cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some observations on grape growing in the republic of South Africa

The commander of the first Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope, Jan van Riebeeck, planted the first grape vines in the gardens of the Dutch East India Company in 1655 (Anonymous, 1972/1973). In 1679, Simon van der Stel became Governor of the Cape and established a farm at Groot Constantia and began making fine wines (Fig. 1). In 1688, the French Huguenots arrived and settled in Paarl, Franschhoek, Drakenstein, and Stellenbosch, where they extended the grape area and improved the quality of the Cape wines. In 1885, the root louse phylloxera ravaged the Cape vineyards, and the growers grafted their vines on American rootstocks to eliminate the effects of this pest. By 1917, the industry was faced with overproduction; and, in 1918, the growers formed a control organization to look after their interests, the Co-operative Wine Growers Association of South Africa Limited, today better known as the K. W. V. In 1957, wine production was limited in the Western Cape, but in 1964 the production quota was increased by about 50%, and again, in 1970, by about 60%. At present, the grape and wine industry is one of the major agricultural activities of the southwestern Cape Province.
In vitro wear performance of proplast TMJ disc implants

Abstract This study investigates the in vitro wear performance of Proplast-Teflon Interpositional Implants (PTIPI; Vitek, Inc, Houston, TX), employing a mechanical TMJ simulator. Predictions of in vivo service life of PTIPIs are presented based on the in vitro wear testing data. Commonly employed laboratory testing methodologies are discussed in the development of alloplastic TMJ devices. Penetrative wear rates of the PTIPI at a 20-Ib (9.1 kg) load were calculated to be 2.29 mm/100,000 cycles, yielding a predicted in vivo service life of PTIPIs of approximately 3 years. These results combined with reported clinical fate of this implant indicate that the intermediate- and long-term survival of this implant are uncertain.
A Model for the Structure of the Large-Pore Zeolite SSZ-31

A model for the structure of the zeolite SSZ-31 is presented. The model is obtained by combining information from adsorption capacity measurements, transmission electron microscopy, and high-resolution X-ray diffraction. SSZ-31 is a one-dimensional large-pore zeolite with a framework density of 18.7 tetrahedral(T)-atoms per nm-3 and a bulk density of 1.87 g cm-3. The pore apertures are elliptical with major and minor axes of approximately 8.6 A × 5.7 A. SSZ-31 is an extreme example of a complex and highly faulted zeolite. The structure can be described as an intergrowth of four different but structurally related polymorphs.
Quantum field theoretical relationship between the axial spontaneous emission and the laser gain, and its application to the free-electron two-quantum stark-emission laser

The relationship between the axial spontaneous emission and the laser gain is obtained by means of quantum field theory. Using the relationship, the spontaneous two-quantum Stark emission in the beam direction by a relativistic electron beam and in an electrostatic wave propagating in the antiparallel direction of the electron beam («electric wiggler») is derived from the laser gain by the stimulated free-electron two-quantum Stark emission. It is found that the spontaneous-emission power per unit solid angle in the axial direction scales as Open image in new window , whereEb is the beam energy and Open image in new window andλω are the field amplitude and wiggler wavelength of the electric wiggler, respectively.
Mode of igneous intrusion in La Plata Mountains, Colorado

The La Plata Mountains, in southwestern Colorado, have long been known as an example of a mountain group of the laccolithic type, although it has been recognized that the igneous geology was much more complex than that of typical laccoliths. A restudy of the ore-deposits of the District, now in progress, has thrown new light on the mode of intrusion of the igneous rocks (E. B. Eckel, Resurvey of the geology and ore-deposits of the La Plata Mining District, Colorado, Proc. Colorado Sci. Soc, v. 13, No. 9, pp. 508–546, 1936). The Mountains, which include parts of La Plata and Montezuma Counties, are 8 to 18 miles northwest of Durango and occupy an oval area 10 to 15 miles in diameter. The altitude ranges from about 8000 to 13,225 feet above sea-level.
Flow cytometric and ultrastructural aspects of the synergistic antitumor activity of vitamin C-vitamin K3 combinations against human prostatic carcinoma cells.

Abstract Transmission and scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry were employed to characterize the cytotoxic effects of vitamin C(VC), vitamin K 3 (VK 3 ), or VC-VK 3 combinations on a human prostate carcinoma cell line (DU145) following a 1-h vitamin treatment and a 24-h incubation in culture medium. Cells exposed to VC exhibited membranous blebs, aberrant microvillar morphology, mitochondria with swollen cristae and intramitochondrial deposits, as well as nucleoli with segregated components. VK 3 -treated cells displayed a damaged cytoskeleton and membranes, a cytoplasm which contained large lumen, condensed polysomes, and severely damaged mitochondria with residual bodies, and nuclei which exhibited chromatic condensation, pyknosis, and karyolysis. VC-VK 3 -treated cells exhibited characteristics consistent with necrosis, i.e. swollen mitochondria and swollen, achromatic nuclei with marginated chromatin and intact envelopes, while other cells displayed characteristics consistent with apoptosis, i.e. expulsion of organelle-containing blebs, margination of nuclear chromatin, and segregation of nucleolar components. Vitamin treatment also decreased DNA synthesis, induced a S/G 2 block in the cell cycle, and resulted in the accumulation of fragmented DNA. These results suggested that increased oxidative stress, subsequent membrane damage, and DNA fragmentation were responsible for enhanced cytotoxicity of the vitamin combination.
MULTI-ANIMAL TEST SYSTEM FOR MEASURING EFFECTS OF IRRITANT GASES AND VAPORS ON RESPIRATORY FUNCTION OF GUINEA PIGS.

Abstract Apparatus and procedures are described for measuring respiratory function in intact and unanesthetized guinea pigs during exposure to clean or contaminated air. Modification of previously reported methods enabled measurements on several animals in a single experiment. With this multi-animal test system, values for total respiratory flow resistances, respiratory rates, and tidal volumes that were obtained during inhalation of air or formaldehyde-contaminated air agreed closely with previously reported values for single-animal test methods. The method is sensitive for detecting early functional alterations during inhalation of irritants at concentrations much below acutely toxic levels, and the multi-animal test system permits rapid screening tests for respiratory effects of contaminated atmospheres.
Functional MRI as a biomarker for evaluation and prediction of effectiveness of migraine prophylaxis.

Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by episodic head pain and visual cortical phenomena. The pathogenesis of migraine is unknown and remains to be determined. Bright light, flickering light and certain visual patterns can trigger a migraine attack, and visual cortical hyperexcitability has been hypothesized to be responsible. Interictally, the brain of migraineurs functions normally under general conditions but abnormally only under some specific conditions, such as the observation of stressful visual patterns, suggesting studying the brain function could provide insights in migraine pathophysiology. The functional MRI technique is unique in probing specific cortical area activation under various stimulation conditions and studying the abnormal cortical activation associated with functional disorders in migraine. In this perspective, we discuss how a novel functional MRI technique can be used to identify those migraineurs suffering visual cortical hyperexcitability, and its potential as a bi...
Left Ventricular Restoration Devices

Left ventricular (LV) remodeling results in continuous cardiac chamber enlargement and contractile dysfunction, perpetuating the syndrome of heart failure. With current exhaustion of the neurohormonal medical paradigm, surgical and device-based therapies have been increasingly investigated as a way to restore LV chamber architecture and function. Left ventricular restoration has been attempted with surgical procedures, such as partial left ventriculectomy, surgical ventricular restoration with or without revascularization, and devices, such as the Acorn CorCap, the Paracor HeartNet, and the Myocor Myosplint. Whereas all these techniques require surgical access, with or without cardiopulmonary bypass, a newer ventricular partitioning device (VPD) called Parachute, can be delivered percutaneously through the aortic valve. Designed to achieve LV restoration from within the ventricle, this VPD partitions the LV by isolating aneurysmal from normal myocardium thereby diminishing the functioning cavity. This review aims to critically appraise the above methods, with particular attention to device-based therapies.
Importance of Combustion Chamber Geometry in High Frequency Oscillations in Rocket Motors

The experiments reported herein were concerned with the determination of some of the underlying factors which contribute to the occurrence of transverse modes of combustion pressure oscillation in rocket motors. Two rocket motors having different diameters and several different lengths were employed in the experiments using a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel and air as propellants. The investigation indicated that changes in the aspect ratio and volume of the rocket motor combustion chamber had a profound effect on the incidence and amplitude of the transverse modes. These effects were modified by interactions of the transverse modes with the longitudinal mode. The transverse modes present in the experiments were determined to be the "spinning" and the radial modes.
Quantifying soil organic carbon in forage-based cow–calf congregation-grazing zone interface

Recent concerns about global warming due to accumulations of atmospheric CO2 have encouraged the achievement of better understanding of the roles of animal agriculture in mitigating CO2 emissions. Grazing can accelerate and alter the timing of nutrient transfers, and increase the amount of nutrients cycled from plant to soil. Our reason for conducting this study is to test whether cattle congregation sites (CCS) typical on most Florida ranches, such as mineral feeders (MF), water troughs (WT), and shaded areas (SA) have higher soil organic carbon (SOC) than in other locations of pasture under foraged-based system. Baseline soil samples around the congregations zones (MF, WT, and SA) and grazing zones in established (>10 year), grazed cow–calf pastures were collected in the spring and fall of 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively. Soil samples were collected from two soil depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm) at different locations around the CCS following a radial (every 90 degrees: N, S, E, and W) sampling pattern at 0.9, 1.7, 3.3, 6.7, 13.3, 26.7, and 53.3 m away from the approximate center of MF, WT, and SA. The levels of SOC varied significantly with CCS (P ≤ 0.001), distance away from the center of the CCS (P ≤ 0.05), sampling depth (P ≤ 0.001), sampling year (P ≤ 0.001) and the interaction of CCS and soil depth (P ≤ 0.001). Sampling orientations did not significantly affect the levels of SOC. The SA sites had the highest level of SOC of 3.58 g kg−1, followed by WT sites (3.47 g kg−1) and MF sites (2.98 g kg−1). Results of our study did not support our hypothesis that cattle congregation sites typical on most ranches, such as MF, WT and SA, may have higher concentrations of SOC. The levels of SOC (averaged across CCS) within the congregation zone (3.42 g kg−1) were not significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different from the concentrations of SOC at the grazing zone (3.16 g kg−1).
Characterization of Progesterone-Binding Moieties in the Little SkateRaja erinacea

Abstract In this study we report evidence of a [ 3 H]progesterone-binding moiety in the liver and oviduct of the little skate Raja erinacea. It is characterized by high affinity, low capacity, and DNA-cellulose-binding activity. Furthermore Western blot analysis revealed that monoclonal antibodies against the chicken progesterone receptor (PR) subunits A and B cross-reacted with a 110-kDa band in the liver and a 80-kDa band in the oviduct. When analyzed by DEAE-Sepharose ion-exchange column chromatography, [ 3 H]progesterone-binding molecules resolved into two peaks, one nonadherent and one adherent to the column. The liver adherent peak eluted in a linear gradient at a NaCl concentration of about 0.07 M and resolved on Western blot as a single band of a 110 kDa. The oviduct adherent peak eluted at about 0.14 M NaCl and resolved on Western blot as a single band of 80 kDa. Competition studies showed that the progesterone-binding moiety in the cytosol was specific for progesterone. On the contrary, the nuclear component is not specific for progesterone; it also binds testosterone and estradiol 17β in the oviduct, and progesterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol 17β, mibolerone, and R5020 in the liver. The [ 3 H]progesterone-binding activity was monitored in both liver and oviduct of females in different reproductive stages. Females were separated into three groups: laying, nonlaying, and immature. [ 3 H]Progesterone-binding activity levels were higher in the liver of immature than of nonlaying skates, and it was undetectable in laying skates. [ 3 H]Progesterone binding was higher in the oviduct of laying and nonlaying skates than of immature skates. This PR-binding moiety has many characteristics of a true receptor: high affinity, low capacity, binds to DNA, and cross-reacts with antibodies against chicken PR. However, while the cytosolic form of this progesterone-binding component was quite specific for P, nuclear extracted material was nonspecific. If these progesterone-binding components are homologous with the PR A and PR B forms of other vertebrates, as we believe, it is clear that there are species differences that probably relate to phylogenetic level and physiology of the organism.
Disasters and Recoveries

Twenty years ago, Thomas A. Rietz (1988) showed that infrequent, large drops in consumption make the theoretical equity premium large. Recent research has resurrected this disasterexplanation of the equity premium puzzle. Robert J. Barro (2006) measures disasters during the XXth century, and nds that they are frequent and large enough, and stock returns low enough relative to bond returns during disasters, to make this explanation quantitatively plausible. Xavier Gabaix (2007) extends the model to incorporate a time-varying incidence of disasters, and he argues that this simple feature can resolve many asset pricing puzzles. These papers make the simplifying assumption that disasters are permanent. Mathematically, they model log consumption per capita as following a unit root process plus a Poisson jump. However a casual look at the data suggests that disasters are often followed by recoveries. The rst contribution of this paper is to measure recoveries and introduce recoveries in the Barro-Rietz model. I nd that the e¤ect of recoveries hinges on the intertemporal elasticity of substitution (IES): when the IES is low, recoveries may increase the equity premium implied by the model; but when it is high, the opposite happens. A second contribution of the paper is to study additional implications of the disaster model. I thank Robert Barro, Xavier Gabaix, Ian Martin, Romain Ranciere, Adrien Verdelhan, and participants in a BU macro lunch for discussions or comments. Contact information: Boston University, Department of Economics, 270 Bay State Road, Boston MA 02215. Email: fgourio@bu.edu. Tel.: (617) 353 4534.
Comparison between TOMS, TOVS and DOBSON observations: satellite and surface views of total column ozone

The reliability of the ozone retrievals by the TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) calculated with the newly developed physical algorithm is investigated by comparing the quality of the TOVS total ozone soundings to the corresponding values obtained by the Nimbus-7 TOMS and by the ground-based DOBSON network. The three-way comparison concentrates on observations during the last 4 months of 1987, the period of the great Antarctic 'ozone hole'. It is shown that each instrument has characteristic strengths and weaknesses, and that each of the three systems makes serious errors under some conditions.
Concept Mastery Routines to Teach Social Skills to Elementary Children with High Functioning Autism.

Children with autism are included in general education classrooms for exposure to appropriate social models; however, simply placing children with autism with typical peers is insufficient for promoting desired gains in social skills. A multiple baseline design was used to explore the effects of concept mastery routines (CMR) on social skills for four elementary-age boys with high functioning autism. Visual and non-parametric analyses support the conclusion that small group instruction with typical peers via the CMR was effective for increasing responses, initiations, and recognition of emotional states. The skills taught in small groups generalized when the visual strategy of the completed concept diagram was taken to another setting. Most importantly, the four boys experienced improved social status following intervention.
Intraoperative acupuncture for posttonsillectomy pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Objectives/Hypothesis To evaluate the effect of intraoperative acupuncture on posttonsillectomy pain in the pediatric population. Study Design Prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Methods Patients aged 3 to 12 years undergoing tonsillectomy were recruited at a tertiary children's hospital between February 2011 and May 2012. Participants were block-randomized to receive acupuncture or sham acupuncture during anesthesia for tonsillectomy. Surgeons, staff, and parents were blinded from treatment. Tonsillectomy was performed by one of two surgeons using a standard technique (monopolar cautery), and a single anesthetic protocol was followed. Study endpoints included time spent in the postanesthesia care unit, the amount of opioids administered in the perioperative period, and pain measures and presence of nausea/vomiting from postoperative home surveys. Results Fifty-nine children aged 3 to 12 years were randomized to receive acupuncture (n = 30) or sham acupuncture (n = 29). No significant demographic differences were noted between the two cohorts. Perioperative data were recorded for all patients; 73% of patients later returned home surveys. There were no significant differences in the amount of opioid medications administered or total postanesthesia care unit time between the two cohorts. Home surveys of patients but not of parents revealed significant improvements in pain control in the acupuncture treatment-group postoperatively (P = 0.0065 and 0.051, respectively), and oral intake improved significantly earlier in the acupuncture treatment group (P = 0.01). No adverse effects of acupuncture were reported. Conclusions This study demonstrates that intraoperative acupuncture is feasible, well tolerated, and results in improved pain and earlier return of diet postoperatively. Level of Evidence 1b. Laryngoscope, 125:1972–1978, 2015
A paleomagnetic study of Piedmont metamorphic rocks in northern Delaware

It has been suggested that during the lower Paleozoic the Appalachian Piedmont Province formed not as part of North America, but on the south or east side of the Iapetus Ocean. The results of a previous paleomagnetic study of the Arden pluton from the Piedmont of northern Delaware are in agreement with this hypothesis. For the present study, several metamorphic and igneous rocks were sampled across a wide area of the northern Delaware Piedmont. The Late Ordovician poles determined in this study, like the Arden pluton pole, lie close to their sites and do not agree with Ordovician paleopoles for cratonic North America. Tilting of the sampled rocks after the acquisition of magnetization is considered unlikely because the same steep direction is found in rocks collected over a wide area. The interpretation of these results is that the Piedmont of northern Delaware formed as part of the African plate and later became sutured to North America when the Iapetus Ocean closed and Pangea was assembled.
INHERITED AND ACQUIRED FACTORS IN RESISTANCE TO INFECTION : II. A COMPARISON OF MICE INHERENTLY RESISTANT OR SUSCEPTIBLE TO BACILLUS ENTERITIDIS INFECTION WITH RESPECT TO FERTILITY, WEIGHT, AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO VARIOUS ROUTES AND TYPES OF INFECTION.

1. Mice with relatively great inherent resistance to certain bacterial infections were heavier but not more fertile than mice with relatively little inherent resistance. Mice with relatively little inherent resistance were with one exception not abnormally low in weight. 2. B. enteritidis given intrastomachally to susceptibles appeared in the blood stream more promptly, in larger numbers, and in a greater percentage of cases, and was present in feces in larger numbers, for a longer period, and in a greater percentage of cases than when given to resistants. 3. Mice relatively resistant to B. enteritidis administered by the natural gastrointestinal route were likewise resistant to the organisms introduced subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, and intravenously. Mice relatively susceptible to the organisms administered by the natural route were susceptible when the organisms were injected directly into tissues and blood stream. 4. Of four lines of mice relatively susceptible to B. enteritidis, three were likewise susceptible to Pasteurella avicida, B. friedlaenderi, and pneumococcus given intranasally. A fourth line was significantly more resistant. Lines of mice relatively resistant to B. enteritidis were likewise resistant to the three respiratory tract pathogens. 5. When Pasteurella avicida, B. friedlaenderi, and pneumococcus were injected intraperitoneally or intravenously, no significant differences in duration of life of the several lines of mice could be demonstrated. 6. Of four lines relatively susceptible to B. enteritidis, two were susceptible to an intranasal instillation of louping ill virus. Lines resistant to B. enteritidis proved relatively susceptible to the virus infection.
Federal Antitrust Merger Enforcement Standards: A Good Fit for the Hospital Industry?

We examine the implications of the 1992 Horizontal Merger Guidelines for the hospital industry and subsequent policy statements that were developed for health care providers. Application of antitrust policy to hospitals has raised several concerns, mainly because many communities have few hospitals and economic forces in the industry are accelerating interest in intramarket mergers and provider network development. We address several issues, including the standing of hospitals relative to the market concentration thresholds of the merger guidelines, market concentration compared among challenged and unchallenged mergers of the 1980s, findings of previous research about the relationship between market concentration and competition in hospital markets, and differences in characteristics other than market concentration that are relevant to the merger guidelines among challenged and unchallenged mergers. We found that (1) the specific standards articulated in the merger guidelines do not provide good predictability of when a hospital merger challenge would occur, and (2) comparisons of challenged and unchallenged mergers in similarly structured markets suggest that enforcement actions may deviate in practice from the enforcement principles of the merger guidelines. We consider several options for refining antitrust enforcement policy. Refinement of enforcement policies is important given the industry restructuring that is likely through health care reform.
Diagnosis of cardiogenic shock without the use of a pulmonary artery catheter

Background:Current diagnostic criteria for cardiogenic shock (CS) require the use of a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC), which is time-consuming and may cause complications. A set of simple yet accurate noninvasive diagnostic criteria would be of significant utility.Methods:Candidate components for the Noninvasive Parameters for Assessment of Cardiogenic Shock (N-PACS) criteria were required to be objective, readily available, and noninvasive. Variables encompassing hypotension, hypoperfusion, predisposing conditions, and elevated intracardiac filling pressures were optimized versus a PAC-based standard in a retrospective developmental cohort of 122 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The finalized criteria were validated in a prospective cohort of coronary care unit patients in whom a PAC was placed for clinical indications.Results:According to invasive criteria, CS was present in 32 of 217 consecutive patients undergoing PAC. Compared to the PAC-based standard, the N-PACS criteria had a sens...
A Bacterial One-Hybrid Selection System for Interrogating Zinc Finger- DNA Interactions

We have developed two bacterial one-hybrid systems for interrogating and selecting zinc finger-DNA interactions. Our systems utilize two plasmids: a zinc finger-plasmid containing the gene for the zinc finger fused to a fragment of the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase and a reporter plasmid where the zinc finger-binding site is located upstream of a reporter gene-either the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). Binding of the zinc finger domain to the target binding site results in a 10-fold increase in chloramphenicol resistance with the CAT reporter and an 8- to 22-fold increase in total cell fluorescence with the GFP reporter. The CAT reporter allows for sequence specific zinc fingers to be isolated in a single selection step whereas the GFP reporter enables quantitative evaluation of libraries using flow cytometry and theoretically allows for both negative and positive selection. Both systems have been used to select for zinc fingers that have affinity for the motif 5'-GGGGCAGAA-3' from a library of approximately 2 x 10(5) variants. The systems have been engineered to report on zinc finger-DNA binding with dissociation constants less than about 1 microM in order to be most applicable for evaluating binding specificity in an in vivo setting.
Prediction of suicidality and violence in hospitalized adolescents: comparisons by sex.

OBJECTIVE: To examine psychological correlates of suicidality and violent behaviour in hospitalized adolescents and the extent to which these associations may be affected by their sex. METHOD: A sample of 487 psychiatric inpatients (207 male, 280 female), aged 12 to 19 years, completed a battery of psychometrically sound self-report measures of psychological functioning, substance abuse, suicidality, and violent behaviour. We conducted multiple regression analyses to determine the joint and independent predictors of suicide risk and violence risk. In subsequent analyses, we examined these associations separately by sex. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis revealed that 9 variables (sex, age, hopelessness, self-esteem, depression, impulsivity, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and violence risk) jointly predicted suicide risk and that an analogous model predicted violence risk. However, we found several differences with respect to which variables made significant independent contributions to these 2 predictive models. Female sex, low self-esteem, depression, drug abuse, and violence risk made independent contributions to suicide risk. Male sex, younger age, hopelessness, impulsivity, drug abuse, and suicide risk made independent contributions to violence risk. We observed a few additional differences when we considered male and female subjects separately. CONCLUSIONS: We found overlapping but distinctive patterns of prediction for suicide risk and violence risk, as well as some differences between male and female subjects. These results may reflect distinct psychological and behavioural pathways for suicidality and violence in adolescent psychiatric patients and differing risk factors for each sex. Such differences have potential implications for prevention and treatment programs. Language: en
An investigation of natural convection in enclosures with two- and three-dimensional partitions

Abstract The heat transfer and fluid flow in a rectangular enclosure fitted with a vertical adiabatic partition is investigated experimentally. The partition is oriented parallel to the two vertical isothermal walls, one of which is heated and the other cooled while all other surfaces of the enclosure are insulated. The experiments are carried out with water for Rayleigh numbers over the range 10 10 − 10 11 and an aspect ratio (height : width ratio) of one-half. Fluid temperatures are obtained with thermocouple probes and the cross-cavity heat transfer is obtained as a function of the Rayleigh number and partition geometry. The flow is visualized with dye injection. Two cases have been studied. In the first case, the partition is of constant height over the entire breadth of the enclosure resulting in a two-dimensional geometry. The effect of the transverse location and the upward or downward extension (orientation) of the division is examined. In the second case the partition completely divides the enclosure except for a rectangular opening which allows convection to occur across the enclosure. The dependence of the flow and the cross-cavity heat transfer on the Rayleigh number and on the size of the opening in the partition is studied.
Adaptive robust tracking for nonlinear uncertain systems

The robust tracking design problem for nonlinear uncertain systems is considered in this paper. The nominal system is assumed to be input-output linearizable. The uncertainty is either assumed to be generalized matched or mismatched. The control design combines differential geometric feedback linearization with the deterministic approach, in which no statistical property of the uncertainty is assumed and used; the only assumption on the uncertainty is that it is bounded. The bound of the uncertainty is however unknown. An adaptive scheme is then adopted to track the bound. The adaptive control schemes constructed can be used to replace the previous (nonadaptive) robust tracking controls in practical application. >
Modafinil: A Review of Neurochemical Actions and Effects on Cognition

Modafinil (2-[(Diphenylmethyl) sulfinyl] acetamide, Provigil) is an FDA-approved medication with wake-promoting properties. Pre-clinical studies of modafinil suggest a complex profile of neurochemical and behavioral effects, distinct from those of amphetamine. In addition, modafinil shows initial promise for a variety of off-label indications in psychiatry, including treatment-resistant depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Cognitive dysfunction may be a particularly important emerging treatment target for modafinil, across these and other neuropsychiatric disorders. We aimed to comprehensively review the empirical literature on neurochemical actions of modafinil, and effects on cognition in animal models, healthy adult humans, and clinical populations. We searched PubMed with the search term ‘modafinil’ and reviewed all English-language articles for neurochemical, neurophysiological, cognitive, or information-processing experimental measures. We additionally summarized the pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil and clinical efficacy in psychiatric patients. Modafinil exhibits robust effects on catecholamines, serotonin, glutamate, gamma amino-butyric acid, orexin, and histamine systems in the brain. Many of these effects may be secondary to catecholamine effects, with some selectivity for cortical over subcortical sites of action. In addition, modafinil (at well-tolerated doses) improves function in several cognitive domains, including working memory and episodic memory, and other processes dependent on prefrontal cortex and cognitive control. These effects are observed in rodents, healthy adults, and across several psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, modafinil appears to be well-tolerated, with a low rate of adverse events and a low liability to abuse. Modafinil has a number of neurochemical actions in the brain, which may be related to primary effects on catecholaminergic systems. These effects are in general advantageous for cognitive processes. Overall, modafinil is an excellent candidate agent for remediation of cognitive dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Physical, Psychological, and Sexual Intimate Partner Aggression Among Newlywed Couples: Longitudinal Prediction of Marital Satisfaction

This study examined associations between physical, psychological, and sexual intimate partner aggression (IPA) perpetration during the first year of marriage (T1) and victim marital satisfaction one (T2) and two (T3) years later among a sample of 202 newlywed couples. Prevalence rates of all forms of IPA were consistent with those documented in prior research. Higher levels of all types of IPA generally were associated with lower victim marital satisfaction at all time points, when controlling for initial levels of satisfaction. Couples who reported severe bidirectional psychological IPA demonstrated lower husband and wife marital satisfaction at T2 and lower husband satisfaction at T3 than couples who reported husband-only, wife-only, or no psychological IPA. Analyses examining the relative predictive abilities of all forms of IPA perpetration showed that psychological IPA was the most consistent unique contributor of victim marital satisfaction. Study findings highlight the importance of psychological IPA, in addition to physical IPA, in examinations of correlates of marital satisfaction.
Green’s function for migration: Continuous recording geometry

Analytical formulas are derived to give the point scatterer responses for the zero‐offset and nonzero‐offset migration operators. These formulas are derived under the far‐field approximation for a continuous distribution of sources and receivers, and are denoted as migration Green’s functions. By specifying a homogeneous velocity model with irregular layers, these Green’s functions can be used to quickly compute the synthetic migrated sections without having to compute the modeled data. Thus, these formulas provide a fundamental understanding of migration artifacts and their relationship to the image point location and source‐receiver configuration. This understanding lays the foundation for the next step, elimination of these artifacts by migration deconvolution.
Multiple-breath washout measurements can be significantly shortened in children

Multiple-breath washout (MBW)-derived lung clearance index (LCI) is a sensitive measure of ventilation inhomogeneity in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), but LCI measurement is time consuming. We systematically assessed ways to shorten LCI measurements. In 68 school-aged children (44 with mild CF lung disease) three standard nitrogen (N2) MBWs were applied. We assessed repeatability and diagnostic performance of (1) LCI measured earlier from three MBW runs and (2) LCI measured at complete MBW (1/40th of starting N2 concentration) from two runs only. Compared with the standard LCI from three complete MBW runs, the new LCI based on three N2MBW runs until 1/20th, or two complete runs until 1/40th, provided similar or better repeatability as well as sensitivity and specificity for CF lung disease. Alternative ways to measure LCI reduced test duration in children with CF by 30% and 41%, respectively. LCI measurements can be reliably shortened in children. These new MBW protocols may advance the transition of LCI from research into clinical settings.
Antithrombotic therapy for acute myocardial infarction

Antithrombotic therapy is clearly beneficial in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, but the optimal regimen is controversial. Treatment with aspirin leads to substantial and significant reductions in rates of mortality, reinfarction and stroke in patients with acute myocardial infarction, and the benefits are additive with those of thrombolytic therapy. It is unclear whether heparin confers additional net benefits over aspirin alone. In patients receiving aspirin and thrombolytic therapy, there is no mortality benefit from adding delayed subcutaneous heparin, no consistent patency benefit from adding immediate intravenous heparin and no reduction in mortality from adding immediate intravenous heparin, at least for patients treated with streptokinase. However, heparin is consistently associated with increased rates of intracranial and other serious bleeding events when used with both aspirin and thrombolytic therapy. Existing data support the need for further large-scale trials of current and newer antithrombotic regimens in acute myocardial infarction to assess the balance of benefits and risks of these regimens compared with that for aspirin alone. In patients not receiving thrombolytic therapy, randomized trial data are currently insufficient to adequately compare the benefits and risks of adding heparin to aspirin alone. The First American Study of Infarct Survival (ASIS-1) will directly compare the balance of risks and benefits of aspirin alone, aspirin plus intravenous heparin and aspirin plus intravenous hirudin in patients with acute myocardial infarction not receiving thrombolytic therapy.
Social closeness of MZ and DZ twin parents towards nieces and nephews

Twins' marriages to non-twins yield genetically and socially informative kinships. Monozygotic (MZ) twins' genetic identity makes them ‘genetic parents’ of their nieces/nephews, and their nieces/nephews their ‘genetic children’. The present study is the first to apply twin-family models to study social relatedness. Analyses of twin families (MZ: N = 248; DZ: N = 75) tested evolutionary-based concepts concerning social closeness, perceived similarity and caretaking. Hypotheses based on Hamilton's inclusive fitness theory were supported: MZ twin aunts/uncles expressed greater social closeness towards their nieces/nephews than DZ twin aunts/uncles; and female twins from same-sex pairs expressed greater closeness towards their nieces/nephews than male twins from same-sex pairs. This study underlines benefits of associations between behavioural-genetic and evolutionary psychological theories, methods and interpretations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transport in halobacterium halobium: light-induced cation-gradients, amino acid transport kinetics, and properties of transport carriers.

Cell envelope vesicles prepared from H. halobium contain bacteriorhodopsin and upon illumination protons are ejected. Coupled to the proton motive force is the efflux of Na(+). Measurements of Na-22 flux, exterior pH change, and membrane potential, Delta(psi) (with the dye 3,3'-dipentyloxadicarbocyanine) indicate that the means of Na(+) transport is sodium/proton exchange. The kinetics of the pH changes and other evidence suggests that the antiport is electrogenic (H(+)/Na(++ greater than 1). The resulting large chemical gradient for Na(+) (outside much greater than inside), as well as the membrane potential, will drive the transport of 18 amino acids. The I9th, glutamate, is unique in that its accumulation is indifferent to Delta(psi): this amino acid is transported only when a chemical gradient for Na(+) is present. Thus, when more and more NaCl is included in the vesicles glutamate transport proceeds with longer and longer lags. After illumination the gradient of H+() collapses within 1 min, while the large Na(+) gradient and glutamate transporting activity persists for 10- 15 min, indicating that proton motive force is not necessary for transport. A chemical gradient of Na(+), arranged by suspending vesicles loaded with KCl in NaCl, drives glutamate transport in the dark without other sources of energy, with V(sub max) and K(sub m) comparable to light-induced transport. These and other lines of evidence suggest that the transport of glutamate is facilitated by symport with Na(+), in an electrically neutral fashion, so that only the chemical component of the Na(+) gradient is a driving force.
Fenofibrate: treatment of hyperlipidemia and beyond

Fenofibrate is a PPAR-alpha agonist indicated for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and mixed dyslipidemia, and is approved for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, lipid abnormalities commonly observed in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease, including Type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndromes. Treatment with fenofibrate lowers triglycerides, raises HDL-cholesterol and decreases concentrations of small LDL-cholesterol particles and apolipoprotein B. Fenofibrate is particularly effective for reducing postprandial VLDL and LDL particle concentrations, and the increased oxidative stress and inflammatory response that occurs after a fatty meal. In addition, nonlipid pleiotropic effects mediated by PPAR-alpha are likely to contribute to the reduction in atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular events, and have beneficial effects on diabetes-related microvascular diseases. While current approaches to treating dyslipidemia to prevent cardiovascular diseases focus on statin therapy, it is increasingly clear that substantial residual risk persists. The clinical significance of combination therapy with fenofibrate and a statin to macrovascular and microvascular risk is being evaluated in a large outcomes study.
Evolution: Diffusion of Innovations

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 7, pp. 4982–4986, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Thapsigargin‐induced apoptosis involves Cabin1‐MEF2‐mediated induction of Nur77

Thapsigargin (TG), which inhibits endoplasmic reticulum-dependent Ca(2 +)-ATPase and thereby increases cytosolic Ca(2 +), has been reported to cause apoptosis in T lymphocytes another cell types. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the apoptosis induced by TG in T cell hybridomas. Exposure to TG results in rapid induction of the orphan steroid receptor, Nur77, accompanied by apoptosis of T cell hybridomas. The expression of Nur77 in response to TG treatment is sensitive to cyclosporin A, implicating that activation of calcineurin is necessary for Nur77 expression. The TG-induced Nur77 expression is also inhibited by overexpression of Cabin1, an endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin and a corepressor of the transcription factor MEF2, suggesting that MEF2 activation is required for Nur77 expression. These results suggest that induction of Nur77 expression and apoptosis by TG are mediated by the same signaling pathways that are involved in T cell receptor-mediated thymocyte apoptosis, including the calcineurin pathway and Cabin1-MEF2 pathway.
Epidemiology of Ovarian Cancer: An Update

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the eighth most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in the world and represents the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Wide geographic variation exists in OC incidence and mortality, with the highest age-adjusted incidence (11.8 per 100,000) and mortality rates (6.5 per 100,000) observed in developed regions such as Europe and North America; trends suggest OC incidence and mortality is gradually declining in these regions. Factors associated with elevated risk include older age and having a family history of the disease. Conversely, several factors confer decreased risk, including increasing parity, oral contraceptive use, and oophorectomy. Lactation, incomplete pregnancies, and surgeries such as hysterectomy and tubal ligation may confer a weak, protective effect against OC. Infertility may contribute to OC risk among nulliparous women. Other possible risk factors for OC include postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease can help inform primary prevention, early detection, and possibly even therapeutic strategies.
Effects of shoreline oiling on salt marsh epifaunal macroinvertebrates

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill resulted in varying degrees of oiling in the salt marshes of northern Barataria Bay, Louisiana, USA. This study examines the effects of oiling intensity and recovery on two conspicuous marsh-platform macroinvertebrates, Uca spp., fiddler crabs, and Littoraria irrorata, the salt marsh periwinkle, from 2.5 to 4.5 years after the spill. The dominant fiddler crab within these marshes, Uca longisignalis, was the only species observed in field collections, and no significant difference in burrow density or burrow size was found among oiling levels over the study period indicating recovery from any negative effects of oiling already occurred for this species. The highest density of L. irrorata was found at moderately oiled sites compared to both reference (without visible oiling) and heavily oiled stations. Spartina alterniflora density recovered within two years after the spill at the moderately oiled stations facilitating recovery of L. irrorata approximately one year later. L. irrorata average shell length and length-frequency distributions were equivalent at moderately oiled and reference stations but snails were shorter at heavily oiled stations because of a greater proportion of subadults. Shell length data from the heavily oiled sites indicate that direct mortality due to oiling or oil-induced reductions in recruitment occurred in 2010 and that recovery was starting to occur at 48 months after the spill. The extent and duration of oil in the water during the spill and the biological responses we measured indicates that L. irrorata and Uca longisignalis were both affected in their ability to carry out their life cycle on the marsh and/or in the water column at all stations including the reference stations for some period following the entry of oil into the region.
Remarks for the Future of Copyright Conference

These remarks were prepared for the Future of Copyright Conference on October 12, 2007 at the University of South Carolina. They focus on three interesting new developments affecting copyright: 1) voluntary adoption of 'free' access models by commercial copyright owning entities experimenting with different business models; 2) some copyright owners' apparent acquiescence in a 'permitted until prohibited' or 'tolerated use' culture; and 3) developments permitting a shift in the copyright rhetoric from 'property vs. the commons' to 'property vs. property.' The remarks then address three questions raised by these developments. The first is the 'unintended consequences' question: Should we be worried about the potential consequences of some copyright industries' exploration of a 'free with advertising' model on freedom of expression and the richness of the expressive domain overall? The second is the 'burden of policing' question: Even if the copyright industries have been engaging in more tolerated use and copyright law now permits what is effectively a 'permitted until prohibited' regime on the web, are these really stable developments on which users can rely? Does the current information landscape raise more complex questions about the various players' interests in the protection of content and does burden-shifting to police copyright adequately address the issues raised? Finally, the recent developments raise the 'new rhetoric' question: Given the extent to which property rhetoric has trumped commons rhetoric in the first generation of copyright expansion, do recent developments support a 'property vs. property' rhetoric displacing the 'property vs. the commons' rhetoric? If so, are dueling property interests anything more than a useful rhetorical device in lobbying discourse? Although both sides can now appropriate some of the cultural value of property rhetoric - and this defangs the presumptive property trump - this development is more important as a way of refocusing the conversation (to the policy interests on both sides and the choices that we have to make regulatorily). Just as in communications law, key issues here that merit attention are interoperability rules, industry structure, market failures and the effects of consolidation.