cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia. cross talk between oxygen sensing and the cell cycle machinery

A fundamental physiological property of mammalian cells is the regulation of proliferation according to O2 availability. Progression through the cell cycle is inhibited under hypoxic conditions in many, but not all, cell types, and this G1 arrest is dependent on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α. Components of the hexameric MCM helicase, which binds to replication origins before the onset of DNA synthesis, are present in large excess in mammalian cells relative to origins, suggesting that they may have additional functions. Screens for HIF-1α interacting proteins revealed that MCM7 binds to the amino-terminal PER-SIM-ARNT (PAS) domain of HIF-1α and stimulates prolyl hydroxylation-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of HIF-1α, whereas MCM3 binds to the carboxyl terminus of HIF-1α and enhances asparaginyl hydroxylation-dependent inhibition of HIF-1α transactivation domain function. Thus MCM proteins inhibit HIF activity via two distinct O2-dependent mechanisms. Under prolonged hypoxic conditions, MCM mRNA expression is inhibited in a HIF-1α-dependent manner. Thus HIF and MCM proteins act in a mutually antagonistic manner, providing a novel molecular mechanism for homeostatic regulation of cell proliferation based on the relative levels of these proteins.
Predicting Risk of Long-Term Nitrogen Depletion Under Whole-Tree Harvesting in the Coastal Pacific Northwest

In many forest plantation ecosystems, concerns exist regarding nutrient removal rates associated with sustained whole-tree harvesting. In the coastal North American Pacific Northwest, we predicted the depletion risk of nitrogen (N), the region’s most growth-limiting nutrient, for 68 intensively managed Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) plantations varying widely in productivity. We projected stands to rotation age using the individual-tree growth model ORGANON and then calculated a stability ratio for each stand, defined as the ratio of N removed during harvest to total site N store (soil and forest floor). We assigned a risk rating to each site based on its stability ratio under whole-tree and stem-only harvest scenarios. Under whole-tree harvest, 49% of sites were classified as potentially at risk of long-term N depletion (i.e., 10% N store removed in harvest), whereas under stem-only harvest, only 24% of sites were at risk. Six percent and 1% of sites were classified as under high risk of N depletion (i.e., 30% N store removed in harvest) under whole-tree and stem-only harvest, respectively. The simulation suggested that sites with 9.0 and 4.0 Mg ha 1 site N store are potentially at risk for long-term N depletion and productivity loss under repeated whole-tree and stem-only harvest, respectively. Sites with 2.2 and 0.9 Mg ha 1 site N store are at high risk of N depletion under whole-tree and stem-only harvest, respectively. The areas with the highest concentrations of at-risk sites were those with young, glacially derived soils on Vancouver Island, Canada, and in the Puget Sound region of Washington.
The Effect of Wildfire on Soil Mercury Concentrations in Southern California Watersheds

Mercury (Hg) stored in vegetation and soils is known to be released to the atmosphere during wildfires, increasing atmospheric stores and altering terrestrial budgets. Increased erosion and transport of sediments is well-documented in burned watersheds, both immediately post-fire and as the watershed recovers; however, understanding post-fire mobilization of soil Hg within burned watersheds remains elusive. The goal of the current study is to better understand the impact of wildfire on soil-bound Hg during the immediate post-fire period as well as during recovery, in order to assess the potential for sediment-driven transport to and within surface waters in burned watersheds. Soils were collected from three southern California watersheds of similar vegetation and soil characteristics that experienced wildfire. Sampling in one of these watersheds was extended for several seasons (1.5 years) in order to investigate temporal changes in soil Hg concentrations. Laboratory analysis included bulk soil total Hg concentrations and total organic carbon of burned and unburned samples. Soils were also fractionated into a subset of grain sizes with analysis of Hg on each fraction. Low Hg concentrations were observed in surface soils immediately post-fire. Accumulation of Hg coincident with moderate vegetative recovery was observed in the burned surface soils 1 year following the fire, and mobilization was also noted during the second winter (rainy) season. Hg concentrations were highest in the fine-grained fraction of unburned soils; however, in the burned soils, the distribution of soil-bound Hg was less influenced by grain size. The accelerated accumulation of Hg observed in the burned soils, along with the elevated risk of erosion, could result in increased delivery of organic- or particulate-bound Hg to surface waters in post-fire systems.
The Holocaust: Remembrances, Reflections, Revisions

The moral abyss that about four decades ago came to be called the Holocaust has generated a vast literature seeking to probe the meaning of that catastrophe. A forthcoming volume to which eminent scholars have contributed from such fields as philosophy, history, and literary studies offers an opportunity to consider the current status of reflections on the Holocaust. Based in England and Israel as well as the United States, these particular academics demonstrate how inescapable their topic remains, how elusive is the struggle to decipher what may resist any satisfying explanation – or representation.
Support from spouse as mediator and moderator of the disruptive influence of economic strain on parenting.

A model is presented regarding associations between economic strain, support from spouse, and quality of parenting. The model was tested using a sample of 451 2-parent families, each of which included a seventh grader (age 12–13). Parent and adolescent reports, as well as observational ratings, were used as indicators of constructs. Analysis using structural equation modeling procedures indicated that level of spouse support was positively related to supportive parenting, whereas economic strain operated to undermine parental involvement. As posited, economic strain produced its effect through a direct relation with parenting and indirectly through its association with spouse support. These findings held for mothers and fathers, regardless of the gender of the child. Spouse support moderated the impact of economic strain on supportive parenting for mothers but not fathers. Possible explanations for this gender difference are presented.
Combined effects of blood and temperature shift on Borrelia burgdorferi gene expression as determined by whole genome DNA array.

Borrelia burgdorferi undergoes differential gene expression during transmission from its tick vector to a vertebrate host. The addition of blood to a spirochete culture at 35°C for 48 h had a dramatic effect on gene expression of this organism. Utilizing B. burgdorferi whole genome DNA arrays, we compared the transcriptomes of the spirochetes following a 2-day temperature shift with blood and without blood. Using combined data from three independent RNA isolations we demonstrated that the addition of blood led to a differential expression of 154 genes. Of these, 75 genes were upregulated, with 49 (65%) of them encoded on plasmids. Blood supplementation of cultures also resulted in the downregulation of 79 genes, where 56 (70%) were plasmid encoded. We verified our results by reverse transcriptase PCR of several genes in both flat and feeding ticks. In the 2-day experiment we observed the effect that exposure to increased temperature and blood combined had on B. burgdorferi gene expression at this crucial time when the spirochetes begin to move from the vector to a new vertebrate host. These changes, among others, coincide with the upregulation of the chemotaxis and sensing regulons, of the lp38-encoded ABC transporter, of proteases capable of remodeling the outer surface of the spirochetes, and of the recombination genes of cp32 as a transient or initial part of the stress response of the phage. These are all functions that could cause or facilitate the changes that spirochetes undergo following a blood meal in the tick.
Relationship between System Slope and Updraft Intensity in Squall Lines

In recent years there has been debate about whether squall lines have an ‘‘optimal state.’’ It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the slope of a squall line’s convective region is related to the comparative magnitudes of the squall line’s cold pool and the base-state vertical wind shear. The present work addresses a related assertion, that squall-line intensity ought to be maximized for an upright updraft zone. A simple demonstration shows that upright systems realize more of their buoyancy because their attendant downwarddirected perturbation pressure gradient accelerations are weaker.
Differential role of the Mu B protein in phage Mu integration vs. replication: mechanistic insights into two transposition pathways.

The Mu B protein is an ATP-dependent DNA-binding protein and an allosteric activator of the Mu transposase. As a result of these activities, Mu B is instrumental in efficient transposition and target-site choice. We analysed in vivo the role of Mu B in the two different recombination reactions performed by phage Mu: non-replicative transposition, the pathway used during integration, and replicative transposition, the pathway used during lytic growth. Utilizing a sensitive PCR-based assay for Mu transposition, we found that Mu B is not required for integration, but enhances the rate and extent of the process. Furthermore, three different mutant versions of Mu B, Mu BC99Y, Mu BK106A, and Mu B1−294, stimulate integration to a similar level as the wild-type protein. In contrast, these mutant proteins fail to support Mu growth. This deficiency is attributable to a defect in formation of an essential intermediate for replicative transposition. Biochemical analysis of the Mu B mutant proteins reveals common features: the mutants retain the ability to stimulate transposase, but are defective in DNA binding and target DNA delivery. These data indicate that activation of transposase by Mu B is sufficient for robust non-replicative transposition. Efficient replicative transposition, however, demands that the Mu B protein not only activate transposase, but also bind and deliver the target DNA.
Developing the Autism Model of Implementation for autism spectrum disorder community providers: study protocol.

Background Currently, 1 out of 88 children are diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and the estimated cost for treatment services is $126 billion annually. Typically, ASD community providers (ASD-CPs) provide services to children with any severity of ASD symptoms using a combination of various treatment paradigms, some with an evidence-base and some without. When evidence-based practices (EBPs) are successfully implemented by ASD-CPs, they can result in positive outcomes. Despite this promise, EBPs are often implemented unsuccessfully and other treatments used by ASD-CPs lack supportive evidence, especially for school-age children with ASD. While it is not well understood why ASD-CPs are not implementing EBPs, organizational and individual characteristics likely play a role. As a response to this need and to improve the lives of children with ASD and their families, this study aims to develop and test the feasibility and acceptability of the Autism Model of Implementation (AMI) to support the implementation of EBPs by ASD-CPs.
THE EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE ON WATER DISTRIBUTION OF SECONDARY SEX GLANDS OF MALE RATS

Alterations of water distribution have been reported as one of the earliest demonstrable effects of estrogens on the uterus (Talbot, Lowry and Astwood, 1940; Roberts and Szego, 1947) and androgens on the seminal vesicles (Rudolph and Samuels, 1949). The latter reported an increased intracellular water of the seminal vesicles, estimated by chloride space, as early as ten hours after androgen administration to castrated rats. Other changes occurring at this time were increases in Qo2, weight, and fructose content. It was also suggested that changes in organic metabolism preceded the shifts in water and electrolytes and cell growth. In the present study extracellular water was estimated with isotopic sodium in the seminal vesicles and prostates of uncastrated rats and of castrated rats with and without the administration of testosterone. METHODS Male albino rats from Sprague-Dawley Inc. were used in these experiments. When 92 clays of age the animals were castrated and twenty-eight days after castration a si...
System Inertia: A GB Perspective

The decarbonisation of the electricity industry results in fundamental changes in the generation mix and this brings many technology changes which have a different effect on the system. The system inertia is one of the fundamental characteristics of a power system which is mostly dependent on the type and volume of generation on the system. This article describes the system inertia in Great Britain and how it is affected by the change of generation mix in the coming years. This is followed by the consequences of the reduction of system inertia; notably the impact on system frequency and mitigation measures which are needed to ensure the operability of the system when the system inertia is lower.
Economic Impact of Nuclear Core Materials Limitations

Present limitations of nuclear core materials in light water reactors (LWRs) have severe economic consequences. Estimates of the economic impact of (a) fuel-related power maneuvering restrictions, ...
The Versailles Treaty and Its Legacy: Manchuria and the Triumph of Non-Recognition

I As an Allied power, Japan emerged triumphant from the Paris Peace Conference. It had acquired Shantung as well as Germany’s Pacific islands north of the equator. Yet ultimately Japan found the post-war settlement no more satisfactory than did Germany or Russia. Not only were Japan’s wartime designs on China, as embodied in the Fifteen Demands of 1915, generally unfulfilled, but also, as the self-appointed leader of Asian independence, Japan had failed to replace the Western imperial structures in the Orient with a body of independent Asian states in a Japanese-led East Asian hegemony. Post-war Japan possessed two powerful weapons: its own expansive energy, backed by an efficient economy and an impressive navy, as well as the force of anti-colonialism, aggravated by the failure of self-determination at Paris. For Asian leaders generally, the Versailles settlement was intolerable. Confronted by the dual forces of Japanese expansionism and Asian nationalism, the Western powers could anticipate pressures for change in the Orient that presaged the retreat of Western power and influence. Predictably, Japan would lead the assault. Japan, burdened with an excess of population and a shortage of resources, could expand nowhere on the Asian mainland or across the Pacific without inviting condemnation, if not retaliation, from the Western imperial nations. Japanese ambitions had long made clear that Britain, France, The Netherlands, and the United States – the primary guardians of the Far Eastern status quo – would either accept a more equitable distribution of territory, authority, and resources in Asia, or they would maintain their hegemony at increasingly high cost.
An Unusual Opportunity to Investigate the Psychology of Language

Abstract * Accepted for publication by Carl Murchison of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office, October 29, 1930.
On Rosenblueth's rule to combine the modes of systems with closely spaced natural frequencies

Abstract The use of the rule suggested by Rosenblueth in 1968 to combine the modal responses of systems with natural frequencies close to one another is discussed, and a procedure to improve its accuracy is proposed. The validity of the proposed procedure is then assessed by means of a numerical comparative study of solutions obtained by this rule, a step-by-step integration technique, and other commonly used rules. On the basis of this comparative study, it is shown that Rosenblueth9s rule, in combination with the suggested procedure, accurately predicts the maximum response of systems with closely spaced natural frequencies.
Health professionals’ advice to quit smoking: Does race and gender of smokers matter?

PR-6 Introduction: African Americans, especially African American men, disproportionately bear greater burden of smoking-related diseases than their White counterparts (USDHHS, 1998). The lower smoking cessation rate among African Americans (CDC, 1998) contributes to disparities in tobacco-related morbidity. Receipt of advice from health professionals to quit smoking plays an important role in smoking cessation (Tong et al., 2006; Williams et al, 2001). African Americans were reported to receive less advice from their health care providers than Whites (CDC, 2000; Franks et al., 2005; Houston et al, 2005). However, it is not clear whether race is an independent factor and how race interacts with other characteristics of smokers, e.g. gender. In this study, we examined an independent effect of race on advice to quit smoking from health professionals and its possible gender variation in a random digit dial survey. Methods: A survey was conducted using Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing and random digit dialing procedure in 2001-2003 among adults aged 18 and over who were residents in 13 Maryland jurisdictions. A total of 5154 residents participated, including 1205 current smokers (23.4% of all participants). The analytic sample was restricted to the current smokers who reported themselves as White or African American (n=1169). Advice of health care providers was assessed by a standardized question “Has a doctor, nurse or other health professional ever advised you to quit smoking?” Multivariate logistic regression was conducted with or without adjustment for other confounders, e.g. age, gender, education, insurance status, health condition and the quantity of cigarettes smoked per day. The logistic regression models were further stratified by gender. Results: An estimated 75% of White smokers received advice from their health care providers to quit smoking and 67% African American smokers. Compared to White smokers, African American smokers were less likely to receive advice on quitting smoking (OR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.95) even after adjusting for other covariates. Gender-stratified analyses showed that the racial difference was statistically significant for males (OR=0.46, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.76), but not for females (OR=0.94, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.54). Conclusions: Our findings suggest African Americans, especially African American males, are less likely to receive advice to quit smoking than their White counterparts, regardless of their socioeconomic status or health status. Prevention efforts to decrease the smoking-related health disparities among minorities must include effective education and training of health care providers to advise African American smokers to quit smoking. Acknowledgements: Maryland Cigarette Restitution Fund Program, the National Cancer Institute supported Maryland Special Populations Cancer Research Network (grant U01CA86249).
THE EFFECT OF DRUGS ON THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM OF MAN.

In the study of the electroencephalogram of man and in the search for the clues this may give to the working of his brain, drugs have frequently been used as the exploring agent. In the following pages the EEG concomitants of four maior categories of drug action are reviewed.
Measuring viewers' heart rate response to environment conservation videos

Digital media, particularly pictures and videos, have long been used to influence a person's cognition as well as her consequent actions. Previous work has shown that physiological indices such as heart rate variability can be used to measure emotional arousal. We measure heart rate variability as participants watch environment conservation videos. We compare the heart rate response against the pleasantness rating recorded during an independent Internet survey.
Working on the Inside: Mindfulness for Adolescents

Adolescence is a period of enormous physical, psychological, and social change leading to great opportunity along with some risk. This chapter begins with a brief overview of developmental strengths, vulnerabilities, and neurobiological changes during adolescence when physical and mental health disorders often manifest. Understanding adolescent development can help researchers and educators recognize the importance of prevention for reducing problems while also supporting a skill set that is a foundation for academic success. Social-emotional learning (SEL) interventions, including mindfulness-based programming, can teach adolescents skills such as emotion management, compassion, and purposeful, nonjudgmental attention, which are associated with improvements in academics, behavior, and well-being. These skills are beneficial for all adolescents; hence, school-based universal prevention programs are highlighted. Learning to BREATHE, a mindfulness education program, is presented as an example of a universal prevention program implemented and evaluated in school settings. Finally, the acronym, S.C.H.O.O.L.S., is presented as a framework for researchers and educators considering the implementation and evaluation of evidence-based mindfulness programs in schools.
The myth of the subclinical rejection: Is it real?

Introduction: Subclinical rejection (SCAR) of renalallografts refers to graft lymphocytic infiltrationtaking acute rejection histologic pattern despitestable renal function. There are no data to suggestthat subclinical tubulointerstitial inflammation isregulatory or in any way beneficial to the graft. Wehave investigated whether C57BL/6 CD8 T cellshome to long term engrafted (LTE) DBA/2 skinallografts and if it is protecting or rejecting. Methods and results: We transplanted two groupsof B6 CD4 KO mice, 6 mice each, with MHCmismatched DBA/2 skin. Only the 1st group wastreated with Rapamycin (RPM) as reported. After100 days of LTE, we challenged RPM treated hostswith a 2nd DBA/2 skin graft. The 2nd but not the 1stgraft was rejected. Then we investigated thefunctional effects of graft inflitrating CD8 T cells.DBA/2 skin grafts were harvested 100 daysposttransplantation from (i) RPM treated B6 CD4ko mice (N=5) and (ii) skin autografts (N=5) inDBA/2 recipients. LTE DBA/2 allografts or controlDBA/2 autografts were then transplanted ontoC57BL/6-Rag KO hosts, and peripheral bloodlymphocytes (PBL) samples were collected 30 dayspost skin transplantation. CD8T cells can not bedetected in PBL of nae RAG-/- mice. 4.6 % CD8T cells are detected in PBL of RAG-/- recipients ofLTE allografts, but not in recipients of syngeneicgrafts. To test the protective function of the grafthoming CD8 T cells (from LTE RPM mice) thatexpanded by homeostatic proliferation and arepresent in PBL of the RAG-/-, 0.2 x 106 CD8 Tcells from naive CD4KO mice were adoptivelytransferred into the RAG-/- hosts bearing the LTEDBA/2 allografts or DBA/2 autografts 30 daysfollowing skin transplantation. Survival of LTEDBA/2 skin allografts transplanted onto RAG-/-mice were significantly prolonged. Conclusion: Graft infiltrating CD8 T cells areregulatory and functionally active to protectallograft from rejection.
Recent Developments in Measurement and Use of Fully Softened Shear Strength in the USA

There has been a renewed emphasis in the U.S. on the use of fully softened shear strength for slope stability analysis of cuts in stiff clays and the stability of compacted clay embankments. A detailed investigation on the proper use and measurement of the fully softened shear strength has been recently undertaken, examining different test apparatuses and procedures. A summary of the recent development and guidelines on the use of this concept in slope stability analysis and the proper way to measure the fully softened shear strength in the laboratory is presented.
Crystalline hydrogenation of graphene by scanning tunneling microscope tip-induced field dissociation of H2

Abstract We have developed a novel method for crystalline hydrogenation of graphene on the nanoscale. Molecular hydrogen was physisorbed at 5 K onto pristine graphene islands grown on Cu(111) in ultrahigh vacuum. Field emission local to the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope dissociates H 2 and results in hydrogenated graphene. At lower coverage, isolated point defects are found on the graphene and are attributed to chemisorbed H on top and bottom surfaces. Repeated H 2 exposure and field emission yielded patches and then complete coverage of a crystalline √3 × √3 R30° phase, as well as less densely packed 3 × 3 and 4 × 4 structures. The hydrogenation can be reversed by imaging with higher bias voltage.
Inflammatory Diseases of the Gut

Abstract Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract whose prevalence has been dramatically increasing over the past decade. New studies have shown that IBD is the second most common chronic inflammatory disease worldwide after rheumatoid arthritis, affecting millions of people mainly in industrialized countries. Symptoms of IBD include frequent bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramping, anorexia, abdominal distension, and emesis. Although the exact etiology is unknown, it has been postulated that immunological, microbial, environmental, nutritional, and genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis and severity of IBD. Today, no treatment has consistently been shown to be successful in treating IBD. This review summarizes current research on the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and existing treatment approaches, including pharmaceutical and nutritional options for IBD.
An Adaptive Dose-Finding Design Based on Both Safety and Immunologic Responses in Cancer Clinical Trials

Dose-finding in cancer clinical trials has been dominated by algorithmic designs on the principle that the highest tolerable dose is also the most effective dose. This assumption no longer applies ...
Exercise Training in Heart Failure: Contradictory or Conventional?

The paintings of the Belgian surrealist Rene Magritte (1898 to 1967) juxtapose 2 incongruous, illogical, or even contradictory objects: a steam locomotive projecting from a domestic fireplace (Time Transfixed, 1939); a bright daytime sky over a nighttime scene of a dimly lighted street (The Empire
Prospective Evaluation of Opioid Consumption Following Cubital Tunnel Decompression Surgery

Background: Managing postoperative pain is important for patients and surgeons. However, there is concern over opioid dependency. Cubital tunnel decompression is among the most common upper extremi...
Who gets a CASA? Selective characteristics of children appointed a CASA advocate

Abstract Prior research examining the effectiveness of Court-Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) as an intervention for improving the outcomes of children in state custody has been hindered by selection bias, because children may be selected to receive CASA representation based on non-random characteristics. Selection bias poses a strong threat to internal validity, and researchers have struggled to isolate the effects of CASA services on child and case outcomes. The present study examines the extent of selection bias in the CASA assignment process over a 2-year period for a full population of foster children in regions served by CASA programs in Texas (N = 32,349), thereby increasing the capacity to control for selection characteristics and supporting causal inference in ongoing studies. This analysis of CASA and state child welfare administrative data examines differences in the baseline child-, family-, and case-level characteristics of children who were appointed CASA representation compared to children who received child welfare services without CASA representation. Mixed-effect logistic regression modeling identifies independent predictors of CASA appointment while controlling for a range of factors and accounting for data clustering in the selection process. Findings indicate that CASA cases in this population have indicators of greater complexity and severity compared to their non-CASA counterparts. By empirically identifying the factors that predict assignment to CASA at the population level, this study lays the foundation for an advanced quasi-experimental outcome evaluation to examine CASA's effectiveness at improving child and case outcomes while minimizing the influence of selection bias.
Tailoring Immunotherapy Treatment of Synchronous Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)

Synchronous tumors are defined as two tumors arising concurrently or within six months of each other. Reports of synchronous RCC and breast cancer are limited to nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and hormone receptor-positive infiltrative ductal carcinoma. We present the first case of synchronous metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, managed with a novel combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
Complications of Cytoreductive Surgery and HIPEC

As indications for cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have expanded, so have the number of procedures performed, with their attendant complications. Adverse events experienced as an inpatient are based on the individual resections performed, with additional HIPEC-specific considerations. Meanwhile, complications may develop after discharge, including but not limited to bowel obstruction or failure to thrive. Two of the more feared complications are anastomotic leak and fistula formation; management algorithms for each clinical situation are provided. Detailed knowledge of the components of CRS and whether HIPEC was performed is critical in order to effectively manage complications among this complex patient population.
Protein digestion and absorption in rats with pancreatic duct occlusion

Abstract The effects of pancreatic duct ligation on the digestion and absorption of a randomly 14 C-labeled protein meal has been investigated in the rat. Although there was a significant reduction in luminal digestion and absorption of the protein meal in the pancreatic duct-ligated animals compared with controls, 37% of administered protein was absorbed despite absence of luminal pancreatic proteolytic enzyme activity. To characterize further the digestive and absorptive processes that occur in the absence of luminal pancreatic proteolytic enzyme activity, whole protein meal (untreated) and protein preincubated with (1) pepsin and HCl, and (2) HCl alone (treated), was instilled into isolated loops of rat intestine containing no demonstrable pancreatic proteolytic enzyme activity. Thirty per cent absorption of the untreated protein meal occurred in 4 hr; significantly greater amounts of both treated forms of meal were absorbed. It is concluded that the small bowel has the capacity to hydrolyze and absorb nutritionally significant amounts of dietary large molecular weight protein in the absence of luminal pancreatic enzyme activity. Furthermore, this process may be enhanced by prior denaturation and proteolysis in the stomach.
A new protection scheme of grounding electrode line of UHVDC based on injection method

In view of the refusal problem of the existing UHV DC grounding electrode line impedance monitoring system, the expression of the fault impedance under different short-circuit fault conditions of the ground electrode line is theoretically derived. The reason for existing of dead zone is explained. To improve the performance of grounding electrode line, a novel protection scheme is proposed. The proposed protection scheme using transverse differential principle. Compared with the conventional protection scheme, the dead zone can be decreased obviously. To verify the reliability of the proposed protection, a simulation model `is built in EMTDC/PSCAD according to parameter of real UHVDC project. The feasibility of the proposed scheme is proved according to the simulation results.
Autophagy protects tumors from T cell–mediated cytotoxicity via inhibition of TNFα-induced apoptosis

Although T cell checkpoint inhibitors have transformed the treatment of cancer, the molecular determinants of tumor cell sensitivity to T cell-mediated killing need further elucidation. Here, we describe a mouse genome-scale CRISPR knockout screen that identifies tumor cell TNFα signaling as an important component of T cell-induced apoptosis, with NF-κB signaling and autophagy as major protective mechanisms. Knockout of individual autophagy genes sensitized tumor cells to killing by T cells that were activated via specific TCR or by a CD3 bispecific antibody. Conversely, inhibition of mTOR signaling, which results in increased autophagic activity, protected tumor cells from T cell killing. Autophagy functions at a relatively early step in the TNFα signaling pathway, limiting FADD-dependent caspase-8 activation. Genetic inactivation of tumor cell autophagy enhanced the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in mouse tumor models. Thus, targeting the protective autophagy pathway might sensitize tumors to T cell-engaging immunotherapies in the clinic.
A review of the recent investigations regarding texturized cutting tools

This paper presents some important, recently performed investigations on the laser texturing technology applied to the PCD and PCBN cutting tools and some resulting process outputs including cutting forces, tool wear indexes concerning both rake and flank tool faces. It was documented that the properly texturized tool faces results in a substantial reduction of cutting forces, elimination of the adhesion interaction between the tool and the chip, and reduction of abrasive and diffusion tool wear. The role of additional lubrication supply to the cutting zone with modified contact properties is discussed.
227 Poor sleep as a predictor of COVID-19 related stress, fear and sadness in young adolescents: a longitudinal study

Introduction: Adolescence is a transitional life-stage accompanied by large biopsychosocial changes and greater psychophysiological vulnerability. Global events like the COVID-19 pandemic may increase vulnerability to depression and anxiety in this population. Poor sleep is often associated with depression, and both sleep and mood have been shown to be strongly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, with most studies focusing on adults. The current study investigates psychological distress in young adolescents during the pandemic, and specifically, whether poor sleep before the pandemic predicts psychological distress. Methods: Self-report data were analyzed from 3099 adolescents (9-10 years at baseline) in the population-based, demographically diverse, Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study across three pre-pandemic annual visits and 3 monthly time points during the COVID-19 pandemic (ages 11-13 years). At each assessment, children and their guardians completed questionnaires including those about sleep, environment, and psychological wellbeing. Gradient Boosted Tree machine learning algorithms were used to identify the strongest predictors of pandemic-related psychological distress in individuals. We trained models using pre-pandemic sleep measures along with demographics, economic, and social measures during the pandemic. We evaluated the performance of the models using area under curve (AUC) metrics and interpreted the models by using the recently proposed SHapley Additive exPlanations methodology. Results: Pandemic-related perceived stress, fear and sadness were accurately detected with our classifiers (AUC = 0.83 for perceived stress, AUC = 0.73 for fear, AUC = 0.79 for sadness). Across all models, shorter sleep duration, prolonged sleep onset latency, and longer time between waking and getting out of bed predicted greater distress. Moreover, female sex, and pandemic-related factors, including greater family conflict, fewer economic resources, and more screen time contributed to prediction performance in all three models. Conclusion: Findings highlight the importance of addressing sleep problems and ensuring sufficient sleep duration in children to protect against the psychological impact of major life events, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the long-lasting effects of sleep, it would be crucial to improve sleep health by targeted prevention, intervention and increased awareness among adolescents.
Central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: Therapeutic opportunities. A brief history and temporal progression of the pathophysiology from acute trauma to chronic conditions

Abstract Central neuropathic pain (CNP) was long held to be a psychiatric condition. People with CNP as a result of spinal cord injury (SCI) were marginalized partly due to a shortened life expectancy up until the early 1950s and later because the condition was thought to be psychosomatic. In fact, evidence-based research demonstrates many peripheral and central mechanisms contribute to CNP after SCI, which is clearly not psychosomatic but spinally and supraspinally mediated by permanent somatosensory circuit changes. This chapter begins with a brief history, reviews pain terminology, describes types of neuropathic pain after SCI, considers the challenges of developing mammalian models of CNP after SCI, and then presents the pathophysiology of SCI. For the purposes of the presentation of the progression of the pathophysiology after SCI, the time line post-SCI is the following: (1) immediate, primary injury response; (2) early acute mechanisms that occur minutes to hours; (3) subacute mechanisms that occur over days and weeks; (4) chronic mechanisms that persist when the “wound healing” has subsided. Several mechanisms of CNP are discussed in the temporal progression of the pathophysiology of SCI. Incorporated into the discussions are interventions that may prove successful in treating not only CNP after SCI but also CNP from other causes. Future directions are suggested in the closing paragraphs. In conclusion, CNP after SCI is clearly not psychogenic but a product of very real pathophysiological mechanisms that offer opportunities for treatment and a life free of pain.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and the Anxiety Disorders: Clinical and Research Implications of an Integrated Psychotherapy Treatment

Four recent, independent, rigorously controlled studies of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) have reported that 84 to 100% of single-trauma victims no longer maintain the posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis after the equivalent of three 90-minute sessions. The rapidity of EMDR treatment effects makes many ancillary research opportunities available. Specifically, the increased number of cases resolved in a relatively short period of time allows investigation of neurophysiological phenomena, patterns of cognitive and emotional processing, component analyses of a large range of procedural factors, and evaluation of the efficacy of application to diverse clinical populations. Unfortunately, some research has been conducted that has been severely hampered by insufficient treatment fidelity and lack of clinical validity. Consequently, this article will attempt to describe the procedures and protocols that are believed to contribute to EMDR's clinical effects and are, therefore, suggested for the EMDR treatment and research of the anxiety disorders. This is particularly relevant given the misconceptions that have abounded due to the unfortunate naming of the procedure after the eye movements, which have proved to be only one of many useful types of stimulation, and only one of many components of this complex, integrated treatment.
APPLICATION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD TO ROTARY-WING AEROELASTICITY.

A finite element method for the spatial discretization of the dynamic equations of equilibrium governing rotary-wing aeroelastic problems is presented. Formulation of the finite element equations is based on weighted Galerkin residuals. This Galerkin finite element method reduces algebraic manipulative labor significantly, when compared to the application of the global Galerkin method in similar problems. The coupled flap-lag aeroelastic stability boundaries of hingeless helicopter rotor blades in hover are calculated. The linearized dynamic equations are reduced to the standard eigenvalue problem from which the aeroelastic stability boundaries are obtained. The convergence properties of the Galerkin finite element method are studied numerically by refining the discretization process. Results indicate that four or five elements suffice to capture the dynamics of the blade with the same accuracy as the global Galerkin method.
Biosecurity Externalities and Indemnities for Infectious Animal Diseases

In animal agriculture, biosecurity decisions are dispersed across many herd owners. Choices impacting disease spread will be determined by impacts on private economic values, and so are economic externalities. However, externalities are not all alike. By way of three very distinct examples, we demonstrate how they differ and what these differences mean for approaches to policies seeking to manage them. The three examples are an endemic disease pool that can be managed by limiting sources and flows, an exotic disease that can be managed by way of communicated coordination, and an infrastructural support externality that can be managed by disease outbreak insurance. We pay particular attention to how concentration in animal herd ownership affects incentives for disease control. JEL Classifications: D2, H4, Q1
Group Problem Solving

Experimental research by social and cognitive psychologists has established that cooperative groups solve a wide range of problems better than individuals. Cooperative problem solving groups of scientific researchers, auditors, financial analysts, air crash investigators, and forensic art experts are increasingly important in our complex and interdependent society. This comprehensive textbook--the first of its kind in decades--presents important theories and experimental research about group problem solving. The book focuses on tasks that have demonstrably correct solutions within mathematical, logical, scientific, or verbal systems, including algebra problems, analogies, vocabulary, and logical reasoning problems. The book explores basic concepts in group problem solving, social combination models, group memory, group ability and world knowledge tasks, rule induction problems, letters-to-numbers problems, evidence for positive group-to-individual transfer, and social choice theory. The conclusion proposes ten generalizations that are supported by the theory and research on group problem solving. Group Problem Solving is an essential resource for decision-making research in social and cognitive psychology, but also extremely relevant to multidisciplinary and multicultural problem-solving teams in organizational behavior, business administration, management, and behavioral economics.
The Interstate Land Sales Full Disclosure Act: Its Requirements, Consequences, and Implications for Persons Participating in Real Estate Development

The Interstate Land Sales Full Disclosure Act (ILSFDA) was passed by Congress in 1968. This article was the first comprehensive treatment of the Act.
Why history matters for quantitative target setting: Long-term trends in socioeconomic and racial/ethnic inequities in US infant death rates (1960–2010)

Policy-oriented population health targets, such as the Millennium Development Goals and national targets to address health inequities, are typically based on trends of a decade or less. To test whether expanded timeframes might be more apt, we analyzed 50-year trends in US infant death rates (1960–2010) jointly by income and race/ethnicity. The largest annual per cent changes in the infant death rate (between −4 and −10 per cent), for all racial/ethnic groups, in the lowest income quintile occurred between the mid-1960s and early 1980s, and in the second lowest income quintile between the mid-1960s and 1973. Since the 1990s, these numbers have hovered, in all groups, between −1 and −3 per cent. Hence, to look back only 15 years (in 2014, to 1999) would ignore gains achieved prior to the onset of neoliberal policies after 1980. Target setting should be informed by a deeper and longer-term appraisal of what is possible to achieve.
Principles of a reference model for computer aided software engineering environments

We present a Reference Model for Computer Assisted Software Engineering Environments. We explain what a reference model is and what requirements are placed upon a reference model for CASEEs. Our reference model groups together sets of "services". We describe what the overall structure of the reference model is and describe what each of the services are. We explain how we make service descriptions consistent and complete by the use of a set of "dimensions". We explain our perception of the classes of users or roles associated with using a CASEE because we believe that the term "user" is often inadequate. We conclude with some points to do with the application of a reference model. We would like to make it clear that this paper reports on work in progress which is closely tied to ECMA/TC33 /TGRM (Task Group on the Reference Model). TC33 is aiming to produce a standard for PCTE (based in PCTE+) . Your comments and opinions would be welcomed by the author (at the address shown on the title page). A longer, more detailed version of this paper is available from the author. The current emphasis of the work is to apply the reference model to systems to test its validity. Examples of this work are becoming available. CASEE stands for Computer Aided Software Engineering Environment. Alternative names are IPSE (Integrated Project Support Environment), I-CASE (Integrated Computer Aided Software Engineering), SDE (Software Development Environment), and ISF (Integrated Software Factory).
Syntheses, crystal structures, and band gaps of Cs2Cd3Te4 and Rb2Cd3Te4

Abstract Single crystals of Cs 2 Cd 3 Te 4 grow as yellow plates from the reaction of Cs 2 Te 3 with Cd and Te at 873 K; orange plates of Rb 2 Cd 3 Te 4 grow from the reaction of Rb 2 Te 3 with Cd and Te at 773 K. The structures of both compounds have been determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. Cs 2 Cd 3 Te 4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Ibam with unit cell parameters a =6.667(1) A, b =13.010(3) A, c =15.390(3) A, Z =4, T =113 K. Rb 2 Cd 3 Te 4 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with unit cell parameters a =14.424(2) A, b =15.350(2) A, c =12.864(2) A, β =116.249(2), Z =8, T =153 K. Both structures comprise layers of edge-shared CdTe 4 tetrahedra separated by alkali metal cations; however, the connectivity of the CdTe 4 tetrahedra and the stacking of the layers are different in each compound. Bandgaps of 2.48 eV for Cs 2 Cd 3 Te 4 and 2.30 eV for Rb 2 Cd 3 Te 4 were determined from UV/Vis diffuse reflectance measurements made at 20°C.