cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer-checked mathematics: a formal proof of the odd order theorem

The Odd Order Theorem is a landmark result in finite group theory, due to W. Feit and J. G. Thompson [1], which states that every finite group of odd order is solvable. It is famous for its crucial role in the classification of finite simple groups, for the novel methods introduced by its original proof but also for the striking contrast between the simplicity of its statement and the unusual length and complexity of its proof. After a six year collaborative effort, we managed to formalize and machine-check a complete proof of this theorem [2] using the Coq proof assistant [3]. The resulting collection of libraries of formalized mathematics covers a wide variety of topics, mostly in algebra, as this proof relies on a sophisticated combination of local analysis and character theory. In this tutorial we comment on the role played by the different features of the proof assistant, from the meta-theory of its underlying logic to the implementation of its various components. We will also discuss some issues raised by the translation of mathematical textbooks into formal libraries and the perspectives it opens on the use of a computer to do mathematics.
3-D analysis of semiconductor dopant distributions in a patterned structure using LEAP.

Abstract This work presents the first 3-D analysis of lateral dopant diffusion in a patterned structure using a pulsed laser-assisted local electrode atom probe (LEAP). A structure similar to a device channel was created for this work by performing a 3 keV, 1×10 15 cm −2 As + implant on a poly-Si line patterned wafer with 70 nm line width and 200 nm line pitch. The wafer was subsequently annealed at 950 °C for 1 s. LEAP samples were made using a site-selective in-situ focused ion beam (FIB) process. The results from LEAP analysis were then compared with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Florida object-oriented process simulator (FLOOPS) results. Good structural agreement was found between the LEAP and HRTEM results. Several 1-D As concentration profiles extracted from the LEAP data were also found to be in good agreement with FLOOPS process simulation results. These profiles also represent for the first time that results from a 3-D process simulator have been able to be confirmed experimentally using a single sample.
Random order coalition structure values

Recently, attention has been focused on generalizations of the Shapley value obtained by relaxing the symmetry postulate. Shapley defined the class of weighted values and these have been characterized by Kalai and Samet. Random order values, treated by Weber, provide the most general approach to values without symmetry. This paper extends the random order idea to games with coalition structures. The symmetric CS value was defined by Owen; axiomatic characterizations have been given by Owen and Hart and Kurz. Levy and McLean extended their work and analyzed various classes of weighted CS values. The random order CS values of this paper include all the CS values described above as special cases.
Lost Ways of Organizing: Reviving the AFL's Direct Strategy

From its founding in 1886 to the merger with the Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) in 1955, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) chartered some twenty thousand directly affiliated local unions. This article reevaluates the Federation's role in organizing by detailing the ways in which the direct affiliate strategy allowed for a wide range of representational strategies and facilitated the organizing of marginal sectors of the workforce. Reviving the direct affiliate strategy today would enable the Federation to expand jurisdictional boundaries, redefine the criteria for union membership, initiate alternative representational approaches, and boost the resurgence of labor's economic and political power at the subnational level.
Diffusive coupling, dissipation, and synchronization

We consider the synchronization of diffusive coupled systems in situations where the synchronization is a consequence of the dissipation in the coupling as well as ones where there is an interaction between the inherent damping in the subsystems and the coupling. It is not required that the subsystems be identical, and they are allowed to have chaotic dynamics. Both discrete and continuous versions are discussed. We also consider coupled oscillators where the dynamics of each oscillator is determined by circuitry across a lossless transmission line.
Narrow Bandpass MEMS-Tunable Filters Based on Phase Shifted Guided-Mode Resonance Structures

A MEMS-tunable narrow bandpass filter concept is presented. This filter is based on the phase shift effect between two gratings resulting from halving a broadband high reflector guided-mode resonance structure.
Molecular dynamics-continuum hybrid computations: A tool for studying complex fluid flows.

A generic algorithm is presented for coupling a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to a continuum-based computation for a fluid system. The coupling is achieved by constraining the dynamics of fluid molecules in the vicinity of the MD-continuum interface. The validity of the hybrid method is demonstrated for a unidirectional, startup flow of a simple fluid near a solid surface. By vastly extending the length scales accessible in MD simulations, the method makes possible an efficient study of the macroscopic ramifications of microscopic interfacial phenomena.
Thermoplastic Inlay Pavement Markings: Field Performance and Effect on Hot-Mix Asphalt

This report documents the study of the field performance of an inlay type of thermoplastic pavement marking material along with the 2-year-old bituminous pavement to which it was applied. Evaluation included physical performance of the product and the effect on overall durability of the pavement surface. The installation was performed in May 2006 on a bituminous test cell at the Minnesota Road Research Project's Low Volume Road. A total of 524 ft2 of inlaid thermoplastic pavement marking material was installed on a 4-in. surface of Superpave® hot-mix asphalt, including one segment installed along 100 ft of the left wheel path of a lane that received standard truck load configurations, and two crosswalks that received load configurations that varied by lane. From May 16, 2006, to August 1, 2007, the installations received 6,809 and 2,003 repetitions of the standard 80K and overloaded 102K truck configurations, respectively. The installation was a decorative treatment, not a retrofit of longitudinal lines o...
The making of the North's ‘stark mad Abolitionists’: anti-slavery conversion in the United States, 1824–54

In the late 1920s an economics professor at Ohio Wesleyan University stumbled upon a forgotten trunk in an attic belonging to Dr. L.D.H. Weld. The trunk contained the papers and letters of the abol...
A variable target intensity-restrained global optimization (VARTIGO) procedure for determining three-dimensional structures of polypeptides from NOESY data: Application to gramicidin-S

A global optimization method for intensity-restrained structure refinement, based on variable target function (VTF) analysis, is illustrated using experimental data on a model peptide, gramicidin-S (GS) dissolved in DMSO. The method (referred to as VARTIGO for variable target intensity-restrained global optimization) involves minimization of a target function in which the range of NOE contacts is gradually increased in successive cycles of optimization in dihedral angle space. Several different starting conformations (including all-trans) have been tested to establish the validity of the method. Not all optimizations were successful, but these were readily identifiable from their large NOE R-factors. We also show that it is possible to simultaneously optimize the rotational correlation time along with the dihedral angles. The structural features of GS thus obtained from the successful optimizations are in excellent agreement with the available experimental data. A comparison is made with structures generated from an intensity-restrained single target function (STF) analysis. The results on GS suggest that VARTIGO refinement is capable of yielding better quality structures. Our work also underscores the need for a simultaneous analysis of different NOE R-factors in judging the quality of optimized structures. The NOESY data on GS in DMSO appear to provide evidence for the presence of two orientations for the ornithine side chain, in fast exchange. The NOESY spectra for this case were analyzed using a relaxation rate matrix which is a weighted average of the relaxation rate matrices for the individual conformations.
Brain large neutral amino acids and catecholamines in parenterally nourished preterm rabbits

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been adapted as a standard for providing nutrition to ill term and preterm infants. The availability of tyrosine in amino acid preparations utilized for TPN is limited and may potentiate a tyrosine-deficient state. Phenlyalanine hydroxylase activity, responsible for catalyzing tyrosine synthesis, has been suggested to be decreased in fetal and neonatal animals. Parenterally nourished premature rabbits (n=16) and suckled rabbits (n=19) were studied in order to compare growth parameters and amino acids in the plasma and brain, as well as whole brain catecholamine concentrations. Influx velocities into the brain of amino acids were also determined in these two groups. The preterm rabbit's average birth weight (42.6±6.0) was less than that of term rabbits (56.7±8.7, P<0.005). Significantly lower concentrations of the catecholamine precursor tyrosine were found in both the plasma and brain of the parenterally nourished animals compared to the suckled animals. Tyrosine is reduced in the brain in TPN-supported animals reflecting both low tyrosine intake and increased plasma concentrations of large neutral amino acids that compete for uptake at the blood-brain barrier. However, no difference was observed between the two groups in their brain catecholamine concentrations. The seven-day parenterally nourished rabbit appears to be tyrosine-deficient but no evident effects on brain catecholamine concentrations were seen. The effects and impact of a tyrosine-deficient state might better be evaluated by regional evaluation of catecholaminergic areas of the brain or over a longer period of parenteral nutrition.
The consequences of minimum wage legislation

A policy which could raise wages in the low-wage labour market without job losses would be remarkable. Employers will respond to a wage floor not only by changing the employment level but by altering the other components of job packages. The‘new economics’of the minimum wage largely ignores such effects.
Embryonal carcinoma primary in the mandible of a child with involvement of tooth pulp

Abstract 1. 1. Pathologic findings are reported in a case of a malignant, undifferentiated, epithelial tumor, primary in the mandible of a child. No other jaw tumor with this histologic appearance could be found in the literature. 2. 2. The tumor might have originated from the oral, odontogenic epithelium. 3. 3. The tumor mass caused accelerated eruption and malposition of teeth. 4. 4. Involvement of the tooth pulp and evidence of a higher degree of differentiation of the tumor in the pulp were observed. The literature concerning the finding of neoplastic tissue in the pulp is reviewed.
Fulminant necrotizing enterocolitis in a multihospital healthcare system.

A subset of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) cases is fulminant, characterized by rapid progression to death with massive bowel necrosis found at laparotomy or autopsy. We sought to identify and report all such cases in a multihospital healthcare system during the past 9 years and to characterize this entity using case-control methodologies. This was a multicentered, cross-sectional, historic cohort study conducted using Intermountain Healthcare hospital patient data. All neonates who died of NEC within 48 h of onset, during 2001 to 2009, were compared with two matched control groups: (1) demographically matched controls who developed non-fulminant NEC, (2) demographically matched controls that did not develop NEC. During this period, 2 71 327 live births occurred in the Intermountain Healthcare hospitals. Of these, 318 had a diagnosis of NEC (Bell stage ⩾II). Also during this period, 205 other neonates were transferred into an Intermountain hospital for treatment of NEC. Of these 523 NEC cases, 35 (6.7%) had a fulminant course. Compared with the non-fulminant cases, the fulminant group were born at lower weight (1088±545 vs 1652±817 g, P=0.000) and earlier gestational age (27.5±3.3 vs 31.1±4.4 weeks, P=0.000), and were more likely to have: (1) radiographic evidence of portal venous air (P=0.000), (2) hematocrit 20 ml/kg/day (P=0.003), (4) immature to total (I/T) neutrophil ratio >0.5 (P=0.005), (5) blood lymphocyte count <4000/μl (P=0.018), (6) an increase in concentration of human milk fortifier within 48 h before developing NEC (P=0.020). Portal venous air, anemia, rapid feeding escalation, a high I/T neutrophil ratio, a low lymphocyte count and recent increases in fortifier may all be associated with fulminant NEC.
The effect of VMAT2 inhibitor GZ-793A on the reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking in rats

Rationale The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) has been identified as a potential target for the treatment of methamphetamine (METH) abuse. GZ-793A is a potent and selective VMAT2 inhibitor that has been shown to block the primary and conditioned reinforcing effects of METH, while demonstrating no abuse liability when given alone.
The production of sporostatic factors in soil

Sixteen species of fungi were isolated from a park-land soil. When inoculated back into a sterilized sample of this soil three sporostatic factors, acetaldehyde, n-propanol and nonanoic acid were found to accumulate and the soil became inhibitory to the germination of test spores. The level of inhibition recorded could be explained wholly in terms of the prevailing levels of the identified sporostatic factors.
The mechanism of phosphine-modified rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation studied by CIR-FTIR

The mechanism of phosphine-modified rhodium-catalyzed hydrofonnylation of 1-hexene was studied by in situ infrared spectroscopy using high pressure autoclaves equipped with embedded cylindrical internal reflectance crystals (CIR-FTIR). A series of RhH(CO)2(PR3)2 complexes 1 were synthesized using p-substituted triarylphosphines where the electron density on rhodium was varied by using p-N(CH3)2, p-OCH3, p-H, p-F,p-Cl or p-CF3. The metal carbonyl and metal hydride infrared stretching frequencies were correlated by a standard Hammett treatment of the data. Reaction rates and selectivities for linear aldehydes both increased with increasingly electron-withdrawing phosphines. The IR spectra, measured under autogenous conditions of 70 †C and 200 psi (1.38 MPa), showed the presence of various intermediates in the catalytic cycle depending upon the phosphine modification, P/Rh ratio, total syngas pressure, and degree of olefin conversion. The rate and spectroscopic data permitted the assignment of a reaction mechanism involving CO dissociation from RhH(CO)2L2 1 as the primary selective hydroformylation pathway.
DISCRETE GAUGE THEORIES

In this review we discuss the formulation and distinguishing characteristics of discrete gauge theories, and describe several important applications of the concept. For the abelian (ℤN) discrete gauge theories, we consider the construction of the discrete charge operator F(Σ*) and the associated gauge-invariant order parameter that distinguishes different Higgs phases of a spontaneously broken U(1) gauge theory. We sketch some of the important thermodynamic consequences of the resultant discrete quantum hair on black holes. We further show that, as a consequence of unbroken discrete gauge symmetries, Grand Unified cosmic strings generically exhibit a Callan-Rubakov effect. For non-abelian discrete gauge theories we discuss in some detail the charge measurement process, and in the context of a lattice formulation we construct the non-abelian generalization of F(Σ*). This enables us to build the order parameter that distinguishes the different Higgs phases of a non-abelian discrete lattice gauge theory with matter. We also describe some of the fascinating phenomena associated with non-abelian gauge vortices. For example, we argue that a loop of Alice string, or any non-abelian string, is super-conducting by virtue of charged zero modes whose charge cannot be localized anywhere on or around the string (“Cheshire charge”). Finally, we discuss the relationship between discrete gauge theories and the existence of excitations possessing exotic spin and statistics (and more generally excitations whose interactions are purely “topological”).
Dielectric properties of starch slurries as influenced by starch concentration and gelatinization

Abstract Dielectric properties of corn starch slurries of 10–50% (w/w) starch concentration were measured at temperatures between 40 and 90 °C and in the frequency range from 15 MHz to 3 GHz. Dielectric constant decreased and the loss factor increased with increasing starch concentrations. The dielectric loss factor of the starch slurries decreased at frequencies 15–450 MHz and increased at frequencies 450 MHz to 3 GHz. A significant effect of frequency on the dielectric constant was evident only at higher starch concentrations (>40%). Dielectric constant of starch slurries decreased with increasing temperature throughout the frequency range while the dielectric loss increased with temperature between 15 MHz and 450 MHz and then decreased with increase in temperature between 450 MHz and 3 GHz. During gelatinization, the dielectric constant for 20% starch slurry decreased in a linear fashion. A significant correlation ( R 2 = 0.87611; P
Post-Industrialism: Prosperity or Decline?

Three models of post-industrial society are examined and then compared in relation to recent trends in labor force distribution, real income, and production. Two of the models, formulated by Daniel...
Impacts of generalist mesopredators on the demography of small-mammal populations in fragmented landscapes

A consequence of the reduction and subsequent fragmentation of native habitats has been the loss or severe re- duction of specialist predator populations from these altered ecosystems, resulting in a "release" of generalist predators. Demographic aspects of small-rodent populations, especially predator-driven density cycles, have been extensively studied. However, the majority of studies examining predator-prey dynamics have been conducted in relatively undisturbed ecosys- tems, while more limited data are available for regions that have been greatly modified by human settlement. Using rac- coons (Procyon lotor (L., 1758)) and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque, 1818)) as focal species, we used an experimental framework to evaluate the hypothesis that generalist mesopredators limit small-mammal abundance in landscapes that have been significantly altered by human land use. Both parametric and nonparametric analyses indicated that populations of white-footed mice exhibited a significant increase (32%) in density where raccoon abundance was re- duced when compared with control populations. Our study highlights an important role that superabundant mesopredators can play in ecosystems through the limitation of secondary prey populations. This research suggests that further investiga- tion of the trophic dynamics of agricultural ecosystems is critical if we are to elucidate the fundamental ecological mecha- nisms associated with the persistence of species in disturbed environments.
A hybrid finite element/rigorous coupled wave analysis for electromagnetic scattering from periodic structures

In this paper, a new hybrid FE/RCWA formulation is presented for the modeling of electromagnetic wave interactions with dielectric structures which are doubly periodic. Employment of Fourier series expansion and Floquet's theory in one of the periodic dimensions helps to reduce the dimensions of the mesh grids. Therefore, 2D grids are used rather than 3D meshes of the structures of interest. This reduction in turn makes significant savings in computational resources and time as well as the time spent during modeling. For the new FE/RCWA method, the matrix factorization is calculated as NB3 and the matrix storage is calculated as N2/3B2, where B is the number of Fourier expansion terms included for the electric field representation and N is the number of unknowns in the full 3D FEM solution. Even though the value of B depends on the dielectric profile, as a reasonable value it can be related to N as (N1/3)/5. Therefore the computational cost for matrix factorization and storage are calculated as N2/125 and (N4/3)/25, respectively. This method is more efficient than a fully 3D FEM approach which has computational costs and storage proportional to N2 and N1.5, respectively. The results show good agreement with the results of the previous solution techniques.
Harvey Cushing's Contributions to Plastic Surgery: Bilateral Cleft Lip Repair

Harvey Cushing has been deemed by many as the neurosurgeon of the 20th century. Cushing's unknown contributions to the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery were only recently reported. Further review of his teaching and operative records, brought from Johns Hopkins to Yale University, revealed an unpublished case of bilateral cleft lip repair that he performed. In this article, we present in detail this comprehensive case and describe, with the help of his personal teaching notes and illustrations, how Cushing combined methods from world-renowned surgeons to approach bilateral cleft lip deformities.
Using the PICCOLO with Parents of Children with a Disability

All children benefit from positive parenting behaviors that support early child development. For a parent of a child with a disability, the child's characteristics and possible limitations can make positive parenting behaviors challenging, and yet, these interactions need to be a focus of early intervention to promote optimal family and child development. Family-centered practice, which includes strengthening parenting skills, has been advocated by the early intervention field. Although early intervention programs realize the importance of supporting parent-child interaction as part of family-centered practice, it has not been an emphasis of most early intervention programs. The lack of easy-to-use, psychometrically strong parenting measures is an issue in early intervention. The Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO) provides a practical observation measure of parenting with young children. We tested the reliability and validity of this measure with parents of children with an identified disability. Early parenting behaviors predicted cognitive and language outcomes for children with an identified disability up to 9 years after the first assessment. The PICCOLO demonstrated strong reliability and both construct and predictive validity, and shows promise as a useful measure for practitioners working with parents who have a child with a disability. Abstracts translated in Spanish, French, German, and Japanese can be found on the abstract page of each article on Wiley Online Library at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/imhj.
Transition time bounded low-power clock tree construction

Power has become a significant issue in clock network design for high-performance ICs because the clock network consumes a large portion of the total power in the system. Also, the clock signal is the signal with the highest frequency in the system, which makes the transition time bound of the clock signal extremely tight. Hence, it is necessary to have transition time bounds to construct low-power clock trees in high performance systems. We formulate the transition time bounded low-power clock tree construction problem. Buffer insertion, buffer sizing and wire sizing are employed to construct the low-power clock tree under a given transition time bound. We propose a top-down dynamic programming algorithm to solve the problem. Experimental results show that the transition time bound has a significant effect on power consumption. Therefore, we need to consider the trade-off between transition time and power consumption in clock tree design. In addition, the short-circuit power's percentage of the total power is not negligible. Hence, it is not appropriate to neglect it. By carefully considering short-circuit power and transition time of buffers, we get accurate power consumption and transition time compared with SPICE simulation results.
2-Keto-3-deoxy-L-arabonate aldolase and its role in A new pathway of L-arabinose degradation

Abstract A new aldolase which catalyzes the cleavage of 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-arabonate to pyruvate and glycolaldehyde was demonstrated in extracts of a pseudomonad (strain MSU-1). Extracts also catalyzed an oxidation of L-arabinose and a dehydration of L-arabonate. However, the dehydration and oxidation of 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-arabonate to α-ketoglutarate, which has been reported to occur in other pseudomonads, could not be demonstrated in extracts of pseudomonad MSU-1. Thus, the pathway of L-arabinose degradation in pseudomonad MSU-1 is believed to be: L-arabinose → L-arabonate → 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-arabonate → pyruvate + glycolaldehyde.
Democracy and Economic Crisis: The Latin American Experience

The debt crisis has raised serious concerns about the future of democratic governance in Latin America. The prevailing assumption is not merely that economic decline undercuts prospects for democratic consolidation; because of their vulnerability to popular political pressures, democracies—particularly new democracies—have been seen as incapable of mounting effective policy responses to critical economic challenges. A comparative study of policy outcomes in Latin America since the outbreak of the debt crisis challenges this assumption. If we control for the magnitude of the debt burden at the outbreak of the crisis, no statistically significant differences emerge between democratic and authoritarian regimes, or between new democracies and more established regimes. The findings suggest that the conventional wisdom about democracy and economic crisis exaggerates the relationship between political regime characteristics and policy choice, and fundamentally misconstrues the strengths and weaknesses of liberal democratic forms of governance.
On-line capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using a polymerized anionic surfactant.

On-line capillary electrophoresis - electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) has been used to determine the tricyclic antidepressant drugs (imipramine, doxepin, and amitriptyline) as well as the β-adrenergic blocker drugs (propranolol and alprenolol). A CE-ESI-MS interface linking a manually operated CE system and a Finnigan MAT-900 sector mass spectrometer (with an Analytica electrospray ionization source) has been constructed in-house and employed for this study. Although a water/methanol based capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) buffer was initially used to determine these analytes, enhanced resolution was obtained by addition of a polymerized surfactant, i.e., poly-sodium undecylenic sulfate (poly-SUS), into the electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) buffer. When a low concentration of this poly-SUS surfactant was added to a volatile EKC buffer, these structurally similar cationic drugs were EKC separated and on-line detected by ESI-MS.
Altruism Toward Groups: The Charitable Provision of Private Goods:

One form of altruism is the voluntary provision of public goods. Theories of altruism based on the public goods model, however, lead to false predictions of giving only by the very wealthiest membe...
Priming effect and C storage in semi-arid no-till spring crop rotations

Adoption of less invasive management practices, such as no-till (NT) and continuous cropping, could reduce CO2 emissions from agricultural soils by retaining soil organic matter (SOM). We hypothesized that C storage increases as cropping intensity increases and tillage decreases. We also hypothesized that pulsed addition of C increases the mineralization of native SOM. We evaluated C storage at the 0- to 5-cm depth in soils from four crop rotations: winter wheat-fallow, spring wheat-chemical fallow, continuous hard red spring wheat, and spring wheat-spring barley on a Ritzville silt loam (Calcidic Haploxeroll). In two incubation studies using 14C-labeled wheat straw, we traced the decomposition of added residue as influenced by (1) cropping frequency, (2) tillage, and (3) pulsed additions of C. Differences in 14C mineralization did not exist among the four rotations at any time throughout the incubations. However, differences in total CO2 production between the continuous wheat rotations and the fallow rotations point to a priming of native SOM, the degree of which appears to be related to the relative contributions of fungi and bacteria to the decomposition of added residue. Addition of non-labeled wheat straw to select samples in the second incubation resulted in a flush of 14C-CO2 not seen in the controls. This priming effect suggests C inputs have a greater effect on mineralization of residual C compared to disturbance and endogenous metabolism appears to be the source of primed C, with priming becoming more pronounced as the fungal:bacterial ratio in the soil increases.
Systems Perspective on Automobile and Appliance Warranty Problems

Warranties must protect consumers to serve manufacturers, but competition is deficient as a consumer protection. Consumers seeking aid through legislation and litigation have forced government to create new institutions, but consumers can play a still more effective role in holding both government and industry to standards of social accountability.
Revisiting the First-Level Digital Divide in the United States

With the narrowing of Internet access divide, researchers have focused on Internet usage, taking for granted access issues. However, questions remain regarding who has Internet access in the United States: What is the status of the racial divide? Is there still a gender divide? How do Latinos compare to other racial and ethnic minority groups? How does gender intersect with race and ethnicity? I analyze nationally representative data to compare Internet access among adults from 2007 to 2012. I find that women are more likely to report having Internet access than men. Blacks and Latinos are equally likely to report having Internet access, and both groups are less likely to report having Internet access than Whites. Finally, Black men exhibited the greatest increase in access. This research complements Internet usage studies with a recent assessment of Internet access trends, important trends to monitor as policies and technological innovations aim for universal access.
A Study on Some Switching Aspects of a Double Circuit HVDC Transmission Line

A double circuit HVDC transmission linie equipped with a factacting dc circuit breaker has been studied in three modes of switching. Load breaking in one line and transfer to the other was investigated by utilizing an HVDC system simulator; breaker duty was easy and system disturbances were minimal. Fault clearing with and without system control assistance was investigated by use of a digital computer; breaker duty was more severe when control assistance was not utilized, but the duration of the system disturbance was reduced. No unacceptable system or breaker overvoltages were observed. The digital computer program was comprehensive, in that it modeled not only the line and terminal configurations but also the dynamic control characteristics of the Pacific Intertie.
Morphographic analysis as a word identification strategy for deaf readers

This review of theoretical and research literature develops a rationale for morphographic analysis as a principal component of instruction on word identification for deaf students. The word identification process is conceptualized with regard to visually accessible morphographic components of text, including definition of the variables involved in morphographic analysis. Evidence accumulated from varied sources is presented to support this rationale for another approach to reading with deaf students. The conclusion outlines implications for instructional intervention and for future research.
Transfer of voltage independence from a rat olfactory channel to the Drosophila ether-à-go-go K+ channel.

The S4 segment is an important part of the voltage sensor in voltage-gated ion channels. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, which are members of the superfamily of voltage-gated channels, have little inherent sensitivity to voltage despite the presence of an S4 segment. We made chimeras between a voltage-independent rat olfactory channel (rolf) and the voltage-dependent ether-a-go-go K+ channel (eag) to determine the basis of their divergent gating properties. We found that the rolf S4 segment can support a voltage-dependent mechanism of activation in eag, suggesting that rolf has a potentially functional voltage sensor that is silent during gating. In addition, we found that the S3-S4 loop of rolf increases the relative stability of the open conformation of eag, effectively converting eag into a voltage-independent channel. A single charged residue in the loop makes a significant contribution to the relative stabilization of the open state in eag. Our data suggest that cyclic nucleotide-gated channels such as rolf contain a voltage sensor which, in the physiological voltage range, is stabilized in an activated conformation that is permissive for pore opening.
A Pragmatic Primer… Lessons from Natural Science for the Profession of Dentistry

Artificially supplementing our community water supplies with optimal amounts of fluoride to gain the benefits of a significant reduction in dental caries is a lesson we have learned from natural science, a lesson from nature we have appropriated for culture- and a very pragmatic lesson. Today, we have discovered through science additional principles of nature that can be instructive and that can be appropriated for the profession of dentistry's benefit. This paper reviews five principles of natural science and derives lessons for the profession from these principles. The principles include natural selection, environmental change, form follows function, symbiosis, and entropy. Lessons derived from these principles of natural science are, respectively: survival and thriving of the profession are dependent upon the environment; the status quo will not be maintained-the profession must acknowledge, encourage, and celebrate change; the form the profession assumes must be consistent with its function of serving society; the profession must acknowledge the interdependence and reciprocity existing in its relationship with society; and the profession must continuously, energetically, and creatively reconstruct and renew itself. The challenge before us is to transform dentistry into a profession that continuously anticipates environmental changes by energetically creating new forms or structures that will result in more effective fulfillment of our function: gaining the benefits of oral health for society.
From Black's Advice and Arrow's Theorem to the Gibbard-Satterthewaite Result

A continual issue within the social choice community centers around Arrow’s seminal theorem asserting that there does not exist a voting rule satisfying certain seemingly innocuous conditions. Examples illustrating his result include problems with paired comparisons; consequences include the Gibbard–Satterthwaite result about strategic voting. In this paper, a new, pragmatic interpretation of Arrow’s result is given, an explanation as to why his theorem does not mean what has generally been accepted is reviewed, an intuitive explanation of the Gibbard–Satterthwaite result is introduced, and an explanation of paired comparison problems, in terms of advice given by Duncan Black, is provided.
Voting networks

Designs of hardware voters are presented that can be easily pipelined to accommodate extremely high data rates. Design strategies for bit-voters and word-voters are described. Examples of resultant designs are given and each design is evaluated with respect to cost and performance. Both ordinary and generalized m-out-of-n voting, with arbitrary vote assigned to the inputs, are considered. Median voters can be synthesized by simple variants of the design methods. Using currently available technology, these designs can operate at speeds of many millions of votes per second. For majority bit-voters with small values of n, a multiplexer-based design method generally yields the best realizations while for larger values of n, designs based on selection networks tend to be most efficient. For word voters, cost-effective designs based on modified or augmented sorting networks are feasible. In either case, the rich theory developed for the analysis and synthesis of parallel/pipelined sorting networks directly benefits the design process. >
From Discussion Forum to Discursive Studio Learning and Creativity in Design-Oriented Affinity Spaces

In recent years, playful design environments and digital games have been offering increasingly accessible programming tools and integrated editors, significantly expanding opportunities for the creation and sharing of user-generated content. These practices have engendered the diffusion of participatory online environments in which users present, discuss, and critique their creations. This study analyzes one of these design-driven environments dedicated to game levels created with the popular series LittleBigPlanet. Findings suggest that participants interact guided by their desire to become skilled designers and be recognized as such by their peers. To do so, they enact situated discursive functions that entail a pervasive use of specialist language, the formation of shared design references, and the valorization of new forms of originality based on remixing and intertextuality. By engaging in multimodal practices in a competent community of peer designers, participants create a safe “discursive studio” ...
Biotype E Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) Control on Wheat with Insecticide Sprays at Low Temperatures

Malathion (1.12 kg of AI/ha) effectively reduced populations of biotype E greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), within 24 h at temperatures below 10°C, whereas comparable control with parathion (0.28 kg of AI/ha) required 3 days. Control with parathion was more rapid (2 days) between 10 and 18.9°C. Dimethoate (0.37 kg of AI/ha) did not reduce green bug populations to acceptable levels at 18.9°C. Malathion, parathion, and dimethoate reduced high populations between 23.8 and 30°C. Untreated populations of S. graminum significantly reduced wheat yields.
CdSe nanocrystal based chem-/bio- sensors

Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have found application in biology mostly as optical imaging agents where the photophysical properties of the NCs are insensitive to species in their environment. This tutorial review examines the application of CdSe NCs as optical sensing agents where the NC's photophysical properties are sensitive to species in their environment. For this case, the NC is modified at the surface with a conjugate, which interacts with an external agent by physical (i.e. recognition) or chemical means. Signal transduction in these chem-bio (CB) sensitive NCs is derived primarily from energy transfer between the NC and the external agent, which functions as the energy transfer acceptor or donor. Signaling may be obtained by directly detecting luminescence from the NC and/or the conjugate. New developments for the use of NCs as gain materials in micro-lasing cavities (distributed feedback gratings and spherical resonators) opens the way to designing CB-sensitive NCs for high-gain sensing applications.
Assessing habitat relationships of mountain lions and their prey in the Davis Mountains, Texas

Availability and habitat use are central factors in the selection of prey by mountain lions (Puma concolor), and they are important for understanding predator-prey dynamics. We used an array of camera traps to evaluate the relative abundance and spatial distribution of mountain lions and their prey in the Davis Mountains of Texas. Resource selection was evaluated for four criteria: elevation, ecological system, fine-scale terrain ruggedness, and broad-scale terrain ruggedness. We used v 2 analysis to determine whether habitat was used in proportion to availability, and then we calculated a selection index with 95% confidence intervals using a Bonferroni adjustment. We found feral hog (Sus scrofa) to be the most abundant species, composing 23% of the total animals observed. Feral hog and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were the most widespread species, each observed at 33 of 38 camera locations. For each prey species evaluated, habitat use differed significantly from availability for at least one of the four resource criteria. Mountain lion use of resource criteria was not different from availability, except they avoided the second lowest class of broad-scale terrain ruggedness. With knowledge of mountain lion habitat use and the availability of prey, resource managers can better assess what effects mountain lion predation may have on a specific species, thereby allowing for better management of those species.
Effects of Photoperiod and Temperature on Development in Hypera brunneipennis

Development of the Egyptian alfalfa weevil, Hypera brunneipennis (Boheman), was studied simultaneously at 5 evenly spaced photoperiods ranging from 10–18-h photo-phase and 2 constant temperatures (20 and 25°C). At either temperature, photoperiod had no discernible effect on developmental velocity. However, faster developmental rates were observed at 25°C. The weevil's development was also studied at 5 evenly spaced constant temperatures ranging from 15–35°C and 3 fluctuating temperatures ranging from 4.4–37.8°C under a constant photophase of 12 h. Developmental time and survival of developmental stages were inversely related to temperature and were not noticeably different under both constant and fluctuating thermal environments, particularly at the medial range of 20–30°C. A theoretical lower thermal limit of 9.75°C and thermal constant of 62.5 wk degrees (wk °C) for development were obtained. The temperature threshold for development was estimated to lie between 9.75–15°C. Deceleration in developmental velocity coupled with emergence of small adults were observed 35°C and it is concluded that this temperature approaches the upper thermal limit. The optimum temperature range for development was 15–25°C. Since over 80% of initial number of eggs successfully developed to adult weevils at all temperatures tested, it was concluded that the developmental stages of H. brunneipennis are eury-thermal and therefore have a potential for wide geographical distribution. However, since H. brunneipennis is limited to only California and Arizona in North America, we concluded that the temperature-development relationship is insufficient to explain the weevil's apparently limited geographical distribution.
Distribution of common pathogens from children with urinary tract infection and antimicrobial resistance

OBJECTIVE To approach the distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic bacteria in urinary tract infecion in children,to provide the evidence of anti-infection treatment for the clinician.METHODS The strains isolates from urine specimen from Jan.2006 to Dec.2009 were included in this study.The positive results of urine culture were analyzed statistically.Referring to National Guide to Clinical Laboratory Procedures,the strains were cultured and identified.The susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method.The resistance results were assessed according to CLSI 2006-2009 breakpoints.RESULTS The detection rate of the pathogens was 16.2%.The majority was Escherichia coli which accounted for 36.3%.Except for E.coli and Klebsiella peumoniae were 100.0% sensitive to carbapenems to and Enterococci were 100.0% sensitive to glycopeptides,the pathogenic bacteria in children with urinary tract infection were highly resistant to the most of the commonly used antibiotics.CONCLUSION The drug resistance of the pathogens causing urinary tract infection keeps an increasing tendency,which is closely related to the clinical abuse of broad spectrum antibiotics.
The Psychometric Properties of the Inner Strength Questionnaire for Women with Chronic Health Conditions

By Kristi Leanne Lewis, Ph.D., M.P.H. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2004 Dissertation Director: James H. McMillan, Ph.D. School of Education The purpose of this research was to develop and test an instrument to measure or quantify the construct of inner strength. Inner strength was synthesized into a theory based on twelve years of qualitative data from direct participant quotes, defined by Roux et al. (2002) as a central human resource that promotes well-being and healing. The inner strength questionnaire (ISQ) has undergone extensive psychometric evaluation which resulted in several versions. The third version had 37-items and was believed to have four subscales that mirrored the theoretical themes that emerged through the qualitative data. The sample was composed of 281 women with a variety of chronic health conditions including breast cancer, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and heart disease. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were employed to assess the structure of the ISQ. Internal consistency was used to assess the reliability of each hypothesized subscale and the entire ISQ. Convergent and
SU-F-J-35: Moving Towards Isocentric Prone Breast Setup with Contralateral Leveling Tattoo and Couch Move Assistant (CMA)

Purpose: Large setup variability has been observed for prone breast patients due to rotation error. To reduce this uncertainty, we propose a novel implementation of isocentric prone breast method on Elekta linac with couch move assistant (CMA) and on-line KV CBCT. Methods: Daily CBCT is used to evaluate the prone breast patient positioning uncertainty of proposed isocentric technique against our routine manual clinical setup. Clinical setup involves a manual AP shift from the ipsilateral torso tattoos (2PT) to the treatment iso directly underneath and SSD and flash check. While the proposed isocentric prone breast method features an additional contralateral leveling tattoo positioned at mid-level of torso during CT simulation to determine correct patient obliqueness, and an automatic couch shift using Elekta CMA to correct both known distance from 2PT to the iso and daily setup uncertainty. Summary statistics were calculated for a cohort of prone breast patients from our clinic (n=5), and will be updated as more patients get administrated. Results: Small field of view partial CBCT acquisition is optimized to achieve clearance and minimize nominal imaging dose to 0.6cGy per scan to a 16cm phantom. Routine clinical setup uncertainty is 0.3±0.2cm, 0.7±0.4cm and 0.4±0.3cm in S/I, L/R and A/P respectively. Using the isocentric prone breast method, the setup uncertainty could be reduced to 0±0.3cm, 0.3±0.4cm and 0.1±0.3cm if the average couch shift in the 1st week of treatment is applied by CMA to the rest of treatment days. The uncertainty could be further reduced to 0.3±0.1cm, 0±0.1cm and 0±0.2cm with additional contralateral leveling tattoo. The improvement in precision is found to be statistically significant (p<0.05) using unpaired student t-tests. Conclusion: Contralateral leveling tattoo is essential to determine correct patient obliqueness. More consistent and accurate isocentric prone breast patient positioning is achievable on Elekta linac with CMA and CBCT.