cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bearing Wit(h)ness: “Just Emotions” and Ethical Choices in Chris Cleave's Little Bee

My essay focuses on Chris Cleave's novel Little Bee/The Other Hand as a fertile ground for exploring the ethical and political grounds on which cross-cultural encounters take place. Bringing Sara Ahmed's theory of the cultural politics of emotion in conjunction with Emmanuel Levinas's philosophy of ethics, I argue that, in addition to underscoring one's responsibility for, or in the face of the other, Cleave taps into the novel's potential for transforming consciousness by mobilizing what Ahmed has called “just emotions”: those emotions that show not only the effects of injustice, in the form of scars, but also open up the possibility of healing and recovery.
Solvothermal synthesis of nanostructured NiO, ZnO and Co3O4 microspheres

Abstract A new solvothermal technique for synthesizing nanostructured microspheres of nickel oxide (NiO), zinc oxide (ZnO) and tricobalt tetraoxide (Co3O4) using nitrate precursors, urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant is described. The microspheres were shown to exhibit a morphology resembling a collection of platelets with nanoscale thickness. The surface area of the microspheres ranges from 62.8(± 0.3) to 192.9(± 1.3) m2/g, which appears to correspond to the density of platelet packing in the microsphere. The interior structure of the microspheres was investigated with a dual beam focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope and shown not to develop a hollow center.
The effects of wide-area conditions on WWW server performance

WWW workload generators are used to evaluate web server performance, and thus have a large impact on what performance optimizations are applied to servers. However, current benchmarks ignore a crucial component: how these servers perform in the environment in which they are intended to be used, namely the wide-area Internet.This paper shows how WAN conditions can affect WWW server performance. We examine these effects using an experimental test-bed which emulates WAN characteristics in a live setting, by introducing factors such as delay and packet loss in a controlled and reproducible fashion. We study how these factors interact with the host TCP implementation and what influence they have on web server performance. We demonstrate that when more realistic wide-area conditions are introduced, servers exhibit very different performance properties and scaling behaviors, which are not exposed by existing benchmarks running on LANs. We show that observed throughputs can give misleading information about server performance, and thus find that maximum throughput, or capacity, is a more useful metric. We find that packet losses can reduce server capacity by as much as 50 percent and increase response time as seen by the client. We show that using TCP SACK can reduce client response time, without reducing server capacity.
Thiazolidinediones Downregulate Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Via Multiple Mechanisms in Breast Cancer Cells

Background Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have been demonstrated to possess antitumor effects in breast cancer cells, although the mechanisms are not well established. We sought to better define TZDs' antitumor effects and molecular mechanisms to permit rational utilization of these agents. Materials and methods We studied the effects of TZDs on DNA synthesis (BrdU enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), gene expression (microarray, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblot), serine phosphorylation and localization of β-catenin (nuclear/cytoplasmic fractionation and immunoblot), transactivation activity of β-catenin/T cell factor 4 (TCF4) (luciferase assay with wild-type and mutant TCF4 responsive element), and β-catenin/TCF4 complex (immunoprecipitation) in human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and T47D. Results Troglitazone (TG) down-regulated DNA synthesis in MDA-MB-231 and T47D and decreased mRNA expression of the Wnt co-receptors frizzled-1 and low-density lipoprotein-related protein 6 (LRP6) as well as protein level of LRP6. TG also targets downstream Wnt signaling molecules in T47D cells. TG down-regulates p-β-catenin (S33/S37/T41) and promotes translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus. However, TG inhibits β-catenin-mediated transactivation by down-regulating TCF4 protein levels, thereby inhibiting β-catenin/TCF4 complex formation. Finally, we found that inhibition of Akt augments TG-mediated down-regulation of DNA synthesis and this result was accompanied with the decreased protein levels of Wnt signaling molecules: LRP6, β-catenin, and TCF4. Conclusion These results suggest that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which plays an important role in breast cancer pathogenesis, may be a target for TZD treatment. Moreover, a combination of TZDs and a specific Akt inhibitor may serve as a new approach to target Wnt/β-catenin directly and via PI3K/Akt action on glycogen synthase-3β.
The Viagra Phenomenon

Contemporary constructions of sexuality can change direction faster than a competitive ballroom dancer and it can be hard to keep track of all the new developments. Regulatory regimes abound and even proliferate yet mass media proclaim the end of the double standard and the advent of sexual emancipation. In 1998, in yet another major twist, a new sexuopharmaceutical era was inaugurated by governmental approval of Viagra, a drug to treat impotence that rapidly achieved amazing levels of global recognition. It will be important to sexuality studies and to sexuality policy that this topic develops sufficient empirical and theoretical traction to pursue analyses of its meanings and effects on sociocultural, political, economic and personal dimensions as they unfold over time. One important challenge of such ‘Viagra Studies’ is to examine the phenomenon of Viagra itself, beginning with the legend of its discovery and the media spectacle surrounding its approval. This essay begins with the galloping popularity ...
Bipolar Plate-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Auxiliary Power Units

This paper presents an advanced design and fabrication concept for a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The concept is based on a laminate repeat unit comprised of a thin electrolyte, cermet anode, metallic gas flow fields, and a metallic bipolar plate. The laminate is sintered in a singlestep process in a controlled atmosphere, and the cathode is applied and sintered in situ during the initial heating of the cell (or stack). Observations about the types of cracks that formed in the electrolyte during the sintering process guided the development of the sintering protocol to yield the desired product. Cells with power densities exceeding 250 mW/cm2 have been tested.
Dibucaine-induced synchronous mucocyst secretion in Tetrahymena

Abstract Synchronous secretion of all available mature mucocysts was induced in late log phase cultures of Tetrahymena thermophilia (B III) by the local anaesthetic dibucaine. No assembled fusion rosettes were seen within the plasma membrane after release until 2–3 hrs of regrowth, thus proving that the rosettes are not permanent sites within the plasma membrane but have to be reassembled each time for a new fusion event to occur. Concomitant with the reappearance of assembled fusion rosettes, the cell cytoplasm fills up with precursors of new mucocysts thus linking the two events together.
Combined endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery may be an alternative to bowel resection for the management of colon polyps not removable by standard colonoscopy

Background Benign colon polyps may require bowel resection if endoscopic polypectomy cannot be performed to assess adequately for cancer. However, endoscopic removal still may be possible using combined endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery (CELS). The CELS procedure allows for intra- and extraluminal manipulation of the bowel wall to facilitate polyp removal, thereby avoiding bowel resection. This study evaluated the authors’ institutional experience with CELS in this patient population.
RbSr isotopic characteristics and chemistry of the 3.6-b.y. Hebron gneiss, Labrador

Abstract Rb Sr isotopic analyses of the intensely deformed Hebron gneiss, Labrador, yield an isochron of approximately 3.6 b.y. with an initial87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7044, and chemical analyses show these rocks to be granodioritic in composition. It is believed that the isochron reflects a metamorphic event and that the Hebron gneiss was either derived from a compositionally anomalous zone in the mantle or from previously existing sialic crustal material. The Hebron gneiss is compositionally similar to some of the oldest rocks in the Archean cratons of Labrador, West Greenland, Rhodesia, South Africa and Minnesota (U.S.A.).
Distribution interface for microgrid operation and expansion with local energy management

This paper proposes a power electronic interface that enables localized energy management. The proposed interface, named as Active Power Distribution Nodes (APDNs), not only controls power flow and power the load during complete power loss, but also performs as a power buffer to handle instantaneous power imbalance between sources and loads. Power flow control is performed by power electronic interface, and the power buffer function is implemented by integrating energy storage within the interface. As a power buffer, the APDN can be used to enable local energy management of zones decoupled from the rest of the network. Furthermore, such decoupling simplifies expansion planning of microgrids by enabling a modular approach based on a sectionalized power distribution architecture. Performance of the APDN is verified by both simulation and experiments.
Intramolecular hydrogen-bonding in beta adrenergic blocking agents.

The acid dissociation constants for nine beta-adrenergic blocking agents have been determined. Their unusually low pKa, values are explained as being due to the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond, between the terminal amino group and the β-hydroxyl group on the alkanolamine side-chain which is common to this class of drugs.
Recreation and the “Right to Fish” Movement: Anglers and Ecological Degradation in the Florida Keys

AbstractMarine environmental history has exposed the nuances of long-term change in productivity, technology, and economics of commercial fisheries but, to date, has paid less attention to the rela...
STATIC AND DYNAMIC MODELING OF A MULTI-AXIS THIN-FILM PIEZOELECTRIC MICRO-ACTUATOR

Multi-axis (z, θx, θy) micro-actuators based on thin-film lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) for use in dual axes confocal microscopy are presented with their static and dynamic models. Prototype actuators have achieved as much as 430 μm of vertical displacement and ±10° of mechanical tilting angles in both θx and θy directions in a footprint of 3.2×3.2 mm. The experimental static displacements and transient response of the actuator were used to identify residual stresses in the thin films, dimensional variance due to fabrication limitation, and damping coefficients in the model. With the identified parameters, the model predicts the static displacements of the four corners of the stage with an average absolute error of 17.4 μm over five different voltage levels and shows a reasonable agreement with the experimentally measured transient dynamic data. These results will be used to develop closed-loop controller for the system.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Age-related loss of noradrenergic neurons in the brains of triple transgenic mice

Microscopic findings in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) at autopsy include a wide cortical distribution of beta amyloid (Aβ)-containing plaques and diminished numbers of pyramidal neurons in CA1 of hippocampus and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC). To better understand the neuropathology underlying cognitive decline in AD, we analyzed the AD-type neuropathology in brains of triple transgenic (3×Tg) mice harboring mutations for APPswe, PS1M146V, and tauP301L. Histochemical and immunohistochemical staining and computerized stereology were carried out in age-matched young, early middle age, and late middle age 3×Tg mice. The 3×Tg mice showed an intracellular Aβ deposition in subiculum and CA1 pyramidal neurons and an extracellular distribution of amyloid plaques specifically in the subiculum of hippocampal formation and in neocortical layer V. The 3×Tg mice also showed an age-related loss of TH+ neurons in LC, with a loss of 37% of these neurons at 15 months of age. There was no loss of CA1 neurons at any age examined. Reduced AD-type neuropathology in CA1 of 3×Tg mice suggests a possible neuroprotective role for high intracellular-to-extracellular ratios of insoluble Aβ deposits. Understanding the neurobiology of this apparent neuroprotection could lead to an improved understanding of age-related cognitive function in general, and the development of novel strategies for the therapeutic management of AD patients.
Reproductive strategies, body size, and encephalization in primate evolution

In order to understand fully the generally high level of encephalization observed in living primates, we must determine why early primates exhibited moderately large relative brain sizes compared to their early Tertiary contemporaries. The relatively high degree of encephalization in early primates may be related at least in part to the fact that they were highly unusualamong mammals in combining a small body size with a strongly precocial reporductive strategy. Other small, precocial mammals also exhibit moderately high levels of encephalization; but primates appear to have been truly uniquein being the only such small-sized and highly precocial group to give rise to extensive radiations of larger descendants. This is a key element in understanding primate brain evolution, because the initial “head start” of the early primates was translated up to larger sizes in descendants. The possible relationships among encephalization, precociality, small size, and arboreality are discussed, particularly in light of recent debates concerning the validity of the superorder Archonta. This work emphasizes that we need to consider relative brain size as but one element in a complex synergistic network of morphological and life-history features.
Is angelman syndrome an alternate result of del(15)(qllql3)

Two unrelated females, age 15 and 5 years respectively, were studied cytogenetically because of severe mental retardation, seizures and ataxia-like incoordination. A similar deletion of the proximal long arm of chromosome 15 was found in both patients. Re-evaluation showed no voracious appetite or obesity; normal size of hands and feet, minimal to no hypotonia by history or examination and facial features not typical of the Prader-Willi syndrome. However, the facial appearance of the girls was similar to each other with mild hypertelorism. The similarity of these girls and dissimilarity to Prader-Willi syndrome suggest a different syndrome, perhaps the result of deletion of a different segment of 15q. The findings of ataxic-like movements, frequent, unprovoked and prolonged bouts of laughter and facial appearance are more compatible with the diagnosis of Angelman syndrome.
Switching neurons are integral members of multiple oscillatory networks.

Abstract Background: The stomatogastric ganglion of the crab Cancer borealis contains the neurons that generate several different behaviors, such as the fast pyloric rhythm and the slower gastric-mill rhythm. It has previously been shown that many stomatogastric ganglion neurons can switch between pyloric- and gastric-timed activity. However, the question remained whether these neurons really are integral members of several central-pattern-generating networks, or just passive followers that only change their activity patterns in response to a switch determined by other neurons. Results To address this question, we perturbed the activity of the ‘pyloric' ventricular dilator neuron and the ‘gastric' lateral gastric neuron during ongoing pyloric and gastric rhythms. In the absence of ongoing gastric rhythms, these neurons can fire in pyloric time, and perturbing them can reset the pyloric rhythm. During robust gastric activity, the lateral gastric and ventricular dilator neurons can fire in gastric time, and perturbing them can reset the gastric rhythm. Conclusion When stomatogastric ganglion neurons change their firing patterns, they also function as part of the circuitry that generates the new rhythm with which they are firing, demonstrating that individual neurons can be used as part of multiple pattern-generating circuits.
Judgment as a function of manifest anxiety and social conditions.

Previous research has shown that the relative performance of high anxious (HA) and low anxious (LA) Ss (defined by scores on the Taylor MAS) on the initial trials of a judgmental task is different ...
Ctenosculum Hawaiiense Heath: Confirmation of Its Affinities (Crustacea: Ascothoracida—Ex Mollusca: Gastropoda)

ABSTRACT Waren correctly surmised from the original description that Ctenosculum hawaiiense Heath is really an ascothoracid crustacean, not a parasitic gastropod. The species is redescribed from a new specimen. Heath's remarkably complete description is reinterpreted in conformance with the new specimen and with published accounts of other ascothoracids. Within the Ascothoracida, Ctenosculum seems to be related to the anthozoan-infesting genera Gorgonolaureus and Laura, and is hypothesized to have begun parasitizing echinoderms independently of the Synagogidae and Dendrogastridae. C. hawaiiense is retained in the family Ctenosculidae pending further systematic studies of the Ascothoracida.
The impact of the Internet on a television-based society

Abstract This study investigates some of the broad societal impacts of the Internet by using the conceptual categories and theoretical understanding developed by communications scholars. The properties and functions of both television and the Internet are examined and compared, identifying features of the Internet that distinguish it from television. The impact of the Internet is examined by considering the adjustments that a television-dominated culture must make in a society that includes Internet communications. The investigation finds that the Internet will modify television communications by (1) reducing the anonymity of people and their communications, (2) increasing the storage of and access to information, and (3) affording any individual the possibility of controlling the recovery and dissemination of communications. The Internet expands individual freedom and capability to communicate, which in turn results in greater news gathering and interpretative communication among the masses of individuals. Because the Internet is substantially different from television, the impact of the Internet on a television-dominated culture will be massive. Increased specialization, fragmentation, individualization, and decentralization of societal activity will cause stress to social, economic, and political institutions. Eventually society will adjust to the new communications culture, but it will be a substantially different society from that dominated by television.
A numerical study of natural gas combustion in a lean burn engine

Abstract Results from multidimensional numerical simulations and cycle simulations are presented in an effort to optimize the performance of a fuel-lean-burn, homogeneous charge, natural gas spark-ignition internal combustion (IC) engine. The multidimensional numerical simulations are performed using modified versions of the KIVA-2 and KIVA-3 computer codes. The engine cycle simulations are performed using the WAVE code. The KIVA codes are enhanced with a turbulent combustion submodel which employs a two-step, natural gas/air chemical kinetics scheme with a temperature-dependent activation energy, together with a modified eddy dissipation model to treat the effects of turbulence on the burning rate. The output from the multidimensional calculations is used, in a novel way, as input to the WAVE cycle simulation code to predict overall engine performance. The Caterpillar G3400 and G3500 fuel-lean-burn natural gas engines are the specific engines under study. The predictions for brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) are within 1% of the measured values for all cases where engine data are available. The effects of swirl, combustion chamber geometry, and spark location on burning rate and BSFC are investigated. Specifically, the results show that: (1) the numerical predictions are in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with engine data; (2) there is an optimum initial swirl ratio for the central bowl, central spark plug geometry; (3) an offset bowl results in a lower BSFC than a central bowl for the same initial swirl ratio and spark plug location; and (4) an offset spark plug results in a lower BSFC than a central plug for the same initial swirl ratio.
Activation and Use of Racial Stereotypes in Personnel Decisions: A Test of Two Theories1

This research tested contrasting predictions about activation and use of racial stereotypes in personnel decisions. Devine's (1989) theory' holds that stereotyped inferences should be apparent when decisions are time constrained and judges have little opportunity to suppress automatically activated stereotypes. Gilbert & Hixon's (1991) busy-ness model implies that stereotypes are unlikely to be activated and to influence the decisions of judges unless these decisions are not time-constrained. Participants were allowed 90 s or 180 s to evaluate Black and White candidates for football managerial positions requiring aggressiveness (linebacker coach) or cognitive prowess (general manager). Only when decisions were not time constrained did participants show stereotyped judgments by favoring Whites for the general manager's position and overranking Blacks for linebacker coach. This pattern was consistent with Gilbert & Hixon's busy-ness model and contrary to Devine's theory of automatically activated stereotypes.
A longitudinal examination of early adolescence ethnic identity trajectories.

Early adolescence is marked by transitions for adolescents, and is also a time for identity exploration. Ethnic identity is an essential component of youths’ sense of self. In this study we examined the trajectories of ethnic identity for adolescents from ethnic minority backgrounds during a 4-year period. Six latent class trajectories were identified in the study: the majority of adolescents (41.8%) displayed growth in ethnic identity over 4 years, followed by 30.1% whose high levels of ethnic identity remained stable, then by those who experienced moderate decreases in ethnic identity (10.8 percent). Another class of adolescents (7.3%) showed significant declines in ethnic identity level, followed by 5.5% of adolescents with significant increases, and finally by 4.5% of adolescents with low stable levels of ethnic identity during this developmental period. The classes differed by ethnicity, and adolescents with increasing high levels of ethnic identity reported better parent–child relationships. Findings and implications are discussed.
Remote Sensing of Hydrogen in Earth’s Mantle

Hydrogen1 in Earth’s interior is known to play a key role in a number of processes. Consequently, inferring the distribution of hydrogen is a critical step in our study of dynamics and evolution of Earth. Usually, hydrogen distribution is inferred from two types of samples at the surface. First, a magma may contain hydrogen (water), and under some conditions the water content of the magma can be quenched upon cooling. In these cases, measurements of the water content of the magma provide us with some constraints on the hydrogen (water) content of the source region (if we know the partitioning of hydrogen between magmas and the source rocks, and the degree of melting). Second, hydrogen content of some xenoliths transported by magma can be measured. They provide a direct clue as to the hydrogen content in a region from which a xenolith has been carried. However, these direct, petrologic approaches have two major problems. Firstly, the sampling is limited by the distribution of volcanoes, and even if there are volcanoes that carry rocks from Earth’s interior, the depth extent that volcanoes sample rocks is limited (usually <200 km). Secondly, there is no guarantee that the hydrogen content that one measures on these samples actually represents the hydrogen content in a region where these samples came from. For example, hydrogen is known to diffuse very easily so hydrogen dissolved in minerals could diffuse out during the transport of a rock, or conversely, a piece of rock may acquire extra hydrogen during its ascent. Also hydrogen atoms dissolved in minerals may precipitate in the mineral to form fluid inclusions or micro-scale hydrous minerals. In summary, the direct method to infer the distribution of hydrogen from rock samples has major limitations, and an alternative approach, i.e., remote sensing hydrogen content from geophysical …
Shopper response to front-of-package nutrition labeling programs: : potential consumer and retail store benefits.

Abstract A myriad of front-of-package (FOP) nutrition labeling systems have been developed by both food retailers (e.g., Walmart, Safeway, Hannaford) and manufacturers (e.g., Kellogg's, General Mills) to help consumers identify more healthful options at the point-of-purchase. Given the uniqueness of these different approaches, two studies examine the effects of alternative FOP systems on shoppers’ product evaluations, choices, and retailer evaluations. When a single food item is evaluated in isolation, both the reductive and evaluative systems had a positive effect on product evaluations. However, when several choice options are presented simultaneously in a realistic retail environment, the evaluative (reductive) system has a stronger (weaker) influence on product evaluation and choice. Results also show that FOP nutrition labeling systems have both direct and moderating effects on attitude toward the retailer and perceived retailer concern for shoppers. These retailer-related outcomes, in turn, mediate the effects of the labeling system on shoppers’ intentions to patronize the retailer. Results suggest that FOP nutrition labeling may help retailers build a non-price competitive advantage.
Flexible ureteroscopy in conjunction with in situ lithotripsy for lower pole calculi.

Abstract Objectives. To demonstrate the efficacy and safety of ureteroscopy as a compromise in treating small and intermediate-size lower pole calculi. The optimal management of lower pole calculi remains controversial. Shock wave lithotripsy is associated with minimal morbidity but with suboptimal stone clearance rates. Conversely, percutaneous nephrostolithotomy has greater morbidity but stone-free rates greater than 90% regardless of size. Methods. Seventy-two patients underwent ureteroscopy for lower pole calculi 2 cm or less (mean 8.7 mm) during a 3-year period. To minimize confounding, 11 patients with additional calculi at other ipsilateral renal sites and 1 patient with large (2.4 cm each) bilateral calculi were excluded. Two patients with bilateral lower pole calculi and four who required a second procedure were included in the analysis. Thus, the final cohort consisted of 60 patients who underwent 66 procedures. Results. Of patients with follow-up longer than 1 month, 79% were stone free after a single procedure, and this improved to 88% after a second procedure in 4 patients. All 7 patients with follow-up less than 1 month had a reduction in stone burden after successful fragmentation. Overall, 8 patients required an auxiliary procedure. No intraoperative complications, and 7 (11%) postoperative complications occurred. Conclusions. Ureteroscopy for lower pole calculi is associated with minimal morbidity and stone-free rates comparable to shock wave lithotripsy for smaller stones. The greatest utility of ureteroscopy is in the management of intermediate-size calculi, for which it has substantially higher stone-free rates and lower repeated treatment rates than does shock wave lithotripsy.
The Widowed Who Live Alone: An Examination of Social and Demographic Factors

In the last decade considerable research has been done on various aspects of the contracting American family. The trend from the larger kin group to the nuclear family has been widely discussed. A logical development in the examination of this trend is the exploration of the last stage of the family cycle: widowhood. Since residence and composition of households are two of the keys to an examination of the social structure of the family, this study is based on data from the one-in-a-thousand sample of the 1960 United States Census (Bureau of the Census, 1964). This sample yielded data on 9,875 widowed persons with a variety of living arrangements during their widowhood. Variables examined were age, race, sex, educational achievement, income, labor force status, ethnicity, place of residence, fertility and marriage, all of which have a bearing on the living arrangements of the widowed. It has been claimed that basic changes in tradi
Different temperature profiles of enzyme secretion by two common strains of Trichoderma reesei.

We have investigated the effects of high and low temperature on the synthesis and secretion of cellulases and other enzymes by two common and readily available strains ofTrichoderma reesei. While some effects were similar in both strains QM9414 and RUT-C30 (a reduction in cellulase production but stimulation of xylanase production at high temperature, and alterations in expression of the cellulase complex at low temperature), some specific differences between the strains were determined, most significantly an enhanced specific secretion rate (secretion/growth) at low growth temperature for QM9414.
Quantitative nutritional studies with water-soluble, chemically defined diets. I. Growth, reproduction and lactation in rats.

Abstract Mixtures of purified l -amino acids, salts, vitamins (B and C), and d -glucose were prepared in 50% aqueous solution and offered, together with a separate supplement of fat-soluble vitamins in corn oil to weanling rats. The tyrosine and cystine components were present in the form of ethyl l -tyrosinate. HCl and ethyl l -cysteinate. HCl, respectively. Calcium and phosphorus were present in the form of the soluble calcium fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and iron appeared in the form of the complex salt, ferrous ammonium sulfate. Potassium and magnesium appeared as the respective gluconates. With these precautions to maintain solubility, the diet solutions were stable and water-clear almost indefinitely. Tests for the presence of microorganisms in diet solutions not sterilized but in which the amino acid and calcium fructose diphosphate components had been carefully crystallized prior to solution revealed complete sterility 0n standing at 37 ° for at least 4 weeks. No bulk was provided in these soluble diets, nor was a training period necessary for their ready imbibition. The intestinal contents were considerably reduced as compared with similar animals on a chow diet, and fecal excretion was scanty and infrequent. The teeth of these animals and the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract were free of any pathologic lesion, gross or microscopic. The diets contained roughly 20% amino acids and 80% glucose, equivalent per gram to 4 cal., or per milliter to 2 cal. The animals grew well at a rate of over 4 g. per day on a diet the “non-essential” amino acid ratios of which were modeled after that of casein. Lesser growth was obtained with diets modeled after other animal proteins, with diets containing fewer “non-essential” amino acids, and with diets modeled after casein but containing dl -amino acids, all however with the same or greater total nitrogen. At maturity the animals on a diet limited in “non-essential” amino acids were mated and produced satisfactory litters which were nursed to weaning. The young, which were smaller than normal, were divided into two groups, one fed on the same diet and the other on that with a full complement of “non-essential” amino acids. Animals on the latter diet recovered rapidly from their bad start and grew at a faster rate than did their litter mates. On mating within each group at the same time, the animals on the superior diet yielded satisfactory litters which were nursed to weaning while those on the inferior diet now showed no pregnancies at all.
The Economic Crisis of 1968 and the Waning of the “American Century”

IN EARLY 1968, THE MOST SERIOUS ECONOMIC CRISIS since the Great Depression shook the Western world. The disruption exposed a variety of economic ills plaguing the U.S. and world economies, some of recent vintage but others with roots that reached back a decade or more. The problems, both long-term and short-run, were tightly intertwined, and they culminated in March in a speculative run on gold that Time magazine called "the largest gold rush in history, a frenetic speculative stampede that ... threatened the Western world."' Among policymakers in Washington, the mood was appropriately tense. "Everybody was just petrified," recalled Undersecretary of the Treasury Joseph W. Barr. "It was a hair-raising period in which we literally had to watch the gold markets day by day and hour by hour." At the National Security Council, Edward Fried, a specialist in international monetary affairs, feared "that this was not something that was any longer under control." President Lyndon B. Johnson's national security adviser, Walt W. Rostow, briefed the president on the stakes "at a most important moment in postwar history": a misstep, he wrote, "could set in motion a financial and trade crisis which would undo much that we have achieved in these fields in the past twenty years and endanger the prosperity and security of the Western world."2 It is one of the more intriguing features of the history of the 1960s that, despite its drama and apparent significance, the economic crisis of 1968 has been so completely lost to sight. Its eclipse began almost immediately. The basic issues involved in the crisis-the balance of payments, the gold exchange standard, international monetary affairs and the regime that administered them-were complex, and their esoteric nature was, to much of the public, both intimidating and incomprehensible. When Time ran a cover story on the crisis, it noted apologetically that "such subjects are often considered too complicated to have wide reader
R3: robust replication routing in wireless networks with diverse connectivity characteristics

Our work is motivated by a simple question: can we design a simple routing protocol that ensures robust performance across networks with diverse connectivity characteristics such as meshes, MANETs, and DTNs? We identify packet replication as a key structural difference between protocols designed for opposite ends of the connectivity spectrum---DTNs and meshes. We develop a model to quantify under what conditions and by how much replication improves packet delays, and use these insights to drive the design of R3, a routing protocol that self-adapts replication to the extent of uncertainty in network path delays. We implement and deploy R3 on a mesh testbed and a DTN testbed. To the best of our knowledge, R3 is the first routing protocol to be deployed and evaluated on both a DTN testbed and a mesh testbed. We evaluate its performance through deployment, trace-driven simulations, and emulation experiments. Our results show that R3 achieves significantly better delay and goodput over existing protocols in a variety of network connectivity and load conditions.
Photoemissive investigation of the band structure of CdS

Abstract Photoemission measurements have been made on CdS from 6.0 eV (the threshold of response) to 11.5 eV. Two relatively narrow bands centered about 4.4 and 5.8 eV above the conduction band minimum are identified. The maximum in the valence band density of states is found to be about 1.0 eV below the band edge. Conservation of k is found to unimportant as a selection rule.
Study of Henon's orbit transfer problem using the Lambert algorithm

The problem of transfer orbits from one body back to the same body (the moon or a planet) is formulated as a Lambert problem and solved by Gooding's Lambert routines. Elliptic and circular orbits are considered for the moon or a planet and any type of orbit (elliptic, parabolic, or hyperbolic) is considered for the spacecraft. The solutions are plotted in terms of the true anomaly (instead of the eccentric anomaly) for several cases. The use of the true anomaly simplifies the solutions in several ways. The problem of transfers from this body to the corresponding £4 and LS points is also solved. Next, the same problem is studied in terms of the A V and the time required for the transfer. Among all of the possible transfer orbits, a small family with almost zero A V was studied in detail. A transfer from the moon to the corresponding Lagrangian equilibrium points £4 or LS is shown, as an example of a practical application of this theory.
3D reconstruction from electron micrographs of tilted 2D crystal: structure of a human water channel

In order to understand at the atomic level how a biological macromolecule functions, a detailed knowledge of its 3D structure is essential. Unlike soluble proteins, integral membrane proteins are usually recalcitrant to the growth of large, well-ordered 3D crystals, which is necessary for high-resolution x-ray crystallographic analyses. An alternative approach is to grown thin, one molecule thick 2D crystals in lipid bilayers and apply electron crystallography to solve the structures. Lipids surround the membrane protein in such a 2D crystal, which allows for a direct assay of function. Another notable advantage of electron crystallography is that phases can be directly obtained form the images unlike in the case of x-ray where phases must be determined indirectly by methods such as isomorphous replacement etc. The availability of the phase information partially compensates for the lack of data at the highest resolution (typically approximately 3.5A and beyond) because of low-contrast in the images. We briefly review the method of recording high-resolution data from many tilted views of a 2D crystal, merging of phase and amplitudes form images and diffraction patterns respectively and the calculation of a 3D density map. The results from such an analysis applied to the human water channel is discussed in the context of its structure/function relationship.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The phosphorylation of intact erythrocytes by exogenously added cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Summary Intact human erythrocytes incubated with exogenously added cAMP-dependent protein kinase and [γ-32P]ATP resulted in the phosphorylation of several proteins as analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate-slab gel electrophoresis and radioautography. Bands with apparent molecular weights of 220K, 200K, 180K, 67K, 58K and 29K were phosphorylated by this process. The 220 and 200K components appear to be glycoproteins by their staining characteristics using stain-all. They also precipitate with fibronectin monoclonal antibodies. The identity of the other phosphoproteins is not known. The results indicate that fibronectin and other proteins are substrates for exogenously added cAMP-dependent protein kinase located on the external surfaces of intact human erythrocytes.
ZD4054: a specific endothelin A receptor antagonist with promising activity in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Background: Overexpression of the endothelin A (ETA) receptor has been found in a number of human cancer cell lines. Activation of the ETA receptor by endothelin-1 (ET-1) promotes cell proliferation and survival in these tumors, whereas activation of the endothelin B (ETB) receptor results in an opposing effect. Therefore, blockade of ETA may have antitumor effects, while sparing ETB-mediated effects such as induction of apoptosis and clearance of ET-1. Objective: ZD4054 is an orally bioavailable, specific ETA antagonist currently being investigated in prostate cancer. In receptor-binding studies, ZD4054 only bound to ETA, with no binding detected towards ETB. Prostate cancer cell lines are known to produce ET-1 and there is a relative increase in expression of ETA to ETB in these cancers. There is also an association of greater ETA expression in higher grade versus lower grade tumors, suggesting that ETA may be involved in the malignant transformation process. As ET-1 may also mediate nociceptive effects...
Adjoints and emergence: applications of a new theory of adjoint functors

Since its formal definition over sixty years ago, category theory has been increasingly recognized as having a foundational role in mathematics. It provides the conceptual lens to isolate and characterize the structures with importance and universality in mathematics. The notion of an adjunction (a pair of adjoint functors) has moved to center-stage as the principal lens. The central feature of an adjunction is what might be called “determination through universals” based on universal mapping properties. A recently developed “heteromorphic” theory about adjoints suggests a conceptual structure, albeit abstract and atemporal, for how new relatively autonomous behavior can emerge within a system obeying certain laws. The focus here is on applications in the life sciences (e.g., selectionist mechanisms) and human sciences (e.g., the generative grammar view of language).
Mechanism of solid-partical combustion with simultaneous gas-phase volatiles combustion

Data are presented on the effect of volatiles evolution on the combustion of solid-fuel particles. Analysis indicates that, if the surface flux of volatile pyrolysis products is small, gas-phase combustion occurs simultaneously with heterogeneous combustion on the surface of the particle; conversely, a large surface flux apparently forces the reaction zone away from the solid surface, thereby screening the solid material from oxygen attack. The experimental measurements were performed in a one-dimensional pulverized coal flame. Samples of solid and gaseous material collected along the axis of propagation of the flame, and measurements of flame temperature, provided information on the ignition, pyrolysis, and combustion of the coal particles. The size distribution of the experimental particles ranged from 0 to 200 microns; the rate of temperature rise in the preignition zone of the flame was about 104°C/sec; and the maximum temperature attained after ignition was about 1550°C. The surface flux of volatiles evidently increases with particle size: above a size of about 65 microns, the volatile flux is large enough to prevent oxygen from reaching the solid surface, below this size, heterogeneous and gas-phase combustion occur together on the solid surface, but the rate of the former process is small during rapid volatiles evolution unless the particle size is less than about 15 microns. The rate of heterogeneous combustion is apparently controlled by the rate of the chemical reaction, with mass transport being relatively fast. The heterogeneous reaction occurring simultaneously with rapid volatiles evolution exhibits an activation energy of 7 to 12 kcal/mole, which suggests an adsorption-controlled process. In the tail of the flame where solid residues burn with little volatiles evolution, the activation energy of the heterogeneous reaction appears to be 30 to 65 kcal/mole, which suggests rate control by desorption. This shift from adsorption to desorption control agrees with the expected influence of volatiles evolution on heterogeneous combustion.
Effects of consolidation temperature, strength and microstructure on fracture toughness of nanostructured ferritic alloys

Abstract Fully consolidated nanostructured ferritic alloys (NFAs) were prepared by attritor milling pre-alloyed Fe–14Cr–3W–0.4Ti and 0.3 wt% Y 2 O 3 powders, followed by hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) at 1000 °C or 1150 °C at 200 MPa for 4 h. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed similar bimodal distributions of fine and coarse ferrite grains in both cases. However, as expected, the alloy microhardness decreased with increasing in HIPing temperature. Three point bend tests on single edge notched specimens, with a nominal root radius ρ = 0.15 mm, were used to measure the notch fracture toughness, K ρ , as a function of test temperature. The K ρ curves were found to be similar for both processing conditions. It appears that the coarser ferrite grains control cleavage fracture, in a way that is independent of alloy strength and HIPing temperature.
Partnering to move students into college and community-oriented careers: The administration of justice department at East Los Angeles College

This [article] describes how the Administration of Justice Department at East Los Angeles College has partnered with community and educational organizations to move students into college and careers in law enforcement, criminal justice, and the fire service.
Valuing Our Oath More Than Our Politics

![Figure][1] Although the classical Hippocratic Oath [(1)][2] has received a fair amount of scrutiny, I was reminded of a few lines from this pledge during a recent talk with a group of cardiovascular specialists. A cardiologist asked why the U.S. government was not doing more to defend
Pineal glands of immature rats: Rise and fall in N‐Acetyltransferase activity in vitro

N-acetyltransferase activity in the pineal glands of immature rats (12--14 days old) shows a spontaneous rise and fall when the glands are placed in organ culture. The peak of the 28-fold change occurs 5--16 hr after the cultures are initiated. This observation can be interpreted in two ways: (1) the pup pineal gland is responding to norepinephrine released when nerve endings degenerate in culture, or (2) the pup pineal gland has an innate ability which is responsible. Whatever the mechanism, the phenomenon is associated with the development of pineal gland function since pineal glands of adult rats do not show a spontaneous rise and fall in identical experiments.
Chromosome 2 Sequence of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum

Chromosome 2 of Plasmodium falciparum was sequenced; this sequence contains 947,103 base pairs and encodes 210 predicted genes. In comparison with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, chromosome 2 has a lower gene density, introns are more frequent, and proteins are markedly enriched in nonglobular domains. A family of surface proteins, rifins, that may play a role in antigenic variation was identified. The complete sequencing of chromosome 2 has shown that sequencing of the A+T-rich P. falciparum genome is technically feasible.