cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of the Cloze procedure in testing a model of complexity

This paper describes an experiment designed and conducted by undergraduate students as part of a senior research project in Computer Science. The experiment tested whether the program comprehension of a set of Fortran 77 programs can be predicted by the Oviedo/Van Verth model of program complexity. In the study, student programmers were asked to demonstrate their ability to understand programs through use of the cloze procedure. Three different kinds of Fortran 77 programs were used at three different levels of complexity determined by the model. It was hypothesized that program comprehension would decrease, i.e. the number of incorrect answers would increase, as the complexity of the programs increased. Due to a variety of reasons, the results were inconclusive. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the experiment, the method selected, and implications for future experiments.
Supercritical extraction of creosote from water with toxicological validation

Abstract Creosote was extracted from water using near-critical and supercritical carbon dioxide. Batch extraclions were carried out in a single equilibrium stage at pressures up to 26.7 MPa and at three temperatures: 298, 323, and 348 K. Toxic activity of the liquid phase was measured before and after extraction via short term bioassays for toxic endpoints of prenatal toxicity. This approach permits simultaneous determination of a lumped overall distribution coefficient for the toxic mixture and the extent of extraction necessary for clean up. Distribution coefficients determined this way ranged from 0.5 to 13. Competing effects of volatility and solubility on the distribution coefficient were determined as a function of temperature.
Examining the extinction risk of specialized folivores: a comparative study of Colobine monkeys

Species extinctions are nonrandom with some taxa appearing to possess traits that increase their extinction risk. In this study, eight predictors of extinction risk were used as independent variables to predict the IUCN category of a subfamily of specialized folivorous primates, the Colobinae. All data were transformed into phylogenetically independent contrasts and were analyzed using bivariate regressions, multiple regression, and a maximum likelihood approach using Akaike's Information Criterion to assess model performance. Once an outlier was removed from the data set, species that devote a smaller proportion of their diet to mature leaf consumption appear to be at a greater risk of extinction. Also, as female body mass increases, so does extinction risk. In contrast, as maximum latitude and the number of habitat types increase, extinction risk appears to decrease. These findings emphasize the importance of examining detailed dietary variation for predicting extinction risk at a relatively fine taxonomic scale and, consequently, may help improve conservation management. Am. J. Primatol. 70:816–827, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TRANSPORT OF OXALATE ACROSS THE RABBIT PAPILLARY SURFACE EPITHELIUM

Purpose: The renal papilla and pelvic recesses of the mammalian kidney are thought to be the anatomical sites of initial kidney stone formation. We studied oxalate transport across the renal papillary surface epithelium.Materials and Methods: In vitro oxalate transport across the papillary surface epithelium was studied by dissecting it off of the papilla and mounting it in a modified Ussing chamber. Experiments were conducted using physiological Ringer’s solution at 37C. Removal or appearance of radioactive oxalate from the solution bathing the apical papillary surface epithelium surface was used as a measure of transepithelial transport.Results: When only the papillary surface epithelium apical surface was exposed to oxalate (17 μmol./l.), the apical to basolateral flux of oxalate was 7.1 ± 1.5 nmol./cm.2 per hour. When only the basolateral side was perfused with oxalate, the basolateral to apical oxalate flux was 1.6 ± 0.7 nmol./cm.2 per hour. When the apical and basolateral surfaces were exposed to ox...
Transient heat and mass transfer from a leaf undergoing stomatal closure in a low pressure environment.

Stomatal control of water loss was studied in a low pressure environment by using detached leaves of Crassula argentea Thunb., Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr., and Setcreasea pallida Rose cv. ;Purple Heart.' The transient behavior of temperature and rate of mass loss were determined. A model based on free molecule gas flow was developed and used to predict mass loss to within the same order of magnitude of experimentally obtained results. By utilizing this model, the transient behavior of stomatal aperture was determined. The "nonphysiological" experimental conditions do not inhibit the closing process; therefore, this new experimental technique is a valid method of studying stomatal closure.
High-performance mid-infrared quantum dot infrared photodetectors

Quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) have emerged as attractive devices for sensing long wavelength radiation. Their principle of operation is based on intersublevel transitions in quantum dots (QDs). Three-dimensional quantum confinement offers the advantages of normal incidence operation, low dark currents and high-temperature operation. The performance characteristics of mid-infrared devices with three kinds of novel heterostructures in the active region are described here. These are a device with upto 70 QD layers, a device with a superlattice in the active region, and a tunnel QDIP. Low dark currents (1.59 A cm−2 at 300 K), large responsivity (2.5 A W−1 at 78 K) and large specific detectivity (1011 cm Hz1/2 W−1 at 100 K) are measured in these devices. It is evident that QDIPs will find application in the design of high-temperature focal plane arrays. Imaging with small QD detector arrays using the raster scanning technique is also demonstrated.
Continental collision slowing due to viscous mantle lithosphere rather than topography

The rate of India’s convergence with Eurasia has decreased exponentially since their collision, which suggests that the deforming continental lithosphere creates a type of viscous resistance that affects plate motion irrespective of how topography evolved. The forces that control plate motion are fundamental to plate-tectonic theory. It has generally been thought that deforming and thickening continental crust is responsible for slowing down the convergence between two continental plates. Marin Clark now shows, however, that the rate of penetration of the Indian subcontinent into Eurasia has decreased exponentially since the plates collided, which suggests that contractional strain across Tibet has been constant throughout the collision. She infers that this reflects deformation of the mantle lithosphere and that, under conditions of constant stress and strength, the deforming continental lithosphere creates viscous resistance that affects plate motion irrespective of how topography evolved. Because the inertia of tectonic plates is negligible, plate velocities result from the balance of forces acting at plate margins and along their base1. Observations of past plate motion derived from marine magnetic anomalies provide evidence of how continental deformation may contribute to plate driving forces2,3,4,5,6,7,8. A decrease in convergence rate at the inception of continental collision is expected because of the greater buoyancy of continental than oceanic lithosphere2,3, but post-collisional rates are less well understood. Slowing of convergence has generally been attributed to the development of high topography that further resists convergent motion7,8,9,10; however, the role of deforming continental mantle lithosphere on plate motions has not previously been considered. Here I show that the rate of India’s penetration into Eurasia has decreased exponentially since their collision. The exponential decrease in convergence rate suggests that contractional strain across Tibet has been constant throughout the collision at a rate of 7.03 × 10−16 s−1, which matches the current rate. A constant bulk strain rate of the orogen suggests that convergent motion is resisted by constant average stress (constant force) applied to a relatively uniform layer or interface at depth. This finding follows new evidence that the mantle lithosphere beneath Tibet is intact11, which supports the interpretation that the long-term strain history of Tibet reflects deformation of the mantle lithosphere. Under conditions of constant stress and strength, the deforming continental lithosphere creates a type of viscous resistance that affects plate motion irrespective of how topography evolved.
A network-wide information system: multi-level context for the user at the work station interface

Abstract The quantity and diversity of information resources available to the human user at the network interface require more global, network-oriented interface design. The user, with his/her mental model of that interface, must be provided with suitable forms of context that support the application-specific tasks, such as in using database, information retrieval and hypertext systems. In addition, the user should be encouraged to gain a better understanding of what else is happening and possible in the network medium: facts, activities, events and other information peripheral or independent of the current task. The criteria for such interface design and a multi-level context model are described. The first three levels ( task-inherent, task-supportive and task-enhancing ) are specific to the task and can accommodate the various well-known kinds of information system applications. The fourth or task-peripheral level supplies the types of information which have no necessary relationship to the current task or to each other. A prototype implementation of an interprocess communication network, designed to gather such global, task-peripheral information for each individual user at a network workstation, is presented. The layered display organization and its correspondence to the multi-level context model are outlined. To distinguish the system from others a general categorization of information systems is defined.
Secondary resistance to cyclosporin A in children with nephrotic syndrome.

We investigated the phenomenon of secondary resistance to cyclosporin (CsA) in children with steroid dependent (SD) or steroid resistant (SR) nephrotic syndrome. Secondary resistance was defined as an initial response to CsA with relapse on withdrawal of therapy and absent or diminished response on reinstitution of the drug. Thirty-two children with nephrotic syndrome who were treated with CsA were included in the study. Twenty-two of the children (15 of 15 SD and 7 of 17 SR) responded while ten demonstrated primary CsA resistance. Of these 22 responders, 20 relapsed when therapy was tapered or discontinued. Cyclosporin was reinstituted in 19. Ten responded, demonstrating CsA dependence, and nine exhibited secondary CsA resistance. Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) was present in one patient with CsA dependence on the initial biopsy and in two of six on a subsequent biopsy. In comparison, seven of nine patients with secondary CsA resistance and ten of ten with primary CsA resistance had FSGS on the initial or subsequent biopsy (P=0.03). C4 and/or C1q were present on the initial biopsy in one patient with CsA dependence as compared to six of nine with secondary CsA resistance (P=0.02). Four patients with secondary CsA resistance had an accelerated progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We conclude that the presence of FSGS, or of C4 and/or C1q, appears to increase the risk of secondary CsA resistance and some of these children rapidly progress to ESRD.
Adolescents' reference-group choices, self-esteem, and adjustment

Three hundred thirty Black, Hispanic, Asian, and White high school students reported their reference-group label as mainstream, bicultural, or strongly ethnically identified. Compared with other groups, White students were significantly more likely to be mainstream. Across ethnic groups, students reporting a strong ethnic identification held attitudes that were significantly more separatist, reported more ethnic pride, engaged in less cross-ethnic contact out of school, reported more cross-ethnic conflict, and used English significantly less often than other reference groups. Reference-group label was not associated with significant ethnic differences in self-esteem, social competence, or grade point average. The generational status of minority students is discussed as a potential influence mediating the impact of reference group on adjustment.
Binding of the origin of replication of Escherichia coli to the outer membrane

Abstract The replication origin of the Escherichia coli chromosome binds with high affinity to outer membrane preparations. This binding requires a 460 bp stretch of origin DNA between positions −40 and 420 of the oriC map. Specific binding can be detected by the use of a membrane filter retention assay in the presence of excess calf thymus DNA. This binding is enhanced by divalent cations and takes place specifically at a few (0.7-3.0) membrane sites per cell. The apparent affinity of origin DNA for membranes is enhanced by two peptides, (55 kilodaltons (kd) and 75 kd), which remain attached to the DNA through treatment with 5.5 M cesium chloride.
Interface state generation in pFETs with ultra-thin oxide and oxynitride on (100) and (110) Si substrates

The effect of negative bias stress on p-FETs is compared for oxide vs. oxynitride gate dielectric, and for (110) vs. (100) surface orientation. Nitrogen causes increased interface state generation near the conduction band edge and reduced defect generation at mid-gap. For oxynitride grown on (110) surface only slight difference is seen compared to (100). The hole trapping contribution to the Vt shift is greater at room temperature compared to 125°C.
Effect of behavioral inhibition on interactions in mixed-sex dyads.

Summary The present studies assessed the effect of behavioral inhibition on interactions of college students in mixed-sex groups. In Study 1, 20 participants were arranged into two dyadic groups based on self-rated measures of approach/withdrawal behavior. These dyads (inhibited men/uninhibited women; inhibited women/uninhibited men) were videotaped during an unstructured 5-min. interaction in a laboratory. Time series analysis indicated greater behavioral covariation in the inhibited men/uninhibited women dyads and less behavioral covariation in the inhibited women/uninhibited men dyads. Additional analyses indicated a relationship between inhibition and comfort experienced during the interaction. Inhibited participants, particularly women, reported feeling uncomfortable while interacting with an uninhibited male partner. A second study corroborated the findings reported in Study 1 and also noted elevated heart rate in the inhibited women. This increased discomfort in women appeared to be related to heig...
Removal of intractable fine solids from bitumen solutions obtained by solvent extraction of oil sands

Abstract During solvent extraction of bitumen from oil sands, the bitumen solutions produced are usually contaminated with fine solids. The water-wettable fines may be eliminated by utilizing simple solids agglomeration techniques during extraction. Intractable oil-wetted solids can also be removed by chemical treatment to improve settling rates, allowing separation without the need for centrifugation. Some data from small-scale batch and continuous experiments are presented to illustrate the techniques employed.
The dyadic exchange: An exercise in teaching interpersonal communication

(1975). The dyadic exchange: An exercise in teaching interpersonal communication. The Speech Teacher: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 162-164.
Mid-infrared interband cascade lasers operating at ambient temperatures

We discuss the state-of-the-art performance of interband cascade lasers emitting in the 3?5??m spectral band. Broad-area devices with five active stages display pulsed threshold current densities as low as 400?A?cm?2 at room temperature. Auger decay rates are extracted from the analysis of threshold current densities and differential slope efficiencies of nearly 30 lasers, and found to be significantly lower than was anticipated based on prior information. New designs also produce ICLs with room-temperature internal losses as low as ?6?cm?1. The combination of these advances with improvements to the processing of narrow ridges has led to the fabrication of a 4.4-?m-wide ridge emitting at 3.7??m that lased to 335?K in continuous mode. This is the highest continuous-wave (cw) operating temperature for any semiconductor laser in the 3.0?4.6??m spectral range. A 10-?m-wide ridge with high-reflection and anti-reflection facet coatings produced up to 59?mW of cw power at 298?K, and displayed a maximum wall-plug efficiency of 3.4%.
Powerful microfocus x-ray and hard x-ray 1 MA x-pinch plasma source for imaging, spectroscopy, and polarimetry

The x-ray emission of Ti, Fe, Mo, W and Pt x-pinches are currently bieng studied at the Nevada Terawatt Facility z- pinch machine (0.9-1.0 MA, 100 ns). New x-ray diagnostics for time-resolved spectroscopy and imaging has been developed and used in x-pinch experiments. The total x- ray/EUV yield was more than 10 kJ. The minimum x-ray pulse duration was 1.1 ns (Mo, W, Pt). For Ti, Mo and W pinches x-ray pulses occurred in two or three groups in the narrow time intervals after the start of the current. The most compact emitting region has been observed for a planar-loop Mo x-pinch (the number of hot spots ranging from 1-5 with a minimum size smaller than 30 micrometers at (lambda) <1.5-2 Angstoms). Strong jets were observed (Ti, Fe, Mo) directed toward the discharge axis, perpendicular to the wires. A structure of an x-pinch includes energetic electron beams directed toward the anode and along wires. The total beam energy increases from Ti to W. A pulse of hard x-ray radiation was observed moving upwards along the axial axis with an energy of several hundred keV(Mo). The size of this source was smaller than 1 mm. The measurements of temperature and density of x-pinch plasmas were based on theoretical modeling of K-shell Ti and L-shell Mo spectra (Te=1.5 keV for Ti, 0.8 keV for Mo, Ne up to 2- 3x1022 cm-3 with 1-10% of hot electrons).© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Building a Hong Kong martial arts film collection

This research outlines the Hong Kong film industry with examination of key actors, directors, films, and production companies within the martial arts genre of Hong Kong Action Cinema. Hong Kong Film Award winners and nominees, core films within genres, and core reference works both general and theoretical from experts in the field of Hong Kong martial arts film research have been highlighted. Web sites are suggested that provide reviews of Hong Kong martial arts films, biographical information on a variety of actors and actresses as well as comprehensive bibliographic information on select films. Also included are commercial Web sites that provide Hong Kong martial arts films.
Intracellular Sodium and Calcium in the Postischemic Myocardium

Abstract Intracellular sodium and calcium were measured in 30 isolated perfused rat hearts exposed to normothermic ischemic intervals varying from 0 to 40 minutes followed by 35 minutes of reperfusion. Accumulation of these elements was correlated with alterations in postischemic isovolumic contractile function. There were increases in calcium of 207%, 390%, and 681% of the nonischemic control following reperfusion after respective ischemic intervals of 30, 35, and 40 minutes. These corresponded to decrements in peak developed pressure of 23.8% after 30 minutes, 68.6% after 35 minutes, and no recovery of function after 40 minutes of ischemia. Thirty-five and 40 minutes of ischemia produced 138% and 170% increases in intracellular sodium, respectively. These data show that there is a graded accumulation of intracellular sodium and calcium that correlates with the duration of ischemia and the degree of functional impairment in the postischemic heart. Measurement of intracellular sodium and calcium may, therefore, serve as an adjunct to other biochemical and functional factors used to quantitate postischemic and postcardioplegic damage in the development of new myoprotective regimens.
Economic Development and the Relative Price of Nontradables: Global Dynamics of the Krueger-Deardorff-Leamer Model*

This paper employs a three-factor model of economic development to model forward-looking nontraded investment as a determinant of the relative price of nontradables. A capital-intensity. reversal of nontraded output relative to manufactured output-arising from a switch toward a capital-intensive manufacturing technique from a labor-intensive technique-produces a bifurcation in the model's dynamics. the two resulting saddlepath trajectories are each consistent with optimizing behavior and transversality conditions at infinity. History, as embodied in the economy's capital stock, as well as forward-looking expectations determine whether the economy chooses the low-investment or high-investment trajectory.
Sequential alterations of neuronal architecture in nucleus magnocellularis of the developing chicken: A golgi study

Abstract Nucleus magnocellularis in the chicken consists predominantly of a population of mediu-msized cells which receive large, axosomatic endings from the auditory nerve. The morphological development of these cells and their auditory input were studied with the Golgi methods. At 7 1/2–9 days of incubation (embryonic days 7 1/2–9, staged according to the Hamburger-Hamilton series), cells in nucleus magnocellularis have several long, branched dendrites, which often end in bulbous swellings. By embryonic day 10, efferent axons have already grown out from the cells and characteristic terminal plexuses of these axons are seen in nucleus laminaris bilaterally. The dendrites of cells in nucleus magnocellularis have been replaced by a multitude of long somatic processes, giving the cell body a shaggy appearance. This arrangement is maintained up to embryonic day 15, when a remarkable second transformation occurs. The cells lose their somatic processes and present bald, round profiles. Around embryonic days 17–18 a primitive-looking process with a tip like a growth cone emerges from the cell body and somatic spines are evident. By days 19–20, one or two thin, frail dendritic processes can be seen. Correlated with this dramatic series of changes in the cells is a fixed sequence of transformations of the incoming axons. Around embryonic day 10, primary sensory axons in nucleus magnocellularis end in swellings resembling growth cones. Between days 11 and 13, following the explosive growth of somatic processes there is a corresponding expansion and ramification of the auditory nerve endings. On embryonic day 14, there is a condensation of the terminal axon branches, which now form a compact, highly branched plexus. Between days 16 and 17, the plexus coalesces into a calycine structure, now approaching its final form, the end-bulb of Held, which is achieved by embryonic days 19–20. The transformation of the plexus to the calycine form occurs around the same time that the cell loses its somatic processes. The parallel sequence in the morphogenetic stages of the assembly of the end-bulbs and their target cells evinces a correlation, if not a causal relationship between the sensory axons and the developing neurons. The arrangement of the somatic processes and axonal branches during the early, multipolar stage would provide an opportunity for optimum interactions between the synaptogenetic processes of the afferent axons and the target cells. The later morphological transformations could orchestrate the specific, cell-to-cell interactions which accompany, or even depend on the activity of the definitive end-bulb synapse.
Proto-oncogene c-fos and the regulation of vasopressin gene expression during dehydration

Secretion of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) vasopressin is increased when body fluid homeostasis is disturbed by dehydration. Associated with this increased secretion is an elevation of vasopressin mRNA in magnocellular hypothalamic neurons projecting to the posterior pituitary. The proto-oncogene c-fos codes for a nuclear phospho-protein Fos which binds to specific DNA elements and acts as a transcriptional regulator coupling short-term extracellular stimuli to long-term responses by altering secondary target gene expression. This study in rats examined the time courses of dehydration induced c-fos expression and the change of vasopressin gene expression in the magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus. Immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization study demonstrated that c-fos was induced by acute intracellular dehydration in the hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei of paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic (SON), and accessory groups such as nucleus circularis. Double-label immunocytochemical study co-localized Fos and vasopressin-neurophysin immunoreactivity in the same magnocellular neurons in the SON and PVN. In situ hybridization analysis after acute dehydration revealed a rapid and transient c-fos induction followed by a persistent increase in vasopressin mRNA for up to 2 days even after rehydration. Furthermore, prevention of c-fos translation by pretreatment with protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide attenuated this dehydration induced increase in vasopressin mRNA. This study demonstrated that an increase in vasopressin transcription after acute dehydration is dependent on an early phase of protein synthesis.
Open-chest cardiac massage without major thoracotomy: Metabolic indicators of coronary and cerebral perfusion

Abstract Objective: to compare the coronary and cerebral perfusion achieved using a novel method of minimally-invasive, direct cardiac massage to that obtained using bimanual, open-chest cardiac massage. Design: prospective, controlled animal study with repeated measures. Setting: university research laboratory. Subjects: large domestic swine. Interventions: aortic, coronary sinus, jugular venous and pulmonary artery catheters were placed. Following an equilibration period, ventricular fibrillation was induced. After 4 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation, animals underwent bimanual, open-chest cardiac massage ( N =6) or minimally-invasive, direct cardiac massage using a novel device for direct cardiac compression ( N =6). Adrenaline was administered at a dose of 1 mg intravenously every 5 min. Measurements: systemic metabolic parameters, (arterial P O 2 , P CO 2 and lactate concentration) and coronary sinus and jugular venous metabolic parameters (pH, PV O 2 , SV O 2 , PV CO 2 and lactate concentration) were measured and calculated (coronary sinus/jugular-arterial SV O 2 , coronary sinus/jugular-arterial P CO 2 and lactate differences) at baseline and at 10, 20 and 30 min following induction of ventricular fibrillation. Animals were euthanised after 30 min with no attempt at defibrillation. Main Results: oxygen tension and oxygen saturation of coronary sinus blood declined significantly during the experimental period, but no differences were noted between treatment groups. The coronary sinus-arterial oxygen saturation difference increased during the study with no significant differences between groups. Coronary sinus P CO 2 and the coronary sinus-arterial P CO 2 difference increased significantly in both experimental groups during cardiac massage. No inter-group differences were noted. A similar relationship was noted in coronary sinus lactate values. The coronary sinus-arterial lactate difference displayed a positive balance at all intervals with no differences noted between group values. The oxygen tension and oxygen saturation of jugular venous blood, were reduced from baseline levels with both treatments. The jugular-arterial oxygen saturation difference increased in both groups compared to baseline values. Between group values were significantly different only at the 20 min interval. Both the jugular venous P CO 2 and the jugular-arterial P CO 2 gradient were elevated at all intervals, but no inter-group differences were noted. Jugular venous lactate concentration rose steadily with time in both groups. No significant increase in the jugular-arterial lactate gradient was noted at any time point. Conclusions: minimally-invasive, direct cardiac massage provides coronary and cerebral perfusion similar to that achieved using standard open-chest cardiac massage. This method may provide a more effective substitute for standard, closed-chest cardiac massage in cases of refractory cardiac arrest.
Modification of cationic nanoclays with ionic liquids

As part of a broader effort to develop nanoclays functionalized with different heterocyclic aromatic structures for novel applications, preliminary data are reported on the modification of sodium montmorillonite, a cationic clay, with three low molecular weight pyridinium- and imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Commercially available unmodified clay was treated under different conditions with aqueous solutions of three ionic liquids: N-ethyl pyridinium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethyl 3-methyl imidazolium bromide and 1-hexyl 3-methyl imidazolium chloride. The modified materials were characterized qualitatively and quantitatively by FTIR, TGA, EDX, WXRD and elemental analysis. The data show an overall increase in interlamellar spacing as a result of sodium cation exchange with the cations of the ionic liquids and improved thermal stability vs. commercial nanoclays modified with long chain quaternary ammonium salts. The effects were dependent on the type of the ionic liquid. Data are also reported on the evaluation of the modified clays in the preparation of polypropylene nanocomposites.
Cultural Identification and Attempted Suicide in Native Hawaiian Adolescents

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine rates of lifetime suicide attempts in a community sample of Native Hawaiian adolescents and determine the contribution of Hawaiian cultural affiliation, socioeconomic status, and psychiatric symptoms as risk factors for suicide. Method High school students were surveyed in the state of Hawaii for lifetime suicide attempts, Hawaiian cultural affiliation, socioeconomic status, and symptoms of depression, substance abuse, aggression, and anxiety. Multiple logistic regressions were used on 3,094 subjects to develop prediction models for lifetime suicide attempts. Results Native Hawaiian adolescents had significantly higher rates of suicide attempts (12.9%) than other adolescents in Hawaii (9.6%). Hawaiian cultural affiliation rather than ethnicity was uniquely predictive of suicide attempts. Logistic regression indicated that depression, substance abuse, grade level, Hawaiian cultural affiliation, and main wage earner's education best predicted suicide attempts in Native Hawaiian adolescents, while depression, substance abuse, and aggression predicted suicide attempts in non-Hawaiians. Conclusions Native Hawaiian adolescents have higher rates of attempted suicide than non-Hawaiian adolescents. Strong Hawaiian cultural affiliation rather than ethnicity is a risk factor for attempted suicide.
Feeding preferences and the relationships between food choice and assimilation efficiency in the herbivorous marine snail Lithopoma undosum (Turbinidae)

Preference rankings for 13 macrophytes were established for the subtidal herbivorous snail Lithopoma undosum using two-choice laboratory experiments and consumption rates. L. undosum did not discriminate among three kelp foods (Egregia menziesii, Eisenia arborea and Macrocystis pyrifera) but ate kelp preferentially and more rapidly over all but Ulva spp. among tested macrophytes. Secondary preferences were established for the red alga Pterocladiella capillacea, followed by the coralline Lithothrix aspergillum, whereas the brown seaweeds Zonaria farlowii and Halidrys dioica and the seagrass Phyllospadixtorreyi were the least preferred macrophytes. Fastest consumption rates (1.91 g day−1) were measured in trials consisting only of kelp foods. These results indicate that L. undosum exhibits clear feeding preferences even when given less-preferred, non-kelp macrophytes. Using an ash-marker technique, we determined total organic, carbon, and nitrogen assimilation efficiencies (AE%) for six macroalgae used in preference trials. Tested macrophytes were assimilated at different efficiencies but a pattern was not detected between AE (%) and a macrophyte’s position in L. undosum’s preference hierarchy. Highest total organic AEs were found for P. capillacea (61.2%) and H. dioica (59.4%); lowest AEs were detected for E. menziesii (34.9%), a preferred dietary item. Nitrogen was assimilated from red algae with higher efficiencies (74.9–84.3%) than from brown or green algae. These data suggest that the digestive capabilities of L. undosum are better suited for assimilating organic material and nitrogen from less-preferred, non-kelp foods. This supports the hypothesis that factors besides nutritional composition and digestive optimization have played a role in the evolution of feeding preferences in L. undosum and probably other herbivorous snails associated with northeastern Pacific kelp beds.
The Practice of Statistics: The Real World is an Idea Whose Time Has Come

Abstract This article identifies three consulting roles—helper, leader, and colleague; recommends that statistical consultants ask more questions about basic mechanisms; suggests that statistical consultants regard their primary responsibility as providing guidance about the scientific method itself; discusses the need for continuing education to help improve consulting skills; and describes Wisconsin's Master's degree examination, which was designed to help students become effective practicing statisticians.
Long-term trends in the bald-cypress (Taxodium distichum) resource in Louisiana (U.S.A.)

Abstract Bald cypress has long been a dominant timber species in Louisiana's wetland forests. Early settlers recognized the value of this species, and because of its durability and workability bald cypress remained a stable commodity of the lumber industry from the 18th through the early 20th Centuries. Early estimates of the area of bald-cypress forests range from 0.67 to 3.64 million ha. Bald-cypress timber was cut extensively from 1890 to 1925 when the last virgin stands of timber in the state were depleted. In 1934 there were 0.66 million ha of cutover bald-cypress forests in Louisiana. Recent estimates indicate that there are 0.14 million ha of bald-cypress swamp forest left in the state. Regeneration problems have increased in recent years due to human changes in hydrology and natural subsidence (> 1 m per century) and the introduction of the rodent, nutria, (Myocastor coypus) from South America. Even though the volume of bald-cypress growing-stock in the state continues to increase, the total acreage of bald-cypress swamp is declining. More work needs to be done in these wetland forests to ensure their survival for the future.
Successive elimination algorithm for motion estimation

The correspondence presents a fast exhaustive search algorithm for motion estimation. The basic idea is to obtain the best estimate of the motion vectors by successively eliminating the search positions in the search window and thus decreasing the number of matching evaluations that require very intensive computations. Simulation results demonstrate that although the performance of the proposed algorithm is the same as that using the exhaustive search, the computation time has been reduced significantly. >
Graph-Based Observability Analysis of Bearing-Only Cooperative Localization

In this paper, we investigate the nonlinear observability properties of bearing-only cooperative localization. We establish a link between observability and a graph that represents measurements and communication between the robots. It is shown that graph theoretic properties like the connectivity and the existence of a path between two nodes can be used to explain the observability of the system. We obtain the maximum rank of the observability matrix without global information and derive conditions under which the maximum rank can be achieved. Furthermore, we show that for complete observability, all of the nodes in the graph must have a path to at least two different landmarks of known location.
Collagen chain formation and peptidyl proline hydroxylation in monolayer tissue cultures of L-929 fibroblasts.

Abstract Collagen proline hydroxylase and proline-rich, hydroxyproline-deficient protein substrate were identified and measured throughout the growth cycle of L-929 fibroblasts. Newly synthesized hydroxylase did not appear until near the end of the log phase and then increased 3- to 10-fold. By contrast, substrate was synthesized primarily during the period of rapid cell growth and maximum protein synthesis. Unhydroxylated polypeptide substrate was shown to accumulate within the cell and to be secreted into the culture medium until hydroxylase activity appeared. Collagen proline hydroxylase activity could be stimulated independently of cell growth by rapidly concentrating the cells indicating an activation process associated with cell density.
Anderson Cooper and Jodie Foster: The Glass Closet and Gay Visibility in the Media

Anderson Cooper has routinely graced the list of Out Magazine’s top 50 most powerful celebrities, appearing, perhaps most memorably, in 2008 next to Jodie Foster. But the pictures were pasted onto Popsicle sticks, held on to by an anonymous man and woman in suits, a clear reminder that these two celebrities were indeed firmly hiding in the glass closet. By glass closet, Out Magazine and others mean the person whom “everyone” knows is gay, but never acknowledges her or his sexuality, despite ample evidence to suggest that this person is indeed living an openly gay life. Cooper and Foster shared not only a cover and a glass closet, but also the obligation to make a difference in the tale of gay visibility and celebrity. In the entertainment world, far too few people have ever admitted to any kind of gay life, and in the world of news, there are just a handful of openly gay individuals, with Cooper being the first primetime national news anchor (though on cable) to actually come out. I tackle Cooper here in this Foster Forum because his coming out story both mirrors and departs from Foster. His coming out can be classified as a “nonevent.” Cooper came out, but the headlines in mainstream news were about visibility, not about Cooper-the-celebrity. At first glance, the two shared much in common from within the glass closet. They professed a demand for privacy; justified staying in this glass closet as good for their work; and note that they are not hiding anything from anyone who should know. But here is the departure. Cooper came out loud and proud—and
Studies on the turnover of mouse brain synaptosomal proteins.

— (l) The half-lives of the proteins of various fractions of whole mouse brain increase with increasing insolubility; the supernatant and hypotonic-extractable proteins had half-lives of about 13 days, whereas the membrane proteins solubilized with Triton X-100 and SLS had half-lives of about 18 days. The proteins of the subfractions of synaptosomes had half-lives ranging from 15 to 19 days; those in the cytoplasm had a half-life of 18·3 days, in the membranes, about 17 days and in the synaptic vesicles, 15·6 days. (2) Although the half-life of the synaptic vesicles was not significantly different from that of other synaptosomal subfractions, the vesicles exhibited a different protein pattern on acrylamide gels, an observation which implies that the proteins of the vesicles are qualitatively different from those of other synaptic membranes. (3) The uptake of labelled lysine into the cytoplasm of the synaptosomes of youg mice in vivo was very rapid. (4) The data derived from the relative specific radioactivities of synaptosomal fractions compared with their whole brain analogs support the contention that a sizeable fraction of the synaptosomal cytoplasmic protein was transported to the synapse by axoplasmic flow. The relative specific radioactivities of synaptosomal membrane and synaptic vesicle proteins rose much more quickly than the comparable activities for the cytoplasmic material, and the alternate possibility of synthesis in situ is discussed.
What Will It Take to Fully Protect All American Children With Vaccines

• Although 95% of children have had a full course of vaccines by the time they enter school, immunization levels among poor inner-city preschoolers may be substantially lower. Among the factors responsible for the disparity are the lack of a uniform data system to identify children who need vaccine; missed opportunities to offer immunizations; overinterpretation of contraindications; and administrative barriers to immunization. Remedies lie in a multifaceted approach: a tracking system that will prompt a reminder and then sound an alarm when an immunization is overdue; means of informing parents, probably best accomplished by an outreach worker of the same racial or ethnic background as the parent; removal of administrative barriers and increased access to services; incentives, either positive or negative, to raise the priority of immunizations; and more education for health care providers to ensure that they understand contraindications and do not miss opportunities to offer vaccines. Other possibilities are "express lane" services to immunize all children who come to a health care provider and the delivery of immunizations in child care settings and in programs such as Women, Infants, and Children, and Aid to Families With Dependent Children. ( AJDC. 1991;145:559-562)
HIV/AIDS and Fertility

This paper studies the response of fertility to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. I use repeated cross sections of the Demographic and Health Surveys for 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa to examine this question empirically. Using individual birth histories from these data, I construct estimates of the regional total fertility rate over time. In a difference-in-differences approach, I compare regional HIV prevalence to changes in total fertility rates from the 1980s to the present. My results suggest that HIV/AIDS had very little impact on fertility, both overall and in a sample of HIV-negative women.
Abnormalities of regional brain metabolism in Alzheimer's disease and their relation to functional impairment.

Abstract Haxby, James V. and Stanley I. Rapoport. Abnormalities of regional cerebral metabolism In Alzhelmer's disease and their relation to functional Impairments. Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1986, 10 (3–5): 427–438. 1. 1. Resting brain metabolism In patients with Alzhelmer's disease (AD) has consistently been demonstrated to be reduced. Moreover, the magnitude of the reduction Is related to the severity of dementia. 2. 2. Positron emission tomography (PET), which provides regional metabolic rates for glucose In cross-sectional slices of brain, has demonstrated three alterations In AD Chat are related to functional deficits. 3. 3. First, whole brain metabolic rate is reduced, and these reductions are related to overall severity of dementia. 4. 4. Second, regional metabolic rates In the association cortices demonstrate relatively greater reductions than are observed In the primary sensory and motor cortices, corresponding to marked Impairment of higher cognitive function and relative sparing of sensory and motor function. 5. 5. Third, regional metabolic rates In the association cortices demonstrate Increased left-right asymmetry relative to controls. Greater metabolic asymmetry Is accompanied by disproportionate neuropsychological deficits In either language or visuospatial function, depending on whether the left or right cerebral hemisphere, respectively, has a lower metabolic rate.
The hexagon theorem

We wish to \int_{S}|Z-f(Z)|^{2},S the unit square, over all choices of f(Z) which take just n values. For large n it is shown that f(Z) approaches that function which on each face of a "hexagonal mesh" has the value of the centroid of that face. This problem in the design of quantizers for a pulse-code modulation (PCM) system arose in which pairs of adjacent samples are quantized in an effort to capitalize on the correlation between samples and on the geometry of the plane.
Intrinsic Disorder in Dynein Intermediate Chain Modulates Its Interactions with NudE and Dynactin

Background: NudE and dynactin regulate dynein through their interaction with the intermediate chain subunit (IC). Results: NudE binds one region of the bi-segmental IC binding footprint of p150Glued to form a heterotetrameric complex. Conclusion: NudE and p150Glued bind IC with similar affinity but with distinct binding modes. Significance: These distinct binding modes elucidate crucial new insight into dynein regulation.
Phylogenetic distribution of apolipoproteins A-I and E in vertebrates as determined by Western blot analysis.

A putative apolipoprotein E (apoE) has been identified in the HDL and VHDL fractions of the turtle. This observation is of particular interest considering apoE has been reported absent in the domestic hen (Hermier et al., ’95; Biochim Biophys Acta: 105–118, 1995) and thus presumed absent in nonmammalian vertebrates altogether. As a result, partial amino acid sequencing of this protein was performed and revealed that one fragment shared 41% sequence identity to human apoE. Western blot analysis using antisera to apoE demonstrated cross-reactivity to a 34-kDa protein (putative apoE) in turtle plasma. Further investigation using anti-apoE antibody in Western blot analysis detected immunoreactive apoE in the plasma of lamprey, spiny dogfish, skate, and alligator, but not in flounder, newt or python; its absence in several species of birds was confirmed. Using anti-apoA-I antibody, apoA-I was detected in all vertebrate groups except a representative teleost (flounder). Apo-A-I antibody cross-reacted weakly with some putative apoE proteins (chicken, spiny dogfish and skate) and the reverse was true for anti-apoE, which cross-reacted with putative apoA-I in birds, reptiles, and elasmobranchs, confirming the molecular similarity and phylogenetic relatedness of these two proteins. J. Exp. Zool. 290:255–264, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transportation security and the role of resilience: A foundation for operational metrics

This paper presents operational metrics to determine a passenger transportation system's resilience to terrorism. The metrics range from those specific to the number of trips to more holistic measures that include the contribution of these trips directly and indirectly to economic activity. These metrics can aid decision-makers in rendering more informed judgments about resource allocation and how to design a portfolio of security and recovery strategies. The paper also provides a framework for evaluating transportation risk, including the important role of perceptions in potentially amplifying these risks. It provides a range of strategies to promote resilience as well. Resilience of a transportation system is then quantified using the real-world case of the 2005 London subway and bus bombings. In terms of ordinary resilience, we find that 77.4 percent of total journey reductions on attacked modes were offset by increases in substitute modes for the 4 months following the attacks. We also estimate that 76.9 percent of total journey reductions on attacked modes were the result of a "fear factor," as opposed to capacity reductions. The paper concludes with a set of proposed prospective resilience measures to evaluate the potential resilience of a transportation system. These metrics are based on the vulnerability, flexibility, and resource availability to cope with a terrorist attack or natural disaster.