cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High order wafer alignment for 20nm node logic process

Advanced thermal annealing processes used for transistor enhancing for the state of the art process nodes induce wafer grid deformations. RTA (Rapid Thermal Anneal) and LSA (Laser Scanning Anneal) processes are a few examples. High Order Wafer Alignment (HOWA) method is an effective wafer alignment strategy for wafers with distorted grid signature especially when wafer-to-wafer grid distortion variations are also present. However, usage of HOWA in high volume production environment requires 1) careful initial determination of optimum polynomial order and alignment sampling to be implemented, and 2) matched tool monitoring and controlling strategies and infrastructures to avoid potential HOWA induced drawbacks (i.e. alignment walking).
The blowhard problem—Inviscid flows with surface injection

Abstract A simple model is presented for the analysis of inviscid flow fields over slender bodies accompanied by high rates of surface mass transfer. This model assumes a thin, inviscid injectant layer, which is separated from the outer flow by a contact discontinuity. Inviscid boundary-layer equations are shown to be applicable within the injectant layer, and the pressure gradient is found by matching pressure and flow direction at the dividing streamline. Using stream-function variables, an Abel integral equation is derived. and the inverse problem of determining the injection distribution from the shape of the dividing streamline is solved analytically for supersonic and hypersonic flow over flat plates and cones.
Nonionic wetting agents

Purified polyglycol ester and ether types of non-ionic surfactants were investigated to determine optimum structures for wetting hydrophobic soils, peat moss, and standard cotton skeins (Draves test). The most rapid wetting of hydrophobic soil was observed with diethylene glycol monoesters of fatty acids possessing 8,9, and 10 carbon atoms and triethylene glycol monoesters of fatty acids containing 9 and 10 carbon atoms. Methyl pentaethylene glycol decanoate and methyl hexaethylene glycol dodecanoate were also effective wetting agents for hydrophobic soil. Nonionics with slightly longer oxy-alkylene chains most effectively wet Draves skeins and peat moss. Diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol monodecyl ethers also effectively wet hydrophobic soil and peat moss.
MRI contrast-dose relationship of manganese(III)tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin with human xenograft tumors in nude mice at 2.0 T

Previously we reported that Mn(III)tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin, MnTPPS4, is a contrast agent which can effectively enhance tumor detection by MRI. By imaging 30 additional athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous MCF-7 WT human breast carcinoma xenografts, we have extended dose-contrast relationships over a wide range of intraperitoneal (IP) doses ranging from 0.025 to 0.50 mmol/kg. The benefits of IP injection are higher possible doses on a volume basis and a reduction in toxicity versus IV administration. Full coronal cross-section images have been obtained on a 2-T spectrometer. Although individual tumor masses displayed different distribution patterns, reflective of their internal morphology, single doses of 0.10 mmol/kg or greater were necessary to produce a detectable effect. At a dose of 0.50 mmol/kg, marked enhancement was produced. Multiple small dosages administered over the course of several days before imaging did not produce increased enhancement. Preliminary results on the new porphyrin derivative, MnTPPS3, indicate that the ratio of the toxic dose to the effective dose may be adjustable to render this class of agents clinically useful.
Walter Garstang: a retrospective

Although, Walter Garstang died over 60 years ago, his work is still cited—sometimes praised, but sometimes belittled. On the negative side, he often appropriated ideas of others without attribution, ignored earlier studies conflicting with his theories, and clung to notions like inheritance of acquired characters, progressive evolution, and saltation after many of his contemporaries were advancing toward the modern synthesis. Moreover, his evolutionary scenarios—especially his derivation of vertebrates from a sessile ascidian—have not been well supported by recent work in developmental genetics and molecular phylogenetics. On the positive side, Garstang firmly established several points of view that remain useful in the age of evolutionary development (evo-devo). He popularized the valid idea that adaptive changes in larvae combined with shifts in developmental timing (heterochrony) could radically change adult morphology and provide an escape from overspecialization. Moreover, his re-statement of the biogenetic law is now widely accepted: namely, that recapitulation results when characters at one stage of development are required for the correct formation of other characters at subsequent stages (his stepping stone model). In other words, ontogeny creates phylogeny because some developmental features are constraints, favoring particular evolutionary outcomes while excluding others. This viewpoint is a useful basis for advancing concepts of homology and for comparing the phylogeny of ontogenies across a series of animals to ascertain the timing and the nature of the underlying ontogenetic changes.
Use of an immunoaffinity column for tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin serum sample cleanup

Abstract Covalently linking 1-amino-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo- p -dioxin with either keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) provided antigens that generated antibodies in chickens. Competitive ELISA analysis demonstrated that the antibodies isolated from egg yolk (IgY) bound with 1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (1,3,7,8-TCDD). The antibodies were linked to CNBr-Sepharose to generate an immunoaffinity column. Radiolabeled 1,3,7,8-TCDD in a 0.05% Tween 20 solution was retained by the column and could be eluted by increasing the Tween 20 concentration. The binding efficiency for 10.7 ng per ml gel matrix ranged from 85 to 97%. Immunoaffinity columns generated by this method did not effectively bind 14 C-1,3,7,8-TCDD from serum samples. Diluting the serum 1:20 with 0.05% Tween 20 increased the binding efficiency. Alternately, ethanol–hexane extraction followed by solid phase extraction on a carbon column using a fat removal protocol also provided an appropriate preaffinity column cleanup for serum samples. After this preaffinity column cleanup, spiked serum samples applied to the immunoaffinity column showed binding efficiencies of over 90%.
Investigating multimodal real-time patterns of joint attention in an hri word learning task

Joint attention — the idea that humans make inferences from observable behaviors of other humans by attending to the objects and events that these others humans attend to — has been recognized as a critical component in human-robot interactions. While various HRI studies showed that having robots to behave in ways that support human recognition of joint attention leads to better behavioral outcomes on the human side, there are no studies that investigate the detailed time course of interactive joint attention processes. In this paper, we present the results from an HRI study that investigates the exact time course of human multi-modal attentional processes during an HRI word learning task in an unprecedented way. Using novel data analysis techniques, we are able to demonstrate that the temporal details of human attetional behavior are critical for understanding human expectations of joint attention in HRI and that failing to do so can force humans into assuming unnatural behaviors.
Improving our Brains

Our brains are the substrate of all thought, emotion and behavior. Because our brains are the most complex objects of human inquiry, brain science is still at a relatively early stage of its development. Nonetheless, success in influencing brain function is already raising significant social, ethical and policy issues. Here, I highlight concerns related to one aspect of clinical neuroscience: the use of psychotherapeutic drugs, originally developed to treat illness, for individuals who are not ill. I focus on this issue, sometimes described as the use of drugs for ‘enhancement’ of normal function, because it is already upon us even as science is focused on the development of safer and more effective drugs for an expanding list of indications related to alertness, mood and cognition.
Child mortality risk and fertility: Evidence from prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV

Abstract A fundamental question in development and growth is whether and how fast fertility responds to reductions in child mortality risk. I use the expansion of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in Zambia to provide some of the first quasi-experimental evidence on this question. My results suggest that the local introduction of PMTCT reduced pregnancy rates by approximately 10%, particularly among likely HIV positive women and women in locations where PMTCT was available for a longer duration, and that PMTCT substantially increased breastfeeding rates.
The Relationship between Time and Temperature to the Nutritive Value of Soybean Oil Meal

Abstract Bird and Burkhardt (1943) presented experimental results which they interpret as indicating that soybean oil meals of superior quality have to be ascribed to the use of processing temperatures above 128°C. or to proper regulation of processing variables other than time of heating or temperature, or to the proper regulation of variables affecting the beans before processing. Clandinin et al, (1947) on the other hand, report the production of what they believe constitutes a superior soybean oil meal at an autoclave pressure of fifteen pounds (about 121°C). The present study was undertaken to determine whether or not an equally good meal could be produced from the solvent extracted raw soybean flakes used by the latter workers by processing at a lower autoclave pressure, four pounds per square inch (about 105°C). In the first trial, meals prepared by processing solvent extracted raw flakes in an autoclave at four pounds pressure, approximately . . .
Drug discovery in jeopardy

Despite striking advances in the biomedical sciences, the flow of new drugs has slowed to a trickle, impairing therapeutic advances as well as the commercial success of drug companies. Reduced productivity in the drug industry is caused mainly by corporate policies that discourage innovation. This is compounded by various consequences of mega-mergers, the obsession for blockbuster drugs, the shift of control of research from scientists to marketers, the need for fast sales growth, and the discontinuation of development compounds for nontechnical reasons. Lessons from the past indicate that these problems can be overcome, and herein, new and improved directions for drug discovery are suggested.
Do Immigrant Nurses in Canada See a Wage Penalty? An Empirical Study

The purpose of this study is to analyse the labour market for female immigrant nurses in Canada and to address the following question: does a nurse with foreign educational credentials have the same earning potential compared with a nurse who was educated in Canada? This is part of a more general question on economic discrimination against immigrants. Using data from the confidential master files of the 2001 Canadian Census on Individuals, this study finds that nurses educated outside of Canada do face wage penalties. This indicates that their credentials might not be fully recognized and/or valued in the Canadian labour market for registered nurses. This result is important to the business world since it suggests the possibility of a general finding that immigrant credentials may not be readily transferable and compensated in a new country. This can result in qualified workers not being able to gain meaningful employment and this source of labour might not be adequately used to fill jobs in industries facing labour shortages.
Multiplicities of Fission Neutrons

A large liquid scintillator with approximately 80 percent efficiency for detection of neutrons has been used to obtain data on numbers of neutrons emitted per fission for several fissioning nuclides. Reported here are the average number of neutrons per fission, $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, and the respective probabilities of 0, 1, 2,... neutrons per fission, for spontaneous fission of ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{240}$, ${\mathrm{Cm}}^{244}$, and ${\mathrm{Cf}}^{252}$, and for fission induced in ${\mathrm{U}}^{233}$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$, and ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{239}$ by 80-kev neutrons. The values of $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ for these cases are, respectively, 2.257\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.045, 2.810\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.059, 3.869\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.078, 2.585\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.062, 2.47\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, and 3.048\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.079. The thermal neutron value for ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ (2.46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03), obtained by other methods, was used here as a standard for calibrating the detector efficiency. The efficiency was also measured by another method, involving scattering neutrons into the scintillator, with results in good agreement. The probabilities of 0, 1, 2,... neutrons per fission approach closely a binomial type distribution, with the maximum number of neutrons equal to 5, 6, or 7, depending on $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$.
The effect of surface indentations on gouging in railguns

Abstract Hypervelocity gouging occurs in high speed sliding systems such as rocket sled test tracks, light gas guns, and electromagnetic railguns. Gouging takes the form of teardrop-shaped craters on the rail surface, and occurs above a threshold speed which is dependent on the slider and rail materials. In this study, gouging of aluminum railgun armatures on flat and indented copper rails was performed to examine the effect of macroscopic surface defects on gouge onset velocity and morphology. Both galling and gouge craters were shown to initiate at existing macroscopic and microscopic defects. Macroscopically flat rail surfaces provide no practical advantage over indented surfaces insofar as gouge onset velocity is concerned. However, the shape of the resulting gouge craters can be significantly affected.
Fractalkine Targeting with a Receptor-Mimicking Peptide-Amphiphile

In this study we have designed the NTFR peptide-amphiphile that mimics a fragment of the N-terminus of the fractalkine receptor (CX(3)CR1) and specifically targets fractalkine, a novel adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of inflamed endothelial cells. Bioartificial membranes were constructed from mixtures of NTFR peptide-amphiphiles and DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) phospholipids, and the affinity and specificity of fractalkine for the synthetic NTFR was investigated with an atomic force microscope (AFM). Fractalkine was immobilized onto the AFM tips, and forces were collected between fractalkine and the bioartificial membranes. The adhesive interactions were studied at the collective level, when each adhesion event corresponded to the rupture of multiple biomolecular bonds. Retraction force profiles for the fractalkine-NTFR system exhibited single or multiple peaks and a small percentage of the force curves demonstrated stretching of the fractalkine-NTFR complex. Strong adhesion was measured when both DPPC and NTFR were present, compared to pure NTFR surfaces. This may be due to the fact that the DPPC molecule is shorter, and thus it can provide more space for the peptide headgroup to bend and expose its sequence at the interface. Specificity was demonstrated by comparing the NTFR-fractalkine adhesion to the forces between the alpha(5)beta(1) integrin (an adhesion receptor expressed on the surface of endothelial cells) and other surfaces such as GRGDSP (the specific ligand for alpha(5)beta(1)), GRGESP (an inactive sequence), and NTFR.
Reduced Endothelial NO-cGMP–Mediated Vascular Relaxation and Hypertension in IL-6–Infused Pregnant Rats

Placental ischemia during pregnancy is associated with increased plasma cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), which may contribute to increased vascular resistance and hypertension of pregnancy. We tested the hypothesis that an increase in plasma IL-6 during pregnancy is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation, enhanced vascular contraction, and hypertension. Systolic blood pressure was measured in virgin and pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats non-treated or infused with IL-6 (200 ng/kg per day for 5 days). Isometric contraction was measured in isolated aortic strips, and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) was measured in aortic homogenate using Western blots. Blood pressure was greater in IL-6-infused (146+/-3) than in control pregnant rats (117+/-2 mm Hg). In endothelium-intact vascular strips, phenylephrine (Phe) caused greater increase in active stress in IL-6-infused (maximum: 10.6+/-0.6) than in control pregnant rats (maximum: 4.1+/-0.3x10(4) N/m2). Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation of Phe contraction and vascular eNOS protein and nitrite/nitrate production were less in IL-6-infused than in control pregnant rats. N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10(-4) mol/L), inhibitor of NOS, or 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3]-quinoxalin-1-one (10(-5) mol/L), inhibitor of cGMP production in smooth muscle, inhibited ACh-induced relaxation and enhanced Phe-induced stress in control but not IL-6-infused pregnant rats. Endothelium removal enhanced Phe-induced stress in control but not in IL-6-infused pregnant rats. The blood pressure and vascular Phe-induced contraction, ACh relaxation, and eNOS protein were not different between control and IL-6-infused virgin rats. Thus, an endothelium-dependent NO-cGMP-mediated relaxation pathway is inhibited in systemic vessels of pregnant rats infused with IL-6. The results support a role for IL-6 as a possible mediator of the increased vascular resistance during hypertension of pregnancy.
Boundary formulations for shape sensitivity of temperature dependent conductivity problems

Used in concert with the Kirchhoff transformation, implicit differentiation of the discretized boundary integral equations governing the conduction of heat in solids with temperature dependent thermal conductivity is shown to generate an accurate and economical approach for computation of shape sensitivities. For problems with specified temperature and heat flux boundary conditions, a linear problem results for both the analysis and sensitivity analysis. In problems with either convection or radiation boundary conditions, a nonlinear problem is generated. Several iterative strategies are presented for the solution of the resulting sets of nonlinear equations and the computational performances examined in detail. Multizone analysis and zone condensation strategies are demonstrated to provide substantive computational economies in this process for models with either localized nonlinear boundary conditions or regions of geometric insensitivity to design variables. A series of nonlinear example problems is presented that have closed form solutions. Exact analytical expressions for the shape sensitivities associated with these problems are developed and these are compared with the sensitivities computed using the boundary element formulation.
Argumentation and Reasoning in Life and in School: Implications for the Design of School Science Learning Environments

Many science education scholars, predominantly using Toulmin’s argumentation framework as a design template, have created learning environments to engage youth with what it means to argue scientifically. We argue, using Tilly’s framework that categorizes people’s reasons, that there is also promise in utilizing the everyday argumentative competencies of youth as a design template in argument-focused school science curricula. In this chapter, we synthesize our work on argumentation. As part of his dissertation research, Bell created an argument-mapping environment called SenseMaker and then studied middle school science students’ use of SenseMaker as part of conceptual change instruction over six classroom design experiments. As part of her dissertation research, Bricker used data from a long-term team ethnography of youth science and technology learning across settings and timescales to examine youth’s everyday argumentative practices. After explicating our research, we then describe design-based research that is needed to investigate young people’s appropriation of scientific argumentation using their everyday argumentative competencies as a springboard.
A Technique for Lowering the Noise Threshold of Conventional Frequency, Phase and Envelope Demodulators

Envelope, phase and frequency demodulators exhibit a stronger-signal capture phenomenon which enables the noise to suppress the signal when the signal is the weaker of the two, and the signal to suppress the noise when the reverse is true. The presence of the noise thus imposes a threshold that must be exceeded by the signal for proper envelope, phase or frequency demodulation. A general discussion is presented of the relative signal and noise content of the envelope, phase and frequency of the resultant of an amplitude- or exponent-modulated sinusoid plus random-fluctuation noise, when one or the other is heavily dominant. An analysis is then presented of the effect of regenerative feedback around an amplitude limiter upon a sinusoid plus random noise in order to define the conditions under which a CW-type signal will be enhanced over a strong random-fluctuation noise. It is shown that an oscillating limiter whose output maintains a high degree of coherence in the presence of a pure random-noise excitation will boost a wide class of relatively weak coherent signals into predominance over the noise when such a signal is added to the noise. Substantial threshold reductions which have been demonstrated in the laboratory are thereby made possible.
Stent restenosis and the use of drug-eluting stents in patients with diabetes mellitus

Stents have become the technique of choice for percutaneous revascularization, but in-stent restenosis has remained a clinical challenge. This brief article summarizes the incidence, patterns, and proposed mechanisms of restenosis and outlines its contemporary management with specific focus on the diabetic patient. It includes a synopsis of the strategy of drug-eluting stents, which is the most recent and major advance in percutaneous coronary intervention.
AN OPTIMAL STATIC PESSIMISTIC SCHEME FOR FAULT TOLERANT DISTRIBUTED DATABASE SYSTEMS

A distributed database system often replicates data across its servers to provide a fault-resistant application, which maximizes server availability. Various replication control protocols have been developed to ensure data consistency. In this paper, we develop optimal design methods for the quorum-consensus replication protocol, which (1) maximizes availability of the distributed database systems and (2) minimizes the total system cost by calculating the optimal read quorum and the optimal number of system servers. Several numerical examples and applications are provided to illustrate the results.
Organizational rhetoric and the rational‐democratic society

Organizational communication research heretofore has presupposed a use of statistical‐empirical methods to understand and improve institutional effectiveness and efficiency. Whereas this social science research tradition presents the organization as chiefly a private entity, critical studies of managerial communication question whether the techniques and patterns of institutional speech might weaken the idealized rational‐democratic society. Organizational scholars wanting to treat managerial discourse as a species of public rhetoric may turn not only to work by social scientists but also to inquiries by progressives, practitioners, rationalists, and polemicists. Taken together, these five schools of thought represent useful touchstones for understanding, analyzing, and critiquing the rhetorical products of today's organizations.
Proxy-assisted techniques for delivering continuous multimedia streams

We present a proxy-assisted video delivery architecture that can simultaneously reduce the resources requirements at the central server and the service latency experienced by clients (i.e., end users). Under the proposed video delivery architecture, we develop and analyze two novel proxy-assisted video streaming techniques for on-demand delivery of video objects to a large number of clients. By taking advantage of the resources available at the proxy servers, these techniques not only significantly reduce the central server and network resource requirements, but are also capable of providing near-instantaneous service to a large number of clients. We optimize the performance of our video streaming architecture by carefully selecting video delivery techniques for videos of various popularity and intelligently allocating resources between proxy servers and the central server. Through empirical studies, we demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed proxy-assisted video streaming techniques.
Near-field of a seismic source in a layered medium with irregular interfaces

Summary A method based on a discrete wavenumber representation of elastic wave fields is developed and applied to the study of the radiation and scattering in the vicinity of a seismic source located in an irregularly layered medium. The discretization results from a periodicity assumption in the description of the source and of the medium. The problem is two-dimensional but the source can be quite general and is represented by its body force equivalents. The method is an extension of the Aki-Larner technique originally developed to study the scattering of plane waves at irregular boundaries. It is applicable to wavelengths which are either longer than, or of the order of, the dimensions of the irregularities. A study of the strong motion response of a sedimentary basin to a nearby earthquake is presented, for which the main result is a large amplification of horizontal motions.
Clinical Consequences of the Lipophilicity and Plasma Protein Binding of Antiarrhythmic Drugs and Active Metabolites in Man

In two series of antiarrhythmic drugs tested, as the octanol/water partition coefficient increases so do the following: elimination from the body by biotransformation, first-pass biotransformation in the liver and gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, protein binding to some extent, and penetration into brain tissue. Patients receiving lipophilic beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs may experience more central nervous system side effects than those receiving hydrophilic beta blockers. Structural modification of a drug, guided by the concept of bioisosterism, may allow the disassociation of therapeutic from toxic activities. Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein is the major plasma protein that binds the basic antiarrhythmic drugs. Antiarrhythmic drug metabolites are generally more polar (less lipophilic) and less plasma protein-bound than the parent drugs.
Vaginal reconstruction after total pelvic exenteration using a modification of the Williams' procedure.

Abstract The complete rehabilitation of women who have been subjected to ultraradical pelvic surgery should include the reconstruction of a functional vagina. The creation of a vaginal pouch as described by Williams for patients with congenital absence of the vagina or vaginal stenosis may be considered in some of these patients. The principle of his operative procedure can be applied to anatomic conditions in which the vagina and vulva have been resected utilizing perineal tissue structures and skin grafts. This is demonstrated in two patients with different postoperative perineal defects.
Enabling Enterprise Performance Excellence Through Strategic Business Process Architecture Modeling Techniques

We start this book with a description of an Enterprise Performance Excellence (EPE) methodology that links the Lean Six Sigma methodology discussed in Chap. 2 with other systems engineering methodologies that can help to optimize the entire enterprise’s processes. EPE helps to understand the organization from a cross-functional enterprise view so that the Lean Six Sigma program can be aligned with the strategic and operational plans as well as focused on key bottleneck processes within the healthcare organization. This methodology starts with understanding the value chains of the organization and functionally decomposing the business functions that provide services to the customers or patients. Following is a description of the EPE methodology.
Scoping Constructs for Software Generators

A well-known problem in program generation is scoping. When identifiers (i.e., symbolic names) are used to refer to variables, types, or functions, program generators must ensure that generated identifiers are bound to their intended declarations. This is the standard scoping issue in programming languages, only automatically generated programs can quickly become too complex and maintaining bindings manually is hard. In this paper we present generation scoping: a language mechanism to facilitate the handling of scoping concerns. Generation scoping offers control over identifier scoping beyond the scoping mechanism of the target programming language (i.e., the language in which the generator output is expressed). Generation scoping was originally implemented as an extension of the code template operators in the Intentional Programming platform, under development by Microsoft Research. Subsequently, generation scoping has also been integrated in the JTS language extensibility tools. The capabilities of generation scoping were invaluable in the implementation of two actual software generators: DiSTiL (implemented using the Intentional Programming system), and P3 (implemented using JTS).
Efficient Thermal Placement of Standard Cells in 3D ICs using a Force Directed Approach

As the technology node progresses, thermal problems are becoming more prominent especially in the developing technology of three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuits. The thermal placement method presented in this paper uses an iterative force-directed approach in which thermal forces direct cells away from areas of high temperature. Finite element analysis (FEA) is used to calculate temperatures efficiently during each iteration. Benchmark circuits produce thermal placements with both lower temperatures and thermal gradients while wirelength is minimally affected.
Multiple personalities: Synaptic target cells as introverts and extroverts

The intricate process of wiring a neuronetwork requires a high degree of accuracy in the communication between pre- and post-synaptic cells. While presynaptic cells have been widely recognized for their dynamic role in synaptic matchmaking, post-synaptic cells have historically been overlooked as passive targets. Recent studies in the Drosophila embryonic neuromuscular system provide compelling evidence that post-synaptic cells participate actively in the synaptogenic process. Endocytosis allows them to quickly modify the array of molecular cues they provide on their surfaces and the extension of dynamic filopodia allows post-synaptic cells to engage in direct long-distance communication. By making use of familiar cellular mechanisms such as endocytosis and filopodia formation, post-synaptic cells may be able to communicate more effectively with potential synaptic partners.
Combined line-cross and half-sib QTL analysis of crosses between outbred lines.

Summary Data from an F2 cross between breeds of livestock are typically analysed by least squares line-cross or half-sib models to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) that differ between or segregate within breeds. These models can also be combined to increase power to detect QTL, while maintaining the computational efficiency of least squares. Tests between models allow QTL to be characterized into those that are fixed (LC QTL), or segregating at similar (HS QTL) or different (CB QTL) frequencies in parental breeds. To evaluate power of the combined model, data wih various differences in QTL allele frequencies (FD) between parental breeds were simulated. Use of all models increased power to detect QTL. The line-cross model was the most powerful model to detect QTL for FD>0 . 6. The combined and half-sib models had similar power for FD<0 . 4. The proportion of detected QTL declared as LC QTL decreased with FD. The opposite was observed for HS QTL. The proportion of CB QTL decreased as FD deviated from 0 . 5. Accuracy of map position tended to be greatest for CB QTL. Models were applied to a cross of Berkshire and Yorkshire pig breeds and revealed 160 (40) QTL at the 5% chromosome (genome)-wise level for the 39 growth, carcass composition and quality traits, of which 72, 54, and 34 were declared as LC, HS and CB QTL. Fourteen CB QTL were detected only by the combined model. Thus, the combined model can increase power to detect QTL and mapping accuracy and enable characterization of QTL that segregate within breeds.
Circulating angiotensin II mediates sodium appetite in adrenalectomized rats

We investigated the role of circulating ANG II in sodium appetite after adrenalectomy. Adrenalectomized rats deprived of their main access to sodium (0.3 M NaCl) for 9 h drank 14.1 ± 1.5 ml of the concentrated saline solution in 2 h of access. Intravenous infusion of captopril (2.5 mg/h) during the last 5 h of sodium restriction reduced sodium intake by 77 ± 12% ( n = 5) without affecting the degree of sodium depletion and hypovolemia incurred during deprivation. Functional evidence indicates that this dose of captopril blocked production of ANG II in the peripheral circulation, but not in the brain; that is, injection of ANG I into the lateral brain ventricle stimulated intake of both water and 0.3 M NaCl. Intravenous infusion of ANG II (starting 10–15 min before 0.3 M NaCl became available) in adrenalectomized, captopril-treated rats restored both sodium intake and blood pressure to values seen in rats not treated with captopril. Longer (20 h) infusions of captopril in 22-h sodium-restricted rats also blocked sodium appetite, but reduced or prevented sodium depletion. Intravenous infusion of ANG II after these long captopril infusions stimulated sodium intake, but intake was less than in controls not treated with captopril. These results indicate that most or all of the sodium appetite of adrenalectomized rats is mediated by circulating ANG II.
The Causal Argument Against Natural Class Trope Nominalism

In this paper, I consider an objection to ``natural class''trope nominalism, the view that a trope's nature isdetermined by its membership in a natural class of tropes.The objection is that natural class trope nominalismis inconsistent with causes' being efficacious invirtue of having tropes of a certain type. I arguethat if natural class trope nominalism is combinedwith property counterpart theory, then this objectioncan be rebutted.
Non-sedentary Lifestyle Can Reduce Hip Fracture Risk among Older Caucasians Adults: The Adventist Health Study-2.

AIMS The beneficial effect of physical activity on reducing hip fracture risk has been supported in many previous studies. The present cohort study explores the relationship between total daily physical activity expressed as MET-hour/day and hip fracture risk among men over 50 years of age and postmenopausal women (n=22,836). METHODOLOGY Associations between self-reported hip fracture incidence and total daily physical activity and selected lifestyle factors were assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS In gender-specific multivariable models, total activity above average (≥ 51 MET-hours per day for men, ≥ 48 MET-hours per day for women) compared to those with sedentary lifestyle (< 40 MET-hours per day) reduced the risk of hip fracture by 60% among men (HR=0.40, 95%CI: 0.23-0.70) (Ptrend=0.002) and 48% among women (HR=0.52, 95%CI: 0.32-0.84) (Ptrend=0.01). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that a moderate level of physical activity and avoiding a sedentary lifestyle can reduce the risk of hip fracture among the elderly.
How University Websites Portray Study Abroad

University websites across the country showcase the important underlying values of study abroad: experiencing a “local” culture, creating interactive conversations, and empowering students through personal and academic development. This research examined how universities communicate the benefits and values. Through a rhetorical analysis, grounded in framing theory, this study analyzed the key verbal, visual, and interactive messages of five university study abroad websites. These findings suggest how website communication can influence perceptions of study abroad.
Isozyme Variation between Geographic Populations of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Genetic divergence of 12 populations of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was studied by starch gel electrophoresis to examine enzyme products of 11 genetic loci (ACPH, EST-1, EST-2, FUM, G-6PDH, GOT, α-GPDH, IDH, MDH, ME, and SOD). Mean heterozygosity of these populations was 0.206, with an average proportion of polymorphic loci of 0.515. The 11 populations from the United States and Europe were similar genetically, with an average genetic distance of 0.022 and a fixation index of 0.068. Heterozygosity of the Mexican population was significantly lower than that of the other populations. One locus (SOD) was diagnostic, separating the Mexican population from the others. Average genetic distance between the Mexican population and the other 11 populations was 0.212, indicating that it may be a distinct subspecies. Genetic distance between L. decemlineata and L. haldemani Rogers was 0.439. The moderately high levels of genetic variability found in the Colorado potato beetle suggest that the species is able to exploit a wide range of food plants without further adaptation.
A ZONE OF OVERLAP AND HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN TWO GROUND CRICKET SPECIES

In this paper I describe a zone of overlap and hybridization between the ground crickets, Allonemobius fasciatus and A. socius (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). The former occurs in the northeastern United States, the latter is found in the southeastern United States. They meet in a contact zone of variable width that extends from the East Coast to at least Ohio. In the Allegheny Mountains, where appropriate habitats for a species adapted to a northern climate and a species adapted to a southern climate are patchily distributed and widely intermingled, the zone is broad-at least 200 km. Along the coastal plain of New Jersey, where appropriate habitats are not as widely intermingled, the zone is comparatively narrow (5-100 km). Levels of hybridization were assessed by analyzing electrophoretic data, using population genetic models and a character index approach. Both methods of data analysis agreed-where the zone is broader, levels of hybridization appear reduced.
On the Cortical Hormone of the Adrenal Gland.

The crude lipid extract of beef adrenal cortex1 and the aqueous extract2 obtained from the active lipid fraction contain, with the cortical hormone, small quantities of adrenalin. The adrenalin content of the aqueous extract is sufficiently low to permit the demonstration of its efficacy in maintaining indefinitely the lives of adrenalectomized cats.2, 3A simple method for the separation of adrenalin from the cortical hormone has been found.4 The 70% alcohol soluble fraction obtained by our previously described method2 is transferred to 95% alcohol and filtered through permutit. An extract with an adrenalin concentration of less than 1:2,000,000 (bio-assay-blood pressure) and a tissue equivalent of 30 gm. of cortex per cubic centimeter can be prepared by filtering through permutit twice using 20 gm. per kilo of tissue on the first filtration and 10 gm. per kilo on the second. The active material remaining in the permutit filter after each filtration is washed out with alcohol. The active fraction is trans...
Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) associated with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC): A case series of 8 patients highlighting different clinical manifestations

Background Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) are commonly associated with neuroendocrine cancers, such as small cell lung cancer. Objectives We examined the association of PNS in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare neuroendocrine skin cancer. Methods We identified PNS associated with MCC based on chart review of a Seattle-based repository and examined the incidence of MCC-associated hyponatremia in an independent cohort within Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Results Eight PNS cases were identified from the Seattle repository. Three distinct PNS types were observed: cerebellar degeneration (1 case), Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (2 cases), and malignancy-associated hyponatremia (5 cases). Moreover, the incidence of severe hyponatremia (serum sodium Limitations We did not have access to complete medical records on all patients so it was not possible to determine the prevalence of PNS in MCC. Conclusions MCC can be associated with PNS similar to those found in other neuroendocrine cancers. Clinicians should be aware of these presentations as PNS often precede the identification of the underlying malignancy and usually resolve with appropriate treatment of the cancer.
Park sleep: a non-motor dominant Parkinson's disease phenotype

A 69-year-old man was evaluated in our neurology department, for a presumed diagnosis of ‘night-time seizures’; however, this diagnosis was quickly dismissed after the patient (and his wife) described how he ‘acted out’ and talked throughout his dreams, without any seizure-like activity. This problem had been present for ∼10 years. An EEG ruled out epilepsy. The patient also described a 10-year history of constipation, loss of smell and ‘frequent collapses’. These symptoms fit in with the recently published criteria of ‘prodromal Parkinson9s Disease’ and prompted a formal assessment for Parkinson9s disease (PD). He had no tremor. A subtle festinating gait pattern and a 2-finger tremor in the right hand were noted. The diagnosis of PD was confirmed by a dopamine transporter scan. Clinically, this is one—Park sleep: rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder subtype—of 7 different non-motor dominant PD phenotypes recently described.
Technique of left adrenalectomy for autotransplantation to the caudate nucleus in Parkinson's disease.

AbstractAutotransplantation of the adrenal medulla to the caudate nucleus is a new neurosurgical treatment under investigation for severe Parkinson’s disease. The success of the procedure is reliant partly on the ability of the urologist to remove the adrenal gland safely and atraumatically with minimal morbidity. We describe our technique using a posterior 12th rib approach, which is extrapleural and extraperitoneal. In the initial 10 patients there was no significant morbidity from the operation and all patients were discharged from the hospital within 3 to 7 days postoperatively. The importance of using a no touch technique in mobilizing the gland is emphasized, since any hemorrhage within the adrenal medulla may make it impossible to recover the tissue for stereotactic implantation. Hemorrhage occurred in 1 of our patients, who was elderly and obese. The technique described allows for adequate exposure while maintaining acceptably low morbidity from the procedure. (J. Urol., 144: 838–841, 1990)
Recipes for Attention: Policy Reforms, Crises, Organizational Characteristics, and the Newspaper Coverage of the LGBT Movement, 1969–2009

Why do some organizations in a movement seeking social change gain extensive national newspaper coverage? To address the question, we innovate in theoretical and empirical ways. First, we elaborate a theoretical argument that builds from the political mediation theory of movement consequences and incorporates the social organization of newspaper practices. This media and political mediation model integrates political and media contexts and organizations' characteristics and actions. With this model, we hypothesize two main routes to coverage: one that includes changes in public policy and involves policy-engaged, well-resourced, and inclusive organizations and a second that combines social crises and protest organizations. Second, we appraise these arguments with the first analysis of the national coverage of all organizations in a social movement over its career: 84 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender rights and AIDS-related organizations in the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and Wall Street Journal from 1969 to 2010. These analyses go beyond previous research that provides either snapshots of many organizations at one point in time or overtime analyses of aggregated groups of organizations or individual organizations. The results of both historical and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analyses support our media and political mediation model.
Flood-driven topographic changes in a gravel-cobble river over segment, reach, and morphological unit scales.

Regulated rivers generally incise below dams that cut off sediment supply, but how that happens and what the consequences are at different spatial scales is poorly understood. Modern topographic mapping at meter-scale resolution now enables investigation of the details of spatial processes. In this study, spatial segregation was applied to a meter-scale raster map of topographic change from 1999 to 2008 on the gravel-cobble, regulated lower Yuba River in California to answer specific scientific questions about how a decadal hydrograph that included a flood peak of 22 times bankfull discharge affected the river at segment, reach, and morphological unit scales. The results show that the river preferentially eroded sediment from floodplains compared to the channel, and this not only promoted valley-wide sediment evacuation, but also facilitated the renewal and differentiation of morphological units, especially in the channel. At the reach scale, area of fill and mean net rate of elevational change were directly correlated with better connectivity between the channel and floodplain, while the mean rate of scour in scour areas was influenced by the ratio of slope to bankfull Froude number, a ratio indicative of lateral migration versus vertical downcutting. Hierarchical segregation of topographic change rasters proved useful for understanding multiscalar geomorphic dynamics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A joint beta and coincidence-gamma data modeling and image reconstruction framework for plant leaf imaging

Joint estimation of radioactivity distribution and concentration in thin objects using both positron (beta) and coincidence-gamma measurements is potentially more quantitative than to using either measurement alone. An imaging system that is capable of simultaneously measuring beta and gamma data was designed previously. This work includes studying the underlying physics and the intrinsic behavior of the phoswich detector to propose a novel forward model. Additionally an image reconstruction framework for joint estimation is developed. Validation experiment results show that a better quantitation in radioactivity concentration and distribution recovery can be achieved in contrast to separate reconstruction.
An American Crisis: the Lack of Black Men in Medicine

The current state of diversity within the US medical workforce does not reflect representative numbers of the Black male population. Research data continues to reveal continuing trends in the areas of discrimination, incarceration, health disparities, and mortality with respect to Black males. The lack of increase in Black male medical school applications and matriculation contrasted by the continuing trends mentioned above illustrates that there is in fact an American crisis. We present here a call to arms, to address the need of African-American men in medicine. The absence of Black males in medical school represents an American crisis that threatens efforts to effectively address health disparities and excellence in clinical care. This disturbing trend is in need of more empirical examination of medical school data specifically in the areas of qualification barriers, race/ethnic classification, and the impact of diversity on quality of healthcare in the USA.