cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical and Psychiatric Causes of Episodic Vestibular Symptoms

Dizziness and vertigo are among the most common presenting patient complaints in ambulatory settings. Specific vestibular causes are often not immediately identifiable. The first task of the clinician is to attempt to rule in specific vestibular disorders, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo through physical examination, diagnostic testing, and history taking. A large proportion of patients with dizziness and vertigo will not be easily classified or confirmed as having a specific vestibular cause. As with any undifferentiated patient, the focus in this setting is to attempt to exclude serious or threatening causes.
Space networking interacting in space communication networks

Space missions always required reliable transfer of data between space and ground. We address the issue of enabling computational technologies addressing both the requirements of communicating at a higher level of abstraction between heterogeneous ground and on-board systems and the requirements of space communication protocol standards. Higher level protocol layers are presented in the context of a distributed interactive multi-agent architecture simulating flight and ground software systems controlling and transmitting information in a space telecommunication network. The resulting agent protocol include higher level protocols for inter-agent communication at the knowledge or application level used to negotiate goals, as well as lower end protocols for space mission data transmissions. The asynchronous behaviors present in network management mean that complex interactions can occur. Multi-layered control architectures based on interacting agents seem appropriate, allowing for logical decomposition of the decision-making processes, reflecting the inherent distributed nature of this type of systems and support the need for intelligent control and robustness. This paper: presents the use of a multi-agent system, emphasizing the interaction aspects of computational components and allowing for sharing higher-level information structures between components. This architectural approach allows for encapsulation of the main mission software functions and transparently ensures their interoperability.
Sources from shading

The authors assume a Lambertian shading model with unknown light source directions. It is shown that information on the occluding boundary puts strong constraints on the light source directions. For a small number of light sources, from sufficiently different directions, additional information from intensity extrema will be sufficient to determine the source directions. If there are two, or three, views of the object then the light sources can be determined without extrema information. The authors report experiments performed on synthesized images. >
Tachistoscopic vs. conventional presentation of incomplete sentence stimuli.

Summary The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (ISB) was administered to college students under tachistoscopic (T) and conventional (C) modes of presentation. In the T-mode, sentence stems were completed with random letters. No significant differences were found due to sex, sets (items 1–20 vs items 21–40), modes, or order of presenting sets or modes. Within the male data only, Set 2 had significantly higher scores than Set 1, and the C-mode produced higher scores than the T-mode. Implications are discussed.
MO‐E‐AUD B‐03: Bone Models for Kilo‐Voltage X‐Ray Monte Carlo Simulations

Purpose: The single‐bone tissue model commonly used in radiation therapy may be over simplified. Experiments and simulations have shown that in mega‐voltage x‐ray dose computation this model can cause errors of up to 10%. In the kilo‐voltage range a much higher error is expected because of the larger variation of the mass attenuation coefficients of different bone tissues. This error could produce significant errors in dose computation and potentially result in noticeable biological effect. A more effective bone model is therefore needed. Method and Materials: A model containing multiple bone compositions can be formulated to more accurately represent the distribution of attenuations found in vivo. Based on the observation that bone calcium and phosphorus contents are strongly correlated with the bone density, we propose a methodology in which the interpolated compositions of these 2 elements and the averaged compositions of other 10 major elements are assigned to a model bone based on its density. A series of 24 model bones was generated that covers the bone density range 1.1 to 2 gram/cm3. The error of primary photon total energy released per unit mass (terma) was used to evaluate the models. Photon‐tissue interaction cross‐sections are calculated and Monte Carlo simulation was performed to estimate the dose deposition error. Results: In the kilo‐voltage range, if a bone is assigned with the correct density but an inaccurate composition, the terma error by the single‐bone model can reach 25%. The 24‐bone model reduces this error to below 0.5%. A simulation shows that in a 120 kVp x‐ray radiation to a mouse brain, the skull dose predicted by the single‐bone model can be 2.13 times that by the 24‐bone model. Conclusion: A multiple‐bone model is proposed. Use of this model should significantly improve dose computation accuracy, especially in kilo‐voltage x‐ray spectrum range.
Thrombocytopenia and in-hospital mortality risk among ischemic stroke patients.

Background Thrombocytopenia has been associated with increased mortality in nonstroke conditions. Because its role in acute ischemic stroke is less well understood, we sought to determine whether thrombocytopenia at admission for acute ischemic stroke was associated with in-hospital mortality. Methods We used data from a retrospective cohort of stroke patients (1998-2003) at 5 U.S. hospitals. Risk factors considered included conditions that can lead to thrombocytopenia (e.g., liver disease), increase bleeding risk (e.g., hemophilia), medications with antiplatelet effects (e.g., aspirin), and known predictors of mortality (e.g., National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and Charlson Comorbidity Index scores). Logistic regression modeling evaluated the adjusted association between thrombocytopenia, defined as platelets Results Among 1233 acute ischemic stroke patients, thrombocytopenia was present in 2.3% (n = 28). A total of 6.1% (n = 75) of patients died in the hospital. In unadjusted analyses, thrombocytopenia was associated with higher mortality (8/28 [28.6%] v 67/1205 [5.6%]; P Conclusions Admission thrombocytopenia among patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke predicts in-hospital mortality.
Cyproheptadine-induced alterations in rat insulin synthesis.

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine whether the reduced pancreatic insulin content in rats treated with cyproheptadine is due to a drug-induced inhibition in insulin biosynthesis. Pancreatic islets were isolated six hours after the last of eight daily oral doses of cyproheptadine (45 mg kg ) or water (control). Islets from drug-treated animals were depleted of insulin and exhibited a significant hyperplasia. Addition of cyproheptadine in vitro to islets from drug-treated and control animals caused an inhibition of proinsulin synthesis, as measured by 3H-leucine incorporation. The degree of inhibition was dependent on drug concentration and at 8 × 10−5 M the incorporation of label into proinsulin was completely prevented. The inhibitory effects of cyproheptadine were less pronounced when incorporation of label into total islet protein was measured. The drug was apparently less effective in altering the synthesis of other islet proteins and showed selectivity for inhibition of proinsulin synthesis. Measurement of proinsulin content in the whole pancreas of rats given cyproheptadine in vivo showed that a 77% reduction occurred by six hours after a single 45 mg kg oral dose. The results indicate that an inhibition of proinsulin synthesis is responsible for the depletion of pancreatic insulin in rats given cyproheptadine.
Building a bird brain: Sculpting neural circuits for a learned behavior

Development in animals is frequently characterized by periods of heightened capacity for both neural and behavioral change. So-called sensitive periods of development are windows of opportunity in which brain and behavior are most susceptible to modification. Understanding what factors regulate sensitive periods constitutes one of the main goals of developmental neuroscience. Why is the ability to learn complex behavioral patterns often restricted to sensitive periods of development? Songbirds provide a model system for unraveling the mysteries of neural mechanisms of learning during development. Like many songbirds, zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) learn a specific vocal pattern during a restricted period early in life. Young birds must hear songs produced by members of their species; this auditory experience is thought to engender specific changes in the brain to guide the process of vocal learning. Many studies of the songbird system have focused on examining relationships between brain development and learning. One goal of this work is to elucidate mechanisms that regulate basic processes of neural development, and in so doing to shed light on factors governing the emergence of a complex learned behavior.
Developing and Sustaining Quality Improvement Partnerships in the VA: The Colorectal Cancer Care Collaborative

Objective The Veterans Affairs (VA) Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI) seeks to develop partnerships between VA health services researchers and clinical managers, with the goal of designing and evaluating interventions to improve the quality of VA health care.
Evaluation of Maryland abutment scour equation through selected threshold velocity methods

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Maryland State Highway Administration, used field measurements of scour to evaluate the sensitivity of the Maryland abutment scour equation to the critical (or threshold) velocity variable. Four selected methods for estimating threshold velocity were applied to the Maryland abutment scour equation, and the predicted scour to the field measurements were compared. Results indicated that performance of the Maryland abutment scour equation was sensitive to the threshold velocity with some threshold velocity methods producing better estimates of predicted scour than did others. In addition, results indicated that regional stream characteristics can affect the performance of the Maryland abutment scour equation with moderate-gradient streams performing differently from low-gradient streams. On the basis of the findings of the investigation, guidance for selecting threshold velocity methods for application to the Maryland abutment scour equation are provided, a...
Phase coherent effects in a collisional turbulent plasma

The presence of mode-mode coupling in turbulent fluctuations in the positive column of a glow discharge in argon is studied experimentally and analytically. The auto-power spectra, the cross power spectra, the phase spectra, the cross correlation functions and the bispectrum are determined. The results are relevant to the theoretical speculations of Grabec and Mikac (1974) and it is shown that ionization instability is the primary cause of the turbulence. The phase spectra indicate that the system is nearly linear at low frequency and the bispectrum plots show that nonlinear wave-wave interactions play a role in the development of the fluctuation components in the turbulent spectrum. Distinctions are made between the azimuthal and axial behaviors of the fluctuations and the results imply a trend toward longer azimuthal scales and shorter axial scales for characterizing fluctuation wave-packets as the density of the turbulent environment increases.
Exploring Probability and Statistics with Preservice and Inservice Teachers

NCTM's mathematics curriculum and evaluation standards (1989) have provided educators with the challenge of revamping high school mathematics curricula as well as pedagogies by which content is taught. This article presents a lesson designed for preservice and inservice teachers that permits participants to: (a) strengthen their conceptual understanding, and (b) experience learning in a cooperative environment that encourages communication. The lesson engages participants in the collection and representation of probabilistic data using dice with 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 20 faces. Opportunities are provided for participants to discover patterns and construct mathematical knowledge concerning theoretical probability. Teacher educators can facilitate reform of mathematics education by developing and delivering such lessons.
Forces on oscillating uniform and tapered cylinders in cross flow

Forces are measured at both ends of rigid cylinders with span 60 cm, performing transverse oscillations within an oncoming stream of water, at Reynolds number Re≈3800. Forced harmonic motions and free vibrations of uniform and tapered cylinders are studied. To study free motions, a novel force-feedback control system has been developed, consisting of: (a) a force transducer, which measures forces on a section of a cylinder moving forward at constant speed; (b) a computer using the measured force signal to drive in real time a numerical simulation of an equivalent mass-dashpot-spring system; (c) a servomotor and linear table which impose, also in real time, the numerically calculated motion on the cylinder section. The apparatus allows very low equivalent system damping and strict control of the parametric values and structure of the equivalent system.Calculation of the cross-correlation coefficient between forces at the two ends of the uniform cylinder reveals five distinct regimes as a function of the nominal reduced velocity Vrn: two regimes, for low and high values of Vrn, and far away from the value of VrS corresponding to the Strouhal frequency, show small correlation; two regimes immediately adjacent to, but excluding, VrS show strong correlation, close to 1; surprisingly, there is a regime containing the Strouhal frequency, within which correlation is low. Free vibrations with a 40[ratio ]1 tapered cylinder show that the regime of low correlation, containing the Strouhal frequency, stretches to higher reduced velocities, while lock-in starts at lower reduced velocities.When comparing the amplitude and phase of the lift coefficient measured for free and then for forced vibrations, we obtain close agreement, both for tapered and uniform cylinders. When comparing the cross-correlation coefficient, however, we find that it is much higher in the forced oscillations, especially for the uniform cylinder. Hence, although the force magnitude and phase may be replicated well in forced vibrations, the correlation data suggest that differences exist between free and forced vibration cases.
Eosinophilic Lung Disease Induced by Bicalutamide: A Case Report and Review of the Medical Literature

A 69-year-old man with advanced prostate cancer was receiving antiandrogen therapy (bicalutamide [Casodex]). He developed dyspnea, peripheral eosinophilia and bilateral pulmonary interstitial infiltrates. Transbronchial biopsy confirmed pulmonary eosinophilia. Withdrawal of bicalutamide and initiation of steroid therapy resulted in clinical improvement.
The quantitative prediction and lifetime of a pronounced reactive scattering resonance

Abstract Accurate three-dimensional quantum mechanical calculations of the differential cross section, timedelay and collision lifetime of the H + D2(v, j) → HD(v′, j′) + D reaction show that the v = j = 0 → v′ = 0, j′ = 4 and 5 transitions display pronounced resonances at a total energy of 1.50 eV if the effect of the geometric phase is introduced, but not otherwise. Inclusion of this effect in the neighborhood of this energy is essential. The resonance widths are of the order of 30 meV and their durations of 68 to 164 fs are long compared with the system's translational, vibrational or rotational times of about 10 fs. Experiments are proposed to verify these predictions.
College students’ conceptualizations of deficits involved in mild intellectual disability

Abstract Precedential rulings in recent capital murder trials may, in some cases, leave it up to a jury to determine whether or not an individual meets criteria for an intellectual disability (ID) and should be spared from the death penalty. Despite the potential for misconceptions about ID to bias decisions, few empirical studies have examined the public's conceptualizations of individuals with ID. This study sought to examine 890 college students’ conceptualizations of the deficits involved in mild ID. Students were asked to respond to two online surveys about the cognitive and adaptive behavior deficits that people with mild ID may experience. While most students were correct about basic facts, such as ID is not contagious and not curable, there was no clear consensus regarding beliefs about individuals with ID getting married, having children, or engaging in other mainstream activities of adult living. Students’ responses are examined in light of results of studies that identify and examine bona fide deficits and areas of successful mainstreaming among persons with ID. Implications of misconceptions are discussed.
Ellipsometric measurements applied to liquid crystal display technology

Variable angle transmission ellipsometry has been used to characterize the various elements of the liquid crystal display (LCD) architecture. Ellipsometric data, which are in the form of polarization ellipses as a function of incident angle, are analyzed using the 2 X 2 extended Jones matrix formalism. Information which can be deduced from the ellipsometric data includes the birefringence, cell gap, twist angle, and pretilt angle of the liquid crystal cell, polarization efficiency of the polarizers, as well as the retardation values of birefringent compensators. The ellipsometric method is capable of complete characterization of the polarization state of the transmitted light.
Natural T-cell regulation of spontaneous immunoglobulin secretion

Abstract Splenic lymphocytes from nude (nu/nu), heterozygous/nude (+/nu), or wild type (+/+) mice were examined for their capacity to secrete immunoglobulin (Ig) in the absence of exogenous antigenic stimulation. Using the reverse hemolytic plaque assay, which measures spontaneous Ig secretion in vitro , whole spleen populations from both heterozygous/nude (+/nu) and nude (nu/nu) mice were found to have significantly fewer numbers of plaque-forming cells when compared with spleen cells from +/+ mice. Analysis of highly purified populations of T and B lymphocytes showed that increased numbers of B cells from +/+ mice were stimulated to secrete Ig when as few as 10% syngeneic +/+ T cells were added in vitro . In contrast, the same number of thymocytes suppressed the identical B-cell function. A comparison of splenic T cells obtained from either +/+ or +/nu mice revealed that T cells from +/nu animals stimulated additional plaque-forming activity by B cells from wild type or nude mice. The cellular mechanism underlying enhanced help by T cells from +/nu mice is unclear but may reflect a functionally restricted population of T cells inherited by heterozygous/ nude mice.
Job, Organizational, and Professional Context Antecedents as Predictors of Intent for Interrole Work Transitions.

Abstract Using longitudinal data collected over a 4-year period from a sample of medical technologists, this study found that intent to leave one's organization, intent to leave one's profession, and intended retirement age were distinguishable interrole work transitions. Job context (i.e., job satisfaction) had a significant impact on subsequent organizational and professional withdrawal intent. Organizational context (i.e., work-force reduction, shift, schedule) had a significant impact on subsequent organizational withdrawal intent, while professional context (i.e., role orientation and professional commitment) had a significant impact on subsequent professional withdrawal intent.
Transaction Costs of Pesticide Policies in Vietnam

ABSTRACT Vietnam faces a number of important environmental and resource issues, including deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and water and air pollution. In developing countries the conflict between growth and protecting the environment is particularly acute. This article provides an overview of existing agri-environmental policies and institutions in Vietnam. It then analyzes policy instruments that have been employed to reduce pesticide pollution and discusses the factors affecting the magnitude of transaction costs associated with those policies. A major factor is the large number of enterprises involved, both farms and input suppliers.
Stereoscopic vision in macaque monkey. Cells sensitive to binocular depth in area 18 of the macaque monkey cortex.

Stereoscopic Vision in Macaque Monkey: Cells sensitive to Binocular Depth in Area 18 of the Macaque Monkey Cortex
Calcium Fortification of Rice: Distribution and Retention

A method of calcium fortification of milled rice was developed and tests conducted to investigate calcium distribution and retention. Milled rice (Karen variety) was soaked in 3.0% calcium lactate solution (CLS)(rice: CLS, 1.0:0.75 w/v) for 3 hr at room temperature followed by steaming 10 min at 0.68 atm, and drying to 10–11% moisture. Washing fortified rice resulted in calcium losses of ∼5%. Calcium fortified rice flour samples after dialysis, retained ∼60% of original calcium. Fortification process met U.S. standards for calcium-fortified rice (110–220 mg/100g rice) and resulted in minimal washing losses.
The approximation scheme for peak power driven voltage partitioning

With advancing technology, large dynamic power consumption has significantly limited circuit miniaturization. Minimizing peak power consumption, which is defined as the maximum power consumption among all voltage partitions, is important since it enables energy saving from the voltage island shutdown mechanism. In this paper, we prove that the peak power driven voltage partitioning problem is NP-complete and propose an efficient provably good fully polynomial time approximation scheme for it. The new algorithm can approximate the optimal peak power driven voltage partitioning solution in O(m2 (mn/∊4)) time within a factor of (1 + ∊) for sufficiently small positive e, where n is the number of circuit blocks and m is the number of partitions which is a small constant in practice. Our experimental results demonstrate that the dynamic programming cannot finish for even 20 blocks while our new approximation algorithm runs fast. In particular, varying e, orders of magnitude speedup can be obtained with only 0.6% power increase. The tradeoff between the peak power minimization and the total power minimization is also investigated. We demonstrate that the total power minimization algorithm obtains good results in total power but with quite large peak power, while our peak power optimization algorithm can achieve on average 26.5% reduction in peak power with only 0.46% increase in total power. Moreover, our peak power driven voltage partitioning algorithm is integrated into a simulated annealing based floorplanning technique. Experimental results demonstrate that compared to total power driven floorplanning, the peak power driven floorplanning can significantly reduce peak power with only little impact in total power, HPWL, estimated power ground routing cost, level shifter cost and runtime. Further, when the voltage island shutdown is performed, peak power driven voltage partitioning can lead to over 10% more energy saving than a greedy frequency based voltage partitioning when multiple idle block sequences are considered.
Latter reorganization of membrane-glycogen complexes in rabbit extraocular muscle

Characteristic modes of secondary reorganization were observed in membrane-glycogen complexes of rabbit extraocular muscle. These included (a) an irregular widening or narrowing of the intracisternal space, (b) a loss of the typical intracisternal flocculent densities, and (c) the acquisition of intercisternal flocculent densities. In irregularly widened cisternae, the membranes tended to remain closely adjacent to the intervening glycogen layer, thereby forming triads composed of a glycogen layer enclosed within the apposing membranes of adjacent cisternae. In the absence of glycogen particles from contiguous portions of several lamellae, the membranes became compacted to form myeloidlike figures. Degenerating complexes sometimes displayed distention of intercisternal spaces and layers of atypically small particles. The above modifications of membrane-glycogen complexes would be compatible with the notion that these structures are involved in the process of glycogen metabolism, as opposed to the previously suggested notion that these structures are transient vehicles for the accumulation of glycogen masses.
Everyday Race-Making Navigating Racial Boundaries in Schools

Sociologists working in the racial formation tradition have made a clear case for under-standing race as a political and social construction and have detailed macroprocesses of production. However, we still do not understand enough about how race is reproduced through microlevel interactions. Drawing on ethnographic data from research in schools, the author examines everyday race-making—the processes through which race and racial categories are reproduced and contested in daily life. As racial identities are assigned to individuals and racial categories are mapped onto groups, these groups and individuals are simultaneously included in or excluded from a variety of social interactions and social institutions. It is through these everyday interactions that racial boundaries are formed and renegotiated.
Implementing the Early Childhood Formula Programs Under PL 99-457

This article describes the progress states and U.S. territories have made in implementing the Part H program for handicapped infants and toddlers and the Section 619 preschool grants program authorized by the 1986 Amendments to the Education of the Handicapped Act, PL 99-457. Some of the major challenges facing the states in this, the third year of the phase-in period, are noted.
CASS in Retrospect: Lessons from the Randomized Cohort and Registry

The Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) was a prospective, randomized evaluation of the value of coronary artery bypass grafting compared with medical therapy for stable, mildly symptomatic coronary artery disease. Also, the CASS registry collected clinic information and follow-up data from 24,959 nonconsecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization from 1974 to 1979. CASS has had a major impact on current management of the coronary disease patient and represents an important contribution to the cardiovascular knowledge base. Despite the large size and valuable contributions of CASS, its findings have been widely misinterpreted, especially regarding indications for coronary artery bypass surgery. This review examines CASS from the viewpoint of its methodology and some of its many published reports. A full understanding of CASS is requisite to avoid clinical misapplication of the findings of this study.
Tissue-specific differences in the role of RNA 3' of the apolipoprotein B mRNA mooring sequence in editosome assembly.

Site-specific editing of apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA by the cytidine deaminase, APOBEC-1 is proposed to require interactions of auxiliary protein(s) with an eleven nucleotide element, the mooring sequence, located 3' of the C --> U editing site. An analysis of the RNA sequence dependence for protein-RNA interactions and editosome assembly in rat liver and the small intestine demonstrated that the mooring sequence was a minimal requirement for these interactions. Sequences 3' of the mooring sequence either interacted with 66 kDa and 44 kDa proteins or enhanced the interactions of these proteins with the mooring sequence. The data also suggested tissue-specific differences in the relative importance of the 3' cis-acting 'enhancer' elements in the efficiency or stability of editosome assembly. We propose that the previously demonstrated differences in apoB mRNA editing efficiency and its regulation in liver and intestine may in part be due to differences in auxiliary protein interactions with apoB mRNA 3' of the mooring sequence.
Commercial activated carbon for the catalytic production of hydrogen via the sulfur–Iodine thermochemical water splitting cycle

Abstract Eight commercial activated carbon catalysts were examined for their catalytic activity to decompose hydroiodic acid (HI) to produce hydrogen; a key reaction in the sulfur–iodine (S–I) thermochemical water splitting cycle. Activity was examined under a temperature ramp from 473 to 773 K. No statistically significant correlation was found between the measured catalyst sample properties and catalytic activity. Four of the eight samples were examined for one week of continuous operation at 723 K. All samples appeared to be stable over the period of examination.
Antigen-induced suppression of human in vitro pokeweed mitogen-stimulated antibody production

Abstract Combinations of T and B lymphocytes from normal individuals booster immunized 14–30 days previously with a combination of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, synthesized IgG antitetanus toxoid, and IgG antidiphtheria toxoid antibodies when stimulated by pokeweed mitogen in vitro . The addition of 5 μg of soluble tetanus toxoid to the cultures during the first 2 days incubation resulted in greater than 90% suppression of the subsequent production of IgG antitetanus toxoid antibodies. The synthesis of IgM antitetanus toxoid antibodies, total IgG, total IgM, and IgG antidiphtheria toxoid antibodies were unaffected. Similarly, the addition of 5 μg of soluble diphtheria toxoid suppressed the synthesis of IgG antidiphtheria toxoid antibodies with no effect on the synthesis of IgG antitetanus antibodies. Allogeneic combinations of B and T lymphocytes were capable of mediating the suppression, and irradiation of the T cells caused only a partial and variable reversal of the suppression. The antigen-induced specific suppression of antibody synthesis could not be demonstrated in cultures stimulated with soluble T-cell-derived helper factors.
Ubiquitous Angles in Equiangular Sets of Lines

A set of lines through the origin in Rd is called equiangular if all pairs intersect in the same angle. For a given dimension d , there are finitely many nonisometric configurations of (d+1) equiangular lines in Rd . In particular, there are finitely many possible angles. Such angles can occur in only few dimensions or in infinitely many dimensions. We show that there are infinitely many ubiquitous angles θ occurring among sets of equiangular lines, i.e., for all d large enough, there are d+1θ -equiangular lines in Rd . We also show that there are infinitely many frequent angles, those which occur for infinitely many dimensions d , but are not ubiquitous.
Efficient incremental evaluation of aggregate values in attribute grammars

Aggregate valued attributes, which store collections of keyed elements, are required in attribute grammars to communicate information from multiple definition sites to multiple use locations. For syntax directed editors and incremental compilers, symbol tables are represented as aggregate values. We present efficient algorithms for incrementally maintaining these aggregate values and give an incremental evaluation algorithm that restricts attribute propagation to attributes dependent only upon information within the aggregate value that has changed.
Host Specificity of Laelaps (Acari: Laelapidae) in Central Brazil

A study of associations between small mammals and ectoparasites in two adjacent nature reserves near Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil, revealed that ectoparasitic mites of the genus Laelaps Koch are host specific. Data on the prevalence and intensity of mite infestations were combined with measures of the reproductive activity of mite populations to estimate the association of each host-mite pair. Twelve morphologically distinct species of Laelaps occurred in monoxenous and oligoxenous associations with the cricetid rodent genera Oryzomys, Nectomys, Rhipidomys , and Calomys . Nine were referred to species recognized at the time of the study; three were described as new species in a recent publication. When mites initially assigned as the same species infested more than one host species, an examination of the morphological variation within and among mite specimens supported the hypothesis that mites infesting different hosts were reproductively isolated populations. Dispersal pathways apparently were restricted, occurring primarily between conspecific individuals. In one instance, two morphologically similar groups of Laelaps paulistanensis Fonseca were associated with two closely related rodent species, Oryzomys fornesi Massoia and O. nigripes (Olfers). Although the data presented here indicate that these two groups of mites are conspecific, further study is warranted.
Interference of surface relaxations in unsupported thin films

We present embedded-atom simulations of interlayer relaxations in very thin slabs of Al and NiAl with (110) and (210) surfaces. The interlayer spacing at a given depth from the surface depends strongly on the slab thickness. For example, the value of the first-layer contraction exhibits a decaying oscillation about that for a semi-infinite solid as the slab thickness is increased. These effects can be understood as an interference of the relaxations from each of the two free surfaces of the slab. This interference model provides quantitative predictions of the slab interlayer spacings.
The Burden of Chronic Hyperglycemia

Diabetic complications constitute the principal clinical and economic burdens of diabetes. Available evidence indicates that sustained reduction in hyperglycemia (as measured by HbA1c) reduces the incidence of diabetic complications, including microvascular and neurological disease, and will likely reduce the risk of macrovascular disease. In the U.S., targeting interventions to aged and ethnic subpopulations, which are currently receiving suboptimal care, and increasing efforts to lower the average HbA1c concentrations one or two percentage points in people with diabetes would be a more cost-effective goal than aiming for a theoretical HbA1c threshold below which the risk of complications is negligible. Other risk factors for diabetic complications, such as obesity, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and hypercholesterolemia, must also be addressed to reduce the burden of diabetes.
Toxigenic fungi associated with stored corn.

A total of 246 fungal isolates were obtained from 25 moldy corn samples collected in central Iowa. Either water or ether extracts of all corn samples except one exhibited some degree of toxicity in mice and/or ducklings. At least one toxigenic isolate was obtained from each corn sample. Extracts of cultures of 99 of the fungal isolates, involving 13 genera, produced death in one or more of the assay animals. The majority of the toxigenic isolates belonged to the generaAspergillus andPenicillium. Three isolates ofTrichothecium roseum were highly toxic to ducklings and mice. The ducklings exhibited a flaccid paralysis shortly after receiving an oral dose of extracts of these three isolates. Death frequently occurred following a second oral dose given 24 hr later. Mice given intraperitoneal injections of extracts ofT. roseum first exhibited lethargy and intermittent tremors, then hyperemotivity, roughening of the hair coat, abdominal respirations, incoordination, dyspnea and clonic convulsions with death occurring usually within 10 to 20 min.
Perpendicular scattering for electron beams by the electron/electron instability in solar electron bursts

[1] Energy dependence of electron pitch angle distributions in solar electron bursts is studied using both particle-in-cell simulations of the electron/electron instability and a time-of-flight model for streaming electrons. The simulations show that the electron/ electron instability leads to a maximum of electron pitch angle width in electron kinetic energy. The energy where the maximum appears varies with electron beam parameters. The simulations further show that the maximum electron pitch angle width increases with increasing electron beam density. The time-of-flight effect which leads to positive slopes in electron velocity distributions implies that the probability of electron/electron instability growth in the solar wind depends on electron kinetic energy because of the presence of an electron halo distribution. It is concluded that the electron/electron instability induced by the time-of-flight effect is likely to yield a maximum electron pitch angle width near 1 keV.
Prediction of drug clearance in children from adults: a comparison of several allometric methods

Aims In recent years with the advent of paediatric exclusivity and requirements to conduct clinical studies in children, the current emphasis is to find a safe and efficacious dose of a drug in children. It has been suggested that one can predict the clearance of a drug in children according to the equation: CL in the child = adult CL × (weight of the child/70)0.75. Considering the controversy surrounding the exponent of 0.75 for the prediction of clearance and lack of any systematic evaluation of the aforementioned proposal, the objectives of the study were as follows: (i) to determine if indeed the exponent 0.75 is the most suitable exponent for the prediction of clearance in children from adult data; (ii) to explore and search for other exponents that are more accurate or as good as 0.75; and (iii) to propose a new approach (if any) based on the findings of the current evaluation. Methods Six methods were used to predict clearance of drugs in children from adult data. Besides evaluating the exponent of 0.75, exponents of 0.80, 0.85 and 1.0 were also evaluated. An empirical approach based on kidney and liver weights was also examined. Based on the results of five methods, a sixth method was introduced. Results The results of the study indicate that no single method is suitable for all drugs or for all age groups. The exponents 0.75, 0.80, and 0.85 provided the same degree of accuracy or error in the prediction of clearance in children. Conclusions Since no single method is suitable for all drugs or for all age groups. A combination of approaches is suggested which may help in improving the prediction of clearance in children from adult data.
FORM AND CONTENT IN TOTEMISM1

W HILE the definition of totemism proposed in "Totemism, an Analytical Study" 2 must be pronounced as anything but illuminating, it serves to emphasize the two essential elements in totemism which have to a different degree been insisted upon in all theoretical discussions of the subject. For, if totemism may be designated as a specific socialization of emotional values,3 it contains the two basic factors, the emotional values and the specific socialization. The former constitute the content of totemism, the latter the form. The content of totemic phenomena, that is, the actual beliefs, practices, attitudes involved, were first to arouse the attention of investigators. In McLennan's now obsolete articles on The Worship of Animals and Plants totemism is discussed as an aspect of zoilatric and phytolatric phenomena. That the content of totemism is uppermost in the mind of Frazer of the original Totemism, appears from his classification of the subject into "clan, sex, and individual totemism." The same applies to Andrew Lang. While the significance, in fact, basic character of exogamy in connection with totemism, was recognized by these authors, exogamy, although in those days often referred to as "the social aspect of totemism," really constitutes but part of the totemic content, thus in no sense corresponding to that specific kind of socialization of cultural features, which in recent years has been discussed as the formal aspect of totemism. No essential departure from the older standpoint is noticeable in the work of van Gennep, or in the systematizations of S. Reinach. Similarly oriented are the studies of Jevons, Gomme, Wundt, and Durkheim, for whom totemism is primarily a
The Sustainable Neighborhoods for Happiness Index (SNHI): A metric for assessing a community's sustainability and potential influence on happiness

This paper describes the development of the Sustainable Neighborhoods for Happiness Index (SNHI): a tool to assess and compare how well individual cities, towns, neighborhoods and communities embrace sustainable practices and how these practices translate to opportunities for residents to pursue happiness. The SNHI is grounded in findings from primary literature and previous research suggesting associations between aspects of sustainable development and higher levels of self-reported happiness. Nine subsystems of community development were selected for the generation of the SNHI: water management, energy management, urban design, food management, business & economic development, waste management, buildings & infrastructure, transportation and community governance. SNHI scores were generated for sixteen US cities with data compiled from the Green City Index (2011) and the SustainLane US City Rankings (2007). A method was then developed to generate the Sustainable Neighborhoods for Happiness Distribution (SNHD) to plot future SNHI scores for comparison. The SNHI scoring methodology was then applied by collecting data for Athens, Georgia and Ithaca, New York. Our results suggest that San Francisco has the highest SNHI, while Detroit has the lowest and that Athens is just below and Ithaca just above the mean SNHI on the SNHD. The SNHI can serve as a unique tool for decision makers, community stakeholders, engineers, developers, architects, planners and researchers to assess the relative status of any neighborhood or community, with respect to development and happiness.
High-peak-power (>1.2 MW) pulsed fiber amplifier

We report results from Yb-doped fiber amplifiers seeded with two microchip lasers having 0.38-ns and 2.3-ns pulse durations. The shorter duration seed resulted in output pulses with a peak power of >1.2 MW and pulse energy of 0.67 mJ. Peak power was limited by nonlinear processes that caused breakup and broadening of the pulse envelope as the pump power increased. The 2.3-ns duration seed laser resulted in output pulses with a peak power of >300 kW and pulse energy of >1.1 mJ. Pulse energies were limited by the onset of stimulated Brillouin scattering and ultimately by internal optical damage (fluences in excess of 400 J/cm 2 were generated). In both experiments, nearly diffraction-limited beam profiles were obtained, with M 2 values of <1.2. Preliminary results of a pulse-amplification model are in excellent agreement with the experimental results of the amplifiers operating in the low-to-moderate gain-depletion regime.
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Optical Telescope Element (OTE) development status

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Optical Telescope Element (OTE) is a segmented, cryogenic telescope scheduled for launch in 2011. In September of 2002, NASA selected prime contractor Northrop Grumman Space Technology (NGST) to build the observatory including management of the OTE. NGST is teamed with subcontractors Ball Aerospace, Alliant Techsystems (ATK). and Kodak. The team has completed several significant design, technology, architecture definition, and manufacturing milestones in the past year that are summarized in this paper.
Sports-related genitourinary trauma in the male athlete

Genitourinary trauma is infrequent with regard to sports-related injuries and is frequently overlooked in the acute setting because other life-threatening or serious injuries take precedence. Once the patient has been stabilized, the radiologist plays a key role in the diagnosis of genitourinary trauma. The most commonly injured genitourinary organ is the kidney followed by the bladder and the urethra. Therefore, one should be familiar with imaging signs of genitourinary trauma in the athletic patient in order for these patients to be triaged appropriately. This article is a review of the spectrum of genitourinary trauma caused by sports-related injuries.
A Continuum Theory of Multispecies Thin Solid Film Growth by Chemical Vapor Deposition

A continuum theory for the chemical vapor deposition of thin solid films is proposed, in which a flowing, chemically reacting, gaseous mixture is coupled to the bulk of a growing thin film via the equations that govern the morphological evolution of the interface separating them. The vapor-film interface is viewed as a surface of zero thickness capable of sustaining mass and endowed with thermodynamic variables that account for its distinct structure. We consider situations in which species diffusion and heat conduction occur in all three phases (vapor, bulk and surface), with the former mechanism augmented by the convective transport of particles in the gas. Special attention is given to the chemical reactions that occur both in the vapor and on the film surface. Ours is a conceptual framework based on conservation laws for chemical species, momentum and energy, together with a separate balance of configurational forces. These balances are supplemented by an appropriate version of the second law which is used to develop suitable constitutive relations for each of the phases. In particular, we investigate the case of an elastic film, deposited on a rigid substrate and in contact with a reacting, multispecies, ideal vapor, whose surface behaves like an anisotropic, chemically reactive, multicomponent, ideal lattice gas. In addition to recovering the standard equations that describe the behavior of the gas and film phases, we derive the coupled PDE's that govern the interfacial morphological, chemical, and thermal evolution. In particular, the constitutively augmented interfacial configurational force balance provides a “kinetic relation” linking the thermodynamic “driving force” at the film surface to the growth rate. The special cases of (i) negligible interfacial species densities, and (ii) local (mechanical) equilibrium of both multi- and single-species films are investigated.
MYC oncogenes and human neoplastic disease

c-myc, N-myc and L-myc are the three members of the myc oncoprotein family whose role in the pathogenesis of many human neoplastic diseases has received wide empirical support. In this review, we first summarize data, derived mainly from non-clinical studies, indicating that these oncoproteins actually serve quite different roles in vivo. This concept necessarily lies at the heart of the basis for the observation that the deregulated expression of each MYC gene is reproducibly associated with only certain naturally occurring malignancies in humans and that these genes are not interchangeable with respect to their aberrant functional consequences. We also review evidence implicating each of the above MYC genes in specific neoplastic diseases and have attempted to identify unresolved questions which deserve further basic or clinical investigation. We have made every attempt to review those diseases for which significant and confirmatory evidence, based on studies with primary tumor material, exists to implicate MYC members in their causation and/or progression.