cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isoenzymes of an acyltransferase from rabbit mammary gland: Solubilization of the micelle-specific species with Triton X-100

Abstract The micelle-specific palmityl-CoA: monopalmityl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate palmityltransferase isoenzyme from lactating rabbit mammary gland microsomes is selectively solubilized in Triton X-100 but not Tween 80. Both detergents inactivate the monomer-specific isoenzyme. The possibility that, in vivo , physiological surfactants regulate the relative activities of these two isoenzymes is discussed.
Barley Tiller Response to Plant Density and Ethephon

Ethephon ([2-chloroethyl] phosphonic acid), typically increases barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) spikes per square meter by increasing the frequency of late emerging green tillers, resulting in uneven crop maturity. This study was conducted to evaluate barley tiller grain yield and malting quality response to plant density and ethephon, with special reference to late-emerging green tillers. Field studies were conducted at Povvell. WY between 1987 and 1989 on a Garland clay loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Haplargid). Target plant densities of 150 and 300 plants nr2 were established. Ethephon was applied at the Zadoks growth stages (ZGS) of 13, 32, or 39, and one treatment was split-applied at ZGS 32 and 39. Early emerging primary tillers (Tl, T2, and T3) and the main shoot contributed 86% of the total grain yield at high plant density vs. 73% at lo * plant density. In general., increasing plant density resulted in progressively greater differences for kernel plumpness and kernels per spike on the MS, Tl, T2, and T3. Ethephon applied at ZGS 39 reduced plant height 6 to 15 cm depending on year. Lodging was reduced by ethephon application, although the lodging level was low in every year of the study. Ethephon did not affect grain yield or protein content, but it often reduced volume mass and kernel plumpness compared to the untreated control. Regardless of ethephon treatment, kernels on late emerging tillers were of lower mass, volume mass, and plumpness than kernels on early emerging tillers;. Ethephon applied at ZGS 39 increased the number of late emerging green tillers by 225 spikes nr2 compared with the control. These late emerging green tillers contributed 8% to the total grain yielc, but produced grain of substandard malting quality. Dep. of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, Univ. of Wyoming, UWREC, 747 Road 9, Powell, WY 82435. Contribution of the Wyoming Agric. Exp. Stn. Journal paper no. 1616. Received 9 July 1990.
Call for Papers-Interfaces Special Issue: Operations Research Applications in the Energy Industry

Energy comes from many sources: (1) coal and natural gas power plants producing electricity that is transmitted over the grid to homes, businesses, and factories; (2) oil and gas fields, and refineries producing fuels that keep homes warm and transport people and goods; and (3) solar and wind farms that provide cheap renewable energy to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels. Although operations research has been used extensively in the energy industry, new opportunities have arisen that are ripe for exploitation using OR/MS and analytics techniques. These include managing variability in renewable generation because of weather conditions, demand-side management to lower utility costs for providing electricity, and use of artificial lift technologies to economically extract more oil from oil fields. Operations research can play an important role in the generation, distribution, and consumption of energy. Accordingly, Interfaces is planning a special issue focusing on applications of operations research techniques in the energy industry. Papers must fall into one of the following categories: • An application with a verification letter from the company or organization using the results • A novel literature review of the practice of operations research in the energy industry • A tutorial emphasizing the practical implementation of energy models or systems Authors should review the Interfaces instructions for preparing a paper at http://pubsonline.informs.org/ page/inte/submission-guidelines. Papers must be submitted online at http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/inte. In the Author Center of the ScholarOne Manuscripts website, please designate the “Manuscript Type” (#1—“Type, Title, and Abstract”) as “Special Issue” in the dropdown list; in #4—“Details and Comments,” respond “Operations Research in Energy Industry” to the question, “This paper is for which special issue?” All papers will be refereed. Authors planning on writing review articles and tutorials should indicate their intent to the special issue editor by February 1, 2015. Articles must be received no later than July 1, 2015 for full consideration for publication in this special issue. Papers received after that date will be considered for publication in Interfaces, but will not be guaranteed for consideration in the special issue.
Lipid analysis of the adult dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis.

Abstract 1. 1. The major lipid classes of Dirofilaria immitis , as determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of the Folch extract, were sterols and sterol esters. 2. 2. Total phospholipid was 5–7 μg/mg of wet wt, and phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine comprised 85% of this. 3. 3. Gas chromatographic analysis of the total fatty acids revealed 16 and 18 carbon fatty acids as the predominant ones, and the total unsaturated fatty acids were about twice the total of the saturates. 4. 4. Two other filarial worms, Dipetalonema viteae and Litomosoides carinii , were analysed for comparison and their fatty acid patterns were quite similar to that of D. immitis . 5. 5. The fatty acid pattern of either normal or D. immitis infected dog plasma differed considerably from that of the parasite living in it; thus the D. immitis fatty acid pattern resembled that of the other filarial worms more closely than that of its lipid environment.
Large orbits of odd-order subgroups of solvable linear groups

Abstract Suppose that G is a finite solvable group and V is a finite, faithful and completely reducible G -module. Let H be an odd-order subgroup of G , then H has at least two regular orbits on V ⊕ V . Suppose in addition that | V | is odd, then there exists v ∈ V in a regular orbit of F ( G ) ∩ H such that C H ( v ) ⊆ F 2 ( G ) . Let G be a solvable group, H be an odd-order Hall π -subgroup of G , V be a faithful G -module, over possibly different finite fields of odd π -characteristic and assume that V O π ( G ) is completely reducible, then there exists v ∈ V such that C H ( v ) ⊆ O π ( G ) .
Characterization of the cold-sensitive murine hepatitis virus mutants rescued from latently infected cells by cell fusion.

Abstract Mouse hepatitis virus, a coronavirus, was rescued from latently infected mouse neuroblastoma cells by polyethylene glycol-induced fusion to permissive cells. The isolated viruses grew to equal or higher titers than parental JHM virus at 39° but were restricted in replication at 32° and hence were cold-sensitive mutants. Neither isolate synthesized RNA at the nonpermissive temperature (32°), and temperature shift experiments indicated that the restrictive cold-sensitive step in replication occurred during an early viral function. The isolates were unable to complement each other at 32°. Although coinfection between each mutant and parental JHM virus often resulted in decreased yields of both infecting viruses, interference could not be convincingly demonstrated. Both mutants were more thermostable than parental JHM virus and could be distinguished from each other and from parental JHM virus by their thermal inactivation kinetics. The isolates were obtained from single cell clones and therefore presumed to be homogeneous; however, thermal inactivation of one (S-3JHM) indicated the possible existence of a second population. Subclones of virus prepared from each isolate were also found to be thermally stable and to retain the cold sensitive defect. No indication of a second population of S-3JHM virus was detected.
Frontal lobe GABA levels in cocaine dependence: a two-dimensional, J-resolved magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

Abstract Non-invasive measures of brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations may be especially useful in the identification of cocaine-related changes in brain chemistry that can be used to guide the development of future treatments for cocaine-dependent persons. This study assessed whether brain GABA levels in cocaine-dependent subjects with and without an alcohol disorder differ from GABA levels in healthy comparison subjects. Two-dimensional, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to determine GABA levels in the left prefrontal lobe of cocaine-dependent subjects ( N =35) recruited from a National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-sponsored treatment trial of cocaine dependence and a comparison group ( N =20). At treatment baseline, mean GABA concentrations were 0.93±0.27 mM/kg in cocaine-dependent subjects and 1.32±0.44 mM/kg in the comparison sample ( t [d.f.=53]=3.65, P N =23) had significantly lower baseline GABA levels (0.87 mM/kg) ( t [d.f.=41]=4.31, P N =12) also had lower GABA levels (1.04 mM/kg) than the comparison subjects ( t [d.f.=30]=2.09, P =0.045), suggesting that cocaine dependence alone can decrease GABA levels.
Identification of an Essential Amino Acid Motif within the C Terminus of the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-activating Polypeptide Type I Receptor That Is Critical for Signal Transduction but Not for Receptor Internalization *

Abstract The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) type 1 (PAC1) receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor and class II receptor member. The receptor domains critical for signaling are unknown. To explore the role of the C terminus, truncations of 63 residues (Tr406), 53 residues (Tr416), 49 residues (Tr420), 44 residues (Tr424), and 37 residues (Tr433) were constructed and expressed in NIH/3T3 cells, and immunofluorescence, radioligand binding, adenylyl cyclase (AC) and phospholipase C (PLC) assays were performed.125I-PACAP-27 binding (K d = 0.6–1.5 nm) for the Tr406 and Tr433 were similar to wild type Hop and Null splice variants (K d = ∼1.1 nm). Although internalization of ligand for both the Tr406 and Tr433 mutants was reduced to 50–60% at 60 min compared with 76–87% for WT, loss of G protein coupling did not account for differences in internalization. Despite similar binding properties Tr406 and Tr416 mutants showed no AC or PLC response. Addition of 14 amino acids distal to HopTr406 resulted in normal AC and PLC responses. Site-directed mutagenesis indicated that Arg416 and Ser417 are essential for G protein activation. The proximal C terminus mediates signal transduction, and the distal is involved with internalization. Two residues within the C terminus, Arg416 and Ser417 conserved among class II receptors are the likely sites for G protein coupling.
A Wideband Transmission Line Model for a Slot Antenna

The traditional transmission line model for a slot antenna is typically only useful for the prediction of the first resonant mode. Here, a wideband transmission line model for a slot antenna is presented that describes the antenna's input impedance more accurately than previously published work, particularly at frequencies above the first resonant mode. To do this, we develop three improvements to the model: a modal equation that better approximates the frequency-dependent voltage distribution in the slot; an expression that captures more fully the inductive nature of the shorted ends of the slot; and a conductance-per-unit-length to predict the structure's loss characteristics. The results of this new wideband transmission line model are compared to commercial full-wave simulations and measurements for validation.
Timing of treatment and return of fear: Effects of massed, uniform-, and expanding-spaced exposure schedules

Although exposure treatment has been shown to be highly effective in ameliorating phobias, the return of fear (ROF) is often evidenced (see Rachman, 1989 ). The present study compared the effects of massed (single session), uniform-spaced (5, 5, 5 intervening days), and expanding-spaced (1, 4, 10 intervening days) schedules on fear reduction and ROF in an analog sample with self-reported public-speaking anxiety. Treatment utilized a standardized speech exposure task. It was predicted that although massed treatment would produce the greatest fear reduction by posttreatment, it would yield the greatest ROF at 1-month follow-up. The uniform schedule was expected to produce intermediate fear reduction by posttreatment and at follow-up, whereas the expanding schedule was predicted to generate the lowest fear reduction by posttreatment, but the least ROF at follow-up. All groups unexpectedly demonstrated comparable fear reduction by posttreatment, but, as predicted, massed treatment produced the greatest ROF at follow-up — fear ratings in this group no longer differed from pretreatment levels. Expanding and uniform treatments showed an impressive lack of ROF at follow-up; possible explanations for the unexpectedly robust performance of the uniform group are discussed. Given the high rates of attrition for the uniform schedule (50%), results provide preliminary support for the utility of an expanding schedule. Limitations of the present study, and theoretical and practical issues regarding spacing of treatment, are discussed.
Cloud droplet collision efficiency in electric fields

A mathematical model describing the effects of forces acting on two spherical droplets immersed in a viscous medium is described. The model includes the interaction of the droplets with an externally applied electric field. The collision efficiencies between pairs of droplets ranging in size from 5 to 70 microns in radius are given as results of computations of the grazing trajectories of the smaller droplets relative to the larger drops in electric fields up to 10,000 volts per centimeter. The collision efficiency for a given pair of droplets increases as the applied electric field increases. For example the collision efficiency of a 30 micron drop in relation to a 5 micron droplet increases 34.5 times when the horizontal field is changed from 0 to 3600 volts per centimeter. Results of calculations are given to show how collision efficiencies vary as the orientation of the electric field is varied in relation to the axis of droplet motion. The results show that the maximum and minimum collision efficiencies occur with field orientations of 90 and 42 degrees respectively. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1965.tb01428.x
LANDAU-LEVEL SPIN WAVES AND SKYRMION ENERGY IN THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL HEISENBERG ANTIFERROMAGNET

A continuum perturbative analysis and the Schwinger-boson mean-field theory are used to evaluate the ground-state energy of the two-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet in the presence of background topological density. The spin-wave spectrum is bunched into Landau levels. The gauge charge of the Schwinger bosons is half the charge of the Holstein-Primakoff spin waves. The mean-field Skyrmion creation energy vanishes with the ordered moment at the disordering transition.
A BLUE LIGHT‐SENSITIVE CYTOCHROME‐FLAVIN COMPLEX FROM CORN COLEOPTILES. FURTHER CHARACTERIZATION*

— The partially purified blue light-sensitive membrane-associated flavin-cytochrome complex from etiolated corn coleoptiles shows a unique sharp α-band at 555 nm in its light-minus-dark difference spectrum at liquid nitrogen temperature. This band is clearly distinguishable from the α-bands found in fractions enriched for mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum respectively. The photoactive membrane fraction is shown to have ATPase activity that is not stimulated by K+ and that is not inhibited by oligomycin. Other than flavin fluorescence at 525 nm obtained upon excitation at 450 nm, there is a second fluorescent component with emission at 430 nm on excitation at 350 nm. The mid-point potential of the Triton X-100 solubilized b-cytochrome, measured by simultaneously monitoring the reduction of the pyocyanine 600-800 nm peak and the appearance of the 427 nm Soret peak of the b-cytochrome upon titration with dithionite in the presence of ferricyanide, is estimated to be −65 mV. The kinetics of the blue light-induced reduction and dark rcoxidation of the 6-cytochrome suggest that the mid-point potential of the b-cytochrome is not affected by Triton X-100 solubilization.
Stored Energy of Irradiated Copper

In the past three years several measurements of the stored energy of irradiated copper have been made, and it has been estimated from these measurements that the most reliable figure was 2 x 10/sup -1/ cal/mole released following a dose of 4 x l0/sup 17/ n/cm/sup 2/. These measurements were repeated under more favorable circumstances, and the results are described. (W.D.M.)
Family Conflict in Childhood and Adolescence and Depressive Symptoms in Emerging Adulthood: Mediation by Disengagement Coping

Exposure to family conflict in childhood increases risk for later life psychological maladjustment. The family environment shapes the development of coping strategies used to manage interpersonal stressors, representing a pathway through which adverse family experiences impact later emotional functioning. In 2 studies, we evaluated engagement and disengagement coping as mediators of the relation between family conflict in childhood and depressive symptoms in young adulthood. Study 1 included participants from continuously married families exposed to higher and lower quality childhood family environments and found that disengagement partially mediated the relation between family conflict and depressive symptoms. Study 2 examined these relations among emerging adults who experienced parental divorce. Results indicated that disengagement coping fully mediated the relation between family conflict and depression. Engagement did not emerge as a mediator in either study. Elevated family conflict across varying f...
Building explanations from rules and structured cases

Abstract A central task underlying many of the activities of attorneys is inferring the legal consequences of a given set of facts. GREBE (GeneratoR of Exemplar-Based Explanations) is a system that uses detailed knowledge of the facts and reasoning of specific past cases, together with legal rules and common-sense knowledge, to determine and justify the legal consequences of new cases. GREBE can apply either rule-based reasoning or case-based reasoning to goals at any level of its analysis. GREBE uses an approach to case-based reasoning in which new cases are compared with the smallest collections of precedent facts that justified an individual inference step in the explanation of a precedent case. This enables knowledge of the interactions among individual inference steps in a precedent to be used in case comparison. Case comparison is also assisted by an expressive semantic network representation of case facts. Techniques are presented for retrieving and comparing cases represented in this formalism. GREBE's output is a memorandum that justifies a legal conclusion in terms of the applicable precedents and legal rules.
High‐Speed Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Canrenone in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Abstract Canrenone can be determined by high‐speed liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical dosage forms without interference from common excipients or degradation products. This stability‐indicating assay, using o ‐nitroaniline as the internal standard, is rapid and accurate.
Protein synthesis in a new system for the study of senescence.

Abstract In asexual individuals of the green alga Volvox carteri , more than 99% of the cells are somatic cells which undergo synchronous programmed senescence and cell death every generation. Only a small number of reproductive cells survive to produce the next generation. The specific activity of pulse-labelled somatic cell protein preparations declines sharply during senescence, but no decline is seen in the nonageing reproductive cells. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that somatic and reproductive cells synthesize very different patterns of polypeptides. During the period when observable senescent changes are first evident in somatic cells, there is a change in the pattern of polypeptides being synthesized. Our results suggest that senescence in Volvox somatic cells is triggered by a change in the pattern of gene expression and are consistent with theories of programmed cell senescence.
Intake of Antioxidants Among American Cardiologists

A survey of 181 cardiologists was conducted to determine their coronary artery disease (CAD) risk profile and their intake of antioxidants. The survey reflected that the prevalence of CAD risk factors increases with age, as does the prophylactic intake of antioxidants (vitamin E was greater than vitamin C, and vitamin C was greater than beta carotene).
A High Stability Pulser and Charge Injection Capacitor for Servostabilization of High Resolution Gamma Ray Spectrometers

This paper discusses the design of a reference pulser and air-dielectric capacitor for use in stabilization of high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometers. Additionally, the adverse effects of coaxial cable series resistance and detector coupling capacitor instability are considered. The reference pulser circuitry is completely transistorized and features a highly-stable dual-transistor pulse generation network. The temperature stability of the pulser output is ? ±5 PPM/°C from 10°C to 50°C. The long-term stability is approximately ±. 02 channels per day. The air-dielectric capacitor is a three-terminal device constructed of Kovar-steel and glass. The rigid glass-metal seal insures long-term stability. The capacitance temperature coefficient from liquid nitrogen to room temperature is approximately + 10 ppM/° C. Data are presented which shows that the series resistance of a coaxial cable will cause significant pulse drift when terminated and essentially no drift if left unterminated. An analysis also indicates that drift in a detector coupling capacitor can produce uncorrectable spectral drift.
The Initiation of Boiling During Pressure Transients

The initiation of boiling of water on metal surfaces during pressure transients has been investigated. The data were obtained by a new technique in which light beam fluctuations and a pressure signal were simultaneously recorded on a dual beam oscilloscope. The results obtained agreed with those obtained using high speed photography. It was found that, for water temperatures between 90-150 C, the wall superheat required to initiate boiling during a rapid pressure transient was significantly higher than required when the pressure was slowly reduced. This result is explained by assuming that a finite time is necessary for vapor to fill the cavity at which the bubble originates. Experimental measurements of this time are in reasonably good agreement with calculations based on the proposed theory. The theory includes a new procedure for estimating the coefficient of vaporization.
More than intelligence: distinct cognitive/behavioral clusters linked to adaptive dysfunction in children

Impairments in adaptive functioning are frequently associated with intellectual disability (ID); however, adaptive dysfunction can be seen in many individuals with a variety of neurological conditions without ID. The extent to which other variables may be associated with adaptive dysfunction is unclear. In a mixed clinical sample of children (n = 348) consecutively referred for neuropsychological evaluation, the majority were rated as showing weak adaptive skills (ABAS-II, >1 SD below the mean; 71%), with a substantial proportion evidencing frank impairment (>2 SD below the mean, 45%). We examined patterns of scores on measures of intelligence (WISC-IV) and behavioral/affective dysregulation (BRIEF and BASC-2). Using hierarchical cluster analysis, a four cluster model yielded the most appropriate fit and adaptive functioning was subsequently examined across clusters. As expected, adaptive functioning was most intact in the cluster characterized by average IQ and minimal behavioral dysregulation. Other clusters were marked by adaptive dysfunction and distinguished by sub-average intellectual functioning and varying behavioral/emotional dysregulation. In contrast to traditional views associating low IQ with adaptive dysfunction, adaptive impairment was comparable between the cluster characterized by low intelligence and the cluster with average intelligence but significant behavioral dysregulation. These data suggest that adaptive functioning should be considered across various cognitive/behavioral conditions.
Integrated Systems [systems on a chip]

Integrated Systems are defined as batch-fabricated interconnections of complex digital integrated circuits with analog interface circuits and transducers, such as sensors. By providing the cost, performance and reliability levels of monolithic integration, they offer potential advantages over multi-chip modules assembled with packaging technology. This paper studies the required process technology, as well as design, test and packaging issues, for integrating wide varieties of systems. The goal is to delineate the necessary steps in bringing Integrated Systems to market within a realistic period. With monolithic integration as the ultimate aim, a multi-chip entry point is identified that can start system technology on a learning curve of cost reduction using the same scaling principles that drive integrated circuits. Three challenges to be surmounted are identified in streamlining the I/O's and progressing along a learning curve, namely I/O scaling, I/O loading, and full-functional test. The "composite IC" is the entry point. A large chip, containing only global interconnects and power distribution, acts as a silicon backplane. Subsystem-chips, such as digital microprocessors or sensors, are flip-chip mounted using the accuracy of MEMS processing to fabricate "snap-together" physical and electrical interfaces with high reproducibility. While similar to conventional MCM's, this chip-to-chip connection has few compromises over on-chip connections. By keeping the fabrication responsibility within one organization, just as in monolithic chips, there is no need for incoming inspection. Added ESD protection and test-head loading are avoided on interior nodes by a new intra-factory method of testing.
Does speech emerge from earlier appearing oral motor behaviors

This investigation was designed to quantify the coordinative organization of mandibular muscles in toddlers during speech and nonspeech behaviors. Seven 15-month-olds were observed during spontaneo...
Solving fuzzy inequalities with concave membership functions

Abstract Solving systems of fuzzy inequalities could lead to the solutions of fuzzy mathematical programs. It is shown that a system of fuzzy inequalities with concave membership functions can be converted to a regular convex programming problem. A “method of centres” with “entropic regularization” techniques is proposed for solving such a problem. Some computational results are included.
The axonal plexus: a description of the behavior of a network of neurons connected by gap junctions

Putative gap junctions between pyramidal axons have been reported in the hippocampus as well as the neocortex. These gap junctions are indicated in very fast oscillations (VFOs, > 80 Hz) in slow-wave sleep as well as in seizures. They could also play a role in gamma oscillations (30–80 Hz) in the hippocampus and other areas. Computational modeling studies have yielded results consistent with these hypotheses [1-3]. We explore, in greater detail than in previous studies, the parameter dependence of the dynamics of a random neuronal network with axo-axonal gap junctions. First, we analyze propagation through a network of axons (without somata and dendrites). We vary excitation levels and gap junction conductances, and study regimes of disorderly behavior, stimulus-driven VFOs, and re-entrant VFOs (that is, VFOs that persist after the stimulus is removed). We also show examples of spontaneous (noise-driven) toggling of the network between qualitatively different oscillatory regimes. Second, we add intrinsically bursting somata, and analyze the behavior of the resulting system in light of our study of the isolated axonal plexus. Finally, we discuss links between gap junction dependent activity in the axonal plexus, very fast oscillations, and gamma oscillations. Figure 1 An example of re-entrant VFOs vs. stimulus-driven VFOs. Each red dot stands for when an axon spiked. Notice the similarity between each wave of activity for the re-entrant VFOs, while each wave is unique for the stimulus-driven VFOs.
Absorption, translocation and metabolism of 14C -glyphosate in several weed species.

Summary: The pattern and extent of 14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] translocation from the treated leaf and metabolism of 14C-glyphosate were studied in field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), hedge bindweed (Convolvulus sepium L.). Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] tall morning glory [lpomoea purpurea (L.) Roth.] and wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.). 14C was translocated throughout the plants within 3 days with accumulation in the meristematic tips of the roots and shoots evident. Cross and longitudinal sections of stems and roots showed that the 14C was localized in the phloem. Field bindweed translocated 3–5% of the applied 14C from the treated leaf, hedge bindweed 21.6%, Canada thistle 7.8%, tall morningglory 6.5%, and wild buckwheat 5%. Field bindweed, Canada thistle, and tall morningglory metabolized the parent glyphosate to aminomethylphosphonic acid to a limited extent. This metabolite made up less than 15% of the total 14C. Of the total 14C applied to excised leaves, 50% had disappeared within 25 days.
p53 activates transcription by directing structural shifts in Mediator

It is not well understood how the human Mediator complex, transcription factor IIH and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) work together with activators to initiate transcription. Activator binding alters Mediator structure, yet the functional consequences of such structural shifts remain unknown. The p53 C terminus and its activation domain interact with different Mediator subunits, and we find that each interaction differentially affects Mediator structure; strikingly, distinct p53-Mediator structures differentially affect Pol II activity. Only the p53 activation domain induces the formation of a large pocket domain at the Mediator-Pol II interaction site, and this correlates with activation of stalled Pol II to a productively elongating state. Moreover, we define a Mediator requirement for TFIIH-dependent Pol II C-terminal domain phosphorylation and identify substantial differences in Pol II C-terminal domain processing that correspond to distinct p53-Mediator structural states. Our results define a fundamental mechanism by which p53 activates transcription and suggest that Mediator structural shifts trigger activation of stalled Pol II complexes.
Family Structure, Father Involvement, and Adolescent Behavioral Outcomes

Research has shown that living away from ones biological father is associated with a greater risk of adverse child and adolescent outcomes; yet the role of the father-child relationship in understanding this association has not been directly investigated. This study uses data on biological fathers relationships with their children from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 2733) to assess whether father involvement mediates the relationship between family structure (i.e. father absence) and four measures of adolescent behavior. Differences in father involvement are shown to account for a sizeable fraction of the variance in outcomes by family structure. Father involvement does not affect boys and girls differently but is more beneficial when the father lives with the adolescent. (authors)
Across Borders: International Influences on Domestic Agenda Building

Acid rain occurs when sulfur and nitrogen oxides emitted by such sources as coal-fired power plants and automobiles are transported hundreds of miles in the atmosphere and returned to earth as acid compounds. This acid deposition has been linked to serious environmental damage as well as possible adverse health effects (NAPAP Assessment Plan 1989). Because of its complete disrespect for borders, acid rain continues to be one of the primary transboundary issues in United States-Canada relations and offers a unique opportunity to study environmental policy as it develops across international borders. The purpose of this article is to examine a neglected aspect of the process of agenda building with respect to United States acid rain policy: international influences. The hypothesis is that Canada has had a unique and substantial influence on the U.S. domestic policy of acid rain. This study evaluates Canadian efforts to influence the president, the Congress, the states, and the U.S. public. Findings are based on a review of United States-Canadian agreements, testimony before Congress, and an analysis of government documents and reports.
Characterization of a metalloregulatory bismuth(III) site in Staphylococcus aureus pI258 CadC repressor.

Staphylococcus aureus pI258 CadC is a metal sensor protein that regulates the expression of the cad operon which encodes metal ion resistance proteins involved in the efficient efflux of Cd(II), Pb(II), Zn(II) and, according to one report , Bi(III) ions. In this paper, direct evidence is presented that Bi(III) binds to CadC and negatively regulates cad operator/promoter (O/P) binding. Optical absorption spectroscopy reveals that dimeric CadC binds � 0.8 mol equivalents of Bi(III) per CadC monomer to form a coordination complex char- acterized by three S - fiBi(III) ligand-to-metal charge transfer transitions, with the longest wavelength absorption band centered at 415 nm (� 415=4000 MBi )1 cm -1 ). UV-Vis absorption spectra of wild-type and mutant CysfiGly (Ser) substitution CadC mutants compared to (Bi(DTT)2), (Bi(GSH)3) and (Bi(NAC))3 model complexes reveal that Cys7, Cys11, Cys60 and Cys58 directly coordinate Bi(III) in a tetrathiolate co- ordination complex. The apparent affinity derived from a Bi(III)-displacement optical titration with Cd(II) is estimated to be KBi £ 10 12 M -1 . Apo-CadC binds with high affinity (Ka=1.1(±0.3)·10 9 M -1 ; 0.40 M NaCl, pH 7.0, 25 � C) to a 5¢-fluorescein-labeled cad O/P oli- gonucleotide ,while the binding of one molarequivalent of Bi(III) perCadC monomer(Bi 1-CadC) reduces the affinity by � 170-fold. Strikingly, Bi(III)-responsive negative regulation of cad O/P binding is abrogated for Bi1-C60G CadC and severely disrupted in Bi1-C7G CadC, whose relative affinity is reduced only 10-fold. The mechanism of Bi(III)-responsive metalloregulation is discussed, based on the findings presented here. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer Link server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00775-001-0336-9.
A Variational Model for Capturing Illusory Contours Using Curvature

Illusory contours, such as the classical Kanizsa triangle and square [9], are intrinsic phenomena in human vision. These contours are not completely defined by real object boundaries, but also include illusory boundaries which are not explicitly present in the images. Therefore, the major computational challenge of capturing illusory contours is to complete the illusory boundaries. In this paper, we propose a level set based variational model to capture a typical class of illusory contours such as Kanizsa triangle. Our model completes missing boundaries in a smooth way via Euler's elastica, and also preserves corners by incorporating curvature information of object boundaries. Our model can capture illusory contours regardless of whether the missing boundaries are straight lines or curves. We compare the choice of the second order Euler's elastica used in our model and that of the first order Euler's elastica developed in Nitzberg-Mumford-Shiota's work on the problem of segmentation with depth [15, 16]. We also prove that with the incorporation of curvature information of objects boundaries our model can preserve corners as completely as one wants. Finally we present the numerical results by applying our model on some standard illusory contours.
Using Larval Fish Abundance in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers to Predict Year-Class Strength of Forage Fish in Lakes Huron and Erie☆

Larval fish samples were collected in plankton tow nets in spring and summer, 1977–1978 and 1983–1984, in the St. Clair and Detroit rivers which are part of the connecting waterway between Lakes Huron and Erie. Larvae abundance of the major forage fish in the rivers are compared with their year-class abundance, as measured by bottom trawl catches of later life stages in Lakes Huron and Erie. Abundance of rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax, and alewife, Alosa pseudo-harengus, larvae in the St. Clair River in adjacent years of the 4-year study was correlated with the abundance of yearlings captured in bottom trawls in lower Lake Huron in the spring of the following years. Abundance of locally produced larval rainbow smelt, alewives, and gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum, in the Detroit River in adjacent years was correlated with the abundance oj’ young-of -t he-year captured in bottom trawls in western Lake Erie the following fall. Sampling fish larvae in the main channels of the St. Clair and Detroit rivers thus provided a potential early index of forage fish abundance in the lakes.
Direct Polymer Intercalation in Single Crystal Vermiculite

A lightly brominated isobutylene bromomethylstyrene copolymer was directly intercalated into a single crystal of organically modified vermiculite. Polymer intercalation was monitored by X-ray diffraction, (XRD) and was confirmed by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of a cleaved polymer-intercalated crystal showed raised hemispheres on an otherwise flat background. Calculations show these hemispheres to consist of possible chain fractions or single and multiple chains, depending on the reaction time.
MK‐801 inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels

MK-801 is a potent inhibitor of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors. Single-channel and macroscopic currents indicate that MK-801 also inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). MK-801 does not significantly increase desensitization of the nAChRs or compete for the ACh binding site. Although there is a slight inhibition of the closed nAChR, the main action of MK-801 is to enter and block the open channel. The voltage dependence for block is consistent with a single binding site within the channel that is 50% of the way through the membrane field. The IC50 for block is 3 microM at -70 mV for currents induced by 0.5 microM ACh. The data from both single-channel and macroscopic currents can be used to estimate a Kd (0) of 7 microM, which is about 40 times higher than the Kd (0) for MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor. The relative potency of tricyclic compounds like MK-801 for various neurotransmitter systems points out that the pharmacologic action of these drugs could involve complicated interactions in vivo.
The prescribed opioids difficulties scale: a patient-centered assessment of problems and concerns.

Objectives: Chronic opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain has increased dramatically in recent years. Research on associated risks has typically focused on opioid abuse and dependence, and opioid misuse or aberrant drug use behaviors, but these risks have been defined from the providers' perspective. The aim of this article was to develop a psychometrically sound method for assessing difficulties patients attribute to chronic opioid therapy. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study of patients prescribed opioids for chronic noncancer pain was conducted in a large integrated service delivery network in Washington State. Data were obtained from a phone interview and electronic health records including pharmacy data. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using a split sample design. Results: The interview response rate was 56.5% and a total of 1144 patients were included in analyses. A 2 factor solution was obtained and replicated with excellent fit statistics. Two correlated factors were identified—opioid control concerns and psychosocial problems—with 50% of the sample reporting difficulties with prescribed opioids: 24% reported elevated psychosocial problems and 36% reported elevated concerns about controlling their use of prescribed opioids. Discussion: The Prescribed Opioid Difficulties Scale identifies common difficulties that patients ascribe to chronic opioid therapy. This scale may provide both an entry point and a framework for a patient-centered clinical dialog about the pros and cons of use of opioid medicines for managing chronic pain.
Strain-Dependent Vascular Remodeling Phenotypes in Inbred Mice

We have recently established a mouse model of arterial remodeling in which flow in the left common carotid artery of FVB mice was interrupted by ligation of the vessel near the carotid bifurcation, resulting in a dramatic reduction of the lumen as a consequence of a reduction in vessel diameter and intimal lesion formation. In the present study we applied this model to various inbred strains of mice. Wide variations in the remodeling response with regard to reduction in vessel diameter, intimal lesion formation, lumen area, and medial hypertrophy were found. On carotid artery ligation SJL/J mice revealed the most extensive inward remodeling leading to an approximate 78% decrease in lumen area while lumen narrowing in FVB/NJ mice was largely due to extensive neointima formation as a result of smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. Significant positive remodeling in the contralateral right carotid artery with a >20% increase in lumen area was observed in SM/J and A/J mice. An in vitro comparison of growth properties of SMC isolated from FVB/NJ mice and a strain that exhibited very little SMC proliferation (C3H/HeJ) demonstrated accelerated growth of SMC from FVB/NJ following serum stimulation. In vivo, SMC proliferation in the FVB/NJ strain was preceded by a 37% loss of medial SMC occurring within the 2 days after ligation, however, cell death was not detectable in C3H/HeJ mice. These findings suggest that the mechanisms leading to lumen narrowing in the vascular remodeling process are genetically controlled.
Working with Children of Parents with Substance Use Disorders: Evaluation of a Course Module

Social workers are in a position to identify the effects of substance use disorders (SUDs) on children and families and provide appropriate interventions in broad practice contexts. Unfortunately, many social workers are not trained to consider parental SUDs and their effects on children in the assessment process. A course module for training social work students on working with children of a parent(s) who has a SUD was developed to fill this gap. This study reports on an evaluation of this module that was conducted with 52 students in baccalaureate-level Human Behavior in the Social Environment courses. Significant increases in knowledge, self-efficacy beliefs, and perceived abilities were observed, and students reported high levels of satisfaction with the module.
The subfornical organ and the integration of multiple factors in thirst

Rats with lesions centered on the ventral stalk of the subfornical organ (SFO) were used to characterize the participation of this structure in the control of drinking. It is concluded that the SFO does indeed play some minor role in the mediation of drinking following intraventricular injections of angiotensin. Further, it is shown that lesions of the SFO, but not lesions of the adjacent septal-hippocampal tissue, attenuate osmotic thirst elicited by two doses of hypertonic saline. Diminished drinking responses following water deprivation, and normal feeding responses following food deprivation, underscore the importance of the SFO for drinking behavior in general, and an expanded role for the SFO in fluid regulation is suggested. However, some incidental observations suggest that the SFO is less than an equal partner with structures in the AV3V region in the overall control of water balance.
Nanostructure and Optoelectronic Characterization of Small Molecule Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells by Photoconductive Atomic Force Microscopy

Photoconductive atomic force microscopy is employed to study the nanoscale morphology and optoelectronic properties of bulk heterojunction solar cells based on small molecules containing a benzofuran substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) core (3,6-bis(5-(benzofuran-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione, DPP(TBFu) 2 , and [6,6]-phenyl-C 71 -butyric acid methyl ester (PC 71 BM), which were recently reported to have power conversion efficiencies of 4.4%. Electron and hole collection networks are visualized for blends with different donor:acceptor ratios. Formation of nanostructures in the blends leads to a higher interfacial area for charge dissociation, while maintaining bicontinuous collection networks; conditions that lead to the high efficiency observed in the devices. An excellent agreement between nanoscale and bulk open-circuit voltage measurements is achieved by surface modification of the indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate by using aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. The local open-circuit voltage is linearly dependent on the cathode work function. These results demonstrate that photoconductive atomic force microscopy coupled with surface modification of ITO substrate can be used to study nanoscale optoelectronic phenomena of organic solar cells.
Point mutations induced by 1,2-epoxy-3-butene N1 deoxyinosine adducts.

The National Toxicology Program has recently classified 1,3-butadiene (BD) as a human carcinogen. BD is metabolized to the intermediates 1,2-epoxy-3-butene (EB), 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), and 1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxybutane. All three metabolites have been implicated in producing specific types of DNA damage and as genotoxic agents in mice, rat, and human cells. This study has focused on EB-induced N1 deoxyinosine lesions that are formed by deamination of deoxyadenosine following reaction of the epoxide at the N1 position. The R and S stereoisomers of this lesion were incorporated site-specifically within the context of an 11-mer oligodeoxynucleotide, incorporated into M13mp7L2 single-stranded DNA, and transfected into E. coli. Both stereoisomers modestly reduced plaque-forming ability, indicating that neither lesion presents a base modification that cannot be bypassed. The resulting plaques were assessed for point mutations using differential hybridization and DNA sequence analyses. The overall mutagenic spectrum revealed that the N1 adducts were highly mutagenic (∼90% per replication cycle), causing a predominance of A G transitions. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:292–296, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In vitro inhibition of histamine metabolism in guinea pig lung by S‐(−)‐nicotine

S-(−)-Nicotine competitively inhibits the metabolism of histamine to its Nτ-methylated derivative in guinea pig lung homogenates. S-(−)-Nicotine exhibited a dissociation constant of the enzyme:inhibitor complex, Ki, of 9.4 × 10−5 M compared with Km's for histamine and co-factor, S-adenosylmethionine, of 4.74 × 10−5 M and 1.76 × 10−5 M, respectively. This demonstrates the first reported involvement of nicotine in histaminergic mechanisms.
Intradermal immunization of mice with radiation-attenuated sporozoites of Plasmodium yoelii induces effective protective immunity

Background Intravenous injection of mice with attenuated Plasmodium berghei sporozoites induces sterile immunity to challenge with viable sporozoites. Non-intravenous routes have been reported to yield poor immunity. Because intravenous immunization has been considered to be unacceptable for large scale vaccination of humans, assessment was made of the results of intradermal immunization of mice with Plasmodium yoelii, a rodent malaria parasite whose infectivity resembles that of human malaria.