cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroimmune Regulation of Surgery-Associated Metastases

Surgery remains an essential therapeutic approach for most solid malignancies. Although for more than a century accumulating clinical and experimental data have indicated that surgical procedures themselves may promote the appearance and progression of recurrent and metastatic lesions, only in recent years has renewed interest been taken in the mechanism by which metastasizing of cancer occurs following operative procedures. It is well proven now that surgery constitutes a risk factor for the promotion of pre-existing, possibly dormant micrometastases and the acceleration of new metastases through several mechanisms, including the release of neuroendocrine and stress hormones and wound healing pathway-associated immunosuppression, neovascularization, and tissue remodeling. These postoperative consequences synergistically facilitate the establishment of new metastases and the development of pre-existing micrometastases. While only in recent years the role of the peripheral nervous system has been recognized as another contributor to cancer development and metastasis, little is known about the contribution of tumor-associated neuronal and neuroglial elements in the metastatic disease related to surgical trauma and wound healing. Specifically, although numerous clinical and experimental data suggest that biopsy- and surgery-induced wound healing can promote survival and metastatic spread of residual and dormant malignant cells, the involvement of the tumor-associated neuroglial cells in the formation of metastases following tissue injury has not been well understood. Understanding the clinical significance and underlying mechanisms of neuroimmune regulation of surgery-associated metastasis will not only advance the field of neuro–immuno–oncology and contribute to basic science and translational oncology research but will also produce a strong foundation for developing novel mechanism-based therapeutic approaches that may protect patients against the oncologically adverse effects of primary tumor biopsy and excision.
High resolution measurements reveal abiotic and biotic mechanisms of elevated nitric oxide emission after wetting dry soil

Abstract Wetting dry soil triggers emission of nitric oxide (NO), which can harm air quality and influence ecosystem N balance. NO released after wetting may be derived from two primary mechanisms: (1) abiotic decomposition of nitrite (NO2−) present in the dry soil and (2) biologically-mediated production of NO. The relative contributions of these mechanisms to NO emission are challenging to partition. To differentiate the two mechanisms, we made continuous observations of NO emission from a range of soils that varied in texture, pH, and exchangeable cations. We coupled NO gas exchange measurements with automated, non-destructive high-resolution sampling of inorganic N species via microdialysis. We identified two distinct phases of NO production (1) an initial phase that reached its maximum less than 30 min after rewetting; and (2) a second phase lasting up to 36 h. The magnitude of the initial phase of NO production was correlated with the initial nitrous acid concentration (calculated from NO2− concentrations and soil pH) and soil exchangeable calcium. The second phase of NO emission coincided with a peak in NO2− that preceded NO3− accumulation. Together, these results suggest that NO emissions following wetting are defined by an initial pulse of abiotic NO formation mediated by soil acidity at mineral surfaces, followed by a prolonged pulse of NO emission driven by a lag between the biological processes of ammonia oxidation and nitrite oxidation. These results can inform mechanistic models of NO emissions from soils to improve predictions of the terrestrial N cycle and atmospheric chemistry.
On the Approximation of Cooperative Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) using Mean Field Control (MFC).

Mean field control (MFC) is an effective way to mitigate the curse of dimensionality of cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) problems. This work considers a collection of $N_{\mathrm{pop}}$ heterogeneous agents that can be segregated into $K$ classes such that the $k$-th class contains $N_k$ homogeneous agents. We aim to prove approximation guarantees of the MARL problem for this heterogeneous system by its corresponding MFC problem. We consider three scenarios where the reward and transition dynamics of all agents are respectively taken to be functions of $(1)$ joint state and action distributions across all classes, $(2)$ individual distributions of each class, and $(3)$ marginal distributions of the entire population. We show that, in these cases, the $K$-class MARL problem can be approximated by MFC with errors given as $e_1=\mathcal{O}(\frac{\sqrt{|\mathcal{X}||\mathcal{U}|}}{N_{\mathrm{pop}}}\sum_{k}\sqrt{N_k})$, $e_2=\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{|\mathcal{X}||\mathcal{U}|}\sum_{k}\frac{1}{\sqrt{N_k}})$ and $e_3=\mathcal{O}\left(\sqrt{|\mathcal{X}||\mathcal{U}|}\left[\frac{A}{N_{\mathrm{pop}}}\sum_{k\in[K]}\sqrt{N_k}+\frac{B}{\sqrt{N_{\mathrm{pop}}}}\right]\right)$, respectively, where $A, B$ are some constants and $|\mathcal{X}|,|\mathcal{U}|$ are the sizes of state and action spaces of each agent. Finally, we design a Natural Policy Gradient (NPG) based algorithm that, in the three cases stated above, can converge to an optimal MARL policy within $\mathcal{O}(e_j)$ error with a sample complexity of $\mathcal{O}(e_j^{-3})$, $j\in\{1,2,3\}$, respectively.
Pretraining Screening: How to Pick the Winners

The major focus of this paper is on the description of a quantitative screening methodology, Strategy for Counselor Selection (SCS), used for selecting applicants to the Chemical Dependency Counseling Program (CDCP), an undergraduate counselor training program housed in the School of Public Health at the University of Minnesota. There were several incentives behind the development of this comprehensive screening strategy. First of all, the number of applicants to the CDCP has typically outnumbered the available training slots by a ratio of three to one. Secondly, in the absence of definitive manpower data, the CDCP wanted to acknowledge its responsibility for limiting the number of individuals being trained for counseling positions which may or may not exist in the market place. Finally, and most importantly, there was a strong desire to select those individuals who demonstrated the greatest potential for being effective helpers.
V Production of Electron Probes Using a Field Emission Source

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the production of electron probes using a field emission source. Electron probes have a large variety of uses ranging from electron beam evaporators and welders to oscilloscopes, microprobes, and scanning microscopes. These various uses place a variety of different demands upon the electron optical system and upon the electron source itself. By far the majority of these instruments use a hot tungsten filament as the source of electrons because it is simple and easy to use and because it is a well developed technique. It does, however, have its limitations, and therefore the chapter discusses the useful range of the applicability of another source of electrons—field emission—which is superior to the hot filament in brightness but inferior in the total current that can be extracted. It also elaborates the practical features of the process as a source of electrons. A field emission source can be used for the production of electron probes ranging in size from a few A to a few microns and in energy from a few kV to a few hundred kV.
Pattern avoidance in alternating permutations and tableaux (extended abstract)

We give bijective proofs of pattern-avoidance results for a class of permutations generalizing alternating permutations. The bijections employed include a modified form of the RSK insertion algorithm and recursive bijections based on generating trees. As special cases, we show that the sets $A_{2n}(1234)$ and $A_{2n}(2143)$ are in bijection with standard Young tableaux of shape $\langle 3^n \rangle$. Alternating permutations may be viewed as the reading words of standard Young tableaux of a certain skew shape. In the last section of the paper, we study pattern avoidance in the reading words of standard Young tableaux of any skew shape. We show bijectively that the number of standard Young tableaux of shape $\lambda / \mu$ whose reading words avoid $213$ is a natural $\mu$-analogue of the Catalan numbers. Similar results for the patterns $132$, $231$ and $312$.
My search to become more of myself

Abstract Carl Jung states in his Memories, Dreams, Reflections that, “The decisive question for man is: Is he related to something infinite or not? … In the final analysis, we count for something only because of the essential we embody, and if we do not embody that, life is wasted” (p. 325). My life of forty-three years in the West has helped me realize my connection to the eternal. Through my experiences here, I became aware that, as a Japanese person, I had a tendency to express my ego contextually as opposed to the Western reified ego. The contextual ego functions in “receiving” the given situation so as to find an appropriate part to play. In contrast, the reified ego of the West confronts the situation in order to be assertive, to challenge, or change the situation, if not to manipulate it.
Estimation of Multiple Illuminants from a Single Image of Arbitrary Known Geometry

We present a new method for the detection and estimation of multiple illuminants, using one image of any object with known geometry and Lambertian reflectance. Our method obviates the need to modify the imaged scene by inserting calibration objects of any particular geometry, relying instead on partial knowledge of the geometry of the scene. Thus, the recovered multiple illuminants can be used both for image-based rendering and for shape reconstruction. We first develop our method for the case of a sphere with known size, illuminated by a set of directional light sources. In general, each point of such a sphere will be illuminated by a subset of these sources. We propose a novel, robust way to segment the surface into regions, with each region illuminated by a different set of sources. The regions are separated by boundaries consisting of critical points (points where one illuminant is perpendicular to the normal). Our region-based recursive least-squares method is impervious to noise and missing data and significantly outperforms a previous boundary-based method using spheres[21]. This robustness to missing data is crucial to extending the method to surfaces of arbitrary smooth geometry, other than spheres. We map the normals of the arbitrary shape onto a sphere, which we can then segment, even when only a subset of the normals is available on the scene. We demonstrate experimentally the accuracy of our method, both in detecting the number of light sources and in estimating their directions, by testing on images of a variety of synthetic and real objects.
Finding Business "Idols": A New Model to Accelerate Start-Ups

Just as Simon Cowell is revolutionizing the music business with his American Idol television series, a group of new entrepreneurs is quietly changing the face of the venture capital industry and entrepreneurship. American Idol has proved to be a major success in identifying and establishing entertainment stars. A similar Idol formula is emerging among a new wave of entrepreneurs and venture capitalists who are radically transforming the way high-tech entrepreneurs are identified, their businesses are launched, and the growth of their operations accelerated. We believe this is a highly significant development that has important implications for the way many other early stage companies may be launched and financed in the future.
Inchoate Liability and the Espionage Act: The Statutory Framework and the Freedom of the Press

The debate over the proper balance between national security and freedom of the press has increasingly focused on the media's potential criminal liability for publishing sensitive information, as was threatened after the New York Times and the Washington Post disclosed the U.S. government's secret and warrantless wiretapping of domestic phone calls. With the issue of press liability for the publication of national security information, however, comes a bevy of difficult questions concerning the scope of the protections afforded to the press under the First Amendment. This Essay attempts to survey these questions in light of the absence of an overarching framework statute, akin to England's Official Secrets Act, that in clear and sweeping terms specifies the means and manner in which the press may be held criminally liable for publishing sensitive information. As this Essay explains, the statutory framework governing the complicated balance between governmental secrecy and the freedom of the press in the United States is little more than a disorganized amalgamation of unconnected provisions. Some of the provisions overlap and border on redundancy. Others are difficult to parse, and cannot possibly prohibit what their plain language appears to suggest. Still others, when read together, seem to promote mutually inconsistent policy goals. Yet, because the Espionage Act prohibits even the possession of sensitive national security information, one of the most important questions, going forward, is the potential liability reporters face for newsgathering, as opposed to reporting, in the national security field. And because the Press Clause has not traditionally been understood to protect actions short of publication, the real threat to the freedom of the press, this Essay suggests, is the openendedness of the relevant statutes when read together with theories of inchoate liability.
Analyzing Rapid Surface Motions With Moire Fringes

High speed photography of moire fringes was used to analyze the motion of surfaces subjected to dynamic loadings. The moire fringe device used a high power light source, a pair of Ronchi rulings, and commonly available lenses. One Ronchi ruling was projected at an angle onto the surface to be studied. The projected ruling was then imaged onto the second Ronchi ruling where a fringe pattern was produced which was characteristic of the stationary wall before impact. Any outward displacement of the surface caused a corresponding change in the original fringe pattern. Calculations of wall motion from fringe patterns were greatly simplified by the observation that each fringe can be represented as an ellipse which intersects the target (usually in two places) and both the projection and taking lenses.
983 IMMUNOLOGIC STUDIES IN PEDIATRIC RECIPIENTS OF HEPATIC ALLOGRAFTS

15 of 40 hepatic allograft recipients for whom immunologic data was available were 18 yrs or younger. Four of these patients have expired, none with evidence of significant graft rejection. At the time of transplantation (Tx) these patients had a significantly decreased proportion of OKT3+ cells compared to normal subjects (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in lymphocyte subset proportions between patients with primary biliary atresia (6 pts) and those with non A non B hepatitis (6 pts). Four weeks post Tx (pTx), when most patients were receiving relatively low doses of glucocorticoid (≤0.5 mg/kg/d) and oral cyclosporine (Cyc) (15 mg/kg/d), the proportion of OKT4+ cells had declined from 37.5 ± 10.3% to 30.4 ± 10.2%. By 52 weeks it had risen to 35.5±13.4%. By contrast adult T4+ cells dropped from 37.9% pre Tx to 29.1% at 4 wks and 26.4% at 52 weeks pTx. In vitro studies demonstrated a nadir in IgM and IgG synthesis at 4 weeks pTx (pre: IgM 409±273 ng/ml; IgG 361±653 ng/ml vs 4 wk: IgM 0±0 ng/ml p <0.01; IgG 48±95 ng/ml p <0.01). Three patients followed serially for 52 weeks had a return of Ig synthesis (pre: IgM 265±264 ng/ml; IgG 485±742 vs 1 yr pTx: IgM 273±55 ng/ml; IgG 1227±1787). These studies indicate that children who receive hepatic allografts and who are maintained primarily on Cyc immunosuppression appear to be less likely to have a prolonged depression of T4+ cells than adults. Furthermore, children demonstrate improved immune function by 12 mos post transplant.
A Randomized Trial of the Effect of Centralized Reminder/Recall on Immunizations and Preventive Care Visits for Adolescents

Abstract Objective To assess the impact of a managed care-based patient reminder/recall system on immunization rates and preventive care visits among low-income adolescents. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial between December 2009 and December 2010 that assigned adolescents aged 11–17 years to one of three groups: mailed letter, telephone reminders, or control. Publicly insured youths (n = 4115) were identified in 37 participating primary care practices. The main outcome measures were immunization rates for routine vaccines (meningococcus, pertussis, HPV) and preventive visit rates at study end. Results Intervention and control groups were similar at baseline for demographics, immunization rates, and preventive visits. Among adolescents who were behind at the start, immunization rates at study end increased by 21% for mailed ( P P P P Conclusions Managed care-based mail or telephone reminder/recall improved adolescent immunizations and preventive visits, with modest costs and modest impact.
Infection of the lips by Trichophyton rubrum. Report of a case.

Abstract An unusual case of infection with Trichophyton rubrum is described. The observations emphasize that when the practitioner is confronted with an unusual swelling of the lips, infection by various fungi must be considered. As in the case presented, diagnosis and effective therapy are dependent on the isolation and identification of the organism.
An Analysis of Contributions and Contributors in Economic Education Research

Tabular data are provided on the journals that have published economic education articles, the topics covered, and the individual authors. Institutions are ranked by their contributions to the economic education literature.
Keeping Time: An Analysis of Errors in the Measurement of Unemployment Duration

This study uses longitudinal microdata from the Current Population Survey to examine the consistency with which unemployment duration is reported. An estimate of measurement error is proposed and analyzed. A significant negative relationship is found between the initial month's unemployment duration and the reported change between surveys. On average, persons who begin spells of unemployment in the second month report durations greater than the actual time elapsed. Overall, the average duration of unemployment in this sample may be overstated by at least two weeks. A brief discussion of some implications for empirical labor market research concludes the article.
A vectorized Lanczos eigensolver for high-performance computers

The computational strategies used to implement a Lanczos-based-method eigensolver on the latest generation of supercomputers are described. Several examples of structural vibration and buckling problems are presented that show the effects of using optimization techniques to increase the vectorization of the computational steps. The data storage and access schemes and the tools and strategies that best exploit the computer resources are presented. The method is implemented on the Convex C220, the Cray 2, and the Cray Y-MP computers. Results show that very good computation rates are achieved for the most computationally intensive steps of the Lanczos algorithm and that the Lanczos algorithm is many times faster than other methods extensively used in the past.
Technical developments for an upgrade of the LEBIT Penning trap mass spectrometry facility for rare isotopes

The LEBIT (Low Energy Beam and Ion Trap) facility is the only Penning trap mass spectrometry (PTMS) facility to utilize rare isotopes produced via fast-beam fragmentation. This technique allows access to practically all elements lighter than uranium, and in particular enables the production of isotopes that are not available or that are difficult to obtain at isotope separation on-line facilities. The preparation of the high-energy rare-isotope beam produced by projectile fragmentation for low-energy PTMS experiments is achieved by gas stopping to slow down and thermalize the fast-beam ions, along with an rf quadrupole cooler and buncher and rf quadrupole ion guides to deliver the beam to the Penning trap. During its first phase of operation LEBIT has been very successful, and new developments are now underway to access rare isotopes even farther from stability, which requires dealing with extremely short lifetimes and low production rates. These developments aim at increasing delivery efficiency, minimizing delivery and measurement time, and maximizing use of available beam time. They include an upgrade to the gas-stopping station, active magnetic field monitoring and stabilization by employing a miniature Penning trap as a magnetometer, the use of stored waveform inverse Fourier transform (SWIFT) to most effectively remove unwanted ions, and charge breeding.
Nuclear engineers of the 1980s

Those who work in the computer industry will be the nuclear engineers of the 1980s. The loss of credibility and the self-doubt that came to nuclear engineers at Three Mile Island (TMI) will come to us as well.
Reduction of estrone to 17 β-estradiol in the presence of swine manure colloids

Abstract Land application of animal manure and municipal biosolids to improve soil fertility carries the risk of adding to aquatic ecosystems contaminants that can disrupt the endocrine systems of aquatic organisms. This study explored the fate of two estrogens, 17 β-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), in the presence of organic colloids derived from swine manure. Most reports concerning environmental estrogens indicate a degradation/transformation pathway that leads to decreased estrogenicity, that is, E2 is transformed to E1 and potentially to other daughter products. However, in this study we found that within 24 h the reverse reaction was possible (E1 transforming to E2) in a swine manure colloidal suspension closed to the atmosphere. The reaction occurred after approximately the same 24-h period in separate colloidal suspensions of swine manure that had been initially incubated with E2 or with E1. In the experiment with E2, there was an apparent complete reversal of the solution estrogen form, from E2 to E1 and then back to E2. Our observations support the concern that environmentally relevant estrogens have the potential to increase in estrogenicity and/or to persist under reducing conditions.
Immunohistochemical Localization of G Protein β1, β2, β3, β4, β5, and γ3 Subunits in the Adult Rat Brain

The regional distributions of the G protein beta subunits (Gbeta1-beta5) and of the Ggamma3 subunit were examined by immunohistochemical methods in the adult rat brain. In general, the Gbeta and Ggamma3 subunits were widely distributed throughout the brain, with most regions containing several Gbeta subunits within their neuronal networks. The olfactory bulb, neocortex, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem exhibited light to intense Gbeta immunostaining. Negative immunostaining was observed in cortical layer I for Gbeta1 and layer IV for Gbeta4. The hippocampal dentate granular and CA1-CA3 pyramidal cells displayed little or no positive immunostaining for Gbeta2 or Gbeta4. No anti-Gbeta4 immunostaining was observed in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra or in the cerebellar granule cell layer and Purkinje cells. Immunoreactivity for Gbeta1 was absent from the cerebellar molecular layer, and Gbeta2 was not detected in the Purkinje cells. No positive Ggama3 immunoreactivity was observed in the lateral habenula, lateral septal nucleus, or Purkinje cells. Double-fluorescence immunostaining with anti-Ggamma3 antibody and individual anti-Gbeta1-beta5 antibodies displayed regional selectivity with Gbeta1 (cortical layers V-VI) and Gbeta2 (cortical layer I). In conclusion, despite the widespread overlapping distributions of Gbeta1-beta5 with Ggamma3, specific dimeric associations in situ were observed within discrete brain regions.
Charge state fluctuations: a master equation approach

Abstract A stochastic theory of charge exchange fluctuations in ion transport is introduced based on a master equation for the probability of finding ions in appropriate phase space locations. When energy losses are absent, a forward master equation is obtained which is solved exactly in the binary charge state case. The equilibrium probability distribution is shown to be a binomial distribution and differs from that at small depths. In the more general case a backward master equation is derived for the multi-point probability distribution function, from which an equation for the average charge state is obtained.
Color perimetry of glaucomatous visual field defects.

A color video tangent screen has been devised, using microcomputer control of a video display to produce colored perimetric test objects matched in luminance to a white surround at 10-foot lamberts . Perimetric isopters for varying degrees of color saturation were determined by kinetic perimetry. This form of color perimetry was used to examine one eye of each of 40 patients with open-angle glaucoma as well as 20 glaucoma-suspect patients. For the first 23 eyes with manifest glaucomatous visual field defects, a masked comparison was made between the results of color perimetry and conventional perimetry with a Goldmann perimeter. For these 23 eyes, color perimetry did as well as luminance perimetry in 14, was less sensitive in 2, and was more sensitive in 7. All defects that were detectable by conventional perimetry were successfully demonstrated by the color method. Such defects often appeared to be greater in extent when mapped by the color method as compared to conventional luminance perimetry.
The Space Radiation Environment

The particle space radiation environment is reviewed and some of the latest models for the various phenomena are presented. The properties of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic fields based on recent satellite measurements are given and solar proton events are discussed. The magnetospheric cavity and the character of the boundary between it and the solar wind based on Imp 1 results are shown. Flux maps and energy spectra for the inner and outer radiation zones are given and examples of temporal variations are shown.
The enzymic formation of long chain aldehydes and alcohols by alpha-oxidation of fatty acids in extracts of cucumber fruit (Cucumis sativus).

1. 1. An enzyme system that catalyses the α-oxidation of fatty acids to shorter chain products is present in acetone powders of cucumber fruits. 2. 2. In the absence of NAD+, the predominant product from palmitic acid is pentadecanal. Addition of NAD+ gives rise to a homologous series of n-alkanals, the concentrations of which are in the same order as that reported in the volatile products formed on homogenization of cucumbers i.e. C15 >C14 >C13 >C12. 3. 3. Pentadecan-1-ol is also formed from palmitic acid in the absence of added NAD+; C15, C14 and C13n-alkanols are produced in the presence of NAD+. 4. 4. The substrate specificity for saturated fatty acids is in the order C12 C16 >C18. Unsaturated C18 acids are oxidized more readily than stearic acid. 5. 5. The α-oxidation system is inhibited by dithiothreitol, cysteine, imidazole and certain metal ligands (CN−, N3−, diphenylthiocarbazone) but not by EDTA. 6. 6. Differences between the α-oxidation system in cucumber and those previously reported in other plants are discussed.
Diving increases the N-terminus of the atrial natriuretic factor prohormone in fresh water diving turtles

Abstract 1. 1. Prolonged anoxic dives in the fresh water turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, are associated with increased serum osmolality and a decreased serum chloride suggesting a diuresis that might be secondary to the newly described diuresis-producing hormones, Long acting sodium stimulator (pro ANF 1–30) and Vessel dilator (pro ANF 31–67) which circulate as part of the 98 amino acid N-terminus of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) prohormone. 2. 2. The whole N-terminus (pro ANF 1–98) and pro ANF 31–67 from the midportion of the ANF prohormone were found to circulate in nearly equal concentrations in male (120 ± 16[SD] and 107 ± 11 fmol/ml, respectively) and female (116 ± 12 and 103 ± 9 fmol/ml) turtles. 3. 3. In six turtles that remained submerged for 1 hr there was a four-fold increase in the circulating plasma concentrations of pro ANF 1–98 and pro ANF 31–67 (i.e., 467 ± 22 fmol/ml and 419 ± 18 fmol/ml, respectively). 4. 4. In turtles exposed to 100% N2 for 1 hr, the N-terminus of the ANF prohormone and pro ANF 31–67 concentration did not increase significantly (i.e., 113 ± 18 fmol/ml and 104 ± 15 fmol/ml, respectively) indicating that their increase with diving is not explained by hypoxia.
How long can we let the myeloma smolder

Evaluation of: Mateos MV, Hernandez MT, Giraldo P, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2013;369:438-47Smoldering or asymptomatic multiple myeloma may be best described as a state of limbo where the patient has not developed any symptoms of disease and is being observed expectantly. With the advent of novel agents in myeloma therapy, several clinical investigations are underway to determine whether early intervention will help improve survival outcomes in this patient population. Mateos MV et al. report on the first Phase III trial in smoldering multiple myeloma that has shown overall survival benefit. The commentary discusses the study design, key results and potential implications of the study.
Photocatalytic Transformation of 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol on TiO2 under Sub-Band-Gap Illumination

The adsorptive behavior of TiO2 under various illumination conditions was investigated. In the dark, Degussa P25, which contains both the anatase and rutile phases of TiO2, adsorbed significantly greater amounts of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) than either pure anatase or pure rutile. Results in the literature and in our laboratory that appeared to indicate “photoenhanced adsorption” under ambient fluorescent lighting on P25 and anatase are in fact due to the photoreaction of TCP. On pure-phase anatase, all reactions are due to trace ultra-band-gap energy light present in the fluorescent lighting. On P25, however, reaction also occurs at sub-band-gap energies. TCP forms a charge-transfer complex with P25 that is activated by light wavelengths as long as 520 nm. The trichlorophenoxyl radicals resulting from charge-transfer couple with each other to form a suite of polyaromatic chlorinated products with detected masses as high as 1200 D. These products are not formed under UV irradiation and in fact are destr...
Intercellular bridges between follicle cells and oocyte in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis.

Certain cells in the follicular epithelium of lizard (Anolis caro-linensis) ovaries are connected to the oocyte by true intercellular bridges. Unlike other known intercellular bridges, these may form by secondary cell contact and membrane fusion rather than by incomplete cytokinesis. These intercellular bridges are abundant in previtellogenic tertiary follicles, and they contain glyco-gen, ribonucleoprotein particles, and a dense, fibro-granular material which may be exchanged between the two cells. Prior to the onset of yolk accumulation in the oocyte, the intercellular bridges and the pyriform cells from which they originated disappear from the follicular epithelium. The abundance of intercellular bridges in previtellogenic follicles suggests that they may be involved in the maintenance of dormant oocytes during periods of suspended reproductive activity and in the preparation of these oocytes for ensuing periods of intense metabolic activity associated with yolk accumulation.
17 ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES IN ADOLESCENTS: LONGITUDINAL EVALUATION OF SERUM LIPIDS AND BLOOD PRESSURE

17 ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES IN ADOLESCENTS: LONGITUDINAL EVALUATION OF SERUM LIPIDS AND BLOOD PRESSURE
Hf5.08Mo0.92P3, a New Mixed Transition-Metal Phosphide: Structure, Bonding, and Site Preferences

A new structure type which is similar to that of many known binary early transition-metal phosphides, sulfides, and selenides has been found in the ternary HF-Mo-P system. The compound Hf{sub 5.08}Mo{sub 0.92}P{sub 3} has been synthesized by high-temperature techniques and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This space group is Pnma (no. 62) with lattice parameters a = 18.231(7), b = 3.537(1), c = 9.695(5), Z = 4. The strength of the metal-metal and metal-phosphorus bonding in different metal sites in Hf{sub 2}P and Hf{sub 5.08}Mo{sub 0.92}P{sub 3} has been determined by both Pauling bond orders (PBO) and Mulliken overlap populations (MOP) from extended Hueckel tight-band calculations. Site preferences of the two metals in Hf{sub 5.08}Mo{sub 0.92}P{sub 3} are evaluated by MOP analysis.
The Pilot NOPAIN Trial: Morphine and midazolam infusions decrease pain/stress and may alter clinical outcomes in ventilated preterm neonates.† 799

The Pilot NOPAIN Trial: Morphine and midazolam infusions decrease pain/stress and may alter clinical outcomes in ventilated preterm neonates.† 799
Hexokinase of the adult dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis

Abstract 1. 1. Dirofilaria immitis hexokinase was relatively heat stable and had a pH optimum range between 7.8 and 8.2. 2. 2. Mean V max was 0.40 ± 0.10 (S.D.) μmole/min/100 mg of worm. 3. 3. Mean K m values were 0.32 mM for glucose, 0.86 mM for fructose and 0.39 mM for ATP. 4. 4. Glucose-6-phosphate was not a strong product inhibitor. 5. 5. Starch gel electrophoresis demonstrated at least three isozymes.
Differential expression of GABA and glutamate-receptor subunits and enzymes involved in GABA metabolism between electrophysiologically identified hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and interneurons.

Summary: Purpose: The balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition within the hippocampus is critical for maintaining normal hippocampal function. Even mild reduction in inhibition or enhancement of excitation can produce seizures. Synaptic excitation is produced by pyramidal cells and granule cells, whereas inhibition is produced by a smaller number of interneurons. To understand how two subpopulations of these excitatory and inhibitory neurons are regulated at the molecular level, we analyzed specific mRNA expression profiles for receptors that are significantly involved in synaptic transmission and in the synthesis and storage of the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Our hypothesis was that differences in gene expression between inhibitory and excitatory neurons in the rat hippocampus might point to specific new targets for seizure pharmacotherapy. Methods: We combined the techniques of (a) whole-cell patch clamping in rat hippocampal slices, (b) biocytin staining for cell identification, (c) single-cell mRNA amplification, and (d) small-scale cDNA microarray analysis to allow us to obtain expression profiles for candidate genes from identified CA1 pyramidal neurons and interneurons. Electrophysiologic and morphologic data and expression profiles were obtained from 12 stratum pyramidale and seven stratum radiatum cells. Results: Presumed inhibitory neurons expressed significantly more GAD65, GAD67, vGAT, GABAA-receptor α3, and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor IIB mRNA, and presumed excitatory neurons expressed more GABAA-receptor α1, and NMDA-receptor I mRNA. Conclusions: Differential expression of candidate neurotransmitter-receptor subunits distinguished CA1 pyramidal neurons from interneurons. These differences may indicate potential new targets for altering the balance of inhibition and excitation in the treatment of epilepsy.
Analytical interaction potentials of the long range alkali-metal dimers

Using almost degenerate perturbation theory the calculation of long range limits of alkali-metal dimer molecular states which dissociate to the atom pairs S1/2-P1/2, 3/2 and S1/2-D3/2, 5/2 is presented. Hund's coupling casec is adopted. The calculation includes correlations up to the second order of perturbation theory and exchange energy contributions. The results are expressed in a simple analytical form in terms of dispersion coefficients.
Regulation of DLK-1 kinase activity by calcium-mediated dissociation from an inhibitory isoform.

Summary MAPKKK dual leucine zipper-bearing kinases (DLKs) are regulators of synaptic development and axon regeneration. The mechanisms underlying their activation are not fully understood. Here, we show that C. elegans DLK-1 is activated by a Ca 2+ -dependent switch from inactive heteromeric to active homomeric protein complexes. We identify a DLK-1 isoform, DLK-1S, that shares identical kinase and leucine zipper domains with the previously described long isoform DLK-1L but acts to inhibit DLK-1 function by binding to DLK-1L. The switch between homo- or heteromeric DLK-1 complexes is influenced by Ca 2+ concentration. A conserved hexapeptide in the DLK-1L C terminus is essential for DLK-1 activity and is required for Ca 2+ regulation. The mammalian DLK-1 homolog MAP3K13 contains an identical C-terminal hexapeptide and can functionally complement dlk-1 mutants, suggesting that the DLK activation mechanism is conserved. The DLK activation mechanism is ideally suited for rapid and spatially controlled signal transduction in response to axonal injury and synaptic activity.
A Search for the Mathematical Component of Math Anxiety

This study tested the hypothesis that numeric anxiety is associated with rigidity in problem solving and with deficiencies in spatial skills. Subjects were 204 college students, who completed an assortment of attitude tests as well as tests of mathematical or spatial skills. All variables were controlled statistically for prior exposure to math. The hypothesis was moderately supported among males and only marginally supported among females. Moreover, numeric anxiety could not be distinguished from test anxiety. Correlational patterns suggested that anxiety was a more pervasive, significant, and monolithic factor for females than it was for males. A possible inference was that females are particularly sensitive to evaluative situations.
SU-E-I-63: Quantitative Evaluation of the Effects of Orthopedic Metal Artifact Reduction (OMAR) Software On CT Images for Radiotherapy Simulation

Purpose: CT simulation for patients with metal implants can often be challenging due to artifacts that obscure tumor/target delineation and normal organ definition. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of Orthopedic Metal Artifact Reduction (OMAR), a commercially available software, in reducing metal-induced artifacts and its effect on computed dose during treatment planning. Methods: CT images of water surrounding metallic cylindrical rods made of aluminum, copper and iron were studied in terms of Hounsfield Units (HU) spread. Metal-induced artifacts were characterized in terms of HU/Volume Histogram (HVH) using the Pinnacle treatment planning system. Effects of OMAR on enhancing our ability to delineate organs on CT and subsequent dose computation were examined in nine (9) patients with hip implants and two (2) patients with breast tissue expanders. Results: Our study characterized water at 1000 HU with a standard deviation (SD) of about 20 HU. The HVHs allowed us to evaluate how the presence of metal changed the HU spread. For example, introducing a 2.54 cm diameter copper rod in water increased the SD in HU of the surrounding water from 20 to 209, representing an increase in artifacts. Subsequent use of OMAR brought the SD down to 78. Aluminum produced least artifacts whereas Iron showed largest amount of artifacts. In general, an increase in kVp and mA during CT scanning showed better effectiveness of OMAR in reducing artifacts. Our dose analysis showed that some isodose contours shifted by several mm with OMAR but infrequently and were nonsignificant in planning process. Computed volumes of various dose levels showed <2% change. Conclusions: In our experience, OMAR software greatly reduced the metal-induced CT artifacts for the majority of patients with implants, thereby improving our ability to delineate tumor and surrounding organs. OMAR had a clinically negligible effect on computed dose within tissues. Partially funded by unrestricted educational grant from Philips
Molecular characterization of kidney cancer: association of hyaluronic acid family with histological subtypes and metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Molecular profiling of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) may improve the distinction between oncocytoma and malignant RCC subtypes and aid in early detection of metastasis. The hyaluronic acid (HA) family includes HA synthases (HAS1, HAS2, HAS3), hyaluronidases (HYAL-1, HYAL-2, HYAL-3, HYAL-4, PH20, HYAL-P1), and HA receptors (CD44s, CD44v, RHAMM). HA family members promote tumor growth and metastasis. The authors evaluated the expression of HA family members in kidney specimens. METHODS: By using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, mRNA levels of 12 HA family members were measured in tumor specimens obtained from 86 consecutive patients undergoing nephrectomy; 80 of them also provided normal specimens. Mean and median follow-up were 15.2 ± 8.8 and 13.8 months. RCC specimens included clear cell RCC: 65; papillary: 10; chromophobe: 5; oncocytoma: 6; metastasis positive: 17. RESULTS: Median HAS1, CD44s, and RHAMM transcript levels were elevated 3- to 25-fold in clear cell RCC and papillary and chromophobe tumors when compared with normal tissues. HYAL-4, CD44s, and RHAMM levels were elevated 4- to 12-fold in clear cell RCC and papillary tumors when compared with oncocytomas; only HYAL-4 levels distinguished between chromophobe and oncocytoma (P = .009). CD44s and RHAMM levels were significantly higher in tumors <4 cm (510 ± 611 and 19.6 ± 20.8, respectively) when compared with oncocytoma (46.4 ± 20 and 3.8 ± 2.5; P ≤ .006). In univariate and multivariate analyses, CD44s (P < .0001), RHAMM (P < .0001), stage, tumor size, and/or renal vein involvement were significantly associated with metastasis. The combined CD44s + RHAMM marker had 82% sensitivity and 86% specificity to predict metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: CD44s and RHAMM levels distinguish between oncocytoma and RCC subtypes regardless of tumor size and are potential predictors of RCC metastasis. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Comparative Kinetics of Hydrogen Utilization for Reductive Dechlorination of Tetrachloroethene and Methanogenesis in an Anaerobic Enrichment Culture

Anaerobic microorganisms that reductively dechlorinate tetrachloroethene (PCE) must often compete with methanogens for H2. This study compared the kinetics of H2 utilization between the two types of organisms at 35 °C under conditions of continuous agitation. Limiting levels of H2 were administered to 160-mL serum bottles seeded with a PCE/butyric acid enrichment culture; H2, methane, and vinyl chloride were tracked over time using headspace samples. Measured half-velocity constants with respect to H2 Ks(H2) values ± 95% CIfor methanogenesis and dechlorination were 960 ± 180 and 100 ± 50 nM, respectively. Mass-transfer equations were used to calculate aqueous H2 concentrations at the half-velocity point from headspace measurements. The possible effect on Ks(H2) values arising from interconversion between H2 and formate through an active formate/H2 lyase system was examined by comparing results from formate-fed and H2-fed bottles. Only methanogens in the culture were apparently capable of using formate; he...
Net metabolic changes of zinc, copper, nitrogen, and potassium balances in skeletal trauma patients

Abstract Zinc, copper, nitrogen, and potassium balances of 10 male skeletal trauma patients were determined over 5–6 days each. Nutrition consisted of electrolyte/glucose and/or blood/blood product infusions. Patients were stared on balance studies within 24 hr following injury. Zinc and copper were analyzed by atomic absorption while nitrogen was measured by the microKjeldahl technique and potassium by flame photometry. The mean daily balances for these patients were −1563 μg zinc, −266 μg copper, −20.0 g nitrogen and −29 mEq potassium for 5 patients receiving electrolyte/glucose infusions and +1273 μg zinc, +322 μg copper, −12.9 g nitrogen, and −26 mEq potassium for 5 patients receiving blood/blood products in addition to electrolytes/glucose. Routine daily maintenance supplementation of 2 mg zinc and 1 mg copper is recommended for skeletal trauma patients on electrolyte/glucose and those on electrolyte/glucose with blood/blood products intravenous infusions. Further balance studies are necessary to ascertain the level of zinc and copper supplementation needed by skeletal trauma patients receiving different nutritional support.
Pearl Buck-Popular Expert on China, 1931-1949:

For two decades Pearl Buck was the most prolific and popular American interpreter of China. Her commentary appeared in such widely read journals as The New Republic, New York Times Magazine, Life, and Reader's Digest. Her influence over the popular imagination, measured by such crude indices as polls, interviews, and book sales, was enormous. Her unique insight on China and her commitment and effectiveness as a publicist enabled her to transform the personal vision of an unchanging, earthbound China which she had shaped in the 1920s into a national vision during the following two decades. Buck's influence rested essentially on the success of The Good Earth, which, more than any other single contemporary work, shaped an American image of China. During Buck's heyday it sold more than a million and a half copies, a very impressive figure in those days before the economical paperback book. Translated into more than 30 foreign languages, it was known worldwide. By 1972 total sales had mounted to well over four
Fluid dynamics in explosive volcanic vents and craters

Abstract Explosive volcanic jets can transition to buoyant plumes or collapse to form pyroclastic density currents depending on their ability to entrain and heat the ambient air. Recent one-dimensional (1D) analysis shows that fluid acceleration through volcanic vents and craters changes the velocity and pressures within these jets sufficiently enough to be a first order control on plume dimensions and therefore air entrainment and column stability (Koyaguchi et al., 2010). These 1D studies are only applicable to craters and vents with angles of less than about 30° to vertical. Using analytical formulations and numerical simulations, this study describes 2D effects of shallowly dipping vents and craters on volcanic eruptions. The effect of vents on acceleration and expansion of eruptive mixtures of ash and gas is described as a force imparted on the fluid by the vent wall, the wall force (Fw). This force is a measure of the momentum coupling between an eruption and the solid earth that takes place in the vent. Rapid divergence of supersonic eruptive fluid within shallowly dipping vents occurs via Prandtl–Meyer expansion, which results in different pressure and velocity fields than those predicted by 1D analysis. This expansion decreases Fw and the vertical acceleration experienced by the eruptive fluid in the vent. For jets predicted by 1D analysis to exit the vent at supersonic velocities and at atmospheric pressure, this decrease in Fw will cause an increase in the predicted plume area, decreasing column stability. The complex 2D shape of volcanic vents can change jet structure (presence and location of shock waves) and preclude the development of jets that exit the vent supersonically with no internal standing shock waves (i.e., perfectly expanded or pressure balanced jets). These significant complications in jet structure and increase in plume radius may result in changes to air entrainment, plume stability, and tephra distribution.