cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Upregulated Muc4/sialomucin complex interacts with ErbB2 and modulates phosphorylation of the receptor tyrosine kinase in gallbladder carcinoma of BK5.ErbB2 transgenic mice—A potential mechanism for gallbladder carcinogenesis

5520 Background: Gallbladder carcinoma (GBCa) is associated with a dismal prognosis, because most GBCa are in an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. BK5.ErbB2 transgenic mice (Tg) overexpressing erbB2 (Cancer Res 2001), coupled with the induction of COX-2, develop GB carcinoma (GBCa) at a high incidence. However, the mechanism for activation of erbB2 and the subsequent erbB2 signaling pathways important for the development of GBCa in BK5.erbB2 mice has not been fully investigated. Recently, Muc4 (sialomucin complex) has been shown to influence erbB2 (tyrosine kinase) activity through direct interaction with the receptor and to potentiate tumor growth in mammalian carcinoma cells. Aim: To study the expression level of Muc4 and its interaction with erbB2 in GBCa to develop a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in gallbladder carcinogenesis. Methods: The mucin gene expression in Tg GBCa was determined by competitive PCR and immunoblot. The tissue distribution of Muc4 protein and mRNA was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining using CSLM (confocal scanning laser microscope) and in situ hybridization, respectively. The complex formation of Muc4 with erbB2 and the phosphorylaton status of erbB2 were assessed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblot. Results: In the GBCa that developed in BK5.erbB2 transgenic mice, the Muc4 mRNA level was highly increased (200% that of non-Tg mice), whereas the Muc1 and Muc3 levels were decreased. Both Muc4 mRNA and protein were strongly expressed in the cancerous epithelia of the GBCa, whereas they were detected in only trace amounts in the normal GB. Little or no Muc4 protein was found in the trachea, forestomach or esophagus, other tissues in which the expression of erbB2 is driven by the K5 promoter that overexpresses erbB2. In the CSLM images, Muc4 was observed to co-localize with erbB2 in the GBCa. The results from immunoprecipitation experiments revealed a direct interaction between Muc4 and hyperphosphorylated erbB2 in GBCa from Tg mice. The erbB2 hyperphosphorylation was not observed in either non-Tg GB or other tissues overexpressing erbB2. Conclusions: In BK5.erbB2 Tg mice, upregulation of Muc4 and its interaction with erbB2 may be involved in the process of gallbladder carcinogenesis through modulation of phosphorylation of the receptor tyrosine kinase. Supported by Pharmacia LS2002-6879, ES 07784, CA 16672 and CA 099526.
Buying their way in: Redistribution of campaign resources as a path to state legislative leadership for women

Women continue to be underrepresented in legislative leadership. This is concerning in U.S. legislatures, where leaders have substantial control over resources and policymaking. As an outgroup, wom...
CD25-Targeted IL-2 Signals Promote Improved Outcomes of Influenza Infection and Boost Memory CD4 T Cell Formation

IL-2 is a pleotropic cytokine with potent pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. These divergent impacts can be directed in vivo by forming complexes of IL-2 and anti-IL-2 mAbs (IL-2C) to target IL-2 to distinct subsets of cells based on their expression of subunits of the IL-2R. In this study, we show that treatment of mice with a prototypical anti-inflammatory IL-2C, JES6-1-IL-2C, best known to induce CD25+ regulatory CD4 T cell expansion, surprisingly causes robust induction of a suite of inflammatory factors. However, treating mice infected with influenza A virus with this IL-2C reduces lung immunopathology. We compare the spectrum of inflammatory proteins upregulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory IL-2C treatment and uncover a pattern of expression that reveals potentially beneficial versus detrimental aspects of the influenza-associated cytokine storm. Moreover, we show that anti-inflammatory IL-2C can deliver survival signals to CD4 T cells responding to influenza A virus that improve their memory fitness, indicating a novel application of IL-2 to boost pathogen-specific T cell memory while simultaneously reducing immunopathology.
Did the 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic Kill the US Life Insurance Industry?

Using a novel, hand-collected dataset of U.S. life insurance companies during the Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19, we show that high-exposure firms charged higher prices on new policies vis-a-vis less exposed firms. Since the pandemic surprisingly increased mortality rates among young adults, we argue that insurers used product pricing as a risk management tool to mitigate the probability of financial distress. Consistent with this channel, health shocks significantly impact firms’ exit and entry decisions depending on a state’s exposure to the disease. Finally, we show that competing explanations for the observed price differences find little support from the data.
Phosphatidylserine is an overlooked mediator of COVID-19 thromboinflammation

A ubiquitous component of cell membrane, phosphatidylserine (PS), is likely to play a major, but as yet unrecognized, role in the thromboinflammation of COVID-19 and other critical illnesses. PS is present in all plasma membranes but is "hidden" on the inner surface by the action of an ATP-requiring enzyme. Failure of PS to be sequestered on the inner surface of cell membranes, release of PS-containing microparticles from cells, or shedding of enveloped viruses allows it to interact with extracellular proteins, including those of the coagulation and complement systems. Detection and quantification of circulating PS is not standardized, and current methodologies have either focused on circulating cellular elements or subcellular plasma components, but not both. PS may also promote thromboinflammation without circulating if expressed on the surface of endothelial cells, a condition that might only be documented if novel imaging techniques are developed. Research into the role of PS in inflammation and coagulation, called here a "procoagulant phospholipidopathy" may provide novel insights and therapeutic approaches for patients with a variety of illnesses.
Cyber Nationalism and Regime Support under Xi Jinping: The Effects of the 2018 Constitutional Revision

This article examines popular nationalism and regime support in the Xi era by evaluating news comments from a major overseas Chinese website on the 2018 constitutional amendments removing president...
Synthesis of a Nickel(I) alkoxide and related cation equivalents

Abstract An (N-heterocyclic carbene)nickel(I) hexamethyldisilazide deprotonates neopentanol (NpOH) to form the corresponding nickel(I) neopentoxide, which crystallizes as an alkoxide-bridged dimer. Reaction of the dimer with one equivalent of tert-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate gives an alkoxide-bridged dinickel(I) complex bridged by the CF3SO3 (OTf) anion. In both [LNiONp]2 and [(LNi)2(μ-ONp)(μ-OTf)], Ni•••Ni distances are consistent with the absence of metal–metal bonding, and Evans NMR data are consistent with the S = 1 spin state. Treatment of the dimer with two equivalents of silyl triflate results instead in complete abstraction of alkoxide. Addition of diethyl ether forms the monomeric d9 complex LNi(OEt2)OTf.
Linear phase FIR digital filter selection using parametric sets of MCLWSE performance curves

In previous papers we presented an algorithm that designs optimal maximum constrained least-squares linear phase FIR filters and showed how to generate, maximum constrained least weighted squared error (MCLWSE) performance curves. In this paper we show how to use a set of MCLWSE performance curves as a system design tool to select the "best" lowpass linear phase FIR digital filter. To select the "best" filter for a given situation, four different filter parameters must be juggled and the tradeoffs in performance of the resulting filters evaluated. The filter parameters are the filter length, the passband edge frequency, the passband error, and the stopband edge frequency. The performance measures are the peak stopband gain and the passband to stopband energy ratio of the filter. A typical filter frequency response magnitude plot is shown indicating some of the filter parameters.
Comment on the “Nothing older than three years”

Summary. The most common type of surgical procedure in patients with haemophilia is orthopaedic surgery on the lower limb. These procedures are of great importance for the improvement of the function and quality of life of patients with haemophilia, but in many countries resources are lacking to provide the factor concentrates needed for these operations. We have attempted to reduce the level of replacement during and after total hip or total knee replacement without jeopardizing the outcome of the procedures. The results from 30 operations in 27 patients are presented. Steady-state levels down to 0.5 IU mL−1 did not appear to increase the amount of blood loss or cause an increased incidence of complications, compared with higher levels. In addition, we review the possibilities to reduce the amount of factor concentrate by performing a combination of orthopaedic procedures and using local haemostatic agents or antifibrinolytic agents.
A Mechanism of Action of the Gonadotropins

Results are presented from studies with a soluble bovine corpus luteum and a rat testis mitochondrial preparation which have the ability to cleave the sidechain of cholesterol. These results show that the pituitary hormones which influence steroidogenic organs, exert at least one of their actions by affecting a specific step in the sequence from cholesterol to pregnenolone—namely, 20α-hydroxylation. Furthermore, this action can take place at the subcellular and, presumably, enzymatic level.
Providing Providers: Abortion Training for Physicians in the United States, 1920-2007

This work was designed to investigate the teaching of induced abortion to allopathic medical doctors in the twentieth-century United States. Elective termination of pregnancy is an extremely common procedure in the United States (1). While abortions have been and continue to be performed by nurses and midwives as well as by physicians, the training of medical doctors is of particular interest. Their lengthy formal training and historical stature as a highly educated group have garnered a respect in the public eye and an image as safe and knowledgeable providers, even where abortion training might have been lacking. This project aimed to determine the exposure of medical students and residents to abortion procedures in their routine course of training. A literature search was conducted, including journal articles, books, and conference proceedings from 1920 to 2007. Particular attention was paid to reports of medical student and resident didactic and clinical experience with abortion. Resident experience with management of incomplete abortions was considered as an additional source of procedural experience prior to legalization. The most surprising finding was that residents might have had greater procedural experience prior to legalization of abortion. In the era of illegal abortion, many women presented to hospitals with incomplete abortions, which were managed using techniques that could also be employed to interrupt a stable pregnancy. Residents thus had more procedural training and experience with complications. Once abortion was legalized, these cases dropped dramatically. Since most abortions took place and continue to take place in freestanding outpatient clinics, training physicians have little exposure. So while training in pregnancy options counseling may now be available where it was previously lacking, the technical skills needed to provide safe and effective terminations may be more difficult for residents to acquire.
The Effects of Summarization Instruction on Text Comprehension of Students with Learning Disabilities

This study examined the effectiveness of a summarization strategy for increasing comprehension of expository prose in students with learning disabilities. Thirty students with learning disabilities from Grades 6 through 9 were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In addition, 15 students without disabilities served as a normal comparison group for comprehension. Students in the experimental condition were trained to criterion on five rules of summarization. Direct instruction in the summarization strategy significantly increased reading comprehension of the students in the experimental group. Strategy usage was maintained over time, and students were reported to generalize its use.
The ε-(γ-Glutamyl)lysine Moiety in Crosslinked Casein Is an Available Source of Lysine for Rats

To determine bioavailability, expressed as the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and biological value (BV) in rats, of the epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine [epsilon-(gamma-Glu)Lys] moiety in crosslinked proteins, we prepared heavily crosslinked [21.5 /micromol epsilon-(gamma-Glu)Lys/g casein] and intermediately crosslinked [13.6 micromol epsilon-(gamma-Glu)Lys/g casein] casein, using microbial transglutaminase. In Experiment 1, rats were assigned to one of four diets (heavily or intermediately crosslinked caseins, intact casein or non-protein diet) for 4 wk to evaluate the bioavailability of the epsilon-(gamma-Glu)Lys moiety in crosslinked casein as the sole source of dietary protein. Rats that were fed intact casein and the two crosslinked caseins had similar growth rates, PER, and BV, indicating that crosslinked caseins supported the growth of rats similarly to the intact casein. In Experiment 2, heavily crosslinked casein was added to wheat gluten-based diets in concentrations of 20 and 40 g/kg diet to evaluate the bioavailability of lysine in the epsilon-(gamma-Glu)Lys moiety of the casein as a lysine supplement for lysine-poor gluten. One of six diets (heavily crosslinked or intact casein diets in the two concentrations, gluten diet, or non-protein diet) was fed to rats for 4 wk. No significant differences in food intake, body weight gain, PER or BV were observed among rats fed the intact or crosslinked casein diets at either 2 or 4 g/100 g casein. These results suggest that the epsilon-(gamma-Glu)Lys moiety in crosslinked caseins are absorbed and therefore supplement the gluten. HPLC analysis of urine and feces of rats fed the crosslinked caseins actually confirmed that approximately 99% of the epsilon-(gamma-Glu)Lys moiety was absorbed in the body.
Deliverance and Submission: Evangelical Women and the Negotiation of Patriarchy in South Korea – By Kelly H. Chong

This is a fascinating analysis of the rejuvenation and fusion of neo‐Confucianism with evangelical Protestantism under Park Chung‐hee's developmental state in the 1960s and 1970s and the opportunit...
Two-Parameter Generalized Pareto Distribution

The Pareto distribution has been introduced in Chapter 19. Also discussed in the chapter are a brief review of literature and the methods of estimating its parameters. Kotz and Johnson (1985) provided a detailed discusson of the Pareto distributin. Methods for estimating parameters of the 2-parameter generalized Pareto (GP2) distribution were reviewed by Hosking and Wallis (1987). The method of moments (MOM), maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), and probability weighted moments (PWM) were included in the review. Ashkar and Ouarda (1997) presented some methods of fitting the GP2 distribution using Monte Carlo generated data. They discussed six versions of the generalized method of moments. Wang (1991) derived PWMs for both known and unknown thresholds. van Montfort and Witter (1991) used the MLE method to fit the GP2 distribution to represent the Dutch POT rainfall series, and used an empirical correction formula to reduce bias of the scale and shape parameter estimates. Davison and Smith (1990) used MLE, PWM, and a graphical method to estimate the GP2 distribution parameters. Guo and Singh (1992) and Singh and Guo (1997) employed the principle of maximum entropy (POME) to derive a new method of parameter estimation (Singh and Rajagopal, 1986) for the GP2 distribution. They used Monte Carlo simulated data to evaluate this method and compare it with he MOM, PWM, and MLE methods. The parameter estimates yielded by POME were comparable or better within certain ranges of sample size and coefficient of variation.
Social Class, Fertility, and Authority in Nuclear and Joint Households in Bombay*

The results of this study of 1,022 Bombay families shows that households organized in conformity with the traditional preference for patrilineal or fraternal co-residence are relatively rare, constituting only 14% of the total. In the middle class the majority of the families studied were living as nuclear households; among the working class part of the sample, the majority type were extended family households consisting of kin combinations other than the normatively preferred patrilineal and fraternal combinations. Two theories concerning factors which influence the relative frequency of the three household types were tested. First, an economic resources theory was explored using a 22-item level of living index. The findings suggest that among the working class, joint households are associated with economic pressures which force extended kin groups into already overcrowded dwellings; whereas among the middle class a traditional-joint type household may reflect sufficient resources to enjoy this culturally valued style of family organization. An ideological diffusion theory was also tested using education as an index of exposure to non-traditional ideas and therefore predicting that the average
South Asia and South-East Asia: new paths of African footballer migration

Today, playing football can be considered a global practice, a universal reference that transcends cultures and nations. Football players’ global mobility exhibits some aspects of the worldwide dimension of the culture of the game. Quantitative data (along with academic analysis and studies of the contemporary migration) rank Africa as the third-largest exporter of footballers. Such data explain the magnitude of the exodus and the migratory routes in light of Africa’s colonial history and world economic disparities. Although the colonial and neocolonial approaches to analysing the migration of African footballers remain valid, Asian trajectories of the African players’ migrations have emerged and suggest different frames of analysis. This article (after reviewing African football migration factors, such as the colonial connections and the ‘push and pull’ factor) examines the particularities and the impact that the Asian paths of migration have had on the emergence of the semi-peripheral football economy l...
Circuit Applications of Uniplanar Compact PBG

This paper summarizes several novel two-dimensional periodic structures developed recently at the authors' group, with special emphasis on the uniplanar compact PBG (UC-PBG) structure and its applications. The unique characteristics of the UC-PBG, including low insertion loss, slow wave effect, and wide stopband behavior, are introduced, followed by a number of microwave circuit applications such as spurious-free bandpass filter, leakage elimination in conductor-backed CPW, and harmonic tuner for high power added efficiency amplifier.
Fe XII STALKS AND THE ORIGIN OF THE AXIAL FIELD IN FILAMENT CHANNELS

Employing Fe XII images and line-of-sight magnetograms, we deduce the direction of the axial field in high-latitude filament channels from the orientation of the adjacent stalklike structures. Throughout the rising phase of the current solar cycle 24, filament channels poleward of latitude 30° overwhelmingly obeyed the hemispheric chirality rule, being dextral (sinistral) in the northern (southern) hemisphere, corresponding to negative (positive) helicity. During the deep minimum of 2007-2009, the orientation of the Fe XII stalks was often difficult to determine, but no obvious violations of the rule were found. Although the hemispheric trend was still present during the maximum and early declining phase of cycle 23 (2000-2003), several high-latitude exceptions were identified at that time. From the observation that dextral (sinistral) filament channels form through the decay of active regions whose Fe XII features show a counterclockwise (clockwise) whorl, we conclude that the axial field direction is determined by the intrinsic helicity of the active regions. In contrast, generation of the axial field component by the photospheric differential rotation is difficult to reconcile with the observed chirality of polar crown and circular filament channels, and with the presence of filament channels along the equator. The main role of differential rotation in filament channel formation is to expedite the cancellation of flux and thus the removal of the transverse field component. We propose further that, rather than being ejected into the heliosphere, the axial field is eventually resubmerged by flux cancellation as the adjacent unipolar regions become increasingly mixed.
White Paper on Damage Actions for Breach of the EC Antitrust Rules: Plea for a More Holistic Approach to Antitrust Enforcement

(2009). White Paper on Damage Actions for Breach of the EC Antitrust Rules: Plea for a More Holistic Approach to Antitrust Enforcement. European Competition Journal: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 515-547.
Expression of a neurally related laminin binding protein by neural crest-derived cells that colonize the gut: Relationship to the formation of enteric ganglia

In order to give rise to the enteric nervous system (ENS), cells migrating from the neural crest must find the bowel and cease migrating at appropriate locations within the gut. Previous studies of the development of the ENS in a mutant mouse have led to the hypothesis that laminin in the enteric mesenchyme may act as a signal to crest-derived cells to cease migrating and extend neurites (or glial processes). Implied in this hypothesis is the idea that crest-derived cells, as a prelude to their participation in ganglion formation, acquire a neurally related laminin receptor, which they do not express at pre-enteric stages of migration. As a partial test of this hypothesis, single and double label immunocytochemistry at light and electron microscopic (EM) levels were used to study the expression of cell surface laminin binding proteins by crest-derived cells in the process of migrating to or within the developing chick gut. Two antibodies (called 3070 and alpha-110) raised against neuronal cell surface laminin binding proteins were employed for this purpose. Laminin binding protein immunoreactivity was found to be expressed within the bowel and ganglion of Remak by a subset of crest-derived cells (identified immunocytochemically with NC-1/HNK-1 antibodies) and by all of those developing as neurons (identified immunocytochemically with antibodies to neurofilament-associated proteins). Laminin binding protein immunoreactivity was also found to be expressed in fixed neural structures elsewhere in the embryos, including cranial and spinal roots, nerves, and ganglia. In contrast, laminin binding protein immunoreactivity was not expressed by migrating crest-derived cells in the vicinity of the vagal or sacral regions of the neuraxis (from which the precursors of the ENS take origin); nor was it expressed by juxta-pharyngeal vagal crest-derived cells migrating to the foregut through the caudal branchial arches or by the caudal stream of sacral crest-derived cells approaching the hindgut. EM immunocytochemistry confirmed that laminin binding protein immunoreactivity in the bowel was located on the surfaces of crest-derived cells, and was exhibited both by those cells that could only be distinguished from their neighbors by their NC-1/HNK-1 immunoreactivity and by cells developing as neurons or glia. EM immunocytochemistry also revealed that the surfaces of crest-derived cells migrating through the enteric mesenchyme were contacted by many small osmiophilic "puffs" of laminin-immunoreactive extracellular material. These puffs coincided in location with membrane sites that expressed the immunoreactivity of the laminin binding protein. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that laminin plays a role in the formation of enteric ganglia.
Nitric Oxide Scavenging by Red Blood Cells as a Function of Hematocrit and Oxygenation

The reaction rate between nitric oxide and intraerythrocytic hemoglobin plays a major role in nitric oxide bioavailability and modulates homeostatic vascular function. It has previously been demonstrated that the encapsulation of hemoglobin in red blood cells restricts its ability to scavenge nitric oxide. This effect has been attributed to either factors intrinsic to the red blood cell such as a physical membrane barrier or factors external to the red blood cell such as the formation of an unstirred layer around the cell. We have performed measurements of the uptake rate of nitric oxide by red blood cells under oxygenated and deoxygenated conditions at different hematocrit percentages. Our studies include stopped-flow measurements where both the unstirred layer and physical barrier potentially participate, as well as competition experiments where the potential contribution of the unstirred layer is limited. We find that deoxygenated erythrocytes scavenge nitric oxide faster than oxygenated cells and that the rate of nitric oxide scavenging for oxygenated red blood cells increases as the hematocrit is raised from 15% to 50%. Our results 1) confirm the critical biological phenomenon that hemoglobin compartmentalization within the erythrocyte reduces reaction rates with nitric oxide, 2) show that extra-erythocytic diffusional barriers mediate most of this effect, and 3) provide novel evidence that an oxygen-dependent intrinsic property of the red blood cell contributes to this barrier activity, albeit to a lesser extent. These observations may have important physiological implications within the microvasculature and for pathophysiological disruption of nitric oxide homeostasis in diseases.
Ultrasonic-heating-encoded photoacoustic tomography with virtually augmented detection view.

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging of arbitrarily shaped or oriented objects may miss important features because PA waves propagate normal to structure boundaries and may miss the acoustic detectors when the detection view has a limited angular range. To overcome this long-standing problem, we present an ultrasonic thermal encoding approach that is universally applicable. We exploit the temperature dependence of the Grueneisen parameter and encode a voxel using heat generated by a focused ultrasonic transducer. The PA amplitude from the encoded voxel is increased while those from the neighboring voxels are unchanged. Consequently, the amplitude-increased PA waves propagate in all directions due to the round cross section of the encoded region and thus can be received at any viewing angle on the cross-sectional plane. We built a mathematical model for the thermally encoded PA tomography, performed a numerical simulation, and experimentally validated the ultrasonic thermal encoding efficiency. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate full-view in vivo vascular imaging and compare it to the original linear-array PA tomography system, showing dramatically enhanced imaging of arbitrarily oriented blood vessels. Since ultrasonic heating can be focused deeply, this method can be applied to deep tissue imaging and is promising for full-view imaging of other features of biomedical interest, such as tumor margins.
An improved procedure of chronic intravenous infusion in unrestrained rats

A continuous infusion technique for rats is described which is a significant improvement upon existing procedures with regard to the degree of physiological and psychological stress it provokes. The system was assembled with a head attachment, a practical swivel and a special metabolic cage, permitting long-term tube feeding of unrestrained rats.
SU‐E‐T‐578: Dose Differences Between the Three Dose Calculation Algorithms in Leksell GammaPlan

Purpose: To evaluate the dose differences introduced by the TMR10 and the convolution dose calculation algorithms in Gamma Plan version 10. Methods: A target with a prescription dose of 20Gy was defined on a human head CT image set and the treatment times for single collimator, single shot placement were calculated using the 3 dose calculation algorithms in GammaPlan. Three comparative studies were conducted: first, the matrix position is varied every 20mm in the X and the Y directions on the central slice (Z = 100mm) and the shot times were compared on each matrix for all collimators of a Perfexion unit. A total of 55 matrix positions were identified; second, the study was repeated for all the 4 collimators of a 4C unit; third, the comparison was made for the 8mm collimator of the Perfexion unit on the transverse slices with Z = 20,40,60,80,100,120,140,160. A total of 312 matrix positions were included. Results: The treatment times from TMR10 and TMR classic agree within ±2.5% for all the treatment shots using all the 7 collimators from both machines. The time differences between the convolution and the TMR classic are similar on each matrix for all the 7 collimators but depend on the location of the treatment shots. We identified a maximum decrease in delivered dose of 11.5% for treatment in the superior frontal/parietal vertex region for older calculations lacking inhomogeneity correction to account for the greater percentage of the average beam path occupied by bone. The differences in the inferior temporal lobe and the cerebellum/neck regions are significantly less, owing to the counter‐balancing effects of both bone and the air‐cavity inhomogeneities. Conclusion: Dose prescriptions based on the experiences with the TMR classic may need to be adjusted to accommodate the up to 11.5% difference between the convolution and the TMR classic.
AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF CLIENT AND THERAPIST PERCEPTIONS OF THERAPY EFFECTIVENESS IN A UNIVERSITY-BASED TRAINING CLINIC

The purpose of this study was to explor client and therapist evaluations of direct practice in a university-based training center using an ethnographic research methodology. Client and therapist perceptions about the strengths and limitations of ethnographic practice evaluation were also analyzed. A domain analysis was performed on postsession interviews with both clients and practitioners over a 4- month period. Six core categories of client and therapist perceptions of therapy effectiveness emerged from a domain analysis: (a) changes associated with counseling, (b) important practitioner qualities, (c) effective interventions or techniques, (d) ineffective interventions or techniques, (e) recommendations for future sessions, and (f) strengths and limitations of ethnographic practice evaluation. Implications of this study for clinical practice, training, and future research are discussed.
In Brief: Classifications in Brief: Brooker Classification of Heterotopic Ossification After Total Hip Arthroplasty

THA is a frequently performed surgery for the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, avascular necrosis, developmental dysplasia, and many other forms of hip pathology. Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a common complication after THA with a frequency of 26% to 41% reported in recent studies [2, 20, 21]. The majority of HO is not clinically important, but severe HO may lead to decreased hip ROM [12] and increased pain [7]. Multiple different classification schemes have been proposed to describe the degree of HO after THA, including those by Brooker et al. [3], Hamblen et al. [9], DeLee et al. [5], and Kjaersgaard-Andersen et al. [11] as well as by Arcq [1] within the German literature. All of the classification systems use plain radiographs in at least the AP plane, but some make use of other radiographic views as well. The Brooker classification system was one of the earliest systems described and remains very widely used in contemporary literature. Some groups have suggested modifications or additions to the Brooker system with the goal of improving consistency and predictability [6, 19, 23], whereas others have focused on simplifying the Brooker system to improve communication and reproducibility [22]. Although these authors have argued that their revisions demonstrate an improvement over the Brooker classification, the original Brooker classification remains a commonly used system for classifying HO after THA.
Aphasia and Literacy

We had been struck over the past few years in this area by the startling lack of aphasia in patients with large dominant hemisphere infarcts who were often illiterate. The question arose as to whether this was due to the illiteracy or possibly to the patient's race since our state contains a large number of elderly uneducated black citizens. Therefore this study is to determine the presence or absence of aphasia in stroke patients in relation to sex, race, age, and the degree of literacy.
Subcutaneous emphysema of the abdominal wall from diverticulitis with necrotizing fasciitis.

The case history of a patient with subcutaneous emphysema of the abdomen from sigmoid diverticulitis is presented. The mechanisms for developing abdominal wall emphysema are reviewed. Thus when the gas originates from the gastrointestinal tract, mechanical factors are mainly responsible for this phenomenon. These include a direct communication through a colonocutaneous fistula. Gas may, however, also be spread into the abdominal wall by high intraintestinal pressures. Infection with gas-producing organisms may be associated with subcutaneous emphysema. This is particularly true when the emphysema develops 48 h or longer after onset of symptoms. Infection, however, is not the major cause for gas in these tissues.
A hydrologic assessment of the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project, a subtropical constructed wetland in South Florida (USA)

Abstract The Everglades Nutrient Removal Project (ENRP), a 1544-ha constructed wetland in south Florida, was intensively monitored throughout its five-year operational history. Water budgets for the ENRP and each of its interior treatment cells were dominated by surface flows (≥85% of inflows; ≥68% of outflows) with smaller contributions from precipitation, evapotranspiration, groundwater flux, and change in storage. The mean water depth, hydraulic loading rate for surface water, and nominal hydraulic retention time for the entire wetland were 0.6 m, 3.1 cm d −1 and 17.7 d, respectively, and were comparable to values anticipated in design. The east flow-way was slightly shallower (∼0.2 m) and received proportionately more flow (61%) than the west flow-way. The hydrology of other treatment wetlands is often driven by surface flows. All treatment cells in the ENRP were to some extent hydraulically short-circuited. There was net groundwater inflow to the ENRP from Water Conservation Area 1 (WCA-1) resulting from significant head differences between these wetlands. Groundwater outflow to the adjacent farmlands was greatest in Cell 2 and substantially exceeded groundwater inflow. All hydrologic parameters exhibited seasonality to some extent; fluctuation in water depth and groundwater inflows corresponded with the seasonal change in stage in WCA-1. Errors in the ENRP and individual cell water budgets were generally less than 10% and within the range of errors for water budgets from other wetlands.
630 UNSICKLING OF “IRREVERSIBLY” SICKLED GHOSTS BY CONDITIONS WHICH INTERFERE WITH SPECTRIN-ACTIN POLYMERIZATION

Red cell (RBC) membrane shape depends, in part, on the RBC membrane skeleton; a protein meshwork of spectrin and actin which laminates the inner membrane surface. We have shown (JCI 58:955, 1976) that irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs) form ISC shaped ghosts and skeletons, which suggests the ISC shape is caused by an acquired skeletal defect. In this study we sought conditions that would alter or reverse this abnormal shape. Ghosts of ISC-rich RBCs were loaded with various agents, incubated at 37°C for 35 min and examined by phase microscopy. In isotonic media ISC ghosts retained an ISC shape. Addition of ATP, ADP, Mg++, Ca++, EDTA (all lmM), DTT (5mM) and various combinations of these agents did not alter this shape. However ISC shaped ghosts became round and indistinguishable from normal in hypertonic NaCl (>400mM), hypotonic NaCl (10-50mM) or isotonic NaCl containing small amounts of Zn++ (0.1-0.5mM). ISC shape reversal was time and temperature dependent, and did not correlate with elution or proteolysis of any protein detectable on SDS gels, but did correlate with the formation, in vitro, of a high molecular weight complex of spectrin and actin. Conditions which promoted ISC ghost reversal inhibited formation of this complex. These observations indicate that the ISC shape is not maintained by covalent bonds and suggest that ISCs may be stabilized by abnormal interactions between the spectrin and/or actin components of the membrane skeleton and that disruption of these bonds may allow the skeleton to resume a normal shape.
Central Nervous System Mechanisms of Blood Pressure Control in Normotensive and Hypertensive States

amount of voltage required to elicit a 50 percent maximum response in the clonidine.treated animals, and the pressor responses to hypothalamic stimulation at the lower voltages were significantly greater in the clonidine-treated rats. These data suggest that a hyperresponsiveness of central noradrenergic pressor pathways contributes to the hypertension following abrupt cessation of clonidine treatment. This could be due to a supersensitivity of central (3-adrenoreceptors, which has been reported during clonidine withdrawal,’5 or possibly a decreased sensitivity of hypothalamic presynaptic a-adrenoreceptors, which would lead to increased transmitter release during hypothalamic stimulation. The present observation that the depressor response produced by the administration of 10 �.g of clonidine into a lateral ventricle was significantly attentuated in the treated animals suggests a decreased sensitivity of ot-adrenoreceptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius due to long-term clonidine treatment. The available data suggest that aadrenoreceptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius play a role in the normal maintenance of blood pressure and possibly a decrease in sensitivity of these receptors could result in the development of a hypertensive state.
Assessing the Perception of Human-Like Mechanical Impedance for Robotic Systems

As physical interactions between robots and humans become more common, there is a growing need to design robots that are kinesthetically perceived as human-like. One approach to implement human-like mechanical impedance is to physically simulate models of the human neuromuscular system. However, the level of model complexity needed to achieve perception of human-like properties is unknown. The purpose of this study was to develop an objective assessment of a human subject's ability to discriminate kinesthetically between a model-defined impedance and that produced by human muscle. The assessment was based upon signal detection theory, by which the ability to discriminate between two classes of stimuli is analyzed statistically. With this assessment, we tested the hypothesis that a nonlinear muscle model is necessary to obtain perception of human-like muscle mechanical impedance. Fifteen subjects were presented with a mechanical impedance of either a simulated muscle model or electrically stimulated wrist muscle and were asked to decide if they were interacting with a “machine” or “human.” The impedances were randomized for a total of 30 presentations. The results showed that a robot that stimulates either linear viscoelastic properties or a nonlinear Hill muscle model could be distinguished from a human wrist muscle by almost all subjects. However, the subjects' ability to discriminate between the Hill model and human muscle was significantly less, which may have been due to larger overall impedance of the viscoelastic model. These results are important for the design of robots that emulates mechanical impedances that are perceived as human-like.
Some Possible Chinese Records about Armenia and the Armenians in Mid-Qing Dynasty

The Armenians arrived at Guangzhou (Canton) and Macao for trade, no later than the end of the 17th century. Their existence in the Pearl River Delta was noticed by westerners throughout the 18th century. However, due to several reasons, there is little evidence in Chinese sources showing that contemporary Chinese people were aware of such a small group in their homeland. Nevertheless, after a re-examination of existing Chinese records dated from 1751 to 1840, the author could find several pieces of evidence in support of the argument that the Chinese in mid-Qing period might have been informed about the Armenians, as well as the land of Armenia. The names by which the Chinese addressed these foreigners in that period might be of some interest for the research and interpretation of the Chinese texts as well.
Polymer-initiated photogeneration of silver nanoparticles in SPEEK/PVA films: direct metal photopatterning.

Cross-linking of sulfonated poly(ether−ether)ketone−poly(vinyl alcohol) (SPEEK−PVA) materials yields flexible polymer films, possessing high light-sensitivity and ion-exchange capabilities. Adsorbed Ag+ ions are photoreduced in the film under illumination (λ = 350 nm), leading to metal nanoparticle formation in places where the film has been exposed to the light. Nanoparticles form via reduction of Ag+ by the polymeric alcohol radicals, generated in the system as a result of photochemical H-abstraction from PVA molecules by the excited carbonyl triplet state of SPEEK. Use of the films for direct metal photopatterning is demonstrated.
Spectrophotometric determination of uranium with 1-[(5-Methyl-2-pyridyl)azo]-2-naphthol

Uranium(VI) reacts with 1-[(5-methyl-2-pyridyl)azo]-2-naphthol (5-Me-β-PAN) in aqueous solution. The complex can be extracted with chloroform at pH 7.0–11.5 to give a red solution with an absorbance peak at 560 nm. The color is stable and the system conforms to Beer's law at the range of 1.5–8 ppm uranium in chloroform layer. Common anions and cations do not interfere. Large amounts of interfering cations can be masked by potassium cyanide, EDTA or triethanolamine. The proposed method is a selective procedure for the determination of uranium. The molar absorptivity in the chloroform extract is 2.1×104 l mole−1 cm−1 at 560 nm.
Allergic contact dermatitis to 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol in a hydrophilic ointment

Seven patients are described who developed acute allergic contact dermatitis after using Eucerin cream on previously dermatitic skin for periods of time varying from 5 weeks to 2 years. Eucerin was preserved with 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (BNPD) in 1978 to assist in controlling a problem with Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination. All of our patients were BNPD and Eucerin patch test-positive. None of them was allergic to formaldehyde or to any other preservative known to be a formaldehyde donor. This was in contrast to other BNPD and other formaldehyde-releaser-sensitive patients we saw in 1979-1980, who often had positive patch test reactions throughout this group of preservatives. BNPD is difficult to patch test with because it is often an irritant, even in low concentrations. We discuss some patch test "lessons" which our experiences with these patients accentuated for us.
Schizoid phenomena, psychobiology, and psychiatric paradigms: A proposed integrative model

The history and theoretical basis of schizoid phenomena, as described by the British Object-Relations theorists, are explored as a necessary philosophic paradigm to augment the biomedical model currently dominant in Western psychiatry. A “modular” model of the mind that includes the notion of multiple selves, is presented. A shift in paradigms from the nineteenth century, mechanistic concept of ego, to the quantum model of the self, is seen as being more in line with contemporary science. Examples are provided from metapsychology, neurobiological brain studies, quantum mechanics and contemporary philosophy. Two clinical vignettes are presented as an illustration of the need for a philosophical framework in which to understand psychological phenomena.
Issues in Superload Crossing of Three Steel Stringer Bridges in Toledo, Ohio

A 371-ton (816.7-kip) cooling unit crossed over three steel stringer bridges in Toledo, Ohio. Any bridge damage was compensated if scientifically documented. Researchers predicted the superload responses by using finite element analysis and experimental test results, and then measured the superload responses to establish whether the event caused any damage. Although the conservative results of the finite element model predicted an overbound of critical stresses, experimental results gave closer predictions of the measured response under superload. During the superload crossing, the maximum stress levels at the girders remained at about 34.5 MPa (5 ksi). The cross braces were stressed up to 68.9 MPa (10 ksi), exceeding the girder stresses. The study included questions about the real behavior versus design assumptions regarding cross braces in steel stringer bridges. (Cross braces are the weak links that fail first, causing lateral instability and failure.) Research revealed the possibility of predicting superload responses and behavior quite reliably by using a combination of diagnostic tests and finite element analysis. These tools permit the best design for superload axle configuration, crossing paths and positions on bridges, and possible options for effective bridge strengthening when needed.
Non-catalytic oxidation of gases with low heat content

Abstract Overall fuel burning rates, heat-release rates, induction times, specific burning times and specific reduced burning volumes have been determined as functions of the preheating temperature ( T p ) for fuel/air mixtures involving low energy-content off-gases which are typical for in situ shale-oil retorting. Two fuels with compositions (in mole fractions) of 0.0413CH 4 + 0.0443H 2 + 0.0630CO + 0.0067NH 3 + 0.0016H 2 S + 0.3130CO 2 + 0.5301N 2 ( fuel air equivalence ratio Φ = 0.25) and of 0.0950 CH 4 + 0.0700 H 2 + 0.1500 CO + 0.2950 CO 2 + 0.3900 N 2 ( Φ = 0.5) were considered, together with an energy-equivalent methane fuel for the second fuel of 0.1690 CH 4 + 0.2950 CO 2 + 0.5360 N 2 with Φ = 0.5. Induction and overall, post-induction oxidation rates were obtained spectrophotometrically behind reflected shock-waves. The data were used to determine the specific burning times and burning volumes required for the homogeneous, premixed burning of off-gases in heaters and utility boilers. The results indicate that reasonable sizes for boilers and heaters are possible for low energy-content fuel/air mixtures containing hydrogen, even for preheating temperatures as low as 900–1000 °K. Replacement of actual, hydrogen-containing fuels by heat-equivalent methane mixtures results in vastly exaaggerated estimates for the necessary induction times and the achievable specific burning volumes.
Gold Film Amperometric Sensors for NO and NO 2

A porous gold membrane working electrode was evaluated for amperometric sensing of NO or NO 2 in air. The Au electrode was evaporated by E-beam onto a porous Teflon substrate and tested in two different geometries: a lab-built universal (U) and a housing (C) used in building sensors for commercial sale. The optimum bias for NO 2 reduction was determined to be -150 mV vs. Pt/air quasi-reference electrode (Pt/air-QRE) and was +400 mV for NO oxidation. Sensor signals were independent of gas flow rate in both housings at flow rates over 30 cm 3 /min. NO sensitivity in the U and C housing was 180 and 43 nA/ppm, respectively, and the NO 2 sensitivity was 100 and -38 nA/ppm, respectively. The U sensor had a limit of detection (LOD) for NO 2 of 1.3 ppb (signal-to-noise ratio 3σ). The sensor housing design and operating conditions can be directly related to observed analytical performance characteristics.
Large-gain amplifier for subpicosecond optical pulses

We report a novel amplifier for the subpicosecond pulses output of a colliding-pulse mode-locked ring dye laser The amplifier produces >30-μJ output Pulse at 100 Hz by using three stages of amplification pumped by a short-cavity XeCl excimer laser. pulse-width broadening, spectral shape, and beam quality are discussed.