cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irrationality without number theory

(1991). Irrationality Without Number Theory. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 98, No. 4, pp. 332-335.
Isolation of a derivative of Escherichia coli-Enterococcus faecalis shuttle vector pAM401 temperature sensitive for maintenance in E. faecalis and its use in evaluating the mechanism of pAD1 par-dependent plasmid stabilization.

A derivative of the Escherichia coli-Enterococcus faecalis shuttle vector pAM401 was isolated by mutagenesis in an E. coli mutator strain. This plasmid, designated pAM401ts, was more than an order of magnitude less stable at 38 degreesC than at 30 degreesC in the E. faecalis host strain JH2-2. The E. faecalis plasmid pAD1-encoded par stability locus was cloned onto pAM401ts, and its effects on plasmid stability and host cell viability were assessed. It was found that par stabilized pAM401ts at 38 degreesC but also caused a substantial drop in cell viability three to four generations after a temperature shift from 30 to 38 degreesC. After a maximum viability drop of 94%, culture growth recovered as plasmid-free cells began to accumulate. Provision of excess RNAII, the putative par antidote, in trans attenuated cell killing. These characteristics support a postsegregational killing mechanism for par-mediated plasmid stabilization.
Some aspects of field emission and field ion microscopy

The field emission microscope can reveal the work function variation of an emitter surface with a spatial resolution of ∼ 25 A. It is particularly powerful for studying adsorption-desorption and surface diffusion phenomena. The field ion microscope can resolve single atoms on solid surfaces. Structures of deeper surface layers can be revealed by field evaporation. The chemical identity of surface atoms can be analyzed one by one by time-of-flight mass spectrometry in the atom probe. Using these two instruments, behavior of single atoms on metal surface, compositional variations in the surface layers of alloys, and the atomic structures as well as compositional variations of various phases in alloys and materials can be studied with true single atomic layer, spatial resolution. Some aspects of field emission techniques and applications of them to surface science and material characterization are described here.
Reading Hands: Pulse Qualities and the Specificity of the Clinical

Opening with a contrast between the pulse-reading practices of traditional Chinese medicine doctors in clinics and the objective data on pulses provided by the electronic pulsometer, this discussion analyzes the qualitative judgments involved in medical diagnosis and therapy. Working clinicians who discern and classify pathological processes employ a semiotics of qualities to establish the value, or practical and ethical significance, of bodily signs. The embodied perceptiveness of pulse reading in Chinese medicine is thus understood as an engagement with qualities. As such, it narrows the field of qualities available to the touch in conventional and historically authorized ways, while still relying on a qualitative excess. In spite of a widespread interest in providing objectively proven, evidence-based medicine both in China and in North America, this article suggests that it is in the nature of clinical work everywhere ultimately to prefer a qualitative semiotics that exceeds standardized classification and quantification.
Photoinduced Charge Separation. Dipoles, Exciplexes and Ion Pairs

Abstract Depending on the system, the extent of photoinduced charge separation varies from intramolecular to intermolecular and further to ion-radical pairs of arbitrary separation. Transient dc conductivity techniques allow study of all these stages in photoinduced charge separation with subnanosecond time resolution. In the simplest case, photoexcitation of a molecule can result in intramolecular charge transfer, i.e. the creation of an excited state dipole moment, which exists only until the molecule relaxes to the ground state. In the case of an intermolecular charge transfer, there is a nonzero probability for the charges to dissociate and create free ion radicals. The larger the initial charge separation the greater is their probability of dissociation. The probability increases even more in the case of photoionization where the photoelectron thermalizes at a distance from the parent cation, creating the so called geminate ion radical pair.
A General Theory of Inhomogeneous Systems

Inhomogeneous systems are modeled using maximum entropy methods so that only explicitly stated properties are taken into account, with no arbitrary assumptions. Sandstones are considered as an example. A phase diagram describes the evolution of one inhomogeneous system into another. Methods from statistical mechanics, including Monte Carlo simulation, series expansions, and the renormalization group should be useful as well for other maximum entropy problems involving many degrees of freedom.
Gradients in polymeric materials

In this paper we consider the structure and properties of polymeric materials possessing spatial gradients as well as potential applications of such materials.These gradients may be generated by varying the chemical nature of the monomers, the molecular constitution of the polymers and the supramolecular structure or morphology of the polymers. Gradients in each of these categories are possible for single-phase as well as heterophase systems. Such gradients are associated with gradients in properties.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Wall Stresses After Endovascular Repair

The early benefits of an endovascular approach to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) treatment has been reported by many authors [1,2]. One of the major advantages is that endovascular repair of AAA (EVAR) as opposed to traditional open surgery, is not a major abdominal surgery. EVAR has been shown to be associated with a death rate comparable to that of surgical repair [3]. In short term follow-up, EVAR is associated with fewer complications and a more rapid recovery [2]. On the contrary very limited data is available on long term follow-up of EVAR patients. Graft-related secondary interventions affect a consistent percentage of the treated cases. The EUROSTAR study [4] recently reported 13% of reintervention in 15.4 months. Our surgical unit reported 20.6% across 48 months in a recent review of 242 cases [3]. The frequence and type of reintervention, whose principal cause is endoleak or perigraft flow, requires careful consideration.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
An assessment of sediment loss and distortion at the top of short gravity cores

Abstract Examination of laminated bottom sediment cores from two glacier-fed lakes in the Canadian Rocky Mountains allows an assessment of the amount of material lost or badly distorted by open-barrel gravity corer impact. Analysis of sediment 137Cs content indicates that the laminae are of annual periodicity and allows precise dating of individual laminae. Examination of 8 cores from Hector Lake indicates that a mean of 4.6 mm of sediment was missing from the top of each, using sedimentation rates in the recovered sections of core and lake wide sedimentation rate variations to approximate sedimentation rates in the missing sections of the core. An additional mean thickness of 3.6 mm was strongly distorted. Analysis of 14 cores from Bow Lake indicates that on average 6.4 mm of sediment was lost at core tops and an additional 11.4 mm or less suffered severe distortion. These data suggest that, at least in the lakes studied, high impact velocity gravity coring has less of an effect on core-top sediment than has previously been reported.
Organometallic transition metal derivatives containing fluorine — II Reactions of metal carbonyl trifluoroacetates with tricovalent phosphorus ligands[1]

Abstract Photochemical reactions of various tricovalent phosphorus ligands with the three metal carbonyl trifluoroacetates CF3CO2Fe(CO)2C5H5, CF3CO2Mn(CO)5 and CF3CO2Fe(CO)3C3H5 are described. From various reactions of CF3CO2Fe(CO)2C5H5 with the phosphorus ligands the following new complexes were prepared: (1) Violet CF3CO2Fe(diphos)(C5H5) (diphos = chelating ditertiary phosphine); (2) CF3CO2Fe(CO)(PR3)(C5H5) (R = C6H5 [green] and OC6H5 [red-brown]; (3) Red-brown CF3CO2Fe[P(OCH3)3]2(C5H5). From various reactions of CF3CO2Mn(CO)5 with the phosphorus ligands the following new complexes were prepared: (1) Yellow CF3CO2Mn(CO) [(CH3)2PCH2CH2P(CH3)2]2; (2) Yellow cis-CF3CO2Mn(CO) 3(diphos) (diphos = (C6H5)32PCH2- CH2P(C6H5)2 or cis-(C6H5)2PCH CHP(C5H5)2); (3) Yellow trans-CF3CO2Mn(CO)3 [P(OC6H5)3]2; (4) Yellow cis-CF3CO2Mn(CO)2[P(OCH3)3]3. The i.r. and NMR spectra of the new complexes are discussed.
Renin–angiotensin system gene polymorphisms predict the progression to renal insufficiency among Asians with lupus nephritis

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is a strong candidate as a mediator for the development and progression of lupus nephritis (LN). We performed an ethnically stratified analysis of 642 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients to determine whether various functional RAS gene polymorphisms are associated with SLE renal outcomes. Patients were genotyped for two angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms: Alu insertion/deletion (I/D) and 23 949 (CT)2/3, and for two angiotensinogen (Atg) gene polymorphisms: M235T and C-532T. Multivariate analyses demonstrated associations between the ACE I/D, ACE (CT)2/3 and Atg C-532T functional polymorphisms and LN among Asians. In stratified analyses among LN cases according to high vs low glomerular filtration rate (GFR), associations remained significant for the ACE D (odds ratio (OR) 5.9, P=0.001) and (CT)2 (OR 6.2, P=0.001) alleles among Asian subjects with low GFR. Lastly, we found allelic dose-dependent associations between the ACE I/D (P=0.003), ACE (CT)2/3 (P=0.005) and Atg M235T (P=0.04) polymorphisms, and GFR analyzed as a continuous variable among Asians. These findings suggest a significant role for ACE and Atg gene sequence variation and severity of LN among Asians with SLE.
A chemical synthesis of the nucleoside 1‐methylpseudouridine

A facile chemical synthesis of 1-methylpseudouridine has been accomplished by direct methylation of pseudouridine.
System combination using auxiliary information for speaker verification

Recent studies in speaker recognition have shown that score- level combination of subsystems can yield significant performance gains over individual subsystems. We explore the use of auxiliary information to aid the combination procedure. We propose a modified linear logistic regression procedure that conditions combination weights on the auxiliary information. A regularization procedure is used to control the complexity of the extended model. Several auxiliary features are explored. Results are presented for data from the 2006 NIST speaker recognition evaluation (SRE). When an estimated degree of nonnativeness for the speaker is used as auxiliary information, the proposed combination results in a 15% relative reduction in equal error rate over methods based on standard linear logistic regression, support vector machines, and neural networks.
Breast Cancer in Latinas: Gene Expression, Differential Response to Treatments, and Differential Toxicities in Latinas Compared with Other Population Groups

Disparities in clinical outcomes of breast cancer have been described among different racial and ethnic groups in the U.S. Convincing data exist showing that Latina women have a lower incidence of breast cancer but a higher breast cancer–related mortality rate compared with white women. Noticeable differences in breast cancer incidence are present even within different Latina subsets with a higher incidence in second- and third-generation women compared with foreign born. An increasing amount of data exists pointing to significant differences in the genetics and biology of breast cancer in Latinas as a significant contributor to the higher mortality, including a higher incidence of triple-negative breast cancers (which do not overexpress HER-2 protein and are negative for estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors). Other social and environmental factors are likely to play a significant role as well, including a lower rate of screening mammography, variable access to medical care, among others. Recent data are inconclusive regarding differences among racial/ethnic groups in the response to chemotherapy. Data on racial/ethnic variations in the pharmacogenomics of chemotherapy, endocrine treatments, and toxicity are more limited, with some data suggesting differences in frequencies of polymorphisms of genes involved in the metabolism of some of these agents. Further studies are needed on this subject.
Impacts of orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis: Lethal and sublethal effects

Fifteen pesticides were tested in laboratory bioassays on Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt), the principal phytoseiid mite predator in Washington apple orchards. We developed a rating system for pesticides using lethal and sublethal effects, and applied the rating system to our results. At the 1� dose, only spinetoram and lambda-cyhalothrin caused >75% acute mortality of females. Carbaryl, azinphos methyl, spinosad, spirotetramat, cyantraniliprole, and sulfur had relatively little effect on mortality, but moderate to high effects on fecundity. Egg viability was most affected by carbaryl, spinosad, novaluron, spirotetramat, and sulfur. Lambda-cyhalothrin, spinosad, and sulfur were the most toxic compounds to larvae. Materials such as sulfur and spinetoram had widely divergent toxicity to adults versus larvae. The cumulative impact of these effects was best integrated by the numbers of live larvae of the F1 generation. Using this measurement, spirotetramat, sulfur, spinetoram, acetamiprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, carbaryl and novaluron caused the greatest percentage reduction compared to the check, yet only spinetoram and lambda-cyhalothrin would have been identified as harmful in acute bioassays. These bioassays provide support for the benefits of measuring a range of sublethal effects and testing multiple life stages to provide an accurate assessment of the harmfulness of reduced-risk pesticides.
Evidence that high telomerase activity may induce a senescent-like growth arrest in human fibroblasts.

Expression of the catalytic subunit of human telomerase (hTERT), in normal human fibroblasts allows them to escape replicative senescence. However, we have observed that populations of hTERT-immortalized human fibroblasts contain 3–20% cells with a senescent morphology. To determine what causes the appearance of these senescent-like cells, we used flow cytometry to select them from the population and analyzed them for various senescence markers, telomere length, and telomerase activity. This subpopulation of cells had elevated levels of p21 and hypophosphorylated Rb, but telomere length was similar to that of the immortal cells in the culture that was sorted. Surprisingly, telomerase activity in the senescent-like cells was significantly elevated compared with immortal cells from the same population, suggesting that high telomerase activity may induce the senescent phenotype. Furthermore, transfection of normal fibroblasts with a hTERT-expressing plasmid that confers high telomerase activity led to the induction of p21, a higher percentage of SA-β-galactosidase-positive cells, and a greater number of cells entering growth arrest compared with controls. These results suggest that excessive telomerase activity may act as a hyperproliferative signal in cells and induce a senescent phenotype in a manner similar to that seen following overexpression of oncogenic Ras, Raf, and E2F1. Thus, there must be a critical threshold of telomerase activity that permits cell proliferation.
Quantifying tetrodotoxin levels in the California newt using a non-destructive sampling method.

Toxic or noxious substances often serve as a means of chemical defense for numerous taxa. However, such compounds may also facilitate ecological or evolutionary processes. The neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX), which is found in newts of the genus Taricha, acts as a selection pressure upon predatory garter snakes, is a chemical cue to conspecific larvae, which elicits antipredator behavior, and may also affect macroinvertebrate foraging behavior. To understand selection patterns and how potential variation might affect ecological and evolutionary processes, it is necessary to quantify TTX levels within individuals and populations. To do so has often required that animals be destructively sampled or removed from breeding habitats and brought into the laboratory. Here we demonstrate a non-destructive method of sampling adult Taricha that obviates the need to capture and collect individuals. We also show that embryos from oviposited California newt (Taricha torosa) egg masses can be individually sampled and TTX quantified from embryos. We employed three different extraction techniques to isolate TTX. Using a custom fabricated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system we quantified recovery of TTX. We found that a newly developed micro-extraction technique significantly improved recovery compared to previously used methods. Results also indicate our improvements to the HPLC method have high repeatability and increased sensitivity, with a detection limit of 48 pg (0.15 pmol) TTX. The quantified amounts of TTX in adult newts suggest fine geographic variation in toxin levels between sampling localities isolated by as little as 3 km.
Glycolate Metabolism in Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)

The metabolism of glycolate by Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.), a submersed angiosperm, was studied by feeding radioactive glycolate and glyoxylate and by analysis of glycolate and glycolic acid oxidase. Evidence for operation of the glycolate pathway is given. Glycolic acid oxidase occurs at levels comparable to amounts in species showing photorespiration. This species has a high affinity for CO2 and a possible mechanism for it is described.
Scheduling strategies for mapping application workflows onto the grid

In this work, we describe new strategies for scheduling and executing workflow applications on grid resources using the GrADS [Ken Kennedy et al., 2002] infrastructure. Workflow scheduling is based on heuristic scheduling strategies that use application component performance models. The workflow is executed using a novel strategy to bind and launch the application onto heterogeneous resources. We apply these strategies in the context of executing EMAN, a bio-imaging workflow application, on the grid. The results of our experiments show that our strategy of performance model based, in-advance heuristic workflow scheduling results in 1.5 to 2.2 times better makespan than other existing scheduling strategies. This strategy also achieves optimal load balance across the different grid sites for this application.
A practical wireless charging system based on ultra-wideband retro-reflective beamforming

Numerous portable electronic devices (such as laptops, cell phones, digital cameras, and electric shavers) rely on rechargeable batteries and must be routinely charged by the line power. A wireless charging technique capable of delivering electromagnetic energy to these portable devices would make them tether free and “truly portable.” Wireless charging is especially valuable for devices with which wired connections are intractable, e.g., unattended radio frequency identification tags and implanted sensors. In recent years, enormous research efforts have been devoted to wireless charging. In 1990s, a case study is reported in [1] to construct a point-to-point wireless electricity transmission to a small isolated village called Grand-Bassin in France. In 2007, an inductive resonance coupling scheme, which makes use of near-field coupling between two magnetic resonators, was demonstrated able to power a 60-Watt light bulb over two meters by a team of Massachusetts Institute of Technology [2]. In addition, several companies (PowerCast, WildCharge, WiPower, etc.) have developed products targeting specific applications. Nevertheless, several technical challenges remain to be resolved in order to accomplish practical wireless charging. Specifically, (i) to achieve efficient charging over long distance, severe power loss due to electromagnetic wave propagation must be remedied; (ii) humans' exposure to electromagnetic radiation should always be kept below safety level while sufficient power is delivered to devices; and (iii) some existing systems are unsuitable for ubiquitous deployment due to high cost, large size, and/or heavy weight. In this paper, an innovative wireless charging system based on ultrawideband retro-reflective beamforming is proposed to address the above challenges. The proposed charger consists of multiple antenna elements distributed in space. According to pilot signals (which are short impulses) they receive from the target device, the antenna elements jointly construct a focused electromagnetic beam onto the device (i.e., beamforming). Beamforming enables spatially focused/dedicated power delivery to devices while keeping power level in all the other locations minimal. As a result, the proposed system attains high charging efficiency and leads to little hazard/interference to other objects. Performance of the proposed wireless charging system is demonstrated by some simulation results obtained by a full-wave Maxwell's equations solver.
Robust and discriminative distance for Multi-Instance Learning

Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) is an emerging topic in machine learning, which has broad applications in computer vision. For example, by considering video classification as a MIL problem where we only need labeled video clips (such as tagged online videos) but not labeled video frames, one can lower down the labeling cost, which is typically very expensive. We propose a novel class specific distance Metrics enhanced Class-to-Bag distance (M-C2B) method to learn a robust and discriminative distance for multi-instance data, which employs the not-squared l 2 -norm distance to address the most difficult challenge in MIL, i.e., the outlier instances that abound in multi-instance data by nature. As a result, the formulated objective ends up to be a simultaneous l 2, 1 -norm minimization and maximization (minmax) problem, which is very hard to solve in general due to the non-smoothness of the l 2, 1 -norm. We thus present an efficient iterative algorithm to solve the general l 2, 1 -norm minmax problem with rigorously proved convergence. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to solve a general l 2, 1 -norm minmax problem in literature. We have conducted extensive experiments to evaluate various aspects of the proposed method, in which promising results validate our new method in cost-effective video classification.
Design challenges of technology scaling

Scaling advanced CMOS technology to the next generation improves performance, increases transistor density, and reduces power consumption. Technology scaling typically has three main goals: 1) reduce gate delay by 30%, resulting in an increase in operating frequency of about 43%; 2) double transistor density; and 3) reduce energy per transition by about 65%, saving 50% of power (at a 43% increase in frequency). These are not ad hoc goals; rather, they follow scaling theory. This article looks closely at past trends in technology scaling and how well microprocessor technology and products have met these goals. It also projects the challenges that lie ahead if these trends continue. This analysis uses data from various Intel microprocessors; however, this study is equally applicable to other types of logic designs. Is process technology meeting the goals predicted by scaling theory? An analysis of microprocessor performance, transistor density, and power trends through successive technology generations helps identify potential limiters of scaling, performance, and integration.
Linear multiuser receivers for multipath fading channels

In this paper we study the impact of channel estimation errors on the performance of linear multiuser receivers, as well as the channel estimation problem itself. Of particular interest are the scalability properties of the channel and data estimation algorithms: what happens to the performance as the system bandwidth and the number of users (and hence channels to estimate) grows? Our main results involve asymptotic expressions for the signal-to-interference ratio of linear multiuser receivers in the limit of large processing gain, with the number of users divided by the processing gain held constant.
Spatial Dynamics of the Arab Uprisings

Analyses of the spread of the Arab uprisings have been dominated by three comparative angles. Single-country studies have emerged as the most common framework, often put to use in a second comparative approach of examining variation across cases. For example, studies explore which states have had major uprisings and which have not, which uprisings were peaceful and which were violent, and so on (Amar and Prashad 2013; Haddad, Bsheer, and Abu-Rish 2012; McMurray and Ufheil-Somers 2013; Sowers and Toensing 2013). A third approach explores comparisons with other waves of popular mobilization against authoritarian regimes, for example, in Europe during the mid-nineteenth century, Eastern Europe following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, and so on (Patel, Bunce, and Wolchik 2013 Weyland 2012). These literatures investigate the complex processes of mobilization, revolution, and transition unfolding in parts of the Middle East since the outbreak of the uprisings in late 2010. From the literature on revolutions, for example, we know that a popularly based movement that brings about some change in political leadership does not necessarily lead to a regime change resulting in a fundamental overturning of an economic, political, or social system. From past cases we have learned that at least some old institutions and alliances almost always reemerge, and what form the new institution will take eventually is often unknown for several years—for example, think of the Iranian revolution, let alone the French revolution. As events in postrevolutionary Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Yemen continue to unfold—and it is questionable whether those revolutions are even over—and as the bloody civil war in Syria continues, these insights provide us with useful tools for examining how institutions, processes, and power relations are changing—and how they are not.
A reduction for spiking integrate-and-fire network dynamics ranging from homogeneity to synchrony

In this paper we provide a general methodology for systematically reducing the dynamics of a class of integrate-and-fire networks down to an augmented 4-dimensional system of ordinary-differential-equations. The class of integrate-and-fire networks we focus on are homogeneously-structured, strongly coupled, and fluctuation-driven. Our reduction succeeds where most current firing-rate and population-dynamics models fail because we account for the emergence of `multiple-firing-events' involving the semi-synchronous firing of many neurons. These multiple-firing-events are largely responsible for the fluctuations generated by the network and, as a result, our reduction faithfully describes many dynamic regimes ranging from homogeneous to synchronous. Our reduction is based on first principles, and provides an analyzable link between the integrate-and-fire network parameters and the relatively low-dimensional dynamics underlying the 4-dimensional augmented ODE.
The role of agent behavior in mentalistic attributions by observers

A series of studies examined the possibility that humans, including infants as young as 12 months, attribute the mental abilities of perception and goal-directedness to morphologically unfamiliar agents. When participants observed a morphologically ambiguous object interact contingently with its environment they were able to monitor and follow its attentional focus, identify its goal, and describe its behavior as mentalistic.
Quasi-single-cycle terahertz pulses based on broadband-phase-matched difference-frequency generation in second-order nonlinear medium: high output powers and conversion efficiencies

Consider a second-order nonlinear medium in which perfect phase-matching can be achieved at one particular output wavelength for the process of the terahertz generation from a train of ultrafast laser pulses based on difference-frequency generation. We assume that the coherence lengths for the terahertz generation are sufficiently long within a wide bandwidth around this perfect phase-matching wavelength due to a slight dispersion in the terahertz region (i.e., broadband phase-matching). In this theoretical work, we show that quasi-single-cycle terahertz pulses can be efficiently generated. An efficient conversion for the terahertz generation is made possible not only by utilizing the broadband phase-matching but also by optimizing the pulse width for each peak terahertz frequency. We have investigated the regime of the strong pump depletion and found the limits to the conversion efficiencies. We have ruled out the significant contributions due to the effects of multiphoton absorption, free-carrier absorption, and nonlinear refractive indices.
Taxation and the intergenerational transmission of human capital

Abstract How do taxes affect human capital accumulation? This question has been studied extensively in the context of two model classes: overlapping generations (OLG) and infinite horizon (IH) models. These embody very different assumptions about the intergenerational transmission of physical and human capital. OLG models typically abstract from intergenerational linkages, while IH models implicitly assume that new agents inherit human and physical capital from their parents. This paper investigates how such differences in intercohort persistence affect the responsiveness of human capital to taxation. A model is developed that nests OLG and IH models as special cases. Analytical expressions for the steady state tax elasticities of human capital are derived for versions of the model with varying degrees of persistence. The main finding is that higher persistence increases the responsiveness of human capital to both wage and capital income taxes. As a result, IH models generate larger tax elasticities than do OLG models with incomplete persistence, even if cohorts are altruistically linked. In a calibrated version of the model, moving from no persistence to complete persistence increases the tax elasticity of human capital by a factor between two and three.
A note on variational principles in elasticity

Zusammenfassung Bekannte Variationsprinzipe der Elastizitatstheorie fur (1) Spannungen und Verschiebungen, (2) Spannungen, Formanderungen und Verschiebungen werden verallgemeinert in solcher Weise. dass die Momentengleichgewichtsbedingungen τ xy = τ yx , etc., als Euler'sche Gleichungen der Variationsprinzipe erscheinen, und nicht als Definitionsgleichungen. Anwendungen dieser Ergebnisse beruhen auf der Idee dass es manchmal von Nutzen sein kann, bei der Aufstellung von Naherungslosungen von Randwertproblemen. Moment und Kraftgleichgewichtsbedingungen beide nur naherungsweise zu befriedigen.
Minimally invasive brow suspension for facial paralysis.

ObjectiveTo report a new technique for unilateral brow suspension for facial paralysis that is minimally invasive, limits supraciliary scar formation, does not require specialized endoscopic equipm...
Free-space optical interconnect for high-performance MCM systems

An efficient co-optimization algorithm of placement and routing for high-performance multichip module (MCM) systems utilizing free-space optical interconnect technology is introduced. A computer-aided design (CAD) tool is developed for optimizing placement of modules and routing of electro-optic interconnects simultaneously without exceeding the routing capacity of the optical interconnect. About 48% saving in total routing cost is achieved through the use of 600 optical interconnects with 100 modules. It translates to doubling of the MCM performance.
Forced air warming devices in orthopaedics: a focused review of the literature.

The current focus on maintaining normal body temperature in the operating room makes the use of patient warming devices routine—or even mandatory—in many hospitals. Forced air warming devices such as the Bair Hugger (3M Healthcare, St. Paul, Minnesota) maintain or increase core temperature in patients during the perioperative period, with benefits that include reduced surgical wound infections, maintenance of normal coagulation, and faster discharge from the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU)1-5. However, some recent literature has raised concerns regarding a possible increased risk of deep surgical site infections specifically associated with the use of the forced air warming systems in the orthopaedic operating room5-12. One concern is that a convective device could disrupt unidirectional downward laminar airflow, which may be especially critical in joint arthroplasty operating rooms. This concern is based on theoretical mechanisms, laboratory simulations, retrospective case series, and studies showing potentially pathogenic organisms growing in the hoses and filters of forced air warming devices6-12. However, multiple other studies13-15 and a Continuing Education statement by the Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN)16 suggest that proper use of the forced air warming devices mitigates or eliminates this risk while maximizing the benefits of patient warming. The purpose of the present manuscript is to review the current literature on the use of patient warming devices in orthopaedic surgery, specifically in joint arthroplasty. Hypothermia (core body temperature, <36°C) is a constant risk during general anesthesia because of factors such as impaired thermoregulation, heat loss secondary to a cold operating room, redistribution of body heat from the core to the vasodilated periphery, and infusion of cool intravenous fluids. Major adverse consequences of perioperative hypothermia can include adrenergic activation, myocardial ischemia, thermal discomfort, decreased drug metabolism, coagulopathy and increased …
The Cultural Topography of Wealth: Commodity Paths and the Structure of Property in Rural Lesotho

Discussions of poverty and wealth often assume that wealth is a measurable substance, the possession of which can be indexed on a linear scale, from high to low. This article contests this implicit assumption, arguing that wealth-holding is always complicated by the fact that exchange is culturally regulated, and guided along approved paths. An analysis of domains of wealth in a rural Lesotho village illustrates the point. Wealth-holding here is clearly unequal, but cultural, legal, and moral paths governing economic exchanges between different categories ofproperty mean that the holdings of different households are in important ways incomparable, and that their wealth is different in kind, and not only in amount. The attempt to locate households economically in such a setting thus requires mapping a politicocultural "topography" of channels facilitating the flow of commodity exchange, dams obstructing, slowing, or filtering it, and furrows temporarily diverting the flow from one channel or dam into another. A meaningful ranking of wealthholding must include a cultural analysis of commodity paths and the structure ofproperty. O NE OF THE MOST UNWHOLESOME EFFECTS of the de facto separation of applied from academic anthropology has been the tendency for many practical, real-world issues to be treated in isolation from classical theoretical debates in academic anthropology. Applied discussions of poverty and wealth in the Third World deal exhaustively (and with good reason) with questions of measurement and assessment, but rarely are these discussions connected to more theoretical anthropological concerns with the way property rights, commodity exchanges, or the semiotics of consumption are structured within a larger social and cultural order. Yet it is clear that the question of wealth cannot be separated from the wider sociocultural context within which different categories of wealth acquire their meaning, and within which exchange between such meaningful categories is prescribed, enabled, or prohibited. The use of wealth and poverty as universal categories is widespread in development studies. It is implicit in the practice of poverty assessment, and in such policy statements as USAID's claim to target the "bottom 30%" of the population as beneficiaries. It is explicit in practical discussions of applied development research methodology (e.g., Grandin 1988; Raikes 1990), and in most of the best anthropological writing on the sub
Characterization of the secreted cellulases of Trichoderma reesei wild type and mutants during controlled fermentations

The cellulases produced under pH controlled fermentation conditions with 5% Solka Floc and cornsteep liquor as substrates by Trichoderma reesei wild type QM6a and two mutants, Rut-C30 and RL-P37, have been separated by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. The total complement of secreted proteins of the two mutants was distinct from the parent. However, the number and isoelectric points of the various enzymes in the cellulase complex were unchanged in the mutants. All secreted proteins stained with Schiff's reagent which indicated they were glycoproteins. One mutant, Rut-C30, exhibited a dramatic shift in the CBH I proteins during the course of the fermentation. RL-P37 showed a two-fold increase in the specific activity of both the total cellulase complex and endoglucanase. In addition a productivity on the order of 100 IU/l/h was achieved. Co-produced with the cellulases were at least two acid proteases with differential activity towards azocoll and azocasein.
Free Market Anti‐Formalism: The Case of Richard Posner

This paper analyses the impact of the Law and Economics movement on legal decision making. Focussing on the position of the leading intellectual figure of this movement, Richard Posner, the author shows how his theories imply a silent revolution in American jurisprudence. Starting from the criteria of economic efficiency and wealth maximization, seen in the light of American pragmatism, Posner upholds anti-formalist interpretation of statutor law by judges based on the principles of free market economics. His theory starts from the assumption that statutor law has become more and more ambiguous and open-ended and thus, as in the case of antitrust law, judges can freely interpret legal provisions on the basis of free market postulates. This position has broader implications in the debate about the meaning of the rule of law: Posner's position implies abandoning the emancipatory core of the liberal tradition.
Split course radiation therapy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

Abstract Ninety-five patients with biopsy proven adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were treated with split course radiation therapy. Fifty-five patients had disease confined to the peripancreatic tissues and lymph nodes. Forty patients had metastatic disease. The intended radiation therapy scheduled consisted of two courses of 25 Gy in 10 fractions each followed by a 3 to 4 week rest period. Depending on the response and the patient's clinical status, another 10 Gy in 5 fractions was administered as a final boost. The median survival in patients with metastatic disease was 3 months and the median survival in patients with localized disease was 8 months. Twenty-seven of the fifty-five patients with localized disease received chemotherapy (5 FU or FAM) combined with radiotherapy. There was no significant difference in median survival between the patients treated with radiation alone and those with combined radiation and chemotherapy. The median survival for patients with localized disease receiving 25, 50, and 60 Gy were 3, 7, and 12 months respectively. After a dose of 50 Gy in 20 fractions, Ct scan showed no evidence of tumor in 6%, smaller tumor size in 31 %, stable tumor size in 41 %, and tumor growth in 22% of patients. The split course radiation therapy was well tolerated and no late complications were detected. The medical and economic advantages of using split course radiation therapy and in using Ct scan response to plan boost therapy are discussed.
Benchmark problems of adaptive control revisited by L 1 adaptive control

In this paper we revisit two benchmark problems of adaptive control, Rohrs' example and the two-cart example, with the recently developed L 1 adaptive controller. The paper includes an overview of two L 1 architectures, one in a state-feedback setting and another one in an output-feedback setting, which are suitable for the control of these two systems respectively. Also, we analyze fundamental differences between conventional adaptive control and the L 1 adaptive control, and show, purely from qualitative considerations, some of the advantages of this new control philosophy.
The evolution of wave correlations in uniformly turbulent, weakly non-linear systems

A formalism is developed describing the time evolution of wave correlations in a uniformly turbulent ensemble of weakly non-linear systems. The statistics are built into the formalism a priori . With closure (of the hierarchy of equations for wave correlations) appropriate to the inclusion of resonant three-wave interactions, a (non-linear) kinetic equation for the two-wave correlations is derived and various properties of this equation are discussed. The effects of both bilinear and trilinear non-linearities are considered. Modifications of the formalism in situations where there is a weak (linear) instability γ к , (γ к /ω к ≪ 1) are also considered.
Metrication — SI in America

The modernized metric system of measuring units, officially known as “Le Systeme International de Unites,” commonly referred to as SI, is rapidly gaining recognition. SI builds upon the “mksa” system and introduces: Newton (N) as the unit of force; pascal(Pa) as the unit of stress, pressure, and modules; celsius (V—) for temperature; joule (J) for all forms of work, energy, and heat; and watt (W) for power. A real advantage of the changeover to SI would be closer relationships amongst all branches of Engineering and with science. SI is an “absolute” system, based on the kilogram (kg) as the unit of “mass”. It is essential to comprehend the intrinsic value of the whole pattern of SI as a system, over and beyond the bare details of direct numerical conversion in unit factors. By 1975 the United States may be the only major industrial country still committed to the foot—pound—gallon system. Change to SI would reinforce continuance of English as the major technical language worldwide. Increased United States participation in the work of the International Standards (ISO) is essential.
Environmental Influences on Epigenetic Gene Regulation

Substantial evidence in human epidemiologic and animal model data reveals that epigenetics plays crucial roles in normal development by governing proper gene expression of critical developmental genes. However, during this critical period of prenatal and early postnatal development, nutrition and other environmental stimuli can influence these developmental pathways to induce epigenetic changes of these critical genes. Such changes are often necessary to ensure survival of the developing organism. The opposite effect is that the altered gene expression profile may be maladaptive as the individual ages and may even set up the individual for increased lifelong risk for certain diseases. Our current task of trying to dissect how epigenetic variation arises during development is vital if we are to understand which epigenetic code predicts future disease risk. More importantly, future therapeutic interventions to ameliorate disease risk cannot be accomplished without understanding the molecular underpinnings of such epigenetic change.
Unreliable Fingerstick Glucose Measurement in Systemic Sclerosis

ABSTRACT Objective: A female with systemic sclerosis was found to have apparent hypoglycemia on fingerstick blood glucose measurements while being asymptomatic. Methods: Clinical assessment, laboratory studies, and glucose-meter testing performed in clinic presented in addition to a brief literature review. Results: Per glucometer, glucose measurements increased with more proximal blood sampling on the right upper extremity, revealing values of 33, 68, and 77 mg/dL. Simultaneous venous laboratory blood glucose was 89 mg/dL. In addition, an evaluation for possible insulinoma yielded negative laboratory values. Conclusion: Certain conditions of impaired microcirculation can result in a spurious discrepancy between capillary glucose values and venous plasma glucose concentrations, a state known as pseudohypoglycemia. Awareness of damaged microvasculature in connective tissue disorders may prevent unnecessary workup of pseudohypoglycemia.
A Theoretical Study of the Reaction H2+ Fe(CO)4⇌ H2Fe(CO)4

Density functional theory (DFT) methods, with three different gradient-corrected functionals (BP86, BLYP, and B3LYP), have been used to calculate molecular geometries and energies along the pathway for oxidative addition of H2 to Fe(CO)4 leading to H2Fe(CO)4. The geometry of H2Fe(CO)4, optimized using each of the different functionals, is in good agreement with experimental results. The enthalpies for reductive elimination of H2 from H2Fe(CO)4, referenced to both the first excited singlet and the triplet ground state of Fe(CO)4, have been calculated using the BP86, BLYP, and B3LYP functionals and are compared to the experimental result of 21 ± 2 kcal mol-1. The mechanism for the oxidative addition of H2 to Fe(CO)4 is discussed and compared with experimental observations. The geometry of a dihydrogen intermediate, (η2-H2)Fe(CO)4, and the transition state between (η2-H2)Fe(CO)4 and H2Fe(CO)4, along the reaction path, has also been optimized.
Superposition effect is always a detector’s response, hence LOCAL. Besides, wave amplitudes do not interact”

The superposition effects are local. The size of the photo detecting molecules is orders of magnitude smaller than wavelengths of light. Further, wave equations imply, wave amplitudes do not re-organize the amplitudes without detecting molecules. Article not available.
Eucelatoria Sp.: Effects of Cuticular Extracts from Heliothis virescens and Other Factors on Oviposition

A chemical that stimulates oviposition by females of Eucelatoria sp. was extracted from cuticles of the larvae of Heliothis virescens (F.) by chloroform-methanol (2:1), and was found to be active when reapplied to agar-filled extracted cuticles. Although ovipositional activity was present in both phases after the chloroform-methanol extracts were partitioned with water, most was in the nonaqueous phase. Concentration effects were important: natural levels of the reapplied stimulant gave the greatest ovipositional activity. Hemolymph applied to the cuticle inhibited oviposition and storage of H. virescens larvae at 15°C for 2 days greatly reduced the levels of ovipositional stimulant present on the cuticles. Eucelatoria females parasitized round but not flattened cuticles; host movement was not essential for oviposition.
Analysis and evaluation of uncertainty in measurement about verifying the equipment for three-phase Watt-hour meter

According to the requirements of verification regulation and evaluation of uncertainty in measurement,the paper analyzes and evaluates uncertainty in measurement of verifying the equipment for three-phase Watt-hour meter in detail.The analysis and evaluation take uncertainty in measurement for the different load,connection mode,current and voltage transformers of measuring service and the potential difference of the homonomial terminals into account.At the same time,by means of an example the uncertainty in measurement of verifying,the equipment for three-phase Watt-hour meter is evaluated.These are significant to evaluate the uncertainty in measurement of verifying the equipment for three-phase Watt-hour meter wholly and accurately.