cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling and control of MEMS with high speed synchronous micromotors and controllers/drivers-on-VLSI-chip ICs

Abstract This articles addresses and solves the modeling, analysis and control problems for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) that integrate high speed permanent magnet synchronous micromotors (motion microdevices) and controllers/drivers-on-VLSI-chip ICs. High performance micromotors (2, 4 and 6 mm diameter) with and without Hall effect microsensors are fabricated using high aspect ratio and surface micromachining techniques, while the ICs are made using biCMOS technology. In addition to fabrication, a wide spectrum of fundamental problems in MEMS synthesis, modeling, analysis and control are solved. The MEMS synthesis is performed using basic principles with the ultimate goal to guarantee operationability, functionality, compatibility, integrity, controllability and synergy. Synchronous micromotors are designed by applying the MEMS Synthesis and Classification Solver. Signal processing, filtering, computing, interfacing and amplification are performed by the controllers/drivers-on-VLSI-chip ICs that control the micromotors by properly applying the phase voltages to the micromotor windings. Analysis, control and optimization are based on mathematical models. Mathematical modeling is done by applying basic principles and the fundamental laws of electromechanics. The derived lumped parameter mathematical model, which is given in the form of nonlinear differential equations, allows one to perform the data intensive analysis, heterogeneous simulations with outcome prediction and controller design. Based on micromotor electromagnetics–electromechanics and microelectronics capabilities, we derive control algorithms. An innovative synthesis procedure is reported to design soft switching continuous controllers with nonlinear switching surfaces. These control laws, which ensure robust tracking and disturbance rejection, are implemented. The algorithms designed are different from the existing variable structure control laws. Compared with hard switching discontinuous controllers, the advantages of the soft switching sliding mode control paradigm are that the singularity and sensitivity problems are avoided, robustness and stability are improved, chattering (high frequency switching) is eliminated, etc. These features expand the MEMS operating envelopes, enhance robustness and controllability, as well as improve efficiency and reliability. Experimental verification to assess the fundamental results is performed. Integrated MEMS and their components are fabricated and tested. We study the MEMS performance, verify mathematical models, analyze applicability and effectiveness of soft switching algorithms for micromotors controlled by ICs, etc.
Antioxidants and atherogenesis

Abstract The clinical sequelae of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. A collection of “risk factors” explains only part of the variation in atherosclerosis between individuals, suggesting that other yet to be determined factors contribute to the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Several lines of evidence suggest that oxidation of lipoproteins plays a role in atherogenesis. Population-based studies and studies in experimental animals suggest that antioxidants reduce atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Basic biochemical studies offer a number of mechanism(s) by which antioxidants might provide this protection. However, the few data from clinical trials of supplementation of the diet with isolated nutrient antioxidants do not consistently support an inhibitory role for antioxidants in atherogenesis and cardiovascular disease. Thus, appropriately designed clinical trials are needed before recommendations for dietary intake of specific antioxidants to reduce risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease can be developed. Such trials should be designed based on a critical evaluation of the existing body of basic and clinical data for the inhibitory effects of antioxidants on atherogenesis. Attention should be specifically paid to the body of data showing interaction of various antioxidants. The issue of antioxidant needs for optimal prevention of atherosclerosis as a function of pathological, physiological, dietary, and behavioral characteristics of individuals should be addressed. Execution of properly designed clinical trials would be facilitated by identification of biomarker(s) that accurately reflect the extent to which an antioxidant intervention inhibits atherosclerosis. Despite uncertainty regarding the health benefits of isolated antioxidant(s), all available evidence continues to support the health benefits of increased consumption of a wide variety of fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants.
Vascular access in haemodialysis: strengthening the Achilles' heel

Despite all the progress achieved since Scribner first introduced the arteriovenous (AV) shunt in 1960 and Cimino and Brescia introduced the native AV fistula in 1962, we have continued to face a conundrum in vascular access for dialysis, in that dialysis vascular access is at the same time both the 'lifeline' and the 'Achilles' heel' of haemodialysis. Indeed, findings from a multitude of published articles in this area, unfortunately mainly observational studies, reflect both our frustration and our limited knowledge in this area. Despite improved understanding of the pathophysiology of stenosis and thrombosis of the vascular access, we have unfortunately not been very successful in translating these advances into either improved therapies or a superior process of care. As a result, we continue to face an epidemic of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation failure, a proliferation of relatively ineffective interventions such as angioplasty and stent placement, an extremely high incidence of catheter use, and more doubts rather than guidance with regard to the role (or lack thereof) of surveillance. An important reason for these problems is the lack of focused translational research and robust randomized prospective studies in this area. In this Review, we will address some of these critical issues, with a special emphasis on identifying the best process of care pathways that could reduce morbidity and mortality. We also discuss the potential use of novel therapies to reduce dialysis vascular access dysfunction.
Edge-Illuminated Cascaded Gratings in PQ-doped PMMA for Optical CDMA Applications

Cascaded gratings are holographically written in an inexepensive, versatile photopolymer and may be used for encoding/decoding in optical CDMA systems. Experimental results confirm the operation of the gratings as wavelength filters and time delay elements.
External beam radiation for retinoblastoma: results, patterns of failure, and a proposal for treatment guidelines.

Abstract Purpose : To analyze treatment results and patterns of failure following external beam radiation for retinoblastoma and propose treatment guidelines according to specific clinical variables. Methods and Materials : We analyzed 27 patients (34 eyes) with retinoblastoma who received external beam radiation as initial treatment at Hahnemann University Hospital from October 1980 to December 1991 and have been followed for at least 1 year. Of the 34 eyes, 14 were Groups I–II (Reese-Ellsworth classification), 7 were Group III, and 13 were Groups IV–V. Doses ranged from 34.5–49.5 Gy (mean 44.3 Gy, median 45 Gy) in 1.5–2.0 Gy fractions generally delivered through anterior and lateral wedged pair fields. Results : At a mean follow up of 35.2 months (range 12–93 months), local tumor control was obtained in 44% (15 out of 34) of eyes with external beam radiation alone. Salvage therapy (plaque brachytherapy, cryotherapy, and/or photocoagulation) controlled an additional 10 eyes (29.5%), so that overall ocular survival has been 73.5%. Local tumor control with external beam radiotherapy alone was obtained in 78.5% (11 out of 14) of eyes in Groups I–II, but in only 20% (4 out of 20) of eyes in Groups III–V. A total of 67 existing tumors were identified prior to treatment in the 34 treated eyes and local control with external beam radiation alone was obtained in 87% (46 out of 53) of tumors measuring 15 mm or less and in 50% (7 out of 14) of tumors measuring more than 15 mm. When analyzing patterns of failure in the 19 eyes that relapsed, a total of 28 failure sites were identified and consisted of progression of vitreous seeds in seven instances (25% of failure sites) recurrences from previously existing tumors in 10 instances (36% of failure sites) and development of new tumors in previously uninvolved retina in 11 instances (39% of failure sites). Conclusions : 1) We find that external beam radiation to a dose of 45 Gy in fractions of 1.5 to 2.0 Gy provides adequate tumor control in retinoblastoma eyes Groups I–II (Reese-Ellsworth classification) or tumors measuring 15 mm in diameter or less. Eyes in more advanced group staging or containing tumors larger than 15 mm seem to require higher radiation doses. We propose treatment guidelines for external beam radiation of retinoblastoma that specifically take into account the important clinical variables of tumor stage and patient age. 2) External beam radiation does not prevent the appearance of new tumors in clinically uninvolved retina. Therefore, the traditional belief that external beam radiation can treat the retina “prophylactically” should be seriously questioned. Due to this finding and their significant less morbidity, focal treatment modalities (plaque brachytherapy, photocoagulation and/or cryotherapy), when clinically feasible, should be considered the treatment of choice for intraocular retinoblastoma. External beam radiation should be considered only when focal treatment modalities are not clinically indicated.
Inhibition of adenylosuccinate lyase by L-alanosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxylic acid ribonucleotide (alanosyl-AICOR).

Abstract L -Alanosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxylic acid ribonucleotide (alanosyl-AICOR) has been synthesized enzymatically using 4-(N-succino)-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (SAICAR) synthetase in conjunction with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxylic acid ribonucleotide and L -2- amino -3-(N- hydroxy -N- nitrosoamino ) propionic acid (alanosine). The product was characterized by chromatography, ultraviolet spectrum and NMR spectrum at 300 MHz. Alanosyl-AICOR was not a substrate of adenylosuccinate lyase from rat skeletal muscle, but it was an apparent competitive inhibitor in both of the reactions catalyzed by the enzyme. The KI values for alanosyl-AICOR were ∼ 1.5 and 1.3 μM in the SAICAR and adenylosuccinate cleavage reactions respectively. These KI values were essentially the same as the Km values for the two substrates of adenylosuccinate lyase. They compare with an accumulation of 70 μM alanosyl-AICOR in leukemic nodules of mice treated with alanosine [A. K. Tyagi and D. Cooney, Cancer Res. 40, 4390 (1980)]. Thus, inhibition of adenylosuccinate lyase may account for much of the inhibitory effect exerted by alanosyl-AICOR in vivo. We confirmed the previous observation that alanosyl-AICOR is an inhibitor of adenylosuccinate synthetase.
Coordination and incentives in a supplier–retailer rental information goods supply chain

Abstract In rental information goods supply chain, such as movie DVDs and computers games, the retailer decides on the quantity of DVDs to purchase from the supplier, the rental fee, and the maximum rental duration. These decisions are directly affected by the price the supplier charges the retailers for the DVDs. In this paper we show that revenue sharing as compared to an independent strategy can result in lower rental fee, larger order quantities and increased profit for both the retailer and supplier. We also show that vertical integration (partnership) can result in higher profits across the supply chain compared to revenue sharing or an independent strategy. We also formulate a model to examine the use of incentives for early return of rented DVDs and show that they can increase profit by increasing circulations of DVDs. We also perform numerical sensitive analysis to examine the impact of rental lifecycle and shortage cost on rental fee, order quantity, and profits.
The nucleotide sequence of chicken 5S ribosomal RNA.

The nucleotide sequence of the 5S ribosomal RNA of somatic cells of the chicken (Gallus gallus) differs from that of other vertebrates thus far examined. Besides base substitutions, alterations include two nucleotide deletions and two additions.
Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation: What Monitoring Matters?

Over the past 2 decades, the art of "weaning" from mechanical ventilation has been informed by increasing published basic science and outcomes studies. Although monitoring technologies can provide vast amounts of information before, during, and after liberation from mechanical ventilation, little data exists on how to maximally harness even routinely monitored, basic physiologic parameters. Overdependence on technology and derived variables, without data to demonstrate benefit, may even inhibit the patient's progress if it is used inappropriately. We review the scientific evidence for best using routinely available physiologic data and a few more sophisticated and invasive monitoring technologies during weaning. We also suggest future study designs that would better inform the process of liberation from the ventilator and endotracheal extubation.
Sensitivity of Simulated Boreal Fire Dynamics to Uncertainties in Climate Drivers

Projected climatic warming has direct implications for future disturbance regimes, particularly fire-dominated ecosystems at high latitudes, where climate warming is expected to be most dramatic. It is important to ascertain the potential range of climate change impacts on terrestrial ecosys- tems, which is relevant to making projections of the response of the Earth system and to decisions by policymakers and land managers. Computer simu- lation models that explicitly model climate-fire relationships represent an im- portant research tool for understanding and projecting future relationships. Retrospective model analyses of ecological models are important for evaluating how to effectively couple ecological models of fire dynamics with climate system models. This paper uses a transient landscape-level model of vegetation dynamics, Alaskan Frame-based Ecosystem Code (ALFRESCO), to evaluate
Data placement for large read-only interactive multimedia information systems on multidisk environment

In this paper, a top-down data placement methodology for a large intertive muliimedia information system (MMIS) on a single spindle multi-disk environment such as a Jukebox is presented. The objective of this work is to minimize aveiage disk seek time as well as the number of platter switehes fcw Jukebox. A large data placement problem can be divided into a number of small data placement problems by weighted graph decomposition. The Kernighan-Lin partitioning algorithm is recursively applied for this jiirpoac. Once the graph is fully partitioned, the objects in the same subgraph are assigned to the same disk. The data placement within a disk is divided into two stages, global data placement and detailed data placement. The expected access patterns of global data placement are modeled as a time-homogeneous ergodic Markov Chain, from which the stationary probability for each node of the browsing graph can be found. Based on these probabilities, we define an expected access cost Then, the problem of global data placement is posed as an optimization problem, and various clustering and storage layout algxithms are proposed.
Structure–activity relationships of non-opioid [des-Arg7]-dynorphin A analogues for bradykinin receptors

In our earlier studies, bradykinin receptors (BRs) were identified as a potential target for the neuroexcitatory effects of dynorphin A (Dyn A) in the central nervous system (CNS), and [des-Arg7]-Dyn A-(4–11) (6) was discovered as a lead ligand to modulate Dyn A-(2–13) induced neuroexcitatory effects in the CNS as an antagonist. In an effort to gain insights into key structural features of the Dyn A for the BRs, we pursued further structure–activity relationships (SAR) study on the [des-Arg7]-Dyn A analogs and confirmed that all of the [des-Arg7]-Dyn A analogues showed good binding affinities at the BRs.
IN VITRO STUDIES ON ABNORMAL GROWTH OF PROTHALLI OF THE BRACKEN FERN

IN THE COURSE OF a study of prothalli of several species of ferns growing in sterile culture, it was observed that under these conditions there are frequent departures from the characteristic morphology. The occurrence of abnormal developments of fern prothalli in sterile culture has previously been reported on and extensively described by Hurel-Py (1950), Morel and Wetmore (1951), and others. Of all the species examined in this study, the bracken, Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, showed the greatest variety and frequency of occurrence of abnormal developments. It was further found that certain of these abnormalities could be isolated and grown in separate culture where they manifested varying degrees of permanency.
Progress on crystalline silicon thin film solar cells by FBR-CVD: Effect of substrates and reactor design

Thin film polycrystalline solar cells on low cost substrates offer an attractive path to large scale production of solar cells with the potential to generate electricity at 1$/W. SRI International has a propriety technology to deposit Si films in a reactor based on fluidized bed technology. The results presented in this paper show that, with a proper reactor design, Si films can be grown at rates of 7 μm/min and higher. Films are crystalline, with crystallite sizes higher than 20 μm. We have also evaluated the performance of SiO 2 diffusion barriers as a potential way towards the use of low cost substrates, such as metallurgical grade Si. Whereas SiO 2 layers of 0.1 μm are not sufficient to stop P diffusion from the substrate to the film, 0.7 μm layers are thick enough to accomplish this goal. The reactor configuration can be used for continuous and integrated cell/panel fabrication. At present we are building a first continuous reactor, and in this paper we present some preliminary considerations.
Two-dimensional charged black holes in string theory.

Exact string solutions corresponding to two-dimensional electrically charged black holes are constructed.
Self-concept and quality of object relations as predictors of outcome in short- and long-term psychotherapy

Abstract Background Quality of object relations and self-concept reflect clinically relevant aspects of personality functioning, but their prediction as suitability factors for psychotherapies of different lengths has not been compared. This study compared their prediction on psychiatric symptoms and work ability in short- and long-term psychotherapy. Methods Altogether 326 patients, 20–46 years of age, with mood and/or anxiety disorder, were randomized to short-term (solution-focused or short-term psychodynamic) psychotherapy and long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. The Quality of Object Relations Scale (QORS) and the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) self-concept questionnaire were measured at baseline, and their prediction on outcome during the 3-year follow-up was assessed by the Symptom Check List Global Severity Index and the Anxiety Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory and by the Work Ability Index, Social Adjustment Scale work subscale and the Perceived Psychological Functioning scale. Results Negative self-concept strongly and self-controlling characteristics modestly predicted better 3-year outcomes in long-term therapy, after faster early gains in short-term therapy. Patients with a more positive or self-emancipating self-concept, or more mature object relations, experienced more extensive benefits after long-term psychotherapy. Limitations The importance of length vs. long-term therapy technique on the differences found is not known. Conclusions Patients with mild to moderate personality pathology, indicated by poor self-concept, seem to benefit more from long-term than short-term psychotherapy, in reducing risk of depression. Long-term therapy may also be indicated for patients with relatively good psychological functioning. More research is needed on the relative importance of these characteristics in comparison with other patient-related factors.
Protein Antimicrobial Barriers to Bacterial Adhesion

The ability of microorganisms to adhere to solid surfaces is a problem of high visibility and has been the focus of numerous investigations because these organisms can cause disease and food spoilage. During the last several years, considerable attention has been focused on the development of food-grade antimicrobial barriers to adhesion in order to inhibit the initial adhesion of microbial contaminants by application of an antimicrobial agent to the surface rather than trying to remove these contaminants once they are adhered. The premise is that, if both the presence of the agent and its antimicrobial activity are maintained at the interface, sensitive bacterial cells or spores that attempt to attach would be killed. Nisin has been used in foods as a direct additive to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive cells and spores. Similarly, hen lysozyme is a commercially available antimicrobial protein that offers application in food processing systems, but the mode of action of this enzyme differs from that of nisin. We have shown that nisin can adsorb to surfaces, maintain activity, and kill cells that have adhered. In addition, we have addressed questions relating to the short- and long-term stability of adsorbed nisin, the degree to which immobilized nisin can resist exchange with dissolved solution components, and the surface concentrations that are necessary to inhibit biofilm formation. More recently, we have focused on basic questions relating to molecular influences on antimicrobial activity at interfaces using synthetic mutants of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme and hen lysozyme in addition to nisin.
Caution! Applying Brain Research to Education

chools should fit, not fight, the brain. Whether we're left brained or right brained determines how we learn, think, and create. Childrens' brains grow in tidy spurts and plateaus, resulting in peaks and valleys of learning. Claims such as these have become prevalent in the educational literature in recent years. Because they are based upon purported scientific findings, many wellmeaning educators, out of their sincere desire to improve curriculum and instruction for pupils, have believed them.
Approaches to catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation

The incidence of persistent and permanent AF will likely continue to increase as the population ages and as patients with structural heart disease live longer. Many catheter-based ablation techniques have been developed to treat AF. This paper will review which of these approaches have been demonstrated to be effective for ablation of persistent and permanent AF. Because current approaches are associated with an unacceptable rate of ablation failure and proarrhythmia, further efforts are needed to develop better techniques and tools to safely, effectively, and permanently isolate the PV antra, to identify which sites are critical to the maintence of AF, and to create durable transmural linear lesions to interrupt intraatrial reentry.
Strategy-Specific Barriers to Learning and Nonmonotonic Selection Dynamics☆☆☆

Abstract The replicator dynamics are generalized to allow for strategy-specific barriers to learning. The resulting dynamics satisfy neither payoff monotonicity nor payoff positivity, but do satisfy weak payoff positivity. It is shown that initial states from which trajectories converge to a rest point under the replicator dynamics may yield trajectories which approach a stable limit cycle under the generalized replicator dynamics. Furthermore, strategies which are strictly dominated by other pure strategies may survive indefinitely along such nonconvergent paths. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C73.
Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Optical Networks Using Logical Link Representation and Efficient Bitwise Computation

In this paper, we propose and evaluate a new approach for implementing efficient routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. In our method, the state of a fiber is given by the set of free wavelengths in this fiber and is efficiently represented as a compact bitmap. The state of a multiple-fiber link is also represented by a compact bitmap computed as the logical union of the individual bitmaps of the fibers in this link. Likewise, the state of a lightpath is represented by a similar bitmap computed as the logical intersection of the individual bitmaps of the links in this path. The count of the number of 1-valued bits in the bitmap of the route from source to destination is used as the primary reward function in route selection. A modified Dijkstra algorithm is developed for dynamic routing based on the bitmap representation. The algorithm uses bitwise logical operations and is quite efficient. A first-fit channel assignment algorithm is developed using a simple computation on the bitmap of the selected route. The resulting bitwise routing algorithm combines the benefits of least loaded routing algorithms and shortest path routing algorithms. Our extensive simulation tests have shown that the bitwise RWA approach has small storage overhead, is computationally fast, and reduces the network-wide blocking probability. The blocking performance of our RWA method compares very favorably with three routing methods: fixed alternate routing, shortest path using flooding, and Dijkstra’s algorithm using mathematical operations. Our simulation experiments have also evaluated the performance gain obtained when the network access stations are equipped with finite buffers to temporarily hold blocked connection requests.
Composition and Nutritional Value of an Experimental High-Protein Corn in the Diets of Broilers and Laying Hens

Abstract Two samples of high-protein corn (HPC) containing 1.0 to 2.4% more CP man normal corn (NC) were evaluated in two experiments with broilers and one experiment with laying hens. Levels of Met, Ile, Leu, Phe, Val, Asp, Glu, and Ala, expressed as a percentage of protein on a DM basis, were consistently higher in the HPC samples than in samples of NC and sorghum (S). The Lys level expressed as a percentage of protein on a DM basis was slightly lower in HPC; however, Lys level expressed as a percentage of the grain (DM basis) was similar in HPC and NC. In Experiment 1, each grain source was fed at the same level (67.1%) in soybean meal diets with protein and amino acid levels restricted to approximately 80% of recommended requirements of the National Research Council in 1984. Broilers receiving the HPC diet from 1 to 21 days of age had greater weight gains (P
Chromosome Studies in Some Deer, the Springbok, and the Pronghorn, with Notes on Placentation in Deer

The chromosome complement has been studied in the following six species, all members of the Artiodactyla: Virginia white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis, 2n=70), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus, 2n=70), fallow deer (Dama dama, 2n=68), muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi, n=46), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana, 2n=56 and 58), and springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis, 2n=56). Karyotypes of each species have been presented, with a discussion on hybridization of the species.Placentation in the white-tailed deer has been briefly described. Placental anatomy and chromosomes from leucocyte cultures of opposite-sexed white-tailed deer twins were investigated with particular interest as to the possible existence of chimerism, and freemartin effects as a cause of antler growth in does. No evidence for a common circulation between the twins was found.Die Chromosomenzahl von sechs Arten der Artiodactyla wird berichtet; die nordamerikanischen Rehe Odocoileus virginianus (2n=70) and O. hemionus (2n=70), ferner Dama dama (2n=68), Muntiacus reevesi (2n=46), Antilocapra americana (2n=58) and der sudafrikanische Springbock (Antidorcas marsupialis 2n=56). Die Bastardisierung dieser Tiere wird kurz besprochen und die Placentation des weissschwanz Rehes beschrieben. Diese Art hat haufig verschiedengeschlechtige Zwillinge, jedoch wurden interplacentare Anastomosen und Blutchimarismus nicht gefunden. Somit kann ein Zwickeneffekt nicht die Ursache fur den gelegentlichen Befund des Geweihwachstums dieser Rehe sein.
Diffuse leptomeningeal seeding from a malignant spinal cord astrocytoma in a child with neurofibromatosis.

A 5-year-old child with typical clinical features of neurofibromatosis presented with a history of suspected basilar meningitis and CT findings of enlarged optic nerves and an expanding left cavernous sinus mass. CSF cytologies and meningeal biopsy were unremarkable. At craniotomy, a mass confluent with the left trigeminal nerve was resected which had histologic characteristics of a nerve sheath tumor but was GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) stain positive. Postmortem examination, 1 month following surgical resection, demonstrated a clinically unsuspected primary thoracic spinal cord astrocytoma with dissemination throughout the subarachnoid space, invasion of the trigeminal nerve and encasement of other cranio-spinal nerves. This unusual case emphasizes the occurrence of leptomeningeal spread in a clinically silent spinal cord glioma and the diagnostic value of immunohistochemistry.
Use of naloxone to reverse narcotic respiratory depression in the newborn infant

Twenty neonates whose mothers had received meperidine (1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg) intravenously within three hours of delivery were studied to determine the effectiveness of naloxone in reversing neonatal respiratory depression. The following measurements were carried out within 20 to 30 minutes after delivery: minute ventilation, end tidal CO 2 , and ventilatory response to CO 2 . These determinations were repeated after administration of either placebo or naloxone, 0.01 mg/kg intramuscularly. Minute ventilation and PA CO were within a normal range before medication in both groups, but the slope of the CO 2 response curve was decreased, indicating mild-to-moderate respiratory depression. After administration of placebo the test results did not change significantly. After administration of naloxone, V E increased significantly (P 2 response curve doubled (P
Setting Aggregate Inventory Levels: An Operations Management Decision?

Five hundred financial executives from North American companies were surveyed by means of a mailed questionnaire to gain a view from outside the operations functions of the basis on which aggregate inventory decisions are taken. The response indicated that more functions than might have been expected were involved in the process of determining inventory levels and, partly because of this, policy tended to be of a shorter rather than longer term nature.
Activation of lateral hypothalamic mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors elicits feeding in rats.

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been popular drug targets for a variety of central nervous system (CNS) disease models, ranging from seizures to schizophrenia. The current study aimed to determine whether mGluRs participate in lateral hypothalamic (LH) stimulation of feeding. To this end, we used satiated adult male Sprague-Dawley rats stereotaxically implanted with indwelling bilateral LH guide cannulas to determine if injection of (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD), a broad mGluR group I and II agonist, would elicit feeding. Administration of 100 nmol ACPD induced feeding with a short latency. Similarly, unilateral LH injection of the selective mGluR group I agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) elicited significant feeding beginning 60 min postinjection and continuing until 4 h postinjection. Administration of the mGluR5 agonist, (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG) produced a smaller delayed feeding response. These delayed but prolonged eating responses suggest that activation of LH mGluR1 and/or mGluR5 might be sufficient to elicit feeding. To determine which subtypes were involved, LH DHPG injections were preceded by LH injection of either the group I antagonist n-phenyl-7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen-1a-carboxamide (PHCCC), the mGluR1 antagonist 6-amino-n-cyclohexyl-n,3-dimethylthiazolo[3,2-a]benzimi dazole-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (YM-298198) or the mGluR5 antagonist 3-((2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)ethynyl)pyridine (MTEP), and food intake was measured. PHCCC blocked DHPG-elicited feeding, and each of the other antagonists produced significant feeding suppression. These findings suggest roles for mGluR1 and/or mGluR5 in lateral hypothalamic circuits capable of stimulating feeding behavior.
Digitizing for Value: A User-Based Strategy for University Archives

Two archivists present results of a qualitative local reference survey as a means of developing an informed, user-driven approach to selection for digitization in university archives. While every institution remains unique to a point, it is hoped that this survey will be of use to other university archivists who seek to narrow the broad spectrum of possible digitization projects to an optimally-strategic demand-driven few.
Kedarcidin chromophore: synthesis of its proposed structure and evidence for a stereochemical revision.

A convergent, enantioselective synthesis of the proposed structure of kedarcidin chromophore (1) is described. The route is 24 steps in the longest linear sequence (beginning with the commercial reagent 2,3-O-isopropylidene-d-erythronolactone) with an average yield of 75% per step (overall yield: 0.1%). Our 1H NMR data for 1 do not coincide with the data reported for kedarcidin chromophore. We have re-analyzed the original data and here propose a stereochemical revision at position C10, the site of attachment of the l-mycarose carbohydrate residue to the chromophore core (structure 2).
Cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunosuppressed hosts. I. Natural history and effects of treatment with adenine arabinoside.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis presents with typical ophthalmologic appearance in patients with underlying immunosuppressive conditions. Fourteen patients with this disorder were diagnosed by culture of cytomegalovirus from urine or throat specimens, elevated complement fixation titers to cytomegalovirus, and characteristic funduscopic appearance. Ten of 11 had decreased CMV-specific cell-mediated immune responses. Three of seven who received no specific therapy improved after decreasing dosages of immunosuppressive drugs. Seven patients with progressive disease despite minimal immunosuppressive therapy were treated with adenine arabinoside at doses from 1 to 20 mg/kg of body weight per day. Daily dosages of 20 mg/kg . d in five patients were associated with decreased inflammatory activity and improvement of retinal lesions and quantitative decreases in urinary virus excretion. Adenine arabinoside administration was associated with significant gastrointestinal, hematologic, and neurologic side effects. Adenine arabinoside may have some beneficial effect on selected patients with progressive CMV retinitis.
Shocking Representation: Historical Trauma, National Cinema, and the Modern Horror Film

Shocking Representation: Historical Trauma, National Cinema, and the Modern Horror Film, Adam Lowenstein's first book, is a remarkable accomplishment in many ways. Readers who encountered earlier v...
THE JACOBITE UPRISING OF 1745 AND THE ECCLESIASTICAL PROVINCE OF YORK: ‘QUENCHING THE FLAME OF BOLD REBELLION’

Outside Scotland, no region of Great Britain felt the impact of the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745 more than the geographical region subsumed into the Church of England’s Province of York. From the You...
Anesthesia and Surgery: A Double‐Edged Sword for the Cancer Patient

All therapeutic modalities used in cancer patients are associated with immunosuppression. Anesthesia and surgery represent a double-edged sword. By removal of gross tumor in many patients a restoration of general immune responses can be documented. In addition, circulating antigen or antigen-antibody complexes which block tumor-specific immune responses can be abrogated by removal of bulk tumor. However, animal data indicates that certain anesthetic agents and major surgical procedures may enhance growth of micrometastatic tumor foci. One mechanism by which this occurs might be immunosuppression. The use of immunorestorative drugs in the perioperative period has been able to reverse this phenomenon in animal tumor models.
A new functional association-based protein complex prediction

Protein complexes serve as functional modules in various biological processes. Computational predication of protein complexes is one of the most important challenges in the post-genomic era. In this paper, we take into account the biological function of proteins to reconstruct protein-protein interaction networks and propose a functional association-based method (FABM) to predict protein complexes in S. cerevisiae. The results show that FABM outperforms MCODE, MCL, and SPICi in identifying non-overlapping protein complexes. Reconstruction of the PPI network as a preprocessing step also helps to improve the performance of other graph clustering algorithms.
Resistivity of dysprosium near the Neel temperature

Results are presented for the c-axis resistivity of dysprosium in the vicinity of the Neel temperature T/sub n/, which provide the first quantitative verification of the theory of scattering of electrons by spin fluctuations above TN in an antiferromagnet. Immediately below the transition the resistivity can be described by including the effects of phonon-smeared superzone-induced band gaps. (auth)
Nonlinear σ models with extended supersymmetry in four dimensions

Abstract Two nonlinear σ models are discussed which have N=2 supersymmetry in four dimensions. The first is globally supersymmetric on a noncompact field manifold. The second model involves a compact maniflod and requires coupling to N=2 supergravity for consistency. Upon reduction to three and two dimensions, both models have N=4 supersymmetry. In addition, the global model has vanishing (one-loop) charge renormalization in two dimensions.
Observation of material, thickness, and bremsstrahlung x-ray intensity dependent effects in moderate and high Z targets in a gamma and x-ray LIDAR experiment

Abstract A high energy gamma and x-ray LIDAR system consisting of a fast pulse (~50 ps, FWHM) LINAC and a Cherenkov detection system was used to investigate response differences among materials, their thicknesses, and bremsstrahlung x-ray intensities. The energies and pulse width of electrons used to produce bremsstrahlung x-rays were set at 20 or 40 MeV and 50 ps FWHM duration, respectively. The Cherenkov detector was built with a fused silica glass optically coupled to a 51 mm fast timing photomultiplier tube, which has an intrinsic energy threshold of 340.7 keV for Compton backscattered gammas. Such a fast detection system yields a coincidence resolving time of 93 ps FWHM, which is equivalent to a depth resolving capability of about 3 cm FWHM. The thicknesses of iron and lead targets were varied from 1 in. to 7 in. with a step of 1 in., and the thicknesses of DU were varied from 1/3 in. to 1 in. with a step of 1/3 in. The experimental results show that iron targets tend to produce a factor of five less observed x-rays and gammas, with less energetic photoelectron frequency distributions, compared with DU and lead targets for the same beam intensity and target thicknesses. Additionally, the self-shielding effect causes the lead to yield more gammas than the DU considering the experimental observation point. For the setup used in this study, a charge per pulse in the range of 1–2.5 nC yields the best resolving capability between the DU and lead targets.
Doing Theology Metaphysically: Austin Farrer

In the two decades since publication of Finite and Infinite made him visible from afar, Austin Farrer has exported from Oxford some thirty writings of uncommon range, acumen, and wit. By 1959 a reviewer in the TLS judged that “in Dr Farrer the academic world has one of the most interesting minds of the century….” His books, several of which issued from major lectureships, have been widely reviewed and cited in print; it has become an open secret that, in private, they have evoked fascination, puzzlement, and exasperation. Yet little sustained examination of his work has appeared. At a convergence of import and quandary such as this, I propose to examine the phase of Farrer's thought that has remained central for him, despite excursions into other genres — his philosophical theology. This article will center on his insistence upon doing that discipline metaphysically. For his insistence upon doing that, even out of season, provides a key to both his thought and its larger significance. After glancing at his response to opponents of this attempt, I shall inquire how certain metaphysical elements function in his account of our discourse about God and, in conclusion, essay some judgments about his achievement to date.
Challenging conventional f-element separation chemistry – reversing uranyl(VI)/lanthanide(III) solvent extraction selectivity

The water soluble tetradentate Schiff base, N,N′-bis(5-sulfonatosalicylidene)-diaminoethane (H2salen-SO3), will readily coordinate to the uranyl(VI) cation, but not to the same extent to trivalent lanthanide cations. This allows for the reversal of conventional solvent extraction properties and opens the possibility for novel separation processes.
Studies on the regulation of lymphocyte reactivity by normal and activated macrophages

Abstract To determine the potential role of macrophages as regulators of the immune response, the effect of mouse peritoneal macrophages on transforming mouse spleen lymphocytes was investigated. Mitogen and antigen stimulated lymphocyte transformation, as measured by DNA synthesis, was enhanced by all concentrations of normal macrophages tested, but only by low concentrations of activated macrophages. High concentrations of activated macrophages markedly inhibited lymphocyte transformation. This inhibition occurred whether lymphocyte DNA synthesis was measured by incorporation of [3H]TdR or of 32P. Activated macrophages cultured with lymphocytes within 4 hr of being removed from the peritoneal cavity inhibited lymphocyte transformation. When activated macrophages were cultured alone for 24 or more hours before addition of lymphocytes, enhancement of transformation was noted. Once lymphocytes were exposed to activated macrophages, they could not be induced to undergo transformation in the presence of Con A. Whereas heat-killed activated macrophages, which appeared intact morphologically, lost their capacity to inhibit lymphocyte transformation, macrophages treated with mitomycin C to inhibit DNA synthesis retained this capacity. Syngeneic and allogeneic macrophages had similar inhibitory ability. Supernatants from cultures of many cell types (including normal or activated macrophages, lymphocytes, lymphocytes plus macrophages, and L cells) inhibited [3H]TdR incorporation by both mitogen stimulated lymphocytes and tumor cells. These studies demonstrate the capacity of macrophages to regulate lymphocyte transformation in vitro and suggest a role for these cells as regulators of cell-mediated immunity in vivo.
Synthesis, structure, and one- and two-photon absorption properties of N-substituted 3,5-bisarylidenepropenpiperidin-4-ones

Abstract A series of 3,5-bisarylidenepropenpiperidin-4-one compounds with a D–π–A–π–D structure, containing donors (R1 = NEt2, NMe2) and terminal groups at the central nitrogen ring atom (R2 = H, Me, Et, P(O)(OEt)2) was synthesized with the goal of improving one- and two-photon absorption properties of the earlier designed compounds, which potential activity as photosensitizers was demonstrated with appeal of biological and spectroscopic data. Several of the compounds studied have a two photon absorption cross section approximately six times larger than previously measured for 3,5-bisarylidenemethylenpiperidin-4-ones with short alkene chains. Spectral data are discussed in connection with structural characteristics of studied materials.
Photon counting computed tomography: concept and initial results.

A concept of a photon counting cone beam CT is proposed. The system uses a new Multi Slit Multi Slice (MSMS) cone beam acquisition geometry utilizing a linear array photon countingdetectors. The MSMS cone beam acquisition is a direct analogy of the scanning multislit acquisition used in projection x-rayimaging. This geometry provides a CTimaging with dose efficient scatter rejection and allows for using available photon countingdetectors. The microchannel plate (MCP) detector is proposed as a linear array photon countingdetector for MSMS cone beam CT system. Initial testing of the MCP detector for CT application was performed. The field of view of the prototype MCP detector is 60 mm . A delay line position encoding electronics was used. The electronics has a single channel input for evaluation of events from the entire detector field of view. This limits the system count rate at 2 × 10 5 count ∕ s . The spatial resolution of this detector is 80 μ m FWHM at 40 kVp and 200 μ m FWHM at 90 kVp tube voltages. The detectornoise in CT projections is less than 1 count ∕ pixel for the 80 μ m pixel size. The CT projections contain quantum-limited and scatter free signal. Images of a contrast phantom and a small animal were acquired at 50 kVp and 80 kVp tube voltages. The CT numbers for different contrast elements were calculated for a given x-ray spectrum and compared with experimental values. The quantum efficiency of the current detector is 56% at 90 kVp , which is suboptimal because of the large channel diameter ( 25 μ m ) of these MCPs. The MCPs with smaller channels and higher efficiencies are being tested. The quantum efficiency was measured to be 70% for a new MCP with 5 μ m channel diameter. Design parameters of a clinically applicable photon counting MSMS cone beam CT for breast imaging was evaluated. System uses 20 cm field of view MCP detectors based on 5 μ m channel MCPs and high count rate ASIC electronics. It was concluded that the MSMS cone beam CT with a photon counting MCP detector is feasible for volume breast imaging.
Ophthalmology’s Characteristics as a Special1y, From an Information Science Viewpoint

Ophthalmology is the medical specialty most oriented toward outpatient care. Hospitalization of eye patients is necessary in only a small percentage of cases requiring surgery. Many more ophthalmologic patients have non-surgical diseases, and even more have no disease, but require preventive check-ups and eyeglasses for benign refractive conditions. Many patients are self-referred or referred non-specifically by other physicians. Ophthalmologic practice is like primary care, with a large throughput of patients, many of whom are normal. The ophthalmologist uses sophisticated instruments and does lengthy and difficult examinations in the private office, when gathering data on which to base medical judgments in the search for patients with serious disease. Data gathering is seldom delegated to distant laboratories. Getting medical information into a computer system poses serious problems that limit the present availability of computerized medical record keeping systems.