cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Directed Method for Bioinspired Design

Bioinspired design, the practice of looking to nature to find inspiration for engineering design, is becoming an increasingly desired approach to design. It allows designers to tap a wealth of time-tested solutions to difficult problems in a domain rarely considered by designers. Only recently have researchers developed organized, systematic methods for bioinspired design. These methods include BioTRIZ, an extension of functional modeling for bioinspired design, engineering-to-biology keyword translation tools, and specialized design tools like DANE and SAPPHIRE. These organized methods are currently active research efforts. Traditionally, however, bioinspired design has been conducted without the benefit of any organized method. Without the support of formal methods, designers have relied on the “directed method” of bioinspired design. The directed method approach simply directs designers to consider how nature might approach a problem in order to help designers find solutions. This paper presents an experiment to explore the impact upon idea generation of simply contemplating how nature would solve a design problem. This experiment is foundationally important to bioinspired engineering design method research. The results of this experiment serve as a fundamental baseline and benchmark for the comparison of more systematic, and often more involved, bioinspired design methods.A group of 121 novice designers are given one of two design problems and instructed to either generate solutions using the “directed method,” considering how nature would solve the problem, or to generate solutions without being prompted to use any method. Based on the findings presented here, the directed method offers designers no advantage in the average number of non-redundant ideas the designers can produce, the average quality of their solutions, the average solution novelty, or the variety of solutions proposed. Overall, this investigation finds no significant difference in idea generation between the directed method and the control condition. In conclusion, systematic and organized methods for bioinspired design should instead be sought to effectively leverage nature’s design knowledge.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
A Continuous Quality Improvement Process to Increase Organ and Tissue Donation

The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 mandated that hospitals must identify potential organ and tissue donors, notify an organ procurement organization of the potential donor, and inform family members regarding the opportunity to donate organs and tissues. Although the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations requires that hospitals comply with this statute, no standard for documenting compliance exists. A continuous quality improvement process was developed at one institution to define a policy, educate staff, and document and monitor compliance. The number of referrals to the organ procurement organization and the number of organ and tissue donors were found to increase. These observations suggest that implementation of a continuous quality improvement process that ensures compliance with organ procurement regulations might increase the number of organ and tissue donors.
It's a wonderful life: mentally subtracting positive events improves people's affective states, contrary to their affective forecasts.

The authors hypothesized that thinking about the absence of a positive event from one’s life would improve affective states more than thinking about the presence of a positive event but that people would not predict this when making affective forecasts. In Studies 1 and 2, college students wrote about the ways in which a positive event might never have happened and was surprising or how it became part of their life and was unsurprising. As predicted, people in the former condition reported more positive affective states. In Study 3, college student forecasters failed to anticipate this effect. In Study 4, Internet respondents and university staff members who wrote about how they might never have met their romantic partner were more satisfied with their relationship than were those who wrote about how they did meet their partner. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for the literatures on gratitude induction and counterfactual reasoning.
Export intention, beliefs, and behaviors in smaller industrial firms

Abstract This article reports results from a portion of a longitudinal study of exporting firms where the relationships among managers' beliefs about exporting, their export intentions, subsequent exporting behavior, and further future exporting intentions are examined. A set of small and medium-sized New England firms, primarily industrial product manufacturers, were queried in 1988 and again in late 1991. Respondents to the initial study included 78% of the 206 firms in the population, whereas 102 of 182 firms responded to the follow-up study, yielding a response rate of 56%. Of these, 77 firms had participated in the initial study, and it is these firms which provide the longitudinal data examined here. In general, the results indicate a relationship between export intentions and managers' beliefs about the value of exporting to their own firms, between export intentions and current performance, between export intentions and subsequent export intentions, between subsequent export intentions and performance in the previous period, and between export intentions and firm size. However, no relationships could be shown between export intention and actual subsequent behavior or between export intention and subsequent export performance. Overall, data support the thesis that learning affects results, whereas results, in turn, spur further learning.
A Model for Evaluating Sensitivity and Specificity for Correlated Diagnostic Tests in Efficacy Studies with an Imperfect Reference Test

Abstract The purpose of a diagnostic efficacy study is to evaluate and compare the sensitivities and specificities of several diagnostic tests. Usually the diagnostic tests are correlated conditional on disease status, and the reference test is subject to error. In the Chlamydia trachomatis study, five screening tests for detecting chlamydia in endocervical specimens were compared. The five tests are correlated, and the reference test (the cell culture test) has less than 100% sensitivity. The conventional method ignores both the correlations between the tests and the misclassification of the reference test and thus cannot provide a valid analysis. We propose a model to evaluate and compare the sensitivities and specificities of correlated diagnostic tests when there is either an imperfect reference test or even no reference test. The model also can estimate the effects of covariates. It is a generalized linear mixed model with two unobserved variables, one continuous and one dichotomous. We use a hybrid ...
Exploring the Origins of the Normal Prostate and Prostate Cancer Stem Cell

Prostate epithelial stem cells (PSCs) are primed by the urogenital mesenchyme to initiate bud formation and branching morphogenesis, ultimately culminating in a glandular structure composed of luminal, basal and neuroendocrine cells. Identity of this cell has remained elusive however cell populations enriched for cells exhibiting stem cell characteristics express the stem cell markers CD133+, α2β1hi, CD44 and Sca-1 along with embryonic stem cell factors including Oct-1, Nanog, Sox2 and nestin. Androgens are critical to prostate organogenesis and play a major role in normal prostate function and the development of prostate cancer. Cell lineage is another variable in the development of prostate cancer. This review discusses the embryonic prostate stem cell niche, normal prostate development, isolation and characterization of normal prostate and prostate cancer stem cells, and current concepts on the origin of prostate cancer.
Tracking the effects of comparative and noncomparative advertising with relative and nonrelative measures: A further examination of the framing correspondence hypothesis

Abstract The framing correspondence hypothesis proposes that a measure's ability to detect advertising effects depends on the degree of correspondence between the encoding frame used during ad processing and the measure's response frame. Consistent with this hypothesis, prior research has shown that relative measures are more sensitive than nonrelative measures in tracking the effects of ads which encourage a relative encoding frame (e.g., comparative ads). The present study provides further support for the framing correspondence hypothesis by demonstrating that whereas relative measures are superior for assessing comparative advertising effects, nonrelative measures may outperform their relative counterparts when ads are processed with a nonrelative encoding frame.
Semiparametric Mixed-Effects Models for Clustered Failure Time Data

The Cox proportional hazards model with a random effect has been proposed for the analysis of data which consist of a large number of small clusters of correlated failure time observations. The class of linear transformation models provides many useful alternatives to the Cox model for analyzing univariate failure time data. In this article, we generalize these models by incorporating random effects, which generate the dependence among the failure times within the cluster, to handle correlated data. Inference and prediction procedures for such random effects models are proposed. They are relatively simple compared with the methods based on the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimators for the Cox frailty model in the literature. Our proposals are illustrated with a data set from a well-known eye study. Extensive numerical studies are conducted to evaluate various robustness properties of the new procedures.
Excreta analysis on additional cockroach species and the house cricket.

Abstract 1. Excreta from ten additional species of cockroaches have been analyzed for the presence of uric acid. 2. Uric acid is voided only by Parcoblatta pennsylvanica which belongs to the subfamily Blattellinae. 3. The urate voiding mechanism appears to be the same as for three other species of this subfamily previously studied. 4. Internal urate deposits were demonstrated in eight species. 5. The house cricket voids a uniform, uric acid-containing excreta, but retains only small amounts of uric acid internally.
The role of tryptophan in the ferredoxin-dependent nitrite reductase of spinach.

A system has been developed for expressing a His-tagged form of the ferredoxin-dependent nitrite reductase of spinach in Escherichia coli. The catalytic and spectral properties of the His-tagged, recombinant enzyme are similar, but not identical, to those previously observed for nitrite reductase isolated directly from spinach leaf. A detailed comparison of the spectral, catalytic and fluorescence properties of nitrite reductase variants, in which each of the enzyme’s eight tryptophan residues has been replaced using site-directed mutagenesis by either aromatic or non-aromatic amino acids, has been used to examine possible roles for tryptophan residues in the reduction of nitrite to ammonia catalyzed by the enzyme.
One more reason to get arrested (in G1).

No Abstract AvailableKey Words:Restriction point, Cyclin D, Cyclin E, Retinoblastoma, Microtubules
Status of the National Ignition Facility Integrated Computer Control System (ICCS) on the path to ignition

Abstract The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is a stadium-sized facility under construction that will contain a 192-beam, 1.8-MJ, 500-TW, ultraviolet laser system together with a 10-m diameter target chamber with room for multiple experimental diagnostics. NIF is the world's largest and most energetic laser experimental system, providing a scientific center to study inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and matter at extreme energy densities and pressures. NIF's laser beams are designed to compress fusion targets to conditions required for thermonuclear burn, liberating more energy than required to initiate the fusion reactions. NIF is comprised of 24 independent bundles of eight beams each using laser hardware that is modularized into more than 6000 line replaceable units such as optical assemblies, laser amplifiers, and multi-function sensor packages containing 60,000 control and diagnostic points. NIF is operated by the large-scale Integrated Computer Control System (ICCS) in an architecture partitioned by bundle and distributed among over 800 front-end processors and 50 supervisory servers. NIF's automated control subsystems are built from a common object-oriented software framework based on CORBA distribution that deploys the software across the computer network and achieves interoperation between different languages and target architectures. A shot automation framework has been deployed during the past year to orchestrate and automate shots performed at the NIF using the ICCS. In December 2006, a full cluster of 48 beams of NIF was fired simultaneously, demonstrating that the independent bundle control system will scale to full scale of 192 beams. At present, 72 beams have been commissioned and have demonstrated 1.4-MJ capability of infrared light. During the next 2 years, the control system will be expanded in preparation for project completion in 2009 to include automation of target area systems including final optics, target positioners and diagnostics. Additional capabilities to support fusion ignition shots in a National Ignition Campaign (NIC) beginning in 2010 will include a cryogenic target system, target diagnostics, and integrated experimental shot data analysis with tools for data visualization and archiving. This talk discusses the current status of the control system implementation and discusses the plan to complete the control system on the path to ignition.
Report on GOES SXI/XRS calibration effort

NOAA's Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) include instruments focused on both terrestrial weather patterns as well as solar activity. These solar X-ray measurements enable the NWS Space Environment Center to perform operational specification and to forecast Space Weather phenomenon. The disk-integrated solar X-ray flux has been recorded for more than three decades by the GOES X-ray Sensor (XRS). GOES-12 Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) has provided real-time images of the Sun and lower corona since 2003. In October 2004, a sounding rocket underflight was undertaken with the Avalanche X-ray Spectrometer (AXS) to provide reference or "solar truth" spectra and these data are being used to provide absolute calibration for the XRS and SXI instruments. We present a report on the progress of this effort, including results of the data reduction and analysis for the XRS, SXI and AXS. This calibration effort will increase our understanding of SXI and XRS instrument response functions and will improve the accuracy of space weather forecasting.
Overview of functional gastrointestinal disorders: dysfunction of the brain–gut axis

Functional gastrointestinal disorders are common and incompletely understood. The gut is controlled by a complex interaction of sensory and motor neurons in the local enteric nervous system. Inputs from the central nervous system modify gut function, whereas inputs from the gut to the brain mediate symptoms. Dysfunction at one or more sites in the brain-gut axis is likely to produce the various functional gastrointestinal syndromes. Therapies likewise can be directed at one or more levels.
Comparing Leaders: An Interactional Theory

This paper proposes an interactional theory to explain the rise of leaders by stressing the interplay between sociodemographic variables, psychological dynamics, and situational factors. The theory is applied to three large-scale empirical studies of revolutionary leaders, loyalist elites, and military personalities that reply on careful data collection and analysis. The theory is confirmed, as the findings demonstrate that the three elite groups share a large number of commonalities as well as some differences. Some leadership dynamics appear to be universal, oblivious to time, place, culture, national frontier, and the like.
Chromatographic Detection Using Tris(2,2‘-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) as a Fluorogenic Electron-Transfer Reagent

Tris(2,2‘-bipyridyl)ruthenium can be excited to fluorescence by visible light (λabs 454 nm, λem 607 nm) when in the M(II) oxidation state, but not in the M(III) state. A novel chromatographic detection method using the nonfluorescent M(III) form of the complex as a postcolumn fluorogenic reagent is demonstrated. The M(III) form is a powerful oxidizing agent (E° = 1.27 V vs NHE, 1.05 V vs Ag/AgCl). The M(III) reagent is generated on-line from the M(II) form of the complex by a highly efficient porous carbon electrode and then reacted briefly with chromatographic effluent; the M(II) created by electron transfer from oxidation-susceptible analytes is then detected by fluorescence. The fluorescence detector can be calibrated for number of electrons transferred by injection of either M(II) or an oxidative standard such as ferrocyanide. It is hoped that this redox-based detection scheme will provide an alternative to electrochemical detection. Among the advantages are freedom from surface fouling and the potent...
Staging the Other Israel: The Documentary Theatre of Nola Chilton

Since 1970, the American-born Israeli director and acting teacher Nola Chilton has used documentary theatre to critique Israeli myths and to provide a space where groups generally excluded from the Israeli stage—Arabs, women, the poor, the elderly—can be seen and heard. Chilton's pioneering "theatre of testimony" bears a striking resemblance to recent documentary theatre practices proliferating in the U.S. and Europe.
Quantum mechanical formalism in classical wave propagation problems

Abstract The linear wave equations of continuum mechanics describe wave fields which are regarded as the basic physical quantities. We develop a slightly cruder model in which wave fields are considered up to their phase. The evolution of a wave packet is described in terms of energy characteristics which are functionals of the energy density. Examples of such characteristics are the energy itself, the coordinate of “the center of mass” of the energy density, as well as its mean velocity, width, etc. The advantages of such an approach are as follows: (1) In applications, it is sufficient to consider only a few of these characteristics, and these satisfy equations simpler than the original wave equations (a consequence of laws of conservation). (2) When developed systematically, the corresponding mathematical framework is analogous to quantum mechanical formalism, thus enabling one to draw on this well developed technique.
Interpond Movements of Western Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta) in East-Central Kansas

The general paradigm associated with overland movements of semi-aquatic turtles between aquatic habitats predicts that males move more frequently and for greater distances than females and juveniles, and that larger individuals move more frequently than smaller individuals. We used capture-mark-recapture techniques to examine interpond movement patterns of western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) among a complex of eight ponds in east-central Kansas in 2007. We assessed the broad applicability of predictions of the general paradigm by testing the following hypotheses: 1) males make interpond movements more frequently than females, 2) larger adult-sized individuals make interpond movements more frequently than juveniles, 3) propensity for pond-to-pond movement varies as a function of size within categories (i.e., males, females, and juveniles), and 4) mean minimum distance traveled between ponds is greatest for males. The proportion of males that moved between ponds was not significantly different from that of females, and we did not observe a significant difference in proportion of adults and juveniles categorized as movers. Mean length of plastron of individuals classified as movers and non-movers was not significantly different within either females or juveniles. Males categorized as non-movers were significantly larger than those that made interpond movements. Mean minimum distance traveled between ponds was not significantly different among males, females, and juveniles. Thus, our results were not consistent with any of the predictions of the general paradigm. Costs and benefits associated with overland movements of turtles are likely to vary both spatially and temporally. We suggest that as cost-benefit ratios vary, so should predictions about the propensity for interpond movements among turtles of different sexes, sizes, and ontogenetic stages.
Chromatin Remodelers Fine-Tune H3K36me-Directed Deacetylation of Neighbor Nucleosomes by Rpd3S

Chromatin remodelers have been implicated in the regulation of histone-modifying complexes. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The Rpd3S histone deacetylase complex is recruited by elongating RNA polymerase II to remove histone acetylation at coding regions in a manner that is dependent on methylation of lysine 36 on histone 3 (H3K36me), and Rpd3S prefers dinucleosomes. Here, we show that the binding of Rpd3S to dinucleosomes and its catalytic activity are sensitive to the length of nucleosomal linker in a nonlinear fashion. Intriguingly, we found that H3K36me on one nucleosome stimulates Rpd3S to deacetylate the neighboring nucleosomes when those two nucleosomes are within an optimal distance. Finally, we demonstrate that chromatin remodelers enhance Rpd3S activity by altering nucleosomal spacing, suggesting that chromatin remodelers prime chromatin configuration to fine-tune subsequent histone modification reactions. This mechanism is important for accurate temporal control of chromatin dynamics during the transcription elongation cycle.
Efficient algorithms for inferring evolutionary trees

In this paper, we examine two related problems of inferring the evolutionary history of n objects, either from present characters of the objects or from several partial estimates of their evolutionary history. The first problem is called the Phylogeny problem, and second is the Tree Compatibility problem. Both of these problems are central in algorithmic approaches to the study of evolution and in other problems of historical reconstruction. In this paper, we show that both of these problems can be solved by graph theoretic methods in linear time, which is time optimal, and which is a significant improvement over existing methods.
Alteration of the course of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in mice by certain antimetabolites.

Abstract Azaserine, 6-diazo-5-oxo-nor-1-leucine (DON), and 5-fluorouracil were shown to prolong the lives of mice injected intracerebrally with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis, but less effectively than amethopterin. Azaserine and DON prolonged duration of demonstrable viremia in mice given the virus subcutaneously (5-fluorouracil was not tested). The sparing effect of amethopterin was partly overcome by injecting a mixture of purines and pyrimidines, as free bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides. It is suggested that amethopterin may act in another way in addition to its interference with nucleic acid biosynthesis.
Technology transfer virtual network: analysis within the Italian system of innovation

The National Council of Research (CNR), the largest public research body in Italy, has, from 1995 to 1998, tried a technological transfer (TT) virtual network with the aim of stimulating and coordinating initiatives for matching the supply of public scientific research and the innovation demand of Italian firms. We have investigated which mechanisms in the socio-economic environment could affect the functioning of this network organisation within the Italian national system of innovation. The main results show some limits concerning the internal organisations of the network and some socio-economic barriers that slow down TT activities. These results can be used as the basis for planning and efficiently managing other technology transfer networks.
Decomposition Pathways for a Model TiN Chemical Vapor Deposition Precursor

A computational study of small-molecule elimination, modeling chemical vapor deposition (CVD) pathways, from a model single-source precursor of titanium nitride is reported. A comparison of possible multiply bonded intermediates is made. Calculated geometries for all species agree well with experiment. Transition states for energetically favorable 1,2-elimination to form multiply bonded intermediates are four-centered geometries with a “kite-shape” (i.e., one obtuse and three acute angles). Processes involving the transfer of H from an amido (NHR) ligand to the leaving group (X) are predicted to be the most favorable. In cases where a group other than H (in this case, methyl) is transferred from the amido (NMeR) to X, the TS has a square shape and a much higher barrier to 1,2-elimination. Pathways to cyclic intermediates and β-H elimination pathways are also compared with 1,2-elimination. The β-H elimination process to form an organic imine and a Ti-amido is found to be kinetically and thermodynamically d...
Subsurface mircroirrigated corn and peanut: Effect on soil pH

Abstract A five year study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using subsurface microirrigation for a corn ( Zea mays L. ) grain and peanut pod ( Arachis hypogea L. ) production rotation system in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the southeast United States. The effects of added fertilizer nutrients, chlorine, and amount of water applied to the soil on soil pH and total KCl exchangeable acidity were investigated. The soil was an Uchee loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Hapludults). A total of 119 soil samples were taken from a 0.9 × 0.9 m soil profile area around the buried tubing at six sites within the research area to determine soil pH, total soil acidity, exchangeable A1 acidity, and exchangeable H acidity. The value of the soil pH increased for the irrigated treatments when compared to the non-irrigated treatment. Treating the irrigation water with sodium hypochlorite to prevent emitter clogging had a net basic reaction with the soil even though 795 kg ha −1 of N fertilizer was added to the soil during the five year study. Nitrogen added to the soil through the irrigation system included the ammonium, nitrates, and urea forms. All these forms have an acidifying effect on soil. The total KCl exchangeable soil acidity was related to exchangeable H. No exchangeable Al was detected. Exchangeable acidity patterns were similar to the pH patterns for all treatments. Application of chemicals through a subsurface microirrigation system does have a major effect on soil pH.
The Path to a Modern South: Northeast Texas between Reconstruction and the Great Depression

Federal New Deal programs of the 1930s and World War II are often credited with transforming the South, including Texas, from a poverty-stricken region mired in Confederate mythology into a more modern and economically prosperous part of the United States. By contrast, this history of Northeast Texas, one of the most culturally southern areas of the state, offers persuasive evidence that political, economic, and social modernisation began long before the 1930s and prepared Texans to take advantage of the opportunities presented by the New Deal and World War II. Walter L. Buenger draws on extensive primary research to tell the story of change in Northeast Texas from 1887 to 1930. Moving beyond previous, more narrowly focused studies of the South, he traces and interconnects the significant changes that occurred in politics, race relations, business and the economy, and women's roles. He also reveals how altered memories of the past and the emergence of a stronger identification with Texas history affected all facets of life in Northeast Texas. Walter L. Buenger is Associate Professor of History at Texas A&M University.
Suppression of blistering in a broadly distributed ion implantation under simulated fusion first wall conditions

Stainless steel specimens have been irradiated with He and Li ions having a broad distribution of energy and angle of incidence. Maximum penetration was approx. 2.5 ..mu..m (He ions). During the ion bombardment the samples were also exposed to fast neutrons and cyclic temperatures and stresses. For ions fluences up to approx. 1 x 10/sup 23/ ions/m/sup 2/ under these conditions, almost no blistering is observed on a scale detectable by SEM. Observation of carefully prepared cross-sections indicates that the ion damaged region remains coherent with the bulk material. These results for ion implantations provide some basis for optimism concerning suppression of blistering in fusion reactors.
The dynamic buckling of sheet steel

Abstract The Euler buckling load for end-loaded strips of three types of sheet steel with different mechanical properties was measured at various impact rates up to 13 m/s. At quasi-static load application rates, the Euler buckling load was found to be approximately the same for all three types of steel, but under dynamic loading conditions, the buckling load depended upon the tensile strength of the steel as well as the impact rate. A finite element model predicted an increase in buckling load, with both an increase in impact rate and an increase in the tensile mechanical properties, which was in good agreement with the experimental observations.
MIS careers—a theoretical perspective

MIS personnel historically have exhibited a disturbingly high rate of turnover, and the job of the MIS manager is increasingly oriented to personnel and staffing problems. The MIS careers literature consistently suggests that what is needed to improve this situation is (1) more attention to formal career planning, and (2) the implementation of a dual career ladder system within the DP/IS organization. A look at the broader literature on organizational careers suggests that these suggestions may not in fact make sense. By considering only a subset of the relevant concepts about careers, we have reached conclusions that are quite possibly erroneous, and have made suggestions that will not likely help. Until further research on MIS personnel and their career needs is accomplished, we will have no valid basis for prescribing solutions to MIS careers problems. Suggestions for needed research are outlined.
Phase-space surface hopping: Nonadiabatic dynamics in a superadiabatic basis

In this paper, we construct a phase-space surface hopping algorithm for use in systems that exhibit strong nonadiabatic coupling. The algorithm is derived from a representation of the electronic basis which is a function of the nuclear phase-space coordinates rather than the nuclear position coordinates. This phase-space adiabatic basis can be understood in the context of Berry’s superadiabatic basis formalism as the first-order superadiabatic correction to the conventional position-space adiabatic basis. This superadiabatic representation leads to nuclear dynamics described not by Newton’s equations of motion but by generalized Hamilton’s equations of motion. The phase-space surface hopping algorithm captures physical effects that cannot be described by traditional algorithms. For a simple model problem, we show that phase-space surface hopping is more accurate than position-space surface hopping, especially when the nonadiabatic coupling is strong.
Racemic epinephrine in the treatment of croup: Nebulization alone versus nebulization with intermittent positive pressure breathing

RACEMIC EPINEPHRINE administered by nebulization with intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) was initially employed in the treatment of croup after several retrospective uncontrolled studies demonstrated its effectiveness2 -3 Gardner et al., 4 in a controlled double-blind investigation, concluded that racemic epinephrine delivered by nebulization alone was no more effective in the treatment of croup than was nebulized saline. Taussig et al., 5 in a randomized controlled study of 13 patients with croup, demonstrated a better response to sterile saline mist therapy plus racemic epinephrine delivered by nebulization with IPPB than to mist therapy alone. In a controlled double-blind randomized study of 20 patients with croup, Westley et al. 6 showed that racemic epinephrine delivered by nebulization with IPPB was significantly more effective than sterile saline delivered in the same manner. Recently Zach 7 reported an improvement in five patients with croup treated with racemic epinephrine delivered by nebulization alone; however, no control group was employed. Review of these studies has led some to suggest that, to be effective in the treatment of croup, racemic epinephrine must be administered by nebulization with IPPB. 8'9 To clarify this issue, we have performed a randomized prospective controlled study comparing the efficacy of racemic epinephrine delivered by nebulization with IPPB to racemic epinephrine delivered by nebulization alone.
Microbial production of plant hormones

Our laboratory has focused on microbial production of plant hormones and precursor-inoculum interactions. Indole-3-acetic acid was detected in soils incubated with L-tryptophan (L-TRP). Inoculation with the ectomycorrhizae, Pisolithus tinctorius significantly stimulated the growth of Douglas fir when supplied with low concentrations of L-TRP to soil. Among three Azotobacter spp. and two Pseudomonas spp., the most prolific producer of cytokinins was A. chroococcum and among the precursors tested, adenine (ADE) and isopentyl alcohol (IA) were the most effective. Corn rhizosphere was found to be quite rich with microflora capable of producing ethylene from L-methionine (L-MET). Amino acids, carbohydrates and organic acids typically found in root exudates, were stimulatory to ethylene biosynthesis in soil. Etiolated pea seedlings exhibited the classical ‘triple’ response when L-MET and Acremonium falciforme were applied in combination to sterile soil or when L-MET was added to nonsterile soil.
Formation and Structural Characterization of 1:1 Ordered Perovskites in the Ba(Zn1/3Ta2/3)O3–BaZrO3 System

The phase stabilities in the(1−x)Ba(Zn1/3Ta2/3)O3 (BZT)-xBaZrO3(BZ)system have been investigated using samples prepared by the mixed oxide method. The substitution of Zr4+destabilizes the 1:2 cation ordering in BZT and pro-motes the formation of a cubic, 1:1 ordered structure with a doubled perovskite repeat. The homogeneity range of the 1:1 phase extends from x = 0.04 to approximately x = 0.25; substitutions beyond this range stabilize a disordered perovskite. The limits of stability of the 1:1 ordering coin-cide with compositions previously found to exhibit anoma-lies in their dielectric loss. The range of homogeneity is consistent with a “random layer” model for the 1:1 ordered “Ba{β′;1/2β1/2}O3” structure. In this model the B× positions are assumed to be occupied exclusively by Ta5+, and the b× sites by a random distribution of Zn2+, Zr4+, and the remaining Ta 5+ cations. The validity of the model, where the ordered solid solutions can be represented by Ba{[Zn2−y/3Ta(1−2y)/3Zry]1/2[Ta]1/2}O3(y =2x)was con-firmed by Rietveld refinements conducted using data col-lected with a synchrotron X-ray source.
Inherited Colorectal Cancer Syndromes

Colorectal cancer is one of the major causes of cancer deaths in both men and women. It is estimated that approximately 5% to 10% of patients with colorectal cancer have an inherited germline mutation that predisposes them to cancer. Clinically, hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes can be divided into those associated with colonic polyposis (familial adenomatous polyposis, attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis, and MYH-associated polyposis) and those not associated with colonic polyposis (hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer). Treatment options for these patients include multiple aggressive screening regimens, chemopreventive medications, and prophylactic surgery. Selection of the appropriate management approach is best made using information obtained from the patient's clinical examination, the family medical history, and genetic evaluation. Compliance is improved when patients completely understand their disease and participate fully in the formulation of the treatment plan. Although not proved, it seems reasonable that this approach may prevent the poor outcomes so frequently associated with inherited cancer syndromes.
Patterning network structure to spatially control cellular remodeling and stem cell fate within 3-dimensional hydrogels

The spatially directed 3-dimensional (3D) remodeling of synthetic materials may be useful to regionally control cell behavior. In this work, we developed a process to synthesize hyaluronic acid hydrogels using multiple modes of crosslinking applied sequentially; a primary addition reaction to introduce protease degradable peptide crosslinks, then a UV light-induced secondary radical reaction (enabling spatial control) to introduce non-degradable kinetic chains. These differential network structures either permitted (primary crosslinking only, "-UV") or inhibited (sequential crosslinking, "+UV") cellular remodeling. This behavior was validated by controlling the outgrowth from chick aortic arches or the spreading of encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), where only -UV regions permitted arch outgrowth and MSC spreading. Additionally, network structures dictated adipogenic/osteogenic MSC fate decisions, with spatial control, by controlling encapsulated MSC spreading. This manipulation of microenvironmental cues may be valuable for advanced tissue engineering applications requiring the spatial control of cells in 3D.
A vertically integrated GaAs bipolar DRAM cell

Summary form only given. Bipolar DRAM cells consisting of an n-p-n homojunction bipolar transistor integrated vertically over a p-n junction storage capacitor was fabricated and characterized. The floating collector of the access transistor was merged with the n-region of the storage capacitor. The n-type emitter was connected to the bit line and the p-type base was connected to the word line; the p-type substrate served as the ground plate of the storage capacitor. Storage times of up to 8 min were observed in these cells at room temperature. With a half-bandgap activation energy, these cells should have adequate (>100 ms) storage times up to 125 degrees C. Electrical writing was confirmed by monitoring the capacitance of the storage capacitor while write pulses were applied to the word line. >
An 8-year-old foster child with behavioral problems who needs a bone marrow transplant.

Patients who undergo bone marrow transplant (BMT) must adhere to a complex follow-up regimen. Nonadherence may lead to graft failure and death. Serious psychological disorders that interfere with the recovery process may be a contraindication to BMT. This issue’s “Ethics Rounds” raises issues about whether psychosocial issues should ever disqualify a child from receiving a transplant. Respondents are Maureen Kelley, PhD, a philosopher and bioethicist at the University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital; Yoram Unguru, MD, MS, MA, a pediatric hematologist/oncologist and bioethicist at the Herman & Walter Samuelson Children's Hospital at Sinai and Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics; and G. Douglas Myers, MD, a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) physician at Children's Mercy Hospital. ### Case Presentation B.K. is an 8-year-old boy with relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and multiple social and psychiatric problems. B.K. has been a ward of the state since 3 years of age when his single mother lost parental rights due to substance abuse. The father is not known. B.K. has been in and out of 3 foster homes, including a medical group home during his first treatment of AML at age 5 years. He was diagnosed by a psychiatrist as having attachment disorder. He is currently in the inpatient psychiatry unit given behavioral difficulties exhibited when on the oncology ward, including aggression and temper fits. B.K. is very intelligent and often asks direct questions about his illness. He has become very close to 1 of the psychiatry nurses, who has considered offering temporary medical foster care for B.K. He has no relatives other than his mother. A court-appointed guardian ad litem and a state case worker are charged with making medical decisions on his behalf. They report that there is no immediate prospect for foster placement for B.K. given his medical and … Address correspondence to John D. Lantos, MD, Children’s Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64105. E-mail: jlantos{at}cmh.edu
A Study of Incidental Learning

(1960). A Study of Incidental Learning. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 339-347.
A New Genus and New Tribe for Enicognathus melanauchen Jan, 1863, a Neglected South American Snake (Colubridae: Xenodontinae), with Taxonomic Notes on Some Dipsadinae

ABSTRACT The name Enicognathus melanauchen Jan belongs to a currently unrecognized but apparently valid species of small snake described some 140 years ago from an unknown locality in Bahia, Brazil; the unique specimen is in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden. Attempts were unsuccessful to associate it with named genera of the colubrid subfamilies Xenodontinae, Dipsadinae, Colubrinae, and Natricinae; consequently, no basis was found for challenging the provenance. The genus Amnesteophis and tribe Amnesteophiini therefore are erected for the species. (The snake generic name Enicognathus and the emendation Henicognathus are both junior homonyms of bird names.) Assignment to Xenodontinae is partly on geographic grounds as well as on hemipenial and osteological comparisons with the other colubrid subfamilies mentioned. Tribe Amnesteophiini differs from other tribes in Xenodontinae by combination of three unusual character states: (1) straight-line configuration of posterior maxillary teeth; (2) lac...
Research Specialization and Collaboration Patterns in Sociology

Researchers interested in the structure of scientific fields have documented increases in specialization and collaboration. How, if at all, are these two trends related? Is specialization so severe that scholars cannot collaborate unless they share specific research interests? Or, have specializing tendencies promoted research that joins specialty areas and broaches new topics? We answer these important questions for a single discipline, sociology, using both qualitative interviews and latent profile analysis. We empirically identify three collaborative styles that depend on both the areas and extent of specialization in coauthors' research programs. The prominence of the reinforcing generalist profile suggests that specialization in science mainly serves to encourage scholars to work with others in their specialty area. However, the existence of two other styles — a more complementary one and one that is characterized by migration into new intellectual terrain — suggests that subfields within sociology a...
Responses of two frequently-burned wet pine savannas to an extended period without fire1

Abstract Ecosystems that naturally burn at short intervals nonetheless exhibit some variability in fire-return intervals. Prolonged fire suppression and exclusion, however, potentially increase this variability beyond some tolerable threshold. Therefore frequent fires at regular intervals are often argued as necessary to maintain herbaceous plant diversity in pine savannas. We measured plant community composition after eight- and nine-year fire-free intervals, preceded by 15 years of fires every three years, at two wet pine savanna sites (Wolf Branch and Sandy Creek) in southern Mississippi. Species composition was quantified after the frequent-fire period (1997), after eight years without fire at Sandy Creek and nine years without fire at Wolf Branch, and for two seasons after a prescribed burn in 2004 at both sites. Monte Carlo randomization tests revealed significant changes in species composition at both study sites. However, most changes were temporary. Numerous herbaceous species appeared to be sign...
Analysis of propagation on open microstrip lines using mixed‐order covariant projection vector finite elements

Many different procedures have been proposed for the finite element analysis of dielectric-loaded waveguiding structures. However, most of these approaches are unreliable because of the appearance of spurious modes. Mixed-order covariant projection finite elements have been shown to eliminate difficulties with spurious modes in vector waveguide formulations. The authors have developed a method to analyze open region dielectric-loaded waveguiding problems using mixed-order covariant projection finite elements. Details of the construction of the eigenvalue equation are presented. The treatment of open geometries using local absorbing boundary conditions is discussed. An efficient sparse eigensolver, based on iterative methods, that can solve the resulting nonlinear eigenvalue problem, is described. Analysis results are presented that demonstrate the ability of the formulation to solve for the propagating modes of open microstrip lines without the appearance of spurious modes.
FDG PET imaging of paragangliomas of the neck: comparison with MIBG SPET

Two patients with cervical paragangliomas underwent positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG). There was marked tumor uptake and retention of FDG. Adjacent salivary gland accumulation of FDG was minimal, though quite prominent withmeta-iodobenzylguanidine. FDG PET offers another potentially useful approach to functional imaging of these uncommon tumors, independent of the presence of specific amine uptake mechanisms or cell surface receptors required by other scintigraphic techniques.
Current Biomechanical Concepts for Rotator Cuff Repair

For the past few decades, the repair of rotator cuff tears has evolved significantly with advances in arthroscopy techniques, suture anchors and instrumentation. From the biomechanical perspective, the focus in arthroscopic repair has been on increasing fixation strength and restoration of the footprint contact characteristics to provide early rehabilitation and improve healing. To accomplish these objectives, various repair strategies and construct configurations have been developed for rotator cuff repair with the understanding that many factors contribute to the structural integrity of the repaired construct. These include repaired rotator cuff tendon-footprint motion, increased tendon-footprint contact area and pressure, and tissue quality of tendon and bone. In addition, the healing response may be compromised by intrinsic factors such as decreased vascularity, hypoxia, and fibrocartilaginous changes or aforementioned extrinsic compression factors. Furthermore, it is well documented that torn rotator cuff muscles have a tendency to atrophy and become subject to fatty infiltration which may affect the longevity of the repair. Despite all the aforementioned factors, initial fixation strength is an essential consideration in optimizing rotator cuff repair. Therefore, numerous biomechanical studies have focused on elucidating the strongest devices, knots, and repair configurations to improve contact characteristics for rotator cuff repair. In this review, the biomechanical concepts behind current rotator cuff repair techniques will be reviewed and discussed.