cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated closed-loop control of diabetes: the artificial pancreas

The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus is on the rise worldwide, which exerts enormous health toll on the population and enormous pressure on the healthcare systems. Now, almost hundred years after the discovery of insulin in 1921, the optimization problem of diabetes is well formulated as maintenance of strict glycemic control without increasing the risk for hypoglycemia. External insulin administration is mandatory for people with type 1 diabetes; various medications, as well as basal and prandial insulin, are included in the daily treatment of type 2 diabetes. This review follows the development of the Diabetes Technology field which, since the 1970s, progressed remarkably through continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), mathematical models and computer simulation of the human metabolic system, real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and control algorithms driving closed-loop control systems known as the “artificial pancreas” (AP). All of these developments included significant engineering advances and substantial bioelectronics progress in the sensing of blood glucose levels, insulin delivery, and control design. The key technologies that enabled contemporary AP systems are CSII and CGM, both of which became available and sufficiently portable in the beginning of this century. This powered the quest for wearable home-use AP, which is now under way with prototypes tested in outpatient studies during the past 6 years. Pivotal trials of new AP technologies are ongoing, and the first hybrid closed-loop system has been approved by the FDA for clinical use. Thus, the closed-loop AP is well on its way to become the digital-age treatment of diabetes.
Adverse Effect of PTFE Stir Bars on the Covalent Functionalization of Carbon and Boron Nitride Nanotubes Using Billups-Birch Reduction Conditions

The functionalization of nanomaterials has long been studied as a way to manipulate and tailor their properties to a desired application. Of the various methods available, the Billups-Birch reduction has become an important and widely used reaction for the functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and, more recently, boron nitride nanotubes. However, an easily overlooked source of error when using highly reductive conditions is the utilization of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) stir bars. In this work, we studied the effects of using this kind of stir bar versus using a glass stir bar by measuring the resulting degree of functionalization with 1-bromododecane. Thermogravimetric analysis studies alone could deceive one into thinking that reactions stirred with PTFE stir bars are highly functionalized; however, the utilization of spectroscopic techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, tells otherwise. Furthermore, in the case of CNTs, we determined that using Raman spectroscopy alone for analysis is not sufficient to demonstrate successful chemical modification.
Some Limit Theorems

The purpose of this chapter is to describe some of the relations that occur when a net {ℰ’v} of experiments converges to a limit in the weak sense of Chapter 2. Several of the results obtained in the previous chapters indicate that even the convergence Δ(ℰv, ℰ) → 0 is not a very strong relation. It is certainly much weaker than many of the stochastic process convergences often used as assumptions in the statistical literature. However, as we shall show below, even weak convergence is already rich in recognizable statistical implications.
Are CFO debt-like compensation incentives associated with financial reporting quality?

Abstract We investigate whether CFO debt-like compensation incentives and their alignment with CEO debt-like compensation incentives are associated with financial reporting quality. He (2015) finds that CEO debt-like compensation incentives are associated with higher financial reporting quality. Consistent with agency theory, we extend He (2015) by considering CFO debt-like compensation incentives. Overall, we find that CFO debt-like compensation incentives are associated with better financial reporting quality while controlling for CEO debt-like compensation incentives. These effects are present when the CEO and CFO compensation incentives are aligned with the same party. Further, the CFO effect dominates that of the CEO when examining discretionary accruals, and complements the CEO effect for accrual quality. However, we are unable to find any evidence of an incremental joint effect from the alignment of the CEO and CFO debt-like compensation incentives.
Contrasteric Regiocontrol in Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydrogenative Couplings of Nonsymmetric 1,3-Diynes to Ethyl Glyoxalate

To probe the origins of regioselection in rhodium-catalyzed hydrogenative couplings of 1,3-diynes to ethyl glyoxalate, a series of structurally related nonsymmetric 1,3-diynes, 1a−14a, were prepared and surveyed. Nonsymmetric 1,3-diynes 1a−8a possess different degrees of alkyl substitution at the propargylic carbons. Unusual contrasteric regioselectivity is observed, often with a complete preference for coupling at the diyne terminus proximal to the more substituted propargylic center. Couplings to diynes 9a−14a are meant to probe the effects of heteroatom substitution at the propargylic position vis-a-vis partitioning of regioisomeric coupling manifolds. Heteroatom substitution exerts only a modest influence on the regiochemistry of coupling, except in the case of (trimethylsilyl)methyl-substituted diynes 13a and 14a. The observed trends suggest that substituents at the diyne termini compete for stabilization of intermediate regioisomeric rhodium−alkyne π-complexes via hyperconjugative interactions, with...
Fatty Acylation in Membrane Trafficking and During Mitosis

To date, there are four known classes of lipid modifications to proteins: palmitoylation, myristoylation, the addition of a GPI anchor and isoprenylation. Of these modifications, it appears that only palmitoylation is readily reversible, perhaps providing an additional mechanism by which the activity of a protein can be modulated. Palmitate is usually found attached via a thioester bond to cysteine residues, which can reside at any point in the primary structure of the protein, but is usually found at positions that are close to the membrane. There are two classes of proteins that contain covalently bound palmitate. A relatively minor subset are transmembrane glycoproteins and these are usually acylated shortly after synthesis, in a compartment between the ER and the Golgi. The majority of the palmitoylated proteins, appear to be otherwise hydrophilic proteins, that are tightly associated with the cytoplasmic face of cellular membranes. A number of palmitoylated proteins have been shown to undergo reversible fatty acylation, including several members of the ras super family, several erythrocyte cytoskeletal proteins, and in 1987 there was a report by Glick and Rothman (1987) that a cycle of reversible acylation might be involved in Golgi transport. At that time I was interested in how transport to the Golgi apparatus was inhibited during mitosis and thought it might be possible to identify possible target proteins for acylation, by comparing the acylation patterns in mitotic and interphase cells.
Topography and human pressure in mountain ranges alter expected species responses to climate change

Climate change is leading to widespread elevational shifts thought to increase species extinction risk in mountains. We integrate digital elevation models with a metric of human pressure to examine changes in the amount of intact land area available for species undergoing elevational range shifts in all major mountain ranges globally (n = 1010). Nearly 60% of mountainous area is under intense human pressure, predominantly at low elevations and mountain bases. Consequently, upslope range shifts generally resulted in modeled species at lower elevations expanding into areas of lower human pressure and, due to complex topography, encountering more intact land area relative to their starting position. Such gains were often attenuated at high elevations as land-use constraints diminished and topographic constraints increased. Integrating patterns of topography and human pressure is essential for accurate species vulnerability assessments under climate change, as priorities for protecting, connecting, and restoring mountain landscapes may otherwise be misguided.
Delaminations in composite plates under transverse impact loads — Experimental results

Tests were performed measuring the locations and geometries of delaminations in Fiberite T300/976 graphite/epoxy, Fiberite IM7/977-2 graphite-toughened epoxy, and ICI APC-2 graphite/PEEK plates subjected to transverse impact loads. The data provide specific information on the effects of impactor velocity, impactor mass, material, thickness of back ply group, difference in fiber orientation between adjacent ply groups, plate thickness, and impactor nose radius. The data were compared to the results of the Finn-Springer model. The model was found to describe the data with reasonable accuracy.
Injectable biopolymers in the treatment of heart failure and cardiac remodeling

Abstract As a rapidly developing and promising field for treating chronic tissue diseases and injuries, injectable biopolymers have made major progressive steps to create novel therapies for myocardial infarction and heart failure. Injectable biopolymers can provide alternative biochemical and biomechanical cues in the infarct myocardium for promoting cardiac repair in a minimally invasive manner. Biopolymers also allow a versatile platform that can be specifically tailored with engineering techniques and chemical modifications based on our continuously improving understanding of cardiac development. Along with its standalone efficacy, biopolymers can further enhance other therapeutics by providing a scaffold delivery vehicle for greater localized retention and sustained release. In this chapter, topics of discussion will include underlying concepts and development of biopolymers for treating myocardial infarction and heart failure, biopolymer research in preclinical studies that have reached the clinical trial stage, and emerging developments in our understanding of cardiac repair and biomaterial strategies that provide further opportunity to improve the next generation of injectable biopolymer therapies.
Remote Memory Calls

In this paper we propose an extension to RDMA, called Remote Memory Calls (RMCs), that allows applications to install a customized set of 1-sided RDMA operations. We then explain how RMCs can be implemented on the forthcoming generation of SmartNICs and discuss the resulting tradeoffs between RMCs, 1-sided and 2-sided RDMA operations.
Trends in US Emergency Department Visits for Mental Health, Overdose, and Violence Outcomes Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Importance The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, associated mitigation measures, and social and economic impacts may affect mental health, suicidal behavior, substance use, and violence. Objective To examine changes in US emergency department (ED) visits for mental health conditions (MHCs), suicide attempts (SAs), overdose (OD), and violence outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, setting, and participants This cross-sectional study used data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Syndromic Surveillance Program to examine national changes in ED visits for MHCs, SAs, ODs, and violence from December 30, 2018, to October 10, 2020 (before and during the COVID-19 pandemic). The National Syndromic Surveillance Program captures approximately 70% of US ED visits from more than 3500 EDs that cover 48 states and Washington, DC. Main outcomes and measures Outcome measures were MHCs, SAs, all drug ODs, opioid ODs, intimate partner violence (IPV), and suspected child abuse and neglect (SCAN) ED visit counts and rates. Weekly ED visit counts and rates were computed overall and stratified by sex. Results From December 30, 2018, to October 10, 2020, a total of 187 508 065 total ED visits (53.6% female and 46.1% male) were captured; 6 018 318 included at least 1 study outcome (visits not mutually exclusive). Total ED visit volume decreased after COVID-19 mitigation measures were implemented in the US beginning on March 16, 2020. Weekly ED visit counts for all 6 outcomes decreased between March 8 and 28, 2020 (March 8: MHCs = 42 903, SAs = 5212, all ODs = 14 543, opioid ODs = 4752, IPV = 444, and SCAN = 1090; March 28: MHCs = 17 574, SAs = 4241, all ODs = 12 399, opioid ODs = 4306, IPV = 347, and SCAN = 487). Conversely, ED visit rates increased beginning the week of March 22 to 28, 2020. When the median ED visit counts between March 15 and October 10, 2020, were compared with the same period in 2019, the 2020 counts were significantly higher for SAs (n = 4940 vs 4656, P = .02), all ODs (n = 15 604 vs 13 371, P Conclusions and relevance These findings suggest that ED care seeking shifts during a pandemic, underscoring the need to integrate mental health, substance use, and violence screening and prevention services into response activities during public health crises.
Decoding Subaltern Politics: Ideology, Disguise, and Resistance in Agrarian Politics

1. Introduction 2. The "Way" Of Peasant Politics 3. Themes Of Peasant Politics Localism, Syncretism, Profanation 4. Modes Of Dissimulation: The Infra-Politics Of Subordinate Groups 5. Dissimulation In Practice: Resistance To The Tithe In France And Malaysia-Below The Radar 6. The State's Grip On The Vernacular World 7. The Production Of Legal Identities Proper To The State: The Case Of The Permanent Family Surname
Prenatal Phthalate Exposures and Childhood Fat Mass in a New York City Cohort.

Background:Experimental animal studies and limited epidemiologic evidence suggest that prenatal exposure to phthalates may be obesogenic, with potential sex-specific effects of phthalates having an...
How We Surveyed Doctors to Learn What They Want from Computers and Technology

Librarians at New York City's Bellevue Hospital Center needed to write a 3-year strategic plan that included technology data. In this article, they describe how they surveyed doctors and residents about their technology and internet use to determine what the Bellevue Medical Library needed to do in order to support those who deliver medical care. Specifically, they needed to know where doctors use computers, why and where they use the internet, and where they search for information. They explain how they chose survey questions, reveal what they learned from the doctors' completed surveys, and describe how that data was used to plan services. The results helped them write their plan and justify a big budget increase to purchase more computers. Five tips are presented for writing survey questions about technology and internet use.
Differential sensory block: spinal vs epidural with lidocaine.

Purpose In this study we sought to determine if and when a difference exists with regards to differential sensory blockade between spinal and epidural anaesthesia using lidocaine.
Chapter 9 - Market Microstructure

Market microstructure deals with the purest form of financial intermediation – the trading of a financial asset, such as a stock or a bond. In a trading market, assets are not transformed but are simply transferred from one investor to another. The field of market microstructure studies the cost of trading securities and the impact of trading costs on the short-run behavior of securities prices. Costs are reflected in the bid-ask spread (and related measures) and in commissions. The focus of this chapter is on the determinants of the spread rather than on commissions. After an introduction to markets, traders and the trading process, I review the theory of the bid–ask spread in Section 3 and examine the implications of the spread for the short-run behavior of prices in Section 4. In Section 5, the empirical evidence on the magnitude and nature of trading costs is summarized, and inferences are drawn about the importance of various sources of the spread. Price impacts of trading from block trades, from herding or from other sources, are considered in Section 6. Issues in the design of a trading market, such as the functioning of call versus continuous markets and of dealer versus auction markets, are examined in Section 7. Even casual observers of markets have undoubtedly noted the surprising pace at which new trading markets are being established even as others merge. Section 8 briefly surveys recent developments in securities markets in the USA and considers the forces leading to centralization of trading in a single market versus the forces leading to multiple markets. Most of this chapter deals with the microstructure of equities markets. In Section 9, the microstructure of other markets is considered. Section 10 provides a brief discussion of the implications of microstructure for asset pricing. Section 11 concludes.
Model validation approaches for nonlinear feedback systems using frequency response measurements

We present a model validation problem, motivated by the modeling of a combustion process under investigation at United Technologies Research Center (UTRC). Both linear and non-linear versions of the UTRC combustion model are presented and discussed. The system excitation is well modeled by a stochastic source and this dominates the response. The number of data points that must be recorded to capture the system behavior precludes the use of time-domain model validation techniques. A critical analysis of the results of the linear model validation indicates the limitations of the linear model validation techniques in the context of nonlinear feedback systems. The need for new model validation techniques that take into account nonlinear model perturbations and the effect of the driving broad band disturbance is indicated.
Environmental externalities and international trade: the case of methyl bromide.

Methyl bromide is a broad-spectrum pesticide that serves simultaneously as an insecticide, nematicide, herbicide and fungicide. In Florida, methyl bromide has been used both as a pre-plant soil fumigant and as a post-harvest fumigant to control a wide array of pests for many of the fruit and vegetable crops produced in the state. Based on determinations made by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was required to list methyl bromide as a Class I Substance. The 1990 Amendments to the U.S. Clean Air Act stipulate that the production and importation of Class I Substances are phased out by the year 2001. Consequently, the United States has a shorter time span for the phaseout of methyl bromide than have all of the other developed and developing countries.
Bayesian Model Estimation and Selection for Epipolar Geometry and Generic Manifold Fitting

Computer vision often involves estimating models from visual input. Sometimes it is possible to fit several different models or hypotheses to a set of data, and a decision must be made as to which is most appropriate. This paper explores ways of automating the model selection process with specific emphasis on the least squares problem of fitting manifolds (in particular algebraic varieties e.g. lines, algebraic curves, planes etc.) to data points, illustrated with respect to epipolar geometry. The approach is Bayesian and the contribution three fold, first a new Bayesian description of the problem is laid out that supersedes the author's previous maximum likelihood formulations, this formulation will reveal some hidden elements of the problem. Second an algorithm, ‘MAPSAC’, is provided to obtain the robust MAP estimate of an arbitrary manifold. Third, a Bayesian model selection paradigm is proposed, the Bayesian formulation of the manifold fitting problem uncovers an elegant solution to this problem, for which a new method ‘GRIC’ for approximating the posterior probability of each putative model is derived. This approximations bears some similarity to the penalized likelihoods used by AIC, BIC and MDL however it is far more accurate in situations involving large numbers of latent variables whose number increases with the data. This will be empirically and theoretically demonstrated.
Electromechanical Modeling of Cantilevered Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters for Persistent Base Motions

This chapter investigates electromechanical modeling of cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters excited by persistent base motions. The modeling approaches are divided here into two sections as lumped parameter modeling and distributed parameter modeling. The first section discusses the amplitude-wise correction of the existing lumped parameter piezoelectric energy harvester model for base excitation. For cantilevers operating in the transverse and longitudinal vibration modes, it is shown that the conventional base excitation expression used in the existing lumped parameter models may yield highly inaccurate results in predicting the vibration response of the structure. Dimensionless correction factors are derived to improve the predictions of the coupled lumped parameter piezoelectric energy harvester model. The second section of this chapter presents coupled distributed parameter modeling of unimorph and bimorph cantilevers under persistent base excitations for piezoelectric energy harvesting. Closed-form solutions are obtained by considering all vibration modes and the formal representation of the direct and converse piezoelectric effects. Steady state electrical and mechanical response expressions are derived for arbitrary frequency excitations. These multi-mode solutions are then reduced to single-mode solutions for excitations around the modal frequencies. Finally, the analytical expressions derived here are validated experimentally for a cantilevered bimorph with a proof mass.
Pain-associated stressor exposure and neuroendocrine values for premature infants in neonatal intensive care

Recurrent stress during neonatal intensive care taxes the adaptive capacity of the premature infant and may be a risk factor for suboptimal developmental outcomes. This research used a descriptive, cross-sectional design and a life course perspective to examine the relationship between resting adrenocorticoid values at 37 postmenstrual weeks of age and cumulative pain-associated stressor exposure in prematurely born infants. Subjects were 59 infants born at under 35 completed weeks of gestation, who were at least 2 weeks of age, and who had been cared for in the NICU since birth. No significant relationships were identified between cortisol values and any of the study variables (number of skin breaking procedures, hours of assisted ventilation, gestational age at birth, exposure to antenatal steroids, history of severe academia, birthweight, days of age to attain birthweight, weight at testing, days of age at testing, recent pain-associated procedures, and 17-OHP value). A significant negative correlation (Spearman rank, one-tailed) between the number of skin-breaking procedures and 17-OHP values was identified (r = -.232, p = .039). Recurrent pain-associated stressor exposure may be a more important factor in explaining the variance of 17-OHP values at 37 postmenstrual weeks of age than birthweight, gestational age, or chronological age.
Systemic Embolic Events (SEE) in Atrial Fibrillation: SEEing Embolic Risk More Clearly

Thromboembolism is central to atrial fibrillation (AF)–related morbidity.1 The pathogenesis of intracardiac thrombus formation in AF is linked to each component of Virchow’s triad including atrial stasis, endothelial dysfunction, and a systemic hypercoagulable state.2 Although embolism of cardiac thrombi can involve any vascular territory, there has been a historical focus on cerebral embolism, an outcome associated with substantial disability and mortality.3 In contrast to the well-characterized risk and sequelae of cerebral embolism, much less is known regarding the clinical risk factors and outcomes associated with systemic embolic events (SEEs) in AF.1,4–6 Article see p 796 In this issue of Circulation , Bekwelem and colleagues7 improve our understanding of the epidemiology and prognostic implications of systemic embolism in AF. They retrospectively pooled data from 4 published randomized trials of antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy in AF patients encompassing a total of 37 973 individuals (Table).8–11 The investigators readjudicated suspected SEEs by using a harmonized classification scheme. A SEE was defined by both clinical and objective evidence of the sudden loss of end-organ perfusion. They then examined the risks of both 30-day and long-term morbidity in relation to SEEs. View this table: Table. Baseline Characteristics, Therapeutic Comparison, and Embolic End Points in Included Studies Overall, 221 SEEs occurred in 219 individuals during a mean follow-up of 2.4 years. The incidence of SEEs (0.24/100 person-years) was lower than of cerebral embolism (1.92/100 person-years) and comprised 12% of clinically recognized thromboembolic events. Anatomically, ≈60% of SEEs involved the lower extremities, whereas ≈30% occurred in the visceral-mesenteric system, and only 11% occurred in …
Self-induced optical modulation of the transmission through a high-Q silicon microdisk resonator.

Direct time-domain observations are reported of a low-power, self-induced modulation of the transmitted optical power through a high-Q silicon microdisk resonator. Above a threshold input power of 60 μW the transmission versus wavelength deviates from a simple optical bistability behavior, and the transmission intensity becomes highly oscillatory in nature. The transmission oscillations are seen to consist of a train of sharp transmission dips of width approximately 100 ns and period close to 1 μs. A model of the system is developed incorporating thermal and free-carrier dynamics, and is compared to the observed behavior. Good agreement is found, and the self-induced optical modulation is attributed to a nonlinear interaction between competing free-carrier and phonon populations within the microdisk.
Heterologous downregulation of vasopressin type 2 receptor is induced by transferrin

Vasopressin (VP) binds to the vasopressin type 2 receptor (V2R) to trigger physiological effects including body fluid homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. Signaling is terminated by receptor ...
Left ventricular hemodynamics in patients with coronary artery disease and in normal subjects: Correlations with the extent of coronary artery lesions and the electrocardiogram

Abstract Left ventricular hemodynamics were studied during supine leg exercise immediately prior to coronary arteriography in seventy-one patients with coronary artery disease and nineteen without evidence of heart disease. Patients were divided into six groups, based on the number of major coronary arteries (right coronary, left anterior descending, left anterior descending diagonal, left circumflex, left circumflex marginal) with greater than 75 per cent obstruction. Mean resting and exercise left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and increase in LVEDP during supine exercise rose progressively with more extensive coronary artery disease. All patients without coronary artery disease or with disease confined to one coronary artery had LVEDP of less than 24 mm Hg during exercise. There was no significant difference between groups with coronary artery disease in regard to stroke volume, heart rate and systemic arterial pressure. There was no significant difference in LVEDP at rest or during exercise between patients with normal and those with abnormal resting electrocardiograms. However, in patients with abnormal electrocardiograms after exercise, the mean LVEDP was significantly higher than in those with normal electrocardiograms after exercise (P The degree of rise in LVEDP with supine leg exercise in patients who have coronary artery disease is in part related to the number of coronary arteries with severe obstruction, and an abnormal electrocardiogram after exercise is associated with a high LVEDP during exercise.
Cannibalistic tadpoles that pose the greatest threat to kin are most likely to discriminate kin

Inclusive fitness theory predicts that altruism should often be directed towards reproductive relatives, but it is unclear whether individuals that are most likely to help or harm relatives are also most likely to identify kin in the first place. Here I show that species and sibships of spadefoot toad tadpoles (Spea bombifrons and S. multiplicata) that were most likely to produce an environmentally induced cannibalistic morph were also most likely to avoid eating kin. Moreover, tadpoles avoided eating kin when they expressed the cannibal phenotype, but not when these same individuals reverted to the non-cannibalistic morph. Thus, individual tadpoles facultatively adjust their level of discrimination according to how likely they are to harm kin. In general, sensory systems and/or decision rules enabling recognition may be especially likely to evolve among those individuals that are most often faced with the problem of discrimination.
Glutamyl-tRNA Reductase of Chlorobium vibrioforme Is a Dissociable Homodimer That Contains One Tightly Bound Heme per Subunit

δ-Aminolevulinic acid, the biosynthetic precursor of tetrapyrroles, is synthesized from glutamate via the tRNA-dependent five-carbon pathway in the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium vibrioforme. The enzyme glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GTR), encoded by the hemA gene, catalyzes the first committed step in this pathway, which is the reduction of tRNA-bound glutamate to produce glutamate 1-semialdehyde. To characterize the GTR protein, the hemA gene from C. vibrioforme was cloned into expression plasmids that added an N-terminal His6 tag to the expressed protein. The His-tagged GTR protein was purified using Ni affinity column chromatography. GTR was observable as a 49-kDa band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels. The native molecular mass, as determined by gel filtration chromatography, appeared to be approximately 40 kDa, indicating that native GTR is a monomer. However, when the protein was mixed with 5% (vol/vol) glycerol, the product had an apparent molecular mass of 95 kDa, indicating that the protein is a dimer under these conditions. Purified His6-GTR was catalytically active in vitro when it was incubated with Escherichia coli glutamyl-tRNAGlu and purified recombinant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. The expressed GTR contained 1 mol of tightly bound heme per mol of pep tide subunit. The heme remained bound to the protein throughout purification and was not removed by anion- or cation-exchange column chromatography. However, the bound heme was released during SDS-PAGE if the protein was denatured in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol. Added heme did not inhibit the activity of purified expressed GTR in vitro. However, when the GTR was expressed in the presence of 3-amino-2,3- dihydrobenzoic acid (gabaculine), an inhibitor of heme synthesis, the purified GTR had 60 to 70% less bound heme than control GTR, and it was inhibited by hemin in vitro.
Rheology and stability of acidified food emulsions treated with high pressure.

The stability and rheology of acidified model oil-in-water emulsions (pH 3.6 ± 0.1) were evaluated before and after high-pressure treatments. Varying concentrations of canola oil (0−50% w/w), whey protein isolate, polysorbate 60, soy lecithin (0.1−1.5% w/w each), and xanthan (0.0−0.2% w/w) were chosen. Exposure to high pressures (up to 800 MPa for 5 min at 30 °C) did not significantly affect the equivalent surface mean diameter D[3,2], flow behavior, and viscoelasticity of the whey protein isolate and polysorbate 60-stabilized emulsions. Pressure treatments had negligible effects on emulsion stability in these systems, except when xanthan (0.2% w/w) was present in which pressure improved the stability of polysorbate 60-stabilized emulsions. Soy lecithin-stabilized emulsions had larger mean particles sizes and lower emulsion volume indices than the others, indicating potential instability, and application of pressure further destabilized these emulsions. Keywords: High-pressure processing; oil-in-water emu...
37 CONGENITAL RUBELLA CHILDREN AT ADOLESCENCE: DEVELOPMENIAL STATUS

The developmental status of 53 adolescents with congenital rubella syndrome was surveyed at 16–18 years. The aim was to determine current status and compare neurodevelopmental functioning with that of 18 months. During infancy the majority had multisystem disorders. At 16–18 yrs. many earlier medical problems are no longer of functional importance while neurosensory and developmental problems remain. The majority (77%.) are multihandicapped. Twenty-five (47%) show average intelligence, 12 (25%.) low average, and 15 (28%) are retarded. Eight scored higher than at 18 mos., eleven lower, but none went from average to retarded or the reverse. The number with cerebral palsy and hyperkinesis has decreased. Behavioral disturbances continue in 11. The number with proven hearing loss has increased (23–49). Twelve considered te hear normally at 18 mos., and 13 of 14 considered “suspect” are now hearing impaired. Seven progressed in severity, one improved. Children with hearing loss were initially entered into oral programs designed to teach lipreading and speech for communication. At 16–18 yrs, oral speech/lipreading remains the predominant mode only for those children whose hearing loss was diagnosed after 18 mos, is unilateral or mild-moderate in degree. Ninety percent of children (18 of 20) with severe/profound loss diagnosed prior to 18 mos failed to develop adequate speech/lipreading skills and now communicate in the manual mode. Educational implications of these findings will be discussed.
Female Copulation Calls in Guinea Baboons: Evidence for Postcopulatory Female Choice?

We tested the hypothesis that primate female copulation calls are a form of postcopulatory female choice. We collected data on female sexual swellings, sexual and agonistic behavior, copulation calls and postcopulatory behavioral interactions in a multimale-multifemale captive group of Guinea baboons over a 3-mo period. Males copulated with only a few females, and females copulated with only 1 or 2 different males in the group, suggesting a harem-like mating system similar to that of hamadryas and gelada baboons. Female copulations were most likely to occur at peak sexual swellings and male copulatory success was accounted for by dominance rank and age. Variation in female tendencies to call after copulation is best explained by the copulatory success of the male with which each female copulated the most and by the number of copulating partners. The findings are consistent with predictions that calls are likely to be associated with copulation with preferred males and the risk of sperm competition. The prediction that copulation calls increased the probability of postcopulatory mate guarding is also supported. Taken together, the findings suggest that female copulation calls may play an important role in postcopulatory sexual selection and in particular in the expression of postcopulatory female choice in primate species in which females have little opportunity to choose their mates or female mate choice is costly or both.
Public Administration, Cognitive Competence, and the Public Interest

Public administration, if it is to become a discipline capable of developing cumulative knowledge about the phenomena with which it is concerned, needs to recognize the importance of epistemology f...
Analytic Hartree-Fock Solutions for O =

${\mathrm{O}}^{=}$ ions exist in solids but not in a free state. Analytic Hartree-Fock solutions have been obtained for the $^{1}S$ state of ${\mathrm{O}}^{=}$ which can be applied to work in solids. The solutions utilize stabilizing potential wells of positive charge and the results are compared with other published work.
Effect of nitrogen supplementation on urea kinetics and microbial use of recycled urea in steers consuming corn-based diets.

We studied the effects of supplementing N as distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or urea to steers consuming corn-based diets. Six ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers (244 kg) were used in 2 concurrent 3 × 3 Latin squares and fed 1 of 3 corn-based diets: control (10.2% CP), urea (13.3% CP), or DDGS (14.9% CP). Periods were 14 d, with 9 d for adaptation and 5 d for collection of urine and feces. Urinary 15 N 15 N-urea enrichments, resulting from venous infusions of 15 N 15 N-urea, were used to measure urea kinetics. Dry matter intake (6.0 kg/d) was not affected by treatment, but N intake differed (99, 151, and 123 g/d for the control, DDGS, and urea treatments, respectively). Urea-N synthesis tended to be greater (P = 0.09) for DDGS (118 g/d) than for the control treatment (52 g/d), with the urea treatment (86 g/d) being intermediate. Urea-N excreted in the urine was greater (P < 0.03) for the DDGS (35 g/d) and urea treatments (29 g/d) than for the control treatment (13 g/d). Gastrointestinal entry of urea-N was not statistically different among treatments (P = 0.25), but was numerically greatest for DDGS (83 g/d), intermediate for urea (57 g/d), and least for the control (39 g/d). The amount of urea-N returned to the ornithine cycle tended to be greater (P = 0.09) for the DDGS treatment (47 g/d) than for the urea (27 g/d) or control treatment (16 g/d). The fraction of recycled urea-N that was apparently used for anabolism tended (P = 0.14) to be greater for the control treatment (0.56) than for the DDGS treatment (0.31), with the urea treatment (0.45) being intermediate, but no differences were observed among treatments in the amount of urea-N used for anabolism (P = 0.66). Urea kinetics in cattle fed grain-based diets were largely related to the amount of N consumed. The percentage of urea production that was captured by ruminal bacteria was greater (P < 0.03) for the control treatment (42%) than for the DDGS (25%) or urea treatment (22%), but the percentage of duodenal microbial N flow that was derived from recycled urea-N tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for the DDGS treatment (35%) than for the urea (22%) or control treatment (17%). Thus, ruminal microbes were more dependent on N recycling when the protein supplement was largely resistant to ruminal degradation.
Understanding the Carbohydrate Specificity of Vibrio Cholerae Cytolysin

Bacterial pathogens secrete a variety of effector molecules to support colonization of the human host. Included in this list are pore-forming toxins (PFTs), which kill host cells by selectively targeting and disrupting the plasma membrane. To improve the efficiency of cell lysis, many PFTs contain recognition motifs that bind protein, lipid, and carbohydrate molecules on the cell surface. The human pathogen Vibrio cholerae secretes a PFT (VCC) that forms heptameric channels in membranes and lyses cells at picomolar concentrations. The toxin is thought to serve as a defensive agent against innate immune cells thus facilitating colonization of the host. To achieve high potency, VCC contains two structural domains with lectin-like folds that target carbohydrate molecules found on mammalian cell surfaces. Disruptive mutations within one of these domains significantly reduces the activity of the toxin against model cell membranes suggesting that carbohydrate-binding is important for targeting membranes at low concentrations. To better understand this process, we conducted screens against a variety of simple and complex carbohydrate ligands and identified glycans recognized by VCC lectin-like domains. Several of these ligands are potential physiological targets of the toxin and we show that they bind VCC with low nanomolar affinity. These glycans decrease toxin activity when added in trans and may serve as a starting point for therapeutic intervention. To aid in this goal, we are pursuing structural characterization of toxin-glycan complexes to better understand the nature of these interactions.
A STEP TOWARD DEFINING A CUSTOMER‐CENTRIC TAXONOMY FOR MANAGING LOGISTICS PERSONNEL

To retain competitive viability, some progressive warehouses and distribution centers are expanding services and adopting a customer orientation. Through cluster and ANOVA analyses, three distinct classifications of frontline logistics managers are disclosed and compared with respect to their perceived levels of internal customer orientation toward their subordinates, common performance indicators, and other demographic and organizational-type variables. Important differences exist among the groups; however, logistics managers in all three clusters score relatively well in most areas explored.
From Science to Policy in Early Childhood Education

This paper examines the relationship between scientific research and public policy. After explaining why the simple conversion of research into public law is unlikely, several factors are identified that can promote the use of research by public officials. Examples of use and non-use are cited from early childhood education, where empirical evidence on program effects is relatively strong. Some specific suggestions are offered for improving the connection between science and public policy.
Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections in the midwestern United States.

Aims: To determine the antimicrobial resistance of urinary tract infection isolates in a major metropolitan area for the purposes of tracking increases in resistance and to provide information that will help drive improved therapy. Study Design: Antimicrobial r esistance data on Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections was collected and analyzed. Place and Duration of Study: Data was collected from several large healthcare centers in the Detroit, Michigan area. Data collected was from January to July of 2008. Methodology: Data on the antimicrobial susceptibility of 960 Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections w as collected and analyzed to determine resistance to typical drugs used in urinary tract infection susceptibility testing. Results: The percentage of isolates that were resistant to one or more of the drugs tested was 47%. The most common drug resistance w as to ampicillin (41%); with 11.6% of the isolates being only resistant to ampicillin. As to total resistance, 22.4% of the isolates were resistant to only one drug class, 14.4% were resistant to two classes, 7.2% to three classes, and 4.4% to more than th ree classes. Resistance as to antimicrobial effects were: 87.9% were resistant to drugs that Original Research Article
Separation and identification of tetryl and related compounds by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography

Abstract A two-dimensional TLC method for the separation and identification of tetryl and related compounds is descibed. Production-grade tetryl contains N-methyl- N,2,4-trinitoaniline, picryl chloride, picric acid, picramide or N,2,46-tetranitroaniline, and N-methyl-2,4,6-trinitroaniline. Samples heatd at 120° for 48 h contain picric acid and 2,4,6-trinitroanisole as the major decomposition products, with decreasin amounts of picramide and/or N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline, N-methyl-2,4,6- trinitroaniline, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, and N-methyl-N,2,4-trintoraniline.
Using citations to facilitate precise indexing and automatic index creation in collections of research papers

We describe Rosetta, a digital library system for scientific literature. Rosetta makes it easy for people to find the information for which they are looking even when using short, imprecise queries. Rosetta indexes research articles based on the way they have been described when cited in other documents. The concise descriptions that occur in citations are similar to the short queries people typically form when searching; therefore, citations may make a better basis for indexing than do the words used within a research article itself. Using this indexing technique we are able to provide a user interface that presents users with an automatically generated directory of the information space surrounding a query. Our objective with this interface is to present people with the information for which they have asked as well as the information for which they may have intended to ask.
Peer review: Making it work

Abstract This article examines the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) proposal to make peer reviews mandatory for all CPA firms with public clients. It is concluded that the cost associated with peer reviews are unacceptably high for small firms, and that there exists a perception gap with the public; both of which must be addressed by the AICPA for the proposal to be successful.
Endoscopic Use of Nd:YAG Laser to Remove Marlex Strut from Kock Continent Urinary Reservoir

A Marlex strut, which was designed to prevent efferent valve prolapse and peristomal herniation in the Kock continent urinary reservoir, eroded through the pouch wall, resulting in persistent bacteriuria and the inability to catheterize the pouch. The eroding strut was removed endoscopically with the Nd:YAG laser. Continence has been preserved and ease of catheterization restored.
Functional Health and Well-Being in Patients With Severe Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Occlusive Disease

Functional health and sense of well-being are known to be adversely affected by chronic illness. The extent to which peripheral vascular occlusive disease (PVOD) alters these factors independent of other comorbid conditions is unknown. Sixty patients with PVOD severe enough to have required aortobifemoral bypass (AFB) between 1985 and 1990 were selected for evaluation. Although all were heavy smokers and 20% had suffered previous myocardial infarction, all had adequate cardiopulmonary function to survive AFB. The SF-20 questionnaire, validated in the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS), was used to evaluate patients' functional health and well-being at least 6 months after AFB. All grafts were patent at the time of questionnaire completion. Three measures of functional health (physical function, role function, and bodily pain) and three measures of well-being (mental health, health perception, and social function) were scored from SF-20 responses using the MOS protocol. These PVOD patients were then compared to MOS norms for patients without any chronic disease, to MOS norms adjusted for age and other comorbidities of the PVOD patients sampled, and to patients with congestive heart failure or recent myocardial infarction. Physical function, role function, and health perception were worse and bodily pain greater in patients with severe PVOD after surgical treatment as compared with MOS patients even after adjustment for comorbidities. Decrements in physical function, role function, and health perception for PVOD patients were comparable to MOS patients with congestive heart failure or recent myocardial infarction, whereas level of bodily pain was worse in PVOD patients than in these other groups. After adjustment for comorbidities, social function and mental health were not independently affected by PVOD. Functional health and well-being were not significantly different when PVOD patients with limb threat were compared to those with claudication. Severe PVOD is associated with decrements in functional health and well-being comparable to or greater than other severe chronic illness, even after successful revascularization. Further study is needed to examine the effect of revascularization on functional health.