cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Judgments and Reasoning About the Failure to Include Peers with Social Disabilities

Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder often do not have access to crucial peer social activities. This study examines how typically developing adolescents evaluate decisions not to include a peer based on disability status, and the justifications they apply to these decisions. A clinical interview methodology was used to elicit judgments and justifications across four contexts. We found adolescents are more likely to judge the failure to include as acceptable in personal as compared to public contexts. Using logistic regression, we found that adolescents are more likely to provide moral justifications as to why failure to include is acceptable in a classroom as compared to home, lab group, and soccer practice contexts. Implications for intervention are also discussed.
WIN-55,212-2 and SR-141716A alter nicotine-induced changes in locomotor activity, but do not alter nicotine-evoked [3H]dopamine release

Nicotine, the main psychoactive ingredient in tobacco, plays a key role in the development of cigarette smoking addiction. The endocannabinoid system has been demonstrated to have an important role in the motivational and reinforcing effects of drugs. The present study used behavioral and neurochemical techniques to study the interaction of cannabinoid receptors and nicotine pharmacology. In a locomotor activity experiment in rats, the CB(1)/CB(2) cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN-55,212-2 (0.28-2.8 mg/kg) attenuated nicotine (0.4 mg/kg)-induced hyperactivity, but did not alter nicotine (1.0 mg/kg)-induced hypoactivity. In contrast, the selective CB(1) cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR-141716A (1.0 mg/kg) diminished nicotine-induced hypoactivity, but did not alter nicotine-induced hyperactivity. In a neurochemical experiment, rat striatal slices preloaded with [(3)H]dopamine were superfused with WIN-55,212-2 or SR-141716A. A high concentration (100 microM) of WIN-55,212-2 evoked [(3)H]overflow, but this effect was not blocked by the cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM-251. SR-141716A did not evoke [(3)H]overflow, and neither WIN-55,212-2 nor SR-141716A altered nicotine-evoked [(3)H]overflow. Overall, these results indicate a behavioral interaction between cannabinoid receptors and nicotine pharmacology. Likely, WIN-55,212-2 and SR-141716A block nicotine-induced changes in behavior through an indirect mechanism, such as alteration in endocannabinoid regulation of motor circuits, rather than directly through blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Communication of electronic information over nanometer distances with supramolecular transduction. An experimental and density functional investigation

We have synthesized a family of conjugated diaminotriazine-functionalized receptors. Variation of distal functionality modulated the affinity of these receptors for flavin, demonstrating efficient electronic communication over a distance of 11 A. The origin of this communication was explored using DFT methodology. These calculations demonstrate that modulation of recognition in these systems is derived from a complex push–pull type mechanism.
History of agricultural injury among farmers in Alabama and Mississippi: prevalence, characteristics, and associated factors.

Background There have been no studies of the prevalence, characteristics, and factors associated with the history of prior farm injury among active farmers. No studies have had adequate numbers of black farmers to evaluate farm owner/farm worker and black/white similarities and differences. Methods Our sample is based upon surveys administered to 1,310 active male farmers in nine rural counties in Alabama (5) and Mississippi (4). The farmers are white owner/operators (53.6%), black owner/operators (26.6%), and black workers (19.8%). Results Overall, 23.4% of the farmers had a prior injury. Prior injury was more frequent among white owner/operators (29.1%), compared with black workers (18.9%), and black owner/operators (15.2%). In multiple logistic regression analyses, post-high school education and tiredness when farming were independently associated with prior injury in black owner/operators. In white owner/operators, age ≥60 years, post-high school education, full-time farming, tractor use, more pieces of machinery, hurry when farming, and alcohol consumption were associated with prior injury. In black workers, only being very careful was associated with prior injury. Conclusions The results suggest that prevention efforts focusing on alcohol consumption, fatigue, and hurry when farming might reduce injuries; however, only a follow-up study of this sample can determine whether these associations reflect causal factors, recall, or selection bias. Am. J. Ind. Med. 35:499–510, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
College students drinking attitudes: 1970-1982

The drinking attitudes of 1,582 college students at 37 colleges in 1970 were compared to those of 710 students at 14 same or matched institutions in 1982. The results suggest little change in such attitudes over the 12 yr.
Labile carbon and methane uptake as affected by tillage intensity in a Mollisol

Methane (CH4) oxidation potential of soils decreases with cultivation, but limited information is available regarding the restoration of that capacity with implementation of reduced tillage practices. A study was conducted to assess the impact of tillage intensity on CH4 oxidation and several C-cycling indices including total and active microbial biomass C (t-MBC, a-MBC), mineralizable C (Cmin) and N (Nmin), and aggregate-protected C. Intact cores and disturbed soil samples (0–5 and 5–15 cm) were collected from a corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation under moldboard-plow (MP), chisel-plow (CP) and no-till (NT) for 8 years. An adjacent pasture ( 60 years) soils were also sampled as references. At all sites, soil was a Kokomo silty clay loam (mesic Typic Argiaquolls). Significant tillage effects on t-MBC and protected C were found in the 0–5 cm depth. Protected C, a measure of C retained within macro-aggregates and defined as the difference in Cmin (CO2 evolved in a 56 days incubation) between intact and sieved (<2 mm) soil samples, amounted to 516, 162 and 121 mg C kg−1 soil in the 0–5 cm layer of the forest, pasture and NT soils, respectively. Protected C was negligible in the CP and MP soils. Methane uptake rate (μg CH4-C kg−1 soil per day, under ambient CH4) was higher in forest (2.70) than in pasture (1.22) and cropland (0.61) soils. No significant tillage effect on CH4 oxidation rate was detected (MP: 0.82; CP: 0.41; NT: 0.61). These results underscore the slow recovery of the CH4 uptake capacity of soils and suggest that, to have an impact, tillage reduction may need to be implemented for several decades.
The inferiority game: Perceptions and behavior

Other-sex perceptions and actual reported behavior of 318 college males and 287 college females were compared for four dating situations. The average degree of inaccuracy (disregarding direction) for males was 29.0%, while for women it was 12.5%. Conclusions support other research indicating superior role-taking ability on the part of females. The issues of cultural transmission and pluralistic ignorance are discussed as they affect male and female interaction. Important research implications for human relations and the family in particular are noted.
Age and phenytoin kinetics in adult epileptics

Michaelis-Menten parameters for rate of drug metabolism (Vmax) and the serum concentration at which metabolism is half of Vmax (Km) were determined in 92 adult epileptic patients taking phenytoin who were 21 to 78 yr old. The patients received no known inhibitors or inducers of phenytoin metabolism. Results of physical examinations and tests of liver function and total bilirubin and albumin concentration were normal. Divided into age groups, Vmax values were 7.5 ± 2.2, 6.6 ± 1.8, and 6.0 ± 1.9 mg/kg/day for the 20- to 39-, 40- to 59-, and 60- to 79-yr-old subjects, respectively. Values for those in the 60- to 79-yr-old group were substantially less than those for the youngest subjects (20- to 39-yr-olds; P < 0.05). Linear regression analysis indicated a decline in Vmax with age (r = −0.518). Km values did not appear to be influenced by age; means ranged from 5.4 to 5.8 µg/ml. As a result of these changes, the 60- to 79-yr-old group would require, on the average, 21% less phenytoin per day than the 20- to 39-year-olds to maintain a steady-state concentration of 15 µg/ml. First doses can be based on these data and maintenance doses arrived at based on clinical response. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 31, 301–304; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.37
Surgery of the trachea

Experience with surgical treatment of 164 patients with various diseases of the trachea at the All-Union Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery in Moscow since 1963 is summarized. The main diagnostic methods used in tracheal diseases were tracheography and tracheoscopy with biopsy. Operations were performed for malformation, trauma, exflammatory disease, benign and malignant tumors, nontumoral stenoses, and esophagotracheal fistula. A bypass respiration system was used in the majority of patients after tracheal transection. Hyperbaric oxygenation added to the bypass respiration system made it possible to interrupt lung ventilation during operations on the trachea for long periods.
The effect of surface-applied reactive metal oxides on the high temperature oxidation of alloys

Abstract The influence of surface-applied nitrate-converted CaO, CeO2, Y2O3, Y2O3, La2O3 HfO2 and ZrO2 on the oxidation behavior of Co-15wt.%Cr, Co-25wt.%Cr and Ni-25wt.%Cr alloys at 1000 and 1100 °C in O2 at 1 atm has been studied. None of the surface-applied oxides promoted Cr2O3 formation on the Co-15wt.%Cr alloy. Some (but not all) promoted Cr2O3 formation on Co-25wt.%Cr at 1000 °C and this appears to be because in these cases the surface-applied oxide acts as a physical barrier to O2. At 1100 °C, there was no apparent effect. For Ni-25wt.%Cr alloy, some of the reactive oxides had a profound effect on the oxidation behavior. The scale adhesion was greatly improved; the oxide growth direction was reversed and the growth rate of the oxide diminished. The results are compared and discussed with the effects found when the reactive element oxides are present as dispersions within the alloys.
The History of Couple Therapy: A Millennial Review

In this article, we review the major conceptual and clinical influences and trends in the history of couple therapy to date, and also chronicle the history of research on couple therapy. The evolving patterns in theory and practice are reviewed as having progressed through four distinctive phases: Phase I—Atheoretical Marriage Counseling Formation (1930 ‐1963); Phase II—Psychoanalytic Experimentation (1931‐1966); Phase III—Family Therapy Incorporation (1963‐1985); and Phase IV—Refinement, Extension, Diversification, and Integration (1986 ‐present). The history of research in the field is described as having passed through three phases: Phase I—A Technique in Search of Some Data (1930 ‐1974), Phase II—Irrational(?) Exuberance (1975‐1992), and Phase III—Caution and Extension (1993‐ present). The article concludes with the identification of Four Great Historical Ironies in the History of Couple Therapy. Fam Proc 41:199 ‐260, 2002
Preparation of metallic organotin films by glow discharge polymerization and their properties

Abstract Thin (1000 A) reflective (mirror-like) tin films are formed by introducing tetramethyltin and O2 gas into a glow discharge. The resulting films show a sheet conductivity in the range of about 102–104 Ω−1 cm−1. The films are stable at ambient conditions for more than 1 year (without any change in sheet conductivity). Heating the films up to about 63°C does not change the conductivity appreciably, but prolonged heating at higher temperatures increases the conductivity irreversibly. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis results show a trace amount of carbon on the surface of the film, but the bulk of the film is essentially carbon free. Electron diffraction and X-ray photographs of the films are indexed as β-Sn. The films adhere strongly to metals, ceramics, composites and plastics and act as good water vapor barriers (1.76 × 10−14 cm3 (STP) cm cm−2 s−1 cmHg−1 where STP denotes standard temperature and pressure). The effect of the flow rate of O2 on the film characteristics is discussed.
Fish passage over hydraulic structures in Midwestern Rivers of the USA

Abstract The main objective of this study was to examine the hydraulic performance of knickpoint‐control structures (i.e., riprap weirs, grouted‐riprap weirs, baffled and non‐baffled fish ladders) to facilitate unimpeded fish passage. The hydraulic performance of these structures, located in Midwestern streams, was evaluated by determining the mean and turbulent flow characteristics in the vicinity of the structures via detailed field tests. Non‐intrusive mean flow measurements were performed using a 3‐dimensional sidelooking Flowtracker handheld Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) and by utilizing the newly developed Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) technique. Non‐intrusive turbulent flow measurements were performed using a field ADV with a high sampling frequency. Results from the mean flow measurements illustrated that the mean flow depth (Y) and velocity (V) atop the structures were critical for evaluating the performance of the structures. In addition, the present study suggested that th...
Probing the structure of cometary ice.

Computer simulations of bulk and vapor deposited amorphous ices are presented. The structure of the bulk low density amorphous ice is in good agreement with experiments on pressure disordered amorphous ice. Both the low density bulk ice and the vapor deposited ices exhibit strong ordering. Vapor deposition of hot (300 K) water molecules onto a cold (77 K) substrate yields less porous ices than deposition of cold (77 K) water molecules onto a cold substrate. Both vapor deposited ices are more porous than the bulk amorphous ice. The structure of bulk high density amorphous ice is only in fair agreement with experimental results. Attempts to simulate high density amorphous ice via vapor deposition were not successful. Electron diffraction results on vapor deposited amorphous ice indicate that the temperature of the nucleation of the cubic phase depends upon the amount of time between the deposition and the onset of crystallization, suggesting that freshly deposited ice layers reconstruct on time of the order of hours. The temperature dependence of the microporosity of the vapor deposited amorphous ices might affect laboratory experiments that are aimed at simulating astrophysical ices in the context of the origin of prebiotic organic material and its transport to the Earth.
Predictors of Timely Initiation of Gynecologic Care among Urban Adolescent Girls

Abstract Purpose To determine whether or not critical sexual health services are delivered to low-income girls, and to identify predictors of timely initiation of gynecologic care for sexually active adolescent girls. Few studies have addressed the interval between sexual debut and risk-appropriate primary care services. Methods We conducted an anonymous, cross-sectional, laptop-based, self-administered branching survey of 9th–12th grade girls in three Bronx public high schools (n = 819). Results Over half (60.0%) had an opportunity for confidential care at last clinical visit. Only 27% of sexually active girls had informed any clinician that they had been sexually active; 45% had ever had a pelvic exam. The mean interval between sexual debut and initial pelvic exam (our proxy for gynecologic care) was 13.3 months (range = 0–70 months, SD=11.8 months). Cox proportional hazard modeling identified four predictors of time to first pelvic exam: experience of sexually transmitted infection (STI) or pregnancy (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.9), having disclosed sexual activity to any clinician (HR = 1.7), access to confidential care (HR = 3.1), and high self-efficacy for accessing confidential care (HR = 2.1). Conclusions Most sexually active girls have not told a clinician that they are sexually active and many have not had counseling related to sexual health. Delay between sexual debut and initial pelvic exam is substantial for low-income urban girls, and often occurs in reaction to pregnancy or STI. Setting of usual care does not predict timely gynecologic care, but access to confidential care does.
Prior exercise enhances passive absorption of intraduodenal glucose.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether a prior bout of exercise enhances passive gut glucose absorption. Mongrel dogs had sampling catheters, infusion catheters, and a portal vein flow pro...
Exact solutions with solitons and periodic structures for the Zakharov–Kuznetsov (ZK) equation and its modified form

Abstract In this paper we study the Zakharov–Kuznetsov (ZK) equation and two of its modified forms. We employ the sine–cosine algorithm to back up our analysis. Exact solutions with solitons and periodic structures are obtained.
New synthetic routes towards polyphosphazenes

Two new methods for the synthesis of polyphosphazenes are described. The first is based on the catalyzed polycondensation of phosphoranimines using various catalysts and initiators. Certain mechanistic aspects of this process with reactive intermediates are discussed. Linear polymers are formed quantitatively at temperatures around 100 °C in a few hours (the thermal process requires a few days at 200 °C). The second method is based on the direct reaction between phosphonites and phosphinites with silyl azides. This reaction proceeds by phosphine azide intermediates and provides new polyphosphazenes.
A new species of Enoclerus Gahan (Coleoptera: Cleridae) from Colombia.

Abstract A new species of checkered beetle, Enoclerus addisoni, is described from Colombia. This new species, with its shining blue integument, and transverse antemedian and subapical eburneus fasciae, is readily separable from all other described congeners. The status of our knowledge of the Colombian Enoclerus species is summarized.
AN ON-LINE IDENTIFICATION SCHEME for MULTIVARIABLE NONLINEAR SYSTEMS

The multivariable nonlinear system considered here is assumed to be characterized by a truncated functional power series. The system is to be identified under normal operating conditions. Least square error criterion is used to estimate the system weighting function matrix and a steepest descent method is employed for solving this problem. A recursive estimation scheme is devised for up-dating its estimation. An “Adjoint Space Approach”, which has the advartage of reducing the dimensionality of the identification problem is explored.
Protection against cyclophosphamide‐induced alopecia by sulfhydryl‐containing agents in the newborn rat animal model

Background Alopecia is a common side-effect of cancer chemotherapy. Although this complication has been known for many decades, little progress has been made in its prevention or treatment. Previously, we made the following observations: (a) treatment of 8-day-old rats with 1-0-n-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (CYC) produced either total body alopecia (ara-C and CYC) or alopecia confined to the head and proximal part of the neck (doxorubicin); (b) Imuvert, a biological response modifier, and interleukin-1 protected against alopecia-induced by ara-C; and (c) neither Imuvert or interleukin-1 protected against CYC-induced alopecia. Objective Experiments were designed to test for agents to protect against CYC-induced alopecia. Methods Agents were tested in the 8-day-old rats as a model for chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Results Mesna and S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)-ethylphospnorothioic acid (WR-2721) did not offer any protection against chemotherapy-induced alopecia. N-Acetylcysterine offered very good protection against alopecia induced by CYC but not that produced by ara-C in the newborn rate animal model. ConclusionN-Acetylcysteine may prove to be important in the prevention of CYC-induced alopecia, but this needs to be tested in the clinical setting.
Treatment strategies to minimize or prevent chronic allograft dysfunction in pediatric renal transplant recipients: an overview.

Long-term allograft survival poses a major problem in pediatric renal transplantation, with allograft nephropathy being the principal cause of graft failure after the first post-transplant year. The mechanisms of nephron loss resulting in graft dysfunction are multiple, comprising both immunologic factors such as acute and chronic antibody- or T-cell-mediated rejection and non-immunologic components. The latter include peri-transplant injuries and renovascular lesions (renal artery stenosis, thrombosis) as well as cardiovascular risk factors such as arterial hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Another relevant issue leading to progressive nephron loss and declining kidney transplant function is acute and chronic nephrotoxicity induced by the calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) Ciclosporin (cyclosporine microemulsion) and tacrolimus. Furthermore, the presence of an abnormal lower urinary tract as well as bacterial (recurrent pyelonephritis) and viral (cytomegalovirus [CMV], Polyomavirus [BK virus; BKV]) infections are crucial factors involved in the incidence of chronic allograft dysfunction and graft failure.
Computer-assisted clinical training in child and youth care work

Computers are examined as a tool for child and youth care training and education. Needs within the field demand a higher level of training over a broader array of knowledge and skills and at a speedier pace. A brief history of computer applications to training and education precedes a discussion of the niche for computer-assisted clinical training within the child and youth care field. Discussion and examples highlight conditions for “well constructed” computer training that take advantage of interactivity and multisensory aspects now available. Conclusions indicate that computer-assisted training is poised to meet child and youth care training needs both by virtue of the availability of hardware and software and because of demands from the field.
Multivariable Dependence of Fe-Mg Partitioning in the Lower Mantle

High-pressure diamond-cell experiments indicate that the iron-magnesium partitioning between (Fe,Mg)SiO3-perovskite and magnesiowustite in Earth's lower mantle depends on the pressure, temperature, bulk iron/magnesium ratio, and ferric iron content. The perovskite stability field expands with increasing pressure and temperature. The ferric iron component preferentially dissolves in perovskite and raises the apparent total iron content but had little effect on the partitioning of the ferrous iron. The ferrous iron depletes in perovskite at the top of the lower mantle and gradually increases at greater depth. These changes in iron-magnesium composition should affect geochemical and geophysical properties of the deep interior.
Synthesis and evaluation of a fluorescent ritterazine-cephalostatin hybrid.

The cephalostatin and ritterazine natural products comprise a potent family of bis-steroidal pyrazines that display potent single-digit nanomolar inhibition of tumor cell growth. An active fluoresc...
Syrus: providing practice problems in discrete mathematics with instant feedback

Syrus is courseware designed with the goal of helping students better understand logical sentences involving quantifiers. Syrus uses template-guided mutation of "seed" formulas to generate candidate practice problems, and third-party theorem-provers to automatically determine the truth value of each. It provides students with a virtually unlimited supply of unique and relevant practice problems and provides immediate feedback on each problem. Results of an empirical study of its efficacy are reported.
Hormonal Regulation of Cardiac Muscle Citrate

A CONSIDERABLE amount of evidence indicates that phosphofructokinase (PFK) is of importance in regulating the rate of glycolysis in a number of tissues1–5. In turn, glucose-6-phosphate, which accumulates when PFK is in hibited, has an inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of glucose6. Thus, alterations of PFK activity may have a significant influence on carbohydrate utilization. In vitro, the activity of PFK may be altered by a multiplicity of factors7,8, some inhibitory and others stimulatory. One of the inhibitory substances is citrate9–11, and some evidence that citrate may be an inhibitor in vivo derives from the observation that citrate is elevated and PFK activity is depressed in hearts of diabetic rats and in normal hearts perfused with fatty acids9,11. Likewise, in hearts exposed to fluoroacetate, in which citrate rises to high levels, there is an inhibition of PFK12.
Exclusive paternal expression and novel alternatively spliced variants of ε-sarcoglycan mRNA in mouse brain

Mutations of SGCE encoding e-sarcoglycan cause myoclonus-dystonia. SGCE is paternally expressed; however, 5–10% of patients show maternal inheritance of the disease. We found Sgce was exclusively paternally expressed in mice by using a novel polymorphism marker. The result was confirmed in Sgce heterozygous knockout mice. This finding suggests that maternally inherited myoclonus-dystonia may not result from maternal expression of SGCE. Furthermore, we report a new family of alternatively spliced Sgce mRNA expressed in the brain coding for different C-terminal sequences possessing a PDZ-binding motif. Our results provide a better basis for diagnosis and understanding of the pathogenesis of myoclonus-dystonia.
Developing a Control Architecture for Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to Search and Localize RF Time-Varying Mobile Targets: Part I

In this paper, we present a control architecture that allows multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to cooperatively detect mobile RF (Radio Frequency) emitting ground targets. The architecture is developed under the premise that UAVs are controlled as a distributed system. The distributed system-based technique maximizes the search and detection capabilities of multiple UAVs. We use a hybrid approach that combines a set of intentional cooperative rules with emerging properties of a swarm to accomplish the objective. The UAVs are equipped only with low-precision RF direction finding sensors and we assume the targets may emit signals randomly with variable duration. Once a target is detected, each UAV optimizes a cost function to determine whether to participate in a cooperative localization task. The cost function balances between the completion of detecting all targets (global search) in the search space and increasing the precision of cooperatively locating already detected targets. A search function for each UAV determines the collective search patterns of collaborating UAVs. Two functions used by each UAV determine (1) the optimal number of UAVs involved in locating targets, (2) the search pattern to detect all targets, and (3) the UAV flight path for an individual UAV. We show the validity of our algorithm using simulation results. Hardware implementation of the strategies is planned for this coming year.
Application of an improved self-starter to geoacoustic inversion

The self-starter is improved using the operator of the split-step Pade solution. In addition to providing greater stability and being applicable closer to the source, the improved self-starter is an efficient forward model for geoacoustic inversion. It is necessary to solve only O(10) tridiagonal systems of equations to obtain the acoustic field on a vertical array located O(10) wavelengths from a source. This experimental configuration is effective for geoacoustic inverse problems involving unknown parameters deep in the ocean bottom. For problems involving depth-dependent acoustic parameters, the improved self-starter can be used to solve nonlinear inverse problems involving O(10) unknown sediment parameters in less than a minute on the current generation of workstations.
Programmed Death 1 Lives Up to Its Reputation in Active Tuberculosis

Programmed death 1 (PD-1; CD279), also known as programmed cell death protein 1 (PDCD-1), is a cell surface receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily found on immune effector cells. It belongs to the extended CD28/CTLA-4 family of T-cell regulators and is expressed by a range of immune cells, including B cells, natural killer cells, and monocytes. Binding of PD-1 to one of its ligands, PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) or PD-L2, on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is known to negatively regulate T-cell receptor signaling and inhibit T-cell activation [1]. In this issue of the Journal, Singh et al [2] demonstrate that the coinhibitory receptor PD-1 and the PD ligands are expressed on higher percentages of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with active tuberculosis than those of healthy controls in an area of tuberculosis endemicity. The expression of PD-1 on T cells is upregulated following in vitro stimulation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, and the PD-1 blockade in vitro enhances interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 2 production by specific T cells and rescues them from undergoing apoptosis. Of particular significance, the authors demonstrate during a 1-year follow-up period a significant decrease in the frequency of PD-1–expressing T cells after successful antituberculosis treatment that led to restoration of the M. tuberculosis–specific T-cell cytokine response in vitro. These data substantiate the role of PD-1–PD-L pathways in the inhibition of T-cell responses in patients with active tuberculosis. Optimal T-cell activation during infection requires 2 signals. The first signal is generated by T-cell–receptor recognition ofpeptide–majorhistocompatibilitycom
Hydroblast intra-abdominal organ trauma

Hydroblast injuries of the extremities are not uncommon. Hydroblast injuries involving intra-abdominal organs are more unusual. Usually there are subtle findings on the abdominal wall with severe intra-abdominal trauma and undue delay in appropriate treatment may occur, resulting in increased morbidity. In addition to a review of the literature, this article presents a case of intestinal perforation due to hydroblast trauma.
Real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry as a characterization tool for oxide molecular beam epitaxy

A real-time spectroscopic ellipsometer (RTSE) was designed and implemented on an oxide molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system. The RTSE was designed as a complementary tool to the other existing in situ deposition monitors on the MBE. To quantify how the RTSE complemented the other tools (as well as to determine its limitations), the RTSE was used to characterize the deposition of (111)-oriented Y2O3 on (111) Si and (110)-oriented Y2O3 on (100) Si. Results from computer modeling of the RTSE data subsequent to deposition showed excellent agreement with atomic absorption flux measurements, quartz crystal monitor flux measurements, reflection high energy electron diffraction measurements, and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. From the RTSE measurements, growth rates and microstructures were determined and verified by ex situ techniques. In addition, the sticking coefficient of yttrium to Y2O3 was found to be 1.00±0.07. Also, the temperature dependent optical properties of the Y2O3 films were measured at 2...
Characterization of the catalase antioxidant defense gene Cat1 of maize, and its developmentally regulated expression in transgenic tobacco

A genomic clone containing the maize Cat1 gene has been isolated and its complete DNA sequence determined. The start of transcription has been mapped by primer extension. Six introns were identified in the Cat1 coding region. In order to determine the tissue-specific expression pattern of the Cat1 gene, promoter-reporter gene fusion constructs were made consisting of 2.5 kb and 0.8 kb of the 5' Cat1 sequence fused to the coding region of the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. These fusion constructs were introduced into Nicotiana tabacum cv. Burley 21 and the expression of Cat1-GUS in various tissues was examined. In transgenic tobacco, the Cat1 promoter can drive GUS expression at relatively high levels in mature seeds. GUS activity starts to accumulate at about 10 days after flowering, reaching a maximum at about 22 days after flowering, and decreases thereafter, but persists until after seed desiccation through early germination. Low levels of GUS activity can be detected in pollen. This corresponds to the Cat1 expression pattern observed in maize.
Noninvasive assessment of the visual function: an introduction

A group of papers surveys the development of noninvasive clinical research. This introduction discusses the need for a forum in this scientific area to nurture the growth of the field.
Gender differences in time to presentation for myocardial infarction before and after a national women's cardiovascular awareness campaign: a temporal analysis from the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress ADverse Outcomes with Early Implementation (CRUSADE) and the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network-Get with the Guidelines (NCDR ACTION Registry-GWTG).

Background In 2001-2002, the American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute initiated national campaigns with the aim of increasing women's awareness of their risk of heart disease, with particular focus on women aged 40 to 60 years. Our aim is to determine if these women's awareness campaigns were associated with a reduction in the time to hospital presentation for myocardial infarction in women. Methods The study population comprised patients who presented with a non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the C an R apid Risk Stratification of U nstable Angina Patients S uppress AD verse Outcomes with E arly Implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines Registry and the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network–Get with the Guidelines registry. Analysis was done based on the introduction of the educational intervention: preintervention 2002-2003, intermediate 2004-2005, and post 2006-2007. Results Of 125,161 patients, 50,162 (40.1%) are women. The median time from symptom onset to presentation was significantly longer in women than men: 3 hours (interquartile range 1.4-7.6) versus 2.8 hours (interquartile range 1.3-7.2, P P = .005). Conclusions There was no reduction in time from symptom onset to hospital presentation for myocardial infarction patients since national awareness campaigns in women were initiated, and a significant gender gap remains.
Solar-blind deep-UV band-pass filter (250-350 nm) consisting of a metal nano-grid fabricated by nanoimprint lithography

We designed, fabricated and demonstrated a solar-blind deep-UV pass filter, that has a measured optical performance of a 27% transmission peak at 290 nm, a pass-band width of 100 nm (from 250 to 350 nm), and a 20dB rejection ratio between deep-UV wavelength and visible wavelength. The filter consists of an aluminum nano-grid, which was made by coating 20 nm Al on a SiO(2) square grid with 190 nm pitch, 30 nm linewidth and 250 nm depth. The performances agree with a rigorous coupled wave analysis. The wavelength for the peak transmission and the pass-bandwidth can be tuned through adjusting the metal nano-grid dimensions. The filter was fabricated by nanoimprint lithography, hence is large area and low cost. Combining with Si photodetectors, the filter offers simple yet effective and low cost solar-blind deep-UV detection at either a single device or large-area complex integrated imaging array level.
Effect of Decreasing Growth Temperature on Cell Yield of Escherichia coli

Studies of the relationship between yield coefficient and growth rate, as affected by temperature of growth, in Escherichia coli have shown that, over a wide range of temperature, yield is relatively constant until the specific growth rate falls below about 0.2 hr(-1), at which point the yield begins to fall off precipitously. No intermediates of glucose metabolism in a form utilizable at higher temperatures could be found in the medium, and no toxic product was produced which limited growth. At 10 C, 37% of the carbon from glucose-UL-(14)C was assimilated into cellular material, whereas, at 30 C, 53% was assimilated. Cells grown at 10 C contained more carbohydrate than did cells grown at 37 C, and the glycogen-to-protein ratio of cells grown at 10 C was approximately three times higher than that of cells grown at 37 C. Adenosine triphosphatase activities of cells grown at 10 and 35 C were similar. Growth rates on glucose, glycerol, and succinate were quite similar at 10 C, but at 35 C growth was most rapid on glucose and slowest on succinate. The data suggest that the decrease in yield with decrease in temperature is a result of uncoupling of energy production from energy utilization.
Optimization of DNA shuffling for high fidelity recombination.

A convenient 'DNA shuffling' protocol for random recombination of homologous genes in vitro with a very low rate of associated point mutagenesis (0.05%) is described. In addition, the mutagenesis rate can be controlled over a wide range by the inclusion of Mn2+ or Mg2+ during DNase I digestion, by choice of DNA polymerase used during gene reassembly as well as how the genes are prepared for shuffling (PCR amplification versus restriction enzyme digestion of plasmid DNA). These protocols should be useful for in vitro protein evolution, for DNA based computing and for structure-function studies of evolutionarily related genes.
Heat-related mortality and adaptation to heat in the United States.

Background: In a changing climate, increasing temperatures are anticipated to have profound health impacts. These impacts could be mitigated if individuals and communities adapt to changing exposur...
Fungistatic Compounds in Broiler Production. 2. Effect on Feed Microflora

Abstract Feed samples were examined from five broiler experiments using either sorbic acid, gentian violet, or calcium propionate as fungistatic compounds. Feed samples were taken from storage and from the feed troughs of each pen at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of broiler age. Samples from the same diet and sampling location were composed and mixed. Serial dilutions of these mixed samples were made and plated for aerobic, anaerobic, and mold and yeast counts. The initial feed microflora counts varied greatly with their ingredient sources. In general, the log anaerobic counts were slightly lower than those of the aerobic counts with a difference of less than one log cycle. The addition of the fungistatic compounds had no consistent effect on the aerobic, anaerobic, and mold and yeast counts. After two and four weeks of feeding, a steady increase in total aerobic and anaerobic counts was observed for feed samples obtained from feeder troughs; however, there was no increase in mold and yeast counts. Increasing the moisture content of the feed to approximately 15% had no effect on the microflora counts. No visible mold growth or caking problems were detected for any feeds after four weeks of storage. In one experiment, sorbic acid consistently reduced the coliforms and the lactobacillus counts for feeds sampled from feed troughs.
Design and implementation of DECS: distributed environment for cooperative software

A distributed environment for cooperative software (DECS) provides a flexible and extensible platform for the development and execution of cooperative software. It takes the advantages of object-oriented technology and emphasizes composition as the basis for developing large distributed system from reusable components. In this paper, we give an overview of DECS, present the compositional approach, and then describe the design and implementation of DECS run-time system.
University–Industry Research Relationships, Ethics, Conflict of Interest

Introduction Historical Context Federal Government Involvement Significant Legislation Conflict of Interest Judgment Interests Remedies Institutional Conflicts Appearance of a Conflict Observations Keywords: university-industry relationships
MR microscopy of lung airways with hyperpolarized 3He

A technique using hyperpolarized (HP) 3He to image the small airways of the lung by using moderate flip angles and a short scanning period during early inspiration is demonstrated. Flip angles (α) ranging from 10–90° were used in guinea pig experiments with scanning during the entire inspiration period. A second series acquired data throughout a short window of the ventilatory cycle with α= 45°. The success of the animal studies has motivated implementation of similar imaging techniques in the clinical arena. Human studies involved imaging over the total inspiration period with α ≈ 10°. The first series of guinea pig experiments demonstrated that larger flip angles (50-90°) destroy the magnetization before it reaches the smaller airways. At moderate flip angles (20-40°), airway branching down to the fourth generation was apparent. Fifth-order branchings were seen in the images of the second series. The trachea down to fourth generation pulmonary airway branching, along with some distal air spaces, was seen in the human lung images.
A Revolution in Jurisdiction

This book chapter brings to light the enduring impact Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s opinions have had on the world of federal subject-matter jurisdiction. Subject-matter jurisdiction, often described as the “power” of a federal court, has attained a haloed status in federal jurisprudence over the years. I view Ginsburg’s jurisprudence in this area as a multi-pronged and multi-year attempt to desanctify subject-matter jurisdiction. She has led the charge to clarify and narrow when a limit is considered “jurisdictional,” has marshaled unanimous opinions undermining its “fundamental” stature, and has explored ways to “cure” its defects, all in the name of bringing pragmatism and sensibility to jurisdictional doctrine. In exploring these efforts, this chapter makes two contributions. The first is a systematic analysis of Ginsburg’s role — both as judge and justice — in pushing changes in jurisdictionality. The second is to offer some evaluative observations — mostly laudatory with a few gentle criticisms — of her efforts. Ultimately, I hope to illuminate this largely overshadowed area and give credit to the jurist whom I see as primarily responsible for its modern development.
Nurse bullying: a review and a proposed solution

Nurse bullying is an extremely common phenomenon which has detrimental consequences to nurses, patients, health care institutions, and to the nursing profession itself. It has even been linked to increased patient mortality. This article demonstrates the critical need to resolve the issue of nurse bullying. It also shows that previous attempts of resolution have not been successful, which may be partly due to the fact that the problem is relatively unacknowledged outside the nursing profession. To resolve the problem of nurse bullying, we believe that the solution must include an incentive for institutions to implement the necessary interventions and to ensure that they are effective. We propose that a measurement pertaining to the level of nurse bullying be factored into the calculation of the value-based incentive payment in the Hospital Value-Based Purchasing program. To facilitate this, we propose that a survey be developed and implemented which is similar to the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey. However, whereas the HCAHPS survey measures patients' perspectives of hospital care, this survey would measure nurses' perspectives of workplace bullying.
Nonexistence of Markovian time dynamics for graphical models of correlated default

Filiz et al. (in arXiv:0809.1393 (2008)) proposed a model for the pattern of defaults seen among a group of firms at the end of a given time period. The ingredients in the model are a graph G=(V,E), where the vertices V correspond to the firms and the edges E describe the network of interdependencies between the firms, a parameter for each vertex that captures the individual propensity of that firm to default, and a parameter for each edge that captures the joint propensity of the two connected firms to default. The correlated default model can be rewritten as a standard Ising model on the graph by identifying the set of defaulting firms in the default model with the set of sites in the Ising model for which the {±1}-valued spin is +1. We ask whether there is a suitable continuous-time Markov chain (X t ) t?0 taking values in the subsets of V such that X 0=?, X r ?X s for r?s (that is, once a firm defaults, it stays in default), the distribution of X T for some fixed time T is the one given by the default model, and the distribution of X t for other times t is described by a probability distribution in the same family as the default model. In terms of the equivalent Ising model, this corresponds to asking if it is possible to begin at time 0 with a configuration in which every spin is ?1 and then flip spins one at a time from ?1 to +1 according to Markovian dynamics so that the configuration of spins at each time is described by some Ising model and at time T the configuration is distributed according to the prescribed Ising model. We show for three simple but financially natural special cases that this is not possible outside of the trivial case where there is complete independence between the firms.
Built-In Self-Test Design for the 3D-Stacked Wide-I/O DRAM

Mobile Wide-I/O DRAMs are used in smartphones, tablets, handheld gaming consoles and other mobile devices. The main benefit of the Wide-I/O DRAM over its predecessors (such as LPDDRx DRAMs) is that it offers more bandwidth at lower power. In this paper, we propose a Wide-I/O DRAM built-in self-test design, named WIO-BIST including the local BIST (LO-BIST), global BIST (GL-BIST) and test interface structures, to support the fault detection in memory-die channels and TSVs. It should be noted that, a TSV test scheme is presented embedding the test procedure of TSVs into the memory-die channel test processes to significantly save the test time of TSVs. A logic die and 4 memory-dies stacking configuration is used to act as a dedicated circuit to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed WIO-BIST design. Experimental results and comparisons show that the proposed WIO-BIST design has good performance in test time reduction with tiny extra area overhead penalty.
Developing the public attitudes about addiction instrument

Using a series of three studies, this project developed an addiction attitudes instrument for use in the general population and completed a preliminary analysis of the moderators of addiction attit...
Household chaos, relationships with parents and adolescents’ future beliefs

ABSTRACTThis article examines whether adolescents’ experience of household chaos is related to their future beliefs (i.e. mastery of the future, future obstacles, stress about transition to emerging adulthood, parents’ ability to ‘let go', and likelihood of having a successful career). It also explores whether adolescents’ relationships with their mothers and fathers (i.e. warmth, hostility) moderate the link between household chaos and adolescents’ future beliefs. Adolescents (N = 325; 52% female) in the tenth grade completed an in-school questionnaire. At the bivariate level, it was found that household chaos was linked to adolescents’ future beliefs. Household chaos predicted adolescents’ less positive beliefs about mastery, future obstacles, and having a successful career. Mothers’ hostility exacerbated adolescents’ beliefs about future obstacles and stress about the transition to emerging adulthood in chaotic households. Clinical and programmatic strategies could be developed to address household cha...