cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Horseshoe crab lactate dehydrogenases: evidence for dimeric structure.

D- Lactate dehydrogenase of Limulus polyphemus occurs in six molecular forms, not in five as does the L- lactate dehydrogenase of vertebrates. The electrophoretic pattern of bands in an apparent genetic variant is incompatible with a model of tetrameric molecular structure, and suggests, rather, that the three more anodally migrating isozymes are dimer molecules, the polypeptide subunits of which are encoded by two genetic loci and are not involved in the formation of the lower triad of isozymes.
La metacognición: las diferentes vertientes de una teoría

El objeto del siguiente articulo es considerar los aportes de las diferentes lineas teoricas que han nutrido y nutren el concepto de metacognicion, tratando en ultima instancia de explicar por que este termino es considerado por muchos autores como "poco claro" (Garner, 1994) y de limites no definidos. Las lineas en cuestion son cuatro. Dos de ellas se inscriben dentro de una propuesta de psicologia evolutiva: una enfocada a las teorias mentales que los ninos manifiestan en los primeros anos de vida (Teoria de la Mente) y otra que considera la metacognicion como uno de los cambios que sufre la inteligencia durante la adolescencia. Las otras dos se inscriben dentro de una propuesta de procesamiento de la informacion. Una corresponde a las investigaciones sobre la memoria denominada del "Feeling of Knowing". La otra centrada mas en metacognicion de la comprension lectora busca establecer claramente las diferencias entre conocimiento y regulacion o control.
The Meaning of Health

Abstract Many health educators view health as a subjective, comprehensive and multidimensional construct, such as the WHO concept that defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This paper, through a philosophical analysis, demonstrates that health is not multidimensional and is a natural phenomenon. A philosophical discussion contends that health must realistically and logically reside in the person and this requires it to be a physical state. This paper also illustrates that in the language of health, many health educators: (1) confuse what is desired and valued as a good life to mean what is good health; (2) fail to recognize the vital distinction between what affects health and what is health; and (3) inappropriately view health as a subjective human construct as opposed to viewing health as an objective phenomenon. To stimulate discussion, a philosophical analysis of health is presented about the meaning of health....
Reduction of R3Ga with Alkali Metals in Aromatic SolventsFormation of R3GaAr- and R3GaH- 1

Reduction of trialkylgallium compounds (R3Ga) in benzene with alkali metals forms R3GaPh- and R3GaH- anions in addition to the expected R4Ga- anions. The portion of the product consisting of R3GaPh...
Variability and uncertainty meet risk management and risk communication.

In the past decade, the use of probabilistic risk analysis techniques to quantitatively address variability and uncertainty in risks increased in popularity as recommended by the 1994 National Research Council that wrote Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. Under the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act, for example, the U.S. EPA supported the development of tools that produce distributions of risk demonstrating the variability and/or uncertainty in the results. This paradigm shift away from the use of point estimates creates new challenges for risk managers, who now struggle with decisions about how to use distributions in decision making. The challenges for risk communication, however, have only been minimally explored. This presentation uses the case studies of variability in the risks of dying on the ground from a crashing airplane and from the deployment of motor vehicle airbags to demonstrate how better characterization of variability and uncertainty in the risk assessment lead to better risk communication. Analogies to food safety and environmental risks are also discussed. This presentation demonstrates that probabilistic risk assessment has an impact on both risk management and risk communication, and highlights remaining research issues associated with using improved sensitivity and uncertainty analyses in risk assessment.
On discrimination and the decomposition of wage differentials

Abstract In this paper we examine four alternative methods for estimating the extent of labor market discrimination. All of the methods involve the decomposition of gross (unadjusted) wage differentials into discrimination and productivity components. These methods can be expressed in a single generalized form and are shown to differ with respect to the implicity assumed nondiscriminatory, competitive wage structure. Equivalencies among the methods are shown to exist under certain restrictive conditions. These methods are applied to micro data from the U.S. Current Population Survey and from a specific U.S. firm.
Consumer behavior in the setting of over-the-counter statin availability: Lessons from the Consumer Use Study of OTC Mevacor

Despite the proven benefits of statins, large numbers of patients meeting guideline criteria for therapy are not receiving these drugs. It has been suggested that over-the-counter (OTC) availability of statins would allow more consumers to use statins and achieve cardiovascular risk reduction. However, concerns have been raised as to the consumers' ability to self-manage hyperlipidemia and use statins safely. The Consumer Use Study of OTC Mevacor (CUSTOM) was designed to define consumer behaviors in the setting of OTC statin availability. The study was conducted in a simulated OTC setting and allowed consumers to purchase once-daily lovastatin 20 mg. The CUSTOM dataset includes >3,300 consumers who evaluated OTC lovastatin for potential purchase at study sites and follow-up information on purchasers for up to 6 months of self-managed therapy. These data have been analyzed to address consumers' knowledge of their cholesterol concentrations as well as their ability to make OTC use decisions based on their cardiovascular risk, avoid drug-drug interactions, self-manage their cholesterol treatment after deciding to use the OTC product, and maintain interactions with physicians while using lovastatin OTC. The results showed that most study participants appropriately self-selected OTC statin therapy and managed their treatment. Use of OTC statins by consumers needing more intensive statin therapy or facing the risk of potential drug-drug interactions remains an area of concern but occurred infrequently in CUSTOM. These data are important for making an informed risk-benefit decision concerning OTC statin availability.
IFNγ primes macrophages for inflammatory activation by high molecular weight hyaluronan

The objective was to assess outcomes of IFNγ-priming upon macrophage activation by the synovial macromolecule high molecular weight hyaluronan [HMW-HA] in the context of rheumatoid arthritis inflammation. Human macrophages primed by IFNγ and activated by HMW-HA were evaluated for cytokine secretion by ELISA and Milliplex assay and activation profiles by nuclear transcription factor EIA. IFNγ-primed, HMW-HA-activated macrophages produced elevated levels of TNF and secreted the TH1 cytokine IL-12p70, while IFNγ suppressed HMW-HA-induced secretion of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 and activation of the transcription factor c-Jun. IFNγ modulates the HMW-HA-induced cytokine response profile promoting macrophage activation and inflammatory TH1 cytokine secretion.
Decitabine Dosing Schedules

5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (decitabine; Dacogen™, MGI Pharma, Inc, Bloomington, MN) is a cytidine analog that inhibits DNA methyltransferases resulting in loss of DNA methylation with subsequent gene re-expression. This compound was first synthesized over 40 years ago and since that time much information has been learned regarding its mechanism of action. It took nearly 20 years before the dual mechanism of action was elucidated. At high doses decitabine is cytotoxic, while lower doses are associated with demethylating activity. This information sparked further clinical trials using a lower dosing schedule since the original studies using higher doses were associated with significant myelosuppression and induction toxicity. Current trials using lower dosing schedules, particularly in patients with hematologic malignancies, have shown significant promise for the future use of demethylating agents. Sequential and/or randomized phase I/II studies have suggested that decitabine is most active when administered at relatively low doses given via a short infusion. The drug is less active and more toxic when administered via continuous infusion, and increasing dose-intensity resulted in a higher response rate, suggesting a relationship between peak drug levels and response. Even with all the information we have learned, there is still a need to determine the optimal dosing schedule and the development of alternative dosing forms.
The importance of k-space trajectory on off-resonance artifact in segmented echo-planar imaging

Segmented interleaved echo planar imaging (EPI) is a highly efficient data acquisition technique; however, EPI is sensitive to artifacts from off-resonance spins. The choice of k-space trajectories is important in determining how off-resonance spins contribute to image artifacts. Top-down and center-out trajectories are theoretically analyzed, simulated, implemented, and tested in phantom and volunteer experiments. Theoretical results show off-resonance artifact manifests as a simple positional shift for the top-down trajectory, while for the center-out trajectory off-resonance artifact manifests as a splitting of the object, which entails both shift and blurring. These results were validated using simulation and phantom scan data where a frequency-offset was introduced ranging from –300 Hz to +300 Hz. As predicted by the theoretical results, inferior image quality was observed for the center-out trajectory in a single volunteer. Off-resonance produces more severe and complex artifacts with the center-out trajectory than the top-down trajectory.
The human-animal bond and domestication: Through the ages … animals in our lives

As animal scientists, our lives and our livelihoods are intimately connected to animals. We study the physiology, nutrition, genetics, management, behavior and health and disease of livestock; companion, laboratory, and exotic animals; and wildlife. In this issue of Animal Frontiers, “The Human–Animal Bond and Domestication: Through the ages…Animals in our lives,” we explore the bond between humans and animals and the domestication of cattle and dogs from their ancient predecessors to their modern counterparts. The study of the human–animal bond or our psychological and social relationship with animals is a true scientific “animal frontier.” One of the more recent animal frontiers to be studied is the nature of the psychological and social relationship we have with the animals that share our world. In the late 1970s, the term “human–animal bond” was coined by Leo Bustad and Michael McCulloch (Hines, 2003). Drs. Bustad and McCulloch were just developing the Delta Society, a society dedicated to understanding the relationship between animals, people, and the environment; hence, the delta. The term “the human–animal bond” was unashamedly borrowed from the respected association found between parents and their offspring, the so-called “parent–infant bond.” The human–animal bond is now being recognized as a scientific discipline; it is a theoretic construct for the behavioral, psychological, physiological, ecological, social, and ethical consequences of the relationship between people and animals that is different from when either partner occurs independently. The new commitment to animals stems not only from our general sensitivity to the welfare of animals, but also from a newer appreciation of the many roles animals play in our lives. But we must remember that to be a “bond,” the effect on each partner has to be mutually beneficial and significant. The association between humans and their animals is indeed mutually beneficial and significant.
Cation ordering in langasite structure types

Cation ordering has been examined for langasite derivatives in the solid-solution series La3Sn1−xGa5Si1−xO14 (0<x⩽1) and La3SnGa5−xAlxO14 (0<x⩽2). Complete solid solutions exist over the indicated compositional ranges. From single crystal X-ray measurements, Sn has been found to occupy only the distorted octahedral site, producing the ordered phase La3SnGa5O14, while Al exhibits a preference for one of the two available distorted tetrahedral sites.
The investor sentiment endurance index and its forecasting ability

Based on a binomial probability distribution model, this paper creates an investor sentiment endurance index which estimates the probability that the high or low stock market price equals the closing price of a trading session. Results of this study indicate that the index has decent forecasting ability. The overall accuracy of eight-quarter rolling forecasts reaches 44.15%. Therefore, the true forecasting model and accuracy ratio developed in this study provide financial professionals with additional analytical tools.
Sparse optimization in feature selection: application in neuroimaging

Feature selection plays an important role in the successful application of machine learning techniques to large real-world datasets. Avoiding model overfitting, especially when the number of features far exceeds the number of observations, requires selecting informative features and/or eliminating irrelevant ones. Searching for an optimal subset of features can be computationally expensive. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) produces datasets with such characteristics creating challenges for applying machine learning techniques to classify cognitive states based on fMRI data. In this study, we present an embedded feature selection framework that integrates sparse optimization for regularization (or sparse regularization) and classification. This optimization approach attempts to maximize training accuracy while simultaneously enforcing sparsity by penalizing the objective function for the coefficients of the features. This process allows many coefficients to become zero, which effectively eliminates their corresponding features from the classification model. To demonstrate the utility of the approach, we apply our framework to three different real-world fMRI datasets. The results show that regularized classifiers yield better classification accuracy, especially when the number of initial features is large. The results further show that sparse regularization is key to achieving scientifically-relevant generalizability and functional localization of classifier features. The approach is thus highly suited for analysis of fMRI data.
The migration of isolated gas bubbles in a vertical temperature gradient

Abstract Results from experiments on the migration of air bubbles in Dow Corning DC-200 series silicone oils in a vertical temperature gradient are reported. Even though the bubbles nearly doubled in size as they migrated toward warmer regions, the observed velocities are consistent with the quasi-static predictions of N. O. Young, J. S. Goldstein, and M. J. Block (J. Fluid Mech. 6, 350 (1959)) developed for bubbles of constant size. Results for the surface tension gradient of three silicone oils extracted from migration experiments in this study are in good agreement with the results from other techniques in earlier studies.
A new edge element analysis of dispersive waveguiding structures

A new functional is rigorously selected for the edge element method to solve the 2-D/sup 1///sub 2/ guided wave problems. The variational formulation is derived from the vector wave equation without any assumption or simplifications, and therefore the formulation is the full-wave analysis. Moderate to heavy ohmic loss and dielectric loss are taken into account in a natural and consistent manner. As a result, finite cross-section of arbitrary shape and finite conductivity can be handled without imposing the impedance boundary condition (IBC). The DEC may no longer be held for high-speed microelectronics applications, where the cross-section dimension may have been in the same order of the skin depths of some frequency components. The propagation modes are obtained by solving the large scale generalized eigenvalue and eigenvector equations employing the subspace iteration method. The spurious modes are totally suppressed in the whole frequency range of interest. Numerical examples of dielectric waveguides and microstrip transmission lines with finite conductivity are conducted. >
An arbitrary order uniformly convergent finite element method for singular perturbation problems

In this paper, an arbitrary order finite element method is developed on an anisotropically refined mesh for solving singular perturbation problems in two and three space dimensions. Especially, for a weak convection-diffusion problem, we prove that a quasioptimal global uniform convergence rate of in L 2 norm is obtained for the m-th (m ≥ 1) order tensor-product finite element, thus answering some open problems posed by Roos in [17]. Here Nx and Ny are the number of partitions in the x-and y-directions, respectively. Numerical results supporting our theoretical analysis are provided. Generalizations of our techniques to other singular perturbation problems are mentioned.
Electron spectroscopy … for chemical analysis

Abstract There are several characteristics of ESCA which make it useful for chemical analysis. First, it is sensitive to nearly all elements in the periodic tab
Relaxations in gels : analogies to α and β relaxations in glasses

We present dynamic light scattering data which show that aqueous gelatin gels display a power-law relaxation to a nonergodic background. In the pregel sol this power law is termined by a stretched exponential which restores ergodicity and which has a q dependent characteristic time proportional to the viscosity. The power-law exponent is q dependent and related to a characteristic length in the gel. Except for the q dependences these behaviors are similar to the \ensuremath{\alpha} and \ensuremath{\beta} relaxation behavior in glasses. It is proposed that the different q dependences of the gels and glasses is a result of different characteristic length scales.
Effect of cortical spreading depression on norepinephrine-H3 metabolism in brain stem

Die durch 25prozentiges Kaliumchlorid induzierte, verbreitende Hemmung der Rinde wurde mit einer vermehrten Auslosung von Noradrenalin-H3 in dem gleichseitigen Hirnstamm und einer verwandten Abnahme an der gegenuberliegenden Seite verbunden, ein Hinweis, dass der Brenzkatechinathanolaminumsatz ipsilateral erhoht und kontralateral vermindert wurde.
Onset of acute myocardial infarction after use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Purpose To examine the association between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective and traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and incident acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and to address unanswered questions regarding the contour of risk over time. Methods A cohort of new NSAID users aged 40–84 years was followed for the occurrence of first AMI. Data were collected within the General Practice Research Database (GPRD) from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2004. Results The study population included 1185 AMI events (889 probable and 296 possible) from a cohort of 283 136 patients. After adjustment for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors, the hazard ratio (HR) for AMI was significantly increased for both coxib (2.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–4.26) and non-coxib (2.24, 95%CI 1.13–4.42) COX-2 selective NSAIDs when compared to remote exposure to NSAIDs, but was not increased for traditional NSAIDs. Stratifying exposure into the first month of use versus use beyond 1 month, the risk of AMI was increased during the first month of COX-2 selective NSAIDs use, but not later (3.43, 95%CI 1.66–7.07 and 1.88, 95%CI 0.82–4.31, respectively p-value for interaction = 0.6). Conclusions The results suggest that the use of coxib and non-coxib COX-2 selective NSAIDs was associated with an elevated risk of AMI within the first month of exposure. Recent past exposure to NSAID was not associated with a similar increase in risk. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Normoxic ventilation during resuscitation and outcome from asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats

The formation of reactive oxygen species during reperfusion is one trigger for neuronal injury after global cerebral ischemia. Because formation of reactive oxygen species requires delivery of molecular oxygen to ischemic tissue, restricting inspired oxygen during reperfusion may decrease neurological damage. This study examined whether ventilation with room air rather than pure oxygen during resuscitation would improve neurological recovery after cardiac arrest in rats. Adult, male rats were subjected to 8 min of asphyxia resulting in cardiac arrest. During resuscitation, rats were ventilated either with hyperoxia (FiO2 = 1.0) or normoxia (FiO2 = 0.21, room air). Neurobehavioral deficits were scored daily for 72 h after resuscitation, after which brains were collected for histology. Normoxia decreased arterial oxygen content. Other physiological parameters and mortality did not differ between groups. All surviving rats exhibited behavioral and histological signs of brain damage. Neurological deficit scores did not differ between normoxia and hyperoxia conditions at any time point. The number of ischemic neurons in the hippocampus also did not differ between groups. These data indicate neither benefit nor detriment of reducing inspired oxygen concentration during resuscitation from asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats.
Cigarette Smoking and Panic Psychopathology

The present paper summarizes empirical evidence suggesting that smoking and panic problems often co-occur; that smoking is a risk factor for, and may serve to maintain, panic attacks and panic disorder; and that premorbid panic-specific vulnerability variables and full-blown panic problems are related to coping-oriented smoking motives and perhaps to the maintenance of smoking behavior. An integrative model is offered to stimulate further work on this topic, followed by future directions for research.
Quantitative Determination of Isothiocyanates, Dithiocarbamates, Carbon Disulfide, and Related Thiocarbonyl Compounds by Cyclocondensation with 1,2-Benzenedithiol

A recently developed UV spectroscopic method for quantitating isothiocyanates (R-N=C=S) at the nanomole level is based on the observation that the highly electrophilic central carbon atom of the -N=C=S group can undergo successive nucleophilic additions with reagents containing two sulfhydryl groups on adjacent carbon atoms to form a cyclic thiocarbonyl product and release the nitrogen atom as a primary amine (Y. Zhang, C.-G. Cho, G. H. Posner, and P. Talalay, Anal. Biochem. 205, 100-107, 1992). The assay utilizes 1, 2-benzenedithiol as the vicinal dithiol reagent and measures the reaction product, 1,3-benzodithiole-2-thione, spectroscopically (am of 23,000 M-1 cm-1 at lambdamax = 365 nm). This paper reports a dramatic improvement in the analytical sensitivity of this method. By separating the cyclocondensation product by a simple isocratic HPLC method and using an automatic integrator, the sensitivity of detection has been lowered to a few picomoles of isothiocyanate. Furthermore, we now find that the chemical specificity of the cyclocondensation reaction is not restricted to isothiocyanates, but includes dithiocarbamates, and related thiocarbonyl compounds such as carbon disulfide, certain substituted thiourea derivatives, and xanthates. The availability of such analytical methods is important not only because isothiocyanates (and their glucosinolate precursors) are present in edible plants and are consumed by humans in substantial quantities, but also because some dithiocarbamates are toxic, and are widely used in the rubber industry as vulcanization accelerators and in agriculture as fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides. The analysis of many isothiocyanates is complicated by their extreme volatility. This difficulty can be circumvented by converting isothiocyanates quantitatively into dithiocarbamates (by facile addition of a mercaptan such as N-acetylcysteine) and quantitating the nonvolatile dithiocarbamate by the cyclocondensation reaction.
Different achievement in online oral history

The Internet has made it possible to incorporate adult mentors in the classroom in ways that it would have been difficult or impossible to do previously. As we move forward with such projects, it is important for us to consider what these adults contribute to the learning process. Palaver Tree Online is an online community that supports kids interviewing elders to build up a shared database of oral history. In this paper, we give a brief overview of two case studies of kids in Palaver Tree. In addition, we propose a new role for adults in aiding students having difficulty.
Defense reactions of mosquitoes to filarial worms: comparative studies on the response of three different mosquitoes to inoculated Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae.

Abstract The melanization response of Aedes trivittatus and the Rockefeller (RKF) and black-eyed Liverpool (LVP) strains of Aedes aegypti against intrathoracically inoculated Dirofilaria immitis and Brugia pahangi microfilariae (mff) was investigated. All mff of either species were melanized in A. trivittatus following Day 2 postinoculation, and the response of this species was significantly more rapid and effective than either strain of A. aegypti. The refractory RKF strain had a significantly greater response against both D. immitis and B. pahangi than the highly susceptible LVP strain, but data suggest that the increased responsiveness was due to a physiologic incompatibility in RKF A. aegypti, thereby resulting in a greater mortality and subsequent melanization of inoculated mff. Inoculation of large numbers of mff overloaded the defense capabilities of A. aegypti (LVP), but not those of A. trivittatus. The melanization response against D. immitis mff was effectively reduced for up to 4 days in A. aegypti (LVP), but for only 1 day in A. trivittatus, when mosquitoes were maintained on a 0.3 m sucrose diet containing from 0.1 to 1.0% (w/v) phenylthiourea.
Geographic Proximity of HRSA, VA, and DOD Clinics: Opportunities for Interagency Collaboration to Improve Quality

Clinics funded by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Department of Defense’s Military Health System (MHS), and Department of Health and Human Services’ Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) all play a role in serving the military, veterans, and their families. Publicly available location data on federal health care clinics was merged, analyzed, and geographically overlaid using GIS. Results showed that 20% of U.S. counties contain both HRSA and VA sites, and 5% contain HRSA and MHS facilities. Additionally, 80% of VA and 76% of MHS clinics are within 10 miles of a HRSA clinic. Specific clinic types of interest also overlay; for instance, 90% of HRSA homeless clinics are in the same county as a VA facility. This demonstrated geographic proximity of health care sites may indicate prime opportunities for collaboration between HRSA, VA, and MHS systems to improve quality of care for the military, veterans, and their families.
The effect of spinal cord injury on the neurochemical properties of vagal sensory neurons

The vagus nerve is composed primarily of nonmyelinated sensory neurons whose cell bodies are located in the nodose ganglion (NG). The vagus has widespread projections that supply most visceral organs, including the bladder. Because of its nonspinal route, the vagus nerve itself is not directly damaged from spinal cord injury (SCI). Because most viscera, including bladder, are dually innervated by spinal and vagal sensory neurons, an impact of SCI on the sensory component of vagal circuitry may contribute to post-SCI visceral pathologies. To determine whether SCI, in male Wistar rats, might impact neurochemical characteristics of NG neurons, immunohistochemical assessments were performed for P2X3 receptor expression, isolectin B4 (IB4) binding, and substance P expression, three known injury-responsive markers in sensory neuronal subpopulations. In addition to examining the overall population of NG neurons, those innervating the urinary bladder also were assessed separately. All three of the molecular markers were represented in the NG from noninjured animals, with the majority of the neurons binding IB4. In the chronically injured rats, there was a significant increase in the number of NG neurons expressing P2X3 and a significant decrease in the number binding IB4 compared with noninjured animals, a finding that held true also for the bladder-innervating population. Overall, these results indicate that vagal afferents, including those innervating the bladder, display neurochemical plasticity post-SCI that may have implications for visceral homeostatic mechanisms and nociceptive signaling.
Prediction of Solder Joint Geometries in Array-Type Interconnects

An approximate mathematical model is developed for predicting the shapes of solder joints in an array-type interconnect (e.g., a ball-grid array or flip-chip interconnect). The model is based on the assumption that the geometry of each joint may be represented by a surface of revolution whose generating meridian is a circular arc. This leads to simple, closed-form expressions relating stand-off height, solder volume, contact pad radii, molten joint reaction force (exerted on the component), meridian curvature, and solder surface tension. The qualitative joint shapes predicted by the model include concave (hourglass-shaped), convex (barrel-shaped, with a truncated sphere as a special case), and truncated-cone geometries. Theoretical results include formulas for determining the maximum and minimum solder volumes that can be supported by a particular pair of contact pads. The model is used to create dimensionless plots which summarize the general solution in the case of a uniform array (i.e., one comprising geometrically identical joints) for which the contact pads on the component and substrate are of the same size. These results relate the values of joint height and width (after reflow) to the solder joint volume and the molten-joint force for arbitrary values of the pad radius and solder surface tension. The graphs may be applied to both upright and inverted reflow, and can be used to control stand-off for higher reliability or to reduce bridging and necking problems causing low yields. A major advantage of the model is that it is numerically efficient (involving only simple, closed-form expressions), yet generates results that are in excellent agreement with experimental data and more complex models. Thus, the model is ideally suited to performing parametric studies, the results of which may be cast in a convenient form for use by practicing engineers. Although in the present paper the array is assumed to be doubly-symmetric, i.e., possess two orthogonal planes of symmetry, the model may be extended to analyze arrays of arbitrary layout. The motivation for predicting joint geometries in array-type interconnects is two-fold: (1) to achieve optimal joint geometries from the standpoint of improved yield and better reliability under thermal cycling and (2) to take full advantage of the flexibility of new methods of dispensing solder, such as solder-jet and solder-injection technologies, which enable the volume of each individual joint to be controlled in a precise manner. Use of dispensing methods of these types permits the solder volumes in the array to be distributed in a non-uniform manner. Results such as those presented here (in combination with appropriate fatigue studies) can be used to determine the optimal arrangement of solder volumes.
Ethical Dilemmas in Evaluations Using Indigenous Research Workers

This article addresses ethical dilemmas experienced by street-level research and evaluation workers recruiting and gathering data in community-based research projects. The authors focus on a subgro...
In hibitory Effect of Progesterone on the Activity of Human Myometrial Actomyosin Adenosinetriphosphatase

IN the previous communication1 from this laboratory it was noted that progesterone in concentrations of more than 10 µg (and up to 50 µg tested) per mg wet weight human non-pregnant myometrial tissue inhibits the human myometrial ATPase activity on an average of 27.3 per cent (P < 0.001) based on fifteen experiments. On the other hand, oestradiol in fourteen cases in similar concentrations as for progesterone showed only an average reduction of 5.8 per cent (P < 0.01) on ATPase activity2.
Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis in the rat brain : Heterogeneity of GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA expression in monoamine-containing neurons

Abstract GTP cyclohydrolase I is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin. A quantitative in situ hybridization technique was used to study the expression of GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA in the rat brain at the cellular level. Coronal sections between the diencephalon and myelencephalon were exposed to a 35 S-labelled antisense GTP cyclohydrolase I cRNA probe. Sections serial to these were hybridized with a 35 S-labelled antisense cRNA probe complementary to tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA. Tyrosine hydroxylase and GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNAs were found to colocalize within catecholamine neurons located throughout the brain. The overall distribution of neurons expressing GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA was observed to correspond exactly to the known distribution of the dopamine, norepinephrine/epinephrine and serotonin-containing cell groups. Overall, a 30-fold range of GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA expression was observed, with the transcript being significantly more abundant in serotonin than in dopamine or norepinephrine/epinephrine neurons. Comparisons across serotonin cell groups indicated that neurons of the median raphe nucleus, caudal linear nucleus raphe (B8) and the dorsal raphe (B6/B7) expressed the highest levels of GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA. Comparisons across dopamine cell groups indicated that the transcript was more abundant in neurons of the ventral tegmental area (A10) than in neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (A9) and that both A9 and A10 dopamine neurons exhibited higher levels of expression than the DA neurons of the hypothalamus (A11–A14). Norepinephrine neurons of the locus coeruleus (A6) and subcoeruleus (A6v) exhibited significantly higher levels of GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA than did neurons in other norepinephrine (A1 and A2) or epinephrine (C1 and C2) cell groups. GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA could not be detected unequivocally in neurons known to contain nitric oxide synthase. Heterogeneity in the level of expression of GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA by monoamine-containing neurons may play an important role in determining steady state levels of tetrahydrobiopterin and, ultimately, the regulation of monoamine biosynthesis.
Some observations on the impact of advertising on demand

This article examines the decay structure of advertising and the incorporation of advertising in systems of demand equations by scaling and translating methods. Under the assumption that a consumer's purchase of an advertised product is directly related to his/her recall of a specific advertisement, the decay effect of advertising for everyday products is a monotonic decreasing function of time. In the scaling model, advertising has a tendency to be more effective when demand is price elastic (inelastic) given a quantity augmenting (diminishing) type scaling impact. In the translating model, the impact of advertising is related to the marginal propensity to consume.
The infrared echo of a supernova in a dust cloud

A simple model is given for the infrared light-echo from a supernova explosion in a molecular cloud. The color temperature is determined by the vaporization temperature of the dust grains, and the time scale is given by the light travel time across the distance to which grains are vaporized. For typical parameters, a supernova exploding in a cloud with a density of approximately 10,000/cu cm at a distance of 10 kpc produces a flux of approximately 60,000 Jy at 3.5 microns for 150 days.
Hand surgery volume and the US economy: is there a statistical correlation?

Background: To the best of our knowledge, there have been no previous studies evaluating the correlation of the US economy and hand surgery volume. Therefore, in light of the current recession, our objective was to study our institution's hand surgery volume over the last 17 years in relation to the nation's economy. Methods: A retrospective analysis of our institution's hand surgery volume, as represented by our most common procedure (ie, carpal tunnel release), was performed between January 1992 and October 2008. Liposuction and breast augmentation volumes were chosen to serve as cosmetic plastic surgery comparison groups. Pearson correlation statistics were used to estimate the relationship between the surgical volume and the US economy, as represented by the 3 market indices (Dow Jones, NASDAQ, and S&P500). Results: A combined total of 7884 hand surgery carpal tunnel release (open or endoscopic) patients were identified. There were 1927 (24%) and 5957 (76%) patients within the departments of plastic and orthopedic surgery, respectively. In the plastic surgery department, there was a strong negative (ie, inverse relationship) correlation between hand surgery volume and the economy (P < 0.001). In converse, the orthopedic department's hand surgery volume demonstrated a positive (ie, parallel) correlation (P < 0.001). The volumes of liposuction and breast augmentation also showed a positive correlation (P < 0.001). Conclusion: To our knowledge, we have demonstrated for the first time an inverse (ie, negative) correlation between hand surgery volumes performed by plastic surgeons in relation to the US economy, as represented by the 3 major market indices. In contrast, orthopedic hand surgery volume and cosmetic surgery show a parallel (ie, positive) correlation. This data suggests that plastic surgeons are increasing their cosmetic surgery-to-reconstructive/ hand surgery ratio during strong economic times and vice versa during times of economic slowdown.
A rock-mechanical assessment of Mercury's global tectonic fabric

Abstract Mercury's global tectonic history is thought to have been dominated by two major processes: tidal despinning and global contraction. Each process is expected to have produced a distinctive global stress field and resultant fault pattern. Thousands of thrust-fault-related landforms documented on Mercury can be attributed to global contraction, but no global signature of tidal despinning has been conclusively documented. Because global contraction operated throughout an extended portion of Mercury's geologic history, any tidal despinning pattern either would have formed together with global contraction, or would have been modified by global contraction after despinning was complete. Here, we reassess global fracture patterns predicted to result from tidal despinning and from a combination of tidal despinning and global contraction. We specifically make use of rock strength and deformability parameters appropriate for Mercury's fractured lithosphere. Results indicate that a tidal despinning pattern would consist only of a global set of opening-mode fractures (joints) in the upper part of the lithosphere, whereas the combination of tidal despinning and global contraction would have produced a global population of thrust faults, with no preferred orientations in the polar regions but with an increasing preference for north–south orientations toward the equator. If an equatorial bulge from an early state of rapid spin was supported by Mercury's lithosphere, two end-member scenarios for the timing and duration of these two processes may be considered. In one, tidal despinning predated global contraction; in the other, tidal despinning and global contraction overlapped in time. We test the predictions of both scenarios against the distribution and orientations of Mercury's tectonic landforms. The global pattern of thrust faults is generally consistent with predictions for the scenario under which tidal despinning and global contraction temporally overlapped.
Intelligent cross-layer distributed data aggregation in wireless sensor networks

The task of energy efficient data aggregation in a wireless sensor network (WSN) is investigated. The challenge we focus on is to coordinate the decisions made distributively at the sensor nodes in a fashion to contribute to the common goal of computing the desired statistic while minimizing energy consumption. In this work, finding the maximum sensor readings in the WSN is considered as an illustrative example. Sensor nodes whose readings are smaller than a threshold and have yet to report their values will deactivate themselves and fall into the sleep mode to conserve energy. Remaining active sensor nodes will update the lower or upper bound of this interval and will re-estimate a threshold value in this interval that separates the maximum reading and the second largest reading. It is shown both analytically and empirically that the proposed cross-layer probabilistic data aggregation method offers superior performance while demanding much lower energy consumption than existing algorithms. In comparison to the naive method, which consumes power as O(Nlog(N)), our algorithm offers a marked improvement at O(1).
The Escherichia coli cyclic AMP receptor protein forms a 2:2 complex with RNA polymerase holoenzyme, in vitro.

Abstract Sedimentation equilibrium studies show that theEscherichia coli cyclic AMP receptor protein (CAP) and RNA polymerase holoenzyme associate to form a 2:2 complex in vitro. No complexes of lower stoichiometry (1:1, 2:1, 1:2) were detected over a wide range of CAP and RNA polymerase concentrations, suggesting that the interaction is highly cooperative. The absence of higher stoichiometry complexes, even in the limit of high [protein], suggests that the 2:2 species represents binding saturation for this system. The 2:2 pattern of complex formation is robust. Alower-limit estimate of the formation constant in our standard buffer (40 mm Tris (pH 7.9), 10 mmMgCl2, 0.1 mm dithiothreitol, 5% glycerol, 100 mm KCl) is 2 × 1020 m −3. The qualitative pattern of association is unchanged over the temperature range 4 °C ≤ T≤ 20 °C, by substitution of glutamate for chloride as the dominant anion, or on addition of 20 μm cAMP to the reaction mix. These results limit the possible mechanisms of CAP-polymerase association. In addition, they support the idea that CAP binding may influence the availability of the monomeric form of RNA polymerase that mediates transcription at many promoters.
Interpretation of the temperature dependence of the electron-paramagnetic-resonance linewidth in Ag-Mn spin-glasses.

We present a theory for the temperature dependence of the electron-paramagnetic-resonance linewidth in Ag-Mn spin-glasses in the region above ${T}_{g}$. Our approach differs from the microscopic theory of Levy et al. in that we use two-spin correlation functions which are compatible with the results of neutron spin-echo studies on Cu-Mn spin-glasses. The analysis, which is also applicable to paramagnetic resonance in other spin-glasses which have similar spin dynamics, pertains to the region 1.1${T}_{g}$\ensuremath{\lesssim}T\ensuremath{\lesssim}3${T}_{g}$. We obtain scaling behavior for the critical part of the linewidth and the dynamic line shift with effective exponents for the characteristic time and zero-frequency linewidth which are in agreement with the results obtained for Ag--2.6 at. % Mn. We also make a connection between the linewidth and the effective correlation time measured in muon-spin-rotation studies. We find that the effective exponent for the correlation time in Ag--1.6 at. % Mn is consistent with the exponents for the resonance linewidth.
The teachers/practitioners corner comparative analysis of load forecasting techniques at a southern utility

The prime directive of any regulated electric utility is to provide adequate and reliable electricity supplies to the consuming public at reasonable cost. This requires the continual addition of new generating plants which is based on a long term forecast of energy and peak demand. This study documents the forecasting process used at a southern utility and compares the accuracy of their models to that produced using Holt's exponential smoothing and generalized adoptive filtering.
Microbial models of mammalian metabolism. Aromatic hydroxylation.

Abstract The potential for selected microorganisms to hydroxylate aromatic substrates in a manner analogous to mammalian systems has been studied. Based on literature precedence and prior experience, 11 microorganisms were chosen from among a variety of genera of fungi and bacterial species and were incubated with 13 model compounds including acetanilide, acronycine, aniline, anisole, benzene, benzoic acid, biphenyl, chlorobenzene, coumarin, naphthalene, nitrobenzene, trans -stilbene, and toluene. In most instances, the microbial model system yielded patterns of phenolic metabolites similar to those reported with cytochrome P 450 monooxygenases of hepatic microsomes and/or in vivo mammalian systems. Furthermore, N -acetylation of aniline, N -deacetylation of acetanilide, and O -demethylation of anisole were found with certain organisms. The potential usefulness of microbial systems for the synthesis of preparative quantities of mammalian metabolites of foreign organic compounds is discussed.
Integrating palliative care into the PICU: A report from the improving palliative care in the ICU advisory board

Objective:This review highlights benefits that patients, families and clinicians can expect to realize when palliative care is intentionally incorporated into the PICU.Data Sources:We searched the MEDLINE database from inception to January 2014 for English-language articles using the terms “palliati
Raman studies on sol-gel derived PbTiO3

Abstract The Raman spectra up to 1000 cm −1 were obtained for sol-gel derived lead titanate powder as-dried and heated to 600°C for 1 h. The spectrum of the as-dried material, which is X-ray amorphous, yielded little information. The spectrum of the annealed powder corresponded to that for tetragonal PbTiO 3 in agreement with previous X-ray diffraction results. The five highest-energy modes observed are consistent with the sample being under a hydrostatic pressure of 1 GPa.
The Child Language Data Exchange System: an update.

In a previous issue of this Journal, MacWhinney & Snow (1985) laid out the basic sketch for an international system for exchanging and analysing child language transcript data. This system – the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) – has developed three major tools for child language research: (1) the CHILDES database of transcripts, (2) the CHAT system for transcribing and coding data, and (3) the CLAN programs for analysing CHAT files. Here we sketch out the current shape of these three major tools and the organizational form of the CHILDES system. A forthcoming book (MacWhinney, in press) documents these tools in detail.