cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MATRIX SEARCH 1.0: a computer program that scans DNA sequences for transcriptional elements using a database of weight matrices

The information matrix database (IMD), a database of weight matrices of transcription factor binding sites, is developed. MATRIX SEARCH, a program which can find potential transcription factor binding sites in DNA sequences using the IMD database, is also developed and accompanies the IMD database. MATRIX SEARCH adopts a user interface very similar to that of the SIGNAL SCAN program. MATRIX SEARCH allows the user to search an input sequence with the IMD automatically, to visualize the matrix representations of sites for particular factors, and to retrieve journal citations. The source code for MATRIX SEARCH is in the 'C' language, and the program is available for unix platforms.
NUCLEON AS A REGGE POLE AND THE J = 1/2, T = 1/2 $pi$N PHASE SHIFTS

An effective-range-type formula was proposed for the J = 1/2, T = 1/2 pi N phase shift, based on the idea that the nucleon was a Regge pole. It was shown that this formula gave an accurate description of this phase shift up to approximates 225 Mev. (C.E.S.)
Response to Letters Regarding Article, “Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack in Patients With Transvenous Pacemaker or Defibrillator and Echocardiographically Detected Patent Foramen Ovale”

We acknowledge the letter from Drs Rao and Chan for highlighting the limitations pertinent to clinical applicability of our findings, and we acknowledge Drs Proietti, Thanassoulis, and Essebag for sharing their case of a patient who suffered a stroke after cardiovascular implantable electronic device implantation.1 The former letter expresses concern regarding the potential for misclassification bias attributable to differential diligence in diagnosing patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) already at high risk for cardioembolism. The latter suggests that characteristics of the PFO themselves, such as the size and degree of shunting, may affect the risk attributable to PFOs. We reviewed all transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) reports available for patients who had cardiovascular implantable electronic devices implanted at Mayo Clinic Rochester between January 1, 2000, and October 25, 2010, for mention of PFO and whether the PFO was definite or could not be conclusively confirmed or refuted. Only patients with conclusive PFOs whether with TEE, color Doppler, or agitated saline contrast were considered eligible for the PFO group, and the cases with inconclusive reports were excluded from analysis. Because many patients had multiple echocardiograms with >1 clinical indication listed in the reports and with >6000 patients (with some patients with >40 echocardiographic reports available for review), we were unable to systematically analyze …
Simulating the Dynamics of Spouted‐Bed Nuclear Fuel Coaters

We describe simulation studies of the dynamics of spouted beds used for CVD coating of nuclear fuel particles. Our principal modeling tool is the Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges (MFIX) code that was originally developed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) for fossil energy process applications. In addition to standard MFIX features that allow coupling of transient hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer, and chemical kinetics, we employ special post-processing tools to track particle mixing and circulation as functions of operating conditions and bed design. We describe in detail one major feature of the dynamics, which is the occurrence of very regular spontaneous pulsations of gas and particle flow in the spout. These pulsations appear to be critically linked to the entrainment and circulation of solids, and they produce readily accessible dynamic pressure variations that can be used for direct comparisons of model predictions with experiments. Spouted-bed dynamics are important from a CVD perspective because they directly determine the magnitude and variability of the concentration and species gradients in the zone where reactant gases first come into contact with hot particles. As this unsteady spouted-bed environment differs from other types of CVD reactors, the design and scale-up of such reactorsmore » is likely to involve unique modeling issues. Our primary goal here is to lay the groundwork for how computational simulation can be used to address these modeling issues in the specific context of nuclear fuel particle coating.« less
Stereochemistry of the reaction catalyzed by mevaldate reductase

Abstract 3 RS -[5-D 1 ]Mevalonate was prepared by the reduction of RS -mevaldate with [4 R -4-D 1 ]NADH and mevaldate reductase and was resolved enzymically into the 3 R - and 3 S -isomers. Spectropolarimetric measurements gave nearly mirror-image optical rotatory dispersion curves with a minimum and maximum at 240 nm and a negative and positive Cotton effect, λ 0 being at 227 nm, for the 3 R - and 3 S -lactone, respectively. Since the H-atoms at C-5 of mevalonolactone form a virtual ABX 2 system in nmr, the chemical shifts of the equatorial and axial H-atoms being at δ 4.33 and 4.58, respectively, it was possible to show by nmr that the two [5-D 1 ]-lactones were diastereoisomers, both having the 5 R absolute configuration. This conclusion was confirmed by the finding that speciments of 3-methyl[5-D 1 ]pent-2-eno-5-lactone made by the dehydration of 3 S -[5-D 1 ]mevalonolactone and of 3 RS -[5-D 1 ]mevalonolactone had identical optical activities and of the same sign. The implications of the observations and a correlation between the stereochemistry of the reactions catalyzed by mevaldate reductase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase are discussed.
Influence of diet form on the hyperphagia-promoting effect of polysaccharide in rats.

Abstract Adult female rats were fed chow only, or chow plus the polysaccharide Polycose presented as a solution (32% w/v), as a powder, or as a powder mixed into the chow diet. The rats fed the Polycose solution overate and gained three times as much weight as did the control rats in the 30-day test period. The rats fed the Polycose powder or mixed diet, on the other hand, did not differ from controls in food intake or weight gain. The solution-fed rats consumed more Polycose than did the powder-fed rats, but the two groups were equivalent in their chow intake. The absolute and percent body fat of the solution-fed rats exceeded that of control rats, as well as that of powder and mixed-diet animals. The percent body fat of the powder and mixed diet groups exceeded that of the control animals. The findings demonstrate that the form of diet presentation has a major impact on the rat's feeding and body weight responses to polysaccharide diets.
How Would You Describe Assistive Robots to People Who are Blind or Low Vision

Assistive robots can enhance the safety, efficiency, and independence of people who are blind or low vision (B/LV) during urban travel. However, a clear understanding is still lacking in how best to introduce and describe an assistive robot to B/LV persons in a way that facilitates effective human-robot interaction. The goal of this study was to understand how different people would describe an assistive robot to a B/LV traveler. Our preliminary results showed that participants described the robot in a similar order (i.e. robot's appearance, function, and capability in order); however, they had different focuses on their descriptions. This pilot study will lead to better descriptions of assistive robots to B/LV users, supporting more effective interaction in our future real-world deployment works.
Self-Esteem, Age Identification, and Media Exposure of the Elderly and their Relationship to Fashionability

The study examined the relationship between the fashionability of the elderly (65 and older) and its correlates. Dillman's Total Design Method approach was executed to conduct the survey. Four hundred and thirty elderly men and women participated in the study. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and t-tests. The results indicated that significant differences existed between fashionability and media exposure for the female styles. No differences were found between fashionability and age identification and self-esteem for either sex. However, the findings did challenge some of the existing theories, which have been tested on younger populations.
Peripheral mechanisms of olfactory discrimination of complex mixtures by the spiny lobster: no cell types for mixtures but different contributions of the cells to the across neuron patterns.

Abstract Toward understanding mechanisms of olfactory discrimination, we have examined the existence of cell types and the role of cells in the coding of odorant quality in the olfactory organ of the spiny lobster. The results consisted of responses of 30 antennular chemoreceptor cells to 8 behaviorally discriminable complex stimuli — 4 natural extracts and 4 artificial mixtures, each at 3 concentrations. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis failed to identify unequivocal cell types, but rather suggested a continuum of cellular response profiles. The lack of cell types suggests that the code for the quality of natural odorants in this system is a population code. The distribution of cells along the response continuum was based on any of many features of their response profiles. The most effective stimulus (= best stimulus) and the least effective stimulus (= least stimulus), two features of the response profiles, could only partially explain the differences in response profiles of cells. Nonetheless, cells with different response profiles were shown to have different functions in odorant coding. Most cells contribute to some degree to the discrimination of any two stimuli, but a cell's contribution to the discrimination of two stimuli is usually disproportionally robust when those two stimuli produce very different responses in that cell.
An integrated multidomain functional failure and propagation analysis approach for safe system design

Early system design analysis and fault removal is an important step in the iterative design process to avoid costly repairs in the later stages of system development. System complexity is increasing with increased use of software to control the physical system. There is a dearth of techniques to evaluate inconsistencies, incompatibility, and fault proneness of the system design in an integrated manner. The early design analysis technique presented in this paper aids a designer to understand the interplay between the multifaceted components and evaluate his/her design in an integrated manner. The technique allows simultaneous propagation of different types of faults from various domains and evaluates their functional impact over a period of time. The structure of the technique is explained using domain-specific conceptual metamodels, whereas the execution is based on the event sequence diagram, which is one of the established reliability and safety analysis techniques. One of the notable features of the proposed technique is the object-oriented nature of the system design representation. The technique is demonstrated with the help of a case study, and the execution results of two scenarios are evaluated to demonstrate the analysis capability of the proposed technique.
Elastostatics of a cubic box subjected to concentrated loads

Abstract : This paper deals with the experimental strain, stress and deflection analysis of a cubic box subjected to concentrated loads applied at the center of two opposite faces. The ratio between the inside span and the wall thickness varied between approximately 5 to 14. All corners had circular fillets. The experimental analysis was conducted using mechanical and electrical strain gages and brittle coatings. Results, given parametrically by means of a family of curves representing normalized stresses are applicable to boxes of any size, made of any elastic materials, provided the wall thickness falls within the investigated ranges. Some results obtained using the theory of structures approach are included for comparison purposes and presented in a form useful to designers.
Treatment of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

OBJECTIVE:To describe heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT or HIT-2), an immune-mediated adverse reaction to heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin. Available treatment options and considerations in developing a therapy approach are discussed.DATA SOURCES:A search of the National Library of Medicine (1992–June 2001) was done to identify pertinent literature. Additional references were reviewed from selected articles.STUDY SELECTION:Articles related to laboratory recognition and treatment options of HIT, including the use of agents in selected clinical conditions, were reviewed and included.CONCLUSIONS:HIT is a rare but potentially severe adverse reaction to heparin that was, until recently, poorly understood and had limited treatment options. Recent advances describing the recognition and clinical manifestations of immune-mediated HIT, including recently available antithrombotic treatment options, have dramatically changed outcomes for patients having this syndrome.
The political economy of healthcare reform in China: negotiating public and private

China’s healthcare system is experiencing significant growth from expanded government-backed insurance, greater public-sector spending on hospitals, and the introduction of private insurance and for-profit clinics. An incremental reform process has sought to develop market incentives for medical innovation and liberalize physician compensation and hospital finance while continuing to keep basic care affordable to a large population that pays for many components of care out-of-pocket. Additional changes presently under consideration by policymakers are likely to further restructure insurance and the delivery of care and will alter competitive dynamics in major healthcare industries, notably pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and diagnostic testing. This article describes the institutional history of China’s healthcare system and identifies dilemmas emerging as the country negotiates divisions between public and private in healthcare. Building on this analysis, the article considers opportunities for public-private partnerships and greater systems integration to reconcile otherwise incommensurable approaches to rewarding innovation and improving access. The article concludes with observations on the public function of health insurance and its significance to further development of China’s healthcare system.
Compiler reuse analysis for the mapping of data in FPGAs with RAM blocks

Contemporary configurable architectures have dedicated internal functional units such as multipliers, high-capacity storage RAM, and even CAM blocks. These RAM blocks allow the implementations to cache data to be reused in the near future, thereby avoiding the latency of external memory accesses. We present a data allocation algorithm that utilizes the RAM blocks in the presence of a limited number of hardware registers. This algorithm, based on a compiler data reuse analysis, determines which data should be cached in the internal RAM blocks and when. The preliminary results, for a set of image/signal processing kernels targeting a Xilinx Virtex/spl trade/ FPGA device, reveal that despite the increase latency of accessing data in RAM blocks, designs that use them require smaller configurable resources than designs that exclusively use registers, while attaining comparable and in some cases even better performance.
THERAPEUTIC EFFECTIVENESS OF PENICILLIN IN EXPERIMENTAL MURINE TYPHUS INFECTION IN dba MICE

The administration of penicillin in relatively large but non-toxic doses to dba mice after injection with murine typhus rickettsiae resulted in a marked reduction in mortality, particularly when the initial dosage of rickettsiae was relatively small, approaching the minimal lethal dose. No evidence of secondary bacterial infection was obtained by bacteriological and histological studies, and it seems justifiable to conclude that the greatly increased survival rate in the treated mice was caused by the action of penicillin on typhus rickettsiae. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Tracking progressive renal disease with quantitative ultrasonic imaging

Using a combination of techniques, we are studying the progression of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) in a rat model as the disease progresses to renal failure. The goal of our work is to use ultrasound to noninvasively detect morphological changes early in the disease process when interventions are most successful and before there is a significant loss in renal function.
Translational Studies of Phenotypic Probes for the Mononuclear Phagocyte System and Liposomal Pharmacology

As nanoparticles (NPs) are cleared via phagocytes of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), we hypothesized that the function of circulating monocytes and dendritic cells (MO/DC) in blood can predict NP clearance (CL). We measured MO/DC phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mice, rats, dogs, and patients with refractory solid tumors. Pharmacokinetic studies of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-encapsulated liposomal doxorubicin (PEGylated liposomal doxirubicin [PLD]), CKD-602 (S-CKD602), and cisplatin (SPI-077) were performed at the maximum tolerated dose. MO/DC function was also evaluated in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) administered PLD. Across species, a positive association was observed between cell function and CL of PEGylated liposomes. In patients with EOC, associations were observed between PLD CL and phagocytosis (R2 = 0.43, P = 0.04) and ROS production (R2 = 0.61, P = 0.008) in blood MO/DC. These findings suggest that probes of MPS function may help predict PEGylated liposome CL across species and PLD CL in patients with EOC.
Proposed methodology for comparing schedule generation schemes in construction resource scheduling

This paper proposes a methodology to compare the serial scheme with the parallel scheme in a decoding procedure of permutation-based genetic algorithm for construction resource scheduling. Elitist genetic algorithm based on the serial scheme, which was previously developed by the author, is used as a platform to integrate the parallel scheme. Since two schedule generation schemes have different mechanisms, it is meaningful to demonstrate the effects of the scheme on the performance of an algorithm. The ultimate goal of this study is to address the issue with regard to which of the schedule generation schemes will perform better for an arbitrary instance of resource scheduling problems. Thirty problems are solved here to compare their project durations according to the scheme. Scheduling results indicate that Elitist genetic algorithm using the serial scheme provides better solutions than the one using the parallel scheme.
The relationship between interaction, group development, and outcome: a study of virtual communication

Twenty groups totaling eighty-three graduate students participated in a 17-day experiment to determine the requirements and high-level design for a computerized post office. The third in a series of experiments comparing virtual interaction to interaction combining both face-to-face and virtual communication, this study focuses on the relationship between group interaction, group development, and group effectiveness. Data were collected on four dependent variables: quality, creativity, satisfaction, and group development. Findings reinforce results from previous experiments: virtual and combined groups generated work products of equivalent quality; virtual groups generated more creative solutions; combined groups were more satisfied with their interaction process and solution quality. Findings indicate that combined groups reached a higher level of development than virtual groups. There was a positive relationship between the level of group development, the quality of the work product, and the degree of satisfaction. A negative relationship was found between group development level and creativity.
DNA binding of supramolecular mixed-metal complexes

The high binding affinity of cisplatin toward DNA has led to its popularity as an anticancer agent. Due to cumulative drug resistance and toxic side effects, researchers are exploring related metallodrugs. Our approach involves the use of supramolecular complexes. These mixed-metal complexes incorporate a reactive platinum moiety bridged by a polyazine ligand to a light absorbing metal-based chromophore. The presence of the light absorber allows excitation of these systems, opening up the possibility of photoactivation. The use of a supramolecular design allows components of the assembly to be varied to enhance device function and light absorbing properties. Aspects of our molecular design process and results on the DNA binding properties for a number of these mixed-metal complexes will be discussed.
Unicameral bone cysts treated by injection of bone marrow or methylprednisolone

In 79 consecutive patients with unicameral bone cysts we compared the results of aspiration and injection of bone marrow with those of aspiration and injection of steroid. All were treated by the same protocol. The only difference was the substance injected into the cysts. The mean radiological follow-up to detect activity in the cyst was 44 months (12 to 108). Of the 79 patients, 14 received a total of 27 injections of bone marrow and 65 a total of 99 injections of steroid. Repeated injections were required in 57% of patients after bone marrow had been used and in 49% after steroid. No complications were noted in either group. In this series no advantage could be shown for the use of autogenous injection of bone marrow compared with injection of steroid in the management of unicameral bone cysts.
Deploying Graph Algorithms on GPUs: An Adaptive Solution

Thanks to their massive computational power and their SIMT computational model, Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have been successfully used to accelerate a wide variety of regular applications (linear algebra, stencil computations, image processing and bioinformatics algorithms, among others). However, many established and emerging problems are based on irregular data structures, such as graphs. Examples can be drawn from different application domains: networking, social networking, machine learning, electrical circuit modeling, discrete event simulation, compilers, and computational sciences. It has been shown that irregular applications based on large graphs do exhibit runtime parallelism; moreover, the amount of available parallelism tends to increase with the size of the datasets. In this work, we explore an implementation space for deploying a variety of graph algorithms on GPUs. We show that the dynamic nature of the parallelism that can be extracted from graph algorithms makes it impossible to find an optimal solution. We propose a runtime system able to dynamically transition between different implementations with minimal overhead, and investigate heuristic decisions applicable across algorithms and datasets. Our evaluation is performed on two graph algorithms: breadth-first search and single-source shortest paths. We believe that our proposed mechanisms can be extended and applied to other graph algorithms that exhibit similar computational patterns.
Three-stage adaptive noise cancellation for arbitrary signals using a source embedded pilot signal: Method 1

Two-stage noise cancellation is a recently introduced technique for cancelling noise while maintaining minimal signal distortion due to signal leakage into the noise reference. An alternative three-stage approach to noise cancellation that extends applicability from intermittent or slowly fluctuating signals to arbitrary signals is presented. This alternative is viable whenever the signal source is accessible so that a pilot signal can be additively embedded.
Photoactivated Gene Expression for Cell Fate Mapping and Cell Manipulation

A long-standing goal of developmental biologists is to create developmental fate maps by tracking individual cells through development. Another objective is to perturb the behavior of selected cells and follow the ensuing effects. To this end, we have developed a technique that allows for spatial and temporal control of gene expression in single cells or patches of cells using light to induce gene expression. This technique relies on "caging" the activity of the potent transcriptional activator GAL4VP16 with a photolabile compound, which can be removed with a brief exposure to long-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light. The caged GAL4VP16 is injected into early-stage embryos, which are aged to the desired point in development, and the cell(s) of interest are irradiated with a brief pulse of long-wavelength UV light. This method has been used extensively in Drosophila, Xenopus, and Zebrafish embryos. The methods for purifying, caging, injection, and photoactivation of the GAL4VP16 protein, and methods for the visualization of marked cells are described in detail.
III. Professor Frankena's rendezvous with the absolute

In his presidential address (American Philosophical Association, Western Division), William Frankena sets himself against the relativist and irrationalist drift of our time in asserting that ‘It is of the essence of a normative judgment to claim that it is justified, rational or valid’, and that fully informed men of reason will ultimately agree about value questions. Applauding the return to reason, this note finds a need for further clarification on the definition of normative terms, the justification of normative judgments, the basis of obligation to be rational, and on the promise of agreement among men of reason in axiology.
Corporate Takeovers And Interest Rates

This study analyzes the effect of corporate takeover announcements on the volatility of interest rate changes and on the level of interest rates over the period 1962 through 1984. The findings suggest that intercorporate takeovers increase the volatility of interest rate changes over this period. Because the increase in volatility is concentrated around the announcement of cash takeovers, the results imply that it is the mode of financing, rather than takeovers, per se, that is important of credit markets.
IT Value Sustainability: Searching For Explanatory Causal Mechanisms

For much of the 21 st century, academics, business leaders, and practitioners have defined and measured organizational payoffs resulting from investment in information technologies (IT). This paper and presentation begin to extend the concepts of IT payoff to value sustainability. The authors synthesize the relevant literature and integrate it with the sociology concept of causal mechanisms to open up the “black box” on sustainability. A research plan is presented for review and comments.
Goal recognition with Markov logic networks for player-adaptive games

Goal recognition in digital games involves inferring players' goals from observed sequences of low level player actions. Goal recognition models support player adaptive digital games, which dynamically augment game events in response to player choices for a range of applications, including entertainment, training, and education. However, digital games pose significant challenges for goal recognition, such as exploratory actions and ill defined goals. This paper presents a goal recognition framework based on Markov logic networks (MLNs). The model's parameters are directly learned from a corpus that was collected from player interactions with a non linear educational game. An empirical evaluation demonstrates that the MLN goal recognition framework accurately predicts players' goals in a game environment with exploratory actions and ill defined goals.
Near-IR absorbing donor–acceptor ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer complexes of nickel(II)

A new series of square-planar nickel(ii) donor-acceptor complexes exhibiting ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (LL'CT) transitions have been prepared. Whereas the use of a catecholate donor ligand in conjunction with a bipyridyl acceptor ligand affords a complex that absorbs throughout the visible region, the use of a azanidophenolate donor ligands in conjunction with a bipyridyl acceptor ligand affords complexes that absorbs well into the near-IR region of the solar spectrum. Three new complexes, (cat)Ni(bpy t Bu2) (1; (cat)2- = 3,5-di-tert-butyl-1,2-catecholate; bpy t Bu2 = 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine), (ap)Ni(bpy t Bu2) (2; (ap)2- = 4,6-di-tert-butyl-2-(2,6-diisopropylphenylazanido)phenolate), and (apPh)Ni(bpy t Bu2) (3; (apPh)2- = 10-(2,6-diisopropylphenylazanido)-9-phenanthrolate), have been prepared and characterized by structural, electrochemical, and spectroscopic methods. Whereas all three square-planar complexes show multiple reversible one-electron redox-processes and strong LL'CT absorption bands, in azanidophenolate complexes 2 and 3, the LL'CT absorption covers the near-IR region from 700-1200 nm. The electronic absorption spectra and ground state electrochemical data for 2 and 3 provide an estimate of their excited-state reduction potentials, E+/*, of -1.3 V vs. SCE, making them as potent as the singlet excited state of [Ru(bpy)3]2+.
On the Rapidity with Which LRH Induces Release of LH and FSH from Perifused Anterior Pituitary Tissues of the Rat

In a series of perifusion (superfusion) experiments, data were obtained which indicated that LRH and K+, when effective, induced increase in LH and/or FSH release within about one minute after arriving in the vicinity of the test rat pituitary tissues. Hormone release stimulating effects of LRH or high K+ continued for some time after washout of test agent. To secure these data perifusion flow was set at 2.5 or more ml/min., each test solution was pulsed for two minutes only, effluent samples were collected at 15 second intervals shortly before, during and after each pulse, and both mixing and dead space time were minimized by introducing each new test solution directly in front of the tissue chamber, via a 4-way or 5-way pulse control stopcock through which two streams of perifusion fluid (Control and Test) passed continually. LH and FSH in effluent samples were estimated by radioimmunoassay.
The Case Against YouTube

This editorial was published in the Los Angeles Times on March 20, 2007. In it, I explain the reasons why I joined Viacom to that week file suit against YouTube.
Implementing the Lessons from Wrongful Convictions: An Empirical Analysis of Eyewitness Identification Reform Strategies

Learning about the flaws in the criminal justice system that have produced wrongful convictions has progressed at a dramatic pace since the first innocent individuals were exonerated by postconviction DNA testing in 1989. Application of that knowledge to improving the criminal justice system, however, has lagged far behind the growth in knowledge. Likewise, while considerable scholarship has been devoted to identifying the factors that produce wrongful convictions, very little scholarly attention has been devoted to the processes through which knowledge about causes is translated into reform. Using eyewitness misidentification -- one of the leading contributors to wrongful convictions and the most thoroughly and scientifically studied of those contributors -- as the focus, this Article begins to fill that void by empirically analyzing a variety of approaches to eyewitness identification reform that have been attempted. This Article establishes a taxonomy of reform efforts ranging from top-down, command-and-control legislation, to entirely bottom-up, essentially laissez-faire approaches, to a hybrid that builds on emerging notions of democratic experimentalism -- a form of "new governance" -- to foster bottom-up experimentation by imposing obligations on police while giving them the freedom to develop their own locally tailored responses to the problem of eyewitness error. The bulk of the empirical analysis assesses the effects of the bottom-up experimentalist approaches to reform, as a contrast to command-and-control approaches. The analysis draws on previously collected national survey data as well as data from a few individual states, most prominently new data developed for this Article on the attempt to foster bottom-up eyewitness identification reform in Wisconsin. While more research is required before one can draw conclusions about which approach works best, the data suggest that the democratic experimentalist model shows promise for considerable, albeit imperfect, implementation of social-science-based eyewitness identification reforms.
After Crossroads: The Fate of the Atomic Bomb Target Fleet

The atomic tests at Bikini Atoll left a submerged archaeological legacy in the form of sixty-one shipwrecks at or near Bikini, Kwajalein, the California coast, and in two other lesser cases off Oahu and the coast of Washington State. Together they comprise a unique maritime cultural landscape of the Cold War, and the naval aspects of that conflict.
The Rust Fungi of Bromeliaceae

1. Urediniospores mostly 42-56 A long; teliospores mostly 30-36 ,a wide ..... Puccinia tillandsiae 1'. Urediniospores mostly less than 35 A long; teliospores mostly less than 30 ,t wide or unknown 2 2. Urediniospore wall mostly 1.5-2 t thick; telia unknown.... Uredo nidularii 2'. Urediniospore wall 2.5 a or thicker 3 3. One-celled teliospores common to predominant Puccinia pitcairniae ssp. pitcairniae 3'. One-celled teliospores none or rare........ P. pitcairniae ssp. chapalensis
Research on Application Situation and Countermeasures of Agricultural Water-saving Automation Technology——Based on Investigation in Agriculture Bases in Beijing

In order to gain further insight into the usage status of water-saving automation technology and products,understand the demands of agricultural production and operation entities in depth,evaluate water-use efficiency after using automation technology and equipment,and analyze the influence factors for them,the investigation was conducted in 115 agriculture related enterprises in Beijing. Based on the investigation result,this paper analyzed general application situation of agricultural water-saving automation technology and the main challenges existed systematically. The application of water-saving automation technology in Beijing had good effects,users had high willingness to use water-saving automation technology and equipment,especially the government supports were dominant force in application of water-saving automation. The main problems for the applications of water-saving automatic technology and products were as following: the water-saving automation technology was still not mature,the price of products was too high,the invested funds were insufficient,and utilization rate of the technology and equipment was low. To solve these problems and promote water-saving automation technology and products application,some countermeasures were put forward,such as perfecting the subsidy mechanism,increasing capital investment,strengthening the government guidance,expanding demonstration,strengtheningthe technical training,and improving cognitive level of users.
When to release in open source project

As a rapidly growing number of open source projects adopt distributed version control systems, it becomes more crucial and challenging for release managers to oversee the software development, testing, deployment, and support during the software development life cycle. Manual monitoring and control of the lengthy commit history has been extremely tedious and effort consuming. This paper proposes an automated approach based on chronological commit logs to recommend release candidates for release managers by casting release tagging into a structured learning problem. It predicts whether a commit can be identified as a potential release point leveraging Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) model fueled by automatic feature extraction. Experiments on two open source datasets demonstrate promising results.
Panel on Practical Dermatology

Only a complete approach can be expected to yield successful results in the treatment of dermatologic disorders. Requisites are definitive diagnosis if possible, adaptation of the mode of therapy to the patient's way of life, careful selection of remedies, and thorough instruction of the patient regarding their application and removal as well as what he can and cannot do during the treatment period. An essential and often overlooked component of therapy is the choice of an appropriate vehicle for topical medication.
Conization Of Cervix

Conization of the cervix or cold knife cone (CKC) is a surgical procedure used to treat or diagnose cervical dysplasia. It is the excision of a cone-shaped portion of the cervix to remove a cervical lesion and the entire transformation zone. Practitioners can use this procedure when there are a conflicting pap smear and biopsy specimen. It can be used if histological results are significantly less severe than the cytology result or if there is evidence of severe dysplasia, and even if there is stage 1A1 squamous cell cervical cancer. Conization can be done with a scalpel, a laser, or with an electrosurgical instrument typically referred to as a LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure). This review will focus mainly on the cold knife cone procedure.
Genetic Control of the Triplicate Esterase 4 Locus in the Diploid Hordeum spontaneum × H. vulgare Crosses

Determinisme genetique du locus de l'Esterase 4 presentant un phenotype a 6 bandes, etudie par croisement entre une accession de Hordeum spontaneum (P1296897), l'ancetre sauvage de l'orge cultive, et plusieurs cultivars de H. vulgare
Constitutive Relations for Finite Element Modeling of SnAgCu in Thermal Cycling -- How Wrong We Were!

The constitutive relations commonly used to model the behavior of SnAgCu solder joints in thermal cycling predict strain rates that are wrong and may be extremely misleading, particularly regarding their dependence on stress. Previous work has already shown cycling induced coarsening to lead to order of magnitude changes in strain rates, and it appears that cycling leads to a change in the dominant deformation mechanism, and thus the dependence on stress, as well. Evidence is presented that the steady state creep rate at stresses and temperatures of relevance tends to be proportional to the stress, rather than varying with the stress to a power of 6 or more as usually assumed.
Validation of SimSET Monte Carlo simulations of the Siemens Biograph mCT PET scanner

Introduction: SimSET is a popular Monte Carlo simulation toolkit that features fast simulation time, as well as variance reduction tools to further enhance computational efficiency. However, SimSET has lacked the ability to simulate block detectors until its most recent release. Our goal is to validate new features of SimSET by developing a simulation model of the Siemens Biograph mCT PET scanner. Methods: SimSET is used to simulate positron emission and annihilation, model gamma ray photon absorption and scatter in objects and the LSO block detectors. In-house code is used for front-end detector pulse processing, electronic multiplexing, and coincidence generation. We use the NEMA NU-2 2007 scatter fraction, count rates, and spatial resolution protocols to validate the SimSET simulation model and its new features. Results: The SimSET model overestimates the singles, trues+scatter, randoms, and NEC count-rate curve by 11-22% compared to the experimental results, which compares favorably to previous validation studies of other PET scanners in the literature. For the spatial resolution test, the SimSET model underestimates the experimental results by 11-30%. This is expected as the detector model does not account for blurring due to light sharing and variations in light collection efficiency of the photodetectors. Variations of resolution with position in the field of view track those seen experimentally. Conclusions: The new block detector model in SimSET generates reasonable agreement with the experimental results.
Developing and Measuring Mature Syntax.

(1978). Developing and Measuring Mature Syntax. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western College Reading Association: Vol. 11, Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference of the WCRA. Learning Assistance: Charting Our Course, pp. 111-117.
Rudolf Kalman: Scientist, Leader, and Mentor [Historical Perspectives]

Rudolf Kalman's influence on control theory is vast, deep, and wide, and indeed many of the most fundamental concepts in our field trace their lineage to him. In this article, I will focus on my experiences as his student.
In vivo photoacoustic imaging of vasculature with a low-cost miniature light emitting diode excitation.

In this Letter, we present a photoacoustic imaging (PAI) system based on a low-cost high-power miniature light emitting diode (LED) that is capable of in vivo mapping vasculature networks in biological tissue. Overdriving with 200 ns pulses and operating at a repetition rate of 40 kHz, a 1.2 W 405 nm LED with a radiation area of 1000 μm×1000 μm and a size of 3.5 mm×3.5 mm was used to excite photoacoustic signals in tissue. Phantoms including black stripes, lead, and hair were used to validate the system in which a volumetric PAI image was obtained by scanning the transducer and the light beam in a two-dimensional x–y plane over the object. In vivo imaging of the vasculature of a mouse ear shows that LED-based PAI could have great potential for label-free biomedical imaging applications where the use of bulky and expensive pulsed lasers is impractical.
Strategies for retinal cell generation from human pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are specialized self-renewing cells that are generated by exogenously expressing pluripotency-associated transcription factors in somatic cells such as fibroblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). iPSCs are functionally similar to naturally pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in their capacity to propagate indefinitely and potential to differentiate into all human cell types, and are devoid of the associated ethical complications of origin. iPSCs are useful for studying embryonic development, disease modeling, and drug screening. Additionally, iPSCs provide a personalized approach for pathological studies, particularly for diseases that lack appropriate animal models. Retinal cell differentiations using iPSCs have been successful in this regard. Several protocols to generate various retinal cells have been developed to maximize a specific cell type or, most recently, to mimic in vivo retinal structure and cellular environment. As differentiation protocols continue to improve we are likely to see an increase in our basic understanding of various retinal degenerative diseases and the utilization of iPSCs in clinical trials.
Shock index and delta-shock index are superior to existing maternal early warning criteria to identify postpartum hemorrhage and need for intervention

Objective: To determine whether shock index (SI) is superior to traditional vital signs in predicting postpartum hemorrhage and need for intervention.Methods: Retrospective case-control study in an...
Poor sleep quality is associated with nocturnal glycaemic variability and fear of hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes.

Aims To examine sleep quality and its associations with glycaemic control, glycaemic variability (GV), and fear of hypoglycaemia (FOH) in adults with type 1 diabetes. Background Poor sleep quality has negative health consequences and is a frequent complaint among adults with type 1 diabetes. Sleep quality in adults with type 1 diabetes is likely affected by glucose levels as well as stressors associated with managing a chronic condition. Design A retrospective secondary analysis of pooled data from two previous cross-sectional studies was conducted. Methods We examined subjective sleep quality, FOH; objective measures of glycaemic control (HbA1c); and GV (3-day continuous glucose monitoring) in 48 men and women aged 18-45 years with type 1 diabetes. The data were collected over 3 years in 2013-2016. Results/findings Poor sleep quality was reported by 46% of patients. Those with poor sleep quality had significantly greater nocturnal GV and FOH. Nocturnal GV and FOH were significantly associated with poor sleep quality. The interaction effect of GV and FOH was significant. Conclusion These findings suggest that glycaemic control and FOH are targets for intervention to improve sleep quality in those with type 1 diabetes.
Smart Housing: An Intelligent Environment for Aging Independently

The purpose of The Smart House, Livable Community, Your Future project was to demonstrate how good design, assistive technology, and well-planned community amenities, support independent living as well as increase usability across the lifespan. We used a variety of strategies to share information on smart design to Baby Boomers. A 1,300 square foot exhibition, designed as a home, allowed visitors to tryout assistive technology and observe structural innovations. Workshops explored innovative design for (a) consumers and caregivers; (b) developers, remodelers, contractors, and designers; and, (c) community planners and policy makers. A Smart House, Livable Community, Your Future website provides free, downloadable activities and information to Baby Boomers and encourage community conversations. The paper describes various aspects of the project and summarizes participants’ reactions to the content; the paper also explores implications for designers and planners interested in creating intelligent environments. The project inspired participants to think about strategies for improving the built environment. Multiple outreach formats, an interactive exhibition, workshops, and an interactive website, helped us to reach the Baby Boomer cohort.
Senegal: Language Situation

This article discusses the linguistic situation in Senegal, a West African country where French is the official language and the former president, Leopold Sedar Senghor, was a member of the French Academy. Despite this legacy, Senegal may better be described as a Wolof-speaking country, since Wolof has become the dominant African language out of twenty or so indigenous languages, which include the Atlantic languages Pulaar (Fula), Seereer and Joola, and the Mande languages Soninke and Mandinka. Urban Wolof has diverged from rural varieties of the language due to close contact with French over the course of more than a century. The Senegalese population is predominantly Sufi Muslim, and high rates of children's attandance at Koranic schools has contributed to literacy in Wolof and Pulaar in the Arabic script.
Halocarbon Emissions from a Degraded Forested Wetland in Coastal South Carolina Impacted by Sea Level Rise

Tropical- and subtropical-storm surges combined with sea level rise cause saltwater intrusions into low-lying coastal ecosystems along the southeastern coast of the United States, gradually converting freshwater forested wetland into saltmarsh. The transition zone between freshwater and saltwater ecosystems becomes a degraded forested wetland, where the combination of high levels of soil organic matter and elevated concentrations of halide ions creates a dynamic biogeochemical environment that may be a potential hotspot for halocarbon formation such as chloroform, methyl chloride, and methyl bromide. This study conducted field measurements at a transition zone in coastal South Carolina to quantify halocarbon exchange rates and laboratory soil incubations to determine the contributions of biotic versus abiotic processes. The degraded forested wetland showed significant chloroform emission rates (146 ± 129 nmol m–2 d–1). The degraded forested wetland remained a net sink for methyl chloride and a negligible ...