cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polarization-resolved near-backscattering of airborne aggregates composed of different primary particles.

We measured the polarization-resolved angular elastic scattering intensity distribution of aggregates composed of primary particles with different shapes and packing densities in the near-backward directions (155°–180°). Specifically, we compare aggregates composed of spherical polystyrene latex spheres, cylinder-like Bacillus subtilis particles, and Arizona road dust, as well as tryptophan particles. We observe clearly differentiable polarization aspect ratios and find that the negative polarization dip is more pronounced in more densely packed aggregates or particles. This work indicates that the polarization aspect ratio in the near-backward direction may be used as a fingerprint to discriminate between aggregates with the same size and overall shape by differences in their constituent particles.
Pelvic exenteration: Prognostic significance of regional lymph node metastasis

The members of the Felix Rutledge Society were surveyed to determine their policies concerning pelvic exenteration when regional lymph node metastasis is discovered at the outset of an operation and the resulting survival data. Survival data from the responding members are presented in a summary table. A series of 448 exenterations performed at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute from 1955 to 1984 was reviewed, and the medical records of patients with positive nodes were analyzed for factors that might influence prognosis, such as anatomical site of cancer, histologic type, and location and number of positive nodes. Of the 407 patients whose lymph nodes were studied histologically, 44 had nodal metastasis. Death from recurrent gynecologic cancer and death from all causes were used as end points, and survival rates were calculated according to primary treatment, treatment of recurrent cancer, cancer of the cervix, location of positive nodes, and number of positive nodes. For patients with positive nodes, 36.2% avoided death from recurrent cancer for 3 years, and 26.3% survived for 5 years. We conclude that although the prognosis for patients with positive nodes is poor, some longterm survivals can be achieved. The goal of pelvic exenteration is cure; however, for selected patients, the operation may be justified when it improves the quality of life and extends life.
Insulin-Glucose as Adjunctive Therapy for Severe Calcium Channel Antagonist Poisoning

Case Report: This case series documents the clinical courses of 4 patients after verapamil overdose and 1 patient after amlodipine-atenolol overdose. All subjects had hypodynamic circulatory shock (hypotension, bradycardia, and acidosis) that was not adequately responsive to conventional treatment. After initiation of insulin-dextrose infusion, the hemodynamic status of all 5 patients stabilized and all patients survived. Plasma drug concentrations are reported for all cases and verapamil levels were extremely high in 2 patients (3710 ng/mL and 3980 ng/mL). However, because patients were not treated according to a standard protocol, each patient received variable other supportive measures and inotropic agents, and the infusion rates of insulin were variable among patients. This report provides preliminary evidence toward a larger trial of insulin-dextrose to treat hypodynamic shock from calcium channel blocker overdose.
HI‐H2 vapor etch for low temperature silicon epitaxial manufacturing

Etching of semiconductor silicon slices at 998°C with HI-H2 mixtures was developed to the level that practical etch rates (≥ 0.1 μm/min) and smoothness of surfaces were obtained in a manufacturing type reactor without the addition of HF or He. Such a low temperature etch is expected to lead to improved device characteristics, mainly because of more sharply defined junction surfaces. Using deposition at 998°C on very clean slices as a testing method, two sources of impurities that cause stacking faults in the deposition layers were identified and eliminated. These were the polypropylene vessel used in the slice cleanup procedure, and the hydrogen peroxide used in conjunction with sulfuric acid in the primary cleaning step.
Examination of DFT and TDDFT Methods I

We investigated DFT and TDDFT methods in the sense of the molecular orbital (MO) theory and in the framework of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QT-AIM). The detailed investigations for the ground state and the π → π* excited state of ethene clarified three aspects about DFT and TDDFT methods: First, the DFT methods included electron correlation effects by directly changing MO energies and MO electron density distributions. Second, MO occupation numbers explained why the delocalization indices (DIs) obtained from DFT wave function files apparently differed from DIs obtained from the conventional correlated wave function files. At last, the significant underestimation of the excitation energy for the π → π* adiabatic excited states of ethene by TDDFT methods can be attributed to the exact degeneracy of HOMO (π) and LUMO (π*), a special case of charge transfer (CT) excited states.
Computer‐Aided Learning for All

Abstract Rising costs reduce the probability of achieving equal educational opportunities through traditional instructional systems. How can every person be given the opportunity of salutary instructional dialogue characterised by individual attention? This article describes the confluence of several streams of research and development, the potential of which is exciting. The design philosophy for a computer‐based educational co‐operative is portrayed. Although this yields computer‐aided learning materials and a national authoring language, the development of specialised hardware and system software is especially noteworthy. A multi‐media intelligent terminal is described—a silent input device providing any arbitrary keyboard or other interactive symbols in addition to computer‐controlled displays. Computer‐aided learning and information retrieval could become an economic reality for people of all ages.
Electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy scattering profiles of vibrational overtones and double losses

We report the first measurements of the angular dependence of electron-energy losses from vibrational overtones and double losses. The angular profiles, obtained from the spectrum of CO on potassium-precovered Ru(001), indicate that both the CO fundamental and the overtone are excited through dipole interactions; however, the double-loss profile is characteristic of an impact mediated excitation. The formation of a short-lived negative-ion resonance is proposed to account for the observed behavior.
A spectrophotometric assay for measuring the uptake of actinobolin by components of human enamel.

The antibiotic actinobolin appears to have potential clinical utility in the control of dental caries and periodontal disease because of the following: (i) It has most of the properties reported to be desirable or essential in an ideal cariostatic agent (1). (ii) It is effective against microorganisms that cause or are associated with both dental caries and periodontal disease (2, 3). (iii) Bacterial resistance or cross-resistance to this antibiotic appears to represent no significant problem (5, 6). (iv) Actinobolin binds to human enamel (7) and may be synergistic with fluoride in controlling dental caries (8). Exploratory studies concerning the binding of actinobolin to components of human enamel revealed the need for an assay that could detect actinobolin at concentrations <5.0 pg/ ml. Although a microbiological assay is available for estimating concentrations of actinobolin in physiological solutions or saliva, the lower limit of the sensitivity of the assay is approximately 75.0 pg actinobolin/ ml (9). This report concerns the development and demonstrated utility of a spectrophotometric assay that can detect actinobolin in various solvent systems at <2.0 pg/ ml. Materials and methods. Hydroxylapatite
Abundance of Juvenile Eastern Box Turtles Relative to Canopy Cover in Managed Forest Stands in Alabama

ABSTRACT Between 2002 and 2005, we used drift fences and artificial pools to sample juvenile eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina) in northeastern Alabama in forest stands experimentally treated to retain various amounts of overstory trees—clear-cuts and those with 25%–50% and 75%–100% of trees retained. We captured juvenile turtles only in clear-cut and 25%–50% retention plots; microhabitats in these plots are characterized by a combination of abundant vegetative ground cover and leaf litter.
Innovations in Mortgage Modeling: An Introduction

∗This special issue presents a selection of recent methodological advances in the academic literature on mortgage performance and valuation. The articles include a range of modeling techniques from rational structural models applied to pool-level data and loan-level reduced-form, or behavioral, models of prepayment and default. Both classes of model are shown to be effective for evaluating innovations in contracting such as defeasance options in commercial mortgage contracts and hybrid residential mortgage products. Finally, the articles highlight a number of important methodological linkages between recent advances in mortgage modeling and those found in the valuation of other forms of risky debt such as corporate bonds. The structural models presented here focus on pricing and modeling credit or call events that are specific to a particular class of borrower. These models focus on the underlying dynamics of interest rates and the assets that are the collateral on the mortgage. Credit (or call) events are triggered by random movements in the asset price relative to a threshold that is the exercise price on the option. By modeling credit or call events in terms of the underlying dynamics of asset prices and/or interest rates, the structural methodology functionally links option exercise events to the underlying fundamentals faced by the borrower. These articles build upon an extensive literature with a corporate debt focus: Leland (1994), Jarrow and Turnbull (1995), Longstaff and Schwartz (1995), Leland and Toft (1996), Anderson and Sundaresan (2000), Collin-Dufresne and Goldstein (2001) and Huang and Huang (2002), among many others. They also build upon important prior structural mortgage models including Dunn and McConnell (1981a,b), Timmis (1985), Johnston and van Drunen (1988), Kau et al. (1992), Stanton (1995), Kau et al. (1995) and Kau and Slawson (2002), among many others. In contrast, reduced-form, or behavioral, approaches, do not explicitly model the value of the borrower’s assets and capital structure. Instead credit and/or
Spinal cord contusion in the rat: Behavioral analysis of functional neurologic impairment

A graded spinal cord injury in rats was produced by dropping a 10-g weight from 2.5, 5.0, 10,0, or 17.5 cm onto the exposed dura at the T8 vertebral level. Groups of rats (N = 10) for each of these weight drop (WD) levels as well as unoperated and WD controls (0 cm) were subjected to behavioral analysis that included evaluation of simple and complex reflexes as well as spontaneous and evoked motor patterns. On the basis of this analysis, we developed a protocol for evaluating functional deficits that follow spinal cord injury in the rat. The resulting combined behavioral score, a measure of functional deficit, closely correlated with the magnitude of the mechanical injury. The protocol used for neurologic assessment was administered routinely by personnel who were easily and rapidly trained. It should therefore prove useful in detecting the effects of treatment on recovery of function in a rat model of spinal cord injury.
On detection of non-bridging oxygen in glasses by electron-energy-loss spectroscopy

Oxygen K-edge electron-energy-loss spectra are recorded in a Ca aluminosilicate glass. The origin of the broad structure of the O K-edge is discussed in terms of the oxygen configurations in oxide glasses. Full multiple scattering calculations in a proposed structure model distinguish the components from the different types of oxygen. The threshold of the O K-edge is dominant by the non-bridging oxygen.
Estradiol binding by human endometrial tissue.

Estrogen binding in endometrial tissue of various hormonal conditions was compared by a quantitative dextran-coated charcoal assay. The amount of [ 3 H]E 2 bound to cytosol in vitro was expressed as fmole/ μ g DNA and fmole/mg protein. The highest values were obtained for proliferative endometrium (1.95 ± 0.45; 244.06 ± 38.99). Endometrium from patients on oral contraceptives had low levels of estrogen receptor, which was slightly higher than that of atrophic endometrium. Various endometrial lesions were examined. The most consistent results were found for areas of hyperplastic endometrium (1.51 ± 0.41; 138.88 ± 3.43). Seventeen cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma plus one case of endocervical adenosquamous carcinoma can be divided into three groups. One-third showed no detectable estrogen binding, one group of seven patients showed low values, and a third group of five patients had high concentrations of estrogen receptors.
Magic numbers in alkali/heteroatom microclusters

Abstract The magic numbers in alkali/heteroatom microclusters are theoretically studied and new experiments are proposed. These clusters X n Y, where X stands for alkali and Y for heteroatom, exhibit the magic numbers n =6 (8), 18 (20), 38, 56, 88, … based on equilibrium geometry and supported by all experimental data available to date.
H2 Pure Rotational Lines in the Orion Bar

Photodissociation regions (PDRs), where UV radiation dominates the energetics and chemistry of the neutral gas, contain most of the mass in the dense interstellar medium of our Galaxy. Observations of H2 rotational and rovibrational lines reveal that PDRs contain unexpectedly large amounts of very warm (400-700 K) molecular gas. Theoretical models have difficulty explaining the existence of so much warm gas. Possible problems include errors in the heating and cooling functions or in the formation rate for H2. To date, observations of H2 rotational lines smear out the structure of the PDR. Only by resolving the hottest layers of H2 can one test the predictions and assumptions of current models. Using the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES) we mapped emission in the H2 v = 0-0 S(1) and S(2) lines toward the Orion Bar PDR at 2'' resolution. We also observed H2 v = 0-0 S(4) at selected points toward the front of the PDR. Our maps cover a 12'' by 40'' region of the bar where H2 rovibrational lines are bright. The distributions of H2 0-0 S(1), 0-0 S(2), and 1-0 S(1) line emission agree in remarkable detail. The high spatial resolution (0.002 pc) of our observations allows us to probe the distribution of warm gas in the Orion Bar to a distance approaching the scale length for FUV photon absorption. We use these new observational results to set parameters for the PDR models described in a companion paper in preparation by Draine et al. The best-fit model can account for the separation of the H2 emission from the ionization front and the intensities of the ground-state rotational lines, as well as the 1-0 S(1) and 2-1 S(1) lines. This model requires significant adjustments to the commonly used values for the dust UV attenuation cross section and the photoelectric heating rate.
Factors involved in the germination and inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores in murine primary macrophages

Since macrophages have been implicated in inhalation anthrax either for defense and/or as enablers for spore trafficking, their function has been further defined. Spores were efficiently taken up by primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages even in the absence of serum but a minimal amount was required for spore germination and subsequent inactivation. With 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) virtually all of the spores germinated but when the concentration of FBS was lowered to 1.0% or less, or when 10% horse serum replaced FBS, only 50% of the spores were inactivated within 1 h with no subsequent loss. Chloramphenicol, which blocks spore outgrowth but not germination, did not inhibit spore killing in macrophages. Based on complete inhibition of germination by d-alanine plus d-histidine, it is likely that only two of the several Bacillus anthracis germination systems are involved within macrophages. d-Histidine inhibits the gerH system previously implicated in germination within macrophages. d-Alanine is likely to block the gerX system since disruption of the gerXA gene resulted in little germination within 4 h in macrophages. Macrophages provide a major line of defense against infection by efficiently sequestering spores and in the presence of minimal nutrients effectively killing those that germinate before outgrowth.
Deconstructing (2,0) and Little String Theories

We argue that two four-dimensional strongly coupled superconformal field theories, on the Higgs branch in certain large N limits, become respectively (2,0) theory and (1,1) little string theory in six dimensions. We identify the spectrum of states responsible for the generation of the two extra dimensions and string winding modes. We establish the equivalence using orbifold realizations of the field theories and exploiting string dualities. We also speculate on deconstructions of M-theory.
Osteoporotic fractures secondary to methotrexate therapy of acute leukemia in remission.

Four of 11 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia on long-term methotrexate therapy developed severe bone pain in their distal extremities. All were in good clinical and hematologic remission. Radiologic examination revealed severe osteoporosis with associated fractures in 5 of these 11 children. A trial of local radiotherapy was attempted in one patient with no response. Methotrexate therapy was stopped in 4 patients with marked improvement in their bone pain and osteoporotic lesions.
Thinking is Believing

AbstractThe idea that people can entertain propositions without believing them is widespread, intuitive, and most probably false. The main goal of this essay is to argue against the claim that people can entertain a proposition without believing it. Evidence is presented demonstrating that we cannot withhold assent from any proposition we happen to consider. A model of belief fixation is then sketched and used to explain hitherto disparate, recalcitrant and somewhat mysterious psychological phenomena. The proposed model is one where beliefs are the automatic output of a computationally null belief acquisition reflex. In short, the model holds that the mere activation of a mentally represented truth apt proposition leads to immediately believing it. The essay concludes by considering some consequences that the proposed model of belief acquisition has for our concept of rationality.
A novel oxadiazine insecticide is bioactivated in lepidopteran larvae

DPX-JW062 is a new insecticide showing strong field activity, especially on Lepidoptera. Metabolism studies in several lepidopteran larvae show that orally administered [14C]DPX-JW062 is rapidly cleaved to a decarbomethoxyllated metabolite (DCJW), based upon HPLC and mass spectrometry identification. The metabolic conversion is correlated with appearance of neurotoxic symptoms. Tissue localization studies with fifth instar Manduca sexta larvae have shown that the fat body and especially midgut are the most active tissues in catalyzing the conversion. The enzyme(s) appears to be localized in many subcellular fractions and can be inhibited by the esterase inhibitors DFP, paraoxon, and DEF but not by the cytochrome p450–dependent monooxygenase inhibitors piperonyl butoxide and 1-phenyl imidazole, or the glutathione S-transferase inhibitor N-ethyl maleimide. The enzyme thus appears to have properties like an esterase/amidase. DCJW is a highly potent blocker of sodium channels in a Manduca sexta larval motor nerve preparation in vitro. The block of compound action potentials in this preparation is voltage-dependent, which is similar to the local anesthetic-like action previously ascribed to dihydropyrazole insecticides. In contrast, DPX-JW062 is weakly active in these blocking actions. We also observe a diminution of spontaneous CNS action potentials which is correlated with neurotoxic symptoms in DPX-JW062–treated larvae. This mode of action is entirely distinct from pyrethroids, which cause prolonged membrane depolarization leading to repetitive nerve firing. In summary, DPX-JW062 appears to be rapidly bioactivated by target insects to the potent insecticidally active sodium channel blocker, the S-enantiomer of its decarbomethoxyllated metabolite. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 37:91–103, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Decreased brain glucose metabolism in microvessels from patients with Alzheimer's disease.

: We studied brain glucose metabolism in patients with Alzheimer's disease and age-matched controls in vivo by PET and assessed brain glucose utilization and the phosphorylation constant K3 for hexokinase. In addition we determined in vitro the binding of 2DG and measured its phosphorylation to 2DG-phosphate in cerebral microvessels obtained at autopsy from subjects with Alzheimer's disease and age-matched controls. In patients with Alzheimer's disease we found a marked decrease in the kinetic constant K3 for the hexokinase, and a marked decrease in the overall metabolism of glucose in our PET studies; in microvessels there was a marked decrease in the affinity of 2DG and a decrease in hexokinase activity. Alzheimer's disease may be related to a complex alteration in brain glucose metabolism.
WHAT AND WHERE IS OLMEC STYLE? Regional perspectives on hollow figurines in Early Formative Mesoamerica

To understand better the significance of the Olmec style and its implications for Early Formative interregional interaction within Mesoamerica, one particular type of artifact—the hollow figurine—is examined. A definition of the Olmec style is provided based on Gulf Coast monumental art. One of several contemporaneous hollow-figurine types—“hollow babies” (Group 1)—is consistent with a Gulf Coast–based definition of the Olmec style. Fragments of Group 1 hollow figurines from across Mesoamerica are examined, revealing concentrations at a Gulf Coast center and, to a lesser extent, sites in southern Mexico. Rather than the primarily funerary function previously suggested for these objects, contextual data suggest multivalent meanings and functions. Group 2 figurines are related but different; variation appears in both the distribution of Group 2 fragments across Mesoamerica and their use. Available evidence suggests limited access to hollow figurines of both groups compared with contemporaneous solid figurines. A previous assertion that “hollow babies” were primarily produced and consumed in Central Mexico is rejected, and the significance of the differences among these hollow-figurine types is considered.
Optics research contract decisions

The environment of power in which the optics research manager works has a significant influence on the formulation of programs and decisions regarding individual proposals for research. The concept of the government official surrounded by a wheel of power centers is applied to a typical Defense Department agency and the implications for contract decisions examined.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT ALONG AN ELEVATIONAL GRADIENT ON MAUNA LOA, HAWAI‘I

We measured aboveground plant biomass, aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), detritus accumulation, and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by aboveground vegetation in six Metrosideros polymorpha stands on the windward slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawai‘i, USA. Our objective was to quantify the effects of elevation (primarily temperature) on ecosystem properties during primary succession, as a key to understanding ecosystem–climate interactions. Four study sites were on 111- to 136-yr-old lava flows at elevations of 290, 700, 1130, and 1660 m. Two additional sites on 3400-yr-old lava were at 700 and 1660 m elevations. All sites were on solid pahoehoe (smooth or ropy-textured) lava substrates with gentle relief, were free of significant human disturbance, received abundant precipitation, and had similar vegetation composition. Total aboveground biomass, soil organic matter mass, and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) were all greater in the old sites than in young sites. Differences between young and old sites in aboveground live biomass, detrital mass, and ANPP all supported the conclusion that ecosystem development proceeded relatively faster at 700 m elevation than at 1660 m. However, aboveground biomass in the old sites (81 Mg/ha at 1660 m elevation and 123 Mg/ha at 700 m) was low in comparison with other wet tropical forests. Accumulations of N and P in live biomass and detritus followed the same trends as were observed for organic matter. Rates of soil carbon accumulation over the first 3400 yr of succession averaged 2.1 g·m−2·yr−1, similar to other reported soil chronosequences. Observed rates of N accumulation ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 g·m−2·yr−1 over the first 136 yr of succession. There were no monotonic elevational trends among young sites with respect to live biomass, detritus mass, or total N or P accumulation. Foliar nitrogen concentrations in the young sites were among the lowest reported from any tropical forests and tended to decline with increasing elevation. The growth and biomass of individual plant species varied in distinctive ways along the elevational gradient. Nevertheless, among young sites there was a direct, linear relationship between total ANPP and mean annual temperature of the site, with a similar pattern in the two old sites. For each 1°C increase in mean annual temperature, total ANPP increased by 54 g·m−2·yr−1. Community-level ANPP also was directly correlated with rates of N and P uptake by the vegetation, regardless of site age or elevation.
The Use of Stochastic Simulation in Knowledge‐Based Systems

Knowledge-based systems support the decision-making process with the help of domain specific knowledge bases. The knowledge bases almost always have uncertainty associated with them. A variety of approaches have been proposed in the artificial intelligence (AI) literature for the construction of and reasoning with uncertain knowledge bases. Building on this stream of research, we focus on how stochastic simulation can be used to construct and reason with knowledge bases that have uncertainties. An advantage of the simulation methodology is that it may not have to make many of the assumptions made by other approaches. It also allows the designer of the knowledge-based system to control the methodology based on accuracy and time requirements. The simulation approach to knowledge base construction is a modified version of the concept induction procedure used in AI. However, it incorporates, as does simulation modeling, statistical tests to identify the best rule that describes the relationship among the variables. We show that when simulation is used to reason with uncertain knowledge bases, under certain conditions, the number of simulation trials needed to achieve a given level of accuracy is independent of the characteristics, such as the size, of the knowledge base. Empirical results obtained from an experiment confirm our theoretical results and provide evidence that simulation methodology is practical for real life knowledge-based systems.
Analytical modeling of mid-infrared silicon Raman lasers

Silicon photonics has significantly matured in the near-infrared (telecommunication) wavelength range with several commercial products already in the market. More recently, the technology has been extended into the mid-infrared (mid- IR) regime with potential applications in biochemical sensing, tissue photoablation, environmental monitoring and freespace communications. The key advantage of silicon in the mid-IR, as compared with near-IR, is the absence of twophoton absorption (TPA) and free-carrier absorption (FCA). The absence of these nonlinear losses would potentially lead to high-performance nonlinear devices based on Raman and Kerr effects. Also, with the absence of TPA and FCA, the coupled-wave equations that are usually numerically solved to model these nonlinear devices lend themselves to analytical solutions in the mid-IR. In this paper, an analytical model for mid-IR silicon Raman lasers is developed. The validity of the model is confirmed by comparing it with numerical solutions of the coupled-wave equations. The developed model can be used as a versatile and efficient tool for analysis, design and optimization of mid-IR silicon Raman lasers, or to find good initial guesses for numerical methods. The effects of cavity parameters, such as cavity length and facet reflectivities, on the lasing threshold and input-output characteristics of the Raman laser are studied. For instance, for a propagation loss of 0.5 dB/cm, conversion efficiencies as high as 56% is predicted. The predicted optimum cavity (waveguide) length at 2.0 dB/cm propagation loss is ~ 3.4 mm. The results of this study predict strong prospects for mid-IR silicon Raman lasers for the mentioned applications.
The case for heterogeneity in the etiology of schizophrenia

To confirm etiological heterogeneity, it is required that schizophrenic patients may be separated into at least two classes having different known etiologies and, perhaps, different pathophysiological signatures. In contrast, the homogeneity hypothesis asserts that there is a single necessary and sufficient cause or configuration of causes of schizophrenia. Because the link between phenotypic heterogeneity and etiological heterogeneity is tenuous, attempts to use purely phenotypic data to infer etiologic heterogeneity must be viewed cautiously. We examined three candidate causes for schizophrenia: genes, obstetric complications and viral infection. Cytogenetic studies show that some rare cases of schizophrenia are due to gross abnormalities of chromosomes. As for the large majority of schizophrenic patients, the candidate cause data most certainly reject the most parsimonious version of the hypothesis of etiological homogeneity: that all schizophrenia is caused by exactly the same pattern of genetic mutations, birth related complications and exposure to the same viral infections. We conclude that the heterogeneity debate should consider the possibility of rewording the question: 'Heterogeneity: yes or no?' to 'Heterogeneity: how much?'
Orientation, crystallization, and haze development in tubular film extrusion

A critical review of research on the development of crystallinity, orientation, and haze in tubular film is presented. We examine the basic methods of characterization of polymer films and interpretation of experimental techniques. Most studies in the literature relate to polyethylene, polystyrene, and polypropylene tubular film. Polymer chain and crystallographic axis orientation have been studied using X-ray diffraction and birefringence. We critically discuss the representation of such data using biaxial orientation factors. The data appears correlatable in terms of expressing orientation as a function of applied stresses at solidification. It appears that film haze is predominantly caused by surface roughness. This is largely associated with the crystallization of the melt on the process line.
Concentration profiles in a laboratory flotation machine: development of a simple sampling technique

Abstract The method uses a pipette with pilot tube-shaped sampling orifice. Error analysis, statistical methods, and consideration of hydrodynamic factors have led to a simple and accurate sampling technique. The incremental volume RTD method used to verify the pipette method confirms agreement between procedures, but the pipette method provides far more detail with no more effort. The concentration profile of the Denver D1 laboratory flotation machine was studied at different impeller speeds and impeller/stator clearances. Closely sized glass beads were used as tracer. Within its operating speed range, the machine is far from ideally mixed, and the profiles are very irregular near the impeller/stator assembly. The results are discussed and suggestions made for further research.
Detection and estimation of multiplexed soliton signals

Solitons are eigenfunction solutions to certain nonlinear wave equations that arise in a variety of natural and man-made systems. Their rich properties and tractability make them an intriguing component of such systems, often describing the large-scale or long-term behavior of natural systems, or the information content in certain communication or signal processing systems. However, it is often difficult to detect or estimate the parameters of solitons in such systems due to the presence of strong nonsoliton components or the nonlinear interaction of multiple solitons. The objective of this paper is to develop and investigate the detection and estimation of soliton signals. As a framework for this study, we consider using these nonlinear systems as both signal generators and signal processors in a form of multiplexed soliton communication. In contrast to more conventional uses of solitons in a communications context, our communication system uses soliton systems for signal generation and multiplexing for transmission over traditional linear channels. In addition to their mathematical tractability and the simplicity of the analog circuits used to generate and process them, we show that the soliton signal dynamics may also provide a mechanism for decreasing transmitted signal energy while enhancing signal detection and parameter estimation performance.
Autonomic reactivity and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis dysregulation in spouses of Oklahoma City bombing survivors 7 years after the attack

Abstract Objective The objective of this exploratory pilot study was to examine autonomic reactivity and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis dysregulation in spouses of highly exposed survivors of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. Methods This study compared psychiatric diagnoses and biological stress markers (physiological reactivity and cortisol measures) in spouses of bombing survivors and matched community participants. Spouses were recruited through bombing survivors who participated in prior studies. Individuals with medical illnesses and those taking psychotropic medications that would confound biological stress measures were excluded. The final sample included 15 spouses and 15 community participants. The primary outcome measures were psychiatric diagnoses assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (DIS-IV). Biological stress markers were physiological reactivity and recovery in heart rate and blood pressure responses to a trauma interview and cortisol (morning, afternoon, and diurnal variation). Results Compared to the community participants, spouses evidenced greater reactivity in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure; delayed recovery in systolic blood pressure; and higher afternoon salivary cortisol. Conclusions The results support the need for further research in this area to clarify post-disaster effects on biological stress measures in the spouses of survivors and the potential significance of these effects and to address the needs of this important population which may be overlooked in recovery efforts.
Serum Is a Potent Stimulator of Keratinocyte Tissue Plasminogen Activator Expression

The plasminogen activator (PA) proteolytic cascade comprises two enzymes known as urokinase PA (uPA) and tissue PA (tPA), both of which activate plasminogen to plasmin. In normal human epidermis uPA is the predominant PA. In lesional epidermis from patients with a variety of cutaneous diseases, including psoriasis, pemphigus foliaceous, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, and benign chronic pemphigus, however, tPA is selectively elevated and becomes the predominant PA activity. The enhanced tPA is likely to be a reaction to the disease challenge rather than an initiating event in these clinically and etiologically diverse lesions. In the present study, cultured human keratinocytes, propagated under serum-free conditions, have been shown to respond to the addition of bovine or human serum with an increase in tPA activity and antigeri. Furthermore, tPA is found predominantly in the suprabasal keratinocytes both in lesional epidermis and in stratified cultures that have been incubated for approximately 8 d in the presence of serum. These results suggest a possible mechanism by which epidermal tPA may be increased in diverse cutaneous lesions: The plasma infiltrate, into lesional epidermis may stimulate the suprabasal keratinocytes in vivo to express tPA.
Prelude to Unification: The Yemen Arab Republic, 1962–1990

On 22 May 1990, the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) carried out their old pledge to unite into a single Republic of Yemen. This historic event occurred less than three years after the YAR, seemingly secure and comfortable in its separateness, celebrated its silver jubilee in 1987. This article traces and assesses political development and socioeconomic modernization in the YAR over this more than 25-year period, and hazards some guesses on the implications of these changes for current efforts to implement Yemeni unification.
Disorders of red cell volume regulation.

Purpose of review Regulation of erythrocyte volume homeostasis is critical for survival of the erythrocyte. Inherited or acquired disorders that perturb this homeostasis jeopardize the erythrocyte, leading to its premature destruction. This report reviews recent insights into pathways that influence cellular water and solute homeostasis and cell volume. Recent findings The molecular and genetic bases of primary disorders of erythrocyte hydration are beginning to be revealed. Recent studies have implicated roles for a new protein PIEZO1, a long sought after mammalian mechanosensory protein; GLUT1, the glucose transporter; SLC4A1, the anion transporter; RhAG, the Rh-associated glycoprotein; and ABCB6, an ATP-binding cassette family member. Secondary disorders associated with perturbed cellular volume and volume regulation include sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and hereditary spherocytosis, in which dehydration contributes to disease pathology and clinical complications. Advances in understanding the mechanisms regulating erythrocyte solute and water content, particularly associated with mechanotransduction pathways, have revealed novel mechanisms controlling erythrocyte hydration. Understanding these processes may provide innovative strategies to maintain normal erythrocyte volume in disorders associated with primary or secondary cellular dehydration. Summary Understanding the mechanisms controlling erythrocyte volume regulation will serve as a paradigm for other cells and may reveal new therapeutic targets for disease prevention and treatment.
Two Arts. Revision and what it leaves behind

Inspired by an experience of teaching the drafts of Elizabeth Bishop’s ‘One Art’, this article rereads the drafts as far more than imperfect precursors to the final poem. The drafts have their own prosodic features and poetic logic, one that values and enacts a vertiginous dilation of thought, expression and memory. The final version of ‘One Art’ records an anxiety about moving away from the openness of drafting to the stability of the finished poem. It is an anxiety that writers and especially writing teachers should consider adopting.
Subseabed Radioactive Waste Disposal Feasibility Program: Ocean Engineering Challenges for the 80's

The objective of the Subseabed Disposal Program is to assess the feasibility of disposing of high-level radioactive wastes or spent fuel in suitable geologic formations beneath the deep ocean floor. The program is entering a phase which will address engineering feasibility. While the current phase of the program to determine the scientific and environmental feasibility of the concept is not yet complete, activities to assess the engineering aspects are being initiated in parallel to facilitate the development of the concept on a time scale commensurate with other related programs both in the United States and abroad. It is anticipated that engineering aspects will become the central focus of the program during the early 80's and will continue so through the establishment of a pilot-plant level activity which could occur by the mid-90's.
Treatment of human cells with interferon has no effect on the glycosylation of viral and cellular proteins

The effect of interferon on the glycosylation of viral and cellular proteins was examined in human cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus released from control and interferon-treated HeLa cells was found to be equally glycosylated. Likewise, interferon treatment of RPMI 8226 cells, a human cell line secreting immunoglobulin G, had no effect on protein glycosylation. In addition, treatment with interferon of RPMI 8226 cells and of lymphoblastoid Daudi cells had no effect on the incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine into dolichol derivatives in a cell-free assay. Similar treatment of HeLa and murine L cells showed an apparent inhibition of this glycosyltransferase activity. This effect of interferon in HeLa cells could at least in part by accounted for by a high nucleotide pyrophosphatase activity, which degraded the sugar nucleotide substrate. These results indicate that interferon does not inhibit protein glycosylation in human cells.
Coprostanols in Antarctic marine sediments: A biomarker for marine mammals and not human pollution☆

Abstract The first analysis of sterols in Antarctic marine sediment cores (Bransfield Strait and McMurdo Sound) is reported here. The isolated sterols in the sediments from Bransfield Strait are comprised mainly of dinosterol (4α,23,24-trimethyl-5αcholest-22-en-3β-ol), coprostanol (5β-cholestan-3β-ol) and epicoprostanol (5β-cholestan-3α-ol) and trace amounts of cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3β-ol). The sediment cores of McMurdo Sound also contain small quantities of coprostanols in addition to large amounts of marine sterols. Dinosterol is a known dinoflagellate chemical marker, whereas coprostanols are currently being used as tracers for sewage contamination. However, sterol composition in Antarctic sediments is expected to be atypical of sewage input and probably different from those of temperate and tropical zones. The coprostanols must therefore arise from the feces of marine mammals, most probably whales which use the region for feeding and spawning. Based on the results of this study, caution should be exercised in the use of coprostanol to estimate the amount of sewage-derived organic matter transported away from impacted coastal areas.
Standardized use of SI magnetic units

With the expected change to SI (MKS) units, now is the appropriate time to attempt a uniform set of units and symbols for magnetic quantities.
Is there another set of left-handed W and Z bosons?

Experimental consequences of the Sp/sub L/(6) x U/sub Y/(1) model proposed earlier are studied. It is found that the model suggests another set of light (approx.a few TeV), left-handed, W and Z bosons. Rare decays of (K,B,..mu..,tau), resulting from the new gauge couplings, are predicted.
Risk Analysis, Analysis of Variance: Getting More from Our Data

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression are common statistical techniques used to analyze agronomic experimental data and determine significant differences among yields due to treatments or other experimental factors. Risk analysis provides an alternate and complimentary examination of the same data by determining yield probabilities for each treatment or factor. We generated and analyzed a synthetic data set to illustrate that data with similar means, as determined by ANOVA, can have markedly different probability distributions due to differences in standard deviations. We then applied the techniques to data from a five-year yield trial of twelve Bermudagrass cultivars. ANOVA detected significant year-by-cultivar interactions while risk analysis illustrated differences among the cultivars in yield stability and in the probabilities of achieving specific yield goals. Together, ANOVA and risk analysis provide a more complete view of the data that facilitates technical transfer of experimental results to producers and other end-users.
Recycling Fabric Waste—The Challenge Industry

As landfill costs rise in the United States, so does the pressure to increase recycling of fabric cutting waste. A study was conducted to determine the attitudes of sewn products manufacturers towa...
The Place of the Proper Name in the Topographies of the Paradiso

There is an obvious paradox in any attempt to map the topography of Paradise, for Paradise, theologians assure us, is outside of space as well as time. Yet mapping Paradise is what Dante's poem, the Paradiso, attempts to do. For the two preceding realms of the afterlife, hell and purgatory, Dante provides numerous finely articulated descriptions of rigorously ordered regions. And again for Paradise, the variegated states of the souls making up the spiritual order of the realm are expressed very precisely by a topographical scheme, one in this case based on Ptolemy's system of the heavens. The seven planetary spheres are followed by the sphere of the fixed stars and the primum mobile, the whole finally bordering on the completely nonspatial heaven of the Empyrean. But this last “sphere” alone is Paradise in the full and strict sense. As Dante has Beatrice explain in canto 4.28–48, the whole poem attempts to describe this totally nonspatial order in terms of the array of the nine physical heavens as metapho...
Wrinkling of the human skin

Abstract The equations of a thin elastic shell resting upon a continuum foundation are written in a form suitable for application to the human skin and soft underlying tissues. Included are the effects of large deformation, arbitrary geometry, bending stiffness of the surface, and the finite thickness of the flexible foundation. Attention is focused upon the mechanics of skin wrinkling. A precise mathematical definition of “wrinkle lines” in the skin is given. Various simplified theories for determining the far postbuckling state of the skin are developed. One of these theories, called “wrinkle theory”, may be used to calculate the direction of the wrinkle line field formed over a large portion of the human skin by the natural action of the frame and muscles.
A Content Analysis of Criminal Justice Policy Review, 1986-2008:

Academic disciplines have been characterized as static institutions that do not change or conform to outside forces. Abbott and Silbey have discussed this issue in relationship to how the history o...
Developmental Differences in the Stability of Relational Responding

Summary Three- and four-year-old children were trained on an oddity task with the use of picture stimuli. After criterion was reached the Ss were presented 12 new stimuli. The four-year-olds learned faster than the three-year-olds and showed superior performance on the transfer trials. Differences in oddity acquisition between a weak (6/6) and strong (12/12) criterion present in three-year-olds' data, and their precriterion level of responding, suggested that many of the younger children were aware of the stimulus relations present before they were able to reach the 12/12 criterion but were unable to maintain stable performance based on the relational oddity cue. The poorer transfer shown by the three-year-olds also suggests some difficulties of consistent relational choices even after a strong relational learning criterion had been met.