cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Holding Back the Tide: The Existing Indian Family Doctrine and Its Continued Denial of the Right to Culture for Indigenous Children

The first section of this article discusses the development of the rights of indigenous people in international human-rights law. It reviews important international human-rights conventions that have contributed to the growing explicit recognition of key rights for indigenous people, and in particular, for indigenous children. The second section of the article provides a specific focus on the vulnerability of indigenous children, and the emerging international recognition that these children need special protection. The third section explores the history of United States federal policy toward Indian children, culminating in the passage of Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA). It also discusses how the Existing Indian Family Exception (EIFE) is inconsistent with the spirit and letter of ICWA and is a reflection of the unwillingness of states to accept the goals of the Act and to embrace its pluralistic intent.
Introgressions Between Wheat and Rye

Cultivated rye, Secale cereale L. is a recognized valuable donor for chromatin transfers into wheat. The best known example of interspecific chromatin transfers into a crop is translocation of rye chromosome arm 1RS to wheat chromosome arm 1BL. By now it must have been released in close to one thousand cultivars around the world even though only recently the reason behind its popularity has been discovered. Many more introgressions have been made but none is as popular as 1RS.1BL. This chapter reviews and discusses several traditional cytogenetic techniques for producing such interspecific transfers, from chromosome addition lines, through chromosome substitutions to translocations, produced either by chromosome breakage or induced homoeologous recombination. Merits of individual approaches are discussed and illustrated by specific examples of successes or failures.
Pastoralism and the Mediterranean Environment

The environmental history of the post-1500 Mediterranean (including the Middle East) has the potential to add significantly to our understanding of the history of the region. However, this is only if it is understood as a perspective (and not just a new specialization) that has the power to transform how we view familiar subjects. A ghettoized environmental history takes us nowhere nor do environmental histories that claim to explain everything. Let's take the role of pastoralism as one example of how an environmental perspective can reshape our understanding of the history of the modern Middle East.
Of Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide (Antabuse)∗ on Duration of Action of Thiopental:

SummaryThe influence of Antabuse on the duration of action of thiopental has been determined in 3 animal species: mice, rats, and dogs. Oral administration of Antabuse at a dose level of 1 g/kg day for as long as 5 days in the mouse or 100 mg/ kg/day for 3 days in the dog did not affect the duration of action of anesthetic doses of thiopental. However, single oral doses of 1 g/kg of Antabuse in the rat resulted in a significant prolongation of action. These results are discussed in relation to the possible site of action of Antabuse and it is suggested that the effect in the rat may be due to a central nervous system action of the drug.
An Evaluation of Simplified Models for Surface Kinetics in Movpe Processes

A general MOVPE model has been used to assess the applicability of simplified representations for surface kinetics. With the general model, predictions for GaAs deposition on (111 )Ga using trimethylgallium and arsine show excellent agreement with observed growth rates. However, if Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics is assumed, the model only matches the deposition rates over a narrow range of operating conditions, even when several rate-limiting steps are included. This limitation arises because combinations of equilibrium constants and local partial pressures often do not give reasonable approximations for the surface concentrations of reactive intermediates. The form of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood relation(s) and the parameter values can be fitted empirically to experimental data, but this could lead to erroneous conclusions concerning process behavior and the model would have limited predictive capabilities. An alternative approach is to use surface reaction probabilities, but they can only be applied in an empirical fashion and their magnitudes depend on gas flow rate, inlet composition, and reactor pressure as well as surface temperature.
Delivery and Dispersion of Humanitarian Aid

In the event of a natural disaster, traditional methods of delivering food and water to distressed populations are often unavailable due to infrastructure damage, insurgent threat, or lack of friendly military presence in the local area. To provide aid in these situations, an air droppable system capable of dispersing aid directly over active populations while minimizing the potential for injury has been developed. Individually wrapped food and water packages are dispersed at a predetermined altitude to scatter over a populated area. The dispersion helps prevent hoarding, while the size and packaging of the aid items keep impact forces below the limit for injury as determined by medical researchers. The remaining components of the aerial delivery system – the parachute, activation device, skid board, and rigging supplies are attenuated by non-linear open cell foam to remain within the same force limitations of the food and water packets. This paper documents the various system components utilized for delivering the aid items as well as the results from testing.
Integrating Gravity and Gravity Gradiometry Data for Joint Inversion: A Case Study at the Kauring Test Site

With the ability of gravity gradiometry surveys to be completed quickly relative to a ground based gravity survey with the same spatial resolution, we look to improve upon the far field anomaly recovery of the gradient data. We add gravity to the airborne gravity gradient data in a generalized inversion scheme to improve the far field anomaly recovery. We also estimate the proper DC bias in the relative gravity gradient measurements with the corresponding linear trend in the gravity data. Joint inversion of gravity and gravity gradient data requires a consistent treatment of the two measured data sets. We develop a work-flow to incorporate both data set in a joint inversion and apply the generalized inversion methodology for gravity and gravity gradient data collected at the Kauring Test Site. After ensuring the gravity data are properly reduced consistent with the measured gravity gradient data, we show that the addition of a sparse set of gravity data enhances the model recovered in a joint inversion.
Effect of three kinds of biological indicators on surveillance of pressure steam sterilization:a comparative study

OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of three biological indicators on the surveillance of pressure steam sterilization.METHODS Three kinds of biological indicators cultured positive were set as the control study subjects,then the pressure steam sterilization was performed for 20min,10min,and 5min under the conditions of(121.0±0.5)℃,the results of the culture were observed.RESULTS The positive rate of the bacterial biofilm in the control group was 86.0%,the positive rates of both self-contained biological indicators and the biological indicators of rapid reading were 100.0%;the positive rates of the three biological indicators were 0 after the pressure steam sterilization for 20 min under the conditions of(121.0± 0.5)℃;the positive rate of the bacterial biofilm was 0 after sterilization for 10 min,the positive rate of self-contained biological indicators was 8.0%,and the positive rate of the biological indicators of rapid reading was 10.0%;the positive rate of the bacterial biofilm was 82.0% after sterilization for 5min,the positive rates of both self-contained biological indicators and the biological indicators of rapid reading were 100.0%.CONCLUSION Self-contained biological indicator is an affordable,convenient,fast and accurate method of monitoring steam sterilization,it is worth to promote in using of the hospital.
Redesign of Microprocessor Operated Thermal Technical Protective System on 600MW Level High-capacity Unit

Redesign of microprocessor operated thermal technical protective system was carried out with MODICON PLC as its research target.By communication between MODBUS protocal and unit,millisecond accident record applied in 600MW level high-capacity unit was relized.The function has a bright future.
Analysis Uncertainty in Determination of Lead in White Spirit by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

[Objective]To establish the method for uncertainty evaluation of flame atomic absorption spectrometry.[Methods]According to "The Measurement Authentication/Publicizing Guidelines for Assessment Criteria of Acceptance",the mathematical model was established for synthesis uncertainty.[Results] Relative uncertainty subitem from reference materials for lead determination in white spirit was 3.5×10-3,that from standard solution preparation,sample absorption,preparation of sample solution,measurement repeatability,analytical instruments was 1.1×10-2,2.1×10-3,1.0×10-3,2.17×10-2,1.5×10-4,respectively.The relative combined uncertainty and expanded uncertainty was 4.0×10-2and 0.08 respectively.[Conclusion]The assessment results can determine that measurement repeatability contribute most to uncertainty.
STUDY ON DISCHARGE OF PYRITES FROM MEDIUM SPEED MILL BASED ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION METHOD

Taking ZGM956 type medium speed mill as the object to study,the inner flow field in said mill has been numerically simulated by using the FLUENT programme,and discrete phase model being adopted in simulating the discharge of pyrites from said mill.Results show that the static pressure and the flow rate at each nozzle ring are non-uniformly distributed,and the discharged pyrites in regions with low flow rate are more than those in other regions.The primary air velocity is the highest at the nozzle ring,and this is an important factor to affect the discharge of pyrites.Along with the increase of particle size,the quantily of discharged pyrites is also gradually increased,and more pyrites would be discharged with increasing thier density.
Real-Time Pathogen Detection in the Era of Whole-Genome Sequencing and Big Data: Comparison of k-mer and Site-Based Methods for Inferring the Genetic Distances among Tens of Thousands of Salmonella Samples

The adoption of whole-genome sequencing within the public health realm for molecular characterization of bacterial pathogens has been followed by an increased emphasis on real-time detection of emerging outbreaks (e.g., food-borne Salmonellosis). In turn, large databases of whole-genome sequence data are being populated. These databases currently contain tens of thousands of samples and are expected to grow to hundreds of thousands within a few years. For these databases to be of optimal use one must be able to quickly interrogate them to accurately determine the genetic distances among a set of samples. Being able to do so is challenging due to both biological (evolutionary diverse samples) and computational (petabytes of sequence data) issues. We evaluated seven measures of genetic distance, which were estimated from either k-mer profiles (Jaccard, Euclidean, Manhattan, Mash Jaccard, and Mash distances) or nucleotide sites (NUCmer and an extended multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme). When analyzing empirical data (whole-genome sequence data from 18,997 Salmonella isolates) there are features (e.g., genomic, assembly, and contamination) that cause distances inferred from k-mer profiles, which treat absent data as informative, to fail to accurately capture the distance between samples when compared to distances inferred from differences in nucleotide sites. Thus, site-based distances, like NUCmer and extended MLST, are superior in performance, but accessing the computing resources necessary to perform them may be challenging when analyzing large databases.
Spatial control of photonic nanojets

For a long time, light focusing from microspheres has been intensively researched. The microsphere has been shown to be capable of generating a high intensity beam with sub-wavelength width, known as a photonic nanojet (PNJ). In this article, we present a detailed report on the properties of a new asymmetrical microstructure, consisting of a supporting stage and a spherical cap, and demonstrate precise engineering of the PNJ characteristics by simply selecting its geometrical dimensions. More importantly, we find that a single asymmetrical microstructure can generate an ultra-elongated PNJ on the shadow side and the cascade of two asymmetrical elements can generate a PNJ with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) waist down to 0.27λ. In addition, because of the presence of energy convergence regions within the second element, an ultra-narrow PNJ can be generated even when the length of the second element in the cascade is many orders of magnitude greater than the wavelength or deviates somewhat from the optimal dimensions. This offers design flexibility and manufacturing tolerance, which has not been demonstrated in the conventional microsphere design or its derivatives. We believe that these remarkable performance features make the asymmetrical structure and its cascade attractive in numerous applications.
Predicting the post-operative length of stay for the orthopaedic trauma patient

Length of stay (LOS) is a major driver of cost and quality of care. A bundled payment system makes it essential for orthopaedic surgeons to understand factors that increase a patient’s LOS. Yet, minimal data regarding predictors of LOS currently exist. Using the ACS-NSQIP database, this is the first study to identify risk factors for increased LOS for orthopaedic trauma patients and create a personalized LOS calculator. All orthopaedic trauma surgery between 2006 and 2013 were identified from the ACS-NSQIP database using CPT codes. Patient demographics, pre-operative comorbidities, anatomic location of injury, and post-operative in-hospital complications were collected. To control for individual patient comorbidities, a negative binomial regression model evaluated hospital LOS after surgery. Betas (β), were determined for each pre-operative patient characteristic. We selected significant predictors of LOS (p < 0.05) using backwards stepwise elimination. 49,778 orthopaedic trauma patients were included in the analysis. Deep incisional surgical site infections and superficial surgical site infections were associated with the greatest percent change in predicted LOS (β = 1.2760 and 1.2473, respectively; p < 0.0001 for both). A post-operative LOS risk calculator was developed based on the formula: $$ {\mathbf{e}}^{\left(\boldsymbol{intercept}+{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_1{\boldsymbol{X}}_1 + {\boldsymbol{\beta}}_2{\boldsymbol{X}}_2+\dots \right)} $$ . Utilizing a large prospective cohort of orthopaedic trauma patients, we created the first personalized LOS calculator based on pre-operative comorbidities, post-operative complications and location of surgery. Future work may assess the use of this calculator and attempt to validate its utility as an accurate model. To improve the quality measures of hospitals, orthopaedists must employ such predictive tools to optimize care and better manage resources.
Measurement of DNA damage in peripheral blood by the γ-H2AX assay as predictor of colorectal cancer risk

The detection of γ-H2AX focus is one of the most sensitive ways to monitor DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Although changes in γ-H2AX activity have been studied in tumor cells in colorectal cancer (CRC), changes in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) have not been examined previously. We hypothesize that higher levels of irradiation-induced γ-H2AX in PBLs may be associated with an elevated risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). In a case-control study, the baseline and ionizing radiation (IR)-induced γ-H2AX levels in PBLs from frequency-matched 320 untreated CRC patients and 320 controls were detected by a laser scanning cytometer-based immunocytochemical method. We used unconditional multivariable logistic regression to evaluate CRC risk by using the ratio of IR-induced γ-H2AX to the baseline levels with adjustment of age, sex and smoking status. We found CRC cases had significantly higher γ-H2AX ratio (1.5 vs. 1.41, P<0.0001) compared with controls. When using the median γ-H2AX ratio of controls as a cutoff point, we found higher γ-H2AX ratio was significantly associated with an increased risk of CRC (OR=6.72, 95% CI=4.54-9.94). Quartile analyses also showed significant dose-response relationship between higher γ-H2AX ratio and increased risk of CRC (P for trend<0.0001). Age, sex, BMI and smoking status also influenced the association of γ-H2AX ratio with CRC risk; however, no interactions with γ-H2AX ratio were observed. These results support the premise that DSBs in peripheral blood as measured by γ-H2AX level might represent an intermediate phenotype to assess the risk of CRC. Future prospective studies are necessary to confirm our findings in independent populations.
Physicians, Industry Payments for Food and Beverages, and Drug Prescribing

In 2015, the pharmaceutical industry and other health care companies reported to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services through the Open Payments program a total of $235 million in food and beverage payments to physicians, accounting for approximately 12% of general payments.1 General payments include royalties and licenses, consulting, services other than consulting, travel and lodging, and serving as faculty in accredited and unaccredited education programs. There are about 850 000 active physicians in the United States. Of 616 567 physicians in the United States with any type of general payment in 2015, 589 042 (95.5%) received food and beverage payments, with a total mean value per physician of $400 and a median value of $138.1 Although the median value of each food and beverage payment is modest, these are by far the most frequent types of gifts and payments that physicians receive from industry, apparently now supplanting the branded black bags, pens, mugs, and other tchotchkes of yore.
A Systematic Review of Assessments for Sensory Processing Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Sensory processing abnormalities are frequently reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but few studies have evaluated the utility of the measures used to evaluate sensory responses. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify current trends in sensory processing assessments. Across the 93 studies included in this review, 16 measures were identified. The results of this review indicate that the majority of assessment measures are based on informant-report rather than behavioral observation, and that the most commonly used measure is the Sensory Profile (Dunn 1999, 2014). Some of these measures lacked well-established psychometric properties, which highlights the need for further validation of these measures. The authors also suggest a more multi-method approach to sensory processing assessment.
MySecurityLab: A Generic Tool for Self-paced Learning of Security Controls

Information technology students and employees in organizations require a tool for self-paced learning of the administration of technical security controls in stand-alone and network systems. This enlightening talk presents the design and implementation of an interactive tool with a graphical user interface. The tool will enable current and future IT professionals to achieve proficiency in the applications of technical security mechanisms. The presentation provides a brief demonstration of the initial version of the tool and engages the audience to provide feedback.
On the use of kernel machines for Mendelian randomization

Properly adjusting for unmeasured confounders is critical for health studies in order to achieve valid testing and estimation of the exposure’s causal effect on outcomes. The instrumental variable (IV) method has long been used in econometrics to estimate causal effects while accommodating the effect of unmeasured confounders. Mendelian randomization (MR), which uses genetic variants as the instrumental variables, is an application of the instrumental variable method to biomedical research fields, and has become popular in recent years. One often-used estimator of causal effects for instrumental variables and Mendelian randomization is the two-stage least square estimator (TSLS). The validity of TSLS relies on the accurate prediction of exposure based on IVs in its first stage. In this note, we propose to model the link between exposure and genetic IVs using the least-squares kernel machine (LSKM). Some simulation studies are used to evaluate the feasibility of LSKM in TSLS setting. Our results show that LSKM based on genotype score or genotype can be used effectively in TSLS. It may provide higher power when the association between exposure and genetic IVs is nonlinear.
Individualizing the Approach to the Older Woman with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

About 18% of elderly women have triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Despite advances in anticancer therapies, elderly patients often receive insufficient local and systemic antineoplastic therapies. This population remains largely underrepresented in cooperative group therapeutic clinical trials. Comorbidities, age-related changes in drug metabolism, polypharmacy, decline in cognitive ability, and balance make systemic therapy in elderly more complicated. In this chapter, we will focus on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and principles of managing TNBC in elderly patients as well as the benefits and challenges associated with anticancer therapy in this population.
Exchange narrowing of the one- and two-phonon contributions to the electron spin resonance linewidth in Co 3 O 4

Abstract We investigate the temperature dependence of the electron spin resonance (ESR) linewidth above the critical region in Co3O4. The focus is on the temperature dependence of the one and two-phonon processes. We express the linewidth as a sum of three terms, a constant, associated with spin-spin interactions, a one-phonon term, and a two-phonon term, and use a least-squares fit over the temperature range 50 K ≤ T ≤ 500 K in analyzing the data. It is found that the spin-spin mechanism is dominant below 100 K, while the two-phonon mechanism is most important above 250 K. In the intermediate region, all three mechanisms make significant contributions. The success of the high temperature approximation for the phonon terms, which occurs well below the Debye temperature of 525 K, is attributed to the exchange narrowing of the bandwidth of the phonons contributing to the linewidth. The phonon mechanisms for the ESR linewidth in magnetic insulators are compared with the phonon linewidth mechanisms for magnetic impurities in non-magnetic crystals.
Intermetallic Ni2Ta Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Highly Acidic Electrolytes

The identification of materials capable of catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in highly acidic electrolytes is a critical bottleneck in the development of many water-splitting technologies. Bulk-scale solid-state compounds can be readily produced using high-temperature reactions and therefore used to expand the scope of earth-abundant OER catalysts capable of operating under strongly acidic conditions. Here, we show that high temperature arc melting and powder metallurgy reactions can be used to synthesize electrodes consisting of intermetallic Ni2Ta that can catalyze the OER in 0.50 M H2SO4. Arc melted Ni2Ta electrodes evolve oxygen at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 for >66 h with corrosion rates 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of pure Ni. The overpotential required for pellets of polycrystalline Ni2Ta to produce a current density of 10 mA/cm2 is 570 mV. This strategy can be generalized to include other first-row transition metals, including intermetallic Fe2Ta and Co2Ta systems.
Longitudinal Relationship Between Interleukin-6 and Perceived Fatigability Among Well-Functioning Adults in Mid-to-Late Life.

Background Chronically elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels contribute to fatigue and functional decline via multiple pathways that often lead to frailty. Lesser known is the contribution of IL-6 to fatigue in relation to a standardized workload (fatigability), a precursor to functional decline. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal relationship between IL-6 and fatigability. Methods About 985 participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (mean age: 70 ± 10 years) were evaluated every 1-4 years. IL-6 was measured in fasting serum samples at each visit and log-transformed for analyses. Perceived fatigability (PF) was defined as self-reported exertion (rate of perceived exertion; RPE) after a 5-min, 0.67 m/s, 0% grade treadmill walk. Continuous and categorical associations between IL-6 (baseline and repeated measures) and PF were assessed using generalized estimating equations, adjusting for demographics, behavioral factors, and comorbid conditions. Results In fully adjusted continuous models, twofold higher baseline IL-6 was associated with a 0.28 higher RPE (p = .03). This relationship tended to remain constant annually (baseline log IL-6 by time interaction p = .29). To provide clinical relevance, the sample median (3.7 pg/mL) was used to examine high versus low IL-6 levels. Over time, the high group reported an average 0.25 higher RPE (p = .03) than the low group. Annual change in logged IL-6 was not associated with annual change in PF (p = .48). Conclusion Findings suggest that elevated IL-6 is a biomarker of physiological dysregulation associated with greater fatigability, but there is no longitudinal association between IL-6 and fatigability. Future studies should evaluate whether interventions that aim to reduce inflammation also attenuate fatigability.
The EHR paradox.

MICHAEL SACHS AND ROSEMARIE NELSON provide a wonderful pair of articles on electronic health records (EHRs) that are like bookends on a shelf of EHR references. Sachs paints a high-level grand vision of the future of healthcare enabled by information technology (IT) that is mated with Nelson's practical, real-world view of what can be done in the near term to make steady progress toward the ultimate goal of a fully integrated and ubiquitous EHR. Both authors address the challenge of building a compelling business case for the EHR as well as providing necessary resources. The paradox in many of the EHR or electronic medical record (EMR) return on investment (ROI) analyses done is that the overwhelming majority of the savings comes from the most sophisticated, complex, and expensive systems. While a review of the literature will find studies that prove an effect on clinical outcomes, very few studies prove a positive ROI (Johnston, Pan, and Middleton 2002). All of the success stories involve the use of information for more than merely record keeping (e.g., decision support for ordering medications, expert systems for blood ordering and complex disease management, alarms and alerts). The Center for Information Technology and Leadership (www.citi.org) has done some excellent ROI modeling on several different aspects of healthcare informatics. Table 1 contains a summary of the ambulatory care provider order entry analysis (Johnston et al. 2003) in which three levels of system sophistication and initial costs per provider are described. The intermediate level of sophistication provides seven times the basic level annual benefit. The advanced level returns over 15 times the basic annual benefit. Walker et al. showed a similar pattern for the ROI for a health information exchange infrastructure (Walker et al. 2005). Table 2 provides a summary of the health information exchange analysis over the first 10 years. While both levels 2 and 3 will eventually have a positive ROI, they are dwarfed by the potential of a level-4 health-information exchange using machine-interpretable data. A level-4 exchange would require unprecedented agreement on national standards and more sophistication and complexity than exist in most systems today. All of these examples lead to a single conclusion. Simply collecting information in a computer is not sufficient for quality clinical care nor for an EHR to be financially viable. Future systems have to focus on the collection of standardized categorical, quantifiable, or coded information used in a myriad of innovative ways to truly affect the quality and efficiency of care delivered. This will require a significant expenditure of resources to fully realize the projected potential national savings of implementing an EHR with the highest level of sophistication. The simple, low-cost interventions will help and undoubtedly move us toward our goal; however, if we really want to make a comprehensive EHR a reality in the next 10 years, we will need to find the resources to implement the higher level of sophistication in these systems. …
Parental Educational Attainment and Mental Well-Being of College Students; Diminished Returns of Blacks.

Background. According to the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDR) theory, the health returns of socioeconomic status (SES) are systemically smaller for Blacks compared to Whites. Less is known, however, about trans-generational aspects of such diminished gains. For example, the differential impact of parental educational attainment on differences in mental well-being between White versus Black college students remains unknown. Aims. With a national scope, this study explored racial differences in the effect of parental educational attainment on the mental well-being of college students in the United States. Methods. The Healthy Mind Study (HMS), 2016–2017, is a national telephone survey that included 41,898 college students. The sample was composed of Whites (n = 38,544; 92.0%) and Blacks (n = 3354; 8.0%). The independent variable was highest parental educational attainment. The dependent variable was mental well-being (mentally healthy days in the past month) which was measured using a single item. Age and gender were covariates. Race was the moderator. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results. In the pooled sample, high parental educational attainment was associated with better mental wellbeing, independent of race, age, and gender. Race, however, showed a significant interaction with parental educational attainment on students’ mental wellbeing, indicating a smaller effect of parent education on the mental wellbeing of Black compared to White college students. Conclusions. The returns of parental educational attainment in terms of mental well-being is smaller for Black college students compared to their White counterparts. To minimize the diminished returns of parental education in Black families, policies should go beyond equalizing SES and reduce the structural barriers that are common in the lives of Black families. Policies should also aim to reduce extra costs of upward social mobility, prevent discrimination, and enhance the quality of education for Blacks. As the mechanisms that are involved in MDR are multi-level, multi-level solutions are needed to minimize the racial gaps in gaining mental health benefits from higher socioeconomic levels.
Intimate Relationships Buffer Suicidality in National Guard Service Members: A Longitudinal Study.

OBJECTIVE Members of the U.S. military are at a high suicide risk. While studies have examined predictors of suicide in the U.S. military, more studies are needed which examine protective factors for suicide. Informed by the interpersonal theory of suicide, this study examined the strength of the intimate relationship and its role as a buffer of suicidality in National Guard service members. METHOD A total of 712 National Guard residing in a Midwestern state, who had all recently returned home from a deployment, took part in this study and completed surveys at 6 and 12 months postdeployment. They were assessed on suicide risk, mental health (depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety), and relationship satisfaction. RESULTS Lower relationship satisfaction and more depressive symptoms at the 6-month assessment were significantly related to greater suicide risk at 12 months. Each interaction between couple satisfaction and three mental health variables (PTSD, depression, and anxiety) at the 6-month assessment was significantly associated with suicide risk at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS The strength of the intimate relationship serves as a buffer for suicide in National Guard service members who have PTSD, anxiety, or depression. Interventions that strengthen these intimate relationships could reduce suicide in service members.
The Best in CytoJournal: 2005

CytoJournal opened its doors in late 2004 and 2005 was the first full year of publication. In order to celebrate this event as well as recognize the contributing authors works, CytoJournal has initiated a Best Article of the Year, in this case 2005. This year's Best of CytoJournal: 2005 is an excellent review of thyroid FNAB.
Design strategies for ultrahlgh peak power lasers in space

We examine design issues for laser systems intended to operate in a space environment and also to achieve high average power and high peak power.
26 The impact of using near-infrared angiography during rectosigmoid resection and anastampsis in patients undergoing gynecologic cancer surgery

Objectives Reducing anastomotic leak rates after rectosigmoid resection and anastomosis is a priority in patients undergoing gynecologic oncology surgery. Therefore, we investigated the implications of performing near-infrared angiography (NIR) via proctoscopy to assess anastomotic perfusion at the time of rectosigmoid resection and anastomosis. Methods We identified all patients who underwent rectosigmoid resection and anastomosis for a gynecologic malignancy between January 1, 2013 until December 31, 2018. NIR proctoscopy was assessed via the PinPoint Endoscopic Imaging System (NOVADAQ, Canada). Results A total of 410 patients were identified, among which NIR was utilized in 134 (32.7%) patients. There were no statistically significant differences in age, race, BMI, type of malignancy or surgery, histology, FIGO stage, hypertension, diabetes, or pre-operative chemotherapy between NIR and non-NIR groups. All cases of rectosigmoid resection underwent stapled anastomosis. The anastomotic leak rate was 2/134 (1.2%) in the NIR cohort compared to 13/276 (4.7%) non-NIR (p=0.10). Diverting ostomy was performed in 9/134 (6.7%) NIR patients and 53/276 (19%) non-NIR patients (p Conclusions The use of NIR proctoscopy is a safe tool to assess anastomotic rectal perfusion after rectosigmoid resection and anastomosis with a low anastomotic leak rate of 1.2%. Its potential usefulness should be evaluated within randomized trials in patients undergoing gynecologic cancer surgery.
Thermo-responsive fluorescent nanoparticles for multimodal imaging and treatment of cancers

Theranostic systems capable of delivering imaging and therapeutic agents at a specific target are the focus of intense research efforts in drug delivery. To overcome non-degradability and toxicity concerns of conventional theranostic systems, we formulated a novel thermo-responsive fluorescent polymer (TFP) and conjugated it on the surface of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for imaging and therapeutic applications in solid tumors. Methods: TFP-MNPs were synthesized by copolymerizing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), allylamine and a biodegradable photoluminescent polymer, and conjugating it on MNPs via a free radical polymerization reaction. Physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and vibrational sample magnetometry. Nanoparticle cytocompatibility, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were evaluated using in vitro cell assays. Finally, in vivo imaging and therapeutic efficacy studies were performed in subcutaneous tumor xenograft mouse models. Results: TFP-MNPs of ~135 nm diameter and -31 mV ζ potential maintained colloidal stability and superparamagnetic properties. The TFP shell was thermo-responsive, fluorescent, degradable, and released doxorubicin in response to temperature changes. In vitro cell studies showed that TFP-MNPs were compatible to human dermal fibroblasts and prostate epithelial cells. These nanoparticles were also taken up by prostate and skin cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner and exhibited enhanced killing of tumor cells at 41°C. Preliminary in vivo studies showed theranostic capabilities of the nanoparticles with bright fluorescence, MRI signal, and therapeutic efficacy under magnetic targeting after systemic administration in tumor bearing mice. Conclusion: These results indicate the potential of TFP-MNPs as multifunctional theranostic nanoparticles for various biological applications, including solid cancer management.
Automated Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Clinical Biomarkers, Optical Coherence Tomography, and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Purpose To determine if combining clinical, demographic, and imaging data improves automated diagnosis of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). Design Cross-sectional imaging and machine learning study. Methods This was a retrospective study performed at a single academic medical center in the United States. Inclusion criteria were age >18 years and a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM). Exclusion criteria were non-DR retinal disease and inability to image the macula. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) were performed, and data on age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hemoglobin A1c were collected. Machine learning techniques were then applied. Multiple pathophysiologically important features were automatically extracted from each layer on OCT and each OCTA plexus and combined with clinical data in a random forest classifier to develop the system, whose results were compared to the clinical grading of NPDR, the gold standard. Results A total of 111 patients with DM II were included in the study, 36 with DM without DR, 53 with mild NPDR, and 22 with moderate NPDR. When OCT images alone were analyzed by the system, accuracy of diagnosis was 76%, sensitivity 85%, specificity 87%, and area under the curve (AUC) was 0.78. When OCT and OCTA data together were analyzed, accuracy was 92%, sensitivity 95%, specificity 98%, and AUC 0.92. When all data modalities were combined, the system achieved an accuracy of 96%, sensitivity 100%, specificity 94%, and AUC 0.96. Conclusions Combining common clinical data points with OCT and OCTA data enhances the power of computer-aided diagnosis of NPDR.
Analyzing Gene Pathways from Microarrays to Sequencing Platforms

Genetic microarrays have been the primary technology for quantitative transcriptome analysis since the mid-1990s. Via statistical testing methodology developed for microarray data, researchers can study genes and gene pathways involved in a disease. Recently a new technology known as RNA-seq has been developed to quantitatively study the transcriptome. This new technology can also study genes and gene pathways, although the statistical methodology used for microarrays must be adapted to this new platform. In this manuscript, we discuss methods of gene pathway analysis in microarrays and next generation sequencing and their advantages over standard “gene by gene” testing schemes.
Transcriptional control of alcohol dehydrogenase genes in plants.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular mechanism of alcohol dehydrogenase ( Adh ) regulation with special attention to the cis elements and the trans -acting factors that play a role in transcription. Adh is a biochemically defined genetic system. It describes the phenomena associated with mutations, gene structure, and gene regulation that predated and even inspired gene cloning and sequencing experiments. Adh occupies a prominent position as an inducible gene. Hypoxic conditions sharply increase Adh gene transcription in many plant parts while greatly reducing the expression of most other genes. The Adh enzyme is involved in the anaerobic fermentation pathway. While the expression of Adh genes is characterized in several plant species, it is most extensively studied in maize. There are two Adh genes in maize: Adh1 and Adh2 . The study of Adh genes provide detailed insights into the minutiae of plant gene transcription, as well as a broad perspective of the nuances involved in genetic, environmental, and developmental control of gene expression.
Surface oxide and hydroxide effects on aluminum microparticle impact bonding

Abstract Oxides, hydroxides, and other surface films act as impediments to metallurgical bonding during cold spray impact adhesion, raising the critical adhesion velocity and reducing the quality of the deposited coating. Using a single-particle impact imaging approach we study how altering the passivating surface oxides with exposures to various levels of heat and humidity affect the cold spray critical adhesion velocity in the case of aluminum. We analyze the thickness, composition and microstructure of the passivation layers with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and correlate our observations with a direct measurement of the critical adhesion velocity for each surface treatment. We conclude that exposures to temperatures as high as 300 °C for up to 240 min in dry air, or to room-temperature with humidity levels as high as 50% for 4 days, have negligible effect on the surface oxide layers, and by extension do not affect the critical adhesion velocity. In contrast, ambient-temperature exposure to 95% relative humidity levels for 4 days increases the critical adhesion velocity by more than 125 m/s, approximately a 14% percent increase. We observe that this distinct change in critical adhesion velocity is correlated with unique changes in the passivating layer thickness, thickness uniformity, crystallinity and composition resulting from exposure to high humidity. These results speak to particle surface treatments to improve the cold spray process.
Modulating Phenolic Bioaccessibility and Glycemic Response of Starch-Based Foods in Wistar Rats by Physical Complexation between Starch and Phenolic Acid.

This study assessed the impact of caffeic and ferulic acid complexation with maize amylopectin or potato starch on glycemic parameters. In comparison to starch–phenolic mixtures, starch–phenolic co...
Status and trends of orthophosphate concentrations in groundwater used for public supply in California

Phosphorus is a necessary nutrient for all organisms. However excessive phosphorus can cause eutrophication in surface water. Groundwater can be an important nonpoint contributor of phosphorus to surface water bodies. Most groundwater phosphorus is in the form of orthophosphate and orthophosphate concentrations in California groundwater vary temporally and geographically. This study quantifies orthophosphate concentrations in water samples from public supply wells in California, evaluates temporal trends (both step and monotonic trends) in orthophosphate concentration for different areas of the state, and explores potential explanatory factors for the trends observed. Orthophosphate concentrations are low in 42 percent of the groundwater used for public supply in California, moderate in 43 percent, and high in 15 percent of this groundwater relative to reference conditions and a goal expressed by the USEPA for streams overlying the aquifers. The findings also suggest that orthophosphate concentrations increased in approximately one-third of this groundwater during the study period (2000 to 2018). The timing of orthophosphate increases observed in time-series evaluations coincided approximately with the timing of increases observed in step-trend evaluations, with both suggesting that the increasing trend occurred mostly before 2011. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the statewide dataset indicates that orthophosphate concentrations are antithetically related to dissolved oxygen (DO), and weakly associated with boron, arsenic, and fluoride. Step trend and time-series trend analyses using PCA were inconclusive.
Bland embolization of a ruptured hepatoblastoma with massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage.

Abstract Purpose: Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary neoplasm of the liver in the pediatric population, usually diagnosed during the first 5 years of life. Patients with large or peripheral hepatoblastomas are at risk for rupture and peritoneal hemorrhage. Image-guided, minimally invasive interventions are offered for controlling hemorrhage. Case presentation: We present a 2-year-old female with an 11.8 cm hepatoblastoma in the right hepatic lobe involving segment 4A, who developed hemodynamic instability on day 8 of induction chemotherapy. Imaging revealed intraperitoneal hemorrhage secondary to her ruptured hepatoblastoma. The patient was successfully treated by celiac artery angiogram and transarterial bland embolization. Conclusion: Transarterial bland embolization of large hepatoblastomas may control and even prevent intraperitoneal/intracapsular hemorrhage, and may also enhance the efficacy of systematic chemotherapy in the pediatric patients with advanced hepatoblastoma.
Significance of Clinical Findings of Patients with Placental Abruption

Objective: Placental abruption is an extremely critical complication in pregnant women because it can result in poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. The exact criteria or obvious prognostic factors to diagnose and predict the outcome have not been determined. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of initial findings of patients with placental abruption. Methods: Fifty-six women with placental abruption who delivered at our hospital between January, 2007 and December, 2017 were enrolled in this retrospective study. We reviewed medical records and analyzed the relationship between variable clinical factors and pregnancy outcomes. Results: Patients with unfavorable outcomes (intrauterine fetal death or use of neonatal ventilator) showed a high tendency of having both abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding, or abdominal pain. Neonates delivered in the abdominal pain group showed a significantly lower Apgar score, larger dimensions of placental abruption and higher frequencies of ventilator use than the other group. The results of multivariate logistic regression showed poor prognostic factors of placenta abruption: abdominal pain (odds ratio [OR]=43.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.9-968.9) and vaginal bleeding (OR=23.1; 95% CI=1.7-305.9). Conclusion: Patients with placental abruption showed statistically significant tendencies of having abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding as initial symptoms. Especially, abdominal pain was associated with the poorest outcome. Therefore, obstetricians should make more rapid decisions and carefully monitor patients for improving the outcome of placental abruption when patients have obvious abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding.
South Asian Literature and the World: An Introduction

This introduction to the special issue of South Asian Review on South Asian Literature and the World frames the essays in the collection within theories of diaspora, transculturation, and regional ...