cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Services and Health Education

The leading causes of mortality and morbidity across all age groups are related to six categories of behavior that are often established during youth: unhealthy dietary choices, physical inactivity, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, behaviors leading to injuries or violence, and unsafe sexual behaviors. This chapter describes how a quality health services program and a quality health education course of study can improve both health and educational outcomes for students. The eight components of a quality school health approach and priority actions for coordinating health services and disciplines are reviewed. The chapter also describes the role and activities of school nurses, the most common providers of health services to students nationwide. Within the movement toward community schools or full-service schools, school-based or school-linked health centers (SBHCs) are relatively recent developments that provide accessible, low-cost medical and mental health-care services specifically designed for students and sometimes their families. By meeting students’ health and social needs, community schools produce a variety of positive educational outcomes. Finally, quality health education is important in reducing health-risk behaviors, improving academic behaviors, and improving health literacy; many evidence-based prevention programs focused on a single behavior, such as alcohol use, may be incorporated within health education. The chapter closes with lessons learned from the case of HealthMPowers, a grassroots initiative to combat childhood obesity in Georgia.
Infant testicular prostheses.

AbstractTraditionally, the parents of young boys with an absent testis are advised to let the child decide whether he wants a testicular prosthesis after he enters puberty. Unfortunately, the decision by an adolescent to undergo prosthesis insertion often is made only after experiencing ridicule and embarrassment about the genital appearance. Accordingly, we have offered to implant an infant size prosthesis in patients with cryptorchidism when inguinal and abdominal exploration demonstrates that the testis is absent. A total of 41 boys less than 5 years old with an absent testis underwent simultaneous insertion of a testicular prosthesis. The only complication was a superficial wound infection that did not necessitate removal of the prosthesis. Two boys report mild scrotal discomfort. In long-term followup 91 per cent of the families rated the cosmetic appearance as “good” and 94 per cent were content with the decision regarding placement of a prosthesis. Although many assume that these boys will desire a...
Role of microtubules in the regulation of metabolism in isolated cerebral microvessels

We used13C-labeled substrates and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine carbohydrate metabolism in vascular smooth muscle of freshly isolated pig cerebral microvessels (PCMV). PCMV uti...
Physician-generated cost containment in transurethral prostatectomy

AbstractCost containment need not be imposed on physicians by government, insurance companies and hospital administrators. Decreases in hospital cost can be achieved voluntarily by physicians without sacrificing quality of care, especially for common procedures with relatively homogeneous patient populations, such as transurethral prostatectomy. Variations in existing practice were identified and shared, and optimal scientific practice was discussed at 5 meetings of the division of urology during a 16-month period. Strict guidelines were not developed; surgeons were encouraged to apply cost-related knowledge individually. Resource use was measured before, during and after the intervention. A total of 356 transurethral prostatectomies was studied. There were significant decreases in preoperative and postoperative length of stay, specific ordering practices and total hospital charges. University faculty differed from community urologists and individual surgeons varied considerably. Suggestions for scientifi...
Sex differences in STEMI activation for patients presenting to the ED 1939.

Abstract Objective The objective was to determine whether sex was independently associated with door to ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) activation time. We hypothesized that women are more likely to experience longer delays to STEMI activation than men. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults ≥18 years who underwent STEMI activation at 3 urban emergency departments between 2010 and 2014. The Wilcoxon rank sum test and logistic regression were used to compare men and women regarding time to activation and proportion with times Results Of 400 eligible patients, we excluded 61 (15%) with prehospital activations, 44 (11%) arrests, and 3 (1%) transfers. Of the remaining 292 patients, mean age was 61±13 years, 64% were men, 57% were black, and 37% arrived by ambulance. Median door to STEMI activation time was 7.0 minutes longer for women than for men (25.5 vs 18.5 minutes, P =.028). In addition, men were more likely than women to have a door to STEMI activation time P =.006). After adjusting for race, hospital site, Emergency Severity Index triage level, arrival mode, and chief concern of chest pain, the odds of men having STEMI activation times Conclusions Women have longer median door to STEMI activation times than men. A significantly lower proportion of women (28% vs 45%) are treated per American Heart Association guidelines of door to STEMI activation
Sequential control of capacitors and taps of distribution network with distributed generation

Capacitors and taps of MV distribution systems are usually discrete optimization objects, a control sequence is needed to respond to the randomness of renewable distributed generations (DG), and many existing algorithms are trapped into the dimension house. A control strategy is proposed to minimize network losses, switching costs, generation wastes of DGs and voltage deviation, a weighted sum method is used to reflect the preferences on the mutually conflicting control objectives. For the mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problems of capacitors and taps control, a cooperative particle swarm optimization (Co-PSO) method employing cooperative behavior to significantly improve the optimizing ability is used. Finally, the correctness, convergence and robustness of the proposed algorithm are verified by comparison against existing popular schemes through detailed simulations over 24h on the IEEE 13-bus unbalanced distribution system.
Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Transplant Patients Epidemiology, Recognition and Management

Viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common causes of mild illness in immunocompetent children and adults, with occasional significant morbidity or mortality in the very young, very old or infirm. However, recipients of solid organ transplants (SOT) or haematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) are at markedly increased risk for significant morbidity or mortality from these infections. The infections are generally acquired by transmission of large respiratory droplets and can be nosocomial in origin with many documented outbreaks on specialised transplant units. Typically, the infections begin as upper RTIs, with cough or rhinorrhoea predominating. Many will resolve at this stage, but more immunocompromised patients, typically closer in time to their SOT or HSCT, may develop progressive infection to lower RTI or pneumonia. The most common RTI pathogens are influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses and respiratory syncytial viruses. Newer polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic strategies are more sensitive than previous assays, and allow rapid and accurate diagnoses of these infections. These newer assays may also detect emerging pathogens of significance, one of which is human metapneumovirus. While diagnostic techniques have advanced significantly in the past decade, well established and effective specific treatments for these infections remain elusive. The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of the common viral RTIs in SOT or HSCT recipients are reviewed, and recommendations presented based on a thorough review of recent literature.
A literature review of the sponge-dwelling gobiid fishes of the genus Elacatinus from the western Atlantic, with description of two new Caribbean species

Nineteen species of the neotropical gobiid genus Elacatinus are currently known from the western Atlantic, six of which are closely associated with sponges. Elacatinus colini is described as a new species of sponge-dwelling goby from Belize and Islas de la Bahia, Honduras. Formerly regarded as a color variant of E. xanthiprora (Bohlke & Robins) from Florida, it is differentiated principally by having a white instead of bright yellow stripe on the body, and 17 or 18 vs. 19 or 20 pectoral-fin rays. A second new species, E. serranilla, also formerly identified as a color form of E. xanthiprora, is described from three specimens from the Serranilla Bank in the Caribbean Sea (15°50’N, 79°50’W) and one from Jamaica (formerly a paratype of E. xanthiprora). It is distinct in having 10 dorsal soft rays (vs. 11 or 12 for E. xanthiprora), a bluish white dorsolateral stripe and median rostral band, longer dorsal-fin spines, and longer dorsal and anal soft rays. Elacatinus xanthiprora is presently known from Dry Tortugas (type locality) north to Miami in the Atlantic, and north to 28°41’N, 83°45’W on the Gulf coast of Florida, where the largest specimen (ANSP 148926, 43.1 mm SL) was collected at a depth of 26 m. Specimens off the east coast of Nicaragua in 27 m, and from nearby Isla de Providencia in 3–13 m, also previously identified as E. xanthiprora, probably represent two different undescribed species. Additional collection of specimens from the latter two localities is recommended for details of life color and DNA analysis.
Posterior Thoracic Spinal Fixation

The posterior approach to the thoracic spine is well established and is the workhorse for many spine surgeons. Posterior thoracic spinal fixation is used to restore spinal stability when its mechanical functions are disrupted by trauma, tumor, infection, degenerative disease, deformity, or surgical management of these disorders. Safe and effective instrumentation of the thoracic spine requires a thorough understanding of its anatomy and biomechanical properties. Complications associated with posterior thoracic spinal instrumentation can be broken down into several main categories: (1) patient positioning, (2) thoracic spine exposure, (3) instrumentation, and (4) postoperative.
A Human-Centered Platform for HIV Infection Reduction in New York: Development and Usage Analysis of the Ending the Epidemic (ETE) Dashboard.

Background: Dashboards have been increasingly used in clinic-based interventions, such as clinical performance improvement and monitoring risk of hospital readmissions, and are now gaining traction in population-based interventions, especially in disease assessment. Objective: We describe the design, development, and usage analysis of a geovisualization dashboard, the Ending the Epidemic (ETE) Dashboard. The ETE dashboard is a tool developed to track New York’s progress towards achieving the goal of its ETE Initiative, to reduce new HIV infections from 3000 per year to 750 per year by the end of 2020. Methods: The ETE dashboard was adapted from an existing human-centered geovisualization platform, SanaViz, an Internet-enabled, interactive app incorporating principles of human-centered design and cognitive fit theory to enhance visual exploration of population health data. Usage evaluation of the ETE geovisualization dashboard was conducted using Google Analytics over a 4-week period from March 19 to April 18, 2016. The aim was to monitor user activity and analyze traffic on the ETE dashboard using evidence-based metrics that can provide adequate feedback to enhance its utilization. Usage was characterized based on three metrics: (1) number of unique visits to each page, (2) average time on each page in seconds, and (3) page bounce rate (ie, percentage of visits where user left the site immediately after viewing just a single page). Further analysis was also conducted by cross-tabulating specific usage metrics. Results: Of 860 sessions, 324 sessions were initiated by unique users (37.7%). The most common acquisition channels included direct source (353/860, 41.0%); followed by referral traffic (340/860, 39.5%) and organic search (134/860, 15.5%). Usage statistics indicate that for the 860 sessions initiated by both new and returning users, the average viewing time was 8 minutes, 51 seconds, and the bounce rate was 46%. These statistics reflect positive results given that prior literature estimates an average session duration of 10-20 seconds and a bounce rate of 40-60% for most websites. Key findings from our study showed that the highest bounce rates were seen for the “About” page of the ETE website (65%), which describes the ETE initiative. The lowest bounce rates were seen for the ETE blog page (17%), consistent with prior research on website usage metrics that indicate that blog pages are often the most frequently viewed pages on Web portals. Conclusions: Our findings reveal the potential of Google Analytics as a tool to enhance user traffic and performance of the ETE geovisualization platform by using feedback from regular monitoring of key parameters including page bounce rates and average time on page. It also identifies the need for a follow-up usability assessment of the system. [JMIR Public Health Surveill 2017;3(4):e95]
Effects of China’s payment for ecosystem services programs on cropland abandonment: A case study in Tiantangzhai Township, Anhui, China

Abstract Cropland abandonment has emerged as a common phenomenon in land use transitions. Both cropland abandonment and Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs can facilitate the provision of ecosystem services. However, the relationship between cropland abandonment and PES programs remains poorly understood. China has recently undergone considerable cropland abandonment in mountainous areas. Meanwhile, China adopted a series of forest conservation and restoration policies under the scheme of PES starting in the late 1990s. In this study, we track the temporal trend of cropland abandonment under China’s two PES programs, Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program (CCFP) and Ecological Welfare Forest Program (EWFP), in Tiantangzhai Township, Anhui Province. We use a random-coefficients logistic regression model to examine the roles that these two PES programs, together with other factors, played in cropland abandonment. Results indicate that: 1) the overall cropland abandonment rates for the CCFP-participating households were lower than those for the non-participants in the years immediately after the implementation of the CCFP, but there was an acceleration of cropland abandonment by the CCFP participants afterwards, leading to the convergence of cropland abandonment rates between the two types of households. 2) Although CCFP payment did not have a long-term effect on cropland abandonment, a larger amount of EWFP payment significantly increased the likelihood of cropland abandonment. 3) Land parcel biophysical characteristics that facilitated cropland abandonment include proximity to EWFP and CCFP forests, poor accessibility and unfavorable topographic positions, and 4) among household socioeconomic conditions, poor farm labor availability and high proportion of local off-farm income in total gross income increased the likelihood of cropland abandonment, while owning domestic animals decreased the likelihood of abandoning cropland. EWFP cash compensation (socioeconomic factors) and distances from cropland parcels to both EWFP and CCFP forest lands (geographic factors) had direct and indirect impacts on cropland abandonment, potentially facilitating the provision of ecosystem services through forest restoration and regrowth on the abandoned land. These findings are highly valuable for policy-makers designing similar PES programs with higher cost-effectiveness and better selection of croplands as targets for reforestation.
Epithelioid granulomas of the bone marrow in non-Hodgkin's lymphoproliferative malignancies

Ten cases of epithelioid granulomas in the bone marrow of patients with various non-Hodgkin's lymphoproliferative malignancies have been encountered. These included six with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (three histiocytic and three poorly differentiated lymphocytic types), three with multiple myeloma, and one with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The bone marrow was not involved by the primary disease in two of the six patients with lymphoma, whereas three with lymphoma showed both granulomatous and lymphomatous lesions in the same marrow specimens, and in one, these lesions were seen in the marrow at different times. The three myeloma patients showed evidence of both myeloma and granulomas in their marrow. In the case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the bone marrow showed only granulomas, the leukemic process being in complete remission. Although small numbers of similar cases have been reported before, the authors were unable to find a previous report of acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with bone marrow granulomas. Although the pathogenesis and the clinical significance of the granulomatous lesion of the bone marrow in non-Hodgkin's lymphoproliferative malignancies are unknown, this lesion should be differentiated from infectious or lipid granulomas as well as from involvement by the primary disease.
Electrophoretic Prefractionation for Comprehensive Analysis of Proteomes

Publisher Summary Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2DE) has dominated protein profile analysis for more than 25 years, and it is still the method of choice in many laboratories for quantitatively comparing changes of proteins for proteome analysis experiments. Due to the limited capacities of both gel based and nongel based protein profiling methods, it has become apparent that more powerful and reliable methods are needed for prefractionation of complex proteomes prior to 2D gels and alternative LC–MS analysis. Although preparative IEF prefractionation methods are not orthogonal to 2D gels, they show the most promise due to the very high resolution that can be obtained. Alternative lower resolution prefractionation methods severely compromise the ability to perform comprehensive quantitative comparisons due to variable cross-contamination between adjacent fractions and greater fraction complexity. A number of preparative solution-based IEF methods have been productively integrated into quantitative protein profiling strategies including Rotofor, FFE, IsoPrime, the MCE and μsol-IEF. However, some of these methods require large sample amounts and result in large dilute fractions that are not compatible with direct analysis using downstream protein profiling methods.
Production Manufacturing of Gold-Depleted Uranium Layered Hohlraums for the National Ignition Facility

By making the hohlraum wall more opaque to the driver energy, the efficiency of X-ray conversion is improved with the addition of depleted uranium (DU) to a gold-only hohlraum [see T. J. Orzechowsk...
User-Generated Content Sites and Section 512 of the US Copyright Act

This book chapter considers the liability of entrepreneurs of ‘user-generated content’ (UGC) sites. These immensely popular fora, such as YouTube and My Space, enable their participants to post and view a great variety of content, not all of it in fact generated by the posting user. The legislative compromise worked out between telecommunications providers and content owners in the 1998 ‘Digital Millennium Copyright Act’ provides the statutory framework, at once insulating the operators of UGC sites from debilitating copyright sanctions, while still affording meaningful relief to copyright owners. The statutory criteria to qualify for the section 512(c) safe harbor are designed to ensure that the beneficiaries of the safe harbor remain copyright-neutral with respect to the content they host.The recent District Court decision in Viacom v. YouTube, however, indicates that the statutory safe harbor may shield even the entrepreneur who anticipates – indeed “welcome(s)” – massive infringements so long as the entrepreneur lacks “actual or constructive knowledge of specific and identifiable infringements of individual items.” While the statute makes clear that the entrepreneur should not be pressed into service as the investigative arm of the copyright owner, the Viacom decision does not simply decline to impose an obligation to seek out the infringers who may lurk within the user base. Rather, the decision arguably rejects neutrality to read into the statute a high degree of solicitude not only for online entrepreneurs whose businesses occasionally may accommodate infringing users, but also for those who effectively solicit infringers. If, by contrast, the neutrality principle does animate the statute, a court could appropriately apply that principle through a duty to take reasonable precautions to avoid apparent and repeat infringements.
An integrated algorithm for evaluating plug-in electric vehicle’s impact on the state of power grid assets

Abstract Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) exert an increasingly disruptive influence on power delivery systems with penetration surge in the past decade. Therefore, accurately assessing their impact plays a crucial role in managing grid assets and maintaining power grids’ reliability. However, PEV loads are stochastic and impulsive, which means they are of high power density and vary in a fast and discrete manner. These load characteristics make conventional assessment methods unsuitable. This paper proposes an algorithm, which captures the inter-temporal response of grid assets and allows fast assessment through an integrated interface. To realize these advantageous features, we establish analytical models for two generic classes of grid assets (continuous and discrete operating assets) and recast their cost functions in the statistical settings of PEV charging. Distinct from simulation-based methods, the proposed method is analytical, and thus greatly reduce the computation resources and data required for accurate assessment. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been demonstrated on a set of power distribution networks in Columbus metropolitan area, in comparison with the conventional assessment methods.
Classical test theory and item response theory comparison of the brief electricity and magnetism assessment and the conceptual survey of electricity and magnetism

Because the conceptual survey of electricity and magnetism and brief electricity and magnetism assessment are of similar difficulty, instructors can reduce test-retest effects by using one as a pretest and the other as a posttest.
Convection and Climate: What Have We Learned from Simple Models and Simplified Settings?

We ask what fundamental insights about the relationship of tropical convection to climate have arisen from recent investigations using simplified models. The vertical distribution of relative humidity should remain approximately constant in a changed climate. The temperature of clouds in the upper troposphere should also remain effectively constant for climate changes likely to occur in response to human-induced warming. The fractional coverage of convective clouds will likely decrease slightly with warming, but it is not known how the albedo and net radiative effect of tropical convective clouds will change. The areal extent and net radiative effect of tropical convective clouds depend on the interactions of radiation, cloud physics, and turbulence within the extended upper-level ice clouds. SST gradients develop naturally as a result of the aggregation of convection and large-scale thermodynamics and circulation act to couple the cloud properties and the SST. Radiative-convective equilibrium continues to provide insight into the structure and energy balance of the atmosphere by incorporating the interactions among radiation, cloud physics, and atmospheric motion.
Working through warfare in Ukraine: rethinking militarization in a Ukrainian theme café

The conflict between Ukraine and Russia in the Donbas region has led both countries to strengthen their respective militaries. The literature on militarization emphasizes the subtle and largely unc...
Impact of screw thread shape on stress transfer in bone: a finite element study.

Gradual screw loosening is a well-known failure mechanism in internal fixation. Loosening is primarily due to progressive bone loss caused by stress shielding, a phenomenon in which a medical devic...
Utilizing Essential Symmetry Breaking in Auxiliary-Field Quantum Monte Carlo: Application to the Spin Gaps of the C36 Fullerene and an Iron Porphyrin Model Complex.

We present three distinct examples where phaseless auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (ph-AFQMC) can be reliably performed with a single-determinant trial wave function with essential symmetry bre...
Cell division is antagonized by the activity of peptidoglycan endopeptidases that promote cell elongation

A peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall composed of glycans crosslinked by short peptides surrounds most bacteria and protects them against osmotic rupture. In Escherichia coli, cell elongation requires crosslink cleavage by PG endopeptidases to make space for the incorporation of new PG material throughout the cell cylinder. Cell division, on the contrary, requires the localized synthesis and remodeling of new PG at midcell by the divisome. Little is known about the factors that modulate transitions between these two modes of PG biogenesis. In a transposon-insertion sequencing screen to identify mutants synthetically lethal with a defect in the division protein FtsP, we discovered that mutants impaired for cell division are sensitive to elevated activity of the endopeptidases. Increased endopeptidase activity in these cells was shown to interfere with the assembly of mature divisomes, and conversely, inactivation of MepS was found to suppress the lethality of mutations in essential division genes. Overall, our results are consistent with a model in which the cell elongation and division systems are in competition with one another and that control of PG endopeptidase activity represents an important point of regulation influencing the transition from elongation to the division mode of PG biogenesis.
Viewing the 360° Future: Trade-Off Between User Field-of-View Prediction, Network Bandwidth, and Delay

Predicting a user’s field-of-view (FoV) accurately can help to significantly reduce the high bandwidth requirements for 360° video streaming, as it enables sending only the tiles corresponding to the predicted FoV. Since many approaches for user head-orientation (i.e., FoV) prediction have been proposed in the literature, ranging from simple linear regression to more complex neural networks, it is difficult to comprehensively decide which method to use. Towards resolving this gap in knowledge, in this work we benchmark user prediction algorithms over an aggregation of multiple datasets and study the implications of this analysis. Our results demonstrate that it is indeed difficult for any prediction algorithm to accurately predict a user’s FoV beyond a very short future time window of approximately 300 ms. We also observe that users’ viewing behavior is dominated by sideways head movement, rather than up-and-down. These findings have implications on network bandwidth, latency, and playback buffering at the client: (1) Extra "padding" tiles are needed around the user’s FoV in order to correct for prediction errors; in particular, a rectangular padding achieves lower stall rate than square padding, for the same bandwidth usage; (2) Video playout buffers, network delay, and jitter need to be small in order to avoid stale predictions of the user’s field-of-view, which are only valid 300 ms into the future; (3) Per-video and per-user personalization of the padding can save bandwidth for slow-moving users or videos. We mathematically quantify these tradeoffs and present simulation results to demonstrate these findings and implications. Our results have implications for FoV prediction methods in future 360° streaming systems.
How do ethnic minority foodservice workers perceive employee well-being? An exploratory study

Abstract Ethnic minority workers play an essential role in the hospitality workforce, especially in the foodservice industry. Nevertheless, very few studies have focused on this population and explored their needs and work motivations in-depth. Guided by the self-determination theory, the purpose of this study was to examine how ethnic minority foodservice workers perceive employee well-being and investigate the effects of employee well-being on workplace outcomes. This study first interviewed twenty foodservice employees and then conducted a national survey comprising 411 responses from ethnic minority employees. The results revealed the following four dimensions of ethnic minority workers' perceived employee well-being: workplace experience, workplace happiness, creativity and knowledge, and self-actualization. Employee well-being is also found positively related to the sample's organizational commitment and turnover intentions. Based on the findings, this study provided both theoretical and practical implications.
Customer Retention under Imperfect Information

This paper studies why many firms face low retention among new customers. In particular, it examines whether customer churn at the firm level after a single product experience is solely driven by heterogeneous preferences or is affected by incomplete information about the products. Individual-level ticket purchases from a major U.S. symphony center are used, for which 60% of customers do not return after a single visit. The data exhibit patterns consistent with consumer learning, suggesting incomplete information about concerts among first-time visitors. Descriptive analyses show that imperfect information and learning spillover jointly cause customer attrition. First, many customers attend concerts with low match value because of incomplete information. Second, a low match value at the initial visit leads to attrition at the symphony center level, which suggests that the initial visit affects a customer’s expectations about all future concerts. To explore marketing strategies to reduce customer attrition, the paper develops a structural model that incorporates such learning spillovers. Counterfactuals analyze both policies that offer high-value concerts to first-time customers and policies that offer targeted marketing to second-time customers after their initial visit. The results emphasize the importance of introductory marketing and choice architecture given the information problem.
Nav1.3 and FGF14 are primary determinants of the TTX-sensitive sodium current in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells

Adrenal chromaffin cells (CCs) in rodents express rapidly inactivating, tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive sodium channels. The resulting current has generally been attributed to Nav1.7, although a possible role for Nav1.3 has also been suggested. Nav channels in rat CCs rapidly inactivate via two independent pathways which differ in their time course of recovery. One subpopulation recovers with time constants similar to traditional fast inactivation and the other ∼10-fold slower, but both pathways can act within a single homogenous population of channels. Here, we use Nav1.3 KO mice to probe the properties and molecular components of Nav current in CCs. We find that the absence of Nav1.3 abolishes all Nav current in about half of CCs examined, while a small, fast inactivating Nav current is still observed in the rest. To probe possible molecular components underlying slow recovery from inactivation, we used mice null for fibroblast growth factor homology factor 14 (FGF14). In these cells, the slow component of recovery from fast inactivation is completely absent in most CCs, with no change in the time constant of fast recovery. The use dependence of Nav current reduction during trains of stimuli in WT cells is completely abolished in FGF14 KO mice, directly demonstrating a role for slow recovery from inactivation in determining Nav current availability. Our results indicate that FGF14-mediated inactivation is the major determinant defining use-dependent changes in Nav availability in CCs. These results establish that Nav1.3, like other Nav isoforms, can also partner with FGF subunits, strongly regulating Nav channel function.
The Impact of Network Design Interventions on CPS Security

We study a game-theoretic model of the interactions between a Cyber-Physical System's (CPS) operator (the defender) against an attacker who launches stepping-stone attacks to reach critical assets within the CPS. We consider that, in addition to optimally allocating its security budget to protect the assets, the defender may choose to modify the CPS through network design interventions. In particular, we propose and motivate four ways in which the defender can introduce additional nodes in the CPS: these nodes may be intended as additional safeguards, be added for functional or structural redundancies, or introduce additional functionalities in the system. We analyze the security implications of each of these design interventions, and evaluate their impacts on the security of an automotive network as our case study. We motivate the choice of the attack graph for this case study and elaborate how the parameters in the resulting security game are selected using the CVSS metrics and the ISO-26262 ASIL ratings as guidance. We then use numerical experiments to verify and evaluate how our proposed network interventions may be used to guide improvements in automotive security.
Transition across polymorphic phenotypes observed in a male Sternarchogiton nattereri (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae)

A transition between polymorphic phenotypes was observed within a single male Sternarchogiton nattereri. This individual was initially toothless, but developed into a toothed phenotype characterized by a swollen distal upper jaw and distinctive external dentition. Changes in morphological features were accompanied by shifts in electrocommunication (chirping) behaviour.
Color Coding for Information Location

Visual search performance was investigated as a function of color-coded and uncoded information location, number of categories coded, number of objects per category, and background clutter. Thirty-three subjects searched 12 areas of modified sectional aeronautical charts for a total of 48 checkpoints. Identification of checkpoints was established with labels plus geographical context information. Color served as a partially redundant code for information location. In general, the findings indicate that color coding for information location is most effective when: (1) many categories of information can or must be coded, (2) colors highly discriminable in peripheral vision are used, and (3) the number of objects per category is kept reasonably small.
Social work ethics in the practice arena: a qualitative study.

This paper is a report of an exploraty qualitative study that examined the role that social work ethics plays in informing social work behavior, as compared to other influences of an extra-ethical nature. The paper begins with a review of the literature exploring how ethical principles are utilized in professional practice. A discussion of the methodology focuses upon the choice of a qualitative design. Excerpts from participants' responses to a fictional case history are presented and discussed. The reader is offered an understanding of the area of study through access to the "natural flow" of thoughts presented in the excerpts. This research demonstrates how ethical principles, as codified in the N.A.S.W. Code of Ethics, can be effective in informing practice decisions.
Adaptive Clustering of Search Results

Clustering of search results has been shown to be advantageous over the simple list presentation of search results. However, in most clustering interfaces, the clusters are not adaptive to a user's interaction with the clustering results, and the important question "how to optimize the benefit of a clustering interface for a user" has not been well addressed in the previous work. In this paper, we study how to exploit a user's clickthrough information to adaptively reorganize the clustering results and help a user find the relevant information more quickly. We propose four strategies for adapting clustering results based on user actions. We propose a general method to simulate different kinds of users and linearize the cluster results so that we can compute regular retrieval measures. The simulation experiments show that the adaptation strategies have different performance for different types of users; in particular, they are effective for "smart users" who can correctly recognize the best clusters, but not effective for "dummy users" who follow system's ranking of results. We further conduct a user study on one of the four adaptive clustering strategies to see if an adaptive clustering system using such a strategy can bring users better search experience than a static clustering system. The results show that there is generally no significant difference between the two systems from a user's perspective.
Dysregulated CD8+ T cells promote B cell activation and antibody-mediated autoimmune disease (BA2P.123)

IFNγ-producing CD4 and CD8 T cells accumulate during autoimmune disease in IL-2-KO mice. CD4 T cells are necessary for disease progression, and we have previously shown that IL-2-KO CD4 T cells can transfer autoimmunity. However, the importance of CD8 T cells to initiation and propagation of disease is unclear. Several groups have demonstrated a protective role for CD8 T cells in inflammation and autoimmunity, while others have suggested a pathogenic role. To define the function of CD8 T cells during spontaneous autoimmune disease, we depleted CD8 T cells in IL-2-KO mice and evaluated the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Elimination of CD8 T cells for only two weeks resulted in a significant augmentation of survival, reduction in the number and activation state of the CD4 T cells and B cells, and a delay in the development of RBC-specific antibodies. In untreated IL-2-KO mice, both CD4+ and CD8 T cells produced IFNγ in response to RBC antigens, indicating that RBC-specific CD8 T cells are present during disease. Our results suggest that autoreactive CD8 T cells contribute to the initiation or propagation of lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity. We are addressing the relative importance of autoreactive CD8 T cells to that of the CD4 T cells, and are evaluating the mechanisms by which CD8 T cells influence the autoimmune disease process. Early data indicate that IL-2-KO CD8 T cells produce elevated levels of perforin, granzyme B, and IFNγ, and induce B cell proliferation.
Methodology for a sub-millimeter near-field beam pattern measurement system

Here we present the methodology and initial results for a new near-field antenna radiation measurement system for submillimeter receivers. The system is based on a 4-port vector network analyzer with two synthesized sources. This method improves on similar systems employing this technique with the use of the network analyzer, which reduces the cost and complexity of the system. Furthermore, a single set of test equipment can analyze multiple receivers with different central frequencies; the frequency range of the system is limited by the output range of the network analyzer and/or the power output of the source signal. The amplitude and phase stability of the system in one configuration at 350 GHz was measured and found to be accurate enough to permit near field antenna measurements. The proper characterization of phase drifts across multiple test configurations demonstrates system reliability. These initial results will determine parameters necessary for implementing a near-field radiation pattern measurement of a Schottky diode receiver operating between 340-360 GHz.
Fund-Raising Games Played on a Network

It is well known among fund-raisers that many people contribute to charities or organizations only when asked and that large donations are more likely to occur as a fund-raiser increases the time spent soliciting and/or researching a potential donor. As fund-raisers can only spend time with research donors that they are aware of, the relationship (or links) between fund-raisers and donors is quite important. We model a fund-raising game where fund-raisers can only solicit donors whom they are tied to and analyze how this network influences donation requests. We show that if this network is incomplete and if donors experience extreme donor fatigue, then fund-raisers will spend more time soliciting donors that other fund-raisers are also tied to and less time soliciting donors that they are the only fund-raiser tied to. If instead donors experience mild donor fatigue, then fund-raisers prefer donors that they are the only fund-raiser tied to over donors that are shared with other fund-raisers. If donors are potential givers with no donor fatigue, then multiple equilibria may exist. Stochastic stability is used to refine the number of equilibria in this case, and conditions are given under which the unique stochastically stable equilibrium is efficient.
Cohort Analysis of Party Identification Among Southern Whites, 1952–1972

Cohort studies generally find that different generations retain the same pattern of partisanship throughout their lifecycles. In contrast, this study finds that changes within generations contribute greatly to the decline in traditional Democratic affiliation among southern whites. Carol A. Cassel is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Missouri-St. Louis. The author is indebted to Robert Erikson and Norman Luttbeg for their encouragement and helpful comments. POQ 41 (1977) 28-33 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.156 on Sat, 10 Sep 2016 05:02:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms COHORT ANALYSIS OF PARTY IDENTIFICATION 29 Table 1. Party Identification among Whites by Region, 1952 and 1972 South Nonsouth 1952 1972 1952 1972 Democrat 79% 47% 43% 35% Independent 10 34 25 37 Republican 10 19 33 28 NOTE: The data were made available by the Inter-university consortium for Political Research. Neither the Center for Political Studies nor the Consortium bear any responsibility for the analysis or interpretation presented here. 1971. He did not exclude interregional migrants to the South. While migrants are known to have made an important contribution to the changing distribution of partisans in the South (Converse, 1966; 1972), in a sixyear period, migrants would have little effect on the relative size of cohort shifts. Glenn found all age cohorts contributed to an increase of 24 percentage points in political Independence in the South from 1965 to 1969, although the oldest cohorts made somewhat smaller shifts. Three-fifths of this increase in Independents, however, was lost from 1969 to 1971 as cohorts shifted back to the parties, and Republicans made a net gain of approximately 5 percentage points. Although Glenn did not view increasing southern Independence as the first stage of a southern movement to the Republican party, he found evidence that older as well as younger cohorts were adopting the Republican label in the South. Glenn's study of short-term partisan shifts in the South leaves unanswered important questions about the long-term trend away from Democratic affiliation: (1) What is the relative impact of generational change and aggregate life-cycle shifts on the overall trend away from Democratic affiliation in the South? (2) Does the long-term trend include adoption of a new (Republican) party label or merely shifts to political Independence? (3) Is there a relationship between age and ability to make life-cycle shifts? To assess more clearly the extent of life-cycle and generational shifts, we must first isolate the native white population. Interregional migrants must be excluded so that the addition of nonsoutherners to the South is not confused with aggregate life-cycle shifts and generational differences. Likewise, inclusion of blacks would obscure shifts away from the traditional Democratic affiliation of the South. Blacks only recently emerged as participants in the southern electoral system and are overwhelmingly Democratic for different reasons from those of white southerners.
The impact of market conditions on the organizational structure and effectiveness of firms operating in Italy

In the past decade, several organization theorists have begun to examine the organization—environmental interface in the functioning of complex organizations and have argued that an organization's internal structural arrangement is contingent upon the demands of the external environment. The purpose of this article is to further examine the validity of the findings of these theorists with reference to firms operating in Italy. The variables studied consisted of: a) Market conditions—which was divided into the two categories of high and low competition. b) Decentralization of decision-making, and c) Organization effectiveness. To investigate the impact of decentralization on the organization effectiveness of firms under differing market conditions the statistical techniques of a Mann-Whitney U Test and Kendall's Tau Measure of Correlation were used to compute the scores. The resulting computations provide some support for the contingency theory of organization, but also indicates areas of disagreement.
Function approximation using a sinc neural network

Neural networks for function approximation are the basis of many applications. Such networks often use a sigmoidal activation function (e.g. tanh) or a radial basis function (e.g. gaussian). Networks have also been developed using wavelets. In this paper, we present a neural network approximation of functions of a single variable, using sinc functions for the activation functions on the hidden units. Performance of the sinc network is compared with that of a tanh network with the same number of hidden units. The sinc network generally learns the desired input-output mapping in significantly fewer epochs, and achieves a much lower total error on the testing points. The original sinc network is based on theoretical results for function representation using the Whittaker cardinal function (an infinite series expansion in terms of sinc functions). Enhancements to the original network include improved transformation of the problem domain onto the network input domain. Further work is in progress to study the use of sinc networks for mappings in higher dimension.
Nucleotide sequence of a regulatory region controlling alginate synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: characterization of the algR2 gene

Abstract Alginate (Alg), an exopolysaccharide with strong gelling properties, is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa primarily during its infection of the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung. The alg genes are normally not expressed in other environments. The promoter for a critical Alg biosynthetic gene, algD, encoding GDP-mannose dehydrogenase, is activated only under conditions reminiscent of the CF lung (i.e., under high osmolarity), and at least two regulatory genes, algI and algR2, have been implicated in this activation process. The physical mapping of a 4.4-kb region harboring algR2 has been accomplished and the complete nucleotide sequence of this fragment, including that of algR2, is presented. The cloning and complementation experiments also demonstrate the presence, on this fragment, of regulatory gene(s) different from algRl and algR2. The expression of the algR2 gene allows a high level of activation of the algD promoter in Escherichia coli, in the presence of algRl in a high osmotic environment, suggesting that the AlgR2 and AlgRl proteins act cooperatively to activate the algD promoter. Hyperexpression of the algR2 gene from the tac promoter also allows the conversion of nonmucoid cells of strain 8822, a spontaneous revertant of the mucoid CF isolate strain 8821, back to mucoidy, but not that of the clinical isolate, strain PAO1.