cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angels in the details: comment on "The relationship between destination proximity, destination mix and physical activity behaviors".

The connection between the built environment and physical activity is well accepted. Systematic reviews by the Transportation Research Board and Institute ofMedicine (2005) and CDC's Task Force on Community Preventive Services (Heath et al., 2006) have established this general finding. However, designers, planners, builders, and government officials need specific guidelines if they are to use research findings to change their practices. An important next step in research is to identify the specific modifiable aspects of the built environment that are most strongly related to physical activity. It is often said the devils are in the details, but in this casewe are likely to find angelic details that will help us improve the health of the population. This paper by McCormack et al. (2008) provides data that people who design and build communities may be able to put into practice. This paper advances the field in at least three important directions. First, this study helps us understand how close destinations need to be to stimulate physical activity. Proximity to destinations is a defining element of walkable communities, the latter being a pattern of land use that supports walking to nearby destinations. If there are no destinations within a reasonable walking distance, then the built environment eliminates the possibility of walking for transportation. The question is, what is a walkable distance? The consensus in the urban planning field is that people will only walk about a quarter of a mile (400 m or 5 min) to a destination, as explained by the authors.
The Decline of Urban Politics: Political Theory and the Crisis of the Local State

Introduction - The Decline of Political Culture The Nature of Local Government New Theories of Urban Politics - Part One New Theories of Urban Politics - Part Two The Local State - Part One A Theory of the Local State The Local State - Part Two State Power and State Apparatus Local Government and the Play of Power Politics Without Politics
Fluid Mechanism of Wing Rock for Configurations with Chine-Shaped Forebodies

The increasing demand to employ sharp-edged geometries in airframe design of advanced fighters to meet stealth requirements has nudged research to explore the new aerodynamic and dynamic characteristics of such configurations. In this paper, the wing rock oscillation is numerically simulated for a generic wing-body model consisting of cropped delta wing of 65°-sweep and chine-shaped forebody. The purpose is to develop a complete understanding of the complex flow interactions that drive the wing rock oscillation. The numerical simulation is based upon coupling the unsteady Euler fluid dynamic equations with the rigid-body dynamic equations in roll. A subiteration algorithm is employed to simultaneously solve the coupled equations. The numerical model exhibits a limit cycle oscillation in roll at an angle of attack of 35° with 16° peak-to-peak amplitude in roll angle. The complex interactions of the forebody-induced flow and the wing leading-edge vortices during wing rock are fully investigated and visualiz...
On Photo-Induced Phenomena in Complex Materials: Probing Quasiparticle Dynamics using Infrared and Far-Infrared Pulses

It is now possible to routinely generate and detect subpicosecond pulses in the mid and far-infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum enabling novel time-resolved spectroscopic investigations. In the context of complex materials, spectral selectivity from approximately 0.001-1.0eV is especially important since many relevant quasiparticle excitations lie in this range. This includes, as examples, gapped excitations related to superconductivity, charge ordering, and hybridization phenomena, phonon and polaron dynamics, and the coherent Drude response so intimately related to metal-insulator transitions. Temporally resolving spectral changes associated with such excitations in pump-probe-like experiments is proving to be a powerful tool in materials where multiple degrees of freedom (charge, lattice, spin, and orbital) conspire to determine functionality. Quite generally, important insights into ground state properties, coupling parameters, degrees of freedom influencing quasiparticle transport, the nature of phase transitions, and nonequilibrium dynamics can be obtained. Following a brief review of illustrative examples highlighting such possibilities we will present, in some detail, recent experiments on two different ferromagnetic materials. First, we describe terahertz emission experiments on single crystal iron thin films. Following photoexcitation, a burst of coherent THz radiation is emitted which is shown to be consistent with partial demagnetization of the Fe film occurring on a picosecond timescale. As a second example, we describe recent optical-pump infrared-probe measurements on the low carrier density magnetoresistive pyrochlore Tl 2 Mn 2 O 7 . In the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases, the recombination of photoexcited carriers is strongly influenced by spin fluctuations.
Gifts reserved for age: a Lacanian study of comedy in Philip Roth’s Exit Ghost - DOI: 10.4025/actascilangcult.v32i1.4681

The critical problem surrounding Philip Roth’s recent Exit Ghost (2007), the ninth and projected by the author as the final Zuckerman novel, is how it can function as comedy when one major character is dying of brain cancer and its protagonist is seventy-one years old, beginning to receive an elderly male’s gifts reserved for age –prostate cancer, prostate surgery, impotence, and incontinence – and, despite all, falls in love with a thirty-year-old married woman. A sequel to The Ghost Writer (1979), the first Zuckerman novel, whose character relations it repeats, Exit Ghost has comparatively less humor than its predecessor but there is humor enough. Moreover, and more important, it fits the genre of comedy because of the functions it gives to the classically traditional motifs of the phallus, castration, age versus youth, Eros and Thanatos , and the like. It is from a Lacanian critical perspective that it can be shown how the novel moves toward comedy’s conventional happy ending because of the duality of meanings attached to the matter of castration, the way in which Roth/Zuckerman displaces the object of desire from the young woman and finds it – enjoyment, jouissance – in the very process of writing itself.
Comparison Between Hot Gas Ignition and Limit Flame Temperatures

Hot gas ignition temperatures of a variety of fuels have been determined and compared with limit flame temperatures of the same fuels. The ignition temperatures were taken under two conditions: A continuous jet of hot nitrogen flowing into a cold fuel-air mixture, and a continuous je t of hot air flowing into cold fuel. Limiting flame temperatures were determined by producing a diffusion flame in an atmosphere of air diluted with nitrogen. The nitrogen concentration required to extinguish the flame was noted and the limiting flame temperature calculated assuming stoichiometric combustion. I t was found that , with the exception of a few combustibles, a correlation holds between hot gas ignition temperature and limit flame temperature. The effects of various additives, such as bromine, chlorine and methyl bromide were also studied and corroborated this conclusion.
The influence of decanethiol/4-aminothiophenol mixed monolayers on the electrodeposition of polyaniline thin films

Polyaniline thin films were electrodeposited onto naked Au and thiol-modified Au electrodes by potential cycling. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) contained 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) and n-decanethiol (DT) in varying molar ratios. The electropolymerization of aniline at these surfaces is strongly influenced by the composition of the monolayer. When the potential was cycled between 0 and 0.8 V, the polymerization of aniline initiated at 4-ATP sites in the SAMs. The electrical conductivity of the films was found to increase as the mole fraction of 4-ATP in the SAM increased. When the potential was cycled between 0 and 1.0 V, polymerization of aniline is initiated both at the surface and by the direct oxidation of aniline monomers in solution. Nevertheless, the composition of the SAM has a profound influence on the properties of the polyaniline films, especially the electrical conductivity, which increases with 4-ATP mole fraction up to a value of 0.77, and then decreases dramatically. The amount of 4-ATP in the SAM influences the rate of aniline oxidation, which determines the overall polymerization rate, and, in turn, influences the thin film conductivities. When the rate of monomer oxidation is too high, the films are over oxidized and lose conductivity. On the other hand, when the monomer oxidation rate is too low, the oligomer number suffers, and the conductivity drops. Thus, with respect to the electrical conductivity, there appears to be an optimum rate of aniline oxidation, which can be controlled by use of the appropriate SAM.
Unsteady loading on airfoil due to vortices released intermittently from its surface

An unsteady flow analysis is made of the flow past a symmetric airfoil with identical vortices released intermittently from its upper surface. The vortex train is used to simulate the flow observed in the laboratory, which was perturbed by an oscillating spoiler or a rotating cam embedded in the airfoil surface. Based on numerical computations, the airfoil lift generally increases oscillationally with time and seems to approach an asymptotic value as time increases indefinitely. The asymptotic lift is enhanced with increasing frequency and is only slightly influenced by changing the vortex-releasing position along the chord. The behavior of the drag is similar to that of the lift, but its magnitude is two orders smaller. Our study also indicates that it is more efficient to implement the vortex-augmented unsteady lift at higher angles of attack of the airfoil.
New-technology clusters and public policy: Three perspectives

Regional technology clusters are an important source of economic growth within the knowledge economy. The success of Silicon Valley in particular has shown that university discoveries can spill ove...
The effect of obstructive sleep apnea on declarative memory consolidation

Introduction Growing evidence supports the theory that memory decline in neurodegenerative disorders may be related to problems with slow wave sleep and spindle functioning, both of which have also been shown to play a role in declarative memory consolidation. Patients with sleep disordered breathing exhibit poor sleep quality along with various levels of cognitive deficits. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that patients with obstructive sleep apnea exhibit only practice-related learning on a declarative memory task and lack the normal learning benefit that occurs during sleep. Materials and methods A total of 50 participants (mean age 39.1 years) were included, 28 of which were healthy controls and 22 were newly diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. All subjects underwent a baseline screening PSG evaluation, which also served as adaptation night. They subsequently underwent an overnight testing session, which included computer sessions of the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and the Verbal paired- associates task (VPA) in the evening followed by a full night PSG and repeat PVT and VPA sessions in the morning. Results Both group showed similar learning of the VPA in the evening. However the healthy control group showed significantly higher morning scores (83.3% vs. 73.9%, p = 0.001) along with more overnight improvement on the VPA task compared to the OSA patients (13.6% vs. 5.9%. p = 0.002) There was a significant difference in time spent in N3 sleep between the two groups during the test night (11.9% vs. 4.4%, p = 0.001), which was not observed during the adaptation night. Morning retention on the VPA correlated with the amount of slow wave sleep ( p = 0.04). PVT baseline average reaction time at night and the average reaction time in the morning showed no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that while subjects with sleep-disordered breathing show similar initial learning (encoding) on a declarative memory task compared to healthy controls, they perform significantly worse after a night of sleep. The higher amount of slow wave sleep in the control group seen only during the test night suggest that the lack of sleep-dependent consolidation in the OSA group may be due to the inability to generate a post-training increase in slow wave sleep, which is associated with more efficient memory consolidation. Acknowledgements This work was supported by K23 HL103850-01, American Board of Sleep Medicine Junior Faculty Research Award # 54-JF-1-10.
Oxide Reliability of SiC MOS Devices

Silicon carbide possesses excellent material properties for high temperature, high frequency and high power applications. Among all the device structures, MOSFET has advantages such as low gate leakage current, easier device control etc., and therefore highly desirable. However, it has long been a common believe that the gate oxide breakdown reliability is a show-stopper, particularly at high temperature where SiC devices are expected to excel. In this paper, we report that the thermally grown gate oxide on 4H-SiC is intrinsically reliable even at temperature as high as 375degC. We further show that even with the current SiC processing technology, devices with 10 cm2 active area can still achieve 100-year lifetime @ E < 2.9 MV/cm and 375degC.
How are neighbourhood design features valued across different neighbourhood types

In this paper, we examine whether implicit prices of neighbourhood design features in the housing market vary significantly across traditional, neo-traditional, and conventional suburban neighbourhood types. The set of neighbourhood design features we examine here include neighbourhood development density, street network connectivity, pedestrian access to transit and commercial stores, and land use mixture. Using data from Washington County, Oregon, we first use statistical procedures to identify distinct neighbourhood types. We then employ hedonic price analyses and a series of spatial Chow tests to obtain implicit prices of design attributes for houses in each neighbourhood type. We find that traditional design features such as higher street network connectivity and better pedestrian access to transit and commercial stores are valued more in the traditional and neo-traditional neighbourhoods, and that conventional neighbourhood features such as lower housing density and higher degree of homogeneous land uses are valued more in the suburban neighbourhoods.
DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGHER-ORDER SOLVER FOR AERODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS

We present the results from the development of a higher-order discontinuous Galerkin nite element solver using p-multigrid with line Jacobi smoothing. The line smoothing algorithm is presented for unstructured meshes, and p-multigrid is outlined for the non- linear Euler equations of gas dynamics. Analysis of 2-D advection shows the improved performance of line implicit versus point implicit relaxation. Through a mesh renemen t study, we determine that the accuracy of the discretization is the optimal O(h p+1 ) for three dieren t smooth problems. The multigrid convergence rate is found to be indepen- dent of the polynomial order but does depend weakly on the grid size. Timing studies for each problem indicate that higher order is advantageous over grid renemen t when high accuracy is required. HILE CFD has achieved signican t maturity during the past decades, computational costs are extremely large for aerodynamic simulations of aerospace vehicles. In this applied aerodynamics con- text, the discretization of the Euler and/or Navier- Stokes equations is almost exclusively performed by nite volume algorithms. The pioneering work of Jameson began this evolution to the status quo. 1{3 During the 1980's, upwinding mechanisms were in- corporated into these nite volume algorithms leading to increased robustness for applications with strong shocks, and perhaps more importantly, to better res- olution of viscous layers due to decreased numerical dissipation in these regions. 4{8 The 1990's saw major advances in the application of nite volume methods to Navier-Stokes simulations (in particular the Reynolds- Averaged Navier-Stokes equations). Signican t gains were made in the use of unstructured meshes and solu- tion techniques for viscous problems. 9{12 While these algorithmic developments have resulted in an ability to simulate aerodynamic o ws for very complex prob- lems, the time required to achieve sucien t accuracy in a reliable manner places a severe constraint on the application of CFD to aerospace design. The accuracies of many of the nite-v olume meth- ods currently used in aerodynamics are at best p = 2, i.e. the error decreases as O(h p ) where h is a measure of the grid spacing. As a practical matter, however, the accuracy of these methods on more realistic prob- lems appears to be less than this, ranging between 1 p 2. The development of a practical higher- order solution method could result in a signican t decrease in the computational time required to achieve an acceptable error level. To better demonstrate the
Narrating in the “Sonorous Envelope”: A Public Prosecutor and a Teacher (1948) and Its Symbolism on Korean Modern Subjectivity

Abstract This essay examines the last Korean silent film, A Public Prosecutor and a Teacher. Relying on a cultural fantasy of the “sonorous envelope,” this project showcases how this film emblematizes the constitution of Korean modern subjectivity within the convoluted political situation after Korea's national liberation in 1945.
Inhibition of Protease in Intact Fish Fillets by Soaking in or Injection of Recombinant Soy Cystatin or Bovine Plasma

Arrowtooth flounder (AF) fillets are known to contain a heat-activated cysteine protease similar to that found in Pacific whiting, which results in soft texture upon cooking. A crude recombinant soy cystatin (CRSC) produced by Escherichia coli, which has been shown to inhibit the protease(s) in Pacific whiting, was introduced into AF fillets by immersion or injection at one of three levels of inhibitory activity: 10 times less than, equal to, or 10 times greater than that of a 20% bovine plasma protein (BPP) solution, a known inhibitor of AF protease(s). Fillets treated with CRSC or BPP at equal inhibitory strength subsequently exhibited the same degree of protection against textural degradation during cooking. Fillets treated with CRSC at lesser or greater levels of inhibitory activity than those of BPP exhibited lesser or higher protection, accordingly. As revealed by SDS−PAGE, the outer portion of fillets soaked with inhibitory solutions was more effectively protected than the inner portion. Such diff...
Dipyridamole potentiates the growth-inhibitory action of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in human keratinocytes in vitro

Abstract Human keratinocytes transport extracellular thymidine across the plasma membrane and incorporate it into DNA. Data presented here show that dipyridamole, a well-known inhibitor of facilitated diffusion of nucleosides, blocks the transport of thymidine into human keratinocytes in vitro. Dipyridamole (1.0 μM) inhibited the transport of 3H-thymidine (0.2 μM) into intracellular material by 75% and its subsequent salvage and incorporation into DNA by 48%. Dipyridamole (1 μM) did not affect the growth of keratinocytes in vitro but did potentiate the growth inhibition caused by methotrexate (MTX) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The growth of keratinocytes exposed to 0.1 μM MTX for 8 d was inhibited by 32%. However, in combination with a non-inhibitory concentration of dipyridamole (1 μM), this concentration of MTX (0.01 μM) inhibited the growth of keratinocytes by 93%. Thymidine in culture medium reversed the cytotoxicity of MTX. However, in the presence of dipyridamole, thymidine in the culture medium did not reverse the action of MTX. The synergistic interaction between MTX and dipyridamole was also observed with 5-FU and dipyridamole. 5-FU (0.5 μM) inhibited cell growth by 30% but in combination with dipyridamole (1 μM), inhibited cell growth by 86%. These data are consistent with the theory that inhibiting thymidine salvage by blocking transport of extracellular thymidine potentiates the growth inhibitory action of inhibitors of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in human keratinocytes. Combination chemotherapy, such as methotrexate plus dipyridamole, might be efficacious in the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases of the epidermis.
Synaptogenesis in mouse cerebellum: A comparativein vivo and tissue culture study

The synaptic development of organotypic cultures of cerebellum derived from new-born mice was examined by light and electron microscopy at 5, 8, 12 and 19 daysin vitro. These explants were then compared with cerebellar tissue from mice killed by perfusion at corresponding ages. The comparison suggests that there is an initial lag in synaptic development most clearly seen at 5 and 8 daysin vitro, followed by an accelerated development resulting in closein vivo andin vitro correspondence by day 19. The findings suggest that synaptic development of cerebellumin vitro followsin vivo development with fidelity despite substantial disruption of cell migration patterns, and further validates the use of organotypic cultures for physiological, biochemical, and pharmacological study.
Stabilization of uncertain large-scale delay differential control systems

A large-scale control system described by a class of functional differential equations with unknown coefficients satisfying certain constraints is considered in this paper. The exponential stabilizability of a class of large-scale control systems with indeterminacy is shown to be equivalent to the stabilizability of its approximating linear system under certain conditions.
Pair-wise resistance to traffic analysis in MANETs

Some of the same features that make MANETs attractive, such as mobility and self-organization, also lead to increased vulnerability to traffic analysis. Data on who is communicating with whom, how often, how much, and when is easily available to any eavesdropper within range of the wireless network. Even if the payload is encrypted, standard MANET protocols transmit enough header and routing information in the clear making traffic analysis relatively easy for attackers. But users of MANETs may want to resist traffic analysis for a variety of reasons, ranging from secrecy for government and industry to simple personal privacy for individuals. Traffic analysis is a threat to secure communication, either by identifying targets for attacks such as denial-of-service or encryption cracking, or by revealing communication relationships.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising in Chronic Discoid Lupus Erythematosus Nasal Lesions in Two German Shepherd Dogs.

Resume- Un epithelioma spinocellulaire s'est developpe sur des lesions chroniques incontrolees de lupus erythemateux discoide chez deux chiens bergers allemands. Les chiens n'avaient recu ni traitement ni photoprotection pour leurs lesions de lupus discoide durant les 4 a 6 ans precedant l'apparition clinique d'epitheliomas spinocellulaires. [Scott, D.W., Miller, W.H., Jr. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in chronic discoid lupus erythematosus nasal lesions in two German Shepherd Dogs (Un epithelioma spinocellulaire suivenant sur des lesions de lupus erythemateux discoide chroniques chez deux bergers allemands). Resumen- Dos perros de raza Pastor Aleman desarrollaron carcinomas de celulas escamosas en lesiones cronicas del tipo lupus eritematoso discoide. Estos animales no habian recibido tratamiento ni proteccion solar del cuadro de lupus eritematoso discoide en los 4 a 6 anos previos al desarrollo del carcinoma escamoso. [Scott, D.W., Miller, W.H., Jr. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in chronic discoid lupus erythematosus nasal lesions in two German Shepherd Dogs (Carcinoma de celulas escamosas a partir de lesiones cronicas nasales del tipo lupus eritematoso discoide en dos perros Pastor Aleman). Abstract- Squamous cell carcinoma developed in the chronic, uncontrolled nasal lesions of discoid lupus erythematosus in two German Shepherd Dogs. The dogs had received no treatment nor photoprotection for their discoid lupus erythematosus for 4-6 years prior to the clinical onset of squamous cell carcinoma.
Variability in nanoscale CMOS technology

Moore’s Law technology scaling has improved VLSI performance by five orders of magnitude in the last four decades. As advanced technologies continue the pursuit of Moore’s Law, a variety of challenges will need to be overcome. One of these challenges is management of process variation. This paper discusses the importance of process variation in modern CMOS transistor technology, reviews front-end variation sources, presents device and circuit variation measurement techniques (including circuit and SRAM data from the 32 nm node), and compares recent intrinsic transistor variation performance from the literature.
Membrane Capacitance Changes Associated with Particle Uptake during Phagocytosis in Macrophages

We report the use of capacitance measurements to monitor particle uptake after cellular exposure to phagocytic stimuli. In these studies, human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) and cells from the murine macrophage-like cell line J774.1 were exposed to immune complexes or sized latex particles (0.8 or 3.2 micron in diameter). An average decrease in cell capacitance of 8 pF was seen after exposure of the cells to immune complexes. Cells in which particle uptake was inhibited by cytochalasin B treatment before exposure to immune complexes showed an average increase of 0.5 pF. The decrease in membrane capacitance after exposure of cells to particulate stimuli was absent with the soluble stimulus, platelet-activating factor, further confirming that decreases in membrane capacitance were due to particle uptake. Exposure of cells to sized latex particles resulted in a graded, stepwise decrease in membrane capacitance. The average step size for 0.8-micron particles was 250 fF, and the average step change for the larger 3.2-micron particles was 480 fF, as calculated from Gaussian fits to the step size amplitude histograms. The predicted step size for the individual particles based upon the minimum amount of membrane required to enclose a particle and a specific capacitance of 10 fF/micron2 was 20 and 320 fF, respectively. The step size for the smaller particles deviates significantly from the predicted size distribution, indicating either a possible lower limit to the size of the phagocytic vacuole or multiple particles taken up within a single phagosome. Dynamic interaction between phagocytosis and exocytosis was observed in a number of cells as a biphasic response consisting of an initial rapid increase in capacitance, consistent with cellular exocytosis, followed by stepwise decreases in capacitance.
Governing equations for unsaturated flow through woven fiber mats. Part 1. Isothermal flows

Abstract Correct modeling of resin flow in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes is important for accurate simulation of the mold-filling process. Recent experiments indicate that the physics of resin flow in woven (also stitched or braided) fiber mats is very different from the flow in random fiber mats. The dual length-scale porous media created by the former leads to the formation of a sink term in the equation of continuity; such an equation in combination with the Darcy's law successfully replicate the drooping inlet pressure history, and the region of partial saturation behind the flow-front, for the woven mats. In this paper, the mathematically rigorous volume averaging method is adapted to derive the averaged form of mass and momentum balance equations for unsaturated flow in LCM. The two phases used in the volume averaging method are the dense bundle of fibers called tows, and the surrounding gap present in the woven fiber mats. Averaging the mass balance equation yields a macroscopic equation of continuity which is similar to the conventional continuity equation for a single-phase flow except for a negative sink term on the right-hand side of the equation. This sink term is due to the delayed impregnation of fiber tows and is equal to the rate of liquid absorbed per unit volume. Similar averaging of the momentum balance equation is accomplished for the dual-scale porous medium. During the averaging process, the dynamic interaction of the gap flow with the tow walls is lumped together as the drag force. A representation theorem and dimensional analysis are used to replace this drag force with a linear function of an average of the relative velocity of the gap fluid with respect to the tow matrix for both the isotropic and anisotropic media. Averaging of the shear stress term of the Navier–Stokes equation gives rise to a new quantity named the interfacial kinetic effects tensor which includes the effects of liquid absorption by the tows, and the presence of slip velocity on their surface. Though the gradient of the tensor contributes a finite force in the final momentum balance equation, a scaling analysis leads to its rejection in the fibrous dual-scale porous medium if the permeability of flow through the gaps is small. For such a porous medium, the momentum equation reduces to the Darcy's law for single-phase flow.
Local structure and connectivity in lithium phosphate glasses: a solid-state 31P MAS NMR and 2D exchange investigation

High resolution solid-state 31P magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the local structure and connectivity for three xLi2O·(1 - x)P2O5 glasses. The principal components of the 31P chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) tensors for the different phosphate tetrahedron sites (Qn) and the relative populations of each Qn species were determined from simulation of the MAS spectra. The medium range structure and connectivity between similar or different Qn units in these lithium phosphate glasses were probed using novel two-dimensional (2D) MAS exchange experiments. Radio-frequency dipolar recoupling (RFDR) techniques allowed the reintroduction of the through space 31P-31P dipolar-dipolar interaction even in the presence of fast MAS. For these binary phosphate glasses the connectivity and medium range structure for different Qn species is described well by a statistical distribution, and is consistent with a model of random depolymerization.
Effects of trematode infection on the hemolymph of aquatic insects.

Abstract The effects of trematode infection on the hemolymph proteins of mayfly naiads (Hexagenia recurvata) and alderfly larvae (Sialis sp.) were studied using polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. One-to 14-day experimental infections with Allopodocotyle lepomis cercariae were associated with depletion of total hemolymph protein in both species. Protein was lost from all fractions of Hexagenia hemolymph except the fastest migrating one. Two fractions of Sialis hemolymph which showed significant reduction in protein contained tyrosinase activity which also decreased during infection. Tyrosinase was also located in one-fifth to one-half of the hemocytes of both insects. These results suggest that the tyrosinase involved in the melanization of trematode larvae within Hexagenia is confined to the hemocytes, whereas in Sialis the hemolymph tyrosinase may also play an important role.
Very Short Term Visual Memory Via Reverberation: A Role for the Cortico-thalamic Excitatory Circuit in Temporal Filling-in During Blinks and Saccades?

There is a large projection of neurons from Layer VI of V1 that makes excitatory connections on LGN relay cells. It has been proposed that this circuit is involved in signal processing and thalamic sensitivity regulation. Alternatively, Crick has suggested that the circuit could be a reverberatory loop-a site for very short-term (iconic) visual memory. This hypothesis is shown to be plausible if the reverberation is keyed to the onset of neurally initiated visual disruptions such as blinks and saccades. Neural mechanisms suppress perception during these events but little is known about temporal filling-in processes analogous to the mechanisms that fill-in spatial scotomas. Crick's reverberatory loop could provide a process for filling-in temporal scotomas with information acquired just before the disruption, thus maintaining the continuity of visual experience.
Preliminary Evidence for cue-induced Alcohol Craving Modulated by Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism rs1042173.

We previously have shown that cue-induced alcohol craving and propensity for higher drinking are modulated by allelic differences in SLC6A4. In an independent study, we characterized a functional polymorphism, rs1042173 (G/T), in the SLC6A4 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR); the T allele was associated with lower mRNA and protein levels, and the alcohol-dependent (AD) individuals carrying the TT genotype showed higher drinking intensity compared with G-allele carriers. Building upon these findings, we hypothesized that the low-expressing TT genotype associated with intense drinking would predict higher craving for alcohol in AD individuals. In this pilot study, we sought to test our hypothesis by examining 34 Hispanic AD volunteers (mean age, 34.8 years) for rs1042173 genotype-based (i.e., TT vs. TG/GG (Gx)) differences in subjective response to alcohol. We employed a human laboratory paradigm and analyzed the data using a linear mixed-effects model to assess treatment, cue procedures, and genotype main effects as well as the two-way interaction effects between them. On subjective “urge to drink” and “crave for a drink”, we found a significant main effect of the cue experiment (p ≤ 0.01) and an interaction effect between genotype and cue effects (p < 0.05). TT genotype was associated with higher intensity of drinking and craving for alcohol. Our results not only support the hypothesis that rs1042173 is a genetic marker for cue-induced alcohol craving among AD males but also are suggestive of a neurobiological mechanism associated with the rs1042173-TT genotype that triggers a disproportionate craving in response to alcohol consumption, which in turn may lead to more intense drinking. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to characterize the interactive effects of the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5′-HTTLPR)-L-allele reported in our previous study and of the rs1042173-TT genotype on cue-induced alcohol craving.
Control of wind turbine power and vibration with a data-driven approach

Abstract An anticipatory control scheme for optimizing power and vibration of wind turbines is introduced. Two models optimizing the power generation and mitigating vibration of a wind turbine are developed using data collected from a large wind farm. To model the wind turbine vibration, two parameters, drive-train and tower acceleration, are introduced. The two parameters are measured with accelerometers. Data-mining algorithms are applied to establish models for estimating drive-train and tower acceleration parameters. The prediction accuracy of the data-driven models is examined in order to address their feasibility for an anticipatory control scheme. An optimization control model is established by integrating the data-driven models in the presence of constraints. A particle swarm optimization algorithm is applied to optimize the model.
Local measured service and the attributes of a sound rate structure

Most U.S. jurisdictions use flat rates (FR) for local telephone service pricing. This paper explores why a majority of those exposed to usage-sensitive pricing or local measured service (LMS) generally prefer it to FR. One reason may be LMS promotes value-maximizing behavior for both the provider and the customer. Some customers may prefer FR, even if LMS is value maximizing, out of concern that gainers either cannot or will not compensate losers. Another possibility is LMS is not a value-maximizing option. This paper systematically compares LMS with FR, using the attributes of a sound rate structure.
Strike Standard Deviation for Shallow-dipping Rock Fracture Sets

The well-known problem that the observed strike of a shallow-dipping rock fracture can vary widely, even if one re-measures the strike in the same location, is dealt with in this paper. The overall purpose of the paper is to place the statistical estimation of the strike confidence interval for shallow-dipping rock fracture sets on a sound foundation. We have made series of strike measurements at each of various dips on a wooden laboratory “fracture” to allow estimation of strike standard deviation at all shallow dips. This is accurate for smooth rock and serves as a lower bound estimate for rock with a rougher surface. These estimates are used, along with two independent iterative statistical procedures, to re-estimate the dip direction confidence interval of an actual set of nineteen fractures. The dip direction confidence interval is more than three times as wide as the corresponding dip confidence interval. This will be made visible in our transformed confidence region plot for the mean pole.
Quantitation of free sugars in plant tissue by g.l.c. of their peracetylated aldononitrile and ketoxime derivatives

Abstract The assay of free sugars and related compounds in plant tissues has been studied by use of a defined procedure involving cold ethanol extraction and conversion of the extracted saccharides to the peracetylated derivatives of aldononitriles, ketoximes, alditols, and nonreducing sugars. Quantitation of the resulting mixture was accomplished by g.l.c. separation and computer-performed integration, referenced to an internal standard. Linearity of detector response, and the coefficients of variation of the detector response, were examined for a representative aldose ( d -glucose), ketose ( d -frutose), nonreducing sugar (sucrose), and alditol ( d -glucitol). Retention times and detector responses for 39 additional saccharides and alditols were measured under identical conditions.
An efficient method of numerical inversion of Laplace Transforms

TheCooley-Tukey algorithm for the calculation of complexFourier Series is applied to the numerical inversion of Laplace Transforms in which the original function is expanded into Laguerre polynomials.
Cation self-diffusion and impurity diffusion in Fe2O3+

Abstract Cation self-diffusion D∗Fe, parallel to the c axis has been measured as a function of temperature (1100–1300°C) and oxygen partial pressure po2 (2 × 10−3-1 atm) in the same single crystals of Fe2O3 as those used by Chang and Wagner. Whereas the po2 dependence of D∗Fe, observed by Chang and Wagner has been confirmed, the absolute value of D∗Fe and the activation enthalpy for self-diffusion are much higher than those reported by them. The various diffusion studies indicate that cation self-diffusion occurs by an interstitial-type mechanism. However, the sample-to-sample variations in D∗Fe, suggest that all diffusion measurements may have been performed on samples where the defect concentrations are impurity controlled. Impurity diffusion of 60Co, 51Cr, and 88Y has also been measured as a function of po2 at 1200°C. The results indicate that these impurities diffuse by an interstitialcy mechanism in Fe2O3.
HIV risks among homeless men differentiated by cocaine use and psychiatric distress

Abstract This study examined the relationship among cocaine use, psychiatric distress, and HIV risk behaviors of homeless men. A 3 × 2 ANOVA was computed to determine overall mean HIV risk behavior, with the first factor representing three levels of psychiatric distress (low, moderate, and high) and the second factor representing use or no use of cocaine. Overall, homeless men who used cocaine had significantly higher HIV risk scores than did noncocaine users. Among the homeless men who used cocaine, those men who reported high psychiatric distress had significantly higher HIV risk scores than did noncocaine users and cocaine users with low psychiatric distress. Moreover, these risk scores predominantly represented three high risk sexual behaviors: lack of condom use, multiple sex partners, and participation in commercial sex. Outreach efforts that target both substance use and especially high-risk sexual practices are urged for this population.
A practical, modular hyperthermia phantom.

A catheterized, three‐component slab phantom has been fabricated for use in mapping specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions from hyperthermia applicators. A planar array of 21 closely spaced catheters, located at one surface of the 1‐cm‐thick slab, can be positioned at depths of 0–7 cm below the phantom surface, in 1‐cm steps, through appropriate placement and orientation of this slab within the three‐slab set. Owing to its modular design, the phantom can be prepared, and also purged of degraded material rapidly and without damage to the catheter tracks.
The Transmembrane Domain and Acidic Lipid Flip-Flop Regulates Voltage-Dependent Fusion Mediated by Class II and III Viral Proteins

Voltage dependence of fusion induced by class II and class III viral fusion proteins was investigated. Class II proteins from Ross River and Sindbus virus and a mutant class III protein from Epstein Barr virus were found to induce cell-cell fusion that is voltage dependent. Combined with previous studies, in all, four class II and two class III protein have now been shown to exhibit voltage-dependent fusion, demonstrating that this is probably a general phenomenon for these two classes of viral fusion proteins. In the present study, monitoring fusion of pseudovirus expressing Vesicular Stomatitis virus (VSV) G within endosomes shows that here, too, fusion is voltage dependent. This supports the claim that voltage dependence of fusion is biologically relevant and that cell-cell fusion reliably models the voltage dependence. Fusion induced by class I viral proteins is independent of voltage; chimeras expressing the ectodomain of a class I fusion protein and the transmembrane domain of VSV G could therefore be used to explore the location within the protein responsible for voltage dependence. Results showed that the transmembrane domain is the region associated with voltage dependence. Experiments in which cells were enriched with acidic lipids led to the conclusion that it is the flip-flop of acidic lipids that carries the charge responsible for the observed voltage dependence of fusion. This flip-flop occurred downstream of hemifusion, in accord with previous findings that the voltage dependent steps of fusion occur at a stage subsequent to hemifusion.
Intra-industry trade among developing countries

Abstract In this paper, intra-industry trade (IIT) among developing countries is analyzed in two major sections. First, the extent of intra-industry trade of developing countries is described and compared to the IIT of industrial countries. Secondly, intra-industry trade among developing countries in general and newly-industrialized countries (NICs) in particular is analyzed at product level. The principal conclusions suggests that the trade of individual NICs with other NICs is well below 10 percent of their total exports, much lower than among industrial countries. More surprisingly, the level of IIT is lower among NICs than for NICs with the rest of the world. However, in categories such as capital-intensive products and investment goods, IIT is high, although the volume of trade is low.
Effect of Peptide-Rich Extracts on Acid Production by Oxytetracycline and Penicillin-Resistant Starters

Summary The effect of peptide-rich extracts, including pancreas extract, yeast extract, liver fraction L, tryptone, tryptose, neopeptone, casein hydrolysate, milk protein hydrolysate, and peptonized milk, on the acid production of oxytetracycline-sensitive and -resistant counterparts of Streptococcus lactis (10D) in skimmilk was determined. Additions of 0.5% of each stimulant enabled the resistant culture to produce acid in 8 hr., in concentrations equal to or in excess of that of the sensitive culture. The additives did not enable the sensitive culture to produce acid in the presence of the antibiotic. The effect of pancreas extract on acid production by penicillin-sensitive and -resistant counterparts of five strains of S. lactis and two strains of Streptococcus cremoris was determined. Six of the seven penicillin-resistant cultures, supplemented with pancreas extract, produced acid in 8 hr. equal to or in excess of that developed by the parent strains. The pancreas extract did not enable the sensitive parent counterparts of these cultures to produce acid in the presence of low levels of penicillin. Likewise, the resistant cultures were unable to develop normal acid after supplementing with pancreas extract, if a level of penicillin was added in excess of the level tolerated by these cultures.
Toward individually addressable nanometer-size surface pixels: ultrathin dendrimer films as resists for scanning probe lithography

Scanning probe lithography (SPL) has recently been shown to be a versatile technique for patterning semiconductor surfaces. The intense electric field emanating from the scanning probe tip can be used for the patterning of carbon- based self-assembled monolayers and thin films, as well as the anodization or field-enhanced oxidation of passivated metal surfaces. We have been investigating the use of monolayers and ultra-thin films made from dendritic polymers as resists for SPL. Dendrimer films have ben prepare by both covalent and ionic binding to the wafer surface. Silicon wafers were treated with dendritic chlorosilanes to afford self-assembled monolayer from the functionalized dendrons. Ionically bound dendrimer films were prepared by treating an aminopropylsilane-modified wafer surface with a dendritic carboxylic acid. These ultra-thin dendrimer films were characterized by atomic force microscopy, contact angle goniometry, and optical ellipsometry. The dendrimer films were shown to be effective resist for SPL, and we have patterned negative tone oxide images onto dendrimer modified wafer surfaces. Pattern transfer can be achieved by a selective wet etch resulting in the formation of positive tone images.
En búsqueda de la oración infinita: la fabricación de oraciones extensas como procedimiento poético en las novelas 2666 y Los sinsabores del verdadero policía de Roberto Bolaño

The Chilean author Roberto Bolano (1953–2003) began his career in the 1970s as a poet; in the mid-1990s he wrote the novels and short stories that eventually brought him acknowledgment from critics, writers, and readers. Today, a number of critics have recognized not only the author's poetry, but also the importance of “the poetic” in his novels, and have shown some of the ways in which the poet intervenes in the construction of his narrative. This essay demonstrates how Bolano's experimentation with the expansion of the sentence in two of his posthumously published novels—2666 (2004) and Los sinsabores del verdadero policia (2011)—is related to a formal and aesthetic search that allows him to convey his poetic intuition in his novels.
Sex Offender Residency and Spatial Equity

Recent legislation at the local, state and federal levels has mandated spatial restriction zones around sensitive facilities, such as schools, daycares and public parks, to minimize the exposure children have to convicted sex offenders. A potential byproduct of this legislation is the clustering of offenders in certain areas outside restriction zones. Accordingly, efforts are now being directed toward ensuring an equitable spatial distribution of exposure to convicted sex offenders. In particular, laws are being enacted or resurrected to thwart such clusters. The question addressed in this paper is what approaches can be used to assist planners and public officials in the further development of policy for mitigating community impacts associated with the spatial distribution of sex offender residences. We review and develop methodologies for use in assessing and managing residential impacts. Application results suggest that these modeling approaches can provide insight for policy development useful to local and regional governments.