cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Latex Anaphylaxis During Spinal Surgery in Children with Myelomeningocele

Intra-operative anaphylaxis to latex involves cutaneous, respiratory and circulatory changes which may prove fatal if not promptly recognized and treated. It is estimated that 18 to 40 per cent of children with spina bifida may be affected by latex allergy. Current tests available lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity to be recommended as routine screening measures, therefore any allergic history in children with myelomeningocele should alert the clinician to the possibility that severe anaphylactic reactions may occur, especially when large mucosal and pleural-peritoneal surfaces are exposed, as noted in the four reported cases. Epinephrine is the drug of choice should a Type 1 reaction occur.
What is special about diffusion on scale-free nets?

We study diffusion (random walks) on recursive scale-free graphs and contrast the results to similar studies in other analytically soluble media. This allows us to identify ways in which diffusion in scale-free graphs is special. Most notably, scale-free architecture results in a faster transit time between existing nodes when the network grows in size; and walks emanating from the most connected nodes are recurrent, despite the network's infinite dimension. We also find that other attributes of the graph, besides its scale-free distribution, have a strong influence on the nature of diffusion.
Combustion Synthesis of Hexaaluminate Phosphors

Green phosphors of the composition Ce1-xTbxMgAl11O19 (0.1 0.5. Scanning electron microscopy images showed a well-crystallized, platelike morphology, with a particle size of 10-20 µm.
Smeared quantum phase transition in the dissipative random quantum Ising model

We investigate the quantum phase transition in the random transverse-field Ising model under the influence of Ohmic dissipation. To this end, we numerically implement a strong-disorder renormalization-group scheme. We find that Ohmic dissipation destroys the quantum critical point and the associated quantum Griffiths phase by smearing. Our results quantitatively confirm a recent theory [J.A. Hoyos, T. Vojta, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008) 240601] of smeared quantum phase transitions.
An Integrated Approach Toward the Dynamic Analysis of High-Speed Spindles: Part I—System Model

Experimental evidence (Shin, 1992) has shown that the natural frequencies of high-speed spindles with angular contact ball bearings decrease with increasing rotational speed. A recent study (Wang et al., 1991) illustrated that this phenomenon is caused by stiffness change of the bearings. A simplified approximation was used in the past analysis to examine the bearing radial stiffness at high speeds. While the investigation explained the experimental observations in a qualitative sense, the analytical results so far are not sufficient to quantitatively describe the spindle behavior under high speed and load operations due to the assumptions and approximations made in the modeling process. This paper presents an integrated approach toward the modeling of flexible spindles with angular contact ball bearings from basic principles. The local dynamics of the bearings are coupled with the global shaft motion. The model derived includes both the longitudinal and transverse vibrations of the shaft interacting with the nonlinear bearings. The influences of shaft speed on the bearing stiffness matrix and the system frequencies are studied. It is shown that the spindle dynamic behavior can vary substantially as speed increases due to the bearing gyroscopic moment and centrifugal force. These effects have been ignored in most of the previous spindle models. This unique characteristic, which is critical to high-speed machinery, is rigorously studied for the first time. Lab tests are conducted to validate the model. The analytical predictions are quantitatively verified by the experimental results.
Luminosity functions and star formation rates at z ∼ 6–10: Galaxy buildup in the reionization age

Abstract HST ACS and NICMOS data are now of sufficient depth and areal coverage to place strong constraints on the formation and evolution of galaxies during the first 1–2 Gyrs of the universe. Of particular interest are galaxies at z ∼ 6 since they represent the earliest epoch accessible to current high-efficiency optical instrumentation. To this end, we have been involved in the systematic construction of a large sample of 346 z ∼ 6 objects from all the deepest wide-area HST data (UDF, UDF-Parallel, and GOODS fields). They have been used to construct an optimal determination of the rest-frame continuum UV LF at z ∼ 6. Our LF extends to over 3 magnitudes below L*, fainter than has been done at z ∼ 3. Over the interval z ∼ 6 to z ∼ 3, we find strong evidence for evolution in the UV LF. Though we can thus far make no strong claims on an evolution of the faint end slope, the characteristic luminosity appears to have approximately doubled over the interval z ∼ 6 to z ∼ 3, consistent with hierarchical expectations. Remarkably, this shift to lower luminosities extends to even higher redshifts. Using all deep J + H NICMOS observations (800 orbits in total), we have been able to demonstrate that the bright end of the LF ( > 0.3 L z = 3 ∗ ) is at least 5 times lower at z ∼ 10 than at z ∼ 4, with a similar deficit being established from our recent detections and first statistical sample of z ∼ 7–8 galaxies using our UDF NICMOS data. In these precedings, we discuss what is known about the UV LF and UV luminosity density at z ∼ 6–10 from current data and its evolution relative to z ∼ 3. We also describe several exciting prospects for advance in this area over the next year.
Acoustic Emission Monitoring of the Cutting Process—Negating the Influence of Varying Conditions

Earlier work has shown tool failure monitoring using frequency-based pattern recognition analysis of acoustic emission signals to be feasible while machining under fixed cutting conditions. However, cutting conditions change quite frequently in industrial production, and since AE signals are affected by varying conditions, a model is developed based on Taylor’s expansion using experimental data obtained for various process variables and their output AE spectra, and is used to filter the influence of varying conditions on signal classification. The experimental study involved a fractional factorial experimental design which delineated effects of variables on AE generation during machining. Normalized AE spectra within the 100 to 1000 kHz range were used as system output along with the AE power. While the normalized spectra were found unaffected by changes in the depth of cut, the total AE power was also little affected by the mixed flank and crater wear, and feed rate changes. Using the model and filter designed, performance of the tool wear, chip noise and tool breakage classifier improved to 83, 99, and 97 percent classification, respectively.
A New Approach to the Dore —Venni Theorem

The present paper works out the link between the Dore-Venni theorem and the theory of analytic generators developped by I. Ciornescu and L. Zsid. The main result is an inverse theorem: on an UMD-Banach space, analytic generators of C0-groups and operators with bounded imaginary powers are the same. The maximal regularity theorem of G. Dore and A. Venni appears as a corollary of this fact.
Exchange Dynamical Quantum Groups

For any simple Lie algebra ? and any complex number q which is not zero or a nontrivial root of unity, %but may be equal to 1 we construct a dynamical quantum group (Hopf algebroid), whose representation theory is essentially the same as the representation theory of the quantum group Uq(?). This dynamical quantum group is obtained from the fusion and exchange relations between intertwining operators in representation theory of Uq(?), and is an algebraic structure standing behind these relations.
Gold(III)-catalyzed double hydroamination of o-alkynylaniline with terminal alkynes leading to N-vinylindoles.

A highly efficient double-hydroamination reaction of o-alkynylanilines with terminal alkynes leading to N-alkenylindoles was developed by using gold(III) as a catalyst under neat conditions.
Measuring deuterium enrichment of glucose hydrogen atoms by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

We developed a simple and accurate method for determining deuterium enrichment of glucose hydrogen atoms by electron impact gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). First, we prepared 18 deriv...
A comparative study of melt-rock reactions in the mantle: laboratory dissolution experiments and geological field observations

Systematic variations in mineralogy and chemical composition across dunite-harzburgite (DH) and dunite-harzburgite-lherzolite (DHL) sequences in the mantle sections of ophiolites have been widely observed. The compositional variations are due to melt-rock reactions as basaltic melts travel through mantle peridotite, and may be key attributes to understanding melting and melt transport processes in the mantle. In order to better understand melt-rock reactions in the mantle, we conducted laboratory dissolution experiments by juxtaposing a spinel lherzolite against an alkali basalt or a mid-ocean ridge basalt. The charges were run at 1 GPa and either 1,300°C or 1,320°C for 8–28 h. Afterward, the charges were slowly cooled to 1,200°C and 1 GPa, which was maintained for at least 24 h to promote in situ crystallization of interstitial melts. Cooling allowed for better characterization of the mineralogy and mineral compositional trends produced and observed from melt-rock reactions. Dissolution of lherzolite in basaltic melts with cooling results in a clinopyroxene-bearing DHL sequence, in contrast to sequences observed in previously reported isothermal-isobaric dissolution experiments, but similar to those observed in the mantle sections of ophiolites. Compositional variations in minerals in the experimental charges follow similar melt-rock trends suggested by the field observations, including traverses across DH and DHL sequences from mantle sections of ophiolites as well as clinopyroxene and olivine from clinopyroxenite, dunite, and wehrlite dikes and xenoliths. These chemical variations are controlled by the composition of reacting melt, mineralogy and composition of host peridotite, and grain-scale processes that occur at various stages of melt-peridotite reaction. We suggest that laboratory dissolution experiments are a robust model to natural melt-rock reaction processes and that clinopyroxene in replacive dunites in the mantle sections of ophiolites is genetically linked to clinopyroxene in cumulate dunite and pyroxenites through melt transport and melt-rock reaction processes in the mantle.
Modeling dielectric half-wave plates for cosmic microwave background polarimetry using a Mueller matrix formalism

We derive an analytic formula using the Mueller matrix formalism that parameterizes the nonidealities of a half-wave plate (HWP) made from dielectric antireflection-coated birefringent slabs. This model accounts for frequency-dependent effects at normal incidence, including effects driven by the reflections at dielectric boundaries. The model also may be used to guide the characterization of an instrument that uses a HWP. We discuss the coupling of a HWP to different source spectra, and the potential impact of that effect on foreground removal for the SPIDER cosmic microwave background experiment. We also describe a way to use this model in a mapmaking algorithm that fully corrects for HWP nonidealities.
Two-timing, variational principles and waves

In this paper, it is shown how the author's general theory of slowly varying wave trains may be derived as the first term in a formal perturbation expansion. In its most effective form, the perturbation procedure is applied directly to the governing variational principle and an averaged variational principle is established directly. This novel use of a perturbation method may have value outside the class of wave problems considered here. Various useful manipulations of the average Lagrangian are shown to be similar to the transformations leading to Hamilton's equations in mechanics. The methods developed here for waves may also be used on the older problems of adiabatic invariants in mechanics, and they provide a different treatment; the typical problem of central orbits is included in the examples.
Enantiomerically enriched α-vinyl amino acids via lipase-mediated “reverse transesterification”

Abstract Reduction of protected α-vinyl amino acids produces “neopentyl” alcohols that may be enriched in the L-antipode by lipase-mediated acylation with vinyl acetate. Subsequent deacetylation, oxidation and hydrolysis yields enantiomerically enriched L-α-vinyl amino acids.
A prospective study of acute illness in the nursing home.

Managing acute illness is an important aspect of medical care for nursing home residents, but little data is available on the nature of acute illness in this setting. The aims of this study were to determine the incidence, etiologies, risk factors and outcomes of acute illness in nursing home residents. This was a prospective cohort study of residents at one Veterans Administration nursing home (N=140). Acute illness episodes were identified prospectively for one year through staff interviews and medical record review. Etiologies of acute illness were determined based on standardized criteria. Subjects were followed for three years to determine hospital utilization, discharge location and survival. There were 113 acute illness episodes identified (0.59 episodes per subject per month). The most common etiologies were pneumonia (33% of episodes), and urinary tract infection (27%). Significant risk factors for acute illness included anemia, dependence in mobility and surveillance time (i.e., duration of time monitored for illness episodes) in the nursing home (model χ2 27.16, p<0.001). Subjects who developed acute illness had increased hospital utilization during the first year of follow-up (p=0.034); they were also less likely to be discharged home by both one year (χ2 12.37, p<0.001) and two years of follow-up (χ2 9.45, p=0.009). When hospice and respite residents with short stay were excluded, subjects who developed acute illness had lower 3-year survival (Log rank 4.97, p=0.026), and the rate of acute illness episodes (i.e., number per month monitored) predicted 3-year mortality (Cox proportional hazards, p<0.001). In conclusion, acute illness is extremely common among nursing home residents, and is most often due to infection. The occurrence of acute illness identifies residents who have increased hospital utilization, are less likely to return home, and have decreased long-term survival.
The First Catalytic, Asymmetric α-Additions of Isocyanides. Lewis-Base-Catalyzed, Enantioselective Passerini-Type Reactions

The first, catalytic, enantioselective α-additions of isocyanides to aldehydes have been demonstrated (Passerini-type reactions). The catalytic system of silicon tetrachloride and a chiral bisphosphoramide 5a provided high yields and good to excellent enantioselectivities for the addition of tert-butyl isocyanide to a wide range of aldehydes (aromatic, olefinic, acetylenic, aliphatic). Aqueous workup afforded the α-hydroxy tert-butyl amides, whereas methanolic quench followed by basic workup afforded the α-hydroxy methyl esters.
Analytic structure of Bloch functions for linear molecular chains

This paper deals with Hamiltonians of the form $H=\ensuremath{-}{\mathbit{\ensuremath{\nabla}}}^{2}+v(\mathbf{r})$, with $v(\mathbf{r})$ periodic along the $z$ direction, $v(x,y,z+b)=v(x,y,z)$, and $x$, $y$ confined in a finite domain. The wave functions of $H$ are the well-known Bloch functions ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n,\ensuremath{\lambda}}(\mathbf{r})$, with the fundamental property ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n,\ensuremath{\lambda}}(x,y,z+b)=\ensuremath{\lambda}{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n,\ensuremath{\lambda}}(x,y,z)$ and ${\ensuremath{\partial}}_{z}{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n,\ensuremath{\lambda}}(x,y,z+b)=\ensuremath{\lambda}{\ensuremath{\partial}}_{z}{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n,\ensuremath{\lambda}}(x,y,z)$. We give the generic analytic structure (i.e., the Riemann surface) of ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n,\ensuremath{\lambda}}(\mathbf{r})$ and their corresponding energy ${E}_{n}(\ensuremath{\lambda})$ as functions of $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. We show that ${E}_{n}(\ensuremath{\lambda})$ and ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n,\ensuremath{\lambda}}(x,y,z)$ are different branches of two multivalued analytic functions, $E(\ensuremath{\lambda})$ and ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}(x,y,z)$, with an essential singularity at $\ensuremath{\lambda}=0$ and additional branch points, which are generically of order 1 and 3, respectively. We show where these branch points come from, how they move when we change the potential, and how to estimate their location. Based on these results, we give two applications: a compact expression of the Green's function and a discussion of the asymptotic behavior of the density matrix for insulating molecular chains.
Procedure cloning: a transformation for improved system-level functional partitioning

Functional partitioning assigns the functions of a system's program-like specification among system components, such as standard-software and custom-hardware processors. We introduce a new transformation, called procedure cloning, that significantly improves functional partitioning results. The transformation creates a clone of a procedure for sole use by a particular procedure caller, so the clone can be assigned to the caller's processor, which in turn improves performance through reduced communication. Heuristics are used to prevent the exponential size increase that could occur if cloning were done indiscriminately. We introduce a variety of cloning heuristics, highlight experiments demonstrating the improvements obtained using cloning, and compare the various cloning heuristics.
Near-infrared photopolarimeter for astronomical observations.

Abstract The construction of a near-infrared ( 1.9–2.5 μm) photopolarimeter for linear polarization analysis and corresponding testing is described. Details of the polarimetric components are shown. A description is given of the manufacture and features of a mica sheet half-wave phase retarder, which allows the rotation of the polarization plane of incident radiation in front of an analyzer. Observations of radiation from the planet Mars and a few standard unpolarized stars, utilizing the bent Cassegrain-type reflector (1.37m dia) of the Merate Observatory, are reported. The interpretation of measurements, in terms of the extraction of information on polarization percentages from experimental curves, is obtained by means of an analytical treatment which involves the behaviour of the incident light passing through the instrumental components.
Sequential Detection of Multiple Change Points in Networks: A Graphical Model Approach

We propose a probabilistic formulation that enables sequential detection of multiple change points in a network setting. We present a class of sequential detection rules for certain functionals of change points (minimum among a subset), and prove their asymptotic optimality in terms of expected detection delay. Drawing from graphical model formalism, the sequential detection rules can be implemented by a computationally efficient message-passing protocol which may scale up linearly in network size and in waiting time. The effectiveness of our inference algorithm is demonstrated by simulations.
State-Space Methods for Designing Digital Simulations of Continuous Fixed Linear Systems

Four somewhat different methods are presented. Method I is an interpolative method, suitable for many all-digital simulations. Method II is an extrapolative method, suitable for hybrid analog-digital simulations and cases involving closed-loop systems with nonlinearities. Method I calculates values of the output vector y and state vector q at t = nT, using values of the input vector, x, at times t = nT and (n-1) T. Method II is quite similar, except that the calculations use values of the input at t=(n-1)T and (n-2)T, so that these samples may be received from an external signal source (e.g., an A/D converter) and used to calculate output samples at t = nT. Both methods use straight-line approximations for the input signals between sample instants. Method I uses closed linear interpolation analogous to a nonrealizable first-order hold. Method II uses open linear extrapolation analogous to a realizable first-order hold. Methods III and IV are preferable for simulating systems with step (discontinuous) inputs.
Insurance Underwriter or Financial Development Fund: What Role for Reserve Pooling in Latin America?

The accumulation of international reserves by emerging markets raises the question of how to best utilize these funds. This paper explores two routes through which the pooling of reserves could enhance stability and welfare. First, the reserve pool could be used for emergency lending in response to sudden stops. Second, a portion of the reserve pool along with borrowed funds could be used to purchase contingent debt securities issued by governments and corporations, helping to solve the first-mover problem that limits the liquidity of markets in these instruments and hinders their acceptance by private investors. This paper argues that the second option is more likely to be feasible and productive.
The Euler–Poisson System in 2D: Global Stability of the Constant Equilibrium Solution

We consider the (repulsive) Euler-Poisson system for the electrons in two dimensions and prove that small smooth perturbations of a constant background exist for all time and remain smooth (never develop shocks). This extends to 2D the work of Guo [6].
Envy freedom and prior-free mechanism design

Abstract We consider the provision of an abstract service to single-dimensional agents. Our model includes position auctions, single-minded combinatorial auctions, and constrained matching markets. When the agents' values are drawn independently from a distribution, the Bayesian optimal mechanism is given by Myerson [1] as a virtual-surplus optimizer. We develop a framework for prior-free mechanism design and analysis. A good mechanism in our framework approximates the optimal mechanism for the distribution if there is a distribution; moreover, when there is no distribution this mechanism still provably performs well. We define and characterize optimal envy-free outcomes in symmetric single-dimensional environments. Our characterization mirrors Myerson's theory. Furthermore, unlike in mechanism design where there is no point-wise optimal mechanism, there is always a point-wise optimal envy-free outcome. Envy-free outcomes and incentive-compatible mechanisms are similar in structure and performance. We therefore use the optimal envy-free revenue as a benchmark for measuring the performance of a prior-free mechanism. A good mechanism is one that approximates the envy-free benchmark on any profile of agent values. We show that good mechanisms exist, and in particular, a natural generalization of the random sampling auction of Goldberg et al. [2] is a constant approximation.
Risk analysis during tunnel construction using Bayesian Networks: Porto Metro case study

Abstract This paper presents a methodology to systematically assess and manage the risks associated with tunnel construction. The methodology consists of combining a geologic prediction model that allows one to predict geology ahead of the tunnel construction, with a construction strategy decision model that allows one to choose amongst different construction strategies the one that leads to minimum risk. This model used tunnel boring machine performance data to relate to and predict geology. Both models are based on Bayesian Networks because of their ability to combine domain knowledge with data, encode dependencies among variables, and their ability to learn causal relationships. The combined geologic prediction–construction strategy decision model was applied to a case, the Porto Metro, in Portugal. The results of the geologic prediction model were in good agreement with the observed geology, and the results of the construction strategy decision support model were in good agreement with the construction methods used. Very significant is the ability of the model to predict changes in geology and consequently required changes in construction strategy. This risk assessment methodology provides a powerful tool with which planners and engineers can systematically assess and mitigate the inherent risks associated with tunnel construction.
Proving abstractions of dynamical systems through numerical simulations

A key question that arises in rigorous analysis of cyberphysical systems under attack involves establishing whether or not the attacked system deviates significantly from the ideal allowed behavior. This is the problem of deciding whether or not the ideal system is an abstraction of the attacked system. A quantitative variation of this question can capture how much the attacked system deviates from the ideal. Thus, algorithms for deciding abstraction relations can help measure the effect of attacks on cyberphysical systems and to develop attack detection strategies. In this paper, we present a decision procedure for proving that one nonlinear dynamical system is a quantitative abstraction of another. Directly computing the reach sets of these nonlinear systems are undecidable in general and reach set over-approximations do not give a direct way for proving abstraction. Our procedure uses (possibly inaccurate) numerical simulations and a model annotation to compute tight approximations of the observable behaviors of the system and then uses these approximations to decide on abstraction. We show that the procedure is sound and that it is guaranteed to terminate under reasonable robustness assumptions.
On embeddings of Mori dream spaces

General criteria are given for when an embedding of a Mori dream space into another satisfies certain nice combinatorial conditions on some of their associated cones. An explicit example of such an embedding is studied, specifically how a non-toric del Pezzo surface embeds into a toric variety in this manner.
Stress, allostatic load, catecholamines, and other neurotransmitters in neurodegenerative diseases

As populations age, the prevalence of geriatric neurodegenerative diseases will increase. These diseases generally are multifactorial, arising from complex interactions among genes, environment, concurrent morbidities, treatments, and time. This essay provides a concept for the pathogenesis of Lewy body diseases such as Parkinson disease, by considering them in the context of allostasis and allostatic load. Allostasis reflects active, adaptive processes that maintain apparent steady states, via multiple, interacting effectors regulated by homeostatic comparators—“homeostats.” Stress can be defined as a condition or state in which a sensed discrepancy between afferent information and a setpoint for response leads to activation of effectors, reducing the discrepancy. “Allostatic load” refers to the consequences of sustained or repeated activation of mediators of allostasis. From the analogy of an idling car, the revolutions per minute of the engine can be maintained at any of a variety of levels (allostatic states). Just as allostatic load (cumulative wear and tear) reflects design and manufacturing variations, byproducts of combustion, and time, eventually leading to engine breakdown, allostatic load in catecholaminergic neurons might eventually lead to Lewy body diseases. Central to the argument is that catecholaminergic neurons leak vesicular contents into the cytoplasm continuously during life and that catecholamines in the neuronal cytoplasm are autotoxic. These neurons therefore depend on vesicular sequestration to limit autotoxicity of cytosolic transmitter. Parkinson disease might be a disease of the elderly because of allostatic load, which depends on genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, repeated stress-related catecholamine release, and time.
Superfluid Density of 4He Films Adsorbed in Porous MCM-41 Ceramic

The superfluid transition of 4He films adsorbed in MCM-41 ceramic with 40-Â-diameter, micron-length cylindrical channels is studied with a torsion oscillator technique. For film coverages above 1.7 layers a finite-size Kosterlitz-Thouless transition becomes apparent in the data, with considerable broadening of the KT jump of the superfluid fraction. With decreasing helium coverage the extent of the broadening increases, indicating that the vortex core size is increasing. The data is consistent with the Machta-Guyer theory of the KT transition in a cylindrical channel, but with a coverage-dependent vortex core size. At low temperatures a linear decrease of the superfluid fraction with temperature is observed, indicating a zero-dimensional excitation.
Uniqueness theorems and ideal structure for Leavitt path algebras

Abstract We prove Leavitt path algebra versions of the two uniqueness theorems of graph C ∗ -algebras. We use these uniqueness theorems to analyze the ideal structure of Leavitt path algebras and give necessary and sufficient conditions for their simplicity. We also use these results to give a proof of the fact that for any graph E the Leavitt path algebra L C ( E ) embeds as a dense ∗-subalgebra of the graph C ∗ -algebra C ∗ ( E ) . This embedding has consequences for graph C ∗ -algebras, and we discuss how we obtain new information concerning the construction of C ∗ ( E ) .
Microwave-assisted Protection of Primary Amines as 2,5-Dimethylpyrroles and Their Orthogonal Deprotection

Primary amines can be readily doubly protected as N-substituted 2,5-dimethylpyrroles. Although this protecting group is stable toward strong bases and nucleophiles, long reaction times are required for both the protection and deprotection steps, generally resulting in low deprotection yields. By employing microwave irradiation, protection and deprotection reaction times are dramatically reduced. Furthermore, deprotection with dilute hydrochloric acid in ethanol increases reaction yields. Diverse deprotection conditions have been developed in conjunction with microwave irradiation, so that protection as an N-substituted 2,5-dimethylpyrrole can be orthogonal to other standard amine protecting groups, such as tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), carbobenzyloxy (Cbz), and 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc).
Lightning-Induced Transients on Buried Shielded Transmission Lines

This paper is primarily concerned with the analysis of induced transient current and voltage surges on buried shielded transmission lines due to earth-conduction effects of nearby lightning discharges. An analytical method is presented in this paper to model the conductive coupling mechanisms in the earth and to determine the amount of coupling between a lightning discharge to ground and an earth-return transmission line. The transmission line is assumed to be a long straight horizontal coaxial cable with an inner shield and an outer armor, terminated on both ends with typical communication-equipment load impedances. The general case is considered here, in which the outermost conductor is not necessarily in perfect contact with the conducting earth, but has a contact impedance with the earth, as in cables with an outer dielectric covering for corrosion or water protection. Average lightning-channel conditions and a representative buriedcable geometry are examined. The results are conveniently displayed via several graphs of the time histories of the resulting transient current and voltage surges.
A classification of the stable type of BG

We give a classification of the $p$--local stable homotopy type of $BG$, where $G$ is a finite group, in purely algebraic terms. $BG$ is determined by conjugacy classes of homomorphisms from $p$--groups into $G$. This classification greatly simplifies if $G$ has a normal Sylow $p$--subgroup; the stable homotopy types then depends only on the Weyl group of the Sylow $p$--subgroup. If $G$ is cyclic mod $p$ then $BG$ determines $G$ up to isomorphism. The last class of groups is important because in an appropriate Grothendieck group $BG$ can be written as a unique linear combination of $BH$'s, where $H$ is cyclic mod $p$.
Enhancement of the reflectivity of multilayer x-ray mirrors by ion polishing

The performance of multilayer x-ray mirrors is improved by smoothing the boundaries within the multilayer stack with ion bombardment at grazing angles of incidence. The process is applied to Co-C and to RhRu-C mirrors for normal incidence telescopes at X = 63.5and 114 A, and the reflectivity is increased by a factor of 2 in both cases. Accumulation of roughness during deposition is eliminated. An estimate ofthe presently achievable reflectivity for normal incidence mirrors in the X = 44 to 1 20 A wavelength range is given.
Six years of BeppoSAX observations of blazars: A spectral catalog

We present a spectral catalog for blazars based on the BeppoSAX archive. The sample includes 44 High-energy peaked BL Lacs (HBLs), 14 Low-energy peaked BL Lacs (LBLs), and 28 Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars (FSRQs). A total of 168 LECS, MECS, and PDS spectra were analyzed, corresponding to observations taken in the period 1996−2002. The 0.1−50 keV continuum of LBLs and FSRQs is generally fitted by a single power law with Galactic column density. A minority of the observations of LBLs (25%) and FSRQs (15%) is best fitted by more complex models like the broken power law or the continuously curved parabola. These latter models provide also the best description for half of the HBL spectra. Complex models are more frequently required for sources with fluxes F2−10 keV > 10 −11 erg cm −2 s −1 , corresponding to spectra with higher signal-to-noise ratio. As a result, considering sources with flux above this threshold, the percentage of spectra requiring those models increases for all the classes. We note that there is a net separation of X-ray spectral properties between HBLs on one side, and LBLs and FSRQs on the other, the distinction between LBLs and FSRQs is more blurry. This is most likely related to ambiguities in the optical classification of the two classes.
Homological invariants of modules over contracting endomorphisms

It is proved that when R is a local ring of positive characteristic, \({\phi\colon R{\to} R}\) is its Frobenius endomorphism, and some non-zero finite R-module has finite flat dimension or finite injective dimension for the R-module structure induced through \({\phi}\) , then R is regular. This broad generalization of Kunz’s characterization of regularity in positive characteristic is deduced from a theorem concerning a local ring R with residue field of k of arbitrary characteristic: If \({\phi}\) is a contracting endomorphism of R, then the Betti numbers and the Bass numbers over \({\phi}\) of any non-zero finitely generated R-module grow at the same rate, on an exponential scale, as the Betti numbers of k over R.
Twisted supersymmetric gauge theories and orbifold lattices

We examine the relation between twisted versions of the extended supersymmetric gauge theories and supersymmetric orbifold lattices. In particular, for the = 4 SYM in d = 4, we show that the continuum limit of orbifold lattice reproduces the twist introduced by Marcus, and the examples at lower dimensions are usually Blau-Thompson type. The orbifold lattice point group symmetry is a subgroup of the twisted Lorentz group, and the exact supersymmetry of the lattice is indeed the nilpotent scalar supersymmetry of the twisted versions. We also introduce twisting in terms of spin groups of finite point subgroups of R-symmetry and spacetime symmetry.
Intersection cohomology of hypertoric varieties

A hypertoric variety is a quaternionic analogue of a toric variety. Just as the topology of toric varieties is closely related to the combinatorics of polytopes, the topology of hypertoric varieties interacts richly with the combinatorics of hyperplane arrangements and matroids. Using finite field methods, we obtain combinatorial descriptions of the Betti numbers of hypertoric varieties, both for ordinary cohomology in the smooth case and intersection cohomology in the singular case. We also introduce a conjectural ring structure on the intersection cohomology of a hypertoric variety.
A fuzzy linguistic model for the prediction of carpal tunnel syndrome risks in an occupational environment

This research presents the development and evaluation of a fuzzy linguistic model designated to predict the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in an occupational setting. CTS has become one of the largest problems facing ergonomists and the medical community because it is developing in epidemic proportions within the occupational environment. In addition, practitioners are interested in identifying accurate methods for evaluating the risk of CTS in an occupational setting. It is hypothesized that many factors impact an individual's likelihood of developing CTS and the eventual development of CTS. This disparity in the occurrence of CTS for workers with similar backgrounds and work activities has confused researchers and has been a stumbling block in the development of a model for widespread use in evaluating the development of CTS. Thus this research is an attempt to develop a method that can be used to predict the likelihood of CTS risk in a variety of environments. The intent is that this model will be applied eventually in an occupational setting, thus model development was focused on a method that provided a usable interface and the desired system inputs can also be obtained without the benefit of a medical practitioner. The methodology involves knowledge acquisition to identify and categorize a holistic set of risk factors that include task-related, personal, and organizational categories. The determination of relative factor importance was accomplished using analytic hierarchy processing (AHP) analysis. Finally a mathematical representation of the CTS risk was accomplished by utilizing fuzzy set theory in order to quantify linguistic input parameters. An evaluation of the model including determination of sensitivity and specificity is conducted and the results of the model indicate that the results are fairly accurate and this method has the potential for widespread use. A significant aspect of this research is the comparison of this technique to other methods for assessing presence of CTS. The results of this evaluation technique are compared with more traditional methods for assessing the presence of CTS.
Agricultural-Related Chemical Exposures, Season of Conception, and Risk of Gastroschisis in Washington State

A number of studies have linked agrichemical exposure in pregnancy to a remarkable increase in the incidence of gastroschisis and other birth defects. Several organic chemicals, solvents, teratogens, and cyclooxygenase inhibitors, specifically related to agricultural exposure, may be associated with the reported 2-fold increase in the prevalence of gastroschisis over the last 30 years. One of these agents, atrazine, is an organic compound used mainly to stop the spread of weeds among agricultural crops. This chemical has been shown to have embryotoxic and embryolethal effects in rodents, and to be associated with hermaphroditism and retarded gonadal development in male frogs exposed to polluted surface water. This retrospective, case-controlled study investigated whether periconceptional exposure to agrichemical herbicides and increased exposure in utero was associated with the development of gastroschisis. Pregnancies were evaluated for maternal periconceptional and first-trimester exposure to atrazine and other agricultural chemicals. Information obtained from Washington State birth certificate and hospital discharge data on all live-born singleton infants with gastroschisis was linked to US Geological Survey data on surface water concentrations of agricultural pollutants. The investigators calculated the distance between each woman's residence, using her zip code and the closest geographic site of increased exposure to each individual agrichemical. The association between exposure to contaminated surface water and risk of gastroschisis was analyzed, using multivariate logistic regression. The control group was selected randomly from all Washington State singleton live births. The study population was comprised of 4421 infants: 805 infants with gastroschisis and 3616 control subjects. The data showed that gastroschisis occurred more frequently among infants whose mothers resided <25 km from a site of high surface water contamination with atrazine (odds ratio = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1―2.3). There was an inverse relationship between the risk of gastroschisis and the distance between maternal residence and the closest site with increased atrazine (P = 0.049). A seasonal variation in the prevalence of gastroschisis was noted, with a peak during spring conception, a time of high use of agrichemicals. Multivariate analysis showed that spring conception, nulliparity, and tobacco use were independent predictive factors for gastroschisis. These findings indicate a clear relationship between exposure to surface water atrazine and increased prevalence of gastroschisis, especially when conception occurs in the spring.
Some syzygies of the generators of the ideal of a border basis scheme

A border basis scheme is an affine scheme that can be viewed as an open subscheme of the Hilbert scheme of μ points of affine n-space. We study syzygies of the generators of a border basis scheme’s defining ideal. These generators arise as the entries of the commutators of certain matrices (the “generic multiplication matrices”). We consider two families of syzygies that are closely connected to these matrices: the first arises from the Jacobi identity, and the second from the fact that the trace of a commutator is 0. Several examples of both types of syzygy are presented, including a proof that the border basis schemes in case n = 2 are complete intersections.
Recent progress in commensurate-incommensurate phase transformations

Abstract Three topics are discussed. (i) The nature of long wavelength excitations in Hg 3−δ AsF 6 , where gapless excitations in addition to the conventional acoustic modes are observed. (ii) Thiourea, in which new commensurate phases can be induced by an external electric field. (iii) Discommensurations in 2HTaSe 2 , where recent electron diffraction and high resolution X-ray data combine with neutron results to establish a quite complex and subtle behaviour.
Personality subtypes in adolescents with eating disorders: validation of a classification approach

Research has identified three personality subtypes in adults with eating disorders (EDs): a high-functioning, an undercontrolled, and an overcontrolled group. The current study investigated whether similar personality prototypes exist in adolescents with EDs, and whether these personality prototypes show relationships to external correlates indicative of diagnostic validity. Methods: Experienced clinicians from an adolescent practice-research network provided data on ED symptoms, DSM-IV comorbidity, personality pathology, and family and developmental history for 120 adolescent patients with EDs. Results: Consistent with the findings from the adult literature, three types of personality pathology emerged in adolescents: High functioning/Perfectionistic, Emotionally Dysregulated, and Avoidant/Depressed. The High-functioning prototype showed negative associations with comorbidity and positive associations with treatment response. The Emotionally Dysregulated prototype was specifically associated with externalizing Axis I and Cluster B Axis II disorders, poor school functioning, and adverse events in childhood. The Avoidant/Depressed prototype showed specific associations with internalizing Axis I and Clusters A Axis II disorders, poor peer relationships, poor maternal relationships, and internalizing disorders in first-degree relatives. Conclusions: These data support the presence of at least three diagnostically meaningful personality prototypes in adolescents with EDs, similar to those found previously in adults. Diagnosis of adolescents with EDs may be usefully supplemented by the assessment of personality style.
Topological rearrangements and stress fluctuations in quasi-two-dimensional hopper flow of emulsions

We experimentally study the shear flow of oil-in-water emulsion droplets in a thin sample chamber with a hopper shape. In this thin chamber, the droplets are quasi-2D in shape. The sample is at an area fraction above jamming and forced to flow with a constant flux rate. Stresses applied to a droplet from its neighbors deform the droplet outline, and this deformation is quantified to provide an ad hoc measure of the stress. As the sample flows through the hopper we see large fluctuations of the stress, similar in character to what has been seen in other flows of complex fluids. Periods of time with large decreases in stress are correlated with bursts of elementary rearrangement events (“T1 events” where four droplets rearrange). More specifically, we see a local relationship between these observations: a T1 event decreases the inter-droplet forces up to 3 droplet diameters away from the event. This directly connects microscopic structural changes to macroscopic fluctuations, and confirms theoretical pictures of local rearrangements influencing nearby regions. These local rearrangements are an important means of reducing and redistributing stresses within a flowing material.
Land Tenure Insecurity and Labor Allocation in Rural China

Farmers' ability to leave agriculture is an important and debated topic in China and other countries. Many scholars believe China's unique land tenure policies prevent farmers from leaving agriculture. This paper examines the hypothesis that China's land tenure system deters exit from agriculture using household level data from Northeast China.
Description Logic Representation of Finite Element Analysis Models for Automated Retrieval

Adaptive reuse of archived parametric finite element analysis (FEA) models involves integration of new information into archived models to model similar new problems. Retrieval of relevant archived models and supporting documents from electronic repositories is difficult when a modeler is unable to describe information needs precisely in a query using keywords. The use of description logic (DL) concepts to describe archived models and build expandable classification hierarchies to facilitate retrieval is proposed and illustrated. A domain-independent retrieval algorithm based on the traversal of description logic concept hierarchies is introduced. The usefulness of the approach is asserted by showing that precise classifications of FEA models can be automatically computed from semantically rich representations in a fairly inexpressive DL using subsumption. The usefulness of subsumption hierarchies for efficient retrieval of FEA models illustrates the benefits of DL for their automated management.
Using separation algorithms in fixed dimension

Abstract Consider a convex set in d dimensions. Assume that we are given a separation subroutine which, given a point, tells us whether this point is in the set. Moreover, if the point is not in the set, the subroutine separates the point from the set by a hyperplane. We show that, if d is fixed and the separation subroutine is linear in the input vector (by “linear” we mean that each comparison made by the subroutine is between two expressions that can be written as linear functions of the input vector), this implies that one can optimize a linear objective function over the convex set in time polynomial in the number of arithmetic operations used by the separation subroutine. We apply this result to extend the class of linear programms solvable in strongly polynomial time. We show that a problem can be solved in strongly polynomial time if, by deleting a constant number of rows and columns, it can be converted to a problem which is already known to be solvable in strongly polynomial time. For example, this yields a strongly polynomial algorithm for the concurrent multi-commodity flow problem.