cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Changing the Framework of Psychology: Comparative Psychology is What General Psychology Should Be

When behaviorism became the dominant force in American psychology, many of the concerns of functionalism, including evolution, adaptation, and ontogenesis, were left behind. Contemporary psychology textbooks and curricula continue to perpetuate this behaviorist framework despite its atheoretical, nonbiological orientation. Even as these concepts begin to work their way back into textbooks and classrooms, they are treated unsystematically as appendages to the traditional behaviorist framework. Comparative psychology, the last bastion of the functionalist viewpoint, can solve this problem, but misconceptions about the field abound. Some of these misconceptions are discussed in this article, and I demonstrate how a comparative psychology course can provide the framework for reorganizing the focus of general psychology and integrating it into a neofunctionalist perspective.
Significant enhancement of carbon dioxide removal by a new prototype IVOX

The intravenacaval blood gas exchanger (IVOX) developed by Cardiopulmonics, Inc. has been tested in animals and in human clinical trials for partial support of gas exchange (25-30%) to allow reduction in mechanical ventilatory support and barotrauma during acute respiratory failure. After recognizing the limitations of the device and limited clinical utility of removing only 25-30% of CO2 production, the authors have made design changes in the IVOX (prototypes IIA and IIB), including increased fiber number, decreased fiber length, decreased fiber diameter, and increased crimping. Nine ewes underwent placement of the IVOX prototypes in an ovine model of severe smoke inhalation injury. A modification of the original insertion technique was used to implant the prototypes. CO2 removal was directly measured from the outlet gas. O2 exchange was calculated from IVOX on/off measurements. Neither IVOX IIA nor IIB significantly changed hemodynamics when a fluid bolus (15 ml/kg) was infused before insertion. There were no significant differences between prototypes regarding thrombosis, emboli, or incidence of bleeding complications. Both prototypes significantly improved CO2 removal (60-80%) compared with that reported for an older IVOX model. The improved gas transfer by these prototypes would serve to decrease mechanical ventilatory requirements and barotrauma in the treatment of severe respiratory failure.
Private Neighborhood Redevelopment and Displacement The Case of Washington, D.C

As a result of various economic and demographic factors, Washington, D.C. is leading a national trend toward the private revitalization of inner city areas. It is not yet clear whether this trend r...
Modeling Late Copper Age demographics on the Great Hungarian Plain using ceramic petrography

Ceramic petrography can be an effective method for studying demographic shifts and the possibility of migration into a region. This is based on the principle that ceramic manufacturing technology is resistant to change over time, while form and decoration can change quickly even in times of demographic continuity. As such, sudden shifts in raw material preparation and methods of pottery manufacture may be indicative of the arrival of new people in a region. The manufacturing characteristics indicative of such a demographic change are observable and measurable microscopically. Petrography was used to describe and measure paste characteristics of 114 Middle Copper Age, Late Copper Age, Early Bronze Age, and Middle Bronze Age sherds from the Koros region of the Great Hungarian Plain to determine if changes in manufacturing techniques accompanied changes in ceramic form and decoration at the beginning of the Late Copper Age Baden period (ca. cal. 3500 B.C.). A comparison of the petrographic results from the cultural phases showed that little manufacturing and technology change occurred during the time period covered by the study. Migration of new people into the region is therefore not supported, and changes in ceramic form and decoration associated with the Late Copper Age occurred during an extended period of demographic continuity.
Interleukin-1β stimulates stromal-derived factor-1α expression in human subacromial bursa

Chemokines produced by synoviocytes of the subacromial bursa are up-regulated in subacromial bursitis and rotator cuff disease. We hypothesized that SDF-1α production in bursal synoviocytes may be induced by local cytokines such as interleukin IL-1β and IL-6. Subacromial bursa specimens were obtained from patients undergoing shoulder surgery. Bursal specimens were stained with anti-human antibodies to IL-1, IL-6, and SDF-1α by immunohistochemistry and compared to normal and rheumatoid controls. Bursal cells were also isolated from specimens and cultured. Early passaged cells were then treated with cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) and SDF-1α expression was measured by ELISA and RT-PCR. SDF-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were expressed at high levels in bursitis specimens from human subacromial bursa compared to normal controls. In cultured bursal synoviocytes, there was a dose-dependent increase in SDF-1α production in the supernatants of cells treated with IL-1β. SDF-1α mRNA expression was also increased in bursal cells treated with IL-1β. IL-6 caused a minimal but not statistically significant increase in SDF-1α expression. SDF-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6 are expressed in the inflamed human subacromial bursal tissues in patients with subacromial bursitis. In cultured bursal synoviocytes, SDF-1α gene expression and protein production are stimulated by IL-1β. IL-1β produced by bursal syvoviocytes and inflammatory cells in the human subacromial bursa is an important signal in the inflammatory response that occurs in subacromial bursitis and rotator cuff disease. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:1695–1699, 2011
First report of dollar spot caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa on switchgrass in the United States.

Sclerotinia homoeocarpa causes dollar spot on many grass species; however, it has not been described on switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as a host. In August 2010, bleached, tan-to-straw-colored leaf spots with dark brown-to-reddish brown margins were found in patchy distribution in small field plots of ‘Alamo’ switchgrass at the East Tennessee Research and Education Center, Knoxville, TN. The plots had been planted to switchgrass for the past 21 years. Disease lesions covered 75 to 80% of leaf tissue per patch and were also evident on stems. To identify the pathogen, center portions of diseased leaves were cut into 20- to 30-cm segments, surface disinfested (95% ethanol for 30 s, 10% bleach for 1 min, and 95% ethanol for 30 s), and dried. Disinfested leaves (5-cm sections that included a leading edge of a lesion) were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Plates were incubated at 22°C. Within 12 h, white, fluffy, aerial mycelium developed. Viewed from above, colonies were tan to cinnamon in color with a...
Optimization of payload placement on arbitrary spacecraft

A systematic method for determining the optical placement of instrumentation on an arbitrary spacecraft is described. The method maximizes the resource utilization by minimizing the spacecraft's need for propulsive attitude control. The mathematical program developed with considerations toward reducing the size of the optimization effort is presented.
A primer for pastors and other practitioners

Managing God's Business: Religious and Faith-Based Organizations and Their Management, by Malcolm Torry. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2005. 198 pp., $89.95 cloth.
Effects of the environment on frenkel core‐exciton energies

The major chemical trends in the changes of Frenkel core-exciton energies caused by (1) a neighboring defect, (2) a second exciton (biexciton), or (3) a surface are predicted, using an extension of the impurity model of Hjalmarson et al. Specific results are given for Ga core excitons in GaP.
The role of chromosome 3 deletions in lung cancer

Lung cancer is currently the major cause of cancer death in the United States in both males and females, accounting for approximately 142,000 deaths per year in the United States [14]. This disease remains both highly and rapidly fatal. Despite the advances enjoyed in many other areas of medicine, the response to current therapy of lung cancer remains unchanged over the past 20 years. One exception to this is the small cell variety of lung cancer, for which advances in chemotherapy and radiation therapy have made major improvements in the response rates. Despite these advances, the survival rate for small cell lung cancer is less than that of other forms of lung cancer [4]. Improvements in the treatment of lung cancer can only be expected if new therapeutic modalities or strategies are developed. Such advances in treatment must be based on advances in the knowledge of the biology of the disease. Recent information regarding small cell lung cancer on a cellular and molecular level demonstrates the prognostic and therapeutic capabilities of such approaches. Improvements in treatment can be expected only if these molecular and cellular mechanisms are understood and their significance appreciated. Recent molecular genetic work has shown that lung cancer, both small cell and non-small cell, is associated with loss of genetic material from chromosomes 3, 11, 13 and 17 [16, 191. With the loss of heterozygosity at a genetic locus, several mechanisms can be hypothesized to account for an association with a malignancy. A recessive gene, such as an oncogene or a mutant gene, could be unmasked or, alternatively, the loss of a dominant gene or anti-oncogene, could result in activation of a malignant process. A regulatory gene, such as the c-erb-A gene which will be discussed, may play a role in repressing the transcription of other genes which cause cancer; the loss of such a regulatory gene could permit other genes to cause cancer. This
Concurrency enhancement through program unification: a performance analysis

Abstract A novel unification scheme was proposed that constructs an N -dimensional transformation of a given program such that a single execution of the transformed program effectively substitutes for a serial execution of the original program on N different data sets. Our studies show that the speedup thus obtained makes the scheme a very attractive alternative in situations where a given program P is required to be executed on several data sets simultaneously. This is true, in particular, when the original program P does not lend itself well to vectorization or concurrentization. In order to obtain an understanding of the operation of the transformed program, we construct stochastic urn models of program execution for small configurations. By comparing the execution times for the urn model counterparts of the original program P and its transformation, we obtain estimates of speedup given by the transformation. While the models that we present are computationally exact, they typically possess large state spaces for realistic values of model parameters. In such instances, we build simulated versions of the urn models, use the analytic models to validate our simulation models, and use the latter models for combinations of system parameters that make the state space large.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 199

Abstract Level schemes, spin and parity assignments, and decay properties are presented for all nuclei with mass number A = 199. Experimental data and adopted values are given along with conclusions as to the spin and parity assignments. The presentation of the nuclear properties is given in the light of the data and current theoretical ideas. In this transition region, level decay rates are seen to be of particular importance and so have been summarized in terms of multipole enhancement and hindrance. There are no transfer reaction data leading to 199 Au, and the inelastic scattering data on 199 Hg are very incomplete. Compilers have attempted to bring out some inconsistencies in the data and resolve discrepancies when possible.
Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine and monoamine metabolite levels and the dexamethasone suppression test in depression. Relationship to life events.

• The cerebrospinal fluid levels of norepinephrine and six monoamine metabolites were measured in 23 patients meeting DSM-III criteria for major depressive episode, 15 of whom also met criteria for melancholia. Life events during the six-month period before the onset of depression were recorded using Paykel's method. There was no difference in Hamilton depression ratings between patients with life events and those without. However, depressed patients who did not have a life event in the six months before the onset of depression had significantly lower levels of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid and the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid than those with life events. The incidence of nonsuppression on the dexamethasone suppression test was also greater in patients with a major depressive episode who did not have an undesirable life event than in those who did. Thus, the presence or absence of life events led to a separation into biologically distinct groups.
Interleukin-10 messenger ribonucleic acid in human placenta: Implications of a role for interleukin-10 in fetal allograft protection

Abstract OBJECTIVE: our purpose was to determine whether interleukin-10 is expressed in human placental tissue, which might imply a role of it in fetal allograft protection. STUDY DESIGN: Detection of interleukin-10 messenger ribonucleic acid in human placental tissue and in human placental JAR cells by reverse transcription-coupled polymerase chain reaction was studied. RESULTS: Interleukin-10 messenger ribonucleic acid was detected in human placental tissue from term mothers and in human placental JAR cells. Sequence analysis of the expected interleukin-10 complementary deoxyribonucleic acid fragment revealed 100% homology to authentic interleukin-10 complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that human placental tissue from term mothers expressed high levels of interleukin-10 messenger ribonucleic acid, suggesting that cells that produce interleukin-10 and that are associated with the placenta may play a role in preventing rejection of the fetal allograft by the mother.
Defining the Alpha Female: A Female Leadership Measure:

The change in women’s social roles has led to the development of the concept of the alpha female, but currently there is no way to measure the construct. The present study discusses the development...
Extraesophageal symptoms: what role for the proton pump inhibitors?

Abstract The esophageal complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are well described and include erosive esophagitis, stricture, Barrett esophagus, and adenocarcinoma. Primary care physicians often encounter patients with “extraesophageal” manifestations of GERD in the absence of heartburn. Patients may present with symptoms involving the pulmonary system, noncardiac chest pain, and ear, nose, and throat disorders. The diagnosis of reflux disease in these individuals may be challenging because, in addition to the absence of heartburn, endoscopy is often negative. Laryngoscopy and 24-hour dual-channel intraesophageal pH-metry may have greater diagnostic yields, but they are costly, invasive, and time-consuming. A trial of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is increasingly being considered a first-line diagnostic test in those with suspected reflux-related extraesophageal symptoms. The duration as well as dose of PPI should be based on the presenting symptoms, with patients having pulmonary manifestations often requiring twice-daily therapy for 2 to 3 months. In contrast, symptoms of reflux-related noncardiac chest pain may be relieved with a 1-week, standard-dose treatment trial. Patients who fail to experience symptom resolution or improvement should undergo further diagnostic evaluations including 24-hour esophageal pH studies while continuing their PPI therapy to establish persistent versus absent acid reflux. The role of fundoplication or other surgical/laparoscopic procedures in these patients has yet to be determined.
Primary response to lysozyme (HEL) and HEL-LPS in neonatal A/J mice: presence of characteristic adult pattern of regulatory idiotype and fine specificity restriction.

Abstract The adult primary murine plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) is characterized by a predominant idiotype (IdXE) (∼-50% of population) and a predominant specificity (∼-50% of population) for a determinant dependent on the 3 amino-terminal residues of HEL (TIP-dependent PFC). IdXE and TIP specificity, however, are not congruent: approximately 1 3 of each population do not overlap (1). To determine whether these characteristics result from a prolonged selection process during development, we compared the neonatal A/J response profile to HEL-CFA with the adult A/J response and found that the adult pattern was present for mice immunized as early as 5 days of age. At 5 days, A/J splenic PFC were 80% TIP dependent, 71% IdXE positive compared to the adult levels of 56% (±14) TIP dependent, 43% (±19) IdXE positive. To attempt to address the B cells directly and avoid the need for antigen-specific T-dependent processes, we studied the PFC response to HEL-LPS conjugates in adult and 12-day-old A/J mice. At the earliest age studied (12 days), the indirect splenic PFC had similar idiotypy and specificity as the adult, and the response was similar to that induced by HEL-CFA. Although the absolute IgM PFC level was equal in adult and neonate, only 11% of the adult PFC response was IgM while a large proportion of the 12-day-old HEL-LPS response was IgM. This IgM PFC response was also characterized by the same idiotypy and specificity as the IgG PFC response. These results suggest that the characteristic adult mosaic of specificity and idiotypy in the anti-HEL response may exist prior to antigenic stimulation since it occurs as early as 5 days after immunization and in the IgM PFC responses. Although IdXE predominance may merely reflect the germ line repertoire, T cells may also be involved in an idiotypebased selection, the mechanism of which has not been determined.
Quantitative changes in cholinesterase activity of denervated sole plates following implantation of nerve into muscle

Abstract Denervated muscle loses 60% of its sole-plate and background cholinesterase (ChE) activity within 1 week, and following nerve regeneration ChE is slowly restored. Since nerves implanted into denervated muscle form new cholinergic sole plates at the site of implantation, the present experiment was performed to determine whether implantation of nerve into denervated muscle would serve to restore ChE to the denervated (original) sole plates. In one group of rats the sternomastoid muscle was denervated; in another group this muscle was denervated and the hypoglossal nerve implanted into its rostral end. The ChE of the denervated sole plates was measured quantitatively at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively. Both groups exhibited a 60% decrease in ChE 1 week postoperatively. In the denervated group, ChE decreased 10% more during the ensuing 7 weeks. However, in the group that received the nerve implantation, the ChE of the denervated sole plates began to increase after the second postoperative week and by 8 weeks was approximately double that of the denervated muscles. Histological preparations verified that the original sole plates remained denervated at this stage. It would appear that the presence of new myoneural junctions near the rostral end of the muscle served to partially restore ChE to the denervated sole plates in the mid-belly region of the muscle. We therefore conclude that in the adult rat a direct local connection between nerve and muscle is not necessary for the neurotrophic regulation of ChE at the sole plate.
An MRI assessment of chronic synovial-based inflammation in gout and its correlation with serum urate levels.

It is unclear when the synovial-based inflammatory process of gout begins. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of patients with inter-critical gout who have chronic synovial-based inflammation as evidenced by synovial pannus on a contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of their most involved joint and determine if the presence and/or severity correlates with their serum urate levels. All patients received a 3 T MRI of their index joint, serum urate level, CRP, and creatinine. The primary endpoint was to determine the prevalence of synovial pannus and the correlation of serum urate levels with the presence and/or severity of the synovial pannus on that same joint. MRI erosions, tophi, swelling, effusion, and osteitis were also documented. Seventy-two of 74 subjects (90 % men) completed the protocol. Fifty-three of 72 (74 %) index joints were the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Thirty-nine (54.2 %) of the patients were on urate-lowering therapy; 15 (20.8 %) and 7 (9.7 %) were taking colchicine or a NSAID daily, respectively. Of the 72 subjects, 63 (87.5 %) had synovial pannus on their MRI with good inter-reader agreement between the two radiologists. The mean serum urate level was 7.93 mg/dL. There was no correlation with the presence (p = 0.33) or severity (p = 0.34) of synovial pannus and serum urate levels. There was also no correlation with the presence or severity of synovial pannus and the secondary endpoints. The majority of patients with inter-critical gout have evidence of chronic synovial-based inflammation. However, the presence and severity of this inflammation do not appear to correlate with serum urate levels.
An analytical molecular structural mechanics model for the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes

Abstract An analytical molecular structural mechanics model for the prediction of mechanical properties of defect-free carbon nanotubes is developed by incorporating the modified Morse potential with an analytical molecular structural model. The developed model is capable of predicting Young’s moduli, Poisson’s ratios and stress–strain relationships of carbon nanotubes under tension and torsion loading conditions. Results on the mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes show that Young’s moduli of carbon nanotubes are sensitive to the tube diameter and the helicity. Young’s moduli of both armchair and zigzag carbon nanotubes increase monotonically and approach Young’s modulus of graphite when the tube diameter is increased. The nonlinear stress–strain relationships for defect-free nanotubes have been predicted, which gives a good approximation on the ultimate strength and strain to failure of nanotubes. Armchair nanotubes exhibit higher tensile strength than zigzag nanotubes but their torsion strengths are identical based on the present study. The present theoretical investigation provides a very simple approach to predict the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes.
The group therapy questionnaire: an instrument for study of leadership in small groups.

The article presents the Group Therapy Questionnaire (GTQ), a research instrument for the study of leadership in group therapy and related small group settings. The GTQ describes 20 realistic situa...
A test for structural change in U.S. real trade and trade prices: Fixed exchange rate period vs. flexible exchange rate period

Critics of the flexible exchange rate system charge that exchange rate variability has a negative effect on international trade. In this study a simultaneous model of real trade, trade prices, and the exchange rate is consistently estimated with instrumental variables methods, using data on U.S. trade with nine major industrial countries. The real trade and trade price equations are tested for structural change between the fixed and flexible rate with a X2 test. The demand for U.S. real imports shifted significantly, and further tests indicate a significant negative effect during the flexible rate period. U.S. real exports and trade prices were stable throughout. The estimates of the model for the flexible rate period indicate that the exchange rate has a strong, lagged impact on trade, and vice versa. These strong, but slow, cross-effects result in long explosive cycles of dollar appreciation, worsening U.S. trade balance, and dollar depreciation.
Cesarean section rates among health professionals in Finland, 1990-2006

Objective. The purpose of this paper is to establish whether health professionals in Finland have cesarean sections more or less often than other women of a similar educational background. Design. Register-based study (Finnish birth register). Setting. Finland 1990–2006. Population. Singleton births, for midwives (3,009 births), nurses (101,199), and physicians (7,642). Teachers (n=23,454) were chosen as controls for midwives and nurses, and other white collar workers (n=124,606) were chosen as controls for physicians. Methods. Cesarean section rates were studied for all births and for first births only. The odds ratios for mode of delivery were calculated using logistic regression, adjusting for age, parity, marital status and smoking, and in an additional analysis, also adjusting for post-term birth and birth weight. Main outcome measures. Mode of delivery. Results. During the time period studied, the overall cesarean section rate in Finland was 15%. The studied groups had similar rates of cesarean sect...
The Current Situation and Development of Electric Energy Data Acquisition System in China

Electric Energy Data Acquisition System (EEDAS) is not only the critical basic system of the intelligent electric consumption service area, but an important part of building a unified and intelligent grid. Its technical advancement will directly relate to the energy efficiency and cost effectiveness of smart grid. This paper introduces the framework and functions of EEDAS, presents the differences between EEDAS and AMI, analyzes the current situation and obtained effectiveness in State Grid Company of China and prospects the development trend of EEDAS in the future.
Influences of lobar gray matter and white matter lesion load on cognition and mood

Depressed mood is a frequent co-morbidity of dementia suggesting that they might share a common neuropathological substrate. Gray matter (GM) atrophy and white matter lesions (WML) have been described in both conditions. Our aims were to determine the relationship of GM and WML with cognition and depressed mood in the same population. Structural brain images were obtained from 42 controls, 20 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 32 subjects with cognitive impairment/dementia due to subcortical cerebrovascular disease (vascCIND/IVD). Images were segmented to obtain lobar GM, white matter and WML volumes. Lobar WML had a negative effect on GM in all lobes in controls, on frontal, parietal and occipital GM in AD and on frontal GM in vascCIND/IVD. Frontal, temporal and hippocampal GM were associated with cognitive functions and frontal WML load with depressed mood. Cognitive function is associated with GM atrophy and depressed mood is associated with frontal WML. This indicates that although both often occur together, depressed mood and cognitive impairment have different pathological correlates.
A Prospective Study of Pedometer-Determined Physical Activity and Physical Self-Perceptions in Children.

There have been limited prospective studies investigating physical activity and physical self-perceptions in children. In this investigation, mean steps/day did not significantly change from late elementary to junior high for either boys or girls; however, boys accumulated more steps both at baseline and follow-up. Physical self-perception measures were significantly related to changes in steps/day and accounted for 21% (15% adjusted) of the variance after controlling for demographic/biological variables, R2 change = .21, adjusted R2 change = .15, F(5, 88) = 4.66, p < .001. Sport competence emerged as the most important predictor, t(88) = -3.76, p < .001, and was inversely related to physical activity change. The lack of opportunities to participate in sport activities normally found at the onset of adolescence may help explain this unexpected result.
Honor Killings in the Middle East and North Africa A Systematic Review of the Literature

A systematic review of the research literature on honor killings in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) indicates a paucity of studies relative to the presumed magnitude of the problem. Forty articles were reviewed and critically appraised, of which only 9 contained primary data and 11 presented original secondary analyses. Despite a recent increase in published studies, persistent methodological limitations restrict the generalizability of findings. Most studies focus on legal aspects, determinants, and characteristics of victims and perpetrators. Victims are mostly young females murdered by their male kin. Unambiguous evidence of a decline in tolerance of honor killings remains elusive.
Ozone Disinfection Of Urban Storm Drain Water

Abstract Concerns regarding bacteria in runoff entering Santa Monica Bay were validated by the isolation of human enteric virus in storm drain effluents. As an alternative to chlorination, ozonation was investigated for disinfection of dry-weather urban runoff. Ozone at 10-20 mg/L reduced coliform counts an average of 3.4-logs, with 6-log maximal disinfection. Although varying contaminant concentrations complicate the analyses, total organic carbon predicted ozone demand, and effluent coliform counts were correlated with ozone residuals.
Classification trees with optimal multi-variate splits

Tree classifiers assign an observation to a class through a series of binary questions. This form of classification is very fast and easy to interpret. However, tree classifiers constructed using standard techniques, such as CART (classification and regression trees), have difficulties with multi-modal problems like the parity problem. In particular. CART produces a very inefficient tree for this class of problems, which can occur in a number of important applications. This paper examines the problems with CART and then presents a solution that yields trees that use the optimal multi-variate split at each node. >
Ovarian tissue autologous transplantation to the upper extremity for girls receiving abdominal/pelvic radiation: 20-year follow-up of reproductive endocrine function

Abstract Objective Upper-extremity ovarian autologous transplantation was first used for girls undergoing abdominal/pelvic radiation therapy; long-term follow-up is provided. Design A case series. Setting Tertiary pediatric medical center. Patients Girls with Wilms tumor with planned abdominal/pelvic radiation therapy. Interventions Subjects 1, 2, and 3 (ages 5, 2, and 1 year) presented with a Wilms tumor and underwent surgical resection. Each patient underwent ovarian autotransplantation to move ovarian tissue out of the radiation field. Subjects 1 and 2 had thin slices from 1 ovary placed in the arm. Subject 3 had a free transfer of the entire ovary into an axilla. Follow-up was obtained for the subsequent 20-25 years for all 3 subjects. Outcome Measures Pubertal, menarcheal, and menstrual history, and hormonal serum levels. Results All subjects survived and experienced spontaneous pubertal development and menarche. Data were available for follow-up for 20-25 years. Subjects 1 and 2 showed spontaneous follicular development of the autotransplanted ovarian tissue. They had fluctuating gonadotropin and estradiol levels until age 29 and 26, respectively; spontaneous menses until age 29 and 26; and cessation of spontaneous menses with elevated gonadotropins and low estradiol levels at age 30 and 26. Subject 3 had severe monthly axillary pain, and the ovary was transferred back to the pelvis. She then had ovarian dysfunction with intermittent spontaneous ovarian activity until age 25. Conclusions Ovarian autotransplantation to the upper extremity resulted in long-term sex steroid production for spontaneous puberty, menarche, follicular development, and menses with fluctuating gonadotropin and ovarian sex steroid levels and follicular activity that lasted for 13-15 years.
Toward a general power system voltage collapse model

It is shown that the center manifold voltage collapse model encompasses many existing models for analyzing voltage collapse. It is then shown that the model can be extended to power systems with a slow increase in load demands both before and after a bifurcation. >
Mutations in α‐helical solvent‐exposed sites of eglin c have long‐range effects: Evidence from molecular dynamics simulations

Eglin c is a small protease inhibitor whose structural and thermodynamic properties have been well studied. Previous thermodynamic measurements on mutants at solvent-accessible positions in the protein's helix have shown the unexpected result that the data could be best fit by the inclusion of residue- and position-specific parameters to the model. To explore the origins of this surprising result, long molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent have been performed. These simulations indicate specific long-range interactions between the solvent-exposed residues in the eglin c alpha-helix and binding loop, an unexpected observation for such a small protein. The residues involved in the interaction are on opposite sides of the protein, about 25 A apart. Simulations of alanine substitutions at the solvent-exposed helix positions, arginine 22, glutamic acid 23, threonine 26, and leucine 27, show both small and large perturbations of eglin c dynamics. Two mutations exhibit large impacts on the long-range helix-loop interactions. Previous stability measurements (Yi et al., Biochemistry 2003;42:7594-7603) had indicated that an alanine substitution at position 27 was less stabilizing than at other solvent-exposed positions in the helix. The L27A mutation effects observed in these simulations suggest that the position-dependent loss of stability measured in wet bench experiments is derived from changes in dynamics that involve long-range interactions; thus, these simulations support the hypothesis that solvent-exposed positions in helices are not always equivalent.
Description of radar targets using the bispectrum

The bispectral signatures of backscattered radar signals are examined. An interpretation of these signatures in terms of multiple scattering interactions is presented. A high-resolution bispectral-estimation technique is used to resolve nearly located target scattering centres.
European government-controlled enterprises: explaining international strategic and policy decisions

The aim of this paper is to explain why government-controlled enterprises (GCEs) do or do not have international activities (essentially in the sense of foreign direct investments) and to explain the international operations of such enterprises—which of their major operating policy decisions are distinctive in any way and why. The paper arises from 304 interviews with leading executives, government officials, union leaders, etc. throughout the nine EEC countries.
Full utilization, fairness and bounded access delay on high speed bus networks

The purpose of this paper is to understand the relationship between utilization, fairness and access delay in high speed slotted bus networks. We illustrate this relationship by means of a protocol called FUFA (fully utilized and fair). We define full utilization, and fairness precisely, and show that both are achieved together in the FUFA protocol. In addition, the protocol provides bounded access delay that is linear in the round trip propagation delay, and at most a constant away from its minimum possible value for any bus protocol that is both fully utilized and fair. The main idea is that each station takes account of the idle slots propagated previously to interpret the information from downstream (i.e., estimated aggregate number of data segments in the queue downstream and estimated number of active downstream stations). This allows the active downstream stations to be served in a round robin fashion according to the updated information.
WNT/TCF signaling through LEF1 and HOXB9 mediates lung adenocarcinoma metastasis

Metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma can occur swiftly to multiple organs within months of diagnosis. The mechanisms that confer this rapid metastatic capacity to lung tumors are unknown. Activation of the canonical WNT/TCF pathway is identified here as a determinant of metastasis to brain and bone during lung adenocarcinoma progression. Gene expression signatures denoting WNT/TCF activation are associated with relapse to multiple organs in primary lung adenocarcinoma. Metastatic subpopulations isolated from independent lymph node-derived lung adenocarcinoma cell lines harbor a hyperactive WNT/TCF pathway. Reduction of TCF activity in these cells attenuates their ability to form brain and bone metastases in mice, independently of effects on tumor growth in the lungs. The WNT/TCF target genes HOXB9 and LEF1 are identified as mediators of chemotactic invasion and colony outgrowth. Thus, a distinct WNT/TCF signaling program through LEF1 and HOXB9 enhances the competence of lung adenocarcinoma cells to colonize the bones and the brain. For a video summary of this article, see the PaperFlick file available with the online Supplemental Data.
A Role for Autophagic Protein Beclin 1 Early in Lymphocyte Development

Autophagy is a highly regulated and evolutionarily conserved process of cellular self-digestion. Recent evidence suggests that this process plays an important role in regulating T cell homeostasis. In this study, we used Rag1(-/-) (recombination activating gene 1(-/-)) blastocyst complementation and in vitro embryonic stem cell differentiation to address the role of Beclin 1, one of the key autophagic proteins, in lymphocyte development. Beclin 1-deficient Rag1(-/-) chimeras displayed a dramatic reduction in thymic cellularity compared with control mice. Using embryonic stem cell differentiation in vitro, we found that the inability to maintain normal thymic cellularity is likely caused by impaired maintenance of thymocyte progenitors. Interestingly, despite drastically reduced thymocyte numbers, the peripheral T cell compartment of Beclin 1-deficient Rag1(-/-) chimeras is largely normal. Peripheral T cells displayed normal in vitro proliferation despite significantly reduced numbers of autophagosomes. In addition, these chimeras had greatly reduced numbers of early B cells in the bone marrow compared with controls. However, the peripheral B cell compartment was not dramatically impacted by Beclin 1 deficiency. Collectively, our results suggest that Beclin 1 is required for maintenance of undifferentiated/early lymphocyte progenitor populations. In contrast, Beclin 1 is largely dispensable for the initial generation and function of the peripheral T and B cell compartments. This indicates that normal lymphocyte development involves Beclin 1-dependent, early-stage and distinct, Beclin 1-independent, late-stage processes.
The oxygen auroral transition laser system excited by collisional and photolytic energy transfer

The properties of laser media involving the auroral transition of atomic oxygen and analogous systems are examined. A discussion of the atomic properties, collisional mechanisms, excitation processes, and collisionally induced radiative phenonema is given. We find that crossing phenomena play a particularly important role in governing the dynamics of the medium.
Guest Editorial from a Previous Editor-in-Chief: Comments for 25th Anniversary Issue of Marketing Science

Introduction Readers who wish to reflect on the 25-year history of Marketing Science would do well to pay careful attention to the articles on the history of our field and journal that were published in the final issue of my editorship (Volume 20, Issue 4). A reading of these articles will highlight the spectacular growth of the field of marketing science, and of its journal, in a relatively short time. The reading will also highlight the very key role of a small number of pioneers in getting it all started and the very key role played by better data and enhanced computing power in this development. The articles on the history of marketing science also indicated that, as of 2001, a number of attractive features of the field had been lost. Quantitative and behavioral research had become much more distinct; there was less collaboration between academics and practitioners; articles on applications were given lower status; and a gap between research and course content had grown (Wittink 2001). The past five years have seen significant efforts to address these issues, and considerable progress has been made. In particular, the advent of the ISMS Practice Prize, and the publication of papers based on that competition in Marketing Science, has fostered the collaboration between academics and practitioners and has provided a new set of examples of applications. Also, papers that integrate quantitative and behavioral methods have become more commonplace in Marketing Science. I believe that these changes are indicative of a general tendency of people in our field to address problems that become apparent. But further efforts to ensure that our work influences practice, and that our ideas are disseminated in the classroom, are needed. It was an honor to be chosen to be an editor of Marketing Science. To have a hand in advancing our field by editing the journal has been a very rewarding experience. It has been especially gratifying to see a number of young authors whose work was published during my term become major players in our field. It has also been gratifying to see many of the articles published under my watch become important works that are widely cited and to see some novel approaches in these articles become widely accepted. It is nice to see that the journal has done so well under my successor, Steve Shugan.
Penalizing Men Who Request a Family Leave: Is Flexibility Stigma a Femininity Stigma?

Men who request a family leave are viewed as poor organizational citizens and ineligible for rewards. In addition to a poor worker stigma, we found that male leave requesters suffer femininity stigma. Compared with control targets, male leave requesters were viewed as higher on weak, feminine traits (e.g., weak and uncertain), and lower on agentic masculine traits (e.g., competitive and ambitious). Perceptions of weakness uniquely predicted greater risk for penalties (e.g., being demoted or downsized) and fully accounted for the effect of poor worker stigma on male leave requesters’ penalties. By contrast, the poor worker stigma and both agency and weakness perceptions contributed to their reward recommendations. Results were comparable regardless of the reason given for requesting a family leave, target race (White or Black), and participant gender. The implications of these findings for work–life balance and gender equality are discussed.
Education and Training in Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

In this issue of the Journal , we begin a series of articles that address a wide variety of issues in education and training in pathology and laboratory medicine.1 The issues of education and training are complex and become increasingly so each year. Because of this, the editors believe that publishing this series in early 2014 will provide a reference point for future assessments of efforts to teach and train in the many disciplines that comprise our branch of health care. A common question in the context of this series is, “What is the difference between education and training?” Certainly the two terms are often used interchangeably (or without any consistency), and, although distinct, do overlap in some important ways. Broadly speaking, education is the teaching of students: those who have yet to receive academic degrees. In contrast, training is what graduates receive in preparation for a job or professional activity. In some areas of the world, residents (or registrars, as they are called in most countries) are students earning a degree as well as trainees earning a certificate. Even in the United States, this is common for residents in fields such as dentistry, in which “degree programs” are in contrast with the “certificate programs” that most medical residents undertake. Another difference is that students generally pay for education, whereas trainees generally receive payment for their training. Last, education usually occurs in a college, university, or recognized …
Shattering the Myth of Semmelweis

The case of Semmelweis has been well known since Hempel. More recently, it has been revived by Peter Lipton, Donald Gillies, Alexander Bird, Alex Broadbent, and Raphael Scholl. While these accounts differ on what exactly the case of Semmelweis shows, they all agree that Semmelweis was an excellent reasoner. This widespread agreement has also given rise to a puzzle: why Semmelweis’s views were rejected for so long. I aim to dissolve both this puzzle and the standard view of Semmelweis by showing that, contrary to prevailing opinion, Semmelweis was not the excellent reasoner he has been assumed to be.
Possible Roles of Atlantic Circulations on the Weakening Indian Monsoon Rainfall–ENSO Relationship

Abstract Since the 1970s, the inverse relationship between the Indian monsoon rainfall and the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has weakened considerably. The cause for this breakdown is shown to be most likely the strengthening and poleward shift of the jet stream over the North Atlantic. These changes have led to the recent development of a significant correlation between wintertime western European surface air temperatures and the ensuing monsoon rainfall. This western Europe winter signal extended eastward over most of northern Eurasia and remained evident in spring, such that the effect of the resulting meridional temperature contrast was able to disrupt the influence of ENSO on the monsoon.
Phase Determination of Black TiO2 Nanoparticles

Meng-kun.Tian, Masoud. Mahjouri-Samani, 2 Gyula. Eres, Ritesh.Sachan, Matthew F. Chisholm, Kai Wang, 2 Alexander. A. Puretzky, Christopher. M. Rouleau, 2 Mina. Yoon, David. B. Geohegan, and Gerd Duscher 1.Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA 2.Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA 3.Material Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Leading by Leveraging Culture in Hospital Mergers

In the hospital mergers literature, cultural compatibility is an often-overlooked element of what it takes to be successful. This paper utilizes lessons from the Beth Israel/Deaconess Hospital merger in order to develop a leadership framework for evaluating and managing cultural conflict in hospital mergers. We suggest that, by assessing corporate culture prior to the merger and creating an acculturation strategy for the merged entity, management can lead change and avoid some of the dislocation that often characterizes hospital mergers.
The Role of Technology in Peer Harassment: Does It Amplify Harm for Youth?

Objective: To examine the features and emotional impact of peer harassment incidents based on degree of technology involvement. Method: Telephone interviews with a national sample of 791 youth in the United States, ages 10–20. Results: 34% of youth reported 311 harassment incidents in the past year: 54% of incidents involved no technology (in-person only), 15% involved only technology (technologyonly), and 31% involved both technology and in-person elements (mixed incidents). Boys ages 10–12 were most likely to report in-person–only incidents; technology-only incidents were reported equally by boys and girls and more so among older teens; mixed incidents were more common among girls. Concern that technology involvement inherently amplifies harm to victims was not supported. Compared with in-person incidents, technology-only incidents were less likely to involve multiple episodes and power imbalances. They were seen by victims as easier to stop and had significantly less emotional impact. Mixed incidents had the most emotional impact, possibly because they occurred across multiple environments and because perpetrators tended to be more socially connected to victims. Conclusions: Youth experiencing “mixed” incidents of peer harassment should be a priority for educators trying to identify the most serious and harmful experiences.