cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traynor (Drennan) Versus Hand (Baird) Much Ado About (Almost) Nothing

Most Contracts casebooks feature either Baird v. Gimbel or Drennan v. Star Paving to illustrate the limits on revocability of an offer. In this article an analysis of the case law yields three major conclusions. First, as is generally known, in the contractor–subcontractor cases Drennan has prevailed. However, both it and its spawn, Restatement 2d 87(2), have had almost no impact outside that narrow area. Moreover, almost all the cases involve public construction projects—private projects account for only about ten percent of the cases. This suggests that private parties have managed to resolve the problem contractually. Public contract law is encrusted with regulations, which courts and contracts scholars have ignored. The result is a peculiar phenomenon—a supposedly general contract doctrine that applies only in a specific context, but which ignores the features of that context.
Lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease: biological basis and epidemiological studies.

There is a long history to our understanding of the biological basis of lipoproteins in cardiovascular disease and to the key epidemiological studies in this field. Building on a wealth of laboratory evidence explaining the role of cholesterol and lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, epidemiological studies have characterized associations between serum lipid abnormalities and the risk of myocardial infarction. While elevation in total cholesterol has been associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction, this information alone is not sufficient. To adequately predict cardiac risk, blood cholesterol must be further characterized by the high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol present and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol. Several other factors, including such clinical syndromes as the “deadly quartet” of insulin resistance, central obesity, high triglycerides, and hypertension, are also associated with a markedly increased cardiac risk and should be identified; these may require unique therapeutic approaches. In addition to the costs of tertiary prevention and therapy after infarct, the impact of long-term morbidity and the economic consequences of this disease further emphasize the importance of optimizing current therapies and actual practice.
The Prototype/Willingness model, academic versus health-risk information, and risk cognitions associated with nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students

OBJECTIVES: Nonmedical prescription stimulant (NPS) use is an important problem among university students. The present studies applied the prototype-willingness model (Gibbons, Gerrard & Lane, 2003) to academic-based NPS use and examined the impact of academic versus health information on university students' NPS use cognitions. DESIGN AND METHODS: Study 1 used the prototype-willingness model to examine cognitions associated with academic-based willingness to use NPS. In Study 2, participants were randomly assigned to a control condition or to read information on the negative academic or negative health effects of NPS use. Beliefs, willingness, and expectation of engaging in future NPS use, prototypes of users, and perceived vulnerability were assessed. RESULTS: Students without a prescription for stimulants or a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) participated in each study (Ns = 555; 166). Twenty to thirty per cent reported NPS use, primarily for academic reasons. Controlling for past NPS, alcohol, and marijuana use: friends' NPS use, prototypes, perceived vulnerability, and negative health and positive academic beliefs were associated with willingness to use NPS in Study 1. Study 2 demonstrated that participants in the academic-information condition reported the lowest willingness and expectations as well as the least favourable prototypes of NPS users. Participants in the health-information condition reported the highest perceived vulnerability. CONCLUSIONS: These studies highlight: the utility of using a health model framework to examine NPS cognitions, the importance of examining beliefs about the behaviour, and the potential for academic and health information to reduce risky NPS use cognitions. STATEMENT OF CONTRIBUTION: What is already known? Nonmedical prescription stimulant (NPS) use is a common health-risk behaviour among college students. The most common reasons cited by students for NPS use are related to academics (e.g., increase concentration, stay awake to study). What does this study add? Shows the utility of the prototype-willingness model to examine NPS use cognitions. Experimentally demonstrates the positive impact of academic and health information on NPS use cognitions. Reveals new relationships among health cognitions (including academic and health beliefs) that predict behaviour and are targets for future interventions. Language: en
A preliminary assessment of NAFTA's impact on the Texas border economy

Abstract The Texas border region with Mexico enjoys a unique geographical position at the center of the NAFTA market. In its first year, 1994, NAFTA gave a boost to already expanding U.S.‐Mexican trade and regional cross‐border commerce, begun in 1986 with Mexico's accession to GATT. The December 1994 peso devaluation slowed substantially the pace of trade and investment between the two countries, having a negative impact on the economy of the Texas border region. While many businessmen and women and public officials remain optimistic about the region's future under NAFTA and expanding U.S.‐Mexican trade ties, others are not so sure. Some officials and academicians caution that NAFTA will change the way U.S., Mexican, and Canadian investors and entrepreneurs conduct business. This is particularly true in areas of transportation and warehousing services as well as retailing, putting in jeopardy the very industries that traditionally have been the mainstay of much of the Texas border economy.
Study of Random-Dopant-Fluctuation (RDF) Effects for the Trigate Bulk MOSFET

A study of random-dopant-fluctuation (RDF) effects on the trigate bulk MOSFET versus the planar bulk MOSFET is performed via atomistic 3D device simulation for devices with a 20 nm gate length. For identical nominal body and source/drain doping profiles and layout width, the trigate bulk MOSFET shows less threshold voltage (Vth) lowering and variation. RDF effects are found to be caused primarily by body RDF. The trigate bulk MOSFET offers a new method of VTH adjustment, via tuning of the retrograde body doping depth, to mitigate tradeoffs in VTH variation and short-channel effect control.
A longitudinal study of joint attention and language development in autistic children.

This study was designed to examine the degree to which individual differences in gestural joint attention skills predicted language development among autistic children. A group of 15 autistic children (mean CA=45 months) were matched with one group of mentally retarded (MR) children on mental age and another group of MR children on language age. These groups were administered the Early Social-Communication Scales. The latter provided measures of gestural requesting, joint attention, and social behaviors. The results indicated that, even when controlling for language level, mental age, or IQ, autistic children displayed deficits in gestural joint attention skills on two testing sessions that were 13 months apart. Furthermore, the measure of gestural nonverbal joint attention was a significant predictor of language development in the autistic sample. Other variables, including initial language level and IQ were not significant predictors of language development in this sample.
Missing self, NK cells, and The White Album.

In 1986, Joe Phillips and I published a paper in The Journal of Immunology identifying the CD56bright+, CD16−, and CD56+, CD16+ NK cell subsets in humans that began, “Natural killer (NK) cells are a population of lymphocytes derived from an unimmunized host that lyse certain tumor cell lines and
You're like ‘why not?’ The quotative expressions of Glasgow adolescents

The sociolinguistic study of discourse features is still at a very elementary stage, so there is very little evidence available on which to trace changes in the use of such features. One feature that has received attention is the use of non-traditional quotatives in the U.S., particularly by younger speakers, in the past twenty years. The use of be like as a quotative has spread from its presumed origin in California to other parts of the U.S. and also to Canada and England. This paper examines the further spread of non-traditional quotatives to the speech of adolescents in Glasgow and how these forms might have been transmitted.
Regional Business Education Issues: South Texas Employers And Faculty Rate Communication And Technology Skills

Business communication courses teach written and oral communication skills with an emphasis on using technology. With a goal of meeting stakeholder needs, this study asks 221 South Texas employers and 212 faculty members of a regional university to rate employees’ and students’ communication skill competencies. The survey asked 12 questions—four about written competencies, five on verbal, and three on technology skills. Employers consistently rated employees higher than faculty rated students. The ratings offer implications for the business communication course: Employers and faculty are satisfied with technology skills, but basic grammar and punctuation need improvement.
Smackover and Haynesville Facies Relationships in North-Central East Texas: ABSTRACT

The Smackover Formation was deposited as a coarsening-upward carbonate unit that developed first with the deposition of transgressive laminated silty limestones in deep anoxic waters. Mudstones and wackestones were deposited during a slow rise in sea level as the carbonate system became established. Packstones and grainstones were deposited at the Smackover shelf margin in thick coarsening-upward sequences. Local lenses of anhydrite and dolomitic mud developed on the shoreward side of the shelf break. Pelleted sands also developed in the low-energy Smackover lagoon. Ultimately, a thin blanket of ooid sands covered the shelf. During Haynesville deposition, a carbonate barrier at the shelf margin created an evaporative lagoon in which Buckner anhydrite and halite precipitated. As sea level rose, limestones and dolomites were deposited along the downdip margin of the Buckner lagoon. Terrigenous clastics began to prograde into the updip areas. Continued sea level rise flooded the shelf, and Gilmer limestones were deposited as far updip as the present Mexia-Talco fault zone. At the end of Haynesville deposition, limestones and shales were deposited on either side of the Gilmer shelf margin as quartzose clastics continued to prograde into updip areas. Evidence in east Texas suggests that the depositional model for the Smackover followed a shelf margin rather than the generally accepted ramp model. The shelf margin is clearly identified as a carbonate barrier during Haynesville deposition, outlining a Buckner lagoon as the depocenter that continued to subside at least through the end of Haynesville deposition. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1220------------
Determination of the parameters of cancellous bone using high frequency acoustic measurements

The Biot model is widely used to model poroelastic media. Several authors have tested its applicability to cancellous bone, but to do so requires a priori estimation of the parameters of the Biot model, which is an uncertain and expensive endeavor. A method of computing acoustic pressure in the low 100 kHz range is developed.
Radical SAM enzymes in methylation and methylthiolation.

Radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) enzymes are a large and diverse superfamily with functions ranging from enzyme activation through a single H atom abstraction to complex organic and metal cofactor synthesis involving a series of steps. Though these enzymes carry out a variety of functions, they share common structural and mechanistic characteristics. All of them contain a site-differentiated [4Fe–4S] cluster, ligated by a CX3CX2C or similar motif, which binds SAM at the unique iron. The [4Fe–4S]1+ state of the cluster reductively cleaves SAM to produce a 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical, which serves to initiate the diverse reactions catalyzed by these enzymes. Recent highlights in the understanding of radical SAM enzymes will be presented, with a particular emphasis on enzymes catalyzing methylation and methythiolation reactions.
Legal Aspects of Infection Control

In this discussion1 of Legal Aspects of infection control, Infection Control refers to a hospital program that is designed to prevent, identify and control infections acquired in the hospital or brought into the hospital from the community. This program is pervasive and comprehensive. It affects patients, employees, professional staff, treatment programs, and hospital operations, for example the disposal of hazardous waste or sterilization of equipment and devices. Indeed, the comprehensive nature of a hospital infection control program may be likened to public health programs undertaken in the community. The hospital is in effect a mini-community. Concerns about containing and treating venereal disease or AIDS and the management of infectious waste are all concerns reflected at a broader level in the community and in the state through authorizing legislation and a variety of programs.
NEST TREES OF NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRRELS IN YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA

We examined nest tree preferences of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus )i n an old-growth, mixed-conifer forest of Yosemite National Park, California. We tracked 8 individuals to 21 nest trees during July through September 2004. Flying squirrels selected nest trees that were larger in diameter and taller than either large nearest-neighbor or random trees. Flying squirrels showed no tree species preference, but used snags more often than live trees relative to their availability. Nest trees were not closer to perennial creeks than random trees. Results suggest that northern flying squirrels of Yosemite National Park might require large trees and snags, but unlike more xeric parts of the extreme southern Sierra Nevada, they might not be constrained by proximity to perennial streams. RESUMEN—Examinamos las preferencias de a para nidos de las ardillas (Glaucomys sabrinus )e n un bosque de arboles viejos de cono ´feras mixtas en el Parque Nacional Yosemite en California. Seguimos 8 ardillas a 21 a para nidos de julio a septiembre del 2004. Las ardillas escogieron arboles para nidos que fueron mas grandes en diametros y mas altos que a grandes cercanos o arboles escogidos al azar. Las ardillas no mostraron preferencia para especies de arboles pero usaron arboles muertos mas frecuentemente que arboles vivos en contraste a su disponibilidad. Los a para nidos no estuvieron mas cerca de arroyos permanentes que arboles escogidos al azar. Estos resultados sugieren que las ardillas del Parque Nacional Yosemite requieren arboles vivos grandes y arboles muertos, pero diferente de que en a mas secas del extremo sureste de la Sierra Nevada, podro ´an no estar restringidas por la proximidad a arroyos permanentes.
Argumentation with Value JudgmentsAn Example of Hypothetical Reasoning

This paper presents a formalism modeling legal reasoning with fact patterns and their substantive effects on legal values. It centers on the concept of a value judgment, i.e. a determination that one factual situation is preferable over another by virtue of their respective effects on values. This allows the modeling of legal sources as sets of value judgments and legal methodologies as collections of argumentation schemes. The paper briefly derives the formalism from legal theory and elaborates on its use in the context of an example of hypothetical reasoning.
Antispermatozoal effects of human seminal plasma - an immunologic phenomenon.

Semen samples were obtained from seven men who had self-agglutination of spermatozoa, and a spermatozoal antibody in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction of their blood. The seminal plasma of these men produced spermatozoal immobilization and agglutination when added to normal semen from healthy men. Analysis of the seminal plasma samples showed that they contained IgA and complements C-3 and C-4, whereas only 1 of 10 samples from normal men contained IgA, and none had complements C-3 and C-4. The IgG levels of the seminal plasma from the study group were higher than those of the controls. It is suggested that the mechanism of spermagglutination is one of autoimmunization in which the main antibody is IgA from the genital tract, augmented by a circulating antibody from the IgG fraction of the blood.
A Case of Ruptured Ovarian Ectopic After Embryo Transfer With Low Serum hCG and Fertility Conserving Laparoscopy

Ovarian pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy that remains a diagnostic enigma. We report a 39-year-old nulliparous female undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) and presenting with severe abdominal pain to a hospital after embryo transfer. Serum beta-hCG after embryo transfer was low at 5.4 IU/L. Repeated serum beta-hCG in the hospital was elevated at 1,528 IU/L. Transabdominal ultrasound revealed a 9.8 cm complex mass in the midline in the pouch of Douglas. No intrauterine gestational sac was seen. She underwent emergency diagnostic laparoscopy revealing a small 2 × 2 cm ruptured right ovarian ectopic pregnancy with active hemorrhage seen. A wedge resection of the right ovarian ectopic was performed and hemoperitoneum was drained. Ovarian tissue sent for histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of a ruptured ovarian ectopic. Post-operative hCG level was negative after follow-up. Consequently, the patient was treated successfully with fertility-conserving laparoscopy. J Med Cases. 2016;7(4):150-152 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2464w
Enhanced Vascular PI3K/Akt-NOX Signaling Underlies the Peripheral NMDAR-mediated Pressor Response in Conscious Rats

The molecular mechanisms for peripheral N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated vascular oxidative stress and pressor response are not known. We conducted integrative (in vivo) and ex vivo biochemical studies to test the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent calcium influx, triggered by the activation of vascular kinases, underlies the NMDAR-mediated pressor response. Pharmacological inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt (wortmannin, 15 μg/kg), protein kinase C (chelerythrine: 5 mg/kg, intravenous), Ca²⁺ influx (nifedipine, 0.35 or 0.75 mg/kg), or NADPH oxidase (NOX: apocynin, 5 mg/kg) attenuated the peripheral NMDAR-mediated pressor response in conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats. NMDAR activation enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1, JNK and p38 (Western blot), and NOX activity in vascular tissues collected during the pressor response caused by NMDA infusion (180 μg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, 30 minutes). Furthermore, ex vivo studies showed that wortmannin, chelerythrine, or apocynin abrogated the NMDAR-mediated vascular nitric oxide (NO) and ROS generation and NOX activation in the vasculature. These findings implicate vascular PI3K/Akt-protein kinase C signaling in the peripheral NMDAR-mediated increases in vascular NO and NOX activation (ROS), which ultimately lead to calcium influx and pressor response in conscious rats.
Study on antioxidant activity and nitrite scavenging activity of apple polyphenols in vitro simulated chemical system

The antioxidant effect of apple polyphenols from apple pomace was studied by evaluations of hydroxy radical scavenging activity,superoxide radical scavenging activity,DPPH radical scavenging activity,nitrite scavenging activity,lipid oxidation inhibiting activity,β-carotin/linolic acid oxidation inhibiting,and reducing power.Results showed that apple polyphenols had significant hydroxy radical scavenging activity,superoxide radical scavenging activity,DPPH radical scavenging activity and nitrite scavenging activity,and also significant in reducing power,lipid oxidation inhibiting activity and β-carotin/linolic acid oxidation inhibiting activity.It was indicated that apple polyphenols from apple pomace had high capacity of antioxidation and nitrite scavenging activity.
Computer Aided Analysis of High Frequency Induction Heating Process of Steel

Induction heat-treating of steel is of increasing importance as a means of reducing cost and improving the quality of carbon steel components. Application of high frequency (40 to 200 kHZ) has been found to offer many advantages, but tooling and cycle optimization is complex and time consuming. Approximate analytical methods suitable for low-frequency approximations are not sufficient and the fact that important material properties change drastically with temperature makes more exact analysis methods very difficult to implement. This paper discusses several methods used with various degrees of success, and incorporates the finite element method through a commercial package to numerically model this induction heating process.
What Does it All Mean

Explanations begin with your main findings. Then, connect your findings to existing literature and theory and examine your findings from multiple angles. Sounds straightforward until you realize that studies have three possible outcomes. Your findings support your predictions, do not support your predictions, or partially support your predictions. Let’s tackle strategies for explaining each outcome.
Nitrogen Fixation in the Marine Cyanobacterium Trichodesmium

Over the past decade, the marine cyanobacteria Trichodesmiumspp. have received increasing attention [1,2], because of their ability to fix nitrogen in the presence of oxygen, and the recognition of their importance in ocean N budgets [3,4]. Trichodesmiumspp. are distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas [2]. Dugdale et al. [5] first demonstrated that nitrogen fixation occurred in association with Trichodesmiumaggregates in the sea, although it was many years before it became clear that the nitrogen fixation observed was indeed due to the cyanobacterium, and not associated heterotrophic bacteria. Evidence based on DNA sequences (nifH) amplified from natural populations, and immunological studies eventually confirmed that Trichodesmiumitself was the primary nitrogen fixer [6-8], even though other diazotrophs are sometimes found associated with Trichodesmiumaggregates [9,10].
Synthesis of ( R )- and ( S )-α-trifluoromethyl propanoic acids via asymmetric hydrogenation followed by salt resolution

Abstract A highly enantioselective synthesis of (R)- and (S)-α-trifluoromethyl (CF3) propanoic acids has been achieved via asymmetric hydrogenation of 2-trifluoromethylacrylic acid using RuBINAP-Cl2 catalyst followed by salt resolution with threoninol. Both enantiomers can be obtained as threoninol salts in good yield and with high enantiomeric excess. Amide coupling conditions that minimize racemization of the chiral acid have also been developed.
Elasticity with Gradient-Disarrangements: A Multiscale Perspective for Strain-Gradient Theories of Elasticity and of Plasticity

Standard measures of local deformation such as deformation gradient, strain, elastic deformation, and plastic deformation are dimensionless. However, many macroscopic and submacroscopic geometrical changes observed in continuous bodies result in the formation of zones across whose boundaries significant changes in geometry can occur. In order to predict the sizes of such zones and their influence on material response, theories of elasticity and plasticity have been employed in which second gradients of deformation, gradients of strain, as well as gradients of elastic or of plastic deformation are taken into account. The theory of structured deformations provides additive decompositions of first deformation gradient and of second deformation gradient, valid for large deformations of any material, in which each term has a multiscale geometrical interpretation corresponding to the presence or absence of submacroscopic disarrangements (non-smooth geometrical changes such as slips and void formation). This article provides a field theory that broadens the earlier field theory, elasticity with disarrangements, by including energetic contributions from submacroscopic “gradient-disarrangements” (limits of averages of jumps in gradients of approximating deformations) and by treating particular kinematical conditions as internal constraints. An explicit formula is obtained showing the manner in which submacroscopic gradient-disarrangements determine a defectiveness density analogous to the dislocation density in theories of plasticity. A version of the new field theory incorporates this defectiveness density to obtain a counterpart of strain-gradient plasticity, while another instance of elasticity with gradient-disarrangements recovers an instance of strain-gradient elasticity with symmetric Cauchy stress. All versions of the new theory included here are compatible with the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Hippocampal sclerosis and associated focal cortical dysplasia-related epilepsy in neurofibromatosis type I

Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a relatively common disorder associated with a range of neurologic sequelae. Refractory epilepsy occurs in 4-13% of NF1 patients. Hippocampal sclerosis and focal cortical dysplasia, both well-defined epilepsy-related entities, have been described in a subset of cases. To our knowledge, there has been only one other series describing coexistent focal cortical dysplasia and hippocampal sclerosis in the setting of NF1. We report two such patients who presented with intractable seizures requiring epilepsy surgery. Histologically, the hippocampal sclerosis specimen met criteria for the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) hippocampal sclerosis subtypes Ia and II respectively. The associated focal cortical dysplasia observed within the resected temporal lobe were both consistent with ILAE focal cortical dysplasia type IIIa (e.g. associated with a secondary lesion). Post-operatively, both patients had recurrence of habitual seizures, with one case continuing to have intractable seizures following two subsequent temporal lobectomies. Although hippocampal sclerosis association with focal cortical dysplasia is well document in epilepsy, it has been rarely described in the setting of neurofibromatosis type I. Although prior surgical series have shown good epilepsy surgery outcomes within neurofibromatosis type I, these two cases did not.
Assessing composition and structure of soft biphasic media from Kelvin-Voigt fractional derivative model parameters

Kelvin-Voigt fractional derivative (KVFD) model parameters have been used to describe viscoelastic properties of soft tissues. However, translating model parameters into a concise set of intrinsic mechanical properties related to tissue composition and structure remains challenging. This paper begins by exploring these relationships using a biphasic emulsion materials with known composition. Mechanical properties are measured by analyzing data from two indentation techniques - ramp-stress relaxation and load-unload hysteresis tests. Material composition is predictably correlated with viscoelastic model parameters. Model parameters estimated from the tests reveal that elastic modulus E0 closely approximates the shear modulus for pure gelatin. Fractional-order parameter α and time constant τ vary monotonically with the volume fraction of the material's fluid component. α characterizes medium fluidity and the rate of energy dissipation, and τ is a viscous time constant. Numerical simulations suggest that the viscous coefficient η is proportional to the energy lost during quasi-static force-displacement cycles, EA . The slope of EA versus η is determined by α and the applied indentation ramp time Tr. Experimental measurements from phantom and ex vivo liver data show close agreement with theoretical predictions of the η - EA relation. The relative error is less than 20% for emulsions 22% for liver. We find that KVFD model parameters form a concise features space for biphasic medium characterization that described time-varying mechanical properties.
The Opportunities of Metabolomics in Drug Safety Evaluation.

Although safety of drug candidates is carefully monitored in preclinical and clinical studies using a variety of approaches, drug toxicity may still occur in clinical practice. Therefore, novel approaches are needed to complement the current drug safety evaluation system. Metabolomics comprehensively analyzes the metabolites altered by drug exposure, which can therefore be used to profile drug metabolism, endobiotic metabolism, and drug-microbiota interactions. The information from metabolomic analysis can be used to determine the off-targets of a drug candidate and thus provide a mechanistic understanding of drug toxicity. We herein discuss the opportunities of metabolomics in drug safety evaluation.
Simulating the Multi-Disciplinary Care Team Approach: Enhancing Student Understanding of Anatomy through an Ultrasound-Anchored Interprofessional Session.

Quality of healthcare delivery is dependent on collaboration between professional disciplines. Integrating opportunities for interprofessional learning in health science education programs prepares future clinicians to function as effective members of a multi-disciplinary care team. This study aimed to create a modified team-based learning (TBL) environment utilizing ultrasound technology during an interprofessional learning activity to enhance musculoskeletal anatomy knowledge of first year medical (MD) and physical therapy (PT) students. An ultrasound demonstration of structures of the upper limb was incorporated into the gross anatomy courses for first-year MD (n = 53) and PT (n = 28) students. Immediately before the learning experience, all students took an individual readiness assurance test (iRAT) based on clinical concepts regarding the assigned study material. Students observed while a physical medicine and rehabilitation physician demonstrated the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic and procedural tool for the shoulder and elbow. Following the demonstration, students worked within interprofessional teams (n = 14 teams, 5-6 students per team) to review the related anatomy on dissected specimens. At the end of the session, students worked within interprofessional teams to complete a collaborative clinical case-based multiple choice post-test. Team scores were compared to the mean individual score within each team with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Students scored higher on the collaborative post-test (95.2 ±10.2%) than on the iRAT (66.1 ± 13.9% for MD students and 76.2 ±14.2% for PT students, P < 0.0001). Results suggest that this interprofessional team activity facilitated an improved understanding and clinical application of anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 11: 94-99. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
Semisimplicity and Unipotency

Section 1 is devoted to the generalities concerning simple and semisimple modules over a ring, and to the theory of a single linear endomorphism. The main result from this second area is the multiplicative Jordan decomposition of a linear automorphism, which plays an important role in the structure theory of algebraic groups.
Advertising's effects on men's gender role attitudes

We posited that media images of men influence the gender role attitudes that men express soon after exposure to the images. A total of 212 men (87% European American, 7% Asian or Asian American, 3% African American, and 3% other) viewed magazine advertisements containing images of men that varied in terms of how traditionally masculine vs. androgynous they were and whether the models were the same age or much older than the viewers. Men who had initially been less traditional espoused more traditional attitudes than any other group after exposure to traditionally masculine models, although they continued to endorse relatively nontraditional views after exposure to androgynous models. These findings suggest that nontraditional men's gender role attitudes may be rather unstable and susceptible to momentary influences such as those found in advertising.
Waterpipe tobacco package warning exposure’s impact on risk perceptions and use among young adults in the USA: a longitudinal analysis of the population assessment of tobacco and health study

Background Although Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-mandated waterpipe tobacco warnings were not required until August 2018, some waterpipe tobacco packaging (WTP) sold in the USA, contained warnings prior to this date. We examined the prevalence of WTP warning exposure and whether exposure influenced risk perceptions or use among young adult (aged 18–24 years) current waterpipe users. Methods We used data from waves 1 (2013–2014) and 2 (2014–2015) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, a nationally representative longitudinal study of US adults and youth. We conducted logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with wave 1 warning exposure, and whether wave 1 WTP warning exposure predicted wave 2 relative risk perceptions and waterpipe use. Results More than one-third of our sample (35.9%, 95% CI 33.5 to 38.4) reported past-month WTP warning exposure. Exposure was higher among males (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.34, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.72), those who usually do not share the waterpipe (AOR=3.10, 95% CI 1.45 to 6.60), those who purchased waterpipe tobacco (AOR=1.73, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.34), and those with a regular brand (AOR=1.84, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.68). Those exposed to WTP warnings at wave 1 were more likely than those not exposed to perceive waterpipe tobacco to be as or more harmful than cigarettes at wave 2 (AOR=1.35, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.78). There was no association between wave 1 WTP exposure and wave 2 waterpipe use. Conclusions More than one-third of US young adult current waterpipe users reported WTP warning exposure prior to FDA-mandated warning implementation. Findings suggest the mandated warning may result in high exposure among users; it will be critical to assess exposure’s impact on risk perceptions and behaviour after FDA-mandated warnings are implemented.
“Money Helps”: People who inject drugs and their perceptions of financial compensation and its ethical implications

This study documents how people who inject drugs (PWID) in rural Puerto Rico perceive payments for participating in HIV epidemiological studies. In-depth interviews were conducted among a subset (n = 40) of active PWID older than 18 years of age who had been previously enrolled in a much larger study (N = 360). Findings suggest that financial compensation was the main motivation for initially enrolling in the parent study. Then, as trust in the researchers developed, participants came to perceive compensation as part of a reciprocal exchange in which they assisted researchers by providing a trustful account of their experiences and researchers reciprocated with financial support.
Molecular tunneling in large tubes of 3D nitrogenated micropore materials

We study new 3D materials, π-conjugated microporous polymers (aza-CMPs), where 2D layers are connected by methanoic and ethanoic acid groups. The crystal parameters and the band structures are calculated. The energy gaps for a 3D crystal with the ethanoic ( Eg3D=1.04eV) and methanoic ( Eg3D=1.26eV) acid connecting groups are smaller than those for a 2D material ( Eg2D=1.64eV). The symmetry of a 3D crystal becomes lower than for a 2D aza-CMP by changing selection rules and optical spectra. The upper hole bands become non-degenerate for an aza-CMP with ethanoic acid and are doubly degenerate for an aza-CMP with methanoic acid connecting groups. The upper bands in the valence zone become more flat implying heavier hole masses that lead to lower hole mobilities. We also investigate molecular transport through the channels. We find that a CH 4 molecule moves easily along the tube in a large pore material and is hindered in a small pore (with ethanoic acid connecting groups) crystal. The ammonia molecule is attached to the tube walls with a large activation energy (about 0.39eV). For the large molecules NR 4 (R=CH 3, C 2H 5), chemical reactions take place in the narrow tubes. In particular, an N(CH 3)4 molecule decays in the fragments. The two atoms, N and C, are attached to the tube walls, and the three molecular fragments, CH 4, C 2H 6, and H 2, can further tunnel along the channels. The low energy gaps and tunable transport properties of π-conjugated microporous polymeric structures can be used for electronics, energy harvesting, gas separation, selective gas transport, hydrogen storage, and biomedicine (drug delivery).
Comparability of serum, plasma, and urinary estrogen and estrogen metabolite measurements by sex and menopausal status

The comparability between serum, plasma, and urinary measurements of estrogen metabolites via liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) has not been largely explored, and it is unclear if urinary LC–MS/MS measurements are suitable surrogates of circulating levels. Serum, plasma (EDTA and heparin), and urinary estrogen/estrogen metabolite levels were measured via LC–MS/MS in paired samples from 64 healthy volunteers (18 men, 20 premenopausal women, 26 postmenopausal women). Geometric means and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to compare individual and combined pathway levels of estrogens/estrogen metabolites across biologic matrices by sex/menopausal status. Measured concentrations of estrogens/estrogen metabolites across blood matrices were almost identical (percent differences < 4.8%). Parent estrogen concentrations measured in serum and urine were moderately correlated in postmenopausal women (estrone: r = 0.69, estradiol: r = 0.69). Correlations were similar comparing unconjugated serum estradiol to urinary estrone (r = 0.76) and urinary estradiol (r = 0.65) in postmenopausal women but were moderate to low in premenopausal women (r = 0.60, 0.40, respectively)/men (r = 0.33, 0.53, respectively). Comparing metabolite ratios, proportionally higher concentrations of 16-pathway metabolites were measured in urine versus serum across sex/menopausal status groups (e.g., postmenopausal women: 50.3% 16-pathway metabolites/total in urine versus 35.3% in serum). There is strong agreement between estrogen/estrogen metabolites measurements in serum, heparin plasma, and EDTA plasma. Individual estrogen metabolite concentrations were moderately correlated between urine and serum, but were not well correlated when evaluating pathway- or relative estrogen concentrations. Differences between serum and urine are likely explained by differences in metabolism and/or excretion.
Knowing What Others Know: Younger and Older Adults' Perspective-Taking and Memory for Medication Information.

Health-related information can be important to communicate and remember, but we may not understand our own or others’ memory abilities. In this study, younger and older adults estimated their performance before and after a cued-recall memory task in which they studied medication–side-effect pairs. Participants also estimated the performance of a peer their own age, a medical student, and a person in the other age group (i.e., younger adults estimated older adults’ performance and vice versa). In Experiment 1, participants completed four study-test cycles, each with new pairs. In Experiment 2, the same pairs were presented throughout. Overall, participants initially overestimated their memory performance, but after the task, several judgments were closer to participants’ actual performance and that of their peers. Thus, people may not initially have accurate representations of how they and others remember health-related information, but these misconceptions may be ameliorated by testing and task experience.
One-Fibered Ideals

This is essentially an expository paper about m-primary ideals I in a local ring (R, m) which have a single exceptional prime, i. e., whose closed fiber in the normalization \(\overline {R\left( I \right)} \) of the blow-up R(I) is irreducible. Stated slightly differently, it is about m-primary ideals which have a single associated Rees valuation. If R is analytically unramified then the existence of such an ideal in R implies that R is analytically irreducible. It is conjectured that, conversely, every analytically irreducible local domain has such an ideal.
DCIS: Radiation Considerations

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is commonly treated with radiotherapy as a part of breast-conserving therapy, though increasingly the use of routine radiation treatment is being questioned. The intent of this review is to summarize studies on the role of radiotherapy for DCIS, with an emphasis on more recent trials. While older randomized clinical trials have established a local control benefit for adjuvant radiotherapy following breast-conserving surgery in all patients including those with low-risk DCIS, these and subsequent studies have failed to demonstrate any survival benefit. Given the risks associated with radiotherapy, studies have aspired to demonstrate that subgroups of DCIS patients who derive less benefit from treatment may safely avoid adjuvant radiotherapy. Nomograms based on retrospective analyses have been employed to help identify patients for omission of radiotherapy, and genomic assays as a proxy for tumor biology are being explored as strategies for patient selection. When patients do receive radiotherapy, radiation options such as hypofractionation, inclusion of a radiation boost to the resection cavity, and partial-breast irradiation are considerations to help individualize treatment. Finally, initial treatment for DCIS may have implications for subsequent therapy in the setting of salvage therapy for recurrent breast cancer. More recent studies on DCIS have aimed at identifying subgroups of DCIS patients who may safely omit radiotherapy and strategies to individualize radiation treatment of DCIS. Radiotherapy for DCIS should be a decision made after a careful discussion between physicians and patients, taking into account individual patient characteristics and preferences.
“Services Not Mausoleums”: Race, Politics, and the Concept of Community in American Medicine (1963-1970)

A romance with the concept of community has long characterized activist healthcare movements and has more recently been taken up by academic medical centers (AMCs) as a sign of virtuous civic engagement. During the late 1960s, the word community, as deployed by administrators at prestigious AMCs, became increasingly politicized, commodified and racialized. Here, we analyze how the concept of community was initially framed in the 1963 Community Mental Health Centers Act, the first legislation to establish community mental health centers in America. We then examine the Health Policy Advisory Center’s analysis of the proposed Washington Heights Community Mental Health Center to be run by Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons, an institution that had historically neglected residents’ health needs. Community pushback against Columbia’s plan to build a multi-block center, amplified by medical students and residents critical of the professionalized community mental health movement, escalated in the late 1960s, leading the city’s planning board to reject Columbia and approve a community council’s plan for preventive and rehabilitative local services. These conflicting overtones of “community” still inform understandings of the word in medicine today; thus, a critical historical analysis of “community” is warranted.
Cancer-Associated Gain-of-Function Mutations Activate a SWI/SNF-Family Regulatory Hub.

Summary SWI/SNF-family remodelers (BAF/PBAF in mammals) are essential chromatin regulators, and mutations in human BAF/PBAF components are associated with ∼20% of cancers. Cancer-associated missense mutations in human BRG1 (encoding the catalytic ATPase) have been characterized previously as conferring loss-of-function. Here, we show that cancer-associated missense mutations in BRG1, when placed into the orthologous Sth1 ATPase of the yeast RSC remodeler, separate into two categories: loss-of-function enzymes, or instead, gain-of-function enzymes that greatly improve DNA translocation efficiency and nucleosome remodeling in vitro. Our work identifies a structural “hub,” formed by the association of several Sth1 domains, that regulates ATPase activity and DNA translocation efficiency. Remarkably, all gain-of-function cancer-associated mutations and all loss-of-function mutations physically localize to distinct adjacent regions in the hub, which specifically regulate and implement DNA translocation, respectively. In vivo, only gain-of-function cancer-associated mutations conferred precocious chromatin accessibility. Taken together, we provide a structure-function mechanistic basis for cancer-associated hyperactivity.
Common Change-Point Estimation and Changed Panel Isolation after Sequential Detection in an Exponential Family

After a common change point is detected sequentially in N independent panels with observations following a standard exponential family distribution, a BH-type procedure is proposed to isolate the changed panels based on the asymptotic exponential property of CUSUM processes without change with false discovery rate (FDR) control. The common change point is then estimated based on the change-point estimations from the isolated changed panels. Several typical models based on normal, exponential, and Chi-square distributions for detecting changes in mean, rate, and variance are used for illustration with simulation results. A real example with mean or variance change for Dow Jones 30 stock prices is used for illustration.
Date of shoot collection, genotype, and original shoot position affect early rooting of dormant hardwood cuttings of Populus

Identifying superior combinations among date of dormant- season shoot collection, genotype, and original shoot position can increase the rooting potential of Populus cuttings. Thus, the objectives of our study were to: 1) evaluate variation among clones in early rooting from hardwood cuttings processed every three weeks from shoots collected throughout the dormant season and 2) evaluate variation among genomic groups in early rooting of the same cuttings while testing for differences among three parental shoot positions (apical, middle, basal).
Abstract 14277: Serum Nt-prob-type Natriuretic Peptide is Associated With Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in Patients With Angina and Non-obstructive Coronary Artery Disease

Title: Serum NT-proB-type Natriuretic Peptide is associated with Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in Patients with Angina and Non-obstructive Coronary Artery Disease Authors: Ali Ahmad, MD, Jaska...
Intracortical microstimulation of somatosensory cortex generates evoked responses in motor cortex

The complex nature of neural connections throughout the cerebral cortex has led to broad interest in understanding cortical functional networks of tactile perception and sensorimotor integration. Cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) can be used as physiological markers to study and map cerebral networks in the brain. In a human participant with bi-hemispheric microelectrode array implants in sensorimotor regions of the brain, we found that intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of the primary somatosensory cortex can lead to evoked responses in the motor cortex in the same hemisphere, indicating connectivity between these sensorimotor regions. Single ICMS pulses were not consciously perceived, but elicited a rapid evoked potential approximately 20 ms after stimulus onset. Multi-pulse ICMS trains, perceived as tactile sensations in the thumb, sustained over an approximately 33 ms period, led to a delayed evoked response roughly 80 ms after stimulus onset. This work is important not only for better understanding the functional relationship between cortical areas, specifically somatosensory and motor cortices, but also to provide insight on pathways where neuromodulation techniques could be employed for rehabilitation or mitigation of sensorimotor neurodegenerative effects.