cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE RECOVERY OF SWIMMING PERFORMANCE OF JUVENILE SCHIZOTHORAX PRENANTI AFTER FATIGUE

The recovery of swimming performance of Schizothorax prenanti(Body length: 14.0—17.5 cm, body mass:39.6—65.6 g) which were provided by a wild animal breeding base in the National Geopark in Shennongjia, China,were studied by a stepped velocity test in swimming performance equipment(an intermittent-flow respirometer). The fish were examined 20 days and 40 days after juvenile Schizothorax prenanti swam and became fatigued. Results indicated:(1) The critical swimming speed(Ucrit) of Schizothorax prenanti in 20 days was lower than speed at the beginning,which indicate that the recovery of swimming performance was worse 20 days later. However, the critical swimming speed was improved 40 days later, appearing similar to the beginning, which indicated that the recovery situation was better 40 days later.(2) Swimming efficiency decreased after the fish became fatigued, and was unable to return to normal 40 days later. The speed exponent of 40 days later was lower than 20 days, and swimming efficiency of 40 days later was higher than 20 days, however, the recovery of swimming efficiency still was worse 40 days later.(3) The recovery capability of swimming performance did not return to normal situation 40 days later, but excess post-exercise oxygen cost(EPOC) was not unstable, therefore fatigue has little effect on the recovery capability.(4) The anaerobic of20 days and 40 days occurred both earlier than the first tested time, which illustrated that fatigue has a sustained effect on aerobic capability.(5) Fatigue has no obvious effect on ecological behavior. This study will provide basic information for building fishways and be great meaningful for biodiversity conservation on depth.
Primary Chemotherapy Followed by a Selective Retro Peritoneal Lymphadenectomy in the Management of Clinical Stage II Testicular Carcinoma: A Preliminary Report

AbstractIn 28 patients with primary clinical stage II testicular carcinoma (retroperitoneal mass of less than 10cm. in diameter) or persistently elevated levels of serum biomarkers after orchiectomy primary chemotherapy was administered followed by selective lymphadenectomy for patients with a persistent retroperitoneal mass. Of the patients 21 were treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, cisplatin/vinblastine and bleomycin, and 7 who were not candidates for this regimen received less aggressive chemotherapy. All 28 patients were free of disease after a mean followup of 93.6 weeks and a median of 89 weeks (range 28 to 199.5 weeks). No patient who achieved complete remission has had relapse. Of the 28 patients 1 had a seminoma and an elevated alpha-fetoprotein level, 15 had embryonal carcinoma (Dixon-Moore category II) and 12 had teratocarcinomas (DixonMoore category IV). Only 1 of the 15 patients with embryonal carcinoma required surgical exploration for a persistent radiographic abnormality, whereas ...
Lifestyles through Expenditures: A Case-Based Approach to Saving.

Treating people as cases that are proximate in a behavior space—representing lifestyles—rather than as markers of single variables has a long history in sociology. Yet, because it is difficult to find analytically tractable ways to implement this idea, this approach is rarely used. We take seriously the idea that people are whole packages, and we use household spending to identify groups who occupy similar positions in social space. Using detailed data on household consumption, we identify eight positions that are clearly similar in lifestyle. We then study how the lifestyles we identify are associated with saving, an important measure of household well-being. We find that households cluster into distinct lifestyles based on similarities and differences in consumption. These lifestyles are meaningfully related in social space and save in distinct ways that have important implications for understanding inequality and stratification.
Abstract 3955: A primary cell-based assay to identify initiating oncogenic events in neuroblastoma

The pediatric cancer neuroblastoma (NBL) forms from immature cells of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). A prominent category of high-risk NBL is MYCN amplification with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 1p36. This LOH includes the chromatin remodeling factor, CHD5, a proposed tumor suppressor of NBL and can include ARID1A, a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. To identify genetic changes that cooperate with MYCN amplification in initiating NBL we developed an assay based on oncogenic transformation of neural crest cells (NCCs), the progenitors of the SNS. Isolation of NCCs from E9.5 mouse embryos resulted in a population that was ∼90% positive for the NCC markers p75, Sox10, and Ascl1, suggesting a highly enriched population. Next, we tested the ability of N-Myc infected NCCs to form tumors in vivo. In pilot experiments using NCCs with compromised p53, we obtained subcutaneous tumors following injection of NCCs in nude mice. Resulting tumors were diffusely positive for neuronal markers such as synaptophysin, MAP2, and Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Tumors also contained focal areas of divergent differentiation characteristic of melanoma, Schwannoma, and osteosarcoma, all cancers that can arise from NCC lineages. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cancer from transformed primary neural crest cells. To more closely model NBL genetics, we replaced loss of p53 with shRNA to knockdown CHD5 and ARID1A prior to N-Myc infection. Injection of the resulting NCCs also resulted in tumor formation in nude mice. Tumors were uniformly positive for neuronal markers including TH and Ascl1, as well as Phox2B, a marker of undifferentiated NBL, and with no evidence of other cancers. Future studies in understanding the interactions of N-Myc overexpression with loss of these chromatin remodeling factors should further increase our understanding of NBL development. Citation Format: Rachelle Olsen, Joel Otero, Zhirong Yin, Jesus Garcia-Lopez, Kevin Freeman. A primary cell-based assay to identify initiating oncogenic events in neuroblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3955. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3955
Presence and Performance as a Function of Teammate Agency and Individual Differences in a Video Game

Past research has examined the effects of agency on human performance and affect (e.g., Nowak & Biocca, 2001; Weibel et al., 2008), but results and design recommendations are still inconclusive. Th...
The public will vs. the public trust: early american radio as a public information resource

Over the century that has transpired since the first public broadcasts aired in the US, radio programming has become a staunchly commercial enterprise. The earliest radio broadcasts, by contrast, were seen as public goods to be protected in the interest of neutrality of the information being conveyed. In the late 1920s and early 1930s a range of colorful individuals contracted with stations in order to broadcast news and information that involved the sale of personal and medical consultations to individual listeners. Astrology, in particular, became a significant factor in Federal Radio Commission (FRC) and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license renewal hearings due to two main perceptions: (1) because such broadcasts constituted point-to-point transmission of information, and (2) because such programs were usually related to the marketing of some product or involved the solicitation of funds, therefore, they were deemed to be contrary the interests of the public at large. While the mandate of the FRC and FCC did not involve oversight of content or outright censorship, these hearings nonetheless effectually resulted in the development of guidelines that banned certain types of broadcasts and sometimes shuttered local stations entirely. For a brief time during these decades, educational and cultural institutions benefitted from the utopian ethos of these federal regulatory efforts. During this time science journalism emerged and scientists themselves experimented with the new medium as a means of public edification. Discussion of the early history of radio broadcasting in the US is relevant to the core concerns of information science and technology research given that its development gave shape to the social practices and legal principles surrounding public use of and access to the ICTs (information and communications technologies) that emerged in its wake---from television programming to the provision of Internet service.
Unsupervised k-means clustering based out-of-set candidate selection for robust open-set language recognition

Research in open-set language identification (LID) generally focuses more on accurate in-set language modeling versus improved out-of-set (OOS) language rejection. The main reason for this is the increased cost/resources in collecting sufficient OOS data, versus the in-set languages of interest. Therefore, unknown or OOS language rejection is a challenge. To address this through efficient data collection, we propose a flexible OOS candidate selection method for universal OOS language coverage. Since state-of-the-art i-vector system followed by generative Gaussian back-end achieves effective performance for LID, the selected K candidates are expected to be general enough to represent the entire OOS language space. Therefore, an unsupervised k-means clustering approach is proposed for effective OOS candidate selection. This method is evaluated on a dataset derived from a large-scale corpus (LRE-09) which contains 40 languages. With the proposed selection method, the total OOS training diversity can be reduced by 89% and still achieve better performance on both OOS rejection and overall classification. The proposed method also shows clear benefits for greater data enhancement. Therefore, the proposed solution achieves sustained performance with the advantage of employing a minimum number of OOS language candidates efficiently.
Abstract A25: High-resolution visualization of immune response across the intact melanoma tumor

Tumor immunotherapy relies on improved anti-tumor activity of the immune cells. Efficacious immunotherapy often correlates with increased CD8+ T cell infiltration within the tumor, subsequently resulting into reduction in tumor growth and morphological remodeling. However, pan- melanoma visualization of immune cell infiltration and associated macro-scale alterations in tumor morphology and vasculature remains extremely challenging. This is largely owing to the dense pigmentation, thick extracellular matrix deposition and friable texture of the tumor, rendering it optically inaccessible using the routine histology and organ clarification techniques. Here, we describe a rapid and inexpensive optical clarification technique that enables examination of immune infiltration as well as vascular changes, both at tissue level as well as single cell-resolution within an intact tumor. The aforementioned technique, termed Tumor-optimized three-dimensional imaging of solvent cleared organs (T-DISCO), combines in vivo fluorescent labeling of the endogenous immune cells with organic solvents-based tissue clarification and eventual image acquisition using a standard confocal microscope. This technique when applied to the B16F10 melanoma model undergoing a multi-component immunotherapy, revealed changes within the tumor microenvironment, including vascular normalization and intra-tumoral trafficking of the T cells. Thus, T-DISCO represents a powerful tool to examine and investigate immune cell behavior deep within the intact tumor. Citation Format: Sudha Kumari, Kelly Moynihan, Darrell J. Irvine. High-resolution visualization of immune response across the intact melanoma tumor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2016 Oct 20-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2017;5(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A25.
High Serum Stability of Collagen Hybridizing Peptides and Their Fluorophore Conjugates.

Collagen hybridizing peptides (CHPs) have a great potential for use in targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and regenerative medicine due to their ability to specifically bind to denatured collagens associated with many pathologic conditions. Since peptides generally suffer from poor enzymatic stability, resulting in rapid degradation and elimination in vivo, CHP’s serum stability is a critical parameter that may dictate its pharmacokinetic behavior. Here, we report the serum stability of a series of monomeric CHP derivatives and establish how peptide length, amino acid composition, terminal modification, and linker chemistry influence their availability in serum. We show that monomeric CHPs comprised of the collagen-like Gly-Pro-Hyp motif are resistant to common serum proteinases and that their stability can be further increased by simple N-terminal labeling which negates CHP’s susceptibility to proline-specific exopeptidases. When fluorescent dyes are conjugated to a CHP via maleimide–thiol reaction, th...
Transurethral alprostadil restored potency in impotent men

Source Citation Padma-Nathan H, Hellstrom WJ, Kaiser FE, et al., for the Medicated Urethral System for Erection (MUSE) Study Group. Treatment of men with erectile dysfunction with transurethral alp...
A Deep Learning Paradigm for Detection of Harmful Algal Blooms

Effective and cost-efficient monitoring is indispensable for ensuring environmental sustainability. Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (CyanoHABs) are a major water quality and public health issue in inland water bodies. The recent popularity of online social media (OSM) platforms coupled with advances in cloud computing and data analytics has given rise to citizen science-based approaches to environmental monitoring. These approaches involve the lay community in the acquisition, collection and transmission of relevant data in the form of tweets, images, voice recordings and videos typically acquired using low-cost mobile devices such as smartphones or tablet computers. While cost effective, citizen science-based approaches are highly susceptible to noise, inaccuracies and missing data. In this paper we address the problem of automated detection of harmful algal blooms (HABs) via analysis of image data of inland water bodies. These image data are acquired using a variety of smartphones and communicated via popular OSM platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. To account for the wide variations in imaging parameters and ambient environmental parameters we propose a deep learning approach to image feature extraction and classification for the purpose of HAB detection. The current system is a first step in the design of an automated early detection, warning and rapid response system that can be adopted to mitigate the detrimental effects of CyanoHAB contamination of inland water bodies.
Effect of particle size on mixed-mode fracture of nanographene reinforced epoxy and mode I delamination of its carbon fiber composite

Abstract Motivated by the lack of available mixed-mode test data in the literature on graphene nanocomposites, this article aims to investigate two cases: (a) the changes in mixed-mode fracture properties of a thermoset polymer (EPON 862) reinforced with hydrogen passivated nanographene platelets (HP-NGPs) and, (b) Mode I fracture properties of EPON 862/IM7 unidirectional laminate with dispersed HP-NGPs. For case (a), mixed mode fracture experimentation was performed using an asymmetric four-point bending specimen on baseline (0 wt%), 0.1 wt% and 0.5 wt% HP-NGP reinforced EPON 862. Three different mode mix (K II /K I ) ratios (0.78, 1.53, 117) were used to obtain a fracture envelop encompassing pure Mode I to Mode II. Remarkable increases in the fracture envelop both in Mode I (3 times) and Mode II (2.5 times) was observed with only 0.5 wt% of HP-NGP. For case (b), Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) experiments were used to obtain the fracture toughness of the unidirectional IM7/EPON 862 laminates with the HP-NGP reinforced matrices. Significant increase (100%) in resistance to crack propagation in DCB specimens was observed. A brittle to ductile transition at the crack tip due to a novel nanoscale size effect is postulated and verified using TEM as the reason for the toughness increase.
Movement-Based Programs in U.S. and Canadian Public Libraries: Evidence of Impacts from an Exploratory Survey

Abstract Objective – Past research suggests that approximately 20-30% of public libraries in the United States offer movement-based programs, that is programs that encourage, enable, or foster physical activity and physical fitness. Little is currently known about the impacts of these programs, in the U.S. or elsewhere. This study addresses the questions: what impacts do movement-based programs in public libraries have and what variations exist between urban and rural libraries. Methods – The researcher aimed to explore these questions through an exploratory survey of U.S. and Canadian public libraries that have offered movement-based programs. The survey was completed by self-selecting staff from 1,157 public libraries in the U.S. and Canada during spring 2017. Analysis focuses on those portions of the survey that address the impacts of movement-based programs. Results – Results show that throughout North America, public libraries provide movement-based programs for all age groups. The most consistently reported impact of these programs is new library users. Furthermore, on average respondents report that participation in these programs slightly exceeding their expectations. These facts may account for the finding that 95% of respondents report that they intend to continue offering movement-based programs at their libraries. Conclusion – More research using a randomized survey design is needed to better assess this emerging programming area in a more comprehensive manner. Nonetheless, this study provides needed evidence on the impacts of movement-based programs in many North American public libraries. Hopefully this evidence will contribute to more conversations and research on the roles of public libraries in public health and wellness.
Genomic and Proteomic Resolution of Heterochromatin and Its Restriction of Alternate Fate Genes.

Heterochromatin is integral to cell identity maintenance by impeding the activation of genes for alternate cell fates. Heterochromatic regions are associated with histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) or H3K27me3, but these modifications are also found in euchromatic regions that permit transcription. We discovered that resistance to sonication is a reliable indicator of the heterochromatin state, and we developed a biophysical method (gradient-seq) to discriminate subtypes of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 domains in sonication-resistant heterochromatin (srHC) versus euchromatin. These classifications are more accurate than the histone marks alone in predicting transcriptional silence and resistance of alternate fate genes to activation during direct cell conversion. Our proteomics of H3K9me3-marked srHC and functional screens revealed diverse proteins, including RBMX and RBMXL1, that impede gene induction during cellular reprogramming. Isolation of srHC with gradient-seq provides a genome-wide map of chromatin structure, elucidating subtypes of repressed domains that are uniquely predictive of diverse other chromatin properties.
Renal Na-handling defect associated with PER1-dependent nondipping hypertension in male mice.

Many physiological functions have a circadian rhythm, including blood pressure (BP). BP is highest during the active phase, whereas during the rest period, BP dips 10–20%. Patients that do not expe...
Supporting Sustainable Development with Outer Space Activities

As the Director of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), I am appreciative of the opportunity to contribute to the ESPI Yearbook 2016 on the topic of space and sustainable development. The role that space activities and the international space community can play in support of sustainable development is invaluable. Space activities are responsible for many of the crucial technologies and capabilities that improve everyday life on Earth and society as a whole. Regardless of geographic region and level of development, every nation should be in the position to utilize space for its empowering capacities and ability to drive innovation and address global challenges. Advancements in space benefit all member states of the United Nations in one way or another, and thus these technologies support our common goals and efforts in addressing global challenges and implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
New Approach to Synthesis of Laser Microwelding Processes for Packaging

Microelectronics and packaging industry has ever-increasing requirements for miniaturized features with high edge acuity and negligible thermal damage zone. Laser micromachining is a unique way of processing materials with less thermal distortion and minimum metallurgical damage to the workpiece, therefore it is a good alternative to conventional micromachining processes. Typical applications of laser micromachining include laser bonding of a wafer, or of a microsystem chip, to one or two parts Mescheder et al. [1], and laser micromachining of 3D microchannel systems in chemical, biomedical, DNA, and environmental science analyses Qin and Li [2].
The IQ Controversy and the Philosophy of Education

Although my two colleagues on this panel are bonafide philosophers who clearly have a bonafide interest in the ongoing controversy over IQ and the educability of children (which should mean that the topic requires no further defense), I nonetheless feel constrained to say a word in defense of our topic as a viable subject for discussion in a forum devoted to the Philosophy of Science. Perhaps this is because, as the representative of the discipline which created this mess, I fear you might associate me with it. You might feel that bad science is a bad subject for study by philosophers of science, and furthermore that anyone associated with such a discipline would be the last person to have anything intelligent to say about philosophy.
Uncommon co-ordinating agents—I: P,P,P′,P′-tetraethylethylenediphosphine☆

Abstract The preparation of tetraethylethylenediphosphine (TEP) and some of its complexes is described. The complexes are compared with similar arsenic and nitrogen compounds. The ionic nature of the diamagnetic octahedral cobalt (III) complexes, [Co(TEP) 2 X 2 ]X (X = Cl, Br, I) is indicated by their conductance in nitrobenzene and in water (X = Cl). The complex Co(TEP) 2 I 2 has one unpaired electron and, since the conductivity in nitrobenzene shows the presence of two ions, it is presumably five-co-ordinate in that solvent. It is thought to be octahedral in the solid state. A complex with the empirical formula Co(TEP)Br 2 is probably a salt-like dimer [Co(TEP) 2 ]CoBr 4 containing planar [Co(TEP) 2 ] 2+ and tetrahedral CoBr 4 2− . The complexes M(TEP)X 2 (M = Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, Ni; X = Br and M = Pd, Ni; X = Cl) as well as [M(TEP) 2 ](ClO 4 ) 2 (M = Pb, Ni) were isolated. Those of nickel (II) are diamagnetic and presumably planar. Ni(TEP)Br 2 was oxidized to Ni(TEP)Br 3 which has one unpaired electron, confirming the presence of nickel (III). With the coinage metals, the compounds [Cu(TEP) 2 ][Cu(TEP)X 2 ], [Ag(TEP) 2 ]AgI 2 and IAuPEt 2 C 2 H 4 PEt 2 AuI were studied. The first two are conducting in nitrobenzene and the gold(I) complex is non-conducting. Its bridge structure is supported by its molecular weight in chloroform. It can be oxidized to I 3 Au(TEP)AuI 3 .
The effect of market conditions on the housing outcomes of subsidized households: the case of the US voucher programme

AbstractSince being created in the 1970s, housing vouchers have become the primary mode of federal housing support for low-income households in the US. The voucher programme was designed to provide...
Minimax Optimal Procedures for Locally Private Estimation

ABSTRACTWorking under a model of privacy in which data remain private even from the statistician, we study the tradeoff between privacy guarantees and the risk of the resulting statistical estimators. We develop private versions of classical information-theoretical bounds, in particular those due to Le Cam, Fano, and Assouad. These inequalities allow for a precise characterization of statistical rates under local privacy constraints and the development of provably (minimax) optimal estimation procedures. We provide a treatment of several canonical families of problems: mean estimation and median estimation, generalized linear models, and nonparametric density estimation. For all of these families, we provide lower and upper bounds that match up to constant factors, and exhibit new (optimal) privacy-preserving mechanisms and computationally efficient estimators that achieve the bounds. Additionally, we present a variety of experimental results for estimation problems involving sensitive data, including sal...
Reference Librarianship & Justice: History, Practice & Praxis. Kate Adler, Ian Beilin, and Eamon Tewell, eds. Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press, 2018. 322p. Paper, $35.00 (ISBN: 978-1-63400-051-2).

Social justice and critical information literacy have become a recognized part of academic librarianship; so far, much of the scholarship has focused on instruction services. This text extends these same practices and pedagogies to reference services. The preface begins to look at how social justice factors into reference work and makes an argument for supporting our most vulnerable patrons through reference work. The author of the preface sees reference as being able to support vulnerable people through positive affirming experiences with librarians. In the introduction, the editors recognize reference as a valuable service and the role that it can play in social justice and critical practice while preparing the reader for the chapters that follow. The editors of this text have collected chapters from a diverse group of librarians and academics that fit into three themes: history, practice, and praxis. Each section leads into the next with a short introduction from one of the editors, who links the chapters in the section together and explains what the reader should expect from the next section of the text.
Fiscal innovation in nondemocratic regimes: Elites and the adoption of the prussian income taxes of the 1890s

Abstract The income tax is a central pillar of the modern fiscal state because of its revenue-raising capacity and administrative sophistication. Existing accounts point to interstate war and class conflict as key drivers of modern fiscal breakthroughs. In this article, we evaluate a third explanation for the origins of fiscal capacity that highlights the importance of intraelite competition for political and economic power in times of rapid industrialization. Modern forms of taxation generated a conflict between industry and agriculture over the distribution of the tax burden across sectors. The presence of electoral institutions that connected tax payments to voting rights created opportunities to overcome this sectoral divide and facilitated the formation of a political consensus for fiscal innovation. The political coalition supporting income tax adoption included higher-income industrial and agricultural elites who anticipated fiscal and electoral gains associated with the adoption of the new tax. Drawing on parliamentary debates in Prussia and additional district-level data, we document both the origins and electoral and economic consequences of the new income tax. We show that the adoption of a highly sophisticated income tax in 1891 shifted the tax burden from land to industry and diluted the political influence of the middle class. The findings clarify the coalitional dynamics leading to fiscal tax adoption in nondemocratic contexts.
Relationship research of childhood viral hepatitis of disease uncertainty and social support, psychological flexibility in their families before antiviral treatment

Objective To investigate the relationship between the uncertainty of pre-antiviral therapy and social support and psychological flexibility in children with viral hepatitis in their families. Methods From January to December 2017, 300 parents of children with viral hepatitis were investigated using the disease uncertainty scale, social support scale, mental resilience scale.Pearson correlation factors were used to analyze the relationship between disease uncertainty, social support and psychological resilience before antiviral treatment, and multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of parents' disease uncertainty. Results The parental uncertainty score of 300 children with viral hepatitis was(71.25±8.38)points, the total social support score was(28.12±5.56)points, and the psychological elasticity score was(62.98±4.22)points.There was negative correlation with disease uncertainty and social support and psychological elasticity of children with viral hepatitis before parental antiviral treatment by Pearson correlation factor analysis, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion There is a clear uncertainty of illness before antiviral treatment for children with viral hepatitis in children.In addition to paying attention to the psychological status of children, medical staff should also give information and emotional support to the families of the children to improve the psychological elasticity of the families of children.To relieve family members of anxiety and uncertainty. Key words: Viral hepatitis; Family antiviral; Disease uncertainty; Social support; Psychological flexibility; Relationship
Using task-based interviews to generate hypotheses about mathematical practice: mathematics education research on mathematicians’ use of examples in proof-related activities

Mathematics education researchers frequently use task-based interviews to gain insight into mathematicians’ practice. However, there are a number of factors that should prevent mathematics educators from extrapolating how individual mathematicians respond to researcher-generated tasks in laboratory conditions, to how mathematicians practice their craft in authentic settings. In this paper we critically analyze the rationality of using task-based interviews to investigate mathematical practice, focusing on how task-based interview studies have been used to inform our understanding of mathematicians’ use of examples in mathematical practice. We discuss four specific generalizations about mathematical practice drawn from these studies, and suggest other types of studies that can be used to corroborate or challenge those generalizations.
Economic Challenges and Adjustments for the Asia-Pacific Region: COVID-19 and Beyond

The global economy is facing an unprecedented healthcare crisis as well as an economic crisis. GDP growth rates, trade flows, cross-border investments, and supply chains are negatively impacted. Ac...
Incorporating neuronal fatigue in deep neural networks captures dynamics of adaptation in neurophysiology and perception

Abstract Adaptation is a fundamental property of the visual system that molds how an object is processed and perceived in its temporal context. It is unknown whether adaptation requires a circuit level implementation or whether it emerges from neuronally intrinsic biophysical processes. Here we combined neurophysiological recordings, psychophysics, and deep convolutional neural network computational models to test the hypothesis that a neuronally intrinsic, biophysically plausible, fatigue mechanism is sufficient to account for the hallmark properties of adaptation. The proposed model captured neural signatures of adaptation including repetition suppression and novelty detection. At the behavioral level, the proposed model was consistent with perceptual aftereffects. Furthermore, adapting to prevailing but irrelevant inputs improves object recognition and the adaptation computations can be trained in a network trained to maximize recognition performance. These results show that an intrinsic fatigue mechanism can account for key neurophysiological and perceptual properties and enhance visual processing by incorporating temporal context.
Developing the Role of Thailand's Educational Administrators in the 21st Century of Administration Changes

The purpose of this research is to study the development of the roles of Thailand’s educational administrators in the 21st century of administration changes. The study is from document, in-depth interviews with deans of Education Faculty in institutions where a Master of Education Program is opened. There were 20 main informants. It is found from the study that the deans of Education Faculty have the same direction of developing the roles of educational administrators. Having an important issue of being able to administer the changes, to manage the education, keeping in pace with the changes in the 21st century. There are 4 main roles: 1) To respond to the diversity of the world in the 21st century 2) To respond to the changes in the 21st century 3) Administration the changes to become the development of the learning skills of the learners in the 21st century 4) To manage the risk deriving from the diversity and the changes which effect the teaching and learning process. Therefore, the administrators must use all the 4 roles to be able to operate as holistic integration of institution without separating into parts.
Respiratory Disease with SARS-COV2 Infection

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Infection can lead to severe respiratory symptoms, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the mortality rate is approximately 2%. The virus exhibits specific tropism for the respiratory tract, and infection spreads via inhaled aerosolized viral particles or by contact through droplets deposited on surfaces. Severe illness frequently presents with dyspnea and hypoxemia within a week after disease onset, and may quickly progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or end-organ failure. Respiratory disease may present with abrupt onset of hypoxia in previously asymptomatic patients. The high rate of severe respiratory disease requiring mechanical ventilation, the rapid progression of symptoms and associated mortality necessitates clinical vigilance for timely diagnosis and appropriate management of infected patients.
Democracy Beyond Athens: Popular Government in the Greek Classical Age

Introduction 1. Classical demokratiai on the Greek mainland (central Greece and the Peloponnese) 2. Classical demokratiai in western and northwestern Greece (plus Cyrene) 3. Classical demokratiai in eastern Greece 4. The spread of democracy in the Classical period 5. The nature of Classical democracy outside Athens Appendix.
Mysid ( Mysidopsis Bahia ) Life-Cycle Test: Design Comparisons and Assessment

This study examines ASTM Standard E1191-90, ``Standard Guide for Conducting Life-cycle Toxicity Tests with Saltwater Mysids,`` 1990, using Mysidopsis bahia, by comparing several test designs to assess growth, reproduction, and survival. The primary objective was to determine the most labor efficient and statistically powerful test design for the measurement of statistically detectable effects on biologically sensitive endpoints. Five different test designs were evaluated varying compartment size, number of organisms per compartment and sex ratio. Results showed that while paired organisms in the ASTM design had the highest rate of reproduction among designs tested, no individual design had greater statistical power to detect differences in reproductive effects. Reproduction was not statistically different between organisms paired in the ASTM design and those with randomized sex ratios using larger test compartments. These treatments had numerically higher reproductive success and lower within tank replicate variance than treatments using smaller compartments where organisms were randomized, or had a specific sex ratio. In this study, survival and growth were not statistically different among designs tested. Within tank replicate variability can be reduced by using many exposure compartments with pairs, or few compartments with many organisms in each. While this improves variance within replicate chambers, it doesmore » not strengthen the power of detection among treatments in the test. An increase in the number of true replicates (exposure chambers) to eight will have the effect of reducing the percent detectable difference by a factor of two.« less
The differential impact of incentives on refusals: Results from the 2001 national household survey on drug abuse incentive experiment

Research has demonstrated that cash incentives paid to respondents in sample surveys can increase the level of cooperation, reduce non-response bias, and lower data collection costs. However, recent research has shown that gains in response rate and reduced data collection costs associated with monetary incentives may vary across sub-groups in the population. Consequently, monetary incentives may result in inconsistent reductions in non-response error and systemic changes in sample composition. This paper describes an incentive experiment conducted as part of the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), and evaluates the impact of monetary incentives on measures of cooperation for different population sub-groups. Findings indicate that the incentive had a positive impact on cooperation. Furthermore, the incentive neither introduced additional differences in cooperation propensities, nor did it eliminate the pre-existing differences in cooperation among population sub-groups.
Refinement of Orthogonal Graph Drawings

Current orthogonal graph drawing algorithms produce drawings which are generally good. However, many times the readability of orthogonal drawings can be significantly improved with a postprocessing technique, called refinement, which improves aesthetic qualities of a drawing such as area, bends, crossings, and total edge length. Refinement is separate from layout and works by analyzing and then fine-tuning the existing drawing in an efficient manner. In this paper we define the problem and goals of orthogonal drawing refinement and introduce a methodology which efficiently refines any orthogonal graph drawing. We have implemented our technique in C++ and conducted preliminary experiments over a set of drawings from five well known orthogonal drawing systems. Experimental analysis shows our technique to produce an average 34% improvement in area, 22% in bends, 19% in crossings, and 34% in total edge length.
Immune responses are required to terminate viremia in equine infectious anemia lentivirus infection.

Abstract Six normal and four immunodeficient horses were injected with a cloned variant of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). The six normal horses had detectable EIAV in their plasma by 7 days postinjection. During their primary viremic episode, which was accompanied by fever and anemia, maximum titers of EIAV in plasma ranged from 10(3.8) to 10(4.8) 50% tissue culture infective doses per ml. All six normal horses cleared detectable virus from their plasma by 21 to 35 days after injection. Horses with combined immunodeficiency became viremic by 9 days postinjection and also developed anemia. In contrast to normal horses, foals with combined immunodeficiency did not eliminate the virus from their plasma.
FAST-RESPONSE ZIRCONIA SENSOR-BASED INSTRUMENT FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE AIR/FUEL RATIO OF COMBUSTION EXHAUST

A fast-response zirconia sensor-based instrument has been developed to measure the air/fuel ratio (A/F) of combustion exhaust. This instrument uses a reduced-pressure sampling system which improves instrument response time (due to faster diffusion at lower pressures) and eliminates the need for a heated sample line. The measured response time of the described instrument is 170 ms (0-90%) for a step-change in oxygen concentration. The prototype instrument is easily calibrated in less than 2 min, requiring only nitrogen and room air for calibration. A complete description of the instrument is given. Results of tests comparing the instrument accuracy to a chemical balance technique are given. Also, a comparison study was conducted with the prototype instrument and a conventional zirconia sensor-based A/F monitor (Lamdascan, Sensors, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan) with respect to accuracy and response time.
Adhesion of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to sulfated glycolipids and inhibition by dextran sulfate.

Abstract A virulent strain of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was metabolically labeled with [3H]palmitate and studied for binding to glycolipids and to WiDr human colon adenocarcinoma cells. The organism binds strongly to sulfatide and other sulfated glycolipids, such as seminolipid and lactosylsulfatide which all contain terminal Gal(3SO4) beta 1-residues and weakly to some neolactoseries neutral glycolipids. M. pneumoniae do not bind gangliosides including the sialylneolacto-series and other neutral glycolipids that were tested. Only metabolically active M. pneumoniae cells bind to sulfatide, as binding is maximal in RPMI medium at 37 degrees C and almost completely abolished in nutrient-deficient medium or by keeping the cells at 4 degrees C. Dextran sulfate but not other sulfated or anionic polysaccharides at 10 micrograms/ml completely inhibits binding of M. pneumoniae to purified sulfatide. Dextran sulfate does not inhibit binding to the neolacto-series neutral glycolipids. Dextran sulfate partially inhibits adhesion of M. pneumoniae to cultured human colon adenocarcinoma cells (WiDr). The biological relevance of these data is suggested by our finding that sulfatide occurs in large amounts in human trachea, lung, and WiDr cells. Thus, there are at least two distinct receptors that mediate binding of M. pneumoniae to cells: glycolipids containing terminal Gal(3SO4) beta 1-residues as reported here, and glycoproteins containing terminal NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc sequences (Roberts, D. D., Olson, L. D., Barile, M. F., Ginsburg, V., and Krivan, H. C. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 9289-9293).
Prevalence of human herpesvirus 6 variant A and B infections in bone marrow transplant recipients as determined by polymerase chain reaction and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization.

An oligotyping methodology was devised by using the polymerase chain reaction and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization in order to discriminate the A and B variants of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). Comparative DNA sequence analysis of portions of the U1102 (variant A) and Z29 (variant B) genomes revealed polymorphic regions which allowed for the synthesis of variant-specific and consensus oligonucleotide probes. These probes were found to hybridize exclusively to their respective HHV-6 variants. This strategy was then further tested by evaluating 16 clinical isolates derived from patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation to determine the subtype prevalence of HHV-6 infection in these patients. All clinical isolates were documented to be of variant B, indicating that the majority of bone marrow transplantation patients may be preferentially infected with this HHV-6 subtype. This oligotyping strategy may be useful in defining the relative prevalence of HHV-6A and HHV-6B infections in patient populations potentially at risk for HHV-6 disease. Images
Changes in Activity of Glyoxylate Cycle Enzymes During Myxospore Development in Myxococcus xanthus

Activities of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1) and malate synthase (EC 4.1.3.2) were assayed in extracts prepared at different stages of myxospore formation in liquid cultures of Myxococcus xanthus. Activities of both enzymes attained peak values during conversion of rods to spheres. Isocitrate lyase activity decreased after reaching its peak value. Malate synthase activity also declined but at a much slower rate. The loss of isocitrate lyase activity could be prevented by the addition of chloramphenicol to cultures early in myxospore formation (during the initial rise in enzyme activity), but not by such addition at later stages of myxospore formation. The increase in glyoxylate cycle enzymes was not observed in a mutant unable to form myxospores in liquid culture under conditions suitable for morphological conversion of the wild type, or in wild-type cells incubated in the absence of an inducer for myxospore formation. It is concluded that the changes in the glyoxylate cycle enzymes represent regulatory phenomena associated with the development of the myxospore.
Assessment of Spatial–Spectral Feature-Level Fusion for Hyperspectral Target Detection

In this work, we assess the detection and classification of specially constructed targets in coincident airborne hyperspectral imagery (HSI) and high spatial resolution panchromatic imagery (HRI) in spectral, spatial, and joint spatial–spectral feature spaces. The target discrimination powers of the data-level and feature-level fusion of HSI and HRI are also directly compared in the spatial–spectral context using airborne imagery collected explicitly for this research. We show that in the case of Bobcat 2013 imagery, feature-level fusion of the HSI spectrum with spatial features derived from the coincident HRI data consistently results in fewer false alarms on the scene background as well as fewer misclassifications among the tested targets. Furthermore, this approach also outperforms schemes in which data-level fusion of the HSI and HRI imagery is performed prior to extracting spatial–spectral features.
Catalyst-SnO/sub x/ MIS structure for detection of O/sub 2/, H/sub 2/ and CO

Catalyst-SnO/sub x/ MIS capacitors with palladium, platinum, or silver as catalyst and highly resistive SnO/sub x/ as the gas-adsorptive oxide have been explored for the detection of O/sub 2/, H/sub 2/, and CO gases. Device detection is based on the change in ionic charge density and/or charge redistribution in the adsorptive oxide, SnO/sub x/, of the MIS structure upon gas adsorption. The catalyst layer with a thickness of several angstroms deposited on top of SnO/sub x/ is used to enhance the gas selectivity and detectability of the device at a lower temperature range. The mechanism of oxygen detection is attributed to the dissociation of oxygen molecules on the metal catalyst and subsequent chemisorption at extrinsic surface states in SnO/sub x/ as negatively charged ions. This leads to a shift in the flatband voltage of the device to a positive gate voltage. The detection of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is through a reaction with the extrinsic states associated with the chemisorbed oxygen ions. >
Production of Maltase by Wild-Type and a Constitutive Mutant of Saccharomyces italicus

The production of maltase, an inducible and repressible catabolic enzyme in Saccharomyces italicus, was studied and compared in batch, fed-batch, and continuous fermentations. Tight genetic controls on maltase synthesis limited the effect of environmental manipulations such as fed-batch or continuous culture in enhancement of maltase synthesis, and neither approach was able to improve the performance above the batch process for maltase production. S. italicus was mutated, and a constitutive producer of maltase was isolated. The mutant was detected by its ability to grow on sucrose, which is a noninducing substrate that is hydrolyzed by maltase; S. italicus does not possess invertase and will not normally grow on sucrose. Maltase production by this mutant was studied during growth on sucrose in batch and continuous cultures and marked improvement in enzyme productivity was observed. The specific activity of maltase produced by this mutant was more than twice that of the parent wild type: 2,210 and 1,370 U/g of cells for the mutant versus 890 and 510 U/g of cells for the wild type in batch and continuous cultures, respectively. Maltase specific productivity was increased from 74 to 288 U/g of cells per h by switching from batch growth of the wild type to continuous cultivation of the mutant.