cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Algorithm for Distributed Outlier Detection in Large Multi-Dimensional Datasets

The distance-based outlier is a widely used definition of outlier. A point is distinguished as an outlier on the basis of the distances to its nearest neighbors. In this paper, to solve the problem of outlier computing in distributed environments, DBOZ, a distributed algorithm for distance-based outlier detection using Z-curve hierarchical tree (ZH-tree) is proposed. First, we propose a new index, ZH-tree, to effectively manage the data in a distributed environment. ZH-tree has two desirable advantages, including clustering property to help search the neighbors of a point, and hierarchical structure to support space pruning. We also design a bottom-up approach to build ZH-tree in parallel, whose time complexity is linear to the number of dimensions and the size of dataset. Second, DBOZ is proposed to compute outliers in distributed environments. It consists of two stages. 1) To avoid calculating the exact nearest neighbors of all the points, we design a greedy method and a new ZH-tree based k-nearest neighbor searching algorithm (ZHkNN for short) to obtain a threshold LW. 2) We propose a filter-and-refine approach, which first filters out the unpromising points using LW, and then outputs the final outliers through refining the remaining points. At last, the efficiency and the effectiveness of ZH-tree and DBOZ are testified through a series of experiments.
Failure of Pregnancy and Estrogen to Improve Collateral Circulation in Nonischemic Hearts of Dogs.

SummaryThe effect of pregnancy and administered estrogen on the coronary collateral circulation of otherwise normal dogs was investigated. The data show that neither pregnancy nor estrogen given for 21 weeks resulted in significant alteration from controls in peripheral coronary occlusion, or in the roentgenographic appearance of the coronary arterial vasculature following injection with a barium gelatin mixture.The authors acknowledge the technical assistance of Mrs. Jacqueline Chadwick and Mr. John Dattilo.
N-Channel Mos Transistors below 0.5 μm with Ultra-Shallow Channels formed by Low Temperature Selective Silicon Epitaxy

In this paper, we present an application of ultra high Vacuum Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition (UHV-RTCVD) to MOSFET channel engineering. MOSFETs were fabricated on ultra-thin (200 A), moderately doped (l×1017 - 6×1018 cm−3) p-type epitaxial layers selectively grown in active areas defined by standard LOCOS isolation. The selective epitaxy was achieved using a novel Si2H6Cl2/B2H6 process at 800°C and at a total pressure under 30 mtorr. Low thermal budget processing techniques were emphasized to minimize spread in the channel doping profile. Threshold voltages below 0.6 V were obtained. Transistors with effective channel lengths of 0.45 μm exhibit subthreshold slopes from 78 to 92 mV/decade determined by the epitaxial channel doping density. We have found that by using ultra-thin channels, expected transconductance degradation at high channel doping densities can be minimized. Furthermore, ultra-thin channels help reduce the sensitivity of the threshold voltage on substrate bias. The results show that low temperature selective silicon epitaxy can be used to form ultra-shallow channel doping profiles that can enhance the performance of MOSFETs in the deep submicron regime.
NMR spectroscopy of cyclopentane derivatives: I. Cyclopentane and cyclopentanone

Abstract The deuterium-decoupled 100 MHz p.m.r. 13C-satellite spectra for cyclopentanone-2, 2,5,5-d4 (2)) and cyclopentane-1,1,2,2,3,3-d6 (5) have been determined at several temperatures and the LAOCOON 3 derived spectral parameters related to molecular conformation. For 2, the data were found to be consistent with the half-chair conformation; for 5, the data were fitted to an unrestricted pseudorotation model.
Postharvest quality measurement and control of pears

Modern marketing chains continuously stimulate postharvest technology research to develop and improve techniques for measuring internal defects and nutritional and organoleptic fruit quality attributes. Three relatively new non-destructive techniques to assess pear fruit quality and to determine the optimal harvest date-acoustic firmness sensor, electronic nose and near-infrared spectroscopy-are described here. Tomographic techniques like X-ray computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were found to be useful for detecting the incidence of core breakdown, a storage disorder in Conference pears. Both techniques were found suitable to discriminate between cavities, affected and unaffected tissue. An attempt was made to detect internal cavities using a technique based on vibrational modal analysis.
The Influence of Particle Size on Explosive Characteristics of Magnesium Dust

This paper briefly conducts analyses on the explosion process and characteristics of magnesium dust,and integrated with the explosive characteristics experimental data of magnesium dust particle size D50 with 6 μm,47 μm,104 μm,173 μm in 20 L spherical explosions test devices,specially discusses the explosive characteristics influence of magnesium dust particle size.The results indicates that the explosive hazard of magnesium dust will be reducee with the increase of the particle size.
An open-source software system for setting wildfire evacuation triggers

Wildfire evacuation triggers are prominent geographic features used in wildfire evacuation practices to facilitate warning and communication during evacuations. When a fire crosses these features, emergency managers issue evacuation orders for the residents in the path of the fire. Computerized modeling of triggers uses geographic information systems (GIS) and fire-spread modeling to calculate a geographic buffer for a given locality with an input evacuation time. The existing trigger modeling method uses several software packages and programs to create trigger buffers, which makes it inconvenient and time-consuming to use in practice. In this work, an open-source software system is designed and implemented for setting wildfire evacuation triggers. The analysis, design, and implementation of the software system are presented. Moreover, a case study that employs the proposed system to create trigger buffers in Julian, California illustrates the software system. The results show that the proposed system is more user-friendly and makes it more convenient to perform trigger modeling in various applications. The open-source nature of the software system could potentially facilitate communication and collaboration between the developers, researchers, and emergency managers.
Guest Editorial: Apartheid South Africa: The Commonwealth Stand and U.S.-British Collusion

We consider that South Africa's continuing refusal to dismantle apartheid, its illegal occupation of Namibia, and its aggression against its neighbors constitute a serious challenge to the values and principles of the Commonwealth, a challenge which Commonwealth countries cannot ignore. We express the view that only the eradication of apartheid and establishment of majority rule on the basis of free and fair exercise of universal adult suffrage by all the people in a united and nonfragmented South Africa can lead to a just and lasting solution of the explosive situation prevailing in Southern Africa.The Commonwealth Accord on Southern Africa (October 1985).
WE-H-BRA-05: Investigation of LET Spectral Dependence of the Biological Effects of Therapeutic Protons

Purpose: To investigate the dependence of biologic effect (BE) of therapeutic protons on LET spectra by comparing BEs with equal dose-averaged LET (LETd) derived from different LET spectra using high-throughput in vitro clonogenic survival assays. Methods: We used Geant4 to design the relevant experimental setups and perform the dose, LETd, and LET spectra calculations for spot-scanning protons. The clonogenic assay was performed using the H460 lung cancer cell line cultured in 96-well plates. In the first experimental setup (S1), cells were irradiated using 127.4 MeV protons with a 93.22 mm Lucite buildup resulting in a LETd value of 3.4 keV/µm in the cell layer. In the second experimental setup (S2), cells were irradiated by a combination of 127.4 MeV and 136.4 MeV protons with a 96.61 mm Lucite buildup. The LETd values in the cell layer were 11.4 keV/µm and 1.5 keV/µm respectively, but an average LETd of 3.4 keV/µm was obtained by adjusting the relative fluence of each beam. Ten discrete dose levels with 0.5 Gy increments were delivered. Results: In the two setups, the energies or LET spectra were different but resulted in identical LETd values. We quantified the dose contributions from high-LET (≥10 keV/µm, threshold determined by previous experiments) events in the LET spectra separately for these two setups as 3.2% and 10.5%. The biologic effects at each identical dose level yielded statistically significant different survival curves (extra sum-of-squares F-test, P<0.0001). The second setup with a higher contribution from high-LET events exhibited the higher biologic effect with a dose enhancement factor of 1.17±0.03 at 0.10 surviving fraction. Conclusion: The dose-averaged LET may not be an accurate indicator of the biological effects of protons. Detailed LET spectra may need to be considered explicitly to accurately quantify the biologic effects of protons. Funding Support: U19 CA021239-35, R21 CA187484-01 and MDACC-IRG
Genetics of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

The nomenclature, classification, and genetic basis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease are reviewed from the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Scotland.
A study on nonnegativity preservation in finite element approximation of Nagumo-type nonlinear differential equations

Preservation of nonnengativity and boundedness in the finite element solution of Nagumo-type equations with general anisotropic diffusion is studied. Linear finite elements and the backward Euler scheme are used for the spatial and temporal discretization, respectively. An explicit, an implicit, and two hybrid explicitimplicit treatments for the nonlinear reaction term are considered. Conditions for the mesh and the time step size are developed for the numerical solution to preserve nonnegativity and boundedness. The effects of lumping of the mass matrix and the reaction term are also discussed. The analysis shows that the nonlinear reaction term has significant effects on the conditions for both the mesh and the time step size. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the theoretical findings.
Daytime Sleepiness and Risk of Stroke and Vascular Disease Findings from the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS)

Background—Recent studies have suggested that poor quality and diminished quantity of sleep may be independently linked to vascular events although prospective and multiethnic studies are limited. This study aimed to explore the relationship between daytime sleepiness and the risk of ischemic stroke and vascular events in an elderly, multiethnic prospective cohort. Methods and Results—As part of the Northern Manhattan Study, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale was collected during the 2004 annual follow-up. Daytime sleepiness was trichotomized using previously reported cut points of no dozing, some dozing, and significant dozing. Subjects were followed annually for a mean of 5.1 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for stroke, myocardial infarction, and death outcomes. We obtained the Epworth Sleepiness Scale on 2088 community residents. The mean age was 73.5 ± 9.3 years; 64% were women; 17% were white, 20% black, 60% Hispanic, and 3% were other...
Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and domestic horse (Equus caballus) hindgut microflora demonstrate similar fermentation responses to grape seed extract supplementation in vitro.

Summary The domestic horse is used as a nutritional model for rhinoceros maintained under human care. The validity of this model for browsing rhinoceros has been questioned due to high prevalence of iron overload disorder (IOD) in captive black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Iron chelators, such as tannins, are under investigation as dietary supplements to ameliorate or prevent IOD in prone species. Polyphenolic compounds variably affect microbial fermentation, so the first objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of grape seed extract (GSE; a concentrated source of condensed tannins; CT) on black rhinoceros hindgut fermentation. Equine nutrition knowledge is used to assess supplements for rhinoceros; therefore, the second objective was to evaluate the domestic horse model for black rhinoceros fermentation and compare fermentation responses to GSE using a continuous single-flow in vitro culture system. Two replicated continuous culture experiments were conducted using horse and black rhinoceros faeces as inoculum sources comparing four diets with increasing GSE inclusion (0.0%, 1.3%, 2.7% and 4.0% of diet dry matter). Diet and GSE polyphenolic compositions were determined, and sodium sulphite effect on neutral detergent fibre extraction of CT-containing forages was tested. Increasing GSE inclusion stimulated microbial growth and fermentation, and proportionally increased diet CT concentration and iron-binding capacity. Horse and black rhinoceros hindgut microflora nutrient digestibility and fermentation responses to GSE did not differ, and results supported equine fermentation as an adequate model for microbial fermentation in the black rhinoceros. Interpretation of these results is limited to hindgut fermentation and further research is needed to compare foregut digestibility and nutrient absorption between these two species. Supplementation of GSE in black rhinoceros diets up to 4% is unlikely to adversely affect hindgut nutrient digestibility or microbial viability and fermentation.
Ultraconfined Plasmonic Hotspots Inside Graphene Nanobubbles

We report on a nanoinfrared (IR) imaging study of ultraconfined plasmonic hotspots inside graphene nanobubbles formed in graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) heterostructures. The volume of these plasmonic hotspots is more than one-million-times smaller than what could be achieved by free-space IR photons, and their real-space distributions are controlled by the sizes and shapes of the nanobubbles. Theoretical analysis indicates that the observed plasmonic hotspots are formed due to a significant increase of the local plasmon wavelength in the nanobubble regions. Such an increase is attributed to the high sensitivity of graphene plasmons to its dielectric environment. Our work presents a novel scheme for plasmonic hotspot formation and sheds light on future applications of graphene nanobubbles for plasmon-enhanced IR spectroscopy.
Orthopaedic Surgery in World War II: Military and Medical Role of Northern Ireland.

Belfast, Boston Massachusetts, Oswestry Shropshire and Oxford were the sites of publications on the regionalisation of Orthopaedic Surgery centres which have led to our present trauma centres. Professors Andrew Fullerton and Thomas Sinclair of Queen’s Belfast were under the Allied Command of Sir Alfred Keough, head of the RAMC who appointed Robert Jones of Oswestry as Commander of Allied Orthopaedics for World War I. Both Jones and Keough established orthopaedic regional centres and orthopaedic hospitals in England, France and Scotland. In total, they comprised 30,000 beds. Jones also treated as patients and trained as surgeons: Harry Platt, Gathorne Robert Girdlestone, Henry Osmond Clark and Reginald Watson-Jones, who were later to become prominent consulting professorial orthopaedic surgeons.
IEEE Journal on Exploratory Solid-State Computational Devices and Circuits—Second Issue

Welcome to the third annual issue of the Journal on Exploratory Solid-State Computational Devices and Circuits (JXCDC), a multidisciplinary, open access IEEE journal that is focused on publishing seminal research in the exploration for energy-efficient computing based on physics and materials to enable new devices, circuits, and architecture that will be of great interest to integrated circuit researchers and those working in the IT industry. The papers in the Journal are selectively chosen to provide insight into the architectural, circuit, and device implications of emerging quantum nanoelectronic and nanomagnetic device technologies. Discovery of new materials, devices, and circuits for energy-efficient computational circuits will be needed to make it possible that Moore’s Law continues for computing beyond the end of the roadmap for CMOS technologies, by enabling a significant improvement in energy efficiency and cost per function.
Role of Computational Modelling in Planning and Executing Interventional Procedures for Congenital Heart Disease

Increasingly, computational modelling and numerical simulations are used to help plan complex surgical and interventional cardiovascular procedures in children and young adults with congenital heart disease. From its origins more than 30 years ago, surgical planning with analysis of flow hemodynamics and energy loss/efficiency has helped design and implement many modifications to existing techniques. On the basis of patient-specific medical imaging, surgical planning allows accurate model production that can then be manipulated in a virtual surgical environment, with the proposed solutions finally tested with advanced computational fluid dynamics to evaluate the results. Applications include a broad range of congenital heart disease, including patients with single-ventricle anatomy undergoing staged palliation, those with arch obstruction, with double outlet right ventricle, or with tetralogy of Fallot. In the present work, we focus on clinical applications of this exciting field. We describe the framework for these techniques, including brief descriptions of the engineering principles applied and the interaction between "benchtop" data with medical decision-making. We highlight some early insights learned from pioneers over the past few decades, including refinements in Fontan baffle geometries and configurations. Finally, we offer a glimpse into exciting advances that are presently being explored, including use of modelling for transcatheter interventions. In this era of personalized medicine, computational modelling and surgical planning allows patient-specific tailoring of interventions to optimize clinical outcomes.
Clank: Architectural Support for Intermittent Computation

The processors that drive embedded systems are getting smaller; meanwhile, the batteries used to provide power to those systems have stagnated. If we are to realize the dream of ubiquitous computing promised by the Internet of Things, processors must shed large, heavy, expensive, and high maintenance batteries and, instead, harvest energy from their environment. One challenge with this transition is that harvested energy is insufficient for continuous operation. Unfortunately, existing programs fail miserably when executed intermittently.This paper presents Clank: lightweight architectural support for correct and efficient execution of long-running applications on harvested energy---without programmer intervention or extreme hardware modifications. Clank is a set of hardware buffers and memory-access monitors that dynamically maintain idempotency. Essentially, Clank dynamically decomposes program execution into a stream of restartable sub-executions connected via lightweight checkpoints.To validate Clank's ability to correctly stretch program execution across frequent, random power cycles, and to explore the associated hardware and software overheads, we implement Clank in Verilog, formally verify it, and then add it to an ARM Cortex M0+ processor which we use to run a set of 23 embedded systems benchmarks. Experiments show run-time overheads as low as 2.5%, with run-time overheads of 6% for a version of Clank that adds 1.7% hardware. Clank minimizes checkpoints so much that re-execution time becomes the dominate contributor to run-time overhead.
The Role of Epigenetics

Genetic variations among individuals and populations are providing insights into how information in the DNA sequence is executed at the cellular level. However, phenotypic differences between individuals cannot be entirely explained by genetic differences. Epigenetic events such as DNA-methylation changes have increasingly been found to be associated with health disparities. Social and environmental determinants, such as diet, stress, infection, and exposure to toxins can cause epigenetic changes. The epigenome of the developing fetus is especially sensitive to maternal nutrition, exposure to environmental toxins and psychological stress, and this can result in differences in health outcomes later in life. The emerging epigenetic model of health disparities points to social determinants and environmental exposures as key to addressing racial differences in disease burdens.
Seven-Year Visit

Mr. Giotti brings his daughter Rosetta to the pediatric clinic for her annual school checkup before second grade. She weighs 21.85 kg (48.25 lb), and is 120.6 cm (47.5 in. tall), placing her in the 50th percentile for weight and height. Her blood pressure is 96/57and her BMI is 15.0, which is the 40th percentile. Mr. Giotti brags about how Rosetta learned to read in first grade. Rosetta likes school and has a best friend in her class. She is very careful to do the right thing. She waits for her turn in school and at home, and is very helpful to her family, doing many chores each day to help her working parents. She works very hard at trying to be perfect as the only child in her family. Her mother is at work as a medical assistant and can’t make the visit. Mr. Giotti runs a small bakery in the community. Rosetta comes to the bakery after school when her mother is at work. Her grandmother, Mrs. Giotti, who lives with them in one apartment of their two-family house, comes and picks Rosetta up after her job in a garment factory to take Rosetta home and start dinner. Mr. Giotti is worried that Rosetta is too hard on herself and she complains when things aren’t perfect. The teacher tells Mr. Giotti that Rosetta is doing well at school, gets along well with others, and is eager to learn. Rosetta wants to join the Little League and Mr. Giotti expresses concerns.
Can elevated lactate and LDH produce a false positive enzymatic ethanol result in live patients presenting to the emergency department

AbstractBackground: There have been allegations in the courtroom that elevated serum lactic acid in trauma victims can yield a falsely elevated serum ethanol assay. Most hospitals utilize an indirect method of ethanol measurement where a serum sample is added to a mix of alcohol dehydrogenase and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). This allows any ethanol in the patient’s serum to be metabolized to acetaldehyde, and in the process results in the reduction of NAD + to NADH. NADH is then measured using spectrophotometry. The courtroom allegation stems from the concept that oxidation of lactate to pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) results in the same molar-for-molar reduction of NAD + to NADH, and could therefore theoretically cause patients with elevated lactate and LDH to have a falsely elevated ethanol concentration.Methods: Patients with elevated lactic acid and LDH concentrations who presented to a university hospital from 20 April 2015 to 13 December 2015 were identified to provide...
Believing is buying: religiosity, advertising skepticism, and corporate trust

Prior research has shown that religiosity influences consumer skepticism, but such research has lacked examination of the breadth of this effect and isolation of this effect by manipulating religio...
Chapter 36 Nonradiative processes of rare earth ions in crystals

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses nonradiative processes of rare earth ions in crystals. The longstanding interest may be attributed to the attractive model systems afforded by the rare earth compounds in exemplifying physical phenomena of fundamental interest. The chapter describes the recent developments in the treatment of two broad classes of nonradiative phenomena: (1) electron–lattice relaxation processes in which the electronic excitation within a single ion is dissipated into the vibrational modes of the host lattice; and (2) energy transfer processes, which result in the transmittance of the excitation energy from one rare earth ion to another. The relaxation phenomenon may be likened to the radiative process except that the coupling of the initial and final stares in a given transition results in the emission of lattice phonons. The transfer of excitation energy may occur through resonance or nonresonance processes.
Show them what you got: Throwing an epic open house

Picture this: all of a liaison librarian’s students and faculty in one place, telling stories about how the library and its resources have been integral to their work, learning about resources and services they never knew about, and inspiring one another with their work and their own unique methods of working with the library. It sounds like an amazing dream, right? Two arts librarians at the University of California-Irvine (UCI) were able to turn their dreams into reality in October 2016, when they worked together to throw an epic library open house for their liaison areas.
Kommunale Selbstverwaltung: Der lange Weg zur Bürgerselbstverwaltung

Das in der Einleitung angefuhrte Zitat aus der Regierungserklarung des ersten Premierministers der Demokratischen Partei nach nahezu 54jahriger ununterbrochener Regierungsfuhrung durch die Liberaldemokraten greift ein Problemfeld der japanischen Innenpolitik auf, das seit etwa 20 Jahren Gegenstand verschiedenster Reformbemuhungen ist und gleichzeitig auf das nach wie vor nicht eingeloste Versprechen der japanischen Nachkriegsverfassung verweist, eine lokale Selbstverwaltung zu garantieren.
FRONT IMPACT EVALUATION OF PRIMARY STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPOSITE SPACE FRAME

The efficient use of materials to absorb kinetic energy in automobile components subjected to impact loads has been receiving increased attention due to the reduced crush space on smaller vehicles. Substitution of lightweight materials into primary structural components has further accelerated the need to characterize the impact performance of a variety of new materials. This paper summarizes the results of an experimental program that was undertaken to investigate the impact performance of composite front-end components of a composite space frame based on a targa-top body configuration. Various front lower body rails designed with Kevlar-fiber composite materials were evaluated for energy absorption using static crush tests. A dynamic sled test of a Kevlar front substructure was completed and compared to a similar test of a mild steel front substructure. The static and dynamic tests showed that continuous- fiber composite primary structural members can be designed to manage energy absorption for frontal impact in a manner comparable to steel components. For the covering abstract see IRRD 863693.
Monoclonal Antibodies for Analysis of HLA Antigens: Further Studies with the W6/32 Antibody

Many mouse monoclonal antibodies against HLA antigens have been described and their applications to tissue-typing, biological and biochemical research are being explored. A number of our studies revealed certain problems associated with an ignorance of the basic immunochemical properties of the monoclonal reagents we were using.
The Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Clinical Psychiatry

Over the past three decades, changes in serum Cortisol have been associated with psychological and physical stress. Early studies suggested the possibility of an alteration in the feedback sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ad-renal (HPA) axis in certain psychiatric patients. As early as 1949, Pincus and associates reported a resistance in psychotic men to the normal urinary sodium change seen after administration of adrenal cortex extract. In 1954, Rizzo and colleagues noted the failure to detect the expected fall in 17-ketosteroid excretion when hydrocortisone was administered to a cyclothymic patient. By 1966, resistance of serum Cortisol to dexamethasone suppression had been reported in a subgroup of depressed psychiatric patients by Stokes (1966).
A Mass Spectrometer Study of Ionization in SF6, Corona: Influence of Water and Neutral by-Products

Mass identified ions sampled from positive- and negative-point-to-grounded plane corona discharges in SF6 are reported. In general the mass spectra obtained from positive and negative corona depend significantly on trace contaminants, either preexisting in the gas or produced by the corona itself and accumulating with time. The major positive ions observed from positive corona were, SF5 +, SF3 + and SF2 + fragments produced by electron impact of SF6. Addition of water in the range 40-600 ppm in SF6 resulted in the formation of clusters SF5 +(H2O)n, SF3 +(H2O)n, SF2 +(H2O)n, SOF3 +(H2O), and H+(H2O)n. The major negative ions observed from negative corona were SF6 -, SF5 - and F- without water addition. Addition of water resulted in the formation of the clusters SF6 - (HF), F-(HF)n, and OH-(H2O)n. where HF is an SF6 discharge by-product. Other negative ions observed included SO2F-, SO2F2 - and SOF5 - which are products of reactions of SF6 - with neutral by-products of SF6 corona.
Nutrition and Maternal Survival in Low and Middle Income Countries

Maternal mortality has declined globally but continues to be high in regions where maternal nutrition is poor. The specific role of nutrition in affecting maternal health and survival has received some attention, and nutrition interventions have proven to be effective against some causes of maternal mortality. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy, in populations with dietary deficiency, has been shown to reduce the risk of preeclampsia and is a context-specific recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, the recommended daily dose of 1.5–2.0 g is high, creating challenges for the implementation of large-scale distribution. Severe anemia is likely to increase the risk of cardiac shock related to postpartum hemorrhage, but its causal link to mortality remains unclear. Antenatal iron supplementation, also recommended by WHO, when done adequately, can bring about improvements in hemoglobin concentrations and reduce anemia, but programmatic success is low in many high-burden settings. Maternal night blindness due to vitamin A deficiency may be associated with an increased risk of maternal deaths, but the evidence from three vitamin A supplementation trials does not support universal antenatal use, except in high-burden vitamin A-deficient settings. Adolescent pregnancies and maternal short stature are risk factors for dysfunctional labor; prevention of premature pregnancy and nutrition support for adolescents could lead to improved attained adult height. Nutrition care through antenatal care and other platforms that are able to achieve high coverage may be an effective means for impacting maternal health and survival in undernourished populations of the world, where the burden of maternal mortality is high.
Abstract WP399: Change in Antiplatelet Therapy in Prevention of Secondary Stroke (CAPS2) Study

Introduction and Hypothesis: Approximately a third of stroke/TIA events occur in patients taking daily Aspirin. We studied the comparative effectiveness of FDA approved antiplatelet agents (Aspirin...
Does the VAT tax exports

While a VAT should in principle be neutral with respect to international trade, it may in practice function as a tax on exporters' input purchases if firms receive incomplete VAT refunds. Using data for over 100 countries that span the majority of historical VAT adoption episodes, this paper finds that—consistent with this hypothesis—the VAT reduces the exports of an industry with a 10 percentage point higher intermediate goods share of output by over 8% relative to an industry with a lower share. This effect is driven by developing countries and is absent for high‐income countries. (JEL F13, F14, H25, H87, O11)
A New Approach to Quantify Herbicide Volatility

Herbicide active ingredients, formulation type, ambient temperature, and humidity can influence volatility. A method was developed using volatility chambers to compare relative volatility of different synthetic auxin herbicide formulations in controlled environments. 2,4-D or dicamba acid vapors emanating after application were captured in air-sampling tubes at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after herbicide application. The 2,4-D or dicamba was extracted from sample tubes and quantified using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Volatility from 2,4-D dimethylamine (DMA) was determined to be greater than that of 2,4-D choline in chambers where temperatures were held at 30 or 40 C and relative humidity (RH) was 20% or 50%. Air concentration of 2,4-D DMA was 0.399 µg m-3 at 40 C and 20% RH compared with 0.005 µg m-3 for 2,4-D choline at the same temperature and humidity at 24 h after application. Volatility from 2,4-D DMA and 2,4-D choline increased as temperature increased from 30 to 40 C. However, volatility from 2,4-D choline was lower than observed from 2,4-D DMA. Volatility from 2,4-D choline at 40 C increased from 0.00458 to 0.0263 µg m-3 and from 0.00341 to 0.025 µg m-3 when humidity increased from 20% to 50% at 72 and 96 h after treatment, respectively, whereas, volatility from 2,4-D DMA tended to be higher at 20% RH compared with 50% RH. Air concentration of dicamba diglycolamine was similar at all time points when measured at 40 C and 20% RH. By 96 h after treatment, there was a trend for lower air concentration of dicamba compared with earlier timings. This method using volatility chambers provided good repeatability with low variability across replications, experiments, and herbicides.Nomenclature: 2,4-D choline; 2,4-D dimethlyamine (DMA); dicamba diglycolamine (DGA).
Deep Autoencoder With Clipping Fusion Regularization on Multistep Process Signals for Virtual Metrology

We propose a new feature extraction method for virtual metrology with multisensor data in semiconductor manufacturing based on deep autoencoder. The multistep process-equipment signals at wafer fabrication process consist of multiple subprocesses and signals thereof. Existing extracted features based on signals reconstructed by autoencoder turns into fluctuating shapes coarsely reflecting the original values. We propose the clipping fusion regularization on the signals reconstructed by deep autoencoder in order to extract features from raw signals preserving data characteristics. The predictive performance with the features extracted by the proposed model is evaluated in a case of an etching process for wafer fabrication. The experimental result shows that the proposed method improves the accuracy of prediction models, compared with those with the existing feature extraction approaches.
Economical drone mapping for archaeology: Comparisons of efficiency and accuracy

Abstract In the last few years Unpiloted Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, have been widely adopted by archaeologists as an important tool for archaeological survey, excavation recording, and heritage site management. As the technology has improved and costs plummeted, it has become possible to record increasingly large areas at high resolution. Now that drones are a common part of the archaeological toolkit, there is increasing interest in affordable ways to improve accuracy and survey efficiency in the field. This paper presents quantifiable results comparing multiple strategies for drone data collection from a local test site in New Hampshire, as well as a pair of examples of deploying such systems in the field. Results demonstrate low-cost methods using DIY-style drones and Post Processed Kinematic GNSS data recording can increase fieldwork efficiency and produce high-resolution ortho-imagery with better than decimeter accuracy without the need for ground control. These will be critical improvements for archaeologists working with limited budgets or with limited access to sites.
Objective Evaluation of Hemodynamics in the Outpatient Setting

Hospital readmissions are associated with significant morbidity and mortality among patients with heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases. Hospital readmissions are also a performance metric for healthcare insurers. In patients at risk of multiple readmissions, outpatient hemodynamic monitoring becomes imperative to prevent these readmissions. Outpatient assessment of cardiovascular hemodynamics provides a way to monitor patients in the ambulatory/outpatient setting or remotely. This modality reduces cost and gives clinicians an opportunity to be proactive about changes in a patient’s volume status before the development of clinical symptoms and hospital readmission. Advances in these ambulatory/outpatient and remote monitoring options will improve care, decrease readmissions, and reduce direct and indirect costs to the healthcare system. This chapter describes the various remote or ambulatory/outpatient options for hemodynamic monitoring as well as how they work and the advantages and disadvantages of each one.
Novel Definition of Stroke "Good Responders" Predicts 90-Day Outcome after Thrombolysis

Abstract Introduction Identifying predictors of good response in thrombolytic-treated stroke is important to clinical care, resource allocation, and research design. We developed a simple, novel measure of “Good Responders” to assess if 2 short-term variables could predict 90-day outcomes after thrombolysis in stroke. Methods Intravenous thrombolysis-treated stroke cases from June 2004 to June 2018 were analyzed from a stroke registry. Intraarterial treatment cases were excluded. Good responders (GR++) were defined as those with length of stay less than or equal to 3 days and discharge to home. Poor responders (GR- -) had length of stay more than 3 days and discharge other than home. Mixed responders (GR+/-) composed the remainder. Baseline characteristics and predictors of 90-day outcome were assessed. Results Of 261 patients, there were 101(38.7%) GR++, 67(25.7%) GR- -, and 93(35.6%) GR+/-. For GR++ versus GR- - versus GR+/-, there were differences in mean age (62.7, 71.2, 69.2; P = .0016), and baseline modified Rankin score (mRS) 0-2 (%: 94.9, 74.6, 84.8; P = .008). Younger age, male sex, lower values for systolic BP, glucose, and baseline mRS were associated with good responders. Older age, atrial fibrillation, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, and baseline mRS greater than 2 were associated with poor responders. At 90 days, mortality was reduced in GR++ versus GR- - versus GR+/- (%alive: 92.6, 72, 86; P = .04), and mRS(0-2) (%: 36.8, 0, 11.8; P Conclusions Good responders to thrombolysis are younger and have better baseline functional status. Our novel definition of “Good Responders”, using 2 early variables of home disposition and short length of stay, may help predict 90-day post-thrombolytic outcome. Future work should focus on validating this definition.
Cognitive Processing Therapy for Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: What is the Median Effective Dose?

Abstract Objective Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) has been disseminated in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Identifying the median effective dose (MED) of CPT, the number of sessions at which the probability of experiencing clinically meaningful improvement (CMI) is 50%, can assist with treatment. Method From a cohort of Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans who received PTSD psychotherapy in VHA between 2001-2017, veterans who received CPT with available PTSD symptom outcomes (PTSD Checklist; PCL) were identified using natural language processing (n=26,189). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine how number of CPT sessions, together with covariates, influenced CMI (10-point PCL reduction). Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted to determine MED. Results At eight sessions, there was a 50% probability of experiencing CMI. The Cox proportional hazard regression indicated a greater likelihood of CMI in fewer sessions for veterans who received individual-only CPT versus any group CPT (HR:1.31, 95%CI:1.23-1.39). Kaplan-Meier curves indicated a 50% probability of experiencing CMI at seven sessions for veterans who received individual-only CPT versus ten sessions for veterans receiving any group CPT. Limitations PCL data was not available for all veterans who received CPT or at each potential assessment point. Not all veterans continued in CPT until CMI was observed. Conclusions The MED of CPT was eight sessions. Fewer sessions were needed to reach MED for veterans who received individual versus group CPT. These results may help those who treat, research, and are recovering from PTSD through accurately anchoring treatment expectations and providing a marker of initial treatment response.
Controversies Regarding Mesh Implantation for Hiatal Reinforcement in GERD and Hiatal Hernia Surgery

Many laparoscopic surgeons use mesh augmentation at the hiatus with nonresorbable or absorbable mesh currently. Substantial controversies are present, and surgical meetings often feature controversial discussions. Based on the available evidence, implantation of mesh in a regular GERD patient with a small to midsize hiatal hernia cannot be recommended as a routine procedure, since the advantages seem to be quite limited with recurrence and risk of long-term complication. In large hiatal hernias (>5 cm), current evidence and meta-analysis suggest that the use of a mesh can be considered, but the risk for complications is substantial and therefore the patient should be informed about these risks. Early results on bioabsorbable mesh are promising for reduction in early recurrence, but longer-term data is needed to determine the durability of the repair. In centers of antireflux surgery with a large experience in upper GI surgery, the use of a mesh may not reduce the necessity of revisional surgery even in large hiatal hernias. Therefore, the indication for mesh implantation should be tailored and focused to each individual patient. It is the opinion of the authors that permanent mesh should not be placed for hiatal reinforcement under any circumstance due to the potentially devastating consequences of erosion or frozen hiatus. Early reports of bioabsorbable mesh placement are promising, but require longer-term follow-up.
Perceptions of the Food Environment and Access among Predominantly Black Low-Income Residents of Rural Louisiana Communities.

Food insecurity in rural settings is complex and not fully understood, especially from the perspective of low-income and Black residents. The goal of this study was to use qualitative methods to better understand experiences with food access and perceptions of the food environment among low-income, predominately Black rural Louisiana residents in the United States. Data were collected from focus group discussions (FGD) and focus group intake forms. Study participants were all rural residents eligible to receive at least one nutrition assistance program. FGD questions focused on perceptions of the food environment, with an emphasis on food access. Participants (n = 44) were predominately Black and female. Over half (n = 25) reported running out of food before the end of the month. Major themes included: store choice, outshopping, methods of acquiring foods other than the grocery store, and food insecurity. Concerns around price, quality, and transportation emerged as factors negatively impacting food security. Understanding residents’ perceptions and experiences is necessary to inform contextually appropriate and feasible policy and practice interventions that address the physical environment and social conditions that shape the broader physical food environment in order to achieve equitable food access and food security.
Creating Metrics for Human-Agent Teams:

This paper describes the requirements and overall design of a testbed for a human-agent team. A robust, flexible testbed will enable researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of human-agent teaming...
Abstract P103: Association Of Lipid Variability With Incident Alzheimers Disease And Alzheimers Disease Related Dementias

Background: Prevention strategies for Alzheimer’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease related dementias (AD/ADRDs) are urgently needed for reducing incidence. Intra-patient variability in lipid levels ...
Exploring the mechanism of diversity training through on-the-job embeddedness in a diverse workplace

This paper proposes an explanation of how diversity training can reduce employee turnover in a diverse organization. Researchers have paid much attention to the positive, and sometimes negative, ef...
Abstract MP08: New Function Of Sox6 In Renovascular Hypertension Induced Oxidative Stress And Kidney Damage Through Renin, Prorenin And The (pro)renin Receptor Expression Control.

Introduction: During renovascular hypertension induced by renal artery stenosis (RAStenosis), smooth muscle cells are recruited to produce and release renin compensating for the decrease in renal p...
Photoredox-Mediated Sensitization of Lanthanide Dopants by Perovskite Nanocrystals

Trivalent lanthanide ions (Ln3+) have electronically isolated f-orbitals that support excited states, which, due to their ultra-narrow emission and long spin coherence lifetimes, are potentially su...
Relation to Clinical Syndromes in Adulthood

Publisher Summary SAD (social anxiety disorder) begins early in life and follows a chronic course, often resulting in comorbid presentations at some time in the lives of people who suffer from it. Research conducted over the past 30 years indicate that there is substantial overlap between SAD and other anxiety and depressive disorders, and to a lesser extent between SAD and other conditions, such as alcohol and drug use disorders. This pattern of results emerges regardless of whether community or clinical samples are studied, of whether lifetime or current prevalence rates are calculated, and of whether DSM-III, DSM-III-R, or DSM-IV criteria are used to assign diagnoses. This chapter summarizes results from older research that established the high rate of comorbidity between SAD and several disorders, including other anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and alcohol and substance use disorders, according to DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria. Next, it summarizes the epidemiological research for the same instances of comorbidity that has been conducted on the basis of the current diagnostic system, DSM-IV. Subsequently, contemporary information on the comorbidity between SAD and other conditions that have received less systematic attention in the empirical research, such as eating disorders, BDD, bipolar disorder, psychosis, and suicidality is highlighted. Finally, the chapter compares comorbidity rates from a crosscultural standpoint.
Towards a Cultural Understanding of Teacher Talk: The Teacher Disapproval Category Reexamined

Abstract This paper reexamines the category of teacher talk commonly called teacher disapproval and presents an expanded framework for examining the behaviors generally lumped together in this category. Nine variations of teacher disapproval are identified and described based on an analysis of transcripts of interactions involving fourth, fifth and sixth grade classroom Anglo, Hispanic and Conservative Jewish teachers. The variations represent a range of disapproval strategies that are used by teachers to negotiate relationships with their students in the classroom and make it possible to explore subtle distinctions in their meaning based on the cultural understanding of the role by the teacher.