cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-Session Motivational Enhancement Counseling to Support Change Toward Reduction of HIV Transmission by HIV Positive Persons

Given the enormous successes in treating HIV disease with antiretroviral therapies, there is a burgeoning population of healthy, sexually active HIV+ men and women. Because HIV prevention counseling has focused traditionally on persons at risk of becoming infected, there is an urgent mandate to explore ways to engage HIV+ persons in transmission risk reduction counseling. Using two case examples, this article presents an overview of motivational interviewing in a single counseling session as a promising treatment for addressing ambivalence about safer sex with HIV+ persons.
Influence of poisson's ratio on the condition of the finite element stiffness matrix

Abstract The dependence of the spectral condition number of the finite element stiffness matrix, in the case of a nearly incompressible solid, is established as a function of the mesh size and Poisson's ratio.
Sex differences in chick eye growth and experimental myopia.

Stimulated by reported sex differences in eye size and refraction in humans, we compared refractions and ocular size measurements of male and female chicks. Chicks were reared under a 12-hr light/dark cycle with one eye open and the other occluded by a goggle or lid suture, each well-established means of inducing ipsilateral myopia. While the open eyes of the two sexes emmetropized equally well, both ultrasound and caliper measurements demonstrated that on average males have larger eyes. Although statistically significant for defined populations, the sex differences in open eyes were too small to be diagnostic for individual birds. The visually-deprived eyes of male chicks were more reactive than those of females, especially following deprivation by a goggle. Consistently, the anterior chamber of visually-deprived eyes of males was deeper than those of the females regardless of the means of impairing vision. With a goggle, males also developed more myopia and a deeper vitreous chamber than females similarly occluded. When goggles were removed, rapid recovery occurred in 2 weeks irrespective of sex.
992-111 Minimum Interelectrode Distance to Avoid Interactions Between Coexistent Transvenous Pacemaker and Defibrillator Systems

The coexistence of a dual-chamber (or ventricular) permanent pacemaker (PM) and a non-thoracotomy (NT) ICD may result in ICD nondetection of ventricular fibrillation during uninhibited ventricular pacing. This is important in light of the frequent concomitant use of both devices. Guidelines to avoid this interaction, specifically the minimum safe distance between the 2 electrodes, have not been established. In 33 pts with coexistent PM and NT-lCD, we measured the shortest distance from the PM electrodes to the ICD sensing electrodes using a tridimensional coordinate system on PA and lateral chest radiographs. Pts were extensively tested post-implant for potential deleterious device-to-device interaction. In 5 pts (15%), the ICD was inappropriately inhibited by asynchronous ventricular pacing during ventricular fibrillation. In this “Interaction Group”, the mean shortest distance from the PM electrodes to the ICD sensing electrodes was significantly shorter than in the “Non-Interaction Group” (1.6 cm vs. 3.4 cm. p = 0.03, Mann-Whitney test). Four out of 10 (40%) systems with shortest interelectrode distance l 2.0 cm demonstrated interaction, while this occurred in only 1 of 23 (4%) systems with shortest interelectrode distance ≥ 2.0 cm (p = 0.02, Fisher's Exact test). Conclusions 1. A distance of at least 2.0 cm between the PM electrodes and the ICD sensing electrodes will avoid deleterious interactions in the vast majority of pts. 2. The use of at least one active-fixation lead will facilitate achievement of this target interelectrode distance by allowing stable lead positioning in the RV outflow tract or septum. 3. Careful lead positioning does not obviate the need for intra- and postoperative testing to identify potentially life-threatening device-to-device interaction.
Spatial organization of cat visual system. II: Topology and interaction in geniculo-cortical projection☆

Abstract Spatial projection in the cerebral visual system of the cat was analyzed by recording the distribution of responses in the parasagittal cortical plane, that were evoked by electrical stimulation of varying anterior-posterior sites within the lateral geniculate body (LGB). A high degree of spatial correspondence was found between site of cathodal stimulating current in layer A (occasionally A1) of LGB, and that cortical (“peak”) locus yielding the shortest latency, largest amplitude (the “maximal”) response. Stimulation of all sites in LGB, however, produced a widespread cortical distribution of smaller amplitude, longer latency (“submaximal”) responses, which were not simple electrotonic gradients, and which were not materially altered by either chemical depression or surgical removal of the peak locus. The significance of these widespread submaximal responses for spatial interaction was assessed by means of “conditioning” and “test” shocks presented to disparate sites within LGB. Two types of excitability cycles were thus demonstrated, the relative amplitudes of the conditioning and test responses at any selected cortical locus determining the nature of the cycle. If the test response were smaller than the conditioning response (generally as the peak locus for the conditioning response), it was markedly attenuated for up to 200 msec. If the test response were greater than the conditioning response (generally at the peak locus for the test response), it was usually slightly facilitated, at least at short time intervals. Collectively, the findings suggest that a lateral interactive mechanism exists in visual cortex, and is superimposed upon a topological projection, presumably determined by the course of the radiation fibers.
Structure and biosynthesis of amphidinol 17, a hemolytic compound from Amphidinium carterae.

Amphidinol 17 (AM17; 1), a novel amphidinol, has been isolated from a Bahamas strain of Amphidinium carterae. This new congener contains the signature hairpin region and a Δ6 polyene arm, whereas the polyol arm is distinct from those of other amphidinols. The pattern of acetate incorporation in 1 was directly determined by feeding a single labeled substrate, [2-13C]acetate. While the highly conserved regions within the amphidinol family of AM17 have exhibited identical occurrences of cleaved acetates to other amphidinols for which the biosynthesis has been explored, the polyol arm for AM17 displays a higher degree of nascent chain processing that shows similarities to amphidinolide biosynthesis. AM17 exhibited an EC50 of 4.9 μM in a hemolytic assay using human red blood cells but displayed no detectable antifungal activity.
Franz von Lichtenberg (1920-2012)

Franz von Lichtenberg, a pillar of knowledge regarding tropical infectious disease and a pioneer in the field of schistosomiasis, died on September 16, 2012, in Boston, MA, at age 92. J.M. Lawrence, a correspondent for the Boston Globe , wrote an inspiring personal obituary of Franz (http://goo.gl/VfhyO). I was honored and, in fact, delighted to join the family and friends of Franz in celebration of a truly amazing individual at his memorial service on October 13, 2012, at First Parish Church in Brookline, MA. The sadness that might have wrenched me when I learned of his passing was nothing compared with the enduring joy I still feel from having known and worked with him during the last decade of his life. He was a treasure who lived his life fully and shared his knowledge and kindness freely. Young in my medical training, I said really odd things like, “I want to work in Africa” or “I really want to focus my career on tropical diseases.” I was pointed in the direction of Franz as an able mentor and guide. I wanted a mentor who had already done what I wanted to do for my career, but in Franz I found a master of all things: a caring and endearing …
Pathology of Cutaneous Lymphomas.

Our knowledge of cutaneous lymphomas has been significantly growing as a result of important discoveries in immunology, molecular biology, and immunohistochemistry. In addition, improved clinical pathologic correlation and follow-up data, as well as the synergistic collaboration among different lymphoma registries and specialists from several academic medical centers in order to study rare variants, have greatly contributed to the understanding of the difficult field of cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders. While these advances have increased our knowledge of skin lymphomas, they have also produced an extensive and sometimes confusing litany of articles, studies, and classification schemes. This issue on “Cutaneous Lymphomas” inSurgical Pathology Clinics provides an organized and updated review of this challenging topic by internationally recognized experts and bridges critical knowledge gaps in the diagnosis of cutaneous lymphomas. Both common and rare entities are reviewed. The article by Pincus covers the most common type of skin lymphoma: mycosis fungoides (MF). Unique clinicopathologic variants of MF are reviewed in the article by Martinez-Escala et al, and Sezary syndrome in the article by Kubica and Pittelkow. The article by Kempf reviews the spectrum of cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative
A conceptual framework for the interaction between psychiatry and religion

The relationship between psychiatry and religion is complex, and has been complicated by the heterogeneity of each. This paper proposes a modest framework within which the interaction between the fields can be organized. The aim of this framework is to provide clarity to the interaction to further the care of individuals, as well as to promote research into and teaching of the psychiatry-religion interaction.
Conservation in decay accelerating factor (DAF) structure among primates.

Abstract The decay accelerating factor (DAF, CD55) protects self cells from activation of autologous complement on their surfaces. It functions to disable the C3 convertases, the central amplification enzymes of the cascade. Its active site(s) are contained within four ∼60 amino acid long units, termed complement control protein repeats (CCPs), which are suspended above the cell surface on a 68 amino acid long serine/threonine (S/T)-rich cushion that derives from three exons. We previously proposed a molecular model of human DAF’s four CCPs in which certain amino acids were postulated to be recognition sites for the interaction between DAF and the C3 convertases. In the current study, we characterized DAF in five non-human primates: the great apes, gorilla and common chimpanzee, and the Old World monkeys: hamadryas baboon, Rhesus macaque, and patas monkey. Amino acid homology to human DAF was approximately 98% for the two great apes and 83% for the three Old World monkeys. The above cited putative ligand interactive residues were found to be fully conserved in all of the non-human primates, although there were amino acid changes outside of these areas. In the chimpanzee, alternative splicing of the S/T region was found potentially to be the source of multiple protein isoforms in erythrocytes, whereas in the patas monkey, similar alternative splicing was observed but only one protein band was seen. Interestingly, a Rhesus macaque was found to exhibit a phenomenon paralleling the human Cromer Dr(a-) blood group, in which a 44-base pair deletion in CCP3 leads to a frameshift and early STOP codon.
Optical Imaging from Bench to Bedside

This PDF file contains the editorial “Special Section Guest Editorial: Optical Imaging from Bench to Bedside” for JBO Vol. 10 Issue 05
Soft X-ray continuum from laser-irradiated high-Z targets

Abstract X-ray data were acquired from intermediate- and high-Z element targets with the Pharos III laser system. Targets, mounted at the tip of thin glass stalks, were microscopic fragments or foils of single or multiple high-Z element composition. The laser irradiance was 4 × 1014W/cm2 with about 300J of a focused, 1.05 μm wavelenght laser beam. A convex KAP crystal spectrograph was used to collect high-resolution spectra in the 4–20 A soft X-ray region. The recorded spectral film densities were microdensitometered and converted by computer-processing to absolute continuum intensities. The spectral features were identified with the aid of ab initio atomic structure calculations. The continuum background was evaluated as a source of pseudo-continua for absorption studies of soft X-rays.
Rating the prison boss: Examining supervision among prison health care staff

Abstract Health care staff are instrumental in prisons given their roles in aiding security and the growing demand for medical services among prisoners. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid to this prison staff subpopulation. This study examined perceptions of supervision among 424 prison health care staff in the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Participants felt that prison supervisors were most effective in clarifying expectations and least effective in giving feedback for performance, involving staff in planning, and extending job autonomy. Using hierarchical linear models (HLM), some unique findings emerged. Efficacy in dealing with inmates was the strongest predictor variable: health care staff who felt more positive and effective with inmates had more favorable feelings toward supervision. Staff working in high- and medium-security prisons had more positive feelings toward supervision than those in minimum security, and younger staff had more favorable attitudes toward supervisors than older staff. The implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
A Handbook on Bears

This article is an autopsychobiography. It is, therefore, as described by Dr. William Todd Schultz, a combination of psychological theory and biography and not quite either one because it looks at only one subject or unit of analysis, and it does not presume to tell an entire life story but merely a splinter from a life story. It is a post postmodern worldview that it seizes the moment to capture a story on paper (http://www.psychobiography.com/definitions2.html).
Some Phragmén-Lindelöf type results for the biharmonic equation

We derive estimates for weighted and unweighted energy expressions for the solution of a biharmonic boundary value problem in the plane by means of a second order differential inequality. We consider three kinds of unbounded domains with boundary conditions of Dirichlet type. For each domain we develop exponential estimates that either grow or decay. In the case of decay we also present a method for obtaining explicit bounds for the total energy.
Nanostraws for direct fluidic intracellular access.

Nanomaterials are promising candidates to improve the delivery efficiency and control of active agents such as DNA or drugs directly into cells. Here we demonstrate cell-culture platforms of nanotemplated “nanostraws” that pierce the cell membrane, providing a permanent fluidic pipeline into the cell for direct cytosolic access. Conventional polymeric track-etch cell culture membranes are alumina coated and etched to produce fields of nanostraws with controllable diameter, thickness, and height. Small molecules and ions were successfully transported into the cytosol with 40 and 70% efficiency, respectively, while GFP plasmids were successfully delivered and expressed. These platforms open the way for active, reproducible delivery of a wide variety of species into cells without endocytosis.
Predicting Changes in Older Adults' Interpersonal Control Strivings

People vary in the importance they ascribe to, and efforts they invest in, maintaining positive relationships with others. Research has linked such variation in interpersonal control strivings to the quality of social exchanges experienced, but little work has examined the predictors of interpersonal control strivings. Given the importance of close relationships in later life, this study examined conditions that might precipitate increases or declines in interpersonal control strivings over a 2-year period. Specifically, change in interpersonal control strivings was hypothesized to be particularly influenced by the interplay of two co-occurring conditions: 1) experiences in the social environment that bolster or undermine older adults’ motivation to foster satisfying social ties and 2) the availability of personal resources to respond to these experiences. The findings suggest that a change in older adults’ interpersonal control strivings over a 2-year period was affected jointly by the frequency with which they experienced positive social exchanges and their health status. Features of the social environment, therefore, may interact with personal resources to influence interpersonal control strivings in later life.
Chemistry: Only skin-deep

Separating the details of surface structure from those of the bulk material is difficult. An X-ray-based technique reveals clearer, and contrasting, pictures of the atomic surface structure of water and methanol.
Description of the larval stages of Disenochus fractus Sharp and the origin of the Hawaiian platynine Carabidae (Coleoptera)

The larval stages of the Hawaiian Disenochus fractus Sharp are described, representing the first comprehensive larval description for any species of native Hawaiian Carabidae. Based on cladistic analysis using eleven characters of first-instar larvae for twenty-two platynine carabid species representing ten genera, D.fractus is most closely related to the Asian Platynus magnus Bates. This result supports Zimmerman's hypothesis that the Hawaiian Platynini are of Asian derivation. Synapomorphies supporting this relationship include: (1) smooth keel-like egg bursters, (2) serrate margins on the mandibular terebrum and retinacular tooth, and (3) translucent lunules apicad from urogomphal setae UR4–7.
Polychlorinated biphenyl-induced effects on metabolic enzymes, AP-1 binding, vitamin E, and oxidative stress in the rat liver.

Environmental pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), may induce drug metabolism and may be substrates for the induced metabolic enzymes. Both processes may lead to oxidative stress. The goal of this study was to determine the influence of polychlorinated biphenyls, selected as inducers and substrates of drug metabolism, on oxidative events within the liver over a 3-week time course. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received two ip injections per week of 4-chlorobiphenyl, 2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl, 3,4,5-trichlorobiphenyl, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153), or both PCB 77 and 153 (100 micromol/kg/injection) and were euthanized at the end of 1, 2, or 3 weeks. Hepatic cytochrome P450 1A1 (EROD) activity, DT-diaphorase activity, AP-1 DNA-binding activity, conjugated dienes, and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) as well as alpha-tocopheryl quinone (oxidized vitamin E) were determined. While the lower chlorinated biphenyls (at these doses and times) showed little or no effect on these oxidative stress parameters, both CYP 1A1 and DT-diaphorase activities were significantly increased in both male and female rats receiving PCB 77, a ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. In addition, the DNA-binding activity of the transcription factor AP-1 was increased in rats treated with PCB 77 or PCB 153. Within the lipid fraction there was no significant increase observed in conjugated diene concentrations, but there was a significant increase in alpha-tocopheryl quinone upon treatment with all PCBs tested. These data indicate that alpha-tocopheryl quinone may be a sensitive marker for PCB exposure and is possibly increased by a wide range of PCBs.
Using illumination invariant descriptors for recognition

Color pixel distributions provide a useful cue for object recognition. Recently, for example, a technique called color indexing due to M. Swain and D. Ballard (1991) used color histograms for the efficient recognition of objects from a large database in the presence of changes in scene geometry and occlusion. The effectiveness of this and other approaches that match color distributions, however, depends on the approximate constancy of the scene illumination. In this paper, we develop color histogram descriptors that are invariant to changes in the intensity and spectral distribution of the illumination. We present a set of experiments that demonstrate the effectiveness of these descriptors for object recognition in the presence of changes in illuminant spectral power distribution. >
Phthalocyanine−Azacrown−Fullerene Multicomponent System: Synthesis, Photoinduced Processes, and Electrochemistry#

The first phthalocyanine−fullerene system having a flexible bridge containing an azacrown subunit has been synthesized, and investigations of its excited state processes through femtosecond flash photolysis experiments and of its electrochemical properties have been carried out.
The Effect of Economic Recession on Institutional Support for Tenure-Track Librarians in ARL Institutions

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to reveal how the national economic recession has affected the nature and extent of support for tenure track librarians at Association of Research Libraries (ARL) member institutions. The authors surveyed 43 ARL Deans and University Librarians to discover the criteria for achieving tenure and the current institutional support for tenure-related activities. All of the responding libraries reported experiencing at least moderate reductions in their overall budgets, with the majority indicating increased workloads for faculty and reductions to monetary support for professional development. Despite this adversity, the survey indicated that the expectations for achieving tenure for librarians in the areas of research and service have not changed.
COUNTERTRANSFERENCE REACTIONS TOWARD SPECIFIC CLIENT POPULATIONS: A REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL LITERATURE

Countertransference reactions can either benefit or hinder mental health professionals during the therapeutic process. An awareness of countertransference reactions can aid clinicians in understanding and anticipating their own specific emotional responses toward certain client populations. Recent empirical research suggests that common countertransference reactions may occur in mental health professionals when relating to certain client types. Since a literature review indicated that more numerous and reliable tests have been developed to measure countertransference during the past decade, as well as better research designs, this article reviews and summarizes all empirical research studies on countertransference reactions toward specific client populations during the past 10 years, from 1990 to 2001.
Selection of workers' compensation treatment guidelines: California experience.

Objective:Workers’ compensation systems increasingly use mandatory treatment guidelines to guide clinicians and for utilization management. This article describes the steps for selecting such guidelines.Methods:On the basis of experience with the RAND/University of California, Los Angeles project to
Lattice thermodynamics and Monte-Carlo studies of the chiral phase transition

Abstract The statistical mechanics of Lattice Kogut-Susskind fermions is discussed and some finite size effects mentioned. Monte-Carlo simulations of fermions interacting with gauge fields have been performed which clearly show chiral symmetry breaking at small μ, T and its restoration as they are increased.
The PLATO system, its language, assets, and disadvantages in geological education

Abstract PLATO, a unique computer-based educational system at the University of Illinois, offers low cost, interactive educational use of the computer. From specially developed hardware to its language, TUTOR, the PLATO system facilitates instructor use of the computer for education as well as encouraging individual student learning experiences. Geological lessons being developed on the nationwide system are designed for multiple level use that allows the background and academic knowledge of the students to be recognized; the basic lesson remains the same in most situations however. Student receptivity has been outstanding, mainly because they are able to progress at a rate that is optimum for them and then only when they thoroughly comprehend the content of previous lessons.
The incidence of and risk factors for MRSA bacteraemia in an HIV-infected cohort in the HAART era.

Objectives To define the incidence and risk factors for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia in an HIV-infected population. Methods From January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2004, we conducted a retrospective cohort study. We identified all cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB), including MRSA, among patients enrolled in the Johns Hopkins Hospital out-patient HIV clinic. A conditional logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors for MRSA bacteraemia compared with methicillin-sensitive SAB and no bacteraemia in unmatched (1:1) and matched (1:4) nested case-control analyses, respectively. Results Of 4607 patients followed for a total of 11 020 person-years (PY) of follow-up, 216 episodes of SAB occurred (incidence: 19.6 cases per 1000 PY), including 94 cases (43.5%) which were methicillin-resistant. The incidence of MRSA bacteraemia increased from 5.3 per 1000 PY in 2000–2001 to 11.9 per 1000 PY in 2003–2004 (P=0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that independent predictors of MRSA bacteraemia (vs. no bacteraemia) were injection drug use (IDU), end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and CD4 count <200 cells/μL. Conclusions MRSA bacteraemia was an increasingly common diagnosis in our HIV-infected cohort, especially in patients with history of IDU, low CD4 cell count and ESRD.
Asymptotic Analysis of the Sieve Estimator for a Class of Parabolic SPDEs

In this paper we consider the problem of estimating a coefficient of a strongly elliptic partial differential operator in stochastic parabolic equations. The coefficient is a bounded function of time. We compute the maximum likelihood estimate of the function on an approximating space (sieve) using a finite number of the spatial Fourier coefficients of the solution and establish conditions that guarantee consistency and asymptotic normality of the resulting estimate as the number of the coefficients increases. The equation is assumed diagonalizable in the sense that all the operators have a common system of eigenfunctions.
Lattice structure of the fullerene ferromagnet TDAE-C60

IN the brief time since the development of techniques for the purification of condensed phases of C60 (refs 1, 2), compounds of C60 have been synthesized that exhibit the important solid-state properties of superconductivity3,4 and ferromagnetism5. The fact that the C60 molecule participates in these two disparate effects is in itself striking; furthermore, the C60-based material has the highestTc of any molecular organic ferromagnet6. An understanding of the physical origin of this ferromagnetism is sure to require a knowledge of the crystal structure. Here we report on an X-ray diffraction study of the ferromagnet TDAE–C60, where TDAE is tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene, C2N4(CH3)8. We find that the composition is stoichiometric with 1:1 ratio of TDAE to C60. The structure has a c-centred monoclinic unit cell suggestive of an anisotropic, low-dimensional band structure. Any theory for the ferromagnetic behaviour will have to take this anisotropy into account.
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangioscopy and Advanced Biliary Imaging

Developments in endoscopic retrograde cholangioscopy provide multiple new advanced methods of biliary imaging. Cholangioscopy provides direct visualization of epithelium with white light as well as advanced modalities, such as narrow band imaging and autofluorescence. In vivo histologic images can be achieved with confocal endomicroscopy. Cross-sectional imaging is also possible with intraductal ultrasonography and optical coherence tomography. This article describes these advanced imaging techniques, which can be used together to assist in the diagnosis of biliary strictures and lesions.
Identification of atmospheric C(2)H(2) lines in the 3230-3340-cm(-1) region of high resolution solar absorption spectra recorded at the National Solar Observatory.

A search has been conducted for the presence of absorption lines of atmospheric acetylene (C2H2), taking into account the 3230-3340/cm interval of 0.01/cm resolution solar absorption spectra recorded with the interferometer of the Solar Observatory on Kitt Peak. A total of 12 lines belonging to the strong nu-3 and nu-2 + nu-4 + nu-5 bands has been identified in this interval. This letter provides a report regarding the identification analysis of selected atmospheric C2H2 lines in a representative set of Kitt Peak solar spectra.
Supervaluationism and Its Logics

If we adopt a supervaluational semantics for vagueness, what sort of logic results? As it turns out, the answer depends crucially on how the standard notion of validity as truth preservation is recast. There are several ways of doing this within a supervaluational framework, the main alternative being between 'global' construals (e.g. an argument is valid if and only if it preserves truth-under-all-precisifications) and 'local' construals (an argument is valid if and only if, under all precisifications, it preserves truth). The former alternative is by far more popular, but I argue in favour of the latter, for (i) it does not suffer from a number of serious objections, and (ii) it makes it possible to restore global validity as a defined notion.
Identification of maverick, a novel member of the TGF-β superfamily in Drosophila

Abstract The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of structurally related ligands regulates essential signaling pathways that control many aspects of cell behavior in organisms across the phylogenetic spectrum. Here we report the identification of maverick (mav), a gene that encodes a new member of the TGF-β superfamily in Drosophila. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison suggest that Mav cannot be easily assigned to any one sub-family, since it is equally related to BMP, activin and TGF-β ligands. mav maps to the fourth chromosome and is expressed throughout development. In situ hybridization experiments reveal the presence of maternally derived mav transcript in precellular blastoderm embryos. Later in development, mav is expressed in a dynamic pattern in the developing gut, both in endodermal and visceral mesodermal cells. In adult females, high levels of mav mRNA are present in late stage egg chambers.
Surface spectroscopy studies of the SrTi O 3 (100) surface and the platinum-SrTi O 3 (100) interface

Auger-electron spectroscopy (AES), low-energy-electron diffraction (LEED), electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (ELS), and ultraviolet-photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) were used to characterize the composition, structure, and electronic properties of the strontium-titanate (100) surface and the platinum---strontium-titanate interface. The strontium 65-eV Auger signal on the clean strontium-titanate surface decreases abruptly as the temperature is raised beyond 240\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Partial ordering occurs when platinum is deposited on the strontium-titanate (100) surface as evidenced by LEED. Platinum appears to remove surface ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}$ by electron transfer from SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ to platinum. These results are discussed in light of the findings in photoelectrolysis and other photocatalytic studies using SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
Somatosensory contributions to c-fos activation within the caudal periaqueductal gray of lactating rats: effects of perioral, rooting, and suckling stimuli from pups.

Abstract In lactating rats, the immediate-early gene c-foswas previously shown to be highly activated in several brain sites by physical interaction with either suckling or nonsuckling pups but not by distal stimuli from pups, a nonpup stimulus, or no stimulation. Further, even greater levels of Fos-immunoreactivity (ir) occurred following suckling versus nonsuckling contact with pups in only 1 of over 25 sites—the caudal periaqueductal gray (cPAG) at an intercollicular level, lesions of which severely reduced the typical suckling-induced kyphotic nursing posture. Herein we further evaluated the effects and site-specificity of various somatosensory cues received from pups during 60 min on Fos-ir in the PAG of day 7 postpartum rats after a 48-h dam–litter separation. Dams interacting with suckling versus nonsuckling pups showed relatively high numbers of Fos-ir cells in the intercollicular cPAG site identified earlier, but not in three other rostrocaudal planes of the PAG. Elimination of rooting on the dam's ventrum by use of fully anesthetized pups did not further diminish Fos-ir in maternally behaving, nonsuckled dams. Perioral anesthesia of dams prior to reunion with the litter prevented retrieval and licking of pups but not pup-initiated nursing behavior, the duration of which was positively correlated with Fos-ir levels within the intercollicular cPAG. Thus, various somatosensory stimuli from pups activate c-fosin a discrete region of the cPAG but only interactions that include suckling and its behavioral consequences elicit maximal expression, consistent with a role for this midbrain site in the sensorimotor control of kyphotic nursing in rats.
Dedifferentiation and proliferation of mammalian cardiomyocytes.

Background It has long been thought that mammalian cardiomyocytes are terminally-differentiated and unable to proliferate. However, myocytes in more primitive animals such as zebrafish are able to dedifferentiate and proliferate to regenerate amputated cardiac muscle. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we test the hypothesis that mature mammalian cardiomyocytes retain substantial cellular plasticity, including the ability to dedifferentiate, proliferate, and acquire progenitor cell phenotypes. Two complementary methods were used: 1) cardiomyocyte purification from rat hearts, and 2) genetic fate mapping in cardiac explants from bi-transgenic mice. Cardiomyocytes isolated from rodent hearts were purified by multiple centrifugation and Percoll gradient separation steps, and the purity verified by immunostaining and RT-PCR. Within days in culture, purified cardiomyocytes lost their characteristic electrophysiological properties and striations, flattened and began to divide, as confirmed by proliferation markers and BrdU incorporation. Many dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes went on to express the stem cell antigen c-kit, and the early cardiac transcription factors GATA4 and Nkx2.5. Underlying these changes, inhibitory cell cycle molecules were suppressed in myocyte-derived cells (MDCs), while microRNAs known to orchestrate proliferation and pluripotency increased dramatically. Some, but not all, MDCs self-organized into spheres and re-differentiated into myocytes and endothelial cells in vitro. Cell fate tracking of cardiomyocytes from 4-OH-Tamoxifen-treated double-transgenic MerCreMer/ZEG mouse hearts revealed that green fluorescent protein (GFP) continues to be expressed in dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes, two-thirds of which were also c-kit+. Conclusions/Significance Contradicting the prevailing view that they are terminally-differentiated, postnatal mammalian cardiomyocytes are instead capable of substantial plasticity. Dedifferentiation of myocytes facilitates proliferation and confers a degree of stemness, including the expression of c-kit and the capacity for multipotency.
THE EVOLUTION OF OXYGEN FROM SUSPENSIONS OF CHLOROPLASTS ; THE ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SPECIES AND THE EFFECTS OF PREVIOUS ILLUMINATION OF THE LEAVES

THE NUMBER of studies of the physiological activity of isolated chloroplasts is relatively small, for their main function, photosynthesis, does not continue when they are removed from the living cell. The early work with isolated chloroplasts, reviewed by Spoehr (1926) and by Inman (1935), has shown that some oxygen-evolving capacity remains after they are removed from the living cells, but its rate is low relative to photosynthesis of normal leaves and the oxygen appears to come from some substance present in very limited amounts. More recently NMenke (1938) and also Comar (1942) have isolated spinach chloroplasts by differential centrifugation and have presented analytical data as to their composition. Granick (1938) has also presented analyses of spinach chloroplasts. Neish (1939) isolated chloroplasts and studied the factors affecting their flocculation. Preparations of oat chloroplasts were analyzed for their nitrogen content by Galston (1943) who also described their agglutination by castor bean extracts. Hill (1939a and b) has shown that suspensions of macerated leaves which contain intact chloroplasts, and to which ferric salts of an organic acid have been added, evolve oxygen when illuminated. This oxygen was measured manometrically in the presence of potassium ferricyanide by Hill and Scarisbrick (1940b). Such an evolution of oxygen may be similar to or identical with corresponding steps in normal photosynthesis. It is brought about by the reduction of ferric salts without a simultaneous reduction of carbon dioxide and its rate is more nearly comparable to that of photosynthesis in intact leaves. Other aspects of this phenomenon have been described by Hill and Scarisbrick (1940a and c), French and Rabideau (1945), French and Anson (in preparation), and by Holt and French (in preparation). Fan, Stauffer and Umbreit (1943) have furnished additional evidence that the evolution of oxygen and the reduction of carbon dioxide are separate steps in the process of photosynthesis by adding benzaldehyde and other reagents to Chlorella cells which then evolved oxygen in the absence of carbon dioxide. In our work with the "Hill reaction" we were interested in comparative measurements of the capacity of the chloroplasts of various species to produce oxygen, particularly those that could be subjected to different environmental conditions, yet 1 Received for publication December 4, 1944. It is a pleasure to thank Professors C. 0. Rosendahl and N. L. Huff and Dr. J. W. Moore of this department for their kind assistance in the identification of the plant
Comparing the response of PSD-capable plastic scintillator to standard liquid scintillator

This work discusses a test campaign to characterize the response of the recently developed plastic scintillator with pulse shape discrimination (PSD) capabilities (EJ-299-33). PSD is a property exhibited by certain types of scintillating material in which incident stimuli (fast neutrons or γ rays) can be separated by exploiting differences in the scintillation light pulse tail. Detector geometries used were: a 10 cm×10 cm×10 cm cube and a 10-cm diameter×10-cm long cylinder. EJ-301 and EJ-309 liquid scintillators with well-known responses were also tested. The work was conducted at the University of Massachusetts Lowell Van De Graaff accelerator. The facility accelerated protons on a thin Li target to yield quasi-monoenergetic neutrons from the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction (Q-value: –1.644 MeV). Collimated fast neutrons were obtained by placing detectors behind a neutron spectrometer. Rotating the spectrometer, and thus changing the neutron energy, allowed us to achieve 0.5–3.2 MeV neutrons in 200–300 keV steps. Data were acquired through a flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) capable of performing digital PSD measurements. By using the PSD technique to separate the neutron events from unwanted γ background, we constructed a pulse height spectrum at each energy. Obtaining a relationship of the relative light output versus energy allowed us to construct the response function for the EJ-299-33 and liquid scintillator. The EJ-299-33 response in terms of electron equivalent energy (Ee.e.) vs. proton equivalent energy (Ep.e.), how it compared with the standard xylene-based EJ-301 (or, NE-213/BC-501 A equivalent) and EJ-309 liquid scintillator response, and how the EJ-301 and EJ-309 compared, are presented. We find that the EJ-299-33 demonstrated a lower light output by up to 40% for <1.0 MeV neutrons; and ranging between a 5–35% reduction for 2.5–3.0 MeV neutrons compared to the EJ-301/309, depending on the scintillator and geometry. Monte Carlo modeling techniques were used to investigate how the neutron beam and accelerator background environment affected the detector response. We find relatively good agreement between our results and the modeling; however, the observed response could not be fully accounted for due to events with pulse pile up, thus leading to contamination of the neutron PSD selected events.
Behavioral treatment of panic disorder

We report the results of a long-term clinical outcome study testing variations of behavioral treatments for panic disorder without agoraphobic avoidance. Exposure to somatic cues combined with cognitive therapy was compared to relaxation therapy designed specifically for panic disorder. In a third treatment condition, these techniques were combined. All three treatments were superior on a variety of measures to a wait-list control group. In the two treatment conditions containing exposure to somatic cues and cognitive therapy, 85% or more of clients were panic free at posttreatment. These were the only groups significantly better than wait-list control on this measure. Relaxation, on the other hand, tended to effect greater reductions in generalized anxiety associated with panic attacks but was associated with high drop-out rates. These results suggest that we have a successful behavioral treatment for panic disorder, but leave questions on effective components and mechanisms of action unanswered.
Supervisory Training Experiences and Overall Supervisory Development in Predoctoral Interns

ABSTRACT A questionnaire about the extent and quality of supervision training in graduate programs and predoctoral internship sites was completed by 233 predoctoral interns. Results indicated that 72% of interns reported having supervised at least one trainee during their graduate training, although only 39% had completed a graduate course on supervision. The total number of supervision training activities and the number of mentored supervision hours were found to predict interns' psychotherapy supervision development level scores.
Non-genomic effects of estrogen and the vessel wall.

Abstract Estrogen, like other steroids, is now believed to possess rapid membrane effects independent of the classical gene activation pathway of steroid action. The presence of membrane estrogen receptors has been demonstrated in different cell types, but not yet in vascular tissue. In vivo , estrogen administration rapidly promotes acetylcholine-induced vasodilation of the coronary and peripheral vascular beds of postmenopausal women. Estrogen also causes relaxation of precontracted isolated arterial segments and perfused organ preparations, within minutes of administration of the hormone. These rapid vasomotor effects of estrogen may be related to blockade of the cell membrane voltage-dependent calcium channels, resulting in inhibition of extracellular Ca 2+ mobilization and flux. Recently, estradiol has been shown to rapidly affect cyclic nucleotide turnover in vascular segments, smooth muscle, and epithelial cell cultures, suggesting the possibility of a “cross-talk” between membrane-mediated events and nuclear receptor activation.
A combined flood surface and geochemical analysis of metal fluxes in a historically mined region: a case study from the New World Mining District, Montana

Remediation of environmental damage due to mining activities requires distinguishing anthropogenic alteration from natural baseline conditions. Through ICP-OES analyses of the <63 µm fraction of overbank sediments dating from ~8,000 years to the present, the development of a regional flood probability model, traditional topographic surveying, and the use of flood surface modeling, it is shown that the combination of hydraulic modeling and geochemical analysis of sediments is an effective tool for determining remediation strategies. This combination provides a means of distinguishing natural from anthropogenic sediments in a naturally metal-rich region, delineating zones of sediments with elevated metal concentrations, and creating an accurate estimate for appropriate remediation. Specifically, the distribution of metals in Fisher Creek of the New World Mining District, Montana, suggests the following: (1) The Glengarry adit is currently a point source of metal contamination (the present surface distribution of metals in the <63 µm fraction of overbank deposits is related to the probability of a surface being covered by water during a flood of a given recurrence probability); (2) sediments with elevated metal concentrations pre-date mining activity; (3) pre-mining overbank sediments contain metal concentrations as great or greater than post-mining sediments; (4) remediation of sediments with the highest concentration of metals requires assessment of sediments deposited above the 100-year flood surface.
Developmental Effects of Chronic Low-Level Lead Exposure on Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels in Brain Synaptosomes Obtained from the Neonatal and the Adult Rats

Effects of chronic low level (1 mg/kg/day) lead exposure were studied on (1) the density and the binding properties of L, N, and P type voltage-gated Ca2+ influx channels (VGCCs), and (2) the depolarization-induced rise in [Ca2+]i in synaptosomes obtained from the brains of the neonatal (postnatal-day-5) and the adult (postnatal-week-20) rats. Lead exposure started prenatally and continued for either up to postnatal-day-5 or up to postnatal-week-20. The KD and the Bmax values for the binding of nifedipine (antagonist of L type channels), ω-CgTx (a specific antagonist of N type channels) and ω-AgaTx (antagonist of P type channels) to VGCCs in the neonatal samples were less then those in the adult samples. Depolarization increased (1) the density and the antagonist binding-affinity of VGCCs and (2) increased [Ca2+]i in both the neonatal and the adult samples. The depolarization-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in the neonatal samples was lower than that in the adult samples. Chronic low-level lead exposure decreased the densities of L, N, and P type VGCCs and attenuated the depolarization-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in synaptosomes. Chronic low-level lead exposure, however, did not affect the relative ratio of L, N, and P channels, the affinity of VGCCs for antagonists, and the depolarization-induced increase in antagonist binding to VGCCs in synaptosomes. Thus chronic low-level lead exposure during early development and adulthood may decrease the synthesis of VGCCs but not their antagonist binding-affinity in both the neonatal and the adult rats.
The Proper Role of Population Genetics in Modern Evolutionary Theory

Evolutionary biology is a field currently animated by much discussion concerning its conceptual foundations. On the one hand, we have supporters of a classical view of evolutionary theory, whose backbone is provided by population genetics and the so-called Modern Synthesis (MS). On the other hand, a number of researchers are calling for an Extended Synthesis (ES) that takes seriously both the limitations of the MS (such as its inability to incorporate developmental biology) and recent empirical and theoretical research on issues such as evolvability, modularity, and self-organization. In this article, I engage in an in-depth commentary of an influential paper by population geneticist Michael Lynch, which I take to be the best defense of the MS-population genetics position published so far. I show why I think that Lynch’s arguments are wanting and propose a modification of evolutionary theory that retains but greatly expands on population genetics.