cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Between Victim and Agent: A Third-Way Feminist Account of Trafficking for Sex Work

Feminist legal theorists have devoted enormous attention to conceptualizing the issues of sex work and trafficking for sexual purposes. While these theories vary, they typically fall into one of two camps. The abolitionist perspective, having grown out of dominance feminist theory, perceives sex work as inherently exploitative. In contrast, a second group of theorists adopts a liberal notion of individual choice and draws on the poststructuralist rejection of gender essentialism to envision a theoretical model of sex-worker rights. The legal and public policies that grow from these two models are similarly polarized. Radical feminist abolitionists are often strange bedfellows with evangelical Christian organizations, working to end all sex work by rescuing women, regardless of any individual volition exercised in choosing the profession. On the other hand, organizations focused on sex-worker rights seek to help sex workers take care of themselves without fully questioning the social circumstances that lead women to make such a choice. This Article proposes a new theoretical model of trafficking for sexual purposes: a third-way feminist account of sex trafficking. Leveraging the feminist literature on constrained autonomy, the author draws on her own experience working with trafficked African and Asian populations to offer this new approach. This model relies on the dominance feminist critique of social conditions generative of women's economic desperation, which often underlies women's choice to engage in sexual labor. At the same time, the author rejects gender essentialism and endorses a liberal notion of the individual woman as an actor with real, though constrained, personal autonomy. Having explored this theoretical model, the Article identifies a series of interventions in trafficking for sexual purposes that recognize the individual and her personal resources while ultimately seeking to further her own autonomy. In proposing these interventions, this Article directly offers a vision of how feminist legal theory can work to alleviate poverty and other social barriers that third-world women encounter in trying to support themselves and their families. Finally, the Article closes with a consideration of the relationship between the author's proposed third-way feminist model and the international development literature on the capabilities approach. The interventions that arise from this third-way conception of feminist theory complement the capabilities model of development, as both seek to broaden the individual's life options in pursuit of a more robust individual agency.
Fitting of tissue tolerance data to analytic function: improving the therapeutic ratio.

Abstract Response of human tissues to ionizing radiation is a complex process. It is influenced by many factors, such as use of chemotherapy drugs and underlying diseases such as diabetes and/or lung emphysema. A phenomenological model such as Lyman's is an attempt to predict the complication, for a variety of tissues, in the absence of these factors. The use of the model requires the knowledge of the parameters to predict the response for a specific endpoint. Clinical response data are needed to determine these parameters. Emami et al. [6] have provided some data, based on pre-CT and pre-3-D information, for some of the most serious complications. Based on this information the parameters were determined [4]. However, to validate and further improve the predictive power of the model, improved clinical response data are needed. With CT-based 3-D treatment planning systems the dose-volume information is routinely produced. Efforts by the radiation oncology community are needed to collect this information and correlate it with the clinical outcomes in a uniform and systematic way, not only for the most serious complications but also for less severe radiation-induced complications that are routinely considered in radiation therapy. Also, the information about the tissue response with underlying disease and drugs will be useful. The use of NTCP for plan comparison is useful. However, the incorporation of TCP and NTCP for designing the plan is remarkable. A plan can be optimized for the best outcome for the patient. It is hoped that as the models and parameters are refined and predictive power of the model increases, better plans will be produced, significantly improving the therapeutic ratio.
Clostridium septicum fatality: diffuse bowel necrosis associated with cocaine abuse and agranulocytosis

Spontaneous, non-traumatic gas gangrene due to Clostridium septicum is a rapidly progressive infection with a high mortality rate and most commonly presents with soft tissue myonecrosis. Predisposing factors include gastrointestinal pathology, malignancies and immune deficiency disorders. To our knowledge cocaine induce bowel ischemia as a predisposing factor for Clostridium septicum sepsis has not been previous reported.
Serotonin studies in abnormal pregnancies: A preliminary report

Abstract In this preliminary report, serotonin levels in whole blood and urinary excretion products of serotonin (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) have been measured in 150 patients with vascular abnormalities in late pregnancy, and in 59 normal pregnant patients who served as controls. Determinations were made ante partum, on the day of delivery, and post partum. The data suggest that some patients with the toxemias of pregnancy, hypertensive vascular disease, and acute bleeding disorders of late pregnancy have high levels of serotonin. Whether this reflects an increased production or an altered detoxification or excretion is unknown.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS

Public and industrial acceptance of polymers is generally based on an assurance of quality, based on knowledge of successful long-term reliable tests. Research to achieve materials with desired and known properties is also based on knowledge of long-term reliable tests. These tests are continually being developed and submitted to the appropriate committee within the testing society for verification through “round robin”. Polymers are complex because of the varying microstructures, chain lengths and distributions, importance of previous treatment (history), presence of additives and modifiers, difference between interfacial surfaces and bulk structure, and property. Commercial utilization of polymer-containing materials is dependent on particular polymer behavior under a range of possible conditions. Thus, a single characterization technique is not sufficient to adequately characterize polymers, but results from various techniques are needed to evaluate and characterize polymeric materials. The chapter briefly describes the topic of polymer testing including rheology.
Characteristics of the Photoreactivation of Pseudorabies Virus

Pfefferkorn, E. R. (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.), Boyce W. Burge, and Helen M. Coady. Characteristics of the photoreactivation of pseudorabies virus. J. Bacteriol. 92:856-861. 1966.-Pseudorabies virus, killed with ultraviolet light and then allowed to adsorb to chick embryo tissue culture cells, can be photoreactivated by light of longer wavelengths. The photoreactivable sector is approximately 0.5. Herpes simplex virus is equally photoreactivable. Photoreactivability is negligible during the first 20 min after adsorption and then rises to a maximum by 100 min. After this maximum is reached, photoreactivability decreases with increasing rate as the temperature of incubation is raised. Inhibition of protein synthesis immediately after absorption prevents the establishment of the photoreactivable state.
The Localized and Scaled Discourse of Conservation for Wind Power in Kittitas County, Washington

Wind power is popularly understood as an environmentally progressive technology, yet such facilities face opposition during environmental review. While the impacts of a wind power facility will vary with its geographic context, conservation discourse refracts localized and capitalized landscape concerns through popular conservation tropes during permitting hearings. In Kittitas County, Washington, conservation discourse related to wildlife, fossil fuel, landscape aesthetic, and agricultural preservation charges commentary for three wind power projects. Local concerns about negative impacts to wildlife and visual aesthetics manifest less when wind turbines are proposed for remote landscapes, illustrating fluidity among locales for conservation discourse. Areas historically oriented to wildlife conservation through multiple-use paradigms have become favored sites for wind farms, because state mandates for conservation-as-energy-policy meet less opposition from local attitudes for conservation-as-land-manage...
Tilt Precursors before Earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault, California

An array of 14 biaxial shallow-borehole tiltmeters (at 1O(-7) radian sensitivity) has been installed along 85 kilometers of the San Andreas fault during the past year. Earthquake-related changes in tilt have been simultaneously observed on up to four independent instruments. At earthquake distances greater than 10 earthquake source dimensions, there are few clear indications of tilt change. For the four instruments with the longest records (> 10 months), 26 earthquakes have occurred since July 1973 with at least one instrument closer than 10 source dimensions and 8 earthquakes with more than one instrument within that distance. Precursors in tilt direction have been observed before more than 10 earthquakes or groups of earthquakes, and no similar effect has yet been seen without the occurrence of an earthquake.
Diffusion masking and all-diffused germanium n-p-n mesa transistors

A simple process for the fabrication of all-diffused germanium NPN mesa transistors is described. The starting material is an N-type wafer with a P-type diffused skin. A key feature of the process is the use of a film of silicon monoxide evaporated through a mask to coat selected regions of the germanium wafer. The silicon monoxide serves as a diffusion mask to restrict the subsequent diffusion of N-type emitter doping elements to uncoated regions of the wafer. Ohmic contacts to the emitter and base regions are made by vacuum evaporation through appropriate masks. The process is applicable to a wide range of NPN transistors and permits excellent control of device geometry and electrical characteristics. The process is discussed in connection with the development of a high-speed switching transistor. Essential characteristics of this device are: emitter breakdown voltage--5 volts, base resistance--150 ohms, common base alpha frequency cut-off > 500 megacycles, common emitter current gains--100.
Use of Contpasts in a Design of Experiments-Anova Course

A priori contrasts can be devised to match most experimental predictions. When the experimental data also matches the predictions, inference on such contrasts will have far greater power than any series of conventional omnibus F tests. An illustrative exercise gives the student practice in creating the weights needed to match various predictions. Inference on contrasts is illustrated, and related to the inference of omnibus tests. Factorial designs with equal or proportional n's define special orthogonal families of contrasts so that the corresponding sums of squares have additive properties. Orthogonality is less important than matching the statistical inference done with the experimental interest. Mastery of contrasts frees the users from blindly striving for completely crossed designs in all situations.
Layered sedimentation in suspensions of monodisperse spherical colloidal particles

Abstract Stratification of the supernatant of suspensions of polydisperse sedimenting colloidal-sized particles, hitherto ascribed to polydispersity, aggregation, convection, or sedimentation potential effects, is also shown to occur in dispersions of highly monodisperse, spherical polystyrene particles in the size range from 2.02 to 0.109 μm. The layers appeared in suspensions with concentrations as low as 0.01 wt% up to at least 0.4 wt%. The qualitative behavior of the layers with their associated interfaces was seen to be highly dependent upon concentration gradients initially imposed on the suspension but to be relatively insensitive to salt (as long as its concentration was below the fluctuation value). Examination of samples from the layers showed that the composition of each layer was the same—only the concentration varied. Many features of the data suggest that the process is in fact due to the mechanism of spinodal decomposition during the separation of two phases (colloid-rich sediment and colloid-poor supernatant) as the system moves toward its final equilibrium state.
"The mirror" and "the village": a new method for teaching practice-based learning and improvement and systems-based practice.

Purpose Practice-based learning and improvement (PBLI) and systems-based practice (SBP) may be conceptually difficult for both residents and faculty. Methods for introducing these concepts are needed if PBLI and SBP are to be incorporated into education and practice. Method In 2001, PBLI and SBP were introduced at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center in Baltimore, Maryland, using the metaphors “the mirror” and “the village.” PBLI was likened to residents’ holding up a mirror to document, assess, and improve their practice. Specific tools for residents (e.g., weekly morbidity and mortality morning reports, continuity clinic chart self-audits, and resident learning portfolios) became the mirrors. SBP was introduced through specific training activities (e.g., multidisciplinary patient care rounds, nursing evaluations, and quality assessment-systems improvement exercises) using the metaphor of the village made famous by Hillary Clinton in the phrase: “It takes a village to raise a child.” Residents completed a questionnaire in which they rated these initiatives’ impact on their training. Results The majority of residents who participated in specific activities agreed that quality assessment-systems improvement exercises (92.9%), multidisciplinary rounds (92.1%), morbidity and mortality morning reports (86.8%), clinic chart self-audits (76.4%), and nursing evaluations (52.8%) helped to improve their proficiency in specific aspects of PBLI and SBP. Residents’ retrospective self-assessments of their PBLI abilities demonstrated significant improvement after the introduction of specific training activities. Conclusions PBLI and SBP can be introduced effectively in residency training by incorporating specific activities that use the metaphors of the mirror and the village.
PK11195 effect on steroidogenesis is not mediated through the translocator protein (TSPO).

Translocator protein (TSPO) is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein of unknown function with high physiological expression in steroidogenic cells. Using TSPO gene–deleted mice, we recently demonstrated that TSPO function is not essential for steroidogenesis. The first link between TSPO and steroidogenesis was established in studies showing modest increases in progesterone production by adrenocortical and Leydig tumor cell lines after treatment with PK11195. To reconcile discrepancies between physiological and pharmacological interpretations of TSPO function, we generated TSPO-knockout MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells (MA-10:TspoΔ/Δ) and examined their steroidogenic potential after exposure to either dibutyryl-cAMP or PK11195. Progesterone production in MA-10:TspoΔ/Δ after dibutyryl-cAMP was not different from control MA-10:Tspo+/+ cells, confirming that TSPO function is not essential for steroidogenesis. Interestingly, when treated with increasing concentrations of PK11195, both control MA-10:Tspo+/+ cell...
Hopkins Lupus Pregnancy Center: 1987 to 1996

This article discusses lupus and pregnancy from experiences at the Hopkins Lupus Pregnancy Center. This center has made important strides in the understanding of lupus flares, maternal morbidity, and causes of preterm birth and pregnancy loss in lupus pregnancy.
A single-center experience with prone retroperitoneoscopic versus open renal surgery in children: an age- and procedure-matched comparison.

Abstract Purpose: We determined how surgical outcomes differ among children undergoing prone retroperitoneoscopic (RP) and open total and partial nephrectomies for benign renal disease. Patients an...
Left ventricular myotomy and myectomy in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and previous cardiac arrest

Abstract Left ventricular myotomy and myectomy was carried out in nine patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy solely because of a previously documented episode of cardiac arrest. Before cardiac arrest, each patient had either no or only minimal functional limitation and therefore would not have met the usual criteria for operation, namely, severe symptoms unresponsive to medical therapy. Of the nine patients, one died in the perioperative period, and one died suddenly and unexpectedly 9 months postoperatively. The remaining seven patients have survived 9 months to 5.5 years after operation; six of the seven are asymptomatic and one has only mild symptoms. Operation resulted in a marked decrease or abolition of the left ventricular outflow gradient under basal conditions in seven of the eight patients studied postoperatively. Significant residual outflow obstruction was demonstrated after operation in the patient who later died. Sudden death in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy appears usually to result from ventricular arrhythmia, and prevention of recurrent fatal arrhythmia is the goal of treatment in patients who have had cardiac arrest and have been resuscitated. Such patients should be treated indefinitely with antiarrhythmic drugs. In addition, when severe outflow obstruction is present, we postulate that effective operative relief of obstruction and consequent reduction of left ventricular systolic pressure will provide additional protection.
The Realities and Challenges of Plant Biotechnology

Article general portant sur l'etat d'avancement des recherches en biotechnologie, dans le domaine de l'agriculture; vu les investissements effectues et le nombre d'equipes de recherche travaillant sur les differents projets, les resultats obtenus restent faibles et peu nombreux: seulement 3 genes d'interet agronomique certain ont pu etre integres dans des genomes de plantes
Stabilization of thermal lattice Boltzmann models

A three-dimensional thermal lattice-Boltzmann model with two relaxation times to separately control viscosity and thermal diffusion is developed. Numerical stability of the model is significantly improved using Lax-Wendroff advection to provide and adjustable time step. Good agreement with a conventional fiitedifference Navier-Stokes solver is obtained in modeling compressible Rayleigh-Benard convestion when boundary conditions are treated similarly.
Cabazitaxel: a novel second-line treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Until recently, patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) had limited therapeutic options once they became refractory to docetaxel chemotherapy, and no treatments improved survival. This changed in June 2010 when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved cabazitaxel as a new option for patients with CRPC whose disease progresses during or after docetaxel treatment. For most of these patients, cabazitaxel will now replace mitoxantrone (a drug that was FDA-approved because of its palliative effects) as the treatment of choice for docetaxel-refractory disease. The approval of cabazitaxel was based primarily on the TROPIC trial, a large (n = 755) randomized Phase III study showing an overall median survival benefit of 2.4 months for men with docetaxel-pretreated metastatic CRPC receiving cabazitaxel (with prednisone) compared to mitoxantrone (with prednisone). Cabazitaxel is a novel tubulin-binding taxane that differs from docetaxel because of its poor affinity for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-dependent drug efflux pump. Cancer cells that express P-gp become resistant to taxanes, and the effectiveness of docetaxel can be limited by its high substrate affinity for P-gp. Preclinical and early clinical studies show that cabazitaxel retains activity in docetaxel-resistant tumors, and this was confirmed by the TROPIC study. Common adverse events with cabazitaxel include neutropenia (including febrile neutropenia) and diarrhea, while neuropathy was rarely observed. Thus, the combination of cabazitaxel and prednisone is an important new treatment option for men with docetaxel-refractory metastatic CRPC, but this agent should be administered cautiously and with appropriate monitoring (especially in men at high risk of neutropenic complications).
Denotational semantics using an operationally-based term model

We introduce a method for proving the correctness of transformations of programs in languages like Scheme and ML. The method consists of giving the programs a denotational semantics in an operationally-based term model in which interaction is the basic observable, and showing that the transformation is meaning-preserving. This allows us to consider correctness for programs that interact with their environment without terminating, and also for transformations that change the internal store behavior of the program. We illustrate the technique on one of the Meyer-Sieber examples, and we use it to prove the correctness of assignment elimination for Scheme. The latter is an important but subtle step for Scheme compilers; we believe ours is the first proof of its correctness.
Full-Length Structures of BenM and Two Variants Reveal Different Oligomerization Schemes for LysR-Type Transcriptional Regulators

BenM, a LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) from the bacterium Acinetobacter baylyi, responds synergistically to benzoate and cis,cis-muconate. With these effectors, BenM activates gene expression during benzoate consumption. Without effectors, BenM represses transcription. Here, X-ray crystallography was used to determine the full-length structures of BenM and two variants that activate transcription without benzoate or cis,cis-muconate: BenM(R156H) and BenM(E226K). Previous studies indicate that these regulators function as tetramers. Here, interconnections between subunits in the crystals prevented the formation of a closed oligomer and highlighted the inherent flexibility of this multidomain regulator. Nevertheless, analysis of subunit interfaces suggested the functional significance of key interactions. The structures of BenM and its variants were nearly identical, implying that transcriptional differences rely on factors beyond major conformational changes defined solely by sequence. Comparisons of BenM with other LTTRs, including unpublished structures in the Protein Data Bank, revealed extensive variation in the relative orientations of DNA-binding domains (DBDs) and effector-binding domains (EBDs). To form dimers, different LTTRs used similar interfaces between two EBDs, each containing two subdomains: EBD-I and EBD-II. Surprisingly, the dimers used three substantially different schemes to form higher-order oligomers. In one scheme used by BenM, oligomer assembly involved contacts between the EBD-II regions and the DBD regions of adjacent subunits. In another scheme, there were no contacts between the EBDs; only the DBDs were involved in tetramer formation. In the third scheme, the oligomer interface involved DBD and EBD-I/EBD-II contacts. These diverse schemes demonstrate novel variation in the oligomeric structures of individual LTTRs within this large and important family.
Developments in the Coordination Chemistry of Dicoordinate Phosphenium Ion Ligands

Abstract Phosphenium ion ligands display synergic [sgrave]-donor, σ-acceptor properties which resemble other small molecules and the coordination chemistry of X2P+ ligands is compared here with NO and SO2.
Inhibition of herpes simplex virus reactivation by dipyridamole in a mouse model

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (TK) has been demonstrated to be important for reactivation from latency. Specifically, HSV latency-associated transcripts (LAT) are expressed during latent infection established by TK-negative (TK-) HSV mutants, but reactivation is minimal. TK- HSV, however, readily reactivated in the presence of exogenous thymidine (TdR) in explant medium [Tenser et al. (1996): Journal of Virology 70:1271-1276]. In the present report this was further studied by evaluating the effect of dipyridamole (DPM) on HSV reactivation. DPM is known to interfere with nucleoside transport. Inhibition of TdR-enhanced reactivation of TK- HSV and inhibition of reactivation of wild-type TK+ HSV were evaluated in an experimental mouse model of latency. Without DPM, TK- HSV reactivation was increased from 0% to 88% with TdR in explant medium, demonstrating TdR-enhanced reactivation of TK- HSV (as seen previously), TdR-enhanced reactivation of TK- HSV was decreased when DPM (25 or 50 microM) was also present, to 30%-60% and to 0%, respectively. Secondly, DPM also decreased reactivation of wild-type TK+ HSV. The reactivation frequency of latently infected dorsal root ganglia was 90% in standard medium (no added TdR), and this was decreased by DPM to 9% and 0%, respectively. Reactivation of trigeminal ganglia in standard medium was 100%, and this decreased to 59% and 23%, respectively. The possibility of a direct toxic effect of DPM on ganglion neurons to explain the results was unlikely. DPM had a modest antiviral effect on HSV replication in cell culture, and its efficacy in blocking reactivation may be related to this activity, probably by inhibition of nucleoside transport.
Network design problem with relays: A genetic algorithm with a path-based crossover and a set covering formulation

Abstract The network design problem with relays arises in telecommunications and distribution systems where the payload must be reprocessed at intermediate stations called relays on the route from its origin to its destination. In fiber-optic networks, for example, optical signals may be regenerated several times to overcome signal degradation because of attenuation and other factors. Given a network and a set of commodities, the network design problem with relays involves selecting network edges, determining a route for each commodity, and locating relays to minimize the network design cost. This paper presents a new formulation to the problem based on set covering constraints. The new formulation is used to design a genetic algorithm with a specialized crossover/mutation operator which generates a feasible path for each commodity, and the locations of relays on these paths are determined by solving the corresponding set covering problem. Computational experiments show that the proposed approach can outperform other approaches, particularly on large size problems.
Seasonal variation of the particle size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and of major aerosol species in Claremont, California

Abstract As part of the Southern California Particle Center and Supersite (SCPCS) activities, we measured, during all seasons, particle size distributions of 12 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), concurrently with elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), sulfate (SO 4 2− ), and nitrate (NO 3 − ) size distributions, from October 2001 to July 2002 in Claremont, CA, a receptor site located about 40 km downwind of central Los Angeles. Samples were collected approximately once every week, for 24-h periods, from midnight to midnight. MOUDI impactors collected samples at 30 LPM which were composited for analysis into monthly periods in three aerodynamic diameter size intervals, defined for the purpose of this work, as: 0–0.18 μm (ultrafine mode), 0.18–2.5 μm (accumulation mode), and 2.5–10 μm (coarse mode). For the monthly composites from October to February, the size distributions of the target PAHs are similar. However, from March to July, notable differences are observed: a significant fraction of the PAH mass is found in the coarse mode, as compared with the previous period. During the entire 1-year period, the form and shape of the EC size distributions did not vary much and are distinguished by prominent mass in the ultrafine and accumulation size mode. For the individual modes of the major species, the highest Pearson's correlation coefficients for the variation of temperature with species concentration were found in the ultrafine mode for both SO 4 2− (0.92) and EC (0.90), and in the coarse mode for both OC (0.85) and NO 3 − (0.54). High SO 4 2− correlations are consistent with increased gas-to-particle formation during the warmer months from (precursor) SO 2 emissions in the Los Angeles and Lon Beach seaport areas and, similarly for EC, increased atmospheric transport to Claremont as the season progresses from winter to summer. Although not statistically significant, the correlations were negative for the less volatile or particle phase group (log [ p L o ]⩽−3.22), consistent with increased partitioning from the vapor phase with decreasing temperature.
Ovarian remnant syndrome in a Toy Poodle: A case report

Ovarian remnant syndrome was diagnosed in a 3-yr-old, female Toy Poodle presented with signs of estrus. The diagnosis was based on the clinical and laboratory changes in response to injection with hCG. The remnant of ovarian tissue was removed surgically under general anesthesia and the animal recovered uneventfully.
Protection of neonatal rat brain from hypoxic-ischemic injury by LY379268, a Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist.

Neuroprotective effects of a Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, LY379268, were examined in a neonatal rat model of hypoxia-ischemia (unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxic exposure for 1.5h in 7-day-old rat pups). LY379268 administered 5 min after hypoxic exposure (2, 5, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced brain injury as measured by reductions in the ipsilateral brain weight and in CA1 hippocampal neuron density. The significant neuroprotective effects were also observed when this compound (5 mg/kg) was administered 30 min, but not 60 min, after hypoxic exposure. The neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) procedure significantly increased caspase-3 activity and induced DNA fragmentation in the ipsilateral cortex compared with that in the contralateral cortex 24 and 72h after the insult, respectively. LY379268 did not prevent this increase in caspase-3 activity and DNA fragmentation in the ipsilateral cortex. These results suggest that activation of Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors may provide neuroprotection against HI brain injury. However, blockade of caspase-3 activation and the apoptotic pathway appears not to be involved in the neuroprotective effects of LY379268 observed in the neonatal rat model of HI.
Evaluation of revised criteria for ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of the revised PIOPED (Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis) criteria for categorization of ventilation-perfusion lung scans and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the revised criteria with that of the original PIOPED criteria and subjective probability estimates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ventilation-perfusion scans of 104 consecutive patients with suspected pulmonary embolism were reviewed. All patients had also undergone pulmonary angiography. The scans were categorized according to the original and revised PIOPED criteria, and a "gestalt" percent probability estimate was made. In addition, the official clinical interpretation (made with the original PIOPED criteria) was recorded. RESULTS: The gestalt percent probability estimate was the most accurate for assessing the likelihood of pulmonary embolism (area under the receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve = 0.836). The revised PIOPED criteria (area under the ROC curve = 0.753) were more ...
The effect of the environment on the immunofluorescence staining of bacteria

Abstract Quantitative direct immunofluorescence (IF) assays of Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus and B. subtilis spores, and of Escherichia coli and Serratia Marcescens were performed with a microfluorometer to measure the fluorescence of individual stained bacteria. Bacteria were either stained after fixation on multispot slides (the slide assay) or they were stained in suspension and subsequently immobilised on slides (the suspension-slide method) or on membrane filters (the suspension-filter method). A similar degree of variation of bacterial fluorescence was encountered in the slide and suspension-slide methods, suggesting that the fluorescence variation in the slide method was not the result of variable interference by the glass support. Results in the suspension-filter assays revealed additional variation due to the membrane filter itself. The IF staining of Bacillus spores was strongly influenced by the concentration of normal serum buffer in the reaction mixture. It is tentatively concluded that the specific binding of antibody was altered. Mean bacterial fluorescence levels in the Bacillus slide assays were usually markedly lower than in suspension assays performed under the same buffer conditions. The implications of this are discussed.
Silicon-carbide-based extreme environment temperature sensor using wavelength-tuned signal processing.

A wavelength-tuned signal-processing approach is proposed for enabling direct unambiguous temperature measurement in a free-space targeted single-crystal silicon carbide (SiC) temperature sensor. The approach simultaneously exploits the 6H SiC fundamental Sellmeier equation-based wavelength-sensitive refractive index change in combination with the classic temperature-dependent refractive index change and the material thermal-expansion path-length change to encode SiC chip temperature with wavelength. Presently, the technique is useful for fast coarse temperature measurement as demonstrated from room temperature to 1000°C using a 10-peak count wavelength-tuned measurement with a 0.31 nm total wavelength change. This coarse technique can be combined with the previously presented two-wavelength signal-processing temperature measurement approach to simultaneously deliver a wide temperature range and a high-resolution temperature sensor. Applications for the sensor range from power plants to materials processing facilities.
Cost-Effectiveness of Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation Versus Extended Release Tolterodine for Overactive Bladder

Purpose: We assessed the cost-effectiveness of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation vs extended release tolterodine for the treatment of overactive bladder.Materials and Methods: A 1-year time frame cost-effectiveness model from a societal perspective was developed by comparing medical costs and quality of life determined by improved continence and therapy side effects of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation and tolterodine ER. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation therapy consisted of 12 sessions for 3 months followed by maintenance therapy. Significant side effects of both strategies can result in reduced quality of life or therapy termination. Parameter estimates included utilities of improved urinary incontinence (0.92) and continued urinary incontinence (0.73), reduction in quality of life from side effects (5%), cost of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation per session ($203) and cost of tolterodine ER per month ($150). Our primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, defined as t...
Entropy weighted average method for the determination of a single representative path flow solution for the static user equilibrium traffic assignment problem

The formulation of the static user equilibrium traffic assignment problem (UETAP) under some simplifying assumptions has a unique solution in terms of link flows but not in terms of path flows. Large variations are possible in the path flows obtained using different UETAP solution algorithms. Many transportation planning and management applications entail the need for path flows. This raises the issue of generating a meaningful path flow solution in practice. Past studies have sought to determine a single path flow solution using the maximum entropy concept. This study proposes an alternate approach to determine a single path flow solution that represents the entropy weighted average of the UETAP path flow solution space. It has the minimum expected Euclidean distance from all other path flow solution vectors of the UETAP. The mathematical model of the proposed entropy weighted average method is derived and its solution stability is proved. The model is easy to interpret and generalizes the proportionality condition of Bar-Gera and Boyce (1999). Results of numerical experiments using networks of different sizes suggest that the path flow solutions for the UETAP using the proposed method are about identical to those obtained using the maximum entropy approach. The entropy weighted average method requires low computational effort and is easier to implement, and can therefore serve as a potential alternative to the maximum entropy approach in practice.
The DWBA and Mitra's three-body model of stripping

Abstract Mitra's three-body (separable potential) model of stripping is reexamined and new results are derived. In particular it is shown that a DWBA can be formulated for which the DWBA matrix element is identical to the exact stripping matrix element. A similar result is found to hold in the (many-body) case of nuclear reactions if the neutron-proton interaction V np is of separable form. The three-body calculations of Reiner and Jaffe are used to show that the conventional DWBA matrix element is a good approximation to the exact (new DWBA) matrix element. The use of a product of two-body wave functions in DWBA to replace the three-body wave-function (neglect of deuteron internal distortion or “stretching”) is thus justified on the basis of V np being well approximated by a separable interaction.
No-Contact Orders, Victim Safety, and Offender Recidivism in Cases of Misdemeanor Criminal Domestic Violence: A Randomized Experiment

Using an experimental design, this research examined the impact of proactive enforcement of court-imposed no-contact orders (NCOs) on offender behavior and victim safety in cases of misdemeanor domestic violence. The major research goals and objectives were to assess whether proactive enforcement: (1) enhanced victim safety by reducing offender recidivism; (2) increased victim knowledge about no-contact orders; and (3) reduced contact between offenders and victims. A prospective design was used to randomly assign 466 cases of misdemeanor criminal domestic violence to either systematic, proactive enforcement or to routine, reactive enforcement of the court-ordered no-contact order conditions. Treatment effectiveness was assessed by analyses of official criminal records data and victim survey data. Study results suggest that the treatment had no impact on victim safety or offender recidivism. Notably, victims in the treatment group were more likely to be aware that the no-contact order was in place, had higher level of contact with law enforcement and victim advocates, and more often viewed the contact with their batterer as stalking or harassment. Overall, findings from this study suggest important directions for future research examining the effectiveness of interventions for intimate partner violence and abuse.
Windows of Opportunity for Early Brain and Motor Development

(1998). Windows of Opportunity for Early Brain and Motor Development. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 69, No. 8, pp. 54-55.
Stokes flow around cylinders in a bounded two-dimensional domain using multipole-accelerated boundary element methods

The multipole technique has recently received attention in the field of boundary element analysis as a means of reducing the order of data storage and calculation time requirements from O(N2) (iterative solvers) or O(N3) (gaussian elimination) to O(N log N) or O(N), where N is the number of nodes in the discretized system. Such a reduction in the growth of the calculation time and data storage is crucial in applications where N is large, such as when modelling the macroscopic behaviour of suspensions of particles. In such cases, a minimum of 1000 particles is needed to obtain statistically meaningful results, leading to systems with N of the order of 10 000 for the smallest problems. When only boundary velocities are known, the indirect boundary element formulation for Stokes flow results in Fredholm equations of the second kind, which generally produce a well-posed set of equations when discretized, a necessary requirement for iterative solution methods. The direct boundary element formulation, on the other hand, results in Fredholm equations of the first kind, which, upon discretization, produce ill-conditioned systems of equations. The model system here is a two-dimensional wide-gap couette viscometer, where particles are suspended in the fluid between the cylinders. This is a typical system that is efficiently modelled using boundary element method simulations. The multipolar technique is applied to both direct and indirect formulations. It is found that the indirect approach is sufficiently well-conditioned to allow the use of fast multipole methods. The direct approach results in severe ill-conditioning, to a point where application of the multipole method leads to non-convergence of the solution iteration. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrophysiological studies of the action of ketamine in frog skeletal muscle

Abstract The effects of the dissociative analgesic anaesthetic, ketamine, on action potential production in frog sartorius muscle fibres, were studied with bipolar extracellular electrodes and intracellular microelectrode techniques. All concentrations of ketamine depressed the extracellularly recorded compound action potential. Low concentrations of ketamine (less than 1 × 10 −4 m ) increased excitability by reducing the current needed to initiate an action potential. Higher concentrations of ketamine decreased excitability by inhibiting the maximum rate of rise, the overshoot, and the maximum amplitude of the action potential. The resting membrane potential was not significantly affected by any of the ketamine concentrations employed. The depressant effects of ketamine on the action potential were antagonized in an apparently competitive manner by sodium ions. Ketamine caused a shift in the relationship between rate of fall and amplitude to higher action potential amplitudes, indicating that the drug inhibited the increase in potassium conductance (gK) associated with the falling phase of the action potential. It can be concluded that ketamine decreases excitability in frog sartorius muscle by inhibiting the specific increase in sodium conductance, which normally follows a threshold stimulus and is responsible for the rising phase of the action potential.
On the moral and legal status of abortion.

1 We will be concerned with both the moral status of abortion, which for our purposes we may define as the act that a woman performs in voluntarily terminating, or allowing another person to terminate, her pregnancy, and the legal status that is appropriate for this act. I will argue that, while it is not possible to produce a satisfactory defense of a woman’s right to obtain an abortion without showing that a fetus is not a human being, in the morally relevant sense of that term, we ought not to conclude that the difficulties involved in determining whether or not a fetus is human make it impossible to produce any satisfactory solution to the problem of the moral status of abortion. For it is possible to show that, on the basis of intuitions which we may expect even the opponents of abortion to share, a fetus is not a person, hence not the sort of entity to which it is proper to ascribe full moral rights.
Ocean Sustainability Issues Are Focus of Industry Gathering

How can industry operate in the oceans sustainably? Is there a broadly agreed upon definition of sustainability? How can industry and others deal with conflicting uses in the oceans? These were among the questions explored at a recent ocean industry leadership conference that brought together several hundred participants from business, nongovernmental organizations, and governments from around the world.
Pharmaceuticals and the Worldwide HIV Epidemic: Can a Stakeholder Model Work?:

Abstract The worldwide HIV/AIDS epidemic has generated intense criticism of pharmaceutical drug prices, a natural consequence of the industry’s unique cost structure. Many people have proposed that the industry adopt what might be called a stakeholder model in place of the traditional profit-driven model. However, the rapid drop in HIV drug prices, combined with generic entry and de facto abandonment of patent rights, has revealed the extremely limited role of drug prices and access in the face of fundamental problems in infrastructure, prevention, and other essential elements in battling HIV/AIDS. Adoption of a stakeholder approach is likely to undermine essential research and development while doing little to curtail the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Knowledge and attitudes about urinary incontinence among community-dwelling Korean American women.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore knowledge and attitudes about urinary incontinence (UI) among Korean American women with incontinence and provide initial information needed to design education programs and culture-specific interventions. Subjects and setting One hundred eighty-two community-dwelling Korean American women who were 30 years and older and self-identified as having UI were invited to participate in the study. Data collection was conducted in 12 Korean religious organizations. Design This study uses a cross-sectional descriptive design by means of interviews. Instruments The Incontinence Quiz was used to measure knowledge and attitudes about UI. Higher scores indicate greater knowledge and more positive attitudes. Results The mean Incontinence Quiz was 4.85 (SD = 2.75) out of 14, which was much lower than the midpoint of 7.0, indicating that respondents tended to have limited knowledge and negative attitudes toward UI. The number of correct responses to the items on the Incontinence Quiz in this sample was lower than that reported in other studies that sampled the general population. Conclusions Interventions to improve Korean women's knowledge of, and attitudes toward, UI are needed. WOC and continence nurses should take an active role in educating women about the prevention and treatment of UI.
Evidence for clinical heterogeneity in antisocial alcoholics.

Abstract Alcoholics with a diagnosis of antisocial personality were divided into two groups on the basis of number of depressive symptoms. The antisocials with a higher number of depressive symptoms (five or more) showed a greater number of other types of psychopathologic symptoms when compared to the antisocials with a low number of depressive symptoms. The results support the concept of heterogeneity in alcoholic antisocials similar to the dichotomy of primary and secondary sociopaths which has been proposed from studies of nonalcoholic sociopathic samples.
The psychophysics of spending

Several theories of decision making are based, in part, upon the principles of psychophysics (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979; Thaler, 1985). For example, due to the psychophysics of quantity, the difference between $10 and $20 seems greater than the difference between $110 and $120. To determine whether psychophysics influences consumers' decisions, subjects in four studies made real or hypothetical purchases. It was predicted that as the size of the purchase increased, subjects would be more willing to buy additional smaller items. Small extra purchases should seem like minor expenditures when they follow larger purchases. Results of the four studies supported our hypothesis. In addition, it was found that subjects responded not only to actual changes in purchase size but also to changes in the presentation or framing of a purchase.