cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amidobis[η5-1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadienyl]titanium(III)

The title compound, [Ti(C 11 H 21 Si 2 ) 2 (NH 2 )], crystallizes as a bent metallocene, with the NH 2 group oriented to maximize the π interaction between the N atom and the Ti III center. The increased π bonding is reflected in a short Ti-N bond length of 1.933 (3) A.
Lack of contribution of covalent benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-quinone–DNA adducts in benzo[a]pyrene-induced mouse lung tumorigenesis

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a potent human and rodent lung carcinogen. This activity has been ascribed in part to the formation of anti-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydroB[a]P-9,10-epoxide (BPDE)-DNA adducts. Other carcinogenic mechanisms have been proposed: (1) the induction of apurinic sites from radical cation processes, and (2) the metabolic formation of B[a]P-7,8-quinone (BPQ) that can form covalent DNA adducts or reactive oxygen species which can damage DNA. The studies presented here sought to examine the role of stable BPQ-DNA adducts in B[a]P-induced mouse lung tumorigenesis. Male strain A/J mice were injected intraperitoneally once with BPQ or trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydroB[a]P (BP-7,8-diol) at 30, 10, 3, or 0mg/kg. Lungs and livers were harvested after 24h, the DNA extracted and subjected to (32)P-postlabeling analysis. Additional groups of mice were dosed once with BPQ or BP-7,8-diol each at 30 mg/kg and tissues harvested 48 and 72 h later, or with B[a]P (50mg/kg, a tumorigenic dose) and tissues harvested 72 h later. No BPQ or any other DNA adducts were observed in lung or liver tissues 24, 48, or 72 h after the treatment with 30 mg/kg BPQ. BP-7,8-diol gave BPDE-DNA adducts at all time points in both tissues and B[a]P treatment gave BPDE-DNA adducts in the lung. In each case, no BPQ-DNA adducts were detected. Mouse body weights significantly decreased over time after BPQ or BP-7,8-diol treatments suggesting that systemic toxicity was induced by both agents. Model studies with BPQ and N-acetylcysteine suggested that BPQ is rapidly inactivated by sulfhydryl-containing compounds and not available for DNA adduction. We conclude that under these treatment conditions BPQ does not form stable covalent DNA adducts in the lungs or livers of strain A/J mice, suggesting that stable BPQ-covalent adducts are not a part of the complex of mechanisms involved in B[a]P-induced mouse lung tumorigenesis.
Cancer and super-regeneration in Triturus viridescens limbs.

Du rein deRana pipiens adultes a ete transplante dans les membres anterieurs de vingtTriturus viridescens qui etaient en train de developper des lymphosarcomes. Parmi les 12 pattes analysees, six etaient infiltrees par le cancer et avaient repondu a la presence des greffes xenogeniques en formant des structures accessoires de la patte. Nous en avons conclu que le champ de regeneration n'est pas capable de controler le developpement de ce cancer.
Sarcomas Metastatic to the Liver: Response and Survival after Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, Mitomycin-C, Ethiodol, and Polyvinyl Alcohol Chemoembolization

PURPOSE To evaluate the response to and survival after chemoembolization with cisplatin, doxorubicin, mitomycin-C, Ethiodol, and polyvinyl alcohol for patients with sarcomas metastatic to the liver that are surgically unresectable. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen patients were treated. Primary tumors included 11 gastrointestinal leiomyosarcomas, two splenic angiosarcomas, one leiomyosarcoma of the broad ligament, one leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava, and one malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the colon. Chemoembolization with cisplatin, doxorubicin, mitomycin-C, Ethiodol, and polyvinyl alcohol particles was performed 1–5 times at approximately monthly intervals (mean, 2.8). Preand posttreatment cross-sectional imaging was performed 1 month after completion of treatment and then every 3 months. Thirty-day response was graded according to World Health Organization/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group criteria. Survival was calculated with use of Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS Two patients (13%) exhibited partial morphologic response, 11 patients (69%) were morphologically stable, and three (19%) demonstrated progression of disease 30 days after completion of treatment. Among the 13 responders, two underwent partial hepatectomy after initial treatment. Seven developed intrahepatic progression at a mean of 10 months and a median time of 8 months. The remaining four patients had no documented intrahepatic progression at the time of last imaging follow-up. Nine patients developed extrahepatic progression at a mean time of 6.3 months and a median time of 6 months, of whom four underwent additional surgical resection. Response to therapy was based on time of first intervention. Cumulative survival from time of diagnosis with use of Kaplan-Meier analysis was 81% at 1 year, 54% at 2 years, and 40% at 3 years. Median survival time was 20 months. Cumulative survival from initial chemoembolization was 67% at 1 year, 50% at 2 years, and 40% at 3 years, with a median survival time of 13 months. The thirty-day mortality rate was zero. CONCLUSION Durable tumor response with chemoembolization is possible in this form of metastatic disease, which is highly resistant to systemic chemotherapy.
Fluctuation Heat Capacity in Superconducting Thin Films of Amorphous BiSb

With a resolution of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ J/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the fluctuation heat capacity has been observed near ${T}_{c}$ in thin films of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{0.4}$${\mathrm{Sb}}_{0.6}$. No indication of peaking was seen in the heat capacity near ${T}_{c}$. The heat-capacity transition when compared with the corrected resistivity transition is found to have approximately twice the width. This width is 3 times that predicted by Ferrell.
Design for vibration control in microelectronics facilities

This presentation reviews the evolution of the microelectronics industry in terms of sophistication of facility requirements as related to process equipment and the ever decreasing size of circuit features into the present sub-micron level.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recasting Civil Rights Leadership: Gloria Richardson and the Cambridge Movement

The Cambridge Movement ... was historic for a number of reasons: It was the first grass-roots movement outside of the Deep South; it would be one of the first campaigns to focus on economic rather than civil rights; the administration intervened on a broader scale than ever before; its leader, Gloria Richardson, was the first woman to be the unquestioned leader of a major movement-and one of the first major leaders to openly question nonviolence as a tactic.
Software for calculations of heat and mass exchange in torch guniting

The wide introduction of torch guniting in metallurgy provides a tremendous saving and therefore at present metallurgists of many countries of the World are displaying active interest in it. However, until now the theory of the guniting process has been developed very weakly and in essence has a fragmentary character. The many publications on torch guniting contain essentially a presentation of specific production experience and descriptions of narrowly specific results of experimental production investigations, the basis of which is practical experience and experience in the study, including theoretical, of similar or related phenomena and processes and also intuitive concepts of the rules of torch guniting. Some publications have been devoted to theoretical investigations but as a rule they consider only individual particular problems in a simplified setting. The need for development of the theory of guniting and, in particular, of the theory of the heat- and mass-exchange processes composing the essence and determining the effectiveness of torch guniting has been maturing for a long time. An experimental solution of these problems is difficult because of the difficulty and complexity in the development and use of a large flame stand (with a flame carrying the solid phase) and also the large variety of technological, geometric, and other characteristics of metallurgical equipment causing in turn wide variation in the conditions of repair of points of wear of the lining. In connection with this, in the State Institute for the Design of Nickel Industry Plants and the All-Union Institute for Refractories an attempt has been made to develop a universal physicomathematical model and software for the common system computer for calculation of a combination of complex heat and mass exchange processes which are the basis of torch guniting of metallurgical equipment. Below is given a brief description of the model developed and individual practical significant results obtained during computer experiments with it. The general model consists of three particular physicomathematical models. The first describes the temperature and velocity field of the gaseous and solid (polydisperse) phases of the guniting flame, the second the conditions of heat exchange of the portion of the lining being gunited with the external in relation to it medium, and the third the temperature field of the lining and the gunite coating being applied. The model for calculation of the temperature and velocity fields of the guniting jet was constructed on the basis of an analysis of a free axisymmetric nonisothermal subsonic turbulent stream with a high concentration of polydispersed solid impurity~ Taken into consideration were the relationship of the thermophysical properties of the gaseous phase to temperature and the impact of the solid phase particles. The content in the guniting compound of particles of different materials is assumed. The particles may differ in dimensions and thermophysical characteristics.
Optimization of photopolymerized bioerodible hydrogel properties for adhesion prevention.

The aim of this study was to optimize the properties of a lubricious bioerodible hydrogel barrier for the prevention of postoperative adhesions. Water-soluble macromers based on block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(lactic acid) or poly(glycolic acid) with terminal acrylate groups were used, and these macromers were gelled in vivo by exposure to long wavelength ultraviolet light. The precursor was photopolymerized from buffered saline solution while in contact with the tissues. This resulted in the conformal coating of the tissue with an adherent hydrogel film, while forming a nonadhesive barrier at the free surface, on the treated wound site. The hydrogels were evaluated in two animal models of postsurgical adhesions, first in a rat cecum abrasion model and then in a rabbit uterine horn ischemia model. In the rat cecum model, six of seven animals treated with a hydrogel, with glycolide in the precursor as the comonomer, showed no adhesions; untreated animals and animals treated with precursor, but not gelled with light, showed consistent dense adhesions. In the rabbit uterine horn ischemia model, using hydrogels with lactide in the precursor as the comonomer, and PEG of molecular weight from 6,000 to 18,500 Da, adhesions were dramatically reduced, with occurrence in none of seven animals treated with a gel containing PEG 10,000. By contrast, the seven animals in the control group demonstrated a mean of 35% involvement of the horn length in dense, fibrous adhesions. These materials, photopolymerized in vivo in direct contact with the tissues, appear to form an adherent hydrogel barrier that is highly effective in reducing postoperative adhesions in the models used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) [on SciFinder (R)]
A Standardized Benchmark Approach To the Use of Cancer Epidemiology Data for Risk Assessment

Clarity and scientific validity are two criteria for assessing the quality of communications between scientists and risk managers. Regulating permissible exposures on the basis of very-low-dose risk extrapolation uses scientific information that may not meet either criterion. With regard to clarity, it is difficult for an individual to conceive of the meaning of risks on the order of 1 in 1,000,000 lifetime excess. With regard to scientific validity, the uncertainties of extrapolating risks at very low doses are evident in the wide variation in results produced depending on the statistical and pharmacokinetic assumptions made. An alternative approach is to fix benchmarks from which safety factors are chosen (Gaylor, 1983). For epidemiological data, we propose a benchmark of that exposure which would cause 1% cancer excess with 10 yr of exposure followed by 30 yr of further followup. These values have been chosen at this stage of development since they are close to observable values in many cancer epidemiology studies. In the first stage, excess cancer risk versus duration of exposure is plotted and the excess risk is estimated for a exposure duration of 10 yr. The next step involves a short linear extrapolation from the exposure levels linked with this excess risk to the exposure levels that would cause a 1% excess risk over a duration of 10 yr. We have established preliminary benchmarks from published data for benzene and radon daughter exposure. Permissable exposure levels might then be set by deciding on safety factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Spatially penalized regression for dependence analysis of rare events: A study in precipitation extremes

Discovery of dependence structure between precipitation extremes and other climate variables (covariates) within a smaller spatial and temporal neighborhood is an important step in better understanding the drivers of this complex phenomenon as well as short-term prediction of extremes occurrence. Apart from the inherent spatio-temporal variability of the dependence, it is further complicated by the availability of the covariates at different vertical levels. The above problem can be split into three different sub-problems. Firstly, a spatio-temporal neighborhood of influence has to be discovered, which can be different for different locations. Secondly, the dependence structure between the precipitation extremes and the covariates has to be discovered within this neighborhood and thirdly, it has to be investigated whether this dependence structure can be exploited for any predictive power. Climate scientists have already discovered some physics-based relations between some of the covariates (e.g. temperature, relative humidity, precipitable water etc.) and precipitation extremes. We are exploring data-dependent alternatives for these problems and any possibility of incorporating the physics-based relations into the resulting data model. In particular, we used elastic net-based sparse optimization technique which solves all three problems of neighborhood discovery, covariate dependence discovery and predictive modeling and at the same time maintains the interpretability of the resulting model. Preliminary results look promising and show potential for some interesting knowledge discovery. We are currently exploring non-linear correlations and the alternatives to combine the physics-based relationships into the data model.
Chicken skin composition as affected by aqueous washing

Broiler skin was washed in either 0.1M sodium chloride (pH 7.0) or 0.5% sodium bicarbonate buffer (pH 8.4) to reduce water-soluble proteins and fat. Washing increased moisture and total protein content (P<0.05) of skin. Ash content was lower (P<0.05) in skin washed in 0.5% sodium bicarbonate buffer compared to unwashed and 0.1M sodium chloride washed skin. Fat content decreased (P<0.05) following washing. Salt extractable proteins and collagen content remaining in skin increased following washing (P<0.05). Water-soluble proteins remaining in washed skin were lower (P<0.05). SDS-PAGE gel patterns for salt extractable proteins remaining in skin after washing revealed more intense bands in regions of myosin (200K daltons), M-proteins (165K daltons) and C-protein (135-140K daltons) and 31-45K daltons.
Stimulation of glucose-6-phosphatase by polyamines is a membrane-mediated event.

Abstract Discontinuities in Arrhenius plots occuring at 18° for both carbamyl-P:glucose phosphotransferase and glucose-6-P phosphohydrolase activities of D-glucose-6-P phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.9) are either eliminated (phosphotransferase) or shifted (phosphohydrolase) by 1 mM spermidine, spermide, or putrescine. Since the observed discontinuity is due to physical changes in the microsomal membrane at 18°, alteration or elimination of the discontinuity upon the addition of polyamine is interpreted to be a result of charge neutralization occurring from the interaction of the polycation with the negative charges on the membrane surface.
Characteristics of Muskellunge Spermatozoa II: Effects of Ions and Osmolality on Sperm Motility

Abstract We investigated the effects of potassium, sodium, glucose, and calcium concentrations, alone or in combinations, on sperm motility in muskellunge Esox masquinongy. Sperm motility was evaluated by the duration of sperm movement and the initial percentage of motile sperm. The osmolality of diluents rather than the specific ions or nonelectrolyte played a major role in the regulation of sperm motility in muskellunge. Sperm were fully activated (>80%) when the concentration was lower than 50 mM of KCl and NaCl, or 100 mM glucose (all in 30 mM tris–HCl at pH 8.0). A small percent of spermatozoa could be activated at 150 mM KCl and NaCl, or 300 mM glucose, which were hypertonic to the seminal plasma. The duration of sperm movement was up to 6–7 min at 12°C in a solution of 100 mM glucose or 50 mM NaCl. Spermatozoa had a prolonged duration of movement in potassium solutions, up to 120 min at 12°C in a solution of 100 mM KCl. The prolonged duration of movement might be caused by reactivation of sperm or ...
The search for professional identity

Neil Gilbert, Ph.D., is Professor, School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley. The author gratefully acknowledges Harry Specht for his helpful comments regarding the preparation of this article. The papers resulting from the meet( 1 ) the degree to which these state ing on conceptual frameworks for soments regarding mission, objectives, cial work practice may cause many and relevant knowledge set social work people to wonder whether the magnipractice apart from various activities tude of social work's identity crisis, that might otherwise appear similar; which the profession has endured aland (2) the degree of professional most since birth, is not its major claim consensus that is elicited by these state to distinction. Indeed, as one of the ments. meeting's participants, this author Statements about the purposes of sometimes had the impression that social work practice that are vague and what holds together all the activities abstract may satisfy the second cri pursued under the mantle of profesterion, for everyone may read into sional social work is the profession's them what they please. But statements continuing search for a distinctive, uniof this sort create unity through fuzzi fying, and ever-elusive identity. At the ness, strengthening the practitioner's meeting on conceptual frameworks, sense of moral rectitude yet doing this search was conducted with an inlittle to guide sound practice. Simi tellectual zest that lead those who were larly, the first criterion can easily be present down many paths. satisfied by a unique and vivid state Regardless of the point at which ment of purpose that is relevant to the search for social work's distinctive some circumscribed facet of practice identity begins, its pathways often lead and to which only a small segment of back to the central question of purthe profession would subscribe. How pose. What is social work about (that ever, such statements frequently ele other professions are not)? What does vate fads and fashions to the level of it seek to achieve (that other profesultimate truths, the result being that sions do not)? Purpose is the nucleus practice is guided into narrow paths, around which the varied activities The problem, then, is to delineate so constituting social work practice cocial work's purpose at a level of con alesce. Questions of social work's purceptualization that achieves the deli pose were the first items on the agenda cate balance required to serve both of the conceptual frameworks meetcriteria simultaneously. In this way, a ing, and they were continually reintrodefinition of purpose that has both duced as discussion moved on to issues scope and pertinence should be concerning sanction, knowledge, and achieved. At the meeting on concep method. It would seem that without tual frameworks, much effort was de a sense of common purpose to bond voted to trying to find that conceptual and guide professional activities, balance point, meaningful discourse on professional methods and knowledge is difficult to sustain. SOCIAL WORK'S MISSION
COBE versus cosmic strings. An analytical model

Abstract We construct a simple analytical model to study the effects of cosmic strings on the microwave background radiation. Our model is based on counting random multiple impulses inflicted on photon trajectories by the string network between the time of recombination and today. We construct the temperature auto-correlation function and use it to obtain the effective power spectrum index n, the RMS-quadrupole-normalized amplitude QRMS-PS and the RMS temperature variation smoothed on small angular scales. For the values of the scaling solution parameters obtained by Bennett and Bouchet [Phys. Rev. D 41 (1990) 2408] and Allen and Shellard [Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 (1990) 119] we obtain n=1.14±0.5, Q RMS-PS =(4.55±1.5)Gμ and ( ΔT T ) RMS =5.5Gμ . Demanding consistency of these results with the COBE data leads to Gμ = (1.7 ± 0.7) × 10−6 (where μ is the string mass per unit length), in good agreement with direct normalizations of μ from observations.
The relationship of form and meaning: A cross-sectional study of tense and aspect in the interlanguage of learners of English as a second language

The task of all language learners is to match form and meaning. This study investigates the associations of form and meaning in the developing tense and aspect systems of adult learners of English as a second language. A cross-sectional study of 135 learners at six levels of proficiency was conducted using a cloze passage and compositions on the same topic. The interlanguage tense and aspect systems can be characterized as showing high formal accuracy, but relatively lower appropriate use across all levels. During the period when appropriate use lags behind formal accuracy, learners seem to associate form and meaning through alternative interim hypotheses related to lexical aspect and discourse function.
Food consumption trends of US women: patterns and determinants between 1977 and 1985

We use nationally representative samples of US women aged 19-50 y to examine comparable food-group consumption data collected in 1977 and 1985. We examine changes in the proportion of women consuming each specifically defined food group as well as the quantities users consume and the determinants of consumption changes over time. The food groupings are traditional ones, such as red meat, poultry, and milk, which are further divided by fat and dietary fiber content. Women have made major changes in their diets. The grams consumed within most food groups have decreased and the diversity of their diet and the number of lower-fat foods consumed have increased. The percentage consuming several higher-fat foods, such as higher-fat cheeses, desserts, and mixed grain dishes, has also increased. This analysis identifies important demographic and socioeconomic factors, particularly the education level of these women, associated with changes in food consumption.
Effects of phenolic acids on ammonia oxidation by terrestrial autotrophic nitrifying microorganisms

Abstract It has been hypothesized that vegetation in certain ecosystems inhibits nitrification in soil by producing phenolic compounds that inhibit oxidation of ammonia by nitrifying microorganisms. This hypothesis is based largely on a report that very low concentrations (10 −6 M–10 −8 M) of several phenolic acids (notably ferulic acid) completely inhibited NO 2 − production in an aqueous suspension of soil treated with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and a nutrient solution suitable for growth of Nitrosomonas and other autotrophic nitrifying microorganisms. To evaluate this hypothesis, we determined the effects of three ohenolic acids (ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and p -coumaric on nitrite production by representatives of three genera of terrestrial autotrophic nitrifying microorganisms ( Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, or Nitrosolubos ) grown on a defined medium containing NH 4 + . We found that nitrite production by the Nitrososspira was not inhibited by ferulic acid, caffeic acid, or p -coumaric acid at concentrations of 10 −6 or 10 −5 M and was only slightly inhibited when these acids were at a concentration of 10 −4 M. We also found that ferulic acid did not markedly inhibit nitrite production by the three genera of nitrifying microorganisms studied, even when its concentration was as high as 10 −3 M. These observations invalidate the hypothesis tested because the phenolic acids studied did not significantly retard ammonia oxidation by autotrophic microorganisms even when their concentration in cultures of these microorganisms greatly exceeded their concentrations in soils.
Starting Well: Connecting Research With Practice in Preschool Learning

So much happens at the start of a life! And so much of what happens shapes the growing person. This is one of the main conclusions of research in early childhood, and it captures important truths a...
EIS Study of Corrosion Product Film in Pipelines

The properties of corrosion product film formed on carbon steel in CO2-containing saltwater under the full pipe flow are examined by A. C. impedance methods. The effect of liquid velocity on the corrosion product film is discussed in this work. It is found that, for each velocity, there is a potential above which a diffusion process occurs on the electrode, and the Warburg impedance coefficient increases with increasing potential. It is suggested that the corrosion product film formed on the surface of the steel is porous, and the diffusion process occurs through the pores of the film. By calculation of the Warburg impedance coefficient (or), the critical potential (Ef) for the formation of the corrosion film is estimated. It is observed that, below the velocity of 1.25m/s, Ef decreases with increasing flow velocity. On the contrary, at velocities above 1.25m/s, Ef increases with increasing flow velocity. It is considered that, at low velocities, the iron dissolution increases with increasing velocity, so high iron dissolution leads to high possibility for formation of corrosion product film. However, at very high velocity, i. e. above 1.25rn/s, because the shear stress at the surface of the pipeline becomes much high, the iron ions from corrosion are removed away from the metal surface, thus forming a film at the metal surface becomes difficult.
Pediatric Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia Syndrome Associated With Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Encephalitis

Abstract Background The full clinical spectrum of anti- N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis is unknown in the pediatric population. Patient We describe a previously healthy 4-year-old girl presenting with opsoclonus-myoclonus together with ataxia who had NR1-specific, anti- N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in the cerebral spinal fluid. Conclusion The presence of NR1-specific, anti- N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in the setting of opsoclonus-myoclonus and ataxia syndrome may represent an expansion of the clinical presentations of anti- N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis.
Low-dose enteral feeding is beneficial during total parenteral nutrition

Background Enteral support is the preferred feeding route for stressed patients due in part to the provision of gut-specific fuels. In those patients who must be maintained parenterally, small amounts of enteral stimulation might blunt gut atrophy and lead to improvement in host defense mechanisms decreasing macromolecular and/or bacterial translocation (BT). Methods Forty-eight rats were infused with TPN for 9 days, and were randomized to receive 0%, 6%, 12%, or 25% of their calories as partial enteral nutrition (PEN) in an isocaloric, isonitrogenous fashion. Twenty-four hours before harvest animals were gavaged with lactulose and urinary excretion quantified. At harvest, mesenteric lymph nodes were cultured to assess BT and intestinal histology determined. Results Provision of as little as 25% of total calories PEN improved nitrogen balance and reduced BT, in a dose dependent fashion. It did not alter TPN-associated increased macromolecular lactulose permeability (4.4% ± 1.0%). Conclusion Concurrent small amounts of PEN, aimed to support the gut's metabolic needs, are beneficial during periods of prolonged TPN.
A link between double-strand break-related repair and V(D)J recombination: the scid mutation.

Abstract We show here that mammalian site-specific recombination and DNA-repair pathways share a common factor. The effects of DNA-damaging agents on cell lines derived from mice homozygous for the scid (severe combined immune deficiency) mutation were studied. Surprisingly, all scid cell lines exhibited a profound hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents that caused double-strand breaks (x-irradiation and bleomycin) but not to other chemicals that caused single-strand breaks or cross-links. Neutral filter elution assays demonstrated that the x-irradiation hypersensitivity could be correlated with a deficiency in repairing double-strand breaks. These data suggest that the scid gene product is involved in two pathways: DNA repair of random double-strand breaks and the site-specific and lymphoid-restricted variable-(diversity)-joining [V(D)J] DNA rearrangement process. We propose that the scid gene product performs a similar function in both pathways and may be a ubiquitous protein.
Practical Problems in Astrosociology

Astrosociology is a newly-identified subfield that has historical roots going back half a century. The new tag also encompasses a variety of phenomena, ranging from the micro to the macro, from the social interactions of small human groups operating in the extreme environment of space, to the operations and activities of mission control/mission support teams on Earth, to the organizational challenges of multinational and transnational space projects, to the politicaleconomic issues of multiyear funding continuity, and strategic partnerships between government agencies and private enterprises, to the relationship of the space community to the larger society of which it is a subset. Crew Interactions The aspect of astrosociology that perhaps most often comes to mind is that of crew interaction, both among crewmembers, and between the crew and Mission Control. The human-human interface is one of several aspects of what is grouped together as “human factors,” others being the human-technology interface and the human-environment interface. The latter two have historically received more attention in human spaceflight as being the more immediate and relevant concerns, given that in this venue humans are operating technology in a hostile environment. However, the social interaction of spaceflight has been given short shrift for the nearly half-century of human spaceflight. The attitude of Robert Zubrin, who holds a PhD in astronautical engineering, is not atypical of the aerospace community. His 1996 book, The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Plan and Why We Must, has become the manifesto of the Mars Society, which he founded in 1998. He introduces the subject of human factors with the following paragraph: One of the more bizarre dragons that mar the charts of Mars navigators goes by the name of “The Human Factors Problem.” Some people assert that the psychological problems associated with a round-trip piloted Mars mission are unique and probably a show stopper. Either very fast ships that reduce the roundtrip to weeks, or else very large and luxurious ships that can accommodate large crews with ample social and physical space, must be used for the mission, they claim. Unless such concessions to the modern American suburban life-style are provided, they declare, the crew will surely “go crazy.” Unfortunately, since neither the ultra-fast space-warper nor the Club Med interplanetary cruise ship options are feasible, these concerned parties recommend that any Mars mission be postponed until substantial sums have been spent in areas of “psychological
Liquidity Costs, Return Smoothing, and Investor Flows: Evidence from a Separate Account Platform

Using a new dataset of hedge fund returns from separate accounts on the Lyxor platform, we examine the costs and advantages of the greater liquidity of the Lyxor platform verses those of the associated main hedge funds. Lyxor accounts are traded pari passu with the main fund but provide superior liquidity, third-party reporting, and low funding requirements. Overall, the greater liquidity of the separate account platform reduces the performance of Lyxor accounts by 2.2% annually relative to the associated main hedge fund. The fact that returns are calculated by a third party allows us to estimate the manager discretion (i.e, main-fund specific) portion of hedge fund return smoothing. We estimate that 24% of reported main hedge fund autocorrelation is due to manager discretion in return reporting. We also find strong evidence that investors on the Lyxor platform utilize the ease of liquidation and investment on the platform to chase monthly performance, while no such effect is present in the main funds.
The Exodus and History

The Exodus, however we define it, cannot be called “historical.” So diffuse is the evidence, the biblical narrative cannot be adequately tested by the historical method. This paper compares and contrasts another mythic tale of improbable, miraculous salvation: the “Angel(s) of Mons” from World War I, where abundant information enables us precisely to sift truth from fiction and set both in historical context. For the Exodus, we must simply resign ourselves to ignorance.
CO2 Reduction and Coal-Based Electricity Generation

The provision of electric power is one of the prerequisites of prosperity; there is strong correlation between electric power-generating capacity and per capita gross domestic product (GDP)[1]. Across the world, economic indicators signal that there will be continued growth and increased electricity demand; also, at least 3.6 billion people lack adequate access to electricity and 1.6 billion have no electricity at all.
Joint inference of tissue-specific networks with a scale free topology

High-throughput experimental techniques have produced an enormous number of gene expression profiles for various tissues of the human body. Tissue-specificity is a key component in reflecting the potentially different roles of proteins in diverse cell lineages. One way of understanding the tissue specificity is by reconstructing the tissue-specific co-expression networks (CENs) to analyze the correlation between genes. A few methods have been developed for estimating CENs, but it still remains challenging in terms of both accuracy and efficiency. In this paper we propose a new method, JointNet, for predicting tissue-specific co-expression networks. JointNet is exploiting the observation that, functionally related tissues have similar expression patterns and thus, similar networks. It uses different node penalties for hubs and non-hub nodes to accurately estimate the scale-free networks. Our experimental results show that the resulting tissue-specific CENs are accurate and that our method outperforms the current state of the art.
Parathyroid hormone is associated with incident diabetes in white, but not black adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Abstract Objective Accumulating evidence has linked elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) with insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction and dysglycaemia, however, its role in the development of diabetes is largely unclear, particularly among non-whites. We sought to examine the association of PTH with the incidence of diabetes. Methods We studied 8066 white and 2034 black adults aged 46–70 years at baseline (1990–92) from the ARIC Study with follow-up for incident diabetes ascertained during study visits conducted in 1993–95 and 1996–98. Hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% CIs for diabetes adjusted for demographics, lifestyle, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were estimated according to PTH measured at baseline. Results PTH was higher among blacks than whites (median [IQR], 43.8 [35.0–55.8] vs. 37.9 [30.4–47.3] pg/mL; P P -interaction 0.02). PTH was not associated with risk for diabetes among black adults. Among whites, HRs according to quintiles of PTH were 1 (referent), 0.95 (0.71, 1.29), 0.95 (0.70, 1.28), 1.12 (0.84, 1.51), and 1.31 (0.98, 1.76) ( P -trend 0.03). When a clinical cut-point for PTH was applied (≥65pg/mL; 5.7% of whites), the HR for diabetes among whites was 1.38 (1.01, 1.88). Results were similar when restricted to participants with normal baseline kidney function. Conclusion In this large, population-based study, elevated PTH was independently associated with risk for diabetes among white, but not black adults. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms that may underlie this differential association of PTH with diabetes across race groups.
When Sex Doesn't Sell - Political Scandals, Culture, and Media Coverage in the States

The determinants of media coverage of political scandals are examined through a content analysis of AP Wire stories in ten states from 1998 to 2005. Tests of the conventional explanations of the amount of media coverage demonstrate that political culture, institutional factors, and the prominence of the officials involved matter, but find only mixed evidence that scandal severity is an important factor. Contrary to assumptions, sexual scandals do not generate more media coverage than other types of exposes.
Two Scaffolds from Two Flips: (α,β)/(β,γ) CH2/NH "Met-Im" Analogues of dTTP.

Novel α,β-CH2 and β,γ-NH (1a) or α,β-NH and β,γ-CH2 (1b) “Met-Im” dTTPs were synthesized via monodemethylation of triethyl-dimethyl phosphorimido-bisphosphonate synthons (4a, 4b), formed via a base-induced [1,3]-rearrangement of precursors (3a, 3b) in a reaction with dimethyl or diethyl phosphochloridate. Anomerization during final bromotrimethylsilane (BTMS) deprotection after Mitsunobu conjugation with dT was avoided by microwave conditions. 1a was 9-fold more potent in inhibiting DNA polymerase β, attributed to an NH-group interaction with R183 in the active site.
Optimal Operation Model for Wind Power-Pumped Storage Power Station and Case Study for Hebei South Power Grid

As to the combined operation mode with grid-connected wind power and energy storage station,three feasible operation schemes for wind power-pumped storage system are proposed to get coordinated control strategy.The scheme I is that all of wind power is transmitted to power grid through pumped storage plants.Scheme II is that small part of wind power is directly transmitted to power grid,while the rest is transmitted to power grid through pumped storage plants.Scheme III is that a large part of wind power is directly transmitted to power grid,the rest is transmitted to power grid through pumped storage plants.From the analysis on operating curve of different classical dates for a wind turbine,it is shown that different operating modes have different influence on coordinated operation control strategies of pumped storage power plant,the effect of pumped storage power station depends on its scale,and the basic principle of coordinated control for combined operating system is given.
ADVANCES IN RESEARCH ON FUNCTION OF THE WRKY GENE FAMILY IN RICE

WRKY proteins are a large super family of transcriptional regulators and exist mainly in plant,containing one or two conserved WRKY domains,about 60 amino acid residues with the WRKYGQ(K/E)K sequence at its N-terminal end,followed by a C2H2 or C2HC zinc finger motif.The rice WRKY genes are divided into three groups based on the diversity of the basic structure of the WRKY domains and play significant roles in development of rice and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses by regulating hormone-mediated signal pathway.
Intraocular Teratoid Medulloepithelioma Presenting With a Completely Rhabdomyosarcomatous Distant Metastasis

Importance Medulloepithelioma is the second most common primary neuroepithelial tumor of the eye. The full range of its morphologic expressions and appearances in metastases have not been fully explored. Observations A patient in her 50s with glaucoma for decades had undergone multiple filtering surgical procedures, including the placement of a glaucoma drainage device. A paraspinal mass was discovered, and tumor and bone marrow biopsies disclosed rhabdomyosarcoma. This led to the discovery of a multicystic intraocular tumor. A metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma to the eye was considered unlikely because, to our knowledge, this event had never been reported. An enucleation was performed, and an intraocular tumor composed almost entirely of rhabdomyoblasts (desmin- and myogenin-positive) was discovered along with rare clusters of persistent neuroepithelial cells. Conclusions and Relevance To our knowledge, this is the first case of a medulloepithelioma in which teratoid rhabdomyoblasts effaced all but trace amounts of neuroepithelium and generated a distant metastasis entirely composed of rhabdomyoblasts. The prolonged history and filtering procedures probably led to these 2 phenomena.
The issue of comorbidity in the treatment of panic.

Both depression and panic disorder are found commonly in community surveys and it is not unexpected that there should be a co-occurrence of these disorders in some patients. However, recent data suggest that there is a greater clustering of depression among panic disorder patients and panic disorder among depressed patients than one might expect by chance alone. For example, further analysis of data from the National Comorbidity Survey indicates that there is a history of major depression in 55.6% of subjects with lifetime panic disorder and that 21.6% of depressed patients experience a panic attack at some time in their lives. The high incidence of comorbidity of panic and major depressive disorders emphasizes the value of pharmacotherapy with a broad-spectrum agent that can treat the symptoms of comorbid psychiatric disorders effectively. Of the therapeutic options available, there is mounting evidence that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) represent reasonable monotherapy for patients with comorbid depression and panic disorder, based on the equivalent efficacy and improved side-effect profiles compared with other classes of antidepressant. The clinical relevance of differences in the pharmacokinetic and clinical profiles of SSRIs have been discussed in the context of treatment strategies for the patient with comorbid depression and panic disorder.
Photoacoustic effects of femtosecond optical breakdown in biological tissue and water

Photodisruption with high-power near-infrared laser pulses has become a well-established tool for intraocular microsurgery since the 1970's. Surgical effects of these lasers are based on optical breakdown at the focus of the laser beam due to the high-intensity electric field. The plasma initially expands with hypersonic velocity due to its high pressure and temperature. A shock wave is emitted when the plasma expansion decreases to subsonic velocity. Further expansion of the plasma results in the creation of a cavitation bubble. There are indications that the primary surgical effect is tissue evaporation by the laser plasma, while shock waves and cavitation bubbles may cause collateral tissue damage or undesirable surgical effects.1,2 Previous results with picosecond laser pulses indicate that the size of the photoacoustic side effects can be decreased by using shorter pulses for intraocular surgery.2 To assess the potential of a femtosecond intraocular surgical laser in comparison to the techniques presently used, we have investigated the shock-wave emission and cavitation-bubble formation after femtosecond optical breakdown in corneal tissue and water with time-resolved flash photography.
Popular Response to Brown

The following documents provide a national cross-section of editorial opinion in response to the 1954 Brown decision. While clearly reflecting the views of the individual editors and editorial boards that crafted them, these editorials necessarily sought in part to represent the moods and reactions of their constituencies. It is useful to consider these documents as rhetorical efforts aimed at communicating general understandings within specific communities: cultural and journalistic communities on one hand and national, regional, and local communities on the other. In this case, editorial authority derived in part from how well these writers both responded to and represented the prevailing climate of opinion.
Secret wisdom Spiritual intelligence in adolescents

Current models of spiritual development suggest that adolescents have limited capacity for spirituality and spiritual experiences. Adolescents are seen to have immature moral and ethical judgment a...
Future directions for research on sleep durations in pediatric populations.

IN THIS ISSUE OF SLEEP, OLDS AND COLLEAGUES1 PROVIDE VALUABLE DATA REGARDING SELF-REPORTED SLEEP DURATION IN CROSS-SECTIONS OF Australian children between ages 10 and 18 years. The authors demonstrate the steady decline in sleep duration with age and document differences in sleep duration by day of the week, season, region, and sex. This study adds to the growing body of literature documenting patterns of self-reported sleep duration across populations, as well as changes with age during childhood.2,3 Studies such as these are useful to track changes in sleep duration within populations over time, to identify inter-group differences in sleep duration, and to generate hypotheses about ideal sleep durations and influences on sleep duration. These types of studies provide support for the impression that sleep duration within some pediatric populations is declining,2 and therefore provide an impetus for public health interventions that target improving sleep. These types of studies also, however, highlight a number of important gaps in our current knowledge that frame a research agenda in the coming years.
Bladder cancer: Assessing the conundrum of microscopic haematuria.

The compliance of physicians to current guidelines for asymptomatic microhaematuria is limited and the evidence supporting asymptomatic microhaematuria as an effective screening tool for the early detection of bladder cancer is weak. Medical or surgical treatment is indicated in 13–35% of patients with asymptomatic microhaematuria, albeit mostly for benign conditions, which are more commonly the cause. The high prevalence of asymptomatic microhaematuria in the general population means that this condition poses a considerable challenge to the health-care system.
Fuzzy Logic versus Classical Logic

We discuss a fuzzy result by displaying an example that shows how a classical argument fails to work when one passes from classical logic to fuzzy logic. Precisely, we present an example to show that, in the fuzzy context, the fact that the supremum is naturally used in lieu of the union can alter an argument that may work in the classical context.
Studying Situation Awareness on a Shoestring Budget: An Example of an Inexpensive Simulation Environment for Theoretical Research

Current situation awareness (SA) experiments typically involve large-scale field studies or simulations with industry experts servings as participants. In addition, however, smaller scale approache...