cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on integrated operation and maintenance acquisition and monitoring technology for new generation dispatching control system

Focusing on the intelligence demands of operation and maintenance for the new generation dispatching control system and the technical requirements of pre-monitoring, early warning and fault handling in the event, based on the architecture with the characteristics of physical distribution and logical integration, this paper designs a kind of integrated operation and maintenance acquisition and monitoring method. It first builds the full model of the automation equipment operation information, collects and summarizes the operation information such as resource pool, platform status, database, application and multi-activity consistency and data consistency, then achieves real-time data acquisition of various key indicators information for the operation of the new generation of control systems; Through the wide-area system service bus, the system operation information is gathered into the integrated operation and maintenance center to realize panoramic monitoring of the operation status for the multi-activity analysis decision center, the dual-active model data center and the dual-active monitoring system, and to comprehensively improve the intelligent level of operation and maintenance for the new generation dispatching control system.
6 – THE ATMOSPHERE

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the atmosphere and its chief components both natural and man-made. It presents the regions and composition of the atmosphere. The chapter discusses some of the properties of the gases in the atmosphere. The atmosphere includes all the gases that surround earth. All of the gases essential to life exist in the lower atmosphere. Four regions of the atmosphere, namely troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere, are defined by temperature variations with height. The chapter provides an overview of air pollution in terms of the five major pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulates. Concern has arisen in recent years over pollutants that can find their way into the stratosphere and destroy ozone. The chapter explains the chemistry of noble gases and describes their properties, preparation, and uses.
Career Development Strategies for the Clinical Educator

Over the past several decades, fewer faculty members at American medical schools have engaged in an equally balanced portfolio of clinical, research, and education efforts, and increasing numbers of faculty members have become more differentiated into physician-scientists or clinician-educators. Career paths among clinician-educators are quite variable, and aspiring clinician-educators are frequently unsure of how to maximize their chances for success in a clinician-educator academic pathway. In the author's opinion, the aspiring clinician-educator should seek to develop their skill set in four main areas. First, they must develop, become respected for, and maintain their clinical expertise, ideally becoming their institution's go-to person when those issues either arise clinically or require teaching to a group of learners. Second, they must actively work to develop outstanding teaching skills so that they can excel in teaching in a variety of formats, including lectures, small-group facilitation, and bedside instruction delivered in the context of clinical care. This generally requires engagement with faculty development programs both inside and outside one's institution. Third, the aspiring clinician-educator needs to develop the skills necessary to support ongoing scholarly activities, either in the educational realm or in their clinical focus. Finally, because most successful clinician-educators are thrust into leadership positions of some type, either in medical school courses or clerkships, residency or fellowship training programs, or for clinical programs of the division, department, or health system, the aspiring clinician-educator needs to develop as a competent administrator, seeking additional leadership training if possible.
Rapid Annotation of Photosynthetic Systems (RAPS): automated algorithm to generate genome-scale metabolic networks from algal genomes

Abstract Algae have great potential to serve as platform strains for engineering efforts, but tools for these species lag behind traditional model systems like E. coli and yeast. Metabolic models are one such tool that would enhance our ability to rationally engineer algae, but current automated algorithms to build models do not perform well for algal genomes. We present a novel software pipeline, Rapid Annotation of Photosynthetic Systems (RAPS), which leverages manual curation efforts of published models to create high quality first draft metabolic networks for new species. We compared models produced by our pipeline to published models and found that these models are able to capture more genes than the published models and are more predictive of experimentally determined growth rate. We used RAPS to automate the creation of 8 first draft metabolic models of new species to enable the further study of metabolism in these species.
Timing the First Pediatric Tracheostomy Tube Change: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

ObjectiveThe first pediatric tracheostomy tube change often occurs within 7 days after placement; however, the optimal timing is not known. The primary objective was to determine the rate of advers...
Racial and ethnic disparities in survival of children with brain and central nervous tumors in the United States.

Background Despite improvements in overall survival for pediatric cancers, treatment disparities remain for racial/ethnic minorities compared to non-Hispanic Whites; however, the impact of race on treatment outcomes for pediatric brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors in the United States is not well known. Methods We included 8713 children aged 0-19 years with newly diagnosed primary brain and CNS tumors between 2000 and 2015 from the Census Tract-level SES and Rurality Database developed by Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. We used chi-square tests to assess differences in sociodemographic, cancer, and treatment characteristics by race/ethnicity and Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models to examine differences in 10-year survival, adjusting for these characteristics. Results Among 8713 patients, 56.75% were non-Hispanic White, 9.59% non-Hispanic Black, 25.46% Hispanic, and 8.19% from "other" racial/ethnic groups. Median unadjusted survival for all pediatric brain tumors was 53 months, but varied significantly by race/ethnicity with a median survival of 62 months for non-Hispanic Whites, 41 months for non-Hispanic Blacks, and 40 months for Hispanic and other. Multivariable analyses demonstrated minority racial groups still had significantly higher hazard of death than non-Hispanic Whites; Hispanic (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.25 [1.18-1.31]); non-Hispanic Black (aHR 1.12 [1.04-1.21]); other (aHR 1.22 [1.12-1.32]). Results were consistent when stratified by tumor histology. Conclusion We identified disparities in survival among racial/ethnic minorities with pediatric brain and CNS tumors, with Hispanic patients having the highest risk of mortality. Eliminating these disparities requires commitment toward promoting heath equity and personalized cancer treatment.
Multimorbidity and Fatigue in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Population-Based Cohort

The objective was to evaluate the relationships between multimorbidity and overall fatigue as well as fatigue subdomains in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A cross-sectional study of a population-based cohort of patients with RA was performed. Fatigue was assessed using the Bristol Rheumatoid Arthritis Fatigue Multidimensional Questionnaire (BRAF-MDQ). Patients’ medical records were reviewed for 25 chronic comorbidities prior to the BRAF-MDQ. Linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate the differences in BRAF-MDQ total and subdomain (physical, living, cognitive, and emotional) scores associated with multimorbidity, adjusting for age, sex, disease duration, obesity, smoking, C-reactive protein, and RA autoantibodies. Higher BRAF-MDQ scores indicate greater fatigue severity. The cohort included 192 patients, median age 62 years, and median RA duration 13 years. Multimorbidity was common with 93 (48%) having ≥ 2 comorbidities, and 27 (14%) having ≥ 4 comorbidities. The median BRAF-MDQ total score was 9 (interquartile range 3–18), with higher scores indicating greater fatigue. Patients with ≥ 4 comorbidities had higher total BRAF-MDQ scores (median 16.5, interquartile range: 6.8–24.8) than patients with < 4 comorbidities (7.5, 2.8–16.0; p = 0.014). Each additional comorbidity was associated with a 2.33 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–3.56) unit increase in total BRAF-MDQ score (p < 0.001), and the presence of ≥ 4 comorbidities was associated with a 9.33 (95% CI 3.92–14.7) unit increase in total BRAF-MDQ score. Multimorbidity was significantly associated with all four fatigue subdomains in adjusted models. Multimorbidity is associated with increased fatigue in patients with RA. The findings suggest that interventions targeting multimorbidity could help alleviate treatment-refractory fatigue in patients with RA and other rheumatic diseases.
The Health and Competitiveness of the U.S. Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment Industry

In 1991 the United States International Trade Commission initiated an Industry and Trade Summary series of informational reports on products imported to, and exported from, the United States. As part of this series, analysts from the Office of Industries published a summary of the state of the Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment (SME) industry in June 2006. This report provides updated information on the health and competitiveness of the U.S. semiconductor manufacturing equipment industry. After discussing the structure of, and relationship between, the semiconductor and semiconductor manufacturing equipment industries, this paper provides an overview of the SME industry’s key characteristics, including supply and demand. The U.S. SME industry and market are then described along with trends in exports, imports and the balance of trade between 2014–18. The paper concludes with analysis of five challenges and opportunities that will affect the health and competitiveness of the U.S. SME industry: China’s rise as a producer and consumer of semiconductors, artificial intelligence, the end of Moore’s Law, the introduction of extreme ultraviolet lithography equipment, and foreign investment restrictions and export control reform.
GEORGE®: A Pilot Study of a Smartphone Application for Huntington's Disease.

Background Current Huntington's disease (HD) measures are limited to subjective, episodic assessments conducted in clinic. Smartphones can enable the collection of objective, real-world data but their use has not been extensively evaluated in HD. Objective Develop and evaluate a smartphone application to assess feasibility of use and key features of HD in clinic and at home. Methods We developed GEORGE ®, an Android smartphone application for HD which assesses voice, chorea, balance, gait, and finger tapping speed. We then conducted an observational pilot study of individuals with manifest HD, prodromal HD, and without a movement disorder. In clinic, participants performed standard clinical assessments and a battery of active tasks in GEORGE. At home, participants were instructed to complete the activities thrice daily for one month. Sensor data were used to measure chorea, tap rate, and step count. Audio data was not analyzed. Results Twenty-three participants (8 manifest HD, 5 prodromal HD, 10 controls) enrolled, and all but one completed the study. On average, participants used the application 2.1 times daily. We observed a significant difference in chorea score (HD: 19.5; prodromal HD: 4.5, p = 0.007; controls: 4.3, p = 0.001) and tap rate (HD: 2.5 taps/s; prodromal HD: 8.9 taps/s, p = 0.001; controls: 8.1 taps/s, p = 0.001) between individuals with and without manifest HD. Tap rate correlated strongly with the traditional UHDRS finger tapping score (left hand: r = -0.82, p = 0.022; right hand: r = -0.79, p = 0.03). Conclusion GEORGE is an acceptable and effective tool to differentiate individuals with and without manifest HD and measure key disease features. Refinement of the application's interface and activities will improve its usability and sensitivity and, ideally, make it useful for clinical care and research.
That Is Really Meme: Nazi Pepe the Frog and the Subversion of Anglo-American Holocaust Remembrance

Demsky investigates Internet memes subverting contemporary Anglo-American Holocaust memorialization. Focusing on an erstwhile apolitical cartoon character named Pepe the Frog, this chapter explains how MAGA nationalists Nazified Pepe as part of a Holocaust mocking campaign. Demsky posits that Pepe’s saboteurs did not stumble onto this subject focus. Undermining Holocaust memorialization reflects a confluence of long-standing American political impulses, namely, anti-globalism, anti-liberalism, and antisemitism. Pepe serves a related role in the UK. Brexit supporters do not direct Pepe specifically toward Holocaust derision. Rather, they employ him as a nationalist symbol rejecting liberalized calls for ethno-racial tolerance and transnationalism. As Demsky’s analysis notes, however, these impulses subvert Holocaust remembrance by honoring the very obstacles that enabled the Nazis’ European Jewish destruction.
Citrate-saponin-acid method for the recovery of microfilariae from blood.

The combination citrate-saponin-acid procedure with its internal modifications of each of the separate standard methods, viz. , citrate, saponin, and Knott's, was developed to produce greater yields of microfilariae from equivalent amounts of peripheral blood of infected patients, especially those with scanty numbers of organisms, than the total yields recoverable by the three standard methods separately. Packed erythrocytes from 10.0 ml. of citrate-treated whole blood were destroyed through the action of a 0.5% saponin solution, after which centrifugation facilitated the recovery under low power magnification of motile microfilariae in wet mounts made from the sediment. Preparations designated "mini-Knott's" were made as wet mounts from two drops of sediment and were first examined for motile microfilariae and subsequently mixed in place with several drops of 1.0% acetic acid solution before drying and staining. Examination of these slides permitted the demonstration of concentrated numbers of straightened microfilariae under low power and identification under oil immersion magnification. Eighteen cases are reported.
How ARL academic libraries present open web resources: A proposed solution to address discoverability

Abstract Open web resources on the Internet have become increasingly important in the scholarly community and are being cited ever more frequently in scholarly articles. Academic librarians continue to assess and collect open web resources that are of value to the academic community in order to support research. With the questions of how ARL academic libraries collect, present, and make searchable open web resources, this paper analyzes all ARL academic libraries' websites and finds that all of them are collecting valuable open web resources and presenting these on research/subject guides. This paper also finds that some ARL academic libraries implement search boxes for the collected list of open web resources, but only descriptions or titles of the resources housed on the libraries' website are being searched. None of the libraries makes the content or full text of open web resources discoverable on the academic library websites. Based on the findings, this paper proposes a solution to address the discoverability issue of collecting open web resources and how to make the content or full text of the open web resources searchable.
The role of IL-6 in experimental and clinical heart failure

In the United States alone, nearly five million people carry the diagnosis of heart failure (HF) with approximately 550,000 new cases diagnosed each year and 250,000 deaths attributed to the disease. The early stages of HF are often clinically asymptomatic due to physiological compensatory mechanisms. However, these same mechanisms can precipitate the ventricular dysfunction and remodeling that ultimately culminate in overt intractable HF. The cause of the progressive deterioration of left-ventricular (LV) function in HF remains unknown. Factors such as ongoing intrinsic contractile dysfunction of residual viable cardiocytes [1], progressive LV remodeling manifested by progressive LV dilation, cardiocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis [2, 3] and ongoing loss of residual viable cardiocytes [4, 5] have been implicated as contributors to the progression of LV dysfunction in HE In addition, enhanced activation of several neurohumoral systems, including sustained elevation of plasma norepinephrine, increased levels of plasma angiotensin-II, and down-regulation of cardiac (3-adrenergic receptors [6] are observed in HE Inflammatory cytokines are also thought to contribute to LV dysfunction in HF, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and members of the IL-6 family [7]. Clinically, plasma levels of IL-6 have been shown to be inversely correlated to LV function in HF patients [8-11]. Growing experimental evidence also points to a role for IL-6 in mediating some of the detrimental cardiovascular changes that occur during HF.
A nondestructive method for casting the cardiac chambers post-mortem.

Abstract A method has been developed that permits accurate casting of cardiac chambers in diastole without macerating or otherwise damaging the heart specimen. The castings accurately reflect the size of all openings, passages and anomalous communications. Comparison with in vivo angiographic studies should prove useful for refining and validating clinical findings.
Interoperating between Security Domains

The CORBA security specifications define an architecture for secure interoperation between objects. However, these specifications define interfaces and protocols for secure interoperation only when all objects reside in domains that support the same security technology. In contrast, we are studying protocols and interfaces that would allow objects to interoperate securely, even when their domains do not support the same security policies or mechanisms.
Ventricular blood flow analysis using topological methods

Thanks to the advances of data acquisition techniques, we can acquire ventricular blood flow data with very high quality. This extremely complex spatiotemporal data calls for novel visualization and analysis tools. In particular, the new tools need to assist domain experts in quick identification of critical patterns. In this paper, we present a method using topo-logical data analysis tools with simulated ventricular blood flow, and automatically detect interesting topological features within the flow. We show that this completely unsupervised framework detects and extracts eddies formed from vortex shedding during late diastole, which normally requires highly specialized algorithms to capture.
Multiprocessor Scheduling in Processor-Based Router Platforms: Issues and Ideas

Publisher Summary With the commercialization of the Internet, providers will need to use value-added services to differentiate their service offerings from other providers. Such services would require the use of sophisticated resource-scheduling mechanisms in routers. To enable extensibility and the deployment of new services in a rapid and cost-effective manner, routers will be instantiated using programmable network processors. Several issues arise if existing multiprocessor scheduling schemes are used on routers. This chapter focuses on the problem of scheduling processing capacity on programmable multiprocessor router platforms. Existing fair multiprocessor scheduling techniques have considerable promise in this setting, but need to be refined to address performance, scalability, flexibility, and applicability concerns. New ideas and planned research directions are presented in the chapter to address these concerns.
Less Geology in the Geological Disposal of Nuclear Waste

New rules and standards substantially decrease the role of geologic barriers in nuclear waste repositories. The reliance on probabilistic performance assessment to provide the sole quantitative criterion for compliance, in conjunction with the elimination of performance standards for individual barriers, the geologically short compliance period, and the extended distance to the point of compliance, reduce substantially the role of the geologic properties of the repository in the waste containment strategy.
Soluble Aβ oligomer production and toxicity

For nearly 100 years following the first description of this neurological disorder by Dr Alois Alzheimer, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles have been hypothesized to cause neuronal loss. With evidence that the extent of insoluble, deposited amyloid poorly correlated with cognitive impairment, research efforts focused on soluble forms of Aβ, also referred as Aβ oligomers. Following a decade of studies, soluble oligomeric forms of Aβ are now believed to induce the deleterious cascade(s) involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding about endogenous oligomeric Aβ production, their relative toxicity in vivo and in vitro, and explore the potential future directions needed for the field.
Dexterity performance and reduced ambient temperature.

This study examined the dexterity performance of 35 male and 35 female subjects at ambient temperatures of 1.7°C, 12.8°C, and 23.9°C. Subjects wore typical industrial worker apparel without gloves....
Construction of a fol mutant strain of Escherichia coli for use in dihydrofolate reductase mutagenesis experiments.

Abstract A strain of Escherichia coli with the fol gene deleted and a kan gene inserted in its place was created for use in cloning and isolation of mutant dihydrofolate reductase. Southern blot analysis and dihydrofolate reductase enzyme assays confirmed the delta fol::kan genotype. A thyA mutation accompanied the fol deletion and is required for survival of a dihydrofolate reductase-deficient strain.
Disseminated histoplasmosis in peripheral blood smear

![Figure][1] A 51-year-old woman presented with 2 months of fever, chills, diarrhea, dry cough, and progressive dyspnea on exertion. She had a cadaveric renal transplant for immunoglobulin M nephropathy 3 years ago requiring chronic immunosuppression with tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and
Search for Polymorphism in Exon 2 of the Equine Leptin Gene

Abstract The aim of the current research was to investigate the possible occurrence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 2 of the equine leptin gene in obese mares determined to be hyperleptinemic. Three experiments were conducted: one to determine the prevalence of hyperleptinemic horses in the resident herd; another to complete the sequencing of exon 2 and flanking introns of the equine leptin gene, which had been partially sequenced by others; and a third to compare the exon 2 sequences of obese, hyperleptinemic mares with those of obese mares not displaying hyperleptinemia. In experiment 1, jugular blood was collected from 31 mares, and they were categorized by age, body condition score (BCS), and average plasma leptin concentrations. Mean BCS was correlated ( P
Alterations in diurnal pineal hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) associated with changes in environmental background color.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of dark versus light background on pineal hydroxyindole- O -methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity was studied in steelhead trout. 2. 2. In an 8l:16D photoregimen a diurnal HIOMT rhythm persisted under both background conditions. However, the relative enzymatic activities during the light and dark portions of the photoperiod were in opposition. 3. 3. It is suggested that the background color plays an important role in the manifestation of the pineal HIOMT response to photoperiod seen in this species.
Preservice Teachers' Perceptions of Including Students with Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to compare the perceptions of future educators on two dichot-omous scales (i.e., hostility/receptivity and anxiety/calmness) regarding serving students with disabiliti...
Increased cerebral activation after behavioral treatment for memory deficits in MS

Deficits in new learning and memory are common in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), though few studies have examined the efficacy of memory retraining in MS. Previous research from our laboratory has demonstrated that the modified Story Memory Technique (mSMT) significantly improves new learning and memory in MS. The present double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial was designed to examine changes in cerebral activation following mSMT treatment. Sixteen individuals with clinically definite MS were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 8) or placebo-control (n = 8) groups, matched for age, education, and disease characteristics. Baseline and follow-up fMRI was collected during performance of learning and memory tasks. No baseline activation differences on fMRI were seen between groups. After treatment, greater activation was evident in the treatment group during performance of a memory task within a widespread cortical network involving frontal, parietal, precuneus, and parahippocampal regions. All participants in the treatment group showed increased activation in frontal and temporal regions in particular. In contrast, the control group showed no significant changes in cerebral activation at follow-up. A significant association was found between increased activation in the right middle frontal gyrus and improved memory performance post-treatment. The increased activation seen likely reflects increased use of strategies taught during treatment when learning new information. This study is the first to demonstrate a significant change in cerebral activation resulting from a behavioral memory intervention in an MS sample. Behavioral interventions can show significant changes in the brain, validating clinical utility.
Real-time two-dimensional echocardiography.

Summary The rapid growth in technology after the demonstration of the clinical utility of M-mode echocardiography has led to instruments providing two-dimensional noninvasive ultrasound examinations of the heart and other organs in real time, with high resolution. These techniques now provide images with a wealth of diagnostic, anatomic, and physiologic information. The clinical application of this technology over the past three or four years in many medical centers represents a most profound change in diagnostic pediatric cardiology, providing noninvasively derived information which can be used to decrease the morbidity and mortality of diagnosis and serial follow-up of children with serious congenital heart disease.
Local government response to the American Trader oil spill of 1990: Implications for policy

Abstract In February 1990, the tanker American Trader ran aground and spilled c. 9500 barrels (bbls) of Alaskan crude oil 2286m (7500 ft) off Huntington Beach, California. Five coastal cities were threatened by the spill, and two were especially active in directing responses to the spill's impacts. In spite of this existing threat, only one city had a prepared, oil-spill contingency plan. Key questions that arose were who was in charge, the role of dispersants and how to clean the beaches. Problems of communications, slick monitoring, volunteers, boat harbors and the media were present. Lessons learned were the need for joint oil-spill planning, clarification of the role of the state, the need for a joint command center, the need to plan for volunteers and the vital role for local governments.
Stimulation by Calcium and Other Cations of the Cholesterol Binding to Steroid-Free Cytochrome P-450scc Purified from Bovine Adrenocortical Mitochondria: The Implication of Acth-Mediated Calcium Homeostasis on the Cholesterol Availability

By utilizing purified cytochrome P-450SCC from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria and cholesterol-containing dioleoylglycero-phosphocholine liposomes, we have demonstrated a dramatic stimulation (2–3 fold) of cholesterol binding to the steroid-free cytochrome by Ca++. We theorize that ACTH modulates the increase of intracellular Ca++ concentration resulting in the increase of the cholesterol availability to the mitochondrial cytochrome.
Prefrontal Cortex: Procedural Sequence Learning and Awareness

Activation of the prefrontal cortex has been linked to awareness during sequence-learning tasks. A recent study, however, finds activation of the prefrontal cortex during such tasks regardless of awareness. So what is the neurophysiological basis of awareness, and what is the role of the prefrontal cortex in sequence learning?
Selective removal of glycoproteins from the adhesive spiral of the spiders orb web

reduced with sodium dithionite (Na2S20,) in concentrated ammonia solution (70 ~ 24 h). After diazotizing the amino groups the enzyme is coupled to the carrier by an azo-linkage. A measure for the quality of an immobilized enzyme is its residual activity. This can be influenced by the diazotization, as the strength of the binding between enzyme and carrier is determined by the number of attachment points (azo groups). The highest activities are obtained if the diazotization is carried out with a nitric acid/carrier ratio of about 1:5. The optimum reaction conditions for the coupling reaction are a pH value of 5.37, a reaction time of 10 min, and an enzyme supply of 70 mg enzyme per 100 mg carrier. Urease immobilized to PEI under optimum conditions by adsorption shows an activity being only one fifth of the activity of urease covalently attached to PEI. The K~ values Table 1. Kinetic data for urease immobilized to PEI by an azo-linkage (coy.) and by adsorption (ads.) compared with the kinetic behavior of the water-soluble enzyme (ws.)
Alternatives to the Neoclassical Theory of the Firm (NTF)

OME of the most useful "Alternatives to the Neoclassical Theory of the Firm" are really modifications and elaborations of the usual neoclassical theory of the firm. Thus, I will define the neoclassical theory of the firm (hereafter NTF) rather narrowly and then discuss both less and more drastic alternatives to it in order to cover more fully various important efforts to find alternatives. The NTF will be discussed from the standpoint of a teacher and researcher long concerned with farm management (private policy) and both domestic and foreign public agricultural policies, programs, and projects (public management). This, along with heavy documentation from the literature of both general and agricultural economics, should be useful to agricultural economists interested in theories of the firm and to general economists interested in the empirical work and ideas of agricultural economists.
Linear Electric Shifts in the Paramagnetic Resonance of Al 2 O 3 : Cr and MgO: Cr

It is shown that the spin Hamiltonian for ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ions in the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ lattice has to be augmented by a term $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{i}^{}\ensuremath{\Sigma}{j\ensuremath{\le}k}^{}\frac{1}{2}{R}_{\mathrm{ijk}}{E}_{i}({S}_{j}{S}_{k}+{S}_{k}{S}_{j})$ in the presence of an externally applied electric field E. The five independent components of the third rank $R$ tensor appropriate to the point symmetry ${C}_{3}$ of the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ sites have been determined experimentally. In units of Mc/sec per kV/cm the results for one site are ${R}_{111}=\ensuremath{-}0.020$, ${R}_{222}=0.073$, ${R}_{333}=0.179$, ${R}_{123}=0.04$, and ${R}_{113}=0.09$. The ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ site in the unit cell related by inversion symmetry has all signs reversed. The two other sites which are related to this pair by a reflection in the $y$ plane have the signs of ${R}_{222}$ and ${R}_{123}$ reversed. These results are related to the known crystal structure. Their agreement with a theoretical calculation based on a partially covalent bonding orbital in the Cr${\mathrm{O}}_{6}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ complex is satisfactory, whereas a point-charge model of the crystal field cannot account for the spin Hamiltonian. The electric field effect for the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ sites with an associated vacancy in the MgO lattice, was shown to be less than 1 Mc/sec for $E={10}^{5}$ V/cm, in agreement with the covalent theory. Verification of the Kramers degeneracy in the presence of the crystalline field components of odd parity resulted in setting an upper bound on the permanent electric dipole moment of the electron of 1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ cm times $e$.
Why do people with an anxiety disorder utilize more nonmental health care than those without

Objective: It is unclear why nonmental healthcare utilization is greater among those with psychological problems. The authors examined healthcare utilization in HMO patients to determine whether greater utilization in anxiety disorder (AD) patients was explained by anxiety symptoms (increasing sensitivity to physical symptoms) or comorbid illness (causing greater need for services). Design: Patients were randomly selected from the database of a multi-specialty practice and 1,041 completed a survey assessing psychological symptoms, health behaviors, and demographics. Anxiety symptoms were assessed by questionnaire and the presence of an AD was determined from the medical chart. Healthcare encounters and medication use were abstracted from medical charts and HMO claims data. Main Outcome Measures: Healthcare utilization. Results: Both AD and anxiety symptoms predicted utilization, but symptoms were not associated with utilization in a model that also included AD. Comorbid illness was significantly associated with utilization independent of AD and somewhat reduced the strength of the AD-utilization association. The results were replicated in comparison of those with any psychiatric disorder to those without. Conclusion: Among those with AD, greater utilization is not explained by anxiety symptoms but is partly explained by greater comorbid illness. Further study is needed to understand excess healthcare utilization among AD patients.
Control of IP3-mediated Ca2+ puffs in Xenopus laevis oocytes by the Ca2+-binding protein parvalbumin

1. Elementary events of Ca2+ release (Ca2+ puffs) can be elicited from discrete clusters of inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors (IP(3)Rs) at low concentrations of IP(3). Ca(2+) puffs have rarely been observed unless elicited by either hormone treatment or introduction of IP(3) into the cell. However, cells appear to have sufficient concentrations of IP(3) (0.1-3.0 microM) to induce Ca2+ release under resting conditions. 2. Here, we investigated Ca2+ puff activity in non-stimulated Xenopus oocytes using confocal microscopy. The fluorescent Ca2+ dye indicators Calcium Green 1 and Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-2 were injected into oocytes to monitor basal Ca2+ activity. 3. In this preparation, injection or overexpression of parvalbumin, an EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding protein (CaBP), induced Ca2+ puffs in resting Xenopus oocytes. This activity was inhibited by heparin, an IP(3)R channel blocker, and by mutation of the Ca(2+)-binding sites in parvalbumin. 4. Ca2+ puff activity was also evoked by injection of low concentrations of the Ca2+ chelator EGTA, but not by calbindin D(28k), another member of the EF-hand CaBP superfamily. 5. BAPTA and the Ca2+ indicator dye Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 evoked Ca2+ puff activity, while the dextran conjugate of Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 did not. These data indicate that a Ca(2+) buffer must be mobile in order to increase Ca2+ puff activity. 6. Together, the data indicate that some IP(3)Rs spontaneously release Ca2+ under resting concentrations of IP(3). These elementary Ca2+ events appear to be below the level of detection of current imaging techniques. We suggest that parvalbumin evokes Ca2+ puffs by coordinating the activity of elementary IP(3)R channel openings. 7. We conclude that Ca2+ release can be evoked not only by hormone-induced increases in IP(3), but also by expression of mobile cytosolic CaBPs under resting concentrations of IP(3).
Electronic beam steering of active antenna arrays

Electronic beam steering of an active antenna array is demonstrated using active inverted stripline patch antennas. The technique uses DC bias to change the self-oscillating frequencies of individual active antenna elements and impose an injection-locking phase shift between active antenna elements. The phase shift allowed 15° of electronic beam steering.
A local interaction heuristic for adaptive networks

The standard heuristic for optimization of network parameters is gradient descent. This heuristic can lead to nonoptimal terminal parameter configurations in multilayer networks. By adding a heuristic that coordinates the development of nearby parameter values, this 'local minimum' problem can be reduced. After motivating the use of local interactions during learning, the authors present simulation results that demonstrate improved learning under the heuristic. >
Lipid biosynthesis in neuron-enriched and glial-enriched fractions of rat brain: Ganglioside biosynthesis

Abstract The incorporation of DL [3-14C]serine and N-acetyl [4-14C] neuraminic acid into neuron-enriched and glial-enriched lipid fractions was studied. The neuronal-enriched fraction incorporated 14C-label into gangliosides to a greater extent than the glial-enriched fractions, substantiating previous indications that the neurons are the principal site of ganglioside biosynthesis in the brain.
Data Quantization for Narrowband Signal Detection

In automatic radar detection, digital integration of the envelope detector outputs is often used as a good approximation to the optimum. This requires quantizing the envelope detector outputs. In this paper, quantizer structures for narrowband signal detection are considered. Quantizer characteristics are derived to optimize performance as measured by the detector efficacy?an asymptotic performance measure. Asymptotic and finite sample performance results are presented. The results obtained are not limited in their application to Gaussian noise only, although this important case is given specific consideration.
A Community and Culture-Centered Approach to Developing Effective Cardiovascular Health Messages

Objective Little is known about how best to target cardiovascular health promotion messages to minorities. This study describes key lessons that emerged from a community and culture-centered approach to developing a multimedia, coronary heart disease (CHD) patient education program (PEP) for medically underserved South Asian immigrants.
Biochemical investigation of two responses involved in the feeding behaviour of Acanthaster planci (L.). III. Food preferences

Abstract The arm-withdrawal and settlement responses associated with feeding in Acanthaster planet (L.) are elicited at differing intensities by various species of coral and by extracts of these corals. There is no clear correlation between the strengths of the two responses. The preferences shown by A. planci for certain species of whole coral depend on the previous dietary experience of the starfish, and repeated presentation of an unfamiliar coral may increase its acceptability as food.
An early warning system for drought management using the Palmer Drought Index

: The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is used in a non-homogeneous Markov chain model to characterize the stochastic behavior of drought. Based on this characterization an early warning system in the form of a decision tree enumerating all possible sequences of drought progression is proposed for drought management. Besides yielding probabilities of occurrence of different drought severity classes, the method associates a secondary measure in terms of likely cumulative precipitation deficit to provide timely guidance in deciding drought mitigation actions. The proposed method is particularly useful for water availability task forces in various states for issuing drought warnings in advance. The applicability of the technique is illustrated for the Tidewater climatic division of Virginia.
Women in Public Accounting: Growth and Advancement

Abstract Increases in numerical representation of women is a crucial first step in improving outcomes of women in male-dominated occupations. Socialist feminists have articulated a number of penalties that women may incur as they move into traditionally male fields. While research has frequently supported these predictions, women in accounting are beginning to reach the upper echelons of the profession in numbers consistent with entry patterns. Further, the profession of accounting shows few signs of de-professionalization, deskilling or decreasing real wages. Our findings suggest that when women have attained moderate representation in a male-dominated profession prior to a period of high growth rate and feminists have succeeding in gaining legal sanctions against discrimination, patriarchy becomes less efficient and less financially lucrative to employers. Although additional struggles remain in attainment of equality, awareness of factors associated with gains may be useful in developing strategies for future progress.
Prospects of porous gold as a low-temperature heat exchanger for liquid and solid helium

Abstract We have measured the electrical resistivity of porous gold produced by selective leaching of silver from silver–gold alloys. The low-temperature thermal conductivity expected from the electrical resistivity at 4.2 K and the Wiedemann–Franz law is considerably better than that of sintered platinum black, while the surface area per volume is roughly four times larger than that of sintered silver powders. These advantages over sintered platinum and sintered silver promise porous gold to be a superior material for heat exchangers in experiments where liquid and solid helium is cooled to microkelvin temperatures.
Predictors of good function: the Framingham Study.

Abstract This paper asks the question: among 1474 Framingham Study participants aged 35–68 years who were healthy at their fourth examination (1954–1958), what are the physiologic, behavioral, and demographic characteristics that distinguish those who survive and report good function from those who do not after 21 years of biennial observations? Although a larger proportion of women than men survived, their functional status was not as good. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, ventricular rate, and education were all significantly related to functional status for men, with all but the last of these factors inversely related to good function. For women, the only significant predictor other than age was education, which, as with men, was directly associated with good function. The effect of education is probably mediated by numerous factors such as availability and use of health care services, quality of health care, occupation, and lifestyle.
Strategic Decisions and All That Jazz

This article presents some first thoughts on the significance of improvisation in the process by which strategic decisions are made.
Modeling of the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze drying of pharmaceutical products in vials: numerical results obtained from the solution of a dynamic and spatially multi-dimensional lyophilization model for different operational policies.

A rigorous unsteady state and spatially multidimensional model is presented and solved to describe the dynamic behavior of the primary and secondary drying stages of the lyophilization of a pharmaceutical product in vials for different operational policies. The results in this work strongly motivate the aggressive control of freeze drying and it is found that heat input control that runs the process close to the melting and scorch temperature constraints yields (i) faster drying times, and (ii) more uniform distributions of temperature and concentration of bound water at the end of the secondary drying stage.
A field-space conformal-solution method: Binary vapor-liquid phase behavior

The field-space conformal solution method provides an entirely new thermodynamic framework for the description of fluid mixtures in terms of the properties of a pure reference fluid. The utility and performance of the method are examined in the special case of vapor-liquid equilibrium correlation for simple mixtures. This is one of several cases in which field-space methods have numerical or theoretical advantages over methods presently used in mixture property correlation; only properties along the vapor pressure curve of the purefluid reference system are required for a complete description of the mixture phase behavior. Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for three binary hydrocarbon mixtures, n-butane + n-pentane, n-butane + n-hexane, and n-butane + n-octane, are correlated with a simple implementation of the method having two independent mixture parameters. Two pure-fluid equations of state, a Peng-Robinson equation and a 32-constant modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation, are tested as reference systems. The effects of differences in the quality of the reference system and of a range of mixture component size ratios are examined.
Qualitative identification of permitted and non-permitted colour additives in food products

Colour additives are dyes, pigments or other substances that can impart colour when added or applied to food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, or the human body. The substances must be pre-approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and listed in Title 21 of the US Code of Federal Regulations before they may be used in products marketed in the United States. Some also are required to be batch certified by the USFDA prior to their use. Both domestic and imported products sold in interstate commerce fall under USFDA jurisdiction, and the USFDA's district laboratories use a combination of analytical methods for identifying or confirming the presence of potentially violative colour additives. We have developed a qualitative method for identifying 17 certifiable, certification exempt, and non-permitted colour additives in various food products. The method involves extracting the colour additives from a product and isolating them from non-coloured components with a C(18) Sep-Pak cartridge. The colour additives are then separated and identified by liquid chromatography (LC) with photodiode array detection, using an Xterra RP18 column and gradient elution with aqueous ammonium acetate and methanol. Limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.02 to 1.49 mg/l. This qualititative LC method supplements the visible spectrophotometric and thin-layer chromatography methods currently used by the USFDA's district laboratories and is less time-consuming and requires less solvent compared to the other methods. The extraction step in the new LC method is a simple and an efficient process that can be used for most food types.
Apparent swinging motion from a 2-D sinusoidal pattern.

A new motion illusion is reported that is observed on a 2-D sinusoidal pattern composed of two 1-D sinusoids, in which the constituent elements of the middle column appear to swing relative to the two flanking columns when the point of fixation is slowly moved back and forth about the middle column. To better understand the underlying mechanisms of the apparent swinging motion, the spatial properties of a 2-D sinusoidal pattern were examined in terms of spatial frequency, orientation, and contrast. Thirty-four subjects rated the magnitude of the motion. The apparent swinging was greatest when the two 1-D components had spatial frequencies of 1–2 cycles deg−1, relative orientations between 15° and 30°, and high contrasts. A spatiotemporal interaction between spatially overlapping visual units differing in polarity (Khang and Essock, 1997 Perception26 585–597, 831–846) and the resultant shift in the global-motion signal was proposed as a likely cause of the apparent swinging motion.