cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction of pain-conditioned anxiety by analgesic doses of morphine in rats.

Summary1. Rats, maintained at 70% of satiation weight, were conditioned to press a bar at a rapid and constant rate in a modified Skinner Box. After about 15 days of training when this behavior had been thoroughly established, a method for producing conditioned anxiety was introduced. Shortly after each animal began the daily bar-pressing session a 60-cycle tone, which sounded for 4 minutes, was terminated by the application of a strong: electrical shock. After several days of conditioning this procedure produced almost complete cessation of bar-pressing during the tone period. In testing the effect of a known analgesic the administration of graded doses of morphine (4-11 mg/kg) produced proportional restoration of the inhibited bar-pressing. 2. The reduction or elimination of inhibition by morphine was considered to be a reduction of anxiety associated with anticipation of noxious stimuli. The results parallel in all essential details previous methodological work on man, and strongly suggest that the pre...
Inhibitory influence of a normally occurring pyrimidine precursor upon methylcholanthrene carcinogenesis.

SummaryThe carcinogenic influence of methylcholanthrene may be considerably reduced by increasing the intake of a normal dietary constituent, orotic acid, a substance well known to be of great importance to the synthesis of nucleic acid pyrimidines. The absence of influence of this substance upon the condition of the mice or the size of the tumors indicates that it is acting at the level of initiation of the pulmonary tumors rather than upon their subsequent growth. This fact suggests that the metabolic mechanisms through which methylcholanthrene initiates neoplastic change is, like urethane(3), closely related to the synthesis of nucleic acid.
Effects of Pyribenzamine and Benadryl on Chick Embryo and on Vascular Phenomenon Induced by Normal Serum

Discussion and SummaryThe experiments reported here revealed that the anti-histaminic compounds pyribenzamine, bena-dryl and hetramine in the 3-day-old chick embryo cause bradycardia, stoppage of the heart beat and occasionally hemorrhages. It appears likely that the chick embryo can be used to advantage in studies on the relative toxicity of various antihistaminic compounds. The drugs do not prevent the inverted ana-phylactic shock, which is due to factors other than histamine.
Symbolize map distortion with inscribed circles in polygons

ABSTRACTFor the representation of geographic information, the distortion resulting from map projections and transformations is unwanted but unavoidable. Identical circles systematically arranged on the Earth's ellipsoid have been extensively used to symbolize the map distortion. Despite their effectiveness and popularity, these circles are not explicitly associated with any specific polygons in the map, thus possibly impairing their relevance if the map-readers are interested in particular regions. More importantly, for the map transformation specifically targeting polygons such as the area cartogram, placing the circles completely within the polygons becomes necessary because two neighboring polygons in an area cartogram could have distinctive distortion characteristics. This paper proposes new computer algorithms to enable a map-distortion symbolization approach based on inscribed circles entirely contained in polygons either on a projected 2D plane or on the Earth's ellipsoid. These inscribed circles i...
Estimating the Local Size and Coverage of Interaction Network Regions.

Interactive problem solving environments, such as intelligent tutoring systems and educational video games, produce large amounts of transactional data which make it a challenge for both researchers and educators to understand how students work within the environment. Researchers have modeled the student-tutor interactions using complex network representations to automatically derive next-step hints, derive high-level approaches, and create visualizations of student behavior. However, students do not explore the complete problem space. The nonuniform exploration of the problem results in smaller networks and less next-step hints. In this work we explore the possibility of using frequency estimation to uncover locations in the network with differing amounts of student-saturation. Identification of these regions can be used to locate specific problem approaches and strategies that would be most improved by additional student-data.
Introduction to Electrostatics

Introduction Electrostatics and electrodynamics are essential features of micro- and nanofluidics. At the macroscale pumps, compressors and other fluid-handling devices move fluid using a pressure difference, as was noted in Chapter 4. However, as was demonstrated in Chapter 1, this is often not feasible at the micro- and nanoscale because very large pressure drops on the order of atmospheres are required for flows through channels under about 0.1 µm, channels that are often used in applications. The objective of this chapter is to introduce, in a general way, the concept of an electric field at the advanced undergraduate level, typically associated with the material presented in an introductory physics class for physics majors; for those students already familiar with the principles of electrostatics, this chapter may be scanned or skipped. In this chapter, the basics of electrostatics are presented, paying particular attention to the electric field associated with one or more charged spheres, planes, or cylindrical surfaces. In the course of discussion, the concept of a surface charge density is defined, which is a concept central to electrochemistry and micro- and nanofluidics. This is followed by a discussion of the fundamental law of Gauss relating the electric field to the charge density of a given medium. The concept of electrical potential is then introduced, and the similarities between the velocity potential of fluid mechanics are noted. Next, the concept of an electric dipole is introduced, followed by the derivation of the Poisson equation of electrostatics, which is solved for several different situations.
Terrain visualization and data discovery using lunar high-resolution laser altimeter data sets

NASA's latest space mission, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has produced some of the largest publicly accessible Laser Altimeter data products available to date. The spatial density of these new data products are up to four times greater than laser altimeter data produced from previous space missions. However, partially due to the size, volume and density of the new altimeter data, current software tools provide only limited or no support for real-time cartographical projects, slope analysis, distance measurements or other analyses method critical to physiographic study of planetary systems. We discuss a novel software tool called mVTK, which facilitates the physiographic analysis of the Lunar surface using the newly acquired high resolution altimeter data products. Some of the features provided by mVTK include real-time cartographic projects, slope analysis, distance measurement and visual data discovery.
High-Throughput Sequencing for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Monitoring of Lymphoid Malignancies

New high-throughput DNA sequencing methods have many advantages for the analysis of rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptor (TCR) loci in suspected lymphoid malignancies. Instead of primarily analyzing the size distribution of rearranged immune receptors using gel or capillary electrophoresis, sequencing complex nucleic acid pools provides much more complete characterization of the receptor sequences present. Currently, separate assays are used to evaluate Ig and TCR clonality, Ig hypermutation status, and to test for residual malignant cells after treatment. We used multiplexed PCR amplification of immunoglobulin heavy chain loci for high-throughput pyrosequencing with the Roche 454 platform to evaluate the detection of clonal IgH sequences, determination of hypermutation status, and sensitivity of detection of low levels of a known clonal receptor. Our method also evaluated the feasibility of physical “bar-coding” of DNA molecules derived from different samples to enable cost-effective sequencing of sample pools. 23 pooled specimens were sequenced including: known lymphoma specimens (4); peripheral blood leukocytes from normal individuals (4); specimens with indeterminate or discordant results by conventional clonality assays (7); and a dilution series of a clonal CLL/SLL specimen into normal peripheral blood leukocytes. Our initial experiment characterized 522,099 IgH sequences from these specimens, with a mean read length of 242 base pairs. We have employed IgBlast (NCBI) for initial alignment of rearranged IgH sequences to germline V, D and J gene segments. Our data demonstrate that clonal IgH populations can be readily detected and characterized as to their germline or hypermutated status and unique V-D and D-J junctions with this approach. In our dilution series experiment, the clonal receptor sequence could be reliably observed after 1000-fold dilution. Normal patient specimens show expected extensive sequence diversity, and we are exploring methods for optimally summarizing and representing these data. Some PCR artifacts, as well as non-immunoglobulin sequences commonly amplified by current IgH primer sets were also detected, and suggest avenues for further improvement of the methods used for detection and characterization of clonal immune receptors. More broadly, these methods also offer a novel approach to monitoring normal immune responses such as the response of patients to vaccination, and of characterizing the immune system in patients with autoimmune diseases.
Aiding paramedics recognition of type two respiratory failure (T2RF)

Introduction: High flow oxygen administration increases morbidity/mortality in patients susceptible to T2RF. Ambulances need aids to recognise these patients and aim for target saturations using controlled oxygen. The British Thoracic Society recommends identifying patients with T2RF using tools like an electronic oxygen alert. The ambulance service for Royal Blackburn Hospital (RBH) does not have an electronic alert system. The aim of this audit is to compare paramedics9 recognition of patients with known T2RF before and after creating an electronic oxygen alert. Method: This prospective audit from January-April 2014 at RBH included inpatients with known T2RF who received high flow oxygen in the ambulance, as documented on the ambulance sheet and first arterial blood gas. On discharge, an electronic oxygen alert was set up for each patient. We assessed if ambulance records noted the patient as having previous T2RF on readmission. Results: 27 patients met inclusion criteria. The data before the creation of an electronic alert showed ambulances identified 41% as having COPD or T2RF. Of these 27 patients, 70% received uncontrolled high flow oxygen in the ambulance and only 4% had documented target saturations on the ambulance sheet. NIV was required for 67% with a mortality of 22% in this group. Of the 27 patients, 22% were readmitted and noted to have known T2RF by paramedics via the electronic alert. Half of those readmitted received uncontrolled oxygen. Target saturations for 83% were not recorded. Conclusion: Identifying T2RF patients by ambulances improved with using electronic oxygen alerts, however additional training for paramedics on oxygen administration in such patients is required.
Patterns of Care and Outcomes in Cardiovascular Disease After Kidney Transplantation in the United States

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is an important driver of mortality after kidney transplantation. Its broader impact on posttransplant health care utilization in US hospitals is unknown.MethodsWe used administrative claims data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and the American Hospital As
Triple-potential-step chronoamperometry

Abstract Triple-potential-step chronoamperometry (TPSCA) has been used to identify either the previously disputed or the unidentified anodic process that arises in the electroreduction of diazodiphenylmethane, diethyl diazomalonate, and fluorenone hydrazone. In each of the three systems, slow heterogeneous electron transfer at a platinum electrode in DMF-0.1 M (n-Bu)4NClO4 causes the separation between the anodic peak for the reoxidation of the unreacted anion radical of the starting material and the corresponding cathodic peak to exceed 0.7 V. The scope and limitations of the TPSCA method for a reaction scheme involving quasi-reversible heterogeneous electron transfer followed by an irreversible homogeneous chemical reaction are discussed.
IHMC's experience competing in the Cybathlon compared to the DARPA robotics challenge.

As a research scientist, my work tends to focus on scientific investigations. Our group occasionally makes discoveries or has a successful demonstration, and sometimes we can even repeatedly demonstrate something working on the hardware. This mode of operation works for research, but not for competitions. In the past few years, I have participated in two international robotics competitions, the DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC) and the Cybathlon; the research and development process for these competitions is significantly different from our typical research work. This commentary discusses our experience preparing for the Cybathlon, and contrasts it with our experience with the DRC. The human in the loop for the Cybathlon was the biggest differentiator between the DRC and the Cybathlon. Having the human at the center of the competition not only changed the way we developed, but changed how we viewed the impact of our work. For the DRC, a physics based dynamic simulation was a powerful, and invaluable, tool for not only the algorithm developers, but the robot operator as well. For the Cybathlon, simulation was of little use because the all of closed-loop control was performed by the pilot. In the software development cycle for the Cybathlon, the push was to just come up with something that works and “lock it down” and do not change it, so that the pilot could train with a given set of motions that would not change and make up for any deficiencies with his own abilities. The Cybathlon was more of an athletic challenge for the human who was assisted by technology. The DRC was the opposite, it was a robotics challenge assisted by a human. This commentary focuses on describing the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition’s (IHMC) experience leading up to and at the Cybathlon, with some comparisons to the DRC experience. The Cybathlon was a very worthwhile experience me, my team, and of course our pilot. Knowing that our development could improve the quality of life and health for a group of people was very motivating and rewarding. Engineering competitions accelerate development, engage the public, and in the case of the Cybathlon, increase public awareness of issues for people with disabilities. The Cybathlon also revealed that the powered exoskeleton technology is still nascent in its ability to be a viable alternative to the wheelchair. But with continued developments toward the 2020 Cybathlon, we hope the capabilities of these devices can offer will be significantly improved.
Informational value of percent body fat with body mass index for the risk of abnormal blood glucose: a nationally representative cross-sectional study

Objective To examine the value of percent body fat (%BF) with body mass index (BMI) to assess the risk of abnormal blood glucose (ABG) among US adults who are normal weight or overweight. We hypothesised that normal-weight population with higher %BF is more likely to have ABG. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2006, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Participants Participants were US adults aged 40 and older who have never been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes by a doctor (unweighted n=6335, weighted n=65 705 694). The study population was classified into four groups: (1) normal weight with normal %BF, (2) normal weight with high %BF, (3) overweight with normal %BF and (4) overweight with high %BF. Main outcome measures ORs for ABG including pre-diabetes and undiagnosed diabetes (HbA1c ≥5.7%, ≥39 mmol/mol). Results 64% of population with normal BMI classification had a high %BF. Prevalence of ABG in normal-weight group with high %BF (13.5%) is significantly higher than the overweight group with low %BF (10.5%, P Conclusions Integrating BMI with %BF can improve in classification to direct screening and prevention efforts to a group currently considered healthy and avoid penalties and stigmatisation of other groups that are classified as high risk of ABG.
Phase 1 study of EUS-guided photodynamic therapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer.

Background and Aims Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) has a poor prognosis. There are limited data describing the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for pancreatic cancer in humans. We hypothesized that EUS-guided PDT for LAPC is safe, technically feasible, and produces a dose- and time-dependent increasing degree of image-defined tumor necrosis. Methods In a single-center, prospective, dose-escalation phase 1 study, patients with treatment-naive LAPC received intravenous porfimer sodium (Concordia Laboratories Inc, St Michael, Barbados) followed 2 days later by EUS-PDT. EUS-PDT was performed by puncture with a 19-gauge needle and insertion of a 1.0-cm light diffuser (Pioneer Optics, Bloomfield, Conn) and illumination with a 630-nm light (Diomed Inc, Andover, Mass). A CT scan 18 days after PDT was done to assess for change in pancreatic necrosis. Nab-paclitaxel (125 mg/ m2 intravenously) and gemcitabine (1000 mg /m2 intravenously) were initiated 7 days after CT and given weekly for 3 of 4 weeks (1 cycle) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Results Twelve patients (mean age, 67 ± 6 years; 8 male) with tumors (mean diameter, 45.2 ± 12.9 mm) in the head and/or neck (8) or body and/or tail (4) underwent EUS-PDT. Compared with baseline imaging, increased volume and percentage of tumor necrosis were observed in 6 of 12 patients (50%) after EUS-PDT. The mean overall increases in volume and percentage necrosis were 10 ± 26 cm3 (P = .20) and 18% ± 22% (P = .016), respectively. After a median follow-up of 10.5 months (range, 1.0-37.4 months), median progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 2.6 months (95% confidence interval, 0.7, not estimable) and 11.5 months (95% confidence interval, 1.1, 16.9), respectively. Surgical resection was attempted in 2 patients, and pathology showed a complete response (n = 1) and residual 2-mm tumor (n = 1). There were 8 serious adverse events and none related to EUS or EUS-PDT. Conclusion EUS-PDT for LAPC appears to be safe and produces measurable imaged-defined tumor necrosis. Phase 2 studies are warranted. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT01770132 .)
Analyzing Rough Surfaces Digitally

Vast, jagged mountains stretch as far as the eye can see. A spilled cup of coffee slowly conquers the tablecloth. Five minutes after you were supposed to leave for school, your term paper rips as you’re trying to separate the pages too fast.
Health Status of Kanaka Maoli (Indigenous Hawaiians).

PURPOSE OF THE PAPER: To summarize the current health status of Kanaka Maoli lindigenous Hawaiiansr with historical background, underlying factors responsible for the Kanaka Maoli health plight and recommendations. METHODS: The author reviewed the available literature and some not readily available, unpublished information. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Kanaka Maoli continue to have the worst health and socio­economic indicators of the various ethnic groups in their home islands of Ka Pae'aina lHawai'ir. Cardiovascular disorders, cancer, diabetes, obstructive lung disease, maternal and infant health and mental distress are the prominent maladies. Tobacco smoking, high­fat diet, alcohol drinking, hyperlipidemia and obesity are the major lifestyle risk factors. Societal factors, such as depopulation, foreign transmigration, colonial exploitation, coercive assimilation, cultural conflict and racism persist. Since 1990, Kanaka Maoli communities have established five island­wide Native Hawaiian Health Care Systems to improve availability, accessibility, and acceptability of health services to their people, but with inadequate resources. CONCLUSIONS: Under present conditions, while the future may bring some amelioration of Kanaka Maoli ill health, the price will be progressive acculturation and loss of Kanaka Maoli identity. Accordingly, recommendations include augmented revitalization of the traditional culture, effective recontrol by the Kanaka Maoli of their lives and natural resources and thus, improved total health. KEY WORDS: Pacific Islander Americans, Kanaka Maoli, Hawaiians, Indigenous Health, Culture, Ethnicity, Racism, Colonialism, Sovereignty
The Local Closure Coefficient: A New Perspective On Network Clustering

The phenomenon of edge clustering in real-world networks is a fundamental property underlying many ideas and techniques in network science. Clustering is typically quantified by the clustering coefficient, which measures the fraction of pairs of neighbors of a given center node that are connected. However, many common explanations of edge clustering attribute the triadic closure to a head node instead of the center node of a length-2 path; for example, a friend of my friend is also my friend. While such explanations are common in network analysis, there is no measurement for edge clustering that can be attributed to the head node. Here we develop local closure coefficients as a metric quantifying head-node-based edge clustering. We define the local closure coefficient as the fraction of length-2 paths emanating from the head node that induce a triangle. This subtle difference in definition leads to remarkably different properties from traditional clustering coefficients. We analyze correlations with node degree, connect the closure coefficient to community detection, and show that closure coefficients as a feature can improve link prediction.
Image Statistic Models Characterize Well Log Image Quality

Assessing the image quality of well logs is essential to ensure the accuracy of their digitization and subsequent processing. Currently, the suitability of well logs for information retrieval is solely determined on the basis of subjective judgments of their image quality by human experts. The success of natural scene statistics (NSS)-based models that are used to conduct no-reference (NR) quality assessment of photographic images motivates us to try to exploit them to characterize the quality of nonphotographic images, such as well logs. Accordingly, we develop a scheme to characterize the quality of a well log as “acceptable” or “unacceptable” for subsequent processing based on the natural image quality evaluator (NIQE), a successful NR image quality assessment model based on the NSS. Our experimental results show that the objective quality scores thus obtained can be reliably used to eliminate well logs of inferior quality from the processing pipeline, which can serve as a beneficial step to reduce the human hours spent in examining well logs and to improve the rate of information retrieval as well as the accuracy of retrieved information. Source code for the trained well log image quality predictor is available at https://github.com/Somdyuti2/Well_log_IQA .
Diet modulates colonic T cell responses by regulating the expression of a Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron antigen

T cell responses to symbionts in the intestine drive tolerance or inflammation depending on the genetic background of the host. These symbionts in the gut sense the available nutrients and adapt their metabolic programs to use these nutrients efficiently. Here, we ask whether diet can alter the expression of a bacterial antigen to modulate adaptive immune responses. We generated a CD4+ T cell hybridoma, BθOM, specific for Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta). Adoptively transferred transgenic T cells expressing the BθOM TCR proliferated in the colon, colon-draining lymph node, and spleen in B. theta-colonized healthy mice and differentiated into regulatory T cells (Tregs) and effector T cells (Teffs). Depletion of B. theta-specific Tregs resulted in colitis, showing that a single protein expressed by B. theta can drive differentiation of Tregs that self-regulate Teffs to prevent disease. We found that BθOM T cells recognized a peptide derived from a single B. theta protein, BT4295, whose expression is regulated by nutrients, with glucose being a strong catabolite repressor. Mice fed a high-glucose diet had a greatly reduced activation of BθOM T cells in the colon. These studies establish that the immune response to specific bacterial antigens can be modified by changes in the diet by altering antigen expression in the microbe.
Effect of Patients' Life Stories in Bringing Meaning to Nursing Home Care.

Introduction Although there is an increasing need for geriatricians, fewer physicians are entering the field. Family medicine residents find geriatrics, especially nursing home care, unsatisfying. Life stories of older adult patients may help providers cope with the challenges of nursing home care and increase provider satisfaction by offering a way to connect with patients. Methods We conducted a qualitative study on life stories' effects on attitudes towards nursing home care. Fourteen patient stories were created. Seven Boston University family medicine residents and one nurse practitioner participated in a semistructured interview both before and at least 2 months after learning about their patients' stories. Data were analyzed using qualitative techniques from grounded theory. Results Participants found nursing home care challenging, particularly for patients who were nonverbal due to advanced dementia, because they had difficulties forming meaningful relationships or discussing medical decisions with their patients. Life stories increased empathy, deepened relationships with patients, and led participants to feel more satisfied in their role as providers. The stories were considered useful for end-of-life discussions. Conclusion Life stories incorporated into physician practice may help health care providers feel more connected to their patients and ultimately more satisfied in the care of nursing home patients.
Innovation in Teacher Induction: A systemic university-based approach

To advance education, it is important to also innovate the ways we support the teaching profession. By thinking creatively as we address the challenges of teacher turnover and development, we can i...
Objective measures and the standardized letter of recommendation in the otolaryngology residency match.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The objective of this study were to determine if any of the 10 attributes of the standardized letter of recommendation (SLOR) correlate significantly with objective measures of each applicant and to determine whether professor characteristics were associated with reported SLOR attributes. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS We reviewed 339 SLORs from 187 otolaryngology residency applicants. The 10 SLOR attributes were converted into a percentile score and statistically analyzed. RESULTS All 10 SLOR attributes had a mean ± standard deviation above the 80th percentile (0.82-0.93 ± 0.08-0.52) and negative skewness. United States Medical Licensing Examination step 1 and 2 scores correlated most strongly with match potential (B = 93.1,P < .001 and B = 96.3, P = .002, respectively). Students from top 40 National Institutes of Health-funded institutions had a significant difference in length of relationship with their letter writer (B = -0.51, P = .02) and interpersonal communication skills (B = -12.9, P = .011). Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) and non-AOA members differed in medical knowledge (B = 21.0, P = .007), research (B = -8.80, P = .036), and commitment to otolaryngology (B = -25.89, P = .020). Total number of research experiences correlated most strongly with medical knowledge (B = -16.55, P = .011). There was a significant difference in means between length of relationship and professorial rank (F[4, 339] = 3.61, P = .023), administrative position (F[5, 339] = 5.43, P = .002), and institution of the letter writer (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the lack of correlation between SLOR attributes and objective measures suggests that the SLOR adds little to the residency application. Professor characteristics were similarly not associated with any of the 10 SLOR attributes; however, there were significant differences in the length of relationship between the professor and students with respect to professor rank, administrative rank, and institution of the letter writer. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 130:603-608, 2020.
Role of trophic factors and receptors in developmental disorders

Abstract Many developmental brain diseases involve receptors and or trophic factors. Fragile X disease is caused by the amplification of CGG in the gene for the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) protein. FMR’s function is to bind to particular mRNAs in a manner similar to that of a receptor, and transport them to the dendrites. Excess CGGs cause malfunction of this protein producing intellectual and social deficits. Down syndrome is caused by the triplication of chromosome 21 during egg development. The triplication causes overproduction of several receptors leading to intellectual and behavioral impairment. Bipolar disease is treated with lithium or valproic acid, both of which activate neurotrophic and neuroprotective signaling pathways. Schizophrenia is treated with many antipsychotic drugs that bind to dopaminergic, serotonergic, and Glu receptors. The receptors signal to produce neuroprotective proteins. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) produces social and other behavioral abnormalities. Two neurohormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, which are very important in the development of appropriate social interactions, are decreased in ASD patients.
The Prostate and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

The prostate gland is an accessory sex organ of cloacal origin that contributes a number of enzymes to the seminal fluid, many aiding in seminal liquefaction after ejaculation. The prostate is located in the true pelvis and surrounds the urethra just distal to the bladder neck. The prostate is comprised of four distinct histological zones: central, peripheral, transitional, and the anterior fibromuscular stroma. The transitional zone is located adjacent to the urethra and is the smallest zone in the normal adult prostate. With age, however, the transitional zone often undergoes nodular hyperplastic changes and can cause significant enlargement, potentially leading to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and/or bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a term often used to describe the combination of prostatic enlargement and the resultant urinary symptoms. While nearly 70% of men experience prostatic enlargement by their seventh decade of life, the development of BPH is not altogether well-understood. Likely, a complex interplay of androgens and cell growth factors leads to the dysregulation of cellular growth inhibiting mechanisms, allowing for hypercellularity and enlargement of the transitional zone. The treatment of BPH requires a thorough understanding of normal prostate anatomy and physiology, as well as the pathophysiology of the disease process. This chapter will outline the normal development, anatomy, and physiology of the prostate, as well as the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features of BPH.
“That rare gift: perfect hands on a horse”: Radclyffe Hall’s eros of cross-species communion

Scholars of Radclyffe Hall’s fiction have focused primarily on her advocacy for human gender and sexual freedom; however, closer attention to human-animal connections in her work reveals concern fo...
Detecting Web Spam in Webgraphs with Predictive Model Analysis

Web spam is a serious threat for both end-users and search engines (w.r.t., query cost). Webgraphs can be exploited in detecting spam. In the past, several graph mining techniques were applied to measure metrics for pages and hyperlinks. In this paper, we justify the importance of webgraph to distinguish spam websites from non-spam ones based on several graph metrics computed for a labelled dataset (WEBSPAM-UK2007) and justify our model by testing on uk-2014 dataset, the most recently available dataset on the same (uk) domain. WEBSPAM-UK2007 dataset includes 0.1 million different hosts and four kinds of feature sets: Obvious, Link, Transformed Link and Content. We use five prominent machine learning (ML) techniques (i.e., Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes and Random Forest) to build a ML-based classifier. To evaluate the performance of our classifier, we compute accuracy and F-1 score and perform 10-fold cross validation. We also compare graph based features with content based textual features and find that graph properties are similar or better than text properties. We achieve above 99% training accuracy for most of our machine learning models. We test our model with uk-2014 dataset with 4.7 million hosts for the graph-based feature sets and achieve accuracy in between 90-94% for most of the models. To the best of our knowledge, prior works on web spam detection with WEBSPAM-UK2007 dataset did not use different test dataset for their models. Our model classifier is capable of detecting web spam for any input webgraph based on its graph metrics features.
Detection and classification of fentanyl and its precursors by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Fentanyl and its analogs have been at the center of the opioid epidemic currently wreaking havoc in the United States. One major element in the opioid crisis is the growing number of clandestine fentanyl labs being reported by enforcement agencies. The development of new analytical methods for detecting and identifying fentanyl and its congeners is among the useful tools in our goal to limit the use of this dangerous family of narcotics. Herein we describe an analytical technique using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and a microfluidic device, for detecting fentanyl and two of its chemical precursors, despropionylfentanyl (4ANPP) and N-phenethyl-4-piperidinone (NPP). The vibrational spectra of this family of analytes are very similar, making them difficult to distinguish by traditional means. In addition to taking advantage of the sensitivity provided by SERS, we developed a chemometric approach utilizing a hierarchical partial least squares-discriminant analysis algorithm that allowed us to distinguish spectra that possess many similar features.
Survey of Southern Wisconsin Needle Exchange Clients Regarding Opioid Overdose and Naloxone Use.

BACKGROUND Factors surrounding opioid overdose and naloxone use must be explored from the user perspective in order to more effectively combat the current opioid crisis. METHODS AIDS Resource Center of Wisconsin needle exchange clients were surveyed regarding overdose victim demographics, interventions, experience with naloxone, and overdose outcomes. RESULTS Most respondents (102/108, 94.4%) reported either experiencing or witnessing an overdose. While naloxone was often used (64/102, 62.7%), other recommended interventions, such as calling 911 (44/102, 43.1%) and rescue breathing (31/102, 30.4%) often were not. Potential legal consequences were cited as a major barrier for contacting emergency medical services (42.3%). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION There appears to be a need for education and/or policy change to facilitate appropriate overdose prevention and use of emergency medical services in the setting of opioid overdose.
Assessing Traditional and Nontraditional Data Collection Methods to Study Online Phenomena

The rise of technology has made it possible for individuals to communicate with people around the world in real time through text, video, and audio files. The quantity and quality of this information creates unique opportunities for researchers to examine crime and deviance occurring on- or off-line. There is, however, a lack of agreement among scholars as to the best ways to utilize these data, or what ethical and methodological challenges may be presented through online research protocols generally. This chapter provides an overview of the different forms of computer-mediated communications (CMC) that may be used and suggests best practices to ensure methodological rigor and ethical protections for Internet-based research methods generally.
Cardiovascular Complications Associated with COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic Strategies

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease with severe acute respiratory syndrome, has now become a worldwide pandemic. Despite the respiratory complication, COVID-19 is also associated with significant multiple organ dysfunction, including severe cardiac impairment. Emerging evidence reveals a direct interplay between COVID-19 and dire cardiovascular complications, including myocardial injury, heart failure, heart attack, myocarditis, arrhythmias as well as blood clots, which are accompanied with elevated risk and adverse outcome among infected patients, even sudden death. The proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of myocardial impairment include invasion of SARS-CoV-2 virus via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 to cardiovascular cells/tissue, which leads to endothelial inflammation and dysfunction, de-stabilization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, stent thrombosis, cardiac stress due to diminish oxygen supply and cardiac muscle damage, and myocardial infarction. Several promising therapeutics are under investigation to the overall prognosis of COVID-19 patients with high risk of cardiovascular impairment, nevertheless to date, none have shown proven clinical efficacy. In this comprehensive review, we aimed to highlight the current integrated therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 and we summarized the potential therapeutic options, currently under clinical trials, with their mechanisms of action and associated adverse cardiac events in highly infectious COVID-19 patients.
The Storage Versus Repair-Bandwidth Trade-off for Clustered Storage Systems

We study a generalization of the setting of regenerating codes, motivated by applications to storage systems consisting of clusters of storage nodes. There are $n$ clusters in total, with $m$ nodes per cluster. A data file is coded and stored across the $mn$ nodes, with each node storing $\alpha $ symbols. For availability of data, we require that the file be retrievable by downloading the entire content from any subset of $k$ clusters. Nodes represent entities that can fail. We distinguish between intra-cluster and inter-cluster bandwidth (BW) costs during node repair. Node-repair in a cluster is accomplished by downloading $\beta $ symbols each from any set of $d$ other clusters, dubbed remote helper clusters, and also up to $\alpha $ symbols each from any set of $\ell $ surviving nodes, dubbed local helper nodes, in the host cluster. We first identify the optimal trade-off between storage-overhead and inter-cluster repair-bandwidth under functional repair, and also present optimal exact-repair code constructions for a class of parameters. The new trade-off is strictly better than what is achievable via space-sharing existing coding solutions, whenever $\ell > 0$ . We then obtain sharp lower bounds on the necessary intra-cluster repair BW to achieve optimal trade-off. Under functional repair, random linear network codes (RLNCs) simultaneously optimize usage of both inter- and intra-cluster repair BW; simulation results based on RLNCs suggest optimality of the bounds on intra-cluster repair-bandwidth. Our bounds reveal the interesting fact that, while it is beneficial to increase the number of local helper nodes $\ell $ in order to improve the storage-vs-inter-cluster-repair-BW trade-off, increasing $\ell $ not only increases intra-cluster BW in the host-cluster, but also increases the intra-cluster BW in the remote helper clusters. We also analyze resilience of the clustered storage system against passive eavesdropping by providing file-size bounds and optimal code constructions.
Chloroquine Cardiotoxicity Leading to Cardiogenic Shock

A patient with a history of heart block and longstanding chloroquine use presented in cardiogenic shock refractory to medical therapy and mechanical circulatory support. Autopsy supported antimalarial-induced cardiomyopathy (AMIC). Progression of AMIC may be halted with early recognition and cessation of antimalarial therapy, highlighting importance of screening and timely diagnosis. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).
Associations Among Trauma Exposure, Posttraumatic Dissociation, Reckless/Self-Destructive Behavior, and Adolescent Offending

Previous research has established that trauma exposure and subsequent posttraumatic stress symptoms confer risk for adolescent offending and involvement in the juvenile justice system. However, rec...
Can Hinge Epistemology Close the Door on Epistemic Relativism

I argue that a standard formulation of hinge epistemology is host to epistemic relativism and show that two leading hinge approaches (Coliva’s acceptance account and Pritchard’s non-doxastic account) are vulnerable to a form of incommensurability that leads to relativism. Building on both accounts, I introduce a new, minimally epistemic conception of hinges that avoids epistemic relativism and rationally resolves hinge disagreements. According to my proposed account, putative cases of epistemic incommensurability are rationally resolvable: hinges are propositions that are the objects of our belief-like attitudes and are rationally revisable in virtue of our overarching commitment to avoid systematic deception in our epistemic practices.
Testing and Modeling of Creep Behavior of Different Fiber Content and Type Single-Tow CVI-SiC f /SiC Minicomposites

The understanding of creep deformation in high-temperature SiCf /SiC composites is essential in order to better predict stress-redistribution and life-limiting scenarios under high temperature and stress conditions. One area that warrants further investigation is the effect of constituent content and type on creep behavior. Therefore, this study evaluated the tensile creep behavior of different fiber volume fraction pristine and precracked Hi-Nicalon, Hi-Nicalon Type S, and Tyranno ZMI SiC fiber reinforced minicomposites with boron nitride (BN) interphase and chemical vapor infiltrated silicon carbide (CVI-SiC) matrix. Creep tests were performed in air at 1200°C for pristine minicomposites and some minicomposites that were pre-cracked. Precracking stresses were determined from room temperature monotonic tensile tests with acoustic emission monitoring. A single fiber tow minicomposite can be considered the basic architectural feature of woven and laminate ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). The minicomposite creep damage behavior represents the creep behavior of 0° fiber tows in the axial loading direction of a macrocomposite or component. A bottom-up creep damage characterization and modeling approach was applied where creep parameters of the different minicomposite constituents were obtained separately at 1200° C. Next, a theoretical model based on the rule of mixtures was derived to model the fibers and matrix creep-time-dependent stress redistribution and fiber volume fraction effect on load transfer. Fiber and matrix creep parameters, load transfer model results, and developed numerical model methodology were used to construct a creep strain model to predict creep damage evolution of the different fiber type and content minicomposites, which was used to model the creep behavior of Hi-Nicalon and Hi-Nicalon Type S SiC fiber-reinforced minicomposites. This study demonstrates a testing methodology and modeling approaches for use in screening, developing, and improving new generation ceramic matrix composites.
Securing the Tangled Web: Preventing script injection vulnerabilities through software design

Script injection vulnerabilities are a bane of Web application development: deceptively simple in cause and remedy, they are nevertheless surprisingly difficult to prevent in large-scale Web development.
Relationships Among Sleep Disturbance, Reward System Functioning, Anhedonia, and Depressive Symptoms

Abstract Recent models propose reward system dysfunction as a key mediator of the relationship between sleep and depression and anhedonia. This study explored interrelationships among sleep disturbance, depressive symptoms, anhedonia, and reward responsiveness. Two-hundred and sixty undergraduate students completed questionnaires and a daily diary paradigm assessing sleep, reward responsiveness, depression, anhedonia, and positive affect over 1 week. Baseline sleep disturbance was associated with depressive symptoms, anhedonia, and reward responsiveness. Daily diary sleep parameters showed differential associations with anticipatory versus consummatory reward responsiveness and positive affect. Poorer sleep quality, shorter sleep duration, and longer awakening after sleep onset predicted blunted anticipatory and consummatory reward responsiveness, while increased sleep onset latency and lower sleep efficiency predicted only decreased consummatory reward responsiveness. All sleep indices, except sleep onset latency, were associated with positive affect. Findings demonstrate unique associations between disparate sleep disturbance and reward responsiveness elements, highlighting new treatment mechanisms for anhedonia and depression.
Generalizability of density functionals learned from differentiable programming on weakly correlated spin-polarized systems

Kohn-Sham regularizer (KSR) is a machine learning approach that optimizes a physics-informed exchange-correlation functional within a differentiable Kohn-Sham density functional theory framework. We evaluate the generalizability of KSR by training on atomic systems and testing on molecules at equilibrium. We propose a spin-polarized version of KSR with local, semilocal, and nonlocal approximations for the exchange-correlation functional. The generalization error from our semilocal approximation is comparable to other differentiable approaches. Our nonlocal functional outperforms any existing machine learning functionals by predicting the ground-state energies of the test systems with a mean absolute error of 2.7 milli-Hartrees.