cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow of power-law fluids in self-affine fracture channels.

The two-dimensional pressure driven flow of non-Newtonian power-law fluids in self-affine fracture channels at finite Reynolds number is calculated. The channels have constant mean aperture and two values $\ensuremath{\zeta}=0.5$ and 0.8 of the Hurst exponent are considered. The calculation is based on the lattice-Boltzmann method, using a different tecnique to obtain a power-law variation in viscosity, and the behavior of shear-thinning, Newtonian, and shear-thickening liquids is compared. Local aspects of the flow fields, such as maximum velocity and pressure fluctuations, are studied, and the non-Newtonian fluids are compared to the (previously studied) Newtonian case. We find a scaling relation between permeability and mean aperture in the low Reynolds number regime, generalizing an earlier result for Newtonian fluids. As the Reynolds number increases, we observe the same sequence of transitions to nonlinearity found in intergranular porous media. Furthermore, the permeability results may be collapsed into a master curve of friction factor vs Reynolds number, using a scaling similar to that employed for power-law fluids in porous media.
Anticoagulation by a thrombin precursor

A prothrombin mutant that is activated to yield stable meizothrombin produces dominant inhibition of clot formation in a mouse model of carotid artery injury. Studies of clot formation in vivo that draw from established details of coagulation biochemistry have the potential for yielding unexpected
Flipping signals and systems — Course structure & results

The flipped classroom approach is being used in many engineering courses. This paper describes an approach used for flipping a large Signals & Systems class. The structure of the out-of-class and inclass materials is described with comments about what issues are felt to be important. Student survey results are presented that help determine how students respond to the flipped approach as well as what factors they feel are important. Grade analysis results show significant gains on problem-based exams but no gain on conceptual-based exams.
CHARACTERIZATION OF FRACTURED PERMEABLE POROUS MEDIA USING RELAXATION-WEIGHTED IMAGING TECHNIQUES

The inversion time (TI) weighted inversion-recovery spin-echo (IRSE) imaging technique was used for laboratory characterization of fractures and porous matrix in permeable media. The method is based on the fact that relaxation rates in fractures and those in surrounding porous matrix are substantially different. Thus, by selectively suppressing imaging signals from either fractures or porous matrix, one can highlight fluid distributions in either of these regions so that fractures can be unambiguously identified and surrounding porous structures can be characterized. The advantages over conventional NMR spin-echo imaging are demonstrated with various fractured porous rock types. A technique to speed acquisitions of images of fluid distributions in porous matrix is also demonstrated.
Comparison of sickle cell hemoglobin gelation kinetics measured by NMR and optical methods.

Abstract We describe a technique for monitoring the kinetics of sickle cell hemoglobin gelation by observing the change in the amplitude and linewidth of the water proton magnetic resonance. The resulting kinetic progress curves are very similar to those obtained by optical birefringence and turbidity methods. The curves consist of a delay, followed by a rapidly accelerating signal change which terminates quickly. From a study of the temperature dependence of the delay time, it is shown that all three techniques see the onset of gelation simultaneously. The origin of the change in physical properties upon gelation is briefly discussed in relation to the component steps of the reaction.
Increased immunoglobulin response to γ-interferon by lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

The factors responsible for abnormal B-cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are incompletely understood. This study tested the hypothesis that the abnormal B-cell activation observed in human SLE may be due to an augmented response to a helper signal. We demonstrated that non-T cells from 10 of 19 SLE patients increased IgG production in response to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) by a mean factor of 20.9 +/- 3.9 over resting levels, while controls stimulated a mean factor of 3.0 +/- 0.5 (P less than 0.005). We found no relationship of IFN-gamma responsiveness to disease activity. Serotyping for HLA A, B, C, and D loci suggested that the hyperresponsiveness may be genetically linked to HLA-Cw7. We conclude that IFN-gamma may contribute to the development and perpetuation of SLE in a subset of patients with SLE.
Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in cultured human fetal aortic smooth muscle cells

Abstract Cultured human fetal aortic smooth muscle cells derived from the abdominal aorta converted benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) via cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenation to metabolites detectable by both a highly sensitive radiometric assay and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cells incubated with 3H-BaP transformed this substrate primarily to phenols. 14C-DMBA was converted to metabolites that cochromatographed with 12-hydroxymethyl-7-methylbenz[a]anthracene, 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz-[a]anthracene, 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene, and trans-8,9-dihydrodiol-7,12-DMBA. Exposure of cells in culture to 13 μM 1,2-benz[a]anthracene resulted in increased oxidative metabolism of both BaP and DMBA. In the case of BaP, total phenol formation was increased, while with DMBA all metabilities detected by HPLC were increased. Support for the potential role of metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by aortic smooth muscle cells in the etiology of atherosclerosis was obtained.
Intense xenon capillary discharge extreme-ultraviolet source in the 10–16-nm-wavelength region

We have observed intense extreme-ultraviolet emission, within the 10-16-nm-wavelength range, emitted by a xenon capillary discharge plasma. Within a 0.3-nm bandwidth centered at 13.5 nm the axial emission intensity was comparable with that from the brightest laser-produced plasma sources, and a similar intensity was measured at approximately 11.3 nm. This source could thus be suitable for extreme-ultraviolet imaging applications, such as extreme-ultraviolet lithography.
Computer animation of clouds

Computer animation of outdoor scenes is enhanced by realistic clouds. I discuss several different modelling and rendering schemes for clouds, and show how they evolved in my animation work. These include transparency-textured clouds on a 2D plane, smooth shaded or textured 3D cloud surfaces, and 3D volume rendering. For the volume rendering, I present various illumination schemes, including the density emitter, single scattering, and multiple scattering models. >
Perceived family characteristic differences between depressed and anxious children and adolescents.

Abstract Background: The present study compared anxious vs. depressed children's and adolescents' perceptions about their family environment. Methods: One hundred inpatient youngsters were interviewed for the study. Of these participants, 21 who met criteria for a depressive disorder without an anxiety disorder and 18 who met criteria for an anxiety disorder without a depressive disorder were compared on several self-report family measures. These measures included the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales–II (FACES–II), Family Strengths, and Social Support Questionnaire–Revised (SSQS–R). Results: Youngsters with depressive disorders reported having less pride in their families and perceived their families as being less adaptable to problems than did anxious children. Also, depressed children expressed lower levels of satisfaction with their social network than did anxious children. Limitations: The fact that our study only included reports from inpatient youngsters, families of anxious and depressed children may differ in the way family members relate to one another and in the way they deal with everyday problems. Conclusions: Based on the evidence obtained in this study, anxiety and depression may be two distinct internalizing disorders with specific family characteristics.
Inhaled PGE1 in neonates with hypoxemic respiratory failure: two pilot feasibility randomized clinical trials.

Inhaled nitric oxide (INO), a selective pulmonary vasodilator, has revolutionized the treatment of neonatal hypoxemic respiratory failure (NHRF). However, there is lack of sustained improvement in 30 to 46% of infants. Aerosolized prostaglandins I2 (PGI2) and E1 (PGE1) have been reported to be effective selective pulmonary vasodilators. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of inhaled PGE1 (IPGE1) in NHRF. Two pilot multicenter phase II RCTs are included in this report. In the first pilot, late preterm and term neonates with NHRF, who had an oxygenation index (OI) of ≥15 and <25 on two arterial blood gases and had not previously received INO, were randomly assigned to receive two doses of IPGE1 (300 and 150 ng/kg/min) or placebo. The primary outcome was the enrollment of 50 infants in six to nine months at 10 sites. The first pilot was halted after four months for failure to enroll a single infant. The most common cause for non-enrollment was prior initiation of INO. In a re-designed second pilot, co-administration of IPGE1 and INO was permitted. Infants with suboptimal response to INO received either aerosolized saline or IPGE1 at a low (150 ng/kg/min) or high dose (300 ng/kg/min) for a maximum duration of 72 hours. The primary outcome was the recruitment of an adequate number of patients (n = 50) in a nine-month-period, with fewer than 20% protocol violations. No infants were enrolled in the first pilot. Seven patients were enrolled in the second pilot; three in the control, two in the low-dose IPGE1, and two in the high-dose IPGE1 groups. The study was halted for recruitment futility after approximately six months as enrollment targets were not met. No serious adverse events, one minor protocol deviation and one pharmacy protocol violation were reported. These two pilot RCTs failed to recruit adequate eligible newborns with NHRF. Complex management RCTs of novel therapies for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) may require novel study designs and a longer period of time from study approval to commencement of enrollment. Pilot one: NCT number: 00598429 registered on 10 January 2008. Last updated: 3 February 2011. Pilot two: NCT number: 01467076 17 October 2011. Last updated: 13 February 2013.
Modern Information Infrastructure in the Support of Distributed Collective Practice in Transport

Transport is one of the oldest and most important forms of distributed collective practice. This paper traces the role of information and communication technologies in the transformation of transport-based distributed collective practice, focusing on the evolution of technologies that place control of the transport infrastructure in the hands of end users. Examples of this shift are provided, including an analysis of the events of September 11, 2001 as forms of distributed collective action.
Exploring the Impact of Applicants’ Gender and Religion on Principals’ Screening Decisions for Assistant Principal Applicants

In this experimental study, a national random sample of high school principals (stratified by gender) were asked to evaluate hypothetical applicants whose resumes varied by religion (Jewish, Catholic, nondenominational) and gender (male, female) for employment as assistant principals. Results reveal that male principals rate all applicants higher than female principals and that the gender and religion of applicants failed to negatively or positively affect principals’ evaluations. These results suggest that discrimination based on an applicant’s gender and religion failed to be manifested during the pre-interview stage of the selection process. The paper concludes with a theoretical discussion of the distinction between explicit and implicit prejudice, and encourages future researchers to investigate the potential impact of prejudice on employment selection decisions and to consider whether schools should promote diversity in leadership positions.
Spatial memories of virtual environments: How egocentric experience, intrinsic structure, and extrinsic structure interact

Previous research has uncovered three primary cues that influence spatial memory organization: egocentric experience, intrinsic structure (object defined), and extrinsic structure (environment defined). In the present experiments, we assessed the relative importance of these cues when all three were available during learning. Participants learned layouts from two perspectives in immersive virtual reality. In Experiment 1, axes defined by intrinsic and extrinsic structures were in conflict, and learning occurred from two perspectives, each aligned with either the intrinsic or the extrinsic structure. Spatial memories were organized around a reference direction selected from the first perspective, regardless of its alignment with intrinsic or extrinsic structures. In Experiment 2, axes defined by intrinsic and extrinsic structures were congruent, and spatial memories were organized around reference axes defined by those congruent structures, rather than by the initially experienced view. The findings are discussed in the context of spatial memory theory as it relates to real and virtual environments.
Effects of mutations in the adenoviral E1B 55-kilodalton protein coding sequence on viral late mRNA metabolism.

The human subgroup C adenoviral E1B 55-kDa protein cooperates with the viral E4 Orf6 protein to induce selective export of viral, late mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Previous studies have suggested that such preferential transport of viral mRNA and the concomitant inhibition of export of cellular mRNAs are the result of viral colonization of specialized microenvironments within the nucleus. However, neither the molecular basis of this phenomenon nor the mechanism by which the E1B 55-kDa protein acts has been elucidated. We therefore examined viral late mRNA metabolism in HeLa cells infected with a series of mutant viruses that carry insertions at various positions in the E1B protein coding sequence (P. R. Yew, C. C. Kao, and A. J. Berk, Virology 179:795-805, 1990). All the mutations examined impaired cytoplasmic accumulation of viral L2 mRNAs and reduced L2 mRNA export efficiency. However, in most cases these defects could be ascribed to reduced E1B 55-kDa protein concentration or the unexpected failure of the altered E1B proteins to enter the nucleus efficiently. The latter property, the pleiotropic defects associated with all the mutations that impaired nuclear entry of the E1B protein, and consideration of its primary sequence suggest that these insertions result in misfolding of the protein. Insertion of four amino acids at residue 143 also inhibited viral mRNA export but resulted in increased rather than decreased accumulation of the E1B 55-kDa protein in the nucleus. This mutation specifically impaired the previously described association of the E1B protein with intranuclear structures that correspond to sites of adenoviral DNA replication and transcription (D. Ornelles and T. Shenk, J. Virol. 65:424-439, 1991) and the colocalization of the E1B and E4 Orf6 proteins. As this insertion has been shown to inhibit the interaction of the E1B with the E4 Orf6 protein in infected cell extracts (S. Rubenwolf, H. Schutt, M. Nevels, H. Wolf, and T. Dobner, J. Virol. 71:1115-1123, 1997), these phenotypes provide direct support for the hypothesis that selective viral mRNA export is determined by the functional organization of the infected cell nucleus.
Teaching Theories Underlying Agile Methods in a Systems Development Course

Presently Agile methods taught in universities focus primarily on providing hands-on experience of the process of development but ignore the evolution of, and theories behind, the Agile practices. "Without theory we are just groping in chaos" [Deming, 1986]. Knowing the 'why" in addition to the "how" of Agile methods will help develop reflective skills and give students an edge as they transition to the rapidly evolving real world of Information Systems. In this article a set of relevant theories that can be included as a module in an Agile methods course curriculum is outlined. An exposure to theories underlying Agile methods help students appreciate the relevance of the principles and practices of the Agile approach and develop authentic problem solving skills.
Treatment With Nephrectomy Only for Small, Stage I/Favorable Histology Wilms’ Tumor: A Report From the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group

PURPOSE: Children younger than 24 months with small (< 550 g), favorable histology (FH) Wilms tumors (WTs) were shown in a pilot study to have an excellent prognosis when treated with nephrectomy only. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A study of nephrectomy only for the tratment of selected children with FH WT was undertaken. Stringent stopping rules were designed to insure closure of the study if the true 2-year relapse-free survival rate was 90% or lower. RESULTS: Seventy-five previously untreated children younger than 24 months with stage I/FH WTs for which the surgical specimen weighed less than 550 g were treated with nephrectomy only. Three patients developed metachronous, contralateral WT 1.1, 1.4, and 2.3 years after nephrectomy, and eight patients relapsed 0.3 to 1.05 years after diagnosis (median, 0.4 years; mean, 0.51 years). The sites of relapse were lung (n = 5) and operative bed (n = 3). The 2-year disease-free (relapse and metachronous contralateral WT) survival rate was 86.5%. The 2-year survival rat...
Kinetic and mechanistic studies of reactive intermediates in photochemical and transition- metal assisted oxidation, decarboxylation, and alkyl transfer reactions

Reactive species like high-valent metal-oxo complexes and carbon and oxygen centered radicals are important intermediates in enzymatic systems, atmospheric chemistry, and industrial processes. Understanding the pathways by which these intermediates form, their relative reactivity, and their fate after reactions is of the utmost importance. Herein are described the mechanistic detail for the generation of several reactive intermediates, synthesis of precursors, characterization of precursors, and methods to direct the chemistry to more desirable outcomes yielding ‘greener’ sources of commodity chemicals and fuels. High-valent Chromium from Hydroperoxido-Chromium(III) The decomposition of pentaaquahydroperoxido chromium(III) ion (hereafter CraqOOH ) in acidic aqueous solutions is kinetically complex and generates mixtures of products (Craq , HCrO4 , H2O2, and O2). The yield of high-valent chromium products (known carcinogens) increased from a few percent at pH 1 to 70 % at pH 5.5 (near biological pH). Yields of H2O2 increased with acid concentration. The reproducibility of the kinetic data was poor, but became simplified in the presence of H2O2 or 2,2′azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) dianion (ABTS). Both are capable of scavenging strongly oxidizing intermediates). The observed rate constants (pH 1, [O2] ≤ 0.03 mM) in the presence of these scavengers are independent of [scavenger] and within the error are the same (kABTS2= (4.9  0.2) × 10 -4 s and kH2O2 = (5.3  0.7) × 10 -4 s); indicating involvement of the scavengers in post-rate determining steps. In the presence
A New Development: Evolving Concepts in Leaf Ontogeny

Elucidation of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) underlying aspects of leaf development in multiple model species has uncovered surprisingly plastic regulatory architecture. The meticulously mapped network interactions in one model species cannot now be assumed to map directly onto a different species. Despite these overall differences, however, many modules do appear to be almost universal. Extrapolating findings across different model systems will demand great care but promises to reveal a rich tapestry of themes in GRN architecture and regulation. The purpose of this review is to approach the field of leaf development from the perspectives of the evolution of developmental systems that orchestrate leaf development.
Systematic review: the pharmacokinetic profiles of oral mesalazine formulations and mesalazine pro-drugs used in the management of ulcerative colitis.

Summary Aim : To quantify through systematic review the pharmacokinetic profiles of the oral delayed release and sustained release mesalazine (5-aminosalicylate, 5ASA) formulations (Asacol, Salofalk, Mesasal, Claversal, Pentasa) and pro-drugs (sulfasalazine, olsalazine, balsalazide) used in the management of ulcerative colitis. Methods : Selected articles had: (1) adult healthy volunteers or patients with ulcerative colitis and (2) quantification of pharmacokinetic data to include, at a minimum, urinary excretion of total 5ASA [5ASA plus N-Acetyl-5ASA (N-Ac-5ASA)]. Data collection and analysis : Pharmacokinetic data (Tmax, Cmax, AUC, urinary excretion, faecal excretion) of 5ASA, its major metabolite N-Acetyl-5ASA, total 5ASA, and the parent pro-drug compounds was extracted. Main results : The summary results for urinary excretion of total 5ASA over 24–96 h in all subjects (either mean or median) were: sulfasalazine mean 11–33% or median 22%; olsalazine mean 14–31% or median 16–27%; balsalazide mean 12–35% or median 20%; Asacol mean 10–35% or median 18–40%; Pentasa mean 15–53% or median 23–34%; Salofalk, Mesasal and Claversal mean 27–56% or median 31–44%. The summary results for faecal excretion of total 5ASA over 24–96 h in all subjects (either mean or median) were: sulfasalazine mean 23–75% or median 38%; olsalazine mean 47–50% or median 17–36%; balsalazide mean 46% or median 22%; Asacol mean 40–64% or median 20–56%; Pentasa mean 12–51% or median 39–59%; Salofalk, Mesasal and Claversal mean 37–44% or median 23–35%. Conclusions : The systemic exposure to 5ASA, as measured by urinary excretion of total 5ASA, and the faecal excretion of total 5ASA is comparable for all oral mesalazine formulations and pro-drugs. Thus, selection of a mesalazine therapy for the treatment of ulcerative colitis should be based on other factors such as efficacy, dose–response, toxicity of the parent compound and its metabolites, compliance issues related to dose forms and dosing schedules, and costs.
Mooring System Design Based on Analytical Expressions of Catastrophes of Slow-Motion Dynamics

Analytical expressions of the necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of mooring systems representing bifurcation boundaries, and expressions defining the morphogeneses occurring across boundaries are presented. These expressions provide means for evaluating the stability of a mooring system around an equilibrium position and constructing catastrophe sets in any parametric design space. These expressions allow the designer to select appropriate values for the mooring parameters without resorting to trial and error. A number of realistic applications are provided for barge and tanker mooring systems which exhibit qualitatively different nonlinear dynamics. The mathematical model consists of the nonlinear, third order maneuvering equations of the horizontal plane slow motion dynamics of a vessel moored to one or more terminals. Mooring lines are modeled by synthetic nylon ropes, chains, or steel cables. External excitation consists of time independent current, wind, and mean wave drift forces. The analytical expressions presented in this paper apply to nylon ropes and current excitation. Expressions for other combinations of lines and excitation can be derived.
A New Development of Sum of Squares Optimization in Control Application

On the basis of introducing sum of squares (SOS) optimization method and its classical control application, this paper introduces the estimation of domain of attraction of autonomous nonlinear systems which can be considered as a new development of sum of squares optimization in control application. At the same time, we study the domain of attraction of a class of SIRS infection model, and get the result of domains of attraction of a SIRS model with the SOSTOOL toolbox. It is bigger than the domain of attraction using the randomly selected Lyapunov function of the LMI approach.
The role of Pemetrexed (Alimta , LY231514) in lung cancer therapy.

Pemetrexed (Alimta , LY231514) is a new multitargeted antifolate that inhibits several enzymes involved in the folate pathway. Pemetrexed is a potent inhibitor of thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase. Pemetrexed has demonstrated clinical activity in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as well as in a broad array of other solid tumors including mesothelioma and breast, colorectal, bladder, cervical, gastric, and pancreatic cancer. In NSCLC, single-agent activity has been documented in the first- and second-line settings. Promising activity has also been demonstrated when pemetrexed is combined with cisplatin, vinorelbine, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, and gemcitabine. Low-level dietary supplement of folic acid and vitamin B12 has significantly improved the safety profile of pemetrexed without compromising its antitumor effect. In this review, the pharmacology and clinical activity of pemetrexed in NSCLC cancer is discussed.
Electric-Monopole-Enhanced 2 + ′ → 2 + Transitions in Th 232 and U 238

The internal conversion spectra from Th/sup 232/ and U/sup 238/ bombarded with 6-Mev protons were examined for EOenhanced transitions between 2/ sup +/' beta -vibrational and 2/sup +/ first-excited rotational states. For U/ sup 238/ the 991-kev transition is assigned at the EO-enhanced 2/sup +/ yields 2/sup +/ cascade from the 1036-kev beta -vibrational state, and for Th/sup 232/ both the strong monopole-enhanced 725-kev and wesk 738-kev transitions are assigned as 2/sup +/' yields 2/sup +/ from 775kev beta - and 788-kev gamma - vibrational states, respectively. The various transition probabilities are calculated for testing theories of monopole enhancement. (D.L.C.)
Crime as an identity

Abstract Beginning with a question about the motivation to study crime and based on the work of Edwin Sutherland and Howard Becker, I examine the implications of incorporating conceptions pertaining to personal identity and the self into the sociology of deviance and criminology. I illustrate the insights gained by reviewing findings from empirical research conducted on prison inmates in two countries, domestic violence perpetrators undergoing therapy and incarcerated gun violence offenders.
WILLIAM ASHBROOK KELLERMAN'S BOTANICAL EXPEDITIONS TO GUATEMALA (1905–1908)

In 1891 W. A. Kellerman came to The Ohio State University as Professor of Botany, which position he held until his death in Guatemala on March 8, 1908. From January through March of the years 1905 through 1908, Kellerman made four collecting trips to Guatemala on which parasitic fungi and vascular plant material were secured. Prior to the 1908 trip Dr. Kellerman's Tropical School of Botany was organized with its first session scheduled for the winter of 1908. New taxa were described from Kellerman's Guatemalan collections, of which twentyone fungus and forty-one vascular plant taxa are known. Itineraries and maps were constructed for each trip based predominantly on 1152 specimen labels in The Ohio State University Herbarium. The information from these itineraries will enable herbaria that have inadequately labeled material to supplement specimen labels with pertinent information of either place or date of collection.
Determination of asparagine, glutamine and pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid in total enzymic hydrolysates of peptides and glycopeptides by gas-liquid chromatography.

A new procedure for the qualitative and quantitative determination of asparagine, glutamine and pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid in total enzymic hydrolysates of peptides and glycopeptides based on g.l.c. has been developed. Under the conditions of esterification and trifluoroacetylation N-trifluoroacetylaspartic acid mono-n-butyl ester was formed from asparagine and N-trifluoroacetylglutamic acid mono-n-butyl ester from both glutamine and pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid. To distinguish between the latter two compounds, the esterification was carried out at room temperature yielding 30% of esterified pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid but less than 1% of esterified glutamine. In extending the g.l.c. of amino acids, the previously unknown positions in the g.l.c. elution pattern of the following amino acids could also be reproducibly determined: carboxymethylcysteine, homoserine, hydroxylysine and in-methyl-lysine. Further, certain glycopeptides were investigated and the artifacts due to their carbohydrate moieties were determined.
Analysis of the Death Causes of Inhabitants in Jiangmen City

Objective To study the death causes of inhabitant in Jiangmen city so as to provide the scientific evidence on which the public health planning for the city is based. Methods To ananlyses he database of the death information of inhabitant from May 2006 to April 2007 which was constructed in the format of 《medical death certificate》, the situation of the death people and the causes of death. Results The mortality rate is 539.7/100000, the top five death causes in order of frequency were cardiovascular disease, malignant tumor, cerebrovascular disease, chronic lower respiratory illness, trauma and intoxication. Conclusion The death caused by chronic non-infectious disease was 74% in the total death which was the most important cause of death in the city. In the public health planning, chronic non-infectious diseases should be the focus point for prevention and treatment.
Depression and Multiple Rehospitalizations in Patients With Heart Failure.

Background There have been few studies of the effect of depression on rehospitalization in patients with heart failure (HF), and even fewer on its role in multiple rehospitalizations. Hypothesis Depression is an independent risk factor for multiple readmissions in patients with HF. Methods A cohort of 662 patients with HF who were discharged alive after hospitalization were interviewed to evaluate symptoms of depression and were followed for 1 year. All-cause readmissions were documented by chart review. A marginal proportional rates model was used to model the effect of depression on the rate of rehospitalization with adjustment for known predictors of HF outcomes. Results Depression symptoms predicted multiple readmissions (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.13, P = 0.0008). Compared with patients without depression, those who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for major depression at index were at the highest risk for multiple rehospitalizations (HR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.15-1.97, P = 0.003). Conclusions Depression is an independent risk factor for multiple all-cause readmissions in patients with HF.
Heat-Pasteurization Process for Inactivation of Nonproteolytic Types of Clostridium botulinum in Picked Dungeness Crabmeat.

Development of a heat-pasteurization process is described for picked meat of Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister) contained in oxygen-impermeable flexible pouches, For each time-temperature treatment, 30 samples, each inoculated with an equal mixture of three strains of C. botulinum nonproteolytic type B, for a total of 107 spores, provided the basis for calculation of the thermal resistance (a 7D process). Following heat processing, the crabmeat was removed from the pouches and transferred to enrichment medium where it was incubated anaerobically for 150 days. Endpoints at which spores survived were determined by the presence of toxin in the enrichment medium. Process times ranged from 90 min at 88.9°C to 20.3 min at 94.4°C. D values (the time at each temperature required to reduce the inoculum by 1 log) ranged from 12.9 for the 88.9°C process to 2.9 for the 94.4°C process. The relative sterilization value, F0 was .054 and the pasteurization value, , was 240. This pasteurization process safely extends refri...
Renal transplantation in patients with polycystic kidney disease: A single-center experience

We present the long-term outcome of 127 patients who underwent a total of 143 renal transplants for renal failure secondary to ADPKD. We examined factors associated with patient survival and graft function and compared outcome in this group of patients with outcome in two matched groups of transplant recipients (diabetic and nondiabetic)
The Need for a Gesture Theory in Music

Thinking is essentially a practice of making. We can also make in different ways, such as through actions which we call gestures. Western modern notation has its origin in Gregorian neumes, but music does not see such significant gestural advancements until more recent times. Through modernity, creators have come to rediscover gestures as fundamental components of artistic, and in particular musical, creation. We will analyze theories and thoughts, from Adorno to Hatten, passing through Chopin’s performances and ending with Mazzola’s contribution both as performer as well as theorist and research director.
Regenerative medicine: Interspecies pancreas transplants.

A mouse pancreas grown in a rat controls blood-sugar levels when transplanted into a mouse that models type 1 diabetes. This achievement provides a tantalizing glimpse of how organs could be grown for therapeutic use. See Article p.191 Diabetes can be treated by the transplantation of islet cells in cases where the delivery of insulin is not sufficient. However, this approach depends on the availability of suitable donor tissues. Hiromitsu Nakauchi and colleagues have instead injected mouse pluripotent stem cells into embryos from rats that cannot make a pancreas. The mouse pluripotent stem cells developed into islets, which can be isolated and transplanted into diabetic mice, where they are able to normalize the mouse's blood glucose level.
Teaching Tree Thinking in an Upper Level Organismal Biology Course: Testing the Effectiveness of a Multifaceted Curriculum.

The ability to interpret and reason from Tree of Life diagrams is a key component of twenty-first century science literacy. This article reports on the authors’ continued development of a multiface...
Deinococcus Mn2+ -Peptide Complex: A Novel Approach to Alphavirus Vaccine Development

Over the last ten years, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an Old World alphavirus has caused numerous outbreaks in Asian and European countries and the Americas, making it an emerging pathogen of great global health importance. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), a New World alphavirus, on the other hand, has been developed as a bioweapon in the past due to its ease of preparation, aerosol dispersion and high lethality in aerosolized form. Currently, there are no FDA approved vaccines against these viruses. In this study, we used a novel approach to develop inactivated vaccines for VEEV and CHIKV by applying gamma-radiation together with a synthetic Mn-decapeptide-phosphate complex (MnDpPi), based on manganous-peptide-orthophosphate antioxidants accumulated in the extremely radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. Classical gamma-irradiated vaccine development approaches are limited by immunogenicity-loss due to oxidative damage to the surface proteins at the high doses of radiation required for complete virus-inactivation. However, addition of MnDpPi during irradiation process selectively protects proteins, but not the nucleic acids, from the radiation-induced oxidative damage, as required for safe and efficacious vaccine development. Previously, this approach was used to develop a bacterial vaccine. In the present study, we show that this approach can successfully be applied to protecting mice against viral infections. Irradiation of VEEV and CHIKV in the presence of MnDpPi resulted in substantial epitope preservation even at supra-lethal doses of gamma-rays (50,000Gy). Irradiated viruses were found to be completely inactivated and safe in vivo (neonatal mice). Upon immunization, VEEV inactivated in the presence of MnDpPi resulted in drastically improved protective efficacy. Thus, the MnDpPi-based gamma-inactivation approach described here can readily be applied to developing vaccines against any pathogen of interest in a fast and cost-effective manner.
Development of BS-PT based high temperature ultrasonic transducer

High temperature (HT) environment in liquid metal cooled reactors poses major challenges towards development of ultrasonic transducer which is a key enabling technology for safety of reactors. In the current work, BS-PT (BiScO3- PbTiO3) piezoelectric material based ultrasonic transducer is proposed for the structural health monitoring at HT. Physics based model using finite element method simulates effect of temperature increase on the transduction ability of the BSPT piezoelectric material. Pulse-echo contact measurements are performed up to 260C which is the hot stand by temperature for liquid metal cooled reactors, to study the performance of the acoustic coupling agent and the BS-PT piezoelectric material bonded to a low-carbon steel sample. Experimental contact measurements indicate 6dB reduction in amplitude of the first backwall echo from 20C to 260C. Also, 0.1 MHz reduction in the fundamental and third harmonic resonance is observed in the spectral analysis of the first backwall echo.
Development and Testing of a Bubble Positive Airway Pressure System: Why Didn't I Think of That?

Worldwide, about 1 million infants die each year from respiratory causes. In resource-limited settings, as many as one third of these deaths are probably preventable.[1][1] Preterm birth is the most common cause of perinatal mortality, causing almost 30% of neonatal deaths, and respiratory distress
Cationic Ring-opening Polymerization: Copolymerization

Many cyclic compounds can be copolymerized by cationic ring-opening polymerization (see refs. 1–9 and references therein). Copolymers from various combinations of cyclic ethers, acetals, sulfides, amines, lactones, lactams and hydrocarbons have been prepared. Some of the copolymers have a random distribution of monomer units and some are well-defined block or graft copolymers. Some of the copolymers include units from compounds that will not homopolymerize. Sometimes attempted copolymer syntheses have failed, and mixtures homopolymers or cyclic oligomers have formed instead. Much more work needs to be done before the cationic copolymerization of cyclic compounds of all kinds can be controlled at will.
Social Media as a Tool to Increase the Impact of Public Health Research.

The article discusses the authors' views about the impact of social media on public health research in America as of 2017, and it mentions hos public health researchers use social media tools to communicate their work and influence mass media coverage of public health-related issues by disseminating press releases. The Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram online social networking services are examined, along with efforts to combat misinformation about public health topics.
Characterization of activated B cells, a novel antigen-specific B cell population that emerges in blood after infection and vaccination in humans (VAC11P.1062)

Plasma cells (PCs) and memory B cells (MBCs) provide a remarkably stable humoral immune memory. In humans, antigen-specific antibody secreting cells (ASCs) and MBCs are detected in peripheral blood shortly after infection and vaccination. While ASCs can be distinguished by surface staining, the phenotype of recently generated MBCs is unknown. Here, we defined the phenotype of the latter cells, and termed them activated B cells (ABCs). We confirmed the specificity of ABCs after influenza vaccination and infection by ELISPOT (after in vitro differentiation) and by HA-specific staining. Similarly to ASCs, ABCs actively proliferate, up-regulate CD27 and down-regulate CD21. In contrast to ASCs, ABCs do not spontaneously secrete antibodies and up-regulate CD20 expression. ABCs represent a distinct lineage from ASCs as they maintained Pax5 expression and showed only a slight increase in IRF4 expression compared to naive B cells. Using this characterization, we were able to clearly distinguish ABCs and ASCs in peripheral blood of two Ebola virus-infected patients who were being cared for at Emory University Hospital. Defining ABCs is critical for addressing basic questions regarding the fundamental differences between the memory and plasma cell compartments in humans and because ABCs could be used for procuring therapeutic monoclonal Abs that may be different in terms of their protective potential from those derived from ASCs.
Open-Cup Drinking Development: A Review of the Literature

To date, a lack of published research studies exist that systematically analyze the factors involved with the progression of open-cup drinking in typically developing infants and toddlers. As a result, clinicians who are working with children that have delays in open-cup drinking development have a limited framework from which to base clinical decisions. The purpose of this review is to collate works from disparate and related fields to provide a brief review of the literature of pertinent sensorimotor and cognitive components necessary for successful open-cup drinking development.
Cooperative Immune Suppression by Escherichia coli and Shigella Effector Proteins

The enteric attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and the invasive pathogens enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and Shigella encode type III secretion systems (T3SS) used to inject effector proteins into human host cells during infection. Among these are a group of effectors required for NF-κB-mediated host immune evasion. Recent studies have identified several effector proteins from A/E pathogens and EIEC/Shigella that are involved in suppression of NF-κB and have uncovered their cellular and molecular functions. A novel mechanism among these effectors from both groups of pathogens is to coordinate effector function during infection. This cooperativity among effector proteins explains how bacterial pathogens are able to effectively suppress innate immune defense mechanisms in response to diverse classes of immune receptor signaling complexes (RSCs) stimulated during infection.
Size-dependent damping model for DEM: improved equilibrium compared with mass-damping at no extra computational cost

In the framework of discrete element method, a new damping model is introduced. Unlike the global mass-damping, the new model applies an approximately equal damping ratio to all particles in a granular assembly. This model does not require exact stiffness calculations, hence not involved in the unnecessary cost. The new and global damping models were compared based on overall equilibrium of samples during quasi-static simulations. The equilibrium status was quantified by the unbalanced force ratio (UFR) and moment index. Moment index, proposed herein, was designed to indicate the relative magnitude of unbalanced moments. Larger unbalanced forces and moments, measured by UFR and moment index respectively, indicate larger inertial effects, and being further away from quasi-static conditions. Two samples with different particle size distributions (PSD) were tested in triaxial compression simulations under drained conditions using both damping models and various damping ratios at different strain rates. The damping ratios that resulted in the best equilibrium, so-called optimum damping ratios, were determined and typical values were suggested for each model. Applying damping ratios greater than the optimum values reduced the kinetic energy however worsened the equilibrium of particles by adding to unbalanced forces and moments. With the optimum damping ratios and at an equal loading rate, the new damping model proved superiority over global mass-damping by establishing better force and moment equilibriums while providing the same mechanical response. The new damping model allows application of higher strain rates for quasi-static simulations, consequently leads to shorter runtimes, especially for samples with wide PSDs.
Eventual Consistency for CRDTs

We address the problem of validity in eventually consistent (EC) systems: In what sense does an EC data structure satisfy the sequential specification of that data structure? Because EC is a very weak criterion, our definition does not describe every EC system; however it is expressive enough to describe any Convergent or Commutative Replicated Data Type (CRDT).
Cytomegalovirus Infection and the Immune System

The interaction of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) with the immune system offers an unusual display of findings. CMV infection produces changes in the immune network which can result in depression of immune function. These clinical and immunological effects of CMV infection in various types of hosts are discussed here and are summarized in the accompanying table. In patients with immune deficiencies, especially of the cellular immune response, there is an environment conducive to serious CMV infections. In these cases, CMV functions as an opportunistic infectious agent. The double interaction offers a system for study of both the virus and immune system, and makes CMV prevention and treatment a high priority for clinical research efforts.
Nondeterministic streaming string transducers

We introduce nondeterministic streaming string transducers (NSSTS) - a new computational model that can implement MSO-definable relations between strings. An NSST makes a single left-to-right pass on the input string and uses a finite set of string variables to compute the output. In each step, it reads one input symbol, and updates its string variables in parallel with a copyless assignment. We show that NSST are closed under sequential composition and that their expressive power coincides with that of nondeterministic MSO-definable transductions. Further, we identify the class of functional NSSTS; such an NSST allows nondeterministic transitions, but for every successful run on a given input generates the same output string. We show that deciding functionality of an arbitrary NSST is decidable with PSPACE complexity, while the equivalence problem for functional NSSTS is PSPACE-COMPLETE. We also show that checking if the set of outputs of an NSST is contained within the set of outputs of a finite number of DSSTS is decidable in PSPACE.
Neonates and Infants

From a polyphasic sleep pattern at birth, sleep shifts toward the night and consolidates to one long nocturnal sleep period generally by 6–9 months of age. Sleep architecture matures from the immature active and quite sleep pattern in the first year of life to the mature form of rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. The timing and initiation of sleep and wake is governed by the interplay of the circadian rhythm with sleep homeostasis. Both sleep regulatory processes mature in the first few months after birth. The developing interaction of these two processes may be a key determinant for the maturation of sleep–wake behavior in the first year of life.
Direct Imaging of the Hypothetical Quantity, Sequestered Lipid

The quantity, sequestered lipid, entered all previous chapters as an invisible hypothetical entity. In this chapter, the quantity is made visible by use of frozen section fat stains, which reveal lipids to be gauged in intracellular, Ic, and extracellular, Ec, compartments, where Ec is taken to be the measure of sequestered lipid. Predictions from the sequestration hypothesis are upheld with a high degree of precision in all circumstances.