cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INDIRECT REFERENCE AND THE CREATION OF DISTANCE IN HISTORY

In his discussion of David Hume and historical distance, Mark Salber Phillips points out that in the process of distance-creation there is a distinction between something occurring “within the text” and “outside the text.” In this paper I draw on this distinction and introduce a semantic mechanism (namely, meaning) that allows a certain distance to be designed within a historical text. This mechanism is highlighted in a view of reference that sees it as indirect (in distinction from a view of reference that sees it as direct and that has no room for the notion of meaning). According to the indirect reference view, meaning opens up a space for what might be called historical distance. However, this is not to say that everything with regard to the immediacy and remoteness of this historical distance is analyzable solely in terms of what is happening at the level of the text. In fact, I argue that distance-effects can be understood only if we also take into account contexts of the writing and reading of history. The semantics of indirect reference allows for distance-construction, but its span depends on the circumstances governing the creation and reception of historical representation. I conclude with the observation that the view presented here should not be interpreted as disconnecting historical work from past reality.
High resolution radiographic and fine immunologic definition of TB disease progression in the rhesus macaque.

Abstract Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in non-human primates parallels human tuberculosis, and provides a valuable vaccine evaluation model. However, this model is limited by the availability of real-time, non-invasive information regarding disease progression. Consequently, we have combined computed tomography scanning with enumeration of antigen-specific T cell responses. Four rhesus monkeys were infected with M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv (1000 cfu) in the right lower lobe via a bronchoscope. All uniformly developed progressive tuberculosis, and required euthanasia at 12 weeks. Computed tomography scanning provided detailed real-time imaging of disease progression. At necropsy, computed tomography and pathohistologic findings were tightly correlated, and characteristic of human disease. Immunologic monitoring demonstrated progressive evolution of high frequency M. tuberculosis -specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses. Peripheral blood effector cell frequencies were similar to those observed in tissues. In summary, computed tomography scanning in conjunction with immunologic monitoring provides a non-invasive, accurate, and rapid assessment of tuberculosis in the non-human primate.
On the role of dissipation in the finite amplitude interactions between forced and free baroclinic waves

Abstract The effects of dissipation on the weakly nonlinear interactions between a marginally unstable baroclinic wave and a resonant topographic wave are examined using multiple time scales in a quasigeostrophic, two-layer model on a midlatitude beta plane channel. The lower boundary is characterized by sinusoidal bottom topography. The dissipation is chosen as one or a combination of the following forms: Ekman dissipation at the lower and upper boundaries which may be chosen different in strength, interfacial Ekman dissipation, thickness damping, and potential vorticity damping (PVD). In the absence of topography the baroclinic wave always equilibrates irrespective of the form of the dissipation. If the dissipation is sufficiently weak and due solely to PVD, the baroclinic wave exhibits a damped vacillation symmetric about its steady value. If the form of the dissipation is different from PVD, the baroclinic wave evolves through three distinct stages: initial exponential growth, a damped vacillation in ...
Prospective Evaluation of Resting Energy Expenditure, Nutritional Status, Pulmonary Function, and Genotype in Children with Cystic Fibrosis

Growth failure and malnutrition are common clinical features in cystic fibrosis (CF), but the relationships among resting energy expenditure (REE), pulmonary function, and nutritional status, are poorly understood. To better understand these relationships, REE, growth, nutritional status, and pulmonary function were measured prospectively in 25 prepubertal children with CF and 26 prepubertal control subjects of similar age and gender over a 3-y period. All subjects with CF had pancreatic insufficiency and mild pulmonary disease. REE was elevated for the CF children compared with control subjects throughout the study. This increased REE was not associated with declining pulmonary function. Longitudinal analyses revealed different patterns of change over time in boys and girls, such that REE significantly increased in the girls with CF and pulmonary function decreased in the boys. Boys with CF experienced a decline in weight Z score and percent ideal body weight, whereas the girls with CF experienced a decline in height Z score. Pulmonary function was not associated with REE, but nutritional status (percent ideal body weight) and genotype (ΔF508 homozygotes versus others) were predictive of changes in pulmonary function over time. Fat free mass and height were found to be the best predictors of REE, and after accounting for these important body size and composition variables, differences in REE between boys and girls and CF and control groups increased over time. These findings identify the importance of investigating gender differences in the course of disease and considering REE as an early indicator of disease severity independent of pulmonary function.
Domain organization of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel complex examined by fluorescence resonance energy transfer.

KATP channels link cell metabolism to excitability in many cells. They are formed as tetramers of Kir6.2 subunits, each associated with a SUR1 subunit. We used mutant GFP-based FRET to assess domain organization in channel complexes. Full-length Kir6.2 subunits were linked to YFP or cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) at N or C termini, and all such constructs, including double-tagged YFP-Kir6.2-CFP (Y6.2C), formed functional KATP channels. In intact COSm6 cells, background emission of YFP excited by 430-nm light was ∼6%, but the Y6.2C construct expressed alone exhibited an apparent FRET efficiency of ∼25%, confirmed by trypsin digestion, with or without SUR1 co-expression. Similar FRET efficiency was detected in mixtures of CFP- and YFP-tagged full-length Kir6.2 subunits and transmembrane domain only constructs, when tagged at the C termini but not at the N termini. The FRET-reported Kir6.2 tetramer domain organization was qualitatively consistent with Kir channel crystal structures: C termini and M2 domains are centrally located relative to N termini and M1 domains, respectively. Additional FRET analyses were performed on cells in which tagged full-length Kir6.2 and tagged SUR1 constructs were co-expressed. These analyses further revealed that 1) NBD1 of SUR1 is closer to the C terminus of Kir6.2 than to the N terminus; 2) the Kir6.2 cytoplasmic domain is not essential for complexation with SUR1; and 3) the N-terminal half of SUR1 can complex with itself in the absence of either the C-terminal half or Kir6.2. Background: We examined FRET between Kir6.2 and SUR1 domains of KATP channels, in various combinations. Results: FRET was detected within and between Kir6.2 subunits and between Kir6.2 and split SUR1 N-terminal constructs. Conclusion: Kir6.2 C termini are centrally located. SUR1 domains can self-associate and are close to Kir6.2 termini in the full complex. Significance: The results indicate domain architecture of this unique channel complex.
Nucleotide sequence of the transcription initiation region for rRNA in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus

Abstract The 1191-bp sequence which includes the 5' end of 18S · rDNA and its adjacent spacer have been determined for a cloned fragment of sea urchin rDNA. The 5' end of 33S precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA) has been located by S1 nuclease mapping and primer extension. Pre-rRNA appears to be initiated at an A, 658 bp upstream from the 5' terminus of 18S rRNA. The first nucleotide of 18S rRNA was also analyzed by S1 nuclease mapping and found to correspond to T in the nontranscribed DNA strand. Comparisons of the transcription initiation region in rDNA and the 5' end of 18S · rDNA with the corresponding regions in other eukaryotes reveal no significant nucleotide sequence homology in the precursor portion while the 5' end of 18S · rDNA is highly conserved.
Control of protein synthesis in barley aleurone layers by the plant hormones gibberellic acid and abscisic acid

Abstract The patterns of protein synthesis in barley aleurone layers treated with gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) and abscisic acid (ABA) are compared with the patterns observed in wheat germ in vitro translation assays directed by RNA isolated from similarly treated layers. When used alone, GA 3 and ABA both induce the formation of new translatable mRNAs and cause new proteins to be synthesized. The effects of GA 3 are more dramatic than those of ABA. In GA 3 -treated tissues, overall protein synthesis is redirected to produce large quantities of α-amylase and a few other GA 3 -induced proteins, while other protein synthesis is reduced or stopped. Large amounts of new translatable mRNA for α-amylase are also induced such that the dominant in vitro translation product is α-amylase. These changes are blocked by the simultaneous addition of ABA to the tissue. In GA 3 plus ABA-treated layers, few changes in protein synthesis in vivo are observed when compared to protein synthesis in untreated tissue, although the induction of mRNA for α-amylase and the other GA 3 -induced mRNAs does occur. This indicates that ABA does not interfere with GA 3 induction of translatable mRNAs but prevents the translation of these mRNAs in vivo. Thus ABA and potentially GA 3 regulate the translation of proteins in vivo in barley aleurone layers.
Parameterization of Urban Characteristics for Global Climate Modeling

To help understand potential effects of urbanization on climates of varying scales and effects of climate change on urban populations, urbanization must be included in global climate models (GCMs)....
Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies

Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies. By Russell J. Dalton. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 230p. $45.00.Russell Dalton has written an impressive, thoughtful, and useful comparative analysis of the origins, character, and consequences of variations in public support for a number of advanced industrial democracies, all of them long-term (since 1960) member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Following David Easton's landmark study (A Systems Analysis of Political Life, 1965), Dalton distinguishes three broad objects of political support—political communities, political regimes, and political authorities—and two types of support, diffuse and specific. These are operationalized by the author in Table 2.1. Most of his empirical data are derived from a variety of National Election Studies in member states, as well as World Value and Eurobarometer surveys. The book is organized in three parts.
Visual observations of a turbulent diffusion flame

Abstract High-speed visual observations of a turbulent, momentum-driven, acetylene diffusion flame are presented. It is found that the flame tip burnout can be interpreted as a consequence of the large-scale organized motion in the flow—at times the tip burnout is axisymmetric in nature while at other times it appears more helical. These observations are similar to and were motivated by, the measurements by Dahm and Dimotakis on liquid “flames.”. The results are consistent with previous soot measurements of Magnussen on similar turbulent flames.
Making it happen now

Various studies have concluded that news and public affairs programming in the U.S. exhibit biases that derive from the mass media's institutional structures. According to authors such as Ben Bagdikian, Edward Herman, and Noam Chomsky, media content is influenced by institutional factors such as the media's private ownership, its dependency on advertisers, and the industry's concentration. These authors claim that changes in media content depend on changes in media institutions. Such structural modifications would require fundamental changes in the media's organization and ownership. But Herman and Chomsky have also alluded to a different, and decidedly more modest, program of change. Alternative media institutions exist, most notably community radio and television in cities and towns throughout the U.S., and they could provide more independent programming than they currently do. Herman and Chomsky make this point when they say that: “Local nonprofit radio and television stations ... provide an opportunit...
Some issues in designing an expert system for multiple criteria decision making

Abstract This paper is concerned with an approach for helping people to make better informed decisions in multiple criteria decision-making problems. It is argued that an expert system can be designed that would assist the decision maker or analyst to justify the selection of the most appropriate multiple criteria decision-making method in a given decision situation. A conceptual framework is developed for a rule-based expert system. The purpose, structure, and possible applications of the system are discussed.
Stable hydrogen isotope ratios of saponifiable lipids and cellulose nitrate from cam, c3 and c4 plants

Hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios of saponifiable lipids and cellulose nitrate from CAM, C3, and C4 plants that grew near one another were determined. The deuterium/protium (D/H) ratios of cellulose nitrate from CAM plants were much higher than those of cellulose nitrate from C3 and C4 plants, as has been observed previously. In contrast, the D/H ratios of saponifiable lipids from CAM plants did not differ from those of the same fraction from C3 and C4 plants. These observations indicate that deuterium enrichment in cellulose of CAM plants is not caused by any metabolic or physiological process which would lead to deuterium enrichment in all biochemical fractions.
Functional validation of programmable architectures

Validation of programmable architectures, consisting of processor cores, coprocessors, and memory subsystems, is one of the major bottlenecks in current system-on-chip design methodology. A critical challenge in validation of such systems is the lack of a golden reference model. Traditional validation techniques employ different reference models depending on the abstraction level and verification task (e.g., functional simulation or property checking), resulting in potential inconsistencies between multiple reference models. This paper presents a validation methodology that uses an architecture description language (ADL) based specification as a golden reference model for validation of programmable architectures, and generation of executable models such as simulators and hardware prototypes. We present a validation framework that uses the generated hardware as a reference model to verify the hand-written implementation using a combination of symbolic simulation and equivalence checking. We also present functional coverage based test generation techniques for validation of pipelined processor architectures. Finally, the generated simulator and hardware models are also used for early exploration of programmable architectures.
Reconstruction of a complete global time series of daily vegetation index trajectory from long-term AVHRR data

Abstract Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) has been extensively used for examining long-term dynamics of the vegetated land surface and climate impacts because it provides the longest time series of global satellite measurements. However, the applications are significantly limited by the persistent presence of atmospheric contamination and snow cover in the NDVI time series. Several approaches have been developed for smoothing and fitting the time series of biweekly NDVI composites but the capabilities of depicting land surface dynamics are method dependent. Using a time series of daily EVI2 (two band enhanced vegetation index) from AVHRR long term data record (LTDR) (1982–1999), this study reconstructed a global dataset of spatially and temporally consistent and continuous daily vegetation index. Specifically, the EVI2 outliers were removed and missing observations were filled explicitly based on biophysical properties of vegetation growing cycles. The EVI2 temporal trajectory was then reconstructed using a hybrid piecewise logistic model which is biophysically meaningful in describing vegetation growth. Moreover, the confidence for each annual time series in each individual pixel was quantified by determining both the proportion of good quality satellite observations and the agreement index of model fitting during a vegetation growing season. Finally, verification was performed, which indicated that the reconstructed EVI2 trajectory reflects well the field observations of seasonal green vegetation cover and the flux tower measurements of interannual gross primary productivity variation.
Perceptions of cross-sex and same-sex nonreciprocal touch: It is better to give than to receive

Observers' perceptions of actors engaged in cross-sex and same-sex nonreciprocal touch vs. no-touch interactions were assessed. Touchers were rated significantly higher than recipients on dimensions of status/dominance, instrumentality/assertiveness, and warmth/expressiveness. Furthermore, touchers were rated higher, and recipients were rated lower, on these dimensions than no-touch controls. Female observers rated actors involved in touch interactions as more attractive than those involved in no-touch interactions, whereas male observers did the reverse. Results suggest that nonreciprocal touch conveys several messages, and appears to benefit the toucher more than the recipient. Implications of these results for evaluations of the nonverbal communication patterns of women and men were discussed.
Self-consistent hartree description of finite nuclei in a relativistic quantum field theory

Abstract Relativistic Hartree equations for spherical nuclei are derived from a relativistic nuclear quantum field theory using a coordinate-space Green function approach. The renormalizable field theory lagrangian includes the interaction of nucleons with σ, ω, ρ and π mesons and the photon. The Hartree equations represent the “mean-field” approximation for a finite nuclear system. Coupling constants and the σ-meson mass are determined from the properties of nuclear matter and the rms charge radius in 40Ca, and pionic contributions are absent for static, closed-shell nuclei. Calculated charge densities, neutron densities, rms radii, and single-nucleon energy levels throughout the periodic table are compared with data and with results of non-relativistic calculations. Relativistic Hartree results agree with experiment at a level comparable to that of the most sophisticated non-relativistic calculations to date. It is shown that the Lorentz covariance of the relativistic formalism leads naturally to density-dependent interactions between nucleons. Furthermore, non-relativistic reduction reveals non-central and non-local aspects inherent in the Hartree formalism. The success of this simple relativistic Hartree approach is attributed to these features of the interaction.
Adaptive bitstream switching of pre-encoded PFGS video

With Progressive Fine Granularity Scalability (PFGS) video coding, one given encoding (with a prescribed bit rate) can flexibly be transmitted at any lower bit rate. However, the transmitted video is only efficiently encoded when the transmission bit rate is in the vicinity of the encoding bit rate; for transmission bit rates far from the encoding bit rate up on the order of 4 dB in video quality are lost. In this paper we develop and evaluate a suite of policies for accounting for this coding efficiency issue, which has been largely overlooked in previous PFGS streaming studies, in uni- and multicast streaming. Our adaptive policies select the PFGS encoding rate from a small number of pre-encoded versions and drop packets so as to maximize the reconstructed video qualities. Our policies consider both the visual video content, expressed using the motion activity level of MPEG-7 descriptor, as well as the channel variability. We find that an optimal non-adaptive streaming policy overcomes the 4 dB inefficiency and on top of this efficiency gain, our adaptive unicast streaming policy achieves 0.8 dB improvement over the optimal non-adaptive streaming. We also find that our content-dependent packet drop policies enforce fairness among multiple streams in terms of reconstructed video qualities and that our multicasting policy improves the average reconstructed video qualities at a group of receivers by up to 2 dB.
Using Data Mining to Help Design Sustainable Products

Data mining techniques make it possible to automate product life-cycle assessment with reasonable accuracy, even in cases of low-quality inventory data.
LGB allies and Christian identity: A qualitative exploration of resolving conflicts and integrating identities.

A phenomenological method of qualitative inquiry was used to understand the process by which individuals who hold identities of being both a Christian and an ally of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals make meaning of and integrate these 2 identities. Interviews were conducted with 11 doctoral-level psychologists who self-identified as being LGB allies, as holding Christian-based beliefs, and as living in the midwestern United States. Data analysis revealed that integration of Christian and LGB-ally identities involves increasing awareness of conflict among one's identities or values, experiencing confusion and dissonance, engaging in questioning and exploration processes, challenging and redefining the self, and identifying integration as a goal toward which one is moving as a way to manage and honor one's identities. Questioning and exploration processes involved self-exploration and self-acceptance and exploration of Christian-based beliefs and beliefs about sexual orientation. The processes revealed that the Christian LGB allies exemplified personal qualities such as having a questioning mind and valuing integrity, spirituality, and congruence between beliefs and behavior. Experiences influencing conflict resolution and integration of identities were described. These included relationships, education and training, specific emotional experiences, and cultural factors such as experiences of oppression.
Dietary silicon and arginine affect mineral element composition of rat femur and vertebra.

Both arginine and silicon affect collagen formation and bone mineralization. Thus, an experiment was designed to determine if dietary arginine would alter the effect of dietary silicon on bone mineralization and vice versa. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to groups of 12 in a 2×2 factorially arranged experiment. Supplemented to a ground corn/casein basal diet containing 2.3 µg Si/g and adequate arginine were silicon as sodium metasilicate at 0 or 35 µg/g diet and arginine at 0 or 5 mg/g diet. The rats were fed ad libitum deionized water and their respective diets for 8 wk. Body weight, liver weight/body weight ratio, and plasma silicon were decreased, and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity was increased by silicon deprivation. Silicon deprivation also decreased femoral calcium, copper, potassium, and zinc concentrations, but increased the femoral manganese concentration. Arginine supplementation decreased femoral molybdenum concentration but increased the femoral manganese concentration. Vertebral concentrations of phosphorus, sodium, potassium, copper, manganese, and zinc were decreased by silicon deprivation. Arginine supplementation increased vertebral concentrations of sodium, potassium, manganese, zinc, and iron. The arginine effects were more marked in the silicon-deprived animals, especially in the vertebra. Germanium concentrations of the femur and vertebra were affected by an interaction between silicon and arginine; the concentrations were decreased by silicon deprivation in those animals not fed supplemental arginine. The change in germanium is consistent with a previous finding by us suggesting that this element may be physiologically important, especially as related to bone DNA concentrations. The femoral and vertebral mineral findings support the contention that silicon has a physiological role in bone formation and that arginine intake can affect that role.
Median nerve ultrasound as a screening tool in carpal tunnel syndrome: correlation of cross-sectional area measures with electrodiagnostic abnormality.

Introduction: Sonographically measured median nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) at the wrist is increased in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Ultrasound of the median nerve may be useful in screening for electrodiagnostic (EDx) abnormalities. Methods: EDx studies were performed on all participants. Sonographic evaluation of median nerve CSA at the wrist and in the forearm was performed by a physician blinded to the EDx results. Multivariate and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were used to assess the data. Results: Fifty control wrists and 192 symptomatic wrists were analyzed. Sensitivity of ultrasound in excluding EDx abnormality was 99% for CSA of 9 mm2 and 97% for a wrist–forearm ratio (WFR) of 1.4. There was no clinically significant correlation between ultrasound parameters and EDx severity. Conclusions: Median nerve ultrasound is a highly sensitive screening tool for EDx abnormality, but it cannot determine severity. This may lead to changes in the current standards for evaluating CTS. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Creep enhanced adsorbtion of water or aqueous zinc chloride solution increases the creep rate of nylon 6,6

The creep behavior of nylon 6,6 at 21°C was significantly altered when the local “dry” environment was changed to water mist or an aqueous zinc chloride mist. Nylon 6,6 was found to exhibit logarithmic creep because the relation between the log of the strain rate and the creep strain was linear with a negative slope. The effect of changing the creep environment from dry to wet, with the addition of moisture from an ultrasonic humidifier was to decrease the negative slope by 50–70% within 5–10 min. This effect could be interpreted as a decrease in modulus, which allowed for easier creep deformation. Based on the stress-free diffusivity of water in nylon and the dimensions of the test sample the time to saturate the sample was estimated to be about 100 h. Therefore, there appeared to be synergism between the creep deformation and the environment that dramatically enhanced the rate of saturation and slowed the decrease in the creep rate. The tentative explanation provided is that the aqueous solutions, by binding to the hydrogen bonds in nylon, are dragged into the sample during creep deformation, and the dragged-in aqueous solution then plasticizes nylon. This is analogous to the conclusion in another recent study that showed that deformation, during a hardness test, in the presence of aqueous zinc chloride, transported the solution species deeper into the sample than could be reasonably explained by ordinary diffusion processes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 494–497, 2001
Viktor E. Frankl: Multilevel analyses and complementarity.

It should be said at the outset that I approach my brief examination of the place and value of multilevel analyses and consequent complementarity as viewed and expressed in Frankl's theory and practice from the position of the philosopher of religion and the theologian, not that of the professional psychologist or psycho therapist. I make this statement to indicate my principal motivation for exploring the topic and to present the subsequent assessment in accurate perspective. In attempting to formulate a more adequate anthropology?theolog ical, philosophical, phenomenological, or any other kind?the student of man's existence and behavior must use to the best of his ability whatever is offered him from disciplines and fields other than his own. Frankl himself is an example of one who has taken advantage of the resources of a number of fields and analytical procedures. However, he has not done so uncritically and without evaluation. One might say that Frankl's openness is due in large measure to his work as physician and psychotherapist, which could be expected to foster a pragmatic approach. In other words, if a certain kind of analysis or procedure is therapeutic, use it. Such analyses as I propose serve to uncover ontological, existential, and ontic modalities of being human and of human existence. I have chosen Frankl in part because he refers to and practices, in varying degrees, certain basic types of analysis. With some qualification, this could also be affirmed of psychiatric phenomenology and Binswanger's phenomenological anthropology involving Daseinsanalyse.l In examining certain types of analysis, in Frankl's theory and therapy in particular, I shall use a critical framework comprised of dimensional and modal factors or categories2 viewed in terms of complementarity and determinative interaction. The critical framework, itself subject to critical assessment, may help in achieving generalizations and co-ordinated evaluation of basic types of
De plantis toxicariis e mundo novo tropicale commentationes. XIX. Biodynamic apocynaceous plants of the northwest Amazon.

This paper continues ethnopharmacological notes on biodynamic plants employed by Indians of the Amazon region as medicines, poisons or narcotics.
Extraction method and thin-layer chromatographic system for the determination of α-l-acetylmethadol and metabolites in biological fluids

Abstract An extraction method and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) system for the determination of α- l -acetylmethadol and its known metabolites (methadol, noracetyl-methadol, dinoracetylmethadol, normethadol, 6-acetamido-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanol, and N-methyl-6-acetamido-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanol) are described. The parent drug and metabolites are extracted from biological fluids with ethyl acetate and separated by TLC using silica gel plates and a developing system of ethyl acetate-methanol-water-ammonia (85:10:1:1). This system may be used to quantitatively determine levels of radiolabeled drug and metabolites by scraping the TLC plates into 3-mm zonal fractions and measuring the amount of radioactivity by scintillation counting. A representative radiochromatogram obtained from an extract of monkey urine is shown.
A measurement framework for evaluating model-based test generation tools

This paper presents a measurement framework for evaluating model-based test generation (MBTG) tools. The proposed framework is derived by using the Goal Question Metric methodology, which helps formulate the metrics of interest: complexity, ease of learning, effectiveness, efficiency, and scalability. We demonstrate the steps involved in evaluating MBTG tools by describing a case study designed for this purpose. This case study involves the use of four MBTG tools that differ in their modeling techniques, test specification techniques, and test generation algorithms.
Eluting solution composition affects DNA double-strand break analysis by filter elution.

SummaryThe filter elution technique was used to assay for 137Cs-induced DNA double-strand breaks (dsb) in V79 Chinese hamster cells. The elutions were performed using two different sets of lysing and eluting solutions at pH 7·2 and 9·6. The data agree with those of others who have demonstrated differences in elution profiles at pH 7·2 and 9·6. In addition, the data indicate that solution composition has a significant effect on elution.
Bulk Metallic Glasses and Their Composites: A Brief History of Diverging Fields

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) and their derivative metal matrix composites (BMGMCs) are emerging high-performance engineering materials that are on the precipice of widespread commercialization. This review article discusses the origin of these materials and how their applications and research focus have divided into two distinct fields, one primarily focused on the plastic-like processability of BMGs and the other on the enhanced fracture mechanics of BMGMCs. Although the materials are of similar composition and origin, it is argued that their implementation will be widely varying due to their different processing requirements and intended uses. BMGs will likely find use as plastic-replacement components in cosmetic applications (e.g., watches, cell phones, biomedical implants) while BMGMCs will be used in structural applications (e.g., golf clubs, hardware for defense, energy absorbing structures).
Compliance-based modeling and design of straight-axis/circular-axis flexible hinges with small out-of-plane deformations

Abstract A matrix analytical compliance model is developed to evaluate the out-of-plane quasi-static response of general flexible hinges formed of serially-connected straight- and circular-axis segments with small and constant out-of-plane width, variable in-plane thickness, under the coupled action of bending and torsion. These flexible hinges can be used as standalone sensing devices or as monolithic joints in precision positioning and translatory-motion guiding mechanisms. The multiple-segment hinge compliances are obtained by adding the rotated, translated, and/or flipped individual segment compliances. The general model is applied to a class of symmetric flexible hinges and a particular design thereof is proposed. For several sets of geometric parameters, the hinge analytical compliances are validated by finite element simulation. This design is further incorporated into an out-of-plane-motion stage whose translatory and rotary stiffnesses are calculated based on the compliances of the three identical flexible hinges.
Associations among tiered quality rating and improvement system supports and quality improvement

Abstract This descriptive study investigated the associations between change in quality and quality improvement supports among center-based programs and family child care homes within Miami-Dade County, Florida's tiered quality rating and improvement system (TQRIS), Quality Counts. The TQRIS supports included grants and financial awards for materials and equipment, educational scholarships for staff, and on-site technical assistance to raise quality. Data were extracted from a TQRIS information management system on 412 programs (342 center-based programs and 70 family child care homes) participating in the TQRIS from 2008 to 2013. Results indicated that across both types of care (centers and homes), quality increased over time. Duration, or amount of time in the TQRIS, was significantly related to quality change. Scholarship amounts received were also significantly related to quality change for centers. Interactions between dosage and supports suggested that some supports were associated with quality change for programs that were in the TQRIS for a shorter duration. The consistent findings regarding duration in the TQRIS and scholarships suggest the importance of supporting programs and their staff. Policy implications related to building TQRISs are discussed.
Competitive Adsorption at the Air-Water Interface from a Self-Assembling Polymer-Surfactant Mixture

The relationship between polymer-surfactant aggregation in bulk fluid and adsorption at the air -water interface is investigated in aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Luvitec VA 64 (a random copolymer of vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate). The polymer exhibits strong interaction with SDS and significant surface activity. The free energy of micellization of SDS in a solution containing 0.1% w/v polymer is reduced by approximately 2.3 RT. The addition of Luvitec VA 64 to a solution of SDS above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) results in an increase in surface tension from 40 dyn/cm to 47 dyn/cm. Neutron reflectivity measurements show that the change in surface tension is accompanied by a substantial (greater than 40%) reduction in the volume fraction of SDS at the air-water interface and concomitant adsorption of polymer. The transformation is driven by the decrease in concentration of SDS from the CMC to the critical aggregation concentration (CAC), consistent with the reduction in free energy of micellization.
Acute effects of dimethylnitrosamine or ethionine on the activities of initiation factors and ribosomes in hepatic protein synthesis of rats.

Abstract The activities of initiation factors and ribosomes of livers of rats treated acutely with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) or ethionine were studied using an in vitro assay in which poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis was measured at low Mg2+ concentration. In rats treated with DMN (10 mg/100 g body wt; 4, 8, or 15 hr) or ethionine (100 mg/100 g body wt; 4 or 6 hr), the activities of both initiation factors and ribosomes were decreased in polyphenylalanine synthesis compared to controls. Administration of DMN or ethionine in these experiments caused disaggregation of hepatic polyribosomes. Administration of diethyldithiocarbamate (35 mg/100 g body wt) 3 4 hr before DMN treatment and 4 3 4 hr before killing and administration of adenine sulfate (30 mg/100 g body wt) and methionine (90 mg/100 g body wt) 4 hr after ethionine treatment and 2 hr before killing reversed or prevented the decrease in the activities of initiation factors and of ribosomes as well as the disaggregation of hepatic polyribosomes by each of the two hepatotoxic compounds.
Rydberg series in N v

Three complete Rydberg series, 2p2P°–ns2S, 2s2S–np2P°, and 2p2P°–nd2D, extending to the ionization limit have been observed in the spectrum of N v excited in a low-pressure, high-voltage condensed capillary discharge. An ionization limit of 789 516±24 cm−1=97.8816±0.0030 eV has been determined from these long series for N v.
Bone: Will breast cancer chemoprevention stand on 'solid bone'?

Aromatase inhibitors are the most effective agents for preventing breast cancer; however, their use is associated with bone loss and an increased risk of fractures. Sestak and colleagues show that administration of an oral bisphosphonate prevents aromatase-inhibitor-induced bone loss in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis who are at high risk of breast cancer.
Lymphoid lesions of the head and neck: a model of lymphocyte homing and lymphomagenesis.

Lymphoid lesions of the head and neck mainly affect the nasopharynx, nasal and paranasal sinuses, and salivary glands. These three compartments each are affected by a different spectrum of lymphoid malignancies and can serve as model for mechanisms of lymphomagenesis. The type of lymphoma seen reflects the underlying biology and function of the particular site involved. The nasopharynx and Waldeyer's ring are functionally similar to the mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of the gastrointestinal tract and are most commonly affected by B-cell lymphomas, with mantle cell lymphoma being a relatively frequent subtype. The most prevalent lymphoid lesion of the salivary gland is lymphoepithelial sialadenitis, associated with Sjogren's syndrome. Lymphoepithelial sialadenitis is a condition in which MALT is acquired in a site not normally containing lymphoid tissue. Patients with Sjogren's syndrome are at increased risk to develop B-cell lymphomas, most commonly MALT lymphomas. The nasal and paranasal sinuses are the prototypical site for the development of extranodal natural killer (NK) /T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. This condition must be distinguished from other conditions causing the clinical picture of lethal midline granuloma, including Wegener's granulomatosis and infectious disorders. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is common in the lung but is rarely seen in the midline facial structures.
MyD88 mediates the decision to die by apoptosis or necroptosis after UV irradiation

UV irradiation-induced cellular damage is classically associated with apoptosis and is known to result in systemic immunosuppression. How the decision to undergo apoptosis is made following UV is n...
Mechanism for the Dehydroxylation of Kaolinite, Dickite, and Nacrite from Room Temperature to 455°C

The mechanism for the dehydroxylation of Keokuk kaolinite, dickite, and nacrite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) was investigated in detail with the aid of powder X-ray diffraction, the Rietveld method, and infrared spectroscopy. It was determined that these polymorphic clay minerals dehydroxylate via an inhomogeneous mechanism in the range room temperature to 455°C. This result implies that when these samples dehydroxylate (up to 40% dehydroxylated at 455°C) the individual crystallites spontaneously react either completely, to form the metaphase of these minerals, or not at all, retaining all the structural details of the unheated crystalline material. These results amplify previous nuclear magnetic resonance results concerning this mechanism and are used to explain the appearance of the differential thermal analysis curves for these minerals.
A Meta-Analysis: The Effects of Parental Involvement on Minority Children's Academic Achievement.

A meta-analysis was undertaken, including 21 studies, to determine the impact of parental involvement on the academic achievement of minority children. Statistical analyses were undertaken to determine the overall effects of parental involvement obtained for each study as well as specific components of parental involvement. Four different measures of academic achievement were used. The possible differing effects of parental involvement by gender and socioeconomic status were also considered. The results indicate that the impact of parental involvement overall is significant for all the minority groups under study. For all groups, parental involvement, as a whole, affected all the academic variables under study by at least two tenths of a standard deviation unit. However, among some of the races, certain aspects of parental involvement had a greater impact than did others. The significance of these results is discussed.
Social capital, health behaviours and health: a population-based associational study

Social capital is associated with health behaviours and health. Our objective was to explore how different dimensions of social capital and health-related behaviours are associated, and whether health behaviours mediate this association between social capital and self-rated health and psychological well-being. We used data from the Health 2000 Survey (n=8028) of the adult population in Finland. The response rate varied between 87% (interview) and 77% (the last self-administered questionnaire). Due to item non-response, missing values were replaced using multiple imputation. The associations between three dimensions of social capital (social support, social participation and networks, trust and reciprocity) and five health behaviours (smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, vegetable consumption, sleep) were examined by using logistic regression and controlling for age, gender, education, income and living arrangements. The possible mediating role of health behaviours in the association between social capital and self-rated health and psychological well-being was also analysed with a logistic regression model. Social participation and networks were associated with all of the health behaviours. High levels of trust and reciprocity were associated with non-smoking and adequate duration of sleep, and high levels of social support with adequate duration of sleep and daily consumption of vegetables. Social support and trust and reciprocity were independently associated with self-rated health and psychological well-being. Part of the association between social participation and networks and health was explained by physical activity. Irrespective of their social status, people with higher levels of social capital – especially in terms of social participation and networks – engage in healthier behaviours and feel healthier both physically and psychologically.
The Molecular Epidemiology of Cytomegalovirus Transmission Among Children Attending a Day Care Center

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) viruria was detected in 16 (25%) of 66 children attending a day care center. A significantly lower prevalence (6.9%) of viruria occurred among an age-matched control group of 1,457 hospitalized children. CMV DNA was compared by restriction endonuclease digestion of cell-associated CMV DNA, prepared by the Hirt procedure. CMV DNA fragments were detected directly on agarose gels by a 2-hr in situ hybridization with 32P-labeled DNA plasmids containing XbaI fragments of the Towne strain. EcoRI digestion of DNA isolated from 11 hospitalized children revealed 11 unique strains. A similar analysis, with EcoRI and several other endonucleases, of DNA isolated from the urine of 16 children attending the day care center revealed that one group of seven children and another group of four children were excreting identical strains of CMV. All seven children in the first group were less than 29 months old; six of these children shared the same classroom. All four children in the second group were greater than 36 months old; three were assigned to the same room. These results prove that CMV was frequently transmitted among children attending the day care center.
Very Large Scale Aerial Photography for Rangeland Monitoring

Abstract Ecological assessment of ground cover by conventional on‐the‐ground point sampling is labor intensive, expensive, and biased by access. Historically, motion blur has prevented high‐resolution aerial photography from being used for ground cover measurements. To reduce motion blur we used a fixed‐wing, 225‐kg (empty weight) airplane flown at 72 km/hr ground speed 100 m above ground level with both a modified Hulcher 70 mm camera (500 mm lens, Kodak Aerocolor HS SO‐846 film, 1/4,000‐second shutter speed), and a Canon 11. 1 ‐megapixel, automatic, digital single lens reflex, color camera (420 mm focal‐length lens). The resulting very‐large scale aerial (VLSA) photography had resolutions of 5.0 and 2.1 mm GSD (Ground Sample Distance) for the scanned film and digital‐camera images, respectively. Motion blur was minimal. The cost for obtaining 450 VLSA photographs over a 70,800‐ha watershed was $0.07 ha. We found our methods well adapted for extensive aerial surveys to monitor the ecological condition of...
Stereotactic radiosurgery with and without whole-brain radiotherapy for newly diagnosed brain metastases.

Brain metastases develop in 20–40% of cancer patients and can cause significant morbidity. In selected patients with one to three lesions, stereotactic radiosurgery may be used to improve local control. However, it is unclear whether whole-brain radiotherapy is necessary for all patients who are candidates for stereotactic radiosurgery. While whole-brain radiotherapy may improve the locoregional control of brain metastases, it may cause long-term side effects and may not improve overall survival in some patients. Its benefits should be evaluated in the context of risks of neurocognitive deterioration, either from whole-brain radiotherapy or from uncontrolled brain metastases, and the possible need for salvage treatments with the omission of initial whole-brain radiotherapy. For certain radioresistant brain metastases, the benefit of whole-brain radiotherapy to patients who have stereotactic radiosurgery is uncertain.