cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Approach to Assessing the Impacts of Incident‐Free Transportation of Radioactive Materials: II. Highway Transportation

Annual radiation doses and risks to the public living near, and traveling on, public highways, and occupational doses are calculated for highway shipments of radioactive materials under accident-free and incident-free conditions (i.e., under normal transportation conditions). The database developed by Sandia National Laboratories is used, and calculations are made using RADTRAN 4.0. This report is one of two reports estimating radiological risk associated with transportation of radioactive materials.
Praxeology, Experimental Economics and the Process of Choice: F.A. Hayek and Vernon Smith on the Misesian Action Axiom

Mises’s action axiom postulates that human action is purposeful behavior. While this axiom is the building block for a powerful methodology, it is also incomplete, because it sets aside the underlying processes of decision-making. And while Mises does not dismiss the gap between intention and action, he is silent on it, relegating such a study to psychology. We contend that a study of underlying thought patterns and the process of choice – rather than contradicting praxeology and the action axiom – in fact complements the writings of Mises. To demonstrate this, we look at two authors: F.A. Hayek and Vernon Smith. Hayek’s theory of the sensory order sheds light on the process of choice, and explains how decision-making is contextually embedded. Smith’s concepts of ecological rationality and neurological “hard-wiring” help us understand decision-making. We argue that cognitive foundations enrich our understanding of the process of choice, and thus of the Misesian action axiom.
GERMINATION AND NITROGENOUS CONSTITUENTS OF PEA SEEDS (Pisium sativum)

The effect of germination on total nitrogen (TN), protein nitrogen (PN), total nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), free amino acid nitrogen (FAAN), and amino acid composition of three varieties of pea seeds (Dwarf Gray, Early Alaska, and Wando) was studied. Following 5 days of germination, there was a slight increase of TN, a slight decrease of PN, and a marked increase of both the total NPN and FAAN in all varieties of seeds when compared on a dry weight basis. In germinated seeds, TN ranged from 3.49–4.98, PN ranged from 2.60–3.48, total NPN from 0.893–1.502, and FAAN ranged from 0.408–1.313 g/100g dry weight. Whereas, in ungerminated seeds, TN ranged from 3.20–4.72, PN ranged from 2.93–4146, total NPN ranged from 0.263–0.337, and FAAN ranged from 0.067–0.150 g/100g dry weight. The altered amino acid patterns of ungerminated and germinated seeds suggest that there was a turnover of proteins and amino acids under the experimental conditions.
The biology of Vaejovis littoralis Williams, an intertidal scorpion from Baja California, Mexico

Vaejovis littoralis Williams is an intertidal scorpion inhabiting chiefly the drift zone in the high intertidal of beaches in Baja California, Mexico. Density within the drift zone averages approximately 2–4/m2 (island sites) to 12/m2 (mainland sites). Populations are aggregated into patches. Primarily, juveniles exhibit diurnal activity. Nocturnally active juveniles tend to be spatially segregated from nocturnally active adults within the drift zone. Diet of V. littoralis includes the isopod Ligia, V. littoralis, spiders, pseudoscorpions, centipedes and beetles. Prey size is not a function of predator size. Centruroides exilicauda, V. littoralis and Ligia were observed as predators on V. littoralis. The adult sex ratio is skewed toward females (1 male : 2.1 females). Adult females are usually larger than adult males. Litter size ranges from 1–8. Limited data suggest that offspring size and litter size increase with maternal size. Vaejovis littoralis exhibits cryptic coloration, small size and lithophilic tarsal claws, all of which favour intertidal existence. Although V. littoralis is able to withstand up to 12 hours of submergence, it does not survive submergence significantly better than a comparable desert species. Field data suggest that V. littoralis does not exhibit an endogenous tidal rhythm.
A fractal geometry model for evaluating permeabilities of porous preforms used in liquid composite molding

Abstract Permeation of a net-shaped porous preform by a catalyzed thermosetting resin is an important step in the fabrication of fiber-reinforced composite materials using liquid molding techniques. Determination of the preform permeabilities is critical for an accurate analysis and design of these processes. The complex labyrinth of the preform pore structures, however, presents a major challenge to a quantitative description of the microstructures, and consequently, the evaluation of their permeabilities. Toward addressing this problem, a fundamental description of the disordered preform pore structures using fractal techniques is presented. A fractal permeation model is developed which relates the preform permeabilities to the actual microstructures in terms of two fractal dimensions—one relating the size of the capillary flow pathways to their population, and the other describing the tortuosity of the capillary pathways. The analytical model predictions are validated by experimentally-determined permeabilities for a wide range of preform and process parameters. The model development, experimental studies and the model validation are presented and discussed. The methodology presented may be extended to analyzing transport through porous media arising in other application areas as well.
The molecular population genetics of shoot development in Arabidopsis thaliana

Studies in Arabidopsis thaliana have provided us with a wealth of information about the genetic pathways that regulate plant morphogenesis. This developmental genetic treasure trove represents a fantastic resource for researchers interested in the microevolution of development. Several laboratories have begun using molecular population genetic analyses to investigate the evolutionary forces that act upon loci that regulate shoot morphogenesis. Much of this work has focused on coding sequence variation in transcription factors; however, recent studies have explored sequence variation in other types of proteins and in promoter regions. Several genes that regulate shoot development contain signatures of selective sweeps associated with positive selection or harbor putative balanced polymorphisms in coding and noncoding sequences. Other regulatory genes appear to be evolving neutrally, but have accumulated potentially deleterious replacement polymorphisms.
An auscultatory conundrum: severe mitral stenosis with a third heart sound?

A 70-year-old asymptomatic woman was referred for intervention of severe mitral stenosis (MS). Physical exam demonstrated a soft first and normally split second heart sound, an apical 2/6 holosystolic murmur and a soft diastolic rumble. There was also a loud early diastolic filling sound—S3 (sound clip, Supplementary data online) ( Panel C ). Transthoracic echocardiography revealed …
SMN interacts with a novel family of hnRNP and spliceosomal proteins

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common neurodegenerative disease caused by deletion or loss-of-function mutations of the survival of motor neurons (SMN) protein. SMN is in a complex with several proteins, including Gemin2, Gemin3 and Gemin4, and it plays important roles in small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) biogenesis and in pre-mRNA splicing. Here, we characterize three new hnRNP proteins, collectively referred to as hnRNP Qs, which are derived from alternative splicing of a single gene. The hnRNP Q proteins interact with SMN, and the most common SMN mutant found in SMA patients is defective in its interactions with them. We further demonstrate that hnRNP Qs are required for efficient pre-mRNA splicing in vitro. The hnRNP Q proteins may provide a molecular link between the SMN complex and splicing.
The efficacy of an online cognitive-behavioral family intervention in improving child behavior and social competence following pediatric brain injury.

Objective: To examine whether an online cognitive‐behavioral intervention could improve child adjustment following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants: Thirty-nine families of children with moderate to severe TBI. Intervention: Families were randomly assigned to the online family problem-solving (FPS) group or to the Internet resources comparison (IRC) group. Main Outcome Measures: Outcomes included child behavior problems, social competence, and self-management/compliance. Results: The FPS group reported better child self-management/compliance at follow-up than did the IRC group. The child’s age and socioeconomic status (SES) moderated treatment effects, with older children and those of lower SES who received FPS showing greater improvements in self-management and behavior problems, respectively. Conclusions: Findings suggest that an online cognitive‐behavioral approach can improve child adjustment after TBI, particularly in older children and children of lower SES.
Web services (industrial session)

Web services have become a mainstream developmemt in the industry. Their emergence is based on the mechanisms that made Web Browsing popular: the existence of a pervasive networking infrastructure, the widely deployed availability of communication protocols such as IP, TCP, UDP and HTTP, the standardization of XML documents and their display by browsers, and the emergence of higher level transports such as SOAP. In additiom standard services such as UDDI and description languages such as WSDL established a base on which services could be specified, described, and published. Thus, the begning of the inter Web Service communication was founded.
Proposition 13: a Public Choice Appraisal

Thrs article examines the election results from California's Proposition 13, by focusing on voter coalitions for and against the amendment. After theoretically identifying potential gainers and losers, we empirically test whether these groups voted in the manner hypothesized. The results provide some insights into the nature of the overwhelming support of Proposition 13.
Vitamin E supplementation and periventricular hemorrhage in the newborn.

In a randomized controlled trial preterm babies received 20 mg vitamin E/kg im soon after birth (day 0) and at 24 and 48 h. The mean ± SD plasma vitamin E level on day 0 was identical in supplemented and control groups (9.98 ± 4.88 μmol/L) and rose progressively only in supplemented babies reaching a peak of 69.2 ± 21.36 μmol/L at 72 h. Supplemented babies had a lower incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) diagnised by ultrasound (9/102, 8.8%) than the control group (37/108, 34.3%; 95% CI for difference in incidence, 15−36%). In a subsequent uncontrolled study using the same vitamin E preparation, a single dose of 20 mg/kg was given soon after birth to preterm babies
Bilingualism, Intelligence and Language Learning*

language, regardless of the circumstances, is going to have a difficult time of it. There is simply too much evidence that interference and negative transfer are inevitable for the bilingual to a far greater extent than for the monolingual. In addition, of course, there is the obvious point that the bilingual has more to learn, phonemically, semantically and grammatically than the monolingual. The point, then, is that it will never be possible to make the learning task as easy for the bilingual as it is for the monolingual. But this does not imply that the task for both cannot be made considerably easier than it usually is. I have attempted to suggest some of the processes and problems which are involved in learning a language and some of the special problems which may arise for the individual trying to learn not one but two languages. It would be risky to suggest solutions to the problems raised. As was noted earlier, we know far too little about language learning in general and still less about bilingualism. I think there is hope that in the future we will know enough about these problems to feel confident in making some suggestions about ways in which they might be alleviated. The promise which Haugen (1956) saw in the psychological approach to language and bilingualism is still there. But it will still have to be fulfilled in the future. REFERENCES
Optimality Theoretic Representation of Stress in Cairene Arabic

Stress pattern of Cairene Arabic (CA) has played a major role in the development of stress placement theory. Syllable weight plays a role, however, the weight to stress principle does not always apply. Bimodality of a foot is very important and is largely addressed in the literature. Stress in CA is described in the literature as Moraic Trochee, but primary stress is on one of the three leftmost syllables. Many studies investigated primary stress in CA. These studies employed different theoretic formulations based on the segmental rules, the metrical phonological tree, and the metrical phonological grid. Notwithstanding, no recent study has translated the findings of the aforementioned literature into an Optimality Theoretic Constraints framework. The present paper attempts to accomplish this feat. The paper also presents a new set of data based on CA spoken language.
Adaptive control using retrospective cost optimization with RLS-based estimation for concurrent Markov-parameter updating

We present a discrete-time adaptive control law that is effective for systems that are MIMO and either minimum phase or nonminimum phase. The adaptive control algorithm provides guidelines concerning the modeling information needed for implementation. This information includes a sufficient number of Markov parameters to capture the sign of the high-frequency gain as well as the nonminimum-phase zeros. No additional information about the poles or zeros need be known. In this paper, recursive least-squares estimation is used for concurrent Markov parameter estimation. We present numerical examples to illustrate the algorithm's effectiveness in handling nonminimum-phase zeros as plant changes occur.
An arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element method for finite strain plasticity

This paper presents a new arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) finite element formulation for finite strain plasticity in non-linear solid mechanics. We consider the models of finite strain plasticity defined by the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient in an elastic and a plastic part (F = FeFp), with the stresses given by a hyperelastic relation. In contrast with more classical ALE approaches based on plastic models of the hypoelastic type, the ALE formulation presented herein considers the direct interpolation of the motion of the material with respect to the reference mesh together with the motion of the spatial mesh with respect to this same reference mesh. This aspect is shown to be crucial for a simple treatment of the advection of the plastic internal variables and dynamic variables. In fact, this advection is carried out exactly through a particle tracking in the reference mesh, a calculation that can be accomplished very efficiently with the use of the connectivity graph of the fixed reference mesh. A staggered scheme defined by three steps (the smoothing, the advection and the Lagrangian steps) leads to an efficient method for the solution of the resulting equations. We present several representative numerical simulations that illustrate the performance of the newly proposed methods. Both quasi-static and dynamic conditions are considered in these model examples. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Baclofen and velocity storage: a model of the effects of the drug on the vestibulo‐ocular reflex in the rhesus monkey.

1. Baclofen had a characteristic effect on vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus in rhesus monkeys. Each aspect of nystagmus that is dependent on the velocity-storage mechanism in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (v.o.r.) was altered by the drug: (a) Baclofen reduced the dominant time constant of the v.o.r. in a dose-dependent manner up to 5 mg/kg, the highest dosage used. The alteration in v.o.r. time constant began within 15 min of injection, was maximal between 1 and 4 h, and lasted for 14-18 h. This effect mirrors changes in plasma levels of baclofen after oral doses in humans (Faigle, Keberle & Agen, 1980). (b) Slow-phase velocities of steady-state nystagmus induced by rotation about axes tilted from the vertical (off-vertical axis rotation, o.v.a.r.) were reduced after baclofen and could not be maintained at previous levels. (c) There was a dose-dependent decline in the steady-state gain of optokinetic nystagmus (o.k.n.), and at the highest dosages little o.k.n. was induced. In parallel, the peak velocity and falling time constant of optokinetic after-nystagmus (o.k.a.n.) were reduced. Since baclofen is a GABA agonist, systems utilizing GABA and acting on GABAB receptors appear to produce inhibitory control of velocity storage. 2. The step gain of the v.o.r., measured at the beginning and end of constant-velocity rotation in darkness, was unaffected by baclofen, as were saccades, quick phases of nystagmus, and the ability to hold positions of fixation or to generate linear slow phases of nystagmus. This indicates that it is possible to use baclofen to manipulate the dominant time constant of the v.o.r. and of o.k.a.n. in relative isolation from effects on other oculomotor components. 3. Baclofen caused a dose-dependent reduction in the initial jump in eye velocity at the onset of o.k.n., suggesting that the initial jump is also under inhibitory control of GABAB receptors. However, there were still occasional slow phases with velocities up to 30-40 deg/s after baclofen, and animals were capable of visually suppressing the v.o.r. This indicates that pathways responsible for causing rapid changes in slowphase velocity were capable of functioning, at least intermittently, in the presence of the drug.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Decoding Hippocampal Signaling Deficits After Traumatic Brain Injury

There are more than 3.17 million people coping with long-term disabilities due to traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the United States. The majority of TBI research is focused on developing acute neuroprotective treatments to prevent or minimize these long-term disabilities. Therefore, chronic TBI survivors represent a large, underserved population that could significantly benefit from a therapy that capitalizes on the endogenous recovery mechanisms occurring during the weeks to months following brain trauma. Previous studies have found that the hippocampus is highly vulnerable to brain injury, in both experimental models of TBI and during human TBI. Although often not directly mechanically injured by the head injury, in the weeks to months following TBI, the hippocampus undergoes atrophy and exhibits deficits in long-term potentiation (LTP), a persistent increase in synaptic strength that is considered to be a model of learning and memory. Decoding the chronic hippocampal LTP and cell signaling deficits after brain trauma will provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of hippocampal-dependent learning impairments caused by TBI and facilitate the development of effective therapeutic strategies to improve hippocampal-dependent learning for chronic survivors of TBI.
Selective arterial embolization for control of lower gastrointestinal bleeding: recommendations for a clinical management pathway

Abstract Purpose Angiography remains as the modality of choice in the diagnosis of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Traditionally, angiography is used for localization of a bleeding source for surgical resection. Advances in transcatheter techniques have allowed for hemorrhage control through embolization of bleeding points, without the need for emergent laparotomy. Methods A series of 10 consecutive patients who underwent angiographic embolization for lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage was retrospectively reviewed. Success and complication rates, as well as post-embolization follow-up methods, were recorded. Results Over a 3-year period, 10 angiographic embolizations were performed for lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Average age of the patients was 75 years. Source of hemorrhage included diverticular disease in 4 patients, cancer in 2, polyps in 2, angiodysplasia in 1, and anastomotic bleeding in 1. Six patients required no further therapy. Four patients went on to have surgery: Three secondary to recurrent hemorrhage, 1 due to sepsis from ischemic bowel necrosis. There were no deaths. Four patients had an abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan within 48 hours of embolization. Four patients had a colonoscopy within 48 hours of the procedure. Conclusions Angiography remains an important diagnostic tool in the management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. In addition, it is a safe and effective treatment option, especially in patients with high surgical risk. Hemorrhage control obtained in the angiography suite may allow for patient stabilization and resuscitation with staging and bowel preparation for surgery. Patients need to be carefully monitored for evidence of bowel ischemia through the use of colonoscopy or computed tomography.
Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History

In this powerful and disturbing book, Rogers Smith traces political struggles over U.S. citizenship laws from the colonial period through the Progressive era and shows how and why throughout this time most adults were legally denied access to full citizenship, including political rights, solely because of their race, ethnicity, or gender. "An important and original argument that ranges through a long period of American history and makes a major contribution to the debate about the bases of American nationality and civic identity."-Eric Foner "Civic Ideals is a work of scholarly ambition on a Victorian scale."-Jeremy Rabkin, Public Interest "Extensively documented, grand in its aspirations, bold in its arguments, and highly significant, . . . Smith's book is a towering achievement. . . . [It] will be of great interest to specialists in American history, political culture, and ideology, and particularly to those who are interested in race, gender, and ethnic relations."-Michael McCann, Law and Politics Book Review "Each chapter is learned, provocative, full of telling quotations and appropriate statistical or institutional facts. The book will be carefully read and deeply mined. . . . Wonderfully learned, passionately argued, carefully constructed."-Jennifer Hochschild, Political Science Quarterly
Extensor Digitorum Brevis Transfer Technique to Correct Multiplanar Deformity of the Lesser Digits.

Lesser digital deformities may present a surgical challenge to even the most skilled foot and ankle surgeon. Multiplanar toe deformities, including the crossover toe, are especially difficult to correct with reproducible results. Undercorrection, pain, stiffness, and recurrent deformity are well reported throughout foot and ankle literature. The goal of this article is to describe a method of correcting digital deformity utilizing the extensor digitorum brevis tendon transfer and a biotenodesis screw. The controlled tension established with the extensor tendon provides the necessary stability for multiplanar correction of multiplanar digital deformities. This technical tip article should serve as pilot study for future evaluation of this method of correction.Levels of Evidence: Level IV: Case series
The Case of the Unidentified Ratios

An investment banking analyst seeks to reconstruct which financial ratios go with which companies.Learning Objective: Allows students to explore the relationship between financial ratios, operation strategy and profitability.
Defining the acute care surgery curriculum.

BACKGROUNDThis study was designed to define the gaps in essential and desirable (E/D) case volumes that may prompt reevaluation of the acute care surgery (ACS) curriculum or restructuring of the training provided.METHODSA review of the first 2 years of ACS case log entry (July 2011 to June 2013) was
Structure and Morphology Control in Crystalline Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites

Polymer nanocomposites have been an area of active research for the past 20 years. Of all potential fillers for polymer nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are of particular interest due to their low mass density, high aspect ratio, and excellent mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. In semicrystalline polymer CNT nanocomposites (PCNs), CNTs are viewed as nucleation agents that can affect polymer crystallization. However, it is challenging to quantify and compare results from different research groups, mainly due to the complexity of CNTs. Different chiralities, diameters, surface functional groups, surfactants used, and sample preparation processes can affect PCN crystallization. In this Perspective, we will focus on the structure, morphology, and related applications of semicrystalline PCNs. We will first present the introduction to semicrystalline PCNs followed by a brief discussion on transcrystallization and linear nucleation in polymers. The detailed interface structure and morphology ...
Study on the function of assisting irradiation hazard protection of ganoderma oral liquid

Objective:Study on the function of assisting protection of irradiation hazard of Ganoderma Oral Liquid.Methods:Feed the test rats Ganoderma Oral Liquid by 2.5,5.0,15.0 ml/kg b.wt./d for 30 days,then put them under a whole body gamma beam illumination to obtain the data of the quantity changes of peripheral white blood cells、bone marrow cell micro nuclear rates,hemolysin of the test rats.Results:It is obviously increasing the ability of the peripheral white blood cells,reducing bone marrow cell micro nuclear rates and enhancing hemolysin of the test rats after gamma beam illumination by fed the test rats Ganoderma Oral Liquid.Conclusion:Ganoderma Oral Liquids do have the function of assisting irradiation hazard protection.
Representation of anatomy in online atlases and databases: a survey and collection of patterns for interface design

A large number of online atlases and databases have been developed to mange the rapidly growing amount of data describing embryogenesis. As these community resources continue to evolve, it is important to understand how representations of anatomy can facilitate the sharing and integration of data. In addition, attention to the design of the interfaces is critical to make online resources useful and usable. I first present a survey of online atlases and gene expression resources for model organisms, with a focus on methods of semantic and spatial representation of anatomy. A total of 14 anatomical atlases and 21 gene expression resources are included. This survey demonstrates how choices in semantic representation, in the form of ontologies, can enhance interface search functions and provide links between relevant information. This survey also reviews methods for spatially representing anatomy in online resources. I then provide a collection of patterns for interface design based on the atlases and databases surveyed. These patterns include methods for displaying graphics, integrating semantic and spatial representations, organizing information, and querying databases to find genes expressed in anatomical structures. This collection of patterns for interface design will assist biologists and software developers in planning the interfaces of new atlases and databases or enhancing existing ones. They also show the benefits of standardizing semantic and spatial representations of anatomy by demonstrating how interfaces can use standardization to provide enhanced functionality.
Should Return to Sport be Delayed Until 2 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? Biological and Functional Considerations

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are common knee injuries sustained by athletes during sports participation. A devastating complication of returning to sport following ACL reconstruction (ACLR) is a second ACL injury. Strong evidence now indicates that younger, more active athletes are at particularly high risk for a second ACL injury, and this risk is greatest within the first 2 years following ACLR. Nearly one-third of the younger cohort that resumes sports participation will sustain a second ACL injury within the first 2 years after ACLR. The evidence indicates that the risk of second injury may abate over this time period. The incidence rate of second injuries in the first year after ACLR is significantly greater than the rate in the second year. The lower relative risk in the second year may be related to athletes achieving baseline joint health and function well after the current expected timeline (6–12 months) to be released to unrestricted activity. This highlights a considerable debate in the return to sport decision process as to whether an athlete should wait until 2 years after ACLR to return to unrestricted sports activity. In this review, we present evidence in the literature that athletes achieve baseline joint health and function approximately 2 years after ACLR. We postulate that delay in returning to sports for nearly 2 years will significantly reduce the incidence of second ACL injuries.
Disorders of the Thyroid and Parathyroid

Both functional and neoplastic thyroid disorders frequently challenge the pediatric surgeon. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism are the most common abnormality. Surgical treatment is occasionally indicated in hyperthyroid autoimmune conditions such as Graves’ disease or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Thyroid cancer is rare, with an overall incidence of 1/2,500 children. Presentation with a nodule or mass in the anterior neck demands a workup for thyroid malignancy. Both differentiated and medullary thyroid carcinoma are best treated with total thyroidectomy and appropriate lymph node dissection. Identification of non-malignant conditions requiring surgery and prompt diagnosis and treatment of a thyroid carcinoma are crucial elements of successful surgical management.
NONLINEAR EQUATIONS AND GRAPHS

This chapter presents the study of nonlinear equations and their graphs. The emphasis is on obtaining the graph of an equation rather than a study of the loci themselves. The chapter presents general remarks on graphing. It discusses some special properties of curves, which may be discovered from examination of their equations and which will materially aid in drawing their graphs, both as to the number of points needed and as to the accuracy of the result. The chapter also describes two particular loci: (1) the circle and (2) the parabola. These two loci are single out, together with the straight line of the preceding chapter, because of the frequency with which they occur in while finding solutions.
Factors Contributing to Coalition Maintenance

Organizations are building advocacy coalitions as a way of strengthening their survival skills. This article reports on a case study of the factors associated with maintaining an advocacy coalition. The survival of a coalition appears to depend on whether it can insure its member organizations of the payoffs from committing their resources for
Neural Network Analysis of System Call Timing for Rootkit Detection

In the realm of cybersecurity, rootkits pose a credible threat to individuals, corporations, and governments. Through various techniques, rootkits are not only able to infect computer systems, but often times are able to remain undetected in a host for an extended amount of time by manipulating system software. The purpose of this paper is to describe what a rootkit is, how they operate, and how they relate to other types of malware. Historical data and statistics will be presented in order to show how rootkits have been employed in cyber attacks. Different types of rootkits, including user, kernel, and hypervisor rootkits will be described, as well as the various methods used todefend against rootkits. We will then present a case study where neural networks were used to analyze the behavior of a system both not infected and infected with a rootkit, and categorize the resulting system calls as anomalous or not.
Shining girls and forgotten men in Lauren Beukes’ urban “America”

Following Achille Mbembe’s understanding of the “aesthetics of superfluity,” this article argues that in her novels set in the US, Broken Monsters and The Shining Girls, Lauren Beukes images the di...
Kinetik – Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit hängt von Temperatur und Konzentration ab

Das „Umkippen“ von Wein und das „Ausbleichen“ von Olgemalden sind langsame uber Jahre ablaufende chemische Prozesse. Dagegen erfolgt die Verbrennung von Benzin im Ottomotor, eine Mehlstaubexplosion (Abb. 9.1) oder die Detonation von Dynamit extrem schnell.
The effect of different oxygen exchange layers on TaO x based RRAM devices

In this work, we investigated the effect of the oxygen exchange layer (OEL) on the resistive switching properties of TaOx based memory cells. It was found that the forming voltage, SET-RESET voltage, Roff, Ron and retention properties are strongly correlated with the oxygen scavenging ability of the OEL, and the resulting oxygen vacancy formation ability of this layer. Higher forming voltage was observed for OELs having lower electronegativity/lower Gibbs free energy for oxide formation, and devices fabricated with these OELs exhibited an increased memory window, when using similar SET-RESET voltage range.
The First Jesuit Pope: The Contribution of His Jesuit Charism to His Political Views

As the first Jesuit Pope, Francis occupies a singular place in history. The Jesuit order is the only order that takes an oath of obedience directly to the Vicar of Christ, so as the first Jesuit Pope, he technically reports to himself—making him the Jesuit with the most power in the over 500-year history of the order. This chapter will discuss “the Jesuit angle” of the new pope, which implies (1) the “so what” question, of what difference it makes to Francis’s papacy, (2) the larger “identity” question (or how Jesuits understand the meaning of Catholicism, and what implications that holds for the church under a Jesuit pope), and (3) the “timing” question, which implies both the past (why did it take so long for a Jesuit to become pope?) and the present (the larger implications of his Jesuit identity, as well as the distinctiveness of his Jesuit vision for political positions).
Polyvalent Display of Biomolecules on Live Cells

Surface display of biomolecules on live cells offers new opportunities to treat human diseases and perform basic studies. Existing methods are primarily focused on monovalent functionalization, that is, the display of single biomolecules across the cell surface. Here we show that the surface of live cells can be functionalized to display polyvalent biomolecular structures through two-step reactions under physiological conditions. This polyvalent functionalization enables the cell surface to recognize the microenvironment one order of magnitude more effectively than with monovalent functionalization. Thus, polyvalent display of biomolecules on live cells holds great potential for various biological and biomedical applications.
Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Growth Outcomes in Children under 5 Years of Age.

(1) Background: The effects of zinc supplementation on child growth, and prior reviews of these studies, have shown mixed results. We aim to systematically review and meta-analyze randomized controlled trials evaluating effects of preventive zinc supplementation for 3 months or longer during pregnancy or in children up to age 5 years on pregnancy outcomes and child growth; (2) Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and trial registries for eligible trials up to October 10, 2017. Inclusion selection and data extractions were performed independently and in duplicate. Study quality was evaluated by the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Findings were pooled using random effects meta-analysis, with heterogeneity assessed by I2 and τ2 statistic, stratified analyses, and meta-regression, and publication bias by Egger’s and Begg’s tests; (3) Results: Seventy-eight trials with 34,352 unique participants were identified, including 24 during pregnancy and 54 in infancy/childhood. Maternal zinc supplementation did not significantly increase birth weight (weighted mean difference (WMD) = 0.08 kg, 95%CI: −0.05, 0.22) or decrease the risk of low birth weight (RR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.52–1.11). Zinc supplementation after birth increased height (WMD = 0.23 cm, 95%CI: 0.09–0.38), weight (WMD = 0.14 kg, 95%CI: 0.07–0.21), and weight-for-age Z-score (WMD = 0.04, 95%CI: 0.001–0.087), but not height-for-age Z-score (WMD = 0.02, 95%CI: −0.01–0.06) or weight-for-height Z score (WMD = 0.02, 95%CI: −0.03–0.06). Child age at zinc supplementation appeared to modify the effects on height (P-interaction = 0.002) and HAZ (P-interaction = 0.06), with larger effects of supplementation starting at age ≥2 years (WMD for height = 1.37 cm, 95%CI: 0.50–2.25; WMD for HAZ = 0.12, 95%CI: 0.05–0.19). No significant effects of supplementation were found on the risk of stunting, underweight or wasting; (4) Conclusion: Although the possibility of publication bias and small study effect could not be excluded, the current meta-analysis indicates that zinc supplementation in infants and early childhood, but not pregnancy, increases specific growth outcomes, with evidence for a potentially stronger effect after 2 years of age. These findings inform recommendation and policy development for zinc supplementation to improve growth among young children.
Additively manufactured tantalum microstructures

Abstract Additively manufacturing tantalum is a challenging process in which obstacles are stemming from the high melting temperature and susceptibility to oxidation of tantalum. Several combinations of deposition parameters were considered in an effort to obtain fully dense additively manufactured tantalum produced on an EOSINT M280 DMLS system. Deposition parameters significantly affect the resulting microstructure of additively manufactured tantalum, altering grain morphology, grain size, crystallographic preferred orientation, and deposition porosity. Due to the nature of the laser sintering process applied, which implies large directional temperature gradients, the resulting microstructures were strongly columnar along the building direction. Microstructural differences for different deposition conditions manifested themselves in both grain morphology and preferred crystal orientations in the columnar grains. Deposition speed and laser power were important parameters to consider for obtaining porosity-free material. Stripe width had the most significant effect on grain growth.
Aspects of effective modeling.

Too many people, including a substantial number of scientists and teachers, view science as the search for truth - in the form of the immutable laws of nature. For proof of this assertion, you need only notice some of the more prominent controversies: creation-ism vs. evolution, arguments over the big bang theory, and Dr. Atkins vs. Dr. Dean Ornish. One of the older such controversies, which in many ways is as relevant now as ever, is the controversy between Galileo and the Catholic Church. It is sometimes summarized as follows: “In the middle ages, people thought the sun revolved around the earth. Now we know that the earth really revolves around the sun. ” If this assertion is what most people currently believe, it would indicate that little has been learned about the real nature of science in the last 500 years. Science is concerned with describing variables (which we will consider to be the same as the measurements used to observe them) and especially with describing the relations between measurements for the purposes of prediction and (under appropriate circumstances) control†. This may sound somewhat less dramatic than searching for truth, but if you examine just about any scientific investigation, you’ll see that the assertion above captures the essence of science.
Merely a G (Glycine)

The relaxin work lasted through several grant applications and it has become common knowledge by now that the route from one grant to another is perilous at best. Several strategic decisions are necessary in terms of a funding agency and review committees in order to improve the odds of success. For awhile we worked with the reproductive division of Child Health and Human Services and found it extremely difficult to impress this group with the importance of relaxin for their mission!? This was a conflict that led to a temporary break in our grant support. One of all the derivatives we had proposed to synthesize, in order to further explore the importance for bioactivity of the various surface regions of relaxin, involved the replacement of the absolutely constant glycine in the A chain loop, and the comment was that “replacement of a mere glycine is hardly an adventurous proposal.” The reader may be wondering for a moment about this remark and why it made it to the headline of this chapter. There is no general correlation between the size of an amino acid and its relative importance in biology. Osteomalasia is a fatal disease caused by the exchange of only one of 900 glycines in type I collagen molecules for any other amino acid.
A first review of optical edge-diffraction technology for precision dimensional metrology

A comprehensive study relevant to displacement sensing techniques based on optical edge-diffraction has been first introduced in academic society. Dimensional sensors with nanometer resolution are key components of many precision imaging, positioning, and fabrication machines. Knife-edge techniques are commonly used for optical beam profiling of laser beams, but edge-diffraction sensing techniques for dimensional metrology was first introduced in 2006 and have been used for many dimensional metrology applications. This review paper outlines the computational approaches for optical edge-diffraction analysis and the case study for various displacement measurement applications. This review is the first report that summarizes literature relevant to displacement sensors based on optical edge-diffraction and discusses how optical edge-diffraction techniques enhance dimensional metrology in terms of accuracy, precision, sensitivity, bandwidth, and uncertainty. In addition, future applications for employing edge-diffraction techniques will be further discussed and highlighted.
Relationship of Physicians' Rapport with Patients' Satisfaction and Psychological Well-being During Hospitalization.

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the association between the psychological well-being and satisfaction of patients with physicians during their hospitalization. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at a local hospital using the following surveys: Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT), tool to assess inpatient satisfaction with care from hospitalists (TAISCH) survey, and Erlanger Internal Patient satisfaction survey addressing demographic questions and questions on physicians' quality of care and etiquette. Mixed linear regression models were created to examine the effect of psychological well-being on patient satisfaction. Models were adjusted for age, race, and gender, and all analyses were performed in R 3.1.1 using the 'lme4' package with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results A total of 360 patients were enrolled in this analysis and the mean age of the cohort was 54.5 years. In the unadjusted analysis, each unit increase in BIT score was associated with a 0.3% (95% CI:0.19-0.4, p<0.001) increase in mean satisfaction score using the five-domain questionnaire and a 0.25% (95%CI:0.16-0.34, p<0.01) increase in mean satisfaction score using the TAISCH questionnaire. Multivariable models, after adjusting confounding variables, also showed the direct and statistically significant relationship between patients' level of psychological well-being and patient satisfaction. Each unit increase in BIT score was associated with a 0.31% (95% CI:0.20-0.43, p<0.001) and 0.26% (95% CI:0.17-0.36, p<0.001) increase in mean satisfaction scores across the five-domain questionnaire and TAISCH questionnaire. Conclusions There is a positive correlation between the level of patients' psychological well-being and satisfaction with his/her physician with a statistical significance. With patient-specific strategies, we can further improve patient rapport with their physicians, resulting in positive patient outcomes.
Can a school-based civic empowerment intervention support adolescent health?

Abstract Meaningfully engaging and supporting youth in their communities can promote their sense of efficacy and potentially their health and wellbeing. The objective of this study was to test whether a school-based youth civic empowerment program, Generation Citizen (GC), was associated with self-reported mental and physical health among participants, and whether these associations differed by two potential modifiers: civic self-efficacy and a sense of meaningful contributions to one's community. Participants were middle and high school students (N = 364) who participated in GC in the fall semester of 2014 and completed surveys at the beginning and end of the semester. Analyses revealed a small but statistically significant increase in self-reported physical health after GC and no statistically significant change in self-reported mental health. There was evidence of effect measure modification by civic self-efficacy such that the difference in physical health as civic self-efficacy increased was smaller post-intervention compared to pre-intervention. This could suggest that GC participation is particularly beneficial for those with lower civic self-efficacy. While our findings suggest that public health interventions may benefit from centering empowerment opportunities for youth, future research is warranted to better understand the particular role of civic self-efficacy in that process.
Revolutionary Accounting? Methods and Possibilities in Critical Strategy

ABSTRACTMoney markets, finance, credit instruments, and other markers of what Lenin called “the highest stage of capitalism” are the mechanism through which global inequalities are maintained, expa...
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy research viewed in the public domain: What makes headlines?

Objective: To determine chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)-related publication characteristics associated with higher Altmetric scores.Methods: A systematic review of the CTE literature was con...
Mastery Learning of Surgical Skills

Simulation-based mastery learning (SBML) is a powerful tool for teaching both technical and cognitive skills. In medical education, SBML has been used effectively to teach a number of procedural skills. Simulator-based practice can act synergistically with traditional clinical education to produce trainees who are better prepared to perform procedures and care for patients safely and effectively. Using SBML to teach surgical skills is a natural extension of traditional educational models. However, several complexities basic to learning surgical operations make using the SBML model a difficult proposition. Operations have multiple steps, each requiring a deep understanding of anatomy, technical maneuvers, surgical instruments, and potential complications. In addition to technical skills, the surgeon must be competent in the preoperative evaluation and preparation of the patient and have a good grasp of intraoperative decision-making. Incorporating all of the necessary knowledge and skills into a surgical SBML curriculum poses a challenge. This chapter describes the methods used to apply SBML principles to several curricula developed to teach surgical skills and entire operations. The educational and clinical impact of these curricula and potential applications of SBML in future surgical education are discussed.