cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A bioarchitectonic approach to the modular engineering of metabolism

Dissociating the complexity of metabolic processes into modules is a shift in focus from the single gene/gene product to functional and evolutionary units spanning the scale of biological organization. When viewing the levels of biological organization through this conceptual lens, modules are found across the continuum: domains within proteins, co-regulated groups of functionally associated genes, operons, metabolic pathways and (sub)cellular compartments. Combining modules as components or subsystems of a larger system typically leads to increased complexity and the emergence of new functions. By virtue of their potential for ‘plug and play’ into new contexts, modules can be viewed as units of both evolution and engineering. Through consideration of lessons learned from recent efforts to install new metabolic modules into cells and the emerging understanding of the structure, function and assembly of protein-based organelles, bacterial microcompartments, a structural bioengineering approach is described: one that builds from an architectural vocabulary of protein domains. This bioarchitectonic approach to engineering cellular metabolism can be applied to microbial cell factories, used in the programming of members of synthetic microbial communities or used to attain additional levels of metabolic organization in eukaryotic cells for increasing primary productivity and as the foundation of a green economy. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Enhancing photosynthesis in crop plants: targets for improvement’.
Natalizumab therapy is associated with changes in serum JC virus antibody indices over time

To examine changes in anti-JC Virus (JCV) index measurements over time in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients to better understand this test, which is used in assessing risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) with natalizumab. We aim to describe and compare seroconversion rates, variability of JCV antibody index values, and changes in index values over time between patients on natalizumab therapy and patients naive to natalizumab. Anti-JCV index values are used to help decide whether to start, continue, or stop treatment. Assessing how index values vary over time is interpreted to allow a patient's risk of PML to be better characterized. Retrospective analysis was conducted using records of patients with multiple JCV antibody index measurements exposed to therapy with natalizumab (N = 150) or not (N = 145). Rates of seroconversion, variability of indices, and changes in index values over time were calculated and compared. Patients on natalizumab who were initially JCV antibody negative seroconverted at a significantly higher rate than patients naive to natalizumab (23.9 vs. 9.1%, p < 0.01). Variability of anti-JCV indices was also found to be significantly higher for patients on natalizumab (p < 0.05). Patients on natalizumab additionally trended towards a larger increase in index values over time. Therapy with natalizumab was associated with higher rates of seroconversion and greater anti-JCV index variability, suggesting that therapy with natalizumab may influence this test used to assess risk of treatment with it.
Fear of fat and restrained eating: negative body talk between female friends as a moderator.

This study examined whether engagement in negative body talk would moderate the association between fear of fat and restrained eating among female friend dyads. Female friends (Npairs = 130) were recruited from a Midwestern university in the United States. The dyadic data were examined with an Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). Results showed that women’s fear of fat was significantly related to their own restrained eating behaviors. In contrast, women’s fear of fat was not significantly related to their friends’ restrained eating behaviors. Negative body talk was significantly related to restrained eating, as reported by both friends. The interaction between negative body talk and women’s own fear of fat was found to be significant. Although women with less fear of fat showed less restrained eating, engaging in more negative body talk with a friend increased their engagement in restrained eating. Women with more fear of fat engaged in more restrained eating, regardless of their engagement in negative body talk. Given the detrimental role of body talk between fear of fat and restrained eating, interventions may target reducing body talk among young women. Basic science, Animal study, Cadaver study, and Experimental study articles.
Equifax and the Latest Round of Identity Theft Roulette

The Equifax data breach has exposed nearly half of the US adult population to identity theft, but that’s not the real story.
Starting the conversation: community perspectives on preterm birth and kangaroo mother care in southern Malawi.

Background Despite introduction of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) in Malawi over a decade ago, preterm birth remains the leading cause of neonatal mortality. Although KMC is initiated in the health care facility, robust community follow-up is critical for survival and optimal development of preterm and low birth weight infants post-discharge. The objective of this qualitative study was to gain insight into community and health worker understanding, attitudes, beliefs and practices around preterm and low birth weight babies and KMC in Malawi. Methods A total of 152 participants were interviewed in two districts in southern Malawi, Machinga and Thyolo, in April 2015. Focus group discussions (groups = 11, n = 132) were conducted with pregnant women, community members and women who have practiced KMC. In-depth interviews (n = 20) were conducted with fathers who have practiced KMC, community and religious leaders, and health workers. Purposive and snowball sampling were employed to identify participants. Thematic content analysis was conducted. Findings KMC mothers and fathers only learned about KMC and care for preterm newborns after delivery of a child in need of this care. Men typically were not included in KMC counseling due to societal gender roles. Health facilities were the main source of information on KMC, however informal networks among women provided some degree of knowledge exchange. Community leaders were regarded as major facilitators of health information, conveners, key influencers, and policy-makers. Religious leaders were regarded as advocates and emotional support for families with preterm infants. Finally, while many participants initially had negative feelings towards preterm births and KMC, the large majority saw a shift in their perceptions through health counseling, peer modeling, and personal success with KMC. Conclusions The findings offer several opportunities to improve KMC implementation including 1) earlier introduction of KMC to pregnant women and their families that are at-risk for preterm birth, 2) greater involvement of men in KMC counselling, practice and care for preterm infants, and 3) strengthening and defining partnerships with community and religious leaders. Finally, as parental perceptions of preterm infants and KMC improved with successful KMC practice, it is hopeful that KMC itself can positively affect social norms surrounding preterm infants, leading to a virtuous cycle of improved perceptions of preterm infants and increased uptake of KMC.
Trends in Computer Applications in Structural Geology

Relatively few attempts have been made to exploit the potential usefulness of computers to structural geology. Published work falls under several headings: (a) storage and collation of structural observations, (b) computation of generalized properties (e.g., B-axes) from Schmidtnet data, etc., (c) description of fold morphology, and (d) mapping and analysis of spatial variability of structural elements.
Auditory Map Plasticity in Juvenile and Adult Owls

The formation, calibration, and maintenance of the barn owl’s midbrain map of auditory space is guided by visual experience. The role of vision in shaping the neural representation of auditory space is greatest during early life. The requirements for inducing auditory plasticity in adult animals are more stringent – often requiring specific training protocols. In this chapter, we describe one form of auditory plasticity observed in barn owls, explain how this plasticity is developmentally regulated, and discuss a series of manipulations that have been successful at increasing plasticity within this system.
Exclusion of lumican and fibromodulin as candidate genes in MYP3 linked high grade myopia.

Myopia is a highly prevalent, complex phenotype involv-ing genetic and environmental factors. Myopia affects approxi-mately 25% of the adult population of the United States [1-5]and is a significant public health problem, especially in Asianpopulations, as it is associated with increased risk for visualloss [1,6-10]. The development of methods for preventing theonset or limiting the progression of myopia would be of con-siderable importance.Previously, we reported significant linkage of autosomaldominant high myopia of -6.00 D or greater to a locus at chro-mosome 12q21-23 in a large German/Italian family (theMYO10 pedigree) [11]. The maximum LOD score with twopoint linkage analysis in this pedigree was 3.85 at a recombi-nation fraction of 0.0010, for markers D12S1706 andD12S327. Recombination events identified flanking markersD12S1684 and D12S1605, which defines a 30.1 cM interval.This locus was named the high grade myopia MYP3 locus bythe Human Gene Nomenclature Committee (OMIM 603221).The development of high myopia involves anterior-pos-terior enlargement of the eye, scleral thinning, and frequentdetachment of the retina resulting from stress associated withexcessive axial elongation. The sclera, the white tough outercovering of the eye, is a connective tissue that provides thestructural framework for defining the shape and axial lengthof the eye. The extracellular matrix of the sclera contains col-lagen fibrils in close association with proteoglycans and gly-coproteins [12,13]. Alterations in any of these extracellularmatrix components are likely to lead to changes in scleralshape, which in turn could affect visual acuity, as the axiallength of the eye is a major component in determining ocularrefraction [14-16].A recent mouse knockout study, implicated theproteoglycans lumican (LUM) and fibromodulin (FMOD) asfunctional candidate genes for high myopia [17]. The studyfocused on how the morphology and ultrastructure of the sclerais affected in Lum
Oceanic Chlorophyll-a Content

Ever since the first Earth-observing satellite was launched, it became the dream of oceanographers to measure ocean chlorophyll a from space. Through more than a decade of dedicated theoretical, laboratory, and field research, the Coastal Zone Color Scanner was launched onboard NASA’s Nimbus-7 satellite in 1978. Originally intended as a proof-of-concept mission, the CZCS endured well beyond its two-year design life (1978–1986), and provided oceanographers with clear evidence that ocean chlorophyll a could be observed from space. Continued community effort led to the successor missions of the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS, 1997–2010), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS, 1999—present for Terra and 2002—present for Aqua), Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS, 2002–2012), and other modern satellite instruments. This chapter provides a brief review of how oceanic chlorophyll a is “measured”, validated, and used in various research studies and applications including the ocean’s response to climate variability and the assessment of coastal ocean changes to help resource management. Particular emphasis is given to atmospheric correction, bio-optical inversion, and algorithm validation. Finally, future satellite ocean color missions and research directions to support these missions are briefly discussed.
Analysis of Cell Fate Commitment in Xenopus Embryos

The fates of individual cleavage-stage blastomeres and of groups of cells at the blastula through gastrula stages of Xenopus embryos have been mapped in great detail. These studies identified the major contributors of the three germ layers as well as a variety of tissues and organs and several specific cell types. One can use these fate maps to test the commitment of single cells or groups of cells to produce their normal repertoire of descendants, to identify the genes that regulate fate commitment, and to modulate the levels of gene expression in specific lineages to determine gene function in a variety of developmental processes. Here we introduce methods that include how to identify specific blastomeres, inject them with lineage tracers, and alter gene expression levels. We also discuss methods for assaying protein and mRNA expression in situ and for providing novel embryonic environments to test fate commitment. These techniques draw upon classical approaches that are quite easy to perform in the versatile Xenopus embryo.
Naming, Mourning, and the Work of Earthly Coexistence

ABSTRACTSetting out from Jacques Derrida’s assertion that every act of naming is “a foreshadowing of mourning” ([2008. The animal that therefore I am. (M.-L. Mallet, Ed., D. Wills, Trans.). New Yor...
High Rate of Fibrinolytic Shutdown and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Severe Pelvic Fracture.

Abstract Background Trauma patients with pelvic fractures have a high rate of venous thromboembolism (VTEs). The reason for this high rate is unknown. We hypothesize that fibrinolysis shutdown (SD) predicts VTE in patients with severe pelvic fracture. Methods Retrospective chart review of trauma patients who presented with pelvic fracture from 2007 to 2017 was performed. Inclusion criteria were injury severity score > 15, abdomen/pelvis abbreviated injury scale >/= 3, blunt mechanism, admission citrated rapid thrombelastography (TEG). Fibrinolytic phenotypes were defined by fibrinolysis on citrated rapid TEG as hyperfibrinolysis, physiologic lysis, and SD. Univariate analysis of TEG measurements and clinical outcomes, followed by multivariable logistic regression (MV) with stepwise selection, was performed. Results Overall, 210 patients were included. Most patients (59%) presented in fibrinolytic shutdown. VTE incidence was 11%. There were no significant differences in fibrinolytic phenotypes or other TEG measurements between those who developed VTE and those who did not. There was a higher rate of VTE in patients who underwent pelvic external fixation or resuscitative thoracotomy. On MV, pelvic fixation and resuscitative thoracotomy were independent predictors of VTE. Conclusions In severely injured patients with pelvic fractures, there was a high rate of VTE and the majority presented in SD. However, we were unable to correlate initial SD with VTE. Ultimately, the high rate of VTE in this patient population supports the concept of implementing VTE chemoprophylaxis measures as soon as hemostasis is achieved.
Spatial density and diversity of architectural histology in prostate cancer: influence on diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging

Background To assess the influence of specific histopathologic patterns on MRI diffusion characteristics by performing rigorous whole-mount/imaging registration and correlating histologic architectures observed in prostate cancer with diffusion characteristics in prostate MRIs. Methods Fifty-two whole-mount pathology blocks from 15 patients who underwent multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) at a single institution prior to radical prostatectomy were retrospectively analyzed. Regions containing individual morphologic patterns (N=21 patterns, including variations of cribriforming, expansile sheets, single cells, patterns of early intraluminal complexity, and mucin rupture patterns) were digitally annotated by an expert genitourinary pathologist. Distinct tumor foci on each slide were also assigned a Gleason grade and scored as having any high-risk histologic pattern. Digital sections were aligned to MRI using a patient-specific mold and registered using local mean weighted piecewise transformation based on anatomic control points. Density and presence of morphological patterns was correlated to apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) signal intensity using mixed effects model accounting for nested intra-foci, intra-patient correlation. Influence of intra-tumoral heterogeneity was assessed by affinity propagation clustering (APC) of morphology features and correlated to foci- and cluster-level ADC metrics. Results One hundred eleven distinct tumor foci were evaluated. Beta diversity, reflecting average morphology representation across inter- and intra-foci areas, demonstrated higher intra-tumor diversity within high-risk foci (P 0.05), which was strengthened in cluster-level analysis for intra-foci regions containing high-risk morphologies (P=0.017). In voxel-based analysis, dense regions demonstrate lower ADC, but the presence and density for each morphology influenced ADC independently (ANOVA P<0.001). Conclusions Architectural features influence ADC characteristics of MRI, with more complex tumors having lower ADC values regulated by presence and density of specific morphologies.
DeepSloop: A Recurrent Neural Network Learns Complex Rules to Detect Stem-Loop-Forming RNA Sequences

The analysis of RNA structure is an important problem because RNA plays essential roles throughout all living things. Increasingly, RNA plays pivotal roles in biotechnology including RNA silencing, guide RNAs for CRISPR, ligand-binding aptamers, and drug design. While several studies have used deep learning models for analyzing RNA structure, these approaches rely on the outputs of traditional dynamic programming algorithms based on known thermodynamic energy parameters during training. The challenge remains to train neural networks to independently learn thermodynamic principles, so that potentially new biology can be uncovered. Here we present DeepSloop, a deep recurrent network capable of distinguishing hairpin-forming sequences from non-hairpin-forming, and that is trained purely on class-labeled nucleotide sequences. We demonstrate that DeepSloop can accurately classify hairpin stem-loops, and thus learned a distinct internal representation of structure that includes destabilizing energies of bulges and internal loops.
Testicular organoid formation is a property of immature somatic cells, which self-assemble and exhibit long-term hormone-responsive endocrine function

Testicular organoid models are tools to study testicular physiology, development, and spermatogenesis in vitro. However, few side-by-side comparisons of organoid generation method have been evaluated. Here, we directly tested whether the culture microenvironment is the prime determinant promoting testicular organoid self-assembly. Using Matrigel as a representative extracellular matrix (ECM), we compared multiple culture environments, 2D and 3D, ECM-free and ECM, for organoid self-assembly with immature murine testicular cells. De novo tissues were observed to self-assemble in all four culture environments tested within 72 h, however, these tissues only met requirements to be named organoids in 2D ECM and 3D ECM-free (3DF) culture methods. Based on these results, 3DF was selected for further study, and used to examine animal age as an independent variable. Organoid assembly was significantly delayed when using pubertal murine cells and entirely absent from adult murine and adult human cells. Organoid-conditioned medium and medium supplemented with 1% Matrigel did not improve organoid assembly in pubertal murine cells, but immature murine cells rescued the assembly of adult murine cells when cultured together as age-chimeric cell mixtures. In murine organoids cultured for 14 d, tubule-like structures exhibiting a highly biomimetic architecture were characterized, including some rare germ and spermatogonial stem cells. These structural organoids secreted high levels of testosterone and inhibin B over 12 weeks with preserved responsivity to gonadotropins. Collectively these studies, in which cellular self-assembly and organoid formation was achieved independent of the culture microenvironment, suggest that self-assembly is an innate property of immature testicular cells independent from, but capable of being promoted by, the culture environment. This study provides a template for studying testicular organoid self-assembly and endocrine function, and a platform for improving the engineering of functional testicular tissues.
Patient Response Trajectories in Major Depressive Disorder.

Objective To investigate whether the efficacy of antidepressants can be understood in terms of patient response-trajectory classes. Experimental design Patient-level data were analysed from 1357 adults with MDD randomised to either escitalopram 20 mg/day (n = 676) or placebo (n = 681) in five 8-week randomised placebo-controlled trials. Growth mixture models (GMMs) were used to identify the response trajectories; longitudinal latent class analysis (LLCA) was used to corroborate the findings. Principal observations Three classes of response were identified for escitalopram and placebo based on the trajectory of the patients' Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total scores during treatment. All three classes had similar mean baseline MADRS scores, but the change from baseline after 8 weeks differed: -4.2 MADRS points for non-responders, -18.4 MADRS points for slow responders, and -26.7 points for fast responders. The proportions of non-responders, slow responders and fast responders were 53%, 38% and 9%, respectively, with placebo and 27%, 58% and 14%, respectively, with escitalopram. Receiver operating curve analysis showed that a cut-off of ≥43% improvement from baseline to week 2 predicted fast responders, and a cut-off of ≥28% improvement from baseline to week 4 predicted responders (fast or slow). There were no clinically useful differences at baseline that predicted the trajectory class to which a patient would belong. Conclusions The presence of fast-, slow- and non-responder classes has a clear clinical relevance for guiding treatment decisions; individual patients can be classified by the change in their MADRS score from baseline at 2 or 4 weeks.
The Relationship Between Meal Timing and Body Mass Index Readings of College Students

In this study the relation between Body Mass Index (BMI) of college students and the timing of their food consumption was investigated to see if the timing of students’ meals affects their metabolism and BMI. For this study a survey was developed and disseminated using email distribution lists, and the survey link was shared using social media. By applying the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Regression analysis results show that being older, female, and being a freshmen compared to being a senior contribute to higher BMI. In addition, less exercise, less smoking, more napping and more snacking contributed to a higher BMI. Finally, waking up later during school days, waking up earlier when there is no school, having lunch later when there is no school and lower frequency of food consumption per day were also correlated with higher BMI.
From Behind the Microscope: Ethical Considerations in Modern Day Dermatopathology

Dermatopathology is a unique clinical subspecialty with ethical challenges specific to the discipline. These challenges often carry both clinical and medicolegal implications and include: conflicts of interest when clinicians interpret their own biopsy slides, the appropriateness of clinical recommendations in a pathology report, standards for ethical behavior of dermatopathologists as expert witnesses in malpractice trials, the role of managed care in controlling access to dermatopathology services, and ethical concerns introduced by collaborative business arrangements between electronic medical record companies and commercial dermatopathology labs. Relevant ethical codes by existing clinical professional organizations such as the American Medical Association (AMA), American Academy of Dermatology (AAD), and the American Society of Dermatopathology (ASDP), and a commitment to the patient’s best interests (beneficence and non-maleficence) can help guide physicians through these contemporary ethical challenges in dermatopathology.
Thermalization dynamics in a pulsed microwave plasma-enhanced laminar flame

Abstract Energy transfer in a pulsed-microwave enhanced flame is investigated using hybrid fs/ps coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) to monitor both vibrational and rotational temperatures of nitrogen in an atmospheric pressure laminar premixed natural gas/air stagnation flame. Temperatures were measured throughout the laminar flame structure following a 30-kW peak power, 2 μ s duration, 3 GHz microwave pulse in a resonant waveguide cavity. CARS measurements show a delayed increase in vibrational temperature, indicating energy loading via electron impact and subsequent energy cascade. Vibrational energy thermalization was observed over timescales faster than transport through the flame zone, but slower than predicted by known vibrational-translational rates, suggesting a long-lived pathway for increased vibrational temperature. Peak vibrational temperature increases of 100 K were observed and thermalize over 100 ′ s of microseconds, resulting in a measurable increase in the rotational temperature over the same time interval. The magnitude of vibrational excitation and rate of thermalization in such plasma-assisted combustion environments is critical for applications including combustion ignition and control, and hybrid fs/ps CARS measurements provide the necessary detail on vibrational-translational relaxation processes of ground state nitrogen.
Sex differences within symptom subtypes of mild obstructive sleep apnea.

Abstract Objectives Prior studies have identified symptom subtypes of moderate to severe (AHI >15) obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). They have not yet been consistently examined in those with mild OSA (AHI 5–15 events/hour). This is important as women are more likely than men to present with mild OSA and may present with different OSA symptoms. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) symptom subtypes in mild OSA and 2) if there are sex differences in the distribution of subtypes. Methods The sample included men (n = 921) and women (n = 797) with mild OSA, aged 39–90 years, evaluated with a single night of in–home polysomnography as part of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Latent class analysis determined symptom subtypes. Testing for sex differences relative to OSA severity and symptom subtype used chi-squared test for independence. Bonferroni corrected z-tests compared column proportions. Results Symptom subtypes of mild OSA were not significantly different than those identified in prior studies of moderate-severe OSA (p > 0.05): minimally symptomatic (36.4%), disturbed sleep (11.6%), moderately sleepy (37%), and excessively sleepy (15%), p > 0.05. Sex differences within the symptom subtypes were significant [χ2(df = 3) = 30.04, p 0.05). Conclusions Results suggest symptom reporting among individuals with mild OSA differs as a function of sex. These data have important clinical implications for screening men and women for OSA.
Planning for the future in chronic kidney disease.

Excerpt During the last decade and a half, two dramatic therapies for irreversible kidney failure have come to maturity: hemodialysis with artificial kidneys and renal transplantation. Both were ex...
Using Magnetic Fields and Storing Data

Applications of magnetism began with ceramics. The first magnetic material to be discovered was lodestone, which is better known now as magnetite (Fe3O4). In its naturally occurring state, it is permanently magnetized and is the most magnetic mineral. The strange power of lodestone was well known in ancient times. In c.400bce, Socrates dangled iron rings beneath a piece of lodestone and found that the lodestone enabled the rings to attract other rings. They had become magnetized. Even earlier (~2,600bce), a Chinese legend tells of the Emperor Hwang-ti being guided into battle through a dense fog by means of a small pivoting figure with a piece of lodestone embedded in its outstretched arm. The figure always pointed south and was probably the first compass. The term lodestone was coined by the British from the old English word lode, which meant to lead or guide.
Innovative Applications of Ambient Intelligence: Advances in Smart Systems

While ambient intelligence has long been relegated to the realm of science fiction, creating smart technology that is increasingly responsive to individuals and environments is, in many ways, becoming reality, as the body of research and opportunity for practical application in this field continues to grow.Innovative Applications of Ambient Intelligence: Advances in Smart Systems provides perspectives on the convergence of ubiquitous computing, intelligent systems research, and context awareness with the aim of encouraging the further development of ambient intelligence frameworks and research. Focusing on interaction and communication in smart environments, as well as the successful development and design of ambient interfaces and platforms, this book aims to further the continuously growing dialogue on the promise of ambient computing.
Insights into the functional organization of limbic cortical circuits from studies of evoked potentials and spontaneous activity.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an insight into the functional organization of limbic cortical circuits from studies of evoked potentials and spontaneous activity. Normal activity includes theta and gamma frequency oscillations, sharp waves, and cell firing strongly correlated with place and head direction. Abnormal activity includes seizure generation. The work focuses on defining some of the circuits within and between hippocampal formation regions—in particular, the parahippocampal cortices and on the mechanisms of generation of some kinds of synchronous activity. Inputs to and outputs from a brain region can be demonstrated anatomically with anterograde and/or retrograde tracing techniques and by various electrophysiological methods. Electrical stimulation of afferent neurons or axons activates a population of synapses in the target brain region. The chapter highlights the importance of subiculum in normal and abnormal activities, but much remains to be done to completely define its functional organization.
Functional health literacy, medication-taking self-efficacy and adherence to antiretroviral therapy

colbert a.m., sereika s.m. & erlen j.a. (2012) Functional health literacy, medication-taking self-efficacy and adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Advanced Nursing69(2), 295–304. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.06007.x Abstract Aims. To report a study of the relationship between functional health literacy and medication adherence, as mediated by medication-taking self-efficacy, while controlling for the effect of key demographic variables (such as race, income and level of education). Background. Medication adherence is critical to successful HIV/AIDS self-management. Despite simplified regimens and the availability of tools to assist with medication-taking, adherence remains a challenge for many people living with HIV/AIDS. Design. Cross-sectional, secondary analysis. Methods. Data for this study of 302 adults living with HIV/AIDS who were taking antiretroviral medications were collected from January 2004–December 2007. Medication adherence was measured using electronic event monitors. Bivariate analyses and stepwise regression were conducted to examine the associations among functional health literacy, medication-taking self-efficacy and HIV medication adherence. Results. Overall, functional health literacy was much higher than expected; however, adherence in this sample was sub-optimal. Higher medication-taking self-efficacy was associated with higher medication adherence; however, functional health literacy was not significantly related to either medication adherence or self-efficacy beliefs. Hence, medication-taking self-efficacy did not mediate the relationship between functional health literacy and medication adherence. Conclusions. Medication adherence continues to be an issue for people living with HIV/AIDS. Additional research is needed to understand the disparate findings related to functional health literacy and medication adherence in this and other studies examining this association.
SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC ELEMENTS IN BACTERIA

Rouf, M. A. (Washington State University, Pullman). Spectrochemical analysis of inorganic elements in bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 88:1545–1549. 1964.—Quantitative spectrochemical analyses of inorganic elements in the vegetative cells of Escherichia coli, Sphaerotilus natans, Micrococcus roseus, Bacillus cereus, and the spores of B. cereus were made. The following elements were found to be present in the ash samples: B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, S, Ag, Sn, Ba, Pb, V, and Mo. These could be divided into major, minor, and trace elements, depending on the relative amounts in the cells. Mg, P, K, and S were considered as the major elements; Ca, Fe, Zn, and, perhaps, Cu and Mn as the minor elements, and the rest as trace elements. Mg concentrations were higher in the cells of the gram-positive M. roseus and B. cereus than in the gram-negative E. coli and S. natans. The latter organism contained 2.6% Fe2O3 (dry weight basis). The vegetative cells of B. cereus were higher in Mg, P, K, Na, Ag, and lower in Si, Ca, Zn, Mn, and Cu than were its spores.
Carbon Surface Layers on a High-Rate LiFePO4

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to image particles of a high-rate LiFePO4 sample containing a small amount of in situ carbon. The particle morphology is highly irregular, with a wide size distribution. Nevertheless, coatings, varying from about 5-10 nm in thickness, could readily be detected on surfaces of particles as well as on edges of agglomerates. Elemental mapping using Energy Filtered TEM (EFTEM) indicates that these very thin surface layers are composed of carbon. These observations have important implications for the design of high-rate LiFePO4 materials in which, ideally, a minimal amount of carbon coating is used.
Coalitions of the Well-being: How Electoral Rules and Ethnic Politics Shape Health Policy in Developing Countries

Part I: 1. Ethnic diversity or institutions? The source of public goods underprovision 2. Background and definitions 3. A socio-institutional theory of public goods provision 4. Testing the theory: health and education outcomes in developing democracies Part II. Electoral Rules and Health in Low Ethnic-Salience Countries: 5. Thailand: a new constitution and the introduction of universal healthcare 6. Single-member districts and medium-sized majority groups: Botswana and New Zealand Part III. Electoral Rules and Health in High Ethnic-Salience, Ethno-Geographically Intermixing Countries: 7. Mauritius: diversity and the success of majoritarian electoral rules 8. Malaysia: single-member districts, multi-ethnic parties and health Part IV. Electoral Rules in High Ethnic-Salience, Ethno-Geographically Isolated Countries: 9. Electoral rules and multiethnic parties in Burma's democratic era (1948-62) 10. Indonesia as a solution for ethno-geographically isolated societies Part V. Conclusion.
Safe, Convenient Pipetting Device

Abstract A finger-mounted pipetting device which can be fabricated in the laboratory is described.
Static mechanics of excised whole lung: Pleural mechanics

Continuum analyses of lung mechanics require that the boundary condition of stress transmitted to the outermost alveoli be known. Depending upon the exact geometry of the pleural-parenchymal coupling, this stress could possibly be influenced by the pleural mechanical properties. The relation between pleural tension and extension ratio was obtained from tissue specimens from mongrel dog lungs. Using the worst-case geometry, this relationship was compared with the equivalent relation between pressure and volume ratio for the whole lung of the same mongrel dogs. The results of this comparison and a suitable mathematical analysis indicate that the pleura transmits applied pressure differences to the underlying alveolar walls essentially without modification.
Selective inhibition of the synthesis of mitochondria-associated RNA by ethidium bromide.

Abstract The synthesis of RNA associated with the mitochondria of HeLa cells is selectively inhibited by relatively low concentrations of ethidium bromide. This RNA is comprised of two major species whose electrophoretic mobility corresponds to 12 and 21 s and smaller amounts of more slowly migrating species. The ethidiumsensitive RNA does not appear on membrane-associated polyribosomes. However, this does not preclude a later association with free polyribosomes. The mitochondria-associated species labeled prior to the addition of ethidium bromide disappear with an approximately three-hour half-life.
Effectiveness of penicillin administered orally at intervals of twelve hours.

Summary A series of 308 cases of common infections in infants and children was studied to evaluate the effectiveness of penicillin administered orally at intervals of four and twelve hours. Patients who received 300,000 unitsof penicillin at intervals of twelve hours responded as satisfactorily as did those who received 200,000 units as the initial dose followed by 100,000 units at intervals of four hours. The effectiveness of procaine penicillin was comparable to that of potassium penicillin-G, when each was administered in equivalent amounts at intervals of twelve hours.
Reducing stereotypic behaviors: An analysis of treatment procedures utilizing an alternating treatments design

The present study examined the utility of the alternating treatments design by comparing physical restraint and positive practice overcorrection to a “no treatment” condition in the reduction of stereotypic behavior. Both active treatments were more effective than no treatment, and the treatments were differentially effective for different children.
Attachment status and complexity of infants' self‐ and other‐knowledge when tested with mother and father

At 13 and 20 months, infants' featural knowledge of self and parent was assessed separately with mother and father. Infants' featural knowledge was measured by a scale that included tasks reflecting infants' knowledge of facial features, spatial location, name, possession and gender. No significant relation between attachment status and featural knowledge was obtained at 13 months when tested with either parent. At 20 months, in contrast, more complex featural knowledge of self and parent was demonstrated by infants who were securely attached than by those who were insecurely attached. Independent of age, however, infants' featural knowledge of their mothers was more complex than that of their fathers, although no differences in self-knowledge were obtained as a function of parent gender. These data are understood in the context of cognitive development and the differences in interactional qualities assessed by attachment status and parent gender.
Biochemical and behavioural alterations following 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine administration into brain.

Abstract Administration of 75 μg 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) intracisternally caused a prolonged reduction of brain serotonin with little effect on brain catecholamines. This effect was moderately potentiated by administering an additional dose of 5,6-DHT or pretreating animals with pargyline before injection of 5,6-DHT. Injections of 5,6-DHT into the raphe nuclei also caused reductions in brain serotonin, but caused severe tissue damage in some rats as well. 5,6-dihydroxy-tryptamine (40 μg) given intracisternally to 7-day-old neonatal rats produced only a 30% reduction of serotonin. Reduction of tryptophan hydroxylase activity following 5,6-DHT treatment supports the view that the depletion of brain serotonin may be the result of fibre degeneration. In spite of moderate effects of 5,6-DHT on brain serotonin, treatments caused behavioural alterations including enhanced muricide and facilitated acquisition of an active avoidance task.
A Multivariate Approach for Validation of Anxiety and Fear

The purpose of this study was to reduce the defining characteristics for the nursing diagnoses anxiety and fear into sets of smaller, more manageable and meaningful variables for clinical use and further investigation. A sample of 233 nurse experts rated defining characteristics of anxiety and fear on three study instruments; a sample of 69 hospitalized clients rated defining characteristics of anxiety on one study instrument. Results of principle components analyses identified patterns within defining characteristics and provided consolidation of characteristics into meaningful and usable sets.
Evaluation of Coma: A Critical Appraisal of Popular Scoring Systems

Numerous scoring scales have been proposed and validated to evaluate coma for rapid pre-hospital assessment and triage, disease severity, and prognosis for morbidity and mortality. These scoring systems have been predicated on core features that serve as a basis for this review and include ease of use, inter-rater reliability, reproducibility, and predictive value. Here we review the benefits and limitations of the most popular coma scoring systems. The methods include search of Medline, databases, and manual review of article bibliographies. Few of the many available coma scales have gained widespread approval and popularity. The best known and widely accepted scale is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The Reaction Level Scale (RLS85) has utility and proven benefit, but little acceptance outside of Scandinavia. The newer Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) score provides an attractive replacement for all patients with fluctuating levels of consciousness and is gradually gaining wide acceptance.
Education and Culture: a Perspective from Higher Education

This article raises questions about the cultural values of higher education today. It states a range of concerns about students, institutions and some at least of the Government's policies. At every level from government downwards there is a tendency to fall back on means rather than objectives. Social attitudes and those held within education reflect uncertainties about the moral responsibilities of higher education. The classical cultural definition of higher education as an end in itself has encouraged an exclusive view, detached from the real world. The article discusses how cultural expectations can be defined in relation to higher education today and suggests some of the issues that need to be addressed. It is based on a paper originally presented to a Consultation on ‘Education and Culture’ at St George's House, Windsor in December 1988.
Technical Note-On Rothkopf and Smith's Statement Regarding Optimal Priority Assignment

A limitation is established to the equivalence of solutions to problems of sequencing a finite number of jobs, and assigning priorities in a queue. It is shown that for exponential delay costs, the optimal priority assignment in a nonpreemptive multiclass queue is not described by an index rule that is independent of the arrival rates.
CO2: A Possible Missing Link Between Regional Cortical Metabolism and Transcephalic Direct Current Potentials

Certain slowly changing potentials measured on the surface of the scalp (TCDC potentials) have been shown to correlate significantly with a number of psychological and psychiatric parameters. It has been shown that they are related to metabolism of the subjacent cerebral cortex. The present work investigates the possibility that the potentials are related to brain CO2 production in a series of three groups of studies. In the first studies rat brain to. metabolism is modulated by a variety of internal carotid injections and the concomitant TCDC effects are observed. In the second set of studies scalp CO2 is modulated by a series of external carotid injections and the associated TCDC effects noted. Finally biophysical analysis shows that electrogenic CO2 reactions in the scalp are quantitatively in agreement with empirically measured TCDC voltage, current, and resistance measures, and that the cortex is the most likely source for most of the CO2 involved in the voltage generation.
ELECTROMAGNETIC MASS DIFFERENCES IN THE SU(6) BARYON BOOTSTRAP MODEL.

The $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ baryon bootstrap model is used to calculate the baryon 56 electromagnetic mass parameters in a first-order expansion in the electromagnetic mass parameters of the constituent 56 baryon and 35 meson multiplets. The direct electromagnetic corrections are approximated by a consideration of the one-photon-exchange contribution. The resulting equations that give the baryonic electromagnetic mass parameters in terms of the mesonic electromagnetic mass parameters and a driving-term contribution have no free parameters. The vector-meson contributions are found to be smaller than the pseudoscalar-meson contributions. Seven electromagnetic mass sum rules that correspond to the vanishing of the 2695 component in the baryonic mass spectrum appear as a consequence of the model. The $U$-spin approach of $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ is adopted to estimate the mesonic electromagnetic mass mixing parameters. The baryonic electromagnetic mass differences that are calculated from these numbers, and the experimental values for the mesonic electromagnetic-mass differences, are in reasonable agreement with experiment. We list explicit representations of the reduced matrix elements of the strong and electromagnetic mass operator in the 56 and 35 representations.
Investigation of the differences between factors affecting vandalism in urban green areas

This study aimed to identify the factors that have an effect on a variety of vandalism incidents involving urban equipment located in urban green areas in the city of Antalya. For this aim, the urban equipment (benches, lighting fixtures, picnic tables, and waste bins) were observed in situ on a monthly basis for 12 months, and the vandalism incidents were photographed 2028 times and recorded in the information forms. Data obtained through observation and photography were evaluated using nonlinear canonical correlation analysis. The results showed that the variables examined within the content of this study were the factors that influence the occurrence of vandalism incidents. Certain solution suggestions were developed based on the obtained results.
Cardiac arrest after labetalol and metoclopramide administration in a patient with scleroderma.

IMPLICATIONS Although recent Food and Drug Administration warnings have noted proarrhythmic effects of droperidol, other antiemetic drugs may have similar effects. We report a case of cardiac arrest after uncomplicated regional anesthesia in a patient with scleroderma who received labetalol and metoclopramide after surgery. Metoclopramide should be used with caution when risk factors for dysrhythmia are present.
Reticulated vitreous carbon-plant tissue composite bioelectrodes

Abstract The construction and dynamic response characteristics of a tissue-porous electrode combination, composed of a plant tissue which is packed into reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC), are described. The open-cell structure of RVC thus serves as a template for the biocomponent. The immediate proximity of the tissue to the carbon surface results in a very rapid response. High sensitivity accrues from the high tissue “loading” and large electrode area. Such advantages are illustrated with mushroom-, potato- and horseradish root-packed RVC matrices. Bioaccumulation at alga-“loaded” RVC composites is also demonstrated. The effects of various operational variables on the response were evaluated. The tissue-RVC composite electrodes exhibit sigmoidal cyclic voltammograms, characteristic of partially blocked surfaces.