cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Herpes zoster of the anogenital area affecting urination and defaecation

SUMMARY Herpes zoster of the anogenital area is reported in six patients. The inability to urinate and to defaecate is a serious complication. This entity is well known in the urological but seemingly unreported in the dermatological literature. None of these patients had a recurrence of the herpes, nor did any have a known neoplasm.
ContextPreRF: Enhancing the Performance and Energy of GPUs With Nonuniform Register Access

Register files are a key data storage unit that impacts instruction throughput for graphics processing units (GPUs). Typically, GPU register files are quite large to accommodate many concurrent threads and are implemented using the same SRAM technology as the on-chip cache. We propose contextrf, a new register file architecture that efficiently leverages register files with nonuniform access characteristics, including hybrid SRAM/DRAM (S/D) and spintronic domain-wall memories (DWMs). Contextrf allows greater-capacity register files to be implemented in the same area within the GPU, with reduced power consumption. We also propose contextPreRF, a hardware preswitch scheme to hide switching delays—as soon as a register request is queued, the nonuniform access memories containing the corresponding register are sent a preemptive switch request. Thus, our scheme transparently hides the penalties of switching between register contexts. After replacing the register file SRAM with S/D, we can reduce energy by 37%, with a 1.4% average performance drop. Employing DWM, we reduce register file energy by 74%, with a 0.4% average performance penalty. For the denser DWM, we model converting the saved area into additional registers, cache, and shared memory—this improves performance by 13.5% over the baseline SRAM register file.
Screening item effects in estimating the prevalence of nascent entrepreneurs

The use of human population surveys to estimate the prevalence of nascent entrepreneurs has become a major feature of both longitudinal studies of the firm creation process, such as the US Panel Studies of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED) research program, as well as cross-national comparisons, as reflected in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) initiative. The basic procedure has been to use interview screening items to locate individuals that may be considered candidate nascent entrepreneurs; other criteria are then used to identify those considered active nascent entrepreneurs. In these human population surveys, little attention has been paid to the potential impact of variations in wording in the initial screening items, either across time in the same language or in different languages, on the final prevalence rates. Analysis of 134 independent samples in the US over the 1993–2006 period, where different screening items were employed, indicates a major impact of item wording. Once adjustments to account for item variation were made, there was no statistically significant change in the prevalence of active nascent entrepreneurs, from 5 to 6 per 100 over the 1998–2006 period. This pattern of temporal stability is consistent with three other national programs measuring U.S. new firm creation activity.
A versatile incompressible Navier-Stokes solver for blood flow application

We present in this paper an integrated approach to compute quickly an incompressible Navier–Stokes (NS) flow in a section of a large blood vessel using medical imaging data. The goal is essentially to provide a first-order approximation of some main quantities of interest in cardiovascular disease: the shear stress and the pressure on the wall. The NS solver relies on the L2 penalty approach pioneered by Caltagirone and co-workers and combines nicely with a level set method based on the Mumford–Shah energy model. Simulations on stenosis cases based on angiogram are run in parallel with MatlabMPI on a shared-memory machine. While MatlabMPI communications are based on the load and save functions of Matlab and have high latency indeed, we show that our Aitken–Schwarz domain decomposition algorithm provides a good parallel efficiency and scalability of the NS code. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deformation of a two-dimensional drop at non-zero Reynolds number in time-periodic extensional flows: numerical simulation

The shape of a two-dimensional viscous drop deforming in several time-dependent flow fields, including that due to a potential vortex, has been studied. Vortex flow was approximated by linearizing the induced velocity field at the drop centre, giving rise to an extensional flow with rotating axes of stretching. A generalization of the potential vortex, a flow we have called rotating extensional flow, occurs when the frequency of revolution of the flow is varied independently of the shear rate. Drops subjected to this forcing flow exhibit an interesting resonance phenomenon. Finally we have studied drop deformation in an oscillatory extensional flow.Calculations were performed at small but non-zero Reynolds numbers using an ADI front-tracking/finite difference method. We investigate the effects of interfacial tension, periodicity, viscosity ratio, and Reynolds number on the drop dynamics. The simulation reveals interesting behaviour for steady stretching flows, as well as time-dependent flows. For a steady extensional flow, the drop deformation is found to be non-monotonic with time in its approach to an equilibrium value. At sufficiently high Reynolds numbers, the drop experiences multiple growth–collapse cycles, with possible axes reversal, before reaching a final shape. For a vortex flow, the long-time deformation reaches a steady value, and the drop attains a revolving steady elliptic shape. For rotating extensional flows as well as oscillatory extensional flows, the maximum value of deformation displays resonance with variation in parameters, first increasing and then decreasing with increasing interfacial tension or forcing frequency. A simple ODE model with proper forcing is offered to explain the observed phenomena.
Critical theory of technology

Feenberg discusses the possibility of a radical reform of industrial society. He challenges the assumption that modern society, with its emphasis on technological reasoning, has condemned its members to mindless work and subservience to the dictates of management. In doing so, he presents a new interpretation of the relationship between technology, rationality, and democracy.
EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE ON LONG-TERM ORGAN CULTURES OF CANINE PROSTATE

Organ cultures of rodent and human prostate glands have shown marked differences in their morphological response to testosterone. In this study, explants from 19 canine prostate glands were cultivated for a minimum of 9 days in Trowell’s T-8 medium. Groups of explants were exposed to media containing from 0.05 to 100 µm testosterone. While the higher testosterone levels (50 and 100 µm) markedly decreased explant viability, explants cultivated at lower levels (0.05 to 5 µm) appeared similar to control explants in testosterone-free Trowell’s T-8 medium. Atmospheric mixtures containing either 95% or 50% oxygen were equally effective. Shortly after the cultures were initiated, large amounts of secretory product were liberated into the lumen. After 9 or more days in vitro, glandular epithelium appeared cuboidal and never revealed the acid phosphatase-rich secretory granules seen in the preculture control. However, the epithelium exhibited an increase in alkaline phosphatase and lipid content following cultivation.
Lower crustal structure in northern California: Implications from strain rate variations following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

[1] It is well known that geodetic data from a single instant in time cannot uniquely characterize structure or rheology beneath active seismogenic zones. Nevertheless, comparison of spatial and temporal variations in deformation rate with time-dependent mechanical models can place valuable constraints on fault zone geometry and rheology. We consider postseismic strain rate transients by comparing geodetic data from north of San Francisco Bay obtained between 1906 and 1995 to predictions from viscoelastic finite element models. Models include (1) an elastic plate over a viscoelastic half-space, (2) distributed shear within a viscoelastic layer, (3) discrete shear zones within an otherwise elastic layer, (4) discrete shear zones in combination with distributed viscoelastic shear, and (5) midcrustal detachment surfaces. We vary, as applicable, locking depth, elastic thickness, depth to the top and bottom of the distributed shear layer, distributed shear relaxation time, discrete shear zone relaxation time, and discrete shear zone width. The best fitting, physically reasonable elastic plate over viscoelastic half-space models (1) do a poor job simultaneously predicting spatial and temporal variations in the data. The best fitting distributed shear models (2) do a poor job predicting spatial variations in the deformation rate. Although they fit the geodetic data, recent findings from seismic reflection-refraction studies in northern California argue against models with shallow subhorizontal detachments (5). Models incorporating discrete shear zones (3, 4) provide the best fit to the geodetic data and are consistent with seismic studies that argue for discrete fault zones extending through the entire crust.
Non-glial phagocytes within the degenerating optic nerve of the newt (Triturus viridescens).

Two non-glial phagocytes were found to participate along with ependymoglial cells in Wallerian degeneration of the severed optic nerve of the newt (Triturus viridescens). The first type of non-glial cell (polymorphonuclear phagocyte) was positively identified as a neutrophil and participates in the early stages of degeneration. Cells of this type make a brief appearance, reaching a peak by the second postoperative day (2 p.o.d.), and quickly diminish until few can be found by 4 p.o.d. Neutrophils invade the degenerating optic nerve from surrounding connective tissue spaces, most likely, through channels which penetrate the nerve parenchyma. The second type of non-glial cell is an invading mononuclear phagocyte which exhibits characteristics of microglial cells reported in other vertebrate species. Such cells appear in the nerve much later than the neutrophils and towards the end of Wallerian degeneration (6-10 p.o.d.). Their mode of entry and exit appears to be the same as that reported for neutrophils. The neutrophils and microglial-like, mononuclear phagocytes may serve to supplement the histolytic action of the ependymoglial cells, picking up scattered fragments of degenerating myelin and axons.
Compassion: An east‐west comparison

Abstract Compassion is an emotion that occupies a central position in Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy while it is often a neglected subject in contemporary western philosophy. This essay is a comparison between an Eastern view of compassion based upon Mahāyāna Buddhist perspectives and a western view of the same emotion. Certain principles found in Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy such as the Bodhisattva Ideal, and suffering (dukkha) to name two, are explored for the information they contain about compassion. An essay by Lawrence Blum is taken as representative of a Western view (but not exclusively) and it is analyzed for its shortcomings in light of the Buddhist view. The conclusion briefly describes the value of understanding an eastern view on compassion as a means of filling the void one finds in western medical ethics discourse which focuses so heavily, and redundantly, upon issues such as patient autonomy and paternalism.
Nuclear magnetic resonance determination of flow, lactate, and phosphate metabolites during amphetamine stimulation of the rat brain

The effects of amphetamine on rat cerebral blood flow, lactate, and phosphate levels were studied using in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Proton NMR imaging was used to determine the region of brain being studied. Blood flow was estimated by detecting the washout of trifluoromethane using 19F NMR. A dose of 20 mg/kg D-amphetamine sulphate stimulated flow fourfold over control values for at least 1 h. Even though amphetamine stimulated a large increase in flow, there were no significant changes in levels of inorganic phosphate, ATP, phosphocreatine, pH or Mg2+ as determined by 31P NMR. This was true for doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg D-amphetamine sulphate. No significant changes occurred in 1H NMR detected levels of lactate with a 20 mg/kg dose of amphetamines. Lactate levels increased slightly 30min after administration of 10 mg/kg D-amphetamine sulphate. The results call into question the central role of changes in levels of phosphates in coupling increased cortical activity to increases in metabolism.
Dream, Myth and Reality: New Universities in England, 1960–1990

The New Universities of the 1960s began as a dream and degenerated into a myth before waking up to reality. The dream was to reform English higher education by example: to recover advanced general education, restore small-group teaching, renew interest in research, introduce cross-disciplinary subjects, and rebuild community in green-field, residential sites. Early euphoria turned to disillusionment, born of unrealistic expectations and student unrest. Finally, they achieved solid institutional success but failed to transform national higher education.
Formation of bimodal crystal textures in polypropylene

Electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and dynamic-mechanical testing have been used to study flow-crystallized and hot drawn isotactic polypropylene. As a result of these investigations, it was found that bimodal crystal textures can apparently be formed by at least two different treatments, but the corresponding morphologies are completely different. Flow-induced crystallization was observed to result in a microstructure of lamellae oriented perpendicular to the flow direction, while hot drawing of polypropylene films above a critical temperature produced a morphology of microfibrils lying parallel to the draw direction. Below this critical temperature, drawing produced a fibrillar morphology having only a typical unimodal fibre texture. As a result of information obtained here, a mechanism involving epitaxial deposition of chain segments onto growing lamellae is concluded to be responsible for formation of the bimodal crystal texture in flow-crystallized material.
Neutering Dogs: Effects on Joint Disorders and Cancers in Golden Retrievers

In contrast to European countries, the overwhelming majority of dogs in the U.S. are neutered (including spaying), usually done before one year of age. Given the importance of gonadal hormones in growth and development, this cultural contrast invites an analysis of the multiple organ systems that may be adversely affected by neutering. Using a single breed-specific dataset, the objective was to examine the variables of gender and age at the time of neutering versus leaving dogs gonadally intact, on all diseases occurring with sufficient frequency for statistical analyses. Given its popularity and vulnerability to various cancers and joint disorders, the Golden Retriever was chosen for this study. Veterinary hospital records of 759 client-owned, intact and neutered female and male dogs, 1–8 years old, were examined for diagnoses of hip dysplasia (HD), cranial cruciate ligament tear (CCL), lymphosarcoma (LSA), hemangiosarcoma (HSA), and mast cell tumor (MCT). Patients were classified as intact, or neutered early (<12 mo) or late (≥12 mo). Statistical analyses involved survival analyses and incidence rate comparisons. Outcomes at the 5 percent level of significance are reported. Of early-neutered males, 10 percent were diagnosed with HD, double the occurrence in intact males. There were no cases of CCL diagnosed in intact males or females, but in early-neutered males and females the occurrences were 5 percent and 8 percent, respectively. Almost 10 percent of early-neutered males were diagnosed with LSA, 3 times more than intact males. The percentage of HSA cases in late-neutered females (about 8 percent) was 4 times more than intact and early-neutered females. There were no cases of MCT in intact females, but the occurrence was nearly 6 percent in late-neutered females. The results have health implications for Golden Retriever companion and service dogs, and for oncologists using dogs as models of cancers that occur in humans.
Characterization of a Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan Synthesized by Monkey Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells in Vitro

A monoclonal antibody against arterial smooth muscle cell chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan has been developed. Incubation of [35S]-methionine labeled proteoglycans with MAb 941 quantitatively immunoprecipitated all the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) synthesized by these cells. Digestion of the immunoprecipitate with chondroitin AC lyase revealed one major protein band (Mr 420,000) and two minor bands (Mr 509,000 and 390,000) on SDS-PAGE that are composed of very similar peptides when analyzed by limited peptide digestion by S. aureus V8 protease. Additional studies demonstrated that this monoclonal antibody recognized an epitope on the chondroitin sulfate chains. However, only a minor subpopulation (5–12%) of the alkaline-borohydride released glycosaminoglycan chains was immunoprecipitated and this subset of chains was slightly larger than the non-immunoprecipitated chains. High pressure liquid chromatography analysis of the disaccharides generated from the immunoprecipitated glycosaminoglycan ch...
Relationships Between the Parasitoid Hyposoter exiguae and the Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni : Effects of Host Age on Developmental Rate of the Parasitoid

Effects of age of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) on rate of development of Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck), a solitary endoparasitoid, and the relationships of parasitism to growth and developmental patterns of the host were determined. Hosts parasitized prior to the sixth day of age initially developed similarly to nonparasitized individuals, but from the 6th day parasitized larvae grew slower. The maximum weight of these larvae was about one-seventh that of nonparasitized individuals. Growth patterns of larvae parasitized after the sixth day of age are almost immediately observable. Parasitized individuals gain little or no weight as compared with normally developing larvae. The maximum weights of these larvae were one-fifth to one-third the weights of nonparasitized larvae. Parasitoid development time was significantly negative when correlated with host age. Those starting their development in 1-day-old hosts required 13.85 days to complete development, whereas parasitoids starting development in 10-day-old hosts required only 7.4 days to complete development. Developmental rate changes most dramatically from one- to four-day-old hosts, by more than four days. In hosts five-ten days old development differed by approximately one day.
Thermally conductive nylon 6,6 and polycarbonate based resins. II. Modeling

Increasing the thermal conductivity of typically insulating polymers opens new markets. A thermally conductive resin can be used for heat-sink applications. This research focused on extruding followed by injection molding and thermal conductivity testing of carbon filled nylon 6,6 and polycarbonate-based resins. The three carbon fillers investigated included an electrically conductive carbon black, synthetic graphite particles, and a milled pitch-based carbon fiber. For each polymer, conductive resins were produced and tested that contained varying amounts of these single carbon fillers. In addition, combinations of fillers were investigated by conducting a full 23 factorial design and a complete replicate in each polymer. These through-plane thermal conductivity experimental results were then compared to results predicted by several different thermal conductivity models. An improved thermal conductivity model was developed that fit the experimental results well for resins that contained single fillers and combinations of different fillers. This improved model was based on the original Nielsen model. A single value for the shape parameter, A (which is needed in Nielsen's model), was used for all three different fillers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 123–130, 2003
Mechanical Properties of Canine Articular Cartilage Are Significantly Altered Following Transection of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

The compressive, tensile, and swelling properties of articular cartilage were studied at two time periods following transection of the anterior cruciate ligament in the knee of greyhound dogs. An experimental protocol was designed to quantify the essential equilibrium and biphasic material properties of cartilage in tension, compression, and shear, as well as the parameters of isometric swelling behavior. All properties were measured at several sites to elicit differences between sites of frequent and less frequent contact. Hydration was determined at each site and was compared with the material properties of cartilage from corresponding sites. There were extensive changes in all compressive, tensile, and swelling properties of cartilage after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. Twelve weeks after surgery, the intrinsic moduli were reduced significantly in compression (approximately 24% of control values), tension (approximately 64%), and shear (approximately 24%), and the hydraulic permeability was elevated significantly (approximately 48%). Significant increases in hydration (approximately 9%) also were observed, as well as a strong correlation of hydration with hydraulic permeability. The pattern of these changes was not found to differ with site in the joint, but significant differences were observed in the magnitude of change for cartilage from the femoral groove and the femoral condyle. The pattern and extent of changes in the material properties following transection of the anterior cruciate ligament indicate that altered loading of the joint severely compromises the overall mechanical behavior of articular cartilage. The observed loss of matrix stiffness in compression, tension, and shear is associated with increases in the deformation of the solid matrix, a diminished ability to resist swelling, and the increase in hydration observed in this study. The increased swelling and elevated water content were related directly to the increase inhydraulic permeability; this suggests an associated loss of fluid pressurization as the load support mechanism in the degenerated cartilage. Without a successful mechanism for repair, damage to the solid matrix may progress and lead to further degenerative changes in the biochemistry, morphology, and mechanical behavior of articular cartilage.
Luminescent Properties of Hexanuclear Molybdenum(II) Chloride Clusters Containing Thiolate Ligands

The emission spectra of a series of molybdenum(II) chloride clusters containing thiolate ligands, [Mo6(μ3-Cl)8(SR)6]2− (R = Et, Bu, Ph, Bn), have been recorded. These complexes all show a broad emission at ~700 nm after excitation at 337, 400 and 410 nm. Determination of the excited state lifetimes and quantum yields of these complexes in acetonitrile reveals that (Bu4N)2[Mo6(μ3-Cl)8(SPh)6] displays the longest excited state lifetime of this series (26 μs at 296 K).
Promoting adherence to transplant medication regimens: a review of behavioral analysis.

Failure to adhere to complex behavioral regimens has been a significant and longstanding problem in healthcare. Transplant recipients are one patient population that needs to learn and incorporate a multidimensional regimen of behaviors into their lives. The literature indicates that not all transplant recipients adhere to their medication regimens, which can lead to graft loss and possibly death. Behavioral analysis is often used to increase adherence to health-related regimens and has been effective for a variety of health conditions. The use of behavioral analysis as a strategy to promote adherence behaviors has not been reported in the transplant literature. Transplant coordinators and clinicians should learn the principles of behavioral analysis and apply them to the care of transplant recipients to facilitate recipients' lifelong adherence behaviors.
The IBM PCIXCC: a new cryptographic coprocessor for the IBM eServer

IBM has designed special cryptographic processors for its servers for more than 25 years. These began as very simple devices, but over time the requirements have become increasingly complex, and there has been a never-ending demand for increased speed. This paper describes the PCIXCC, the new coprocessor introduced in the IBM z990 server. In many ways, PCIXCC is a watershed design. For the first time, a single product satisfies all requirements across all IBM server platforms. It offers the performance demanded by today's Web servers', it supports the complex and specialized cryptographic functions needed in the banking and finance industry, and it uses packaging technology that leads the world in resistance to physical or electrical attacks against its secure processes and the secret data it holds. Furthermore, it is programmable and highly flexible, so that its function can be easily modified to meet new requirements as they appear. These features are possible because of innovative design in both the hardware and embedded software for the card. This paper provides an overview of that design.
Numerical study of flame structure and soot inception interpreted in carbon-to-oxygen atom ratio space

Abstract The utility of interpreting flame results in carbon-to-oxygen atom ratio (C/O ratio) space, as opposed to physical space or mixture fraction space, is evaluated. Flame and soot zone structures of counterflow diffusion flames have been studied for C 2 H 4 and C 3 H 8 and interpreted in C/O ratio space as a function of stoichiometric mixture fraction ( Z st ). The Burke–Schumann results expressed in C/O ratio space demonstrate how a clear and direct understanding of how structure is affected by Z st can be realized in C/O ratio space because, unlike physical or mixture fraction space, the flame location is independent of stoichiometric mixture fraction. Numerical results with detailed chemical kinetics also indicate that C/O ratio space is a fundamental variable in the sense that, for a given fuel, the location of the flame zones and critical reactions is invariant with Z st and strain rate. Two zones are clearly observed, namely the radical pool and the soot precursor zone located on the fuel side of the flame. The onset threshold of soot precursors (C 6 H 5 and C 6 H 6 ) for the high temperature side of the soot precursor zone is characterized by the depletion of radicals. The role of the hydrogen radical in flame structure and soot inception is demonstrated by studying its production and consumption channels in C/O ratio space. Finally, a modified (C/O) ∗ is given to interpret the physical meaning of C/O ratio. The numerical results in this work indicate and explain the advantages of applying C/O ratio space in the analysis of flame structure and soot precursor chemistry.
The Social and relationship contexts and cognitions associated with romantic and sexual experiences of early-adolescent girls

Researchers have focused extensively on first intercourse experiences of adolescent girls, linking experiences to severe negative outcomes such as pregnancy and disease. Little is known about the social and relationship contexts or cognitions of the broader range of normative, positive experiences, especially among ethnically diverse samples of girls. An ethnically diverse sample of 180 earlyadolescent girls (12–14 years) was interviewed about individual, partner, situational, and relationship characteristics of their romantic and sexual interactions. Participation in unsupervised, mixedsex encounters and time alone with boys are early contexts of sexual interactions, but not for all girls and not on all occasions. Promotion of sexual and reproductive health relies on a broader focus of developmental processes associated with sexual and romantic experiences. Implications of the findings relate to the provision of education regarding the range of sexual experiences that constitute positive development.
Kinetics and products of propargyl (C3H3) radical self‐reactions and propargyl‐methyl cross‐combination reactions

Propargyl (HCCCH2) and methyl radicals were produced through the 193-nm excimer laser photolysis of mixtures of C3H3Cl/He and CH3N2CH3/He, respectively. Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric (GC/MS) product analyses were employed to characterize and quantify the major reaction products. The rate constants for propargyl radical self-reactions and propargyl-methyl cross-combination reactions were determined through kinetic modeling and comparative rate determination methods. The major products of the propargyl radical combination reaction, at room temperature and total pressure of about 6.7 kPa (50 Torr) consisted of three C6H6 isomers with 1,5-hexadiyne(CHCCH2CH2CCH, about 60%); 1,2-hexadiene-5yne (CH2CCCH2CCH, about 25%); and a third isomer of C6H6 (∼15%), which has not yet been, with certainty, identified as being the major products. The rate constant determination in the propargyl-methyl mixed radical system yielded a value of (4.0 ± 0.4) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for propargyl radical combination reactions and a rate constant of (1.5 ± 0.3) × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for propargyl-methyl cross-combination reactions. The products of the methyl-propargyl cross-combination reactions were two isomers of C4H6, 1-butyne (about 60%) and 1,2-butadiene (about 40%). © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 32: 118–124, 2000
Estimating the duration of dynamic effects with temporally aggregated observations

This paper discusses how an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimator can be used to obtain reasonably accurate estimates of the duration of dynamic effects in a Koyck model framework without knowledge of the true level of temporal aggregation of the data. With proper changes in the analytic derivation, the approach can be extended to other dynamic models.
Viscoelastic (Non-Fickian) Diffusion

This review paper deals with mass transport in macromolecular materials. The study of mass transport through polymeric composite materials for example has applications in a variety of areas such as coatings, packaging and gas separations, to name just a few. Here we discuss several models for diffusion as well as several experimental techniques. In particular, we discuss models for case II diffusion, from a continuum mechanics point of view as well as via a mesoscopic theory. Variables such as temperature, molecular structure and mechanical deformation, affecting mass transport are also discussed. Cette revue porte sur le transport de matiere dans les materiaux macromoleculaires. L'etude du transport de masse dans les materiaux composites polymeriques par exemple a des applications dans divers domaines, comme l'enrobage, l'emballage et la separation de gaz, pour en nommer quelques-uns. Nous examinons ici plusieurs modeles pour la diffusion ainsi que plusieurs techniques experimentales. En particulier, nous examinons des modeles pour la diffusion de type II, du point de vue de la mecanique des milieux continus et a partir d'une theorie mesoscopique. Des variables influant sur le transport de masse, telles la temperature, la structure moleculaire et la deformation mecanique, sont egalement etudiees.
Instantaneous flux distribution on a solar central receiver

An important aspect in the design of a Solar Central Receiver system is the distribution of the solar flux on the receiver. In this paper, information for the Central Receiver Pilot Plant, Solar One, at Barstow, California, on the time variation of the receiver flux during cloud passage, at sunrise and during the day, is presented. 11 references.
The reactivity of (1.5-cyclooctadiene)Rh(β-diketonate) compounds towards triorganophosphine ligands

Abstract The complexes (1,5-COD)Rh(β-diketonate) have been prepared by the reaction between[(1,5-COD)RhCl]2 and Na(β-diketonate), where β-diketonate = acetylacetonate (acac), trifluoroacetylacetonate (tfac), and hexafluoroacetylacetonate (hfac) and 1,5-COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene. These compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, mass spectroscopy. 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and (1,5-COD)Rh(tfac) was characterized, in the solid state, by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds (1,5-COD)Rh(β-diketonate) were reacted with a variety of triorganophosphines to investigate the substitutional lability of the 1,5-COD versus the triorganophosphine ligands. In all cases the 1,5-COD ligand was displaced. Reaction with two equivalents of PR3, R = Me, Et gave the species (PR3)2Rh(β-diketonate). The compound (PMe3)2Rh(tfac) was characterized in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Reaction of (1,5-COD)Rh(tfac) or (PMe3)2Rh(tfac) with an excess of PMe3 gave two species, A and B with the same empirical formula (Me3P)4Rh(tfac), but different in solution as determined by multinuclear and variable temperature NMR spectroscopy. Species A exhibited NMR data consistent with a trigonal-bipyramidal Rh coordination environment, while species B exhibited NMR data consistent with a square planar coordination environment consistent with the presence of an ion pair [(Me3P)4Rh]+ [tfac]−. Reaction of (1,5-COD)Rh(tfac) with one and two equivalents of bis(diethylphosphino)ethane, DEPE, gave (DEPE)Rh(tfac) and (DEPE)2Rh(tfac), respectively. The reaction of (Me3P)2Rh(tfac) with one equivalent of DEPE resulted in the formation of (Me3P)2(DEPE)Rh(tfac) which exhibited 31P NMR data more consistent with a square planar than a trigonal-bipyramidal Rh coordination environment. These results are in contrast to the reactions between (1,5-COD)Rh(β-diketonate) and analogous tertiary amines in which the β-diketonate ligand is displaced in preference to the olefin ligand.
Pain and distraction in athletes and non-athletes.

48 female Ss were divided into an athletic and a non-athletic group for the purpose of ascertaining differences on the parameters of pain threshold, pain tolerance, distracted pain tolerance, neuromuscular skill, and distracted neuromuscular skill. Distraction failed to raise tolerance to pain, although pain adversely affected the skill performance of both groups. Athletes demonstrated a higher pain tolerance than did non-athletes.
Cancer of the pancreas.

The National Cancer Institute sponsored a one-day workshop to discuss future plans for the study of pancreatic cancer. Ten participants discussed the limitations in progress against cancer of the pancreas and recommended studies in the areas of fundamental research, diagnosis, and treatment. They emphasized the need for coordination of clinical studies across the country, development of an early detection method, and participation of more biochemists to better define pancreatic pathophysiology.
Energy-Efficient Ranging for Post-Facto Self-Localization in Mobile Underwater Networks

Many ocean processes, both biological and physical, greatly depend on and interact with the intrinsic current dynamics of the underwater environment. A promising approach to understand small and large scale spatio-temporal correlations of these processes is to deploy a networked swarm of drifters that float freely with ocean currents. They form a coordinated distributed sampling system that observes ocean processes within their own moving frame of reference. As data interpretation is impossible without knowledge of sampling positions, a method is required to localize the drifters. Furthermore, the localization has to be repeated periodically as the network topology changes due to the inherent motion of the vehicles. This paper proposes a novel energy-aware, distributed solution based on inter-drifter range measurements. It leverages the realization that actual position estimation can be performed after the mission is over. The proposed broadcast-based solution achieves sufficient localization accuracy with an extremely low overhead: around 0.5 transmissions per node per localization.
Characterization of a ts-11–like Mycoplasma gallisepticum Isolate from Commercial Broiler Chickens

SUMMARY. Several commercial broiler flocks in northeastern Georgia that were the progeny of the same parent flock (Flock 40) were diagnosed as Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) positive by serology, culture, and PCR. Flock 40 had been vaccinated with ts-11 live MG vaccine. Several isolates were obtained from the MG-positive broiler flocks, and these isolates were indistinguishable from the ts-11 vaccine strain by the molecular strain differentiation methods used. A pathogenicity study was performed to compare the virulence of one of the isolates, K6216D, to the ts-11 vaccine strain. K6216D elicited a significantly stronger antibody response and significantly increased colonization of the tracheas and air sacs. K6216D also elicited significantly greater air sac and tracheal lesions than the ts-11 vaccine strain at 10 and 21 days postinoculation (P ≤ 0.05). This is the first report of a field case of the apparent reversion to virulence and vertical transmission of the ts-11 vaccine.
Light field video stabilization

We describe a method for producing a smooth, stabilized video from the shaky input of a hand-held light field video camera—specifically, a small camera array. Traditional stabilization techniques dampen shake with 2D warps, and thus have limited ability to stabilize a significantly shaky camera motion through a 3D scene. Other recent stabilization techniques synthesize novel views as they would have been seen along a virtual, smooth 3D camera path, but are limited to static scenes. We show that video camera arrays enable much more powerful video stabilization, since they allow changes in viewpoint for a single time instant. Furthermore, we point out that the straightforward approach to light field video stabilization requires computing structure-from-motion, which can be brittle for typical consumer-level video of general dynamic scenes. We present a more robust approach that avoids input camera path reconstruction. Instead, we employ a spacetime optimization that directly computes a sequence of relative poses between the virtual camera and the camera array, while minimizing acceleration of salient visual features in the virtual image plane. We validate our novel method by comparing it to state-of-the-art stabilization software, such as Apple iMovie and 2d3 SteadyMove Pro, on a number of challenging scenes.
Acoel development supports a simple planula-like urbilaterian.

Molecular approaches to the study of development and evolution have had profound effects on our understanding of the nature of the evolutionary process. Developmental biologists became intoxicated with fanciful notions of reconstructing genetic pathways of morphogenesis while evolutionary biologists were sobered by the fallacy of reconstructing organismal relationships along increasing grades of morphological complexity. Increased taxon sampling and improvements in analytical techniques are providing a new approach and are forcing biologists to move past historical biases to allow more accurate mapping of morphological and developmental characters through evolutionary time. Here, we discuss the possible developmental and morphological features of the ‘urbilaterian’, the triploblastic animal with anterior-posterior and dorsoventral axes and predecessor of the protostome–deuterostome ancestor. We argue that this animal, with features resembling acoelomorph flatworms, was far simpler morphologically than the protostome–deuterostome ancestor despite possessing a nearly complete eubilaterian genome. We show that the deployment of some genes expected to pattern the protostome–deuterostome ancestor is not deployed in acoels in the predicted manner and thus might have been co-opted after the evolution of the urbilaterian. We also identify the developmental changes related to gastrulation that gave rise to the urbilaterian from a simpler cnidarian-like ancestor.
On software design for stochastic processors

Much recent research [8, 6, 7] suggests significant power and energy benefits of relaxing correctness constraints in future processors. Such processors with relaxed constraints have often been referred to as stochastic processors [10, 15, 11]. In this paper we present three approaches for building applications for such processors. The first approach relies on relaxing the correctness of the application based upon an analysis of application characteristics. The second approach relies upon detecting and then correcting faults within the application as they arise. The third approach transforms applications into more error tolerant forms. In this paper, we show how these techniques that enhance or exploit the error tolerance of applications can yield significant power and energy benefits when computed on stochastic processors.
The chimpanzee nest quantified: morphology and ecology of arboreal sleeping platforms within the dry habitat site of Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda.

The nightly construction of a sleeping platform (SP) or “nest” is widely regarded as a universal behavior among great apes, yet SP structural morphology has been incompletely quantified to date. This is in part due to the inherent difficulties of gathering empirical data on arboreally sited SPs. I gathered quantitative structural data on SPs (n = 65) at the Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve from May to June 2008 and from August 2010 to January 2011. I measured SP length (semi-major axis length), width (semi-minor axis length), radii (length from the surface center to the rim edge 45° from the axis), depth (width of the concavity from the surface center to the parallel rim), and thickness (ventral center to the dorsal underside of the SP). SP complexity was defined with a scored index. SP complexity was found to be correlated with SP circumference, surface area, mass, proportion of soft leafy material to hard woody material, number of frame support branches used in its construction, and other measures that are argued to index “comfort.” In addition, the height of the tree canopy above the SP was negatively correlated with SP complexity. Greater complexity (and therefore stability) is argued to maintain SP integrity, stability and restraint in the face of greater wind speeds, thereby reducing the probability of falls. Given the observation that males site SPs lower than females (Fruth and Hohmann, Ethology 94:113–126, 1994; Brownlow et al., Am J Primatol 55:49–55, 2001), and that SP diameters were greater for SPs sited low in the canopy at Semliki, it is inferred that more massive males benefit from lower climbing expenses and greater stability. These data support Baldwin and colleagues’ (Primates 22:474–486, 1981) hypothesis that the principal advantage of SPs over open-branch sleeping sites is the greater stability required by large-bodied great apes.
Using a Values-Based Taxonomy in Counselor Education

Values such as respect for the client's privacy and respect for diversity are integral to training new counselors. This requires learning in the affective domain, defined as the internalization of values (Krathwohl, Bloom, & Masia, 1964). The affective taxonomy of Krathwohl et al. (1964) is presented as a means of teaching values and measuring the internalization of values. An example from a multicultural counseling course is offered as a template for implications in counselor education.
New Ultra-High-Isolation RF Switch Architecture and Its Use for a 10–38-GHz 0.18- $\mu$ m BiCMOS Ultra-Wideband Switch

A new RF switch architecture with ultrahigh isolation and possible gain is proposed, analyzed, and demonstrated using 0.18-μm BiCMOS technology. The new RF switch architecture achieves an ultrahigh isolation through implementation of a new RF leaking cancellation technique in which the RF leaking signal is suppressed by combining with its replica using a balun. Its isolation is substantially higher than that produced by a conventional switch topology. An analysis of the new active balun employed in the proposed RF switch is also conducted, showing its distinguished characteristic of good balance across ultra-wide frequency ranges, making possible not only the achievement of extremely high isolation, but also ultra-wideband isolation for the RF switch. Additionally, the active balun also provides some gain to compensate for the inherent loss of the RF switch. The newly designed 0.18-μm BiCMOS RF switch exhibits an ultra-broadband performance from 10 to 38 GHz with - 2.6-dB loss to 0.4-dB gain, isolation from 40 to about 70 dB, and input return loss from 8 to 20 dB under small-signal conditions. Within 35.5-38.5 GHz, its isolation reaches extremely high values, with the highest isolation around 70 dB at 36 GHz, approaching the measurable limit of the vector network analyzer. Measured insertion loss and isolation under large-signal conditions at 35 GHz show around 1-2 and 51.5 dB, respectively. The RF switch consumes a dc current of only 8 mA from a 1.8-V source. The extremely high isolation achievable by the new RF switch demonstrates the possibility of pushing RF system performance limited by switch isolation to a next level.
IDENTIFICATION OF CRYPTIC HOSTS FOR TWO INQUILINE PARASITES OF THE SEED-HARVESTER ANT POGONOMYRMEX AND NEW LOCALITIES FOR P. ANERGISMUS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)

The harvester ants Pogonomyrmex barbatus and P. rugosus serve as hosts for the parasitic ants P. anergismus and P. colei. Recent molecular studies demonstrated that morphology is unreliable for identification of hosts because the hosts contain cryptic species. Using mitochondrial-DNA sequences, we determined identity of 15 of 16 known populations of hosts, and in 9 instances, the identity of the particular host colony. Hosts are composed of 6 reproductively isolated lineages. While P. colei is known only from a single host, P. anergismus occurs in five distinct hosts and appears to have a much broader geographic range. We report seven new locality records for P. anergismus. Range extensions for P. anergismus in the United States consist of southwestern Texas including Big Bend National Park, northwestern Texas, central New Mexico, and south-central Arizona. We discuss factors that may influence dispersal of parasitic ants and host-parasite co-evolution.
Attenuated total reflection–Fourier-transform infrared and 27Al–nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of speciation and complexation in aqueous Al(III)–picolinate solutions

The speciation and infrared spectra of aqueous solutions containing dissolved aluminum and picolinic acid (2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) were investigated using a combination of attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared and 27Al–nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. Conditional equilibrium constants at an apparent ionic strength of 1.5 M are reported for the protonation of picolinate and the formation of Al(III)–picolinate complexes. The resolved infrared spectra of picolinic acid and the picolinate ion are assigned and evidence is presented that picolinic acid exists predominantly as a zwitterion in solution. It is demonstrated that the infrared spectra of the AlL2+ and AlL2+ complexes are indistinguishable within the limits of our uncertainty. The assignment of the spectrum of the Al(III)–picolinate complexes indicates that picolinate is coordinated bidentate to Al(III) through both the nitrogen of the pyridine ring and one of the oxygens of the carboxylate substituent. We hypothesize that an inner-sphere surface complex on an Al(III)–(hydr)oxide surface, if formed, will involve bidentate coordination of picolinate to aluminum and have an infrared signature similar to that determined here for the solution-phase Al(III)–picolinate complexes.