cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell phone testing and fundamental scientific research

There is a lack of scientific consensus on experimental studies that provide clear evidence either refuting or supporting the cancer induction or promotion potential of RF and microwave radiation from cell phones. The uncertainties persist, in part, because of the limited number and scope of studies that have been undertaken. There is a concern that an established effect from wireless radiation, even small, could have a considerable impact in terms of public health. The author discusses these issues.
Sorting out abrasion in a gypsum dune field

[1] Grain size distributions in eolian settings are the result of both sorting and abrasion of grains by saltation. The two are tightly coupled because mobility of particles determines abrasion rate, while abrasion affects the mobility of particles by changing their mass and shape; few field studies have examined this quantitatively. We measured grain size and shape over a 9 km transect downwind of a line sediment source at White Sands National Monument, a gypsum dune field. The sediment source is composed of rodlike (elongate), coarse particles whose shapes appear to reflect the crystalline structure of gypsum. Dispersion in grain size decreases rapidly from the source. Coarse particles gradually become less elongate, while an enrichment of smaller, more elongate grains is observed along the transect. Transport calculations confirm that White Sands is a threshold sand sea in which (1) the predominant particle diameter reflects grains transported in saltation under the dune-forming wind velocity and (2) smaller, elongate grains move in suspension under this dominant wind. Size-selective transport explains first-order trends in grain size; however, abrasion changes the shape of saltating grains and produces elongate, smaller grains that are spallation and breaking products of larger particles. Both shape and size changes saturate 5–6 km downwind of the source. As large particles become more equant, abrasion rates slow down because protruding regions have been removed. Such asymptotic behavior of shape and abrasion rate has been observed in theory and experiment and is likely a generic result of the abrasion process in any environment.
Color in Films of Sputtered Tin

Films were sputtered on glass from circular tin cathodes. These films, when produced in air or oxygen and viewed with monochromatic light, show alternately light and dark rings; in white light they show several cycles of the colors of the visible continuous spectrum, similar in appearance to Newton’s rings. In the formation of a set of rings the center gradually passes through a cycle of colors of increasing wave-length to the red. The red center then merges into blue and the cycle is repeated. With the appearance of each new center color, all preceding colors move outward and form surrounding rings. The rate of growth of a set of rings depends on the sputtering conditions. Under proper conditions, the change of color of the center and the addition of another set of color rings takes place with definite regularity. These colors are believed to be due to an interference effect produced by the variation in thickness of the film layer. This layer is probably stannic oxide. Films produced in nitrogen are opaque brown deposits. Tests indicate the material of these films to be a tin-nitrogen compound. Heating such a film in oxygen produced a nearly transparent color film similar to those sputtered in oxygen or air. Films produced in hydrogen have mirror surfaces of high reflecting power.
Conceptual Foundations of the Unified Theory of Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions

The author discusses the development of two lines of thought in theoretical physics: the slow growth in the understanding of symmetry, and in particular, broken or hidden symmetry; and the struggle to come to terms with the infinities in quantum field theories. He briefly describes how the convergence of these lines of thought led to his work on the unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions, and suggests what role they may play in the physics of the future. 63 references.
Recent advances in extended inflationary cosmology

Extended inflation is a promising new approach to implementing the inflationary universe scenario. Recent advances include a new, more robust mechanism for ending extended inflation, a new prediction for the density fluctuation spectrum generated by extended inflation, and the discovery that extended inflation can produce gravitational waves that can significantly add to the cosmic background anisotropy.
Microwave-accelerated three-component condensation reaction on clay: solvent-free synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a] annulated pyridines, pyrazines and pyrimidines

A rapid one-pot synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a] annulated pyridines, pyrazines and pyrimidines is described that occurs in the presence of recyclable montmorillonite K 10 clay under solvent-free conditions using microwave irradiation.
Stereoselective Lewis acid-catalyzed α-acylvinyl additions

Silyloxyallenes derived from α-hydroxypropargylsilanes undergo efficient addition to aldehydes with catalytic amounts of Lewis acids. The allenes are accessed from the corresponding propargylsilanes in a base-catalyzed 1,2-Brook rearrangement/SE2‘ process. Enantioenriched propargylsilanes are synthesized by a new zinc-promoted addition of alkynes to acylsilanes in up to 74% ee. This work demonstrates that conversion to the silyloxyallenes occurs with minimal erosion in optical activity. The use of a chiral chromium(III) Lewis acid effects the catalytic asymmetric addition of racemic silyloxyallenes to aromatic aldehydes in up to 92% ee. The overall reaction is broad in scope and accommodates a wide variety of aromatic and aliphatic substituents on both the propargylsilane and aldehyde.
Asymmetric Allylic Oxidation with Biarylbisoxazoline-Copper(I) Catalysis

Abstract Eight new bi- o -tolyl bisoxazolines were made and used as ligands in the copper catalyzed asymmetric allylic oxidation reaction. Three benzoyl tert -butyl peresters, p -nitro, o -iodo, and 2,4,6-trichloro were made and used with cyclohexene and cyclopentene with the ligands complexed to copper(I) hexafluorophosphate (10 mol%). High selectivities (73% ee, 78% yield) were obtained with the nitroperester and 1a ( S , S , S R=Ph) and cyclohexene. For the cyclopentene, 1c (R=Bn) was best at 72% ee, 63% yield.
A selective Baeyer-Villiger oxidation : a total synthesis of (-)-acetomycin

Abstract A short, stereoselective synthesis of (−)-acetomycin ( 2 ) from L-threonine is reported. The final step in the synthesis is a selective Baeyer-Villiger oxidation that discriminates between two methyl ketones.
Pattern Identification and Industry‐Specialist Auditors

Complex financial statement misstatements that are difficult to diagnose are likely to be described by multiple cues that individually appear innocuous, but that together form an ominous pattern. B...
Dispersive bounds for the three-dimensional Schrödinger equation with almost critical potentials

We prove a dispersive estimate for the time-independent Schrodinger operator H = − Δ + V in three dimensions. The potential V(x) is assumed to lie in the intersection $$ L^{p} ({\user2{\mathbb{R}}}^{3} ) \cap L^{q} ({\user2{\mathbb{R}}}^{3} ), $$ p < 3/2 < q, and also to satisfy a generic zero-energy spectral condition. This class, which includes potentials that have pointwise decay $$ {\left| {V(x)} \right|} \leq C(1 + {\left| x \right|})^{{ - 2 - \varepsilon }} , $$ is nearly critical with respect to the natural scaling of the Laplacian. No additional regularity, decay, or positivity of V is assumed.
Comparative responsiveness of pain outcome measures among primary care patients with musculoskeletal pain.

Background:Comparative responsiveness data are needed to inform choices about pain outcome measures.Objectives:To compare responsiveness of pain intensity, pain-related function, and composite measures, using data from a randomized trial and observational study.Research Design:Analysis of responsive
Towards an improved understanding of statistical extrapolation for wind turbine extreme loads

** † One of the design load cases to be evaluated in the current edition of the design standard for wind turbines as prescribed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) requires that nominal loads associated with a return period of 50 years be established. This must usually be done by carrying out simulations of the aeroelastic response of the turbine. This design load case is for an ultimate limit state and in order to be able to estimate this rare nominal load, it is necessary to have, as starting point, extreme loads data that are of an adequate quantity and quality to facilitate robust long-term predictions of the load. Practitioners attempting to follow the guidelines set forth in the IEC standard have voiced concerns about aspects of the load extrapolation as expressed therein—for instance, questions have arisen related to the minimum number of ten-minute turbine response simulations that should be performed, about whether only a single (global) maximum load from each simulation should be saved or whether, alternatively, several time-separated (block) maxima may be preferred. Also, while it is clear that not all turbine load types are influenced by each wind speed between cut-in and cut-out to the same degree, no discussion about the desired effort required for each wind speed bin is presented; it is important that simulation effort be focused mainly on wind speed ranges that control the highest load for each load type. The present study attempts to answer all these questions. Using extreme load statistics (global and block maxima) for four different load measures derived from aeroelastic simulations on a 5MW turbine model, we study extreme loads as a function of wind speed (we call these short-term load distributions). For different block sizes (time separations), block maxima are tested for independence and empirical load distributions are compared when global and block maxima are used. We aggregate the short-term load distributions (conditional on wind speed) to the long-term level by integration over all wind speeds. We present convergence criteria which serve to assess whether or not an adequate number of simulations has been performed. Throughout, we highlight the importance of striving for efficiency with regard to the effort expended in running simulations by staying cognizant of important wind speed ranges that are design drivers for each load type. Together, all of the above lead to a proposal that we make for addressing load extrapolation that focuses on efficiency, that spells out how to employ either global or block load maxima, and that provides easy-to-use convergence criteria for deciding on an adequate number of simulations that must be performed before attempting long-term load prediction using extrapolation.
Dynamic Agency with Feedback

A principal has a stochastically evolving target that he wishes an agent to repeatedly hit with his effort. The agent does not obtain utility from hitting the target and therefore attempts to shirk; the agent's utility is determined by a second process that symmetrically is of no use to the principal. The principal cannot control effort or payoffs but can transmit signals to the agent, who is relatively uninformed. The principal's optimal signal may cause the agent's labor to be highly serially correlated. This serial correlation has empirical relevance for the theory of managerial incentives and for the theory of business cycle fluctuations.
Trapezoidal Filtering of Signals from Large Germanium Detectors at High Rates

A filter with a trapezoidal weighting function is the optimum one when both noise and variations in the charge collection time are present, A trapezoidal filter was realized by a time-variant (gated filter) system. This paper presents the results obtained with large germanium detectors at high rates and higher energies, showing that trapezoidal filtering is essential for good resolution in this case.
Representation of Numerical and Verbal Product Information in Consumer Memory

Abstract The objective of this research is to examine the representation of numerical versus verbal product information in consumer memory. Information about products in the marketing environment is often conveyed through numerical and verbal modes. However, consumers may either store the information that they are exposed to without modification or translate it into a different form. This match or mismatch between conveyed and stored information has important consequences for consumer behavior. A conceptual framework based on surface versus meaning level processing of information is developed to examine the representation of numerical versus verbal information in consumer memory. The basic proposition tested here is that numerical information may be represented in memory identical to its form at presentation in the external environment to a greater degree than verbal information. Research bearing on memory representations is discussed to bring out the methodological importance of using a recognition paradigm. This paradigm is adopted here, and hypotheses are developed about the recognition of numerical versus verbal product information following a learning task. The details of two experiments conducted to test the hypotheses are presented. Implications of this research for consumer behavior are discussed.
Simulated reflux decreases vocal fold epithelial barrier resistance.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The vocal fold epithelium provides a barrier to the entry of inhaled and systemic challenges. However, the location of the epithelium makes it vulnerable to damage. Past research suggests, but does not directly demonstrate, that exposure to gastric reflux adversely affects the function of the epithelial barrier. Understanding the nature of reflux-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction is necessary to better recognize the mechanisms for vocal fold susceptibility to this disease. Therefore, we examined the effects of physiologically relevant reflux challenges on vocal fold transepithelial resistance and gross epithelial and subepithelial appearance. Study Design: Ex vivo, mixed design with between-group and repeated-measures analyses. Methods: Healthy, native porcine vocal folds (N = 52) were exposed to physiologically relevant acidic pepsin, acid-only, or pepsin-only challenges and examined with electrophysiology and light microscopy. For all challenges, vocal folds exposed to a neutral pH served as control. Results: Acidic pepsin and acid-only challenges, but not pepsin-only or control challenges significantly reduced transepithelial resistance within 30 minutes. Reductions in transepithelial resistance were irreversible. Challenge exposure produced minimal gross changes in vocal fold epithelial or subepithelial appearance as evidenced by light microscopy. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that acidic environments characteristic of gastric reflux compromise epithelial barrier function without gross structural changes. In healthy, native vocal folds, reductions in transepithelial resistance could reflect reflux-related epithelial disruption. These results might guide the development of pharmacologic and therapeutic recommendations for patients with reflux, such as continued acid-suppression therapy and patient antireflux behavioral education. Laryngoscope, 2010
The pulsar contribution to the gamma-ray background

We estimate the contribution of Galactic pulsars, both ordinary and millisecond pulsars (MSPs), to the high-energy ( > 100 MeV) γ−ray background. We pay particular attention to the high-latitude part of the background that could be confused with an extragalactic component in existing analyses that subtract a Galactic cosmic-ray model. Our pulsar population models are calibrated to the results of large-scale radio surveys and we employ a simple empirical γ−ray luminosity calibration to the spin-down rate that provides a good fit to existing data. We find that while ordinary pulsars are expected to contribute only a fraction ~ 10−3 of the high-latitude γ−ray intensity (IX ~ 1 × 10−5 ph s−1 cm−2 sr−1), MSPs could provide a much larger contribution and even potentially overproduce it, depending on the model parameters. We explore these dependences using a range of MSP models as a guide to how γ−ray measurements can usefully constrain the MSP population. Existing γ−ray background measurements and source counts already rule out several models. Finally, we show how fluctuations in the γ−ray sky can be used to distinguish between different sources of the background.
Laser smoothing of sub-micron grooves in hydroxyl-rich fused silica

Abstract Nano- to micrometer-sized surface defects on UV-grade fused silica surfaces are known to be effectively smoothed through the use of high-temperature localized CO 2 laser heating, thereby enhancing optical properties. However, the details of the mass transport and the effect of hydroxyl content on the laser smoothing of defective silica at sub-micron length scales are still not completely understood. In this study, we examine the morphological evolution of sub-micron, dry-etched periodic surface structures on type II and type III SiO 2 substrates under 10.6 μm CO 2 laser irradiation using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In situ thermal imaging was used to map the transient temperature field across the heated region, allowing assessment of the T -dependent mass transport mechanisms under different laser-heating conditions. Computational fluid dynamics simulations correlated well with experimental results, and showed that for large effective capillary numbers ( N c > 2), surface diffusion is negligible and smoothing is dictated by capillary action, despite the relatively small spatial scales studied here. Extracted viscosity values over 1700–2000 K were higher than the predicted bulk values, but were consistent with the surface depletion of OH groups, which was confirmed using confocal Raman microscopy.
Strategic institutional choice: Voters, states, and congressional term limits

States’ choices on term limits are quantified as a multiple-categorical variable capturing variation in the type of limits passed. Measures of relative political influence in Congress explain much of this variation. Using 1992 data on the American states, the model controls for unobserved heterogeneity due to voter access to direct democracy in some states. At 2002 values for congressional tenure and federal spending, the model predicts approximately eight to ten additional states would choose to limit their own members’ terms but cannot under a Supreme Court ruling. We discuss implications for institutional federalism and the potential passage of similar political institutions across the states.
Some generalizations of the pinwheel tiling

We introduce a new family of nonperiodic tilings, based on a substitution rule that generalizes the pinwheel tiling of Conway and Radin. In each tiling the tiles are similar to a single triangular prototile. In a countable number of cases, the tiles appear in a finite number of sizes and an infinite number of orientations. These tilings generally do not meet full-edge to full-edge, but can be forced through local matching rules. In a countable number of cases, the tiles appear in a finite number of orientations but an infinite number of sizes, all within a set range, while in an uncountable number of cases both the number of sizes and the number of orientations is infinite.
Ring-Constrained (N)-Methanocarba nucleosides as adenosine receptor agonists: independent 5′-Uronamide and 2′-deoxy modifications

Novel methanocarba adenosine analogues, having the pseudo-ribose northern (N) conformation preferred at adenosine receptors (ARs), were synthesized and tested in binding assays. The 5′-uronamide modification preserved [N6-(3-iodobenzyl)] or enhanced (N6-methyl) affinity at A3ARs, while the 2′-deoxy modification reduced affinity and efficacy in a functional assay.
Survey of hardware supported by the control system at the Advanced Photon Source

Abstract The Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) has been under development at Los Alamos and Argonne National Laboratories for over six years. A wide variety of instrumentation is now supported. This presentation will give an overview of the types of hardware and subsystems which are currently supported and will discuss future plans for addressing additional hardware requirements at the APS. Supported systems to be discussed include: motion control, vacuum pump control and system monitoring, standard laboratory instrumentation, image processing, discrete binary and analog I/O, and standard temperature, pressure and flow monitoring.
Regioselective Reactions of Highly Substituted Arynes

The fully regioselective reactivity of four new highly substituted silyl aryl triflate aryne precursors in aryne acyl-alkylation, acyl-alkylation/condensation, and heteroannulation reactions is reported. The application of these more complex arynes provides access to diverse natural product scaffolds and obviates late-stage functionalization of aromatic rings.
Trends in Library Systems: Improved Workflow Processes, Greater Collaboration, and Unbounded Openness

The evolution of print, electronic, and digital resources, as well as shifting technology advancements, are significant drivers of change in libraries, including library systems. This article reviews the latest variety of library systems available focusing on the library services platform, 1 open source solutions, and the hybrid open source library services platform. All of these newer alternatives to the integrated library system are attempting in their own way to address the overarching drive for libraries, including law libraries, to have greater efficiencies in the following ways: (1) more productive business processes, (2) collaboration among libraries, institutions, and vendors, and (3) unfettered access to open code and software in order to customize library systems to their own specifications.
The Prediction of Noise Due to Jet Turbulence Convecting Past Flight Vehicle Trailing Edges

High intensity acoustic radiation occurs when turbulence convects past airframe trailing edges. A mathematical model is developed to predict this acoustic radiation. The model is dependent on the local flow and turbulent statistics above the trailing edge of the flight vehicle airframe. These quantities are dependent on the jet and flight vehicle Mach numbers and jet temperature. A term in the model approximates the turbulent statistics of single-stream heated jet flows and is developed based upon measurement. The developed model is valid for a wide range of jet Mach numbers, jet temperature ratios, and flight vehicle Mach numbers. The model predicts traditional trailing edge noise if the jet is not interacting with the airframe. Predictions of mean-flow quantities and the cross-spectrum of static pressure near the airframe trailing edge are compared with measurement. Finally, predictions of acoustic intensity are compared with measurement and the model is shown to accurately capture the phenomenon.
Ion angular distributions in electron stimulated desorption: Oxygen and CO on W(111)

Abstract The ion angular distributions resulting from electron stimulated desorption (ESD) of oxygen and carbon monoxide chemisorbed on a tungsten (111) crystal have been determined. The O+ ions released during ESD of adsorbed oxygen exhibit three-fold symmetric angular distributions in orientational registry with the W(111) substrate. The CO+ and O+ ions released during ESD of a monolayer of CO are desorbed normal to the (111) surface. Models for both oxygen and CO adsorption are discussed. The data for CO are consistent with adsorption of CO in “standing up” carbonyl structures in the virgin and α-CO binding states.
Faster asynchronous systems

A testing scenario in the sense of De Nicola and Hennessy is developed to measure the worst-case efficiency of asynchronous systems. The resulting testing-preorder is characterized with a variant of refusal traces and shown to satisfy some properties that make it attractive as a faster-than relation. Finally, one implementation of a bounded buffer is shown to be strictly faster than two others - in contrast to a result obtained with a different approach by Arun-Kumar and Hennessy.
Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of stable low valent transition metal radical complexes

Abstract The majority of stable low valent transition metal organometallic complexes obey the familiar eighteen-electron rule. Oxidative addition reactions of these complexes normally proceed by initial generation of sixteen electron coordinatively unsaturated species. Low valent 17 electron transition metal radical complexes ML n can be generated thermally or photochemically. Since radical recombination to form metal-metal bonded dimers L n MML n is a rapid process, the absolute concentration of metal radicals that can be achieved in solution is normally quite low. In cases where either there is no stable metal–metal bonded dimer or the metalmetal bond is so weak that the complex is completely dissociated in solution, relatively high concentrations (ca. 1 mM) are readily achieved. Illustrative mechanisms for oxidative addition reactions of ML n are discussed with a focus on reaction mechanisms that are second order in total metal concentration.
Dithioannulation of Alkynes

Abstract A direct method for the preparation of 2,3-diphenyl-1,4-dithiins has been developed. The process involves treating alkynes with nickel bisdiphenyl-dithiolene in refluxing chlorobenzene in the presence of pyridine. Pyridine appears to be essential in order to avoid further transformation of 1,4-dithiins to thiophenes.
Optimal error rates for interactive coding I: adaptivity and other settings

We consider the task of interactive communication in the presence of adversarial errors and present tight bounds on the tolerable error-rates in a number of different settings. Most significantly, we explore adaptive interactive communication where the communicating parties decide who should speak next based on the history of the interaction. In particular, this decision can depend on estimates of the amount of errors that have occurred so far. Braverman and Rao [STOC'11] show that non-adaptively one can code for any constant error rate below 1/4 but not more. They asked whether this bound could be improved using adaptivity. We answer this open question in the affirmative (with a slightly different collection of resources): Our adaptive coding scheme tolerates any error rate below 2/7 and we show that tolerating a higher error rate is impossible. We also show that in the setting of Franklin et al. [CRYPTO'13], where parties share randomness not known to the adversary, adaptivity increases the tolerable error rate from 1/2 to 2/3. For list-decodable interactive communications, where each party outputs a constant size list of possible outcomes, the tight tolerable error rate is 1/2. Our negative results hold even if the communication and computation are unbounded, whereas for our positive results communication and computations are polynomially bounded. Most prior work considered coding schemes with linear communication bounds, while allowing unbounded computations. We argue that studying tolerable error rates in this relaxed context helps to identify a setting's intrinsic optimal error rate. We set forward a strong working hypothesis which stipulates that for any setting the maximum tolerable error rate is independent of many computational and communication complexity measures. We believe this hypothesis to be a powerful guideline for the design of simple, natural, and efficient coding schemes and for understanding the (im)possibilities of coding for interactive communications.
An efficient process for pd-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling reactions of aryl iodides: insight into controlling factors.

An investigation into Pd-catalyzed C–N cross-coupling reactions of aryl iodides is described. NaI is shown to have a significant inhibitory effect on these processes. By switching to a solvent system in which the iodide byproduct was insoluble, reactions of aryl iodides were accomplished with the same efficiencies as aryl chlorides and bromides. Using catalyst systems based on certain biarylphosphine ligands, aryl iodides were successfully reacted with an array of primary and secondary amines in high yields. Lastly, reactions of heteroarylamines and heteroaryliodides were also conducted in high yields.
Cleaning Up the Air: The EPA and Shuttle Diplomacy

In practice, building collaborative relationships between environmental groups and industry is not an easy task during environmental rulemaking. However, this article uses original interview data t...
Fracture Energy for Short Brittle Fiber/Brittle Matrix Composites With Three-Dimensional Fiber Orientation

A model based on probabilistic principles has been developed to calculate the increased energy absorption during fracture for a brittle matrix reinforced with very short, poorly bonded fibers. This model, previously developed for planar fiber orientations, is extended to consider the three-dimensional fiber orientations that may occur during composite fabrication. The fiber pull-out energy is assumed to dominate other fracture energy terms, and simple parametric studies are performed to demonstrate the effect of fiber orientation, fiber length, fiber diameter, and fiber-matrix interfacial shear stress
Inversion problem, Legendre transform and inviscid Burgers’ equations

Abstract Let F ( z ) = z - H ( z ) with order o ( H ( z ) ) ⩾ 1 be a formal map from C n to C n and G ( z ) the formal inverse map of F ( z ) . We first study the deformation F t ( z ) = z - tH ( z ) of F ( z ) and its formal inverse G t ( z ) = z + tN t ( z ) . (Note that G t = 1 ( z ) = G ( z ) when o ( H ( z ) ) ⩾ 2 .) We show that N t ( z ) is the unique power series solution of a Cauchy problem of a PDE, from which we derive a recurrent formula for G t ( z ) . Secondly, motivated by the gradient reduction obtained by de Bondt and van den Essen (A Reduction of the Jacobian Conjecture to the Symmetric Case, Report No. 0308, University of Nijmegen, June 2003, Proc. of the AMS, to appear) and Meng (Legendre Transform, Hessian Conjecture and Tree Formula, math-ph/0308035) for the Jacobian conjecture, we consider the formal maps F ( z ) = z - H ( z ) satisfying the gradient condition, i.e. H ( z ) = ∇ P ( z ) for some P ( z ) ∈ C [ [ z ] ] of order o ( P ( z ) ) ⩾ 2 . We show that, under the gradient condition, N t ( z ) = ∇ Q t ( z ) for some Q t ( z ) ∈ C [ [ z , t ] ] and the PDE satisfied by N t ( z ) becomes the n -dimensional inviscid Burgers’ equation, from which a recurrent formula for Q t ( z ) also follows. Furthermore, we clarify some close relationships among the inversion problem, the Legendre transform and the inviscid Burgers’ equations. In particular the Jacobian conjecture is reduced to a problem on the inviscid Burgers’ equations. Finally, under the gradient condition, we derive a binary rooted tree expansion inversion formula for Q t ( z ) . The recurrent inversion formula and the binary rooted tree expansion inversion formula derived in this paper can also be used as computational algorithms for solutions of certain Cauchy problems of the inviscid Burgers’ equations and the Legendre transforms of the power series f ( z ) with o ( f ( z ) ) ⩾ 2 and det Hes ( f ) ( 0 ) ≠ 0 .
Rapid Rule Compaction Strategies for Global Knowledge Discovery in a Supervised Learning Classifier System

Michigan-style learning classifier systems have availed themselves as a promising modeling and data mining strategy for bioinformaticists seeking to connect predictive variables with disease phenotypes. The resulting ‘model’ learned by these algorithms is comprised of an entire population of rules, some of which will inevitably be redundant or poor predictors. Rule compaction is a post-processing strategy for consolidating this rule population with the goal of improving interpretation and knowledge discovery. However, existing rule compaction strategies tend to reduce overall rule population performance along with population size, especially in the context of noisy problem domains such as bioinformatics. In the present study we introduce and evaluate two new rule compaction strategies (QRC, PDRC) and a simple rule filtering method (QRF), and compare them to three existing methodologies. These new strategies are tuned to fit with a global approach to knowledge discovery in which less emphasis is placed on minimizing rule population size (to facilitate manual rule inspection) and more is placed on preserving performance. This work identified the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, suggesting PDRC to be the most balanced approach trading a minimal loss in testing accuracy for significant gains or consistency in all other performance statistics.
A USEFUL MODIFICATION OF THE GARST-SPENCER FURAN ANNULATION : AN IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF 3,4-SUBSTITUTED FURANS

Abstract The reaction of keto thioenol ether 6 with dimethylsulfonium methylide gives the isolable epoxide 7 , which smoothly rearranges under thermal conditions to yield the five-membered thioacetal 8 . Subsequent desulfurization/aromatization with a catalytic amount of iodine furnishes the desired furan 5 in greater than 70% overall yield.
Irving Fisher on His Head II: The Consequences of the Timing of Payments for the Demand for Money

This paper explores the consequences of the timing of payments for the demand for money. It is found that if payments are the minimum of the money in the bank account or bills due, the demand for money will respond slowly to changes in income. This prediction disagrees with some formulations of the short-run demand for money (e.g., Irving Fisher's) but agrees with empirical estimates. The demand for money is adjusted to supply by changes in quantities (i.e., payments flows) rather than by changes in prices or interest rates.
On a potential customer for an intelligent technician

The manner in which the other panel members have answered the questions posed to them permits me to consider my own without constraints. I've asked myself, therefore, to name one class of potential customers of an intelligent technician-computer, whose problems are clearly important, clearly in need of computational aids, clearly demanding the kind of intelligence which Newell describes.
A robust and powerful rank test of treatment effects in balanced incomplete block designs

This paper is concerned primarily with a Monte Carlo investigation into the small sample robustness and power of an aligned rank transformation statistic. The aligned rank transformation statistic (ART) is compared to the classical F-test and to Durbin's (1951) rank test for its ability to detect treatment effects in balanced incomplete block (BIB) designs.
Ring-fluorinated pyrazoles

Abstract 2-Fluoro-1,3-diketones react with phenylhydrazine to yield ring-fluorinated pyrazoles in high yield. An isoxazole is produced when 2-fluoro-1,3-diphenyl- 1,3-propandione is treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride.
First Application of the Fe XVII I(17.10 A)/I(17.05 A) Line Ratio to Constrain the Plasma Density of a Cosmic X-ray Source

We show that the Fe XVII I(17.10 u/I(17.05 u line ratio observed in the Chandra HETG spectrum of the intermediate polar EX Hydrae is significantly smaller than that observed in the Sun or other late-type stars. Using the Livermore X-ray Spectral Synthesizer, which calculates spectral models of highly charged ions based on HULLAC atomic data, we find that the observed I(17.10 u/I(17.05 u line ratio can be explained if the plasma density ne > 3 × 10 14 cm −3 . However, if photoexcitation is included in the level population kinetics, the line ratio can be explained for any density if the photoexcitation temperature Tbb > 55 kK. For photoexcitation to dominate the Fe XVII level population kinetics, the relative size of the hotspot on the white dwarf surface must be f 2 × 10 14 cm −3 for the post-shock flow. Either way, then, the Chandra HETG spectrum of EX Hya requires a plasma density which is orders of magnitude greater than that observed in the Sun or other late-type stars.
Role of vector mesons in rare kaon decays.

We study the role of vector mesons in {ital K}{r arrow}{pi}{pi}, K{r arrow}{pi}l{sup +}l{sup {minus}}, {ital K}{sub {ital L}}{r arrow}{gamma}{ital l}{sup +}{ital l{minus}}, and {ital K}{sub {ital L}}{r arrow}{pi}{sup 0}{gamma}{gamma} using the chiral Lagrangian in the hidden-symmetry scheme with the Wess-Zumino anomaly. Two main features of our approach are (i) the slight modification of the effective weak chiral Lagrangian and (ii) the existence of the anomalous left-handed current constructed from the Wess-Zumino anomaly and intrinsic parity-violating interactions involving vector mesons. We predict that the decay mode {ital K}{sub {ital L}}{r arrow}{pi}{sup 0}{ital e+}{ital e{minus}} is dominated by the indirect {ital CP}-violating one-photon-exchange process, which occurs at the level of a few parts in 10{sup 10} in the branching ratio. We can also understand the recent data on {ital K}{sub {ital L}}{r arrow}{gamma}{ital e}{sup +}{ital e{minus}} and {ital K}{sub {ital L}}{r arrow}{pi}{sup 0}{gamma}{gamma} in our framework, except for the branching ratio of {ital K}{sub {ital L}}{r arrow}{pi}{sup 0}{gamma}{gamma}.
Recovery and Reinvestment Act spending at the state level: Keynesian stimulus or distributive politics?

We examine the US state-level pattern of American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) spending. We relate spending to (1) Keynesian determinants of countercyclical policy, (2) congressional power and dominance, and (3) presidential electoral vote importance. We find that the ARRA is, in practice, poorly designed countercyclical stimulus. After controlling for political variables, coefficients on Keynesian variables are often statistically insignificant. When they are statistically significant they are often the “incorrect” sign. On the other hand, statistically significant effects are associated with majority party House of Representative appropriations subcommittee and authorization committee membership. One striking result is that the elasticity of ARRA spending with respect to the pre-ARRA ratio of federal grants and payments to federal taxes paid is estimated to be greater than unity in most specifications. States previously capturing large amounts of federal funds continue to do so under the ARRA stimulus.
Conversion of allylic alcohols to stereodefined trisubstituted alkenes: a complementary process to the Claisen rearrangement.

A stereoselective method for the conversion of allylic alcohols to (Z)-trisubstituted alkenes is presented. Overall, the reaction sequence described is stereochemically complementary to related Claisen rearrangement reactions—processes that typically deliver the stereoisomeric trisubstituted alkene containing products.
Nuclear histones of unfertilized sea urchin eggs.

Abstract Histones have been isolated from the nuclei of unfertilized eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus . The electrophoresis of these histones exhibits a pattern different from that of the sperm or embryo of the same species.
Nonlinear dynamics of parity-even tricritical gravity in three and four dimensions

Recently proposed “multicritical” higher-derivative gravities in Anti de Sitter space carry logarithmic representations of the Anti de Sitter isometry group. While generically non-unitary already at the quadratic, free-theory level, in special cases these theories admit a unitary subspace. The simplest example of such behavior is “tricritical” gravity. In this paper, we extend the study of parity-even tricritical gravity in d = 3, 4 to the first nonlinear order. We show that the would-be unitary subspace suffers from a linearization instability and is absent in the full non-linear theory.
Lines, Circles, Planes and Spheres

Let S be a set of n points in ℝ3, no three collinear and not all coplanar. If at most n−k are coplanar and n is sufficiently large, the total number of planes determined is at least $1+k\binom{n-k}{2}-\binom{k}{2}(\frac{n-k}{2})$. For similar conditions and sufficiently large n, (inspired by the work of P.D.T.A. Elliott in Acta Math. Sci. Hung. 18:181–188, 1967) we also show that the number of spheres determined by n points is at least $1+\binom{n-1}{3}-t_{3}^{\mathrm{orchard}}(n-1)$, and this bound is best possible under its hypothesis. (By $t_{3}^{\mathrm{orchard}}(n)$, we are denoting the maximum number of three-point lines attainable by a configuration of n points, no four collinear, in the plane, i.e., the classic Orchard Problem.) New lower bounds are also given for both lines and circles.
Flutter analysis using transversality theory

A new method of calculating the flutter boundaries of undamped aeroelastic “typical section” models is presented. The method is an application of the weak transversality theorem used in catastrophe theory. In the first instance, the flutter problem is cast in matrix form using a frequency domain method, leading to an eigenvalue matrix. The characteristic polynomial resulting from this matrix usually has a smooth dependence on the system's parameters. As these parameters change with operating conditions, certain critical values are reached at which flutter sets in. Our approach is to use the transversality theorem in locating such flutter boundaries using this criterion:at a flutter boundary, the characteristic polynomial does not intersect the axis of the abscissa transversally. Formulas for computing the flutter boundaries of structures with two degrees of freedom are presented, and extension to multi degree of freedom systems is indicated. The formulas have obvious applications in, for instance, problems of panel flutter at supersonic Mach numbers. Substantial savings in computation resources are possible when this non-iterative method is used, compared to existing frequency domain methods which are essentially iterative.
Application-aware secure multicast for power grid communications

We propose an application-aware approach to setting up secure multicast groups for power grid communications that automatically derives group memberships and verifies configuration conformance from data dependencies in system specifications. We design an abstract multicast model, analysis algorithms, and configuration derivation techniques. These are implemented in a prototype system, SecureSCL. We also provide experimental evidence that IPsec multicast can address latency constraints in power substation networks.
Deforming Area Preserving Diffeomorphism of Surfaces by Mean Curvature Flow

Let f : �1 → �2 be an area preserving diffeomorphism between compact Riemann surfaces of constant curvature. The graph of f can be viewed as a Lagrangian submanifold in �1 × �2. This article discusses a canonical way to deform f along area preserving diffeomorphisms. This deformation process is realized through the mean curvature flow of the graph of f in �1 × �2. It is proved that the flow exists for all time and the map converges to a canonical map. In particular, this gives a new proof of the classical topological results that O(3) is a deformation retract of the diffeomorphism group of S 2 and the mapping class group of a Riemman surface of positive genus is a deformation retract of the diffeomorphism group .
COMPARING THE EFFECT OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER SCHEMES ON CONVECTION SIMULATIONS

We examine the effect of different radiative transfer schemes on the properties of three-dimensional (3D) simulations of near-surface stellar convection in the superadiabatic layer, where energy transport transitions from fully convective to fully radiative. We employ two radiative transfer schemes that fundamentally differ in the way they cover the 3D domain. The first solver approximates domain coverage with moments, while the second solver samples the 3D domain with ray integrations. By comparing simulations that differ only in their respective radiative transfer methods, we are able to isolate the effect that radiative efficiency has on the structure of the superadiabatic layer. We find the simulations to be in good general agreement, but they show distinct differences in the thermal structure in the superadiabatic layer and atmosphere.
Using Job Rotation to Extract Employee Information

This article provides an incentive-based explanation for the practice of job rotation. When agents privately learn about the productivity of tasks on which they work, job rotation can be an efficient means of eliciting their information. Each agent freely communicates his information since the switch in tasks guarantees his report will not subsequently be used against him; the report is used primarily in evaluating the new agent who moves into the task. Another benefit is that an agent rotated into a job holds less task-specific information and is thus easier to motivate. Job rotation also comes with a cost--agents must be compensated for the disutility of working on new tasks. We study this trade-off and identify conditions under which job rotation and specialization are each optimal. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Update on the National Patient Safety Goals—Changes for 2005

Each year sice 2003, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations has established National Patient Safety Goals for accredited health care organizations. The goals are developed to promote improvement in patient safety by helping health care organizations address specific safety concerns. This article discusses the current goals and highlights new information for 2005.
TOPEX Microwave Radiometer Thermal Control: Post-System-Test Modifications and On-Orbit Performance

The Topex Microwave Radiometer has had an excellent thermal performance since launch. The instrument, however, went through a hardware modification right before launch to correct for a thermal design inadequacy that was uncovered during the spacecraft thermal vacuum test. This paper reports on how the initially obscure problem was tracked down, and how the thermal models were revised, validated, and utilized to investigate the solution options and guide the hardware modification decisions. Details related to test data interpretation, analytical uncertainties, and model-prediction vs. test-data correlation, are documented. Instrument/spacecraft interface issues, where the problem originated and where in general pitfalls abound, are dealt with specifically. Finally, on-orbit thermal performance data are presented, which exhibit good agreement with flight predictions, and lessons learned are discussed.
Through‐Space Delocalized Water‐Soluble Paracyclophane Bichromophores: New Fluorescent Optical Reporters

Conjugated polymers and oligomers can serve as highly responsive fluorescent reporters for biosensor applications. However, their optical properties in aqueous media are highly dependent upon environmental conditions. The structure of the paracyclophane framework provides a platform for designing optical reporters that show little sensitivity to surfactants, and thus is well-suited for fluorescent assays. The permanent intramolecular delocalization through the paracyclophane core dominates intermolecular perturbations in spontaneously formed aggregates.
How Unilateral Economic Sanctions Affect the Farm Economy: An Inter-Industry Analysis

This paper examines how unilateral economic sanctions affect the U.S. farm economy. A key result is that the total impact of unilateral sanctions on the U.S. economy is larger than the direct impacts on industries whose exports have been constrained (in some cases more than twice as large). Thus, while the direct burden of sanctions may fall on a narrow set of industries, the analysis reveals the extent to which the impacts spill over into other sectors of the economy, an area to date that has not received adequate attention.