cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Stability of Evaporite Minerals: Geochronological Evidence

The long term stability of evaporite minerals in areas being considered for the disposal of radioactive waste is critical in the overall assessment of such areas, especially when petrographic and other study indicate significant amounts of post-formational recrystallization. At the WIPP site in southeastern New Mexico, the age of the bedded evaporite minerals of the Castile and Salado Formations is known to be Late Permian, about 225 + 15 MYBP (millions of years before the present). It is possible, however, that the major accumulations of potassium salts were formed by diagenetic-epigenetic processes in the early Triassic as the section was buried, local brines caused remobilization of some salts, and several stages of potassium-bearing layers resulted. These processes were probably complete by about 200 MYBP (1). Important potassium ore minerals (note: here referred to as primary even though they may not completely have formed until about 200 MYBP) include sylvite, KC1 and langbeinite, K2Mg2(SO4)3; and minor amounts of carnallite, kainite, etc. are commonly interpreted to be primary. One of the most important secondary potassium-bearing minerals in polyhalite, K7Ca2Mg(SO4)4·2H20, because of its water content. Petrographic study clearly indicates that the polyhalite is secondary to sylvite, yet just how much younger has not been quantitatively established.
Trajectory tracking for fully actuated mechanical systems

We present a general framework for the control of Lagrangian systems with as many inputs as degrees of freedom. Relying on the geometry of mechanical systems on manifolds, we propose a design algorithm for the tracking problem. The notions of error function and transport map lead to a proper definition of configuration and velocity error. These are the crucial ingredients in designing a proportional derivative feedback and feedforward controller. The proposed approach includes as special cases a variety of results on control of manipulators, pointing devices and autonomous vehicles.
Some low power implementations of DSP algorithms

The implementation of digital signal processing algorithms often requires that a variety of conflicting criteria be satisfied. A signal processing system must provide the necessary processing gains, while various measures of the feasibility and efficiency of implementation, such as power and cost, are met. This paper reviews the motivation behind the development of low power signal processing algorithms, presents some methods for addressing these problems, and gives several examples of reduced complexity signal processing implementations. >
Domestic violence as a threat to maternal and child well-being in an urban migrant community in Peru

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact that domestic violence (DV) has on hindering the success of urban migrants in Peru and any association with maternal depression, impaired parenting, social capital, and child development. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study consisting of structured interviews with 97 mothers and their school-aged children in El Porvenir, a predominantly migrant area of the city of Trujillo, Peru. Data collection occurred in February-June 2011. Proven tools previously validated for use in Spanish were used to assess the following variables: maternal depression, social capital, domestic violence, parenting behaviors, child socioemotional development, and child cognitive development. Correlational, multiple regression, tests of interaction, and indirect/mediator models were used for analysis. RESULTS: Sixty-five percent of women reported currently experiencing DV. DV strongly predicted depression (P < 0.001). Women who reported DV were less likely to be employed (P < 0.05), had lower cognitive social capital (P < 0.01), engaged in fewer caregiving activities (P < 0.05), had less maternal energy (P < 0.05), and were less warm (P < 0.05). DV was associated with internalizing behaviors in children (P < 0.01), with impaired parenting partially mediating this relationship. CONCLUSIONS: DV compromises women's mental health and parenting ability. High rates of DV among urban migrants affect the whole community by hindering employment potential and reducing trust among community members. Interventions targeting DV-related variables (e.g., substance abuse and limited job opportunities for men) could reduce the deleterious effects of DV on urban migrant communities across Latin America.
Knee MRI: Vascular Pathology

OBJECTIVE. Patients who undergo knee MRI for presumed musculoskeletal disease can have unexpected vascular findings or pathology in the imaged field. Some vascular processes are limb threatening and affect treatment planning and patient outcome. CONCLUSION. Unexpected vascular findings on knee MRI can range from incidental to symptomatic and can include such processes as variant anatomy, aneurysm, traumatic injury, and neoplasm. The assessment for vascular pathology should be a key component of every radiologist's search pattern when evaluating knee MRI.
Polymerizable hexacatenar liquid crystals containing a luminescent oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) core

Polymerizable hexacatenar mesogens containing a photo-active oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) core were successfully synthesized by replacing the traditional n-alkoxy tails on the molecules with polymerizable hydrocarbon tails containing terminal isoprenyl or 1,3-dienyl units. It was found that for this particular liquid crystal (LC) platform, the incorporation of conventional radical polymerizable groups such as acrylates in the tails was not conducive to the formation of thermotropic LC phases, presumably due to their polar nature. The resulting photoluminescent isoprenyl and 1,3-dienyl hexacatenar monomers were found to form columnar hexagonal phases at elevated temperatures (c. 45–75°C), as determined by powder X-ray diffraction. Unfortunately, photoinitiated radical polymerization studies revealed that the mesogens are susceptible to photodegradation in the LC state at elevated temperatures, resulting in the loss of both LC order and emission properties during photopolymerization. Thermally initiated radic...
Peatification and early coalification of wood as deduced by quantitative microscopic methods

Abstract Quantitative microscopic examinations of 114 peatified woods, 72 lignitic woods and their recent equivalents have been made. Petrographic analysis incorporated multimode illumination in the examination of microtomed thin-sections of each wood. Semi-quantitative determinations of the relative degree of: (1) intrinsic color of cell walls in transmitted light, (2) microbial presence/absence, and (3) birefringence were determined. In addition, quantitative fluorescence was used to characterize the primary fluorescence for each wood. Several trends in the evolution of cell-wall-derived pre-maceral and maceral materials were quantified in greater detail than in previous investigations. Discriminant analyses and correlation analysis of the large data set(s) further supported the observed trends. In general, the peatification and early coalification of woody cell walls is marked by an increase in the color alteration index (i.e. darkening of tissue), an initial increase (during the surface litter stage) followed by a gradual decrease in the presence of fungal remains, and a rapid decrease in the relative intensity of cell wall birefringence. Primary fluorescence intensity decreases slowly during peatification (averaging 78% of recent cell walls) and more rapidly upon conversion to lignite (averaging only 13% of recent cell walls). λmax, alteration, and spectral area were shown to decrease slightly during incipient peatification and then gradually increase during lignitization. The Q ratio and chromaticity values increase throughout the conversion process.
Segregation and Convergence of Functionally Defined V2 Thin Stripe and Interstripe Compartment Projections to Area V4 of Macaques

The organization of projections from V2 thin stripes and interstripes to V4 was investigated using a combination of physiological and anatomical techniques. The compartments of V2 were first characterized, in vivo, using optical recording of intrinsic signals. Multiple anterograde tracers were then injected into different V2 compartments. The distribution of labeled axons was analyzed in tangential or horizontal sections including V4. A small iontophoretic injection, either in a thin stripe or an interstripe, labeled a large primary and several secondary foci in V4. The primary foci from the thin stripe and interstripe were spatially segregated by a gap of approximately 1 mm. Furthermore, less dense regions within the primary foci were often 'filled-in' by secondary foci from the opposite V2 compartment. When two injections were made both at interstripes, their projections to V4 were almost entirely overlapping. These anatomical patterns indicate that segregation and convergence of intercortical pathways are both important features of V4 organization. Furthermore, the size of cortical modules increases considerably from the blobs of V1, through the stripes of V2, to the afferent domains of V4.
Outcome and quality of life of patients with acute pancreatitis requiring intensive care.

Background. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis often require intensive care unit (ICU) admission, have multiple complications, spend weeks to months in the hospital, and consume a large amount of resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ICU course, costs, mortality, and quality of life of patients who require ICU admission for acute pancreatitis. Methods. Patients with acute pancreatitis requiring ICU admission were identified retrospectively. Data regarding in-hospital morbidity, mortality, and hospital costs were obtained. Long-term quality of life was assessed using the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36). Results. Fifty-two patients were identified. There were 31 men and 21 women: the mean age was 53 years (range, 22–89). The most common causes of acute pancreatitis were gallstones (44%) and alcoholism (17%). Pulmonary failure (52% required mechanical ventilation) and renal failure (21% required dialysis) were common. There were 39 (75%) hospital survivors and 13 (25%) nonsurvivors. In the first 24 h, the mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores were 10 ± 6 in survivors and 16 ± 4 in the nonsurvivors (<0.01). Mean length of ICU (15 ± 18 and 28 ± 31 days) and hospital (40 ± 34 and 38 ± 34 days) stays were similar in survivors and nonsurvivors, respectively (NS). The mean hospital cost for survivors was $83,611 ± 88,434 and that for nonsurvivors was $136,730 ± 95,045 (P = 0.09). The estimated cost to obtain one hospital survivor was $129,188. Of the 39 hospital survivors, 5 died later, 21 completed the SF-36, and 13 were lost to follow-up. Long-term quality of life (SF-36) was similar to that of an age-matched population. Twenty of twenty-one felt their general health was at least as good as it had been 1 year previously. Conclusions. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis need prolonged ICU and hospital stays. APACHE II may be a good predictor of outcome; further, prospective evaluation is needed. Although resource utilization is high, most patients survive and have good long-term quality of life.
Characteristics of a Central Bleed Jet in Supersonic Axisymmetric Base Flow

The near-wake flow structure of a supersonic axisymmetric base flowwith base bleed is investigated in detail using acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence. Global side-view and end-view images are analyzed to detect unstirred bleed fluid, which has been found to persist from the bleed orifice through reattachment (i.e., rear stagnation point). The characteristic size, shape, and location of the bleed fluid pockets are studied. This enables a comparison of the bleed jet structure for three different cases of mass flow rate of bleed fluid. In addition, the average location of the forward stagnation point and the primary and secondary recirculation regions are linked to the distributions of several statistics. The similarities and differences between two suboptimal bleed rate cases identify possible optimal locations for the central bleed jet to be directed. A stabilizing effect caused by increasing bleed rate is documented in many of the statistical quantities. Agreement between side-view and end-view image analysis confirms the ability of the processing technique to distinguish the unstirred bleed fluid in all images.
Psychological and social consequences of HIV exposure: Homosexuals in southern california

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the psychological and social consequences experienced by apparently healthy homosexual men who learn that they have positive results on the HIV antibody test, but who have not yet developed AIDS or ARC. Employing a census survey of the male membership of three homophile organizations in a Southern California county (n=1905), 30 HIV positives and 55 negatives completed a biographical questionnaire, the IPAT Anxiety Scale Questionnaire, the IPAT Depression Scale, and the Coping Strategies Inventory. Results indicate that HIV positives show considerable disorganization after hearing test results, have clinically high levels of anxiety (n=10), and clinically high levels of depression (n=14) when compared to the normative samples. Positives also reported pervasive changes in their sexual activity (n=30), and experienced negative consequences in social (n=15) and occupational functioning (n=10). Twelve subjects reported suicidal ideation after they heard the re...
SU‐E‐T‐199: The Radiological Physics Center's Credentialing Dosimetry Reviews: Their Effect on Clinical Trial Deviation Rates

Purpose: To describe the Radiological Physics Center's (RPC) methods to evaluate an institution's ability to meet protocol guidelines in order to decrease NCI clinical trial deviation rate. Methods: The RPC's dosimetry group utilizes 3 methods of assessing an institutions ability to meet the protocol treatment specifications. These methods involve a clinical and dosimetric review of a treatment plan submitted by the institution prior to the first patient being treated on a protocol. The three evaluation methods include use of site/treatment modality specific benchmark cases, evaluation of a previous patient treated in a similar fashion and a rapid review of the first patient placed on a trial prior to start of treatment. The dosimetric review consists of an independent dose recalculation using RPC measured data or RPC standard dosimetry data. The clinical review assesses the patient's DVHs and contouring of the tumor volume and critical structures, typically in conjunction with a radiation oncologist.Results: Over the past 5 years the RPC has performed these QA reviews for several of the clinical trial groups for several different disease sites and treatment modalities. We have reviewed 1366 treatment plans as a part of credentialing (97 gynecological, 223 prostate, 1046 breast) where 222 failed the first submission requiring the RPC to interact with the submitting institution to resolve the discrepancy. The review of the benchmarks has resulted in 18% of the institutions requiring intervention by the RPC. Performing these reviews has identified potential clinical and dosimetric problem areas that could possibly have resulted in 17% of the charts reviewed to receive a minor or major deviation. Conclusions: The RPC's clinical and dosimetry review of submitted treatment plans before or early in the treatment process has helped to reduce the deviation rates on protocols. Work supported by PHS grant CA 10953 awarded by NCI, DHHS
Abstract 519: Identification of a novel target for antibody therapy of breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Identification of breast cancer-specific antigens may promote development of safe and successful immunotherapy of breast cancer. Caprin-1 has been known to be an intracellular protein related to cell proliferation as a function, but it has not been reported to be a target for the treatment of cancer. Here we report that this molecule is a novel breast cancer antigen which can be targeted for antibody therapy. Caprin-1 is highly expressed in at least 70% of breast cancers based on the results of immunohistochemical staining of human several breast cancer tissues, but hardly expressed in human normal tissues. Importantly, a part of this molecule is highly expressed in extracellular region of many breast cancer cells. A mouse monoclonal antibody raised against the extracellular domain of Caprin-1 showed anti-tumor effects in all tumor-bearing mouse models in which various cancer cells expressing Caprin-1 were implanted. The monoclonal antibody induced complete regression in one of the tumor-bearing models. Humanized antibody has been prepared and preclinical studies are currently underway. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 519. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-519
Singular gradient free energy of superfluid A 3 at T=0

The coefficient of the (l^\ensuremath{\cdot}\ensuremath{\nabla}l^${)}^{2}$ ln\ensuremath{\Vert}l^\ensuremath{\cdot}\ensuremath{\nabla}l^\ensuremath{\Vert} term in the gradient free energy of superfluid $^{3}\mathit{A}$ at T=0 is calculated and shown not to vanish. This disagrees with the conclusion of Choi and Muzikar, which is argued to result from a subtle limitation in the region of validity of an approximate Green function. The result is also compared with some results of Volovik and Nagai.
An online database to improve clinical operations and scientific data collection in a pediatric hearing loss practice.

ObjectiveTo establish a pediatric hearing loss database that improves scientific data collection and clinical workflow in a large pediatric hearing loss and cochlear implant practice and incentivizes users to maintain careful scientific data collection and entry.PatientsAll children with hearing los
Kartei zur Dokumentation in der Molekülspektroskopie

Arbeitsgruppe fur Dokumentation der Molekulspektroskopie in Verbindung mit dem wissenschaftlichen Beirat der Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Spektrochemie und angewandten Spektroskopie, e.V., Dortmund, und dem Infrared Absorption Data Joint Committee, England.
Enhancing motivation, ability, and opportunity to process public relations messages

Abstract Drawing on the motivation, ability, and opportunity (M-A-O) model in the consumer psychology literature, this article suggests that motivation, ability, and opportunity provide theoretically rich frameworks to address strategies for effective communication with publics in general and inactive publics in particular. Examples of specific techniques frequently used in the construction of public relations messages are related to each of these three concepts. Implications for public relations practice and research are discussed. Kirk Hallahan is assistant professor in the Department of Journalism and Technical Communication at Colorado State University.
Description and classification of folds in single surfaces

Abstract I propose a new three-parameter description of fold style in folded surfaces based on the ratio of the amplitude to the half-wavelength (the aspect ratio P), the maximum angle of relative rotation of opposite limbs of the fold (the folding angle φ), and a measure of the relative curvature at the fold closure (the bluntness b ). For symmetric folds, the first two parameters define a trapezoid that circumscribes the fold and provides the primary criterion for the classification of fold style. Within a given trapezoid, fold style variations are defined by the bluntness. Perfect folds in profile are defined to have a single hinge with perfectly straight limbs tangent to hinge zones that are perfect circular arcs. An analytic description of the variation in perfect fold geometry defines the limits for all natural single-hinged folds. The proposed system includes folds with folding angles both less than and greater than isoclinal folds, it applies to both single-hinged and multiple-hinged folds, and it also can be extended to apply to asymmetric folds. Previously proposed two-parameter classification systems can only describe folds that are restricted to a specific surface through the three-parameter fold style space proposed here.
Radical retropubic prostatectomy: limited benefit of autologous blood donation.

AbstractPurpose: We determine whether autologous blood donation significantly decreases the need for homologous transfusions after radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: The effects of estimated blood loss and autologous donation on the rate of homologous transfusions were analyzed in 3 groups of 100 consecutive patients treated between 1983 and 1992.Results: Overall, donors were less likely than nondonors to receive homologous blood. As median estimated blood loss decreased from 1,200 to 800 cc from groups 1 to 3 (p less than 0.05), the incidence of nondonors requiring homologous blood decreased from 62 to 11 percent and that of autologous units transfused decreased from 96 to 19 percent.Conclusions: With decreasing blood loss, safe but stringent criteria for transfusion and improved safety of the blood supply, autologous donation is an inefficient method to lower the slight risk of complications following homologous transfusion during radical prostatectomy.
Land-Surface Model Development for the GISS GCM

Abstract A land-surface model is linked to the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) GCM Model II to form Model II-LS. The land-surface model primarily influences the simulation of surface air temperature over land, both in monthly means and diurnal range, and affects the major components of the hydrologic cycle over land—evapotranspiration, runoff, and, more indirectly, precipitation. Comparisons of January and July results of Model II-LS to results generated from the GISS GCM Model II and to observations show that the new land surface primarily provides improvements in the simulation of global evaporation and diurnal surface temperature range. The interannual variability of June–August surface air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere is also improved. When the land-surface model is combined with new parameterizations for moist convection and the planetary boundary layer, the combined version of the GCM yields improvements in evaporation. Simulations of a grassland site from an off-line version of...
Inappropriate use of nonpsychotropic medications in nursing homes.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and patient-specific predictors of the use of 10 presumptively inappropriate medications used to treat medical conditions among nursing home residents, and to use this information to examine alternative screening strategies using computerized assessment data to identify residents who are at high risk of receiving inappropriate medications. DESIGN: Retrospective, cross-sectional study. PATIENTS: All persons residing in all 252 nursing homes in two states during the last 6 months of 1991 (N = 21,884). MEASUREMENTS: Data were from Minimum Data Set Plus (MDS+) assessments, gathered as part of the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) Multistate Nursing Home Casemix and Quality Demonstration Project. The MDS+ is an expanded version of the federally mandated Minimum Data Set (MDS) that includes additional information on medications and their doses and schedules (frequency, standing vs prn). The reliability of the MDS has been demonstrated previously. Medications were defined as inappropriate using explicit criteria from published literature. Outcome measures were the standing use of each or any of 10 presumptively inappropriate medications used to treat medical (rather than psychiatric or behavioral) conditions. Potential predictors of inappropriate medication use included patient demographic characteristics, payer, a proxy measure for length of stay and admission source, functional status, number of standing medications, and state. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 12% of residents were prescribed one or more of 10 presumptively inappropriate medications on a standing basis, a figure that differed substantially between states (14.0% vs 7.4% (P 65 years, never having been married, severe functional limitations, being a long-stay patient, and medical diagnosis) did not substantially improve the overall predictive ability of the model. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of nursing home residents receives presumptively inappropriate medications to treat medical conditions. Selecting persons prescribed large numbers of medications for further review may be the most efficient method for nursing home or pharmacy personnel to identify residents at high risk of receiving inappropriate medications. Extensive additional information on residents' characteristics, although widely available through the Minimum Data Set, does not significantly improve the ability to identify residents receiving inappropriate medications for medical conditions. State-specific policies or provider practices also influence the likelihood of presumptively inappropriate medication use among nursing home residents and deserve further investigation.
Ultraviolet Radiative Feedback on High-Redshift Protogalaxies

We use three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations to investigate the effects of a transient photoionizing UV flux on the collapse and cooling of pregalactic clouds. These clouds have masses in the range 105-107 M?, form at high redshifts (z 18), and are assumed to lie within the short-lived cosmological H II regions around the first generation of stars. In addition, we study the combined effects of this transient UV flux and a persistent Lyman-Werner (LW) background (at photon energies below 13.6 eV) from distant sources. In the absence of a LW background, we find that a critical specific intensity of JUV ~ 0.1 ? 10-21 ergs s-1 cm-2 Hz-1 sr-1 demarcates a transition from net negative to positive feedback for the halo population. A weaker UV flux stimulates subsequent star formation inside the fossil H II regions, by enhancing the H2 molecule abundance. A stronger UV flux significantly delays star formation by reducing the gas density, and increasing the cooling time, at the centers of collapsing halos. At a fixed JUV, the sign of the feedback also depends strongly on the density of the gas at the time of UV illumination. Regardless of whether the feedback is positive or negative, we find that once the UV flux is turned off, its impact starts to diminish after ~30% of the Hubble time. In the more realistic case when a LW background is present, with JLW 0.01 ? 10-21 ergs s-1 cm-2 Hz-1 sr-1, strong suppression persists down to the lowest redshift (z = 18) in our simulations. Finally, we find evidence that heating and photoevaporation by the transient UV flux render the ~106 M? halos inside fossil H II regions more vulnerable to subsequent H2 photodissociation by a LW background.
Energy dependence of the isotopic composition in nuclear multifragmentation

Isotopic composition of the fragments emitted during the multifragmentation of ${}^{58}\mathrm{Ni}{+}^{58}\mathrm{Ni},$ ${}^{58}\mathrm{Fe}{+}^{58}\mathrm{Ni},$ ${}^{58}\mathrm{Ni}{+}^{58}\mathrm{Fe},$ and ${}^{58}\mathrm{Fe}{+}^{58}\mathrm{Fe}$ was studied at beam energies of 30, 40, and 47 MeV/nucleon. Within the context of a grand-canonical approach, relative free neutron and proton densities, extracted from the measured isotope and isotone yield ratios, suggest that the neutron content of the vapor phase increases with the isospin $(N/Z)$ of the initial colliding nuclei and decreases with the beam energy.
Promoting FOS to an enhanced position

How do enhancers facilitate transcription of plasticity-related genes in response to synaptic stimulation? A study implicates a specific histone modification and suggests that FOS regulates enhancer function.
Maximum likelihood estimators of population parameters from multiply censored samples

Left-censored data often arise in environmental contexts with one or more detection limits (DLs). Estimators of the parameters are derived for left-censored data having multiple detection limits: DL1, DL2,…, DLk (k ≥ 3) assuming an underlying normal distribution. New method for calculating the maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) is given and examined for these cases. This method also applies to lognormally distributed environmental data with multiple distinct DLs. The performance of the new estimators is compared utilizing many simulated datasets. Examples are given illustrating the use of this method utilizing a computer program whose code is given in the Appendix section. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential effects of the next 100 billion hamburgers sold by McDonald's.

Background McDonald's has sold >100 billion beef-based hamburgers worldwide with a potentially considerable health impact. This paper explores whether there would be any advantages if the next 100 billion burgers were instead plant-based burgers. Methods Nutrient composition of the beef hamburger patty and the McVeggie burger patty were obtained from the McDonald's website; sales data were obtained from the McDonald's customer service. Results Consuming 100 billion McDonald's beef burgers versus the same company's McVeggie burgers would provide, approximately, on average, an additional 550 million pounds of saturated fat and 1.2 billion total pounds of fat, as well as 1 billion fewer pounds of fiber, 660 million fewer pounds of protein, and no difference in calories. Conclusions These data suggest that the McDonald's new McVeggie burger represents a less harmful fast-food choice than the beef burger.
Separation, identification and quantitation of nitroglycerin and its metabolic or hydrolysis products

Abstract The characteristics of high-performance liquid chromatographic and gas chromatographic-electron capture assay systems are described for the separation of nitroglycerin from its metabolic and hydrolysis products: 1,2-dinitroglycerin, 1,3-dinitroglycerin, 1-mononitroglycerin and 2-mononitroglycerin. The methods quantitate the amount of parent compound and its major metabolites and were used to measure the rate of acid hydrolysis of nitroglycerin and its dinitro compounds. Assignment of the several peaks in the chromatograms is unequivocal as shown through the use of synthesized metabolites and hydrolysis studies.
Schumpeter's Theory of Economic Development and Social Change: Exposition and Assessment

This article gives a centenary appreciation of the contributions to economic thought of Joseph A. Schumpeter, with special focus on his work, The Theory of Economic Development (TED). It proceeds, first, by providing an overview of Schumpeter's life and works; secondly, by giving an interpretative exposition of the main themes of TED, and, thirdly, Schumpeter's broader “economic sociology” in terms of the place of these ideas in the history of economic thought; fourthly, by examining the reception to TED and the impact of it and Schumpeter's dynamic methodology on the discipline.
Collaborate, Not Only as a Developer, but also as a PLAYER

More and more players are participating in creating game content. The tools for player generation of game level content have increasingly rich functionality and capabilities, often rivaling developer tools. However, unlike the dedicated agile sprints of developers, players often have long iterations for the build-test cycle and rarely hear feedback from other players. All of these factors make it frustrating for players to finish and polish their creations. This paper introduces a new way for players to generate game level content by collaborating with another player as the level tester in real-time, thereby integrating the build-test cycle directly into a new type of gameplay.
Temperature responses in rats after acute and chronic administrations of caffeine.

Acute administrations (IP) of caffeine produced dose-dependent changes in the body temperature of rats. Low doses (12.5 and 25 mg/kg) induced hyperthermia soon after drug administration, while high doses (50 and 100 mg/kg) produced maximal hypothermia approximately 2 hr later. The acute effects of caffeine were also dependent on ambient temperature. The hyperthermic and hypothermic responses were attenuated and blocked, respectively, in rats maintained at 32°C. At 4°C, the hypothermic response was exacerbated, and the hyperthermic response was absent. Tolerance rapidly developed to the hypothermic actions of caffeine when rats were administered the drug over 28 days. Following the emergence of tolerance, hyperthermia was observed in rats given 50 mg/kg of caffeine. The hyperthermic responses to the low doses of caffeine were not altered by the frequency of drug administration. Both the acute and chronic effects of caffeine on thermoregulation are not unlike those found for morphine. Possible mechanisms of action underlying the thermoregulatory effects of caffeine are discussed.
Combining lake and watershed characteristics with Landsat TM data for remote estimation of regional lake clarity

Abstract Water clarity is a reliable indicator of lake productivity and an ideal metric of regional water quality. Clarity is an indicator of other water quality variables including chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus and trophic status; however, unlike these metrics, clarity can be accurately and efficiently estimated remotely on a regional scale. Remote sensing is useful in regions containing a large number of lakes that are cost prohibitive to monitor regularly using traditional field methods. Field-assessed lakes generally are easily accessible and may represent a spatially irregular, non-random sample of a region. We developed a remote monitoring program for Maine lakes > 8 ha (1511 lakes) to supplement existing field monitoring programs. We combined Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) brightness values for TM bands 1 (blue) and 3 (red) to estimate water clarity (secchi disk depth) during 1990–2010. Although similar procedures have been applied to Minnesota and Wisconsin lakes, neither state incorporates physical lake variables or watershed characteristics that potentially affect clarity into their models. Average lake depth consistently improved model fitness, and the proportion of wetland area in lake watersheds also explained variability in clarity in some cases. Nine regression models predicted water clarity (R 2 = 0.69–0.90) during 1990–2010, with separate models for eastern (TM path 11; four models) and western Maine (TM path 12; five models that captured differences in topography and landscape disturbance. Average absolute difference between model-estimated and observed secchi depth ranged 0.65–1.03 m. Eutrophic and mesotrophic lakes consistently were estimated more accurately than oligotrophic lakes. Our results show that TM bands 1 and 3 can be used to estimate regional lake water clarity outside the Great Lakes Region and that the accuracy of estimates is improved with additional model variables that reflect physical lake characteristics and watershed conditions.
Synthesis of 6-[18F] and 4-[18F]fluoro-l-m-tyrosines via regioselective radiofluorodestannylation

The regioselective radiofluorodestannylation of 6-trimethylstannyl-L-m-tyrosine derivative 6 with [18F]F2 and [18F]acetyl hypofluorite afforded, after acid hydrolysis, 6-[18F]fluoro-L-m-tyrosine (8a) in radiochemical yields of 23 and 17%, respectively. Similarly, 4-[18F]fluoro-L-m-tyrosine (13a) was synthesized in 11% radiochemical yield from the corresponding 4-trimethylstannyl-L-m-tyrosine derivative 11 using [18F]F2. The structural analyses of precursors (6,11), intermediates, and the final products (after 18F decay), were carried out by 1H, 13C, 19F, 119Sn-NMR and high resolution mass spectroscopy.
SUICIDE ATTEMPTS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE DURING A PERIOD OF 6 MONTHS

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is a period of rapid personal development in which health risk behaviors that contribute to the leading causes of social problems, morbidity, and mortality among youth and adults are often established. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the health risk behaviors of Anatolian university students. METHODS: Differences according to gender and socioeconomic status in risk behaviors regarding use of tobacco, alcohol, and illegal substances; sexual activity; and physical activity were analyzed. Students from Kirikkale University (1060) were enrolled. The students9 privacy was protected by allowing for anonymous and voluntary participation. RESULTS: Mean age of the 684 male (64.5%) and 376 female (35.5%) students was 20.3 years (minimum: 17; maximum: 30 years). of all the students, 876 (82.9%) had some kind of information about sexuality; however, this number dropped to 546 students (51.5%) within the context of adequacy. Also, 25.3% of all the students had had some kind of sexual intercourse, and only 53.9% used protection during intercourse. Tobacco usage was 35.1% among those in the group, and 8.7% of the male and 3.6% of the female students were using illegal substances. Thirty percent of all the students reported having weight problems. The majority of students had witnessed violence (eg, 32.7% from parents, 77.2% from their friends, and 76.2% at school). CONCLUSIONS: Risk-taking behaviors are considerably common among Turkish university students, and family characteristics have significant effects.
Differential metabolism of organic nitrates by aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 and 2: substrate selectivity, enzyme inactivation, and active cysteine sites.

Organic nitrate vasodilators (ORN) exert their pharmacologic effects through the metabolic release of nitric oxide (NO). Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is the principal enzyme responsible for NO liberation from nitroglycerin (NTG), but lacks activity towards other ORN. Cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1a1) can produce NO from NTG, but its activity towards other ORN is unknown. Using purified enzymes, we showed that both isoforms could liberate NO from NTG, isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), and nicrorandil, while only ALDH1a1 metabolized isosorbide-2-mononitrate and isosorbide-5-mononitrate (IS-5-MN). Following a 10-min incubation with purified enzyme, 0.1 mM NTG and 1 mM ISDN potently inactivated ALDH1a1 (to 21.9% ± 11.1% and 0.44% ± 1.04% of control activity, respectively) and ALDH2 (no activity remaining and 4.57% ± 7.92% of control activity, respectively), while 1 mM IS-5-MN exerted only modest inactivation of ALDH1a1 (reduced to 89% ± 4.3% of control). Cytosolic ALDH in hepatic homogenates incubated at the vascular EC50 concentrations of ORN was inactivated by NTG (to 45.1% ± 8.1% of control activity) while mitochondrial ALDH was inactivated by NTG and nicorandil (to 68.2% ± 10.0% and 78.7% ± 19.8% of control, respectively). Via site-directed mutagenesis, the active sites of ORN metabolism of ALDH2 (Cys-319) and ALDH1a1 (Cys-303) were found to be identical to those responsible for their dehydrogenase activity. Cysteine-302 of ALDH1a1 and glutamate-504 of ALDH2 were found to modulate the rate of ORN metabolism. These studies provide further characterization of the substrate selectivity, inactivation, and active sites of ALDH2 and ALDH1a1 toward ORN.
Germination of Solanum pollen on artificial media

A solution of 20% sucrose plus 50 ppm boric acid was found to be a suitable medium for germinatingSolanum pollen in vitro. Pollen from 50Solanum species was tested on the artificial medium. In 41 species the per cent of germination and the extent of pollen tube growth were positively enhanced by the presence of boron. Th nine other species exhibited a lesser sensitivity to boron. A condition of low relative humidity around the germinating medium could apparently change the concentration of the solution and thus the percentage of germination. Therefore, the best in vitro germination was obtained under conditions of 100% relative humidity. A population effect was observed when attempting to germinate a small amount of pollen, i.e., for a given amount of medium a minimum number of pollen grains were necessary to enable the pollen to germinate. This effect could be considerably reduced by adding a water soluble extract of pollen to the medium.
X-Ray and Ultraviolet Orbital Phase Dependence in LMC X-3

The black hole binary LMC X-3 is known to be variable on timescales of days to years. We investigate X-ray and ultraviolet variability in the system as a function of the 1.7 day binary phase using a 6.4 day observation with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) from 1998 December. An abrupt 14% flux decrease, lasting nearly an entire orbit, is followed by a return to previous flux levels. This behavior occurs twice, at nearly the same binary phase, but it is not present in consecutive orbits. When the X-ray flux is at lower intensity, a periodic amplitude modulation of 7% is evident in data folded modulo the orbital period. The higher intensity data show weaker correlation with phase. This is the first report of X-ray variability at the orbital period of LMC X-3. Archival RXTE observations of LMC X-3 during a high-flux state in 1996 December show similar phase dependence. An ultraviolet light curve obtained with the High-Speed Photometer on board the Hubble Space Telescope shows orbital modulation consistent with that in the optical, caused by the ellipsoidal variation of the spatially deformed companion. The X-ray spectrum of LMC X-3 can be acceptably represented by a phenomenological disk blackbody plus a power law. Changes in the spectrum of LMC X-3 during our observations are compatible with earlier observations during which variations in the 2-10 keV flux are tracked closely by the disk geometry spectral model parameter.
`Targeting of Renal Proximal Tubule Na,K-ATPase by Salt-Inducible Kinase

Abstract The renal proximal tubule (RPT) is a central locale for Na+ reabsorption, and blood pressure regulation. Na+ reabsorption in the RPT depends upon the Na,K-ATPase, which is controlled by a complex regulatory network, including Salt-Inducible Protein Kinase (SIK). SIKs are recently discovered members of the AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) family, which regulate salt homeostasis and metabolism in a number of tissues. In the RPT, SIK interacts with the Na,K-ATPase in the basolateral membrane (BM), regulating both the activity and level of Na,K-ATPase in the BM. Thus, Na,K-ATPase activity can be rapidly adjusted in response to changes in Na+ balance. Long-term changes in Na+ intake affect the state of SIK phosphorylation, and as a consequence the phosphorylation of TORCs, Transducers of Regulated CREB (cAMP Regulatory Element Binding Protein). Once phosphorylated, TORCs enter the nucleus, and activate transcription of the ATP1B1 gene encoding for the Na,K-ATPase β subunit.
Attenuation of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) neurotoxicity by deprenyl in organotypic canine substantia nigra cultures.

Systemic administration of MPTP to experimental animals induces neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system. MPTP crosses the blood-brain barrier where it is taken up by astrocytes and converted to MPP+ by monamine oxidase-B (MAO-B). Subsequently, MPP+ is selectively taken up by dopaminergic neurons upon which it exerts intracellular neurotoxic effects. Systemic administration of the selective MAO-B inhibitor deprenyl prevents the conversion of MPTP to MPP+ and by this mechanism is able to protect against MPTP neurotoxicity. Deprenyl has also been reported to exert neuroprotective effects that are independent of its MAO-B inhibitory properties, but since MPP+ itself does not cross the blood-brain barrier it is difficult to directly study the MAO-B independentin vivo effects of MPP+ itself. One approach is to use organotypic tissue cultures of the canine substantia nigra (CSN) which permit administration of precise concentrations of pharmacological agents directly to mature, well-developed and metabolically active dopaminergic neurons. These neurons as well as other components of the cultures exhibit morphological and biochemical characteristics identical to theirin vivo counterparts. This study was undertaken to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of deprenyl in MPP+-treated cultures by measuring changes in the levels of HVA as an indicator of dopamine release and metabolism by dopaminergic neurons and to correlate this indication of dopaminergic function with morphological evidence of survival or loss of dopaminergic neurons in mature CSN cultures. Mature CSN cultures, at 44 days in vitro (DIV), were exposed to either MPP+ alone, deprenyl alone or simultaneously to both deprenyl and MPP+ or to MPP+ following 4 day pretreatment with deprenyl. Exposure to MPP+ alone caused significant reduction in HVA levels, evidence of widespread injury and ultimate disappearance of large neurons in the cultures. These effects were attenuated by simultaneous exposure to MPP+ and deprenyl and the destructive effects of MPP+ appeared to be prevented by pretreatment with deprenyl. Thus the neuroprotective effects of deprenyl on MPP+-induced reduction of HVA levels in living cultures appears similar to the effects of deprenyl on dopamine levels and tyrosine hydroxylase activity reported by others in cultures previously exposed to deprenyl and MPP+. These studies also confirm that the neuroprotective effects of deprenyl against MPP+ in dopaminergic neurons are, at least in part, independent of deprenyl's inhibition of MAO-B.
Activation Enthalpies and Entropies for the Microscopic Rate Constants of Acetate-Catalyzed Isomerization of 5-Androstene-3,17-dione

Both acetic acid and acetate catalyze the isomerization of 5-androstene-3,17-dione (1) to its conjugated isomer, 4-androstene-3,17-dione (3), through a dienol(ate) intermediate. The temperature dependence of the overall isomerization rate constants and of the microscopic rate constants for this isomerization was determined, and the Arrhenius plots give the activation enthalpy and entropy for each step. The source of the activation energy for the overall isomerization and for each of the individual steps is predominantly enthalpic, with a moderate to low entropic penalty. Additionally, the entropy and enthalpy for the keto−enol equilibrium of 1 and dienol were determined; this equilibrium is entirely controlled by enthalpy with no entropic contribution. The relevance of these results to the mechanism of the isomerization of 1 catalyzed by the enzyme 3-oxo-Δ5-steroid isomerase is discussed.
High-level bacterial expression of mitochondrial transport proteins

The inability to obtain abundant quantities of purified, functional membrane proteins has represented a significant impediment to the goal of obtaining high-resolution structural information. In this review, procedures are described which have been developed in this laboratory and enable the high-level bacterial expression and subsequent purification of functional mitochondrial citrate transport proteins from yeast and rat liver. The data that we have obtained using these procedures and related results from other laboratories are discussed. Additionally, the general applicability of this approach to most mitochondrial transport proteins as well as to other types of membrane proteins is considered. Finally, relevant considerations when contemplating the use of this methodology and the likely value of this approach in future areas of research are explored.
The Home Environments of Christian College Freshmen: Behind Closed Doors.

This study provides a descriptive snapshot of high school students’ home lives from their perspective as first-year college students as they attended a Bible college or Christian liberal arts college. The sample of over 2,300 surveys was collected annually for 14 years through selected freshmen courses, and the data reports on the frequencies of particular practices found in the home environment, such as illegal drugs, tobacco products, the frequency of attending religious services, and family prayers. A data comparison is made from other research, particularly the Chronicle of Higher Education (CHE) and the National Study of Youth and Religions (NSYR). Implications for church workers and faculty at Bible colleges, Christian liberal arts colleges, and seminaries are also discussed.