cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manometric method for determining bicarbonate content in plant leaves.

Abstract A method is described for manometric determination of bicarbonate (as little as 0.25 μmoles) in leaves. Conditions such as optimum pH and inactivation of carbonic anhydrase are introduced to stabilize the bicarbonate. Crude leaf extracts are purified with chloroform and Darco G-60. An ionic mixture is separated from macromolecular compounds by elution from a column of Sephadex G-25. Carbon dioxide is released by acidifying the ionic mixture and is determined with a respirometer.
Absence of vasospasm in radial artery CABG on high-dose norepinephrine.

One of the concerns in using radial artery as coronary artery bypass grafts centers around its unusual propensity for vasospasm when experimentally exposed to norepinephrine. This case report demonstrates an absence of vasospasm in a radial artery graft on high dose norepinephrine and may provide reassurance when α-agonists are required in this setting.
Rosa: A new golden nematode resistant variety for chipping and tablestock

Rosa is a golden nematode resistant variety with chipping potential comparable to Norchip and with good cooking quality. It is resistant to early blight and leaf roll, and moderately resistant to late blight. Rosa is a hybrid between North AmericanSolarium tuberosum ssp. and South AmericanS. tuberosum ssp.Andigena clones.
Liver hypoxia and lack of recovery after reperfusion at high blood alcohol levels in the intragastric feeding model of alcohol liver disease.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test for the presence of liver hypoxia and recovery after reperfusion when blood alcohol levels (BAL) are high. Male rats were fed ethanol intragastrically at a constant rate for 1 month. The pO2 levels were then measured on the liver surface of these rats, in vivo during laparatomy under isoflurane anesthesia. To measure the response to acute hypoxia, the hepatic blood flow was clamped off at the porta hepatis. When the clamp was released, recovery from hypoxia was measured. A number of hypoxic-inducible genes in the liver were analyzed by means of quantitative RT-PCR as a measure of increased activation of hypoxia initiated transcription. The mRNA levels of genes for adrenomedullin, adrenergic receptor α, 1a and 1d, CDK inhibitor 1a, and erythropoietin were all significantly higher at the peaks than troughs. Expression of these same genes in the livers of control rats fed dextrose was lower than at the troughs. Although the mRNA level of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) was higher at the trough than at the peak, its protein concentration in the nuclear fraction was not increased at the troughs compared with the peaks. In fact, the nuclear protein level of HIF-1α at the peak was significantly higher than in control samples, which is consistent with the presence of hypoxia at the peaks. Further analysis of the HIF-α degradation regulation revealed that prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4ha1) and von Hippel–Lindau syndrome homolog (Vhl) were both up-regulated at the troughs compared with the peaks. The liver surface oxygen levels at the peaks were reduced compared with the control samples. The pO2 levels fell abruptly when the vessels at the porta hepatis were clamped. When the clamp was removed, allowing reperfusion of the liver, pO2 returned to baseline levels in the control, and at the troughs but not at the peaks. These results support the hypothesis that hypoxia occurs at the peaks of the BAL cycle and recovery from ischemia is impaired at the peaks.
Peace among Friends: A Feminist Interpretation of the “Democratic Peace”

That democracies, though just as belligerent as non-democracies, are unlikely to fight one another is practically law in the study of international relations. Yet prevailing liberal explanations for this democratic peace, which focus primarily on democratic political institutions and culture, remain incomplete. Most importantly, these explanations emphasize a rights-based ethic, which has significantly limited our comprehension of the link between domestic politics and international relations to empirical generalizations. International relationships, however, are intrinsically interdependent and therefore thoroughly knowable only in the context in which they occur and are experienced. In this article I interpret the “democratic peace” as a single thread, albeit a highly visible and important one, in the dense fabric of international relations. More specifically, I enlarge the context in which domestic politics is connected to international relations to include the politics of care—itself a practice that is usually understood to be private, i.e., particular, often emotional, and contextually moral. The result is a more refined understanding of the conditions for peace among all nations—democratic or not.
Large-scale averaging analysis of multiphase flow in fractured reservoirs

The method of large-scale averaging is applied to derive and analyze a dual-porosity model of multiphase flow in naturally fractured reservoirs. The dual-porosity model contains the usual equations based on Darcy's law, and the coupling terms representing the fluid transfer between the matrix and the fractures. Both quasisteady and transient closure schemes are considered to obtain and analyze the fracture and matrix permeability tensors and the fluid transfer terms. The techniques developed here are not restricted to regular geometric fractures. Computational work aimed at showing the implications of the theory behind the derivation of the present dual-porosity model is also described. In particular, comparisons among the dual-porosity model, the single porosity model, and other dual-porosity models are presented through numerical experiments.
Time and Timelessness in the Psychoanalysis of an Adult With Severe Childhood Trauma

This article is an exploration of the phenomenological experiences of temporality in the psychoanalytic treatment of a patient who suffered severe dissociation. The writer tracked exchanges with an adult analysand who repeatedly suffered childhood attachment losses and sexual and physical traumata. During treatment sessions the patient enacted dissociated alter personality states each with distinct memories. Loewald (1980) contrasted the experience of time as eternity to the fragmented temporality of trauma. Tracking his experience during key sessions, the writer/analyst infers that by repeatedly going back and forth between experiences of sequential time and timelessness, the analyst helped the patient link previously dissociated experiences. This in turn allowed the patient to realize increased coherence and stability of identity and affectivity. The case material is used to consider how multiple temporalities are represented by the patient and the implications of temporality for understanding trauma an...
Teacher ratings of behavior among African American and Caucasian children during the first two years of school

This article prospectively examines teacher-rated behavior problems and competencies during the first 2 years of formal schooling among African American (n = 190) and Caucasian (n = 350) children. A significant main effect for race was found for both behavior problems and competencies in repeated measures analyses conducted across kindergarten and first-grade teacher ratings. A time × race interaction indicated that teachers rated Caucasian children's competence as stable over time, whereas their African American peers were rated as less competent. According to these data, African American children did not maintain age-appropriate school-based competencies in task orientation and frustration tolerance. No interaction effects were found for a gender × time term for either competencies or behavior problems, suggesting that African American boys do not show more disturbed behavior in the early school years. Behavior trajectories are discussed in terms of the need for competence-enhancing interventions aimed at early school transitions, particularly for African American children. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stimulation of dieldrin metabolism by DDT.

Abstract The excretion of polar metabolites of dieldrin by DDT-treated female rats greatly exceeded that by rats given only dieldrin- 14 C. Increased metabolite excretion was observed in both feces and urine, the relative increase being greater in the urinary products. The chromatographic properties of the major urinary dieldrin metabolite in DDT-stimulated rats did not match those of trans -dihydroxydihydroaldrin, the principal urinary metabolite in the rabbit.
Effect of early initiation of intravenous lipid administration on the incidence and severity of chronic lung disease in premature infants

Objective: To investigate whether intravenous administration of lipid nutrition (intralipid) within 12 hours of birth to ventilator-dependent premature infants would decrease the incidence or severity, or both, of chronic lung disease. Method: We randomly assigned 133 infants to intralipid or control groups, using two weight strata: 42 intralipid versus 37 control subjects in the 600 to 800 gm stratum, and 28 intralipid versus 26 control subjects in the 801 to 1000 gm stratum. The intralipid group received 20% intralipid at Results: No significant differences in mortality rates were present in the total population (23/70=32.9% vs 16/63=25.4%; p=0.35, intralipid vs control); however, the mortality rate increased significantly in 600 to 800 gm infants receiving intralipid versus the control infants (20/41=47.5% vs 9/37=24.3%; p=0.032). No significant differences were found in the number of infants in whom chronic lung disease developed (requiring oxygen for ≥28 days), proportion requiring oxygen for ≥60 days, number of survivors without chronic lung disease, or total oxygen and ventilation requirements. However, 600 to 800 gm infants receiving intralipid had significantly more pulmonary hemorrhage, and greater numbers of infants receiving intralipid in both weight categories required supplemental oxygen at day 7. The incidence of other complications of prematurity, time required to regain birth weight, and duration of hospital stay did not differ between groups. Conclusion: Intralipid administration initiated at
Core-Shell Reversion of Hybrid Polymeric Micelles Containing Gold Nanoparticles in the Core

The micellization of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) in chloroform can be induced by the interaction between P4VP blocks and HAuCl4, forming micelles with PS as the shell and the P4VP/HAuCl4 complex as the core. Subsequent reduction of HAuCl4 leads to hybrid polymeric micelles (HPMs) containing gold nanoparticles (GNs) in the core. In this case, protonation of P4VP block by hydrochloride acid is necessary for the stabilization of HPMs. Further study demonstrates that switching the solvent gradually and continuously from chloroform to a methanol/chloroform (9/1, v/v) mixture, where protonated P4VP is soluble whereas PS is insoluble, leads to a core-shell reversion of the HPMs, forming vesicle-like aggregates with PS as the wall and protonated P4VP/GNs as the shell. The interaction between GNs and protonated pyridine repeating units is a necessary driving force for stable attachment of GNs to shell. When the P4VP block is deprotonated, the GNs will be released from the shell to form precipitates, whereas the vesicles are still stable in the solution. It is also found that during the core-shell reversion the aggregation of PS chains occurs at first among the shell of the HPMs, and then the dissociation of the core happens due to the continuous addition of methanol into the solution, leading to the core-shell reversion. This indicates that there is no intermediate state of the molecularly dispersed block copolymer existing between the HPMs and the RHPMs.
Development of a prototype high-current low-energy ion implanter

Abstract A high current-low energy implant system for the processing of semiconductor devices at medium-high dopant levels is described. Criteria for selection and design of ion beam components such as ion beam optics, vacuum requirements and reliability are discussed. Variations in wafer uniformities for within wafer, wafer-to-wafer and run-to-run are presented.
Comparison of abdominal aortic hemodynamics between men and women at rest and during lower limb exercise.

Abstract Introduction: Biologic variations between men and women have been hypothesized to contribute to the differences in atherosclerosis epidemiology of the two genders. Hemodynamics are also hypothesized to play an important role in the localization of atherosclerosis in the abdominal aorta. However, the hemodynamics of men and women have not been compared at this location at rest or during lower limb exercise conditions. Methods: A magnetic resonance-compatible exercise bicycle, magnetic resonance imaging techniques, and custom data processing software were used to quantify blood flow rate, wall shear stress, and oscillations in flow and wall shear stress at the supraceliac and infrarenal levels of the abdominal aorta of young healthy men and women at rest and during lower limb exercise. Results: Heart rate increased from 73 ± 6.2 bpm at rest to 110 ± 8.8 bpm during exercise ( P 2 ; women, 1.4 ± 0.7 dynes/cm 2 ) at rest or mean blood flow rate (men, 5.9 ± 1.3 L/min; women, 5.2 ± 0.8 L/min) or mean wall shear stress (men, 5.1 ± 0.8 dynes/cm 2 ; women, 5.4 ± 2.1 dynes/cm 2 ) during exercise. Also, no differences were seen in temporal flow and wall shear stress oscillations between men and women at rest or during exercise. Similarly, no significant hemodynamic differences were found between the genders at the supraceliac level. Conclusion: These similarities suggest that hemodynamics may not play a significant role in abdominal aortic disease differentiation between the genders and that biologic factors may be more important. (J Vasc Surg 2003;37:118-23.)
The way we teach...law and medicine.

The goal of legal education is to get the student to ‘think like a lawyer.’ The goal of medicolegal courses in medical schools, on the other hand, has often seemed to be to get the medical student to think bad things about lawyers. While the total solution to the legendary distrust between these two professions may not be an understanding of methodology, I suggest here that one way to increase cooperation between the professions is to teach law in medical schools in a way that emphasizes methods of approaching problems and which seeks to dispel the major myths that many, if not most, doctors have about the law. I include a description of the course in legal medicine which presently forms part of the curriculum at Boston University Medical School.
Diffusive Transport by Breaking Waves

Abstract A simple conceptual model of the relationship between advective transport by breaking waves and diffusive transport is derived. line model postulates that the displacement of fluid parcels by a breaking wave is analogous to molecular diffusion (in a manner similar to conventional mixing length theory). Unlike molecular diffusion, in which the fluctuations of nearby particles are independent, in fluid flow the motion of nearby parcels can be coherent. The effectively random phase of wavebreaking events with respect to an individual particle, however, results in a macroscopic “random walk” of the parcel with a step size related to the width of the breaking wave and a timescale related to the frequency of wave breaking events. As in the case of molecular diffusion, the motion of individual molecules or fluid parcels is unpredictable (chaotic, in fact), but averaging over a large ensemble of parcels results in an ensemble variance that increases linearly with time, formally equivalent to molecular di...
Isotope effects on intensities and excitation exchange interactions in the T1 state of crystalline naphthalene

Abstract We have observed that the naphthalene- d 8 crystal shows 40% less net Davydov splitting than the naphthalene- h g crystal. Comparisons of isotope effects on splittings and intensities show vibronic contributions to both spin—orbit and excitation exchange interactions involving totally symmetric modes.
Potentiation of cocaine's discriminative effects by caffeine: A time-effect analysis

The effects of caffeine upon the discriminative and rate-altering effects of cocaine were examined in rats. Using a food-reinforced two-lever operant procedure, 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate between 10 mg/kg cocaine and saline. Time-effect analysis of the training dose resulted in a median effective time interval (the duration of the discriminable effects of cocaine in producing 50% cocaine-appropriate responding), of 60.5 minutes postinjection. Caffeine partially generalized to the cocaine stimulus and, when administered with cocaine, produced a dose- and time-dependent increase in the percentage of drug-appropriate responding. Data are discussed with reference to our previous results with cocaine-caffeine interactions.
Information for strategic planning: An analysis☆

Abstract Criteria for the assessment of the practical utility of strategic information are developed and applied to a variety of strategic information systems. The systems which are explicitly evaluated are real-world ones with which the author has been associated, but the evaluations are held to be generally applicable to the broader classes of systems which each represents. Few strategic information systems are found to meet the criteria, and it is concluded that the area of strategic planning needs much development of both computerized and non-computerized systems of informational support.
The influence of conflict centrality and task interdependency on individual performance and job satisfaction

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyze the connections between centrality within conflict networks, individual performance, and job satisfaction from the perspective of social networks. The intervening effects of task interdependency on these connections are also examined.Design/methodology/approach – Using the social network survey approach, the empirical data from 310 engineers of a large R&D Institute affiliated with the Ministry of National Defense in Taiwan were collected.Findings – The results show that centrality within relationship conflict networks was negatively related to individual performance and job satisfaction. However, centrality within task conflict networks was positively related to individual performance and job satisfaction Task interdependency mitigates the negative influence of relationship conflicts on individual performance and job satisfaction, and the positive influence of task conflict on job satisfaction.Research limitations/implications – As the evidence in this st...
Development of a relay performance web tool for the Mars network

Modern Mars surface missions rely upon orbiting spacecraft to relay communications to and from Earth systems. An important component of this multi-mission relay process is the collection of relay performance statistics supporting strategic trend analysis and tactical anomaly identification and tracking.
Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in the staging of esophageal cancer: a review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the important studies, published since April 2002, on the role of endoscopic ultrasonography for staging of esophageal cancer. RECENT FINDINGS The loco-regional staging accuracy for esophageal cancer by endoscopic ultrasonography is superior to other currently available imaging modalities such as helical computed tomography. Endoscopic ultrasonographic staging accuracy is further enhanced by the ability to obtain guided fine needle aspiration specimens for cytology from any suspicious celiac lymph nodes. In addition to the initial staging of esophageal cancer, endoscopic ultrasonography-based measurement of reduction of tumor cross-sectional area appears to be a reliable predictor of pathologic response to initial neoadjuvant therapy. Recently published studies on the outcomes of endoscopic ultrasonography support its utility in the staging of esophageal cancer, particularly in guiding different treatment options for different stages of loco-regional involvement. SUMMARY Overall, endoscopic ultrasonography for staging of patients with esophageal cancer seems to be a cost-effective intervention.
Assessing Aircraft Hazards to Nuclear Facilities

The methodology and selected models used for assessing the frequency of aircraft crashes to critical surface facilities are examined. The DOE Standard model is the basis for comparing other models, particularly those used to assess risk to DOE facilities. The NRC methodology is relevant for nuclear power plants. A rigorous physical model that describes the Markov chain of events and their related probabilities that lead to aircraft hazards to ground facilities is developed. The chain of events is then quantified to provide a basis for comparison and evaluation of mathematical models. It is evident that all quantitative models for aircraft crash frequency assessments are constrained by the limited statistical database available for supporting such risk assessments. Aircraft crashes to critical facilities are rare events, and this condition limits experimental data and verification efforts.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Gemfibrozil stimulates apolipoprotein A-I synthesis and secretion by stabilization of mRNA transcripts in human hepatoblastoma cell line (Hep G2)

Gemfibrozil is a widely used drug that elevates plasma HDL and lowers triglycerides and LDL. The mechanism of action of this pharmacological agent on HDL metabolism is not established. Since the liver is the major organ involved in HDL production and removal, we assessed the effect of gemfibrozil on the modulation of apoA-I (a major protein of HDL)–containing particles by a human hepatoblastoma cell line (Hep G2). Incubation of Hep G2 cells with gemfibrozil resulted in the following statistically significant findings: (1) increased accumulation of apoA-I in the medium without affecting uptake of radiolabeled HDL-protein or HDL–apoA-I; (2) accelerated incorporation of [ 3 H]leucine and [ 35 S]methionine into apoA-I; (3) equivalent increases in [ 3 H]leucine incorporation into HDL particles without and with apoA-II (LpA-I and LpA-I+A-II, respectively); (4) equal efflux of fibroblast cholesterol by harvested LpA-I and LpA-I+A-II particles; (5) increased steady state apoA-I mRNA without affecting apoA-I transcription; and (6) increased apoA-I mRNA half-life (2.2-fold). These data indicate that gemfibrozil stabilizes apoA-I mRNA transcripts, resulting in increased translation of functional apoA-I–containing particles capable of effluxing cellular cholesterol, thus defining a major mechanism by which gemfibrozil increases HDL.
Cadmium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Manganese, and Zinc in Evaporated Milk, Infant Products, and Human Milk

Abstract Infant formula foods, such as evaporated milk, modified milk, and formulas containing lamb meat and soya flour, were collected quarterly from the Cincinnati, Ohio, market. Human milk from 13 mothers residing in the cincinnati area was collected during April and May 1968. They were analyzed for Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Averaged elements in various formulas including evaporated milk and human milk as ppm were: Cd, 0.020 to 0.042; Cu, 0.024 to 1.49; Fe, 0.84 to 19.1; Pb, 0.012 to 0.87; Mn, 0.12 to 2.68; and Zn, 1.34 to 8.60. Human milk and formulas containing milk base had least Cd, Cu, Mn, and Pb; evaporated milk, however, had the most Pb. Formulas containing soya flour and lamb meat products were high in trace elements.
Polarization switching responses of 1–3 and 0–3 active composites

Abstract This study presents simplified micromechanical models for estimating the overall polarization switching hysteretic responses of active composites comprising of ferroelectric ceramics (active constituent) and inactive constituent. A nonlinear rate-dependent constitutive model for describing hysteretic polarization and butterfly strain responses is used for the ferroelectric constituent, while the inactive constituent is assumed to experience elastic or viscoelastic response. Two unit-cell models with four and eight subcells are considered to determine the overall responses of 1–3 and 0–3 active composites, respectively. Linearized micromechanical relations are used to provide trial values of the overall electro-mechanical responses, and a fixed point iterative method is then used in order to correct errors from linearizing the nonlinear responses. The micromechanical predictions of 1–3 active composites are validated with experimental data available in literature. Parametric studies are conducted to illustrate the effects of microstructural geometries and volume contents of the ferroelectric inhomogeneity as well as loading history on the overall hysteretic responses of active composites.
Cummings, Cold War Radio: The Dangerous History of American Broadcasting in Europe, 1950–1989

R. (2009). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. One measurement of success is your competitor's response to your achievements. In the case of Radio Free Europe (RFE) and Radio Liber...
The preparation and properties of highly conductive nonstoichiometric oxide catalysts

Abstract Inter-oxide compounds of rare earth and transition metal oxides can be made highly nonstoichiometric by the partial substitution of divalent ions, such as strontium, for the rare earth element. These compounds become highly conductive when suitably treated in oxygen at high temperatures, and have been found to function as efficient oxidation catalysts at low temperatures between 100–300°C. The thermodynamics, transport properties and catalytic behavior for CO and CH 4 oxidation of some systems having the perovskite or the K 2 NiF 4 structure are discussed, e.g. La 1−x Sr x MO 3−δ (M=Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Y) and La 2−x Sr x CuO 4−δ . The catalytic behavior is similar for the Cr,Mn,Fe and Co perovskites, but the solid electrolyte La 0.8 Sr 0.2 YO 2.9 has no effect in CO oxidation but the greatest activity for CH 4 oxidation.
Greater transportation energy and GHG offsets from bioelectricity than ethanol

The quantity of land available to grow biofuel crops without affecting food prices or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from land conversion is limited. Therefore, bioenergy should maximize land-use efficiency when addressing transportation and climate change goals. Biomass could power either internal combustion or electric vehicles, but the relative land-use efficiency of these two energy pathways is not well quantified. Here, we show that bioelectricity outperforms ethanol across a range of feedstocks, conversion technologies, and vehicle classes. Bioelectricity produces an average of 81% more transportation kilometers and 108% more emissions offsets per unit area of cropland than does cellulosic ethanol. These results suggest that alternative bioenergy pathways have large differences in how efficiently they use the available land to achieve transportation and climate goals.
Differential localization of two myosins within nematode thick filaments

Abstract The body wall muscle cells of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, contain two unique types of myosin heavy chain, A and B. We have utilized an immunochemical approach to define the structural location of these two myosins within body wall muscle thick filaments. By immunofluorescence microscopy, myosin B antibodies label the thick filament-containing A-bands of body wall muscle with the exception of a thin gap at the center of each A-band, and myosin A antibodies react to form a medial fluorescent stripe within each A-band. The complexes of these monoclonal antibodies with isolated thick filaments were negatively stained and studied by electron microscopy. The myosin B antibody reacts with the polar regions of all filaments but does not react with a central 0.9 μm zone. The myosin A antibody reacts with a central 1.8 μm zone in all filaments but does not react with the polar regions.
The MUC1-C oncoprotein as a target in hematologic malignancies.

Commentary to: Terminal differentiation of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells is induced by targeting of the MUC1-C oncoproteinLi Yin, Rehan Ahmad, Michio Kosugi, Takeshi Kawano, David Avigan, Richard Stone, Surender Kharbanda and Donald W. Kufe
Direct evidence from gas-phase atomic spectra for an unscreened intra-atomic origin of outer-core multiplet splittings in solid manganese compounds.

We compare for the first time gas-phase $3s$ and $3p$ spectra from atomic Mn with corresponding spectra from the solid compounds Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and MnO. These spectra are found to be strikingly similar, indicating that the solid-state spectra have a dominant origin in unscreened intra-atomic multiplet splittings, perhaps with correlation-induced satellites. Such outer-core hole states are thus not describable in terms of a simple superposition of fully screened and poorly screened spectra as recently proposed.
Identification of a functional phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate binding site in the epithelial Na+ channel.

Membrane phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3), are signaling molecules that can directly modulate the activity of ion channels, including the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). Whereas PI(3,4,5)P3 directly activates ENaC, its binding site within the channel has not been identified. We identify here a region of γ-mENaC just following the second trans-membrane domain (residues 569–583) important to PI(3,4,5)P3 binding and regulation. Deletion of this track decreases activity of ENaC heterologously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. K-Ras and its first effector phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase (PI3-K), as well as RhoA and its effector phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase increase ENaC activity. Whereas the former, via generation of PI(3,4,5)P3, increases ENaC open probability, the latter increases activity by increasing membrane levels of the channel. Deletion of the region just distal to the second trans-membrane domain disrupted regulation by K-Ras and PI3-K but not RhoA and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase. Moreover, PI(3,4,5)P3 binds ENaC with deletion of the region following the second transmembrane domain disrupting this interaction and disrupting direct activation of the channel by PI(3,4,5)P3. Mutation analysis revealed the importance of conserved positive and negative charged residues as well as bulky amino acids within this region to modulation of ENaC by PI3-K. The current results identify the region just distal to the second trans-membrane domain within γ-mENaC as being part of a functional PI(3,4,5)P3 binding site that directly impacts ENaC activity. Phospholipid binding to this site is probably mediated by the positively charged amino acids within this track, with negatively charged and bulky residues also influencing specificity of interactions.
Technology transfer to the USSR: The marginal-productivity differential and the elasticity of intra-capital substitution in Soviet industry

Abstract This article critically examines the estimations of the effects of technology transfer on Soviet industry by D. W. Green, H. S. Levine, and M. L. Weitzman. A hybrid production function is estimated on the time-series data. Soviet-made capital and imported equipment are integrated into a composite capital in the CES form. This capital is then put together with labor to form a CD production function. Statistical tests show that the marginal productivities are indistinguishable between domestic and imported capital and that the elasticity of substitution between the two types of capital is close to unity. The hybrid form, however, yields estimates significantly different from those of the CD and additive forms. J. Comp. Econ. , June 1979 3 (2), pp. 181–194. Russian Research Center, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Department of Economics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Morphological surface characteristics of Streptomyces glaucescens and S. acrimycini, two streptomycetes with "hairy" spores.

The ultrastructure of the surface membranes of the spores and aerial hyphae of S. glaucescens and S. acrimycini was studied by means of electron microscopy of air-dried whole mounts, thin sections, negative stainings and freezeetchings. The delicate sheath which envelopes the spore walls produces long protruding appendages which have previously been designated as “hairs”, a name which is based on silhouette views of untreated whole mounts, where the processes appear long and curled. Freeze-etching and negative staining revealed that the processes are composed of interlacing straight tubular units of varying length. These tubules exhibited a distinct fine structure. It is suggested that they are made of rolled up sheets with a regular striation pattern. The surface membrane of the non-sporulating aerial hyphae has no processes, but a pattern of irregularly arranged and ill-defined rodlets.
1614 FATAL VALPROIC ACID (VPA) HEPATOTOXICITY

More than 20 deaths due to hepatotoxicity associated with VPA have occurred in the USA. We report 2 autopsied cases of fatal hepatotoxicity associated with VPA. In both cases the signs of hepatotoxicity appeared after 3-4 weeks VPA therapy and in 1 case consisted of persistent elevation of serum phenytoin (PHT) level for 5 days despite stopping VPA and PHT. By light microscopy, the liver showed nodular architecture with pseudoductular proliferation of periportal hepaocytes in both cases. The remaining pericentral liver cells had a granular cytoplasm which on electron microscopy in 1 case was due to closely packed mitochondria. Fat globules were seen in some cells but the appearance was clearly distinct from that in Reye syndrome. The earliest laboratory signs of VPA hepatotoxicity were derangements of hepatic synthetic and/or detoxification processes. The transaminases in our patients overlapped those in epileptic children without serious toxicity. Other parameters are needed to predict which patients might develop fatal hepatotoxicity. Unexplained fluctuations of anticonvulsant levels might be an early sign of significant VPA toxicity.
The Use of Three Baseline Values in Intervention Studies: Application to Evaluation of Immune Modulation Therapies

In studying the effects of a treatment intervention on immunological parameters, we have found that three baseline values are a practical number to obtain on each patient. Three baseline values 1) increase the chances of detecting a statistically significant effect of the intervention, 2) provide an assessment of the daily variability of the assay and patients, and 3) enable the identification of individual patients who demonstrate significant changes associated with the intervention.
Conduction in titanate pyrochlores: role of dopants

Electrical conductivity measurements have been performed on the pyrochlore compounds Y2Ti2O7, Gd2Ti2O7 and Sm2Ti2O7 as a function of temperature, oxygen fugacity and aliovalent dopant concentration. Both the magnitude and type of conduction (ionic and/or electronic) were found to be influenced by dopant size, site location (“A” or “B” cation sublattice) and net dopant density. While Ca doping on the “A” cation sublattice (Ca'Gd,Sm,Y) was found to increase the ionic conductivity by as much as two and half orders of magnitude, Sr and Mg dopants with larger dopant-host size mismatch induced a drop in ionic and an enhancement in electronic conductivity. Acceptor doping on the “B” cation sublattice, e.g. Al'Ti, increased the ionic conduction only at low dopant levels, while RuTi enhanced electronic conduction at high PO2. Trends in ionic and electronic conduction as a function of T, PO2, and dopant density are analyzed with the aid of a defect chemical model.
Rural Use of Wind Power to Conserve Energy Resources

Energy derived from the wind offers possibilities for supplementing rural power supplies. Basic concepts of wind-derived power and the possibilities of conserving energy, reducing electrical demand, and improving electrical system load factors are considered.
Vasopressin as an alternative to norepinephrine in the treatment of milrinone-induced hypotension

Objective:To determine whether vasopressin could be effective in treating the hypotension associated with phosphodiesterase III inhibition. Phosphodiesterase III inhibitors are cardiotonic agents that increase myocardial contractility and decrease vascular smooth muscle tone. The vasodilatory effect
Is China a Status Quo Power

of China (PRC) is more integrated into, and more cooperative within, regional and global political and economic systems than ever in its history. Yet there is growing uneasiness in the United States and the Asia-Paciac region about the implications of China’s increasing economic and military power. Characterizations of Chinese diplomacy in the policy and scholarly worlds are, if anything, less optimistic of late about China’s adherence to regional and international norms. In the 1980s there was little discussion in the United States and elsewhere about whether China was or was not part of something called “the international community.” Since the early 1990s, however, scholars and practitioners alike have argued increasingly that China has not demonstrated sufaciently that it will play by so-called international rules and that somehow it must be brought into this community. The subtext is a fairly sharp othering of China that includes a civilizing discourse (China is not yet a civilized state) or perhaps a sports discourse (China is a cheater). Many of the most vigorous policy debates in the United States in recent years have been over whether it is even possible to socialize a dictatorial, nationalistic, and dissatisaed China within this putative international community. Engagers argue that China is becoming socialized, though mainly in the sphere of economic norms (e.g., free trade and domestic marketization). Skeptics either conclude that this is not the case, due to the nature of the regime (for some, China is still Red China; for more sophisticated skeptics, China is oirting with fascism), or that it could not possibly happen because China as a rising power, by deanition, is dissatisaed with the U.S.-dominated global order (a power-transition realpolitik argument). A logical conclusion is that both groups view the problem of China’s rising power as the primary Is China a Status Quo Power?
Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in a cardiac transplant recipient due to multiple drug interactions.

ABSTRACT: Background The 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors lovastatin and simvastatin have been associated with rhabdomyolysis in cardiac transplant recipients. Herein, we report a case of a 52-year-old male recipient of a cardiac transplant who developed rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure caused by simvastatin precipitated by multiple drug interactions. Methods The patient had a history of cardiac transplantation (5 years before) and presented with a 2-day history of dark urine preceded by 2 weeks of diffuse myalgias. He had been maintained on cyclosporine throughout the entire post-transplant period. Simvastatin was added and pravastatin was discontinued 2 months before admission. Two weeks before the onset of muscle symptoms, digoxin and verapamil were started for new-onset atrial fibrillation. Creatinine phosphokinase levels peaked at 950,000 IU with serum creatinine of 3.3 mg/dL (baseline, 1.8 mg/dL). Results Review of the medication history indicates a temporal association between the addition of 3 drugs (simvastatin, verapamil, and digoxin) to the medication regimen already containing cyclosporine and the episode of rhabdomyolysis. All of these drugs are cytochrome P450 3A4 and/or P-glycoprotein substrates that are known from previous pharmacokinetic studies to individually produce substantial increases in levels of simvastatin. Conclusion We believe this case illustrates that avoiding the use of drugs that are cytochrome P450 3A4 and/or P-glycoprotein substrates reduces the risk of rhabdomyolysis caused by 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors.
Altered cholesterol homeostasis in cultured and in vivo models of cystic fibrosis

Determining how the regulation of cellular processes is impacted in cystic fibrosis (CF) is fundamental to understanding disease pathology and to identifying new therapeutic targets. In this study,...
Functional performance among children with cochlear implants and additional disabilities.

AbstractObjectiveTo assess daily functional skills among young cochlear implant (CI) recipients with additional disabilities.MethodsChildren with CI and developmental disabilities and a hearing control group containing similar ages and similar disabilities were enrolled in a cross-sectional study of language and functional skills. Daily functional skills were measured using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), which provides standard and scaled scores in Self-Care, Mobility, and Social Functioning domains. Language was assessed using the Preschool Language Scales, 4th edition which provides standard scores and age equivalents.ResultsFourteen children with CIs and seven hearing controls were included in this analysis. Most children in this study (90.5%) had cognitive disabilities and 57% had motor disabilities. Compared with the hearing controls, children with CIs were less likely to have functional independence in any PEDI domain. Children with CI had significantly lower median social ...
DO MINORITY AND FEMALE OFFENDERS HAVE DISTINCT "CRIMINAL PERSONALITIES"?: A CRITIQUE OF YOCHELSON-SAMENOW'S THEORY OF CRIMINALITY

Yochelson and Samenow's approach to treating and/or rehabilitating juvenile and adult offenders has become very popular with mental health and criminal justice practitioners, particularly for those working in juvenile or adult correctional settings. Their approach has evolved into the most publicized cognitive therapy for treating antisocial behavior. The conceptual and theoretical weaknesses of Yochelson and Samenow's work notwithstanding, the author focuses on the methodological weaknesses, giving special attention to their implications for practitioners working with incarcerated minority and female offenders. Several potential areas of research and practice for psychological criminology, mental health, and criminal justice are proposed.
Judgments of grammaticalness: A partial replication and extension

This study is a partial replication and extension of a study by Maclay and Sleator (1961) involving judgments of grammaticalness. In an effort to overcome various methodological shortcomings in the earlier study, 152 male subjects were asked to judge a series of 36 word sequences on the dimensions of grammaticalness, meaningfulness, and ordinariness under five different modes of stimulus presentation. Results of the present study failed to confirm the findings reported earlier by Maclay and Sleator. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to several basic issues in the scaling of judgments of grammaticalness.
Cooperative Optimal Control for Multi-Agent Systems on Directed Graph Topologies

This note brings together stability and optimality theory to design distributed cooperative control protocols that guarantee consensus and are globally optimal with respect to a positive semi-definite quadratic performance criterion. A common problem in cooperative optimal control is that global optimization problems generally require global information, which is not available to distributed controllers. Optimal control for multi-agent systems is complicated by the fact that the communication graph topology interplays with the agent system dynamics. In the note we use an inverse optimality approach together with partial stability to consider the cooperative consensus and pinning control. Agents with identical linear time-invariant dynamics are considered. Communication graphs are assumed directed and having fixed topology. Structured quadratic performance indices are derived that capture the topology of the graph, which allows for global optimal control that is implemented using local distributed protocols. A new class of digraphs is defined that admits a distributed solution to the global optimal control problem, namely those with simple graph Laplacian matrices.
Consumption and Unemployment

This paper examines consumption changes of workers following experiences of unemployment in different stochastic environments. The model developed in the paper predicts that consumption changes following unemployment spells should be small for workers the higher are their layoff and recall probabilities. These predictions are confirmed in estimates with panel data.
Ratio analysis of reflectance spectra (RARS): An algorithm for the remote estimation of the concentrations of chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and carotenoids in soybean leaves

An algorithm utilizing reflectance spectra bands in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) region of the solar spectrum was developed for the remote estimation of the concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in soybeans. The defining of specific bands in the reflectance spectrum that corresponded to absorption bands of the individual pigments was basic to the development of the algorithm. The detection of these bands was rendered difficult by the lack of detail in reflectance spectra. It was therefore necessary to manipulate the reflectance spectra so that absorption bands due to specific pigments could be detected and their spectral maxima defined. It was found that by dividing soybean reflectance spectra by an arbitrarily selected reference soybean reflectance spectrum, ratio spectra were obtained in which the absorption bands could be distinctly seen and their wavelength defined. These ratio spectra allowed the defining of those bands corresponding to the absorption bands of chlorophyll a chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. The strong linear relationships of certain combinations of the bands in the ratio spectra to the concentrations of the photosynthetic pigments made it possible to develop a ratio analysis of reflectance spectra algorithm (RARS) by which the concentrations of these pigments could be calculated from the reflectance spectra. The measurements necessary for the development of RARS were made using soybeans which were grown at different nitrogen levels in order to obtain a range of reflectance spectra. A test of the RARS algorithm using other soybean plants showed very good agreement between measured pigment values and those calculated using RARS.
Eye tracking dysfunction and schizophrenia: an overview with special reference to the genetics of schizophrenia

A high prevalence of eye tracking dysfunction (ETD) among schizophrenic patients and their relatives is one of the most widely replicated findings in experimental psychopathology. Almost 25 years of research have shown the following: (1) ETD occurs in about half of schizophrenics, and is not a function of psychotic state, inattention or neuroleptic drug treatment; (2) ETD involves primarily an impairment of smooth pursuit eye movements, characterized by reduced gain and increased compensatory saccades; (3) ETD also occurs in a substantial proportion of unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenics, including clinically discordant co-twins of schizophrenics, suggesting that ETD is under genetic control; (4) the prevalence of ETD in relatives of schizophrenics is higher than the recurrence risk for schizophrenia. ETD is one of several traits associated with schizophrenia and genetically related to schizophrenia. The use of co-familial traits like ETD, in addition to schizophrenia, increases the power ...