cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STOL Fighter Technology Program

In recent years, the Air Force has provided additional funds to investigate the technologies and problems associated with providing fighters a Short Take Off and Landing (STOL) capability without seriously degrading today’s maneuver, load, and cruise performance. Within the Flight Dynamics Laboratory, this technology thrust has been planned and organized under the title of “Runway Independence.”The thrust is multi-disciplined in that the following technologies are being investigated both singularly and in integrated combinations to quantify their contribution to providing options in solving the STOL design task. These technologies are: aerodynamics, integrated controls, thrust vectoring/reversing exhaust nozzles, landing gear, and cockpit aids and controllers necessary to operate under weather and/or at night.To help focus these technology efforts and to mature existing technology, the STOL Technology Fighter program was formulated. The objective of the program is to flight validate and mature near-term advanced technologies applicable to providing a STOL capability without sacrificing today’s maneuver, cruise or dash performance. Specific technologies to be addressed in this program are: two-dimensional thrust vectoring/reversing exhaust nozzle; integrated flight/propulsion control; advanced high lift systems; rough/soft field landing gear; and cockpit aids and controllers necessary to locate and land a fighter on the usable portion of the runway at night and in weather.The program will either modify an existing fighter like the F-15, F-16 or F-18 or build a hybrid vehicle like the X-29 with these technologies integrated into the vehicle. The contract will be awarded in 1983 with first flight in late 1987. The end objective of the program is to demonstrate take offs and landings under wet runway conditions of under 1500 feet including dispersion. This paper discusses the integration of these technologies into a total flight program.Copyright © 1983 by ASME
Morphological Correlates of Adrenocorticotropin-Stimulated Steroidogenesis in Cultured Adrenocortical Cells: Differences between Bovine and Human Adrenal Cells*

ACTH causes dramatic morphological changes in cultured adrenocortical cells of several species. In the present study, the morphological changes induced by ACTH in primary bovine and human fetal adrenocortical cells have been examined. Both cell types responded similarly in their ACTH-stimulated increase in steroidogenesis and ACTH inhibition of cell proliferation. However, they differed in their morphological responses. Epithelial-like human fetal adrenal cells became round and lost substrate attachment as a result of ACTH treatment, whereas similarly treated cultured bovine adrenal cells did not. Observation of actin distribution using 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-l,3-diazole-phallacidin and fluorescence microscopy revealed a loss of stress fibers in the human cells treated with ACTH, but little or no effect in identically treated bovine cells. Because of the similar biochemical responses but different morphological responses in these cells, we suggest that the steroidogenic and retraction responses to ACTH are sep...
Extended orbitozygomatic approach to the skull base to improve access to the cavernous sinus and optic chiasm

Abstract Background The orbitozygomatic approach to the skull base has evolved over the past century, with a surge in development during the past 20 years. We describe an extension of this technique involving removal of the most inferior portion of the temporal bone to the level of the internal carotid artery as it enters the carotid canal, to further facilitate exposure of tumors in this region. Methods and materials We performed the extended orbitozygomatic approach in a series of 17 patients with a variety of neoplastic lesions. Our case series was reviewed in a retrospective fashion, and our surgical approach is described. The approach is performed safely and effectively by using the spine of the sphenoid and middle meningeal artery as landmarks and then resecting the temporal bone from the temporal craniotomy site to the carotid canal. Results The extended orbitozygomatic approach has been performed at our institution over the past 6 years and has provided significantly improved access to this region of the skull base, facilitating tumor extirpation in our patient population without an increase in complications. Conclusions The extended orbitozygomatic approach further improves exposure and facilitates surgical dissection in patients with neoplasms of the cavernous sinus, sellar region, interpeduncular region, and upper clivus. The improved access without an increase in complications supports the inclusion of the extended orbitozygomatic approach in the armamentarium of the skull base surgeon.
Effect of Sterculia foetida oil on uptake of water by the avian egg yolk.

SummaryThe yolks of eggs from hens having a one-egg clutch average took up significantly more water than those from hens having 2-4 egg clutch sizes. Yolks from hens having 2, 3, and 4 egg clutch, sizes showed no significant differences in water uptake. Yolks from eggs stored overnight and from hens given Sterculia foetida oil were not significantly heavier and did not take up more water than eggs from hens given corn oil. However, when the eggs were stored one month the yolks from the hens fed Sterculia foetida oil increased 20% in weight and showed an 80% greater water uptake than those from the corn oil fed hens.
X-Ray Spectrum of Element 43

The x-ray spectrum of a sample containing Element 43 supplied by the Clinton Laboratories has been studied. Lines ascribable to $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$, $K{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$, $K{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$ of Element 43 were identified. Their wave-lengths followed closely the values calculated by interpolation betwen elements 41, 42, 44, and 45.
Mammalian mitochondria as in vitro monitors of water quality.

To measure acute toxicity effectively, a system must provide a simple, sensitive, and rapid measurement of physiological parameters which are indicative of overall organism (bacteria) or organelle (mitochondria) viability. To detect a broad spectrum of toxicants, the parameters should be associated with a major metabolic process controlled by interdependent enzyme systems. In the bioassay reported here, phosphorylating submitochondrial particles (SMP), prepared by sonic disruption of the heavy fraction of intact bovine heart mitochondria serve as in vitro monitors of aquatic toxicity. The bioassay is based on the phenomenon of energy-coupled reverse electron transfer (RET), discovered in plant mitochondria, and later explored using SMP preparations from mammalian sources. RET responses permit rapid, simple, and sensitive measurement of acute toxicity by spectrophotometric recording of the rate of NAD reduction. The criterion of toxicity in this test is inhibition of NAD reduction in the presence of toxic substances. The RET reaction was chosen over other methods because responses are easily quantifiable and the energy-coupled RET reaction is competent in reconstituted freeze-dried submitochondrial particles. Thus, SMP - a stable biological preparation- can be distributed to other laboratories. This feature is important in selecting a routine bioassay.
Multiple innervation of fiber types in the soleus muscles of postnatal rats

Abstract There exists substantial physiological and anatomical evidence that the soleus muscles of rats are immature at birth, i.e., most of the muscle fibers are in the myotube stage and these myotubes are polyneuronally innervated. By 3.5 weeks, myotubes have differentiated into type I and II fibers and the majority are unineuronally innervated. Severance of the soleus nerve in the newborn rat halts development at the myotube stage, demonstrating that fiber type differentiation is neurally dependent. Because fiber type differentiation and the development of the motor innervation both occur postnatally, I sought to determine whether or not these two processes are causally related. The percentage of fibers innervated by two or more terminal axonal branches decreased markedly from 73 to 9% during postnatal days 11 to 15. Type I and II fibers each comprised approximately 50% of the fiber population throughout this period and the total number of muscle fibers remained unchanged. Type II fibers were generally smaller in diameter than type I fibers, although a number of exceptions were noted. As the majority of the multiply innervated fibers were of small diameter, multiple innervation was probably most common to type II fibers. At 11 days, when 73% of the fibers are multiply innervated, fibers of both types must possess this innervation pattern because neither type is prevalent enough to account for the observed multiple innervation. Therefore, the differentiation of fiber types in the soleus does not correlate with the loss of polyneuronal innervation.
Linking Assessments Effectively: Purpose and Design.

What problems can occur in linking old and newer forms of a test? Does the length of the tests being equated affect the results of a linking study? When tests are designed for different purposes, can the scores be meaningfully interpreted after equating?
Large eddy simulation and direct numerical simulation of homogeneous nucleation in turbulent wakes

Abstract Numerical simulations of nanoparticle nucleation in turbulent wakes are performed. We consider the homogeneous nucleation of dibutyl-phthalate (DBP) nanoparticles via direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large-eddy simulation (LES). The flows consist of a high-temperature, DBP-laden stream issuing into a low-temperature, faster moving, DBP-free environment. In the DNS, all relevant length and time-scales are resolved, and the Navier–Stokes equations, along with the species transport equations are solved in a “model-free” manner. These provide knowledge of the fluid, thermal, and species fields as a function of space and time. DBP nucleation is modeled via classical nucleation theory. The unresolved fluxes in the LES are modeled using modified kinetic-energy viscosity based gradient-diffusion closures. These allow the representation of the unresolved or sub-grid (SGS) stress, and fluid–scalar fluxes in terms of resolved-scale quantities. To illustrate the effects of the SGS interactions on homogeneous nucleation in turbulent flows, the unresolved scalar–scalar interactions appearing in the nucleation source term are neglected. The magnitude of the unresolved scales is varied by performing the LES at two resolutions. The results show that nucleation initially occurs in the shear layers where molecular transport dominates and across the span of the wake once the core collapses and the flow transitions to turbulence. Pre-transition, the saturation ratio – representative of the driving force for particle formation – predicted by the LES and DNS are quite similar. Post-transition, the saturation ratios predicted by the LES are significantly greater than those predicted by the DNS, and the discrepancy increases as the filter-width increases (and resolution decreases). This dynamic is also reflected in the nucleation rate. The LES predicts nucleation rates between one and two orders of magnitude greater than the DNS the discrepancy increases as the resolution decreases. There is also a shift towards the nucleation of smaller nanoparticles in the LES compared to the DNS. The results suggest that the SGS scalar–scalar interactions act to decrease the rate of nucleation and increase nuclei size.
Flow cytometry as a tool to quantify oyster defence mechanisms

The fast growing oyster aquaculture industry is greatly hindered by Perkinsus marinus and Haplosporidium nelsoni which can kill up to 80% of the production. The relationship between parasites and oyster defence mechanisms is unclear. Two defence mechanisms of the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) were quantified at the single cell level utilising flow cytometry. Phagocytosis was measured using fluorescent beads. Respiratory burst activity was quantified as the H2O2-specific increase in dichlorofluorescein-associated fluorescence upon stimulation. These two assays distinguished three populations of haemocytes (granulocytes, hyalinocytes and intermediate cells) with unique functional characteristics. Granulocytes were most active at phagocytosis and H2O2 production while hyalinocytes were relatively inactive. The intermediate cells had moderate phagocytic and respiratory burst activity. Flow cytometry can rapidly, accurately and directly quantify the morphology and function of a large number of individual cells, and will lead to a better understanding of the bivalve immune system.
Direct measurement of the piezoelectric field and Fermi level pinning in [111]B grown InGaAs/GaAs heterostructures

We report the first photoreflectance measurement of strain-induced piezoelectric field in a (111)B InGaAs/GaAs structure. The InGaAs quantum well was pseudomorphically grown in the undoped regions of a GaAs undoped-heavily doped structure. Four structures, two each with the same layer structures but different orientation, (111)B and (100), were used in this study. The electric fields in the undoped GaAs region were measured by Franz-Keldysh oscillations in photoreflectance. All the samples have a surface barrier height of about 0.7 eV. However, the measured electric field is 30% stronger in the (111)B sample compared to the (100) sample. We attribute this difference to the strain induced electric field in the (111)B sample. The piezoelectric field in (111)B strained In0.15Ga0.85As obtained in this measurement is 2.2 +/- 0.5 X 105 V/cm, which agrees very well with theory.
Comparison of algorithms for the fast computation of the continuous wavelet transform

We introduce a general framework for computing the continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Included in this framework is an FFT implementation as well as fast algorithms which achieve O(1) complexity per wavelet coefficient. The general approach that we present allows a straight forward comparison among a large variety of implementations. In our framework, computation of the CWT is viewed as convolving the input signal with wavelet templates that are the oblique projection of the ideal wavelets into one subspace orthogonal to a second subspace. We present this idea and discuss and compare particular implementations.
Doped-Si–Ag composite electrodes for Li-ion batteries

Abstract An experimental study is carried out of the electrochemical characteristics of electrodes made from pure silicon (Si), doped-silicon (doped-Si) particles and doped-silicon–silver (doped-Si–Ag) composite particles. Doped-Si particles of 10–20 μm are obtained by mechanically crushing the silicon wafers, followed by sieving, and the doped-Si–Ag composite particles was prepared by self-selective electroless deposition. The Ag coating on doped-Si provides improved overall electrical conductivity that enables a better charge transfer. Measurements show that the doped-Si–Ag composite anode give the best electrochemical performance, with the lowest impedance and improved cyclability, and this is followed by the electrodes of doped-Si and pure Si. Moreover, the composite electrode has a stable discharge capacity of 1300 mAhrg − 1 for more than 100 cycles, which is attributed to a good electrical integrity, while the pure and doped-Si electrodes degraded in less than 40 cycles.
Statistical strategies for event rate comparisons in dental studies.

Dental researchers are interested in measures of association between explanatory variables and various disease indicators, where both can be measured at the tooth or surface level. The usual chi-square tests for event rate comparisons are inadequate to analyze such data since teeth within the same individual are correlated with one another. This situation may become further complicated when stratification adjustment is of interest particularly when the stratification factor is also at the tooth or surface level, such as tooth type or presence of previous disease for the tooth. Consequently, statistical methods are needed to control for the correlation of sites in the mouth. A survey sampling approach is suggested; with this method, the sample is managed as a one stage cluster sample of patients to obtain the design base covariance matrix for the cell counts in a contingency table. The covariance matrix for the cell counts can be ontained from statistical software used to analyze data from large sample sur...
Tropical species of Cladobotryum and Hypomyces producing red pigments

Twelve species of Hypomyces/Cladobotryum producing red pigments are reported growing in various tropical areas of the world. Ten of these are described as new, including teleomorphs for two previously known anamorphic species. In two species the teleomorph has been found in nature and in three others it was obtained in culture; only anamorphs are known for the rest. None of the studied tropical collections belongs to the common temperate species H. rosellus and H. odoratus to which the tropical teleomorphic collections had previously been assigned. Instead, taxa encountered in the tropics are genetically and morphologically distinct from the nine species of Hypomyces/Cladobotryum producing red pigments known from temperate regions. Besides observed host preferences, anamorphs of several species can spread fast on soft ephemeral agaricoid basidiomata but the slower developing teleomorphs are mostly found on polyporoid basidiomata or bark. While a majority of previous records from the tropics involve collections from Central America, this paper also reports the diversity of these fungi in the Paleotropics. Africa appears to hold a variety of taxa as five of the new species include material collected in scattered localities of this mostly unexplored continent. In examining distribution patterns, most of the taxa do not appear to be pantropical. Some species are known only from the Western Hemisphere, while others have a geographic range from southeastern Asia to Africa or Australia. The use of various morphological characters of anamorphs and teleomorphs as well as culture characteristics in species delimitation is evaluated. For detecting genetic segregation, partial sequences of the two largest subunits of the ribosomal polymerase perform the best in terms of providing informative sites and the number of well-supported groups recognised in the phylogenies. These are followed by the sequence data of the translation-elongation factor 1-alpha, while the ribosomal DNA ITS regions are of only limited use in distinguishing species and their phylogenetic relationships.
Speed vs reaction time as a measure of cognitive performance.

Choosing mean reaction time or mean speed (it’s reciprocal) as the dependent variable in cognition experiments is frequently done for no better reason than convenience. It is shown that sometimes this choice is crucial in determining the order of the obtained effects. Moreover, it is proved that when the order of the effects is dependent upon the choice of the transformation, the assumption of homogeneity of variance is not true and hence ANOVA may not be justified. Alternative strategies are proposed to deal with this data-related problem.
Optimum filters for narrow-band frequency modulation

A computer search was made for the optimum second- and third-order bandpass filters for use in narrow-band FM and PM systems. The optimum filter for minimum distortion was found to be near the Bessel filter. The results were fairly independent of modulation index and bandwidth.
Application of transmission electron microscopy to polymer thin sections. I. Observations on nylon 66, bulk and filament forms

A study was made on the internal morphology of molding pellets and filaments of nylon 66 by using transmission electron microscopy on ultrathin sections and polarized light microscopy. Nylon specimens embedded in an epoxy–phenolic resin alloy were sectioned to below 500 A. in thickness on an ultramicrotome with a 48° diamond knife. This resin combined good sectioning properties with strong adhesion to the nylon due to the interaction between the phenolic and the nylon. It was established that success in sectioning depended on embedding in a medium with proper wetting characteristics (to permit floating sections away from the knife edge) and obtaining a strong adhesive bond between specimen and embedding material. Contrast in the electron micrographs was enhanced by staining the nylon sections with phosphotungstic acid. Observations on nylon 66 molding pellets resolved the fibrillar structure of spherulites at the 100 A. level. Observations on undrawn monofilaments indicated a cylindrical rather than spherical symmetry of spherulitic crystallization. When the filaments were cold-drawn, these spherulites retained their radial symmetry but were reduced in diameter.
Development of a swine model for benign stenosis of the bile duct by endoscopic application of intraluminal thermal injury

Background: A simple animal model is desirable for the study of endoscopic therapies used in the management of biliary strictures. The aim of this study was to identify a method for inducing benign biliary stenoses in a porcine model by using endoscopic techniques. Methods: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography was performed in 9 swine. Intraluminal injury was applied to the common hepatic duct with graded applications of either a heat probe or a multipolar probe. Cholangiography was repeated at 7-day intervals. If a stricture was not identified by 28 days, injury was created at another site in the common hepatic duct by using a higher energy dose. After a stricture was identified, the animal was killed and bile duct samples were obtained for histopathologic evaluation. Results: Thirteen thermal injuries were created in the 9 animals. Six of 7 heat probe treatments and 1 of 6 multipolar probe treatments resulted in a stricture (p = 0.025, Fisher exact test). Applications of the heat probe at 10 or 15 J produced a stricture in 6 of 6 cases. All strictures were indistinguishable histopathologically from benign strictures in humans. Conclusions: The application of intraluminal thermal injury with a heat probe results in a reproducible animal model of benign biliary stenosis. (Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:73-7.)
Implications of the Schiavo Case for Understanding Family Caregiving Issues at the End of Life

The case of Mrs. Terri Schiavo illustrates common themes in family caregiving at the end of life but is distinctive from most family caregiving situations in other ways. As occurred in Mrs. Schiavo's case, family members do act as both caregivers and decisionmakers for their loved ones at the end of life, often without the benefit of written advance directives. Family stress and conflict may result, yet seldom lead to court proceedings, legislative intervention, and media coverage as occurred in the Schiavo case. The importance of informal conflict resolution and the limitations of adversarial legal approaches are discussed.
Oxygen-coupled Redox Regulation of the Skeletal Muscle Ryanodine Receptor/Ca2+ Release Channel (RyR1) SITES AND NATURE OF OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION

In mammalian skeletal muscle, Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) through the ryanodine receptor/Ca(2+)-release channel RyR1 can be enhanced by S-oxidation or S-nitrosylation of separate Cys residues, which are allosterically linked. S-Oxidation of RyR1 is coupled to muscle oxygen tension (pO2) through O2-dependent production of hydrogen peroxide by SR-resident NADPH oxidase 4. In isolated SR (SR vesicles), an average of six to eight Cys thiols/RyR1 monomer are reversibly oxidized at high (21% O2) versus low pO2 (1% O2), but their identity among the 100 Cys residues/RyR1 monomer is unknown. Here we use isotope-coded affinity tag labeling and mass spectrometry (yielding 93% coverage of RyR1 Cys residues) to identify 13 Cys residues subject to pO2-coupled S-oxidation in SR vesicles. Eight additional Cys residues are oxidized at high versus low pO2 only when NADPH levels are supplemented to enhance NADPH oxidase 4 activity. pO2-sensitive Cys residues were largely non-overlapping with those identified previously as hyperreactive by administration of exogenous reagents (three of 21) or as S-nitrosylated. Cys residues subject to pO2-coupled oxidation are distributed widely within the cytoplasmic domain of RyR1 in multiple functional domains implicated in RyR1 activity-regulating interactions with the L-type Ca(2+) channel (dihydropyridine receptor) and FK506-binding protein 12 as well as in "hot spot" regions containing sites of mutation implicated in malignant hyperthermia and central core disease. pO2-coupled disulfide formation was identified, whereas neither S-glutathionylated nor sulfenamide-modified Cys residues were observed. Thus, physiological redox regulation of RyR1 by endogenously generated hydrogen peroxide is exerted through dynamic disulfide formation involving multiple Cys residues.
Radiation-associated toxicities in the treatment of high-grade gliomas

This article gives a brief historical overview of the development of standard management for high-grade gliomas (HGGs). The current standard of care, trimodality therapy with maximal safe resection followed by involved-field radiotherapy (RT) with concomitant/adjuvant temozolomide, confers median survival of 14.6 months, and a modest but measurable proportion (9.8%) of patients survives 5 or more years. We review the toxicities associated with irradiation of the central nervous system for patients with HGG, with focus on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and potential preventative strategies for long-term neurocognitive dysfunction, which remains a pervasive, progressive, and clinically devastating sequela of trimodality therapy. Treatment of cognitive decline after RT is limited, and strategies for preventing this complication are being investigated.
Interferometric Observations at 2.7 millimeters of the Nearest T Tauri Stars

Sensitive upper limits to the 2.7 mm fluxes around two T Tauri stars in the nearest molecular cloud L1457 (=MBM 12) are reported. The observations were made with the Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland interferometer, operating in continuum mode. For the sources IRAS F02553+2018 and LkHα 264, the 3 σ sensitivities of the observations were 0.011 and 0.015 Jy, respectively. The present observations are insufficient to constrain the disk masses of these objects because there are more disk model parameters than available data points. However, models using "typical" disk parameters result in disk masses of 0.002 to 0.005 M☉ and are consistent with the observations. The results indicate that the previously unclassified source F02553+2018 is a weak-line T Tauri star.
Government Study Commissions and County Home Rule

Abstract Most of the state action on county home rule occurred in the 1970s and most of the 149 charters were adopted in the 1970s. Although there is still interest in home rule, it is largely confined to a few states and specific counties. In Pennsylvania there are six county home rule charters, and five of the six were approved in the 1970s. Only home rule for Allegheny County has been approved since then. Allegheny County's success came in 1998 after two unsuccessful efforts in the 1970s. This article is a study of Allegheny County's efforts to obtain home rule focusing on the charter writing process. The author contends that the charter writing phase has a major impact on whether the change effort is successful. He applies a framework to study this phase of the home rule effort. The framework consists of three models to categorize members by their orientation on the kinds of changes they seek. In addition to the models that are used to categorize members by their change preferences, a typology is appl...
Feasibility and reliability of interactive voice response assessment of HIV medication adherence: research and clinical implications.

AbstractBackground: There are well-documented negative consequences of nonadherence to HIV medications. Telephone-based interactive voice response (IVR) technologies may hold promise for assessing nonadherence in both research and clinical contexts; however, little psychometric research has been conducted on this topic.Objective: In the present pilot study, we test the feasibility and reliability of a simplified patient-initiated, daily IVR system with a convenience sample of HIV patients attending a university-affiliated infectious disease clinic.Methods: Participants were asked to call in to an IVR system to report adherence daily during 2 weeks of a larger prospective study. Response rates and patterns were analyzed for feasibility and compared to retrospective, self-report timeline follow-back (TLFB) adherence reporting.Results: The IVR protocol showed moderate feasibility, with participants reporting adherence behavior on 63.4% of days. However, agreement with TLFB data was low, particularly for days...
Solar neutrinos and gravity

Abstract We review the possibility that the solar neutrino problem can be explained by neutrinos violating the equivalence principle. It is found that such a scenario can be ruled out when one takes into account data from high energy accelerator neutrino experiments.
Mechanics of Loading for Electroplated Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) Wheels During Grinding of a Nickel-Based Superalloy in Water-Based Lubricating Fluids

The mechanics of wheel loading of the nickel-based superalloy onto electroplated CBN wheels during grinding with water-based lubricants is proposed. Wheel loading was the primary cause for the significant decrease in grinding wheel life for the current formulation of water-based lubricants tested. Evidence of the specific sequence in the deposition process has been captured through extended evaluation and characterization of the grinding wheel surface and adherent alloy material. The proposed mechanism provides a phenomenological understanding of wheel loading for grinding operations using water-based lubricants, aiming to promote testing of future generation grinding lubricants and advanced fluid delivery methods specific to these operations.
Structure of internal modules and a formula for the spherical vector of minimal representations

Abstract We develop a formula for the spherical vector of minimal representations of simply laced Chevalley groups.
Behavior Assessment System for Children.

Abstract The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) is a well-designed and useful set of measures for the assessment and identification of school-age children with emotional disturbances and behavioral disorders. The BASC consists of five measures designed to gather information about a child or adolescent from a variety of sources (teachers, parents, direct observations, students, and historical records). In combining this information into an integrated system, the BASC uniquely attempts to provide a multidimensional understanding of a child. This review summarizes the technical qualities of the BASC and critiques its usefulness for practicing school psychologists. Although there are shortcomings, the BASC is made up of some of the best measures of their kind and represents an approach of choice for identifying children with emotional and behavioral disorders in schools.
From a non‐target to a target: identification of a fermentation volatile blend attractive to Zaprionus indianus

The African fig fly, Zaprionus indianus Gupta, is rapidly spreading through the New World and is a new potential pest for numerous fruit crops. Methods are needed to detect and monitor Z. indianus. A recent study shows that Z. indianus can be attracted with a mixture of wine and vinegar, but there are no chemical attractants yet identified. This fly was captured incidentally as a non-target insect in experiments to develop chemical lures, based on wine and vinegar fermentation volatiles, for Drosophila suzukii Matsumura and Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. We then generated testable hypotheses on what combination of these volatiles was involved in Z. indianus attraction to wine and vinegar. We determined through a series of trapping experiments that the blend of ethanol, acetic acid, acetoin, isoamyl acetate, methionol and ethyl hexanoate constitutes a strong attractant for Z. indianus and accounts for its attraction to the combination of wine and vinegar. These results and findings provide the first opportunity to develop a long-lasting and consistent chemical lure for trapping of Z. indianus. Such a lure in a suitable trap should provide a good means to document the spread of the fly and determine its seasonality and abundance in new areas and crops.
CLA and n-3 PUFA differentially modulate clinical activity and colonic PPAR-responsive gene expression in a pig model of experimental IBD.

Summary Background & aims Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been proposed as important pharmaconutrients for modulating mucosal immunity and therapeutic responses in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We evaluated the ability of CLA and n-3 PUFA alone or in combination to modulate IBD in a pig model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Methods Sixty-four, 15-day-old pigs were used to evaluate the effect of CLA, n-3 PUFA and a 50:50 mixture of CLA and n-3 PUFA on growth, clinical activity and colonic PPAR-responsive gene expression. Diets were formulated to contain: 1.33% soybean oil (control); 1.33% CLA; 1.33% fish oil; or 1.33% of a 50:50 mixture of CLA and fish oil. Intestinal inflammation was induced by an intragastric challenge with DSS on day 42 of dietary supplementation. The colonic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), PPAR γ- and δ-responsive genes, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were assayed by quantitative RT-PCR. Results The onset of IBD was delayed, colitis less severe and growth suppression attenuated in pigs fed CLA, which correlated with induction of colonic PPAR γ and its responsive gene PPAR γ-coactivator-1α (PGC1-α) and downregulation of TNF-α. However, dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA alone or in combination with CLA resulted in an early onset of disease (i.e., day 2) and faster recovery on days 6 and 7, which correlated with a marked induction of the PPAR δ-responsive gene uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3). CLA and n-3 PUFA acted synergistically to upregulate colonic KGF expression in DSS-challenged pigs but n-3 PUFA blocked CLA-induced PPAR γ activation. Conclusion Dietary CLA-supplementation upregulated colonic PPAR γ expression and contributed to delaying the onset of experimental IBD, whereas n-3 PUFA failed to protect from IBD, although it accelerated colonic regeneration and clinical remission by activating PPAR δ.
Experimental determination of the need for multitaper collimators for neutron radiotherapy.

A 52.5‐cm‐long steel collimator for 15‐MeV neutron therapy beams has been evaluated in terms of the distribution of the collimator‐scattered neutrons in the field and penumbra, the distribution in the collimator of the neutron scattering sites, and the energy of the neutronsscattered to one position in the penumbra, in order to assess the need for multiple tapers on such collimators. The associated particle technique was used to eliminate background neutrons from the measurement. We conclude that because collimator‐scattered neutrons constitute only a small part of the neutron flux in the field and most of the scatteredneutrons have energies greater than 12 MeV, double‐taper collimators are not necessary.
Robust principal component analysis via capped norms

In many applications such as image and video processing, the data matrix often possesses simultaneously a low-rank structure capturing the global information and a sparse component capturing the local information. How to accurately extract the low-rank and sparse components is a major challenge. Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA) is a general framework to extract such structures. It is well studied that under certain assumptions, convex optimization using the trace norm and l1-norm can be an effective computation surrogate of the difficult RPCA problem. However, such convex formulation is based on a strong assumption which may not hold in real-world applications, and the approximation error in these convex relaxations often cannot be neglected. In this paper, we present a novel non-convex formulation for the RPCA problem using the capped trace norm and the capped l1-norm. In addition, we present two algorithms to solve the non-convex optimization: one is based on the Difference of Convex functions (DC) framework and the other attempts to solve the sub-problems via a greedy approach. Our empirical evaluations on synthetic and real-world data show that both of the proposed algorithms achieve higher accuracy than existing convex formulations. Furthermore, between the two proposed algorithms, the greedy algorithm is more efficient than the DC programming, while they achieve comparable accuracy.
Incorporating ecosystem forcing through predation into a management strategy evaluation for the Gulf of Alaska walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) fishery

Abstract An emerging goal of national and international fisheries management organizations is the development of an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management. The mechanisms determining changes in an ecosystem and their impacts on marine populations are not well established for most species, but the expectations of managers are that these impacts should be accounted for when selecting management strategies. Predation is an important component of ecosystem dynamics, and predator–prey functional responses can be used to represent predation in multi-species population dynamics models. The predators of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, in the Gulf of Alaska include arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis). Management strategy evaluation is used to examine the impact of changes over time in natural mortality-at-age related to trends in predator abundance on the performance of the current management strategy for the fishery for walleye pollock in the Gulf of Alaska. The current management strategy is evaluated under nine scenarios which capture uncertainty regarding the predator–prey functional relationship and the level of future fishing mortality on the predators. The current management strategy, which ignores the possibility of changes over time in natural mortality, kept the spawning biomass high relative to the target level and had a low risk of fishing mortality exceeding the overfishing limit, due to low catches relative to the total biomass.
Regulation of gonadotropins and parathyroid hormone by nitric oxide.

Abstract Nitric oxide has been recently recognized as an intra- and inter-cellular messenger. Animal studies have suggested a role for nitric oxide in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion. In this study of 14 healthy, young males, nitroglycerine administered sublingually was demonstrated to inhibit GnRH stimulated LH secretion from the pituitary (p
Influence of acetaminophen vehicle on regulation of transporter gene expression during hepatotoxicity.

Researchers who study acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity use either a 50% propylene glycol solution or saline as a diluent. Previous studies demonstrated differential expression of hepatobiliary transporter mRNA in mice treated with a toxic dose of APAP dissolved in 50% propylene glycol. The purpose of this study was to determine whether using saline as a diluent for APAP alters regulation of transporter gene expression during hepatotoxicity. Male C57BL/6J mice received acetaminophen (APAP 400 mg/kg, ip in saline) or saline (20 ml/kg). Plasma and liver samples were collected at 24 and 48 h for assessment of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and gene expression. It was determined that plasma ALT activity was elevated at 24 and 48 h after APAP administration. Using the branched DNA signal amplification assay, reductions in organic anion-transporting polypeptides Oatp1a1, Oatp1b2, sodium/taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp), and bile salt export pump (Bsep) mRNA were observed in APAP-treated...
Robust Estimation for Automatic Controller Tuning with Application to Active Noise Control

In this work, we show how the double-Youla parameterization can be used to recast the robust tuning of a feedback controller as a robust estimation problem. The formulation as an estimation problem allows tuning of the controller in realtime on the basis of closed loop data. Furthermore, robust estimation is obtained by constraining the parameter estimates so that feedback stability will be maintained during controller tuning in the presence of plant uncertainty. The combination of real-time tuning and guaranteed stability robustness opens the possibility to perform Robust Estimation for Automatic Controller Tuning (REACT) to slowly varying disturbance spectra. The procedure is illustrated via the application of narrow-band disturbance rejection in the active noise control of cooling fans.
Parallel Array Method of Embedding Multiple Tissue Samples in a Single Paraffin Block

AbstractA method of preparing a single paraffin block that contains multiple samples of different tissues is reported. Columns of tissue with a square cross-section are excised from nonembedded tissue and arranged in rows. Immobilized with agar, rows are stacked to form an array that is then embedded in paraffin. The resulting blocks, which are up to 1 cm in thickness, contain tissues organized in an identifiable pattern. Sections from such blocks can be used for the rapid and efficient screening of antibodies for their spectrum of imrnunohistochemical reactivity. (The J Histotechnol 14:101, 1991)
Generational Jeopardy? Parents’ Marital Transitions and the Provision of Financial Transfers to Adult Children

Objectives. t ransitions into and out of marriage are becoming more commonplace among persons in middle and later life. We assess the extent to which parental marital transitions influence inter vivos financial transfers to adult children at the family level. Methods. Panel data from 6,017 households with adult children in the 1992-1998 waves of the Health and Retirement Study are analyzed in this study. Results. Net of familial characteristics, those families experiencing a parental marriage were less likely than stably married households to make a financial transfer to an adult child. t he effects of divorce or widowhood were modest. Divorce was associated with a slight increase in the probability of providing a transfer. Widowhood was associated with a slight increase in the total amount transferred to children. Discussion. t he study adds weight to the growing argument that marital transitions may alter intergenerational ex - changes. t he results prompt us to further question how broader demographic and marriage patterns will influence rela -
Fatigue Strength and Evaluation of Double–Mast Arm Cantilevered Sign Structures:

Double-mast arm cantilevered sign structures are widely used in Indiana and in many other states. Because of the large sign area and relatively high flexibility, wind loading on these sign structures occasionally produces significant stress cycles. Cracking caused by fatigue damage may occur at several critical spots on the sign structures. An analytical investigation of the fatigue lives of the critical details in double-mast arm sign structures is discussed in this paper. An analytical procedure is introduced, and wind load selection and simulation are explained. Finite element models based on a prototype double-mast arm sign structure are described, and dynamic analyses and fatigue life results are presented. It was found that the post-to-base plate socket weld connection was the most critical detail and that variations in the fatigue life occurred because of differences in the wind environment at various sites.
PREDATORY CAPITALISM, PRAGMATISM, AND LEGAL POSITIVISM IN THE AIRLINES INDUSTRY

This paper examines three of the primary structures of thought and some of the situational circumstances that enable and constrain the actions of corporate leaders in the airlines industry. It argues that lawyers and corporate leaders who understand the law and the structures of power in America have a unique capacity to protect and enhance share-owner wealth. Three examples are used to propose a model of force relations in complex, high-stakes situations.
Entrepreneurship and the deregulation of banking

Abstract This paper presents evidence that banking deregulation led to decreases in entrepreneurship in some US regions and to increases in others. This is contrary to recent research that found an unambiguous positive relationship.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and atopy: is there an association?

Summary Background Case reports have suggested a relationship between atopic diatheses and Sezary syndrome, pre-Sezary syndrome or mycosis fungoides. However, Sezary and pre-Sezary syndromes are rare entities, and this association has never been analysed in greater detail for specific subtypes of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Objectives To evaluate the prevalence of atopy in subjects with Sezary syndrome, pre-Sezary syndrome or mycosis fungoides, and to compare the rates with the reported prevalence of atopy in the general population. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 157 patients with the diagnosis of Sezary or pre-Sezary syndrome seen between 1965 and 2000, and 102 patients with the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides evaluated from 1994 to 2000 at Mayo Clinic. Results Of 157 subjects with Sezary or pre-Sezary syndrome and 102 subjects with mycosis fungoides, 18 and 12, respectively, were identified as having a history of atopic dermatitis, asthma or allergic rhinitis. The prevalence rates of atopy in Sezary or pre-Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides were 11·5% (95% confidence interval 6·9–17·5%) and 11·8% (6·2–19·7%), respectively. Conclusions No significant difference exists in the prevalence of atopy in Sezary or pre-Sezary syndrome compared with that in mycosis fungoides (χ2-test, P = 1·00). Furthermore, the rates of atopy in Sezary or pre-Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides are not significantly different from the prevalence of atopy in the general population (17–40%). On the basis of these observations, no evidence currently implicates a causal association of CTCL with atopy.