cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skin deep, soul deep: Mass mediating cosmetic surgery in popular magazines, 1968–1998

In mainstream women's magazines, cosmetic surgery has long been associated with physical health which in turn is linked with wealthy power, and confidence. But whereas thirty years ago, the cosmetic surgery patient required an operation to address a debilitating insecurity resulting from a physical “flaw,” today that patient starts out as an empowered woman “doing it for herself by making herself feel and look even better after surgery than before. I argue that the adoption and distortion of feminist rhetoric spurred this shift in representation. Additionally, this study questions the dominant popular frame, often mirrored in critical scholarship on the body, that Americans treat the body “pragmatically”—that in recognizing it as a social signifier and social tool, we have few qualms about manipulating it. Rather, the data presented here conveys a discord between the intentional positive frame found in articles on beauty and youth and the unintentional negative frame found when cosmetic surgery is mention...
Barrier creams--skin protectants: can you protect skin?

Barrier creams (BC) are used in hand care to protect the user against damage from surfactants and other irritants; their clinical value remains debatable; some reports indicate that inappropriate BC application might induce a deleterious rather than a beneficial effect. Since many cosmetic formulations contain ‘skin protectants’, we review concept, application, and efficacy from the pertinent scientific literature.
A nonrecessed-base, self-aligned bipolar structure with selectively deposited polysilicon emitter

A self-aligned bipolar structure, which features a nonrecessed base and a selectively deposited polysilicon emitter, is proposed. The in situ surface cleaning process prior to the selective-polysilicon deposition minimizes the residual native oxide in the emitter window. Both high-quality selective-polysilicon film and well-behaved submicrometer bipolar device characteristics have been obtained for bipolar or BiCMOS VLSI applications. The effects of the nonrecessed-base device structure on the bipolar device parameter distribution and bipolar hot-carrier immunity are also discussed. >
Choosing the More Likely Hypothesis

Much of economists' statistical work centers on testing hypotheses in which parameter values are partitioned between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis in order to distinguish two views about the world. Our traditional procedures are based on the probabilities of a test statistic under the null but ignore what the statistics say about the probability of the test statistic under the alternative. Traditional procedures are not intended to provide evidence for the relative probabilities of the null versus alternative hypotheses, but are regularly treated as if they do. Unfortunately, when used to distinguish two views of the world, traditional procedures can lead to wildly misleading inference. In order to correctly distinguish between two views of the world, one needs to report the probabilities of the hypotheses given parameter estimates rather than the probability of the parameter estimates given the hypotheses. This monograph shows why failing to consider the alternative hypothesis often leads to incorrect conclusions. I show that for most standard econometric estimators, it is not difficult to compute the proper probabilities using Bayes theorem. Simple formulas that require only information already available in standard estimation reports are provided. I emphasize that frequentist approaches for deciding between the null and alternative hypothesis are not free of priors. Rather, the usual procedures involve an implicit, unstated prior that is likely to be far from scientifically neutral.
Robotic-assisted prostatectomy and open radical retropubic prostatectomy for locally-advanced prostate cancer: multi-institution comparison of oncologic outcomes.

Purpose Robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) offers reportedly comparable oncologic outcomes for localized disease compared with open radical retropubic prostatectomy (ORRP). However, the oncologic efficacy of RALP in locally-advanced prostate cancer (PCa) is less clear. We report and compare our experience with RALP and ORRP in men with locally advanced PCa. Methods Patients with locally advanced PCa (stage T3 or greater) were identified in both robotic and open cohorts. Clinicopathologic features including age, clinical stage, prostate-specific antigen, surgical margins, and Gleason score were reviewed. We further examined the incidence of positive surgical margins, the effect of the surgical learning curve on margins, and the need for adjuvant therapy. Results From 1997 to 2010, 1,011 patients underwent RALP and 415 patients were identified who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) across four institutions. 140 patients in the RALP group and 95 in the RRP group had locally advanced PCa on final pathology. The overall robotic positive margin rate 47.1% compared with 51.4% in the RRP group. A trend towards a lower positive margin rate was seen after 300 cases in the RALP group, with 66.7% positive margin rate in the first 300 cases compared with 41.8% in the latter 700 cases. In addition, a lower incidence of biochemical recurrence was also noted in the latter cases (30.6% vs. 9.5%). Conclusions Up to 2 out of 3 men undergoing RALP for locally-advanced PCa had positive margins during our initial experience. However, with increasing surgeon experience the overall positive margin rate decreased significantly and was comparable to the positive margin rate for patients with locally advanced disease undergoing ORRP over four academic institutions. We also noted a lower incidence of biochemical recurrence with increasing RALP experience, suggesting better oncologic outcomes with higher volume. Given this data, RALP has comparable oncologic outcomes compared to ORRP, especially with higher volume surgeons.
Abstract 2885: Therapeutic microparticle-based tumor lysate vaccination reduces spontaneous lung metastases in a murine breast cancer model

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Although existing interventions are highly efficacious for the treatment of localized breast cancers, disseminated tumors remain incurable. Therapeutic induction of systemic anti-tumor immunity is a promising approach for treating metastatic disease. We have developed a novel heterologous prime/boost vaccination protocol that significantly reduces metastatic tumor burdens in a pre-clinical murine model of breast cancer. In our studies, mice were orthotopically challenged with Luciferase-expressing 4T1 adenocarinoma cells. Six days later, mice received a priming therapy that consisted of parental 4T1 tumor lysates encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid microparticles administered contralateral to the established tumor. On day eleven, mice received a boost therapy that consisted of 4T1 lysates and a cocktail of Toll-like receptor agonists. At the conclusion of the assay (day twenty-five), tumor burdens from excised lungs were quantified using bioluminescent imaging. Therapy-receiving mice showed a significant reduction in lung tumors (Student's T-test: p = 0.002, n = 37 control mice vs. 25 treated mice) with an average 46.66% decrease relative to no therapy control mice. Independent quantification of lung metastases was also performed using a standard 6-thioguanine assay. There was a strong correlation (R^2 = 0.8803) between bioluminescent intensity and 6-thioguanine colony number, demonstrating that the decrease in bioluminescence signal due to therapy is not merely explained by the in vivo loss of Luciferase expression by 4T1 cells. We are currently characterizing the vaccination-induced differences in the localized immune environment of metastatic lung tumors. Effector T cell activation/exhaustion kinetics and the influx of immunosuppressive cell populations (myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells) are now being explored. These studies will help elucidate the immunological mechanism(s) responsible for the diminished metastatic tumor outgrowth observed with our therapy. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that therapeutic vaccination of tumor lysates is efficacious in controlling spontaneous lung metastases in an aggressive model of murine breast cancer. Citation Format: Brett P. Gross, Amaraporn Wongrapanich, Meghan Francis, Vijaya B. Joshi, Aliasger K. Salem, Lyse A. Norian. Therapeutic microparticle-based tumor lysate vaccination reduces spontaneous lung metastases in a murine breast cancer model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2885. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2885
Evaluating associate degree nursing students' self-efficacy in communication skills and attitudes in caring for the dying patient

The End of Life Nursing Education Consortium (ELNEC) curriculum has been proven effective where it has been implemented. However, at the associate degree level, the ELNEC curriculum focusing on communication skills and their effect on the attitudes toward care of the dying has not been evaluated. This pilot study has identified the need for further research at the associate degree level to ensure quality care to patients at the end of life.
Social identity and cooperation in social dilemmas

This article presents a refined explanation of why minimal group identities affect cooperation in social dilemmas. The refined approach builds on key tenets of social identity theory to argue that ...
Determination of HIV-1 coreceptor tropism using proviral DNA in women before and after viral suppression

An HIV-1 tropism test is recommended prior to CCR5 antagonist administration to exclude patients harboring non-R5 virus from treatment with this class of antiretrovirals. HIV-1 tropism determination based on proviral DNA (pvDNA) may be useful in individuals with plasma viral RNA suppression. We developed a genotypic tropism assay for pvDNA and assessed its performance in a retrospective analysis of samples collected longitudinally. We randomly selected paired plasma/PBMC samples from the Women’s Interagency HIV Study with plasma viral load ≥5,000 cp/mL at time 1 (T1), undetectable viral load maintained for ≥1 year and CD4+ >200 cells/μL at time 2 (T2). pvDNA was isolated from cryopreserved PBMCs. Sequences were analyzed in triplicate from 49/50 women, with tropism assigned using the geno2pheno (g2p) algorithm. The median time between T1 and T2 was 4.1 years. CXCR4-using virus was detected in 24% of the RNA samples and 33% of the pvDNA samples at T1, compared to 37% of the pvDNA samples at T2. Concordance between plasma RNA and pvDNA tropism was 88% at T1 and 80% at T2. The g2p scores for RNA (T1) vs DNA (T1, T2) were strongly correlated (Spearman rho: 0.85 (T1); 0.78 (T2)). In women with evidence of tropism switch at T2 (either R5 to non-R5 or non-R5 to R5), there was a correlation between change in tropism and time. Mean pvDNA viral load decreased by 0.4 log10 copies/106 cells between T1 and T2 (p 4 years. pvDNA tropism testing may be useful to determine eligibility of patients with viral suppression to switch to a CCR5-antagonist based regimen as well as for research purposes.
Hyperuricemia and Hypertension: A Confluence of Concepts

See related article, pp 1148–1156 Rarely in clinical medicine is it possible to define a distinct laboratory abnormality associated, for unknown reasons, with a specific disease entity and to have one group of tenacious investigators resolve the conundrum of contributing mechanisms. Nonetheless, in this issue of Hypertension such is the case as presented in the investigations of Soletsky and Feig.1 These investigators have now contributed to a decade or more of animal and human investigation by Feig and Johnson and their coworkers by unraveling the major mechanism that links hyperuricemia to hypertension. This has been a long-standing clinical and basic science quest.2 Gout, as the long-term manifestation of hyperuricemia, is a metabolic disease process that has been known from antiquity. Egyptian physicians described the disease some 5000 years ago followed by the astute clinical characterization of the disease, in the fifth century BC, by the Greek physician Hippocrates, as “the unwalkable disease.”3 By the mid-1800s AD Sir Alfred Baring Garod identified that uric acid was the cause of gout and not a consequence of the disease. In addition, this also coincided with the time framework in which several investigators speculated on the linkage of hyperuricemia to the presence of hypertension. However, it was not until the contemporary studies of Feig and Johnson and colleagues that we learned that, in animal models, acute elevation of serum urate induces a prompt elevation of blood pressure and that chronic elevation sustains the abnormal pressure and induces irreversible vascular and glomerular changes that lead to a form of salt-sensitive hypertension.4,5 Hence, the lesson learned from the animal investigations suggested that, in humans, early treatment to reduce hyperuricemia associated with increases in blood pressure might be successful, whereas the years of hyperuricemia attendant with the emergence of gout and …
Particle exposures and infections

Particle exposures increase the risk for human infections. Particles can deposit in the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and distal lung and, accordingly, the respiratory tract is the system most frequently infected after such exposure; however, meningitis also occurs. Cigarette smoking, burning of biomass, dust storms, mining, agricultural work, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), wood stoves, traffic-related emissions, gas stoves, and ambient air pollution are all particle-related exposures associated with an increased risk for respiratory infections. In addition, cigarette smoking, burning of biomass, dust storms, mining, and ETS can result in an elevated risk for tuberculosis, atypical mycobacterial infections, and meningitis. One of the mechanisms for particle-related infections includes an accumulation of iron by surface functional groups of particulate matter (PM). Since elevations in metal availability are common to every particle exposure, all PM potentially contributes to these infections. Therefore, exposures to wood stove emissions, diesel exhaust, and air pollution particles are predicted to increase the incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis, atypical mycobacterial infections, and meningitis, albeit these elevations are likely to be small and detectable only in large population studies. Since iron accumulation correlates with the presence of surface functional groups and dependent metal coordination by the PM, the risk for infection continues as long as the particle is retained. Subsequently, it is expected that the cessation of exposure will diminish, but not totally reverse, the elevated risk for infection.
HIV associated pulmonary emphysema: a review of the literature and inquiry into its mechanism

Chronic lung diseases are increasingly recognised complications of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Of these, pulmonary emphysema, characterised by permanent destruction of the lung parenchyma distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by various degrees of inflammation, is emerging as a distinct source of morbidity for patients infected with HIV. Similarly, HIV is now frequently cited as a susceptibility factor for the development of emphysema, independent of cigarette smoking status. The presence of common coexistent confounding factors that may predispose patients to chronic lung injury such as drugs, opportunistic infections and malnutrition, limits the scope of studies of direct mechanisms involved in HIV associated emphysematous lung disease. We review the clinical studies supporting a direct association between HIV infection and emphysema. Recent developments in the basic understanding of HIV infection and emphysema are also reviewed, since they may aid in understanding the pathobiology of HIV associated emphysema. The authors emphasise how HIV infection may affect cytotoxic lymphocyte activation, lung capillary endothelial cell injury and apoptosis, sphingolipid imbalance and oxidative stress in the lung. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV associated pulmonary emphysema may provide clues and therapeutic targets that have broader application in this disease, including cigarette smoke induced emphysema.
Binding of Congo Red to Amyloid Protofibrils of the Alzheimer Aβ9–40 Peptide Probed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Congo red (CR) is a commonly used histological amyloid dye and a weak amyloid inhibitor. There is currently no experimentally available structure of CR bound to an amyloid fibril and the binding modes, and the mechanisms governing its inhibitory and optical properties are poorly understood. In this work, we present the first, to our knowledge, atomistically detailed picture of CR binding to protofibrils of the Alzheimer Aβ9–40 peptide. We identify three major binding modes, with the primary mode residing in the grooves formed by the β-sheets, and observe a restriction of the torsional rotation of the CR molecule upon binding. Our simulations reveal a novel, to our knowledge, electrostatic steering mechanism that plays an important role in the initial recognition and binding of CR to the positively charged surface residues of the fibril. Our simulations provide new, to our knowledge, insights into the striking spectrophotometric and inhibitory properties of CR. In particular, we show that birefringence upon CR binding is due to the anisotropic orientation of the CR dipoles resulting from the spatial ordering of these molecules in the grooves along the fibril axis. The fluorescent enhancement of the bound CR, in turn, is associated with the torsional restriction of this molecule upon binding.
Disruption of Glucocorticoid Receptor Exon 2 Yields a Ligand-Responsive C-Terminal Fragment that Regulates Gene Expression

Mice in which exon 2 of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been disrupted [GR exon 2 knockout (GR2KO)] have been used as a model to study the requirement for this receptor in a number of biological systems. A recent report showed that these mice actually express a truncated ligand-binding GR fragment, prompting us to ask whether this mutation truly results in a glucocorticoid-insensitive phenotype. Based on cDNA microarray analysis of fetal thymocytes, we found that glucocorticoids were able to enhance or repress activation-induced gene expression in GR2KO and wild-type thymocytes to a similar degree. Moreover, although changes in gene expression induced by glucocorticoids alone were blunted, the expression of a substantial number of genes in GR2KO thymocytes was modulated by stimulation with glucocorticoids. Among these genes, as confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR, was the classic glucocorticoid-responsive gene glutamine synthetase as well as genes implicated in T cell development and function suc...
Experiments in bistatic laser line scan (LLS) underwater imaging

This paper describes an initial set of experiments being performed in the investigation of bistatic and multistatic laser line scan (LLS) extended range underwater imaging techniques. More specifically, the experiments which were performed in the large underwater laser test facility at Harbor Branch, use a short pulse (500ps) laser source to measure volumetric scatter and target signal time history to predict achievable image contrast for a range of geometries and scattering suspensions. This is in support of the development of a radiative transfer model, as well as to give an indication of the performance of the technique in various bistatic geometrical configurations. To further examine bistatic LLS imaging performance, experiments were also performed with a prototype benchtop bistatic LLS imaging system in near-identical conditions as the time-history measurements.
Did the Faith-Based Initiative Change Congregations

We use national surveys of congregations conducted in 1998 and 2006-2007 to assess whether or not the faith-based initiative increased congregations’ social service involvement, government funding, or collaborations with government or nonprofit organizations. More congregations indicated interest in social services and government funding in 2006-2007 than in 1998, but congregational involvement in social services, government funding, or collaborations has not increased since 1998. An in-depth local study of partnerships between congregations and nonprofit social service agencies leads to the same conclusion. The faith-based initiative did not change congregations’ behavior or expand their role in our social welfare system because it overlooked congregations’ longstanding role in community systems, and it was built on false assumptions about congregations’ latent capacity to expand that role and the extent to which they constitute a meaningful alternative to existing organizational networks of social support.
Menachem Elon, Bernard Auerbach, Daniel D. Chazin, and Melvin Sykes. Jewish Law ( Mishpat Ivri ): Cases and Materials . Casebook Series. New York: Matthew Bender, 1999. xxiv, 746 pp., Glossary, Table of Authorities, Table of Cases, Index.

Jewish Law ( Mishpat Ivri ): Cases and Materials is a comprehensive and lucid analysis of Jewish law as it is used in the Israeli Supreme Court as part of Israeli secular law, exhaustively detailed and clearly written. It is designed to be used as an American law school textbook and is published by a law school publishing house—Matthew Bender—as part of its casebook series. The book begins with two questions: “How is it possible that a legal system bereft of territory and police power has not only persevered but flourished? Whence do the Jewish legal authorities derive their tradition-embedded answers to what appear to be novel, contemporary questions?” The book seeks to answer these queries with an exposition on the nature and purpose of Jewish law, followed by a chapter-by-chapter integration of the uses of Jewish law into Israeli secular law.
Closing in on the pathogenesis of the 5q- syndrome.

Evaluation of: Barlow JL, Drynan LF, Hewett DR et al. A p53-dependent mechanism underlies macrocytic anemia in a mouse model of human 5q- syndrome. Nat. Med. 16(1), 59–66 (2010); and Starczynowski DT, Kuchenbauer F, Argiropoulos B et al. Identification of miR-145 and miR-146a as mediators of the 5q- syndrome phenotype. Nat. Med. 16(1), 49–58 (2009).Patients with 5q- syndrome are characterized by macrocytic anemia, normal to elevated platelet counts, and a propensity to develop acute myeloid leukemia. The 5q- syndrome is believed to be a clonal disorder of the hematopoietic precursors. Until recently, little was known regarding the molecular pathogenesis of this malignancy. Two recently published studies using genetic approaches have unraveled a small array of genes whose alteration recapitulates critical features of the 5q- syndrome including dysplasia, clonal dominance, and progression to acute myeloid leukemia.
Cross-Species Comparison of Metabolite Profiles in Chemosensory Epithelia: An Indication of Metabolite Roles in Chemosensory Cells

Comparative studies of chemosensory systems in vertebrates and invertebrates have greatly enhanced our understanding of anatomical and physiological constraints of chemical detection. Immunohistochemical comparisons of chemosensory systems are difficult to make across species due to limited cross-reactivity of mammalian-based antibodies. Immunostaining chemosensory tissues with glutaraldehyde-based antibodies generated against small metabolites in combination with hierarchical cluster analyses provide a novel approach for identifying and classifying cell types regardless of species. We used this "metabolite profiling" technique to determine whether metabolite profiles can be used to identify cell classes within and across different species including mouse, zebrafish, lobster and squid. Within a species, metabolite profiles for distinct cell classes were generally consistent. We found several metabolite-based cell classifications that mirrored function or receptor protein-based classifications. Although profiles of all six metabolites differed across species, we found that specific metabolites were associated with certain cell types. For example, elevated levels of glutathione were characteristic of nonsensory cells from vertebrates, suggesting an antioxidative role in non-neuronal cells in sensory tissues. Collectively, we found significantly different metabolite profiles for distinct cell populations in chemosensory tissue within all of the species studied. Based on their roles in other systems or cells, we discuss the roles of L-arginine, L-aspartate, L-glutamate, glycine, glutathione, and taurine within chemosensory epithelia.
Sympathetic interfaces: using a plush toy to direct synthetic characters

We introduce the concept of a sympathetic inter$ace for controlling an animated synthetic character in a 3D virtual environment. A plush doll embedded with wireless sensors is used to manipulate the virtual character in an iconic and intentional manner. The interface extends from the novel physical input device through interpretation of sensor data to the behavioral brain of the virtual character. We discuss the design of the interface and focus on its latest instantiation in the Swamped! exhibit at SIGGRAPH 98. We also present what we learned from hundreds of casual users, who ranged from young children to adults.
Target set and target tube reachability criteria for approximated discrete systems

S is taken to be a discrete linear dynamical system. The matrices A(k+1,k), B(k+1,k) and C(k+1) describing S are assumed to be unknown. M is a linear model of S described by known matrices Am(k+1,k), Bm(k+1,k) and Cm(k+1). The dimension of A is permitted to exceed Am. A known error bound ? describes the approximation of S by M, i.e., it is assumed that a bound is available on the error between the outputs of M and S corresponding to the same input. A target set Yt is said to be strongly reachable from S (at time k) if a control sequence can be found such that the output of S remains within Yt from time k until the terminal time N. Using the theory of convex analysis, necessary and sufficient conditions are described for strong reachability of Yt. The target set reachability problem for deterministic systems (? = 0) and norm uncertain systems (? depends linearly on the norm of control) are considered as special cases of the main result.
Effects of foam on ocean surface microwave emission inferred from radiometric observations of reproducible breaking waves

WindSat, the first satellite polarimetric microwave radiometer, and the NPOESS Conical Microwave Imager/Sounder both have as a key objective the retrieval of the ocean surface wind vector from radiometric brightness temperatures. Available observations and models to date show that the wind direction signal is only 1-3 K peak-to-peak at 19 and 37 GHz, much smaller than the wind speed signal. In order to obtain sufficient accuracy for reliable wind direction retrieval, uncertainties in geophysical modeling of the sea surface emission on the order of 0.2 K need to be removed. The surface roughness spectrum has been addressed by many studies, but the azimuthal signature of the microwave emission from breaking waves and foam has not been adequately addressed. Recently, a number of experiments have been conducted to quantify the increase in sea surface microwave emission due to foam. Measurements from the Floating Instrumentation Platform indicated that the increase in ocean surface emission due to breaking waves may depend on the incidence and azimuth angles of observation. The need to quantify this dependence motivated systematic measurement of the microwave emission from reproducible breaking waves as a function of incidence and azimuth angles. A number of empirical parameterizations of whitecap coverage with wind speed were used to estimate the increase in brightness temperatures measured by a satellite microwave radiometer due to wave breaking in the field of view. These results provide the first empirically based parameterization with wind speed of the effect of breaking waves and foam on satellite brightness temperatures at 10.8, 19, and 37 GHz.
The effects of localised fatigue on upper extremity jump shot kinematics and kinetics in team handball.

ABSTRACTTeam handball is a popular sport worldwide that requires numerous throws to be made throughout the course of a game. Because of the upper extremity demands of repetitive throwing, it is possible that fatigue can alter the mechanics of a shot. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of localised fatigue on jump shot kinematics and kinetics. Eleven male team handball players (23.1 ± 3.1 years; 185.1 ± 8.3 cm; 89.7 ± 12.2 kg) volunteered. An electromagnetic tracking system was used to examine the jump shot prior to and following localised fatigue. The fatiguing protocol consisted of throwing a 2.2 kg medicine ball into a rebounder until volitional fatigue. No significant kinematic or kinetic differences were observed following fatigue. Shoulder external rotation was −74.8 ± 14.9° prior to and −79.0 ± 14.7° following fatigue at MER. Scapula, external rotation at ball release (BR) prior to fatigue was −2.2 ± 7.0° and −3.2 ± 11.1° following fatigue. Scapular internal rotation, at maximu...
Electrolyte composition of histamine stimulated gastric juice from intact stomachs of unanesthetized dogs.

SummaryAnalyses of gastric contents collected during a 3-hour infusion of histamine (maximal stimulation) in unanesthetized, gastric fistula dogs revealed statistically significant negative correlations between [Na+] and [H+], and between [K+] and [H+]. K+ output, H+ output, and Cl- output were positively correlated with output of water during this infusion. [K+] and volume-rate of secretion were inversely correlated during the first hour of infusion and positively correlated during the second and third hours.
Predictors of response to divalproex and lithium.

Predictors of response to mood stabilizers are of interest to psychiatrists because patients want and deserve prompt improvement, need to preserve limited hospital benefits, and desire agents that are both efficacious and free of adverse effects. Clinically practical guidelines for the likelihood of lithium responsiveness include mild and uncomplicated illness, pure manic symptomatology, prior response to lithium, and infrequent episodes. Divalproex has a broader spectrum of responders and has approximately equal benefit for patients with pure mania as for those with several forms of bipolar disorder that respond poorly to lithium (e.g., mixed mania, rapid cycling, comorbid substance abuse, and secondary bipolar disorder). Carbamazepine may be effective in patients who failed to respond to lithium and is more likely to be effective as part of combined drug therapy than as monotherapy. This review points out that, although the number of firm findings regarding predictors of response and the features associated with response are few, many of these can be combined with other general clinical information about the status of the patient to provide a guide to treatment selection and implementation of a therapeutic regimen.
Cloud Computing Application Technology of Massive Lightning Monitoring Data

Firstly,the structure of the lightning location system and the state of the art are described.The characteristics of lightning monitoring data and its computing amount are analyzed.Secondly,based on the massive lightning monitoring data monitored by the grid lightning location system of China over the years,cloud computing technology capable of implementing reliable access and high performance computation of massive lightning data is proposed,realizing the stability,expansibility and application mode diversification of the lightning application system.Through a comparative analysis on cloud computing technology selection,the lightning information system architecture based on cloud computing is put forward as the preliminary design.
Religious Affiliation and Open-Mindedness in Binocular Resolution

20 Ss, 10 Jewish and 10 Catholic, were exposed to a stereoscopic task and a test of open-mindedness. The stereoscopic task involved a series of 22 slides pairing Jewish and Catholic symbols, words ...
Patenting of Biotech Research Tools in the Republic of Macedonia: Creating a Sustainable Model of Experimental Use Exemptions to Patent Infringement

In today’s knowledge based, innovation driven, globalized economy it is presumed that the patent system is an effective incentive mechanism for research and development (R&D) in the field of biotechnology where innovations are supposed to have long gestation periods. The Republic of Macedonia is a small developing country having no particular legislative and public policy aimed towards the growth of the biotech sector. One of the vigorously debated topics in the biotech field has been the issue of patenting of biotech research tools. There are two poles of arguments which dominate the academic debate. The first pole of arguments gravitates around the assumption that biotech research tools should be patented because the patent system acts as an incentive for biotech companies to invest in R&D aimed towards development of biotech research tools. It is rational for the patentee to encourage researchers to use the research tool since this is the way of making profit. Thus, it is highly improbable that the patentee will make the use of the tool burdensome through high prices or the withholding of authorization. The second pole of arguments revolves around the premise that patents on biotechnology research tools might impede future research by creating “patent-thickets” and preventing researchers from performing experiments that rely on patented tools without authorization and royalty payments. Some scholars go even further and argue that because university based researchers typically do not harness the patent system as private sector researchers do, a research exemption should be crafted to cover them.Hence it is of extreme importance for the Macedonian legislator to craft and implement a viable model of experimental use exemptions to infringement of biotech research tools’ patents, in order to entice the endogenous growth of the Macedonian biotech sector. Nonetheless it must be noted that a direct causal relationship between the legislative actions and the growth of the biotech sector is a simplified representation of the reality and further econometric and statistical research is needed in this regard.
Analysis of Super-Gaussian Statistics of N-Harmonic Fields by Nonlinear Gaussian Expansions

In this paper, we propose a new approach to the analysis of stochastic processes (such as fluctuating laser fields) with super-Gaussian statistics: the expansion of stochastic processes in terms of first and higher powers of Gaussian components, which are used like a basis set. We apply this approach to treat the super-Gaussian correlation effects observed in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering experiments using frequency-doubled pump-laser fields. Our results give much better agreement with experimental data than previous theories do.
Economic evaluation of small modular nuclear reactors and the complications of regulatory fee structures

Carbon emission concerns and volatility in fossil fuel resources have renewed world-wide interest in nuclear energy as a solution to growing energy demands. Several large nuclear reactors are currently under construction in the United States, representing the first new construction in over 30 years. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) have been in design for many years and offer potential technical and economic advantages compared with traditionally larger reactors. Current SMR capital and operational expenses have a wide range of uncertainty. This work evaluates the potential for SMRs in the US, develops a robust techno-economic assessment of SMRs, and leverages the model to evaluate US regulatory fees structures. Modeling includes capital expenses of a factory facility and capital and operational expenses with multiple scenarios explored through a component-level capital cost model. Policy regarding the licensing and regulation of SMRs is under development with proposed annual US regulatory fees evaluated through the developed techno-economic model. Results show regulatory fees are a potential barrier to the economic viability of SMRs with an alternate fee structure proposed and evaluated. The proposed fee structure is based on the re-distribution of fees for all nuclear reactors under a single structure based on reactor thermal power rating.
Academic Librarians and Book Reviewing

This article illustrates academic librarians and book reviewing. Key features covered are library periodicals with book review columns, book review requirements, suggestions for book reviewers, types of books to review, taking notes, criteria to include, start and finish, submission of a completed book review, sending a thank you, and book reviewing profits. The author reveals techniques used by book reviewers on reviewing a book from start to finish. Readers discover several library periodicals the readers can serve as book reviewers for. Book reviews are so essential to numerous stakeholders. Reviewing books may be an important career strategy to advance in the academic librarian profession because book reviewing can be added to vitas, annual evaluations and dossiers creating a promotion, an increase in pay, or a new job. Additionally, book reviews are an important contribution to scholarly communication since book reviews increase a librarian’s knowledge that is shared with patrons and fellow librarians. The role of book reviews in serving the academic librarian community is to assist book buyers and acquisitions librarians in the decision to purchase books. Reviews are so invaluable to authors and publishers for the promotion of the sale of their books.
Brand Moderators of Word of Mouth Conversations and Consumer Consequences

Using a sample of over 500 brands and 150,000 WOM conversations, this study demonstrates that brand characteristics influence a WOM recipients’ purchase intentions. These findings are integrated alongside previous research that focuses on how brand characteristics influence the quantity of WOM for a brand. By integrating the WOM impact study with the aforementioned WOM quantity research, a more complete picture of the brand-WOM relationship emerges. Relevant insights for managers and academics alike are discussed.
"Damage Control" Hand Surgery: Evaluation and Emergency Management of the Mangled Hand.

Mangled hand injuries are defined as those with significant damage to multiple structures, which may be limb threatening. Historically these injuries resulted in amputation or death, but modern surgical and perioperative advances allow for complex reconstruction and the possibility of a sensate and functional limb. Evaluation begins with surveying for life-threatening injuries followed by a systematic approach to identify injured structures; management begins with preserving all parts, minimizing warm ischemia time, performing debridement, and planning an operative approach to optimize the chance of a functional limb. With careful surgical planning and a well-executed reconstruction, most limbs can be salvaged.
Anger and Psychopathology

Anger has semantic, conceptual, and empirical links to psychopathology. It has long been associated with madness, a diseased mind, and behavioral dyscontrol; claims of temporary insanity and the “heat of passion” defense feature anger. As an eruptive and turbulent emotion, anger activates violent behavior among psychiatric patients, before, during, and after hospitalization. Unlike anxiety and depression, there is no diagnostic category for anger, except perhaps intermittent explosive disorder, for which the criterion is aggressive behavior. Being intrinsically related to threat perception, anger is manifested in a wide variety of psychiatric disorders. With the inherent functionality of anger as point of departure, its involvement in adult psychopathology is presented. Anger emerges in conjunction with delusions and command hallucinations in psychotic disorders, the emotional instability attributes of personality disorders, irritability and “attacks” in mood disorders, impulse control disorders, intellectual disabilities, dementia, and exotic cultural-bound syndromes. As anger often results from trauma, it can be salient in PTSD, significantly affecting the severity and course of PTSD symptoms. The central characteristic of anger in the broad context of clinical disorders is dysregulation – its activation, expression, and experience occur without appropriate controls. Cautions against pathologizing an important emotional state are discussed, along with gains being made in anger treatment.
Epidemiology and Presentation

Upper Urinary Tract (UUT) urothelial malignancy, a relatively uncommon urologic cancer, is defined as a neoplastic growth affecting the urothelial lining of the renal pyelocalyceal system and the ureter and likely represent a “field defect”, in that the entire urothelium is exposed to carcinogen and susceptible to malignant transformation (Sagalowsky in Campbell-Walsh Urology. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA, 2011 [13]). Like patients with bladder transitional cell cancer, patients with UUT transitional cell cancer, have a similar age, sex, and race distribution in that the majority of the patients are older than 60 years, male and caucasian (David et al. in Cancer 1:1435–47, 2009 [1]). They also share some of the same risk factors such as smoking and occupational carcinogen exposure but UUT urothelial malignancy have some unique risk factors of its own, for example, being part of certain genetic syndrome and exposure to Aristolochic Acid (Colin et al. in BJU Int. 104:1436–40, 2009 [19]). In this chapter, the epidemiology, presentation and risk factors for upper urinary tract urothelial malignancy are discussed.
Application of Piagetian Theory to Remediation of Reasoning

A decade or more has elapsed since Piaget was “rediscovered,” and during the intervening years there have been continued and varied attempts to incorporate his theory into classroom practices. Although Piaget has been a prolific author, he has not supplied a guide book on “How to Practice Piaget” and probably will not! Yet guidelines do evolve as one reviews his theoretical writings. Throughout his work there is a recurring theme: intellectual development proceeds as the child interacts with his environment—with the objects and people around him. He states that “a child knows an object only to the extent to which he has acted upon it.” When urged to cite the educational approach that was most compatible with his theory, he stated that perhaps it was Dewey’s learning by doing—an active student situation.
Potential Role of Antipsychotic-Galantamine-Memantine Combination in the Treatment of Positive, Cognitive, and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is, in part, a cognitive illness. There are no approved medications for cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS) and primary negative symptoms. Cholinergic and glutamatergic systems, alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine (α-7nACh) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, kynurenic acid (KYNA), and mismatch negativity have been implicated in the pathophysiology of CIAS and negative symptoms. Galantamine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that is also a positive allosteric modulator at the α4β2 and α7nACh receptors. Memantine is a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist. Galantamine and memantine alone and in combination were effective for cognition in animals and people with Alzheimer's disease. The objective of this article is to critically dissect the published randomized controlled trials with galantamine and memantine for CIAS to highlight the efficacy signal. These studies may have failed to detect a clinically meaningful efficacy signal due to limitations, methodological issues, and possible medication nonadherence. There is evidence from a small open-label study that the galantamine-memantine combination may be effective for CIAS with kynurenine pathway metabolites as biomarkers to detect the severity of cognitive impairments. Given that there are no available treatments for cognitive impairments and primary negative symptoms in schizophrenia, testing of this "five-pronged strategy" (quintuple hypotheses: dopamine, nicotinic-cholinergic, glutamatergic/NMDA, GABA, and KYNA) is a "low-risk high-gain" approach that could be a major breakthrough in the field. The galantamine-memantine combination has the potential to treat positive, cognitive, and negative symptoms, and targeting the quintuple hypotheses concurrently may lead to a major scientific advancement - from antipsychotic treatment to antischizophrenia treatment.
Beauty and the Beast: Disney's Use of the Q and H-1B Visas

The Walt Disney Company made national headlines in 2015 when its former information-technology employees went public with the news that they had been fired and asked to train their replacements: foreign workers holding H-1B visas. Disney’s move was spotlighted during the 2016 presidential campaign as then-candidate Donald Trump railed against Disney’s use of H-1B visas to employ people, “imported from abroad, for the explicit purpose of substituting for American workers at lower pay.” What few appreciate is that Disney is not new to working the immigration laws to its advantage. Just at the Walt Disney World resort in Orlando, Florida, the company has employed student workers on J visas, vocational students on M visas, intra-company transferees from other parks around the world on L visas, Walt Disney World alumni on short-term H-2B visas, trainees on H-3 visas, and treaty investors on E-2 visas. Disney even led a lobbying effort to create a new visa category uniquely applicable to overseas workers staffing its Epcot theme park’s World Showcase attractions – the Q visa. This Article takes a particular look at two Disney visa stories. Part I examines the company’s successful below-the-radar creation of the Q visa. Part II considers the public-relations fiasco that followed the firing of Disney IT workers and their replacement with H-1B visa-holders. Thinking about these two stories side-by-side pushes us to confront at least two questions: first, how do we feel about corporate users of the immigration system tailoring that system to fit their own needs? And second, how do we feel about corporate users of the immigration system making use of that system to replace U.S. workers with noncitizen labor?
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis in a Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Rapidly Progressing Peribronchovascular Pulmonary Infiltrates

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LG) is an EBV-associated angiodestructive lymphoproliferative disease with multiorgan involvement that predominantly affects the lungs. We present a case of a 72-year-old man with a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia who presented with upper respiratory symptoms and multiple erythematous skin papules. Chest CT showed ill-defined, irregular solid pulmonary nodules with peripheral ground-glass opacities in a peribronchovascular distribution. The differential for this pattern of lung disease is vast which includes but is not limited to infection, vasculitis, sarcoidosis, lymphoma, and Kaposi sarcoma. Subsequent PET/CT showed rapid progression of lung opacities and marked FDG uptake of pulmonary opacities and skin nodules, which raised the question of Richter syndrome. Wedge biopsy under video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed. Pathology showed an extensive lymphoid infiltrate involving lymphatic and bronchovascular bundles and consisting of a mixture of large lymphocytes and inflammatory cells. Special stains showed that the large lymphocytes expressed B-cell markers and EBV virus. Overall, the findings were consistent with LG.