cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity in Amount of Growth Factors Secreted by Platelets in Platelet-Rich Plasma Samples from Alopecia Patients

Platelet α-granules release growth factors (GFs) that promote healing and tissue regeneration. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is shown to be beneficial in treating alopecia, and however, clinical response can be inconsistent. Due to several fold enrichment of platelets secreting large quantities of GFs following PRP injections, heterogeneity in amounts of GFs secreted by platelets may contribute to inconsistent clinical responses. Herein, we evaluated factors that could potentially contribute to heterogeneous secretion of GFs by platelets. We measured platelet secretion of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) in aliquots of de-identified PRP samples from female patients undergoing therapy in the hair disease clinic. Although secretion of GFs by platelets was comparable in PRP samples of patients with non-cicatricial and cicatricial alopecia, a Shapiro-Wilk test for normal distribution indicated significant variability across all patient samples. The amount of GF secreted by platelets was comparable when PRP prepared from two FDA-cleared devices with distinct techniques were compared. We provide evidence of platelets secreting heterogeneous amounts of GFs within each sample as high and low secretion of random factors could be simultaneously detected. These results suggest inherent heterogeneity in secretion of GFs by platelets in patient samples that are not influenced by the device used to prepare PRP. Since some GFs could have antagonistic effects on hair growth, a balance between amounts of growth promoting and inhibiting factors may be crucial in determining clinical response to PRP therapy.
Blind Rhyme: The Reasonable Person Standard Violates the First Amendment

"Blind Rhyme: The Reasonable Person Standard Violates The First Amendment" presents case law about the reasonable person in Section II. Section III discusses free speech standards, judicial review standards, and criminal law. Section IV shows how the Equal Protection clause in conjunction with the First Amendment may be violated by the reasonable person standard. Section V concludes.
Autonomous Energy Grids: Controlling the Future Grid With Large Amounts of Distributed Energy Resources

The drastic price reduction in variable renewable energy, such as wind and solar, coupled with the ease of use of smart technologies at the consumer level, is driving dramatic changes to the power system that will significantly transform how power is made, delivered, and used. Distributed energy resources (DERs)-which can include solar photovoltaic (PV), fuel cells, microturbines, gensets, distributed energy storage (e.g., batteries and ice storage), and new loads [e.g., electric vehicles (EVs), LED lighting, smart appliances, and electric heat pumps]-are being added to electric grids and causing bidirectional power flows and voltage fluctuations that can impact optimal control and system operation. Residential solar installations are expected to increase approximately 8% annually through 2050. Customer battery systems are anticipated to reach almost 1.9 GW by 2024, and current forecasts project that approximately 18.7 million EVs will be on U.S. roads in 2030. With numbers like these, it is not unreasonable to imagine a residential electricity customer having at least five controllable DERs. In future
Stock prices and earnings: A history of research

Accounting earnings summarize periodic corporate financial performance and are key determinants of stock prices. We review research on the usefulness of accounting earnings, including research on the link between accounting earnings and firm value and research on the usefulness of accounting earnings relative to other accounting and nonaccounting information. We also review research on the features of accounting earnings that make them useful to investors, including the accrual accounting process, fair value accounting, and the conservatism convention. We finish by summarizing research that identifiessituationsinwhichinvestorsappeartomisinterpretearnings and other accounting information, leading to security mispricing.
Asset Pricing from Daily Shopper Spending

We propose a novel consumption measure that has a daily frequency and is based on real-time shopping data. Our measure explains the joint equity-premium–risk-free-rate puzzle with a risk aversion coefficient much lower than any other consumption measures. It encompasses other consumption measures in explaining the cross-sectional variation of expected returns on various portfolio and is the only consumption measure that passes Kleibergen and Zhan (Journal of Finance, 2020) robust tests. Our model decomposes consumption shocks into different frequency of volatility and shows that ignoring short-term dynamics and intra-annual fluctuations explains the much higher risk aversion from low-frequency consumption measures.
Molecular foundations of Precambrian uniformitarianism

Uniformitarian assumptions underlie the oldest evidence for living organisms on Earth, the distinct isotope fractionation between inorganic and organic carbon. Aside from a handful of compelling deviations, the 13C/12C isotopic mean of preserved organic carbon ({delta}13Corg) has remained remarkably unchanged through time. RuBisCO is the principal carboxylase/oxygenase biomolecular component that is thought to primarily account for the generation of these distinct carbon isotopic signals. However, it is difficult to reconcile a mostly unchanging mean {delta}13Corg with several known factors that can affect the isotope fractionation of RuBisCO, such as atmospheric composition and the amino acid composition of the enzyme itself, which have each changed markedly over Earth history. Here we report the resurrection and genetic incorporation of a Precambrian-age, Form IB RuBisCO in a modern cyanobacterial host. The isotopic composition of biomass relative to CO2 ({varepsilon}p) in ancestral and control strains were much greater when grown under Precambrian CO2 concentrations compared to modern ambient levels, but displaying values within a nominal envelope of modern-day RuBisCO IB enzyme variants. We infer that these isotopic differences derive indirectly from the decreased fitness of the AncIB strain, which includes diminished growth capacity and total cell RuBisCO activity. We argue that to answer the greatest questions of deep-time paleobiology, ancient biogeochemical signals should be reproduced in the laboratory through the synthesis of the geologic record with experimentally-derived constraints on underlying ancient molecular biology. Significance StatementThe earliest geochemical indicators of microbes, and the enzymes that powered them, extend back almost 3.8 billion years on our planet. Paleobiologists often attempt to understand these indicators by assuming that the behaviors of modern microbes and enzymes are consistent (uniform) with those of their predecessors. This assumption seems uncomfortably at odds with the great variability of Earths environment and its highly adaptive microbes. Here we examine whether a uniformitarian assumption for an enzyme thought to generate these indicators, RuBisCO, can be corroborated by independently studying the history of changes recorded within RuBisCOs genetic sequences. We outline a new approach to paleobiology that informatively links molecule-level evolutionary changes with planet-level geochemical conditions in Earths deep past.
Balancing Work and Hospice Caregiving-A Closer Look at Burden, Preparedness, and Mental Health.

Abstract Context Navigating end-of-life is stressful and many caregivers feel unprepared for caregiving tasks. Being employed may further increase caregiver burden. Objectives Study objectives were 1) to examine the relationships among caregiver burden (financial burden, daily schedule disruption, lack of family support) and mental health (depression and anxiety), and 2) explore if preparedness for caregiving mediates these relationships in employed hospice caregivers. Methods This was a secondary analysis of baseline data from a prospective multi-site project of hospice family caregivers of cancer patients. Employed hospice caregivers (N=166) completed items assessing burden, mental health, and preparedness for caregiving. Hierarchical linear regression and mediation analysis were conducted. Results Caregivers were primarily White (n=155, 93%) and female (n=116, 70%), with a mean age of 55 (SD=11.7). After controlling for demographic variables, financial burden was significantly related to anxiety (b=.16[.001, .32], p Conclusion To better support employed caregivers, hospice team members should be ready to address concerns about finances, daily schedule changes, and family support and screen for preparedness for caregiving. Developing strategies to help employed hospice caregivers feel more prepared may mitigate adverse mental health outcomes.
Projected US Urology Workforce per Capita, 2020-2060.

Importance Projections to 2035 have demonstrated concern regarding a worsening urology workforce shortage. Objective To project the size and demographic characteristics of the urology workforce per capita into 2060 and to anticipate the timing and degree of the impending urology workforce shortage. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based cross-sectional study used the 2019 American Urological Association Annual Census data and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education’s Data Resource Book from 2007 to 2018. The cohort included practicing urologists in 2019. US Census data were used to approximate the projected US population. Data analysis was performed from June 2020 to March 2021. Exposures Continued growth stock and flow model of 13.8% and stagnant growth model of 0% increase of the incoming urology workforce with cohort projection per projected US population. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was urology workforce projection per the population aged 65 years and older. Urology workforce projections per capita and demographic characteristics of the urology workforce up to 2060 were calculated under guided assumptions with 2 stock and flow models. Results In 2019, there were 13 044 urologists (11 758 men [90.1.%]; 1286 women [9.9%]; median age range, 55-59 years), with 3.99 urologists per 100 000 persons and 311 new urologists entering the workforce. In a continued growth model, 2030 will have the lowest number of urologists per capita of 3.3 urologists per 100 000 persons, and recovery to baseline will occur by 2050. There are 23.8 urologists per 100 000 persons aged 65 years and older in 2020, which decreases to 15.8 urologists per 100 000 persons aged 65 years and older in 2035 and never recovers to its baseline level by 2060. In a stagnant growth model, there will be a continued decrease of urologists per capita to 3.1 urologists per 100 000 persons by 2060. There is a continued decrease in per capita urologists at each time point, with 13.1 urologists per 100 000 persons aged 65 years and older by 2060. Conclusions and Relevance With the impending urology workforce shortage, there will be an exaggerated shortage of total urologists per persons aged 65 years and older in both models. This projection highlights the need for structural changes and advocacy to maximize the available urology workforce.
A mechanically assisted constructive proof in category theory

Recently there has been a significant confluence of ideas from category theory, constructive type theory and functional programming. Our goal is to develop a toolkit that provides mechanical assistance in putting together constructive proofs of theorems in category theory and to extract executable programs from the result.
Preservation of muscle fascia to decrease lymphedema after complete axillary and ilioinguinofemoral lymphadenectomy for melanoma

Abstract BACKGROUND: In patients with melanoma, there is considerable concern about the clearance of clinically negative nodes, partly because of the unacceptable morbidity reported after regional lymphadenectomy. The advent of sentinel lymph node biopsies has allowed us to select those patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes for completion node dissections. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that when complete lymph node dissection is indicated, it can be performed with a low risk of lymphedema using the fascia-preserving technique. STUDY DESIGN: The records of 209 consecutive patients with melanoma who underwent fascia-preserving axillary (n = 116) or ilioinguinofemoral (n = 93) lymphadenectomy by a single surgeon between January 1984 and April 1998 were reviewed. In each operation, care was taken not to disrupt the muscle fascia at the site of lymphadenectomy. RESULTS: In the fascia-preserving axillary group, there were 59 men and 47 women with mean age of 53 years (range 21 to 79 years). There were three recurrences (3%) outside the borders of dissection. Transient upper extremity edema (8%) resolved over a median of 5 months, and permanent upper extremity edema occurred in 5% of patients. In the ilioinguinofemoral group, there were 19 men and 37 women with a mean age of 52 years (range 21 to 88 years). There was one recurrence (2%) outside the borders of dissection. Transient lower extremity edema (48%) resolved over a median of 12 months, and permanent lower extremity edema occurred in 14% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Preservation of the muscle fascia during lymph node dissection results in a lower incidence of permanent edema, with no increased risk of recurrence.
Regulation of [beta]-Methylcrotonyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase Activity by Biotinylation of the Apoenzyme

Regulation of the expression of the gene(s) coding for the 78-kD, biotin-containing subunit of [beta]-methylcrotonyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (MCCase) was investigated in different organs of tomato (Lycopersicon esculantus) plants. The specific activity of MCCase is highest in extracts from roots, followed in descending order by ripe and ripening fruits, stems, and leaves. The specific activity is 10-fold higher in roots than in leaves. However, the steady-state levels of the 78-kD subunit of MCCase and its mRNA are approximately equal in both roots and leaves. Instead, the difference in MCCase activity between these two organs is directly correlated to the biotinylation status of the enzyme9s biotin-containing subunit. Thus, the lower activity of MCCase in leaves is attributed to the reduced biotinylation of the biotin-containing subunit of the enzyme. Consistent with this model, a pool of nonbiotinylated enzyme is present in leaves, whereas the nonbiotinylated enzyme is undetectable in roots. The underbiotinylation of MCCase in leaves is not due to a lack of biotin in this organ, since the biotin concentration is 4- to 5-fold higher in leaves than in roots. These observations indicate that the posttranslational biotinylation of the biotin-containing sub-unit of MCCase is an important mechanism for regulating the organ-specific expression of MCCase activity.
A matrix decomposition algorithm for multi-channel blind identification

Blind channel identification and equalization have attracted a great deal of attention due to their potential application in mobile communications and digital HDTV systems. We present a new algorithm based on channel parameter outer-product decomposition. This new algorithm can be viewed as a generalization of a linear prediction algorithm. It produces more accurate channel estimates and is more robust to over-modeling errors in the channel order estimate.
Improving Quality of International Ethnobotany Research and Publications

A poor quality of the presentation of the science indicates that the author lacks something: writing skills, fluency in the language being used, concern about quality, positive models of quality writing, or a variety of related attributes. There are many different writing styles and good authors learn what works for them and what does not. For the rest of us, template formats are useful for the organization of our work in order to provide clear presentations. Appendix 2 is a simple procedural template that if followed will overcome many structural problems seen in manuscripts rejected for publication. When combined with the advice in Appendix 1, this should produce a good publication if the research itself was conducted well.
Photoelectron spectroscopic and theoretical study of the [HPd(η2-H2)]− cluster anion

Anion photoelectron spectroscopic and theoretical studies were conducted for the PdH(-) and PdH3 (-) cluster anions. Experimentally observed electron affinities and vertical detachment energies agree well with theoretical predictions. The PdH3 (-) anionic complex is made up of a PdH(-) sub-anion ligated by a H2 molecule, in which the H-H bond is lengthened compared to free H2. Detailed molecular orbital analysis of PdH(-), H2, and PdH3 (-) reveals that back donation from a d-type orbital of PdH(-) to the σ* orbital of H2 causes the H-H elongation, and hence, its activation. The H2 binding energy to PdH(-) is calculated to be 89.2 kJ/mol, which is even higher than that between CO and Pd. The unusually high binding energy as well as the H-H bond activation may have practical applications, e.g., hydrogen storage and catalysis.
Kiss of Death: A 5-Star Morningstar Mutual Fund Rating?

We examine the effect that an initial 5-star Morningstar mutual fund rating has on future fund performance, strategy, risk-taking, expenses, and portfolio turnover. Using a sample of diversified domestic equity funds from the 1990s we find that three-years after a fund received its initial 5-star rating, fund performance severely falls off. This result is robust across different performance measures and different samples of funds. We also find that after receiving their initial 5-star rating, the risk levels of funds rise and that the funds are not able to load on momentum stocks as well as they did before receiving the 5-star rating. These results suggest that funds, to some degree, alter their portfolios after receiving a 5-star rating and that investors should be very wary about using the 5-star rating as a signal of future 3-year performance.
Global slab deformation and centroid moment tensor constraints on viscosity

We analyze moment tensor solutions from deep subduction zone earthquakes to determine global slab deformation patterns. Inferred strain rates are compared to predicted deformation patterns from fluid models to help constrain the first-order radial and lateral viscosity structure of the Earth. While all slabs that reach the lower mantle are compressed at their tip, intermediate depth patterns are more complex. We compute 3-D spherical flow with various slab rheologies and compare the angular misfit between the compressive eigenvectors of the resultant stress field and global centroid moment tensor (gCMT) solutions. We find that upper mantle slab viscosities of ∼10–100 and lower mantle viscosities of ∼30–100 times the upper mantle produce the best match to gCMTs. A 0.1 viscosity reduction in the asthenosphere seems preferred. Slab geometry and lower mantle viscosity exert significant control on deformation. Inclusion of the phase changes at 410 km and 660 km increases extensional deformation at intermediate depth and compressional deformation at the lower mantle, improving the match to gCMTs for strong slabs. Our conclusions are fairly insensitive to surface boundary conditions. However, models which include net rotations of the surface with respect to the lower mantle produce compression at intermediate depths for west directed slabs and extension for east directed slabs. Without allowing for regional variations, these models yield the best match to gCMTs. While significant deviations between model and seismicity remain, our results show that seismicity provides an underutilized constraint for slab dynamics.
Left Ventricular Dysfunction caused by AV block in a patient with a Manifest Right Free Wall Accessory Pathway

A 24-year-old male with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome developed systolic cardiomyopathy and severe heart failure following membranous ventricular septal defect repair and tricuspid valve replacement. Following successful catheter ablation of a right anterolateral accessory pathway (AP), complete AV block with junctional escape rhythm was noted. Patient subsequently underwent implantation of a biventricular ICD. Heart failure symptoms significantly improved soon after and left ventricular systolic function normalized 3 months post-procedure. In this case, surgically acquired AV block likely explains development of postoperative cardiomyopathy by facilitating ventricular activation solely via the AP and thereby increasing the degree of ventricular dyssynchrony.
Heavy flavor production

Abstract I summarize the situation for the theory and phenomenology of the production of heavy colored quanta in hadron-hadron collisions.
In Situ Reaction of B2O3 with AlN and/or Si3N4 to Form BN-Toughened Composites

BN-toughened oxide matrix composites were formed by the in situ reaction of B/sub 2/O/sub 3/ with Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ and/or AIN. A low-temperature transient liquid phase aids densification at <1000/sup 0/C, and the process tends to produce an intrinsically homogeneous microstructure. Mechanical properties and microstructure of the composites formed in situ were compared to those of composites prepared by conventional means from oxide and BN powders. Fracture toughness and flexural strength of the nearly isotropic in situ formed composites ranged from 2.82 to 3.66 MPa . m/sup 1/2/ and 130 to 320 MPa, respectively, with Young's moduli of 100 to 110 GPa. Densities achieved ranged from 90% to 97% of estimated theoretical densities. The strength and toughness values are intermediate to the extreme values for the anisotropic composites formed by hot-pressing mixed powders.
Fish imagery in art 9: Raphael's Miraculous Draught of Fishes

Raphael (1483-1520) was the guiding genius of art in the High Renaissance period of Italy. His contemporaries included Leonardo, Bramante, Michelangelo, Giorgione, and Titian. Belief in their divinely-inspired genius caused the Renaissance artists to attempt artistic projects that were so ambitious they were almost impossible. Complex technical systems for foreshortening and perspective were developed to revive classical attitudes toward ideal physical beauty. The Miraculous Draught of Fishes is an example of Raphael’s technique. It is a huge (3.6 x 4 m), meticulously crafted painting in luminous color, created in 1515 and 1516. The painting shows Christ convincing two fishermen to become his disciples by causing their nets to be miraculously filled with fish (Luke 5: l-11). The dramatic action takes place in a natural setting, but the idealized, human figures are clearly the focus of the painting, reflecting the Renaissance view that the Earth was made for man. However, compared to earlier paintings of this scene by other artists, the attention paid to details of the natural world is impressive. The fish are realistic renditions of common Mediterranean fishes, not just religious symbols.
Water budget and cost-effectiveness analysis of wetland restoration alternatives: a case study of Levy Prairie, Alachua County, Florida

Abstract A method was developed to utilize an airborne laser swath mapping-produced digital elevation model to evaluate and compare several restoration alternatives for the 660 ha Levy Prairie in north-central Florida. Detailed water budget analysis and a histogram of the elevation data points coupled with a level-pool assumption over the prairie basin allowed for determination of the hydroperiod on an areal basis. This analysis method facilitated comparison of restoration alternatives in terms of the restoration project objective to create permanently inundated conditions at water depths 0.15–0.61 m (for waterfowl) over greater than 50% of the prairie area within the first 5 years after construction. Construction costs were estimated and compared for each of the alternatives that attained the restoration objective, with the least cost project identified as the recommended alternative.
Expression Analysis of Selected Immune-Relevant Genes in Channel Catfish during Edwardsiella ictaluri Infection

Abstract Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were intraperitoneally challenged with the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri (the causative agent of enteric septicemia of catfish), and the expression of genes presumed to function in the inducible innate defense was evaluated. End-binding protein 1 (EB1), β1-integrin, natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein (Nramp), heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), serum amyloid P (SAP), and transferrin gene expression profiles were determined using quantitative reverse-transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction on liver, anterior kidney, spleen, and gut. Fish were subsampled at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after bacterial or phosphate-buffered-saline injection. Posterior kidney sampling demonstrated increasing bacterial counts at 24–48 h postinjection (hpi), followed by a plateau to 96 hpi. The transferrin and SAP transcripts were liver specific. The other genes were expressed in all four tissues. In bacterially infected fish, expression of EB1 (anterior kidney, spleen, and liv...
High Wall Shear Stress and Positive Wall Shear Stress Gradient Trigger the Initiation of Intracranial Aneurysms

While the pathogenesis of an intracranial aneurysm (IA) is poorly understood, it has been generally postulated to be related to hemodynamic insult. IAs are predominantly located at apices of arterial bifurcations or outer curves on or near the Circle of Willis, suggesting a potential role of the specific hemodynamics at such locations characterized by high wall shear stress (WSS). Clinically, new IA formation has been observed following local flow increase.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition: the Molecular Biology of Erectile Function and Dysfunction

This article discusses the role of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibition in the molecular biology of erectile function and dysfunction. Commercially marketed PDE-5 inhibitors are highly specific for PDE-5, and in the face of continuing cyclic GMP (cGMP) synthesis,elevate cellular cGMP. This elevation results from direct competitive inhibition of PDE-5 and from blocking the negative feedback regulation of the enzyme. Elevation of cGMP activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase, which mediates the effects of the cGMP-signaling pathway to decrease smooth muscle tone and dilate penile vascular smooth muscle. By exploiting features of PDE-5 regulatory mechanisms that modulate PDE-5 function, the inhibitors enhance their own potencies.
Quality-Constant Price Indexes for the Ongoing Treatment of Schizophrenia: An Exploratory Study

Health care expenditures have been increasing sharply in the last ten years, with spending on mental health disorders being particularly prominent. Over the same time period, a number of new antipsychotic medications have been added to the armamentarium for treatment of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia. Due in part to the sharply increased expenditures by Medicaid on mental health disorders such as schizophrenia, controversies have arisen as to the use of these more costly innovative medications, particularly their impact on the annualized cost of treating patients. Using Medicaid data on 12,864 person years from two counties in Florida over the 1994-95 to 1999-2000 time period, in this study we address three issues: (i) On a per person year basis, what is happening over time to the mental health-related costs of treating schizophrenia? (ii) How is the composition and quality of care changing over time? and (iii) Holding quality of care constant, on a per person year basis, by how much are the costs for the ongoing treatment of schizophrenia changing? We find that unadjusted for changes in quality of care over time, the annualized costs for the ongoing treatment of schizophrenia per person have increased about 0.5% per year. The composition of treatments for schizophrenia has changed substantially over this six-year time period, toward more intensive use of atypical antipsychotics, and away from psychotherapy. Holding treatment quality type and patient characteristics constant over time, mean treatment costs have fallen about 5.5% per year between 1994-1995 and 1999-2000.
A variational procedure for the statistical mechanics of a many-boson system

A variational procedure due to Husimi is applied to the many-boson problem in an effort to find an approximate density matrix. The results are identical to those previously obtained by Wentzel (1) employing another technique. It differs primarily from his work in that it is not limited to Hamiltonians of any specific form.
Diagrammatic techniques in the Martin-Schwinger-Puff many-body theory

Abstract In an attempt to understand the connection between the Martin-Schwinger-Puff Green's function approach to the many-body problem and the diagrammatic approach of Brueckner and Goldstone, the perturbation expansion of the Green's function theory is studied. This expansion leads naturally to a representation of the theory by two sets of time-dependent diagrams—the kinetic energy diagrams and the potential energy diagrams. Rules are given for writing each time-dependent diagram as a sum of time-independent diagrams. Complications arise in the application of these rules to bubble diagrams. A special simple treatment of these diagrams is then proposed. There exists a simple relation between families of kinetic diagrams and potential diagrams. This relation stems from a rather general thermodynamic identity. Both the relation and its thermodynamic origin are described. As a consequence of these studies, some connections between the Brueckner-Goldstone theory and the Green's function theory are made.
Interstitial cells of Cajal in the rat colon are damaged by mild hypoxia

We examined the hypothesis that vacuolation is a normal feature of interstitial cells of Cajal. With the zinc iodide-osmic acid stain, and using light microscopy, we examined the interstitial cells in Stach's plexus on the submucosal surface of the circular muscle layer of the colon in the rat. We subjected tissues to seven treatments designed to produce different degrees of damage from hypoxia. In the least-damaged colons (fixed immediately after dissection) about 20% of interstitial cells showed vacuoles. In the most damaged colons (immersed for 30 min in Krebs' solution equilibrated with 95% N2/5% CO2 at 37 degrees C) about 96% of cells showed vacuoles. Less drastic treatments produced fewer vacuoles, but even colons immersed for 30 min in Krebs' solution equilibrated with 95% O2/5% CO2 at 37 degrees C showed vacuolation in about 28% of cells. The light microscopic impression was confirmed by electronmicroscopy, but cells subjected to even the most severe treatment retained a recognizable ultrastructure. Vacuolation in interstitial cells is probably artifactual, a consequence of hypoxia.
Scattering of 262-keV Polarized Neutrons by He 4

The analyzing power of ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ for 262-keV polarized neutrons has been measured at a scattering angle of 89\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m. Neutrons of known polarization were obtained from a radioactive ${\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$-D photoneutron source. The left-right asymmetry in the scattering from a liquid helium target was observed. Neutron spins were inverted by precession in a solenoid. The result, $P=+0.21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$, is slightly higher than, but consistent with, new phase shifts calculated by Roper from available $n\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ data.
On the Apodization of Coherent Imaging Systems

A surprisingly large number of papers have been written on the effects of partially coherent light in image formation (for a recent review see Thompson 1969). Thus the major effects that can occur are well documented. With imaging systems that are used with transparent objects the characteristic edge ringing and edge shifting are familiar results. In reflective systems the speckle pattern is usually the most severe effect that often masks the ringing produced by coherent object illumination. Thus this paper will be primarily concerned with systems used in transmission. It is important to note that the majority of papers in this field assume diffraction limited performance of the imaging optics; this is, of course, laudable if the system is to be used with incoherent object illumination. If, however, the system is to be used with coherent or partially coherent object illumination then other considerations become important.
A Definition for Zero Potential

Equations are developed for the potential due to a source and sink, or dipole, inside a circle of finite resistivity surrounded by a two-dimensional infinite medium of different resistivity. When the resistivity of the external medium is allowed to increase to infinity, the resulting equations give identical results to those presented by Bayley for the dipole potential in an insulating circle. A method of defining the zero of potential for a bounded medium is proposed.
The role of dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) in regulation of osteogenic differentiation of rat dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs).

Objectives Primary isolated dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs) possess a strong osteogenesis capability, and such capability is reduced during in vitro culture. Because dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) is essential in the maturation of osteoblasts, our objectives were to determine (1) the expression of DMP1 in the DFSCs, (2) the correlation between DMP1 expression and osteogenic capability of DFSCs, and (3) the ability of DMP1 to promote osteogenic differentiation of DFSCs.
Imaging serotonergic neurotransmission in depression: hippocampal pathophysiology may mirror global brain alterations.

Abstract The recent development of [carbonyl-11C]WAY-100635 for serotonin (5-HT)1A and [18F]setoperone and [18F]altanserin for 5-HT2A positron emission tomography receptor imaging has allowed studies of 5-HT neurotransmission in depressive disorders. The hippocampus is likely to be an important brain structure in the pathophysiology of depression because it may mediate both cognitive deficits and hypercortisolemia found in this disorder. Decreased 5-HT1A binding was reported in the medial temporal cortex, which receives dense 5-HT innervation, and also throughout neocortical regions. Because the 5-HT1A antagonist pindolol may hasten antidepressant effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications, its receptor occupancy has been measured in both presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. The results are controversial but suggest that pindolol has preferential occupancy of somatodendritic autoreceptors in the raphe. The results of 5-HT2A receptors are mixed, with one showing a significant decrease in the right orbitoinsular cortex and three not detecting a significant change. The disparate findings in patients with depression almost certainly reflect the heterogeneity of the disorder, and we highlight the utility of the hippocampus as a useful target region not only to compare depressed subjects with healthy subjects but also to correlate findings with cognitive function and activity of the limbic–hypothalamic–pituitary axis system.
Detecting temporal trends and environmentally-driven changes in the spatial distribution of bottom fishes and crabs on the eastern Bering Sea shelf

Abstract This study uses a 30-year time series of standardized bottom trawl survey data (1982–2011) from the eastern Bering Sea shelf to model patterns of summer spatial distribution for various bottom fishes and crabs in response to changes in the areal extent of the cold pool, time lag between surveys, and fluctuations in population abundance. This investigation is the first to include data for the 2006–2010 cold period and to use between-year comparisons of local and shelf-wide spatial indices to test specific responses to three different isothermal boundaries within the cold pool. Distributional shifts in population varied considerably among species and directional vectors for some species were greater in magnitude to the east or west than to the north or south; however, in general, eastern Bering Sea shelf populations shifted southward in response to the increasing cold pool size, and after accounting for differences in temperature and population abundance, there was still a temporal northward shift in populations over the last three decades despite the recent cooling trend. Model results for local and shelf-wide indices showed that survey time lag and cold pool extent had a greater effect on spatial distribution than population abundance, suggesting that density-independent mechanisms play a major role in shaping distribution patterns on the eastern Bering Sea shelf. The area enclosed by the 1 °C isotherm most commonly affects both local and shelf-wide spatial indices suggesting that 1 °C is a more important boundary for describing temperature preferences of eastern Bering Sea bottom fishes and crabs than is the 2 °C isotherm used for designating the physical boundary for the cold pool.
Analysis of Pressure Measurements During Cold-Gas Thruster Firings Onboard Suborbital Spacecraft

Pressuremeasurementstakenonboardasuborbitalspacecraftexhibitnonperiodicpulsesduringattitude-control thruster e rings. The attitude-control system located at the base of the conical spacecraft included eight cold-gas thrusters. The pitch and yaw thrusters delivered 1.245 N thrust while the roll thrusters delivered 3.278 N with impulses that lasted up to 0.03 s. The pressure sensor was housed inside the spacecraft on a plane 0.15 m from its base and was connected to the outside with a 0.1-m long, 0.022-m-diam tube. Analysis shows that pressure pulses appear instantaneously with e rings although the thrusters did not have a direct line of sight with the sensor entrance. Pressure pulses are superimposed on a background pressure that is attributed to internal outgassing. Plumes from thrusters with the same level of thrust result in large differences in pressure depending on their orientation with respect to the entrance of the pressure-sensor tube. Data analysis demonstrates that outgassing, plume backe ow, and plume/surface interaction affect the neutral pressure environment of the small suborbital vehicle.
Analysis of fMRI data by blind separation into independent spatial components

r r Abstract: Current analytical techniques applied to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data require a priori knowledge or specific assumptions about the time courses of processes contributing to the measured signals. Here we describe a new method for analyzing fMRI data based on the independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm of Bell and Sejnowski ((1995): Neural Comput 7:1129-1159). We decomposed eight fMRI data sets from 4 normal subjects performing Stroop color-naming, the Brown and Peterson word/number task, and control tasks into spatially independent components. Each component consisted of voxel values at fixed three-dimensional locations (a component ''map''), and a unique associated time course of activation. Given data from 144 time points collected during a 6-min trial, ICA extracted an equal number of spatially independent components. In all eight trials, ICA derived one and only one component with a time course closely matching the time course of 40-sec alternations between experimental and control tasks. The regions of maximum activity in these consistently task-related components generally overlapped active regions detected by standard correlational analysis, but included frontal regions not detected by correlation. Time courses of other ICA components were transiently task-related, quasiperiodic, or slowly varying. By utilizing higher-order statistics to enforce successively stricter criteria for spatial independence between component maps, both the ICA algorithm and a related fourth-order decomposition technique (Comon (1994): Signal Processing 36:11-20) were superior to principal component analysis (PCA) in determining the spatial and temporal extent of task-related activation. For each subject, the time courses and active regions of the task-related ICA components were consistent across trials and were robust to the addition of simulated noise. Simulated movement artifact and simulated task-related activations added to actual fMRI data were clearly separated by the algorithm. ICA can be used to distinguish between nontask-related signal components, movements, and other artifacts, as well as consistently or transiently task-related fMRI activations, based on only weak
A case of high-risk penile epithelioid hemangioendothelioma.

This Case Study describes a 48-year-old man who was referred to a specialist oncology center for management of presumed angiosarcoma. Further investigation revealed high-risk penile epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. This article highlights the spectrum of clinical behavior of this atypical epithelioid vascular tumor, and provides possible treatment options for low-risk and high-risk forms of this cancer. Background. A 48-year-old, previously healthy man presented to his local urologist with several small, violaceous, indurated lesions along the shaft of his penis and glans, which caused discomfort and penile curvature. Four weeks previously, the lesions were three small painless blemishes. Peyronie disease was initially diagnosed, but the disease progressed despite steroid treatment. Following the results of a biopsy, multifocal angiosarcoma was diagnosed. CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis was negative for metastatic disease. At this point the patient was referred to a specialist oncology center for further management. Investigations. At the specialty center, the patient underwent physical examination, additional excisional biopsies, and Pet–ct. Diagnosis. Penile epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, which is a multifocal, atypical epithelioid vascular tumor. Management. Single-agent chemotherapy using liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride for eight cycles, followed by 63 Gy of adjuvant external beam radiation therapy to the penis fractionated over 35 treatments.
Chromatic induction and the locus of unique yellow as a function of stimulus illuminance

Chromatic induction was measured in terms of the wavelength of a central 1°, unique yellow field surrounded by annuli that varied in wavelength, area, contrast, and overall retinal illuminance. In the first experiment, a 1.3° surround was varied from approximately 470 to 670 nm, using an overall illuminance range from 0.5 to 4.0 log trolands. The illuminance contrast between the center and surround was 1.0 (i.e., isoluminant). The results indicated that the wavelength of unique yellow shifted in the direction of the wavelength of the surround at all intensities. The magnitude of the shift, however, decreased with increasing intensity for middle- and long-wavelength surrounds. The latter result was not expected from previous research. Experiment 2 tested the hypothesis that this might be due to a Bezold-Brucke effect in which the hue of the surround changes with increasing retinal illuminance. The relative influence of Bezold-Brucke hue shifts on chromatic induction was manipulated by changing surround area and luminance contrast. Results of this experiment were consistent with the hypothesis that changes in color appearance with increases in intensity may influence the magnitude of chromatic induction.
An efficient external sorting with minimal space requirement

An efficient external sorting algorithm with minimal space requirement is presented in this article. The average number of passes over the data is approximately 1 +Ln(N + 1)/4B, whereN is the number of records in the file to be sorted, andB is the buffer size. The external storage requirement is only the file itself, no additional disk space is required. The internal storage requirement is four buffers: two for input, and two for output. The buffer size can be adjusted to the available memory space. A stack of size log2N is also required.
Transport of Carbon Dioxide between the Gas Phase and Water under Well-Stirred Conditions: Rate Constants and Mass Accommodation Coefficients

The rate constant for absorption of carbon dioxide into water increases as the stirring rate of the water is increased up to a maximum rate and then stays constant until the stirring is sufficiently vigorous to affect the surface area. At the maximum, the change in absorption rate with gas pressure shows excellent first-order kinetics and can be interpreted in terms of reversible exchange between the gas phase and a uniform solution, without invoking the existence of a surface layer of saturated solution. A general treatment is described for extracting the rate constant for absorption of gas from the kinetic data. By comparing the rate of absorption with the rate predicted by kinetic theory, we obtain an accommodation coefficient (γ) of (5.5 ± 0.5) × 10-8 at 20 °C. Absorption rates measured in solutions of sodium chloride decrease with increasing ionic strength. We note an approximately linear relationship between log γ and log s, where s is the gas solubility at 1 atm.
Lasting consequences of traumatic events on behavioral and skeletal parameters in a mouse model for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that not only affects mental health, but may also affect bone health. However, there have been no studies to examine the direct relationship between PTSD and bone. Methodology/Principal Findings We employed electric shocks in mice to simulate traumatic events that cause PTSD. We also injected the anxiogenic drug FG-7142 prior to electric shocks. Electric shocks created lasting conditioned fear memory in all mice. In young mice, electric shocks elicited not only behavioral response but also skeletal response, and injection of FG-7142 appeared to increase both types of response. For example in behavioral response within the first week, mice shocked alone froze an average of 6.2 sec in 10 sec tests, and mice injected with FG-7142 froze 7.6 sec, both significantly different (P<0.05) from control mice, which only froze 1.3 sec. In skeletal response at week 2, shocks alone reduced 6% bone mineral content (BMC) in total body (P = 0.06), while shocks with FG-7142 injection reduced not only 11% BMC (P<0.05) but also 6% bone mineral density (BMD) (P<0.05). In addition, FG-7142 injection also caused significant reductions of BMC in specific bones such as femur, lumbar vertebra, and tibia at week 3. Strong negative correlations (R2 = −0.56, P<0.05) and regression (y = 0.2527−0.0037 * x, P<0.01) between freezing behavior and total body BMC in young mice indicated that increased contextual PTSD-like behavior was associated with reduced bone mass acquisition. Conclusions/Significance This is the first study to document evidence that traumatic events induce lasting consequences on both behavior and skeletal growth, and electric shocks coupled with injection of anxiogenic FG-7142 in young mice can be used as a model to study the effect of PTSD-like symptoms on bone development.