cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The application of different solvation and electrostatic models in molecular dynamics simulations of ubiquitin: how well is the X-ray structure "maintained"?

We present molecular dynamics simulations on ubiquitin with explicit solvent molecules and investigate the influence of different force fields [Weiner et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:765–784, 1984; J. Comput. Chem. 7:230–252, 1986) vs. Cornell et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117:5179–5197, 1995)], different treatments of the long-range electrostatic interaction (8 A cutoff vs. particle mesh Ewald), and different solvation models (periodic box vs. small shell of water molecules) on the structure and the dynamics of the protein. Structural data are monitored by atomic root mean square deviations (RMSDs) from the crystal structure, the radius of gyration, the solvent-accessible surface area, and the pattern of the backbone hydrogen bonds. The dynamic behavior is assessed by the atomic fluctuations and the order parameters of the N-H backbone vectors. With the Cornell et al. force field and a periodic box model, the simulated structures stay much closer to the experimental X-ray structure than with the older Weiner et al. force field. A further improvement of the simulation is found when the electrostatic interaction is evaluated with the particle mesh Ewald method; after 1.2 ns of simulation the backbone RMSD amounts to only 1.13 A. The analysis of the dynamic parameters shows that this good structural agreement is not due to a damping of internal motion in the protein. For a given length of simulation time, the shell models achieve an agreement between simulated and experimental structures that is comparable to the best models that employ a periodic box of solvent models. However, compared with the box models, the fluctuations of the protein atoms in the shell models are smaller, and only with simulation times as long as 2 ns do they become of comparable size to the experimental ones. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
p27 as a target for cancer therapeutics

We thank Kathryn Anderson for discussion regarding haploinsufficiency, and Joan Massague and Eric Holland for helpful discussion during the preparation of this manuscript.
Adaptive Bandwidth Management for Performance-Temperature Trade-offs in Heterogeneous HMC+DDRx Memory

High fabrication cost per bit and thermal issues are the main reasons that prevent architects from using 3D-DRAM alone as the main memory. In this paper we address this issue by proposing a heterogeneous memory system that combines a DDRx DRAM with an emerging 3D hybrid memory cube (HMC) technology. Bandwidth and temperature management are the challenging issues for such heterogeneous memory architecture. To address these challenges, first we introduce a memory page allocation policy for the heterogeneous memory system to maximize performance. Then, using the proposed memory page allocation policy, we propose a temperature-aware algorithm that adaptively distributes the requested bandwidth between HMC and DDRx DRAM to reduce the thermal hotspot while maintaining high performance. The results show that the proposed memory page allocation policy can utilize the memory bandwidth close to 99% of the ideal bandwidth utilization. Moreover our temperate-aware bandwidth adaptation reduces the average steady-state temperature of the HMC hotspot across various workloads by 4.5oK while incurring 2.5% performance overhead.
136 GLUCOSE AND INSULIN CHANGES DURING HEART SURGERY

We have noted marked hyperglycemia(HG) in patients(PTS) undergoing heart surgery(HS). To evaluate the mechanisms for HG paired blood samples were evaluated for glucose(G) and insulin(I) levels in PTS 2 years with HT and no TCA (Group 3). G input was also monitored. We conclude: (1) Intraoperative infusion of G plays a significant role in HG (2) HT results in significant changes in I (3) PTS >2 years have higher I levels than PTS <2 years in spite of lower G input. We recommend restricted G input in the intraoperative period to prevent HG during HS.
Comparison of Skin-set and Periderm Maturation in 'Red Norland' Potatoes Grown in Two Soil Types in Wisconsin

Skin-set is a necessary prerequisite for potato storability, but there is little published information on the effect of cultural conditions on the development of skin-set. The phellogen layer acts as a lateral meristem for the peri- derm and while active, fracture of its thin radial walls leads directly to skinning injury during harvest and handling into storage. During maturation of the periderm, these radial walls thicken. Red-skinned cultivars are often grown in muck soils in Wisconsin to improve skin condition and color. We tested skin-set and phellogen radial wall thickness for 'Red Norland' tubers grown on either loamy sand or muck soils in central Wisconsin. Skin-set varied between years and soil types, but there was no consistent effect of soil type on skin-set. Phellogen radial walls in Red Norland tubers doubled in thickness between bulking and vine-kill, but did not change in the three week period following vine- kill even when skin-set improved. Physiological processes other than cell wall thickening must be responsible skin-set during the three weeks following vine death.
Utilization of outpatient diagnostic imaging. Does the physician's gender play a role?

OBJECTIVE: To examine physician and patient characteristics related to the ordering of imaging studies in a general medicine practice and to determine whether physician gender influences ordering patterns. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Hospital-based academic general medicine practice of 29 attending physicians. PATIENTS: All 8,203 visits by 5,011 patients during a 6-month period. METHODS: For each visit the following variables were abstracted from the electronic patient record: patient age, patient gender, visit urgency, visit type, and physician seen. All diagnostic imaging studies performed within 30 days of each outpatient visit were identified from the hospital’s Radiology Information System. Screening mammography was not included in the analysis. Physician variables included gender and years since medical school graduation. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of various patient, physician, and visit characteristics on the probability of a diagnostic imaging study being ordered. RESULTS: Patient age, urgent visits, visit frequency, and the gender of the physician were all significantly related to the ordering of an imaging study. Correcting for all other factors, the ordering of an imaging study during an outpatient medical visit was 40% more likely if the physician was female (odds ratio = 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01, 1.95). Female physicians were 62% more likely (95% CI 0.99, 2.64) than male physicians to order an imaging study for a male patient and 21% more likely (95% CI 0.87, 1.69) to order an imaging study for a female patient. CONCLUSIONS: Physician gender is a predictor of whether an outpatient medical visit generates an imaging study. Reasons for this observation are unclear, but may be the result of different practice styles of male and female physicians or unmeasured patient characteristics. KEY WORDS: physician gender; outpatients; diagnostic imaging; physician practice patterns.
Isolation of Fully Deuterated Metabolites from Scenedesmus obliquus Grown in Deuterium Oxide

Successful mass culturing of Scenedesmus obliquus in 99.6 per cent deuterium oxide has proved a lucrative source of fully deuterated compounds. Whole cells are separated into three parts: (a) hot water extract, (b) crude pigments, (c) dry residue. The dry residue is hydrolyzed in acid. Five monosaccharides have been identified in the nonionic fraction of the hydrolysate. Deuterio-mannose and deuterio-glucose have been isolated in greater than gram amounts on a cellulose chromatographic column. Twelve amino acids have been detected in the ionic fraction. Deuterio-alanine, deuterio-glutamic acid, deuterio-aspartic acid, and deuterio-glycine have been separated in pure form by passage through a column of Dowex 50. The isolation, identification, and properties of these fully deuterated compounds are described.
Predictors and moderators in the randomized trial of multifamily psychoeducational psychotherapy for childhood mood disorders

This study investigated predictors and moderators of mood symptoms in the randomized controlled trial (RCT) of Multi-Family Psychoeducational Psychotherapy (MF-PEP) for childhood mood disorders. Based on predictors and moderators in RCTs of psychosocial interventions for adolescent mood disorders, we hypothesized that children's greater functional impairment would predict worse outcome, whereas children's stress/trauma history and parental expressed emotion and psychopathology would moderate outcome. Exploratory analyses examined other demographic, functioning, and diagnostic variables. Logistic regression and linear mixed effects modeling were used in this secondary analysis of the MF-PEP RCT of 165 children, ages 8 to 12, with mood disorders, a majority of whom were male (73%) and White, non-Hispanic (90%). Treatment nonresponse was significantly associated with higher baseline levels of global functioning (i.e., less impairment; Cohen's d = 0.51) and lower levels of stress/trauma history (d = 0.56) in children and Cluster B personality disorder symptoms in parents (d = 0.49). Regarding moderators, children with moderately impaired functioning who received MF-PEP had significantly decreased mood symptoms (t = 2.10, d = 0.33) compared with waitlist control. MF-PEP had the strongest effect on severely impaired children (t = 3.03, d = 0.47). Comprehensive assessment of demographic, youth, parent, and familial variables should precede intervention. Treatment of mood disorders in high-functioning youth without stress/trauma histories and with parents with elevated Cluster B symptoms may require extra therapeutic effort, whereas severely impaired children may benefit most from MF-PEP.
Symmetry-Breaking Charge Transfer of Visible Light Absorbing Systems: Zinc Dipyrrins.

Zinc dipyrrin complexes with two identical dipyrrin ligands absorb strongly at 450–550 nm and exhibit high fluorescence quantum yields in nonpolar solvents (e.g., 0.16–0.66 in cyclohexane) and weak to nonexistent emission in polar solvents (i.e., <10–3, in acetonitrile). The low quantum efficiencies in polar solvents are attributed to the formation of a nonemissive symmetry-breaking charge transfer (SBCT) state, which is not formed in nonpolar solvents. Analysis using ultrafast spectroscopy shows that in polar solvents the singlet excited state relaxes to the SBCT state in 1.0–5.5 ps and then decays via recombination to the triplet or ground states in 0.9–3.3 ns. In the weakly polar solvent toluene, the equilibrium between a localized excited state and the charge transfer state is established in 11–22 ps.
Photography of the eclipse of 7 March 1970 from two locations

Astronomical photography of solar eclipse of 7 March 1970 from two locations indicating negative evidence of bulk particle movements above 20 km/sec related to cosmic rays
Comparison of antigenic properties of ribosomal proteins from Novikoff hepatoma and normal liver.

Abstract Ribosomes from normal liver and Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells were compared by immunochemical techniques. Antisera were prepared against large and small subunits of each cell type. The reaction of these antisera with normal and hepatoma ribosomes, and the RNA and proteins derived therefrom, were compared. Two antigenic differences were observed between the proteins of the 60-S ribosomes from hepatoma cells and those from normal liver. The two proteins responsible for the immunological differences were isolated from the hepatoma 60-S ribosomal subunits by first preabsorbing tumor 60-S antiserum with normal 60-S ribosomal proteins and then reacting the supernatant with tumor 60-S proteins. The molecular weight of the two proteins thus isolated were 30 000 and 65 000 as determined by disc gel electrophoresis.
Modeling Cytochrome Oxidase: A Quantum Chemical Study of the O−O Bond Cleavage Mechanism

The mechanism of O−O bond cleavage at the binuclear center in cytochrome oxidase has been investigated by using hybrid density functional theory (B3LYP). A potential energy surface for the reaction step from compound A, with the O2 molecule coordinated to heme a3, to the bond-cleaved compound P is constructed. The features of the calculated potential surface agree well with experimental information on this reaction step. First, a free energy of activation of 15 kcal/mol is obtained, reasonably close to the value of 12 kcal/mol corresponding to the observed lifetime of compound A. Second, the calculations give a large entropy effect on the reaction rate, which explains the weak temperature dependence observed for the P formation reaction. Third, the calculated potential surface has no stable intermediate between A and P, in agreement with the experimental observation that compound A decays with the same rate as compound P forms. Fourth, the calculations show that the oxo−ferryl compound P together with a t...
Efficient computation of gradients and Jacobians by dynamic exploitation of sparsity in automatic differentiation

Automatic differentiation (AD) is a technique that augments computer codes with statements for the computation of derivatives. The computational workhorse of AD-generated codes for first-order derivatives is the linear combination of vectors. For many large-scale problems, the vectors involved in this operation are inherently sparse. If the underlying function is a partially separable one (e.g., if its Hessian is sparse), many of the intermediate gradient vectors computed by AD will also be sparse, even though the final gradient is likely to be dense. For large Jacobians computations, every intermediate derivative vector is usually at least as sparse as the least sparse row of the final Jacobian. In this paper, we show that dynamic exploitation of the sparsity inherent in derivative computation can result in dramatic gains in runtime and memory savings. For a set of gradient problems exhibiting implicit sparsity, we report on the runtime and memory requirements of computing the gradients with the ADIFOR (...
Partnership and Ego Equality in the Marital System

SUMMARY Ego equality, a term originating with the author, is the individual's ability to be a peer and to engage in peer interactions. This ability is a basic factor of dyadic systems. However, it is a factor that is often overlooked because of its apparent simplicity. Ego equality is presented here to accent the importance of the concept and to reinforce the significance of cross-gender partnership as a core issue in ail work with couples. The dyadic system is examined in terms of hierarchical structure. In addition the historical antecedents of inequitable structures are explored in the context of families of origin and other social systems. Disturbances in peer interactions are viewed as the foundation of symptom such as excessive non-productive conflict, unsatisfying sexual relations, and a loss of intimacy. Other therapeutic considerations are included.
One world, many pathogens!

Forest insect and pathogen species are expanding their geographical ranges through international trade at a rate that most pest specialists and ecologists find alarming. While many invaders are relatively innocuous, several species have damaging impacts on agricultural and natural resources. Furthermore, some of these non-native pests have had catastrophic impacts on ecosystem functions when they invade native communities in which they have no prior evolutionary history. Examples include the demise of chestnut trees in North America, major losses of elms in Europe and North America, Jarrah dieback in Australia, and the devastating effects of pine wood nematode in Asia. Predicting which insects or pathogens will become most problematic and devising mitigation measures to reduce the risk of their arrival and establishment has become the 'holy grail' for many entomologists and plant pathologists worldwide. Analysis of historical data is an essential tool for identifying important invasion pathways and weak links in the chain of biosecurity measures that must be strengthened to protect local economies and ecosystem stability. In this issue of New Phytologist, Santini et al. (pp. 238–250), provide a comprehensive and insightful analysis of historical forest pathogen establishment and spread records from Europe.
Letter to the Editor-A Poisson Generalization Based on Counts that are Delayed but Not Lost

This paper deals with a model in which Poisson events in fixed time periods are recorded with probability α and left to accumulate into the succeeding period with probability 1-α. The distribution of number of events recorded is obtained, together with its mean, variance, and generating function.
“We Make Freedom” An Exploration of Revolutionary Black Feminism

Since the inception of Black studies, Black women activists and scholars have carved out an intellectual space to uncover, (re)define, contextualize, and validate Black women's realities. These efforts have manifested themselves in various related developments, including the initiation of Black women's studies (see Brewer, 2000; Hull & Smith, 1997) and the proliferation of explicitly Black feminist/womanist theories and analyses over the past two decades (e.g., Dove, 1998; Taylor, 1998a, 1998b). These theories are now being included in core introductory Black studies texts and infused into Black studies curriculum. Although many Black feminist theories differ in their emphases and conclusions regarding liberation, there are several areas of convergence, namely, that Black women are oppressed on multiple interlocking levels. Articulations of Revolutionary Black Feminism (RBF) has increasingly become visible in the literature and has provided a radical analysis of these multiple systems of oppression (e.g., Hamer & Neville, 1998; James, 1999); by radical analysis, we mean one that more explicitly outlines the impact of capitalism and class on Black
Effects of furazolidone or nitrofurazone on the concentrations of hypothalamic amines and plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL), levels in young turkeys

Abstract 1. Furazolidone (30 mg/kg) given orally for 14 days produced significant increases in the hypothalamic concentrations of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopa. The amine concentrations returned to normal one week after withdrawal of the drug. 2. Nitrofurazone (30 mg/kg) given orally for 14 days did not affect significantly the hypothalamic amine concentrations. 3. Nitrofurazone (30 mg/kg, 14 days) increased significantly the plasma concentration of prolactin (PRL) and decreased luteinizing hormone (LH). The concentrations of the two hormones returned to normal one week after the drug withdrawal. Furazolidone (7.5, 15 or 30 mg/kg) did not influence the concentrations of either hormone. 4. Furazolidone (30 mg/kg, 14 days) did not influence the release of LH or PRL after treatment of LHRH or TRH, respectively. Nitrofurazone at the same dose, however, reduced the increases in LH and PRL concentrations induced by LHRH and TRH, respectively.
Java and the IBM San Francisco project

The San FranciscoTM project establishes a new paradigm for building business applications. The product, targeted for independent software vendors (ISVs), provides a distributed object infrastructure (foundation), common business objects (CBOs), and business process components (BPCs). Together, they provide a platform-independent business application foundation, ready for extension by ISVs to produce end-customer, business-critical applications. The San Francisco project is written almost entirely in JavaTM and to our knowledge is currently the largest Java development effort in the world. This paper provides an overview of the San Francisco project, with emphasis on the Java considerations of the product's development, the lessons learned, and our recommendations for future Java language maturity.
Crowdsourcing the indexing of film and television media

In this paper we describe a project that explores how advances in information technology could be used to make film and television media more accessible to both scholarly and non-scholarly audiences. By indexing, at a detailed level, a range of time-synchronized and non-time-synchronized elements in a test collection of 12 films and 8 television programs, we demonstrate how structured data representing many aspects of media content can be produced in a streamlined manner, and discuss how this work could potentially be augmented with automated indexing to be more efficient. We present examples of how this data can be utilized to produce a variety of tools and artifacts that make film and television media more accessible, and suggest that crowdsourcing could be an effective strategy for accomplishing this work on a larger scale. This research contributes to the growing body of literature exploring how multimedia collections can be made more accessible and useful for a variety of purposes.
New Architecture for MHz Switching Frequency PFC

In this paper, the concept of high frequency operation to shrink the EMI filter and inductor size in the PFC circuit is demonstrated. A 600 kHz single switch CCM boost PFC with 92% full load efficiency at 90 VAC input is developed with the Infineon newly developed CoolMOS and SiC diode devices. Both the EMI filter and the inductor size are greatly reduced. Further more, a new two-stage PFC architecture is introduced. This enables the PFC to run at 1 MHz with 92.8% full load efficiency. At such high operating frequency, the EMI filter and inductor size is further reduced. For the second stage in this structure, a high efficiency, and high power density voltage doubler is proposed. The measured full load efficiency of the voltage doubler prototype is 99%. Interleaving multi-phase high frequency PFC architecture is also introduced. The ability to reduce the EMI filter size by increase the EMI noise frequency is discussed and demonstrated.
Acute Esophageal Necrosis: A Case Series and Long-Term Follow-Up

Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN) is a rare condition characterized by circumferential necrosis of varying lengths in the intrathoracic esophagus. Endoscopically, this process is manifested as a black esophagus. To date, limited case series exist describing AEN, and none report long-term follow-up. Our objective was to report 3 patients with AEN, all diagnosed within 1 year at a tertiary academic medical center, describing early and long-term outcomes of this rare disease. In the absence of perforation, patients can be managed conservatively with serial esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Long-term strictures may occur that require dilation.
Effect of Varying the Volume of Injection in Calculating Number of Infectious Particles of Vaccinia

SummaryExperiments are reported in which it is shown that under usual experimental conditions the concentration and not the volume of a vaccinia virus dilution is important in determining the number of infectious units contained in a given virus suspension.
Observation of an atomic Stark-electric-quadrupole interference

An interference between electric quadrupole and Stark induced dipole amplitudes is observed for the first time. Measurement of this interference in atomic strontium permits the first experimental determination of the decay rate between the lowest $^{1}\mathrm{P}$ and metastable $^{1}\mathrm{D}$ levels in an alkaline-earth atom. We obtain the result A(5s5p-5s4d)=(3.85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$.
Prenatal smoke exposure: Effects on infant auditory system and placental gene expression

Abstract Prenatal smoke exposure has been shown to change cochlear echo response amplitudes and auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave latencies in newborns. Since gene expression changes are often synchronized in different tissue types, the goal of the present work was to determine the relationships between prenatal smoke exposure induced changes in hearing responses with changes in placental gene expression. Results showed significant cotinine level elevations in mothers who smoked ≥ 10 cigarettes/day during their pregnancy compared to no detectable cotinine in nonsmoking mothers. Cochlear echo response amplitudes in the 2–8 kHz range and ABR wave latencies, specifically wave V and interpeak interval I–V, were also significantly reduced in newborns of smoking mothers. Functional pathway analysis of upregulated placental genes using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) online software showed significant enrichment of terms associated with neurodevelopmental processes including glutamatergic and cholinergic systems and a number of wingless type proteins in the top two tiers with corrected enrichment p-values of ≤ 0.05. Other relevant functional pathways were significant at unadjusted enrichment p-values of 0.001–0.11 and included calcium signaling, neurotransmission/neurological processes and oxidative stress. The neurological process clusters included 7 genes ( EML2 , OTOR , SLC26A5 , TBL1X , TECTA , USH1C and USH1G ) known to modulate cochlear outer hair cell motility. We localized proteins encoded by the top two regulated genes, TBL1X and USH1C , using immunohistochemistry to placental stem and anchoring villi associated with active contractile function. These placental genes may mediate active contraction and relaxation in the placental villi, for example, during maternal–fetal perfusion matching, similar to the active lengthening and shortening of the cochlear outer hair cells during sensory transduction. Thus, the functional consequence of their alteration in the cochlea would be reflected as a decline in cochlear echoes as shown in this study. Such parallel changes suggest the potential utility of placental gene expression as a surrogate for evaluating changes in the developing cochlea related to potential aberrant cochlear function in newborns with prenatal smoke exposure.
Adsorption of3He on cesium surfaces

Vapor pressure isotherms of3He on Cs are reported which show that, in contrast to4He,3He weis Cs for 1.26K<T<2K. Although the isotherms are distinctly different from those taken on strong binding substrates, we have observed no evidence for a first order prewetting transition. The data suggest that the prewetting critical point is substantially below T=1.26K.
A Compact 250-kV Injector System for PIGMI

A 250-kV proton injector to be used in the development of a linac suitable for medical applications has been constructed. This injector utilizes a spherical Pierce geometry to produce a converging beam. A gas insulated accelerating column is cantilevered on a grounded vacuum system, with a separate high voltage equipment dome connected to a 300-kV Cockcroft-Walton power supply. The injector can be operated locally or remotely, with the remote control accomplished by a microprocessor system linked to a central control minicomputer. This injector has been designed as a low-cost compact system. The design details and the data obtained during initial operation are presented.
A comprehensive review of the treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon but malignant cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma with a high incidence of local recurrence, regional lymph node metastases, and subsequent distant metastases. The etiology of MCC remains unknown. It usually occurs in sun-exposed areas in elderly people, many of whom have a history of other synchronous or metachronous sun-associated skin lesions. The outcome for most patients with MCC is generally poor. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment. The role of adjuvant therapy has been debated. However, data from recent development support a multimodality approach, including surgical excision of primary tumor with adequate margins and sentinel lymph node dissection followed by postoperative radiotherapy in most cases, as current choice of practice with better locoregional control and disease-free survival. Patients with regional nodal involvement or advanced disease should undergo nodal dissection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy and, perhaps, systemic platinum-based chemotherapy in most cases.
Development of a Model for Control of the NASA CELSS Crop Growth Research Chamber

In support of development of bioregenerative life support systems for space habitats, a chamber for conducting research on the biophysical response of crop plants in controlled environments is being designed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The imprecision of mathematical descriptions of the behavior of biological systems led to the development of a model which can be used to derive a strategy for control of the chamber environment which is robust to the system uncertainties. The modeling approach and observations of the characteristics of the model are described.
Trehalose in the flight muscle of the house fly, Musca domestica L., in relation to age.

Trehalose der Flugelmuskeln mannlicher Hausfliegen,Musca domestica (1 h bis 16 Tage alt), wurde mit Filtrierpapierchromatographie getrennt und quantitativ kolorimetrisch bestimmt. Die Konzentration der Trehalose in den Flugelmuskeln erreicht ihr Maximum (26,50 µg/Thorax) 4 h nach dem Schlupfen der Imago. Nach 24 h (Imago) auf ⅓ des Maximums (8,59 µg/Thorax) vermindert, stabilisiert sich der Trehalosegehalt bis zum Lebensende.
Low-noise high-performance current controllers for quantum cascade lasers.

Quantum cascade lasers have ushered in a new era of enhanced capability for chemical sensing. The higher current and voltage demands of these devices over their laser diode counterparts have also ushered in the demand for more capable drive electronics. The current-sensitivity and high frequency response of these devices have continued the desire for low noise, stability, and agility enjoyed by the laser diode community for many years. This article addresses the issue of maintaining these characteristics at the currents and voltages required, and presents example performance of current controllers developed by the author at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, achieving output currents up to 2 A and compliance voltages of 15 V, with noise levels close to the Johnson noise of the internal resistors, typically a few nA / Hz . Rapid full-depth current modulation up to 100 kHz is also demonstrated.
On the numerical solution of higher order nonlinear parabolic equations

This paper deals with the numerical approximation of weak solutions of the first initial, boundary value problem for the higher order, nonlinear parabolic equation $$\sum\limits_{|\alpha | , |\beta | \leqq p} {D^\alpha (a_{\alpha \beta } (x,t)) \leqq D^\beta u - \partial u/\partial t = f} $$ wheref=f(x, t, D v u), |v|≤p−1, p≥1 is an integer and α, β,v are multi-indices.
The Effects of lodinated Contrast Agents on Autoregulation of Cerebral Blood Flow

The effects of an iodinated contrast agent, Renografin-76® upon cerebral autoregulation was studied in rhesus monkeys. This was done by measuring the effects of an intravenous injection of Renografin-76 upon: (1) the response of baseline CBF as measured by the washout of a carotid bolus of H215O during and after the injection of Renografin-76, (2) the response of CBF monitored continuously by a Doppler flow probe technique to changes in the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) before and after an injection of Renografin-76, and (3) the response of the regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) as measured by stimulated x-ray fluorescence. An intravenous injection of Renografin-76 can disturb cerebral autoregulation in the rhesus monkey for as long as 15 minutes after the beginning of the injection. After the intravenous in jection of Renografin-76, transient rises in both CBF and MABP lasting from 2 to 12 minutes occurred on an average of 23% and 16%, respectively, over control values.
Effects of vibrissal amputation on cricket predation in northern grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster)

The role of the vibrissae in cricket predation was examined in northern grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster). Vibrissal amputation greatly increased kill latencies but had no effect on latency to initiate pursuit or on killing and consummatory behavior. The increased kill latencies resulted from repeated failures to pin the cricket with the forepaws and seemed to reflect disrupted timing of pouncing when the cricket was within 1-3 cm of the mouse. Vibrissal stimulation differs from audition, vision, and olfaction in its contribution to the integration of grasshopper mouse predatory behavior.
Immune response to retroviruses in the central nervous system

Abstract The human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) is associated with a chronic, progressive demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) termed HAM/TSP. This virus is endemic throughout the world and the vast majority of individuals infected with this agent are asymptomatic carriers. A differential host cellular immune response to HTLV-I in an asymptomatic carrier and a disease affected individual may explain the different outcomes of an HTLV-I infection. This report reviews the evidence that supports the involvement of HTLV-I specific cytotoxic T cells in the neuropathology of HTLV-I associated neurological disease. The use of immunotherapeutic strategies to modify disease is discussed based on the observation of high virus-specific cytotoxic T cell responses from lymphocytes obtained from both the peripheral blood and the CNS of HAM/TSP patients.
Getting in touch with our own feelings

According to Ren t Descartes, the passions or passive states of the soul that are emotions, evaluative reactions to what we take our state to be, cannot, as sense perceptions can, mislead us, since they are "so close and so internal to the soul that it cannot possibly feel them unless they are truly as it feels them to be (elles sont si proches et si int~rieures ~ notre ~me qu'il est impossible qu'elle les sente, sans qu'elles soient vdritablement telles qu'elle les sent"). 1 But according to Sigmund Freud, "Like the physical, the psychical is not necessarily in reality what it appears to be", 2 and our consciousness of mental processes is likened by him to our fallible sense perception of the external world. Where Descartes draws a contrast between consciousness of external objects and consciousness of our own thoughts and emotions, Freud draws an analogy. Do we know what we feel? Do we know something, but not everything, about our feelings, just in virtue of their being ours? What do we automatically know, what may we have to find out about our own feelings with or without the aid of Freudian analysis? Are feelings known in the same way thoughts are, or are there interesting differences? Are there differences between how we get in touch with the feelings of other persons, and how we get in touch with their "cognitive processes"? I shall turn to Descartes, Freud, and then Darwin to get some answers about our understanding of our own and others' feelings, as compared with our understanding of thoughts. In the course of this investigation the very contrast between emotional and cognitive processes will however come under suspicion. As we realize the pervasiveness of "hot cognition" and "frozen affect", we may come to doubt that these categories of cognition and affect are the most helpful ones for understanding ourselves. I shall, however, begin by trying to work within Descartes' conceptual system, in which some "ideas" or "perceptions" are "tanquam rerum imagines", and their acceptance or rejection is part of our search for truth, while other "passions of the soul", passive modes of the conscious
Antenatal diagnosis of sacrococcygeal teratomas: prognostic features

During a 6-year span the prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of a sacrococcygeal mass was made eight times at the High-Risk Perinatal Centers of Case Western Reserve University. The gestational age at the time of diagnosis ranged from 21 to 35 weeks. In one of the pregnancies, the affected fetus was one of a set of fraternal twins. Two patients were delivered vaginally and five were delivered by cesarean section. One fetus died in utero. In seven the diagnosis of sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) was confirmed histologically. In the eighth the lesion was a fungating malignant melanoma of the lower sacral region. The decision as to mode of delivery was made based on the size of the tumor relative to the biparietal diameter and fetal presentation. Four of the six remaining patients with SCT survived. In the three with fatal outcome, the ratio of infant weight to tumor weight was below 1.7. This measurement is a clear indication of the very large size of these lesions. The increased blood flow through these tumors can lead to fetal cardiac failure, hydrops, and death. With the almost routine use of ultrasound, more SCT may be identified antenatally. Included in this group and referred to tertiary care centers will be nonviable fetuses as well as very small fetuses with exceptionally large tumors; this will raise the overall mortality in this group of patients traditionally regarded by pediatric surgeons as having a good outlook.
Mortality and Morbidity of VLBW Infants With Trisomy 13 or Trisomy 18

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about how very low birth weight (VLBW) affects survival and morbidities among infants with trisomy 13 (T13) or trisomy 18 (T18). We examined the care plans for VLBW infants with T13 or T18 and compared their risks of mortality and neonatal morbidities with VLBW infants with trisomy 21 and VLBW infants without birth defects. METHODS: Infants with birth weight 401 to 1500 g born or cared for at a participating center of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network during the period 1994–2009 were studied. Poisson regression models were used to examine risk of death and neonatal morbidities among infants with T13 or T18. RESULTS: Of 52 262 VLBW infants, 38 (0.07%) had T13 and 128 (0.24%) had T18. Intensity of care in the delivery room varied depending on whether the trisomy was diagnosed before or after birth. The plan for subsequent care for the majority of the infants was to withdraw care or to provide comfort care. Eleven percent of infants with T13 and 9% of infants with T18 survived to hospital discharge. Survivors with T13 or T18 had significantly increased risk of patent ductus arteriosus and respiratory distress syndrome compared with infants without birth defects. No infant with T13 or T18 developed necrotizing enterocolitis. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of liveborn VLBW infants with T13 or T18, the timing of trisomy diagnosis affected the plan for care, survival was poor, and death usually occurred early.
Measuring the Effect of Food Stamps on Food Insecurity and Hunger: Research and Policy Considerations

The federal government has estimated the prevalence of household "food insecurity" and "food insecurity with hunger" since 1995. Early observers believed that the new measure could be used to assess and improve the Food Stamp Program (FSP). Ten years of research have tempered the initial optimism. The prevalence of food insecurity with hunger (12.3% of all low-income households in 2004) is much higher among food stamp participant households (18.6% in 2004) than among low-income nonparticipant households (10.1% in 2004), due to strong self-selection effects. Households facing greater hardship are more likely to join the program. This article reviews 6 types of nonexperimental research designs that have been used to address the self-selection problem. The results have been inconclusive and the authors have warned against drawing causal inferences from their research. Ethical random-assignment research designs may be required to satisfy the intense policy interest in measuring the antihunger impact of the FSP. The most promising ethical research designs would test the effects of offering eligibility to households that are currently ineligible or offering increased benefits to households that are currently eligible for small benefit amounts.
A Drug Repositioning Approach Identifies Tricyclic Antidepressants as Inhibitors of Small Cell Lung Cancer and Other Neuroendocrine Tumors

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine subtype of lung cancer with high mortality. We used a systematic drug repositioning bioinformatics approach querying a large compendium of gene expression profiles to identify candidate U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved drugs to treat SCLC. We found that tricyclic antidepressants and related molecules potently induce apoptosis in both chemonaive and chemoresistant SCLC cells in culture, in mouse and human SCLC tumors transplanted into immunocompromised mice, and in endogenous tumors from a mouse model for human SCLC. The candidate drugs activate stress pathways and induce cell death in SCLC cells, at least in part by disrupting autocrine survival signals involving neurotransmitters and their G protein–coupled receptors. The candidate drugs inhibit the growth of other neuroendocrine tumors, including pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and Merkel cell carcinoma. These experiments identify novel targeted strategies that can be rapidly evaluated in patients with neuroendocrine tumors through the repurposing of approved drugs. Significance: Our work shows the power of bioinformatics-based drug approaches to rapidly repurpose FDA-approved drugs and identifies a novel class of molecules to treat patients with SCLC, a cancer for which no effective novel systemic treatments have been identified in several decades. In addition, our experiments highlight the importance of novel autocrine mechanisms in promoting the growth of neuroendocrine tumor cells. Cancer Discov; 3(12); 1364–77. ©2013 AACR . See related commentary by Wang and Byers, [p. 1333][1] This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, [p. 1317][2] [1]: /lookup/volpage/3/1333?iss=12 [2]: /lookup/volpage/3/1317?iss=12
Critical Notes on Galen's De Venae Sectione Adversus Erasistrateos Romae Degentes [K XI 187–249]

The treatise was in origin a polemic against the Erasistrateans in Rome whom Galen found to be in opposition to his own views. It is of interest not only for Galen's views on venesection but also for the fragments of the writings of Erastistratus contained in it. The text has not yet appeared in a modern critical edition. The Kuhn edition of 1826 is the most recent, but Kuhn did not go beyond the work of the Renaissance editors in dealing with the numerous corruptions of the text. The emendations proposed below are occasioned by the want of a satisfactory reading anywhere in the tradition.
Adenosine Modulates N-Methyl-d-Aspartate–Stimulated Hippocampal Nitric Oxide Production In Vivo

Background and Purpose Adenosine acts presynaptically to inhibit release of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) and is thus considered to be neuroprotective. Because EAA-stimulated synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) may play an important role in long-term potentiation and excitotoxic-mediated injury, we tested the hypotheses that adenosine agonists attenuate basal and EAA-induced NO production in the hippocampus in vivo and that adenosine A1 receptors mediate this response. Methods Microdialysis probes were placed bilaterally into the CA3 region of the hippocampus of adult Sprague-Dawley rats under pentobarbital anesthesia. Probes were perfused for 5 hours with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing 3 μmol/L [14C]l-arginine. Recovery of [14C]l-citrulline in the effluent was used as a marker of NO production. In 10 groups of rats, time-dependent increases in [14C]l-citrulline recovery were compared between right- and left-sided probes perfused with various combinations of N -methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), adenosine agonists, adenosine antagonists, and the NO synthase inhibitor N ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Results Recovery of [14C]l-citrulline during perfusion with artificial cerebrospinal fluid progressively increased to 141±27 fmol/min (±SEM) over 5 hours. Contralateral perfusion with 1 mmol/L NMDA augmented [14C]l-citrulline recovery to 317±62 fmol/min. Perfusion of 1 mmol/L L-NAME with NMDA inhibited [14C]l-citrulline recovery compared with NMDA alone. Perfusion with 0.1 mmol/L 2-chloroadenosine attenuated basal as well as NMDA-enhanced [14C]l-citrulline recovery. This action of 2-chloroadenosine was reversed by infusion of 0.1 mmol/L 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, a specific A1 receptor antagonist. Infusion of 0.1 mmol/L (2 S )- N 6-[2-endo-norboryl]adenosine, a specific A1 receptor agonist, also attenuated the 0.1 mmol/L and 1 mmol/L NMDA-enhanced [14C]l-citrulline recovery. Conclusions Using an indirect method of assessing NO production in vivo, these data are consistent with in vitro results showing that NMDA receptor stimulation enhances NO production. Furthermore, we conclude that stimulation of A1 receptors can attenuate the basal as well as NMDA-induced production of NO. Because NMDA receptor stimulation amplifies glutamate release, our data are consistent with presynaptic A1 receptor–mediated inhibition of EAA release and consequent downregulation of NO production.
Checks, Balances, and Thresholds: State Regulatory Re-enforcement and Federal Preemption

In the last two decades, many cases of actual or attempted federal preemption of state regulation have followed an intriguing new interactive pattern. While this pattern is not comprehensive enough to define a new theory of federalism (see Zimmerman 2004 ), it now occurs regularly enough to merit close attention and an attempted understanding of its dynamics (see Walters 2004 ). It is also an example of the kind of complicated federalism, with vertical checks, balances and thresholds, that has emerged in a 21 st century America closely divided upon whether and how to use government policy to address various social and economic problems.
Documenting loss of large trophy fish from the Florida Keys with historical photographs.

Abstract: A loss of large vertebrates has occurred in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, but data to measure long-term population changes are sparse. Historical photographs provide visual and quantitative evidence of changes in mean individual size and species composition for groups of marine fish that have been targeted by sport fishing. I measured such trends for 13 groups of recreationally caught “trophy” reef fish with photographs taken in Key West, Florida, from 1956 to 2007. The mean fish size declined from an estimated 19.9 kg (SE 1.5) to 2.3 kg (SE 0.3), and there was a major shift in species composition. Landings from 1956 to 1960 were dominated by large groupers (Epinephelus spp.), and other large predatory fish were commonly caught, including sharks with an average length of just <2 m. In contrast, landings in 2007 were composed of small snappers (Lutjanus spp. and Ocyurus chrysurus) with an average length of 34.4 cm (SE 0.62), and the average length of sharks declined by more than 50% over 50 years. Major declines in the size of fish caught were not reflected in the price of fishing trips, so customers paid the same amount for a less-valuable product. Historical photographs provide a window into a more pristine coral reef ecosystem that existed a half a century ago and lend support to current observations that unfished reef communities are able to support large numbers of large-bodied fish.