cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic interruption: planned and unplanned.

N OT MUCI-I IS KNOWN as to why a patient in long-term psychotherapy or psychoanalysis suddenly fails to keep his appointment and terminates treatment; or why a particular patient fails to improve with a highly qualified psychotherapist, but does improve--sometimes remarkably--with one obviously inferior in training. In the same vein, do we know the specific circumstances by which we are impelled to refer a patient in the midst of a long-term psychotherapy to another psychotherapist? These and similar questions were posed by the referral of mid-stream patients to me, by my referral of such patients to others, and by the self-referral of patients who had ab rup t ly left psychotherapists whom I greatly respected. I genericMly call these situations Therapeutic Departures. This paper is an attempt to define the parameters involved in such departures, and while I am not satisfied that I have reached understanding of them, the following observations may possibly be useful to psychotherapists. r The selection and retention of the long-term patient follows the laws of similarity and dissimilarity, that is, congruence. By this I mean the similarities and dissimilarities of the unconscious structure of the two participants. I t would of course be absurd to say that no patients can be given psychotherapy without such a congruence. But in the treatment of a chronic schizophrenic patient, for example, it cannot be expected that both participants could meet and handle the often bone-breaking vicissitudes without some unconscious "pull" to be together. Particularly where a choice of life or death confronts the patient (the question of suicide which regularly arises as part of such treatment), the psychotherapist must become a participant and not an observer. To be a participant means that you enter important aspects of the life of the patient, and that you allow him to enter yours. I have noted that psychotherapists who treat schizophrenic patients are distinctive in several ways from the general run of psychotherapists. These distinctions have not as yet been scientifically defined, but to me they represent the following: a deep courage to face the implications of Eros and Thanatos; a poetic artistry in treatment backed by an acceptance of the humorous aspects of life; a deep and essential humanity which embraces the entire life principle; and a schizoid or sometimes schizophrenic
Cell-Wall Composition of Maize Internodes of Varying Maturity

Incorporation of polysaccharides, hydroxycinnamic acids, and lignin were quantified in successive internodes along the maize (Zea mays L.) stalk, which displayed progressively greater cellular development. Rind and pith tissues of growth chamber-grown plants were dissected from internodes at the 15th leaf stage of development and cell-wall neutral sugars, uronic acids, Klason lignin, syringyl-to-guaiacyl (S/G) ratio, and ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (PCA) ester and ether concentrations were determined. From the youngest internode (I13) to the oldest (17), cell-wall concentrations increased in rind tissue, whereas in pith tissue concentrations increased through I10, then plateaued. Cell-wall lignin concentrations increased from 75 to 140 g kg⁻¹ and neutral sugar and uronic acid concentrations decreased from 836 and 101 g kg⁻¹ to 759 and 36 g kg⁻¹ cell wall, respectively. Rind vascular tissue, which lignified earlier and to a greater extent than pith tissue, had significantly higher levels of FA and PCA esters. Ferulic acid ester levels rose in younger I13 through I10, peaking at 6.6 g kg⁻¹ cell wall, but declined to 3.6 g kg⁻¹ cell wall in older, lignifying I9 through 17. Ferulic acid ether levels rose and peaked early in lignification, but fell during subsequent maturation. Concentrations of PCA esters rose with internode maturity (from 1.8-23 g kg⁻¹ cell wall) and this pattern mirrored a steady rise in S/G ratio of the lignin. Our results suggest that FA is laid down in ester linkages to primary cell-wall polysaccharides and provides ether-linkage initiation sites for lignin. Joint contribution of the Field Crops Res. Unit, Plant Sci. Res. Unit, and the U.S. Dairy Forage Res. Center of USDA-ARS and Iowa State Univ. Journal Paper no. J-16979.
Automated Detection of Z-Axis Coverage with Abdomen-Pelvis Computed Tomography Examinations

Excessive cephalocaudal anatomic (Z-axis) coverage can lead to unnecessary radiation exposure to a patient. In this study, an automated computing model was developed for identifying instances of potentially excessive Z-axis coverage with abdomen-pelvis examinations. Eight patient and imaging attributes including patient gender, age, height, weight, volume CT dose index (CTDIvol), dose length product (DLP), maximum abdomen width, and maximum abdomen thickness were used to build a feedforward neural network model to predict a target Z-axis coverage whether it is an excessive or non-excessive Z-axis coverage scans. 264 CT abdomen-pelvis exams were used to develop the model which is validated using 10-fold cross validation. The result showed that 244 out of 264 exams (92.4 %) correctly predicted Z-axis excessive coverage. The promising results indicate that this tool has the potential to be used for CT exams of the chest and colon, urography, and other site-specified CT studies having defined limited length.
Polarizable Force Field Development and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ionic Liquids

A many-body polarizable force field has been developed and validated for ionic liquids (ILs) containing 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium, 1-alkyl-2-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium, N-methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium, N-alkylpyridinium, N-alkyl-N-alkylpiperidinium, N-alkyl-N-alkylmorpholinium, tetraalkylammonium, tetraalkylphosphonium, N-methyl-N-oligoetherpyrrolidinium cations and BF4−, CF3BF3−, CH3BF3−, CF3SO3−, PF6−, dicyanamide, tricyanomethanide, tetracyanoborate, bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (Ntf2− or TFSI−), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI−) and nitrate anions. Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed on 30 ionic liquids at 298, 333, and 393 K. The IL density, heat of vaporization, ion self-diffusion coefficient, conductivity, and viscosity were found in a good agreement with available experimental data. Ability of the developed force field to predict ionic crystal cell parameters has been tested on four ionic crystals containing Ntf2− anions. The influence of polarization on the struc...
Multifractal modeling, segmentation, prediction, and statistical validation of posterior fossa tumors

In this paper, we characterize the tumor texture in pediatric brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and exploit these features for automatic segmentation of posterior fossa (PF) tumors. We focus on PF tumor because of the prevalence of such tumor in pediatric patients. Due to varying appearance in MRI, we propose to model the tumor texture with a multi-fractal process, such as a multi-fractional Brownian motion (mBm). In mBm, the time-varying Holder exponent provides flexibility in modeling irregular tumor texture. We develop a detailed mathematical framework for mBm in two-dimension and propose a novel algorithm to estimate the multi-fractal structure of tissue texture in brain MRI based on wavelet coefficients. This wavelet based multi-fractal feature along with MR image intensity and a regular fractal feature obtained using our existing piecewise-triangular-prism-surface-area (PTPSA) method, are fused in segmenting PF tumor and non-tumor regions in brain T1, T2, and FLAIR MR images respectively. We also demonstrate a non-patient-specific automated tumor prediction scheme based on these image features. We experimentally show the tumor discriminating power of our novel multi-fractal texture along with intensity and fractal features in automated tumor segmentation and statistical prediction. To evaluate the performance of our tumor prediction scheme, we obtain ROCs and demonstrate how sharply the curves reach the specificity of 1.0 sacrificing minimal sensitivity. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our proposed techniques in automatic detection of PF tumors in pediatric MRIs.
Potential role of mutations and inhibited intercellular communication in the genesis of some chronic diseases

Abstract Based on the assumption that the initiation/promotion concept is applicable to the understanding of the genesis of several major chronic diseases (i.e., cancer, atherosclerosis), recommendations were made to examine the basic mechanisms influencing both of these processes. Since both nutations and stable epigenetic changes could bring about the “initiated”; phenotype, fundamental research aimed at understanding muta‐genesis and gene regulation could contribute to one component of the genesis of these chronic diseases. Promotion seems to involve the clonal expansion of initiated cells. Of the many pleiotropic effects of tumor promoters on tissues and cells, the study of the role of promoters’ ability to inhibit intercellular communication was suggested. Since intercellular communication mechanisms are known to be related to the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in both the developing and adult organism, disruption of these intercellular communication processes could lead to dysf...
Treatment of full-thickness burns with Travase: Results of a clinical trial

Abstract Travase (sutilains) is a sterile preparation of proteolytic enzymes, prepared commercially from Bacillus subtilis , in a hydrophobic ointment base. There are a number of reports of its use in the treatment of burns and other conditions where necrotic tissue is present (Travenol Laboratories, unpublished data). In a small clinical trial carried out in this unit we have studied the effectiveness of Travase in the debridement of the burn wound; we have found it to be a potent and effective means of removing burned tissues.
Extent of left ventricular systolic dysfunction during acute coronary occlusion is load dependent

When analysis of global and regional left ventricular function is utilized to assess ischemic zone size, it is assumed: (1) a predictable relationship exists between the two; and (2) this relationship is not significantly affected by changes in loading conditions. This study examined the relationship between ischemic zone size and ventricular performance in 11 anesthetized paced dogs subjected to acute coronary occlusion. Cardiac cine-computed tomography was used to quantify regional and global left ventricular function. Ischemic zone size was quantified autoradiographically following left atrial microsphere injection. Both global and regional left ventricular function were strongly influenced by changes in ventricular loading. We conclude: (1) both global and regional left ischemic dysfunction are only modestly correlated with ischemic zone size during acute coronary occlusion; and (2) estimates of ischemic zone size using measurements of ventricular function are highly load-sensitive.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Silicone breast prostheses implantation and explantation

Abstract Breast implants have been used for augmentation and reconstruction for a 30-year period. Standard techniques have been used for the successful placement of mammary prostheses to enhance or replace breast tissue. All breast implants are surrounded by a capsule. The most common complication of breast implant surgery is hardening and contracture of the capsule. Explantation of implants is indicated for implant rupture, infection, extrusion, siliconoma, breast pain, painful capsular contracture, malposition, significant patient fear, and systemic symptoms thought secondary to implants. A number of alternatives are available for postexpiant reconstruction, including myocutaneous flaps and free tissue transfers.
A taxonomy of brand valuation practice: Methodologies and purposes

Brands can be valued using a variety of techniques. Like any tool, each technique may be suitable for some purposes and not for others. This article classifies brand valuation methodologies according to the approaches and premises they adopt and their suitability for different types of applications. The article only considers financial brand valuation, not other forms of brand equity measurement. We indicate some flaws in valuation methodologies either in general or for particular purposes. Classification is complicated by specialist firms seeking to differentiate methodologies (‘proprietary models’) for their own marketing purposes. Much of this differentiation is little more than re-labelling. The methods of brand valuation, and their specialist providers, garnered from the literature may represent many more around the world. On the other hand, our net was sufficiently large to be confident that all the main approaches have been captured. After removing the theoretic methods that do not appear to be used in practice, we were left with a short list of practical methods that we analyse and classify. This article sets out to map this jungle to assist practitioners and academics in assessing the alternative techniques.
Field Results of Adding Surfactant to Cyclic Steam Wells

A water soluble surfactant was added during the steam cycles of four low-gravity oil producers in Conoco Inc.'s Cat Canyon Field, Santa Barbara County, California. This enhanced oil recovery process was attempted to improve the response from ''huff and puff'' steaming of older wells that had only been previously stimulated with steam. Three of the four wells tested responded better than previous steam-only cycles. Improvements have been demonstrated by the higher peak production rates, generally greater cumulative produced volumes, decreased initial water production periods, and shorter investment payback periods.
Establishing a foundation for valid teacher judgement on student learning: the role of pre-service assessment education

The purpose of this research was to explore changes in teacher candidates’ confidence in assessment as a foundation for promoting valid teacher judgements on student learning. Based on a sample of ...
On the order of approximation by Euler and Taylor means

Abstract Euler and Taylor means of the Fourier series for functions in the class Lip α, 0 ϑ x (t) = 1 2 {f(x + t) − 2f(x) + f(x − t)} .
Observation of alpha-induced ballistic phonon time-of-flight using multi-channel silicon crystal acoustic detectors

Abstract We have developed a technique for producing double-sided multi-channel silicon crystal acoustic detectors (SiCADs). These detectors, which are operated at = 400 mK and use 40 nm thick films of supercond ucting Ti as the phonon sensors, have been used in time-coincidence experiments to study the propagation of alpha-induced ballistic phonons through 1 mm of crystalline Si.
From Metaphysics to Kataphysics: Bonaventure's ‘Good’ Creation

The question of ecology is fundamentally a question of relatedness. Is the Christian tradition, at once incarnational and other-worldly, responsible for the ecological crisis? This article examines the position of Bonaventure whose unique theological-philosophical synthesis leads to a new understanding of created reality, which I term ‘kataphysics’. The foundation of kataphysics begins with Bonaventure's understanding of philosophy as a heteronymous discipline, insofar as philosophy is completed and perfected in theology. From this position he develops an understanding of Being as Goodness based on the Trinity. Bonaventure's integral relationship between Trinity and creation leads to an understanding of created reality as essentially good and intrinsically relational. The integral relation between Trinity and creation through the divine Word gives rise to a theological metaphysics; the metaphysical question becomes the christological question and hence a new understanding of created reality, kataphysics, emerges which involves relatedness. It is suggested that kataphysics undergirds a Christian philosophy of nature which has implications for an ecological stance today.
Overview of Wake-Vortex Hazards During Cruise

A large amount of research effort has been devoted to the hazard posed by lift-generated vortex wakes of subsonic transport aircraft during approach and departure at airports. In contrast, only a small amount of effort has gone into the corresponding potential hazard at cruise altitudes. Because more frequent encounters with wakes may occur as the density of aircraft increases with time, improved knowledge is needed of the persistence and magnitude of the hazard posed by lift-generated wakes at cruise altitudes. The purpose here is to review and then to extend previous work to characterize properly the hazard posed by vortex wakes at cruise altitudes. Photographs are presented of the various fluid dynamic stages that vortex wakes usually go through as they age. Estimates made of the potential hazard that each stage poses indicate that the rolling-moment hazard during an axial encounter of a vortex wake can be as severe at cruise as for approach at airports; however, as in the airport-approach case, the hazard only persists for several minutes (about 20 n mile) behind the generating aircraft. However, the hazard posed by the downwash in the wake persists for up to tens of minutes (about 200 n mile) behind the generating aircraft
Scalable, expressive, and context-sensitive code smell display

Code smell detectors can potentially help programmers identify opportunities to improve the design of software through refactoring. Unfortunately, the user interfaces to existing detectors often do not align with how programmers typically refactor. I argue the importance of scalability, expressivity, and context-sensitivity when displaying smells, and present a prototype tool that embodies these properties.
A model of caregiving effectiveness for technologically dependent adults residing at home

Caregiver-care-receiver interactions unique to this model of caregiving effectiveness were tested longitudinally in a randomly drawn national sample of 111 caregivers. Path analyses results indicate that variables explain variance in caregiver and patient quality of life, patient condition, and technological side effects. These findings extend nursing knowledge related to caregiving motivation-to-help and mutual interactions and thus have implications for home care practice. Effective family caregiving of loved ones dependent on technology for survival can result in enhanced patient condition, return to work, normalization of family life, and for society a reduction in health care costs.
Shark repellents and the role of institutional investors in corporate governance

This paper examines the role of institutional shareholders in monitoring managers when they propose antitakeover charter amendments (shark repellents). These proposals provide a rare opportunity to examine this issue since they can be adopted only by shareholder approval. We document a positive relationship between the ownership of institutional shareholders and the stock market reaction to the announcement of antitakeover amendments. This finding is consistent with the Demsetz (1983) and Shleifer and Vishny (1986) proposition that large blockholders reduce the free-rider problem associated with monitoring managers.
Renal Biopsy in Infants and Children

Renal biopsy is a technically difficult procedure in children. Some centers are still using general anesthesia, fluoroscopy, and/or open renal biopsies in young infants. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of two different types of 18-gauge, automated, spring-loaded disposable biopsy needles in 43 children, aged 8 months to 16 years, under ultrasound guidance. Microinvasive ASAP18 (Boston Scientific Corp, Watertown, MA) needles retrieve 19-mm long specimens only, while Ultra-Cut needles (Medical Device Technologies, Inc, Gainesville, FL) are adjustable and can retrieve 6-,13-, or 19-mm specimens. Technically, Ultra-Cut needles are easier to use in infants or when small kidneys are biopsied. While two infants required intravenous ketamine, the remaining biopsies were done with intravenous sedation. Ultrasound-guided renal biopsy with 18-gauge microinvasive needles and intravenous sedation is a safe and reliable method for obtaining biopsy specimens in older children, as well as in small infants.
Modeling treatment and drug effects at the molecular level using hybrid system theory

In this paper, we propose to study the treatment and drug effects at the molecular level using a hybrid system model. Specifically, we propose a generic piecewise linear model to analyze drug effects on the state of the genes in a genetic regulatory network. We intend to answer the following question: given an initial state, would a treatment or drug (control input) drive the target gene to a new desired state that are not reachable without the treatment or drug? assuming that the concentration level of the drug remains constant. In other words, we try to identify whether there is a chance that the treatment or drug will be effective for changing gene expressions at all. We provide detailed analysis for two cases. In the first case, there is only one target gene; while in the second case, there is also another gene interacting with the target gene. The relationships between various parameters (of the genetic regulatory network and the design of the drug) and the convergence and the steady state of the controlled genes are derived analytically and discussed in detail. Simulations are performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results confirmed our analytical findings.
Chorionic gonadotropin regulates prostaglandin E synthase via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-extracellular regulatory kinase pathway in a human endometrial epithelial cell line: implications for endometrial responses for embryo implantation.

Successful implantation necessitates modulation of the uterine environment by the embryo for a specific period of time during the menstrual cycle. Infusion of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) into the oviducts of baboons to mimic embryo transit induces a myriad of morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes in the endometrium. Endometrial epithelial cells from both baboons and humans when stimulated by CG in vitro, activates a cAMP-independent MAPK pathway leading to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis. This study shows that in the human endometrial cell line, HES, CG, acting via its G-protein coupled receptor, phosphorylates protein kinase B, c-Raf, and ERK1/2 in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent manner. Furthermore, ERK1/2 phosphorylation is independent of the signaling paradigms of Gαs, GαI, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation, typical of gonadal cells, indicating an alternative signaling pattern in the endometrium. After phosphorylation by CG, ERK1/2 translocates to the nucleus in a time-dependent manner. Downstream of ERK1/2, CG activates the nuclear transcription factor, Elk1, also in a PI3K-MAPK-dependent manner. Lastly, we show that in HES cells, this pathway regulates the expression of the microsomal enzyme PGE2 synthase (mPTGES), a terminal prostanoid synthase responsible for PGE2 synthesis. CG regulates the mPTGES promoter and also induces mPTGES synthesis in HES cells via the PI3K-ERK1/2 pathway. We suggest that this alternative PI3K-ERK-Elk pathway activated by CG regulates prostaglandin production by the endometrial epithelium and serves as an early trigger to prepare the endometrium for implantation.
MO‐F‐WAB‐04: Does a Threshold of Tumor Motion Exist to Indicate Respiratory Gating for Proton Therapy?

Purpose: To determine if a population‐based threshold of motion exists to indicate respiratory gating in proton therapy by correlating the dosimetric benefit of gating to the magnitude of tumor motion. Methods: This research estimates the benefit of respiratory gated passively scattered proton therapy for a cohort of stage IIIlung patients with range of tumor motion from 3 to 17 mm. Respiratory motion was defined as the tumor centroid excursion between inhale and exhale 4DCT phases. To simulate respiratory gating during free‐breathing exhale position, the exhale phase of the planning 4DCT was used for re‐planning efforts. For the respiratory gated plan, the original beam angles from non‐gated plans are maintained while new contours, beam properties, lateral blocks and compensators are redesigned. Both plans are normalized to the same target coverage. The changes in dose‐volume histogram (DVH) indices between the gated and non‐gated plans are compared against the extent of respiratory motion. Results: Gated plans for 19 patients have been completed to date. The only DVH index that correlated (Spearman rank correlation p<0.05) to respiratory motion was the mean lung dose. However, a regression line fit to this data yielded low R‐squared value of 0.19. No correlations between motion and dose reduction were found for other DVH indices in the lung, esophagus, heart or spinal cord. In addition, respiratory gating significantly reduced normal tissue dose for most of the patients. Conclusions: There is no threshold of tumor motion to predict the potential benefits of gated proton radiotherapy. Proton respiratory gating reduces normal tissue dose; however the benefit of gating is not correlated to the magnitude of tumor motion. The benefit may be due to the reduction in anatomy motion as a whole, not just the tumor motion. Other metrics should be explored to determine the need of proton respiratory gating. This project is supported by grant P01CA021239 from the National Cancer Institute.
Mechanism of threshold switching in semiconducting glasses

Abstract Experimental results on threshold switching in both thin film and bulk structures are analyzed in terms of simple theoretical models for thermal switching. The threshold voltage increases strongly with thickness up to 1 μm, and then increases slowly to an asymptotic thickness independent value. The delay time can be approximately described by td(V) = t0F(V/VTH), where the function F(V/VTH) is a steeply decreasing function of the overvoltage. The experimentally determined values of t0 depend on the square of the thickness in agreement with the theoretical model. The results of an analytical solution of the nonlinear heat flow equation for a model with cylindrical geometry are given. A filament in a Ge30As20Se50 bulk switch has been observed with the help of an infrared snooperscope.
The power of remittances on the international prevalence of child labor

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between remittance inflows and the prevalence of child labor. It investigates whether remittance inflows offset the effects of financial constraints and income shocks on the prevalence of child labor in receiving economies. Based on a sample of 82 developing countries and after factoring in the endogeneity of remittances, migration, and financial development, econometric results highlight that remittance inflows significantly reduce the prevalence of child labor in developing countries characterized by weak financial systems and high income growth volatility.
High multipolarity electroexcitations in 207Pb and 206Pb

Abstract We report the identification of new high multipolarity transitions in 207 Pb and 206 Pb by the measurement of their form factor. A comparison to the corresponding excitations in 208 Pb is presented.
Dual-Level Parallelism for Deterministic and Stochastic CFD Problems

A hybrid two-level parallelism using MPI/OpenMP is implemented in the general-purpose spectral/hp element CFD code NekTar to take advantage of the hierarchical structures arising in deterministic and stochastic CFD problems. We take a coarse grain approach to shared-memory parallelism with OpenMP and employ a workload-splitting scheme that can reduce the OpenMP synchronizations to the minimum. The hybrid implementation shows good scalability with respect to both the problem size and the number of processors in case of a fixed problem size. With the same number of processors, the hybrid model with 2 (or 4) OpenMP threads per MPI process is observed to perform better than pure MPI and pure OpenMP on the NCSA SGI Origin 2000, while the pure MPI model performs the best on the IBM SP3 at SDSC and on the Compaq Alpha cluster at PSC. A key new result is that the use of threads facilitates effectively p-refinement, which is crucial to adaptive discretization using high-order methods.
Calibration approaches for distributed hydrologic models in poorly gaged basins: implication for streamflow projections under climate change

Abstract. This study tests the performance and uncertainty of calibration strategies for a spatially distributed hydrologic model in order to improve model simulation accuracy and understand prediction uncertainty at interior ungaged sites of a sparsely gaged watershed. The study is conducted using a distributed version of the HYMOD hydrologic model (HYMOD_DS) applied to the Kabul River basin. Several calibration experiments are conducted to understand the benefits and costs associated with different calibration choices, including (1) whether multisite gaged data should be used simultaneously or in a stepwise manner during model fitting, (2) the effects of increasing parameter complexity, and (3) the potential to estimate interior watershed flows using only gaged data at the basin outlet. The implications of the different calibration strategies are considered in the context of hydrologic projections under climate change. To address the research questions, high-performance computing is utilized to manage the computational burden that results from high-dimensional optimization problems. Several interesting results emerge from the study. The simultaneous use of multisite data is shown to improve the calibration over a stepwise approach, and both multisite approaches far exceed a calibration based on only the basin outlet. The basin outlet calibration can lead to projections of mid-21st century streamflow that deviate substantially from projections under multisite calibration strategies, supporting the use of caution when using distributed models in data-scarce regions for climate change impact assessments. Surprisingly, increased parameter complexity does not substantially increase the uncertainty in streamflow projections, even though parameter equifinality does emerge. The results suggest that increased (excessive) parameter complexity does not always lead to increased predictive uncertainty if structural uncertainties are present. The largest uncertainty in future streamflow results from variations in projected climate between climate models, which substantially outweighs the calibration uncertainty.
Process step reduction at negative tone spacer patterning technique using developer soluble bottom ARC

While spacer is essential to separate the second lines from the first lines at negative tone spacer patterning technique, Spacer brings side effects such as increase in process step as well as CD budget induced by spacer. To eliminate these side effects, we have chosen the combination of photo resist as the first lines and developer soluble bottom ARC as the second lines at negative tone spacer patterning technique. This process scheme consists of only two mask steps; one is critical mask for the first lines in cell and peripheral cell, and another is non-critical mask for recess of the second lines in cell area and removal of the second lines in peripheral area. By the diffusion of acid from photo resist into developer soluble bottom ARC, developer soluble bottom ARC adjacent to photo resist of the first line is transformed into the substance, which can be easily removed by developer dispensed after the second mask exposure. With the adoption of developer soluble bottom ARC, we can expect to make progress in cost reduction at negative tone spacer patterning technique.
Fiber-optic UV/visible composition monitoring for process control of batch reactions

Abstract In this paper, a method for characterizing an industrially significant reaction using chemometrics, fiber-optic UV/visible spectroscopy and a single fiber transmission probe is reported. Aliquots of the reaction mixture were also taken at constant intervals for off-line HPLC analysis. HPLC peak areas were used to develop multivariate calibrations for the real-time determination of product and consumption of reactants. Composition profiles and pure component spectra of the reactant mixture, intermediate, and product were estimated using automatic window factor analysis (WFA), a type of self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR), without the aid of referee methods of analysis or standards. Window edges were automatically refined by a new iterative process that uses a robust adaptive noise threshold in the stopping criterion. Strong evidence for the formation of a reactive intermediate was detected and characterized by SMCR that could not be detected by HPLC. Eight replicate runs over a period of 3 months demonstrated that the SMCR results were reproducible. Robust smoothing of the SMCR profiles with locally weighted scatter plot smoothing (LOWESS) was used to construct control charts for detecting upsets in the batch reaction caused by the introduction of small amounts of water. Residuals (smooth–unsmoothed) outside control limits (3×MAD, median absolute deviation of residuals from pre-run batches) were used to detect small, sudden process upsets.
Self-efficacy and neurocognition may be related to coping responses in recent-onset schizophrenia

Although stressful life events can trigger psychotic and depressive symptom exacerbation in schizophrenia, many patients who experience stressful events do not subsequently relapse. Models of vulnerability, stress, and protective factors in schizophrenia suggest that effective coping responses may serve as protective factors. Coping behavior, in turn, may be influenced by a schizophrenia patient's level of self-efficacy and neurocognitive functioning. Using the Coping Responses Inventory, we examined how 29 recent-onset schizophrenia outpatients and 24 demographically matched normal comparison subjects responded to a negative interpersonal life event. Approach oriented coping responses, such as "Think of different ways to deal with the problem" and "Make a plan of action and follow it," were used significantly more often by normal subjects (M=2.27) than by schizophrenia patients (M=1.89; p < 0.02). Among schizophrenia patients, greater use of approach, problem-focused coping strategies was associated with high self-efficacy (r=0.55, p < 0.01) and better performance on a measure of sustained attention emphasizing perceptual processing (r=0.42, p < 0.05). Multiple regression indicated that self-efficacy and sustained attention accounted for 56% of the variance in the use of problem-focused coping, strategies by schizophrenia patients.
Escape from Gyrostat Trap States

Some results are presented on the dynamics of gyrostats containing two axisymmetric rotors where one of the rotors is viscously damped and the other is subject to a controllable torque. The purpose of this arrangement is to investigate the use of internal torques to enable a spacecraft to escape from a trap state. Suppose the spacecraft is intendedto operatein a stateinwhichtheprimary rotor R1 hasa specie ed angularmomentum and theotherrotor R2, subject only to internal viscous torques, is not spinning relative to the spacecraft reference frame. Normally this state is asymptotically stable because of the damping. It is possible that a different asymptotically stable state exists satisfying these conditions on the rotor momenta, in much the same way that a single-spinner may spin in either direction about its major axis. If the spacecraft becomes trapped in the alternate state, it is necessary to help it escape. In an earlier study, a pulsing procedure was proposed. Herein we show that periodic torquing of the primary rotor may lead to escape but generally is rather ineffective. An alternative escape procedure is presented that essentially is guaranteed to lead to escape. Unlike the local analysis that suggests the pulsing procedure, the procedure used here is based on a global analysis of the rotational dynamics.
Further clinical experience with testis hypothermia for infertility due to poor semen.

Abstract Chronic scrotal hypothermia to 25 patients with infertility and elevated testis temperature resulted in varying degrees of improvement over their pretreatment poor semen in 1625. Pregnancy occurred in 625 "hard core" infertile couples (mean period of infertility 6.0 years) after wearing an evaporative scrotal cooling device for sixteen hours daily for a mean of 14.5 weeks. The offspring of such hypothermia-treated fathers appear to be normal. Varicocele, failed varicocelectomy, and "idiopathic infertility" are conditions suitable for such noninvasive hypothermic treatment. Discontinuance of hypothermia resulted in a return to pretreatment poor semen. Elevated temperature plays a role in poor semen.
Perturbing a persistent current with an external potential

We consider the changes in the spectrum of elementary excitations of a flowing superfluid that result when a weak external perturbing potential is added. As a specific application, we study the critical velocity of superfluid flow in a slightly distorted, tight, toroidal trap for atoms. The critical velocity is not accurately predicted by the argument that the flow turns dissipative when the local flow velocity exceeds the local speed of sound somewhere in the fluid. The unusual critical velocity probably reflects the essentially one-dimensional physics of the model.
Nurses' Attitudes Toward Impaired Practice and Knowledge of Peer Assistance Programs

This article examines nurses' attitudes toward colleagues who have emotional and substance abuse problems. It also explores the knowledge and opinions that nurses hold toward peer assistance programs (PAP) that are designed to assist nurses who experience impaired nursing practice. A questionnaire measuring knowledge and attitudes was returned by 142 randomly selected licensed nurses (RN and LPN). Nurses reported impairment rates of 15% and described reasons for confronting and not confronting colleagues about substance use. The majority of nurses would not confront a peer, and there was a lack of knowledge of when and how to intervene if substance abuse was thought to have been associated with a nurse's clinical performance. Respondents had a general lack of knowledge of the policies and procedures of the PAP, but they gave positive ratings as to its usefulness. Comparisons were made between nurses who expressed concern to an impaired colleague and those who did not on levels of education, years in nursi...
Implementation of dynamic bias for neutron–photon pulse shape discrimination by using neural network classifiers

Abstract In order to accurately determine dose equivalent in radiation fields that include both neutrons and photons, it is necessary to measure the relative number of neutrons to photons and to characterize the energy dependence of the neutrons. The relationship between dose and dose equivalent begins to increase rapidly at about 100 keV; thus, it is necessary to separate neutrons from photons for neutron energies as low as about 100 keV in order to measure dose equivalent in a mixed radiation field that includes both neutrons and photons. Preceptron and back propagation neural networks that use pulse amplitude and pulse rise time information obtain separation of neutron and photons with about 5% error for neutrons with energies as low as 100 keV, and this is accomplished for neutrons with energies that range from 100 keV to several MeV. If the ratio of neutrons to photons is changed by a factor of 10, the classification error increases to about 15% for the neural networks tested. A technique that uses the output from the preceptron as a priori for a Bayesian classifier is more robust to changes in the relative number of neutrons to photons, and it obtains a 5% classification error when this ratio is changed by a factor of ten. Results from this research demonstrate that it is feasible to use commercially available instrumentation in combination with artificial intelligence techniques to develop a practical detector that will accurately measure dose equivalent in mixed neutron–photon radiation fields.
Keeping up with the nuclear neighbours

Since acquiring atomic weapons, India, Pakistan and North Korea have not engaged in major warfare. But nuclear deterrence alone does not buy peace — diplomacy must keep the balance, says George Perkovich.
SINGULARITIES OF THE EXPONENTIAL MAP ON THE VOLUME-PRESERVING DIFFEOMORPHISM GROUP

Let M be a compact, oriented Riemannian manifold of dimension n, possibly with smooth boundary ∂M . Let D μ(M) denote the group of all diffeomorphisms of Sobolev class H preserving the volume form μ on M . If s > n/2 + 1 then D μ(M) becomes an infinite dimensional Hilbert manifold whose tangent space at a point η consists of H sections X of the pull-back bundle η∗TM for which the corresponding vector field U = X ◦ η−1 on M is divergence free and tangent to ∂M . Using right translations, the L inner product on vector fields,
Glutathione and glutathione-linked enzymes in normal human aortic smooth muscle cells: chemical inducibility and protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-induced injury

Substantial evidence suggests a crucial role for glutathione (GSH) and GSH-linked enzymes in protecting against oxidative vascular disorders. However, studies on the chemical inducibility of these antioxidant defenses and their protective effects on oxidant injury in normal human vascular cells are currently lacking. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to investigate the inducibility of GSH, glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) by the chemoprotective agent, 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) in cultured normal human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). HASMCs expressed measurable levels/activities of GSH, GR, GPx, and GST. Incubation of HASMCs with low micromolar concentrations of D3T resulted in a marked elevation in total cellular GSH content and GR activity. The protein and mRNA expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase (GCL) and GR were also upregulated by D3T. In addition, D3T caused significant increases in mitochondrial GSH content and GR activity. In contrast, neither cellular GPx nor GST activity was altered after D3T treatment. Pretreatment of HASMCs with D3T afforded remarkable protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS)-mediated cell injury. Depletion of cellular GSH by pretreatment with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis led to marked potentiation of the ROS/RNS-induced cell injury. Moreover, co-treatment of HASMCs with BSO was found to completely abolish the D3T-mediated GSH elevation, and remarkably reverse D3T cytoprotection against the ROS/RNS-elicited injury. Taken together, this study demonstrates that both GSH/GCL and GR in normal HASMCs are inducible by D3T, and that upregulation of GSH biosynthesis appears to be the predominant mechanism underlying D3T-mediated cytoprotection against ROS/RNS-elicited injury to human vascular smooth muscle cells.
Effectiveness of Pricing in an Indian Wheat Market: A Case Study of Khanna, Punjab

An important issue in food grain marketing in India concerns the effectiveness of competition, but there is little empirical research on which to evaluate the issue. This article analyzes pricing effectiveness in one private wholesale wheat market in north India by comparing average seasonal and spatial price differences with estimated storage and transport costs. The comparisons indicate that correspondence between average price movements and average cost differences was reasonably close. REPEATED criticisms of the private food grain trade in India have focused on two charges: (a) that middlemen create artificial pockets of scarcity and earn monopoly profits by selling their own food grains in these isolated markets, and (b) that "speculators" cause wide seasonal price fluctuations through "antisocial" storage operations. One popular solution for these alleged abuses is to nationalize at least the wholesale portion of the food grain trade. This article has two main purposes. The first is to present some additional evidence which is relevant to the issues involved in the above charges. In spite of the importance of the charges, there are only a few empirical studies of the economics of current agricultural marketing in India.l The second is to demonstrate what can be learned from a micro study of the individual market.2 Price analysis using secondary data has many pitfalls, and many of the necessary data are not available in the desired form. Much useful information is available from individual markets. Micro studies can lay the groundwork for future comprehensive research on a more aggregated level.
Spontaneous superlattice formation in nanorods through partial cation exchange.

Lattice-mismatch strains are widely known to control nanoscale pattern formation in heteroepitaxy, but such effects have not been exploited in colloidal nanocrystal growth. We demonstrate a colloidal route to synthesizing CdS-Ag2S nanorod superlattices through partial cation exchange. Strain induces the spontaneous formation of periodic structures. Ab initio calculations of the interfacial energy and modeling of strain energies show that these forces drive the self-organization of the superlattices. The nanorod superlattices exhibit high stability against ripening and phase mixing. These materials are tunable near-infrared emitters with potential applications as nanometer-scale optoelectronic devices.
Moment release rate of Cascadia tremor constrained by GPS

[1] A comparison of GPS and seismic analyses of 23 distinct episodic tremor and slip events, located throughout the Cascadia subduction zone over an 11-year period, yields a highly linear relationship between moment release, as estimated from GPS, and total duration of nonvolcanic tremor, as summed from regional seismic arrays. The events last 1–5 weeks, typically produce ∼5 mm of static forearc deformation, and show cumulative totals of tremor that range from 40 to 280 h. Moment released by each event is estimated by inverting GPS-measured deformation, which is sensitive to all rates of tremor-synchronous faulting, including aseismic creep, for total slip along the North American-Juan de Fuca plate interface. Tremor, which is shown to be largely invariant in amplitude and frequency content both between events and with respect to its duration, is quantified using several different parameterizations that agree to within 10%. All known Cascadia events detected since 1997, which collectively span the Cascadia arc from northern California to Vancouver Island, Canada, release moment during tremor at a rate of 5.2 ± 0.4 × 1016 N m per hour of recorded tremor. This relationship enables estimation of moment dissipation, via seismic monitoring of tremor, along the deeper Cascadia subduction zone that poses the greatest threat to its major metropolitan centers.
Reconstructing Los Angeles Magnet Schools: Representations in Newspapers

This article is a study of the social construction of school desegregation in Los Angeles, California. Particular emphasis is placed on how magnet schools were presented to area residents in the local press over a period of 3 decades. I use quantitative and qualitative techniques with 355 newspaper articles. I find that magnet schools were originally discussed as part of a larger desegregation program, but that references to desegregation declined steadily. Magnet schools are now discussed as providers of academic excellence, and desegregation issues are largely ignored. This follows the current trend in political and academic circles, in which the rhetoric surrounding education is increasingly focused on standards and accountability rather than equality and access.