cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parental Emotion Regulation Strategy Use and Responses to Youth Negative Affect

Parental responses to youth negative affect have been associated with social and emotional outcomes in youth. However, the association between such parenting behaviors and essential components of youth emotion regulation is not well studied, especially in youth with anxiety and depressive disorders. This investigation examined the influence of parents' emotion regulation strategies and their responses to youth negative affect on adolescent-reported emotional awareness and emotional expression in a clinical sample of youth with anxiety disorders. In addition, this study examined the relationship between parent-reported use of emotion regulation strategies and parental reactions to youth negative affect. Questionnaires were completed by 67 adolescents (ages 12-18 years) and by one of their parents during an intake assessment at a university-based clinic. Adolescents had a primary anxiety or depressive disorder diagnosis. Results indicated a positive relationship between parent-reported use of suppression and youth report of poor emotional understanding in adolescents with a primary anxiety or depressive disorder. A positive relationship between parent-reported use of reappraisal and emotion-coaching responses to youth negative affect was also found. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed in the context of parental socialization of youth emotion regulation and in terms of prevention and intervention efforts.
POLLEN PERFORMANCE AND SEX-RATIO EVOLUTION IN A DIOECIOUS PLANT.

There has been a proliferation of studies, in a variety of taxa, that have detected sex-linked or cytoplasmic genes that enhance their own transmission via sex-ratio distortion. One of the most important parameters influencing the dynamics of these elements is the magnitude of their transmission advantage. In many systems, the mechanism of sex-ratio distortion is to abort X- or Y-bearing gametes. With this mechanism, the transmission advantage associated with sex-ratio distortion is diminished when the production of male gametes limits offspring production or when competition among the gametes of different males is intense. In this study, we analyzed the outcome of pollen competition between males that produced different sex ratios in the dioecious plant, Silene alba, and estimated how the sex-ratio bias influenced the transmission properties of the sex chromosomes. We varied the intensity of pollen competition by controlling the quantity of pollen used in crosses and used a combination of single-male pollinations and pollen mixtures to evaluate the effects of multiple paternity. Paternity in pollen mixtures was estimated using allozymes. Sex-ratio bias was directly influenced by the quantity of pollen, but the magnitude of this effect was small. The relative performance of pollen from different males varied substantially, especially when there was multiple paternity. Specifically, males with biased sex ratios sired far fewer offspring of either sex in pollen mixtures. In crosses involving single males, however, these "sex-ratio" males produced the same number of offspring as other males, so the female bias caused a significant transmission advantage for X-linked genes. X-linked genes could enhance their transmission via sex-ratio distortion in Silene populations, but the magnitude of this transmission advantage will depend on the ecological circumstances that influence the opportunity for multiple paternity.
Hear No Evil, See No Evil: On Professor Nesson's Claims About Evidence Suppression

Response to Professor Nesson's presentaiton at the Decision and Interference Litigation symposium, New York, New York, 1991.
SU-G-IeP2-12: The Effect of Iterative Reconstruction and CT Tube Voltage On Hounsfield Unit Values of Iodinated Contrast

Purpose: To investigate the effects of changing iterative reconstruction strength and tube voltage on Hounsfield Unit (HU) values of varying concentrations of Iodinated contrast medium in a phantom. Method: Iodinated contrast (Omnipaque 300, GE Healthcare, Princeton NJ) was diluted with distilled water to concentrations of 0.6, 0.9, 1.8, 3.6, 7.2, and 10.8 mg/mL of Iodine. The solutions were scanned in a patient equivalent water phantom on two MDCT scanners: VCT 64 slice (GE Medical Systems, Waukesha, WI) and an Aquilion One 320 slice scanner (Toshiba America Medical Systems, Tustin CA). The phantom was scanned at 80, 100, 120, 140 kV using 400, 255, 180, and 130 mAs, respectively, for the VCT scanner, and 80, 100, 120, and 135 kV using 400, 250, 200, and 150 mAs, respectively, on the Aquilion One. Images were reconstructed at 2.5 mm (VCT) and 0.5 mm (Aquilion One). The VCT images were reconstructed using Advanced Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) at 6 different strengths: 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Aquilion One images were reconstructed using Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction (AIDR) at 4 strengths: no AIDR, Weak AIDR, Standard AIDR, and Strong AIDR. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn on the images to measure the HU values and standard deviations of the diluted contrast. Second order polynomials were used to fit the HU values as a function of Iodine concentration. Results: For both scanners, there was no significant effect of changing the iterative reconstruction strength. The polynomial fits yielded goodness-of-fit (R2) values averaging 0.997. Conclusion: Changing the strength of the iterative reconstruction has no significant effect on the HU values of Iodinated contrast in a tissue-equivalent phantom. Fit values of HU vs Iodine concentration are useful in quantitative imaging protocols such as the determination of cardiac output from time-density curves in the main pulmonary artery.
Introduction to a Special Issue on Genotype by Environment Interaction

Expression of a phenotype is a function of the genotype, the environment, and the differen- tial sensitivity of certain genotypes to different environments, also known as genotype by envi- ronment (GE) interaction. This special issue of Crop Science includes a collection of man- uscripts that reviews the long history of GE research, describes new and innovative ideas, and outlines future challenges. Improving our understanding of these complex interactions is expected to accelerate plant breeding progress, minimize risk through improved cultivar deploy- ment, and improve the efficiency of crop pro - duction through informed agriculture. Achieving these goals requires the integration of broad and diverse science and technology disciplines.
Pandemic influenza and socioeconomic disparities: Lessons from 1918 Chicago.

The 1918 “Spanish” influenza pandemic holds a particular place in medical history; it wiped out an estimated ∼1% of the global population, or ∼20–50 million deaths worldwide, and earned the dubious honor of being coined the “mother of all pandemics” (1). Fortunately, important strides have been made in elucidating the emergence of novel pandemic influenza viruses and their impact on human populations since the 1918 pandemic. The field of archeo-epidemiology has been particularly active in recent years, thanks to coordinated interdisciplinary efforts involving epidemiologists, virologists, demographers, and medical historians. Their work has paid off to unearth, digitize, and analyze archival disease records sitting in dusty old books, providing a careful description of the mortality and transmissibility patterns of the 1918 influenza pandemic in several areas of the world where little prior quantitative information existed (e.g., refs. 2⇓⇓–5). In PNAS, Grantz et al. (6) contribute to the growing interest in applying modern analytical tools to epidemiological archives, through the lens of socioeconomic disparities affecting the 1918 influenza pandemic. The role of socioeconomic factors on influenza mortality and morbidity goes back to the early work of Robert Pearl in the years immediately following the 1918 pandemic (7), but has only regained traction among epidemiologists and sociologists in the last decade. In 2006, a seminal study revealed more than 30-fold variation in 1918 pandemic excess mortality rates across a sample of 20 countries, with socioeconomic factors explaining a significant fraction of the observed variation (2). In Latin America, pandemic excess mortality rates varied from 0.4 to 2.9% in national and province-level data, a greater than sevenfold variation (4, 8, 9). In contrast, United States and European populations fared relatively well during the pandemic, despite intense disruption at the end of World War I (excess mortality rates of … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: gchowell{at}gsu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Challenges to Teaching Empathy in Design

This paper will discuss some of the challenges of teaching students to build empathy and learning how to utilize it within a design project. It will discuss challenges encountered within two college level classes: an industrial design studio and in a class on human factors and ergonomics. Two project examples will be presented for the studio, a universal design project and a project to design an assistive device. An example of an empathy activity used in the lecture based human factors class is presented.
Neuroethical Engagement on Interdisciplinary and International Scales

After a decade of growth and development, neuroethics as a defined discipline is establishing domains of inquiry and action, a defined canon, and set(s) of practices. Neuroethical address and discourse must engage the realities forged and fostered by brain science no matter where they emerge and deliberate upon neurotechnological applications on the international scale. The invention and application of neurotechnologies are raising questions of ethics, to be sure. Neuroscientific innovations are also altering and challenging how we regard ourselves as moral beings worthy of ethical standing. Neuroethical investigations, at the empirical levels of experimental research and clinical application or the philosophical levels of exploring moral capacities or ethical issues, concern ideas of what it means to be human and ideals of humanity-wide importance. As a discipline and in practice, neuroethics must heed the subjective realities of the people who take part in neuroscientific research and therapy. No single method could do justice to understanding ourselves as persons, nor could any single country monopolize the meaning of self-identity and self-worth. Therefore, neuroethics must become “disciplined” to be realized as genuinely intercultural, as well as thoroughly interconnected. We find that these goals and tasks are already being achieved through multidisciplinary and multinational networked teams that conduct collaborative inquiries in specific areas of both local and global concern. These teams deserve attention and appreciation as exemplars for future disciplinary progress in neuroethics.
Temporal Integration Processing Techniques

The last several years have seen the introduction and rapid development of digital subtraction angiography (DSA), a technique which has been used to study the intracranial, extracranial, peripheral, and abdominal vessels, and the cardiac chambers. Although DSA techniques are by no means uniform, imaging rates for those first four anatomic regions are typically one image per second. Generally, a sequence of 10 to 15 short, intense exposures is made and only one or two of the resultant difference images are ultimately used. Consequently, there is significant patient exposure that does not result in a final diagnostic image. As an alternative, Kruger(1) and Gould et al. (2) have independently proposed imaging schemes that employ recursive digital temporal filtering in conjunction with low-intensity, continuous X-ray exposures. Such methods appear viable in some applications. As an alternative, Kruger and Liu(3) and Riederer et al. (4) have proposed the concept of “matched filtering” (MF) as a more efficient means of generating DSA images. Additionally, Enzmann et al. (5) and Maier et al. (6) have studied simple temporal integration techniques. This chapter is a review of the theory and applications of this technique.
Life-cycle energy, GHG and cost comparison of camelina-based biodiesel and biojet fuel

Camelina (Camelina sativa) can be used to make biodiesel or biojet fuel. This study compares life-cycle energy, environmental impact and economic performance of making biodiesel versus biojet fuel ...
Value Corruption: The Effects of Instrumentality on the Desacralization of Values

Sacred values like environmental-protection, patriotism, and diversity have become labels frequently employed by organizations, marketers, and leaders to yield profits and favorable reputations. In...
Environmental exposure to dioxins, dibenzofurans, bisphenol a, and phthalates in children with and without autism spectrum disorder living near the gulf of Mexico

Environmental exposure to organic endocrine disrupting chemicals, including dioxins, dibenzofurans, bisphenol A (BPA), and phthalates has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We conducted a pilot monitoring study of 30 ASD cases and 10 typically developing (TD) controls ages 2-8 years from communities along the Gulf of Mexico near Alabama, which houses 14 Superfund sites, to assess the concentrations of dioxins and dibenzofurans in serum, and BPA and phthalate ester metabolites in urine. Based on General Linear Models, the lipid- or creatinine-adjusted geometric mean concentrations of the aforementioned chemicals did not differ between the ASD case and TD control groups (all p ≥ 0.27). We compared our findings to the adjusted means as reported by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, survey years 2011-2012, and found that TD controls in our study had lower BPA (59%) and MEHHP (26%) concentrations, higher MBP (50%) concentration, and comparable (<20% difference) MEP, MBZP, MEOHP, and MCPP concentrations. We also conducted a preliminary investigation of dietary exposures and found that the consumption of certain types of fish may be associated with higher OCDD concentrations, and the consumption of soft drinks and juices may be associated with lower BPA and MEOHP concentrations, respectively.
Communication Skills in Emotionally Disturbed and Nondisturbed Adolescents.

The communication performance of disturbed and nondisturbed adolescents was compared for effectiveness and amount of information provided. Responses were scored in terms of figurative (form, size, ...
Impotence Following Childhood Priapism

Priapism in childhood, although an uncommon event, generally is believed to be associated rarely with future impotence in adulthood. These beliefs may be a reflection of under-reporting or a lack of long-term followup. We present a case of a 23-year-old impotent man who had a history of priapism as an 8-year-old child. Even though a review of the literature reveals that impotence following childhood priapism is an infrequently reported phenomenon we believe its incidence to be significant and since it can occur aggressive treatment is essential.
Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker Syndrome

Gerstmann–Straussler–Scheinker disease is an autosomal dominant adult-onset variably progressive familial central nervous system multisystem disorder typically characterized by dementia and various combinations of ataxia, parkinsonian signs, upper motor signs and/or amyotrophy, and aphasia.
Stimulation Through Simulation: Geochemical Modeling

ABSTRACT A survey of classrooms and offices would detect microcomputers assisting with numerous tasks which include the gathering, interpretation, and synthesis of data and the processing of words, images, and ideas. For instructors or managers, there is a responsibility to ensure that the microcomputer is used as more than just a faster and neater way to accomplish tasks that were undertaken BmC (before microcomputers). The aspects of the microcomputer which make it suitable for the tasks noted here also can enhance understanding by encouraging experimentation with concepts and models. Two broad categories of examples (chemical kinetics and geochemical cycles) are described to illustrate the ease with which dynamic models can be constructed.
Age is just a number: A look at "elderly" sport-related traumatic injuries at a level I trauma center.

Abstract Background We aimed to describe elderly engagement in recreational activities, their injury patterns, preinjury risks and outcomes. Methods A 16-year retrospective trauma registry review. All trauma patients ≥65 years admitted after injury sustained during sport were evaluated, and compared to a non-sport cohort of elderly trauma patients. Results During the study period, 9697 admissions age ≥65 were identified. 526 (5%) were sport-related. Compared to the non-sport group, the sport cohort was younger, had fewer medical comorbidities, and was more severely injured. The common sport mechanisms were skiing, offroad vehicle use and bicycling, and common sport injuries involved lower extremity, chest, and head. Sport patients were more often discharged home than non-sport patients (73% vs 36%, p Conclusion Over time, the number of elderly sport-related trauma patients increased. Our data suggest that being active may improve outcomes after trauma in older adults.
An Unanswered Question About Mandatory Arbitration: Should a Mandatory Arbitration Clause Preclude the EEOC From Seeking Monetary Relief on an Employee's Behalf in a Title VII Case?

Introduction 282 I. Background 285 A. Gilmer and Mandatory Arbitration Under the FAA 285 B. Title VII Statutory Scheme and Remedies 288 II. Circuit Split on Scope of EEOC Remedies and Monetary Relief 292 A. Only Injunctive Relief 292 1. Second Circuit: EEOC v. Kidder, Peabody & Co 292 2. Fourth Circuit: EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc. 297 B. Both Monetary and Injunctive Relief 300 1. Sixth Circuit: EEOC v. Frank’s Nursery & Crafts, Inc. ...300 2. Sixth Circuit: EEOC v. Northwest Airlines 307 III. Analysis and Recommendations 310 A. Consensus Regarding Injunctive Relief 310 B. Only Injunctive Relief 311 C. Both Monetary and Injunctive Relief 316 Conclusion 322
Unexpected Gender Moderation of Marital Satisfaction–Health Associations in Long-Distance Relationships:

High marital satisfaction is associated with better individual health and health behavior. Gender moderates these associations; generally, they are stronger for women than for men. Theories such as...
IL‐1 receptor antagonist, anakinra, prevents myocardial dysfunction in a mouse model of Kawasaki disease vasculitis and myocarditis

Kawasaki disease (KD) vasculitis is an acute febrile illness of childhood characterized by systemic vasculitis of unknown origin, and is the most common cause of acquired heart disease among children in the United States. While histological evidence of myocarditis can be found in all patients with acute KD, only a minority of patients are clinically symptomatic and a subset demonstrate echocardiographic evidence of impaired myocardial function, as well as increased left ventricular mass, presumed to be due to myocardial edema and inflammation. Up to a third of KD patients fail to respond to first-line therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and the use of interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra, anakinra) is currently being investigated as an alternative therapeutic approach to treat IVIG-resistant patients. In this study, we sought to investigate the effect of IL-1Ra on myocardial dysfunction and its relation to myocarditis development during KD vasculitis. We used the Lactobacillus casei cell-wall extract (LCWE)-induced murine model of KD vasculitis and investigated the effect of IL-1Ra pretreatment on myocardial dysfunction during KD vasculitis by performing histological, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and echocardiographic evaluations. IL-1Ra pretreatment significantly reduced KD-induced myocardial inflammation and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) release. Both MRI and echocardiographic studies on LCWE-injected KD mice demonstrated that IL-1Ra pretreatment results in an improved ejection fraction and a normalized left ventricular function. These findings further support the potential beneficial effects of IL-1Ra therapy in preventing the cardiovascular complications in acute KD patients, including the myocarditis and myocardial dysfunction associated with acute KD.
Are estimates of racial wage discrimination influenced by Labor market conditions? Evidence from the national longitudinal survey

Wage decomposition analysis of recent earnings data for men from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth reveals that estimates of racial wage discrimination, measured by the portion of the wage ...
Integrative proteogenomic analyses of human tumours identifies ADNP as a novel oncogenic mediator of cell cycle progression in high-grade serous ovarian cancer with poor prognosis.

Abstract Background Despite toxic side effects and limited durable response, the current standard-of-care treatment for high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) remains platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy. Given that the overall prognosis has not improved drastically over the past several decades, there is a critical need to understand the underlying mechanisms that lead to tumour development and progression. Methods We utilized an integrative proteogenomic analysis of HGSOC tumours applying a poor prognosis gene expression signature (PPS) as a conceptual framework to analyse orthogonal genomic and proteomic data from the TCGA (n = 488) and CPTAC (n = 169) studies. Genes identified through in silico analyses were assessed in vitro studies to demonstrate their impact on proliferation and cell cycle progression. Findings These analyses identified DNA amplification and overexpression of the transcription factor ADNP (Activity Dependent Neuroprotector Homeobox) in poorly prognostic tumours. Validation studies confirmed the prognostic capacity of ADNP and suggested an oncogenic role for this protein given the association between ADNP expression and pro-proliferative signalling. In vitro studies confirmed ADNP as a novel and essential mediator of cell proliferation through dysregulation of cell cycle checkpoints. Interpretation We identified ADNP as being amplified and overexpressed in poor prognosis HGSOC in silico analyses and demonstrated that ADNP is a novel and essential oncogene in HGSOC which mediates proliferation through dysregulation of cell cycle checkpoints in vitro. Funding The National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, the V Foundation for Cancer Research and the New Jersey Commission for Cancer Research.
Capitalizing on Community: Affordable Housing Markets in the Age of Participation:

This article examines the affordable housing market to develop a new way to understand the problem of co-optation in participatory urban governance. Through a case study of the Chicago metropolitan...
Hyperinsulinaemia in cancer

Elevated circulating insulin levels are frequently observed in the setting of obesity and early type 2 diabetes, as a result of insensitivity of metabolic tissues to the effects of insulin. Higher levels of circulating insulin have been associated with increased cancer risk and progression in epidemiology studies. Elevated circulating insulin is believed to be a major factor linking obesity, diabetes and cancer. With the development of targeted cancer therapies, insulin signalling has emerged as a mechanism of therapeutic resistance. Although metabolic tissues become insensitive to insulin in the setting of obesity, a number of mechanisms allow cancer cells to maintain their ability to respond to insulin. Significant progress has been made in the past decade in understanding the insulin receptor and its signalling pathways in cancer, and a number of lessons have been learnt from therapeutic failures. These discoveries have led to numerous clinical trials that have aimed to reduce the levels of circulating insulin and to abrogate insulin signalling in cancer cells. With the rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes worldwide, and the realization that hyperinsulinaemia may contribute to therapeutic failures, it is essential to understand how insulin and insulin receptor signalling promote cancer progression.
Characteristics and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 infections among ambulatory and hospitalized children and adolescents in an integrated health care system in Tennessee

Background Little is known regarding the full spectrum of illness among children with SARS-CoV-2 infection across ambulatory and inpatient settings. Methods Active surveillance was performed for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction among asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals in a quaternary care academic hospital laboratory in Tennessee from March 12-July 17, 2020. For symptomatic patients ≤18 years of age, we performed phone follow-up and medical record review to obtain sociodemographic and clinical data on days 2, 7, and 30 after diagnosis and on day 30 for asymptomatic patients ≤18 years. Daily and 7-day average test positivity frequencies were calculated for children and adults beginning April 26, 2020. Results SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 531/10327 (5.1%) specimens from patients ≤18 years, including 46/5752 (0.8%) asymptomatic and 485/4575 (10.6%) specimens from 459 unique symptomatic children. Cough (51%), fever (42%), and headache (41%) were the most common symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2-related hospitalization was uncommon (18/459 children; 4%); no children with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the study period required intensive care unit admission. Symptom resolution occurred by follow-up day 2 in 192/459 (42%), by day 7 in 332/459 (72%), and by day 30 in 373/396 (94%). The number of cases and percent positivity rose in late June and July in all ages. Conclusions In an integrated healthcare network, most pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infections were mild, brief, and rarely required hospital admission, despite increasing cases as community response measures were relaxed.
MB-Fit: Software Infrastructure for Data-Driven Many-Body Potential Energy Functions

Many-body potential energy functions (MB-PEFs), which integrate data-driven representations of many-body short-range quantum mechanical interactions with physics-based representations of many-body polarization and long-range interactions, have recently been shown to provide high accuracy in the description of molecular interactions, from the gas to the condensed phase. Here, we present MB-Fit, a software infrastructure for the auto- mated development of MB-PEFs for generic molecules within the TTM-nrg (“Thole-type model energy”) and MB-nrg (“many-body energy”) theoretical frameworks. Besides providing all the necessary computational tools for generating TTM-nrg and MB-nrg PEFs, MB-Fit provides a seamless interface with the MBX software, a many-body energy/force calculator for computer simulations. Given the demonstrated accuracy of the MB-PEFs, we believe that MB-Fit will enable routine, predictive computer simulations of generic (small) molecules in the gas, liquid, and solid phases, including, but not limited to, the modeling of isomeric equilibria in molecular clusters, solvation processes, molecular crystals, and phase diagrams.
Visual acuity and refractive findings in children prescribed glasses from a school-based vision program.

Abstract Purpose We report visual acuity improvement and refractive profiles in children prescribed glasses by a school-based vision program (SBVP) in Baltimore, Maryland. Methods In this cross-sectional analysis, pre-kindergarten through 8th grade students who failed vision screening underwent an eye examination. Students prescribed glasses are included. Visual acuity improvement was the difference between presenting and best-corrected visual acuity based on noncycloplegic manifest refraction. Clinically significant refractive error (CSRE) was defined as ≥0.75 D myopia, ≥2.00 D hyperopia without strabismus, ≥1.00 D hyperopia with esodeviation, or ≥1.50 D astigmatism AND presenting visual acuity ≤20/40 or ≥2-line difference with the better-seeing eye ≤20/30. Characteristics associated with greater visual acuity improvement were explored. Results Of the 4,972 students, mean age was 9.4 ± 2.7 years; 77% were black, and 18% were Hispanic. Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and CSRE were found in 65%, 24%, 60%, and 46% students, respectively. In the better-seeing eyes, 70% gained ≥2 lines. Of students with CSRE, improvement of at least 5 lines in the worse-seeing eye increased from 30.9% in pre-kindergarten and kindergarten to 77.3% in 7th and 8th grade (Ptrend Conclusions Most students prescribed glasses from our SBVP had clinically significant visual deficits corrected.
Rapid quantification of tissue perfusion properties with a two-stage look-up table: a simulation study

Tissue perfusion properties reveal crucial information pertinent to clinical diagnosis and treatment. Multispectral spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is an emerging imaging technique that has been widely used to quantify tissue perfusion properties. However, slow processing speed limits its usefulness in real-time imaging applications. In this study, we present a two-stage look-up table (LUT) approach that accurately and rapidly quantifies optical (absorption and reduced scattering maps) and perfusion (total hemoglobin and oxygen saturation maps) properties using stage-1 and stage-2 LUTs, respectively, based on reflectance images at 660nm and 850nm. The two-stage LUT can be implemented on both CPU and GPU computing platforms. Quantifying tissue perfusion properties using the simulated diffuse reflectance images, we achieved a quantification speed of 266, 174, and 74 frames per second for three image sizes 512x512, 1024x1024, and 2048x2048 pixels, respectively. Quantification of tissue perfusion properties was highly accurate with only 3.5% and 2.5% error for total hemoglobin and oxygen saturation quantification, respectively. The two-stage LUT has the potential to be adopted in existing SFDI applications to enable real-time imaging capability of tissue hemodynamics.
Determination of cardiac output by ultrasound velocity dilution in normovolemia and hypovolemia in dogs

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to compare CO measured by use of lithium dilution (LiDCO) and ultrasound velocity dilution (UDCO) in a canine model of acute hemorrhage. Study design Prospective descriptive evaluation. Animals Twelve dogs (15–34 kg). Methods Dogs were anesthetized and instrumented to measure direct blood pressure, heart rate, arterial blood gases and CO. The CO was measured by use of LiDCO and UDCO techniques. Measurements were obtained from each animal at baseline and during a low CO state (hemorrhagic state). Measurements were converted to cardiac index (CI = CO/BSA) values for statistical analysis. To measure CO using UDCO, a 20 mL bolus of 0.9% sodium chloride was administered and CO was calculated from the transient dilution of blood proteins created by the injection bolus. Hypovolemia was induced by withdrawing 40% of the blood volume until the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was stable at 40 mmHg for 10 minutes. Agreement was determined using Bland & Altman analysis and concordance correlation coefficients. Results Twenty-four comparisons were made. Lithium determinations of CI ranged between 7.5 and 1.3 L minute−1 m−2, and the mean overall difference between the two methods was −0.40 L minute−1 m−2. The mean relative bias was −17 ± 21% (limits of agreements: −59% to 25%). There was no significant effect of state of CI on bias or relative bias (p = 0.24 and p = 0.10, respectively). The concordance correlation coefficient between LiDCO and UDCO as 0.88 (p Conclusions When compared to lithium dilution, the UDCO technique is a viable method for measuring cardiac output in a model of normovolemia and hypovolemia in dogs.
Colonic Resection in the Setting of Damage Control Laparotomy: Is Delayed Anastomosis Safe?:

Based on a large body of literature concerning the subject, trauma surgeons are becoming more comfortable with anastomosis rather than stoma creation in patients with destructive colon injuries requiring resection. This literature was largely generated before the widespread acceptance of the importance of damage control laparotomy (DCL). Thus, when such injuries occur in patients initially left in colonic discontinuity after DCL, the question of anastomosis versus stoma becomes more difficult, and there are no data to guide management decisions. The goal of this report is to describe the results of our early experience with delayed anastomosis (DA) after destructive colon injury in the setting of DCL. We reviewed the records of patients with destructive colon injuries at our Level I trauma center over a 5.5-year period for demographics, injury characteristics, and outcome. Studied outcomes included anastomotic leak, intra-abdominal abscess, and colon injury-related death. The decision to proceed with DA was based on individual surgeon opinion at the time of re-exploration. From January 1, 2000 to July 31, 2006, 92 patients sustained colon injury, 55 of which required resection (31 blunt mechanism and 24 penetrating). Twenty-two resections occurred in the setting of DCL. Six of these patients underwent stoma creation and 11 underwent DA. Three died before reoperation, and two had an anastomosis created during the initial DCL. The remaining 33 resections occurred during initial definitive operation, and 21 underwent anastomosis, whereas 12 had a stoma created. Comparing the 11 patients undergoing DA with the 21 undergoing immediate anastomosis, the anastomotic leak rate (0% vs 5%), abscess rate (36% vs 24%), and colon related-death rate (9% vs 0%; all P > 0.05) were similar. Six patients undergoing DA had a right hemicolectomy with ileocolonic anastomosis, four had a segmental left colon resection, and one had a near total abdominal colectomy with ileosigmoid anastomosis. Delayed anastomosis of colon injuries after DCL is safe in selected patients and has a similar complication rate as resection and anastomosis performed during initial definitive operation. DA avoids stoma creation in some patients who are not candidates for anastomosis during initial DCL. To our knowledge, this represents the first reported series of DA after DCL, an area in which further work is needed to carefully define indications for the safe application of this concept.
A Test of Heteroskedasticity Based on Kernel Estimation of the Score Function

The recent literature on convergence has departed from the earlier literature by focusing on the shape of the production function and the rate at which an economy converges to its own steady state. This paper uses advances from the recent literature to look back at the question that originally motivated the convergence literature: what will the steady state distribution of per capita income look like? Several results are highlighted by the analysis. First, ignoring changes in technology levels over time, the long-run distribution is likely to be broadly similar to the 1990 distribution; the main exception is the continued catch-up to the U.S. by a number NICs and industrialized countries. Second, differences in technology levels across economies are substantial--roughly the same magnitude as differences in per capita incomes. Third, technological convergence would result in substantial changes in the income distribution. Finally, there is little reason to expect that the U.S. will maintain its position as world leader in terms of output per worker, particularly to the extent that advanced economies eventually share the same technology.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated with Epidermal Nevus

We present the case of a 27 year-old female with a linear array of brown keratotic papules with a raised nodule within, located in the right mid upper inner thigh. A biopsy of the nodule showed a superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Subsequent excision of the entire lesion showed an epidermal nevus without residual carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinomas developing within an epidermal nevus constitute an unusual association, mostly occurring in long standing lesions of elderly patients. Other epithelial neoplasms described arising within epidermal nevi include basal cell carcinomas, malignant eccrine tumors and keratoacanthomas. Although our patient did not have an identifiable epidermal nevus syndrome, the presence of a squamous cell carcinoma within an epidermal nevus in a young person suggests increased susceptibility to tumor development. Moreover, chromosomal aberrations have been described in epidermal nevi, including chromosomal breakage and variegated translocation mosaicism. We suggest that the presence of an epidermal nevus should alert the clinician for the potential development of a malignant neoplasm within it, including squamous cell carcinoma, even in the absence of an identifiable hamartoma-neoplasm syndrome.
Assessment of body fatness in childhood obesity: evaluation of laboratory and anthropometric techniques

The identification of obesity as a pathological diagnosis depends on an accurate assessment of body fatness and a correlation of fatness with pathological consequences. Because total body fat varies with body weight, the proportion of body weight that is fat is probably a more reliable indicator of risk. Among obese children and adolescents, several problems have hindered the development of accurate clinical measures of percent body fat and total body fat. First, the use of direct methods to measure body composition is limited by expense and labor. Second, the relationship between anthropometric indexes and body composition in obese children and adolescents has not been intensively studied. Third, sample sizes of normal weight children have been too small to permit the development of diagnostic criteria. Fourth, the triceps skinfold is less reproducible in overweight subjects. Increases in lean body mass in obese adolescents may confound the use of the body mass index as a measure of adiposity. Current laboratory methods for the measurement of body composition include: (1) underwater weighing, (2) 40K counting, (3) isotopic dilution measures, (4) neutron activation, and (5) electrical impedance. This article examines relationships between those methods and anthropometry in the measurement of fatness in children and adolescents, as well as the difficulties in measuring body fatness and the importance of body fat distribution and its relationship to morbidity in children. Current evidence suggests an association of morbidity and upper segment obesity in adults. Corresponding studies in children and adolescents are yet to be carried out.
Optimal Capital Structure of the Firm in the Presence of Costs of Financial Distress

In this paper we propose a model of optimal capital structure that incorporates costs of financial distress. The model is successful in explaining the observed leverage ratios in the US. First, we consider customer-driven financial distress where prices for the firm output decline whenever the firm has poor financial status. We find that costs of financial distress account for about 8-9% decrease in optimal leverage and cause higher yield spreads than predicted by traditional structural models. Second, we explore employee-driven financial distress originating from loss of intangible assets when firm revenues decline. We find that contracting problems within the firm lead to overpayment to firm employees and result in lower optimal debt in its capital structure. Finally, we examine the state tax effect on optimal leverage and yield spreads. A 5% increase in state tax reduces optimal leverage by approximately 10% and widens the yield spreads.
The Performance of Gameplay: Developing a Ludoliteracy

The best way to understand a game is to play it, as the playing of video games is a performative experience. This short essay explores the idea of performance and gameplay and how they relate on various levels. It is through performance that we develop a ludoliteracy and become well versed, or well played, in understanding of games.
Phosphoproteomic analysis of metastatic colorectal cancer: A new horizon in targeted therapy development

A113 Background: CRC is the second leading cause of cancer related death in the western world and the survival of the patients with CRC is significantly related to the presence of metastases rather than the primary tumor. Subsequently, understanding and discovery of new specific targets that could better explain the metastatic process and that could be used as new classes of targeted inhibitors is required. We performed laser capture microdissection followed by reverse phase protein microarrays to establish a phosphoproteomic fingerprint of colorectal cancer cells, to compare the protein kinases signal pathway derangements in the metastatic and non-metastatic CRC primary tumor and in the metastases it can cause.Methods: 20 frozen cases of colorectal cancer, 68 cases of patient-matched colorectal cancer and hepatic metastasis (all taken at the same time at surgery), and 15 cases of pulmonary metastasis, were laser capture microdissected to obtain pure cancer cell populations. The cells were lysed and subjected to reverse phase protein microarray analysis. Using this technique, we were able to measure the phosphorylation state of 70 kinase substrates. Molecular network analysis was performed using commercially available software.Results: Our results, based on the analysis of several endpoints, indicate that the molecular networks of activated kinase substrates appear different between non-metastatic primary colorectal cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer and its metastases.Conclusions: To establish a personalized targeted therapy in these groups of patients, a fundamental prerequisite is to understand which are the functional activations of cell signaling pathways that could be used as targets of the new generations of drug. Selection of the appropriate new therapeutic targets for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer should be based on the analysis of the metastatic tissue and cannot be predicted solely through the molecular analysis of the primary tumor.
Love number can be hard to measure

The waveform phase for a neutron star binary can be split into point-particle terms and finite-size terms (characterized by the Love number) that account for equation of state effects. The latter first enter at 5 post-Newtonian (PN) order (i.e. proportional to the tenth power of the orbital velocity), but the former are only known completely to 3.5 PN order, with higher order terms only known to leading-order in the mass-ratio. We here find that not including point-particle terms at 4PN order to leading- and first-order in the mass ratio in the template model can severely deteriorate our ability to measure the equation of state. This problem can be solved if one uses numerical waveforms once their own systematic errors are under control.
A learning-based approach to the detection of SQL attacks

Web-based systems are often a composition of infrastructure components, such as web servers and databases, and of application-specific code, such as HTML-embedded scripts and server-side applications. While the infrastructure components are usually developed by experienced programmers with solid security skills, the application-specific code is often developed under strict time constraints by programmers with little security training. As a result, vulnerable web-applications are deployed and made available to the Internet at large, creating easily-exploitable entry points for the compromise of entire networks. Web-based applications often rely on back-end database servers to manage application-specific persistent state. The data is usually extracted by performing queries that are assembled using input provided by the users of the applications. If user input is not sanitized correctly, it is possible to mount a variety of attacks that leverage web-based applications to compromise the security of back-end databases. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to identify these attacks using signature-based intrusion detection systems, because of the ad hoc nature of many web-based applications. Signatures are rarely written for this class of applications due to the substantial investment of time and expertise this would require. We have developed an anomaly-based system that learns the profiles of the normal database access performed by web-based applications using a number of different models. These models allow for the detection of unknown attacks with reduced false positives and limited overhead. In addition, our solution represents an improvement with respect to previous approaches because it reduces the possibility of executing SQL-based mimicry attacks.
Relative Efficacy of Drugs for the Treatment of Sleepiness in Narcolepsy

A survey was conducted on 10 polysomnographic studies on the pharmacologic treatment of the sleepiness of narcolepsy. Three studies employed the MSLT and 7 employed the MWT as their polygraphic measure of sleep tendency. Statistically and clinically significant therapeutic changes were apparent for pemoline, modafinil, dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate. Codeine, ritanserin and protriptyline did show statistically significant effects. The common feature among the drugs that did produce clinically significant improvements seems to be facilitatory action on central catecholaminergic transmission. Within this group of drugs, only methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine brought MWT sleep latencies to approximately 70% of normal levels.
DC-to-DC converters for electric and hybrid vehicles

Various types of DC-to-DC converters are discussed with the objective to determine their suitability for use in electric and hybrid vehicles. The functional blocks of DC-to-DC converters and the components used in converters are reviewed. Other topics discussed include the design and use of converters such as the control schemes, protection features, input-to-output isolation for safety, centralized and distributed power architectures, guidelines for component layout, thermal management, and compensation of the converter output voltage as a function of auxiliary battery temperature for proper auxiliary battery charging.
Influences of hippocampal place cell firing in the awake state on the activity of these cells during subsequent sleep episodes

Rat hippocampal (CA1) complex spike “place cells” of freely behaving rats were recorded in pairs continuously during a series of waking (exploration and still-alert), drowsy (quiet-awake), and sleeping (slow- wave, pre-rapid-eye-movement and rapid-eye-movement sleep) behaviors. Pairs of units were selected that had nonoverlapping place fields. The rats were restricted from entering the place field of either cell overnight, and on the day of recording cells were exposed to their individual place fields independently and in a counterbalanced manner. Following exposure, recordings were made in the subsequent sleep episodes and the firing characteristics of both cells were analyzed. Following exposure, significant increases in the spiking activity of the exposed cell were observed in the subsequent sleeping states that were not evident in the unexposed cell. The increased activity was observed in the rate of firing (spikes/sec), the rate of occurrence of bursts with multiple spikes, as well as the number of bursts displaying short (2–4 msec) interspike intervals. The findings suggest that neuronal activity of hippocampal place cells in the awake states may influence the firing characteristics of these cells in subsequent sleep episodes. The increased firing rates along with the greater number of multiple spike bursts and the shorter interspike intervals within the burst, following exposure to a cell's place field, may represent possible information processing during sleep.