cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On a Family of Oblique Shock Curves

SUMMARY CURVES OF CONSTANT M SIN aThe curves M sin or = constant, where M is the free-stream Mach Number and a is the shock angle, are level curves for the principal pressure, density, and temperature ratios across an oblique shock. If these curves are adjoined to the family of shock polars, dynamic relations, as well as the kinematic rela­ tions associated with the shock polar, are exhibited graphically. It has been customary to obtain these curves by interpolation . In this note, a simple analytic representation is derived.
Mercury Abundances and Thermal History of Meteorites

Some aspects of the thermal history of chondritic meteorites have been examined from the point of view of the Hg concentrations and release on heating.
Reconsidering the Measure of Partisan Ambivalence

Ambivalence is an important concept in the study of American public opinion and voting behavior, particularly given an increasingly polarized political class. However, some studies of ambivalence are based on a problematic measure. Because many survey respondents do not answer the questions used to measure partisan ambivalence, the resulting measure does a poor job of distinguishing between ambivalence and indifference (or apathy) toward the political parties and their presidential candidates. The challenge is determining who closely related the two concepts are. We re-examine a common measure of political ambivalence based on data from the American National Election Studies (ANES). We model the survey response as a two-step process in which the respondent first decides whether to share an opinion and then reveals the direction and magnitude of that opinion. We find strong evidence of selection bias among non-respondents to the ANES items commonly used to measure ambivalence. More importantly, our analyses suggest that some ambivalent citizens may be hiding their evaluations of the parties and their presidential candidates.
Some Roots of Terrorism

Although various hypotheses about the causes of terrorism have been proposed, a number of important factors have been largely ignored. Geopolitics, especially rich-world attempts to control oil, help incite terrorist attacks on the rich by people from developing countries. But demographic and socioeconomic factors, especially poverty, inequality and large numbers of young men facing dim economic prospects, also are likely contributors to such terrorism. We show that those factors will not ameliorate soon without determined effort. Developed nations, particularly the United States, could help reduce terrorism by controlling over-consumption and increasing carefully targeted aid to developing nations.
Shear bond strength of denture teeth to heat- and light-polymerized denture base resin

Purpose: To evaluate the shear bond strengths of highly cross-linked denture teeth bonded to heat-polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or a light-polymerized urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) denture base resin with or without a diatoric and with or without an acrylate bonding agent. Materials and Methods: The denture base resins tested were Lucitone 199 (heat-polymerized PMMA) and Eclipse (light-polymerized UDMA). One hundred sixty mandibular central incisor denture teeth were divided into four groups (n = 40): group 1: ground surface as control; group 2: ground surface with diatoric; group 3: ground surface with bonding agent; group 4: ground surface with bonding agent and diatoric. Half of each group (n = 20) was processed with either heat- or light-polymerized resin. All specimens were treated with thermocycling for 1000 cycles, alternating between 5 and 55°C with a dwell time of 30 seconds. Half the specimens in each group were treated with cyclic loading at 22 N for 14,400 cycles at 1.5 Hz. All specimens were tested with shear load to failure. Data were analyzed with student's t-test, 2- and 3-way ANOVA, and Dunnett's T3 method (p < 0.05). Results: Statistical analysis demonstrated no significant effect on shear bond strength from cyclic loading. For the Lucitone 199 (L) specimens, mean shear bond strengths and standard deviations were (N) 66.5 ± 28.4, 72.7 ± 31.5, 80.6 ± 17.1, and 76.9 ± 21.9 for groups 1L, 2L, 3L, and 4L, respectively. For the Eclipse (E) specimens, mean shear bond strengths and standard deviations were (N) 3.7 ± 1.2, 7.3 ± 3.3, 90.0 ± 20.7, and 94.2 ± 17.8 for groups 1E, 2E, 3E, and 4E, respectively. No statistically significant differences in shear bond strengths were noted for the Lucitone 199 groups (p= 0.11). Eclipse shear bond strengths were significantly higher in groups 3E and 4E than in groups 1E and 2E (p≤ 0.05). In a 3-way ANOVA for groups 3 and 4, the shear bond strengths for the Eclipse specimens were significantly higher than the Lucitone 199 specimens (p= 0.01). Conclusions: When evaluating the shear bond strength of IPN denture teeth to denture base resins, specimens using an acrylate bonding agent with the Eclipse (light-polymerized) resin yielded significantly higher shear bond strengths than all of the Lucitone 199 groups and the Eclipse resin groups without a bonding agent.
Anisotropic magnetoconductance of a InAs nanowire: Angle-dependent suppression of one-dimensional weak localization

The magnetoconductance of an InAs nanowire is investigated with respect to the relative orientation between external magnetic field and the nanowire axis. It is found that both the perpendicular and the parallel magnetic fields induce a positive magnetoconductance. Yet the parallel magnetic field induced longitudinal magnetoconductance has a smaller magnitude. This anisotropic magnetotransport phenomenon is studied as a function of temperature, magnetic field strength, and at an arbitrary angle between the magnetic field and the nanowire. We show that the observed effect is in quantitative agreement with the suppression of one-dimensional weak localization.
The impact of APOE status on relationship of biomarkers of vascular risk and systemic inflammation to neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease.

Research on the link between APOEe4 and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been inconsistent. Previous work has shown a relationship between serum biomarkers of vascular risk and inflammation and NPS in AD. The current study investigated the impact of APOEe4 status on the relationship between biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, systemic inflammation, and NPS. The sample was drawn from the TARCC Longitudinal Research Cohort; the final sample of 190 consisted of 124 females and 66 males meeting the diagnostic criteria for mild to moderate AD. 115 individuals were APOEe4 carriers and 75 were non-carriers. Serum-based clinical biomarkers of vascular risk and biomarkers of inflammation related to AD were analyzed. NPS data was gathered from caretakers/family members using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. The significant biomarkers differed for carriers and non-carriers with IL15 being a negative biomarker of total NPS accounting for 12% of the variance for carriers and IL18 and TNFα negative predictors for non-carriers (18% of variance). Patterns related to specific symptoms were similar. Stratification by gender revealed significant biomarkers of total NPS for female carriers were negative IL15 and IL1ra (18% of variance) and for female non-carriers were negative IL18 and positive homocysteine. Total cholesterol was a positive biomarker of total NPS for both male carriers (36% of variance) and non-carriers (negative TNFα and total cholesterol, 32% of variance). These findings suggest that dysregulation of inflammatory activity is related to NPS, that cholesterol is a significant factor in the occurrence of NPS, and that gender and APOE status need to be considered.
The Puzzling Place of Race in American Political Science

gates threatened to withdraw if "some gentlemen" did not disavow all notions of taking "their negroes" from slaveholders, conflicts over race have been highly visible in American politics (Farrand 1966, v. II: 95, 202-22, 356, 370, 378, 415). One might expect that theoretical accounts and empirical studies of racial issues would always have been among the main themes of the discipline devoted to the study of politics in America. Yet, as many scholars have shown, that has not been the case. Instead, after a late 19th century period of explicit disciplinary racism, through much of the 20th century American political science devoted less attention to race than
Hypertext in the Key of G: Three Types of “History” as Influences on Conversational Structure and Flow

This article argues that an essential piece in the puzzle of everyday communication is the history that exists among conversational partners. Three types of history are examined as creators of “hypertextual links” among ideas in conversation in a way that allows the flow of conversation to continue. The importance of the relational history among participants in any conversation is stressed as a major influence on the understanding necessary for conversation to be coherent. Theorists of communication are urged to attend to the history existing among participants in interpersonal communication. A method for incorporating history into studies of interpersonal communication is suggested.
Experimental determination of section sensitivity profiles and image noise in electron beam computed tomography.

To determine the effect of continuous-volume scanning (CVS) on z-axis resolution, section sensitivity profiles were measured on an electron beamcomputed tomography(CT) scanner and compared with those obtained using the step-volume scanning (SVS) mode. A steel bead was imaged using different scan parameters, and the mean CT number over the bead was plotted against the z-axis position to determine section sensitivity profiles. From these profiles, full width at half maximum (FWHM), full width at tenth maximum (FWTM), and full width at tenth area (FWTA) were calculated. A uniform water phantom was imaged to measure noise. To determine the visual significance of changes in the section sensitivity profile, a section thickness and contiguity phantom was imaged. All section sensitivity profiles measured had an FWHM value within 0.5 mm of the nominal scan width. The FWTM and FWTA values increased with the CVS mode compared with the SVS mode. This broadening of the section sensitivity profiles was most significant with larger collimator widths. However, use of smaller collimator widths increased imagenoise. When all other parameters remained constant, increasing the exposure time to reduce imagenoise did not affect the section sensitivity profile. The CVS mode produced wider section sensitivity profiles than the SVS mode. This effect was minimized when the smallest collimator width was used, but at the expense of increased imagenoise.
Is the shining path the “New Khmer rouge”?

This article assesses the claim that Peru's Shining Path insurgency is the “new Khmer Rouge,” a reincarnation of the brutal communist movement responsible for the death of more than one million Cambodians during the 1975–1979 “Democratic Kampuchea” era. Although Shining Path is unlikely to seize power in Peru the analogy is still worth evaluating, given its prominence in public debates over the nature of the insurgency. On the basis of Foreign Broadcast Information Service reports, party statements, and other primary and secondary sources, two major characteristics of these organizations are compared: ideology and prerevolution behavior in their respective “liberated zones.” While acknowledging that the Shining Path and the Khmer Rouge share a number of important features, the article concludes that a Shining Path regime would be less extreme than Democratic Kampuchea, and that it is an overstatement to call the insurgency the new Khmer Rouge.
The stimulation of tumor necrosis factor and inhibition of glucose transport and lipoprotein lipase in adipose cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is found throughout the environment in industrialized countries, and most people have had some exposure. TCDD has very high lipid solubility and is concentrated in adipose tissue. Because an epidemiologic association between TCDD exposure and diabetes has been described, we examined the effects of TCDD in adipocytes. The addition of TCDD to 3T3-F442a cells, both at the initiation of differentiation and after cells were fully differentiated, resulted in a 2-fold increase in the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). When added during differentiation, there was also a 25% decrease in lipid accumulation. In addition to the stimulation of TNF, TCDD affected glucose transport and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. When added to cultures of cells that were undergoing differentiation, TCDD inhibited total 2-deoxyglucose transport in a dose-dependent fashion, with 50% inhibition of glucose transport when added to cultures for 48 hours at 5 nmol/L TCDD. In addition, when cells were exposed to 50 nmol/L TCDD for 48 hours, there was a 40% reduction in LPL activity. Thus, the addition of TCDD to adipocyte cultures resulted in an increase in TNF secretion and a decrease in glucose transport and LPL activity. Because TCDD is concentrated in adipose tissue, these studies provide a possible physiologic mechanism for epidemiologic studies that link dioxin to diabetes.
Fragments of Delboeuf and Ebbinghaus illusions: contour/context explorations of misjudged circle size.

Variants of the Delboeuf (concentric circle) display and the Ebbinghaus display (four large nonconcentric inducing circles) were produced by systematically eliminating fractions of the circumferences of the outer inducing circles. For the Ebbinghaus display, various amounts of the inner arcs and/or outer arcs were preserved; a series of dots was sometimes substituted for missing contours. Results are described by the following statements: Contours attract. Larger nonconcentric circles induce size contrast. Rotating an Ebbinghaus variant by 45° alters size misjudgments. The larger the horizontal (or vertical) extent of the inducing configuration, the smaller the judged size of the test (center) circle. A figurai aftereffect of the inducing configuration acts to reduce the perceptual size of the comparison circle when eye movements are permitted between test and comparison circles.
Patterns of Ethnic Separatism

In the analysis of ethnic separatism and secession, two approaches can be distinguished. One is to ask what forces are responsbile for the general upsurge in secessionist movements, from Burma te-Biafra and Bangladesh, from Corsica to Quebec, and from Eritrea to the Southern Philippines. Another approach is to ask what moves certain territorially discrete ethnic groups to attempt to leave the states of which they are a part (or at least to secure substantial territorial autonomy), whereas other groups, also regionally concentrated, make no such attempts. The first question calls for a general explanation of aggregate trends; it aims to compare the present with some period in the past. The second calls for an explanation that can discriminate among classes of cases; it entails comparison not across time, but across space.
Catalytic activity of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases and its implications for the origin of life. I. Aminoacyl adenylate formation in tyrosyl tRNA synthetase.

The changes in the catalytic activity resulting from amino acid substitutions in the active site region have been theoretically modeled for tyrosyl tRNA synthetase (Tyr-RS). The catalytic activity was calculated as the differential stabilization of the transition state using electrostatic approximation. The results indicate that charged residues His45, His48, Asp78, Asp176, Asp194, Lys225, Lys230, Lys233, Arg265, and Lys268 play essential roles in catalysis of aminoacyl adenylate formation in Tyr-RS, which is in general agreement with previously known experimental data for residues 45, 48, 194, 230, and 233. These catalytic residues have also been used to search for sequence homology patterns among class I aminoacyl RSs of which HIGH and KMSKS conserved sequence motifs are well known. His45 and His48 belong to the HIGH signature sequence of class I aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aRSs), whereas Arg265 and Lys268 can constitute a part of the KMSKS charge pattern. Lys225, Lys230, and Lys233 may be part of the conservative substitution pattern [HKR]-X(4)-[HKR]-X(2)-[HKR], and Asp 194 is part of the new GSDQ motif. This demonstrates that the three dimensional charge distribution near the active site is an essential feature of the catalytic activity of aRS and that the theoretical technique used in this work can be utilized in searches for the catalytically important residues that may provide a clue for a charge residue pattern conserved in evolution. The appearance of patterns I–IV in Arg-, Gln-, Met-, Ile-, Leu-, Trp-, Val-, Glu-, Cys-, and Tyr-RS indicates that all these enzymes could have the same ancestor.
Individual sensitivity to spectral and temporal cues in listeners with hearing impairment.

Purpose The present study was designed to evaluate use of spectral and temporal cues under conditions in which both types of cues were available. Method Participants included adults with normal hea...
Longitudinal effects of fat and lean mass on bone accrual in infants

There are conflicting reports on the influence of lean and fat mass on bone accrual during childhood. No infant's studies have been reported that describe the influence of changes in body composition with changes in bone accrual during the first year of life. The objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that greater gains in lean mass will have a positive effect on bone mineral content (BMC) accrual, while greater gains in fat mass will have a negative effect on BMC accrual in infants. Longitudinal data from 3 previous infant studies were used. Linear mixed models, adjusting for age, sex, dietary calcium, and length were used to investigate longitudinal and cross-sectional associations between total body BMC and lean and fat mass in the individual studies and in a combined analysis. In both individual and combined analyses, we found that lean and fat mass were positively associated with whole body BMC accrual (all, P < 0.001). The cross-sectional association of BMC and dietary calcium was negative in one study (P < 0.05). No differences in BMC change between sexes were observed in three studies. Our results showed positive cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between total body BMC and lean mass in infants. In contradiction to our hypothesis for fat mass, we found a positive cross-sectional and longitudinal association between total body BMC and fat mass in infants.
Solvent dynamical effects in electron transfer: The solvent inertial limit and the predicted influence of quantum effects

Abstract Analytical continuum formulations for the solvent inertial frequency, constituting the anticipated zero-friction limit for adiabatic barrier crossing in solvent-controlled electron-transfer processes, are derived and discussed. The role of solvent inertia in solvent dynamical effects is discussed with emphasis on the likely modifications brought about by nuclear tunneling. Approximate formulations suitable for assessing the latter correction in the presence as well as absence of solvent friction are outlined and compared. Numerical calculations are provided that illustrate the partly compensatory influence on the rate-solvent friction dependence resulting from nuclear tunneling together with reaction non-adiabaticity. Such combined quantum effects are anticipated typically to mask the clearcut emergence of solvent inertial effects on electron-transfer reaction dynamics in common low-friction media.
Client-Based Projects and the ACRL Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education

The library literature contains many discussions on problem-based learning as a means of engaging students in instruction and promoting information literacy. A related but relatively unexplored opportunity is available through client-based projects. Using examples from the business education literature, library literature, and the author's experience, the author attempts to connect the consulting processes of client-based projects to information literacy competencies, specifically, the ACRL Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education. The correspondence in the steps reveals exceptional opportunities for librarians to simultaneously apply what they already know, stretch their own boundaries, and promote information literacy in highly-motivated students.
Time‐domain transient elastodynamic analysis of 3‐D solids by BEM

The BEM algorithm developed by Banerjee and Ahmad (1985) and Banerjee et al. (1986) for the analysis of three-dimensional time-dependent elastodynamics problems is extended and refined to improve the accuracy of the internal stress predictions. A quadratic spatial shape function and a linear temporal shape function are employed, and the complete numerical implementation (as part of BEST3D) is outlined. Applications of the improved BEM to typical problems are presented graphically and briefly characterized. Included are spherical cavities subjected to sudden radial expansion, triangular or rectangular pulses of radial pressure, or ramp loading; a circular loaded area on a half space; and a flexible square plate foundation on an elastic half space.
Effect of substrate geometry on the deposition rate in chemical vapor deposition

Advances in technology demand high volume production of semiconductors. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a standard technique for producing semiconductors when quality and cost matter the most. The substrate geometry has a large effect on the deposition rate, which in turn plays a critical role in assessing the performance of the CVD reactor. Unfortunately, in the open literature, not much attention has been paid to the substrate geometry. Instead, standard geometries and those produced via heuristics have been employed. This paper proposes a deposition model with a flexible substrate geometry. Using this model, the effect of various substrate geometries on the deposition rate of zinc sulfide is assessed. The results indicate that certain substrate geometries change the flow patterns, create recirculation, and increase the deposition rate.
Three-dimensional photoacoustic and ultrasonic endoscopic imaging of two rabbit esophagi

The addition of photoacoustic endoscopy to conventional endoscopic ultrasound offers imaging capabilities that may improve diagnosis and clinical care of gastrointestinal tract diseases. In this study, using a 3.8-mm diameter dual-mode photoacoustic and ultrasonic endoscopic probe, we investigated photoacoustic and ultrasonic image features of rabbit esophagi. Specifically, we performed ex vivo imaging of intact rabbit esophagi and correlated the acquired images with histology. Without motion artifact-based limitations, we were able to utilize the full resolving power of the endoscopic device and acquire the first three-dimensional vasculature map of the esophagus and mediastinum, along with coregistered tissue density information. Here, we present the experimental results and discuss potential clinical applications of the technique.
Printer watermark obfuscation

Most color laser printers manufactured and sold today add "invisible" information to make it easier to determine when a particular document was printed and exactly which printer was used. Some manufacturers have acknowledged the existence of the tracking information in their documentation while others have not. None of them have explained exactly how it works or the scope of the information that is conveyed. There are no laws or regulations that require printer companies to track printer users this way, and none that prevent them from ceasing this practice or providing customers a means to opt out of being tracked. The tracking information is coded by patterns of yellow dots that the printers add to every page they print. The details of the patterns vary by manufacturer and printer model.In this document, our team will discuss several obfuscation methods and demonstrate a successful one.Included in this document is an explanation of the firmware generated yellow dots matrix and answers to the following questions: 1. Which printers produce the dots? 2. How are the dots put on? 3. What is needed for testing? 4. What is the dot size and spacing? 5. Where are the dots located on the page? 6. How can the dots be rendered useless?
Self-Assembly of a DNA-Based Switchable Linker for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

The ability to manipulate and observe single biological molecules has led to both fundamental scientific discoveries and new methods in nanoscale engineering. A common challenge in many single-molecule experiments is reliably linking molecules to surfaces, and identifying their interactions. We have met this challenge by nanoengineering a novel DNA-based linker that behaves as a force-activated switch, providing a molecular signature that can eliminate errant data arising from non-specific and multiple interactions. By integrating a receptor and ligand into a single piece of DNA using DNA self-assembly, a single tether can be positively identified by force-extension behavior, and receptor-ligand unbinding easily identified by a sudden increase in tether length. Additionally, under proper conditions the exact same pair of molecules can be repeatedly bound and unbound. Our approach is simple, versatile and modular, and can be easily implemented using standard commercial reagents and laboratory equipment. In addition to improving the reliability and accuracy of force measurements, this single-molecule mechanical switch paves the way for high-throughput serial measurements, single-molecule on-rate studies, and investigations of population heterogeneity.
Total synthesis of lycogarubin C utilizing the Kornfeld–Boger ring contraction

Abstract An efficient synthesis of lycogarubin C ( 3 ) was completed in seven steps from the known 1-(phenylsulfonyl)indole-3-carbaldehyde in 30% overall yield, via a Diels–Alder reaction between ( Z )-1,2-di(1 H -indol-3-yl)ethene 9b and dimethyl 1,2,4,5-tetrazine-3,6-dicarboxylate ( 7 ), followed by a Kornfeld–Boger ring contraction to form the pyrrole ring.
Cortical evoked potentials in monozygotic twins and unrelated subjects: comparisons of exogenous and endogenous components.

Cortical evoked potentials to auditory stimulation were recorded in six pairs of monozygotic twins and six pairs of unrelated subjects matched for age and sex while they performed a stimulus detection task. The cortical potentials were coherently averaged, and the peak latencies of the exogenous (P1, N1, and P2) and endogenous (N2 and P3) components of the average evoked potential (AEP) were investigated. It was hypothesized that latency of the exogenous components of the AEP would be similar in all matched pairs since the characteristics of these components depend primarily on the physical parameters of the stimulus. As endogenous components appear to be associated with a person's intentions, expectations, and decisions, we expected them to be more alike in twins than in unrelated individuals. Findings were in accord with the hypothesis. Latencies of the exogenous components were closely similar in all pairs of subjects. By contrast, latencies of the endogenous components were significantly (P≤0.001) more alike in twins than in unrelated subjects.
A computer method to model the dose distribution of high energy photon grid therapy in three dimensions

High energy photon grid therapy is the application of multiple circular divergent photon beams to the palliative care of patients. The photon beams are defined by cylindrical holes in a large attenuator placed in the path of an open radiation beam. We have developed a computer method to model the three-dimensional dose distribution of high energy photon grid therapy. The semiempirical method requires the measured data from a single cylindrical hole of the size to be modeled. For a given hole diameter, any arbitrary geometry can be calculated. This information is important when investigating the clinical implications of grid therapy for patient care.
The effects of increasing lithium deposition on the power exhaust channel in NSTX

Previous measurements on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) demonstrated peak, perpendicular heat fluxes, qdep,pk⩽15 MW m−2 with an inter-edge localized mode integral heat flux width, during high performance, high power operation (plasma current, Ip = 1.2 MA and injected neutral beam power, PNBI = 6 MW) when magnetically mapped to the outer midplane. Analysis indicates that scales approximately as . The extrapolation of the divertor heat flux and λq for NSTX-U are predicted to be upwards of 24 MW m−2 and 3 mm, respectively assuming a high magnetic flux expansion, fexp ∼ 30, PNBI = 10 MW, balanced double null operation and boronized wall conditioning. While the divertor heat flux has been shown to be mitigated through increased magnetic flux expansion, impurity gas puffing, and innovative divertor configurations on NSTX, the application of evaporative lithium coatings in NSTX has shown reduced peak heat flux from 5 to 2 MW m−2 during similar operation with 150 and 300 mg of pre-discharge lithium evaporation respectively. Measurement of divertor surface temperatures in lithiated NSTX discharges is achieved with a unique dual-band IR thermography system to mitigate the variable surface emissivity introduced by evaporative lithium coatings. This results in a relative increase in divertor radiation as measured by divertor bolometry. While the measured divertor heat flux is reduced with strong lithium evaporation, λq contracts to 3–6 mm at low Ip but remains nearly constant as Ip is increased to 1.2 MA yielding λq's comparable to no lithium discharges at high Ip.
Intranuclear ataxin1 inclusions contain both fast- and slow-exchanging components

A hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases caused by polyglutamine expansion is the abnormal accumulation of mutant proteins into ubiquitin-positive inclusions1. The local build-up of these ubiquitinated proteins suggests that the proteasome machinery inadequately clears misfolded proteins, resulting in their increase to potentially toxic levels2. Inclusions may disrupt normal cell homeostasis by sequestering vital cellular factors, such as chaperones, proteasomes and transcription components3,4,6,7. Here, we used fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to examine the intranuclear dynamics of polyglutamine-expanded ataxin1 and inclusion-associated proteins. These experiments demonstrated that at least two types of ataxin1 inclusions exist; those that undergo rapid and complete exchange with a nucleoplasmic pool and those that contain varying levels of slow-exchanging ataxin1. Slow-exchanging inclusions contain high ubiquitin levels, but surprisingly low proteasome levels, suggesting an impairment in the ability of proteasomes to recognize ubiquitinated substrates. Proteasomes and CBP remained highly dynamic components of inclusions, indicating that although enriched with ataxin1, they are not irreversibly trapped. These results redefine our perception of polyglutamine inclusions and demonstrate the usefulness of FRAP and live cell imaging to study factors that modulate their behaviour.
Characterization of Porous Glasses: Simulation Models, Adsorption Isotherms, and the Brunauer−Emmett−Teller Analysis Method

We have developed a realistic model for studying adsorption in porous glasses which reproduces the complex structure of these materials. The model porous material is generated by a quench molecular dynamics procedure which mimics the processes by which Vycor glass and controlled-pore glasses are produced. We examine this procedure and the resulting model materials by a variety of methods and find that they have porosities, pore sizes, and surface areas very similar to the real glasses. These simulated glasses have precisely known properties (surface area, pore size distribution, etc.), in contrast to experimental glasses; computer experiments on such model glasses can therefore be used to test new and existing experimental methods of characterization. We calculate the adsorption isotherms for a model of nitrogen adsorbing onto these materials and analyze these data using the BET isotherm. The BET monolayer density exhibits systematic variations with both the average pore size and the porosity of the model...
Eliciting the patient's perspective: does experience or type of case make a difference?

Abstract Objective Patient-centered interviewing is an increasingly important aspect of medical education. One way to quantify this skill is the Four Habits Model, which helps to organize medical interviewing. The Four Habits are: invest in the beginning, elicit the patient's perspective, demonstrate empathy and invest in the end. In a previous study at our institution, students were competent in all of the habits but “eliciting the patient's perspective” during a standardized patient case. Based on this study, we hypothesized that the students’ poor performance could be related to the type of case or to clinical experience. Methods We placed three “eliciting the patient's perspective” items on the checklist for two standardized patients, one with and one without a clear diagnosis. We planned to compare group performance between cases and semesters of the third year. We hypothesized that students would be more patient-centered earlier in the year and with an ambiguous diagnosis. Results Students were more patient-centered with the ambiguous diagnosis and later in their third year. Patient-centeredness was measured by an eliciting the patient's perspective (EPP) score based on the checklist items. Conclusion Our results provide information that may help guide curriculum development and future study to advance patient-centered interviewing skills.
Community‐Based Premarital Prevention: Clergy and Lay Leaders on the Front Lines*

This study reports on the results of the dissemination of an empirically-based, premarital education program within religious organizations. The following major results are discussed with respect to premarital prevention: (a) Clergy and lay leaders were as effective in the short run as our university staff; (b) couples taking the more skills-oriented intervention showed advantages over couples receiving naturally occurring services on interaction quality; and (c) couples reported that the communication skills components of premarital education were the most helpful. he staggering costs of marital failure have led religious, political, and policy leaders to call for a variety of efforts to strengthen marriages, a key example being calls for couples to undergo preventive premarital training (e.g., McManus, 1993; Parrott & Parrott, 1995). But will such calls to ‘‘do something’’ be answered with wisely guided interventions based on empirical data? This report is part of a project designed to help to answer relevant questions: Who is best poised to provide prevention services to couples premaritally? How effective can the services be when provided in the community? What factors affect the adoption and ongoing implementation of prevention services in community-based settings? With roughly 75% of first marriages occurring in religious organizations (ROs), religious leaders are a logical point of action for broad-based, premarital prevention efforts. Although there is a compelling rationale for the role religious leaders can play in prevention efforts (Stanley, Markman, St. Peters, & Leber, 1995), less than half of religious organizations currently provide premarital services of any consequence (Trathen, 1995). Additionally, researchers have raised concerns about the effectiveness of much of the premarital training that currently is provided to couples (Schumm & Silliman, 1997; Sullivan & Bradbury, 1997). As part of a larger project, this report presents shortterm outcomes for couples receiving either conventional premarital services from their religious organizations or PREP (Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program; e.g., Markman, Stanley, & Blumberg, 1994). The goal of this study was to assess the degree to which a program that has demonstrated promising preventive efficacy in university settings (clinical trials) could yield similar results in more natural, community-based settings. As such, this research is designed to test the effectiveness of dissemination in the community by assessing the extent to which clergy and lay leaders can readily and successfully implement the program in their set
The impact of gender-role nonconforming behavior, bullying, and social support on suicidality among gay male youth

This study hypothesized that gender-role nonconformity is associated with suicidality, and bullying mediates this relationship. Gay males retrospectively answered questions pertaining to elementary, middle, and high school. Support for the hypotheses was found. Results can help screen gay youth for suicidality and support the need for policies prohibiting harassment based on sexual orientation.
Identification of a Nearby Stellar Association in theHipparcos Catalog: Implications for Recent, Local Star Formation

The TW Hydrae Association (D55 pc from Earth) is the nearest known region of recent star forma- tion. Based primarily on the Hipparcos catalog, we have identi—ed a group of nine or 10 comoving star systems at a common distance (D45 pc) from Earth that appear to comprise another, somewhat older association (ii the Tucanae Association ˇˇ). Together with ages and motions recently determined for some nearby —eld stars, the existence of the Tucanae and TW Hydrae Associations suggests that the Sun is now close to a region that was the site of substantial star formation only 10¨50 Myr ago. The TW Hydrae Association represents a —nal chapter in the local star formation history. Subject headings: open clusters and associations: general ¨ open clusters and associations: individual (TW Hydrae) ¨ stars: formation ¨ stars: premain-sequence
On the mechanism of the allylsilane-to-vinylsilane rearrangement

Abstract The mechanism of the thermal conversion of allyltrimethylsilane to trimethylvinylsilane does not involve methylene extrusion. Rather, a methyl group originally bound to silicon is lost.
Effects of intermittent loading on nitrogen removal in horizontal subsurface flow wetlands.

Removal of CBOD5 and nitrogen from septic tank effluent was evaluated in four horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) wetlands. An intermittently loaded cell was compared to a continuously loaded control cell, with both treatments receiving the same weekly volume. The intermittent cell was rapidly drained and “rested” for 24-hr, then refilled in steps, twice weekly. Two media with different particle sizes but similar porosities were also compared. The two media, light weight expanded shale and gravel, were both continuously loaded. As hypothesized, the wetland cell that was intermittently loaded had higher dissolved oxygen, greater ammonia removal, and greater nitrate production than the continuously loaded cells. Areal NH3-N removal for the intermittently loaded cell was 0.90 g m−2 d−1 compared to 0.47 g m−2 d−1 for the control. Ammonia removal was also higher in continuously loaded gravel cells than in cells with expanded shale. Ammonia-N removal was an order of magnitude lower in a similar SSF wetland that had been in operation for 3 years. However, CBOD5, total suspended solids, and total nitrogen did not vary substantially among the treatments.
Comparison of the Noether charge and Euclidean methods for computing the entropy of stationary black holes.

The entropy of stationary black holes has recently been calculated by a number of different approaches. Here we compare the Noether charge approach (defined for any diffeomorphism invariant Lagrangian theory) with various Euclidean methods, specifically, (i) the microcanonical ensemble approach of Brown and York, (ii) the closely related approach of Ba\~nados, Teitelboim, and Zanelli which ultimately expresses black hole entropy in terms of the Hilbert action surface term, (iii) another formula of Ba\~nados, Tetelboim, and Zanelli (also used by Susskind and Uglum) which views black hole entropy as conjugate to a conical deficit angle, and (iv) the pair creation approach of Garfinkle, Giddings, and Strominger. All of these approaches have a more restrictive domain of applicability than the Noether charge approach. Specifically, approaches (i) and (ii) appear to be restricted to a class of theories satisfying certain properties litsed in Sec. II; approach (iii) appears to require the choice of a ``regularizing'' scheme to deal with curvature singularities (except in the case of Lovelock gravity theories), and approach (iv) requires the existence of suitable instanton solutions. However, we show that within their domains of applicability, all of these approaches yield results in agreement with the Noether charge approach. In the course of our analysis we generalize the definition of the Brown-York quasilocal energy to a much more general class of diffeomorphism invariant, Lagrangian theories of gravity. In an appendix we show that in an arbitrary diffeomorphism invariant theory of gravity the ``volume term'' in the ``off-shell'' Hamiltonian associated with a time evolution vector field ${\mathit{t}}^{\mathit{a}}$ always can be expressed as the spatial integral of ${\mathit{t}}^{\mathit{a}}$${\mathit{scrC}}_{\mathit{a}}$, where ${\mathit{scrC}}_{\mathit{a}}$=0 are the constraints associated with the diffeomorphism invariance.
Trail Making Test Performance in Vietnam Combat Veterans with and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

The present study investigated variables associated with performance on the Trail Making Test from the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery in Vietnam combat veterans. There was a significant difference in performance between veterans with and without PTSD on both parts of the Trail Making Test. In subgroup analyses excluding participants on medications (antianxiety, antidepressant, and cardiac), comorbid diagnoses (history of alcohol or substance abuse, history of major depression and comorbid anxiety disorder) and compensation-seeking status, the group difference on Trails B remained significant. However, subgroup analyses suggested that poorer performance on Trails A was influenced by antianxiety and cardiac medications, as well as heavy combat exposure status.
Generalized solution of freezing a saturated liquid in a convex container

Computer results of the required time to freeze completely a pure liquid in a container shaped like a slab, a cylinder or a sphere are correlated by equations which converge to the asymptotic solutions of the problem. Variables are grouped into dimensionless parameters so that these equations are applicable to any given system.
Context and structure in conceptual combination.

Three experiments evaluated modifications of conceptual knowledge associated with judgments of adjective-noun conceptual combinations. Existing models, such as the Smith and Osherson modification model, assume that the changes associated with understanding an adjective noun combination are confined to the corresponding adjectival dimension. Our experiments indicate that this assumption is too strong. The first study found that naming one dimension affects correlated dimensions. For example, participants judge small spoons to be more typical spoons than large spoons, but for wooden spoons, large spoons are more typical than small spoons. The second study demonstrated that the similarity of adjectives is not independent of the noun context in which they appear. For example, white and gray are judged to be more similar than gray and black in the context of hair but this judgment reverses in the context of clouds. The third study showed that a property equally true (or false) for two concepts may be more central to one concept than the other (e.g., it is more important that boomerangs be curved than that bananas be curved). These results pose serious problems for current theories of how people combine concepts. We propose instead that we need richer views of both the conceptual structure and the modifications of it required by conceptual combination. We suggest that theoretical knowledge and the construct of centrality of meaning may play useful roles.
Human dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) maps to chromosome 5p15.3 and displays a VNTR

The human dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene is localized to chromosome 5p15.3 by in situ hybridization and PCR amplification of rodent somatic cell hybrid DNA. Analysis of a 40-bp repeat in the 3' untranslated region of the message revealed variable numbers of the repeat ranging from 3 to 11 copies. These results will aid in the investigation of a role for this gene in genetic disorders of the dopaminergic system in humans.
Collections of natural enemies of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Mexico, 1980-1985

Three trips were taken to central Mexico to search for natural enemies ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), in 1980, 1983, and 1985. 18 natural enemy species were found associated with 10 species ofLeptinotarsa. Asopine pentatomids dominate the collections, followed by tachnid parasites and hemipteran and coleopteran predators. Natural enemies may play a major role in regulating populations ofLeptinotarsa in Mexico. Their adaptability to northern climates is unclear.
Nail matrixectomies using radio wave technique

The authors present a successful method for surgically correcting ingrown toenails by using radio wave technique. A review of the literature is also presented.
Lithographic techniques and surface chemistries for the fabrication of PEG-passivated protein microarrays

This article presents a new technique to fabricate patterns of functional molecules surrounded by a coating of the inert poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on glass slides for applications in protein microarray technology. The chief advantages of this technique are that it is based entirely on standard lithography processes, makes use of glass slides employing surface chemistries that are standard in the microarray community, and has the potential to massively scale up the density of microarray spots. It is shown that proteins and antibodies can be made to self-assemble on the functional patterns in a microarray format, with the PEG coating acting as an effective passivating agent to prevent non-specific protein adsorption. Various standard surface chemistries such as aldehyde, epoxy and amine are explored for the functional layer, and it is conclusively demonstrated that only an amine-terminated surface satisfies all the process constraints imposed by the lithography process sequence. The effectiveness of this microarray technology is demonstrated by patterning fluorescent streptavidin and a fluorescent secondary antibody using the well-known and highly specific interaction between biotin and streptavidin.
Automated Chemical Analysis of Internally Mixed Aerosol Particles Using X-ray Spectromicroscopy at the Carbon K-Edge†

We have developed an automated data analysis method for atmospheric particles using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy coupled with near edge X-ray fine structure spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS). This method is applied to complex internally mixed submicrometer particles containing organic and inorganic material. Several algorithms were developed to exploit NEXAFS spectral features in the energy range from 278 to 320 eV for quantitative mapping of the spatial distribution of elemental carbon, organic carbon, potassium, and noncarbonaceous elements in particles of mixed composition. This energy range encompasses the carbon K-edge and potassium L2 and L3 edges. STXM/NEXAFS maps of different chemical components were complemented with a subsequent analysis using elemental maps obtained by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX). We demonstrate the application of the automated mapping algorithms for data analysis and the statistical classification of particles.