cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An image construction method for visualizing managerial data

Abstract High volume data with complicated relationships can render human decision-making a frustrating task. Computer-generated visualization is an approach that can assist decision-makers in gaining insight into the data so that eventually superior solutions can be developed. Current research in visualization has addressed how to deal with high volume data that have some inherent structures (such as hierarchy, network, or geographical relationships). Many management domains, however, have data that lack obvious structures to provide a base for computer-generated visualization. This paper reports a specially designed technique for visualizing such management data. Data objects involved in the decision-making tasks are assigned with geometry (called visual abstract) in Euclidean space. Then a set of image construction rules are applied to connect multiple visual abstracts into images that can be displayed on a computer screen. We use two business domains, manufacturing production planning and resource constrained project scheduling, to illustrate this visualization technique.
Real-time eye feature tracking from a video image sequence using Kalman filter

Eye movement analysis is of importance in clinical studies and in research. Monitoring eye movements using video cameras has the advantage of being nonintrusive, inexpensive, and automated. The main objective of this paper is to propose an efficient approach for real-time eye feature tracking from a sequence of eye images. To this end, first the authors formulate a dynamic model for eye feature tracking, which relates the measurements from the eye images to the tracking parameters. In the model, the center of the iris is chosen as the tracking parameter vector and the gray level centroid of the eye is chosen as the measurement vector. In the authors' procedure for evaluating the gray level centroid, the preprocessing step such as edge detection and curve fitting need to be performed only for the first frame of the image sequence. A discrete Kalman filter is then constructed for the recursive estimation of the eye features, while taking into account the measurement noise. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy aspects and the real-time applicability of the proposed approach.
Solid state regeneration of ketones from oximes on wet silica supported sodium periodate using microwaves

Abstract Microwave irradiation of ketoximes on wet silica supported sodium periodate under solvent-free conditions provides a fast, efficient and simple method for regeneration of ketones.
Idiosyncratic risk and the equity premium: evidence from the consumer expenditure survey☆

Abstract This paper investigates whether uninsured idiosyncratic risk accounts for the equity premium. Following Mankiw (J. Financial Econ. 17 (1986) 211), the paper develops an equilibrium factor model in which risk premia depend on the covariance between an asset's return and certain moments of the cross-sectional distribution for consumption growth. Cross-sectional consumption factors are constructed using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, but they do not appear to be promising candidates for explaining the equity premium. The cross-sectional factors are weakly correlated with stock returns and generate equity premia of 2 percent or less for preference specifications with low degrees of risk aversion.
Gale Duality and Free Resolutions of Ideals of Points

What is the shape of the free resolution of the ideal of a general set of points in P? This question is central to the programme of connecting the geometry of point sets in projective space with the structure of the free resolutions of their ideals. There is a lower bound for the resolution computable from the (known) Hilbert function, and it seemed natural to conjecture that this lower bound would be achieved. This is the ``Minimal Resolution Conjecture'' (Lorenzini [1987], [1993]). Although the conjecture has been shown to hold in many cases, three examples discovered computationally by Frank-Olaf Schreyer in 1993 strongly suggested that it would fail in general. In this paper we shall describe a novel structure inside the free resolution of a set of points which accounts for the failure and provides a counterexample in P for every r 6; r 6 9. We begin by reviewing the conjecture and its status. Consider a set of c points in the projective r-space over a ®eld k, say C Pk. Let S  kx0; . . . ; xr, let IC be the homogeneous ideal of C, and let SC denote the homogeneous coordinate ring of C. Let
Remarks on the Waterbag Model of Dispersionless Toda Hierarchy

We construct the free energy associated with the waterbag model of dToda. Also, relations for conserved densities are investigated.
Bilipschitz equivalence is not equivalent to quasi-isometric equivalence for finitely generated groups

We show that certain lamplighter groups that are quasi-isometric to each other are not bilipschitz equivalent. This gives a positive answer to a question of de la Harpe.
Patient Selection for Clinical Investigation of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Criteria for Evaluating Diagnostic Techniques

Nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving ventilation is a common ICU occurrence. The exact frequency is not known because of the lack of specificity of the clinical diagnosis and existing standard diagnostic techniques. We have attempted to come to consensus in identifying a patient population with a clinical suspicion of nosocomial pneumonia and establishing a definition of pneumonia by which new diagnostic techniques can be compared.
The Wire Grid as a Near-Infrared Polarizer

Wire grids have been fabricated with microscopic elements and periodicity. These wire grids behave as linear polarizers over large portions of the infrared spectrum, confirming predictions from electromagnetic theory. The method of fabrication of grids with periods as small as 463 mμ is described. Limits on the performance of a wire-grid polarizer are set by fineness of period, optical constants of the metal, spectral transmission of the supporting substrate, and by skin-depth effects. Within these limits, excellent polarizer performance may be obtained over a very wide band of wavelengths, and these new wire-grid polarizers do, in fact, cover the range 2–15 μ and beyond. Appreciable polarization is observed at near-infrared and visible wavelengths. Wire grids may be used in convergent beams of radiation or in restricted geometrical arrangements, unlike many pile-of-plate or prism polarizers. These wire-grid polarizers have proved useful in measuring the imperfections of other types of infrared polarizers.
Graphics geometric perception and communication

Abstract The Pennsylvania State University Computation Center is currently performing research and development in the areas of communication and perception to expand a user's ability to function in a dynamic interactive computer graphics environment. One aspect of this research is the development of an on-line approach to graphics comprehension and learning through user-interaction with geometric imagery on a cathode-ray-tube. Such geometric imagery allows fundamental concepts of computer graphics to be readily conveyed to the user with or without the guidance of a knowledgeable graphics programmer. This paper, together with a film, describes the nature of such an approach. The film illustrates some of the aspects of system/user-interaction embodied in the geometric perception and communication package in development at the Computation Center.
Inverse Scattering Problem for the Maxwell's Equations

Inverse scattering problem is discussed for the Maxwell's equations. A reduction of the Maxwell's system to a new Fredholm second-kind integral equation with a scalar weakly singular kernel is given for electromagnetic (EM) wave scattering. This equation allows one to derive a formula for the scattering amplitude in which only a scalar function is present. If this function is small (an assumption that validates a Born-type approximation), then formulas for the solution to the inverse problem are obtained from the scattering data: the complex permittivity � 0 (x) in a bounded region DR 3 is found from the scattering amplitude A(�;�;k) known for a fixed k = ! p �0�0 > 0 and all �;� 2 S 2 , where S 2 is the unit sphere in R 3 , �0 and �0 are constant permittivity and magnetic permeability in the exterior region D 0 = R 3 \D. The novel points in this paper include: i) A reduction of the inverse problem for vector EM waves to a vector integral equation with scalar kernel without any symmetry assumptions on the scatterer, ii) A derivation of the scalar integral equation of the first kind for solving the inverse scattering problem, and iii) Presenting formulas for solving this scalar integral equation. The problem of solving this integral equation is an ill-posed one. A method for a stable solution of this problem is given.
Studies on the effect of temperature on the unit cell parameters of selected polymers

Abstract The dependence of the unit cell parameters of several polymers on temperature from room temperature to the melting point was measured by x-ray diffraction using an automated Rigaku θ-θ diffractometer. The anisotropic thermal expansion was characterized, and in the cases of polytetrafluoroethylene and 66 nylon, additional changes were found below their melting points. These data were combined with the results of pressure-volume-temperature experiments to calculate heats of fusion using the Clapeyron equation.
Novel mono- and binuclear Cu(II) complexes: synthesis, characterization and catecholase activity

Abstract Two new ligands, N,N-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl)benzylamine (bpmba) and N,N,N′,N′- tetrakis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl)-α,α′-di- amino-m-xylene (bpmdx) have been synthesized. Using these ligands, copper(II) complexes of the type [Cu(bpmba)(Cl)2](Cl)2, [Cu2 (bpmba)2(OCH3)2]- (BF4)2 and [Cu2(bpmdx)(X)2]Y2 where X = OCH3 or Cl and Y = Cl or BF4 have been prepared and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and UV—Vis spectroscopy. These show the ligands to coordinate as an N3 and an N6 donor set respectively. The ability of the complexes to catalyze the oxidation of catechol to quinone was studied by following the appearance of quinone spectrophotometrically. The binuclear complex [Cu2(bpmdx)(OCH3)2]- (BF4)2 reacts fastest with an oxidase activity of 0.467 μmol/mg min while the other three complexes have slower rates of oxidation.
Confinement at weak coupling

The free energy of U ( N ) and SU ( N ) gauge theory was recently found to be of order N 0 to all orders of a perturbative expansion about a center-symmetric orbit of vanishing curvature. Here I consider extended models for which this expansion is perturbatively stable. The extreme case of an SU (2) gauge theory whose configuration space is restricted to center-symmetric orbits has recently been investigated on the lattice [K. Langfeld, N. Lages, H. Reinhardt, in Lattice2005 proceedings hep-lat/0509156 ]. In extension of my talk, a discussion and possible interpretation of the observed finite temperature phase transition is given. The transfer matrix of constrained SU ( N ) lattice gauge theory is constructed for any finite temperature.
Regiochemical preferences in selenoaldehyde cycloadditions

Abstract The regiochecnical preferences of substituted selenoaldehydes in cycloaddition reactions with electronically biased dienes have been examined. Selenoaldehydes substituted with electron withdrawing groups exhibit “ortho-para” orientation, while selenoaldehydes substituted with donating or conjugating groups exhibit “meta” orientation. Nitrile oxide dipolar cycloadditions of selenoformaldehyde and selenobenzaldehyde are also described.
Seasonal movements of caribou in Arctic Alaska as determined by satellite

FANCY, S. G., PANK, L. F., WHITTEN, K. R., and REGELIN, W. L. 1989. Seasonal movements of caribou in arctic Alaska as determined by satellite. Can. J. Zool. 67: 644 -650. Between 1985 and 1987, 49 283 locations and 79 101 sets of activity data were obtained for 34 adult female caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) of the Porcupine and Central Arctic herds using satellite telemetry. Daily movement rates of female caribou from the two herds, which differ greatly in size and separation of seasonal ranges, were similar except during the spring and fall migration periods. Movement rates in July exceeded those during migration in both herds. The minimum annual distances travelled by caribou cows, ranging to 5055 km, were the longest movements documented for any terrestrial mammal.
ANALYTIC SCATTERING AMPLITUDES FOR QCD

By analytically continuing QCD scattering amplitudes through specific complexified momenta, one can study and learn about the nature and the consequences of factorization and unitarity. In some cases, when coupled with the largest time equation and gauge invariance requirement, this approach leads to recursion relations, which greatly simplify the construction of multi-gluon scattering amplitudes. The setting for this discussion is in the space-cone gauge.
Regulating Multiple Polluters--Deterrence and Liability Allocation

We conisicler regulation of multiple polluters when inidividual emissions are uniobservable. The tension between pollution deterrence and funding of remediation is examined under two constraints: that penalty revenues fully fund remediation costs and that the regulator cannot make positive transfers to firms. To isolate the effect of increasinig the niumber of polluters, we compare an industiy consisting of a single large firm with one in which many small firms in aggregate mimic the large firm.. Contrary to previous findings, both the number of firms and the ability to monitor individual firms affect the welfare of a large class of regulators.
Laterality differences in speaker and consonant identification in dichotic listening

Two dichotic listening experiments assess the lateralization of speaker identification in right-handed native English speakers. Stimuli were tokens of /ba/, /da/, /pa/, and /ta/ pronounced by two male and two female speakers. In Experiment 1, subjects identified either the two consonants in dichotic stimuli spoken by the same person, or identified two speakers in dichotic tokens of the same syllable. In Experiment 2 new subjects identified the two consonants or the two speakers in pairs in which both consonant and speaker distinguished the pair members. Both experiments yielded significant right-ear advantages for consonant identification and nonsignificant ear differences for speaker identification. Fewer errors were made for speaker judgments than for consonant judgments, and for speaker judgments for pairs in which the speakers were of the same sex than for pairs in which speaker sex differed. It is concluded that, as in vowel identification, neither hemisphere clearly dominates in dichotic speaker identification, perhaps because of minor information loss in the ipsilateral pathways.
Baryogenesis from unstable domain walls

There exists a class of cosmic strings that turn matter into antimatter (Alice strings). In a GUT where the unbroken gauge group contains charge conjugation (C), such strings form when a phase transition renders C a discrete symmetry. They become boundaries of domain walls at a later, C-breaking transition. These “Alice walls” are cosmologically harmless, but can play an important role in baryogenesis. We present a three-generation toy model with scalar baryons, where a quasi-static Alice wall (or a gas of such walls) temporarily gives rise to net baryogenesis of uniform sign everywhere in space. This becomes a permanent baryon excess if the wall shrinks away early enough. We comment on the possible relevance of a similar mechanism to baryogenesis in a realistic SO(10) unification model, where Alice walls would form at the scale of left-right symmetry breaking.
Moveout inversion of wide-azimuth P-wave data for tilted TI media

Currently TTI (transversely isotropic with a tilted symmetry axis) models are widely used for velocity analysis and imaging in many exploration areas. We develop a 3D parameter-estimation algorithm for TTI media composed of homogeneous layers separated by plane dipping interfaces. The input data include P-wave NMO ellipses and time slopes (horizontal slownesses of the zero-offset rays) combined with borehole information. If the symmetry axis is perpendicular to the bottom of each layer, it is possible to estimate the interval symmetry-direction velocity VP0, anisotropy parameter d, and the reflector orientation using a single constraint — the reflector depth. The algorithm can tolerate small � 5 � ðÞ deviation of the symmetry axis from the reflector normal. However, as is the case for the 2D problem, the parameter e can seldom be obtained without nonhyperbolic moveout inversion. If the symmetry axis deviates from the reflector normal but is confined to the dip plane, stable parameter estimation requires specifying a relationship between the tilt and dip in each layer. When the tilt represents a free parameter, the input data have to be supplemented by wide-azimuth VSP traveltimes with the offset reaching at least 1/4 of the maximum reflector depth. Moreover, the additional angle coverage provided by VSP data may help resolve the parameter e in the upper part of the model. The developed methodology can be used to build an accurate initial anisotropic velocity model for processing of wide-azimuth surveys.
Parametric Amplification in Spatially Extended Media and Application to the Design of Tuneable Oscillators at Optical Frequencies

A theory of traveling wave and backward wave variable-parameter amplification appropriate to the amplification of a light beam is developed. It is an extension of the theory of Tien and Suhl for one-dimensional propagation to the case in which the pump wave, signal wave, and idler waves have different directions of propagation. The theory is then applied to the design of a tuneable oscillator at optical wavelengths. The device is tuned by changing the orientation of a parallel mirror system. It appears that currently available pulsed laser powers are sufficient to drive such devices and that a continuous tuning range over a three-to-one interval in frequency is possible.
Distributed and Recursive Parameter Estimation in Parametrized Linear State-Space Models

We consider a network of sensors deployed to sense a spatio-temporal field and infer parameters of interest about the field. We are interested in the case where each sensor's observation sequence is modeled as a state-space process that is perturbed by random noise, and the models across sensors are parametrized by the same parameter vector. The sensors collaborate to estimate this parameter from their measurements, and to this end we propose a distributed and recursive estimation algorithm, which we refer to as the incremental recursive prediction error algorithm. This algorithm has the distributed property of incremental gradient algorithms and the on-line property of recursive prediction error algorithms.
CT of Cystic Renal Masses: Analysis of Diagnostic Performance and Interobserver Variation

ifthemasswasclearly solidornecrotic, ifsomeoralloftheimages ofthekidney weremissing. ifmade-quatetechnique wasnoted(motion orstreakaiii-facts overlying thekidney andcompromisingevaluation), orifthelesionwassmaller thanIcm.This process yielded 70lesions in46patients.Theselesionsformthebasisforthisstudy.Thirty-ftur patients underwent CTscanning
Green, Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzylic H-Phosphinates from Hypophosphorous Acid and Benzylic Alcohols

Benzylic alcohols cross-couple directly with concentrated H3PO2 by using Pd/xantphos (1 or 2 mol-%). Depending on the substrate, DMF at 110 °C or t-AmOH at reflux with a Dean–Stark trap can be used. A broad range of benzylic alcohols react successfully to give moderate to good yields of the products. The preparation of other organophosphorus compounds (phosphinic and phosphonic acids) is also demonstrated. Asymmetric reaction with (R)-1-(2-naphthyl)ethanol provids the corresponding H-phosphinic acid in 77 % ee. The methodology provides a green, PCl3-free route to benzylic-H-phosphinic acids.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Synthesis of SF5O-substituted fluorocarbons

Abstract The reactions of SF5OCl and SF5OF with fluorinated ethylenes were used to prepare new SF5O- substituted fluorocarbons in 44–77% yield. Compounds prepared were SF5OCF2CFHCl, SF5OCFClCF2Cl, and the isomeric mixture SF5OCFBrCF2Cl/SF5OCF2CFBrCl. Spectroscopic and other characterizing data for the adducts are presented. Numerous attempts to prepare SF5OCF=CF2 by dehalogenation of the dichloro or bromochloro materials were unsuccessful.
Theory of Spin Excitations in Undoped and Underdoped Cuprates

Abstract We consider the magnetic properties of high T c cuprates from a gauge theory point of view, with emphasis on the underdoped regime. Underdoped cuprates possess certain antiferromagnetic correlations, as evidenced, for example, by different temperature dependence of the Cu and O site NMR relaxation rates, that are not captured well by slave boson mean field theories of the t - J model. We show that the inclusion of gauge fluctuations will remedy the deficiencies of the mean field theories. As a concrete illustration of the gauge-fluctuation restoration of the antiferromangetic correlation and the feasibility of the 1/ N perturbation theory, the Heisenberg spin chain is analyzed in terms of a 1+1D U(1) gauge theory with massless Dirac fermions. The 1/ N -perturbative treatment of the same gauge theory in 2+1D (which can be motivated from the mean field π -flux phase of the Heisenberg model) leads to a dynamical mass generation corresponding to an antiferromagnetic ordering. On the other hand, it is argued that in a similar gauge theory with an additional coupling to a Bose (holon) field, symmetry breaking does not occur, but antiferromagnetic correlations are enhanced, which is the situation in the underdoped cuprates.
Oxidations of some α-amino acids under Mitsunobu reaction conditions

Abstract Reactions of α-amino acids with azodicarboxylates and Ph 3 P results in oxidation at the α-carbon. N-acyl or carbamoyl amino acid esters give azodicarobxylate adducts, whereas free α-amino acid esters are converted to the corresponding α-keto esters.
SOMETIMES CLOSE IS GOOD ENOUGH: THE VALUE OF NEARBY ENVIRONMENTAL AMENITIES*

An extensive empirical literature exists, showing that variations in region-specific amenities can account for persistent differences in real wages across regions. However, this literature has considered only amenities in the same location as the household. This paper argues that environmental amenities at some distance from but accessible to urban areas may lead to negative compensating wage differentials. We use a general equilibrium framework and data from the 1995 Current Population Survey to calculate implicit amenity prices based on measures of distance to environmental amenities. Our results suggest that amenities outside the metropolitan area do generate compensating wage differentials, as workers are willing to accept lower wages to live in accessible proximity to “nice” places. This implies that these places provide a positive externality to those communities that find them accessible. The estimated effects are quantitatively important, suggesting that these externalities should be taken into account in policy making.
Invertible weighted composition operators

Let X be a set of analytic functions on the open unit disk D, and let phi be an analytic function on D such that phi(D) is contained in D and f |-> f o phi takes X into itself. We present conditions on X ensuring that if f |-> f o phi is invertible on X, then phi is an automorphism of D, and we derive a similar result for mappings of the form f |-> psi.(f o phi), where psi is some analytic function on D. We obtain as corollaries of this purely function-theoretic work, new results concerning invertibility of composition operators and weighted composition operators on Banach spaces of analytic functions such as S^p and the weighted Hardy spaces H^2(beta).
The Evolution of Galaxies in X-Ray-luminous Groups

We investigate the galaxy populations in seven X-ray-selected, intermediate-redshift groups (0.2 < z < 0.6). Overall, the galaxy populations in these systems are similar to those in clusters at the same redshift; they have large fractions of early-type galaxies (fe ~ 70%) and small fractions of galaxies with significant star formation (f[O II] ~ 30%). We do not observe a strong evolution in the galaxy populations from those seen in X-ray-luminous groups at low redshift. Both fe and f[O II] are correlated with radius but do not reach the field value out to ~r500. However, we find significant variation in the galaxy populations between groups, with some groups having fieldlike populations. Comparisons between the morphological and spectral properties of group galaxies reveal both gas-poor mergers and a population of passive spirals. Unlike low-redshift, X-ray-emitting groups, in some of these groups the brightest galaxy does not lie at the center of the X-ray emission, and in several of the groups that do have a central BGG, the BGG has multiple components. These groups appear to represent a range of evolutionary stages in the formation of the BGG. Some groups have relatively large central galaxy densities, and one group contains a string of seven bright galaxies within a radius of 200 kpc that have a lower velocity dispersion than the rest of the system. None of the central galaxies, including those with multiple components, have significant [O II] emission. These observations support a scenario in which BGGs are formed relatively late through gas-poor mergers.
A Central Limit Theorem for Local Polynomial Backfitting Estimators

Additive models based on backfitting estimators are among the most important recent contributions to modern statistical modelling. However, the statistical properties of backfitting estimators have received relatively little attention. Recently, J.-D. Opsomer and D. Ruppert (1997,Ann. Statist.25, 186-211; 1998,J. Amer. Statist. Assoc.93, 605?619) and J.-D. Opsomer (1997, preprint 96-12, Department of statistics, Iowa State University) derived their mean squared error properties in the case of local polynomial smoothers. In this paper the asymptotic distributional behaviour of backfitting estimators is investigated.
Comprehensive Model of Anisotropic Composite Aircraft Wings Suitable for Aeroelastic Analyses

A comprehensive plate-beam structural model suitable for aeroelastic analyses of aircraft wings made of anisotropic composite materials is developed. The equations governing the static and dynamic aeroelastic equilibrium of cantilevered swept-wing structures and the associated boundary conditions are derived by means of the Hamilton variational principle. These equations incorporate a number of effects: 1) anisotropy of the materials of constituent layers, 2) warping inhibition, 3) transverse shear flexibility, and 4) rotatory inertias. A uniform swept-wing model composed of a transversely isotropic material is considered to illustrate the coupled and separate effects of transverse shear deformation and warping restraint upon its divergence and static aeroelastic load distribution. An exact method based upon the Laplace integral transform technique is used to solve the above mentioned problems. The results displayed in this article reveal the importance of transverse shear and warping restraint effects in predicting more accurately the static aeroelastic response of swept-forward wings. However, for swept-back wings, these effects represent higher-order corrections to the classical theory.
Acquirers’ abnormal returns and the non-Big 4 auditor clientele effect ☆

Abstract I analyze the effect of auditor choice on acquirers’ values around merger announcements and the factors affecting the interaction between auditor size and the market reaction to merger announcements. I find that acquirers audited by non-Big 4 accounting firms outperform those audited by Big 4 firms. This effect is more pronounced when the targets are privately held and when the likelihood of the auditors playing a prominent advisory role increases. While the largest auditing firms are usually assumed to offer superior services, the study suggests that smaller firms have a comparative advantage in assisting their clients in merger transactions.
Thermal phase transition in mixed action SU (3) lattice gauge theory and Wilson fermion thermodynamics

Abstract We study the thermal phase diagram of pure SU(3) lattice gauge theory with fundamental and adjoint couplings. We improve previous estimates of the position of the bulk transition line and determine the thermal deconfinement transition lines for N t = 2, 4, 6, and 8. The endpoint of the bulk transition line ( β f , β a ) = (4.00(7), 2.06(8)) improves upon earlier estimates obtained using smaller lattice sizes. For N t > 4 the deconfinement transition line splits cleanly away from the bulk transition line. With increasing N t the thermal deconfinement transition lines shift to increasingly weaker coupling, joining onto the bulk transition line at increasingly larger β a in a pattern consistent with the usual universality picture of lattice gauge theories. We also discuss the possible consequences of an induced adjoint term from the fermionic determinant and determine this induced term numerically with a microcanonical demon method for two flavors of dynamical Wilson fermions.
Synthesis of highly sulfonated polyaniline

An alternative approach to synthesize sulfonated polyaniline (SPAN) is described. This route results in higher sulfur-to-nitrogen ratio (SN ratio up to about 34 compared to 12 for the original route) and higher yield (about 70%). Compared to the SPAN prepared via the previous route, the new SPAN has higher solubility (approximately double), higher d.c. conductivity (about one order higher), nearly pH- independent d.c. conductivity in the region of 0 ⩽ pH ⩽ 14 (while emeraldine salt has a sharp drop in d.c. conductivity to an insulator at pH ∼ 3 and the SPAN made via the previous route becomes semiconducting at pH ∼ 7.5), a different pH dependence of the cyclic voltammogram spectrum, and other novel properties. The relationship of these improved physical properties to the change of synthetic route is suggested.
Probability distribution of the receiver busy time in a multicasting local lightwave network

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) has the ability to utilize the enormous bandwidth offered by optical networks using today's electronics. A reservation-based multicasting protocol for local lightwave networks was examined in Borella and Mukherjee, 1995. If implemented properly, multicasting allows the use of scarce network resources more efficiently than unicasting. On the other hand, a multicasting protocol is usually more complex than a unicasting protocol. An analytical model of a multicasting protocol can enable its comparison with a simpler but less efficient unicasting protocol. We present an approximate analytical solution for the average packet delay in a local lightwave network, which employs the Multicast Scheduling Algorithm (Borella and Mukherjee, 1995) as its medium-access control (MAC) protocol. First, we develop an approximate analytical solution for the probability distribution of the receiver busy time. We demonstrate and explain some interesting and unobvious behavior of this distribution. Then, using the receiver busy time distribution, we calculate the maximum receiver throughput and the average packet delay. Results from the analytical solution match very well with those obtained from simulation.
Preparation of heterocyclic amino acids via intramolecular mukaiyama aldol condensation: Synthesis of a novel cycloleucine analogue

Abstract A novel 5- endo e exo n intramolecular Mukaiyama aldol condensation was employed in a simple synthesis of 3-amino-3-tetrahydrofurancar☐ylic acid, an oxygenated cycloleucine analogue.
Projective Plane and Planar Quantum Codes

Cellulations of the projective plane RP ^2 define single qubit topological quantum error correcting codes since there is a unique essential cycle in H 1 (RP 2 ;Z 2 ) . We construct three of the smallest such codes, show they are inequivalent, and identify one of them as Shor's original 9 qubit repetition code. We observe that Shor's code can be constructed in a planar domain and generalize to planar constructions of higher-genus codes for multiple qubits.
An overview of financial services resources on the internet

Abstract Individual financial decision making is a process requiring a great deal of information, most of which can be found on the Internet if one knows where to look. This paper is a guide to recent financial service developments on the Internet that allows academics, students, professionals, and consumers to find information, interact with others, and conduct financial transactions online. It also offers an extensive list of financial service Internet sites, and provides a glimpse into the future of financial services on the Internet.
T-DUALITY AND RAMOND-RAMOND BACKGROUNDS IN THE MATRIX MODEL

Abstract We investigate T -duality of toroidally compactified Matrix model with arbitrary Ramond-Ramond backgrounds in the framework of non-commutative super Yang-Mills gauge theory.
Potential distribution around sounding rockets in mesospheric layers with charged aerosol particles

[1] It is shown that large potential variations can exist inside the wake of sounding rockets moving with supersonic velocity through the summertime mesopause region. The potential distribution is driven by charge separation induced by the shock wave of the rocket. The low conductivity conditions due to the attachment of free electrons to aerosol particles allow large electric fields, of the order of V/m, to be maintained. The numerical results from a simple model are consistent with recent electric field measurements carried out by the DROPPS-1 sounding rocket.
Changes of crop rotation in Iowa determined from the United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service cropland data layer product

Crop rotation is one of the important decisions made independently by numerous farm managers, and is a critical variable in models of crop growth and soil carbon. In Iowa and much of the Midwestern United States (US), the typical management decision is to rotate corn and soybean crops for a single field; therefore, the land-cover changes each year even though the total area of agricultural land-use remains the same. The price for corn increased from 2001 to 2010, which increased corn production in Iowa. We tested the hypothesis that the production increase was the result of changes in crop rotation in Iowa using the annual remote sensing classification (the cropland data layer) produced by the United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. It was found that the area planted in corn increased from 4.7 million hectares in 2001 to 5.7 million hectares in 2007, which was correlated with the market price for corn. At the county level, there were differences in how the increase in corn production was accomplished. Northern and central counties had little land to expand cultivation and generally increased corn production by converting to a corn-corn rotation from the standard corn-soybean rotation. Southern counties in Iowa increased corn production by expanding into land that was not under recent cultivation. These changes affect the amount of soil carbon sequestration.
Asymmetric diene cyclization/hydrosilylation/oxidation employing 1-tert-butyl-3,3-dimethyl-1,1-diphenyldisiloxane

Abstract A 1:1 mixture of (NN)Pd(Me)Cl [NN=( R )-(+)-4-isopropyl-2-(2-pyridinyl)-2-oxazoline] ( 1 ) and NaBAr 4 [Ar=3,5-C 6 H 3 (CF 3 ) 2 ] catalyzed the asymmetric cyclization/hydrosilylation of functionalized 1,6-dienes with 1- tert -butyl-3,3-dimethyl-1,1-diphenyldisiloxane at −20°C to form silylated cyclopentanes in good yield with up to 95% ee. These silylated carbocycles underwent oxidative cleavage of the CSi bond with H 2 O 2 at room temperature to form the corresponding alcohols.
Asymmetric oxidation of sulfides with H2O2 catalyzed by (salen)Mn(III) complexes

Optically active (salen)Mn(III)Cl complexes are effective catalysts for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with modest enantioselectivity. An optimal reaction system consisting of unbuffered hydrogen peroxide as the stoichiometric oxidant, acetonitrile as solvent, and 2–3 mol% of complex 1 effects conversion of aryl sulfides to sulfoxides in 84–95% isolated yield, and 34–68% ee.
The Development of a Substitute Bird Model

A comprehensive program was conducted to develop a model synthetic bird for use in engine blade impact testing. A hydrodynamic theory of the impact event was used to aid in determining the bird properties which had to be duplicated in the model. Of the two candidate models studied extensively, it was determined that a projectile fabricated from commercial gelatin impregnated with phenolic mircoballoons most nearly duplicated the impact loading history of real birds.
Characterizing Supernova Progenitors via the Metallicities of their Host Galaxies, from Poor Dwarfs to Rich Spirals

We investigate how the different types of supernovae are relatively affected by the metallicity of their host galaxy. We match the SAI supernova catalog to the SDSS DR4 catalog of star-forming galaxies with measured metallicities. These supernova host galaxies span a range of oxygen abundance from 12 + log (O/H) = 7.9 to 9.3 (~0.1-2.7 solar) and a range in absolute magnitude from MB = − 15.2 to –22.2. To reduce the various observational biases, we select a subsample of well-characterized supernovae in the redshift range from 0.01 to 0.04, which leaves us with 58 SNe II, 19 SNe Ib/c, and 38 SNe Ia. We find strong evidence that SNe Ib/c occur in higher metallicity host galaxies than SNe II, while we see no effect for SNe Ia relative to SNe II. We note some extreme and interesting supernova-host pairs, including the metal-poor (~ solar) host of the recent SN Ia 2007bk, where the supernova was found well outside of this dwarf galaxy. To extend the luminosity range of supernova hosts to even fainter galaxies, we also match all the supernovae with z < 0.3 to the SDSS DR6 sky images, resulting in 1225 matches. This allows us to identify some even more extreme cases, such as the recent SN Ic 2007bg, where the likely host of this hypernova-like event has an absolute magnitude MB ~ − 12, making it one of the least luminous supernova hosts ever observed. This low-luminosity host is certain to be very metal-poor (~ solar), and therefore this supernova is an excellent candidate for association with an off-axis GRB. The two catalogs that we have constructed are available online and will be updated regularly. Finally, we discuss various implications of our findings for understanding supernova progenitors and their host galaxies.
Computing in the high school---past, present and future: and its unreasonable effectiveness in the teaching of mathematics

Five years ago computing was trickling into the secondary school scene, but today it's a torrent. Various hardware and software developments over the last two decades have made the computer ever more appropriate for this environment. These developments were: the shared program; the replacement of vacuum tubes by cores; compilers and procedural languages and finally---time sharing. The latest development has been the great reduction in the price of time sharing over the last year.
Counting cycles and finite dimensional Lp norms

We obtain sharp bounds for the number of n-cycles in a finite graph as a function of the number of edges, and prove that the complete graph is optimal in more ways than could be imagined. We prove sharp estimates on both @?"i"="1^nx"i^k and @?"i"="1^n|x"i|^k, subject to the constraints that @?"i"="1^nx"i^2=C and @?"i"="1^nx"i=0.
Small Value Parallel Repetition for General Games

We prove a parallel repetition theorem for general games with value tending to 0. Previously Dinur and Steurer proved such a theorem for the special case of projection games. We use information theoretic techniques in our proof. Our proofs also extend to the high value regime (value close to 1) and provide alternate proofs for the parallel repetition theorems of Holenstein and Rao for general and projection games respectively. We also extend the example of Feige and Verbitsky to show that the small-value parallel repetition bound we obtain is tight. Our techniques are elementary in that we only need to employ basic information theory and discrete probability in the small-value parallel repetition proof.
Moduli inflation from dynamical supersymmetry breaking

Abstract Moduli fields, which parameterize perturbative flat directions of the potential in supersymmetric theories, are natural candidates to act as inflatons. An inflationary potential on moduli space can result if the scale of dynamical SUSY breaking in some sector of the theory is determined by a moduli dependent coupling. The magnitude of density fluctuations generated during inflation then depends on the scale of SUSY breaking in this sector. This can naturally be hierarchically smaller than the Planck scale in a dynamical model, giving small fluctuations without any fine tuning of parameters. It is also natural for SUSY to be restored at the minimum of the moduli potential, and to leave the universe with zero cosmological constant after inflation. Acceptable reheating can also be achieved in this scenario.
Palladium/Tris(tert‐butyl)phosphine‐Catalyzed Suzuki Cross‐ Couplings in the Presence of Water

Pd2(dba)3/[HP(t-Bu)3]BF4/KF•2H2O serves as a mild, robust, and user-friendly method for the efficient Suzuki cross-coupling of a diverse array of aryl and heteroaryl halides with aryl- and heteroarylboronic acids.
Resonance varieties over fields of positive characteristic

Let A be a hyperplane arrangement, and k a field of arbitrary characteristic. We show that the projective degree-one resonance variety R 1 (A, k) of A over k is ruled by lines, and identify the underlying algebraic line complex L(A, k) in the Grassmannian G(2, k n ), n = |A|. L(A, k) is a union of linear line complexes corresponding to the neighborly partitions of subarrangements of A. Each linear line complex is the intersection of a family of special Schubert varieties corresponding to a subspace arrangement determined by the partition. In case k has characteristic zero, the resulting ruled varieties are linear and pairwise disjoint, by results of A. Libgober and S. Yuzvinsky. We give examples to show that each of these properties fails in positive characteristic. The (4,3)-net structure on the Hessian arrangement gives rise to a nonlinear component in R 1 (A, Z3), a cubic hypersurface in P 4 with interesting line structure. This provides a negative answer to a question of A. Suciu. The deleted B3 arrangement has linear resonance components over Z2 that intersect nontrivially.
The structural diversity of ABS3 compounds with d0 electronic configuration for the B-cation

We use first-principles density functional theory within the local density approximation to ascertain the ground state structure of real and theoretical compounds with the formula ABS3 (A = K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, Tl, Sn, Pb, and Bi; and B = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, V, and Nb) under the constraint that B must have a d(0) electronic configuration. Our findings indicate that none of these AB combinations prefer a perovskite ground state with corner-sharing BS6 octahedra, but that they prefer phases with either edge- or face-sharing motifs. Further, a simple two-dimensional structure field map created from A and B ionic radii provides a neat demarcation between combinations preferring face-sharing versus edge-sharing phases for most of these combinations. We then show that by modifying the common Goldschmidt tolerance factor with a multiplicative term based on the electronegativity difference between A and S, the demarcation between predicted edge-sharing and face-sharing ground state phases is enhanced. We also demonstrate that, by calculating the free energy contribution of phonons, some of these compounds may assume multiple phases as synthesis temperatures are altered, or as ambient temperatures rise or fall.
Implementation and performance of pipes in the V-System

The measured performance of pipes implemented by a pipe server process on top of the V message passing transport protocol is compared with the calculated performance of pipes implemented by an operating system kernel and supported by a dedicated protocol. The author describes the implementation of pipes in the V system and presents measurements of their performance. He then calculates the performance of pipes when implemented in the kernel and supported by a dedicated protocol. The performance loss as a result of using the pipe server is shown to be about 8% for network pipes and about 25% for local pipes. Given these figures and given the fact that messages and not pipes are the principal means of interprocess communication in V, it is concluded that it is quite practical to implement pipes by a process using message passing, thereby avoiding the need for additional kernel and protocol complexity.
Solar wind interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere

[1] We present a review of observations and theories of the dynamics of Jupiter's magnetosphere from Pioneer to New Horizons. We suggest that Jupiter's solar wind–driven magnetospheric flows are due primarily to viscous processes at the magnetopause boundary. Jupiter's magnetopause boundary is determined by a pressure balance between the solar wind dynamic pressure and the magnetospheric high-β plasma. We discuss how this plasma-on-plasma interaction generates solar wind–imposed magnetic stresses that (1) generate the dawn-dusk asymmetry in plasma flows and magnetic fields, (2) dictate the location of the magnetic x line in the tail, (3) enhance escape of Jovian plasma down the magnetotail, and (4) drive global plasma flows that are consistent with Jupiter's complex polar aurora without the requirement for a persistent region of open flux.
Elastic response of a cylinder containing longitudinal stiffeners

Abstract This paper develops a three-dimensional analytical model of a cylinder that contains a longitudinal stiffener. The model begins with the equations of motion for a fully elastic solid that produces displacement fields with unknown wave propagation coefficients. These are inserted into stress and displacement equations at the cylinder boundaries and at the location of the stiffener. Orthogonalization of these equations produces an infinite number of indexed algebraic equations that can be truncated and incorporated into a global matrix equation. Solving this equation yields the solution to the wave propagation coefficients and allows the system's displacements and stresses to be calculated. The model is verified by comparison of the results of a plane strain analysis example to a solution generated using finite element theory. A three-dimensional example problem is formulated and the displacement results are illustrated. The inclusion of multiple stiffeners is discussed.
Kondo effect in a two-level quantum dot coupled to an external fermionic reservoir

We investigate theoretically the linear conductance of a two-level quantum dot as a function of the gate voltage and different strength of coupling to the external electronic system (the reservoir). Apart from the weak coupling regime, characterized by the Kondo-enhancement of the conductance in the spinful ground state, a strong coupling regime, which can be called mixed-valence, is found. This regime is characterized by a qualitative change of the energy level structure in the dot, resulting in sub- and super-tunneling coupling of the levels, which in turn yield a novel temperature dependence of the Kondo effect in the quantum dot.
Computer science: the emergence of a discipline

The continued rapid development of computer science will require an expansion of the science base and an influx of talented new researchers. Computers have already altered the way we think and live; now they will begin to elevate our knowledge of the world.