cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is associated with decreased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in whites: a nested case-control study in the multiethnic cohort study.

Higher sunlight exposure is correlated with lower incidence of breast cancer in ecological studies, but findings from prospective studies regarding the association of circulating levels of vitamin D with the risk of breast cancer have been null. The objective of this study was to examine the relation between plasma levels of vitamin D and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. We conducted a nested case–control study within the Multiethnic Cohort Study of five race/ethnic groups (white, African-American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese, and Latino) from Hawaii and Los Angeles between 2001 and 2006. Pre-diagnostic plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 [25(OH)D2], 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and 25(OH)D (sum of 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3) were examined among 707 postmenopausal breast cancer cases and matched controls. Using conditional logistic regression models, 20 ng/mL increases of plasma 25(OH)D3 (odds ratio (OR) 0.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-0.56) and 25(OH)D (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.23-0.80) were inversely associated with breast cancer risk among white women, but not among women in other race/ethnic groups. Using two-segmented, piecewise-linear logistic regression models, the change-points of the ORs, either for 25(OH)D3 or for 25(OH)D, were detected as 20 ng/mL among whites. Circulating 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D were associated with a reduced risk of postmenopausal breast cancer among whites, but not in other ethnic groups, who reside in low latitude regions.
Influence of various levels of hypervitaminosis A and zinc deficiency on teratogenesis and DNA synthesis in the rat

Administration of excess vitamin A during gestation results in gross malformations of the fetus. It has been proposed that the mechanism of action of vitamin A in producing malformations is through a reduction in DNA synthesis and altered cellular differentiation. A similar mechanism has been suggested for the teratogenic effect of zinc deficiency. The simultaneous treatment of pregnant rats with excess vitamin A (3,000 or 30,000 IU/day) and low dietary zinc (0.4 or 9 ppm) resulted in a high incidence of fetal malformations from each treatment with no discernible interaction. Both treatments resulted in brain deformities, but zinc deficiency caused a higher incidence of lung and tail malformations and a general reduction in the uptake of 3H-thymidine into embryonic DNA. The administration of excess vitamin A resulted in a higher incidence of fetal eye and palate anomalies than did zinc deficiency but had no effect on DNA synthesis. The lack of interaction between the treatments with regard to fetal malformations, the differences in the types of organs which were affected by the two treatments, and the reduction in DNA synthesis by zinc deficiency but not by vitamin A excess suggest that these conditions alter development through different mechanisms.
Egg banking in the United States: current status of commercially available cryopreserved oocytes

Objective To estimate the current availability of donor cryopreserved oocytes and to describe the emerging phenomenon of commercial egg banks (CEBs) in the United States. Design Cross-sectional survey of CEBs. Setting E-mail, telephone, and fax survey of all CEB scientific directors, conducted April 2012. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Number and location of CEBs in the United States, years in existence, number of donors, number of available oocytes, level of donor anonymity, donor screening, cost of oocytes to recipients, freezing/thawing technique, pregnancy statistics. Result(s) Seven CEBs were identified and surveyed (response rate: 100%). The CEBs used three distinct operational models, had been in existence for a median of 2 years (range: 1 to 8 years), with a median 21.5 (range: 6 to 100) donors and 120 (range: 20 to 1,000) currently available oocytes. The median recommended minimum number of eggs to obtain was six (range: four to seven), at an estimated mean cost per oocyte of $2,225 (range: $1,500 to $2,500). An estimated 3,130 oocytes from 294 donors are currently stored for future use. Of these CEBs, 6 (86%) of 7 use vitrification as cryopreservation method. To date, 8,780 frozen donor oocytes from CEBs have been used for in vitro fertilization, resulting in 602 pregnancies. Pregnancy rates per oocyte, available for 5 (71%) of 7 CEBs, were 532 (7.5%) of 7,080 for CEBs using vitrification and 70 (10%) of 700 for the single CEB using slow freezing as cryopreservation method. Conclusion(s) Frozen donor eggs are currently widely available in the United States. Three different operational models are currently used, resulting in more than 600 pregnancies from oocytes obtained at CEBs. The majority of CEBs use vitrification as cryopreservation technique.
Health and hormonal characteristics of premenopausal women with lower bone mass.

A study of clinical renal and endocrinologic status was undertaken to determine whether the lowest maximal bone mass observed in premenopausal women, aged 20–40 years, was a result of undiagnosed disease or represented a continuum of measurement in young adult women. A clinical sample (n=53) was generated from an epidemiologic cross-sectional study (n=535) designed to characterize correlates of maximal bone mass. Cases were 28 premenopausal women whose femoral bone mass as in the lowest 5th percentile of the distribution, <0.75 g/cm2 at the femoral neck. Controls were 25 randomly selected premenopausal women whose femoral bone mass was within 1 SD of the mean of the femoral bone mass distribution. There was no indication of increased frequency of disease among the cases as compared with the controls. No occult hypogonadism, thyrotoxicosis, hyperparathyroidism, myeloma, or renal insufficiency was observed to explain lower bone mass measurement. However, cases had significantly lower estradiol levels (75 versus 106 pg/ml,P<0.05) and higher luteinizing hormone levels (3.8 versus 3.1 mIU/ml,P<0.07) than controls. Though preliminary, these findings suggest that lower estradiol levels may contribute to significant differences in bone mass even among healthy women at the time of maximal bone accumulation.
Transmit Beamforming Weights for Channel Estimation Error and Feedback Latency in OFDM

This paper presents a new method for computing transmit beamforming weights in OFDM when there is channel state information (CSI) uncertainty at the base. The channel uncertainty may be caused by channel estimation error, quantization effects, and/or channel variations from when the CSI is measured and when the beamforming weights are applied. The weight calculation automatically trades off using long-term statistics (e.g., the average spatial covariance matrix) and short-term beamforming (i.e., maximal ratio transmission). Simulation results show that the new weights have very promising performance with the benefit of not requiring a means to decide whether the short-term or long-term beamforming should be used.
175 C5b-9 DEPOSITION IN CHILDREN WITH GLOMERULAR DISEASES

Kidney biopsies obtained in 28 children with glomerular diseases and studied using indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase for the detection of IgG, IgA, IgM, Clq, C3c, C4, Fibrinogen and the neoantigens of the terminal C5b-9 complement complex. An affinity purified rabbit IgG was used to recognize the neoantigens of the assembled terminal components of the complement system into the C5b-9 Complex. The immunohistochemical studies were correlated to the clinical data and laboratory investigations. Fourteen of the 28 patients presented specific C5b-9 glomerular deposits; they were also present at the tubular sites in 8 patients and at the vascular sites in 12 patients. An unfavourable evolution was observed for patients presenting C5b-9 deposits in contrast to those without such deposits, even of the same histopathological pattern of glomerulonephritis. The presence of C5b-9 complex at the site of glomerular injury suggests a pathological involvement of the “in situ” complement activation and could be a marker in the prognosis of the glomerular diseases.
Mathematical modeling of acid-base physiology

pH is one of the most important parameters in life, influencing virtually every biological process at the cellular, tissue, and whole-body level. Thus, for cells, it is critical to regulate intracellular pH (pHi) and, for multicellular organisms, to regulate extracellular pH (pHo). pHi regulation depends on the opposing actions of plasma-membrane transporters that tend to increase pHi, and others that tend to decrease pHi. In addition, passive fluxes of uncharged species (e.g., CO2, NH3) and charged species (e.g., HCO3(-), [Formula: see text] ) perturb pHi. These movements not only influence one another, but also perturb the equilibria of a multitude of intracellular and extracellular buffers. Thus, even at the level of a single cell, perturbations in acid-base reactions, diffusion, and transport are so complex that it is impossible to understand them without a quantitative model. Here we summarize some mathematical models developed to shed light onto the complex interconnected events triggered by acids-base movements. We then describe a mathematical model of a spherical cells-which to our knowledge is the first one capable of handling a multitude of buffer reactions-that our team has recently developed to simulate changes in pHi and pHo caused by movements of acid-base equivalents across the plasma membrane of a Xenopus oocyte. Finally, we extend our work to a consideration of the effects of simultaneous CO2 and HCO3(-) influx into a cell, and envision how future models might extend to other cell types (e.g., erythrocytes) or tissues (e.g., renal proximal-tubule epithelium) important for whole-body pH homeostasis.
System identification of dynamic closed-loop control of total peripheral resistance by arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors

Prolonged exposure to microgravity in space flight missions (days) impairs the mechanisms responsible for defense of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and cardiac output (CO) against orthostatic stress in the post-flight period. The mechanisms responsible for the observed orthostatic intolerance are not yet completely understood. Additionally, effective counter measures to attenuate this pathophysiological response are not available. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of our proposed system identification method to predict closed-loop dynamic changes in TPR induced by changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and right atrial pressure (RAP). For this purpose we designed and employed a novel experimental animal model for the examination of arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors in the dynamic closed-loop control of total peripheral resistance (TPR), and applied system identification to the analysis of beat-to-beat fluctuations in the measured signals. Grant numbers: NAG5-4989. c 2001. Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Weird Machines in Proof-Carrying Code

We review different attack vectors on Proof-Carrying Code (PCC) related to policy, memory model, machine abstraction, and formal system. We capture the notion of weird machines in PCC to formalize the shadow execution arising in programs when their proofs do not sufficiently capture and disallow the execution of untrusted computations. We suggest a few ideas to improve existing PCC systems so they are more resilient to memory attacks.
Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa associated with hepatitis B surface antigen

The finding of hepatitis B surface antigen in systemic polyarteritis nodosa is well recognized. We describe a case of cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa associated with hepatitis antigenemia and a medium-sized vessel vasculitis on skin biopsy, with no evidence of systemic involvement.
A quality improvement study on avoidable stressors and countermeasures affecting surgical motor performance and learning

Objective:To explore how the 2 most important components of surgical performance–-speed and accuracy—are influenced by different forms of stress and what the impact of music is on these factors.Background:On the basis of a recently published pilot study on surgical experts, we designed an experiment
“Being natural,” the good human being, and the goodness of acting naturally in theLaozi and theNicomachean Ethics

Laozi's Daodejing ~,~ and Afistode's Nicomacbean Ethics (NE hereafter) are two universaUy recognized classics of ancient Eastern and Western philosophical wisdom. Although there are obvious and fundamental differences in their intellectual wodd-views, both these masterworks display a deep practical concern for human well being as that is exemplified in the figure of the good person and the goodness of the person's action. In both classical masterworks, the good human being can be described as one who appreciates the goodness of''being natural" both in the wodd and in the self and responds by "acting naturally." In the ]_ao~' the good human being is the sage (sheng ren ~A) who recognizes "being naturfl" ("naturalness," '%eing so of itself') (~ran ~,)1 as the "wa3e' or dao of "non-action" (wuwei ~/~) and responds by following that way in non-actiort. In the N-E, the good human beingis the virtuous person (bo agatbos or spoudaios) who recognizes nature (pbusis) as the actualization (ene~geia) of human nature in a life of virtuous activity with others in a political community and responds by living such a life in the person's choices of action. In this article, I shall argue that an appreciation of the g~od human being and goodness of action in the Lao~/and the NE depends on understanding the fundamental significance of "being natural" in their respective philosophies. For both the sage and the virtuous person, "being natural" functions as a practical guide for action and the goodness of that action is its conformity to ''being natural" as each understands this.
Predictors of medication non-adherence for vasculitis patients

The primary purpose of this article is to document whether demographic, clinical, regimen-related, intrapersonal, and interpersonal factors predict medication non-adherence for vasculitis patients. A secondary purpose is to explore whether adherence varies by medication type and whether patients experienced drug-related side effects. Vasculitis patients (n = 228) completed online baseline and 3-month follow-up surveys. Demographic (age, gender, education, race, marital status, and insurance status), clinical (perceived vasculitis severity, disease duration, vasculitis type, and relapse/remission status), regimen-related (experience of side effects), intrapersonal (depressive symptoms), and interpersonal (adherence-related support from family and friends) factors were measured at baseline. Medication non-adherence was assessed at follow-up using the Vasculitis Self-Management Survey medication adherence subscale (α = 0.89). Variables that significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with non-adherence were included in a linear regression model to predict non-adherence. Younger age (r = −0.23, p < 0.001), female sex (r = 0.16, p < 0.05), experience of side effects (r = 0.15, p < 0.05), and more depressive symptoms (r = 0.22, p < 0.001) were associated with more medication non-adherence. In the regression model, younger age (β = −0.01, p = 0.01) and more depressive symptoms (β = 0.01 p = 0.02) predicted worse adherence. For six out of eight vasculitis medication types, patients who experienced side effects were less adherent than patients who did not experience side effects. Multiple factors are associated with medication non-adherence for vasculitis patients. Providers should discuss medication adherence and drug-related side effects with vasculitis patients. Providers may want to particularly target younger patients and patients with clinical signs of depression.
Priority for discoveries: challenges of electronic publication to research norms, practices and values

The paper examines how the shift to an infrastructure of electronic publication, communication and collaboration may affect norms, conventions, institutions, and practices governing research in science and engineering. Using the attribution of priority for results as a case in point, it argues that research in science and engineering, and society at large, would be best served by a test of any new norms, conventions, institutions, and practices that would evaluate how well they serve and promote the values, ends and purpose that gave rise to their traditional counterparts in the first place.
On the advantages of Nietzsche for garden history

Abstract History pertains to the living man in three respects: it pertains to him as a being who acts and strives, as a being who preserves and reveres, as a being who suffers and seeks deliverance. This threefold relationship corresponds to three species of history — insofar as it is permissible to distinguish between a monumental, an antiquarian and a critical species of history.1
Acute Stroke Intervention: A Systematic Review

IMPORTANCE Acute ischemic stroke is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States. We review the latest data and evidence supporting catheter-directed treatment for proximal artery occlusion as an adjunct to intravenous thrombolysis in patients with acute
Testing Climate Models Using Infrared Spectra and GNSS Radio Occultation

The Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory will be a climate benchmarking mission intended to include instruments for measuring Earth’s atmospheric refractivity by GNSS radio occultation (RO), high spectral resolution thermal infrared spectra emitted from the Earth, and the spectrally resolved reflected shortwave spectrum. Climate benchmarking is necessary to establish a record that can be used to test climate models according to their predictive capability because other attempts at establishing trustworthy timeseries of satellite data have not been particularly successful. We have investigated how GNSS RO measurements and thermal infrared spectra can be used to test models’ predictive capability. GNSS RO provides a constraint on the transient sensitivity of the climate system. Infrared radiance spectra can quantify the individual longwave feedbacks of the climate system, including cloud-longwave feedbacks when used in conjunction with GNSS RO. At present, studies are limited to clear sky infrared radiation, so the next research steps should include cloudy sky infrared simulations and reflected shortwave simulations.
Hypoxanthine Incorporation Is Nonmutagenic in Escherichia coli

Endonuclease V, encoded by the nfi gene, initiates removal of the base analogs hypoxanthine and xanthine from DNA, acting to prevent mutagenesis from purine base deamination within the DNA. On the other hand, the RdgB nucleotide hydrolase in Escherichia coli is proposed to prevent hypoxanthine and xanthine incorporation into DNA by intercepting the noncanonical DNA precursors dITP and dXTP. Because many base analogs are mutagenic when incorporated into DNA, it is intuitive to think of RdgB as acting to prevent similar mutagenesis from deaminated purines in the DNA precursor pools. To test this idea, we used a set of Claire Cupples' strains to detect changes in spontaneous mutagenesis spectra, as well as in nitrous acid-induced mutagenesis spectra, in wild-type cells and in rdgB single, nfi single, and rdgB nfi double mutants. We found neither a significant increase in spontaneous mutagenesis in rdgB and nfi single mutants or the double mutant nor any changes in nitrous acid-induced mutagenesis for rdgB mutant strains. We conclude that incorporation of deaminated purines into DNA is nonmutagenic.
■ REVIEW : LIF, NGF, and the Cell Body Response to Axotomy

Adult peripheral neurons can regenerate after axonal damage. Large changes in gene expression occur in the cell bodies of these axotomized neurons, including decreases in expression of a number of proteins used for synaptic transmission and increases in expression of a number of proteins involved in regeneration. The signals that trigger these changes are just beginning to be elucidated. One characteristic of axotomized sympathetic, sensory, and motor neurons is that they increase expression of two neuropeptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide and galanin. These peptides may play important roles in the survival and regeneration of axotomized neurons deprived of their target-derived trophic factors. Recent studies have demonstrated two important signals in the induction of these peptides in sympathetic neurons: one is the release of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) by non-neuronal cells in the vicinity of the injured neurons and the other, the removal of target-derived nerve growth factor (NGF). Furthermore...
GeoPowering the West

Summary form only given. The US Department of Energy's Geothermal Energy program is working across the West to build on their national investment in geothermal energy technology. Called GeoPowering the West, this activity is aimed at identifying and addressing nontechnical barriers to geothermal development. The key focus is capturing the economic and energy security benefits from developing the US nation's abundant geothermal resources.
Human Modification of the Geomorphically Unstable Salt River in Metropolitan Phoenix

In-stream gravel mining, massive bridge piers, and channelization have all contributed to the geomorphic instability of the Lower Salt River channel in Arizona. Dam closure, changing dam operating rules, and the frequent modification of the channel bed have decreased our ability to predict the Salt River hydrology. Engineering practice has adapted to this situation and to a public that is increasingly intolerant of service disruptions by constructing larger bridges and extending levees. Building these larger structures may be counterproductive; future construction should not constrict the channel and should re-establish a braided river to decrease the energy available to the system.
Open-Access Databases as Unprecedented Resources and Drivers of Cultural Change in Fisheries Science

ABSTRACTOpen-access databases with utility in fisheries science have grown exponentially in quantity and scope over the past decade, with profound impacts to our discipline. The management, distillation, and sharing of an exponentially growing stream of open-access data represents several fundamental challenges in fisheries science. Many of the currently available open-access resources may not be universally known among fisheries scientists. We therefore introduce many national- and global-scale open-access databases with applications in fisheries science and provide an example of how they can be harnessed to perform valuable analyses without additional field efforts. We also discuss how the development, maintenance, and utilization of open-access data are likely to pose technical, financial, and educational challenges to fisheries scientists. Such cultural implications that will coincide with the rapidly increasing availability of free data should compel the American Fisheries Society to actively address...
A Generalized Multiple Instance Learning Algorithm for Iterative Distillation and Cross-Granular Propagation of Video Annotations

Video annotation is an expensive but necessary task for most vision and learning problems that require building models of visual semantics. This annotation gets prohibitively expensive especially when annotation has to happen at finer grained levels of regions in the videos. One way around the finer grained annotation dilemma is to support annotation at coarser granularity and then propagate this annotation to the finer granularity in a concept-dependent way. In this paper we propose a new generalized multiple instance learning algorithm that can work with any underlying density modeling techniques, and help propagate semantic concepts provided at the coarse granularity of video key-frames to finer grained regions. Our experiments on the NIST TRECVID common annotation corpus reveal improvement in annotation propagation accuracy between 3% to a dramatic 161%.
Cell individuality: A basic multicellular phenomenon and its role in the pathogenesis of disease

Every type of cell has its own special features that differentiate its members qualitatively from cells of other types. Within the same type of cells, however, every single cell also has its own unique characteristics that deviate itself from other individual cells, although they are alike collectively. These kinds of individual differences between cells are described here as cell individuality, which says basically that, within a cell population or even within a multicellular organism, every cell is a unique individual living being; and no single cell could be completely identical to another, regardless of how similar to each other they are. The individuality of a single cell can be represented by all sorts of cell characteristics, which are countless and range from physiological activities to molecular constituents. These individual differences in cell characteristics are generally presented much more in degree or in quantity, rather than in kind or in quality. Moreover, such cell individuality or quantitative variations within or even between cell populations may also play a basic role in the pathogenesis of disease, and particularly in the susceptibility of cells to the disease process.
Phylogeographic incongruence of codistributed amphibian species based on small differences in geographic distribution.

Codistributed species may display either congruent phylogeographic patterns, indicating similar responses to a series of shared climatic and geologic events, or discordant patterns, indicating independent responses. This study compares the phylogeographic patterns of two similarly distributed salamander species within the PaciWc Northwest of the United States: Cope’s giant salamander (Dicamptodon copei) and Van Dyke’s salamander (Plethodon vandykei). Previous studies of P. vandykei support two reciprocally monophyletic lineages corresponding to coastal populations, located from the Olympic Mountains to the mouth of the Columbia River, and inland populations within the Cascade Mountains. We hypothesized that D. copei would have a congruent phylogeographic pattern to P. vandykei due to similarity in distribution and dependence upon similar stream and stream-side habitats. We test this hypothesis by estimating the phylogeny of D. copei using »1800 bp of mitochondrial DNA and comparing it to that of P. vandykei. Sympatric populations of D. copei and of P. vandykei display an identical phylogeographic pattern, suggesting similar responses within their shared distribution. Populations of D. copei occurring outside the range of P. vandykei displayed high levels of genetic divergence from those sympatric to P. vandykei. Overall, phylogeographic patterns between the two species were ultimately incongruent due to the high divergence of these allopatric populations. These results provide an example of codistributed species displaying overall incongruent phylogeographic patterns while simultaneously displaying congruent patterns within portions of their shared geographic distribution. This pattern demonstrates that a simple dichotomy of congruent and incongruent phylogeographic patterns of codistributed species may be too simplistic and that more complex intermediate patterns can result even from minor diVerences in species’ ranges. © 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Contrast of the vibration fringes in time-averaged electronic speckle-pattern interferometry: effect of speckle averaging

This paper presents a detailed investigation of the effect of speckle averaging in electronic speckle-pattern interferometric fringes. The theory states that the constrast of the resultant smoothed fringes increases as the number of frames is increased. It is shown that the contrast of the fringes is optimized with a limited number of superpositions, and further addition results in the reduction of speckle noise with the contrast remaining almost the same. The contrast of the fringes obtained with π and π/2 phase-stepping methods with speckle averaging is also discussed. Both theoretical and experimental results are presented in this paper.
Putting the Mother Tongue Back into the Classroom: Esl and Bilingual Education in Micronesia

Although educators in Micronesia have attempted to educate their children bilingually for most of the thirty-three years of United States’ administration, this effort did not yield substantial results until the past five years. Because of the lack of educational problems which made full use of the children’s native language abilities, a good deal of education was ineffective. The major barrier to bilingual education was a result of the lack of mother tongue development. Until basic reference books and materials were developed and curriculum writers trained in the various Micronesian languages, bilingual education programs consisted of little more than ESL. Recent developments, including programs funded by Title VII, ESEA, have cleared the way for true bilingual education to be realized in Micronesia.
Relationship Between Control of Glycemia and Gastric Emptying Disturbances in Diabetes Mellitus.

Background & Aims Hyperglycemia is implicated as a major risk factor for delayed gastric emptying in diabetes mellitus and vice versa. However, the extent to which hyperglycemia can affect gastric emptying and vice versa and the implications for clinical practice are unclear. We systematically reviewed the evidence for this bidirectional relationship and the effects of pharmacotherapy for diabetes on gastric emptying. Methods Full-length articles investigating the relationship between diabetes mellitus and gastroparesis were reviewed primarily to quantify the relationship between blood glucose concentrations and gastrointestinal sensorimotor functions, particularly gastric emptying, and gastrointestinal symptoms. The effects of drugs and hormones that affect glycemia on gastrointestinal sensorimotor functions were also evaluated. Results Acute severe hyperglycemia delayed gastric emptying relative to euglycemia in type 1 diabetes; the corresponding effects in type 2 diabetes are unknown. Limited evidence suggests that even mild hyperglycemia (8 mmol/L) can delay gastric emptying in type 1 diabetes. Long-term hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for delayed gastric emptying in type 1 diabetes. There is little evidence that delayed gastric emptying causes hypoglycemia in diabetes and no evidence that improved control of glycemia improves gastric emptying or vice versa. Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists but not dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors given acutely delay gastric emptying, but tachyphylaxis may occur. Conclusions Although acute severe and chronic hyperglycemia can delay gastric emptying, there is limited evidence that delayed gastric emptying is an independent risk factor for impaired glycemic control or hypoglycemia in diabetes. The impact of improved glycemic control on gastric emptying and vice versa in diabetes is unknown.
Evening typology and morning tiredness associates with low leisure time physical activity and high sitting.

Circadian typology is a latent trait that is usually assessed with scoring on a series of questions thought to represent the construct. But, in the classification, most people fall into the intermediate type, i.e. neither a definite morning nor an evening type, but still showing stronger preference towards either end of the continuum. Our aim was to operationalize chronotype using latent class analysis (LCA) for a 6-item scale derived from the original Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire to compare and understand characteristics of chronotype in a population-based sample of adults in Finland. A total of 4904 men and women aged 25-74 years were included. We also analyzed the associations of chronotypes with physical activity (PA) and sitting. We found five latent chronotype groups including "rested more-evening type" (28%), "rested more-morning type" (24%), "morning type" (23%), "tired more-evening type" (17%) and "evening type" (8%) groups. Operationalization of chronotype by LCA suggests that morning alertness is an important feature differentiating chronotypes. Further, the "evening type" and the "tired, more-evening type" had higher odds for none to very low as well as low PA, as compared to "morning type". In addition, "evening type" was associated with higher odds for more time spent sitting, as compared to "morning type". Our findings indicate that it is important to assess sleep schedules and morning tiredness, which then could be targeted as a potential mediating factor for health behaviors, in particular, PA and health status.
Background subtraction methods for precision measurements of di-hadron and jet-hadron correlations in heavy ion collisions

Di-hadron correlationsand jet-hadron correlations are frequently used to study interactions of the quark gluon plasma with the hard partons that form jets. The existing background subtraction methods for these studies depend on several assumptions and independent measurements of the Fourier coefficients of the combinatorial background. In this paper, we present a method for determining the background using a fit to the reaction plane dependence of the background-dominated region of the near side to extract the background. We also fit the of the background-dominated region of the near side without the reaction plane dependence. To test the accuracy of these methods, a simple model is used to simulate di-hadron and jet-hadron correlations with a combinatorial background similar to that observed in the data. The true signal is compared to the extracted signal. The results are compared to results from two variants of the zero-yield-at-minimum (ZYAM) method. We test these methods for midperipheral and central collisions and for di-hadron and jet-hadron correlations. These methods are more precise than the ZYAM method with fewer assumptions about the shape and level of the combinatorial background, even in central collisions where the experimental resolution on the measurement of the reaction plane dependence is poor. These methods will allow more accurate studies of modifications of the away-side jet and will be particularly useful for studies of jet-hadron correlations, where the combinatorial background is poorly constrained from previous studies.
The Thirteenth Amendment and Constitutional Change

This article builds upon remarks the author originally delivered at the Nineteenth Annual Derrick Bell Lecture on Race in American Society at NYU Law in November of 2014. The Article describes the history and purpose of the Thirteenth Amendment’s proscription of the badges and incidents of slavery and argues that an understanding of the Amendment's context and its Framers' intent can provide the basis for a more progressive vision for advancing civil rights. The Article discusses how the Thirteenth Amendment could prove to be more effective in addressing persisting forms of inequality that have escaped the reach of the Equal Protection Clause and other constitutional remedies. Finally, the article discusses and analyzes Thirteenth Amendment jurisprudence and legislation and, drawing upon the work of Professor Bell, argues that the Thirteenth Amendment remains an under-enforced constitutional norm in part due to a lack of perceived interest convergence.
Excitation of nonstationary states in molecules with 6-fs optical pulses

When a molecule is excited with an optical pulse that is short compared to a vibrational period, excitation occurs without nuclear motion. Following excitation to the excited state, nuclear motion is initiated to accommodate the new equilibrium position of the excited state potential surface. As a consequence, the nuclei start to oscillate around a new equilibrium position.
Effects of language experience, use, and cognitive functioning on bilingual word production and comprehension:

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions:Considerable research has investigated how bilinguals produce and comprehend words, focusing mainly on how bilinguals are able to select words from the appropriate language. Less research, however, has investigated whether production and comprehension involve the same underlying mechanisms. The present study explores this issue by examining whether production and comprehension, in the first language (L1) and second language (L2), are similarly influenced by factors relating to language experience, language use, and cognitive functioning.Design/methodology/approachSpanish-English bilinguals living in an English-speaking environment completed a picture naming task and a lexical decision task in their L1 and L2. In addition, participants completed the Operation Span task testing working memory and the Flanker task testing inhibitory control, and completed a language history questionnaire probing their language experience, relative proficiency, and codeswitching ...
SYMPATRIC SEA SHELLS ALONG THE SEA'S SHORE: THE GEOGRAPHY OF SPECIATION IN THE MARINE GASTROPOD TEGULA.

Uncertainty and controversy surround the geographical and ecological circumstances that create genetic differences between populations that eventually lead to reproductive isolation. Two aspects of marine organisms further complicate this situation: (1) many species possess planktonic larvae capable of great dispersal; and (2) obvious barriers to movement between populations are rare. Past studies of speciation in the sea have focussed on identifying the effects of past land barriers and on biogeographical breakpoints. However, assessing the role such undeniable barriers actually play in the initial divergence leading to reproductive isolation requires phylogenetic studies of recent radiations living in varying degrees of sympatry and allopatry to see which barriers (if any) tend to separate sister species. Here I infer phylogenetic relationship between 23 species of the marine snail Tegula using DNA sequences from two regions of the mitochondrial genome: cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and the small ribosomal subunit (12S). These snails possess planktonic larvae with moderate dispersal capabilities and have speciated rapidly, with over 40 extant species arising since the genus first appeared in the mid-Miocene (about 15 M.Y.B.P.). Trees constructed from the COI and 12S regions (which yielded 205 and 137 phylogenetically informative sites, respectively) were robust with respect to tree-building method, bootstrapping, and the relative weightings of transitions, transversions, and gaps. Within clades where all extant species have been sampled, five of six identified sister species pairs broadly coexist on the same side of biogeographical boundaries. These data suggest strong geographical barriers to gene flow may not always be required for speciation in the sea; transient allopatry or even ecological barriers may suffice. A survey of the geographic distributions of marine radiations suggests that coastal distributions may favor the sympatry of sister taxa more than island distributions do.
Metabolism of lethocholate in healthy man. I. Biotransformation and biliary excretion of intravenously administered lithocholate, lithocholylglycine, and their sulfates.

The metabolism of intravenously injected radiolabeled lithocholate, lithocholylglycine, and their 3a-sulfate esters was characterized in healthy subjects. Lithocholate radioactivity was excreted rapidly and predominantly in bile; the excreted radioactivity had the chromatographic properties of glycine and taurine conjugates of lithocholate, of which 60% were sulfated. Lithocholylglycine also was excreted rapidly and predominantly in bile, and 60% of excreted radioactivity was sulfated. Sulfolithocholate radioactivity was only partially conjugated (about 60%) in association with biliary excretion. Suifolithocholylglycine was excreted unchanged in bile. Neither sulfated derivative showed appreciable excretion in urine, although both were excreted more slowly in bile than unsulfated free or conjugated lithocholate. The data suggest that unconjugated lithocholate which is absorbed is completely conjugated and partially sulfated before excretion which occurs exclusively in bile. Since sulfation is not complete, some unsulfated lithocholate is always present in bile. This conjugated but unsulfated lithocholate, if reabsorbed, would be again partially sulfated during its next enterohepatic circulation. Thus, the end result of these biotransformations would be for absorbed lithocholate to be excreted in bile mostly, but not entirely as the sulfated conjugates.
Personality and Temperament

The assessment of personality and temperament in the context of eating disorders (EDs) poses unique challenges because of the physiological symptoms and sequelae of these illnesses. Four models of the relationship between personality and EDs are presented, along with a discussion of the different methodological designs which can evaluate these models. Current data support the likelihood that neuroticism and perfectionism are risk factors for EDs. Perfectionism and the related obsessive–compulsive personality disorder may also share a common cause with anorexia nervosa. High harm avoidance and low self-directedness also characterize all EDs, though more data are needed to confirm their role as risk factors; importantly however, this combination of traits may diminish one’s ability to cope with stressful life events. At the other end of the spectrum, considering impulsivity multidimensionally may be important to understanding the role of this personality trait in EDs, though existing data do not yet allow for conclusions regarding its role as a risk factor versus a consequence of the ED. All of the identified traits that may be risk factors are also exacerbated as a consequence of having, or having had, an ED. Finally, the role of personality disorders in influencing the course and outcome of EDs is still unclear. A fruitful avenue for future research in this area is to utilize personality and temperament to classify individuals in a way that allows for the best chance of identifying genetic loci that confer increased risk for EDs.
Some Economics of the Aftermath of Salem

This chapter examines some of the political economic consequences of the witchcraft hysteria in Salem Village, including the deterioration of the Puritan ministry’s influence over society. The post-witch trials history of New England also involves advances in the legal system and innovations in the economy, such as the replacement of barter with paper money. This chapter also includes an additional demand-pull anecdote concerning a potential witchcraft episode occurring in 1735 in Northampton, Massachusetts, where the minister, Jonathan Edwards, opted for a revival interpretation of the physical illness of some of his congregation, instructing his community on how the spirit of God, not the evil hand of the Devil, had touched its citizens.
Technological Advances in Special Education

Abstract The chapter Technological Advances in Special Education provides information on advances of technology and how such technological advances have influenced students with disabilities and special education across the globe. The chapter presents technological advances that benefited students with disabilities in developed countries as well as potential technologies to support students with disabilities in developing countries. The scant exiting literature on developing countries suggests some universal themes regarding technology for students with disabilities including access and training. Additional attention and research is needed on assistive technology to support students with disabilities in both developed and developing countries, with recognition that what works is developed counties may not work in developing.
An efficient Bayesian approach for Gaussian Bayesian network structure learning.

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a Bayesian computing algorithm to infer Gaussian directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). It has the ability of escaping local modes and maintaining adequate computing speed compared to existing methods. Simulations demonstrated that the proposed algorithm has low false positives and false negatives in comparison to an algorithm applied to DAGs. We applied the algorithm to an epigenetic dataset to infer DAG's for smokers and nonsmokers.
Solahudin. The Roots of Terrorism in Indonesia: From DI to Jema'ah Islamiyah; Rohan Gunaratna and Arabinda Acharya. The Terrorist Threat From Thailand: Jihad or Quest for Justice?; Sumit Ganguly and David P. Fidler (Eds.). India and Counterinsurgency: Lessons Learned

As the world convulses with spectacles of unprecedented violence, the temptation is considerable to lump together all of those that are perpetrated by Muslims as outcomes of a single phenomenon, “I...
Shape of Educational Data: Interdisciplinary Perspectives

This paper is a guest editorial for a special section that forms the proceedings of the Shape of Educational Data meeting. This special section features papers that apply methods from multiple fields — including mathematics, computer science, educational psychology, and learning analytics — to describe and predict student learning in online platforms. The special section is organized such that the first set of articles discusses different online learning systems (WEPS, WeBWorK, and inVideo) and data that can be analyzed from these systems. The second set of articles involves descriptions of topological data analyses that can be helpful to researchers in learning analytics and educational psychology to better model student learning in online courses. The third set of articles uses data obtained from online systems to study factors related to student learning. Due to these multiple approaches, we can gain insight into the types of data available, the ways in which we can measure particular constructs related to learning using these data, and the ways we can analyze these data, including statistical approaches and visualizations.
Natural Sources of Lipoic Acid in Plant and Animal Tissues

Publisher Summary Naturally occurring lipoic acid is known to play a fundamental role in metabolism, serving as a cofactor in enzyme complexes, which function at strategic points in carbohydrate metabolism, citric-acid cycle, and amino-acid catabolism. In the last decade, experimental evidence has increased suggesting free lipoic acid to be a powerful antioxidant and redox regulator, and, as such, a potentially useful therapeutic tool. It is important that the distribution and content of lipoic acid in plants and animals be ascertained. Therefore, a method for measuring the naturally occurring protein-bound form of lipoic acid (lipoyllysine) has been developed, and this method has been used to measure the lipoyllysine content of various plant and animal tissues. In lipoate-containing enzymes (α-keto acid dehydrogenases), lipoic acid is bound covalently to a lysine residue. This is an important consideration for determination as the release of lipoic acid is crucial. Previous methods have tried to overcome this problem via hydrolysis with strong acid/base; however, a larger amount of lipoic acid is lost by such methods, and recoveries of only 50% have been reported, and no more than 70% have been found. To overcome this problem, proteolytic hydrolysis was introduced to liberate lipoic acid. This also has the advantage of liberating the actual protein-bound form (lipoyllysine). Lipoic acid from animal tissues has been determined previously, but with methods of detection such as refractive index, ultraviolet, and GC mass spectroscopy. The former methods are inadequate as tissue hydrolysates contain a large amount of contaminants, which absorb around 330 nm, and GC methods require prior derivatization. To overcome these problems, an electrochemical detection system was introduced.