cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Encroachment and line of sight blocking in micro-cavity sealing

This paper investigates the sealing of micro-cavities with line-of-sight blocking (LOSB) barriers. This is a novel concept that mitigates sealant encroachment into the cavity of a sealed MEMS device. The cap layer over the sacrificial layer forms walls around the entry hole that impedes the diffusion of sealant particles and ensures released devices whose operation is unaffected. LPCVD PSG and PECVD SiO2 and Si3N4 have been used as sealant material and relation between etch-hole size and encroachment for cavity thickness ranging in between 1–2 μm have been tested. LOSB walls are highly effective in confining the sealant particles for larger holes and specially Si3N4.
“Turning Intentions Into Actions” CBT for Adult ADHD Focused on Implementation

Contemporary models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) provide frameworks for understanding this condition that move beyond the diagnostic symptom criteria. ADHD is currently viewed...
Adhesion Thin Ductile Films Using Stressed Overlayers and Nanoindentation

Differently stressed films of tungsten on silicon dioxide have been studied to determine the interfacial fracture toughness and the Mode I fracture energy release rate of tungsten on glass. Tungsten films with a low compressive stress (less than 1GPa) had nanoindentation tests performed on them to induce buckling. Using mechanics based models and the dimensions of the buckles the fracture energy release rate and the phase angle of loading (Ψ) were calculated to be between 3.8 and 13 J/m 2 . By varying the residual stress in the film it was possible to examine regions of pure shear (Mode II) interfacial fracture as well as mixed mode interfacial fracture toughness of this system. A similar tungsten film was then used as stressed overlayer on sputtered Pt films on silicon dioxide to determine the fracture energy release rate. Nanoindentation was required to induce buckling, as the overlayer alone did not cause spontaneous buckling. The stressed overlayer method and nanoindentation were used to determine the interfacial toughness of the Pt/silica system to be 1.4 J/m 2 .
Modification of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Bluff Bodies Using Fluidic Actuators

The apparent aerodynamic shape (and thus lift and drag) of a 2-D cylinder is modified in wind tunnel experiments using a spanwise pair of fluidic actuators based on synthetic jet technology. Because the jet actuators do not dispense new fluid into the flow (but allow for momentum transfer), their interaction with an embedding flow leads to the formation of closed recirculation regions and thus to an apparent modification of the flow boundary on scales that are one to two orders of magnitude larger than the characteristic length scale of the jets themselves. The cylinder can be rotated about its centerline so that the angle between the actuator jets and the direction of the free stream can be continuously varied. Smoke visualization experiments at low Reynolds numbers (ReD =4000) demonstrate that the closed recirculating flow regimes near the surface scale with the momentum coefficient and can displace local streamlines well outside the surface boundary layer. Azimuthal distributions of surface pressure measured at higher Reynolds numbers(ReD =75,500,C^ = 6-10"4) over a range of jet angles demonstrate that the jets effect substantial concomitant increase in lift (up to CL = 0.55) and reduction in drag (up to 30%).
Molecular Imaging for Early Cancer Diagnosis, Surgery and Therapy

This presentation will provide an overview of surgical molecular navigation using fluorescence imaging to visualize key normal structures and diseased tissue in real time.
Additional Notes on the Bacteriology and Pathology of Milksickness

by Dr. Jordan and Dr. Harris in the preceding paper, such an introduction to the present paper is not necessary. Early in the autumn of 1908 I began at the suggestion of Dr. Jordan1 the experimental feeding of dogs with what was believed to be the specific germ of milksickness. Since milksickness is primarily a disease of horses and cattle and is undoubtedly of intestinal origin I almost simultaneously instituted a search for B. lactimorbi on the various forage plants which serve as chief nutriment for these animals. This search was in a great measure successful. Various strains of this bacillus isolated from grasses and weeds were compared with the strains isolated by Jordan and Harris from the organs and tissues of animals dead and sick from milksickness, to determine whether possibly certain cultural differences might be revealed which would more or less sharply differentiate "pathogenic" from the widespread "saprophytic" varieties or strains. During this study certain cultural and biochemical features not described in the previous papers were observed. These new features together with the rather limited study of the distribution of the organism in nature and the technic adopted in isolation are embodied in the first half of the present paper. The latter half of the paper presents the results of the experimental work on dogs.
Ecological environment succession and countermeasure of East Taihu Lake

The ecological environment succession of East Taihu Lake was analyzed for years past 40. With the passage of time, the water quality becomes worse gradually; trophic status shows transition from meso-eutrophic type to near eutrophication. Thickness of sediment raises gradually and tends to form marsh markedly. Density of algae increases continuously with species decreased; plankton and fish tend to be markedly less. Potamogeton malialaianus was dominant in submerged plants in 1950s; but the rate to form swampy is more rapid, because of rapid sedimentation and development of photo plankton after 1990s. Fisheries yield of the lake continues to raise. Since 1984, cage aquiculture converted from extensive to intensive and high-returned and from pollution to ecological types. The comprehensive control of East Taihu Lake must be strengthened, as well as ecological rebuilding, so as to maintain sustainable development of the lake resource.
The Evolution of the European Regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications

The paper reviews the historical transformation of the European regulatory framework for electronic communications from the era dominated by state-owned enterprises to the presence of regulated competition. In the course of these developments, the vision of the roles of the public and private sectors in electronic communications changed in expected and unexpected ways. While the period is characterized by a shift toward less direct state intervention, the intensity of regulation has increased in many areas. Most recently, in the wake of the financial crisis, new forms of state intervention can be observed, including public investment in communications infrastructure and public-private partnerships. As a result of the reforms, Europe has been able to achieve major successes but it also suffered unanticipated setbacks compared to other regions. The European Union emerged as the global leader in mobile communications during the 1990s and was able to roll-out first-generation broadband access networks more rapidly than many of its peers. Recently, however, Europe as a whole has not performed as well in deploying next-generation networks and advanced mobile communications services. The paper offers a political-economic explanation for these developments and assesses their effects on the performance of the European electronic communications sector and the economy. From this analysis, the European model emerges as a unique institutional arrangement with peculiar advantages and disadvantages. Once these are recognized, sensible next steps to build the strengths while avoiding the weaknesses of the model can be seen more clearly.
Multicultural dimensions and their effect on children's responses to pop songs performed in various languages

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of language, familiarity, and instructional approach on fifth-graders? attitudes and preferences toward, and descriptions of songs sung in various languages. Students (N = 209) in twelve classes were randomly assigned to one of three instructional groups: concept-based multicultural, sociocultural based multicultural, and concept-based with no multicultural content (control). Students responded to nine unfamiliar songs sung in various languages using a Likert-type scale. Test results indicated that children in the sociocultural instructional group expressed significantly more positive attitudes toward songs in unfamiliar languages than those in the other groups. There was no significant difference between the concept-based and control groups. Analysis of open-ended responses revealed that children used more sociocultural descriptors for songs performed in unfamiliar languages than for those sung in English
Commentary on ‘Ultrasonography of Skin Changes in Legs with Chronic Venous Disease’

The paper by Dr. Caggiati 3 has opened a new path in this area as it provides a way to objectively evaluate the skin and subcutaneous tissue with ultrasound in patients with CVD. The ultrasound findings were impressive and in accord with previous histological descriptions. In patients with C2 with an apparently normal skin some may have ultrasonographic changes related to more advanced disease. It was suggested that such findings may separate patients with cosmetic issues from those having medical problems. This finding is valuable as it can affect the decision on treating such patients. In patients with edema and skin damage (C3eC6) the changes observed were more severe and affected most areas studied. Such findings may provide a sharper discrimination between the different CVD classes and better characterize the effects of CVD on skin and subcutaneous tissues. In our center, although we have not studied this prospectively, we have similar findings to those reported in the current paper. Dr. Caggiati also demonstrated that some of these changes detected by ultrasound can be reversed by the application of compression. This is very important, as treatment of reflux or obstruction, or both, can be studied in a more objective way. I believe that the “non-invasive ultrasound biopsy” proposed in this study can shed a different light on patients with CVD but also on other conditions such as the different clinical stages of patients with peripheral arterial disease. Furthermore, it may identify patients that are more likely to respond to the application of different types of treatment. This study was cross sectional and thus it is not known how accurately improvement or worsening of CVD can be determined. Also, the sample size was small and did not allow precise definitions in the different C classes, as the spectrum of presentation and skin changes is wide. For example, we have observed micro-edema in early CVD, extreme fibrotic changes in patients with C4b, and in a few patients dense acoustic shadowing from calcification or ossification of the subcutaneous tissues. The data from this study need to be reproduced by others and validated in a bigger prospective cohort. Ideally, the ultrasound data should be correlated with histological changes. Furthermore, it is very important that the effects of different types of treatment are evaluated in prospective longitudinal studies. In this way, the impact of these ultrasound observations can add another dimension to their clinical importance and also on monitoring the patient status.The current findings in this paper warrant further studies to better evaluate and understand the changes that occur in patients with CVD.
Lactose and benign ovarian tumours in a case-control study.

We investigated the relation between benign ovarian tumours and lactose among 746 case women identified at seven New York metropolitan hospitals and 404 community controls, age and hospital frequency matched to the expected case distribution. No increase in risk was found for lactose (highest quartile versus lowest: adjusted odds ratio = 0.82 (95% CI 0.57–1.20) or for any other lactose foods. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign http://www.bjcancer.com
Yeast rRNA Expansion Segments: Folding and Function

Divergence between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and among eukaryotic ribosomal RNAs is focused in expansion segments (ESs). Eukaryotic ribosomes are significantly larger than prokaryotic ribosomes partly because of their ESs. We hypothesize that larger rRNAs of complex organisms could confer increased functionality to the ribosome. Here, we characterize the binding partners of Saccharomyces cerevisiae expansion segment 7 (ES7), which is the largest and most variable ES of the eukaryotic large ribosomal subunit and is located at the surface of the ribosome. In vitro RNA-protein pull-down experiments using ES7 as a bait indicate that ES7 is a binding hub for a variety of non-ribosomal proteins essential to ribosomal function in eukaryotes. ES7-associated proteins observed here cluster into four groups based on biological process, (i) response to abiotic stimulus (e.g., response to external changes in temperature, pH, oxygen level, etc.), (ii) ribosomal large subunit biogenesis, (iii) protein transport and localization, and (iv) transcription elongation. Seven synthetases, Ala-, Arg-, Asp-, Asn-, Leu-, Lys- and TyrRS, appear to associate with ES7. Affinities of AspRS, TyrRS and LysRS for ES7 were confirmed by in vitro binding assays. The results suggest that ES7 in S. cerevisiae could play a role analogous to the multi-synthetase complex present in higher order organisms and could be important for the appropriate function of the ribosome. Thermal denaturation studies and footprinting experiments confirm that isolated ES7 is stable and maintains a near-native secondary and tertiary structure.
Making Sense Out of the Controversy: Use of SSRIs in Pregnancy

Perinatal depression complicates up to 20 % of all pregnancies. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drugs have become the first-line treatment of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. About 7.5 % of all pregnancies are currently exposed to psychotropic medications. Recent studies suggest the SSRI medications may have some detrimental effects in pregnancy, including a possible increased risk of miscarriage, preterm delivery, clubfoot, heart defects, brain and craniofacial abnormalities, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, neonatal seizures, low neonatal Apgar score, as well as neurodevelopmental and behavioral changes. Patients and healthcare providers should take into consideration all the possible known negative effects of untreated depression during pregnancy, but also the possible fetal risks associated with the use of SSRIs.
Vibrations of Beams on Many Supports

Natural frequencies of continuous beam determined from difference equation formulation; these frequencies fall in periodically spaced groups separated by spectral gaps of widths; groups tend to uniform spectra as number of supports tends to infinity, but gaps remain giving band pass character to entire spectrum; wave propagation along infinite, periodically supported beam discussed.
Cell Recognition in Embryonic Morphogenesis and the Problem of Neuronal Specificities

Embryonic morphogenesis depends on the aggregation and organization of individual cells and cell groups into characteristic multicellular patterns which give rise to the definitive tissues and organs. During the early development of the nervous system, many of its precursor cells emigrate from their sites of origin toward their final locations; there, they associate with similar or other cell types into characteristic patterns and eventually become functionally linked. The experimental facts strongly suggest that the emergence in the embryo of the complex organization of the nervous system depends on cell-cell recognition or cellular affinities, i.e., on the ability of the cells to distinguish, through contact, one kind from another, and to display selectivities in forming morphogenetic associations. This capacity arises and evolves in the cells with their progressive differentiation. We assume that, as the various cell lines and sublines arise in the embryo, cell surfaces become specified and encoded with molecular “labels” of increasing subtlety and that these contribute to the mechanisms which mediate cell recognition and selective cell adhesion. There are excellent indications from histological and experimental studies on neurological mutants of mice that failure in the mechanisms of cell recognition prevents cells from becoming correctly organized and may lead to defective morphogenesis in the affected parts of the nervous system (Sidman, 1974).
On a class of initial value problems and solitons for the KP equation: A numerical study

Abstract Recent studies show that the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation admits a large class of exact solutions, referred to as the KP solitons, which are solitary waves localized along distinct rays and form web-like patterns in the x y -plane. It is also shown that each KP soliton can be uniquely parametrized by a specific element of the symmetric group of permutations. This paper presents a numerical study of the initial value problem of the KP equation, for certain classes of initial data which are not a small perturbation of any KP soliton. The numerical simulations demonstrate that the initial condition evolves to certain types of KP solitons whose permutations can be found from the initial data, as well as dispersive waves. In this sense, the KP scenario is analogous to its one-dimensional counterpart, namely, the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. The solution of the KdV equation is known to evolve asymptotically into a sum of individual solitons and dispersive radiation. Although some numerical studies on KP were reported earlier in connection with the Mach reflection phenomena, the present study includes a much larger class of initial data than those discussed in the previous studies.
CORP: Co-operative Remote Practicum Work Experience Model for Software Engineering Education

"The education of all software engineering students must include student experiences with the professional practice of software engineering." There have been many models proposed to include professional practice in computer science and software engineering curricula. Some schools simulate professional practice in the classroom with large term or multi-term projects. Others require students to engage in professional practice outside of the classroom in an internship or co-op program. We have been exploring an alternative approach to integrating professional practice into our computer science curriculum. In our approach, we partner with an external software consulting company who employs our students directly. Students telecommute from campus and are engaged directly in real-world software development projects. We provide an academic advisor to help guide the development of the program, look for learning opportunities in the work, and mentor students. We describe our approach, solutions to the challenges we faced, and the direct and indirect benefits of our approach.
Barriers and facilitators to seeking treatment for subclinical eating disorders: The importance of supportive relationships

ABSTRACTSubclinical eating disorders, though considered less severe, are associated with clinically significant impairment in functioning. Guided by feminist theory, the purpose of the present analysis was to identify barriers and facilitators to seeking treatment for those with subclinical eating disorders. Fifteen women between the ages of 18 and 25, with subclinical eating disorder symptoms, and no treatment history were interviewed. Barriers to seeking treatment included a lack of openness with support system, misperceptions regarding subclinical symptoms, and stigma. Supportive relationships are highlighted as a significant facilitator in the process of treatment-seeking. Clinical implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Skin Tumor Markers

Skin cancers are the most common malignant tumors of man, constituting approximately one-third of all human cancers. The most common malignant tumors of skin are basal-cell carcinomas, and the next most common are squamous-cell carcinomas. The rarest, but most serious, is malignant melanoma. There are approximately 8000–10,000 new cases of melanoma per year in the United States, and this cancer accounts for 1% of all human cancers. A variety of other malignancies arise from specialized cells present in skin or its appendages, but these are very rare and will not be considered.
Working with ruled surfaces in solid modeling

The interplay between algebraic geometry and graphics/solid modeling is a natural and strong one. This paper addresses the topic of ruled surfaces, a class that has long been of interest to the mathematical community, and brings it more squarely into the realm of computer science by giving constructive algorithms for ruled surfaces. These algorithms allow ruled surfaces to be used more easily in a solid modeling system. Specifically, we show (a) how to identify that a surface is ruled from its equation (b) how to find the generator through a given point of a ruled surface and (c) how to find a directrix curve of a ruled surface. As an example of how these algorithms can be put to use in a solid modeling environment, we show how to parameterize a ruled surface.
Embracing Caregiving and Respecting Choice: An Essay on the Debate Over Changing Gender Norms

The work/family balance debate has been raging for years. How do women achieve equality in the workplace when they remain the primary caregivers of their kids and other family members who need care? One facet of this debate is a disagreement about whether we should be attempting to change gender norms when proposing policy initiatives aimed at ending what I call the “caregiver conundrum,” the difficulties caregivers face balancing work and family. On one side are scholars who believe we need to change gender norms in order for women to achieve equality in the workplace. To accomplish this gender flux, scholars believe that women should be encouraged to do more market work and/or men should be incentivized to spend more time at home. On the other side of the debate are scholars who do not disapprove of women continuing as primary caregivers as long as that status is celebrated and not penalized. In this Essay, I explore the history of this theoretical debate and stake a claim in it, explaining that I do not fall neatly on one side of the line or the other. Instead of attempting to change gender norms or believing that all women (and only women) are biologically destined to care, I describe my position as one of “embracing caregiving and respecting choice.” Even though I recognize women’s decisions to be the primary caregivers are often socially constructed and not biological, I nevertheless believe that the problem is not that women give care. The problem is that caregiving has not been valued. We need to embrace caregiving, regardless of who does it, and respect the choices that individuals make in coming up with their own work/family balance. I justify my position in this theoretical debate by explaining why changing gender norms is unwarranted, unrealistic, and unnecessary. It is unwarranted if it is accomplished by getting all caregivers to work the ideal worker norm; it is unrealistic if our goal is getting men to share equally in caregiving and household labor; and it is unnecessary because we can end the caregiver conundrum without changing gender norms.
Protein and lipid interactions in lung surfactant monolayers

Human lung surfactant protein SP-B and its amino terminus (SP-Bl_25) alter the phase behavior of palmitic acid (PA) monolayers by inhibiting the formation of condensed phases and creating a new fluid PA- protein phase. This fluid phase increases the compressibility of the monolayers by forming a network that separates condensed phase domains at coexistence and persists to high surface pressures. The network changes the monolayer collapse nucleation from a heterogeneous to a more homogeneous process through isolating individual condensed phase domains. This results in higher surface pressures at collapse, and monolayers easier to respread on expansion, factors essential to the in vivo function of lung surfactant. The network is stabilized by low line tension between the coexisting phases as confirmed by the formation of extended linear domains or "stripe" phases. Similar stripes are found in monolayers of fluorescein-labeled SP-B1 25, suggesting that the reduction in line tension is due to the protein. Comparison of isotherm data and observed morphologies of monolayers containing SP-Bl_25 with those containing the full SP-B protein shows that the peptide retains most of the native activity of the protein, which may lead to cheaper and more effective synthetic replacement formulations.
Computer-Aided Design, Computer-Aided Engineering, and Visualization

This chapter is an overview of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided engineering and includes elements of computer graphics, animation, and visualization. Commercial brands of three-dimensional (3-D) modeling tools are dimension driven, parametric, feature based, and constraint based all at the same time. The term constraint-based is intended to include all of these many facets. This means that, when geometry is created, the user specifies numerical values and requisite geometric conditions for the elemental dimensional and geometric constraints that define the object. Many of todayʼs modern CAD tools also operate on similar interfaces with similar geometry-creation command sequences [37.1] that operate interdependently to control the modeling process. Core modules include the sketcher, the solid modeling system itself, the dimensional constraint engine, the feature manager, and the assembly manager [37.2]. In most cases, there is also a drawing tool, and other modules that interface with analysis, manufacturing process planning, and machining. The 3-D animation production process can be divided into three main phases: Concept development and preproduction Production Postproduction and delivery. These processes can begin with the 3-D geometry generated by CAD systems in the design process or 3-D models can be created as a separate process. The second half of the chapter explains the process commonly used to create animations and visualizations.
The Empirical Side of Law & Economics

When I joined the Law School faculty almost thirty years ago, I already had published several empirical papers on law and economics but I knew little law. I was hired as an economist. My friends were economists. My wife was an economist. I knew Richard Posner because of his enthusiasm for economics, but knew none of the other law professors at Chicago. Although my appointment continued the Law School's long tradition of having an economist on its faculty, the faculty and most law students had little interest in economics. Unlike other law schools, Chicago was not hostile to economics. But outside the field of antitrust law, most of its faculty believed that economics had little to contribute to understanding the law. This may surprise many readers because Ronald Coase had been a member of the Law School faculty since 1962 and had published his celebrated article The Problem of Social Cost in 1960.1 That article, which is the foundation of the modern application of economics to all fields of law, was cited by the Nobel committee in awarding Coase the Nobel Prize in economics in 1991. Things are different today. Economics has become a central part of legal education, scholarship, and practice. All major law schools have one or more economists on their faculty; many young legal scholars have both law degrees and Ph.D.'s in economics (for example, three members of the Chicago Law School faculty have both law degrees and advanced degrees in economics); economic analysis of law is widely considered the most important development in legal thought in the last fifty years;2 economics has been systematically integrated into most areas of law, including even art law; and economic evidence has played an increasingly important role in the practice of law not only in antitrust but in contracts, intellectual property, securities, environmental law, and discrimination law. Other indicia of the growth of law and economics include the formation of The American Law and Economics Association in 1991, which now has more than one thousand
Nondifferentiable and Bilevel Optimization

It is not accidental that we unify the exposition of these two areas of optimization theory in one chapter.
Treatment of phosphoric acid sludge for rare earths recovery II: effect of sonication and flocculant solution temperature on settling rate

The effect of sonication on sludge exhibited a faster settling rate. Sonication creates acoustic cavitation preparing the slurry for better interaction with flocculant and generating faster settlem...
Nonparametric Direct Entropy Difference Estimation

We propose a nonparametric method to directly estimate the difference of Shannon entropy between two continuous random variables using finite number of samples. This method is based on a k-nearest-neighbor approach. We provide a finite sample analysis of the bias and variance of our proposed estimator. Numerical experiments show that our method performs better than estimating the entropy of two random variables separately. As an application of our estimator, we show that it can be used to significantly improve the performance of mutual information estimation using k-nearest-neighbor method for strongly dependent variables.
Discussion on “Challenges and new methods for designing reliability experiments”

First, I would like to commend Dr. Laura Freeman on her inspiring talk on some current challenges and new developments in design of experiments for reliability. As Laura noted, reliability experime...
Structures of coastal resilience, by Catherine S. Nordenson, Guy Nordenson and Julia Chapman

Structures of Coastal Resilience addresses one of the grand challenges of the 21st century: how do we design resilient communities when most have been built to reflect a climate of the past? With t...
Building Blocks for High-Efficiency Organic Photovoltaics: Interplay of Molecular, Crystal, and Electronic Properties in Post-Fullerene ITIC Ensembles.

Accurate single-crystal X-ray diffraction data offer a unique opportunity to compare and contrast the atomistic details of bulk heterojunction photovoltaic small-molecule acceptor structure and packing, as well as provide an essential starting point for computational electronic structure and charge transport analysis. Herein, we report diffraction-derived crystal structures and computational analyses on the n-type semiconductors which enable some of the highest efficiency organic solar cells produced to date, 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (ITIC) and seven derivatives (including three new crystal structures: 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-propylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (ITIC-C3), 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(3-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (m-ITIC-C6), and 3,9-bis(2-methylene-((3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-6,7-difluoro)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-butylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (ITIC-C4-4F). IDTT acceptors typically pack in a face-to-face fashion with π-π distances ranging from 3.28-3.95 A. Additionally, edge-to-face packing is observed with S⋯π interactions as short as 3.21-3.24 A. Moreover, ITIC end group identities and side chain substituents influence the nature and strength of noncovalent interactions (e. g. H-bonding, π-π) and thus correlate with the observed packing motif, electronic structure, and charge transport properties of the crystals. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal relatively large nearest-neighbor intermolecular π-π electronic couplings (5.85-56.8 meV) and correlate the nature of the band structure with the dispersion interactions in the single crystals and core-end group polarization effects. Overall, this combined experimental and theoretical work reveals key insights into crystal engineering strategies for indacenodithienothiophene (IDTT) acceptors, as well as general design rules for high-efficiency post-fullerene small molecule acceptors.
Evaluating Carcinogenic Potential of Carbon Nanomaterials

The goal is to review the adverse health effects, in particular carcinogenic effects, of various carbon-based nanomaterials during their life cycle, including synthesis, utilization, and disposal. Nanomaterials hold great promise for the development of new and better products. However, a number of commercial and biomedical applications of nanomaterials have been reported to have undesirable adverse health effects. Here, we summarize and discuss key findings from recent studies that assess the carcinogenic potential of carbon nanomaterials.
Chapter 4: Stories of Networks of Help During the Holocaust

Stories of helping during the Holocaust offer opportunities to reflect on the choice to act in the face of great suffering and danger. Those who listened to these stories of helping had the chance to explore the circumstances, internal and external resources, and the relationships that made the choice to act possible. Stories of helping from different geographical and political contexts were shared by participants. Some of these contexts, such as Zakynthos in Greece, and all of Denmark, had leadership and a social and political history that helped to create conditions for interactive networks of helping. Some contexts, such as Central Greece, offered more isolated, individual opportunities to help. In some cases, narratives carried through resistance networks sustained and supported helping activities. Those who heard stories of courageous acts of helping carried a sense of pride and identification with the efforts to help. Individuals who heard stories of help and resistance after the war grappled with questions about how they might react in similar circumstances.
Treatment Adequacy and Adherence as Predictors of Depression Response in Primary Care

Abstract Objective Primary care is the de facto mental health system in the United States where physicians treat large numbers of depressed older adults with antidepressant medication. This study aimed to examine whether antidepressant dosage adequacy and patient adherence are associated with depression response among middle-aged and older adults prescribed with antidepressants by their primary care provider. Design A secondary analysis was conducted on a sample drawn from a randomized controlled trial comparing Treatment as Usual to Treatment Initiation Program, an adherence intervention. Treatment Initiation Program improved adherence but not depression compared to Treatment as Usual (Sirey et al., 2017). For this analysis, we examined dosing adequacy and adherence at 6 and 12 weeks as predictors of depression response in both groups at 12 and 24 weeks. Setting Primary care practices. Participants One hundred eighty-seven older adults with depression prescribed an antidepressant for depression by their primary care provider. Measurements Depression response was defined as 50% reduction on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Adherence was defined as taking 80% of doses at follow-up interviews (6 and 12 weeks). Patient-reported dosage and duration of antidepressant therapy was collected using the Composite Antidepressant Score (adequacy score of >3) at follow-up. Results Greater adherence, but not receipt of adequate dosage, was associated with higher likelihood of treatment response at both 12 (Odds ratio (OR) = 2.63; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.19–5.84) and 24 weeks (OR = 3.09; 95% CI, 1.46–6.55). Conclusion As physicians prescribe antidepressants to the diverse group of adults seen in primary care, special attention to patients’ views and approach to adherence may improve depression outcomes.
The Geometry of Movement: Encounters with Spatial Inscriptions for Making and Exploring Mathematical Figures

In this article, we examine spatial inscriptions marked in real or rendered spaces, rather than on two-dimensional surfaces, conceptualize spatial inscriptions from an inclusive materialist perspective and consider realizations of spatial inscriptions that are possible with emerging technologies (e.g. 3D pens, immersive virtual reality). We then describe two cases of immersive environments that allowed learners to make and interact with spatial inscriptions. Next, we analyze how movements of participant–environment–inscription assemblages realized diagrams. Our analysis highlights how varying scale and changing perspective can become resources for doing mathematical work with spatial inscriptions.
Sensitivity Analysis of a Simulation Model of Bird-Insect Interactions in a Deciduous Forest Ecosystem

Abstract A simulation model of biomass changes in a bird-insect system in a deciduous forest was constructed. The major compartments of the model were deciduous leaves, leaf-eating insects, and 15 species of insectivorous birds. Additional compartments representing alternate prey sources were also included. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine which parameters were important in determining the dynamics of the model. Variations of initial inputs into several compartments allowed an assessment of the importance of initial conditions. Simulation results identified 2 key parameters. The major controlling factor of insect populations was the value of a density dependent biomass removal parameter. Bird predation was insignificant in controlling the dynamics of insect populations. The major factor controlling growth of bird populations was insect densities and a parameter relating biomass intake to the difficulty of obtaining prey. Thus, though growth rates of birds were sensitive to prey population levels, insect growth rates were only slightly affected by bird predation. The model was robust to large variations in initial conditions. The dynamics of the model suggest that birds in deciduous forests may not be subject to exploitative competition.
The distribution of stars near the super-massive black hole in the Galactic Center

We analyze three sets of infrared star counts in the inner ~0.5 pc of the Galactic Center. We perform statistical tests on the star counts and model in detail the extinction field and the effects of dwarf-giant collisions on the luminosity function. We find that both the star counts and the depletion of the brightest stars in the inner ~0.05 pc can be explained by a r^-\alpha stellar cusp with \alpha in the range 3/2 to 7/4, in which the envelopes of the brightest giants are destroyed by stellar collisions. Such a cusp is consistent with the Bahcall-Wolf solution for the distribution of stars that have undergone two-body relaxation around a black hole. We show that systematic uncertainties due to variable extinction and unrelaxed stars are probably small, but deeper star counts are required to confirm these results. We estimate that the tidal disruption rate of cusp stars by the black hole is few x 10^-5 yr^-1.
The Association Between Baseline Insulin Treatment and Cardiovascular Events: A Meta-Analysis.

Objective We conducted a meta-analysis to compare major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in recent diabetes type 2 drugs cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) in the subgroups that used insulin at baseline to the subgroups that did not. Methods English publications from 2010 to 2019 were searched in PubMed and Google Scholar. We searched published clinical trials for CVOTs with new drugs for type 2 diabetes and found 12 publications, of which 8 provided outcomes according to insulin use. We compared the event rate of the primary outcome in the group taking insulin with the one not taking insulin. Data were extracted by 2 investigators independently, including CVOT drug, publication year, sample size, duration of diabetes, mean glycated hemoglobin A1c, mean age, and number of patients in each treatment group. We included 8 trials in the analysis: DECLARE, EMPA-REG, EXSCEL, HARMONY, LEADER, SUSTAIN-6, EXAMINE, and SAVOR-TIMI. The pooled relative risk was 1.52 (95% CI, 1.43 ~ 1.62) when comparing the treatment group with insulin at baseline with the treatment group of patients without insulin use. Results In recent CVOTs, patients on insulin regimen along with the new antidiabetic drug had a higher risk ratio of cardiovascular events than patients who used the new antidiabetic drug alone.
PAF remodels the DREAM complex to bypass cell quiescence and promote lung tumorigenesis

The DREAM complex orchestrates cell quiescence and the cell cycle. However, how the DREAM complex is deregulated in cancer remains elusive. Here, we report that PAF (PCLAF/KIAA0101) drives cell quiescence exit to promote lung tumorigenesis by remodeling the DREAM complex. PAF is highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and is associated with poor prognosis. Importantly, Paf knockout markedly suppressed LUAD development in mouse models. PAF depletion induced LUAD cell quiescence and growth arrest. PAF is required for the global expression of cell-cycle genes controlled by the repressive DREAM complex. Mechanistically, PAF inhibits DREAM complex formation by binding to RBBP4, a core DREAM subunit, leading to transactivation of DREAM target genes. Furthermore, pharmacological mimicking of PAF-depleted transcriptomes inhibited LUAD tumor growth. Our results unveil how the PAF-remodeled DREAM complex bypasses cell quiescence to promote lung tumorigenesis and suggest that the PAF-DREAM axis may be a therapeutic vulnerability in lung cancer.
Toys That Train the Tots: Fisher-Price’s Smart Toys in the Digital Age

The integration of digital features in the toy industry has led to a wide range of digital toys designed to appeal to children almost from the moment they are born. Known as smart toys, these toys combine traditional toys with technology and electronics and have evolved to include toys with voice recognition, health tracking abilities, smartphone and tablet connectivity, console connectivity, drones, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence. Alongside the traditional toys without electronics, Fisher-Price, a longtime industry leader in educational play, offers brands of smart toys for babies through preschoolers. Through an analysis of three Fisher-Price brands, Linkimals, Laugh & Learn, and Think & Learn, we uncover the marketing strategies and appeals used to appeal to parents of young children. We argue that these smart toys help build a love for technology for both the parents and children in two ways: (1) through play with built-in electronics that “introduce” and “teach” and (2) through play that imitates and models adult technology use.
How Microbes Defend Themselves From Incoming Hydrogen Peroxide.

Microbes rely upon iron as a cofactor for many enzymes in their central metabolic processes. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide and hydrogen peroxide react rapidly with iron, and inside cells they can generate both enzyme and DNA damage. ROS are formed in some bacterial habitats by abiotic processes. The vulnerability of bacteria to ROS is also apparently exploited by ROS-generating host defense systems and bacterial competitors. Phagocyte-derived O 2 - can toxify captured bacteria by damaging unidentified biomolecules on the cell surface; it is unclear whether phagocytic H2O2, which can penetrate into the cell interior, also plays a role in suppressing bacterial invasion. Both pathogenic and free-living microbes activate defensive strategies to defend themselves against incoming H2O2. Most bacteria sense the H2O2 via OxyR or PerR transcription factors, whereas yeast uses the Grx3/Yap1 system. In general these regulators induce enzymes that reduce cytoplasmic H2O2 concentrations, decrease the intracellular iron pools, and repair the H2O2-mediated damage. However, individual organisms have tailored these transcription factors and their regulons to suit their particular environmental niches. Some bacteria even contain both OxyR and PerR, raising the question as to why they need both systems. In lab experiments these regulators can also respond to nitric oxide and disulfide stress, although it is unclear whether the responses are physiologically relevant. The next step is to extend these studies to natural environments, so that we can better understand the circumstances in which these systems act. In particular, it is important to probe the role they may play in enabling host infection by microbial pathogens.
Public Perceptions of Traumatic Events and Policy Preferences during the George W. Bush Administration: A Portrait of America in Turbulent Times

The American policy landscape during the George W. Bush administration was shaped by a series of traumatic events that confronted the nation and people of the United States. These included the terrorist attacks of 9/11 in 2001, the anthrax attacks in the fall of 2001, military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq, Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the threat of a flu pandemic in 2005 and 2006, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports, and the financial collapse of 2008. The results of the 2008 presidential election appear to be a rejection of the Bush administration's major policy responses to these events, but the variation in type and level of public support among different groups suggests a much more varied and dynamic portrait of America in turbulent times. Using a multiyear panel survey, an interdisciplinary team of political scientists and psychologists analyzed the behavior and political responses to the events by the American public. The findings suggest that even seven years after the event...
Balanced Weighted Label Propagation

One key methodology to understand the structure of complex networks is through community detection and analysis. Such information is used to find relationships and hidden structures in social communities. Existing community detection algorithms are either computationally expensive in large-scale real-world networks or require specific information such as the number and size of communities. Another problem with the existing benchmark algorithms is the resolution problem, i.e. as the data grows larger or more complex (with a higher chance of having outliers), the identified community structure loses quality. In this paper, we introduce a multi-stage novel edge-influenced label propagation algorithm that uses the network structure to create values for the edges. Initially, edges are used to create the flow of the community structure. Next, every node is initialized with a unique label and at every step, each node adopts the label of the neighbor with the lowest edge weight. Finally, all nodes converge and construct the community structures. Through an iterative process, densely connected groups of nodes form a consensus on a unique label to form communities. The proposed method, Balanced Weighted Label Propagation, is tested on both synthetic and real-world benchmark datasets with known community structures.