cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geoeconomic time and global warming: renewable energy and conservation policy

The concept of geoeconomic time, introduced here, is based on the interface among economic activity, technology, and geophysical processes. Geoeconomic time is what should frame economic analysis of global warming policy. Otherwise, the analysis will be flawed. Application of geoeconomic time to global warming has two parts. The first is the future time frame for projecting impacts on the earth. The second is the historic time frame for delineating our bounds of ignorance regarding the possible consequences of global warming. Many economic analyses conclude against policies to reduce emissions of warming gases, and instead conclude in favour of the “optimal” policy of adapting to global warming. The concept of geoeconomic time reveals that the magnitude of our ignorance is of such a scale that we can never reduce uncertainty sufficiently to design “optimal” policies. Concludes in favour of risk‐reducing policies for research, development and commercialization of energy efficiency technologies and renewable energy. Successful examples can be found at the state and local levels of government action.
Successional Models as Guides for Restoration of Riparian Forest Understory

We compare two successional models as guides for restoring native riparian understory species along a 160-km stretch of the Sacramento River in California. In 2001 and 2007, we surveyed cover, frequency, and richness of native and exotic understory species in 15 sites planted (1989–1996) with overstory species to determine whether native understory species colonized naturally (passive relay floristics model). In 2007, we surveyed 20 additional sites (planted 1997–2003) in 14 of which understory species were planted (initial floristics model) to evaluate whether planting accelerated community recovery. We surveyed 10 remnant forests as references for successional trajectories. Mean cover and frequency of natives changed little over time in sites where they were not planted initially; increases in native cover in a few sites were primarily due to a single common species (Galium aparine). Species composition shifted from light-demanding to shade-adapted species, both exotic and native, in response to a doubling of overstory cover. Sites with high intensity understory plantings had greater cover and frequency of native understory species than unplanted sites, but were still low relative to reference forests. Light-demanding natives (e.g., Artemisia douglasiana, Rubus ursinus, and grasses) established in sites where they were planted; however, a shade-adapted species (Carex barbarae) did not survive well. Our research indicates that the passive relay floristics and the initial floristic composition approaches serve to restore a few common native understory species, but that planting species as site conditions become appropriate (active relay floristics model) will be needed to restore entire native understory communities.
Functional equations with several solutions

where I is the identity and A, is a completely continuous operator which depends on a parameter X, do there exist a number A and a element y for which Eq. (E) has more than one solution x ? A special case of this is the question of whether the nonlinear stationary problem for the Navier-Stokes equation has more than one solution for large values of the Reynolds number. See Finn [5, p. 136 and pp. 146-1471 and Ladyzhenskaya [9, p. 51. Velte [14] has proved the existence of bifurcation of solutions for a particular problem. But the general question remains open. Here we obtain, by using Leray-Schauder degree, two observations concerning the general question. In Section 2, we study polynomial operators of the form
Distributed fuzzy control of a flexible structure

This paper details the design and implementation of a fuzzy controller for the ASTREX flexible space structure model. the novel control strategy is the first attempt to apply fuzzy logic to the feedback control of a large-scale structure system. The ASTREX system at Edwards Air Force Base consists of three flexible trusses, joined to a flexible base system and culminating in as line-of-sight positioning instrument. Smart control of each truss is accomplished by three axial piezoelectric actuators on each truss, and six bending sensors. Two sensors are grouped with each actuator, in collocated and nearly collocated positions. control system design procedure is detailed. The open-loop system is simulated to determine the appropriate universes of discourse for the input fuzzy membership functions. Output magnitude of the controller is determined by the dynamic range of piezoelectric actuators. The architectural design of fuzzy logic controllers in currently an open issue. there exist many different forms of fuzzy logic controllers, and the performance characteristics of each type cannot generally be determined a prior. Results of preliminary investigations in to the type of fuzzy logic controller necessary for efficient control of flexible structures are shown using simulations involving partial models of one beam of the ASTREX flexible satellite.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cyclopropylbenzyl radical clocks

Cyclopropylbenzyl radicals formed by pulse radiolysis of cyclopropylbenzyl benzoates undergo ring-opening rearrangements with absolute rate constants (0.5–4)× 105 s–1 in hexane at room temperature.
Epidemic Optic and Peripheral Neuropathy in Cuba: A Unique Geopolitical Public Health Problem

During 1992 and 1993 an epidemic of optic and peripheral neuropathy affected over 50,000 Cubans. This occurred in the unique setting of a communist country which had a widespread health care network and wherein sudden changes in the economy affected most of the population. Although nutritional factors appeared to play a key role in the pathogenesis of the epidemic neuropathy, viral, toxic, and genetic factors were investigated by Cuban and North American scientists. The authors, representing different disciplines and different groups that visited Cuba during the epidemic, review and reflect on the clinical and laboratory findings which became available through their own experience and through reviewing the literature. The recent Cuban epidemic is compared to similar outbreaks of optic and peripheral neuropathy which have occurred in the past.
Tree Rings and Climate: Sharpening the Focus

A brief overview is given of the major contributions of dendroclimatology to current knowledge and understanding of climate variability and change. Particular attention is given to: (1) greatly enhanced information on the spectrum of climate variability, especially on interannual, decadal, and multidecadal timescales; (2) the history of regional to hemispheric temperatures over recent centuries; (3) the probable causes of the variability seen in tree-ring and other records over the past millennium; (4) attempts to determine the quantity ‘climate sensitivity’ of the Earth’s climate system; and (5) reconstructions of the behavior of circulation features and of regional climates, notably drought. Emphasis is given to the importance of regional, continental, and broader-scale networks, as well as to a wide array of technical advances, in making these achievements possible. Then an impressive array of applications is discussed, ranging from ecology and hydrology to anthropology and archaeology. Finally, attention is given to the prospects for dendroclimatology, and in particular to suggestions for making best use of its strengths and for overcoming its weaknesses.
Thermal resistance across interfaces comprising dimensionally mismatched carbon nanotube-graphene junctions in 3D carbon nanomaterials

In the present study, reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics is employed to study thermal resistance across interfaces comprising dimensionally mismatched junctions of single layer graphene floors with (6,6) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) pillars in 3D carbon nanomaterials. Results obtained from unit cell analysis indicate the presence of notable interfacial thermal resistance in the out-of-plane direction (along the longitudinal axis of the SWCNTs) but negligible resistance in the in-plane direction along the graphene floor. The interfacial thermal resistance in the out-of-plane direction is understood to be due to the change in dimensionality as well as phonon spectra mismatch as the phonons propagate from SWCNTs to the graphene sheet and then back again to the SWCNTs. The thermal conductivity of the unit cells was observed to increase nearly linearly with an increase in cell size, that is, pillar height as well as interpillar distance, and approaches a plateau as the pillar height and the interpillar distance approach the critical lengths for ballistic thermal transport in SWCNT and single layer graphene. The results indicate that the thermal transport characteristics of these SWCNT-graphene hybrid structures can be tuned by controlling the SWCNT-graphene junction characteristics as well as the unit cell dimensions.
Degeneracy and Criticality from Emergent Frustration in Artificial Spin Ice

Although initially introduced to mimic the spin-ice pyrochlores, no artificial spin ice has yet exhibited the expected degenerate ice phase with critical correlations similar to the celebrated Coulomb phase in the pyrochlore lattice. Here we study a novel artificial spin ice based on a vertex-frustrated rather than pairwise frustrated geometry and show that it exhibits a quasicritical ice phase of extensive residual entropy and, significantly, algebraic correlations. Interesting in its own regard as a novel realization of frustration in a vertex system, our lattice opens new pathways to study defects in a critical manifold and to design degeneracy in artificial magnetic nanoarrays, a task so far elusive.
How well do the GCMs/RCMs capture the multi-scale temporal variability of precipitation in the Southwestern United States?

Summary Multi-scale temporal variability of precipitation has an established relationship with floods and droughts. In this paper, we present the diagnostics on the ability of 16 General Circulation Models (GCMs) from Bias Corrected and Downscaled (BCSD) World Climate Research Program’s (WCRP’s) Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) projections and 10 Regional Climate Models (RCMs) that participated in the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) to represent multi-scale temporal variability determined from the observed station data. Four regions (Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Tucson, and Cimarron) in the Southwest United States are selected as they represent four different precipitation regions classified by clustering method. We investigate how storm properties and seasonal, inter-annual, and decadal precipitation variabilities differed between GCMs/RCMs and observed records in these regions. We find that current GCMs/RCMs tend to simulate longer storm duration and lower storm intensity compared to those from observed records. Most GCMs/RCMs fail to produce the high-intensity summer storms caused by local convective heat transport associated with the summer monsoon. Both inter-annual and decadal bands are present in the GCM/RCM-simulated precipitation time series; however, these do not line up to the patterns of large-scale ocean oscillations such as El Nino/La Nina Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Our results show that the studied GCMs/RCMs can capture long-term monthly mean as the examined data is bias-corrected and downscaled, but fail to simulate the multi-scale precipitation variability including flood generating extreme events, which suggests their inadequacy for studies on floods and droughts that are strongly associated with multi-scale temporal precipitation variability.
Limits on the Space Launch Market Related to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Solid rocket motors (SRMs) and liquid rocket engines (LREs) deplete the global ozone layer in various capacities. We estimate global ozone depletion from rockets as a function of payload launch rate and relative mix of SRM and LRE rocket emissions. Currently, global rocket launches deplete the ozone layer ∼0.03%, an insignificant fraction of the depletion caused by other ozone depletion substances (ODSs). As the space industry grows and ODSs fade from the stratosphere, ozone depletion from rockets could become significant. This raises the possibility of regulation of space launch systems in the name of ozone protection. Large uncertainties in our understanding of ozone loss caused by rocket engines leave open the possibility that launch systems might be limited to as little as several tens of kilotons per year, comparable to the launch requirements of proposed space systems such as spaceplanes, space solar power, and space reflectors to mitigate climate change. The potential for limitations on launch syst...
Identification of the Intermediates of in Vivo Oxidation of 1,4-Dioxane by Monooxygenase-Containing Bacteria

1,4-Dioxane is a probable human carcinogen and an emerging water contaminant. Monooxygenase-expressing bacteria have been shown to degrade dioxane via growth-supporting as well as cometabolic mechanisms. In this study, the intermediates of dioxane degradation by monooxygenase-expressing bacteria were determined by triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry. The major intermediates were identified as 2-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA), ethylene glycol, glycolate, and oxalate. Studies with uniformly labeled 14C dioxane showed that over 50% of the dioxane was mineralized to CO2 by CB1190, while 5% became biomass-associated after 48 h. Volatile organic acids and non-volatiles, respectively, accounted for 20 and 11% of the radiolabeled carbon. Although strains cometabolizing dioxane exhibited limited transformation capacities, nearly half of the initial dioxane was recovered as CO2. On the basis of these analytical results, we propose a pathway for dioxan...
A comparison of binary and rating techniques in the signal detection analysis of recognition memory

Abstract Forty-eight subjects were run on a recognition memory task employing low, medium, or high meaningfulness (m) CVC items and utilizing either a binary (yes—no) or rating response technique. Significant differences were obtained between levels of m with higher m items resulting in larger d' values. The interaction term was also significant reflecting a large difference between the binary-rating techniques with high meaningfulness items. The results indicate that the binary and rating techniques do not reveal identical findings in the analysis of recognition memory data and that the frequent use of the rating technique by researchers in the analysis of memory data may not be appropriate.
Adaptive testing: effects on user performance

This study examines the effects of interface adaptation on user performance in HCI and CMC. No studies to date have explored the psychological effects of a combination of software performance monitoring and adaptation. This combination is the focus of the present study. Two competing possible effects of adaptive interfaces are presented: 1) Social facilitation, according to which users with high task confidence should perform better, and users with low task confidence should perform less well because their performance is monitored by the interface; and 2) "choking", according to which users with high task confidence should perform less well, and users with low task confidence should perform better because the interface adapts to their performance. A 2 (adaptive vs. non-adaptive) x 2 (high user task confidence vs. low task confidence) x 2 (HCI vs. CMC) laboratory experiment was conducted. Results indicate that for CMC, the social facilitation explanation holds true, while results for HCI were consistent with the "choking" explanation. Implications for the theory and design of adaptive interfaces are discussed
Implied Risk Aversion Parameter from Option Prices

This paper estimates the representative investor's coefficient of relative risk aversion using option price data. Estimation is carried out using the method of simulated moments. Employing the following assumptions: a) agents have constant proportional risk averse preferences, b) complete markets exist, and c) asset returns are distributed lognormally, an objective function is constructed within the equivalent martingale measure framework. Unlike the case of equity markets, the implied risk aversion parameter from option prices is quite low and stays between zero and one.
Extracting growth rates from the nonlaminated coralline sponge Astrosclera willeyana using bomb radiocarbon

Coralline sponges have the potential to fill in gaps in our understanding of subsurface oceanographic variability. However, one disadvantage they have compared to hermatypic reef building coral proxies is that they do not have annual density bands and need to be radiometrically dated for an age determination. To elucidate growth rate variability we have measured radiocarbon in 1 mm increments from Astrosclera willeyana sponges collected off the Central and Northern Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and from Truk in the Caroline Islands and compared these radiocarbon profiles to independently dated coral radiocarbon records. Growth rates of the GBR sponges average 1.2 {+-} 0.3 and 1.0 {+-} 0.3 mm yr{sup -1}, north and central respectively but can vary by a factor of two. The growth rate of the Truk sponge averages 1.2 {+-} 0.1 mm yr{sup -1}. These growth rates are significantly faster to those measured for other GBR Astrosclera willeyana sponges (0.2 mm yr{sup -1}) by Calcein staining (Woerheide 1988).
SPINAL CORD SYNDROMES

Diseases of the central nervous system are often confined to the spinal cord. The diagnosis of these diseases depends on the ability to recognize a limited number of distinctive syndromes. Woolsey and Young 55 estimate that there are 30 disorders of the spinal cord, of which about half are seen with any regularity. As is the case with disease affecting the other parts of the nervous system, knowledge of the anatomic organization is a prerequisite for the correct diagnosis and management of spinal cord disease.
A new HLA allele (A * 0201) accounts for DQ2/DQ8 negative genome screening in celiac disease patients

A new HLA allele (A * 0201) accounts for DQ2/DQ8 negative genome screening in celiac disease patients
Changes in cat muscle contractile proteins after prolonged muscle inactivity

Abstract Contractile proteins in cat hind limb muscles were studied to examine the possibility that prolonged inactivity of innervated skeletal muscle results in changes in the complement of contractile proteins synthesized by fast- or slow-twich muscles. Myosin light chains and tropomyosins from cat fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles were identified in two-dimensional gel electrophoretic patterns. The protein complement synthesized by initially slow-twitch muscle became more similar to that of fast-twitch after long periods (2 to 3 years) of surgically produced inactivity. In some animals slow-twitch forms of myosin light chains and tropomyosins were not seen in normally slow-twitch muscles. These results are in agreement with data obtained in other studies of contractile and biochemical properties of the inactivated muscles.
INHIBITION OF NITRIC OXIDE DOES NOT AFFECT REPERFUSION-INDUCED MYOCARDIAL INJURY, BUT IT PREVENTS LIPID PEROXIDATION IN THE ISOLATED RAT HEART

To examine if inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis influences myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, male Sprague Dawley rats were administered the NO synthesis inhibitor N -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline 6 hours prior to excising the heart and aorta. Aortic ring contractile response to norepinephrine (NE) was more pronounced and relaxation in response to acetylcholine was abolished in L-NAME-treated group (P<0.05 vs. saline-treated group), indicating inhibition of NO synthesis in the vascular tissues. In the isolated perfused Langendorff hearts, force of cardiac contraction (FCC) and coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) were higher and coronary flow was lower in the L-NAME-treated group, again suggesting inhibition of NO synthesis. Global ischemia (40 min) followed by reperfusion (30 min) resulted in a decrease in FCC and coronary flow and an increase in CPP in all hearts. Myocardial CK also decreased similarly in all hearts. However, ischemia-reperfusion-induced decline in myocardial superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and increase in malondialdehyde were prevented in the L-NAME-treated group (P<0.01 vs. saline-treated hearts). Thus treatment with L-NAME with resultant inhibition of NO synthesis does not affect ischemia-reperfusion-induced cardiac dysfunction and injury in the isolated rat hearts, although the reduction in SOD activity and the rise in lipid peroxidation following reperfusion are attenuated.
Cluster analysis reveals differential transcript profiles associated with resistance training-induced human skeletal muscle hypertrophy

Using genomic microarray analysis, we sought to identify and annotate differences in the pretraining skeletal muscle transcriptomes among human subjects clustered as nonresponders (Non), modest res...
MANUFACTURING AND NON-MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT, EXCHANGE RATE AND OIL PRICE: A U.S. STATE-LEVEL TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

This paper investigates the time series properties of U.S. state-level manufacturing and non-manufacturing employment and two economy-wide variables: real effective exchange rate and real oil price. Examining the 1990 to 2005 period, cointegration tests and error-correction models reveal a long run relationship between manufacturing employment and the exchange rate in eleven states, while no evidence of this relationship between non-manufacturing employment and the exchange rate was detected. Additionally, in the vast majority of states, both manufacturing and non-manufacturing employment appear to have a long-run equilibrium relationship with the real price of oil.
Design of High-Aspect-Ratio T-Gates on N-Polar GaN/AlGaN MIS-HEMTs for High $f_{\max}$

This letter discusses the design of high-aspect-ratio T-gates on molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown nitrogen-polar (N-polar) GaN/AlGaN metal-insulator-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MIS-HEMTs) for high power-gain cutoff frequency (fmax). A 351-GHz fmax is demonstrated, which is the highest published to date for an N-polar GaN HEMT. Novel 80-nm-long 1.1-m-tall T-gates with a 370-nm-tall stem were used to simultaneously minimize gate resistance (Rg) and parasitic gate-drain capacitance (Cgd). The device on -resistance (Ron) of 0.42 mm was obtained by employing n+ GaN MBE-regrown ohmic contacts and by scaling the lateral separation between regrown source-drain regions to 250 nm. Within the design space explored, this letter experimentally demonstrates that fmax is increased by reducing the gate width and the T-gate top length.
A simple quality triangulation algorithm for complex geometries

This paper presents a simple algorithm for quality triangulation in domains with complex geometries. Based on the fact that the equilateral triangles (regular meshes) are ideal for numerical computations in computational fluids dynamics (CFD) analysis, the proposed algorithm starts with an initial equilateral triangle mesh covering the whole domain. Nodes close to the boundary edges satisfy the so-called non-encroaching criterion, the distance from any inserted node to any boundary vertices and the midpoints of any boundary edge is greater than a given characteristic length. Both nearly uniform and non-uniform triangle meshes can be generated using a mesh size reduction technique. Local refinement is achieved by using transition layers. More regular meshes can be generated in the interior of the domain and all angles of the triangle mesh produced by this algorithm are proven to be bounded in a reasonable range (19.5–141°). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative mutagenicity of polar fractions from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils.

Soils at hazardous waste sites contain complex mixtures of chemicals and often are difficult to characterize in terms of risk to human and ecological health. Over time, biogeochemical processes can decrease the apparent concentrations of pollutants but also can lead to accumulation of new products for which toxicity and behavior in the environment are largely unknown. A bioassay-directed fractionation technique was used to assess the contribution of redox-active bacterial metabolites to the toxicity of soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A reverse mutation assay with Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA/pKM101 (IC188) and E. coli WP2 uvrA oxyR/pKM101 (IC203) was used to screen fractions for genotoxicity. Strain IC203 carries the ΔoxyR30 mutation, which prevents the expression of antioxidant proteins in response to oxidative stress and increases its reversion by compounds that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Polar fractions of PAH-contaminated soil extracts were mutagenic to strain IC203 but not to strain IC188, suggesting the involvement of ROS in genotoxicity. Genotoxic potencies ranged from 300 to 1,700 revertants per milligram of fraction. Catalase was able to decrease IC203 reversion, implicating the involvement of hydrogen peroxide as a key ROS. Oxidized PAH compounds, including quinones, were identified in the mutagenic fractions but were not by themselves mutagenic. Deasphalted whole extracts and recombined fractions were not mutagenic, indicating that interactions between compounds in different fractions can mitigate genotoxicity.
Bacterial Quorum Sensing in Pathogenic Relationships

Bacteria were for a long time believed to exist as individual cells that sought primarily to find nutrients and multiply. The discovery of intercellular communication among bacteria has led to the realization that bacteria are capable of coordinated activity that was once believed to be restricted to multicellular organisms. The capacity to behave collectively as a group has obvious advantages, for example, the ability to migrate to a more suitable environment/better nutrient supply and to adopt new modes of growth, such as sporulation or biofilm formation, which may afford protection from deleterious environments. The “language” used for this intercellular communication is based on small, self-generated signal molecules called autoinducers. Through the use of autoinducers, bacteria can regulate their behavior according to population density. The phenomenon of quorum sensing, or cell-to-cell communication, relies on the principle that when a single bacterium releases autoinducers (AIs) into the environment, their concentration is too low to be detected. However, when sufficient bacteria are present, autoinducer concentrations reach a threshold level that allows the bacteria to sense a critical cell mass and, in response, to activate or repress target genes. Most of the bacteria thus far identified that utilize quorum-sensing systems are associated in some way with plants or animals. The nature of these relationships can be either amicable, as characterized by symbiotic bacteria, or adversarial, as seen with pathogenic bacteria. There are numerous bacteria that have components of a quorum-sensing system for which the phenotype regulated remains an enigma. Similarly, there are bacteria known to regulate a specific phenotype via quorum sensing for which one or more of the regulatory components have thus far eluded identification. In this review we give examples of pathogenic relationships, focusing on organisms for which many of the facets of their quorum-sensing systems have been elucidated.
Synthesis and optimization of synchronous logic circuits from recurrence equations

The paper presents a general solution framework for optimizing synchronous networks across register boundaries. It formulates the problem as that of finding minimum-cost solutions to synchronous recurrence equations. It proposes an algorithm for the solution of such equations that relies on their transformation into a new combinational logic optimization problem. An exact solution algorithm for this problem is presented, and experimental results on synchronous benchmark circuits demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. >
Neural Networks Application in Pavement Infrastructure Materials

Interest on artificial neural networks (ANN) in infrastructure materials research and practice has increased in recent years. This chapter presents a review of ANN applications in characterization of infrastructure materials focusing on portland cement concrete (PCC) and asphalt concrete (AC) materials. The principles of ANN are briefly introduced and summarized. The strengths and limitations of ANN for modeling behavior of infrastructure materials are discussed. Various applications of the ANN approach in infrastructure materials testing, analysis and design problems are discussed.
Memory reduction by Haar wavelet transform for MPEG decoder

In MPEG-2 HDTV (MP@HL) application, bandwidth and size of memory requirements are very large. These requirements increase the bus bandwidth and hardware cost. We present a simple method that requires low complexity hardware for MPEG-2 decoder memory reduction. Our algorithm is based on the Haar wavelet transformation and Haar basis with full-tree decomposition transformation. No additional multipliers are needed. Following the transformation, we use a variable-length coder to compress the data before storing them in the memory for future references. For memory accesses, we apply a group of macroblock segment coding and a hierarchical access method to reduce the access time. According to our simulation results, this technique can at least cut down the memory requirement from 12 Mbytes to 7 Mbytes for 4:2:0 HDTV real-time application. The real performance is dependent on the bit rate and the original MPEG2 decoded video quality.
Relative Opacity: A New Translation of Fanon's Wretched of the Earth—Mission Betrayed or Fulfilled?

Frantz Fanon's revolutionary text The Wretched of the Earth has had a major impact on English-speaking readers since it first appeared in translation in 1963. This article charts the shifting contextualization of the book as it has framed subsequent editions, culminating in an exploration of the most recent translation by Richard Philcox. By contrasting this translation of the book with previous versions, and also by critically examining the new forward by Homi K. Bhabha, the author explores Fanon's relevance to the current social and political world. He finds continued relevance for The Wretched in Fanon's quest to get beyond the manicheanism that characterises the colonial and anti-colonial periods as well as the contemporary rhetoric of Bush and Bin Laden. The author argues that our engagement with Fanon should begin from his most critical insights into the postcolonial period and in his critique of the national bourgeoisie and postcolonial petit bourgeoisie, which is grounded in an engagement with Fan...
WARM FEET, COZY EGGS

![Figure][1] Birds incubate eggs to provide a constant cozy environment for their developing offspring. The central heater for most eggs is the parent's broodpatch, an area of thick, bare, vascularized skin on the abdomen. When parents sit on their nest, the brood patch touches and warms the
A robust machine code proof framework for highly secure applications

Security-critical applications at the highest Evaluation Assurance Levels (EAL) require formal proofs of correctness in order to achieve certification. To support secure application development at the highest EALs, we have developed techniques to largely automate the process of producing proofs of correctness of machine code. As part of the Secure, High-Assurance Development Environment program, we have produced in ACL2 an executable formal model of the Rockwell Collins AAMP7G microprocessor at the instruction set level, in order to facilitate proofs of correctness about that processor's machine code. The AAMP7G, currently in use in Rockwell Collins secure system products, supports strict time and space partitioning in hardware, and has received a U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) Multiple Independent Levels of Security (MILS) certificate based in part on a formal proof of correctness of its separation kernel microcode. Proofs of correctness of AAMP7G machine code are accomplished using the method of "compositional cutpoints", which requires neither traditional clock functions nor a Verification Condition Generator (VCG). In this paper, we will summarize the AAMP7G architecture, detail our ACL2 model of the processor, and describe our development of the compositional cutpoint method into a robust machine code proof framework.
The Cullin-4 Complex DCDC Does Not Require E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Elements To Control Heterochromatin in Neurospora crassa

The cullin-4 (CUL4) complex DCDC (DIM-5/-7/-9/CUL4/DDB1 complex) is essential for DNA methylation and heterochromatin formation in Neurospora crassa. Cullins form the scaffold of cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) and are modified by the covalent attachment of NEDD8, a ubiquitin-like protein that regulates the stability and activity of CRLs. We report that neddylation is not required for CUL4-dependent DNA methylation or heterochromatin formation but is required for the DNA repair functions. Moreover, the RING domain protein RBX1 and a segment of the CUL4 C terminus that normally interacts with RBX1, the E2 ligase, CAND1, and CSN are dispensable for DNA methylation and heterochromatin formation by DCDC. Our study provides evidence for the noncanonical functions of core CRL components.
Relationship of Irrigation to Public Health

Serious mosquito-caused health problems exist in many irrigated areas of United States; these problems are primarily result of same faulty irrigation structures and practices which cause water waste, damaged soils and reduced crop production.
Prophylaxis in the Venereal Diseases

With the world-wide ri se in both gonorrhea a nd syphilis in the face of the existe nce of s pecifi c c urative m easures a nd of demonstra ted hi ghly s uccessful public h ealth progra ms, a nd in spite of experi e nce with a nd s uccess in the u se of proph ylaxis, paI'ticula rl y under conditions of social stress in two world wars, it see ms a ppropria te to a ssess again the ro le of prophylaxis as one of the elements of venereal disease c ontrol measures that must be conside red in planning for f uture programs to deal with the problem. The concept of prophylaxis dates bac k to the s ixteenth century w he n Fa llopi o; wrote of the use of the s heath (condom) to protect mecha nically against syphHis. He reported that he invented it to protec t again st syphilis and tried it on 11 00 m e n. Furthe r history of the use of the condom as a proph ylacti c agent in a ddition to its c ontraceptive use is not easily documented. Today the value of the c ond6 m as a prophylactic is still being debated. Howe ve r , the condom ha s been an important ele m ent in highly successful milita ry health progra ms in both the First and Sec­ ond World Wars. It a ppears toda y tha t the public·s perception of the pur­ pose of the condom is c ha nging. In t he United States , for ins ta nce, it has inc reasingly been considered primarily as a contraceptive agent rather tha n a pTophyJactic. This has been documented by Utidjian a nd Hing­ son. g • 20 Studies of its manufacture a nd disuibution throughout the world as re porte d by Sollins and Be lsky s uggest tha t th e re is littl e present prospect for incr eased production of th e condom throu g hout th e world,, /J As a con seque nce, Htt le more l' eHa nce can be placed upon it unde r pres­ ent circumstances as a contributor to prophylactic e fforts . In 1882, Crede reported on the vaJ ue of silver nitra te solution in­ s till ed into the eyes of th e n ewborn as a prophylacti c meas ure again st gonorrheal ophtha lmia n eonatorum, then the leading cause of blindness. The experience is reviewed in the r ecent m e morial article b y Velhagen .: w Silve r pre para ti ons of vaIious kinds, both organic and inorganic, were the n investi gated and a number of diffe re nt compounds were found valua bl e not only for this purpose but also for both the prevention and treatme nt of genital gonorrheal infections. "Professor of Intel'national Il ealth a nd Director. Population Di vis ion. Universit y of P it tsb u n dl
Adaptations in a Community-Based Family Intervention: Replication of Two Coding Schemes

Although program adaptation is a reality in community-based implementations of evidence-based programs, much of the discussion about adaptation remains theoretical. The primary aim of this study was to replicate two coding systems to examine adaptations in large-scale, community-based disseminations of the Strengthening Families Program for Parents and Youth 10–14, a family-based substance use prevention program. Our second aim was to explore intersections between various dimensions of facilitator-reported adaptations from these two coding systems. Our results indicate that only a few types of adaptations and a few reasons accounted for a majority (over 70 %) of all reported adaptations. We also found that most adaptations were logistical, reactive, and not aligned with program’s goals. In many ways, our findings replicate those of the original studies, suggesting the two coding systems are robust even when applied to self-reported data collected from community-based implementations. Our findings on the associations between adaptation dimensions can inform future studies assessing the relationship between adaptations and program outcomes. Studies of local adaptations, like the present one, should help researchers, program developers, and policymakers better understand the issues faced by implementers and guide efforts related to program development, transferability, and sustainability.
The Story of Tangents

(1951). The Story of Tangents. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 58, No. 7, pp. 449-462.
Resale Price Maintenance: Is It Safe to Suggest Retail Prices?:

Resale price maintenance systems have long been used by manufacturers who wished to exercise control over the retail sale of their products. There have been some legal problems with such pricing sy...
Reaction time in short-term recognition with digits and letters

A yes-no recognition task was studied with subspan memory sets containing digits or letters. Consistent with the serial-exhaustive (SE) search model, mean reaction time was an increasing linear function of the size of the memory set. However, further analysis revealed a significant quadratic trend in the function when the memory sets consisted of letters. Also, an examination of the linear functions estimated for individual Ss showed little or no correlation between the slopes of the function for the positive and negative responses. These results cannot easily be accounted for by the SE model.
Electrophoretic studies of bovine serum. II. Concurrent hypoglobulinemia and natural infections of eperythrozoonosis.

SummaryResults on serum protein changes in natural infections of eperythrozoonosis in calves are reported. Concurrent with microscopic evidence of infection in the blood, serum globulins decreased to an abnormally low level. This observation offers possibilities for diagnostic and clinical criteria. The implications of hypoglobulinemia in eperythrozoonosis are discussed.
Colloid Mobilization in a Fractured Soil: Effect of Pore-Water Exchange between Preferential Flow Paths and Soil Matrix

Exchange of water and solutes between contaminated soil matrix and bulk solution in preferential flow paths has been shown to contribute to the long-term release of dissolved contaminants in the subsurface, but whether and how this exchange can affect the release of colloids in a soil are unclear. To examine this, we applied rainfall solutions of different ionic strength on an intact soil core and compared the resulting changes in effluent colloid concentration through multiple sampling ports. The exchange of water between soil matrix and the preferential flow paths leading to each port was characterized on the basis of the bromide (conservative tracer) breakthrough time at the port. At individual ports, two rainfalls of a certain ionic strength mobilized different amounts of colloids when the soil was pre-exposed to a solution of lower or higher ionic strength. This result indicates that colloid mobilization depended on rainfall solution history, which is referred as colloid mobilization hysteresis. The extent of hysteresis was increased with increases in exchange of pore water and solutes between preferential flow paths and matrix. The results indicate that the soil matrix exchanged the old water from the previous infiltration with new infiltrating water during successive infiltration and changed the pore water chemistry in the preferential flow paths, which in turn affected the release of soil colloids. Therefore, rainfall solution history and soil heterogeneity must be considered to assess colloid mobilization in the subsurface. These findings have implications for the release of colloids, colloid-associated contaminants, and pathogens from soils.
Some evidence for interrelationship of histamine and prostaglandin on renal function.

SummaryMild stimulation of the renin producing mechanism of the kidney results from intra-arterial infusion of histamine at a dosage which has minimal systemic effects. Both graded dosage, and continuous infusion were employed. The mechanism is believed to involve the PG system of the kidney, since RO 20-5720, a specific PG synthetase (cyclo-oxygenase) inhibitor minimized the histamine effect on renin release. The use of RO 20-5720 strengthens the possibility of such a mechanism, since it is more specific in its action than indomethacin and meclofena-mate. The precise interrelationship between the PG and histamine action is not known at this time.
Microbial utilization of methanol.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the microbial utilization of methanol. Most attention has been devoted to the aerobic utilization of methanol, particularly by gram-negative bacteria. Significant progress has been made toward understanding the pathways of methanol. Considerably less is known about the anaerobic utilization of methanol. The chapter reveals that many university and industrial research teams have put forth a large effort toward exploring the potential of single-cell protein (SCP) as a novel protein source. In the course of this work, a wide variety of carbon-energy sources have been considered for use in protein production. Emphasis is given on the use of hydrocarbons, particularly normal alkanes including methane. The chapter states that the present and future cost structure, the solubility and ease of handling, and the purity are all factors that make methanol an attractive raw material for SCP production. As a low-cost carbon source, methanol has potential application in other fermentation processes than SCP production.
The influence of dietary zinc source and coccidial vaccine exposure on intracellular zinc homeostasis and immune status in broiler chickens

Coccidia are protozoal parasites which compromise mucosal integrity of the intestine, potentiating poultry morbidity. The host's Zn status influences the course of infection. Therefore, two experiments were designed to determine how supplemental Zn regimens impacted jejunal and caecal immune status and Zn transporter expression. Coccivac®-B was administered weekly at ten times the recommended dose as a mild coccidial challenge (10 CV). Zn was provided through a basal diet, supplemental zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), or a supplemental 1:1 blend of ZnSO4 and Availa®-Zn (Blend). Mucosal jejunum (Expt 1) and caecal tonsils (Expt 2) were evaluated for intracellular Zn concentrations and phagocytic capacity. Messenger expression of Zn transporters ZnT5, ZnT7, Zip9 and Zip13 were investigated to determine Zn trafficking. With 10 CV, phagocytic capacity was decreased in jejunal cells by 2%. In the caecal tonsils, however, phagocytic capacity increased with challenge, with the magnitude of increase being more pronounced with higher dietary Zn (10 CV × Zn interaction; P = 0.04). Intracellular Zn within caecal tonsils was found significantly reduced with 10 CV (27%, P = 0.0001). 10 CV also resulted in an overall increase in the ratio of Zip:ZnT transporters. With the exception of Zip13 transporter expression, dietary Zn source had little impact on any of the measured cellular parameters. Thus, intestinal mucosal tissues had reductions in intracellular free Zn during coccidial challenge, which was coupled with an upregulation of measured Zip transporters. This suggests that under coccidial challenge, intestinal cells attempt to compensate for the drop in intracellular Zn.
CW All-Optical Triple Resonance Spectroscopy and State-Selected Photodissociation of Na 2 and K 2

In order to study processes involving large internuclear distances such as photodissociation, we need to know the long range potential energy curves. Determination of long range potentials and observation of state- selected photodissociation have been difficult since normally Franck- Condon factors do not allow direct excitation from ground state thermally populated levels to the near dissociation levels of an excited state.
Familial Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia (Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia)

To understand the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and modes of therapy for familial type-III hyperlipoproteinemia.
The Rise and Fall of Détente

In 1969, when Richard Nixon, Cold Warrior personified, entered the White House, it was clear that most Americans had had their fill of war and confrontation. The country was eager to end the wasting of American lives abroad, no longer persuaded that a hostile world would deny Americans their freedom if they stopped spending billions to support the appetite of the military-industrial complex. The endless war in Vietnam had changed American attitudes, led the people to question the wisdom of their leaders, eroded support for overseas military adventure. The United States had to disengage from the Vietnamese conflict. Perhaps the time to end the Cold War had arrived as well. No one was quicker to perceive the new public mood than Richard Nixon. No one was better able to free the country from the tyranny of hysterical anticommunism than the man who had contributed so much to fanning that hysteria. As one Washington wit remarked, he was the first president since the end of World War II who did not have to guard his flanks against attack by Richard Nixon. Nixon and his national security adviser Henry Kissinger, like all postwar American leaders, sought a stable world order in which American interests would be preserved. Like their predecessors, they considered the containment of Soviet influence central to that end. But they confronted a Soviet Union that had gained strategic parity with the United States and whose leaders believed their country to be on the verge of becoming the world’s preeminent power.
Unmanned aerial vehicle-based wireless charging of sensor networks

Sensor networks deployed in remote and hard to access locations often require regular maintenance to replace or charge batteries as solar panels are sometimes impractical. In this chapter, we develop an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that can fly to remote locations to charge sensors using magnetic resonant wireless power transfer. We discuss the challenges of using UAVs to charge sensors wirelessly. We then present the design of a lightweight system that can be carried by a UAV as well as design a localization sensor and algorithm to allow the UAV to precisely align itself with the receiver by sensing the induced field. We also develop a number of algorithms to address the question of which sensors should be charged given a network of sensors. Finally, we experimentally verify algorithms that leverage the sensor network’s ability to adapt internal communication and energy consumption patterns to optimize UAV-based wireless charging.