cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlled Environment [Ecell] Tem for Dynamic In-Situ Reaction Studies with Hrem Lattice Imaging

With a controlled environment electron microscope it is possible to remove the effect of another atmosphere, such air, to which the sample may have become exposed; to study in considerable detail the continuous development of a series of microstructures in a dynamic process, to identify important intermediate phases and defects in them which may only be metastable under specific reaction conditions of atmosphere and temperature, and to establish whether they are the origin, or merely the consequence, of the reaction. In this paper we report the extensive modification of a high resolution transmission electron microscope (Philips CM30T HRTEM) to add facilities for dynamic in-situ gas-solid reaction studies in a controlled atmosphere of gas or vapor at pressures of 0–50mbar which replaces the regular high vacuum TEM environment. The new environmental cell (ECELL) capability is combined with the original 0.23nm TEM resolution, STEM (BF/ADF) imaging and chemical and crystal log raphic analyses. Regular specimen holders are used; including hot stages capable of temperatures >1000°C. The full TEM resolution has been demonstrated at temperatures above 700°C and with limited (mbar) amounts of gas flowing through the integral 4-aperture differentially pumped ECELL (and with the additional pumps for the system operating). The ECELL system can be used to preserve, or if necessary to recreate, a continuous chain of evidence in a chemical reaction process.
Serum antibodies to periodontal pathogens and markers of systemic inflammation.

Aim: We examined the relationship between serum antibodies against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and plasma fibrinogen and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in a nationally representative sample. Methods: Data on 2973 participants aged 40 years and older from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, second phase (1991–1994) were used. Three logistic regression models adjusted for gender, race, educational attainment, diabetes, cigarette smoking, body mass index (BMI), and other inflammatory conditions were constructed, based on three different assumptions: (A) no access to dental/periodontal data; (B) knowledge of number of teeth present but not of clinical periodontal status; and (C) knowledge of both dental and clinical periodontal status. Results: High fibrinogen (>400 mg/dl) was unrelated to P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans antibodies in all models. High CRP (>0.4 mg/dl) was related to high antibody levels to P. gingivalis in models A [odds ratios (OR) 1.63, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.15–2.32], B (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.18–2.41), and C (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.12–2.23). In model C, high CRP was related to >30% extent of attachment loss of 3 mm (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.19–2.08). Antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans were not associated with high CRP levels in any model. Conclusions: High serum titre to P. gingivalis and the presence of periodontal disease are independently related to high CRP levels.
Layered Dendritic Block Copolymers.

A star-shaped molecule and a layered structure are displayed by the title compound, where the layers consist of high molecular weight polymers. A core molecule that is functionalized by six hydroxyl groups acts as the initiator for the ring-opening polymerization of e-caprolactone, leading to a six-arm star polymer. The second layer of the dendritic block copolymer with 12, 24, or 48 hydroxyl groups (depending on the dendron generation in use) is obtained by the linkage of chain ends with functionalized dendrons. These macromoleculse act as "macroinitiators" for the construction of a further layer of poly(e-caprolatone), the third generation of dendritic block copolymers.
Group-Buying E-Commerce in China

Group-buying is growing rapidly in emerging economies, where Web sites have rudimentary functions and cluttered interfaces. The authors review 11 major Chinese group-buying Web sites, using case studies to provide timely guidance to e-commerce practitioners and researchers.
Control and configuration software for a reconfigurable networking hardware platform

A suite of tools called NCHARGE (Networked Configurable Hardware Administrator for Reconfiguration and Governing via End-systems) has been developed to simplify the co-design of hardware and software components that process packets within a network of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). A key feature of NCHARGE is that it provides a high-performance packet interface to hardware and standard Application Programming Interface (API) between software and reprogrammable hardware modules. Using this API, multiple software processes can communicate to one or more hardware modules using standard TCP/IP sockets. NCHARGE also provides a Web-Based User Interface to simplify the configuration and control of an entire network switch that contains several software and hardware modules.
Asymptotic MAP criteria for model selection

The two most popular model selection rules in signal processing literature have been Akaike's (1974) criterion (AIC) and Rissanen's (1978) principle of minimum description length (MDL). These rules are similar in form in that they both consist of data and penalty terms. Their data terms are identical, but the penalties are different, MDL being more stringent toward overparameterization. AIC penalizes for each additional model parameter with an equal incremental amount of penalty, regardless of the parameter's role in the model, In most of the literature on model selection, MDL appears in a form that also suggests equal penalty for every unknown parameter. This MDL criterion, we refer to as naive MDL. In this paper, we show that identical penalization for every parameter is not appropriate and that the penalty has to depend on the model structure and type of model parameters. The approach to showing this is Bayesian, and it relies on large sample theory. We derive maximum a posteriori (MAP) rules for several different families of competing models and obtain forms that are similar to AIC and naive MDL. For some families, however, we find that the derived penalties are different. In those cases, our extensive simulations show that the MAP rule outperforms AIC and naive MDL.
Why The Quantity Of Money Still Matters

The operating procedure of Federal Reserve policy focuses almost exclusively on interest rates, in particular short term rates such as the federal funds rate. Conventional wisdom today interprets a low federal funds rate as an indicator of an expansionary monetary policy, and a high federal funds rate as indicative of a contractionary policy. Our thesis is that this conventional wisdom is flawed. We develop a quantity theory model to illustrate how changes in the real money supply can impact both the price level and real output. We present data showing that when the Fed slows the rate of growth of the monetary base to approximately the growth rate of GDP, that this slowdown also impacts real variables. However, according to comments, the Federal Reserve pays little attention to the quantity of money. Finally we asked: Since the Federal Reserve pays little attention to the quantity of money, what variables does the FOMC likely consider in deciding to alter the federal funds rate? The answer, perhaps not surprisingly, appears to be variables readily measured and easily related to by the general public – prices and capacity.
Advertising in the Age of Persuasion: Building Brand America, 1941‐1961 Dawn Spring. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

Advertising in the Age of Persuasion: Building Brand America, 1941-1961 Dawn Spring. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.Advertising in the Age of Persuasion, written by independent designer and interdisciplinary scholar Dawn Spring, traces the institutionalization of advertising in American politics and culture during the 1940s and 1950s. Spring charts how, after World War Two, a coalition of advertisers, businessmen, media moguls, politicians, and religious leaders became the "invisible hand" that guided the global expansion of "free enterprise" (6). This ideology collapsed the divides between name-brand products, American public diplomacy, and foreign relations to envision "brand America," arguing that mass production and mass consumption would create national cohesion and spread American democracy abroad (4). Ultimately, Advertising in the Age of Persuasion reveals how both advertisers and politicians at the start of the Cold War worked together to facilitate a long-las ting network and process for disseminating persuasive information now engrained in American culture.Over the course of eight chapters Spring charts the formation and praxis of the "free enterprise" ideology and roots its success in advertisers' multiplatform, multimedia approach which was developed during the 1940s. Speeding through the turn-of-the-century, Spring argues that advertisers faced an "unfriendly climate" during the Depression, which propelled companies like Procter and Gamble and J. Walter Thompson to market their services to the American government by World War Two (15). Advertisers, broadcasters, and brand-name manufacturers who formed the War Advertising Council framed advertising as a political tool to raise money, organize resources, and stabilize wartime production to garner governmental support. As the peacetime Ad Council, the organization helped construct and implement two national branding campaigns: the Freedom Train and "The Miracle of America." The Ad Council, the American Heritage Foundation, and the American Economic System sent templates of prepackaged advertising to churches, schools, local newspapers, and stores to encourage workers and families to interact with these experiential forms of advertising and marketed them as educational programs to thwart allegations of propaganda.In the second half of the book, the author charts the parallel histories of corporate advertising and American public diplomacy, revealing their explicit intersections during the start of the Cold War. These initial postwar public service campaigns helped structure a national "public diplomacy apparatus" that enabled companies to use the themes of "brand America" to market their name-brand products domestically and internationally (45). In examining the methods and evolution of this increasingly intertwined economic and political relationship, Spring evidences the power of diversification. …
Constrained quadratic optimization problems with applications

Optimization problems involving strictly quadratic constraints arise in many algorithmic developments in signal processing, applied mathematics, physics, and control theory. In this paper, a framework is developed based on 1) incorporating diagonal matrices into the cost function and/or the constraints, and 2) exploiting the symmetry of quadratic constraints in the Lagrangian function. Using this framework, many algorithms for true principal and minor component extraction and true principal singular component analysis are derived from optimizing a weighted inverse Rayleigh quotient and weighted Rayleigh quotient like criteria. The main features of these algorithms are that they are self-stabilizing, can compute multiple principal, minor or singular components, and they ensure orthogonality. Additionally, using a logarithmic cost function, fast convergent power-like methods for computing principal components and singular vectors are developed. Three lists for minor component analysis, principal component analysis, and principal singular component analysis are provided.
Clinical Social Group Work and Public Responsibility: A Unity of Opposites (excerpts)

This article consists of excerpts from a presentation given by the author at the 7th Annual Symposium for the Advancement of Social Work with Groups in October 1985. Papell discusses her objections to redefining the whole of social work and social work with groups as “clinical,” as some social work educators and leaders were urging. She expresses concern about how such a redefinition would affect social work’s already weakening commitment to the “psycho-social construct,” arguing that the profession needs group work to stay connected to its historic mission. Papell goes on to identify several aspects of social group work that make social work empowering, as well as clinical.
Egyptian Gold in Prepalatial Crete? A Consideration of the Evidence

This study analyzes the evidence for the origin of gold found in secure prepalatial contexts in Crete. As there are no natural gold sources on Crete, extra-island interaction was required to procure this raw material. Information regarding the origin of prepalatial gold may, therefore, throw light on Crete’s interactions during this formative period. Unfortunately, there are many difficulties in sourcing ancient gold, which make it impossible to know with certainty where the gold used in the production of prepalatial objects originated. However, careful analysis of the contexts of prepalatial gold objects, which demonstrates the frequent co-occurrence of gold with hippopotamus ivory, and the distribution of gold products and gold working technologies in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean, provide intriguing evidence to make a strong case for Egypt as a principal source of gold arriving in Crete during the prepalatial period, likely via the port city of Byblos on the Levantine coast. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v03i3_colburn
Transition to osteoporosis for 10% of women takes 17 years for those with normal bone density, 5 years for those with moderate osteopenia: implications for the frequency of bone density testing

Commentary on: Gourlay ML, Fine JP, Preisser JS, et al. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Bone-density testing interval and transition to osteoporosis in older women. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 225– 33.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Osteoporosis is a major clinical problem affecting 12 million people over the age of 50 in the USA and 3 million people in the UK. Each year, ∼70 000 individuals in the UK will sustain hip fractures. Half of the female population with osteoporosis will sustain an osteoporotic-related fracture during their lifetimes. The treatment costs of osteoporotic fractures in the UK are estimated at over one billion pounds annually, and thus, the incentives for prevention are understandably high. The US Preventive Services Task Force considers dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning as the gold standard for screening and recommends … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.aulast%253DGourlay%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BL.%26rft.volume%253D366%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D225%26rft.epage%253D233%26rft.atitle%253DBone-density%2Btesting%2Binterval%2Band%2Btransition%2Bto%2Bosteoporosis%2Bin%2Bolder%2Bwomen.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa1107142%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22256806%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa1107142&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=22256806&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F1%2Fe7.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000299201400008&link_type=ISI
Communicating statin evidence to support shared decision-making

The practice of clinical medicine rests on a foundation of ethical principles as well as scientific knowledge. Clinicians must artfully balance the principle of beneficence, doing what is best for patients, with autonomy, allowing patients to make their own well-informed health care decisions. The clinical communication process is complicated by varying degrees of confidence in scientific evidence regarding patient-oriented benefits, and by the fact that most medical options are associated with possible harms as well as potential benefits. Evidence-based clinical guidelines often neglect patient-oriented issues involved with the thoughtful practice of shared decision-making, where individual values, goals, and preferences should be prioritized. Guidelines on the use of statin medications for preventing cardiovascular events are a case in point. Current guidelines endorse the use of statins for people whose 10-year risk of cardiovascular events is as low as 7.5 %. Previous guidelines set the 10-year risk benchmark at 20 %. Meta-analysis of randomized trials suggests that statins can reduce cardiovascular event rates by about 25 %, bringing 10-year risk from 7.5 to 5.6 %, for example, or from 20 to 15 %. Whether or not these benefits should justify the use of statins for individual patients depends on how those advantages are valued in comparison with disadvantages, such as side effect risks, and with inconveniences associated with taking a pill each day and visiting clinicians and laboratories regularly. Whether or not the overall benefit-harm balance justifies the use of a medication for an individual patient cannot be determined by a guidelines committee, a health care system, or even the attending physician. Instead, it is the individual patient who has a fundamental right to decide whether or not taking a drug is worthwhile. Researchers and professional organizations should endeavor to develop shared decision-making tools that provide up-to-date best evidence in easily understandable formats, so as to assist clinicians in helping their patients to make the decisions that are right for them.
Model Representation of Secondary Organic Aerosol in CMAQv4.7

Numerous scientific upgrades to the representation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are incorporated into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. Additions include several recently identified SOA precursors: benzene, isoprene, and sesquiterpenes; and pathways: in-cloud oxidation of glyoxal and methylglyoxal, particle-phase oligomerization, and acid enhancement of isoprene SOA. NO(x)-dependent aromatic SOA yields are also added along with new empirical measurements of the enthalpies of vaporization and organic mass-to-carbon ratios. For the first time, these SOA precursors, pathways and empirical parameters are included simultaneously in an air quality model for an annual simulation spanning the continental U.S. Comparisons of CMAQ-modeled secondary organic carbon (OC(sec)) with semiempirical estimates screened from 165 routine monitoring sites across the U.S. indicate the new SOA module substantially improves model performance. The most notable improvement occurs in the central and southeastern U.S. where the regionally averaged temporal correlations (r) between modeled and semiempirical OC(sec) increase from 0.5 to 0.8 and 0.3 to 0.8, respectively, when the new SOA module is employed. Wintertime OC(sec) results improve in all regions of the continental U.S. and the seasonal and regional patterns of biogenic SOA are better represented.
“Starburst” Edema of the Closing Distal Femoral Physis: A New Explanation for Adolescent Knee Pain

The goals of this study are (1) to introduce the MRI phenomenon of "FOPE" – focal periphyseal edema – to the orthopaedic community and (2) to describe the characteristic features, natural history, and clinical outcomes of a series of athletic adolescent patients presenting with atraumatic knee pain and MRI-demonstrated periphyseal edema. This is an IRB-approved retrospective chart review of five skeletally immature adolescent patients who presented for evaluation of activity-related knee pain. Each patient was evaluated by a fellowship-trained pediatric orthopaedist and subsequently underwent noncontrast MRI evaluation of the affected …
Tobacco use status among nine primary and middle school students in Dongcheng district, Beijing

Objective To understand tobacco use status, knowledge and attitudes on tobacco, influent factors and expected smoking behaviors among primary and middle school students in Dongcheng district of Beijing, in order to provide evidence for future tobacco control efforts.Methods The descriptive study method was employed in this study. Totally 941 students selected from 9 elementary and secondary schools through stratified cluster random sampling were investigated by self-administered anonymous questionnaire. Results There were 899 valid questionnaires with a response rate of 95.54% in this survey. Overall 16.93% students had the experience in tobacco using,and the rate of current smoking was 4.34%. Nearly 40% of them had tried smoking at the age of before or after entering primary school, and 46.03% experienced passive smoking exposure. Among them, 83.43% had the knowledge that smoking was harmful to their health. With the increase of grade in school, the awareness rate of the smoking-related health knowledge showed a decrease trend. The rate of anti-smoking behavior and discouraging smoking behavior were 91.77% and 81.65% respectively. There were 7.01% students who expected to smoke after one year, while 14.46% expected to smoke after growing up. Conclusion Tobacco use status of primary and middle school students should be drew more attention. The constructions of the smoke-free in schools, in families and in communities also should be enhanced. Meanwhile, relative education and participation of tobacco control should be encouraged.
NON-CONVENTIONAL PET NUCLIDES: PRODUCTION AND IMAGING

Medical cyclotrons are now commonly used for the production of PET nuclides by the (pn) reaction. These devices are typically capable of delivering 10-15 MeV protons beams at sufficiently high intensity for timely production of β + decaying nuclides. Non-conventional PET nuclides have emerged recently and offers new opportunities for diagnostic and therapy drug discovery. In this paper, we will review the production capabilities for such nuclides at Washington University Medical School in St. Louis and present their production. Finally, challenges for imaging imposed by the specific of the decay characteristics will be discussed.
Leucyl Aminopeptidase (Plant)

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the activity, specificity and structural chemistry of Leucyl aminopeptidase (LAP). LAPs have been purified from barley and kidney bean seeds, and after overexpression in Escherichia coli. All plant LAPs are thermostable metallopeptidases with alkaline pH optima. Both the barley and the kidney bean seed LAPs are stimulated by Mg 2+ and Mn 2+, and like the animal LAPs, bestatin abolishes the kidney bean LAP activity. The barley and the kidney bean LAPs efficiently hydrolyze peptides with Leu+ and Met+ in the PI position. P1, P2, and P3 residues influence the rate of peptide cleavage by the kidney bean LAP. The mature LAP-A of tomato, tomato His6-LAP-A fusion proteins, potato LAP preprotein and an Arabidopsis LAP-fusion protein were overexpressed in E. coli. The Arabidopsis LAP and potato pre-LAP activities were monitored in E. coli crude extracts. Based on the hydrolysis of nine amino acyl-p-nitroanilides, the potato pre-LAP cleaves substrates with N-terminal Arg-, Met- and Leu-residues. The N-terminal domains of LAPs are variable in size and primary sequence. Like the bovine LAP, tomato LAP-A and LAP-N, and potato LAP proteins are synthesized as preproteins and processed to their mature form. There is no sequence identity between the animal and the plant LAP presequences. The presequences of tomato and potato LAPs have features of plastid-targeting peptides.
Copy Number Detection in Exome Sequencing Compared to Chromosomal Microarray in a Clinical Setting

Affymetrix CytoScan HD microarray can reveal a common haplotype, allowing the inference of identical structure without additional testing in future patients. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the utility of MPseq for the molecular characterization of partial gene duplications. Molecular characterization of such events enables the differentiation between likely pathogenic and likely benign classifications and significantly improves the accuracy of clinical reporting.
When Instructors Self-Disclose but Misbehave: Conditional Effects on Student Engagement and Interest

This study examined the conditional influence of relevant instructor self-disclosure on student interest (cognitive, emotional) and engagement (silent-in-class, oral-in-class, thinking about course content, out-of-class). College student participants (N = 169) completed a questionnaire on their instructor’s disclosures and misbehaviors in class, and their own interest and engagement in a college course. The positive associations between relevant instructor self-disclosure with student interest and engagement were conditional; they were moderated by perceived instructor misbehaviors (antagonism, lectures). Overall, the positive associations were diminished for cognitive and emotional interest when instructors were antagonistic; these associations became nonsignificant, and then negative at higher levels of antagonism. Similarly, the positive associations were diminished for all four types of student engagement when instructors delivered boring and confusing lectures; these associations became nonsignifican...
Endocannabinoids in brain plasticity: Cortical maturation, HPA axis function and behavior

Marijuana use during adolescence has reached virtually every strata of society. The general population has the perception that marijuana use is safe for mature people and therefore is also safe for developing adolescents. However, both clinical and preclinical research shows that marijuana use, particularly prior to age 16, could have long-term effects on cognition, anxiety and stress-related behaviors, mood disorders and substance abuse. These effects derive from the role of the endocannabinoid system, the endogenous cannabinoid system, in the development of cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus during adolescence. Endocannabinoids are necessary for normal neuronal excitation and inhibition through actions at glutamate and GABA terminals. Synaptic pruning at excitatory synapses and sparing of inhibitory synapses likely results in changes in the balance of excitation/inhibition in individual neurons and within networks; processes which are necessary for normal cortical development. The interaction between prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala and hippocampus is responsible for emotional memory, anxiety-related behaviors and drug abuse and all utilize the endogenous cannabinoid system to maintain homeostasis. Also, endocannabinoids are required for fast and slow feedback in the normal stress response, processes which mature during adolescence. Therefore, exogenous cannabinoids, such as marijuana, have the potential to alter the course of development of each of these major systems (limbic, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and neocortex) if used during the critical period of brain development, adolescence. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Adolescent plasticity.
‘I know what you are about to enter’: lived experiences as the curricular foundation for teaching citizenship

ABSTRACTThis qualitative multiple case study documents how two African American women social studies teachers utilise their lived experiences as the curricular foundation for teaching differing notions of citizenship to African-American students. Particular events, experiences, and relationships helped shape their perception of their roles as teachers and how they approached crafting a curriculum that was representative of their lived experiences as well as those of their students and community. This study hopes to shed light on how experiences may be used as valuable sources of knowledge in creating a more inclusive curriculum that mirrors the diversity seen in classrooms.
Workload and marital satisfaction over time: Testing lagged spillover and crossover effects during the newlywed years

Although many studies have found that higher workloads covary with lower levels of marital satisfaction, the question of whether workloads may also predict changes in marital satisfaction over time has been overlooked. To address this question, we investigated the lagged association between own and partner workload and marital satisfaction using eight waves of data collected every 6 months over the first four years of marriage from 172 heterosexual couples. Significant crossover, but not spillover, effects were found, indicating that partners of individuals with higher workloads at one time point experience greater declines in marital satisfaction by the following time point compared to the partners of individuals with lower workloads. These effects were not moderated by gender or parental status. These findings suggest that higher partner workloads can prove deleterious for relationship functioning over time and call for increased attention to the long-term effects of spillover and crossover from work to marital functioning.
Use of Fragility Curves to Evaluate the Performance of Green Roofs

AbstractGreen infrastructure offers an alternative multibenefit method of runoff reduction in urban areas, using natural processes to infiltrate, store, and treat runoff near its source. However, g...
Refinement of the Affordable Care Act

Regardless of what legislation the federal government adopts to address health insurance coverage for nonelderly Americans, private insurance will likely play a major role. This article begins by listing some of the major reasons critics dislike the Affordable Care Act (ACA), then discusses the validity of these concerns from an economics perspective. Criticisms of the ACA include the increased role of government in health care, the ACA's implicit income redistribution, and concern about high and rising insurance premiums. Suggestions for refining the ACA and its market-based insurance system are then offered, with the goals of lowering insurance premiums, improving coverage rates, and/or addressing the concerns of ACA critics. Americans favor the increase in insurance coverage that has occurred under the ACA. In order to sustain this level of coverage, steps to lower Marketplace premiums through a variety of strategies affecting potential enrollees, insurers, and healthcare providers are offered.
KATP Channels in the Pancreas: Hyperinsulinism and Diabetes

Abstract ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are present in the surface membranes of many organs and cell types. Over the last two decades, significant advances have been made in understanding the molecular basis of KATP channel activity, as well as their role in physiology and pathophysiology. KATP channels are heterooctameric complexes of coassembly of four pore-forming Kir6.2 subunits and four regulatory SUR1 subunits (encoded by KCNJ11 and ABCC8 genes, respectively). KATP channels are regulated by adenosine nucleotides, are inhibited by intracellular ATP, and activated by ADP. In the pancreatic β-cell, KATP channels play a critical role in coupling glucose metabolism to insulin secretion. Normally, glucose oxidation leads to a rise in [ATP]:[ADP] ratio, which reduces KATP channel activity and causes membrane depolarization. This leads to subsequent opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and increase in intracellular [Ca2+], which in turn promotes insulin vesicles to fuse to the plasma membrane and release insulin. Sulfonylureas (SUs), oral hypoglycemic agents widely used in the treatment of diabetes, act by binding to the SUR1 subunit thus inhibiting KATP current and inducing insulin secretion, independently of the metabolic state of the cell. Conversely, KATP-specific channel openers (ie, diazoxide) suppress insulin release by activating KATP and preventing depolarization-dependent rise in intracellular [Ca2+]. Loss-of-function mutations in the KCNJ11 and ABCC8 genes of the KATP channel underlie hyperinsulinism that can in some cases be treated by potassium channel openers. Conversely, gain-of-function mutations are the main cause of human neonatal diabetes mellitus which can now be treated by SUs, and a common KATP variant (E23K) is highly associated as a risk factor for development of type-2 diabetes. This chapter will focus on advances in KATP channel biochemistry and physiology, as well as on the mechanistic basis by which KATP mutations underlie these insulin secretory disorders.
Did Foucault Do Ethics? The "Ethical Turn", Neoliberalism, and the Problem of Truth

This paper argues against a common misunderstanding of Foucault's work. Even after the release of his lectures at the College de France, which ran throughout the 1970s until his death in 1984, he is still often taken to have made an "ethical" turn toward the end of his life. As opposed to his genealogies of power published in the 1970s, which are relentlessly suspicious of claims of individual agency, his final monographs focus on the ethical self-formation of free individuals. I suggest that this basic misinterpretation makes possible interpretations of Foucault's work as being sympathetic to neoliberal government, by linking the ethical turn to a "liberal" or "neoliberal" turn in his thought. I present a case against the ethical turn by arguing that Foucault's main focus, throughout the 1970s and 1980s, is a concern for the ways in which we become obligated by truth.
Introduction: Childhood and Nostalgia

The introduction describes the basic argument for the book: in the past 100 years, adults and parents have become anxious and even panicked about each new form of media that appeals to young people (radio, movies, comic books, video games, the Internet and smartphones). Fears about the effects of media on youth are remarkably constant and use the same tropes, revealing a strong nostalgia on the part of adults for an imaginary, idealized, media-free youth and a similarly inaccurate, hostile, exaggerated perception of the influence of the new media. At any given moment in the last century, one can point to the media that was central to a crisis affecting young people, who were presented as victims of this pervasive and insidious influence.
Pediatric Dysphonia: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Subspecialty and Primary Care Clinics.

Abstract Objectives Prevalence data for pediatric dysphonia are sparse and primarily collected either in the community or within pediatric otolaryngology clinics. The objectives were to determine the prevalence of dysphonia in children undergoing outpatient medical evaluation, and to ascertain whether the prevalence varies across pediatric subspecialty clinic populations in comparison to primary care. Study Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Tertiary care military medical center. Subjects and methods Five hundred sixteen surveys were administered to caregivers of children undergoing evaluation in pediatric primary care and subspecialty clinics consisting of the pediatric voice-related quality of life (PVRQOL) instrument and questions regarding previous voice-related symptoms and diagnoses. Survey responses and PVRQOL scores were stratified by clinic type and compared to general pediatrics. Results A total of 492 surveys were analyzed. The overall prevalence of dysphonia in this cohort based on PVRQOL is 19.3%. Every clinic except endocrinology and ophthalmology individually had an elevated prevalence compared to the expected community prevalence (11%). Compared to general pediatrics, PVRQOL scores were lower in developmental pediatrics (P Conclusions In this cohort of children seeking care within a medical center, overall prevalence of dysphonia was quite high in comparison to community-based prevalence data. Not surprisingly, patients of developmental pediatrics, genetics and pediatric otolaryngology have lower PVRQOL scores than primary care. These results emphasize that all practitioners caring for children should seek to identify voice disorders and reinforce that subspecialists who treat developmentally challenged children should exert particular vigilance.
Investigating the Association of Giant Cell Arteritis with Varicella Zoster Virus in Temporal Artery Biopsies or Ascending Aortic Resections

Objective. A variety of infectious agents, including varicella zoster virus (VZV), have been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis (GCA). The detectability of the virus in patients with GCA is debatable. To further investigate an association between GCA and VZV infection, 10 years of GCA cases were evaluated for VZV by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methods. All temporal artery biopsies and ascending aortic resections positive for GCA from 2007 to 2017 at Brigham and Women’s Hospital were immunostained using a VZV antibody cocktail (SG1-1, SG1-SG4, NCP-1, and IE-62). Results. Forty-one temporal artery biopsies and 47 ascending aortic resections positive for GCA were identified, all of which were found to be negative for VZV by IHC. Twelve temporal artery biopsies in this cohort were previously analyzed by unbiased metagenomics sequencing and were negative for VZV DNA. Conclusion. These results argue against a clinically relevant association between VZV infection and GCA, and support neither routine testing for VZV nor treatment with antiviral drugs.
A REALLY LONG QT: VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA STORM POST TAKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTS) is associated with QT prolongation. Torsade de pointe (TdP) has been increasingly reported in TTS cases with severe QT prolongation. A 66 year old female presented with recurrent polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (figure 1K) and severely prolonged QTc 728 ms (figure
Abstract 121: S100A9 inhibitor Tasquinimod: A novel strategy to inhibit small cell lung cancer progression and metastasis

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) treatment is a major clinical challenge at present as it is highly refractory to available drugs. The MDSCs/macrophages are known to help SCLC develop resistant to available therapies. S100A9 (Migration inhibitory factor-related protein 14 (MRP14) is an EF-hand calcium-binding protein that has been involved in cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and tumor metastasis in various type of cancers, however not much is known about its role in SCLC. In this study, we found that S100A9 protein is highly up-regulated in various types of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) patient tissues compared to normal using tissue microarrays. We also observed that SCLC patients with higher S100A9 expression have significantly increased numbers of macrophage in the stroma. We have also shown that pre-treatment of the cells with S100A9 inhibitor (Tasquinimod) suppressed in-vitro cell migration, invasion, and colony formation. In addition, we analyzed the efficacy of S100A9 inhibitor against SCLC using in vivo mouse models. S100A9 inhibitor significantly reduces tumor growth and metastasis in SCLC in xenograft mouse models. We further observed that S100A9 inhibitor suppressed myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) populations and TAMs of the M2-polarized phenotype in SCLC. Moreover, we found myeloid cells sequestered from tumors of treated mice expressed were MI type as they showed higher levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos), and lower levels of arginase-1. Molecular analysis revealed that Tasquinimod decreases expression of IL6, IL10, and TGF-β1 in the cancer cells which helps inhibit macrophage activation to TAMs. Reduced proliferation and vascularization were observed in the tumors obtained from animals treated with S100A9 inhibitor. We also observed S100A9 inhibitor suppressed osteolytic bone formation in ex-vivo resorption assay. Overall, our studies, for the first time, show that Tasquinimod that targets S100A9 signaling could be used as a novel therapeutic strategy against SCLC. Citation Format: Salha E. Sassi, Dinesh Ahirwar, Ramesh K. Ganju. S100A9 inhibitor Tasquinimod: A novel strategy to inhibit small cell lung cancer progression and metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 121.
Probing the Robustness of Inhibitors of Tuberculosis Aminoglycoside Resistance Enzyme Eis by Mutagenesis.

Each year, millions of people worldwide contract tuberculosis (TB), the deadliest infection. The spread of infections with drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that are refrac...
Afterword: We Have Other Ideas

In this afterword, I shall return to the broad themes raised in David Gilmartin’s introduction, asking what are the questions that the recent ‘sovereign turn’ in the study of South Asian politics seeks to answer? I will first revisit the broad theoretical terrain surveyed by Gilmartin, before commenting on the specific aspects of it most obviously illuminated in the individual chapters that make up this book. Finally I will discuss examples from the Sri Lankan civil war that focus attention on the problem of multiple, apparently overlapping, sovereignties, and the relationship between popular sovereignty, political representation, and violence.
Functional responses of adaptive consumers and community stability with emphasis on the dynamics of plant-herbivore systems

A comparatively recent focus in consumer–resource theory has been the examination of whether adaptive foraging by consumers, manifested through the functional response, can stabilize consumer–resource dynamics. We offer a brief synthesis of progress on this body of theory and identify the conditions likely to lead to stability. We also fill a gap in our understanding by analysing the potential for adaptively foraging herbivores, which are constrained by time available to feed and digestive capacity, to stabilize dynamics in a single-herbivore/two-plant resource system. Because foraging parameters of the adaptive functional response scale allometrically with herbivore body size, we parameterized our model system using published foraging data for an insect, a small mammal and a large mammal spanning four orders of magnitude in body size, and examined numerically the potential for herbivores to stabilize the consumer–resource interactions. We found in general that the herbivore–plant equilibrium will be unstable for all biologically realistic herbivore population densities. The instability arose for two reasons. First, each herbivore exhibited destabilizing adaptive consumer functional responses (i.e. density-independent or inversely density-dependent) whenever they selected a mixed diet. Secondly, the numerical response of herbivores, based on our assumption of density-independent herbivore population growth, results in herbivores reaching densities that enable them to exploit their resource populations to extinction. Our results and those of studies we reviewed indicate that, in general, adaptive consumers are unlikely to stabilize the dynamics of consumer–resource systems solely through the functional response. The implications of this for future work on consumer–resource theory are discussed.
Programming Procedural Skills In the Operating Room

(1963). Programming Procedural Skills In the Operating Room. Hospital Topics: Vol. 41, No. 8, pp. 55-58.
(57) Validation of a Self-Efficacy Tool for Tracheostomy Caregiver Education

Purpose: Tracheostomies in infants and children are associated with significant risks of mortality and morbidity, most commonly tube obstruction and accidental dislocation. Tracheostomy education is an essential part of pre-discharge planning in children with new tracheostomies. Proper education has the potential to decrease out-of-hospital events. A well-validated tool to measure caregivers’ competence is critical to determining readiness for discharge and measuring effectiveness of a discharge educational program. Our goal is to develop and validate …
Chapter 19 – Transfer Payments and Private Information

Chapter 19 presents a selection of topics on the provision of transfers to the poor in a second best environment. It begins with a comparison of broad-based versus targeted approaches to transfers and then considers a number of issues that are motivated by the existence of asymmetric or private information. Highlighted are the Blackorby and Donaldson analysis of the provision of health care and two articles by Besley and Coate, one on workfare and the other on welfare stigma.
Role of novel biomarkers in kidney transplantation

Clinical application of biomarkers is an integral component of transplant care. Clinicians and scientists alike are in search of better biomarkers than the current serologic (serum creatinine, donor-specific antibodies), urine-derived (urinalysis, urine protein), and histologic ones we now use. The science behind recent biomarker discovery spans across multiple molecular biologic disciplines, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Innovative methodology and integration of basic and clinical approaches have allowed researchers to unearth molecular phenomena preceding clinical disease. Biomarkers can be classified in several ways. In this review, we have classified them via their origin and outcome: Primarily immunologic, i.e., representative of immune regulation and dysfunction and non-immunologic, pertaining to delayed graft function, cardiovascular events/mortality, infection, malignancy, post-transplant diabetes, graft, and patient survival. Novel biomarker uses to guide the diagnosis and management of transplant-related outcomes is a promising area of research. However, the use of biomarkers to predict outcomes after kidney transplantation is not well studied. In this review, we summarize the recent studies illustrating biomarker use and transplant outcomes.
MESOLENSING EXPLORATIONS OF NEARBY MASSES : FROM PLANETS TO BLACK HOLES

Nearby masses can have a high probability of lensing stars in a distant background field. This high-probability lensing, or mesolensing, can be used to dramatically increase our knowledge of dark and dim objects in the solar neighborhood, where it can discover and facilitate the study of members of the local dark matter population (free-floating planets, low-mass dwarfs, white dwarfs, neutron stars, and stellar-mass black holes). We can measure the mass and transverse velocity of those masses discovered (or already known) and determine whether or not they are in binaries with dim companions. Here we explore these and other applications of mesolensing, including the study of forms of matter that have been hypothesized but not discovered, such as intermediate-mass black holes, dark matter objects free-streaming through the Galactic disk, and planets in the outermost regions of the solar system. In each case we discuss the feasibility of deriving results based on present-day monitoring systems, and we also consider the vistas that will open with the advent of all-sky monitoring in the era of Pan-STARRS and LSST.
Grating Lobe Reductions in a Planar Hexagonal Scanning Array with Large Element Spacing

A new single-layer, dual-mode circular microstrip patch antenna with self-nulling capabilities is utilized as an antenna element in a seven-element hexagonal scanning phased array with a 1.25λ 0 element spacing to facilitate grating lobe reductions for medium scan angles. For the scan angles up to ±40°, it will be shown that the utilization of such dual-mode antenna elements leads to grating lobe reductions to well below −25 dB.
The brain in life span: use of phase functional magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) produces a time series of complex-valued images consisting of pairwise magnitude and phase data. Conventionally, only the magnitude fMRI data have been used for brain imaging while the phase fMRI data was discarded. In principle, phase fMRI captures the brain magnetic source (fieldmap) information that offers a more direct depiction of brain state. In this chapter, we report on the use of phase fMRI for a brain functional connectivity (FC) study using a cohort of 595 healthy subjects across an age range of 10–74 years. In comparison with conventional magnitude fMRI, our phase fMRI experiment shows that the whole-brain resting-state FC maintains a balance in the life span despite the fact that the brain subcortical functions experience the most positive and negative aging effects. The phase-inferred FC pattern and aging effects are distinct from the magnitude fMRI inference, which deserves further investigation in the future.