cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders: From focal brain targets to cognitive networks

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising intervention for treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Up to 90% of patients who have not recovered with therapy or medication have reported benefit from DBS in open-label studies. Response rates in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), however, have been much lower. This has been argued to arise from surgical variability between sites, and recent psychiatric DBS research has focused on refining targeting through personalized imaging. Much less attention has been given to the fact that psychiatric disorders arise from dysfunction in distributed brain networks, and that DBS likely acts by altering communication within those networks. This is in part because psychiatric DBS research relies on subjective rating scales that make it difficult to identify network biomarkers. Here, we overview recent DBS RCT results in OCD and MDD, as well as the follow-on imaging studies. We present evidence for a new approach to studying DBS' mechanisms of action, focused on measuring objective cognitive/emotional deficits that underpin these and many other mental disorders. Further, we suggest that a focus on cognition could lead to reliable network biomarkers at an electrophysiologic level, especially those related to inter-regional synchrony of the local field potential (LFP). Developing the network neuroscience of DBS has the potential to finally unlock the potential of this highly specific therapy.
Monetary Policy and Firm Heterogeneity: The Role of Leverage Since the Financial Crisis

The role of leverage in explaining firm-level responses to monetary policy changed around the financial crisis of 2007-09. The stock price of firms with high leverage was less responsive to monetary policy shocks in the pre-crisis period but has become more responsive since the crisis. We document supporting evidence of this result from firm-level option prices and investment data. We find some suggestive evidence that the higher responsiveness is driven by firms whose leverage is more dependent on long-term debt, pointing to an outsize role for monetary policy affecting long-term funding conditions since the crisis.
Bipolar disorder as a gliopathy

Abstract Glial cells are cells that compose the nervous system and have a vital role and maintaining, protecting, organizing, and sustaining the central nervous system. To understand the pathophysiological mechanism that underlies a complex disease as is bipolar disorder (BD) is crucial to decipher the cellular pathology associated with the disease. In this chapter, we will discuss postmortem brain studies that target glia in BD. Based on the results of these studies, we will discuss how gliopathy can be an important contributor in the physiopathology of BD. Finally, we will consider the use of new cellular models such as induced pluripotent stem cells and cerebral organoids to study glia cells in BD and hopefully provide us with new targets for the development of more tailored and efficient treatments for this global public health problem.
Responding to COVID-19: Implementing a Telemedicine Program at a Student-Run Free Clinic

Introduction: Telemedicine has enabled access to care during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article describes the creation and implementation of a telemedicine clinic in a student-run free clinic (SRF...
The utilization of dry needling and an upper extremity exercise program for individuals with cervicogenic headaches: A pilot study.

Objective To investigate whether a combination of dry-needling treatments and upper extremity neuromuscular reeducation exercises can significantly improve neck pain and/or headache-related disability, joint position error, cervical range of motion, and pain pressure threshold in individuals suffering from cervicogenic headache (CGH). Methods This study is a quasi-experimental design. Seven participants met the inclusion criteria and received dry needling to three muscles that reproduced the participant's headache symptoms and completed the Neck Disability Index (NDI), Headache Disability Inventory (HDI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Participants performed an exercise regimen designed to address strength and mobility of cervical and scapulothoracic musculature. Results There were significant improvements seen in cervical range of motion and neck pain-related disability (NDI) during the 4-week treatment period. Conclusion Dry needling and neuromuscular re-education (NMR) exercises could be effective components of treatment for individuals suffering from CGH to reduce disability and pain.
Evolution of resistance by a native competitor can lead to invasion collapse in disease-mediated invasions.

Invasive species are often able to establish and spread with the help of diseases they bring that can infect native competitors. But sometimes, seemingly successful invasions, in which the invasive species may reach high densities, suddenly collapse, with abrupt decline and extinction of the invader. Diseases have been implicated in invasion collapses, though the underlying mechanism accounting for the entire invasion arc is unresolved. In this study, we simulated a disease-mediated invasion (DMI) by constructing a susceptible-infected-susceptible model for infection and population dynamics of a native and an invasive species. We found that when a competitively dominant native species became an inferior competitor due to infection with the invader’s disease, the native population could often withstand replacement and could sometimes reverse the invasion by evolving an effective disease defense—a resistance-driven evolutionary rebound leading to invasion collapse. The collapse pattern depended on a lag between the disease advance and the invader advance, creating a region of time and space in which the native populations contended only with the disease, evolving disease resistance before confronting the competing invader. We determined the biological conditions and spatial scale in which a DMI may end in evolutionary rebound and collapse, and we present testable predictions for DMI community dynamics.
Slicing Software for Model Construction

Applying finite-state verification techniques (e.g., model checking) to software requires that program source code be translated to a finite-state transition system that safely models program behavior. Automatically checking such a transition system for a correctness property is typically very costly, thus it is necessary to reduce the size of the transition system as much as possible. In fact, it is often the case that much of a program's source code is irrelevant for verifying a given correctness property. In this paper, we apply program slicing techniques to remove automatically such irrelevant code and thus reduce the size of the corresponding transition system models. We give a simple extension of the classical slicing definition, and prove its safety with respect to model checking of linear temporal logic (LTL) formulae. We discuss how this slicing strategy fits into a general methodology for deriving effective software models using abstraction-based program specialization.
Characteristics of Fluency and Speech in Two Families With High Incidences of Stuttering

Purpose This study presents data from 2 families with high incidence of stuttering, comparing methods of phenotype assignment and exploring the presence of other fluency disorders and corresponding speech characteristics. Method Three methods for assigning phenotype of stuttering were used: self-identification, family identification, and expert identification. Agreement on which individuals were assigned by each of these methods was studied. Multiple measures of fluency and speech production were obtained. Results Self-reports and descriptions of blocking rather than self-identification as a person who stutters demonstrated the best agreement with expert identification of stuttering. Family identification showed poor agreement with both expert and self-identification of stuttering. Using binary categories of fluent or stuttering, 90% of individuals in 1 family were classified by expert consensus. Only 70% of the other family could be similarly categorized. Experts required 2 other categories, cluttering a...
Numerical modeling of unsteady flow fields with detonation

A numerical procedure has been described for unsteady chemically reacting flowfields where vastly different time scales can be applied to the fluids and chemistry thereby providing for efficient computation. The fluids operator correctly models the convection with explicit differences, while the split reaction terms can be solved by an O. D. E. technique best suited to its particular problem. A major difficulty with numerically “capturing” shocks has been identified for reacting flowfields where the chemical rate terms are strongly dependent upon local temperature. A shock-fitting procedure was demonstrated which alleviates this problem and has proven to work well in a series of severe tests of the procedure. All of the numerical procedures discussed have potential for application to multi-dimensional problems and complex reaction schemes.
Comparison of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis for molecular subtyping of Cryptococcus neoformans. The Cryplococcal Disease Active Surveillance Group.

We evaluated multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) for their usefulness in subtyping 344 Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates obtained from four U.S. metropolitan areas in 1992 to 1994. MEE and RAPD with five primers both discriminated between the two varieties of C. neofromans. MEE divided C. neoformans var. neoformans isolates into 15 enzyme electrophoretic subtypes (ETs) arranged in three complexes. The predominant ET 1 complex contained 10 ETs, with isolates from 70% of patients in 1 ET. RAPD with five primers further sorted this predominant ET into 19 subtypes, with 60% of isolates sorting into three RAPD types. The ET 8 MEE complex, containing three ETs, could not be divided further by RAPD. The ET 7 complex (two ETs) included isolates from all serotype AD patients. Although both MEE and RAPD identified isolates of C. neoformans var. gattii, neither distinguished between serotypes B and C. These results showed that the two C. neoformans varieties could be identified by MEE or RAPD profile as well as by biochemical methods. RAPD improved the discriminatory power of MEE for isolates within the ET 1 complex but with other ETs offered little additional sensitivity over MEE and was less sensitive than MEE with isolates of C. neoformans var. gattii. This information will be useful in identifying particular environmental sources of disease-causing exposures, in seeking clusters of cases, and in determining whether an infecting strain changes over time.
From the Editor—The Medium Is the Message: Integrating Social Media and Social Work Education

In his pioneering and controversial book, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964), Marshall McLuhan proclaimed that “the medium is the message” (p. 7). While there is still debate about w...
An unusual phase of some thermotropic liquid crystals. A carbon-13 NMR study

Abstract Upon slow cooling, a small fraction of the thermotropic liquid crystal S1496 exhibits a new phase which shows a high-resolution carbon-13 NMR spectrum with isotropic chemical shifts. This new phase is probably either cubic phase or a plastic phase. Its formation is facilitated by the addition of small amounts of solutes. Some other liquid crystals containing alkylcyclohexanes behave similarly.
DIGITAL IMAGING OF ATOMIC COLLISIONS

Abstract In this work a digital imaging system was applied to the study of atomic collisions for the first time. The photon emission cross-sections of two lines of neutral helium resulting from the H + + He collision system for an energy range of 100–200 keV were determined using a charge-coupled device. The CCD was proven to be a viable detector for intermediate energy ion-atom collisions through verification of the excitation cross-section for the thoroughly studied 5047-A (4 1 S → 2 1 P) line of neutral helium. Once the CCD was established as a viable tool for cross-section data acquisition, the emission cross-section of the previously unstudied 6678-A (3 1 D → 2 1 P) line of the same collision system was measured.
Mixing entropy of 3 He- 4 He monolayers adsorbed on graphite

Calorimetric measurements on 3He-4He monolayers by Hickernell, McLean, and Vilches indicate that isotopic ordering takes place in both the low-density and registered lattice gas regimes. The low-density film heat capacity corresponds to imperfect 2D gas mixtures above T − 1 K. At lower temperatures the 4He fraction condenses to a 2D liquid, and the concurrent decrease in mixing entropy indicates concurrent isotopic separation. In the registered lattice gas mixtures the mixing entropy changes by a much smaller amount over the experimental region. It is argued that the observed changes are due to shortrange isotopic ordering tending towards segregation. From a detailed comparison with an Ising model, we estimate a transition temperature T c≈ 30 mK.
Lunar hydrogen and other volatiles

The occurrence of solar wind implanted volatiles in the lunar regolith may provide resources to support a lunar settlement and fusion energy on earth in the 21st century. These volatiles include H, He, N, and C which are enriched in the finest fraction of the moon's comminuted regolith. These volatiles may be extracted by heating the soil. At 700 C near quantitative release of hydrogen and helium will occur, and approximately 20-30 percent of the N and C will corelease. It is estimated that per tonne of He-3 extracted from the lunar regolith at this temperature that 6300 tonnes H, 700 tonnes N, and 1600 tonnes C (as CO and CO2) will be released.
Surface acoustic waves in the diamond anvil cell: An application of impulsive stimulated light scattering

Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195~Received 14 March 2001; published 22 August 2001!Impulsive stimulated light scattering ~ISS! has been used to probe the pressure dependence of the surfaceacoustic waves supported at the interfaces formed by single crystals of Ge and Ta in contact with the pressure-transmitting media liquid methanol and solid Ar, respectively. In the former system, the relevant excitation isa Scholte wave; its velocity has been measured as function of direction in the crystal surface to a pressure of2.2 GPa. In the latter system, the velocity of the Stoneley wave has been measured in the same way to apressure of 7.7 GPa. In both cases, calculated velocities, obtained by evaluating the surface perpendicularelastodynamic Green’s function, agree closely with measured velocities. When combined with additionalinformation, such as the bulk modulus, these type of measurements provide a means to precisely determine thehigh pressure behavior of the individual elastic constants of opaque materials.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.100103 PACS number~s!: 62.50.1p, 62.30.1d, 62.65.1k, 62.20.Dc
Phytoplankton responses to reduction and elimination of submerged vegetation by herbicides and grass carp in four Florida lakes

Abstract Four central Florida lakes were monitored for 3 years to determine the effects of macrophyte reduction and elimination by grass carp and herbicide on phytoplankton populations. Clear Lake, in which grass carp were stocked after a year of baseline studies, had all macrophytes eliminated within 14 months. The density of phytoplankton increased significantly from an initial 24-month mean of 165 000 cells 1 −1 to a mean level of 787 900 cells 1 −1 in the third year. In Little Lake Fairview, stocked with grass carp in both the first and third years of study, vegetation was not eliminated until the 34th month. Phytoplankton density increased significantly from a 24-month mean of 64 200 cells 1 −1 to a mean of 370 200 cells 1 −1 in the third year. Lake Orienta, stocked with grass carp in the first year, had all vegetation eliminated within 6 months. Phytoplankton abundance did not change significantly over the course of the study (mean: 2 700 000 cells 1 −1 ). Lake Mann was treated with herbicide alone after an initial year of baseline data collection. Submerged vegetation was reduced in the second year but increased to near initial biomass levels in Year 3, with Nitella sp. replacing Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle as the dominant macrophyte. No significant yearly changes were noted in density of phytoplankton in this lake. Lake Orienta was the only lake in which the number of phytoplankton species collected differed significantly between years. Cyanophytes (notably species of Anacystis, Microcystis and Anabaena ) and the diatom, Fragilaria sp., predominated in all lakes as macrophytes were removed. Most changes observed were in the direction of apparent increased trophic state. Major shifts in the phytoplankton assemblage (e.g., Shannon diversity indices and abundance) coincided with periods of maximal fluctuation in vegetation. Reversals of these tendencies were observed during prolonged stable periods of both high and low macrophute biomass.
Effect of sodium salicylate on induced lipolysis in isolated fat cells of the rat.

Abstract The effect of sodium salicylate on fatty acid and glycerol release in vitro was examined in fat cells isolated from epididymal adipose tissue of fasted rats. Incubations were performed in the absence of glucose. Sodium salicylate reduced the rate of release of both glycerol and fatty acids induced by DL-arterenol, glucagon, theophylline, ACTH, dexamethasone plus growth hormone, and high and low concentrations of dibutyryl cyclic AMP plus theophylline. These findings suggest that sodium salicylate is a non-specific inhibitor of lipolysis in the adipose tissue cell. Sodium salicylate may inhibit the activation of triglyceride lipase by cyclic AMP or may directly inhibit the triglyceride lipase enzyme system. These findings are also compatible with the hypothesis that the decrease of plasma free fatty acids caused by salicylates in vivo is caused by direct action on adipose tissue.
Polarization camera for computer vision with a beam splitter

A fully automated system that utilizes two CCD cameras and a polarizing beam splitter to create a polarization camera capable of sensing the polarization of reflected light from objects at pixel resolution is presented. The physical dimensions of the polarization of light beyond that of intensity carry extra information from a scene that can provide a richer set of descriptive physical constraints for the understanding of images. It has been shown that polarization cues can be used to perform dielectric and metal material identification and specular-and diffuse-reflection component analysis, as well as complex image segmentations that would be immensely more complicated or even infeasible with the use of intensity and color alone. A polarizing-plate beam splitter is placed in front of two CCD cameras so that light beams reflected from and transmitted through the beam splitter are each incident upon a separate camera. The polarization state of the reflected and the transmitted beams are linearly independent in terms of two orthogonal-polarization components, and these components are resolved in real time from the simple solution of two simultaneous linear equations. The polarizing-plate beam splitter allows for the simultaneous measurement of two orthogonal-polarization components over fairly wide field views suitable for vision and robotics. A polarization contrast image can be produced at 15 Hz. Two sets of orthogonal-polarization component pairs can be resolved by electronically switching a twisted nematic liquid crystal placed in front of the beam splitter, permitting the real-time measurement of partial-linear-polarization images at 7.5 Hz. A scheme for mapping states of partial linear polarization into hue, saturation, and intensity, which is a very suitable representation for a polarization image, is illustrated. The unique vision-understanding capabilities of this polarization camera system are demonstrated with experimental results showing polarization-based dielectric and metal material classification, shape constraints from reflected polarization, and specular-reflection and occluding-contour segmentations in a fairly complex scene.
Inhibition of the Ablation Rate of Graphite by Gaseous Chlorine

Investigation of the inhibiting effect of gaseous chlorine on the ablation rate of graphite. It is shown that small amounts of chlorine gas, when present in a supersonic high-temperature air environment, can inhibit the ablation rate of graphite and depress its surface temperature below that measured in pure air. The ablation inhibition performance of chlorine is presented in graphs in terms of mass loss rate and surface temperature depression as a function of chlorine concentration.
Droplet and cluster formation in freely falling granular streams

Particle beams are important tools for probing atomic and molecular interactions. Here we demonstrate that particle beams also offer a unique opportunity to investigate interactions in macroscopic systems, such as granular media. Motivated by recent experiments on streams of grains that exhibit liquid-like breakup into droplets, we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the evolution of a dense stream of macroscopic spheres accelerating out of an opening at the bottom of a reservoir. We show how nanoscale details associated with energy dissipation during collisions modify the stream's macroscopic behavior. We find that inelastic collisions collimate the stream, while the presence of short-range attractive interactions drives structure formation. Parameterizing the collision dynamics by the coefficient of restitution (i.e., the ratio of relative velocities before and after impact) and the strength of the cohesive interaction, we map out a spectrum of behaviors that ranges from gaslike jets in which all grains drift apart to liquid-like streams that break into large droplets containing hundreds of grains. We also find a new, intermediate regime in which small aggregates form by capture from the gas phase, similar to what can be observed in molecular beams. Our results show that nearly all aspects of stream behavior are closely related to the velocity gradient associated with vertical free fall. Led by this observation, we propose a simple energy balance model to explain the droplet formation process. The qualitative as well as many quantitative features of the simulations and the model compare well with available experimental data and provide a first quantitative measure of the role of attractions in freely cooling granular streams.
{beta} functions of orbifold theories and the hierarchy problem

We examine a class of gauge theories obtained by projecting out certain fields from an N=4 supersymmetric SU(N) gauge theory. These theories are non-supersymmetric and in the large N limit are known to be conformal. Recently it was proposed that the hierarchy problem could be solved by embedding the standard model in a theory of this kind with finite N. In order to check this claim one must find the conformal points of the theory. To do this we calculate the one-loop {beta} functions for the Yukawa and quartic scalar couplings. We find that with the {beta} functions set to zero the one-loop quadratic divergences are not canceled at sub-leading order in N; thus the hierarchy between the weak scale and the Planck scale is not stabilized unless N is of the order 10{sup 28} or larger. We also find that at sub-leading orders in N renormalization induces new interactions, which were not present in the original Lagrangian. (c) 1999 The American Physical Society.
Racial differences in the effect of early milk consumption on peak and postmenopausal bone mineral density.

Studies of the effect of milk consumption on bone density have focused on white women. The applicability to other races is unclear. This study of 4316 women found a racial difference in the effect of early milk consumption on bone. Further study is required to evaluate the etiology of this difference. Introduction: Early milk consumption has been found to influence bone mineral density positively throughout life. Previous studies leading to this finding focused on white women; there are no data to support the view that black women also gain an equivalent benefit from early milk consumption. Materials and Methods: Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), we analyzed the relationship between reported childhood and teenage milk consumption and current hip bone mineral density at four sites (femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanter, and total hip) among postmenopausal and 20- to 39-year-old non-Hispanic white (NHW) and black (NHB) women. Potential confounding variables were accounted for in the analysis. Results: Controlling for age and body mass index, teenage milk consumption was significantly associated with higher bone mineral density at all four sites among both postmenopausal and 20- to 39-year-old white women, but was not associated with bone mineral density at any site among black women. A similar pattern was observed for childhood milk intake. The interaction between race and teenage milk consumption significantly explained postmenopausal bone mineral density at all sites, whereas the interaction between race and teenage milk consumption was significant at two of the four sites among the 20- to 39-year-old women. Conclusion: The results show racial differences in the effect of early milk consumption on peak and postmenopausal bone mineral density.
Allocating HIV prevention resources

Abstract This year, the federal government will spend upwards of $600 million on HIV prevention activities. How should this budget be allocated? We review budget allocation rules employed by HIV prevention community planning groups, as well as other proposals and argue that such approaches do not appropriately represent the relationship between expenditures on HIV prevention activities and the results of prevention programs. We formulate the resource allocation problem that leads to preventing the maximal number of new HIV infections subject to a budget constraint, derive the implicit production functions that make existing rules optimal and argue that the resulting assumptions about the performance of prevention programs are untenable. We close by suggesting an alternative approach to allocating HIV prevention resources based on the principle of preventing the maximum number of new HIV infections subject to the prevention budget constraint.
Aspergillus Airway Colonization and Invasive Disease After Lung Transplantation

Background Invasive Aspergillus is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among lung transplant recipients. The diagnosis can be difficult and treatment is often unsuccessful so many centers preemptively treat all Aspergillus airway isolates to prevent invasive disease. This approach is untested as little is known about the relationship between Aspergillus airway colonization and invasive disease. This study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence of Aspergillus airway colonization after lung transplantation and the risk of invasive disease after colonization. Design All cultures and histologic specimens obtained from a consecutive series of 151 lung transplant cases were reviewed for the presence of Aspergillus and compared with clinical data. Results Aspergillus was isolated from the airway in 69 (46%;) of 151 transplant recipients. Invasive disease occurred in five cases and was uniformly fatal, accounting for 13%; of all posttransplant deaths. Results of cytologic examination of BAL fluid were normal in all cases of invasive disease and cultures were positive in only one of five patients prior to invasion. Invasive disease occurred exclusively in patients who died or were colonized with Aspergillus fumigatus within the first 6 months posttransplant. Patients growing A fumigatus from the airway during the first 6 months were 11 times more likely to develop invasive disease relative to those not colonized. Conclusion Aspergillus airway colonization after lung transplantation is common and in most cases, transient. In contrast, invasive Aspergillus disease is less common, but fatal. Bronchoscopy with cytologic examination and fungal culture are not sensitive or timely predictors of invasive disease. Invasive Aspergillus occurred only in patients initially colonized with A fumigatus within the first 6 months posttransplant. A trial of empiric anti-Aspergillus therapy limited to the first 6 months posttransplant may be warranted.
After the Covenant: Romanticism, Secularization, and Disastrous Transcendence

Familiar narratives of secularization rely on an unexamined but pivotal negation of telos, a negation that at once marks and undermines modernity’s difference from tradition. In statements characteristic of romantic‐era writing, Wordsworth’s five‐book Prelude captures this non‐dialectical negation by foregrounding how the rainbow covenant no longer wards off the threat of a Biblical flood, and Malthus’s Essay locates a similar threat in the principle of population. In both cases, modernity inscribes its version of transcendence in an incontestable material process that is at once a threat to and precondition for human survival. Both texts suggest that such a process cancels the covenantal protection from the God of the deluge, making humanity vulnerable once again – as before the rainbow covenant – to a disastrous transcendence. In their versions of the aesthetics of the sublime, Kant and Wordsworth attempt to incorporate this devastating transcendence into a higher faculty of mind, whereas Malthus attemp...
Changes and Continuities in the Political Ecology of Popular Protest: Mid-Qing China and Contemporary Resistance

This article will delve into the historical roots of Chinese environmentalism. A wave of recent research has unearthed numerous instances of Chinese state—society conflicts, as well as the ecological crisis precipitated by drastic population and commercial growth in 18th-century China. Based on a survey of protest events derived from archival sources, this contribution analyzes how the mounting ecological crisis and falling capacity of the Qing state in the 18th and 19th centuries generated changing forms of popular protests as responses to the “externalities of development.” It is found that when the Qing's regime capacity peaked in the early 18th century, most popular protests were peaceful and were resolved through compromises between officials and protesters. Amid the administrative breakdown in the 19th century, however, many protests escalated into violent confrontations, while others developed into “appeals to the capital” (jingkong ), a litigation process that enabled local communities to seek the...
Antiviral activity of biological response modifiers in a murine model of aids. requirement for augmentation of natural killer cell activity and synergy with oral AZT

We employed the Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RMuLV) as a murine retrovirus model of AIDS, to test biological response modifiers (BRM) and antiviral agents for potential therapeutic activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We examined the relationship between the augmentation of natural killer (NK) cell activity and antiviral efficacy of a series of BRM, most of which are known inducers of interferon, in this model. Poly [I,C]-LC, MVE-2, and CL 246,738, but not Ampligen, soluble glucan, or 7-thia-8-oxoguanosine, consistently produced antiviral activity. In addition, the combination of suboptimal doses of oral 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) (in drinking water) and poly [1,C]-LC produced a synergistic antiviral effect. With all the BRM tested, a consistent pattern emerged, namely that antiviral activity always correlated with the augmentation of splenic NK cell activity in infected animals. For instance, poly [I,C]-LC boosted NK activity much more in infected mice treated therapeutically (treatment initiated after infection) than prophylactically (treatment initiated before infection), and it had greater antiviral activity therapeutically than prophylactically. For the BRM tested, antiviral activity did not occur without augmentation of NK activity in infected mice. In contrast, augmentation of NK activity in uninfected mice bore no relationship to antiviral activity. Furthermore, elimination of NK cells by treating mice with anti-asialo GM1 abolished the antiviral activity of poly [I,C]-LC. Although splenic NK activity was ablated by anti-asialo GM, serum interferon levels were not affected by this treatment. These results point to a causal connection between the augmentation of NK cell activity and the antiviral efficacy of these BRM in this murine AIDS model. NK cells thus appear to play a key role in resistance to this retrovirus, as has been suggested for HIV.
Psychometric Properties and Underlying Assumptions of Four Objective Measures of Fear of Success.

This article reviews several new tests of “fear of success” in terms of their underlying theoretical assumptions, measure reliability, and validity. A discussion of the validity of the fear-of-success construct is also presented. The conclusion is that it would be premature to switch to any of the new techniques. Each has its own limitations and should not be employed until a replicable body of research exists.
Experimental investigation of excited-state lifetimes in atomic ytterbium

Lifetimes of 21 excited states in atomic Yb were measured using time-resolved fluorescence detection following pulsed laser excitation. The lifetime of the 4${\mathit{f}}^{14}$5d6${\mathit{s}}^{\mathrm{}3}$${\mathit{D}}_{1}$ state, which is of particular importance for a proposed study of parity nonconservation in atoms, was measured to be 380(30) ns. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Management of Anticoagulation Agents in Trauma Patients

A lack of consensus on anticoagulant reversal during acute trauma is compounded by an aging population and the expanding spectrum of new anticoagulation agents. Developments in laboratory assays and transfusion medicine, including thromboelastography, recombinant factors, and factor concentrates, have revolutionized care for anticoagulated trauma patients. Accordingly, clinicians must be fully aware of drug mechanisms, assays to determine drug activity, and appropriate reversal strategies for patients on anticoagulants. Drugs include vitamin K antagonists, direct thrombin inhibitors, direct factor Xa inhibitors, low molecular weight heparin, and antiplatelet agents. This article discusses the appropriate assessment and management of trauma patients receiving these agents.
Alteration of Apollo 17 orange fines by adsorbed water vapor

Abstract The Apollo 17 orange fines have a unique character and history. The changes in surface properties induced by adsorbed water vapor are evaluated and compared to those produced in soil samples from other locations, including an immediately adjacent Apollo 17 grey soil. Adsorbed water vapor changes the condition of each sample of fines from nonporous to porous. Particle size distributions show that the changes are internal to the particles as do the porosity analyses. The data from t-plots, the fractional areas contained within micropores, the amounts of irreversibly adsorbed water held within the pores, and the blocking action of this water on subsequently adsorbed nitrogen, all show the interconnecting channels in the orange fines to be wider than is general for other types of fines. Our interpretation is that leaching by water of material within radiation damage tracks has widened channels to the point where few microsized pores remain and the accessibility of the pore system is greater than usual. The high reactivity of the orange fines is considered in light of damage caused by heavy cosmic ray nuclei and the unusually high content of halogens, which might provide for stronger than usual etching conditions upon exposure to water vapor.
Coenzyme B12 Chemical Precedent Studies: Probing the Role of the Imidazole Base-on Motif Found in B12-Dependent Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase

Adenosylcobinamide (AdoCbi+) plus N-methylimidazole (N-MeIm), [AdoCbi·N-MeIm]+BF4-, has been studied with the goal of providing a chemical precedent for the benzimidazole base-off, protein histidine base-on form of adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl, also coenzyme B12) found in the recent X-ray crystallographic structural study of methylmalonyl-CoA (MMCoA) mutase. Specifically, the axial-base binding Kassoc and associated ΔH and ΔS thermodynamic parameters for [AdoCbi·N-MeIm]+BF4- have been obtained as well as its Co−C thermolytic cleavage products and kinetic parameters. The thermodynamic studies reveal that imidazole is unique among the aromatic nitrogenous bases tested, with a more favorable ΔH = −7.8 ± 0.4 kcal/mol but a compensatingly less favorable ΔS = −28 ± 1 eu when binding to AdoCbi+. A stronger, shorter Co−N (N-MeIm) bond is implied for [AdoCbi·N-MeIm]+ (i.e., vs pyridine as the axial base). The product studies reveal that imidazole changes the mode of Co−C cleavage from ≥98% homolysis (for the appended...
Validation of scales and otoliths for estimating age of redband trout in high desert streams of Idaho

Studies validating aging structures for rainbow trout are sparse and none have been conducted for redband trout, a common western U.S. sub-species. Oxytetracycline mark-recapture methods (MR), marginal incremental analysis (MIA), and comparisons across multiple populations were used to evaluate the utility of two structures for aging redband trout in high desert streams. We assessed periodicity of annulus formation on scale and otolith samples from all age classes of trout residing in two streams, identified the location of the first annulus on otoliths, and compared age estimates and between-reader coefficient of variation on nine additional streams. The use of MIA successfully validated opaque zone periodicity for fish transitioning from age-0 to age-1, and from age 1 to age 2 in two streams. For fish at liberty 13 and 28 months in the same two streams, MR-derived age estimates from whole and sectioned otoliths were 94–100% accurate for fish from 2–9 years old. Scales were only 77% and 38% accurate for fish at liberty 13 and 28 months, respectively. Between-reader coefficient of variation (CV) for scales was high (11.5%), while CV for sectioned otoliths using whole otoliths as corroboratory structures averaged 2.3%. Scales were thus, an unacceptable aging structure for desert redband trout. Given the confusion in the literature, we suggest that more rigorous research should be conducted to define and explain otolith zone formation.
Value of Winter Protection for Bees

Previous work is briefly summarized. The data secured during the past four years are tabulated and show that a wind break made an average difference of 8,600 bees in a one story, unpacked hive, 7,968 in a two story, unpacked hive and 3,539 in a packed hive, indicating that packing will to a certain extent offset the disadvantage of a wind break. A packed hive in a wind break shows a decided advantage over unpacked hives.
Functional analysis of the marginating pool of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

The intravascular pool of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is composed of one compartment which is circulating and another that is marginated to the vascular endothelium. Administration of B-adrenergic agonists leads to a rapid demargination with an increase in the circulating PMN pool. The marginating PMN has previously been stated to represent an older PMN based on a higher cytochemical alkaline phosphatase activity. With the understanding that circulating PMN are heterogeneous with respect to function and size we undertook the present study to evaluate the contribution of the marginating PMN to functional and volume-dependent heterogeneity. We found that PMN isolated 7 min after epinephrine administration, presumably enriched by marginating PMN, were not different in volume, biochemically measured alkaline phosphatase activity, stimulated superoxide anion release, degranulation, or phagocytosis. These data suggest that the circulating and marginating pools of PMN are interchangeable and that the marginating PMN are not enriched by a particular subpopulation of PMN.
The Joint Influence of Disordered Eating and Anxiety Sensitivity on the Acquired Capability for Suicide

Anxiety sensitivity (AS) and disordered eating are significant risk factors for suicidality. Although the physical concerns subfactor of AS—specifically lower physical concerns—has been associated with suicide attempts, we sought to further clarify this relationship by exploring the association between AS physical concerns and the physical capability component (acquired capability) of Joiner’s (Why people die by suicide. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2005) interpersonal theory of suicide. We predicted an inverse relationship between AS physical concerns and the acquired capability for suicide in a sample of 342 female outpatients. Additionally, we hypothesized that AS physical concerns would moderate the relationship between disordered eating—another risk factor for suicidality—and acquired capability, such that a significant relationship between disordered eating and acquired capability would exist only for those reporting low AS physical concerns. Both hypotheses were supported. The implications for understanding the joint influence of AS and disordered eating, as well as for determining suicide risk, are discussed.
Post-Bayesian strategies to optimize astrobiology instrument suites: lessons from Antarctica and the Pilbara

Artificial neural networks patterned on fundamental neurological features of the human perceptual system have been shown to produce Bayesian probabilistic classifications of galaxies1-3, identify biotic and abiotic alteration of subsurface basalts4, distinguish terrestrial fossils from their background rock matrix5, and detect areas of Archean hydrothermal alteration6. Data inputs for these classification tasks have varied from astronomical or high altitude images and spectra, to sub-micron resolution elemental abundances. However, Bayesian theory assumes an absence of statistical and interpretive ambiguity in a target signal, the antithesis of the problems facing remote and human exploration of extreme environments on Earth and extraterrestrial sites such as Mars, comets, and the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn. Fundamental to our certainty about the classification of geobiological targets on Earth is a long scientific history of familiarization both with the geochemical evolution of our planet and the reliability and discriminating power of particular instruments. Reduction of the uncertainty associated with a putative extraterrestrial biosignature derived from a single probe is most often attempted by deploying a suite of instruments, each one interrogating distinct morphological and chemical phenomena in a target7. But understanding the relative weighting appropriate for merging disparate signals or distinct data sets is not a trivial issue8. And, as we have most recently seen in the case of ALH84001, strategies relying on the cumulative statistical power of multiple probes often crumble when subsequent review of abiotic physicochemical phenomena reveals even a single abiotic mechanism, no matter how improbable, capable of replicating the putative biotic signal. Finally, for extend extraterrestrial missions or work in remote environments on Earth, the fundamental "fewest moving parts" reliability rule must come into play. This communication highlights the minimum requirements for an astrobiological instrument suite for remote or human exploration of extreme environments both here on Earth and in our local and neighboring planetary systems. Critical items of concern include obtaining co-registered data characterizing target morphology, metabolism, and mobility; the face validity and familiarity of the instrumentation to the scientific community, and the choice of instrumentation sufficiently inexpensive and easy to use that it might find wide spread usage within the astrobiology community prior to mission deployment. Preliminary indications are that such an instrument can be implemented for a cost accessible to high school, college, and graduate students interested in geobiological and astrobiological research in extreme or hazardous environments.
Interest Group Interaction in a Legislative System

M /r UCH DISCUSSION in group theory centers around the concepts of power and influence as attributes of political interest groups. Often this discussion does not rise above the level of defining group power in terms such as "the ability to get what one wishes out of politics."1 The basis of group power is perceived in some vague relationship between the interest group and the total way of life of the population. We must not underestimate the contribution of group theoryas first proposed by Arthur Bentley2 and developed by David B. Truman3-to the development of a more realistic view of collective interaction in politics. But what is needed now is a deeper understanding of how the interaction between groups and other power centers in the political system affects the ability of an interest group to obtain its goals. When we inquire into the effectiveness of a group we must ask: what determines its effectiveness? and what limits its effectiveness? As Philip Monypenny has expressed it:
Biochemical quantification of DNA in human articular and septal cartilage using PicoGreen® and Hoechst 33258

Abstract Objective To compare two fluorometric assays, utilizing (1) the bisbenzimidazole Hoechst 33258 and (2) PicoGreen ® , for determining DNA content in human cartilage. Methods Human articular and nasal septal cartilage explants were digested using proteinase K. Portions of sample digest were analysed for intrinsic and dye-enhanced fluorescence with either Hoechst 33258 or PicoGreen ® . Results Intrinsic tissue fluorescence in both articular and septal cartilage increased with age and was prominent at wavelengths used for Hoechst 33258 but relatively low at wavelengths used for PicoGreen ® . The relative contribution of intrinsic fluorescence to total dye-enhanced fluorescence of human cartilage was markedly greater for Hoechst 33258 (19–57%) than for PicoGreen ® (2–7%). Thus, in many situations, DNA in human cartilage can be assayed using PicoGreen ® without the need to correct for intrinsic cartilage fluorescence. The enhancement of fluorescence by each dye was found to be specific for DNA, as shown by fluorescence spectra, >90% sensitivity to DNase, and resistance to RNase. In addition, little or no interference was caused by non-DNA tissue components, since DNA caused an equal enhancement in the absence or presence of proteinase K digested human cartilage, once intrinsic cartilage fluorescence was subtracted. PicoGreen ® was more sensitive for assaying DNA (0.9ng DNA/ml) than Hoechst 33258 (6ng DNA/ml) and can also be used in a microplate reader. Conclusion PicoGreen ® can be used in a rapid and sensitive assay to quantify DNA in small samples of human cartilage. Copyright 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of OsteoArthritis Research Society International .
A simple test of Baron's model of IPO underpricing☆

Abstract This paper tests Baron's (1982) model of initial public offering (IPO) underpricing. That model relies on information asymmetries between issuers and underwriters and predicts that offer prices will be lower than would prevail in the absence of asymmetric information. We examine the initial public offerings of 38 investment banks that went public in the period 1970–1987 and participated in the distribution of their own securities. We find that contrary to the implication of Baron's model such self-marketed offerings are characterized by statistically significant underpricing comparable to that of other IPOs.