cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Short-Term Responses to Threats of Terrorism

Two important defensive mechanisms available to governments combating terrorism are warnings and the deployment of physical resources. Warnings are relatively inexpensive to issue but their effectiveness suffers from false alarms. Physical deployments of trained security personnel can directly thwart attacks but are expensive and need to be targeted to specific locations. In this paper, we model the joint optimization of defenses against terrorist attacks based on warnings and physical deployments when there is uncertainty in the timing and location of attacks. We model both private warnings issued to security forces and public warnings broadcast to the general public. By structuring the trade-offs faced by decision makers in a formal way, we try to shed light on an important public policy problem. We show that the interaction between the use of warnings and physical defenses is complex and significant. For public warnings, we also model the possible response of terrorists and show how these responses influence the effectiveness of such warnings.
Combining Mail and E-Mail Contacts to Facilitate Participation in Mixed-Mode Surveys

This study examines how available e-mail addresses can be incorporated into mixed-mode procedures for surveys of the public, especially client groups. Cooperative Extension Service clients provide the basis for analyzing how implementation procedures affect response rates and substantive findings. These clients form three strata based on contact information provided: postal address only, e-mail only, and both. From clients who provided mail and e-mail addresses, four experimental groups were created, including two mixed-mode groups, a mail-only group and an e-mail-only group. Using mail and e-mail addresses to implement a sequence of e-mail and postal invitations in a mixed-mode design resulted in response rates that are equivalent to those for mail-only surveys. Also, clients who provided a postal address only differed on some attributes from those in the other strata. This study demonstrates the benefit of obtaining e-mail addresses and using them in mixed-mode surveys.
Conceptualizations of Short-Range and Long-Range Processes in Apparent Movement:

The two-process distinction in apparent movement posits the existence of competitive `short-range' and `long-range' processes. It was proposed to account for the fact that the visual system seems t...
Proteinase Activity and Receptor Cleavage Mechanism for Insulin Resistance in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

Arterial hypertension is associated with organ dysfunctions, but the mechanisms are uncertain. We hypothesized that enhanced proteolytic activity in the microcirculation of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) may be a pathophysiological mechanism causing cell membrane receptor cleavage and examine this for 2 different receptors. Immunohistochemistry of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-9) protein shows enhanced levels in SHR microvessels, mast cells, and leukocytes compared with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. In vivo microzymography shows cleavage by MMP-1 and -9 in SHRs that colocalizes with MMP-9 and is blocked by metal chelation. SHR plasma also has enhanced protease activity. We demonstrate with an antibody against the extracellular domain that the insulin receptor-α density is reduced in SHRs, in line with elevated blood glucose levels and glycohemoglobin. There is also cleavage of the binding domain of the leukocyte integrin receptor CD18 in line with previously reported reduced leukocyte adhesion. Blockade of MMPs with a broad-acting inhibitor (doxycycline, 5.4 mg/kg per day) reduces protease activity in plasma and microvessels; blocks the proteolytic cleavage of the insulin receptor, the reduced glucose transport; normalizes blood glucose levels and glycohemoglobin levels; and reduces blood pressure and enhanced microvascular oxidative stress of SHRs. The results suggest that elevated MMP activity leads to proteolytic cleavage of membrane receptors in the SHR, eg, cleavage of the insulin receptor-binding domain associated with insulin resistance.
A method to reduce the Gibbs ringing artifact in MRI scans while keeping tissue boundary integrity

Gibbs ringing is a well known artifact that effects reconstruction of images having discontinuities. This is a problem in the reconstruction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data due to the many different tissues normally present in each scan. The Gibbs ringing artifact manifests itself at the boundaries of the tissues, making it difficult to determine the structure of the brain tissue. The Gegenbauer reconstruction method has been shown to effectively eliminate the effects of Gibbs ringing in other applications. This paper presents the application of the Gegenbauer reconstruction method to neuro-imaging.
Laparoscopic compared with robotic sacrocolpopexy for vaginal prolapse: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE:To compare conventional laparoscopic and robotic-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy for vaginal apex prolapse.METHODS:This single-center, blinded randomized trial included participants with stage 2–4 posthysterectomy vaginal prolapse. Participants were randomized to laparoscopic or robot
A monoclonal antibody recognizing Golgi apparatus produced using affinity purified material from a patient with connective tissue disease

Rossie KM, Piesco NP, Charley MR, Oddis CV, Steen VD, Fratto J, Deng JS. A Monoclonal Antibody Recognizing Golgi Apparatus Produced Using Affinity Purified Material from a Patient with Connective Tissue Disease. Scand J Rheumatol. 1992; 21: 109–15.Serum antibodies recognizing the Golgi apparatus have been reported in patients with connective tissue diseases, but little is known of their significance. Serum from a systemic lupus erythematosus patient with polymyositis was found to have high titers of anti-Golgi apparatus antibody. This serum recognized a 64 kD polypeptide in immunoblotting with HEp-2 cells. To verify that the 64 kD polypeptide was associated with the Golgi apparatus and to characterize which Golgi component was recognized, a monoclonal antibody was produced. IgG, isolated from this serum, was used in affinity chromatography to produce purified material which was used to generate a mouse monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody had an indirect immuno fluorescent pattern identical to tha...
Recreating Japanese women, 1600-1945

Introduction, Gail Lee Bernstein Women and Changes in the Household Division of Labor, Kathleen S. Uno The Life Cycle of Farm Women in Tokugawa Japan, Anne Walthall The Deaths of Old Women: Folklore and Differential Mortality in 19th-Century Japan, Laurel Cornell The Shingaku Woman: Straight from the Heart, Jennifer Robertson Female Bunjin: The Life of Poet-Painter Ema Saiko, Patricia Fister Women in an All-Male Industry: The Case of Sake Brewer Tatsu'uma Kiyo, Joyce Chapman Lebra The Meiji State's Policy Toward Women, 1890-1910, Sharon H. Nolte & Sally Ann Hastings Yosano Akiko and the Taisho Debate Over the "New Woman", Laurel Rasplica Rodd Middle-Class Working Women During the Inter-war Years, Margit Nagy Activism Among Women in the Taisho Cotton Textile Industry, Barbara Molony The Modern Girl as Militant, Miriam Silverberg Doubling Expectations: Motherhood and Women's Factory Work Under State Management in Japan in the 1930s and 1940s, Yoshiko Miyake Women and War: The Japanese Film Image, William Hauser Afterword, Jane Caplan
Brain Lesions in Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

Background and Purpose— Analyze the relationship between the location and extent of sinus thrombosis and presence and severity of brain lesions. Methods— Retrospective chart and neuroimaging review of patients with documented CVST. A CVST score was devised to quantify the extent of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Results— Nineteen of 56 (34%) patients had brain lesions. The extent of sinus thrombus was associated with increased risk of brain lesions (CVST score 1.9 among patients without brain lesions versus 3.1 in those with lesions; P=0.006). Age, sex, and acquired or hereditary thrombophilias were not associated with the risk of parenchymal lesions. Functional outcomes were favorable even in patients with extensive CVST and parenchymal lesions at presentation. Conclusions— The extent of the sinus involvement correlates with the risk of brain lesions in patients with CVST, but additional factors might also contribute to their occurrence.
Recent glaciation at high elevations on Arsia Mons, Mars: Implications for the formation and evolution of large tropical mountain glaciers

[1] The ∼166,000 km2 fan-shaped deposit at Arsia Mons contains three characteristic facies (ridged, knobby, and smooth), which are interpreted as the depositional remains of a cold-based glacier that was present on the west–northwestern flanks in the Late Amazonian period of Mars history. Here, we consider several high-elevation graben on the western flank of Arsia Mons that are interpreted as the source regions for late-stage, cold-based glaciers that overflowed graben walls, advanced tens to hundreds of kilometers downslope, experienced subsequent retreat, and left distinctive depositional features similar to those associated with cold-based glaciers in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica. These new observations provide additional support for a cold-based glacial interpretation of the Tharsis Montes fan-shaped deposits. Morphological evidence suggests that the largest of these graben was the primary source region for the most proximal smooth facies lobes at Arsia Mons, and map-plane ice sheet reconstructions are consistent with these observations. This relationship has significant implications for the relative ages of the individual facies within the fan-shaped deposit, including the possibility that the smooth facies represents several distinct phases of glaciation. The high relief and large elevation differences between the upslope and downslope walls of these graben appear to be critical factors for ice accumulation and the generation/collection of rockfall within glacial accumulation zones. We suggest that rockfall was the dominant process responsible for debris-cover formation on the glaciers sourced within these graben and consider the implications for the entire Arsia fan-shaped deposit. New crater count data suggest that the fill material in the large Arsia graben formed within the past ∼100 Myr (model age of ∼65 Ma). Taken together, these new observations provide additional evidence for several periods of Late Amazonian climate change on Mars within the past few 100 Myr resulting in episodes of tropical mountain glaciation. Finally, MOLA topography reveals that several lobate features interpreted as remnant debris-covered ice from the most recent phase of glaciation are presently hundreds of meters thick, suggesting the possibility of long-term, near-surface water ice survival in the equatorial regions of Mars.
Sample Problem Sets for Statistics

This chapter contains sample exercises in simple statistical analyses. It is divided into seven separate tasks with the following topics (1) descriptive statistics, means, standard deviations, and standard errors; (2) binomial-based statistics for discrimination tests; (3) independent and dependent t-tests; (4) simple correlation; (5) one- and two-way anova; (6) planned comparisons of means following anova; and (7) rank order tests. In the appendix, there are sample data sets and open tables for calculations.
The Real Takeover of the BIA: The Preferential Hiring of Indians

An early long-running federal social policy experiment was the preferential hiring of American Indians at agencies, reserations, and shools. This government employment was designed to accelerate the assimilation of the natives and to reduce their resistance to education and economic change. Instead, the program inadvertently created a form of dependency. This ironic outcome was due to the power of the natives to shape the policy according to their needs and values.
Using Twitter to Teach Reader-Oriented Biblical Interpretation: "Tweading" the Gospel of Mark.

Twitter offers an engaging way to introduce students to reader-oriented interpretation of the Bible. The exercise described here introduces students to the idea that the reader has a role in the production of a text's meaning, which thus varies from reader to reader. Twitter enables us to capture the real-time thoughts of a variety of respondents to the text of Mark as it is read aloud. Students can concretely observe the effects of particular textual moments on individual respondents as well as analyze their general interpretive stances with regard to the text as a whole. Students come to grasp that the meaning of the text varies depending on the reader, setting the stage for more complex theoretical discussion of reader-response theory, the reader's role in the production of meaning, the adjudication of “allowed” and “disallowed” interpretations, and the appropriateness of “reader-response” criticisms for texts that were composed to be encountered orally.
Adiponectin and risk of vascular events in the Northern Manhattan study.

Abstract Objectives Despite adiponectin's independent relationship with many markers of vascular disease risk, its association with clinical outcomes is unclear and results of studies have been inconsistent. We examined the association between adiponectin, an adipocytokine secreted by adipose tissue, and vascular events (stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), vascular death) in the multi-ethnic prospective population-based Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). Methods Adiponectin was measured at baseline among 2900 participants free of MI and stroke (mean age 69 ± 10 years, 37% men, 21% white, 53% Hispanic, 24% black). Over a mean 10 years follow-up, 692 incident vascular events accrued. Results The mean adiponectin = 11.4 ± 6.2 μg/ml (median = 9.8, range = 2.1–53.3). In Cox models adjusting for demographics and vascular risk factors, a decreased risk of vascular events was suggested with lower adiponectin. Examination of quartiles suggested a non-linear relationship, with a reduction in risk observed among those in adiponectin quartiles 1–3 vs. 4, and the lowest effect estimates observed in quartile 2. Similar results were found when stroke, MI, and vascular death were examined separately. We saw no effect modification by baseline vascular health profile, but the positive association between adiponectin and vascular events was stronger among those with elevated waist circumference. Conclusions In NOMAS, low-moderate adiponectin was associated with a decreased risk of vascular events despite the fact that low adiponectin levels were associated with an elevated vascular risk profile. These counter-intuitive findings underscore the need for further research on adiponectin as a useful biomarker of vascular disease risk and mechanisms explaining the inconsistent observations in the literature.
Proteomic methods for biomarker discovery and validation. Are we there yet

Noninvasive molecular biomarkers are becoming attractive tools to monitor disease progression, aid drug development programs and use as surrogate outcome measures in clinical trials. Cutting edge proteomic methods to assay biomarkers in body fluids have been developed in the past few years, but transitioning them to clinical practice has been slow and depends on the qualification of both the method and the biomarker.
Pneumonia in the Elderly: Overview of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches

Pneumonia is more frequent in the elderly and results in higher morbidity and mortality. Although the incidence of pneumonia increases with age, from 1 per 1,000 to 12 per 1,000 persons over age 75 years, comorbid medical illnesses and host defense impairments (especially heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and aspiration risk) are independent risk factors. The microbial etiology of pneumonia in the healthy elderly is similar to that in younger patients but shifts toward a more gram-negative and opportunistic flora with increasing age and severity of concomitant medical illness. The choice of antimicrobial therapy must be based on risk stratification (age, medical illnesses, and severity of presentation). Guidelines based on these principles will be reviewed. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination reduce the risk of death due to pneumonia and are cost-effective preventative strategies.
Gambler’s ruin and winning a series by m games

Two teams play a series of games until one team accumulates m more wins than the other. These series are fairly common in some sports provided that the competition has already extended beyond some number of games. We generalize these schemes to allow ties in the single games. Different approaches offer different advantages in calculating the winning probabilities and the distribution of the duration N, including difference equations, conditioning, explicit and implicit path counting, generating functions and a martingale-based derivation of the probability and moment generating functions of N. The main result of the paper is the determination of the exact distribution of N for a series of fair games without ties as a sum of independent geometrically distributed random variables and its approximation.
The effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators on parameters of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

: The SERMs currently in clinical practice or in late stages of clinical development have been studied primarily for their effects on the breast, cardiovascular, bone, and reproductive systems. The effect of SERMs on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis has not been the primary focus of the studies conducted thus far. However the effect of SERMs on the HPG axis and the associated regulation of endocrine parameters may play an important role in their overall clinical profile. In this review the effects of selected SERMs on the HPG axis in premenopausal women, postmenopausal women, and men are summarized.
Lysyl oxidase propeptide stimulates osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and enhances PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell effects on bone in vivo

Lysyl oxidase pro-enzyme is secreted by tumor cells and normal cells as a 50 kDa pro-enzyme into the extracellular environment where it is cleaved into the ~30 kDa mature enzyme (LOX) and 18 kDa pro-peptide (LOX-PP). Extracellular LOX enzyme activity is required for normal collagen and elastin extracellular cross-linking and maturation of the extracellular matrix. Extracellular LOX-PP acts as a tumor suppressor and can re-enter cells from the extracellular environment to induce its effects. The underlying hypothesis is that LOX-PP has the potential to promote bone cell differentiation, while inhibiting cancer cell effects in bone. Here we investigate the effect of LOX-PP on bone marrow cell proliferation and differentiation towards osteoblasts or osteoclasts, and LOX-PP modulation of prostate cancer cell conditioned media-induced alterations of proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow cells in vitro. Effects of overexpression of rLOX-PP in DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines on bone structure in vivo after intramedullary injections were determined. Data show that prostate cancer cell conditioned media inhibited osteoblast differentiation in bone marrow-derived cells, which was reversed by rLOX-PP treatment. Prostate cancer conditioned media stimulated osteoclast differentiation which was further enhanced by rLOX-PP treatment. rLOX-PP stimulated osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting OPG expression, up-regulating CCN2 expression, and increasing osteoclast fusion. In vivo studies indicate that rLOX-PP expression by PC3 cells implanted into the tibia of mice further enhanced PC3 cell ability to resorb bone, while rLOX-PP expression in DU145 cells resulted in non-significant increases in net bone formation. rLOX-PP enhances both osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation. rLOX-PP may serve to enhance coupling interactions between osteoclasts and osteoblasts helping to maintain a normal bone turnover in health, while contributing to bone abnormalities in disease.
Improvement of spontaneous locomotor activity with JAK inhibition by JTE-052 in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis.

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to joint destruction, disability, and decreased quality of life (QOL). Inhibition of Janus kinase (JAK) signaling ameliorates articular inflammation and joint destruction in animal models of RA, but its effects on behaviors indicating well-being are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the effect of JAK inhibition on spontaneous locomotor activity in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis, a rodent model of RA.
Evolvability and nonevolvability of allometric slopes

The science of morphological allometry centers around relationships between the size of organismal structures and overall body size. Morphological allometry usually is concerned with two parameters, the slope of log–log plots of trait parameters on body mass or size (reflecting how trait size varies with body size), and the intercept of such plots (providing measures of body-size–independent trait parameters). Morphological allometry is a central area of study for organismal and evolutionary biologists, because body size explains a large proportion of the variance in size of most body structures, and because we still lack a broad mechanistic understanding of the processes that produce allometric slopes. One of the debated themes of allometric research has been whether allometric slopes are determined by natural selection or represent constraints on biological variation. In PNAS, Bolstad et al. (1) address this question directly by testing whether the allometric slope of wing vein length on wing area of Drosophila melanogaster could be changed by artificial selection (yes, it was changed), and also show that after selection on allometric slopes, but not their intercepts, populations returned rapidly to control values when artificial selection ceased (Fig. 1). Bolstad et al. conclude that the rapid return of allometric slope to control values provides evidence for a pleiotropic constraint on the slope; that is, the genetic, developmental, and functional bases for different traits are not independent, so that selection on one allometric relationship affects others and overall fitness. They state “… this hypothesis could provide a general explanation for the striking evolutionary conservatism of allometric power laws, while still leaving open the possibility for allometries to be optimized by natural selection over long time scales through compensatory mutations” (1).
Abstract W MP24: Modified Tibi (Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia) Grading System for Assessment of Abnormal Residual Flow at Site of Intracranial Occlusion in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and purpose: The intracranial blood flow at the site of arterial occlusion in acute ischemic stroke can be measured with Transracial Doppler (TCD) using the Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia (TIBI) grading system. The TIBI ranges from 0 to 5, where 0 no flow and 5 normal flow. Our study’s aim is to modify the TIBI grading system in order to make it simple to implement in an acute stroke setting. METHODS: We classified Modified TIBI grading as: Grade 0- no flow, Grade 1- Bad flow: there is systolic flow but no diastolic flow or systolic flow with delayed acceleration and diastolic flow, Grade 2-Good flow: normal upstroke systolic flow and diastolic flow with decreased mean flow velocity compared to contralateral vessel by 30 %. We used the clotbust database to evaluate the modified TIBI scoring system. Poor long-term outcome was defined as modified rankin scale (MRS) score > 2. RESULTS: Total of 369 patients with acute ischemic stroke and intracranial arterial occlusion received IV r TPA. Median age was 71 years (IQ range: 58.7-79), Sex: women: 170(46.1%). Median NIHSS was 16 (IQ range: 12.7-2), 17/98 (17.3%) patients with modified TIBI 0, 73/205(35.6%) with modified TIBI 1 and 31/66( 47%) with modified TIBI 2 had achieved complete recanalization ( p value=0001). The multiple logistic regression model revealed Baseline higher NIHSS, systolic BP, glucose and modified TIBI grade 0 were independent negative predictor of complete recanalization. Patients with modified TIBI 3 had high probability of complete recanalization compared to TIBI 0(OR 3.14, CI 95%: 1.4-6.8, P=0.004).Poor outcome at 3 months (MRS>2) was found in 46/75(61.3%) patients with modified TIBI 0, 94/170(55.3%) with modified TIBI 1 and 19/38(33.3%) with modified TIBI 2(P value CONCLUSION: Modified TIBI grading system is simplified version of TIBI grading and is easy to understand and apply clinically. It also predicts reliably the recanalization and functional outcome.
Successful Surgical Management of Giant Condyloma Acuminatum (Buschke Lowenstein Tumor) in the Urethra of a Female Patient: A Case Report

The Buschke-Lowenstein tumor (BLT) is a slow-growing, locally destructive verrucous plaque that typically appears on the penis but may occur elsewhere in the anogenital region. It most commonly is considered to be a regional variant of verrucous carcinoma. It is rare but accounts for 5-24% of all penile cancers. It can also affect the perineum and other portions of the genitalia. It was first described by Buschke and Lowenstein in 1925, and is also known as giant condyloma acuminatum (GCA). Regardless of the treatment modality, careful follow-up is recommended because of the high risk of recurrence and the possibility for malignant transformation in 30-56% of patients. We present a case of a 47-year-old Hispanic female that presented to the urology clinic for dysuria and upon work-up was found to have a GCA. GCA typically affects the penis, although the perianal region, vulva, vagina, rectum, scrotum, perineum and bladder may be involved. To date, we believe this is the only reported case of GCA in the urethra of a female patient with sparing of the bladder. This lesion was successfully removed with wide local excision. We believe that further studies are needed to define this disease, identify its pathogenesis, and the most successful treatment protocol.
Infestation of Rock Mice (Peromyscus difficilis) by Botflies: Ecological Consequences of Differences between Sexes

I tested the hypothesis that infestation by botflies ( Cuterebra ) is male-biased and related to increased movement in the rock mouse ( Peromyscus diffcilis ) during 2 full-annual cycles. During both years, adult females were more heavily infested in autumn, but adult males were more heavily infested in winter. Rates of infestation were negatively related to movements of animals. Females had higher infestation in the breeding season when they move less, whereas males had higher infestation in the non-breeding season. In grids with supplemental food, higher rates of infestation occurred among individuals, especially females, that used traps near food stations.
GENO-05CHROMOTHRIPSIS IS A COMMON MECHANISM DRIVING GENOMIC REARRANGEMENTS IN GLIOBLASTOMA

Findings based on recent advances in next-generation sequence analysis suggest that, in some tumors, a single catastrophic event, termed chromothripsis, results in several simultaneous tumorigenic alterations. Previous studies have suggested that glioblastoma (GBM) may exhibit chromothripsis at a higher rate (39%) than other tumors (9%). Primary glioblastoma is an aggressive form of brain cancer that typically appears suddenly in older adults. With aggressive treatment, the median survival time is only 15 months. Their acute onset and widespread genomic instability indicates that chromothripsis may play a key role in their initiation and progression. GBMs are often characterized by EGFR amplification, CDKN2A and PTEN deletion, although approximately 20% of GBMs harbor additional amplifications in MDM2 or MDM4 with CDK4. We used the chromothripsis prediction tool, Shatterproof, in conjunction with a custom whole genome sequence analysis pipeline in order to generate putative regions of chromothripsis. The data derived from this study was further expanded on using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis and susceptibility studies with colony formation assays. We show that primary GBMs are associated with higher chromothripsis scores and establish a link between chromothripsis and gene amplification of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), as well as modulators of the TP53 and RB1 pathways. Utilizing a newly introduced bioinformatic tool, we provide evidence that chromothripsis is associated with the formation of amplicons containing several oncogenes involved in key pathways that are likely essential for post-chromothriptic cell survival.
Miscanthus Giganteus: A commercially viable sustainable source of cellulose nanocrystals.

Abstract With a goal of identifying a new scalable source for cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), we successfully isolated CNCs from a sustainable, non-invasive grass, Miscanthus x. Giganteus (MxG). Subjecting MxG stalks to base hydrolysis, bleaching and acid hydrolysis allowed access to cellulose nanocrystals (MxG-CNC) in high yields. X-ray diffraction studies showed the crystallinity of the MxG-CNCs increased with subsequent treatment conditions (>90% after HCl hydrolysis). Transmission electron microscopy showed that the MxG-CNC exhibit relatively high aspect ratios (60⿿70), and small angle neutron scattering showed the crystals were ribbon-like with a width and thickness of 8.5 and 2.8 nm respectively. As expected, thermomechanical analysis of nanocomposites fabricated with carboxylic acid functionalized MxG-CNC (MxG-CNC-COOH) and PVAc showed an increase in modulus (above Tg) as filler content was increased. Comparing the properties to PVAc nanocomposites containing CNCs from wood showed at least as good, if not slightly better, reinforcement at the same loading level.
Methods and Critiques for EROI Applied to Modern Fuels

This chapter gives the basic methodology for calculating EROI, discusses some controversial or unresolved issues and confronts a number of critiques that have been laid against the technique, both generally and with respect to particular applications.
Abstract A1-15: Systematic genomic characterization of uveal melanoma

Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare type of melanoma that occurs in the iris, ciliary body, and choroid of the eye. Metastatic disease is typically found in the liver and has no effective therapeutic options. To improve our understanding of the genetic drivers of UM, we sequenced the exome of 61 primary tumors and 3 liver metastases, each with matched normal DNA. Consistent with prior studies, the majority of UM tumors harbored mutually exclusive mutations in GNAQ and GNA11. Co-occurring with GNAQ and GNA11 mutations were inactivating mutations throughout the BAP1 coding region as well as recurrent mutations in the splicing factor SF3B1 and the translation initiation factor EIF1AX. Somatic mutations found only in metastatic tumor samples were also identified. The function of mutant EIF1AX was probed using loss of function experiments. Reduction of EIF1AX expression impaired the growth of both wild type and mutant cells. To identify transcripts regulated by EIF1AX at the level of translation, RNA sequencing of polysome-associated mRNAs was performed. Knockdown of wild type, but not mutant EIF1AX reduced the efficiency of ribosomal protein translation. Cancer cells expressing mutant EIF1AX may harbor changes in protein translation, which may be important for tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Chelsea S. Place, Ivana K. Kim, Bita Esmaeli, Ali Amin-Mansour, Daniel J. Treacy, Scott L. Carter, Eran Hodis, Nikhil Wagle, Sara Seepo, Xiaoxing Yu, Francisca Vazquez, Elizabeth Nickerson, Kristian Cibulskis, Aaron McKenna, Stacey B. Gabriel, Gad Getz, Eliezer M. Van Allen, Levi A. Garraway, Scott E. Woodman. Systematic genomic characterization of uveal melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translation of the Cancer Genome; Feb 7-9, 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 1):Abstract nr A1-15.
FDA and EMA Need Homology on Alcohol Outcome Measures-Semper: Simplicitas est purius modum.

Litten et al. (2017) continue to propose important points, which also emanated from my initial commentary (Johnson, 2017) on the paper by Witkiewitz et al. (2017), which call for: a) homology between the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) criteria to be used for determining efficacy in pharmacotherapy trials for alcohol use disorder (AUD); b) measures that have clinical relevance with respect to the health-related consequences of AUD; and c) the establishment that such measures be sensitive enough to detect clinically significant change in pharmacotherapy trials for AUD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Hospital readmission after ovarian cancer surgery: Are we measuring surgical quality?

Abstract Objectives Readmission after surgery is a quality metric hypothesized to reflect the quality of care in the index hospitalization. We examined the link between readmissions and a surrogate of surgical quality – major postoperative complication – among ovarian cancer patients. Methods Patients who underwent surgery for ovarian cancer between 2012 and 2013 were identified from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP). Major complications were defined as grade 3 or ≥complications on the validated Claviden-Dindo scale and included both NSQIP and non-NSQIP defined complications based on readmission ICD-9 code. Readmissions and complications within 30-days of surgery were analyzed using rate ratios and modified Poisson regression. Results We identified 2806 ovarian cancer patients of whom 9.1% (n=259) experienced an unplanned readmission. Overall major complication rate was 10.9% (n=307). Major complications in the index hospitalization were not associated with subsequent readmission (RR 1.2, 95% CI 0.7–1.9). Overall, 41.4% of readmissions were not attributable to any major postoperative complication. Of the unplanned readmissions, 55.2% (n=143) never experienced a NSQIP-defined major complication. Of these 143 patients, the reason for readmission was known for 107 patients and was: 28.0% non-NSQIP-defined major complications; 16.8% cancer or other medical factors; 22.4% minor complications; and 32.7% symptoms without a diagnosis of complication. Conclusions Forty percent of unplanned readmissions after ovarian cancer surgery occur among patients who have not experienced a major postoperative complication. Quality metric benchmarks and efforts to decrease readmissions should account for this high percentage of readmissions not associated with a major complication.
Impact of Cellularity on Oncologic Outcomes Following Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemoperfusion for Pseudomyxoma Peritonei.

The Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International (PSOGI) recommends pathologic reporting of tumor cellularity in patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) undergoing cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (CRS-HIPEC). We investigated the prognostic significance of PMP cellularity, or lack thereof (acellular mucin), following CRS-HIPEC. We reviewed clinical data for 310 CRS-HIPEC procedures in low-grade (American Joint Committee on Cancer grade G1) PMP with acellular mucin (n = 19), scant cellularity (n = 30), or moderate cellularity (n = 242). Kaplan–Meier survival curves and multivariate Cox regression models identified prognostic factors affecting oncologic outcomes. Compared with patients with acellular mucin, those with scant and moderate cellularity had higher PCI and less-frequent complete macroscopic resection. After an estimated median follow-up of 49 months, 4 patients (14%) with scant cellularity and 127 patients (56%) with moderate cellularity progressed, while none of the patients with acellular mucin progressed. While the median progression-free survival (PFS) was not reached for patients with acellular mucin or scant cellularity (estimated 5-year PFS probability of 100 and 83%, respectively), patients with moderate cellularity demonstrated a median PFS of 32 months (estimated 5-year PFS probability of 27%). In a multivariate model, degree of disease cellularity, or lack thereof (acellular mucin), was an independent predictor of PFS but not overall survival. Early disease progression is unlikely in patients with acellular mucin undergoing CRS-HIPEC, as opposed to a 14% recurrence rate with scant cellularity. Thorough pathologic assessment for cellularity, or lack thereof (acellular mucin), is vital for accurate prognostication of disease progression for patients with low-grade PMP undergoing CRS-HIPEC.
Super-resolution critical dimension limits of positive tone i-line photoresists

Applying a technique borrowed from super-resolution microscopy to photolithography, we achieve critical dimensions well below the diffraction limit. Exposing photoresist in the far-field, over a broad area, we can demonstrate dimensions as small as λ/7. In this paper, we show that conventional i-line photoresists exposed with this technique, along with modified processing, are capable of supporting features as small as 50 nm, and possibly smaller. We consider the necessary requirements to achieve sub-diffraction dimensions, detail a simple model for photoresist development, and show its use in predicting the minimum attainable feature size. Finally, we characterize two commercial photoresists, and compare the resulting features to those of the model.
Novice Elementary Teachers’ Developing Visions of Effective Science Teaching

Theories of how people learn and how science connects to students’ lives provide frameworks for exploring the development of teachers’ visions of effective science teaching. These frameworks can inform elementary teacher preparation programs about how to communicate theory-based practices of effective science instruction to support pre-service teachers’ abilities to identify and enact science instruction that contributes to student learning. Part of a larger study, the present study uses a grounded theory design to examine three teachers’ developing visions of effective science teaching through their teacher preparation and into their first year of teaching through a series of interviews. Findings revealed several factors contributing to their visions of science teaching: their memories of their experiences as elementary students, their teacher preparation, and institutional policies related to science instruction. Implications for helping novice teachers connect their visions with enacting practices situated in the realities of classrooms are discussed.
Integrating secondary research skills into the undergraduate hospitality curriculum

(1994). Integrating Secondary Research Skills into the Undergraduate Hospitality Curriculum. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 51-55.
Cancer interaction with the bone microenvironment: a workshop of the National Institutes of Health Tumor Microenvironment Study Section.

The Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Study Section is one of the new study sections created as a result of a reorganization by the Oncological Sciences Integrated Review Group. The TME Study Section reviews grants focusing on basic mechanisms of bidirectional cancer cell and host interaction, including interactions between cancer-cell-secreted molecules; soluble and insoluble factors; and host immune, inflammatory, stromal, vascular, neural, and stem cells. The TME Study Section also reviews proposals on cancer cell and host organ interaction involving cell-cell, cell-growth factor, cell-extracellular matrix, and cell-adhesion/junctional communications with cancer cells and the progression of cancer cells to local invasion and distant metastasis (http://cms.csr.nih.gov/PeerReviewMeetings/CSRIRGDescription/ONCIRG/TME.htm). We present here a summary of the first TME Study Section Scientific Workshop held in Washington, DC, on February 27, 2005. This workshop focused primarily on recent developments in the study of cancer cell interaction with the bone microenvironment.
Assessing the Accuracy of Forward-Looking Information in Debt Contract Negotiations: Management Forecast Accuracy and Private Loans

ABSTRACT We examine a possible mechanism by which the lender can evaluate the borrower's ability to produce accurate forward-looking information. Forward-looking information is important to lenders...
Some considerations in the experimental approach to distinguishing between membrane transport and intracellular disposition of antineoplastic agents, with specific reference to fluorodeoxyuridine, actinomycin D, and methotrexate

Analysis of the interaction between an anticancer agent and the intact cell can provide important clues to cytotoxic determinants and mechanisms of drug selectivity and resistance. This can be very useful in optimally evaluating single and multidrug regimens in test systems, designing new agents, and evaluating drug metabolism and binding to cellular target sites. This cellular pharmacokinetic approach requires very meticulous attention to experimental design, especially the time dimension chosen for study, and an appropriate framework for data analysis. This paper reviews cellular pharmacokinetic principles and experimental approaches that can be applied in uptake studies with cytotoxic agents, focusing, as examples, on studies from this laboratory with fluorodeoxyuridine, actinomycin D, and methotrexate.
What Does It Mean to Be Sustainable

Historically indigenous people have been mostly acted upon by corporations, but increasingly indigenous people are themselves emerging as corporate actors. With this emergence comes new perspectives on corporate law, corporate governance, and sustainability that reimagine the role of the shareholder, the responsibilities of the board, and the ethics of corporate action. Indigenous people enact their own autochthonous law to govern corporate behavior and enforce these laws in their own legal systems. As indigenous people emerge as corporate actors, they will learn from existing corporate behavior, but their chthonic approaches to corporate law and governance also have much to teach other communities about how to achieve sustainable corporate action. This chapter explores the unique indigenous perspective on corporations and sustainability.
Live cell imaging and analysis reveal cell phenotypic transition dynamics inherently missing in snapshot data

Recent advances in single-cell techniques catalyze an emerging field of studying how cells convert from one phenotype to another, in a step-by-step process. Two grand technical challenges, however, impede further development of the field. Fixed cell-based approaches can provide genome-wide snapshots of cell status but have fundamental limits on revealing temporal information, and fluorescence-based live cell imaging approaches provide temporal information but are technically challenging for multiplex long- term imaging. We first developed a live-cell imaging platform that tracks cellular status change through combining endogenous fluorescent labeling that minimizes perturbation to cell physiology, and/or live cell imaging of high-dimensional cell morphological and texture features. With our platform and an A549 VIM-RFP EMT reporter line, live cell trajectories reveal parallel paths of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition missing from snapshot data due to cell-cell heterogeneity. Our results emphasize the necessity of extracting dynamical information of phenotypic transitions from multiplex live cell imaging.
Functional connectivity predicts the dispositional use of expressive suppression but not cognitive reappraisal

Introduction Previous research has identified specific brain regions associated with regulating emotion using common strategies such as expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. However, most research focuses on a priori regions and directs participants how to regulate, which may not reflect how people naturally regulate outside the laboratory. Method Here, we used a data-driven approach to investigate how individual differences in distributed intrinsic functional brain connectivity predict emotion regulation tendency outside the laboratory. Specifically, we used connectome-based predictive modeling to extract functional connections in the brain significantly related to the dispositional use of suppression and reappraisal. These edges were then used in a predictive model and cross-validated in novel participants to identify a neural signature that reflects individual differences in the tendency to suppress and reappraise emotion. Results We found a significant neural signature for the dispositional use of suppression, but not reappraisal. Within this whole-brain signature, the intrinsic connectivity of the default mode network was most informative of suppression tendency. In addition, the predictive performance of this model was significant in males, but not females. Conclusion These findings help inform how whole-brain networks of functional connectivity characterize how people tend to regulate emotion outside the laboratory.
Deep learning computer vision algorithm for detecting kidney stone composition

Objectives To assess the recall of a deep learning (DL) method to automatically detect kidney stones composition from digital photographs of stones. Materials and methods A total of 63 human kidney stones of varied compositions were obtained from a stone laboratory including calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), uric acid (UA), magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MAPH/struvite), calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD/brushite), and cystine stones. At least two images of the stones, both surface and inner core, were captured on a digital camera for all stones. A deep convolutional neural network (CNN), ResNet-101 (ResNet, Microsoft), was applied as a multi-class classification model, to each image. This model was assessed using leave-one-out cross-validation with the primary outcome being network prediction recall. Results The composition prediction recall for each composition was as follows: UA 94% (n = 17), COM 90% (n = 21), MAPH/struvite 86% (n = 7), cystine 75% (n = 4), CHPD/brushite 71% (n = 14). The overall weighted recall of the CNNs composition analysis was 85% for the entire cohort. Specificity and precision for each stone type were as follows: UA (97.83%, 94.12%), COM (97.62%, 95%), struvite (91.84%, 71.43%), cystine (98.31%, 75%), and brushite (96.43%, 75%). Conclusion Deep CNNs can be used to identify kidney stone composition from digital photographs with good recall. Future work is needed to see if DL can be used for detecting stone composition during digital endoscopy. This technology may enable integrated endoscopic and laser systems that automatically provide laser settings based on stone composition recognition with the goal to improve surgical efficiency.
Burden of Adults Hospitalized With Group B Streptococcal Infection.

Background The burden of non-invasive Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections in adults is unknown. We determined population-based rates of hospitalization where invasive or non-invasive GBS infections were identified among US adults in a defined catchment area. Methods We identified adults with clinical and laboratory-confirmed evidence of GBS infection from January 2014 through December 2016 from six hospitals in Louisville, Kentucky. Invasive disease was defined as GBS isolated from a normally sterile site. Results Among 1076 adults with GBS infection, median age was 52 years, 51% were male, and 89% had ≥1 chronic medical condition. The most prevalent infection sites were skin and soft tissue (39%), urinary tract (23%), bone and joint (16%), and bloodstream (11%). Forty percent were polymicrobial. Annual incidence of GBS-associated hospitalization was 73 per 100,000 adults and was 68 and 100 per 100,000 for those 18-64 and ≥65 years of age, respectively. For every invasive GBS infection, 3.7 non-invasive infections occurred. Conclusions Our population-based study outlines the full burden of GBS-associated hospitalization in adults and found incidence rates comparable to pneumococcal disease where vaccines are recommended. Non-invasive disease was 3-4 times more common than invasive disease, suggesting that adult GBS burden is considerably greater than previously recognized.