cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[The determination of phthalic acid esters in edible vegetable oils by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry].

Objective We aimed to establish a quantified method for the 17 phthalate acid esters (PAE) in edible vegetable oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with the pretreatment of acetonitrile extraction and silica/N-(n-propyl) ethylenediamine ( silica/PSA ) mixed solid phase extraction column and evaluated the PAE of 25 edible oil samples from supermarkets in Hangzhou city.Methods The internal standard solution (D4-DEHP) was added in edible vegetable oil sample.The analytes were extracted by acetonitrile with 1 min vortex,and centrifuged at 3050 ×g for 5 min.The supematant was then cleaned with silica/PSA column,and eluted with acetonitrile.The elution was dried with N2 flow at 50 ℃ and diluted to 1.0 ml with hexane.Then,17 PAE were tested by GC-MS and quantified with internal standards.The repeatability and sensitivity of the assay were evaluated.PAE were then determined in 25 plastic buckets of edible vegetable oil from supermarkets in Hangzhou city.Results By the quantification of internal standard of D4-DEHP,a good linearity range of related 17 PAE was observed.The correlation coefficient was 0.994 - 1.000 and the standard lowest quantified level was 0.05 -0.15 μg/ml.The spiking recoveries of 17PAE were 78.3％ - 108.9 ％ with the RSD of 4.3％ - 12.1％ (n =6).The method detection limits were0.1 -0.2 mg/kg.In 25 plastic buckets of edible vegetable oil from Hangzhou,DMP,DEP,DIBP,DBP and DEHP were detected at the range of ＜ 0.1 - 1.8 mg/kg and the detection rates were 12％ ( 3/25 ),24％ (6/25),100％ (25/25),96％ (24/25) and 100％ (25/25),respectively.Other 12 PAE was not detected.For DBP with the level of ＜0.1 to 1.3 mg/kg,the results of 16％ (4/25) samples exceeded the regular migrating limit of 0.3 mg/kg.For DEHP of ＜0.2 - 1.8 mg/kg,the data of 12％ (3/25) samples were beyond the regular migrating limit of 1.5 mg/kg.Conclusion The pretreatment by siliea/PSA mixed solid phase extraction column can satisfy the PAE determination requirements in edible vegetable oils.The DMP,DIBP,DEP,DBP and DEHP were dectected from the survey of 25 edible oil samples in Hangzhou city. Key words: Solid phase extraction; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; Phthalate esters; Edible vegetable oil
Positron Decay of Cu 59 and Cu 61 and Energy Levels in Ni 59 and Ni 61

The energies and relative intensities of the gamma rays following the positron decay of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{59}$ have been determined. The energies are 0.343\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004, 0.463\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010, 0.872\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005, 1.305\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005, and 1.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 Mev, with respective relative intensities of 16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3, 15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5, 29\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4, 36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4, and 4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2%. The half-life of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{59}$ was measured to be 81.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 seconds. The energies of ground-state transition gamma rays following the positron decay of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{61}$ were measured as 0.070\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002, 0.282\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003, 0.659\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003, and 1.192\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 Mev. The accumulated works of several authors are discussed and compared.
Inferior vena cava filters in cancer patients: indications and outcome.

PURPOSEOur experience with inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement to prevent pulmonary emboli (PE) in cancer patients with deep vein thromboses (DVT) was reviewed to identify indications, patient characteristics, complications, and long-term outcome.METHODSCharts of 182 patients with cancer were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had received an IVC filter in our institution between January 1980 and April 1992.RESULTSOf 182 patients, 103 were men and 79 were women. Median age was 59 years (range, 15 to 88). Eight patients (4%) had stage I disease, 22 patients (12%) stage II, 37 patients (20%) stage III, and 115 patients (63%) stage IV. A DVT was diagnosed in 97 patients (53%), a PE in 46 patients (25%), and a combination in 39 patients (21%). Indications for IVC filter placement were DVT or PE in the presence of contraindications to anticoagulation therapy (perioperative, n = 58; CNS metastases, n = 20; thrombocytopenia, n = 7; bleeding, n = 61; others, n = 24; total, N = 170) or anticoagulation fa...
Developments in magnet modeling and beam optics for the ARIS separator at FRIB

Abstract A description is given on the methods used for field analysis of magnets and the extracted parameters used for accurate beam simulations of the fragment separator. For the strong focusing magnets, Fourier decomposition is used in order to extract induced fields associated with higher order multipoles. For dipoles, a 2D field map model is used instead in order to emulate complex field distributions. The theory of the models and the techniques chosen are described, along with results from Monte Carlo beam simulations up to 5th order. The n = 6 multipole induced by the quadrupole is the most significant component. The effects on separator performance with and without this component in the model are demonstrated.
Inversion of Gravity and Gravity Gradiometry Data for Density Contrast Surfaces Using Cauchy-Type Integrals

Summa ry We introduce a new method of modeling and inversion of potential field data generated by a density contrast surface. Our method is based on 3D Cauchy-type integral representation of the potential fields. Traditionally, potential fields are calculated using volume integrals of the domains occupied by anomalous masses subdivided into prismatic cells. This discretization is computationally expensive, especially in a 3D case. The Cauchy-type integral technique makes it possible to represent the gravity field and its gradients as surface integrals. This is especially significant in the solution of problems of modeling and inversion of gravity data for determining the depth to the basement. We demonstate our inversion method based on the Cauchy-type integral for several synthetic models. The results show that the new method is capable of providing high-resolution depth estimation for the sediment-tobasement interface.
Environmental control of fruitbody development in Boletus rubinellus in axenic culture.

SUMMARYThe influence of temperature, humidity, aeration and gas composition, light and nutrition on fruitbody development in Boletus rubinellus was studied. The fruitbody index was used to quantify...
CORONARY STEAL SYNDROME FROM A GIANT RCA WITH CORONARY SINUS FISTULA

A 69 year old female was referred for a cardiac murmur that was detected on a routine health screening. PMH significant for SLE, HTN, and asthma. She endorsed many years of mild dyspnea on exertion which she attributed to a childhood diagnosis of asthma. She also endorsed many years of rare
Quasi-Baer and biregular generalized matrix rings

Generalized matrix rings are ubiquitous in algebra and have relevant applications to analysis. A ring is quasi-Baer (respectively, right p.q.-Baer) in case the right annihilator of any ideal (respectively, principal ideal) is generated by an idempotent. A ring is called biregular if every principal ideal is generated by a central idempotent. In this paper, we identify the ideals and principal ideals, the annihilators of ideals, and the central and semi-central idempotents of a generalized 2 × 2 matrix ring. We characterize the generalized matrix rings that are quasi-Baer, right p.q.-Baer, prime, and biregular. We provide examples to illustrate these concepts.
Physicochemical properties of β and α'α subunits isolated from soybean β-conglycinin.

Soy protein has shown great potential for use in biobased adhesives. β-Conglycinin is a major component of soy protein; it accounts for 30% of the total storage protein in soybean seeds. β-Conglycinin was isolated and purified, and its subunits’ (β, α′α) physicochemical and adhesive properties were characterized. Crude β-conglycinin was isolated from soy flour and then purified by the ammonium sulfate precipitation method. The α′α and β subunits were isolated from the purified β-conglycinin by anion exchange chromatography. Yields of α′α subunits and β subunits from 140 g of soy flour were 1.86 g (1.3%) and 0.95 g (0.67%), respectively. The minimum solubility for α′α subunits, β subunits, and β-conglycinin occurred in pH ranges of 4.1−5.4, 3.5−7.0, and 4.8−5.3, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the β subunits existed as spherical hydrophobic clusters, whereas α′α subunits existed as uniformly discrete particles at pH 5.0. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that β subunits ha...
The Strength and Ductility of Intermetallic Compounds: Grain Size Effects

Since writing on this subject two years ago [11, a number of developments have occurred, particularly in relation to the mechanical properties of the L12 nickel aluminide Ni Al. Some elucidate the nature of the yield strength and the extraordinarily beneficial effect of boron on low-temperature ductility. Some others expose, at least in part, the nature of the marked reduction in ductility at elevated temperatures. Another considers the mechanisms dominating creep deformation. Also during this period, contradictions have appeared: the relationship between the yield strength and the grain size, d, at room temperature has been contested, and opposing views of grain refinement on ductility have been reported. This paper reviews these developments. Although broadly directed at intermetallic compounds, the discussion is specific to Ni 3Al. The hope is that the knowledge and understanding gained about this compound will benefit the class as a whole.
Adapting Cancer Immunotherapy Models for the Real World

Early experiments in mice predicted the success of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in cancer patients. However, these same animal studies failed to accurately predict many of the limitations and toxicities of treatment. One of the likely reasons for this discrepancy is the nearly universal use of young healthy mice, which stand in stark contrast to diverse patient populations varying in age, weight, diet, and hygiene. Because these variables impact immunity and metabolism, they also influence outcomes during immunotherapy and should be incorporated into the study design of preclinical experiments. Here, we discuss recent findings that highlight how efficacy and toxicity of cancer immunotherapy are affected by patient variation, and how distinct host environments can be better modeled in animal studies.
Loop-mediated isothermal application of technology in detection of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Objective:To apply Loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP) for the detection of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.Methods:Using the technology of LAMP to detect tewlve Yersinia strains and the result was compared with the traditional result.Six primers were designed and synthesized according to inv gene of Y.pseud(tow inter primers,tow outer primers,tow ring primers).Results:Three strains of Y.pseud by detection of LAMP were significantly positive for the green and the remaining Y.ent strains with pathogenic and non-pathogenic were significantly negative for the orange.Conclusion:LAMP method is fast,strong and easy to operate,which is specifically appropriate for the grassroot level laboratories.
Statin Medication Use and Nosocomial Infection Risk in the Acute Phase of Stroke

Goal Statins have immunomodulatory and peripheral anti-inflammatory properties that are independent of their lipid-lowering action. Whether these properties reduce the risk for developing poststroke infection is debated in clinical literature. We estimated the risk for developing nosocomial poststroke infection based on statin exposure in patients aged 18 or older hospitalized for ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods A consecutive sample of acute care hospital electronic medical records was retrospectively analyzed. Patients were assigned to the exposed cohort either when statin use preceded infection or statin medication was used, but no infection developed. The unexposed cohort included patients not on statins or initiating statins after infection developed. The association of statin exposure with infection was examined with conditional logistic regression adjusted for poststroke infection risk factors. Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel analyses examined the association of statin exposure and infection status within strata of binary predictor variables that increased infection risk. Findings Up to 1612 records were analyzed: 1151 in the exposed cohort and 461 in the unexposed cohort. Infection developed in 20% of the statin-exposed patients and in 41% of the statin-unexposed patients ( P P P Conclusions In patients with ischemic stroke and without endotracheal intubation, statin medications were associated with reduced risk of nosocomial infections.
Solar p-mode oscillations as a tracer of radial differential rotation

Photoelectric observations of solar p-modes obtained with improved wavenumber and frequency resolution are presented. The observations are compared with model calculations of the p-modes, and the degree of spatial and temporal coherence of the observed wave pattern is investigated. It is found that the p-mode oscillations pervade the visible surface of the sun with a high degree of coherence in space and time, so that the whole complex pattern of standing waves with its nodes and antinodes can be regarded as a fixed pattern corotating with the solar surface layers. The p-modes are introduced as a tracer of solar rotational flow velocities. The equatorial differential rotation is estimated as a function of effective depth on the basis of the theoretical contribution functions for the p-modes recently derived by Ulrich et al. (1978). The results strongly indicate that the angular speed of rotation is not uniform even in the relatively shallow layer extending about 20,000 km below the photosphere.
The “Greening” of China: Progress, Limitations, and Contradictions

ABSTRACTChina’s rapid economic growth in the last three decades has been fuelled by energy-intensive investment and manufacturing, which have become instrumental for China to become the world’s largest economy based on purchasing power parity, and for the United States and the European Union to have access to cheap consumer goods. China’s development strategy, however, has generated a serious domestic environmental crisis, which has also accelerated the global climate emergency. In addition, the 2008 economic crisis led to a collapse of China’s external demand, inducing the leadership to support domestic investment – including investment in environmental projects – as an alternative source of effective demand. By setting ambitious green targets and by adopting strategic policy initiatives, China has become the world’s largest investor in renewable energy. Yet China remains the world’s largest coal consumer and the world’s largest carbon dioxide emitter. The Chinese economy nears a crossroad: will it be ab...
Roadside Shrines, Storefront Saints, and Twenty-First Century Lifestyles: The Cultural and Spatial Thresholds of Indian Urbanism

In India’s high-tech global city of Bangalore, two developments over the last decade have had a profound impact on the experience of urban life: the creation of a concentric beltway system since the 1990s (called the ring roads) and the construction of a rapid transit system that began once the final government approval was obtained in 2006. To participant-observers, such as myself, of the religious terrain of the city, two spatial trends become visible: on the one hand, religious landmarks—whether old village temples or hermitages of gurus such as Sathya Sai Baba (1926–2011)—once on the city’s boundaries are now enfolded within patterns of exurban and suburban habitation for new middle classes that include high-rise apartment living, gated communities, or “farmhouses” within easy-driving distance to special economic zones, informational technology hubs, the international airport, hospitals, or schools. On the other hand, within older neighborhoods lying directly on the metro route, new pathways re-formed by the ever-expanding transportation systems alter existing routines of religiosity at sites such as the Kempamma Devi temple in Ulsoor. All of these emerging regimes still need to be adequately deciphered. My chapter, exploring older neighborhoods such as Ulsoor-Indiranagar (which lies in the nexus between the Inner Ring Road and Reach 1 of the East-West Namma Metro corridor) and their regimes of religiosity, unfolds within in my long-term research on Bangalore, a city of about 8 million people and within the nexus between urban studies and studies of contemporary religion in (South) Asia.
Ultraviolet integrated photonic circuits (Conference Presentation)

Quantum information processing relies on the fundamental property of quantum interference, where the quality of the interference directly correlates to the indistinguishability of the interacting particles. The creation of these indistinguishable particles, photons in this case, has conventionally been accomplished with nonlinear crystals and optical filters to remove spectral distinguishability, albeit sacrificing the number of photons. This research describes the use of an integrated aluminum nitride microring resonator circuit to selectively generate photon pairs at the narrow cavity transmissions, thereby producing spectrally indistinguishable photons. These spectrally indistinguishable photons can then be routed through optical waveguide circuitry, concatenated interferometers, to manipulate and entangle the photons into the desired quantum states. Photon sources and circuitry are only two of the three required pieces of the puzzle. The final piece which this research is aimed at interfacing with are trapped ion quantum memories, based on trapped Ytterbium ions. These ions serve as very long lived and stable quantum memories with storage times on the order of 10’s of minutes, compared with photonic quantum memories which are limited to 10-6 to 10-3 seconds. The caveat with trapped ions is the interaction wavelength of the photons is 369.5nm and therefore the goal of this research is to develop entangled photon sources and circuitry in that wavelength regime to interact directly with the trapped ions and bypass the need for frequency conversion.
Percutaneous Therapy for Tricuspid Regurgitation: A New Frontier for Interventional Cardiology.

Article, see p 1802 Functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is common, whether in association with mitral or aortic valve disease or presenting as an isolated valvular disease. Several studies have shown that TR is associated with poor patient outcomes, although a cause-and-effect relationship of TR to mortality has not been proven. Similarly, the impact of surgical treatment of TR on outcomes needs well-controlled randomized trials that are under planning.1 The current professional society guidelines for TR treatment are based on expert opinions with a level of evidence C for all indications.2 Transcatheter therapies for valvular heart disease are often based on established surgical techniques. When surgical therapy has well-studied benefits, including a reduction in mortality (eg, aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis), percutaneous therapies can be compared to surgery with survival as an end point. Similarly, the safety of surgical therapies (eg, surgical aortic valve replacement) can serve as a benchmark for the safety of percutaneous treatment. However, in establishing percutaneous treatments for TR, several challenges are found: (1) the severity of TR and right ventricle dysfunction are often difficult to determine, (2) the impact of TR on mortality or heart failure outcomes is not as clearly defined, and (3) surgical treatments are multiple without robust data for indications and outcomes. It is important to note that the US Food and Drug Administration is interested in providing expedited access for devices that fill an unmet clinical need by demonstrating appropriate intermediate and surrogate end points.3 Therefore, the aforementioned challenges also present opportunities to better define how trials for percutaneous treatments of TR can be conducted as we move forward (Table). View this table: Table 1. Consideration for Standardized Reporting for Tricuspid Valve Repair Studies In this issue of Circulation , Nickenig and colleagues5 describe their multicenter experience …
Equine Infectious Anemia Virus as a Model for Lentiviral Pathogenesis

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), the etiologic agent of equine infectious anemia (EIA) or swamp fever, is a unique macrophage-tropic lentivirus. EIA, described in the veterinary literature in the mid-19th century, was one of the first diseases determined to be caused by a “filterable agent.” However, studies of the virus languished as methods for its culture in horse leukocytes were not described until the 1960s, and even then difficulty working with equine cultures forestalled its detailed characterization. EIAV was adapted to growth in a persistently infected cell line in 1973, and evidence that EIAV was a retrovirus was presented in 1976. A detailed characterization of viral structural proteins was finally available in the early 1980s.1 Although of considerable veterinary importance, studies of EIAV remained relatively obscure in comparison to the oncogenic retroviruses, especially those affecting more amenable animal models such as chickens and mice. EIAV and the other so-called “slow viruses” of ungulates, maedi-visna virus (MVV) of sheep and caprine-arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) of goats, garnered some attention due to reports that described their ability to form viral swarms during persistent infection.
Origins and Pathogenesis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus: Recent Advances

Middle East respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been a significant research focus since its discovery in 2012. Since 2012, 2,040 cases and 712 deaths have been recorded (as of August 11, 2017), representing a strikingly high case fatality rate of 36%. Over the last several years, MERS-CoV research has progressed in several parallel and complementary directions. This review will focus on three particular areas: the origins and evolution of MERS-CoV, the challenges and achievements in the development of MERS-CoV animal models, and our understanding of how novel proteins unique to MERS-CoV counter the host immune response. The origins of MERS-CoV, likely in African bats, are increasingly clear, although important questions remain about the establishment of dromedary camels as a reservoir seeding human outbreaks. Likewise, there have been important advances in the development of animal models, and both non-human primate and mouse models that seem to recapitulate human disease are now available. How MERS-CoV evades and inhibits the host innate immune response remains less clear. Although several studies have identified MERS-CoV proteins as innate immune antagonists, little of this work has been conducted using live virus under conditions of actual infection, but rather with ectopically expressed proteins. Accordingly, considerable space remains for major contributions to understanding unique ways in which MERS-CoV interacts with and modulates the host response. Collectively, these areas have seen significant advances over the last several years but continue to offer exciting opportunities for discovery.
Oil Prices & Dynamic Games Under Stochastic Demand

Oil prices remained relatively low but volatile in the 2015-17 period, largely due to declining and uncertain demand from China. This follows a prolonged decline from around $110 per barrel in June 2014 to below $30 in January 2016, due in large part to increased supply of shale oil in the US, which was spurred by the development of fracking technology. Most dynamic Cournot models focus on supply-side factors, such as increased shale oil, and random discoveries. However, uncertain demand is a major factor driving oil price volatility. This motivates the study of Cournot games in a stochastic demand environment. We present analytic and numerical results, as well as a modified Hotelling's rule for games with stochastic demand. We highlight how lower demand forces out higher cost producers from producing, and how such changing market structure can induce price volatility.
Therapeutic hypothermia and targeted temperature management for traumatic brain injury: Experimental and clinical experience

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide medical problem, and currently, there are few therapeutic interventions that can protect the brain and improve functional outcomes in patients. Over the last several decades, experimental studies have investigated the pathophysiology of TBI and tested various pharmacological treatment interventions targeting specific mechanisms of secondary damage. Although many preclinical treatment studies have been encouraging, there remains a lack of successful translation to the clinic and no therapeutic treatments have shown benefit in phase 3 multicenter trials. Therapeutic hypothermia and targeted temperature management protocols over the last several decades have demonstrated successful reduction of secondary injury mechanisms and, in some selective cases, improved outcomes in specific TBI patient populations. However, the benefits of therapeutic hypothermia have not been demonstrated in multicenter randomized trials to significantly improve neurological outcomes. Although the exact reasons underlying the inability to translate therapeutic hypothermia into a larger clinical population are unknown, this failure may reflect the suboptimal use of this potentially powerful therapeutic in potentially treatable severe trauma patients. It is known that multiple factors including patient recruitment, clinical treatment variables, and cooling methodologies are all important in yielding beneficial effects. High-quality multicenter randomized controlled trials that incorporate these factors are required to maximize the benefits of this experimental therapy. This article therefore summarizes several factors that are important in enhancing the beneficial effects of therapeutic hypothermia in TBI. The current failures of hypothermic TBI clinical trials in terms of clinical protocol design, patient section, and other considerations are discussed and future directions are emphasized.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Is Associated With Increased Pacemaker Implantation but Not Reduced Overall Survival.

Background: A history of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is a common compelling indication for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). However, there is little data on how these patients compare to other TAVR patients. In this study, the short and long-term outcomes of these TAVR patients after CABG are defined. Methods: A retrospective chart review case-control study of 337 consecutive patients who underwent a TAVR for severe aortic stenosis at Sanford Health in Fargo ND was performed to determine if a history of prior CABG was associated with worse outcomes after TAVR as compared to a TAVR cohort without a history of CABG. Results: Despite higher predicted surgical risk, patients with a history of CABG had no significant difference overall survival at 1 month (98% vs. 93%, P = 0.112), 6 months (94% vs. 87%, P = 0.094), 1 year (85% vs. 77%, P = 0.206) or 2 years (70% vs. 57%, P = 0.135) post-TAVR. However, a history of CABG was associated with an increase in post-TAVR permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation (15% vs. 6%, P = 0.015). Conclusions: This study gives evidence to suggest that patients with a history of prior CABG do not have any difference in overall survival as other TAVR patients, despite higher predicted surgical risk and differences in preprocedural comorbidities. Our study also confirms the safety of TAVR in this specific population in lower volume centers. Cardiol Res. 2018;9(1):40-45 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/cr684w Â
Prospective memory in clinical populations.

Objective: Prospective memory (PM) has emerged as a form of episodic memory that is frequently impaired in a variety of clinical populations. Neuropsychologists who routinely evaluate these populat...
Cooperative interaction between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes: cytochrome c oxidase assembly as a model.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cooperative interaction between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes—cytochrome c oxidase assembly as a model. There are many similarities between the biogenesis of a mitochondrion and the biogenesis of other membrane-bounded eukaryotic cell organelles, but there are also some important differences. First, unlike the assembly of all eukaryotic organelles except for the chloroplast, the assembly of the mitochondrion is under the joint control of two permanent cellular genomes, which must interact continuously to ensure the assembly of a respiratory-competent structure. Second, proteins that reside in the mitochondrion are synthesized in two different compartments on two different sides of the mitochondrial membrane. And third, unlike most other cellular organelles, mitochondria are neither physically nor temporally continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, the intracellular site at which many proteins and lipids, are synthesized. Thus, the targeting of cytoplasmically synthesized proteins and lipids from their sites of synthesis to the mitochondrial surface is sure to be a crucial step in successful assembly of the organelle.
Reflecting on Prevention Technologies

Advances in HIV prevention technologies such as the use of HIV treatments as prevention (TasP) offer new tools in the fight against AIDS. This chapter examines how biomedical devices have morphed into behavioral interventions over the past 30 years. Of particular interest are sterile syringes, condoms, and HIV antibody testing; medical technologies now thought of as behavioral interventions. These highly effective prevention tools have been stymied by politics, misguided policies, poor allocation of resources, and failure to invest in behavioral components to their use. These experiences offer important insights into how treatments could fail as prevention. The chapter concludes with recommendations for avoiding the pitfalls of past prevention technologies.
Effect of Serum Calcium on Phosphate Transport

An effect of serum calcium on renal phosphate excretion has been invoked by a number of investigators both in experimental animals and in man. These effects are complex and may be attributable to changes in the filtered load of phosphate or in the tubular handling of phosphate. These effects will be discussed separately.
Caring for Cultural Studies

This essay both inaugurates the editorship of Ted Striphas and reflects on the contributions of Cultural Studies’ longtime editor, Lawrence Grossberg. It opens by reflecting briefly on the journal'...
Induction Motor Performance Testing With an Inverter Power Supply: Part 2

The development of high-power density electrical machines continues to accelerate, driven by military, transportation, and industrial needs to achieve more power in a smaller package. Higher speed electrical machines are a recognized path toward achieving higher power densities. Existing industry testing standards describe well-defined procedures for characterizing both synchronous and induction machines. However, these procedures are applicable primarily to fixed-frequency (usually 60 or 50 Hz) power supplies. As machine speeds increase well beyond the 3600-rpm limitation of 60-Hz machines, a need for performance testing at higher frequencies is emerging. An inverter power supply was used to conduct a complete series of tests on two induction motors (0.5 and 1.0 MW) with speeds up to ~5000rpm. The use of a nonsinusoidal power supply with limited power output capability required the development of measurement techniques and testing strategies quite different than those typically used for 60/50-Hz testing. Instrumentation and techniques for measuring voltage, current, and power on harmonic rich waveforms with accuracies approaching 1% are described. Locked-rotor and breakdown torque tests typically require large kVA input to the motor, much higher than the rated load requirement. An inverter sized for the rated load requirements of the motor was adapted to perform locked-rotor and breakdown torque tests. Inverter drive protection features such as antihunting and current limit that were built into the inverter had to be factored into the test planning and implementation. Test results are presented in two companion papers. Part 1 correlates test results with the results of an algorithmic induction motor analysis program. Part 2 (this paper) presents the test results compared with a Matlab simulation program and also provides a comprehensive discussion of the instrumentation that was essential to achieve testing accuracy
Embedded in Nature: Challenges to Sustainability in Communities of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

Solutions to sustainability transitions tend to be applicable for specific regions but not the whole of society. Limitations on what may be sustained also exist, and preferences will vary among people in different places. Because of these differences, there is a need for better understanding of the perceptions and experiences of local community members and the challenges they face in the transition toward sustainability to promote realistic and effective decision-making. As a region with significant natural resource protections, the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem has been known to researchers for decades as an ideal location to study human-environment interactions. The objective of this study was to determine the challenges to sustainable community development and natural resource management identified by residents of communities surrounding Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Thirty-two key informant interviews were conducted with decision-makers, with a focus on the communities of Red Lodge and West Yellowstone, Montana, and Jackson, Wyoming. Findings suggest that primary challenges include the seasonality of the tourist industry, disparities between agricultural and tourism-dependent priorities, and the implementation of stated sustainability goals. Challenges differ based on communities’ socio-economic conditions, dependence on tourism and recreation-based industries, and the influence of local and extra-local institutions.
On the Use of Mobile Calling Patterns for Soft Biometric Classification

In this paper, we present an analysis of soft biometric classification and user identification using six months of calling logs from 46 smartphone users. We introduce a ranking methodology to quantify the discriminating strength of thirteen soft biometric classes. These ranked classes are then used to reduce the search space during the biometric identification task for potentially improving recognition accuracy. However, findings indicate that the dynamic nature of calling habits significantly complicates user identification, particularly when soft biometric information is incorporated.
Applications of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC)

The development of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) would not be complete without real world applications of the material. Field applications serve many purposes. First, it provides the opportunity to translate basic material properties, high tensile strain ductility of ECC in particular, to enhanced structural performance. Second, field applications provide validation of the usefulness of the unique properties of ECC that cannot be achieved with conventional concrete. Third, field experience of ECC in structures provide a feedback path to further development/refinement of the material. Thus, the applications of ECC bring life to ECC.
ERαΔ4, an ERα splice variant missing exon4, interacts with caveolin-3 and mGluR2/3.

The two isoforms of the nuclear estrogen receptor, ERα and ERβ are widely expressed in the central nervous system. Although they were first described as nuclear receptors, both isoforms have also been found at the cell membrane where they mediate cell signaling. Surface biotinylation studies using neuronal and glial primary cultures label an alternatively spliced form of ERα. The 52 kDa protein, ERαΔ4, is missing exon 4 and is highly expressed in membrane fractions derived from cultured cells. In vivo, both full-length (66 kDa) ERα and ERαΔ4 are present in membrane fractions. In response to estradiol, full-length ERα and ERαΔ4 are initially trafficked to the membrane, and then internalized in parallel. Previous studies determined that only the full-length ERα associates with metabotropic glutamate receptor-1a (mGluR1a), initiating cellular signaling. The role of ERαΔ4, remained to be elucidated. Here, we report ERαΔ4 trafficking, association with mGluR2/3, and downstream signaling in female rat arcuate nucleus (ARH). Caveolin (CAV) proteins are needed for ER transport to the cell membrane, and using co-immunoprecipitation CAV-3 was shown to associate with ERαΔ4. CAV-3 was necessary for ERαΔ4 trafficking to the membrane: in the ARH, microinjection of CAV-3 siRNA reduced CAV-3 and ERαΔ4a in membrane fractions by 50%, and 60%, respectively. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation revealed that ERαΔ4 associated with inhibitory mGluRs, mGluR2/3. Estrogen benzoate (EB) treatment (5 μg; s.c.; every 4 days; three cycles) reduced levels of cAMP, an effect attenuated by antagonizing mGluR2/3. Following EB treatment, membrane levels of ERαΔ4 and mGluR2/3 were reduced implying ligand-induced internalization. These results implicate ERαΔ4 in an estradiol-induced inhibitory cell signaling in the ARH.
How vaccines work: immune effector mechanisms and designer vaccines

Introduction: Three major advances have led to increase in length and quality of human life: increased food production, improved sanitation and induction of specific adaptive immune responses to in...
Illuminating the streets, alleys, parks and suburbs of the American City: non-networked technologies, 1870-1920

During the nineteenth century American cities transitioned from offering minimal services to providing services through networked infrastructures. Among these were street lights fueled largely by c...
A Synthetic Test Instance for a U.S. Natural Gas Network and Associated Power Grid

In this paper we present a data set that is intended to support ongoing research to address the increasing dependence of electric power networks on natural gas pipelines. Several efforts have emerged to expand the set of sample networks for studying electric power systems at scale, which can be used to develop and test control and optimization concepts and algorithms for these systems. Comparable efforts have developed gas-network test instances that have been valuable for advancing parallel efforts. However, available data sets with realistic representations of these two types of infrastructure systems have not represented their coupling. Here we aim to address this model development shortfall by providing a combined gas-electric test instance, developed from open sources, that represents pipeline and power grid systems in the U.S. with specific information about how these networks interact. Based on our understanding of the function of pipeline systems, we develop a model of a regional system based on publicly available data, and connect it to the ACTIVS U.S. synthetic power grid case. The outcome is a basis for meaningful studies of the interaction between the two types of systems, and exploration of novel management approaches.
Frailty Syndrome in Patients With Lower Extremity Amputation: Simplifying How We Calculate Frailty.

Abstract Background Frailty syndrome is an established predictor of adverse outcomes after surgical procedures. Our study aimed to compare the simplified National Surgical Quality Improvement Program 5-factor–modified frailty index (mFI-5) to its prior 11-factor–modified frailty index (mFI-11) with respect to the predictive ability for mortality, postoperative complications, and unplanned 30-d readmission in patients undergoing lower limb amputation. Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2005-2012) databank was queried for all geriatric patients (>65 y) who underwent above-knee and below-knee amputations. We calculated each mFI by dividing the number of factors present for a patient by the total number of available factors. To assess the correlation between the mFI-5 and mFI-11, we used Spearman's rho rank coefficient. We then compared the two indices for each outcome (30-d complication, 30-d mortality, and 30-d readmission) and C-Statistic using predictive models. Results A total of 8681 patients were included with mean age of 76 ± 9 y, complication rate 35.8%, mortality rate 10.2%, and readmission rate 15.9%. There was no difference in type of amputation in frail and nonfrail. Correlation between the mFI-5 and mFI-11 was above 0.9 for all outcome measures. Both mFI-5 and mFI-11 indexes had strong predictive ability for mortality, postoperative complications, and 30-d readmissions. Conclusions In patients undergoing major lower limb amputation, we found mFI-5 and the mFI-11 were equally effective in predicting postoperative outcomes. Frailty remained a strong predictor of postoperative complications, mortality, and 30-d readmission.
Designing Sustainable Futures: Interdisciplinary Science and Social Creativity

In every region and every nation in the world, people face the difficult challenges of learning to design and maintain healthy societies with limited natural resources—including water, land, and energy—under rapidly changing global to local conditions. These challenges are contained within the framework of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030. Responding to the challenges of the SDGs at local to global scales must address the fundamental complexity of social–ecological systems. This requires understanding the technical, ecological, and geological conditions at multiple scales of time and space and equally importantly, understanding and designing for the future in the appropriate social, political, economic, and cultural contexts. In this talk, I want to discuss two critical questions that arise from these complex systems challenges: (1) How can we build the capacity to innovate for societal well-being by learning to think and act across traditional disciplinary lines? (2) How can we enhance the value of technology and engineering by engaging the knowledge, creativity, and cooperation of all parts of society in designing for their future?
Specialty Differences in Initial Evaluation of Patients With Non-Acute Musculoskeletal Pain.

Purpose: To explore medical diagnostic testing of new cases of musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions associated with chronic pain. Methods: We analyzed nationally representative cross-sectional data of people having visits with a new likely chronic MSK pain condition. We documented depression screening and prescribing of diagnostic imaging and blood tests and explored associations between patient and provider factors for each. Results: Over the 9 years of the survey, there were 11,994 initial visits for chronic MSK pain, an average of 36.8 million weighted visits per year or approximately 11.8% of the population. Proportions for depression screening, prescribed imaging, and blood tests were 1.79%, 36.34%, and 9.70%, respectively. People on any public health insurance had twice the increased relative odds to be screened for depression. Orthopedists had 3 times increased relative odds to prescribe imaging compared with family physicians; oncologists had 4 times increased relative odds to prescribe blood tests. Survey year was significantly associated with depression screening and ordering any type of imaging. Conclusions: Observed rates of depression screening and nonindicated imaging for patients with chronic MSK pain have fluctuated over time. The impact of these fluctuations on clinical practice is as yet unknown. The type of nonrecommended actions varied by specialty of physician.
Modeling NO Biotransport in Brain Using a Space-Fractional Reaction-Diffusion Equation

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small gaseous molecule that is involved in some critical biochemical processes in the body such as the regulation of cerebral blood flow and pressure. Infection and inflammatory processes such as those caused by COVID-19 produce a disequilibrium in the NO bioavailability and/or a delay in the interactions of NO with other molecules contributing to the onset and evolution of cardiocerebrovascular diseases. A link between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and NO is introduced. Recent experimental observations of intracellular transport of metabolites in the brain and the NO trapping inside endothelial microparticles (EMPs) suggest the possibility of anomalous diffusion of NO, which may be enhanced by disease processes. A novel space-fractional reaction-diffusion equation to model NO biotransport in the brain is further proposed. The model incorporates the production of NO by synthesis in neurons and by mechanotransduction in the endothelial cells, and the loss of NO due to its reaction with superoxide and interaction with hemoglobin. The anomalous diffusion is modeled using a generalized Fick's law that involves spatial fractional order derivatives. The predictive ability of the proposed model is investigated through numerical simulations. The implications of the methodology for COVID-19 outlined in the section "Discussion" are purely exploratory.
Pilot study quantifying muscle glycosaminoglycan using bi-exponential T 1ρ mapping in patients with muscle stiffness after stroke.

Post stroke muscle stiffness is a common problem, which left untreated can lead to disabling muscle contractures. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of bi-exponential T1ρ mapping in patients with arm muscle stiffness after stroke and its ability to measure treatment related changes in muscle glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Five patients with muscle stiffness after stroke and 5 healthy controls were recruited for imaging of the upper arm with 3D-T1ρ mapping. Patients were scanned before and after treatment with hyaluronidase injections, whereas the controls were scanned once. Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney tests compared patients vs. controls and patients pre-treatment vs. post-treatment. With bi-exponential modeling, the long component, T1ρl was significantly longer in the patients (biceps P = 0.01; triceps P = 0.004) compared to controls. There was also a significant difference in the signal fractions of the long and short components (biceps P = 0.03, triceps P = 0.04). The results suggest that muscle stiffness is characterized by increased muscle free water and GAG content. Post-treatment, the T1ρ parameters shifted toward control values. This pilot study demonstrates the application of bi-exponential T1ρ mapping as a marker for GAG content in muscle and as a potential treatment monitoring tool for patients with muscle stiffness after stroke.