cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring T Tauri star magnetic fields

Stellar magnetic fields including a strong dipole component are believed to play a critical role in the early evolution of newly formed stars and their circumstellar accretion disks. It is currently believed that the stellar magnetic field truncates the accretion disk several stellar radii above the star. This action forces accreting material to flow along the field lines and accrete onto the star preferentially at high stellar latitudes. It is also thought that the stellar rotation rate becomes locked to the Keplerian velocity near the radius where the disk is truncated. This paper reviews recent efforts to measure the magnetic field properties of low mass pre-main sequence stars, focussing on how the observations compare with the theoretical expectations. A picture is emerging indicating that quite strong fields do indeed cover the majority of the surface on these stars; however, the dipole component of the field appears to be alarmingly small. The current measurements also suggest that given their strong magnetic fields, T Tauri stars are somewhat faint in X-rays relative to what is expected from simple main sequence star scaling laws.
Local Monitoring of Antibiotic Resistance

Excerpt To the editor: The recent editorial by Kunin (1) has highlighted the global problem of antibiotic resistance and the need for ongoing surveillance by individual physicians and hospital team...
Position during labor and delivery: history and perspective.

History and custom have decreed a choice of child birth position assumed during labor and delivery. The most common position throughout the centuries has been some form of the upright position, until the mid-seventeenth century when the obstetrician decided that the recumbent position was easier for forceps deliveries. In the nineteenth century, ether was used as an anesthetic by inhalation. The parturient turned on her side to aid the conduct of labor and delivery under anesthesia. From that time on, the birth positions which more easily lent themselves to the convenience of the accoucheur became the choice of childbirth position, and this practice spread throughout most of Western Europe and America. However, literature reveals that the evidence had been available for several decades as to the physiological advantages of labor and delivery in the upright position. And the studies of the process of labor and delivery suggested that certain principles of physics apply to childbirth. Furthermore, the influence of position on the profile of the childbirth process has been studied toxographically and radiographically. Based on the research findings and various studies, the normal parturient should be allowed and encouraged to follow her own instincts and assume that position which will assist her to attain maximum comfort and physiological advantage during her labor and delivery.
Multi-way clustering and biclustering by the Ratio cut and Normalized cut in graphs

In this paper, we consider the multi-way clustering problem based on graph partitioning models by the Ratio cut and Normalized cut. We formulate the problem using new quadratic models. Spectral relaxations, new semidefinite programming relaxations and linearization techniques are used to solve these problems. It has been shown that our proposed methods can obtain improved solutions. We also adapt our proposed techniques to the bipartite graph partitioning problem for biclustering.
A foundations course for a developing computer science program

This paper discusses a course, referred to as Foundations, which has been used to partially satisfy the need for a broad program in computer science in a situation where staffing is limited. This course was introduced at Tulane University in 1974 and was taught until recently when a full-fledged major program was established.
Chloroplast DNA variability among Linum species

We have compared the chloroplast DNA maps of a selection of Linum species, using recombinant DNA probes derived from L. usitatissimum chloroplast DNA. The heterologous probes have allowed us to construct physical maps for seven other Linum species. The chloroplast DNAs from two other species, L. flavum and L. tenuifolium, were so divergent that restriction maps could not be derived by this method. Analysis of the differences between the chloroplast DNAs has produced a phylogeny separating the species into two groups. These groups are coincident with previous taxonomic groupings and consist of L. perenne-related and non-related species. The major difference between the chloroplast DNAs of the two groups is a 13-kilobase pair segment near an inverted repeat/large single copy region boundary, which is present in the perenne-group species and absent from the non-perenne group species. In addition, we have identified a mutational hotspot analogous to that found in Nicotiana species chloroplast DNAs (Tassopulu and Kung, 1984). Among the species examined, the amount ofbase pair substitutions approaches 14% for the sites examined.
Transgenic mice with defined combinations of drug-inducible reprogramming factors

Proviruses carrying drug-inducible Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc used to derive 'primary' induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were segregated through germline transmission, generating mice and cells carrying subsets of the reprogramming factors. Drug treatment produced 'secondary' iPS cells only when the missing factor was introduced. This approach creates a defined system for studying reprogramming mechanisms and allows screening of genetically homogeneous cells for compounds that can replace any transcription factor required for iPS cell derivation.
Changes in cardiac output and stroke volume as measured by non-invasive CO monitoring in infants with RSV bronchiolitis

Objectives: The primary aim of the study was to determine the changes, if any, in cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV) in normal infants with RSV bronchiolitis. The secondary aim was to determine whether changes in CO (ΔCO) and SV (ΔSV) are associated with changes in respiratory rate (ΔRR). Methods: Non-invasive CO recordings were obtained within 24 h of admission and discharge. Changes in CO, SV, and HR measurements were compared using paired t-tests. The effect of fluid boluses during the first 24 h (<60 or ≥60 cc/kg) on CO was assessed by 2 way ANOVA with time and group as main effect. The relationship between ΔRR and ΔCO or ΔSV was assessed by linear regression. Data is presented as Mean ± SEM and mean differences with 95 % confidence interval (p < 0.05 considered significant). Results: 15 infants with RSV bronchiolitis were studied. CO (1.31 ± 0.13 to 1.11 ± 0.11 l/min (0.21 [0.04–0.37]) and SV (9.42 ± 1.10 to 7.75 ± 0.83 ml/beat (1.67 [0.21–3.12]) decreased significantly while HR (142.1 ± 4.0 to 145.2 ± 3.1 beats/min 3.0 [−5.3 to 11.3]) was unchanged. SV (p = 0.02) and CO (p = 0.04) significantly decreased only in the 7 infants that received ≥60 cc/kg. ΔRR correlated significantly with ΔCO (r2 = 0.28, p = 0.04); but not with ΔSV (r2 = 0.20, p = 0.09). Conclusions: ∆CO was related to ΔSV and not Δ HR. The ∆CO and ΔSV were affected by fluid boluses. ΔRR correlated with ΔCO. Non-invasive CO monitoring can trend CO and SV in infants with bronchiolitis during hospitalization.
Factors Associated with Ordering Laboratory Monitoring of High-Risk Medications

BACKGROUND Knowledge about factors associated with provider ordering of appropriate testing is limited.
A 5 mm×5 mm mid-wavelength infrared HgCdTe photodiode array with negative luminescence efficiency ∼95%

The negative luminescence (NL) efficiency of a 5 mm×5 mm array (100% effective fill factor) of HgCdTe photodiodes (λco=4.8 µm at 295 K) has been measured as a function of temperature. The internal NL efficiency of ≈95% at λ=4 µm is nearly independent of temperature in the 240–300 K range and, at 300 K, corresponds to an apparent temperature reduction of 60 K. This performance is obtained at a reverse-bias saturation-current density of only 0.11 A/cm2 at 296 K. With large area, high efficiency, and low saturation-current density, our results demonstrate a level of NL device performance at which such applications as cold shields for large-format focal plane arrays (FPAs) and multipoint nonuniformity correctors appear practical.
Improvements of the Coherent Potential Approximation for the Random Lattice Problems

The perturbation term of the one-particle Green's function of an electron in a random lattice is expressed as a sum of terms related with one site, two sites, three sites, and so on. The coherent potential approximation is rederived under the assumption that the sum of the terms related with two or more sites can be ignored if the unperturbed Hamiltonian is chosen in such a way that the sum of the one-site terms is put equal to zero. The next approximation is obtained by assuming that the sum of the terms related with the clusters of sites other than the one sites and the nearest neighbor pairs of sites can be ignored, when the unperturbed Hamiltonian is so chosen that the sum of the terms related with a one site or a nearest nighbor pair of sites is put equal to zero. This approximation is applicable to the random alloy problems where the diagonal as well as off-diagonal randomness exist. If the randomness is restricted only to the diagonal one, the approximation is equivalent to the one proposed by Cyro...
Language legislation, class and schooling in multilingual contexts: The case of luxembourg

Abstract Recent sociolinguistic research in multilingual settings suggests that individual decisions about language are highly interdependent with socioeconomic conditions and historically established language values. Yet studies designed to inform language and literacy programme development have tended to focus on national legislation and policy goals. In presenting here a case study of multilingual Luxembourg, I examine language legislation in terms of relationships among language policy goals, language values and behaviour within low, middle, and upper class communities, and language use expectations at school. The article focuses on the ways in which differences between lower class experience and school expectations affect achievement of both individual and government goals. The study suggests how an understanding of community language values can be used to inform language and literacy programme development.
The Integration of Social and Clinical Psychology Training Programs

We propose that the development of an integrated approach to clinical social psychology might be a fruitful direction for graduate training programs. We argue that conceptually such an approach would foster better understanding by clinical students of the varied social psychological processes involved in psychopathology and treatment, and that it would enhance social students' understanding of the therapeutic processes and the observational skills integral to clinical practice. Finally, some potential benefits of and reasons for making explicit the conceptual and programmatic links between clinical and social training programs are presented.
Poster 2: The Involvement of Children in COHORT

The Cooperative Huntington Observational Research Trial (COHORT) is an observational study designed to collect information in order to learn more about Huntington disease (HD), potential treatments, and to plan future research studies of experimental drugs aimed at postponing the onset or slowing the progression of HD. The study includes both adults and children who have been clinically diagnosed with HD and adults who are part of an HD family. Study visits occur once a year and typically include a neurological examination, family history information, a blood draw for genotyping, and the collection of biological samples for future HD research. There is increasing interest in enrolling older teenagers (age 15-17 years) who are at risk for HD into COHORT. In order to gauge interest in this change in protocol, a survey was designed to gather information about attitudes toward this expansion of COHORT on the part of the members of the Huntington Study Group (HSG), many of whom are currently participating in the COHORT study. The survey was posted online, and HSG members were invited to complete the survey. Answers to questions were collected on a five point Likert scale that ranged as follows: Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, Strongly Agree. Respondents were asked whether it was important for affected individuals, unaffected members of HD families, and children to participate in research. They were also asked to imagine that they were members of a family affected with HD and whether they would agree to their own child's participation in an observational trial that included (1) a neurological exam and (2) a blood sample draw for the purposes of DNA analysis for research. Respondents were also asked what their major concerns might be concerning their own or their child's participation. Results of this survey will be presented.
Anti-thrombotic efficacies of enoxaparin, dalteparin, and unfractionated heparin in venous thrombo-embolism.

Abstract Background: Few data exist by which the anti-thrombotic efficacy of different anticoagulants may be compared. We used a radiolabeled antibody specific for polymerizing fibrin to compare the in vivo anti-thrombotic potencies of different systemic anticoagulants (enoxaparin, dalteparin, and unfractionated heparin). Methods and Results: Deep venous thrombi (DVTs) were induced in dogs' femoral veins. The dogs were then treated with one of the following subcutaneous regimens: enoxaparin 100 units/kg (1.0 mg/kg) every 12 hours (n=4), dalteparin 200 units/kg every 24 hours (n=4), or unfractionated heparin 240 units/kg every 8 hours with dose adjustment via aPTT (n=3). 111 Indium-labeled anti-fibrin antibodies, specific for propagating thrombi, were given intravenously and nuclear scans of the legs were taken over the following 24 hours. Thrombus propagation was estimated by the ratio of gamma emissions from the legs containing DVTs divided by the emissions from the contralateral “control” legs. DVTs accumulated labeled anti-fibrin antibodies at the same rates in both the enoxaparin group and the dalteparin group (gamma emissions 171±6% and 168±36% of control by 24 hours, respectively). DVTs in the adjusted dose unfractionated heparin group tended to accumulate antibodies at a slower rate (129±19% of control by 24 hours). Conclusions: Enoxaparin and dalteparin inhibited propagation of pre-formed thrombi to the same degree. Subcutaneous unfractionated heparin, adjusted every 8 hours by aPTT, tended to suppress ongoing thrombosis more than either LMWH.
MK-2206 causes growth suppression and reduces neuroendocrine tumor marker production in medullary thyroid cancer through Akt inhibition

Development of targeted therapies for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) has focused on inhibition of the rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene. Akt has been demonstrated to be a downstream target of RET via the key mediator phosphoinositide-3-kinase. MK-2206 is an orally administered allosteric Akt inhibitor that has exhibited minimal toxicity in phase I trials. We explored the antitumor effects of this compound in MTC. Human MTC-TT cells were treated with MK-2206 (0–20 μM) for 8 days. Assays for cell viability were performed at multiple time points with MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). The mechanism of action, mechanism of growth inhibition, and production of neuroendocrine tumor markers were assessed with Western blot analysis. MK-2206 suppressed MTC cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (p ≤ 0.001). Levels of Akt phosphorylated at serine 473 declined with increasing doses of MK-2206, indicating successful Akt inhibition. The apoptotic proteins cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and cleaved caspase-3 increased in a dose-dependent manner with MK-2206, while the apoptosis inhibitor survivin was markedly reduced. Importantly, the antitumor effects of MK-2206 were independent of RET inhibition, as the levels of RET protein were not blocked. MK-2206 significantly suppresses MTC proliferation without RET inhibition. Given its high oral bioavailability and low toxicity profile, phase II studies with this drug alone or in combination with RET inhibitors are warranted.
Process Based Modeling of Total Longshore Sediment Transport

Abstract Waves, currents, and longshore sand transport are calculated locally as a function of position in the nearshore region using process based numerical models. The resultant longshore sand transport is then integrated across the nearshore to provide predictions of the total longshore transport of sand due to waves and longshore currents. Model results are in close agreement with the Il–Pl correlation described by Komar and Inman (1970) and the CERC (1984) formula. Model results also indicate that the proportionality constant in the Il–Pl formula depends weakly upon the sediment size, the shape of the beach profile, and the particular local sediment flux formula that is employed. Model results indicate that the various effects and influences of sediment size tend to cancel out, resulting in little overall dependence on sediment size.
Behavior Flexibility and the Frontal Lobes

Summary This study was an attempt to differentiate the effects of prefrontal cortical lesions on the ability of monkeys to adapt to changes in the perceptual or the response requirements of discrimination tasks. Eight monkeys were trained on a series of 7 visual discrimination tasks. Criterion performance on each task was followed by another task which differed from it either in its stimulus or its response aspects. Following preoperative learning, four of the animals underwent bilateral removal of lateral surface prefrontal cortex. Postoperative testing on the tasks learned preoperatively revealed that frontal operates were significantly inferior to normal controls on both stimulus-shift and response shift tasks when the tasks were SUC or GNG, but not when the task was SIM. Consideration of these findings in conjunction with the results of other studies led to the suggestion that the prefrontal cortex is importantly involved in, spatio-motor integration.
Emergency contraception: pharmacy access in Albuquerque New Mexico.

Abstract Objective Emergency contraception could reduce the approximately 3 million unintended pregnancies that occur annually in the United States. Dedicated emergency contraception products may be particularly useful because instructions are easy to understand and simple to follow. However, they must be available within a few days to women who have had unprotected intercourse. The goal of this study was to investigate whether women presenting to pharmacies in a moderately sized metropolitan area with a prescription for Plan B or Preven could get it filled. Methods Two research assistants posed as women needing emergency contraception. They visited 89 pharmacies in Albuquerque, New Mexico, presenting a prescription for either Plan B or Preven. The assistants recorded the availability of the products in the pharmacies. When the product was not in stock, the research assistants asked pharmacy providers why the products were not carried. Fisher exact test was performed to compare categoric data. Results Plan B and Preven were in stock at only 19 visits (11%). Of the pharmacies that did not stock the products, 53% reported they could obtain Plan B or Preven within 24 hours. The most common reason cited by pharmacy providers for not stocking Plan B or Preven was the lack of prescriptions received for them (65%). Conclusion Plan B and Preven were not in stock at the majority of pharmacies in a moderately sized metropolitan area. Lack of availability at the pharmacy constitutes a major barrier to emergency contraception access.
Monolithic postoptical processor for acousto-optical channelizer systems

A mixed analog/digital integrated circuit which performs the post optical signal processing functions for an acousto-optic channelizer system is presented. The signal analysis and additional specialized functions on this circuit provide a complete solution to the processing needs of highly compact channelizer systems. Functionality of the 27-channel postoptical processor is achieved with a single design pass and wafer run. Wafers probed with automatic test equipment, based on a several-thousand vector long functional probe program, yielded an average of 44 percent which is considered to be a good yield for a die of this complexity and size. It is concluded that the integration of all necessary functions makes it possible to reduce channelizer system weight, volume, and power consumption by several orders of magnitude.
Pure transvaginal umbilical hernia repair

Background Transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) procedures are at the forefront of minimally invasive innovation, remarkable for shorter recovery times and decreased postoperative pain [1, 2]. Most transvaginal procedures are performed as hybrid procedures [3]. To our knowledge, this is the first video depiction of a pure transvaginal umbilical hernia repair in a human.
Radio signal strength tracking and control for robotic networks

Radio signal strength (RSS) is a reasonable proxy for link quality, but its accurate estimation requires frequency and spatial diversity due to fluctuation caused by fading. We consider a Rayleigh/Rician fading model, and gather RSS measurements during motion in a complex environment to enable gradient estimation. Using the RSS gradient, we develop control laws to track active sources. These may be used to establish and preserve connectivity among collaborative autonomous agents, to locate and approach radio sources, as well as deploying agents to assist mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs).
Evolution of stimulated raman into stimulated compton scattering of laser light via wave breaking of plasma waves.

Experimental evidence for the evolution of stimulated Raman backscatter instability of laser light into stimulated Compton scattering in an initially cold plasma is presented using time and wave number resolved spectra, [ital w]([ital t]) and [ital w]([ital k]), of Thomson scattered light from plasma fluctuations. Supporting particle simulations show that the key to the spectral evolution is wave breaking of Raman plasmons, which accelerates some electrons up to 4 times the phase velocity, and the consequent return current of the bulk plasma electrons in the opposite direction.
The Relationships of Career Salience, Attitudes toward Women, and Demographic and Family Characteristics to Marital Adjustment in Dual-Career Couples.

Abstract Facilitation of women's increasing involvement and satisfaction in career pursuits necessitates understanding of ways in which multiple roles may be managed and integrated by both women and men. Accordingly, the present study was designed to investigate predictors of levels of marital adjustment in dual-career couples. Both husbands and wives in 42 dual-career couples completed Greenhaus' Career Salience scale, the Attitudes toward Women scale, the Dyadic Adjustment scale, and a demographic information questionnaire. Results indicated, first, that the dual-career couples studied reported relatively high levels of marital adjustment, relatively profeminist attitudes toward women, and moderate levels of career salience; family interests were ranked as more important than were career interests. Second, higher levels of marital adjustment in both husbands and wives were found in couples in which the wife was more highly educated and which had relatively high combined incomes. In addition, greater marital adjustment in husbands was related to higher levels of career salience among wives. Contrary to expectation, husbands' attitudes toward women's roles were unrelated to their levels of marital adjustment. Implications for further research on dual-career couples and for the successful integration of career and family roles are discussed.
Drag Reduction on a Bluff Body at Yaw Angles to 30 Degrees

The base separation alleviation and drag reduction effectiveness of transverse rectangular grooves and longitudinal v-grooves in the afterbody shoulder region of a bluff body is investigated for body yaw angles of 0-30 deg. The grooves are found to be beneficial in reducing both freestream and axial drag coefficients at yaw angles of up to 25 deg.
Abuse of Women With Disabilities An Ecological Model and Review

Women with disabilities are at increased risk for emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. They are also at risk for experiencing disability-related abuse from multiple sources. This problem is compounded by the social context of disability, including pervasive discrimination and stereotyping by society. This article highlights the problem of abuse of women with disabilities and examines the state of the science through a review of literature. An ecological model is presented that examines relevant individual, environmental, and cultural factors. The authors hope that this article will stimulate awareness of this problem and future research in this important arena.
The inhibitory pheromone of queen fire ants: effects of disinhibition on dealation and oviposition by virgin queens

1. Virgin queen fire ants,Solenopsis invicta Buren, that overwintered in parental nests participated in mating flights in early spring, and some were shown to have been laying eggs in queenright colonies before leaving. Virgin queens reared in spring had immature oocytes in their ovarioles when they left on mating flights. 2. When released from pheromonal queen influence by isolation, 98% of both overwintered and spring-reared virgin queens oviposited and exhibited colony founding behavior, but only 73% dealated. The alary muscles of all of them histolyzed, however, whether or not they dealated. The eggs laid by both the overwintered and springreared virgin queens were larger than those laid by physogastric mated queens, and less than 1% were viable. 3. When spring-reared virgin queens were disinhibited by dividing colonies into queenright and queenless halves, some virgin queens in the queenless halves dealated and oviposited. A frequency distribution of the sizes of eggs laid by these virgin replacement queens was bimodal. The larger eggs were similar in size to those laid by spring-reared virgin queens in isolation and less than 1% were embryonated. They served a trophic function. The smaller eggs were not as small as those laid by mated queens, but the majority were embryonated. The number of eggs laid by virgin replacement queens in 5 h was positively correlated with the maximum number of oocytes/ovariole. The size of eggs laid by virgin and mated queens was a function of the oviposition rate. 4. The results demonstrate that the inhibitory pheromone of queen fire ants acts directly on virgin queens and that it prevents muscle histolysis and rapid oogenesis. The former hypothesis that the pheromone acts mainly on workers and prevents them from causing virgin queens to dealate is, therefore, disproved. 5. A new working hypothesis consistent with the experimental results and with previously published information is that a single queen pheromone regulates the secretion, and titer, of juvenile hormone.
The George Hammell Cook Collection

Sidar delves into the extensive letters and notebooks of George Hammell Cook's Collection in Rutgers' Special Collections. Cook (1818–1889), the namesake of Rutgers' Cook College, was an outstanding nineteenth century scholar and public servant in New Jersey and nationally.
Holocene Crustal Movements around Sagami Bay as Inferred from Holocene Marine Deposits

相模トラフの北東側に位置する大磯丘陵や三浦半島は,完新世においても地殻変動の活発な隆起地域で,3～4段の完新世海成段丘が発達する.その中で,三浦半島南部に分布する段丘は,海食洞窟や考古学資料などから約6,000yrs BP,約4,000yrs BP,約3,000yrs BPの汀線や離水が明らかとなった.三浦海岸に対応する3回の間欠的な地殻変動のあったことが分かった.相模湾北東沿岸は顕著な隆起を示し,その背後に「秦野-横浜線」の沈降帯が存在しているが,完新世ではその軸方向が南にやや下がり,秦野-大船-金沢八景を結んだ線で把えられる.国府津-松田断層を挾んで大磯丘陵南西部一帯は,約6,500yrs BPに離水したことが貝類群集,14C年代や鬼界アカホヤ火山灰(K-Ah)によって確認された.この離水を起こした変動では,国府津-松田断層に変位が認められず,約6,500yrs BP以降における本断層の活動で大磯丘陵の著しい隆起,森戸川低地の緩やかな沈降となっている.足柄平野南西端の小田原は約4,500yrs BPには離水しており,海成層が+5mを超えて明瞭な隆起を示す.その上限高度は,東の国府津-松田断層が位置する森戸川低地に向かって序々に沈降する.相模トラフの南西側に位置する伊豆半島では,約6,000yrs BPの旧汀線を示す証拠を陸上で見出だすことができず,縄文海進は半島北部で約4,000yrs BP,南部では約3,000～2,000yrs BPまで存続していて,その後に隆起に変わっている.相模湾沿岸の溺れ谷低地の海成層中には,多くの津波堆積層の介在が確認され,その形成年代から沿岸に分布する海成段丘の離水時期を解明する手掛かりが得られた.今後は,この研究手法によって相模湾沿岸の詳しい地殻変動史を明らかにすることができよう.
The Deep Structure of Culture: Relevance of Traditional African Culture in Contemporary Life

Culture defined as the total way of life of a people, is somewhat indestructible. As long as there are people they will have a way of life. Culture determines quality of life in large measure. The importance of cultural identity to people of African descent has been emphasized repeatedly (Asante, 1983; Cruse, 1967; Karenga, 1983). Part of what is being responded to is what Nobles (1976) describes as the "conceptual incarceration" of black people in a hegemonous European-American-oriented culture.
Coping with terrorism

Terrorism has emerged as a tool of low-intensity conflict used to undermine Western and moderate governments. There is evidence that the US faces a new threshold of terrorist threat both at home and abroad because the tools are available, media attention is global and often undisciplined, and the motives for terrorist attack span a wide spectrum. The US has no internal consensus of how to respond to acts of terrorism. The goal of the terrorists is to erode faith in the government and the democratic system. The author analyzes the threat and examines opportunities for an adequate response. Among his recommendations are to make infrastructure networks more robust and less vulnerable, the use of new technologies that enhance security, clear guidelines for intelligence gathering and analysis, specially trained response forces, and political moderation and cooperation.
Stem Cell Research and the Problem of Embryonic Identity

A basic component of moral objections to embryonic stem cell research is the claim that human embryos have the same moral status as typical adult human beings. There is no reason to accept this claim, however, unless adult humans once existed as embryos—that is, unless the developmental history of adult humans contains embryos to which the adults are numerically identical. The purpose of this paper is to argue that there are no such identities, and hence that no adult human being ever existed as an embryo.
Abstract 1495: Regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by claudin-3 and claudin-4.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The mechanisms that control intracellular adhesion are central to the process of invasion and metastasis. Claudin-3 (CLDN3) and claudin-4 (CLDN4) are major structural molecules of the tight junctions that link epithelial cells. Our prior work has demonstrated that knockdown of the expression of either CLDN3 or CLDN4 produces marked changes in the phenotype of ovarian carcinoma cells including increases in growth rate in vivo, migration, invasion, metastasis and drug resistance, similar to those produced by the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We postulated that these changes may result from the ability of CLDN3 or CLDN4 to suppress EMT. In this study we found that knockdown of either CLDN3 or CLDN4 increased cell size and resulted in elongated, fibroblastic morphology. While knockdown of CLDN3 or CLDN4 did not alter the expression of vimentin, it significantly down-regulated the level of E-cadherin and up-regulated N-cadherin expression. Conversely, over-expression of CLDN3 or CLDN4 in a cell line that does not express endogenous CLDN3 or CLDN4 decreased N-cadherin expression. Re-expression of E-cadherin in the CLDN3 or CLDN4 knockdown cells reduced migration, invasion and tumor growth in vivo. Loss of either CLDN3 or CLDN4 resulted in activation of the PI3K pathway as evidenced by increased Akt phosphorylation, and up-regulation of the mRNA and protein levels of the transcription factor Twist. Taken together, these findings suggest that CLDN3 and CLDN4 function in the ovarian cancer cells to sustain an epithelial phenotype and that their loss promotes EMT. Citation Format: Xiying Shang, Xinjian Lin, Gerald Manorek, Stephen Howell. Regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by claudin-3 and claudin-4. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1495. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1495 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Wide angular aperture lithium niobate acousto-optic Bragg cells

A new design for a wide angular aperture Lithium Niobate acousto-optic Bragg cell is proposed. Parallel tangents, beam steering, and an acousto-optic interaction in a rotated 60 degree(s)-YZ plane are used simultaneously, which enhances the product of acceptance angle, bandwidth, and diffraction efficiency to be larger than that of isotropic acousto-optic Bragg cells by more than one order of magnitude. The analysis and optimum design procedure for acoustic beam steering in birefringent acousto-optic diffraction with the parallel tangents condition fulfilled is established and is essential for obtaining the maximum value of the above mentioned product. The acousto-optic interaction in the rotated YZ plane is analyzed and is important to obtain high diffraction efficiency for most cases where the parallel tangents condition is used. The optimal design of a wide angular aperture Lithium Niobate device working at 514.5 nm and with a center frequency of 150 MHz is carried out and is being fabricated.
Update on advanced imaging options for thyroid-associated orbitopathy

Thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) is a diverse spectrum of signs and symptoms that appears to have immunologic and pathologic causative factors as diverse as its clinical presentations. Lymphocytes, hormones, and cytokines affect orbital fibroblasts and other similar cells, which exert their effects on orbital tissues, including the extraocular muscles, orbital fat, and optic nerve. This complicated inflammatory cascade and the myriad of clinical findings that result contributes to the active phase of TAO. The distinction between the active and inactive phases of TAO is an important one, as the proper treatment will depend on the disease phase and degree thereof. Several clinical grading scales and scores have been established to help qualify and quantify the disease severity. Aiding clinical exam and acumen, proper and reproducible imaging of the orbit and ocular adnexa is incredibly important to the management of TAO. Orbital ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and scintigraphy each have unique abilities, including quantifying orbital changes, assessing disease activity, correlating orbital findings with clinical changes, guiding appropriate treatment, and monitoring therapeutic responses. Further, study ease, accessibility, cost, sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and risks are all important considerations in picking the right test with which to diagnose and follow TAO. This analysis will provide a review of orbital imaging for TAO, including the mechanism of each imaging technique as well as their rationales, advantages, disadvantages, and utilities.
Southern Gothic and Spatial Form in Naslund's Four Spirits

In the comic book, Dracula's fingernails were pointed like a woman's so he could gouge. Ryder removed his hand and slowly took his fingertips to his lips. He didn't want her to notice he was tastin...
Spectroscopic Analysis of Southern Pine Treated with Chromater Copper Arsenate. I. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)-17

Abstract The amount of southern pine lumber treated with chromated copper arsenate annually is considerable, yet the association of this preservative with the wood structure is not clear. The current study was undertaken to elucidate the nature of chemical reactions occurring between the components of the treating solution and the constituents of wood. Small, clear Southern pine samples were treated with six different preservative solutions (Cr; Cr/Cu; Cr/As; CCA-A; CCA-B; CCA-C), at 6.4 and 40 Kg/m3 (0.4 and 2.5 pcf) retentions, and compared to water treated and untreated controls. Samples were dried following treatment and analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Evaluation of XPS data indicated that the preservative components reacted with wood, through aromatic and possibly alkene substitution, while oxidation of hydroxyl groups was not detected. The proposed wood/CCA bonding also offers an explanation for differences in hardwood and softwood durability following treatment.
Evaluation of main-crop stubble height on ratoon rice growth and development

Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) ratooning is the production of a second rice crop from the stubble left behind after the main-crop harvest. Lowering the main-crop stubble height by harvesting the main crop at a lower than traditional height is believed to alter growth parameters and increase ratoon yields. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of main-crop stubble height on ratoon grain yield, agronomics, and cumulative/weekly panicle growth parameters (density, point of origin, and weight). Main-crop ‘Cocodrie’ and ‘Trenasse’ rice cultivars were harvested to leave either a 40- or 20-cm stubble height. When the main-crop stubble was harvested at 20 cm, ratoon rice grain yield in 2007 was increased by 375 and 190 kg ha−1 for Cocodrie and Trenasse, respectively. Yield was not improved in 2006 using the low (20 cm) harvest height. The yield advantage in 2007 was associated with the increased weight of the basal panicles when the main crop was harvested at 20 cm. When the main-crop stubble was 20 cm, basal and axial panicle points of origin were numerically similar 5 weeks after main-crop harvest (WAH), while panicles originating from basal nodes were predominant 6 WAH and beyond. In contrast, when the main-crop stubble was 40 cm, approximately 75% of the emerged panicles originated from axial nodes 5 WAH, panicles from both axial and basal points of origin were nearly identical 6 WAH, and basal panicles were dominant thereafter. Results from this study indicate that when the initial stubble height is reduced from 40 to 20 cm the growth of the ratoon crop is altered by shifting panicle point of origin during the early growth period and delaying maturity.
International health fellowship: A proposed curriculum for emergency physicians

There are a growing number of emergency physicians (EPs) working in health care abroad. There are, however, no formal training programs for EPs in international health. An International Health Fellowship has been developed to provide training for EPs in public health and international medicine. The fundamental competencies of a fellow completing the International Health Fellowship include assessment of medical need, program development, integration of programs into the existing health care framework, and evaluation of projects. This article outlines the philosophy of a training program in international health, provides an overview of the goals and objectives for such a program, and describes the development of an existing fellowship. The International Health Fellowship will develop leaders in the field of global health by combining clinical expertise, practical field experience, formal public health training, and research and education in international health. Physicians completing a fellowship will be prepared to work within foreign health systems to develop, integrate, and evaluate health care programs on an international scale.
Protein entrainment during baker's yeast fermentation on a semi-solid substrate in an air-fluidized bed fermentor

Baker's yeast was grown on a semi-solid substrate (homogenized whole potatoes) in an air-fluidized bed fermentor, in which a rapid stream of air simultaneously supplied oxygen and mixed the semi-solid substrate. The potato starch was converted to reducing sugars by α-amylase (from Aspergillus). During the course of the batch fermentation, some secreted yeast proteins were trapped by sparging the effluent air into a water chamber. Surprisingly, neither the α-amylase nor the potato proteins were the most predominant proteins carried over to the overhead collector during the 24 h run, even though they were the most abundant proteins in the fermentation mash. Fractionation of the yeast-produced proteins during this carry-over process is described, based on gel electrophoresis analyses of both the carried-over proteins and the extracellular proteins in the fermentation bed. Effects of the operating variables on the extracellular protein levels in the fermentation bed and the proteins in the overhead collector are also discussed.
15 KJ Flash Lamp, Power Conditioning Unit designed for safety, reliability & manufacturability

A 15kJoule, Flash Lamp Power Conditioning Unit has been successfully designed, developed, and deployed in the National Ignition Facility (NIF) Preamplifier Modules (PAM). The primary design philosophy of this power conditioning unit (PCU) is safety, reliability, and manufacturability. Cost reduction over commercially equivalent systems was also achieved through an easily manufactured packaging design optimized to meet NIF requirements. While still maintaining low cost, the PCU design includes a robust control system, fault diagnostic system, and safety features. The pulsed power design includes 6 PFN modules, each including a dual series injection trigger transformer, that drive a total of 12 flash lamp loads. The lamps are individually triggered via a 20kV pulse produced by a 1kV, MCT switched capacitive discharge unit on the primary side of the trigger transformer. The remote control interface includes an embedded controller that captures flash lamp current wave forms and fault status for each shot. The embedded controller provides the flexibility of remotely adjusting both the main drive voltage from 1.6 to 2.5 kV and the trigger voltage from 0 to 20 kV.
Super-criticality revisited

Critical path analysis has been suggested as a technique for establishing a lower bound on the completion times of parallel discrete event simulations. A protocol is super-critical if there is at least one simulation that can complete in less than the critical path time using that protocol. Previous studies have shown that several practical protocols are super-critical while others are not. We present a sufficient condition to demonstrate that a protocol is super-criticality. It has been claimed that super-criticality requires independence of one or more messages (states) on events in the logical past of those messages (states). We present an example which contradicts this claim and examine the implications of this contradiction on lower bounds.
Cdc42: An Essential Rho-Type GTPase Controlling Eukaryotic Cell Polarity

Cdc42p is an essential GTPase that belongs to the Rho/Rac subfamily of Ras-like GTPases. These proteins act as molecular switches by responding to exogenous and/or endogenous signals and relaying those signals to activate downstream components of a biological pathway. The 11 current members ofthe Cdc42p family display between 75 and 100% amino acid identity and are functional as well as structural homologs. Cdc42p transduces signals to the actin cytoskeleton to initiate and maintain polarized gorwth and to mitogen-activated protein morphogenesis. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cdc42p plays an important role in multiple actin-dependent morphogenetic events such as bud emergence, mating-projection formation, and pseudohyphal growth. In mammalian cells, Cdc42p regulates a variety of actin-dependent events and induces the JNK/SAPK protein kinase cascade, which leads to the activation of transcription factors within the nucleus. Cdc42p mediates these processes through interactions with a myriad of downstream effectors, whose number and regulation we are just starting to understand. In addition, Cdc42p has been implicated in a number of human diseases through interactions with its regulators and downstream effectors. While much is known about Cdc42p sturcture and functional interactions, little is known about the mechanism(s) by which it transduces signals within the cell. Future research sould focus on this question as well as on the detailed analysis of the interactions of Cdc42p with its regulators and downstream effectors.
Low-Authority Controller Design by Means of Convex Optimization

The premise in low-authority control is that the actuators have limited authority and hence cannot signiecantly shift the eigenvalues of the system. As a result, the closed-loop eigenvalues can be well approximated analytically by perturbation theory. These analytical approximations may sufece to predict the behavior of the closed-loop systeminpractice.Weshowthat suchapproximationscanbeused tocastlow-authoritycontrollerdesignproblems for different objectives as convex optimization problems that can be solved efeciently in practice by using recently developed interior-point methods. Also, we show that, by optimizing the l1 norm of the feedback gains, we can arriveat sparsedesigns, i.e., designs inwhich only asmall number of the control gains are nonzero. Thus, in effect, we can also solve actuator/sensor placement or controller architecture design problems. Examples are also given that demonstrate the effectiveness of the design method.
A passion for the nation: Masculinity, modernity, and nationalist struggle

In the mid-1990s, young Polynesian men emerged at the frontlines of proindependence sentiment and mobilization in the Society Islands of France's “overseas territory,” French Polynesia. In this article, I ask why. In pursuing that question, I argue for the theoretical and empirical productivity of shifting the associations between masculinity and nationalist struggle out of the realm of common sense and into that of the sociological; that is, of moving away from the analytics of gender foundationalism and into interrogations of the very social processes through which gender differences, masculinities more specifically, are produced. Through ethnographic analysis of gendered labor practices and their mediation by and through households, I track how young men's positioning within those most local arenas of social action shaped their engagements with competing local formulations of “tradition” and “modernity” and, through those engagements, their commitments to large-scale nationalist struggle.
Inhibition of hepatitis C virus-directed gene expression by a DNA ribonuclease.

Abstract Background/Aims: The aim of this study was to determine whether DNA analogs of ribozymes could be prepared to inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) gene expression. Methods: Two DNA ribonucleases, Dz2 and Dz4, were designed with varying arm lengths, to cleave at the 5′-noncoding region (NCR) just upstream from the translation start site, and core region of HCV genome, respectively. A reporter vector was prepared to contain target HCV regulatory sequences controlling a downstream luciferase gene. DNA ribonucleases with normal phosphodiester, as well as with terminal phosphorothioate linkages, were administered to Huh7 cells, and luciferase activity was measured. Results: DNA ribonucleases were highly active in cleaving HCV RNA targets. Enzymes with longer arms had consistently higher cleavage activity compared to enzymes with shorter arms under cell-free conditions. Furthermore, in Huh7 cells, terminal phosphorothioate derivatives, Dz2 and Dz4, significantly suppressed HCV-luciferase fusion gene expression up to 45% and 67% of controls, respectively. Interestingly, phosphorothioate-modified DNA ribonucleases had greater inhibitory effects on target gene expression than their unmodified counterparts. In contrast, DNA ribonucleases with point mutations in the catalytic domain had significantly lower inhibitory effects compared to wild-type DNA ribonucleases. However, activity was not eliminated, suggesting that some antisense contribution was present. Conclusions: DNA ribonucleases directed against the HCV genome can specifically cleave target HCV RNA. Modifications of the extreme 3′- and 5′-termini protect against nuclease degradation without appreciable reduction in inhibitory activity against viral gene expression under intracellular conditions.