cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bounding bus delay and noise effects of on-chip inductance

On-chip inductance depends on current return paths and is unreasonably computationally expensive to extract and model in the general case. A practical solution is to provide a well-defined power supply network so the current return paths are more predictable. This paper develops a model of bus delay and noise as a function of the physical dimensions of busses and the switching parameters. It applies this model to develop bounds on the inductive effects on delay and noise for on-chip busses in 180, 130 and 100 nm processes. If one power or ground line is interdigitated with every four bus lines, the RLC noise and delay are no more than 7% greater than RC models would predict. Designers may treat this delay and noise as small penalties for all busses rather than having to individually extract and model inductance on each bus.
Attitude and credibility in the prediction of attitude change: A regression approach

This study attempted to determine the amount of variance in attitude intensity that could be expected to be accounted for by prior attitude and credibility. Prior attitude intensity, importance, and involvement along wth source competence, sociability, composure, extroversion, and character were used as ‐predictors. Multiple regression analysis revealed that between 61 and 66 per cent of the variance in attitude intensity can be accounted for by five of these variance in attitude intensity can be accounted for by five of these predictors (except prior attitude involvement, source composure, source character). Some of the predictors appear to account for variance through curvilinear relationships to attitude change.
Charleston! Charleston!: The History of a Southern City

This book records Charleston's development from 1670 and ends with an afterword on the effects of Hurricane Hugo in 1989, drawing with special care on information from every facet of the city's life-its people and institutions; its art and architecture; its recreational, social and intellectual life; its politics and city government.
Lonely hearts advertisements reflect sexually dimorphic mating strategies

Abstract Lonely hearts personal advertisements (LHPA) became popular during the 1980s and now appear in nearly every major newspaper. They appear to reflect common male and female reproductive themes. Our analyses of 49 advertisements written by males and 49 advertisements written by females indicate that males offer resources to females and ask for youth and attractiveness, and that females offer youth and attractiveness and ask for resources. When subjects judge these advertisements on a 5-point scale, advertisements are easily grouped into three levels of attractiveness. The attributes of preferred advertisements are defined by those things offered not those things sought . Words or phrases extracted from these advertisements are readily categorized by subjects along a 5-point dimension of desirability. Males and females generally agree on the degree of preference for these 105 words or phrases (r = 0.94), yet differ in degree of preference on 39. Words or phrases preferred by females focus on commitment (e.g., "loving," "monogamous," "unattached"). Those preferred by males focus on sexual qualities (e.g., "good figure," "sexy," "young"). Individuals of both sexes who indicate a high level of self-confidence prefer words or phrases indicating adventuresome and outgoing qualities. Lack of self-confidence is related to preference for inward-directed qualities. When advertisements are artificially constructed from these words or short phrases, the rating of the advertisements corresponds to the desirability of the individual words. A factor analysis of the words reveals three major factors: (1) words that males prefer; (2) words that females prefer; (3) words that neither males nor females prefer. More highly rated words appear in Factors 1 and 2 than in Factor 3. A survey of 91 lonely hearts advertisement writers demonstrate the same sex differences in what individuals seek and what they offer. Males seek attractivity and offer resources; females seek resources and offer attractivity. After the numerous responses are categorized, only about eight categories for solicitations and eight categories of offers are evident. Interests in resources and attractivity prevail and show sexual dimorphism. Interests in the six remaining categories are nearly identical for the two sexes. Males receive fewer responses to their advertisements than do females. Lengthy advertisements do better for males and shorter ones do better for females. LHPA appear to reflect sexual differences in reproductive concerns. They offer an obvious entry into the motivational systems underlying sexual interactions.
Effect of Micronizing Temperature on the Nutritive Value of Sorghum

Micronization is a process of heat treatment of grains using infrared radiation followed immediately by processing in an extruding-type roller mill. A laboratory model Pierce micronizer was used to process sorghum under three different temperatures: 102°, 250°, and 282°C. Sorghum processed at 250° had the highest starch availability value followed by sorghum processed at 282°C, sorghum processed at 102°, and raw sorghum. The extent of protein solubility was in decreasing order: raw, processed at 102°, processed at 250°, and processed at 282°. Increasing the temperature of the process destroyed more lysine. Animal study showed that a diet containing 15% protein from sorghum micronized at 250° and casein had a higher growth response than the diets containing raw sorghum or sorghums micronized at 102° or 282° C.
A pilot study on thoracoscopic internal mammary lymphatic chain dissection for breast cancer

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of internal mammary lymphatic chain dissection by thoracoscopic surgery. Material and methods Thirty-two breast cancer women were involved in this pilot study, who were with lesion located at central area or internal quadrant, or with cN2 or cN3 ALNs, or with T4 tumor, or indicating IMNs drainage by preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, but without distant metastasis. Subareolar injection and peritumoral injection of 5 ml methylene blue were done before operation. Double cavity intubation was used to permit collapse of the homolateral lung and set-up the endoscopic operation space. Trocars were introduced through three thoracic incisions of less than 15 mm at the third, the fifth and the seventh intercostal spaces along the midaxillary line. Dissection of internal mammary lymphatic chain was performed by a thoracoscopic grasper and ultrasonically activated scalpel. Results Thoracoscopic internal mammary lymphatic chain dissection was successfully finished in 28 patients. The procedure time was 30–70 min (45.2 ± 9.6 min). A total of 128 internal mammary nodes were removed. Among the 28 patients, 11 had internal mammary node metastasis. Only one patient had internal mammary node metastasis without axillary node metastasis. All internal mammary nodes were located at the first rib to the fourth intercostal space. Thoracoscopic internal mammary lymphatic chain dissection in four patients was impossible because of unfavorable local anatomic conditions. There was no damage on great vessels or the lungs, nor pulmonary atelectasis or pulmonary infection. Conclusions Thoracoscopic internal mammary lymphatic chain dissection is feasible, and it is easy to perform without serious additional complications. It may improve nodal staging of breast cancer with internal mammary node.
MeCP2: phosphorylated locally, acting globally.

In this issue of Neuron, Greenberg and colleagues revise our understanding of how activity-dependent MeCP2 phosphorylation regulates distinct aspects of brain development and circuit function. The study also suggests a prominent role for MeCP2 in the regulation of global chromatin state in vivo.
Some problems with reaction time as a measure of memory search

Previous studies of memory search, utilizing reaction time (RT) as an index of processing time, have indicated faster RTs for a probe stimulus which is present in memory set than for one which is absent. Dodson (1972) reported a crossover interaction involving RTs when Ss responded with dominant or nondominant hand to stimulus presence or absence, thus confounding the above mentioned main effect. The present study replicated the interaction reported by Dodson utilizing a different RT measure on a task not involved with immediate memory search. One of three colors (red, green, or blue) was randomly designated the positive color in the experiment for each S. Since all three colors are assumed equally available in memory, differences in RTs may not be accounted for in terms of encoding strategies. Rather, they must be due to differences in response selection. Results indicated that left-handed females’ RTs accounted for the variance associated with this interaction. Results were discussed in terms of a response selection bias for left-handed Ss.
Optimal experimental design with R

Optimal experimental design with R , by D. Rasch, J. Pilz, R. Verdooren, and A. Gebhardt, Boca Raton, Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2011, xix + 325 pp., £63.99 or US$89.95 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-4398-1697-4 ...
Karyotypes of Zamia Chigua (Cycadales)

SUMMARYZamia chigua, an arborescent cycad of the Pacific coast of Colombia, South America, has been found to have chromosome numbers of 2n = 22, 24, 25 and 26. Specimens collected from two adjacent populations displayed this range of numbers with karyotypes differing principally in the numbers of telocentric and metacentric chromosomes present in each; 2n = 22, 24, 25, 26 plants were found to have 4, 2, 1 and 0 metacentrics and 12, 16, 18, and 20 telocentric chromosomes, respectively. Because all plants examined in the field demonstrated high fertility, it is inferred that meiosis and fertilization are essentially normal despite differences in chromosome numbers.Zamia chigua, on the basis of morphological and ecological characteristics, is considered to be a primitive member of its genus, and it is thought that chromosome and karyotype evolution in Zamia has occurred by fusion of telocentric chromosomes, producing lower-numbered, symmetrical karyotypes found in apparently more specialized members of the g...
Structure of the chromosomal material in inactive nuclei of chicken red blood cells

Electron microscope sections have been cut of chicken red blood cell nuclei by a novel procedure that produces zones of material below 100 A in thickness. After fixing and staining, electron dense structures are observed that have dimensions closely correlating with those determined for nucleosomes. These structures appear as wedge-shaped or as circular objects with a diameter of approximately 90–100 A. Five to eight of these objects are arranged in a spiral around a central core giving rise to a 250–300 A structure which may represent a superbead or a cross section of a solenoidal fibre.
Sodium and Vasopressin Modulation of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity

A series of correlative studies show that sympathetic renal nerve activity (RNA) may be influenced by the concentration of sodium (Na+) in the plasma and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Further study of the sites and characteristics of the interaction between Na+ and the renal nerves was undertaken in anesthetized dogs. Cerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of hypertonic sodium chloride (NaCl) produced a sympathetic vasoconstrictor response associated with tachycardia, increases in plasma norepinephrine and vasopressin (AVP), and a decrease in the electroneurographic activity recorded from post-ganglionic renal sympathetic nerves. Both bilateral vagotomy and intravenous administration of an AVP antagonist prevented the decrease in RNA caused by i.c.v. hypertonic NaCl, without markedly reducing the magnitude of the pressor response. The same phenomenon, however, could not be duplicated by delivery of the AVP antagonist i.c.v. In another group of dogs, the pressor activity of NaCl injected into the cisterna...
Bacterial Contamination of Hatching Eggs and Chicks Produced by Broiler Breeders Housed in Litter-Slat and Sloping Floor Management Systems

Abstract Bacterial flora of hatching eggs and chicks from broiler breeders housed under litter-slat and sloping floor management systems were compared. Gnotobiotic incubation, hatching and rearing methods were utilized. The numbers of bacteria on shells of eggs from breeders in the sloping floor system were significantly less than the numbers of bacteria on the egg shells of breeders in the litter-slat system. Bacterial contamination in day-old chicks was low with no marked difference between systems. When eggs were untreated or dipped in a quarternary ammonium, and chicks chill stressed, more types of enteric bacteria were isolated from chicks of breeders in litter-slat systems. When eggs were sterilized using a mercuric chloride solution, and chicks chill stressed, there were no differences in the number of types of enteric bacteria isolated from chicks of breeders in either the litter-slat or sloping floor systems.
Transposable elements and the evolution of genome organization in mammals

All mammalian transposable elements characterized to date appear to be nonrandomly distributed in the mammalian genome. While no element has been found to be exclusively restricted in its chromosomal location, LINE elements and some retrovirus-like elements are preferentially accumulated in G-banding regions of the chromosomes, and in some cases in the sex chromosomes, while SINE elements occur preferentially in R-banding regions. Four mechanisms are presented which may explain the nonrandom genomic distribution of mammalian transposons: i) sequence-specific insertion, ii) S-phase insertion, iii) ectopic excision, and iv) recombinational editing. Some of the available data are consistent with each of these four models, but no single model is sufficient to explain all of the existing data.
The cytotoxicity of methylmercuric hydroxide and colchicine in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract After a 24-hr growth period in unsealed flasks, uncloned C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells were exposed to either methylmercuric hydroxide (CH3HgOH) (3 × 10−9 –3 × 10−6 m ) or colchicine (3 × 10−10–1 × 10−7 m ) in nutrient mixture F-12 (Ham) for 24–72 hr in sealed flasks. After 48 hr, CH3HgOH (1 × 10−6 m ) produced a 50% decrease in the number of morphologically differentiated cells and a significant increase in cell sloughing without inhibiting cell division or decreasing cell viability. However, after 48 hr, colchicine inhibited cell division and morphological differentiation at concentrations lower than those that caused increased cell sloughing or decreased cell viability. When CH3HgOH (1 × 10−6 m ) was replaced with control medium after 24 hr, most cytotoxic effects were reversed. The toxic effects were not as readily reversed after exposure to CH3HgOH for 48 hr. Sloughed cells did not survive 48 hr exposure to CH3HgOH when replaced in the control medium although they did survive after a 24-hr exposure. Recovery from the cytotoxic effects of CH3HgOH was reduced in the presence of 3 × 10−6 m cycloheximide. It is concluded that CH3HgOH exerts its toxicity at several sites within the neuroblastoma cell. Although the organomercurials have been shown to bind to neurotubles, the cytotoxicity of CH3HgOH in neuroblastoma cells can not be ascribed solely to this mechanism. Recovery from the effects of short-term exposure may involve the synthesis of new protein.
Catfish Noodling Forearm Injury Requiring Urgent Surgical Treatment: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

"Noodling" is an ancient form of hand fishing recently gaining in popularity as a hobby and sport. We present one of the first case reports of a noodling injury in an adolescent male seeking to land a large catfish, and also review the literature on catfish-related injuries.
Performance Evaluation of Database-Enabled Design Frameworks for the Preliminary Design of Tall Buildings

AbstractDatabase-enabled design (DED) frameworks offer convenient meshing of wind-tunnel driven databases with state-of-the-art analysis methodologies for the design of low-rise to high-rise buildi...
An 11-year-old boy with a diagnosis of the Marfan syndrome is admitted for emergency surgery after a 2-hour history of sharp, substernal chest pain

Les auteurs envisagent les problemes poses a l'anesthesiste par la maladie de Marfan. A propos de l'etude du cas d'un enfant atteint de cette affection hereditaire
Cryptosporidium oocysts in Bent mussels (Ischadium recurvum) in the Chesapeake Bay

Filter-feeding molluscan shellfish can concentrate environmentally derived waterborne pathogens of humans, which can be utilized in the sanitary assessment of water quality. In the present study, oocysts of Cryptosporidium were detected in Bent mussels (Ischadium recurvum) at two Chesapeake Bay sites from which C.parvum-contaminated oysters had previously been collected. Spiking of Cryptosporidium-free blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) tissue with C. parvum oocysts showed a 51.1% recovery rate of oocysts, giving an oocyst detection limit of 19 oocysts/0.7 ml of mussel tissue homogenate. The results indicate that Bent mussels, which are common throughout the Chesapeake Bay region, may prove to be useful as biological indicators of water contamination with Cryptosporidium oocysts.
Compiler writing in FORTRAN on a small computer

This paper shares the experience gained in writing a compiler using FORTRAN on a relatively small computer. Technical details of the programs which make up the compiler are given, rather than a general discussion of practices of compiler writing. Practical suggestions to someone who might undertake a similar project are emphasized.The language for which this compiler was developed is oriented toward interactive data entry from specialized terminals. An overview of this language is provided to demonstrate the types of statements the compiler must handle.The compiler is a set of overlay programs ("links") which were originally required to fit into an 8K word (16 bit) batch partition. The organization of these processing segments, and the communication of information between them, are explained in detail. Key support subroutines are described. The compiler's output is a set of dynamically relocatable coded instructions and operand references which are stored on disk for later execution by an interpreter.
Mass-Transfer Distribution in Rotating, Two-Pass, Ribbed Channels with Vortex Generators

Local and global effects of cylindrical vortex generators on the mass-transfer distributions over the four active walls of a square, rib-roughened rotating duct with a sharp 180-deg bend are investigated. Cylindrical vortex generators (rods) are placed above, and parallel to, every other rib on the leading and trailing walls of the duct so that their wake can interact with the shear layer and recirculation region formed behind the ribs, as well as the rotation-generated secondary e ows. Local increases in near-wall turbulence intensity resulting from these interactions give rise to local enhancement of mass (heat)transfer. Measurements are presented for duct Reynolds numbersReintherange5 £ 10 3‐3 £ 10 4 andforrotationnumbersin therange0 ‐0.3. Therib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio e/Dh is e xed at 0.1, and the rib pitch-to-rib height ratio P/e is 10.5. The vortex generator rods have a diameter-to-rib height ratio d/e of 0.78, and the distance separating them from the ribs relative to the rib height s/e is 0.55. Mass-transfer measurements of naphthalene sublimation have been carried out using an automated acquisition system and are correlated with heat transfer using the heat/mass transfer analogy. The results indicate that the vortex generators tend to enhance overall mass transfer in the duct, compared to the case where only ribs are present, both before and after the bend at high Reynolds and rotation numbers. Local enhancements of up to 30%are observed on all fourwalls oftheduct. At low Reynolds numbers, forexample, 5 ££ 10 3 , the insertion of the rods often leads to mass-transfer degradation. At high Reynolds numbers, for example, 3 ££ 10 4 , the enhancement due to the rods occurs on the surfaces stabilized by rotation (trailing edge on the inlet pass and leading edge on the outlet pass )and the side walls. The enhancement is more pronounced as the rotation number is increased. The detailed measurements in a ribbed duct with vortex-generator rods clearly show localized regions of enhanced mass (heat) transfer at Reynolds and rotation numbers within the envelope of practical interest for gas-turbine blade cooling applications.
Media Aesthetics, Sense Perception, and Andy Warhol's Blue Electric Chair

ABSTRACTThe installation of Warhol's Blue Electric Chair painting at the Sonnabend Gallery in 1964 was an instance of “media aesthetics.” Media aesthetics focuses on the affective qualities of media and the conversion of its energies into intelligible messages, codes or data. Warhol's Blue Electric Chair, the machine-like efficiency of its address or transmission, and the manner in which its agitated surface probed and reconfigured the space of the installation and the bodies of its inhabitants had to contend with the cumulative prospects of Marshall McLuhan's Understanding Media, Cold War political excesses and the transfiguration of industrial and state power into systems of sensory perception.
Raman Excitation Profiles of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleic Acid Bases

Raman excitation profiles for the monophosphates of guanosine, cytidine, and thymidine have been obtained experimentally using tunable ultraviolet radiation. These data were then fit to a single state, preresonance enhancement equation in order to determine the effective absorption wavelength. In all cases these band origins agreed quite well with the electronic spectral maxima. For two of the bases these studies were performed at drastically varying pH's. A neutral-to-alkaline change produced only minor differences in the spectral data for guanosine, whereas a neutral-to-acidic change had a marked effect on both the spectrum and band origin for cytidine.
The Variational Method for Problems of Neutron Diffusion and of Radiative Transfer

The functional as proposed by R. E. Marshak for solving certain inhomogeneous integral equations by the variational method is modified in such a way that the simultaneous equations which determine the parameters become linear. Thus we can solve this type of integral equations with an accuracy as high as required without much labor. As an illustration we obtain by the present method an approximate solution of Milne's integral equation for the neutron density (or for the source function in the problem of radiative transfer) in a simple form. Our approximate solution agrees (for the first four figures) everywhere with the one computed by C. Mark from the exact solution.
Characterization of nerve growth factor binding to cultured neural crest cells: Evidence of an early developmental form of the NGF receptor

Cultured neural crest cells undergoing differentiation have been shown to contain a subpopulation of cells with specific receptors for nerve growth factor (NGF). These cells are the potential targets of NGF during differentiation and development. This study was done to pharmacologically characterize the binding of NGF to long-term (1- to 3-week) cultures of quail neural crest cells. The data indicate that 125I-NGF binding was specific and saturable, with less than 20% nonspecific binding. Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of one type (class) of receptors with a binding constant (Kd) similar to that of the low-affinity binding site described for embryonic dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia (approximately 3.2 nM). This was corroborated by displacement experiments (Kd of 1.3 nM), in which 125I-NGF binding was measured in the presence of increasing concentrations of nonradioactive NGF. In addition, affinity labeling revealed that the 125I-NGF-receptor complex had a molecular weight of about 93K, characteristic of the low-affinity NGF receptor of PC12 cells. The NGF receptor of cultured neural crest cells was trypsin-sensitive, as is typical of the low-affinity NGF binding sites. These findings indicate that differentiating neural crest cells lack high-affinity 125I-NGF binding sites. In contrast, embryonic dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia cells, known NGF targets, have both high- and low-affinity receptors. Measurements of the differential release of surface-bound 125I-NGF indicated that a relatively small amount (about 14%) of NGF is internalized over a 1-hr period. Cultured neural crest cells which bear NGF receptors were also shown by light microscopic radioautographic techniques to incorporate [3H]thymidine. I suggest, therefore, that cultured neural crest cells which have not terminally differentiated, as judged by morphological criteria and continued proliferation, may express an early developmental form of the NGF receptor.
NURSES' USE OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS: FINDINGS FROM A NATIONAL PROBABILITY SAMPLE

This study examined the prevalence of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use among nurses in the 1984 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) using methods similar to those employed in a study compa...
Overnight incubation of a partially conditioned eyeblink response in rabbits

Three experiments employing the rabbit eyelid conditioning paradigm examined the effect of a variable-duration rest period on the performance of a partially acquired CR. Conditioning performance improved as a direct monotonic function of the retention interval. Performance after a 24-h rest interval was substantially superior to that observed after a rest interval of several minutes. The third experiment indicated that fatigue factors may be an important factor in producing this incubation effect.
The neurotoxicity of polybrominated biphenyls: results of a medical field survey.

Neurologic symptoms were the earliest and most prominent symptoms recorded in Michigan farm residents exposed to PBB as compared to a non-PBB exposed control farm population in Wisconsin. In Michigan (particularly among males) those who exhibited the most marked symptoms tended to show diminishd performance as assessed by special tests, although population differences in performance were not as marked. Low indices of performance were also significantly correlated with intake of home-produced foodstuffs, particularly during the years 1972 to 1974 and store-bought products during the years 1975 to 1976. Between 1972 and 1976 the Michigan farm residents studied made significant changes in their consumption patterns of products suspected to be contaminated with PBB, as compared to those of Wisconsin farm residents. Serum PBB levels were not found to be significantly higher in Michigan males and females exhibiting the most prominent neurologic symptoms. Serum PBB levels ere negatively correlated with performance test scores, particularly in males in older age groups.
Limit surfaces for fibrous composite plates

Axisymmetric Deformations of Thin Spherical Shells," AIAA Journal, Vol. 3, No. 9, Sept. 1965, pp. 1716-1725. 3 Bushnell, D., "Nonlinear Axisymmetric Behavior of Shells of Revolution," AIAA Journal, Vol. 5, No. 3, March 1967, pp. 433-439. 4 Huang, N. C., "Axisymmetric Dynamic Snap-through of Elastic Clamped Shallow Spherical Shells," AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2, Feb. 1969, pp. 215-220. 5 Fitch, J. R. and Budiansky, B., "The Buckling and Post Buckling Behavior of Spherical Caps under Axisymmetric Load," AIAA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4, April 1970, pp. 686-693. 6 Weinitschke, H. J., "On Asymmetric Buckling of Shallow Spherical Shells," Journal of Mathematics and Physics, Vol. 44, No. 2, June 1965, pp. 141-163. 7 Mescall, J., "Large Nonsymmetric Deflections of Thin Shells of Revolution," Proceedings of the Army Symposium on Solid Mechanics, Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Mass., Sept. 1968. 8 Leicester, R. H., "Finite Deformations of Shallow Shells," Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division of ASCE, Vol. 94, No. EM 6, Dec. 1968, pp. 1409-1423. 9 Ball, R. E., "A Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis of Arbitrarily Loaded Shells of Revolution," CR-909, Jan. 1968, NASA. 10 Famili, J. and Archer, R. R., "Finite Asymmetric Deformation of Shallow Spherical Shells," AIAA Journal, Vol. 3, No. 3, March 1965, pp. 506-510. 11 Stricklin, J. A., Haisler, W. E., MacDougall, H. R., and Stebbins, F. J., "Nonlinear Analysis of Shells of Revolution by the Matrix Displacement Method," AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 12, Dec. 1968, pp. 2306-2312. 12 Stricklin, J. A. and Martinez, J. E., "Dynamic Buckling of Clamped Spherical Caps under Step Pressure Loadings," AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 6, June 1969, pp. 1212-1213. 13 Liepins, A. A., "Asymmetric Nonlinear Dynamic Response and Buckling of Shallow Spherical Shells," CR-1376, June 1969, NASA. 14 Perrone, N. and Kao, R., "A General Relaxation Technique for Solving Nonlinear Problems," Presented at the 12th International Congress of Applied Mechanics, Stanford, Calif., Sept. 1968. 15 Southwell, R. V., Relaxation Methods in Theoretical Physics, Vol. II, The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1956, pp. 432-494. 16 Shaw, F. S. and Perrone, N., "A Numerical Solution for the Nonlinear Deflection of Membranes," Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 76, June 1954 pp. 117-128. 17 Famili, J., "On the Vibration, Buckling, and Post Buckling Behavior of Shells of Revolution under Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Load," Doctoral thesis, 1965, Engineering Div., Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio.
Microwave frequency standards

Initiated by a request of the joint communications board of the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff, the development of a microwave frequency standard was completed in June 1945 by the National Bureau of Standards with the assistance of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology radiation laboratory. Frequency measurements and calibrations of frequency meters or voltage sources in the microwave range now are possible as a regular calibration service.
Topical mithramycin-A modulates submucosal collagen deposition after esophageal burn injury in rats.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate efficacy of a drug-eluting, dissolvable esophageal (DEDE) stent for the prevention of submucosal collagen deposition in a rat model of acute esophageal injury. SETTING University laboratory. STUDY DESIGN Interventional randomized controlled trial. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty two adult, male, age-matched Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to undergo either sham esophageal surgery, esophageal burn injury, or esophageal burn injury and placement of a DEDE stent. All animals underwent open gastrotomy under anesthesia. In group 1, a cautery device was inserted through the gastrotomy into the distal esophagus and removed without creating an injury. In group 2, the cautery was placed in the distal esophagus and a circumferential thermal burn injury was created. In group 3, an identical burn injury was created and a DEDE stent was placed at the site of injury and secured. On postoperative day 28, animals were sacrificed, and the distal esophagi were harvested and processed for histology. Submucosal collagen area was quantified histologically and compared across the 3 experimental groups. RESULTS After the investigators controlled for luminal circumference and multiple measurements, submucosal collagen area was increased in group 2 (burn) compared with group 1 (sham) (P = .012). Submucosal collagen area was decreased in group 3 (DEDE stent) compared with group 2 (P = .042). No statistically significant difference in submucosal collagen area was observed between animals in group 1 and group 3 (P = .800). CONCLUSIONS;Topical application of mithramycin-A via a DEDE stent modulates collagen deposition after acute thermal injury in the rat esophagus.
Autoclave vs. 85°C/85% R. H. Testing - A Comparison

The wide use of plastic encapsulated MOS-LSI integrated circuits (IC) has aroused much concern regarding moisture integrity testing. This paper discusses the results of both unbiased autoclave testing and 85°C/85% R.H. testing. Comparisons are made based on failure rate data, and a heuristic acceleration factor is determined.
Polymerization of silicate and aluminate tetrahedra in glasses, melts, and aqueous solutions—I. Electronic structure of H6Si2O7, H6AlSiO71−, and H6Al2O72−

As part of a study of the effect of geologically common network modifiers on polymerization in silicate melts, glasses, and silica-rich aqueous solutions, we have studied the energies, electronic structures, and inferred chemical properties of IVT-O-IVT linkages in the tetrahedral dimers H6,Si2O7, H6AlSiO71−, and H6Al2O72− using semi-empirical molecular orbital theory (CNDO/2). Our results indicate that the electron donating character of the bridging oxygen, O(br), linking two tetrahedra increases with increasing T-O(br) bond length but decreases with decreasing T-O(br)-T angles and increasing O-T-O(br) angles. This increase or decrease of the donor character of O(br) coincides with an increase or decrease of the affinity of O(br) for hard acceptors. The calculated electronic structure for the H6Si2O7 molecule is compared with the observed X-ray emission, absorption, and photoelectron spectra of quartz and vitreous silica; the reasonable match between calculated and observed oxygen Kα emission spectra of vitreous silica supports our assertion that non-bonded O(br) electron density energetically at the top of the valence band controls the chemical reactivity of IVT-O-IVT linkages in polymerized tetrahedral environments.
Adsorption equilibria of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GB) on activated carbon at ultralow relative pressures

Adsorption equilibria are reported for isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GB) on activated carbon at relative pressures (pi/ps) approaching 10-10 and temperatures between 30 and 100 °C. A novel desorption method and analytical apparatus employing purge-and-trap chromatography (PTC) were used to overcome the difficulties in quantifying the vapor phase at ultralow concentrations (<1 ppb). The use of desorption−PTC analysis has extended the detection threshold range by several decades over that of conventional volumetric methods.
Identification of cDNA clones that encode hLAMP-1, a component of the particulate matrix associated with cardiac mesenchyme formation

The heart extracellular matrix protein hLAMP-1 (lectin-associated matrix protein in the heart) is a component of the particulate matrix that activates the AV endothelium prior to its transformation into mesenchyme within the atrioventricular canal and proximal outflow tract of the heart. The role of hLAMP-1 in this process has yet to be determined, in part because of the limited amount of material available for analysis. To overcome this liability, a monoclonal antibody to hLAMP-1 has been used to recognize proteins expressed by cDNA clones. The isolated cDNAs encode an mRNA consistent with previously published immunohistochemical results (Sinning and Hewitt, Acta Anat. 1996;155:219–230; Sinning, J. Cell Biochem. 1997;66:112–122). Expression profiles of these clones by in situ hybridization revealed staining in areas of the heart that expressed hLAMP-1 by immunocytochemistry. Taken together, these results suggest that these clones, which represent an expressed sequence tag for hLAMP-1, should provide the basis for isolating a full-length cDNA of hLAMP-1, a prerequisite for determining the functional role of this protein in heart development. Anat Rec Part A 277A:307–311, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Juxtamembranous Region of the Amino Terminus of the Family B G Protein-coupled Calcitonin Receptor Plays a Critical Role in Small-molecule Agonist Action

The Family B G protein-coupled calcitonin receptor is an important drug target. The aim of this work was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of small-molecule agonist ligands acting at this receptor, comparing it with the action mechanism of the receptor's natural peptide ligand. cAMP responses to four non-peptidyl ligands and calcitonin were studied in COS-1 cells expressing wild-type and chimeric calcitonin-secretin receptors. All compounds were full agonists at the calcitonin receptor with no activity at the secretin receptor. Only chimeric constructs including the calcitonin receptor amino terminus exhibited responses to any of these ligands. We progressively truncated this domain and tested constructs for cAMP responses. Although calcitonin was able to activate the calcitonin receptor fully with the first 58 residues absent, its potency was 3 orders of magnitude lower than that at the wild-type receptor. After truncation of 114 residues, there was no response to calcitonin. In contrast, small-molecule ligands were fully active at receptors having up to 149 amino-terminal residues absent. Those compounds finally became inactive after truncation of 153 residues. Deletion and/or alanine replacement of the region of the calcitonin receptor between residues 150 and 153 resulted in marked reduction in cAMP responses to these compounds, with some compound-specific differences observed, supporting a critical role for this region. Binding studies further supported distinct sites of action of small molecules relative to that of calcitonin. These findings focus attention on the potential importance of the juxtamembranous region of the amino terminus of the Family B calcitonin receptor for agonist drug action.
Fathering and children's sex role orientation in Korea.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine variation in aspects of contemporary Korean fathering such as warmth and involvement (frequency and task share) and its relationship to childrens sex role development. One hundred and twenty-nine Korean families (fathers mothers and their 11- to 13-year-old children) completed standardized questionnaires addressing child-rearing practices parental involvement spousal support and sex role orientations. Statistical analyses of the data revealed that warmth of fathering and father involvement (frequency and task share) were not significantly associated with childrens sex role orientations. However girls femininity was significantly related to fathers masculinity. Over the past three decades fathers have increasingly been recognized as significant contributors to their childrens development. Specifically fathers impact on childrens sex role development and gender identity has become an important topic. Research has highlighted the influence of nurturant and competent fathering on sex role development. Studies on fathering in Korea are limited and have primarily focused on fathers role in the cognitive development emotional development academic accomplishment and moral development of children. Little is known about Korean fathering and its influence on childrens sex role development. Furthermore most studies have focused on early childhood. In general Korean research has examined childrens sex role development using the deficit model (i.e. the impact of father absence). Few studies have investigated the relationship between childrens sex role development and fathers involvement in child-rearing especially with older children such as preadolescents and early adolescents. (authors)
THE USE OF A PRIORI KNOWLEDGE IN IMAGE PROCESSING

The processing of images on a digital computer is usually done for the purpose of extracting information from an image which the unaided human visual system cannot extract by itself. In nearly all image processing procedures a large amount of a priori knowledge related to the image must be utilized in order to extract the desired information. By a priori knowledge we mean knowledge about the image obtained from sources other than the image itself. This knowledge might include information about the object, the transmission media, the optical system, the sensor, the scanning and digitizing equipment, and the processing technique. Often a part of the a priori knowledge is contained in the mind of the observer as a result of accumulated experience.
Evaluating community services: A case for unobtrusive measures

Abstract In order to evaluate the effectiveness and utilization of agency service delivery systems, the traditional approach has been to identify and interview clients, potential clients and agency personnel. This article takes the position that such an approach yields low‐validity data. The authors offer some unobtrusive measurement strategies and techniques of investigation.
Relationship between free-living daily physical activity and ambulatory measures in older claudicants

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between free-living daily physical activity and ambulatory measurements in peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) patients with intermittent claudication. Thirty-four older, nonsmoking PAOD patients with intermittent claudication (age=69.0 +/- 6.0 years, ankle/brachial index [ABI] =0.63 +/- 0.18) were recruited from the Vascular Clinic at the Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center and from radio and newspaper advertisements. Energy expenditure of physical activity (EEPA) was determined by using doubly labeled water and indirect calorimetry techniques. Patients were also characterized on claudication distances and peak oxygen uptake during a graded treadmill test, 6-minute walking distance, weight, body mass index, and percent body fat. The claudication patients were sedentary, as EEPA was 362 +/- 266 kcal/day. EEPA was related to the 6-minute walk distance (369 +/- 68 meters; r=0.629, P<0.001), to the number of steps taken during 6 minutes (605 +/- 99 steps; r=0.485, P=0.008), to the treadmill distance to maximal claudication (313 +/- 131 meters; r=0.470, P=0.010), and to the time to relief of pain (6:21 +/- 3:57 min:sec; r=-0.417, P=0.017). None of the other ambulatory and body composition measurements were correlated with EEPA. In conclusion, a reduction in free-living daily physical activity was associated with a decrease in ambulatory ability and with more severe intermittent claudication in older PAOD patients.
Offender Expectations and Identification of Crime Supply Functions

Econometric studies of crime have typically assumed that crime rates and sanction levels are determined simultaneously. and to achieve identification they have assumed that particular exogenous variables affect sanction levels but not crime rates. In this article it is suggested that individuals'decisions on whether to participate in criminal activity depend on perceived sanction levels that depend in turn on sanction levels realized in past periods. With decisions made in this manner, crime rates and sanction levels are not determined simultaneously, and the identification problem in its usual form does not arise. Our econometric results are consistent with this view; arrest and imprisonment sanctions have little contemporaneous effect on burglary, larceny, and robbery rates. Lagged effects, although greater than contemporaneous effects, are statistically significant only in the case of robbery.
Empathy, social skills, and other relevant cognitive processes in rapists and child molesters

Considerable theoretical and research efforts have gone into formulations which suggest that sex offenders differ from nonoffenders in their processing of sexual material. This article reviews the literature concerning patterns of empathy, social skills, and other cognitive processes (i.e., theories, attitudes, and distorted cognitions) of incarcerated sex offenders or those who have identified themselves as sex offenders. We choose these three general topic areas because many see these phenomena as central to the understanding of sex offending. First, we present general empirical findings relevant to the phenomena of empathy, social skills, and distorted cognitions. We then move to a discussion of specific cognitive models that have been offered to account for the data. We briefly discuss the available data relevant to these cognitive models. The next section of the article reviews the treatments that have been applied to sex offenders with the stated goal of modifying the processes we are examining. Our final section attempts to summarize and highlight some of the identified problems and weaknesses in the study of the aforementioned processes in sex offending. We argue that too little attention has been paid to basic cognitive psychology and the role that cognitions or conceptualizations can play in promoting our understanding of the sex offender. We suggest that following the information processing approach as a generalized model will help integrate and direct research efforts.
A machine-oriented recognition algorithm for context-free languages

A variant of the Cocke-Younger algorithm for recognition of context-free languages permits faster operation by a factor proportional to word length on computers with parallel bit-manipulation capabilities.
Rethinking the Regulation of Vulnerable Work in the USA: A Sector-based Approach

This article discusses one of the major challenges of US workplace policy: protecting roughly 35m workers who are vulnerable to a variety of major risks in the workplace. After laying out the dimensions of this problem, I show that the vulnerable workforce is concentrated in a subset of sectors with distinctive industry characteristics. Examining how employer organizations relate to one another in these sectors provides insight into some of the causes as well as possible solutions for redressing workforce vulnerability in the US as well as other countries facing similar problems.