cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
King of the Hundred Beasts: A Long View of Tigers in Southern China

Publisher Summary Reports describe the intrusion of tigers into human settlements, or the loss of humans and livestock, and though records are sporadic for any given place, many individual episodes involved high numbers of casualties. The number of records increased dramatically in the mid-1500s, with a peak in the last quarter of the 1600s, and a smaller peak in the late 1800s. The first rise corresponds with increased human disturbance of the interior uplands, a result of the massive migration of disenfranchised coastal plain farmers to the interior, increased forest clearance, and more frequent conflicts with tigers. This chapter describes local perceptions of wildlife, including the “superstitions” that vowed to destroy through hunting and preaching the gospel. China's government has renewed its longstanding concern with the “King of the Hundred Beasts,” and there are several government-sponsored and NGO-based programs to reintroduce captive tigers to the wild. Still, national pride makes it difficult for officials to accept the idea of enhancing the severely jeopardized gene pool of captive ‘South China tigers,’ by breeding them with ‘impostors' from beyond China's borders in Southeast Asia. Since there may be no other way to maintain some of the distinctive traits that South China tigers have developed through time, one should keep in mind that conservation efforts are part of the evolutionary process and that they reflect human desires.
Renaissance Commentators on “De Generatione”: Felix Accorambonius (fl. 1540–90)

Similar points concerning the logic behind the order of the “Animal Books” are developed by Felix Accorambonius in his Interpretatio obscuriorum locorum et sententiarum omnium operum Aristotelis… (1590). The section “De Generatione Animalium Annotationes” of his Interpretatio is concerned with a discussion of the major controversies and questions arising from the text and from commentaries, in particular those of Galen in the work De semine. Accorambonius concentrates on four linked problems which are important to the philosophical, as distinct from the medical, debate on De generatione: the problems of spontaneous generation and of species; the mind and its relation to the semen and to the virtus formativa; and the relation of elemental, animal and celestial heat. Accorambonius also takes up the difficult question of the origin of the mind. His Interpretation is an attempt, in the manner of Averroes, to discuss controversial questions and reconcile Peripatetic doctrine with Catholic faith; Aristotle with Plato; and even, often, Aristotle with Galen. He seems particularly interested in examining the controversies which divide Aristotle and Galen.
Daily survival rates of ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus in northern Minnesota

We radio-marked 56 ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus in northern Minnesota, USA, during 1963–1965 and 2001–2002. Of these, we estimated the daily survival rate of 49 individuals (32 females and 17 males; of which 27 were grey phase and 22 were red phase) during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. We investigated whether daily survival varied by age, colour phase, gender, season and transmitter type. A model representing an interaction between colour phase and season fit the data best (AICc = 154.760) and was 77% more likely than any of our other a priori models. Daily survival rates were identical during the breeding season (0.998; SE = 0.002 for both colour phases), but higher for red-phased (0.994; SE = 0.003) than for grey-phased (0.980; SE = 0.007) birds during the non-breeding season. The daily estimate of grouse survival pooled across all individuals and seasons was 0.994 (SE = 0.002), which yielded an annual survival probability of 0.111 (SE = 0.082). The estimated annual survival rate was 0.010 (SE = 0.132) for grey-phased birds and 0.206 (SE = 0.146) for red-phased birds. There was no difference in survival rates between the two study periods. Our estimated annual survival rates were similar to other rates reported for ruffed grouse.
Soft-Tissue Complaints

Soft-tissue complaints are common presentations in acute care environments. Ultrasound may assist in the diagnosis of soft-tissue findings, such as identifying cellulitis [1, 2], abscesses [3, 4], and foreign bodies [5, 6]. Most soft-tissue structures are readily visible on ultrasound, as they conduct sound waves well and are superficial. Ultrasound may guide procedures involving the skin and joints, such as incision and drainage, foreign body removals, and joint aspirations [7, 8]. While the use of bedside ultrasound for soft tissue is operator-dependent [9], it is easy to learn, readily available, affordable, and decreases overall time to diagnosis. In many cases it is an excellent alternative to X-ray, CT scan, or MRI (Figs. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, and 1.10; Videos 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3).
Nonlinear Theory of Periodic Sequences

Running key generators employ nonlinear transformations in order to achieve high unpredictability of the generated key stream.
Changing Sex Stereotypes: Some Problems for Women and Men

The new feminism, which originated in 1963 with the publication of Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique,1 has had an enormous impact on attitudes as well as behavior. From it has emerged the contention that normative sex roles are culturally relative, that is, that the active and passive functions of personal and socioeconomic life have, within certain biological limits, been divided between the sexes in different ways by different cultures at different times. So swiftly has this feminist contention penetrated the popular imagination that little time has been available to consider the problems that a change in sex roles has created for individual men and women.2
Neuronal Specific Gene Expression in the Murine Hippocampus

The mammalian brain has been traditionally examined through combinations of anatomical, electrophysiological and pharmacological techniques. Together, these studies have correlated the phenotype of neurologic function, be it neuronal networks or choice of neuroactive transmitters, with the underlying structure of the brain. Another approach, which has been more recently explored, is the identification of specific gene products which may distinguish brain structures or neuronal groups defined by such classical studies. Implicit in this approach is the assumption that the differential expression of sets of genes help determine function in different neuronal cell populations.
Occupational health indicators: Exploring the social and decent work dimensions of green jobs in Portugal

Background Green jobs, being in line with the goals of sustainable development, promote "smart, sustainable and inclusive growth", ensure a healthy functioning of Earth's ecosystems and guarantee decent work for all workers and high levels of workers' health. Objective Assessing whether green jobs protect and promote the health of workers and, at the same time, contribute to a reduction of occupational diseases and health damage resulting from accidents at work. Methods A core-set of Occupational Health indicators were selected to analyze the "sustainable work" in green employment, based on Annual Report. The indicators were applied to 281,124 establishments and 2,780,686 workers in Portugal. Results In the green job there is a lower level of organization as regards Occupational Health and Safety Services with a lower coverage of working population, and the incidence and severity of accidents at work is higher, as well as the percentage of workers with a lower level of professional qualification. Conclusions Green job is not necessarily translated into safe, healthy and decent work. There is need and urgency to ensure a proper monitoring of green jobs in the context of Occupational Health, a requirement that should not be underestimated, if sustainable development is to be achieved.
Socioeconomic disparities in layperson CPR training within a large U.S. city.

Abstract Aim of the study We sought to understand how individual factors and neighborhood characteristics are associated with a layperson's likelihood of being trained in CPR. We hypothesized that higher socioeconomic status (educational attainment, and median household income (MHI)) would be associated with a higher likelihood of previous CPR training. Methods Through the Mobile CPR Project, a program providing hands-only CPR and AED education in Philadelphia, we surveyed participants regarding socioeconomic factors and prior CPR training. Survey questions pertained to race, gender, education, prior CPR training, automated external defibrillator (AED) awareness, and residential area. Community MHI was extrapolated via residential address and census tract data. Results From 7/2016 to 4/2018, 1703 subjects completed surveys, including location information, prior to participating in a Mobile CPR Project training event. Of these, 70% were female, 70% were non-white, mean age was 42 ± 20 years, and MHI was $39,318 [IQR $27,708–$60,795]. Subjects residing in census tracts with MHI below the cohort median were significantly less likely to have ever received CPR training (lowest quartile: OR 0.65, CI 0.49–0.85, p = 0.002). In multiple logistic regression controlling for age, race, gender, MHI, and education, higher educational attainment was associated with a higher likelihood of ever receiving CPR training (OR 7.96 Masters or Doctoral compared to less than high school, CI 5.24–12.11, p Conclusions There is a strong association between socioeconomic factors (MHI and educational attainment) and likelihood of prior layperson CPR training.
Deep U-Net Regression and Hand-Crafted Feature Fusion for Accurate Blood Vessel Segmentation

Automated curvilinear image segmentation is a crucial step to characterize and quantify the morphology of blood vessels across scale. We propose a dual pipeline RF_OFB+U-NET that fuses U-Net deep learning features with a low level image feature filter bank using the random forests classifier for vessel segmentation. We modify the U-Net CNN architecture to provide a foreground vessel regression likelihood map that is used to segment both arteriole and venule blood vessels in mice dura mater tissues. The hybrid approach combining both hand-crafted and learned features was tested on 60 epifluores-cence microscopy images and improved the segmentation of thin vessel structures by nearly 5% using the Dice similarity coefficient compared to U-Net.
Is Precision Medicine Widening Cancer Care Disparities in Latino Populations? The Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey Experience

Precision medicine in oncology aims to treat a patient based on the molecular makeup of the individual’s tumor. Guidelines have already been adopted in certain tumor types for the use of targeted therapies as standard of care, including lung, colon and rectum, thyroid, kidney, and breast cancers; melanoma; and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Of these tumor types, Latinos have a higher overall incidence rate of colorectal cancer and a higher overall mortality rate from thyroid cancer than non-Latino whites in the United States, though these trends may vary by state. While the potential benefit of precision medicine is substantial, research has shown that its implementation in the Latino population is limited. At the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey (RCINJ), during 2013–2017, 65.3% of new patient visits were non-Latino white patients and 8.9% were Latino. In a clinical trial evaluating the outcomes of patients who have had genomic testing on their tumors (N = 770), 71% were non-Latino white patients, while 11% were Latino. This ongoing trial consistently demonstrates that targeted therapy based on genomic profiling of tumors improves outcomes in cancer care and that Latinos are willing to participate in the clinical trial that involves genomic testing at a cancer center.
Morphometric linear and angular measurements of the human cochlea in implant patients using 3-dimensional reconstruction

Abstract The present study is the first to evaluate the spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and the linear and angular measurements of the cochlea in temporal bones of cochlear implant (CI) recipients. There are no studies evaluating the morphometric measures in subjects after long-term CI use, and this study fills in this gap in current knowledge, greatly important for the design of CI electrodes. Amira based 3-D reconstructions of the cochlea were generated from stained histopathological slides of 15 celloidin-embedded human temporal bones. The SGN angular distance from the round window exhibited a narrow range from 684°-704°, corresponding to linear distances of 17.87 and 34.48 mm along the inner and outer wall of the scala tympani. The first turn measured an average of 14.21 mm along the inner wall and 23.92 mm along the outer wall. The outer wall average for the second turn was 11.11 mm and for the partial third apical turn was only 4.49 mm. The range for cochlear duct angular distance was 876° to 1051°, with a mean of 2.63 turns, corresponding to an average linear distance of 39.53 mm, ranging from 35.44 mm to 43.57 mm 6 out of 15 temporal bones demonstrated better preservation of SGN in the middle and apical segments of Rosenthal’s canal. The present study demonstrates that the anatomy of the cochlea of CI patients does not differ significantly from that of normative subjects and establishes measurements using the round window as the 0° reference point, an important surgical landmark. The relevance of the measurements to cochlear implant design are discussed.
Unmasking symptomatic dermatographism in the time of COVID-19.

A 39-year-old woman presented with localized urticaria following N95 respirator use in a COVID-19 unit. After approximately 15 minutes of wear, she developed pruritus on her face, without associated angioedema or dyspnea. She had no history of cutaneous reactions to N95 respirators. Physical examination revealed several wheals with surrounding erythema limited to the area occluded by the N95 respirator (figure 1). On evaluation, firm stroking of the volar aspect of her forearm produced linear wheals (figure 2); she was subsequently diagnosed with dermatographism. Symptoms resolved within 1 …
Total ankle arthroplasty

Abstract Painful osteoarthritis of the ankle affects approximately 1% of the world’s adult population. Unlike arthritis of the hip and knee, the etiology of ankle arthritis is most commonly posttraumatic, or subsequent to ankle injury. Initial treatment includes bracing, activity modification, antiinflammatory medication and corticosteroid injections. Total ankle replacement (TAR) and ankle arthrodesis (AA) are the two primary surgical options for patients who fail conservative measures. Historically, AA was the gold standard for operative treatment. However, with improvement in surgical technique and updated implants, outcomes after ankle replacement have promising intermediate and long-term results, with mean success rates of up to 90% at 10 years. However, proper patient selection is critical, and not every patient is a candidate for an ankle replacement. Furthermore, management of a failed total ankle replacement still remains a challenge.
Can the Minimum Protamine Dose to Neutralize Heparin at the Completion of Cardiopulmonary Bypass be Significantly Lower than the Conventional Practice

Systemic anticoagulation with heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) should be neutralized by protamine administration to restore normal hemostasis. However, protamine has potentially serious side effects and excessive protamine can cause increased postoperative bleeding. Thus, our goal is to appropriately dose protamine at the completion of CPB to neutralize heparin so that neither residual heparin nor excessive protamine is present. We performed a retrospective study of 216 patients who underwent cardiac surgery to search for a safe minimum protamine dose (PD) when measuring heparin concentration (HC). In addition, we developed a formula to determine PD using total heparin dose (THD) and CPB time without measuring HC. When protamine-to-heparin ratio (P-to-H) is set at 1 mg protamine to 100 international unit (IU) heparin in HMS Plus Hemostasis Management System (HMS), we determined that 75% of the calculated total PD is a safe minimum PD to sufficiently neutralize circulating heparin after CPB. On average, this translates into either .37 mg protamine/100 IU heparin of THD or .54 mg/100 IU of the first heparin bolus. The formula we developed to calculate PD without measuring HC can provide a PD that strongly agrees with the safe minimum PD when measuring HC. The safe minimum PD to neutralize circulating heparin after CPB can be significantly lower than conventional dosing practices. Reduction of PD may decrease the risk of postoperative bleeding and protamine-related adverse events. Based on our data, we decreased P-to-H in HMS to examine whether it is possible to reduce PD further than the safe minimum PD determined in this study.
Analysis of statistical biases in studies used to formulate guidelines: the case of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) the case of ARVC

Rationale and Objectives To analyze the statistical biases in the studies used to derive cardiac magnetic resonance–based major and minor criteria for the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Materials and Methods ARVC is a rare disorder of the heart that can lead to sudden death in young adults. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) plays a role in the diagnosis by contributing to the criteria set by experts. The original criteria emphasized qualitative analysis of CMR. The criteria were modified in 2010 to provide quantitative cutoffs. Results We apply the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool for systematic review of diagnostic accuracy to the studies cited in the guidelines written in 1994 and revised in 2010. We use the signaling questions in QUADAS-2 to identify different types of statistical bias. Conclusions The studies have understandable biases that affect the sensitivity and specificity of CMR in the diagnosis of ARVC, as well as the truth of the disease state. There is potential to overdiagnose ARVC particularly in low prevalence populations.
Lessons We May Not Want to Learn: Counterinsurgency in the 21st Century

As the United States and its allies have left Iraq and prepare to withdraw from Afghanistan, many are considering the lessons that should be taken from these two counterinsurgencies. The counterinsurgency doctrines of the United States, United Kingdom, and other western states revolve around the need to build the legitimacy and capacity of the local state’s government. Thus, the role of the foreign interveners is threefold: to combat the rebels until the government is capable of doing so; to enhance the capacity of the local government through the provision of economic, material, and technological aid; and to help develop a government that has limited corruption, respects human rights, and is accountable to its population. The lessons to be drawn are how best to balance the need for violence against the rebels with the need to limit damage to the population, the best way to support the government without being seen as directing it as a puppet, and the best ways to get often recalcitrant governments to behave in ways that enhance their own legitimacy without taking them over entirely. Yet these are not the only counterinsurgencies that have been fought in the 21st century. Two, against the Tamils in Sri Lanka and the Chechens in Russia, were fought utilizing a very different strategy. In both, the governments (who were seen as foreign occupiers by rebellious populations) relied on significant levels of violence. Both used terror against the population as a dominant strategy, paying little attention to developing legitimacy among the population. These seemed to have worked, at least in the short run. The separatist movements by both the Tamils and the Chechens have been suppressed and the governments in the regions appear stable. The same cannot be said for the conflicts in Afghanistan, where fighting continues, and Iraq, where sectarian and ethnic rivalries threaten to return the country to war. So, which is the right lesson to learn? Is it that overwhelming force works? Or is that there were other factors which led to the success of Russia and Sri Lanka? This paper argues that while terror against civilians did succeed in ending the war, contributing factors made it easier for the counterinsurgents. Even when those circumstances are “right”, though, counterinsurgency cannot be done on the cheap.
Resolution of enantiomers via biocatalysis

In this chapter, we first consider the kinetic and mechanistic of enzymes that govern enantioselective processes and describe a method for the systematic treatment of biochemical kinetic resolution data
EARLY DETECTION OF PRIMARY HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA BY SCREENING FOR ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN IN HIGH-RISK FAMILIES: A Case-report

Abstract Serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) may be raised for up to 2 years before clinical presentation of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC). A group of people judged to be at high risk of PHC because of long-term serological positivity for hepatitis B surface antigen, ethnicity, location of residence, and a strong family history of PHC were screened for increasing levels of AFP. After 11/2 years of twice-yearly screening, one of them, a 19-year-old Eskimo man, had a raised AFP level, which continued to rise rapidly over the next 3 months, although the patient remained symptomless and ultrasonography, 99m Tc- scan, and computerised tomography of the liver were negative. Hepatic angiography suggested a small tumour in the periphery of the right lobe of the liver, but at laparotomy the right lobe was normal. Instead a tumour was found in the lateral tip of the left lobe. The tumour, a PHC, was resected surgically, and the patient has been well in the 11 months since his operation. His serum AFP level returned to normal 2 weeks after the operation and has remained normal.
Nondisjunction in the human male.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the current understanding of human male nondisjunction—considering studies aimed at determining the incidence and stage of origin of nondisjunction and describing recent information on etiological factors associated with the male nondisjunctional process. Aneuploidy is the most common class of chromosome abnormality in humans and, according to some, the most important genetic hazard facing man. Most aneuploidy derives from errors in maternal meiosis, and accordingly, most nondisjunction research is directed at understanding abnormalities in oogenesis. In addition to its clinical importance, male meiosis has several features that make studies of male nondisjunction an attractive alternative to studies of female nondisjunction. These include the ability to collect products of meiosis without resorting to invasive procedures, the availability of a virtually limitless supply of gametic products, and the ability to study nondisjunction free from the confounding effects of increasing maternal age. For these reasons, several investigators have suggested that analysis of male nondisjunction may serve as a useful model for several aspects of human nondisjunction.
Is there a selection bias in applying endovascular aneurysm repair for rupture

Accumulating data suggest that endovascular repair (EVAR) of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAAs) leads to reduced mortality, but concern exists that this may reflect selection bias. We reviewed our overall rupture experience early after our protocol was instituted to explore this question. We instituted a defined protocol for RAAA with emphasis on EVAR in July 2002, which included device availability (consignment), preoperative training, 24-hr access to our surgical endosuite and ability to operate imaging in an emergency, and immediate availability of a transbrachial balloon cutdown cart for all cases. Charts of all RAAA patients who arrived in the operating room alive since institution of our protocol were reviewed. Computed tomographic (CT) scans were re-reviewed to assess potentially suitable anatomic candidates. From July 2002 to May 2006, a total of 52 RAAAs were treated at our institution: 15 pararenal RAAAs, all treated by open repair (PR-OPEN), and 37 infrarenal RAAAs, 20 treated by open repair (IR-OPEN) and 17 treated by EVAR (IR-EVAR, 32% of all ruptures). Mortality rates in the three groups were 47%, 75%, and 35% (p < 0.02 vs. IR-OPEN), respectively. Although mortality was significantly lower in the EVAR group, overall mortality was 53% (28/52). On re-review of the operative notes and CT scans, it is estimated that more than half of those cases repaired using open techniques could have been repaired using EVAR based on anatomic criteria alone. The most common reason for open repair was hemodynamic instability preoperatively; only a minority of cases were excluded from EVAR based on unfavorable anatomy after CT scan review in the emergency room. In conclusion, during our early experience EVAR for rupture was associated with significantly reduced mortality. However, our overall mortality was no different from historical values, and this fact along with the extremely high mortality seen in the IR-OPEN group suggest that we are simply selecting patients with the greatest chance of survival to undergo EVAR. It also appears that many patients who are anatomically suitable for EVAR are undergoing open operation because of hemodynamic instability. If EVAR for rupture truly decreases mortality in all patients, a much more aggressive attitude toward EVAR may be required to lower the overall mortality rate.
Goals, Creativity and Achievement: Commitment in Contemporary Organizations

This paper questions the nature of organizational commitment in the light of contemporary competitive environments, the emergence of human resource management practices and reshaped employee-organization linkages. Qualitative research among organizational professionals suggests that the classical view of organizational commitment as a positive attitudinal state has been overtaken by a more complex view that embraces task-related goal congruence, energies directed at achieving outcomes and creative and innovative behaviours in the workplace. Stepwise regression analysis was used to examine the predictors of goal congruence, achievement and innovative behaviours in a sample of over 600 chemists and accountants.
Continuous direct solvent extraction of butanol in a fermenting fluidized-bed bioreactor with immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum

ImmobilizedClostridium acetobutylicum was used to ferment glucose into acetone and butanol in a fluidized-bed bioreactor. A nontoxic immiscible solvent, oleyl alcohol, was added to, and removed directly from, the fermenting columnar reactor and extracted the majority of the inhibitory butanol from the aqueous broth. The extracting solvent had a distribution coefficient of near 3 for butanol. Nonfermenting system tests indicated that equilibrium between the phases could be reached in one pass through the column. Steady-state results are presented for the fermentation with and without the extractive solvent addition. One run, with a continuous aqueous feedstream containing 40 g/L glucose, was operated for 23 d. A steady state was established with just the aqueous feedstream. Approximately half of the glucose was consumed, and the pH fell to 4.5 from 6.5. Then, during multiple intervals, the flow of organic extractive solvent (oleyl alcohol) was begun into the fermenting columnar reactor. A new apparent steady state was reached in about 4 h. The final aqueous butanol concentration was lowered by more than half. The total butanol production rate increased by 50–90% during the solvent extraction, as the organic-to-aqueous ratio increased from 1 to 4, respectively. There was an observed maximum volumetric productivity of 1.8 g butanol h−1L−1 in this nonoptimized system. The butanol yield apparently improved because of the removal of the inhibition. More substrate is going to the desired product, butanol, and less to maintenance or acid production, resulting in 10–20% increases in the ratio of butanol relative to all products.
Rapid massive cluster formation.

The process of rapid massive cluster formation at low densities is associated with the process of {ital multifragmentation}. This phenomenon is studied by comparing the free energy for internally formed clusters with the free energy of the homogeneous system. The importance of considering {ital two} freeze-out conditions (entropy-freeze-out and force-freeze-out) in the dynamics leading to multifragmentation is discussed. Calculations of the yield of intermediate mass fragments are made with the expanding-evaporating source model and compared with data. The consequences of distributions in excitation energy, on the observation of multifragmentation, are discussed.
High-temperature phase stability of hafnium aluminate films for alternative gate dielectrics

Hafnium aluminate films with different compositions were deposited at room temperature by jet vapor deposition. The as-deposited films were amorphous. After annealing at 1100 °C, the microstructure of the films was analyzed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The crystalline phase in pure HfO2 films was monoclinic. With an increase in the Al content in the films, the amount of metastable HfO2 with a tetragonal distorted fluorite structure increased. In addition, the grain sizes decreased, making the detection of crystallization by x-ray diffraction difficult. No crystalline Al2O3 phase could be unambiguously detected in electron diffraction patterns in films with up to 30 mol % Al2O3. However, an Al-rich intergranular phase was identified by EELS. Films with ∼64 mol % Al2O3 crystallized as tetragonal HfO2 and metastable cubic Al2O3 with the spinel structure. The complex microstructures of the films should be considered in ...
Personal Opinion: Alice in Crime Prevention Land (With Apologies to Lewis Carroll)

Looking at the state of crime prevention brings to mind the adventures of Alice in Wonderland. Once you fall through the looking glass, you never know quite what you are looking at or what it means. The landscape is constantly changing, often, seemingly, with no rhyme or reason. A brief review of modern crime prevention demonstrates my point.
DoD IP SATCOM Network Management System

The US Department of Defense (DoD) has developed the Joint IP Modem (JIPM) standard to govern Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) modems in hub-and-spoke topology IP SATCOM networks. The Joint IP Modem will provide a replacement option for the current force IP modems that are being deployed to meet current operational requirements worldwide and to support urgent missions for warfighters in Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Current force IP modems such as iDirect, Linkway, and DVB-RCS are being deployed at DoD gateways to provide two-way IP SATCOMservices to diferent Combatant Commands (COCOMs). Each IP modem vendor offers a unique Network Management System (NMS) to monitor and control the VSAT system. Future JIPM vendors will also likely develop their own NMS systems as well. COCOMs will require a common management capability NMS to provide a global operational view and for collective satellite resources across all the platforms in order to effectively plan and manage supported missions. This paper will describe ongoing joint efforts to define, develop, and evaluate a common Network Management System for current-force IP modems and future JIPM systems. The Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) is evaluating options for integrating the operational USCENTCOM DVB-RCS system at the Landstuhl DoD gateway with existing and future network management components, such as the Integrated Network Management System (INMS), the Joint Management Operations Subsystem (JMOS), and the DISN Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) architecture.
Line-Based Laser Induced Plasma Micro-Machining (L-LIPMM)

Recently, the technique of Spot-based Laser Induced Plasma Micro-Machining (Spot-LIPMM) has been developed to address the limitations of conventional ultrashort pulse laser micro-machining. Its main advantages are adaptability to a wide range of materials and superior wall geometries. We propose a variation of the Spot-LIPMM process by creating line plasma instead of spot plasma, with the use of suitable optics. This paper describes the experimental setup used to create line plasma and the process used for micro-machining with L-LIPMM. Optics simulations are developed as a means of guiding the choice of optics to be used for line plasma generation and estimating the energy and shape of the plasma created. It is shown that this Line-based LIPMM (L-LIPMM) process is capable of micromachining channels at a much higher speed than conventional Spot-based laser ablation or spot-based LIPMM. Additionally, the effects of process parameters on machined geometry using L-LIPMM are discussed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Assignment of hyperfine shifted resonances in high-spin forms of cytochrome c peroxidase by reconstitutions with deuterated hemins

Abstract Assignments of hyperfine shifted proton resonances for the high-spin forms of cytochrome c peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.5) have been made (cytochrome c peroxidase, cytochrome c peroxidase-F) employing the technique of reconstituting the apoprotein with specifically deuterated protohemin IX derivatives. The results show that the heme methyl group pattern differs significantly from similar assignments made for metmyoglobin. In cytochrome c peroxidase the methyl pattern is 5 > 1 > 8 > 3. For cytochrome c peroxidase-F the pattern is 5 > 8 > 1 > 3, but the resonances are not shifted as far downfield and they exhibit a narrower spread. For myoglobin the relative methyl ordering has previously been shown to be 8 > 5 > 3 > 1. Several conclusions have been reached, including confirmation of the essential correspondence between the solution- and crystal-derived data for several heme crevice structural features. The pH dependence of the cytochrome c peroxidase-F methyl resonances is also presented and is shown to differ from native peroxidase. For cytochrome c peroxidase-F smooth, continuous titrations are observed with no evidence of the second conformation which was found for the native enzyme.
Who remains celibate

Who are the men and women who are single in their mid-30s? This study which uses life history data for a British cohort born in 1946 shows that an important minority are handicapped and these adults are primarily cared for by their families in particular by elderly parents. Celibates tend to be more introverted ambitious and to have older marrying parents than their ever-married peers. Single women differ from single men. The women are more likely to be of higher ability to be graduates and to be in high status occupations while single men are more likely to be members of the lowest social class or unemployed. The great majority of single people live either with their parents or on their own. (authors)
Low-Temperature Combustion Chemistry of Biofuels: Pathways in the Low-Temperature (550 ? 700 K) Oxidation Chemistry of Isobutanol and tert-Butanol.

Abstract Butanol isomers are promising next-generation biofuels. Their use in internal combustion applications, especially those relying on low-temperature autoignition, requires an understanding of their low-temperature combustion chemistry. Whereas the high-temperature oxidation chemistry of all four butanol isomers has been the subject of substantial experimental and theoretical efforts, their low-temperature oxidation chemistry remains underexplored. In this work we report an experimental study on the fundamental low-temperature oxidation chemistry of two butanol isomers, tert -butanol and isobutanol, in low-pressure (4–5.1 Torr) experiments at 550 and 700 K. We use pulsed-photolytic chlorine atom initiation to generate hydroxyalkyl radicals derived from tert -butanol and isobutanol, and probe the chemistry of these radicals in the presence of an excess of O 2 by multiplexed time-resolved tunable synchrotron photoionization mass spectrometry. Isomer-resolved yields of stable products are determined, providing insight into the chemistry of the different hydroxyalkyl radicals. In isobutanol oxidation, we find that the reaction of the α-hydroxyalkyl radical with O 2 is predominantly linked to chain-terminating formation of HO 2 . The Waddington mechanism, associated with chain-propagating formation of OH, is the main product channel in the reactions of O 2 with β-hydroxyalkyl radicals derived from both tert -butanol and isobutanol. In the tert -butanol case, direct HO 2 elimination is not possible in the β-hydroxyalkyl + O 2 reaction because of the absence of a beta C–H bond; this channel is available in the β-hydroxyalkyl + O 2 reaction for isobutanol, but we find that it is strongly suppressed. Observed evolution of the main products from 550 to 700 K can be qualitatively explained by an increasing role of hydroxyalkyl radical decomposition at 700 K.
Scalar absorption by spinning D3-branes

We discuss absorption of scalars by a distribution of spinning D3-branes. The D3-branes are multi-center solutions of supergravity theory. We solve the wave equation in various cases of supergravity backgrounds in which the equation becomes separable. We show that the absorption coefficients exhibit a universal behavior as functions of the angular momentum quantum number and the Hawking temperature. This behavior is similar to the form of the gray-body factors one encounters in scattering by black holes. Our discussion includes the problematic case of spherically symmetric distributions of D-branes, where resonances arise. We obtain the same universal form for the absorption coefficients, if the region enclosed by the D-branes is excluded from physical considerations. Non-extremal D-branes are also discussed. The results are similar to the extremal cases, albeit at half the Hawking temperature. We speculate that new degrees of freedom enter as one moves away from extremality.
Kinetic investigation of catalytic disproportionation of superoxide ions in the non-aqueous electrolyte used in Li–air batteries

Abstract Superoxide reacts with carbonate solvents in Li–air batteries. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane is found to catalyze a more rapid superoxide (O2−) disproportionation reaction than the reaction between superoxide and propylene carbonate (PC). With this catalysis, the negative impact of the reaction between the electrolyte and O2− produced by the O2 reduction can be minimized. A simple kinetic study using ESR spectroscopy was reported to determine reaction orders and rate constants for the reaction between PC and superoxide, and the disproportionation of superoxide catalyzed by Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane and Li ions. The reactions are found to be first order and the rate constants are 0.033 s−1 M−1, 0.020 s−1 M−1 and 0.67 s−1 M−1 for reactions with PC, Li ion and Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, respectively.
Structural refinement of neutron powder diffraction data of two-stage martensitic phase transformations in Ti50.75Ni47.75Fe1.50 shape memory alloy

Transformation behaviors of the technologically important polycrystalline Ti50.75Ni47.75Fe1.50 shape memory alloy were investigated using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and powder diffraction techniques. DSC revealed that there are two-stage (i.e., cubic→trigonal→monoclinic) martensitic phase transformations on cooling and a one-step transformation (monoclinic→cubic) on heating. In situ structural refinement of cubic→trigonal→monoclinic on cooling was carried out using the D1A high-resolution neutron powder diffractometer at the Institut Laue-Langevin Neutrons for Science in Grenoble, France. Results showed that the phases involved during the phase transition are consistent with the differential scanning calorimeter cooling curve, and the refined crystal structure parameters obtained from Rietveld refinements with the generalized spherical harmonic description agreed reasonably well with X-ray single-crystal data. Subsequently, a combined neutron and synchrotron structural refinement for each phase was conducted because the trial refinements initially using only the synchrotron data of trigonal phase yielded a false minimum with a somewhat high goodness-of-fit χ2. Results obtained from the combined neutron and synchrotron data of the cubic, trigonal, and monoclinic phases show that the same minimum goodness-of-fit indices were always obtained.
The Early Childhood Research Institute: An Overview.

The research to be conducted at the University of Pittsburgh will concentrate on the development of assessment instruments and accompanying instructional strategies for autisticlike preschool children and their families. Work with children will focus on social interaction, language development, independent work and play skills, and the elimination of disruptive behavior. To teach parents to use behavior modification techniques with their autisticlike children, training materials will be developed and tested. In the final years of the institute, further research will be conducted to determine the effect of the intervention on placement of children in less restrictive environments.
Precise theory of field enhancement of dielectronic recombination.

Bell and Seaton's ab initio theory of dielectronic recombination is extended to include the influence of arbitrary electric fields in the $S$ matrix. Rydberg series of resonances are treated in quantum-defect-Stark theory. The zero-field rate of an $n$, $m$ manifold is enhanced up to a factor $\frac{({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{R}+{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{A})}{(\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{R}+{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{A}}{n})}$ as seen in a simple model. Previously ignored interference effects reduce the enhancement for interacting manifolds.
Fertility preservation in female cancer patients: current developments and future directions

Objective To review the current advances in fertility preservation strategies and to discuss future directions with an emphasis on ovarian tissue cryobanking. Design The publications related to fertility preservation in cancer patients were identified through Medline and other bibliographic databases, focusing on the most recent developments. Conclusion(s) There are several options for fertility preservation in cancer patients. Even though most of them are still experimental and their efficacy and reliability have not been determined, the future of fertility preservation in women with cancer is promising. In particular, the recent report of a live birth after transplantation of human ovarian tissue has reinforced the clinical potential of ovarian tissue banking for fertility preservation. Many exciting studies are underway to improve the efficacy and solve the problems with current fertility preservation strategies. It is inevitable that we will see the emergence of more complex ethical problems with the application of new technologies to humans. However, continuous efforts to improve current strategies and to develop new strategies will benefit many women and children who are facing premature ovarian failure and sterility.
Do pigeons prefer information in the absence of differential reinforcement

Prior research has indicated that pigeons do not prefer an alternative that provides a sample (for matching to sample) over an alternative that does not provide a sample (i.e., there is no indication of which comparison stimulus is correct). However, Zentall and Stagner (Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes 36:506–509, 2010) showed that when delay of reinforcement was controlled, pigeons had a strong preference for matching over pseudomatching (i.e., there was a sample, but it did not indicate which comparison stimulus was correct). Experiment 1 of the present study replicated and extended the results of the Zentall and Stagner (Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes 36:506–509, 2010) study by including an identity relation between the sample and one of the comparison stimuli in both the matching and pseudomatching tasks. In Experiment 2, in which we asked whether the pigeons would still prefer matching if we equated the two tasks for probability of reinforcement, we found no systematic preference for matching over pseudomatching. Thus, it appears that in the absence of differential reinforcement, the information provided by a sample that signals which of the two comparison stimuli is correct is insufficient to produce a preference for that alternative.
Novel optical-waveguide sensing platform based on input grating coupler

Silicon oxynitride optical waveguides with a grating coupler were used for a label-free detection approach that measures the change of refractive index at the grating surface. Two approaches were used for the grating fabrication: (i) commercially available linear gratings were used as stamps for imprint lithography and the pattern was transferred by dry-etching; (ii) polystyrene microspheres self-assembly in an ordered close-packed array was exploited to obtain a two-dimensional grating with hexagonal symmetry. Optical coupling into slab waveguides of both visible (633nm) and tunable infrared (1550 nm) lasers was characterized as a function of incident angle in a custom-made automated apparatus. Sensitivity to different aqueous solutions was demonstrated with low loss waveguides fabricated using low-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The exploitation of the tunability of telecom infrared lasers and of the two-dimensional hexagonal grating coupler has the ultimate goal of providing a high performance, compact sensor that does not require mechanical moving parts.
The effect of avian retroviruses on limb bud chondrogenesis in vitro

Abstract Mesenchymal cells isolated from stage 24 embryonic chicken limb buds were infected with the temperature-sensitive transformation mutants of Rous sarcoma virus tsNY68, tsNY10 and tsLA25 at the nonpermissive temperature for transformation (41°C). Virus infection greatly inhibited subsequent limb bud chondrogenesis under non transforming conditions, as indicated by a reduction in the rate of 35 SO 4 incorporation into cell-associated proteoglycans. The inhibition of chondrogenesis was directly related to the percentage of cells infected with tsNY68 at 41°C. The observed inhibition of chondrogenesis was independent of src gene expression since this effect was also caused by many viruses which lack the src gene, including the leukosis viruses RAV-1, RAV-2 and MAV-2(O); the src deletion mutant RSVtd107; and the reticuloendotheliosis viruses REV-T and SNV. Infection of mesenchymal cells with tsNY68 under nontransforming conditions did not cause changes in parameters such as the rate of thymidine incorporation, total cell DNA and total cell protein. Infection with tsNY68 at 41 °C resulted in altered kinetics of 35 SO 4 incorporation into cell-associated proteoglycans and a corresponding reduction in 35 SO 4 -labeled proteoglycans extracted from the cell layer. There were no apparent quantitative effects on the rate of accumulation of proteoglycans in the culture medium. The proteoglycans extracted from the cells and the collected medium of tsNY68-infected cultures were smaller than those of uninfected cultures, as shown by agarose gel chromatography.
Cepheids in the open cluster NGC 6067

Une decomposition de Fourier de la courbe de lumiere indique que la Cepheide HD 144972 est un pulsateur harmonique