cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marketing a Pure Play E-Tailer: Historical Emporium Inc

The material in this case provides customer data that were available to the case protagonists to make data-driven decisions. From their garage to a 16,000-square-foot warehouse and office in San Jose, California, Chris and Alicia Allen built a business, Historical Emporium Inc. (HEI) that generated nearly $8 million in sales in 2015. They both had previously worked in the technology field. In true techie fashion, the pair continually thought about ways they could use digital tools to increase sales and enhance customer experience. One of the main drivers of HEI's rapid growth had been the steampunk trend that started back in 2006. Initially there were few competitors in the space but as the size of the market grew, so did the competition. Noticing the dip in their sales, the Allen's wanted to pursue avenues to backfill the loss of that business. They returned to the analytics—what should they concentrate on to draw new customers and keep existing customers engaged? Excerpt UVA-M-0901 Rev. Sept. 19, 2016 Marketing a Pure Play E-Tailer: Historical Emporium Inc. Chris Allen, CFO of Historical Emporium Inc. (HEI), had always wanted to become an entrepreneur, though he had never envisioned himself in the historical clothing retail business. He was a financial professional who had worked for Hewlett-Packard and several start-ups and consultancies in Silicon Valley. His father, Terry, had become a Civil War reenactor and operated a small traveling store that offered Civil War–style clothing for men throughout the U.S. Midwest. Chris's wife, Alicia, a techie with a business degree, worked as a product development consultant and helped develop business websites. By the time Chris and Alicia had two children, they were ready to pursue a business that would offer more flexibility than the average start-up in Silicon Valley. So in 2003, Alicia and Chris decided to take a crack at selling historical costumes and took over the business but added a twist—instead of a traveling store, they would become an online retailer. From their garage to a 16,000-square-foot warehouse and office in San Jose, California, the Allens built a business that generated nearly $ 8million in sales in 2015. And in true techie fashion, the pair continually thought about other ways they could use digital tools to increase sales and enhance customer experience. The number of available online marketing campaigns was vast, but each one cost money and the Allens were looking for the best bang for their click. . . .
First line immunotherapy extends brain metastasis free survival, improves overall survival, and reduces the incidence of brain metastasis in patients with advanced melanoma.

BACKGROUND Recent advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy have improved the prognosis of melanoma patients but brain metastasis remains a major challenge. Currently, it is unclear how existing therapies can be best used to prevent or treat brain metastasis in melanoma patients. AIMS We aimed to assess brain metastasis free survival (BMFS), overall survival (OS), incidence of brain metastases, and sequencing strategies of immunotherapy and targeted therapy in patients with BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma. METHODS AND RESULTS We retrospectively analyzed 683 patients with BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma treated with first line (1L) immunotherapy (N = 266) or targeted therapy (N = 417). The primary outcome was BMFS. Secondary outcomes included OS of all patients and incidence of brain metastases in patients without documented brain metastases prior to 1L therapy. The median BMFS was 13.7 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 12.4-16.0] among all patients. The median BMFS for patients receiving 1L immunotherapy was 41.9 months [95% CI: 22.8-not reached (NR)] and targeted therapy was 11.0 months (95% CI: 8.8-12.5). Median OS results were qualitatively similar to BMFS results. The cumulative incidence of brain metastases for patients receiving 1L targeted therapy was higher than for patients receiving 1L immunotherapy (P < .001). Patients receiving 1L anti-CTLA4 plus anti-PD1 combination immunotherapy only or followed by second line (2L) targeted therapy had better BMFS (HR 0.40, 95% CI: 0.24-0.67, P = .001), improved OS (HR 0.49, 95% CI: 0.30-0.81, P = .005), and reduced incidence of brain metastases (HR 0.47, 95% CI: 0.24-0.67, P = .047) than patients receiving 1L combination BRAF and MEK targeted therapy followed by 2L immunotherapy. CONCLUSION Patients with advanced BRAF mutant melanoma treated with 1L immunotherapy have significantly longer BMFS and OS, and reduced incidence of brain metastases, compared with those treated with 1L targeted therapy. Further studies evaluating the ability of immunotherapy and targeted therapy to improve OS and prevent brain metastases are warranted.
The Politics of Sexual Harassment: Social movements, institutions, and the politics of sexual harassment

The evolution of sexual harassment policies, beginning in the United States and spreading to the EU and its member states, demonstrates the important role of transnational movements and advocacy networks in promoting social change on a global scale. In this transnational effort, feminists have been able to draw on resources beyond their national borders. Alternative feminist discourses – including a range of viewpoints and sophisticated forms of transnational expertise based on social scientific and legal research – readily travel across national borders. The German case, however, demonstrates that the nation-state remains a key actor because institutional arrangements of legal systems, workplace regulation, and gender ideologies shape both feminist strategies and the (gender) politics of sexual harassment in general. This book has compared the rise and development of the politics of sexual harassment in the United States, the EU, and Germany, focusing on cultural, social, political, and institutional contexts. The preceding chapters reveal how different trajectories and dynamics of change – from the origins of laws to their implementation in the workplace – have brought about very different politics. Demonstrating how important a gender approach is for the comparative study of sexual harassment policy, this chapter discusses policy outcomes from a gendered perspective. Comparison of how feminist frames were translated into laws allows us to examine the links among frames, institutional arrangements, and political opportunities. Hence, this chapter addresses what this analysis tells us about how social movements affect policy change in general and feminist policy in particular.
Membrane Cofactor Protein

Membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) is a widely distributed regulatory protein that inhibits complement activation on host cells. Except for erythrocytes, it has been found on every cell examined (Liszewski et al. 1991 ). Cole et al. (1985) originally identified MCP as a third class, in addition to CR1 and CR2, of electrophoretically distinct, C3 binding, membrane proteins of human peripheral blood leukocytes. Initially termed gp45–70, to reflect its electrophoretic mobility on SDS-PAGE, the common name was changed to MCP when its cofactor activity was recognized (Seya et al. 1986). MCP was hypothesized and subsequently found to belong to a family of structurally, functionally, and genetically related proteins collectively termed the regulators of complement activation (RCA) (DeCordoba et al. 1984, 1985; Holers et al. 1985; Hourcade et al. 1989). Recently, MCP was given its leukocyte differentiation number (CD46) and a monoclonal antibody (E4.3) was designated as the standard typing reagent (Hadam 1990; Purcell et al. 1989a). This chapter will review our current understanding of the structure and function of MCP, emphasizing recent contributions made possible by molecular analyses (Post et al. 1991).
Quantitative Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation: Validation of New Methods

Accurate assessment of mitral regurgitation (MR) severity is important for clinical decision making, prognostication, and decisions regarding timing of surgical intervention. The most common method for noninvasive assessment of MR has been with 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography, which is often used as a qualitative tool. Several newer noninvasive modalities including 3-dimensional echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and cardiac computed tomography have also become available for this purpose; however, their role in routine clinical practice is not clearly defined. In this review, we provide an overview of these newer modalities for quantitative assessment of MR severity.
Abstract 16784: Doxycycline Modulates Cardiomyocyte Remodeling in Light Chain-Induced Cardiac Amyloidosis

Cardiac amyloidosis due to clonal immunoglobulin light chain (AL) is a potentially fatal disease. The mechanism(s) of cardiac dysfunction and myocardial damage caused by amyloid fibrils deposition represents the least understood aspect of amyloid pathology. Once diagnosed with heart failure (HF), the median survival of AL cardiac amyloidosis (ALCMP) patients is <6months if left untreated. However, only a minority of ALCMP patients are eligible for definitive therapy which includes autologous stem cell transplant and high dose melphalan. Despite this most patients continue to have evidence of HF and marked LVH on echocardiogram without regression even when this aggressive regimen is successful. Extracellular matrix turnover is implicated in the pathogenesis of ALCMP. Increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity may contribute to ALCMP. Doxycycline (DOX), an MMP inhibitor, reduces fibril formation and aggregates in murine models of AL and TTR amyloidosis. Autophagy plays a role in adverse cardiac remod...
The pelvic examination and the black gynecologist.

Abstract Questionnaires designed to measure levels of patient comfort with regard to the procedures in a pelvic examination were administered to 144 women immediately after their examinations. White women reported equal comfort with both white and Black gynecologists. These findings were not dependent on the educational level of the white women. Assuming that reported feelings of comfort could be equated with patients' level of confidence toward the gynecologist, white women in this sample were as comfortable with the Black gynecologist as with the white physician. Black women, however, showed significantly less confidence in the Black physician. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Ubiquity symposium 'What is computation?': Computation and Fundamental Physics

In this seventh article in the ACM Ubiquity symposium, What is Computation?, Dave Bacon of University of Washington explains why he thinks discussing the question is as important as thinking about what it means to be self-aware. —Editor
CURRENT CONCEPTS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY.

AMONG the many interesting congenital cardiac malformations amenable to surgery today, four will be discussed, namely, coarctation of the aorta, ventricular septal defect, Tetralogy of Fallot, and transposition of the great vessels. Recommendations for surgical therapy are based on the experience at the Mayo Clinic. Coarctation of the aorta continues to be most satisfactorily treated by operation and the hospital mortality risk is extremely low. In general, the optimal age for surgery is about 10 to 12 years. Unusually severe systemic hypertension or cardiac enlargement constitute an indication for somewhat earlier surgery. When infants with isolated coarctation of the aorta show severe cardiac failure, and this certainly occurs although uncommonly, operation should be advised at that age. The risk even then is very low, but few cases may require reoperation at age 12 because of failure of adequate growth of the anastomosis. The indications for repair of ventricular septal defect must take into account the estimated size of the lesion and its hemodynamic effects. Patients with small ventricular septal defects who have normalsized hearts and normal electrocardiograms, that is, those without clinical evidence of significant hemodynamic derangement, are not advised by us to undergo repair of the defect at present. Patients with ventricular septal defect and mild or moderate pulmonary artery hypertension (that is, patients whose pulmonary artery pressure is less than 75% of systemic artery pressure) can be operated upon at essentially no hospital risk. Operation is clearly advisable in all of these patients. Patients with ventricular septal defect who have severe pulmonary artery hypertension associated with a large pulmonary blood flow (and thus with only mild elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance) can be operated upon with a low hospital mortality rate, in the neighborhood of 5%.
Robust binomial lattices for univariate and multivariate applications: choosing probabilities to match local densities

A wide variety of diffusions used in financial economics are mean-reverting and many have state- and time-dependent volatilities. For processes with the latter property, a transformation along the lines suggested by Nelson and Ramaswamey can be used to give a diffusion with constant volatility and thus a computationally simple binomial lattice. Drift terms in mean-reverting and transformed processes frequently result in either ill-defined probabilities or complex grids. We develop closed-form, legitimate probabilities on a simple grid for univariate and multivariate lattices for well-posed smooth diffusions. The probabilities are based on conditional normal density functions with parameters determined by the diffusion. We demonstrate convergence in distribution under mild restrictions and provide numerical comparisons with other univariate and multivariate approaches.
Separating lysozyme from bacteriophage P22 in two-phase aqueous micellar systems.

This communication demonstrates that two-phase aqueous mixed (nonionic/ionic) micellar systems have the potential for improving the separation of proteins from viruses. Specifically, two separation experiments were performed to show that the addition of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to the two-phase aqueous nonionic n-decyl tetra(ethylene oxide) (C(10)E(4)) micellar system increases the yield of a model net positively charged protein, lysozyme, in the micelle-rich phase from 75 to 95%, while still maintaining approximately the same yield of a model net negatively charged virus, bacteriophage P22, in the micelle-poor phase (97% vs. 98%).
How do ultralong-range homonuclear Rydberg molecules get their permanent dipole moments?

Cold and ultracold Rydberg atoms are in considerable vogue for their ability to creating strong interactions, stemming from their exaggerated and readily tunable properties. Ultralong-range Rydberg molecules have been predicted to form from the interaction of ultracold Rydberg atoms with ground-state atoms and polar molecules. In this work, we discuss and demonstrate how such molecules, which are homonuclear, form substantially large permanent electric dipole moments. A corollary benefit of such strong hybridisation is the realisation of high angular momentum degenerate Rydberg molecules (so-called trilobite molecules) with standard photoassociation techniques.
Spin-rotation coupling in ferromagnetic clusters.

We examine the magnetic response of free clusters considering the spin direction and the cluster orientation as the only active degrees of freedom. The average magnetization in small fields approaches the Langevin value for paramagnets, depending on the degree to which the Hamiltonian preserves symmetries. Superparamagnetic behavior is not achievable within models considering only these degrees of freedom. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
The Rhetoric of Globalisation: The Europeanisation of Human Ideas

(2006). The Rhetoric of Globalisation: The Europeanisation of Human Ideas. Journal of Multicultural Discourses: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 152-158.
Effects of temperature on hardhead minnow ( Mylopharodon conocephalus ) blood-oxygen equilibria

Habitat perturbations, including dam construction with consequent temperature changes and the introduction of non-native species to California’s mid- to low-elevation streams, have negatively influenced some native fish populations’ historic distribution and abundance. Populations of hardhead, Mylopharodon conocephalus (Cyprinidae), have experienced such population declines, but environmental temperature effects on this large (to 60 cm SL), native species are poorly documented. We measured temperature effects on in vitro blood-oxygen affinity and equilibrium curve shape, key dynamics of the species’ oxygen-transport system, derived from blood collected from wild-caught hardhead. Over an 11–30 °C temperature range, the half-saturation value (P50, an inverse measure of affinity) increased with the temperature from 0.51 to 1.80 kPa for low-PCO2 (“arterial”) treatments and from 2.02 to 2.92 kPa for high-PCO2 (“venous”) treatments. The apparent heat of oxygenation (temperature effect) was higher at temperatures > (absolute value) 19 °C. Therefore, hardhead’s blood has a decreased ability to bind oxygen at its gills at temperatures ≥25 °C, compared to that at temperatures ≤19 °C. The hardhead’s Bohr factors (Ф), non-bicarbonate buffer values (β), nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) concentrations, blood oxygen capacities (CBO2), and mildly sigmoid-shaped oxygen equilibrium curves showed no relationship with temperature. Overall, their blood-oxygen equilibria suggest that hardhead can tolerate moderate hypoxia and temperature variations in its environment and that they have some capacity for sustained, high-aerobic activity.
Effect of Fluid Intake and Dry Matter Concentration on Scours and Water Intake in Calves Fed Once Daily

Abstract Fifty-four Holstein calves were fed one of nine liquid diets once daily from 3 through 23 days of age. Diets consisted of a milk replacer (22% crude protein, 10% fat) fed at fluid intakes of 6, 8, and 10% body weight and dry matter concern trations of 10, 15, and 20%. Water was offered ad libitum and intake recorded daily. No solid feed was offered during the study. Incidence and duration of scours were recorded. Fluid intake and dry matter concentration affected average daily gain, intakes of dry matter, and total water. Average daily gain ranged from −.19 kg at the lowest dry matter intake (.24 kg/day) to .59 kg at the highest intake (.93 kg/day). Intake of dry matter was the major factor influencing gain. All values increased linearly with increasing intake of fluid or concentration of dry matter. In addition, dry matter concentration also affected incidence and duration of scours and intake of water. One-third of all calves fed at 10% dry matter developed scours whereas all calves fed at 10% body weight, 20% dry matter scoured. Dry matter concentration was of greater importance in control of scours than was fluid intake. Liquid diets probably should range from 10 to 15% dry matter when fed once daily to calves.
Stabilization and intestinal absorption of human calcitonin

The effect of different excipients and/or surface active compounds on the stability of human calcitonin in aqueous solution was studied. Calcitonin solution was partially stabilized with dilute acetic acid (0.01% (w/v) or higher), and among many tested surfactants, only lauryl sulfate proved to be a very efficient long-term stabilizer (1 year or more). Concentration dependency studies indicated that lauryl sulfate micelles were necessary to achieve long-term stabilization of human calcitonin in solution. Another liquid formulation was developed that also stabilized human calcitonin over a long period of time (3 months or more). Calcitonin was dissolved in polar, nontoxic, nonaqueous solvents, such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol 200 and this solution was emulsified in an oil phase composed of medium-chain glycerides. Medium and long-term stabilized formulations of human calcitonin were then studied for intestinal absorption via the duodenum and colon in rats. Using aqueous formulations containing 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate or 6.6% dodecyl maltoside as the enhancer, bioavailability values greater than 10% were achieved by intracolonic route of administration, demonstrating that the colon is better suited for calcitonin delivery and absorption. Pharmacodynamic responses and time profiles obtained were significant and comparable to those observed for intramuscular injection of human calcitonin.
Effect of the electron donor structure on the shelf‐lifetime of visible‐light activated three‐component initiator systems

In this study, we investigated the effect of electron donor structures on the shelf life of three-component initiator systems which also included methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer and diphenyl iodonium salt (DPI) as an electron acceptor. For this research, N-phenylglycine (NPG), N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), N,N-diisopropyl-3-pentylamine (DIPA), and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) were used as electron donors, with different of proton transfer efficiencies and radical/cation persistence. To aid characterization of the shelf-life or dark storage stability of three-component initiator systems, the relative polymerization kinetic profile of each freshly prepared initiator system was first obtained using photo-DSC. The standardized photopolymerization reactions were repeated after various dark storage intervals. Thermal stability of each initiator system was compared by applying a ramped temperature program to monomer samples in the DSC in the dark. To analyze the kinetic changes as a function of storage time more quantitatively, we suggested an equation and characterized the shelf-lifetime constant (k) of three-component initiator systems. From the experiments and analysis, we conclude that the order of shelf-life is consistent with the of radical cation (DH·+) persistence; DABCO > DIPA > MDEA > NPG, and inversely related to the proton transfer efficiency of the electron donor; NPG > MDEA > DIPA > DABCO. The effects of electron donor structures on thermal stability were consistent with the results of kinetic shelf-life experiments. This investigation provides an effective means to characterize as well as predict shelf lifetimes of initiator systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Material Requirements for Reversible Phase Change Optical Recording

The science and technology underlying phase change reversible optical storage, with an emphasis on the media, are reviewed. The transformation kinetics and their effect on writing (amorphization), erasing (crystallization) and long-term data stability are discussed. Phase separation is shown to affect cyclability and cause increased media noise. A readback CNR of 65.0 db was obtained by eliminating grooves as a source of media noise and using a recording layer which crystallizes into a cubic phase. Recording performance at short wavelengths is discussed.
Early ventral expression of the Drosophila neurogenic locus mastermind

The neurogenic locus mastermind (mam) of Drosophila is required for the segregation of epidermal from neural cell lineages. Previous studies have shown that during neurogenesis mam appears to be expressed throughout the ectoderm, mesoderm, and neuroblast layer of the germ band. Here it is demonstrated that during early embryogenesis mam is expressed ubiquitously; however, the predominant domains of accumulation of mam RNA and protein during gastrulation are along the ventral longitudinal surface, including cells of the mesoderm, endoderm, mesectoderm, and neuroectoderm. The regions of elevated mam accumulation coincide with the realm of action of dorsoventral patterning genes.
Effect of constant and fluctuating temperatures on the in vitro growth of Ceratocystis species

The effects of constant and fluctuating temperature regimes on the in vitro growth of various Ceratocystis species, including C. adiposa, C. pluriannulata, C. minor, C. coerulescens, C. pilifera , and 14 isolates of C. ulmi , were investigated. The constant temperature of 250 seemed optimally favourable for growth of most of the Ceratocystis members tested. There was considerable variation, however, in response to the various constant and fluctuating temperature regimes. Generally, fluctuating temperature occasioned reduced growth. Occasionally, a minor fluctuation would suppress growth while subsequent larger fluctuations would enhance it. This phenomenon was termed ‘initial-negative’ stimulation. There did not appear to be any correlation between geographic source of an isolate or species and its reaction to temperature regime.
Proteomic analysis of an immortalized mouse pancreatic stellate cell line identifies differentially-expressed proteins in activated vs nonproliferating cell states.

Pancreatic stellate cells (PaSC) are mediators in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. Proteins regulating the biomolecular pathways involved in the conversion of activated to quiescent PaSC may have a significant influence in the development of chronic pancreatitis. We aim to compare differentially expressed proteins from an immortalized cell line of mouse PaSC in the activated and serum-starved cell states using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. PaSC cultured in media supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) proliferate in the activated state, while serum starvation promotes the cellular transition to a “pseudo-quiescent” state. Using these two cell states, we performed a comparative mass spectrometry (GeLC–MS/MS) proteomic analysis. We identified over 2000 nonredundant proteins in PaSC. Qualitative and label-free quantitative analysis revealed several hundred proteins that were differentially abundant between the cell states. Proteins that were more abundant in activated PaSC in...
Evaluation of right-cylinder conductivity cells

Abstract A theoretical equation, deduced from known physical principles, is presented for the cell constant of a right-cylinder conductivity cell as a function of the electrode radii and the electrode-axes displacement. Experimental data are compared with theoretical results and found in good agreement. In particular, the effects of changes in electrode-axes displacement are discussed. It is shown that small deviations from the coaxial electrode arrangement do not induce significant variations in cell constant.
Work in progress — Impact of early design instruction on capstone experiences

In the Olin College curriculum, students have significant, early, and continuous exposure to user-oriented design principles. As a result, our students have a very user-centered approach to problem solving that has affected our yearlong, industry-sponsored capstone in several ways. We have reflected on five years of capstone engagements in order to learn how our program has changed because of the design emphasis in our curriculum. The significance of our work is to inform the many departments that are already undertaking design-centric curriculum reform on how they may modify their capstone experiences to best take advantage of new student understanding, and what to expect when using design principles to engage industry problems.
Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: palliation, correction, or repair?

Abstract Background . Inconsistent use of the terms palliation, repair, and correction, fosters unclear thinking about the goals of cardiac operation. Actual usage of these terms has not been previously documented. Methods . Every article, for two years, pertaining to congenital heart disease in The Annals of Thoracic Surgery and The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery was systematically inspected for terms of classification. Results . In the 301 articles reviewed, repair and correction were used virtually interchangeably. Palliation was generally used distinctively, but all 3 descriptors were used for 3 operations. The etymology of each descriptive term suggests that they have distinct traditional definitions and connotations. Repair suggests returning to normal that which was once normal, while correction carries no implication of prior normalcy; thus, correction is the more etymologically correct term for congenital heart operations. In current literature, palliation is used improperly for a few operations to denote lack of anatomic correction or lack of permanence of correction. Conclusions . Because proper usage reflects both etymology and actual usage, we suggest that repair and correction may be used interchangeably. Palliation, however, should describe only operations that are not intended to provide normal cardiac physiology.
A Customized Python Module for CFD Flow Analysis within VisTrails

A relatively simple, customized Python module that plugs smoothly into an otherwise standard workflow within VisTrails facilitates a quantitative analysis of complex fluid flows in simulations of merging binary stars.
Accuracy of nondirected and directed M-mode echocardiography as an estimate of left atrial size.

M-mode echocardiography has customarily been used to assess left atrial (LA) size noninvasively; it is thought that this provided a more accurate estimate than chest x-ray. Normal subjects have been studied systematically and normal ranges of M-mode measurements defined with good reproducibility.1–3 However, a good correlation between M-mode LA dimension and LA volume has not been consistently demonstrated. Schabelman et al4 compared M-mode LA dimension with biplane angiographic volume and found a poor correlation (r = 0.50, y = 1.5x – 10.9). The best correlation of these 2 parameters they could attain was by fitting the M-mode dimension to a power function (y = 3.7x1.8) and then the correlation coefficient was only 0.69. Two-dimensional (D) echocardiography has also been used to assist in the measurement of LA dimension,5 and there has been some evidence suggesting that the use of 2-D echocardiographic direction of the M-mode beam can improve the accuracy of unidirectional echocardiographic measurement in predicting LA size.6 We report an evaluation of the relation of M-mode echocardiographic LA dimension, both independently and with 2-D echocardiographic direction, to LA volume.
Eastern Boundary Currents and Coastal Upwelling

Abstract The adjustment of the eastern coastal zone of an inviscid ocean with vertical walls to a change in wind conditions occurs in two stages. After the propagation of a Kelvin wave across the forced region in a time Tk which is of the order of a day or two, the coastal upwelling zone is temporarily in equilibrium with the wind. Further adjustment occurs after a time TR, which is of the order of a few mouths, when westward Rossby dispersion of the coastal jet becomes important. These time scales define three frequency ranges that characterize the response to fluctuating winds with period P. 1) At high frequencies (P ≲ Tk) short Kelvin waves can destroy coherence between the forcing and response, alonshore coherence of oceanic variables is small, and the spectrum of the response is red even if that of the forcing is white. The offshore wale of the response is the radius of deformation. Poleward phase propagation at Kelvin wave speed c in unforced regions and at speed 2c in the forced region is prominent...
Double Internal Mammary Artery-Myocardial Implantation Clinical Evaluation of Results in 150 Patients

A total of 248 double internal mammary artery-myocardial implantations have been performed at the Cleveland Clinic up to October 31, 1967. This report presents an analysis of the clinical experience with the first 150 patients. The majority of the patients were between 40 and 60 years of age. The overall hospital mortality was 9.3%. The lowest mortality rate (4.9%) was among patients between 51 and 60 years of age. The most common complication encountered in this series (22 patients) was atrial fibrillation. Acute myocardial infarction developed in 14 patients; all of them recovered with the usual medical treatment. All of the patients have been studied by Sones's technique of selective coronary angiography and left ventriculography. We believe that this is mandatory in the selection of patients for coronary artery operations. The postoperative evaluation shows significant clinical improvement in the majority, 116 patients. Thirty-one have undergone postoperative angiographic studies. Of 61 opacified arteries, 58 remained patent, and 37 showed definite communication with coronary arteries. We believe our present operative technique allows us to increase myocardial perfusion in any region of the left ventricle.
Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) employed in the fabrication of low temperature barium titanate (BTO) films on carbon fibers

In order to explore the functionalization of wearable fabrics for power generation, barium titanate (BTO) was deposited on nickel tape and on carbon fiber fabric employing pulsed laser deposition (PLD) methods under conditions normally not considered ideal to produce optimum ferroelectric properties, namely, at temperatures as low as 100 °C and under various oxygen partial pressures. The remnant charge polarization and film resistance properties were evaluated to determine the effect of the aforementioned deposition conditions. The C-V characterization indicates that the BTO films still retained ferroelectric properties in films produced at temperature as low as 200 °C, below which, the behavior was only paraelectric.
Correlation of visual outcome and patient satisfaction with preoperative keratometry after hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis.

Purpose To prospectively study the dependence of visual outcomes and patient satisfaction on corneal keratometry (K) in hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Setting John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Methods Twenty-six patients (49 eyes) who had hyperopic LASIK from January to October 2005 were prospectively studied. Twelve patients (24 eyes) with a preoperative K value less than 43.0 diopters (D) (Group 1) were compared with 14 patients (25 eyes) with a preoperative K value greater than 44.0 D (Group 2). Results The mean preoperative hyperopia was +3.44 D (range +1.57 to +5.25 D). Ten patients in Group 2 and 1 patient in Group 1 lost 2 or more lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA). There was a statistically significant difference in subjective patient satisfaction (scale 1 to 4; 4 = most satisfied) between Group 1 and Group 2 (mean 2.75 ± 0.61 and 1.52 ± 0.66, respectively) (P Conclusions An increased incidence of loss of BSCVA and decreased patient satisfaction was associated with a preoperative K value greater than 44.0 D in hyperopic LASIK, indicating caution is required when performing LASIK in eyes with moderate to high hyperopia and steep preoperative corneal keratometry.
Interfaces and the driving force of hydrophobic assembly

The hydrophobic effect — the tendency for oil and water to segregate — is important in diverse phenomena, from the cleaning of laundry, to the creation of micro-emulsions to make new materials, to the assembly of proteins into functional complexes. This effect is multifaceted depending on whether hydrophobic molecules are individually hydrated or driven to assemble into larger structures. Despite the basic principles underlying the hydrophobic effect being qualitatively well understood, only recently have theoretical developments begun to explain and quantify many features of this ubiquitous phenomenon.
The Neuregulin Signaling Pathway and Schizophrenia: From Genes to Synapses and Neural Circuits

Numerous genetic linkage and association studies implicate members of the Neuregulin-ErbB receptor (NRG-ErbB) signaling pathway as schizophrenia "at risk" genes. An emphasis of this review is to propose plausible neurobiological mechanisms, regulated by the Neuregulin-ErbB signaling network, that may be altered in schizophrenia and contribute to its etiology. To this end, the distinct neurotransmitter pathways, neuronal subtypes and neural network systems altered in schizophrenia are initially discussed. Next, the review focuses on the possible significance of genetic studies associating NRG1 and ErbB4 with schizophrenia, in light of the functional role of this signaling pathway in regulating glutamatergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, as well as modulating synaptic plasticity and gamma oscillations. The importance of restricted ErbB4 receptor expression in GABAergic interneurons is emphasized, particularly their expression at glutamatergic synapses of parvalbumin-positive fast-spiking interneurons where modulation of inhibitory drive could account for the dramatic effects of NRG-ErbB signaling on gamma oscillations and pyramidal neuron output. A case is made for reasons that the NRG-ErbB signaling pathway constitutes a "biologically plausible" system for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms that may underlie the complex array of positive, negative and cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia during development.
Becoming a scientist: The role of undergraduate research in students' cognitive, personal, and professional development

In this ethnographic study of summer undergraduate research (UR) experiences at four liberal arts colleges, where faculty and students work collaboratively on a project of mutual interest in an apprenticeship of authentic science research work, analysis of the accounts of faculty and student participants yields comparative insights into the structural elements of this form of UR program and its benefits for students. Comparison of the perspectives of faculty and their students revealed considerable agreement on the nature, range, and extent of students' UR gains. Specific student gains relating to the process of “becoming a scientist” were described and illustrated by both groups. Faculty framed these gains as part of professional socialization into the sciences. In contrast, students emphasized their personal and intellectual development, with little awareness of their socialization into professional practice. Viewing study findings through the lens of social constructivist learning theories demonstrates that the characteristics of these UR programs, how faculty practice UR in these colleges, and students' outcomes—including cognitive and personal growth and the development of a professional identity—strongly exemplify many facets of these theories, particularly, student-centered and situated learning as part of cognitive apprenticeship in a community of practice. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed91:36–74, 2007
The structure of context-free grammatical families

Let ℒ CI be the family of context-free languages. Two characterization theorems are given for (context-free) grammatical families. The first says that the class of grammatical families not ℒ CF is the smallest collection of sets of languages which contains the trivial ones and is closed under a union operator ∨, a concatenation operator ⊙, and ℐ, where ℐ is a ternary operator involving substitution into linear languages. The second asserts that the collection of all nontrivial grammatical families not ℒ CF is the smallest collection of sets of languages which contains the family of regular sets, and is closed under ∨, ⊙, ℐ, and the full AFL operator ℱ ^ .
Multinucleation of a sibling blastomere on day 2 suggests unsuitability for embryo transfer in IVF–preimplantation genetic screening cycles

Objective To evaluate the impact of multinucleation of a sibling blastomere of day 2 embryos on the rate of aneuploidy detected by day 3 preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) biopsy and the effect on subsequent implantation and pregnancy rates. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University-based IVF center. Patient(s) A total of 141 couples undergoing their first IVF-PGS cycle for idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) or multiple failed IVF implantations. Intervention(s) Biopsy of single-nucleated blastomeres for PGS analysis of chromosomes X, Y, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, and 22 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Main Outcome Measure(s) Aneuploidy, implantation, and pregnancy rates. Result(s) PGS revealed an increased incidence of aneuploidy when comparing multinucleated day 2 embryos with single-nucleated embryos (85% vs. 78%; relative risk 0.92 (95% confidence interval 0.84–1.00). Transfer of single-nucleated euploid embryos resulted in clinical pregnancy and implantation rates of 28% and 24%. Transfer of multinucleated euploid embryos resulted in no implantations. Conclusion(s) The presence of multinucleated blastomeres on day 2 of embryo development, 1 day before biopsy, predicts an increase of aneuploidy and poor pregnancy outcomes in IVF-PGS cycles.
SENSORY EVALUATIONS OF ROASTS FROM BOARS, BARROWS, GILTS AND OVARIECTOMIZED GILTS

Roasts from littermate boars, barrows, gilts and ovariectomized gilts were evaluated by a rating panel and a flavor profile panel. Generally, roasts from boars and barrows had more animal-like aroma and flavor and were less juicy, tender, and desirable than roasts from gilts and ovariectomized gilts as scored by the rating panel. The profile panel noted an animal aroma in all samples. None of the samples were scored “undesirable” overall by the rating panel.
Heterogeneous growth in transition metal-rare earth films during bias sputter deposition☆

Abstract Unusual multiphase microstructures formed in thick Ni-La and Ni-Y films that were produced by high rate sputter deposition, when the substrate was biased at several hundred volts during deposition. Films biased in this range were bombarded with an intense flux of Kr+ ions (approximately 5 × 1016 cm-2 s-1) because of the dense thermionically supported plasma used here. In these films large oriented precipitates formed near certain defects or irregularities in the substrate or film surface. The matrix in which these growths formed was amorphous or microcrystalline. No heterogeneities were observed in films deposited with a negative substrate bias lower than about 50 V. Those films were amorphous and were homogeneous in composition. Examples of the heterogeneous microstructures are presented here, and reasons for their formation are discussed.
Novel Use of a Static Modification of Two-Dimensional Correlation Analysis. Part II: Hetero-Spectral Correlations of Protein Raman, FT-IR, and Circular Dichroism Spectra

The two-dimensional (2D) static correlation model developed in the previous paper is here extended to hetero-spectral applications for the correlation of spectral features arising from two separate techniques. The calculational method is detailed, and examples are given of Raman vs. circular dichroism (CD) (electronic) and Raman vs. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) 2D correlation and disrelation maps with fractional secondary structures used as the perturbation. This approach allows use of well-established secondary structure assignments of spectral features in one technique to interpret structurally less clearly assigned bands, particularly for beta- turns, or possibly misassigned bands in other spectra via their calculated 2D correlations.
Performance of a lead-glass spectrometer for detecting η mesons

Abstract The characteristics of the LAMPF π 0 spectrometer for detecting ∼ 100 MeV η mesons are reported. Good solid angle acceptance and adequate energy resolution are achieved with this spectrometer.
Opinions on the use and value of social tagging

The use of social tagging as a mechanism for enhancing access to information on social networking sites has been widely discussed. This study explores this issue by examining the views of students in two introductory information organization classes on participation in social networks, tag generation and the value of tagging.
Francisella tularensis LVS evades killing by human neutrophils via inhibition of the respiratory burst and phagosome escape

Francisella tularensis is a Gram-nega- tive bacterium and the causative agent of tulare- mia. Recent data indicate that F. tularensis repli- cates inside macrophages, but its fate in other cell types, including human neutrophils, is unclear. We now show that F. tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS), opsonized with normal human serum, was rapidly ingested by neutrophils but was not elimi- nated. Moreover, evasion of intracellular killing can be explained, in part, by disruption of the respiratory burst. As judged by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence and nitroblue tetrazolium staining, neutrophils infected with live F. tularensis did not generate reactive oxygen species. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that NADPH oxidase as- sembly was disrupted, and LVS phagosomes did not acquire gp91/p22 phox or p47/p67 phox . At the same time, F. tularensis also impaired neutrophil activa- tion by heterologous stimuli such as phorbol esters and opsonized zymosan particles. Later in infec- tion, LVS escaped the phagosome, and live organ- isms persisted in the neutrophil cytosol for at least 12 h. To our knowledge, our data are the first demonstration of a facultative intracellular patho- gen, which disrupts the oxidative burst and escapes the phagosome to evade elimination inside neutro- phils, and as such, our data define a novel mecha- nism of virulence. J. Leukoc. Biol. 80: 1224-1230; 2006.
Evolution of the Pedolateral Foot in Ground Sloths: Patterns of Change in the Astragalus

The rotation of the pes or pedolateral stance in the extinct ground sloths so the body weight of the animal is primarily supported by the fifth metatarsal and the calcaneum occurred independently at least three times and is present in the Megatheriidae, Nothrotheriidae, and Mylodontidae. In contrast, the pes in the Megalonychidae more closely resembles the primitive eutherian pattern. The pedolateral rotation of the pes thus represents an excellent example of parallel evolution in a closely related group of mammals. While the rotation of the foot occurs as a functional complex resulting in the modification of many bones in the pes, the astragalus is the one bone that shows the highest degree of departure from the primitive mammalian condition and the most distinctive changes in morphology. The morphological transition from a plantigrade foot as occurs in xenarthran anteaters and is essentially retained in the megalonychid sloths to the highly derived condition seen in the megathere, nothrothere, and mylodont sloths follows a similar pattern in all groups but there is still significant variation in the foot structure between the lineages. Despite these variations there are consistent patterns of change in the astragalus in all groups related to the progressive rotation of the pes and a change from dorso-plantar flexion and extension to a medio-lateral rotation of the pes relative to the tibia.
Neuronal expression of myeloperoxidase is increased in Alzheimer's disease

Myeloperoxidase, a heme protein expressed by professional phagocytic cells, generates an array of oxidants which are proposed to contribute to tissue damage during inflammation. We now report that enzymatically active myeloperoxidase and its characteristic amino acid oxidation products are present in human brain. Further, expression of myeloperoxidase is increased in brain tissue showing Alzheimer's neuropathology. Consistent with expression in phagocytic cells, myeloperoxidase immunoreactivity was present in some activated microglia in Alzheimer brains. However, the majority of immunoreactive material in brain localized with amyloid plaques and, surprisingly, neurons including granule and pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. Confirming neuronal localization of the enzyme, several neuronal cell lines as well as primary neuronal cultures expressed myeloperoxidase protein. Myeloperoxidase mRNA was also detected in neuronal cell lines. These results reveal the unexpected presence of myeloperoxidase in neurons. The increase in neuronal myeloperoxidase expression we observed in Alzheimer disease brains raises the possibility that the enzyme contributes to the oxidative stress implicated in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disorder.
Reconsideration of "A Fast Computational Algorithm for the Discrete Cosine Transform"

Some corrections are made for the original paper "A fast computational algorithm for the discrete cosine transform," 1 which contains some errors of indexes and of multiplication factors.