cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ironic effects of stigmatizing smoking: combining stereotype threat theory with behavioral pharmacology

Aims Public service announcements often create media messages intended to stigmatize negative behaviors to reduce and prevent these behaviors. Drawing on social and cognitive psychology, we hypothesize that stigmatizing messages can create stereotype threat would be associated with shorter latency to first cigarette in the laboratory compared to the control condition. Design A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial in which participants completed two smoking lapse tasks, one at baseline and one post-intervention/control. Setting An experimental psychopharmacology laboratory in the western United States. Participants A community sample of non-treatment-seeking daily smokers (n = 77) received either a stereotype threat (n = 39) or neutral/control (n = 38) message. Intervention Participants received either a stereotype threat message that stigmatized smoking or a control message. Measurements The primary outcome measure was participants' ability to delay smoking during the smoking lapse task in the experimental session FINDINGS: The difference in delay time during the experimental session at the point where 50% of each group had smoked was 3 minutes. Cox proportional hazard models revealed that participants in the stereotype threat group were significantly less able to delay initiating smoking compared to the control group (hazard ratio = 0.504, P = 0.010, 95% confidence interval = 0.30, 0.85), after controlling for baseline latency to smoke. Conclusions Messages that elicit negative stereotypes of smokers operated as 'smoking-promoting messages' in the context of our controlled laboratory investigation.
Criteria for Trap Evaluation

The trap is one of man's oldest devices for animal control. The effectiveness of a trap is usually considered to be determined by extrinsic factors rather than by an animal's behavior. The effect of rodent instinctive andsocial behavior on trap success is little studied or understood. In considering how behavior studies might affect trap design or placement, aspects of rodent behavior, such as neophobia, dominant and subordinate group relationships, trap approach and contact, and duration of "trap shyness," deserve attention. With the frequent appearance of new and modified traps, a comparative basis for efficacy evaluation is desirable. General observations on the behavior of a population of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) toward two varieties of traps form the basis for suggestions on an evaluation protocol.
Postacute Care Setting Is Associated With Employment After Burn Injury

Abstract Objective To examine differences in long-term employment outcomes of adult burn survivors by post-acute care setting. Design Retrospective review of the prospectively collected Burn Model System National Database. Setting and Participants: A total of 695 adult burn survivors enrolled between May 1994 and June 2016 who required post-acute care at a Burn Model System center following acute care discharge were included. Participants were divided into two groups based on acute care discharge disposition. Those who received post-acute care at an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) following acute care were included in the IRF group (N=447), and those who were treated at a skilled nursing facility, long-term care hospital, or other extended care facility following acute care were included in the Other Rehab Group (N=248). Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Employment status at 12 months post injury. Propensity score matching and logistic regression were utilized to determine the impact of post-acute care setting on employment status. Results Individuals in the IRF Group had larger burns and were more likely to have an inhalation injury and to undergo amputation. At 12 months post-injury, the IRF Group had over 9 times increased odds of being employed compared to the Other Rehab Group, using propensity score matching (p=0.046). Conclusions and Implications While admitting patients with more severe injuries, IRFs provided a long-term benefit for burn survivors in terms of regaining employment. Given the current lack of evidence-based guidelines on post-acute care decisions, the results of this study shed light on the potential benefits of the intensive services provided at IRFs in this population.
Accuracies of reduced mechanisms for predicting acoustic combustion instabilities

Abstract The Rayleigh index of counterflow hydrogen–air diffusion flames is employed as a vehicle for quantifying inaccuracies of predictions caused by the introduction of reduced chemistry to decrease computation times. Inaccuracies of a systematically reduced 2-step mechanism, derived from a detailed 12-step mechanism for hydrogen–air systems, are small at low strain rates but become appreciable as extinction is approached.
The Power of CAD/CAM Laser Bioprinting at the Single-Cell Level: Evolution of Printing

The ability to deposit single cells in nonrestrictive two-dimensional and three-dimensional environments with high accuracy and reproducibility has proven invaluable for innovative cell and tissue research, and is now entering a new stage of maturity through systems engineering and next-generation designs. Coupling computer-aided design and computer-aided machining with laser direct write systems enables researchers to create reproducible biological models with micron-level precision. In particular, matrix-assisted pulsed-laser evaporation direct write system, and variations, has demonstrated this enhanced bottom-up approach to fabricating single-cell level constructs. This technology showcases the advantages of laser-assisted, nozzle-free, and contact-free printing that avoid probabilistic printing methods. In this chapter, we illustrate the importance of single-cell deposition and introduce laser-assisted bioprinting technology capable of micron-resolution and accuracy. This chapter will also review the post-deposition cell viability and mechanistics of laser-assisted transfer of biological materials.
Physical and chemical effects in directional atomic layer etching

Atomic Layer Etching (ALE) has received much attention in recent years as a viable state-of-the-art patterning technique for the fabrication of future generations of nanoelectronics. Thermal excitation or plasma activation, coupled with chemical reactions have been shown as different approaches to enable ALE. In this review, the importance of surface oxidation state is considered as a viable parameter to tailor the chemical contrast that is needed in realizing ALE. With the help of thermodynamic assessment of viable reaction pathways, an alternative approach that combines both plasma and thermal ALE concepts is proposed: the physical effect from energetic ions results in not only chemical conversion but also directionality, while the chemical effect dictates the selective removal of the converted material. This hybrid plasma-thermal ALE approach allows for a simultaneous control of selectivity and anisotropy and a wider ALE window. This approach is tested on a number of model systems and could be extended to more complex materials systems that are needed in future integrated circuits.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced complex I defect: Central role of calcium overload.

Abstract Background ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress leads to decreased complex I activity in cardiac mitochondria. The aim of the current study is to explore the potential mechanisms by which ER stress leads to the complex I defect. ER stress contributes to intracellular calcium overload and oxidative stress that are two key factors to induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Since oxidative stress is often accompanied by intracellular calcium overload during ER stress in vivo, the role of oxidative stress and calcium overload in mitochondrial dysfunction was studied using in vitro models. ER stress results in intracellular calcium overload that favors activation of calcium-dependent calpains. The contribution of mitochondrial calpain activation in ER stress-mediated complex I damage was studied. Methods Thapsigargin (THAP) was used to induce acute ER stress in H9c2 cells and C57BL/6 mice. Exogenous calcium (25 μM) and H2O2 (100 μM) were used to induce modest calcium overload and oxidative stress in isolated mitochondria. Calpain small subunit 1 (CAPNS1) is essential to maintain calpain 1 and calpain 2 (CPN1/2) activities. Deletion of CAPNS1 eliminates the activities of CPN1/2. Wild type and cardiac-specific CAPNS1 deletion mice were used to explore the role of CPN1/2 activation in calcium-induced mitochondrial damage. Results In isolated mitochondria, exogenous calcium but not H2O2 treatment led to decreased oxidative phosphorylation, supporting that calcium overload contributes a key role in the mitochondrial damage. THAP treatment of H9c2 cells decreased respiration selectively with complex I substrates. THAP treatment activated cytosolic and mitochondrial CPN1/2 in C57BL/6 mice and led to degradation of complex I subunits including NDUFS7. Calcium treatment decreased NDUFS7 content in wild type but not in CAPNS1 knockout mice. Conclusion ER stress-mediated activation of mitochondria-localized CPN1/2 contributes to complex I damage by cleaving component subunits.
Volunteerism and Burnout: Does Satisfaction of Motives for Volunteering Protect Against Symptoms?

Volunteering leads to many positive outcomes, especially when one’s reasons for volunteering are satisfied by one’s volunteer experience. But does this match between motive and experience mitigate against negative outcomes? This study examined whether congruence between reasons for volunteering (i.e., Volunteer Functions) and outcomes of volunteering (i.e., Volunteer Outcome Satisfaction) predicted lower levels of volunteer-related burnout in a sample of 512 adult volunteers. Congruence predicted significantly lower levels of burnout only for the Understanding and Values functions. Volunteers who were highly motivated to volunteer for Understanding and Values functions and experienced satisfaction in these domains reported significantly lower levels of burnout than their counterparts. Contrary to hypotheses, participants who reported low motivation for Enhancement or Social functions but who endorsed high satisfaction of these functions reported lower levels of burnout than those who reported congruence between these motivations and outcomes. Additionally, the congruence hypothesis did not hold true for the Protective or Career functions. Volunteer organizations are urged to attend to the importance of satisfying desired functions of volunteering and to help volunteers identify best-fitting opportunities.
Healing potential of reversible adhesives in bonded joints

Abstract Impact loads transferred to the bondline of adhesive joints can result in deterioration of the bond and significantly decrease the load carrying capacity. If the damage in the adhesive layer can be healed or reversed, such losses in structural behavior can be recovered. One such healing technique can be implemented in the use of thermoplastic ‘reversible adhesives (RA).’ RA are thermoplastics doped with conductive nanoparticles that can be rapidly heated/melted through exposure to electromagnetic radiations and can be used to heal/repair bonded joints. In this work, single lap joints (SLJ) were bonded using ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) thermoplastic reinforced with ferromagnetic nanoparticles (FMNP). The joints were subjected to impact loads (10 J) to induce bondline damage followed by lap-shear tests to obtain damage-induced performance. Next, the impacted joints were subjected to electromagnetic (EM) exposure to introduce healing followed by lap-shear tests to obtain the healed performance. Results were compared with pristine, non-damaged lap-joints. To obtain the efficiency of EM-based healing, a parallel study was carried out to heal the impacted samples by heating in a convection oven. The loss in joint strength due to impact and its subsequent recovery due to healing was evaluated. Up to 92% of joint strength was regained through both oven and EM based healing whereas the processing time for EM based healing was 60 times faster than oven-based healing.
Advocacy and Mobilizing for Health Policy Change: Ghanaian News Media's Framing of a Prescription Opioid Crisis.

In Ghana, the year 2018 saw many news articles about the youth, market women, and students increasingly abusing two opioids: tramadol and codeine-containing cough syrups. Our study examines Ghanaia...
Ray Methods for Scattering of Ultrasonic Waves by Cracks

The basic ideas of the geometrical theory of diffraction are reviewed. Some specific applications to the direct problem of scattering by interior cracks are briefly discussed. For the inverse problem we present two methods for inverse ray tracing, both based on the times of flight of flash-point signals: a global triangulation method and a local crack-edge mapping technique. The global triangulation method is less accurate and may only be used to determine a base point near the crack. The local mapping technique, which incorporates an iteration scheme, can subsequently be used to determine points on the crack edge relative to the base point. Both pulse-echo and pitch-catch configurations are considered. The methods are applied to synthetic and experimental data.
Did Confucius advise Zai Wo to do what he believed to be morally wrong? Interpreting Analects 17.21

It has recently been argued that in Analects 17.21, Confucius advises a disciple to do something that he, Confucius, believes to be morally wrong. According to Frederick Choo, despite believing tha...
A Free and Responsible University: The Hutchins Commission, the Press, and Academia

In A Free and Responsible Press (1947), the Hutchins Commission—officially, the Commission on Freedom of the Press—sharply criticized journalists and journalism educators. In turn, the journalists ...
A Letter to Students on the Meaning of Work and Professional Formation

The law is a wonderful profession—one that provides opportunities for individuals to make a formative difference in people’s lives, to work with talented colleagues and against skilled opponents, to earn the respect of others, and to make a generous income while doing so. However, it is also the profession with the highest rates of substance abuse, anxiety, and depression among its members—particularly for attorneys within their first ten years of practice. While the rewards of practicing law can be great, so too can be the demands and, at times, the costs. Finding one’s place within the profession while navigating the challenges is a difficult process for all lawyers. In particular, how will one respond when their professional choices or actions challenge their deeply held (but perhaps previously untested) views of themself? Ultimately, how does one reconcile who they are as a lawyer with who they are as a person? We all search for meaning in our work. We all struggle with the tension between maximizing comfort and maximizing impact. We all struggle to reconcile our various roles—as an advocate, colleague, mentor, parent, spouse, child, and friend. And we all fall short from time to time. These reflections, written from a Christian perspective but intended as a letter to all law students discerning their future, address the concept of calling, the inherent value of work, what constitutes the “right” work, and the limits of work.
Karakteristik Gembala Wanita Bagi Pertumbuhan Gereja Secara Kualitas Di GBI Gloria Tikalong Kecamatan Mempawah Hulu Kabupaten Landak

Peran wanita dalam kehidupan bergereja selalu menjadi diskusi yang mengundang pemahaman baru. Dimulai dari diperbolehkan atau tidaknya seorang wanita memimpin hingga dampak apa yang diberikan wanita dalam kehidupan berorganisasi gereja dan pertumbuhan keimanan jemaat. Namun untuk mencapai kepada tujuan tersebut, perlu adanya kapasitas dan kriteria yang dimiliki. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana karakteristik gembala wanita bagi pertumbuhan gereja secara kualitas di Gereja Bethel Indonesia Gloria Tikalong Mempawah Hulu, Kabupaten Landak Kalimantan Barat. Metode kualitatif digunakan untuk mengungkapkan data lapangan secara deskriptif dengan pengumpulan data observasi dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik gembala bagi pertumbuhan gereja secara kualitas sebagai berikut: Kepemimpinan yang efektif, visi pemimpin, menjadi teladan dalam perkataan dan perbuatan, melayani dan bukan dilayani. Naluri seorang ibu, kuasa doa dan rela berkorban. Sedangkan dampak yang dihasilkan dari karakteristik gembala wanita adalah jemaat mengalami pertumbuhan secara kualitas dan pertumbuhan secara kuantitas.
LGBTQ Parenting: Building Families on the Margins

The challenges facing LGBTQ parents and families are complex and diverse. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the research literature on LGBTQ parents and families while also identifying gaps in the literature. An intersectional approach is used to examine issues facing marginalized populations within LGBTQ parenting and family communities. Issues addressed in the chapter include issues related to parenting and gender identity, trans-racial and multi-racial families, family structures, assisted reproductive technology, foster parenting and adoption, and parenting children from previous relationships. Two case vignettes illustrate issues covered in the chapter, followed by clinical recommendations and discussion questions.
Black/White Differences in Rebate Perceptions: An Exploratory Study

This study examines black and white consumers perceptions of rebates. The findings indicate that a higher percentage of black consumers have a negative perception of rebates than white consumers. Implications and future research suggestions are discussed.
Viral Inactivation, Emerging Technologies for Human Blood Products

History of the use of Blood Products The Safety of Blood Components Plasma for Transfusion and Fractionation Description of Blood-Borne Viruses Prion Diseases and the Blood Supply The Ideal Viral Inactivation Method Viral Inactivation Procedures for Blood Cells Alkylating Agents (Electrostatic) Dimethylmethylene Blue Plus Light FRALE Compounds Naphthalene Endoperoxides Phthalocyanine Plus Light Psoralens/UVA Light Methods for Removing Viruses from Plasma Products Precipitation Chromatography Nanofiltration Viral Inactivation Procedures for Plasma Products Critical Fluids Gamma Irradiation Heat Inactine Iodine/Sephadex Methylene Blue Plus Light Solvent/Detergent UVC/Rutin Regulatory Guidelines for Viral Reduction Summary Bibliography The possible presence of viral pathogens in human blood and plasma poses a major concern for the producers, distributors, regulators, and recipients of human blood products. A continuing long-term effort to ensure the highest level of safety for patients receiving these products has led to the development of a variety of approaches for removing or inactivating potential viral contaminants. In this article we review the issues that are critical for blood product safety. We describe the viruses that can be present in donated blood, plasma, and plasma-derived products. We outline the general guidelines for an optimal method for viral inactivation or removal. Last, we present an overview of current and emerging viral inactivation technologies and point out some advantages and potential difficulties of each method. Keywords: safety; ethics; good manufacturing practice; diagnostics; screening; irradiation
Supports, an alternative to mass housing

First translated in English ten years after its original Dutch publication in 1962, this book has inspired practitioners for generations. It’s proposal to distinguish the infill from the support - what users can individually decide in a housing process from what users share - has turned out to be feasible in practice. The Natural Relation - the interaction of people with their immediate environment and the central concept of the book - is the result of that distinction. It is essential to the well-being of everyday environment regardless of function or available resources.
Protrusio After Medial Acetabular Wall Breach in Total Hip Arthroplasty

Medial protrusio is a recognized complication of total hip arthroplasty, but it is not known if a medial wall breach during cup implantation increases the risk. We thus investigated the effect of up to a 2 cm defect in the medial acetabular wall in a cadaveric model. Separately, we investigated the ability of acetabular screws to rescue the construct.Nine human fresh-frozen hemipelves were reamed medially to create the defect, implanted with acetabular cups, and then loaded to failure. The nine contralateral hemipelves were reamed in a standard fashion and served as controls. Separately, nine hemipelves with a medial defect were augmented with two acetabular screws each, then loaded to failure, with the contralateral side as a control. Load-to-failure, stiffness, and energy were recorded.The presence of a medial wall defect decreased the load-to-failure by a mean of 26% (5710 v. 4221 N, p=0.024). The addition of two acetabular screws did not rescue the construct (mean 27% decrease, 4082 v. 2985 N, p=0.024). The majority of specimens failed in a supra-physiologic range of force. Bone density correlated with failure loads (R(2) range of 0.54-0.78), and osteoporotic specimens were more likely to fail at a physiologic range, consistent with forces experienced during minor stumbles or falls.Osteoporotic patients with a medial wall defect after hip arthroplasty may be susceptible to fracture during activities of daily living. Protected weight bearing with an assistive device may be reasonable in order to minimize fall risk until cup ingrowth is achieved.
Extended State Observer for Helicopter Mass and Center-of-Gravity Estimation

In flight estimations of helicopter mass and center of gravity are critical for health and lifecycle maintenance, flight control system feedback, and mission planning. This paper explores the use of an extended state observer for online estimation of helicopter mass and center-of-gravity location. The core algorithm is a nonlinear observer that offers provable stability properties. After describing the methodology, it is applied to a simulation of a commercial radio-controlled microcoaxial helicopter. Monte Carlo trade studies employing a comprehensive rotorcraft flight dynamics model are used to assess the algorithm’s estimation accuracy in the presence of model and measurement errors. Results show the helicopter mass, longitudinal center-of-gravity location, and lateral center-of-gravity location are estimated accurately in the presence of expected errors. The vertical center-of-gravity position is more difficult to estimate due to its limited observability during typical maneuvers.
Aluminum affects phosphoinositide hydrolysis by phosphoinositidase C.

A single phosphoinositidase C (PIC) activity has been purified 500-fold from bovine heart cytosol to a specific activity of 3μmol phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) hydrolyzed/(min·mg protein). The enzyme required Ca2+ for the hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides or PtdIns; PIC activity was saturable at micromolar free Ca2+ concentrations with an apparent KCa of 230nM. None of the multivalent cations tested could effectively substitute for Ca2+ in the activation of PIC, although several ions inhibited PIC activity in the presence of Ca2+. AlCl3 had a differential effect on PIC activity, stimulating PtdIns hydrolysis while inhibiting PtdIns-(4,5)P2 hydrolysis in a concentration-dependent manner from 1 – 100μM. The effect of AlCl3 was attributed to the free ion, Al3+. Complexation of Al3+ with phosphate, citrate, fluoride, or hydroxide could block the stimulatory effect on PtdIns hydrolysis. Only fluoride or hydroxide could partially reverse the inhibition of PtdIns-(4,5)P2 hydrolysis by AlCl3.
A poly(methyl methacrylate)/silica combination material

We prepared a transparent material containing silica by the sol-gel process (92 wt%) and a polymethacrylate (9 wt%). We emphasize only that the hydrolysis condensation of silica and the polymerization were made separately
Opposite effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on potassium deficiency-induced apoptotic cell death in immature and mature neuronal cultures.

Typically, primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons are grown in the presence of 25 mM KCl and are considered to mature by approximately 7 days in vitro. Potassium deficiency was created by growing the neurons from days 1 to 4 in the presence of 12.5 mM KCl (immature cultures) or by switching the mature neurons grown with 25 mM KCl to 12.5 mM KCl. In both conditions we observed neuronal death that bears the signs of apoptosis, i.e., DNA fragmentation determined qualitatively by agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA and quantitatively by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay. The protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and anisomycin provided neuroprotection in the mature cultures but potentiated the toxic effect of KCl deprivation in the immature neurons. The results suggest that a prudent use of protein synthesis inhibitors is critical in experiments with primary neuronal cultures.
Mouse strain-dependent differences in enhancement of immune responses by C3d.

Our laboratory has demonstrated that conjugating the complement protein, C3d, to an antigen is an effective method for eliciting high titer, long-lasting antibodies. The use of C3d as a molecular adjuvant is quite effective in enhancing the efficacy of DNA vaccines expressing the envelope (Env) protein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, our previous studies have examined the effectiveness of C3d conjugated vaccines in BALB/c mice. In this study, one outbred strain and three different inbred strains of mice were vaccinated with plasmids expressing a secreted form of Env (sgp120) fused to two or three copies of the murine homologue of C3d (mC3d). Analyses of titers demonstrated that sgp120 conjugated to multiple copies of C3d induced similar high titer anti-Env antibodies in all mouse strains tested. However, the immunoglobulin subclass elicited in inbred mice vaccinated with sgp120-mC3d-DNA was predominately IgG1, but was a mixture of IgG1 and IgG2a in vaccinated outbred mice. Also, splenocytes from all sgp120-mC3d-DNA vaccinated inbred mouse strains secreted primarily interleukin-4 (IL-4) indicating a T helper (Th) type 2 response. In contrast, mice vaccinated with sgp120-mC3d-DNA had splenocytes that secreted both IL-4 and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) indicating a mixed T helper response. In addition, the avidity maturation of the anti-Env antisera was enhanced in outbred mice with DNA expressing sgp120-mC3d. Overall, C3d conjugated DNA vaccines elicited enhanced immune responses in outbred mice compared to inbred mice.
Preventive Pulmonary Medical Education

(Chest 1991; 100:487-93) ung diseases are among the leading causes of death in the United States today. Much work remains in order to reduce morbidity and mortality due to preventable respiratory diseases. Recent documents released by the Surgeon General, the US Public Health Service, and expert medical committees tinderscore the need for today’s physicians to become practitioners of preventive pulmonary medicine. ‘ Advances in preventive pulmonary medical education can help meet this challenge. This article reviews recent developments and the current state of preventive pulmonary medicine and medical education. It documents substantial progress in defining physicians’ roles and practices to reduce mo)rbidity and mortality due to lung diseases, and summarizes recent initiatives in preventive medical education. Finally, recommendations are made for integrating prevention into) pulmonary medical education at all levels oftraining and continuing education.
Chromosomal localization to 19q13.3, partial genomic structure and 5′ cDNA sequence of the human symplekin gene

Exon trapping from cosmids mapping to chromosome 19q13.3 yielded 6 exonic sequences that matched the human symplekin gene, which encodes a tight junction-related protein. One exonic sequence identified a 4.0 kb brain cDNA clone, R6E1, which contained 302 bp 5′ to the originally reported 3.7 kb symplekin cDNA. A portion of this novel 5′ sequence matched an additional trapped exonic sequence which was obtained from the most telomeric cosmid analyzed. The symplekin gene thus lies in a telomeric-to-centromeric direction on 19q13.3. Only three cosmids from a large 19q13.3 contig hybridized with R6E1, thereby assigning the symplekin gene to a 40 kb region immediately telomeric to gene 59 and the DM protein kinase gene. The 5′ end of the R6E1 clone has a potential initiation codon with a strong Kozak sequence and Northern blot analysis detected a 4.2 kb signal in most human tissues, indicating that R6E1 may be a complete cDNA sequence. Based on the trapped exonic sequences, twelve exon-intron boundaries were predicted.
Opportunities and Barriers to Resource Recovery and Recycling from Shredder Residue in the United States

Shredder residue is the by-product remaining after ferrous and nonferrous metals have been recovered from the processing of vehicles, white goods, and peddler scrap. Shredder residue consists of glass, plastics, rubber, dirt, and small amounts of metal. It is estimated that 5–7 million tons of this shredder residue are landfilled each year in the United States. Technical advancements, coupled with European Union directives and the economic climate, have transformed the recycling of shredder residue in Europe. In the United States, however, regulatory controls and the cheap cost of landfill have worked against the advancement of recycling and recovery of this resource. The Argonne National Laboratory, which is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, has investigated the effectiveness of recycling shredder residue into polymers. Other research has examined the use of shredder residue in waste-to-energy applications. To improve our ability to process and recycle shredder residue, an investigation of the regulatory, economic, and technological challenges was undertaken. The objective was to conduct a comprehensive review of work done to date, to document the composition of typical shredder output and to identify potential recoverable items (residual metals, plastics, rubber, foam, etc.). Along with uncovering potential new markets, the research would identify the technical, regulatory, and economic barriers to developing those markets.
A rehabilitation exercise program to remediate skeletal muscle atrophy in an estrogen-deficient organism may be ineffective

To determine rehabilitation exercise program effects under hormone deficient (ovariectomy or OVX) and hormone supplemented [OVX + 17-beta estradiol (E2)] conditions. Mature female rats (n = 123) were assigned to OVX or OVX + E2-supplemented groups. OVX and OVX + E2 groups were allocated to one of four conditions: (1) control, (2) hindlimb unweighted (HLU) for 4 weeks to induce muscle atrophy, (3) cage Recovery for 2 weeks after HLU, and (4) Recovery with 2 weeks of rehabilitation exercise program after 4 weeks of HLU. Atrophy following HLU was comparable for OVX and OVX + E2-supplemented rats and was significant in all muscles examined (soleus, tibialis anterior, plantaris, gastrocnemius, quadriceps). Also significant with HLU was the decline in muscle force (P < 0.05) in soleus, plantaris, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior (quadriceps not tested). There were trends toward return of muscle mass in Recovery OVX and Recovery OVX + E2 groups but only the E2 supplemented OVX rats had return of muscle mass (4/5 muscles studied) with exercise. Peak tetanic tension (Po) returned to control values in the E2 supplemented Exercise rats but not in the unsupplemented Exercise group. For example, gastrocnemius Po for OVX HLU, OVX Recovery and OVX-Exercise groups was 82%*, 82%* and 76%* of control. Gastrocnemius Po for E2 supplemented HLU, Recovery and Exercise groups was 72%*, 95% and 106% of control (*P < 0.05 compared to control). H&E cross-sections from OVX-Exercise rats showed central nuclei. In conclusion, a rehabilitation exercise program to remediate acute atrophy in females appears more effective if E2 is present.
DNA-dependent cytoplasmic RNA polymerases I and II in insect oocytes

Abstract Cytoplasm from mature eggs of Manduca sexta was examined for stored DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. Large amounts of eukaryotic RNA polymerases I and II were found and identified by their sensitivity, or resistance, to the toxins α-amanitin and actinomycin D. Using the binding of [ 3 H]amanitin, the content of RNA polymerase II in each mature egg was found to be approximately 0.011 pmole, far greater than necessary in such a transcriptionally quiescent cell. Leakage of nuclear polymerase into the cytoplasm during preparation of the ooplasmic extract was discounted as a possible explanation for this observation by injecting [ 3 H]amanitin into the egg and locating the [ 3 H]amanitin RNA polymerase II complexes by autoradiography. Essentially all of the silver grains were found over the ooplasm. These observations indicate that significant amounts of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases are stored in the ooplasm, possibly until blastoderm formation when they may be transported into nucleus to take part in the massive increase in transcriptional activity seen at that time.
Reliability of serum iron, ferritin, nitrite, and association with risk of renal cancer in women.

Abstract Reliability of serum levels of iron, ferritin and nitrite (NO 2 − ) over a 2-year period were evaluated in 40 healthy women (20 pre-menopausal and 20 post-menopausal), ages 39–65 years, from the New York University Women's Health Study (NYUWHS). Three blood samples per woman collected at yearly intervals were analyzed. Reliability coefficients (RCs) of serum iron, ferritin, and nitrite were 0.03 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0–0.33), 0.90 (95% CI, 0.79–0.95), and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.50–0.86), respectively, for pre-menopausal women, and 0.26 (95% CI, 0–0.56), 0.77 (95% CI, 0.59–0.89), and 0.55 (95% CI, 0.30–0.77), respectively, for post-menopausal women. In a case–control study nested within NYUWHS cohort, serum levels of nitrite, ferritin, and iron were measured in women apparently healthy at the time of blood donation but diagnosed with renal cancer 1.8–12.2 years later ( n =24) and in individually matched controls (two per case). The results suggest that high serum levels of ferritin and nitrite may be associated with a decreased risk of renal cancer (odds ratio (OR), 0.55, 95% CI, 0.15–2.01 for ferritin, and OR, 0.52, 95% CI, 0.17–1.60 for nitrite in women with above median level as compared to women with below median level). The possible role of ferritin and nitrite in renal cancer is discussed.
Injury induced expression of growth-associated protein-43 in adult mouse retinal ganglion cells In vitro

Abstract In optic fibers, as in most axons of the central nervous system, the axonal growth-associated protein, GAP-43, is abundant during development but absent in adults. Since optic fibers can be induced to regenerate in culture, we examined whether this was associated with an increased expression of GAP-43 in adult mouse optic fibers that were regenerating from organotypic retinal explants on to laminin substrates. We found that simply placing adult mouse retina in culture under serum-free conditions was sufficient to induce GAP-43, which was detectable after about four to five days in vitro, coincident with the initiation of neurite outgrowth. In expiants taken from animals in which the optic nerve was crushed in the orbit eight days prior to culturing, GAP-43 was observed within one day, as was neurite outgrowth. This priming effect was also seen in vivo as an increased level of GAP-43 reactivity in retinal ganglion cells and optic fibers in histological sections taken eight days after nerve crush. Reactivity in the adult fibers in culture was comparable to that observed in optic neuntes growing from embryonic retinal explants and could be maintained for at least four weeks in culture. In the adult neurites, especially with longer times in culture, GAP-43 tended to be concentrated into varicosities that were often found in terminal-like arbors that formed in culture. Placing adult retina in culture under serum-free conditions is sufficient to induce re-expression of GAP-43 for an indefinite period of time. This suggests that GAP-43 expression and the propensity for growth in vivo may be repressed by a factor that is absent in vitro.
“Our National Feeling is a Broken One:” Civic Emotion and the Holocaust in German Citizenship Education

This article examines how collective memory narratives about the Holocaust and corresponding performances of classroom emotional labor and emotion management are used to teach immigrants in Germany the normative civic emotion associated with citizenship. In 2005, following legal changes which increased naturalization opportunities, Germany created a series of nation-wide orientation classes and integration projects aimed at preparing foreign residents for membership. This research, based on participant observation in orientation classes and interviews with integration workers in Frankfurt am Main, shows that civic emotion and associated practices of feeling management play a key role in citizen-making projects. Although the emotional content of citizenship in most countries is largely positive, consisting of feelings like national pride and loyalty, German civic emotion is both unique and contested. Most integration workers taught migrants a distinctly negative form of civic emotion, which combined sadness and shame for the Nazi-era with a rejection of national pride. Some attempted to negotiate alternative forms of “safe,” specifically non-national pride, and a minority of subjects argued that it was time for Germans to “stop carrying shame” for the Holocaust altogether and re-embrace patriotism. Thus, the emphasis that subjects put on teaching the “correct” kinds of civic emotion, along with their disputes over what those were, show that even the most intimate and invisible aspect of belonging, what individuals feel toward their country, can become fertile ground for struggles over citizenship and national identity.
Deformation behavior of steels in mushy state

Abstract Processing metals in a semisolid or mushy state has emerged as a vital commercial process to produce metal and metal-matrix composite components. The understanding of the basic deformation behavior of materials in the mushy state is critical for better control of various semisolid processes. The aim of the present study is to quantify the flow stress of mushy-state steels under uniaxial deformation conditions. A hot compression tester has been developed to provide the high temperature setting required for testing mushy-state steels. An analytical scheme, which only requires measuring the dimensions of the final solidified specimen, has been developed to eliminate the barreling effects occurring in compression tests. The temperature of specimens has been carefully controlled to correlate the solid phase content. It has been found that the flow stress of steels in mushy states was highly dependent on the solid phase percentage. The relaxation of steel and stress reduction at mushy states is also discussed.
Transcriptomic analysis reveals early signs of liver toxicity in female MRL +/+ mice exposed to the acylating chemicals dichloroacetyl chloride and dichloroacetic anhydride

Dichloroacetyl chloride (DCAC) is a reactive metabolite of trichloroethene (TCE). TCE and its metabolites have been implicated in the induction of organ-specific and systemic autoimmunity, in the acceleration of autoimmune responses, and in the development of liver toxicity and hepatocellular carcinoma. In humans, effects of environmental toxicants are often multifactorial and detected only after long-term exposure. Therefore, we developed a mouse model to determine mechanisms by which DCAC and related acylating agents affect the liver. Autoimmune-prone female MRL +/+ mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0.2 mmol/kg of DCAC or dichloroacetic anhydride (DCAA) in corn oil twice weekly for six weeks. No overt liver pathology was detectable. Using microarray gene expression analysis, we detected changes in the liver transcriptome consistent with inflammatory processes. Both acylating toxicants up-regulated the expression of acute phase response and inflammatory genes. Furthermore, metallothionein genes were strongly up-regulated, indicating effects of the toxicants on zinc ion homeostasis and stress responses. In addition, DCAC and DCAA induced the up-regulation of several genes indicative of tumorigenesis. Our data provide novel insight into early mechanisms for the induction of liver disease by acylating agents. The data also demonstrate the power of microarray analysis in detecting early changes in liver function following exposure to environmental toxicants.
A conceptual model of how US families with athletic adolescent daughters manage food and eating

Health professionals concerned about the risks of adolescent obesity and disordered eating practices need greater understanding of how families with adolescents manage food in today's fast paced environment. This paper sought to gain conceptual understanding of the food and eating routines of families with a female adolescent athlete from the perspectives of mothers and daughters. Ten white, non-Hispanic mothers and their daughters were purposively sampled from high school track and cross country teams in Upstate New York. Informants completed in-depth, qualitative interviews. Researchers used the constant comparative method to analyze transcripts for emergent themes and to build a conceptual framework that represented the many factors and processes involved in the construction of family food routines. Families varied in forms and patterns of family eating activities with mothers playing a pivotal role in these routines. Family members' individual needs and values were negotiated in constructing these routines. In this sample the daughters' involvement in sports influenced family eating routines, but mothers' employment, ethnicity, social support, income, and areas of residence also played a role. The model describes how individual participants' food choice processes interact to produce family food routines. The conceptual model can inform research and practice related to the family environments in which adolescents experience food and eating.
A prospective study of pathogenesis of catheter-associated urinary tract infections.

Objective To determine the pathogenesis of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) and the relative importance of each of the possible mechanisms of entry of infecting microorganisms to the catheterized urinary tract. Material and Methods We conducted a prospective study of 1,497 newly catheterized patients. Paired quantitative urine cultures were obtained daily, from the catheter specimen port and from the collection bag, using a technique that could detect 1 colony-forming unit/mL. We assumed that with extraluminal infections, caused by microorganisms ascending from the perineum in the mucous film contiguous to the external surface of the catheter, the organisms would be detected first in bladder urine or in far higher concentrations in urine from the specimen port than from the collection bag. With intraluminal CAUTIs, caused by microorganisms gaining access to the catheter lumen because of failure of closed drainage or contamination of collection bag urine, the organisms would be detected first or in far larger numbers in a collection bag specimen. Results The probable mechanism of infection could be determined for 173 of 250 organisms (69.2%) identified in 235 new-onset CAUTIs. Among these 173 cases, 115 (66%) were extraluminally acquired, and 58 (34%) were derived from intraluminal contaminants. For these determinable cases, CAUTIs caused by gram-positive cocci (enterococci and staphylococci) and yeasts were far more likely to be extraluminally acquired (extraluminal:intraluminal, 2.9) than were gram-negative bacilli, which caused CAUTIs by both routes equally (extraluminal: intraluminal, 1.2; P = 0.007). Surprisingly, no significant differences were noted in pathogenetic mechanisms between men and women. Conclusion We conclude that, in both men and women, CAUTIs occur by both extraluminal and intraluminal portals of entry but derive preponderantly from organisms that gain access extraluminally. Strategies for prevention of CAUTIs must focus on new technologies to prevent access of organisms by all possible routes.
Echocardiographic documentation of splenic anatomy in complex congenital heart disease.

Abstract Splenic abnormalities are associated with complex, cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD). 1,2 Patients with abnormal spleens may also have an increased susceptibility to infection, 3,4 or additional characteristic gastrointestinal anomalies, 2 For these reasons, it is important to routinely define the splenic status of patients with complex CHD. In the past, determination of splenic status needed either radiation exposure (computed tomography or radionuclide imaging) 5,6 or indirect evidence from blood smears (presence or absence of Howell-Jolly bodies). 1,7 Ultrasonography can image the spleen consistently and clearly. 8 Routine ultrasonic imaging of the spleen as a part of a comprehensive echocardiographic examination has not been reported. This study reports our recent experience with routine visualization of the spleen during complete echocardiographic examinations of patients with complex CHD.
Innate immune activation in obesity

The innate immune system is a prewired set of cellular and humoral components that has developed to sense perturbations in normal physiology and trigger responses to restore the system back to baseline. It is now understood that many of these components can also sense the physiologic changes that occur with obesity and be activated. While the exact reasons for this chronic immune response to obesity are unclear, there is strong evidence to suggest that innate inflammatory systems link obesity and disease. Based on this, anti-inflammatory therapies for diseases like type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome may form the core of future treatment plans. This review will highlight the components involved in the innate immune response and discuss the evidence that they contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-associated diseases.