cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substrate-induced Regulation of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter Trafficking Requires Tyrosine Phosphorylation

Neurotransmitter transporters regulate synaptic transmitter levels and are themselves functionally regulated by a number of different signal transduction cascades. A common theme in transporter regulation is redistribution of transporter protein between intracellular stores and the plasma membrane. The triggers and mechanisms underlying this regulation are important in the control of extracellular transmitter concentrations and hence synaptic signaling. Previously, we demonstrated that the γ-aminobutyric acid transporter GAT1 is regulated by direct tyrosine phosphorylation, resulting in an up-regulation of transporter expression on the plasma membrane. In the present report, we show that two tyrosine residues on GAT1 contribute to the phosphorylation and transporter redistribution. Tyrosine phosphorylation is concomitant with a decrease in the rate of transporter internalization from the plasma membrane. A decrease in GAT internalization rates also occurs in the presence of GAT1 substrates, suggesting the hypothesis that tyrosine phosphorylation is required for the substrate-induced up-regulation of GAT1 surface expression. In support of this hypothesis, incubation of GAT1-expressing cells with transporter ligands alters the amount of GAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation, and substrate-induced surface expression is unchanged in a GAT1 mutant lacking tyrosine phosphorylation sites. These data suggest a model in which substrates permit the phosphorylation of GAT1 on tyrosine residues and that the phosphorylated state of the transporter is refractory for internalization.
Detection of specific antigen-sensitized t-lymphocytes in human tonsils

Abstract Tonsillar lymphocytes from children immunized against rubella were cultured with various mitogens, including phytohemagglutinin and rubella virus. Sheep red cells were subsequently added to detect rosette-forming T-lymphocytes, and the suspension tested by autoradiography to identify transformed cells. With PHA, 60–80% of the cells were transformed, of which 37% were rosette-forming T-cells. With rubella antigen only 31% of lymphocytes were transformed, but almost all of these formed fosettes. It is concluded that PHA stimulates B- as well as T-cells, but that specific rubella antigen stimulates T-cells alone; such stimulation may therefore be a more reliable test of T-cell function and of cell-mediated immunity.
Longitudinal Evaluation of Loss of Attachment in HIV-Infected Women Compared to HIV-Uninfected Women

Background: The Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) is the largest, most detailed, controlled longitudinal collection of data to evaluate the influence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and its therapies on the periodontium.Methods: This report evaluates periodontal probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), and tooth loss from 584 HIV-seropositive and 151 HIV-seronegative women, recorded at 6-month intervals from 1995 to 2002. Using the random split-mouth method, PD and AL were recorded from four sites per tooth: mesial-buccal, buccal, distal-buccal, and lingual. Influence of viral load, CD4 count, race, smoking, drug use, low income, and level of education were evaluated.Results: At baseline, AL was 1.6 versus 1.1 mm (P = 0.003) and PD was marginally deeper (2.1 versus 2.0 mm; P = 0.02) in HIV-seropositive versus HIV-seronegative women. Adjusted longitudinal analysis showed that HIV infection did not increase the mean PD (rate ratio [RR], 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96 to 1.04), wo...
Mass spectrometric studies of sulfur compounds. Some 1-(5-ethyl-2-thienyl)-1-thiaalkanes

Fragmentation studies of the mass spectra of 15 high purity compounds of the 1-(5-ethyl-2-thienyl)-1-thiaalkane series are presented. The molecular weight range covered is from 158 to 284. These substances are of importance to those utilizing fossil fuels which contain them and also to those studying natural products. The molecular ion intensities are moderately strong and easy to verify due to the presence of two sulfur atoms in the molecule. Prominent ions occur in all spectra at m/z 144 and 129. A total of six different ion species are base peaks for the compounds reported, including alkyl and alkenyl ions. The methyl and ethyl compounds are exceptions to the correlations developed in this work and are discussed in detail. Metastable and low ionization voltage data are presented in support of the suggested mechanisms of fragmentation. Those using only three to four peaks in selected ion monitoring should anticipate experiencing difficulties with positive identification of these types of molecules due to the plethora of alkylions. An integration of the correlations developed with those of other sulfur containing moieties is presented.
Distribution of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in human plasma lipoprotein fractions. Evidence for the association of active LCAT with low density lipoproteins

Abstract The distribution of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in human plasma was assessed by measuring both LCAT mass and activity in plasma fractions separated by sequential flotation ultracentrifugation, single-spin gradient ultracentrifugation, dextran sulfate-Mg 2+ precipitation or agarose gel filtration. Although most of the LCAT was found to be associated with the high density lipoprotein fraction, a small amount of active LCAT (approximately 1% of the plasma LCAT mass and activity) was consistently associated with the low density lipoprotein fraction. LCAT was not found in the very low density lipoprotein fraction. The LDL-associated LCAT may play an important role in the acylation of lysolecithin by lysolecithin acyltransferase activity of LCAT.
The absorption and magnetic circular dichroism of spectra of Cs2NaPrCl6

The room temperature absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra and the absorption spectrum at liquid helium (liquid He) temperature have been measured for Cs2NaPrCl6. At room temperature the crystal is cubic and the Pr3+ sites have O h symmetry. All terms above 15 000 cm-1, except 1S0, have been assigned and a previous assignment in PrCl6 3- has been shown to be incorrect. The transition at 20 631 cm-1 is assigned to 3H4(A 1g ) →3P1(T 1g ), in contradiction to previous assignments of Pr3+ spectra in other systems. A rich vibrational structure was observed in every transition. Vibrations have been assigned using the site group approximation and there is substantial agreement with the vibrational assignments in Cs2NaEuCl6. A crystal phase transition takes place between room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature and the O h forbidden transitions, A 1g →Eg and T 2g , are observed. At lower temperatures many additional lines are observed but it is unclear presently whether they are due to lower ...
Digital RF Processing Techniques for Device Mismatch Tolerant Transmitters in Nanometer-Scale CMOS

The paper proposed estimation techniques and compensation algorithms against CMOS device variability in an all-digital RF polar transmitter. The transmitter is built using dense and fast digital logic and comprises two converters that transform transmit modulation from digital to RF frequency/phase and amplitude analog domains. The converters built with segmented banks consist of a large number of unit-weighted devices which exhibit a certain level of random and systematic mismatch. The techniques presented are employed in a commercial single-chip GSM/EDGE radio realized in 90 nm CMOS
IMPRECISE DEA — ENVELOPMENT AND MULTIPLIER MODEL APPROACHES

When multiple outputs and multiple inputs are imprecise data such as bounded data, ordinal data or ratio bound data, the standard linear data envelopment analysis (DEA) model becomes a nonlinear and is called imprecise DEA (IDEA) which can either be converted into a linear program by scale transformations and variable alternations, or solved using the standard DEA model by converting imprecise data into a set of exact data. The current paper investigates the working mechanism of IDEA and shows alternative ways to convert ordinal data into a set of exact data. It is shown that (i) the original IDEA — multiplier IDEA (MIDEA) which is developed from the multiplier DEA model presents the best efficiency scenario, and (ii) the primal IDEA (PIDEA) which is developed from the primal DEA model presents the worst efficiency scenario. The nonlinear PIDEA can also be easily executed by the standard linear DEA models based upon a set of derived exact data whereas it cannot be converted into a linear program via scale transformations and variable alternations.
Modification of surface energy, dry etching, and organic film removal using atmospheric-pressure pulsed-corona plasma

A laboratory-scale atmospheric-pressure plasma reactor, using a nanosecond pulsed corona, was constructed to demonstrate potential applications ranging from modification of surface energy to removal of surface organic films. For surface modification studies, three different substrates were selected to evaluate the surface energies: bare aluminum, polyurethane, and silicon coated with photoresist. The critical surface energy for all materials studied significantly increased after the plasma treatment. The effects of gas composition and plasma treatment time were also investigated. Photoresist, ethylene glycol, and Micro surfactant were used as test organic films. The etching rate of a photoresist coating on silicon was 9 nm/min. Organic film removal using atmospheric pressure plasma technology was shown to be feasible. >
Autoradiographic Studies of Mouse Uterine Glands during the Periimplantation Period

Significant changes in the uterine fluid composition of rats and mice have been noted during the periimpiantation period. These changes may play a role in the interaction of the uterus and blastocyst at implantation. Biochemical analysis has shown an increase in the amount of uterine fluid protein at implantation from levels seen prior to implantation or during the delayed-implantation period (Aitken, 1977; Surani, 1977b). Many of these proteins are uterine specific and of endometrial origin (Surani, 1977a).
A Surprising Cross-Species Conservation in the Genomic Landscape of Mouse and Human Oral Cancer Identifies a Transcriptional Signature Predicting Metastatic Disease

Purpose: Improved understanding of the molecular basis underlying oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) aggressive growth has significant clinical implications. Herein, cross-species genomic comparison of carcinogen-induced murine and human OSCCs with indolent or metastatic growth yielded results with surprising translational relevance. Experimental Design: Murine OSCC cell lines were subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS) to define their mutational landscape, to define novel candidate cancer genes, and to assess for parallels with known drivers in human OSCC. Expression arrays identified a mouse metastasis signature, and we assessed its representation in four independent human datasets comprising 324 patients using weighted voting and gene set enrichment analysis. Kaplan–Meier analysis and multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to stratify outcomes. A quantitative real-time PCR assay based on the mouse signature coupled to a machine-learning algorithm was developed and used to stratify an independent set of 31 patients with respect to metastatic lymphadenopathy. Results: NGS revealed conservation of human driver pathway mutations in mouse OSCC, including in Trp53 , mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, NOTCH, JAK/STAT, and Fat1-4 . Moreover, comparative analysis between The Cancer Genome Atlas and mouse samples defined AKAP9 , MED12L , and MYH6 as novel putative cancer genes. Expression analysis identified a transcriptional signature predicting aggressiveness and clinical outcomes, which were validated in four independent human OSCC datasets. Finally, we harnessed the translational potential of this signature by creating a clinically feasible assay that stratified patients with OSCC with a 93.5% accuracy. Conclusions: These data demonstrate surprising cross-species genomic conservation that has translational relevance for human oral squamous cell cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 20(11); 2873–84. ©2014 AACR .
An Analysis of the Formation of Turbulent Patches in the Transition Boundary Layer

An analysis is presented of the formation and motion of turbulent pressure patches under the transition boundary layer on a flat plate in a zero pressure gradient. The shape of the patch on the surface of the plate is assumed to be triangular with an area that increases as the patch moves downstream from its point of inception. The expressions for the cross-correlation and the cross-spectral density of the surface-pressure fluctuations which are obtained are both space and time dependent. A relation is shown to exist between the transition phenomena and the instabilities in the laminar boundary layer. Finally, the analytical results are used to determine the breakdown points of the laminar instabilities.
Phenomenology of the pentaquark antidecuplet

Abstract We consider the mass splittings and strong decays of members of the lowest-lying pentaquark multiplet, which we take to be a parity-odd antidecuplet. We derive useful decompositions of the quark model wave functions that allow for easy computation of color-flavor-spin matrix elements. We compute mass splittings within the antidecuplet including spin–color and spin–isospin interactions between constituents and point out the importance of hidden strangeness in rendering the nucleon-like states heavier than the S =1 state. Using recent experimental data on a possible S =1 pentaquark state, we make decay predictions for other members of the antidecuplet.
Maintenance scheduling of generation and transmission systems using fuzzy evolutionary programming

The maintenance scheduling problem has several uncertainties associated with it. This paper presents a fuzzy model for the integrated generation and transmission maintenance scheduling problem (MS) that accounts for such uncertainties, and introduces a solution technique to solve for the optimal schedule. This technique is based on evolutionary programming (EP) to find a near-optimal solution and the Hill-Climbing (HCT) method to maintain feasibility during the solution process. It also uses a fuzzy comparison technique developed by the authors to compare individuals. The proposed technique generates fuzzy ranges for the maintenance and production costs that reflect the problem uncertainties. The paper includes test results on the IEEE 118-bus system with 33 generating units and 179 transmission lines. Results are encouraging and indicate the viability of the proposed technique.
Retreatment versus initial root canal treatment: factors affecting posttreatment pain.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with posttreatment pain in patients receiving root canal retreatment (RCR) and in those receiving initial root canal treatment (IRCT). Study design. Eighty four patients scheduled for RCR or IRCT completed questionnaires on pretreatment pain levels (Visual Analogue Scale, 0-100) and demographic data. Diagnosis and original obturating material, if applicable, were also recorded, and treatment was initiated. At 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours, patients recorded posttreatment pain levels. Seventy one patients returned completed questionnaires. Results. There was no significant difference in posttreatment pain with respect to patients undergoing RCR and patients undergoing IRCT, type of original obturating material, or pretreatment diagnosis. Posttreatment pain levels were significantly increased at 4, 8, and 12 hours after treatment. Patients reporting higher levels of pretreatment pain (Visual Analogue Scale > 20) had significantly increased posttreatment pain (P < .05) up to 24 hours after the procedure. Conclusions. Pretreatment pain level influenced posttreatment pain more than RCR or IRCT, the type of original obturating material, or the pretreatment diagnosis. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;92:321-4)
A Preliminary Investigation of Boundary Layer Effects on Daytime Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations at a Mountaintop Location in the Rocky Mountains

Observations of CO2 concentration at a mountaintop in the Colorado Rockies in summer show a large diurnal variability with minimum CO2 concentrations found between 10:00 and 18:00 MST. Simulations are performed with a mesoscale model to examine the effects of atmospheric structure and large-scale flows on the diurnal variability. In the simulations initialized without large-scale winds, the CO2 minimum occurs earlier compared to the observations. Upslope flows play an important role in the presence of this early (pre-noon) minimum while the timing and magnitude of the minimum depend only weakly on the temperature structure. An increase in large-scale flow has a noticeable impact on the diurnal variability with a more gradual decrease in daytime CO2 concentration, similar to summer-averaged observations. From the idealized simulations and a case study, it is concluded that multi-scale flows and their interactions have a large influence on the observed diurnal variability.
Characterization of a novel Photosystem I–LHCI supercomplex isolated from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under anaerobic (State II) conditions

A novel supercomplex of Photosystem I (PSI) with light harvesting complex I (LHCI) was isolated from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This novel supercomplex is unique as it is the first stable supercomplex of PSI together with its external antenna. The supercomplex contains 256 chlorophylls per reaction center. The supercomplex was isolated under anaerobic conditions and may represent the State II form of the photosynthetic unit. In contrast to previously reported supercomplexes isolated in State I, which contain only 4 LHC I proteins, this supercomplex contains 10–11 LHC I proteins tightly bound to the PSI core. In contrast to plants, no LHC II is tightly bound to the PSI–LHCI supercomplex in State II. Investigation of the energy transfer from the antenna system to the reaction center core shows that the LHC supercomplexes are tightly coupled to the PSI core, not only structurally but also energetically. The excitation energy transfer kinetics are completely dominated by the fast phase, with a near-complete lack of long-lived fluorescence. This tight coupling is in contrast to all reports of energy transfer in PSI–LHCI supercomplexes (in State I), which have so far been described as weakly coupled supercomplexes with low efficiency for excitation energy transfer. These results indicate that there are large and dynamic changes of the PSI–LHCI supercomplex during the acclimation from aerobic (State I) to anaerobic (State II) conditions in Chlamydomonas.
Spatial and temporal variability of coastal storms in the North Atlantic Basin

Over the past three to four decades, there has been a growing awareness of the important controls exerted by large-scale meteorological events on coastal systems. For example, definitive links are being established between short-term (timescales of 5-10 years) beach dynamics and storm frequency. This paper assesses temporal variability of coastal storms (both tropical and extratropical) and the wave climatology in the North Atlantic Basin (NAB), including the Gulf of Mexico. With both storm types, the empirical record shows decadal scale variability, but neither demonstrates highly significant trends that can be linked conclusively to natural or anthropogenic factors. Tropical storm frequencies have declined over the past two or three decades, which is perhaps related to recent intense and prolonged El Ninos. Some forecasts predict higher frequencies of tropical storms like that experienced from the 1920s to the 1960s to occur in coming decades. Results from general circulation models (GCMs) suggest that overall frequencies of tropical storms could decrease slightly, but that there is potential for the generation of more intense hurricanes. These data have important implications for the short-term evolution of coastal systems. There is strong suggestion that extratropical systems have declined overall over the past 50-100 years, but that there is an increase in frequency of very powerful storms, especially at higher latitudes. Both ENSO and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are shown to have associations with frequencies and tracking of these systems. These empirical results are in general agreement with GCM forecasts under global warming scenarios. Analyses of wave climatology in the NAB show that the last two to three decades have been rougher at high latitudes than several decades prior, but this more recent sea state is similar to conditions from about 100 years ago. The recent roughness at sea seems to be related to high NAO index values, which are also expected to increase with global warming. Thus, when coupled to an anticipated continued rise in global sea level, this trend will likely result in increasing loss of sediment from the beach-nearshore system resulting in widespread coastal erosion.
Apoptosis Induced in Rats by 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diepoxide Is Associated with Activation of the Caspase Cascades

Previous studies have shown that ovotoxicity induced in rats by dosing with 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) is likely via acceleration of the normal rate of atresia (apoptosis). The present study was designed to investigate the apoptosis-related caspase cascades as a component of this phenomenon in isolated ovarian small follicles. Female F344 rats were given a single dose of VCD (80 mg/kg, i.p., on Day 1; a time when ovotoxicity has not been initiated), or dosed daily for 15 days (80 mg/kg, i.p., on Day 15; a time when significant ovotoxicity is underway). Ovaries were collected after the final dose. Small preantral follicles (25-100 microm in diameter) were isolated, cellular fractions were prepared, and cleavage activity or protein expression levels of caspases-3, -8, and -9 were measured. Cytosolic caspase-3 activity was increased in small follicles (P < 0.01) by VCD treatment (Day 1, 2.86 +/- 0.23; Day 15, 3.25 +/- 0.64, VCD/control, n = 3). This activation was not seen in large or antral follicles (not targeted by VCD). Procaspase-3 protein was increased(P < 0.05) by VCD treatment 212% over controls in small ovarian follicles in Day 15, but not Day 1-dosed rats. Immunofluorescence staining intensity was evaluated by confocal microscopy. Caspase-3 protein, located in the cytosolic compartment of oocytes and granulosa cells of preantral follicles in various stages of development, was selectively increased (P < 0.05) in primordial and small primary follicles from Day 15 VCD-dosed rats. Caspase-8 activity was increased in small follicles in Day 15, but not in Day 1-treated rats; whereas caspase-9 activity was increased by VCD on Day 1 in the mitochondrial fraction. Thus, these data provide evidence that accelerated atresia induced in small ovarian follicles in rats by VCD is associated with activation of a caspase-mediated cascade.
Shared material and grammar : Toward a dependency grammar theory of non-gapping coordination for English and German

The paper presents a dependency grammar theory of non-gapping coordination. The approach draws a distinction between standard cases of coordination called String Coordination and gapping. Only small conjuncts are acknowledged. The core of the approach is expressed in terms of three constraints the Contiguity Requirement (CR), the Parallelism Requirement (PR), and the Restriction on Shared Constituents (RSC) that restrict which strings may be coordinated and in terms of the material that conjuncts may share. The claims made are valid for both English and German.
Disruption of the La(III)[15-metallacrown-5] cavity through bithiophene dicarboxylate inclusion

The inclusionofbithiophenedicarboxylate (btDC) in La(III)[15-MCCu,N,L-phenylalaninehydroximate-5] hosts (LaMC) unexpectedly results in a clathratocomplex with a completely disrupted hydrophobic cavity. Structures best formulated as {(LaMC)2(μ2-O)} are formed that dimerize across the hydrophilic parts. This dimer appears stabilized by 5 phenyl-DMF-phenyl interactions and 10 DMFamine hydrogen bonds. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry reveals the presence of 2 : 2 LaMC-btDC complexes in solution. In the solid state, both cisand trans-bithiophene dicarboxylate guests bridge the > 17 A distance between LaMC hydrophobic faces. The resulting solid has over 50% void space, suggesting guest-length and solvent considerations can predictably lead to the formation of open LaMC coordination frameworks or close-packed molecular compartments.
Imaging-Guided Curative Surgical Resection of Pancreatic Cancer in a Xenograft Mouse Model

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths in North America. The poor survival statistics are due to the fact that there are no reliable tests for early diagnosis and no effective therapies once metastasis has occurred. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for pancreatic cancer; however, only less than 15% of the patients are eligible for surgery at diagnosis. New therapies are urgently needed for this malignant disease. And combinational therapy including surgery, chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy may further improve the efficacy of individual therapies. However, a reliable mouse model which mimics the human disease and can be used for testing the surgical treatment and surgery-based combinational therapy is not available. In this study, we have established a mouse model for curative surgical resection of pancreatic cancer. Human pancreatic cancer cells were used to create orthotopic xenografts in nude mice, distal pancreatectomy was performed using imaging-guided technology to remove the pancreatic tumors, and sham surgery was performed in the control group. All mice survived the operation and no complication was observed. Surgical resection at early stage improved the survival rate and quality of life of the mice compared with the sham surgery and surgical resection at the late stage. If combined with other therapies such as chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy, it could further improve the outcome of pancreatic cancer. This mouse model is a useful tool to study the surgical therapy and the tumor recurrence of pancreatic cancer, and could potentially impact the therapeutic choices for this deadly disease.
Data partitioning for load-balance and communication bandwidth preservation

Preservation of locality of reference is the most critical issue for performance in high performance architectures, especially scalable architectures with electronic interconnection networks. We briefly discuss some of the issues in this paper and give results from the use of spectral bisection on irregular grid computations on the Connection Machine systems.
An optimal O(NlgN) algorithm for permutation admissibility to extra-stage cube-type networks

A k-EMCTN is obtained by adding k more stages in front of a multistage cube-type network (MCTN). It is shown that a permutation is admissible to a k-EMCTN if and only if the conflict graph is 2/sup k/-colorable. For the case k=1, an O(NlgN) algorithm is given for constructing the conflict graph, which leads to an O(NlgN) admissibility algorithm. Furthermore, it is shown that /spl Omega/(NlgN) bits must be checked in the binary representation of a permutation for determining its admissibility. >
Advances and issues in bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Introduction Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) can truly be considered a disease of medical progress. It was first fully described in the literature and named by Northway et el.’ in 1967. Dr. Northway, a radiologist at Stanford University, recognized a distinctive radiographic pattern of chronic lung disease in infants surviving in the neonatal intensive care unit there directed by Dr. Philip Sunshine. More specifically, these patients were premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) who were being managed with intermittent positivepressure ventilation using mechanical ventilators that delivered relatively high pressure and oxygen tension to the respiratory tract. Concurrently, one of the other pioneer neonatal intensive care units at Vanderbilt University observed the same phenomenon as Dr. Mildred Stallman’s team managed to increase the survival of premature infants with respiratory failure by using miniaturized mechanical ventilation instruments. Earlier in the decade, the death of Patrick Kennedy (son of President and Mrs. John Kennedy) focused the nation’s attention on the respiratory complications of premature birth. This tragic death and the combination of new knowledge and technology in newborn care led to the establishment of neonatal intensive care units and the emergence of new diseases such as BPD. It is ironic that a quarter of a century later, BPD remains an enigma to neonatologists and pediatric pulmonologists and intensivists. It is for this reason that several specialized centers of research supported by the National Institutes of Health have concentrated their efforts on enhancing and understanding the basic science and clinical aspects of lung injury, cellular repair processes, and treatment of BPD. Fortunately, during the past few years, there have been significant advances in our understanding of BPD. Although a number of issues remain, more progress is expected in the future as lung injury processes become explained. This review will summarize research developments of the past few years on the bases of published articles in refereed journals. More detailed information can be obtained in the scientific reports per se.
Revised phylogenetic analysis of the Aetosauria (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia); assessing the effects of incongruent morphological character sets

Aetosauria is an early-diverging clade of pseudosuchians (crocodile-line archosaurs) that had a global distribution and high species diversity as a key component of various Late Triassic terrestrial faunas. It is one of only two Late Triassic clades of large herbivorous archosaurs, and thus served a critical ecological role. Nonetheless, aetosaur phylogenetic relationships are still poorly understood, owing to an overreliance on osteoderm characters, which are often poorly constructed and suspected to be highly homoplastic. A new phylogenetic analysis of the Aetosauria, comprising 27 taxa and 83 characters, includes more than 40 new characters that focus on better sampling the cranial and endoskeletal regions, and represents the most comprenhensive phylogeny of the clade to date. Parsimony analysis recovered three most parsimonious trees; the strict consensus of these trees finds an Aetosauria that is divided into two main clades: Desmatosuchia, which includes the Desmatosuchinae and the Stagonolepidinae, and Aetosaurinae, which includes the Typothoracinae. As defined Desmatosuchinae now contains Neoaetosauroides engaeus and several taxa that were previously referred to the genus Stagonolepis, and a new clade, Desmatosuchini, is erected for taxa more closely related to Desmatosuchus. Overall support for some clades is still weak, and Partitioned Bremer Support (PBS) is applied for the first time to a strictly morphological dataset demonstrating that this weak support is in part because of conflict in the phylogenetic signals of cranial versus postcranial characters. PBS helps identify homoplasy among characters from various body regions, presumably the result of convergent evolution within discrete anatomical modules. It is likely that at least some of this character conflict results from different body regions evolving at different rates, which may have been under different selective pressures.
Transoral Sclerotherapy for Deep Space Cervical Lymphatic Malformations in Children With Acute Airway Compromise.

Introduction:Cervical lymphatic malformations in children rarely present with acute airway compromise. During an acute exacerbation or hemorrhage, lymphatic malformations involving the deep neck sp...
Speed of Price Adjustment of Stocks and Bonds to Changes in Credit Rating

There is a substantial amount of literature concerning equity price movements from a credit rating change, but very little that compares both stocks and bonds abnormal or excess returns from a bond upgrade or downgrade. Using a sample of exchange-­traded bonds from the time period 1994-­2008, the author finds that excess daily and cumulative returns are possible for both stocks and bonds, despite market efficiency theory and asymmetric information. My original hypothesis was two fold; that there would be statistically significant excess returns for bonds and not equities and the excess returns would be significantly higher (and for a longer window of time) on downgrade (as opposed to upgrade) announcements. I found that excess daily and cumulative returns were possible on both stocks and bonds due to downgrade announcements, contrary to the first part of my hypothesis. The second part of my hypothesis was correct. The market does tend to overreact on downgrade news and abnormal returns are possible for both stocks and bonds.
A Framework and Survey Evidence to Inform The Use of Novice Auditors as Research Participants

Expectations for novice auditors have increased in recent years. However, few studies examine novice auditors, possibly due to challenges associated with the justification of less experienced research participants. This study develops a participant selection framework from prior research and provides survey evidence to inform the use of novice auditors as participants. After consideration of the research question and theory, our framework recommends researchers consider proposed participant characteristics including 1) task-specific experience, 2) task knowledge and/or knowledge structures, and 3) institutional knowledge prior to the use of novice auditors as participants. The framework also highlights design modifications that could enable researchers to use novices. Survey evidence from 104 recent audit interns on task-specific, formal learning, and institutional experiences informs researcher evaluation of the three participant characteristics in our framework. This study facilitates the use of novice auditors in research to inform policy and practice, reducing the need for costly experienced participants.
Small molecule activation chemistry of Cu-Fe heterobimetallic complexes toward CS2 and N2O.

In this contribution, we report the reactivity of polar, unsupported Cu–Fe bonds toward small-molecule heteroallenes. Insertion of CS2 into the polar Cu–Fe bond of (IMes)Cu-FeCp(CO)2 proceeds at mild conditions and results in the simultaneous presence of two unprecedented CS2 binding modes (μ3:η4 and μ3:η3) in the same product. Reactivity between N2O and (NHC)Cu-FeCp(CO)2 complexes also is observed at mild conditions, resulting in migration of the cyclopentadienyl groups from Fe to Cu. Similar reactivity is observed for new (NHC)Cu-FeCp*(CO)2 analogues, whose structural characterization is reported here and reveals two semibridging Cu···CO interactions per molecule. Stoichiometric oxygen atom transfer from N2O to PPh3 was mediated by (IMes)Cu-FeCp(CO)2, indicating the presence of an N2O-activated intermediate that can be intercepted by exogenous reagents.
Risking Infection: An Issue of Control for Liver Transplant Recipients

Liver transplantation is a technologic advancement that prolongs and improves the quality of life for people with liver disease. Loss of control over one's body and life is a feeling that begins with the diagnosis of liver disease. This study used a hermeneutic phenomenologic approach to investigate a liver transplant recipient's experience. A dimension of control was revealed within the description of the transplant experience. In an effort to maintain some control, the recipients adjusted the times of their immunosuppressive medications and continued to expose themselves to situations that could increase their risk of infection. Understanding the individual's experience and the implications for nursing are described.
Skeletal Changes in Suckling Rats Induced by Prolonged Papain Administration

A crude papain suspension when injected intraperitoneally into suckling rats for twenty-three to sixty-nine days produced malformation of the sternum, rib cage, vertebral column, and caudad ribs. Permanent cartilaginous disorganization and epiphyseal-plate closure resulted in shortened long bones and vertebral bodies. Rigidity of the vertebral column was produced by degeneration of the nucleus pulposus, characterized by precipitation of eosinophilic necrotic debris and final replacement by hyaline fibrocartilage.
Design of Low-voltage Simulation Apparatus for Getting Prospective Transient Recovery Voltage

As one of inherent characteristics in power system, TRV is an important factor affecting switching course of test circuit breaker, it has been clearly defined in IEC,GB,DL.In order to obtain prospective parameters of the test circuit which meet the standards, it is necessary to utilize simulation method to acquire prospective TRV waveform. Comparing and analyzing several methods recommended in standards is carried out, for examples, direct short-circuit breaking, power-frequency current injection, capacitive current injection, methods of calibration, model networks, calculation from circuit parameters and no load switching of test circuit including transformers. Irrespective of the method used, the actual values measured in the test plant for the prospective TRV shall be in accordance with the values specified in the standards. For some circuit-breakers the characteristics for short-line faults are also specified, and during short-line fault tests the corresponding resulting TRV has been specified. Local capacitance between the circuit-breaker and the line will also produce a time delay in the line side TRV component. During testing, it is desirable to measure and record the line side time delay and the method used should be suitable for evaluating this. Finally, method of capacitive current injection is selected on account of its convenience and accuracy, authors of this paper devises a set of low-voltage simulation apparatus which can be easily operated. By using the apparatus, waveform of prospective transient recovery voltage in test circuit can be quickly and accurately measured. The apparatus has been applied to some tasks after being successfully developed, and hundreds of low-voltage simulation tests have been conducted and expected results have been obtained.
A phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of intracellular environment in human normal and sickle cell blood.

Intracellular pH and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration in sickle cell amenia and normal human blood samples were measured by means of phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. To monitor the concentrations of various internal phosphorylated metabolites of intact red blood cells, heparinized blood samples were used and were incubated at 37 degrees C with 5.6% C92, 25% O2, and 69.4% N2. The 31P chemical shifts of phosphorylated compounds, such as 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, adenosine 5′-triphosp-ate, and inorganic phosphate, depend on pH, and by using an appropriate calibration curve, the intracellular pH of intact erythrocytes can be obtained. The intracellular pH values in fresh sickl cell blood and normal blood were found to be 7.14 and 7.29, respectively. However, the whole-blood pH, as measured by a standard pH meter, was found to be 7.54 for both types of blood. The initial concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in sickle cell blood was about 30% higher, but it was depleted much faster during incubation than that in normal blood. The difference in intracellular pH between these two types of blood samples remained constant during incubation, even after depletion of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. These results suggest that there are differences in intracellular environment between normal and sickle cell blood. Thus, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides a fast, direct, continuous, and noninvasive way to monitor the intracellular environment of intact erythrocytes.
PI 3-kinase activation in BCR/abl-transformed hematopoietic cells does not require interaction of p85 SH2 domains with p210 BCR/abl

BCR/abl is a chimeric oncogene implicated in the pathogenesis of human chronic myelogenous leukemia. Expression of the BCR/abl gene induces hematologic malignancies in transgenic mice and transformation of interleukin-3-dependent hematopoietic cells. The mechanism of BCR/abl- mediated transformation of hematopoietic cells is poorly understood and involves activation of at least two signaling pathways, p21ras and PI 3- kinase. Here we report that PI 3,4-P2 and PI 3,4,5-P3, the enzymatic products of PI 3-kinase, accumulate in metabolically labeled transformed hematopoietic cells, in contrast to our previous report on the lack of accumulation of PI 3-kinase products in nontransformed NIH 3T3 fibroblasts that express p210 BCR/abl. Transformed cells also have increased PI 3-kinase activity in total cell extracts and membrane fractions. Activation of PI 3-kinase occurs by occupancy of SH2 domains of PI 3-kinase regulatory subunit, p85, by phosphorylated YXXM motifs. Therefore, we investigated whether BCR/abl binds to p85 and whether this binding is mediated by interaction of p85 SH2 domains with YXXM motif of BCR/abl. Association of p210 BCR/abl with p85 in immune complexes and with p85 SH2 domains was evident in hematopoietic cells that express the wt p210 BCR/abl. However, the binding of BCR/abl to p85 SH2 domains was abolished in cells expressing mutant, temperature- sensitive (ts) p210 BCR/abl in which the tyrosine in the YXXM motif of p210 BCR/abl was replaced by histidine. Despite lack of direct interaction with p85 SH2 domains, expression of ts p210 BCR/abl resulted in rapid, time-dependent activation of total and membrane- associated PI 3-kinase and increased PI 3-kinase activity in anti-P-tyr and anti-abl immunoprecipitates. These data suggest that BCR/abl- induced activation of PI 3-kinase in hematopoietic cells does not require binding of p85 SH2 domains to BCR/abl gene product and involves interaction with other tyrosine phosphorylated intermediate proteins.
Evaluation of a Selective Enrichment Most Probable Number Enumeration Method for Viable Listeria spp. in Dairy Products.

A most probable number (MPN) method for enumerating low numbers of Listeria spp. in dairy foods was developed by adapting the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Listeria isolation methodology. Milk, cheese, and other milk products were diluted and homogenized in enrichment broth (1 g/10 ml). Homogenates were inoculated with L. monocytogenes Lm82, a streptomycin-resistant variant of strain Scott A, at <1 to 320 CFU/g and further diluted in FDA enrichment broth to give 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 g of food sample per 10 ml. Dilution aliquots (10 ml) in triplicate or quintuplicate were incubated at 30°C for 48 h before being subcultured on Oxford agar at 35°C. Esculin-hydrolyzing colonies on Oxford agar were confirmed as the inoculum strain by their ability to grow on Trypticase soy agar containing streptomycin. Differences between inoculum and MPN values were evaluated by using tabulated 95% confidence limits. The calculated MPNs agreed with the inoculum levels in 91% (58 of 64) of noncheese dairy foods and in 49% (56 of 112) of 15 varieties of ripened cheeses. Competitive microflora affected by cheese age and the kind of milk used may account for the suboptimal performance of the MPN method with the cheeses.
Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Matter

Aimed at advanced undergraduate and graduate students, this book provides a clear unified view of continuum mechanics that will be a welcome addition to the literature. Samuel Paolucci provides a well-grounded mathematical structure and also gives the reader a glimpse of how this material can be extended in a variety of directions, furnishing young researchers with the necessary tools to venture into brand new territory. Particular emphasis is given to the roles that thermodynamics and symmetries play in the development of constitutive equations for different materials. Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Matter is ideal for a one-semester course in continuum mechanics, with 250 end-of-chapter exercises designed to test and develop the reader's understanding of the concepts covered. Six appendices enhance the material further, including a comprehensive discussion of the kinematics, dynamics and balance laws applicable in Riemann spaces.
The Mansfield protocol for laptop computer circulation: How a library can provide its own technical support

Mise en circulation de 50 microordinateurs portables dans une bibliotheque universitaire pour utilisation par les etudiants
Day Hospital Approach to Uncomplicated Vaso-Occlusive Crises in Children with Sickle Cell Disease.

Day hospital management for patients with sickle cell disease experiencing uncomplicated vaso-occlusive pain crises has been described in adult populations as an alternative care delivery system. To date, there are no published studies addressing the utility of this model in pediatric populations. We retrospectively studied all admissions to the Day Hospital at the Texas Children’s Sickle Cell Center since its inception in 2000. A Day Hospital admission was defined as a minimum of two consecutive days of aggressive pain management as an outpatient, including intravenous hydration and analgesics, supported by home treatment over night with oral analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. We gathered data on demographics, sickle cell genotype, incoming pain scale, provider type (physician versus nurse practitioner), home treatment with narcotics prior to presentation, average daily dose of narcotics administered during admission, length of stay, admission charges, return rate to the emergency department within 48 hrs, and transfer rate from Day Hospital to inpatient care. A total of 35 patients accounted for 80 visits during the study period (2000–2006). Approximately 83% of patients had sickle cell anemia (HbSS). The mean baseline hemoglobin for patients was 9.1 g/dl. Patients were seen equally by physicians and nurse practitioners. Approximately 93% of visits were preceded by home narcotic use within 24hrs of presentation. The mean incoming pain score was 7.9 on a scale from 1 to 10. The mean length of stay was 2.4 days. The return rate for emergency care within 48 hours was 6%. Approximately 40% of patients admitted to the Day Hospital were transferred to inpatient care for unresolved pain or increasing medical needs. We conclude that a dedicated Day Hospital facility has the potential to provide patient-centered, effective, and timely management of vaso-occlusive crises in children as well as adults. It may serve as an alternative to emergency and inpatient care for children with mild to moderate pain. Future studies should compare day hospital care to inpatient hospitalization for differences in length of stay, cost, patient satisfaction, and quality of life.
Manhood Besieged: Gus Lee and David Wong Louie

MANHOOD BESIEGED elaborates on the Chinese wen-wu ideal and tracks how wu waxes and wen wanes in the works of Gus Lee and David Wong Louie, respectively. Up against the “effeminate” stereotypes of Asian men, Lee’s “China boy” aspires to be a black youngster by learning how to box, thereby posing physical aggression (wu) as the only way for men of color to assimilate. Louie’s protagonists, for all their wen sophistication, are constantly beset by anxiety, insecurity and pangs of unrequited love; they try at times to “pass” as whites, but find themselves invariably falling short of the American matinee idol. The chapter concludes by ferreting out viable models such as Chinese men of letters and caring men(tors) of color.