cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of RecA Protein Function by the RdgC Protein from Escherichia coli

The Escherichia coli RdgC protein is a potential negative regulator of RecA function. RdgC inhibits RecA protein-promoted DNA strand exchange, ATPase activity, and RecA-dependent LexA cleavage. The primary mechanism of RdgC inhibition appears to involve a simple competition for DNA binding sites, especially on duplex DNA. The capacity of RecA to compete with RdgC is improved by the DinI protein. RdgC protein can inhibit DNA strand exchange catalyzed by RecA nucleoprotein filaments formed on single-stranded DNA by binding to the homologous duplex DNA and thereby blocking access to that DNA by the RecA nucleoprotein filaments. RdgC protein binds to single-stranded and double-stranded DNA, and the protein can be visualized on DNA using electron microscopy. RdgC protein exists in solution as a mixture of oligomeric states in equilibrium, most likely as monomers, dimers, and tetramers. This concentration-dependent change of state appears to affect its mode of binding to DNA and its capacity to inhibit RecA. The various species differ in their capacity to inhibit RecA function.
Preparation of 4,6-diaminopyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidines with variations in substitution at the 1- and 3-positions

A number of new derivatives of 4,6-diaminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines substituted in the 1- and/or 3-positions have been obtained from reactions of guanidine carbonate with 1- and/or 3-substituted-5-amino-4-cyanopyrazoles. Use of triethanolamine as a reaction medium permitted preparation of certain derivatives which could not be obtained from the previously described fusion procedure. Some derivatives of 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine with substitution at the 1 - and/or 3-positions were also obtained from reactions of formamide with the same 5-amino-4-cyanopyrazoles. The new compounds were screened for in vivo antimalarial activity, but were found inactive.
Comparison of two low-fold 3D geometries in Saudi Arabia

Two different 3D seismic survey geometries for relatively low-fold exploration objectives are compared. The sparse geometry (S3D) is executed in swaths using a crew with 960 active channels. It is fast and cost effective, and has been used extensively in Saudi Arabia. The low fold conventional geometry (LFC3D) is acquired in blocks using a crew with about 4000 active channels. LFC3D geometries offer better geophysical attributes, with less variability of offsets and azimuths between common midpoints (CMPs), improved statics control, and higher fold with less source effort. LFC3D geometries have greater flexibility for different survey objectives than S3D geometries, and are competitive with S3D geometries in terms of cost, speed, and data quality.
A randomized comparison of nifedipine and sodium nitroprusside in severe hypertension.

We randomized patients with severe hypertension in the Medical Intensive Care Unit to a treatment regimen of oral nifedipine or intravenous nitroprusside. Patients treated with nifedipine achieved a sustained reduction in diastolic blood pressure to ≤120 mm Hg in an average of less than five hours. Patients treated with nitroprusside achieved a similar reduction in 14 hours (p
The bases for differing evaluations of male and female speech: Evidence from ratings of transcribed conversation

Studies of sex‐linked language variation devised to test Lakoff's genderlect theory have yielded inconsistent findings. Yet studies of evaluative reactions to the speech forms she hypothesized as “male”; and “female”; have consistently yielded preferential reactions to the male language. A series of studies by Mulac and his colleagues assessing evaluative reactions to the language used by actual speakers has found higher ratings of the dynamism of male speakers but also higher ratings of the aesthetic quality of female speakers. These evaluations occur despite raters’ inability to identify the sex of speakers from transcripts of their language productions. Most recently, Mulac, Incontro, and James (1985) found both gender‐linked language and stereotypes independently to produce such evaluations, language differences accounting for more of the variance in evaluations than stereotypes. The present study sought to compare effects of the two variables on a more even footing by assessing evaluative reactions t...
Effect of smoking on urothelial cancer risk in individuals with Lynch syndrome

number of cancers. Poison regression techniques will be used to determine if smoking has a significant effect on the SIRs. Results From these three datasets, 1185 MMR mutation carriers were identified, and smoking data was available for 1107 (93.4%). Subjects were dichotomized as ever smokers if they had ever smoked a cigarette a day for three or more months or never smokers. Based on this definition 580 (52.4%) were never smokers, and 527 (47.6%) were smokers. There were a total of34 urothelial cancers diagnosed in the entire study population, corresponding to ap revalence of 3.1 %. The mean age at diagnosis of urothelial cancer was 55.5 years (range 34-79 years). Urothelial cancer was the first cancer diagnosis in 10 cases (29.4%). Thirteen (38.2%) had one prior cancer, and 11(32.4%) had two or more prior cancers. Smoking data were available on 26 cases. Of those, 16 (61.5%) occurred in nonsmokers, and 10 (38.5%) occurred in smokers.
Delivery time quotation and order processing with forbidden early shipments

Abstract We examine the problem of quoting a delivery time to a customer and subsequently processing the customer order, which a manager of a make-to-order firm faces quite often. For reasons of competitiveness, it is desirable to promise a short delivery time. However, because of capacity limitations, such a promise also induces the possibility of tardy deliveries for some items in the order. When acceptable, this is usually expensive; otherwise, to prevent the loss of sales, acquisition of additional processing capacity at a premium becomes necessary. The decision problem is further compounded when early shipments are forbidden, i.e. when the processed items in the order are to be held at their greatest value-added state until the promised delivery time. In this paper, we combine the various tradeoffs involved in the problem to first formulate a basic aggregate cost model. We derive the properties essential for the solution of this model, establish its complexity, and present effective solution procedures (both exact and approximate). Finally, we discuss many practical extensions of the basic model, and indicate how these might be solved.
Where plants make oxygen: a structural model for the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving manganese cluster

In the photosynthetic evolution of oxygen, water oxidation occurs at a catalytic site that includes four manganese atoms together with the essential cofactors, the calcium and chlorine ions. A structural model and a determination of the manganese oxidation states based on x-ray absorption spectroscopy are presented. The salient features, in both higher plants and cyanobacteria, are a pair of di-mu-oxo bridged manganese binuclear clusters linked by a mono-mu-oxo bridge, one proximal calcium atom, and one halide. In dark-adapted samples, manganese occurs in oxidation states (III) and (IV). Data from oriented membranes display distinct dichroism, precluding highly symmetrical structures for the manganese complex.
On the existence of spines for $${\mathbb{Q}}$$ -rank 1 groups

Let X = Γ \G/ K be an arithmetic quotient of a symmetric space of non-compact type. In the case that G has \({\mathbb{Q}}\) -rank 1, we construct Γ-equivariant deformation retractions of D = G/K onto a set D0. We prove that D0 is a spine, having dimension equal to the virtual cohomological dimension of Γ. In fact, there is a (k − 1)-parameter family of such deformation retractions, where k is the number of Γ -conjugacy classes of rational parabolic subgroups of G. The construction of the spine also gives a way to construct an exact fundamental domain for Γ.
Adolescent Withdrawal from Sport Participation: An Integrated Approach

AbstractAdolescent withdrawal from sport and physical activity continues to be an alarming problem with numerous physical, social, and psychological health implications. Previous approaches to the problem largely have examined external factors related to sport, and placed blame on adolescents for not adhering to the existing sport system and its norms and values. It is possible, however, that the existing sport offerings are also problematic for adolescents, contributing to their withdrawal. This review examines the adolescent development process and relates it to choices that adolescents make particularly about their sport participation, but also with regard to their physical activity participation as a whole. It is clear from this review that adolescents are in need of innovative sport programming that will provide exploration, flexibility, and fluidity. Such innovation will require interaction and input from adolescents themselves and those who interact with them on a daily basis. Suggestions for novel...
Price Promotion Evaluation Using Price Discrimination Theory

Abstract Traditional methods for evaluating price promotions may judge some profitable events to be unsuccessful and some unprofitable ones to be effective. A new, simplified approach based on price discrimination theory is proposed to help marketers identify efficient price promotions and boost their marketing spending productivity.
Economic Theory and the Meaning of Competition

Introduction, 639. — I. Meaning of competition, 639. — II. Evolution of the concept of competition, 643. — III. Weaknesses of the classical concept of competition, 650. — IV. Conclusion, 656.
Structure of 0+ states in 18O

Abstract Analysis of spectroscopic factors obtained in single-nucleon transfer reactions leading to and from 18O yields two different sets of wave functions for the first three O+ states. One set of wave functions is in agreement with 16O(t, p)18O data for the three states-the other set is not. The wave functions that agree with the experimental data have the majority of the (s 1 2 ) 2 strength in the third O+ state.
Angiographic embolization of a traumatic pulmonary pseudoaneurysm

We present a case report of a 50-year-old male who sustained a gunshot wound to the right chest. The initial thoracotomy demonstrated a nonbleeding gunshot wound in the middle lobe and was otherwise unremarkable. Later that day, after continued resuscitation, his chest tube output dramatically increased and he was taken back for redo thoracotomy. An injury to the lateral branch of the middle lobe pulmonary artery was encountered and suture ligated. The patient presented several weeks later with hemoptysis. Computed tomography of the chest demonstrated pooling of contrast in the middle lobe. Angiography confirmed the diagnosis of a pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm and was coil embolized without difficulty. This report represents a case of coil embolization of traumatic pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm.
Methods of noise control

The best method of noise control is elimination of the noise at its source by modification of the noise producer; in certain cases this may not be possible since the normal functioning of the noisy device would be impaired. Alternatively the source may be enclosed, either completely or partially so as to shield the observer from the source. A third method involves the treatment of surfaces in the room containing the observer and noise source to absorb the noise as it is propagated through the room. Finally the observer, or at least his ears, may be enclosed by a soundproof booth or the wearing of ear defenders. Examples of the successful quietening of pieces of machinery will be discussed, including the couch roll of a paper making machine. A reduction of 15–20 decibels in sound pressure level has been achieved without interference with the paper making qualities of the roll.
Estrogen stimulates gene expression and protein production of osteoprotegerin in human osteoblastic cells.

The identity of the paracrine mediator(s) of the antiresorptive action of estrogen on bone cells is controversial. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) was recently identified as a soluble member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor (TNF-R) superfamily that is secreted by osteoblast lineage cells and acts by binding to and neutralizing its cognate ligand, OPG-L, a required factor for osteoclastogenesis. OPG prevents bone loss when administered to ovariectomized rats, induces osteoporosis when ablated in knock-out mice, and induces osteopetrosis when overexpressed in transgenic mice. In conditionally immortalized, human osteoblastic hFOB/ER-3 and hFOB/ER-9 cell lines containing physiological concentrations of ∼800 and ∼8,000 functional estrogen receptors (ER)/nucleus, respectively, we found that 17β-estradiol dose- and time-dependently increased OPG mRNA and protein levels to maximal levels of 370% and 320%, respectively (P < 0.001); co-treatment with the “pure” antiestrogen ICI 182,780 abrogated these effects com...
Ito-cell gene expression and collagen regulation

Ito cells are perisinusoidal cells thought to be a major source of collagen in normal and fibrotic livers. These cells appear to have features similar to several cell types but when cultured assume a fibroblast-like morphology. In this study we evaluated the phenotype of both freshly isolated and cultured Ito cells by examining their gene expression. To better define the modulators of Ito-cell collagen synthesis, we also examined the effect of transforming growth factor-β1, tumor necrosis factor-α and dexamethasone on collagen synthesis by these cells. Northern hybridization analysis revealed that cultured Ito cells expressed different types of procollagen mRNAs than did freshly isolated cells. Cultured cells contained large amounts of type I procollagen mRNA and lesser amounts of types III and IV, whereas freshly isolated cells contained more type IV procollagen mRNA than types I and III. Treatment of cultured cells with either transforming growth factor-β1 or tumor necrosis factor-α resulted in a greater than threefold increase in total collagen content, and the effects of these cytokines on Ito-cell collagen synthesis involved different levels of gene regulation. Transforming growth factor-β1-treated cells had an approximately threefold increase in their type I procollagen mRNA levels, whereas no increase in this mRNA level was found in tumor necrosis factor-α-treated cells. Transforming growth factor-β1 treatment induced a twofold increase in transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA content in cultured cells. In contrast to transforming growth factor-β1, dexamethasone inhibited type I procollagen and transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA content by at least twofold in cultured cells. These results suggest that cultured Ito cells alter their collagen gene expression such that they become phenotypically more fibroblast-like. Furthermore, transforming growth factor-β1's induction of its own mRNA in Ito cells suggests that these cells are capable of amplifying their collagen synthesis. Finally, the inhibition of transforming growth factor-β1 and procollagen type I gene expression by dexamethasone suggests another way steroids may be beneficial in the treatment of certain forms of chronic liver disease.
Attachment and Trauma in Early Childhood: A Review

Attachment relationships are critical to a young child’s optimal development. Both the presence and quality of attachment matter. Experiences of trauma can affect caregiver/child attachment relationships in a variety of ways. This article explores possible associations among trauma and the presence and quality of attachment relationships between young children and their caregivers. The nature of attachment, phases in the development of attachment relationships, and classifications of the quality of attachment are presented. Possible linkages among past traumatic experiences, parental states of mind, parental interactive behaviors, and infant attachment relationships are postulated. The most severe attachment disturbance, reactive attachment disorder, is discussed, including evidence that suggests modification of the current formulation of reactive attachment disorder subtypes; namely, that the indiscriminate subtype of reactive attachment disorder may not qualify as an attachment disorder. More research is needed to better understand reactive attachment disorder and the reciprocal relationships between attachment and trauma experienced by both parents and children.
Mapping crustal magnetic fields at Mars using electron reflectometry

[1] We present a kinetic model for the interaction of electrons precipitating along magnetic field lines into Mars' atmosphere and develop a technique for detecting crustal magnetic fields, which act as magnetic mirrors, reflecting some of the incident electrons back to spacecraft altitudes. We present an initial map covering 20% of the planet, which shows the topology of magnetic sources along the dichotomy boundary and reveals new magnetic sources in the northern lowlands, implying the existence of preserved Noachian crust beneath at least some regions of the apparently young plains.
Effect of mask critical dimension error for subquarter-micron contact hole

The effect of mask critical dimension (CD) error for binary mask and attenuated phase shift mask (PSM) are investigated by simulation and experimental based data. For the large features, mask error factor (MEF) is approximately unit. But as the CD is closed to the resolution limit, the MEF value is rapidly increased. The MEF was dependent on the contact density. For example, dense contact has larger MEF value than isolated contact. Attenuated PSM has smaller MEF value comparing with binary mask because it is applied the positive mask bias in order to reduce the sidelobe printing. The sensitivity of mask CD error for NA and sigma variation was different from the contact density. For the isolated contact, MEF value was almost independent on the sigma value. However, the MEF was improved by high NA lines at the resolution limits both for the isolated and for the dense contact. According to these data, the mask CD control budget for the sub-quarter micron contact was considered.
Differential effects of atypical versus typical antipsychotic medication on earnings of schizophrenia patients : estimates from a prospective naturalistic study.

Background Rising public and private expenditure on antipsychotic medications is concentrated on the cost of second generation or ‘atypical’ medications, which are more expensive than first generation medications and make up a rapidly growing share of all antipsychotic prescriptions. Previous studies have examined whether the higher acquisition costs of atypicals are offset by other cost and/or utilisation benefits. This paper extends this literature by examining possible effects of atypicals on earnings and related measures of labour supply in a large naturalistic study with a long-term follow-up period.
Rayleigh imaging and flow tagging in ground test facilities

The authors present preliminary results on the application of ultraviolet Rayleigh imaging and RELIEF flow tagging to a high Reynolds number, Mach 3 blow-down air facility at Princeton University's Gas Dynamics Laboratory. RELIEF tagging was accomplished using stimulated Raman scattering to vibrationally excited oxygen molecules. Examples include instantaneous images of boundary-layer structure and shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions, as well as results of flow tagging velocity measurements in the free-stream and boundary-layer regions of this facility. The future implementation of filtered Rayleigh scattering is also discussed. >
Automated diagnosis of LC-MS/MS performance

Summary: We report a software scheme for automated diagnosis of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system performance. The proposed software scheme provides a robust framework for establishing automated diagnosis of LC-MS/MS system performance for a variety of instruments and experiments. This schematic consists of four main software components: (i) data conversion, (ii) peptide identification, (iii) LC retention time analysis and (iv) system performance evaluation. The implementation of a standard approach for assessing LC-MS/MS system performance enables researchers to apply reliable metrics to assess their workflows performance over different batch experiments. Furthermore, the results from system diagnosis can provide feedback to the workflow to stop batch analysis if system performance falls below prescribed thresholds. A basic implementation of the approach based on the MassMatrix database search and LC retention time analysis programs is presented. Availability: An open source implementation of the LC-MS/MS system diagnosis software based on the MassMatrix database search program is freely available to non-commercial users and can be downloaded at www.massmatrix.net. Contact:[email protected]; [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
First Report of Grass Species (Poaceae) as Naturally Occurring Hosts of the Pine Pathogen Gibberella circinata.

Gibberella circinata (anamorph Fusarium circinatum) causes pitch canker in pines and is not known to have any hosts outside the Pinaceae. However, G. circinata is closely related to and interfertile with G. subglutinans, which is associated with grasses both as a pathogen and a commensal endophyte. Furthermore, studies under controlled conditions have shown that G. circinata can colonize corn (Zea mays) without inducing symptoms (4). To determine if G. circinata can also infect grasses under natural conditions, plants were collected in proximity to trees with symptoms of pitch canker in native stands of Pinus radiata (Monterey pine) on the Monterey Peninsula and P. muricata (bishop pine) at Pt. Reyes National Seashore on the California coast during July and August of 2011. Leaves and stems were rinsed in 0.1% Tween 20, immersed in 70% ethanol for 30 s followed by 1 min in 1% NaOCl, and placed on a Fusarium selective medium (FSM) (1). Single-spore subcultures of colonies growing from cultured plant materia...
Sitting and Supine Esophageal Pressures in Overweight and Obese Subjects

Esophageal pressure (P(Es)) can be used to approximate pleural pressure (P(pl)) and might be clinically useful, particularly in the obese e.g., to guide mechanical ventilator settings in critical illness. However, mediastinal artifact (the difference between true P(pl) and P(Es)) may limit acceptance of the measurement, and reproducibility of P(Es) measurements remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of body posture on P(Es) in a cohort of obese, but healthy subjects, some of whom had multiple measurements, to address the clinical robustness of esophageal manometry. Twenty-five overweight and obese subjects (BMI > 25 kg/m(2)) and 11 control lean subjects (BMI < 25 kg/m(2)) underwent esophageal manometry with pressures measured seated and supine. Twenty overweight and obese subjects had measurements repeated after ~1 to 2 weeks. Anthropometric data and sitting and supine spirometry were recorded. The average end-expiratory P(Es) sitting and supine were greater in the overweight and obese group than the lean group (sitting -0.1 ± 2.1 vs. -3.3 ± 1.2 cm H(2)O, supine 9.3 ± 3.3 vs. 6.9 ± 2.8 cm H(2)O, respectively). The mean differences between repeated measurements were small (-0.3 ± 1.7 cm H(2)O sitting and -0.1 ± 1.5 cm H(2)O supine). P(Es) correlated with a number of anthropometric and spirometric variables. In conclusion, P(Es) are slightly greater in overweight and obese subjects than lean subjects; but changes with position are similar in both groups. These data indicate that mediastinal weight and postural effects on P(Es) are within a clinically acceptable range, and suggest that esophageal manometry can be used to inform clinical decision making across wide range of body types.
Facile Recovery of Individual High-Molecular-Weight, Low-Copy-Number Natural Plasmids for Genomic Sequencing

Sequencing of the large (>50 kb), low-copy-number (<5 per cell) plasmids that mediate horizontal gene transfer has been hindered by the difficulty and expense of isolating DNA from individual plasmids of this class. We report here that a kit method previously devised for purification of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) can be adapted for effective preparation of individual plasmids up to 220 kb from wild gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Individual plasmid DNA recovered from less than 10 ml of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium cultures was of sufficient quantity and quality for construction of high-coverage libraries, as shown by sequencing five native plasmids ranging in size from 30 kb to 94 kb. We also report recommendations for vector screening to optimize plasmid sequence assembly, preliminary annotation of novel plasmid genomes, and insights on mobile genetic element biology derived from these sequences. Adaptation of this BAC method for large plasmid isolation removes one major technical hurdle to expanding our knowledge of the natural plasmid gene pool.
Tissue engineering heart valves: Valve leaflet replacement study in a lamb model

Background Valve replacements using either bioprosthetic or mechanical valves have the disadvantage that these structures are unable to grow, repair, or remodel and are both thrombogenic and susceptible to infection. These characteristics have significantly limited their durability and longevity. In an attempt to begin to overcome these shortcomings, we have tested the feasibility of constructing heart valve leaflets in lambs by seeding a synthetic polyglycolic acid fiber matrix in vitro with fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Methods Mixed cell populations of endothelial cells and fibroblasts were isolated from explanted ovine arteries. Endothelial cells were selectively labeled with an acetylated low-density lipoprotein marker and separated from the fibroblasts using a fluorescent activated cell sorter. A synthetic biodegradable scaffold constructed from polyglycolic acid fibers was seeded with fibroblasts, which grew to form a tissue-like sheet. This tissue was subsequently seeded with endothelial cells, which formed a cellular monolayer coating around the leaflet. Using these constructs, autologous (n = 3) and allogenic (n = 4) tissue engineered leaflets were implanted in 7 animals. In each animal the right posterior leaflet of the pulmonary valve was resected and replaced with an engineered valve leaflet. Results All animals survived the procedure. Postoperative echocardiography demonstrated no evidence of stenosis and trivial pulmonary regurgitation in the autografts and moderate regurgitation in the allogenic valves. Collagen analysis of the constructs showed development of an extracellular matrix. Histologic evaluation of the constructs demonstrated appropriate cellular architecture. Conclusions This preliminary experiment showed that a tissue engineered valve leaflet constructed from its cellular components can function in the pulmonary valve position. Tissue engineering of a heart valve leaflet is feasible, and these preliminary studies suggest that autograft tissue will probably be superior to allogenic tissue.
Dynamic Tables: An Architecture for Managing Evolving, Heterogeneous Biomedical Data in Relational Database Management Systems

Data sparsity and schema evolution issues affecting clinical informatics and bioinformatics communities have led to the adoption of vertical or object-attribute-value-based database schemas to overcome limitations posed when using conventional relational database technology. This paper explores these issues and discusses why biomedical data are difficult to model using conventional relational techniques. The authors propose a solution to these obstacles based on a relational database engine using a sparse, column-store architecture. The authors provide benchmarks comparing the performance of queries and schema-modification operations using three different strategies: (1) the standard conventional relational design; (2) past approaches used by biomedical informatics researchers; and (3) their sparse, column-store architecture. The performance results show that their architecture is a promising technique for storing and processing many types of data that are not handled well by the other two semantic data models.
Challenges and Future Directions of Cyber-Physical System Software

Under the current weak state of the art in cyber-physical system (CPS) software engineering a number of problems that plague the industry cannot be contained easily. Low quality of network-based CPS software, low productivity of CPS software engineers, and low performance due to rough design and ineffective computing resource management, are some examples of the problems. Specific component technologies of which improvements are badly needed include specification, design, and guaranteeing of action timings in network-based CPSs, high-level programming tools boosting the productivity of software engineers, etc.
The application of gel filtration to the measurement of the binding of phenol red by human serum proteins.

Abstract The application of gel filtration to studies of the interaction of phenol red with serum proteiris has been examined. Phenol red is bound primarily by serum albumin, although a comparatively minute amount is bound by serum α-globulins. Serum γ-globulins do not bind phenol red. The combination of phenol red with albumin is pH sensitive, with a maximum at pH 4.5. No binding was observed above pH 8.5. The extent of binding of phenol red by albumin within the concentration range tested, is proportional to the concentration of phenol red. The use of this technique for the determination of human serum albumin concentrations is demonstrated.
Sex Offender Risk Assessment, Sources of Variation, and the Implications of Misuse

The current study examines whether or not prosecutors in New Jersey are properly using the state’s sex offender risk assessment tool, and the implications of improper implementation. All prosecutor...
Third-Party Intervention in Ethno-Religious Conflict: Role Theory, Pakistan, and War in Kashmir, 1965

ABSTRACT Third-party intervention in ethno-religious conflict is an old phenomenon, although scholarly attention with a general range of application is generally new and uncommon. This study with attempt, through a systematic review of religion and other factors that can impact upon foreign policy role performance, to explain Pakistan's intervention in Kashmir, which led to full-scale war in 1965. The article unfolds in six sections. The first provides an overview of thirf-party intervention in ethno-religious conflict. The second section introduces systemism a framework that brings together unit- and system-level factors. The theory of role analysis in foreign policy and its usefulness in explaining third-party, ethno-religious intervention is covered in the third section. Section four brings together systemism and role theory and eleborates linkages, with an emphasis on religion and other salient factors from the literature on foreign policy and intenational conflict. The fifth section presents the case...
Nutrition as a Social Problem: A Case Study of Entrepreneurial Strategy in Science

From 1885 to 1900, the first generation of nutrition scientists in the United States successfully campaigned for federal funding for their research. They claimed that nutrition science could improve the living conditions of the working class without raising wages, by showing workers how to eat economically. This paper traces five stages in the construction of nutrition as a social problem through an examination of the career of Wilbur O. Atwater, first leader of the nutrition movement in the United States, and others prominent in the field. The case of nutrition research shows the importance of entrepreneurial strategies in both the definition of social problems and the development of scientific disciplines.
Dehydration-Stress-Regulated Transgene Expression in Stably Transformed Rice Plants

To confer abscisic acid (ABA) and/or stress-inducible gene expression, an ABA-response complex (ABRC1) from the barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) HVA22 gene was fused to four different lengths of the 5′ region from the rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Act1 gene. Transient assay of β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in barley aleurone cells shows that, coupled with ABRC1, the shortest minimal promoter (Act1–100P) gives both the greatest induction and the highest level of absolute activity following ABA treatment. Two plasmids with one or four copies of ABRC1 combined with the same Act1–100P and HVA22(I) of barley HVA22 were constructed and used for stable expression of uidA in transgenic rice plants. Three Southern blot-positive lines with the correct hybridization pattern for each construct were obtained. Northern analysis indicated that uidA expression is induced by ABA, water-deficit, and NaCl treatments. GUS activity assays in the transgenic plants confirmed that the induction of GUS activity varies from 3- to 8-fold with different treatments or in different rice tissues, and that transgenic rice plants harboring four copies of ABRC1 show 50% to 200% higher absolute GUS activity both before and after treatments than those with one copy of ABRC1.
Using COTS software in high assurance control applications

The vast majority of COTS software components are not developed for high reliability applications. Using them directly in embedded systems with high reliability requirements could be hazardous, as shown in the incidents of Navy ships Yorktown, Vicksburg and USS Hue City.Challenges to Fault Avoidance Approach: Ensuring the reliability of COTS software at the users' site is not an easy task. COTS software components are not subject to customers' high assurance development processes. Customers can buy source code and then subject them to a high-assurance process and make any modifications that are needed. However, this is a high cost solution. Furthermore, once a COTS software component has been modified, it is unlikely compatible with vendors' future releases. As a result, most of the benefits of using COTS are lost. Therefore this approach - making proprietary modifications to COTS components - is inconsistent with the original motivation for their use.Challenges to Fault Tolerance Approach: There are basically two fault tolerance approaches: fault masking and forward recovery. Fault masking tries to prevent incorrect outputs from being used. For example, Recovery Block attempts to check if an output is correct before using it.Unfortunately, it is often difficult to determine the correctness of a computation without knowing what the correct answer is. Forward fault recovery attempts to recover after incorrect outputs are used and it is not suitable for all the applications. Nor is there a general domain independent approach to forward fault recovery.
Large-scale parallel breadth-first search

Recently, best-first search algorithms have been introduced that store their nodes on disk, to avoid their inherent memory limitation. We introduce several improvements to the best of these, including parallel processing, to reduce their storage and time requirements. We also present a linear-time algorithm for bijectively mapping permutations to integers in lexicographic order. We use breadth-first searches of sliding-tile puzzles as testbeds. On the 3×5 Fourteen Puzzle, we reduce both the storage and time needed by a factor of 3.5 on two processors. We also performed the first complete breadth-first search of the 4×4 Fifteen Puzzle, with over 1013 states.
Consequences of Reform: Penny Pether on Rape Law in Illinois and Australia

This Article outlines the problem in rape law that Penny Pether's articles identify and the impasse that they reach in their critical evaluation of attempts to solve it through reform.
Purifying the Escherichia coli photoreactivating enzyme.

Purification of the photoreactivating enzyme from Escherichia coli depends on three major factors: (1) development of a suitable assay, (2) selection of a source with high enzyme levels, and (3) development of a gentle, specific purification procedure. The preparation of purified enzyme is useful both in study of DNA repair enzymes and in the analysis of the role of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers in the induction of biological damage by ultraviolet light.
Pre-Mississippian Projectile Points in Mississippian Context at Angel Mounds

AbstractThe majority of projectile points found at Angel Mounds are triangular points typical of the Mississippian period. However, Paleoindian and Early Archaic projectile points predate the terrace on which the site is situated. Contemporary geoarchaeological practices were employed to date the landform and confirm that later groups must have brought the ancient points to the site. Evidence of curated ancient projectile points from Angel Mounds may be the result of collecting behavior not unique to the time period; such behavior has been reported at other sites in the region and around the world. Although we may never know the reason Angel Mounds people curated these tools, ethnographic and archaeological evidence suggests that the tools might have been associated with special properties or powers, been seen as curiosities, or presented the practical benefit of easy reuse. The evidence presented reminds us that multicomponent assemblages do not always indicate multicomponent sites.
Face of Mystery, Mystery of a Face: An Anthropological Trajectory in Wittgenstein, Cavell, and Kaufman's Biohistorical Theology

The work of Ludwig Wittgenstein counts among the most significant philosophical influences on Gordon Kaufman's recent theology. Yet important convergences between Kaufman's theological worldview and Wittgenstein's philosophical teaching remain unexplored. In this essay I shall examine a number of such convergences connected with the concept of the human. The thought of Stanley Cavell will play a central role in the discussion. Kaufman shares with the skeptical Wittgenstein revealed in Cavell's writings an abiding concern with the ordinary in human life—for example, everyday language, the human body—but both are interested in this ordinariness as the locus of ineradicable mystery. A richly textured treatment of the ordinary (and mysterious) situation of face-to-face human encounter emerges when relevant passages of Wittgenstein's, Cavell's, and Kaufman's writings are compared. This article will develop some of the implications of this comparison that hold particular promise for theological anthropology. The orientation and concerns of the paper are thus primarily constructive.
Secretory granules containing atrial natriuretic polypeptide in human ventricular cardiomyocytes. An electron microscopic immunocytochemical study.

An electron microscopic immunocytochemical study of left ventricular myocardium was carried out in 16 patients with heart disease of various etiologies in order to characterize the secretory granules arising in the ventricular muscle cells. The electron-dense granules observed in the ventricular muscle cells were demonstrated only in 3 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic congestive heart failure. They were scattered throughout the cytoplasm of the ventricular muscle cells at paranuclear, interfibrillar and subsarcolemmal areas, and tended to be most numerous in the vicinity of the Golgi apparatus. These granules were often found to be bound by limiting membranes of homogeneous electron density. Protein A-gold electron microscopic immunocytochemistry with anti-α-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide resulted in specific staining of the granules. These findings, taken together indicate that the secretory granules containing atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) exist in the ventricular muscle cells in a particular category of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic congestive heart failure. Thus, it is suggested that human ventricular muscle cells have retained the genetic ability to form specific ANP-containing granules in certain clinical disorders.
Computational Methods for the Design of Deformation Processes of Porous Materials

An updated Lagrangian framework of the continuum sensitivity method (CSM) is presented to address important computational design problems in the deformation processing of porous materials. Weak sensitivity equations are developed that are consistent with the kinematic, constitutive, contact and thermal analyses used in the solution of the direct thermomechanical problem. The CSM is here used to analyze die and preform computational design problems in industrial metal forming processes wherein temperature and the accumulated damage play an important role in influencing the deformation mechanism, material state and shape of the deformed workpiece.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A Novel Model for Adaptive Control Systems A State Machine Approach

In this paper a new model, based on state machines, of adaptive control systems is presented. Due to its high level of expressiveness, UML was chosen as the modeling language. In particular the paper presents a model of an indirect adaptive control system. This model can be used to document and to have a better understanding of adaptive control systems.
Electromechanical impedance–based damage characterization using spectral element method

The high-frequency nature of impedance-based structural health monitoring makes the utilization of impedance signature for model-based damage characterization a challenging problem. In this study, ...
Discussion on advantage of resistance spot welding using servo gun and MFDC

As the requirement of car light-weighted,advanced high strength steel(AHSS) is becoming more and more popular in automobile production.The new materials also challenge the combination technique.Traditional pneumatic welding gun and AC welding controller can not satisfy the welding of these new materials.For servo driven welding gun can control electrode pressure and position precisely, MFDC can control welding current rapidly,they can improve weld quality greatly.This paper mainly relates the advantages and foreground of servo driven welding gun and MFDC in welding AHSS,especially dual phase steels.
Proximate composition of muscle of cage-raised red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus (Pisces: Sciaenidae), in Panama.

La composicion quimica del musculo de la corvina roja, Sciaenops ocellatus. cultivado en jaulas flotantes es comparable a la obtenida en cultivos de estanques de tierra o en el medio marino. La edad o el peso no fueron un factor detenninante de la composicion quimica del musculo. Un alimento flotante del 36 % de proteina es adecuado para mantener un relativo buen crecimiento corporal, asi como una aceptable calidad de composicion quimica
Which Grand Theory

To guide policy investigations for development a theory requires three elements: a methodology, a perspective (of which grand theory is one form), and categories of potential explanations. This chapter first addresses the relationship of grand theory to the problem-solving methodology. It then critically reviews the three major, often contradictory ideal types of grand theories that, at the end of the twentieth century, purported to guide development policy.
Reciprocal Effects of Positive Future Expectations, Threats to Safety, and Risk Behavior Across Adolescence

We examined the reciprocal relationships among positive future expectations, expected threats to future safety, depression, and individual substance use and delinquency using 4 waves of data (N = 248–338) from African American and Latino adolescent male participants in the Chicago Youth Development Study. Individual positive future expectations and expected threats to safety were assessed at each wave and modeled as latent constructs. Individual substance use and delinquency were assessed at each wave and represented as ordinal variables ranging from low to high. Categorical autoregressive cross-lagged structural models were used to examine the hypothesized reciprocal relationships between both aspects of future expectations construct and risk behavior across adolescence. Analyses show that future expectations has important effects on youth substance use and involvement in delinquency, both of which in turn decrease positive expectations and increase expectation of threats to future safety across adolesce...
Acinetobacter baumannii Coordinates Urea Metabolism with Metal Import To Resist Host-Mediated Metal Limitation

ABSTRACT During infection, bacterial pathogens must adapt to a nutrient metal-limited environment that is imposed by the host. The innate immune protein calprotectin inhibits bacterial growth in vitro by chelating the divalent metal ions zinc (Zn 2+ , Zn) and manganese (Mn 2+ , Mn), but pathogenic bacteria are able to cause disease in the presence of this antimicrobial protein in vivo. One such pathogen is Acinetobacter baumannii, a Gram-negative bacterium that causes pneumonia and bloodstream infections that can be complicated by resistance to multiple antibiotics. A. baumannii inhibition by calprotectin is dependent on calprotectin Mn binding, but the mechanisms employed by A. baumannii to overcome Mn limitation have not been identified. This work demonstrates that A. baumannii coordinates transcription of an NRAMP family Mn transporter and a urea carboxylase to resist the antimicrobial activities of calprotectin. This NRAMP family transporter facilitates Mn accumulation and growth of A. baumannii in the presence of calprotectin. A. baumannii is found to utilize urea as a sole nitrogen source, and urea utilization requires the urea carboxylase encoded in an operon with the NRAMP family transporter. Moreover, urea carboxylase activity is essential for calprotectin resistance in A. baumannii. Finally, evidence is provided that this system combats calprotectin in vivo , as deletion of the transporter impairs A. baumannii fitness in a mouse model of pneumonia, and this fitness defect is modulated by the presence of calprotectin. These findings reveal that A. baumannii has evolved mechanisms to subvert host-mediated metal sequestration and they uncover a connection between metal starvation and metabolic stress. IMPORTANCE Acinetobacter baumannii is a bacterium that causes bloodstream, wound, urinary tract, and pneumonia infections, with a high disease burden in intensive care units. Treatment of A. baumannii infection is complicated by resistance to most antibiotics in use today, and resistance to last-resort therapies has become commonplace. New treatments for A. baumannii infection are desperately needed, but our current understanding of the bacterial factors required to cause infection is limited. We previously found that the abundant innate immune protein calprotectin inhibits the growth of A. baumannii by withholding essential metals . Despite this, A. baumannii is still able to infect wild-type mice, which produce calprotectin during infection. Here, we identify factors employed by A. baumannii during infection to overcome calprotectin-mediated metal sequestration. Moreover, we expose a connection between metal starvation and metabolism that may be a “chink in the armor” of A. baumannii and lead to new treatment options.
Instruments to Identify Commercially Sexually Exploited Children: Feasibility of Use in an Emergency Department Setting.

ObjectiveThis review examines the screening instruments that are in existence today to identify commercially sexually exploited children. The instruments are compared and evaluated for their feasibility of use in an emergency department setting.MethodsFour electronic databases were searched to ident