cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limited Treatment with β-1,3/1,6-Glucan Improves Production Values of Broiler Chickens Challenged with Escherichia Coli

The development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has led to a need for alternatives to antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in poultry production. The helical polysaccharide beta-1,3/1,6-glucan is derived from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cervisiae and has immunomodulating activities. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of 2 supplementation programs with a commercial beta-1,3/1,6-glucan product to protect broiler chicks from experimental respiratory challenge with Escherichia coli. Chicks were housed in battery-brooders from 1 d of age and fed a standard starter diet or the same diet containing 20 g/ton (22 ppm) of purified beta-1,3/1,6-glucan either continuously (BG25d) or for only the first 7 d prior to challenge (BG7d). At d 7 one-half of the birds were inoculated in the thoracic air sac with 800 cfu of a serotype O2, nonmotile strain of E. coli. All surviving birds were necropsied at d 25. Body weight of survivors and feed conversion efficiency were protected from the adverse effects of E. coli challenge by BG7d but not by BG25d. Mortality was nominally decreased from 63% (control) to 53% in BG25d and 47% in BG7d, but these decreases were not significant. The relative weights of the liver and heart were increased, and the bursa of Fabricius relative weights were decreased by E. coli challenge, and these effects were modulated by beta-glucan treatment. Despite positive effects of BG7d in E. coli-challenged birds, the BW of nonchallenged birds was decreased by BG7d and BG25d. These results suggest that supplementation of broiler diets with beta-1,3/1,6-glucan may be valuable for decreasing production losses due to E. coli respiratory disease, but that the immune stimulation provided may also result in decreased production values under experimental battery conditions or for birds raised in an environment with minimal disease challenges.
Expressive arts group therapy with middle-school aged children from military families

Abstract This article describes the development and implementation of an eight-session expressive arts group therapy provided at a middle school on an active military base with youth from active military families. The structure and process of expressive arts group therapy is described with reference to goals and objectives and the integration of the multi-modal expressive arts approach within a psychosocial developmental model relevant to the middle school youth. Principles from expressive arts therapy are also discussed and illustrated in the description and discussion of the eight sessions of the group therapy process. The reader is informed as to the value of group therapy to this age group, and its relevance to middle school aged children from military families. A brief review of literature on issues relevant to military families and middle-school aged children is also included.
Early peak of creatine kinase-MB in acute myocardial infarction with a nondiagnostic electrocardiogram.

Abstract This study compared the time from the onset of symptoms to the peak of the creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) in 34 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients were separated into two groups: group 1 (n = 21) had diagnostic (≥0.1 mV) ST segment elevation on the initial ECG, and group 2 (n = 13) did not have diagnostic ST segment elevation on the initial ECG. In group 1 the time to the peak CK-MB was 16.2 ± 50 hours vs 10.0 ± 2.0 hours for group 2 ( p = 0.0001). Peak CK-MB was 331 ± 276 IU/L in group 1 vs 81 ± 54 IU/L in group 2 ( p p = 0.0001). Patients who do not have diagnostic ST segment elevation on the initial ECG have an early but low peak of CK-MB and typically have a non-Q wave infarction. These findings are consistent with early spontaneous restoration of blood flow during the infarction process in these patients. This early restoration of blood flow may provide the substrate for the high incidence of recurrent ischemic events noted in patients with non-Q wave myocardial infarction.
Mixed convection in wall plumes

Abstract An analysis is presented for mixed convection effects in a wall plume flow. The results apply downstream from the source. The method of matched asymptotic expansions has been used to obtain a consistent solution by simultaneously including both the effects of mixed convection and of higher order boundary layer corrections. Several subtle and interesting features of this flow arise and are explained. The unexpected role played by Prandtl number is clearly illustrated. For example, the effect of an aiding imposed forced flow is to reduce surface shear stress, for Pr = 0.7, and to increase it for Pr = 6.7. Further, it has been shown that such a Prandtl number effect on the surface shear stress is dependent on the kind of heating condition imposed at the surface. Results of numerical calculations are presented for two values of Prandtl number, 0.7 and 6.7, as characteristic of air and water, respectively. The overall effect of mixed convection on the downstream decay of surface temperature and on the maximum value of tangential velocity is seen to be greater in air than in water.
Influence of Age and Obesity on Serum Estradiol, Estrone, and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Concentrations following Oral Estrogen Administration in Postmenopausal Women

Objective: Hormone therapy (HT) increases the risk of venous thrombosis and stroke. Risk of venous thrombosis and stroke is higher in older, overweight, and obese women using HT. However, the impact of age and obesity on estrogen concentrations among HT users is not well defined. Method: We measured serum levels of estrone, total and free estradiol, and SHBG in 180 postmenopausal women participating in the Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial (EPAT), 91 receiving estradiol therapy (ET) and 89 taking placebo, every 6 months over 2 yr. Mean on-trial levels of estrogens and SHBG were compared across age, body mass index (BMI), and waist to hip ratio categories among ET users and placebo separately. Results: Among the ET users, total (P = 0.01) and free estradiol (P = 0.002) were significantly directly associated with BMI adjusted for age. SHBG was inversely related to waist to hip ratio adjusted for age (P = 0.005). Age was not associated with any of the estrogen or SHBG concentrations in ET o...
Hints and the VC dimension

Learning from hints is a generalization of learning from examples that allows for a variety of information about the unknown function to be used in the learning process. In this paper, we use the VC dimension, an established tool for analyzing learning from examples, to analyze learning from hints. In particular, we show how the VC dimension is affected by the introduction of a hint. We also derive a new quantity that defines a VC dimension for the hint itself. This quantity is used to estimate the number of examples needed to "absorb" the hint. We carry out the analysis for two types of hints, invariances and catalysts. We also describe how the same method can be applied to other types of hints.
Sex hormones are associated with right ventricular structure and function: The MESA-right ventricle study.

Rationale: Sex hormones have effects on the left ventricle, but hormonal influences on the right ventricle (RV) are unknown. Objectives: We hypothesized that sex hormones would be associated with RV morphology in a large cohort free of cardiovascular disease. Methods: Sex hormones were measured by immunoassay and RV ejection fraction (RVEF), stroke volume (RVSV), mass, end-diastolic volume, and end-systolic volume (RVESV) were measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in 1,957 men and 1,738 postmenopausal women. The relationship between each hormone and RV parameter was assessed by multivariate linear regression. Measurements and Main Results: Higher estradiol levels were associated with higher RVEF (β per 1 ln[nmol/L], 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32 to 1.43; P = 0.002) and lower RVESV (β per 1 ln[nmol/L], −0.87; 95% CI, −1.67 to −0.08; P = 0.03) in women using hormone therapy. In men, higher bioavailable testosterone levels were associated with higher RVSV (β per 1 ln[nmol/L], 1.97; 95% CI, 0.20 to 3.73; P = 0.03) and greater RV mass and volumes (P ≤ 0.01). Higher dehydroepiandrosterone levels were associated with higher RVSV (β per 1 ln[nmol/L], 1.37; 95% CI, 0.15 to 2.59; P = 0.03) and greater RV mass (β per 1 ln[nmol/L], 0.25; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.49; P = 0.05) and volumes (P ≤ 0.001) in women. Conclusions: Higher estradiol levels were associated with better RV systolic function in women using hormone therapy. Higher levels of androgens were associated with greater RV mass and volumes in both sexes.
A 16,000 year pollen record of vegetational change in central Texas

Abstract Fossil pollen records from peat bogs are used to propose a 16,000‐year paleoenvironmental sequence for central Texas. Evidence suggests that during the late Fullglacial, central Texas was covered by an open woodland deciduous forest with some conifers present. During the Lateglacial, this vegetation appears to have been replaced by a proposed parkland vegetation dominated by grasses but still containing some arboreal elements. Finally, during the Postglacial period there was a continued loss of more arboreal elements resulting in the establishment of the central Texas Post Oak Savanna vegetation of today.
The radical anions and the electron affinities of perfluorinated benzene, naphthalene and anthracene

Although benzene and naphthalene do not have electron affinities in the conventional sense, perfluorobenzene and perfluoronaphthalene have nonzero electron affinities. Theoretical methods extensively calibrated with experiment for the prediction of electron affinities (EAs) predict the EAs of perfluorobenzene, perfluoronaphthalene and perfluoroanthracene as 0.69, 1.02 and 1.84 eV, respectively. A rough estimate of 2.39 eV is made for the electron affinity of perfluorotetracene. Thus the perfluoro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are predicted to be effective electron acceptors.
Central Mechanisms Responsible for Classically Conditioned Changes in Neuronal Activity

Data relevant to a model of cortical single neuron conditioning from two related studies are presented and the results compared with those in the current literature in this field. Although peripheral stimulation can serve as an effective CS in a neural classical conditioning paradigm, central stimulation of major thalamocortical input systems cannot. These results raise problems for theories of neural learning. Evidently the patterned activation of different types of input systems is necessary for associative conditioning in pyramidal tract neurons in the motor cortex of cats.
SURFICIAL FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH PONDED WATER ON PLAYAS OF THE ARID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES: INDICATORS FOR DELINEATING REGULATED AREAS UNDER THE CLEAN WATER ACT

Desert playas can be unambiguously identified in a geological context. However, identifying those portions of desert playas that are defined as either three-parameter wetlands or Waters of the United States (WoUS) in the Clean Water Act (CWA), and thus under the jurisdiction of Federal agencies charged with enforcing the CWA, is sometimes problematic. Although the WoUS definition specifically includes playas, the guidance for playa delineation is not as highly developed as that for wetlands. Delineating WoUS on desert playas involves determining the Ordinary High Water Mark. Field experience has demonstrated that the indicators for Ordinary High Water on desert playas have not been fully identified nor have they been associated with ponding that represents the limits of Ordinary High Water. This report discusses the distribution of indicators above, below, and at the Ordinary High Water Mark. Fifteen playa features are identified for possible delineation use and are rated for reliability and their relationship to the Ordinary High Water position.
Male and female faculty members’ perceptions of organisational culture in academic medicine at 26 representative US academic health centres: implications for delivering the future hospital

Vital and productive academic faculty are critical to the future hospital, yet studies indicate high dissatisfaction and burnout, and a lack of advancement and senior roles for women. This study sought to identify personal and cultural factors associated with vitality and intention to leave academic
Cloning of zebrafish nkx6.2 and a comprehensive analysis of the conserved transcriptional response to Hedgehog/Gli signaling in the zebrafish neural tube

Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling helps pattern the vertebrate neural tube, in part by regulating the dorsal/ventral expression of a number of homeodomain containing transcription factors. These Hh responsive genes have been divided into two classes, with Class II genes being activated by Hh signaling and Class I genes being repressed by Hh signaling. While the transcriptional response to varying Hh levels is well defined in chick and mouse, it is only partially described in zebrafish, despite the fact that zebrafish has emerged as a powerful genetic system for the study of neural patterning. To better characterize the Hh response in the zebrafish neural tube, we cloned the zebrafish Class II Hh target genes nkx2.9 and nkx6.2. We then analyzed the expression of a number of Class I and Class II Hh responsive genes in wild type, Hh mutant, and Hh over-expressing zebrafish embryos. We show that expression of Class I and Class II genes is highly conserved in the vertebrate neural tube. Further, ventral-most Class II gene expression was completely lost in all Hh pathway mutants analyzed, indicating high levels of Hh signaling are blocked in all of these mutants. In contrast, more dorsally expressed genes were variably affected in different Hh pathway mutants, indicating mid-levels of Hh signaling are differentially affected. This comprehensive expression study provides an important tool for the characterization of Hh signaling in zebrafish and provides a sensitive assay for determining the degree to which newly identified zebrafish mutants affect Hh signaling.
On Generalized Secretary Problems

This paper is composed of two related parts. In the first, we present a dynamic programming procedure for finding optimal policies for a class of sequential search problems that includes the well-known “secretary problem”. In the second, we propose a stochastic model of choice behavior for this class of problems and test the model with two extant data sets. We conclude that the previously reported bias for decision makers to terminate their search too early can, in part, be accounted for by a stochastic component of their search policies.
Distributed Manipulation with an Actuator Array and Vision Feedback

Actuator arrays are planar distributed manipulation systems that use multiple single degree of freedom actuators to manipulate objects with three degrees of freedom (x, y, and thetas). This paper describes design and control of a prototype actuator array, the advanced distributed manipulation system (ADMS). Unlike prior actuator array prototypes, the ADMS uses vision feedback from a centralized camera and is large enough to include transitions between sets of supporting actuators. Control laws are presented for both regulating and trajectory tracking control and their stability properties are summarized. Experiments show the stability of proportional control, but also show the existence of limit cycles for desired equilibria that are near changes in the set of supporting actuators.
UCF-101 mitigates streptozotocin-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction: role of AMPK

Diabetic heart disease contributes to the high mortality in diabetics, although effective clinical management is lacking. The protease inhibitor 5-[5-(2-nitrophenyl) furfuryliodine]-1,3-diphenyl-2-thiobarbituric acid (UCF-101) was reported to protect the hearts against ischemic injury. This study examined the role of UCF-101 on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic heart defect. Vehicle or UCF-101 was administrated to STZ diabetic mice, and cardiomyocyte mechanical properties were analyzed. UCF-101 reduced STZ-induced hyperglycemia and alleviated STZ-induced aberration in cardiomyocyte contractile mechanics. Diabetes dramatically decreased AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172 of catalytic α-subunit, which was restored by UCF-101. Neither diabetes nor UCF-101 affected the expression of HtrA2/Omi and XIAP or caspase-3 activity. The AMPK activator resveratrol mimicked the UCF-101-induced beneficial effect against diabetic cardiac dysfunction. Mechanical properties in cardiomyocytes from the AMPK-kinase-dead (KD) mice displayed markedly impaired contractile function reminiscent of diabetes. STZ injection in AMPK-KD mice failed to elicit any additional cardiomyocyte contractile defect. UCF-101 significantly downregulated the AMPK-degrading enzymes PP2A and PP2C, the effect of which was mimicked by resveratrol. Taken together, these results indicate that UCF-101 protects against STZ-induced cardiac dysfunction, possibly through AMPK signaling.
Analysis of GNAZ gene polymorphism in bipolar affective disorder.

Evidence for a bipolar disorder (BPD) susceptibility locus on chromosome 22q11 has been provided in several studies. One candidate gene that maps to this region is the G-protein a subunit gene Gaz (GNAZ). We have identified a common silent polymorphism in GNAZ exon 2 by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. The frequency of this polymorphism was determined in a control population (n=84) and in patients with BPD (n=88). The data showed a statistical trend toward a difference in the distribution of alleles in patients with BPD compared w ith c ontrol s ubjects ( chi square=3.2, 1 df, P=0.073, two-tailed). No significant difference was detected when the GNAZ polymorphism was analyzed in control subjects and schizophrenia patients (n=63, P=0.92). These data continue to provide some support for a BPD susceptibility gene on 22q11, possibly in linkage disequilibrium with the GNAZ 309 polymorphism. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 88:324‐328, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Comparative Trial of Moxalactam Plus Ticarcillin and Clavulanic Acid or Piperacillin as Empiric Antibiotic Therapy for Febrile Cancer Patients

Resistance of bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics remains a difficult clinical problem that can be compounded in infected patients with serious underlying illness, especially those who are immunocompromised. In a prospective randomized safety and efficacy trial, febrile cancer patients received either ticarcillin disodium combined with the beta-lacta-mase inhibitor clavulante potassium (Timentin, Beecham Laboratories, Bristol, TN) plus moxalactam (T+M), or piperacillin plus moxalactam (P+M) as initial empiric antimicrobial therapy. Sixty-six febrile episodes in 53 patients were studied. In the T+M group, 14 (78%) of 18 clinically evaluable infections in patients with profound granulocytopenia improved as did all 14 (100%) such infections in the P+M group. In the T+M group 17 of 21 (81%) similarly evaluable infections improved irrespective of granulocyte count, as did 14 (88%) of 16 of such infections in the P+M group. These results are not statistically significantly different. Serious side effects were infrequent and comparable with both regimens. There was one antibiotic related hemorrhage in the P+M group and a serious episode of nephrotoxicity in a patient who died without recovering renal function in the T+M group. These results suggest that the overall safety and efficacy of Timentin plus moxalactam, and piperacillin plus moxalactam are comparable and similar to previous empiric antibiotic trials.
Measurement of sacroiliac joint dysfunction: a multicenter intertester reliability study.

Background and Purpose . Previous research suggests that visual estimates of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) alignment are unreliable. The purpose of this study was to determine whether handheld calipers and an inclinometer could be used to obtain reliable measurements of SIJ alignment in subjects suspected of having SIJ dysfunction. Subjects . Seventy-three subjects, evaluated at 1 of 5 outpatient clinics, participated in the study. Methods . A total of 23 therapists, randomly paired for each subject, served as examiners. The angle of inclination of each innominate was measured while the subject was standing. The position of the innominates relative to each other was then derived. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM), and a kappa coefficient were calculated to examine the reliability of the derived measurements. Results . The ICC was .27, the SEM was 5.4 degrees, and the kappa value was .18. Conclusion and Discussion . Measurements of SIJ alignment were unreliable. Therapists should consider procedures other than those that assess SIJ alignment when evaluating the SIJ.
Fascist Pizza and the Lyceum Bakery: Remix, Mash-Up, and Student Generated Mixed Media in an Introductory Political Theory Course

This paper explores the pedagogical value of adding remix and mash-up to an introductory political theory course as a means of promoting greater student engagement with the material. The paper begins by reviewing the underlying rationale for this move, the viability of using remix and mash-up in a political theory course, and how they were integrated into the specific course I was teaching. The middle sections illustrate the viability of remix and mash-up as pedagogical resources. I provide case studies for each, drawing on classic works in political theory. The final section discusses examples of student work, student feedback on the projects, and faculty perceptions of the effort.
The career woman and oral contraceptive use.

The benefits of oral contraceptives are emphasized in this review which begins by listing the priorities an older career woman seeks in a contraceptive. She needs a highly reliable reversible method while she postpones childbearing until as late as age 35 with no long-term adverse effects. The method must not affect cardiovascular health or fertility nor increase risk of endometrial or ovarian cancer. Polls indicate that many women believe the pill has serious health risks causes cancer and is not very reliable. Actually it is almost as reliable as sterilization has no lasting effect on fertility adds no risk of cardiovascular disease if patients are screened for risk factors and probably does not increase the change of getting breast cancer in most women. The non-contraceptive benefits of oral contraceptives are significant to health: protection against endometrial and ovarian cancer heavy menses dysmenorrhea ovarian cysts reduced risk of pelvic inflammatory disease endometriosis benign breast disease iron deficiency anemia and osteoporosis. With todays low-dose pills and proper screening of patients most practitioners will never see a major complication. The Food and Drug Administration has lengthened the approved use of oral contraceptives in health non-smokers up to menopause.
Who Benefits from Tax Expenditures? Incidence Based on Wealth

Legal scholars have long been interested in understanding who benefits from tax expenditures, with a particular interest in how tax expenditures contribute to inequality. Prior research has focused on the extent to which higher income households obtain larger tax breaks from tax expenditure provisions. Although household income and wealth are far from perfectly correlated, the distinction between income and wealth has been ignored in the context of tax expenditures. In this article, I first argue that the distributional consequences of a tax expenditure should be defined as the degree to which it widens the after-tax distribution of economic welfare, which incorporates both an income and wealth dimension. Next, I investigate whether households with higher wealth obtain larger tax breaks from the mortgage interest deduction. Using detailed information on income and wealth from the Survey of Consumer Finances, I find that tax breaks from the mortgage interest deduction are increasing in wealth for the wealthiest 10 percent of households. Combined with the evidence that higher income households obtain higher tax breaks from the mortgage interest deduction, the findings provide evidence that the mortgage interest deduction contributes to inequality more than previously thought.
Targeted Treatment of a Rare Vaginal Sarcoma With an Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Inhibitor.

BACKGROUND Anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a tyrosine kinase receptor that can become oncogenic. Crizotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that shows activity in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangements that have failed conventional therapies. CASE A 34-year-old woman presented with a painful 3-cm left vulvar-vaginal mass, which was excised and determined to be a sarcoma with positive surgical margins. Fluorescence in situ hybridization testing of her tumor was conducted and demonstrated anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene rearrangements. A 3-cm mass recurred 1 month later. Treatment with 250 mg crizotinib orally twice daily resulted in complete regression of all visible or palpable tumor within 3 weeks. CONCLUSION Molecular evaluation techniques can be used to direct targeted therapy for select malignancies. Future technologic advances will expand the number of malignancies for which these treatment approaches can be used.
Immunoglobulin D multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia in a single patient treated simultaneously with lenalidomide, bortezomib, dexamethasone and imatinib

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplastic lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by uncontrolled monoclonal plasma cell proliferation. Among different isotypes of MM, immunoglobulin D (IgD) MM is very rare, representing only 1 to 2% of all isotypes. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a neoplastic myeloproliferative disorder of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell, which is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid cells. An 88-year-old male was diagnosed simultaneously with IgD kappa MM and CML. A distinctive feature in this patient was the progression to plasma cell leukemia without any symptomatic myeloma stage. He was treated simultaneously with lenalidomide, bortezomib and imatinib. Synchronous occurrence of these rare hematological malignancies in a single patient is an exceedingly rare event. Multiple hypotheses to explain co-occurrence of CML and MM have been proposed; however, the exact etiological molecular pathophysiology remains elusive.
A Bayesian approach to gross error detection in chemical process data: Part I : Model development

Abstract Tamhane, A.C., Iordache, C. and Mah, R.S.H., 1988. A Bayesian approach to gross error detection in chemical process data. Part I: Model development. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 4: 33–45. A new statistical test based on the Bayesian approach for detecting gross errors in chemical process data is presented in this paper. Part I gives the theoretical development of the underlying model and the proposed test, while Part II gives the results of a simulation study for assessing the performance of the test. In Part I we first develop a one-time application of the Bayes test, and then embed it in a sequential setting. For this setting a probabilistic model is proposed for updating the prior probabilities of gross error occurrences in the light of accumulating data. Modifications in the basic model are suggested to take account of unknown magnitudes of gross errors and the aging of measuring instruments. Some practical difficulties in the application of the Bayes test, e.g., adjustments for unknown delay times in detecting gross errors in instruments, adjustments of instrument lifetimes when updating their failure probabilities, and computational complexity of the scheme, are discussed and heuristic methods for their amelioration are suggested.
Molecular Mechanism of Deformation in Epoxies – A Neutron Scattering Study

Neutron scattering was used to investigate the molecular mechanism of large strain deformation in epoxies. Partially deuterated diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) was cured with either tri- or di-amines of different molecular weights. The change of the average distance between crosslinks along the epoxy and the amine linkages could easily be determined from the shift in the positions of the scattering maxima. It was found that the average distance between crosslinks remained almost unchanged along both the amine and the epoxy linkages as the bulk material underwent a large deformation. The above results are discussed in terms of the functionality of the junctions as well as the molecular weight between crosslinks. Comparisons are also made between the solid state deformation results and those from swollen networks which did show a substantial increase inaverage distance between crosslinks.
In situ imaging of single carbohydrate-binding modules on cellulose microfibrils

The low efficiency of enzymes used in the bioprocessing of biomass for biofuels is one of the primary bottlenecks that must be overcome to make lignocellulosic biofuels cost-competitive. One of the rate-limiting factors is the accessibility of the cellulase enzymes to insoluble cellulolytic substrates, facilitated by surface absorption of the carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), a component of most cellulase systems. Despite their importance, reports of direct observation of CBM function and activity using microscopic methods are still uncommon. Here, we examine the site-specific binding of individual CBMs to crystalline cellulose in an aqueous environment, using the single molecule fluorescence method known as Defocused Orientation and Position Imaging (DOPI). Systematic orientations were observed that are consistent with the CBMs binding to the two opposite hydrophobic faces of the cellulose microfibril, with a well-defined orientation relative to the fiber axis. The approach provides in situ physical evidence indicating the CBMs bind with a well-defined orientation on those planes, thus supporting a binding mechanism driven by chemical and structural recognition of the cellulose surface.
Emerging Biomarkers of Myocardial Ischemia

Myocardial ischemia has a complex pathophysiology and can manifest with a multitude of clinical presentations, including without symptoms. Patients who present to the emergency department with a complaint of chest pain therefore require substantial diagnostic effort to determine whether their symptoms are related to acute myocardial ischemia. Present diagnostic approaches are typically protocol driven and include serial electrocardiograms and biomarkers obtained over an 8- to 12-h period for the detection of myocardial necrosis. This paradigm is reasonably effective in identifying patients who have acute coronary syndrome, especially when there is associated myocardial necrosis, but it offers only modest sensitivity and relies heavily on biomarkers that are increased only in the presence of irreversible myocardial injury (i.e., necrosis). For this reason, there has been intense research and clinical interest in the development of sensitive biomarkers of myocardial ischemia that are not dependent on the presence of myocardial necrosis. Markers investigated for this purpose include ultrasensitive troponin, ischemi-modified albumin, sCD40L, myeloperoxidase, glutathione peroxidase, nourins, unbound free fatty acid, and whole-blood choline. Despite the emergence of these candidate markers of ischemia, currently there is not sufficient evidence to recommend widespread adoption of any of them into clinical practice.
CPT 2012: updated & clarified.

As usual, the 2012 annual update to Current Procedural Terminology changes a number of codes important to family physicians. Here, the author explains the code changes most likely to affect their coding practice.
Rate equations for sodium catalyzed amorphous silica dissolution

Abstract Newly measured amorphous silica dissolution rate data were combined with data from the literature to produce an equation that predicts the dissolution flux (J, mol/m2 s) of amorphous silica as a function of temperature (T, K), sodium concentration (mNa+, molal), and hydrogen ion activity (aH+). J = 14.62 10 - 77400 2.303 R 1 T + 8.95 10 - 77700 2.303 R 1 T m Na + 0.490 a H + 0.377 The same data fit equally well to an equation that expresses the dissolution flux as a function of temperature, sodium concentration, and hydroxide ion activity (aOH−). J = 14.62 10 - 77400 2.303 R 1 T + 1.73 × 10 6 10 - 77700 2.303 R 1 T m Na + 0.490 a OH - 0.377 These equations have the same form as those for quartz ( Rimstidt, 2015 ) and show that sodium ions have the same catalytic effect on amorphous silica dissolution as they do for quartz.
Association between Body Mass Index and Clinical and Endoscopic Features of Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Background Because eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) causes dysphagia, esophageal narrowing, and strictures, it could result in low body mass index (BMI), but there are few data assessing this.
Variations in the Intracranial Venous System

The intention of this chapter is to separate the dural venous sinuses from the deep and superficial cerebral veins, but this distinction can be difficult in some instances because of the close proximity of deep and superficial systems from the dural sinuses (e.g., the sphenoparietal sinus and superficial middle cerebral vein). It is important to keep in mind that the appearance of the deep and superficial cerebral veins and the dural venous sinuses can vary much more widely than the appearance of the arteries. Therefore, a brief synopsis of the intracranial venous anatomy is provided in the following paragraphs.
Classical Naṣṣ Doctrines in Imāmī Shīʿism: On the Usage of an Expository Term

This article reexamines the use of the term naṣs , which since Marshall Hodgson has been used in modern historiography to refer to an indigenous Shīʿī mechanism of succession to the imamate. An alternative thesis is proposed here which situates the origins of the term in Shīʿī usage over the 8th to 11th centuries within the scholarly discourses of kalām and uṣūl al-fiqh . From the perspective of theological hermeneutics, classical Imāmī naṣṣ doctrines valorized revelatory specification ( naṣṣ ) of authority to the exclusion of opinion and interpretive effort ( ijtihād ). As is shown here, the elaboration of these doctrines was historically predicated on an attempt to explain the Shīʿī imamate as a solution to the problem of epistemological uncertainty in Islamic scholarship. This is illustrated with reference to Sunnī, Muʿtazilite, Zaydī, Imāmī, and Ismāʿīlī literature, documenting the earliest usage of the term naṣṣ within a broader intellectual milieu than has hitherto been the case.
Extension Problems for Maps on Operator Systems

Given operator systems E ⊂ F and a C*-algebra B the extension problem considers a map φ:E → B and asks for an extension ψ:F → B which makes the following diagram commute:
Poster: Redundancy Aided Vehicular Networking

Vehicular applications are increasingly connected to cloud services. For example, route planning, gas price applications, and Siri-like personal assistants all respond to user queries based in part on cloud processing. Network communication thus is often a substantial component of user-perceived latency in vehicular applications. Current vehicular computing platforms typically connect to the cloud using a single cellular network provider. Network conditions can change rapidly as a vehicle moves due to geographical variation in coverage, radio shadows, and differing traffic density. Such variation is often exacerbated by connection re-establishment after an interface has entered a sleep state. Thus, vehicular applications can often appear unresponsive due to high wireless network latency. Even worse, the responsiveness is unpredictable; high tail latency makes some user interactions take longer, even when most interactions complete in an acceptable amount of time. This unpredictability is especially worrisome in a vehicular environment, in which occasional unexpected performance anomalies distract the driver of the vehicle.
Regenerative Rehabilitation: Applied Biophysics Meets Stem Cell Therapeutics

The emerging field of regenerative rehabilitation integrates biological and bioengineering advances in regenerative medicine with rehabilitative sciences. Here we highlight recent stem cell-based examples of the regenerative rehabilitation paradigm to promote tissue repair and regeneration, and we discuss remaining challenges and future directions for the field.
Ion channel expression and function in astrocytic scars

We have studied electrophysiological properties of glial cells undergoing injury induced proliferation using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Mechanical injury to confluent monolayers of spinal cord astrocytes resulted in a transient induction of cell proliferation that lasted for approximately 48h. Astrocytic scars healed by both re-growth into the scar region and by recruitment of newly formed cells. The in vitro scar resembled reactive gliosis in many respects including increased expression of GFAP. Cell proliferation was a requirement in the scar healing response and mitogen inhibitors such as cytosinearabinoside (Ara-C) retarded scar healing. Cells actively dividing at the scar differed absolutely in their electrophysiology from uninjured astrocytes on the same coverslip but over 300 p,m distant from the scar. Proliferating “scarring” cells had resting membrane potentials of ~ -55 mV and expressed large outwardly rectifying K+ currents but mostly lacked inwardly rectifying K+ currents. They also expressed prominent voltage-activated Na+ currents. By contrast non-dividing astrocytes that were not associated with the scar had more negative resting potentials ~ -70 mV, expressed predominantly inwardly rectifying K+ currents and most cells lacked Na+ currents. Inhibition of outward K+ currents by 2 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) inhibited astrocyte proliferation and prevented scar healing suggesting that the up-regulation of 4-AP sensitive K+ channels is necessary for injury induced proliferation.
Pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure in children with chronic upper airway obstruction. New concepts of etiologic factors.

Abstract Four cases of cor pulmonale secondary to alveolar hypoventilation from chronic upper airway obstruction (enlarged tonsils and adenoids) are presented with a review of the previously reported cases. The findings suggest that, in addition to the chronically obstructed airway, a racial predilection, a defect of the central nervous system causing abnormal respiratory control, and a hyperreactive pulmonary vascular bed must also be present for the development of this unusual syndrome.
Reduction of Escherichia coli, as a surrogate for Salmonella spp., on the surface of grapefruit during various packingline processes.

The US Produce Safety Rule allows for use of water that does not meet its microbial standards if corrective measures are employed. This research was initiated to determine the suitability of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli as a surrogate for Salmonella during citrus washing, and to evaluate the removal of E. coli from grapefruit on two pilot packinglines (CREC and IRREC) as corrective measures. Whole grapefruit were inoculated with either E. coli or Salmonella and dried, and exposed to a variety of treatments on a lab-scale brush wash system. Individual processes were evaluated on the pilot packinglines with E. coli only. In all lab-scale brush wash system treatments, bacterial population reductions between E. coli and Salmonella were not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05). On pilot packinglines, E. coli populations were reduced by 3.59 to >5.11 log CFU/grapefruit at the CREC packingline, and by 3.30 to >5.13 log CFU/grapefruit at the IRREC packingline. Treatment of fruit through complete packingline processing at both locations reduced E. coli populations to levels below the detection limit (<1 log CFU/grapefruit). The studies indicate E. coli is an appropriate surrogate for Salmonella under tested conditions, and that standard citrus packingline processes can be used as a corrective measure.
Differences in Body Composition Affect Weight Control Practices and Body Image Satisfaction in College Students

The purpose of the present study was to assess weight control practices, body image, exercise habits and body composition among college students. 81 female and 20 male participants (age: 21 ± 1 yrs, Body Mass Index (BMI): 23 ± 3 kg/m², body fat percentage (BF%): 22 ± 5%) were recruited. Participants were asked to complete the following questionnaires: 69-item Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaires (MBSRQ-69), Weight Control Practices (WCP), Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS) and Sedentary Behavior (SBQ). Participants were divided into four groups based on gender classifications of BF%. Appearance Evaluation, Fitness Evaluation and Orientation, Overweight Preoccupation, Self-Classification of Weight, and Body Area Satisfaction subscales of MBSRQ were significantly different (p 0.05). Participants with higher BF% engaged in more WCP. College students with higher body fat were less satisfied with their body image and therefore engaged in more weight control practices.
Assessing the contribution of aquaculture and restoration to wild oyster populations in a Rhode Island coastal lagoon

The decline of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) has prompted various restoration and aquaculture efforts. Recent field surveys in Rhode Island suggest that wild populations are increasing, yet the factors contributing to expansion are unknown. We used a population genetic approach to characterize genetic differences between wild and cultured oyster populations and explore the extent of connectivity and admixture between groups. Individual oysters from four wild, three farmed, and two restored populations were collected within or just outside Ninigret Pond, a coastal lagoon highly influenced by human activity, and genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci. Results from the multi-locus genotype data showed that wild populations were more genetically diverse than the cultured populations. We also observed significant genetic differentiation between paired wild and cultured populations but not between pairs of wild populations. A cluster analysis detected substantial admixture between wild and cultured groups. As oyster aquaculture and restoration activities are forecasted to increase in the future, this study highlights the potential degree of genetic introgression between remnant wild populations and less diverse, hatchery-reared stocks. Those tasked with preserving our living natural resources should carefully consider how the juxtaposition of aquaculture, restored, and wild populations at small spatial scales will impact the genetic composition and evolutionary trajectories of species in decline for generations to come.
Proposed non-linear relation between satisfaction with government performance and co-production: an initial empirical test

This study attempted to estimate a new descriptive model that integrated the elements of the expectancy-disconfirmation model and the prospect theory framework and examined the linear and non-linea...
Exploiting time in electronic health record correlations

Objective To demonstrate that a large, heterogeneous clinical database can reveal fine temporal patterns in clinical associations; to illustrate several types of associations; and to ascertain the value of exploiting time. Materials and methods Lagged linear correlation was calculated between seven clinical laboratory values and 30 clinical concepts extracted from resident signout notes from a 22-year, 3-million-patient database of electronic health records. Time points were interpolated, and patients were normalized to reduce inter-patient effects. Results The method revealed several types of associations with detailed temporal patterns. Definitional associations included low blood potassium preceding ‘hypokalemia.’ Low potassium preceding the drug spironolactone with high potassium following spironolactone exemplified intentional and physiologic associations, respectively. Counterintuitive results such as the fact that diseases appeared to follow their effects may be due to the workflow of healthcare, in which clinical findings precede the clinician’s diagnosis of a disease even though the disease actually preceded the findings. Fully exploiting time by interpolating time points produced less noisy results. Discussion Electronic health records are not direct reflections of the patient state, but rather reflections of the healthcare process and the recording process. With proper techniques and understanding, and with proper incorporation of time, interpretable associations can be derived from a large clinical database. Conclusion A large, heterogeneous clinical database can reveal clinical associations, time is an important feature, and care must be taken to interpret the results.
Using Intraoperative Variables to Predict Acute Kidney Injury Following Cardiac Surgery

After undergoing cardiac surgery, a significant number of patients develop Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), a condition that contributes to higher mortality and morbidity rates. Current methods of diagnosing AKI are largely reactionary, as kidney damage can only be assessed after creatinine levels in the blood rise, a process that occurs 24-48 hours after initial injury. During this time period, doctors make medical decisions that may add extra stress to kidney function, unknowingly contributing to further kidney damage. The University of Virginia (UVa) Health System is interested in improving its ability to predict AKI following cardiac surgery in order to more quickly and accurately identify at-risk patients. Currently, the UVa Health System uses the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) preoperative AKI Risk Score to assess each patient's risk of kidney injury prior to surgery. Hoping to improve predictive performance, the Health System desires a new risk model that also incorporates risk factors from the intraoperative period. The final dataset ( $\mathrm{n}=335$ surgeries) includes both preoperative and intraoperative factors compiled from the UVa Health System EMR database. Machine learning models were utilized to predict each patient's change in creatinine level, the metric used to assign AKI classifications. Specific focus was given to incorporating intraoperative time series factors. Changepoint analysis, estimated entropy, and heteroscedastic modeling were employed to analyze the time series readings from lab, anesthesiology, and medication records taken during cardiac surgery. Several of these intraoperative time series features were significant variables in all of the highest performing L 1 Linear Regression, L 1 Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Neural Net, and Extreme Gradient Boost models.
Persons, Artificial Intelligence, and Science Fiction Thought–Experiments

Perhaps our minds are just like computers, even if of interesting kinds (as science fiction illustrates). Then that 'dazzling image' might make particular thoughts seem inevitable, generated exceptionlessly. Hence, Chap. 6 addresses issues most readily raised for artificial intelligence (in a “Strong AI” version) to further elaborate our concept of a person, by first exploring how the so-called Turing Test sets bounds for constructing intelligence. Searle’s "Chinese Room" argument is recruited to expose some limitations of this Test: since computer programmes are syntactic, and syntax cannot determine semantics, passing the Test cannot guarantee understanding. Then, the so-called "Aphrodite Argument", in recognizing constraints on understanding genuine persons, renders problematic the prospect of androids. Some apparent counter-cases, presented from the movie Blade Runner (1982) and the novel The Turing Option (Harrison and Minsky, Penguin Books, 1992), give this contention content and make it vivid. A different version of androidology, from the television series Westworld (2016), reinforces the differential explanatory power of reference to persons and to machines.