cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On choosing “optimal” shape parameters for RBF approximation

Many radial basis function (RBF) methods contain a free shape parameter that plays an important role for the accuracy of the method. In most papers the authors end up choosing this shape parameter by trial and error or some other ad hoc means. The method of cross validation has long been used in the statistics literature, and the special case of leave-one-out cross validation forms the basis of the algorithm for choosing an optimal value of the shape parameter proposed by Rippa in the setting of scattered data interpolation with RBFs. We discuss extensions of this approach that can be applied in the setting of iterated approximate moving least squares approximation of function value data and for RBF pseudo-spectral methods for the solution of partial differential equations. The former method can be viewed as an efficient alternative to ridge regression or smoothing spline approximation, while the latter forms an extension of the classical polynomial pseudo-spectral approach. Numerical experiments illustrating the use of our algorithms are included.
Validity and Utility in Biological Traits

“Trait” is a ubiquitous term in biology, but its precise meaning and theoretical foundations remain opaque. After distinguishing between “trait” and “character,” I argue for the value of adopting Theodosius Dobzhansky’s 1956 definition and framework for understanding “trait,” which holds that traits are just “semantic devices” that artificially impose order on continuous biological phenomena. I elaborate on this definition to distinguish between trait validity (compliance with Dobzhansky’s trait definition) and trait utility (usefulness of a trait). As a consequence of this elaboration of the meaning of “trait,” it becomes clear that considerations of adaptation, function, homogeneity and natural kinds have clouded discussions of the meaning of “trait” per se. Combining this account with work by David Hull and examples from contemporary biology, I demonstrate that even broad or heterogeneous traits (including multiple sub-traits) can qualify as valid and useful. As a test case for this understanding of trait, I show how it can help resolve critiques of schizophrenia’s status as a single trait, highlighting the recent advances made within schizophrenia research.
Chromosomal basis of viability differences in Tigriopus californicus interpopulation hybrids

Crosses between populations of Tigriopus californicus result in backcross and F2 hybrid breakdown for a variety of fitness related measures. The magnitude of this hybrid breakdown is correlated with evolutionary divergence. We assessed the chromosomal basis of viability differences in nonrecombinant backcross hybrids using markers mapped to individual chromosomes. To assess effects of evolutionary divergence we crossed one population to three different populations: two distantly related (� 18% mitochondrial COI sequence divergence) and one closely related (� 1% mitochondrial COI sequence divergence). We found that all three interpopulation crosses resulted in significant deviations from expected Mendelian ratios at a majority of the loci studied. In all but one case, deviations were due to a deficit of parental homozygotes. This pattern implies that populations of T. californicus carry a significant genetic load, and that a combination of beneficial dominance and deleterious homozygote‐heterozygote interactions significantly affects hybrid viability. Pairwise tests of linkage disequilibrium detected relatively few significant interactions. For the two divergent crosses, effects of individual chromosomes were highly concordant. These two crosses also showed higher heterozygote excess in females than males across the vast majority of chromosomes.
Berry anthocyanins suppress the expression and secretion of proinflammatory mediators in macrophages by inhibiting nuclear translocation of NF-κB independent of NRF2-mediated mechanism

Abstract The objectives of this study were to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins from blueberry (BBA), blackberry (BKA), and blackcurrant (BCA) and to determine the relationship between their antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory effect in macrophages. Major anthocyanins in BBA, BKA and BCA were malvidin-3-glucoside (16%), cyanidin-3-glucoside (98%) and delphinidin-3-rutinoside (44%), respectively. BKA showed higher total antioxidant capacity than BBA and BCA. RAW 264.7 macrophages were incubated with 0–20 μg/ml of BBA, BKA and BCA, and subsequently activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to measure proinflammatory cytokine production. Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were significantly decreased by all berry anthocyanins at 10 μg/ml or higher. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) mRNA levels and secretion were also significantly decreased in LPS-treated macrophages. The levels of the repression were comparable for all berry anthocyanins. LPS-induced nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 translocation to the nucleus was markedly attenuated by all of the berry anthocyanins. In bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) from nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 wild-type ( Nrf2 +/+ ) mice, BBA, BKA and BCA significantly decreased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels with a concomitant decrease in IL-1β mRNA levels upon LPS stimulation. However, in the BMM from Nrf2 −/− mice, the anthocyanin fractions were able to significantly decrease IL-1β mRNA despite the fact that ROS levels were not significantly affected. In conclusion, BBA, BKA and BCA exert their anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages, at least in part, by inhibiting nuclear translocation of NF-κB independent of the NRF2-mediated pathways.
A General Statistical Model for Increasing Efficiency and Confidence in Manual Data Collection Systems through Sampling.

Through utilization of effective sampling procedures, libraries may obtain substantial savings in terms of data collection costs. A theoretical statistical sampling model is presented, and two types of random sampling techniques are empirically compared as to their effectiveness, in estimating a library usage parameter. Implications are drawn for the possible use of these techniques in a library setting.
Extrapleural Solitary fibrous tumor of the oral cavity: proliferation markers, tumor suppressor gene expression, and ultrastructural features

Background Extrapleural solitary fibrous tumors (ESFT) were previously classified as hemangiopericytomas (HPCs). With the current WHO classification, HPCs have been incorporated within ESFTs. A myopericytic category includes tumors with pericytic differentiation. Objective Proliferation markers, tumor suppressor gene expression, and ultrastructural features were evaluated with cellular oral ESFTs. Case reports Two females (53 and 52 years old) presented with recurrent oral masses (1 cm and 1.8 cm) involving the anterior facial gingiva and buccal mucosa. Pathology These cellular tumors were composed of a bland plump spindle cell proliferation embedded in a vascular background. The cells were arranged in a storiform pattern. The adjacent soft tissues were infiltrated by tumor with extension to the margins. Tumor cells were diffusely positive for CD34, Bcl-2 and MCM-7, moderately to focally positive for CD99, mildly positive for Mib-1, and focally positive for p53. Smooth muscle actin, muscle-specific actin, and S100 protein were negative. Electron microscopy revealed bland spindle cells with occasional areas of extracellular collagen precipitation. Glycocalyx material coated the cell surfaces. Attachment plaques and smooth muscle differentiation were lacking. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans [t(17;22), COL1A1-PDGFB] and pericytic tumor [t(7;12), GLI-ACTB] translocations were not detected by RT-PCR. Conclusion With these cellular oral ESFTs, proliferation markers (Bcl-2, MCM-7) were expressed diffusely in a high proportion of cells, and p53 also was identified focally. Morphology alone does not predict which ESFTs have aggressive or metastatic potential. Complete excision of ESFTs with close clinical follow-up is the recommended treatment.
Educational intervention to improve secondhand smoke awareness, competency, and screening among health professions students

Alcohol use and tobacco smoke exposure are frequently correlated, with many individuals smoking and/or experiencing secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure while drinking (e.g., in bars, bowling alleys, or clubs). Unfortunately, most medical school curricula do not adequately address the topic of screening and brief intervention (SBI) for tobacco use, SHS exposure, and/or problematic drinking. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a three-part educational intervention for health-professions schools to address the consequences of SHS exposure and develop SBI skills in medical students. Because information regarding the effects of smoking and SHS can be effectively communicated via self-directed online lectures, we developed an online training module including a videotaped lecture series with accompanying PowerPoint slides. To help students develop diagnostic skills related to SHS and other substance exposure, 10 standardized patient cases were included for instruction and testing. Finally, a clinical-instruction DVD provided examples of how practitioners can implement motivational-interviewing strategies in behavior change counseling related to tobacco use, with or without co-occurring alcohol use. Participants in the educational intervention, compared with controls (no intervention), scored significantly higher on the SHS Competency Exam. In addition, 100% of students who received the intervention reported plans to screen for SHS exposure. This educational intervention may be a valuable addition to medical and health professional school curricula while requiring minimal faculty time and effort.
End User Perspectives of a Smart Card-Based Commercial Driver's License

The commercial vehicle operations (CVO) sector is considering adoption of several smart card technologies. Previous research on intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and technology usage in the trucking industry focused primarily on technology adoption issues from the perspective of state and federal regulatory agencies and motor carrier companies. To extend this research, interviews with truck drivers were conducted to determine direct end user perceptions and needs. Institutional issues remain the biggest barriers to adoption in the near future. Issues for truck drivers include privacy, operation and management of a smart commercial driver's license (CDL) system, role of a smart CDL in ITS/CVO user service areas and links with other relevant information and trucking technologies, addition of other applications aside from licensing, and regulatory burden on carriers and drivers. Applications such as emergency contact and organ donor were strongly supported, but drivers were cautious about implementati...
A reconsideration of fission fragment angular distributions from nuclei of high spin

It has often been stated that fission fragment angular anisotropy, as predicted by equilibrium statistical theory, should disappear with increasing spin of the composite nucleus. However, several recent experimental studies reveal strong anisotropies for fission fragments from high-spin nuclear systems. We discuss this apparent discrepancy and its relationship to the rigid-rotor approximation used in the standard theory. A systematic comparison is given for fission fragment anisotropies from many experiments via the empirical parametersK02 andℐeff. These systematics indicate a strong regularity, provided one allows for the perturbing effects of fission after transfer reactions. Many of the observed anisotropies exceed the predictions of the standard theory, but, as these predictions are based on a rigid rotor model, this does not seem particularly noteworthy.
Serologic Responses in Indeterminate Colitis Patients Before Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis May Determine Those at Risk for Continuous Pouch Inflammation

Although acute pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is common and easily treated, continuous pouch inflammation seen clinically as chronic, antibiotic-dependent pouchitis, and/or Crohn’s disease remains a difficult management problem. Compared with ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis patients undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis have a higher incidence of continuous pouch inflammation, which may represent persistent immune reactivity to microbial antigens. Antibody responses to three microbial antigens (oligomannan anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae, outer membrane porin C of Escherichia coli, and an antigen (I2) from Pseudomonas flourescens) are more commonly seen in Crohn’s disease, whereas antibodies to a cross-reactive antigen (perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) is more suggestive of ulcerative colitis. We examined whether preoperative serologic responses to these antigens were associated with Crohn’s disease in indeterminate colitis patients after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Twenty-eight indeterminate colitis patients undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis were prospectively assessed for the development of pouchitis or Crohn’s disease. Serologic responses were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence. Patients were classified based on four predominant profiles of antibody expression. Antibody profiles were determined before knowledge of clinical outcome. Median follow-up was 38 (range, 3–75) months. Of 16 patients (61 percent) who developed pouch inflammation, 4 (25 percent) had acute pouchitis and 12 (75 percent) had continuous pouch inflammation (9 had chronic pouchitis, 3 had Crohn’s disease). No preoperative clinical factor predicted the development of these pouch complications. Overall, 16 patients (57 percent) had a positive antibody reactivity profile. Serologic expression of any marker alone did not predict the development of continuous pouch inflammation. However, continuous pouch inflammation developed in 10 of 16 patients (63 percent) who had a positive antibody reactivity profile compared with only 2 of 12 patients (17 percent) who had a negative antibody reactivity profile (P = 0.015). Indeterminate colitis patients who have a positive antibody reactivity profile before ileal pouch-anal anastomosis have a significantly higher incidence of continuous pouch inflammation after surgery than those with a negative profile.
A mechanistic approach for modeling oral drug delivery

Abstract A drug release mechanism is combined with a Compartmental Absorption and Transit (CAT) model within a pharmacokinetic framework for predicting orally administered drug release and transport. The developed model is used to evaluate pharmacokinetic metrics such as peak plasma concentration, area under the curve (AUC) and bioavailability. A comparative study has been performed on different cimetidine tablet formulations for which clinical drug profiles are available for model validation. The model predictions are in good agreement with the clinical results. Different scenarios based on induced changes in average patient body weight, fraction of drug in the tablet, tablet radius and their corresponding effects on the model predictions are discussed. The change in average patient body weight has a low effect on the plasma concentration profile while the fraction of drug in the tablet has a strong effect. In a scenario study within an optimization framework, the model has been able to determine the optimal dimensions of a tablet of fixed dosage in order to obtain maximum therapeutic effect from the tablet.
Neuronal free calcium measurement using BTC/AM, a low affinity calcium indicator

Abstract BTC is a low affinity calcium indicator (Kd ∼ 7–26 μM) featuring many desirable properties for cellular calcium imaging, including long excitation wavelengths ( 400 485 nm), low sensitivity to Mg2+, and accuracy of ratiometric measurement [latridou H., Foukaraki E., Kuhn M.A., Marcus E.M., Haugland R.P., Katerinopoulos H.E. The development of a new family of intracellular calcium probes. Cell Calcium 1994; 15: 190–198]. To assess the usefulness of this indicator in cultured neurons, we examined properties of BTC and its acetoxymethyl ester, BTC/AM. BTC/AM had substantial calcium-independent fluorescence at all excitation wavelengths. BTC/AM was readily loaded into neurons and was rapidly hydrolysed. There was little dye compartmentalization, as assessed by digitonin lysis, Co2+ quenching of BTC fluorescence and by confocal microscopy. Despite adequate loading, BTC gradually became unresponsive to [Ca2+]i when cultures were examined under routine imaging conditions. This effect was a function of the cumulative fluorescence illumination and could be minimized by attenuating light intensity or duration. Ratio imaging after exposure of neuronal cultures to 1–50 μtM ionomycin revealed distinct sensitivity ranges for BTC and Fura-2. BTC reported graded neuronal [Ca2+]i responses to glutamate receptor stimulation with N-methyl- D -aspartate in the range 10–50 μM, whereas Fura-2 did not distinguish between these stimuli. Under appropriate loading and illumination conditions, bath-loaded BTC/AM may be well suited for measurement of moderate to high calcium concentrations in cultured neurons.
A high quality permanent-magnet wiggler for the Rocketdyne/Stanford infrared free electron laser

Abstract A high quality, variable gap, variable taper, permanent-magnet wiggler has been built for infrared free electron laser (FEL) experiments to be performed at the Stanford Photon Research Laboratory. The design and characterization procedure used to assemble the wiggler is discussed. A simulated annealing code was used to minimize field errors arising from variations in the individual magnets. The computed electron trajectories associated with the measured magnetic fields are presented for a range of different operating points of the wiggler. These plots indicate a very high quality field over a large range of different wiggler operating regimes. Resultant trajectory wander over the 2 m long wiggler for a 40 MeV electron at a wiggler gap corresponding to 3.3 kG was calculated to be less than 25 μm. The ability to control trajectory wander and optical phase slip using the simulated annealing code suggests future extensions to extremely long wigglers.
The edge effect at planar electrodes: Reversible case

Abstract The first two terms of the short-time reversible response to a potential step at a general planar electrode are given, showing both the area and edge contributions to the current. This result permits the determination of all electrochemical parameters for reversible simple electron transfer, including unequal diffusion coefficients, from short-time data obtained at microelectrodes.
The Down syndrome in the fetus

A significant number of fetuses with the Down syndrome are spontaneously lost before birth; however, very few such fetuses have been described. In the present study, 13 fetuses of 127--180 mm in crown-rump length were examined following amniocentesis diagnosis of trisomy 21 and therapeutic abortion. Four features, i.e., simian crease, clinodactyly, septal heart defects, and decreased size, were found to be relatively common in trisomy 21 fetuses as compared to controls. Other features were found to be less useful in identification. We conclude that the presence of two of the four features noted above is suggestive of trisomy 21 in the fetus.
Cenozoic Tectonism in the Central Basin and Range: Motion of the Sierran-Great Valley Block

According to geologic reconstructions, the motion of the Sierran-Great Valley block with respect to the Colorado Plateau was mainly westerly at more than 20 mm/yr from 16 to 10 Ma, changing to northwest or NNW since 8 to 10 Ma, at an average rate of 15 mm/yr. These kinematics are consistent with two other independent methods of determining the position of the block since 20 Ma-reconstructions based on paleomagnetic data from range blocks that bound the Basin and Range on the west, and a revised history of Pacific-North America plate motion based on a global plate circuit (Atwater and Stock, 1998, this issue). The plate-tectonic reconstruction shows a change to more northerly motion between the Pacific and North American plates at ~8 Ma, in concert with the motion of the Sierran-Great Valley block. Moreover, the northeast limit of extant oceanic crust (as indicated by the reconstruction of the continental geology) tracks closely with the southwest limit of extant continental crust (as indicated by the positions of oceanic plates) since 20 Ma. The coordination between plate motions and the intraplate geology suggests that plate-boundary forces strongly influenced deformation within the continent.
The effects of weathering on the mechanical performance of automotive paint systems

The durability of automotive paint systems continues to be a great concern to both auto companies and their coating suppliers. Recent advances in assessing the durability of coatings by measuring weathering-induced chemical composition changes have greatly increased our ability to discern superior from inferior coatings. However, different coatings will likely tolerate different amounts of weathering-induced chemical composition changes while still maintaining their mechanical integrity. Thus, a means of linking chemical composition changes to changes in relevant mechanical properties would be highly desirable. The fracture energy, the amount of mechanical energy required to propagate a crack in a material, is a sensitive measure of the brittleness of a material and is relevant to a number of potential failure mechanisms in automotive paint systems. The fracture energy of clearcoats can vary widely depending on the formulation of the clearcoat (initial chemical composition and additive package) and on the amount of weathering. Weathering embrittles most coatings. Weathering-induced changes in the fracture energy are related to chemical composition changes occurring in the clearcoat. Because the brittlest materials will not crack without an applied stress, the stress distribution in complete paint systems as a function of weathering must also be known to accurately anticipate mechanical failures. Measuring thermoelastic constants of individual layers allows for computation of the stresses in complete paint systems. Stresses tend to increase with weathering. The presence of flaws in the clearcoat changes the stress distribution dramatically. Coupled with fracture energy measurements, the stress measurements provide additional insight into paint system failure mechanisms.
Influence of particle melting on a shocked particle-laden gas

Abstract A previous study by Butler and Schmitt [1] presented a mathematical model to describe particle-gas interactions that occur when a normal shock wave pro
Bilateral endogenous Scedosporium prolificans endophthalmitis after lung transplantation.

Purpose To report a case of bilateral endogenous fungal endophthalmitis resulting from disseminated Scedosporium prolificans. Design Observational case report. Methods A 56-year-old woman with cystic fibrosis status post dual lung transplantation on chronic immunosuppressive therapy presented with acute graft rejection. Cultures of bronchial brushings revealed S. prolificans. Three weeks after admission, the patient noted increased blurriness and a central scotoma in her right eye. Dilated fundus examination revealed profound vitritis in the right eye with hemorrhagic retinitis involving the macula. A peripheral, yellow choroidal infiltrate with overlying retinitis and localized vitritis was present in the left eye. Results Intravitreal antibiotics were initiated, and vitreous cultures revealed S. prolificans . The patient ultimately succumbed to her disseminated disease. Pathologic examination of the eyes confirmed bilateral endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Conclusion S. prolificans is an opportunistic infection resistant to standard antifungal therapy that can result in endogenous endophthalmitis in immunocompromised individuals.
An Upside-Down Winter: The 2009–2010 Snow Report

Washington, D.C.'s Woodley Park neighborhood was inundated with snow in a once-in-a-hundred-year event in December 2009. The 2009–2010 snow season will long be remembered as one with unusual patter...
A case of restricted entitlement

Recent psychoanalytic writings expand the concept of ‘entitlement’ as a psychological construct. In general an individual's attitude of entitlement falls into one of three global categories: 1) excessive entitlement; 2) normal or healthy entitlement; and 3) restricted entitlement. A woman with symptoms of restricted entitlement is presented. Underlying dynamics and treatment interventions are explored.
Teaching community based nursing in a parish nurse faculty practice

Managed care, shortened hospital stays, and a renewed focus on health promotion have opened up the field of community based nursing practice. To adequately prepare students for community based practice, schools of nursing are challenged to develop both undergraduate and graduate level community based clinical experiences. The parish nurse practice is an ideal setting to educate both novice and experienced nurses in the concepts of community based care. This article explores how a parish nurse faculty practice can be used to educate nurses on health promotion and community based care at all levels of the curriculum.
THE REAL TEST BIAS

Efforts to hold schools accountable produce pressures to improve performance on the tests (usually multiple-choice) used in school evaluation. Because of their greater economy, such tests have virtually driven out tests requiring constructed responses. If tests do not represent the broad spectrum of skills that ought to be taught, they produce bias against teaching what they do not measure. Studies show that format makes little difference for basic skills tests but does make a difference for complex tasks involving problem solving. Bias produced by conventional test formats appears to favor teaching the abilities associated with crystallized intelligence and to discourage teaching that might develop fluid intelligence. The greater cost of less efficient tests might be justified by using them in instruction to provide practice and feedback.
Transcription and translation in cells exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields

Abstract When dipteran salivary gland cells or human cells are exposed to low frequency electromagnetic fields, a pronounced increase in transcription can be measured. Changes in the protein synthetic pattern also occur. We have observed four major findings relative to transcriptional changes. These are: (1) the increase in mRNA levels is most likely due to an increased rate of transcription (rather than, for example, an increase in RNA stability); (2) frequency-, field strength and time-dependent “windows” are observed relative to quantitative changes in specific transcripts; (3) genes not normally expressed are unaffected by exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and (4) changes in the overall protein synthetic patterns occur.
Probabilistic structural analysis methodology and applications to advanced space propulsion system components

The goal of the reported work is to develop and apply new technology that will enable the designer to efficiently and accurately account for each of the design sources of uncertainty as it might affect structural reliability and risk assessment. The paper discusses the development of the Numerical Evaluation of Stochastic Structures Under Stress (NESSUS) finite element code and its supporting reliability algorithms. The NESSUS code and the elements of the solution strategy are outlined and applications are made to several propulsion system components.
Graphs whose complement and line graph are isomorphic

Abstract It is shown that there are exactly two graphs whose complement and line graph are isomorphic.
Numerical kinetic models for bromide oxidation to bromine and bromate

Abstract Numerical models for bromine and bromate formation were developed by linking kinetic models for ozone consumption with bromide oxidation reactions. The first numerical model (BasicBr) predicted ozone consumption and hydroxyl (HO) radical formation with pseudo first-order reaction assuming an HO radical yield of 0.5 mol HO radicals formed per mol of ozone consumed. A pseudo first-order rate constant ( k Obs ) for this reaction was calculated from batch ozonation experimental data. A second numerical model (HSBBR) predicted ozone consumption and HO radical formation with a set of theoretical reactions and did not require input of a pseudo first-order rate constant. Both oxidant models were combined with a set of reactions that account for direct molecular ozone and indirect HO radical oxidation mechanisms. The HSBBR and BasicBr models simulated bromine and bromate concentrations obtained from batch experiments in natural organic matter free (NOM-free) waters containing bromide. Analysis with the HSBBR model concluded that the BrO radical would be an important intermediate specie in bromate formation. The presence of NOM during ozonation was evaluated and it was concluded that further understanding of NOM reactions with oxy-bromine species and HO radicals was necessary in order to understand and evaluate bromate formation in natural waters.
Conversion of sea salt aerosol to NaNO3 and the production of HCl: Analysis of temporal behavior of aerosol chloride/nitrate and gaseous HCl/HNO3 concentrations with AIM

Abstract Equilibrium modeling predicts that atmospheric sea salt can partition gas-phase HNO3 to solid- or aqueous-phase NaNO3. One month of semi-continuous and simultaneous measurements of particulate chloride and nitrate and gaseous HCl and HNO3 concentrations were made in the Tampa, Florida, as part of the Bay Region Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (BRACE). Tampa's proximity to coastal and bay waters enriches its atmosphere with sea salt. To help explain and interpret the observed time-dependent concentration and gas-to-particle phase partitioning behavior for the NaCl–HNO3 reaction, we applied the Aerosol Inorganics Model III (AIM) to the measurement data. Good agreement between model predictions and observations was found. Measurement and modeling results suggested that coarse-mode sea salt particles from the Atlantic Ocean arrived in the morning at the monitoring site when relative humidity (RH) was high and the nature of the equilibrium least favored the outgassing of HCl from the particles. As the RH dropped in the afternoon, the equilibrium favored outgassing of HCl and the particulate nitrate concentration increased even as the concentration of coarse particles decreased. This effect was tied to the change in the ratio of nitrate to chloride activity coefficients γ NO 3 - / γ Cl - with RH. AIM simulations indicated that this ratio approached unity at high RH but could take on small values (∼0.05) at the lowest RH observed here. Thus, the particle phase slightly favored nitrate over chloride at high RH and greatly favored it at lower RH. Modeling revealed how diurnal changes in RH can rapidly shift HNO3 concentrations from gas- to particle-phase and thus affect the distance over which nitrogen is transported.
Inexpensive Device to Reduce Surgical Light Exposure

An inexpensive device that reduces light exposure to the retina during intraocular surgery is described. This disposable cap, which shields out 75% of the light, is cut from brown, rubber, surgical gloves by a 9.0 mm corneal trephine. The rubber cap is readily available, easy to use, and an inexpensive solution for surgeons concerned about possible retinal phototoxicity from the operating microscope.
STM study of the growth of cerium oxide nanoparticles on Au(1 1 1)

Abstract The morphology and structure of nanosized ceria particles prepared by several in vacuo deposition methods on a Au(1 1 1) template were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Cerium metal nanoparticles on gold have limited reactivity toward molecular oxygen and NO2, due to the formation of Ce–Au alloys, and their oxidation leads to formation of non-uniform substoichiometric three-dimensional (3D) oxide particles. Cerium metal deposition onto condensed multilayers of water or NO2 generates fully oxidized but poorly ordered ceria particles after annealing. Ultra-thin flat and ordered ceria nanoislands were prepared by deposition of cerium metal on the gold surface at elevated temperatures under an oxygen background pressure. Atomically resolved images show an oxygen-terminated surface of CeO2(1 1 1) with oxygen vacancies.
Modifying CAD/CAM surfaces according to displacements prescribed at a finite set of points

Abstract This article presents a method for modifying CAD/CAM surfaces automatically in accordance with displacements prescribed at a finite set of points in R3, such as node displacements predicted by finite-element analysis. The method is based on the ‘morphing’ approach introduced by Sederberg and Parry in 1986. The input to the process consists of (a) a CAD/CAM model containing trimmed polynomial B-spline surfaces and (b) a set of points and associated displacement vectors in R3. These points are assumed to be close to, but not necessarily on, the objects of the CAD/CAM model. A rectangular volume, enclosing the CAD/CAM model and the input points in R3, is represented as a volume spline, i.e. a trivariate tensor-product spline. A modified volume spline is computed using (a) a least-squares fit based on the given point displacements, and (b) a smoothing functional. The modified CAD/CAM objects are defined as compositions of the original parametric functions and the modified volume spline (i.e. a morphing). In order to ensure compatibility with standard commercial CAD/CAM systems, the modified surfaces are fitted with appropriate splines using any standard, reasonably shape-preserving, fitting procedure applied in the parameter domains of the original surfaces.
Selective inactivation of microsomal drug metabolizing proteins by visible light.

— Rat liver microsomes treated with heterochromatic visible light (λ > 400 nm) and O2 showed a preferential inactivation of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome P450, proteins involved in drug metabolism. Cytochrome P450 destruction correlates with lipid peroxidation; both are oxygen dependent and affected to the same extent by antioxidants and radical scavengers. Under anaerobic conditions. NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase is the only component which is inactivated; this is accompanied by FMN loss and activity can be restored by reconstitution.
Alternative model formulations for a stochastic simulation of landscape change

Two stochastic model formulations, one using pixel-based transitions and the other patch-based, were compared by running simulations where the amount of information on which transitions were based was increased. Both model types adequately represented changes in the proportion of the landscape occupied by different land cover types. However, the pixel-based model underestimated contagion and overestimated the amount of edge. The patch-based model overestimated contagion and underestimated edge. Overall, the estimates more closely approximated the expected and the variances decreased as more information was added to the models. As expected, the model that most closely simulated the spatial pattern of the landscape was a 5-data-layer patch-based model that also included ownership boundaries as an additional layer. The simulation methods described provide a means to integrate socioeconomic and ecological information into a spatially-explicit transition model of landscape change and to simulate change at a scale similar to that occurring in a landscape.
Mild Cognitive Impairment in Hispanic Americans: An Overview of the State of the Science

The identification of persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is becoming a priority in healthcare as persons with this disorder are generally believed to progress to a diagnosis of dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD) at a higher rate than those persons without it in the general population. Despite the knowledge that minority groups, particularly Hispanics, have been shown to have an increased risk for the development of AD, there is paucity of research in the identification and progression of MCI in ethnic minority groups. This article will review MCI definitions, diagnostic criteria, and gaps that exist in the literature pertaining to MCI in Hispanic Americans. Central questions to be addressed by nurse scientists are given.
The managerial revolution, the institutional infrastructure, and the problem of human capital

InScale and Scope, A.D. Chandler explores the role of management in shaping growth and competitiveness in industrialising nations. Chandler views managers as reacting to technological and economic change rather than initiating it, giving little attention to the extent to which growth of modern management and corporate capacities were tied to the emergence of parallel structures in government and society, and the important national differences in the role of public and private sectors in the process. His failure to offer a broad and encompassing paradigm of organisational growth and change produces a celebration of ‘American exceptionalism’ and corporate bigness rather than a genuinely comparative analysis.
Concepts and Validation of a Small-Scale Rotorcraft Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Controller in a Unique Simulation Environment

At the current time, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory's (ARL's) Vehicle Technology Directorate is interested in expanding its Unmanned Vehicles Division to include rotary wing and micro-systems control. The intent is to research unmanned aircraft systems not only for reconnaissance missions but also for targeting and lethal attacks. This project documents ongoing work expanding ARL's program in research and simulation of autonomous control systems. A proportional integral derivative control algorithm was modeled in Simulink (Simulink is a trademark of The MathWorks) and communicates to a flight simulator modeling a physical radio-controlled helicopter. Waypoint navigation and flight envelope testing were then systematically evaluated to the final goal of a feasible autopilot design. Conclusions are made on how to perhaps make this environment more dynamic in the future.
Mastering the art of war: how patterns of gameplay influence skill in Halo

How do video game skills develop, and what sets the top players apart? We study this question of skill through a rating generated from repeated multiplayer matches called TrueSkill. Using these ratings from 7 months of games from over 3 million players, we look at how play intensity, breaks in play, skill change over time, and other games affect skill. These analyzed factors are then combined to model future skill and games played; the results show that skill change in early matches is a useful metric for modeling future skill, while play intensity explains eventual games played. The best players in the 7-month period, who we call "Master Blasters", have varied skill patterns that often run counter to the trends we see for typical players. The data analysis is supplemented with a 70 person survey to explore how players' self-perceptions compare to the gameplay data; most survey responses align well with the data and provide insight into player beliefs and motivation. Finally, we wrap up with a discussion about hiding skill information from players, and implications for game designers.
Critical analysis of the concept of sensory stimulation for patients in vegetative states

The practice of coma arousal and sensory stimulation is becoming the focus of heated debate. There is no theory on which patients may benefit, at what time in their recovery, or how the 'arousal' or 'stimulation' procedures should be applied. This paper considers some of the information processing mechanisms that are important mediators of arousal and awareness, pointing to some of the weaknesses in current practices and suggesting alternative approaches. Recommendations for a conceptual model of sensory stimulation are given that might provide a more scientific perspective to those who use such methods.
Spectrum of neurologic events following cardiac transplantation.

Knowledge of the spectrum of neurologic complications combined with an intensive diagnostic and therapeutic approach is needed to reduce the neurologic morbidity
No Longer Intending: The Relationship Between Relinquished Fertility Intentions and Distress

We use data from both waves of the National Survey of Families and Households to assess whether relinquishing a serious intention to have (more) children leads to greater increases in depressive symptoms than continuing confidence in childbearing intentions. Our sample includes 2,200 individuals of childbearing age, men and women, all parities, and all marital statuses. Change score analysis shows that individuals who relinquished a serious intent to have children had elevated distress at Time 2 and that the association is conditioned by gender, health, and education. We find that fertility potential can be important to psychosocial well-being and that closing the door on future fertility, especially for women, those in ill health, and the better educated, leads to increased distress.
A Mechanistic Method for Evaluation of Layer Moduli and Overlay Design

Nondestructive testing (NDT) has long been used to evaluate flexible pavement structures. The increasing popularity of nondestructive pavement evaluation methods, based on interpretation of surface deflection, has promoted the development of several types of NDT devices. One such device is the falling weight deflectometer (FWD), which is used for the purpose of pavement evaluation in North Carolina. This paper presents a methodology for the testing, evaluation, and determination of overlay thickness required for a given pavement section and subgrade condition. The overlay design procedure presented makes use of some of the recent developments for analysis and design of asphaltic concrete overlays. The evaluation of in-service pavements includes the use of the deflection parameters developed by testing of the existing pavements with known geometry for determining the moduli of various pavement layers and the required overlay thickness. The method utilizes empirical values and the VESYS structural subsystem as an integral approach complementary to each other. Six pavement sections across the state of North Carolina were selected for deflection testing. Deflection parameters were developed to characterize the deflection data from these pavement sections. In addition, the VESYS structural system was used to develop nomographs for the interpretation of the measured deflection basin parameters. These nomographs were used to backcalculate layer moduli from deflection parameters and known layer thicknesses using iterative solutions. The backcalculated layer moduli from these nomographs correspond to the climate conditions that happen to exist during the time of testing and must therefore be adjusted to other climatic conditions. A procedure for such an adjustment is also included in the design procedure.
A High Quality Protein, Vitamin, and Mineral Fortified Chocolate-Flavored Powder for Beverage Use

Abstract A chocolate-flavored beverage powder containing high-quality protein was formulated with milk, sugar, eggs, vitamins, and minerals. The powder has adequate storage stability and when reconstituted with water to a 26% total solids beverage, has taste acceptability.
Towards model-based control of Parkinson's disease

Modern model-based control theory has led to transformative improvements in our ability to track the nonlinear dynamics of systems that we observe, and to engineer control systems of unprecedented efficacy. In parallel with these developments, our ability to build computational models to embody our expanding knowledge of the biophysics of neurons and their networks is maturing at a rapid rate. In the treatment of human dynamical disease, our employment of deep brain stimulators for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease is gaining increasing acceptance. Thus, the confluence of these three developments—control theory, computational neuroscience and deep brain stimulation—offers a unique opportunity to create novel approaches to the treatment of this disease. This paper explores the relevant state of the art of science, medicine and engineering, and proposes a strategy for model-based control of Parkinson’s disease. We present a set of preliminary calculations employing basal ganglia computational models, structured within an unscented Kalman filter for tracking observations and prescribing control. Based upon these findings, we will offer suggestions for future research and development.
Probability densities for conditional statistics in the cubic sensor problem

This paper applies the techniques of Malliavin’s stochastic calculus of variations to Zakai’s equation for the one-dimensional cubic sensor problem in order to study the existence of densities of conditional statistics. Let {Xt} be a Brownian motion observed by a cubic sensor corrupted by white noise, and let\(\hat \phi \) denote the unnormalized conditional estimate of φ(Xi). If φ1,...,φn are linearly independent, and if\(\hat \Phi = (\hat \phi _1 ,...,\hat \phi _n )\), it is shown that the probability distribution of\(\hat \Phi \) admits a density with respect to Lebesgue measure for anyn. This implies that, at any fixed time, the unnormalized conditional density cannot be characterized by a finite set of sufficient statistics.
A locus for paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia maps to human chromosome 16.

Objective: To use genetic linkage analysis to localize a gene for paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) in a three generation African-American kindred. Background: PKD is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by episodic choreiform or dystonic movements that are brought on or exacerbated by voluntary movement. There are individuals with the clinical features of PKD but with no family history of the disease, but whether these sporadic cases represent spontaneous mutations of PKD or have a distinct condition is unknown. Methods: A genome-wide linkage scan of polymorphic microsatellites at 25 cM resolution was performed to localize a gene for PKD in one African-American kindred. Pairwise multipoint linkage analyses were performed at different penetrance estimates. Results: Evidence for linkage of the kinesigenic form of paroxysmal dyskinesia to chromosome 16 was obtained. A maximum lod score of 4.40 at θ = 0 was obtained with D16S419. Critical recombinants place the PKD gene between D16S3100 and D16S771. Conclusions: A paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) locus lies within an 18 cM interval on 16p11.2-q11.2, between D16S3100 and D16S771. A gene for infantile convulsions with paroxysmal choreoathetosis has also been mapped to this region. These two regions overlap by approximately 6 cM. These two diseases could be caused by different mutations in the same gene or two distinct genes may lie within this region.
The team approach to interdisciplinary care

The medical complexity of the older adult continues to increase as people are living longer and accumulating more disease burden. No longer can any person, acting solo, have all of the required knowledge and expertise to manage patients. An interdisciplinary team is a group of individuals who bring their own special knowledge and skills to contribute to creating a cohesive care plan for a patient and family. These teams require hospital commitment to assemble and maintain over time. The teams themselves require nurturing and education, not only in disease or care management, but in team development. Done well, the team approach to health care will benefit the patient, the family, the hospital, and the team members themselves. While cost should be considered, much research suggests that the teams pay for themselves in cost savings. Other measureable outcomes are described.
A priori detection of Zeno behavior in communication networks modeled as hybrid systems

In this paper, we show that the sufficient conditions for the existence of Zeno behavior in hybrid systems derived in (A. Abate et al., 2005) correctly predict such executions in a modeling instance of the fluid-flow approximation of the TCP-like protocol for wireless communication networks.