cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross cultural validity of the Interest- and Deprivation-type epistemic curiosity model: Findings from three German samples

Three studies were conducted to evaluate the validity of the Interest (I) and Deprivation (D) type epistemic curiosity (EC) distinction in three German samples. In Study 1 (N = 395) and 2 (N = 191), responses to German translations of the Epistemic Curiosity Scale and the Curiosity as a Feeling-of-Deprivation Scale were submitted to confirmatory factor analysis. The 10-item 2-factor I/D model supported in previous studies was found to have the best fit as compared to competing models in the present research as well. In studies 1, 2, and 3 (N = 249), the I- and D-type EC scales correlated positively with intellectual stimulation measures, evidencing convergent validity. I-type EC correlated with enjoying new discoveries and ideas, whereas D-type EC was associated with persistence and solving problems, providing evidence of discrimination.
The emotional reality of teams

The capabilities that the authors have defined as components of Emotional Intelligence—self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management—apply to teams as well as individuals. And so, to optimize a team's effectiveness, its members—and especially its leader(s)—must “tune in” to its emotional state and needs. © 2002 by Daniel Goleman
Optimal observations transmission for distributed estimation under energy constraint

This paper studies the problem of distributed parameter estimation in wireless sensor network under energy constraints. Optimization formulas that find the optimal sensors' observations transmission that guarantee the best estimation performance from the available energy are derived. The network consists of sensors that are deployed over an area at random. Sensors' observations are noisy measurements of an underlying field. Sensors have limited energy for the transmission process. Each sensor processes its observation prior to transmitting it to a fusion center, where a field parameter vector is estimated. Transmission channels between the sensors and the fusion center are assumed to be noisy parallel channels. The sensors' locations, the noise probability density function, and the field characteristic function are assumed to be known at the fusion center. Simulation results which support the optimization formulas are shown.
Index of Suspicion in the Nursery: A Nurse Notes Bilateral Swollen Thighs in a Neonate

A male infant is born at term to a 34-year-old gravida 1 Middle Eastern woman. Prenatal laboratory evaluation documented blood type O-positive, antibody screen-negative, rapid plasma reagin-nonreactive, rubella-immune, human immunodeficiency virus-negative, and group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus -negative. The woman had undergone in vitro fertilization for the pregnancy. The woman presented in labor with the fetus in breech presentation. During delivery by cesarean section, the infant was noted to be footling breech, and extraction was difficult. Resuscitation was minimal, with warming and drying only. Apgar scores were 9 at 1 and 5 minutes. Physical examination in the delivery room revealed no unusual findings, and the baby was sent to the well baby nursery. The birthweight was 4,062 g. Six hours after his birth, the nurse notes that the infant has bilateral swollen thighs, with the left significantly more swollen than the right. On further evaluation, the infant's right thigh is minimally swollen around an intramuscular injection site without any color change. However, his left thigh has circumferential swelling with mild ecchymosis, taut overlying skin, and edema extending distally past the knee to the lower leg. His temperature is 36.9°C, heart rate is 130 beats/min, respiratory rate is 56 breaths/min, and blood pressure is 73/42 mm Hg. Physical examination reveals a comfortably sleeping infant, who has …
The response of fresh-water protozoan communities to heated waste waters

The response of fresh-water protozoan communities exposed to both severe acute temperature shocks as well as small gradual long-term increases are discussed. The former experiments were carried out in plastic troughs with a constant flow of unfiltered lake water. Severe acute shocks (some to nearly 50 C) resulted in a marked reduction in number of species present. However, recovery was quite rapid (a matter of a few days) once the temperature stress ceased. Observations of the effects of small gradual long-term increases were made on the protozoan communities of the Savannah and Potomac rivers each of which received heated waste water discharges. Each of these studies covered a period in excess of nine years and observations are still being made. At the time the paper was prepared there was no evidence that indicated the protozoan communities of these rivers had been degraded by the small gradual temperature increases resulting from the discharge of heated waste waters. However, there is evidence that competitive exclusion of algal species by other more tolerant algaI species may cause qualitative shifts in the community structure which may be undesirable. It is probable that similar shifts occur in protozoan communities—a factor which should be considered in future studies.
Time-Dependent Effects of Pre-Aging 3D Polymer Scaffolds in Cell Culture Medium on Cell Proliferation

Protein adsorption is known to direct biological response to biomaterials and is important in determining cellular response in tissue scaffolds. In this study we investigated the effect of the duration of protein adsorption to 3D polymer scaffolds on cell attachment and proliferation. 3D macro-porous polymer scaffolds were pre-aged in serum-containing culture medium for 5 min, 1 d or 7 d prior to seeding osteoblasts. The total amount of protein adsorbed was found to increase with pre-ageing time. Cell attachment and proliferation were measured 1 d and 14 d, respectively, after cell seeding. Osteoblast proliferation, but not attachment, increased with scaffold pre-ageing time and amount of adsorbed serum protein. These results demonstrate that the amount of time that scaffolds are exposed to serum-containing medium can affect cell proliferation and suggest that these effects are mediated by differences in the amount of protein adsorption.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTILOBULAR TUMOR OF BONE INVOLVING THE CRANIUM IN 7 DOGS AND ZYGOMATIC ARCH IN 2 DOGS

Computed tomography (CT) images of nine dogs with a multilobular tumor of bone of the head were reviewed. The CT characteristics of the neoplasms involving the calvarium (n = 7) were rounded, well defined with a fine granular, nonhomogeneous bone opacity usually in the occipital region. Cranial vault invasion (5 of 7) was commonly found with a significant portion of the mass within the vault. The neoplasms involving the zygomatic arch (n = 2) were also generally rounded and well defined but with a more coarse granular appearance. The common CT findings were best seen when the images were viewed in a bone window.
Inhaled Anticholinergic Agents and Acute Urinary Retention in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms or Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

OBJECTIVE:To assess the risk of acute urinary retention with the use of inhaled anticholinergic agents in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).DATA SOURCES:A literature search was performed with MEDLINE via PubMed from 1967 through May 2012 using the terms inhaled anticholinergics, urinary retention, benign prostatic hyperplasia, lower urinary tract symptoms, tiotropium, and ipratropium. In addition, references from reviewed publications were identified and official labeling was obtained from the manufacturers' Web sites.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Only English-language publications were included. Randomized controlled trial data, observational studies, case reports, package labeling, and commentaries regarding men with BPH/LUTS using inhaled anticholinergic agents and the associated development of urinary retention were reviewed.DATA SYNTHESIS:Two case reports; 1 prospective, open-label, single-arm study; and 2 nested case-control studies evaluated or...
A physically based, probabilistic model for ultrasonic images incorporating shape, microstructure, and system characteristics

Describes a previous physical model for image formation that incorporates the imaging system characteristics, the surface shape, and the surface microstructure. That physical model was validated via a visual comparison of simulated and actual images of a cadaveric vertebra. In this work, a random phasor sum representation of the physical model provides the basis for a probabilistic form. In contrast to existing probabilistic models, we compute the amplitude mean and variance directly from the physical model. These statistics can be displayed as images to characterize the tissue, but, more importantly, they permit the subsequent assignment of a suitable density function to each pixel for the purposes of constructing a data likelihood. The order of these steps, i.e., first computing the statistics and then assigning a density function, permits the inclusion of the local surface shape, the surface microstructure, and the system characteristics at every image pixel without violating the physical model. Currently, the value of the SNR/sub 0/, the ratio of the mean to the standard deviation, is used to estimate whether a pixel is Rayleigh- or non-Rayleigh-distributed. This assessment forms the basis for a data likelihood constructed as a product of Rayleigh and Gaussian density functions describing the individual image pixels.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Endometrial Hyperplasia in a Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

A 13-year-old, obese, female cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was observed in a 5-year neurobehavioral study and was humanely euthanatized for experimental purposes. During this observational study, the monkey was noted to ovulate only rarely (0-3 times a year), with a prolonged menstrual cycle length (up to 161 days), hyperandrogenism (androstenedione area under the curve in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone up to 27.64 ng/ml), and hyperinsulinemia (fasting insulin up to 65.85 microIU/ml). This animal's body mass index was 65.46 kg/m(2), with central obesity. On postmortem examination, the uterus was moderately enlarged, with an eccentric lumen and a broad-based endometrial polyp that consisted of complex glandular hyperplasia with atypia. Both ovaries contained many 2- to 3-mm follicles, without any corpora lutea. A diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome was made based on the clinical history, endocrinology, and gross and histopathologic findings.
Molecular collisions in a laser field: Basis set selection and the rotating‐wave approximation

The rotating-wave approximation (RWA) is discussed in the context of molecular collision processes occurring in the presence of laser radiation. While the basic concept of RWA (that antiresonant processes are insignificant when compared to resonant ones and hence can be ignored) is applicable to the molecular case as well as the atomic, the additional degrees of freedom render the application of RWA to molecular problems less transparent than to atomic problems. The application to molecular problems is formally discussed, and simple illustrative examples are presented. Difficulties associated with the application of RWA to more complex, and realistic, situations are remarked upon.
Yellow Fever Outbreak in Sudan

An outbreak of yellow fever in Sudan was reported in mid-November 2012. As of mid-January, 849 suspected cases and 171 related deaths had been reported. A vaccination campaign is under way and may be able to prevent spread to major cities of Sudan and neighboring countries.
Molecular Targeting and Treatment of an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–Positive Glioma Using Boronated Cetuximab

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the anti–epidermal growth factor monoclonal antibody (mAb) cetuximab (IMC-C225) as a delivery agent for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of a human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene-transfected rat glioma, designated as F98 EGFR . Experimental Design: A heavily boronated polyamidoamine dendrimer was chemically linked to cetuximab by means of the heterobifunctional reagents N -succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate and N -(k-maleimido undecanoic acid)-hydrazide. The bioconjugate, designated as BD-C225, was specifically taken up by F98 EGFR glioma cells in vitro compared with receptor-negative F98 wild-type cells (41.8 versus 9.1 μg/g). For in vivo biodistribution studies, F98 EGFR cells were implanted stereotactically into the brains of Fischer rats, and 14 days later, BD-C225 was given intracerebrally by either convection enhanced delivery (CED) or direct intratumoral (i.t.) injection. Results: The amount of boron retained by F98 EGFR gliomas 24 h following CED or i.t. injection was 77.2 and 50.8 μg/g, respectively, with normal brain and blood boron values P = 0.017), respectively, with one long-term survivor (more than 180 days). In contrast, the MSTs of irradiated and untreated controls, respectively, were 30.3 and 26.3 days. In a second study, the combination of BD-C225 and BPA plus sodium borocaptate, given by either i.v. or intracarotid injection, was evaluated and the MSTs were equivalent to that obtained with BD-C225 plus i.v. BPA. Conclusions: The survival data obtained with BD-C225 are comparable with those recently reported by us using boronated mAb L8A4 as the delivery agent. This mAb recognizes the mutant receptor, EGFRvIII. Taken together, these data convincingly show the therapeutic efficacy of molecular targeting of EGFR using a boronated mAb either alone or in combination with BPA and provide a platform for the future development of combinations of high and low molecular weight delivery agents for BNCT of brain tumors.
Dual Agency and Ethics Conflicts in Correctional Practice: Sources and Solutions

Psychiatrists working in corrections, particularly in areas that have a shortage of forensic practitioners, may encounter a variety of ethics-related conflicts, especially when working both as clinicians and forensic evaluators within smaller systems. Such conflicts may include unavoidable dual treating and forensic evaluator relationships, and awareness of information that may complicate patient treatment or influence forensic opinions. Additional conflicts may arise if the psychiatrist is also retained privately to conduct forensic evaluations involving inmates in the same facility or facilities where the psychiatrist is otherwise employed, specifically because he may have duties to both a retaining party and an employer. Early-career psychiatrists, those who are completing their training in forensic psychiatry, and general psychiatrists who practice in corrections may be unfamiliar with the ethics-related dilemmas that arise in jails or prisons. Ethics courses during medical school and residency, while required, rarely discuss dilemmas specific to correctional settings. Furthermore, many psychiatrists practicing in corrections do not undergo formal training in forensic psychiatry, and even among different fellowship programs, the amount of time devoted to corrections varies significantly. The authors discuss hypothetical cases that reflect situations encountered, particularly by psychiatric fellows, forensic psychiatrists new to correctional work, and nonforensic clinicians working in corrections, a setting where dual agency is common and at times in conflict with core principles of ethics, including beneficence, nonmaleficence, neutrality, objectivity, and justice.
Evolutionary genetics of invasive species

The evolutionary genetics of invasive species has been relatively unexplored, but could offer insights into mechanisms of invasions. Recent studies suggest that the invasion success of many species might depend more heavily on their ability to respond to natural selection than on broad physiological tolerance or plasticity. Thus, these studies stress the importance of genetic architecture, selection upon which could result in evolutionary adaptations and possibly speciation. For instance, epistatic interactions and the action of a few genes could facilitate invasion success. These findings emphasize the utility of genomic approaches for determining invasion mechanisms, through analysis of gene expression, gene interactions, and genomic rearrangements that are associated with invasion events.
AlGaAsSb-InGaAsSb HPTs with high optical gain and wide dynamic range

Novel heterojunction phototransistors based on AlGaAsSb-InGaAsSb material systems are fabricated and their characteristics are demonstrated. Responsivity of a phototransistor is measured with applied bias voltage at four different wavelengths. The maximum responsivity around 1400 A/W and minimum noise equivalent power of 1.83/spl times/10/sup -14/ W/Hz/sup 1/2/ from this phototransistor with bias of 4.0 V at a wavelength of 2.05 /spl mu/m were measured at 20/spl deg/C and -20/spl deg/C, respectively. Noise equivalent power of the phototransistor is considerably lower compared with commercially available InGaAs p-i-n photodiodes. Collector current measurements with applied incident power are performed for two phototransistors. Currents of 400 nA at low intensity of 0.425 /spl mu/W/cm/sup 2/ and of 30 mA at high intensity of 100 mW/cm/sup 2/ are determined. Collector current increases nearly by five orders of magnitude between these two input intensities. High and constant optical gain of 500 in the 0.46-nW to 40-/spl mu/W input power range is achieved, which demonstrates high dynamic range for such devices at these power levels.
Factors affecting the reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon isomers

Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) on C18 stationary phases provides excellent selectivity for the separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Recent studies have shown that several factors affect selectivity for the LC separation of PAH including phase type (monomeric or polymeric), pore diameter and surface area of the silica substrate, and surface density of the C18 ligands. In this paper the separation of eleven PAH isomers of molecular weight 278 is used to further illustrate the effect of stationary phase characteristics and shape of the solute (length-to-breadth ratio, L/B) on retention and selectivity. Only polymeric C18 phases with a high C18 surface coverage provided separation of all eleven isomers and the elution order of these isomers generally followed increasing L/B values. The effect of solute nonplanarity on reversed-phase LC retention was investigated on both monomeric and polymeric phases using a series of planar and nonplanar PAH pairs. For each solute pair, the nonplanar solute eluted earlier than the planar solute, the largest selectivity factors being observed on the C18 phase with the highest percent carbon load. Based on these studies, a model is proposed to describe the retention of PAH on polymeric C18 phases.
Understanding the Etiology of Prescription Opioid Abuse Implications for Prevention and Treatment

Although studies on the initiation of substance abuse abound, the body of literature on prescription opioid abuse (POA) etiology is small. Little is known about why and how the onset of POA occurs, especially among high-risk populations. In this study we aimed to fill this important knowledge gap by exploring the POA initiation experiences of 90 prescription opioid abusers currently in treatment and their narrative accounts of the circumstances surrounding their POA onset. This research was conducted within a storyline framework, which operates on the premise that the path to drug abuse represents a biography or a process rather than a static condition. Audiotapes of in-depth interviews were transcribed, coded, and thematically analyzed. Analyses revealed the presence of four trajectories leading to POA. This study adds to the limited research on POA etiology by not only illuminating the psychosocial factors that contribute to POA onset, but also by situating initiation experiences within broader life processes. The study findings provide crucial insights to policymakers and interventionists in identifying who is at risk for POA, and more important, when and how to intervene most efficaciously.
Employing continuous quality improvement in community‐ based substance abuse programs

Purpose – This article aims to describe continuous quality improvement (CQI) for substance abuse prevention and treatment programs in a community‐based organization setting.Design/methodology/approach – CQI (e.g., plan‐do‐study‐act cycles (PDSA)) applied in healthcare and industry was adapted for substance abuse prevention and treatment programs in a community setting. The authors assessed the resources needed, acceptability and CQI feasibility for ten programs by evaluating CQI training workshops with program staff and a series of three qualitative interviews over a nine‐month implementation period with program participants. The CQI activities, PDSA cycle progress, effort, enthusiasm, benefits and challenges were examined.Findings – Results indicated that CQI was feasible and acceptable for community‐based substance abuse prevention and treatment programs; however, some notable resource challenges remain. Future studies should examine CQI impact on service quality and intended program outcomes.Research l...
Effect of Different Types of Small-Group Activities on Students’ Conversations

Teaching reform efforts in chemistry education often involve engaging students in small-group activities of different types. This study focused on the analysis of how activity type affected the nature of group conversations. In particular, we analyzed the small-group conversations of students enrolled in a chemistry course for nonscience majors. Group work in this course was designed and facilitated by preservice teachers enrolled in a science teaching methods class. Our results suggest that the types of activities in which students were engaged influenced the extent to which group talk focused on content-related issues. In particular, activities that asked students to compare and contrast different systems, different ideas, or predicted and actual behaviors were often associated with higher student engagement in constructing, transforming, and applying knowledge to make sense of concepts and ideas discussed in class.
Multi-ion free energy landscapes underscore the microscopic mechanism of ion selectivity in the KcsA channel

Potassium (K(+)) channels are transmembrane proteins that passively and selectively allow K(+) ions to flow through them, after opening in response to an external stimulus. One of the most critical functional aspects of their function is their ability to remain very selective for K(+) over Na(+) while allowing high-throughput ion conduction at a rate close to the diffusion limit. Classically, it is assumed that the free energy difference between K(+) and Na(+) in the pore relative to the bulk solution is the critical quantity at the origin of selectivity. This is the thermodynamic view of ion selectivity. An alternative view assumes that kinetic factors play the dominant role. Recent results from a number of studies have also highlighted the great importance of the multi-ion single file on the selectivity of K(+) channels. The data indicate that having multiple K(+) ions bound simultaneously is required for selective K(+) conduction, and that a reduction in the number of bound K(+) ions destroys the multi-ion selectivity mechanism utilized by K(+) channels. In the present study, multi-ion potential of mean force molecular dynamics computations are carried out to clarify the mechanism of ion selectivity in the KcsA channel. The computations show that the multi-ion character of the permeation process is a critical element for establishing the selective ion conductivity through K(+)-channels. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Proteins edited by J.C. Gumbart and Sergei Noskov.
Fracture Between Two Self-Assembled Monolayers

The objective of this work was to determine the interfacial toughness of .two silicon surfaces that were each coated with self assembled monolayers (SAMs) and pressed together. The SAMs were mixtures of two species. Each SAM made the same covalent bond with the Si, but differed in the terminal group at the other end on the molecule. One of the SAMs had a very active end group whereas the other did not. As a result, the degree of adhesion between the surfaces was controlled by the areal density of the active end group.
Optical Absorption of the Isolated AsGa Antisite and An EL2 - Like Defect in neutron-Transmutation Doped GaAs.

The infrared (IR) absorption technique concurrent with thermal annealing was used to study the isolated AsGa antisite and an EL2-like defect in thermal neutron irradiated GaAs samples grown by the liquid-encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) technique. The residual absorption (unquenchable component) of the IR absorpion spectrum, after EL2 is completely photoquenched, is interpreted as the photoionization of the isolated ASGa antisite. This interpretation is supported by thermal annealing results at 600 C and by the increase of the unquenchable component as the irradiation dose is increased. A thermally unstable EL2-like defect is observed in heavily irradiated GaAs samples after 6 min annealing at 600 C. Thermal annealing kinetics show that the EL2-like defect is composed of three point defects.
P1-05-02: Epigenetic Regulation by Alcohol Reactivates Estrogen Receptor alpha in Estrogen Receptor alpha-Negative Cells.

Introduction: Alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for breast cancer development and contributes to mammary tumorigenesis through the regulation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression. Previously, we reported that alcohol consumption in the MMTV-neu ERα-negative mouse model of human breast cancer resulted in significantly increased ERα expression compared to non-alcohol consuming mice. Thus, our results indicated that alcohol consumption led to reexpression of ERα in an ERα-negative mouse model. Several lines of evidence suggest that ERα expression in ERα-negative cancer cells is inhibited through epigenetic mechanisms. In this study, we examine the role of alcohol on ERα reactivation through changes in histone modifications, DNA methylation, and recruitment of transcriptional regulation complexes on the ERα promoter, in vitro. Methods: ERα-negative MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were treated with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5% v/v ethanol in culture media for 24 h. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were used to examine the enrichment of active and inactive markers of chromatin on the ERα promoter following alcohol treatment. DNA methylation at three ERα promoter CpG dinucleotide sites was assessed following alcohol treatment using methyl-sensitive restriction enzyme (MSRE)-qPCR. ChIP assays are used to determine the binding of the transcriptional regulation complexes, pRb2/p130-E2F4/5-HDAC1-SUV39H1-p300 and pRb2/p130-E2F4/5-HDAC1-SUV39H1-DNMT1, to the ERa promoter following alcohol treatment. MCF-7 human breast cancer cells served as an ERα-positive control. Results: We report that histone modifications were affected by alcohol treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Enrichment levels of all five chromatin markers tested, which includes markers of active and inactive transcription, were significantly altered as a result of alcohol treatment (p Discussion: ERα expression has been linked to mammary carcinogenesis and clinical outcome in breast cancer patients. However, approximately one out of three breast cancers lack ERα expression at the time of diagnosis and many breast cancers lose ERα expression during the course of tumor progression. Thus, understanding the regulation of ERα expression in breast cancer cells is critical and results from this study will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies and treatment options for hormone-resistant breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-05-02.
Exceptionally Strong Electronic Coupling in Crystalline Perylene Diimides via Tuning

The first series of core-unsubstituted perylene diimides exhibiting a long and tunable λmax in the solid state has been prepared. Unprecedentedly long λmax values have been achieved, which implies ...
Some Unsolved Problems in Plane Geometry

If S(t) is the number of mathematical problems that have been solved up to time t, and U(t) is the number that have been explicitly considered but still remain unsolved, then probably U(t)/S(t)->oo as t->oo. Yet most mathematical expositions concentrate on the denominator and ignore the much larger numerator. I like to redress the balance by talking or writing about unsolved problems, especially ones that have immediate intuitive appeal and can be understood with little background. The problems presented here are all concerned with the geometry of the Euclidean plane, which is almost as fertile a source of such problems as number theory and combinatorics. The problems are not new (one dates from 1916) but probably will be new to some readers. It will be interesting to see how many years pass before the problems are solved. This paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, the problems are presented and some background information is provided. I hope this part will be accessible to all readers of the Magazine. The second part contains references and additional comments which are more advanced than the material of the first part. Nevertheless, it should be accessible to most readers. I should emphasize that there is a tremendous number and variety of "elementary" unsolved problems in plane geometry. The small sample presented here consists of the ones that I find most appealing. This paper is an adaptation of [KH]. It is dedicated to Hugo Hadwiger for his seventieth birthday and to Paul Erdos for his sixty-fifth. The writings of Hadwiger and of Erdos are ideal sources of additional problems.
Genetics of the affective disorders.

Both depressive (unipolar) and manic (bipolar) disorders have a strong familial component, like much other psychiatric illness, and the weight of the evidence indicates that the component is largely if not entirely genetic. Knowledge about the exact mechanisms of inheritance is still incomplete, but practical conclusions based on available data may be useful to the physician who comes into contact with such patients.
Inverse Problem for a Weakly Nonlinear Ultraparabolic Equation with Three Unknown Functions of Different Arguments on the Right-Hand Side

We study the inverse problem of determination of three unknown functions of different arguments on the right-hand side of a weakly nonlinear ultraparabolic equation with integral overdetermination conditions. Conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the general solution of the analyzed problem are established.
Measurement of the topological surface state optical conductance in bulk-insulating Sn-doped Bi 1.1 Sb 0.9 Te 2 S single crystals

Topological surface states have been extensively observed via optics in thin films of topological insulators. However, in typical thick single crystals of these materials, bulk states are dominant and it is difficult for optics to verify the existence of topological surface states definitively. In this Rapid Communication, we study the charge dynamics of the newly formulated bulk-insulating Sn-doped ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1.1}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{0.9}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}\mathrm{S}$ crystal by using time-domain terahertz spectroscopy. This compound shows much better insulating behavior than any other bulk-insulating topological insulators reported previously. The transmission can be enhanced an amount which is $5%$ of the zero-field transmission by applying magnetic field to 7 T, an effect which we believe is due to the suppression of topological surface states. This suppression is essentially independent of the thicknesses of the samples, showing the two-dimensional nature of the transport. The suppression of surface states in field allows us to use the crystal slab itself as a reference sample to extract the surface conductance, mobility, charge density, and scattering rate. Our measurements set the stage for the investigation of phenomena out of the semiclassical regime, such as the topological magnetoelectric effect.
Sex and the Risk of AKI Following Cardio-thoracic Surgery: A Meta-Analysis.

Background and objectives Being a woman is a well established risk factor for the development of cardiothoracic surgery–associated AKI. In striking contrast, women are less likely to develop AKI associated with noncardiac surgical procedures than men. In an attempt to ascertain why being a woman might be protective for ischemic AKI after general surgery but deleterious in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery, we examined cardiothoracic surgery–associated AKI in greater detail. Design, setting, participants, & measurements We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiothoracic surgery–associated AKI studies published between January of 1978 and December of 2015 to further explore the relationship between sex and cardiothoracic surgery–associated AKI. Results Sixty-four studies were identified that provided sex-specific data regarding the incidence of cardiothoracic surgery–associated AKI among 1,057,412 subjects. Using univariate analysis, women were more likely than men to develop AKI postoperatively (odds ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 1.33; P Conclusions Our systematic review and meta-analysis contradict the generally held consensus that being a woman is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiothoracic surgery–associated AKI.
Abstract WMP68: Smartphone Support System for Mobile Imaging Display and Management of Acute Stroke

Introduction: Rapid dissemination and coordination of clinical and imaging data among multidisciplinary team members is essential for optimal acute stroke care. Standard desktop EMRs are ill-suited...
Haunting landscapes in “female gothic” thriller films: From alfred hitchcock to orson welles

The treacherous iconography of Gothic landscapes was a recurring visual motif in “female Gothic” thriller films inspired by roman noir literature. Alfred Hitchcock's and Orson Welles’s haunting female Gothic suspense thrillers reimagined perilous landscapes on screen in evocative chiaroscuro film noir style. French critics praised Hollywood film noir as “black film” or “dark cinema” in shadowy crime films that influenced the shrouded cinematic landscapes in female Gothic screen thrillers. The evolution and innovation of Gothic landscapes reflected social, historical, technological, and cultural changes across evolving eras with the onset—and eventual end—of World War II in shifting from prewar to wartime to postwar production and reception contexts, as well as across artistic genres. This chapter examines the dangerous haunted landscapes in atmospheric female Gothic thriller film adaptations, in traditional Gothics such as William Wyler’s Wuthering Heights (1939), Alfred Hitchcock’s Jamaica Inn (1939), and Orson Welles’s design and production of Jane Eyre (1944), while also investigating how the Gothic is adapted to film and the twentieth century in 1940s noir cinema such as Hitchcock’s Rebecca (1940), Suspicion (1941), Spellbound (1945), and Notorious (1946); Welles’s The Stranger (1946); and Joseph H. Lewis’s My Name is Julia Ross (1945). Most significantly, these latter four refashioned expressionistic Gothic landscapes to articulate wartime and postwar cultural anxieties.
Penile Replantation: A Retrospective Analysis of Outcomes and Complications.

Purpose Penile replantation is an uncommonly performed procedure, which can alleviate physical and psychosocial sequelae of penile amputation. This study critically appraises the current literature on penile replantation. Methods A comprehensive literature search of the Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases was conducted with multiple search terms related to penile replantation. Data on outcomes, complications, and patient satisfaction were collected. Results A total of 74 articles met inclusion criteria. One hundred and six patients underwent penile replantation, but outcome, complication, and satisfaction data were not standardized across all patients. Penile amputation most often resulted from self-mutilation or trauma. The majority were complete amputations (74.8%). Full sensation was maintained in 68.4% of patients. Most reported adequate urinary function (97.4%) and normal erection (77.5%). Skin necrosis (54.8%) and venous congestion (20.2%) were the most common complications. Urethral stricture (11.0%) and fistula (6.6%) were common urethral complications. Most (91.6%) patients reported overall satisfaction although there was a lack of patient-reported outcomes. Multivariate analysis suggested that complete amputation (β = 3.15, 95% CI 0.41–5.89, p = 0.024), anastomosis of the superficial dorsal artery (β = 9.88, 95% CI 0.74–19.02, p = 0.034), and increasing number of nerves coapted (β = 1.75, 95% CI 0.11–3.38, p = 0.036) were associated with favorable sexual, urinary, and sensation outcomes. Increasing number of vessels anastomosed (β = −3.74, 95% CI −7.15 to −0.32, p = 0.032) was associated with unfavorable outcomes. Conclusion Although penile replantation is associated with complications, it has a high rate of satisfaction and efficacy. Coaptation of multiple nerves and anastomosis of the superficial dorsal artery should be completed.
Hate Speech and Identity Politics in Germany, 1848–1914

A dramatic paradigm shift has occurred in European and German hate-speech laws, from their nineteenth-century origins in repressive campaigns against the Left to their present association with pluralism, tolerance, and minority rights. This article rethinks the timing and causes of that shift, arguing that, contrary to the prevailing scholarship, the decade of the 1890s—not 1945—constituted the first key turning point toward a human-rights model of hate-speech law. Departing from a more traditional legal historiography focused on formal legal institutions and laws, the article examines law “from below” as social and political practice. The results show how, in the 1890s, a new vision of hate speech began to take shape when a grassroots Jewish defense movement began to appropriate and reshape the law in order to oppose antisemites. In theoretical terms, the article's method of examining the interaction of law and politics shows that from the 1840s onward, the politics surrounding hate-speech law refutes simple binary constructions that cast German legal culture as “dignitarian” and distinct from U.S. “libertarianism.”
Politicized Dispute Settlement in the Pre-Investment Treaty Era: A Micro-Historical Approach

The case for the desirability of the modern system of investment treaty arbitration rests on certain stylized historical claims. Those claims serve to demonstrate that the pre-modern system of dealing with investor-state disputes was inferior compared to current arrangements, which allow foreign investors to initiate highly legalized (or “depoliticized”) arbitration against host state governments for alleged violations of investment treaties. The implication of the historical comparison is that we should accept, and perhaps even expand, investment treaty arbitration to avoid a return to the bad old days. This Article challenges the historicity of this standard story through an in-depth examination of a forgotten but important episode of expropriation from the 1970s, Mauritania’s seizure of the MIFERMA iron ore operations. As I show below, politicized dispute settlement need not entail, nor even risk, resort to force. It can even be successful, especially where both home and host state government perceive mutual gains from continued cooperation. This does not mean that investors get everything they want, when they want it. In politicized dispute settlement the investor does not control the process — though he can certainly influence it — and the investor’s interests are not the only ones in play. More generally, the Article suggests the utility of micro-historical analysis of investor-state disputes as a methodology for gaining a more realistic understanding of how legalized investor-state dispute settlement coexists and interacts with, and may even support, “diplomatic protection”, broadly construed, and negotiated outcomes.
Mesh Placement in Complex Abdominal Wall Defects: Techniques and Outcomes

The use of mesh for complex abdominal wall reconstruction has increased tremendously. With the advent of biologic mesh, more complex abdominal wall repairs are performed using a single-staged approach even in contaminated surgical fields. Several types of mesh placement techniques have been described in the literature, and an appropriate choice of technique must be considered to achieve successful outcomes. These techniques include onlay, underlay, sublay, and bridge placement. In this chapter, we discuss in detail each of these surgical techniques, their pros and cons, choice of mesh, and the factors that may help surgeons determine the appropriate mesh placement technique in different clinical scenarios.
Bias Factor and Therapeutic Window Correlate to Predict Safer Opioid Analgesics

Biased agonism has been proposed as a means to separate desirable and adverse drug responses downstream of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) targets. Herein, we describe structural features of a series of mu-opioid-receptor (MOR)-selective agonists that preferentially activate receptors to couple to G proteins or to recruit βarrestin proteins. By comparing relative bias for MOR-mediated signaling in each pathway, we demonstrate a strong correlation between the respiratory suppression/antinociception therapeutic window in a series of compounds spanning a wide range of signaling bias. We find that βarrestin-biased compounds, such as fentanyl, are more likely to induce respiratory suppression at weak analgesic doses, while G protein signaling bias broadens the therapeutic window, allowing for antinociception in the absence of respiratory suppression.
Breast sonography and the detection of cancer.

By 1956, X-ray examination of the breast had so improved that it had become a routine complement to physical examination of the breast. While these two procedures have remained the standards for breast cancer detection, each has its limitations. During the past two decades, additional methods for detecting breast cancer have been sought. These have included attempts to improve the radiographic technique, thermography, infrared scanning, light transmission, radioisotope scanning, galactography, pneumocystography, utilization of the Doppler effect, computed tomographic (CT) scanning, heavy-particle imaging, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
A comparative study of multichannel and single channel accelerometer sensors for communication in oil wells

Transmission of information from the downhole of oil wells to the drilling platform on the surface is a key part of drilling operations for oil exploration and extraction. Important data such as temperature and pressure collected by sensors near the drill bit are needed to be modulated on acoustic signals, to travel thru drill strings. On the surface, accelerometers which convert acoustic signals to electric signals can be used to receive and demodulate the data. In this paper, we study the performance of multichannel and single channel accelerometers used as uphole communication receivers. Using experimental results from a drill string communication testbed, we show that one tri-axial accelerometer can provide nearly uncorrelated signals, compared to two single channel accelerometers. Having uncorrelated signals at the uphole receiver provides diversity which in turn can result in an increase in the communication system performance.
Parent-Focused Preventive Interventions for Youth Substance Use and Problem Behaviors: A Systematic Review:

Research indicates substance use initiation increases the risk of other youth problem behaviors and substance dependence. Preventing these problematic behaviors through parenting has the potential for avoiding deleterious consequences for youth, their families, and the community.Purpose:This systematic review provides an assessment of parent-focused preventive interventions that are effective in preventing early substance use (SU) and other problem behaviors among youth.Method:A systematic search following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted to identify prevention studies. Studies were then assessed utilizing the Society for Prevention Research (SPR) efficacy criteria.Results:Ten studies, utilizing 11 preventive interventions, met all inclusion criteria.Discussion:The efficacious interventions emphasized parent skills training and engagement, were school-based, and utilized multiple prevention strategies. The Strengthening Families Program met the mo...
Constructing Semantic Networks of Comprehension from Eye-Movement During Reading

In this research we aim at modeling the interaction between eye-movement and comprehension during reading. Specifically, our work aspires to predict the semantic representation constructed during reading based on eye-movement data. Existing research in psychology has established that cognitive and linguistic processing influence eye-movement during reading. Our work extends existing reading models to generate semantic networks of comprehension based on cognitive theories of eye-movement and comprehension. We evaluate our model through a human experiment in four reading situations explaining and answering many of the phenomena observed in reading research. This work contributes to our understanding of reading as a cognitive task, and provides a framework for computer systems that mimic and evaluate human reading behavior.
Wireless RF distribution in buildings using heating and ventilation ducts

An alternative method of distributing RF in buildings is proposed in which the heating and ventilation ducts are used as wave guides. Because of the relatively low wave guide loss, this method may lead to more efficient RF distribution than possible with radiation through walls or the use of leaky coax. Further, the use of existing infrastructure could lead to a lower-cost system. Initial experimental results are presented that demonstrate duct-assisted propagation between nearby offices in a university building. An example method is described for obtaining efficient coupling between coax and 8″x12″ rectangular duct over the 902-928 MHz ISM band.
Lower Airway Disease in the Athletic Horse

The airways are the first part of the pathway in the oxygen transport chain that is critical to excellent athletic performance, and the lower airways are considered the final gatekeeper before oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide exits. Horses are blessed with large airways and lungs that allow them to be superb athletes, but the down side of this largesse on the part of evolution is that unless they are truly elite athletes they may withstand noninfectious disease of the lower respiratory tract for months to years before the owner or trainer notices. The two conditions of the lower respiratory tract that affect the athletic horse during exercise are exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and inflammatory airway disease. The former may be considered, at least at the onset, as a problem of physiology rather than a disease, and the latter is a disease primarily of domestication: both are widespread among the athletic horse population and account for an impressive number of horses that fail to perform to their potential. Because of the high demands for oxygen in the athletic horse, even minor insults to the oxygen-carrying capacity of the body can affect performance, so it is of critical importance to keep the lungs as healthy as possible.