cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lindenbaum algebras of intuitionistic theories and free categories

Abstract We consider formal theories synonymous with various free categories (logoi and topoi). Their Lindenbaum algebras may be described as the lattices of subobjects of a terminator. These theories have intuitionistic logic. We show that the Lindenbaum algebras of second order and higher order arithmetic (topoi), and set theory are not isomorphic to the Lindenbaum algebras of first order theories such as arithmetic (logoi). We also show that there are only five kernels of representations of the free Heyting algebra on one generator in these Lindenbaum algebras.
On the Consistency of Bayesian Function Approximation Using Step Functions

We consider the problem of estimating a step function with an unknown number of jumps under noisy observations on a grid. Under mild assumptions, the Bayesian approach is shown to produce a consistent estimate, even when the underlying true function is not piecewise constant. A simple prior is constructed to illustrate our assumptions.
Characterization of the effects of Escherichia coli replication terminator protein (Tus) on transcription reveals dynamic nature of the Tus block to transcription complex progression

We have characterized the blocks to progression of T7 and T3 RNA polymerase transcription complexes created when a Tus protein is bound to the template. The encounter with Tus impedes the progress of the transcription complexes of either enzyme. The duration of the block depends on which polymerase is used and the orientation of Tus on the DNA. Both genuine termination (dissociation of the transcription complex) and halting followed by continued progression after the block is abrogated are observed. The fraction of complexes that terminates depends on which polymerase is used and on the orientation of the Tus molecule. The efficiency of the block to transcription increases as the Tus concentration is increased, even if the concentration of Tus is already many times in excess of what is required to saturate its binding sites on the template in the absence of transcription. The block to transcription is rapidly abrogated if an excess of a DNA containing a binding site for Tus is added to a transcription reaction in which Tus and template have been preincubated. Finally, we find that transcription will rapidly displace Tus from a template under conditions that generate persistent blocks to transcription. These observations reveal that during the encounter with the transcription complex Tus rapidly dissociates from the template but that at sufficiently high concentrations Tus usually rebinds before the transcription complex can move forward. The advantage of a mechanism which can create a persistent block to transcription or replication complex progression, which can nevertheless be rapidly abrogated in response to down regulation of the blocking protein, is suggested.
TRANSCRIPTIONAL PAUSE, ARREST AND TERMINATION SITES FOR RNA POLYMERASE II IN MAMMALIAN N- AND C-MYC GENES

Using either highly purified RNA polymerase II (pol II) elongation complexes assembled on oligo(dC)-tailed templates or promoter-initiated (extract-generated) pol II elongation complexes, the precise 3" ends of transcripts produced during transcription in vitro at several human c- and N- myc pause, arrest and termination sites were determined. Despite a low overall similarity between the entire c- and N- myc first exon sequences, many positions of pol II pausing, arrest or termination occurred within short regions of related sequence shared between the c- and N- myc templates. The c- and N- myc genes showed three general classes of sequence conservation near intrinsic pause, arrest or termination sites: (i) sites where arrest or termination occurred after the synthesis of runs of uridines (Us) preceding the transcript 3" end, (ii) sites downstream of potential RNA hairpins and (iii) sites after nucleotide addition following either a U or a C or following a combination of several pyrimidines near the transcript 3" end. The finding that regions of similarity occur near the sites of pol II pausing, arrest or termination suggests that the mechanism of c- and N- myc regulation at the level of transcript elongation may be similar and not divergent as previously proposed.
Interviewing blind photographers: design insights for a smartphone application

Studies showed that people with limited or no vision are taking, storing, organizing, and sharing photos, but there isn't much information of how they do these. While the process for taking photos is somewhat understood, there has been little work researching how exactly blind people are storing, organizing, and sharing their photos without sighted help. We ran interviews with 11 people with limited to no vision who have taken digital photos, and analyzed their responses. We aim to use this information to motivate features of a smartphone application that will assist people with limited vision not only with aiming the camera to capture a "good" photo, but also with locating and organizing their photos so they may retrieve their photos at a later date or share them with others, online or offline.
Energy balance in a warm world without the ocean conveyor belt and sea ice

[1] Under a strong global warming scenario, the global mean temperature could rise up to 10°C, causing the global ocean conveyor belt to collapse and the summer sea ice to disappear. This will lead to profound changes in our climate system and to impact drastically the living conditions of the globe. Here we study how the global heat redistribution and regional heat balance will respond to these changes using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model version 4. Results show that the collapsed ocean conveyor belt reduces the oceanic northward meridional heat transport (MHT) by nearly 60% with a minor increase in the atmospheric MHT. The polar amplified warming is primarily caused by the increased absorption of longwave radiation due to the increased greenhouse gases and cloudiness and by the increased absorption of shortwave radiation due to a lower albedo associated with the disappeared summer sea ice.
Alkali Metal solutions Effect of Two Cyclic Polyethers on solubility and Spectra

Alkali metals can be made to dissolve in solvents in which they are normally insoluble or only slightly soluble, by using cyclic polyethers to complex the cations. Although the use of the cyclic polyether, dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 results mainly in the formation of M− as the reducing species, the bicyclic polyether, “cryptate” yields in addition, substantial concentrations of solvated electrons. It also increases the solubility compared with the “crown” compound. Durch zyklische Polyather, die Kationkomplexe zu binden vermogen, konnen Alkalimetalle auch in solchen Losungsmitteln gelost werden. in denen sie sonst nicht oder nur wenig loslich sind. Wahrend Dicyklohexyl-18-crown-6 bevorzugt zur Bildung von M− (M Metallatom) fuhrt, ergibt der bicyklische Polyather “Cryptat” bei erhohter Metall-Loslichkeit zusatzlich betrachtliche Konzentrationen an solvatisierten Elektronen.
Attitudes Toward Smoke-Free Workplaces, Restaurants, and Bars, Casinos, and Clubs Among U.S. Adults: Findings From the 2009–2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey

INTRODUCTION An increasing number of U.S. states and communities have implemented smoke-free policies prohibiting smoking in all indoor workplaces and public areas. Public attitudes toward smoke-free environments are an evidenced-based, key indicator for the successful implementation and enforcement of smoke-free policies. METHODS Data were obtained from the 2009-2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey, a landline and cell phone survey of adults aged ≥18 years old residing in the 50U.S. states and the District of Columbia. The overall proportion of respondents who reported that smoking should "never be allowed" in workplaces, restaurants, and bars/casinos/clubs was calculated, both nationally and by state. National estimates were also calculated by sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, annual household income, sexual orientation, and smoking status. RESULTS Nationally, 81.6% of U.S. adults think workplaces should be smoke-free (state range: 68.6% [Kentucky] to 89.1% [California]); 74.9% think restaurants should be smoke-free (state range: 59.5% [Missouri] to 84.6% [California]); 50.0% think bars/casinos/clubs should be smoke-free (state range: 32.3% [Nevada] to 61.3% [Maine]); and 47.5% think workplaces, restaurants, and bars/casinos/clubs should be smoke-free (state range: 30.3% [Nevada] to 58.8% [Maine]). Regardless of venue type, women, older individuals, non-Hispanic Asians, individuals with higher education and income, and nonsmokers were the most likely to think these environments should be smoke-free. CONCLUSIONS A majority of U.S. adults think workplaces and restaurants should be smoke-free, while half think bars, casinos, and clubs should be smoke-free. Continued efforts are needed to educate the public about the dangers of secondhand smoke and the benefits of smoke-free indoor environments.
Abnormal gating of somatosensory inputs in essential tremor.

Objective: To study whether sensorimotor cortical areas are involved in Essential Tremor (ET) generation. Background: It has been suggested that sensorimotor cortical areas can play a role in ET generation. Therefore, we studied median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in 10 patients with definite ET. Methods: To distinguish SEP changes due to hand movements from those specifically related to central mechanisms of tremor, SEPs were recorded at rest, during postural tremor and during active and passive movement of the hand. Moreover, we recorded SEPs from 5 volunteers who mimicked hand tremor. The traces were further submitted to dipolar source analysis. Results: Mimicked tremor in controls as well as active and passive hand movements in ET patients caused a marked attenuation of all scalp SEP components. These SEP changes can be explained by the interference between movement and somatosensory input (‘gating’ phenomenon). By contrast, SEPs during postural tremor in ET patients showed a reduction of N20, P22, N24 and P24 cortical SEP components, whereas the fronto-central N30 wave remained unaffected. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that in ET patients the physiological interference between movement and somatosensory input to the cortex is not effective on the N30 response. This finding thus indicates that a dysfunction of the cortical generator of the N30 response may play a role in the pathogenesis of ET. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lebensborn and the Eugenics Policy of the Reichsführer-SS

In December 1935, Heinrich Himmler established an SS agency designated as Lebensborn, or the “Well of Life” society, ordering it to perform a twofold task: to administer welfare assistance to SS families having a large number of racially valuable children; and to extend maternity and child-care facilities to expectant mothers, whether they were married or not, if they could prove the biological excellence of their expected children. Even with the emphasis placed on racial value as a criterion for Lebensborn involvement, the agency might appear to have been a curious blend of an SS “fringe benefit” combined with a charitable SS gesture toward unwed mothers. In reality, Lebensborn functioned as one unit within a comprehensive eugenics policy begun earlier in 1931 when the Reichsfuhrer issued his famous “marriage decree” to the SS. The contribution which Lebensborn made to this eugenics program is examined below with emphasis placed on the socio-biological motives that prompted the Reichsfuhrer's concern for childbearing and ultimately lay behind the agency's founding.
A new pulse arrival-time recording system

A new pulse arrival-time recording system is being developed at Los Alamos. This system utilizes the latest advances in electronics and computer technology to provide a system that has increased performance over existing instrumentation at a much lower per channel cost. We describe the design of the primary component, the PATRM/PCI (Pulse Arrival-Time Recording Module/Peripheral Component Interconnect) and its configuration in both small and large systems. We also describe the added features that promise to greatly enhance our time correlation measurements.
Actual evapotranspiration and deficit: biologically meaningful correlates of vegetation distribution across spatial scales

Correlative approaches to understanding the climatic controls of vegetation distribution have exhibited at least two important weaknesses: they have been conceptually divorced across spatial scales, and their climatic parameters have not necessarily represented aspects of climate of broad physiological importance to plants. Using examples from the literature and from the Sierra Nevada of California, I argue that two water balance parameters actual evapotranspiration (AET) and deficit (D) are biologically meaningful, are well correlated with the distribution of vegetation types, and exhibit these qualities over several orders of magnitude of spatial scale (continental to local). I reach four additional conclusions. (1) Some pairs of climatic parameters presently in use are functionally similar to AET and D; however, AET and D may be easier to interpret biologically. (2) Several well-known climatic parameters are biologically less meaningful or less important than AET and D, and consequently are poorer correlates of the distribution of vegetation types. Of particular interest, AET is a much better correlate of the distributions of coniferous and deciduous forests than minimum temperature. (3) The effects of evaporative demand and water availability on a site's water balance are intrinsically different. For example, the 'dry' experienced by plants on sunward slopes (high evaporative demand) is not comparable to the 'dry' experienced by plants on soils with low water-holding capacities (low water availability), and these differences are reflected in vegetation patterns. (4) Many traditional topographic moisture scalars those that additively combine measures related to evaporative demand and water availability are not necessarily meaningful for describing site conditions as sensed by plants; the same holds for measured soil moisture. However, using AET and D in place of moisture scalars and measured soil moisture can solve these problems.
Influence of the corn resistance gene Mv on the fitness of Peregrinus maidis (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) and on the transmission of maize mosaic virus (Rhabdoviridae: Nucleorhabdovirus).

Crops that are resistant to pests and pathogens are cost-effective for the management of pests and diseases. A corn (Zea mays L.) breeding program conducted in Hawaii has identified a source of heritable resistance to maize mosaic virus (MMV) (Rhabdoviridae: Nucleorhabdovirus). This resistance is controlled by the gene Mv, which has been shown to have a codominant action. To date, no studies have examined whether the resistance associated with this gene affects only MMV or whether it also affects the insect vector, the corn planthopper Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Here, we examined the life history of the corn planthopper and its ability to transmit MMV on near isogenic lines that were homozygous dominant (Mv/Mv), homozygous recessive (mv/mv), or heterozygous (Mv/mv) for the gene. A field trial was also conducted to study the colonization of the corn plants with different genotypes by the planthopper. Although field observations revealed slightly lower densities of planthoppers on corn with the genotype Mv/Mv than on the inbreds with the genotype mvlmv and their hybrids with the genotype Mvlmv, laboratory assays showed no effects of the gene on planthopper development, longevity, or fecundity. In the field, the corn lines Mv/Mv had a lower incidence of MMV-infected plants. However, in the greenhouse, the transmission of MMV to corn seedlings did not differ across the near isogenic lines, although the corn lines Mv/Mv showed a delayed onset of symptoms compared with the corn lines mvlmv and Mvlmv. The acquisition of MMV by corn planthoppers on the corn genotypes Mv/Mv and Mvlmv averaged 0.2, whereas the acquisition on the corn genotypes mvlmv averaged >0.3. Our results show that the Mv gene does not influence the fitness of the planthopper vector, suggesting that it may confer resistance by other means, possibly by limiting virus replication or movement within the host plant.
Algorithmic subtraction of high peaks in NMR spectra

Abstract A method of data processing, which suppresses high peaks in NMR spectra, is presented. The algorithm is universal, does not require any information about the shape of subtracted peaks, and can be applied to various types of spectra. In some cases, algorithmic subtraction of peaks in simple 1D spectra can replace more complex and time-consuming methods of experimental peaks suppression.
Traumatic injury to the thoracic aorta

3. Greendyke RM. Traumatic rupture of the aorta. JAMA 1966; 195:119–22. 4. Sevitt S. The mechanisms of traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. Br J Surg 1977;64:166–73. 5. Feczko JD, Lynch L, Pless JE, Clark MA, McClain J, Hawley DA. An autopsy case review of 142 nonpenetrating (blunt) injuries of the aorta. J Trauma 1992;33:846–9. 6. Williams JS, Graff JA, Uku JM, Steinig JP. Aortic injury in vehicular trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;57:726–30.
Effect of electrode size and silicon residue on piezoelectric thin-film membrane actuators

Abstract Piezoelectric micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) often adopt a membrane structure to facilitate sensing or actuation. Design parameters, such as membrane size, thickness of the piezoelectric thin film, and electrode types, have been studied to maximize actuation, sensitivity, or coupling coefficient. This paper is to demonstrate numerically and experimentally that the size of silicon residue and its relative size to the top electrode are two critical yet unrecognized parameters in maximizing the actuation displacement of PZT thin-film membrane actuators. To study effects of the silicon residue, we have developed a finite element model using ANSYS. The model consists of five components: a square passive silicon membrane, a silicon substrate, a PZT thin film, a square top electrode, and a silicon residue region. In particular, the silicon residue has a circular inner diameter and a square outer perimeter with a trapezoidal cross section. Predictions of the finite element model lead to several major results. First, when the silicon residue is present, there exists an optimal size of the top electrode maximizing the actuator displacement. Second, the optimal electrode size is roughly 50–60% of the inner diameters of the silicon residue. The displacement of the membrane actuator declines significantly as the electrode overlaps with the silicon residue. Third, the maximal actuator displacement decreases as the inner diameter of the silicon residue decreases. Aside from the finite element analysis, a mechanics-of-material model is also developed to predict the electrode size that maximizes the actuator displacement. To verify the simulation results, eight PZT thin-film membrane actuators with progressive electrode sizes are fabricated. These actuators all have a square membrane of 800 μm × 800 μm with the inner diameter of the silicon residue controlled between 500 and 750 μm. A laser Doppler vibrometer is used to measure the actuator displacements. The experimental measurements confirm that there exists an optimal size of the top electrode maximizing the actuator displacement.
Using virtual grids to simplify application scheduling

Users and developers of grid applications have access to increasing numbers of resources. While more resources generally mean higher capabilities for an application, they also raise the issue of application scheduling scalability. First, even polynomial time scheduling heuristics may take a prohibitively long time to compute a schedule. Second, and perhaps more critical, it may not be possible to gather all the resource information needed by a scheduling algorithm in a scalable manner. Our application focus is scientific workflows, which can be represented as directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). Our claim is that, in future resource-rich environments, simple scheduling algorithms may be sufficient to achieve good workflow performances. We introduce a scalable scheduling approach that uses a resource abstraction called a virtual grid (VG). Our simulations of a range of typical DAG structures and resources demonstrate that a simple greedy scheduling heuristic combined with the virtual grid abstraction is as effective and more scalable than more complex heuristic DAG scheduling algorithms on large-scale platforms.
Serial blood lactate measurements predict early outcome after neonatal repair or palliation for complex congenital heart disease

Abstract Objectives: Neonates with congenital heart disease may appear hemodynamically stable after operation and then suddenly experience catastrophic decompensation. An improved means of predicting which infants will suddenly die in the early postoperative period may lead to lifesaving interventions. Studies indicate that blood lactate level is proportional to tissue oxygen debt, but information linking lactate levels with outcome in infants after operation is limited. We sought to determine whether a change in lactate level over time was predictive of a poor outcome defined as death within the first 72 hours or the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Methods: To test this hypothesis, we studied prospectively 46 infants who were less than 1 month old and were undergoing complex cardiac surgical palliation or repair. Postoperative arterial oxygen saturation, bicarbonate, and lactate levels were recorded on admission to the intensive care unit and every 3 to 12 hours for the first 3 days. Results: Thirty-seven patients had a good outcome, and 9 patients had a poor outcome. Mean initial lactate level was significantly greater in patients with a poor outcome (9.4 ± 3.8 mmol/L) than in patients with a good outcome (5.6 ± 2.1 mmol/L; P =.03). However, an elevated initial lactate level of more than 6 mmol/L had a low positive predictive value (38%) for poor outcome. In contrast, a change in lactate level of 0.75 mmol/L per hour or more was associated with a poor outcome ( P Conclusions: Serial blood lactate level measurements may be an accurate predictor of death or the requirement for extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support for patients who undergo complex neonatal cardiac surgery. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:73-80)
Ohio Primary Health Care Providers’ Practices and Attitudes Regarding Screening Women With Prior Gestational Diabetes for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus — 2010

INTRODUCTION Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with a 7-fold increased lifetime risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes is crucial for preventing complications. Despite recommendations for type 2 diabetes screening every 1 to 3 years for women with previous diagnoses of GDM and all women aged 45 years or older, screening prevalence is unknown. We sought to assess Ohio primary health care providers' practices and attitudes regarding assessing GDM history and risk for progression to type 2 diabetes. METHODS During 2010, we mailed surveys to 1,400 randomly selected Ohio family physicians and internal medicine physicians; we conducted analyses during 2011-2013. Overall responses were weighted to adjust for stratified sampling. Chi-square tests compared categorical variables. RESULTS Overall response rate was 34% (380 eligible responses). Among all respondents, 57% reported that all new female patients in their practices are routinely asked about GDM history; 62% reported screening women aged 45 years or younger with prior GDM every 1 to 3 years for glucose intolerance; and 42% reported that screening for type 2 diabetes among women with prior GDM is a high or very high priority in their practice. CONCLUSION Because knowing a patient's GDM history is the critical first step in the prevention of progression to type 2 diabetes for women who had GDM, suboptimal screening for both GDM history and subsequent glucose abnormalities demonstrates missed opportunities for identifying and counseling women with increased risk for type 2 diabetes.
Home-range size and subadult dispersal of black bears in the Cascade Range of western Oregon

Abstract. Knowledge of home-range size and subadult dispersal activity of American black bears (Ursus americanus) is essential for understanding the complexity of how bears interact within populations and the environment. During 1993–1998, we monitored 95 radio-collared black bears in the Cascade Range of western Oregon to estimate homerange sizes and dispersal movements. Composite fixed-kernel home ranges were calculated for 37 bears. Mean home-range size differed between genders (189.7 km2 for males and 33.6 km2 for females); however, there was no difference in mean home-range size between subadult and adult males or subadult and adult females. We monitored 40 subadult bears (29 M, 11 F) to detect dispersal activity. We did not detect any dispersal of subadult females. One subadult male dispersed as a 2 year old, one dispersed as a 3 year old, and one as a 4 year old. The greatest dispersal distance of any subadult was 34 km by a 2-year-old male.
Filter: an algorithm for reducing cascaded rollbacks in optimistic distributed simulations

The authors describe a new algorithm, called Filter, that limits the propagation of erroneous computations in optimistic discrete-event distributed simulations. In the proposed algorithm, each message carries a bounded amount of dependency information that describes the assumptions made in the generation of the message, and, in addition, processes keep track of straggler events that have occurred in the system. This knowledge is used by processes to 'filter' out messages that depend on a preempted state by discarding them upon receipt. The authors describe the algorithm and its use in conjunction with time-warp, suggest several ways of reducing its potential overhead by adjusting the extent of filtering, and point out several interesting performance tradeoffs that they are currently exploring. >
Histone acetyltransferase activity is conserved between yeast and human GCN5 and is required for complementation of growth and transcriptional activation.

Yeast and human ADA2 and GCN5 (y- and hADA2 and y- and hGCN5, respectively) have been shown to potentiate transcription in vivo and may function as adaptors to bridge physical interactions between DNAbound activators and the basal transcriptional machinery. Recently it was shown that yGCN5 is a histone acetyltransferase(HAT),suggestingalinkbetweenenzymaticmodificationofnucleosomesandtranscriptional activation. In this report, we demonstrate that hGCN5 is also an HAT and has the same substrate specificity as yGCN5. Since hGCN5 does not complement functional defects caused by deletion of yGCN5, we constructed a series of hGCN5-yGCN5 chimeras to identify human regions capable of activity in yeast. Interestingly, only the putative HAT domain of hGCN5, when fused to the remainder of yGCN5, complemented gcn5 2 cells for growth and transcriptional activation. Moreover, an amino acid substitution mutation within the HAT domain reduced both HAT activity in vitro and transcription in vivo. These findings directly link enzymatic histone acetylation and transcriptional activation and show evolutionary conservation of this potentially crucial pathway in gene regulation.
Using Spectral Fingerprints to Improve Wireless Network Security

The proliferation of affordable RF communication devices has given every individual the capability to communicate voice and/or data worldwide. This has increased wireless user exposure and driven the need for improved security measures. While earlier works have primarily focused on detecting and mitigating spoofing at the MAC layer, there has been a shift toward providing protection at the PHY layer by exploiting RF characteristics that are difficult to mimic. This research investigates the use of RF "fingerprints" for classifying emissions by exploiting transient signal features to provide hardware-specific identification. Reliable transient detection is the most important step in the process and is addressed here using variance trajectory of instantaneous amplitude and instantaneous phase responses. Following transient detection performance characterization, power spectral density fingerprints are extracted and spectral correlation used for classification. For proof-of-concept demonstration, the overall detection and classification process is evaluated using experimentally collected 802.11a OFDM signals. Results show that amplitude-based transient detection is most effective. Classification performance is demonstrated using three devices with overall classification accuracy approaching 80% for 802.11a signals at SNRs greater than 6 dB.
Regulation of rat liver glycogen synthetase. Evidence for a lysyl residue essential for glucose 6-phosphate activation.

SUMMARY Glycogen synthetase D was inactivated by treatment with trlnitrobenzene sulfonate with the incorporation of 2.5 moles of trinitrophenyl group per mole of enzyme subunit. ‘I he sulfhydryl content of the enzyme was unchanged during trinitrophenylation indicating that derivatization was through the amino group. Glucose-6-P and other phosphate activators of glycogen synthetase D offered protection against modification. Partially active, trinitrophenylated derivatives of the enzyme were characterized by a decreased V,,, without any change in the K, for the glucose-6-P or the K,,, for the substrate, UDP-glucose. Pyridoxal-P was used to probe further these amino groups. As an inhibitor of glycogen synthetase D, pyridoxal-P showed competitive inhibition with respect to glucose-6-P. ‘Ihe unreactive analogues, pyridoxine-P and pyridoxamine-P, were weak activators of the enzyme by themselves, whereas pyridorine-P was a competitive inhibitor with respect to glucose6-P. The corresponding unphosphorylated forms of these analogues could not duplicate these effects, providing evidence that the site of action of pyridoxal-P was at or near the glucose-6-P-binding site involved in the activation of the enzyme. Reduction of the Schiff’s base complex between pyridoxalP and glycogen synthetase D by NaBH4 led to the irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. Inactivation was the result of the incorporation of 1.0 mole of phosphopyridoxal group per mole of enzyme subunit through the a-amino group of a lysyl residue. Glucose-6-P offered some protection against inactivation. Reduction of pyridoxine-P- or pyridoxamineP-treated enzyme had no effect on enzyme activity. These results suggest that there is a lysyl residue located at or near the glucose-6-P binding site which is essential for the activation of glycogen synthetase D by glucose-6-P.
Single perturbed beat vs. steady-state beats for assessing systolic function in the isolated heart

Single-beat and steady-state techniques for evaluating end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (ESPVR) and Frank-Starling mechanism (FSM) in the crystalloid-perfused isolated rabbit heart were compared. In the single-beat technique, a train of stable isovolumic beats was interrupted with a single perturbed beat that either ejected against various levels of imposed isobaric load (ESPVR protocol) or beat isovolumically against various levels of end-diastolic volume (V(ED); FSM protocol). In steady-state technique, sustained beating was established, isobarically, at each of various loads (ESPVR protocol) or, isovolumically, at each of various V(ED) values (FSM protocol). ESPVR from steady-state technique lay above and to the left of that from single-beat technique. Contractile state was not uniform within steady-state technique, whereas it was uniform within single-beat technique. In the FSM protocol, single-beat technique exhibited the following features relative to steady-state technique: 1) greater range of developed pressures, 2) steeper ascending limb and more sharply defined maxima, 3) higher maximal developed pressure (Pdmax), and 4) greater volume at Pdmax(Vmax). Again. a common contractile state existed within single-beat technique but not within steady-state technique. It was concluded that single-beat technique was preferable to steady-state technique for evaluating ESPVR and FSM because 1) single-beat technique required less time for obtaining data, 2) single-beat technique allowed identification of uncomplicated values of Pdmax and Vmax, and 3) single-beat technique provided a common contractile-state reference for all data, whereas steady-state technique did not.
Supercapacitors Based on Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Graphene Aerogels with Periodic Macropores.

Graphene is an atomically thin, two-dimensional (2D) carbon material that offers a unique combination of low density, exceptional mechanical properties, thermal stability, large surface area, and excellent electrical conductivity. Recent progress has resulted in macro-assemblies of graphene, such as bulk graphene aerogels for a variety of applications. However, these three-dimensional (3D) graphenes exhibit physicochemical property attenuation compared to their 2D building blocks because of one-fold composition and tortuous, stochastic porous networks. These limitations can be offset by developing a graphene composite material with an engineered porous architecture. Here, we report the fabrication of 3D periodic graphene composite aerogel microlattices for supercapacitor applications, via a 3D printing technique known as direct-ink writing. The key factor in developing these novel aerogels is creating an extrudable graphene oxide-based composite ink and modifying the 3D printing method to accommodate aero...
A Select Group of Friends - the Returns to Social Networking

Most labor models predict that networking or the use of personal contacts to find a job will be associated with wage premiums and shorter unemployment durations. While empirical studies have confirmed that networkers find jobs faster, most have not confirmed the theoretically predicted wage premium. In fact, some find evidence of a wage penalty. There is scant theory to explain these findings. I develop a general equilibrium search model with worker heterogeneity that allows workers and firms to make optimal choices about how to search for matches. Since low ability job seekers may use personal contacts intensively, networked jobs may offer lower wages on average even though networkers earn a wage premium conditional on skills. Whether the use of personal contacts is correlated with wage premiums or penalties depends on employer type. I find evidence that networkers are negatively selected in the U.S. labor market using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), and that the use of personal contacts is positively associated with wages. Furthermore, networking appears to impact labor market outcomes differently for different occupational groups.
The Effects of Incentives and Time Reporting Delays on Time Reporting Accuracy and Directional Bias: An Experimental Investigation of Underreporting of Time

Prior survey studies imply that time budgets create incentives for auditors to underreport time and that such incentives decrease time reporting accuracy. Our study, however, hypothesizes that incentivising time reporting provides a signal that time reports are important, which increases the effort individuals direct towards recalling time, thereby increasing time reporting accuracy. Results of an experiment indicate that providing individuals with incentives to underreport time reduces the size of time reporting misstatements (i.e. increases time reporting accuracy) but also, under certain conditions, biases such misstatements downward. Specifically, participants who were provided with incentives to underreport time, consistent with motivated reasoning theory, systematically underreported time when they reported time one-week after task completion, but not when they reported time immediately after task completion. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the causes of inaccurate and directionally biased time reporting, which provides practical insights into how firms might address these issues.
Citizens’ Understanding of their U.S. Senator: How the Gender of the Senator and the Gender of Citizens Influence What People Know

We explore whether citizens’ understanding of their senators related to the actions and behaviors of their legislators. We rely on the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey (CCES) as well as a content analysis of the controlled messages of 32 senators and the news media’s coverage of these senators in 2006. We examine a survey sample of about 18,000 respondents in 17 states. We look at numerous measures of citizens’ information about senators, including respondents’ ability to accurately identify the senator’s party identification, to assess a senator’s job performance, to place senators on an ideological scale, and to recall senators’ votes on a number of issues. We find citizens are more willing to answer questions about women senators compared to men senators. In addition, constituents are more likely to know a woman senator’s name, party affiliation, ideological leanings and specific votes on key issues, compared to an equivalent male senator. These tasks, ranging from rudimentary questions to quite sophisticated and demanding queries, yield unwavering results. People know more about women senators than male senators, even controlling for a range of rival factors. We also find that women senators reduce the “gender gap” in men and women’s understanding about politics. More specifically, the gender gap in political knowledge is reduced significantly when female respondents are assessing a woman senator, instead of a male senator. Women in leadership positions seem to signify to female constituents that politics is relevant to them, encouraging women to pay more attention to political life.
Real vs. Fake Investors: South Asian Re-Incorporation in Post-Expulsion Uganda

This paper explores the efforts of a Ugandan state parastatal to recruit foreign direct investment and make use of Asian capital—in tandem with a broader vision of national economic development and post-Africanization economic prosperity and racial harmony. I examine how state agents aggregate and racialize complex diasporic communities of Ugandan Asians, transnational investors, and migrant-traders into a universal category of male Asian “foreign investor.” This discursive project relies on claims surrounding the historical and contemporary significance of outsiders, particularly from South Asia and the Global South, to national development and the production of wealth for Ugandans. Likewise, foreigners shore up their identities as investors and businessmen in order to legitimize their presence, residency, and economic enterprise in Kampala. Through ethnographic analysis, I reveal how state agents engage in discursive and material projects of re-casting Idi Amin’s Economic War against South Asians in 1970s Uganda, participating in projects to reform South Asian business and businessmen in the country through their apprehensions of “real” versus “fake” investors. The paper explores the recognition of South Asians in a post-Africanization neoliberal economic order, contributing to an understanding of how East African states without explicit policies of multi-racial inclusion manage and negotiate foreigner populations.
On the Mini-car General Assembly Production Line Design

This paper specifically describes considering issues in design of the new established mini-car’s general assembly production line. Besides, it introduces the design of general assembly B line in SAIC General Motor Wuling Automobile Corporation Limited (Qingdao Branch) as an example for study.
Analysis on the Withstanding Ability of Power Transformers to DC Bias Under Power Quality Constraints

The DC bias phenomenon will cause impacts on normal operation of power transformers,and the withstanding ability of power transformer to DC bias is the prerequisite to the stability of power system.Based on a piecewise linear model of the iron core,the mathematical expressions between the transformer output voltage and the DC bias were deduced by virtue of the fundamental electromagnetic equations.Further,by incorporating the power quality constraints of power systems,effective criterions were established based on both the voltage regulation rate and the total harmonic distortion rate to determine the maximum possible DC bias current that the transformers could withstand,and simulations were also given to verify the analyzed results.Analysis also indicates that,both the saturation factor and the load power factor may execute sensible effects on transformers'capability to withstand DC bias,which should be considered comprehensively for assessment.The research presents useful reference for the design and operation of power transformers,as well as for further developing methodology to suppress DC bias.
To Tenure and Beyond: Building an Intentional Career in STEM**A Pay It FORWARD Project at Case Western Reserve University.

This chapter describes the methods and outcomes for a 2-year pilot of regional faculty development efforts for pre-tenure women in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM). Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) received a National Science Foundation (NSF) ADVANCE Institutional Transformation award (2003–2008), followed by a Partnership for Adaptation, Implementation, and Dissemination award (IDEAL, 2009–2013) to encourage gender equity across six regional partner universities. “To Tenure and Beyond: Building an Intentional Career in STEM” (TT&B) was conceived for the Partnerships for Adaptation, Implementation and Dissemination (PAID) award to develop a model for untenured faculty development that stresses tenure as a career milestone, not an end goal, and to potentially encourage future participation of women in leadership. A core curricular theme was the theory of intentional change (Boyatzis and McKnee, 2006), with an emphasis on self-awareness and using conscious choice in the pursuit of career goals. The model components included strategic skill building, reducing isolation, professional academic career coaching, and development of a career plan beyond tenure. Methods included training, peer discussions, expert panels, role-plays, and varying locations (participants traveled to workshop/trainers traveled to participants). The effectiveness of TT&B, demonstrated through pre- and post-assessment, resulted in the institutionalization and scale-up of the program as part of the Office of Faculty Development at CWRU in 2013. This project is open to all faculty in their second year of employment at CWRU, regardless of gender or discipline.
The Theory of Progress and Poverty

By 1879, Henry George was ready to frame for a nation his condemnation of the effects of technological progress on land values and the distribution of income. His analysis begs its implication on the funding of government and the morality of unearned income: Take now … some hard-headed business man, who has no theories, but knows how to make money. Say to him: “Here is a little village; in ten years it will be a great city — in ten years the railroad will have taken the place of the stage coach, the electric light of the candle; it will abound with all the machinery and improvements that so enormously multiply the effective power of labor. Will in ten years, interest be any higher?” He will tell you, “No!” “Will the wages of the common labor be any higher…?” He will tell you, “No the wages of common labor will not be any higher…” “What, then, will be higher?” “Rent, the value of land. Go, get yourself a piece of ground, and hold possession.” And if, under such circumstances, you take his advice, you need do nothing more. You may sit down and smoke your pipe; you may lie around like the lazzaroni of Naples or the leperos of Mexico; you may go up in a balloon or down a hole in the ground; and without doing one stroke of work, without adding one iota of wealth to the community, in ten years you will be rich! In the new city you may have a luxurious mansion, but among its public buildings will be an almshouse.
Lysozyme and Lipase Alter Unfrozen and Frozen/Thawed Cells of Listeria monocytogenes

Unfrozen and frozen/thawed cells of Listeria monocytogenes strains Scott A, V7, and California were treated with lipase and/or lysozyme. Cells of strain Scott A were more susceptible to the lytic action of lysozyme than were cells of strains V7 and California. Treatment of unfrozen cells with lipase before exposure to lysozyme enhanced cellular lysis. This also was true for cells held frozen for up to 6 weeks before they were thawed and treated with enzymes. Some variation existed among strains of L. monocytogenes in their susceptibility to effects of lysozyme. Frozen storage of cells of all three strains increased their susceptibility to lysis by lipase, and this was related inversely with the percentage of cells that survived freezing and frozen storage. Transmission electron microscopy showed some enzyme-treated cells formed protoplasts.
Net Reclassification Improvement and Integrated Discrimination Improvement New Standards for Evaluating the Incremental Value of Stress Imaging for Risk Assessment

The role of stress testing in the noninvasive evaluation of patients with possible or known coronary artery disease has evolved from functioning as a diagnostic tool to serving primarily as an aid in risk stratification. The results of clinical assessment and stress testing can be combined to estimate individual patient risk and guide subsequent treatment. National guidelines recommend that stress imaging preferentially be performed instead of standard exercise testing in patients with characteristics consisting of inability to exercise adequately, uninterpretable exercise ECG, or previous coronary artery disease revascularization.1,2 Aside from these patient subsets, controversy persists concerning the selection of a stress test modality attributable to uncertainty concerning the incremental prognostic value of stress imaging compared with standard exercise testing. Article see p 531 For nuclear myocardial perfusion gated SPECT (MPGS), patient risk can be determined simply by dichotomizing images as normal/abnormal,3 but risk stratification can be refined by categorizing the images on the basis of summed perfusion scores.4,5 These scores include the summed stress score, which is a reflection of the extent and severity of combined infarction and ischemia, and the summed different score, an indicator of the extent and severity of ischemia. In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging , Candell-Riera et al6 report on the prognostic value of exercise MPGS in 5672 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. The authors apply the c-statistic, net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) to examine the incremental prognostic value of MPGS compared with clinical and exercise test variables for predicting the end points of all-cause death and the major cardiovascular end point of combined cardiovascular death and nonfatal myocardial infarction. The authors report 2 major findings: (1) predictive accuracy significantly increased by adding exercise variables to clinical variables for …
DYNAMIC STABILITY OF FIBROUS COMPOSITE CYLINDERS

The dynamic stability of composite cylindrical shells with general boundary conditions is investigated. The governing differential equations of motion of an orthotropic cylindrical shell subjected to normal pressure are reduced to generalized Donnell’s cylindrical shell theory. By neglecting higher order terms, these equations are further reduced to a single eighth order differential equation in terms of the radial displacement. By modeling the normal pressure as a sum of constant and sinusoidal time-varying components, the solution of the governing differential equation is reduced to the solution of Mathieu’s equation. A simple computational algorithm is presented for finding the dynamic buckling pressure for the cylinder. The method may be used for simply supported and fixed boundary conditions.