cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimizing induced drag with wing twist, computational-fluid-dynamics validation

A more practical analytical solution for the effects of wing twist on the performance of a finite wing of arbitrary planform has recently been presented. This infinite series solution is based on Prandtl's classical lifting-line theory, and the Fourier coefficients are presented in a form that depends only on wing geometry. Except for the special case of an elliptic planform, this solution shows that, if properly chosen, wing twist can be used to reduce the induced drag for a wing producing finite lift. A relation for the optimum twist distribution on a wing of arbitrary planform was presented. If this optimum twist distribution is used, the new solution predicts that a wing of any planform can be designed for a given lift coefficient to produce induced drag at the same minimum level as an elliptic wing having the same aspect ratio and no twist. In the present paper, results predicted from this new lifting-line solution are compared with results predicted from computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) solutions. In all cases, the CFD solutions showed that the drag reduction achieved with optimum twist was equal to or greater than that predicted by lifting-line theory.
Age-related differences in episodic memory: A synergistic contribution of genetic and physiological vascular risk factors.

OBJECTIVE Vascular risk is associated with impairments in age-sensitive cognitive functions. However, age-associated differences in vascular risk and cognitive functioning can be explained in part by genetic factors, such as the presence of e4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene. Although the links between these factors and cognitive deficits are frequently reported, their joint impact on healthy adults is rarely investigated. We hypothesized that phenotypic indicators of vascular risk (increased pulse pressure and high blood cholesterol levels) and genetic (APOE e4 allele) risk factors would exert a synergistic negative influence on episodic memory in healthy rather than typical adults. METHOD We measured blood pressure, blood cholesterol levels, recognition memory, and free recall in a life span sample of normotensive adults 18-77 years of age. APOE genotype was determined from buccal cultures. RESULTS A general linear model analysis showed that elevated pulse pressure was associated with poorer memory but only in the carriers of e4 allele--APOE Status × PP interaction, F(1, 110) = 4.82, η²(p) = .042, p = .03-whereas advanced age was associated with lower memory scores only in e3 homozygotes: APOE Status × Age, F(1, 110) = 4.92, η²(p) = .043, p = .029. CONCLUSIONS A joint influence of relatively mild risk factors is associated with reduced memory performance, even in healthy adults.
Production of high vowels in Canadian English and Canadian French: A comparison of early bilingual and monolingual speakers

Abstract The goal of this study is to investigate how monolingual and early bilingual speakers of Canadian English and Canadian French produce high vowels. The vowels of the bilingual participants were assessed in their two languages, thus permitting the exploration of interactions between the two languages. Findings indicated that the bilinguals formed separate categories across the two languages for similar vowels, and produced monolingual-like values for these vowels. When speaking English, they produced lax vowels that were low and less dispersed (for F2); these vowels were similar to the vowels of the English-speaking monolinguals. When speaking French the bilinguals produced lax vowels that were somewhat higher and more peripheral, like the French monolinguals. The results of the present study differ from investigations of late bilinguals, whose vowel productions exhibited influences of the phonemic categories of their first language. This work contributes to a small but growing body of research of the acoustic-phonetic differences between Canadian English and Canadian French and to the understanding of acoustic-phonetic abilities of early bilingual speakers.
Analogs of tetrahydrofolic acid. XIII. On the mode of binding of the anilino group of 2-amino-5-(3-anilinopropyl)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol to dihydrofolic reductase and thymidylate synthetase † ‡

Six analogs of 2-amino-5-(3-anilinopropyl)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (II) with modifications in the anilino group have been synthesized in order to shed light on the mode of binding of the anilino group to dihydrofolic reductase and thymidylate synthetase. Replacement of the anilino group of II with n-butylamino (XI) led to great decrease in binding, indicating that the anilino group did not bind to these enzymes in the protonated form. Replacement of the anilino group of II with benzyl gave a compound (XIIb) which was a 26-fold and 1.5-fold better inhibitor of dihydrofolic reductase and thymidylate synthetase, respectively; these results indicated that the NH portion of the anilino group contributed less to the enzyme binding than did the benzene ring, and that the latter probably was bound as an electron acceptor in a charge-transfer complex to an electron-rich locus on the enzyme. Further evidence was also obtained that the benzene ring was complexing as an electron acceptor by placement of electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups on the p-positions of anilino group, and by N-acetylation of the anilino group.
Effect of compression ratio on speech recognition and speech-quality ratings with wide dynamic range compression amplification.

This project examined the effect of varying compression ratio on speech recognition and quality. Both listeners with mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss and a control group of listeners wit...
Online Mentoring: Programs and Suggested Practices as of February 2001

SUMMARY Online mentoring–creating a supportive, caring, online friendship between an adult volunteer and a proteAgeA–is one of the most popular forms of online volunteering, and new programs are launched regularly, usually involving adult mentors and youth proteAgeAs. From December 1996 through February 2001, the Virtual Volunteering Project sought to create an index and summary of all known online mentoring programs, to research existing programs' effective practices and program results, to research how effective practices for traditional, face-to-face mentoring could be applied to online programs, and to share these practices and other information relating to online mentoring via the project's Web site. This article summarizes the findings and provides a listing and description of all known online mentoring programs.
AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES OF CUATRO CIÉNEGAS, COAHUILA, MÉXICO: NATIVES AND EXOTICS

A recent survey of benthic macroinvertebrates of the Cuatro Cienegas basin found 118 species in the 21 sites collected. Four exotic macroinvertebrates that could threaten the native biota were found within or near the basin.
The Rise of the Megachurches and Changes in Religious Culture: Review Article

Megachurches represent an emerging and powerful force within American Religion. These large, Protestant churches that average at least 2,000 attendees per week are reshaping religion locally, regionally, and nationally as well as at the denominational and congregational levels. Megachurch leaders have been leaders in religious innovation since the 1970s, ushering in major changes in church architecture, ritual practices, polity, and marketing. In this essay, I review the nascent literature on megachurches. First, I discuss the major descriptive findings from several surveys and case studies of megachurches. Second, I examine scholars’ efforts to explain how and why megachurches have emerged and grown over the past forty years. Finally, I suggest several lines of future inquiry that may allow sociologists of religion to extend or refine existing cultural and market based theories of religious change and church-sect theory.
A critical evaluation of body weight loss following lateral hypothalamic lesions.

Abstract The possibility that factors in addition to motivational or psychomotor deficits contribute to body weight losses following lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions was assessed in 2 experiments. Rats with LH lesions failed to gain weight when compared to sham-operated controls, when equal quantities of nutrients were given by intragastric feeding. They also lost weight more rapidly than controls under total starvation conditions regardless of whether food was present or absent in the GI tract prior to surgery. These results could not be explained on the basis of differences in urine or fecal output or activity levels. An increase in core temperature was found in LH lesioned rats immediately following surgery and throughout the experimental period. These results suggest that lateral hypothalamic lesions induce a metabolic impairment.
Analyzing the efficacy of using digital ink devices in a learning environment

There has been increased interest on the impact of mobile devices such as PDAs and Tablet PCs in introducing new pedagogical approaches and active learning experiences. We propose an intelligent system that efficiently addresses the inherent subjectivity in student perception of note taking and information retrieval. We employ the idea of cross indexing the digital ink notes with matching electronic documents in the repository. Latent Semantic Indexing is used to perform document and page level indexing. Thus for each retrieved document, the user can go over to the relevant pages that match the query. Techniques to handle problems such as polysemy (multiple meanings of a word) in large databases, document folding and no match for query are discussed. We tested our system for its performance, usability and effectiveness in the learning process. The results from the exploratory studies reveal that the proposed system provides a highly enhanced student learning experience, thereby facilitating high test scores.
Reply to comment by Maurice et al. in response to “Bragg’s Law Diffraction Simulations for Electron Backscatter Diffraction Analysis”

A reply to Maurice et al.'s comment on "Bragg's Law Diffraction Simulations for Electron Backscatter Diffraction" is presented. A new method for microscope geometry calibration is briefly presented. Also, evidence that simple diffraction simulations can be profitable tools for absolute elastic strain measurements in crystalline materials is reiterated.
The thermal degradation of poly(aryl—ether—ether—ketone) (PEEK) as monitored by pyrolysis—GC/MS and TG/MS☆

Abstract The thermal degradation of poly(aryl—ether—ether—ketone) has been studied over a range of pyrolysis conditions using both a flash pyrolysis—gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique (Py—GC/MS) and a thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry technique. The major volatile thermal decomposition product was found to be phenol, which dominated all other volatile species especially under the least severe pyrolysis conditions. Under more severe pyrolysis conditions, such as those encountered in the Py—GC/MS experiments, a much wider range of volatile products was obtained. The results have been interpreted to imply that the primary random chain scission reactions occur at the ether linkages and it is only under more severe pyrolysis conditions that random chain scission also involves the ketone linkage.
An approach to automated partial structure expansion

Abstract An algorithm (ASSEMBLE) to construct all structures consistent with the structural implications of the chemical and spectroscopic properties of an unknown molecule is described. The design of ASSEMBLE takes cognizance of the need to supply some nonoverlapping substructure information in addition to the molecular formula, and the use of structural constraints that cannot be directly expressed as non-overlapping fragments. ASSEMBLE employs several heuristics (rules) intended to avoid the assembly of identical (isomorphic) graphs. To provide a non-redundant list of structures, duplicate structures are recognized and removed by a naming algorithm. ASSEMBLE also perceives different π-resonance forms as identical structures even when they are topologically non-equivalent.
Crystal structure of a complex of Escherichia coli glycerol kinase and an allosteric effector fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

The three-dimensional structures of Escherichia coli glycerol kinase (GK) with bound glycerol in the presence and absence of one of the allosteric regulators of its activity, fructose 1,6-bisphosph...
Challenges for Cognition in Intelligence Analysis

Intelligence analysis is a high-stakes domain that poses challenges to effective individual and collaborative cognition. The design of support tools and analytical pedagogy could benefit from an un...
Virtual crystal approximation revisited: Application to dielectric and piezoelectric properties of perovskites

We present an approach to the implementation of the virtual crystal approximation (VCA) for the study of properties of solid solutions in the context of density-functional methods. Our approach can easily be applied to any type of pseudopotential, and also has the advantage that it can be used to obtain estimates of the atomic forces that would arise if the real atoms were present, thus giving insight into the expected displacements in the real alloy. We have applied this VCA technique within the Vanderbilt ultrasoft-pseudopotential scheme to predict dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Zr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.5}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ solid solution in its paraelectric and ferroelectric phases, respectively. Comparison with calculations performed on ordered alloy supercells and with data on parents compounds demonstrates the adequacy of using the VCA for this perovskite solid solution. In particular, the VCA approach reproduces the anomalous Born effective charges and the large value of the piezoelectric coefficients.
An area-efficient 3.5GHz fractional-N frequency synthesizer with capacitor multiplier in millimeter-wave gigabit wireless communication

This paper presents a CMOS 65nm sigma-delta frequency synthesizer with an embedded capacitor multiplier to support the multi-gigabit baseband data rate for millimeter-wave wireless communication. The capacitor multiplier achieves an equivalent value of 540 pF and save 90 % of area for the main capacitor. It is optimized for noise performance to provide the phase noise of −117 dBc/Hz from voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) at 1MHz frequency offset of 3.456 GHz. The current consumption for the multiplier is 327 uA. The VCO covers 3.5 GHz with 1GHz frequency range to supports multiple data rates (3.52 Gbps, 3.456 Gbps and 2.97 Gbps) in IEEE 802.15.3c. Moreover, a flexible reference frequency from 10 MHz to 40 MHz can be selected because of the feature given by fractional-N PLL architecture. The adjustable reference frequency therefore provides more design margin for system integration. With this area-efficient design, the synthesizer can be integrated into the 60GHz transceiver as a baseband solution.
Lamotrigine-associated rash and blood dyscrasias in a methadone-treatment patient with hepatitis C.

Received January 25, 2005; revised March 24, 2005; accepted April 20, 2005. From the Dept. of Psychiatry, State Univ. of New York (SUNY); Upstate Medical Univ., Syracuse; and the VA Center for Integrated Healthcare, VA Healthcare Network, Upstate New York, Syracuse. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Batki, Dept. of Psychiatry, State Univ. of New York, Upstate Medical Univ., 713 Harrison St., Syracuse, NY 13210. e-mail: batkis@upstate.edu Copyright 2006 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine Individuals with hepatitis C infection and those in methadone treatment are known to have high rates of mood disorders. Lamotrigine is an anticonvulsant approved by the FDA for the treatment of bipolar disorder, particularly for bipolar depression. Rash has been reported as the most frequent adverse effect of lamotrigine, whereas blood dyscrasias have been noted rarely. We report the occurrence of rash, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia associated with lamotrigine in a methadone-treatment patient with hepatitis C infection.
Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain

Five chapters in the book's first part, "Some Elementary Neuroscience," sketch the history of the science of nervous systems and provide a general introduction to neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, and neuropsychology. In the second part, "Recent Developments in the Philosophy of Science," chapters place the mind-body problem within the wider context of the philosophy of science. Drawing on recent research in this area, a general account of intertheoretic reduction is explained, arguments for a reductionist strategy are developed, and traditional objections from dualists and other anti reductionists are answered in novel ways. The third part, "A Neurophilosophical Perspective," concludes the book with a presentation and discussion of some of the most promising theoretical developments currently under exploration in functional neurobiology and in the connectionist models within artificial intelligence research. A Bradford Book.
Efficient management of the power sector in developing countries

Abstract The paper examines the power requirements of Third World countries given their growth prospects. It examines the financial implications of these requirements. It also considers the potential for better energy management together with the financial mechanisms and policies that can improve the performance of developing countries power utilities and the treatment of environmental impacts. The paper concludes that in the short to medium term there is considerable scope to practise better energy management and stresses the importance of integrated national energy planning and policy analysis.
Opacification of Right Lung in a Young Woman

A 18-year-old black woman was admitted to the hospital in a coma following ingestion of 70 mg of methadone ten hours prior to admission. She was not a heroin addict, but admitted later taking oral methadone intermittently. Physical examination disclosed irregular shallow respirations of 10 per minute. The blood pressure was normal and her temperature was 101 #{176}F ( 38.3#{176} C ) . The oropharynx was filled with frothy secretions. There were diminished breath sounds with scattered crepitations over the entire right lung. The left lung was clear. Examination of the heart was unremarkable except for sinus tachycardia. Deep tendon reflexes were diminished to absent. There were no focal neurologic signs or needle marks on the skin. The white blood cell count was
Vector Hartley transform

The fast Hartley transform provides the same information as the fast Fourier transform (FFT) but with greater speed and efficiency when the input data are real. An algorithm for taking the Hartley transform of a long sequence on a multiprocessor machine by simultaneously transforming short subsequences does not require complex arithmetic and is faster than analogous techniques which use the Fourier transform.
Of “Doubtful Nationality”: Political Manipulation of Citizenship in the D. R. Congo

Politically fomented restrictions on citizenship eligibility are on the rise in Africa. This has proven particularly so in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where, over more than 40 years since independence, the citizenship of the “Rwandophone” minority (peoples of Rwandan/Burundese heritage, including the much-discussed “Banyamulenge”), has been switched on and off as expediency dictated, a key element in the divide-and-rule strategies of political elites, and in the outbreak of two recent wars. Recognizing this, in 2004, the post-war Transition Government promulgated a new law on nationality. But it is far from clear that this will resolve the core problem. First, at the level of legal principle, this law does not seem likely to eliminate the many ambiguities concerning the national status of Rwandophones. Second, citizenship in the DRC has as much to do with the politics of implementing the law on the ground as with the law itself. Third, does the political relationship between the individual and the s...
Integration of information professionals in the newsroom: Two organizational models for research services

Closings have led some to suggest that news libraries are in crisis and require significant changes. In an effort to provide better service, some news libraries assign news librarians, or researchers, to editorial teams, increasing their visibility among the reporters they serve. Other organizations maintain centralized research services, focusing instead on expanding their influence as a team. This article describes a study of four news organizations, two that have adopted the integrated team model and two that provide centralized information services exclusively. Although only minor differences are observed based upon the organizational model in place, there is some evidence that news researchers who are proactive and integrated within the organizational function are more valued by these journalists.
Influence of dexmedetomidine therapy on the management of severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome in critically ill patients

Abstract Purpose Although benzodiazepines are first-line drugs for alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), rapidly escalating doses may offer little additional benefit and increase complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dexmedetomidine's impact on benzodiazepine requirements and hemodynamics in AWS. Materials and Methods This retrospective case series evaluated 33 critically ill adults with a primary diagnosis of AWS from 2006 to 2012 at an academic medical center. Results Dexmedetomidine began a median (interquartile range) of 11 (2, 32) hours into intensive care unit admission and was titrated to an infusion rate of 0.7 (0.4, 0.7) μ g kg −1 h −1 to achieve the desired depth of sedation. In the 12 hours after dexmedetomidine began, patients experienced a 20-mg reduction in median cumulative benzodiazepine dose used ( P P = .03), and a 17-beats/min reduction in median heart rate ( P Conclusion Dexmedetomidine decreased benzodiazepine requirements and improved the overall hemodynamic profile of patients with severe AWS. These results provide promising evidence about the potential benefit of dexmedetomidine for AWS.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin from mouse serum isolation and characterization.

Abstract 1. 1. Alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha-1-protease inhibitor) was isolated from mouse serum by a series of electrophoretic and chromatographic steps. 2. 2. We found it to be a glycoprotein of a mass ratio of 57.7 Kd. The extinction coefficient was E 1cm.280 1% = 4.74. 3. 3. It inhibits bovine trypsin, human granulocytic and porcine pancreatic elastase. 4. 4. Its concentration in serum differs between inbred strains. Of those tested the concentration in C57BL/6J males was lowest with 5.58 ± 0.71 mg/ml (females: 3.02 ± 0.39) and that in DBA/2J was highest: 8.5 ± 0.87 mg/ml (females: 4.09 ± 0.51). 5. 5. The concentration of alpha-1-antitrypsin in male serum was almost twice as high as that in females of all strains tested.
Concurrent Eosinophilic Fasciitis and Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Eosinophilic Fasciitis as a Paraneoplastic Syndrome of T-Cell Malignant Neoplasms?

• Eosinophilic fasciitis has been reported to precede hematologic malignant neoplasms such as myelomonocytic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. In this case study, eosinophilic fasciitis occurred concurrently with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides). The clinical diagnosis of eosinophilic fasciitis was based on painful sclerodermatous lesions on the extremities and trunk without acrosclerosis. There was histologic confirmation with edema and lymphocytic inflammation in the superficial muscular fascia and dermis. Deposition of immune reactants was found in the fascia and dermis. In addition, peripheral eosinophilia and circulating immune complexes were detected. The diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) was based on extensive erythematous cutaneous plaques, dermal and epidermal lymphocytic atypia, loss of pan-T-cell immunologic markers, and a cutaneous lesional T-cell receptor β-chain rearrangement by Southern blot analysis. Eosinophilic fasciitis may occur as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with hematologic malignant neoplasms, including mycosis fungoides. Cytokines or lymphokines released by activated immunocytes, either malignant leukocytes or normal leukocytes reacting to malignant cells, may be responsible for the eosinophilia and sclerosis seen in these associated hematologic malignant neoplasms. ( Arch Dermatol. 1991;127:862-865)
Theoretical analysis of colloidal interaction energy in nanoparticle suspensions

Abstract This study is focused on understanding interaction energies for Al 2 O 3 nanoparticle suspensions at high solids loadings. Among the four interaction energies: van der Waals interaction energy, electrostatic interaction energy, steric interaction energy, and depletion interaction energy, the study found that the van der Waals attraction is the dominant mechanism in destabilizing the dispersion system; the steric repulsion is a more effective stabilization mechanism than the electrostatic repulsion. The fundamental cause for an unstable suspension due to the particle–particle close contact and thus attraction at high solids loading can be overcome by increasing the particle–particle repulsion. When a dispersant is used in a suspension, the polymer chain length must be carefully selected so that the dispersant provides enough stabilization but does not compromise the maximum achievable solids loading. If an appropriate dispersant is chosen, up to 45 vol% solids loading suspension can be obtained for the Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles.
Fermentation of Cucumbers Brined with Calcium Chloride Instead of Sodium Chloride

Waste water containing high levels of NaCl from cucumber fermentation tank yards is a continuing problem for the pickled vegetable industry. A major reduction in waste salt could be achieved if NaCl were eliminated from the cucumber fermentation process. The objectives of this project were to ferment cucumbers in brine containing CaCl(2) as the only salt, to determine the course of fermentation metabolism in the absence of NaCl, and to compare firmness retention of cucumbers fermented in CaCl(2) brine during subsequent storage compared to cucumbers fermented in brines containing both NaCl and CaCl(2) at concentrations typically used in commercial fermentations. The major metabolite changes during fermentation without NaCl were conversion of sugars in the fresh cucumbers primarily to lactic acid which caused pH to decrease to less than 3.5. This is the same pattern that occurs when cucumbers are fermented with NaCl as the major brining salt. Lactic acid concentration and pH were stable during storage and there was no detectable production of propionic acid or butyric acid that would indicate growth of spoilage bacteria. Firmness retention in cucumbers fermented with 100 to 300 mM CaCl(2) during storage at a high temperature (45 degrees C) was not significantly different from that obtained in fermented cucumbers with 1.03 M NaCl and 40 mM CaCl(2). In closed jars, cucumber fermentations with and without NaCl in the fermentation brine were similar both in the chemical changes caused by the fermentative microorganisms and in the retention of firmness in the fermented cucumbers.
A new computer system for education

Abstract Advances in available computer and data communications technology are not, in general, immediately available in the classroom and laboratory. This paper gives details of a computer board which uses state-of-the-art technology to create a system which is useful as a classroom tool as well as a research and laboratory instrument. The new system encourages a hands-on approach by making available to the user all the appropriate signals. The board utilizes a Motorola 68030 microprocessor augmented with a 68882 floating point unit (FPU) to provide the compute power of the system. The system also has 8 MB of dynamic RAM combined with a large cache, as well as 128 KB of read-only memory. In addition, the system has SCSI and VME bus interfaces, an Ethernet interface, two RS232 terminal connections, and two parallel/timer ports for project implementation. The new computer board is host independent and thus can operate as a stand alone system. Researchers in electrical engineering can benefit from the facilities provided, as well as engineers working in microprocessor design and implementation, programming, data networking, operating systems, instrumentation and computer interfacing areas. In this paper, we cover topics which utilize many features of the system, such as digital signal processing, digital control and image processing.
Hardware and Software Complex for MM-Wave Spectroscopic Research

A hardware and software complex intended for investigation of spectral and energy characteristics of resonant systems in the mm range is described. The complex has been integrated into a cryodielectrometer to measure losses of electromagnetic energy in dielectric and semiconductor materials in the 40-80 GHz frequency range at temperatures between 0.85 K and 300 K.
The molecular weight and viscosity of chondroitin-sulfuric acid☆

Abstract 1. 1. The molecular weights of different preparations of chondroitin-sulfuric acid from bovine cartilage have been determined by osmotic pressure measurements. Preparations of high purity were obtained by use of Co(NH3)6Cl3 as a precipitant. 2. 2. Extraction with strong alkali yielded material of low MN and [η]. Use of CaCl2 gave material of higher MN and [η], while extraction of stored cartilage with KCl resulted in material with constants of intermediate range. 3. 3. The preparations were polydisperse in molecular size and data did not fit the Mark relation, [η] = KMα. 4. 4. The value of MN of CaCl2-extracted material was 43,300 as compared to a value of 160,000 estimated by interpolation from viscosity and molecular length (flow birefringence) data of Blix and Snellman for similar preparations. This discrepancy may be due to the presence of an asymmetric impurity in the latter preparations since neither the Co(NH3)6Cl3-purified preparations nor a preparation containing a chondroitin-protein complex showed any flow birefringence in buffer solution with gradients up to 26,000 sec.−1. The same preparations, however, showed birefringence when dissolved in pure water. This is evidence that the shape of the chondroitin molecule depends upon the ionic environment.
Combined external and internal hospital disaster: impact and response in a Houston trauma center intensive care unit.

Objective To increase awareness of specific risks to healthcare systems during a natural or civil disaster. We describe the catastrophic disruption of essential services and the point-by-point response to the crisis in a major medical center. Design Case report, review of the literature, and discussion. Setting A 28-bed intensive care unit in a level I trauma center in the largest medical center in the world. Case In June 2001, tropical storm Allison caused >3 feet of rainfall and catastrophic flooding in Houston, TX. Memorial Hermann Hospital, one of only two level I trauma centers in the community, lost electrical power, communications systems, running water, and internal transportation. All essential hospital services were rendered nonfunctional. Life-saving equipment such as ventilators, infusion pumps, and monitors became useless. Patients were triaged to other medical facilities based on acuity using ground and air ambulances. No patients died as result of the internal disaster. Conclusion Adequate training, teamwork, communication, coordination with other healthcare professionals, and strong leadership are essential during a crisis. Electricity is vital when delivering care in today’s healthcare system, which depends on advanced technology. It is imperative that hospitals take the necessary measures to preserve electrical power at all times. Hospitals should have battery-operated internal and external communication systems readily available in the event of a widespread disaster and communication outage. Critical services such as pharmacy, laboratories, blood bank, and central supply rooms should be located at sites more secure than the ground floors, and these services should be prepared for more extensive performances. Contingency plans to maintain protected water supplies and available emergency kits with batteries, flashlights, two-way radios, and a nonelectronic emergency system for patient identification are also very important. Rapid adaptation to unexpected adverse conditions is critical to the successful implementation of any disaster plan.
SUDDEN ONSET OF SUBJECTIVE DIMENSIONALITY: A CASE STUDY

For 45 years, Bob had no subjective sense of depth; the world appeared two-dimensional to him. Then, when he was viewing mountain vistas while using marijuana, he suddenly was able to see three dimensions. This case, apparently unique in the literature, suggests that subjective dimensionality may be functionally separate from use of distance cues.
The future of surgery in the treatment of breast cancer

Abstract The role of surgery cannot be discussed independently, but in relationship to the other modalities of treatment. Sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy has revolutionized the role of surgery in axillary staging. Techniques of sentinel node mapping, the timing relative to chemotherapy, possible contraindications, and the necessity of completion axillary dissection are all under active investigation. The next few years will see continued changes in this important technique. Techniques of localizing clinically occult tumors are numerous and under study. These are not yet at the level of Phase III comparative trials. Induction chemotherapy has long been standard care for women with locally advanced breast cancer. It has not become standard care for Stage I or II breast cancers that meet criteria for adjuvant therapy. The ability to significantly downsize 80% of breast cancers is reason enough to make it usual practice for women who are certain to receive chemotherapy, if only for the cosmetic advantage that would accrue. Much has been made of the use of thermal ablation of small breast cancers by small probes introduced by skin puncture. In initial trials the lesions were excised after being heated or frozen. Current studies are leaving the destroyed tissue in place and following for evidence of control or recurrence. The value of this approach in terms of cosmesis is unproven, and the timing of its introduction when small tumors are being evaluated for margins and genetic markers, make it difficult to imagine broad acceptance. Finally, the role of prophylactic surgery for women at increased risk remains a difficult equation, compounded of alternatives such as chemoprevention, availability and effectiveness of surveillance techniques, and the level of fear and anxiety of the patient.
Extinction measurements for optical band gap determination of soot in a series of nitrogen-diluted ethylene/air non-premixed flames

Visible light extinction was measured in a series of nitrogen-diluted, ethylene/air, non-premixed flames and this data was used to determine the optical band gap, OBG, as a function of flame position. Collimated light from a supercontinuum source is telescopically expanded and refocused to match the f – number of a dispersing monochromator. The dispersed light is split into a power metering channel and a channel that is periscoped and focused into the flame. The transmitted light is then recollimated and focussed onto a silicon photodiode detector. After tomographic reconstruction of the radial extinction field, the OBG was derived from the near-edge absorption feature using Tauc/Davis–Mott analysis. A slight evolution in OBG was observed throughout all flame systems with a consistent range of OBG observed between approximately 1.85 eV and 2.35 eV. Averaging over all positions the mean OBG was approximately 2.09 eV for all flame systems. Comparing these results to previously published computational results relating calculated HOMO–LUMO gaps for a variety of D2h PAH molecules to the number of aromatic rings in the structure, showed that the observed optical band gap is consistent with a PAH of about 14 rings or a conjugation length of 0.97 nm. This work provides experimental support to the model of soot formation where the transition from chemical to physical growth starts at a modest molecular size; about the size of circumpyrene.
Lung cancer and its early detection using biomarker-based biosensors.

1. Introduction 67831.1. Lung Cancer 67831.2. Causes, Genetic Changes, and TraditionalScreening of Lung Cancer 67831.3. Lung Cancer Biomarkers 67841.4. Biomarker Detection for Early Stage Screeningof Lung Cancer 67862. Matrix for Recognition Biomolecule Immobilization 67863. Electrochemical Transducers for Lung CancerBiomarker Detection 67983.1. Voltammetry-BasedBiosensorsforLungCancerBiomarker Detection 67993.1.1. Diﬀerential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)-Based Lung Cancer Biomarker Detection 67993.1.2. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)-Based LungCancer Biomarker Detection 68013.1.3. Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV)- andSquare Wave Voltammetry (SWV)-BasedLung Cancer Biomarker Detection 68033.2. Amperometric and Other ElectrochemicalTechniques-Based Lung Cancer BiomarkerDetection 68044. Optical Techniques-Based Lung Cancer BiomarkerDetection 68045. Other Techniques for Lung Cancer BiomarkerDetection 68056. Conclusions 6806Author Information 6807Biographies 6807Acknowledgment 6807Glossary 6807References 6808
The photolysis of silyl azides

Abstract The photolysis of several trialkylsilyl azides has been studied in detail. The first observable product of the photolysis was found to be a silazane azide which was shown to undergo subsequent photolysis to cyclodisilazanes and higher molecular weight materials. Migratory aptitude ratios are discussed in the context of conformationl analysis.
Method of effective stress for fatigue: Part I – A general theory

Abstract It is well known that the elastic notch stress alone is insufficient for the estimation of fatigue life of structures. Instead suitably defined effective stress has to be introduced in order to establish the proper relationship between the (local) stress and material (fatigue-)strength. This circumstance is widely ascribed to the effect of stress gradient or more generally of non-uniformity of the stress. Numerous effective stress definitions are available. At first glance, they seem independent and differently motivated. To unify the existing methods and to get deeper insight into the methods of effective stress, a general theory is developed on the basis of the functional analysis in the current part of this paper. The crux is to conceive of the effective stress as the result of a mapping of the elastic stress field by a functional. By assuming the underlying stress space to be Hilbertian and endowing the functional with some simple properties (linearity and continuity), a general integral form involving the elastic stress and an integral kernel is obtained for the effective stress using the Riesz representation theorem. The important physical property of regularity (boundedness) of the effective stress turns out to be the direct result of the properties attributed to the functional. The relation between the effective stress and the elastic strain shows a strong similarity to the stress–strain relation known in the nonlocal continuum mechanics and thus reveals the nonlocal character of fatigue. Some well-known effective stress methods, like the so-called critical distance methods (Moore, Peterson, Taylor), the stress averaging method by Neuber, etc., are exemplified. It turns out that these methods differ from each other only in the integral kernels chosen for the functional. The question of the proper stress needed for the description of the statistical size effect is critically examined. Also the topic of the fatigue strength at the micro-scale is discussed. The Neuber method, a special case of the general theory, will be applied to V-notches and seam welds in Part II of this paper.
First-year students' perspectives on intercultural learning

Faculty can play a critical role in supporting students' intercultural development, but studies indicate that instructors report a lack of formal understanding about how to maximize this opportunity. Through the investigation of 115 first-year students' written reflections, this study provides faculty with students' perspectives on intercultural learning moments that were supported by pedagogical and curricular components. The findings suggest that moments students note as critical to their intercultural development may be initiated within the classroom through intentional knowledge sharing and awareness building, yet extended further by students both inside and outside of the classroom context. This article explores student intercultural learning from the perspective of the student and discusses implications for both classroom and campus culture.
Infrared spectroscopy of interplanetary dust in the laboratory

A mount containing three crushed chondritic interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) collected in the earth's stratosphere and subjected to infrared spectroscopic measurements shows features near 1000 and 500/cm, suggesting crystalline pyroxene rather than crystalline olivine, amorphous olivine, or meteoritic clay minerals. Chondritic IDP structural diversity and atmospheric heating effects must be considered when comparing this spectrum with interplanetary and cometary dust astrophysical spectra. TEM and infrared observations of one member of the rare subset of IDPs resembling hydrated carbonaceous chondrite matrix material shows a close infrared spectrum resemblance between 4000 and 400/cm to the C2 meteorite Murchison. TEM observations suggest that this class of particles may be used as an atmospheric entry heating-process thermometer.
Machiavellian project managers: do they perform better?

Abstract This study looks at the value of political skill in the field of project management. Its aim is to look for a relationship between the political skill of the project manager and the outcome in the shape of personal rewards for him. Although the word ‘politics’ has unpleasant overtones for many people, if political skill is related to personal success, a trainee project manager would do well to overcome any distaste he feels and cultivate Machiavellian skills in parallel with his technical skills. Primary data was obtained from a population of project managers and a linear regression equation for the project manager's salary is developed. No support was found for a relationship between Machiavellianism and success in project management.
MicroRNA Expression Aids the Preoperative Diagnosis of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate microRNA (miRNA) expression in pancreatic resection specimens and fine needle aspiration biopsies and determine which, if any, miRNAs aid the distinction between benign and malignant pancreatic tumors in limited cytology material. METHODS Resection specimens containing adenocarcinoma (n = 17), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (n = 11), and nonneoplastic tissues (n = 15) were evaluated for miR-21, miR-221, miR-100, miR-155, and miR-181b expression by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and a subset of carcinomas and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms was analyzed with miRNA microarrays. Cellblocks containing carcinoma (n = 26) or benign pancreatic lesions (n = 11) from fine needle aspiration biopsies were subjected to qRT-PCR for miR-21, miR-221, miR-181b, miR-196a, and miR-217. RESULTS Carcinomas showed higher expression of miR-21, miR-221, miR-155, miR-100, and miR-181b than benign lesions by qRT-PCR, and overexpression of miR-21, miR-221, and miR-181b was confirmed by microarray analysis. Cellblocks containing carcinoma showed higher expression of miR-21, miR-221, and miR-196a than those from benign lesions (P < 0.001, P = 0.009, and P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas show differential expression of miRNAs compared to benign pancreatic lesions. A select panel of miRNAs aids the distinction between pancreatic lesions in cytology specimens.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Real-Time Algorithms for Calibration, Filtering, and Alarms

Algorithms for real-time use in continuous glucose monitors are reviewed, including calibration, filtering of noisy signals, glucose predictions for hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic alarms, compensation for capillary blood glucose to sensor time lags, and fault detection for sensor degradation and dropouts. A tutorial on Kalman filtering for real-time estimation, prediction, and lag compensation is presented and demonstrated via simulation examples. A limited number of fault detection methods for signal degradation and dropout have been published, making that an important area for future work.
Recognizing and Reducing Trans-Cultural Ethical Tension

Executive Overview The article reports that multinational corporate managers occasionally face ethical conflicts when trying to coordinate corporate activities across diverse cultures. Multinational corporation (MNC) policies and rules may be inappropriate for some corporate locations if the policies override established, morally justified, local values. The author notes that these conflicts have included cases of conflicting employment practices found in different cultures when both practices have strong moral justifications. He also stresses the need for managers to grasp the religious, economic, social, political, and historical forces that influence business practices in various corporate locations. Corporate leadership may reject employee practices that derive from strong moral values in host countries.
Postoperative Delirium in the Geriatric Patient

Postoperative delirium, a common complication in older surgical patients, is independently associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Patients older than 65 years receive greater than one-third of the more than 40 million anesthetics delivered yearly in the United States. This number is expected to increase with the aging of the population. Thus, it is increasingly important that perioperative clinicians who care for geriatric patients have an understanding of the complex syndrome of postoperative delirium.
Safe angle for suture anchor insertion during acetabular labral repair.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to define a safe angle for suture anchor insertion during acetabular labral repair that will facilitate anchor placement within bone and prevent penetration into the hip joint. Methods Nine acetabuli were harvested. Anatomic measurements were performed at the anterosuperior quadrant. Electronic calipers were used to measure acetabular bone. "Safe angle" measurements were obtained with suture anchor drills and a protractor. Comparisons between groups were calculated with a 1-way analysis of variance. The Tukey post-hoc analysis was completed for all significant analysis of variance results. Results Labral insertion point distances and acetabular bone widths at the labral insertion did not statistically differ. Mean "danger angles" ranged from 17.0° to 23.8°. Safe angle measurements ranged from 20.1° to 27.6°. Conclusions The extracapsular labral insertion, located between 2.3 and 2.6 mm from the rim of the anterosuperior acetabulum, is offered as a starting point for insertion of anchors sized less than 3.0 mm. The danger angle and safe angle of anchor insertion serve as guidelines that may improve fixation in bone and lessen intra-articular penetration. A target angle of 10° is recommended. Clinical Relevance The danger angle and safe angle may be referenced intraoperatively, during imaging and suture anchor insertion, to assure anchor placement within bone and prevent intra-articular penetration. A target angle of 10° is safe and easily remembered.