cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical maternal health knowledge gaps in low- and middle-income countries for the post-2015 era

Effective interventions to promote maternal health and address obstetric complications exist, however 800 women die every day during pregnancy and childbirth from largely preventable causes and more than 90 % of these deaths occur in low and middle income countries (LMIC). In 2014, the Maternal Health Task Force consulted 26 global maternal health researchers to identify persistent and critical knowledge gaps to be filled to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality and improve maternal health. The vision of maternal health articulated was comprehensive and priorities for knowledge generation encompassed improving the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality of institutional labor and delivery services and other effective interventions, such as contraception and safe abortion services. Respondents emphasized the need for health systems research to identify models that can deliver what is known to be effective to prevent and treat the main causes of maternal death at scale in different contexts and to sustain coverage and quality over time. Researchers also emphasized the development of tools to measure quality of care and promote ongoing quality improvement at the facility, district, and national level. Knowledge generation to improve distribution and retention of healthcare workers, facilitate task shifting, develop and evaluate training models to improve “hands-on” skills and promote evidence-based practice, and increase managerial capacity at different levels of the health system were also prioritized. Interviewees noted that attitudes, behavior, and power relationships between health professionals and within institutions must be transformed to achieve coverage of high-quality maternal health services in LMIC. The increasing burden of non-communicable diseases, urbanization, and the persistence of social and economic inequality were identified as emerging challenges that require knowledge generation to improve health system responses and evaluate progress. Respondents emphasized evaluating effectiveness, feasibility, and equity impacts of health system interventions. A prominent role for implementation science, evidence for policy advocacy, and interdisciplinary collaboration were identified as critical areas for knowledge generation to improve maternal health in the post-2015 era.
Identity Importance and the Overreporting of Religious Service Attendance: Multiple Imputation of Religious Attendance Using the American Time Use Study and the General Social Survey

The difference between religious service attendance measured using conventional surveys and time diaries has been attributed to identity processes; a high level of religious identity importance may prompt overreporting on a survey question. This article tests the hypothesized role of identity importance as an individual determinant of overreporting and the result of socially desirable behavior. A time diary measure of attendance (from the American Time Use Study 2003-2008) is imputed for conventional survey data (from the General Social Survey 2002-2008) using the multiple imputation for multiple studies procedure (Gelman, King, and Liu 1998a). Logistic regression models predicting self-reported attendance and overreported attendance are estimated using identity importance as a key covariate and controlling for demographic variables associated with attendance. Identity importance is a strong predictor of both self-reported and overreported attendance. Attendance, while a biased measure of actual behavior, may be a good indicator of religiosity.
Early Entrance to College and Self-Concept: Comparisons across the First Semester of Enrollment.

This study compared self-report ratings of self-concept before and after the first semester of college among a group of 21 early entrance college students. The measures included a general demographic questionnaire and the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale, 2nd edition (PH-2). Results indicated that students maintained their overall level of self-concept following their first semester of college. Mild increases in self-concept were noted in the domains of Physical Appearance and Attributes, as well as Happiness and Satisfaction. Overall, mean group scores on the PH-2 total and subtest self-esteem measures were in the average range, both before and after the participants’ first semester of college. This is a positive finding that points to this group of students’ generally positive impressions of their behavior, intelligence, physical appearance, popularity, feelings of anxiety, and overall happiness. These findings offer additional support that academic acceleration among gifted students is not related to de...
Revision of the Plant Bug Genus Tytthus: Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae, Phylinae

The phyline plant bug genus Tytthus Fieber, previously containing 19 species, is revised. Isoproba Osborn and Drake, 1915, incorrectly placed in the subfamily Bryocorinae, tribe Dicyphini, is synonymized as a junior synonym of Tytthus Fieber, syn. n.; the only included species, Isoproba picea Osborn and Drake is transferred to Tytthus, comb. n., as the senior synonym of Tytthus hondurensis Carvalho, syn. n.; and Tytthus koreanus Josifov and Kerzhner, 1972 is synonymized with Tytthus chinensis (Stal 1860), syn. n.; and a lectotype for Tytthus parviceps is designated. The six new species Tytthus femoralis from Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, and Peru,Tytthus fuscicornis from New Mexico (USA), Tytthus mexicanus from Mexico, Tytthus pallidus from Brazil and Panama, Tytthus uniformis from Arizona and New Mexico (USA), and Tytthus wheeleri from the eastern United States are described, bringing the total number of species for the genus to 24. A color adult habitus illustration of Tytthus wheeleri, color photographs for each species (except Tytthus juturnaiba Carvalho and Wallerstein), illustrations of male genitalia, scanning electron photomicrographs of selected structures of certain species, and an identification key are provided to facilitate species recognition. A phylogenetic analysis is offered to help infer relationships.
ARL/ACRL Institute on Scholarly Communications: Workshop Report

Purpose–To report on the Association of Research libraries (ARL)/Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) Institute on Scholarly Communications held in December 2006 in Durham, North Carolina. Design/methodology/approach–Provides a review of some of the events of the conference. Findings–The second ARL/ACRL Institute on Scholarly Communications aims to provide attendees continuing professional education on scholarly communications issues, publishing models, strategies for encouraging advocacy programs, copyright, and author's rights issues. The workshop combined presentation with working sessions for attendee teams to work on individual scholarly communication action plans for their institutions. Originality/value–A workshop report of interest to information professionals dealing with scholarly communications issues in academia, corporate and governmental information centers and libraries.
Influence of temperature and lithium purity on corrosion of ferrous alloys in a flowing lithium environment

Abstract Corrosion data have been obtained on ferritic HT-9 and Fe-9Cr-lMo steel and austenitic Type 316 stainless steel in a flowing lithium environment at temperatures between 372 and 538°C. The corrosion behavior is evaluated by measurements of weight loss as a function of time and temperature. A metallographic characterization of materials exposed to a flowing lithium environment is presented.
A molybdenium source, gate and drain metallization system for GaAs MESFET layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Molecular beam epitaxy has been used in a continuous growth procedure to form GeGaAs epitaxial structures that were suitable for MESFET fabrication. Near surface doping profiles were engineered such that low resistance ohmic contacts to the GaAs layer were obtained by subsequently depositing a metal overlayer on the Ge surface. Evaporated Au overlayers yielded specific contact resistances of the order of 10−6ω cm2 without heat treatment. Because the conventional alloying procedure now appeared superfluous, metallurgically non-reactive systems were investigated with a view to constructing GaAs MESFETs with entirely refractory metallizations. Sputtered molybdenum has been evaluated for both the formation of ohmic contacts to the Ge/GaAs layers and rectifying contacts to the GaAs layer. Damage introduced as a result of the sputtering deposition process is the probable cause of non-ideality in the as-prepared Schottky barriers. However, forward bias current-voltage ideality factors of n = 1.07 have been obtained after annealing.
Ovarian Brenner tumors and Walthard nests: a histologic and immunohistochemical study.

Brenner tumors are composed of urothelial/transitional-type epithelium and, hence, are morphologically similar to Walthard nests and tubal/mesothelial transitional metaplasia. In this study, we analyzed immunohistochemical markers on Brenner tumors to explore Mullerian as well as Wolffian and germ cell derivation. We also attempted to explore their possible association with tubal/paratubal Walthard nests/transitional metaplasia, using the same immunostains. Thirty-two consecutive cases of Brenner tumors were identified. Thirteen (43%) of the patients had Walthard nests in the tubal/periovarian soft tissue. All Brenner tumors were diffusely positive for GATA3 (strongly positive in 30/32 and weakly positive in the remaining 2) and negative for PAX8, PAX2, and SALL4. Similarly, all Walthard nests were positive for GATA3, whereas only 3 (23%) of 13 showed occasional PAX8 expression; all were negative for PAX2 and SALL4. In our study, more than 40% of Brenner tumors had associated Walthard nests. The similar morphology and immunoprofile of Brenner tumors and Walthard nests suggest a probable link between Brenner tumors and Walthard nests. Two additional cases presented highlight small transitional lesions involving the ovary: a possible precursor lesion or the initial steps of Brenner tumor formation. Brenner tumors and most Walthard nests lacked staining for Mullerian (PAX8 and PAX2) and germ cell tumor markers (SALL4).
Regulation of proliferation-specific and differentiation-specific genes during senescence of human epidermal keratinocyte and mammary epithelial cells

Abstract The expression of proliferation-associated genes, cdc2 and E2F-1 and squamous-specific genes transglutaminase type I and cornifin were examined in senescing human epidermal keratinocytes. Cultured keratinocytes underwent 34 population doublings before senescing. Senescence in keratinocytes was characterised by reduced thymidine incorporation, a change in morphology and the inability of cells to undergo mitosis. This was accompanied by downregulation of cdc2 and E2F-1 mRNA′s. In addition, senescing keratinocytes started to express genes such as cornifin, that are specific for squamous differentiation. These changes were similar to those observed in keratinocytes induced to differentiate with phorbol ester or by confluence. E2F-1, cdc2 and cornifin were similarly altered in senescing human mammary epithelial cells. Our data suggest that events regulating senescence may also be linked to squamous differentiation.
Novel Tumor-Associated Surface Antigen: Broad Distribution among Neuroectodermal, Mesenchymal and Epithelial Tumors, with Restricted Expression among Normal Tissues † 785

Tumor-selective surface antigens may be targets for diagnosis and immune-based therapies. Monoclonal antibody 8H9 is a murine IgG1 hybridoma derived from the fusion of SP2/0 mouse myeloma cells and lymphocytes from BALB/c mice immunized with human neuroblastoma (NB). 8H9 reacts with a surface antigen on NB cell lines NMB7 and LAN1 by immunofluorescence. By immunohistochemistry, it is nonreactive with normal human tissues, including bone marrow, colon, stomach, heart, lung, muscle, thyroid, testes, pancreas, kidney and brain (frontal lobe, cerebellum, pons and spinal cord), but moderately reactive with human hepatocytes. Reactivity with normal tissues from cynomolgus monkey was similarly restricted. 8H9 is reactive with human brain tumors, childhood sarcomas, NB and less so with adenocarcinomas. Among brain tumors, 14/18 glioblastomas, 3/6 high-grade gliomas, 3/3 astrocytomas, 3/6 oligodendrogliomas, 2/3 meningiomas, 1/1 of medulloblastoma and 1/1 schwannoma. Among sarcomas, 12/12 Ewing's/PNET, 8/8 rhabdomyosarcomas, and 6/7 osteosarcomas also tested positive with 8H9. 20/26 NB and 8/16 adenocarcinomas(2 metastatic to the brain) were positive. 8H9 could be purified by protein-G affinity chromatography and radiolabeled with 99mTc via hydrazino nicotinamide derivative; human NB xenografts in nude mice showed selective tumor uptake. When injected intravenously with 99mTc-8H9, normal cynomolgus monkey demonstrated uptake in the liver as well as ends of long bones. This tumor-selective antigen expressed on a broad range of pediatric and adult cancers may have clinical utility in diagnosis and therapy. Further biochemical characterization is warranted.
Inclusiveness and coherency in the history of the neurosciences.

The International Society for the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN) defines “neurosciences” broadly, and we want to encourage the widest possible range of scholarly approaches to our subject. However, this deliberate inclusiveness could potentially cause problems with internal coherency in our organization and in the scholarship that we are trying to create. In other words, we need to avoid the pitfalls of the internalistexternalist tension without losing the benefits of both perspectives. In fact, I think that there is a large and interesting “gray zone,” where the boundary between these supposedly separate approaches is both artificial and porous. This should be one of the most rewarding intellectual domains for the study of neuroscience history, because our subject is always culturally loaded by the mind/body problem and by the assumptions that it entails. Of course, neuroscience history is also influenced by all of the other cultural and scientific aspects of the milieus in which it is conducted. Un...
Use of the Family Drawing as a Technique for Studying Parent-Child Interaction

Summary An extension of the family drawing technique is described, in which a drawing is obtained from one or both parents, as well as from the child. Comparison of the parental drawing or drawings with the child's drawing usually provides clues to important aspects of the family dynamics. The productiveness of the technique varies from one case to another, but in general it has been found to have a high degree of clinical utility. Three illustrative cases are presented.
The Attribution of Personality Traits: The Stutterer and Nonstutterer

Three videotaped recordings were made of an adult male speaking in an interview situation. Tapes differed as a function of the fluency exhibited by the interviewed speaker (i.e., fluent speech, pri...
Growth and superconductivity of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox single crystal by slow-cooling method

Abstract We have succesfully grown a Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x single crystal with an area of up to 4 × 12mm 2 by a simple slow-cooling method. The growth experiments revealed that a large-area crystal was typically grown from a starting composition of Bi:Sr:Ca:Cu=2:2:1:2 and at a low cooling rate. Based on an investigation of the temperature dependence of formed phases in the Bi system, the growth mechanism is discussed. The evaluations of transition temperature, crystal composition and pinning potential of a grown crystal are also reported.
Diffuse thickening superimposed on circumscribed pleural thickening related to asbestos exposure.

Circumscribed and diffuse pleural thickening (PT), the most common radiographic manifestations of asbestos-related disease, have different pathogeneses, differential diagnostic criteria, and effects on pulmonary function. The important distinction between the two disorders is demonstrated by six patients in whom typical circumscribed PT was followed by diffuse PT in the same hemithorax. The diffuse PT came on 18–47 (mean 32.3) years after first exposure to asbestos. In four patients, clinically evident pleural effusions preceded the diffuse PT; the latter left all with moderate to severe restrictive ventilatory impairment. Patients with stable pleural plaques are at risk for diffuse PT and consequent greater ventilatory impairment, even though they are many years from first exposure to asbestos. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Characteristics of Ca2+ -activated K+ channels isolated from the left ventricle of a patient with idiopathic long QT syndrome

Abstract Early afterdepolarizations (EADs), possibly caused by reduced K + conductance, have been hypothesized to cause the long QTU interval and ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT) in patients with the long QT syndrome (LQTS). In a 26-year-old woman with aborted sudden death as a consequence of the idiopathic LQTS, we recorded with a contact electrode left ventricular endocardial EADs that were enhanced by epinephrine and phenylephrine. Because of uncertain efficacy and side effects achieved with β-adrenoceptor blockade, the patient underwent left-sided cardiac sympathectomy, at which time we obtained left ventricular biopsy tissue. Crude membrane vesicles were prepared from this tissue and single-channel activity was studied after incorporation of the vesicles in an artificial lipid bilayer (phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, 4:5 weight ratio in decane) in the tip of a patch clamp pipette. Bath and pipette contained 100 mmol/L KCl and 25 mmol/L N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) at pH 7.4. We recorded K + conducting channels with a mean slope conductance of 49.9 ± 4.7 picosiemens (pS) ( n = 5). Channel open probability was increased by the addition of 1 to 10 μmol/L Ca 2+ to the experimental chamber. Addition of charybdotoxin (1–3 nmol/L), a known specific inhibitor of Ca 2+ -activated K + channels, blocked channel activity. These results are the first to demonstrate Ca 2+ -activated K + -channels from a patient with idiopathic LQTS. These channels appear to show normal characteristics when studied in an artificial planar lipid bilayer.
A general purpose inverted scattering chamber particularly suited for angular correlation work

Abstract A versatile scattering chamber of unconventional desigh has been built for charged-particle work and for correlation experiments involving detectors within and outside the chamber. The inverted chamber is cantilever-supported with a free space of about 1.7 m radius beneath it for positioning bulky shielding and detector carriages. The concept is to have a precision base which houses electrical feedthroughs, accurately positionable arms for detectors and targets, and a high-speed pumping port. Chamber lids are considered to be simple accessories which are fabricated to the needs of particular experiments. Simplicity and economy are stressed throughout the design.
GABAergic Projection Neurons Route Selective Olfactory Inputs to Specific Higher Order Neurons

Summary We characterize an inhibitory circuit motif in the Drosophila olfactory system, parallel inhibition, which differs from feedforward or feedback inhibition. Excitatory and GABAergic inhibitory projection neurons (ePNs and iPNs) each receive input from antennal lobe glomeruli and send parallel output to the lateral horn, a higher center implicated in regulating innate olfactory behavior. Ca 2+ imaging of specific lateral horn neurons as an olfactory readout revealed that iPNs selectively suppressed food-related odor responses, but spared signal transmission from pheromone channels. Coapplying food odorant did not affect pheromone signal transmission, suggesting that the differential effects likely result from connection specificity of iPNs, rather than a generalized inhibitory tone. Ca 2+ responses in the ePN axon terminals show no detectable suppression by iPNs, arguing against presynaptic inhibition as a primary mechanism. The parallel inhibition motif may provide specificity in inhibition to funnel specific olfactory information, such as food and pheromone, into distinct downstream circuits.
Transductive coupling in bioluminescence: effects of monovalent cations and ionophores on the calcium-triggered luminescence of Renilla lumisomes.

Abstract Renilla lumisomes produce a bioluminescent flash when the vesicles are disrupted with hypotonic solutions containing Ca2+. A flash is also observed in the presence of Ca2+ using isotonic solutions of monovalent cations under the following conditions: When the Na + K + ratio inside the lumisomal membrane is high and when this ratio outside the membrane is low. We suggest that Na+ may be the counter ion for Ca2+ transport. Na+, when outside the membrane, inhibits Ca2+-triggered luminescence suggesting that Na+ blocks Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ uptake into the lumisomal membrane, as measured by bioluminescence, is very rapid in the presence of the ionophore A23187. X537A is much less effective. The Ca2+ triggered bioluminescence flash observed with lumisomes provides a rapid and sensitive assay for ionophores that are specific for divalent cations such as Ca2+.
Distributed Multitarget Tracking and Identity Management

The problem of tracking multiple targets and managing their identities in sensor networks is considered. Each sensor is assumed to have its own surveillance region and an ability to communicate with its neighboring sensors. We propose a scalable, distributed, multitarget-tracking and identity-management algorithm that can track an unknown number of targets and manage their identities efficiently in a distributed sensor network environment. Distributed multitarget tracking and identity management finds a globally consistent solution by maintaining local consistency among neighboring sensors. Distributed multitarget tracking and identity management consists of data association, multitarget tracking, identity management, and identity and track fusion. The data-association and multitarget-tracking problems are efficiently solved by Markov chain Monte Carlo data association, which can track an unknown number of targets. Distributed multitarget tracking and identity management manages identities of targets based on the identity-mass-flow framework. This framework prevents exponential growth in computation and storage of target-to-track association probabilities. Using identity and track fusion, distributed multitarget tracking and identity management maintains consistent identities and tracks among neighboring sensors. The performance and features of distributed multitarget tracking and identity management are extensively evaluated in simulation.
Effect of particle size and shape on settling using an integral approach

Abstract This study was undertaken to investigate a settling system having no chemical interactions between the liquid and solid in an effort to establish a base for analysis of the more complex coal—oil systems that have great potential to be used as a fuel in boilers. Glass spheres and crushed glass particles in a model oil having similar properties to No. 6 fuel oil were employed. Particle size and shape, concentrations of solids, temperature and initial mixture heights were studied by use of Smiles integral analysis for settling. A pseudo-diffusion coefficient was determined which predicted the settling behavior over the entire settling time.
Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wallrock assimilation and fractional crystallization

Equations describing trace element and isotopic evolution in a magma chamber affected simultaneously by fractional crystallization and wallrock assimilation are presented for a model where the mass assimilation rate(Ṁa) is an arbitrary fraction(r) of the fractional crystallization rate(Ṁc). The equations also apply to recharge of a crystallizing magma. Relatively simple analytical expressions are obtained for both radiogenic isotope variations (Nd, Sr, Pb) and stable isotopes (O, H) including the effects of mass-dependent fractionation. Forr = 1 a modified zone refining equation is obtained for trace element concentrations, but forr < 1 behavior is a combination of zone refining and fractional crystallization. Asr → ∞, simple binary mixing is approached. The isotopic and trace element “mixing” trends generated can be much different from binary mixing, especially forr < 1. The model provides the basis for a more general approach to the problem of wallrock assimilation, and shows that binary mixing models are insufficient to rule out crustal assimilation as a cause of some of the isotopic variations observed in igneous rocks, including cases where clustering of isotopic values occurs partway between presumed endmember values. The coupled assimilation-fractional crystallization model provides an explanation for certain trace element and isotopic properties of continental margin orogenic magmas (e.g. Sr concentration versus87Sr/86Sr) which had previously been interpreted as evidence against assimilation. So-called “pseudoisochrons” can be understood as artifacts of contamination using this model. A significant correlation exists between country rock age and low143Nd/144Nd ratios in continental igneous rocks, clearly suggestive that crustal contamination is generally important.
Mate rotation by female choice and coercive divorce in Nazca boobies, Sula granti

The formation and dissolution of mating pair bonds have been fruitful areas of investigation for evolutionary biologists. Adaptive mate choice has been the focus of most research on pair dissolution. However, recent work has shown that an important cause of pair dissolution can be involuntary forced divorce, where intruder(s) oust one or both partners. Previously, we presented evidence that, in a male-biased population, females exchanged a reproductively depleted male for a new ‘refreshed’ mate. This ‘mate rotation’ model of divorce could be driven by female choice, forced divorce by unpaired males, or by males forgoing reproduction to recover condition. Here, we examine these alternatives with behavioural and demographic data from our long-term study of banded Nazca boobies. The mate rotation pattern of divorce appears to be driven by a combination of two circumstances involving a female’s abandonment of a previous partnership. In some cases, the female appeared to cooperate with a male intruder, causing her former partner to leave the nest. In other cases, the female abandoned her former mate and joined a new male at another nest site. Recent studies that have disentangled age and breeding experience from pair bond length have shown that an initial increase in reproductive output correlated with pair bond length, but after a period of time together the reproductive success of the pair declined. Given the assumed ubiquity of the cost of reproduction, divorce after a lengthy pair bond would seem to be advantageous for one or both mates when fresh potential partners are available.
The transfer of information across sensory modalities

Previous research has shown that Ss can recognize, classify, or identify the same nominal stimuli when presented via different sensory modalities. Two hypotheses, the mediational and invariant features, have been forwarded in an attempt to account for this ability. The present study was designed so that the reliable transfer of either specific or conceptual sources of information across sensory modalities would provide support for the invariant-feature hypothesis. Evidence was obtained for the transfer of both sources of information when the stimulus modality was not changed. However, neither source of transfer was evident when the stimulus modality was changed; thus, no support for the invariant features hypothesis was obtained in the present study.
Shared Decision Making in Prostate-Specific Antigen Testing With Men Older Than 70 Years

Background: Little is known about how shared decision making (SDM) is being carried out between older men and their health care providers. Our study aimed to describe the use of SDM key elements and assess their associations with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing among older men. Methods: We conducted descriptive and logistic regression modeling analyses using the 2005 and 2010 National Health Interview Survey data. Results: Age-specific prevalence of PSA testing was similar in 2005 and 2010. In 2010, 44.1% of men aged ≥70 years had PSA testing. Only 27.2% (95% confidence interval, 22.2–32.9) of them reported having discussions about both advantages and disadvantages of testing. Multiple regression analyses showed that PSA-based screening was positively associated with discussions of advantages only (P Conclusions: Efforts are needed to increase physicians9 awareness of and adherence to PSA-based screening recommendations. Given that discussions of both advantages and disadvantages increased the uptake of PSA testing and discussion of scientific uncertainties has no effect, additional research about the nature, context, and extent of SDM and about patients9 knowledge, values, and preferences regarding PSA-based screening is warranted.
A Quality Assurance Study on the Accuracy of Measuring Physical Function Under Current Conditions for Use of Clinical Video Telehealth

Abstract Objective To determine whether conditions for use of clinical video telehealth technology might affect the accuracy of measures of physical function. Design Repeated measures. Setting Veterans Administration Medical Center. Participants Three healthy adult volunteers for a sample size of n=30 independent trials for each of 3 physical function tasks. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Three tasks capturing differing aspects of physical function: fine-motor coordination (number of finger taps in 30s), gross-motor coordination (number of gait deviations in 10ft [3.05m]), and clinical spatial relations (identifying the proper height for a cane randomly preset ±0–2in [5.1cm] from optimal), with performance simultaneously assessed in person and video recorded. Interrater reliability and criterion validity were determined for the measurement of these 3 tasks scored according to 5 methods: (1) in person (community standard), (2) slow motion review of the video recording (criterion standard), and (3–5) full speed review at 3 Internet bandwidths (64kps, 384kps, and 768kps). Results Fine-motor coordination—Interrater reliability was variable ( r =.43–.81) and criterion validity was poor at 64kps and 384kps, but both were acceptable at 768kps (reliability r =.74, validity β =.81). Gross-motor coordination—Interreliability was variable (range r =.53–.75) and criterion validity was poor at all bandwidths ( β =.28–.47). Motionless spatial relations—Excellent reliability ( r =.92–.97) and good criterion validity ( β =.84–.89) at all the tested bandwidths. Conclusions Internet bandwidth had differing effects on measurement validity and reliability for the fine-motor task, the gross-motor task, and spatial relations, with results for some tasks at some transmission speeds well below acceptable quality standards and community standards.
Homograph coding and cerebral laterality

Are homographs (e.g., can) more likely to be coded concretely (e.g., tin can) when presented to the right hemisphere and abstractly (e.g., I can go) when presented to the left hemisphere? To examine coding, homographs that had both concrete and abstract meanings were shown for 120 msec, after which subjects used each homograph in a phrase or sentence. The responses of male subjects were more concrete for words presented to the left hemisphere than for those presented to the right, but females showed no such laterality.
Robust dimension reduction based on canonical correlation

The canonical correlation (CANCOR) method for dimension reduction in a regression setting is based on the classical estimates of the first and second moments of the data, and therefore sensitive to outliers. In this paper, we study a weighted canonical correlation (WCANCOR) method, which captures a subspace of the central dimension reduction subspace, as well as its asymptotic properties. In the proposed WCANCOR method, each observation is weighted based on its Mahalanobis distance to the location of the predictor distribution. Robust estimates of the location and scatter, such as the minimum covariance determinant (MCD) estimator of Rousseeuw [P.J. Rousseeuw, Multivariate estimation with high breakdown point, Mathematical Statistics and Applications B (1985) 283-297], can be used to compute the Mahalanobis distance. To determine the number of significant dimensions in WCANCOR, a weighted permutation test is considered. A comparison of SIR, CANCOR and WCANCOR is also made through simulation studies to show the robustness of WCANCOR to outlying observations. As an example, the Boston housing data is analyzed using the proposed WCANCOR method.
Characterization of the human oxytocin receptor stably expressed in 293 human embryonic kidney cells.

Abstract The human oxytocin (OT) receptor was stably expressed in 293 embryonic kidney cells (293/OTR), characterized pharmacologically and compared to human uterine myometrial receptors. The cloned receptor is expressed at a reasonably high density (0.82 fmole/gmg protein) and exhibits high affinity for [ 3 H]OT (K d = 0.32 nM), similar to the value found in human myometrial tissue. The rank-order of potency for various antagonist and agonist ligands from several structural classes is also similar between the cloned and native receptor, as seen in a comparison of their inhibitory constants for [ 3 H]OT binding. Agonist affinity at the cloned OT receptor is decreased by guanine nucleotide analogs, demonstrating functional Gprotein-coupling. The OT receptor in 293 cells, like in human myometrium, is also coupled to the inositol phosphate pathway. In 293/OTR cells, OT stimulates inositol phosphate accumulation with an EC 50 =4.1 nM, an effect blocked by a potent and selective OT antagonist, L-366,948. Additionally, the cloned receptor in 293 cells desensitizes to high concentrations of OT, similar to the desensitization in myometrial tissue and also described for several other Gprotein-coupled receptors. These results illustrate the utility of the 293 cell line for expressing human OT receptors in an environment quite comparable to the native myometrial tissue.
Gender- and Age-Dependent γ-Secretase Activity in Mouse Brain and Its Implication in Sporadic Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is an age-related disorder. Aging and female gender are two important risk factors associated with sporadic AD. However, the mechanism by which aging and gender contribute to the pathogenesis of sporadic AD is unclear. It is well known that genetic mutations in γ-secretase result in rare forms of early onset AD due to the aberrant production of Aβ42 peptides, which are the major constituents of senile plaques. However, the effect of age and gender on γ-secretase has not been fully investigated. Here, using normal wild-type mice, we show mouse brain γ-secretase exhibits gender- and age-dependent activity. Both male and female mice exhibit increased Aβ42∶Aβ40 ratios in aged brain, which mimics the effect of familial mutations of Presenilin-1, Presenlin-2, and the amyloid precursor protein on Aβ production. Additionally, female mice exhibit much higher γ-secretase activity in aged brain compared to male mice. Furthermore, both male and female mice exhibit a steady decline in Notch1 γ-secretase activity with aging. Using a small molecule affinity probe we demonstrate that male mice have less active γ-secretase complexes than female mice, which may account for the gender-associated differences in activity in aged brain. These findings demonstrate that aging can affect γ-secretase activity and specificity, suggesting a role for γ-secretase in sporadic AD. Furthermore, the increased APP γ-secretase activity seen in aged females may contribute to the increased incidence of sporadic AD in women and the aggressive Aβ plaque pathology seen in female mouse models of AD. In addition, deceased Notch γ-secretase activity may also contribute to neurodegeneration. Therefore, this study implicates altered γ-secretase activity and specificity as a possible mechanism of sporadic AD during aging.
Hybridization between Senecio smallii and S. tomentosus (Compositae) on the granitic flatrocks of the Southeastern United States

Senecio smallii andS. tomentosus occasionally hybridize on the granitic flatrocks of the Piedmont of the Southeastern United States. These hybrids are intersectional crosses between sectionsAurei andTomentosi. The parental species have different chromosome numbers withn = 22 inS. smallii andn = 23 inS. tomentosus. Meiosis in the hybrids is abnormal with 22ns and li or 2iis and 3is, and the percentage of stainable pollen is greatly reduced over that of the parents. The hybrid pollen grains are structurally abortive as demonstrated by the scanning electron microscope. Origin of the natural hybrids was documented by the production of artificial hybrids including F1’s, F2’s, and BC’s. Very few of the F2 seeds germinated, and all of the F2 seedlings later died, indicating hybrid breakdown. Seeds of the F1 and BC generations germinated well, and the seedlings were vigorous. Population samples indicate that there is some variation within the natural population systems; however, no evidence of introgression was detected. The isolating mechanisms and possible evolutionary effects of this natural hybridization are discussed.
Essential Protein-Protein Interactions between Plasmodium falciparum Thymidylate Synthase and Dihydrofolate Reductase Domains

In Plasmodium falciparum, dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase activities are conferred by a single 70-kDa bifunctional polypeptide (DHFR-TS, dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase) which assembles into a functional 140-kDa homodimer. In mammals, the two enzymes are smaller distinct molecules encoded on different genes. A 27-kDa amino domain of malarial DHFR-TS is sufficient to provide DHFR activity, but the structural requirements for TS function have not been established. Although the 3'-end of DHFR-TS has high homology to TS sequences from other species, expression of this protein fragment failed to yield active TS enzyme, and it failed to complement TS(-) Escherichia coli. Unexpectedly, even partial 5'-deletion of full-length DHFR-TS gene abolished TS function on the 3'-end. Thus, it was hypothesized that the amino end of the bifunctional parasite protein plays an important role in TS function. When the 27-kDa amino domain (DHFR) was provided in trans, a previously inactive 40-kDa carboxyl-domain from malarial DHFR-TS regained its TS function. Physical characterization of the "split enzymes" revealed that the 27- and the 40-kDa fragments of DHFR-TS had reassembled into a 140-kDa hybrid complex. Thus, in malarial DHFR-TS, there are physical interactions between the DHFR domain and the TS domain, and these interactions are necessary to obtain a catalytically active TS. Interference with these essential protein-protein interactions could lead to new selective strategies to treat malaria resistant to traditional DHFR-TS inhibitors.
Parentage and paternal care: consequences of intersexual selection in Savannah sparrows?

Empirical relationships between parentage and male parental care are commonly interpreted in the context of life-history models that consider increased offspring survivorship as the only benefit of paternal effort. However, indirect benefits associated with male care can also influence a male's response to cuckoldry: if females allocate paternity according to their prior experience with male parental care, it may pay for males to provision extra-pair young in early broods. Here, I assess the relationship between first-brood parentage and paternal care in a population of Savannah sparrows (Passerculussandwichensis) where a male's fertilization success in the second brood appears to be influenced by his prior parental performance. Based on the multi-locus DNA fingerprinting of 17 first broods, male feeding effort was influenced by parentage (percent of brood resulting from within-pair fertilizations) but not by brood size, male mating status (monogamous versus polygynous), timing of breeding (hatching date), structural size (wing length) or condition (mass). Males provided more care to broods that contained few within-pair young. This result supports the idea that males provision young to increase their future mating success, but alternative hypotheses involving male quality and timing of breeding cannot be excluded.
Exploring novel terahertz detectors and sources with the UCSB free-electron lasers.

Summary form only given. The UCSB free-electron lasers energize two research thrusts - terahertz resonant detectors, and terahertz Bloch oscillators. Work on terahertz resonant detectors focuses on plasmonic resonances in grating gated field effect transistors. The resonant response, ~ 50 GHz wide, can be tuned with gate voltage and grating geometry. Gating a narrow region of the channel to threshold enhances reponsivity. The pinched off region develops a barrier to electron flow and "Schottky like" characteristics, exhibiting strong bolometric or rectified response with time constants varying from submicroseconds to 10's of microseconds. Efforts to make a Bloch oscillator oscillate use super- superlattices comprised of short period superlattices interleaved by heavily doped n+ regions. Room temperature terahertz photon assisted transport, excited by the radiation from the FEL's, supports the notion that the super-superlattice structure supports uniform Stark ladders when subjected to sufficiently strong electric fields to bring matwerialthe super- superlattice into the Bloch oscillator limit. Current work fabricates metal clad ring resonators and pulse excites them with ~ microsecond long pulses or -microsecond long bursts of intense 9GHz radiation.
Concept mapping improves metacomprehension accuracy among 7th graders

Abstract Two experiments explored concept map construction as a useful intervention to improve metacomprehension accuracy among 7th grade students. In the first experiment, metacomprehension was marginally better for a concept mapping group than for a rereading group. In the second experiment, metacomprehension accuracy was significantly greater for a concept mapping group than for a control group, while a group of students who were given already constructed concept maps had accuracy between these two groups. In both experiments, control groups had poor metacomprehension accuracy. That is, they performed worse on tests they predicted better performance and performed better on tests they predicted worse performance. Although constructing concept maps did not produce the same high level of accurate monitoring previously reported in the literature, it still reduced the illusion of knowing.
Early Identification of Traumatic Durotomy Associated with Atlantooccipital Dislocation May Prevent Retropharyngeal Pseudomeningocele Development

Atlantooccipital dislocation can be complicated by a traumatic durotomy that may lead to the rare development of a retropharyngeal pseudomeningocele. To our knowledge this has been reported only five times previously. We present the case of a 60-year-old man involved in a motor vehicle accident who suffered an atlantooccipital dislocation and C5-C6 three-column injury. A unique MRI image of a defect in the ventral dura posterior to C2 was appreciated. He underwent occiput to T2 internal fixation and arthrodesis. During surgery, CSF egress was seen caudal to the right C2 nerve root. A DuraMatrix onlay patch reinforced with DuraSeal was placed to stop the CSF leak. A lumbar subarachnoid drain was also placed. The patient made a satisfactory recovery with residual mild weakness of his right upper extremity. In this report, we demonstrate that careful MRI review can reveal a ventral durotomy in a traumatic atlantooccipital dislocation and, if discovered, effective treatment including a lumbar subarachnoid drain for CSF diversion may prevent progression to a retropharyngeal pseudomeningocele. The literature on this rare presentation and associated durotomy is provided.
A constructive proof of the Chang-Marshall theorem

Let Hw be the Banach algebra of bounded analytic functions on D = {z: ]z ) < 1 } equipped with the sup norm. Using radial limits we can identify H* with a closed subalgebra of L”O, the algebra of bounded measurable functions on T = {z: 1 z ( = 1 }. An inner function is an H”O function that is unimodular as a member of Lm. We note that if b is an inner function then b-’ = 6 as elements of L”O. In [3, lo], S.-Y. A. Chang and D. E. Marshall proved the following result, which had been conjectured by R. G. Douglas.
Mesoscale modeling of springtime Arctic mixed-phase stratiform clouds using a new two-moment bulk microphysics scheme

A new two-moment bulk microphysics scheme is implemented into the polar version of the fifthgeneration Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) to simulate arctic mixed-phase boundary layer stratiform clouds observed during Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment (FIRE) Arctic Cloud Experiment (ACE). The microphysics scheme predicts the number concentrations and mixing ratios of four hydrometeor species (cloud droplets, small ice, rain, snow) and includes detailed treatments of droplet activation and ice nucleation from a prescribed distribution of aerosol obtained from observations. The model is able to reproduce many features of the observed mixed-phase cloud, including a near-adiabatic liquid water content profile located near the top of a well-mixed boundary layer, droplet number concentrations of about 200–250 cm 3 that were distributed fairly uniformly through the depth of the cloud, and continuous light snow falling from the cloud base to the surface. The impacts of droplet and ice nucleation, radiative transfer, turbulence, large-scale dynamics, and vertical resolution on the simulated mixed-phase stratiform cloud are examined. The cloud layer is largely self-maintained through strong cloud-top radiative cooling that exceeds 40 K day 1 . It persists through extended periods of downward large-scale motion that tend to thin the layer and reduce water contents. Droplet activation rates are highest near cloud base, associated with subgrid vertical motion that is diagnosed from the predicted turbulence kinetic energy. A sensitivity test neglecting subgrid vertical velocity produces only weak activation and small droplet number concentrations (90 cm 3 ). These results highlight the importance of parameterizing the impact of subgrid vertical velocity to generate local supersaturation for aerosol-droplet closure. The primary ice nucleation mode in the simulated mixed-phase cloud is contact freezing of droplets. Sensitivity tests indicate that the assumed number and size of contact nuclei can have a large impact on the evolution and characteristics of mixed-phase cloud, especially the partitioning of condensate between droplets and ice.