cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Night Journey (al-isrāʾ) and Ascent (al-miʿrāj) of Muhammad in medieval Muslim and Christian perspectives

The miʿrāj (Ascent) of the Prophet Muhammad was a foundational event in his life that established him as a major prophet who not only met the major previous prophets who had come before him but also arrived at the very throne of God. This article presents this narrative in the development of Islamic spirituality in the Middle Ages and shows how medieval Muslims interpreted it in relation to Muhammad's prophethood and his derived insight into the heavenly world (Paradise) that awaits the faithful. The main contribution of the article is to show how medieval Christians, especially those of the fifteenth century (Alonso de Espina, Pope Pius II, and Roberto da Lecce), viewed this narrative in light of Christian teaching. These Christian authors knew that this event in the life of Muhammad gave him religious authority and they therefore discredited it in their polemical works. Their polemical attack was not simply about the differences between the Muslim and Christian visions of Paradise, but also about the pe...
A plastic fracture mechanics model for characterization of multiaxial low-cycle fatigue

The near-tip stress and strain fields of small cracks in power-law hardening materials are investigated under plane-stress, general yielding, and mixed mode I and II conditions by finite element analyses. The characteristics of the near-tip strain fields suggest that the experimental observations of shallow surface cracks (Case A cracks) propagating in the maximum shear strain direction can be explained by a fracture mechanics crack growth criterion based on the maximum effective strain of the near-tip fields for small cracks under general yielding conditions. The constant effective stress contours representing the intense straining zones near the tip are also presented. The results of the J integral from finite element analyses are used to correlate to a fatigue crack growth criterion for Case A cracks. Based on the concept of the characterization of fatigue crack growth by the cyclic J integral, the trend of constant J contours on the Γ-plane for Case A cracks compares well with those of constant fatigue life and constant crack growth rate obtained from experiments.
Rare event molecular dynamics simulations of plasma induced surface ablation

The interaction of thermal Ar plasma particles with Si and W surfaces is modeled using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. At plasma energies above the threshold for ablation, the ablation yield can be calculated directly from MD. For plasma energies below threshold, the ablation yield becomes exponentially low, and direct MD simulations are inefficient. Instead, we propose an integration method where the yield is calculated as a function of the Ar incident kinetic energy. Subsequent integration with a Boltzmann distribution at the temperature of interest gives the thermal ablation yield. At low plasma temperatures, the ablation yield follows an Arrhenius form in which the activation energy is shown to be the threshold energy for ablation. Interestingly, equilibrium material properties, including the surface and bulk cohesive energy, are not good predictors of the threshold energy for ablation. The surface vacancy formation energy is better, but is still not a quantitative predictor. An analysis of the trajectories near threshold shows that ablation occurs by different mechanisms on different material surfaces, and both the mechanism and the binding of surface atoms determine the threshold energy.
Mental Health Attitudes and Treatment Expectations as Treatment Variables.

Evaluated 60 patients just before their initial assessment in a community mental health clinic. A series of questions about mental health attitudes and treatment expectation were asked each patient. The Psychiatric Evaluation Form was administered both before evaluation and after five treatment visits. Patients with harsh, pessimistic views about mental illness had more severe psychopathology and did less well over the period of follow-up. Expectation of medication was associated strongly with lower education, greater severity of illness, lower satisfaction with treatment, greater frequency of dropping out of treatment, and less improvement.
Reinnervation of motor endplates and increased muscle fiber size after human insulin-like growth factor I gene transfer into the paralyzed larynx

ABSTRACT Current surgical strategies for the treatment of laryngeal paralysis are limited by the muscle atrophy associated with denervation. Moreover, attempts at reinnervation have not effected si...
Investigation of the influence of the Reynolds number on extinction and reignition

Abstract In this study comparisons are made of the results of a series of simulations for different values of the Reynolds number, but with fixed Schmidt and Prandtl numbers ( Sc = Pr =0.7) and identical chemistry and approximately identical large-scale dynamics and initial scalar geometry. The goal is the investigation of the influence of the change in the diffusive scales on local extinction and reignition in a diffusion flame. Extinction occurs when the fluctuations of the scalar dissipation rate at the stoichiometric value of the mixture fraction ( χ st ) become larger than a threshold value ( χ q ). The fluctuations of the scalar dissipation rate reach higher values with increasing Reynolds number, but the probability that χ st > χ q does not increase with Reynolds number at the two highest values of the Reynolds number studied. The latter effect is related to the lognormal nature of the PDF of the scalar dissipation rate. As the fluctuations of χ st become increasingly larger than χ q , extinction takes place faster and results in lower temperatures. Reignition, however, appears to take place approximately similarly in the different cases. The Reynolds number dependence of the average temperature of the stoichiometric surface is mostly due to the increase in extinguished area fraction of the stoichiometric surface. Although the amount of extinction increases as the Reynolds number is increased, the rate of increase appears to slow down with increasing Reynolds number.
Reservoir timescales for anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere

Non-steady state timescales are complicated and their application to specific geophysical systems requires a common theoretical foundation. We first extend reservoir theory by quantifying the difference between turnover time and transit time (or residence time) for time-dependent systems under any mixing conditions. We explicitly demonstrate the errors which result from assuming these timescales are equal, which is only true at steady state. We also derive a new response function which allows the calculation of age distributions and timescales for well-mixed reservoirs away from steady state, and differentiate between timescales based on gross and net fluxes. These theoretical results are particularly important to tracer-calibrated “box models” currently used to study the carbon cycle, which usually approximate reservoirs as well-mixed. We then apply the results to the important case of anthropogenic CO 2 in the atmosphere, since timescales describing its behavior are commonly used but ambiguously defined. All relevant timescales, including lifetime, transit time, and adjustment time, are precisely defined and calculated from data and models. Apparent discrepancies between the current, empirically determined turnover time of 30–60 years and longer model-derived estimates of expected lifetime and adjustment time are explained within this theoretical framework. We also discuss the results in light of policy issues related to global warming, in particular since any comparisons of the “lifetimes” of different greenhouse gases (CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, CFC's, etc.) must use a consistent definition to be meaningful. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1994.t01-4-00004.x
Do epilepsy and psychiatric disorders share common pathogenic mechanisms? A look at depression and epilepsy

Abstract For a long time, epilepsy has been considered a risk factor of depression as its prevalence is higher among patients with epilepsy than the general population. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that patients with a history of depression are four to six times more likely to develop epilepsy than controls. This bi-directional interaction between depression and epilepsy coupled with the therapeutic effect of various antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in epilepsy and mood disorders may suggest that common pathogenic mechanisms may be operant in both conditions. Decreased serotonergic (5HT) and noradrenergic (NE) functions have been identified as pivotal pathogenic mechanisms of depression and have been the bases for antidepressant pharmacological treatments. Disturbances of 5HT and NE functions have also been demonstrated in various experimental animal models of epilepsy. For example, two strains of genetic epilepsy prone rats (GEPR), GEPR-3 and GEPR-9 that serve as models of partial epilepsy have innate 5HT and NE pre and post-synaptic transmission deficits, which have been related to the predisposition to experience sound-induced seizures. GEPR-9 s rats have a more pronounced NE transmission deficit and exhibit more severe seizures than GEPR-3 rats. Increments of either NE and/or 5HT transmission can prevent seizure occurrence while reduction will have the opposite effect. Furthermore, the use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), and monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) have been found to exert anticonvulsant effects in genetically prone epilepsy mice, and baboons and in (non-genetically prone) cats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys. The involvement of common neuronantomical structures in depression and epilepsy further support the hypothesis that both disorders share common pathogenic mechanisms. While involvement of mesial temporal structures and limbic structures of the frontal lobe are rather common among patients with epilepsy and depression, non-epilepsy patients have been found to have atrophy of hippocampal formation, core nuclei of the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus. The anticonvulsant effect of some AEDs has been shown to be mediated, at least in part by 5HT and NE mechanisms. For example, carbamazepine increases synaptic secretion of 5HT and in GEPR its anticonvulsant protection can be blocked with 5HT depleting drugs. Similarly, destruction of noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons in the rat prevents or reduces significantly the anticonvulsant effect of the vagus nerve stimulator against electroshock or pentylenetetrazol induced seizures. Finally, data from recent studies suggest that the presence of psychiatric disease and in particular depression may be associated with a worse seizure control. In other words, depression could be a marker for ‘bad epilepsy’.
Establishment of soil solution P levels for studies involving vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis∗

Abstract A phosphorus sorption curve was developed to evaluate the influence of established levels of soil solution P on the development of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) activity in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit grown on soil:sand mixture. The P sorption curve developed after nutrient amendment and wetting and drying treatments in the greenhouse predicted levels of P established in the soil solution more accurately than P sorption isotherm developed in the laboratory. VAM activity measured in terms of P content of pinnules of Leucaena was significantly higher at lower soil solution P levels (0.01 and 0.02 mg/L) than at higher levels. In general, VAM activity declined after reaching a peak value at 30 days after planting (DAP). Soil solution P levels monitored during the course of the experiment indicated that low initial P levels (0.01 and 0.02 mg/L) were readily maintained than higher ones. The proposed approach is thus appropriate for establishing soil solution P levels that permit optima...
Chronic Cocaine Treatment Decreases Levels of the G Protein Subunits Giα and Goα in Discrete Regions of Rat Brain

A possible role for G proteins in contributing to the chronic actions of cocaine was investigated in three rat brain regions known to exhibit electrophysiological responses to chronic cocaine: the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and locus coeruleus. It was found that chronic, but not acute, treatment of rats with cocaine produced a small (approximately 15%), but statistically significant, decrease in levels of pertussis toxin-mediated ADP-ribosylation of Gi alpha and Go alpha in each of these three brain regions. The decreased ADP-ribosylation levels of the G protein subunits were shown to be associated with 20-30% decreases in levels of their immunoreactivity. In contrast, chronic cocaine had no effect on levels of G protein ADP-ribosylation or immunoreactivity in other brain regions studied for comparison. Chronic cocaine also had no effect on levels of Gs alpha or G beta immunoreactivity in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Specific decreases in Gi alpha and Go alpha levels observed in response to chronic cocaine in the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and locus coeruleus are consistent with the known electrophysiological actions of chronic cocaine on these neurons, raising the possibility that regulation of G proteins represents part of the biochemical changes that underlie chronic cocaine action in these brain regions.
Oxidative damage in the retinal mitochondria of diabetic mice: possible protection by superoxide dismutase.

PURPOSE. Superoxide levels are elevated in the retina in patients with diabetes, and cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism involved in the oxidative damage of retinal mitochondria in diabetes and to determine whether mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) provides protection. METHODS. Effects of diabetes were investigated on superoxide and GSH levels, electron transport complexes I and III, and membrane permeability in the isolated mitochondria prepared from the retinas of streptozotocin diabetic mice. To investigate the effect of MnSOD, retinal mitochondrial oxidative stress and electron transport complexes were determined in mice overexpressing MnSOD (MnSOD-Tg). Histopathology was evaluated in trypsin-digested retina. RESULTS. Retinal mitochondria had twofold increase in superoxide levels in nontransgenic (wild-type [WT]) diabetic mice compared with WT nondiabetic mice. In the same retina, diabetes decreased mitochondrial GSH levels by 40% and complex III activity by approximately 20%, and it increased mitochondrial membrane permeability (swelling) by more than twofold; however, complex I activity was not affected. Overexpression of MnSOD inhibited diabetes-induced increases in mitochondrial superoxide levels and membrane permeability and the decrease in complex III activity. GSH values, however, were not statistically different in WT and MnSOD-Tg diabetic mice. In contrast to the diabetes-induced increase in the number of degenerate (acellular) capillaries in WT diabetic mice, the numbers of acellular capillaries in MnSOD-Tg nondiabetic and diabetic mice were similar to those in WT nondiabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS. Retinal mitochondria experience increased oxidative damage in diabetes, and complex III is one of the sources of increased superoxide. MnSOD protects the retina from diabetes-induced abnormalities in the mitochondria and prevents vascular histopathology, strongly implicating the role for MnSOD in the pathogenesis of retinopathy in diabetes. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:3805–3811) DOI:
Classrooms matter: relations between the classroom environment and the social and mastery behavior of five-year-old children with disabilities

One hundred and fifteen children with disabilities (42 with Down syndrome, 37 with motor impairment, and 36 with developmental delays) were observed in a total of 115 classrooms. Categories for coding children's behaviors in mastery tasks, social activities with peers, and compliance with teachers were recorded by trained observers, blind to the study hypotheses using a modified time sampling procedure. Composite scores representing (1) engagement and skill in completing mastery tasks, (2) engagement and skill in social interaction with peers, and (3) compliance with teachers were constructed from the observation categories. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that specific classroom characteristics (i.e., class size, inclusiveness of class enrollment, teacher-child ratio, and percentage of time spent in one-on-one instruction) predicted performance on these behaviors above and beyond children's cognitive performance.
Emerging pharmacological agents to improve survival from traumatic brain injury.

AbstractObjective: To review emerging pharmacological agents for the treatment of traumatic brain injury with regard to survival outcomes and provide recommendations regarding their use.Methods: An Ovid MEDLINE (up to May 2013) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (up to May 2013) search was conducted to identify emerging pharmacological therapies for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. The search was limited to English language and humans. Pharmacological agents that were evaluated with respect to survival as an outcome were included.Main results: Based on the search, the investigators identified the following new therapies: beta-receptor antagonists, erythropoiesis stimulating agents, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and progesterone. With the exception of progesterone, which was studied in several small, randomized, controlled trials, the remaining agents were primarily studied in observational retrospective cohorts. For each of the agents identified, a po...
Optical properties of mammalian tissue: introduction by the feature editors

This issue of Applied Optics features twenty-two papers on the optical character of tissue, a topic of growing importance in the life sciences. The papers deal with theory and experiment and are contributed by a core of researchers active in the current development of this relatively new field. The complete description of the tissue’s optical properties is fraught with problems due to the extraordinary nature of this difficult, varied, turbid, highly scattering medium. The solution of these optical problems promises important dividends in practical areas, such as cancer treatment and diagnosis.
Strong Er3+–photon interaction

Abstract The optical response of an optical cavity that consists of an Er 2 O 3 layer confined between Si/SiO 2 distributed Bragg reflectors was studied. When the cavity is in resonance with the optical transition of the Er 3+ ions, the resonances in the reflectivity spectra were found to split. Anti-crossing in wavelength is observed, typical of strong light–atom coupling. The results correspond to the first evidence of strong photon–atom interaction in condensed matter system.
Effect of adrenalectomy on cocaine facilitation of lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation.

An emerging body of evidence indicates that the adrenal hormone corticosterone modulates behavioral effects of abused drugs. Recently, it was reported that the self-administration and locomotor stimulatory effect of cocaine are blocked by adrenalectomy (ADX). In order to evaluate the effect of ADX on the brain reward system in general, and cocaine reward in particular, the effect of ADX on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation (LHSS) and its facilitation by cocaine were investigated. Using curve-shift methodology, effects of cocaine (1.0, 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) on the rewarding efficacy of brain stimulation were determined in ADX rats, with and without corticosterone supplementation, and compared with sham-operated controls. Results indicate that ADX does not affect LHSS or the facilitatory effect of cocaine. The divergence between these results and the results of cocaine self-administration studies is discussed in terms of the neuroanatomical and psychological processing of reward.
User-oriented end-to-end transport protocols for the real-time distribution of telemetry data from NASA spacecraft

A set of standard telemetry protocols for downlink data flow facilitating the end-to-end transport of instrument data from the spacecraft to the user in real time is proposed. The direct switching of data by autonomous message 'packets' that are assembled by the source instrument on the spacecraft is discussed. The data system consists thus of a format on a message rather than word basis, and such packet telemetry would include standardized protocol headers. Standards are being developed within the NASA End-to-End Data System (NEEDS) program for the source packet and transport frame protocols. The source packet protocol contains identification of both the sequence number of the packet as it is generated by the source and the total length of the packet, while the transport frame protocol includes a sequence count defining the serial number of the frame as it is generated by the spacecraft data system, and a field specifying any 'options' selected in the format of the frame itself.
The role of surface charge on the uptake and biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with osteoblast cells

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles with different surface charges on the cellular uptake behavior and in vitro cell viability and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cell lines (osteoblast). The nanoparticles' surface charge was varied by surface modification with two carboxylic acids: 12-aminododecanoic acid (positive) and dodecanedioic acid (negative). The untreated HAP nanoparticles and dodecanoic acid modified HAP nanoparticles (neutral) were used as the control. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that surface modifications by the three carboxylic acids did not change the crystal structure of HAP nanoparticles; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the adsorption and binding of the carboxylic acids on the HAP nanoparticles' surfaces; and zeta potential measurement confirmed that the chemicals successfully modified the surface charge of HAP nanoparticles in water based solution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that positively charged, negatively charged and untreated HAP nanoparticles, with similar size and shape, all penetrated into the cells and cells had more uptake of HAP nanoparticles with positive charge compared to those with negative charge, which might be attributed to the attractive or repulsive interaction between the negatively charged cell membrane and positively/negatively charged HAP nanoparticles. The neutral HAP nanoparticles could not penetrate the cell membrane due to their larger size. MTT assay and LDH assay results indicated that as compared with the polystyrene control, greater cell viability and cell proliferation were measured on MC3T3-E1 cells treated with the three kinds of HAP nanoparticles (neutral, positive, and untreated), among which positively charged HAP nanoparticles showed the strongest improvement for cell viability and cell proliferation. In summary, the surface charge of HAP nanoparticles can be modified to influence the cellular uptake of HAP nanoparticles and the different uptake also influences the behavior of cells. These in vitro results may also provide useful information for investigations of HAP nanoparticle applications in gene delivery and intracellular drug delivery.
Dinucleon decay in the nucleus: A quark-model analysis

Baryon-number-violating decay of pairs of nucleons bound together in a nucleus is studied in the nonrelativistic quark model for a class of ordinary grand unified theories including minimal SU(5). Decay modes without mesons such as pp..-->..pe/sup +/, and with pions such as pp..-->..pe/sup +/..pi../sup 0/, are considered. Both spectator and pole diagrams are included. The nonmesonic decay modes are negligible, but the effective p..-->..e/sup +/..pi../sup 0/ partial lifetime in oxygen (iron) is found to be roughly-equal25% (50%) longer than the free partial lifetime. Another possible lifetime increase related to an explanation of the European Muon Collaboration effect is discussed.
On the Possibility of Obtaining Large Amplitude Resonance in Very Thin Ferrimagnetic Disks

A theoretical prediction is made that the uniform resonance and the spinwaves in a very thin ferrimagnetic disk can be made non-degenerate. If this condition can be achieved experimentally, the usual second order spinwave instabilities will be forbidden and cannot limit the component of the magnetization occurring at the resonance frequency (ω0). The precession cone angle (θ) should then increase, in response to the usual rf driving field, until limited by third order instabilities involving spinwaves with frequencies equal to 3/2 ω0.
Comparing, Contrasting, Generalizing, and Integrating Two Current Designs for Fault-Tolerant MPI

We compare and contrast the approaches and key features of two proposals for fault-tolerant MPI: User-Level Failure Mitigation (UFLM) and Fault-Aware MPI (FA-MPI). We show how they are complementary and also how they could leverage each other through modifications and/or extensions. We show how to "weaken" and extend ULFM to help integrate it with FA-MPI, with corollary benefits of broadening applicability of ULFM. Reducibility of each to the other is considered. This helps identify which components of each are minimally "required" for standardization, versus layerable on a future MPI specification.
Weight and growth in Malaysian rain forest mammals.

Abstract: Body weights of 16 species of Malaysian rain forest mammals are recorded. These species are Hylomys suillus , Tupaia glis , Callosciurus caniceps , C. notatus , C. nigrovittatus , Sundasciurus tenuis , Rattus annandalei , R. muelleri , R. sabanus , R. rajah , R. surifer , R. cremoriventer , R. whiteheadi , R. edwardsi , R. bowersi and Chiropodomys gliroides . Sexual and individual variation of several species is discussed. Growth information for three species of Rattus based on individual marking and repeated capture is summarized and graphed.
Love Addiction: Definition, Etiology, Treatment

In this paper, I review the definition, etiology, prevention and treatment of love addiction. First, I provide an introduction to the concept and information on a literature search I conducted. Using seven search terms and three search engines, I was able to locate only 40 data-based articles on love addiction. Next I provide a description of this concept, particularly its negative consequences. Then, I provide a review of its etiology, considering neurobiological, developmental, and social/cultural factors. Next, I provide information on its assessment, prevention and treatment. I conclude by suggesting that love addiction likely is manifested by the time one reaches adolescence, and that it functions similarly to substance abuse disorders. I argue that much more empirical research is needed.
Infants' search for visible objects: Implications for the interpretation of early search errors☆

This study examined the error patterns of 9-month-old infants searching for hidden objects and objects that were visible within a container. Although errors occurred in both conditions, there were important differences between them. When the object was hidden, infants showed significant perseveration in that they searched more often at the object's previous hiding place than at a control location. When the object was visible, however, they made fewer errors and the errors they did make were as likely to be to the control location as to the previous hiding place. These results suggest that infants' errors in searching for a visible object reflect lapses of attention rather than systematic misunderstandings of objects or space and so are not incompatible with an information-processing account of early search.
Decision Making Under Uncertainty: A Neural Model Based on Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes

A fundamental problem faced by animals is learning to select actions based on noisy sensory information and incomplete knowledge of the world. It has been suggested that the brain engages in Bayesian inference during perception but how such probabilistic representations are used to select actions has remained unclear. Here we propose a neural model of action selection and decision making based on the theory of partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs). Actions are selected based not on a single “optimal” estimate of state but on the posterior distribution over states (the “belief” state). We show how such a model provides a unified framework for explaining experimental results in decision making that involve both information gathering and overt actions. The model utilizes temporal difference (TD) learning for maximizing expected reward. The resulting neural architecture posits an active role for the neocortex in belief computation while ascribing a role to the basal ganglia in belief representation, value computation, and action selection. When applied to the random dots motion discrimination task, model neurons representing belief exhibit responses similar to those of LIP neurons in primate neocortex. The appropriate threshold for switching from information gathering to overt actions emerges naturally during reward maximization. Additionally, the time course of reward prediction error in the model shares similarities with dopaminergic responses in the basal ganglia during the random dots task. For tasks with a deadline, the model learns a decision making strategy that changes with elapsed time, predicting a collapsing decision threshold consistent with some experimental studies. The model provides a new framework for understanding neural decision making and suggests an important role for interactions between the neocortex and the basal ganglia in learning the mapping between probabilistic sensory representations and actions that maximize rewards.
Integrated 2 GHz femtosecond laser based on a planar Er-doped lightwave circuit

An integrated passively mode-locked 2-GHz waveguide laser generating 285-fs pulses is demonstrated. It is based on a 500-MHz repetition rate laser integrated together with a pulse interleaver on a 45×50 mm silica waveguide chip.
Applying the Adaptive Cycle Model to the Past, Present, and Future of SRM

Applying the adaptive cycle model to the past, present, and future of SRM DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v29i4_santini
Translation of AKR-murine leukemia viral RNA in an E. coli cell-free system

High molecular weight RNA isolated from the oncogenic type C murine leukemia virus, AKR-MuLV, stimulates the incorporation of radioactive amino acids into protein in an E. coli cell-free system. Analysis of the translational products by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated the synthesis of at least three proteins corresponding in molecular weight to several authentic viral proteins. Positive immunoprecipitation tests also confirm the translational product as AKR-MuLV related. Although at least 18 proteins were found on analysis of disrupted murine leukemia virions, only three were synthesized in vitro in response to AKR-MuLV RNA in the E. coli cell-free system.
Retardation tests of inhibition following discriminative autoshaping

Four experiments explored various applications of the retardation test of inhibition following discriminative autoshaping. In all studies, discriminative autoshaping consisted of food-reinforced presentations of a green key-light CS+ and nonreinforced presentations of a vertical white line on a green background CS−. In Experiment 1, the inhibitory properties of the vertical Une CS− were assessed by comparing the acquisition of keypecking to the now-reinforced vertical line CS in groups previously receiving discriminative autoshaping (as above), discriminative autoshaping with a red key CS−, and nondiscriminative autoshaping. The results indicated that the former CS− was retarded in being transformed into a CS+. In Experiment 2, the discriminative autoshaping procedure was followed by testing for acquisition with independent groups receiving one of four different CSs differentiated by line orientation. The results indicated that the orientation attribute of the CS− was inhibitory, in that a between-subjects resistance-to-reinforcement gradient of inhibition was obtained. In Experiment 3, discriminative autoshaping was followed by a within-subjects resistance-to-reinforcement generalization test based on line orientation, which failed to yield an orderly gradient. The implementation of a DRO contingency in the within-subjects test (Experiment 4) was ineffective in generating an incremental gradient. Implications for inhibitory assessment methodology are discussed.
THE ORGANIZATIONAL GROWTH OF PUBLIC OPINION RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES

This article presents an overview of the development of polling organizations in the United States in the 50-year period covered by Public Opinion Quarterly, 1937-87.1 By 1937, the three pioneers in the field had already established their organizations, Gallup and Roper in 1935 and Crossley during the 1936 presidential election. These organizations grew out of the commercial market research sector that had developed in twentieth-century America, especially after World War I. With the election of Roosevelt in 1932 and the growth of the New Deal, interest in public opinion flourished and the dramatic successes of the new polling organizations in predicting the 1936 presidential election convinced both the public and political leaders of the accuracy of the methods. In the five years prior to the outbreak of World War II came the first major expansion of public opinion organizations. The discussion that follows is primarily chronological rather than by type of survey organization, since the development and success of the early organizations led to the future growth of all types.
Relationship between leukemic cell retention of cytosine arabinoside triphosphate and the duration of remission in patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia

Bone marrow cells were obtained from patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia immediately prior to the administration of cytosine arabinoside/anthracycline antibiotic remission induction therapy. The ability of the leukemic cells to take up and phosphorylate cytosine arabinoside (araC) and to retain cytosine arabinoside triphosphate (araCTP) was measured and compared to the outcome of remission induction therapy and the duration of remission. While the outcome of remission induction therapy was unrelated to cellular metabolism of araC, the duration of remission was highly correlated with araCTP retention. A comparison of the remission durations of patients treated on successive chemotherapeutic protocols suggests that the benefits of intensive remission consolidation therapy may be limited to patients whose leukemic cell retention of araCTP is low and that aggressive consolidation chemotherapy may reduce the prognostic significance of araCTP retention.
Rehabilitation for Patients With Posterior Instability and Multidirectional Instability

The glenohumeral joint is an inherently unstable joint that relies on the interaction of the dynamic and static stabilizers to maintain stability. Disruption of this interplay or poor development of any of these factors may result in instability, pain, and a loss of function. Rehabilitation varies based on the type of instability present and the key principles described. A comprehensive program designed to establish full range of motion, balance capsular mobility, along with maximizing muscular strength, endurance, proprioception, dynamic stability, and neuromuscular control of the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints is essential. A functional approach to rehabilitation using movement patterns and sport-specific positions along with an interval sport program allows a gradual return to athletics. The focus of the program should minimize the risk of recurrence and ensure that the patient can safely return to functional activities.
Device Characteristics of Amorphous Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide TFTs Sputter Deposited with Different Substrate Biases

Thin-film transistors (TFTs) with amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) active layers were fabricated using radiofrequency sputter deposition with variable dc substrate bias. High substrate bias sputtered a-IGZO TFTs produce more carriers in an a-IGZO layer and result in a negative gate threshold voltage (V T ) shift, an increase in the field-effect mobility (μ FE ), and an increase in the off-state current (I off ). The subthreshold gate swing (S) is degraded with an increased substrate bias. The different TFT characteristics as a function of substrate bias can be attributed to energetic ion bombardment during a-IGZO growth.
Carbonate resilience of flowing electrolyte-based alkaline fuel cells

Abstract Alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) are promising power sources due to superior kinetics and the ability to use inexpensive non-noble metal catalysts. However, carbonate formation from carbon dioxide in air has long been considered a significant hurdle for liquid electrolyte-based AFC technologies. Carbonate formation consumes hydroxyl anions, which leads to (i) reduced electrode performance if formed salts precipitate from solution and (ii) lowered electrolyte conductivity, which reduces cell performance and operating lifetime. Here, using a flowing electrolyte-based microfluidic fuel cell, we demonstrate that AFC performance can be resilient to a broad range of carbonate concentrations. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of carbonate formation rates on projected AFC operational lifetime. Results from this study will aid in the design of AFC-based power sources in light of the tradeoffs between performance, durability and cost.
Hopping conduction through the 2s states of copper acceptors in uniaxially stressed germanium

Abstract We have studied hopping conduction in uniaxially stressed Cu-doped Ge. The electronic ground state of neutral Cu acceptors, normally accommodating three 1s holes, undergoes a transformation to a 1s22s1 configuration with the application of uniaxial stress greater than 4 kbar. Upon undergoing this transformation, the copper acceptors form a system of lithium-like impurities in which hopping transitions of carriers take place through 2s rather than 1s states. The significant overlap between the more extended 2s wavefunctions located on different sites results in a decrease of the resistivity in the hopping regime by eight orders of magnitude. Good agreement was obtained between the experimental results and our calculations.
Radiochemical and instrumental neutron activation analysis procedures for the determination of low level trace elements in human livers

A comprehensive approach to the analysis of human livers was developed in a pilot program for the National Environmental Specimen Bank that employed a combination of four analytical techniques. Refinements in this approach were needed for improvement in detection limits, more effective sample usage and to reduce the number of analytical steps that were involved. Since neutron activation analysis (NAA) had determined most of the elements, expansion of NAA was chosen to achieve these goals. Modifications in the instrumental NAA procedures, including the use of a Compton Suppressor System, gave increased sensitivity for some low level elements, such as arsenic and chromium. Radiochemical procedures that followed the instrumental counts increased the sensitivity for the elements chromium, selenium, arsenic, molybdenum, silver, antimony, and tin. Results are given for two radiochemical procedures that were applied following the modified procedure, either the use of an inorganic ion exchange column or a liquid/liquid extraction, and these are compared to instrumental results.
New Horizons in Distance Education: The Online Learner-Centered Marketing Class

The teaching environment is undergoing a major shift as more and more marketing programs are offering classes either partially (Web enabled) or totally (Web exclusive) online. This shift is due to ...
CORR InsightsTM: Risk of Thromboembolism in Shoulder Arthroplasty: Effect of Implant Type and Traumatic Indication

Few data guide the decision regarding whether to anticoagulate patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty. Navarro et al. found a risk of 0.5% for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after shoulder arthroplasty. The largest study to date studied more than 300,000 patients using administrative data and found similar rates (0.5% and 0.23%, respectively) [2]. The risk of thromboembolic disease after shoulder arthroplasty is much less than after total hip or knee replacement, and therefore, it remains unclear whether patients should receive anticoagulants after shoulder replacement. Where Do We Need to Go?
A molecular beam mass spectrometer study of side-wall flame quenching at low pressure by cooled noncatalytic and catalytic surfaces

Abstract Molecular beam mass spectrometer sampling has been used to probe the chemistry of a flat lean CH 2 O 2 Ar flame at 4.0 kPa which is cooled by a gold and a platinum surface whose temperature is held at 373K. The gold surface is chemically inert, and its effect on the flame should be limited to cooling of the flame gases. The platinum surface should in addition recombine H, O, and OH radicals which collide with the surface. This approximates a situation which may occur in the engine if the wall deposits are capable of recombining or otherwise destroying radicals which collide with the cylinder wall. Our experimental arrangement then constitutes a study of side-wall flame quenching by noncatalytic and catalytic cooled surfaces. Previous studies of side-wall quenching by an inert cooled surface have included measurements of only the stable flame components. This work reports measurements of several stable and radical component mole fractions, affording a detailed picture of the flame chemistry near the surfaces.
An alternative mechanism for the properdin system.

Evidence is presented that phenomena ascribed to the properdin system may be explained in terms of classical antibody (Ab) in combination with three of the components of complement (C'), i.e., C'(1), C'(4), and C'(2) respectively. The results suggest that the complex of properdin (P) with zymosan (Z) represents a mixture of Z.Ab, Z.Ab.C'(1, 4), Z.Ab-C'(1, 4, 2), and Z.Ab.C'(1, 4, 2) in a decayed state. The purported preferential reactivity of Z with the third component of C' (C'(3)) is not supported by the present experiments in which Z was reacted with C' in both guinea pig and human sera. Approximately the same number of reactive units of C'(1, 4) and of C'(3) were inactivated by Z, as well as by D. pneumoniae and a washed specific precipitate of bovine albumin-anti-albumin. The latter evidence that small amounts of antigen-antibody complex fix significant amounts of C'(3) stands in contrast with the classical concept that C'(3) is not fixed in ordinary complement fixation reaction. The observed reactivity of C'(3) is explained on the basis of the present use of essentially undiluted serum as a source of C'(3) and of 37 degrees as the temperature for fixation. Ancillary data indicate that purified properdin contains Ab. In the presence of a chelating agent and at 0 degrees properdin agglutinated Z granules. Measurements of nitrogen (N) uptake by Z suggest that 0.25 microg. N were contributed by solutions stated to contain 1 unit of properdin. The broad spectrum of reactivity or cross-reactivity of the Ab in normal serum is likely due to the wide distribution in nature of closely related polysaccharides. Further immunochemical studies are necessary to establish definitively the origin and mode of action in "natural resistance" of antibodies reactive with these polysaccharides.
Metagenomic Evidence for H2 Oxidation and H2 Production by Serpentinite-Hosted Subsurface Microbial Communities

Ultramafic rocks in the Earth’s mantle represent a tremendous reservoir of carbon and reducing power. Upon tectonic uplift and exposure to fluid flow, serpentinization of these materials generates copious energy, sustains abiogenic synthesis of organic molecules, and releases hydrogen gas (H2). In order to assess the potential for microbial H2 utilization fueled by serpentinization, we conducted metagenomic surveys of a marine serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal chimney (at the Lost City hydrothermal field) and two continental serpentinite- hosted alkaline seeps (at the Tablelands Ophiolite, Newfoundland). Novel [NiFe]-hydrogenase sequences were identified at both the marine and continental sites, and in both cases, phylogenetic analyses indicated aerobic, potentially autotrophic Betaproteobacteria belonging to order Burkholderiales as the most likely H2-oxidizers. Both sites also yielded metagenomic evidence for microbial H2 production catalyzed by [FeFe]-hydrogenases in anaerobic Gram- positive bacteria belonging to order Clostridiales. In addition, we present metagenomic evidence at both sites for aerobic carbon monoxide utilization and anaerobic carbon fixation via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. In general, our results point to H2-oxidizing Betaproteobacteria thriving in shallow, oxic-anoxic transition zones and the anaerobic Clostridia thriving in anoxic, deep subsurface habitats. These data demonstrate the feasibility of metagenomic investigations into novel subsurface habitats via surface-exposed seeps and indicate the potential for H2- powered primary production in serpentinite-hosted subsurface habitats.
Differences in albuminuria between Hispanics and whites: an evaluation by genetic ancestry and country of origin: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.

Background— Reports show higher prevalence of albuminuria among Hispanics compared with whites. Differences by country of origin or genetic background are unknown. Methods and Results— In Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, we studied the associations of both genetic ancestry and country of origin with albumin to creatinine ratio among 1417 Hispanic versus white participants using multivariable linear regression and back transforming beta coefficients into relative difference (%RD, 95% CI). Percentage European, Native American, and African ancestry components for Hispanics were estimated using genetic admixture analysis. The proportions of European, Native American, and African genetic ancestry differed significantly by country of origin ( P <0.0001); Mexican/Central Americans had the highest Native American (41±13%), Puerto Ricans had the highest European (61±15%), and Dominicans had the highest African (39±21%) ancestry. Hispanic ethnicity was associated with higher albumin/creatinine ratio compared with whites, but the association varied with the country of origin (adjusted P interaction=0.04). Mexican/Central Americans and Dominicans had higher albumin/creatinine ratio compared with whites after adjustment (RD 19%, 2% to 40% and RD 27%, 1% to 61%), but not Puerto Ricans (RD 8%, −12% to 34%). Higher Native American ancestry was associated with higher albuminuria after age and sex adjustment among all Hispanics (RD 11%, 1% to 21%) but was attenuated after further adjustment. Higher European ancestry was independently associated with lower albumin/creatinine ratio among Puerto Ricans (−21%, −34% to −6%) but not among Mexican/Central Americans and Dominicans. Conclusions— Hispanics are a heterogeneous group with varying genetic ancestry. Risks of albuminuria differ across the country of origin groups. These differences may be due, in part, to differences in genetic ancestral components.