cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical and molecular genetic analysis of Qa-2 antigen expression: multiple factors controlling cell surface levels.

We have examined the surface expression of Qa-2 on lymphocyte subpopulations and on splenocytes from inbred mouse strains by a radioactive binding assay using purified anti-Qa-2 antibodies and antibody fragments (Fab). Quantitative measurements by Scatchard analysis revealed that spleen cells from Qa-2high mice express (4-5) x 10(4) Qa-2 molecules/cell, whereas T lymphocytes have as high as (7-8) x 10(4) molecules/cell. In addition, it was determined that B lymphocytes express (5-6) x 10(3) molecules on their cell surface. The Qa-2 levels on anti-CD3-activated T cells is 1.0 x 10(5) molecules/cell. Previous experiments have shown that the quantity of Qa-2 varies in a strain-specific fashion and may be classified into three groups: Qa-2high, Qa-2medium and Qa-2low. Our results indicated that Qa-2high strains express (4-5) x 10(4) Qa-2 molecules/cell, Qa-2medium strains (B6-K2, B10.A, A/J, BALB/c and DBA/2) express (1-1.7) x 10(4) molecules/cell, and Qa-2low strains (SWR/J and DBA/1) express no more than 6 x 10(3) molecules/cell. Detection of Q7 or Q9 mRNA by the polymerase chain reaction revealed that Qa-2high strains express two functional Qa-2 enconding genes, Q7 and Q9, whereas Qa-2medium and Qa-2low strains express either Q7 or Q9. These results strongly suggest that Qa-2 gene dosage contributes in part to the variation of Qa-2 levels on the cell surface.
A Novel Approach to Estimate Iron Distribution Within Different Pore Domains of Structured Media.

Abstract The Fe content of soils and aquifer solids is usually quantified using different extraction solutions performed with homogenized samples in a well-mixed batch experiment. For structured media where preferential flow prevails over the matrix flow, however, the Fe content determined from homogenized samples may not well represent the Fe available for biogeochemical reactions. In this study ammonium oxalate extraction was performed on a core of intact saprolite where physical structure was preserved. An unsaturated flow setup was modified with the intent of allowing the extraction under two pore tensions, 15 and 0 cm of water, although a malfunctioning vacuum regulator made this more difficult than anticipated. Approximately 85% of the oxalate-extractable Fe was contained within the finer pore domain (matrix potential larger than 15 cm). Less than 15.5% of the extracted Fe mass (an upper bound) was present in domains of pore tension less than15 cm. To the extent that Fe(III) oxides play an important role in contaminant biogeochemistry and solute transport, their distribution in structured subsurface media is critical to the understanding of these processes.
Information seeking behavior of scientists in the electronic information age: astronomers, chemists, mathematicians, and physicists

The information seeking behavior of astronomers, chemists, mathematicians, and physicists at the University of Oklahoma was assessed using an electronically distributed questionnaire. All of the scientists surveyed relied greatly on the journal literature to support their research and creative activities. The mathematicians surveyed indicated an additional reliance on monographs, preprints, and attendance at conferences and personal communication to support their research activities. Similarly, all scientists responding scanned the latest issues of journals to keep abreast of current developments in their fields, with the mathematicians again reporting attendance at conferences and personal communication. Despite an expression by the scientists for more electronic services, the majority preferred access to journal articles in a print, rather than an electronic, form. The primary deficit in library services appeared to be in access to electronic bibliographic databases. The data suggest that a primary goal of science libraries is to obtain access to as many appropriate electronic bibliographic finding aids and databases possible. Although the results imply the ultimate demise of the printed bibliographic reference tool, they underscore the continued importance to scientists of the printed peer-reviewed journal article.
Further thoughts about putting the user at the center

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to articulate questions about one of the critical challenges facing librarians at all levels and in all types of libraries today – putting the user at the center.Design/methodology/approach – Reflects on users and how libraries can better serve them.Findings – Proposes three steps that are fundamental to putting the user at the center: asking core questions; discovering new tools and new ways of thinking about users and their behaviors; and contributing to the development of processes and criteria that can help librarians make decisions about new services or technologies that go where users want to go.Originality/value – Underscores the value of putting the user at the center, while at the same time exploring the complexity of implementation.
THE PERFORMANCE OF APHASICS ON AUTOMATED VISUO-PERCEPTUAL DISCRIMINATION, TRAINING, AND TRANSFER TASKS.

The ability of 24 aphasics to make the perceptualdiscriminations, presumed to be basic to reading, was assessed and trained in automated fashion. Five training programs utilized forms abstracted as...
Thyroid stimulating hormone response after thyrotropin releasing hormone in depressed, schizophrenic and normal women

Abstract (1) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) response after injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) was studied in 23 depressed, 9 schizophrenic and 40 normal women. (2) In no group was TSH response correlated with age. (3) In the depressed patients, no relationship was found between TSH response and (i) severity of illness, (ii) clinical subtypes (unipolar/bipolar) and (iii) clinical remission. (4) There were no statistically significant differences in TSH baseline values between the groups. (5) Neither of the two patient groups showed reliable differences from controls regarding TSH response. However, depressed patients tended to show lower values than controls, while schizophrenic patients tended to show higher values than normal controls. (6) Significant differences were found between depressed and schizophrenic patients in regard to TSH response. In three depressed patients a TSH response below 5 μU/ml was found. This deficient TSH response occurred in unipolar depressed patients and was not seen in bipolar depressed patients, schizophrenic patients or normal controls. (7) These data provide evidence for a fault in hypothalamic pituitary regulation in some depressed patients but not in schizophrenic patients.
Role of Competitive PEO−Water and Water−Water Hydrogen Bonding in Aqueous Solution PEO Behavior

The behavior of aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is studied theoretically by applying a mean field-like approach which includes the effect of the competition of PEO and water as proton acceptors in hydrogen bond formation. Accounting for this effect is of crucial importance for a correct description of all solution properties. We calculate the temperature and concentration dependence of the average fraction of hydrogen bonds between PEO and water and find very good agreement between our predictions and experimental or MD simulation data. We also make predictions concerning the temperature behavior of the second virial coefficient A2 and the effective interaction parameter χeff and compare it with experimental data. We found that the decrease of A2 with temperature is caused by the delicate balance of the opposing effects of water−PEO and water−water hydrogen bonding. The phase diagram for PEO of different molecular weights in water is calculated using experimentally reported data for the en...
Accelerated power degradation of Li-ion cells

Abstract A statistically designed accelerated aging experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of aging time, temperature, and state-of-charge (SOC) on the performance of lithium-ion cells. In this experiment, a number of cells were stored in a variety of static aging environments ranging from 25 °C and 60% SOC to 55 °C and 100% SOC. The power output of each cell was monitored regularly over the course of 44 weeks via a low current level hybrid pulse power characterization test. A single empirical model of power fade, involving two concurrent degradation processes, was found to be applicable over a wide range of experimental conditions. The first degradation process is relatively rapid (nearly complete within 4 weeks) and is accelerated by temperature with unknown kinetics. The second degradation process (accelerated by temperature and SOC) is less rapid and exhibits time3/2 kinetics.
Magnetism, shock and metamorphism in chondritic meteorites

Abstract Comparative magnetic analyses have been performed on 26 selected ordinary chondrites belonging to the populous H- and L-chemical groups and spanning the spectrum of shock exposure (levels A–D) and metamorphic recrystallization (petrologic subtypes 3–6). Aims were: (1) to enlarge and establish a statistical data base for characteristic magnetic remanent behavior; (2) to search for relationships between magnetic properties and shock-metamorphic history; (3) to select samples which have preserved a primeval remanent magnetization, for further estimates of ancient-field strengths recorded (Brecher and Leung, 1979, this issue, hereafter called Paper II). The main conclusions are: 1. (i) The L-chondrites examined have narrowly-defined magnetic properties (χ, NRM and IRM S ). The NRM levels decrease systematically with petrologic subtype (L6 to L4) and with shock level (high, C, to low, A), whereas the opposite trend occurs for IRM s intensity. The metamorphic grade appears less important than shock exposure for relative NRM stability, which decreases from C to A, indicating shock-hardening (removal of soft NRM). Only lightly-shocked meteorites show some directionally stable NRM, indicating the absence of an ordered magnetic field during post-shock cooling, and the survival of an unaltered primordial NRM. 2. (ii) The H-chondrites show little magnetic contrast between metamorphic subgroups across the shock spectrum, but clearer differences are seen between petrologic subtypes within each shock class. NRM intensity and stability decrease with increasing petrologic subtype (thermal demagnetization), while the opposite trend holds for IRM s . Within a metamorphic horizon, the effect of increasing shock is to harden the coercivity spectra of NRM (shock hardening) and to lead to competing magnetic effects of grain-growth and fine-metal precipitation on IRM s stability. Magnetic Type I meteorites are those showing a good correlation between natural (NRM) and saturation (IRM s ) remanence coercive spectra; these represent all petrologic-shock classes and have also preserved a stable, directionally coherent, primary NRM component (see Paper II). Magnetic Type II H-chondrites have typically complex, chaotic NRM records, in spite of stable IRM s , which indicate a good capability for carrying a stable remanence.
Study of the electron spin resonance of negative ions field emitted into liquid helium

We report the unambiguous detection of the ESR signals of negative ions in liquid helium. The linewidth was measured to be 5.0 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.4 mG, the $g$ value was found to be pressure independent and equal to the free-electron $g$ value to within 10 ppm, and ${T}_{1}$ was estimated to be greater than 100 msec. A theoretical framework has been developed which explains the microwave power and temperature dependence of the signal intensity and demonstrates the existence of an initial polarization at the time of formation of the bubble state. A striking dependence of this initial polarization on pressure was discovered. Studies have been made which apparently rule out the possibility that other species contributed to our observed signal. Extensive optical studies of a discharge region near the field emission tip have been carried out in an attempt to understand the mechanism responsible for the initial polarization. A correlation between the pressure dependences of the intensity of the ultraviolet radiation from the discharge region and the initial polarization was observed.
Parallel Algorithm for Constrained Multi-Rigid Body System Dynamics in Generalized Topologies

This paper presents an algorithm for modeling the dynamics of multi-rigid body systems in generalized topologies including topologies with closed kinematic loops that may or may not be coupled together. The algorithm uses a hierarchic assembly disassembly process in parallel implementation and a recursive assembly disassembly process in serial implementation to achieve highly efficient simulation turn-around times. The kinematic constraints are imposed using the formalism of kinematic joints that are modeled using motion spaces and their orthogonal complements. A mixed set of coordinates are used viz. absolute coordinates to develop the equations of motion and internal or relative coordinates to impose the constraints. The equations of motion are posed in terms of operational inertias to capture the nonlinear coupling between the dynamics of the individual components of the system. Einstein’s notation is used to explain the generality of the approach. Constraint impositions at the acceleration, velocity and configuration levels are discussed. The application of this algorithm in modeling a complex micro robot with multiple coupled closed loops is discussed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Photon energy dependence of the differential cross section for atomic-field bremsstrahlung

Abstract In a coincidence experiment we have measured the absolute fully differential cross section for atomic-field bremsstrahlung over a range of photon energies for electrons of 140 keV incident on gold and aluminum. The results are compared with the available calculations.
A Brief History of Vertebrate Fossil Collecting in Western Kansas

Western Kansas has been known for 125 years for the collecting of vertebrate fossils. Numerous spectacular and important specimens have been collected from the Smoky Hill Chalk Member of the Niobrara Formation of Cretaceous age as well as from the younger Tertiary and Quaternary deposits. The early history of collecting was influenced by two factors, the building of army forts along the Smoky Hill Trail and the energy of Benjamin F. Mudge. There are two major repositories of vertebrate fossils in the State, the Sternberg Memorial Museum at Fort Hays State University, Hays and the Museum of Natural History at the University of Kansas, Lawrence. The Sternberg Museum can trace its development via George F. Sternberg through his father, Charles H, and uncle, George M., who was an army physician at one of the forts. The vertebrate fossil collections at the University of Kansas can trace their beginnings from H. T. Martin and S. W. Williston to Mudge. Other early giants of paleontology, such as E. D. Cope, O. C...
Human motion recognition using support vector machines

We propose a motion recognition strategy that represents each videoclip by a set of filtered images, each of which corresponds to a frame. Using a filtered-image classifier based on support vector machines, we classify a videoclip by applying majority voting over the predicted labels of its filtered images and, for online classification, we identify the most likely type of action at any moment by applying majority voting over the predicted labels of the filtered images within a sliding window. We also define a classification confidence and the associated threshold in both cases, which enable us to identify the existence of an unknown type of motion and, together with the proposed recognition strategy, make it possible to build a real-time motion recognition system that cannot only make classifications in real-time, but also learn new types of motions and recognize them in the future. The proposed strategy is demonstrated on real datasets.
An effective approach to smartly allocate computing budget for discrete event simulation

Ordinal Optimization concentrates on isolating a subset of good designs with high probability and reduces the required simulation time dramatically for discrete event simulation. To obtain the same probability level, we may smartly allocate our computing budget among different designs, instead of equally simulating all designs. In this paper we present an effective approach to smartly allocate computing budget for DES simulation. While Ordinal Optimization can dramatically reduce computation cost, our approach can further reduce the already-low cost. Numerical testing shows an additional factor of ten speed-up.
Temporal patterning of within-song type and between-song type variation in song repertoires

In many songbird species, males sing a reper- toire of distinct song types. Song sparrows typically are described as having repertoires of about a dozen song types, but these song types are themselves quite variable and some songs are produced that appear intermediate between two types. In this study we quantify the similar- ity between successive songs produced by song sparrows in order to determine if differences between song types are emphasized or deemphasized in bouts of continuous singing. In spite of the high degree of variation within song types and similarity between song types observed in this species, we show that transitions from one song type to the next are distinct as compared to transitions within sequences of the same type (Figs. 4 and 5). Variation does not "accumulate" across sequences of the same song type, and the average variation observed within a continuous sequence of the same song type is significantly less than is predicted from the total variation recorded for that type across many different bouts (Fig. 6). These results sup- port the view that song sparrows include two levels of variation in their singing: differences between song types as is commonly observed in species with song repertoires, and an independent level of variation observed for songs of the same type.
NSTX diagnostics for fusion plasma science studies

Summary form only given, as follows. This paper will discuss how plasma science issues are addressed by the diagnostics for the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX), the newest large-scale machine in the magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) program. The development of new schemes for plasma confinement involves the interplay of experimental results and theoretical interpretations. A fundamental requirement, for example, is a determination of the equilibria for these configurations. For MCF, this is well established in the solutions of the Grad-Shafranov equation. While it is simple to state its basis in the balance between the kinetic and magnetic pressures, what they are as functions of space and time are often not easy to obtain. Quantities like the plasma pressure and current density are not directly measurable. They are themselves derived from data that are themselves complex products of more basic parameters. The same difficulties apply to the understanding of plasma instabilities. Not only are the needs for spatial and temporal resolution more stringent, but the wave parameters which characterize the instabilities are difficult to resolve. We will show how solutions to the problems of diagnostic design on NSTX, and the physics insight the data analysis provides, benefits both NSTX and the broader scientific community.
Brain maturation is delayed in infants with complex congenital heart defects

Objective Small head circumferences and white matter injury in the form of periventricular leukomalacia have been observed in populations of infants with severe forms of congenital heart defects. This study tests the hypothesis that congenital heart defects delay in utero structural brain development. Methods Full-term infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome or transposition of the great arteries were prospectively evaluated with preoperative brain magnetic resonance imaging. Patients with independent risk factors for abnormal brain development (shock, end-organ injury, or intrauterine growth retardation) were excluded. Outcome measures included head circumferences and the total maturation score on magnetic resonance imaging. Total maturation score is a previously validated semiquantitative anatomic scoring system used to assess whole brain maturity. The total maturation score evaluates 4 parameters of maturity: (1) myelination, (2) cortical infolding, (3) involution of glial cell migration bands, and (4) presence of germinal matrix tissue. Results The study cohort included 29 neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and 13 neonates with transposition of the great arteries at a mean gestational age of 38.9 ± 1.1 weeks. Mean head circumference was 1 standard deviation below normal. The mean total maturation score for the cohort was 10.15 ± 0.94, significantly lower than reported normative data in infants without congenital heart defects, corresponding to a delay of 1 month in structural brain development. Conclusion Before surgery, term infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and transposition of the great arteries have brains that are smaller and structurally less mature than expected. This delay in brain development may foster susceptibility to periventricular leukomalacia in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods.
Design and Performance Models for End-of-Aisle Order Picking Systems

The design of end-of-aisle order picking systems is addressed by focusing on a miniload automated storage/retrieval system. Performance models are developed for the miniload and a design algorithm is presented. The design algorithm has as its objective the minimization of the number of storage aisles subject to two types of capacity constraints: throughput and storage space. Although the system with two pick positions can be modeled directly as a closed queueing network with two servers and two customers, its special structure led to an alternative approach in developing the performance model. For two and more pick positions, the results obtained are compared with those obtainable using simulation and a diffusion approximation.
Comments on superconducting science and technology

At present a large part of scientific work, both experimental and theoretical, in superconductivty is stimulated by applications. The two most active areas are (1) nonequilibrium phenomena in superconductors, stimulated by applications based on quantum aspects and (2) research on the electron-phonon interaction and other factors that determine the transition temperature, T c , stimulated by the search for high T c materials. It is suggested that large scale applications, such as to the electric power industry, would be aided by more basic research by university scientists and engineers on the mechanical and electro-magnetic properties of currently available materials that operate at liquid helium temperatures.
A Comment on the Term "Positive Behavior Support".

The use of the term “positive behavior support” has been associated with some confusion, and a number of alternative terms have been adopted over the past few decades. In this article, we discuss some of the historical context associated with different terms, and explain reasons for preferring “positive behavior support (PBS)” as the term for referring to the PBS approach.
Recent developments in GaAs-based high-speed devices

The recent advances in the crystal growth, device concepts, and fabrication of electronic and opti­ cal devices in GaAs and other III-V semiconduc­ tors have inspired the scientists in several labora­ tories to work on combining both types of devices into one circuit to create a new, powerful class of highspeed optoelectronic integrated circuits for opti­ cal communications and many other high-speed ap­ plications l ike digital optical computers. Such an ap­ proach would enable electronic processing of optical signals on a single chip for such operations as filter­ ing, switching, amplifying, and mult iplexing. Conversely, electronic signals can be processed op­ tically to avoid interconnects wh ich add parasitic reactances to the circuit. The interconnects are no less important than the devices in determining the speed of a circuit, and their effects are more important as the devices become smaller and faster because in­ terconnection-related parasitics do not scale down proportionally as the device dimensions are reduced to increase the speed. Integration of optical and electronic devices is a challenging task, and researchers in one field must know the latest about the other. For this very reason, this article w i l l briefly review some of the recent de­ velopments in GaAs technology. O f the various III-V semiconductors suitable for both electronic and optical devices, GaAs has attract­ ed the most attention because of its more mature technology. 1 , 2 It has a direct band gap necessary for optical sources. In addition GaAs has better transport
RAIL TRANSIT IN THE SUBURBS: CASE STUDY OF TRANSIT USE IN ATLANTA'S AFFLUENT NORTHERN TIER

The conventional view of public transit is that it serves the mobility needs primarily of poor, mostly inner-city residents. In 1979 the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) opened rail service connecting inner-city neighborhoods to downtown. By the mid-1990s, rail service had been extended south to Atlanta's international airport, east and west to Interstate 285 (Atlanta's perimeter freeway), and north into the region's affluent, mostly white suburbs. Research into how MARTA's rail system has influenced travel behavior among affluent “northern-tier” suburbanites is reported. Four major findings are offered. First, in those corridors where rail transit is provided, mode choice among commuters has shifted measurably from the single-occupant vehicle to transit. Second, the opening of rail stations in suburban areas is shown to reduce vehicular traffic on nearby surface streets, further suggesting rail's influence on travel behavior in the suburbs. Third, rail transit is found to attract affl...
Eastern Gamagrass Evaluated as Hay or Silage for Lactating Dairy Cows

Twenty lactating Holstein cows were used to determine the nutritional value of eastern gamagrass. Dietary treatments consisted of 1) gamagrass hay and no corn (HNC), 2) gamagrass silage (S) and no corn (SNC), 3) S and low corn (SLC), 4) S and medium corn (SMC), and 5) S and high corn (SHC). Gamagrass fed as hay or silage did not change (P>0.10) milk yield, but corn inclusion tended to increase (P<0.08) milk yield. Yields of milk protein (0.69 vs 0.80 kg/d), lactose (1.23 vs 1.44 kg/d), and solids-not-fat (2.12 vs 2.48 kg/d) tended to be greater for SNC than for HNC (P<0.08). Corn inclusion increased milk yields compared with SNC. Gamagrass fed as silage resulted in a greater feed conversion efficiency than did gamagrass fed as hay (2.16 vs 1.88; P<0.01). Adding corn to S reduced feed efficiency. Conversion of feed N to milk N was greater (P<0.01) for gamagrass fed as silage than for hay. Milk urea N (MUN) concentration was greater (P<0.01) for cows fed HNC than for cows on all other treatments. Feeding S significantly lessened MUN concentration. Including corn at the medium and high levels further reduced MUN concentration (P<0.05). Increased energy from corn at the high level increased milk yield and tended to increase conversion of feed N into milk protein. Gamagrass fed as silage without or with corn improved the N status of the cows, as indicated by lesser MUN concentrations.
Neuroimaging and mechanisms of drug abuse: interface of molecular imaging and molecular genetics

Whereas ligand studies can inform the end-products of dysregulation of genetic expression, reporter gene imaging can provide the means to understand the genetic origin of these end-products. As with radioligand studies, in vivo direct measurement of gene expression will allow genetic processes to be monitored over time in the same subject, use of a subject as his/her own control in intervention studies (i.e., measurement before and after an intervention), and monitoring the spatial distribution of molecular events in the whole brain. Furthermore, reporter gene imaging, by advancing knowledge of the biologic mechanisms of disease states, has important clinical implications, particularly in the development and monitoring of treatments. We expect PET to play a prominent role in the elucidation of substance abuse mechanisms and contribute significantly to the development of innovative treatment strategies.
Taking a look at National Human Resource Development (NHRD): Interviews with Gary Mclean and Susan Lynham

The 2006 Academy of Human Resource Development (AHRD) International Research Conference featured a one-day pre-conference titled, ‘National HRD in Social Development and in Facilitating the UN Mill...
On graph query optimization in large networks

The dramatic proliferation of sophisticated networks has resulted in a growing need for supporting effective querying and mining methods over such large-scale graph-structured data. At the core of many advanced network operations lies a common and critical graph query primitive: how to search graph structures efficiently within a large network? Unfortunately, the graph query is hard due to the NP-complete nature of subgraph isomorphism. It becomes even challenging when the network examined is large and diverse. In this paper, we present a high performance graph indexing mechanism, SPath, to address the graph query problem on large networks. SPath leverages decomposed shortest paths around vertex neighborhood as basic indexing units, which prove to be both effective in graph search space pruning and highly scalable in index construction and deployment. Via SPath, a graph query is processed and optimized beyond the traditional vertex-at-a-time fashion to a more efficient path-at-a-time way: the query is first decomposed to a set of shortest paths, among which a subset of candidates with good selectivity is picked by a query plan optimizer; Candidate paths are further joined together to help recover the query graph to finalize the graph query processing. We evaluate SPath with the state-of-the-art GraphQL on both real and synthetic data sets. Our experimental studies demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of SPath, which proves to be a more practical and efficient indexing method in addressing graph queries on large networks.
Spatial Market Policy Modeling with Goal Targets

In this paper we show how the theory of variational inequalities can be applied to the formulation, qualitative analysis, and computation of a new competitive spatial market model in the presence of goal targets. The model allows the decision maker to impose supply goals at production locations, demand goals at consumption locations, and transportation goals between supply and demand locations, along with associated penalties for failure to comply. This work may be viewed as a contribution to the growing literature on the development of mathematical methodologies for policy modeling.
A review of current therapies used in the treatment of congestive heart failure

Congestive heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalizations for patients older than 65 years. There are almost 700,000 new cases of heart failure annually and re-hospitalization rates are as high as 50% within the first few months of initial discharge. These statistics translate to healthcare costs that nearly reached US$40 billion in 2010. Understanding the therapeutic agents that can not only help decrease mortality and morbidity but also decrease the rate of re-hospitalizations is vital in the management of congestive heart failure. Here, the authors highlight the various classes of drugs used in the treatment of heart failure. They then provide a focused review examining the multiple clinical trials that have emphasized the evaluation of mortality, morbidity and hospitalization rates in heart failure patients who are receiving the different types of therapeutic agents.
Communicating Correlated Gaussian Sources over Gaussian Z Interference Channels

In this paper, we consider transmission of two correlated Gaussian sources to two receivers through a two-user Gaussian Z interference channel (Z IC). To facilitate our study, we first investigate Gaussian multiple access channels with correlated Gaussian sources and a single distortion constraint at the receiver. Lower bounds on the distortion as well as several achievable schemes are proposed. In particular, a hybrid digital analog transmission scheme is proposed whose achievable region is resolved through coupling it with the quadratic Gaussian CEO problem. These lower bounds and achievable schemes are then applied to the source channel communication over a two-user Gaussian Z IC to derive inner and outer bounds for the distortion region. We conclude this paper by giving a sufficient condition for sending a correlated source over a general Z interference channel.
Teaching Film and Filmmaking in a Second Language.

This chapter describes a pedagogical approach that blends theory and practice in upper-level French film classes, but the objectives, design, and assignments are applicable to many contexts in which instructors might want to engage with visual material. Reading, viewing, writing, lecture, and discussion combine with practical filmmaking workshops in French in the exploration of historical, social, philosophical, and esthetic questions raised by film and video, and students improve language skills as well as expanding their creativity and problem-solving skills.
Dynamic multi-agent team forming: Asymptotic results on throughput versus delay

In this paper we focus on problems in which tasks (demands for service) arrive in an environment sequentially over time. A task is completed when a robot (or team of robots) provides the required service, and the goal is to minimize the expected delay between a task's arrival, and its completion. We develop a general framework in which these problems can be described, and propose a set of scaling laws for studying the relationship between the number of robots, the expected task delay, and the task arrival rate. We describe two existing problems in our framework, namely the dynamic traveling repairperson problem, and the dynamic pickup delivery problem, and present their asymptotic performance. We then introduce the dynamic team forming problem, in which tasks require services that can be provided only through complex teams of heterogeneous robots. We determine a lower bound on the problem's achievable performance, and propose three policies for solving the problem. We show that for each policy, there is a broad class of tasks for which the policy's performance is within a constant factor the optimal.
Alive on Back-feed Culprit Identification via Machine Learning

We describe an application of machine learning techniques toward the problem of predicting which network protector switch is the cause of an Alive on Back-Feed (ABF) event in the New York City power distribution system. When an electrical feeder is shut down, all network protector switches connected to the feeder should open to isolate the feeder. When a switch malfunctions and does not open, electrical current flows into the feeder, which remains energized. This causes the feeder to be ‘ ‘alive'' on back-feed current, and maintenance cannot proceed. Our goal is to provide a ranking of network protector switches according to their susceptibility to such malfunction. Such a ranking can assist prioritization of which switches to repair when an ABF event occurs. We compare three methods for computing a ranking: an SVM classification approach, a maximum entropy density estimation approach and an SVM-ranking approach.
Automatic synthesis of analog and sampled-data circuits in CMOS technology

A tool for the design and implementation of analog CMOS and switched-capacitor (SC) networks is described. It requires a set of specifications and a circuit description of each SC block. It generates the requirements of an operational amplifier for each SC block, and designs and evaluates the performance of operational amplifier through iteration with SPICE. The result is a stand-alone layout of a SC block which can be placed and routed with other SC blocks or analog and digital cells using a general auto-placement and router tool. >
Role of Land–Water Classification and Manning's Roughness Parameter in Space-Borne Estimation of Discharge for Braided Rivers: A Case Study of the Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh

The proposed Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission will provide global, space-based estimates of water elevation, its temporal change, and its spatial slope for terrestrial water bodies. Using derivations of water slope from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) elevation data, river bathymetry and Manning's equation, the potential of SWOT for discharge estimation of large braided rivers in humid climates, such as the Brahmaputra river, was found to be promising (Jung , in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2010). In this study we extend the work on assessing SWOT for braided rivers to understand the sensitivity of two river hydraulic parameters to discharge estimation: 1) section factor (AR2/3) derived from land-water classification and in situ river bathymetry and 2) Manning's roughness coefficient. For braided rivers, the first parameter, is intimately dependent on how braided rivers are classified of the multiple channels (water) and in-stream braided bars (land) that consequently dictates the accuracy of wetted perimeter and area of flow estimation from water elevation data. We show that the use of the minimum water elevation data at a river cross section minimizes estimation of section factor which consequently minimizes outlier discharge estimation reported in the Jung study. We also show that by treating roughness coefficient “flexible” as a calibration parameter, discharge estimation from SRTM elevation data can be further improved through trial and error manual optimization. Our sensitivity study illustrates the value of treating section factor and roughness coefficient as calibration parameters for data assimilation systems that use SWOT observables to estimate river discharge in braided rivers.
Morphology, phylogenetic taxonomy, and systematics of Ichthyornis and Apatornis (Avialae, Ornithurae).

Abstract Charles Darwin commented that Ichthyornis, as one of the “toothed birds” from the Late Cretaceous of Kansas, offered some of “the best support to the theory of evolution” (in litt., C. Darwin to O.C. Marsh, August 31, 1880). Ichthyornis figures no less prominently today. It is one of the closest outgroups to crown clade Aves, and remains one of the only Mesozoic avialans known from more than a handful of specimens. As such, Ichthyornis is an essential taxon for analyses of deep divergences within Aves because of its influence in determining the morphologies ancestral to the crown clade. Ichthyornis, however, has languished in need of new anatomical description and taxonomic revision. Many of the best Ichthyornis specimens were largely inaccessible, plastered into Yale Peabody Museum (YPM) exhibit mounts for nearly a century. The focus of this study was the entire YPM Ichthyornis collection, the largest at any institution. The elements removed from the mounts were identified to the specimens with ...
Reductions in Consumption., Utilization, and Growth Rate of Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae Fed Foliage of Soybean Genotype PI 227687

Larvae of Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) reared on the resistant plant introduction (PI) 227687 exhibited reduced growth and high mortality relative to those reared on the susceptible cultivar ‘Davis.’ These effects were most pronounced in the last instar and resulted from an acute action on this instar. The plant genotype consumed during instars one through four had no effect on the maximum larval weight attained, pupal weight, or total mortality during larval development, but did affect the duration of larval development. Measurement of food consumption and utilization by larvae of P. includens fed on PI 227687 or ‘Davis’ foliage indicated that reduced growth on PI 227687 was primarily due to feeding deterrence or the lack of feeding stimulation. A lower efficiency of conversion of digested food to body tissue, not attributable to reduced consumption, also contributed to reduced P. includens growth rate on PI 227687.
Deep Levels in Type-II Superlattices

Quantum confinement in superlattices affects shallow levels and band edges considerably (length scale of order 100 A), but not deep levels (length scale of order 5 A). Thus by band-gap engineering, one can move a band edge through a deep level, causing the defect responsible for the level to change its doping character . For example, the cation-on-anion-site defect in Al x Ga 1−x Sb alloys is predicted to change from a shallow acceptor to a deep acceptor-like trap as the valence band edge passes through its T 2 deep level with increasing At alloy content x. In a, Type-II superlattice, such as InAs/Al x Ga 1−x Sb for x>0.2, where the conduction band minimum of the InAs should lie energetically below the antisite defect's T 2 level in bulk Al x Ga 1−x Sb, the electrons normally trapped in this deep level (when the defect is neutral) remotely dope the InAs n-type in the superlattice, leaving the defect positively charged. Thus a native defect that is thought of as an acceptor can actually be a donor and control the n-type doping of InAs quantum wells. The physics of such deep levels in superlattices and in quantum wells is summarized, and related to high-speed devices.
115 Effects of stocking density on finishing pig growth performance.

Citation: Thomas, L. L., Goodband, R. D., Tokach, M. D., DeRouchey, J. M., Woodworth, J. C., & Dritz, S. S. (2016). Effects of stocking density on finishing pig growth performance. Journal of Animal Science, 94, 54-54. doi:10.2527/msasas2016-115
Defective activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients have increased susceptibility to infections for prolonged periods after phenotypic reconstitution of donor cells. This immunodeficiency status is characterized by multiple T-cell functional abnormalities. This study was designed to investigate several signaling pathways involved in T-cell activation during this period of immune deficiency. In initial experiments using equal numbers of CD3+ cells or highly purified T-cell subpopulations obtained from normal controls and BMT recipients, we confirmed that abnormal T-cell proliferation after CD3 cross-linking, phytohemagglutinin stimulation, or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BMT recipients was due to a qualitative T-cell deficiency rather than to low numbers of circulating T cells. We next investigated the ability of the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex to transduce signals via receptor-associated protein tyrosine kinases. In all BMT recipients, CD3 cross-linking induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins in a similar fashion to that seen in controls, including phosphorylation of a 21-kD protein that represents the zeta subunit of the receptor itself. Further investigation showed that CD3 cross-linking and PMA stimulation did not increase 42-44-kD mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. The failure of MAPK activation in BMT recipients occurred despite tyrosine phosphorylation of the 42-44-kD proteins, which, in normal controls, parallels enzyme activation. Our results indicate that T-cell immunodeficiency in BMT recipients is associated with a selective failure of MAPK activation, possibly related to abnormal posttranslational positive regulation of this enzyme.
Introduction to Quantum Control and Dynamics

QUANTUM MECHANICS States and Operators Observables and Measurement Dynamics of Quantum Systems MODELING OF QUANTUM CONTROL SYSTEMS: EXAMPLES Quantum Theory of Interaction of Particles and Fields Approximations and Modeling: Molecular Systems Spin Dynamics and Control Mathematical Structure of Quantum Control Systems CONTROLLABILITY Lie Algebras and Lie Groups Controllability Test: The Dynamical Lie Algebra Notions of Controllability for the State Pure State Controllability Equivalent State Controllability Equality of Orbits OBSERVABILITY AND STATE DETERMINATION Quantum State Tomography Observability Observability and Methods for State Reconstruction LIE GROUP DECOMPOSITIONS AND CONTROL Decompositions of SU(2) and Control of Two Level Systems Decomposition in Planar Rotations Cartan Decompositions Levi Decomposition Examples of Application of Decompositions to Control OPTIMAL CONTROL OF QUANTUM SYSTEMS Formulation of the Optimal Control Problem The Necessary Conditions of Optimality Example: Optimal Control of a Two Level Quantum System Time Optimal Control of Quantum Systems Numerical Methods for Optimal Control of Quantum Systems MORE TOOLS FOR QUANTUM CONTROL Selective Population Transfer via Frequency Tuning Time Dependent Perturbation Theory Adiabatic Control STIRAP Lyapunov Control of Quantum Systems ANALYSIS OF QUANTUM EVOLUTIONS: ENTANGLEMENT, ENTANGLEMENT MEASURES, AND DYNAMICS Entanglement of Quantum Systems Dynamics of Entanglement Local Equivalence of States APPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM CONTROL AND DYNAMICS Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Experiments Molecular Systems Control Atomic Systems Control: Implementations of Quantum Information Processing with Ion Traps APPENDIX A: POSITIVE AND COMPLETELY POSITIVE MAPS, QUANTUM OPERATIONS, AND GENERALIZED MEASUREMENT THEORY Positive and Completely Positive Maps Quantum Operations and Operator Sum Representation Generalized Measurement Theory APPENDIX B: LAGRANGIAN AND HAMILTONIAN FORMALISM IN CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS Lagrangian Mechanics Extension of Lagrangian Mechanics to Systems with Infinite Degrees of Freedom Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics for a System of Interacting Particles and Field APPENDIX C: CARTAN SEMISIMPLICITY CRITERION AND CALCULATION OF THE LEVI DECOMPOSITION The Adjoint Representation Cartan Semisimplicity Criterion Quotient Lie Algebras Calculation of the Levi Subalgebra in the Levi Decomposition Algorithm for the Levi Decomposition APPENDIX D: PROOF OF THE CONTROLLABILITY TEST OF THEOREM 3.2.1 APPENDIX E: THE BAKER-CAMPBELL-HAUSDORFF FORMULA AND SOME EXPONENTIAL FORMULAS APPENDIX F: PROOF OF THEOREM 6.2.1 REFERENCES INDEX Notes and Exercises appear at the end of every chapter.
Developing a Citizen Perspective of Public Participation: Identity Construction as Citizen Motivation to Participate

Public participation affords public officials the opportunity to tap into diverse citizen knowledge that may help solve complex social problems. In order to best understand how to design effective participation, it is necessary to consider the perspectives of both public administrators and citizens; however, public administration literature has focused less on the citizen perspective. This article narrows the gap in the literature by elaborating a citizen perspective of participation and suggesting that identity plays a role in participation. It adopts a social identity approach in order to theorize how citizen identity constructed through participation is best conceptualized as a social identity, and to demonstrate how this social identity relates to citizen motivation to participate. The authors suggest that linking participation to a social identity approach elaborates a citizen perspective of participation and has value for furthering understanding of citizen-administrator collaboration.