cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of filler settling on the analysis of solder reliability of flip chip packaging

In the capillary-flow underfilling process many practical evidences suggest that the distribution of fillers is not uniform as is usually assumed. It is likely caused by filler sedimentation, variation of the flow pattern, and rheology of uncured underfill flow, etc. Such a nonuniform distribution of fillers requires that we modify the reliability estimates of flip chip packages that are based on an ideal, isotropic underfill. This paper reports an analytical study of the influence of filler settling on the flip chip solder reliability analysis. By taking 35% for the volume fraction of silica fillers, we have described the y-dependent filler settling by three settling scenarios and calculated the thermomechanical properties of the underfill by considering three types of temperature-dependent, linearly elastic epoxy resins for each settling profile. In total, nine underfill materials were individually introduced in a 2D finite element flip chip package model to comparatively study the thermal response of flip chip solder joints that are surrounded by the underfill. The FE results showed that the inelastic shear strains steadily accumulate in the flip chip solder joints. The inelastic shear strains increase significantly as filler settling is introduced. We also observed that as the extent of filler settling increases, the average inelastic shear strain energy density associated with the outermost solder joint increases.
The Temperature-Effective Period of the Scute-1 Phenotype.

Introduction. - The recently published papers of Child [1] have shown that for temperatures ranging from 14 to 31°C. there exists a temperature-effective period for the scute-1 phenotype which lies entirely within the latter half of the third larval instar period, when a mass of flies is concerned. For all bristles of the scute pattern, and at all temperatures tested, the effective period occupies the same relative position in the developmental period; and it is apparently restricted to the period between 89.3 and 96.8% of egg-larval development for any individual fly. The study reported here is likewise on the temperature-effective period of the scute-1 phenotype, and differs only in the technique used. The temperatures used in this experiment were 25° and 40° to 41°C. Developing larvae cannot usually live through more than five hours at 40° to 41°C.; but three-hour exposures are generally not excessively lethal. The results of the study are interesting largely because they differ markedly from those of Child. A temperature-effective period appears which, for the ocellar bristles, extends through all the developmental periods tested, from the time of egg laying through the early pupal period. Other bristles considered also show effective periods which lie outside the time of Child's temperature-effective period.
"Who's scribing?": documenting patient encounter during trauma resuscitation

With healthcare moving towards electronic health records, it is important to understand existing work practices to design effective systems. We conducted an observational study in a Level I trauma center to examine the documentation process and the role of the nurse recorder in trauma resuscitation. We identified several difficulties with current recording practices, including the late arrival of the nurse recorder, parallel activities of the trauma team, and multitasking by the recorder. Our observations showed that the recorder's role extends beyond archival responsibilities. The recorder, with the help of a paper record, manages the resuscitation process, rather than passively documenting it. Our findings highlighted the complexity of the recorder's role and the need to consider documentation in the broader context of trauma teamwork. We proposed a set of design challenges that emphasize important aspects of trauma care to be considered when designing technologies to support the documentation process.
Effect of GSTM1-Polymorphism on Disease Progression and Oxidative Stress in HIV Infection: Modulation by HIV/HCV Co-Infection and Alcohol Consumption.

Objective: To examine the effects of GSTM1 null-allele polymorphism on oxidative stress and disease progression in HIV infected and HIV/hepatitis C (HCV) co-infected adults. Methods: HIV-infected and HIV/HCV co-infected participants aged 40-60 years old with CD4 cell count >350 cells/ μl, were recruited. GSTM1 genotype was determined by quantitative PCR. Oxidative stress (mitochondrial 8-oxo-2’- deoxyguanosine [8-oxo-dG], malondialdehyde [MDA], oxidized glutathione and Complexes I and IV), apoptosis and HIV disease (CD4 count and viral load) markers were measured. Gene copies were not quantified, thus the Hardy- Weinberg formula was not applicable. Results: Of the 129 HIV-infected participants, 58 were HIV/HCV co-infected. GSTM1 occurred in 66% (62/94) in those of African descent, and 33% (11/33) of the Caucasians. Those with GSTM1 coding for the functional antioxidant enzyme Glutathione S-transferase (GST), had higher CD4 cell count (β=3.48, p=0.034), lower HIV viral load (β=-0.536, p=0.018), and lower mitochondrial 8-oxo-dG (β=-0.28, p=0.03). ART reduced oxidative stress in the participants with the GSTM1 coding for the functional antioxidant enzyme. HIV/HCV co-infected participants with the GSTM1 coding for the functional antioxidant enzyme also had lower HIV viral load, lower 8-oxo-dG and lower rate of apoptosis, but also higher oxidized glutathione. Alcohol consumption was associated with lower HIV viral load but higher oxidized glutathione in those with the GSTM1 genotype coding for the functional antioxidant enzyme. Conclusion: The GSTM1 genotype coding for the functional antioxidant enzyme is associated with lower HIV disease severity, and with lower oxidative stress, compared to GSTM1 null-allele polymorphism. HCV co-infection and alcohol use may be associated with increased oxidative stress even in the presence of the GSTM1 coding for the functional antioxidant enzyme. The null-gene, on the contrary, appears to have a detrimental effect on immune function, viral load control, and antioxidant status, suggesting a potential benefit from antioxidants in HIV infected patients with the defective gene.
TLR3, TRIF and Caspase 8 determine double-stranded RNA-induced epithelial cell death and survival in vivo

TLR3 signaling is activated by dsRNA, a virus-associated molecular pattern. Injection of dsRNA into mice induced a rapid, dramatic, and reversible remodeling of the small intestinal mucosa with significant villus shortening. Villus shortening was preceded by increased caspase 3 and 8 activation and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) located in the mid to upper villus with ensuing luminal fluid accumulation and diarrhea because of an increased secretory state. Mice lacking TLR3 or the adaptor molelcule TRIF mice were completely protected from dsRNA-induced IEC apoptosis, villus shortening, and diarrhea. dsRNA-induced apoptosis was independent of TNF signaling. Notably, NF-κB signaling through IκB kinase β protected crypt IECs but did not protect villus IECs from dsRNA-induced or TNF-induced apoptosis. dsRNA did not induce early caspase 3 activation with subsequent villus shortening in mice lacking caspase 8 in IECs but instead caused villus destruction with a loss of small intestinal surface epithelium and death. Consistent with direct activation of the TLR3-TRIF-caspase 8 signaling pathway by dsRNA in IECs, dsRNA-induced signaling of apoptosis was independent of non-TLR3 dsRNA signaling pathways, IL-15, TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IFN regulatory factor 3, type I IFN receptor, adaptive immunity, as well as dendritic cells, NK cells, and other hematopoietic cells. We conclude that dsRNA activation of the TLR3-TRIF-caspase 8 signaling pathway in IECs has a significant impact on the structure and function of the small intestinal mucosa and suggest signaling through this pathway has a host protective role during infection with viral pathogens.
The Linkage of Land Price with the Economy Policy Making Failures of the Japanese Government in the 1990s

The Japanese economic policy experience in the 1990s was the worst observed in the country for manydecades. The government withheld critically important economic information from the public, such as thesize of non-performing loans held by financial institutions, while policy-makers were waiting in vain forthe economy to revive. Certainly there was no leadership in the political arena that would give direction tothe bureaucratic decision making process. Senior ministerial staff continued to make serious mistakesthat were implicitly supported by politicians through their own non-action. The authors share the viewwith Posen (1998) that the major economic problems of Japan during the 1990s arose due to policymaking mistakes within the country. Once lauded for their wise judgement, Japanese bureaucrats are nowviewed by many as having been motivated mainly by their own interests and by costly face-savingmeasures.
Studies on the mucosa of postmenopausal oviducts: Surface appearance, ciliary activity, and the effect of estrogen treatment *

The epithelial lining of the human oviduct is known to be responsive to the fluctuating hormonal levels of the normal menstrual cycle, but its response to the changes in hormonal climate at the time of the menopause is not clearly defined. In this study the oviducts of nine postmenopausal patients were obtained at the time of abdominal hysterectomy, and the lining epithelium was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The activity of cilia on the fresh tissue was assessed by their ability to transport particulate matter applied to the epithelial surface. The fimbriae of oviducts from women who had received little or no estrogen treatment before surgery showed a significant deciliation of the epithelium, compared with specimens from premenopausal patients, and even showed some sloughing of cells from the surface. The secretory cells appeared inactive. However, the specimens from patients who had been treated with estrogen for periods of 1 year or more showed a remarkable maintenance of the epithelium, with the proportion of ciliated cells remaining almost as high as in premenopausal oviducts, even as late as 25 years after the menopause. The ampullar and isthmic portions showed less obvious changes. Cilia in oviducts from the former group (short-term or no treatment) were incapable of transporting 15-mum microspheres or lycopodium spores applied to the epithelial surface, whereas the oviductal cilia obtained from patients under long-term estrogen therapy showed efficient transport of particulate matter. The results are discussed in relation to earlier conflicting reports on the postmenopausal oviduct.
Subthreshold Picosecond Laser Damage in Silicon Associated with Charge Emission

Laser-induced surface damage observed during illumination of semiconductors by intense laser pulses has been much studied. The nature of damage has been established [1,2] by studying the nucleation and growth of damage near threshold intensities. The heterogeneous nucleation of damage in the early stage was also revealed. Furthermore, charge emission from a silicon surface induced by picosecond laser pulses at 532 nm was presented [3,4]. But the energy transfer mechanisms from the radiation field to the semiconductor in the multiple-pulse damage regime are not well understood. To contribute to further understanding of damage mechanisms induced by picosecond Nd:YAG laser pulses at 1.06 μm, damage at laser intensities below the one-shot damage threshold has been investigated. By recording charged particle emission which accompanies damage processes, some interesting information has been revealed. With a small capacitor and/or an electron multiplier tube, one can detect the charge emitted during small pit formation which may be considered as the initial damage morpnology.
Pharmacoeconomics: therapeutic and economic considerations in treating the critically ill patient.

The chemical stability of suramin in NaCl 0.9%, dextrose 5%, and lactated Ringer's injection was investigated. The admixtures were stored in glass infusion bottles at 4°C in the dark, and at room temperature (22°C) both protected from light and under normal room fluorescent light conditions in a day-night rhythm. The initial concentration of suramin was approximately 1 mg/mL. Samples withdrawn immediately after preparation and at four hours, one, two, three, five, and seven days were analyzed by HPLC with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Samples were also inspected for visual changes and tested for changes in pH. Accelerated stability studies in NaCl 0.9% injection were executed at 90°C. The drug appeared to be stable under the chosen storage conditions with no visual changes or changes in pH. The accelerated experiments revealed that suramin degrades in NaCl 0.9% at 90°C with a half-life of about 5.5 hours. It is concluded that suramin 1 mg/mL is stable in NaCl 0.9%, dextrose 5%, and lactated Ringer's injecti...
Examining parenting quality and dyad interactions between female CPS- and/or court-involved partner violence survivors and their young children using observational methods

ABSTRACTMothers who are intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors are often mandated to parenting services by child protection services (CPS) and/or the courts. Unfortunately, there is limited research regarding the parenting needs and strengths of these system-involved IPV survivors, and existing research tends to rely on self-report parenting data. The purpose of this study was to: (a) assess the feasibility and acceptability of collecting observational data from system-involved mothers who are IPV survivors and have been mandated to a parenting program, (b) assess the feasibility of the Keys to Interactive Parenting Scale (KIPS) in this context, (c) examine the parenting strengths and needs of these IPV survivors, and (d) explore associations between self-report and observational measures of parenting. Among eligible mothers, 49% (n = 25) participated. Observational and self-report data collected at program entry indicated positive parenting. Although associations between KIPS and self-report measures ...
Effectiveness of an infiltrant on sealing of composite restoration margins with/without artificial caries.

Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a resin infiltrant ( ICON) on marginal sealing ability of class II resin restorations with/without-caries. Materials and methods: Forty-eight noncarious human premolar teeth were embedded and MO and DO preparations of standard dimensions were prepared. The left side of dentin margins of the cavities were left nonbonded (UB) while the right side were bonded using total etch-bonding agent and all restored with a Nanohybrid composite. The teeth were thermocycled and half of the specimens in the UB and B groups were subjected to an artificial caries process. ICON was applied to caries and noncaries subgroups following the manufacturer’s directions. Impressions were made at each step: after the restorations were completed, thermocycling, artificial caries procedures, and infiltrant application and the silicone tag lengths were measured with a stereomicroscope. The specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsine at 37o C for 24 hours, sectioned and microleakage was evaluated with a stereomicroscope. Selected samples and their replicas were assessed for marginal quality under a stereomicroscope and SEM. Statistical evaluation of the data were made using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon Sign Rank tests. Results: While bonding application did not create a meaningful difference, the thermocycling and artificial caries significantly increased the gap length and microleakage (p < 0.05). ICON application was decreased the microleakage, created gap-free margins and closed the gaps which were previously occurred at the same cavities (p < 0.05).
Toughness governs the rupture of the interfacial H-bond assemblies at a critical length scale in hybrid materials.

The geometry and material property mismatch across the interface of hybrid materials with dissimilar building blocks make it extremely difficult to fully understand the lateral chemical bonding processes and design nanocomposites with optimal performance. Here, we report a combined first-principles study, molecular dynamics modeling, and theoretical derivations to unravel the detailed mechanisms of H-bonding, deformation, load transfer, and failure at the interface of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and silicates, as an example of hybrid materials with geometry and property mismatch across the interface. We identify contributing H-bonds that are key to adhesion and demonstrate a specific periodic pattern of interfacial H-bond network dictated by the interface mismatch and intramolecular H-bonding. We find that the maximum toughness, incorporating both intra- and interlayer strain energy contributions, govern the existence of optimum overlap length and thus the rupture of interfacial (interlayer) H-bond assemblies...
Nonmonotonicity of temporal judgment of duration as a function of variability of size

When the size of filled circle varied from trial to trial, the accuracy of judgment of the duration of circle was a monotonically decreasing function of duration. Reduction of the variability of size resulted in change of this monotonic function into a bow-shaped quadratic function, with the least accuracy at the midrange of durations.
The dynamics of the organism: implications of recent biological thought for psychosomatic theory and research.

The history of psychosomatic medicine (1) abounds with different conceptual approaches to the understanding of health, illness, and disease and to the care of the sick, alternative to those taken by biomedicine. It is not the purpose of this assay to discuss these problems; and no guarantee is provided that it will solve them! Rather, its intent is to provide an overview of a variety of recent approaches to the central topics of psychosomatic medicine
Last Chance Incorporated

Allegories are alluring because they promise to light up inchoate objects, trace unimagined connections, and resolve ambiguities and paradoxes of human—and more-than-human and abiotic—life. At the same time, allegories reveal their own failure to cohere, disintegrating in the excessive polysemia of their heterogeneous fragments. Meth cooking similarly throws into relief the unstable composition of a life. Meth cooking is an aporia: it leads the way out of workaday failures while lapsing back into them.
Neonatal bilirubin testing practices: Reports from 312 laboratories enrolled in the College of American Pathologists Excel Proficiency Testing Program

c Objective.—To characterize laboratory practices for neonatal bilirubin testing and to identify opportunities for improvement. Design.—A voluntary self-assessment questionnaire was used to assess the laboratory practices of 312 laboratories subscribing to the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Excel Chemistry Proficiency Testing Program. Results.—A range of preanalytic and analytic practices were reported. The most notable problems identified were the use of overly long capillary puncture devices (17.8%), failure to protect the specimen from light prior to analysis (3.4%), failure to use a control containing .171 mmol/L bilirubin (26.1%), use of single-level control (4.2%), and lack of established linearity limits (7.0%). Conclusion.—Opportunities exist to improve specimen collection, processing, and analysis for some physician-office and small-hospital laboratories. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124:1425‐1428)
Do lesbians overestimate alcohol use norms? Exploring the potential utility of personalized normative feedback interventions to reduce high-risk drinking in Southern California lesbian communities

This study examines the potential utility of social norms-based approaches to reduce heavy alcohol use in lesbian community settings. In a sample of 278 Southern Californian lesbians recruited from social media networks to complete an online survey, the majority of participants overestimated the quantity of alcohol consumed by their lesbian peers and more frequent lesbian bar attendance was associated with elevated perceptions of how much other lesbians drink. Greater than 90% of participants expressed interest in receiving personalized normative feedback, suggesting that culturally tailored personalized normative feedback interventions focused on correcting perceptions of heavy drinking may be successful in mitigating the alcohol-related risks of lesbians in Southern California, and potentially beyond.
Determination of the Minimum Number of Stool Bed Ortets Required to Capture a Desirable Genotype from Full-Sibling Family Crosses

Two important questions for clonal forestry are: (I) how many ortets must be established to ensure that one or more of the best genotypes in a family will be available for field tests and plantation establishment; and (2) how certain can one be that at least one top genotype will be present in a sample of n ortets. In this study, we calculated the level of confidence (LOC) in having included one or more desirable, rootable genotypes in a random sample of n ortets from a full-sibling family. We also calculated the number of unique ortets required to achieve a given LOC in having included one or more desirable, rootable genotypes in a sample. In general, when the sample size is small, either because the original number of ortets was low or because of poor rootability, the LOC is lower. When rootability is low or when only a small percentage of the possible genotypes is considered desirable, the original number of ortets required to achieve a given LOC is
Infections associated with prosthetic devices: magnitude of the problem.

SUMMARY The number and diversity of prosthetic devices inserted into patients continue to increase each year. Despite technological advances in the design and manufacture of prostheses and improved surgical techniques, infection remains a serious and potentially fatal complication. Although the incidence of serious infections remains low (averaging a few per cent for totally implanted devices), the consequences of an infected prosthesis can be disastrous. The incidence of infections related to temporary or partially implanted devices is even higher than for prostheses completely covered by the skin. In addition to excess morbidity and occasionally mortality, prosthesis-related infections add to the costs of medical care and to prolonged hospitalization. The magnitude of the problem is greatly underappreciated, in part due to the care of such infections on a piecemeal basis by numerous and diverse health care specialists.
RNAi Screen Identifies Novel Regulators of RNP Granules in the Caenorhabditis elegans Germ Line

Complexes of RNA and RNA binding proteins form large-scale supramolecular structures under many cellular contexts. In Caenorhabditis elegans, small germ granules are present in the germ line that share characteristics with liquid droplets that undergo phase transitions. In meiotically-arrested oocytes of middle-aged hermaphrodites, the germ granules appear to aggregate or condense into large assemblies of RNA-binding proteins and maternal mRNAs. Prior characterization of the assembly of large-scale RNP structures via candidate approaches has identified a small number of regulators of phase transitions in the C. elegans germ line; however, the assembly, function, and regulation of these large RNP assemblies remain incompletely understood. To identify genes that promote remodeling and assembly of large RNP granules in meiotically-arrested oocytes, we performed a targeted, functional RNAi screen and identified over 300 genes that regulate the assembly of the RNA-binding protein MEX-3 into large granules. Among the most common GO classes are several categories related to RNA biology, as well as novel categories such as cell cortex, ER, and chromosome segregation. We found that arrested oocytes that fail to localize MEX-3 into cortical granules display reduced oocyte quality, consistent with the idea that the larger RNP assemblies promote oocyte quality when fertilization is delayed. Interestingly, a relatively small number of genes overlap with the regulators of germ granule assembly during normal development, or with the regulators of solid RNP granules in cgh-1 oocytes, suggesting fundamental differences in the regulation of RNP granule phase transitions during meiotic arrest.
Intensity Gradient Analysis

This chapter describes one way of recovering depth information from a sequence of grey-scale images. This technique, called the Intensity Gradient Analysis (IGA) algorithm, is based on the ideas presented in the previous chapter. As one might well infer, IGA uses intensity gradients to determine when a fixed image displacement occurs. Since the IGA algorithm assumes knowledge of camera motion, when a fixed image displacement is perceived, all the parameters needed to determine depth are known.
Alcohol Use and Activity Limitations in Gout Patients.

Background Few studies have evaluated whether patients with a diagnosis of gout adhere to alcohol use recommendations and the relationship between adherence and activity limitations. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine adherence to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) alcohol use recommendations and evaluate the relationship between alcohol use and activity limitations in persons with gout. Method A secondary analysis was performed with a sample of 298 persons with gout from the 2008 National Health Interview Survey. Results In all, 22.8% of persons with gout were nonadherent to alcohol use recommendations. Males, those aged 41-60 years, and those not receiving healthcare for joint symptoms were most likely to be nonadherent. In all, 39.9% reported that joint symptoms interfered with activity in the preceding 30 days. Those who were adherent were more likely to report limitations (χ = 6.788, p = .03). Conclusions To promote optimal patient outcomes, more attention needs to be devoted to individualized patient education and self-management interventions that follow ACR recommendations.
Linear viscoelasticity of a dilute active suspension

The linear viscoelasticity of a dilute suspension of active (self-propelled) rigid spheroidal particles is calculated under a small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) deformation. The imposed shear acts to drive the microstructure of the suspension, as parameterized by the orientational probability distribution function, out of equilibrium. The microstructure relaxes via two independent mechanisms: rotational Brownian motion and correlated tumbling; the combination of which results in an increased rate of stress relaxation, relative to a suspension that relaxes solely by either mechanism. We explicitly calculate the non-equilibrium orientational microstructure due to the SAOS deformation, rotational diffusion, and tumbling. From this, we determine the linear viscoelasticity of the suspension from the orientationally averaged stresslet, which arises from the imposed flow, rotational diffusion, and particle activity (self-propulsion). Next, we demonstrate that a modified Cox-Merz rule is applicable to a dilute, active suspension via a comparison of our linear viscoelasticity results to a theoretical prediction of the steady shear viscosity of active, slender rods (Saintillan, Exp Mech 50(9) 1275–1281, 2010). Finally, through a comparison of our results to experiments on Escherichia coli (Lopez et al., Phys Rev Lett 115(2) 028, 301, 2015), we show that the linear viscoelasticity of an active suspension can be utilized to determine the mechanism of self-propulsion (i.e., pusher or puller), and estimate the strength of self-propulsion and correlation between tumbling events.
Coupled Cluster Studies of Ionization Potentials and Electron Affinities of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

In this paper, we apply equation-of-motion coupled cluster (EOM-CC) methods in the studies of the vertical ionization potentials (IPs) and electron affinities (EAs) for a series of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). The EOM-CC formulations for IPs and EAs employing excitation manifolds spanned by single and double excitations (IP/EA-EOM-CCSD) are used to study the IPs and EAs of the SWCNTs as a function of the nanotube length. Several armchair nanotubes corresponding to C20nH20 models with n = 2–6 have been used in benchmark calculations. In agreement with previous studies, we demonstrate that the electronegativity of C20nH20 systems remains, to a large extent, independent of the nanotube length. We also compare IP/EA-EOM-CCSD results with those obtained with coupled cluster models with single and double excitations corrected by perturbative triples, CCSD(T), and density functional theory (DFT) using global and range-separated hybrid exchange–correlation functionals.
Thinking Biblically about Islam: Genesis, Transfiguration, Transformation

In this book, authors Ida Glaser and Hannah Kay attempt to fill what they see as a void in Christian assessments of Islam: a framework for viewing and responding to the religion that is based solel...
Introduction: The Intricacy of Intervention

This chapter provides a summary both of the existing gaps in the literature on third-party military interventions. There is a divergence in quantitative work on the actual effect of interventions in regard to civil war duration and almost no cross-national work that focuses on intervention success based on intended goals. It is partially this failure to properly conceptualize “success” that this book remedies. This chapter further outlines the historical and relational nature of the research presented in this book.
The role of hot spot mix in the low-foot and high-foot implosions on the NIF

Hydrodynamic mix of the ablator into the DT fuel layer and hot spot can be a critical performance limitation in inertial confinement fusion implosions. This mix results in increased radiation loss, cooling of the hot spot, and reduced neutron yield. To quantify the level of mix, we have developed a simple model that infers the level of contamination using the ratio of the measured x-ray emission to the neutron yield. The principal source for the performance limitation of the “low-foot” class of implosions appears to have been mix. Lower convergence “high-foot” implosions are found to be less susceptible to mix, allowing velocities of >380 km/s to be achieved.
CANDO: A Compiled Programming Language for Computer-Aided Nanomaterial Design and Optimization Based on Clasp Common Lisp

CANDO is a compiled programming language designed for rapid prototyping and design of macromolecules and nanometer-scale materials. CANDO provides functionality to write programs that assemble atoms and residues into new molecules and construct three-dimensional coordinates for them. CANDO also provides functionality for searching molecules for substructures, automatically assigning atom types, identifying rings, carrying out conformational searching, and automatically determining stereochemistry, among other things. CANDO extends the Clasp implementation of the dynamic language Common Lisp. CANDO provides classes for representing atoms, residues, molecules and aggregates (collections of molecules) as primitive objects that are implemented in C++ and subject to automatic memory management, like every other object within the language. CANDO inherits all of the capabilities of Clasp, including the easy incorporation of C++ libraries using a C++ template programming library. This automatically builds wrap- per code to expose the C++ functionality to the CANDO Common Lisp environment and the use of the LLVM library[1] to generate fast native code. A version of CANDO can be built that incorporates the Open Message Passing Interface C++ library[2], which allows CANDO to be run on supercomputers, in order to automatically setup, start, and analyze molecular mechanics simulations on large parallel computers. CANDO is currently available under the LGPL 2.0 license.
The effect of focused instruction on young children’s singing accuracy:

The purpose of this study was to test the effect of daily singing instruction on the singing accuracy of young children and whether accuracy differed across four singing tasks. In a pretest-posttes...
Statin use and venous thromboembolism in cancer: A large, active comparator, propensity score matched cohort study.

Background Statins have been shown to have a protective effect for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the general population. This study sought to assess the association between statins and the risk for cancer-associated deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
Evaluation of important seed and sprout traits as potential selection criteria in breeding varieties for sprout soybeans

Soybean sprouts, a traditional vegetable in Asia, are gaining popularity in the United States. Soybean sprout demand has been supplied by natto (a Japanese soyfood) cultivars that share some seed characteristics with sprout cultivars. However, natto seeds do not meet all requirements of sprouts and are rejected by sprout manufacturers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate important seed and sprout traits as potential selection criteria in breeding sprout soybeans and to study the storage effect on soybean sprout quality. Almost all genotypes produced thicker and longer hypocotyls and higher fresh-sprouts than ‘MFS-561’, a commercial soybean sprout variety. Hypocotyl length ranged from 13.8 to 16.2 cm. Four fungi genera Bipolaris sp., Cercospora sp., Botrytis sp. and Caethomium sp. were isolated from seeds. Cracked cotyledons and abnormal seedlings were the two main constraints affecting soybean sprout quality. Correlation coefficients among all traits indicated that percentage and weight of high- and average-quality sprouts would determine sprout yield. Acceptable yield and several traits were recommended to be used simultaneously while breeding superior sprout soybean cultivars. Good sprout varieties should produce high-quality sprouts >48%, average-quality sprouts 5.7 g/g seed, hypocotyl thickness >1.6 cm and hypocotyl length >13 cm. One-year seed storage at room temperature reduced sprout quality. V09-3876 and V12-1939 had superior seed and sprout traits and are promising lines for further evaluation for sprout production. Seed storage over time affects seed germination and seedling vigor, and fungi on seed can cause reduced seed quality.
On the Communicability of Chronic Diseases.

The World Health Organization now classifies chronic diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes, as noncommunicable. The authors present an alternative way to characterize such ...
Multi-criteria and econometric evaluation of dairy products

This study examined the multi-criteria assessment of four dairy products: "Pomursko mlejko" (Pomurje milk), "Lejko mleko" (light milk), "Fyto mleko" (Fyto milk) and "Posneto mleko v prahu" (dried milk). The research was executed by using a multi-criteria methodology, DEX, which was complemented by an econometric analysis for light milk to estimate the trends in production and consumption before analyzed dairy products were implemented on the market. DEXi computer program results indicated that all analyzed milk products were 'above average'. The econometric model was applied to examine changes in the demand for low-fat milk (light milk). Empirical results showed significant consumer response to the increase in the prices of low-fat milk demonstrating income elasticity (1,15 unit).
Past Due: Combinations of Utility and Housing Hardship in the United States

Millions of households in the United States are forced to juggle different basic needs. Housing and utility costs consume the majority of many households’ monthly incomes. Consequences for missed p...
An Information Integration Investigation of Cognitive Structure Models

Previous investigations have documented the existence of several information integration structures. However, the majority of these investigations have emphasized independent cognitive and affective elements that are linked to a behavioral element. This investigation suggests that several interactive cognitive, affective, and behavioral structures exist. When compared to the independent structures, those interactive structures suggest alternative communication strategies for managers and public policy formulators.
"We are the Ones We have been Waiting for": The U.S. Social Forum in Context

The first United States Social Forum (USSF) took place in Atlanta in the summer of 2007. To report and analyze this intense five-day event, we employ an innovative method, which we refer to as "distributed ethnography." This involves a large, multidisciplinary team of researchers who all contribute to our observational data and participate collaboratively in the writing and editing process. We consider how the U.S. political context shaped the character of this particular iteration of the World Social Forum. In particular, we analyze how the USSF reflected several ongoing debates within the larger World Social Forum (WSF) process: (1) whether the WSF should remain an open space or a political actor; (2) how to be more inclusive of the poorest and most marginalized social groups; (3) whether to pursue radical or reformist agenda; and (4) whether to target local, national, or global political arenas. A significant outcome of the USSF is that it challenged existing notions of open space by engaging in delibe...
Punch Cards to Python: A Case Study of a CS0 Core Course

There is an immense interest in teaching computer science concepts- and programming specifically - to everyone. The United States Military Academy at West Point has required every student, regardless of major, to pass a computer science zero (CS0) course for the last 50 years: From punch cards to Python. We present a history of our CS0 course and the lessons learned from the most recent redesign of the course. We review the last decade of student assessments and how they influenced the latest iteration. We contrast the expectations of students in a CS0 course with those in a CS1 course. We discuss the national efforts to make CS accessible to all and explore the challenges unique to a CS0 course. We demonstrate similarities between our course and the Advance Placement CS Principles and show where differences are justified. We review the relevant pedagogical research for CS0 and present lessons learned over multiple iterations of the course. Based on our current course review and implementation, we believe that Computer Science for everyone is attainable and relevant to the needs of every student.
The Coming Decade of Cell Death Research: Five Riddles

Active cell death, in its many forms, is a fundamental biological process. Studies over the past several decades have explored the functions and consequences of cellular demise and elucidated several of the key cell death pathways. Here, I pose five questions, or riddles, that might provide a guide to the next decade of cell death research. Focusing mainly on four types of active cell death (apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis) mainly in mammals, this Perspective explores the possible research directions that might answer these riddles, or at least prompt new ones.
Injury from E-Cigarette Explosion.

Injury from E-Cigarette Explosion A 17-year-old boy presented to the ED with pain and swelling in his jaw 2 hours after an e-cigarette exploded during use. He had extensive lacerations in his mouth...
Exploring associations between adverse childhood experiences and oral health among children and adolescents

OBJECTIVES The aim of this article is to examine the association between preventive dental care and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and the association between tooth decay and ACEs, controlling for preventive dental care. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 33,395 respondents from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health, a nationally representative sample of US children. Sociodemographic information, ACE questions, and oral health and health-care utilization information were used. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and multivariable regression models were performed. RESULTS Children with four or more ACEs were less likely to have a preventive dental visit than children with less than four ACEs (79.7 percent versus 88.7 percent, P < 0.0001). Children with four or more ACEs were more likely to have tooth decay (26.7 percent versus 12.5 percent, P < 0.0001) than their counterparts. Children exposed to four or more ACEs had lower odds of receiving preventive dental visits than children exposed to less than four ACEs (aOR 0.67; 95 percent CI 0.50-0.89). Children with four or more ACEs had higher odds of decayed teeth than children exposed to fewer than four ACEs (aOR 2.08; 95 percent CI 1.61-2.70), even after controlling for preventive dental care. CONCLUSIONS Pediatricians, dental hygienists, and dentists need to be aware of how childhood trauma may hinder both caregivers and children from engaging in preventive oral health care or dental treatment. The information provided in our study can inform policies and programs that support children's oral health, through the identification and mitigation of childhood trauma.
Improving Student Learning Outcomes in Online Courses: An Investigation Into the Effects of Multiple Teaching Modalities

We investigated learning outcomes within an undergraduate C Programming course that is taught in multiple modalities: in-person, online and blended. Because this course has been taught by the same instructor, using the same scaffolding activities, materials and approaches, we were uniquely positioned to conduct a quasi-experimental study of learning outcomes between courses and within students. The overarching goal was to glean knowledge and implications about assessment practices for undergraduate courses that are taught in multiple modalities. The objectives of our research are primarily to discern what differential impacts, if any, are found between the in-person and the online course delivery. We aimed to discover learning outcome patterns among the students who participate in these modalities. Findings from this study provide valuable information for undergraduate Computer Science programs by identifying any differential learning outcomes that students experience between in-person and online course instruction. The research questions addressed by the study were as follows: 1) What impact does modality have on student learning outcomes? 2) What patterns are discernable across student groups? 3) What relationship is there between final course grades and assignment module learning outcomes? In earlier work, we were surprised that no significant differences were obtained between course modality. While this was an encouraging finding, we believed that further data collection and analysis were needed, before making general conclusions about the two modalities. This paper reports on our efforts to collect additional data, while considering additional variables, such as instructor, multiple modalities, and online course design approaches.
Influence of the Processing Environment on the Surface Composition and Electronic Structure of Size-Quantized CdSe Quantum Dots

We show here how differences in surface composition for monolayer (ML)-tethered pyridine (Py)-treated CdSe quantum dots (QDs) affect band edge energetics, as a function of QD diameter. We compare U...
The association of early dietary supplementation with vitamin E with the incidence of ulcerative dermatitis in mice on a C57BL/6 background.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain if prophylactic ingestion of a diet rich in vitamin E would preventÂ or impede the development of ulcerative dermatitis in mice on a C57BL/6 background. Mice were fed afterÂ weaning a standard mouse diet, vitamin E (99 IU/kg), or a mouse diet fortified with vitamin E (3000 IU/Â kg). Cases of ulcerative dermatitis were recorded by individuals (i.e. aware of) the diet assignment. TheÂ incidence of ulcerative dermatitis in a retrospective cohort of mice on standard diet was compared with theÂ group on the diet fortified with vitamin E. Age was associated with ulcerative dermatitis in standard dietÂ and vitamin E fortified diet groups, r = 0.43, p-value < 0.0001 and r = 0.18, p-value < 0.02, respectively.Â The average age of incidence for ulcerative dermatitis in the mice fed the standard diet was 89 weeks andÂ for the mice fed the vitamin E diet it was 41 weeks. The unadjusted odds ratio comparing the incidence ofÂ ulcerative dermatitis between the two diet groups was 4.6 with a 95% confidence interval of (2.44, 8.58),Â x2 p-value < 0.0001. Therefore, there was an association between the diets and ulcerative dermatitis, withÂ the mice on the vitamin E fortified diet having almost five times the odds of having ulcerative dermatitisÂ compared with mice on the standard diet. Incidence of ulcerative dermatitis was not influenced by sex orÂ genotype. Our study results show that a diet fortified in vitamin E initiated at weaning does not prevent orÂ impede the development of ulcerative dermatitis in mice on a C57BL/6 background and on the contraryÂ accelerate development when administered to young mice.Â
Comparing Automatic and Manual Measures of Parent-Infant Conversational Turns: A Word of Caution.

The Language ENvironment Analysis system (LENA) records children's language environment and provides an automatic estimate of adult-child conversational turn count (CTC). The present study compares LENA's CTC estimate to manually coded CTC on a sample of 70 English-speaking infants recorded longitudinally at 6, 10, 14, 18, and 24 months of age. At each age, LENA's CTC was significantly higher than manually coded CTC (all ps < .001, Cohen's ds: 0.9-2.05), with the largest discrepancies between the two methods observed at younger ages. The Limits of Agreement Analyses confirm wide disagreements between the two methods, highlighting potential problems with automatic measurement of parent-infant verbal interaction. These findings suggest that future studies should validate LENA's CTC estimates with manual coding.
Models for Dusty Lyman alpha Emitters at High Redshift

Models are presented for the Lyman alpha emission of dusty high-redshift galaxies by combining the Press-Schechter formalism with a treatment of the inhomogeneous dust distribution inside galaxies. It is found that the amount of Lyman alpha radiation escaping from the galaxies strongly depends on the time over which the dust is produced through stellar activity, and on the ambient inhomogeneity of the HII regions that surround the ionizing OB stars. Good agreement is found with recent observations, as well as previous non-detections. Our models indicate that the dust content builds up in no more than approximately 5x10^8 yr, the galactic HII regions are inhomogeneous with a cloud covering factor of order unity, and the overall star formation efficiency is at least about 5%. It is predicted that future observations can detect these Lyman alpha galaxies upto redshifts of about 8.
The Donor Minus Ion in Semiconductors

At low temperature, some electrons from the conduction band may recombine with neutral donors to produce isolated D− centers. The binding energy of this hydrogen-minus-like center is in the submillimeter range. Excited Rydberg-like states have been observed but only in the presence of a magnetic field.
Respecifying Dualities: The Case of ‘Feel Enquiries’ Used in Sports Coaching

Dualisms, such as the mind-body duality, have pervaded Western thought since antiquity, but they have been regarded as theoretical problems not socially constructed facts. In line with the research tradition of discursive psychology, this chapter uses data from ‘technique coaching’ interactions in sport to explore how participants construct a surface/deep duality as a resource for coaching. This chapter contrasts situations in which coaches and athletes alike take it as unproblematic that a coach might know how an athlete is feeling, with situations in which coaches act as if they do not know and make ‘feel-inquiries’. I argue that these are a resource used to upgrade the athlete’s participation in the coaching feedback process. This chapter demonstrates how dualisms may be enacted as member’s resource.