cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-sectional and quasi-panel explorations of the connection between the built environment and auto ownership

Auto ownership is a critical mediating link in the connection between the built environment and travel behavior: the built environment presumably influences auto ownership, which in turn impacts travel behavior. However, the way in which individual elements of the built environment affect auto ownership choices is far from understood. Further, residential self-selection may confound the interaction between the built environment and auto ownership. And the absence of panel data impedes our understanding of the causal relationships. Using a survey of 1682 respondents in Northern California, this study applied ordered probit and static-score modeling techniques to investigate the causal link from the built environment to auto ownership in both cross-sectional and quasi-panel contexts. Through variable selection in cross-sectional analysis, we found that individuals’ attitudes regarding residential neighborhood and travel are more strongly associated with their auto ownership decision than is the built environment per se. Specifically, when general preferences for various neighborhood traits were allowed to enter the model, they drove out from the model the (perceived) measure of the same trait for the neighborhood of current residence, a pattern suggesting that the observed correlation between neighborhood characteristics and auto ownership is primarily a result of self-selection. On the other hand, the quasi-panel results indicate that some built environment elements such as outdoor spaciousness and mixed land use are causes of auto ownership (remaining even after attitudes were allowed to enter the model), but their effects are marginal. In contrast, the strong influence of socio-demographics suggests that households’ auto ownership decisions are fundamentally based on their mobility needs and purchasing power. Given the mixed findings, this study does not definitively confirm a causal relationship between the built environment and auto ownership. However, it provides encouraging evidence that land-use policies designed to reduce auto ownership and use will lead to a marginal reduction in auto ownership.
An Efficient and Concise Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Lactacystin.

A selective, irreversible inhibitor of proteasome function, lactacystin (1) is an important experimental tool in cell biology. An efficient and direct enantioselective synthesis of lactacystin proceeds via the intermediates shown below. This process allows for the first time easy access to analogues of lactacystin in which the isopropyl substituent is replaced by other lipophilic groups. PMB=p-methoxybenzyl.
DNA secondary structures and epigenetic determinants of cancer genome evolution

An unstable genome is a hallmark of many cancers. It is unclear, however, whether some mutagenic features driving somatic alterations in cancer are encoded in the genome sequence and whether they can operate in a tissue-specific manner. We performed a genome-wide analysis of 663,446 DNA breakpoints associated with somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs) from 2,792 cancer samples classified into 26 cancer types. Many SCNA breakpoints are spatially clustered in cancer genomes. We observed a significant enrichment for G-quadruplex sequences (G4s) in the vicinity of SCNA breakpoints and established that SCNAs show a strand bias consistent with G4-mediated structural alterations. Notably, abnormal hypomethylation near G4s-rich regions is a common signature for many SCNA breakpoint hotspots. We propose a mechanistic hypothesis that abnormal hypomethylation in genomic regions enriched for G4s acts as a mutagenic factor driving tissue-specific mutational landscapes in cancer.
The Split of the S&P 500 Futures Contract: Effects on Liquidity and Market Dynamics

The Chicago Mercantile Exchange reduced the size of its S&P 500 futures contract when it reduced the multiplier from 500 to 250 and increased the minimum tick from 0.05 to 0.10 on November 3, 1997. This is a rare major change in a very successful contract's specifications. We analyze effects of this change on liquidity and market dynamics in both a univariate and a multivariate context. The main contribution of this study is the use of multiple intervention analysis with various dynamic response functions to examine the effects of the split while taking into account several other major market events surrounding it. A multivariate analysis is also used to test the impact of the split using a structural model of liquidity and market dynamics. Empirical findings offer limited support for the hypotheses that smaller contract size resulted in smoother trading, and that more public customers trade the S&P 500 futures contract following its split. We observe a reduction in the average transaction size as well as a temporary narrowing of the bid-ask spreads, but no significant change in volatility that can be attributed to the split. We do not find any significant and lasting impact on other liquidity and market variables.
What is a Salient Object? A Dataset and a Baseline Model for Salient Object Detection

Salient object detection or salient region detection models, diverging from fixation prediction models, have traditionally been dealing with locating and segmenting the most salient object or region in a scene. While the notion of most salient object is sensible when multiple objects exist in a scene, current datasets for evaluation of saliency detection approaches often have scenes with only one single object. We introduce three main contributions in this paper. First, we take an in-depth look at the problem of salient object detection by studying the relationship between where people look in scenes and what they choose as the most salient object when they are explicitly asked. Based on the agreement between fixations and saliency judgments, we then suggest that the most salient object is the one that attracts the highest fraction of fixations. Second, we provide two new less biased benchmark data sets containing scenes with multiple objects that challenge existing saliency models. Indeed, we observed a severe drop in performance of eight state-of-the-art models on our data sets (40%–70%). Third, we propose a very simple yet powerful model based on superpixels to be used as a baseline for model evaluation and comparison. While on par with the best models on MSRA-5 K data set, our model wins over other models on our data highlighting a serious drawback of existing models, which is convoluting the processes of locating the most salient object and its segmentation. We also provide a review and statistical analysis of some labeled scene data sets that can be used for evaluating salient object detection models. We believe that our work can greatly help remedy the over-fitting of models to existing biased data sets and opens new venues for future research in this fast-evolving field.
Hybrid Uranium–Transition-Metal Oxide Cage Clusters

Transition-metal based polyoxometalate clusters have been known for decades, whereas those built from uranyl peroxide polyhedra have more recently emerged as a family of complex clusters. Here we report the synthesis and structures of six nanoscale uranyl peroxide cage clusters that contain either tungstate or molybdate polyhedra as part of the cage, as well as phosphate tetrahedra. These transition-metal–uranium hybrid clusters exhibit unique polyhedral connectivities and topologies that include 6-, 7-, 8-, 10-, and 12-membered rings of uranyl polyhedra and uranyl ions coordinated by bidentate peroxide in both trans and cis configurations. The transition-metal polyhedra appear to stabilize unusual units built of uranyl polyhedra, rather than templating their formation.
Characterizing multiscale variability of zero intermittency in spatial rainfall

In this paper the authors study how zero intermittency in spatial rainfall, as described by the fraction of area covered by rainfall, changes with spatial scale of rainfall measurement or representation. A statistical measure of intermittency that describes the size distribution of 'voids' (nonrainy areas imbedded inside rainy areas) as a function of scale is also introduced. Morphological algorithms are proposed for reconstructing rainfall intermittency at fine scales given the intermittency at coarser scales. These algorithms are envisioned to be useful in hydroclimatological studies where the rainfall spatial variability at the subgrid scale needs to be reconstructed from the results of synoptic- or mesoscale meteorological numerical models. The developed methodologies are demsonstrated and tested using data from a severe springtime midlatitude squall line and a mild midlatitude winter storm monitored by a meteorological radar in Norman, Oklahoma.
Vertical limits of graph domains

We consider the limiting behavior of Teichmuller geodesics in the universal Teichmuller space $T(\mathbb{H})$. Our main result states that the limits of the Teichmuller geodesics in the Thurston's boundary of $T(\mathbb{H})$ may depend on both vertical and horizontal foliation of the corresponding holomorphic quadratic differential.
Supervision and Performance : The Case of World Bank Projects

Abstract This paper explores the impact of donor supervision on development project performance using data from World Bank-funded projects. Maximum likelihood estimation of a restricted ordered probit function finds that early supervision has a positive impact on performance. Given the size of World Bank-funded projects, gains from increasing supervision far outweigh the costs. The results provide evidence of an institutional bias toward lending at the expense of increased development impact.
Autoionizing resonances in time-dependent density functional theory.

Autoionizing resonances that arise from the interaction of a bound single-excitation with the continuum can be accurately captured with the presently used approximations in time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), but those arising from a bound double excitation cannot. In the former case, we explain how an adiabatic kernel, which has no frequency-dependence, can yet generate the strongly frequency-dependent resonant structures in the interacting response function, not present in the Kohn–Sham response function. In the case of the bound double-excitation, we explain that a strongly frequency-dependent kernel is needed, and derive one as an a posteriori correction to the usual adiabatic approximations in TDDFT. Our approximation becomes exact for an isolated resonance in the limit of weak interaction, where one discrete state interacts with one continuum. We derive a “Fano TDDFT kernel” that reproduces the Fano lineshape within the TDDFT formalism, and also a dressed kernel, that operates on top of an adiabatic approximation. We illustrate our results on a simple model system.
Equivalent Skin Analysis of Wing Structures Using Neural Networks

An efficient method of modeling trapezoidal built-up wing structures is developed by coupling. in an indirect way, an Equivalent Plate Analysis (EPA) with Neural Networks (NN). Being assumed to behave like a Mindlin-plate, the wing is solved using the Ritz method with Legendre polynomials employed as the trial functions. This analysis method can be made more efficient by avoiding most of the computational effort spent on calculating contributions to the stiffness and mass matrices from each spar and rib. This is accomplished by replacing the wing inner-structure with an "equivalent" material that combines to the skin and whose properties are simulated by neural networks. The constitutive matrix, which relates the stress vector to the strain vector, and the density of the equivalent material are obtained by enforcing mass and stiffness matrix equities with rec,ard to the EPA in a least-square sense. Neural networks for the material properties are trained in terms of the design variables of the wing structure. Examples show that the present method, which can be called an Equivalent Skin Analysis (ESA) of the wing structure, is more efficient than the EPA and still fairly good results can be obtained. The present ESA is very promising to be used at the early stages of wing structure design.
BACKWARD ESTIMATION OF STOCHASTIC PROCESSES WITH FAILURE EVENTS AS TIME ORIGINS.

Stochastic processes often exhibit sudden systematic changes in pattern a short time before certain failure events. Examples include increase in medical costs before death and decrease in CD4 counts before AIDS diagnosis. To study such terminal behavior of stochastic processes, a natural and direct way is to align the processes using failure events as time origins. This paper studies backward stochastic processes counting time backward from failure events, and proposes one-sample nonparametric estimation of the mean of backward processes when follow-up is subject to left truncation and right censoring. We will discuss benefits of including prevalent cohort data to enlarge the identifiable region and large sample properties of the proposed estimator with related extensions. A SEER–Medicare linked data set is used to illustrate the proposed methodologies.
Spectroscopy of proton-rich nuclei in the rare earth region

Abstract The isotope separator facility OASIS, on-line at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Super-HILAC, was used to investigate proton-rich rare earth nuclei. Single-particle states near the 82-neutron shell were delineated, numerous new isotopes, isomers and β-delayed proton emitters were discovered and the α-decay properties of some nuclides with N ⩾ 84 were re-examined. In this contribution the experimental program is summarized briefly, the excitation energies of the s 1 2 and h 11 2 proton states in this mass region are discussed, and results on the β-delayed-proton spectra of 145Dy and 147Er are presented.
Effects of preheating on X-ray scaling relations in galaxy clusters

The failure of purely gravitational and gasdynamical models of X-ray cluster formation to reproduce basic observed properties of the local cluster population suggests the need for one or more additional physical processes operating on the intracluster medium (ICM). We present results from 84 moderate-resolution gasdynamic simulations designed to investigate systematically the effects of preheating (an early elevated ICM adiabat) on the resultant, local X-ray size-temperature, luminosity-temperature, and ICM mass-temperature relations. Seven sets of 12 simulations are performed for a ΛCDM cosmology, each set characterized by a different initial entropy level Si. The slopes of the observable relations steepen monotonically as Si is increased. Observed slopes for all three relations are reproduced by models with Si ∈ 55-150 keV cm2, levels that compare favorably to empirical determinations of core ICM entropy by Lloyd-Davies, Ponman, & Cannon. The redshift evolution for the case of a locally successful model with Si = 106 keV cm2 is presented. At temperatures kT 3 keV, little or no evolution in physical isophotal sizes or bolometric luminosities is expected to z 1. The ICM and total masses at fixed T are lower at higher z, as expected from the virial theorem. ICM mass fractions show a mild T dependence. Clusters with kT 3 keV contain ICM mass fractions depressed by modest amounts (25%) below the cosmic mean baryon fraction Ωb/Ωm; hot clusters subject to preheating remain good tracers of the cosmic mix of clustered mass components at redshifts z 1.
Water ice on the satellite of kuiper belt object 2003 el61

We have obtained a near-infrared spectrum of the brightest satellite of the large Kuiper Belt object 2003 EL_(61). The spectrum has absorption features at 1.5 and 2.0 μm, indicating that water ice is present on the surface. We find that the satellite's absorption lines are much deeper than water ice features typically found on Kuiper Belt objects. We argue that the unusual spectrum indicates that the satellite was likely formed by impact and not by capture.
A General Strategy for Regiocontrol in Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Couplings of Aldehydes and Alkynes

A strategy for catalyst-controlled regioselectivity in aldehyde-alkyne reductive couplings has been developed. This strategy is the first where either regiochemical outcome may be selected for a broad range of couplings, without relying on substrate biases or directing effects. The complementary use of small cyclopropenylidene carbene ligands or highly hindered N-heterocyclic carbene ligands allows the regiochemical reversal with unbiased internal alkynes, aromatic internal alkynes, conjugated enynes, or terminal alkynes.
Depositional systems and diagenesis of travis peak tight gas sandstone reservoirs, sabine uplift area, Texas

The Travis Peak formation (lower Cretaceous) in the eastern East Texas basin is a fluvio-deltaic depositional system divided into large-scale facies packages: a middle sandstone-rich fluvial and delta-plain sequence that is gradationally overlain and underlain by a marine-influenced delta-fringe zone with a higher mudstone content. Domes and structural terraces on the west flank of the Sabine Uplift influenced deposition of Travis Peak sediments, and most Travis Peak gas production in this area is from thin sandstones (<25 ft(<7.6 m) thick) in the upper delta-fringe facies. The trapping mechanism is stratigraphic pinch-out of sandstones or porosity zones within sandstone, or both, on the flanks of structures. Detailed mapping of producing sandstone sequences in the uppermost upper delta-fringe on the western flank of the Bethany structure has delineated fluvial channelways, distributary or tidal channels, and barrier of distributary-mouth bars. Most Travis Peak gas production in the Bethany West area is from the bases of channel sandstones in a marine-influenced facies belt. Travis Peak sandstones in the eastern East Texas basin have undergone a complex series of diagenetic modifications. Precipitation of authigenic quartz, ankerite, dolomite, illite, and chlorite and the introduction of reservoir bitumen were the most important causes of occlusion of primarymore » porosity and reduction of permeability. Permeability decreases with depth in the Travis Peak, which suggests that the diagenetic processes that caused extensive cementation and resultant low permeability throughout most of the formation operated less completely on sediments deposited near the top of the succession.« less
Feasibility Study of Microfabrication by Coextrusion (MFCX) Hollow Fibers for Active Composites

Active composites based on a hollow fiber topology have advantages over solid piezoelectric fiber composites in that they require lower voltages for activation and are not limited to electrically non-conductive matrix materials. One critical issue for hollow fiber composites is the fiber aspect ratio (ratio of wall thickness to fiber radius). In this paper analytical and finite element models, which include electric field variations, were developed to determine the “effective d31”of an individual piezoelectric hollow fiber. The effective fiber properties were used to derive a single-row lamina strain/electric field model from classical composite theory. The models were validated with a series of deflection/voltage experiments conducted with hollow piezoelectric fibers fabricated utilizing microfabrication by coextrusion (MFCX) techniques. To determine the feasibility of MFCX hollow fiber composites, the models and experimental results were employed to study the effect of the fiber aspect ratio on a variet...
Molecular Beam Studies of Primary Photochemical Processes

Application of the method of molecular beam photofragmentation translational spectroscopy to the investigation of primary photochemical processes of polyatomic molecules is described.Examples will be given to illustrate how information concerning the energetics, dynamics and mechanism of dissociation processes can be obtained from the precise measurements of angular and velocity distributions of products in an experiment in which a well defined beam of molecules is crossed with a laser.
Maximum Entropy Utility

This paper presents a method to assign utility values when only partial information is available about the decision makers preferences. We introduce the notion of a utility density function and a maximum entropy principle for utility assignment. The maximum entropy utility solution embeds a large family of utility functions that includes the most commonly used functional forms. We discuss the implications of maximum entropy utility on the preference behavior of the decision maker and present an application to competitive bidding situations where only previous decisions are observed by each party. We also present minimum cross entropy utility, which incorporates additional knowledge about the shape of the utility function into the maximum entropy formulation, and work through several examples to illustrate the approach.
Interventions to improve the physical function of ICU survivors: a systematic review.

Background ICU admissions are ever increasing across the United States. Following critical illness, physical functioning (PF) may be impaired for up to 5 years. We performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of interventions targeting PF among ICU survivors. The objective of this study was to identify effective interventions that improve long-term PF in ICU survivors. Methods MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Physiotherapy Evidence-Based Database (PEDro) were searched between 1990 and 2012. Two reviewers independently evaluated studies for eligibility, critically appraised the included studies, and extracted data into standardized evidence tables. Results Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions included exercise/physical therapy (PT), parenteral nutrition, nurse-led follow-up, spontaneous awakening trials, absence of sedation during mechanical ventilation, and early tracheotomy. Nine studies failed to demonstrate efficacy on PF of the ICU survivors. However, early physical exercise and PT-based interventions had a positive effect on long-term PF. Conclusions The only effective intervention to improve long-term PF in critically ill patients is exercise/PT; its benefit may be greater if started earlier. Further research in this area comparing different interventions and timing is needed.
Unexpected local extrema for the Sendov conjecture

Abstract Let S ( n ) be the set of all polynomials of degree n with all roots in the unit disk, and define d ( P ) to be the maximum of the distances from each of the roots of a polynomial P to that root's nearest critical point. In this notation, Sendov's conjecture asserts that d ( P ) is at most 1 for every P in S ( n ) . Define P in S ( n ) to be locally extremal if d ( P ) is at least d ( Q ) for all nearby Q in S ( n ) . In this paper, we determine sufficient conditions for real polynomials of degree n with a root strictly between 0 and 1 and a real critical point of order n − 3 to be locally extremal, and we use these conditions to find locally extremal polynomials of this form of degrees 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, and 26.
Rethinking the role of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: evidence supporting a model of emotional contrast avoidance.

The Contrast Avoidance model (Newman & Llera, 2011) proposes that individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are hypersensitive to sharp upward shifts in negative emotion that typically accompany negative events, and use worry to maintain sustained intrapersonal negativity in an attempt to avoid these shifts. Although research shows that worry increases negative emotionality and mutes further emotional reactivity to a stressor when compared to the worry period (e.g., Llera & Newman, 2010), no study has tracked changes in negative emotionality from baseline to worry inductions followed by a range of emotional exposures. Further, no study has yet assessed participants' subjective appraisals of prior worry on helping to cope with such exposures. The present study tested the main tenets of the Contrast Avoidance model by randomly assigning participants with GAD (n=48) and nonanxious controls (n=47) to experience worry, relaxation, and neutral inductions prior to sequential exposure to fearful, sad, and humorous film clips. Both physiological (nonspecific skin conductance responses [NS-SCRs]) and self-reported emotional changes were observed. Results indicated that worry boosted negative emotionality from baseline, which was sustained across negative exposures, whereas low negative emotionality during relaxation and neutral inductions allowed for sharp increases in response to exposures. Furthermore, GAD participants found worry to be more helpful than other conditions in coping with exposures, whereas control participants reported the opposite pattern. Results provide preliminary support for the Contrast Avoidance model. This suggests that treatment should focus on underlying avoidance patterns before attempting to reduce worry behavior.
Kinetic Theory and Lax Equations for Shock Clustering and Burgers Turbulence

We study shock statistics in the scalar conservation law ∂ t u+∂ x f(u)=0, x∈ℝ, t>0, with a convex flux f and spatially random initial data. We show that the Markov property (in x) is preserved for a large class of random initial data (Markov processes with downward jumps and derivatives of Levy processes with downward jumps). The kinetics of shock clustering is then described completely by an evolution equation for the generator of the Markov process u(x,t), x∈ℝ. We present four distinct derivations for this evolution equation, and show that it takes the form of a Lax pair. The Lax equation admits a spectral parameter as in Manakov (Funct. Anal. Appl. 10:328–329, 1976), and has remarkable exact solutions for Burgers equation (f(u)=u 2/2). This suggests the kinetic equations of shock clustering are completely integrable.
Urinary incontinence self-report questions: reproducibility and agreement with bladder diary

This study aims to measure self-report urinary incontinence questions’ reproducibility and agreement with bladder diary. Data were analyzed from the Reproductive Risk of Incontinence Study at Kaiser. Participating women reporting at least weekly incontinence completed self-report incontinence questions and a 7-day bladder diary. Self-report question reproducibility was assessed and agreement between self-reported and diary-recorded voiding and incontinence frequency was measured. Test characteristics and area under the curve were calculated for self-reported incontinence types using diary as the gold standard. Five hundred ninety-one women were included and 425 completed a diary. The self-report questions had moderate reproducibility and self-reported and diary-recorded incontinence and voiding frequencies had moderate to good agreement. Self-reported incontinence types identified stress and urgency incontinence more accurately than mixed incontinence. Self-report incontinence questions have moderate reproducibility and agreement with diary, and considering their minimal burden, are acceptable research tools in epidemiologic studies.
Quantum gravity and equivariant cohomology

Abstract A procedure for obtaining correlation function densities and wavefunctionals for quantum gravity from the Donaldson polynomial invariants of topological quantum field theories, is given. We illustrate how our procedure may be applied to three and four dimensional quantum gravity. Detailed expressions, derived from super-BF gauge theory, are given in the three dimensional case. A procedure for normalizing these wavefunctionals is proposed.
In situ ion irradiation /implantation studies in the HVEM-tandem facility at argonne national laboratory

Abstract The HVEM-Tandem User Facility at Argonne National Laboratory interfaces two ion accelerators, a 2 MV tandem accelerator and a 650 kV ion implanter, to a 1.2 MV high-voltage electron microscope. This combination allows experiments involving simultaneous ion irradiation/ion implantation, electron irradiation and electron microscopy/electron diffraction to be performed. In addition the availability of a variety of microscope sample holders permits these as well as other types of in situ experiments to be performed at temperatures ranging from 10 to 1300 K, with the sample in a stressed state or with simultaneous determination of electrical resistivity of the specimen. This article summarizes the details of the Facility which are relevant to simultaneous ion beam material modification and electron microscopy, presents several current applications and briefly describes the straightforward mechanism for potential users to access this US Department of Energy-supported facility.
Stereoselective allylation of chiral monoperoxyacetals

Neighboring iodo-, alkoxy-, acetoxy- and silyl groups impart useful levels of diastereoselection in the Lewis acid-mediated allylation of monoperoxyacetals. Although monoperoxyacetals are found to be considerably less reactive than corresponding nonperoxidic acetals, similar stereochemical trends are observed in the two series.
THE EFFECTS OF HALO-TO-HALO VARIATION ON SUBSTRUCTURE LENSING

We explore the halo-to-halo variation of dark matter (DM) substructure in galaxy-sized DM halos, focusing on its implications for strongly gravitational lensed systems. We find that the median value for projected substructure mass fractions within projected radii of 3% of the host halo virial radius is approximately f{sub sub} Almost-Equal-To 0.25%, but that the variance is large with a 95 percentile range of 0 {<=} f{sub sub} {<=} 1%. We quantify possible effects of substructure on quadruply imaged lens systems using the cusp relation and the simple statistic, R{sub cusp}. We estimate that the probability of obtaining the large values of the R{sub cusp} which have been observed from substructure effects is roughly {approx}10{sup -3} to {approx}10{sup -2}. We consider a variety of possible correlations between host halo properties and substructure properties in order to probe possible sample biases. In particular, low-concentration host DM halos have more large substructures and give rise to large values of R{sub cusp} more often. However, there is no known observational bias that would drive observed quadruply imaged quasars to be produced by low-concentration lens halos. Finally, we show that the substructure mass fraction is a relatively reliable predictor of the value of R{sub cusp}.
The Power of Suggestion

Positive suggestions can help LD children think of themselves as successful learners and turn these positive thoughts into beneficial self-fulfilling prophecies.
Lifesizing Entrepreneurship: Lonergan, Bias and The Role of Business in Society

In an era of downsizing and disposable ethics, there is a need to redefine the role of business in society. Central to such a discussion is the frame of reference of the entrepreneur. A traditional business model defines entrepreneurship based on endowing resources with new wealth producing capabilities. This paper defines entrepreneurship as a calling to endow resources with new value. In support of the impact such a distinction would have on repositioning the role of business in society, the paper weaves together writings from the Pope, Drucker, and Lonergan, with emphasis on applying Lonergan’s discussion of bias to the discussion of ethics in business. Adapting the term, “lifesizing”, which was coined by the author in a previous article, to entrepreneurship, the paper takes the position that lifesized entrepreneurship can act as a catalyst similar to Lonergan’s cosmopolis and play a key role in countering bias and repositioning the role of business in society.
An implementable algorithm for the optimal design centering, tolerancing, and tuning problem

An implementable master algorithm for solving optimal design centering, tolerancing, and tuning problems is presented. This master algorithm decomposes the original nondifferentiable optimization problem into a sequence of ordinary nonlinear programming problems. The master algorithm generates sequences with accumulation points that are feasible and satisfy a new optimality condition, which is shown to be stronger than the one previously used for these problems.
Parsec-Scale Circular Polarization Observations of 40 Blazars

We present circular polarization results from a 5 GHz survey of the parsec-scale polarization properties of 40 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) made with the VLBA. We find 11 circular polarization detections at the 3 σ level or higher. This nearly quadruples the number of sources detected in circular polarization at VLBI resolution. We find no correlation between fractional linear and circular polarization across our sample. A likely explanation is external Faraday depolarization in the cores of AGNs which reduces linear polarization but leaves circular polarization unchanged. In comparing ours and other recent results to observations made ~20 years ago, we find that, in five of six cases, sources have the same sign of circular polarization today as they did 20 years ago. This suggests the presence of a long-term property of the jets, such as the polarity of a net magnetic flux, which is stable on timescales much longer than those of individual outbursts.
Further Criteria for the Existence of Steady Line-driven Winds

In an earlier paper we showed that steady line-driven disk wind solutions can exist by using "simple" models that mimic the disk environment. Here I extend the concepts introduced in the earlier paper and discuss many details of the analysis of the steady or unsteady nature of one-dimensional line-driven winds. This work confirms the results and conclusions of the earlier paper and is thus consistent with the steady nature of the one-dimensional streamline line-driven disk wind models of Murray and collaborators and the 2.5 dimensional line-driven disk wind models of Pereyra and collaborators. When including gas pressures effects, as is routinely done in time-dependent numerical models, I find that the spatial dependence of the nozzle function continues to play a key role in determining the steady or unsteady nature of supersonic line-driven wind solutions. I show here that the existence or nonexistence of local wind solutions can be proved through the nozzle function without integrating the equation of motion. This work sets a detailed framework with which we will analyze, in a following paper, more realistic models than the "simple" models of the earlier paper.
The BTeV experiment

BTeV is an approved forward collider experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron dedicated to precision studies of CP violation, mixing, and rare decays of beauty and charmed hadrons. The BTeV detector has been designed to achieve these goals. Pixel detectors cover the interaction region and vertex computation is included in the lowest level trigger.
Comparison of acceleration, expansion, and brightness of sprite streamers obtained from modeling and high-speed video observations

Received 2 September 2008; revised 10 December 2008; accepted 15 January 2009; published 26 March 2009. [1] We compare sprite streamer modeling results with high-speed video recordings of sprites made with 50-mstemporal resolution. Both the modeling results and the sprite videos show that sprite streamers propagate with acceleration and expansion during the initial stage of sprite development. The acceleration computed from the modeling for the applied electric fields close to the conventional breakdown threshold field is on the order of (0.5–1)10 10 ms 2 andisingoodagreementwiththepeakvaluesobservedexperimentally. We further discuss the effects of different spatial and temporal resolutions of an observational system on the visual appearances of sprite streamers. It is found that the large variation in brightness of sprites estimated from several observational studies can be directly attributed to different temporal and spatial resolutions of used instruments. Mainly due to the increasing radius of the streamer head of an accelerating streamer, the brightness of the streamer head increasesaswell.Thecomparisonresultsdemonstratethatthebrightnessofaspritestreamer head increases exponentially with time and can span more than 4 orders of magnitude in a very short period of about 1 ms. We propose a method for remote sensing of the spritedriving electric field in the mesospheric and lower ionospheric region by measuring the rate of the change of the brightness.
AUDIT COMMITTEE CHARACTERISTICS AND AUDITOR DISMISSALS FOLLOWING NEW GOING CONCERN REPORTS

One important role of audit committees is to protect external auditors from dismissal following the issuance of an unfavorable report. We examine auditor dismissals following new going‐concern reports that Big 6 firms issued between 1988 and 1999. Our findings suggest that audit committees with greater independence, greater governance expertise, and lower stockholdings are more effective in shielding auditors from dismissal after the issuance of new going‐concern reports. In addition, we find that the relation between audit committee independence and auditor protection from dismissal has grown stronger over time. Finally, independent audit committee members experience a significant increase in turnover rate after auditor dismissals. These findings, coupled with those from Carcello and Neal (2000), suggest that when affiliated directors dominate the audit committee, management often can (1) pressure its auditor to issue an unmodified report despite going‐concern issues, and (2) dismiss its auditor if the a...
Heteroaromatic Thioether−Organostannane Cross-Coupling

Heteroaromatic thioethers and aryl, heteroaryl, and alkenylstannanes participate in a palladium-catalyzed, copper(I)-mediated cross-coupling reaction at 50 °C in THF.
Quantum Field Theory on Curved Backgrounds. I. The Euclidean Functional Integral

We give a mathematical construction of Euclidean quantum field theory on certain curved backgrounds. We focus on generalizing Osterwalder Schrader quantization, as these methods have proved useful to establish estimates for interacting fields on flat space-times. In this picture, a static Killing vector generates translations in Euclidean time, and the role of physical positivity is played by positivity under reflection of Euclidean time. We discuss the quantization of flows which correspond to classical space-time symmetries, and give a general set of conditions which imply that broad classes of operators in the classical picture give rise to well-defined operators on the quantum-field Hilbert space. In particular, Killing fields on spatial sections give rise to unitary groups on the quantum-field Hilbert space, and corresponding densely-defined self-adjoint generators. We construct the Schrodinger representation using a method which involves localizing certain integrals over the full manifold to integrals over a codimension-one submanifold. This method is called sharp-time localization, and implies reflection positivity.
Compact Star Clusters in Nearby Dwarf Irregular Galaxies

Nearby dwarf irregular galaxies were searched for compact star clusters by using data from the Hubble Space Telescope archives. Eight of the 22 galaxies in our sample were found to host compact clusters of some type. Three of these have populous clusters, with MV < -9.5 at a fiducial age of 10 Myr, and the same three also have super–star clusters, with MV <-10.5 at 10 Myr. Four other dwarf galaxies, two of which contain populous and super–star clusters, are also considered by using data in the literature. The results suggest that galaxies fainter than MB = -16 or with star formation rates less than 0.003 M⊙ yr-1 kpc-2 do not form populous or super–star clusters and that even the brighter and more active dwarf galaxies rarely form them. Yet when they do form, the associated star formation activity is very high, with numerous compact clusters of similar age in the same complex and evidence for a galaxy-wide perturbation as the trigger. This tendency to concentrate star formation in localized regions of high column density is consistent with previous suggestions that self-gravity must be strong and the pressure must be high to allow a cool phase of gas to exist in equilibrium. Statistical considerations emphasize the peculiarity of super–star clusters in dwarf galaxies, which are too small to sample the cluster mass function to that extreme. We suggest that triggered large-scale flows and ambient gravitational instabilities in the absence of shear make the clouds that form super–star clusters in small galaxies. This is unlike the case in spiral galaxies in which density wave flows and scale-free compression from turbulence seem to dominate. Further comparisons with spiral galaxies give insight into Larsen & Richtler's relation between the star formation rate per unit area and the fraction of young stars in massive dense clusters. We suggest that this relation is the result of a physical connection between maximum cluster mass, interstellar pressure, interstellar column density, and star formation rate, combined with a size-of-sample effect.
Effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone on sperm release from the testes of the Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller)

Abstract Abdominal injection of 1 μg aqueous 20-hydroxyecdysone into Anagasta kuehniella , anytime prior to the initiation of sperm release from the testes, prevents the impending release of eupyrene sperm bundles. Apyrene sperm release is not prevented and there is complete recovery of eupyrene release by the following cycle 24 hr later. If 20-hydroxyecdysone is administered on consecutive days, no eupyrene bundles are released and although apryene sperm release continues, it diminishes with time. The effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone in preventing eupyrene release is dose dependent. Administration of decreasing 20-hydroxyecdysone dosages results in increasing numbers of eupyrene bundles released. When a single injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone is administered to isolated abdomens, recovery time of eupyrene sperm release is slower than in whole moths and total recovery is not seen even by 5 days after administration. Apyrene sperm release is also affected to a greater extent than in whole moths, and in some cases, no apyrene release was detected at all. Treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone prevents cupyrene bundles from passing through the testicular basilar membrane into the vasa efferentia, thus causing a build up of bundles near the basilar membrane but no disintegration of these eupyrene sperm bundles.
Modification of the Titanium(IV) Isopropoxide Reductive Amination Reaction: Application to Solid Phase Synthesis

Secondary amines are synthesized by a modification of the titanium(IV) isopropoxide reductive amination reaction. The modified procedure was utilized for both solution and solid phase synthesis with excellent purity and yields.
Finite groups of uniform logarithmic diameter

We demonstrate the existence of an infinite family of finite groups with 2 generators and logarithmic diameter with respect to any set of generators. This answers a question of A. Lubotzky. Moreover, in our groups, all minimal sets of generators have at most 3 elements.
Unifying Known Lower Bounds via Geometric Complexity Theory

We show that most algebraic circuit lower bounds and relations between lower bounds naturally fit into the representation-theoretic framework suggested by geometric complexity theory (GCT), including: the partial derivatives technique (Nisan---Wigderson), the results of Razborov and Smolensky on AC 0[p], multilinear formula and circuit size lower bounds (Raz et al.), the degree bound (Strassen, Baur---Strassen), the connected components technique (Ben-Or, Steele---Yao), depth 3 algebraic circuit lower bounds over finite fields (Grigoriev---Karpinski), lower bounds on permanent versus determinant (Mignon---Ressayre, Landsberg---Manivel---Ressayre), lower bounds on matrix multiplication (Burgisser---Ikenmeyer, Landsberg---Ottaviani) (these last two were already known to fit into GCT), the chasms at depth 3 and 4 (Gupta---Kayal---Kamath---Saptharishi, Agrawal---Vinay, Koiran, Tavenas), matrix rigidity (Valiant) and others. That is, the original proofs, with what is often just a little extra work, already provide representation-theoretic obstructions in the sense of GCT for their respective lower bounds. This enables us to expose a new viewpoint on GCT, whereby it is a natural unification of known results and broad generalization of known techniques. It also shows that the framework of GCT is at least as powerful as previous methods, and gives many new proofs-of-concept that GCT can indeed provide significant asymptotic lower bounds. This new viewpoint also opens up the possibility of fruitful two-way interactions between previous results and the new methods of GCT; we provide several concrete suggestions of such interactions. For example, the representation-theoretic viewpoint of GCT naturally provides new properties to consider in the search for new lower bounds.
Reliability Evaluation of High Power AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on SiC Substrate

Undoped AlGaN/GaN HEMTs grown on SiC substrates have recently demonstrated record output power density of 10.7 W/mm (cw) and total output power of 10 W at 10 GHz (L. F. Eastman, Joint ONR/MURI Review (5/15–16, 2001), CA (USA) [1]). In this paper, we present the results of reliability tests performed on undoped AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on SiC under dc and rf stress conditions. Undoped AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on SiC substrates have been submitted to on-wafer dc and rf stress conditions at a room temperature and the degradation in device performance induced by hot electron and thermal effects have been observed.
OPTIMAL INTERCEPTION OF A MANEUVERING LONG RANGE MISSILE

In a Newtonian central force field, the minimumfuel interception of a satellite, or a ballistic missile, in elliptic trajectory can be obtained via Lawden's theory of primer vector. To secure interception when the target performs evasive maneuvers, a new control law, with explicit solutions, is implemented. It is shown that by a rotation of coordinate system, the problem of three-dimensional interception is reduced to a planar problem. The general case of planar interception of a long range ballistic missile is then studied. Examples of interception at a specified time, head-on interception and minimum-fuel interception are presented. In each case, the requirement for the thrust acceleration is expressed explicitly as a function of time.
Temporal Evolution of Periodic Disturbances in Two-Layer Couette Flow

The time-dependent motion for a two-layer Couette flow consisting of fluids of different viscosities is simulated numerically by using an algorithm based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. Interfacial tension is included via a continuous surface force (CSF) algorithm. The algorithm is fine-tuned to handle the motion which is driven by a shear-induced interfacial instability due to the viscosity stratification. The code is validated against linear theory. Two prototypical situations are presented, one at a moderately high Reynolds number and the other at a lower Reynolds number. The initial condition is seeded with the eigenmode of largest growth rate, with amplitudes that are varied from those that capture the linear regime to larger values for nonlinear regimes. Issues of free surface advection and viscosity interpolation are discussed. The onset of nonlinearity occurs at the interface and is quadratic, followed by wave steepening.
The Discovery of Oxygen-rich Chromospheres in Two Massive DQ White Dwarfs

We present HST observations of the massive DQ white dwarfs G227-5 and G35-26 in which we find the first clear evidence of chromospheric activity in cool field white dwarfs. The chromospheric spectra, obtained over a very narrow wavelength range, show lines of the usually expected species O I, N I, C II, and possibly Si III and Mg II. The O I/C II line strengths are considerably higher than usually found in main-sequence chromospheres. However, the hypothesis that these high line strengths represent a genuine oxygen overabundance in these stars is less likely than the interpretation that the oxygen abundance is enhanced by one or more of the well-known effects that can alter chromospheric abundances.