cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using IPEC pedagogy to transform the future rural advanced practice nursing workforce

Objective: The number of primary care providers has not kept pace with the increasing number of underserved rural populations placing unprecedented demands on the healthcare system and the gap is expected to widen with shortages projected to increase across the United States. Given the urgent need to grow and expand the number of trained diverse primary care providers in rural communities, an innovative sustainable program was implemented to recruit and train diverse rural advanced practice nurses. Building on the successful rural medical and rural pharmacy educational programs at the UIC Health Sciences Campus in Rockford, a rural nursing program with interprofessional curriculum was designed and refined to enable nursing students along with two other professions to develop appreciation, insight, and knowledge of rural healthcare and health disparities in a variety of rural settings as part of an interprofessional team. Methods: A mixed-methods program evaluation approach utilized both quantitative and qualitative data to evaluate program satisfaction and inform ongoing program refinement. Results: Students indicated positive responses to this interprofessional course of study. Continued development and refinement of the curriculum is planned to train the future rural healthcare workforce. Conclusions: Students from three health sciences colleges benefitted from the IPEC program with confirmed satisfaction in interprofessional rural education and collaborative practice. The addition of a rural nursing program merits continuation with modification and expansion to prepare the future rural interprofessional healthcare workforce.
To Quote or Not to Quote: Making the Case for Teaching Law Students the Art of Effective Quotation in Legal Memoranda

Legal writing courses serve one very practical purpose. These courses prepare students for practice by teaching students how to write. Yet current legal writing programs fail to teach students one very fundamental skill. Students are taught that they should only “sparingly” quote from judicial opinions, if at all, which is directly at odds with how practitioners draft briefs in real life. This disconnect must end. Legal writing professors must come clean about the importance of effective use of quotation and teach this skill to first-year law students.This article begins with a historical view of the evolution of legal writing. A century ago, briefs were banged out on classic Remington typewriters. If a brief was edited, it had to be re-typed. Understandably, both briefs and court opinions were short. Technological advances such as computers and the Internet drastically changed all of that. The average length of judicial opinions jumped substantially in the mid-1970s. And even a cursory review of appellate and trial court briefs demonstrate that our top legal scribes now rely heavily on quotation. Accordingly, while it may once have been sage advice to teach students not to use quotation, that advice fails miserably in terms of preparing current students to write effective legal briefs.The remainder of this article addresses both the causes and the solution for the failure of legal writing programs to teach students the art of effective quotation. One major reason is that current legal writing texts uniformly repeat the mantra that quotes should be used “sparingly,” if at all. The rationale is that poor use of quotation can disrupt the flow of a brief and may even suggest that the writer is lazy. Of course, these concerns are exactly why law schools should teach students how to do it right. There are several concrete exercises and techniques set forth in this article that are designed to do just that. The focus is on deconstructing recent well-written briefs from both trial and appellate courts. This article concludes with a discussion of how teaching effective quotation can be included in first-year legal writing curriculums. There are two basic manners. First, the suggested exercises can be introduced in “baby steps,” while still utilizing existing texts and following the traditional model of having law students begin their first semester by drafting a predictive legal memorandum for a hypothetical law firm. A second approach would be to instead have students draft a predictive legal memorandum for a hypothetical judge. Rather than being presented with a client file, students are presented with a round of well-written briefs. This enables students to immediately see how top lawyers effectively use quotation. Regardless of which approach is chosen, instructing students how to effectively use quotation can and should begin immediately.
New Tools for Computational Geometry and Rejuvenation of Screw Theory

Conformal Geometric Algebraic (CGA) provides ideal mathematical tools for construction, analysis, and integration of classical Euclidean, Inversive & Projective Geometries, with practical applications to computer science, engineering, and physics. This paper is a comprehensive introduction to a CGA tool kit. Synthetic statements in classical geometry translate directly to coordinate-free algebraic forms. Invariant and covariant methods are coordinated by conformal splits, which are readily related to the literature using methods of matrix algebra, biquaternions, and screw theory. Designs for a complete system of powerful tools for the mechanics of linked rigid bodies are presented.
A storage model approach to the assessment of snow depth trends

[1] This paper introduces a stochastic storage model capable of assessing trends in daily snow depth series. The model allows for seasonal features, which permits the analysis of daily data. Breakpoint times, which occur when the observing station changes location or instrumentation, are shown to greatly influence estimated trend margins and are accounted for in this analysis. The model is fitted by numerically minimizing a sum of squares of daily prediction errors. Standard errors for the model parameters, useful in making trend inferences, are presented. The methods are illustrated in the analysis of a century of daily snow depth observations from Napoleon, North Dakota. The results here show that snow depths are significantly declining at Napoleon, with spring ablation occurring earlier, and that breakpoint features are very influential in deriving realistic trend estimates.
A note on rank transformation discriminant analysis

Recent studies in the financial literature have developed models to predict the rating assigned to a firm's debt by the rating agencies. Multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) has served as the primary statistical tool; however, the results of MDA can be biased. This study presents a less biased procedure which more closely follows that suggested by the rating agencies. The improved results of the model support such a procedure.
Dopamine deficiency in a genetic mouse model of Lesch-Nyhan disease

We have examined several aspects of neurotransmitter function in the brains of mice carrying a deletion mutation in the gene encoding the purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). During the first 6 weeks of postnatal development, dopamine levels in whole-brain extracts from the mutant mice (HPRT-) failed to increase at rates comparable to normal animals, resulting in 40% lower dopamine levels throughout adulthood. Regional analysis in adult animals showed the caudoputamen to be the most severely affected region, with dopamine deficits of 48-64%. Dopamine levels in other regions were normal or less severely affected. The decrease in dopamine was accompanied by a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity, the rate-limiting step in dopamine synthesis. Kinetic analysis of TH extracted from the caudoputamen of normal and HPRT- mice demonstrated a 45% decrease in Vmax with an increased affinity for the tetrahydropterin cofactor in the mutants. Labeling of midbrain dopamine neurons using TH immunohistochemistry revealed no obvious deficits in the number of midbrain dopamine neurons, but quantitative autoradiographic studies revealed significant reductions in the binding of 3H-N-[1-(2-benzo(beta)thiophenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (3H-BTCP) to dopamine uptake sites in the forebrain of the mutants. In contrast to these abnormalities of the dopamine systems in the mutant mice, other neurotransmitter systems appeared relatively unaffected. Norepinephrine, 5-HT, tryptophan hydroxylase, and glutamic acid decarboxylase were present at normal levels in the brains of the mutants. ChAT activity was slightly lower than normal in the caudoputamen of the mutant animals, but was normal in all other brain regions examined. These results indicate that HPRT deficiency is associated with a relatively specific deficit in basal ganglia dopamine systems that emerges during the first 2 months of postnatal development.
SafeCode: safeguarding security and privacy of user data on stolen iOS devices

Stolen phones, until the descent of smartphones, simply meant minutes' overages or huge bills from long-distance calls. Now the cost could be anything ranging from your privacy, security, finance or simply "YOU". A Smartphoneos knowledge of its user, if not protected, is a potential risk to the very user's security and privacy. When a smartphone is stolen, it isn't just the device you need to worry about but the treasure of private and sensitive data it holds, which can compromise your very safety and privacy if in the wrong hands. A determined adversary can potentially uncover a lot of things from a stolen iOS device -- credit card numbers, passwords of various other accounts, bank account numbers, etc. On top of that, if it's a work phone, the adversary can also gain entry into your company's restricted network, which is otherwise highly secure and private. In this paper we propose a simple yet powerful method of protecting the loss of private and sensitive data resident on a stolen iOS devices, focusing mainly on iPhones. SafeCode security mechanism leverages on existing passcode protection mechanism on iOS devices to prevent the device from being "switched off" or "silenced" by the adversary when the device is stolen. SafeCode, in the best case scenario, extends the "window of opportunity" of recovering the stolen device. In the worst case scenario, SafeCode augments the probability of remotely wiping the device with the same extended "window of opportunity".
Effective Strategies for Educating Older Workers at Community Colleges

Workers are remaining in the labor force at older ages; and, despite their desire to work, those without jobs face unprecedented durations of unemployment. Many of the unemployed lack current skills for jobs in demand and need to either upgrade their skills or be trained for a new occupation to become re-employed. An aging workforce combined with concerns about the long-term viability of social welfare programs has increased the importance of identifying strategies to encourage working at older ages. In recent years there has been increased focus on training that results in a credential; much of this training takes place at community colleges. The present study examined community college involvement in educational programs for older workers. This involved interviews and site visits at 14 community colleges to gain an understanding of the role community colleges play in linking older students to credential or certificate programs. Effective strategies for community college involvement in workforce training...
Aerodynamics of an airfoil with a jet issuing from its surface

A simple, two dimensional, incompressible and inviscid model for the problem posed by a two dimensional wing with a jet issuing from its lower surface is considered and a parametric analysis is carried out to observe how the aerodynamic characteristics depend on the different parameters. The mathematical problem constitutes a boundary value problem where the position of part of the boundary is not known a priori. A nonlinear optimization approach was used to solve the problem, and the analysis reveals interesting characteristics that may help to better understand the physics involved in more complex situations in connection with high lift systems.
Enantioselective synthesis and biological evaluation of 5-o-carboranyl pyrimidine nucleosides

Base-modified carborane-containing nucleosides such as 5-o-carboranyl-2'-deoxyuridine (CDU) when combined with neutrons have potential for the treatment of certain malignancies. Lack of toxicity in various cells, high accumulation in cancer cells and intracellular phosphorylation are desirable characteristics for modified nucleosides used in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for brain tumors and other malignancies. The aim of this work was to synthesize the two beta-enantiomers of several 5-o-carboranyl-containing nucleosides. These derivatives may possess favorable properties such as high lipophilicity, high transportability, the ability to be phosphorylated, and resistance to catabolism. Beta-isomers of 2',3'-dihydroxynucleosides and analogues containing a heteroatom in the sugar moiety were also synthesized. Carboranyl pyrimidine nucleosides were prepared either from the parent beta-D-nucleoside, beta-L-nucleoside, or by a coupling reaction. The dioxolane derivative 7 was prepared by a coupling reaction between protected 5-o-carboranyluracil (8, CU) and the corresponding protected heterocycle. Specific catalysts were used during the N-glycosylation process to favor the formation of the beta-isomer. Biological evaluation of these new chiral 5-o-carboranyl pyrimidine derivatives indicated that most of these compounds have low toxicity in a variety of normal and malignant cells and achieved high cellular levels in a lymphoblastoid cell line. Increasing the number of hydroxyl groups on the sugar moiety decreased the cellular accumulation and serum binding to different extents. Five compounds were identified for further biological evaluation as potential agents for BNCT.
A proportional fair radio resource allocation for heterogeneous cellular networks with relays

As a key technology in 4G-LTE, heterogeneous networks can effectively extend the coverage and capacity of wireless networks by deploying multiple micro-nodes on top of the conventional macro base stations (BS). The deployed micro-nodes differ in transmission power and processing capabilities, leading to new challenges in interference management, mobile association, and radio resource management (RRM). In this paper, we consider RRM for heterogeneous networks with relays (RN) where the RNs have full RRM capabilities and can be viewed as micro BSs. A radio resource allocation framework is proposed with the objective to ensure proportional fairness among the UEs. An asymptotically optimal solution is derived by applying the gradient-based scheduling scheme and the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions for optimality. To implement RRM in networks with RNs, the resource consumption in the backhaul links, which depends on the demand of the UEs associated with the RN, should be counted at both the BS and the RN. The derived resource allocation scheme gives insight on the optimal radio resource allocation for heterogeneous networks with RNs.
Play Behavior: From Concepts to the Play Environment

(1976). Play Behavior: From Concepts to the Play Environment. Quest: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 96-101.
The effect of surgical stress on plasma free fatty acids

Abstract In humans plasma free fatty acids are mobilized from fat depots to the plasma after major surgical procedures. If liver function is normal, the elevation of plasma FFA is transient. There is no difference between procedures on osseous and nonosseous tissues. After major hepatic resection (over 600 gm.), there is a tendency toward prolonged elevations in plasma FFA.
Model potentials for multichannel eigenvalue problems

Abstract Coupled differential equations suitable for testing numerical software for multichannel eigenvalue problems are presented. Some have analytic solutions and it is shown how others with their solutions may be constructed from previously solved single equations.
Next-generation NASA airborne oceanographic lidar system

The complete design and flight test of the next-generation Airborne Oceanographic Lidar (AOL-3) is detailed. The application of new technology has allowed major reductions in weight, volume, and power requirements compared with the earlier AOL sensor. Subsystem designs for the new AOL sensor include new technology in fiber optics, spectrometer detector optical train, miniature photomultiplier modules, dual-laser wavelength excitation from a single small laser source, and new receiver optical configuration. The new design reduced telescope size and maintained the same principal fluorescence and water Raman bands but essentially retained a comparable measurement accuracy. A major advancement is the implementation of single-laser simultaneous excitation of two physically separate oceanic target areas: one stimulated by 532 nm and the other by 355 nm. Backscattered fluorescence and Raman signals from both targets are acquired simultaneously by use of the same telescope and spectrometer-detector system. Two digital oscilloscopes provide temporal- and depth-resolved data from each of seven spectral emission bands.
Reducing aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes by selection and breeding

The potential for developing agronomically suitable cultivais using peanut genotypes that exhibit resistance to seed colonization by aflatoxin-producing strains ofAspergillus species is explored. Some factors found to be associated with the nature of resistance to seed colonization by the toxin-producing fungi are cell structure, cell arrangement, permeability, waxy surface, tannin content and amino acid components of the seed testae. The practical implications of developing resistant cultivars are presented in data for yield, value and seed quality for 6 advanced peanut lines that were developed by breeding and selection from crosses.
Between ‘Men’: Masculinities and Female (Perverse) Desire in Dacia Maraini’s Donna in Guerra

AbstractRepresentations of masculinities in Dacia Maraini’s Donna in guerra (1975) have received scarce critical attention. Against a backdrop of feminist criticism that deals with female characters and female emancipation, this article focuses on portrayals of non-dominant masculinities and on representations of perverse female desires as sites of denaturalization of the link between men and power. Drawing on recent scholarship on masculinity, on gay studies, and on theories of desire by Eve Sedgwick, Teresa De Lauretis, and Mario Mieli, I follow a two-fold direction. First, I analyse the silent economy of male desires (hustling, male entrustment) that shape non-dominant masculinities, thus showing that some men — because of class, geography and sexuality — suffer oppression in the novel. Then I argue that female perverse desire (especially lesbian desire) emerges to foreground a gender power differential, which ensures a dichotomization of female homosociality and homoeroticism, and results in the ultim...
Developments in understanding neuronal spike trains and functional specializations in brain regions

Understanding information processing at the neuronal level would provide valuable insights to computational intelligence research and computational neuroscience. In particular, understanding constraints on neuronal spike trains would provide indication about the type of syntactic rules used by neurons when processing information. A recent discovery, reported here, was made through analyzing microelectrode recordings (MER) made during surgical procedure in humans. Analysis of MERs of extracellular neuronal activity has gained increasing interest due to potential improvements to surgical techniques involving ablation or placement of deep brain stimulators, done in the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease. Important to these procedures is the identification of different brain structures such as the globus pallidus internus from the spike train being recorded from the intracranial probe tip during surgery. Spike train data gathered during surgical procedure from multiple patients were processed using a novel feature extraction method reported here. Distinct structures within the spike trains were identified and used to build an effective brain region classifier. The extracted features upon analysis provide some insight into the 'syntactic' constraint on spike trains.
Moving Forward, Looking Back: Renewing the Struggle for an American Curriculum

Rationales for public school reform in the United States are often tied to historical perspectives on the birth and development of schools and are buffeted by the assumption that the history of public schooling says much about how reform efforts should proceed. This interpretive article explores 2 such perspectives on 21st-century schools: those of Diane Ravitch, distinguished educational historian and commentator; and those of Herbert Kliebard, considered one of the preeminent authorities on the development of the American curriculum. This investigation reveals that Ravitch's longstanding condemnation of progressivism and curricular differentiation as the source of what ails public schools fails to account for the demise of the schoolteacher as the central force in early 21st-century schools—a factor that Kliebard identifies as crucial to understanding the nature of 21st-century schools. It is then suggested that recommitment to teachers as the educational center of gravity in public schools may provide ...
Shaping the Vertebrate Body Plan by Polarized Embryonic Cell Movements

Polarized cell movements shape the major features of the vertebrate body plan during development. The head-to-tail body axis of vertebrates is elongated in embryonic stages by "convergent extension" tissue movements. During these movements cells intercalate between one another transverse to the elongating body axis to form a narrower, longer array. Recent discoveries show that these polarized cell movements are controlled by homologs of genes that control the polarity of epithelial cells in the developing wing and eye of the fruit fly, Drosophila.
Majorization and a Schur{Horn Theorem for positive compact operators, the nonzero kernel case

Abstract Schur–Horn theorems focus on determining the diagonal sequences obtainable for an operator under all possible basis changes, formally described as the range of the canonical conditional expectation of its unitary orbit. Following a brief background survey, we prove an infinite dimensional Schur–Horn theorem for positive compact operators with infinite dimensional kernel, one of the two open cases posed recently by Kaftal–Weiss. There, they characterized the diagonals of operators in the unitary orbits for finite rank or zero kernel positive compact operators. Here we show how the characterization problem depends on the dimension of the kernel when it is finite or infinite dimensional. We obtain exact majorization characterizations of the range of the canonical conditional expectation of the unitary orbits of positive compact operators with infinite dimensional kernel, unlike the approximate characterizations of Arveson–Kadison, but extending the exact characterizations of Gohberg–Markus and Kaftal–Weiss. Recent advances in this subject and related subjects like traces on ideals show the relevance of new kinds of sequence majorization as in the work of Kaftal–Weiss (e.g., strong majorization and another majorization similar to what here we call p -majorization), and of Kalton–Sukochev (e.g., uniform Hardy–Littlewood majorization), and of Bownik–Jasper (e.g., Riemann and Lebesgue majorization). Likewise key tools here are new kinds of majorization, which we call p - and approximate p -majorization ( 0 ≤ p ≤ ∞ ).
HIV Seroprevalence Among Homeless and Marginally Housed Adults in San Francisco

Objectives. We report HIV seroprevalence and risk factors for urban indigent adults.Methods. A total of 2508 adults from shelters, meal programs, and low-cost hotels received interviews, blood tests, and tuberculosis screening.Results. Seroprevalence was 10.5% overall, 29.6% for men reporting sex with men (MSM), 7.7% for non-MSM injection drug users (IDUs), and 5.0% for residual non-MSM/non-IDUs. Risk factors were identified for MSM (sex trade among Whites, non-White race, recent receptive anal sex, syphilis), non-MSM IDUs (syphilis, lower education, prison, syringe sharing, transfusion), and residual subjects (≥ 5 recent sexual partners, female crack users who gave sex for drugs).Conclusions. HIV seroprevalence was 5 times greater for indigent adults than in San Francisco generally. Sexual behavior predicted HIV infection better than drug use, even among IDUs.
Enhanced transport properties of reverse osmosis membranes by chemical treatment

The performance of thin film composite (TFCL-LP®) membranes that were treated with hydrofluoric acid (HF) improved and their flux increased significantly without any loss in ion-rejection properties. In contrast, DESAL3 membranes do not show any significant change in transport properties after similar treatment with HF. We used scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle measurements to determine why this difference in behavior occurs. The difference in microstructure, as described by the interstitial void model, seems to be responsible for their behavior after being exposed to chemicals like HF. Therefore, we attempt to correlate transport properties with the microstructural changes (smoothing of membrane ridge-valley structure or no change in density of spherulites) observed. This method of treatment seems to be very effective in simultaneously enhancing the flux and rejection of reverse osmosis membranes which have a typical ridge and valley structure. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Epidermis as a Secretory Tissue

C ompelling evidence has accumulated during recent years to support a theory that epidermal keratinocytes synthesize and deliver to the extracellular space a wide variety of gene products. Each of these cellular products has unique physical-chemical properties resulting from its biochemical structure that define its a) relative solubility and ability to diffuse under physiologic conditions; b) probability of spontaneous assembly into higher order structures; c) specific affinity for ligands or cell surface receptors of target cells; and/or d) specific catalytic activity. Depending on the concentration of the gene product relative to its receptor or substrate, it may regulate stimulation or inhibition of cellular function. Gene products of keratinocytes known to be delivered to the extracellular space include cytokines, enzymes, and adhesion molecules, which together constitute the majority of the regulatory environment of epidermal tissue. Uninjured skin maintains a steady-state equilibrium of relatively slow metabolism of gene products. By comparison, injury or disease initiates expression by keratinocytes of several potent inflammatory mediators including interleukins (ILs)-l, -3, -6, -7, -8, -10, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) , granulocyte-monocyte stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and arachidonic acid metabolites that are associated with acute phase dermatitis and systemic response [1,2] . After whole body irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light, significantly elevated circulating levels of ILs-1 and -6 correlate with induction of fever in humans [3,4]. Keratinocytes in culture also produce and release parathyroid hor1110ne-related protein (PTHrP), which is believed to participate in regulation of epidermal differentiation [5]. Collagenases and tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) are synthesized and secreted by cultured keratinocytes [6,7], and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-fi1) has been shown to stimulate collagenase expression in keratinocytes [8]. Increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-l (ICAM-1) by keratinocytes after injury has been suggested to facilitate T -lymphocyte infiltration in contact dermatitis, perhaps by establishment of a gradient toward the site of injury [9]. Several basement membrane components are secreted by keratinocytes, including the hemidesmosome protein, kalinin [10). Taichman and colleagues have demonstrated circu lating levels of human apolipoprotein E (Apo E) derived from epidermal keratinocytes in vitro l11, 12], and in serum after grafting of cultured epidermal keratinocyte~ to .athymic mice [13]. From these kinds of examples, it fo llows llltUltlVely that epidermis may secrete other gene products that may regulate extracellular or systemic responses .
Non‐Mandatory Approaches to Environmental Protection

The approach to environmental protection has been evolving from a regulation-driven, adversarial ‘government-push’ approach to a more proactive approach involving voluntary and often ‘business-led’ initiatives to self-regulate their environmental performance. This has been accompanied by increasing provision of environmental information about firms and products to enlist market forces and communities in creating a demand for corporate environmental self-regulation by signaling their preferences for environmentally friendly firms. This paper provides an overview of the non-mandatory approaches being used for environmental protection and surveys the existing theoretical literature analyzing the economic efficiency of such approaches relative to mandatory approaches. It also discusses empirical findings on the factors motivating self-regulation by firms and its implications for their economic and environmental performance. It examines the existing evidence on the extent to which information disclosure is effective in generating pressures from investors and communities on firms to improve their environmental performance.
Fluid inclusion analysis - Prologue and epilogue

Abstract This paper summarizes the development of the major qualitative, semiquantitative, and quantitative methods for the determination of the chemical and isotopic composition of fluid inclusions in minerals (excluding melt inclusions), and some of their limitations and applications. Emphasis is placed on the present state of the art and on some of the possibilities for improvements in the future.
Heats of Formation and Bond Energies in Group III Compounds

We present heats of formation and bond energies for Group-III compounds obtained from calculations of molecular ground-state I electronic energies. Data for compounds of the form MXn are presented, where M = B, Al, Ga, and In, X = He H, Cl, and CH3, and n = 1-3. Energies for the B, Al, and Ga compounds are obtained from G2 predictions, while those for the In compounds are obtained from CCSD(T)/CBS calculations; these are the most accurate calculations for indium-containing compounds published to date. In most cases, the calculated thermochemistry is in good agreement with published values derived from experiments for those species that have well-established heats of formation. Bond energies obtained from the heats of formation follow the expected trend (Cl much greater than CH3 approx. H). However, the CH3M-(CH3)2 bond energies obtained for trimethylgallium and trimethylindium are considerably stronger (greater than 15 kcal/mol) than currently accepted values.
ARE PULSING SOLITARY WAVES RUNNING INSIDE THE SUN

A precise sequence of frequencies—detected four independent ways—is interpreted as a system of solitary waves below the Sun's convective envelope. Six future observational or theoretical tests of this idea are suggested. Wave properties (rotation rates, radial energy distribution, nuclear excitation strength) follow from conventional dynamics of global oscillation modes after assuming a localized nuclear term strong enough to perturb and hold mode longitudes into alignments that form "families." To facilitate future tests, more details are derived for a system of two dozen solitary waves 2 ≤ l ≤ 25. Wave excitation by 3He and 14C burning is complex. It spikes by factors M 1 ≤ 103 when many waves overlap in longitude but its long-time average is M 2 ≤ 10. Including mixing can raise overall excitation to ~50 times that in a standard solar model. These spikes cause tiny phase shifts that tend to pull wave rotation rates toward their ideal values ∝[l(l + 1)]–1. A system like this would generate some extra nuclear energy in two spots at low latitude on opposite sides of the Sun. Each covers about 20° of longitude. Above a certain wave amplitude, the system starts giving distinctly more nuclear excitation to some waves (e.g., l = 9, 14, and 20) than to neighboring l values. The prominence of l = 20 has already been reported. This transition begins at temperature amplitudes ΔT/T = 0.03 in the solar core for a typical family of modes, which corresponds to δT/T ~ 0.001 for one of its many component oscillation modes.
Vena Caval Impalement: An Unusual Lawn Mower Injury in a Child

Penetrating injury to the vena cava is a potentially life-threatening condition that necessitates prompt recognition and immediate treatment. Herein we describe a unique lawn mower-related injury in a 4-year-old boy, resulting in the impalement of the inferior vena cava by a foreign body projectile. Relevant concepts in the management of children with lawn mower injuries are discussed, with emphasis on penetrating injury to the inferior vena cava.
Surgical Considerations in the Initial Repair of Meningomyelocele and the Introduction of a Technical Modification

Tethering of the spinal cord has been increasingly recognized as a cause of late deterioration in the child with repaired meningomyelocele. Findings at reoperation include dense arachnoiditis, dermal inclusion cysts, fibrolipoma of the filum terminale, and, on occasion, foreign body granulomas. This article reviews four key steps in meningomyelocele repair and the guidelines for detection of surgically remediable lesions associated with this disorder. In addition, it proposes a modification of the standard dural closure that may reduce the incidence of contributory adhesive arachnoiditis by the creation of a capacious cerebrospinal fluid space about the neural plaque.
The Antifungal Imidazole Clotrimazole and its Major In Vivo Metabolite are Potent Blockers of the Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel in Murine Erythroleukemia Cells

Clotrimazole (CLT), a member of the antifungal imidazole family of compounds, has been found to inhibit both calcium (Ca2+)-activated 86Rb and potassium (K) fluxes of human red cells and to inhibit red cell binding of 125I-charybdotoxin (ChTX) [11]. We have now used patch-clamp techniques to demonstrate reversible inhibition of whole cell KCa2+ currents in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells by submicromolar concentrations of CLT. Inhibition was equivalent whether currents were elicited by bath application of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 or by dialyzing cells with a pipette solution containing micromolar concentrations of free Ca2+. The extent of inhibition of whole cell MEL KCa2+ currents was voltage-dependent, decreasing with increasing test potential. We also determined the single channel basis of the CLT inhibition in MEL cells by demonstrating the inhibition of a calcium-activated, ChTX-sensitive K channel by CLT in outside-out patches. The channel was also blocked by the des-imidazolyl metabolite of CLT, 2-chlorophenyl-bisphenyl-methanol (MET II) [15], thus demonstrating that the imidazole ring is not required for the inhibitory action of CLT. Single KCa2+ channels were also evident in inside-out patches of MEL cells. Block of K current by CLT was not unique to MEL cells. CLT also inhibited a component of the whole cell K current in PC12 cells. Channel specificity of block by CLT was determined by examining its effects on other types of voltage-sensitive currents. CLT block showed the following rank order of potency: K currents in PC12 cells > Ca2+ currents in PC12 cells ≫ Na currents in sympathetic neurons. These results demonstrate that direct inhibition of single KCa2+ by CLT can be dissociated from inhibition of cytochrome P-450 in MEL cells.
Racial Disparities in Renal Allograft Survival: A Public Health Issue?

Background Racial disparities in renal transplantation outcomes have been documented with inferior allograft survival among African Americans compared with non-African Americans. These differences have been attributed to a variety of factors, including immunologic hyperresponsiveness, socioeconomic status, compliance, HLA matching, and access to care. The purpose of this study was to examine both immunologic and nonimmunologic risk factors for allograft loss with a goal of defining targeted strategies to improve outcomes among African Americans. Study Design We retrospectively analyzed all primary deceased-donor adult renal transplants (n = 2,453) at our center between May 1987 and December 2004. Analysis included the impact of recipient and donor characteristics, HLA typing, and immunosuppressive regimen on graft outcomes. Data were analyzed using standard Kaplan-Meier actuarial techniques and were explored with nonparametric and parametric methods. Multivariable analyses in the hazard-function domain were done to identify specific risk factors associated with graft loss. Results The 1-year allograft survival in recipients improved substantially throughout the study period, and 3-year allograft survival also improved. Risk factor analyses are shown by type of allograft and according to specific time periods. Risk of immunologic graft loss (acute rejection) was most prominent during the early phase. During late-phase, immunologic risk persists (chronic rejection), but recurrent disease, graft quality, and recipient's comorbidities have an increasingly greater role. Conclusions Advances in immunosuppression regimens have contributed to allograft survival in both early and late (constant) phases throughout all eras, but improvement in longterm outcomes for African Americans continues to lag behind non-African Americans. The disparity in renal allograft loss between African Americans and non-African Americans over time indicates that beyond immunologic risk, the impact of nonimmunologic variables, such as time on dialysis pretransplantation, diabetes, and access to medical care, can be key issues.
Immune Checkpoint Targeting in Cancer Therapy: Toward Combination Strategies with Curative Potential

Research in two fronts has enabled the development of therapies that provide significant benefit to cancer patients. One area stems from a detailed knowledge of mutations that activate or inactivate signaling pathways that drive cancer development. This work triggered the development of targeted therapies that lead to clinical responses in the majority of patients bearing the targeted mutation, although responses are often of limited duration. In the second front are the advances in molecular immunology that unveiled the complexity of the mechanisms regulating cellular immune responses. These developments led to the successful targeting of immune checkpoints to unleash anti-tumor T cell responses, resulting in durable long-lasting responses but only in a fraction of patients. In this Review, we discuss the evolution of research in these two areas and propose that intercrossing them and increasing funding to guide research of combination of agents represent a path forward for the development of curative therapies for the majority of cancer patients.
Topological criterion for metallic glass formation

A topological model is proposed for metallic glass formation through destabilization of the host crystalline lattice by substitutional and/or interstitial solute elements. A solute element may partition between substitutional and interstitial sites and the model calculates relative site frequency as a function of the strain energy associated with each site. The strain energy, in turn, depends upon solute and solvent elastic properties and relative sizes, and upon temperature. The crystalline lattice is destabilized leading to amorphization when solute elements produce a critical internal strain required to change local coordination numbers. Fractions of solute atoms in interstitial and substitutional sites and the internal strain introduced by these atoms are calculated as functions of atomic radii and elastic moduli of solvent and solute elements and the absolute temperature. The critical concentration of a solute element required to destabilize the crystalline lattice of a binary alloy is also calculated as a function of the radius ratio R=RB/RA of the solute and solvent elements. In the range of 0.5<R<1, the critical concentration decreases, reaches a minimum at R∼0.8 and then increases as the size of the solute element decreases relative to the solvent.
Compact slit-based couplers for metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic waveguides

We introduce compact wavelength-scale slit-based structures for coupling free space light into metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) subwave-length plasmonic waveguides. We first show that for a single slit structure the coupling efficiency is limited by a trade-off between the light power coupled into the slit, and the transmission of the slit-MDM waveguide junction. We next consider a two-section slit structure, and show that for such a structure the upper slit section enhances the coupling of the incident light into the lower slit section. The optimized two-section slit structure results in ∼ 2.3 times enhancement of the coupling into the MDM plasmonic waveguide compared to the optimized single-slit structure. We finally consider a symmetric double-slit structure, and show that for such a structure the surface plasmons excited at the metal-air interfaces are partially coupled into the slits. Thus, the coupling of the incident light into the slits is greatly enhanced, and the optimized double-slit structure results in ∼ 3.3 times coupling enhancement compared to the optimized single-slit structure. In all cases the coupler response is broadband.
Crystal lattice desolvation effects on the magnetic quantum tunneling of single-molecule magnets

High-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (HFEPR) and alternating current (ac) susceptibility measurements are reported for a new high-symmetry ${\text{Mn}}_{12}$ complex, $[{\text{Mn}}_{12}{\text{O}}_{12}{({\text{O}}_{2}{\text{CCH}}_{3})}_{16}{({\text{CH}}_{3}\text{OH})}_{4}]\ensuremath{\cdot}{\text{CH}}_{3}\text{OH}$. The results are compared to those of other high-symmetry spin $S=10\text{ }{\text{Mn}}_{12}$ single-molecule magnets (SMMs), including the original acetate, $[{\text{Mn}}_{12}{({\text{O}}_{2}{\text{CCH}}_{3})}_{16}{({\text{H}}_{2}\text{O})}_{4}]\ensuremath{\cdot}2{\text{CH}}_{3}{\text{CO}}_{2}\text{H}\ensuremath{\cdot}4{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$, and the $[{\text{Mn}}_{12}{\text{O}}_{12}{({\text{O}}_{2}{\text{CCH}}_{2}\text{Br})}_{16}{({\text{H}}_{2}\text{O})}_{4}]\ensuremath{\cdot}4{\text{CH}}_{2}{\text{Cl}}_{2}$ and $[{\text{Mn}}_{12}{\text{O}}_{12}{({\text{O}}_{2}{\text{CCH}}_{2}{\text{Bu}}^{t})}_{16}{({\text{CH}}_{3}\text{OH})}_{4}]\ensuremath{\cdot}{\text{CH}}_{3}\text{OH}$ complexes. These comparisons reveal important insights into the factors that influence the values of the effective barrier to magnetization reversal, ${U}_{eff}$, deduced on the basis of ac susceptibility measurements. In particular, we find that variations in ${U}_{eff}$ can be correlated with the degree of disorder in a crystal which can be controlled by desolvating (drying) samples. This highlights the importance of careful sample handling when making measurements on SMM crystals containing volatile lattice solvents. The HFEPR data additionally provide spectroscopic evidence suggesting that the relatively weak disorder induced by desolvation influences the quantum tunneling interactions and that it is under-barrier tunneling that is responsible for a consistent reduction in ${U}_{eff}$ that is found upon drying samples. Meanwhile, the axial anisotropy deduced from HFEPR is found to be virtually identical for all four ${\text{Mn}}_{12}$ complexes, with no measurable reduction upon desolvation.
Serotonin involvement in analgesia induced by transcranial electrostimulation

Abstract The experiments described here were intended to investigate whether serotonin (5HT) may be involved in analgesia induced by low current transcranial electrostimulation (TE). The TE stimulus is a 10 μ-ampere, 10 Hz, pulsed current transmitted via electrodes in the pinnae. Combinations of the following were given as intraperitoneal injections: 300mg/kg p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) 48 hours before testing, 100mg/kg 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) 30 min before testing and the saline vehicle for these drugs. Rats were tested prior to and 30 minutes after TE or sham TE. Testing for analgesia consisted of putting progressively increasing pressure on the rat tail 1/4 inch from the tip with a pneumatically driven, right angle wedge. The amount of pressure at which the rat moved its tail was measured both before and after TE, or sham TE, and recorded as the difference in tolerated peak pressure (DTPP). TE produced analgesia as manifested by a 613 percent increase in DTPP compared with sham TE treatment values. Among TE treated rats, pretreatment with pCPA decreased DTPP 91.5 percent compared with saline control values, indicating 5HT involvement. 5HTP restored TE induced analgesia in pCPA treated rats to the level of saline treated control animals, confirming 5HT involvement.
Homogeneous crystal nucleation in binary metallic melts

A method for calculating the homogeneous crystal nucleation frequency in binary metallic melts is developed. The free energy of crystallization is derived from regular solution models for the liquid and solid and is used, together with model-based estimates of the interfacial tension, to calculate the nucleation frequency from the classical theory. The method can account for the composition dependence of the maximum undercooling observed in a number of experiments on small droplet dispersions. It can also be used to calculate the driving force for crystal growth and to obtain more precise estimates of the homogeneous crystal nucleation frequency in glass-forming alloys. This method, although approximate, is simple to apply, and requires only knowledge of the phase diagram and a few readily available thermodynamic quantities as input data.
Religiosity, authoritarianism, and attitudes toward psychotherapy in later life.

Objective: This study explores whether intrinsic religiosity in older adults is associated with attitudes toward psychotherapy (perceived need, stigma tolerance, interpersonal openness, and confidence in mental health practitioners) when controlling for authoritarianism. Method: Interviews were conducted with a sample of 307 community-residing adults aged 65–82. Data were collected from 164 Black and 142 White older adults about their intrinsic religiosity, authoritarianism, and mental health help-seeking attitudes. Results: Intrinsic religiosity was associated with stigma tolerance and interpersonal openness after controlling for authoritarianism. Conclusion: Intrinsic religiosity and authoritarianism appear to be independently related to psychotherapy attitudes. Religious older adults may prefer to seek help in religious contexts, while the association of authoritarianism to less favorable psychotherapy attitudes toward psychotherapy may be explained by a fear of external perspectives. Results on the wh...
On the estimation of the distribution of desired family size for a synthetic cohort.

Abstract Current procedures for the estimation of the desired family size distribution from parity-specific data on proportions of women wanting another child are shown to be biased. A new procedure is proposed. This procedure is based on the underlying relationship between parity and desired family size as measured by the extent to which members of the population implement their fertility preferences. Numerical examples are given.