cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 15918: Race-specific Risk Factors for Sudden Cardiac Death

Introduction: Incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is higher among blacks compared to whites, and occurs at a significantly younger age. Black SCD cases are also more likely than white SCD cases...
Clinical Utility of Bone Marrow Culture

Standardized culture of bone marrow in soft agar permits the detection of a population of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-c). A spectrum of qualitative abnormalities serves to distinguish myeloid leukemic CFU-c from normal and remission populations. These abnormalities in maturation and proliferation are diagnostic of a myeloid leukemic state and serve to functionally reclassify acute myeloid leukemia at diagnosis into a number of categories based on in vitro growth pattern. The virtue of this classification is that it permits detection of a substantial number of patients who are refractory to conventional remission induction protocols. The clear distinction between normal and leukemic growth in vitro permits early detection of emerging remission CFU-c during induction therapy and of early onset of relapse in patients who are otherwise in complete remission. In patients with leukemia undergoing allogeneic bone marrow engraftment, marrow culture has proved of value in documenting the reconstitution of the patient and in detecting re-emergence of the original leukemic stem line prior to its detection by cytogenetic and hematological techniques.
An Analysis of Toque Macaque Cohesion Calls from an Ecological Perspective

The manner in which individuals in social groups space themselves in relation to each other and to other groups partly reflects how they might share limiting resources with one another, select their mates, care for their young, and protect one another against predators or resource competitors. Within most primate societies, not all members are equally privileged in using the groups’ available resources, be it food, water, mates, or refuges. Dominance hierarchies, determined by the social histories among group members, reflect which families, peer groups or similar cliques, and which individuals within such subgroupings, are more privileged than others. Competition and cooperation among group members are especially strongly expressed in relation to the exploitation and sharing of food resources. Hence, an individual’s choice of social partners, especially during foraging, may strongly influence its chances of surviving and reproducing (Dittus 1977a, 1986).
NMR Studies of Borates

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of the structure of glasses have been carried out at Brown University for some twenty years(1–24). Much of the work has involved the use of B11 NMR spectra to identify BO3 and BO4 units in binary borate glasses and to determine quantitatively the fraction N4 of four-coordinated boron in the glasses. Recent work has extended the systems to silicate glasses, ternary systems, oxygen bonding in glasses, and the identification in borate glasses of the large structural groupings found in the crystalline borate compounds. The studies of borate glasses lend strong support to the model of borate glasses proposed by Jan Krogh-Moe(25). These recent developments in NMR studies of borate glasses are summarized in this paper after presentation of some basic NMR theory.
Be True to Our Schools-Models of Care in College Mental Health.

To review and synthesize the previous, current, and proposed models of care in college mental health in order to identify best practices that will address the mental health needs of today’s students. To highlight data that supports existing or proposed models and describe areas where more data is needed. Despite the potentially appealing attributes of integrated care, empirical evidence supporting these systems and structures in campus settings is mixed. Recent surveys show less than half of campuses have an integrated mental health care model. Overall, there is only partial consensus on optimal models of campus mental health care. Mental health needs in college student populations are greater and more complex than ever. While the resources available are vast and varied, there is limited evidence to support which models and programs can best meet students’ needs.
Scanning Line Probe Microscopy: Beyond the Point Probe

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques have become indispensable tools for studying nano- and microscale materials and processes but suffer from a trade-off between resolution and areal scan rate that limits their utility for a number of applications and sample types. Here, we present a novel approach to SPM imaging based on combining nonlocal scanning line probes with compressed sensing (CS) signal analysis methods. Using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) as an exemplar SPM technique, we demonstrate this approach using continuous microband electrodes, or line probes, which are used to perform chemical imaging of electrocatalytic Pt discs deposited on an inert substrate. These results demonstrate the potential to achieve high areal SPM imaging rates using nonlocal scanning probes and CS image reconstruction.
Embracing open policies to enable access to information : The Edo State Open Data Portal

This chapter makes the argument that embracing open access to knowledge through open policies enables access to information. It discusses open access to knowledge from a broad view encapsulating access to journal articles, public sector information and educational resources. It posits that underdevelopment in Africa can be addressed amongst other things through open access to knowledge. It explains open access to knowledge as a mechanism for lifting citizens and nations out from under-development to development and explores the experience of the Edo State Government which has set up an Open Data Portal under its Open Government Initiative to demonstrate the fact that open access to knowledge is clearly a tool for development. It explains the establishment of the portal, identifies five policy objectives of the initiative, discusses three overarching deliverables of the initiative and lays out the achievements and outcomes attained. The concluding section of the chapter analyses Africa from a consumer/contributor standpoint. It emphasizes the need for balance in accessing and using available information and strikes a note on the importance of ‘dipping and dropping’ that is, Africa must ensure it is not just being a content consumer/user but also that it is an active contributor to the global pool of content.
Permutation inference distribution for linear regression and related models

ABSTRACTFor linear regression and related models, a permutation inference distribution (PID) is introduced. Like the confidence distribution in the Bayesian/Fiducial/Frequentist inference framework...
Nutrient release from K-feldspar ore altered in hydrothermal conditions

The development of potash materials from local K-bearing resources such as aluminosilicate minerals is desirable to overcome reliance on imported fertilizers in tropical countries. However, the nutrient release from such materials follows a time-dependent profile that is not well-understood and that is significantly different if probed at agronomic or geological timescales. This work investigates the nutrient release from a calcium–aluminum–silicate-hydrate (C–A–S–H) material obtained via hydrothermal alteration of K-feldspar ore and CaO. The C–A–S–H hydrothermal material is subjected to sequential leaching cycles with diluted HNO3 (initial pH = 5), renewing the leaching solution at every cycle. X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) is used to monitor changes in the material mineralogy as the leaching progresses, showing a relative increase of calcite (up to 7 wt%) and amorphous phase (up to 23 wt%). Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) of the leachates is used to monitor the release of K, Ca, Si and Al, and shows that the material releases K nutrient at every leaching cycle. The pH of the leachates shows that as the content of calcite in the material increases a buffering capacity at pH ≈ 9.6 is developed by the material. The mineralogy, nutrient release, and pH results presented in this study suggest a potential application of the material as a slow release fertilizer when compared to KCl. Experimental results also imply that kinetic parameters rather than solubility are more suited to describe the fertilizer value of silicate materials.
Implications of Family Cohesion and Conflict for Adolescent Mood and Well‐Being: Examining Within‐ and Between‐Family Processes on a Daily Timescale

Family-level conflict and cohesion are well-established predictors of adolescent mental health. However, traditional approaches focusing on between-family differences in cohesion and conflict may overlook daily intrafamily variability that might provide important new information. We used data from a 21-day daily diary protocol in a sample of 151 caregivers (95.3% female) and their adolescent child (61.5% female) in two-caregiver families to test whether daily changes in family functioning are associated with daily changes in adolescent well-being and whether adolescent well-being depends on average levels of family functioning. We examined family cohesion and conflict in relation to adolescent angry, depressed, and anxious mood, as well as happiness, life satisfaction, and meaning and purpose in life in multilevel models. Both cohesion and conflict exhibited meaningful daily variation. Adolescent-reported cohesion and conflict had unique within-family associations with all six adolescent outcomes. Models using parent reports of family functioning yielded fewer associations than models with adolescent reports; however, several findings remained. Cross-level interactions indicated that within-family variations in cohesion were only associated with adolescent depression in families with lower average levels of cohesion across days. In sum, this study provides compelling evidence that families exhibit meaningful variability from day to day and that daily variation has important implications for adolescent well-being.
Multi-physics modeling of injected nanoparticles effect on remediation of CO2 leakage through cracks

Abstract One potential risk in CO2 sequestration is the leakage of carbon dioxide, which can result in contamination of underground water, creating potential threats to existing ecosystems. The common leakage pathway is through the pre-existing fractures or discontinuities within cement in the wellbore, incurred by the environmental conditions imposed on the cement. Injecting nanoparticles into pre-existing cracks is one of the most recently proposed ideas for mitigating fracture propagation in cement CO2 sequestration. To demonstrate the feasibility of this new technology, a numerical approach was taken in this work, as it is challenging to investigate it in a laboratory setting. We proposed a coupled ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian)–DEM (Discrete Element Method)–peridynamic modeling strategy within the LS-Dyna package to investigate the intertwined interaction among the CO2 fluid flow, native fluid (e.g., brine), particle clusters, and cracks within the cement. The numerical results demonstrate that injected nanoparticles can effectively reduce the pressure exerted on the crack surface. Accordingly, the potential fracture propagation at the crack tip would be reduced compared to corresponding cases without nanoparticels as pressurized by fluid flow. This result verifies the effectiveness of proposed nanoparticle injection technology. Finally, using this established modeling strategy, the effect of filling particles on the fracture mitigation for different crack geometries (e.g. particle cluster patterns, aspect ratio of crack aperture and length) and CO2 reservoir pressure are examined. The result shows that injected particles successfully reduce the fracture propagation in these scenarios.
Clinical Outcomes and Immunologic Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

We performed a retrospective study of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). PWH with COVID-19 demonstrated severe lymphopenia and decreased CD4+ T cell counts. Levels of inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, D-dimer, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, and tumor necrosis factor α were commonly elevated. In all, 19 of 72 hospitalized individuals (26.4%) died and 53 (73.6%) recovered. PWH who died had higher levels of inflammatory markers and more severe lymphopenia than those who recovered. These findings suggest that PWH remain at risk for severe manifestations of COVID-19 despite antiretroviral therapy and that those with increased markers of inflammation and immune dysregulation are at risk for worse outcomes.
Hiding DRAM Refresh Overhead in Real-Time Cyclic Executives

Real-time systems with hard timing constrains require known upper bounds on each task's worst-case execution time (WCET) to determine if all deadlines can be met. One challenge in predictable execution is that Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) cells must be refreshed periodically to maintain data validity, yet memory remains blocked during refresh, which results in overly pessimistic WCET bounds. This work contributes "Colored Refresh" to hide DRAM refresh overhead while preserving real-time schedulability for cyclic executives, which are widely used in highly critical systems. Colored Refresh partitions DRAM memory at rank granularity such that refreshes rotate round-robin from rank to rank. Real-time tasks are assigned different ranks via colored memory allocation. By cooperatively scheduling real-time tasks and refresh operations, memory requests no longer suffer from refresh interference. This reduces memory access latencies for tasks irrespective of DRAM density and size. Hence, Colored Refresh reduces a task's WCET and makes its execution more predictable.
Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion.

Purpose of review To review recent evidence evaluating the long-term safety and efficacy outcomes of left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO), current guideline recommendations for LAAO use, performance of LAAO in comparison with direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) and recently approved LAAO device. Recent findings The last 18 months have been marked with increasing evidence of the utility of LAAO in patients who are not candidates for long-term oral anticoagulation (OAC). Long-term data from two continued access registries to PROTECT-AF and PREVAIL support LAAO as a safe and effective long-term anticoagulation therapy. This new evidence led to class IIb recommendation for LAAO in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients not eligible for long-term OAC. PRAGUE-17 randomized controlled trial showed LAAO is noninferior to DOAC lending support to use of this modality in current era. PINNACLE FLX trial showed improved implant success and adequate closure rate which led to the device's Food and Drug Administration approval. Summary In conclusion, percutaneous LAAO appears to be a promising option for NVAF patients who are not candidates for long-term OAC in the current era. Further evidence guiding optimal patient selection and periprocedural antithrombotic regimen will help identify the patients who would benefit the most from this procedure.
Single institute experience of intraoperative radiation therapy in early-stage breast cancer.

ABSTRACT Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) is an alternative to whole breast irradiation in selected early-stage breast cancer patients. In this single institute analysis, we report the preliminary results of IORT given by Axxent Electronic Brachytherapy (eBT) system.Patients treated with lumpectomy and eBT within a minimum follow-up period of 12 months were analyzed. Eligible criteria include being over the age of 45, having unifocal invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) or ductal carcinoma in situ <3 cm in diameter, not exhibiting lymph node involvement on preoperative images, and negative sentinel lymph node biopsy. The eBT was given by preloaded radiation plans to deliver a single fraction of 20 Gray (Gy) right after lumpectomy.From January 2016 to April 2019, a total of 103 patients were collected. There were 78 patients with IDC and 25 with ductal carcinoma in situ. At a mean follow-up time of 31.1 months (range, 14.5-54.0 months), the local control rate was 98.1%. Two IDC patients had tumor recurrences (1 local and 1 regional failure). Post-IORT radiotherapy was given to 4 patients. There were no cancer related deaths, no distant metastases, and treatment side effects greater than grade 3 documented.We report the largest single institute analysis using the eBT system in Taiwan. The low recurrence and complication rates at a 31.1 month follow-up time support the use of the eBT system in selected early-stage breast cancer patients.
Radiofrequency ablation and vertebral augmentation for palliation of painful spinal metastases

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and vertebral augmentation is an emerging combination therapy for painful osseous metastases that cannot be or are incompletely palliated with radiation therapy. Herein, we report our experience performing RFA and vertebral augmentation of spinal metastases for pain palliation. Institutional review board approval was obtained to retrospectively review our tumor ablation database for all patients who underwent RFA of osseous metastases between April 2012 and July 2014. Patient demographics, lesion characteristics, concurrent palliative therapies, and complications were recorded. Pre- and post-procedure mean worst pain scores 1 and 4 weeks after treatment were measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (10-point scale) and compared. During the study period, 72 RFA treatments of 110 spinal metastases were performed. Eighty one percent (89/110) of metastases involved the posterior vertebral body and 45 % (49/110) involved the pedicles. Vertebral augmentation was performed after 95 % (105/110) of ablations. Mean and median pre-procedure pain scores were 8.0 ± 1.9 and 8.0, respectively. Patients reported clinically significant decreased pain scores at both 1-week (mean, 3.9 ± 3.0; median, 3.25; P < 0.0001) and 4-week (mean, 2.9 ± 3.0; median, 2.75; P < 0.0001) follow-up. No major complications occurred related to RFA and there were no instances of symptomatic cement extravasation. Combination RFA and vertebral augmentation is a safe and effective therapy for palliation of painful spinal metastases, including tumor involving the posterior vertebral body and/or pedicles.
Polymer Melt Processing: Foundations in Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer

1. Polymer processing 2. Fundamentals 3. Extrusion 4. Temperature and pressure effects in flow 5. The thin gap approximation 6. Quasi-steady analysis of mold filling 7. Fiber spinning 8. Numerical simulation 9. Polymer melt rheology 10. Viscoelasticity in processing flows 11. Stability and sensitivity 12. Wall slip and extrusion 13. Structured fluids 14. Mixing and dispersion.
Protein kinase C and the stimulation of tissue plasminogen activator release from human endothelial cells. Dependence on the elevation of messenger RNA.

Abstract Tumor-promoting phorbol esters stimulate tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) release from human endothelial cells, and simultaneous elevation of cyclic AMP potentiates this response 5-fold (Santell, L., and Levin, E. G. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 16802-16808). A similar effect on tPA mRNA was observed, with phorbol myristate acetate inducing a 3.5-fold increase in steady state tPA mRNA levels and forskolin enhancing that increase to 25-fold. Peak levels occurred at 8 h after agonist addition and returned to baseline levels by 16 h. As was found with tPA antigen secretion, delayed addition of forskolin reduced the level of potentiation, and, at 6 h after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), forskolin was no longer effective. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide did not inhibit the rise in tPA mRNA levels in response to PMA/forskolin nor the decline in mRNA levels between 8 and 12 h. However, peak levels (8 h) were approximately 1.5-fold higher than in cultures not treated with cycloheximide. The effect of two inhibitors of protein kinases, H-7 and staurosporine, on PMA-induced tPA antigen secretion and tPA mRNA levels were examined. H-7 and staurosporine inhibited PMA, and PMA/forskolin induced tPA secretion in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was time-dependent; the inhibitory effect was reduced with delayed H-7 addition, and, by 6 h after PMA treatment, no inhibition was observed. H-7 and staurosporine also inhibited the PMA/forskolin-induced increase in tPA mRNA levels and were less effective the later they were added. The same time-dependent effect on the potentiation of PMA-induced tPA mRNA levels by forskolin was observed. Again, delayed addition reduced the effect, and, by 6 h, potentiation was absent. The results of this study indicate that changes in mRNA levels in response to PMA and PMA/forskolin precede and determine those that occur to tPA antigen secretion. In addition, the maximal response is dependent upon the prolonged activation of an H-7- and cAMP-sensitive pathway.
OpenAD : algorithm implementation user guide.

Research in automatic differentiation has led to a number of tools that implement various approaches and algorithms for the most important programming languages. While all these tools have the same mathematical underpinnings, the actual implementations have little in common and mostly are specialized for a particular programming language, compiler internal representation, or purpose. This specialization does not promote an open test bed for experimentation with new algorithms that arise from exploiting structural properties of numerical codes in a source transformation context. OpenAD is being designed to fill this need by providing a framework that allows for relative ease in the implementation of algorithms that operate on a representation of the numerical kernel of a program. Language independence is achieved by using an intermediate XML format and the abstraction of common compiler analyses in Open-Analysis. The intermediate format is mapped to concrete programming languages via two front/back end combinations. The design allows for reuse and combination of already implemented algorithms. We describe the set of algorithms and basic functionality currently implemented in OpenAD and explain the necessary steps to add a new algorithm to the framework.
3-D nano-fiber manufacturing by controlled pulling of liquid polymers using nano-probes

In-addition to the applications of imaging and characterization, proximal probes are proposed to be used three-dimensional (3-D) nano-scale manufacturing tools in this paper. Commercially available Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) systems are mainly limited to 1-D or 2-D manipulation tasks, and advanced 3-D nano-manufacturing applications are not possible. Therefore, this paper proposes 3-D nano-scale manipulation of liquid polymer nano-fibers by using precise positioning and temperature control. AFM nano-probe is used to pull or extrude thermoset or thermoplastic polymers precisely to fabricate 3-D polymer nano-fiber structures. A liquid SU-8 polymer structure bridge between the probe tip and a substrate is held when pulling the probe from the surface with controlled speed and position. For thermoset polymer, by heating the substrate and moving the AFM probe tip in a precise 3-D trajectory, the liquid fiber is cured in real-time while a predetermined 3-D shape is constructed. To model the curing of thermoset resins a three dimensional transient heat transfer scheme using Alternate Direction Implicit (ADI) finite volume method has been developed which numerically simulates the kinetics of cure, specifically the exothermic heat given out during the cure reaction of thermosetting resin.
Integration, Disintegration and the Protection of Competition: Of Images, Stories and Myths

As events in Europe have unfolded over the last year, the contrast between political disintegration in the post-socialist world and the integration of states in Western Europe has become increasingly stark. The Soviet Union, one of the world's superpowers, has disintegrated, together with its empire, while in Europe independent states have become increasingly interwoven in the legal structure of the European Communities. The juxtaposition of these two seemingly contradictory processes often has seemed perplexing.My claim here is that at the core of both of these processes is an image rooted in a story becoming a myth. The image is of a particular relationship between law and economic activity in which competition and the free market create wealth, and law assures that such wealth will be acquired fairly and distributed equitably. The story is of the reconstruction of Europe in the wake of the Second World War. This story has acquired mythic status, and understanding it provides critical insights into the apparent contradictions in contemporary Europe.In this interpretive Essay, then, I seek to: (1) better understand these two world-changing processes, (2) identify and analyze the important and often neglected roles that law is playing in these processes, and (3) demonstrate the potential value of using narrative-imagery analysis in areas such as economic law that generally have been reserved for more conventional forms of legal thought.
Hausdorff dimensions for sets with broken scaling symmetry

Based on Hausdorff's original approach to fractional dimensions, we study systems which are not sufficiently characterized by their ''fractal'' or scaling dimension. We construct informative examples of such sets and relate them to sets observed in the context of dynamical systems. 18 refs., 5 figs.
Anonymous nuclear markers for the eastern fence lizard, Sceloporus undulatus

We present results from a screen for de novo variable nuclear loci using a genomic library approach in Sceloporus undulatus, the eastern fence lizard. We tested amplification success for 77 primer pairs in S. undulatus, Sceloporus occidentalis and Sceloporus grammicus. Many loci amplified in all three species suggesting that our primers will be useful for developing sequencing or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping markers in other sceloporine lizards. We also sequenced 19 loci, containing 158 variable sites, for 91 S. undulatus individuals. We report high levels of nucleotide variation in this species with an average of 38 SNPs per kilobase.
Radionuclide ejection fraction: A technique for quantitative analysis of motor function of the human gallbladder

Abstract A new noninvasive technique for the measurement of the gallbladder evacuation quantitatively is described. By using a radioactive bile marker [ 99m Tc]HIDA, the evacuation of the gallbladder is measured nongeometrically in terms of ejection fraction (fractional bile volume emptied from the gallbladder) and ejection rate (dv/dt). The counts and volume in an in vitro gallbladder phantom under pin-hole collimator geometry show a linear relationship (r = 0.998) enabling the replacement of gallbladder bile volume by bile counts before and after evacuation. The counts ejection-fraction shows a high degree of correlation (r = 0.998) with the measured-volume method. The movement of the gallbladder during respiration does not effect the measurement of ejection fraction. The technique allows simultaneous imaging and quantitation, and it is highly reproducible, carrying an interobserver and reproducibility mean error of 5%. This technique is suitable for studying the motor functions of the gallbladder and the effects of various pharmacologic agents on its evacuation. The clinical usefulness of the technique requires further testing.
Yeast homologous recombination-based promoter engineering for the activation of silent natural product biosynthetic gene clusters.

Large-scale sequencing of prokaryotic (meta)genomic DNA suggests that most bacterial natural product gene clusters are not expressed under common laboratory culture conditions. Silent gene clusters represent a promising resource for natural product discovery and the development of a new generation of therapeutics. Unfortunately, the characterization of molecules encoded by these clusters is hampered owing to our inability to express these gene clusters in the laboratory. To address this bottleneck, we have developed a promoter-engineering platform to transcriptionally activate silent gene clusters in a model heterologous host. Our approach uses yeast homologous recombination, an auxotrophy complementation-based yeast selection system and sequence orthogonal promoter cassettes to exchange all native promoters in silent gene clusters with constitutively active promoters. As part of this platform, we constructed and validated a set of bidirectional promoter cassettes consisting of orthogonal promoter sequences, Streptomyces ribosome binding sites, and yeast selectable marker genes. Using these tools we demonstrate the ability to simultaneously insert multiple promoter cassettes into a gene cluster, thereby expediting the reengineering process. We apply this method to model active and silent gene clusters (rebeccamycin and tetarimycin) and to the silent, cryptic pseudogene-containing, environmental DNA-derived Lzr gene cluster. Complete promoter refactoring and targeted gene exchange in this “dead” cluster led to the discovery of potent indolotryptoline antiproliferative agents, lazarimides A and B. This potentially scalable and cost-effective promoter reengineering platform should streamline the discovery of natural products from silent natural product biosynthetic gene clusters.
Autonomy and machine intelligence in complex systems: A tutorial

This tutorial paper will discuss the development of novel state-of-the-art control approaches and theory for complex systems based on machine intelligence in order to enable full autonomy. Given the presence of modeling uncertainties, the unavailability of the model, the possibility of cooperative/non-cooperative goals and malicious attacks compromising the security of teams of complex systems, there is a need for approaches that respond to situations not programmed or anticipated in design. Unfortunately, existing schemes for complex systems do not take into account recent advances of machine intelligence. We shall discuss on how to be inspired by the human brain and combine interdisciplinary ideas from different fields, i.e. computational intelligence, game theory, control theory, and information theory to develop new self-configuring algorithms for decision and control given the unavailability of model, the presence of enemy components and the possibility of network attacks. Due to the adaptive nature of the algorithms, the complex systems will be capable of breaking or splitting into parts that are themselves autonomous and resilient. The algorithms discussed will be characterized by strong abilities of learning and adaptivity. As a result, the complex systems will be fully autonomous, and tolerant to communication failures.
Does Stroke Contribute to Racial Differences in Cognitive Decline

Background and Purpose—It is unknown whether blacks’ elevated risk of dementia is because of racial differences in acute stroke, the impact of stroke on cognitive health, or other factors. We investigated whether racial differences in cognitive decline are explained by differences in the frequency or impact of incident stroke between blacks and whites, controlling for baseline cognition. Methods—Among 4908 black and white participants aged ≥65 years free of stroke and cognitive impairment in the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study with linked Medicare data (1998–2010), we examined longitudinal changes in global cognition (modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status) by race, before and after adjusting for time-dependent incident stroke followed by a race-by-incident stroke interaction term, using linear mixed-effects models that included fixed effects of participant demographics, clinical factors, and cognition, and random effects for intercept and slope for time. Re...
Electrical Properties of Fibres from Stridulatory and Flight Muscles of a Tettigoniid

1. 1. The mesothoracic dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) of the katydid Neoconocephalus robustus is used in stridulation and flight; the metathoracic DLM is used in flight only. The DLM's in the two segments have radically different maximum operating frequencies, 200 Hz for the mesothoracic muscle during stridulation and 20 Hz for the metathoracic muscle during flight. 2. 2. Cable analysis was used to determine the passive electrical properties of mesothoracic and metathoracic DLM fibres. Fibres in the two segments are of similar diameter and have similar sarcoplasmic resistivity. The apparent membrane resistance is lower, the apparent membrane capacitance higher, and the time constant shorter in mesothoracic fibres than in the metathoracic homologues. 3. 3. The depolarization evoked by neural stimulation in both mesothoracic and metathoracic fibres is principally an excitatory junctional potential (e.j.p.) with little or no contribution from voltage-dependent, inward current channels. At short interstimulus intervals the second e.j.p. of a pair is reduced in amplitude relative to the first e.j.p. The period of e.j.p. depression is shorter in mesothoracic than in metathoracic fibres. It is suggested that the faster recovery of e.j.p.'s in mesothoracic fibres is due to more rapid recovery of the transmitter release mechanism in their motorneurones. 4. 4. In mesothoracic but not metathoracic fibres the voltage response to large depolarizing currents is usually oscillatory, and the recovery of e.j.p. amplitude as a function of time in paired shock experiments is sometimes oscillatory. The oscillation frequency is 250–300 Hz (35 °C) which is higher than the natural operating frequency of the muscle.
A comparison of stresses in armor joints with and without interlayers

Post-fabrication and operating stresses in heat sinks with a 1 mm compliant layer (or no interlayer) between tungsten armor and a CuCrZr channel were analyzed with a 2D finite element model with temperature dependent properties, generalized plane strain, and strain hardening.
Effect of intraocular lens glistening size on visual quality

Purpose To determine whether intraocular glistenings have an impact on light scatter and visual function. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Pseudophakic patients with visual acuity no worse than 0.02 logMAR and no ocular pathology were enrolled. All had received a single-piece high-refractive-index acrylic intraocular lens (IOL). All IOLs were photographed, and glistenings were analyzed for size and density. Outcome measures included logMAR corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), mesopic 10% contrast logMAR CDVA with and without glare, and straylight determination with a straylight meter (C Quant log). Results All 79 patients had glistenings within 2 diameter groups: 6 to 25 μm and over 25 μm. Linear regression for the nonstratified group was significant for IOL glistening size versus contrast visual acuity with glare. Linear regression for the 6 to 25 μm group was significant for a measure of severity index (%area) versus the straylight meter measurements, %area/size versus straylight meter measurements, IOL age versus CDVA, IOL age versus contrast visual acuity, and IOL age versus contrast visual acuity with glare. Linear regression for the over 25 μm group was significant for IOL age versus glistening size and %area/size versus contrast visual acuity, and density versus CDVA and contrast visual acuity with glare. Conclusions Glistening %area, at a key size, correlated with random light scatter. The age of the IOL likely affects glistening size and visual parameters. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Atomistic studies of formation and diffusion of helium clusters and bubbles in BCC iron

Abstract In fusion applications, helium created by transmutation plays an important role in the response of reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels to neutron radiation damage. We have performed extensive atomistic simulations using the ORNL three-body Fe–He interatomic potential combined with three interatomic potentials for the iron matrix. Some of the results obtained are summarized in this review. Interstitial helium is very mobile and coalesces together to form interstitial clusters. We have investigated the mobility of these clusters. When an interstitial He cluster reaches sufficient size, it punches out an Fe interstitial, creating an immobile helium–vacancy cluster. If more helium atoms join it, more Fe interstitials can be created; the He–V defect is a nascent bubble. These mechanisms are investigated together in simulations that examine the nucleation of He defects. Mobile interstitial He clusters and helium bubbles 1–6 nm across are also simulated separately. Results are compared based on temperature and interatomic potentials used.
Visual attending preferences in children with autism spectrum disorders: A comparison between live and video presentation modes

Abstract Visual attending patterns of children with ASD differ from those of typically developing (TD) children. Children with ASD spend less time visually attending to relevant people and stimuli than do TD children. Impaired visual attending patterns can greatly decrease the effectiveness of therapy. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of presentation modality on the visual attending profiles of children with ASD and typically developing (TD) peers. In the study, the children watched puppet shows presented in two presentation modes: live (in person) and video. The amount of time that the children visually attended to the puppet shows was measured. Overall, typically developing children visually attended significantly longer to the shows than the children with ASD. Both children with ASD and TD children attended longer to the video presentations than to the live presentations. All of the children with ASD showed a visual preference for the video presentation relative to the live presentation. The results show that visual attending of children with ASD can be influenced by presentation mode. Establishing the variables that increase visual attending may improve the effectiveness of intervention techniques developed for individuals with ASD.
Developing multimedia applications

The history of multimedia is reviewed, and a structured set of recommendations for those wishing to develop their own multimedia applications is provided. These pragmatic, operational recommendations, which are based on three video-disc-based multimedia projects successfully completed inexpensively at the author's institution, are embodied in a multiphased approach. Following a description of the above projects, four projects for developers of multimedia applications are proposed. The goals are, respectively, to gain disc manufacturing experience, work with multimedia application development software, work with existing audio-visual materials to develop a new multimedia application, and develop new audio-visual materials for a new multimedia application. >
A Present Prospect for American Religious Thought

There are students of religious thought (and there are instructors) who speak confidently about methods but are puzzled when asked what these methods should lead people publicly to conclude or publicly to do. Accepted are new forms of discourse; neglected are the public implications of discourse-the new truths, values, and moral practices. If relativism, pluralism, pragmatism, and historicism are to be accepted in humanistic studies, it is not that this by itself is important, but that this suggests how the world has changed and how practices should change. Nevertheless, it is common for both "disinterested" religious studies students and "interested" theological students to neglect the public implications of their religious study. The consequence is that religious studies does not train its students to become good public intellectuals. American students' inattention to large intellectual outcomes and moral actions can be traced to several causes. It can be attributed to the desacralization of the nation (what Robert Bellah calls the broken covenant), which undermines the confidence in the nation that typically has inspired intellectuals' public involvement. It can be attributed to the sacralization of careers (what many call the professionalization of academia), which undermines intellectuals' interest in the publicreally, undermines their interest in virtually anything beyond their profession itself. Finally, it can be attributed to new difficulties in naming our cultural place; it is to this problem that I turn.
Thermoplastic Spatial Light Modulator

Characterization results of the photo-addressed thermoplastic device as an optical spatial light modulator in terms of gray scale and MTF are reported in this paper. Image recording is carried out with the use of a spatial carrier. Measured results indicate MTF response well in excess of 200l/mm.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A taxonomic structure for vehicle routing and scheduling problems

Abstract In this paper, it is shown that the routing and scheduling of vehicles with a nonreal time demand requirement has a reasonable natural taxonomic structure. It is also demonstrated that many vehicle routing and scheduling problems can be classified by their underlying properties in such a way that an algorithm suggested for their solution naturally evolves. Finally, some of the computational difficulties one encounters in implementing routing and scheduling systems on a computer are discussed.
β-Hydroxybutyrate reverses insulin-induced hypoglycemic coma in suckling-weanling mice despite low blood and brain glucose levels

In normal suckling-weanling mice,dl-β-hydroxybutyrate (30 mmol/kg ip) stimulated insulin secretion and reduced plasma glucose levels. In the brains of these animals, glucose levels were tripled due to a reduced rate of glucose utilization (determined by deoxyglucose phosphorylation). Other metabolite changes were compatible with inhibition of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehyde-P-dehydrogenase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities. In contrast to the decrease in cerebral glycolysis, metabolite changes were compatible with an increase in the Krebs citric acid metabolic flux. The brain energy charge was also elevated. While it is generally believed that ketone bodies cannot sustain normal brain metabolism and function in theabsence of glucose,dl-β-hydroxybutyrate (20 or 30 mmol/kg ip) reversed insulin (100 U/kg sc)-induced hypoglycemia despite the persistence of a critically reduced plasma glucose concentration and near-zero brain glucose levels. Metabolic correlates of possible significance in the behavioral recovery from coma were reductions of the elevated levels of brain aspartate to below normal and ammonia levels to normal. Levels of acetyl CoA were unchanged both before and after treatment withβ-Hydroxybutyrate.
Maternal Teaching Behaviors and Temperament in Preschool Children

This research investigated the relationship between young children's temperament and maternal teaching techniques in 20 mother-child dyads. Children's temperament was assessed by mothers' reports on the Behavioral Style Questionnaire. Teaching behaviors, as assessed with the Maternal Teaching Observation Technique, were inquiry, directive, negative verbal feedback, modeling, visual cue, physical affection, positive physical control, and negative physical control Correlations were − .55 to − .60 for activity with mothers' use of verbal cues, children's adaptability and mothers' positive and negative verbal feedback, and children's distractability and mothers' modeling. The need for further research on parent-child interactions is noted.
Simulation of infrared backgrounds using two-dimensional models

Analysis and simulation of smart munitions requires imagery for the munition's sensor to view. The imagery is usually infrared and depicts a target embedded in a background. Mathematical models of such imagery are useful to munitions researchers. A mathematical model can synthesize a test scenario at a cost much less than that of actual data acquisition. To date, most research has focused on the modeling targets. It is essential, however, to test a munition's target acquisition algorithms on images containing targets superimposed on a wide variety of backgrounds. Consequently, there is a need for accurate models of infrared backgrounds. Useful models are difficult to create because of the complexity and diversity of imagery viewed by smart munition sensors. A model of IR backgrounds is presented that will, given a textured image, generate another image. The synthetic image, although distinctly different from the original, has the general visual characteristics and the first and second-order statistics of the original image. In effect, the synthetic image looks like a continuation of the original scene, as if another picture of the scene were taken adjacent to the original. The model is an FIR kernel convolved with an excitation function, noise added to the result, and followed by histogram modification. The paper describes a procedure for deriving the correct FIR kernel using a signal enhancement algorithm, and reports a demonstration of the model in which it is used to mimic several diverse textured images.
Finite-grain message passing concurrent computers

Fine-grain concurrent computers, by operating at a fine grain, increase the amount of concurrency that can be efficiently exploited in a given problem. Programming is simplified because programs may be partitioned into natural units of methods and objects and these objects are addressed uniformly whether they are local or remote. The construction of these machines poses challenging problems in reducing overhead, increasing communication bandwidth, and developing resource management techniques. This paper describes this class of machines, the challenges posed by their construction, and recent progress toward meeting these challenges.
Midgrowth spurt in height of Boston children.

SummaryA mid-childhood growth spurt in height was found in 17 of 67 boys and in 0 of 67 girls followed from age two years to adulthood. The growth spurt was detected analytically from variable knot cubic splines which were fitted to the longitudinal height data of each child.