cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing the future: writing, design and research on NOT-linear interaction

How can designers make more meaningful, rich and user enabling interactive systems? What are the best principles, affordances and techniques of interactive design, what are some examples, and how should designers approach this challenge? This panel explores an approach called Productive Interaction, which views interaction as a medium that enables the user as producer of her own outcomes and meanings. Productive interaction aligns the design of not-linear content, context and affordance in an open, collaborative fashion, enabling the direct manipulation of the work's material. Taking advantage of this facilitation, the user creates a custom, personally significant meaning space of their own.A faculty member and three students present perspectives from their work in the Graduate Media Design Program at Art Center College of Design: Philip van Allen (moderator): Design principles, techniques, and experiments in Productive InteractionScott Nazarian: Futurism as a design methodologyJen Tarara: Relationship aware systems - 2Degrees Network, a mobile application and serviceDavid Keady: Sound as a low attention information system.
Amtrak: A cost-effectiveness analysis☆

Abstract Intercity rail passenger train services in the United States are provided over a basic national route system by a Congressionally created quasi-public corporation called Amtrak. Although Amtrak has succeeded in arresting the long-term decline in passenger train ridership, operating deficits have grown substantially in recent years, requiring increased public subsidy. The justification for on-going public support rests on the belief that rail passenger transport contributes to fulfilling national transport policy objectives in the areas of safety, energy conservation, congestion alleviation and environmental protection. This paper examines the Amtrak impact in each of these goal areas and evaluates the organization's longer term potential. The evidence does not indicate that rail passenger train services contribute meaningfully to any of the national policy concerns outside the Northeast Corridor. Continued subsidization of the existing system appears unjustified, and a major route restructuring seems necessary.
Current Perspectives on the Pharmacotherapy of Depressive Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Major depressive disorder occurs in approximately 2% of prepubertal children and 5% of adolescents. Studies investigating the pharmacotherapy of early-onset major depressive disorder in these young patients have been inconclusive. Early open trials and anecdotal experience suggested a beneficial role for antidepressant therapy. Double-blind placebo-controlled trials have failed to demonstrate the robust response seen in adults, but the studies have been small and concerns have been raised regarding methodology. Nevertheless, the significant morbidity associated with depressive disorders and the positive open trial experiences with antidepressants have led to the recommendation that antidepressants be used early in life when a patient presents with symptoms of a depressive disorder and has significant functional incapacity because of these symptoms. This article will review the studies of antidepressant efficacy in juvenile-onset major depressive disorder and then propose a pharmacotherapy model.
Effects of Managerial Discretion in Fair Value Accounting Regulation and Motivational Incentives to “Go Along” with Management on Analysts' Expectations and Judgments

The current study examines the extent to which financial analysts expect firms to manage earnings when accounting rules allow a relatively high degree of discretionary choice and low level of transparency, and measures whether analysts' stock price estimates are upwardly biased when they are aware that management is taking advantage of the situation. We further investigate whether analysts' expectations and judgments in this regard are amplified in the presence of an incentive to “go along” with management's misleading financial information. A total of 44 experienced financial analysts participate in a between-participants experiment, wherein those who are provided with misleading (non-misleading) information from management regarding the fair value of an impaired asset for which there is no active exchange market, expect management to recognize a downwardly biased (non-biased) asset impairment loss and issue commensurately higher (lower) stock price estimates. The results also show that analysts who have...
Evaluation of polymer hydrophobic recovery behavior following H2O plasma processing

Inductively coupled radio frequency (rf) H2O vapor plasma was used to modify a range of polymers to better elucidate the dependence of hydrophobic recovery on polymer composition and structure. Freshly modified and aged samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy, (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, (XPS), and water contact angle (wCA) goniometry. Initially, wettability was increased on each polymer surface due to the implantation of polar oxide groups, an effect exacerbated by increased surface roughness with plasma treatment. Polypropylene and polystyrene exhibit nearly complete hydrophobic recovery as polar groups are subsumed as samples age. High-density polyethylene and polycarbonate exhibit minimal hydrophobic recovery, owing to plasma-induced cross-linking and intrinsic thermal stability, respectively. Overall, the hydrophobic performance following H2O plasma modification is similar to other oxidizing plasmas, suggesting that recovery behavior is intrinsic to the polymer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41978.
Mechanisms of alcohol use disorder severity in adolescents with co-occurring depressive symptoms: findings from a school-based substance use intervention

Individuals with co-occurring alcohol abuse and depressive symptoms were hypothesized to present to treatment with unique etiological pathways, contexts of drinking, topography and consequences of drinking. Two hundred and seventy-three (273) adolescents participated in a motivational enhancement therapy-based intervention specifically developed for adolescent substance users in schools. Data for the present study were collected at intake. The proposed serial mediation multivariate path model included depressive symptoms, drinking to cope and typical blood alcohol concentration (tBAC) as predictors of consequences resultant in symptoms congruent with a DSM-5 alcohol use disorder (AUD). This path model exhibited a good fit to the data when including covariates of alcohol consumption and affective dysregulation, χ (5,) 2 = 3.45, p = 0.63; CFI = 1.00; NFI = 0.98; RFI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.00 (0.07–0.87). The final model accounted for 44 % of the variance in the prediction of AUD symptoms. The indirect effect of depressive symptoms to AUD symptoms indicated that drinking to cope and tBAC fully mediated the model. Co-occurring depressive symptoms create a unique pathway to increased AUD severity in adolescents. This pathway provides a potential mechanism for understanding the increased risk of comorbidity and highlights that the increased risk imparted by depressive symptoms is underscored by affective dysregulation and caused by an increased intensity of alcohol use in specific contexts. This mechanism suggests that a specificity of treatment is needed, such that adolescents with higher levels of AUD symptoms and elevated depressive symptoms who drink to cope should receive appropriately tailored services.
Expression and characterization of the recombinant juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) from Manduca sexta

The cDNA of the microsomal Juvenile Hormone Epoxide Hydrolase (JHEH) from Manduca sexta was expressed in vitro in the baculovirus system. In insect cell culture, the recombinant enzyme (Ms-JHEH) was produced at a high level (100 fold over background EH catalytic activity). As expected, Ms-JHEH was localized in the microsomal fraction with a molecular mass of approximately 50 kDa. Ms-JHEH showed a substrate and inhibitor spectrum similar to the wild type JHEH isolated from eggs of M. sexta. Its enzymatic activity was the highest for Juvenile Hormone III. Ms-JHEH hydrolyzed several trans-epoxides faster than cis-epoxides. A putative hydroxyl-acyl enzyme intermediate was isolated suggesting a catalytic mechanism of Ms-JHEH similar to the mammalian EHs.
Effects of handwashing agent, handwashing frequency, and clinical area on hand flora.

Six hundred twenty-two isolates from 554 samples taken from hands of 103 hospital personnel and 50 controls were obtained over a mean period of 35 days. Eighty-five were obtained immediately before and after handwashing (HW), the remainder after HW only. The relationship of HW agent used, clinical area and job, and frequency of HW to rates of bacterial colonization and numbers and types of organisms isolated, particularly gram-negative bacteria, were evaluated. The HW agent used ( nonantiseptic , hexachlorophene-based, chlorhexidine-based, or iodophor) was significantly correlated with the number of isolates obtained from each sample. Control subjects, all of whom used nonantiseptic soaps, had 1.42 mean isolates per sample; hospital personnel who used nonantiseptic soap had a mean of 1.00 isolates per sample. Other means were 1.25, hexachlorophene; 1.43, iodophor; 0.79, chlorhexidine; and 0.67 for those who used several different antiseptics, p less than 0.0001. The agent was also correlated with the type of organisms isolated (p = 0.002), but not with the counts of colony-forming units (CFU). Frequency of HW was significantly correlated with CFU counts before (p = 0.03) and after (p = 0.001) HW. In general, numbers decreased with increasing HW frequency, but at the higher HW frequencies there was a slight rise. There were significant differences in numbers of isolates per sample according to clinical area, with personnel working in obstetrics and nonpatient areas having the greatest number and those working on neonatal and medical-surgical units having the least (p less than 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
New Developments in FM Reception and Their Application to the Realization of a System of "Power-Division" Multiplexing

Two techniques-feedforward across a limiter and dynamic trapping-are described to show how the message carried by the weaker of two cochannel FM signals can be extracted with negligible distortion even when its amplitude is much smaller than that of the stronger signal. The development of these techniques marks the end of the stronger-signal capture limitation of FM systems and ushers in more efficient spectrum utilization, as well as new applications for frequency modulation.
The Small‐Case Procedure of the United States Tax Court: A Small Claims Court That Works

Professor Whitford finds that the small-case procedure of the United States Tax Court, unlike most other small claims courts, provides a meaningful avenue of redress for taxpayers contesting small amounts and appearing pro se. The success of this procedure is attributed to the unique dispute‘posture” of the Tax Court petitioner and to the extensive resources assigned to the small-case procedure by both the Tax Court and the chief counsel to the IRS. This special Tax Court invention is not likely to be replicated in courts of more general jurisdiction. Lack of political support will prevent allocation of resources sufficient to make pro se litigation work. The expenditure of such resources in the Tax Court apparently reflects a felt need to legitimate the tax system by providing fair disputing procedures.
Functional analyses of genetic pathways controlling petal specification in poppy

MADS-box genes are crucial regulators of floral development, yet how their functions have evolved to control different aspects of floral patterning is unclear. To understand the extent to which MADS-box gene functions are conserved or have diversified in different angiosperm lineages, we have exploited the capability for functional analyses in a new model system, Papaver somniferum (opium poppy). P. somniferum is a member of the order Ranunculales, and so represents a clade that is evolutionarily distant from those containing traditional model systems such as Arabidopsis, Petunia, maize or rice. We have identified and characterized the roles of several candidate MADS-box genes in petal specification in poppy. In Arabidopsis, the APETALA3 (AP3) MADS-box gene is required for both petal and stamen identity specification. By contrast, we show that the AP3 lineage has undergone gene duplication and subfunctionalization in poppy, with one gene copy required for petal development and the other responsible for stamen development. These differences in gene function are due to differences both in expression patterns and co-factor interactions. Furthermore, the genetic hierarchy controlling petal development in poppy has diverged as compared with that of Arabidopsis. As these are the first functional analyses of AP3 genes in this evolutionarily divergent clade, our results provide new information on the similarities and differences in petal developmental programs across angiosperms. Based on these observations, we discuss a model for how the petal developmental program has evolved.
The perichondrial cutaneous graft: a facial reconstructive option for the ages (ages 1 week to 94 years).

Objectives/Hypothesis: The perichondrial cutaneous graft (PCCG) possesses unique characteristics that make them a propitious reconstructive option in facial plastic surgery. The PCCG is easily harvested from the conchal bowl. Notable characteristics are that it does not contract, unexcelled color match for resurfacing facial skin, and minimal donor site morbidity. This free graft frequently offers an expeditious solution to an otherwise more complicated reconstructive effort. Study Design: Retrospective review of an academic otolaryngology and facial plastic surgery practice. Methods: Patients requiring head and neck reconstruction for cutaneous deficiencies were studied. The PCCG is harvested from the anterior conchal bowl. This is technically easy, and the perichondrium is tightly adherent to the dermis in this area. The donor site is closed by resecting a fenestra of conchal cartilage and rotating a posterior auricular interpolated island flap into the defect (the “flip-flop-flap”). The posterior auricular defect is easily closed in a linear fashion. The main outcome measures were cosmetic result, graft survival, donor site morbidity, and complications. Results: There are 406 PCCGs in our series. Patients ranged in age from 7 days to 94 years. There were 170 grafts used for trauma and 236 used for reconstruction after skin cancer resection. Over the past 30 years in observing these grafts, there are no contractions noted in infants and children, growth with maturity is noteworthy. Cosmesis is excellent and in most cases superior to other skin grafting techniques. We have had four total failures and six partial losses of less than 30% for the PCCG. All complete failures were in patients with a smoking history. Conclusions: The PCCG is a very reliable flap for reconstruction of facial defects. It has been used in elderly and heavy smoking patients with minimal complications, attesting to its viability. The graft provides excellent cosmesis and it is an expeditious alternative to commonly used local flaps. It is especially useful in pediatric patients because the graft actually expands with growth. This is in contrast to the disadvantages of split thickness and full thickness skin grafts that predictably contract with maturity. Local flaps often lack adequate laxity for common implementation and make the PCCG a propitious choice in the pediatric patient.
Sweeping the Nation: Domesticity and National Identity in Germany, 1870–1945 – By Nancy Reagin

In this absorbing and informative book, the author analyzes the development of an understanding of domesticity that linked alleged qualities of housework, a private activity, to Germanness, a publi...
Perceptions of Teachers and Staff Regarding the Impact of the Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) Model for School-Based Crisis Intervention

The Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) Model for crisis intervention was devloped for use with emergency service personnel. Research regarding the use of the CISM Model has been conducted among civilians and high-risk occupation groups with mixed results. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the CISM Model for school-based crisis intervention as perceived by teachers and staff. This study compares baseline and CISM Model data over a five-year period. The results suggest that the CISM Model had a positive effect on teacher and staff perceptions of service delivery components (i.e., informing students, meeting with staff members), but no effect on perceptions of the impact of CISM on student outcomes.
A Radiation Oncologist's and Thoracic Surgeon's View on the Role of Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Operable Lung Cancer

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy, also known as stereotactic body radiation therapy, has been developed as an innovative therapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer and has now emerged as a standard treatment option for medically inoperable patients through careful analysis using prospective multi-institutional trials. We review and update the evidence for use of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy in medically inoperable patients with stage I lung cancer, and its possible extension of use to operable patients, from the perspectives of an experienced radiation oncologist and a thoracic surgeon.
A prospective study of psychological distress and sexual risk behavior among black adolescent females.

ABSTRACT. Objective. The purpose of the study was to examine the association between adolescents’ psychological distress and their sexually transmitted disease/ human immunodeficiency virus (STD/HIV)-associated sexual behaviors and attitudes. Method. Sexually active black adolescent females (N 522) completed, at baseline and again 6 months later, a self-administered questionnaire that assessed sexual health attitudes and emotional distress symptoms (using standardized measures, .84), a structured interview that assessed STD/HIV-associated sexual risk behaviors, and a urine screen for pregnancy. Results. In multivariate analyses, controlling for observed covariates, adolescents with significant distress at baseline were more likely than their peers, after 6 months, to be pregnant (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.0), have had unprotected vaginal sex (AOR 2.1), have nonmonogamous sex partners (AOR 1.7), and not use any form of contraception (AOR 1.5). Additionally, they were also more likely to: perceive barriers to condom use (AOR 2.2), be fearful of the adverse consequences of negotiating condom use (AOR 2.0), perceive less control in their relationship (AOR 2.0), have experienced dating violence (AOR 2.4), feel less efficacious in negotiating condom use with a new sex partner (AOR 1.6), and have norms nonsupportive of a healthy sexual relationship (AOR 1.7). Discussion. The findings suggest that psychological distress is predictive over a 6-month period of a spectrum of STD/HIV-associated sexual behaviors and high-risk attitudes. Brief screening to detect distress or depressive symptoms among adolescent females can alert the clinician to the need to conduct a sexual health history, initiate STD/HIV-preventive counseling, and refer for comprehensive psychological assessment and appropriate treatment. Among adolescents receiving STD treatment,those with even moderate emotional distress may be at heightened risk for further unhealthy outcomes. STD/ HIV interventions should also consider psychological distress as one potential risk factor that may impact program efficacy.
Top Team, Environment, and Performance Effects on Strategic Planning Formality:

This study examined hypotheses linking three categories of variables, top management team demography, environmental uncertainty, and firm performance, to the extent to which retail banks engage in ...
A rapid direct-distillation method for determining the volatile fatty acids of cheese.

Summary A very short and rapid method for the determination of volatile fatty acids in cheese is presented. This new method required that a finely ground sulphuric acid-cheese mixture with a low pH be refluxed to drive off CO 2 and directly distilled in the presence of MgSO 4 . A specific quantity of water (250ml.) was added prior to distillation and the amount of distillate recovered was limited to 285ml. The insoluble volatile fatty acids were washed from the condenser tube by neutral alcohol. Distillates were titrated with N/20 NaOH, using phenolphthalein as indicator. The sum of the titrations of the water distillate and the alcohol rinse represented the total volatile acidity of cheese. The advantages of this method are that high recovery of the volatile fatty acids from cheese is accomplished in a very short time without the use of special glass-joined stills and with a minimum of apparatus and chemical reagents. This method is very adaptable to circumstances where large numbers of cheeses need to be tested in a short time. Direct distillation in the presence of MgSO 4 brought about a very effective recovery of pure lower-chain fatty acids when fresh fat and casein were in the mixture. Under these conditions, recovery was indirectly related to the number of carbon atoms present in each fatty acid.
Regulation of tissue crosstalk by skeletal muscle-derived myonectin and other myokines

The integrated control of animal physiology requires intimate tissue crosstalk, a vital task mediated by circulating humoral factors. As one type of these factors, adipose tissue-derived adipokines have recently garnered attention as important regulators of systemic insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis. However, the realization that skeletal muscle also secretes a variety of biologically and metabolically active polypeptide factors (collectively called myokines) has provided a new conceptual framework to understand the critical role skeletal muscle plays in coordinating whole-body energy balance. Here, we highlight recent progress made in the myokine field and discuss possible roles of myonectin, which we have recently identified as a potential postprandial signal derived from skeletal muscle to integrate metabolic processes in other tissues, such as adipose and liver; one of its roles is to promote fatty acid uptake into cells. Myonectin is also likely an important mediator in inter-tissue crosstalk.
Piece-wise approximations of RLCK circuit responses using moment matching

Capturing RLCK circuit responses accurately with existing model order reduction (MOR) techniques is very expensive. Direct metrics for fast analysis of RC circuits exist but there is no such technique for RLCK circuits. This paper introduces a new family of MOR techniques based on piece-wise functions to capture RLCK circuit responses accurately using only four or five moments. The time-domain response is approximated using a piece-wise function whose pieces are simple polynomials. The proposed method is fast and guaranteed stable and it avoids the calculation of poles and residues associated with existing model order reduction techniques. Results for many different industrial netlists indicate that delay and transition time can be captured within 5% error using only four moments. To the authors' knowledge, there is no existing method that can extract as much information about RLCK circuits with only four or five moments.
COMPARISON OF TRI-POTASSIUM DI-CITRATO BISMUTHATE TABLETS WITH RANITIDINE IN HEALING AND RELAPSE OF DUODENAL ULCERS

Abstract 120 patients were randomly allocated to receive ranitidine 150 mg twice daily or a tri-potassium di-citrato bismuthate (TDB) tablet four times a day in a trial comparing the effects of these drugs in the short-term healing and post-healing relapse rates of duodenal ulceratio. At 4 weeks 81 % of those on ranitidine and 90% of those on TDB had healed ulcer craters. At 8 weeks 97% of those on ranitidine and 97 % of those on TDB had healed. These diffrences are not significant. After ulcer healing, the cumulative rates of relapse, as determined endoscopically, for symptomatic and symptomless ulcers were 74 % for ranitidine and 41 % for tDB at 4 months (p
Identifying Gene Signatures from Cancer Progression Data Using Ordinal Analysis

A comprehensive understanding of cancer progression may shed light on genetic and molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis, and it may provide much needed information for effective diagnosis, prognosis, and optimal therapy. However, despite considerable effort in studying cancer progressions, their molecular and genetic basis remains largely unknown. Microarray experiments can systematically assay gene expressions across genome, therefore they have been widely used to gain insights on cancer progressions. In general, expression data may be obtained from different stages of the same samples. More often, data were obtained from individuals at different stages. Existing methods such as the Student’s t-test and clustering approaches focus on identification of differentially expressed genes in different stages, but they are not suitable for capturing real progression signatures across all progression stages. We propose an alternative approach, namely a multicategory logit model, to identify novel genes that show significant correlations across multiple stages. We have applied the approach on a real data set concerning prostate cancer progression and obtained a set of genes that show consistency trends across multiple stages. Further analysis based on Gene Ontology (GO) annotations, protein-protein interaction networks and KEGG pathways databases, as well as literature search demonstrates that our candidate list not only includes some well-known prostate cancer related genes such as MYC and AMACR, but also consists of novel genes (e.g. CKS2)that have been confirmed by very recent independent studies. Our results illustrate that ordinal analysis of cancer progression data has the potential to obtain a set of promising candidate genes. Such a list can be further prioritized by combining other existing biomedical knowledge to identify therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers of cancer progressions.
Generalized Gini Correlation and its Application in Data-Mining

An asymmetric correlation measure commonly used in social economics, called the Gini correlation, is defined between a numerical response and a rank. We generalize the definition of this correlation so that it can be applied to data mining. The new definition, called the generalized Gini correlation, is found to include special cases that are equivalent to common evaluation measures used in data mining, for example, the LIFT measures for a binary response and the expected profit measure for a monetary response. We consider estimation and inference regarding this generalized Gini correlation. The asymptotic distribution of the estimated correlation is derived with the help of some empirical process theory. We consider several ways of constructing confidence intervals and demonstrate their performance numerically. Our paper is interdisciplinary and makes contributions to both the Gini literature and the literature of statistical inference of performance measures in data mining.
The Question of Hypodescent: An Autobiographical Theological Reflection

This autobiographical essay explores the personal experiences of the author and how he has navigated expectations and stereotypes of being Asian American working in a Roman Catholic tradition. Being the only practicing Asian American priest in his Catholic order, the Servites, this first-person account addresses structural racism and what a theological response to it might be like.
Ecology and Vision

This essay analyzes the significance of contemplative practice for the development of environmental ethics. The writings of Mary Oliver, Annie Dillard, and Tim Lilburn are examined as examples of the way in which the cultivation of a contemplative way of seeing the world constitutes an important environmental practice. While Oliver, Dillard, and Lilburn differ in the strategies they employ to facilitate this contemplative experience, they converge in their view that the work of learning to see the natural world with contemplative attention is a spiritual act that is not only significant in its own right but which also serves to support the development of an environmental ethics.
In-Season Control of the Boll Weevil with Ultra-Low-Volume Sprays of Azinphosmethyl or Malathion1234

A 3-year field study showed that ultra-low-volume formulations of azinphosmethyl (0.125 lb/acre) or malathion (0.5 lb/acre), when they were applied on a 4- or 5-day schedule, gave in-season control of Anthonomus grandis Boheman.
LogRank: Summarizing Social Activity Logs

Social Networks (OSNs) allow users to create and share content (e.g., posts, status updates, comments) in real-time. These activities are collected in an activity log , (e.g. Facebook Wall, Google+ Stream, etc.) on the user's social network profile. With time, the activity logs of users, which record the sequences of social activities, become too long and consequently hard to view and navigate. To alleviate this cluttering , it is useful to select a small subset of the social activities within the specified time- period as representative, i.e., as summary, for this time-period. In this paper, we study the novel problem of social activity log summarization . We propose LogRank, a novel and principled algorithm to select activities that satisfy three desirable criteria: First, activities must be important for the user. Second, they must be diverse in terms of topic, e.g., cover several of the major topics in the activity log. Third, they should be time-dispersed , that is, be spread across the specified time range of the activity log. LogRank operates on an appropriately augmented social interaction graph and employs random-walk techniques to holistically balance all three criteria. We evaluate LogRank and its variants on a real dataset from the Google+ social network and show that they outperform baseline approaches.
Unique Urinary-Fecal Calculus After Cystectomy and Ureterosigmoidostomy

AbstractA 36-year-old man had stage B1 bladder cancer treated by cystectomy and ureterosigmoidostomy. Postoperatively, a urinary leak was managed successfully by transureteroureterostomy and temporary colostomy. In succeeding years a large calculus developed in the region where the bladder had been and it also involved the sigmoid colon. The huge stone was removed successfully. A nonabsorbable suture was found in the center of the stone. This is a unique complication of ureterosigmoidostomy. (J. Urol., 142: 1314–1315, 1989)
Critical Approaches to Purchased Advertising

The continuum of advertising that now underlies nearly 90 per cent of the pages of most women’s magazines has not always been a structural constant Like radio broadcasting in the early twentieth century, as Erik Barnouw shows, magazines began with very little advertising. During what Frank Luther Mott has termed the Golden Age of American magazines (1825–50) when several thousand new magazines were started, advertising made only a preliminary appearance and was confined chiefly to the covers of expensive magazines or to four- or eight-page inserts.1
Tunable High Brightness and Frequency-Shifted Alexandrite Laser Sources

Tunable vibronic solid state lasers are now becoming valuable research tools; their ability to provide broadly tunable, narrow bandwidth, high intensity radiation makes them extremely attractive spectroscopic sources. To date, however, there have been few reports of systems generating the high spectral purity required for high resolution spectroscopic applications. The typically low gain of broadly tunable solid state materials coupled with the substantial losses of intracavity frequency and spatial mode control elements makes the design of such lasers difficult.
German Indian Heroes and Intercultural Transfer

Karl May Westerns and Indianerfilme created national heroes with whom audiences in both West and East Germany quickly identified. In both cases, these heroes were uniquely German creations, even though the films used the American West as the setting and the myth of the American West as their narrative. Moreover, in both cases the heroes were not played by German actors nor were most of the other characters German nationals. The two most important Karl May heroes, the German frontiersman Old Shatterhand and the Indian chief Winnetou, together with DEFA Indian chiefs such as Tokei-ihto, Osceola, Chingachgook, and Ulzana, came to define what it meant to be German in the Cold War, still tainted by the omnipresent memories of the Nazi past.
Non-linear hydraulic properties of woodchips necessary to design denitrification beds

Abstract Denitrification beds are being used to reduce the transport of water-soluble nitrate via subsurface drainage systems to surface water. Only recently has the non-linearity of water flow through woodchips been ascertained. To successfully design and model denitrification beds with optimum nitrate removal, a better understanding of flow in denitrification beds is needed. The main objectives of this study were to characterize the hydraulic properties of old degraded woodchips and provide a better understanding of the factors affecting flow. To achieve this goal, we conducted constant-head column experiments using old woodchips that were excavated from a four-year old denitrification bed near Willmar, Minnesota, USA. For Izbash’s equation, the non-Darcy exponent ( n ) ranged from 0.76 to 0.87 that indicates post-linear regime, and the permeability coefficient ( M 10 ) at 10°C ranged from 0.9 to 2.6 cm s−1. For Forchheimer’s equation, the intrinsic permeability of 5.6 × 10−5 cm2 and ω constant of 0.40 (at drainable porosity of 0.41) closely resembled the in-situ properties found in a previous study. Forchheimer’s equation was better than that of Izbash’s for describing water flow through old woodchips, and the coefficients of the former provided stronger correlations with drainable porosity. The strong correlation between intrinsic permeability and drainable porosity showed that woodchip compaction is an important factor affecting water flow through woodchips. Furthermore, we demonstrated the importance of temperature effects on woodchip hydraulics. In conclusion, the hydraulic properties of old woodchips should be characterized using a non-Darcy equation to help design efficient systems with optimum nitrate removal.
Book Review - Robert H. Klonoff, Introduction to the Study of U.S. Law. Cases and Materials (West Academic Publishing)

Teaching an introductory course on U.S. Law to foreign students is a challenging task, regardless of whether it is done in an American law school as part of an LL.M. program, or in a course taught abroad. LL.M. programs usually provide one such course each academic year. Some of these courses use material randomly assembled by the teachers and assigned to the class. Others use books available on the market, most of which are outdated or otherwise unsatisfactory, too synthetic to achieve their stated goal, lacking a unitary vision, and devoid of informative comparative angles. Professor Klonoff’s “Introduction to the Study of U.S. Law. Cases and Materials” is the most updated, thorough, and precise text on the subject currently available. The first true “American Law” casebook designed in the American law school tradition, one that embarks on the analysis with intriguing comparative law angles, addressing the questions that a foreigner would have when approaching American law, and offering a solid, engaging, and effective guidance to the study of the subject.
Individual Differences in the Flexibility of Peripersonal Space

The current study investigated individual differences in the flexibility of peripersonal space (i.e., representational space near the body), specifically in relation to trait claustrophobic fear (i.e., fear of suffocating or being physically restricted). Participants completed a line bisection task with either a laser pointer (Laser condition), allowing for a baseline measure of the size of one's peripersonal space, or a stick (Stick condition), which produces expansion of one's peripersonal space. Our results revealed that individuals high in claustrophobic fear had larger peripersonal spaces than those lower in claustrophobic fear, replicating previous research. We also found that, whereas individuals low in claustrophobic fear demonstrated the expected expansion of peripersonal space in the Stick condition, individuals high in claustrophobic fear showed less expansion, suggesting decreased flexibility. We discuss these findings in relation to the defensive function of peripersonal space and reduced attentional flexibility associated with trait anxieties.
Critiquing Critical Pedagogies inside the Prison Classroom: A Dialogue between Student and Teacher.

In this article, Michael Brawn, an incarcerated student, and Erin L. Castro, a nonincarcerated instructor, engage in a dialogue about the politics of using critical pedagogies in prisons, where tea...
Diagnostic Assessment of L2 Chinese Learners’ Reading Comprehension Ability

This study explored the feasibility of applying the Rule Space Method (RSM) to diagnosing the strengths and weaknesses of reading ability among learners of Chinese based on their performance on the reading comprehension section of a standardized Chinese proficiency test, the C. Test. Combining literature review, instructor coding, and expert judgment, we finalized a set of eight attributes measured by 30 multiple-choice reading comprehension test items. Eight hundred and fifty-seven (857) examinees took the above-mentioned test, and their responses to the 30 test items were used for statistical analyses. The results showed that 90.54% of the examinees were successfully classified into one of the pre-specified attribute mastery patterns, based on which we were able to offer detailed diagnostic reports to individual examinees regarding their mastery/non-mastery of the attributes.
Magnetization transfer in a partly deuterated lyotropic liquid crystal by single- and dual-frequency RF irradiations.

Abstract The mechanism of magnetization transfer (MT) in a lyotropic liquid crystal made of sodium dodecyl sulfate, decanol, and water molecules is investigated by using deuterated molecules and single- and dual-frequency RF irradiations. The resulting Z-spectra suggest that the decanol molecules are mainly responsible for the MT effects in this system, through proton exchange to water. This is further confirmed by monitoring the relaxation of dipolar order, which allows one to estimate the transfer rate of magnetization from decanol to water. The potential benefits of using dual-frequency RF irradiation for inducing MT effects are explored through numerical solutions to a MT model based on Provotorov’s partial saturation theory.
A freestanding cellulose nanofibril–reduced graphene oxide–molybdenum oxynitride aerogel film electrode for all-solid-state supercapacitors with ultrahigh energy density

A free-standing, lightweight, highly porous, and highly flexible cellulose nanofibril (CNF)–reduced graphene oxide (RGO)–molybdenum oxynitride (MoOxNy) aerogel film electrode was synthesized by freeze-drying a CNF/GO/MoO3 aqueous dispersion followed by subsequent in situ hydrazine reduction. Due to the partial reduction and nitrogen doping of the MoO3 nanobelts and the highly open and continuous porous structure, the free-standing CNF/RGO/MoOxNy aerogel film electrode delivered an outstanding specific capacitance of 680 F g−1 in an aqueous electrolyte and 518 F g−1 in an ionic liquid electrolyte in a three-electrode configuration at a current density of 1.0 A g−1. Furthermore, highly flexible and all-solid-state supercapacitors using CNF/RGO/MoOxNy as electrodes and either a hydrogel or ionogel as the electrolyte were fabricated and both types of supercapacitors demonstrated high specific capacitance and excellent long-term cycling stability. Remarkably, the solid-state supercapacitor devices fabricated using an ionogel electrolyte demonstrated an energy density of 114 W h kg−1 (corresponding to a volumetric energy density of 18.8 W h L−1), which is among the highest values achieved for any type of solid-state supercapacitor and is even comparable to the energy densities of Li-ion batteries. Therefore, this study provides a simple and cost-efficient method for fabricating flexible energy storage devices with excellent electrochemical performance.
Process-based ideology of participative experimentation to foster identity-challenging innovations: The case of Gmail and AdSense:

Prior research has examined how organizational identity can enable and constrain innovations. A complementary literature has examined organizational ideology as the basis for actions driving identity-enhancing innovations. We examine how organizational ideology can serve as the basis for identity-challenging innovations through an in-depth study of the emergence of two innovations at Google—Gmail and AdSense. Findings from this study highlight a process-based ideology of participative experimentation. We explicate the constituent elements of this process-based ideology, and discuss its implications for research on innovation and identity.
The lynching of African Americans in the U.S. South: A review of sociological and historical perspectives

Research in sociology and history on the lynching of African Americans by White mobs in the U.S. South around 1900 has in recent decades grown and matured into a substantive research area in its own right. This article has four purposes. The first purpose is to review dominant sociological and historical approaches in the lynching literature. One key feature of this literature is its bifurcation into one strand of social scientific sociological lynching research and one strand of culturalist historical lynching research. As a consequence of this bifurcation, the study of lynching long lacked sustained interdisciplinary dialogue between sociology and history. The second purpose of this article is to review recent sociological studies that attempt to bridge the disjuncture between sociological and historical approaches otherwise characterizing lynching scholarship. The third purpose of this article is to review other recent studies moving sociological lynching scholarship beyond dominant approaches and foci, including investigations of averted lynchings and investigations of the individual-level characteristics that made African Americans more or less vulnerable to White lynch mobs. The last purpose is to suggest how the contributions of lynching research have implications for understanding present-day racial injustices and inequalities.
The Role of the Kidney in Lung Growth and Maturation in the Setting of Obstructive Uropathy and Oligohydramnios

AbstractThe contribution of the kidneys to lung development, which includes growth and maturation, is uncertain but it appears to be complex. Obstructive uropathy with oligohydramnios produces pulmonary hypoplasia characterized by small lungs (decreased lung volume/body weight) and retarded maturation (reduced total airspace). Lung growth and maturation were studied in a model of early gestation obstructive uropathy to understand better their relationship and their prenatal regulation. Of 26 fetal sheep studied at near term (135 days of gestation) 9 had bladder obstruction created at 60 days of gestation, 11 had bladder obstruction at 60 days with in utero decompression at 95 days, and 6 served as controls and shams. Amniotic fluid volume was measured, kidneys were prepared and evaluated histologically, lungs were inflation-fixed and volumes were measured, and airspace volume percentage was measured morphometrically. Experimental and serendipitous variations in the condition of the kidneys and amniotic fl...
Achieving Managerial Synergism: Balancing Strategic Business Units and Profit Centers

Much of the marketing and management literature emphasizes the importance of Strategic Business Units (SBUs) as an organizational unit in developing market power or competitive advantage. On the other hand, the accounting literature puts special emphasis on Profit Centers (PCs) as an organizational unit. Are these two organizational units related? If so, how? This article makes a critical distinction between the two concepts. In this analysis, SBUs are based on a long-term, outward-looking market orientation for achieving profitability, whereas PCs focus on a short-term, inward-looking cost reduction approach to achieve profits. It is posited that distinguishing between the two and managing SBUs and PC strategically is likely to generate a synergistic impact for the firm. This impact will both enhance its competitive position in the market and its profit picture.
Extraordinary Transmission Through a Single Dielectric-Loaded Slot in a Thick Metallic Shield

Extraordinary transmission through a thick slot in a metallic shield loaded with high-permittivity dielectric is demonstrated using an analytical approximation based on the slot being small compared to a free space wavelength. In addition to previously known resonant transmission based on the fundamental waveguide mode of the slot, we show the existence of extremely narrowband resonances associated with the presence of higher order modes in the slot. Numerical simulations have been used to confirm the existence of these resonant transmission phenomena.
Measurement and Analysis Methods for Random Telegraph Signals

Large-area device noise models are based on ensemble averaging techniques. Typically, the physical mechanisms leading to fluctuations of microscopic entities, such as charge carrier number or mobility can be modeled by connecting these fluctuations to noise in a measurable device parameter, such as voltage or current. In the process, ensemble averaging of independent (or some times dependent) fluctuators is done to obtain an “average” power spectral density function that agrees with the experimentally measured one. This procedure breaks down in small area devices where the observed noise is basically a single electron phenomenon. Small devices can be manufactured with a single defect which in time domain show only two level switching signals known as burst noise and/or Random Telegraph Signal (RTS) noise. The RTS noise in sub-micron MOSFETs usually dominates over all the other noise sources and becomes a major noise generator for low frequency region of spectrum. With usual oxide and interface trap densities in the order of 1010 eV cm-2, active traps being located only within a few k B T around the Fermi level, a sub-micron MOSFET of 1.0*0.15 μm dimensions will have only 78% chance of having an active electron trapping site. Therefore, it will be a hit or miss situation to observe RTS in the signal. It is essential to be able to perform accurate measurements of RTS both in time and frequency domains, not only to be able to understand, analyze and model the noise in these advanced devices, but also to use RTS measurements as a characterization tool for the interface and bulk traps responsible for these RTS events.
Impacts and Interrelationships Between Medications, Nutrition, Dietary Supplements, and Oral Health

Adverse health outcomes including diet-, dietary supplement-, and drug–drug interactions are likely to increase as people live longer, have greater numbers of chronic conditions, and take more medications and dietary supplements Drug and/or supplement-induced changes to overall nutritional status or to the status of a specific nutrient can be multifactorial Many of the drugs used commonly by oral health care professionals have associated pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions with nutrients and dietary supplements Select drugs can cause primary or secondary malabsorption Many prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medications have the potential to cause adverse oral conditions including oral lesions, stomatitis, hyposalivation, and decreased taste and smell sensations