cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WIND WAVES AND SWELL

Winds blowing over the water surface generate waves. In general the higher the wind velocity, the larger the fetch over which it blows, and the longer it blows the higher and longer will be the average waves . Waves still under the action of the winds that created them are called wind waves, or a sea. They are forced waves rather than free waves. They are variable in their direction of advance (Arthur, 1949). They are irregular in the direction of propagation. The flow is rotational due to the shear stress of the wind on the water surface and it is quite turbulent as observations of dye in the water indicates. After the waves leave the generating area their characteristics become somewhat different, principally they are smoother, losing the rough appearance due to the disappearance of the multitude of smaller waves on top of the bigger ones and the whitecaps and spray. When running free of the storm the waves are known as swell. In Fig. 1 are shown some photographs taken in the laboratory of waves still rising under the action of wind and this same wave system after it has left the windy section of the wind-wave tunnel. It can be seen thati-the freely running swell has a smoother appearance than the waves in the windy section. The motion of the swell is nearly irrotational and nonturbulent, unless the swell runs into other regions where the water is in turbulent motion. Turbulence is a property of the fluid rather than of the wave motion. After the waves have travelled a distance from the generating area they have lost some energy due to air resistance, internal friction, and by large scale turbulent scattering if they run into other storm areas, and the rest of the energy has become spread over a larger area due to the dispersive and angular spreading characteristics of water gravity waves. All of these mechanisms lead to a decrease in energy density. Thus, the waves become lower in height. In addition, due to their dispersive characteristic the component wave periods tend to segregate in such a way that the longest waves lead the main body of waves and the shortest waves form the tail of the main body of waves. Finally, the swell may travel through areas where winds are present, adding new wind waves to old swell, and perhaps directly increasing or decreasing the size of the old swell.
Closure to Discussion on “A New Framework for Detection and Identification of Network Parameter Errors”

We appreciate the discussers’1 interest in our work.2 The concerns the discusser raised mainly involved the basic idea and formulation of the Normalized Lagrange Multiplier (NLM) test, which was first proposed in [1] , and was only briefly reviewed in this paper. In order to better clarify, the logic and procedure of this part will be presented in greater detail below.
HFG1: A Planetary Nebula with a Close-Binary Nucleus

HFG1 (136+5°1) is a large, low-surface-brightness planetary nebula that was discovered by Heckathorn, Fesen, and Gull (Astron. Astrophys., 114, 414, 1982). In the autumn of 1986, photoelectric photometry by A.D.G. and H.E.B. showed that the 14th-mag central star of HFG1 is a large-amplitude variable. Subsequent CCD photometry by R.C. and H.E.B. reveals a sinusoidal variation with a period of 13.96 hr and an amplitude of 1.1 mag in the B band.
Self-association of helical peptides in a lipid environment.

The self-association of two model transmembrane helical peptides, differing in their surface topography, was compared in mixed micelles containing 3-([3-cholamidopropyl]dimethylammonio)-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). One peptide, Ac-KKL24KK-amide (L24), has large, rotationally mobile leucine side chains and a relatively rough surface. The other peptide, Ac-KKLLLLLLAALLALLAALLALLLLLLKK-amide (L18A6), has a patch of small alanines on one side of the helix that forms a smooth surface. The aggregation state of the peptides was sampled by chemical cross-linking with bis-sulfosuccinimidyl suberate (B53). A monomer-aggregate association constant was obtained from the cross-linking results in the range of 2 × 105 M−1 to 3 × 105 M−1 for both peptides. Kinetics of formation of cross-linked dimers indicated that the ratio of dimerization constants for L18A6 to L24 was between 10 and 20. This suggests that the alanine patch contributes about 1.5 Kcal/mol more stabilization free energy to dimer formation of L18A6 compared to L24.
Computational and Experimental Studies of Problems in Marine Hydrodynamics

Substantial improvements in the numerical simulation of fluid flows have been made in the last decade. Digital computers also have come into relatively wide use for experimental control, data acquisition, and data processing in fundamental and applied fluid dynamics measurements. International conferences and symposia have been held in recent years to provide a forum for the exchange of research findings between investigators in the various disciplines; see, for example, Taylor and Schrefler (1981); and Ghia, Mueller and Patel (1981).
Metal and plastic collapsible tubes and aluminium foil containers

Collapsible tubes are flexible composite containers for the storage and dispensing of product formulations that usually have a pasty consistency. They may be made of metal or thermoplastic.
Building a Vision for Quality Education.

The concepts of customer satisfaction and continuous improvement of products and service form the foundation of the quality philosophy that swept across American industry during the 1980s. The tran...
IONIZING RADIATION INDUCED DNA DAMAGE: IDENTITIES AND DNA REPAIR

When cells are irradiated with low LET radiation the total dose of energy deposited per unit mass can be measured with great accuracy. In contrast, treatments with other agents can have problems of agent activation, diffusion or delivery to the target. With ionizing radiation the major problem is in the assignment of biological significance to any particular lesion. Model studies have indicated that a myriad of lesions (chemically distinct) can be produced.
Impact of an education-centered medical home on quality at a student-volunteer free clinic.

BACKGROUND The continuity provided by longitudinal clerkships has documented benefits to medical student education. Yet, little quantitative data exist on the association between longitudinal clerkships and patient outcomes. OBJECTIVE This study compares screening metrics of a longitudinal clerkship called the education-centered medical home (ECMH) with the standard clinical model at a student-volunteer free clinic (SVFC). In the ECMH model, the same attending physician staffs one half-day of clinic with same group of students weekly for 4 years. Standard clinical models are staffed with students and physicians who come to the SVFC based on availability. DESIGN ECMH students aimed to increase human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening rates in their patient panel as part of a quality improvement project. Students prepared individualized care plans prior to patient visits that included whether screening had been performed. They were also reminded to confirm completion of testing. Percentages of patients screened for HIV before and after establishment of the ECMH were compared with four standard clinical models. Screening rates for breast, colon, and cervical cancer, as well as hepatitis C, served as secondary endpoints. RESULTS While screening rates were initially similar between models (43.2% and 34.8% for the ECMH and standard clinical panels, respectively, p = 0.32), HIV screening rates increased from 43.2% to 95.0% in the ECMH compared with a significantly smaller increase from 35.0% to 50.0% in the standard clinical panel (p < 0.0001). Additionally, the ECMH resulted in statistically significantly increased screening rates for cervical cancer (p < 0.001) and hepatitis C (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an association between a longitudinal ECMH clerkship and improved quality metrics at an SVFC. Even measures not targeted for intervention, such as colorectal cancer and hepatitis C, showed significant improvement in screening rates when compared with the standard clinical model.
Neuropsychology in the Outcome of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Changes in cognitive functioning are to be expected in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), especially in the domains of memory, attention, executive functioning, and processing speed to be among the most common. The neuropsychological approach compares the patient’s individualized test results to a normative sample, which permits a statistical analysis of comparative functioning to healthy controls, as well as presumed level of premorbid functioning. This chapter overviews how such comparisons are made in the TBI patient and their meaning for assessing neurocognitive and neurobehavioral functioning from TBI. A brief synopsis of frequently used neuropsychological tests in assessing TBI And how neuropsychological test findings may be interfaced with neuroimaging are presented. In addition how the combination of neuroimaging results with neuropsychological assessment provides relevant clinical information that not only guides treatment but is helpful in predicting outcome.
The potential risk of tumor progression after use of dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane allograft in a positive margin resection model:

Objective:The objective of this study was to examine the impact of dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane (dHACM) allografts on prostate and bladder cancer growth in the setting of residual disea...
Notes and Remarks

§2–5. For a treatment of related questions for neutral equations and more general retarded equations, see Driver [3], Cruz and. Hale [1], Hale [8], Melvin [1], Jones [2].
State-of-the-art Structural Interventions in Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of hospitalisation and healthcare costs worldwide. Acute decompensated heart failure accounts for more than 1 million hospitalisations in the US. Despite advances in the quality of acute and chronic HF disease management, gaps in knowledge about effective interventions to support the transition of care for patients with HF remain. Despite multiple trials of promising therapies, standard care consists of decongestion with IV diuretics and haemodynamic support with vasodilators and inotropes and this has remained largely unchanged during the past 45 years. Newer advances in medical innovations and structural heart disease interventions have now given promise to improved survival, outcomes and quality of life for patients with advanced HF of multiple aetiologies. In this article, we focus on structural interventions in the treatment of patients with HF.
Ultrafast nonlinear refraction measurements of infrared transmitting materials in the mid-wave infrared.

We utilize the conventional Z-scan technique to provide absolute measurements of third-order nonlinear refraction coefficients (n2) in the mid-wave infrared at 2 µm and 3.9 µm of common optical materials that have transparency windows spanning this regime. We study a variety of narrow band gap and wide band gap semiconductors, fluoride crystals (BaF2, CaF2, LiF, and MgF2) and optical glasses, and a series of chalcogenide glasses. The n2 is found to span on the order of ∼10−15 to ∼10−12 cm2/W for the semiconductors, ∼10−16 cm2/W for the fluoride crystals and glasses, and ∼10−14 to ∼10−13 cm2/W for the chalcogenides. The experimental results are compared to previous measurements of n2 conducted in the visible and near-infrared along with empirical and theoretical formulations.
Identification of Causal Diffusion Effects Under Structural Stationarity.

Although social and biomedical scientists have long been interested in the process through which ideas and behaviors diffuse, the identification of causal diffusion effects, also known as peer and contagion effects, remains challenging. Many scholars consider the commonly used assumption of no omitted confounders to be untenable due to contextual confounding and homophily bias. To address this long-standing problem, we examine the causal identification under a new assumption of structural stationarity, which formalizes the underlying diffusion process with a class of dynamic causal directed acyclic graphs. First, we develop a statistical test that can detect a wide range of biases, including the two types mentioned above. We then propose a difference-in-differences style estimator that can directly correct biases under an additional parametric assumption. Leveraging the proposed methods, we study the spatial diffusion of hate crimes against refugees in Germany. After correcting large upward bias in existing studies, we find hate crimes diffuse only to areas that have a high proportion of school dropouts.
The Populist Pope?: Politics, Religion, and Pope Francis

While religion and democracy have been intertwined since World War II, scholars have made little of the connections between religion and populism, largely conceptualizing religion as a tool of populism. In this paper, however, I argue that Pope Francis' deployment of Catholicism resists such instrumentalization by populist politics, and offers resources for political ills underlying populism. I show that Francis' focus on the people allows him to capitalize on populist currents in global politics, while also reforming those currents into something more constructive than populism. I further explore how his political theology and institutional autonomy render his thought and example relatively impervious to appropriation by political actors.
Jewish Immigrant Skill and Occupational Status at the Turn of the Century

The 1900 Census of Population microdata file is used to study the occupational status of adult male Jewish immigrants in comparison with other immigrants and native-born white men. On arrival the Jewish immigrants had a low occupation status but they experienced very rapid improvements with duration. Occupational parity was reached with Western European and Canadian immigrants (5 ½ years after immigration) and the native born (14 years). The Jewish adjustment pattern followed the model of refugees. Their high level of attainment reflected large human capital investments (at home and in school) and an emphasis on decision making skills.
The Reasons Why Originalism Provides a Weak Foundation for Interpreting Constitutional Provisions Relating to Religion

Contemporary debates about the meaning of the Free Exercise Clause and the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment often are grounded on conflicting contentions about the original understanding of these constitutional provisions. There are various explanations for this emphasis on history in interpreting these specific constitutional clauses. To begin with, the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence in this area has focused on history in interpreting the religion clauses.1 It is also the case that many scholars and jurists are committed to some form of originalism as the controlling methodology for interpreting constitutional text. Finally, questions relating to the relationship between church and state were clearly of interest to the founders and at various times had been the focus of their political speech and actions. The purpose of this brief essay is to challenge this convention. I suggest that whatever may be the justifications for, and utility of, employing originalism as a methodology for interpreting other constitutional provisions, it is a particularly poor approach to adopt for determining the meaning of the religion clauses of the First Amendment. I do not suggest that an historical analysis is irrelevant to understanding what the religion clauses mean. It certainly sets a foundation for further discussion. I argue simply that there are important reasons why originalism is particularly ill suited for resolving a great many constitutional disputes relating to church-state relationships in our society today.
Information Asymmetry and Host Country Institutions in Cross-Border Acquisitions

Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) are often dubbed as a market for lemons because of the extent of information asymmetry embedded in M&A transactions. A country's institutional environment influences the quality and overall reliability of formal disclosures, thereby altering the extent of information asymmetry affiliated with an M&A transaction. We argue that the caliber of the host country's institutions-formal market-supporting institutions and the informal cultural institution of uncertainty avoidance-affects the public arbitration phase of M&A transactions, i.e., the phase in which firms attempt to resolve issues related to information asymmetry. We test our hypotheses using a sample of 3376 foreign acquisitions completed by U.S. firms between 2006 and 2016. Our results indicate that formal institutions lower arbitration duration. But, while high uncertainty avoidance lowers duration as expected for countries with low market-supporting institutions, it more strongly raises the duration for countries with high market-supporting institutions.
The “Lucky Money” That Started It All—The Reinvention of the Ancient Tradition “Red Packet” in Digital Times:

In August 2020, President Trump attempted to ban WeChat, indicating the growing impact of the most widely used social medium in China. WeChat enjoys a monthly active user base of 1.2 billion, but t...
The No-Fault Approach to Monopolization: Terrific, Terrible, or Textualism?

Section 2 of the Sherman Act was designed to impose sanctions on all firms that "monopolize" or "attempt to monopolize" regardless whether the firm engaged in anticompetitive conduct. This conclusion emerges from the first-ever textualist analysis of the language of Section 2. This article analyzes contemporaneous dictionaries, legal treatises, and cases, and demonstrates that when the Sherman Act was passed the word “monopolize” simply meant that someone had acquired a monopoly. The term was not limited to monopolies acquired through anticompetitive conduct. An "attempt" to monopolize also had its current colloquial meaning. A textualist analysis therefore demonstrates that Section 2 was designed to impose sanctions on all monopolies and attempts to monopolize. A textualist approach to statutory construction should not imply or create unstated exceptions. Since Section 2 of the Sherman Act contains no explicit exception for a monopoly acquired without proof of anticompetitive conduct, none should be created by the courts. Current case law requiring plaintiffs to prove that defendant engaged in improper conduct should be overturned. The article briefly analyzes the practical legal and economic effects likely to arise if the courts adopt a “no-fault” approach to monopolization law under Section 2 of the Sherman Act and also under Section 5 of the FTC Act. The article demonstrates that the textualist conclusion constitutes a reasonable policy option.
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF RECEPTOR PROTEIN KINASES IN PLANTS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a guide to immunocytochemical techniques useful in localization of receptor-like protein kinases. A protocol relevant to the examination of the tissue distribution of a receptor-like protein kinase, utilizing paraffin-embedded tissue is described. Protocols allowing higher resolution examination of subcellular distribution at the light and electron microscopy levels using resin-embedded tissues are also described. The protocols described in the chapter are for the immunolocalization of a transmembrane protein kinase of maize. Application of these protocols to other species of plants, particularly dicots, or dissimilar antigens may require changes in the composition of fixative and length of fixation and infiltration. Immunocytochemistry, using paraffin- or LR White-embedded tissue and silver-enhanced gold staining is a straightforward technique requiring little specialized apparatus. This technique is useful in allowing researchers involved in molecular biological aspects of receptor protein kinase structure and function to confirm the predicted localization of an expected cell surface receptor and to begin to explore aspects of this receptor's ultrastructural and tissue-specific localization.
Oral cleft recurrence risk and subsequent maternal fertility preferences and behavior in Brazil.

Background Oral clefts are among the most common birth defects with numerous impacts on affected individuals and families. However, little is known about how being at a greater risk of having an affected child affects subsequent maternal fertility decisions. We investigated differences in fertility preferences and behavior between mothers who are themselves affected with cleft lip with/without cleft palate but have had no affected children and unaffected mothers of an affected child. We also compared these outcomes between unaffected mothers of a first versus another affected child. Methods The sample included 1475 Brazilian women interviewed between 2004 and 2009. The outcomes were wanting more children, contraceptive use and type, and maternal age at first child. Comparisons between the various maternal groups were performed using regression analysis adjusting for conceptually relevant demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic factors. Results Affected mothers of unaffected children were less likely to use contraceptives than unaffected mothers of affected children by 31% (95% confidence interval, 1–53%). Among unaffected mothers, those who had a first affected child were 67% (95% confidence interval, 15–144%) more likely to use contraceptives. Conclusion The results suggest that having an affected child represents a stronger signal of recurrence risk to the mother than her own cleft status, and that cleft status of the first child is especially important in influencing subsequent maternal fertility decisions in affected families. These findings highlight the importance of adequate counseling of at-risk women about recurrence risks and available care resources and policies that improve access to quality cleft care. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:48–56, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variation-tolerant dense TFET memory with low V MIN matching low-voltage TFET logic

The tunneling FET (TFET) is a leading option for energy efficient computation with peak logic performance/watt greater than CMOS. With variation effects, TFET reaches 2X higher peak efficiency than MOSFET by using supply voltages under 0.4V. Dense TFET SRAM bitcell is proposed with VMIN matching this low logic V DD . Projections of device variation enable a comparison of TFET and MOSFET logic and memory and show greater robustness for TFET circuits. TFET bitcell write-time tracks logic frequency at low voltage. TFET bitcell retention margins are 0.1 V greater than that of the MOSFET. Bitcell performance and V MIN are improved by using TFET's unique asymmetric conduction to reduce write-contention and read-disturb conditions. A novel 7T bitcell with compact layout is proposed for improved low-voltage write.
Accumulation of a Protein Required for Division During the Cell Cycle of Escherichia coli

A heat-labile protein required for division accumulates during the duplication cycle of Escherichia coli. Its formation appears to commence shortly after the cell divides, and it reaches a maximal amount shortly before the next division. A plausible mechanism for timing cell division depends on building up the critical amount of this protein. Completion of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication is also necessary for division to occur, but it does not uniquely initiate division. The evidence for these conclusions comes from heat-shock experiments; heating to 45 C for 15 min delays division increasingly with the age of a cell. A heat shock given near the end of a cycle delays division for about 30 min, whereas at the beginning of the cycle it hardly affects division. The net result is synchronization of cell division. The effect of heat is increased in bacteria which have incorporated p-fluoro-phenylalanine into their proteins. When the incorporation is early and the heat shock is late in the cycle, division is delayed by about 30 min, indicating that the division protein is synthesized early even though its sensitivity is not observed until later. At any time in the cell cycle, heat shock simply delays total protein and DNA synthesis (3H-thymidine uptake) for approximately 14 min. DNA replication and cell division are thus discoordinated, since DNA replication is not synchronized by the treatment.
Skin nodules in a 16-year-old adolescent with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A 16-year-old girl with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia was hospitalized for management of fever and neutropenia. She was empirically treated with intravenous vancomycin and ceftazidime. Her fever persisted, and on the seventh day of hospitalization, she developed a painful generalized erythematous rash. There was no history of trauma, infectious contacts, travel, gardening or pet exposures. On physical examination, she was febrile (39.2°C), but appeared well with no apparent distress. A skin examination revealed a rash that consisted of numerous violaceous papules, nodules and plaques on her trunk, abdomen and lower extremities. The lesions were surrounded by a 1 cm area of cellulitis, and some had necrotic centres (Figure 1). Otolaryngological evaluation revealed a necrotic nasal septum. Her abdominal examination was significant for hepatosplenomegaly. The rest of the examination was unremarkable. Figure 1) Skin lesion on thigh Laboratory data were significant for a white blood cell count of 0.4×109/L, hemoglobin level of 84 g/L and a platelet count of 21×109/L. Renal function and liver enzymes were normal; blood and urine cultures were negative for bacteria and fungi. A computed tomography scan of the chest with contrast revealed bilateral pulmonary nodules. A cutaneous punch biopsy was performed, and specimens were submitted for culture and histopathology (Figures 2 and ​and33). Figure 2) Deep reticular dermis. Gomori methenamine silver stain, original magnification ×10 Figure 3) High power view of periodic acid-Schiff stain What is the diagnosis?
Octopaminergic gene expression and flexible social behaviour in the subsocial burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides

Flexible behaviour allows organisms to respond appropriately to changing environmental and social conditions. In the subsocial beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, females tolerate conspecifics when mating, become aggressive when defending resources, and return to social tolerance when transitioning to parenting. Given the association between octopamine and aggression in insects, we hypothesized that genes in the octopaminergic system would be differentially expressed across different social and reproductive contexts. To test this in N. vespilloides, we first obtained the sequences of orthologues of the synthetic enzymes and receptors of the octopaminergic system. We next compared relative gene expression from virgin females, mated females, mated females alone on a resource required for reproduction and mated females on a resource with a male. Expression varied for five receptor genes. The expression of octopamine β receptor 1 and octopamine β receptor 2 was relatively higher in mated females than in other social conditions. Octopamine β receptor 3 was influenced by the presence or absence of a resource and less by social environment. Octopamine α receptor and octopamine/tyramine receptor 1 gene expression was relatively lower in the mated females with a resource and a male. We suggest that in N. vespilloides the octopaminergic system is associated with the expression of resource defence, alternative mating tactics, social tolerance and indirect parental care.
Women with Interstitial Cystitis: Uncertainty and Psychosocial Adjustment

Research on the psychosocial aspects of interstitial cystitis, a painful chronic bladder condition which predominantly affects women, has been sparse. Uncertainty about diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is a hallmark of interstitial cystitis which could contribute to poorer psychosocial adjustment to the illness. In the current study, associations between psychosocial adjustment, levels of uncertainty regarding interstitial cystitis, and severity of illness, were investigated. Participants were 48 women affiliated with a midwestern chapter of the Interstitial Cystitis Association. Better psychosocial adjustment was associated with less uncertainty about the illness and less severe symptoms. Several participants also indicated dissatisfaction with the health care establishment, especially with regard to delayed diagnosis, misdiagnosis, and failure to acknowledge interstitial cystitis as a serious illness.
Randomizing Outputs to Increase Prediction Accuracy

Bagging and boosting reduce error by changing both the inputs and outputs to form perturbed training sets, growing predictors on these perturbed training sets and combining them. An interesting question is whether it is possible to get comparable performance by perturbing the outputs alone. Two methods of randomizing outputs are experimented with. One is called output smearing and the other output flipping. Both are shown to consistently do better than bagging.
How Determinism Can Fail in Classical Physics and How Quantum Physics Can (Sometimes) Provide a Cure

Various fault modes of determinism in classical physics are outlined. It is shown how quantum mechanics can cure some forms of classical indeterminism.
Surface characterization of BaO on W. II. Impregnated cathodes

Abstract Analyses of interatomic and valence Auger transitions have been applied to study the surface composition of W based impregnated cathodes. Results show generally a good agreement between calculations based on a linear combination of various calibrated surface components and actual experimental values. Beside Auger peak height analyses, shifts in Auger energy of the interatomic transitions were also used to characterize changes in surface chemistry. Surface compositional changes are illustrated during: Thermal activation; variations in surface composition due to high temperature operation; adlayer depletion due to sputtering; changes occurring during adsorption as well as desorption of gases such as H2O, O2 and CO2.
Optimizing parallel multiplication operation for rectangular and transposed matrices

In many applications, matrix multiplication involves different shapes of matrices. The shape of the matrix can significantly impact the performance of matrix multiplication algorithm. This paper describes extensions of the SRUMMA parallel matrix multiplication algorithm (Krishnan and Nieplocha, 2004) to improve performance of transpose and rectangular matrices. Our approach relies on a set of hybrid algorithms which are chosen based on the shape of matrices and transpose operator involved. The algorithm exploits performance characteristics of clusters and shared memory systems: it differs from the other parallel matrix multiplication algorithms by the explicit use of shared memory and remote memory access (RMA) communication rather than message passing. The experimental results on clusters and shared memory systems demonstrate consistent performance advantages over pdgemm from the ScaLAPACK parallel linear algebra package.
Analysis of saliva for periodontal diagnosis--a review.

Background: This review examines salivary constituents as potential diagnostic tests for periodontal disease. Saliva is a fluid that is readily available and contains locally-produced microbial and host response mediators, as well as systemic (serum) markers that may prove to be an aid in the diagnosis of periodontal disease. Methods: A medline search was conducted and the relevant literature concerning the applications of saliva for periodontal diagnosis was reviewed. Results: Based on the literature, salivary markers that have been studied as potential diagnostic tests for periodontal disease include proteins of host origin (i.e., enzymes, immunoglobulins), phenotypic markers, host cells, hormones (cortisol), bacteria and bacterial products, ions and volatile compounds. Conclusions: A number of markers show promise as sensitive measures of disease and the effectiveness of therapy. At this time, host-derived enzymes and other inflammatory mediators orginating from the gingival crevice appear to hold the greatest promise as salivary diagnostic tests for periodontal disease. Longer-term longitudinal studies, however, are required to establish the relationship between specific markers and progression of periodontal disease. Furthermore, analysis of saliva may offer a cost-effective approach to assessment of periodontal disease in large populations.
Eliminating class noise in large datasets

This paper presents a new approach for identifying and eliminating mislabeled instances in large or distributed datasets. We first partition a dataset into subsets, each of which is small enough to be processed by an induction algorithm at one time. We construct good rules from each subset, and use the good rules to evaluate the whole dataset. For a given instance Ik, two error count variables are used to count the number of times it has been identified as noise by all subsets. The instance with higher error values will have a higher probability of being a mislabeled example. Two threshold schemes, majority and non-objection, are used to identify the noise. Experimental results and comparative studies from real-world datasets are reported to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.
Book Review: On Bridging the Gap between Science and Technology Studies: Sandra Harding’s Is Science Multicultural?

A travers son livre la science est-elle multiculturelle, Sandra Harding demontre que la politique scientifique est dominee par la philosophie de la science et par la philosophie politique et sociale
Investigating the impact of pro‐anorexia websites: a pilot study

Objective This pilot study examined the affective and cognitive consequences of exposure to a pro-anorexia website. Method Young women (N=24) were randomly assigned to view one of three websites created by the investigators: a prototypical pro-anorexia website, a website about female fashion using average-sized models, or an appearance-neutral website about home decor. Participants completed a set of questionnaires assessing mood and cognitions pre- and post-website. Results Trends indicated that women who viewed the pro-anorexia website decreased in self-esteem, appearance self-efficacy, and perceived attractiveness, and increased in negative affect and perception of being overweight. This pattern was not found among women who viewed the control websites. Discussion Preliminary data suggest that viewing pro-anorexia websites has negative affective and cognitive effects on young women. Future directions are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Annual fluctuations of lipid levels in the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt, 1835)☆

Abstract The lipid content of sea anemones from central California was measured over a three-year period by ether extraction. These levels were significantly above those which would be considered as solely structural, and they cycled in a manner roughly paralleling the reproductive cycle. The lipid content was shown to be independent of sex, and directly proportional to size of anemone. Animals from the thermal outfall canal of a power plant had lower levels of lipid than control animals, although these levels rose to equal control values during periods of decreased power plant activity. There was no effect of a one-month starvation on the lipid content in anemones from either site.
Introduction to special section on software testing

The field of software testing spans mathematical theory, the art and practice of validation, and methodology of software development. To cover this range would require a textbook (or several texts), not a trio of articles. But the work presented in this special section is a kind of "test set." Each paper is a significant contribution within one of the three broad areas. The reader must now make the assessment that is critical to any review of test points: are they representative? My own answer is 'no'; these articles are provocative and revealing rather than routine summaries. And perhaps that is what software testing is all about: good tests are the ones that provide new insights, not the ones that cover well worn ground.
What is the future of surgery

For the past few years, I have had the rare honor of serving the surgical profession in 2 important roles: first on a national basis as executive director of the American College of Surgeons (ACS) for a little more than 3years and second on a regional basis as the president for 1 year of this fine organization, the Pacific Coast Surgical Association (PCSA). In both capacities, I often find myself contemplating the future of the profession and how organizations such as the PCSA and the ACS can shape it.
Modelling tidal energetics of the Columbia River Estuary

Abstract The Columbia River Estuary is shallow and has a mixed diurnal and semidiurnal tide, strong riverflow, broad tidal flats and variable channel cross-section. It is weakly non-linear with respect to tidal forcing, as measured by a ratio of tidal amplitude to depth. These features, common to many shallow estuaries, were incorporated into a one-dimensional harmonic transport model. The harmonic method utilizes the fact that nearly all of the energy in the system is in a few fundamental tidal frequencies, the first overtides thereof and the mean flow. This allows the representation of the flow as a series of harmonic components whose spatial variability is determined by the model. The model provides a qualitative explantation for and accurate quantitative predictions of along-channel variations in tidal properties in terms of the momentum balance. Near the mouth of the estuary, the boundary shear stress, the pressure gradient and the acceleration terms are all important in the force balance, and the tide behaves like a damped oscillator. Far upriver the pressure gradient is primarily balanced by friction at the bed and tidal wave propagation can be described as a diffusion process. Changes in the channel width in mid-estuary cause partial reflection of the tidal wave and a maximum in tidal range. This partial reflection decreases the tidal energy flux in the upstream direction. The distribution of the time averaged energy fluxes was also determined from the model. The analysis shows that there are two regions of high energy dissipation. Energy is supplied near the mouth of the estuary by the divergence of the landward flux of tidal potential energy and far upriver by the divergence of the seaward flux of fluvial potential energy. These two regions of high dissipation are separated by a region of low dissipation, the energy flux divergence minimum. This spatial division of the estuary is mirrored in the system biology and geology. It is likely that the energy flux divergence minimum is a common feature of shallow estuaries with strong riverflow.
Humor comprehension in older adults.

The goal of this study was to understand factors related to humor comprehension in old age. This study proposes that, in contrast to younger adults, older adults have greater difficulty with humor comprehension due to age-related cognitive decline. Tests of verbal and nonverbal humor comprehension and tests of cognitive flexibility, abstract reasoning, and short-term memory were administered to 40 younger and 41 older adults. In general, older adults scored lower than younger adults on tests of humor and cognitive abilities. Regression analyses support the idea that cognition affects humor comprehension, but the relative contribution of each specific mechanism remains unclear. The results of this study suggest that there may be age-related deficits in humor comprehension, but more importantly, that a more sophisticated model is needed to clarify the role of cognition in humor comprehension. Humor comprehension warrants further study because of the potential physical and psychological benefits of humor. (JINS, 2007, 13, 606–614.)
The von Kármán theory for incompressible elastic shells

We rigorously derive the von Karman shell theory for incompressible materials, starting from the 3D nonlinear elasticity. In case of thin plates, the Euler-Lagrange equations of the limiting energy functional reduce to the incompressible version of the classical von Karman equations, obtained formally in the limit of Poisson’s ratio ν → 1/2. More generally, the midsurface of the shell to which our analysis applies, is only assumed to have the following approximation property: \({\mathcal C^3}\) first order infinitesimal isometries are dense in the space of all W2,2 infinitesimal isometries. The class of surfaces with this property includes: subsets of \({\mathbb R^2}\), convex surfaces, developable surfaces and rotationally invariant surfaces. Our analysis relies on the methods and extends the results of Conti and Dolzmann (Calc Var PDE 34:531–551, 2009, Lewicka et al. (Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa Cl. Sci. (5) Vol. IX:253–295, 2010, Friesecke et al. (Comm. Pure. Appl. Math. 55, no. 2, 1461–1506, 2002).
A Large Imaging Array CCD Program

Test results on charge coupled device (CCD) imaging arrays (100 x 160 pixel and 400 x 400 pixel) employed as imaging detectors are reported, along with expected low light level (LLL) performance. Reasons for selection of a thinned backside-illuminated buried-channel three-phase CCD variant are indicated. The LLL performance and long storage time capability of the CCD imaging array recommend it for stellar photometry, detection and tracking of faint objects, and other astronomical applications.
Natural Evil and the Love of God

There is some important data which has not as yet found its way into philosophic discussions on the problem of evil. Some religious people report that suffering, instead of being contrary to the love of God, is actually a medium in and through which his love can be experienced. This looks highly paradoxical, but it will be our purpose to show that it is intelligible and that it has important consequences for philosophical discussions of the problem of evil.
POEM: power-efficient occupancy-based energy management system

Buildings account for 40% of US primary energy consumption and 72% of electricity. Of this total, 50% of the energy consumed in buildings is used for Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. Current HVAC systems only condition based on static schedules; rooms are conditioned regardless of occupancy. By conditioning rooms only when necessary, greater efficiency can be achieved. This paper describes POEM, a complete closed-loop system for optimally controlling HVAC systems in buildings based on actual occupancy levels. POEM is comprised of multiple parts. A wireless network of cameras called OPTNet is developed that functions as an optical turnstile to measure area/zone occupancies. Another wireless sensor network of passive infrared (PIR) sensors called BONet functions alongside OPTNet. This sensed occupancy data from both systems are then fused with an occupancy prediction model using a particle filter in order to determine the most accurate current occupancy in each zone in the building. Finally, the information from occupancy prediction models and current occupancy is combined in order to find the optimal conditioning strategy required to reach target temperatures and minimize ventilation requirements. Based on live tests of the system, we estimate ~30.0% energy saving can be achieved while still maintaining thermal comfort.
Role of Arterial Wall Antioxidant Defense in Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Atherosclerosis in Mice

The mechanism(s) by which exercise reduces atherogenic risk remains unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that sustained exercise-induced oxidative stress may increase antioxidant defense in the arterial wall. Acute exercise induced an increase in antibodies to oxidatively modified proteins and catalase in the aortic walls of normal mice compared with sedentary control mice. In male atherogenic diet-fed low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient mice, exercise lowered plasma cholesterol (15%) and decreased atherosclerotic lesions by 40% compared with values in sedentary control mice, with a concomitant increase in arterial catalase and endothelial NO synthase. Because these mice lack the LDL receptor, the results indicate that the LDL receptor might not be responsible for the exercise-induced lowering of plasma cholesterol. Vitamin E supplementation to exercising LDL receptor-deficient mice did not reduce atherosclerotic lesion formation significantly as opposed to lesion formation in untreated exercised mice. Moreover, vitamin E counteracted the beneficial effects of exercise by preventing the induction of aortic catalase activity and endothelial NO synthase expression. These results might indicate that although vitamin E might have prevented the exercise-induced oxidative stress, its availability in the artery was insufficient to prevent the atherosclerotic process. These results indicate that exercise-induced plasma oxidative stress could be responsible for the prevention of atherosclerosis by stimulating arterial antioxidant response. Furthermore, vitamin E supplementation could be deleterious in exercisers by inhibiting antioxidant enzyme buildup in the arterial wall.
Effects of systemic or nucleus accumbens-directed dopamine D1 receptor antagonism on sucrose seeking in rats.

Conditioned cues can elicit relapse to drug- and food-seeking behavior over prolonged periods of abstinence. If seeking behavior depends on mesolimbic dopamine D1 receptors, blocking these receptors should reduce seeking behavior. We examined the effects of either systemic or intra-nucleus accumbens administration of the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 on extinction responding (sucrose seeking) by rats either 1 or 30 days into forced abstinence. Rats self-administered 10% sucrose paired with a tone + light cue for 10 days. After either 1 or 30 days of forced abstinence, rats received systemic (0, 1, 5, or 25 μg/kg IP) or bilateral nucleus accumbens core or shell (0.3 or 0.6 μg/site) injections of SCH 23390 prior to extinction testing. Saline-treated rats responded more during extinction following 30 vs. 1 day of forced abstinence (“incubation of craving”). Systemic SCH 23390 reduced sucrose seeking after 1 day of forced abstinence, significantly reducing responding following pretreatment with 1, 5, and 25 μg/kg SCH 23390, but only 25 μg/kg significantly reduced sucrose seeking after 30 days of forced abstinence. SCH 23390 (0.3 or 0.6 μg/site) in the core or shell of the nucleus accumbens reduced sucrose seeking in all groups. Nucleus accumbens D1 receptors are involved in sucrose seeking, but it is not clear if they are involved in the incubation of craving. The fact that D1 antagonism reduced sucrose seeking across an extended period of abstinence may be of use for development of treatment strategies for relapse.
Minimum cutsets for an element of a boolean lattice

An informative new proof is given for the theorem of Nowakowski that determines for all n and k the minimum size of a cutset for an element A with |A|=k of the Boolean algebra Bn of all subsets of {1,...,n}, ordered by inclusion. An inequality is obtained for cutsets for A that is reminiscent of Lubell's inequality for antichains in Bn. A new result that is provided by this approach is a list of all minimum cutsets for A.