cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deterministic Design Optimization of a Bendable Load Stiffened UAV Wing

A bendable UAV wing, developed at the University of Florida, shows the ability to load stiffen in positive flight load direction, while remaining compliant in the opposite direction. Such a wing enables UAV storage inside smaller packing volumes. The present paper utilizes a multidisciplinary approach for conceptual design of a bendable load stiffened UAV wing having 24 inch span and 7 inch root chord via a multi-objective optimization problem. The wing shape definition parameters and the layup scheme used to manufacture the wing are treated as design variables. Two types of wing geometry definitions are discovered: constant camber and variable camber wing design. Aerodynamic performance of the wing is studied using extended vortex lattice method (Athena Vortex Lattice, AVL) software. An arc length method based nonlinear FEA routine in ABAQUS is used to evaluate the structural performance of the wing and to determine the maximum flying velocity that the wing can withstand without buckling or failing under flight loads. An analytical approach is used to monitor the stresses developed in the composite wing during storage and the Tsai-Wu criterion is used to check failure of the wing due to the rolling stresses to determine minimum storage diameter. Wing shape optimization is performed using an elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. Experimental long term storage creep testing showed wing twist angle being the dominant factor in wing creep deformation. Optimization studies are performed by fixing the twist angle to zero. Compact storage volume requirements constrain the UAV horizontal stabilizer dimensions and an appropriate pitching moment constraint is added in the problem definition. Variable camber wing geometry definition leads to improved wing designs over constant camber wing geometry definition. The design points on the Pareto optimal fronts thus achieved give improved performance over a baseline wing design.
Giemsa-11 staining of chromosome 1: a newly described heteromorphism

Sequential Giemsa-11 and C-band staining of the heterochromatic region of chromosome 1 from 30 unrelated individuals revealed a high degree of variability within this region, more than was identifiable with either stain alone. The Giemsa-11 stained material usually appeared as a single band of only slightly varying size within the heterochromatic region. The position of this band ranged from a location immediately adjacent to the centromere, to one farther along the long arm or at the junction of the C-band heterochromatin and euchromatin. Two individuals had a chromosome 1 with no detectable Giemsa-11 band but an average-size C-band. Two others with a large heterochromatic segment by C-banding had two Giemsa-11 positive bands. Additional studies of five members of one family were consistent with transmission of these hetermorphisms in codominant Mendelian fashion.
The proton pumping activity of H+-ATPases: An improved fluorescence assay

Abstract A new method for the estimation of steady-state ΔpH, and the rate of acidification, by H+-ATPases (and other proton transporters) in inverted membrane vesicles is described. The method is based on a combination of two widely used fluorescent ΔpH probes, 9-aminoacridine and 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine. It is demonstrated that 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine fluorescence quenching, which is very sensitive to small pH gradients, is not sensitive to the magnitude of large pH gradient, while 9-aminoacridine, which does not sense small gradients, is very sensitive to large pH gradients. A proper mixture of the two probes provides a method which is equally sensitive to pH gradients from very small values up to 3.5 pH units. The probe response was evaluated by titrations of the fluorescence signal with nigericin and adjusted by changing the concentration ratio and the emission wavelength. In liposomes, submitochondrial particles and bacterial vesicles an almost linear dependence of quenching on ΔpH over the entire range can be obtained with this method. It is demonstrated that the new method can be used to obtain more reliable estimates of the rate of acidification as well as the magnitude of ΔpH, whereas each of these and similar probes, by themselves are not as reliable. A determination of the ratio ΔG p Δμ H over a wide range of values reveal that this ratio is not constant but decreases with ΔGp. This finding should be taken into consideration when attempting to estimate the H + ATP ratio form the measurement of ΔG p Δμ H .
Influence of Matrix Properties on Fragmentation Test

Abstract Physical aging was used to vary the mechanical properties of model single fiber composites without changing the chemistry at the interface in order to study how property changes affect the measurement of interfacial adhesion by the fragmentation test. The properties of epoxy matrix/AS4 single fiber composites driven to full cure (Tg = 166°C) are altered by annealing below Tg . Neat resin samples with identical thermal histories are tested. All aged panels show roughly the same embrittlement with aging characterized by an average 30% decrease in tensile failure strain and 7.3% increase in compressive yield relative to quenched samples. Fragmentation results indicated no change between aged and quenched samples. Results are discussed in terms of micromechanics models for the fragmentation test. Strain at fragmentation increased with aging. This was related to the residual stress state in the model composite and the possibility of the zero stress state of the single fiber composites increasing with ...
A Practical Guide to the Treatment of Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Complicated skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) remain a common reason for hospitalisation. Optimal management of complicated SSTIs begins with a physical examination, and obtaining the complete social and medical history of the patient. Empirical intravenous antibacterial therapy is guided by expected pathogens, patient factors and diagnostic procedure reports, such as the Gram-stained smear of discharge or exudates. The majority of community-acquired SSTIs are caused by Staphylococcus aureus and beta-haemolytic streptococci. On the basis of recent surveillance data, 80-90% of these pathogens remain susceptible to cefazolin or oxacillin. Consequently, a first generation cephalosporin or an antistaphylococcal penicillin remains the first line empirical therapy for community-acquired skin and soft tissue infections. Vancomycin may be an appropriate alternative when vancomycin-resistant S. aureus is highly suspected on the basis of patient history and co-morbid conditions. With the global emergence and spread of macrolide-resistant S. aureus and beta-haemolytic streptococci, clindamycin rather than a macrolide is the recommended agent for empirical antibacterial therapy of community-acquired SSTIs in penicillin-allergic patients. Nosocomial complicated SSTIs are predominantly caused by S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. Piperacillin/tazobactam with or without vancomycin is the preferred agent for empirical treatment depending on local resistance statistics. The newer fluoroquinolones may have a role in the treatment of complicated SSTIs, especially in penicillin-allergic patients. More clinical studies are needed before a formal recommendation can be made. Many of the newer antimicrobial agents such as the carbapenems, oxazolidinones and streptogramins have been shown to be effective for the treatment of complicated SSTIs. However, because of their proven activity against highly resistant organisms including methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (oxazolidinones and streptogramins), and Gram-negative bacilli producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (carbapenems), these antibacterials should be reserved for life-threatening situations and/or when resistant pathogens are suspected. Complicated skin and soft tissue infections are often associated with exudates, ulcerations, fluid collections or abscesses. Adequate debridement of devitalized tissues and drainage of abscesses and fluid collections in addition to systemic antibacterial therapy is an integral part of appropriate management.
Stabilization of high-valent metals by corroles: oxo[tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrolato]chromium(V).

The aerobic reaction of Cr(CO)6 with tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (H3(TpFPC)) in toluene gives the dark red oxochromium(V) compound (TpFPC)Cr(O), which has been characterized by X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, and EPR spectroscopy. Short Cr−N (1.927−1.943 A) bonds as well as relatively large 14N and small 53Cr coupling constants suggest that σ(N → Cr) donation is responsible for the unusual stability of chromium(V) in this complex. The CrV/IV reduction potential (0.11 V vs Ag/AgCl) is 0.65 V below that of oxo(tetramesitylporphinato)chromium(V).
The 5'-terminal sequences of the genomic RNAs of several alphaviruses.

The 5'-terminal sequences of the genomic RNAs of several alphaviruses have been determined. The nucleotide sequences at the extreme 5' termini are not highly conserved among the alphaviruses, but a similar stem and loop structure, which begins at the 5' end and utilizes about the first 40 nucleotides, can be formed in each case. Downstream from this structure, beginning about 150 nucleotides from the 5' end, a conserved sequence of 51 nucleotides is found which can form two stable hairpin structures. Examination of the 5'-terminal and 3'-terminal sequences suggests that part of this conserved nucleotide sequence may be involved in cyclization of the RNA. A model is proposed for the function of the 5'-terminal sequences in RNA replication. In addition, sequence homologies among these RNAs strongly support the hypothesis that an AUG codon, which occurs at 60 to 80 nucleotides from the 5' end, depending on the virus, and which may or may not be the first AUG codon, is used for initiation of translation of the non-structural proteins and allows a comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences in the NH_2-terminal regions.
Effects of high frequency electric fields on mammalian chromosomes in vitro

The effect of an alternating electric field in the frequency range 2 to 50 MHz on human and Chinese hamster chromosomes in liquid suspension was studied. Three distinct types of behavior were observed. Above certain threshold field strengths the chromosomes orient themselves with their long axes along the field direction. The dependence of this threshold on frequency was measured and was found to be much larger at low than at high frequencies. At higher field strengths the chromosomes move together and form end-to-end chains along the field direction. When the field is intense and spacially inhomogeneous, translational motion of the chromosomes occurs. There was no marked difference between the response of the human and hamster chromosomes.
Diruthenium(II,III) bis(tetramethyl-1,3-benzenedipropionate) as a novel catalyst for tert-butyl hydroperoxide oxygenation.

The reaction of Ru2(OAc)4Cl with 2.2 equiv of H2esp (esp = α,α,α′,α′-tetramethyl-1,3-benzenedipropionate) resulted in a new compound, Ru2(esp)2Cl (1), that is soluble in organic media. 1 is an active catalyst for the oxygenation of organic sulfides by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in both an acetonitrile solution or neat (solvent-free) conditions. Solvent-free reactions display the quantitative utility of TBHP and hence excellent chemical selectivity for sulfoxide formation.
Research on Information Extraction in Pipe-Routing Layout Space for Complex Products

The extraction of information in the layout space is a basis and key to realize automatic pipe-routing layout for complex products such as aero-engines. This paper proposes the filling-surrounding spatial information extraction method. The layout space was first divided into several regions according to the location of accessories, which resulted in the parallel extraction of information in the layout space. Then by means of the filling idea, accessories in each region were filled one by one. After accessories’ rough containing boxes were determined, each accessory and free space was represented with discrete points by using grids to divide the rough containing box. Finally, the outside-in surrounding scanning was used for the rough containing box to identify the state of spatial points. In addition, the flow of information extraction and the storage mode of the extracted information were given. The case study illustrates its feasibility and effectiveness.
Exchange rate expectations and monetary policy

Abstract The adjustment process to a monetary disturbance is studied in a model of perfect capital mobility and flexible exchange rates. Exchange rate expectations are emphasized and used to establish an adjustment process. In the short run, a monetary expansion gives rise to a depreciation in the exchange rate and a reduction in saving due to the terms of trade deterioration. The exchange rate depreciation, in the short run, may be in excess of the long-run depreciation. The trade balance in the short run may worsen. The long-run equilibrium of the analysis conforms to the Mundell-Fleming results that establish the force of monetary policy under flexible rates.
The North Atlantic Spring Phytoplankton Bloom and Sverdrup's Critical Depth Hypothesis

More than 50 years ago, Harald Sverdrup developed a simple model for the necessary conditions leading to the spring bloom of phytoplankton. Although this model has been used extensively across a variety of aquatic ecosystems, its application requires knowledge of community compensation irradiance (IC), the light level where photosynthetic and ecosystem community loss processes balance. However, reported IC values have varied by an order of magnitude. Here, IC estimates are determined using satellite and hydrographic data sets consistent with the assumptions in Sverdrup9s 1953 critical depth hypothesis. Retrieved values of IC are approximately uniform throughout much of the North Atlantic with a mean value of 1.3 mol photons meter−2 day−1. These community-basedIC determinations are roughly twice typical values found for phytoplankton alone indicating that phytoplankton account for approximately one-half of community ecosystem losses. This work also suggests that important aspects of heterotrophic community dynamics can be assessed using satellite observations.
Review of Silliman, Lost Laborers in Colonial California: Native Americans and the Archaeology of Rancho Petaluma

Lost Laborers in Colonial California: Native Americans and the Archaeology of Rancho Petaluma Stephen W. Silliman. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2004; 253 pages, 4 maps, 24 figures, 12 tables, $39.95 (cloth). Copyright Information: All rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. Contact the author or original publisher for any necessary permissions. eScholarship is not the copyright owner for deposited works. Learn more at http://www.escholarship.org/help_copyright.html#reuse Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 135-136 (2005). Lost Laborers in Colonial California: Native Americans and the Archaeology ofRancho
The Role of the Macrophage in Microvascular Regeneration Following Brain Injury

Although macrophages are the earliest cells found in association with vessels in an area of cerebral injury, the role of this cell in the subsequent regeneration of the microvasculature is unknown. DNA synthesis in cerebral endothelial cells at the margin of injury of mouse brain was assayed by quantitation of the labeling indices from 3H-thymidine autoradiographs of normal animals and animals with X-ray-induced leukopenia. A mean endothelial cell labeling index of 10% in the irradiated animals was significantly lower than control animals (26.7%) (p less than 0.01). In vitro tissue culture studies utilizing peritoneal macrophages and cerebral endothelium were then used to isolate the endothelial response to macrophages and their products. Macrophage-conditioned media did not stimulate cerebral endothelial proliferation when evaluated by a growth factor assay, although this macrophage-conditioned media did stimulate DNA synthesis in fibroblasts and bovine aortic endothelium. A migration study of the cerebral endothelial cells utilizing an agarose technique showed enhanced random migration in the presence of macrophage-conditioned media compared to controls (p less than 0.01). The results indicate that macrophages do not directly stimulate proliferation of cerebral endothelial cells, but influence their migration. A loss of contact inhibition and subsequent DNA synthesis and replication may follow.
A developmental study on the capacity of rabbit granulosa cells to respond to trophic hormones and secrete progesterone in vitro

To determine when undifferentiated rabbit granulosa cells first develop the capacity to secrete progesterone, pieces of intact ovaries from neonatal rabbits (newborn—30 days old) and pure granulosa cells from 150–1200 μm follicles at 60–600 days old were cultured in vitro for 6–10 days with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), Pergonal (LHFSH), dibutyryl cyslic AMP (Bu2CAMP), prostaglandin E2, estradiol-17β, and as controls. The culture medium was collected every 2 days, and progesterone, estrone, and estradiol-17β were measured by radioimmunoassay. None of the neonatal ovaries or granulosa cell cultures secreted estrone or estradiol-17β spontaneously or in response to stimulation by gonadotropins, Bu2CAMP, or prostaglandin E2. Control cultures of newborn and 7-day-old ovaries did not secrete progesterone, but ovaries from 17- and 30-day-old rabbits did. Gonadotropins and Bu2CAMP induced progesterone secretion in 7-day-old ovaries and stimulated its production 5-10-fold in ovaries at 17 and 30 days old, but prostaglandin E2 and estradiol-17β were without effect. Granulosa cells from all antral follicles (200–1200 μm) secreted progesterone spontaneously, and its production was stimulated 100–1000-fold with gonadotropins and Bu2CAMP, but not with estradiol-17β or prostaglandin E2. In contrast, granulosa cells from 100–150 μm preantral follicles from 200-day-old animals did not secrete progesterone under these culture conditions. These results demonstrate that rabbit granulosa cells differentiate the capacity to secrete progesterone at the time the primary follicle develops an antrum, and suggest the differentiation process involves the acquisition of the capacity to respond to gonadotropins perhaps by the synthesis or unmasking of gonadotropin receptors.
Cylindrical domain formation in topologically complex structures

Abstract The morphological evolution of topologically complex structures is studied during isothermal coarsening. Three-dimensional reconstructions and interfacial shape distributions are used to analyze the topological changes that occur during coarsening. A prevalent feature of the microstructures for long coarsening times are cylinders or cylindrical-like interfacial shapes and not interfacial-energy-minimizing spherical shapes.
Some Observations on Grid Convergence

It is claimed that current practices in grid convergence studies, particularly in the field of external aerodynamics, are flawed. The necessary conditions to properly establish grid convergence are presented. A theoretical model and a numerical example are used to demonstrate these ideas. It is shown that anomalously low or high observed convergence rates can be exhibited by otherwise well-behaved algorithms because of improper use of grid refinement ratios in different directions.
A moving finite element method for magnetotelluric modeling

Abstract Finite element simulation of the electromagnetic fields in complex geological media is commonly used in interpreting field data. In this paper, recent, major improvements to finite element methodology are outlined. The implementation of a moving finite element technique, in which the mesh nodes are allowed to move adaptively to achieve an accurate solution, is described. Efficient matrix solutions based on incomplete factorization and matrix ordering are also discussed; these offer order of magnitude reductions in memory requirements and increases in execution speed. Finally, the advantages of adapting finite element codes to modern supercomputers are emphasized. These topics are illustrated by formulating a moving finite element forward model for the two-dimensional magnetotelluric problem. The result is validated by comparison with standard control models. While preliminary in nature, the result does indicate that substantial improvements to geophysical modeling can be achieved through the use of modern approaches.
Generalized bounded boundary turning functions

Abstract For a Jordan domain with smooth boundary, the boundary rotation θ is defined as the total variation of the direction angle of the tangent to the boundary curve under a complete circuit. The domain is said to have bounded turning or rotation if θ
The Use of Beep‐O‐Grams in the Assessment of Automatic Implantahle Cardioverter Defibrillator Sensing Function

Noninvasive assessment of sensing performance in the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator is limited by the absence of telemetry or memory functions. The adaptation of the electrophysiological test mode into a "beep-o-gram" recording, with simultaneous audible tones and a surface electrocardiogram, was used in the confirmation of sensing malfunction. Eleven of 13 recordings in patients with documented or clinically suspected inappropriate defibrillator discharges (group 1) demonstrated evidence of definite oversensing. Nonspecific oversensing or undersensing was present in 77% of 27 randomly selected asymptomatic patients without known sensing malfunction (group 2). The sensitivity and specificity for identifying definite oversensing was 85% and 60%, respectively. The beep-o-gram system is a reliable, noninvasive means of confirming sensing malfunction in the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Its specificity is limited by the detection of subclinical sensing aberrations, to some degree related to the device's automatic gain control sensing algorithm.
Pathogenicity of Isaria poprawskii (Ascomycota: Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) against the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), under laboratory conditions

Abstract The pathogenicity of the newly discovered entomopathogenic fungus species Isaria poprawskii , found during epizootics on Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, was tested against the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) Takiya, under laboratory conditions (27 ± 1 °C; 75 ± 5% RH; photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Exposures of nymphs and adults to 500, 1000, and 2000 conidia/mm 2 on cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, leaves resulted in insect mortality. Median lethal concentrations for second- (685 conidia/mm 2 ) and fourth-instar nymphs (771 conidia/mm 2 ) were similar to those for adults (855 conidia/mm 2 ). Virulence, as measured as mean time to death of the GWSS by survival analysis, was different between concentrations within each insect stage. For example, for the second-instar, I. poprawskii was more virulent at high concentrations (4.6 days) than medium (5.4 days) or low (5.5 days) concentrations. Mycosis in sharpshooters occurred at 3–4 days and continued for 8–10 days after spray. This fungus has the ability to immobilize and stop feeding on infected GWSS, which could potentially slow the spread of Pierce's disease. These results indicate that I. poprawskii is pathogenic to H. vitripennis nymphs and adults. Its pathogenicity and virulence against H. vitripennis show that this fungus is a promising biocontrol agent to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter.
Nonlinear roll-up of externally excited free shear layers

The effects of strong critical-layer nonlinearity on the spatially growing instabilities of a shear layer between two parallel streams are considered. A composite expansion technique is used to obtain a single formula that accounts for both shear-layer spreading and nonlinear critical-layer effects. Nonlinearity causes the instability to saturate well upstream of the linear neutral stability point. It also produces vorticity roll-up that cannot be predicted by linear theory.
On the numerical performance of three-dimensional thick shell elements using a hybrid/mixed formulation

Three-dimensional thick shell elements with 8, 16, and 18 nodes are formulated by using the hybrid/mixed method. In bending applications, these elements are free from locking effect and give improved stress predictions. Finite element equations are derived from the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle in which both the displacement and stress fields are approximated by independent interpolation functions. For the assumption of stress parameters, three guidelines are followed: (i) suppression of kinematic deformation modes, (ii) invariant element property, and (iii) the constraint index exhibited by the element, when applied to constrained-media problems, must be greater than or equal to one. Numerical results are presented to show the element's behavior characteristics regarding sensitivity to locking, distortion effect (patch tests), mesh convergence and the accuracy of stress evaluation.
Abstract 1919: Phosphatidylserine on dying tumor cells suppresses dendritic cell activation and inhibits tumor immunity: reversal with PS-targeting antibody

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC We recently showed that PS on the surface of apoptotic cancer cells can suppress recognition of tumor antigens by the immune system. It appears from work in several laboratories that dendritic cells (DC) that ingest PS-expressing tumor cells fail to mature in response to external maturation signals. In the present study, we investigated whether masking PS on apoptotic tumor cells with anti-PS antibody (2aG4) can reverse the inhibitory effect of PS on DC. Mouse bone marrow derived DC were cocultured with irradiated (PS-expressing) 4T1 breast tumor cells in the presence or absence of 2aG4. We found that: (i) masking tumor cell PS with 2aG4 increases their phagocytosis by DCs; (ii) masking tumor cell PS with 2aG4 allows DCs to mature and express immunostimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC II); (iii) masking PS with 2aG4 decreases the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGFβ and IL-10) and increases the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, CCL5, IL-1β and IL-6), indicating that PS-blockade polarizes DC towards the immunostimulatory type I phenotype; (iv) immunizing mice with 2aG4-treated irradiated 4T1 cells enhances the immunogenicity of the tumor cells, rendering them resistant to rechallenge with syngeneic viable 4T1 tumor cells. These results have important implications for our understanding of the immunosuppressive effects of PS in cancer and could lead to the development of a novel whole cell cancer vaccine strategy in which PS-blocking is used to enhance immunogenicity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1919.
A study of carboxylic and amino acid complexes of neodymium(III) by difference absorption spectroscopy

Abstract The interaction of neodymium(III) with acetate, alanine, histidine, benzoate, and anthranilate has been studied using changes in the visible absorption spectrum of neodymium(III) upon complexation. At pH's below 6 only the carboxyl group of alanine coordinates to the metal ion, whereas at pH's near 7 the α-amino group begins to coordinate. The carboxyl group alone of histidine coordinates below pH 4. Between pH 4 and 6.5 the imidazole group of histidine coordinates forming a bidentate complex, and above pH 6.5 the α-amino group also begins to coordinate forming a tridentate complex. From a comparison of benzoate and anthranilate complexes it is clear that the amino group of anthranilate does coordinate to form a bidentate complex at a pH very near the pKa of the amino group of anthranilate.
Modeling of heat and mass transfer in accelerator targets during postulated accidents

The modeling of thermal-chemical behavior of targets used in accelerator applications is an important part of safety analysis. Tungsten is considered as a target material to produce tritium in a linear proton accelerator. The prediction of the chemical reactivity of tungsten in a steam flow at high temperatures is the most important part of a safety analysis of target design. The oxidation and volatilization of tungsten in steam at high temperatures is a complex phenomenon that involves various mechanisms (depending on the temperature), steam pressure, and steam velocity. A simple diffusion model that considers chemical equilibrium at the reaction interface and effective diffusion thickness, including the boundary and oxide layers, is proposed for predicting the volatilization rate. The proposed simple model predicts the available data reasonably well. The proposed model is implemented into a computer program that is developed to predict the radiological releases during postulated loss-of-coolant accidents (LOCAs). The computer program models heat production, heat transfer, and oxidation reactions in the multiple radiation enclosures representing the accelerator target elements. It treats each element of the radiation enclosures as a lumped control volume, or heat structure. Each heat structure may generate or lose heat by conduction, convection, or radiation and is subject to mass loss as a result of oxidation, melting, and volatilization. Postulated beyond-design-basis LOCAs are simulated with this computer program for the accelerator-production-of-tritium target. Sample calculations demonstrate oxidation/volatilization model capabilities and sensitivity to the assumptions selected.
Anatomic variations of the carotid bifurcation affecting Doppler scan interpretation

An anatomic variant for the position of the external carotid artery (ECA) at the carotid bifurcation was noted in 5.3 percent of patients studied by Doppler ultrasound and contrast angiography. The ECA is lateral to and posterior to the internal carotid artery (ICA) in these patients. Consideration of this important variant is mandatory for accurate ultrasound image correlation.
Melatonin Rhythms Time Photoperiod-Induced Puberty in the Female Lamb

Photoperiod is an important environmental cue timing puberty in the domestic female sheep, a seasonal breeder. Because the effects of photoperiod on reproductive function in the adult sheep are mediated by the pineal melatonin rhythm, the present study determined whether the pineal through its secretion of melatonin is involved in the pubertal process. Neonatal denervation of the pineal by removal of the superior cervical ganglia (SGX) abolished the nocturnal melatonin rhythm and delayed the onset of reproductive cycles beyond 1 yr of age in female lambs reared under natural conditions. Puberty was also delayed in SGX lambs reared under an artificial photoperiod sequence of long days (experienced at 17–22 weeks of age) followed by short days. By comparison, intact lambs under this same photoperiod treatment began cycles at the normal age. Another group of SGX lambs was treated each night with melatonin; the infusion replicated the duration of the nighttime rise in serum melatonin occurring in intact lambs...
The Effect of an Educational Computer Game for the Achievement of Factual and Simple Conceptual Knowledge Acquisition

This paper presents findings of a quantitative investigation of how games affect achievement of an educational objective based on the foundations of information processing. The results suggest that games can be used to assist achievement of classroom content. The results of this experimental quantitative study pointed to the overwhelming evidence that games outperformed the control group (nongames) in the achievement of factual knowledge in a group of freshman education students at a medium-size university.
Where are we in understanding the effects of where we are

This paper briefly reviews research studies of interest to environmental ergonomists. It includes some recent work on the health effects of office lighting, especially the effects of daylighting, fluorescent lighting and full-spectrum lighting. It also covers studies of indoor air quality in offices, especially investigations of localized air filtration and the sick building syndrome. It argues the value of a systematic, ergonomics approach to designing the built environment.
Commentary to "Intermediate-long term follow-up indicates low risk of recurrence after double HIT endoscopic treatment for primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)".

The authors are to be commended for their ongoing commitment to reporting their extensive experience with endoscopic treatment of VUR using dextranomer-hyaluronic acid copolymer. They continue to set the standard for outcomes regarding endoscopic treatment. This most recent report demonstrates improved outcomes with a refinement in technique and the potential to obviate an invasive postoperative imaging study. If endoscopic treatment is utilized, the authors’ technique should be emulated and reported as well. The authors also report an interesting finding that there was a decrease in UTIs after endoscopic treatment. There remains a lack of consensus and even controversy regarding the diagnosis and management of VUR. Historically, recurrent pyelonephritis was considered an indication to treat VUR, but this has been called into question. The practice of prescribing daily antimicrobial prophylaxis has been extensively criticized. The authors and other investigators [1,2] have demonstrated a decrease in UTIs after endoscopic treatment of VUR. A natural, and reasonable, question is whether a minimally invasive, effective, short, outpatient procedure with minimal or no morbidity, such as endoscopic injection of a bulking agent, should be utilized to treat patients with VUR for the purpose of preventing new UTIs, including non-febrile infections. Undoubtedly,
Safety of Popular Herbal Supplements in Lactating Women.

The increasing popularity and use of dietary supplements has required health care professionals to become more knowledgeable of their properties, interactions, and adverse effects. The objectives of this review were to evaluate the safety of popular dietary supplements in breastfeeding mothers and the effects on the infants. Nine of the most popular herbal dietary supplements were identified based on the 2011 US market report of the top 10 selling botanicals and the most frequently received inquiries by the Ruth A. Lawrence Lactation Study Center at the University of Rochester Medical Center. Relevant publications were identified through June 2014 using PubMed and EMBASE; tertiary references, including the Drugs and Lactation Database and Natural Medicine Comprehensive Database, were also reviewed. These herbals include black cohosh, cranberry, echinacea, evening primrose, garlic, ginseng, melatonin, milk thistle, and St John’s wort. Studies varied greatly with regard to study design, herbal intervention,...
Remodeling of the skeletal muscle microcirculation increases resistance to perfusion in obese Zucker rats

Whereas previous studies have demonstrated that the development of syndrome X in obese Zucker rats (OZR) is associated with impaired arteriolar reactivity to vasoactive stimuli, additional results ...
Globally stable compliant motion control for robotic assembly

The robust compliant-motion approach yields a controller which causes the manipulator to exhibit a specified mechanical impedance in a small region, but does not ensure stability elsewhere. Design criteria are presented, consisting of three matrix equations to be satisfied by position, velocity, and sensor input gain matrices, which yield a globally stable controller meeting a target impedance specification near a specified operating point. Three methods of solving these equations are proposed, one of which is illustrated by an example. It is shown how the approach may be extended to redundant manipulators. >
Commentary: Research on employment dispute resolution: Toward a new paradigm

The dramatic growth in the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in employment relations over the past twenty-five years has sometimes been called a “quiet revolution.” Before the revolution, the use of techniques such as mediation and arbitration was largely confined to the unionized segment of the American workforce. Some nonunion employers had grievance procedures or other forms of dispute resolution processes, but these employers rarely, if ever, relied on impartial third parties to resolve employment disputes (Lewin, 1987a, 1987b; Foulkes, 1980; McCabe, 1988). It is probably not an exaggeration to state that the landscape of employment dispute resolution has been transformed by the development of ADR over the past quarter-century. Lisa Bingham’s article is a comprehensive survey of the growing body of research on employment dispute resolution conducted in recent years. We commend her for performing this important service for scholars and practitioners in our field. Undoubtedly, her review of the literature will be a starting point for scholars contemplating new research projects. One of the strengths of her article is her use of a structural framework to organize her review of the research. By focusing on structural elements, Bingham aptly directs our attention to most of the critical—and frequently controversial— issues that have captured the attention not only of researchers but also of practitioners in the field. Her own research on the repeat-player effect in arbitration, the use of transformative mediation in the U.S. Postal Service, and other topics is testimony to the important role that research can play in an evolving field (Bingham, 1997a, 1997b, 1998; Bingham, Kim, and Raines, 2002). Our argument in this article is greatly influenced by the work of Thomas Kuhn, who famously introduced the concept of a “paradigmatic shift” in his
A New Look at the Manuscripts of Xenophon's Hipparchicus

Over the last fifty years the world of the palaeographer has been revolutionized by the widespread use of photography. Today a scholar can study a microfilm of almost any codex in the western world in the comfort of his home and compare it with any number of other codices within a matter of minutes. It is no longer necessary to travel long distances, set aside large blocks of time, and spend substantial sums of money in the collation of manuscripts. This fact should encourage modern palaeographers to review the work of their predecessors who were denied these blessings to see if the work of the past lives up to today's standards.
LAWN: A Protocol for Remote Authentication overWireless Networks

Remote authentication over a long range wireless network using large signature keys such as biometric samples (fingerprint, retinal scans etc.) is soon going to become an integral feature of various kinds of transactions. In the domain of mobile and ad hoc networking, this become even more relevant due to the intrinsic dynamism in the applications. Because of the large size of the authentication keys, and continual need for authentication, considerable power and bandwidth are consumed by such a process. Authentication being only a background process supporting other transactions, should not take away too much of resources, especially bandwidth and power that are quite critical for small mobile devices. We present LAWN, a light-weight authentication protocol for wireless networks that trades computation for communication and can be tuned for any desired security guarantee. For an authentication token of length n, LAWN prepares a small sketch of length O(log n) (adding very low computational overhead), and transmits the sketch over the network. Under a reasonable energy consumption model, we show that this technique results in 70% to 80% saving in power for long-range wireless applications
Alteration of Travel Patterns With Vision Loss From Glaucoma and Macular Degeneration

Importance The distance patients can travel outside the home influences how much of the world they can sample and to what extent they can live independently. Recent technological advances have allowed travel outside the home to be directly measured in patients’ real-world routines. Objective To determine whether decreased visual acuity (VA) from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and visual field (VF) loss from glaucoma are associated with restricted travel patterns in older adults. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Patients were recruited from an eye clinic, while travel patterns were recorded during their real-world routines using a cellular tracking device. Participants Sixty-one control subjects with normal vision, 84 subjects with glaucoma with bilateral VF loss, and 65 subjects with AMD with bilateral or severe unilateral loss of VA had their location tracked every 15 minutes between 7amand 11pmfor 7 days using a tracking device. Main Outcomes and Measures Average daily excursion size (defined as maximum distance away from home) and average daily excursion span (defined as maximum span of travel) were defined for each individual. The effects of vision loss on travel patterns were evaluated after controlling for individual and geographic factors. Results In multivariable models comparing subjects with AMD and control subjects, average excursion size and span decreased by approximately one-quarter mile for each line of better-eye VA loss ( P ≤ .03 for both). Similar but not statistically significant associations were observed between average daily excursion size and span for severity of better-eye VF loss in subjects with glaucoma and control subjects. Being married or living with someone and younger age were associated with more distant travel, while less-distant travel was noted for older individuals, African Americans, and those living in more densely populated regions. Conclusions and Relevance Age-related macular degeneration–related loss of VA, but not glaucoma-related loss of VF, is associated with restriction of travel to more nearby locations. This constriction of life space may impact quality of life and restrict access to services.
Threshold Occupancy and Specific Cation Binding Modes in the Hammerhead Ribozyme Active Site are Required for Active Conformation

The relationship between formation of active in-line attack conformations and monovalent (Na(+)) and divalent (Mg(2+)) metal ion binding in hammerhead ribozyme (HHR) has been explored with molecular dynamics simulations. To stabilize repulsions between negatively charged groups, different requirements of the threshold occupancy of metal ions were observed in the reactant and activated precursor states both in the presence and in the absence of a Mg(2+) in the active site. Specific bridging coordination patterns of the ions are correlated with the formation of active in-line attack conformations and can be accommodated in both cases. Furthermore, simulation results suggest that the HHR folds to form an electronegative recruiting pocket that attracts high local concentrations of positive charge. The present simulations help to reconcile experiments that probe the metal ion sensitivity of HHR catalysis and support the supposition that Mg(2+), in addition to stabilizing active conformations, plays a specific chemical role in catalysis.
Improving Carpet Through-Air Drying by Means of Increased Air Permeability 1:

Air permeability is an important parameter in through-air drying of unbacked tufted carpet. The primary backing of tufted carpet is the dominant parameter determining carpet air permeability. Carpets of identical construction are tufted using woven and nonwoven primary backings, and the effects of primary backing type on air permeability and drying are studied. The carpet tufted with the nonwoven backing has significantly higher air permeability and significantly lower drying time for a constant pressure drop drying process.
Visualization of Rad54, a Chromatin Remodeling Protein, Translocating on Single DNA Molecules

Summary Rad54 protein plays an important role in the recombinational repair of double-strand DNA (dsDNA) breaks. It is a dsDNA-dependent ATPase that belongs to the Swi2/Snf2 family of chromatin-remodeling proteins. Rad54 remodels (1) DNA structure, (2) chromatin structure, and (3) Rad51-dsDNA complexes. These abilities imply that Rad54 moves along DNA. Here, we provide direct evidence of Rad54 translocation by visualizing its movement along single molecules of dsDNA. When compared to the remodeling processes, translocation is unexpectedly rapid, occurring at 301 ± 22 bp/s at 25°C. Rad54 binds randomly along the dsDNA and moves in either of the two possible directions with a velocity dependent on ATP concentration (K m = 97 ± 28 μM). Movement is also surprisingly processive: the average distance traveled is ∼11,500 bp, with molecules traversing up to 32,000 bp before stopping. The mechanistic implications of this vigorous Rad54 translocase activity in chromatin and protein-DNA complex remodeling are discussed.
Toughening of aluminum matrix nanocomposites via spatial arrays of boron carbide spherical nanoparticles

Abstract To enhance the toughness of metal matrix nanocomposites, we demonstrate a strategy that involves the introduction of spatial arrays of nanoparticles. Specifically, we describe an approach to synthesize a microstructure characterized by arrays of fiber-like nanoparticle-rich (NPR) zones that contain spherical nanoparticles of boron carbide (sn-B4C) embedded in an ultrafine grained (UFG) aluminum alloy matrix. A combination of cryomilling and hot-extrusion was used to obtain this particular microstructure, and the mechanical behavior and operative strengthening and deformation mechanisms were investigated in detail. When compared to an equivalent unreinforced material, the presence of the array of NPR zones contributed to a 26% increase in tensile strength. Moreover, when compared to a nanocomposite containing a homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles, a 30% increase in toughness was observed. High nanohardness values obtained for the NPR zones and the observation of “pull-out” phenomena on fracture surfaces, suggest that the NPR zones behave as “hard” fiber-like units that can effectively sustain tensile loading and thereby enhance the strengthening efficiency of sn-B4C. Also, the presence of the array of NPR zones surrounded by nanoparticle-free (NPF) zones led to an enhancement in strength with limited loss in ductility. This behavior was rationalized on the basis of a low value of the Schmid factor in regions adjacent to NPR zones, coupled with the ease of dislocation movement in NPF zones. Finally, the ratio of the plastic zone size to the size of the “hard” NPR zones is proposed as an important factor that governs the overall toughness of the nanocomposite.
Clinical application of PET/MRI in oncology

Hybrid imaging with integrated positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combines the advantages of the high-resolution anatomic data from MRI and functional imaging data from PET, and has the potential to improve the diagnostic evaluation of various types of cancers. The clinical oncologic applications of this newest hybrid imaging technology are evolving and substantial efforts are underway to define the role of PET/MRI in routine clinical use. The current published literature suggests that PET/MRI may play an important role in the evaluation of patients with certain types of malignancies, involving anatomic locations such as the pelvis and the liver. The purpose of this article is to review the current published PET/MRI literature in specific body oncologic applications. In addition, PET/MRI protocols and some of the technical issues of this hybrid imaging will be briefly discussed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:265-276.