cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Let the Clips Fall Where They May

Personality research has fueled debate over whether human judgment should be characterized as accurate or error-prone. Research from the thin-slice tradition suggests that a degree of accuracy can be obtained when least expected. Consumer psychologists tempted to join the debate may be better served by identifying the contexts under which accuracy is most likely and least likely to be observed and by exploring the causal mechanisms underlying each outcome. In so doing, the substantive scope of consumer research may be expanded to include decision contexts that have been largely ignored but are of considerable importance. Moreover, decision processes may be illuminated that can inform the more useful debate over deliberative versus nondeliberative decision making.
Sensor noise effect in rate feedback via saturating actuators: distributed parameter system

IN THE active damping of flexible structures, from a practical point of view, the following problems are inevitable and need to be investigated: (i) sensor noise, because sensor noise does exist for most sensors; (ii) actuator saturation, because actuators can be linear, but only in a certain range (small amplitude) and become saturated for large amplitude. Much work has been done in the active damping of distributed parameter oscillation systems by using linear rate feedback and assuming no sensor noise [l-4]. Nowadays, systems with actuator saturation are still designed by intuition, experience, and simulation, using trial and error. Their effects on the loop response are still poorly understood from a theoretical point of view. This work intends to provide better understanding of the effects of sensor noise and actuator saturation. This work is on the sensor noise effect in the active samping of flexible structures. The controls are force and moments actuators and the sensors are rate gyros. A distributed parameter model is used in this investigation. In Section 2, the continuum model and problem formulation are presented. In Section 3, various approximations are made to derive the dynamic equation of the beam tip motion. Section 4 contains the results of this work, i.e. the effects of sensor noise.
The impact of firm size on bank debt use

Abstract I use a sample of US firms to examine the determinants of the concentration of bank debt in total debt. The results indicate that the factors vary by size of the firm. A small- to medium-sized firm has a high concentration of bank debt when it has a low level of discretionary spending. In contrast, a large firm has a high concentration of bank debt when it is difficult for outsiders to observe. The results support the Diamond [J Polit Econ 99 (1991) 689] reputation view that a firm faces different debt choices as it grows. When evaluating bank regulations, policymakers should consider the importance of the reputation-building services, which a bank provides to businesses.
Kinetic theory analysis of heat transfer in granular flows

Based on a dense-gas kinetic theory model, theoretical solutions were generated to study and compare experimental and theoretical results for velocity profiles and heat transfer characteristics in granular flows in a vertical chute. The results indicated good agreement between theoretical and experimentally measured mean velocity profiles but the magnitude of the fluctuation velocities were underpredicted by the theoretical solutions. Qualitative agreement was found between experimental and theoretical results for convective heat transfer. The results indicated that particle size and the medium density adjacent to the boundary played an important role in determining the heat transfer at the boundary.
Application of nonlinear wave propagation theory to adsorption kinetic measurements on supported catalysts

Abstract A new technique has been developed which can be used to determined the coverage-dependent heat of adsorption on supported catalysts from pulse experiments using a packed-bed adsorption column. This development is based on the theory of nonlinear wave propagation applied to a transient adsorption system. The unique feature of this technique is that the coverage-dependent heat of adsorption can be determined solely from the measurement of the column-average propagation speed of the adsorbate pulse, without any knowledge on the details of the pulse shape.
A laboratory experience for students of differential equations using RLC circuits

ABSTRACT Although differential equations are billed as applied mathematics, there is rarely any hands-on experience incorporated into the course. In this paper, we present a laboratory project that requires the students to obtain data from a physics lab and use that data to compute the coefficients of the second order differential equation which mathematically models the behavior of an RLC circuit.
Responses of cat vestibular neurons to sinusoidal roll tilt.

Extracellular recordings were made in the lateral and inferior vestibular nuclei of decerebrate, unanesthetized cats. The firing patterns of single units were studied using small amplitude sinusoidal roll tilts of from 0.01 Hz to 1.0 Hz. Three-fourths of the tilt-sensitive units showed greater modulation of their firing rates as the frequency of the sinusoidal tilt was increased. The responses of cells in both nuclei were similar. These responses were virtually unchanged in cats with chronically plugged semicircular canals, indicating a probable otolith origin for the dynamics of the tilt response.
TGF-beta signaling in A549 lung carcinoma cells: lipid second messengers

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a potent inducer of numerous extracellular matrix components, largely through a transcriptional mechanism. To define the postreceptor signaling pathways used by TGF-beta in the induction of extracellular matrix gene expression, we have utilized the human lung carcinoma cell line, A549, in transfection experiments with the TGF-beta inducible reporter construct, p3TP-Lux. Previous work from this laboratory using pharmacologic agents suggested that a phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C and protein kinase C may be involved in early aspects of TGF-beta signaling. Here we provide evidence that TGF-beta induces a rapid and transient increase in diacylglycerol (DAG) production. When cells transfected with the p3TP-Lux reporter plasmid are simultaneously treated with TGF-beta and a DAG kinase inhibitor, we observed a higher level of luciferase than with TGF-beta alone. We also find elevated levels of phosphocholine in cells following TGF-beta treatment. Further, exogenously added bacterial phosphatidylcholine phospholipase C (PC-PLC) is capable of inducing expression of the p3TP-Lux reporter to the same extent as TGF-beta indicating that the bacterial PC-PLC can mimic the TGF-beta effect. In contrast, neither hexanoyl sphingosine (a ceramide analogue) nor arachadonic acid induce expression of the p3TP-Lux reporter. Measurements with the fluorescent, calcium-sensitive dye, FURA2, indicated that there was no change in intracellular calcium in response to TGF-beta. Furthermore, buffering intracellular calcium with the calcium chelating agent BAPTA/AM failed to block TGF-beta induction of the p3TP-Lux reporter. Thus the TGF-beta signaling pathway appears to involve the production of diacylglycerol but is independent of calcium.
An electric machine integrated with trans-rotary magnetic gear

This paper introduces a novel electromechanical energy conversion system, called Machine Integrated with Trans-Rotary Magnetic Gear (MITROMAG) as a force-dense linear motor/generator. The device is obtained by integrating a Trans-Rotary Magnetic Gear (TROMAG) into a 3-phase winding. The TROMAG converts a low speed high force linear motion of a translator to a low torque high speed rotation of a rotor. Upon adding Permanent Magnet (PM) poles to the outer surface of the rotor of the TROMAG, it also serves as the rotor of an inner rotor PM machine. The resultant electromechanical device is compared to a PM linear tubular machine, as a benchmark, for a given force and speed. Simplified analytical models along with accurate field solutions and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) are employed to design the systems. It is shown that, for the given design specifications, the MITROMAG would surpass the linear PM machine in regard to the volume and weight with a great margin.
The cause and effects of flow through defects of the atrial septum.

Abstract The reason for the shunting of blood from left to right through large defects the atrial septum has been sought in a consideration of the factors which determine the direction of flow through other abnormal apertures connecting adjacent vessels or adjacent cavities of the heart. This consideration leads to the conclusion that the direction of the interatrial shunt is due to differences in the normal anatomic features of the atrioventricular orifices and the ventricles of the right and left sides of the heart. The mitral orifice is the smaller, the tricuspid the larger of the two atrioventricular openings. The cavity of the left ventricle is longer and narrower than that of the right ventricle, which is shorter and in cross section larger than its fellow. These differences (and perhaps also the thicker walls of the lef ventricle and the less efficient operation of the mitral valve as compared with that of the tricuspid valve) are responsible for greater resistance to the flow of blood from atrium into ventricle on the left side of the heart, with a consequent tendency toward the attainment of higher pressure in the left atrium than in the right atrium during the period of ventricular diastole. Although this tendency is in large part counterbalanced in normal subjects by distention of the left atrium and pulmonary veins, it is considered sufficient to initiate the movement of blood from the left atrium into the right through a large defect of the atrial septum. Once the interatrial shunt is initiated, a train of effects naturally ensues whereby flow through the defect occurs during both phases of the ventricular cycle and gradually increases in amount, and filling and output of the right ventricle are progressively augmented, with corresponding increase in the rate of pulmonary flow and consequent elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. Progressive dilatation of the right atrium, dilatation and hypertrophy of the right ventricle, and dilatation of the pulmonary arterial tree develop along with the gradual increase in the magnitude of the shunt, but the left atrium escapes enlargement because of the additional channel of outflow provided by the septal defect. Atrial pressure remain normal because of the ready distensibility of the atria and great veins, the negative intrathoracic pressure, and the very slight resistance which opposes the filling of competent ventricles. Even if the right ventricle fails to cope adequately with the augmented return incident to unusual or ordinary activity, it seems likely that resultant decrease in the relative magnitude of the interatrial shunt quickly limits the burden imposed upon the right ventricle and prevents abnormal elevation of right atrial and venous pressures.
Matching of question and answer terminology in an education research file

The hypothesis that relevant answers in a computer output may be distinguished from peripherally relevant and nonrelevant answers by the relative frequency with which question words and other related terms match words in the title, abstract, and machine index to these answers is investigated, using a sample of 14 questions searched against a pilot information file for education research. The frequencies of (1) significant words of the question, (2) words related thesaurally to the question words by the semantic code, and (3) words added to the original statement by the question analyst as answer index terms are used to determine empirically a function indicating the indexing and evaluating effectiveness of each. Similarly, the frequencies of question words in titles, conventional abstracts, and machine indexes are used to compare the indexing and evaluating effectiveness of these three forms of index.
Grafting vinyl monomers to starch by ceric ion. I. Acrylonitrile and acrylamide

Studies were carried out on the grafting of acrylonitrile (AN) and acrylamide (AA) to starch by ceric ion. The variables affecting the grafting of AN and AA were investigated with granular wheat starch dispersed in aqueous N,N-dimethylformamide and ceric ammonium nitrate as catalyst. Results showed that the concentrations of monomer and catalyst are the major factors influencing the grafting of AN; thus the monomer content of the grafts can be regulated by these variables. The grafting of AA is also influenced by these variables, but to a much less degree. Increasing concentrations of monomer promote homopolymerization and increasing concentration of catalyst inhibit grafting. The extent of grafting of this monomer can best be controlled by reaction time. Under the most favorable conditions, maximum grafting efficiency (ratio of amount of grafted monomer to total amount of monomer converted to polymer) was 87% for AN and 43.8% for AA. Although the monomer content of the AN grafts was higher than that of AA grafts prepared under identical conditions, the number of branches in the grafts was almost the same; only the length of the branches was different. The AN-starch grafts have branches of higher molecular weight.
Cultural Values, Utilitarian Orientation, and Ethical Decision Making: A Comparison of U.S. and Puerto Rican Professionals

Using samples from the U.S. and Puerto Rico, we examine cross-cultural differences in cultural value dimensions, and relate these to act and rule utilitarian orientations, and ethical decision making of business professionals. Although these places share the same legal environment, culturally they are distinct. In addition to tests of between-group differences, a model in which utilitarian orientation mediates the influence of cultural values on ethical decisions was evaluated at the individual level of analysis. Results indicated national culture differences on three cultural values, but no between-group differences on utilitarian orientations and ethical decisions. Significant indirect effects were found; act utilitarian orientation mediated the effects of two values activity orientation and universalism on ethical decision making. Implications for international management practices and business ethics are discussed.
Studies in Qualitative Separations on a Micro Scale

A scheme for the separation, identification, and estimation of the ions of the thallium group ofNoyes andBray (thallium, silver, and lead) using a one milligram sample has been presented. The ranges of usefulness have been investigated, and the experimental data are reported. Results of trial analyses of samples are given. The detection of 0.2% of Thallium in the presence of silver or lead (one part of thallium in the presence of 1000 parts of either silver or lead) has been shown to be possible.
Box–Cox transformations in the analysis of compositional data

The statistical analysis of compositional data is of fundamental importance to practitioners in general and to chemists in particular. The existing methodology is principally due to Aitchison, who effectively uses two transformations, a ratio followed by the logarithmic, to create a useful, coherent theory that in principle allows the plethora of normal-based multivariate techniques to be used on the transformed data. This paper suggests that the well-known class of Box–Cox transformations can be employed in place of the logarithmic to significantly improve the existing methodology. This is supported in part by showing that one of the most basic problems that Aitchison managed to overcome, namely the specification of an interpretable covariance structure for compositional data, can be resolved, or nearly resolved, once the ratio transformation has been applied. Hence the resolution is not directly dependent on the logarithmic transformation. It is then verified that access to the general Box–Cox family will allow a more accurate use of the normal-based multivariate techniques, simply because better fits to normality can be achieved. Finally, maximum likelihood estimation and some associated asymptotics are employed to construct confidence intervals for ratios of the true, unknown compositional constituents. Heretofore this had not been done even in the context of the logarithmic transformation. Applications to real data are presented.
Gender Convergence and Delinquency

Theory about the relationship of gender roles to delinquency illustrates the taken-for-granted assumption that as role expectations of people become more alike, their behavior becomes more similar....
Emerging roles for the TGFβ family in pancreatic β-cell homeostasis

Loss of functional β-cells is the primary cause of type 2 diabetes, so that there is an acute need to understand how β-cell number and function are regulated in the adult under normal physiological conditions. Recent studies suggest that members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family regulate β-cell function and glucose homeostasis. These factors are also likely to influence β-cell proliferation and/or the incorporation of new β-cells from progenitors in adults. Soluble TGFβ antagonists also appear to have important roles in maintaining homeostasis, and the coordinated activity of TGFβ family members is likely to regulate the differentiation and function of adult β-cells, raising the possibility of developing new diabetes therapies based on TGFβ agonists or antagonists.
Gate-leakage-tolerant circuits in deep sub-100-nm CMOS technologies

The leakage power consumption in deep sub-100nm CMOS systems is projected to become a significant part of the total power dissipation. Although the dual Vt CMOS process helps reduce the subthreshold leakage current, the gate leakage problem poses a significant design challenge. We introduce gate leakage tolerant circuits. We describe two new circuit techniques to suppress gate leakage currents in dual Vt Domino circuits. In standby mode, proposed circuits generate low inputs and low outputs for all Domino stages to suppress gate leakage currents in the NMOS logic tree. Simulation results using 45nm BSIM4 SPICE models for 32-bit adders show that adders using the two proposed circuits can reduce the standby gate leakage by 66% and 90%, respectively. Proposed adders have 7% active power overhead to achieve the same speed as single Vt domino adder and the area penalty is minimal with careful layout.
A Comparison of Written Chinese Achievement Among Heritage Learners in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Groups

: This paper examines the effects of grouping practice on written Chinese achievement among heritage learners in college Chinese classes. Subjects were two groups of heritage students: a homogeneous group (heritage students only) and a heterogeneous group (heritage students mixed with nonheritage students). Students' performance in written Chinese was measured by an instructor-made vocabulary test and the SAT II Chinese Test with Listening. Quantitative analysis of their performance showed that heritage students in the homogenous group performed significantly better in written Chinese with one year of study than did heritage students in the heterogeneous group with two years of study. This result suggests that in college-level Chinese language classes, tracking based on linguistic background can improve heritage students' academic achievement, because it provides them an environment in which they can learn to their maximum capacity.
Effect of posterior corneal astigmatism on refractive outcomes after toric intraocular lens implantation

Purpose To compare the prediction error after toric intraocular lens (IOL) (Acrysof IQ) implantation using corneal astigmatism measurements obtained with an IOLMaster automated keratometer and a Galilei dual rotating camera Scheimpflug–Placido tomographer. Setting Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. Design Retrospective case series. Methods The predicted residual astigmatism after toric IOL implantation was calculated using preoperative astigmatism values from an automated keratometer and the total corneal power (TCP) determined by ray tracing through the measured anterior and posterior corneal surfaces using dual Scheimpflug–Placido tomography. The prediction error was calculated as the difference between the predicted astigmatism and the manifest astigmatism at least 1 month postoperatively. The calculations included vector analysis. Results The study evaluated 35 eyes (35 patients). The preoperative corneal posterior astigmatism mean magnitude was 0.33 diopter (D) ± 0.16 (SD) (vector mean 0.23 × 176). Twenty-six eyes (74.3%) had with-the-rule (WTR) posterior astigmatism. The postoperative manifest refractive astigmatism mean magnitude was 0.38 ± 0.18 D (vector mean 0.26 × 171). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean magnitude prediction error between the automated keratometer and TCP techniques. However, the automated keratometer method tended to overcorrect WTR astigmatism and undercorrect against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism. The TCP technique lacked these biases. Conclusions The automated keratometer and TCP methods for estimating the magnitude of corneal astigmatism gave similar results. However, the automated keratometer method tended to overcorrect WTR astigmatism and undercorrect ATR astigmatism. Financial Disclosure Dr. Hamilton has received honoraria for educational lectures from Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
PK 11195 antagonism of pyrethroid-induced proconvulsant activity

Abstract The acute administration of 1R,cis,αS-cypermethrin, deltamethrin fenvalerate and permethrin produced a dose-dependent lowering of the dose of pentylenetetrazol required to elicit a seizure in rats. The proconvulsant action of cypermethrin displayed stereospecificity in that the 1R,cis,αS isomer of cypermethrin was the most potent compound tested, while the non-insecticidal isomer, 1S,cis,αR-cypermethrin, was devoid of proconvulsant activity. Pretreatment of rats with PK 11195, an antagonist of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding site, elicited a complete reversal of the proconvulsant actions of both deltamethrin and permethrin. In contrast, pretreatment with phenytoin did not alter the pyrethroid-induced proconvulsant activity. These results suggest that the effect of pyrethroids on pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold are mediated via an interaction with peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites.
Comparison of Experimental and Affine-Predicted Fiber Kinematics in Human Supraspinatus Tendon

Mathematical modeling approaches are frequently used to characterize and predict the mechanics of biological soft tissues. Structurally-based continuum models, which describe the relationship of the constituents’ properties (i.e., collagen fibers, matrix) to overall tissue properties, require knowledge of the relationship between microscopic (fiber) and macroscopic (tissue) deformation. The most common and straightforward approach is the use of an affine model, which assumes that local fiber kinematics follow the global tissue deformation. Although the affine assumption is often used in constitutive modeling, several studies have reported non-affine fiber behavior in soft tissue testing [1–2]. Our recent work has quantified the anisotropic and inhomogeneous mechanical and organizational properties of human supraspinatus tendon (SST) [3–4]. We have also utilized a fiber dispersion model to examine SST [5]; however the relationship between macroscopic and microscopic deformation in this tendon remains unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the affine assumption in human SST fiber kinematics by comparing experimentally-measured fiber alignment to the affine model prediction.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Sum-accelerated pseudospectral methods: Finite differences and sech-weighted differences

This work continues our previous studies of algorithms for accelerating the convergence of pseudospectral derivative series in order to obtain new differentiation schemes which have the sparsity and low cost of finite differences but the accuracy of spectral methods. We develop a general theoretical framework for difference schemes. Finite differences are close to optimum, but can be bettered by a new scheme we have dubbed ‘sech-weighted’ differences. Through numerical examples, we show that sech-weighted differences are effective. In contrast, non-linear accelerations like Pade approximants and the Levin u-transform, so popular in other applications, are inferior for approximating derivatives to linear accelerations like finite differences, sech-weighted differences and the Euler method.
Mechanism of Stress-Enhanced Solid-Phase Epitaxy

Enhancement of solid-phase epitaxial growth (SPEG) due to hydrostatic pressures and bending stresses is explained by stress-enhanced mobility of point defects in the amorphous solid. The crystallization is by the adjustment of atomic positions in the vicinity of the crystallization/amorphous (c-a) interface due to self-diffusion in the amorphous phase, assisted by a free energy decrease equal to the difference in free energies between the amorphous and crystalline phases. Due to a mismatch in the bulk moduli between the amorphous and crystalline phases, the application of a hydrostatic pressure can develop tensile stresses in the amorphous layer near the c-a interface. Non-hydrostatic stresses in the amorphous layer enhance the mobility of point defects in the amorphous layer and, therefore, an enhancement of the SPEG rate. In the cases of both hydrostatic pressure and bending, the enhancement occurs in the tensile side, indicating that vacancy-like mechanism is predominant in SPEG.
A nonlocal homogenization model for wave dispersion in dissipative composite materials

Abstract This manuscript presents a nonlocal homogenization model for the analysis of wave dispersion and energy dissipation in bimaterial viscoelastic composites subjected to dynamic loading conditions. The proposed model is derived based on the asymptotic homogenization method with multiple spatial scales applied in the Laplace domain. Asymptotic expansions of the associated response fields up to fourth order are employed to account for wave dispersions induced by the microscopic heterogeneities. The solution of the nonlocal homogenization approach is obtained in semi-analytical form in the Laplace domain and discrete inverse Laplace transform method is employed to approximate the response fields in the time domain. Numerical examinations are carried out to verify the proposed model and assess its capabilities compared to the standard (i.e., local) homogenization and the analytical solutions of composite beams subjected to dynamic loading conditions. Investigations reveal that the nonlocal model accurately accounts for wave dispersions and heterogeneity induced attenuation. A parametric analysis is conducted to identify the relationship between microstructure and heterogeneity induced attenuation under high-frequency loading.
Observation of microdefects in indium-doped GaAs crystals by preferential etching and infrared light scattering tomography

Abstract Microdefects in indium-doped GaAs crystals grown by the liquid encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) technique were investigated by using preferential Abrahams-Buiocchi etching (AB etching) and infrared light scattering tomography. Elliptical pits were observed on AB etched (100) surfaces in dislocation-free regions at the front of the ingot, not observed at the tail. The elliptical pits are considered to correspond to microprecipitates. Furthermore, an attempt to improve the homogeneity along the growth direction, the effect of heat treatment on the density of the defects, was investigated.
Massive propranolol metabolite retention during maintenance hemodialysis

Eight outpatients on long-term hemodialysis receiving propranolol therapy were studied on a nondialysis day, 11 ± 1 hr after the last dose. Steady-state daily dosage of propranolol averaged 225 ± 36 mg (range, 80 to 400). Plasma concentrations of propranolol and three of its metabolites were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (x ± SEM): propranolol, 47 ± 17 ng/ml; propranolol glucuronide, 2,119 ± 597 ng/ml; 4-hydroxypropranolol glucuronide, 789 ± 149 ng/ml; and naphthoxylactic acid, 4,357 ± 727 ng/ml. The plasma levels of these metabolites were 18, 20, and 29 times, respectively, as high as in patients with normal renal function and correlated well with the dose of propranolol. The total concentration of these metabolites exceeded the concentration of propranolol by 239 times (range 74 to 476). Four long-term hemodialysis patients on propranolol were hospitalized to ensure compliance. Plasma levels of propranolol and of the three metabolites were followed during a dosage interval. Plasma propranolol levels correlated well with dose (r = 0.94) and declined with approximately normal half-lifes of 3.2 to 5.4 hr. There was little variation in the extremely high plasma levels of the three metabolites during a dosage interval. The total metabolite to propranolol plasma concentration ratio in these four patients ranged from 109 to 705. The correlation between total metabolite concentrations and propranolol dose was striking (r = 0.997). Massive retention of propranolol metabolites occurs uniformly in uremia, is highly predictable from the dose, and could have important clinical implications. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 28, 449–455; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.187
Variants and Invariants in Comparative Agricultural Systems

THE theme suggests a standpoint. Does agriculture have more invariants than other industries and other parts of society? The implicit standpoint is that it has. Its friends and admirers point to it as a stabilizing force in an unruly society, a bedrock of patriotism and good mores. Its detractors underline its seeming inertia, its sluggish reaction to innovations, its tendency to cling to outmoded ways of production and societal organization. The value judgments rest on value systems, evidently; but before passing judgment, one way or the other, we should know the facts. Is the predominantly "invariant" aspect of agriculture a fact-or is it an optical illusion, and, if so, for what reasons? A question as generic as this one cannot be answered in the same generic form. It is necessary to examine some of the historical and contemporary evidence. The purpose is not merely an intellectual exercise. More than that, we need orientation for our thinking about the future-the future of the already high-income societies, which are about to enter developments without precedent, hence without direct empirical basis for expectations; and the future of the low-income societies, which may not merely repeat the past history of the advanced ones but may also leapfrog stages and otherwise telescope the known patterns. The seeming inertia of "traditional" agriculture rests, in any event, on hindsight based on modern experience-over the last hundred years, hardly more. In the long perspective of the millennia, agriculture has been one of the most dynamic forces of human change; from the neolithic age to the Renaissance, most technical innovations of any consequence were agricultural innovations. Modern agriculture in advanced countries, again, is of course anything but static in its technology, productivity, and economic relationships; but many are impatient or uneasy about its institutional framework. The stability dictum rests in fact mainly on observations about the institutional systems. At the center of agriculture's institutions stands the concept of tenure. It can be maintained as the centerpiece of a coherent analysis by regarding it, above all, as a system of decision making no less than as a device for distribution.
Movement-Related Potentials During Development: A Replication and Extension of Relationships to Age, Motor Control, Mental Status and IQ

Three age groups of normals (children, preadolescents, and adults) and a group of mentally retarded adults performed a noncued button press task from which averaged movement-related potentials (MRPs) were derived. MRP wave shapes replicated our previously reported modal waveform types, except for the preadolescents, who showed no modal MRP. The normal groups showed a developmental shift in the prevalence of waveforms with the retarded differing from normal adults. The modal child waveform had a large amplitude positive-negative-positive form; the retarded had a uniphasic positive form; while normal adults showed the usual negative form. Major MRP types among children could not be attributed to differences in sampling or number of the trials averaged, or to trial-to-trial MRP variability. Background EEG activity did not differ in different modal MRP types. Modal child MRPs showed an initial peak positivity at Fz, and a late peak at Cz. The retarded had a sustaining central positivity developed by midepoch. MRP positivity and negativity were related to age, inhibition of extraneous eye movement (EM), and IQ. In children, greater cognitive proficiency is associated with adult-like MRP. The results suggest that positivity, in part, reflects a subject's efforts at inhibiting movement extraneous to the instructed task.
Douglas fir embryogenic tissue initiation

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is expected to play an important role in the future of US forests by providing increased productivity, sustainability, and uniformity. For broad scale implementation to occur, SE technology must work with a variety of genetically diverse trees. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb) Franco) is the dominant tree in the Pacific Northwest and has great economic and recreational value. We have developed a highly effective medium for initiation of embryogenic tissue of Douglas fir that contains ABA, biotin, brassinolide, folic acid, MES, pyruvic acid and can be used as a gelled medium or in a gelled-liquid medium overlay system. When tested with many high-value crosses over 2 years, initiation tests averaged initiation in the range of 40–57%. Additionally, a time- and labor-saving tetrazolium chloride embryo staining technique was developed to evaluate seed health and screen out seed sources likely to perform poorly in the initiation process.
Mathematical modeling for multisite phosphorylation with scaffold binding in cell signaling

The mating decision in budding yeast is a switch-like or bistability response that allows cells to filter out weak pheromone signals or avoid improper mating when a mate is sufficiently close. However, the molecular mechanisms that control the bistability decision are not yet fully understood. In many cases, scaffold proteins are thought to play a key role during this process. A workable definition of a scaffold is a protein that dynamically binds to two or more consecutively acting components of a signaling cascade, such as protein kinase and that kinase's substrate. Here, we show that bistability mechanism can arise from multisite phosphorylation system with scaffold binding when phosphorylation and dephosphorylation occur at different locations. This scaffold binding in a multisite phosphorylation system can robustly result in multiple steady states. By developing generic mathematical models, we argue that the scaffold protein plays an important role in creating bistability, and by treating parameters symbolically, we also thereby reduce the complexity of calculating steady states from simulating differential equations to finding the roots of polynomials, of which the degree depends on the number of phosphorylation sites N. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weaving dreamcatchers: mothering among American Indian women who were teen mothers.

Aims The aim of this study was to explore the mothering experience and practice among reservation-based adult American Indian women who had been adolescent mothers. Background Adolescent American Indian women are at an elevated risk for teen pregnancy and poor maternal/child outcomes. Identifying mothering practices among this population may help guide intervention development that will improve health outcomes. Design A collaborative orientation to community-based participatory research approach. Methods Employing interpretive phenomenology, 30 adult American Indian women who resided on a Northwestern reservation were recruited. In-depth, face-to-face and telephone interviews were conducted between 2007–2008. Findings Women shared their mothering experience and practice, which encompassed a lifespan perspective grounded in their American Indian cultural tradition. Four themes were identified as follows: mother hen, interrupted mothering and second chances, breaking cycles and mothering a community. Mothering originated in childhood, extended across their lifespan and moved beyond mothering their biological offspring. Conclusion These findings challenge the Western construct of mothering and charge nurses to seek culturally sensitive interventions that reinforce positive mothering practices and identify when additional mothering support is needed across a woman's lifespan.
DSM-IV Symptoms in Community and Clinic Preschool Children

ABSTRACT Objective To describe and compare ratings of psychiatric symptoms in community and clinic samples (ages 3–6 years) using a DSM-IV -referenced rating scale. Method Parent (/and teacher) ratings were obtained for community ( N = 531/398) and special education ( N = 64/140) samples (1995–1997) and an outpatient clinic ( N = 224/189) sample (1994–1996). Results Age and socioeconomic status were only minimally ( r special education > community). Males generally received higher scores than females (especially teacher ratings). Children with ADHD symptoms had higher ratings of impairment (developmental deficits) than the non-ADHD group. Conclusions Although these findings share a number of similarities with studies of older children, there are also differences that attest to the uniqueness of this age group.
Fluid Transient Analysis in Pipelines With Nonuniform Liquid Density

Un regime transitoire fluide dans un systeme a densite de liquide non uniforme peut etre analyse a l'aide d'un programme d'ordinateur pour densite unique en modifiant les parametres d'entree. Ces modifications permettent au programme de resoudre les equations caracteristiques correctes avec des conditions initiales et aux limites appropriees. Application a un reservoir, un pipeline et un probleme de valve
Pharmacokinetics of dicamba isomers applied dermally to rats

Abstract The pharmacokinetic profile of the herbicide dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) and its isomer (3,5-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) present in dicamba formulation was examined in rats given single dermal applications of 100 mg/kg of dicamba, 20 mg/kg of the isomer, or their combination at those rates. The concentration of the isomer in blood increased up to 9 hr following application and then declined slowly. The rate of clearance of dicamba from the blood greatly exceeded that of the isomer and was apparently of first order for both. The rate constants for first-order elimination ( k e ) were 1.7 and 0.19 hr −1 for dicamba and the isomer, respectively. The rates of absorption of the two chemicals through the skin as determined by urinary excretion was 0.0029 hr −1 for dicamba and 0.0012 hr −1 for the isomer. Urinary excretion of the original dose was 16.5% for dicamba and 7.5% for the isomer. Following the combined application, the kinetics of uptake and clearance was similar to that determined for each chemical administered alone.
Cyanopuupehenol, an antiviral metabolite of a sponge of the order Verongida

Abstract 15-Cyanopuupehenol ( 4 )is an adduct of HCN and a mixed sesquiterpene - shikimate sponge metabolite. It was isolated from a member of the Order Verongida and exhibits antiviral activity.
Reagents used for photocolorimetric determination of titanium concentrations

A study was made of xylenol orange, gallic acid, and diantipirylmethane as reagents for the photocolorimetric determination of TiO2 concentrations in refractory materials. Absorption spectra were recorded and we also studied the effect on the complex of the pH of the medium, masking the compound, the holding time, and also its subjection to Beer's law. We developed colorimetric methods for determining the concentrations of titanium with diantipirylmethane and gallic acid in clay, chamotte, dinas, and some slags.
Witnessing and the medical gaze: how medical students learn to see at a free clinic for the homeless.

This article analyzes doctor-patient communication as it is taught to medical students in a student-run free clinic for the homeless. Moving beyond Foucault's concept of the medical gaze, it incorporates Byron Good's theorizing about the soteriological aspects of medicine and medical education as well as aspects of practice theory as illuminated by Anthony Giddens. Ethnographic examples illustrate the necessary tension between objectification and subject-making that exists in the specific practices engaged in by both students and preceptors at the clinic site. [doctor-patient communication, medical education, homelessness, Foucault, practice theory]
Structures of HhaI methyltransferase complexed with substrates containing mismatches at the target base.

Three structures have been determined for complexes between HhaI methyltransferase (M.HhaI) and oligonucleotides containing a G:A, G:U or G:AP (AP = abasic or apurinic/apyrimidinic) mismatch at the target base pair. The mismatched adenine, uracil and abasic site are all flipped out of the DNA helix and located in the enzyme's active-site pocket, adopting the same conformation as in the flipped-out normal substrate. These results, particularly the flipped-out abasic deoxyribose sugar, provide insight into the mechanism of base flipping. If the process involves the protein pushing the base out of the helix, then the push must take place not on the base, but rather on the sugar-phosphate backbone. Thus rotation of the DNA backbone is probably the key to base flipping.
Immigrant Acculturation, Gender and Health Behavior: A Research Note

Previous research shows that the health behavior of immigrants is favorable to that of native-born adults in the United States. We utilize pooled data from the 1998-2001 National Health Interview Surveys and multinomial logistic regression techniques to build on this literature and examine the association between acculturation and immigrant smoking and alcohol use. We also examine how acculturation relates to health behaviors by gender. Results indicate that the health behavior of more acculturated immigrant women is less positive than that of less acculturated women. For men, acculturation seems to make little difference for health behavior. Thus, it is important to not only consider how acculturation is related to health, but how the acculturation process differs across population subgroups.
SKILLS AND OFFENSIVE TACTICS USED IN PICK-UP BASKETBALL GAMES'

The purpose of this study was to describe skills and offensive tactics frequently used in pick-up basketball games. 65 participants were recruited from public basketball courts. An observational instrument was developed to analyze the performances of pick-up games. Participants' performances were videotaped and coded. Results indicated that the passing skills most frequently observed in the games were chest pass, overhead pass, and bounce pass. For dribbling, crossover dribble and change-of-pace dribble were frequently observed. Jump shot, set shot, and layup were also frequently used. The offensive tactics frequently used included drive, cut, and set screen. The study may be beneficial for helping young people prepare to play pick-up basketball games.
Effects of Storage, Hemolysis, and Freezing and Thawing on Concentrations of Thyroxine, Cortisol, and Insulin in Blood Samples

Blood samples were collected from six Beagle dogs to determine effects of precentrifugation and postcentrifugation storage times and temperatures, hemolysis, and repeated freezing and thawing on concentrations of thyroxine (T4), cortisol, and insulin as determined by radioimmunoassay. Concentrations of T4 did not change in whole and clotted blood stored for 72 hr at 4" or room temperature (22-26") and in serum stored for 8 days at -20", 4", or room temperature. Mean cortisol concentrations decreased (P < 0.01) in clotted and heparinized blood stored for 72 hr at room temperature. Mean insulin concentrations decreased (P < 0.01) in clotted blood stored for 24 hr and in EDTA-treated and heparinized whole blood stored for 72 hr at room temperature. After centrifugation, mean cortisol concentrations in serum decreased 21% (P < 0.01) by 2 days and 57% (P < 0.01) by 8 days at room temperature. Insulin decreased 20% (P < 0.05) by 2 days and 72% (P < 0.01) by 8 days at room temperature. Degradation of both hormones was prevented by storing at 4" and -20". Hemolysis accelerated disappearance of insulin immunoactivity at 4" as well as room temperature (P < 0.01). Repeated freezing and thawing of serum did not affect concentra- tions of any hormones studied. Our results clearly show that factors such as storage time, storage temperature, and hemolysis changed concentrations of hormones sufficiently to alter interpretation of research and clinical data.
Neurocognitive performance and serial intravenous subanesthetic ketamine in treatment-resistant depression

The N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist ketamine has demonstrated rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, evaluation of ketamine's neurocognitive aspects in TRD has started to be explored. This study aims to (1) examine baseline neurocognitive performance and change in severity of depressive symptoms through six ketamine infusions, (2) examine the neurocognitive effects after completion of serial infusions and whether changes were associated to relapse to depression. Six IV infusions of 0.5 mg/Kg ketamine over 40 min were conducted on a Monday-Wednesday-Friday schedule during a 12-d period on 15 patients with TRD followed by a 4-wk observational period. Neurocognitive functioning was assessed using the CogState battery at baseline and at each follow-up visit. Tasks were designed to test attention, memory (working, visual, and verbal), speed of processing, and set shifting. The likelihood of response through six infusions was greater among depressed subjects with lower attention at baseline (F(1,13)=5.59, p=0.034). Significant improvement was found in scores of visual memory (F(4,33.82)=5.12, p=0.002), simple working memory (F(4, 24.85)=3.29, p=0.027) and complex working memory (F(4, 32.76)=4.18, p=0.008) after the last ketamine infusion. However, neurocognitive changes were accounted for by improvement in the severity of depressive symptom. The acute neurocognitive effect after completion of repeated infusions was not associated with the likelihood of subsequent relapse during follow-up. Our findings suggest a potential baseline neurocognitive predictor of ketamine response and the apparently lack of short-term neurocognitive impairment after completion of six ketamine infusions in TRD.
Locked in Place: State-Building and Late Industrialization in India

Locked in Place: State-Building and Late Industrialization in India. By Vivek Chibber. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. 335p. $39.50 cloth. Vivek Chibber's book is exceptionally clear, fresh, empirically rich, and analytically tight. It clears some conventional cobwebs in thinking about developmental states. It should be read widely.