cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemo-prophylaxis against nosocomial infections.

Summary. 1 Earlier experiments with chemo-prophylaxis indicate the definite value of this method as a protection against infections of various kinds 2 Experiments have been carried out with chemo-prophylaxis against nosocomial infections at a children's hospital. 291 children of all ages were given a continuous small dose of sulfathiazole during the whole stay at the hospital. 309 children represented a control material which was not treated. The frequency of infection was considerably less in the treated group, and the difference is statistically significant 3 When nosocomial infections occurred in the treated group in spite of the prophylaxis, they were found to be more moderate than the infections in the control group 4 No toxic reactions of any importance were observed 5 The risk factors at chemo-prophylaxis with compounds belonging to the sulfanilamide group are discussed. Finally, the practical applicability of the method is touched upon.
An extended two-point dixon algorithm for calculating separate water, fat, and B0 images

A new algorithm is presented that provides separate water, fat, and B0 images utilizing the in-phase and opposed-phase acquisitions of the two-point Dixon (2PD) method. The accuracy of the extended method (E2PD) compares favorably with the three-point Dixon (3PD) method, and the acquisition requires 2/3 the 3PD scan time. Slightly increased mismapping may occur in pixels containing an admixture of water and fat due to reduced SNR in the B0 field map compared with the 3PD method.
How Stable Is Marital Interaction Over Time

This is a report of the degree of stability in affective marital interaction over a 4-year period. There were statistically significant levels of stability in overall emotionality, and in positive and negative affect, particularly for wives. There was also stability for specific affects but, except for humor and listener backchannels, these varied with gender. Women were more stable than men in overall negative and positive affect. Men were more stable than women in belligerence, contempt, and tension/fear. Women were more stable than men in whining.
A Framework for Practical, Automated Black-Box Testing of Component-Based Software

This paper outlines a general strategy for automated black-box testing of software components that includes: automatic generation of component test drivers, automatic generation of black-box test data, and automatic or semi-automatic generation of component wrappers that serve as test oracles. This research in progress unifies several threads of testing research, and preliminary work indicates that practical levels of testing automation are possible.
Enumeration of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in Environmental Farm Samples and Processing Plant Carcass Rinses from Commercial Broiler Chicken Flocks

A prospective cohort study was performed to evaluate the prevalences and loads of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in farm and processing plant samples collected from 55 commercial broiler chicken flocks. Environmental samples were collected from broiler houses within 48 h before slaughter, and carcass rinses were performed on birds from the same flocks at 4 different stages of processing. Salmonella was detected in farm samples of 50 (90.9%) flocks and in processing samples of 52 (94.5%) flocks. Campylobacter was detected in farm samples of 35 (63.6%) flocks and in processing samples of 48 (87.3%) flocks. There was a significant positive relationship between environmental farm samples and processing plant carcass rinses with respect to both Salmonella and Campylobacter prevalences and loads. Campylobacter loads were significantly higher than Salmonella loads, and the correlations between samples collected from the same flocks were higher for Campylobacter than they were for Salmonella. Boot socks were the most sensitive sample type for detection of Salmonella on the farm, whereas litter samples had the strongest association with Salmonella loads in pre- and postchill carcass rinses. Boot socks, drag swabs, and fecal samples all had similar sensitivities for detecting Campylobacter on the farm, and all were more strongly associated with Campylobacter loads in carcass rinses than were litter samples. Farm samples explained a greater proportion of the variability in carcass rinse prevalences and loads for Campylobacter than they did for Salmonella. Salmonella and Campylobacter prevalences and loads both decreased significantly as birds progressed through the processing plant.
A Human Becoming Teaching-Learning Model

Teaching-learning is a never-ending journey of giving-receiving in coming-to-know. The purposes of this column are to distinguish among the traditional and human becoming paradigms of teaching-learning, and to set forth the essences, paradoxes, and processes of a human becoming teaching-learning model.
Sentinel Node Biopsy for Head and Neck Melanoma A Systematic Review

Objective. This systematic review was conducted to examine the test performance of sentinel node biopsy in head and neck melanoma, including the identification rate and false-negative rate.Data Sources. PubMed, EMBASE, ASCO, and SSO database searches were conducted to identify studies fulfilling the following inclusion criteria: sentinel node biopsy was performed, lesions were located on the head and neck, and recurrence data for both metastatic and nonmetastatic patients were reported.Review Methods. Dual-blind data extraction was conducted. Primary outcomes included identification rate and test performance based on completion neck dissection or nodal recurrence.Results. A total of 3442 patients from 32 studies published between 1990 and 2009 were reviewed. Seventy-eight percent of studies were retrospective and 22% were prospective. Trials varied from 9 to 755 patients (median 55). Mean Breslow depth was 2.53 mm. Median sentinel node biopsy identification rate was 95.2%. More than 1 basin was reported i...
Ecology and Environmental Issues of the Sierra Redwood ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ), Now Restricted to California

Although they were widely distributed during Cainozoic times, both the Sierra Redwood ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ) and the Coast Redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ) became restricted to greatly reduced ranges in California (and, in the latter instance, southernmost Oregon) during the late Tertiary and Quaternary periods. Today, the Sierra Redwood occurs in about 70 scattered groves, occupying an aggregate of 144 km 2 on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada; about 66% of the areas of these groves remain unlogged, and most of these virgin stands are protected within national parks. Fire suppression policies of the National Park Service and other government land agencies have created conditions that are both unsuited for Sierra Redwood reproduction and hazardous to existing trees. Successful seed germination requires a mineral seed-bed, such as is usually exposed through fire. Burned sites also enhance seedling survival through increased sunlight penetration, reduced competition, and improved soil-moisture content. Fire suppression has, however, allowed the accumulation of large volumes of combustible fuels, increasing the probability of destructive crown-fires. In order to rectify these problems, the National Park Service has begun a programme of prescribed burning in Sequoia–Kings Canyon National Parks; to date, about 3.4 km 2 have been treated. Thus, the environmental issues facing the Sierra Redwood involve perpetuating the tree within parks that are secure from commercial utilization.
A unified DFT architecture for use with IEEE 1149.1 and VSIA/IEEE P1500 compliant test access controllers

This paper discusses some of the critical issues that may prevent IEEE P1500 from becoming an acceptable standard and offers some suggestions for their solution. In particular, the inadequacy of the proposed P1500 and the VSIA solutions in handling hierarchical implementations is addressed. Support for hierarchical implementations is seen as an essential feature in a test access methodology that is intended for use in System on a Chip (SoC) designs. The author is actively pursuing some of these solutions through the working groups.
Wage disparity and team productivity: evidence from major league baseball

Using data describing baseball teams from 1985 to 1998, it is found that Levine's (Levine, D.I., 1991. Cohesiveness, productivity and wage dispersion. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 15, 237-255) team-cohesiveness hypothesis is supported over Ramaswamy and Rowthorn's (Ramaswamy, R., Rowthorn, E., 1991. Efficiency wages and dispersion. Economica 58, 501-514) danger-potential hypothesis. The implication is that teams with greater wage disparity experience a reduction in team performance. © 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
The Pathobiochemistry of Hereditary Pancreatitis: Studies on Recombinant Human Cationic Trypsinogen

Background/Aims: This study attempts to identify the biochemical alterations in human cationic trypsinogen and trypsin caused by the hereditary pancreatitis-associated mutations Arg
A Pituitary-Derived MEG3 Isoform Functions as a Growth Suppressor in Tumor Cells

Human pituitary adenomas are the most common intracranial neoplasm. Typically monoclonal in origin, a somatic mutation is a prerequisite event in tumor development. To identify underlying pathogenetic mechanisms in tumor formation, we compared the difference in gene expression between normal human pituitary tissue and clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas by cDNA-representational difference analysis. We cloned a cDNA, the expression of which was absent in these tumors, that represents a novel transcript from the previously described MEG3, a maternal imprinting gene with unknown function. It was expressed in normal human gonadotrophs, from which clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas are derived. Additional investigation by Northern blot and RT-PCR demonstrated that this gene was also not expressed in functioning pituitary tumors as well as many human cancer cell lines. Moreover, ectopic expression of this gene inhibits growth in human cancer cells including HeLa, MCF-7, and H4. Genomic analysis revealed that MEG3 is located on chromosome 14q32.3, a site that has been predicted to contain a tumor suppressor gene involved in the pathogenesis of meningiomas. Taken together, our data suggest that MEG3 may represent a novel growth suppressor, which may play an important role in the development of human pituitary adenomas.
College admissions with affirmative action

This paper first shows that when colleges' preferences are substitutable there does not exist any stable matching mechanism that makes truthful revelation of preferences a dominant strategy for every student. The paper introduces student types and captures colleges' preferences for affirmative action via type-specific quotas: A college always prefers a set of students that respects its type-specific quotas to another set that violates them. Then it shows that the student-applying deferred acceptance mechanism makes truthful revelation of preferences a dominant strategy for every student if each college's preferences satisfy responsiveness over acceptable sets of students that respect its type-specific quotas. These results have direct policy implications in several entry-level labor markets (Roth 1991). Furthermore, a fairness notion and the related incentive theory developed here is applied to controlled choice in the context of public school choice by Abdulkadiroglu and Sonmez (2003).
Species Concepts and Species Delimitation

The issue of species delimitation has long been confused with that of species conceptualization, leading to a half century of controversy concerning both the definition of the species category and methods for inferring the boundaries and numbers of species. Alternative species concepts agree in treating existence as a separately evolving metapopulation lineage as the primary defining property of the species category, but they disagree in adopting different properties acquired by lineages during the course of divergence (e.g., intrinsic reproductive isolation, diagnosability, monophyly) as secondary defining properties (secondary species criteria). A unified species concept can be achieved by treating existence as a separately evolving metapopulation lineage as the only necessary property of species and the former secondary species criteria as different lines of evidence (operational criteria) relevant to assessing lineage separation. This unified concept of species has several consequences for species delimitation, including the following: First, the issues of species conceptualization and species delimitation are clearly separated; the former secondary species criteria are no longer considered relevant to species conceptualization but only to species delimitation. Second, all of the properties formerly treated as secondary species criteria are relevant to species delimitation to the extent that they provide evidence of lineage separation. Third, the presence of any one of the properties (if appropriately interpreted) is evidence for the existence of a species, though more properties and thus more lines of evidence are associated with a higher degree of corroboration. Fourth, and perhaps most significantly, a unified species concept shifts emphasis away from the traditional species criteria, encouraging biologists to develop new methods of species delimitation that are not tied to those properties.
Evidence for an Intrinsic Toxicity of Phosphatidylcholine to Sec14p-dependent Protein Transport from the Yeast Golgi Complex

Yeast phosphatidylinositol-transfer protein (Sec14p) is essential for Golgi secretory function and cell viability. This requirement of Sec14p is relieved by genetic inactivation of the cytidine dip...
Variation in nutritive quality and mineral content of grazed and clipped forage from native range in southwest Idaho1

Changes in nutrient content of grazed and clipped forages during the growing season were evaluated over a 2-yr period via samples from native range in southwestern Idaho. Mature, ruminally fistulated beef cows were used from April to September (yr 1; n = 4) and May to October (yr 2, n = 3) to collect masticated diet samples every 2 to 4 wk. Clipped samples were also collected concurrent with grazed samples. Attempts were made to clip forage similar to what the cows had been observed to be consuming; however, cattle selected (P < 0.05) a diet higher in nutritive quality than what was clipped for some nutrients. In yr 1, forage CP was greater (P = 0.05) in grazed than clipped samples in July, whereas in yr 2 grazed CP tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in August and was greater (P < 0.05) in September than clipped samples. Nutrient content of samples was adequate to meet lactating beef cow needs (NRC requirements) for CP and TDN until mid to late summer and adequate for K but deficient for P, Na, Ca, Mg, and S throughout the grazing season. Micronutrients Fe, Mn, and Mo were adequate during the grazing season, whereas Cu and Zn were deficient. Based on the variation in nutrient content by month, we report that forage quality is highly variable throughout the grazing season. Furthermore, clipped sample nutrient content is generally similar to grazed sample content and provides an adequate prediction of consumed forage quality.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Small Group and Community-Level Interventions

In February 1997, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a consensus development conference on interventions to prevent HIV infection. At this conference, a panel composed of AIDS activists and esteemed scientists, who work in areas other than HIV prevention, reviewed the evidence on the effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions. The panel identified several types of HIV prevention interventions that have been rigorously assessed and found effective at reducing HIV-related risk behaviors.1
Cortisol response to an induction of negative affect among adolescents with and without loss of control eating.

Summary Background Adults with binge eating disorder may have an exaggerated or blunted cortisol response to stress. Yet, limited data exist among youth who report loss of control (LOC) eating, a developmental precursor to binge eating disorder. Methods We studied cortisol reactivity among 178 healthy adolescents with and without LOC eating. Following a buffet lunch meal adolescents were randomly assigned to watch a neutral or sad film clip. After, they were offered snacks from a multi-item array to assess eating in the absence of hunger. Salivary cortisol was collected at −80, 0, 30 and 50 min relative to film administration, and state mood ratings were reported before and after the film. Results Adolescents with LOC had greater increases in negative affect during the experimental paradigm in both conditions (ps > 0.05). Depressive symptoms, but not LOC, related to a greater cortisol response in the sad film condition (ps > 0.05). Depressive symptoms and state LOC were related to different aspects of eating behaviour, independent of film condition or cortisol response (ps > 0.05). Conclusions A film clip that induced depressed state affect increased salivary cortisol only in adolescents with more elevated depressive symptoms. Adolescents with and without LOC were differentiated by greater increases in state depressed affect during laboratory test meals but had no difference in cortisol reactivity. Future studies are required to determine if adolescents with LOC manifest alterations in stress reactivity to alternative stress-inducing situations.
ANOMALOUS CALIFORNIA WINTERS AND THE ENSO PHENOMENA

Climate anomalies in California associated with ENSO episodes between 1910 and 1984 are investigated using “Superposed Epoch Analysis” techniques tested against randomization for statistical significance of the identified signals. The results indicate that statistically significant temperature departures from seasonal normals are associated with ENSO events and are characterized by positive anomalies in all seasons but especially in the key season of the event year and in the winter following the key season. Temperature anomalies associated with ENSO increase inversely with latitude. The largest temperature anomalies in the station superpositions occur not in the key season but in the winter following. This two-year persistence of temperature anomalies may be important in long-range forecasting. The spring and summer of the second year of the cycle are significantly warmer than the preceding two springs and summers. From the station superpositions, significant positive precipitation anomalies accompany th...
The Child Savers Reconsidered

'The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency' was first published in 1969, later reconceptualised and published in a second edition in 1977. It quickly entered the canon and has become part of the common sense narrative of the American juvenile justice system. A new 40th anniversary edition will be published in 2009 by Rutgers University Press. Drawing upon various critiques of The Child Savers and recent historiography on its subject matter, I revisit the following issues: the significance of the Progressive Era as the starting point of juvenile justice history; limitations of the 'social control' perspective; the inter-relationship of class, race, gender, and juvenile justice; the need for comparative and global perspectives on juvenile justice; and a reconsideration of the legacies of neo-liberalism. The article calls for a new round of revisionist scholarship on juvenile justice.
Precision and Reliability in Paleocommunity Comparisons Based on Cluster-Confidence Intervals: How to Get More Statistical Bang for Your Sampling Buck

Statistically meaningful comparisons of fossil assemblages can be made by calculating cluster-confidence intervals around mean species abundances using data from replicate bulk samples. However, different levels of precision and reliability are obtained from cluster-confidence intervals depending on how sampling effort is distributed when collecting replicate samples. If the species-abundance distributions at a locality are patchy, then both the precision and the reliability of cluster-confidence intervals are increased by distributing sampling effort among a larger number of bulk samples. Collecting larger numbers of samples does not significantly increase the sampling effort if the total number of individuals collected remains the same. Cluster-confidence intervals (CIs) around mean species abundances at a locality provide a way to assess the magnitude of differences observed between localities and can be used to assess the significance of the absence of rare species. Conclusions derived from cluster-CIs regarding the significance of differences in observed species abundances are similar to those obtained using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Cluster-CIs provide a powerful and easily applied tool for assessing the significance of differences in species abundances and paleo-community composition observed in the fossil record.
MELUS Interview: Hanay Geiogamah

Hanay is six feet tall and full-bodied, with a healthy expression of bemused surprise. He talks with an actor's sense of crafted animation. Around us mockingbirds struck up occasionally, and the lunch crowd was noisily filtering in, so trays, chairs and pots were clanging here and there. We had chatted earlier about Indian humor and art, but not about his plays. Interviewer: Are these Kiowa words in Body Indian? Geiogamah: Yes. Interviewer: And it's supposed to be in Oklahoma? Geiogamah: Yes. In Body Indian: Part Two [not in the anthology] they're standing in front of an Oklahoma City mission. They have no money or anything, and they want to get arrested and thrown in jail, so they'll have a place to sleep and something to eat. So these Indi'ns are standin' there actin' like they're drunk. They have enough wine in their little bottle to dab themselves and smell drunk. An' they see a cop car comin', so they start staggering-in order to get into jail. Interviewer: I have Sioux friends in Nebraska who did that especially in winter-to get a warm meal! Geiogamah: It worked all right on the stage. Interviewer: You say that there were scenes in Foghorn that were cut out?
College Students' Values and Presidential Preference in the 1980 Election

Rokeach (1973) proposed a model of political ideologies based on the extent to which people value freedom and equality. Socialists are defined as persons who value freedom and equality highly, capitalists place a high value on freedom but a low value on equality, communists place a low value on freedom but a high value on equality, and facists place a low value on both freedom and equality. In the United States, liberals are predicted to have the socialist value pattern and conservatives are predicted to have the capitalist value pattern. Rokeach (1973) successfully tested these predictions during the 1968 U.S. presidential election, and this study attempted to replicate these findings during the 1980 election. The subjects were 423 students (235 female, 188 male) at a Southern university. They ranged from 16 to 59 yr. of age (M = 19 8 yr.). There were 361 whites, 52 blzcks, and 10 students who did not indicate their race. These subjects completed Rokeach's Value Survey and indicated their presidential candidate preference during September or October of 1980. Eleven subjects were dropped from the study because they failed to indicate preferences for a candidate. Reagan was preferred by 175 subjects, Carter by 172 subjects, and Anderson by 65 subjects. Rankings for each of the 36 values on the Value Survey were converted to z-scores (Hays, 1967) and entered into a one-way analysis of variance, with preference for a candidate as the independent variable. Where significant Fs occurred (p < .05), Tukey B tests were used to compare individual means. If the Rokeach model is correct supporters of conservative candidates should value equalicy less than supporters of liberal candidates but no differences should exist for values placed on freedom. The results are consistent with this model. Reagan supporters (M = -.47) place less value on equality than supporters of Anderson (M = -.18) or Carter (M = M.20). Supporters of Anderson (M = .39), Carter (M = .40), and Reagan (M = .42) do not differ significantly in their valuing of freedom. Among the other 34 values, Carter's supporters value a world at peace and happiness more rhan do Reagan's supporters. Anderson's supporters value being imaginative more, but obtaining salvation less, rhan supporters of Caner and Reagan.
Synthesizing Clickable Glutathione by Glutathione Synthetase Mutant for Detecting Protein Glutathionylation

In response to reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione plays an important role in redox signaling by forming a disulfide bond with protein cysteine residues, known as glutathionylation. We briefly review the roles of glutathione, ROS, and glutathionylation in redox regulation. We then introduce common biochemical methods for identifying glutathionylation and highlight our recent chemical method for selective detection of glutathionylation. The merits, limitations, and future applications of our approach are also discussed.
HIERARCHICAL COMPARISON OF GENETIC VARIANCE-COVARIANCE MATRICES. II COASTAL-INLAND DIVERGENCE IN THE GARTER SNAKE, THAMNOPHIS ELEGANS.

The time-scale for the evolution of additive genetic variance-covariance matrices (G-matrices) is a crucial issue in evolutionary biology. If the evolution of G-matrices is slow enough, we can use standard multivariate equations to model drift and selection response on evolutionary time scales. We compared the G-matrices for meristic traits in two populations of garter snakes (Thamnophis elegans) with an apparent separation time of 2 million years. Despite considerable divergence in the meristic traits, foraging habits, and diet, these populations show conservation of structure in their G-matrices. Using Flury's hierarchial approach to matrix comparisons, we found that the populations have retained the principal components (eigenvectors) of their G-matrices, but their eigenvalues have diverged. In contrast, we were unable to reject the hypothesis of equal environmental matrices (E-matrices) for these populations. We propose that a conserved pattern of multivariate stabilizing selection may have contributed to conservation of G- and E-matrix structure during the divergence of these populations.
Thin Films of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Flexible Electronic Device Applications

Publisher Summary Individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) offer tremendous opportunities to understand electronic properties in the 1D regime. For realistic applications that can take advantage of the extraordinary electronic, mechanical, and optical properties of SWNTs. SWNT thin films offer the best potential, especially in emerging areas such as next generation flexible and multifunctional electronics. Compared with existing technology and other potential materials envisioned for similar applications, SWNT films exhibit exceptional and unique properties, and at the same time are compatible with conventional semiconductor device materials and fabrication techniques. Transparent flexible and/or large area devices have been fabricated using SWNT films. The potential of using aligned SWNT arrays for high-frequency applications is also demonstrated. SWNTs demonstrate very high mobility, ∼10 000 cm2/V.s, and ballistic transport at room temperature.
Assuring the Quality of Next-Generation Sequencing in Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratories

Clinical microbiology and public health laboratories are beginning to utilize next-generation sequencing (NGS) for a range of applications. This technology has the potential to transform the field by providing approaches that will complement, or even replace, many conventional laboratory tests. While the benefits of NGS are significant, the complexities of these assays require an evolving set of standards to ensure testing quality. Regulatory and accreditation requirements, professional guidelines, and best practices that help ensure the quality of NGS-based tests are emerging. This review highlights currently available standards and guidelines for the implementation of NGS in the clinical and public health laboratory setting, and it includes considerations for NGS test validation, quality control procedures, proficiency testing, and reference materials.
Acoustic properties in the low and middle atmospheres of Mars and Venus

Generic predictions for acoustic dispersion and absorption in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus are presented. For Mars, Pathfinder and Mars Express ambient data and averaged thermophysical parameters are used as inputs to a preliminary model based on the continuum approximation for Mars' thin atmosphere—the need for Boltzmann-based treatment is discussed in the context of Knudsen numbers. Strong absorption constrains acoustic sensing within the Martian planetary boundary layer. For the dense atmosphere of Venus, the van der Waals equation of state is used. The thermophysical and transport parameters were interpolated at the ambient conditions. Acoustic sensing is discussed at 50 km above Venus' surface, a level where aerostats (e.g., European Space Agency's EVE) and manned airships (e.g., NASA's HAVOC) may be deployed in the future. The salient atmospheric characteristics are described in terms of temperature, pressure, and convective stability profiles, followed by wavenumber predictions, and discussion...
The Effects of Men's Hostility Toward Women, Acute Alcohol Intoxication, and Women's Condom Request Style on Men's Condom Use Resistance Tactics.

Objective To extend previous research demonstrating that intoxicated men high in hostility toward women report stronger intentions to use coercive condom use resistance (CUR) tactics to have unprotected sex by examining the role of women's condom request style. Methods Community, non-problem drinking men, ages 21-30 (N = 296) completed standard alcohol administration procedures and read an eroticized story of a casual sexual interaction. Following the woman's request to use a condom, intentions to engage in coercive CUR tactics were assessed. Generalized linear models with gamma distributions assessed the 3-way interaction of men's hostility toward women, beverage condition (alcohol or sober), and the woman's condom request style (indirect, direct, or insistent). Results The 3-way interaction between hostility toward women, beverage condition, and indirect condom request (vs. direct) significantly predicted men's coercive CUR intentions. Men high in hostility toward women reported stronger CUR intentions after experiencing an indirect condom request, when sober or intoxicated, and after a direct condom request when intoxicated. Men high in hostility toward women reported the weakest CUR intentions when sober following an insistent or direct condom request. Conclusions Men high in hostility toward women pose a threat to women's sexual safety, particularly when intoxicated or following an indirect condom request. Hostility toward women and alcohol consumption should be addressed in sexual risk prevention programs. Pending further replication, women should be informed of the relative effectiveness of using insistent condom requests.
Lateral (Parasagittal) Fluid Percussion Model of Traumatic Brain Injury

Fluid percussion was first conceptualized in the 1940s and has evolved into one of the leading laboratory methods for studying experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). Over the decades, fluid percussion has been used in numerous species and today is predominantly applied to the rat. The fluid percussion technique rapidly injects a small volume of fluid, such as isotonic saline, through a circular craniotomy onto the intact dura overlying the brain cortex. In brief, the methods involve surgical production of a circular craniotomy, attachment of a fluid-filled conduit between the dura overlying the cortex and the outlet port of the fluid percussion device. A fluid pulse is then generated by the free-fall of a pendulum striking a piston on the fluid-filled cylinder of the device. The fluid enters the cranium, producing a compression and displacement of the brain parenchyma resulting in a sharp, high magnitude elevation of intracranial pressure that is propagated diffusely through the brain. This results in an immediate and transient period of traumatic unconsciousness as well as a combination of focal and diffuse damage to the brain, which is evident upon histological and behavioral analysis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the rat fluid percussion model reproduces a wide range of pathological features associated with human TBI.
Review: Iron, Ornament and Architecture in Victorian Britain: Myth and Modernity, Excess and Enchantment, by Paul Dobraszczyk

Paul Dobraszczyk Iron, Ornament and Architecture in Victorian Britain: Myth and Modernity, Excess and Enchantment Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2014, 310 pp., 16 color and 153 b/w illus. $124.95, ISBN 9781472418982 Until recently critical discussions of architectural ornament were generally to be found in writings about nineteenth-century and/or Islamic architecture. Still riding the contemporary wave of interest in ornament and its relationship to architectural form, Paul Dobraszczyk's Iron, Ornament and Architecture in Victorian Britain offers the reader new perspectives on a historical moment of the nineteenth century that is curiously apposite to architects and theorists today.1 One aspect of the resurgence of this interest is carefully detailed and chronicled in Dobraszczyk's comprehensive study of Victorian Britain's experience with iron as the first truly modern building material. Dobraszczyk articulates a technological experience for Victorian architects that is analogous to the one that Antoine Picon and others have theorized regarding the reappearance of ornament in contemporary architectural culture, which they see as strongly influenced by the new wide-ranging opportunities made possible by advances in digital culture. In similar fashion, advances in iron production methods and technologies in the second half of the nineteenth century led to revolutionary ways of understanding and producing architecture. Through an exploration of various “ironworlds” in Victorian Britain, Dobraszczyk claims to seek out how a “fusion of iron and ornament” sought to reconcile art and technology by creating “a new, modern architectural language that drew on both history and modernity” (3). Striving also to challenge assumptions about the “perceived ideological split between Victorian architecture and engineering” (5) as well as more enduring and complex relationships, such as perceptions of architectural form and material as they relate to history, Dobraszczyk concerns himself in detail with what he refers to as iron's “unboundedness” (9). This “unboundedness” of iron, according to Dobraszczyk, has a number of implications, but the perception of iron as unbounded can be attributed to two main factors. The first was the large amount of the material that …
2.4 [micro sign]m cutoff wavelength avalanche photodiode on InP substrate

An InP-based avalanche photodiode with a cutoff wavelength of 2.4 µm is reported. Type-II GaInAs-GaAsSb quantum wells lattice-matched to InP were used in the absorption region of the photodiode for long-wavelength absorption. The device exhibited multiplication gain in excess of 30 at room temperature and in excess of 200 at 225 Kelvin with dark current density near breakdown of less than 0.66 mA/cm2.
A social identification approach to the effects of religious disclosures in business communication

AbstractThis research expands on prior research into the effects of religious disclosures on interpersonal attraction by drawing from social identification theory to explain attributions stemming from religious disclosures in professionals’ e-mail signature blocks. Participants (N = 268) were randomly exposed to one of three experimental conditions (a Christian, Islamic, or secular quotation in a signature block) and completed measures of social identification and perceptions of professionalism. Results indicate that, contrary to prior research, merely disclosing one’s religion does not increase attributions; rather, attributions of a sender’s professionalism are positively derived from the receiver’s social identification with the sender’s religion. Implications of these findings are discussed with regard to social identity theory, as well as for professional practice in developing signature blocks as a means of self-presentation.
Research on economy and technology feasibility for centralized solar power development in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is rich of solar energy resources with enormous generating potential. The resource and development environment has obvious plateau characteristics. In this paper, based on project management theory, solar development feasibility is studied by economy and technology evaluating method. Firstly, according to calculating on potential capacity of solar power, studying project financial benefit, economic benefit and social benefit evaluation, analyzing various evaluation index of profitability, solvency, anti-risk capability. Finally, carry out reasonable development scale of solar power in Qinghai-Tibet plateau by sensitivity analysis and scheme comparison. The research achievement will provide feasible bases for making the planning of large scale solar power development.
GAUGING THE EXTENT OF THYROIDECTOMY FOR INDETERMINATE THYROID NODULES: AN ONCOLOGIC PERSPECTIVE.

Objective: Increasing emphasis is being placed on appropriateness of care and avoidance of over- and under-treatment. Indeterminate thyroid nodules (ITNs) present a particular risk for this problem because cancer found via diagnostic lobectomy (DL) often requires a completion thyroidectomy (CT). However, initial total thyroidectomy (TT) for benign ITN results in lifelong thyroid hormone replacement. We sought to measure the accuracy and factors associated with the extent of initial thyroidectomy for ITN. Methods: We queried a single institution thyroid surgery database for all adult patients undergoing an initial operation for ITN. Multivariate logistic regression identified factors associated with either oncologic under- or overtreatment at initial operation. Results: There were 639 patients with ITN. The median age was 52 (range, 18 to 93) years, 78.4% were female, and final pathology revealed a cancer >1 cm in 24.7%. The most common cytology was follicular neoplasm (45.1%) followed by Hurthle cell neop...
RAS heterogeneity as a prognostic marker in metastatic colorectal cancer.

586Background: The impact of intratumor heterogeneity on prognosis in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is unclear, however relative variant allele frequency (rVAF) of key mutations within a tumor may impact outcomes. Therefore, we sought to determine whether rVAF of RAS (KRAS & NRAS) mutant (mt) clones impacts overall survival (OS) in mCRC patients (pts). Methods: Using a next generation sequencing panel of 201 cancer related genes, we tested 200 mCRC tumors / matched normals. Mutations, indels, and copy number variant (CNV) information were obtained. An rVAF of RAS clones was determined by dividing RAS mt VAF by the VAF of the mutated gene with the highest allele frequency. This truncal gene served as a marker of the total malignant population in a specimen. Pts were stratified at an rVAF of 50%. OS was compared with Kaplan-Meier curves, the log-rank test, and Cox regression. We assessed the impact of CNV on our findings by correcting the rVAF for CNVs in RASand truncal mutations. Results: Of 200 pts,...
Identification of Pathways Associated With Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity

Obesity has become an increasingly serious health problem and a widespread social focus. It is associated with many diseases, including cardiovascular disease through the induction of endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to analyze the endothelial genes that become dysfunctional in obesity and then describe the most significant signal pathways using a systematic bioinformatics approach. Two sets of genes were recovered from the PubMed database. One set was constrained to vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED), and the other set was strictly constrained to both obesity and VED. These two gene sets were mapped to the pathway databases in GeneGo and DAVID to identify pathways associated with endothelial dysfunction in obesity.One hundred and fifty-nine genes were collected in the first set of VED genes. An additional 64 genes associated with obesity also played a role in endothelial dysfunction. Two major pathways (Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) processing and angiotensin system maturation in protein folding and maturation) associated with obesity and endothelial dysfunction were explored. This paper studied obesity at the systems biology level and identified important pathways associated with this disorder. These pathways could serve as targets for treatment and drug discovery in the future.
Scattering properties of parity-time symmetric nanoparticle dimers

We study the unusual scattering response of a parity-time (PT) symmetric pair of subwavelength nanoparticles with complex conjugate permittivities. The poles and zeros of the scattering cross section are analytically derived, showing intriguing properties. In the complex plane of the relative permittivity, we find interesting opportunities for scattering engineering, including conditions for extremely low or large scattering efficiencies that can be merged together to induce very sharp scattering features. Our results pave the way to a plethora of novel phenomena in nanophotonics based on balanced loss and gain.
Pretreatment of enteral nutrition with sodium polystyrene sulfonate: effective, but beware the high prevalence of electrolyte derangements in clinical practice.

Background Current treatment options for chronic hyperkalemia in children with chronic kidney disease include dietary restrictions or enteral sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS); however, dietary restrictions may compromise adequate nutrition and enteral SPS may be limited by palatability, adverse effects and feeding tube obstruction. A potentially safer alternative is to pretreat enteral nutrition (EN) with SPS prior to consumption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pretreating EN with SPS in pediatric patients with hyperkalemia. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study between September 2012 and May 2016 at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. In all, 14 patients (age range 0.5-53.2 months) who received 19 courses of SPS pretreatment of EN were evaluated. Serum electrolytes were evaluated at baseline and within 1 week of initiating therapy. The primary endpoint was mean change in potassium at 7 days. Secondary endpoints included the mean change in serum sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorous and magnesium, as well as the percentage of patients who developed electrolyte abnormalities within the first week of treatment. Results Serum potassium levels decreased from 6.0 to 4.4 mmol/L (P < 0.001) and serum sodium levels increased from 135.8 to 141.3 mmol/L (P = 0.008) 1 week after initiating SPS pretreatment. No significant differences in mean serum calcium or magnesium levels were noted. Nevertheless, more than half of the courses resulted in at least one electrolyte abnormality, with hypokalemia (31.6%), hypernatremia (26.3%) and hypocalcemia (21.1%) occurring most frequently. Conclusions Pretreatment of EN with SPS is an effective method for treating chronic hyperkalemia in pediatric patients; however, close monitoring of electrolytes is warranted.
Thermo-vaporization for decontaminating hydrocarbon source rocks

Abstract Although use of oil based mud (OBM) benefits drilling engineers, it creates complications for analyses and interpretations of geochemical samples. Pyrolysis of such samples frequently displays masking effects on the true pyrolysis Tmax (e.g., true maturity). When this phenomenon goes undetected, erroneously reported Tmax-based thermal maturity may wrongly influence exploration efforts. The consequences can be even more dramatic when such data is used for calibration of basin models that aim to reconstruct burial and temperature histories and determine hydrocarbon generation from source rock(s). Solvent extraction is generally an effective and commonly employed method for removal of solvent-soluble organic contaminants from samples, but it is expensive and time consuming. Here, we report a new and a faster method called “thermo-vaporization” (TV) that is capable of replacing solvent-extraction processes, thereby eliminating the need for lengthy solvent extraction. This can lead to further contamination. Careful thermo-vaporization conducted below kerogen cracking temperatures guarantees that the solid organic matter (kerogen) is not affected, excluding low level effects determined for immature sulfur-rich kerogen containing samples. The thermo-vaporization method saves time and reduces the potential effect of sample contamination. It provides a rapid workflow to assess thermal maturity with greater confidence. The study described in this article confirms that solvent extractable organic contaminants can be removed from samples by the novel thermo-vaporization method. The method is based on programmed pyrolysis and can be performed with a variety of available pyrolysis apparatus. After optimization, it was found that TV at 350 °C for 60 min or 375 °C for 30 min are both sufficient for removal of contaminants similar to the traditional solvent extraction method. A workflow for a thermo-vaporization based sample cleaning prior to pyrolysis is provided.
Impacts of a CO2-Induced Climate Change

After having established that there is a definite possibility of a future climatic warming due to adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, the next question must inevitably be: What does this mean to me? In other words, there is a need to express climate change in human terms. This is desired by everybody, from the leaders of society to the so-called “man on the street.”
When We should be Testing, How often and what to Report

This chapter will offer practical suggestions for clinical microbiologists to help establish cost-effective policies for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria and efficient reporting of information to guide antimicrobial therapy. The cost of antimicrobic therapy greatly exceeds the cost of the bacteriology laboratory. Therefore, the combined efforts of the microbiologist, the pharmacist and the medical staff should be focused on producing information that reduces antimicrobic cost.1 Procedures will be recommended here to minimize the production of clinically unnecessary information and the reporting of excessive data that is potentially confusing to clinicians. The practices described are based on over 30 years of cooperative effort between the Microbiology Laboratory, Pharmacy Services and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine at Hartford Hospital. These efforts have reduced the percentage of antimicrobic cost in our pharmacy budget to about 15%. Nationally it is more typical for 30–50% of pharmacy budgets to be consumed by antimicrobic use.2,3 Further, about 20,000,000 bacterial isolates are subject to antimicrobial susceptibility testing in the nation’s laboratories annually.4 Compared to one other major center of comparable size and volume of testing we perform one fifth the number of antimicrobial susceptibility tests (Table 1). This results largely from controls that we have imposed on the quality of specimens and the extent of testing that is performed.5 Studies have shown that the cost for microbiologic processing in our laboratory is lower than that for conventional processing without controls.6