cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust pcps of proximity and shorter pcps

Probabilistically Checkable Proofs (PCPs) provide a format of rewriting and verifying mathematical proofs that allow efficient probabilistic verification based on probing very few bits of the rewritten proof. The celebrated PCP Theorem asserts that probing a constant number of bits suffices (in fact just 3 bits suffice). A natural question that arises in the construction of PCPs is by how much does this encoding blow up the original proof while retaining low query complexity. We continue the study of the trade-off between the length of PCPs and their query complexity, establishing the following main results (which refer to proofs of satisfiability of circuits of size n): (1) We present PCPs of length exp(o(log log n) 2) · n that can be verified by making o(log log n) Boolean queries. (2) For every e > 0, we present PCPs of length exp(loge n) · n that can be verified by making a constant number of Boolean queries. In both cases, false assertions are rejected with constant probability (which may be set to be arbitrarily close to 1). The multiplicative overhead on the length of the proof, introduced by transforming a proof into a probabilistically checkable one, is just quasi-polylogarithmic in the first case (of query complexity o(log log n)), and 2logn 3 , for any e > 0, in the second case (of constant query complexity). Our techniques include the introduction of a new variant of PCPs that we call “Robust PCPs of proximity”. These new PCPs facilitate proof composition, which is a central ingredient in construction of PCP systems. Our main technical contribution is a construction of a “length-efficient” Robust PCP of proximity. We also obtain analogous quantitative results for locally testable codes. In addition, we introduce a relaxed notion of locally decodable codes, and present such codes mapping k information bits to codewords of length k1+e, for any e > 0. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Radar Interferometry Measurements of a Turbulent Plasma

A laboratory experiment has been conducted that demonstrates the applicability of radar interferometry to the measurement of the width of a turbulent plasma column. This is done by inferring the spatial distribution of the incoherent electromagnetic power backscattered from the column. The measurements of the spatial correlation of the backscattered electromagnetic fields are in good agreement with a function derived theoretically by using extensive diagnostic data.
Extracting shared topics of multiple documents

In this paper, we present a weighted graph based method to simultaneously compare the textual content of two or more documents and extract the shared (sub)topics of them, if available. A set of documents are modelled with a set of pairwise weighted bipartite graphs. A generalized mutual reinforcement principle is applied to the pairwise bipartite graphs to calculate the saliency scores of sentences in each documents based on pairwise weighted bipartite graphs. Sentences with advantaged saliency are selected, and they together convey the dominant shared topic. If there are more than one shared subtopics among the documents, a spectral min-max cut algorithm can be used to partition a derived sentence similarity graph into several subgraphs. For a subgraph, if all documents contribute some sentences(nodes) to it, then these sentences(nodes) in the subgraph may convey a shared subtopic. The generalized mutual reinforcement principle is applied to them to verify and extract the shared subtopic.
A reduced-complexity lattice-aided decision-feedback detector

Two powerful techniques for improving the performance of a detector in a multiple-input multiple-output communications channel are decision feedback and lattice reduction. We propose a new detector, the DOLLAR detector, that combines decision feedback and lattice reduction in a novel way. The DOLLAR detector is based on a simple lattice reduction algorithm that is designed to exploit the power of decision feedback. The combination of the new lattice reduction algorithm and decision feedback leads to near-optimal performance with complexity comparable to the BLAST-ordered decision-feedback (BODF) detector. For example, over a 4-input 4-output Rayleigh-fading channel with 16-QAM inputs, the DOLLAR detector outperforms the BODF detector by 6 dB while increasing complexity by 16%.
The range of the spherical mean value operator for functions supported in a ball

Suppose n > 1 is an odd integer, f is a smooth function supported in a ball B with boundary S, and u is the solution of the initial value problem u tt - Δ x u = 0, (x, t) ∈ R n x [0, ∞); u(x,t = 0) = 0, u t (x, t = 0) = f(x), x ∈ R n . We characterize the range of the map f → u| S×[0,∞) and give a stable scheme for the inversion of this map. This also characterizes the range of the map sending f to its mean values over spheres centred on S.
Synthesis of 15N labelledl alkaloids: Coniine−15N and nicotine-1′−15N

Coniine−15N was obtained by the reductive amination of 5-oxcoctanal using sodium cyanoborohydride and ammonium−15N bromide. Nornicotine-l'−15N resulted from a similar reductive amination of 4-oxo-4-(3′-pyridyl)butanal. Methylation with formaldehyde and formic acid afforded nicotine-l'−15N.
Defining maximal renal tolerance to warm ischemia in porcine laparoscopic and open surgery model

Abstract Objectives To establish the upper limit for warm ischemia time (WIT) beyond which irreversible renal failure will occur in a single-kidney porcine model. The maximal renal tolerance during WIT is currently under revision. Traditionally, 30 minutes was defined as the safe limit for renal WIT. However, accumulating data have suggested that a WIT of up to 90 minutes may not result in permanent damage. Methods Twenty female pigs weighing 60 to 80 lb at arrival underwent initial right laparoscopic nephrectomy to create a single-kidney model. Twelve days later, the animals were randomized into four groups of 5 animals each: 120 minutes of open WIT, 120 minutes of laparoscopic WIT, 5 open controls, and 5 laparoscopic controls. Renal function was assessed with serial glomerular filtration rate and serum creatinine measurements, which were assessed preoperatively and on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3, 8, and 15. Results No significant difference existed between the laparoscopic and open groups. The glomerular filtration rate reached the lowest value and the serum creatinine levels peaked on POD 3 and were significantly different from baseline at PODs 1, 3, 8, and 15. Renal function did not return to baseline by POD 15, and 66% of the animals showed significant renal insufficiency (more than 25% decline in glomerular filtration rate) in the study group. Conclusions After 120 minutes of WIT, no difference in renal function recovery was observed between the laparoscopic and open techniques. A WIT of 120 minutes produced significant renal failure and mortality. Thus, 120 minutes of WIT in the single kidney porcine model exceeds the kidney’s tolerance to ischemia.
Visceral afferent participation in delayed satiation following NMDA receptor blockade

We previously reported that rats increase their food intake, but not water intake, following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of MK-801, a noncompetitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-activated ion channels. The drug appears to specifically interfere with signals that participate in satiation, thereby prolonging the meal and increasing its size. The mechanism by which delayed satiation occurs is not known. However, some well-studied satiety signals are carried by visceral sensory fibers that innervate the abdominal viscera. We hypothesized that MK-801 might increase food intake by interfering with satiety signals transmitted by visceral afferent neurons. To test this hypothesis, we examined MK-801's effect on food intake in rats systemically treated with capsaicin, a neurotoxin that destroys small unmyelinated visceral afferent neurons. Capsaicin treatment significantly attenuated increased sucrose intake following MK-801. We also investigated whether the effects of MK-801 on food intake would persist in rats treated with total subdiaphragmatic vagotomies. MK-801 increased the intake of 15% sucrose by sham-vagotomized rats, while vagotomized rats did not increase their intake following MK-801. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that capsaicin-sensitive visceral sensory neurons are involved in increased food intake following systemic NMDA receptor blockade. This, in turn, suggests that NMDA receptor activation may be an important component of the neural circuitry involved in satiation.
TRU-Fueled VHTRs for Applications Requiring an Extended Operation With Minimized Control and No Refueling

This paper presents an analysis of TRU-fueled VHTR systems focusing on applications requiring an extended operation with minimized control and no refueling (single-batch mode). As an example of such applications, international deployment opportunities for grid-appropriate VHTR systems could be mentioned addressing demands for electricity, industrial heat and co-generation in those regions where minimized servicing is desirable for various reasons. The study is performed for the hexagonal block core concept within the framework of the ongoing U.S. DOE NERI Project on utilization of higher actinides (TRUs and partitioned MAs) as a fuel component for extended-life VHTRs. The up-to-date analysis has shown reasonable reactivity swings, core life limits with respect to fast fluences and criticality.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Sound transmission into a laminated composite cylindrical shell

In the context of the transmission of airborne noise into an aircraft fuselage, a mathematical model is presented for the transmission of an oblique plane sound wave into a laminated composite circular cylindrical shell. Numerical results are obtained for geometry typical of a narrow-bodied jet transport. Results indicate that from the viewpoint of noise attenuation on laminated composite shell does not appear to offer any significant advantage over an aluminum shell. However, the transmission loss of a laminated composite shell is sensitive to the orientation of the fibers and this suggests the possibility of using a laminated composite shell to tailor the noise attenuation characteristics to meet a specific need.
Pulmonary mechanical responses to intravenously administered capsaicin in guinea-pigs: effect of peptidase inhibitors

In order to examine the role of peptidases in modulating bronchoconstrictor responses to i.v. administered capsaicin, a potent C-fiber stimulant, we measured changes in pulmonary conductance (GL) and dynamic compliance (Cdyn) in anesthetized mechanically ventilated guinea-pigs. Control guinea-pigs, and guinea-pigs treated with the neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors thiorphan (1.7 mg/kg) or SCH32615 (1 mg/kg), the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril (5.7 mg/kg), or combinations of NEP and ACE inhibitors, were given increasing doses of capsaicin by rapid i.v. injection. The doses of capsaicin required to cause a 50% decrease in GL and Cdyn (ED50GL and ED50Cdyn respectively) were computed for each animal. None of the peptidase inhibitors, when given alone, had any effect on the changes in pulmonary mechanics induced by capsaicin. However, combined administration of thiorphan and captopril, or SCH32615 and captopril, caused a decrease in ED50Cdyn for capsaicin, and prolonged the time during which the peak changes in GL induced by capsaicin persisted. These data support the hypothesis that substances whose degradation is inhibited by combined NEP and ACE inhibitors contribute to the bronchoconstriction induced by iv administered capsaicin. This profile of enzymatic degradation is consistent with the tachykinin, substance P.
Specifying Scale-dependent Dispersivity in Numerical Solutions of the Convection–Dispersion Equation

Many studies have incorporated various scale-dependent dispersivity functions into the convection-dispersion equation (CDE). For a given function, there are different ways of specifying the dispersivity values in the discretized subdomains of a numerical solution. These ways would depend on how the function's time or space variable is built into the numerical scheme and on how the different ways may be interrelated. No study has addressed how these different ways may affect resulting breakthrough curves (BTCs) or their applicability to solute transport problems. In this study, five ways were specified and designated as local time, average time, apparent time, local distance, or apparent distance dependent dispersivity in the numerical scheme. The main objective was to demonstrate relationships among these ways by assuming that dispersion in the scale-dependent CDE was quasi-Fickian and implicitly based on an estimation of the first moment of the BTC at the given location. How these ways affected calculated BTCs was numerically tested using generalized linear and power scale-dependent dispersivity functions for a one-dimensional problem with initial solute distribution represented as a Dirac delta function. For either type of function, differences were obvious in BTCs obtained for solute transport conditions with small apparent Peclet numbers using the alternative ways of specifying scale-dependent dispersivity in the numerical scheme. The differences decreased with increasing apparent Peclet number. The numerical test results also showed that the derived relationships were not applicable for numerically calculating the spatial solute distribution at a given time. These test results were expected to be generally applicable because any other initial-value solute transport problem can be solved as a superposition of this test problem.
Arachidonoyl-diacylglycerol Kinase SPECIFIC IN VITRO INHIBITION BY POLYPHOSPHOINOSITIDES SUGGESTS A MECHANISM FOR REGULATION OF PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL BIOSYNTHESIS

We previously described the purification of a membrane-bound diacylglycerol kinase highly selective for sn-1-acyl-2-arachidonoyl diacylglycerols (Walsh, J. P., Suen, R., Lemaitre, R. N., and Glomset, J. A.(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 21155-21164). This enzyme appears to be responsible for the rapid clearance of the arachidonate-rich pool of diacylglycerols generated during stimulus-induced phosphoinositide turnover. We have now shown phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to be a potent and specific inhibitor of arachidonoyl-diacylglycerol kinase. Kinetic analyses indicated a Ki for phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate of 0.04 mol %. Phosphatidic acid also was an inhibitor with a Ki of 0.7 mol %. Other phospholipids had only small effects at these concentrations. A series of multiply phosphorylated lipid analogs also inhibited the enzyme, indicating that the head group phosphomonoesters are the primary determinants of the polyphosphoinositide effect. However, these compounds were not as potent as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, indicating some specificity for the polyphosphoinositide additional to its total charge. Five other diacylglycerol kinases were activated to varying degrees by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidic acid, suggesting that inhibition by acidic lipids may be specific for the arachidonoyl-DAG kinase isoform. Given the presumed role of arachidonoyl-diacylglycerol kinase in the phosphoinositide cycle, this inhibition may represent a mechanism for polyphosphoinositides to regulate their own synthesis.
10-Hydroxy-7,8-dihydropyrazino[1',2':1,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazine-1,9(2H,6H)-diones: potent, orally bioavailable HIV-1 integrase strand-transfer inhibitors with activity against integrase mutants.

Abstract A series of 10-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropyrazino[1′,2′:1,5]pyrrolo[2,3- d ]pyridazine-1,9(2 H ,6 H )-diones was synthesized and tested for their inhibition of HIV-1 replication in cell culture. Structure–activity studies indicated that high antiviral potency against wild-type virus as well as viruses containing integrase mutations that confer resistance to three different structural classes of integrase inhibitors could be achieved by incorporation of small aliphatic groups at certain positions on the core template. An optimal compound from this study, 16 , inhibits integrase strand-transfer activity with an IC 50 value of ⩽10 nM, inhibits HIV-1 replication in cell culture with an IC 95 value of 35 nM in the presence of 50% normal human serum, and displays modest pharmacokinetic properties in rats (iv t 1/2 = 5.3 h, F = 17%).
Derived functors for maps of simplicial spaces

Abstract In this paper, we discuss in detail a site for simplicial spaces which is particularly suitable for defining derived functors for maps between simplicial spaces. It is shown that the derived category of sheaves on this site is closely related to the derived category of sheaves on another well-known site. Applications to algebraic group actions in positive characteristics are also discussed.
Radiolytic Degradation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in Artificially Contaminated Soils.

This paper reports results of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) destruction on artificially contaminated soil using cobalt-60 ([sup 60]Co) [gamma] radiation. Important parameters (soil moisture content, surfactant type/concentration, equilibration, and radiation dose) and their optimum ranges are identified. Scavenger (N[sub 2]O, O[sub 2], 2-propanol) studies were conducted to explore the consequences of controlling oxidative and reductive conditions in the soil, and reaction byproducts have been analyzed under selected reaction conditions. A standard soil (EPA SSM-91) was artificially contaminated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD to 100 ppb, and in the presence of 25% water and 2% surfactant (RA-40) and at a high irradiation dose (800 kGy), greater than 92% TCDD destruction was achieved, resulting in a final TCDD concentration of less than 7 ppb. Results of scavenger and byproduct studies and theoretical target theory calculations indicate that TCDD destruction is caused primarily by direct radiation effects and proceeds through reductive dechlorination. 53 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.
Cloud albedo feedback and the super greenhouse effect in a global coupled GCM

Two competing cloud-radiative feedbacks identified in previous studies i.e., cloud albedo feedback and the super greenhouse effect, are examined in a sensitivity study with a global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Cloud albedo feedback is strengthened in a sensitivity experiment by lowering the sea-surface temperature (SST) threshold in the specified cloud albedo feedback scheme. This simple parameterization requires coincident warm SSTs and deep convection for upper-level cloud albedos to increase. The enhanced cloud albedo feedback in the sensitivity experiment results in decreased maximum values of SST and cooler surface temperatures over most areas of the planet. There is also a cooling of the tropical troposphere with attendant global changes of atmospheric circulation reminiscent of those observed during La Nina or cold events in the Southern Oscillation. The strengthening of the cloud albedo feedback only occurs over warm tropical oceans (e.g., the western Pacific warm pool), where there is increased albedo, decreased absorbed solar radiation at the surface, stronger surface westerlies, enhanced westward currents, lower temperatures, and decreased precipitation and evaporation. However, the weakened convection over the tropical western Pacific Ocean alters the large-scale circulation in the tropics such that there is increased upper-level divergence over tropical land areas and the tropical Indian Ocean. This results in increased precipitation in those regions and intensified monsoonal regimes. The enhanced precipitation over tropical land areas produces increased clouds and albedo and wetter and cooler land surfaces. These additional contributions to decreased absorbed solar input at the surface combine with similar changes over the tropical oceans to produce the global cooling associated with the stronger cloud albedo feedback. Increased low-level moisture convergence and precipitation over the tropical Indian Ocean enhance slightly the super greenhouse effect there. But the stronger cloud albedo feedback is still the dominant effect, although cooling of SSTs in that region is less than in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. The sensitivity experiment demonstrates how a regional change of radiative forcing is quickly transmitted globally through a combination of radiative and dynamical processes in the coupled model. This study points to the uncertainties involved with the parameterization of cloud albedo and the major implications of such parameterizations concerning the maximum values of SST, global climate sensitivity, and climate change.
Corresponding states for transport properties

Recent work by the author has resulted in a computer package which allows the estimation of thermal physical properties of a fluid when very little information is known about that fluid. The minimum required data set for the method is the molecular weight, the density, and temperature of the liquid at the normal boiling point. The method utilizes the application and modification of extended corresponding states. Using a well known reference fluid, or fluids, and the above minimum data set for a target fluid, (the fluid for which properties are desired), thermodynamic and transport properties may be estimated over a wide range of pressure and temperature. Depending on the target fluid and the availability of a suitable reference fluid, the method may use as many as five reference fluids but usually uses three or less. Although the minimum data set for the target fluid is described above, the availability of more data for the target fluid greatly improves the accuracy of the method. Even an additional one or two data points for the target fluid helps and the more data available for the target fluid, the greater the help. The goal of this work was to develop a method and subsequent computer package which would provide thermodynamic and transport properties for a target fluid with a minimal amount of known data for that target fluid, and that the resulting properties for that target fluid be of sufficient accuracy to be useful in engineering calculations. It is believed that this goal has been achieved. Typical accuracy assessments and examples are presented. Since traditionally transport properties have not corresponded well, and since presenting both the thermodynamic and transport property methods would make this paper much to long, only the transport properties part of the package is presented here.
Catheter ablation of atypical atrial flutter and atrial tachycardia within the coronary sinus after left atrial ablation for atrial fibrillation

Objectives The goal of this study was to describe the prevalence and ablation of coronary sinus (CS) arrhythmias after left atrial ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). Background The CS has been implicated in a variety of supraventricular arrhythmias. Methods Thirty-eight patients underwent mapping and ablation of atypical flutter that developed during (n = 5) or after (n = 33) ablation for AF. Also included were two patients with focal CS arrhythmias that occurred during an AF ablation procedure. A tachycardia was considered to be originating from the CS if the post-pacing interval in the CS matched the tachycardia cycle length and/or if it terminated during ablation in the CS. Results Among the 33 patients who developed atypical flutter late after AF ablation, 9 (27%) were found to have a CS origin. Overall, 16 of the 40 patients in this study had a CS arrhythmia. The tachycardia was macro-re-entrant in 14 patients (88%) and focal in two patients. Radiofrequency ablation with an 8-mm-tip catheter was successful in 15 patients (94%) without complication. In eight patients (50%), ≥45 W was required for successful ablation. Thirteen of the 15 patients (87%) with a successful ablation acutely remained arrhythmia-free during 5 ± 5 months of follow-up. Conclusions The musculature of the CS serves as a critical component of the re-entry circuit in approximately 25% of patients with atypical flutter after ablation for AF. The CS may also generate focal atrial arrhythmias that may play a role in triggering and/or maintaining AF. Catheter ablation of these arrhythmias in the CS can be performed safely.
Traf6 and A20 differentially regulate TLR4-Induced autophagy by affecting the ubiquitination of Beclin 1

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling triggers autophagy, which has been linked to both adaptive and innate immunity. Engagement of TLR4 recruits to the receptor complex Beclin 1, a key component of a class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex (PI3KC3) that initiates autophagosome formation. Recently, we found that tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)-mediates Lys(63) (K63)- linked ubiquitination of Beclin 1 is crucial for TLR4-triggered autophagy in macrophages. We identified two TRAF6-binding motifs in Beclin 1 that facilitate the binding of TRAF6 and the ubiquitination of Beclin 1. A lysine located in the Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) domain of Beclin 1 serves as a major site for K63-linked ubiquitination. Opposing TRAF6, the deubiquitinating enzyme A20 reduces the extent of K63-linked ubiquitination of Beclin 1 and limits the induction of autophagy in response to TLR4 signaling. Furthermore, treatment of macrophages with either interferonγ or interleukin-1 triggers the K63-linked ubiquitination of Beclin 1 and the formation of autophagosomes. These results indicate that the status of K63-linked ubiquitination of Beclin 1 plays a key role in regulating autophagy during inflammatory responses.
The effects of hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the pharmacokinetics of ouabain after portal and systemic administration to rats

The microsomal enzyme inducers 3-methylcholanthrene, phenobarbitone and pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN) are known to affect other aspects of hepato-biliary disposition in addition to metabolism. This study was designed to determine if presystemic elimination of the non-metabolized xenobiotic ouabain could be altered by these inducers. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with inducers or saline for four days. A day later, ouabain (0.5 mg kg−1) was administered into either the ileocolic vein (portal administration) or the femoral vein (systemic administration). Blood and bile samples were collected for up to 90 min after ouabain administration. Biliary excretion rate and cumulative biliary excretion of ouabain were increased by pretreatment with PCN (75 mg kg−1 day−1) relative to controls. Phenobarbitone pretreatment (75 mg kg−1 day−1) also increased these parameters, but to a lesser extent than PCN. In contrast, 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment (20 mg kg−1 day−1) had no effect on biliary excretion. Plasma concentrations of ouabain were much lower after PCN pretreatment relative to controls, whereas neither phenobarbitone nor 3-methylcholanthrene had any effect. Similarly, clearance (both biliary and total) and volume of distribution were increased by PCN, but not by phenobarbitone or 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment. Interestingly, the magnitude of biliary and plasma effects induced by PCN appeared to be comparable whether ouabain was administered portally or systemically. Pretreatment of rats with PCN, but not phenobarbitone or 3-methylcholanthrene was shown to increase total clearance of ouabain, mainly via an increase in biliary clearance. Furthermore, because the enhanced clearance occurs after systemic as well as after portal administration of ouabain, a significant change in hepatic presystemic elimination was not detected.
The total QRS duration.

Abstract 1. 1. Total QRS duration, from earliest to latest deflections of ventricular activation (depolarization), is not measurable in limb leads, due to isoelectric projection of early or late parts of the spatial QRS vector loop. 2. 2. The most nearly correct value for QRS duration can be obtained only from simultaneously recorded, orthogonal XYZ lead derivations with high fidelity, high-speed recording and tedious measurement technique. 3. 3. Total QRS duration in XYZ leads was measured in 115 men, aged 20 to 50 years. The range of values was 0.0801 second to 0.1309 second, the mean 0.1010 second, the standard deviation 0.010 second. 4. 4. It is suggested that 0.12 second be the “upper normal limit” of QRS duration in XYZ leads. Fifty-four per cent of the values were over 0.10 second; 18 per cent over 0.11 second; and 3.5 per cent over 0.12 second. 5. 5. V1 and V2 are suggested as the single leads in conventional records in which the more nearly correct QRS duration may be most often measured. 6. 6. The QRS duration found in isochronous recordings of Leads I, II, and III was uniformly shorter than that in XYZ leads and did not permit prediction of the spatially correct QRS duration. The range of QRS duration in simultaneous records of Leads I, II, and III was 0.765 to 0.109 second, the mean 0.904 second. 7. 7. Poor correlation of QRS duration with heart rate was found except at the extremes of heart rate where correlation was high. 8. 8. Poor correlation was found between QRS duration and body weight (heart size implied). 9. 9. QRS duration increased slightly after exercise in the face of accelerated heart rate. 10. 10. Mean beat-to-beat change in total QRS duration from XYZ leads was on the order of 3 msec., while beat-to-beat change in single lead strips averaged 2 msec. 11. 11. Separation of all positional and other factors in beat-to-beat variability of QRS duration awaits similar measurement in three-channel simultaneous records from apparatus of comparable sensitivity. 12. 12. Subtle beat-to-beat changes, QRS duration change with exercise in normal and abnormal subjects, and “spatially corrected” P-R and Q-T intervals are obviously indicated studies.
Intestinal hemorrhage from exposure to pulsed ultrasound

Threshold exposures for producing intestinal hemorrhage in mice were determined using focused sources operating at 0.7, 1.1, 2.4 and 3.6 MHz. The choice of pulse length (10 μs) and pulse repetition frequency (100 Hz) made the exposures diagnostically relevant, while at the same time, minimized possible thermal contributions to the mechanism of action of the ultrasound. Each animal was irradiated at four to five abdominal sites for 5 min per site. Suprathreshold lesions ranged from small petechiae to hemorrhagic regions extending 4 mm or more along the intestine, depending upon the exposure levels. Higher frequencies were less effective in producing intestinal hemorrhage than lower frequencies. Thermocouple measurements of temperature rise in the intestine during ultrasound exposure revealed temperature increments between 1° and 2°C at the highest exposure levels. The frequency dependence of the production of intestinal hemorrhage together with the observed limited heating is consistent with a cavitation-related mechanism of action of pulsed ultrasound.
Cardiac arrest in a patient with normal coronary arteries

We describe the case of a 47-year-old woman who presented with the clinical picture typical for the entity described as transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome (Takotsubo cardiomyopathy). She presented with chest pain secondary to vasospasm after an emotional argument. Her coronary anatomy was free of significant atherosclerotic lesions, and her ventriculogram revealed apical ballooning in the shape similar to the round-bottomed Japanese pot used for trapping octopus.
Thermoanalytical studies of byproduct streams from dry-mill ethanol production

Abstract The emission of volatile organic compounds from byproduct streams during drying is a major concern in the dry-mill production of ethanol. Thermogravimetric analysis on distiller's wet grains, distiller's dried grains after the first drier, distiller's dried grains after the second drier, and syrup was conducted to acquire information on the loss of volatiles as a function of temperature. Results show that there is a weight loss in all the samples in the temperature range of 25–100 °C and this weight loss is expected to be mainly due to moisture. It is also observed that devolatilization takes place in distiller's dried grains collected after the first and second rotary driers in between 125 and 220 °C.
Effects of marine paints on microbial biofilm development on three materials

The development of biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO-1 was studied using modified Robbins devices. Biofilm development was measured using viable counts, acridine orange direct counts (AODC), and a colorimetric method for exopolysaccharide (EPS). Biofilms reached their maximum population 24–72 h after inoculation on coupons with no paint or on coupons coated with marine paint VC-18 without additives. Biofilms on stainless steel contained higher numbers of total cells and of viable cells than biofilms on fiberglass or aluminum. Coating the surfaces with marine paint VC-18 resulted in decreased numbers of cells on stainless steel but had little effect on numbers of cells on fiberglass or aluminum. Addition to the paint of Cu or tributyltin (TBT), the active components in two types of antifouling paints, inhibited the initial development of biofilms. However, by 72–96 h, most biofilms contained the same number of cells as surfaces without additives as shown by both viable counts and AODC. Biofilms that formed on surfaces coated with Cu- or TBT-containing paint did not synthesize more EPS, suggesting that P. aeruginosa PAO-1 does not respond to these compounds by synthesizing more EPS, which could bind the metal and protect the cells. Rather, these biofilms may contain Cu- or TBT-resistant cells. TBT-resistant cells made up 1–10% of the viable counts in biofilms on uncoated stainless steel, but in biofilms on stainless steel coated with marine paint containing TBT, TBT-resistant cells made up as much as 50% of the population. For non-coated stainless steel surfaces, Cu-resistant cells initially made up the majority of the population, but after 48 h they made up less than 1% of the population. On Cu-coated stainless steel, Cu-resistant cells predominated through 48 h, but after 48 h they comprised less than 10% of the population. These results suggest that the growth of TBT-resistant and Cu-resistant cells contributes to biofilms of P. aeruginosa PAO-1 at early stages of development but not at later stages.
The Margins of Romance: Art and Artifice in Joufroi de Poitiers

Textualite et reflexivite de la relation symbiotique heros/narrateur dans une mise en oeuvre de l'amour courtois dejouant constamment l'attente du lecteur
Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the 33 kDa water oxidizing polypeptide in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 and its expression in Escherichia coli

The 33 kDa extrinsic polypeptide of photosystem II, also known as the manganese-stabilizing polypeptide (MSP), is located on the lumen side of the thylakoid and is involved in water oxidation. The gene for MSP, designated woxA, has been cloned from the nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena and sequenced. The woxA open reading frame was found to be 819 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence was 63% and 59% homologous with that of Synechococcus and Synechocystis, respectively, and 44% conserved when compared to the MSP of spinach or pea. Two cysteine residues at positions 48 and 73 were found to be conserved in cyanobacteria and plants. The first 29 amino acids are hydrophobic and may represent the transit peptide. woxA: :phoA translational fusion products, in which the body of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase was fused to the amino terminal portion of woxA between residues 35 and 130, yielded active alkaline phosphatase in E. coli. Thus the transit peptide of woxA functions in E. coli to transport phosphatase across the cytoplasmic membrane. S1 mapping and primer extension experiments showed that the woxA transcription initiation site is located 220 bp upstream from the translational start. The woxA promoter has some resemblance to the E. coli consensus and other known Anabaena vegetative cell promoters.
999 EARLY-ONSET GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS (GBS) NEONATAL SEPTICEMIA AND RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS): CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ASSISTED VENTILATION (AV)

Differentiation of early-onset GBS, requiring AV, from RDS, is difficult prior to culture results. Clinical and AV features of 10 neonates with early-onset GBS were compared with those of 12 randomly selected with RDS. Initial chest x-ray in GBS group was interpreted as RDS in 7 of 10 cases. Four of GBS and 4 of RDS group died. Mean birth weights were 1922±670 and 1340±336 g (p 0.05). Mean PaO2 was significantly lower (58±9.5vs65±5.9 Torr, p<0.05), mean PaCO2 was higher (46±4.4vs43±0.8 Torr, p<0.05), mean BD was higher (7.1±2.lvs 4.5±1.0 meq/L, p<0.01) and mean PIP was higher (30±2.8vs27±1.0 cmH2O p<0.01) in GBS group. This study reveals that neonates with early-onset GBS septicemia compared to those with severe RDS tend to be more acidotic, have lower PaO2 and higher PaCO2. Contrary to a previous report, neonates with early-onset GBS septicemia and respiratory insufficiency, require significantly higher PIP than those with severe RDS on AV.
A hypothetical model on the mechanism of anesthesia.

Abstract An hypothesis on the mechanism of action of general anesthetic agents is proposed. It is based on a potentiation of chloride influx due to the action of anesthetic agents on the GABA-receptor complex at the lipid-protein interface. This hypothesis accomodates various observations such as lipid solubility of anesthetic molecules, their lack of stringent structural requirement, pressure reversal of anesthetic action, and other neurochemical and neuropharmacological data.
Application of periodically-poled LiNbO/sub 3/ for wide-bandwidth high-frequency electrooptic modulator

Summary form only given. Periodically-poled LiNbO/sub 3/ (PPLN) is an outstanding nonlinear optical material. Various PPLN-based frequency conversion devices have been developed. The piezoelectric and electrooptic (EO) effects of PPLN also have attracted more and more research attention. In this report, we show that a high-frequency, and wide bandwidth integrated EO modulator (EOM) can be achieved though quasi-velocity-matching (QVM) technique. Comparing with a conventional EOM with phase-reversed electrodes, the PPLN-based EOM has some advantages, e.g. the lower drive voltage and better stability Since PPLN is also a good nonlinear and piezoelectric crystal, it is possible to combine several functions in a PPLN wafer that is very attractive for modern opto-electronic Systems.
Antecedents of College Students' Study Deficiencies: The Relationship between Course Features and Students' Study Activities.

Students entering institutions of higher learning have been observed to be deficient in the skills and dispositions necessary for engaging in sustained autonomous study. Evidence from investigations comparing instructional features and students' study activities across different courses and grade levels suggests that (a) particular features of courses may act to prompt or inhibit the development of proficiency at academic studying; and (b) the difficulties experienced by postsecondary students may be traced to certain discontinuties between characteristics of courses at the secondary versus post-secondary levels. These discontinuities can be described in terms of three dimensions: (a) differences in the demands made on particular study activities associated with different coursework requirements; (b) the degree to which instructors provide supportive practices designed to facilitate or sustain students' productive study activities; and (c) the prevalance of teaching strategies designed to compensate students for their study deficiencies. Using evidence from extant research on studying and results from recent investigation of secondary-level courses, the claim is made that particular patterns of instructor-implemented demands (workload, test difficulty, and latitude for self-direction) and compensations (test review practices, overlap between test items and instructor handouts, and the presence of ‘safety nets’) might account for deficiencies in the study activities of postsecondary graduates. Further, improving the level of preparedness of secondary-level graduates for the demands associated with higher education courses is discussed in terms of the need for the provision of particular support practices (e.g., feedback, clear performance expectations, and guided practice) in secondary-level courses.
One-speed transport disadvantage factor calculations for general anisotropic scattering

Abstract The singular eigenfunction expansion method has been used to obtain the solution for the one-speed disadvantage factor in slab cells of fuel and moderator which may scatter neutrons in a highly an isotropic manner. New two-media cross-product integral relations, together with previously known one-medium orthogonality relations, have been utilized to obtain the solution. Sample calculations on slab cells of natural uranium and water show that, for cases in which the anisotropy of the scattering is quadratic or more, the disadvantage factor differs from the isotropic result by 7–27 per cent depending upon the order of the anisotropy, the effective mass of the scatterer, and the slab cell width. In all calculations, scattering in the fuel has been assumed to be isotropic.
21.4: DLP Cinema™ Projectors: Enabling Digital Cinema

Digital Light Processing™ projection displays span the gamut of applications from ultralight to ultrabright. DLP Cinema™ projection displays are the adaptation of conventional DLP™ projectors to meet the requirements of digital cinema. This paper describes DLP Cinema™ prototype projectors and ongoing field demonstrations of these prototypes in eighteen or more theater locations in North America, Europe and Japan.
Effects of Propranolol on the Transmembrane Potentials of Ventricular Muscle and Purkinje Fibers of the Dog

Papillary muscle-false tendon tissue preparations isolated from dog hearts were perfused with Tyrode's solution containing propranolol in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 20.0 mg/liter. Transmembrane action potentials of both ventricular muscle fibers and Purkinje fibers were recorded. With sufficient concentration of drug, the velocity of the upstroke and the overshoot of both fiber types decreased. The curve relating upstroke velocity to level of membrane potential for Purkinje fibers was displaced to the right and down. The ability of both ventricular muscle fibers and Purkinje fibers to respond to rapid frequencies of stimulation was decreased. Repolarization of Purkinje fibers was accelerated by propranolol, but repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers was unaffected. Duration of the effective refractory period of Purkinje fibers decreased; that of ventricular muscle fibers was unchanged. Graded responses and decremental impulse conduction in Purkinje fibers were abolished in the presence of propranolol. Low doses of propranolol which caused no change in the transmembrane potential completely blocked the increase in Purkinje diastolic depolarization normally induced by epinephrine. The possible mechanisms by which propranolol might exert its antiarrhythmic actions on ventricular arrhythmias were discussed.
The first environmental impact monitoring and assessment in Antarctica. The dry valley drilling project

Abstract We describe here the development of an environmental impact assessment matrix, adapted from Leopold et al. (1971) , to estimate probable impact of a major geological drilling project in Antarctica. Our matrix includes five recovery time intervals and impact probability. Methods for environmental impact monitoring have emphasised microbiology of air and soil in this unusual region of sparse native soil and water microbial communities, such that preaudits, audits and postaudits could be used to monitor impact and recovery. Data obtained have enabled revision and improvement of prediction for our impact matrices.
Impacts of deer herbivory and visual grading on the early performance of high-quality oak planting stock in Tennessee, USA

The growth of outplanted high-quality 1-0 northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings, growth differences between two categories of visually graded seedlings and herbivory by white-tail deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Boddaert)) were examined after two growing seasons. Seedlings were planted in plots receiving three overstory treatments (high grade, commercial clearcut, and two age) and an uncut control on productive sites of the East Gulf Coastal Plain in Tennessee. Sixty seedlings were outplanted within each of 12 0.81-ha treatment units, resulting in three replicate blocks of the four treatments. Initial height, root-collar diameter and number of first-order lateral roots were recorded for each seedling prior to planting. Seedlings were visually graded into one of two categories (premium and good) based on morphological characteristics. Planted seedlings were measured at the end of the 2002 and 2003 growing seasons. Mean seedling survivorship after two growing seasons was 94, 92, 87 and 58% (P < 0.001) for the commercial clearcut, two-age, high grade and uncut control units, respectively. Differences in seedling height growth were found between the harvested units and uncut control units along with a significant interaction between overstory treatment and site (P = 0.03). Differences in seedling height were not significant among treatments involving harvest. After two growing seasons, seedlings graded as premium had produced 9 cm more height growth on average than seedlings graded as good (P = 0.002). In addition, seedlings browsed heavily during the 2002 and 2003 growing seasons were, on average, 36 cm shorter (P < 0.001) than unbrowsed seedlings. A significant level of mortality and diminished growth in the uncut control units suggests that pre-harvest enrichment planting without manipulating the overstory may not be a viable management option. Results from this study suggest a simple visual grading of seedlings prior to planting can result in significant growth gains early in the development of the seedlings. Further, the use of larger planting stock may have the added benefit of reducing the impacts of deer herbivory.
Crack propagation in poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), polystyrene, and their blends†

Cracks have been propagated in double-cantilever beam specimens of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), polystyrene, and their blends. The plane-strain crack propagation energy varies with crack speed, distance from crack arrest following an instability, molecular weight, and blend composition. Auxiliary measurements of moduli, yield properties, and craze initiation resistances at crack tips were carried out together with microscopic studies of the crack-tip plastic zone. Fracture instabilities are rationalized in terms of the interplay of shear deformation with crazing in the crack-tip plastic zone. Negative deviations from ideal behavior in the crack propagation resistance of the blends are rationalized in terms of the concurrent negative deviation in crazing resistance which in turn is thought to be related to positive deviations in shear resistance and thus to negative volumes and heats of mixing.
PD-1 blockade reverses viral infection-induced loss of anti-tumor CD8+ T cell responses

Background Emerging epidemiologic studies describe an increased prevalence of tumors in patients with non-oncogenic chronic viral disease (e.g., non-AIDS-defining cancers in HIV and non-hepatic cancers in HCV). However, there is a lack of basic understanding by what mechanism infections result in increased unrelated cancer formation (i.e., of cancers in tissues not associated with the infection), and what role immunotherapy may have in the rescue of immune responses under this condition. We hypothesized that viral infections establish an immunological environment that leads to the preferential loss of anti-tumor (i.e., anti-self antigen) CD8+ T cells, resulting in the inability of the host to avert tumor growth, and further that immunotherapy can reverse this detrimental loss. Methods