cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marginality of Rural Migrant Students in Eleven Chinese High Schools

Since Chinese economic reform in the 1980s that prompted increased urbanization, gap between rural and urban places continually widen, and obvious cultural differences are observed. Rural populations migrate to heterogeneous urban environments and meet problems of marginality. Most rural students enter the city when receiving senior high school education in urban high schools. Perceiving the differences in urban life, these students begin to acquire urbanite and urban cultural personalities. Meanwhile, because of their original lower socioeconomic status, they are caught between rural culture and urban culture, and experience marginality in different ways. Based on insights derived from visiting 11 urban high schools and talking to 55 students, this paper details their marginal experiences in study adaption, life experience, social interaction, relationships, and value are described.
EPR : Plant Layout

L'EPR a ete concu avec l'objectif ambitieux d'integrer le vaste retour d'experience des Electriciens francais et allemands, ainsi que d'integrer les recommandations exprimees par les Autorites de Suretes francaise et allemandes concernant les reacteurs de la prochaine generation. Ce projet, demarre en 1991, est maintenant devenu une realite, depuis que les Electriciens finlandais ont passe commande d'un EPR sur le site d'Olkiluoto, qui sera operationnel en 2009.
Palliatieve zorg voor mensen met ggz-problematiek

Het spreekt voor zich dat ook mensen met ggz-problematiek komen te overlijden en in hun laatste levensfase palliatieve zorg behoeven. Ontwikkeling en wetenschappelijke onderbouwing is noodzakelijk om deze zorg optimaal te kunnen bieden. Dit artikel geeft een beeld van onderzoek naar palliatieve zorg bij mensen met ggz-problematiek.
Early Withdrawal Decision-Making in Patients with Coma After Cardiac Arrest: A Qualitative Study of Intensive Care Clinicians.

Neurologists are often asked to define prognosis in comatose patients. However, comatose patients following cardiac arrest are usually cared for by cardiologists or intensivists, and it is their approach that will influence decisions regarding withdrawal of life-sustaining interventions (WLSI). We observed that factors leading to these decisions vary across specialties and considered whether they could result in self-fulfilling prophecies and early WLSI. We conducted a hypothesis-generating qualitative study to identify factors used by non-neurologists to define prognosis in these patients and construct an explanatory model for how early WLSI might occur. This was a single-center qualitative study of intensivists caring for cardiac arrest patients with hypoxic-ischemic coma. Thirty attending physicians (n = 16) and fellows (n = 14) from cardiac (n = 8), medical (n = 6), surgical (n = 10), and neuro (n = 6) intensive care units underwent semi-structured interviews. Interview transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory techniques. We found three components of early WLSI among non-neurointensivists: (1) development of fixed negative opinions; (2) early framing of poor clinical pictures to families; and (3) shortened windows for judging recovery potential. In contrast to neurointensivists, non-neurointensivists’ negative opinions were frequently driven by patients’ lack of consciousness and cardiopulmonary resuscitation circumstances. Both groups were influenced by age and comorbidities. The results demonstrate that factors influencing prognostication differ across specialties. Some differ from those recommended by published guidelines and may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies and early WLSI. Better understanding of this framework would facilitate educational interventions to mitigate this phenomenon and its implications on patient care.
Effect of intravenously administered liposomal vitamin A in neonatal pneumonia

Objective:To assess the efficacy and biochemical evidence of vitamin A(VA)administered intravenously for neonatal pneumonia.Methods:This was a clinical trial in which 30 cases were randomized into intravenously administered group with 330 IU/kg i.v.the VA(Vitalipid)mixed with liposomal(Intralipid)(15 cases)daily over 3 days(L-VA)and orally administered group with VA 1,800 IU(15 cases,control group)every other day.Serum VA and retinol binding protein(RBP)concentration were measured by high performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-labeled immunosorbent assay on the second day of hospitalization and 6 or 7 days after,respectively.Results:Fourteen cases(7 cases in both the L-VA group and oral VA group)completed the study and were evaluated.Serum VA and RBP values were low on second day and increased significantly in both the L-VA and oral VA groups on the 6th or 7th day.There was a significant increase in the levels of VA(L-VA group:0.62±0.21 to 0.97±0.21 μmol/L,t = 4.805,P = 0.003;oral VA group:0.65±0.16 to 1.00±0.34 μmol/L,t = 3.274,P = 0.017)and RBP(L-VA group:23.51±11.73 to 38.59±14.82 mg/L,t = 4.356,P = 0.005;oral VA group:31.73±14.56 to 52.20±16.15 mg/L,t = 3.869,P = 0.008)in both groups as compared with the baseline.On the 6th or 7th day of the treatment when the average levels of serum VA(0.97±0.21 and 1.00±0.34 μmol/L,t = 0.172,P = 0.869)and RBP(38.59±14.82 and 52.20±16.15 mg/L,t = 1.577,P = 0.166)were compared,there was no statistically significant difference between the groups.Clinical outcomes did not differ significantly among the groups.Conclusions:These findings suggest that receiving VA in intravenous lipids in neonatal pneumonia may be more efficacious and compliant in the adjunctive treatment of neonatal pneumonia.
Thinking of Enterprise Culture Construction

Enterprise culture is the driving force for business development,embodies the core competitiveness of enterprises,has a strong penetration,and can improve the vitality of enterprise system.This article summarizes some erroneous understanding and practices in the process of enterprise culture construction,and correspondingly puts forward several suggestions about the enterprise cultural construction.
Designing and Orchestrating Embedded Innovation Networks: An Inquiry into Microfranchising in Bangladesh

Microfranchising has emerged as a potential strategy to rapidly scale up entrepreneurship within base of the pyramid (BOP) markets in order to contribute to poverty reduction and to increase economic growth. However, we know little about how such networks are designed and orchestrated in resource-scarce settings to co-create value with the different parties involved. To address this gap, we report a longitudinal case study of an emerging microfranchise network social enterprise, currently facilitated by CARE, a global humanitarian and development organization, to provide timely access to quality, affordable agricultural input and services for millions of small-scale poor farmers in Bangladesh. We draw on the orchestration of innovation network theory developed by Dhanaraj and Parkhe (2006) and the notion of network imprinting (Marquis and Tilcsik, 2013) to analyze the emerging microfranchise network in Bangladesh. As a result, we offer two types of contributions to theory and to practice. First, we offer a detailed account of how these theories are relevant and applicable to analyze and explain the emergence of microfranchise networks, and we present two key propositions to generalize to theory. Furthermore, we propose an integrated framework, combining the two theories for scholars and practitioners interested in designing innovation networks. Second, based on these empirical results and extant theory, we offer three main lessons for practitioners to advance the industry by designing and orchestrating microfranchise innovation networks in embedded contexts to achieve positive financial and social impacts.
The effect of vasectomy-vasovasostomy on normal physiologic function of the vas deferens *

Postvasovasostomy intravasal pressure recordings in ten mongrel dogs were used to evaluate the effect of location of vasectomy and severance of the neurovascular sheath of the vas deferens on peristalsis of the proximal portion of the vas deferens. Preservation of the neurovascular sheath at the time of vasectomy and the proximal location of the vasectomy may play a role in preservation of vasal peristalsis and normal sperm transport after vasovasostomy. The testicular histologic features were normal before and after vasovasostomy in all animals studied.
Prejunctional Effects of Neuropeptide Y and Its Role as a Cotransmitter

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to be colocalized and coreleased with noradrenaline (NA) and adenosines-5′-triphosphate (ATP) in most sympathetic nerves in the peripheral nervous system, especially those innervating blood vessels. There is also convincing evidence that NPY exerts prejunctional modulatory effects on transmitter release and synthesis. Moreover, there are numerous examples of postjunctional interactions that are consistent with a cotransmitter role for NPY at various sympathetic neuroeffector junctions. This chapter will provide convincing evidence that NPY does function physiologically as the third sympathetic cotransmitter together with NA and ATP. The functions of NPY include: (a) direct postjunctional contractile effects; (b) potentiation of the contractile effects of the other sympathetic cotransmitters, NA and ATP; and (c) inhibitory modulation of the nerve stimulation-induced release of all three sympathetic cotransmitters. Studies with selective NPY- Y1 antagonists provide evidence that the principal postjunctional receptor is of the Y1 subtype although information is incomplete and other receptors are also present at some sites and may exert physiological actions. Studies with selective NPY- Y2 antagonist suggest that the principle prejunctional receptor is of the Y2 subtype both in the periphery and central nervous system (CNS). Again, there is evidence for a role for other NPY receptors and clarification awaits the further development of selective antagonists. NPY can also act prejunctionally to inhibit the release of acetylcholine, calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and substance P. In the CNS, NPY exists as a cotransmitter with catecholamines in some neurons and with peptides and mediators in other neurons. A prominent action of NPY is the presynaptic inhibition of the release of various neurotransmitters including NA, dopamine (DA), gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, serotonin as well as inhibition or stimulation of various neurohormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH), luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, vasopressin, oxytocin as well as others. Evidence also exists for stimulation of NA and DA release. NPY also acts on autoreceptors to inhibit the release of itself. There is evidence that NPY may use several mechanisms to produce its prejunctional/presynaptic effects including: inhibition of calcium channels, activation of potassium channels and perhaps regulation of the vesicle release complex at some point post calcium entry. NPY may also play a role in several pathophysiological conditions. The therapeutic manipulation of NPY release and the development of further selective agonists and antagonist should to be an important goal of future research in order to further understand the physiological and pathophysiological role of NPY.
Stopping Time in Sequential Samples from Multivariate Exponential Families

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on stopping time in sequential samples from multivariate exponential families. The chapter presents a general theorem that proves exponential boundedness of the stopping time N in invariant sequential probability ratio tests if certain conditions are satisfied. The theorem is applied to two examples, the first being a test about the characteristic roots of the covariance matrix in a bivariate normal population with zero mean, and the second being a test about the norm of the mean vector in a multivariate normal population with identity covariance matrix.
PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL APPROACH TO PASSIVITY

Most passive metals show photoeffects due to excitation processes within the electrode which cause a change in electrochemical behaviour. In most cases light induces electron-hole pair formation in the passive layer which is semiconducting or insulating. Excitation in the underlying metal followed by photoemission is observed as well. The parameters which influence wavelength and potential dependence of the photocurrent are discussed. Typical examples of passive metals which belong to transition metals, noble metals and valve metals are described. From the discussion it can be inferred that photoelectrochemistry could develop to a powerful in-situ method to characterize passive films.
A Movable Feast: CAPITALISM, COLONIALISM, AND CUISINE

In short, Europe's colonization of Africa had nothing to do with differences between European and African peoples as white racists assume. Rather, it was due to accidents of geography and biogeography – in particular, to the continent's different areas, axes, and suites of wild plant and animal species. That is, the different historical trajectories of Africa and Europe stem ultimately from differences in real estate. Jared Diamond (1997) ARGUABLY, THE UNITED STATES and Europe benefited more than most of the world's regions from the quickened tempo of food globalization that followed the Columbian Exchange because, by increasing food supplies, it fueled their respective Industrial Revolutions. This synergism was first seen in Great Britain, where the calories in sugar and potatoes from the New World stoked labor. In the towns and cities where that labor was readily available, and where even more labor could be accommodated, industries began to arise. Cities and towns, of course, raised little food so that workers had to be fed from rural areas – the food reaching urban centers via an increasingly complex network of railroads. As this occurred, more and more rural individuals were attracted to city life and factory wages, draining the countryside of manpower. Consequently, agriculture, too, had to be industrialized, which, in turn, meant even more migration to the cities because far fewer hands were needed in the fields. Food production also became mechanized, its transportation and distribution organized, and its processing, capitalized.
Temporal Lossless and Lossy Compression in Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy efficiency is one of the most critical issues in the design and deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Data compression is an important approach to reducing energy consumption of data gathering in multihop sensor networks. Existing compression algorithms only apply to either lossless or lossy data compression, but not to both. This article presents a generalized predictive coding framework for unified lossless and lossy data compression. In addition, we devise a novel algorithm for lossless compression to significantly improve data compression performance for various data collections and applications in WSNs. Rigorous simulations show our proposed framework and compression algorithm outperform several recent popular compression algorithms for WSNs such as Lossless Entropy Compression (LEC), S-Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW), and Lightweight Temporal Compression (LTC) using various real-world sensor datasets, demonstrating the merit of the proposed framework for unified temporal lossless and lossy data compression in WSNs.
Meta-modeling using generalized regression neural network and particle swarm optimization

Display Omitted MUGPSO provides efficiency for optimization problems associated with computationally expensive analysis and simulation tasks.Meta-models are constructed using GRNN and updated as the PSO run proceeds for better approximation of the solution space.MUGPSO is compared with PSO without meta-modeling and other meta-modeling methods using ten benchmark problems.Solution quality obtained by MUGPSO is promising while providing best results on a few of the ten benchmark problems. Swarm intelligence (SI) and evolutionary computation (EC) algorithms are often used to solve various optimization problems. SI and EC algorithms generally require a large number of fitness function evaluations (i.e., higher computational requirements) to obtain quality solutions. This requirement becomes more challenging when optimization problems are associated with computationally expensive analyses and/or simulation tasks. To tackle this issue, meta-modeling has shown successful results in improving computational efficiency by approximating the fitness or constraint functions of these complex optimization problems. Meta-modeling approaches typically use polynomial regression, kriging, radial basis function network, and support vector machines. Less attention has been given to the generalized regression neural network approach, and yet, it offers several advantages. Specifically, the model construction process does not require iterations. Its only one parameter is known to be less sensitive and usually requires less effort in selecting an optimal parameter. We use generalized regression neural network in this paper to construct meta-models and to approximate the fitness function in particle swarm optimization. To assess the performance and quality of these solutions, the proposed meta-modeling approach is tested on ten benchmark functions. The results are promising in terms of the solution quality and computational efficiency, especially when compared against the results of particle swarm optimization without meta-modeling and several other meta-modeling methods in previously published literature.
Plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells cooperate in crosspriming AAV capsid-specific CD8+ T cells

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a replication-deficient parvovirus that is extensively used as a gene therapy vector. CD8+ T-cell responses against the AAV capsid protein can, however, affect therapeutic efficacy. Little is known about the in vivo mechanism that leads to the crosspriming of CD8+ T cells against the input viral capsid antigen. In this study, we report that the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-MyD88 pattern-recognition receptor pathway is uniquely capable of initiating this response. By contrast, the absence of TLR2, STING, or the addition of TLR4 agonist has no effect. Surprisingly, both conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are required for the crosspriming of capsid-specific CD8+ T cells, whereas other antigen-presenting cells are not involved. TLR9 signaling is specifically essential in pDCs but not in cDCs, indicating that sensing of the viral genome by pDCs activates cDCs in trans to cross-present capsid antigen during CD8+ T-cell activation. Cross-presentation and crosspriming depend not only on TLR9, but also on interferon type I signaling, and both mechanisms can be inhibited by administering specific molecules to prevent induction of capsid-specific CD8+ T cells. Thus, these outcomes directly point to therapeutic interventions and demonstrate that innate immune blockade can eliminate unwanted immune responses in gene therapy.
Recurrent Pulmonary Oedema in Hypertension due to Bilateral Renal Artery Stenosis: Treatment by Angioplasty or Surgical Revascularisation

11 patients with atheromatous renovascular hypertension had a history of multiple episodes of pulmonary oedema. 7 had stenosis of both renal arteries, 2 had stenosis of the artery to a solitary kidney, and 2 had unilateral stenosis with an intact contralateral kidney. Successful revascularisation (by angioplasty in 8, and surgery in 3) improved blood pressure and renal function, and virtually eliminated pulmonary oedema. In a second series of 55 consecutive patients with azotaemia and renovascular hypertension, pulmonary oedema occurred in 13 (23%). Blood pressure and renal function were not significant predictors of pulmonary oedema, but coronary heart disease and bilateral (vs unilateral) renal artery stenosis were. Bilateral renal artery stenosis may be a specific and treatable predisposing factor to pulmonary oedema in azotaemic hypertensive patients.
1-day azithromycin was as effective as 7-day doxycycline for nongonococcal urethritis syndrome in men

Source Citation Stamm WE, Hicks CB, Martin DH, et al. Azithromycin for empirical treatment of the nongonococcal urethritis syndrome in men. A randomized double-blind study. JAMA. 1995 Aug 16;274:54...
Transitions of Care: Improving the Quality of Discharge Summaries Completed By Internal Medicine Residents

Introduction Discharge summaries are now the accepted means of communication in transition from inpatient to ambulatory care. However, there is often no formal residency education on this critical ...
No useless labour: Oscar Wilde’s De Profundis and the importance of intellectual work*

This article argues that Oscar Wilde significantly reassesses his aesthetic theory in De Profundis, in particular, his concept of intellectual labour. By focusing on his account of the challenges o...
A GTPase Cycle in Initiation of Protein Translocation Across the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane

In higher eukaryotes proteins bearing a signal sequence are translocated across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The initial events of protein translocation are the binding of the signal sequence by the 54 kDa subunit (SRP54) of the signal recognition particle (SRP) and the targeting of the ribosome nascent chain complex to the ER. Targeting is mediated by the binding of SRP to the SRP receptor, a membrane protein comprising two different subunits, SR alpha and SR beta. Interaction of SRP and SR alpha/SR beta causes release of the signal and the engagement of the nascent chain with the membrane-bound translocation apparatus. Both SRP54 and SR alpha contain homologous domains which include a predicted GTPase fold. The transmembrane protein SR beta also contains a GTPase domain, but it is not closely related to those of SRP54 and SR alpha. All three proteins bind GTP specifically, and the SR alpha/SR beta complex stimulates both GTP binding to and GTP hydrolysis by SRP54. We suggest a model for the initiation of protein translocation across the ER in which SR alpha beta catalyses a cycle of GTP binding, hydrolysis and release by SRP54 that regulates its dissociation from the signal sequence.
The Epistle of 4'33"

This chapter sifts through assumptions about the place of religion in 4'33" in a more fine-grained examination and offers a phenomenological pathway for a theological interpretation of the composition. It follows Cage’s explorations of South and East Asian religions and philosophies as evidenced by his study of The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, I-Ching, and Zen Buddhism and the decisive influence on 4'33"—Robert Rauschenberg’s (1925–2008) White Paintings. Cage came to describe his religious explorations and understanding of the White Paintings with proto-phenomenological language that led to the musical expression of “nothing” in 4'33".
Information Quality Awareness and Information Quality Practice

Healthcare organizations increasingly rely on electronic information to optimize their operations. Information of high diversity from various sources accentuate the relevance and importance of information quality (IQ). The quality of information needs to be improved to support a more efficient and reliable utilization of healthcare information systems (IS). This can only be achieved through the implementation of initiatives followed by most users across an organization. The purpose of this study is to examine how awareness of IS users about IQ issues would affect their IQ behavior. Based on multiple theoretical frameworks, it is hypothesized that different aspects of user motivation mediate the relationship between the awareness on both beneficial and problematic situations and IQ practice inclination. In addition, social influence and facilitating condition moderate the relationship between IQ practice inclination and overt IQ practice. The theoretical and practical implications of findings are discussed, especially how to enhance IQ compliance in the healthcare settings.
Virtual Machine Based Proxy

This chapter presents detailed design of the Virtual Machine-based Proxy (VMP). We first give an overview of the VMP architecture, and then present efficient communication mechanisms based on compression and adaptation techniques. On the proxy side, we present resource management techniques to optimize the performance of the VMs and cloud techniques to address scalability issues. Security and privacy issues are addressed, and a technique based on trusted computing module is presented. Finally, we discuss deployment issues and issues on supporting interactive applications.
Shared Experiences, Divergent Outcomes: American Indian and Immigrant Victims of Domestic Violence

The article compares and contrasts American Indian women and immigrant women with respect to the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). In particular, the article examines various protections found in VAWA for immigrant women who are victims of abuse by the U.S. citizen or Lawful Permanent Resident spouses and the the difficulty American Indian women often face when seeking justice for crimes committed against them on reservations by persons who do not reside on a reservation. The article concludes that VAWA's specific provisions for immigrant and American Indian women are critical and, despite the contextual differences between each group, they are similar in many respects in terms of their interaction with the protections offered by VAWA.
In vivo molecular engineering of the urethra for treatment of stress incontinence using novel biomimetic proteoglycans.

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI), a serious condition which affects ~56% of postmenopausal women, is the involuntary leakage of urine through urethra during physical activity that causes an increase in abdominal pressure. SUI is associated with a decrease in compliance and volume of urethral tissue, likely due to a reduced proteoglycan: collagen ratio in the extracellular matrix and collagen disorganization. Here, we investigated the use of biomimetic proteoglycans (BPGs) to molecularly engineer urethral tissue of New Zealand White rabbits to examine biocompatibility in vivo. BPG concentrations of 50 mg/mL (n = 6, 1 week) and 200 mg/mL (n = 6, 1 week and n = 6, 6 weeks) dissolved in 1× phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were injected transurethrally using a 9 French cystoscope, and were compared to PBS-injected controls (n = 3, 1 week) and non-injected controls (n = 2, 1 week). Urethral compression pressure measurements confirm BPG injections did not modify normal urethral pressure, as intended. Histological assessment demonstrated biological tolerance of BPGs in urethra and no inflammatory response was detected after 1 and 6 weeks compared to non-injected controls. Confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled BPG injected urethral specimens demonstrated the integration of BPGs into the interstitial connective tissue and confirmed they were still present after 6 weeks. A general decrease of collagen density was exhibited near injection sites which may be due to increased hydration induced by BPGs. Injection of BPGs is a novel approach that demonstrates potential as molecular treatment for SUI and may be able to reverse some of the degenerative tissue changes of individuals affected by this condition. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: 00B: 000-000, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2409-2418, 2019.
An Assessment of Flight Surgeon Confidence to Perform En Route Care.

Introduction En Route Care (ERC) is often an ad hoc mission for the USN. In a review of 428 Navy patient transports, a Flight Surgeon (FS) was the sole provider or a member of crew in 118 of the transports. Naval FSs receive approximately 4 hours of didactic ERC training during their 24-week Naval FS course. Regardless, an FS may be caring for a critically ill patient in a helicopter. We conducted a survey to evaluate FS confidence in their ability to perform ERC and to establish their understanding of the training of Search and Rescue Medical Technicians (SMT). Materials and methods A convenience sample of FSs completed a needs analysis survey as part of a process improvement project. Flight Surgeons surveyed were actively assigned or had been assigned within the past year to a squadron with Search and Rescue/MEDEVAC capabilities. Results A total of 25 surveys were completed. An average of 13 (range 0-100) patient transport missions were performed by the respondents. Twenty-five percent reported feeling confident in their ability to provide ERC without senior level direction, while 41% stated they would require direction. Nearly 70% of the FSs surveyed expressed "minimal" or less understanding of the training of the SMT. Conclusions Our survey results reveal most FSs are confident in neither their ability to perform ERC nor the ability of their hospital corpsman to provide care during patient movement.
The Use of High Pressure Processing as a Pathogen Reduction Tool in Raw Pet Food

ObjectivesThe Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) has established a “zero tolerance” for Salmonella in pet food. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of High Pressure Processing (HPP) and frozen storage time on the inactivation of non-pathogenic, surrogate bacteria populations in raw pet food. Materials and MethodsApproximately 18 kg of a raw beef pet food was inoculated to a target of 7 logs CFU/g with a 5 strain cocktail of non-pathogenic Escherichia coli (ATCC BAA 1427–31) which was previously validated as a surrogate for Salmonella. The inoculated product was packaged in 227 g individual roll stock packages and shipped to an external facility for HPP application. Inoculated samples were subjected to HPP at 600 mpa for 480 s. After HPP processing, samples were transported on ice to Colorado State University for determination of the remaining microbial population. The samples were randomly assigned to either sampling at 24-hours post-processing (n = 10) or following 5 d of frozen storage at -23°C (n = 10). Raw product samples were serially diluted in BPW and plated onto selective (Violet Red Bile Agar; VRBA; selective for coliforms) and non-selective (Tryptic Soy Agar; TSA) medias for enumeration. ResultsAt 24 h post-processing, following HPP, surviving colonies on VRBA totaled 1.8 logs CFU/g (4.9 log CFU/g reduction) following HPP and frozen storage, surviving colonies on VRBA totaled 0.48 logs CFU/g (6.2 log CFU/g reduction) with 90% of all samples under the detection limit. The TSA survivors totaled 4.8 logs CFU/g (2.1 log CFU/g reduction) 24 h post HPP and totaled 4.6 logs CFU/g (2.3 log CFU/g reduction) post HPP and frozen storage. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS (version 9.3; SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) and separated using the PDIFF statement with an ɑ of 0.05. ConclusionHigh Pressure Processing effectively kills pathogenic bacterial strains and causes substantial sub-lethal damage/injury to the bacterial cells, reducing the ability of the bacteria to recover and grow on selective media. Additionally, cellular injury leads to additional lethality in bacterial cells following frozen storage. Therefore, HPP and subsequent frozen storage are effective means of killing significant numbers of bacteria, but these methods do not achieve total death or sterilization. As a result, additional interventions must be investigated to achieve sterility and total destruction of Salmonella.
The antipode of the noncrossing partition lattice

Abstract We prove the cancellation-free formula for the antipode of the noncrossing partition lattice in the reduced incidence Hopf algebra of posets due to Einziger. The proof is based on a map from chains in the noncrossing partition lattice to noncrossing hypertrees and expressing the alternating sum over these fibers as an Euler characteristic.
Use of a plastic scintillator detector for patient‐specific quality assurance of VMAT SRS

Purpose To evaluate a scintillator detector for patient-specific quality assurance of VMAT radiosurgery plans. Methods The detector was comprised of a 1 mm diameter, 1 mm high scintillator coupled to an acrylic optical fiber. Sixty VMAT SRS plans for treatment of single targets having sizes ranging from 3 mm to 30.2 mm equivalent diameter (median 16.3 mm) were selected. The plans were delivered to a 20 cm × 20 cm x 15 cm water equivalent plastic phantom having either the scintillator detector or radiochromic film at the center. Calibration films were obtained for each measurement session. The films were scanned and converted to dose using a 3-channel technique. Results The mean difference between scintillator and film was -0.45% (95% confidence interval -0.1% to 0.8%). For target equivalent diameter smaller than the median, the mean difference was 1.1% (95% confidence interval 0.5% to 1.7%). For targets larger than the median, the mean difference was -0.2% (95% confidence interval -0.7% to 0.1%). Conclusions The scintillator detector response is independent of target size for targets as small as 3 mm and is well-suited for patient-specific quality assurance of VMAT SRS plans. Further work is needed to evaluate the accuracy for VMAT plans that treat multiple targets using a single isocenter.
Out-of-class Activities: What Have We Been Doing and How We Can Change it for the Future

It is believed that if students are well engaged in the learning process within the classroom, they will continue the learning process independently outside the classroom. To facilitate such out-of-class learning, there is a plethora of traditional techniques with a variety of learning theoretical backgrounds. While out-of-class activities based on these techniques have shown to improve a student’s overall quality of learning, traditional activities lack the supervision, instant feedback, and personalization that the current generation of students expects. With the rising cost of college tuition, many of today’s students are working more hours outside of an educational setting and therefore need more supervision and encouragement than their predecessors. These factors make traditional out-of-class activities not effective to achieve the desired level of student learning and engagement outside the classroom. The faculty needs to rethink ways to redesign traditional out-of-class activities to make these activities more effective for this generation of students. This paper presents a review of the literature on and categorization of traditional out-of-class activities. The paper also discusses the results of a survey of what the faculty is doing to engage and continue student learning outside the classroom. Finally, the paper presents a new way of designing and delivering out-of-class activities that have the potential to increase student engagement with the help of instructional scaffolding, interactive activities, and personalization and adaptation.
Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopes of ostrich eggshells provide site-scale Pleistocene-Holocene paleoenvironmental records for eastern African archaeological sites

Abstract Quantitative, well-dated, local paleoenvironmental records are necessary to 1) evaluate responses to regional to global-scale climate change at the scale of human habitats, and 2) test hypotheses regarding the effects of environmental change and human biological and cultural evolution. Ostrich eggshell (OES) fragments are common in African archaeological sequences, are amenable to 14C and 230Th/U dating, and their stable carbon (δ13C values) and nitrogen (δ15N values) isotopic compositions track local vegetation and mean annual precipitation (MAP), respectively. We review previous interpretations of the stable isotopic composition of OES, apply a novel calibration to estimate paleo-MAP (PMAP) from δ15N values, and show that oxygen isotopes (δ18O values) record evapotranspiration, which is controlled by temperature, relative humidity, and/or photosynthetic performance, if other components of the water cycle are constrained. The stable isotopic compositions of the organic fraction of OES remain unaltered to at least ∼50 ka, indicating potential to examine even older OES. We present a ∼50–4 ka record of OES δ13C, δ15N, and δ18O values from archaeological sites recording the Middle to Later Stone Age (MSA/LSA) transition at Lukenya Hill (Kenya) and Kisese II (Tanzania). Stable isotope proxies indicate contrasting but subtle changes in local paleoenvironment throughout the records at both sites, likely explained by local ecological and climatological effects that are not resolved by regional-scale paleoclimate records. These records highlight the need for additional local studies to assess the covariance of paleoenvironments and material culture. Furthermore, they indicate that the MSA/LSA transition at the two sites did not result from paleoenvironmental change.
The application of gray-scale level-set method in segmentation of concrete deck delamination using infrared images

Abstract Conventional nondestructive delamination detection of concrete pavements through thermography is often based on temperature contrasts between delaminated and sound areas. Non-uniform backgrounds caused by the environmental conditions are often challenging for contrast-based methods to robustly differentiate the delaminated areas from the sound areas. Instead of focusing on the temperature contrast, this study proposes a temperature gradient-based level set method (LSM) to detect boundaries for delamination segmentations. A modified edge indicator function is developed to represent the normalized temperature gradient of a thermal image. The experimental study was conducted to evaluate its applicability and stability for boundary detection in terms of different burial depths and observation time windows. Then the LSM generated edges LSM were used for delamination segmentations. The results demonstrated significant improvements compared to the well-accepted k-mean method in terms of accuracy and stability of the detections. A field implementation of this method using an in-service bridge generated satisfactory outcomes when compared to the ground truth data. Major limitations and future works are also discussed in terms of parameter selections.
Dissociation of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on neurocognitive functioning in military veterans with and without a history of remote mild traumatic brain injury

Since neurocognitive functioning following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) may be influenced by genetic factors that mediate synaptic survival and repair, we examined the influence of a common b...
Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation of Primary Retroperitoneal Neoplasms

An earlier incorrect version of this article appeared in print. The online version is correct.
Enhanced stability of silicon for photoelectrochemical water oxidation through self-healing enabled by an alkaline protective electrolyte

Alkaline electrolytes impede the corrosion of Si photoanodes under positive potentials and/or illumination, due to the formation of a SiOx layer that etches 2–3 orders of magnitude more slowly than Si. Hence during water oxidation under illumination, pinholes in protection layers on Si photoanodes result in the local formation of a protective, stabilizing passive oxide on the Si surface. However, operation under natural diurnal insolation cycles additionally requires protection strategies that minimize the dark corrosive etching rate of Si at pinholes. We show herein that addition of [Fe(CN)6]3− to 1.0 M KOH(aq) results in a self-healing process that extends the lifetime to >280 h of an np+-Si(100) photoanode patterned with an array of Ni catalyst islands operated under simulated day/night cycles. The self-healing [Fe(CN)6]3− additive caused the exposed Si(100) surface to etch >180 times slower than the Si etch rate in 1.0 M KOH(aq) alone. No appreciable difference in etch rate or facet preference was observed between Si(100) and Si(111) surfaces in 1.0 M KOH(aq) with [Fe(CN)6]3−, indicating that the surface conformally oxidized before Si dissolved. The presence of [Fe(CN)6]3− minimally impacted the faradaic efficiency or overpotential of p+-Si/Ni electrodes for the oxygen-evolution reaction.
Stem Cell Therapy Delivery in Liver Disease

Among visceral organs, the liver is unique in its resilience to severe injury. Even after removal of up to 75% of total liver mass, an otherwise healthy liver can regrow to a fully functioning state within a few weeks. However, this capacity is not without its limits, and the regenerative potential can become exhausted in cases of chronic injury leading to fibrotic scarring and eventually cirrhosis. Currently, transplant is the only curative therapy for cirrhosis, but a severe organ shortage limits access to this treatment. Thus, there is an urgent unmet need for therapeutics that can prevent, slow, or reverse fibrotic scarring in the liver. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising modality to meet this unmet need by augmenting the liver’s natural repair processes. However, realizing this potential will require addressing three key challenges delineated in this chapter: (1) identifying the most effective stem cell type(s), (2) determining the impact of liver disease etiology, and (3) optimization of route and timing of delivery to ensure maximal therapeutic benefit.
Quantity, Content, and Context Matter: Associations Among Social Technology Use and Sleep Habits in Early Adolescents.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to investigate the associations of social technology access and content, bedtime behaviors, parental phone restrictions, and timing and duration of sleep on school nights in early adolescents. Methods Adolescents (aged 11–15 years, n = 772) in the Northeast U.S. completed an online survey during or after school in spring 2019. Results Quantity of social technology use (e.g., checking social media, problematic internet behaviors, mobile use), content viewed (e.g., emotional or violent videos, risky behaviors), and social context (e.g., bedtime behaviors, starting social media at an early age) were significantly related to later bedtimes and fewer hours of sleep on school nights. Parental rules restricting mobile phone and online use before bed and obtaining a smartphone at a later age were associated with increased sleep time and earlier bedtime. Conclusions Quantity, content, and context of social technology use may affect sleep timing and duration in early adolescents.
A systematic review of psychosocial interventions for Latinx and American Indian patient-family caregiver dyads coping with chronic health conditions

Latinx and American Indians experience high rates of chronic health conditions. Family members play a significant role as informal caregivers for loved ones with chronic conditions and both patients and family caregivers report poor psychosocial outcomes. This systematic review synthesizes published studies about psychosocial interventions for Latinx and American Indian care dyads to determine: (i) the benefits of these interventions; (ii) their distinguishing features or adaptations, and; (iii) recommendations for future intervention development. Out of 366 records identified, seven studies met inclusion criteria. Interventions demonstrated benefits to outcomes such as disease knowledge, caregiver self-efficacy and burden, patient and caregiver well-being, symptom distress, anxiety and depression, and dyadic communication. Distinguishing features included tailoring to cultural values, beliefs, and delivery preferences, participants' level of acculturation, and population-specific issues such as migratory stressors and support networks. Based upon this review, six recommendations for future intervention development are put forth.
Synthesis, processing, and localization of human Lon protease.

Abstract The synthesis, maturation, and localization of the human homolog of the bacterial ATP-dependent Lon protease have been studied in cultured cells and in a cell-free system. Immunofluorescence microscopy of cells transfected with a recombinant human Lon protease-FLAG epitope chimeric protein confirmed the mitochondrial location of human Lon protease. The primary product of transcription and translation directed by a human LON cDNA in vitro had an apparent mass of approximately 107 kDa, and incubation of the translation product with isolated rat liver mitochondria converted the precursor into the approximately 100-kDa mature form. The latter pelleted with mitochondria and was resistant to trypsin digestion. Maturation of human Lon protease in vitro was dependent on mitochondrial inner membrane potential, as the uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) completely blocked this process. In intact cultured cells treated with DNP, newly synthesized Lon protease also accumulated as the precursor form, and subsequent removal of DNP allowed the precursor to be translocated into mitochondria and cleaved to its mature form. A pulse-chase experiment in the absence of DNP showed that the Lon protease precursor is converted to the mature form with a half-time of < 2 min and that the mature human Lon protease is indefinitely stable in intact cells. Submitochondrial fractionation and immunoblot analysis of rat liver mitochondrial proteins using the polyclonal anti-human Lon protease antiserum indicated that the protease is located exclusively in the matrix. These data demonstrate that the maturation of human Lon protease is characterized by steps similar to those reported for other mitochondrial matrix proteins.
Effects of Dynamic Aeroelasticity on Aircraft Handling Qualities

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