characteristics, and fuel type.Copyright © 1986 by ASME
The Effect of Leadership Style, Framing, and Promotion Regulatory Focus on Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior

The goal of this paper is to examine the impact of leadership and promotion regulatory focus on employees’ willingness to engage in unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB; Umphress and Bingham, J Appl. Psychol 95:769–780, 2011). Building from a person–situation interactionist perspective, we investigate the interaction of leadership style and how leaders frame messages, as well as test a three-way interaction with promotion focus. Using an experimental design, we found that inspirational and charismatic transformational leaders elicited higher levels of UPB than transactional leaders when the leaders used loss framing, but not gain framing. Furthermore, followers’ promotion regulatory focus moderated this relationship such that the effect held for followers with low promotion focus, but not for individuals with high promotion focus. Our findings extend the understanding of UPB, offer theoretical mechanisms to explain when this behavior occurs, and contribute to leadership theory and research on ethical decision making.
Dynamic mulitmode analysis of non-linear piezoelectric microcantilever probe in bistable region of tapping mode atomic force microscopy

Abstract Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) uses a scanning process performed by a microcantilever probe to create a three dimensional image of a nano-scale physical surface. The dynamics of the AFM microcantilever motion and tip–sample force is needed to generate accurate images. In this paper, the non-linear dynamics of a piezoelectric microcantilever probe in tapping AFM will be investigated. The equations of motion are derived for a non-linear contact force, the analytical expressions for natural frequencies and mode shapes are obtained, and the method of multiple scales is used to find the analytical frequency response of the microcantilever. Results show that the non-linear excitation force creates a shift in the frequency response curve during contact mode. This frequency shift is an important consideration in the modeling of AFM dynamics for generation of accurate images as well as for accurate readings when using the AFM microcantilever for other applications. The frequency shift also leads to a bistable region, in which a high and a low amplitude solution coexist. The response of the microcantilever at a single input frequency and voltage are analyzed for both high and low amplitude solutions with the main difference being that the high amplitude solution makes contact with the sample while the low amplitude solution does not. This contact results in higher harmonics of the microcantilever being excited. The response in the bistable region is compared to the response in the monostable region. Additionally, a convergence analysis is used to determine the number of modes necessary to describe the motion of the microcantilever in tapping mode. It is determined that one mode is insufficient, two modes are sufficient for most applications, and five modes is the most that would be necessary for applications that require very precise readings.
On the theory of market information efficiency

Abstract This paper discusses the concept of market information efficiency and demonstrates the following: As the number of traders who participate in the market becomes large, the variations in the price of a security caused by the variations in traders' beliefs make the market price vary as if traders all knew the ‘true’ distribution of returns on the security. The empirical implications of the analysis are also explored.
Parallel Architecture Implementation of a Reliable (k,n) Image Sharing Scheme

This paper presents a hardware implementation of a secure and reliable k-out-of-n threshold based secret image sharing method. The secret image is divided into n image shares so that any k image shares are sufficient to reconstruct the secret image in a lossless manner, but (k-1) or fewer image shares cannot reveal anything about the secret image. This secret sharing method comprises multiple independent computations which are conducive to parallel processing architectures. Fine-grained field programmable gate array (FPGA) architectures are the near optimal hardware platform for performing parallel processing. This paper illustrates the design and implementation of the secret image sharing method for 8-bit grayscale images on an FPGA which enhances execution time. On average, it was found that the FPGA executes image sharing and reconstruction approximately 300 times faster than a microprocessor operating on the same image.
Beyond masculinity: Testosterone, gender/sex, and human social behavior in a comparative context

Largely based on pre-theory that ties high testosterone (T) to masculinity, and low T to femininity, high T is mainly studied in relation to aggression, mating, sexuality, and challenge, and low T with parenting. Evidence, however, fails to support this, and the social variability in T is better accounted for by a competition-nurturance trade-off as per the Steroid/Peptide Theory of Social Bonds (van Anders et al., 2011). Four key domains are discussed: adult-infant interactions, sexual desire, sexual behavior, and partnering. Empirical engagements with gender/sex are shown to lead to important insights over assumptions about masculinity-femininity. Humans are discussed within a comparative framework that attends to cross-species principles informed by human insights alongside human-specific particularities like social constructions, which are critical to evolutionary understandings of the social role of T. This paper thus integrates seemingly orthogonal perspectives to allow for transformative approaches to an empirically-supported social phenomenology of T.
Aversion therapy and the concept of punishment

Abstract Since aversion therapy is designed to reduce the probability of response frequency, such attempts can be best understood within a punishment framework. The punishment literature is surveyed for the purpose of isolating those conditions which enhance the probability of demonstrating a reduction in response frequency. Several case histories are presented which employ such procedures on a variety of behavior disorders.
Effect of Adrenal Cortical Extract, Desoxycorticosterone, and Added Potassium upon Electrolyte Balance in Normals and in Addison's Disease

The diagnostic methods for adrenal cortical insufficiency are not entirely satisfactory. A reliable one is not available for the diagnosis of mild insufficiencies and those for Addison's disease are not without hazard. The production of a crisis by a high potassium intake either alone or in combination with a low sodium intake is dangerous. The Wilder (1) method in which a high potassium and low sodium intake are administered for a shorter period is the safest procedure, yet crises continue to develop with this test. It was pointed out in a previous report (2) that patients with Addison's disease are more sensitive to added potassium during periods of sodium chloride depletion than following corection of this depletion. It was also emphasized that sodium chloride restriction can be tolerated for long periods provided the sodium chloride stores are not depleted and provided that the potassium intake is low. Such restriction, however, with the sodium chloride stores depleted may provoke a crisis. These haza...
Low-energy limit of chiral meson theory

Based on a phenomenologically successful effective chiral theory of pseudoscalar, vector, and axial-vector mesons, all the coefficients of the chiral perturbation theory are predicted. There is no new adjustable parameter in these predictions. Up to O(m2q) the formulas of the masses of the pseudoscalar mesons are the same as the ones obtained by ChPT.
Elevated-Temperature Mechanical Behavior of As-Cast and Wrought Ti-6Al-4V-1B

This work studied the effect of processing on the elevated-temperature [728 K (455 °C)] fatigue deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V-1B for maximum applied stresses between 300 to 700 MPa (R = 0.1, 5 Hz). The alloy was evaluated in the as-cast form as well as in three wrought forms: cast-and-extruded, powder metallurgy (PM) rolled, and PM extruded. Processing caused significant differences in the microstructure, which in turn impacted the fatigue properties. The PM-extruded material exhibited a fine equiaxed α + β microstructure and the greatest fatigue resistance among all the studied materials. The β-phase field extrusion followed by cooling resulted in a strong α-phase texture in which the basal plane was predominately oriented perpendicular to the extrusion axis. The TiB whiskers were also aligned in the extrusion direction. The α-phase texture in the extrusions resulted in tensile-strength anisotropy. The tensile strength in the transverse orientation was lower than that in the longitudinal orientation, but the strength in the transverse orientation remained greater than that for the as-cast Ti-6Al-4V. The ratcheting behavior during fatigue is also discussed.
Orphanin FQ/Nociceptin Not Only Blocks but Also Reverses Behavioral Adaptive Changes Induced by Repeated Cocaine in Mice

Background Orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N), the endogenous ligand of the opioid receptor–like (ORL1) receptor, blocks cocaine sensitization in rats. In this study, we tested whether OFQ/N would block sensitization to the motor stimulatory and conditioned rewarding actions of cocaine in mice. We also examined whether OFQ/N, given to cocaine-sensitized mice, would reverse the sensitized response and whether it would prevent the amplified sensitized response induced by a second cocaine-sensitizing regimen in sensitized mice. Methods ORL1 knockout and wild-type mice were treated with saline or OFQ/N before saline or cocaine on Days 1–3 and tested for sensitization on Day 8. Additionally, wild-type mice were treated similarly but tested for the conditioned rewarding action of cocaine, in which mice were tested for place preference before and after single conditioning with cocaine. Furthermore, mice were rendered sensitized, treated with saline or OFQ/N before saline or cocaine on Days 13–15, and received cocaine on Day 20 to test whether OFQ/N would reverse sensitization or block the amplified sensitized response induced by a second cocaine-sensitizing regimen in sensitized mice. Results OFQ/N blocked cocaine-induced psychomotor sensitization in wild-type but not knockout mice. It also blocked sensitization to the conditioned rewarding action of cocaine and reversed a preexisting locomotor sensitized response. Furthermore, OFQ/N prevented the amplified sensitized response that developed following a second cocaine sensitizing regimen given to sensitized mice. Conclusions These results illustrate that OFQ/N not only blocks but also reverses maladaptive behavioral changes induced by repeated cocaine treatment in mice.
Sex chromatin incidence and prognosis in breast cancer.

Fifty cases of breast cancer have been assayed for sex chromatin incidence. There was a direct correlation between the percentage of tumor cells with sex chromatin and survival for patients who expired within 8 years. Patients who survived longed than 8 years had, as a group, a higher incidence of tumor cells with sex chromatin than did those who expired earlier.
Writing and Compiling Computer user Documentation in a Text Processing Environment

This article emphasizes the growing need for good technical communication in application program development, and relates the usability of program documentation to the productivity of computer systems. It describes in detail the process involved and the human thinking that must accompany the generation of high quality computer user documentation. The methodology described in this paper has been exercised by the author on two major interactive IBM application programs. However, the methodology should not be interpreted as an IBM discipline, and views expressed in this paper are those of the author.
Applications of artificial intelligence for chemical inference—V. An approach to the computer generation of cyclic structures. Differentiation between all the possible isomeric ketones of compositon C6H10O

The computer program DENDRAL has been modified so as to include cyclic structures for the first time. As a result a list of all the possible isomers (linear and cyclic) of selected compositions can now be generated. The number of cyclic structures exceeds that of the linear molecules for a given composition. A method, based on their physical properties (i.r., n.m.r. and mass spectra), for the identification of each of the 27 possible ketones (exclusive of 5 cyclopropanones) of composition C6H10O is described.
Aleutian Deep-sea Channel on the Aleutian Abyssal Plain

THE Aleutian abyssal plain is a vast turbidite deposit south of the Aleutian trench (Fig. 1). Hurley noted1 that the plain had been cut off from turbidity currents as a result of the downbowing of the trench which had interrupted the turbidity current process along the bottom. In support of this thesis, seismic reflexion evidence2 indicated an unusually thick layer of pelagic sediments overlying the turbidite layers on the Aleutian plain, and, using pelagic sedimentation rates, he placed the cessation of turbidity current activity in the early to middle Tertiary. The discovery of the Seamap channel3, which is beheaded by the Aleutian trench, provided striking further evidence of the fossil nature of the Aleutian plain.
The Strange Surprising Adventures of Reading Balzac's Louis Lambert

This article reads Balzac's Louis Lambert in the light of the history of rewritings of the Robinson Crusoe legend. Balzac participates in that history as one of the first figures of transition between early nineteenth-century popular rewritings of the Crusoe story for children and the many serious Crusoe-based novels for adults composed in the twentieth century. In Louis Lambert he makes subtle use of the Crusoe story, naming it only twice. Nevertheless, Balzac borrows and adapts structural patterns from Defoe's novel, eschewing literal travel adventure in favour of a philosophical focus. At the time when popular reworkings of Robinson Crusoe for children were at their height, Balzac paves the way for later novelists who will de-emphasize the story's moralistic aspect and inscribe it into a different set of aesthetic and philosophical concerns. Balzac and those who follow him foreground a philosophical escapade, solitary by nature, thus redrawing the map of self and world.
The interdependence between the biosphere and the atmosphere.

Abstract The origin of life on earth probably occurred when there was a reducing atmosphere composed in part of hydrogen. The biosphere developed antireductant mechanisms to resist hydrogen toxicity. As hydrogen escaped from earth and the photosynthetic production of oxygen began, the atmosphere changed to an oxidizing one composed in part of oxygen. The oxygen in the atmosphere gradually increased until it reached its present value. As a consequence of the presence of oxygen, the biosphere continuously developed antioxidant mechanisms. Organisms which developed antioxidant mechanisms under relatively high oxygen concentrations and then migrated to environments of lower oxygen concentrations would possess an advantage in having very well developed antioxidant mechanisms for their low oxygen environment. The atmosphere is being changed today by the activities of man. It seems that carbon dioxide is increasing. Eventually, it is speculated that due to the continued dehydrogenation of the earth, the atmosphere will be composed of only carbon dioxide and molecular nitrogen. It is further speculated that life will not be able to survive on earth at this time.
Boron trihalide-methyl sulfide complexes as convenient reagents for dealkylation of aryl ethers

Abstract High yield dealkylation of several aryl methyl ethers was observed upon exposure of these compounds to an excess of the boron trihalide-methyl sulfide complexes.
Changes in Health for the Uninsured After Reaching Age-eligibility for Medicare

BACKGROUND: Uninsured adults in late middle age are more likely to have a health decline than individuals with private insurance.
Pharmacological evidence for different populations of postsynaptic adenosine A2A receptors in the rat striatum

Adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)Rs) are highly concentrated in the striatum. Two pharmacological different functional populations of A(2A)Rs have been recently described based on their different affinities for the A(2A)R antagonist SCH-442416. This compound has high affinity for A(2A)Rs not forming heteromers or forming heteromers with adenosine A(1) receptors (A(1)Rs) while showing very low affinity for A(2A)Rs forming heteromers with dopamine D(2) receptors (D(2)Rs). It has been widely described that striatal A(1)R-A(2A)R heteromers are preferentially localized presynaptically in the glutamatergic terminals that contact GABAergic dynorphinergic neurons, and that A(2A)R-D(2)R heteromers are localized postsynaptically in GABAergic enkephalinergic neurons. In the present study we provide evidence suggesting that SCH-442416 also targets postsynaptic A(2A)R not forming heteromers with D(2)R, which are involved in the motor depressant effects induced by D(2)R antagonists. SCH-442416 counteracted motor depression in rats induced by the D(2)R antagonist raclopride at a dose that did not produce motor activation or that blocked motor depression induced by an A(2A)R agonist. Furthermore, we re-evaluated the recently suggested key role of cannabinoid CB(1) receptors (CB(1)Rs) in the effects of A(2A)R antagonists acting at postsynaptic A(2A)Rs. By recording locomotor activity and monitoring striatal glutamate release induced by cortical electrical stimulation in rats after administration of A(2A)R and CB(1)R antagonists, we did not find evidence for any significant role of endocannabinoids in the post- or presynaptic effects of A(2A)R antagonists. The present results further suggest the existence of at least two functionally and pharmacologically different populations of striatal postsynaptic A(2A)Rs.
Nonopsonic Binding of Type III Group B Streptococci (III GBS) to Human Neutrophils (PMN) Induces IL-8 Release Mediated by the p38 MAP Kinase Pathway

Nonopsonic Binding of Type III Group B Streptococci (III GBS) to Human Neutrophils (PMN) Induces IL-8 Release Mediated by the p38 MAP Kinase Pathway
Distributed energy management under smart grid plug-and-play operations

With the increasing penetration of distributed generation, the plug-and-play energy resources or energy storage devices will become a required functionality of future power systems. Effective distributed control algorithms could be embedded in distributed controllers to allocate energy among the generating systems economically when a plug-and-play operation is performed. The Incremental Cost Consensus (ICC) algorithm can solve this kind of Economic Dispatch Problem (EDP) in a distributed fashion. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate the performance of the ICC algorithm under smart grid plug-and-play operations.
Investment choice and savings in defined contribution pensions

This article presents econometric evidence from Health and Retirement Study on the role that investment choice plays in the participants’ saving levels in the defined contribution (DC) pensions. I distinguish the effect of unconstrained investment choice from the one constrained in company stocks. My preferred estimates indicate that participants with investment choice contribute over three percentage points more of their salary into the DC plan than people without choice, and people constrained in company stocks contribute about three percentage points less in their retirement saving account.
Incidence rate and occurrence of visually significant cataract formation and corneal decompensation after implantation of Verisyse/Artisan phakic intraocular lens

Purpose To evaluate the incidence rate and indications for explantation of Verisyse phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs) over a 13.6 year period.
The Evolution of Trauma Care at a Level I Trauma Center

Background My colleagues and I compared trauma patient demographics and outcomes between two time periods in the last 10 years in our Level I trauma center to evaluate the impact of the marked evolution in trauma care and determine additional opportunities for improvement. Methods Our trauma registry was queried for adult trauma patients admitted from 1991 to 1993 (EARLY) and 1999 to 2001 (LATE). The EARLY period predated creation and maturation of a dedicated trauma service and Level I trauma center verification. Continuous data were compared using Student's t-test, and categorical data using chi-square. Results Increased transfers of severely injured patients from regional hospitals, combined with fewer admissions for "observation," resulted in fewer, but sicker, patients admitted in the LATE period. Patients were considerably older in the LATE period and mortality was higher. Despite higher acuity of patients, hospital and ICU lengths of stay were shorter in the LATE period. Nonoperative management of solid organ injuries was more common in the LATE period, but the overall operative volume was similar. Nonsurvivors in the LATE period had higher Injury Severity Scores and were older compared with the EARLY period. Mortality attributable to blunt CNS injury was higher, and that attributed to late sepsis and multiple organ failure was lower in the LATE period. Conclusions Over the past decade, more older, severely injured patients have been admitted to our Level I trauma center. Overall mortality among these higher acuity patients has increased, with a marked shift in attributable mortality to CNS injury and away from late sepsis and multiple organ failure. This highlights the need for continued efforts to identify optimal management strategies for severe brain injury. Additional areas for improvement include enhancement of our regional trauma network and injury prevention initiatives.
From CAD to Robot: Undergraduate Capstone Design in Engineering Technology

A novel senior project in designing and implementing a wheeled platform-based experimental mobile robot is discussed. This mobile robot design project was used as a platform to learn sensor interfacing, microcontroller programming, motor control, and electronic circuit design and troubleshooting. A specially designed proto board was used so that students could experiment with various types of sensors and supporting electronic circuitry. The modules implemented in this project are, servo motor control, infrared (IR)-based obstacle detection and avoidance, temperature sensing, and IR wireless communication. An 8-bit Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) microcontroller, operating at 20MHz, was used as a programmable controller to monitor external environment through sensors and make appropriate decisions. PIC microcontroller was programmed using PICBasic PRO, a BASIC like high-level language. The implementation was divided into separate experiments, through which the students progressively completed the mobile robot. This progressive experimentation helped students develop their knowledge of interfacing, microcontroller programming, electronic control, circuit design, and troubleshooting in an incremental manner. The robot design experiments, sensor interfacing, electronic control, supporting circuitry, problems faced and troubleshooting during implementation are discussed in the paper.
A plea for the teaching of intelligence: Personal reflections

Abstract Difficulties in teaching Psychology owing to political sensitivities are discussed. Justifications for teaching intelligence to diverse audiences are considered. An idiosyncratic survey of important literature in the field is presented leading to suggestions for possible topics to be considered in a course on intelligence.
Cysteine interference with chlorambucil-induced teratogenesis in the rat.

SummaryPregnant rats were given a single injection of cysteine prior to exposure to chlorambucil on day 12 of gestation. This treatment caused a significant 6-fold increase in structurally normal surviving fetuses when compared to chlorambucil alone. The abnormal survivors demonstrated a less severe syndrome of anomalies that was not similar to the patterns of defects associated with chlorambucil treatment on other days of gestation.