cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Defense of Theory: Notes on the Production of Legal Scholarship

This paper, unpublished for many years, offers an unabashed, unabated, full- throated defense of legal theory and abstract, factually deracinated legal scholarship. Several calumnies raised against such academic work — all beginning with the letter "a" — are addressed and refuted. These are: (1) armchair-ism, (2) abstraction-ism, (3) ampersand-ism, (4) assertion-ism, (5)) affinity group - ism, and (6) aspirational expiation- ism.
IgG surface mobility promotes antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis by Syk and Arp2/3 mediated reorganization of Fcγ receptors in macrophages

By visualizing the movements of Rituximab during Antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) of B lymphoma cells by macrophages, we found that Fc{gamma} receptors (Fc{gamma}R) on the macrophage surface microcluster, recruit Syk and undergro large-scale reorganization at the phagocytic synapse prior to and during engulfment of the target cell. Given these dramatic rearrangements, we analyzed how the surface mobility of Rituximab contributes to Fc{gamma}R signal amplification and ADCP efficiency. Depolymerization of the target cell actin cytoskeleton resulted in free diffusion of Rituximab docked to CD20, enhanced microcluster reorganization, Syk recruitment and ADCP. Conversely, immobilization of Rituximab by chemical fixation impaired microcluster formation and diminished Syk recruitment and ADCP. In macrophages lacking Syk, Rituximab accumulated at the base of the phagosome and were trogocytosed, consistent with Syk kinase activity being necessary to trigger redistribution of Rituximab-Fc{gamma}R during engulfment and to prevent antigenic modulation of the target. Total internal reflection fluorescence analysis of Fc{gamma}R-IgG on fluid supported lipid bilayers revealed a membrane topography displaying inward reaching leading edges and protruding contact sites reminiscent of podosomes. This topography was distinct from the closely apposed macrophage/target membranes observed during engagement of IgG displayed on immobile supported lipid bilayers. The organization of this contact, pseudopod extension and the rearrangement of microclusters depended critically on Arp 2/3. Thus, Syk and Arp2/3 coordinate actin rearrangements and Fc{gamma}R-IgG complexes that were of previously unrecognized complexity for the clearance of cells displaying surface-mobile antigens. Significance StatementADCP is an important effector mechanism for the removal of malignant, immunologically aberrant, and infected cells during treatment with therapeutic antibodies or adaptive immune responses. Most transmembrane protein antigens are mobile with transient confinement from the actin of the target cell. This work demonstrates that macrophage forces overcome these confinements to rearrange Fc{gamma}R-IgG-antigen complexes before and during ADCP. Thus, new paradigms are needed as ADCP has largely been studied using model target particles that display immobile antigens. Moreover, we found that the mobility of the therapeutic antibody, Rituximab, on the surface of B lymphoma cells foretells ADCP efficacy, with lower densities of IgG mediating ADCP on increasingly mobile antigens.
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Optical Bistability in Four-Level Nonradiative Dyes

We consider bistability which occurs in materials which may be described by a multilevel energy spectrum for which bistability is caused by an intensity-dependent nonlinear refraction which is derived from the saturation of absorption. Such a model for a nonlinear refractive index was first introduced by Liao and Bloom to explain degenerate four-wave mixing in ruby.1 Since, in this system, optical bistability occurs at intensities near or higher than the saturation intensity, the typical power series expansion of the susceptibility is not valid. Correct analysis requires use of the functional form of the susceptibility. We provide here such an analysis for a four-level nonradiative dye with a relatively large unsaturable absorption loss. In this case optical bistability has been observed at intensities near or higher than the saturation intensity.
TIME-SHARING OF A VISUAL IN-VEHICLE TASK WHILE DRIVING: THE EFFECTS OF FOUR KEY CONSTRUCTS

What affects time-sharing of a visual in-vehicle task while driving? Four key constructs are considered: (1) time pressure to complete the in-vehicle task, (2) interference of concurrent driving, (3) postponed processing while looking away from the display, and (4) the cost of task partitioning (due to forgetting and the need to reacquire last point of gaze). To examine these effects, 24 drivers were instructed to plan routes to destinations on an electronic map while driving a simulator at three levels of visual demand of the concurrent driving task, then while parked. To force task partitioning while parked, the map was intermittently occluded. There were six combinations of viewing and occlusion time. Total task time increased significantly from 11.0 s while parked to 19.5 s on a sharp curve. Total glance time at the display, however, remained unchanged in all four levels of visual demand (12.0 +/- 0.6 s). Thus, the time pressure imposed by driving resulted in shorter glances at the display, but subjects maintained constant total glance time. Interference from concurrent driving was not significant enough to negate this effect. With task occlusion of 1 s, when viewing time decreased from 2 s to 1 s, total task time increased from 15.9 to 19.7 s. Total glance time, however, remained unchanged (10.4 +/- 0.4 s) in all six timing combinations. Thus, the costs of task partitioning and the benefits of postponed processing were either small or cancelled each other in this task. The task occlusion method, as described in this paper, provides a framework for understanding the effects of in-vehicle tasks on driving.
Likelihood Bounds for Constrained Estimation with Uncertainty

This paper addresses the problem of finding bounds on the optimal maximum a posteriori (or maximum likelihood) estimate in a linear model under the presence of model uncertainty. We introduce the novel concepts of at least as likely as the maximum a posteriori (ALAMAP) estimate, or at least as likely as the maximum likelihood (ALAML) estimate. The concept is formulated as a convex optimization problem. We specifically make use of second-order cone programming (SOCP) techniques to compute the likelihood bounds in an efficient manner. The procedure of computing the bounds is illustrated by examples in state estimation (smoothing/filtering), and in system identification.
Electrospray ionization with high performance fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for the study of noncovalent biomolecular complexes

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the feasibility of mass spectrometric analysis of structurally specific noncovalent biomolecular complexes and highlights the advantages of electrospray ionization (ESI)-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR). Electrospray ionization is effective for various classes of biomolecules. The ESI process generates highly charged micro droplets that upon desolvation, yield (cationic or anionic) intact molecular species. Any compound that can exist as an ion in solution is amenable to ionization by electrospray. ESI-mass spectroscopy (MS) is applied to a wide range of biologically relevant compounds, including proteins and peptides, glycoproteins, oligonucleotides, glycolipids, and a number of metabolic intermediates. ESI is well suited for the combination with FTICR for the study of large molecules as the m/z range of ions produced by ESI overlaps with the m/z range where FTICR provides unparalleled mass accuracy and mass resolving power.
Biosocial criminology: the emergence of a new and diverse perspective

We are thrilled to present the readers of Criminal Justice Studies (CJS) with this special issue on biosocial criminology. Given the critical focus of CJS, it may come as a surprise to some readers that the journal would host a special issue on biosocial criminology. Indeed, CJS does not have a reputation as being a ‘biosocial journal’ 1 so we anticipate that some readers’ instinct may be to overlook this particular issue. We genuinely hope this will not be the case. Thus, it is our goal to introduce a new set of readers to the emerging perspective of biosocial criminology. Here, we will offer a quick overview of the biosocial perspective followed by a brief discussion of each of the stellar articles that are included in this special issue. Relative to other topical areas, biosocial criminology accounts for a small portion of active scholars in the broader field of criminology. Even so, the biosocial perspective is increasingly becoming a topic of discussion within the discipline (see, e.g. Barnes et al., 2014; Massey, in press; Moffitt & Beckley, in press; Wright et al., in press). Several criminological journals have published special issues on biosocial criminology, dozens of outlets have published independent biosocial research, and book publishers are increasingly adding a biosocial text to their exhibits during the annual meetings for the American Society of Criminology and the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. In other words, biosocial criminology has planted its flag firmly on the criminological landscape. What is important to realize, though, is that biosocial criminology is not a onesize-fits-all perspective and it certainly is not a research area that ‘only’ cares about the biological influences on criminal behavior. Quite the contrary, biosocial criminology necessarily assumes that human behavior is the product of a complex arrangement of environmental and biological influences. Behavior is neither caused by biological influences acting in isolation, nor does it function solely at the whim of the environment. Rather, behavior is a dramatic screenplay that requires the cooperation and input of many (dozens, hundreds, and thousands) actors, producers, and directors. This realization has led some scholars to the specious conclusion that it may be too complicated to separate the biological from the environmental influences (Burt & Simons, in press). Others have tried to inspire criminologists to
The HML mating-type cassette of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by two separate but functionally equivalent silencers.

Abstract Mating-type genes resident in the silent cassette HML at the left arm of chromosome III are repressed by the action of four SIR gene products, most likely mediated through two cis-acting sites located on opposite sides of the locus. We showed that deletion of either of these two cis-acting sites from the chromosome did not yield any detectable derepression of HML, while deletion of both sites yielded full expression of the locus. In addition, each of these sites was capable of exerting repression of heterologous genes inserted in their vicinity. Thus, HML expression is regulated by two independent silencers, each fully competent for maintaining repression. This situation was distinct from the organization of the other silent locus, HMR, at which a single silencer served as the predominant repressor of expression. Examination of identifiable domains and binding sites within the HML silencers suggested that silencing activity can be achieved by a variety of combinations of various functional domains.
New product development (NPD) in high tech environments: a case study

Summary form only given. NPD has been one of the most studied research fields in recent years. The research efforts have been shared by academic institutes and companies. One of the main industries where NPD has become critical is the electronics industry. A main characteristic of this industry is continuously reducing product life cycles. This is both a result of a changing environment and is effecting the environment to change further. Cooper has extensively studied NPD over the years. His research findings indicate significant trends being adopted in high tech companies to be implemented into their NPD practices. One of the important trends is using the gate system to distinguish among different phases in NPD, a process discussed in the case presented in this paper. The company studied is a division of a Fortune 500 company, manufacturing computer motherboards. Many trends cited in the literature were adopted in the case company. There were also some variations from general NPD structures in the case company, such as the significantly short product life cycles created an NPD organization where NPD and maintenance teams work together on products.
Geometric Constructions for Symmetric 6-Configurations

A geometric k-configuration is a collection of points and lines, typically in the Euclidean plane, with k points on each line, k lines passing through each point, and non-trivial geometric symmetry; that is, it is a (n k ). configuration for some number n of points and lines. We say a k-configuration is symmetric if it has non-trivial geometric symmetry. While 3-configurations have been studied since the mid-1800s, and 4-configurations have been studied since 1990, little is known about more highly incident configurations, such as 5- or 6-configurations. This article surveys several known geometric construction techniques that produce highly symmetric 6-configurations.
Development of a Rat Model of Mechanically Induced Tunable Pain and Associated Temporomandibular Joint Responses.

Purpose Although mechanical overloading of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is implicated in TMJ osteoarthritis (OA) and orofacial pain, most experimental models of TMJ-OA induce only acute and resolving pain, which do not meaningfully simulate the pathomechanisms of TMJ-OA in patients with chronic pain. The aim of this study was to adapt an existing rat model of mechanically induced TMJ-OA, to induce persistent orofacial pain by altering only the jaw-opening force, and to measure the expression of common proxies of TMJ-OA, including degradation and inflammatory proteins, in the joint. Materials and Methods TMJ-OA was mechanically induced in a randomized, prospective study using 2 magnitudes of opening loads in separate groups (ie, 2-N, 3.5-N and sham control [no load]). Steady mouth opening was imposed daily (60 minutes/day for 7 days) in female Holtzman rats, followed by 7 days of rest, and orofacial sensitivity was measured throughout the loading and rest periods. Joint structure and extent of degeneration were assessed at day 14 and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in articular cartilage was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative densitometry methods at day 7 between the 2 loading and control groups. Statistical differences of orofacial sensitivity and chondrocyte expression between loading groups were computed and significance was set at a P value less than .05. Results Head-withdrawal thresholds for the 2 loading groups were significantly decreased during loading ( P P P P P Conclusion Unlike a 2-N loading force, mechanical overloading of the TMJ using a 3.5-N loading force induced constant and nonresolving pain and the upregulation of inflammatory markers only in the 3.5-N group, suggesting that these markers could predict the maintenance of persistent orofacial pain. As such, the development of a tunable experimental TMJ-OA model that can separately induce acute or persistent orofacial pain using similar approaches provides a platform to better understand the pathomechanisms involved and possibly to evaluate potential treatment strategies for patients with painful TMJ-OA.
T Cell Activation-dependent Association between the p85 Subunit of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Grb2/Phospholipase C-γ1-binding Phosphotyrosyl Protein pp36/38 (∗)

Tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins is an early and an essential step in T cell receptor-mediated lymphocyte activation. Tyrosine phosphorylation of transmembrane receptor chains (such as zeta and CD3 chains) and membrane-associated proteins provides docking sites for SH2 domains of adaptor proteins and signaling enzymes, resulting in their recruitment in the vicinity of activated receptors. pp36/38 is a prominent substrate of early tyrosine phosphorylation upon stimulation through the T cell receptor. The tyrosine-phosphorylated form of pp36/38 is membrane-associated and directly interacts with phospholipase C-gamma 1 and Grb2, providing one mechanism to recruit downstream effectors to the cell membrane. Here, we demonstrate that in Jurkat T cells, pp36/38 associates with the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3-K p85) in an activation-dependent manner. Association of pp36/38 with PI-3-K p85 was confirmed by transfection of a hemagglutinin-tagged p85 alpha cDNA into Jurkat cells followed by anti-hemagglutinin immunoprecipitation. In vitro binding experiments with glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins of PI-3-K p85 demonstrated that the SH2 domains, but not the SH3 domain, mediated binding to pp36/38. This binding was selectively abrogated by phosphopeptides that bind to p85 SH2 domains with high affinity. Filter binding assays demonstrated that association between pp36/38 and PI-3-K p85 SH2 domains was due to direct binding. These results strongly suggest the role of pp36/38 in recruiting PI-3-K to the cell membrane and further support the idea that pp36/38 is a multifunctional docking protein for SH2 domain-containing signaling proteins in T cells.
De novo synthesis of a metal–organic framework material featuring ultrahigh surface area and gas storage capacities

Metal-organic frameworks--a class of porous hybrid materials built from metal ions and organic bridges--have recently shown great promise for a wide variety of applications. The large choice of building blocks means that the structures and pore characteristics of the metal-organic frameworks can be tuned relatively easily. However, despite much research, it remains challenging to prepare frameworks specifically tailored for particular applications. Here, we have used computational modelling to design and predictively characterize a metal-organic framework (NU-100) with a particularly high surface area. Subsequent experimental synthesis yielded a material, matching the calculated structure, with a high BET surface area (6,143 m(2) g(-1)). Furthermore, sorption measurements revealed that the material had high storage capacities for hydrogen (164 mg g(-1)) and carbon dioxide (2,315 mg g(-1))--gases of high importance in the contexts of clean energy and climate alteration, respectively--in excellent agreement with predictions from modelling.
Oscillatory disruptions in the Alcator C tokamak

Abstract Periodic disruptions were observed which persisted for as long as 400 ms during plasma discharges. Soft X-ray emissions, Te, ne, impurity radiation and plasma position showed the pulsations. The abrupt collapse in X-ray signal (1–2 ms; period ∽10 ms) encompassed a large fraction of the plasma cross section. Plasma conditions associated with the onset of this pattern are examined.
Catecholamines as Potential Sub-lethal Stress Indicators in Great Lakes Macrobenthic Invertebrates

Concentrations of the catecholamines [dopamine (D), and norepinephrine (NE)] were measured in representative Great Lakes macrobenthic invertebrates to determine the feasibility of using these compounds as indicators of sub-lethal stress. Epinephrine [E] was not detected in most of these invertebrates. A high performance liquid chromatographic procedure was modified for use with aquatic invertebrates. Chironomids and oligochaetes contained D concentrations that were similar, averaging 1 pmole/mg wet wt. Crustacean D levels were lower, averaging 0.2 pmole/mg wet wt. NE averaged 0.2 pmole/mg wet wt. for chironomids and 0.57 pmole/mg wet wt. for oligochaetes. NE was not detected in the crustaceans. Individual chironomids contained detectable levels of catecholamines; all other invertebrates required pooled homogenates. The chironomid group was targeted for laboratory stress experiments. Cultured midge larvae (Chironomus tentans) subjected to acute thermal stress (35°C) exhibited D concentrations significantly lower than controls (23°C). Animals exposed to lindane concentrations 0.5 mg/L - 8.0 mg/L contained D concentrations significantly higher than controls. NE and E were not detected in either stress experiment. Demonstration of dramatic catecholamine concentration changes in response to stressors suggests that these compounds could potentially be indicators of sublethal stress.
A Computational Technique for Concept Generation

Few computational tools exist to assist designers during the conceptual phase of design, and design success is often heavily weighted on personal experience and innate ability. Many well-known methods (e.g. brainstorming, intrinsic and extrinsic searches, and morphological analysis) are designed to stimulate a designer’s creativity, but ultimately still rely heavily on individual bias and experience. Under the premise that quality designs comes from experienced designers, experience in the form of design knowledge is extracted from existing products and stored for reuse in a web-based repository. This paper presents an automated concept generation tool that utilizes the repository of existing design knowledge to generate and evaluate conceptual design variants. This tool is intended to augment traditional conceptual design phase activities and produce numerous feasible concepts early in the design process.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
1/f noise

1/f noise is a nonstationary random process suitable for modeling evolutionary or developmental systems. It combines the strong influence of past events on the future and, hence somewhat predictable behavior, with the influence of random events. Nonstationary autocorrelation functions for 1/f noise are developed to demonstrate that its present behavior is equally correlated with both the recent and distant past. The minimum amount of memory for a system that exhibits 1/f noise is shown to be one state variable per decade of frequency. The system condenses its past history into the present values of its state variables, one of which represents an average over the most recent 1 unit of time, one for the last 10 time units, 100 units, 1000, 10000, and so on. Each such state variable has an equal influence on present behavior.
Color appearance models and complex visual stimuli.

Abstract Objectives Teeth in a patient's mouth in a dental office, or in the natural environment, represent very complex stimuli for the human color vision system. Predicting their perceived color is a daunting task at best. Colorimetry is designed mainly for the evaluation of uniform, flat, opaque, materials of fairly large size viewed on a medium-grey background under near-daylight sources of fairly high luminance. On the contrary, in situ teeth vary spatially, are curved and ridged, translucent, relatively small, and viewed against a variable background under nonuniform, and typically nonstandard, illumination. These differences in stimuli and viewing conditions summarize the difficulty in predicting the color appearance of teeth. Sources The field of color science has extended basic colorimetry, as represented by CIE XYZ and CIELAB coordinates, to more complex visual stimuli and viewing environments. The CIECAM02 color appearance model accurately addresses issues of chromatic adaptation, luminance effects and adaptation, background and surround effects, and the higher dimensionality of color appearance. Such models represent a significant advance and are used successfully in a variety of applications. However, many stimuli vary in space and time at scales not addressed by typical color appearance models. For example, high-definition video images would fall into such a category and so would in situ human teeth. More recently, color appearance models and image quality metrics have been combined to create image appearance models for even more complex visual stimuli. Conclusions This paper provides an overview of fundamental and advanced colorimetry leading up to color appearance and image appearance models and their potential application in dentistry.
The personification of desire: Fanny Elssler and American audiences

(1990). The personification of desire: Fanny Elssler and American audiences. Dance Chronicle: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 47-67.
Two Test Statistics for Cross-Modal Graph Community Significance

Comparing and combining data from different brain imaging and non-imaging modalities is challenging, in particular due to the different dimensionalities and resolutions of the modalities. Using an abstract and expressive enough representation for the data, such as graphs, enables gainful inference of relationship between biological scales and mechanisms. Here, we propose a test for the significance of groups of graph vertices in a modality when the grouping is defined in another modality. We define test statistics that can be used to explore sub graphs of interest, and a permutation-based test. We evaluate sensitivity and specificity on synthetic graphs and a co-authorship graph. We then report neuroimaging results on functional, structural, and morphological connectivity graphs, by testing whether a gross anatomical partition yields significant communities. We also exemplify a hypothesis-driven use of the method by showing that elements of the visual system likely covary in cortical thickness and are well connected structurally.
A translation approach to component specification

UniFrame is a framework for seamlessly assembling heterogeneous distributed components. It is based on the Unified Meta-component Model (UMM). UniFrame uses two-level grammar (TLG) for formally specifying components and translation into other component representations for component service export and assembly.
Viability is in the eye of the beholder...

The term myocardial “viability” in chronic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction due to coronary artery disease has been interpreted in multiple ways by clinicians and imagers alike. The classic definition assesses whether or not the myocardial tissue under consideration is alive or dead. However,
Perovskite-type oxide membranes for the oxidative coupling of methane

A series of ion-conducting perovskites of the form [La 1-x A x ][Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 ]O 3-δ (x=0.4, 0.6 for A=Sr; x=0.8 for A=Ba) were investigated for their use as a catalytic membrane for the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). A-site cations consisting of La 0.4 Sr 0.6 and La 0.2 Ba 0.8 produce materials with the highest oxygen fluxes and result in C 2+ selectivities of 50% at 1098 K, which are significantly higher than those achieved with a powdered catalyst in a packed-bed reactor configuration. Selectivities in these materials appear to be limited by high oxygen ion recombination rates that compete for oxygen with the desired coupling reaction(s). The results also indicate that oxygen fluxes are not limited by diffusion, but by surface exchange rates at the oxygen-lean side of the membrane. The study on stability of these materials showed that all three perovskites could be reduced in a pure methane or ethane stream at 1023 K, but they were totally stable under reaction conditions where oxygen is present.
Hereditary congenital lymphedema-Milroy's: A report of 30 cases in a family

Hereditary congenital lymphedema is a rare disorder. A family with 30 occurrences of this condition in three generations consisting of 58 persons is described. This case is unusual in that all 11 children of clinically normal parents are affected. The etiology of hereditary congenital lymphedema is a hypoplasia or aplasia of lymphatic tissue. Mechanical pumping and adequate pressure gradient prostheses have been a successful treatment. The authors reviewed the world literature and cited the explanations that were offered for lymphedema. Various treatments used in the past and present are included.
Latitude variations in interplanetary Lyman-α data from the Galileo EUVS modeled with solar He 1083 nm images

Observations of interplanetary Lyman-α obtained by the Galileo Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EUVS) experiment near solar maximum in 1990 show a distinct migration in the upwind brightness maximum from 36±5°N to 6±5°N ecliptic latitude over a period of several months. Our earlier models based on solar Lyman-α flux proxies appropriate for use in the ecliptic plane ( Pryor et al., 1992; Ajello et al., 1994) capture the solar rotation effects present in the data, but do not reproduce this latitude migration. We introduce a new type of model that uses He 1083 nm images to produce a proxy for Lyman-α as a function of both solar longitude and latitude. This model reproduces the observed latitude migration of the Lyman-α brightness maximum.
Mirroring ourselves? The pedagogy of early grammar texts 1

(1993). Mirroring ourselves? The pedagogy of early grammar texts. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 418-435.
Thermoelastic coefficient and its pressure derivative: Derivation from a Mie-Grüneisen interatomic potential

Abstract Using a Mie-Gruneisen interatomic potential, we derived a relationship for the thermoelastic coefficient K = -( 1 T )( ∂T ∂σ ) , the temperature change caused by stress, and for the thermoelastic-coefficient pressure derivative, ( 1 K )( ∂K ∂P ) . The latter, related to third-order and fourth-order elastic constants, relates simply and approximately to both the bulk-modulus temperature derivative, ( 1 B )( ∂B ∂T ) , and the bulk-modulus pressure derivative, ( 1 B )( ∂B ∂P ) .
Mechanical models for correlation of ring-fracture eruptions at Pantelleria, Strait of Sicily, with glacial sea-level drawdown

Recent K-Ar dating of eruptions at Pantelleria, a peralkaline volcanic island in the Strait of Sicily, shows a correlation between eruption of pantellerite lavas from caldera ring fractures and low stands of sea level as determined fromδ 18O stratigraphy. Post-caldera pantellerite lavas associated with an ∼ 114-ky-old caldera erupted along the ring-fracture zone during a major low stand of sea level at about 67 Ka. The most recent episode of lava-flow emplacement began about 20 ky ago during the last glacial maximum. Magma vented along the ring fault of a 45-ky-old caldera, from fractures radial to the caldera, and along faults formed by intracaldera trapdoor uplift. Two mechanical models based on elasticity theory are presented to explain the correlation of post-caldera ring-fracture eruptions at Pantelleria with lowering of sea level. A simple analysis of a bending circular plate of thickness,T r, and radius,R, representing the magma-chamber roof block, shows that tensile stress is concentrated by a factor of 0.75R 2/T 2 at the lower perimeter of the plate when sea level drops. Stress changes may be even greater ifT r is effectively less than the stratigraphic thickness due to layering of rocks in the roof block. Calculated stress changes due to a 100-m drawdown of sea level are similar in magnitude to stresses associated with dike propagation. More realistic model geometries, including different chamber shapes, a conical volcanic edifice, and sea-level drawdown beyond the surface projection of the magma chamber, were tested using the boundary-element method. Lowering sea level generates a horizontal tensile stress above the chamber, even when sea water is removed outboard of the magma chamber. For some chamber geometries the magnitude of the tensile stress maximum is greater than the ∼ 1 MPa pressure of the 100 m of removed water and is of the right order of magnitude for dike propagation. Dikes initiated by the change of the stress field may originate and propagate along fractures inboard of the chamber margin. The magnitudes of tensile maxima along the top of the chamber decrease as original sea level is moved outboard of the chamber margin and as the chamber thickness decreases. When the depth to the top of the magma chamber reaches a critical value, dependent on chamber geometry, the propagation of dikes to the surface is inhibited.
Torque Measurements of Corotating Disks in an Axisymmetric Enclosure

Torque measurements, which can be related to viscous dissipation, were made in a simulated disk drive consisting of a single or multiple corotating disk stack enclosed in an axisymmetric shroud. The effects of rotational velocity, axial and radial spacing, and the position and thickness of simulated read/write arms between disks on torque were studied. Correlations are presented to describe the results of the unobstructed cases and the cases with the read/write arms at their innermost position, and a method is introduced to calculate the torque at intermediate arm positions
Integrating human context and occlusion reasoning to improve handheld object tracking

Tracking an unknown number of various objects involving occlusion and multiple entry and exit points automatically is a challenging problem. Here we integrate spatial knowledge of human-object interactions into a high performing tracker to show that human context can further improve both detection and tracking. We use the DARPA Mind's Eye Action Recognition Dataset, which is comprised of street level scenes with humans interacting with handheld objects, to show this improvement. We find that human context can greatly reduce the number of false positive detections at the expense of increasing false negatives over a large test set (>230k frames). To minimize this, we add occlusion reasoning, where object detections are hallucinated when a human detection overlaps an object detection. These components together result in an average F 1 improvement of 107% per object category and a 69% reduction in track latency.
Solitons induced by boundary conditions from the Boussinesq equation

The behavior of solitons induced by boundary excitation is investigated at various time-dependent conditions and different unperturbed water depths, using the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. Then, solitons induced from Boussinesq equations under similar conditions were studied, making it possible to remove the restriction in the KdV equation and to treat soliton head-on collisions (as well as overtaking collisions) and reflections. It is found that the results obtained from the KdV and the Boussinesq equations are in good agreement.
Group and multifamily behavioral treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder: A pilot study☆☆☆

Recent trends toward managed care in mental health settings require investigation of the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of treatments conducted over shorter time frames or with less therapist involvement. Findings are presented in an uncontrolled trial of two types of group behavioral treatments for OCD: group (GBT) and multifamily (MFBT). Seventeen patients (10 women and 7 men) diagnosed with OCD received a partially manualized GBT delivered by co-therapy teams in three groups of ten 2-hr sessions. Mean interview-based YBOCS scores reduced significantly at posttest and at 1-year follow-up, as did measures of overall functioning on the Sheehan Disability Scale at posttest and follow-up. A second cohort of 19 patients (14 women and 5 men) was treated with MFBT that included spouses/partners and parents in three co-therapy groups. Two groups received ten 2-hr sessions and one received twelve 2-hr sessions. YBOCS scores reduced significantly at posttest and at 1-year follow-up, with corresponding gains in disability scores. Both group treatments showed large effects comparable to those reported for a more intensive individual behavioral treatment. Comparisons of treatments indicated that similar proportions of subjects were reliably changed at posttest and follow-up respectively, but more MFBT than GBT participants were clinically significantly improved. These promising cost effective group treatments remain to be tested in a controlled trial.
Antineoplastic Agents. 548. Synthesis of Iodo- and Diiodocombstatin Phosphate Prodrugs

Toward the objective of designing a structurally modified analogue of the combretastatin A-4 phosphate prodrug (1b) with the potential for increased specificity toward thyroid carcinoma, synthesis of a series of iodocombstatin phosphate (11a–h) and diiodocombstatin phosphate prodrugs (12a–h) has been accomplished. The diiodo series was obtained via 8a and 9c from condensation of 4 and 6, and the iodo sequence involved a parallel pathway. Both series of iodocombstatins were found to display significant to powerful inhibition of the growth of a panel of human cancer cell lines and of the murine P388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line. Of the diiodo series, 12a was also found to markedly inhibit growth of pediatric neuroblastoma, and monoiodocombstatin 9a strongly inhibited HUVEC growth. Overall, the strongest activity was found against the breast, CNS, leukemia, lung, and prostate cancer cell lines and the least activity against the pancreas and colon lines. Parallel biological investigations of tubulin interac...
Characterization of G-protein βγ expression in the inner ear

Abstract Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins) are composed of a diverse set of α, β, and γ subunits, which couple cell surface receptors to intracellular effectors, such as adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase Cβ, and ion channels. Both the Gα and the Gβγ dimers mediate effector activity and are believed to contribute to the complexity of the signaling pathway. Molecular and immunocytochemical techniques were employed to determine diversity of Gβ and Gγ subunit expression in the murine inner ear. PCR-based assessment of λZAP unidirectional cDNA libraries, representing the cochlea and inner ear hair cells, indicated all five known Gβ subunits were present in the cochlea, while only a subset of Gγ isoforms were found. New or novel G-protein β and γ subunits were not detected. cDNAs representing Gβ1-4 and Gγ2, Gγ3, Gγ5, Gγ8 olf subunit transcripts were isolated. In addition, cDNAs corresponding to the Gβ5 and Gγ11 isoforms exhibited restricted expression to inner and outer hair cells, respectively. Antisera specific for Gβ3, Gβ4, Gγ3, Gγ5 and Gγ11 stained spiral ganglion and neurosensory hair cells. A unique finding was the variable topological distribution of Gγ3 in the spiral ganglion cells along the cochlear axis. Collectively, our results demonstrate a complementary as well as differential distribution pattern for Gβ and Gγ isoforms exists in the inner ear. The co-localization of various G-protein isoforms within the same cell type suggests specific combinatorial Gβ and Gγ subunit associations may preferentially be formed. Thus, the detection of multiple subunits presumably reflects the extent of the functional diversity of inner ear signaling pathways and should provide specificity of G-protein mediated pathways.
Delirium associated with clozapine and benzodiazepine combinations

Delirium has many organic causes, one of which is the combination of medications. This is sometimes difficult to differentiate in the psychotic individual. To our knowledge there are no published cases of delirium definitively established by "rechallenge" with a combination of clozapine and benzodiazepines. Lorazepam was given for agitation in two individuals on clozapine. Because of either the short half-life, or the lack of knowledge about this interaction, multiple doses were given. Clonazepam was given to a third individual. Two of the reported individuals developed a delirium associated with the administration and onset of lorazepam. These patients had received both lorazepam and clozapine singularly in the past without the adverse effects seen with the combination. Both patients were rechallenged with second doses of lorazepam, when they again developed a delirium. In one case the patient was admitted on clonazepam and then started on clozapine. A delirium developed at a clozapine dose of 150 mg/day; she was not rechallenged. In all three cases the patients' sensorium cleared when benzodiazepines were discontinued. The combination of benzodiazepines and clozapine should be avoided if possible, and if they are used in combination, it should be with great caution.
Grain size, grain boundary sliding, and grain boundary interaction effects on nanocrystalline behavior

Abstract A dislocation–density grain boundary (GB) interaction scheme, a GB misorientation dependent dislocation–density relation, and a grain boundary sliding (GBS) model are presented to account for the behavior of nanocrystalline aggregates with grain sizes ranging from 25 nm to 200 nm. These schemes are coupled to a dislocation–density multiple slip crystalline plasticity formulation and specialized finite element algorithms to predict the response of nanocrystalline aggregates. These schemes are based on slip system compatibility, local resolved shear stresses, and immobile and mobile dislocation–density evolution. A conservation law for dislocation–densities is used to balance dislocation–density absorption, transmission and emission from the GB. The relation between yield stresses and grain sizes is consistent with the Hall–Petch relation. The results also indicate that GB sliding and grain-size effects affect crack behavior by local dislocation–density and slip evolution at critical GBs. Furthermore, the predictions indicate that GBS increases with decreasing grain sizes, and results in lower normal stresses in critical locations. Hence, GBS may offset strength increases associated with decreases in grain size.
Efficacy of oral extended-release oxybutynin in cognitively impaired older nursing home residents with urge urinary incontinence: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Objectives To determine the efficacy of oral extended-release oxybutynin for urge urinary incontinence in older female nursing home residents with mild to severe cognitive impairment. Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting Twelve skilled nursing homes. Participants Fifty women aged 65 and older with urge incontinence and cognitive impairment. Intervention Four-week treatment with daily oral extended-release oxybutynin 5 mg or placebo. Measurements Urinary incontinence episodes, urinary frequency, and total dryness assessed hourly over two 8-hour days (8 AM TO 4 PM), and evening and night nursing staff ratings of urinary symptoms. Results Of the participants, 96% (n = 25) on oxybutynin and 92% (n = 22) on placebo completed the trial. Compared with baseline, both groups achieved a significant median decrease in mean urinary incontinence episodes and urinary frequency at 4 weeks ( P = .01–.05). There were no significant between-group differences in any urological outcome. In the exploratory analysis, there were no significant differences from baseline or placebo in any urological outcome with oxybutynin in participants with mild to moderate cognitive impairment and/or adequate mobility compared with participants with more severe cognitive and physical impairment. Staff ratings found that more participants had improvement in urinary symptoms from baseline with oxybutynin than placebo but significant only for delaying evening voiding ( P = .02). Conclusion Extended-release oxybutynin 5 mg per day for 4 weeks in older cognitively impaired female nursing home residents did not significantly reduce urinary incontinence and urinary frequency or achieve dryness. Participants with mild to moderate cognitive and/or physical impairment were no more likely to benefit from oxybutynin than more severely impaired individuals in an exploratory analysis but further research in a larger population and perhaps using a larger dose is needed.
An Essential Role of N-Terminal Arginylation in Cardiovascular Development

The enzymatic conjugation of arginine to the N-termini of proteins is a part of the ubiquitin-dependent N-end rule pathway of protein degradation. In mammals, three N-terminal residues—aspartate, glutamate, and cysteine—are substrates for arginylation. The mouseATE1 gene encodes a family of Arg-tRNA-protein transferases (R-transferases) that mediate N-terminal arginylation. We constructed ATE1-lacking mouse strains and found thatATE1 −/− embryos die with defects in heart development and in angiogenic remodeling of the early vascular plexus. Through biochemical analyses, we show that N-terminal cysteine, in contrast to N-terminal aspartate and glutamate, is oxidized before its arginylation by R-transferase, suggesting that the arginylation branch of the N-end rule pathway functions as an oxygen sensor.
A unique way to increase presence of mobility impaired users — Increasing confidence in balance

Previous research on healthy subjects showed that a higher sense of presence can be elicited through full body avatars versus no avatar. However, minimal avatar research has been conducted with persons with mobility impairments. For these users, Virtual Environments (VEs) and avatars are becoming more common as tools for rehabilitation. If we can maximize presence in these VEs, users may be more effectively distracted from the pain and repetitiveness of rehabilitation, thereby increasing users' motivation. To investigate this we replicated the classic virtual pit experiment and included a responsive full body avatar (or lack thereof) as a 3D user interface. We recruited from two different populations: mobility impaired persons and healthy persons as a control. Results give insight into many other differences between healthy and mobility impaired users' experience of presence in VEs.
Progress of Vaccine and Drug Development for Ebola Preparedness

Since the first case of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Guinea was reported in March 2014 by World Health Organization (WHO), the outbreak has continued through the year and the total number of 19,065 patients was reported as the confirmed or suspected in the EVD-affected countries. Among the cases, 7,388 patients were reported death by 19 December. Currently, available therapeutics to treat the infected patients or vaccines to prevent people from infection is not developed yet while viral diagnostic methods were already developed and firmly established in a lot of countries as a first step for the preparedness of Ebola outbreak. Some potential therapeutic materials including ZMapp were supplied and the treated people got over the EVD. Several candidates of vaccines also were investigated their efficacy in animal models by National Institute of Health (NIH) and Department of Defense, and they are processing of clinical tests in West Africa aiming to finish the development by the 2015. Vaccine and therapeutic development is essential to stop the EVD outbreak in West Africa, also to protect the world from the risk which can be generated by potential spread of Ebola virus.