cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community prenatal care: an "integrated" approach.

Abstract Meeting the need for improved prenatal care has led to innovative approaches to clinic organization and management. Delivery of optimal prenatal care is based on availability of services and acceptability to patients. Greater involvement of the obstetrician is dependent on improving the system to facilitate his services and exploit his capabilities. Modest expenditures can transform an institutional setting into an inviting, comfortable locus where expectant mothers will not be impeded from seeking care. The difficulties of clinic attendance for pregnant women of low socioeconomic order are largely related to time factors. These factors, to a great degree, can be overcome by a system of “integrated” clinics, where the traditional separation of obstetrics and gynecology is broken down. The advantages of the “integrated” clinics include greater availability of prenatal service, ending of self-referral with wasted physician-patient encounters, elimination of duplicate examinations for the patient, and better patient-utilization of services. This improved utilization leads to more time for establishing rapport and lessening anxiety, more time for delivering prenatal education, and more time for discovering and treating medical problems. A prenatal care program using these principles has demonstrated improved patient acceptability with a low rate of failed appointments, high incidence of first-trimester registration and increased numbers of clinic visits.
Nanoparticle Estrogen in Rat Spinal Cord Injury Elicits Rapid Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Plasma, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Tissue

Abstract Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) are in need of effective therapeutics. Estrogen (E2), as a steroid hormone, is a highly pleiotropic agent; with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neurotrophic properties, it is ideal for use in treatment of patients with SCI. Safety concerns around the use of high doses of E2 have limited clinical application, however. To address these concerns, low doses of E2 (25 μg and 2.5 μg) were focally delivered to the injured spinal cord using nanoparticles. A per-acute model (6 h after injury) was used to assess nanoparticle release of E2 into damaged spinal cord tissue; in addition, E2 was evaluated as a rapid anti-inflammatory. To assess inflammation, 27-plex cytokine/chemokine arrays were conducted in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and spinal cord tissue. A particular focus was placed on IL-6, GRO-KC, and MCP-1 as these have been identified from CSF in human studies as potential biomarkers in SCI. S100β, an additional proposed biomarker, was also assessed...
Switch-level delay test

Gate-level models are usually used to generate tests for circuits containing non-primitive CMOS gates. It is shown that tests generated using these models and classical conditions for robust path delay testing can fail to detect delay faults in such circuits. A new delay-independent, switch-level delay test methodology, called /spl tau/-robust testing, is proposed that defines new entities called targets and proposes conditions to generate tests for each target. It is proven that, under the assumed delay model, a circuit that passes a test set containing a /spl tau/-robust test for every target is guaranteed to operate correctly at the desired speed. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by (a) illustrating the difference between the delays excited by classical robust and /spl tau/-robust tests via circuit simulation, and (b) generation of /spl tau/-robust tests for benchmark circuits and comparison of /spl tau/-robust coverage of classical robust and /spl tau/-robust test sets.
Differing mathematical perspectives of genotype space in combinatorial problems: metric spaces vs pretopological spaces

Fitness landscapes are frequently used as an abstract view of genotype space. If the structure of this landscape can be characterized, it will be possible to extract valuable clues about the best way to search through genotype space for an optimal solution. These high-dimensional landscapes are metric spaces. But an alternative view is to treat the genotypes as part of a pretopology, which has no regular structure. This paper discusses the two representations and argues why one of them is better suited for combinatorial optimization problems.
Computation of equilibrium oxidation and reduction potentials for reversible and dissociative electron-transfer reactions in solution

Equilibrium free-energy cycles relating oxidation and reduction potentials in solution to ionization potentials and electron affinities in the gas phase are constructed and the utilities of various levels of theory for computing particular free-energy changes within these cycles are discussed within the context of several examples. Emphasis is placed on the use of quantum-mechanical continuum solvation models to compute free energies of solvation. Key systems discussed include quinones, substituted anilines, substituted phenols, and reductive dechlorination reactions.
Prunus tomentosa as a Diagnostic Host for Detection of Plum Pox Virus and Other Prunus Viruses

The efficacy of seedlings of Prunus persica cv. GF 305, P. persica cv. Siberian C, and P. tomentosa (Nanking Cherry) as diagnostic indicators of plum pox infection, and of P. tomentosa for other Prunus viruses was evaluated by graft-inoculation with eight different strains or isolates of plum pox virus (PPV) representative of the Marcus (M) and Dideron (D) serogroups; and one isolate each of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), prune dwarf virus (PDV), and sour cherry green ring mottle virus (GRMV). The initial PPV symptoms that developed in P. tomentosa within 30 days after inoculation were chlorotic banding along the midrib spreading to lateral veins from the leaf base upward, giving the appearance of a chlorotic oak-leaf pattern. Symptoms caused by PPV-M could be distinguished from those caused by PPV-D. Virus titers in infected P. tomentosa and GF 305 were higher than those in Siberian C when measured by triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infections by PNRSV, PDV, and GRMV were evident with the first flush of vegetative growth.
Operating system analysis tool

Abstract Tools for the analysis of operating systems from their source code were developed. These tools consisted of some data-collecting programs to record procedure calls and data references. The data collected were supplemented by additional records added manually. Use of the tools to analyse the Xinu operating system revealed several problem areas.
Super SIMS for Ultrasensitive Impurity Analysis

The technique of accelerator mass spectrometry has been used extensively in recent years as a method for detecting low levels (< 1 part per trillion atomic) of radioactive isotopes in solid materials. The technique consists of a Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (SIMS) system in which the conventional mass spectrometer has been replaced by a particle accelerator. We have applied this method to the study of stable elements, primarily semiconductor dopants, using the Univ. of Arizona tandem accelerator mass spectrometer. The use of tandem accelerators allows molecular interferences to be removed due to dissociation of the molecules. Particle energies of several MeV are produced, and energy spectroscopy removes the background due to scattered particles, detector noise, etc. to provide positive particle identification. The current detection limits (-10 parts per billion atomic) are primarily due to ion source contamination and their origin is discussed. Removal of this contamination will allow parts per trillion level detection of stable elements.
Estimation of zinc and copper in raw and cooked legumes: An interlaboratory study of atomic absorption and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

Zinc and copper are important nutrient elements in dry beans. The precision and accuracy of two instrumental methods, atomic absorption and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, were compared and evaluated for the estimation of total copper and zinc in raw and cooked legume products. After calibration against National Bureau of Standards reference samples, corrected values obtained by both methods were essentially identical and in good agreements with values reported in the literature for random, analogous materials. Cooked standard and quick-cooking beans both contained nutritionally significant amounts, but less zinc and copper than inedible, raw, dry beans.
Practical approach to incorporating new studies and guidelines for antiplatelet therapy in the management of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.

diology journals. 5,6 Within the guidelines are various levels of treatment recommendations: class I, the treatment is useful and effective and therefore should be implemented; class IIA, the weight of evidence suggests usefulness; class IIB, efficacy is less well established; and class III, there is evidence or general agreement that a treatment is either not effective or is harmful. The evidence in support of these recommendations was also assigned a weighting, or level: A (highest), for multiple, large-scale, randomized clinical trials; B (intermediate), for small randomized clinical trials; or C (lowest), for expert consensus recommendations. The diagnosis of non–ST-segment elevation ACS is based on conventional methods, including medical history; physical examination; intensity and duration of symptoms; electrocardiographic changes at presentation; and abnormal serum cardiac markers, such as the troponins and creatine-kinase MB isoforms. Other emerging diagnostic markers, such as C-reactive protein, brain natriuretic peptide, and serum amyloid A, may play an adjunctive role. 3,7 Based on this composite information, patients with an ACS are further stratified as being at high, intermediate, or low risk for recurrent ischemic events or death. A further refinement of this risk stratification approach is to employ a model that integrates many of these diagnostic parameters into an ordinal scale, such as the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score (Table 1). Composed of 7 independent demographic, clinical, electrocardiographic, and biochemical risk predictors, the TIMI risk score has been shown through several studies8 –11 to be a useful risk-stratification 12 and therapeutic decision-making tool. 9 The current evidence-based guidelines support use of the newer antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents, including clopidogrel in combination with aspirin, in all patients with an ACS. For intermediate- and highrisk patients, an early invasive strategy with the addition of a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor is recommended. 7,9,10 A patient with an ACS with any of the highrisk indicators listed in Table 2 is clearly a candidate for an early invasive strategy. Fixed-dose warfarin is not recommended for routine use in patients with non–ST-segment elevation ACS, but should be used in patients who have an established indication (i.e., atrial fibrillation, severe left ventricular dysfunction, or apical dyskinesia). Antiplatelet therapy is a cornerstone in the management of ACS because platelets play a central role in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis, and because of the syndrome’s ischemic complications, including MI, stroke, and death. In the Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) trial, 12,562 patients with an ACS who presented within 24 hours after the onset of symptoms were randomized to receive either clopidogrel (loading dose of 300 mg, followed by 75 mg/day) with aspirin or placebo with
Experimental investigation of helical cross-flow axis hydrokinetic turbines, including effects of waves and turbulence

The performance characteristics of two cross-flow axis hydrokinetic turbines were evaluated in UNH’s tow and wave tank. A 1m diameter, 1.25m (nominal) height three-bladed Gorlov Helical Turbine (GHT) and a 1m diameter, four-bladed spherical-helical turbine (LST), both manufactured by Lucid Energy Technologies, LLP were tested at tow speeds up to 1.5 m/s. Relationships between tip speed ratio, solidity, power coefficient (Cp ), kinetic exergy efficiency, and overall streamwise drag coefficient (Cd ) are explored. As expected, the spherical-helical turbine is less effective at converting available kinetic energy in a relatively low blockage, free-surface flow. The GHT was then towed in waves to investigate the effects of a periodically unsteady inflow, and an increase in performance was observed along with an increase in minimum tip speed ratio at which power can be extracted. Regarding effects of turbulence, it was previously documented that an increase in free-stream homogenous isotropic turbulence increased static stall angles for airfoils. This phenomenon was first qualitatively investigated on a smaller scale with a NACA0012 hydrofoil in a UNH water tunnel, using an upstream grid turbulence generator and using high frame-rate PIV to measure the flow field. Since the angle of attack for a cross-flow axis turbine blade oscillates with higher amplitude as tip speed ratio decreases, any delay of stall should allow power extraction at lower tip speed ratios. This hypothesis was tested experimentally on a larger scale in the tow tank by creating grid turbulence upstream of the turbine. It is shown that the range of operable tip speed ratios is slightly expanded, with a possible improvement of power coefficient at lower tip speed ratios. Drag coefficients at higher tip speed ratios seem to increase more rapidly than in the non-turbulent case.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Single-crystal ESR spectra of tris(octamethylpyrophosphoramide) manganese (II) perchlorate

Abstract The ESR spectra of manganese(II)-doped single crystals of tris(octamethylpyrophosphoramide) zinc(II) perchlorate have been examined. The magnitude of the manganese nuclear hyperfine splitting parameter (≈99.7×10−4 cm−1 shows that this is one of the most ionic compounds ever investigated.
Check the Box that Best Describes You: Reflexively Managing Theory and Praxis in LGBTQ Health Communication Research

The intersections between identity and health communication are complex and dynamic, yet few studies employ a critical–empirical research strategy to understand how these factors affect patient experiences. And although other disciplines have examined lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and queer (LGBTQ)-specific issues surrounding identity and health care, there is a gap in communication studies literature on the topic. The present study examines how LGBTQ patients experience the language and structure of medical intake forms by analyzing both existing forms and patient survey responses. Relying on a queer theory framework, we illustrate how intake forms can foreclose on LGBTQ identity with heteronormative assumptions about sexuality, gender, and relationships. We also offer recommendations for creating queer-friendly intake forms and avoiding heteronormativity in health communication research. Overall, we argue that researchers must use reflexive methodology in considering how identity categories can...
Monte Carlo calculation of density fluctuations on the superconductivity of a simple model for high Tc oxide superconductors

Abstract Monte Carlo Calculations are performed on a trivial wave function with density fluctuation correlations for a simple model with anisotropic interactions for the oxide superconductors proposed recently by Chui and Ziman. In the trial wave function the density correlation at different momentum transfers can be different. Our results provide an explicit demonstration that density fluctuations do not destroy superconductivity. It suggests that density fluctuations cancel the superconducting fluctuation at small momentum transfers, consistent with earlier weak coupling calculations by Chui et al. We also found that there is an increased probability of finding electrons with opposite spins close to each other and thus a suppression of the spin susceptibility in the superconducting state, suggesting that recent Knight shift measurements, which were interpreted in terms of singlet pairing, can also be consistent with triplet pairing.
Alpha2A- and alpha2C-adrenergic receptors form homo- and heterodimers: the heterodimeric state impairs agonist-promoted GRK phosphorylation and beta-arrestin recruitment.

Dimerization of seven transmembrane-spanning receptors diversifies their pharmacologic and physiologic properties. The α2-adrenergic receptor (α2AR) subtypes A and C are both expressed on presynapt...
An extension of the functional cerebral systems approach to hostility: A capacity model utilizing a dual concurrent task paradigm

Regulatory control of emotions and expressive fluency (verbal or design) have historically been associated with the frontal lobes. Moreover, research has demonstrated the importance of cerebral laterality with a prominent role of the right frontal regions in the regulation of negative affect (anger, hostility) and in the fluent production of designs rather than verbal fluency. In the present research, participants identified with high and with low levels of hostility were evaluated on a design fluency test twice in one experimental session. Before the second administration of the fluency test, each participant underwent physiological (cold pressor) stress. It was hypothesized that diminished right frontal capacity in high-hostile men would be evident through lowered performance on this cognitive stressor. Convergent validity of the capacity model was supported wherein high-hostile men evidenced reduced delta magnitude over the right frontal region after exposure to the physiological stressor but failed to...
Dynamic testing of as-built nuclear power plant buildings: An evaluative review

Abstract This is a review and evaluation of tests performed on as-built nuclear power plant buildings in many countries during the past several years. Goals of dynamic tests, excitation techniques, excitation levels, and posttest determination of dynamic characteristics are reviewed, and proposed analytical methods are discussed. Dynamic testing is found to be feasible, and low-level testing is deemed to be useful for verifying analytical models used in design practice. Proof testing at design-level excitation is considered impractical, and only a combined program of low-level testing and analytical modeling is considered to be the means for predicting response to high-level excitations. The need for better analytical modeling and for the validation of existing and proposed analytical methodologies calls for further effort before testing can become part of the normal licensing process.
FluoroMyelin™ Red is a bright, photostable and non-toxic fluorescent stain for live imaging of myelin

FluoroMyelin™ Red is a commercially available water-soluble fluorescent dye that has selectivity for myelin. This dye is marketed for the visualization of myelin in brain cryosections, though it is also used widely to stain myelin in chemically fixed tissue. Here we have investigated the suitability of FluoroMyelin™ Red as a vital stain for live imaging of myelin in myelinating co-cultures of Schwann cells and dorsal root ganglion neurons. We show that addition of FluoroMyelin™ Red to the culture medium results in selective staining of myelin sheaths, with an optimal staining time of 2 hours, and has no apparent adverse effect on the neurons, their axons, or the myelinating cells at the light microscopic level. The fluorescence is bright and photostable, permitting long-term time-lapse imaging. After rinsing the cultures with medium lacking FluoroMyelin™ Red, the dye diffuses out of the myelin with a half life of about 130 minutes resulting in negligible fluorescence remaining after 18–24 hours. In addition, the large Stokes shift exhibited by FluoroMyelin™ Red makes it possible to readily distinguish it from popular and widely used green and red fluorescent probes such as GFP and mCherry. Thus FluoroMyelin™ Red is a useful reagent for live fluorescence imaging studies on myelinated axons.
Dialectics, Developmental Contextualism, and the Further Enhancement of Theory about Puberty and Psychosocial Development:

Contemporary theory in the study of human development in general and of adolescence in particular emphasizes reciprocal and changing relations between the developing person and his or her changing context. This article analyzes the Adams et al dialectical model of the role of a key component of adolescent development-puberty-in such person-context relations. To interpret the model's meaning and critique its usefulness, the present article considers the place of this formulation within the recent history of theory development in the human developmental sciences. It is argued that dialectics is flawed as a means to understand variation in puberty-context relations because it involves an inherently teleological notion of change; as such, dialectics cannot be used successfully to model the multidirectionality and plasticity of adolescent development. A developmental contextual alternative formulation is presented.
Effect of Fluid Inertia on Squeeze-Film Damper Forces for Small-Amplitude Circular-Centered Motions

Fluid-film forces generated by squeeze-film dampers (SFD) in response to small-amplitude centered motions are of special interest for stability analyses of rotating machinery employing SFDs with strong centering springs. They form the basis for calculation of linearized damping and inertia force coefficients obtained by subjecting the journal center to very small perturbations in velocity and acceleration. The analysis considers the fluid flow in an open-ends SFD due to small-amplitude circular-centered motions. Simplified governing equations are derived; and regarding the flow to be stable and laminar, the linear flow equations are solved exactly for arbitrary values of the Reynolds number. Exact damping and inertia force coefficient are then derived for open ends SFDs with arbitrary L/D ratios. Presented at the 41st Annual Meeting in Toronto, Ontario, Canada May 12–15, 1986
Interferometry by deconvolution: Part 2 — Theory for elastic waves and application to drill-bit seismic imaging

Deconvolution interferometry successfully recovers the impulse response between two receivers without the need for an independent estimate of the source function. Here we extend the method of interferometry by deconvolution to multicomponent data in elastic media. As in the acoustic case, elastic deconvolution interferometry retrieves only causal scattered waves that propagate between two receivers as if one acts as a pseudosource of the point-force type. Interferometry by deconvolution in elastic media also generates artifacts because of a clamped-point boundary condition imposed by the deconvolution process. In seismic-while-drilling (SWD) practice, the goal is to determine the subsurface impulse response from drill-bit noise records. Most SWD technologies rely on pilot sensors and/or models to predict the drill-bit source function, whose imprint is then removed from the data. Interferometry by deconvolution is of most use to SWD applications in which pilot records are absent or provide unreliable estimates of bit excitation. With a numerical SWD subsalt example, we show that deconvolution interferometry provides an image of the subsurface that cannot be obtained by correlations without an estimate of the source autocorrelation. Finally, we test the use of deconvolution interferometry in processing SWD field data acquired at the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). Because no pilot records were available for these data, deconvolution outperforms correlation in obtaining an interferometric image of the San Andreas fault zone at depth.
Effects of dislocations on the noise of planar p–n junctions†

In this work edge dislocations are introduced by plastic deformation in silicon planar diodes. The effects of tho dislocations on tho electrical properties, especially noise are studied. Tho noise spectra for the diodes under forward bias conditions show that tho shot noiso is relatively unaffected by the dislocations, and tho I/F noise is only affected when the dislocations emerge at a surface near the junction. Tho most striking feature of the spectrum is the existence of a visible generation-recombination noise, which seems to be duo to fluctuations in the occupation of trapping centres in the space charge region introduced by the dislocations.
Laparoscopic ureteral injury and repair : Case reviews and clinical update

Ureteral injuries are known complications of pelvic surgery. The incidence is 0.5% to 3%, and approximately one-third of these cases are not identified or corrected intraoperatively. It is critical to recognize and repair these injuries intraoperatively to decrease morbidity and prevent further complications, such as ureteral stricture, fistula formation, or loss of renal function. Traditionally, laparotomy has been the method of choice for ureteral injuries even when the injury is identified during a laparoscopic procedure. Laparoscopy has been shown to result in decreased infection rate, fewer incisional hernias, shorter hospital stay, and quicker recovery compared with laparotomy. Several articles were reviewed of successful laparoscopic ureteral injury repair, in addition to the 2 cases presented in this article. We conclude that laparoscopic ureteral injury repair is feasible, safe, and effective.
Hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin methods for partial differential equations in continuum mechanics

We present hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin methods for solving steady and time-dependent partial differential equations (PDEs) in continuum mechanics. The essential ingredients are a local Galerkin projection of the underlying PDEs at the element level onto spaces of polynomials of degree k to parametrize the numerical solution in terms of the numerical trace; a judicious choice of the numerical flux to provide stability and consistency; and a global jump condition that enforces the continuity of the numerical flux to arrive at a global weak formulation in terms of the numerical trace. The HDG methods are fully implicit, high-order accurate and endowed with several unique features which distinguish themselves from other discontinuous Galerkin methods. First, they reduce the globally coupled unknowns to the approximate trace of the solution on element boundaries, thereby leading to a significant reduction in the degrees of freedom. Second, they provide, for smooth viscous-dominated problems, approximations of all the variables which converge with the optimal order of k+1 in the L2-norm. Third, they possess some superconvergence properties that allow us to define inexpensive element-by-element postprocessing procedures to compute a new approximate solution which may converge with higher order than the original solution. And fourth, they allow for a novel and systematic way for imposing boundary conditions for the total stress, viscous stress, vorticity and pressure which are not naturally associated with the weak formulation of the methods. In addition, they possess other interesting properties for specific problems. Their approximate solution can be postprocessed to yield an exactly divergence-free and H(div)-conforming velocity field for incompressible flows. They do not exhibit volumetric locking for nearly incompressible solids. We provide extensive numerical results to illustrate their distinct characteristics and compare their performance with that of continuous Galerkin methods.
Influence of oxide-based sintering additives on densification and mechanical behavior of tricalcium phosphate (TCP).

In this research, we studied and analyzed the effects of four different oxide-based sintering additives on densification, mechanical behavior, biodegradation and biocompatibility of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) bioceramics. Selective sintering additives were introduced into pure TCP ceramics, in small quantities, through homogeneous mixing, using a mortar and pestle. The consequent powders of different compositions were pressed into cylindrical compacts, uniaxially and sintered at elevated temperatures, 1150°C and 1250°C, separately in a muffle furnace. X-ray powder diffraction technique was used to analyze the phase-purity of TCP after sintering. Hardness of these sintered specimens was evaluated using a Vickers hardness tester. Sintered cylindrical samples were tested under uniaxial compressive loading, as a function of composition to determine their failure strength. Biodegradation studies conducted using simulated body fluid under dynamic environment, revealed that these additives could control the rate of resorption and hardness degradation of TCP ceramics.
Output analysis: simulation output analysis

We discuss methods for statistically analyzing the output from stochastic simulations. Both terminating and steady-state simulations are considered.
An inexpensive multiplexing system for recording multiple physiological responses from several subjects concurrently

A complete multiplexing system capable of transducing and recording four physiological responses concurrently from six subjects at a time is described. Skin conductance level was recorded from the nonpreferred hand with the aid of a simple constant-voltage circuit. Tempera-ture was recorded from the left and right middle fingers with thermistors. Integrated electromyographic activity was recorded from the frontalis muscle with a previously described biofeedback circuit. An electromechanical rotary switch serves as a multiplexer. Responses are converted to frequencies by voltage-to-frequency integrated circuits and recorded on a four-channel AM tape recorder. The records are subsequently transcribed by a Data General computer and InterACT circuitry programmed to count and print frequencies. Data obtained from 36 subjects as they viewed a feature-length film containing explicit violence are presented.
Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences With Democracy

Chile - Emergence, Breakdown, and the Renewal of Democracy, A. Valenzuela Brazil - Inequality Against Democracy, B. Lamounier Mexico - Sustained Civilian Rule Without Democracy, D.C. Levy and K. Bruhn Turkey - Crises. Interruptions and Re-equilibrium, E. Ozbudun India - Democratic Becoming and Combined Development, J. Das Gupta Thailand - Democratic Turbulence and Evolution, C.A. Samudavanija South Korea - in Quest of Consolidation, D. Steinberg Nigeria - Pluralism, Stalinism and the Struggle for Democracy, L. Diamond Senegal - the Development and fragility of Semidemocracy, C. Coulon South Africa - The Birth of a new Democracy?, S. Friedman.
A suggestibility scale for children

Abstract This article describes the development and properties of the Video Suggestibility Scale for Children (Video SSC), a scale designed to measure individual differences in suggestibility in preschool children. The scale was administered to 195 3- to 5-year-old children, and the results suggest that they tend to respond affirmatively to suggestive questions (‘Yield’) and change their answers in response to negative feedback (‘Shift’) in a manner similar to adults, though at an elevated rate. Older children were able to remember the video better than younger children in memory recall, but were also more likely to shift their answers in response to negative feedback. The scale items had satisfactory internal consistency and were factor analyzed using the Varimax procedure. Yield and Shift were found to load on different factors, supporting Gudjonsson’s (1984) view that there are at least two basic types of interrogative suggestibility [Gudjonsson, G. H. (1984). A new scale of interrogative suggestibility. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 303–314]. Finally, preliminary validity analyses with an early version of the Video SSC reveals that it is predictive of suggestibility errors made in an independent study, using different procedures.
Aspects of sample dispersion for optimizing flow-injection analysis systems

Abstract Solute dispersion of an injected sample plug was studied by using an experimental apparatus with ideal laminar flow in order to develop a hydrodynamic model for the design of sensitive and precise flow-injection analysis systems. The dispersion behaviour of the sample slug under different manifold conditions was first studied in detail to evaluate the effects of various operating conditions such as tube radius, tube length, flow-rate and molecular diffusion coefficient of sample solute. The capillary flow properties were also examined for some commercial micropumps to select the most suitable pumping method. Mixing profiles and baseline stability in short, straight tubes were investigated. A double-plunger micropump having a linear can mechanism and a fast, short reciprocation time was proposed to obtain smoother mixing and more stable pumping with good reproducibility. Complete mixing and low flow-rate pumping are strongly desired for reliable flow-injection methods for industrial process use; biosensing devices for protein and enzyme bioassays require lower consumption of valuable reagents.
Fetal serum folate concentrations and placental folate transport in obese women

Objective We hypothesized that fetal folate serum concentrations are lower and placental folate transport is impaired in pregnancies of obese women. Study Design Umbilical vein serum and placental tissue were collected from normal weight and obese pregnant women at term. Cellular localization (immunohistochemistry) of folate receptor-α (FR-α), proton coupled folate transporter (PCFT), and reduced folate carrier (RFC) was established. Protein expression (Western blot) and transporter activity (isotope labeled methyltetrahydrofolate) were determined in syncytiotrophoblast microvillus membranes (MVM). Results Fetal folate concentrations were similar in obese women as compared with normal weight women. Protein expression of FR-α in microvillus membranes was increased (+173%), in RFC was decreased (−41%), and in PCFT was unchanged. However, activity of FR-α, PCFT, and RFC was unaltered in obesity. Conclusion Fetal serum folate concentrations and placental folate transport activity are not altered in obesity at term, which suggests that limited availability of folate does not contribute to abnormal gene methylation and developmental programming.
Interconnectivity analysis techniques for error localization in large systems

Abstract Software systems contain multiple types of interrelations among components — data, control, and sequencing, among others. We are developing interconnectivity analysis techniques that derive multiple views of the structure of large-scale software systems. These techniques calculate interconnections among components and then recursively group the components into sets according to their degree of interconnection. These techniques are especially suited to large-scale systems (e.g., > 100,000 lines) since numerous types of interconnections can be determined automatically in a tractable manner. Interconnectivity analysis techniques produce visualizations of system structure and can be used to document systems, model their evolution over time, compare system structure, guide regression testing, or localize error-prone structure. This article summarizes two studies using interconnectivity analysis. In earlier work, one such technique was applied effectively in a feasibility study to characterize the error-prone components in a large-scale system from a production environment. Routines with the highest coupling/cohesion ratios had 8.1 times more errors per 1,000 source lines of code that did routines with the lowest coupling /cohesion ratios. A second validation study is currently underway. In this study, we are applying interconnectivity analysis techniques to the design specification of a large distributed command and control system. Tools supporting interconnectivity analysis will be integrated into the Amadeus measurement-driven analysis and feedback system.
The genetics of neurotic-reactive depression: a reanalysis of Shapiro's ( 1970) twin study using diagnostic criteria

The present study explored the role of genetic factors in the development of neurotic depression. Case studies of 16 monozygotic (MZ) and 14 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins from Robert Shapiro's 1970 study of non-endogenous depression were rediagnosed by two raters blind to the zygosity and identity of each twin. Diagnoses were made using Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and George Winokur's 1985 criteria for neurotic-reactive depression. When neurotic depression was operationally defined using Winokur's criteria plus RDC major or definite minor depression, the concordance rate for MZ twins was significantly greater than that for DZ twins. Our results contrast with Shapiro's negative findings, probably due to our use of formal diagnostic criteria and Shapiro's requirement that cotwins be hospitalized to be considered concordant. The present results suggest that genetic factors play a role in the etiology of at least some forms of neurotic depression.
Heart rate and blood pressure in bullfrogs during prolonged maintenance in water at low temperature

Abstract 1. 1. Bullfrogs were maintained in air-saturated water at 4°C under an 8:16hr, light:dark, photoperiod for 50 days from December to February. 2. 2. Heart rates and mean arterial pressures from these submerged frogs remained stable throughout the entire period in the cold. The slow heart rates that were observed appeared to result from a combination of low temperature and submergence. No indication of torpor was observed in any of the animals. 3. 3. These findings demonstrate that the cardiovascular system of bullfrogs apparently retains normal regulatory function when these animals are maintained under temperature and photoperiod conditions analogous to those found during overwintering.
Airline hubs in the Single European Market: A benchmark analysis

‘Liberalization’ of European air markets could allow the formation of airline hubs to obtain the associated economies of scope and scale. This study simulates the formation of these hubs. A model of U.S. hub location, estimated as a function of demographic and economic characteristics, is applied to European cities to identify likely hub locations. The results provide a benchmark for evaluating future airline competition in the Single European Market. However, the study is only an approximate prediction of hub location because political and structural constraints will keep the European air market from developing the competitive atmosphere found in the U.S..
Spermatogonial stem cells of the testis.

Recent studies by Brinster and colleagues reported in this issue of the Proceedings (1, 2) have shown that the injection of spermatogonial stem cells into the testes of sterile recipient mice gives rise to functional sperm in the recipients. These results provide a new technique for the investigation of the physiology of the spermatogonial stem cells and, more importantly, may eventually lead to new approaches for the construction of transgenic animals. In this commentary, I will first review the physiology of the spermatogonial stem cells and then consider the implications of spermatogonial transplants. Spermatogenesis, the process by which the type A spermatogonial stem cells divide and differentiate to produce the mature spermatids (3), occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. The spermatogonial type A stem cells proliferate actively to produce two types of cells: other spermatogonial stem cells and differentiating spermatogonia. The differentiating cells (intermediate and type B spermatogonia) divide and give rise to the more specialized meiotic spermatocytes, but they do not divide to produce new stem cells. Among the type A spermatogonia there are distinct subpopulations, types A1-A4, which were considered the renewing stem-cell spermatogonia, and type Ao, which was considered a reserve type of stem cell (4). The type A4 cells divide to give rise to differentiating spermatogonia, the intermediates, as well as to new type A1 cells, to maintain the stem cell population. The type Ao cells divide slowly and are kept in reserve to repopulate the testis after an injury such as irradiation damage or as a finely tuned mechanism to maintain normal numbers of types A1-A4 (Fig. 1). A similar scheme of spermatogonial renewal was proposed for the monkey (5) and for man (6). Other investigators in the early seventies proposed that in the rat and mouse the types A1-A4 spermatogonia were already differentiated cells and thus not stem cells but that the A, (AO) cells were the true stem cells (7, 8). During the past 20 years, very little new information has been added on the topic of stem-cell renewal in the testis. Unfortunately, there is no general agreement on the identity of the true stem cell in the AO Al1
Charge Collection in Test Structures

Charge collection processes have been studied as a function of ion type and incident angle of the impinging ion on silicon diffused junction structures on various epitaxial layer thicknesses.
Full-Field Digital Mammography: Introduction to Different Technologies

Digital mammography separates the functions of image acquisition, display, and storage enabling each of them to be optimized. Although the spatial resolution of digital mammography is less than that of its analog counterpart, the markedly superior dynamic range provided by the digital platform may translate into improved cancer detection, particularly in dense breast tissue. Early clinical trials of digital mammography failed to confirm such a detection benefit; however, the Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial, with its greater statistical power, did report increased sensitivity for the digital modality in young women, women who are pre- or peri-menopausal, and women with dense breast tissue. The true value of digital mammography, however, may lie in its ability to provide a platform on which advanced x-ray imaging applications for the breast may be developed. In this article, the different technologies of full-field digital mammography in current clinical practice are described.
Magnetic susceptibility of the extended Hubbard model in one-dimension complexes

Abstract The magnetic susceptibility of a 1-D electron gas with on site and nearest neighbor Coulomb repulsions ( U, V ) is discussed in terms of an antiferromagnetic chain with effective exchange J . For band fillings ϱ ⩽ 1/4 J ∼ 4 t 4 / UV 2 ; for band fillings ϱ ⩾ 1/4 J ∼ 2 t 2 / U . This is substantiated by numerical calculations for finite chains with parameters estimated by Hubbard for TCNQ. We find that the effective J increases by a factor of ten at ϱ ∼ 1/4 for the TCNQ complexes.
HyperActive: extending an open hypermedia architecture to support agency

Agency and hypermedia have both been suggested as powerful means to cope with future information management and human-computer interaction requirements. However, research projects have included interface agents only marginally in the context of hypermedia systems. This article proposes a set of criteria for characterizing interface agents and offers a perspective view of ongoing research in the field using those criteria as a framework. The need to provide a supporting infrastructure that facilitates testing and experimentation of interface agents is stressed. The article describes an existing open hypermedia architecture and introduces an extended architecture that includes provisions to support the development and operation of interface agents. A prototype instantiating this system architecture is presented, as well as an initial assessment of the potential and requirements of interface agents in a hypermedia environment.
Visualization of antigenic proteins on Western blots.

Abstract A new technique for the detection of antibodies bound to proteins blotted onto nitrocellulose paper was developed. The method is rapid, sensitive, and does not require radioactive probes. Proteins transferred to nitrocellulose paper are first reacted with primary antibody followed by reaction with an alkaline phosphatase conjugated second antibody. The phosphatase activity is then visualized using an agar gel impregnated with the histochemical phosphatase stain 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP) (J. P. Horwitz, J. Chua, M. Noel, J. T. Donatti, and J. Freisler 1966 J. Med. Chem. 9 , 447; Sigma Chemical Co., Technical bulletin No. 710-EP 1978). Antigen-antibody complexes give rise to sharp, permanent blue stained bands both on the nitrocellulose paper and in the agar overlay gel. This procedure allows detection of bands containing less than 20 ng of protein.
Nonlinear spatially developing Görtler vortices in curved wall jet flow

Linear and nonlinear spatial developments of two‐dimensional wall jets on curved surfaces are computed using pseudospectral‐finite difference methods. Inviscid analysis shows that the instability originates from the inner/outer region on a concave/convex wall; the shear layer is thus always unstable regardless of the curvature. This primary instability is a steady spanwise vortex structure similar to Gortler instability in a Blasius flow. In the present study, a perturbation of prescribed wave number α is assumed. In the limit of high Reynolds number (Re) and small curvature (e), a parabolic set of nonlinear equations describes the spatial evolution of the disturbance. Direct marching simulation of the perturbation and a parabolic stability approach are employed. Both give the same results with different computational efficiencies. For the concave case at low Gortler numbers (G2=e√Re), perturbations are unstable for small α. Their energy reaches a maximum and then decays. At high G, the most unstable dist...
Bragg diffraction imaging of defects at crystal surfaces

Scanning Bragg diffraction images of lattice defects are calculated for a medium energy electron beam at grazing incidence. A stacking fault intersecting the surface introduces additional dynamical beams which interfere to produce a band of fringes near the fault. A dislocation emerging at the surface perturbs the local lattice orientation and therefore changes the reflected beam intensities. It is shown that for a probe size of 10 A the contrast for these defects is about 50 percent while the reflected intensity is 1-10 percent of the incident intensity.
The longitudinal impact of adolescent drug use on socioeconomic outcomes in young adulthood

This study investigates how drug use in adolescence contributes to socioeconomic outcomes in young adulthood. Several studies have investigated whether drug problems alter the life course in ways that are detrimental to young adult achievement, but findings are inconsistent. We use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to investigate this issue. Results show that drug use in adolescence is significantly related to achievement outcomes by young adulthood, though not always in ways that might be predicted. Specifically, where significant, alcohol use is associated with greater socioeconomic achievement by young adulthood, whereas illegal drugs are associated with decreased socioeconomic achievement. Tests of potential mediators largely did not change this relationship. Implications of the results are discussed.