cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Psychotherapy for Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating adult mental illnesses. More psychiatric hospital beds are occupied by persons with schizophrenia than any other psychiatric disorder, and the illness accounts for the majority of admissions to psychiatric hospitals. Over the past 35 years, significant gains have been made in both the pharmacological and psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia. Despite these gains, the effects of the illness continue to be pervasive and chronic. The limited efficacy of currently available treatments for schizophrenia is illustrated by the high rate of relapse for outpatients living in the community and the poor social functioning of most patients. Because schizophrenia tends to be a socially impairing and chronic illness, even in patients who receive optimal treatment, distinguishing effective from ineffective treatments can be difficult in clinical practice. For this reason, it is vital for clinical decision making to be guided by the results of appropriately controlled and executed outcome studies that examine the efficacy of various treatment approaches. The present chapter evaluates the evidence supporting the effectiveness of different types of psychotherapeutic treatment for schizophrenia in order to aid clinicians in selecting interventions with the most promise. Prior to reviewing the treatment outcome research on schizophrenia, an overview of the illness is provided and a conceptual model for guiding treatment is described.
Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Legume Nodules

Nitrogen-fixing (Fix) symbiotic root nodules of legumes are model factories for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism. Although nodules generally comprise less than 5% of legume total biomass, they can catalyze the reduction of more than 100 kg N per hectare each year. Globally, about 60-90 Tg of N2 are fixed symbiotically each year, an amazing amount considering that only a few kg of the microbial enzyme nitrogenase are involved in catalysis (Delwiche, 1970). Although root nodules comprise only a small proportion of plant weight, they consume 13-28% of legume total photosynthate. This striking use of C is because reduction of N2 to NH4 requires a substantial energy input (Equation 1). N2 + 16 ATP + 8e + 10 H → 2 NH4 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16 Pi (1)
Genetic Analysis of Oogenesis and the Role of Maternal Gene Expression in Early Development

Oogenesis is a complex process of cytodifferentiation, involving a variety of cell types, that results in the production of the female gamete. In higher organisms, this gamete contributes nearly all the cytoplasm composing the developing zygote. The developmental significance of this cytoplasmic contribution has been revealed by a large body of experimental evidence indicating that the maternal genome plays a primary role in the embryo-genesis of most organisms—at least until gastrulation, the stage at which overt cellular differentiation generally begins (reviewed by Davidson, 1976).
Development of the multigroup cross section library for the CASL neutronics simulator MPACT: Verification

Abstract The MPACT neutronics module of the Consortium for Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors (CASL) core simulator is a 3D whole core transport code being developed for the CASL toolset, known as the Virtual Environment for Reactor Analysis (VERA). Key characteristics of the MPACT code include a subgroup method for resonance self-shielding and a whole-core transport solver with a 2D/1D synthesis method. Depletion capability is supported by coupling SCALE-ORIGEN with MPACT. A new ENDF/B-VII.1 MPACT 51-group library has been developed by using the AMPX/SCALE and CASL-XSTools code packages based on the procedure introduced in the companion paper, “Development of the Multigroup Cross Section Library for the CASL Neutronics Simulator MPACT: Method and Procedure.” The cross section library generation procedure, cross section library, and MPACT transport capability have been verified by performing various benchmark calculations and comparing the benchmark results to the continuous-energy (CE) Monte Carlo results. The code-to-code comparison for the benchmarks shows that the CASL neutronics simulator MPACT and its 51-group library are working reasonably.
Trading Symmetry for Energy Cost During Walking in Healthy Adults and Persons Poststroke

Background. Humans typically walk in ways that minimize energy cost. Recent work has found that healthy adults will even adopt new ways of walking when a new pattern costs less energy. This suggests potential for rehabilitation to drive changes in walking by altering the energy costs of walking patterns so that the desired pattern becomes energetically optimal (ie, costs least energy of all available patterns). Objective. We aimed to change gait symmetry in healthy adults and persons poststroke by creating environments where changing symmetry allowed the participants to save energy. Methods. Across 3 experiments, we tested healthy adults (n = 12 in experiment 1, n = 20 in experiment 2) and persons poststroke (n = 7 in experiment 3) in a novel treadmill environment that linked asymmetric stepping and gait speed-2 factors that influence energy cost-to create situations where walking with one's preferred gait symmetry (or asymmetry, in the case of the persons poststroke) was no longer the least energetically costly way to walk. Results. Across the 3 experiments, we found that most participants changed their gait when experiencing the new energy landscape. Healthy adults often adopted an asymmetric gait if it saved energy, and persons poststroke often began to step more symmetrically than they prefer to walk in daily life. Conclusions. We used a novel treadmill environment to show that people with and without stroke change clinically relevant features of walking to save energy. These findings suggest that rehabilitation approaches aimed at making symmetric walking energetically "easier" may promote gait symmetry after stroke.
Vinyl as event: Record Store Day and the value-vibrant matter nexus

Why would anyone purchase expensive, natural resource-intensive, and seemingly obsolete material carriers of music when streaming providers provide unlimited access to over 40 million songs for a s...
Cogitas Ergo Es? Metaphysical Humility in Disorders of Consciousness

Fischer and Truog (2017) make a valuable contribution to clinical ethics and practice by highlighting the inherent problem of giving ethical import to uncertain determinations of consciousness. Rat...
The Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Gene Nato3 Drives Expression of Dopaminergic Neuron Transcription Factors in Neural Progenitors

Abstract The floor plate of the developing midbrain gives rise to dopaminergic (DA) neurons, an important class of cells involved in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Neural progenitors of the midbrain floor plate utilize key genes in transcriptional networks to drive dopamine neurogenesis. Identifying factors that promote dopaminergic neuron transcriptional networks can provide insight into strategies for therapies in PD. Using the chick embryo, we developed a quantitative PCR (qPCR) based method to assess the potential of a candidate factor to drive DA neuron gene expression, including the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Nato3 (Ferd3l). We then showed that overexpression of Nato3 in the developing chick mesencephalon produces a regionally dependent increase in genes associated with the DA neurogenesis, (such as Foxa2, Lmx1b and Shh) as well as DA neuron genes Nurr1 (an immature DA neuron marker) and mRNA expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, a mature DA neuron marker). Interestingly, our data also showed that Nato3 is a potent regulator of Lmx1b by its broad induction of Lmx1b expression in neural progenitors of multiple regions of the CNS, including the midbrain and spinal cord. These data introduce a new, in vivo approach to identifying a gene that can drive DA transcriptional networks and provide the new insight that Nato3 can drive expression of key DA neuron genes, including Lmx1b, in neural progenitors.
Climate-related factors cause changes in the diversity of fish and invertebrates in subtropical coast of the Gulf of Mexico

Climate change impacts physical and chemical properties of the oceans, and these changes affect the ecology of marine organisms. One important ecological consequence of climate change is the distribution shift of marine species toward higher latitudes. Here, the prevalence of nearly 150 species of fish and invertebrates were investigated to find changes in their distributions over 35 years along a subtropical coast within the Gulf of Mexico. Our results show that 90 species increased their occupancy probability, while 33 decreased (remaining species neither increase or decrease), and the ranges of many species expanded. Using rarefaction analysis, which allows for the estimation of species diversity, we show that species diversity has increased across the coast of Texas. Climate-mediated environmental variables are related to the changes in the occupancy probability, suggesting the expansion of tropical species into the region is increasing diversity. Masami Fujiwara et al. investigate the prevalence and distribution of nearly 150 fish and marine invertebrate species along the Gulf of Mexico over 35 years. They find that the expansion of tropical species into this region due to climate-mediated factors is increasing species diversity.
Nocardia thyroiditis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Nocardiosis is an uncommon opportunistic infection in patients who have undergone an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Primary pulmonary infection is the most common present...
Literacy in Hungary – a Short Report Based on the Results of Literacy Projects

The PISA 2015 results in Hungary reflected two crucial problems: low literacy skills among adolescents and the unsatisfying level of pre- and in-service teacher training. Both of the above-mentioned factors were in the focus of international projects in the field and national discussions and research. Finding a long-term solution to the problem needs fundamental changes not only in primary and secondary education, but also in teacher education in order to make all teachers literacy experts as well.
Association of triage hypothermia with in-hospital mortality among patients in the emergency department with suspected sepsis.

Abstract Purpose To identify if triage hypothermia ( Methods We analyzed data from a multi-stage probability sample survey of visits to United States EDs between 2007 and 2015, using two inclusion approaches: an explicit definition based on diagnosis codes for sepsis and a severe sepsis definition, combining evidence of infection with organ dysfunction. We used multivariable regression to determine an association between hypothermia and in-hospital mortality. Results Of 1.2 billion ED encounters (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–1.3 billion), 3.1 million (95% CI 2.7–3.5 million) met the explicit sepsis definition; 7.4% (95% CI 75.2–9.7%) had triage hypothermia. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for hypothermia for in-hospital mortality was 6.82 (95% CI 3.08–15.22). The severe sepsis definition identified 3.5 million (95% 3.1–4.0 million) encounters; 30.3% (95% CI 25.0–34.6%) had triage hypothermia. The aOR for hypothermia with mortality was 4.08 (95% CI 2.09–7.95). Depending on sepsis definition, 78.1–84.4% had other systemic inflammatory response syndrome vital sign abnormalities. Conclusion Up to one in three patients with sepsis have triage hypothermia, which is independently associated with mortality. 10–20% of patients with hypothermic sepsis do not have other vital sign abnormalities.
Safeguarding the Safeguards: The ACA Litigation and the Extension of Indirect Protection to Non-Fundamental Liberties

As the lawsuits challenging the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) have evolved, one feature of the litigation has proven especially rankling to the legal academy: the incorporation of substantive libertarian concerns into structural federalism analysis. The breadth and depth of scholarly criticism on this point is surprising, however, given that judges today frequently choose indirect methods for protecting substantive constitutional values, including structural and process-based methods of the kinds at issue in the ACA litigation. Indeed, indirection in the protection of constitutional liberties is a well-known and well-theorized strategy, which one scholar recently termed “semisubstantive review” and another recently theorized as “judicial manipulation of legislative enactment costs.” This Article situates the ACA plaintiffs' Commerce Clause and taxing power arguments within the broader context of semisubstantive review and enactment cost manipulation, arguing that these structural theories are ordinary and effectual as means of raising the political cost of libertarian infringements. The Article then considers three possible distinctions between the ACA case and the ordinary case of semisubstantive review, and concludes that the only viable descriptive distinction is that the ACA case involves non-fundamental rather than fundamental liberty interests - the freedom of health and the freedom of contract. I then go on to argue that this distinction should not make a normative difference. If anything, the case for structural invalidation should be stronger when non-fundamental liberty interests are at stake because those are, definitionally, the interests that the American legal system leaves to structural protection. If the Supreme Court invalidates the ACA on structural grounds, it can argue that it was merely safeguarding the safeguards of liberty.
A Transferable Force Field for Predicting Adsorption and Diffusion of Small Molecules in Alkali Metal Exchanged Zeolites with Coupled Cluster Accuracy

We present a transferable force field for small adsorbates (CH4, CO2, O2, and N2) in alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs) exchanged zeolites. The fitting procedure is based on adsorbate–adsorbent i...
DEVELOPMENT OF A FIBER OPTIC SENSOR FOR DETECTION OF GENERAL ANESTHETICS AND OTHER SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES

We have demonstrated a fiber optic sensor for general anesthetics and other small organic molecules based on the sensitivity of the phase transitions of phospholipids to the presence of such molecules. An aqueous dispersion of phospholipids that exhibit a phase transition near the desired operating temperature is used as a transducing element at the end of two optical fibers. Agarose gel is used to immobilize liposomes labeled with a fluorescent dye sensitive to the phase state of the bilayer in which it is embedded. The ratio of the fluorescence intensity at two wavelengths exhibits a nearly linear dependance on clinically relevant concentrations of volatile anesthetics over a physiological range of temperatures. The probe has been tested in both gas and liquid phases, and should operate in blood and tissue, allowing development of a practical device for rapid in vivo monitoring of general anesthetics.
Analysis and modeling of service impacts on system activities, resource workloads and service performance on computer and network systems

Various services running on computer and network systems compete for shared system resources. Impacts of services on system activities, workloads and performance need to be understood, modeled and used in many system planning and control activities. Due to complex interactions of many system resources e.g., CPU, memory and network and sharing of system resources by various services running at the same time, it is challenging to uncover and model relations of services with their resource workloads and resulting service performance. This paper presents our methodology that uses statistical analysis techniques to analyze empirical data of computer and network dynamics and uncover significant variables of system activities, resource workloads and service performance that are affected by services. Statistical modeling techniques are also employed in our methodology to build quantitative models of service impacts on system resource workloads and service performance. The methodology is illustrated and tested on three services of voice data communication, motion detection, and data encryption.
A Survey of Multiattribute/Multicriterion Evaluation Theories

The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in research on all main areas of multiple criteria decision making, including formal models of multicriterion choice, multicriterion evaluation theories, and multicriterion assessment methodologies.
Myotonic muscular dystrophy. Time-dependent alterations in erythrocyte membrane fluidity.

Abstract The muscle cell membrane may be the site of the basic molecular defect in myotonic muscular dystrophy. Many laboratories, including our own, have suggested that this defect may also be manifested in membrane of extraneural tissue. In previous studies, we found that electron spin resonance results suggested an increased membrane fluidity in erythrocyte membranes that had aged two days in buffer, but we and others could find no such changes in fresh erythrocyte membranes. To investigate these findings further, the results of an initial study of the time course of the membrane fluidity changes in erythrocytes in myotonic muscular dystrophy are given in the present report. They suggest that increased membrane fluidity in myotonic dystrophy is manifested after two days of in vivo ageing and confirm our original findings. These results are discussed in relation to possible effects of metabolic deprivation or of protein-lipid alterations in erythrocytes.
Improved categorical winter precipitation forecasts through multimodel combinations of coupled GCMs

[1] A new approach to combine precipitation forecasts from multiple models is evaluated by analyzing the skill of the candidate models contingent on the forecasted predictor(s) state. Using five leading coupled GCMs (CGCMs) from the ENSEMBLES project, we develop multimodel precipitation forecasts over the continental United States (U.S) by considering the forecasted Nino3.4 from each CGCM as the conditioning variable. The performance of multimodel forecasts is compared with individual models based on rank probability skill score and reliability diagram. The study clearly shows that multimodel forecasts perform better than individual models and among all multimodels, multimodel combination conditional on Nino3.4 perform better with more grid points having the highest rank probability skill score. The proposed algorithm also depends on the number of years of forecasts available for calibration. The main advantage in using this algorithm for multimodel combination is that it assigns higher weights for climatology and lower weights for CGCM if the skill of a CGCM is poor under ENSO conditions. Thus, combining multiple models based on their skill in predicting under a given predictor state(s) provides an attractive strategy to develop improved climate forecasts.
Evidence for xylem embolism as a primary factor in dehydration-induced declines in leaf hydraulic conductance.

Hydraulic conductance of leaves (Kleaf) typically decreases with increasing water stress and recent studies have proposed different mechanisms responsible for decreasing Kleaf. We measured Kleaf concurrently with ultrasonic acoustic emissions (UAEs) in dehydrating leaves of several species to determine whether declining Kleaf was associated with xylem embolism. In addition, we performed experiments in which the surface tension of water in the leaf xylem was reduced by using a surfactant solution. Finally, we compared the hydraulic vulnerability of entire leaves with the leaf lamina in three species. Leaf hydraulic vulnerability based on rehydration kinetics and UAE was very similar, except in Quercus garryana. However, water potentials corresponding to the initial decline in Kleaf and the onset of UAE in Q. garryana were similar. In all species tested, reducing the surface tension of water caused Kleaf to decline at less negative water potentials compared with leaves supplied with water. Microscopy revealed that as the fraction of embolized xylem increased, Kleaf declined sharply in Q. garryana. Measurements on leaf discs revealed that reductions in lamina hydraulic conductance with dehydration were not as great as those observed in intact leaves, suggesting that embolism was the primary mechanism for reductions in Kleaf during dehydration.
Comparative Effects of Ability and Presentation Mode in Computer-Assisted Instruction and Programed Instruction.

The duration of the current experiment was admittedly quite short—30 minutes to an hour of learning time. A longer program may have produced more pronounced differences. Sixty-four students including 32 high and low ability males and females were randomly assigned to programed instruction and computer-assisted instruction programs on the topic of Significant Figures. The results indicated that the students using programed instruction performed significantly better than those using CAI. This difference was attributed primarily to the very poor performance by the low ability students in the CAI group. There was also a significant ability effect. The posttest and retention test results, as well as number of errors in the actual learning sequence, indicated there was a trait by treatment interaction which was interpreted primarily as a very poor performance by low ability students on CAI, with almost equal performance by high and low ability students utilizing programed instruction. The data would not support such explanations as the use of recognition responses or the inability to achieve any particular concepts in the program for the performance of low ability students on the CRT-oriented CAI. Further research is suggested.
THE WEALTH OF HYMENOPTERA

![Figure][1] Economists since Adam Smith have puzzled over a central paradox in capitalism: that selfish behaviour by individuals can lead to an economy capable of provisioning society as a whole. Smith's analysis, in The Wealth of Nations , identified division of labour as the key. By
Steatosis and Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Mechanisms and Significance

Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and steatosis are common entities that have the potential to interact synergistically and result in significant morbidity. Steatosis is frequently observed in CHC and seems to have a significant impact on the natural history of the disease with respect to development of fibrosis and reducing the virologic response to current therapy. Research efforts should continue to focus on delineating the complex viral and host interactions involved in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related steatosis. This may provide novel future therapeutic strategies that may help modulate disease progression in relation to steatosis in HCV infection.
Hydroxylation catalyzed by peroxidase.

Abstract 1. 1. The influence of substituents upon the orientation of aromatic hydroxylation by the dihydroxyfumarate-peroxidase-oxygen and the ascorbate-iron-oxygen systems, has been studied. 2. 2. Phenolic hydroxyl directs the entering hydroxyl group to the ortho and para positions in both systems. 3. 3. The nitro group directs the entering hydroxyl to all positions in the dihydroxyfumarate system; m-nitrophenol is formed in preponderance. 4. 4. The yield of phenolic products from the hydroxylation of nitrobenzene, benzole acid, and salicylic acid under comparable conditions is 1.45, 8.95, and 9.40 μmoles, respectively. The relative yields appear to be more characteristic of free radical attack than electrophilic substitution. 5. 5. Hydrogen peroxide does not substitute for oxygen in the dihydroxyfumarateperoxidase system, and manganese inhibits hydroxylation. These and other properties are explained by the assumption that the hydroxylating agent is perhydroxyl or a related radical, formed in accordance with the Yamazaki peroxidase-oxidase mechanism.
DNA as an Engineering Material: From Assembly to Computation on Silicon

DNA possesses inherent recognition and self-assembly capabilities, making it attractive templates for constructing functional material structures as building blocks for nanoelectronics. Here we report the use of DNA towards the assembly and electronic functionality of nanoarchitectures based on conjugates of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanowires (NWs) and DNA computing on Si-CMOS platform. First, assembly of CNTs with DNA is demonstrated and electrical measurements of these nanoarchitectures demonstrate negative differential resistance in the presence of CNT/DNA interfaces, which indicates a biomimetic route to fabricating resonant tunneling diodes. End-to-end assembly of NWs is realized with designed DNA sequences and process is carried on silicon CMOS based microarray platform. Second, this microarray platform is adopted to perform DNA computing. To begin with, the information present in an image is encoded through the concentrations of various DNA strands via selective hybridization and decoded on microarray to recreate the original image. Lately, various satisfiability (SAT) problems, which has long served as a benchmark problem in DNA computing, are solved on this platform via DNA. The goal in a SAT Problem is to determine appropriate assignments of a set of Boolean variables with values of either “true” or “false” such that the output of the whole Boolean formula is true. Other than making 1 st time silicon compatible DNA computing, our studies make us understand bio molecules, especially DNA has various advantages for future hybrid technologies.
My death nearing its future: a Heideggerian hermeneutical analysis of the lived experience of persons with chronic illness

Although over 50% of individuals over the age of 65 live with at least one chronic illness, little research has been conducted on the individual lived experience. For this phenomenological study, 12 individuals living with any long-term illness participated in extended, non-structured, audio-recorded interviews. Resulting verbatim transcripts were analysed hermeneutically using Heideggerian phenomenology as the philosophical framework. The pattern 'my death nearing its future' emerged from this research. The understandings gained from these individual narratives provide important insight for all individuals interacting with persons living with chronic illness.
Similar and dissimilar aspects of III-V semiconductors containing Bi versus N

We show through band structure calculations that $\mathrm{III}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{V}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Bi}$ alloys, emerging as a new class of semiconductor materials, differ nontrivially from their counterparts $\mathrm{III}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{V}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{N}$ alloys which have been intensively studied in the past decade. For a prototype system, ${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{x}$ with a small amount of $\mathrm{Bi}$, a large band gap reduction, due to the shift of the perturbed host band edges, resembles the effect of $\mathrm{N}$ incorporation in $\mathrm{GaAs}$, but ${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{1\text{\ensuremath{-}}x}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{x}$ exhibits a number of striking differences from ${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{N}}_{x}$: (1) $\mathrm{Bi}$ generates a resonant impurity state in the valence band as a strongly perturbed host state, while $\mathrm{N}$ produces a resonant impurity state additional to the host states in the conduction band; (2) Under pressure, the $\mathrm{Bi}$ impurity state sinks further into the valence band, while the $\mathrm{N}$ impurity state emerges as a bound state; (3) the spin-orbit splitting increases superlinearly with increasing $\mathrm{Bi}$ amount, while it decreases sublinearly with increasing $\mathrm{N}$ amount. Qualitative conclusions for $\mathrm{III}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{V}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Bi}$ are generally applicable for other isoelectronic donors in semiconductors.
An improved method for capturing laser desorbed ions in an ion trap mass spectrometer: dynamic r.f. trapping

Abstract We have developed an improved method, dynamic r.f. trapping, for capturing laser desorbed ions in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (ITMS). Trapping efficiency is enhanced by over an order of magnitude over previous methods. A 308 nm excimer laser pulse desorbs the sample — trimethylphenylammonium iodide (TPA-I) is used in most of the work reported — from a probe inserted through the ring electrode. The laser is fired as the r.f. trapping potential (risetime about 175 μs) is applied to the ring electrode. Laser desorbed ions penetrate the trap while the trapping potential is low, but cannot escape because the r.f. potential rises substantially during their transit across the trap. The trapping efficiency is found to depend critically on the kinetic energy of the laser desorbed ions, and on the r.f. amplitude, phase, and rate of change of the r.f. amplitude when the laser fires. Cation and anion signals are recorded as functions of coarse and fine steps in the laser-to-r.f. timing. Coarse and fine timing steps test the effects of laser-to-r.f. delay and phase respectively. We also report effects on trapping efficiency of buffer gas pressure and composition (He neat versus He:Xe mixtures) and the amplitude of the ring electrode steady state r.f. potential. The delay and phase dependence of the experimental data is analyzed with reference to an effective potential barrier model. Differences in the phase and delay dependences for anions and cations are attributed to differences in Debye shielding early in the expansion of the laser desorbed plume. Cation and anion mass spectra are presented for laser desorption/ionization of TPA-I and pyrene. For TPA-I desorption, reactions between laser desorbed cations and neutral TPA fragments in the early, high density portion of the laser plume lead to production of high mass cations.
Dissecting the Behavior of a Promiscuous Solvate Former

Solvate formation is a common occurrence among organic, organometallic, and inorganic compounds. Its impact on the stability and bioavailability of pharmaceuticals has led to considerable investigation of solvated drug substances. Some compounds display indiscriminate solvate formation, while others are considerably more selective. Significantly, the structural features that lead to one behavior or another have not been identified. Hence, empirical approaches are required for the discovery of solvates. Two situations can readily be envisaged that would tend to favor solvate formation. First, compounds in which potential intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, are not well satisfied in the unsolvated form generally incorporate solvent molecules to provide strong intermolecular interactions and often solvate selectively based on functionality. The other limiting case is solvent inclusion to decrease void space in the crystal. Most compounds have contributions from both of these driving forces, which can be viewed as lowering the crystal free energy primarily through electrostatic and van der Waals interactions, respectively. Readily solvated pharmaceuticals have received attention in the literature, two prominent examples are sulfathiazole and gossypol. Sulfathiazole is an antibacterial sulfa-drug known to crystallize in over 100 solvates/cocrystals and five solvent-free polymorphs. It forms solvates with many solvents; however, there are some notable exceptions, which include hydrocarbon and halogenated solvents. Solvated sulfathiazole forms a diverse set of crystal structures, as well as several isostructural solvates. In some cases, the role of the solvent is to fill void space in the lattice (e.g., acetonitrile, dioxane), while in other crystals the solvent satisfies specific intermolecular interactions (e.g., N-formyl piperidine). Gossypol is a natural product that has been used as a male contraceptive and it forms solvates/cocrystals with nearly 100 molecules. Solvates can be generated from nearly every common organic solvent. It does, however, crystallize in a solvent-free form from ligroin and mixtures of hexane and diethyl ether. Like sulfathiazole, gossypol forms isostructural solvates, in which the solvent fills a cavity in the structure (e.g., carbon tetrachloride,m-xylene), as well as solvates with specific hydrogen-bonding interactions between gossypol and the included solvent (e.g., acetic acid, 2-propanol).
Pion charge exchange and the optical theorem.

We give some applications of the optical theorem (and its extensions) to charge exchange reactions of pions between isobaric analog states of nuclear targets, based on isospin invariance. We then derive an inequality, valid in the strong absorption limit, to give a bound on reaction channels which may be contributing to the isotensor optical potential, at pion energies near the 3,3 resonance. We further show that coupling to pion absorption on T = 1 pairs may provide a major component of this potential.
Simulation of Transverse Standing Waves

Solutions of a hyperbolic partial differential equation in one dimension with appropriate initial and boundary conditions are conducive to standing waves. We consider practical initial deformations not reported in literature. Utilizing a Computer Algebra System such as Mathematica we put the formulation into action simulating the standing waves.
"Case-control" confusion: mislabeled reports in obstetrics and gynecology journals.

Objective To review published articles in four U.S. obstetrics and gynecology journals labeled "case-control" studies to estimate the frequency of mislabeling the type of study. Methods I searched PubMed from January 1970 through May 2009, using journal name and "case-control" in the title as search terms. The journals included the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Fertility and Sterility, Journal of Reproductive Medicine, and Obstetrics & Gynecology. I reviewed the methods of each report to confirm the study design and calculated the proportion of articles labeled as "case-control" in the title that were not case-control studies. I calculated Fisher's exact 95% confidence intervals around these proportions. Results In the 124 reports identified, the proportion of mislabeled "case-control" studies was 30% overall. It varied from 13% to 36% in the four journals, a 2.8-fold difference in frequency (95% confidence interval 0.9-9.0). The frequency of this mislabeling appears to have increased over time. Conclusion Retrospective cohort studies are often mislabeled as "case-control" studies. This misleads readers as to what was done. Researchers need better training in methods and terminology, and editors and reviewers should scrutinize more carefully manuscripts claiming to be "case-control" studies. Level of evidence III.
Activation of Thromboxane Receptor Upregulates Interleukin (IL)-1β–Induced VCAM-1 Expression Through JNK Signaling

Objective— Activation of thromboxane receptors (TPr) is implicated in atherosclerosis and inflammation. This study examined how activation of TPr modulates IL-1β–induced vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Methods and Results— In VSMCs, activation of TPr with U46619, a stable thromboxane A2 mimetic, alone did not induce VCAM-1 expression, but enhanced that caused by IL-1β. The enhancement of VCAM-1 expression caused by U46619 occurred at the transcriptional level and was inhibited either by SP600125, a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, or by overexpression of a dominant-negative JNK1, but not by SB203580, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor. The activation of JNK by U46619 resulted in enhanced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of c-Jun associated with an enhanced activation of activator protein (AP)-1, which were abolished by SQ29548, a TPr antagonist, or the JNK inhibitor. Treatment of the cells with U46619 alone ...
Melnikov theoretic methods for characterizing the dynamics of the bistable piezoelectric inertial generator in complex spectral environments

Abstract Piezoelectric energy harvesters exploiting strong mechanical nonlinearities exhibit intrinsic suitability for one of several modern challenges in vibratory energy harvesting: consistent kinetic performance in the presence of broadband environmental excitation. In particular, the bistable piezoelectric generator has been prolifically examined. However, most of the relevant literature relies on numerical simulation of specific experimental realizations to demonstrate superior performance. Due to the complexities and lack of analytical solutions for such designs, streamlined methods for parameter optimization,potential well shaping, optimal electromechanical coupling considerations, and other design methodologies are thus inhibited. To facilitate future innovation and research, this paper employs techniques from chaotic dynamical systems theory to provide a simplified analytical framework such that deeper insight into the performance of the bistable piezoelectric inertial generator may be obtained. Specifically, Melnikov theory is investigated to provide metrics for which homoclinic bifurcation may occur in the presence of harmonic, multi-frequency, and broadband excitation. The analysis maintains full consideration of the electromechanical coupling and electrical impedance effects and predicts that for range of dimensionless electrical impedance values, the threshold for chaotic motion and other high-energy solutions is significantly influenced.
Passive decision-making preference is associated with anxiety and depression in relatives of patients in the intensive care unit

Abstract Purpose The objectives were to describe the decision-making preferences of relatives (family members) of patients in intensive care units (ICUs), to determine whether the relatives had symptoms of anxiety and depression while the patients were in the ICU, and to determine whether there was a relationship between the relatives' preferences and symptoms. Methods In our observational pilot study of relatives in a quaternary care teaching hospital, we administered the Control Preferences Scale to assess decision-making preferences and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to determine whether anxiety and depression were present. Results Of 50 relatives enrolled in the study, 48 indicated decision-making preferences; 12 (25%) preferred an active role, 28 (58%) preferred to share responsibility with the doctor, and 8 (17%) preferred a passive role. Of the 50 relatives, 21 (42%) had symptoms of anxiety, and 8 (16%) had symptoms of depression. In the groups that preferred an active role, shared role, and passive role, respectively, the anxiety rates were 42%, 25%, and 88% ( P = .007), and depression rates were 8%, 11%, and 50% ( P = .026). Conclusions The relatives who preferred a passive decision-making role were the most likely to be anxious and depressed.
Eigenvalue analysis for metamorphic detection

Metamorphic malware changes its internal structure on each infection while maintaining its function. Although many detection techniques have been proposed, practical and effective metamorphic detection remains a difficult challenge. In this paper, we analyze a previously proposed eigenvector-based method for metamorphic detection. The approach considered here was inspired by a well-known facial recognition technique. We compute eigenvectors using raw byte data extracted from executables belonging to a metamorphic family. These eigenvectors are then used to compute a score for a collection of executable files that includes family viruses and representative examples of benign code. We perform extensive testing to determine the effectiveness of this classification method. Among other results, we show that this eigenvalue-based approach is effective when applied to a family of highly metamorphic code that successfully evades statistical-based detection. We also experiment computing eigenvectors on extracted opcode sequences, as opposed to raw byte sequences. Our experimental evidence indicates that the use of opcode sequences does not improve the results.
Technological innovation in developing countries: a review of the literature

Abstract The recent literature on the role of science and technology in developing countries is reviewed in order to assess the extent of our current knowledge concerning the sociological factors affecting the development of indigenous scientific and technological innovations. Existing studies provide some preliminary evidence in favor of the hypothesis that inadequate linkages between institutions in the various sectors of developing societies inhibit the development and utilization of indigenous technological innovations. In general, relationships between government research organizations and the potential users of their technological innovations are absent or unsatisfactory. Academic research tends to be oriented toward the interests of the international scientific community. The substantial literature on the problems of indigenous technological transfer in India suggests that inadequate coordination between different sectors of that society is in part responsible for its failure to develop its potential for technological innovation. Recent attempts to stimulate the production and diffusion of indigenous technology in developing countries by creating new types of research institutes in the university and coordinating agencies in the government are discussed. Systematic evaluations of these programs are lacking, but coordinating agencies have often performed poorly because of insufficient power to influence the policies of other organizations. A sociological approach based on interorganizational analysis is suggested for future studies of this problem. This literature identifies the optimal characteristics of coordinating organizations at the government level and of research utilizations systems which link research organizations to their clients at the local level. A bibliography comprising 102 references classified by region is included.
Characterization of Mg2+-ATPase from sheep kidney medulla: Purification☆

Abstract Magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase has been purified from sheep kidney medulla plasma membranes. The purification, which is based on treatment of a kidney plasma membrane fraction with 0.5% digitonin in 3 m m MgCl 2 , effectively separates the Mg 2+ -ATPase from (Na + + K + )-ATPase present in the same tissue and yields the Mg 2+ -ATPase in soluble form. The purified enzyme is activated by a variety of divalent cations and trivalent cations, including Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ca 2+ , Co 2+ , Fe 2+ , Zn 2+ , Eu 3+ , Gd 3+ , and VO 2+ . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme shows two bands with R f values corresponding to molecular weights of 150,000 and 77,000. The larger peptide is phosphorylated by [γ- 32 P]ATP, suggesting that this peptide may contain the active site of the Mg 2+ -ATPase. The Mg 2+ -ATPase activity is unaffected by the specific (Na + + K + )-ATPase inhibitor ouabain.
Energy bands of quantum dot arrays

The energy bands are derived for a simple model of quantum dot arrays. The periodic array of quantum dots is linked by conducting atoms. The electrons in the conducting linkers are described by a tight-binding model. The electrons in the quantum dots are strong correlated, and the correlation is described by a Hubbard term. The electrons on the quantum dots are allowed to fluctuate through hopping to and from the conducting atoms. We solve the energy band for conducting electrons with perturbation method for the case that the quantum dots are in a spin singlet state.
Convergence in Macroeconomics: The Labor Wedge*

/ review research on the behavior of the labor wedge, the ratio between the marginal rate of substitution of consumption for leisure and the marginal product of labor. According to competitive, market-clearing macroeconomic models, the ratio is easy to measure and should be equal to the sum of consumption and labor taxes. The observation that the wedge is higher in continental Europe than in the United States has proved useful for understanding the extent to which taxes can explain differences in labor market outcomes. The observation that the ratio rises during recessions suggests some failure of competitive, market-clearing macroeconomic models at business cycle frequencies. The latter observation has guided recent research, including work on sticky wage models and job search models.
Starch Synthetase, Phosphorylase, ADPglucose Pyrophosphorylase, and UDPglucose Pyrophosphorylase in Developing Maize Kernels.

Soluble ADPglucose-α-glucan 4-α-glucosyltransferase (starch synthetase), ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase and phosphorylase were assayed in extracts from developing kernels of maize (Zea mays). Normal, waxy and amylose-extender maize at stages of development ranging from 8 days to 28 days after pollination were studied. Shrunken-4 maize at the 22-day stage was also studied. There is adequate activity of both ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase and starch synthetase at all stages of development to account for the synthesis of starch. Thus all starch could be synthesized via the ADPglucose pathway. High levels of UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase and of phosphorylase activities were also found at all stages of development. The possible role of phosphorylase in starch synthesis could not be discounted. The levels of phosphorylase, ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthetase, and UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase activities in shrunken-4 kernels were about 20 to 40% of that found in normal maize kernels. It appears that the mutation in shrunken-4 affects the activities of more than one enzyme. The defective starch synthesis seen in this mutant could be due to the low activities of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase and starch synthetase rather than the low activity of phosphorylase.
Management of Autism in the Adult Intensive Care Unit

Autism comprises a growing segment of the population and can be a management challenge in the intensive care unit (ICU). We present the case of a 22-year-old male with severe autism and intellectual disorder who developed respiratory failure and required a prolonged ICU course. This patient exhibited severe distress, aggression, and self-injurious behavior. Management challenges included sedation, weaning from sedation, and liberation from mechanical ventilation. Success was achieved with a multispecialty team and by tailoring the environment and interactions to the patient's known preferences. The use of dexmedetomidine to wean high-dose benzodiazepines and opiates also permitted successful liberation from mechanical ventilation.
Intraoperative myocardial protection by potassium arrest and local cardiac hypothermia.

Abstract The combined modalities of potassium arrest and local cardiac hypothermia were used for myocardial protection in 82 patients. The cardioplegic solution used was Ringer's lactate to which potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate were added so that the final solution had a pH of 7.5 and 30 meq/liter potassium. The myocardium was cooled externally by cold Ringer's lactate at 4 °C and through coronary circulation by cold cardioplegic solution at 8 °C. The myocardial temperature was continuously monitored and kept between 12 and 18 °C. Moderate systemic hypothermia was used (26 to 30 °C). Eighty-two patients have been operated upon using this technique. Eighteen patients had single or double valve replacements, 4 had valve replacements with coronary bypass, and 60 had coronary bypass procedures. The operating conditions have been excellent and the myocardial protection offered by this technique has been good. Perioperative myocardial infarctions, as diagnosed by ECG and CPK (MB isoenzymes) and myocardial scans, were seen in 6 patients. In conclusion the combined modalities of potassium arrest and local cardiac hypothermia give excellent myocardial protection during cardiac surgery.