cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spin injection from a half-metal at finite temperatures

Spin injection from a half-metallic electrode in the presence of thermal spin disorder is analyzed using a combination of random matrix theory, spin-diffusion theory, and explicit simulations for the tight-binding $s$-$d$ model. It is shown that efficient spin injection from a half-metal is possible as long as the effective resistance of the normal metal does not exceed a characteristic value, which does not depend on the resistance of the half-metallic electrode but, rather, is controlled by spin-flip scattering at the interface. This condition can be formulated as $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\lesssim}l/{l}_{sf}^{N}{T}_{c}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the relative deviation of the magnetization from saturation, $l$ and ${l}_{sf}^{N}$ are the mean-free path and the spin-diffusion length in the nonmagnetic channel, and ${T}_{c}$ is the transparency of the tunnel barrier at the interface (if present). The general conclusions are confirmed by tight-binding $s$-$d$ model calculations. A rough estimate suggests that efficient spin injection from true half-metallic ferromagnets into silicon or copper may be possible at room temperature across a transparent interface.
Conditional Ablation of Gata4 and Fog2 Genes in Mice Reveals their Distinct Roles in Mammalian Sexual Differentiation

Assembly of functioning testis and ovary requires a GATA4-FOG2 transcriptional complex. To define the separate roles for GATA4 and FOG2 proteins in sexual development of the testis we have ablated the corresponding genes in somatic gonadal cells. We have established that GATA4 is required for testis differentiation, for the expression of Dmrt1 gene, and for testis cord morphogenesis. While Sf1Cre-mediated excision of Gata4 permitted normal expression of most genes associated with embryonic testis development, gonadal loss of Fog2 resulted in an early partial block in male pathway and sex reversal. We have also determined that testis sexual differentiation is sensitive to the timing of GATA4 loss during embryogenesis. Our results now demonstrate that these two genes also have non-overlapping essential functions in testis development.
Multivalent activation in temporary phosphate tethers: a new tether for small molecule synthesis.

A new tether for small molecule synthesis is reported. This functionally active tether mediates the desymmetrization of a pseudo-C2-symmetric tris-allylic phosphate triester to generate a P-chiral bicyclo[4.3.1]phosphate containing ample steric and stereoelectronic differentiation for investigating chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective transformations. Overall, the method reported herein demonstrates a fundamentally new role of phosphates in synthesis and provides differentiated polyol building blocks for use in natural product synthesis.
Saturation effects on ultraviolet resonance Raman intensities : excimer/YAG laser comparison and aromatic amino acid cross-sections

Substantial saturation effects are noted for resonance Raman (RR) bands of the aromatic residues in cytochrome c (excited at 230 nm) with an H2 Raman-shifted YAG or a frequency-doubled excimer-pumped dye laser. At a given average power, saturation is much lower for excimer than for YAG excitation because of the longer pulse and higher repetition rate of the excimer laser. The signal quality at low average power is significantly higher for the excimer-excited spectra. Ultraviolet RR cross-sections have been redetermined for aqueous phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan at a series of wavelengths from 240 to 192 nm. The excimer laser was used at 209 nm and longer wavelengths, and in addition deconvolution techniques were applied to better define the individual RR bands. These improvements led to quantitative changes in the cross-section values from those reported previously, but the interpretation of the excitation profiles in terms of excited-state properties of the aromatic residues remains unchanged.
Workup of the patient with an abnormal Papanicolaou smear

Abstract There is a premium placed upon the detection of cervical squamous cell cancer precursors in their earliest stages as they are most amenable to nonsurgical management techniques in the early stages and the risk of missing an invasive cancer is substantially reduced. For the patient with an abnormal Papanicolaou smear, examination by a skilled colposcopist followed by multiple punch biopsies of the colposcopically abnormal areas and a thorough endocervical curettage is the diagnostic method of choice unless the patient is pregnant or there are other contravening clinical factors. The patient with a lesion with a size and distribution which makes it amenable to outpatient therapy and in whom invasive cancer has been excluded may be treated by a variety of outpatient modalities, including hot cautery, cryotherapy, or carbon dioxide laser. These techniques appear to be equally effective, and the patient appears to have a relatively low risk of developing a new lesion once the original disease has been eradicated and she has had three negative Papanicolaou smears.
Boundary conditions for performance cue effects on group process ratings: Familiarity versus type of feedback

Abstract This study focused on the role of member familiarity and the nature of performance cues as determinants of the relation between performance information and group process ratings. Specifically, groups performed three 1-hr experimental tasks on separate days and were given bogus performance feedback indicating either poor, poor, poor; poor, good, poor; good, poor, good; or good, good, good performance for the three tasks. Since group members were moderately familiar, no difference in process perceptions among the four experimental conditions should occur if low familiarity is a necessary requirement for performance cue effects; however, if the nature of the performance cues is a crucial factor, perceptions of group processes should differ among feedback conditions. Results clearly indicate that the nature of the performance cue, not familiarity among raters, is the crucial variable. Differences among performance conditions produced significant distortions in 14 of 23 perceptual items. Moreover, in each case the significant differences could be explained by a linear trend indicating that the favorableness of process ratings increased with the favorableness of performance feedback.
A hybrid computer technique for detecting sharp EEG transients.

Abstract A technique is described which uses a hybrid computer system for the detection of waves in an EEG signal which are relatively sharper than the background activity.
Association between recurrent spontaneous abortions and circulating IgG antibodies to sperm tails in women.

Abstract The isotype and regional specificity of antisperm antibodies in the circulation of women with recurrent spontaneous abortions was examined. There was a statistically significant association ( P
Impaired clearance of apoptotic cells in germinal centers: implications for loss of B cell tolerance and induction of autoimmunity

Germinal centers (GCs) comprise lymphoid microenvironments where antigen-stimulated B cells undergo rapid proliferation and somatic hypermutation (SHM), resulting in the generation of B cells with high affinity for antigen. However, this process also generates B cell clones with low antigen affinity and with the potential for autoreactivity. It has been suggested that GC B cells with low antigen affinity and autoreactivity are eliminated via apoptosis and are rapidly cleared by tingible body macrophages (TBMφs). Inefficient clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) results in autoimmunity that is thought to be mediated by various intracellular molecules possessing danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including nuclear self-Ags. DAMPs can be released from ACs undergoing “secondary necrosis” due to a disruption in AC clearance within GCs. This review discusses the role and mechanisms associated with impaired clearance of ACs in GCs in loss of B cell tolerance leading to autoantibody production and the development of autoimmunity.
Safe Laser Beam Propagation for Interplanetary Links

Ground-to-space laser uplinks to Earth–orbiting satellites and deep space probes serve both as a beacon and an uplink command channel for deep space probes and Earth-orbiting satellites. An acquisition and tracking point design to support a high bandwidth downlink from a 20-cm optical terminal on an orbiting Mars spacecraft typically calls for 2.5 kW of 1030-nm uplink optical power in 40 micro-radians divergent beams.2 The NOHD (nominal ocular hazard distance) of the 1030nm uplink is in excess of 2E5 km, approximately half the distance to the moon. Recognizing the possible threat of high power laser uplinks to the flying public and to sensitive Earth-orbiting satellites, JPL developed a three-tiered system at its Optical Communications Telescope Laboratory (OCTL) to ensure safe laser beam propagation through navigational and near-Earth space.
Yeast aspartic protease 3 is sorted to secretory granules and activated to process proopiomelanocortin in PC12 cells.

The subcellular localization and functionality of transfected yeast aspartic protease 3 (YAP3p) in a mammalian cell line were investigated. The complementary DNAs encoding the prohormone-processing enzyme (YAP3p) and a prohormone, bovine POMC, were cotransfected into PC12 (rat pheochromocytoma) cells. Immunocytochemical analysis of the cells using a YAP3p antibody showed a perinuclear punctate distribution of YAP3p in the cell body as well as immunostaining in the tips of the neurites. This pattern of immunostaining indicates localization of YAP3p in secretory granules. Analysis of the processing of POMC showed that in cells transfected with the POMC complementary DNA alone, only POMC was found, indicating a lack of processing of the prohormone. However, in cells coexpressing YAP3p, the POMC was completely processed to yield ACTH-(1-39) and ACTH-(1-14), consistent with the specificity of YAP3p found in vitro. Pulse-chase studies showed that POMC was processed after 20 min of chase, suggesting that process...
Sex determination in Miocene catarrhine primates

Canines of fossil hominoids and primitive catarrhines from several early, middle, and late Miocene sites were analyzed according to the shape indices described in Kelley (1995) and compared to those of males and females of extant great apes. In bivariate plots of the fossil canines utilizing the indices, 90% of the upper canines and 85% of the lower canines fell within or just outside the exclusively male or exclusively female territories delimited by the extant great apes. The remainder fell in the male-female overlap zones. Sex assignments based on these distributions were nearly 100% concordant with classifications according to canine height, suggesting a high degree of accuracy. There were various taxon-specific shifts in bivariate space among fossil genera, reflecting subtle differences in canine shape between taxa within the overall pattern of similarity to extant great apes as a whole. In many cases these shifts are matched by particular extant-ape species and subspecies, while other fossil taxa have no exact analogue for canine shape among the extant great apes. However, the pattern of spatial segregation of canines identified as either male or female at each of the sites largely mirrors that of males and females within the extant-ape sample, indicating that Miocene catarrhines shared with extant great apes a common pattern of shape differences between male and female canines, regardless of taxonspecific morphologies. These observations demonstrate that the canines of fossil catarrhines can be sexed with a high degree of confidence based solely on intrinsic features of shape. This will permit more reliable characterizations of morphological sexual dimorphism among fossil species. It is also argued that canine shape is a more reliable indicator of sex in fossil taxa than are canine/molar size ratios. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Generalized Software Requirements to Access Thesauri and Classification Schemes for User-Based Image Collections

This paper describes proposed schemes for describing and indexing two image collections and equirements for the software that would give the end-user access to thesaurus terms and a graphical display of the faceted classification structures of indexing records. Editorial cartoons comprise one collection, dance videos the other.
Hexagonal to Mesocellular Foam Phase Transition in Polymer-Templated Mesoporous Silicas

We have investigated the phase transition between two distinct mesoporous silicas: SBA-15, comprising a hexagonally packed arrangement of cylindrical pores (6−12 nm in diameter), and mesocellular silica foams (MCF), consisting of spherical voids (22−42 nm in diameter) interconnected by “windows” of ∼10 nm. Both SBA-15 and MCF are formed using an amphiphilic triblock copolymer (Pluronic P123) as a template. The synthesis conditions for the two materials are identical, except substantial trimethylbenzene is added to form MCF. We find that the phase transition occurs at an oil−polymer mass ratio of 0.2−0.3. Although the pore structures and pore sizes change dramatically, the mean surface curvature of the system remains essentially the same throughout the transition.
Determining the density of states for classical statistical models by a flat-histogram random walk☆

We describe an efficient and general Monte Carlo algorithm using a flat-histogram random walk to obtain a very accurate estimate of the density of states for classical statistical models. Using this method, we not only can avoid repeating simulations at multiple temperatures but can also estimate the free energy and entropy, quantities which are not directly accessible by conventional Monte Carlo simulations. We apply our algorithm to a spin system to show its accuracy. Since all possible points in the random walk space are visited with the same probability, this algorithm is especially useful for complex systems with rough landscapes such as spin glass models.
Coactosin-Like 1 Antagonizes Cofilin to Promote Lamellipodial Protrusion at the Immune Synapse

Actin depolymerizing factor-homology (ADF-H) family proteins regulate actin filament dynamics at multiple cellular locations. Herein, we have investigated the function of the ADF-H family member coactosin-like 1 (COTL1) in the regulation of actin dynamics at the T cell immune synapse (IS). We initially identified COTL1 in a genetic screen to identify novel regulators of T cell activation, and subsequently found that it associates with F-actin and localizes at the IS in response to TCR+CD28 stimulation. Live cell microscopy showed that depletion of COTL1 protein impaired T cell spreading in response to TCR ligation and abrogated lamellipodial protrusion at the T cell – B cell contact site, producing only a band of F-actin. Significantly, re-expression of wild type COTL1, but not a mutant deficient in F-actin binding could rescue these defects. In addition, COTL1 depletion reduced T cell migration. In vitro studies showed that COTL1 and cofilin compete with each other for binding to F-actin, and COTL1 protects F-actin from cofilin-mediated depolymerization. While depletion of cofilin enhanced F-actin assembly and lamellipodial protrusion at the IS, concurrent depletion of both COTL1 and cofilin restored lamellipodia formation. Taken together, our results suggest that COTL1 regulates lamellipodia dynamics in part by protecting F-actin from cofilin-mediated disassembly.
Optical design and optimization with physical optics

General optimization has been added to a physical optics code allowing semi-automatic design similar to geometrical design codes but including more varied capabilities. 1.
Quality of life for persons living with schizophrenia: more than just symptoms.

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disability that presents a range of challenges for those with the illness and their families. With advances in neuroleptic and psychosocial interventions, treatments have expanded beyond simply reducing the symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Treatments today increasingly focus on improving quality of life, which can be broadly conceptualized as (1) objective quality of life, or a person’s health status and access to resources and opportunities, and (2) subjective quality of life, or a person’s sense of well-being and satisfaction with life (Lehman, 1988). This emphasis has necessitated the elucidation of factors that affect quality of life for persons with schizophrenia. To date, most research on the determinants of quality of life in schizophrenia has focused on the impact of psychiatric symptoms, and indicated that anxiety and depressive symptoms, in particular, have an important negative impact on quality of life (see Lambert & Naber, 2004 for review). Unfortunately, investigations into the psychosocial influences of quality of life have been sparse, which has narrowed treatment development efforts and provided a limited picture with regard to the quality of life individuals with schizophrenia can attain, as if control of symptoms is the most that can be expected. The studies that have investigated the role of factors other than psychiatric symptoms in the quality of life of individuals in schizophrenia have suggested that both social support and the meeting of basic needs (e.g., housing) have an important positive impact on quality of life (e.g., Becker, Leese, Krumm, Ruggeri, & Vazquez-Barquero, 2005; Ritsner, 2003). For example, a recent study found that improvement in social support was a significant predictor of improved quality of life among individuals with schizophrenia living on inpatient units (Ritsner, 2003). While compelling, these studies have primarily relied on subjective measurement strategies and focused largely on persons residing on inpatient units. This is limiting because different factors may influence the quality of life of individuals living in community settings, and individuals with schizophrenia may throttle their expectations for quality of life, such that subjective evaluations are inflated compared to objective life circumstances (Katschnig, 1997). As such, it is necessary to examine the influence of social support and unmet need on subjective and objective quality of life among individuals living in the community. To date, the importance of these factors, above and beyond symptomatology, to individuals residing community settings is largely unknown. Such information is vital to guiding the development of community-based interventions for enhancing quality of life among individuals with schizophrenia.
Online Safety Control Decision-Making Optimization Based on Operation Risk of Grid

This paper put forward the online safety control decision-making optimization based on operation risk of the grid. The method emphasized on combining with the present situation of the application of the three-defense-line by risk classification. Then new preventive control model based on risk is presented, and the effect to emergency control and corrective control is considered.
Early detection of type errors in C++ templates

Current C++ implementations typecheck templates in two phases: Before instantiation, those parts of the template are checked that do not depend on template parameters, while the checking of the remaining parts is delayed until template instantiation time when the template arguments become available. This approach is problematic because it causes two major usability problems. First, it prevents library developers to provide guarantees about the type correctness for modules involving templates. Second, it can lead, through the incorrect use of template functions, to inscrutable error messages. Moreover, errors are often reported far away from the source of the program fault.To address this problem, we have developed a type system for Garcia's type-reflective calculus that allows a more precise characterization of types and thus a better utilization of type information within template definitions. This type system allows the static detection of many type errors that could previously only be detected after template instantiation. The additional precision and earlier detection time is achieved through the use of so-called "choice types" and corresponding typing rules that support the static reasoning about underspecified template types. The main contribution of this paper is a guarantee of the type safety of C++ templates (general definitions with specializations) since we can show that well-typed templates only generate well-typed object programs.
Electron Microscopic Study of Corneal Epithelial-Endothelial Interactions in Organ Culture

Abstract The interactions between rabbit corneal epithelium and endothelium were investigated in an organ culture model using scanning electron microscopy and correlative light microscopy. Following mechanical removal of corneal endothelium, corneal epithelium was observed to migrate across the cut surface of the corneal stroma and onto the denuded Descemet's membrane after 48 hours in organ culture. By 72 hours, a distinct line of contact between the migrated epithelium and endothelium was established. Following epithelialendothelial contact, no cellular migration occurred. Corneal endothelial inhibition of epithelial migration may be a major factor in the prevention of surface epithelial invasion and proliferation following surgery and trauma.
Physiological 3β-hydroxy-5-ene steroid substrates bind to 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase without the prior binding of cofactor

Abstract 3β-Hydroxy-Δ 5 -steroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD)/steroid Δ 5−4 -isomerase catalyses the conversion of 3β-hydroxy-5-ene steroids (e.g. pregnenolone) to 3-oxo-4-ene-steroids (progesterone) in human placenta. Isotope exchange at equilibrium using NAD + /NADH and the 5α-reduced steroids, 5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol and 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one, determined a cofactor-first order of binding for these 3β-HSD substrates [1]. Exchange at equilibrium cannot be performed with 3β-hydroxy-5-ene steroids because 3β-HSD is not reversible with the 5-ene substrates. To compare their cofactor requirements for binding, 3β-hydroxy-5-ene and 3β-hydroxy-5α-reduced steroids were tested as protectors against the inactivation of purified human placental 3β-HSD by 2α-bromoacetoxyprogesterone (2α-BAP) in the presence or absence of cofactor. In incubations without cofactor, pregnenolone or dehydroepiandrosterone dramatically slowed (protected) the rate of 3β-HSD inactivation by 2α-BAP, an affinity alkylator that binds specifically at the 3β-HSD substrate site. In contrast, 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one, 5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol, or 11α-acetoxy-5α-pregnan-3,20-dione protected 3β-HSD from inactivation by 2α-BAP only in the presence of NADH (0.3 μM) or NAD + (10 μM). At these low concentrations, neither NADH nor NAD + slowed the inactivation of 3β-HSD by 2α-BAP in the absence of protector-steroid. Further, the 3-oxo-5α-reduced alkylator, 11α-bromoacetoxy-5α-pregnan-3,20-dione (11α-BA-5α-P), did not inactivate 3β-HSD in a specific manner. After pre-incubation with NAD + (10 μM), 11α-BA-5α-P inactivated 3β-HSD rapidly and specifically (t 1/2 = 3.7 min). 11α-Bromoacetoxyprogesterone inactivated 3β-HSD at the same rate (t 1/2 = 5.0 min) in the presence or absence of NAD + . These affinity labelling studies confirm the cofactor-first binding order for 3β-hydroxy-5α-reduced steroids, and conclusively show that the more important, physiological 3β-hydroxy-5-ene substrates bind to 3β-HSD without a cofactor requirement.
Interfacial effects in gaseous reduction of PbO-SiO2 melts

The reduction of PbO-SiO2 melts by H2-N2 mixtures was investigated at 1173 K using a thermo-gravimetric arrangement. Some of the experiments were specially designed to assess the relative magnitudes of reaction rates at slag/gas, slag/refractory, and slag/metal interfaces. Analysis of the rate data revealed that the reaction rates at slag/gas and slag/refractory interfaces were comparable to each other. Reduction did not occur appreciably at the slag/metal interface. The concentration profiles of lead oxide in the partially reduced quenched slag samples were determined by electron microprobe. Significant concentration gradients of PbO existed at the slag/gas and slag/refractory interfaces. The diffusivity values of lead oxide in the slags were evaluated using the concentration profiles and the rate data. Additions of varied amounts of P2O5 to the slag were found to have a retarding effect on the reduction rate, which may be explained by a surface blockage mechanism.
Transient ectopic expression of PTEN in thyroid cancer cell lines induces cell cycle arrest and cell type-dependent cell death

The tumour suppressor gene PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 has been implicated in a variety of human cancers and several inherited hamartoma tumour syndromes, including Cowden syndrome, which has a high risk of breast and thyroid cancer. We have previously reported that overexpression of PTEN in MCF-7 breast cancer cells induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In this study, we analysed PTEN status at both the structural and expression levels and explored PTEN's growth-suppressive effects on thyroid. We found that 1 of 10 thyroid cancer lines [follicular thyroid carcinoma FTC-133] had hemizygous deletion and a splice variant IVS4--19G-->A in the remaining allele. Four lines, including FTC-133, express PTEN mRNA at low levels. In general, PTEN protein levels correlated with mRNA levels, except for NPA87, which has low levels of transcript and relatively high levels of PTEN protein. Transient expression of PTEN in seven thyroid cancer cell lines resulted in G(1) arrest in two well differentiated papillary thyroid cancer lines (PTCs) and both G(1) arrest and cell death in the remaining five lines, including three FTCs, one poorly differentiated PTC and one undifferentiated thyroid cancer. The level of phosphorylated Akt was inversely correlated with the endogenous level of PTEN protein and overexpression of PTEN-blocked Akt phosphorylation in all cells analysed. Our results suggest that downregulation of PTEN expression at the mRNA level plays a role in PTEN inactivation in thyroid cancer and PTEN exerts its tumour-suppressive effect on thyroid cancer through the inhibition of cell cycle progression alone or both cell cycle progression and cell death.
Total sulfur dioxide emissions and pre‐eruption vapor‐saturated magma at Mount St. Helens, 1980–88

SO2 from explosive volcanism can cause significant climatic and atmospheric impacts, but the source of the sulfur is controversial. TOMS, COSPEC, and ash leachate data for Mount St. Helens from the time of the climactic eruption on 18 May 1980 to the final stages of non-explosive degassing in 1988 give a total SO2 emission of 2 Mt. COSPEC data show a sharp drop in emission rate that was apparently controlled by a decreasing rate of magma supply. A total SO2 emission of only 0.08 Mt is estimated from melt inclusion data and the conventional assumption that the main sulfur source was pre-eruption melt; commonly invoked sources of “excess sulfur” (anhydrite decomposition, basaltic magma, and degassing of non-erupted magma) are unlikely in this case. Thus melt inclusions may significantly underestimate SO2 emissions and impacts of explosive volcanism on climate and the atmosphere. Measured CO2 emissions, together with the H2O content of melt inclusions and experimental solubility data, indicate the Mount St. Helens dacite was vapor-saturated at depth prior to ascent and suggest that a vapor phase was the main source of sulfur for the 2-Mt of SO2. A vapor source is consistent with experimental studies on the Mount St. Helens dacite and removes the need for a much debated shallow magma body.
Ciprofloxacin‐induced torsades de pointes in a methadone‐dependent patient

ABSTRACT Background Methadone has been associated with QT prolongation and Torsades de pointes. Ciprofloxacin may prolong QT interval and induce Torsades de pointes when other risk factors are present. Case description A case is described in which a patient receiving methadone treatment developed Torsades de pointes following the addition of ciprofloxacin. Conclusion Ciprofloxacin should be used with caution in patients receiving methadone.
Implementation of GenePattern within the Stanford Microarray Database

Hundreds of researchers across the world use the Stanford Microarray Database (SMD; http://smd.stanford.edu/) to store, annotate, view, analyze and share microarray data. In addition to providing registered users at Stanford access to their own data, SMD also provides access to public data, and tools with which to analyze those data, to any public user anywhere in the world. Previously, the addition of new microarray data analysis tools to SMD has been limited by available engineering resources, and in addition, the existing suite of tools did not provide a simple way to design, execute and share analysis pipelines, or to document such pipelines for the purposes of publication. To address this, we have incorporated the GenePattern software package directly into SMD, providing access to many new analysis tools, as well as a plug-in architecture that allows users to directly integrate and share additional tools through SMD. In this article, we describe our implementation of the GenePattern microarray analysis software package into the SMD code base. This extension is available with the SMD source code that is fully and freely available to others under an Open Source license, enabling other groups to create a local installation of SMD with an enriched data analysis capability.
Current management of colorectal hepatic metastasis

In the USA, cancers of the colon and rectum are the third most common site of new cancer cases and cancer deaths. With improved screening and adjuvant therapy, the survival of patients has increased substantially over the last decade. However, patients with metastatic disease often have limited survival. Hepatic metastasis is one of the most frequent sites of metastatic disease. In fact, 35-55% of patients with colorectal cancer will develop hepatic metastasis at some time during the course of their disease. Patients who are able to undergo complete resection of their hepatic metastases have the best chance of long-term survival. The goal of hepatic resection is to achieve complete resection of all metastases with microscopically negative surgical margins while preserving sufficient hepatic parenchyma. Survival following hepatic resection of colorectal metastasis now approaches 35-50%. However, approximately 65% of patients will have a recurrence at 5 years. Increasingly chemotherapeutic agents are being offered in the preoperative setting prior to operation. At the time of operation, patients with extensive hepatic disease can sometimes be offered ablative therapies combined with resection or staged approaches. Modern management of hepatic colorectal metastases necessitates a multidisciplinary approach to effectively treat these patients and increase the number of patients who will benefit from resection.
Rapid Prototyping of Quadrotor Controllers using MATLAB RTW and dsPICs

This paper presents a rapid prototyping approach to attitude control algorithms of a quadrotor aerial vehicle. The MATLAB’s Simulink Real Time Workshop (RTW) is used to implement closed loop PID control algorithms for vehicle roll, pitch, and yaw stabilization. The graphical environment of Simulink allows developers to easily implement and tune complex control algorithms. Moreover, RTW automatically generates executable C code for Microchip dsPIC embedded processors. The performance of several control loops is evaluated experimentally.
Dexlansoprazole in the Treatment of Esophagitis and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

OBJECTIVE:To describe the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of dexlansoprazole in the treatment of heartburn associated with nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and healing and maintenance of healing of all grades of erosive esophagitis (EE).DATA SOURCES:Literature searches were conducted using MEDLINE Ovid (1950-December 2009, week 4) and EMBASE (1980-2009, week 53) using the term dexlansoprazole. References from articles obtained from the search were evaluated for other relevant citations.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All articles published in English evaluating the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse effect profile of dexlansoprazole were selected for inclusion.DATA SYNTHESIS:Dexlansoprazole is the newest addition to the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) class and is approved for the treatment of heartburn associated with nonerosive GERD, healing of all grades of EE, as well as maintenance of healing of EE. Dexlansoprazole has a unique dual delayed-release for...
An anthropologist underwater: Immersive soundscapes, submarine cyborgs, and transductive ethnography

In this article, I deliver a first-person anthropological report on a dive to the seafloor in the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's three-person submersible, Alvin. I examine multiple meanings of immersion: as a descent into liquid, an absorption in activity, and the all-encompassing entry of an anthropologist into a cultural medium. Tuning in to the rhythms of what I call the “submarine cyborg”—“doing anthropology in sound,” as advocated by Steven Feld and Donald Brenneis (2004)—I show how interior and exterior soundscapes create a sense of immersion, and I argue that a transductive ethnography can make explicit the technical structures and social practices of sounding, hearing, and listening that support this sense of sonic presence.
Abdominal Aortic Calcium, Coronary Artery Calcium, and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Objective— To evaluate the predictive value of abdominal aortic calcium (AAC) for incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) independent of coronary artery calcium (CAC). Approach and Results— We evaluated the association of AAC with CVD in 1974 men and women aged 45 to 84 years randomly selected from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants who had complete AAC and CAC data from computed tomographic scans. AAC and CAC were each divided into following 3 percentile categories: 0 to 50th, 51st to 75th, and 76th to 100th. During a mean of 5.5 years of follow-up, there were 50 hard coronary heart disease events, 83 hard CVD events, 30 fatal CVD events, and 105 total deaths. In multivariable-adjusted Cox models including both AAC and CAC, comparing the fourth quartile with the ≤50th percentile, AAC and CAC were each significantly and independently predictive of hard coronary heart disease and hard CVD, with hazard ratios ranging from 2.4 to 4.4. For CVD mortality, the hazard ratio was highly significant for the fourth quartile of AAC, 5.9 ( P =0.01), whereas the association for the fourth quartile of CAC (hazard ratio, 2.1) was not significant. For total mortality, the fourth quartile hazard ratio for AAC was 2.7 ( P =0.001), and for CAC, it was 1.9, P =0.04. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve analyses showed improvement for both AAC and CAC separately, although improvement was greater with CAC for hard coronary heart disease and hard CVD, and greater with AAC for CVD mortality and total mortality. Sensitivity analyses defining AAC and CAC as continuous variables mirrored these results. Conclusions— AAC and CAC predicted hard coronary heart disease and hard CVD events independent of one another. Only AAC was independently related to CVD mortality, and AAC showed a stronger association than CAC with total mortality. # Significance {#article-title-31}
David Brian Robertson. Capital, Labor, and State: The Battle for American Labor Markets from the Civil War to the New Deal. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000. Pp. xxii, 297. $22.95, paper.

American employers today enjoy considerably greater latitude in the labor market than do employers in other industrialized economies. Laws protecting unions are weaker, employers can more easily hire and fire workers, minimum-wage laws are less binding, the government plays a smaller role in managing the labor market through public employment offices, and work and unemployment insurance programs are smaller and less costly to employers in the United States than elsewhere. In this book David Brian Robertson, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Missouri, St. Louis, offers an explanation for the unique pattern of labor-market governance that has emerged in the United States.
THE LITERAL SENSE OF SCRIPTURE ACCORDING TO HENRI DE LUBAC: INSIGHTS FROM PATRISTIC EXEGESIS OF THE TRANSFIGURATION

This essay explicates Henri de Lubac's account of Scripture's literal sense as illumined by three patristic interpretations of the Transfiguration. Origen's exegesis highlights de Lubac's deployment of the Incarnational analogy in which history contains, veils, and discloses divine mystery. Similar to Jerome, de Lubac distinguishes the realities of biblical history (as revelatory loci) from their textual articulation. Augustine illustrates the hermeneutical influence of the interpreter's presupposed account of history, to which de Lubac, following Blondel, attributes great importance in approaching the biblical letter. De Lubac's account of the literal sense is thoroughly theological and an underexplored resource for thinking about this topic.
How Low Can You Go? Spherical Routing for Scalable Network Simulations

Memory consumption is a critical problem for large-scale network simulations. Particularly, the large memory footprint needed for maintaining routing tables can severely obturate scalability. We present an approach of composing large-scale network models using sharable model fragments to achieve significant reduction in the amount of memory required for storing forwarding tables in simulation. Our approach, called spherical routing, conducts static routing within spheres according to user-defined policies. Our routing scheme pre-calculates the forwarding table for each routing sphere, and allows spheres with identical sub-structures to share forwarding tables. Through extensive experiments we demonstrate that our approach can achieve several orders of magnitude in memory reduction for large-scale network models.
Effects of 12 days of artificial rearing on morphology of hypoglossal motoneurons innervating tongue retrusors in rat

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of reduced tongue activity by artificial rearing on the morphology of motoneurons innervating the extrinsic tongue retrusors. Artificially reared rat pups were fed via gastric cannula from postnatal day 3 to postnatal day 14. Artificially reared animals and dam-reared controls had cholera toxin (subunit B) conjugate of horseradish peroxidase injected into the styloglossus to label motoneurons innervating hyoglossus and styloglossus on postnatal day 13 and postnatal day 59, artificially reared animals and dam-reared controls. Following perfusion on postnatal days 14 and 60, serial transverse sections treated with tetramethyl benzidine and counter-stained neutral red were used to analyze motoneuron morphology. The shorter diameter of hyoglossus motoneurons increased with age for the dam-reared but not the artificially reared group. There was a tendency for a similar pattern for styloglossus motoneurons across the two rearing groups. The changes in form factor reflected the changes in shorter diameter for both motoneuron pools. Therefore, reducing suckling activity during normal postnatal development leads to diminished motoneuron somal growth in rats. This may also be the case in premature infants necessarily fed artificially.
Making medicine indigenous: Homeopathy in South India

Historical studies of homeopathy in Europe and the USA have focused on practitioners' attempts to emphasize 'modern' and 'scientific' approaches. Studies of homeopathy in India have focused on a process of Indianization. Arguing against such unilineal trajectories, this paper situates homeopathy in South India within the context of shifting relations between 'scientific' and 'indigenous' systems of medicine. Three time periods are considered. From 1924 through 1934, homeopathy was singled out by Government of Madras officials as 'scientific', as contrasted with the 'indigenous' Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani systems of medicine. From 1947 through 1960, both 'indigenous' and 'scientific' interpretations of homeopathy were put forward by different factions. An honorary director of homeopathy proposed the Indianization of homeopathy, and its reconciliation with Ayurveda; this view conflicted with the Madras government's policy of expanding the 'scientific' medical curriculum of the Government College of Indigenous Medicine. It was not until the early 1970s that homeopathy was officially recognized in Tamilnadu State. By then, both homeopathy and Ayurveda had become conceptualized as non-Tamil, in contrast with promotion of the Tamil Siddha system of 'indigenous' medicine. Thus, constructs of 'indigenous' and 'scientific' systems of medicine are quite malleable with respect to homeopathy in South India.
Differential release of mediators from human basophils: differences in arachidonic acid metabolism following activation by unrelated stimuli.

We have examined the release of histamine and LTC4 from purified human basophils challenged with several different stimuli, both physiological and nonphysiological. Basophils (n = 16) challenged with 0.1 .tg/mI anti-IgE released 38±4% of their available histamine and 39±12 ng LTCI/106 basophils within 15-30 mm. F-Met peptide (n = 8) caused the release of 54±8% histamine and 42±25 ng LTC�/106 basophils within a period of 2-5 mm. C5a caused the release of 22±3% histamine from selected donors but failed to initiate any LTC4 release unless combined with D20 or 5 mM extracellular calcium. The two nonphyslologlcal stimuli A23187 and TPA caused extensive histamine release, 67±8 and 82±11%, respectIvely, and while A23187 initiated a large and rapid release of leukotrlene, TPA failed to release any LTC4 even when combined with D20 or 2-5 mM extracellular calcium. Increased concentrations of extracellular calcium enhanced antiIgE and f-Met peptide induced release of LTC4 but inhibited the A23187 induced release of leukotriene. A single peak of immunoreactive leukotriene C4 that comigrated with the authentic standard was Identified using HPLC followed by radloimmunoassay. No LTD4 or LTE4 could be detected. Purified human basophils incubated with 0.2 �M [3H]AA Incorporated 290 pmol/10 cells, or 32±5% of the available label within 60 mm. The [3H]AA was taken principally into the phospholipids (73±5%), wIth 20±3% as neutral lipid, and only 5±2% remaining as the free acid. Three phospholipid subclasses, phosphatldylcholine, PC (24±2%), phosphatidylinositol, P1 (22±1%), and phosphatidylethanolamine,
Evaluating the utility of cox1 for cetacean species identification

The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) gene has been promoted as a universal reference gene, or barcode, to identify organisms to the species level. We evaluated whether cox1 would be appropriate to diagnose cetacean species. The 5 � end of cox1 (686 base pairs, bp) was sequenced for 46 of 86 recognized species of cetaceans. In addition, we included 105 sequences from GenBank, increasing our taxonomic coverage to 61 species. Particular focus was placed on sampling two subfamilies that contain closely related taxa: the Delphininae and the Globicephalinae. Species-specific sequences were observed for all but three taxa (Delphinus delphis, D. capensis ,a ndStenella coeruleoalba). Although correct assignment was seen formostspecies,significantoverlapbetweenintra-andinterspecific variationmakes cox1 an imperfect barcode for cetaceans. The efficacy of cox1 was compared to the 5 � end of the cytochrome b (cytb) gene, a mitochondrial region routinely used for cetacean species identification. Although cytb performed better than cox1 for some species, this marker could not differentiate other closely related taxa (Eubalaena spp.). Species identification for taxa not reliably identified using cox1 or cytb might be best addressed through use of multiple mitochondrial DNA fragments or other newly developed markers.
Long-term clinical course of patients after termination of ventricular tachyarrhythmia by an implanted defibrillator

Background— The implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) improves survival in high-risk cardiac patients. This analysis from the MADIT-II trial database examines the long-term clinical course and subsequent mortality risk of patients after termination of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias by an ICD. Methods and Results— Life-table survival analysis was performed, and proportional hazards regression analysis was used to evaluate the contribution of baseline clinical factors and time-dependent defibrillator therapy to mortality during long-term follow-up. Of 720 patients with an ICD (average follow-up 21 months), 169 patients received 701 antiarrhythmic device therapies for ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Few baseline characteristics distinguished patients who received appropriate ICD therapy for their first ventricular tachyarrhythmic episode. The probability of survival for at least 1 year after first therapy for ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) was 80%. The hazard ...
The Association of Corporate Work Environment Factors, Health Risks, and Medical Conditions with Presenteeism Among Australian Employees

Abstract Purpose To investigate the impact of selected corporate environment factors, health risks, and medical conditions on job performance using a self-reported measure of presenteeism. Design A cross-sectional survey utilizing health risk appraisal (HRA) data merging presenteeism with corporate environment factors, health risks, and medical conditions. Setting Approximately 8000 employees across ten diverse Australian corporations. Subjects Employees (N = 1523; participation rate, 19%) who completed an HRA questionnaire. Measures Self-reported HRA data were used to test associations of defined adverse corporate environment factors with presenteeism. Stepwise multivariate logistic regression modeling assessed the relative associations of corporate environment factors, health risks, and medical conditions with increased odds of any presenteeism. Results Increased presenteeism was significantly associated with poor working conditions, ineffective management/leadership, and work/life imbalance (adjustin...
Building Information Modeling in Project Management: Necessities, Challenges and Outcomes☆

Abstract Building Information Modeling (BIM) is becoming a comprehensive collaborative process in the construction industry. Despite its short history, BIM has had an increasing growth during the last decade. This is happening mainly due to its capabilities on construction projects. BIM can create a common language between all parties and system divisions in a project and make them an integrated team. The approach of BIM strongly matches with integrated project delivery systems. The role of BIM as a coordinator of project system is quite similar to the duties of a project manager. BIM integrates different disciplines by effective communication, analyzes the project systems for constructability, estimates the cost and time of projects at any time using quantity takeoffs, draws a big picture of projects using visualization and builds collaborative teams. All these are what a project manager does in a different scale during a project life cycle. This paper aims to show the correspondence of BIM and project managers’ roles on construction projects. It emphasizes the importance of having proper BIM knowledge and experience for project managers to succeed. This paper also discusses the requirements of BIM knowledge and experience enrichment of project managers.