cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of current grief on memory for past grief in spousal bereavement.

This study examined the impact of changes in level of current grief over time on changes in memory for past grief. Following from previous work on the impact of current affective state on memory for past affectively salient events, bereaved individuals who underwent a greater reduction in grief over time were expected to show a similar pattern of changes in memory for past grief. A sample of conjugally bereaved participants completed measures of current grief and memory for past grief at the time of the loss of their spouse at each of the 2, 6, 13, and 30 month post-loss time periods. As predicted, those who reported greater reduction in grief over the course of the study were more likely to remember their past grief as progressively less severe relative to those who underwent less reduction in grief over time. A nonrecursive causal model analysis verified that changes in memory for past grief were explained by changes in current grief. These results were discussed in terms of contemporary reconstructive ...
Inter-and intraspecific effects of density manipulations upon females of two orb-weaving spiders (araneae: araneidae).

A field experiment was conducted to establish whether or not inter-and intraspecific competition occurs between two syntopic species of orb-weaving spiders. Replicated single-species and mixed-species adult populations of the basilica spider, Mecynogea lemniscata, and the labyrinth spider, Metepeira labyrinthea, were established at a range of densities on open experimental units in the species' natural habitat. Each experimental unit was a 4mx1.6mx1m wood frame supporting branches upon which introduced spiders built webs. Survival and reproduction on the units were monitored from 1 August through 1 November 1978,
Probing the aging effects on nanomechanical properties of a LiFePO4 cathode in a large format prismatic cell

Abstract Li-ion batteries offer great promise for the future of energy storage due to their superior gravimetric and volumetric energy density. One of the challenges in promoting their expanded use is to improve the cycle life of Li-ion batteries. This requires detailed understanding of the aging phenomenon. The aging mechanism of Li-ion batteries can have both chemical and mechanical origins. While the chemical degradation mechanisms have been studied extensively, mechanical degradation mechanisms have received little attention so far. In this study, we probe the changes in mechanical properties of a LiFePO4 cathode in a large format prismatic cell. Results indicate that mechanical degradation increases by aging; in addition, local degradation is observed in the composite cathode. Implications of the degradation in mechanical properties on binder degradation are discussed in detail.
Hydrophobic ion pairing to enhance encapsulation of water-soluble additives into CO2-swollen polymer microparticles

Ionic dyes were successfully encapsulated in colloidal polymer particles by a CO2-based microencapsulation technique. The water-soluble dyes were made hydrophobic by forming ion pairs with several types of alkyl quaternary ammonium cations. The hydrophobic ion pairs were then encapsulated in preexisting size monodisperse polystyrene particles dispersed in water. High-pressure carbon dioxide swelled and plasticized polystyrene and thus facilitated mass transport of the dye into the particles. The results show that the particles maintain their size and morphology after exposure to CO2, and that ion-paired dyes have significantly higher loading in the polymer particles than the original dyes. The effects of cosolvent and surfactant are also discussed.
Radiation-induced changes in normal-appearing white matter in patients with cerebral tumors: a diffusion tensor imaging study.

Purpose To quantify the radiation-induced changes in normal-appearing white matter before, during, and after radiotherapy (RT) in cerebral tumor patients. Methods and Materials Twenty-five patients with low-grade glioma, high-grade glioma, or benign tumor treated with RT were studied using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. The biologically corrected doses ranged from 50 to 81 Gy. The temporal changes were assessed before, during, and to 45 weeks after the start of RT. The mean diffusivity of water ( ), fractional anisotropy of diffusion, diffusivity perpendicular (λ ⊥ ) and parallel (λ ‖ ) to white matter fibers were calculated in normal-appearing genu and splenium of the corpus callosum. Results In the genu and splenium, fractional anisotropy decreased and , λ ‖ , λ ⊥ increased linearly and significantly with time ( p ⊥ had increased ∼30% in the genu and splenium, and λ ‖ had increased 5% in the genu and 9% in the splenium, suggesting that demyelination is predominant. The increases in λ ⊥ and λ ‖ were dose dependent, starting at 3 weeks and continuing to 32 weeks from the start of RT. The dose-dependent increase in λ ⊥ and λ ‖ was not sustained after 32 weeks, indicating the transition from focal to diffuse effects. Conclusion The acute and subacute changes in normal-appearing white matter fibers indicate radiation-induced demyelination and mild structural degradation of axonal fibers. The structural changes after RT are progressive, with early dose-dependent demyelination and subsequent diffuse dose-independent demyelination and mild axonal degradation. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging is potentially a biomarker for the assessment of radiation-induced white matter injury.
ON THE NONLINEARITY OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL HEAT TRANSFER IN A CONDUCTING AND RADIATING MEDIUM*

REFERENCES 1. P. J. BERENWN, Experiments on pool boiling heat transfer, ht. J. Heat Mass Transfm 5, 985 (1962). 2. S. ISHIGAI and T. KUNO, An experimental study of transition boiling of water on the vertical wall in an open vessel, Tram Japan Sot. Me& Engrs 31, 1251 (1965). 3. K. NISHIKAWA, S. HASEGAWA, H. HONDA and S. SAKAGUCHI. Studies of boiling characteristic curve (2nd rept. Transition and film boiling from horizontal strips: A.1.Ch.E. JI 13, 669 (1967). 5. S. G. BANKOFF and V. S. MEHRA, A quenching theory for transition boiling, I/E/C Fundamentals 1, 38 (1962). 6. N. ZUBER and M. TRIBUS, Department of Engmeermg, University of California at Los Angeles, Report No. 58-5 (1958). 7. T. AOKI, An experimental investigation of transition pool boiling, PhD thesis, Oregon State University, Dept. of Mechnical Engineering, Corvallis, Oregon (1970).
Characterization of Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction by Escherichia coli Type IIa Heat-Labile Enterotoxin in the Polarized Human Intestinal Cell Line T84

Escherichia coli type IIa heat-labile enterotoxin (LTIIa) binds in vitro with highest affinity to ganglioside GD1b. It also binds in vitro with lower affinity to several other oligosialogangliosides and to ganglioside GM1, the functional receptor for cholera toxin (CT). In the present study, we characterized receptor-mediated signal transduction by LTIIa in the cultured T84 cell model of human intestinal epithelium. Wild-type LTIIa bound tightly to the apical surface of polarized T84 cell monolayers and elicited a Cl(-) secretory response. LTIIa activity, unlike CT activity, was not blocked by the B subunit of CT. Furthermore, an LTIIa variant with a T14I substitution in its B subunit, which binds in vitro to ganglioside GM1 but not to ganglioside GD1b, was unable to bind to intact T84 cells and did not elicit a Cl(-) secretory response. These findings show that ganglioside GM1 on T84 cells is not a functional receptor for LTIIa. The LTIIa receptor on T84 cells was inactivated by treatment with neuraminidase. Furthermore, LTIIa binding was blocked by tetanus toxin C fragment, which binds to gangliosides GD1b and GT1b. These findings support the hypothesis that ganglioside GD1b, or possibly a glycoconjugate with a GD1b-like oligosaccharide, is the functional receptor for LTIIa on T84 cells. The LTIIa-receptor complexes from T84 cells were associated with detergent-insoluble membrane microdomains (lipid rafts), extending the correlation between toxin binding to lipid rafts and toxin function that was previously established for CT. However, the extent of association with lipid rafts and the magnitude of the Cl(-) secretory response in T84 cells were less for LTIIa than for CT. These properties of LTIIa and the previous finding that enterotoxin LTIIb binds to T84 cells but does not associate with lipid rafts or elicit a Cl(-) secretory response may explain the low pathogenicity for humans of type II enterotoxin-producing isolates of E. coli.
Histology, Anatomy, or Geography? Exome Sequencing Begins to Delineate Somatic Mutational Differences in Esophageal Cancer

Summary: Esophageal carcinoma is composed of squamous cell and adenocarcinoma types, each with geographically distinct incidence. The earliest exome sequences in this disease begin to illuminate the genetic demarcations of these anatomically related cancers. Cancer Discov; 2(10); 870–1. ©2012 AACR . Commentary on Agrawal et al., [p. 899][1]. [1]: /lookup/volpage/2/899?iss=10
A short note on solvability of systems of interval linear equations

In this note we formulate necessary and sufficient conditions for strong solvability and feasibility of systems of linear interval equations in terms of absolute value inequalities.
Maximization of separation efficiency in capillary electrophoretic chiral separations by means of mobility-matching background electrolytes

Abstract It has been predicted, both theoretically and by computer simulation, that in capillary electrophoresis the electromigration-dispersion-induced peak broadening can be eliminated by matching the mobilities of the analyte and the background electrolyte co-ion. Though mobility matching can be achieved by invoking multiple secondary chemical equilibria in the background electrolyte — such as protonation or complexation - to change the mobility of the co-ion, this approach is not feasible when the composition of the background electrolyte is dictated by the need to achieve a certain separation selectivity. In this paper, a background electrolyte preparation principle is outlined which decouples the dual roles of the background electrolyte, namely the buffering function and the mobility matching function, by ascribing the buffering function solely to the counter-ion (a conjugate acid or conjugate base) and the mobility matching function solely to the co-ion (a strong electrolyte). The power of this approach is demonstrated by solving difficult enantiomer separations.
Growth of thick GaxAl1-xAs layers by liquid-phase epitaxy

A technique is described that is capable of growth of GaxAl1-xAs layers of almost uniform composition by liquid-phase epitaxy. Layers of 26 mils thickness have been grown reproducibly when furnace, crucible and geometries were optimized. Composition can be controlled by varying the saturation temperature. Profiles of typical layers, as defined by cathodoluminescence, are compared to usual graded structures.
Enhancement of the physical properties of poly((2-terthiophenyl)norbornene) through cross-linking pendant terthiophenes

The synthesis of norbornene polymers containing 2-terthiophenyl side chains, poly((2-terthiophenyl)norbornene), by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and the cross-linking of pendant terthiophene units to form conductive polymers is reported. Physical characteristics including conductivity, thermal stability, electrochromic activity, fluorescence, and surface topography are evaluated for the resulting cross-linked ROMP polymers and compared to those of poly(terthiophene). The in-situ conductivity of cross-linked ROMP polymer films doped with PF6- was approximately half that of poly(terthiophene) films. However, thermal stability was substantially higher for powders formed from chemically cross-linked ROMP polymers, which retained 60% of their total mass at 800 °C compared to a total decomposition of non-cross-linked ROMP polymers at 500 °C. Electrochemically deposited films of cross-linked ROMP polymers proved to have considerably higher thermal stability and smoother, more uniform surfaces tha...
To Sketch an Essence: Schematic Thoughts on Paul Klee and the Image of the Daemonic

This paper examines the ambiguity that attends Paul Klee’s characterization of the daemonic element in his work. It does so by analyzing the history of this concept in classical German thought from Wincklemann to Goethe. I note transformations of the concept in writings contemporaneous to Klee in literary theory and theology. These include Lukacs, for whom the modern novel articulates the daemonic as an ironic world devoid of transcendental immanence, homeland, or essence; and Otto, for whom the world remained in some sense still not devoid of the numinous. I further consider these issues in brief discussion of Klee’s account of the polyphonic construction of the artwork. Finally, attention is given to proximate philosophical treatments of the topic in writers influenced by Klee’s work.
X-Ray Scattering from Gaseous 3He and 4He at Small Momentum Transfer

Several experiments are described in which the structure factor $S(k)$ was determined for gaseous $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ at temperatures near 5 K. In the momentum-transfer range $0.15lk$ 2.09 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ $S(k)$ was obtained for both $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ gas at densities of 1.95 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, 2.66 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and 3.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ mole/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. In the momentum-transfer range 0.133 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ $k$ 1.125 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ $S(k)$ was obtained for $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ gas at densities of 1.348 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, 2.598 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, 3.599 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and 5.557 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ mole/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. For the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ temperature was 5.23 K while for the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ the temperature was 4.99 and 5.08 K. The first moment of the pair-correlation function was obtained by even-power-series fits to the structure-factor data at each density. Other power-series expansions have also been examined. The present experimental results are compared with $S(k)$ values obtained from modifications of the pair correlation function as calculated by Jordan and Fosdick for a temperature of 5 K.
Using Comprehension Strategies as a Springboard for Student Talk

This article is a reflective account of a teacher implementing the comprehension strategy of questioning to encourage genuine conversations with text, instead of the inquisition technique of testing comprehension practiced in many classrooms. Through the structure of a “gradual release of responsibilities,” students practice questioning in read-alouds, guided reading, and literature circles. The students learn to monitor and value their genuine questions as they read a text, and the strategy helps them understand the process as a tool good readers employ to unlock meaning. The results indicate students are more invested in the discussion as they practice the skills of summarizing, debating, and analyzing in context. In addition, students construct meaning together as they identify vocabulary in context, assist others, and add background information unique to their own experiences. The article demonstrates the introduction of one of the comprehension strategies with a strong caveat warning educators that to become singularly focused undermines the integration of the strategies. Continued exploration through collaboration with other professionals and professional reading is key to keeping the balance necessary for guiding students in understanding the integration of comprehension strategies.
Hepatic growth hormone resistance during sepsis is associated with increased suppressors of cytokine signaling expression and impaired growth hormone signaling.

Objective:During sepsis, a two- to four-fold increase in circulating growth hormone (GH) is seen with 40–50% reductions in plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), inhibitors of cytokine, and growth factor signaling via the janus kinase (JAK)/signal tr
SMI 2012: Full Component-aware tensor-product trivariate splines of arbitrary topology

The fundamental goal of this paper aims to bridge the large gap between the shape versatility of arbitrary topology and the geometric modeling limitation of conventional tensor-product splines for solid representations. Its contribution lies at a novel shape modeling methodology based on tensor-product trivariate splines for solids with arbitrary topology. Our framework advocates a divide-and-conquer strategy. The model is first decomposed into a set of components as basic building blocks. Each component is naturally modeled as tensor-product trivariate splines with cubic basis functions while supporting local refinement. The key novelty is our powerful merging strategy that can glue tensor-product spline solids together subject to C^2 continuity. As a result, this new spline representation has many attractive advantages. At the theoretical level, the integration of the top-down topological decomposition and the bottom-up spline construction enables an elegant modeling approach for arbitrary high-genus solids. Each building block is a regular tensor-product spline, which is CAD-ready and facilitates GPU computing. In addition, our new spline merging method enforces the features of semi-standardness (i.e., @?"iw"iB"i(u,v,w)=1 everywhere) and boundary restriction (i.e., all blending functions are confined exactly within parametric domains) in favor of downstream CAE applications. At the computational level, our component-aware spline scheme supports meshless fitting which completely avoids tedious volumetric mapping and remeshing. This divide-and-conquer strategy reduces the time and space complexity drastically. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate its shape flexibility and versatility towards solid modeling with complicated geometries and non-trivial genus.
Sex and Gender in the 1970s

The late 1960s through the early 1970s was a time of profound social change both in American society and in sociology. Sociological attention shifted from social pathology to deviant subcultures and to labeling processes, shifting again by the 1990s to the study of social control. Many ethnographic studies of homosexuality were undertaken in the 1960s and 1970s in the tradition of labeling and stigma, including Laud Humphreys' Tearoom Trade (1970) and my Identity and Community in the Gay World (Warren 1974). Male ethnographers in particular were often stigmatized along with the “deviants” they studied, while the women (including me) were sometimes discouraged from doing graduate-level sociology at all. Thirty years later, the terrains of gender, sexuality and stigma have changed, yet pockets of pro-stigma resistance remain. Even in the 2000s, the stigma of homosexuality has not entirely disappeared. And, above all, the essentializing categories of homosexual, bisexual and heterosexual remain firmly entrenched in public discourse, sociological analysis, homophobia and gay activism.
Generalized Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij Distribution and Envelope Equation for High-Intensity Beams in a Coupled Transverse Focusing Lattice

In an uncoupled lattice, the Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij (KV) distribution function first analyzed in 1959 is the only known exact solution of the nonlinear Vlasov-Maxwell equations for high-intensity beams including self-fields in a self-consistent manner. The KV solution is generalized here to high-intensity beams in a coupled transverse lattice using the recently developed generalized Courant-Snyder invariant for coupled transverse dynamics. This solution projects to a rotating, pulsating elliptical beam in transverse configuration space, determined by the generalized matrix envelope equation.
The Potential Role of Sports Psychology in the Obesity Epidemic

Sports psychologists play an important role in enhancing performance among athletes. In conjunction with team physicians, they can also shed light on psychological disorders common in athletes, such as mood and eating disorders, and overtraining syndrome. Sports psychologists can also lend their expertise to assist with injury prevention and recovery and compliance issues. Sports psychology has a role in helping to reverse the growing obesity epidemic among school-aged children. These professionals, working with coaches, can increase children's levels of physical activity. Cognitive-behavioral techniques could lead to enhanced enjoyment, increased participation, improved school performance, and a reduction in obesity.
THE POLITICS OF PLURALISM AND ASSIMILATIONIST POLICY IN ANN ARBOR'S BLACK ENGLISH TRIAL: SOCIOLINGUISTICS AS A POLICY SCIENCE

Sociolinguistics has generally promoted assimilationkt language policy even though many sociolinguists are ardent supporters of cultural and linguistic pluralism, and have been politically active in support of the languages and cultures of their research subjects. The 1978 Ann Arbor Black English Trial-the King decision depended heavily upon the testimony given by sociolinguists in support of the plaintiffs, who argued that they had been denied an equal educational opportunity. The King decision exemplifies a problematic and unresolved conflict between linguistic research as a descriptive enterprise and applications of linguistic research which, by and large, implement assimilationkt language policy. Many sociolinguists favor the retention of cultural and linguistic pluralism, yet their research is utilized to design programs which will promote literacy in standard written English. The King decision suggests that the participation of sociolinguists in policymaking processes simultaneously improves the data base underlying policy decisions, and complicates the implementation of new policy by disseminating linguistic data which clash with mainstream cultural values, thereby generating a backlash against the new policy.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(arylene ether imidazole)s

Poly(arylene ether imidazole)s were prepared by the aromatic nucleophilic displacement reaction of a bisphenol imidazole with activated aromatic dihalides. The polymers had glass transition temperatures ranging from 230 to 318°C and number-average molecular weights as high as 82,000 g/mol. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a 5% weight loss occurring ∼ 400°C in air and ∼ 500°C in nitrogen. Typical neat resin mechanical properties obtained at room temperature included tensile strength and tensile modulus of 14.2 and 407 ksi and fracture energy (Glc) of 23 in. lb/in.2 Titanium-to-titanium tensile shear strengths measured at 23 and 200°C were 4800 and 3000 psi, respectively. In addition, preliminary data were obtained on carbon fiber laminates. The chemistry, physical, and mechanical properties of these polymers are discussed.
Absence of ballistic motion

For large classes of Schrodinger operators and Jacobi matrices we prove that if h has only one point spectrum then for φ_0 of compact support lim/_(t→∞)^(t−2)∥xe^(−ith)ϕ_0∥^2 = 0.
An offline correction method for uncompensated series resistance and capacitance artifacts from whole-cell patch clamp recordings of small cells

Whole-cell patch clamp recordings from small cells, such as in Drosophila, suffer from large series resistance (R_e) and capacitive artifacts [1,3,4]. While the series resistance error is caused by only the electrode, the capacitive artifact is caused by both the electrode and membrane capacitances. These artifacts cannot be compensated for with the standard amplifier circuits because of the feedback ringing and other instabilities caused by small cells. Standard electrophysiological measurement procedures for determining ion channel parameters using the voltage-clamp protocol suffer the most from these artifacts because R_e affects the effective membrane voltage on the cell. For instance, a standard electrophysiological technique is to record multiple voltage protocols from multiple cells, average the traces from the same cells, and leak-subtract the average. This cell average trace is then normalized by the estimated capacitance of the cell and can be averaged across cells. During this procedure, an uncompensated R_e perturbs the expected outcome in two ways: Within the same cell, R_e changes during the collection of multiple trials; usually increasing with time because of the cumulative clogging of the electrode tip. Between cells, both electrode and seal leak parameters vary, which affect R_e and the leak that runs through it, both of which affect the membrane voltage, V_m. We propose a simple and straightforward method and a publicly available Matlab implementation to address both of these problems. We use a standard model of electrode resistance and capacitance [2] together with an isopotential neuron model to simulate passive responses during recordings. For each recording, we use voltage clamp steps that exhibit passive responses from the cell to fit the passive parameters of our passive model. This allows estimating passive parameters for each trial and independent subtraction of the artifacts. The success of this method is dependent on having access to non-leak subtracted recordings as otherwise R_e and its effects cannot be estimated. Using this method, we estimated errors from two different voltage clamp datasets. One surprising result was that variable R_e contributes more significantly than the variable capacitance, such that capacitance normalization fails to regularize responses. In summary, we propose this offline series resistance estimation and removal method to complement voltage-clamp experiments and to reduce errors during data analysis procedures.
The confrontation clause and the child victim of sexual abuse

Courtroom proceedings for child sexual abuse often represent a morass of conflicting rights and counterproductive justice. Within this article, conflicting rights of adults and children regarding courtroom testimony are explored with an interest in assessing the effects of testifying for children and addressing the process of making children's testimonies less traumatic and more credible.
Tower and Aircraft Eddy Covariance Measurements of Water Vapor, Energy, and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes during SMACEX

Abstract A network of eddy covariance (EC) and micrometeorological flux (METFLUX) stations over corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] canopies was established as part of the Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) in central Iowa during the summer of 2002 to measure fluxes of heat, water vapor, and carbon dioxide (CO2) during the growing season. Additionally, EC measurements of water vapor and CO2 fluxes from an aircraft platform complemented the tower-based measurements. Sensible heat, water vapor, and CO2 fluxes showed the greatest spatial and temporal variability during the early crop growth stage. Differences in all of the energy balance components were detectable between corn and soybean as well as within similar crops throughout the study period. Tower network–averaged fluxes of sensible heat, water vapor, and CO2 were observed to be in good agreement with area-averaged aircraft flux measurements.
Skull anatomy of the Oligocene toothed mysticete Aetioceus weltoni (Mammalia; Cetacea): implications for mysticete evolution and functional anatomy

Toothed mysticetes of the family Aetiocetidae from Oligocene rocks of the North Pacific play a key role in interpretations of cetacean evolution because they are transitional in grade between dorudontine archaeocetes and edentulous mysticetes. The holotype skull of Aetiocetus weltoni from the late Oligocene (28–24 Ma) of Oregon, USA, has been further prepared, revealing additional morphological features of the basicranium, rostrum and dentary that have important implications for mysticete evolution and functional anatomy. The palate of Aetiocetus weltoni preserves diminutive lateral palatal foramina and associated delicate sulci which appear to be homologous with the prominent palatal foramina and sulci that occur along the lateral portion of the palate in extant mysticetes. In modern baleen whales these foramina allow passage of branches of the superior alveolar artery, which supplies blood to the epithelia of the developing baleen racks. As homologous structures, the lateral palatal foramina of A. weltoni suggest that baleen was present in this Oligocene toothed mysticete. Cladistic analysis of 46 cranial and dental characters supports monophyly of the Aetiocetidae, with toothed mysticetes Janjucetus and Mammalodon positioned as successive sister taxa. Morawanacetus is the earliest diverging aetiocetid with Chonecetus as sister taxon to Aetiocetus species. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 154, 308–352.
Synthetic Analogues of the Active Site of the A-Cluster of Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthase/CO Dehydrogenase: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions with CO

Two metallosynthons, namely (Et4N)2[Ni(NpPepS)] (1) and (Et4N)2[Ni(PhPepS)] (2) containing carboxamido-N and thiolato-S as donors have been used to model the bimetallic Mp−Nid subsite of the A-cluster of the enzyme acetyl coenzyme A synthase/CO dehydrogenase. A series of sulfur-bridged Ni/Cu dinuclear and trinuclear complexes (3−10) have been synthesized to explore their redox properties and affinity of the metal centers toward CO. The structures of (Et4N)2[Ni(PhPepS)] (2), (Et4N)[Cu(neo)Ni(NpPepS)]·0.5Et2O·0.5H2O (3·0.5Et2O·0.5H2O), (Et4N)[Cu(neo)Ni(PhPepS)]·H2O (4·H2O), (Et4N)2[Ni{Ni(NpPepS)}2]·DMF (5·DMF), (Et4N)2[Ni(DMF)2{Ni(NpPepS)}2]·3DMF (6·3DMF), (Et4N)2[Ni(DMF)2{Ni(PhPepS)}2] (8), and [Ni(dppe)Ni(PhPepS)]·CH2Cl2 (10·CH2Cl2) have been determined by crystallography. The Nid mimics 1 and 2 resist reduction and exhibit no affinity toward CO. In contrast, the sulfur-bridged Ni center (designated NiC) in the trinuclear models 5−8 are amenable to reduction and binds CO in the Ni(I) state. Also, the sulf...
Strength reduction in electrical and elastic networks

Particular aspects of problems ranging from dielectric breakdown to metal-insulator transition can be studied using electrical or elastic networks. We present an expression for the mean breakdown strength of such networks. First, we introduce a method to evaluate the redistribution of current due to the removal of a finite number of elements from a hypercubic network of conductances. It is used to determine the reduction of breakdown strength due to a fracture of size K. Numerical analysis is used to show that the analogous reduction due to random removal of elements from electrical and elastic networks follow a similar form. One possible application, namely the use of bone density as a diagnostic tool for osteoporosis, is discussed.
Surface‐normal 3×3 non‐blocking wavelength‐selective crossbar using polymer‐based volume holograms

We present a 3×3 surface‐normal wavelength‐selective crossbar using polymer‐based volume holograms. A prototype device is demonstrated using the center wavelength of 775 nm and Δλ=10 nm. Employment of 1/4‐pitch graded‐index rod lenses reduces the required nine wavelengths to three while maintaining the 3×3 interconnects. The diffraction efficiencies of 75%, 83%, and 75% are experimentally confirmed for wavelength 765, 775, and 785 nm, respectively. Surface‐normal configuration eliminates the conventional edge‐coupling scheme which is vulnerable in a harsh environment. A 3×3 crossbar is demonstrated with a two‐way system insertion loss less than 3 dB and channel‐to‐channel cross talk less than 20 dB.
Structure and Sequence in Teaching Number Bases To Adults

Subjects were 96 adults unfamiliar with number bases and ranging in age from 23 to 53. They were randomly assigned to four differentially structured introductory material (history of measure ment, base ten, base seven, or principles of number bases) and three differentially sequenced learning task (random, partial, or complete) conditions within four intelligence and two sex cate gories. Subjects (Ss) were individually presented the base four task in paired associate form after they had received the programmed introductory material. The effect of the introductory material appeared to be greater for Ss with superior intelligence. The com pletely sequenced learning task resulted in a more rapid acquisi tion of the learning task. Reliable differences among the intelli gence categories and between sexes were also observed.
Ripeness Theory and the Oslo Talks

Readiness theory, an adaptation of ripeness theory, helps to resolve some problems with the latter set of ideas. Readiness theory holds that all kinds of progress toward conflict resolution result from the existence, on both sides, of: motivational ripeness (motivation to achieve de-escalation) and optimism about finding a mutually acceptable agreement. The motivational ripeness that led to the Oslo agreements resulted from the circumstances that obtained in the Middle East just prior to the talks. But optimism mainly developed during the talks themselves, by a circular process that involved: a steady growth in working trust, a perception that the other side was represented by a valid spokesman, and perceived common ground. Given the high level of motivational ripeness on both sides, good offices by a small country – Norway – were exactly what was needed. The critical elements of the Norwegian intervention were: assurance of absolute secrecy, provision of facilities that encouraged intimacy between the delegates, and arranging for meetings over a long enough period of time for the components of optimism to emerge and a possible agreement to be developed. Another source of the Oslo breakthrough was the existence of several critical bridge people prior to the emergence of the motivationally ripe moment.
Intersections of Longest Cycles in k-Connected Graphs

LetGbe a connected graph, wherek?2. S. Smith conjectured that every two longest cycles ofGhave at leastkvertices in common. In this note, we show that every two longest cycles meet in at leastck3/5vertices, wherec?0.2615.
Familial and sporadic schizophrenia: visual evoked potential differences.

Introduction The hete~genei~ of ~~zop~nia has been iong recognized (Tsuang 1975), and various methods of subclassification have been developed, including combinations of clinical and biological measures (Jeste 1982; Buchsbaum et al. 1983). Elec~ophysiological literature relevant to subtyping in schizophrenia includes: findings of varying electrodermal responses of patients depending on the severity of emotional withdrawal and disorganization (Straube 1979; Bernstein et al. 1981); evoked potential differences between chronic and acute patients, patients with differing clinical symptoms (Landau et al. 1975; Shagass 1980), and familial versus nonfamilial patients (Romani et al. 1986); lateral asymmetries of electroencephalogram (EEG) variables in patients with specific clinicai symptoms (Serafetinides et al. 198 1); and different patterns of evoked potentials and EEG variables in neuroleptic-responsive and unresponsive patients (Saletu 1977; hi1 et al. 1981). The utility of the familial/sporadic distinction in psychosis has recently been reviewed and may be a useful strategy for determining more homogeneous subgroups (Lewis et al. 1987). In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that visual evoked potential (VEP) latencies are prolonged in psychotic patients with a positive family history of psychosis (FH PGS) when compared to equaliy ill patients without a family history of psychosis (FH NEG).
Effect of casting solvent on the permeability of poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)

Abstract The permeability of gases in poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (PMP) films cast from solution depends strongly on the casting solvent used. Permeability coefficients for several gases were measured for PMP films cast from six solvents and for a film prepared from the melt. Sorption isotherms were measured for selected gas-film pairs. Films cast from decalin, xylene and chloroform have lower permeation rates relative to the melt-prepared film. Films cast from cyclopentane, cyclohexane and carbon tetrachloride have permeability coefficients similar to that for the melt-processed film. The differences may be as great as six-fold. X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis were used to characterize the films. It is shown that the casting solvent influences which crystalline modification is formed and the spatial arrangement of the crystallites within the film. The films with very low gas permeability coefficients have a strong preferential orientation of the crystallites with the chain axis normal to the film surface. It is suggested that in these cases, some single crystals were formed during casting which aligned preferentially in the film to give a long tortuous path for permeation of gas molecules. The relative rate of gas transport in the unusually open crystals of PMP is discussed.
Post-Gate Plasma and Sputter Process Effects on the Radiation Hardness of Metal Gate CMOS Integrated Circuits

The compatibility of several post-gate plasma and sputtering processes with radiation-hardened CMOS processing has been investigated. Plasma etching, plasma ashing, RF sputter etching, and DC magnetron sputtering were found to cause little effect on the threshold voltage shifts observed on CMOS inverters under gamma irradiation. However, passivation of CMOS integrated circuits with reactive-plasma-deposited SiNx films causes severe postirradiation threshold shifts. The dependence of these threshold shifts on SiNx thickness, deposition parameters, and postdeposition anneals has been characterized. Intervening CVD films between the metal layer and the SiNX have a significant effect and in some cases reduce the observed threshold shifts considerably. The observed threshold shifts do not appear to be related to the stress of the SiNx films.
Frequency dependent dielectric measurements of Cd2+ doped Mn-Zn nano ferrites prepared by sol gel and coprecipitation methods

Ferrite powders of Mn-Zn doped with Cd2+ (Mn0.5CdxZn0.5-xFe2O4) were prepared by the sol gel auto- combustion and coprecipitation methods. The effect of Cd2+ doping on the crystalline phase formation was investigated by X-ray diffraction which confirms the spinel structure of prepared samples. Crystallite size found to be lower for samples prepared by coprecipitation method. The samples prepared using coprecipitation, found to be denser as compared to sol gel method. SEM analysis confirmed the nano structure of the prepared samples. Dielectric properties were studied using impedance analyzer (20 Hz – 5 MHz) and RF material analyzer (1 MHz – 3 GHz) respectively. DC electrical measurements showed highly resistive nature of the prepared samples and values are high for samples prepared from sol gel method. Impedance spectroscopic analysis was carried out in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 5 MHz for the prepared samples, showing resistance of grain boundary is higher than grains. Impedance plane plots gave information about the resistive and reactive parts of impedance. The presence of semicircular arcs at lower frequency side, confirms that the high resistance of samples is due to increase in the number of grain boundaries in the nano synthesised samples.
Short-Term Employment Services for Homeless Individuals: Perceptions from Stakeholders in a Community Partnership

ABSTRACT This article examines the importance and feasibility of immediate employment for homeless individuals from perspectives of stakeholders in a community partnership. Using grounded theory and an editing-style approach, in-depth interviews were analyzed with service recipients (n= 13) and providers (n= 9). Stakeholders viewed employment services differently. While recipients were optimistic that short-term employment services could yield immediate employment despite their barriers, providers articulated the importance of providing individualized case management with realistic expectations for homeless individuals to secure long-term, dependable employment rather than low-wage, short-term jobs. Future studies should examine discrepancies in perspectives to strengthen findings presented here and better determine employment services to meet provider and recipient expectations and goals.
Neuronal D-serine regulates dendritic architecture in the somatosensory cortex

Abstract d -Serine, which is synthesized by the enzyme serine racemase (SR), is a co-agonist at the N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor (NMDAR). In an animal model of NMDAR hypofunction, the constitutive SR knockout (SR−/−) mouse, pyramidal neurons in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) have reductions in the complexity, total length, and spine density of apical and basal dendrites. We wondered whether the dendritic pathology required deprivation of d -serine throughout development or reflected the loss of d -serine only in adulthood. To address this question, we used mice homozygous for floxed SR in which we bred CaMKIICre2834, which is expressed in forebrain glutamatergic neurons starting at 3–4 weeks post-partum (nSR−/−). Our prior studies demonstrated that the majority of cortical SR is expressed in glutamatergic neurons. We found that similar to SR−/− mice, pyramidal neurons in S1 of nSR−/− also had significantly reduced dendritic arborization and spine density, albeit to a lesser degree. S1 neurons of nSR−/− mice had reduced total basal dendritic length that was accompanied by less complex arborization. These characteristics were unaltered in the apical dendritic compartment. In contrast, spine density on S1 neurons was significantly reduced on apical, but not basal dendrites of nSR−/− mice. These results demonstrate that in adulthood neuronally derived d -serine, which is required for optimal activation of post-synaptic NMDAR activity, regulates pyramidal neuron dendritic arborization and spine density. Moreover, they highlight the glycine modulatory site (GMS) of the NMDAR as a potential target for therapeutic intervention in diseases characterized by synaptic deficits, like schizophrenia.
Size Control and Associated Photophysics of Erbium-Doped Silicon Nanowires

Routes to different-sized Si nanowires with erbium-rich shell structures have been developed. Tunable nanowire widths with average values of 50, 75, 90, and 160 nm can be controlled by the nature of the gold catalyst employed in the vapor−liquid−solid reaction used to obtain the Si core structure. Lattice imaging of selected nanowires permit structural characterization as a single-crystal Si core surrounded by a polycrystalline erbium-rich surface layer. Furthermore, it appears that in relatively small wires (<100 nm in diameter), negligible near-infrared photoluminescence is observed, suggesting that energy transfer quenching by Er3+ clustering or surface hydroxyl groups on a relatively smaller surface area are likely origins for deactivation of the 1540 nm emission.
The Mormon experience: the plains as Sinai, the Great Salt Lake as the Dead Sea, and the Great Basin as desert-cum-promised land

Abstract The experiences of the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) in migrating across the Great Plains to the valley of the Great Salt Lake, in colonizing the Wasatch oasis, and in occupying major portions of the Great Basin gave rise to a collective and official landscape tradition within a few years of the migration and settlement process of the mid-nineteenth century. In this official tradition, the Mormon experience is viewed as analogous to the wanderings of the Children of Israel in the Exodus. The Plains, the Wasatch oasis, and the Great Basin are all viewed in this collective tradition as harsh, uninviting, desert landscapes. The traditional Mormon view of the Plains and Wasatch oasis as desert, derived from examination of Church records, speeches of elders, correspondence and newspaper articles, contrasts in almost all aspects with the actual accounts of the participants in Mormon migration and settlement. The records of migrants on the Mormon Trail present a pastoral view of the Plains and the earliest recorded impression of the Great Salt Lake Valley were of an abundant and bucolic region. The contrary official invented desert tradition persisted well into the mid-twentieth century, largely as a result of the belief that group identity can be reinforced by a tradition of shared hardship and by a glorification of the past.
Nuclear hydrogen : an assessment of product flexibility and market viability.

Nuclear energy has the potential to play an important role in the future energy system as a large-scale source of hydrogen without greenhouse gas emissions. Thus far, economic studies of nuclear hydrogen tend to focus on the levelized cost of hydrogen without accounting for the risks and uncertainties that potential investors would face. We present a financial model based on real options theory to assess the profitability of different nuclear hydrogen production technologies in evolving electricity and hydrogen markets. The model uses Monte Carlo simulations to represent uncertainty in future hydrogen and electricity prices. It computes the expected value and the distribution of discounted profits from nuclear hydrogen production plants. Moreover, the model quantifies the value of the option to switch between hydrogen and electricity production, depending on what is more profitable to sell. We use the model to analyze the market viability of four potential nuclear hydrogen technologies and conclude that flexibility in output product is likely to add significant economic value for an investor in nuclear hydrogen. This should be taken into account in the development phase of nuclear hydrogen technologies.
Mutations in epigenetic modifiers in the pathogenesis and therapy of acute myeloid leukemia

Recent studies of the spectrum of somatic genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have identified frequent somatic mutations in genes that encode proteins important in the epigenetic regulation of gene transcription. This includes proteins involved in the modification of DNA cytosine residues and enzymes which catalyze posttranslational modifications of histones. Here we describe the clinical, biological, and therapeutic relevance of mutations in epigenetic regulators in AML. In particular, we focus on the role of loss-of-function mutations in TET2, gain-of-function mutations in IDH1 and IDH2, and loss-of-function mutations in ASXL1 and mutations of unclear impact in DNMT3A in AML pathogenesis and therapy. Multiple studies have consistently identified that mutations in these genes have prognostic relevance, particularly in intermediate-risk AML patients, arguing for inclusion of mutational testing of these genetic abnormalities in routine clinical practice. Moreover, biochemical, biological, and epigenomic analyses of the effects of these mutations have informed the development of novel therapies which target pathways deregulated by these mutations. Our understanding of the effects of these mutations on hematopoiesis and potential for therapeutic targeting of specific AML subsets is also reviewed here.