cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of sooty mangabey simian T-cell leukemia virus type I [STLV-I(sm)] and characterization of a mangabey T-cell line coinfected with STLV-I(sm) and simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsmmPBj14.

Abstract It has been postulated that dual infections of humans with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus (HTLV) may potentiate disease progression. Counterparts of both of these pathogenic human retroviruses have been identified in various simian species indigenous to Asia and Africa, including sooty mangabey monkeys ( Cercocebus atys ). Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a mangabey naturally infected with both SIV and STLV-I, T-cell lines were established and maintained continuously for more than 3 years; these cell lines harbored only a newly identified mangabey STLV-I(sm) or both STLV-I(sm) and the acutely lethal variant SIVsmmPBj14. The dually infected cell line (FEd-P14) was established by de novo infection of mangabey PBMC with SIVsmmPBj14. This cell line was characterized by multiple assays which showed that structural proteins encoded by both viruses were produced in large quantities, but that the predominant viral glycoprotein on the cell surface was the STLV-I(sm) Env. Unusual interactions of the two retroviral glycoproteins were suggested by the formation of syncytia between Raji and the FEd-P14 cells, but not between Raji and simian cells infected with only one retrovirus or human cells infected with HTLV-I. The STLV-I(sm) strain obtained from the sooty mangabey was transmitted to normal macaque and mangabey PBMC and was shown to be unique by sequencing of the entire env gene. STLV-I(sm) from this African species was more closely related to “cosmopolitan” HTLV-I strains than to the prototypic STLV-I from an Asian pig-tailed macaque. In vitro and in vivo studies of STLV-I(sm) and SIVsmm, both isolated from a naturally infected mangabey monkey, may provide insight into disease induction and manifestations associated with coinfection by their human counterparts.
Phosphoinositide signaling in human brain

The phosphoinositide signal transduction system constitutes one of the primary means for intercellular communication in the central nervous system, but only recently has this system been studied in human brain. Although some investigations have studied phosphoinositide signaling in slices from biopsied human brain, due to the limited access to such material a greater number of studies have utilized membranes prepared from postmortem human brain. With membranes exposed to exogenous labeled phosphoinositides, activation of phospholipase C with calcium, with G-proteins stimulated by GTP gamma S or NaF, or with several receptor agonists, have demonstrated that all of the components of the phosphoinositide system are retained in human brain membranes and are responsive to appropriate stimuli. Investigators have begun to examine the effects of neurological (Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease) and psychiatric (schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar affective disorder) diseases on the activity of the phosphoinositide system. Alzheimer's disease has been studied to the greatest extent and a severe deficit in phosphoinositide signaling has been identified in most studies. In addition, brain regionally selective deficits in G-protein function associated with phosphoinositide signaling have been reported in subjects with major depression or with bipolar affective disorder, and in the latter an ameliorative effect of the therapeutic drug lithium was identified. Although significant progress has been achieved in studying the phosphoinositide system in human brain, many issues remaining to be addressed are discussed in this review. With carefully controlled studies, it appears that much will be learned in the near future about the phosphoinositide signal transduction system in human brain and the effects of a variety of disorders on its function.
Acculturation and Latino Adolescent Mental Health: Integration of Individual, Environmental, and Family Influences

In order to address the mental health disparities that exist for Latino adolescents in the United States, psychologists must understand specific factors that contribute to the high risk of mental health problems in Latino youth. Given the significant percentage of Latino youth who are immigrants or the children of immigrants, acculturation is a key factor in understanding mental health among this population. However, limitations in the conceptualization and measurement of acculturation have led to conflicting findings in the literature. Thus, the goal of the current review is to examine and critique research linking acculturation and mental health outcomes for Latino youth, as well as to integrate individual, environmental, and family influences of this relationship. An integrated theoretical model is presented and implications for clinical practice and future directions are discussed.
Radioligand, agonists and membrane receptors on intact cells: data analysis in a bind

Abstract Radioligand binding experiments are being used to probe a variety of receptor types. Although most such experiments have been conducted with membrane preparations, many investigators are now using radioligand binding techniques to study the interaction of agonists with receptors on intact cells. Often these experiments have been analysed using techniques developed for studies of antagonist binding to membrane fragments. Harvey Motulsky , Lawrence Mahan and Paul Insel wish to point out several flaws in such analyses.
TH-C-204C-01: A Physicist Perspective of the Use of MRI and Spectroscopy for In-Vivo Verification of Photon and Proton Beam Therapy

The accuracy of radiationdelivery has improved significantly with every technological leap. The improved treatment accuracy has lead to highly conformal dose distributions with subsequent reduction in normal tissue exposure and improved therapeutic ratio. However shrinking PTV margins based on the perceived accuracy of the treatment may lead to geographic misses and subsequent marginal recurrences. For these reasons in‐vivo verification of the delivereddose in patients receiving either X‐ray or proton therapy is of critical importance. Post‐treatment in‐vivo verification may be useful to assess if the treatment has been correctly given. The therapeuticradiation may produce changes within organs that may be used to verify that the target has been adequately treated with the appropriate visualized imaging modality. Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) have the potential of measuring X‐ray and protonradiation induced changes to tumors in the liver brain bone marrow prostate and other sites. In the case of bone marrow studies show marrow changes leading to bright signal intensity within vertebral marrow on T1‐weighted (short T1 inversion recovery STIR) and out‐of‐phase images. The bright marrow signal is thought to represent fatty infiltration after radiation therapy. Histology of radiation effect: two distinct phases of radiation‐induced changes in the bone marrow were observed: 1) acute and 2) chronic. In acute phase radiation caused edema vascular congestion and capillary injury to the fine structure. In addition dilatation of the sinusoids and hemorrhage in the irradiated bone marrow could be detected as early as 1–3 days after irradiation. In the chronic phase hematopoietic cells and blood vessels were depleted and replaced by yellow fat cells. Signal intensity (SI) changes in MR: fatty replacement of irradiated bone marrow was shown to be responsible for SI increase in the Tl‐weighted image due to the shortened T1 relaxation time of the increased fatty content. Hematopoietic elements of the bone marrow are extremely radiosensitive resulting in myeloid depletion if a large volume of marrow is irradiated. Recovery is dose‐dependent and usually occurs with doses bellow 30Gy. Above 50Gy the effects are irreversible. Within days of irradiation there is a transient increase in SI on STIR MRimages due to acute marrow edema necrosis and hemorrhage. After this initial period there is fatty replacement with a consequent increase in signal intensity on T1‐weighted images. In this lecture we will review the physics of MRI and spectroscopy with emphasis on understanding how radiation effects may induce i) local and ii) organ‐wide spin changes visible on an MR. Learning Objectives: 1. Review and discuss MRI and spectroscopy and its benefits to radiationoncology. 2. Present clinical cases where MRI and spectroscopy has been used to visualize and quantify post‐radiation therapy dose distributions. 3. Demonstrate the utility of post‐treatment MRI and spectroscopy
The neglected constituent of the basal forebrain corticopetal projection system: GABAergic projections

At least half of the basal forebrain neurons which project to the cortex are GABAergic. Whilst hypotheses about the attentional functions mediated by the cholinergic component of this corticopetal projection system have been substantiated in recent years, knowledge about the functional contributions of its GABAergic branch has remained extremely scarce. The possibility that basal forebrain GABAergic neurons that project to the cortex are selectively contacted by corticofugal projections suggests that the functions of the GABAergic branch can be conceptualized in terms of mediating executive aspects of cognitive performance, including the switching between multiple input sources and response rules. Such speculations gain preliminary support from the effects of excitotoxic lesions that preferentially, but not selectively, target the noncholinergic component of the basal forebrain corticopetal system, on performance in tasks involving demands on cognitive flexibility. Progress in understanding the cognitive functions of the basal forebrain system depends on evidence regarding its main noncholinergic components, and the generation of such evidence is contingent on the development of methods to manipulate and monitor selectively the activity of the GABAergic corticopetal projections.
“The Whole Operation of Deception”: Reconstructing President Bush’s Rhetoric of Weapons of Mass Destruction:

Based on analyses of seven pre-war intelligence documents, we demonstrate that estimates of Iraq’s alleged weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs were laced with ambiguities and contradictions. Yet President Bush turned this contested intelligence into a heroic rhetoric of certainty, hence dragging the U.S. into war on the basis of lies. Based on a comprehensive critique of their post-9/11 speeches and testimonies, we offer a four-step rhetorical schema for analyzing how President Bush and Secretary of State Colin Powell constructed these lies. We thus offer readers both a critique of Bush administration deceptions and the critical rhetorical tools necessary to recognize and decode future governmental deception. Then, focusing on the post-war revelations offered by Joseph Wilson, which in turn prompted a vicious administration attack on Wilson and his wife, Valerie Plame, we analyze the labyrinthine cover-up the Bush administration has used to conceal its lies about Iraqi WMD.
Serving God and the Empire: Mary Slessor in South-Eastern Nigeria, 1876-1915

L'A. propose une analyse des lettres et journaux personnels de Mary Slessor, missionnaire de l'Eglise presbyterienne d'Ecosse entre 1876 et 1915 au Nigeria, en meme temps que des recits de missionnaires et de fonctionnaires qui l'ont observee dans ses activites. Il montre qu'elle combinait ses services avec ses efforts pour convertir les paiens a Dieu. Sa principale contribution a l'expansion du christianisme dans le sud-est du Nigeria a ete d'ouvrir des zones non-explorees a des evangelisateurs qui viendront apres elle et trouveront une ecoute preparee par sa presence.
Wondergenes: Genetic enhancement and the future of society

In his speech awarding the 1927 Prize in Literature to Henri Bergson, Nobel Committee President Per Hallstrom, referring to Bergson's Creative Evolution, asked: “What is the essence of the irresist...
Offer heterogeneity in the standard search model: Implications for the duration of unemployment and reemployment wages

Abstract The standard search model implies that both the hazard and reemployment wages should be unrelated to unemployment spell length. However, existing studies have found that the hazard from unemployment and reemployment wages decline with unemployment spell length. This paper uses heterogeneity in the offer arrival process to derive predictions that are consistent with the empirical evidence. A characterization of the rates of change of the hazard and the expected reemployment wage over time in terms of variances and covariances is obtained. A non-parametric test based on a model of two types is constructed and implemented on US data.
Daylighting with windows, skylights, and clerestories

Abstract This paper examines the impact of several fenestration options on building space heating, cooling, and lighting loads. The use of skylights, windows, and clerestories is evaluated for a single floor commercial building, using the NBSLD-2 building energy analysis computer program, which possesses a fully integrated daylight model (DALITE). The evaluation focuses on: 1. (a) the impact of daylighting on heating and cooling energy and equipment sizing; 2. (b) the potential reduction in electric lighting energy requirements through daylight utilization; 3. (c) the relative daylighting and thermal performance of skylights, clerestories, and windows; and 4. (d) the effect of building orientation on fenestration optimization and selection. The NBSLD-2 computer procedure performs a dynamic simulation of hour-by-hour building thermal performance and energy requirements for a one-year period. The thermal and daylighting characteristics of each fenestration aperture are modeled to enable evaluation of the trade-offs associated with the use of each fenestration type. The results are correlated in the form of design guidelines to enable the preliminary design decisions to be made regarding fenestration location, type, configuration, and size. The energy calculations are presented as functions of fenestration characteristics, so that the potential energy advantages can be estimated for different fenestration designs.
Radial temperature distribution in isotachophoresis columns of circular cross-section

Abstract An analysis of the unsteady-state heat-conduction problem in isotachophoretic columns of circular cross-section is given, based on a linear variation of electrica conductivity with temperature and taking into account the effects of a finite wall thickness. It is seen that previous analyses, based on constant electrical conductivity, tend to underpredict actual temperature distributions considerably. The use of thick-walled columns is seen to be advantageous both from the viewpoint of higher resolution and of increased production.
Skimboarding: a new cause of water sport spinal cord injury.

Case series. To present three cases of spinal cord injuries associated with skimboarding and to suggest aspects of the sport that may be associated with spinal cord injury. Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA, USA. Spinal cord injury rehabilitation facility. Three males, aged 17–23 years, sustained cervical spine fractures resulting in tetraplegia after skimboarding accidents. The patients admitted from Florida hospitals presented with tetraplegia resulting from both incomplete and complete spinal cord injuries. The ASIA Impairment Scale (AIS) neurologic levels ranged from C3 to C5. All were injured by being thrown from the skimboard riding into the waves in shallow water. All patients required surgical stabilization and inpatient rehabilitation. Previous studies on skimboarding have demonstrated the risk of extremity fractures and soft tissue injuries. Spinal cord injury should be considered an additional risk associated with skimboarding, particularly as the sport has grown in popularity and become more ‘extreme’ in the maneuvers performed. Increased education and awareness about the potential risk of spinal cord injury are essential.
Effect of antennular and antennal ablation on pairing behavior of snapping shrimp Alpheus edwardsii (Audouin)

The snapping shrimp Alpheus edwardsii (Audouin) is common in the intertidal zone with ≈86% of individuals found in heterosexual pairs. Either pairing or agonistic behaviors occurs when the antennules and/or antennae of the shrimps come into contact with one another. A comparative pairing experiment using seven experimental groups was conducted to investigate the effect of antennular and antennal ablation on pairing behavior. The frequency of pairing was lowest (3.3 %) when both the antennular and antennal flagella were removed. The pairing frequency was 8.3% when only the antennular flagella were removed. In addition, the frequencies with which two shrimps of the same sex and three or more individuals occupied a tube were higher than in the control. However, the pairing frequency was 41.7% when only antennal flagella were ablated. The results indicate that the pair formation of shrimps whose antennules have been ablated is highly impeded and the antennular flagellum may play a key role in the pairing of A. edwardsii.
Warning Reliability and Driver Performance in Naturalistic Driving

OBJECTIVE: This study examines how naturalistic driving performance is influenced by the perceived reliability of an in-vehicle warning system using a unique measure of perceived reliability. BACKGROUND: Prior studies of warning reliability conducted in simulator and test-track experiments demonstrate that the objective reliability of a warning can influence a driver's responsiveness to that warning. METHODS: Driver responses to lateral drift warnings (LDWs) were examined to determine if the latency to initiate a corrective steering response was related to the subjective reliability of prior system performance. An operational definition of subjective reliability was developed based on measures of the proportion of LDWs responded to by a steering correction in the preceding 24-hr period - the day proportion. Age, gender, weather condition, light level, road class, weekday status, and day proportion were used to model correction latency in a linear model. RESULTS: A main effect of day proportion was found, suggesting that reaction time to respond decreases by about 375 ms as the day proportion increases from 0 to 1. CONCLUSION: The study illustrates a method of quantifying subjective reliability and performance using naturalistic data. The results suggest that latency to make a steering correction is inversely related to the perceived reliability of the warning system in the 24 hr preceding the warning. APPLICATION: The results have direct application to the method of assessing the efficacy of in-vehicle collision warning systems, suggesting that use of a perceived reliability measure may better predict a driver's disposition to respond to a warning. Language: en
Overwhelmed and Immobilized: Raising the Consciousness of Privileged Young Adults about World Hunger and Poverty

In this study, I compared the shifts in worldview of affluent young adults participating in a course on social justice issues to a control group of similar young adults. In this course, participating students learned about the size, scope, causes, and impact of world hunger and global poverty. However, an analysis of pre- and postsurvey data revealed that the young adults participating in the social justice course experienced a decline over the course of the semester in their support for humanitarian aid in comparison to the control group. Interviews with these young adults, and analyses of their student work, revealed that the manner in which they learned about world hunger and poverty led them to become overwhelmed by the size and scope of these global problems and convinced of their intractability.
Effects of Fowler Nordheim tunneling stress vs. Channel Hot Electron stress on data retention characteristics of floating gate non-volatile memories

Data Retention continues to be a reliability concern for flash memories, especially given the challenge of characterizing the lifetime for stress induced mechanisms like Low Temperature Data Retention (LTDR) that can not be accelerated using conventional means. There have been numerous reports on this mechanism, which have for the most part attributed the leakage to the stress from Fowler Nordheim Tunneling (FNT). In this report we apply E-field acceleration methods to large memory arrays to compare the anomalous leakage rate following FNT to that produced by Channel Hot Electron (CHE) stress. We show that the oxide leakage following CHE stress exhibits characteristics similar to that from FNT stress although at a reduced rate. The leakage from CHE stress should be included with other considerations related to LTDR when scaling floating gate NVM technologies.
Producing evidence of a miracle: exemplars of therapy conversation with a survivor of torture.

This article illustrates the termination sessions of a therapy case with a survivor of torture, displaced to the United States after facing targeted persecution in his home country. Using methods of qualitative research in the naturalistic paradigm, I examine the case of the client's torture rehabilitation experience through his descriptions and evaluation of the therapy process. Excerpts from the dialogue of the final 2 sessions, during which we discussed the client's past and future through the miracle question, are highlighted in this article. A case is made for further multimodal qualitative analyses of therapy conversation with this population. Language: en
Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment

■ Abstract The recent proliferation of scholarship on collective action frames and framing processes in relation to social movements indicates that framing processes have come to be regarded, alongside resource mobilization and political opportunity processes, as a central dynamic in understanding the character and course of social movements. This review examines the analytic utility of the framing literature for un- derstanding social movement dynamics. We first review how collective action frames have been conceptualized, including their characteristic and variable features. We then examine the literature related to framing dynamics and processes. Next we review the literature regarding various contextual factors that constrain and facilitate framing processes. We conclude with an elaboration of the consequences of framing processes for other movement processes and outcomes. We seek throughout to provide clarifi- cation of the linkages between framing concepts/processes and other conceptual and theoretical formulations relevant to social movements, such as schemas and ideology.
Biotic attrition from tropical forests correcting for truncated temperature niches

Species migration in response to warming temperatures is expected to lead to ‘biotic attrition,’ or loss of local diversity, in areas where the number of species emigrating or going locally extinct exceeds the number immigrating. Biotic attrition is predicted be especially severe in the low-lying hot tropics since elevated temperatures may surpass the observed tolerances of most extant species. It is possible, however, that the estimated temperature niches of many species are inaccurate and truncated with respect to their true tolerances due to the absence of hotter areas under current global climate. If so, these species will be capable of persisting in some areas where future temperatures exceed current temperatures, reducing rates of biotic attrition. Here, we use natural history collections data to estimate the realized thermal niches of 42000 plant species from the tropical forests of South America. In accord with the truncation hypothesis, we find that the thermal niches of species from hot lowland areas are several degrees narrower than the thermal niches of species from cooler areas. We estimate rates of biotic attrition for South American tropical forests due to temperature increases ranging from 1 to 51C, and under two niche assumptions. The first is that the observed thermal niches truly reflect the plant’s tolerances and that the reduction in niche breadth is due to increased specialization. The second is that lowland species have the same mean thermal niche breadth as nonlowland and nonequatorial species. The differences between these two models are dramatic. For example, using observed thermal niches we predict an almost complete loss of plant diversity in most South American tropical forests due to a 51C temperature increase, but correcting for possible niche truncation we estimate that most forests will retain 450–70% of their current species richness. The different predictions highlight the importance of using fundamental vs. realized niches in predicting the responses of species to global climate change.
Collaborative jamming and collaborative defense in Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is one of the prominent communication technologies that is touted to drive the next generations of digital communications. In this paper, we address the vulnerabilities in such networks and analyze a common form of the Denial-of-Service attack, i.e., collaborative jamming. In particular, we model and analyze the channel availability when different jamming and defending schemes are employed by the attackers and legitimate users. Cooperative defense strategy is proposed to exploit the temporal and spatial diversity for the legitimate secondary users. Illustrative results show how to improve the resiliency in CRN against jamming attacks.
Rapid Relief of Thalamic Pain Syndrome Induced by Vestibular Caloric Stimulation

Central post-stroke pain syndrome develops in a minority of patients following a stroke. The most usual causative lesion involves the lateral thalamus. The classic presentation is of severe, unrelenting pain that involves the entire contralateral half of the body. It is largely refractory to current treatments. We found that in two patients with this condition their pain was substantially improved by vestibular caloric stimulation, whereas placebo procedures had no effect. We proposed that this is because vestibular stimulation activates the posterior insula, which in turn inhibits the generation of pain in the anterior cingulate.
Oxidative damage and myofiber degeneration in the gastrocnemius of patients with peripheral arterial disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis that produces blockages in arteries supplying the legs, affects an estimated 27 million people in Europe and North America. Increased production of reactive oxygen species by dysfunctional mitochondria in leg muscles of PAD patients is viewed as a key mechanism of initiation and progression of the disease. Previous studies demonstrated increased oxidative damage in homogenates of biopsy specimens from PAD gastrocnemius compared to controls, but did not address myofiber-specific damage. In this study, we investigated oxidative damage to myofibers as a possible cause of the myopathy of PAD. To achieve this, we developed and validated fluorescence microscopy procedures for quantitative analysis of carbonyl groups and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) adducts in myofibers of biopsy specimens from human gastrocnemius. PAD and control specimens were evaluated for differences in 1) myofiber content of these two forms of oxidative damage and 2) myofiber cross-sectional area. Furthermore, oxidative damage to PAD myofibers was tested for associations with clinical stage of disease, degree of ischemia in the affected leg, and myofiber cross-sectional area. Carbonyl groups and HNE adducts were increased 30% (p < 0.0001) and 40% (p < 0.0001), respectively, in the myofibers of PAD (N = 34) compared to control (N = 21) patients. Mean cross-sectional area of PAD myofibers was reduced 29.3% compared to controls (p < 0.0003). Both forms of oxidative damage increased with clinical stage of disease, blood flow limitation in the ischemic leg, and reduced myofiber cross-sectional area. The data establish oxidative damage to myofibers as a possible cause of PAD myopathy.
Field evidence of trait-mediated indirect interactions in a rocky intertidal food web

Studies on the implications of food web interactions to community structure have often focused on density-mediated interactions between predators and their prey. This approach emphasizes the importance of predator regulation of prey density via consumption (i.e. lethal effects), which, in turn, leads to cascading effects on the prey’s resources. A more recent and contrasting view emphasizes the importance of non-lethal predator effects on prey traits (e.g. behaviour, morphology), or trait-mediated interactions. On rocky intertidal shores in New England, green crab (Carcinus maenas) predation is thought to be important to patterns of algal abundance and diversity by regulating the density of herbivorous snails (Littorina littorea). We found, however, that risk cues from green crabs can dramatically suppress snail grazing, with large effects on fucoid algal communities. Our results suggest that predator-induced changes in prey behaviour may be an important and under-appreciated component of food web interactions and community dynamics on rocky intertidal shores.
Early data from project engage: a program to identify and transition medically hospitalized patients into addictions treatment

Background Patients with untreated substance use disorders (SUDs) are at risk for frequent emergency department visits and repeated hospitalizations. Project Engage, a US pilot program at Wilmington Hospital in Delaware, was conducted to facilitate entry of these patients to SUD treatment after discharge. Patients identified as having hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption based on results of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Primary Care (AUDIT-PC), administered to all patients at admission, received bedside assessment with motivational interviewing and facilitated referral to treatment by a patient engagement specialist (PES). This program evaluation provides descriptive information on self-reported rates of SUD treatment initiation of all patients and health-care utilization and costs for a subset of patients.
HORMONAL INFLUENCES ON MAMMARY TUMORS OF THE RAT I. ACCELERATION OF GROWTH OF TRANSPLANTED FIBROADENOMA IN OVARTECTOMIZED AND HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS

A transplanted mammary fibroadenoma was found to grow in 95 per cent of intact adult female rats and the increment of tumor weights was progressive and logarithmic. The growth of the tumor was retarded by ovariectomy and still more when this was combined with adrenalectomy. In ovariectomized rats the growth of the tumor was stimulated by phenolic estrogens, this increase being enhanced when progesterone was added. In these responses to hormonal changes the mammary gland and the tumor resembled each other. Yet there are many differences between the growth of the fibroadenoma and that of the mammary gland. In contrast to the progressive growth which occurred in intact adult females there was a prolonged period of indolent growth of transplants in hypophysectomized rats; but after many weeks active growth began and the tumors eventually reached large size. During the period of quiescent growth the tumor was cytologically atrophic but after the growth spurt had started the microscopic appearance of the fibroadenoma resembled that of tumors growing in normal adult females. The mammary gland remained atrophic during both the slow and the accelerated phases of tumor growth, and so too with the other secondary sex expressions. In hypophysectomized rats estrone and progesterone, when combined, stimulated the growth of the tumor, and this growth was accelerated by the additional administration of lactogenic or growth hormones. None of these hormones, separately, stimulated the growth of the tumor. In ovariectomized rats other differences were demonstrated between the growth of the mammary gland and the fibroadenoma. Progesterone, injected alone, accelerated the growth of the tumor but not that of the mammary glands. The administration of phenolic estrogens exerted a biphasic effect on the growth of the tumor whilst that on the breast of its hosts was monophasic. With progressively increasing doses of these phenols there occurred primarily an augmentation of the rate of growth of the tumor until a peak was achieved; an increase of the dose above the optimal amount depressed the growth of the tumor. The stage of depression of growth was not observed in the mammary glands of these tumor-bearing rats. Many steroids which induced gestational changes in the mammary gland accelerated the growth of the tumor. Among these were estrone and progesterone in combination and 17alpha-ethinyl-19-nor-testosterone administered alone. But gestational changes developed in the mammary gland of rats treated with 4-androstene-3alpha,17beta-diol, without growth of the tumor. The evidence which we have presented proves that the mammary fibroadenoma tested had some of the functional properties of a normal mammary gland, and neoplastic traits as well. In its response to hormones it had characteristics which set it apart from all other endocrine targets of the rat.
Do Syndications Pay More for Real Estate

Syndications have been widely used in real estate investment in recent years. Some have argued that syndications have been paying significantly higher prices than other forms of business organization. Using a sample of apartment transactions, we tested for price differences among alternative ownership forms. The results indicate that the null hypothesis of equal price cannot be rejected.
Hyperspectral optical tomography of intrinsic signals in the rat cortex

We introduce a tomographic approach for three-dimensional imaging of evoked hemodynamic activity, using broadband illumination and diffuse optical tomography (DOT) image reconstruction. Changes in diffuse reflectance in the rat somatosensory cortex due to stimulation of a single whisker were imaged at a frame rate of 5 Hz using a hyperspectral image mapping spectrometer. In each frame, images in 38 wavelength bands from 484 to 652 nm were acquired simultaneously. For data analysis, we developed a hyperspectral DOT algorithm that used the Rytov approximation to quantify changes in tissue concentration of oxyhemoglobin ([Formula: see text]) and deoxyhemoglobin (ctHb) in three dimensions. Using this algorithm, the maximum changes in [Formula: see text] and ctHb were found to occur at [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] beneath the surface of the cortex, respectively. Rytov tomographic reconstructions revealed maximal spatially localized increases and decreases in [Formula: see text] and ctHb of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively, with these maximum changes occurring at [Formula: see text] poststimulus. The localized optical signals from the Rytov approximation were greater than those from modified Beer-Lambert, likely due in part to the inability of planar reflectance to account for partial volume effects.
The minimal carcinoma triple stain is superior to commercially available multiplex immunohistochemical stains: breast triple stain and LC/DC breast cocktail.

Objectives The Minimal Carcinoma (MC) Triple Stain is a tri-chromogen multiplex immunostain (CK7, p63, and E-cadherin) helpful in classifying morphologically ambiguous and/or small carcinomas as either ductal or lobular and/or in situ or invasive. We compared the utility of this stain with two commercially available duplex/multiplex immunostains: Breast Triple Stain (BTS) (Clarient, Aliso Viejo, CA; CK5, p63, and CK8/18) and LC/DC Breast Cocktail (LCDC) (Biocare, Concord, CA; E-cadherin and p120). Methods Ninety-seven mammary carcinomas stained with the MC Triple Stain, BTS, and LCDC were compared. Results The MC Triple Stain, LCDC, and BTS were diagnostic in 90 (93%) of 97, 82 (85%) of 97, and 85 (88%) of 97 of cases, respectively. All stains showed decreased diagnostic utility due to variability in tissue integrity, quality of the staining, and/or ease of interpretation. In cases where all immunostains were interpretable, the MC Triple Stain yielded the most information. Conclusions When technically sufficient, all three immunostains demonstrated relative strengths and weaknesses in their ability to provide diagnostic information with the highest consistency and ease of use. Many cases stained with LCDC were technically insufficient due to a suboptimal staining protocol provided by the company. Overall, the MC Triple Stain outperformed BTS and LCDC by more consistently providing more diagnostic information. The MC Triple Stain is a viable alternative to other multiplex immunostains in evaluating small foci of carcinoma, particularly when both the histologic type and extent of disease (in situ vs invasive) require clarification.
Ocean Surface Circulation

Abstract This chapter summarizes the history of and recent progress in observations of surface circulation of the ocean. The description is biased toward Lagrangian drifting buoys and satellite altimetry that, in the authors’ opinion, have revolutionized our understanding of ocean surface currents by providing a high resolution, continuous global view of mesoscale ocean “weather.” We outline the current state of the observing system and characterize geostrophic surface circulation, Ekman currents, and effects of centrifugal force and nonlinear interaction between geostrophic and Ekman currents. This general description is complemented by regional examples, detailing processes in the California Current System, off Senegal, and the Kuroshio interaction with the East and South China Seas. Applications to various tasks, in which surface currents play important role, are illustrated by model simulations of motions of marine debris, including debris generated by the 2011 tsunami in Japan. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the next tasks needed to improve understanding of the dynamics of the surface ocean circulation.
Histone H3 lysine 4 acetylation and methylation dynamics define breast cancer subtypes

The onset and progression of breast cancer are linked to genetic and epigenetic changes that alter the normal programming of cells. Epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones contribute to chromatin structure that result in the activation or repression of gene expression. Several epigenetic pathways have been shown to be highly deregulated in cancer cells. Targeting specific histone modifications represents a viable strategy to prevent oncogenic transformation, tumor growth or metastasis. Methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 has been extensively studied and shown to mark genes for expression; however this residue can also be acetylated and the specific function of this alteration is less well known. To define the relative roles of histone H3 methylation (H3K4me3) and acetylation (H3K4ac) in breast cancer, we determined genomic regions enriched for both marks in normal-like (MCF10A), transformed (MCF7) and metastatic (MDA-MB-231) cells using a genome-wide ChIP-Seq approach. Our data revealed a genome-wide gain of H3K4ac associated with both early and late breast cancer cell phenotypes, while gain of H3K4me3 was predominantly associated with late stage cancer cells. Enrichment of H3K4ac was over-represented at promoters of genes associated with cancer-related phenotypic traits, such as estrogen response and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition pathways. Our findings highlight an important role for H3K4ac in predicting epigenetic changes associated with early stages of transformation. In addition, our data provide a valuable resource for understanding epigenetic signatures that correlate with known breast cancer-associated oncogenic pathways.
Ethics in Pain Management and End of Life Care

“Do the kind thing, and do it first,” said William Osler as advice to physicians. But in 1904 there were limited things that physicians could do for their patients with chronic pain or who were in need of care at the end of life. In their article published in Critical Care Medicine in 1992, Cowley et al. concluded that “Despite the miraculous advances in medical theory and medical practice, the ethics surrounding medical care for the dying are more troubling today than they were in ancient Athens at the time of Plato. In classical antiquity, the primary concerns were for health and living well. The “Middle Ages” saw the emergence of the principle of sanctity of life. To these basic ideals, the “Renaissance” and the “Enlightenment” added the aspiration to prolong life. Finally, in the 20th century, modern science has rendered this aspiration a reality of unclear merit.”
Concordance of lymphovascular invasion diagnosed in penile carcinoma with and without the immunohistochemical markers ERG and CD31

Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is an independent predictor of metastatic lymph node disease in penile carcinoma and is one factor used to guide clinical management. The presence of LVI with and without the use of the endothelial immunohistochemical (IHC) markers, ERG and CD31, was retrospectively assessed in 46 penectomy cases containing invasive penile carcinoma (43 squamous cell carcinoma and 3 non-squamous cell carcinoma). Concordance for the detection of LVI between the original report, upon pathology review, and with the use of IHC was determined and histologic pitfalls were identified. For penile squamous cell carcinoma, LVI was diagnosed in 27.9% of tumors in the original reports, 16.3% upon pathology review, and in 16.3% with use of ERG and CD31. Concordance of LVI identification in the original report compared to IHC was 74.4% while concordance of review compared to IHC was 95.3%. Using IHC data as the reference, false positive LVI diagnoses were more common in the original report than false negatives. Histologic mimickers of LVI including involvement of the penile corpora cavernosum or spongiosum vasculature, seromucinous colonization, and a nested pattern of tumor invasion were identified. We demonstrated that it was not uncommon for LVI in penile carcinoma to be overdiagnosed or underdiagnosed. The use of endothelial IHC markers, such as ERG or CD31, or additional pathology consultation is recommended for penectomy cases in which LVI is difficult to histologically discern.
Lifetimes of rotational states in $sup 232$Th

Lifetimes of the 4$sup +$ through 10$sup +$ member of the ground-state rotational band in $sup 232$Th have been measured by the Doppler-shift recoil- distance technique. These states were Coulomb excited by 152-MeV $sup 40$Ar ions, and measurements were carried out in coincidence with the backscattered projectiles. The half-lives for the 4$sup +$ through 10$sup +$ states are 164 plus-or-minus 9, 66.2 plus-or-minus 3.6, 25.1 plus-or-minus 1.0, and 11.2 plus-or- minus 1.7 ps, respectively. The B (E2) values deduced for these states are systematically about 10% smaller than rigid-rotor values; however, the constancy of the transition quadrupole moments is interpreted as an indication of rotational behavior. (AIP)
“Any Sane Person”: Race, Rights, and Tribal Sovereignty in the Construction of the Dawes Rolls for the Choctaw Nation

This paper explores the role of race in the construction of tribal rolls for the Choctaw Nation of Indian Territory under the Dawes Act. Examination of two examples, enrollment of Choctaws in Mississippi and arguments presented in the 1907 hearings before the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs on the status of Choctaws of Indian and African American heritage, demonstrates that policymakers' primary concern in deciding the fate of mixedrace individuals was not the determination of Indian blood, so as to enroll them, but of African American blood, so as to exclude them. With this approach, members of the Dawes Commission used Indian policy to uphold the color line. The Choctaw Nation also drew sharp racial lines. Their concern, however, was not racial purity, but citizenship and tribal sovereignty. Attorneys for the mixed-blood claimants proffered a definition which they believed to be biological—they focused on their clients' percentage of Indian blood—while the Choctaw Nation's lawyers held to a political and legal definition embedded in notions of children's legitimacy, as granted through marriages sanctioned by the Choctaw state. Thus the same racial enrollment policy—exclusion of blacks—served two different functions in the implementation of allotment.
Use of Impregnated Ablator for Improved Magnetohydrodynamic-Heat Shield Concept

ow. In order to increase the electrical conductivity and protect the geometry from the high thermal loads experienced at the stagnation point a potassium-impregnated ablator is incorporated into vehicle’s nose. A one-dimensional equilibrium material response code is developed and used to model the ablative surface. The seed particles from the impregnated ablator increase the electrical conductivity such that the magnetic force moves the triple point up the n face and, consequently, changes the surface properties.
Real Measure Power Based on Uplink Call Admission Control Arithmetic in TD-SCDMA

TD-SCDMA is a self-interference system.As users increasing,a better control of interference is required in this relatively finite cellular network.The Call Admission Control(CAC) is one of the key techniques for solving these problems.Based on the research of traditional CAC arithmetic,it proposes a new uplink CAC arithmetic based on real measure power in this work,and calculates threshold value,which assures the QoS demends when users access network.It shows this arithmetic is more precision than traditional arithmetic,and predominance in self-adapt threshold.
Clinical pharmacology of drugs used to treat head and face pain.

The head and face contain one of the densest and richest nerve supplies in the body. Consequently, the face and head are particularly sensitive to pain, and patients afflicted with pain involving these parts of their bodies often come to feel that they are being subjected to the most unbearable tortures. Fortunately, specific and effective pharmacotherapy is now available for many of these conditions. This article reviews the indications, dosing regimens, and potential side effects of the drugs used for the treatment of trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia, postherapuetic neuralgia, temporal arteritis, and migraine based on the clinical pharmacology of these drugs, so that the most appropriate treatment for each patient can be chosen on a sound, rational basis.
Using motivational interviewing for smoking cessation in primary care.

OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of resident physician motivational interviewing (MI), resident physician MI plus registered nurse (RN), and the standard of care counseling approach--ask, advise, assess, assist, and arrange follow-up (5 As)--on current smokers' behaviors (readiness to quit, cigarettes smoked per day, current smoking rates), self-efficacy to quit smoking, and nicotine dependence. METHODS The study design was quasi-experimental pretest/posttest with a comparison group. Pencil/paper measures were completed in the clinic setting at baseline and via telephone approximately 1 and 2 months after the clinic visit. RESULTS There were no differences among the three groups in the proportion of participants who quit smoking, and the stages of change did not differ among the groups or over time. There was a significant time effect and a decrease in the number of cigarettes smoked per day (F2,160 = 41.04, P < 0.001). Significant group × time interactions were present for self-efficacy (F4,140 = 8.20, P < 0.001), nicotine dependence (F4,140 = 6.22, P < 0.001) and satisfaction with clinician (F4,160 = 3.81, P = 0.006). Post hoc analyses showed that participants in the MI groups smoked fewer cigarettes, had higher self-efficacy, and had lower nicotine dependence scores. Only participants in the MD-plus-RN follow-up group had significant positive changes in satisfaction scores. CONCLUSIONS Resident physicians who use MI techniques have a tremendous effect on patients' smoking behaviors. When the resident physician and the RN worked together, participants achieved better outcomes.