cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What to do when a psychotherapy fails

Introduction When a patient does not benefi t or has intolerable sideeff ects from an antidepressant or anxiolytic medication, the prescribing psychiatrist can rely on a range of evidence-based guideposts. Most clinicians probably feel familiar and comfortable with switching or augmenting medications and with the idea of sequential medication treatment algorithms. As Michael Thase noted in a JAMA Psychiatry editorial, the same does not hold for psychotherapies—although it should. Ignorance of whether or how to change psychotherapies is a major and persisting gap in psychiatric knowledge. We discuss this problem from clinical and research perspectives.
Using lightning observations as a volcanic eruption monitoring tool

Lightning commonly occurs in the eruption columns produced by explosive volcanic eruptions. There are several different kinds of lightning detection instruments that could be employed to help monitor volcanoes, each with their own ad- vantages and disadvantages. Very low frequency (VLF) instru- ments have the ability to detect lightning at long ranges but tend to have low sensitivity due to network geometry and typically can provide only the time and 2-D location of a cloud-to-ground return stroke or similar high-amplitude pulse produced by an intracloud discharge. Low frequency (LF) and medium frequen- cy (MF) instruments typically have more sensitivity than a VLF network but can only be used for detection on a regional scale. Very high frequency (VHF) lightning mapping instruments also provide only regional coverage but detect all lightning within their range. During the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, USA, each of these types of instruments detected light- ning from Redoubt's ash plume. The VHF system consistently detected lightning before the other two during each distinct explosive event and also detected more lightning than the others, by one or two orders of magnitude. Lightning observations could be used to confirm, and in some cases, detect explosive volcanic activity.The rapid responseprovided by lightningmonitoringisa valuable tool for fast identification of potentially hazardous ash clouds.
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance and the Electric Field Gradient in Metallic Indium

The nuclear quadrupole resonance in metallic indium has been followed continuously from 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 390.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and two sources of field gradient have been investigated. One of these is the usual "ionic" model involving point ions in a uniform background charge density. The contribution from this source has been calculated by a new method to seven figures at three representative $\frac{a}{c}$ ratios; from these data the ionic field gradient in indium at any submelting temperature can be inferred.Since the ionic contribution accounts for only about 20% of the observed field gradient, a second source has been considered. This source is an undulatory component of charge density having the periodicity of the lattice. It is found that a modest amount of this undulatory component does produce sufficient field gradient to explain the observations.
Determination of fluoxetine and its major active metabolite norfluoxetine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive and specific bioanalytical method for the determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human plasma has been developed. Automated solid phase extraction on Oasis HLB cartridges was used to extract the analytes from human plasma. Analysis was by reverse phase liquid chromatography on a Xterra MS C18 column using a fast gradient. Fluoxetine, norfluoxetine and fluvoxamine (internal standard) were ionised using the Turbolonspray interface operating in positive ion mode. Detection was via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the characteristic ion dissociation transitionsm/z 310.3→44.1, 296.2→134.3 and 319.2→71.1 for fluoxetine, norfluoxetine and fluvoxamine respectively. The method is linear over the range 0.5–50 ng mL−1 (using a sample volume of 0.5 mL). The method is accurate and precise with intra-batch and inter-batch precision (%CV) of<15% and accuracy (%RE) of <+-15% for both analytes. A run time of 4 minutes means a high throughput of samples can be achieved. The method has been be used to support a clinical study.
Rice, Water, and Power: Landscapes of Domination and Resistance in the Lowcountry, 1790–1880

The production of one of the American antebellum South's chief export commodities, rice, which was grown on plantations in tidewater South Carolina and Georgia, required the large-scale manipulation of the lowcountry environment. The well-engineered rice plantation, one South Carolina planter explained, was a "huge hydraulic machine." "The whole apparatus of levels, floodgates, trunks, canals, banks, and ditches is of the most extensive kind," he said, "requiring skill and unity of purpose to keep in order."' The "machines," in their most developed form, were massive engineering achievements that reshaped portions of the tidewater environment and required enormous investments of well-organized labor to make and maintain. Water by its very nature imposes specific social, economic, and political necessities upon those who would control it, Karl Wittfogel has argued in Oriental Despotism, his provocative analysis of the great hydraulic civilizations in the ancient Middle and Far East. As many
Frequency biases in a cold-atom coherent population trapping clock

A compact cold-atom clock based on coherent population trapping (CPT) has been developed. The clock typically demonstrates a short-term fractional frequency stability of 4×10 -11 /√τ, limited by frequency noise on the interrogation lasers. The clock interrogates a sample of 2×10 5 atoms under free-fall with typical cycle and Ramsey periods of 50 ms and 16 ms, respectively. The largest two systematic frequency shifts that can limit the clock's long-term stability are the light shift and the Doppler shift.
Right-hemisphere superiority for discriminating memorized from nonmemorized faces: Affective imagery, sex, and perceived emotionality effects

Abstract Sixty-four subjects, divided into four groups according to sex and type of memorization instruction, were given a manual RT task requiring discrimination of two memorized from two nonmemorized faces. Two types of memorization were employed, one emphasizing highly negative affective imagery about the faces being memorized (extreme sadness), the other relatively neutral imagery (feeling composed). Females in the affective imagery group were predicted to show left-visual-field superiority (LVFS), while females employing neutral imagery were not. Males were predicted to show LVFS regardless of imagery type because of their presumed strong right-hemispheric dominance for visual-spatial functions. Predictions were accurate for females; neither group of males showed significant LVFS. Post-experimental semantic differential ratings of the emotionality of the memorized faces showed that LVFS existed for faces rated as emotional, but not for faces rated as nonemotional. This effect was common to the sexes. Results indicate that right-hemispheric memory storage of faces can be induced in females through affective imagery and in both sexes via idiosyncratically perceived emotionality in the face stimuli. This effect of affectivity cannot be attributed to visual-spatial dominannce of the right hemisphere.
Evaluating a history text: A comparison of cloze and maze procedures

Abstract The present project was designed to explore the relative merits of cloze and maze procedures as student‐centered sources of data in the university text evaluation process. Accordingly, 80 students enrolled in an introductory Western Civilization course were randomly assigned to either a cloze (n = 40) or maze (n = 40) test condition. The results indicated that the maze test overestimated students’ ability to cope with an unfamiliar text while cloze appeared to be a reasonably accurate estimate. The authors concluded that the maze procedure needs further refinement, particularly in terms of construct validity, before it can be employed as a text evaluation tool at the university level.
Probing charge transport at the single-molecule level on silicon by using cryogenic ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy

A cryogenic variable-temperature ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscope is used for measuring the electrical properties of isolated cyclopentene molecules adsorbed to the degenerately p-type Si(100)-2×1 surface at a temperature of 80 K. Current–voltage curves taken under these conditions show negative differential resistance at positive sample bias, in agreement with previous observations at room temperature. Because of the enhanced stability of the scanning tunneling microscope at cryogenic temperatures, repeated measurements can be routinely taken over the same molecule. Taking advantage of this improved stability, we show that current–voltage curves on isolated cyclopentene molecules are reproducible and possess negligible hysteresis for a given tip–molecule distance. On the other hand, subsequent measurements with variable tip position show that the negative differential resistance voltage increases with increasing tip–molecule distance. By using a one-dimensional capacitive equivalent circuit and a resonant tunneling model, this behavior can be quantitatively explained, thus providing insight into the electrostatic potential distribution across a semiconductor-molecule-vacuum-metal tunnel junction. This model also provides a quantitative estimate for the alignment of the highest occupied molecular orbital of cyclopentene with respect to the Fermi level of the silicon substrate, thus suggesting that this experimental approach can be used for performing chemical spectroscopy at the single-molecule level on semiconductor surfaces. Overall, these results serve as the basis for a series of design rules that can be applied to silicon-based molecular electronic devices.
A 9/11 translocation in a child with Ph1-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia.

with either the subarachnoid space or ventricles (Fig. 1). The fluid was cloudy; numerous lipomacrophages were demonstrated by microscopic examination with the cytocentrifuge technique. The lipomacrophages stained strongly with Sudan IV. A successful ventriculogram was performed through the left ventricle. The fluid was clear with 7 RBC and 0 WBC. Bilateral selective internal carotid arteriography revealed all major vessels patent and free from intrinsic lesions. At 6 months of age Patient C. J. was profoundly retarded, opisthotonic with marked positive right-sided transillumination, and a head circumference of 44 cm. Repeat ventriculogram showed further enlargement of the ventricles and clear acellular fluid in the persistent right porencephalic cyst.
Injection into the 8 GeV Booster Synchrotron

With the single turn injection system now in use, it would be necessary to inject over 240 mA with the 200 MeV linac to reach the goal of 4 × 1012 protons/pulse in the 8 GeV booster synchrotron. (5 × 1013 protons/pulse in the main NAL accelerator.) Multiturn injection is planned to reduce the required linac intensity. The 200 MHz linac beam is allowed to debunch. It is then rebunched and captured adiabatically by turning on the 30 MHz booster rf system in steps. The present momentum spread ?p/p of ± 0.8 × 10-3 is within the design acceptance. Space is available for a debuncher if it is needed at higher intensity.
Selective orienting and habituation of the GSR as a consequence of overt and covert activity

Effects of instructions as predeterminers of the OR were studied during habituation of the GSR to innocuous words. Different groups of college students were instructed to overtly respond to a particular word, covertly free-associate or count to that word, or simply listen. Significantly greater responsivitiy to the signal word was displayed by the three experimental groups than by the control group. Magnitude of responsivity to the unrelated filler words did not differ among the four groups. Instructions had similar effects on responsivity to all words in a habituation phase prior to the occurrence of the signal word. Experimental groups receiving task instructions, however, did not differ significantly from the control group in the magnitude of their GSR-OR to the first word in the habituation series.
Effect of E-electrode position on Frank vectorcardiogram in children

Abstract In 50 children whose ages ranged from birth to 15 years, the effect of E-electrode position on the Frank vectorcardiogram was tested. A rightward shift of this electrode by 0.5 inch resulted in a decrease in the anteroposterior diameter of the horizontal vector loop, whereas a leftward shift of 0.5 inch tended to increase this dimension. Effects of E-lead displacement were less marked in children who were 3 years old or older than in those who were younger — the accurate placement of the E-electrode was crucial in the younger group.
Adsorption of Anionic-Nonionic and Cationic-Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures on Kaolinite

Abstract Adsorption on Na—kaolinite from surfactant mixtures of nonionic octaethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether (C12EO8) with the anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (C12SO4Na) and the cationic dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride [C12(CH3)3NCl was studied in the surfactant concentration range varying from below CMC to above. It was found that in both systems, the adsorption of the ionic surfactant was enhanced by the presence of the nonionic surfactant and vice versa in the pre-CMC region. Chain—chain interaction between the adjacent ionic and nonionic surfactants on the particles has been proposed to be responsible for the enhanced adsorption. Such chain—chain interaction leads to the formation of surfactant clusters at the interface which abstract the hydrocarbon chains of the highly surface active C12EO8 into them. Under these conditions hydrophobicity of the particles as measured by skin flotation was found to be lower due to the exposed ethylene oxide groups. Decrease in the adsorption level of C12SO4Na with increase in C12EO8 in the region above CMC has been attributed to the decrease of C12SO4Na monomer concentration due to mixed micellization with C12EO8. The adsorption density of C12EO8 in plateau region passes through a maximum at equimolar ratio of the two surfactants. This has been suggested to be due to the most compact arrangement of surfactants in the cluster formed at the interface at the equimolar composition of the surfactants. Similar adsorption behavior from anionic—nonionic and cationic—nonionic surfactant mixtures suggests that the synergism arises mainly from the chain—chain interaction between the two surfactants in the adsorbed state.
Local Laser Induced Etching of Copper Films by Chlorine

A focused argon ion laser was used to induce local thermal etching of copper films in the presence of chlorine gas. Raman scattering was used to follow the transformation of the copper film in situ to CuC1 and CuCl2. In some regimes the laser only induced transformation of copper to copper chloride, while in others the laser produced copper chloride and also desorbed it.
Hennig und der ursprung der tetrapoda

Hennig’s Prinzip der Merkmalsanalyse ist die zur Zeit beste Methode der Verwandt-schaftsanalyse. Von der Merkmalsanalyse mussen phylogenetische und klassifikatorische Aussagen streng getrennt werden. Um dies deutlich zu machen, werden neue Begriffe fur die Bezeichnung des klassifikatorischen Status von Gruppen (synapogen, symplesiogen, paragen) vorgeschlagen, die sich nicht mit den Begriffen der Merkmalsanalyse (synapomorph usw.) und der phylogenetischen Aussage (monophyletisch, para- und polyphyletisch) uberlappen. Der Ursprung der Tetrapoda dient als Beispiel dafur, das jedes Ver-wandtschaftsschema von der Bewertung der Merkmale, den akzeptierten Homologien, abhangt, und somit eine stabile Klassifikation eine Illusion ist. Fur das Erkennen von Homologien gibt es bisher kein absolutes Mas.
Amplifier similaritons in a dispersion-mapped fiber laser [Invited]

Amplifier similaritons are generated in a dispersion-mapped fiber laser. Output pulse parameters are nearly independent of the net group velocity dispersion (GVD) owing to the strong local nonlinear attraction in the gain fiber, which dictates the pulse evolution. This constitutes a stable mode-locking regime that is capable of generating sub-100-fs pulses over a broad range of anomalous and normal GVD. These features are consistent with numerical simulations.
Biochemical and Structural Studies of 6-Carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin Synthase Reveal the Molecular Basis of Catalytic Promiscuity within the Tunnel-fold Superfamily

6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) homologs in both mammals and bacteria catalyze distinct reactions using the same 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate substrate. The mammalian enzyme converts 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate to 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin, whereas the bacterial enzyme catalyzes the formation of 6-carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin. To understand the basis for the differential activities we determined the crystal structure of a bacterial PTPS homolog in the presence and absence of various ligands. Comparison to mammalian structures revealed that although the active sites are nearly structurally identical, the bacterial enzyme houses a His/Asp dyad that is absent from the mammalian protein. Steady state and time-resolved kinetic analysis of the reaction catalyzed by the bacterial homolog revealed that these residues are responsible for the catalytic divergence. This study demonstrates how small variations in the active site can lead to the emergence of new functions in existing protein folds.
FACULTY DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION

There have been changes in the manner in which academic institutions appoint and evaluate faculty. The concept of tenure has been radically altered and a higher percentage of faculty are being appointed to positions in which tenure is not attainable. In these circumstances, it is important to provide younger faculty with the opportunity to plan their academic career and to make certain that older faculty do not become non-productive. We have developed a faculty development form that is educational and constructive. It divides each academic function (teaching, research, clinical, administrative, extramural and interpersonal) into seven levels of performance. No level is in itself inappropriate and the profile can be plotted for 10-year intervals, so that changes in the profile are apparent. Each faculty member plans his next year's goals and objectives and the supervisor and the faculty member determine whether the new goals will change the faculty member's profile. We have two years of data on the number of publications, abstracts and research applications during the program compared to previous years. That data indicate that this system stimulates academic growth and we believe it allows some faculty to conclude that academic medicine may not be an appropriate career choice early or even late in their careers. Most importantly, it forces the supervisor and faculty member to establish a written plan for each academic year. (Supported by NIH)
Cooperative activities of Drosophila DE-Cadherin and DN-Cadherin regulate the cell motility process of ommatidial rotation

Ommatidial rotation is a cell motility read-out of planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling in the Drosophila eye. Although the signaling aspects of PCP establishment are beginning to be unraveled, the mechanistic aspects of the associated ommatidial rotation process remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the Drosophila DE- and DN-cadherins have opposing effects on rotation. DE-cadherin promotes rotation, as DE-cad mutant ommatidia rotate less than wild type or not at all. By contrast, the two DN-cadherins act to restrict this movement, with ommatidia rotating too fast in the mutants. The opposing effects of DE- and DN-cadherins result in a coordinated cellular movement, enabling ommatidia of the same stage to rotate simultaneously. Genetic interactions, phenotypic analysis and localization studies indicate that EGF-receptor and Frizzled-PCP signaling feed into the regulation of cadherin activity and localization in this context. Thus, DE- and DN-cadherins integrate inputs from at least two signaling pathways, resulting in a coordinated cell movement. A similar input into mammalian E- and N-cadherins might function in the progression of diseases such as metastatic ovarian cancer.
Porous silicon waveguide with integrated grating coupler for DNA sensing

A porous silicon waveguide with integrated grating coupler is demonstrated as a new platform for portable detection of chemical and biological molecules. The two-layer porous silicon waveguide is formed by electrochemical etching and a photoresist grating is fabricated directly on the waveguide core by means of electron beam lithography. Angle-resolved reflectance measurements reveal distinct peaks corresponding to the guided mode. A 0.420° reflectance shift was observed upon 16-base DNA hybridization, which was more than a factor of 5 larger than the observed reflectance shift after exposure to a mismatched DNA sequence.
The 2010 U.S. health care reform: approaching and avoiding how other countries finance health care

This article describes and analyzes the U.S. health care legislation of 2010 by asking how far it was designed to move the U.S. system in the direction of practices in all other rich democracies. The enacted U.S. reform could be described, extremely roughly, as Japanese pooling with Swiss and American problems at American prices. Its policies are distinctive, yet nevertheless somewhat similar to examples in other rich democracies, on two important dimensions: how risks are pooled and the amount of funds redistributed to subsidize care for people with lower incomes. Policies about compelling people to contribute to a finance system would be further from international norms, as would the degree to which coverage is set by clear and common substantive standards--that is, standardization of benefits. The reform would do least, however, to move the United States toward international practices for controlling spending. This in turn is a major reason why the results would include less standard benefits and incomplete coverage. In short, the United States would remain an outlier on coverage less because of a failure to make an effort to redistribute--a lack of solidarity--than due to a failure to control costs.
Generalized Newton algorithm to minimize a function with many variables using computer-evaluated exact higher-order derivatives

This paper describes an optimization algorithm which uses up torth-order derivatives to find the optimum of anr-times continuously differentiable function of many variables. The algorithm, developed by Kalaba and Tishler (Ref. 1), obtains the exact values of the derivatives required for the optimization from the table algorithm presented in Kalabaet al. (Ref. 2) and Kalaba and Tishler (Ref. 3). The optimization algorithm described here reduces to the well-known Newton-Raphson algorithm when only first-order and second-order derivatives are used.
SHOULD KANTIANS BE CONSEQUENTIALISTS

Parfit argues that a form of rule consequentialism can be derived from the most plausible formulation of the fundamental principle of Kantian ethics. And so he concludes that Kantians should be consequentialists. I argue that we have good reason to reject two of the auxiliary premises that figure in Parfit's derivation of rule consequentialism from Kantianism.1
Quantification of endogenous sirtuin metabolite O-acetyl-ADP-ribose

Sirtuins are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent deacetylases that mediate cellular processes such as lifespan extension and metabolic regulation. Sirtuins form a unique metabolite, 2'-O-acetyl-ADP-ribose (OAADPr), shown to block oocyte maturation, bind to chromatin-related proteins, and activate ion channels. Given the various sirtuin phenotypes, the potential of OAADPr as a signaling molecule is extensive. However, exploration of the biological roles of OAADPr has been hindered by the lack of in vivo evidence and a reliable method for quantification. Here we provide the first direct evidence and quantification of cellular OAADPr. Compared with endogenous OAADPr levels (0.56+/-0.13 microM) in wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae, deletion of all five yeast sirtuins (Sir2 and Hst1-4) yielded essentially no detectable OAADPr. The single deletion of Hst2 yielded 0.37+/-0.12 microM OAADPr. Deletion of an enzyme, Ysa1, previously shown in vitro to hydrolyze OAADPr, resulted in a significant increase (0.85+/-0.24 microM) in OAADPr. Together, these data provide evidence that cellular levels of OAADPr are controlled by the action of sirtuins and can be modulated by the Nudix hydrolase Ysa1. Our methodology, consisting of internal standard (13)C-labeled OAADPr and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, displays excellent sensitivity and a linear dynamic range from 0.2 to 500 pmol. Moreover, extraction efficiencies were greater than 75%. This methodology is an essential tool in probing the biological roles of OAADPr, especially under conditions in which sirtuin phenotypes are well established.
Academic dishonesty among pharmacy students: does portable technology play a role?

Abstract Objective To evaluate the prevalence of academic dishonesty facilitated by portable electronic technology among Doctor of Pharmacy candidates. Methods A link to a 10-item survey was emailed to student pharmacists at four pharmacy schools. The survey was available from January thru March 2008. Results Respondents (n = 397) were evenly distributed among the four classes of pharmacy school; 74.2% were female. Ten percent of all students admitted to cheating; most of whom were enrolled in a public, rather than private, institution (p = 0.007). While only 3.5% of students admitted to technology-facilitated cheating, 9.1% identified specific technologies personally used to aid in cheating. Methods of using portable technology to cheat included: storing notes in programmable calculators or PDAs (77.8%) or sending information to classmates via infrared beams (19.4%), text messages (8.3%), or emails or instant-messages (8.3%). Over 90% of respondents believe classmates cheat; however, 72.2% believe academic dishonesty is not a problem in their school. Conclusions At minimum, 10% of student pharmacists cheat, and the majority believes others do as well; however, they do not believe cheating is a problem. Many do not consider various inappropriate acts dishonest. When portable electronic devices are used to cheat, unapproved information is stored for personal use more often than shared with classmates. Faculty members knowledgeable about these new methods of cheating may better identify methods to circumvent such activities.
Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia in an Anophthalmic Socket 60 Years after Enucleation

Ocular surface squamous cell neoplasia in an anophthalmic socket is an exceptionally rare occurrence. We report a 62-year-old white man who had his left eye enucleated at age 2 and developed an invasive squamous cell carcinoma 60 years later. He received multiple treatments, including excisional biopsy, topical mitomycin C chemotherapy, cryotherapy, and finally exenteration. We review the literature to evaluate the clinical characteristics, time of onset following enucleation, treatment, and outcome of previously reported cases. Our case emphasizes the importance of a thorough examination of the anophthalmic socket, including upper and lower lid eversion.
Progress towards solar-powered homogeneous water photolysis

This highlight covers recent progress towards complete homogeneous water photolysis. Efforts in designing catalysts for water reduction, as well as their interaction with light harvesting complexes, are discussed. There are several successful catalyst archetypes for water oxidation that are reviewed herein; however, light driven oxygen evolution remains an area of limited success.
C2'-pyrene-functionalized triazole-linked DNA: universal DNA/RNA hybridization probes.

Development of universal hybridization probes, that is, oligonucleotides displaying identical affinity toward matched and mismatched DNA/RNA targets, has been a longstanding goal due to potential applications as degenerate PCR primers and microarray probes. The classic approach toward this end has been the use of “universal bases” that either are based on hydrogen-bonding purine derivatives or aromatic base analogues without hydrogen-bonding capabilities. However, development of probes that result in truly universal hybridization without compromising duplex thermostability has proven challenging. Here we have used the “click reaction” to synthesize four C2′-pyrene-functionalized triazole-linked 2′-deoxyuridine phosphoramidites. We demonstrate that oligodeoxyribonucleotides modified with the corresponding monomers display (a) minimally decreased thermal affinity toward DNA/RNA complements relative to reference strands, (b) highly robust universal hybridization characteristics (average differences in therma...
Automated classification of radiology reports for acute lung injury: Comparison of keyword and machine learning based natural language processing approaches

This paper compares the performance of keyword and machine learning-based chest x-ray report classification for Acute Lung Injury (ALI). ALI mortality is approximately 30 percent. High mortality is, in part, a consequence of delayed manual chest x-ray classification. An automated system could reduce the time to recognize ALI and lead to reductions in mortality. For our study, 96 and 857 chest x-ray reports in two corpora were labeled by domain experts for ALI. We developed a keyword and a Maximum Entropy-based classification system. Word unigram and character n-grams provided the features for the machine learning system. The Maximum Entropy algorithm with character 6-gram achieved the highest performance (Recall=0.91, Precision=0.90 and F-measure=0.91) on the 857-report corpus. This study has shown that for the classification of ALI chest x-ray reports, the machine learning approach is superior to the keyword based system and achieves comparable results to highest performing physician annotators.
Evidence that the FSH receptor itself is not a calcium channel

FSH has been shown to stimulate the uptake of calcium in cultured rat Sertoli cells, resulting in an increase in cytosolic calcium concentrations. One possibility which has been put forth is that the FSH receptor per se may act as a calcium channel. This is all the more tantalizing given the proposed structure of this receptor which, like all other G protein-coupled receptors, is thought to have the putative transmembrane helices forming a bundle-like structure in the plasma membrane. To test whether the FSH receptor could function as a calcium channel, we performed whole-cell voltage clamp experiments on 293 and 293F(wt1) cells, which are a clonal line of 293 cells expressing high levels of rat FSH receptors. The 293 cells, which do not express FSH receptors, were found to lack any detectable inward calcium currents, and therefore, serve as an excellent model for transfecting with potential calcium conducting FSH receptors. When the 293F(wt1) cells were then tested, no inward calcium currents could be detected in either control or FSH-stimulated cells. These results suggest that the FSH receptor itself is not a calcium channel and, therefore, FSH must be stimulating endogenous calcium channels in rat Sertoli cell plasma membranes.
Smart Blocks: a tangible mathematical manipulative

We created Smart Blocks, an augmented mathematical manipulative that allows users to explore the concepts of volume and surface area of 3-dimensional (3D) objects. This interface supports physical manipulation for exploring spatial relationships and it provides continuous feedback for reinforcing learning. By leveraging the benefits of physicality with the advantages of digital information, this tangible interface provides an engaging environment for learning about surface area and volume of 3D objects.
Residual image coding for stereo image compression

One main focus of research in stereo image coding has been disparity estimation, a technique used to reduce the coding rate by taking advantage of the redundancy in a stereo image pair. Significantly less effort has been put into the coding of the residual image. These images display characteristics that are different from that of natural images. We propose a new method for the coding of residual images that takes into account the properties of residual images. Particular attention is paid to the effects of occlusion and the correlation properties of residual images that result from block-based disparity estimation. The embedded, progressive nature of our coder enables one to stop decoding at any time. We demonstrate that it is possible to achieve good results with a computationally simple method.
Credibility assessments of online health information: The effects of source expertise and knowledge of content

Millions of Americans use the Internet as a resource for information, with a large proportion seeking health information. Research indicates that medical professionals do not author an extensive amount of health information available on the Internet. This creates a possibility for false information, thereby potentially leading ill people away from proper care. One way to begin addressing this problem is to assess perceptions of credibility about information found online. A between-groups, 2 (message type) × 3 (source type) factorial design was tested by manipulating source expertise (high, medium, low) and content knowledge (known and unknown). While findings did not indicate a significant interaction between source and content type, they did indicate an overall tendency to rate all information as relatively credible. In addition, results indicate that both knowledge of content and source expertise affect perceptions of online health information.
A pilot study: The effects of music therapy interventions on middle school students' ESL skills.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of music therapy techniques on the story retelling and speaking skills of English as a Second Language (ESL) middle school students. Thirty-four middle school students of Hispanic heritage, ages 10-12, in high and low-functioning groups participated in the study for 12 weeks. Pretest to posttest data yielded significant differences on the story retelling skills between the experimental and control groups. Chi Square comparisons on English speaking skills also yielded significant results over 3 months of music therapy intervention. A variety of music therapy techniques were used including music and movement, active music listening, group chanting and singing, musical games, rhythmic training, music and sign language, and lyric analysis and rewrite activities as supplemental activities to the ESL goals and objectives. Comparisons of individual subjects' scores indicated that all of the students in the experimental groups scored higher than the control groups on story retelling skills (with the exception of 1 pair of identical scores), regardless of high and low functioning placement. Monthly comparisons of the high and low functioning experimental groups indicated significant improvements in English speaking skills as well.
Menopause and the Transmission of Women's Knowledge: African American and White Women's Perspectives

Recent menopause literature does not sufficiently explore women's attitudes on the transmission of knowledge about menopause from sources other than biomedical providers. Analysis of 70 interviews with African American and Euro-American women shows that their perceptions of the intergenerational transfer of knowledge about menopause from their mothers shaped their attitudes toward menopause and the health-care technologies surrounding it. African American women who grew up in the segregated South frequently expressed that their mothers provided them with the knowledge and power to negotiate difficulties during the menopausal process, while many middle-class Euro-American women expressed that their mothers did not. Drawing on literature that examines the effects of race, class, and kinship on mother/daughter relationships, this article explores the reasons for this divergence.
Unsupported d8–d8 interactions in cationic PdII and PtII complexes: evidence for a significant metal–metal bonding character

Isostructural dinuclear Pd and Pt complexes that exhibit unique d8–d8 interactions between dicationic metal centers are reported. These metal–metal interactions are not supported by any bridging ligands and suggest a significant metal–metal bonding character for both Pd and Pt systems.
Raising the Speed Limit for β-Hairpin Formation

Understanding the folding of the β-hairpin is a crucial step in studying how β-rich proteins fold. We have studied CLN025, an optimized ten residue synthetic peptide, which adopts a compact, well-s...
The effects of van der Waals attractions on cloud droplet growth by coalescence

The inclusion of van der Waals attractions in the interaction between cloud droplets has been recently shown to significantly increase the collision efficiencies of the smaller droplets. In the current work, these larger values for the collision efficiencies are used in a population dynamics model of the droplet size distribution evolution with time, in hopes of at least partially resolving the long-standing paradox in cloud microphysics that predicted rates of the onset of precipitation are generally much lower than those which are observed. Evolutions of several initial cloud droplet spectra have been tracked in time. Size evolutions are compared as predicted from the use of collision efficiencies computed using two different models to allow for droplet-droplet contact: one which considers slip flow effects only, and one which considers the combined effects of van der Waals forces and slip flow. The rate at which the droplet mass density function shifts to larger droplet sizes is increased by typically 20-25 percent, when collision efficiencies which include van der Waals forces are used.
The increasing impact of multidetector row computed tomography in clinical practice

Abstract Multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) is a powerful noninvasive imaging tool with a number of advantages over previous computed tomography (CT) technology. The incorporation of multiple detector rows enables faster scanning and thinner collimation. As a result, the entire body can be imaged in a single breath hold with improved z-axis resolution. These improvements have also expanded the clinical applications of CT. MDCT is considered an acceptable alternative to conventional imaging techniques such as catheter angiography, intravenous urography, and barium enema. This article will provide an overview of MDCT technology and its use in the diagnosis of diseases affecting coronary and peripheral vasculature, head and neck, lungs, as well as the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts.
New negative Latin square type partial difference sets in nonelementary abelian 2-groups and 3-groups

A partial difference set having parameters (n 2, r(n ? 1), n + r 2 ? 3r, r 2 ? r) is called a Latin square type partial difference set, while a partial difference set having parameters (n 2, r(n + 1), ? n + r 2 + 3r, r 2 + r) is called a negative Latin square type partial difference set. Nearly all known constructions of negative Latin square partial difference sets are in elementary abelian groups. In this paper, we develop three product theorems that construct negative Latin square type partial difference sets and Latin square type partial difference sets in direct products of abelian groups G and G? when these groups have certain Latin square or negative Latin square type partial difference sets. Using these product theorems, we can construct negative Latin square type partial difference sets in groups of the form $${G = (Z_2)^{4s_0} \times (Z_4)^{2s_1} \times (Z_{16})^{4s_2} \times \cdots \times (Z_{2^{2r}})^{4s_r}}$$ where the s i are nonnegative integers and s 0 + s 1 ? 1. Another significant corollary to these theorems are constructions of two infinite families of negative Latin square type partial difference sets in 3-groups of the form $${G = (Z_3)^2 \times (Z_3)^{2{s_1}} \times (Z_9)^{2{s_2}} \times \cdots \times (Z_{3^{2k}})^{2{s_k}}}$$ for nonnegative integers s i . Several constructions of Latin square type PDSs are also given in p-groups for all primes p. We will then briefly indicate how some of these results relate to amorphic association schemes. In particular, we construct amorphic association schemes with 4 classes using negative Latin square type graphs in many nonelementary abelian 2-groups; we also use negative Latin square type graphs whose underlying sets can be elementary abelian 3-groups or nonelementary abelian 3-groups to form 3-class amorphic association schemes.
Mechanism of multiple lysine methylation by the SET domain enzyme Rubisco LSMT.

SET domain protein methyltransferases catalyze the transfer of methyl groups from the cofactor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to specific lysine residues of protein substrates, such as the N-terminal tails of histones H3 and H4 and the large subunit of the Rubisco holoenzyme complex. The crystal structures of pea Rubisco large subunit methyltransferase (LSMT) in ternary complexes with either lysine or e-N-methyllysine (MeLys) and the product S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) were determined to resolutions of 2.65 and 2.55 A, respectively. The ζ-methyl group of MeLys is bound to the enzyme via carbon–oxygen hydrogen bonds that play a key role in catalysis. The methyl donor and acceptor are aligned in a linear geometry for SN2 nucleophilic transfer of the methyl group during catalysis. Differences in hydrogen bonding between the MeLys e-amino group and Rubisco LSMT and SET7/9 explain why Rubisco LSMT generates multiply methylated Lys, wheras SET7/9 generates only MeLys.
Carbon nanotube arrays for absolute IR and THz radiometry

We have assembled and evaluated a novel electrically calibrated thermopile having an array of 1.5 mm long multiwalled carbon nanotubes as the radiation absorber. We find very low reflectance at the 390 μm laser wavelength and excellent agreement between optical and electrical measurements in the visible spectrum.
Selective lithium ion extraction with chromogenic monoaza crown ethers

Abstract Two chromogenic monoaza crown ethers were synthesized and investigated for their lithium extraction capabilities. The chromogenic monoaza 14-crown-4 compound exhibited the best selectivity for lithium over sodium; ca. 2800, with a detection limit of 0.08 ppm.
Dental Students and Bloodborne Pathogens: Occupational Exposures, Knowledge, and Attitudes

Dental professionals may be exposed to bloodborne pathogens in their work, and dental students may be a particularly vulnerable group. Fear of exposure has also been linked to discriminatory practices. A cross-sectional survey of dental students was conducted at one U.S. dental school to assess their knowledge about the transmission of bloodborne pathogens and management of exposures; the frequency of their bloodborne pathogen exposures (BBPEs); and associations among their prior exposure, knowledge, perception of knowledge, and attitudes toward practice. Overall, 220 students (72.1 percent) responded to the survey, and 215 (70.5 percent) answered questions about exposures. The prevalence of BBPE was 19.1 percent and was greater among clinical than preclinical students (p<0.01). Percutaneous injuries occurred in 87.5 percent of those exposed. All students (preclinical and clinical combined) answered more survey questions correctly about transmission of bloodborne pathogens (66.7 percent) than about post-exposure management (25.0 percent). Fewer than half reported adequate knowledge of transmission and management (47.5 percent and 37.3 percent, respectively). In this context, 8.2 percent of the respondents acknowledged an unwillingness to perform procedures on patients with HIV. Since knowledge gaps may lead to failure to report incidents and delays in appropriate exposure management and some negative attitudes towards treating individuals with HIV persist, these findings justify improving BBPE education at U.S. dental schools.
Time-Resolved Femtosecond Intersubband Relaxations and Population Inversion in Stepped Quantum Wells

The generation of coherent far-infrared radiation in superlattices or multiple-quantum-well (MQW) structures has been a goal for many years. The use of intersubband transitions to generate coherent mid-infrared radiation was first successfully demonstrated by J. Faist et al. [1]. However, new structures are needed to generate radiation in the 30–300 mm regime (1–10 THz). In this paper, we demonstrate how a stepped quantum well structure can modify the intersubband relaxation rates, allowing a population inversion between subbands to be achieved. We measured the intersubband relaxation rates in the stepped quantum well with femtosecond differential transmission spectroscopy and experimentally observed the population inversion.
TV Broadcast from Earth Satellite

This paper considers the need for and the feasibility of direct continental TV broadcast to conventional home receivers from an orbiting stationary satellite. Among the factors considered are time and language differences of the potential audience, the lack of suitable programming material, and frequency allocation problems. Required transmitter and primary power have been calculated for several coverage situations on both a VHF and a UHF channel. These powers are significantly above previous estimates published elsewhere, and above the power capability of even the proposed SNAP 8, 60-kw nuclear reactor except for coverage of limited areas on the ground.
Antiabsence seizure activity of specific GABAB and γ-hydroxybutyric acid receptor antagonists

Abstract γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a naturally occurring compound that has the ability to induce generalized absence seizures possibly by GABAB-receptor-mediated mechanisms. The object of these experiments was to examine the effectiveness of a range of specific GABAB-receptor agonists and antagonists of varying specificity, as well as the specific GHB-receptor antagonist NCS 382, in two experimental animal models of generalized absence seizures: one in which the seizures are induced by GHB and the other in which the seizures are induced by administration of low-dose (20-mg/kg) pentylenetetrazole. All specific GABAB-receptor antagonists as well as the specific GHB-receptor antagonist produced blockade of experimental absence seizures in both models; pretreatment with GABAB-receptor agonists resulted in generalized absence status epilepticus lasting for hours. These data confirm the concept that specific GABAB-receptor antagonist activity confers antiabsence seizure activity, suggest that the same holds for specific GHB-receptor antagonists, and raise the possibility that both GHB- and GABAB-antagonist drugs have the potential to be useful therapeutic agents in generalized absence seizures.
Wool cortical cell-based porous films:

The aim of this work is to improve the select mechanical properties of keratin films for biomedical application by exploiting the hierarchical cell structure of wool fibers in a simple and green pr...