cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Libraries and networked information services: issues and consideration in measurement

The Internet is an integral part of library service that can take many forms – an extension of library collections and resources through licensed and/or digitized content, a gateway service through public access workstations, or as a means through which customers can interact with the library through such services as digital reference. Along with these evolving forms of electronic library services, there is a need to examine our ability to engage in a multi‐faceted assessment of network‐based information services and resources that includes input/output evaluation approaches as well as those grounded in service quality, outcomes, and other frameworks as determined by the data needs of the library. Information professionals, and those relying on information professionals, face a number of challenges in the networked information resources and services environment. Meeting these challenges requires a variety of issues and strategies for libraries to consider, particularly when engaging in evaluation activities.
Multiagent treatment of agenthood

There have been numerous attempts to provide a standardized definition ofa computational agent, but little consensus has emerged. We propose a simple test for agenthood that can be applied to a putative computational agent. Roughly, this test seeks to capture the intuition that an agent is an entity that can function as part ofa multiagent system. The test depends on the observed behavior of the supposed agent and not on the internals of it. We apply the test to some well-known kinds of systems of (supposed) agents and discuss the results. We present a formulation of the test and some variants with a semantics based on sociability. Our treatment of agenthood can thus serve as a methodological basis for evaluating putative agents and agent toolkits.
A Mediation Analysis of the ATHENA Intervention for Female Athletes: Prevention of Athletic-Enhancing Substance Use and Unhealthy Weight Loss Behaviors

Objective To explain, through mediation analyses, the mechanisms by which ATHENA (Athletes Targeting Healthy Exercise and Nutrition Alternatives), a primary prevention and health promotion intervention designed to deter unhealthy body shaping behaviors among female high school athletes, produced immediate changes in intentions for unhealthy weight loss and steroid/creatine use, and to examine the link to long-term follow-up intentions and behaviors. Methods In a randomized trial of 1668 athletes, intervention participants completed coach-led peer-facilitated sessions during their sport season. Participants provided pre-test, immediate post-test, and 9-month follow-up assessments. Results ATHENA decreased intentions for steroid/creatine use and intentions for unhealthy weight loss behaviors at post-test. These effects were most strongly mediated by social norms and self-efficacy for healthy eating. Low post-test intentions were maintained 9 months later and predicted subsequent behavior. Conclusions ATHENA successfully modified mediators that in turn related to athletic-enhancing substance use and unhealthy weight loss practices. Mediation analyses aid in the understanding of health promotion interventions and inform program development.
Making it Sane: Using Narrative to Explore Theory in a Mental Health Consumer-Run Organization

My previous research led to the development of a theoretical model explaining the processes by which people can benefit from consumer-run organizations (CROs). This study builds on that work by exploring the ability of the conceptual framework to capture the complexity of seven diverse life history narratives from participants at one CRO. To construct life history narratives, I used data from participant observation and a series of in-depth, minimally structured interviews. Application of the proposed conceptual framework to the narratives provides a consistent structure that organizes the experiences of informants into meaningful components. This application of the framework to the data also enables an exploration of the framework's ability to account for the lives of all informants. This analysis leads to conclusions on the conceptual framework's ability to explain how people benefit from CROs.
Fused silica substrate effects on capillary column performance

The effect of a pretreatment step on the polarity of fused silica capillary tubing prior to coating was evaluated. Columns were tested prior to and after coating with a 50% phenyl stationary phase, and the chromatographic findings were compared. The results confirmed that the polarity of the fused silica substrate affects the inertness and reproducibility of the final coated columns
Acousto-optics in scattering media: an analytical model for anisotropic scattering

We have calculated analytically the temporal autocorrelation function of the electric field component of multiply scattered coherent light transmitted through an anisotropically scattering medium and irradiated with a plane ultrasonic wave. The accuracy of the analytical solution is verified with an independent Monte Carlo simulation. The analytical model shows that an approximate similarity relation exists.
The future of supernova neutrino detection.

By a series of independent decisions, an international network of massive underground neutrino detectors is being established whose collective sensitivity to supernova neutrinos will be unprecedented. Individually and in coordinated fashion, these detectors could provide temporal, energetic, angular, and flavor information for any stellar collapse in our Galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud, or the Small Magellanic Cloud. In this paper, we construct a detailed fiducial model of supernova neutrino bursts that incorporates the numerous emission features derived and predicted by supernova and protoneutron star theorists during the last decade. With this generic model, we calculate and predict the response of representative \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov and scintillation neutrino telescopes to a nearby neutrino burst. The strengths and weaknesses of the various detectors are highlighted and explored. We focus on the information-rich features of the neutrino signal that were not detectable from SN 1987A. In addition, we investigate the effect of a nonzero neutrino mass on the detected signals. The latter study focuses on what can be derived with high-resolution observations of a galactic collapse.
Culture and African contexts of HIV/AIDS prevention, care and support

Culture plays a vital role in determining the level of health of the individual, the family and the community. This is particularly relevant in the context of Africa, where the values of extended family and community significantly influence the behaviour of the individual. The behaviour of the individual in relation to family and community is one major cultural factor that has implications for sexual behaviour and HIV/AIDS prevention and control efforts. As the impact of HIV/AIDS in Africa remains unabated, a culture-centered approach to prevention, care and support is increasingly recognised as a critical strategy. In this article PEN-3, a model developed to centralise culture in health promotion interventions, is presented as a framework to be used in HIV/AIDS prevention, care and support in Africa. The three domains of the PEN-3 model incorporate specific constructs: relationships and expectations, cultural empowerment, and cultural identity.The cultural empowerment and relationships and expectations d...
Mammalian Diversity and Matses Ethnomammalogy in Amazonian Peru Part 1: Primates

Abstract This report is the first installment of a monographic study of mammalian diversity and ethnomammalogy in a sparsely inhabited rainforest region between the Yavari and Ucayali rivers in northeastern Peru. Our study is based on several large collections of mammals (totaling about 3500 specimens) made at various localities in this region between 1926 and 2003, and on our long-term ethnobiological and linguistic fieldwork with the Matses, a Panoan-speaking group of indigenous Amazonians who still obtain most of their dietary protein by hunting mammals. Our primary objectives are to document the species richness of the regional fauna through taxonomic analysis of collected specimens, and to assess the detail and accuracy of Matses knowledge of mammalian natural history by linguistic analysis of recorded interviews. The regional primate fauna is definitely known to consist of at least 14 species documented by collected specimens and/or repeated sightings of taxa with visually conspicuous diagnostic tra...
Impact of cilia ultrastructural examination on the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia.

Ultrastructural examination of cilia is the “gold standard” for diagnosing primary ciliary dyskinesia. There is little evidence suggesting the most effective method of procuring a ciliary biopsy an...
Observations of Cosmic X-ray Sources by the MIT Instrument on the OSO-7

The Seventh Orbiting Solar Observatory, OSO-7, carries on board a 1–60 keV X-ray detector for the purpose of measuring the positions, spectra and time variations of X-ray sources. The instrument is described herein, and several topics under investigation and results in publication are mentioned.
Cytosolic group IVa phospholipase A2 mediates IL-8/CXCL8-induced transmigration of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro

Cytosolic gIVaPLA2 is a critical enzyme in the generation of arachidonate metabolites and in induction of β2-integrin adhesion in granulocytes. We hypothesized that gIVaPLA2 activation also is an essential downstream step for post adhesive migration of PMN in vitro. Migration of PMNs caused by IL-8/CXCL8 was assessed using a transwell migration chamber. PMNs were pretreated with two structurally unrelated inhibitors of gIVaPLA2, arachidonyl trifluoromethylketone (TFMK) or pyrrophenone, prior to IL-8/CXCL8 exposure. The fraction of migrated PMNs present in the lower chamber was measured as total myeloperoxidase content. GIVaPLA2 enzyme activity was analyzed using [14C-PAPC] as specific substrate F-actin polymerization and cell structure were examined after rhodamine-phalloidin staining. IL-8/CXCL8-induced migration of PMNs was elicited in concentration- and time-dependent manner. Time-related phosphorylation and translocation of cytosolic gIVaPLA2 to the nucleus was observed for PMNs stimulated with IL-8/CXCL8 in concentration sufficient to cause upstream phosphorylation of MAPKs (ERK-1/2 and p38) and Akt/PKB. Inhibition of gIVaPLA2 corresponded to the magnitude of blockade of PMN migration. Neither AA nor LTB4 secretion was elicited following IL-8/CXCL8 activation. In unstimulated PMNs, F-actin was located diffusely in the cytosol; however, a clear polarized morphology with F-actin-rich ruffles around the edges of the cell was observed after activation with IL-8/CXCL8. Inhibition of gIVaPLA2 blocked change in cell shape and migration caused by IL-8/CXCL8 but did not cause F-actin polymerization or translocation of cytosolic F-actin to inner leaflet of the PMN membrane. We demonstrate that IL-8/CXCL8 causes a) phosphorylation and translocation of cytosolic gIVaPLA2 to the nucleus, b) change in cell shape, c) polymerization of F-actin, and d) chemoattractant/migration of PMN in vitro. Inhibition of gIVaPLA2 blocks the deformability and subsequent migration of PMNs caused by IL-8/CXCL8. Our data suggest that activation of gIVaPLA2 is an essential step in PMN migration in vitro.
Pollen tolerance nasal tests in hay fever experimental and clinical observations.

Abstract 1.1. The pollen tolerance nasal test is a fairly accurate means of measuring the reaction of the principal shock organ to a given amount of pollen under standard conditions. 2.2. The reactivity of the shock organ is influenced by other factors, some specific, some nonspecific. Among the specifications are concomitant sensitivities to other foods, pollens, and inhalants. The nonspecific ones include respiratory infections, meteorological factors, and psychic stimuli. These complicating factors are best detected by an accurate and detailed history together with a complete allergic survey. 3.3. There was a constant and significant increase in pollen tolerance only with prolonged or perennial treatment. The results of pollen tolerance tests with preseasonal treatment for a single year were much more variable. It was impossible to forecast the therapeutic efficacy of specific treatment by this method since there was no parallelism either between the changing tolerance of the patients to pollen and their clinical results, or between the pollen tolerance and the total and maximum pollen dosage. 4.4. This test offers a satisfactory objective method for the determination of a spontaneous remission or cure. It may be used together with historical data in deciding when specific pollen therapy should be discontinued.
Antibiotic and Diagnostic Discordance Between ED Physicians and Hospitalists for Pediatric Respiratory Illness.

Background and Objective: Imperfect diagnostic tools make it difficult to know the extent to which a bacterial process is contributing to respiratory illness, complicating the decision to prescribe antibiotics. We sought to quantify diagnostic and antibiotic prescribing disagreements between emergency department (ED) and pediatric hospitalist physicians for children admitted with respiratory illness. Methods: Manual chart review was used to identify testing, diagnostic, and antibiotic prescribing decisions for consecutive children admitted for respiratory illness in a winter (starting February 20, 2012) and a summer (starting August 20, 2012) season to a tertiary, freestanding children’s hospital. Respiratory illness diagnoses were grouped into 3 categories: bacterial, viral, and asthma. Results: A total of 181 children admitted for respiratory illness were studied. Diagnostic discordance was significant for all 3 types of respiratory illness but greatest for bacterial ( P < . 001). Antibiotic prescribing discordance was significant ( P < . 001), with pediatric hospitalists changing therapy for 93% of patients prescribed antibiotics in the ED, including stopping antibiotics altogether for 62% of patients. Conclusions: Significant diagnostic and antibiotic discordance between ED and pediatric hospitalist physicians exists for children admitted to the hospital for respiratory illness. * Abbreviations: CAP : community-acquired pneumonia ED : emergency department IMC : intermediate care unit
TRP Channels in Hypertension

Pulmonary and systemic arterial hypertension are associated with profound alterations in Ca(2+) homeostasis and smooth muscle cell proliferation. A novel class of non-selective cation channels, the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, have emerged at the forefront of research into hypertensive disease states. TRP channels are identified as molecular correlates for receptor-operated and store-operated cation channels in the vasculature. Over 10 TRP isoforms are identified at the mRNA and protein expression levels in the vasculature. Current research implicates upregulation of specific TRP isoforms to be associated with increased Ca(2+) influx, characteristic of vasoconstriction and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. TRP channels are implicated as Ca(2+) entry pathways in pulmonary hypertension and essential hypertension. Caveolae have recently emerged as membrane microdomains in which TRP channels may be co-localized with the endoplasmic reticulum in both smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Such enhanced expression and function of TRP channels and their localization in caveolae in pathophysiological hypertensive disease states highlights their importance as potential targets for pharmacological intervention.
Field Studies on Lyme Disease in North America

The primary tick vector of Borrelia burgdorferi in eastern and central North America is Ixodes dammini; in western North America, Ixodes pacificus. Searching for the appropriate vector is the first step in determining whether a region is endemic and enzootic for the spirochete B burgdorferi, the etiological agent of Lyme disease, followed by examination of the ticks (questing or already attached to hosts) and wildlife for the spirochete. Questing ticks can be collected through a variety of methods. The two major animal hosts for I dammini are the white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus and the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus. Sampling strategies should consider habitat and season. All three life stages of the vector tick should be located, indicating a self-sustaining population. Although B burgdorferi can be detected in many ways, there is no substitute for isolating the spirochete in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly II medium for definitive proof of the presence of the Lyme disease spirochete.
Network analysis of university courses

Crucial courses have a high impact on students progress at universities and ultimately on graduation rates. Detecting such courses should therefore be a major focus of decision makers at universities. Based on complex network analysis and graph theory, this paper proposes a new framework to not only detect such courses, but also quantify their cruciality. The experimental results conducted using data from the University of New Mexico (UNM) show that the distribution of course cruciality follows a power law distribution. The results also show that the ten most crucial courses at UNM are all in mathematics. Applications of the proposed framework are extended to study the complexity of curricula within colleges, which leads to a consideration of the creation of optimal curricula. Optimal curricula along with the earned letter grades of the courses are further exploited to analyze the student progress. This work is important as it presents a robust framework to ensure the ease of flow of students through curricula with the goal of improving a university's graduation rate.
Experiment design for control-relevant identification of partially known stable multivariable systems

Design of experiments for identification of control-relevant models is at the heart of robust controller design. In a number of prior publications, experiment designs have been developed that generate input/output data for efficient identification of models satisfying the integral controllability (IC) condition. The design of process inputs for such experiments is often, but not always, based on the concept of independent random rotated inputs, with appropriately proportioned amplitudes. However, prior publications do not account for models that may already be partially known before identification. In this work, this issue is addressed by developing a general experiment design framework for efficient identification of partially known models that must satisfy the IC condition. This framework produces optimal designs by solving appropriately formulated optimization problems, based on a number of rigorous theoretical results. Numerical simulations illustrate the proposed approach and potential future extensions are suggested. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2986–3001, 2016
Extractives in Douglas-fir forestry residue and considerations for biofuel production

Forestry residues are a plentiful, low environmental impact feedstock for biofuels and bioproducts. Douglas-fir is the most prevalent tree species in the timberlands of western North America, with approximately 5 million tons of sustainably harvestable forestry residues available each year. These forestry residues are an important potential biomass feedstock containing holocellulose, lignin, protein, ash, and phytochemicals commonly identified as “extractives”. The phytochemical extractive category make up 5–25 % of the dry weight for different tissues of Douglas-fir, but are rarely represented with molecular detail in feedstock models of residues for biofuel or other bioproduct. These extractives contain both primary and secondary metabolites and represent potential revenue sources as side products from processing, but also includes species that are astringent, toxic, endocrine disruptors and/or reactive in similar chemical processes. Within the “extractives” category are phytochemicals such as proanthocyanidins, phlobaphenes, waxes, flavonoids, terpenoids, phytosterols, lignans and many more. This review first identifies phytochemical molecules found in different Douglas-fir tissues, then quantities these by category and individual molecular species, to the extent allowed by the literature. We combine the literature into a quantitative, molecularly detailed, mass conserving model for a particular Douglas-fir forestry residue (“slash”). This model is used in a sulfite/bisulfite biofuel process simulation for understanding the molecular partitioning of extractives in different process streams. Model results are used to explore some implications for extractive species in the production of sugars and waste products from Douglas-fir forestry residue feedstock.
Gene Flow Accelerates Local Adaptation Among Finite Populations: Simulating the Evolution of Insecticide Resistance

Stochastic computer simulation of the evolution of insecticide resistance among finite, subdivided populations showed that interactions among gene flow, population size, initial genetic variation, and environmental heterogeneity influence adaptation to local selection caused by insecticide treatments. When all subpopulations were exposed to pesticide selection, gene flow had little effect unless the allele providing resistance was rare. When rare, the resistance allele was lost in many of the finite subpopulations. Higher rates of gene flow increased the overall rate at which resistance evolved by spreading the resistance allele more rapidly from subpopulations where it persisted. In heterogeneous environments (mixtures of treated and untreated fields), intermediate levels of gene flow produced the most rapid rates of local adaptation. At higher rates of gene flow, migration of susceptible alleles into treated subpopulations delayed the evolution of resistance. At low rates of gene flow, resistance evolution was delayed by the low rate of movement of resistance alleles between subpopulations. Although high gene flow (>10% per generation) retarded resistance evolution in treated subpopulations, it greatly increased the resistance allele frequency in the untreated subpopulations. Results from finite population models suggest that in many field situations, gene flow may speed evolution of insecticide resistance. Previous results from infinite, continent-island population models had supported the opposite conclusion. These qualitatively different conclusions illustrate the importance of finite population size, particularly when lack of genetic variation constrains evolutionary adaptation.
An Elementary Constructive Proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

(1945). An Elementary Constructive Proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 52, No. 10P1, pp. 562-570.
Alfred Russel Wallace, Nature’s Prophet: From Natural Selection to Natural Theology

Despite considerable research into this famed naturalist’s life and work, the metaphysical views of Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) remain controversial. This paper reviews Wallace’s refurbishment of the argument from design, placing him within the highly charged intersection of biology and religion. Wallace’s own evolution from nature to natural theology can be readily demonstrated in writings dating from 1843 to his death in 1913. Numerous works reveal Wallace as nature’s prophet, a teleological visionary inspired by his unique experiences as a prodigious collector of species and keen observer of nature in South America and the Malay Archipelago. Furthermore, Wallace’s refurbishment of the argument from design, eschewing the special creation of William Paley (1743–1805) for a more nuanced version of creative and purposeful theistic evolution, represented one of the most innovative contributions of its kind in the Victorian/Edwardian eras, influencing a later generation of scientists and intellectuals.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Aspergillus fumigatus Strains, Isolated from the International Space Station

ABSTRACT Draft genome sequences of Aspergillus fumigatus strains (ISSFT-021 and IF1SW-F4), opportunistic pathogens isolated from the International Space Station (ISS), were assembled to facilitate investigations of the nature of the virulence characteristics of the ISS strains to other clinical strains isolated on Earth.
ERCP in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a process characterized by inflammatory destruction of pancreatic parenchyma and ductal structures with formation of fibrosis. Patients complain of pain as the predominant symptom of CP. Treatment is directed towards symptoms and management of the structural complications—stones, pancreatic ductal strictures, duct leaks, pseudocysts, and associated biliary strictures. Medical therapies such as abstinence from alcohol, dietary alterations, analgesics, oral enzyme supplements, and somatostatin analogs are only partially effective in relieving pain. Endoscopic therapy for CP was introduced more than 15 years ago. Endoscopic therapy as first line therapy may reduce or eliminate the need for surgical procedures, may serve as a bridge to surgery and can predict the response to surgical therapy. If endoscopic therapy is unsuccessful, surgical therapy is still an option for most patients. The aim of endoscopic therapy in patients with CP is to alleviate outflow obstruction of the biliary or pancreatic secretions. Endoscopic therapy using Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiography (ERCP) should be considered in conjunction with medical, surgical, and percutaneous approaches. This chapter reviews the current role of ERCP in management of chronic pancreatitis.
Obesity-Related Diseases and Syndromes: Cancer, Endocrine Disease, Pulmonary Disease, Pseudotumor Cerebri, and Disordered Sleep

Obesity promotes fundamental pathophysiological changes that permit the development of disease. Diseases associated with obesity do not occur in isolation like diseases in lean individuals, but instead are usually clustered as a group of interrelated problems. These interrelated problems are often treated as isolated issues while the more important pathology—obesity—is missed or ignored. Awareness of the interrelationships among these medical problems may alert treating providers to evaluate and communicate with patients and develop a more comprehensive strategy of treatment for specific problems and underlying pathology. This chapter discusses in detail the ways in which obesity relates to and impacts the following diseases and syndromes: cancer, endocrine disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, infertility, pulmonary disease, asthma, hyperventilation syndrome, venus thromboembolic disease, pseudotumor cerebrii, disordered sleep and sleep apnea.
Firearm Injury in the United States: Effective Management Must Address Biophysical and Biopsychosocial Factors.

Patients with intentional or accidental firearm injuries might benefit from biopsychosocial interventions aimed at reducing the risk for future violence and treating biophysical wounds.
Bayesian Cramér-Rao Bound for distributed vector estimation with linear observation model

In this paper we study the problem of distributed estimation of a random vector in wireless sensor networks (WSN) with linear observation model. Each sensor makes a noisy observation, quantizes its observation, maps it to a digitally modulated symbol, and transmits the symbol over erroneous wireless channels (subject to fading and noise) to a fusion center (FC), which is tasked with fusing the received signals and estimating the unknown vector. We derive the Bayesian Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) matrix and study the behavior of its trace (through analysis and simulations), with respect to the system parameters, including observation and communication channel signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The derived CRB serves as a benchmark for performance comparison of different Bayesian estimators, including linear MMSE estimator.
Ultra General Self Adjoint Operator Chebyshev-Grüss Type Inequalities

We demonstrate here most general self adjoint operator Chebyshev-Gruss type inequalities to all cases. We finish with applications. It follows [2] (G. Anastassiou, Most General Self Adjoint Operator Chebyshev-Gruss Inequalities (2016).
THE PERIPHERAL INNERVATION OF THE SMALL CORONARY VESSELS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an evaluation of the directional changes in blood flow through discrete areas of the myocardium during separate stimulation of cardiac nerve branches. Forty-seven experiments were carried out on mongrel dogs (12–20 kg) of either sex under phencyclidine HCL (2 mg/kg) and chloralose (80 mg/kg) anesthesia. In these 47 experiments, local myocardial blood flow was measured by means of paired thermistors, placed 1 to 2 mm apart, with one heated to a temperature 1°C higher than the other that recorded true, local tissue temperature. Coronary sinus outflow was measured simultaneously. The largest and the smallest branches of the cardiac sympathetic nerves were electrically stimulated. Coronary vasoconstrictor nerves separately innervate different segments of the coronary tree. Although the areas innervated by the coronary system may coincide with those of the contractile myocardium, the course of the vasomotor fibers appears to be different from the one that mediates changes in contractile force. The coronary vasomotor fibers appear to be preganglionic; their threshold for excitation is lower than that of the postganglionic myocardial contractile fibers. Close arterial injection of C6 abolishes the localized constrictor response, and there is a close relationship between cardiac metabolic fibers and the coronary constrictor.
Targeting Plasma Cells with Proteasome Inhibitors: Principles from Primates.

Tarlinton and Hodgkin[1][1] first proposed plasma cell (PC)–targeted therapies for autoimmune disease in 2004, but basic research studies did not emerge until 2008.[2][2] The first PC-targeted therapy in human transplantation was published in 2008 using a proteasome inhibitor (PI)–based regimen
Failure potential of infinite slopes in bonded soils with tensile strength cut-off

Infinite slope analyses are used in practice to assess the safety of slopes against shallow slides, with much of the soil mass moving parallel to a plane failure surface. Stability calculations typ...
Characteristics of facilitators in knowledge translation: An integrative review

Abstract Background Quality healthcare is increasingly measured through the integration of research findings into clinical practice. Individuals recognized as facilitators are essential to bridging the chasm between knowledge generation and translation. Aim This integrative review synthesizes evidence describing attributes of effective facilitators involved in knowledge translation. Methods Multiple databases were explored to identify publications issued between January 2000 and July 2016 describing facilitator characteristics. A rigorous methodology, applied by two assessors using quality assessment tools determined inclusion. Eighteen publications were identified. Findings Facilitator characteristics were extracted and assigned into one of the six domains of the facilitation competency framework: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management, skills, and knowledge translation and understanding. Discussion This review highlighted the lack of research exploring characteristics of successful facilitators. Recognizing that contextual elements within an organization may be "fixed", facilitator characteristics may be key influencers in the success of knowledge translation into the clinical setting and therefore, merit attention. Conclusion This integrative review provides an important listing of facilitator attributes attendant with successful knowledge translation in healthcare. Future research should focus on exploring the influence of these unique facilitator characteristics in supporting the uptake of evidence into the clinical setting.
An embodied incremental Bayesian model of cross-situational word learning

Learning the meaning of words in noisy contexts with multiple unknown words in an utterance and multiple unknown objects in a scene is a typical part of language acquisition for infants. However, incremental word learning in ambiguous contexts is a challenging problem in artificial intelligence. While past models of cross-situational word learning benefit from full access to all learning situations and their statistical regularities to arrive at the right hypothesis, it is cognitively implausible for children to remember all word learning situations they encounter. Hence, we present an incremental Bayesian model of cross-situational word learning with limited access to past situations and demonstrate its superior performance compared to other baseline incremental models, especially under conditions of sensory noise in the speech and visual modalities. Then we embed our model in a cognitive robotic architecture and demonstrate the first robotic model capable of incremental cross-situational word learning.
Assessing pavlov’s impact on the American conditioning enterprise

In this article, the visibility of Pavlov and of Watson in American psychology are compared, and the periods of their respective influence are specified with greater precision than is afforded by merely impressionistic methods. The author also critically examines the possibility that the early history of the American classic-conditioning enterprise involved a succession of two phases: a Watsonian/speculative phase and a Pavlovian/empirical phase. In conclusion, the author assesses the possibility that the publication of Pavlov's Conditioned Reflexes (1927) "stimulated" scholarly work on Pavlovian conditioning, and finds this proposition lacking empirical support.
Empirical Analysis of Local Round Trip Time for Wireless Traffic Differentiation

This paper focuses on how to differentiate wireless traffic from wired peer by using the temporal TCP characteristics of SYN, FIN, and ACK local round trip times (LRTT) found in all TCP sessions. With these session-based temporal characteristics, traffic from wireless and wired nodes can be differentiated by exploiting the fundamental differences between Ethernet and 802.11b/g/n. The effort of this paper is then on analyzing the resulting empirical LRTT data extensively and designing several algorithms for effective wireless host discovery. Most algorithms are light-weight, with little memory overhead, and can be easily implemented on commodity hardware. Ultimately, SYN, FIN, and ACK LRTTs can be compared against each other to discover wireless hosts regardless of network speeds.
Detection of phenotypes in microarray data using force-directed placement transforms

Distinct cancer phenotypes are observable within a single type of cancer, corresponding to patients with different disease subtypes, prognosis, and treatment response. Analysis of correlations between genes and patients allows detection of gene sets that differentiate between these cancer phenotypes. We investigate the effect of force-directed placement transforms on bicluster-based feature selection for phenotype and marker detection. The transforms incorporate class-based metadata directly into the dataset topology and sharpen differences between classes. By incorporating important external clinical information such as disease status and using the transform for detection, the approach captures complex structure not visible from direct analysis of the data. When applied to model microarray data, the transform is shown to increase the quality of feature detection. On real microarray data, the transform offers higher sample enrichments and provides an alternative view of phenotypes not visible without the transform.
Transient permeate flux analysis: model validation

An extended model integrating several particle back-transport theories has been proposed by Sethi and Wiesner to predict transient permeate flux as a function of operational parameters for constant permeate flux (CF) and constant transmembrane pressure (CP) cross-flow regimes. Filtration experiments using monodisperse latex suspensions of particles 0.02 μm, 0.12 μm and 0.68 μm in diameter in a cross-flow flat slit membrane were carried out for model validation. In a separate set of filtration experiments with monodisperse latex particles 0.10 μm, 0.43 μm and 1.00 μm in diameter, the transient behavior of permeate flux in CP and CF modes of operation was compared. Significant differences between model calculations and experiments were observed. A slightly more complex structure at the cake-suspension interface was hypothesized to explain these differences. A representation of the cake with a gradually changing solids concentration allowed for better matching of the extended model and experimental results. The CP operation mode yielded a higher specific permeate flux resulting from a thinner cake or a cake with a lower average specific resistance. Experimentally observed differences between performance in CP and CF modes were less sensitive to the size of particles in the suspension than predicted by theory.
The uniqueness of the individual functional connectome

Abstract Studies in human neuroimaging, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), generally involve separating participants into groups based on clinical or behavioral measures and investigating group-level differences in brain function. However, it is becoming increasingly recognized that interindividual heterogeneity can be exploited to study brain function and generate meaningful models related to cognition, behavior, or disease. Here, we describe connectome-based identification, a method highlighting individual differences in functional connectivity data. We describe the identification algorithm and discuss studies using this method. We highlight regions of the brain that are different between subjects and that drive a successful identification. Factors affecting the detection of individual differences are discussed. We next turn to the relevance of the algorithm to behavior and detail how investigators can use results obtained from identification studies to build better predictive models. We conclude with a list of open questions regarding the detection of individual differences in connectivity data.
Nonsmooth DAEs with Applications in Modeling Phase Changes

A variety of engineering problems involve dynamic simulation and optimization, but exhibit a mixture of continuous and discrete behavior. Such hybrid continuous/discrete behavior can cause failure in traditional methods; theoretical and numerical treatments designed for smooth models may break down. Recently it has been observed that, for a number of operational problems, such hybrid continuous/discrete behavior can be accurately modeled using a nonsmooth differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) framework, now possessing a foundational well-posedness theory and a computationally relevant sensitivity theory. Numerical implementations that scale efficiently for large-scale problems are possible for nonsmooth DAEs. Moreover, this modeling approach avoids undesirable properties typical in other frameworks (e.g., hybrid automata); in this modeling paradigm, extraneous (unphysical) variables are often avoided, unphysical behaviors (e.g., Zeno phenomena) from modeling abstractions are not prevalent, and a priori knowledge of the evolution of the physical system (e.g., phase changes experienced in a flash process execution) is not needed. To illustrate this nonsmooth modeling paradigm, thermodynamic phase changes in a simple, but widely applicable flash process are modeled using nonsmooth DAEs.
Following the Ball: The Migration of African Soccer Players Across the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1949–1975, by Todd Cleveland

Following the Ball is a transnational history of football players in the Portuguese colonies and their migration to Portuguese clubs and the national team in the final quarter century of the repres...
Stress Fracture of the Hamate Hook in a Water Polo Player

Hamate hook fractures are usually caused by direct trauma while using a tennis racket or a baseball bat. We report stress fracture of the hamate hook in a water polo player without any specific trauma. We consider that the stress fracture occurred via indirect mechanisms through the flexor tendons. Strong ulnar deviation of the wrist during ball release and strong grip on a ball with outstretched fingers, which are unique to water polo, were the likely causes of the stress fracture of the hamate hook.
Quantitative analysis of EGFR-mediated glioblastoma migration reveals increased directional persistence in 3D extracellular matrices in contrast to decreased persistence on 2D substrata.

2548 Enhanced chemokinetic and chemotactic motility stimulated by signals transduced through the ErbB family of receptors has been shown to play a critical role in tissue invasion by a variety of solid tumor types. Most efforts in studying the role of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream signals in regulating the biophysical processes of cell motility have been carried out in two-dimensional (2D) systems, whereas in vivo migration occurs through three-dimensional (3D) spaces consisting of the extracellular matrix (ECM). With the additional mechanical and sterical influences posed by the ECM, disruption of EGFR-signaling components of cells migrating in 3D may exhibit effects that are distinct from 2D cell migration. In this work, we developed and optimized a 3D time-lapse confocal microscopy technique to image and quantify real-time 3D migration behavior of individual U87MG human glioblastoma cells sparsely seeded in collagen I gels. EGF stimulation exhibited matrix-concentration dependent increase in 3D cell scattering through both greater cell speed and greater directional persistence. This was in contrast to previous reports that EGF stimulation leads to an increased cell speed, but a decrease in persistence in 2D. Over-expression of Mena, a target downstream of EGFR, in U87MG cells led to decrease in persistence on 2D surfaces, but was correlated with increased persistence in 3D and in vivo. Supported by computer simulations, we propose that low directional persistence in 2D may, at least under some conditions, translate into high directional persistence in a porous 3D ECM network.
Methods to Improve the Use of Breastfeeding

The nutritional benefits of breast milk as well as the psychosocial benefits of bonding between mother and infant have been well established in the literature, and widely disseminated to the public. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the initial 6 months postpartum, with continued breastfeeding through at least the first year of life, or as long as desired by both mother and infant [1]. The Department of Health & Human Services Healthy People 2020 goals aimed to increase breastfeeding rates to 81.9 % immediately postpartum, 60.6 % at 6 months, and 34.1 % at 1 year [2]. However, the United States has continued to fall short of these goals, with the latest statistics from the National Immunization Survey (NIS) revealing breastfeeding continuation at merely 43 % at 6 months and 22 % at 1 year [3]. Exclusive breastfeeding rates are even lower, at only 33 % at 3 months and 13 % at 6 months [3]. Furthermore, only one state in the U.S. has met all five Healthy People 2020 objectives (Table 16.1). In order to improve breastfeeding rates internationally, the World Health Organization (WHO) in conjunction with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) developed the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative in 1991 (Table 16.2), and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) made evidence-based primary care-based intervention recommendations in 1999 to support breastfeeding. Despite increasing awareness of the importance of breastfeeding, as well as the various efforts to improve breastfeeding rates, there remains a need for strategies and programs to increase exclusive and predominant breastfeeding initiation and continuation in the U.S and abroad.
Grazing Behavior, Forage Quality, and Intake Rates of Livestock Grazing Pastures Occupied by Prairie Dogs

Abstract Prairie dogs can reduce the carrying capacity on rangelands by up to 50% through direct consumption of vegetation and by clipping plants. Studies have shown that forage quality and digestibility are greater on prairie dog towns than off town; however, research is lacking that quantifies rates of forage and nutrition intake by cattle. In 2012−2016, a study was conducted in South Dakota to evaluate livestock grazing behavior, diet quality, and forage intake on three plant communities in pastures occupied by prairie dogs. Plant communities studied were grass dominated on-town sites (PDOG-GRASS), forb dominated on-town sites (PDOG-FORB), and grass dominated off-town sites (NO-PDOG). Three pastures with varying levels of prairie dog occupation (0%, 20%, and 40%) were studied. Each pasture was grazed by a herd of yearling steers, a subset of which were fitted with Global Positioning System (GPS) collars. Daily time spent grazing was estimated for each plant community. Forage quality and intake were estimated using ruminally fistulated steers that were allowed to graze in 30-min increments within each plant community for June, July, and August of each year. Rumen samples were weighed and analyzed for forage quality. Intake was calculated as the rate of organic matter per minute and multiplied by average grazing time based on GPS collar data. Livestock grazing preference decreased linearly (P
Extracting electron densities in n-type GaAs from Raman spectra: Comparisons with Hall measurements.

We demonstrate quantitatively how values of electron densities in GaAs extracted from Raman spectra of two samples depend on models used to describe electric susceptibility and band structure. We, therefore, developed a theory that is valid for any temperature, doping level, and energy ratio proportional to q 2 / ( ω + i γ ) (where q is the magnitude of wave vector, ω is Raman frequency, and γ is plasmon damping). We use a full Mermin–Lindhard description of Raman line shape and compare n-type GaAs spectra obtained from epilayers with our simulated spectra. Our method is unique in two ways: (1) we do a sensitivity analysis by employing four different descriptions of the GaAs band structure to give electron densities as functions of Fermi energies and (2) one of the four band structure descriptions includes bandgap narrowing that treats self-consistently the many-body effects of exchange and correlation in distorted-electron densities of states and solves the charge neutrality equation for a two-band model of GaAs at 300 K. We apply these results to obtain electron densities from line shapes of Raman spectra and thereby demonstrate quantitatively how the values of electron densities extracted from Raman spectra of n-type GaAs depend of various models for susceptibility and band structure.