cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superfund and one community program

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency—Region II conducted a pilot program in risk communication and notification of hazardous waste information at a Superfund site in Toms River, New Jersey. The program was designed to assess the levels of awareness and concern among local citizens and to provide accurate information about health risks associated with potential exposure to environmental contaminants. The purpose of this program was to develop linkages among the community; local, state, and federal governments; industry; health professionals; and educators in dealing with environmental problems. A Community Leaders Network was formed and became actively involved in the program. Following a community needs assessment for risk information, a series of fact sheets was developed, pretested, disseminated, and evaluated. The analysis of the program highlights the important lesson of being able to respond to the specific changing dynamics of the community and offers guidelines useful for risk communication in many communities. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Charged- Particle Multiplicities of Proton-Proton Interactions between 90 and 800 GeV

A cosmic-ray experiment at Echo Lake, Colorado, employing a 2000-liter liquid-hydrogen target together with spark chambers and an ionization calorimeter has been performed to study the interaction of protons with protons above 70 GeV. We report here the quantitative results on the distribution of secondary charged-particle multiplicity and the energy dependence of the average charged multiplicity.
The temperature dependence of the electron mobility in molecular crystals

Abstract We show that a hopping model may explain the experimental temperature dependence of the electron mobility in molecular crystals. The flat, higher temperature portion is obtained if anharmonic effects are included in a simple manner. The low temperature part is obtained if coherent effects are added to the diffusional ones.
Radiation in the production of useful mutations

Applications of radiation in the productlon of genetic variants in plants are reviewed. Fundamental processes of gene mutation and chromosome breakage are discussed. The economic feasibility of employing radiation in plant improvement programs is considered. 90 references. (C.H.)
Programmable hydrogenation of graphene for novel nanocages

Folded graphene has exhibited novel electrical and mechanical properties unmatched by pristine graphene, which implies that morphology of graphene adds the dimensionality of design space to tailor its properties. However, how to overcome the energy barrier of the folding process to fold the graphene with the specific morphology remains unexplored. Here we propose a programmable chemical functionalization by doping a pristine graphene sheet in a certain pattern with hydrogen atoms to precisely control its folding morphology. Molecular dynamics simulation has been performed to create a cross-shaped cubic graphene nanocage encapsulating a biomolecule by warping the top graphene layer downward and the bottom graphene layer upward to mimic the drug delivery vehicle. Such a paradigm, programmable enabled graphene nanocage, opens up a new avenue to control the 3D architecture of folded graphene and therefore provides a feasible way to exploit and fabricate the graphene-based unconventional nanomaterials and nanodevices for drug delivery.
A differential pulse polarographic study of the cadmium(II)-nitrilotriacetic acid system: application of a simple and versatile simulation

Abstract A differential pulse polarographic (DPP) simulation for a system involving a reversible dissociation coupled with two electrode reactions is described. The simulation is employed to investigate the effects of equilibrium and rate constants on DPP peak currents and potentials. Experimental results for the cadmium(II)-nitrilotriacetic acid system are shown to be in good agreement with simulated curves incorporating values for the appropriate kinetic and thermodynamic parameters in the range of those reported in the literature. The simulation has been employed to investigate the application of DPP with variable pulse width in the characterization of similar systems.
IDA: An interactive data analysis environment for high energy physics

Abstract Only in the last few years have computers used for high energy physics analysis allowed their users significant access to the CPU in an interactive mode. This capability has led to the development of the analysis system IDA, now widely used at SLAC for DST analysis. There are two elements to the system: a format for describing data whereby each element is given a name, and elements are grouped into structures reflecting the structure of the parent analysis program; and a stand-aline program allowing the user to interactively create plots involving any function of the saved quantities, subject to any condition.
Review: inhaled corticosteroids do not reduce mortality but increase pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

In patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), what are the harms and benefits of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy? Included studies compared an ICS with placebo or other inhaled medications in patients ⩾40 years of age with stable COPD. Outcomes were all-cause mortality at 1 and 3 years, pneumonia, and fractures. Medline, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PsycINFO (to Feb 2008); and references were searched for published, double-blind, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with duration ⩾6 months. 11 RCTs (14 comparisons, n = 14 426) met the selection criteria. 8 comparisons were placebo controlled; most other trials compared an ICS plus a long-acting β2 agonist (LABA) with the LABA …
Influence of the secondary functionality on the radical-vinyl chemistry of highly reactive monoacrylates

The impact of secondary functionalities on the radical-vinyl chemistry of monoacrylates characterized by secondary functionalities that dramatically enhance their polymerization rate was elucidated utilizing experimental and computational techniques. Firstly, bulk interactions affecting the acrylate reactivity towards photopolymerization were removed by polymerizing at 5 wt % monomer in 1,4-dioxane. Following deconvolution of bulk interactions impacting reactivity towards photopolymerization, a linear correlation between average polymerization rates and Michael addition reaction rate constants was observed on a logarithmic scale. This result indicates that the presence of the secondary functionality intramolecularly alters the monomer chemistry in a manner which impacts both of these distinct reaction types in a similar manner. These monomers exhibited reduced activation energies in both Michael addition and photopolymerization reactions as compared to hexyl acrylate. Reduction up to 20 ± 8 kJ mole -1 was observed for Michael addition reactions and 12 ± 1 kJ mole -1 for photopolymerization reactions, thereby explaining the higher reactivity of the acrylates characterized by the secondary functionalities. Cyclic voltammetry experiments conducted to investigate the nature of the acrylic double bonds indicated that the rapidly polymerizing acrylates are more readily reduced as compared to traditional acrylates. Further, a distinct monotonic correlation of the irreversible cathodic peak potentials of the (meth)acrylates to photopolymerization and Michael addition reactivity was observed. The computationally estimated acrylic LUMO energies characterized by the secondary functionalities (―2.3 eV to -2.*7 eV) were also found to be lower relative to hexyl acrylate (―2.2 eV).
THE MID-INFRARED FINE-STRUCTURE LINES OF NEON AS AN INDICATOR OF STAR FORMATION RATE IN GALAXIES

The fine-structure lines of singly ([Ne II] 12.8 μm) and doubly ([Ne III] 15.6 μm) ionized neon are among the most prominent features in the mid-infrared spectra of star-forming regions and have the potential to be a powerful new indicator of the star formation rate in galaxies. Using a sample of star-forming galaxies with measurements of the fine-structure lines available from the literature, we show that the sum of the [Ne II] and [Ne III] luminosities obeys a tight, linear correlation with the total infrared luminosity over 5 orders of magnitude in luminosity. We discuss the formation of the lines and their relation with the Lyman continuum luminosity. A simple calibration between star formation rate and the [Ne II]+[Ne III] luminosity is presented.
A commentary on 'Exercise and Depression' (): And the Verdict Is…

In 2001, Debbie Lawlor along with co-author Stephen Hopker, published an influential and highly cited meta-analysis in the British Medical Journal in which they examined the effectiveness of exercise as an intervention to treat depression (Lawlor & Hopker, 2001). They identified 14 studies, all of which had what they considered important methodological weaknesses. Nevertheless, in studies that compared exercise to no treatment controls, the pooled standardized mean difference in effect size was −1.1. Pooling the nine studies that used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) yielded a weighted mean difference score of −7.3. However, despite this relatively large effect (i.e., most drug and psychotherapy trials report less than a −4.0 mean difference score; Lesperance et al., 2007; Schneider et al., 2003) the authors concluded that the effectiveness of exercise in reducing symptoms “cannot be determined because of a lack of good quality research on clinical populations with adequate follow up” (Lawlor & Hopker, 2001, p. 763)..
Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression: integrating the science of political violence across disciplines, cultures, and nations

The Editors and Governing Board of the Society for Terrorism Research (STR) would like to welcome you to the new flagship STR journal, Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression (BSTPA). BSTPA seeks to publish integrated and cross‐disciplinary, theoretical and empirical articles focused on issues of political violence. Focusing both on state and nonstate‐sponsored political conflict, the purpose of BSTPA is to disseminate new models and theoretical paradigms with which to understand issues of terrorism and political aggression in complex terms, and also to disseminate new empirical science to further our knowledge about this category of violence. BSTPA aims to move beyond politically laden and culturally centric perspectives on terrorism and political aggression, and to develop a more integrated and interdisciplinary science supported by data and theory.
A long‐term assessment of the physiological effects of herring (Clupea harengus) as a dietary component of the American lobster (Homarus americanus)

Abstract Given the economic and ecological importance of American lobster (Homarus americanus) to the western North Atlantic, particular attention has been on factors that may increase susceptibility to disease. However, little focus has been on the possible role of dietary stress. There is strong evidence that wild lobsters feed on bait in traps, typically herring (Clupea harengus), yet evade capture. If the bait is nutritionally insufficient for lobsters, then the pervasive use of bait (up to 3 kg for each kg of lobster harvested) may compromise the health of lobsters, thus making them more susceptible to diseases. It has been shown previously that lobsters fed a diet solely of herring had higher incidences of shell disease and were less likely to survive than lobsters fed other diets. Here, physiological status including haemolymph protein, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium, hepatopancreas moisture and ash content, and the mineral constituents, thickness and hardness of the cuticle of lobsters f...
The biomedicalisation of war and military remains: US nuclear worker compensation in the 'post-Cold War'.

This paper analyses the recent legislation and administration of United States nuclear worker compensation – the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Programme Act (EEOICPA) – in order to show the domestic impacts of war and the social order that has been established to respond to the Cold War legacy of occupational exposures, illness, and death. Examining the epistemological politics and material effects of compensation, an insufficiently analysed aspect of the Cold War, I argue that the system designed to redress the occupational exposures of nuclear workers accomplishes something else: obscuring the ethical problem of misinformation and missing data from the Cold War era; mobilising an industry of knowledge and market–economic opportunities in the arena of biomedical exposure assessment and dose reconstruction for parts of the former US nuclear complex; and, lastly, dematerialising and depoliticising geographies of the Cold War and its differential impacts through an individualistic epide...
Toward cognitive robotics

Our long-term goal is to develop autonomous robotic systems that have the cognitive abilities of humans, including communication, coordination, adapting to novel situations, and learning through experience. Our approach rests on the recent integration of the Soar cognitive architecture with both virtual and physical robotic systems. Soar has been used to develop a wide variety of knowledge-rich agents for complex virtual environments, including distributed training environments and interactive computer games. For development and testing in robotic virtual environments, Soar interfaces to a variety of robotic simulators and a simple mobile robot. We have recently made significant extensions to Soar that add new memories and new non-symbolic reasoning to Soar's original symbolic processing, which should significantly improve Soar abilities for control of robots. These extensions include episodic memory, semantic memory, reinforcement learning, and mental imagery. Episodic memory and semantic memory support the learning and recalling of prior events and situations as well as facts about the world. Reinforcement learning provides the ability of the system to tune its procedural knowledge - knowledge about how to do things. Mental imagery supports the use of diagrammatic and visual representations that are critical to support spatial reasoning. We speculate on the future of unmanned systems and the need for cognitive robotics to support dynamic instruction and taskability.
A scanning electron microscopic study of secondary lamellae and chloride cells of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Scanning electron micrographs of gill tissue from rainbow trout fixed with 50% glutaraldehyde revealed the presence of microridges on surfaces of epithelial cells of the secondary lamellae. These microridges vary in length from 1 to 7 μ, with a mean height of 0.75 μ. Calculations show that they increase the total lamellar epithelial surface area approximately 2.5 fold. Mucus secreting cells are present on the body of the filament and on secondary lamellae. Chloride cells are located primarily in the interlamellae filamental epithelium and on the basal area of lamellae. Extensions of the chloride cell epithelium are microvillous in nature and their height is only slightly greater than that of the microridges of typical lamellar epithelial cells. A reduction in number or complete absence of microvilli on chloride cells appeared to be related to degenerative changes in these cells observed in transmission electron micrographs. Non secretory interlamellae filamental epithelial cells have microridges of very attenuated lengths.
Flexible and accessible workflows for improved proteogenomic analysis using the Galaxy framework.

Proteogenomics combines large-scale genomic and transcriptomic data with mass-spectrometry-based proteomic data to discover novel protein sequence variants and improve genome annotation. In contrast with conventional proteomic applications, proteogenomic analysis requires a number of additional data processing steps. Ideally, these required steps would be integrated and automated via a single software platform offering accessibility for wet-bench researchers as well as flexibility for user-specific customization and integration of new software tools as they emerge. Toward this end, we have extended the Galaxy bioinformatics framework to facilitate proteogenomic analysis. Using analysis of whole human saliva as an example, we demonstrate Galaxy’s flexibility through the creation of a modular workflow incorporating both established and customized software tools that improve depth and quality of proteogenomic results. Our customized Galaxy-based software includes automated, batch-mode BLASTP searching and a ...
Geometric percolation in polydisperse systems of finite-diameter rods: Effects due to particle clustering and inter-particle correlations

The impact of particle clustering and correlation upon the percolation behavior of polydisperse cylinders with finite hard core diameter is examined within an analogy to a lattice percolation problem. Percolation thresholds and percolation and backbone probabilities are explored as functions of the degree of clustering and extent of correlation among the inter-particle contacts. The percolation threshold and volume fractions occupied by the infinite network and by the cluster backbone are shown to be quite sensitive to the formation of inter-connected cliques of particles and to the presence of correlation among particle contacts.
Mechanistic Simulation of Tree Effects in an Urban Water Balance Model1

A semidistributed, physical-based Urban Forest Effects - Hydrology (UFORE-Hydro) model was created to simulate and study tree effects on urban hydrology and guide management of urban runoff at the catchment scale. The model simulates hydrological processes of precipitation, interception, evaporation, infiltra- tion, and runoff using data inputs of weather, elevation, and land cover along with nine channel, soil, and vege- tation parameters. Weather data are pre-processed by UFORE using Penman-Monteith equations to provide potential evaporation terms for open water and vegetation. Canopy interception algorithms modified established routines to better account for variable density urban trees, short vegetation, and seasonal growth phenology. Actual evaporation algorithms allocate potential energy between leaf surface storage and transpiration from soil storage. Infiltration algorithms use a variable rain rate Green-Ampt formulation and handle both infiltration excess and saturation excess ponding and runoff. Stream discharge is the sum of surface runoff and TOPMOD- EL-based subsurface flow equations. Automated calibration routines that use observed discharge has been cou- pled to the model. Once calibrated, the model can examine how alternative tree management schemes impact urban runoff. UFORE-Hydro model testing in the urban Dead Run catchment of Baltimore, Maryland, illust- rated how trees significantly reduce runoff for low intensity and short duration precipitation events. (KEY TERMS: UFORE-Hydro; TOPMODEL; canopy interception; runoff reduction; urban forest management; Baltimore, Maryland.)
Differential relations of depression and social anxiety symptoms to the facets of extraversion/positive emotionality.

Previous research has shown that depression and social anxiety—two “facets” of internalizing psychopathology— both are characterized by low levels of extraversion/positive emotionality (E/PE). However, little is known about the relations of the facets of E/PE with symptoms of depression and social anxiety. This study utilized multiple measures of each facet of E/PE, as well as depression and social anxiety symptoms. Self-report data were collected from large samples of college students and psychiatric outpatients. Separate factor analyses in each sample revealed a four-factor structure of E/PE, consisting of Sociability, Positive Emotionality, Ascendance, and Fun-Seeking. Structural equation modeling revealed that, after controlling for the higher-order internalizing factor and the overlap among the E/PE facets, social anxiety was broadly related to all four facets of E/PE, whereas depression was strongly related only to low positive emotionality. Implications for hierarchical models of personality and psychopathology, assessment and treatment, and etiological models are discussed.
STUDIES ON THIAMIN IN GREEN PLANTS WITH THE PHYCOMYCES ASSAY METHOD

THE IMPORTANCE of thiamin (vitamin B1) for growth of roots has been described by several investigators (Kogl and Haagen-Smit, 1936; Bonner, 1937; Bonner and Axtman, 1937; Robbins and Bartley, 1937). Vitamin B1 and certain other compounds such as nicotinic acid and vitamin B6 (Bonner and Devirian, 1939; Robbins and Schmidt, 1939), are essential for growth of roots in vitro. Some roots, if not all, are unable to synthesize thiamin when grown in cultures detached from the shoot. The evidence indicates that thiamin is a true phytohormone, made in illuminated green shoots and translocated into the roots where it promotes growth (see Bonner and Greene, 1938). Recent papers by Bonner and Green (1938, 1939) and by Bonner and Bonner (1940) have reported that growth of numerous species of plants is promoted by small amounts of thiamin added to soil or sand in which the plants are grown. It appears, furthermore, that thie response of a given kind of plant to additions of the vitamin may be regulated, at least in part, by the amount of thiamin synthesized in the leaves. The number of contributions to this new subject is mounting rapidly, but as yet there is little information available concerning the factors which influence production and use of thiamin in plants. Pfiitzer, Pfaff, and Roth (1938) have stated that barley supplied with nitrogen fertilizer contained appreciably greater amounts of thiamin than plants grown in soil deficient in nitrogen. Von Kuthy (1937) pointed out the existence of a parallelism between thiamin content and the nitrogen present in cereal grains. Apparently the thiamin content of cereal seeds decreases during germination in the dark (Von Kuthy, 1937) and is formed in green leaves only in the presence of light (Hlavaty, 1929). A variety of methods has been worked out for the quantitative determination of thiamin; references to these may be found in the books by Williams (1938) and by Harris (1938). One very sensitive method, developed by Schopfer and Jung (1937), involves the use of the fungus Phycomyces Blakesleeanus which requires an external supply of thiamin or its components. It has been pointed out by Bonner and Erickson (1938) that the use of pyrimidine and thiazole components by Phycomyces does not invalidate its use in assays for "thiamin activity" in investigations concerning growth of higher plants, since the
Surface Engineering to Improve the Durability and Lubricity of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

Abstract The fuel efficiency of ground vehicles, like heavy trucks, can be improved by reducing engine weight. While primarily known for its use in aerospace structures, titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V has the potential to replace heavier steel in certain friction and wear-critical diesel engine components like connecting rods, intake valves, movable turbocharger vanes, and pistons. While Ti–6Al–4V exhibits excellent corrosion resistance, good fatigue strength, and acceptable fracture toughness, it has poor sliding characteristics. Titanium alloys have a propensity to fail by galling, and often exhibit high and unstable friction coefficients. In the current work, selected surface engineering techniques were compared to determine which best enhance the tribological performance of Ti–6Al–4V alloy and another alloy, 60Ni–40Ti. Candidate treatments included diffusion treatments, hard coatings (TiN and CrN), a soft coating (Cu–Ni–In), titanium-matrix TiB 2 in situ-formed composite, and shot peening. Diffusion treatments included oxygen diffusion, nitriding, and carburizing. In addition to studying the effects of individual surface engineering approaches, some were combined in an attempt to maximize their effects, but at the same time retain the mechanical properties of the titanium alloy achieved by proper heat treatment. Both dry and lubricated friction and wear tests were conducted using ASTM G133 (linearly reciprocating ball-on-flat). The ball specimens were AISI 52100 bearing steel. Lubricated tests were performed in engine-conditioned diesel engine oil. Test coupons were characterized using microindentation, stylus and optical interferometry, and metallographic examination. Surface engineering methods significantly improved the wear performance of Ti–6Al–4V alloy, but their relative rankings varied significantly between oil-lubricated and non-lubricated conditions.
Endoscopic retrograde sphincterotomy in swine.

Endoscopic retrograde sphincterotomy was performed on four sedated pigs, ages 3–4 months, using a standard human duodenoscope and papillotome. Sphincterotomies, 1 cm in length, were well-tolerated, and all animals recovered promptly, spontaneously regained gastrointestinal function, and gained weight. The first three animals were sacrificed after one week, and autopsy revealed no complications. The fourth animal was sacrificed immediately following the procedure, and no evidence of perforation was found. These observations demonstrate that the pig is a valid experimental model for endoscopic sphincterotomy. Its use in training is limited by technical and anatomic differences from humans. Potential uses of this technique in research are discussed.
Involuntary switching of attention mediates differences in event-related responses to complex tones between early and late Spanish–English bilinguals

Abstract Most research with bilinguals has used speech stimuli to demonstrate differences in auditory processing abilities. Two main factors have been identified as modulators of such differences: proficiency and age of acquisition of the second language (L2). However, whether the bilingual brain differs from the monolingual in the efficient processing of non-verbal auditory events (known to be critical to the acoustic analysis of the speech stream) remains unclear. In this EEG/ERP study, using the mismatch negativity (MMN), P3a, and late negativity (LN), we examined differences in discrimination, involuntary switching of attention and reorienting of attention between monolinguals and bilinguals as they processed complex tones. Further, we examined the role that age of acquisition plays in modulating such responses. A group of English monolinguals and a group of proficient Spanish–English bilinguals were presented with a multiple-deviant oddball paradigm with four deviant conditions (duration, frequency, silent gap, and frequency modulation). Late bilinguals, who learned English after age 10, exhibited larger MMN and P3a responses than early bilinguals, across all deviant conditions. Significant associations were found between amplitude of the responses and both age of L2 acquisition and years of L2 experience. Individuals who acquired English at later ages and had fewer years of L2 experience had larger MMN, P3a, and LN responses than those who learned it earlier. These findings demonstrate that age of L2 acquisition is an important modulator of auditory responses in bilinguals even when processing non-speech signals. Involuntary attention switching is suggested as the main factor driving these differences.
Parenteral Nutrition–Induced Hypersensitivity in an Adolescent

A case report of a 15-year-old adolescent male who developed a hypersensitivity reaction to a parenteral nutrition (PN) solution containing multivitamins (MVI) is presented. Within 30 minutes after initiation of PN and lipids, the patient developed a total-body pruritic urticarial rash that resolved after discontinuation of the infusions and administration of diphenhydramine. Rechallenge with the same PN solution excluding heparin, as well as lipids, resulted in a similar urticarial reaction that also resolved within 30 minutes after discontinuation of the infusions and administration of diphenhydramine. Another rechallenge with a solution containing dextrose and amino acids at the same concentrations contained in the original PN solution did not elicit an allergic reaction, whereas addition of MVI to the dextrose and amino acids resulted in a similar allergic reaction 20 minutes after the start of the infusion. It was determined that the MVI component of the PN was the most likely causative agent of this patient's urticarial reaction.
Thresholds in cancer induction. If they exist, do they shift?

Biological and physicochemical factors have been reported to be important determinants in how an animal responds to a carcinogenic agent. Examples of these factors are presented. When one considers the multiplicity of these factors as well as the lack of knowledge concerning the actual mechanisms of carcinogenic action, it becomes extremely difficult to estimate thresholds, perhaps impossible at present.
Effects of conceptions of ability on anxiety, self-efficacy, and learning in training

A field experiment of 76 employees studied the effects of induced conceptions of ability as either an acquirable skill or fixed entity on computer anxiety, computer efficacy beliefs, and the acquisition of declarative knowledge, drawing from social cognitive theory. The setting was an introductory microcomputer training course. The findings indicate that trainees in the acquirable skill condition experienced a significant decrease in computer anxiety between the pre- and posttraining assessments; however, trainees in the entity condition did not experience a significant change in computer anxiety. Also, trainees in the acquirable skill condition experienced a significant increase in computer efficacy beliefs, and trainees in the entity condition experienced a significant decrease in computer efficacy between the pre- and posttraining assessments. Contrary to expectations, the effects of the training intervention on the acquisition of declarative knowledge were not mediated by computer anxiety and computer efficacy beliefs. The significant results are consistent with deductions made from social cognitive theory.
Superficial sets of elements for sets of ideals

Leti1,…,igH1…,Hf(g≥1,f≥1) be ideal in a a Noetherian ring R,letj1…,jg be poitiveintegers,and let be an element in Ij 1 i(i=1,…,g). then b1…,bg are a superficial set of element of degree j1…,jgforI1…,Ig; H11…,hf in case there exist positve interers c1…,cg such that forH=1…,for allki≥ciand for all ni≥0(i=1,…,g) In this paper we show the existence of such sets of elements, characterize them in sevaral ways(when eitherf=1 and H1=R Or Rad(I1…I1)⊆Rad(H1…,Hh)), show a few of their basic properties and use them to show that if each Iiis regular then for all ideals H in R, for all large ki and for allni≥(i=1,…,g)
Reply to some comments by Malville concerning the midnight auroral maximum

The authors reply to comments made by J. M. Malville on the movement of geomagneticall trapped radiation toward lower latitudes on the night side of the earth in relation to observed dumping of auroral particles near magnetic midnight.
Recipient reactions to aid: Effects of locus of initiation, attributions, and individual differences

Two studies investigated the experience of obtaining aid. It was hypothesized that attributing need for aid to internal factors would be self-esteem threatening and that under such conditions actively seeking aid would be more aversive than passively accepting aid. No difference in aversiveness was expected when the need was externally attributed. In Experiment 1, subjects sought less aid when need was internally attributed than when it was externally attributed. In Experiment 2, subjects obtained less aid when they had to seek it than when they could passively accept it, and they obtained less aid when need was internally attributed than when it was externally attributed. The expected interaction between these variables emerged only among persons high in dispositional self-consciousness.
Environmental production functions and environmental directional distance functions

This study derives the relationship between environmental production functions and environmental directional distance functions. These two approaches make different assumptions when modeling the joint production of good and bad outputs. The environmental production function credits a producer solely for expanding good output production, while the directional environmental distance function credits a producer for simultaneously increasing production of the good output and reducing production of bad outputs. Estimates of technical efficiency and pollution abatement costs are calculated using data from coal-fired power plants. These results provide the empirical basis for comparing the environmental production function to the environmental directional distance function.
Generalization of the basis functions of the LCAO method for band-structure calculations

A systematic discussion of various choices of the localized functions for constructing the bloch sums for LCAO calculations is presented. By generalizing the basis functions, improvement of efficiency and extension of the domain of applicability of the lcao method can be accomplished. The use of extended basis sets containing a series of single-gaussian bloch sums not only yields energy bands of accuracy comparable to those of the method of augmented plane waves, but also enables one to handle the highly excited states. For calculating the filled bands and lower conduction bands the basis functions formed by the optimized orbitals give considerably better results than those with the free-atom orbitals. To reduce the computational work, one can introduce the truncated orbitals by gradually damping the atomic wavefunctions beyond a certain distance, typically the mid-point to the second nearest neighbours. Specific calculations are given for the cases of lithium and diamond-type crystals.
Simultaneous analysis of 28 urinary VOC metabolites using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI/MSMS)

Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in the environment, originating from many different natural and anthropogenic sources, including tobacco smoke. Long-term exposure to certain VOCs may increase the risk for cancer, birth defects, and neurocognitive impairment. Therefore, VOC exposure is an area of significant public health concern. Urinary VOC metabolites are useful biomarkers for assessing VOC exposure because of non-invasiveness of sampling and longer physiological half-lives of urinary metabolites compared with VOCs in blood and breath. We developed a method using reversed-phase ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MSMS) to simultaneously quantify 28 urinary VOC metabolites as biomarkers of exposure. We describe a method that monitors metabolites of acrolein, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, benzene, 1-bromopropane, 1,3-butadiene, carbon-disulfide, crotonaldehyde, cyanide, N,N -dimethylformamide, ethylbenzene, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, styrene, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride and xylene. The method is accurate (mean accuracy for spiked matrix ranged from 84 to104%), sensitive (limit of detection ranged from 0.5 to 20 ng mL −1 ) and precise (the relative standard deviations ranged from 2.5 to 11%). We applied this method to urine samples collected from 1203 non-smokers and 347 smokers and demonstrated that smokers have significantly elevated levels of tobacco-related biomarkers compared to non-smokers. We found significant ( p
The Challenges and Promise of HIV-Infected Donors for Solid Organ Transplantation

Solid organ transplantation is now the standard of care for many HIV-infected patients with end-stage kidney or liver disease. There is an overall organ shortage that affects all transplant candidates, including those with HIV. The use of HIV-infected donors could help alleviate this shortage. The precedent for this approach was set in South Africa, where promising short-term outcomes have been reported in a limited number of HIV-infected recipients of kidney transplants from HIV-infected donors. As a consequence, the HIV Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) Act was passed in the United States, legalizing research into HIV-infected organ donation. In this review, we discuss some of the key issues related to HIV-infected organ donation, including the need for transplant in HIV-infected populations, characterization of the potential donor pool in the USA, criteria for donor selection, concerns specific to the HIV-infected donor, the ethics of HIV-infected organ donation, and the next steps toward making HIV-infected donation a reality in the USA.
NON-REGGEIZATION OF THE VECTOR MESON

Nucleon-antinucleon scattering is treated in a field theory of interacting vector mesons and spin-\textonehalf{} or spin-0 "nucleons." Some involved cancellations in the asymptotic sixth-order amplitudes are demonstrated and disagreements in earlier papers are resolved. It is found that the vector-meson singularity in the partial-wave amplitudes is unaffected and that therefore the vector meson does not lie on a Regge trajectory to this order.
Optically measured explosive impulse

An experimental technique is investigated to optically measure the explosive impulse produced by laboratory-scale spherical charges detonated in air. Explosive impulse has historically been calculated from temporal pressure measurements obtained via piezoelectric transducers. The presented technique instead combines schlieren flow visualization and high-speed digital imaging to optically measure explosive impulse. Prior to an explosive event, schlieren system calibration is performed using known light-ray refractions and resulting digital image intensities. Explosive charges are detonated in the test section of a schlieren system and imaged by a high-speed digital camera in pseudo-streak mode. Spatiotemporal schlieren intensity maps are converted using an Abel deconvolution, Rankine-Hugoniot jump equations, ideal gas law, triangular temperature decay profile, and Schardin’s standard photometric technique to yield spatiotemporal pressure maps. Temporal integration of individual pixel pressure profiles over the positive pressure duration of the shock wave yields the explosive impulse generated for a given radial standoff. Calculated explosive impulses are shown to exhibit good agreement between optically derived values and pencil gage pressure transducers.
Fluoroscopic evaluation of skeletal problems.

Fluoroscopically positioned spot films are widely used in gastrointestinal and chest roentgenography. Little or no mention is made of the diagnostic use of fluoroscopic spot filming for skeletal roentgenography in major texts or recent literature, and a rough survey of practicing radiologists showed us that such procedure was frequently underutilized or not utilized. While skeletal pathology is usually depicted quite accurately by plain radiographs there are times when a problem may be rapidly and simply clarified by fluoroscopically positioned spot films. In an attempt to assess the value of fluoroscopy for evaluation of musculoskeletal problems, we reviewed 46 cases in which fluoroscopically positioned spot films were obtained.
Impact of Infrared, Microwave, and Radio Occultation Satellite Observations on Operational Numerical Weather Prediction

AbstractA comparison of the impact of infrared (IR), microwave (MW), and radio occultation (RO) observations on NCEP’s operational global forecast model over the month of March 2013 is presented. Analyses and forecasts with only IR, MW, and RO observations are compared with analyses and forecasts with no satellite data and with each other. Overall, the patterns of the impact of the different satellite systems are similar, with the MW observations producing the largest impact on the analyses and RO producing the smallest. Without RO observations, satellite radiances are over– or under–bias corrected and RO acts as an anchor observation, reducing the forecast biases globally. Positive correlation coefficients of temperature impacts are generally found between the different satellite observation analyses, indicating that the three satellite systems are affecting the global temperatures in a similar way. However, the correlation in the lower troposphere among all three systems is surprisingly small. Correlati...
The water balance of the Susquehanna River Basin and its response to climate change

Abstract Historical precipitation, temperature and streamflow data for the Susquehanna River Basin (SRB) are analyzed with the objective of developing simple statistical and water balance models of streamflow at the watershed's outlet. Annual streamflow is highly correlated with annual precipitation (r2=0.895) and, on a percent basis, changes in annual streamflow ( Q ) are about two times greater than changes in annual precipitation ( P ). Variations in P − Q , interpreted as annual evapotranspiration, are much smaller than variations in P and Q , and are weakly positively correlated with annual mean temperature in accordance with potential evapotranspiration formulae. Streamflow is monotonically related to diagnosed storage of water in the SRB from April through November. Deviations from this trend during winter are interpreted as changes in snowpack, and are in general agreement with climatological snow water equivalent estimates for the basin. A simple, spatially-lumped water balance model of the SRB is developed and shown to capture 99% of the mean annual cycle and 75% of the monthly streamflow from 1900 to 1987. Two “downscaled” predictions of precipitation and one of temperature for a doubling of atmospheric CO2 are used as inputs to the statistical and water balance models of the SRB. The result is an annual streamflow increase of 24±13% (11.8±6.7 cm).
Assessing the neural correlates of self-enhancement bias: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study

Considerable research has focused on overly positive self-perceptions (self-enhancement), and yet little is known about the underlying neural mechanisms. The present study sought to assess the neural correlates of self-enhancement by applying Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to three brain regions. Twelve participants rated their best friend, as well as the self on a set of desirable or undesirable traits while TMS pulses were delivered in a virtual lesion manner. During the baseline condition (Sham TMS), participants produced more desirable and fewer undesirable ratings for themselves as compared to their best friend, showing self-enhancement. Compared to Sham TMS, TMS delivered to the Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) reduced self-enhancement whereas TMS delivered to the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) and the precuneus did not. Together, these findings suggest that the MPFC may influence self-enhancement.
Distributed processing over adaptive networks

The article provides an overview of recent work on distributed adaptive algorithms. The work focuses mainly on incremental and diffusion strategies and comments on the mean-square-error performance of the incremental solution.
Effect of ozone on metabolic activities of rat hepatocytes and mouse peritoneal macrophage.

Abstract Peritoneal macrophage from mice and isolated hepatocytes from rats were exposed to ozone. Ozone dosages were expressed as 0–5 nmol 10 6 cells. Measurements were made of viability, glucose transport, glutathione, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Mg-ATPase, Na/K-ATPase, and lipid synthesis. The most sensitive parameter was glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the peritoneal macrophage. In hepatocytes both lipid synthesis and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were sensitive to ozone. Effects on viability, glucose transport, Mg-ATPase, and Na/K-ATPase were small to negligible in both cell types.
Evaluating buyer–supplier relationship–performance spirals: A longitudinal study

Abstract Interorganizational relationships and their impact on firm performance have been studied at length in various business literatures, with many studies predicting that in dyadic exchange contexts strong relationships should lead to better performance for both parties involved. However, some studies reverse this causal ordering, arguing that the performance gains attributed to prior relational activity predict the strength of the dyadic relationship in future time periods. While supported, both of these perspectives on relationship strength/performance dynamics are incomplete, as the research studies are only cross-sectional snapshots of the phenomenon. We remedy this gap in the existing literature by examining the dynamic cyclical linkage between relationship strength and performance of a buyer–supplier relationship in a longitudinal setting, using a relationship strength–performance spiral model. Results of testing a multiyear sample of 323 buyer–supplier relationships in the construction industry indicate not only that relationships tend to spiral positively following relationship initiation, but also that positive relationship spirals will self-correct following multiple associations of alternating increases. These findings advance theory on buyer–supplier relationships, and provide insight for companies looking to improve supply chain outcomes through superior relationship management.
Temperature Optima for Algal Development in Yellowstone and Iceland Hot Springs

IN analysing the influence of specific environmental factors on growth, it is desirable to study habitats where only a single factor varies. Hot springs provide suitable habitats where temperature is the only variable, so that the relation of temperature to biological development can be measured directly.
Effects of short‐term beta blockade on blood pressure, plasma thromboxane B2, and plasma and urinary prostaglandins E2 and F2α in normal subjects

The effect of short-term beta blockade with the nonselective antagonist propranolol and with the cardioselective antagonist metoprolol on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, serum renin activity, plasma thromboxane (Tx) B2 (the stable metabolite of TxA2). and plasma and urinary prostaglandin (PG) E2 and F2 alpha levels were examined in 11 normal subjects. After propranolol (160 mg by mouth), supine and standing mean arterial pressure (MAP) fell from 82 +/- 2 and 88 +/- 4 mm Hg to 71 +/- 3 (P less than 0.001) and 78 +/- 3 mm Hg (P less than 0.01) within 13 hr. MAP fell from 78 +/- 2 and 88 +/- 3 mm Hg to 72 +/- 2 (P less than 0.025) and 80 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.01) after metoprolol (200 mg by mouth). These blood pressure effects were associated with beta blockade; both drugs induced reduction in heart rate and serum renin activity and the reductions were of the same order. Propranolol and metoprolol also reduced plasma TxB2 levels by 33% (P less than 0.005) and 46% (P less than 0.05), but plasma and urinary PGE2 and PGF2 alpha levels were not changed by either drug. These findings suggest that changes in PGE2 or PGF2 alpha levels are unlikely to contribute to the short-term hypotensive effects of propranolol or metoprolol in normal subjects. Alterations in the synthesis or metabolism of the potent vasoconstrictor and proaggregatory drug TxA2, however, may be involved in the hypotensive, cardioprotective, and antiplatelet effects of beta-adrenergic antagonists.