cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Driving forces of effluent nutrient variability in field scale bioretention

Abstract Nutrient exports from urbanized watersheds have been identified as a major contributor to surface water degradation worldwide. As efforts to implement stormwater treatment controls, such as bioretention, become increasingly common, understanding how the functionality of these systems varies based on environmental conditions is critical. Quantifying this variability and its causes will aid in developing more robust models and watershed restoration plans which incorporate the uncertainty of bioretention function. This study investigated effluent nutrient concentrations from ten bioretention areas in North Carolina, USA. Nitrogen species were found to have higher variability than phosphorus species, with changes in effluent concentrations being significantly influenced by environmental conditions. In particular, effluent concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate (NO3-N) were strongly correlated to antecedent rainfall depth and temperature. As antecedent rainfall depth increased, NO3-N and TN concentrations decreased. These trends have been noted in other laboratory-based studies and are logical based on the influence of dry conditions on microbial communities. Increases in ambient temperature were shown to increase effluent TN and NO3-N concentrations in conventionally drained systems. However, a negative correlation was found between temperature and effluent NO3-N concentrations in systems with an internal water storage (IWS) layer, suggesting increased denitrifying microbe activity. These results show that variability in effluent nutrient concentrations can be explained by environmental conditions, and that the effects of these conditions may differ based on system design.
Design, simulation and experimental characterization of a novel parabolic trough hybrid solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector

Abstract A novel hybrid solar concentrated photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collector is designed, simulated, and tested. The PV/T system uses a parabolic trough to focus sunlight towards a nonimaging compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) that is formed of single junction Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) solar cells to simultaneously generate electricity and high temperature thermal power. The GaAs cells generate electricity from high energy photons and reflect low energy photons towards the high temperature absorber, thus maximizing the exergy output of the system. The two-stage design also allows the thermal absorber to reach a geometric concentration ratio of ∼60×, which is significantly higher than other PV/T systems and enables the absorber to reach high temperatures even under partial utilization of the solar spectrum. The modelled exergy efficiency with a thermal absorber operating at 500 °C is 37%. In the experimental setup, the maximum outlet temperature reached was 365 °C with a thermal efficiency of around 37%. The direct solar to electric efficiency from the GaAs cells was 8%. This design is capable of producing electricity directly along with high temperature thermal energy that can be stored for dispatchable electricity production and has the potential to significantly improve the exergy efficiency of parabolic troughs plants.
High Frequency Market Making: Implications for Liquidity

We analyze the consequences for liquidity provision of competing market makers operating at high frequency. Competition increases overall liquidity and deters the fast market maker’s use of order flow signals. Using various liquidity metrics, we find that the market maker provides more liquidity as he gets faster but shies away from it as volatility increases. We then provide a model-based analysis of the impact of four widely discussed policies designed to regulate high frequency trading: imposing a transactions tax, setting minimum-time limits before quotes can be cancelled, taxing the cancellations of limit orders, and replacing time priority with a pro rata or random allocation. We find that these policies are largely unable to induce high frequency market makers to provide liquidity that is robust across volatility events
Graphene Channels Interfaced with Quantum Dots in Field Effect Transistors: Electrical and Photo-Induced Effects

Graphene-based field effect transistors (GFETs) were assessed when interfaced with well separated and precisely placed core/shell CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dot (QD) arrays. The QDs were imbedded in a hexagonal hole-array, which was formed in a layer of anodized aluminum oxide on Si/SiO 2 substrates. Graphene (single, or two layers), grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on Cu foils, was transferred and placed on top of the QDs imbedded films and served as the transistor channel. Electrical characteristics under white-light illumination at various biasing conditions revealed that the photo current was decreasing upon increasing biasing. The device's photoluminescence (PL) as a function of both the drain-source and gate-source potentials also reduced as a function of the potential biases. We observed two maxima in the PL data while tilting the sample with respect to the incident laser beam. We attributed it to the optimal coupling between the incident and the emission wavelengths to resonating surface modes.
Ubiquitination of Integral Membrane Proteins and Proteins in the Secretory Pathway

Covalent modification of cellular proteins with ubiquitin represents a versatile intracellular signaling pathway that is linked to such diverse phenomena as DNA repair, organelle biogenesis, and protein turnover. Best understood among these is the role of the ubiquitin system in targeting cytoplasmic proteins for proteolysis by the 26 S proteasome complex (reviewed in Chapter 6). Although most of the substrates for the ubiquitin conjugation system studied to date have been cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins, this chapter reviews recent data that suggest a role for the ubiquitin system in degradation and trafficking of proteins within the central vacuolar system. By central vacuolar system, I refer collectively to the compartments of the secretory and endocytic/lysosomal pathways including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, lysosomes, and the various transitional compartments and transport vesicles.
Assessing climate change-induced flooding mitigation for adaptation in Boston’s Charles River watershed, USA

Abstract Climate change is projected to have increased temperature and more frequent and intense rainfalls in the northeast of the United States. Green infrastructure has been identified as a critical strategy for stormwater management and flooding mitigation as well as for climate change adaptation. Climate science plays an important role in understanding a range of climate change impacts and the effects of green infrastructure for climate change planning. Nevertheless, a lack of down-scaled climate change data and place-based assessment has discouraged local communities to pursue further climate change plans. This study proposed a transdisciplinary planning framework assessing the effects of detention in mitigating climate change-induced flooding, using a case in the Charles River watershed, Massachusetts, USA. Derived from a climate sensitivity test in the watershed, 36 climate change conditions were modeled using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and compared to IPCC scenarios. Statistical analyses revealed that detention is more efficient in reducing flooding hazards in low and moderate emission scenarios than those at high emission scenarios. A range of extra land area designated for detention would be needed for mitigating floods under various climate change scenarios. Planning implications include the needs for effective siting of detention areas combined with soil conservation in watershed planning, innovations in adaptive land planning and urban design, and a call for an integration of climate science and hydrological assessment in the transdisciplinary planning processes to better inform and facilitate decision-making using green infrastructure for climate change adaptation in local communities.
Effect of molecular weight of PVA on the reactivity and stability behavior of adhesive

All kinds of poly (urea-urethane) microcapsules containing hardener derivatives as a core material were prepared by an interfacial polymerization process in order to investigate the reactivity and stability behavior for application of adhesive. The results show that the prepared microcapsules were smooth and compact; in addition, average diameters were 1–20 μm. When they mix with epoxy resin as adhesive, the exothermal peaks of the curing reaction were under 110°C and reaction heat were above 400J/g; furthermore, the variation of reaction heat decreased less than 10% when the formulas stored in room temperature for 30 days. The results indicate the latent hardener shows great heat reactivity and storage stability for electronics packaging.
A pixel-by-pixel reliability analysis of infrared thermography (IRT) for the detection of subsurface delamination

Abstract This work presents an improved method for characterizing the reliability of Infrared Thermography (IRT) and determining the optimum thermal contrast for the detection of delamination in concrete. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis in conjunction with image processing methods were used to analyze data from a fabricated and in-service bridge decks. Results of the study demonstrated the excellent capability of IRT to discriminate delaminated from sound concrete. This conclusion was reached because the nonparametric estimate of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was larger than 80% with its 95% confidence for each group of images. The optimum thermal contrast range was determined to be 0.6 ∽ 0.8 °C. Accurately defining the actual condition of the test object is critical to implement the proposed analysis method.
Enantioselective organocatalytic α-sulfamidation of aldehydes using sulfonyl azides

Enantioselective organocatalytic α-sulfamidation of unbranched aldehydes is described using MacMillan’s second-generation imidazolidinone catalyst and o-nitrobenzenesulfonyl azide. The reactions are highly stereoselective (89.9–96.3% ee) with yields up to 71%. A strong correlation between aldehyde structure and product yield was found to exist, with 3-arylpropanals providing the best results. Application to functionalized amino acid synthesis is presented.
Miscellaneous Antibacterial Drugs

Abstract The Side Effects of Drugs Annuals is a series of volumes in which the adverse effects of drugs and adverse reactions to them are surveyed. The series supplements the contents of Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions. This review of the January 2015 to December 2015 publications on miscellaneous antibacterial drugs covers aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and ofloxacin), glycopeptides (dalbavancin, oritavancin, teicoplanin, telavancin and vancomycin), ketolides (solithromycin and telithromycin), the lincosamide clindamycin, macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin), nitrofurantoin, oxazolidinones (linezolid and tedizolid), the polymixin colistin, the streptogramin pristinamycin, sulphonamides, trimethoprim and co-trimoxazole, daptomycin, fosfomycin and fusidic acid.
Testimonials and Informational Videos on Branded Prescription Drug Websites: Experimental Study to Assess Influence on Consumer Knowledge and Perceptions

Background: Direct-to-consumer (DTC) promotion of prescription drugs can affect consumer behaviors and health outcomes, and Internet drug promotion is growing rapidly. Branded drug websites often capitalize on the multimedia capabilities of the Internet by using videos to emphasize drug benefits and characteristics. However, it is unknown how such videos affect consumer processing of drug information. Objective: This study aimed to examine how videos on prescription drug websites, and the inclusion of risk information in those videos, influence consumer knowledge and perceptions. Methods: We conducted an experimental study in which online panel participants with acid reflux (n=1070) or high blood pressure (n=1055) were randomly assigned to view 1 of the 10 fictitious prescription drug websites and complete a short questionnaire. On each website, we manipulated the type of video (patient testimonial, mechanism of action animation, or none) and whether the video mentioned drug risks. Results: Participants who viewed any video were less likely to recognize drug risks presented only in the website text (P≤.01). Including risk information in videos increased participants’ recognition of the risks presented in the videos (P≤.01). However, in some cases, including risk information in videos decreased participants’ recognition of the risks not presented in the videos (ie, risks presented in text only; P≤.04). Participants who viewed a video without drug risk information thought that the website placed more emphasis on benefits, compared with participants who viewed the video with drug risk information (P≤.01). Compared with participants who viewed a video without drug risk information, participants who viewed a video with drug risk information thought that the drug was less effective in the high blood pressure sample (P=.03) and thought that risks were more serious in the acid reflux sample (P=.01). There were no significant differences between risk and nonrisk video conditions on other perception measures (P>.05). In addition, we noted a few differences among the types of videos. Conclusions: Including risks in branded drug website videos may increase in-video risk retention at the expense of text-only risk retention.
Clinical review 122: Parathyroid carcinoma.

Parathyroid carcinoma is an uncommon cause of PTHdependent hypercalcemia. The collective published experience with this rare neoplasm has provided a distinctive clinical profile that differs in a number of respects from that of benign primary hyperparathyroidism (1–3). The distinguishing features of parathyroid carcinoma assume even greater prominence when viewed within the current context of primary hyperparathyroidism, which commonly presents today as a mild asymptomatic disease (4–8). In this report, the clinical features, natural history and prognosis of parathyroid cancer are reviewed. Surgical approaches to parathyroid cancer are outlined as well as medical therapies of the hypercalcemia that accompanies recurrent or metastatic disease. As the ultimate prognosis depends to a major extent upon successful resection of the tumor at the time of the initial operation, major emphasis is placed upon those features of parathyroid carcinoma that help to differentiate it from primary hyperparathyroidism due to benign adenomatous or hyperplastic disease.
On Pairwise Balanced Block Designs with the Sizes of Blocks as Undtorm as Possible

Let |ϕ| = n, A i ⊂ ϕ, 1 ≤ i ≤ T n is a partially balanced block design, |A i ≤…≤A T n .The authors prove that there is such a design for which |A i =(n 1/2 + (n 1/2-c )for some c>0. If certain plausible assumptions on the difference of consecutive primes are made. then the above inequality can be improved to |A i = n 1/2 + O(((log n) 2 ). It is true that there is design with |A 1 >n 1/2 -c? This challenging problem is left open.
Push Me Pull You

This is a case of an 80-year-old woman who was referred for neuro-ophthalmologic assessment because of 11 months of disc swelling and progressive vision loss in the left eye.
Reply to 'Concerns about the feasibility of using "precision guided sterile males" to control insects'.

Author(s): Kandul, Nikolay P; Liu, Junru; Sanchez C, Hector M; Wu, Sean L; Marshall, John M; Akbari, Omar S
Simulation Evaluation of Fuel-Saving Systems in the City of Chicago

This paper presents realistic traffic simulations in four representative regions in Chicago, using real map data and historical traffic statistics, to estimate the amount of fuel that can be saved by two types of systems, namely, a Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA) system and an Eco-Routing system. In particular, two previous systems called GreenDrive and GreenRoute are selected to estimate how much fuel they can save in a year, assuming they enjoy the same popularity as Google Maps. Evaluating intelligent transportation systems in simulation has attracted significant research efforts as large scale real-world experiments are often too expensive to carry out. However, simulation-based evaluations pose serious questions on how real the simulated environments are. In this paper, we resort to several data sources from the city of Chicago to quantify the approximation in simulated traffic, so as to convincingly derive the amount of fuel savings on a larger scale. Specifically, we create SUMO simulations of four real regions of Chicago, and utilize traffic counts data, road speed data, and taxi trips data to validate each simulation scenario. In the end, we show that by using our previously proposed systems, the estimated fuel saved in a year can be 17.6 million gallons for the entire Chicago area.
The FeoC [4Fe-4S] Cluster Is Redox-Active and Rapidly Oxygen-Sensitive.

The acquisition of iron is essential to establishing virulence among most pathogens. Under acidic and/or anaerobic conditions, most bacteria utilize the widely-distributed ferrous iron (Fe2+) uptake (Feo) system to import metabolically-required iron. The Feo system is inadequately understood at the atomic, molecular, and mechanistic levels, but we do know it is composed of a main membrane component (FeoB) essential for iron translocation, as well as two small, cytosolic proteins (FeoA and FeoC) hypothesized to function as accessories to this process. FeoC has many hypothetical functions, including that of an iron-responsive transcriptional regulator. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that Escherichia coli FeoC (EcFeoC) binds an [Fe-S] cluster. Using electronic absorption, X-ray absorption, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies, we extensively characterize the nature of this cluster. Under strictly anaerobic conditions after chemical reconstitution, we demonstrate that EcFeoC binds a red...
There is no interface between phonology and phonetics: a personal view

The recently popular collocation “the interface between phonology and phonetics” implies that the two disciplines are, except for the place where they interface, largely independent and autonomous. I argue against this conception. Whether conceived of as separate stages in the generation of speech or as separate disciplines, phonology and phonetics must instead be closely integrated, not simply interfaced. Some of the pitfalls of practicing phonology as an autonomous discipline are detailed and exemplified under the headings: circularity, reification, projection, and myopia. Integrating the two disciplines allow us to explain sound patterns in language in terms that have greater simplicity, generality, empirical verifiability, fruitfulness and convergence.
Special Section Guest Editorial: Detectors for Astronomy and Cosmology

This guest editorial summarizes the Special Section on Detectors for Astronomy and Cosmology.
Unconventional Use of the Lithoclast to Aid in the Treatment of Large Distal Ureteral Stone Burden in a Patient With a Ureterocele.

Introduction Large ureteral stone burden can present significant challenges for the urologist to treat. Here we present the retrograde use of the Lithoclast Select TM, in a dilated distal ureter after incision of a ureterocele. Methods The patient is a 64 year-old female with large distal ureteral stone burden, with approximately 15 1-2cm stones . She presented with significant right flank pain, urinary urgency, frequency, dysuria, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Results A 22-French rigid cystoscope was inserted into the bladder. Urethral outlet was normal. Patient was noted to have 2 right-sided ureteral orifices, consistent with a completely duplex system. At the medial right ureteral orifice a very large ureterocele was noted. The lower pole system was scoped and stone free. The ureter to the upper pole moiety was scoped and a large stone burden within the distal ureter was visualized. The Plasmacise Gyrus TM was used to incise the anterior part of the ureter by inserting the Plasmacise into the ureteral orifice and tenting it anteriorly. The 24-French nephroscope was then inserted into the distal ureter. Graspers were used to extract many fragments however several were unable to be extracted from the distal ureter due to their size and thus were fragmented and evacuated with the ultrasonic lithoclast within the distal ureter. A 365-micron laser fiber was also used to fragment some of the stones. There were no complications. CT Scan 4 months post operatively was negative for stone recurrence. Last follow up was 15 months post procedure where the patient was doing well. Conclusions Utilization of the rigid nephroscope and ultrasonic lithotripter in a female patient with a dilated distal ureter with a capacious or incised ureterocele is safe and effective, allowing for treatment of greater than 15cm total distal ureteral stone burden.
Synchronous Pre-biasing of Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Enhanced Energy Extraction

Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) is a class of ambient mechanical energy harvesters used to augment the battery life of electronic devices such as sensors in implantables, wearables, and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In this work, the fundamentals of pre-biasing (pre-charging) the TENG at the start of the operation cycle to enhance the per-cycle extracted energy is presented. The energy gain is mathematically formulated, and the optimum pre-biasing voltage (equivalently charge) is derived by analyzing the energy exchange between the mechanical and the electrical domain over a periodic cycle. Further, a novel Energy Extraction Circuit (EEC) termed as "Pre-biased Synchronous Charge Extraction (pSCE)" is introduced to 1) Realize synchronous pre-biasing of TENG using the load battery itself and 2) Achieve enhanced energy extraction from TENG. Energy output per-cycle is derived analytically for the pSCE circuit and compared to the state of the art Synchronous Charge Extraction (SCE) circuit. The experimental implementation is performed for the proposed pSCE circuit that shows a 6.65 fold gain over the Full Wave Rectifier (standard EEC) and 1.45 over the SCE circuit for a 5V battery load.
A Microwell-Based Impedance Sensor in Microneedle Shape for Multiplexing Cytokine Detection

Monitoring cytokine profiles plays a crucial role in predictive medicine and early disease diagnosis, as well as enables basic research in many biological fields. Although single cytokine measurement can be very useful, simultaneous assessment of multiple biomolecular signatures can more fully illuminate complex biological function. To this end, multiplexing technologies for simultaneous assessment of multiple cytokines on a single measurement device have recently attracted significant interest. Despite the promise of these techniques, many still require specialized instrumentation or do not function in real-time, impeding their clinical adoption as point-of-care systems. Microfabrication can be exploited to create impedance-based cytokine sensors that can supply realtime assessment information; further, microfabrication can lead to device form factors suitable for in vivo operation. We present microfabricated needle-shaped microwell impedance sensors for rapid, label-free multiplexing detection of multiple cytokines. The sensor utilizes a microwell array configuration in which multiple microwell sensors are distributed along the needle shank. Multiplexed detection of multiple cytokines in vitro using these devices is demonstrated.
Perceived social support and diet quality among ethnic minority groups in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China: a cross-sectional study.

Background Social support is an important health determinant and may affect dietary behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine the relations between perceived social support and the Chinese Diet Balance Index-16 (DBI-16) among ethnic minority groups in Southwest China. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted between May 2019 and August 2020 among six ethnic minority groups native to Yunnan Province (n = 3564). Perceived social support from family, friends and significant others were measured with the Multi-dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Dietary data were obtained using a 100-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and a lifestyle questionnaire. Lower Bound Score (LBS), Higher Bound Score (HBS) and Diet Quality Distance (DQD) which represent inadequate, excessive and unbalanced food intake respectively were calculated to measure the compliance with the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese 2016. Results One thousand four hundred ninety-six men and two thousand sixty-eight women were included. 51.2% of the subjects had moderate or high levels of inadequate intake; 21.3% had moderate or high levels of excessive intake; and 74.0% had moderate or high levels of unbalanced dietary intake. With potential confounders adjusted, support from family was negatively associated with inadequate intake, while support from friends was positively associated with inadequate and excessive intake. No significant associations were found between perceived social support from significant others and diet quality indicators. Conclusions An unbalanced diet is common among adults of the ethnic minority groups in Yunnan Province, Southwest China. Social support should be taken into account in designing nutrition interventions rather than focusing solely on individuals.
Primary pulmonary hypertension. Effect of unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion and infusion of acetylcholine.

Abstract A case of primary pulmonary hypertension is presented with evidence of increased vascular tone. Temporary unilateral occlusion of right middle and lower lobes caused a decrease in estimated arteriolar resistance of unoccluded lung. Infusion of acetylcholine caused a profound decrease in pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary arteriolar resistance without any systemic effects, suggesting direct action of the drug on the pulmonary arterioles. It is suggested that, in this case, increased tone is the primary defect and the histologic vascular changes secondary.
QUICK SEROLOGICAL METHOD OF CLASSIFYING STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM IN NODULES

Means, Ura M. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md.), Herbert W. Johnson, and R. A. Date. Quick serological method of classifying strains of Rhizobium japonicum in nodules. J. Bacteriol. 87:547-553. 1964.-A new method of classifying strains of Rhizobium japonicum serologically by utilizing the contents of nodules as antigens is described. The method differs from standard procedures only in the preparation of antigens, but it is less time-consuming. Agglutination reactions of culture and nodule antigens were identical for 15 of the 17 strains investigated. Nodule antigens of ineffective strain 24 failed to agglutinate with any of the 17 antisera employed, and nodule antigens of strain 46 reacted with two antisera in addition to the two with which the culture antigens reacted. Host genotypes affected the reactions of nodule antigens of strain 46, with the reactions ranging from those typical for culture antigens for some soybean (Glycine max) varieties to reactions with heterologous antisera only for other soybean varieties and six cowpea (Vigna sinensis) varieties. Although nodule antigens of most strains of R. japonicum reacted the same as culture antigens, the inconsistent reactions of nodule antigens of strain 46 suggest precautions in the general use of nodule antigens. Indicated precautions are discussed.
Multitaper spectral estimation: A generalized windows approach

A generalization of the multitaper spectral estimator is formulated and is shown to be equivalent to a generalized two-dimensional window, which allows a setting for non-stationary spectral estimation. The stationary case is specified as its restriction to a line in the two dimensional frequency plane. The formulation brings new tapers into consideration, and two of them are proposed and compared to the commonly used Slepian and sine-tapers.
Ethics for an Outsourced Government

In recent decades, the federal government has greatly expanded its use of contractors to perform services, and now purchases more than $260 billion in services every year. The government increasingly turns to contractors to accomplish its programmatic goals, and contractor personnel are now performing tasks that in the past had been performed by government employees. While an extensive array of ethics statutes and rules regulate government employees to ensure that they make decisions in the interest of the government rather than a private interest, only a few of these restrictions apply to contractor personnel. If a federal employee makes a recommendation on a matter that could affect her financial interest, she could be subject not only to administrative discipline but also to criminal prosecution. In most cases, a contractor employee who has that same financial interest and makes the same recommendation is not subject to any consequences. In fact, the government does not have any systematic way of even finding out when contractor personnel have such conflicts of interest. The personal conflicts of interest of contractor personnel are largely unregulated.In light of the fact that so much of the government’s work is outsourced, the government needs to develop appropriate safeguards to ensure that the public interest is protected when contractors are doing the government’s work. This paper describes the complex set of government ethics statutes and regulations, identifies the principles underlying those restrictions, and suggests ways that those principles can be applied to government contractor personnel.
Computational Complexity Theory

This article is a brief overview of the field of computational complexity theory. Keywords: complexity theory; reducibility; complexity classes; complete sets; intractability; P; NP; PSPACE; EXP
Efficient operator overloading AD for solving nonlinear PDEs

By employing automatic differentiation (AD), solvers for nonlinear systems of PDEs can be developed which relieve the user from the extra work of linearising a nonlinear PDE system and at the same time improve performance. This is achieved by extending common AD techniques using operator overloading to take advantage of the fact that in a FEM/FD/FV framework, a limited number of functions and their partial derivatives with respect to the unknowns have to be evaluated many times. The extension is implemented in C++ for both forward and reverse modes, and compared to hand coded evaluation of derivatives and two state-of-the-art AD implementations, ADIC [84] and ADOL-C [242, 243]. An application is discussed which dramatically reduces the cost of solver development.
Identification and characterization of a coronavirus packaging signal

Previously, a mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) genomic sequence necessary for defective interfering (DI) RNA packaging into MHV particles (packaging signal) was mapped to within a region of 1,480 nucleotides in the MHV polymerase gene by comparison of two DI RNAs. One of these, DIssF, is 3.6 kb in size and exhibits efficient packaging, whereas the other, DIssE, which is 2.3 kb, does not. For more precise mapping, a series of mutant DIssF RNAs with deletions within this 1,480-nucleotide region were constructed. After transfection of in vitro-synthesized mutant DI RNA in MHV-infected cells, the virus product was passaged several times. The efficiency of DI RNA packaging into MHV virions was then estimated by viral homologous interference activity and by analysis of intracellular virus-specific RNAs and virion RNA. The results indicated that an area of 190 nucleotides was necessary for packaging. A computer-generated secondary structural analysis of the A59 and JHM strains of MHV demonstrated that within this 190-nucleotide region a stable stem-loop of 69 nucleotides was common between the two viruses. A DIssE-derived DI DNA which had these 69 nucleotides inserted into the DIssE sequence demonstrated efficient DI RNA packaging. Site-directed mutagenic analysis showed that of these 69 nucleotides, the minimum sequence of the packaging signal was 61 nucleotides and that destruction of the secondary structure abolished packaging ability. These studies demonstrated that an MHV packaging signal was present within the 61 nucleotides, which are located on MHV genomic RNA 1,381 to 1,441 nucleotides upstream of the 3' end of gene 1.
Timing analysis for sensor network nodes of the Atmega processor family

Low-end embedded architectures, such as sensor nodes, have become popular in diverse fields, many of which impose real-time constraints. Currently, the Atmel Atmega processor family used by Berkeley Motes lacks support for deriving safe bounds on the WCET, which is a prerequisite for performing real-time schedulability analysis. Our work fills this gap by providing an analytical method to obtain WCET bounds for this processor architecture. Our first contribution is to analyze both C and NesC code, the latter of which is unprecedented. The second contribution is to model control hazards and variable-cycle instructions, both handled more efficiently by our approach than by previous ones and results in up to 77% improvement in bounding the WCET. The results demonstrate that our timing analysis framework is able to tightly and safely estimate the WCET of the benchmarks while simulator results are shown to not always provide safe WCET bounds. While motivated by the Atmel Atmega series of processors, results are equally applicable to low-end embedded processors. This work is, to the best of our knowledge, the first set of experiments where timing results are contrasted from execution on an actual processor, from a cycle-accurate simulator and from a static timing analyzer. Furthermore, making our timing analysis toolset available to the Atmel Atmega processor family is a significant contribution towards addressing a documented need for tool support for sensor node architectures commonly used in networked systems of embedded computers, or so-called EmNets.
Some cytogenetic aspects of habitual abortion.

Abstract An interdisciplinary study of the genetics in spontaneous abortion is described and the chromosomal complement of 35 first trimester abortions reported. In these cases it was found that early abortions have a higher incidence of chromosomal abnormalities (25 per cent below 13 weeks). A high number of the abnormal embryos (5 of 8) were found to be monosomic; two of these showed a double monosomy (X + autosome). Monosomic embryos aborted earlier and showed grossly abnormal morphology. A possible genetic explanation for the susceptibility of monosomic embryos toward abortion is advanced and the differences between two types of chromosomal anomalies is described.
The Information Content of the Deferred Tax Valuation Allowance: An Event Study of News Disclosures of Valuation Allowance Changes

An event study demonstrates that disclosures of changes in deferred tax valuation allowances (VA) provide information beyond contemporaneous earnings reports. Prior research shows that, in setting VA, managers consider the extent that taxable income is available from various sources for the realization of deferred tax assets (DTA). Our evidence supports a characterization where investors use VA disclosures to infer management's expectations about DTA realizability and future taxable income available for their realization. These findings are potentially important evidence on the implications of financial accounting standards that allow discretion in measurement. In particular, they support the view that such discretion can serve to elicit management's expectations for the benefit of investors.
INSIGHT: an interactive graphic instructional aid for systems analysis

INSIGHT (IN structional Systems Investigation GrapHic Tool) is an interactive graphics program which illustrates the basic concepts of systems analysis. The transfer functions, inputs, and parameters of a single loop control system are drawn on the graphic display. Numeric data entry, system modifications and control of the time domain and frequency domain analysis is performed using the graphics terminal's light pen. All communications are problem oriented and no previous computer experience is required.
Steroid 5α-reductases and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: key enzymes in androgen metabolism

Abstract Androgen action in mammals can be regulated at the pre-receptor level by the intracellular formation and degradation of potent androgens, such as 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT). In androgen target tissues (e.g. prostate), 5α-DHT is formed from circulating testosterone by the action of the type 2 steroid 5α-reductase (5α-R) and its action is terminated by the action of a reductive 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) which forms the weak androgen 3α-androstanediol. Oxidative 3α-HSD isoforms, however, can provide an alternative source of potent androgens by converting 3α-androstanediol to 5α-DHT. Working in concert, 5α-Rs and 3α-HSDs determine the amount and the type of androgen available for the androgen receptor and hence affect transcription of genes under androgen control. In peripheral tissues (e.g. liver), type 1 5α-R and reductive 3α-HSD isoforms work consecutively to eliminate androgens and protect against hormone excess. Thus, different 5α-R and 3α-HSD isoforms participate in distinct anabolic and catabolic processes and their important roles in androgen action render them drug targets for the treatment of androgen-dependent diseases.
Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in the US nearshore zone of Lake Erie, 2009: Status and linkages to landscape-derived stressors

Abstract As a pilot for the 2010 US National Coastal Condition Assessment, we conducted a survey of benthic macroinvertebrates in the US nearshore zone of Lake Erie during August–September 2009. A probability-based survey design was used to select 45 sites from the nearshore (the region within the 30 m contour and ≤ 5 km from shore). The dominant taxonomic group was dreissenid mussels, with a mean density of 8415 ± 1826 (SE) m −2 . Other major taxa included oligochaetes (2736 ± 442 m −2 ) and chironomids (794 ± 139 m −2 ). The three major taxa were distributed throughout the nearshore, with the highest densities in the western basin. Lake-wide mean density of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia was 114 ± 39 m −2 ; however, it was present only in the western basin, where its mean density was 356 ± 141 m −2 . Stepwise multiple linear regressions across sites revealed significant correlations of several benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage metrics with landscape measures of anthropogenic stress in adjacent coastal watersheds. The Shannon diversity index, the oligochaete trophic index, taxon richness, and densities of chironomids and Hexagenia were significantly related to agricultural activity in basin watersheds. Other significant landscape-level explanatory variables included population density, shoreline modification, atmospheric deposition, and land cover. Study results provide evidence that benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in the nearshore zone of Lake Erie are responsive to landscape-derived stressors emanating from adjacent watersheds. Ancillary regression analyses reinforce the concept that responses in benthic metrics appear to be mediated through site-level trophic enrichment effects in the open nearshore.
Synthesis of substituted tetrahydropyridines by cyclizations of silicon-containing iminium ions

Abstract Trans-2,6-disubstituted-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines are formed stereoselectively from the cyclization of silicon-containing iminium cations 5 if the nitrogen substituent R 1 is an alkyl group. In contrast, cyclization of the corresponding NH or N-acyl iminium ions occurs in a stereorandom fashion. Nonracemic tetrahydropyridines cannot be prepared in this way, since both iminium ion and N-acyliminium ion intermediates racemize prior to cyclization.
Production Control in the Face of Storable Raw Material, Random Supply, and an Outside Market

We study a periodic-review production/inventory control problem where both the supply of raw material and demand for the finished product are exogenous and random, the raw material can be stored for future use, can be purchased from or sold to an outside market. We study both the lost sales and backlogging cases under both strict convex and linear raw material purchasing/selling costs. Convexity of the purchasing/selling cost implies that the more the firm purchases from or sells to the outside market, the more expensive or less valuable the raw material becomes. For all cases, we find the partial characterizations for the optimal policies, which all turn out to be very intuitively appealing. In particular, for each of the linear-cost cases, the optimal policy degenerates into a combination of two base-stock policies: one for the raw material inventory and the other for the finished product inventory.
Frequency of Semen Collection in Relation to Semen Volume, Sperm Concentration and Fertility in the Chicken

Abstract Data on frequency of semen collection were evaluated over a 13-week period for broiler breeder-type males, and over a 20-week period for Leghorn males. Semen was collected from the broiler-type males daily, twice daily, and three times weekly and from Leghorn males weekly, three times weekly, and five times weekly. Semen volume and sperm cell numbers were determined each week for the various treatments. In the broiler breeders, the males that were ejaculated three times weekly produced a significantly greater semen volume, and more sperm cells per ejaculation than did the males in any of the other treatments. In the Leghorns, males that were ejaculated three times weekly produced a significantly greater semen volume and had a higher cell concentration than the males that were ejaculated five times weekly. Leghorn males that were ejaculated once weekly had sperm concentrations equal to those of males that were ejaculated three times weekly, and had significantly more sperm cells than those ejaculated five times weekly. Frequency of collection, within the ranges studied in either broiler breeders or Leghorns, apparently had no effect on fertility. It was concluded from these studies that the frequency of semen collection had a definite effect on semen volume and sperm cell numbers, but not on fertility. Sperm cell numbers varied considerably within treatments; however, all treatments did contain the minimum number of sperm cells recommended for optimum fertility.
Radiative neutrino decays and scattering experiments

Existing measurements of the total nu-bar/sub e/e/sup -/ cross section yield a very restrictive limit on the radiative decay of electron neutrinos, tau/sub ..nu..//sub e/m/sub ..nu../e/sup 3/>3 x 10/sup 18/ /sec eV/sup 3/, which is even competitive with recent bounds from the nonobservation of ..gamma.. rays from SN 1987A. Our bound is not valid if the neutrino electric and magnetic transition moments are exactly equal, a cancellation which can occur only if neutrinos are of Dirac type. This is a new example for the important differences in the electromagnetic properties of Dirac versus Majorana neutrinos.
Frequency of recurrent lupus nephritis among ninety‐seven renal transplant patients during the cyclosporine era

Objective To determine the frequency of recurrent lupus nephritis (LN) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who underwent renal transplantation. Methods We reviewed the posttransplant clinical course and renal biopsy results in 97 consecutive SLE patients who underwent a total of 106 renal transplantation procedures at our center from January 1984 to September 1996. Results There were 81 female and 16 male patients, with a mean age of 35 years. Mean duration of dialysis prior to transplantation was 33.5 months; 9 patients were never dialyzed. In all patients, the disease was clinically and serologically quiescent at the time of transplantation. The mean posttransplantation followup period was 62.6 months. Patients underwent a total of 143 posttransplant biopsies. Nine patients had pathologic evidence of recurrent LN. Six of the patients with recurrence had cadaveric grafts, 2 had living-related grafts, and 1 had a living-unrelated graft. Recurrence occurred an average of 3.1 years after transplantation; the longest interval was 9.3 years and the shortest, 5 days. Histopathologic diagnoses on recurrence included diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, focal proliferative glomerulonephritis, membranous glomerulonephritis, and mesangial glomerulonephritis. In 4 patients, recurrent LN contributed to graft loss. Three of the patients with recurrence had serologic evidence of active lupus, but only 1 had symptoms of active lupus (arthritis). Three patients who lost their grafts secondary to recurrent LN underwent second renal transplantation procedures and had functioning grafts at 7, 30, and 35 months, respectively. Conclusion In the largest single medical center series of renal transplant patients with SLE, recurrent LN was more common than reported in the literature, but was not always associated with allograft loss. Recurrent LN was often present in the absence of clinical and serologic evidence of active SLE.
Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy with small bowel enteroscopy and fluoroscopy.

Abstract Background: Approaches to the creation of a percutaneous jejunostomy (PEJ) include enteroscopy with jejunal transillumination, fluoroscopy with small bowel distension and tract dilation, and jejunal enteral tube placement through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Although all have been successful, the combination of enteroscopy and fluoroscopy may improve visualization and the success of PEJ placement. This is a description of such a technique and its successful use in 7 patients. Methods: The procedure was performed with the patient under conscious sedation in a manner similar to standard PEG placement. The proximal jejunum was visualized and a standard snare was passed though the enteroscope and was opened. A needle and guidewire were directed percutaneously though the snare by using fluoroscopic guidance. Under direct endoscopic visualization the snare was closed around the guidewire. A standard 20F push-type "gastrostomy" tube was passed over the guidewire and through the mouth and the dome seated in the jejunum. A bumper was passed externally over the tube and tightened at the skin. Results: PEJ placement was successful in all 7 patients. The average length of the procedure was 40 minutes (range 22-64 minutes). There were no major complications. Mean follow-up was 124 days (range 28-308 days). Feeding tubes remained functional until removal (2), death (1), or surgical removal for an unrelated reason (1). Three tubes are still in use. Conclusions: Percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube placement can be performed successfully with enteroscopy and fluoroscopy. This technique is safe and efficient and provides distal enteral nutritional support for patients in whom PEG cannot be used.
The welfare implications of Brazil's coffee export price subsidies during the ICA

To increase coffee export revenues during the International Coffee Agreement, Brazil provided selected purchasers with export rebates that could be used to pay for future coffee purchases. This subsidy mutated and grew over time, encouraged by rent seeking. The subsidy had huge cost to the Brazilian Treasury, $9.8 billion in constant 1982 US dollars, or about 13% of coffee export revenues. As exports were usually quota-constrained, the subsidy increased Brazil’s international coffee price, particularly during 1980–1986, absolutely and relative to its competitors’ prices. The unexpected variation in Brazil’s price also caused the New York Coffee, Sugar, and Cocoa Exchange to terminate trading in Brazilian coffee futures, making it more costly to hedge Brazilian coffee until today. The econometric evidence is mixed, but it seems likely the subsidy reduced Brazil’s net economic welfare and redistributed income from the Treasury to foreign roasters, domestic exporters, and government bureaucrats.