cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of receptors mediating receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) in brain microvessels, brain parenchyma and peripheral tissues of the mouse and the human

Receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) is a principal pathway for transport of macromolecules essential for brain function across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Antibodies or peptide ligands which bind RMT receptors are often co-opted for brain delivery of biotherapeutics. Constitutively recycling transferrin receptor (TfR) is a prototype receptor utilized to shuttle therapeutic cargos across the BBB. Several other BBB-expressed receptors have been shown to mediate transcytosis of antibodies or protein ligands including insulin receptor (INSR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), lipid transporters LRP1, LDLR, LRP8 and TMEM30A, solute carrier family transporter SLC3A2/CD98hc and leptin receptor (LEPR). In this study, we analyzed expression patterns of genes encoding RMT receptors in isolated brain microvessels, brain parenchyma and peripheral organs of the mouse and the human using RNA-seq approach. IGF1R, INSR and LRP8 were highly enriched in mouse brain microvessels compared to peripheral tissues. In human brain microvessels only INSR was enriched compared to either the brain or the lung. The expression levels of SLC2A1, LRP1, IGF1R, LRP8 and TFRC were significantly higher in the mouse compared to human brain microvessels. The protein expression of these receptors analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescent staining of the brain microvessels correlated with their transcript abundance. This study provides a molecular transcriptomics map of key RMT receptors in mouse and human brain microvessels and peripheral tissues, important to translational studies of biodistribution, efficacy and safety of antibodies developed against these receptors.
A LoRa-based Dual-CPU Core Salton Sea Environmental Monitoring Wireless Sensor System

A prototype of wireless sensor system is built using commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components to collect field sensor data in the Salton Sea, Imperial Valley region. The system is powered by a dual-CPU core system. The first CPU core, a low-power 8-bit microcontroller core which is running 24/7, overseeing the timing and power management of the entire system; the second CPU core, a high-power 64-bit Raspberry Pi which is connected to peripheral sensors and communication sub-systems based on the LoRa radio chip-set. The system is powered by a thin-film solar cell and Lithium rechargeable battery, housed in a water-proof casing. Power consumption profiles of different sub-systems are characterized to ensure sustainable operation of the sensor system.
Antitrust in the Pharmaceutical Sector: An Overview of U.S. Case Law

In this overview, I summarize pharmaceutical antitrust law in the US and EU on settlements, product hopping, sample denials, citizen petitions, and rebates/bundling.
Data Mining in the Era of Big Data: The BrainMap Database as a Resource for Characterizing Brain Networks in Psychiatric Illness

Neuroimaging meta-analysis provides an exciting opportunity to evaluate consensus and generate new hypotheses using data mined from the published literature. This chapter provides a review of meta-analysis techniques available via the BrainMap Project, including activation likelihood estimation (ALE), independent component analysis (ICA), and clustering. Prior work emphasizing clinical utility of these meta-analytic methods are discussed.
Pre- and within-season crop type classification trained with archival land cover information

Abstract Crop type maps were created without the traditional need for in-season training data across the Corn Belt and Great Plains regions of the United States. This was accomplished through machine learning of historical land cover information, paired with a time-series of multi-spectral satellite imagery composites spanning the growing season, to develop rulesets, which were used for real-time prediction in the current year. Specifically, a decade's worth of annual 30 m resolution crop specific maps, known as the Cropland Data Layer (CDL), provided the foundation, and prior and current year's satellite imagery from Landsat 7 and 8 and Sentinel-2a and -2b built upon it. Four modeling scenarios, all using random forests, were performed to understand the crop mapping abilities of the datasets independently and combined. They were 1) use of CDLs only (i.e. prediction based solely on crop rotation history) 2) use of Landsat 7 and 8 bottom-of-atmosphere surface reflectance imagery only, 3) use of Sentinel-2a and -2b top-of-atmosphere imagery only, and 4) integration of the CDL, Landsat, and Sentinel-2 information together in a unified effort. Furthermore, the model runs were generated monthly, beginning in April, through the growing season to provide understanding of classification performance as a function of time. The 2020 crop year, relatively normal in terms of planting and weather, was used for the test. Accuracy statistics were generated by randomly sampling 50 counties and comparing those classification outputs to the actual 2020 CDL. Pixel-level results showed that prediction by midsummer using only the CDL information provided a crop type map with corn and soybean consumer and producer agreement above 70% and winter wheat just below 50%. The early season imagery-based classifications were markedly worse. However, as Landsat or Sentinel-2 imagery accumulated through July, those classifications became significantly better than those reliant on the use of the CDL information only. Ultimately, the very best crop maps resulted from integrating the CDLs with a full season's worth of Landsat and Sentinel-2 imagery. At that point in late September, the corn and soybean agreements were around 85% and winter wheat near 70%. All analysis was performed within Google Earth Engine cloud-based public imagery repository and high-performance computing system. The classification outputs provide practitioners with US crop type maps in near real-time.
A novel pathogenic variant in MAX-Associated pheochromocytoma

Abstract Objective To describe a young woman with malignant pheochromocytoma related to a relatively novel pathogenic variant of MAX gene and to compare to previous case reports on MAX pathogenic variants. Case report A 19-year-old patient with a history of norepinephrine-secreting pheochromocytoma resected at age 11 presented to our clinic with symptoms and biochemical evaluation concerning for recurrence. After confirmation of recurrence, 3 metastatic lymph nodes were successfully resected. Genetic testing disclosed a pathogenic germline MAX variant c.22G > T. Her sister and father were found to harbor the same variant, but her paternal grandparents did not. Her sister had a baseline MRI and plasma metanephrines that were both normal. Discussion As whole gene panels are used more frequently for evaluation of hereditary pheochromocytomas, it is important to understand the different clinical phenotypes and natural histories that can be associated with each MAX variant. Our patient presented at a younger age than any other MAX-associated pheochromocytoma, possibly due to her variant translating an early stop codon and encoding a more dysfunctional protein. Available case reports suggest that 98% of MAX-associated pheochromocytomas are functional, which may inform screening procedures. Conclusion Clinicians should be aware of MAX-associated pheochromocytomas and how they may differ from other hereditary pheochromocytoma syndromes. For asymptomatic individuals with a MAX pathogenic variant, screening with plasma metanephrines without imaging may be a cost-effective and patient-centered approach.
Ultrasound-Guided Breast Biopsy Tissue Sampling: Technique and Breast Ultrasound Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Lesions

Excisional breast biopsy was the gold standard for diagnosis for nearly 100 years. The emergence of minimally invasive image-guided breast surgery has given surgeons familiar with this new technology an accurate, reproducible, and cost-effective method of diagnosis in the office setting. This chapter reviews the ultrasound-guided biopsy methods and techniques that are now available to the surgeon.
Endogenous Intracellular Cathelicidin Enhances TLR9 Activation in Dendritic Cells and Macrophages

Cathelicidins are a gene family best known for their antimicrobial action, but the diverse mature peptides they encode also have other host defense functions. The human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 enhances recognition of nucleic acids, an action whose significance is seen in human diseases such as psoriasis where it is associated with increased type 1 IFN production. This function has been attributed to the extracellular action of the peptide to facilitate uptake of nucleic acids. In this study, we demonstrate that the murine mature cathelicidin peptide (CRAMP), encoded by the mouse gene ( Camp ), is functionally distinct from the human mature peptide (LL-37), as it does not facilitate CpG entry. However, mouse cathelicidin does influence recognition of CpG as bone marrow–derived dendritic cells from Camp −/− mice have impaired CpG responses and Camp −/− mice had impaired response to CpG given i.v. or s.c. We show that cathelicidin concentrates in Lamp1 positive compartments, is colocalized with CpG in the endolysosome, can be immunoprecipitated with TLR9, and binds to CpG intracellulary. Collectively, these results indicate that the functions of cathelicidin in control of TLR9 activation may include both intracellular and extracellular effects.
NF-κB in rheumatoid arthritis: a pivotal regulator of inflammation, hyperplasia, and tissue destruction

The transcription factor NF-κB has been well recognized as a pivotal regulator of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but recent developments revealed a broad involvement of NF-κB in other aspects of RA pathology, including development of T helper 1 responses, activation, abnormal apoptosis and proliferation of RA fibroblast-like synovial cells, and differentiation and activation of bone resorbing activity of osteoclasts. In agreement with this, studies in animal models of RA have demonstrated the high therapeutic efficacy of specific inhibitors of NF-κB pathway, indicating the feasibility of anti-NF-κB therapy for human disease.
Glycemic response to high-amylose rice in humans (1039.7)

Rice is a staple carbohydrate in many countries. Previous studies have indicated that solid foods with resistant starch (RS) can attenuate glycemic response. The present study investigated the best...
The desperate plea of women with the nutcracker syndrome

Objective: To increase awareness on the severe impact of the nutcracker syndrome in women with undiagnosed disease. Patients and methods: We reviewed the medical literature and analyzed six representative series with 73 patients with nutcracker syndrome. Women with left flank pain, dyspareunia, dysuria, dysmenorrhea, micro- or macrohaematuria and pelvic congestion symptoms, should be carefully investigated for evidence of mesoaortic left renal vein compression. A good number of our colleagues do not believe in the existence of the nutcracker syndrome and send these patients in a long pilgrimage in search of someone who can help them to get relief to their pain. New and improved imaging techniques can assist in the diagnosis but retrograde reno-gonadal phlebography and renocaval gradient are the most reliable diagnostic tools. Results: Among an assortment of treatment techniques, renal vein transposition and endovenous stenting were the two most commonly used procedures. There are no long term studies on renal vein stenting in children and young adults. Its use in these cases should be carefully considered. The nutcracker syndrome may present with pelvic congestion symptoms and its diagnosis missed. The patient's age, severity of symptoms and haemodynamic renal studies should guide the treatment. Conclusion: An increased awareness of the existence of the nutcracker syndrome may prevent many unfortunate undiagnosed women from spending many months and often years of suffering.
Rewriting techniques for program synthesis

We present here a completion-like procedure for program synthesis from specifications. A specification is expressed as a set of equations and the program is a Noetherian set of rewrite rules that is efficient for computation. We show that the optimizations applicable for proving inductive theorems are useful for program synthesis. This improves on the use of general completion procedure for program synthesis, reported by Dershowitz, in that it generates fewer rules and terminates more often. However, there is a qualitative difference between this procedure and completion, as superposition is used not for eliminating critical overlaps but to find a complete set of cases for an inductive theorem.
Realismo moral: una perspectiva naturalista

1. ?Que es el realismo moral? El articulo rechaza las respuestas habituales (Sayre-McCord, Railton) en terminos de verdad y significado. Estas respuestas estandares estan parcialmente motivadas por el fenomeno del no-cognitivismo. Ciertamente el no-cognitivismo es problematico para formular una respuesta abiertamente metafisica, no obstante es posible formular tal respuesta. 2. ?Por que creer en el realismo moral? El es prima facie plausible, mientras que sus alternativas no lo son. Preocupacion central: ?como se puede lograr que el realismo moral coincida con una perspectiva naturalista del mundo? 3. ?Y que sucede con los argumentos en contra del realismo moral? El articulo analiza criticamente el argumento proveniente de la “extraneza”, el proveniente de la relatividad, el proveniente de la explicacion, asi como los argumentos epistemologicos. 4. El articulo concluye con algunas observaciones breves e insuficientes sobre la realizacion del proyecto naturalista.
The fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) disconnect - provisions FMS patients need from their healthcare versus what they actually receive: a rehabilitation scientist's perspective

The recently released Institute of Medicine report – Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education and Research – calls for a “cultural transformation” in order “to better prevent, assess, treat and understand pain of all types”. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain disorder that affects 4-10 million Americans and 0.5-6% of the world population. It is the most common chronic pain condition seen by rheumatologists and general medicine providers and is reported much more frequently among women than men (75-90% of cases). The symptoms of FMS often contribute to increased disability and reduced health-related quality of life. The literature regarding the “patient experience” for these individuals highlights the substantial dissension between (and the consequent need for improvements pertaining to) their direct health needs and the actual provisions of their healthcare. The present paper addresses how healthcare providers, educators and/or researchers might address this disconnect as part of the efforts to increase the person-centeredness of clinical services.
Prognostic value of exercise tolerance testing in asymptomatic chronic nonischemic mitral regurgitation.

In many heart diseases, exercise tolerance testing (ETT) has useful functional correlates and/or prognostic value. However, its predictive value in mitral regurgitation (MR) is undefined. To determine whether ETT descriptors predict death or indications for mitral valve surgery in patients with MR, we prospectively followed, for 7 ± 3 end-point–free years, a cohort of 38 patients with chronic severe nonischemic MR who underwent modified Bruce ETT; all lacked surgical indications at study entry. Their baseline exercise descriptors were also compared with those from 46 patients with severe MR who, at entry, already had reached surgical indications. End points during follow-up in the cohort included sudden death (n = 1), heart failure symptoms (n = 2), atrial fibrillation (n = 4), left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction 40 mm (n = 11), LV ejection fraction
Executing the mentally ill: The criminal justice system and the case of Alvin Ford and the death penalty and racial bias: Overturning supreme court assumptions

(1996). Executing the mentally ill: The criminal justice system and the case of Alvin Ford and the death penalty and racial bias: Overturning supreme court assumptions. Journal of Criminal Justice Education: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 171-176.
EMPLOYMENT, INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SEVEN SMALL OPEN ECONOMIES

Resurgent interest has been manifested among development economists in trickle-down, i.e., the view that the more rapid the rate of economic growth, the more rapid the improvement in employment and income distribution.' Throughout this paper, the term 'income distribution' will refer to the location and dispersion of the pattern of incomes, i.e., to 'absolute incomes and poverty' and to 'relative income inequality'. Empirical evidence supports trickle-down in some cases, but the evidence is contrary to trickle-down in others. The evidence from my own study of six countries' experiences2 is summarised in Tables i and 2.
The effects of everolimus on tuberous sclerosis-associated lesions can be dramatic but may be impermanent

Background Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) predisposes to the development of benign lesions within multiple organ systems, including the brain, kidneys, heart, lungs, and skin. Disease mortality is due to space-occupying subependymal giant cell astrocytomas and hemorrhage-prone renal angiomyolipomas. The recent use of mTORC1 inhibitors, such as everolimus, has allowed for direct targeting of TSC-associated mass lesions without apparent effect on surrounding tissues. Because of the mechanism of these drugs, there is reason to believe that these effects are not durable and that there may be need for continued long-term maintenance therapy.
DM2 CCTG*CAGG repeats are crossover hotspots that are more prone to expansions than the DM1 CTG*CAG repeats in Escherichia coli.

Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is caused by the extreme expansion of the repeating tetranucleotide CCTG•CAGG sequence from <30 repeats in normal individuals to ∼11,000 for the full mutation in certain patients. This repeat is in intron 1 of the zinc finger protein 9 gene on chromosome 3q21. Since prior work demonstrated that CTG•CAG and GAA•TTC triplet repeats (responsible for DM1 and Friedreich's ataxia, respectively) can expand by genetic recombination, we investigated the capacity of the DM2 tetranucleotide repeats to also expand during this process. Both gene conversion and unequal crossing over are attractive mechanisms to effect these very large expansions. (CCTG•CAGG)n (where n = 30, 75, 114 or 160) repeats showed high recombination crossover frequencies (up to 27-fold higher than the non-repeating control) in an intramolecular plasmid system in Escherichia coli. Furthermore, a distinct orientation effect was observed where orientation II (CAGG on the leading strand template) was more prone to recombine. Expansions of up to double the length of the tetranucleotide repeats were found. Also, the repeating tetranucleotide sequence was more prone to expansions (to give lengths longer than a single repeating tract) than deletions as observed for the CTG•CAG and GAA•TTC repeats. We determined that the DM2 tetranucleotide repeats showed a lower thermodynamic stability when compared to the DM1 trinucleotide repeats, which could make them better targets for DNA repair events, thus explaining their expansion-prone behavior. Genetic studies in SOS-repair mutants revealed high frequencies of recombination crossovers although the SOS-response itself was not induced. Thus, the genetic instabilities of the CCTG•CAGG repeats may be mediated by a recombination-repair mechanism that is influenced by DNA structure.
Sulfate Attack Monitored by MicroCT and EDXRD: Influence of Cement Type, Water-To-Cement Ratio, and Aggregate

X-ray microtomography (microCT) and spatially resolved energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) were used in combination to non-destructively monitor the physical and chemical manifestations of damage in Portland cement paste samples subjected to severe sodium sulfate attack. Additional measurements of expansion and compressive strength were made on complementary mortar and cement paste specimens. Specifically, the influences of cement type (ASTM Types I and V), water-to-cement ratio (0.485 and 0.435), and the presence of aggregate on the rate and forms of damage were examined. As expected, Type V cement samples exhibited less cracking and expansion than the Type I cement samples. EDXRD indicated an anticorrelation between ettringite and gypsum in the near-surface region for Type V samples, which may be associated with crack formation. An unanticipated result for Type I cement pastes was that cracking was apparent at earlier exposure times and progressed more rapidly for samples with w/c of 0.435, than for those with w/c of 0.485. Possible mechanisms for this behavior are proposed. The presence of aggregate particles resulted in a more rapid rate of cracking, as compared to the corresponding cement paste sample.
Mechanisms of dissolution of human cholesterol gallstones.

Abstract: Experiments were designed for investigating and comparing the in citro dissolution kinetics of human cholesterol gallstones and cholesterol monohydrate compressed pellets. The dissolution rates were determined in 66% acetone-water, in 63% ethanol-water, in bile acids, and in bile acid-lecithin solutions. It was found that the rates of dissolution of the stones compared well with the dissolution rates obtained with the cholesterol monohydrate pellets in all solvents investigated. The dissolution rates for both stones and pellets in the organic-aqueous solvents were extremely rapid and of the order of magnitude expected for a bulk diffusion-controlled process. In sodium cholate solutions, the dissolution rates were about 2–3 times slower than rates predicted by diffusion theory and the data suggested a modest interfacial resistance to dissolution. The rates obtained in 2% bile acid-1% lecithin solutions were about 17 times slower than diffusion-controlled processes, and these results point to an interfacial barrier to dissolution that may be very important clinically
Differential suppression of serum prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen by 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor

Objective To evaluate the effect of finasteride (Proscar®) on the serum levels of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Patients and methods Thirty patients on finasteride therapy for BPH formed the study group. Serum PSA and PAP levels were monitored for 2 years while the patients were receiving finasteride. Results During 12 months of finasteride therapy the serum PSA was suppressed but serum PAP was unaffected. The baseline mean PAP value was 1.303 ng/mL prior to finasteride therapy; this changed to 1.510 ng/mL (P=0.195) at 6 months and 1.166 ng/mL (P= 0.383) at 12 months. The serum PSA was 2.630 ng/mL at baseline, 1.757 ng/mL (P<0.001) at 6 months and 1.545 ng/mL (P= 0.001) at 12 months. Conclusions Further studies are warranted to determine if PAP has a role as a tumour marker in patients whose PSA is suppressed as a result of finasteride therapy.
Activation of immunoresponder cells by the protein fraction from aged garlic extract

F-4, a protein fraction isolated from aged garlic extract strongly stimulates mice peritoneal macrophages in terms of glucose utilization and exhibits cytostatic activity in vitro. F-4 also has a mitogenic activity on spleen cells. In vivo, F-4 induced the stimulation of carbon clearance activity in mice. No obvious activities were observed in the low molecular fraction of aged garlic in these tests, but weak effects were found in the fructan fraction (F-3).
Hybrid-stress isoparametric elements for moderately thick and thin multilayer plates

Abstract A hybrid-stress formulation of isoparametric elements for the analysis of moderately thick and thin multilayer laminated composite plates is presented. The element displacement behavior is characterized by laminate reference-surface inplane and transverse displacements and laminate nonnormal crosssection rotations; as a result, the number of degrees of freedom is independent of the number of layers. All components of stress are included and are related to a set of laminate stress parameters, the number of which is independent of the number of layers. By isolating and analytically integrating all through-thickness contributions to the element matrices, the computation time for the element stiffness generation becomes nearly independent of the number of layers, and thus a computationally efficient element is produced. The formulation is used to develop an 8-node isoparametric multilayer plate element which is naturally invariant, of correct rank, and nonlocking in the thin-plate limit. Results for selected example problems show the range of applicability and convergence behavior of the element.
Prediction Study of Adult Creative Achievement: Torrance's Longitudinal Study of Creativity Revisited

The purpose of this study is to reanalyze Torrance's longitudinal study (1981) by employing a multiple regression analysis to find the best predictors for adult creative achievement. A total of 211 cases were available for this study. The results of the regression analysis led to the predictive rule that comprised the following predictors: creativity test score, childhood future career image, intelligence test score, and the existence of a mentor. These four predictors explained 49% of the total variance in adult creative achievement.
Modeling of delamination buckling in composite cylindrical shells with a new higher-order theory

A higher-order shear deformation theory has been employed for evaluating accurately the transverse shear effects in delamination buckling of cylindrical shells under axial compression. The governing differential equations of the present theory are obtained by applying the principle of the stationary value of the total potential. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is used to solve the equations by assuming a double Fourier expansion of the displacements with trigonometric coordinate functions. Numerical results for linear delamination buckling of axially compressed cylindrical shells with clamped ends are presented to validate the theory. Comparisons are made with the classical laminate theory and first-order theory results.
A critical look at the TAB benchmark for physical design tools

There has recently been considerable research on physical design tuning algorithms. At the same time, there is only one published methodology to evaluate the quality of different, competing approaches: the TAB benchmark. In this paper we describe our experiences with TAB. We first report an experimental evaluation of TAB on our latest prototype for physical design tuning. We then identify certain weakness in the benchmark and briefly comment on alternatives to improve its usefulness.
Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase associated with feline leukemia and sarcoma viruses: properties of the enzyme and its product.

Native calf thymus and salmon sperm DNA are better templates than denatured calf thymus and salmon sperm DNA for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity of feline sarcoma virus. This enzyme activity of feline sarcoma virus and feline leukemia virus faithfully replicates dAT copolymer to synthesize a sequence of alternate deoxyadenylate-deoxythymidylate. With a homopolymeric duplex, polydA.dT, the DNA-directed enzyme from feline sarcoma virus or feline leukemia virus indicates a requirement for simultaneous copying of both template strands. Polymerase de L'acide Desoxyribonucleique Associee aux Virus de la Leucemie et du Sarcome Felins: Proprietes de L'enzyme et de son Produit L'ADN naturel du thymus de veau et du sperme de saumon est un meilleur etalon que l'ADN denature de měme provenance pour l'etude de l'activite (liee a l'ADN) de la polymerase de l'ADN des virus du sarcome felin. Cette activite enzymatique des virus de la leucemie et du sarcome felins replique fidelement le copolymere dAT pour synthetiser une sequence de desoxyadenylate-desoxythymidilate en alternance. Avec un duplex homopolymere, le polydA.dT, l'enzyme lie a l'ADN des virus de la leucemie ou du sarcome felins necessite une reproduction simultanee des deux chaines-etalons.
The Behavior of the Systematic Check Forger

The concept of behavior systems in crime was first approximated in this country in Hall's analysis of several types of larceny in terms of their historical, legal, and social contexts. (15) Later the concept was made explicit and formulated into a typology by Sutherland and by Sutherland and Cressy. (32, 34, 21, 26, 14, 4, pp. 579-589) Although this has hitherto inspired only a few monographic studies, there seems to be a growing consensus that focusing attention on specific orders of crime or making behavior systems the unit of study holds considerable promise for criminological research. (27, p. 134)
The metastasis-associated 67-kDa laminin receptor is involved in G-CSF-induced hematopoietic stem cell mobilization.

The 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR) is a nonintegrin cell-surface receptor with high affinity for laminin, which plays a key role in tumor invasion and metastasis. We investigated the role of 67LR in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)–induced mobilization of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from 35 healthy donors. G-CSF–mobilized HSCs, including CD34+/CD38– cells, showed increased 67LR expression as compared with unstimulated marrow HSCs; noteworthy, also, is the fact that the level of 67LR expression in G-CSF–mobilized HSCs correlated significantly with mobilization efficiency. During G-CSF–induced HSC mobilization, the expression of laminin receptors switched from α6 integrins, which mediated laminin-dependent adhesion of steady-state human marrow HSCs, to 67LR, responsible for G-CSF–mobilized HSC adhesion and migration toward laminin. In vitro G-CSF treatment, alone or combined with exposure to marrow-derived endothelial cells, induced 67LR up-regulation in marrow HSCs; moreover , anti-67LR antibodies significantly inhibited transendothelial migration of G-CSF–stimulated marrow HSCs. Finally, G-CSF–induced mobilization in mice was associated with 67LR up-regulation both in circulating and marrow CD34+ cells, and anti-67LR antibodies significantly reduced HSC mobilization, providing the first in vivo evidence for 67LR involvement in stem-cell egress from bone marrow after G-CSF administration. In conclusion, 67LR up-regulation in G-CSF–mobilized HSCs correlates with their successful mobilization and reflects its increase in marrow HSCs, which contributes to the egress from bone marrow by mediating laminin-dependent cell adhesion and transendothelial migration.
Unidirectional error correction/detection for VLSI memory

Unidirectional error protecting codes for VLSI memories are described. After developing the theory of unidirectional error detection and correction, optimal systematic codes capable of detecting unidirectional errors are presented. Efficient single error correcting and d(d≥2)-unidirectional error detecting codes are also discussed.
A cost and speed model for k-ary n-cube wormhole routers

The evaluation of advanced routing features must be based on both of costs and benefits. To date, adaptive routers have generally been evaluated on the basis of the achieved network throughput (channel utilization), ignoring the effects of implementation complexity. In this paper, we describe a parameterized cost model for router performance, characterized by two numbers: router delay and flow control time. Grounding the cost model in a 0.8 micron gate array technology, we use it to compare a number of proposed routing algorithms. From these design studies, several insights into the implementation complexity of adaptive routers are clear. First, header update and selection is expensive in adaptive routers, suggesting that absolute addressing should be reconsidered. Second, virtual channels are expensive in terms of latency and cycle time, so decisions to include them to support adaptivity or even virtual lanes should not be taken lightly. Third, requirements of larger crossbars and more complex arbitration cause some increase in the complexity of adaptive routers, but the rate of increase is small. Last, the complexity of adaptive routers significantly increases their setup delay and flow control cycle times, implying that claims of performance advantages in channel utilization and low load latency must be carefully balanced against losses in achievable implementation speed.
Global coffee market influence on land-use and land-cover change in the Western Ghats Of India

In this study, we used image-processing techniques to examine the spatial pattern of land-use and land-cover (LULC) change that occurred in the coffee growing area in the Western Ghats of India during the international coffee crisis in the 1990s. The study also ascertains the driving forces of these changes using qualitative research methods that include archival studies and interviews of knowledgeable individuals. We analyzed Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) for 1991 and Landsat ETM+ for 2002 to quantify LULC. Historical land-use changes in different land ownership regimes were also analyzed. Global coffee market fluctuations were found to be the major cause of landscape change in the study region. When the global coffee prices increased, more forested areas were cleared for coffee cultivation. Failure of global coffee market forced farmers to convert land from subsistence farming (rice) to short-period commercial crops like ginger. This also resulted in land degradation in rice paddies. For the farmers in the Western Ghats, LULC decisions are one of the methods used to cope with the vulnerability created due to the international coffee crisis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attachment strategies in Japanese urban middle–class couples: A cultural theme analysis of asymmetry in marital relationships

This study introduces a cultural theme analysis to assess within–culture variation in attachment, with special emphasis on asymmetry in Japanese marital roles. Thirty–nine young urban married Japanese couples were interviewed using a modification of the Adult Attachment Interview. The participants also described their marital experiences, viewed both from their own and from their spouse”s perspective, and the ego resiliency of their child. Husbands” attachment strategies vis–a–vis their parents and their adherence to the marital asymmetry theme conjointly influenced their marital attachment security. The secure husband’s strategy seemed to be enhanced by using his “motherly” wife as a secure base, thereby leading to higher marital attachment security. In contrast, the dismissing husband—when adhering to the marital asymmetry theme—appeared to further intensify deactivating strategies by downplaying the emotional significance of his motherly wife. Thus the marital asymmetry theme appears to have different psychological implications for Japanese husbands, depending on their attachment strategies (secure versus dismissive). Conceptual and methodological issues in the study of adult attachment from a cultural perspective are discussed.
Talking across time: Using reported speech as a communicative resource in amnesia

BACKGROUND: Patients with amnesia may have more than pure memory deficits, as evidenced by reports of subtle linguistic impairments on formal laboratory tasks in the amnesic patient HM. However, little attention has been given to the impact of memory impairments on language use in regular, colloquial interactions. We analysed reported speech use by individuals with amnesia. Reported speech (RS), in which speakers represent thoughts/words from another time and/or place, requires management of two temporal frames, making it an interesting discourse practice in which to explore the impact of memory deficits on interactional aspects of communication. AIMS: This study: (1) documents frequency, type, and temporal contexts of reported speech used in discourse samples; (2) compares reported speech use by amnesic and comparison participants; (3) examines the interactional character of reported speech use in these discourse samples. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Derived from a broader study of the discourse practices of individuals with amnesia, this study uses quantitative group comparisons and close discourse analysis to analyse reported speech episodes (RSEs) in interactional discourse samples between a clinician and each of 18 participants, 9 individuals with amnesia and 9 comparison participants (NC). OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Reported speech was used by all participants. However, significantly fewer RSEs were produced in amnesia sessions (273) than in NC sessions (554). No significant group differences were observed for type or temporal domain. In addition, for the participants with amnesia, post-amnesia past RSEs differed qualitatively from the other RSEs in the data. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have important implications for understanding the interdependent relationship of memory and language, point to the value of examining interactional aspects of communication in the empirical study of brain-behaviour relationships, and reconceptualise interaction as a target in the remediation of functional communication following brain injury.
Simple measurements to place umbilical catheters using surface anatomy.

To use external anatomical landmarks to determine a new method for the estimation of appropriate insertion length of umbilical catheters, suitable for newborn infants of varying birth weight (BW) and gestational age. Neonates who had umbilical venous (UVC) or arterial (UAC) catheters placed soon after birth were included in the study. Catheters were placed using formulas derived by Shukla (1986) and/or Wright (2007), and adjusted to appropriate positions confirmed radiologically: UAC tip between T6–T10 vertebral bodies and UVC at the level of the diaphragm±0.5 cms. Final catheter length was compared with the length estimated by Shukla/Wright formulas and to four additional morphometric measurements: umbilicus to nipple (UN), umbilicus to midpoint of inter-mammary distance, umbilicus to xiphoid process and umbilicus to symphysis pubis (USp). Of 216 infants, 32 were excluded; UVC was placed in 170 infants and UAC in 125 infants. Among the morphometric measurements, UN−1 cm ( UN distance minus 1 cm) provided the best estimate of accurate insertion length of UVC, (r=0.984, P<0.001) and estimated correct insertion length of 94% of UVCs compared with 57% accuracy with Shukla formula for all BW categories (P<0.001). Morphometric measurement UN−1+2 USp (UN distance minus 1 cm plus twice the distance from umbilicus to symphysis pubis) showed significantly better correlation with appropriate insertion length of UAC (r=0.985, P<0.001) and estimated correct insertion length of 92% of UACs in all infants as compared with 57% accuracy with Shukla formula (P<0.001), and the correct insertion length in 94% of very low BW infants as compared with 68% accuracy with Wright formula (P<0.001). Simple and intuitive morphometric measurements UN and USp provide more accurate estimates of appropriate insertion lengths for umbilical catheters in infants with all BWs than commonly used BW-based formulas.
Relative earnings mobility in a third world country

Abstract This paper presents results from the first study to examine the extent and character of relative earnings mobility in a Third World country. It also tests the hypothesis that one year accounting periods overstate inequality differences between developed countries and less developed countries that are growing rapidly. In Malaysia, the country selected for the initial test of this hypothesis, men experience considerable relative earnings mobility. Seventy four percent of the sample moved one decile or more during the period examined; this mobility is predominantly permanent in nature. Both the extent and permanence of mobility found for Malaysia exceed levels found in comparable studies of the United States. Extending the accounting period from one to 10 years reduces measured inequality by 12%. These results support the hypothesis that single year measures of inequality overstate differences in inequality levels between developed and less developed countries.
A Lysozyme Folding Intermediate Revealed by Solution X-ray Scattering

Abstract Equilibrium unfolding of hen egg lysozyme as a function of urea concentration at pH 2.9 has been studied by solution X-ray scattering. Differences in the unfolding transition are observed as monitored by the radius of gyration R g , and by far and near UV CD (circular dichroism) at 222 nm and 298 nm, respectively. This suggests the existence of a third unfolding species, in addition to the native and the unfolded states. A singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis was made of the scattering curves at different urea concentrations. This analysis shows clear evidence of a third basis component in the X-ray scattering curves, thus supporting the results of the R g and CD measurements. The denaturant binding model was employed to estimate the thermodynamic parameters of denaturation for the intermediate and unfolded states. Use of these parameters to refine the SVD analysis allows us to reconstruct a scattering profile for the pure intermediate state. Simplified partially folded models, based on the crystal structure of hen lysozyme, support a working model for the intermediate, whose structure may be correlated with that of the kinetic intermediate found in the refolding pathway studied by Dobson and coworkers.
p53 Interacts with RNA Polymerase II through Its Core Domain and Impairs Pol II Processivity In Vivo

The tumor suppressor p53 principally functions as a gene-specific transcription factor. p53 triggers a variety of anti-proliferative programs by activating or repressing the transcription of effector genes in response to genotoxic stress. To date, much effort has been placed on understanding p53's ability to affect transcription in the context of its DNA-binding activity. How p53 regulates transcriptional output independent of DNA binding is less well understood. Here we provide evidence that human p53 can physically interact with the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) both in in vitro interaction assays and in whole cell extracts, and that this interaction is mediated (at least in part) through p53's core DNA-binding domain and the Ser5-phosphorylated CTD of Pol II. Ectopic expression of p53, combined with mutations in transcription elongation factors or exposure to drugs that inhibit Pol II elongation, elicit sickness or lethality in yeast cells. These phenotypes are suppressed by oncogenic point mutations within p53's core domain. The growth phenotypes raise the possibility that p53 impairs Pol II elongation. Consistent with this, a p53-dependent increase in Pol II density is seen at constitutively expressed genes without a concomitant increase in transcript accumulation. Additionally, p53-expressing yeast strains exhibit reduced transcriptional processivity at an episomal reporter gene; this inhibitory activity is abolished by a core domain point mutation. Our results suggest a novel mechanism by which p53 can regulate gene transcription, and a new biological function for its core domain that is susceptible to inactivation by oncogenic point mutations.
Genetic Homology and Attempted Transformation among Certain Lactic Streptococci

Abstract Evidence is presented which further substantiates earlier contentions that the lactic streptococci responsible for the malty defect in milk are very closely related to Streptococcus lactis . The average denaturation temperature (T m ) of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from malty strains examined was 85.06C, the mean per cent guanine + cytosine (GC) was 38.43. The mean T m of DNA from nonmalty strains was 85.15C, the corresponding mean for per cent GC was 38.62. The mean Tm for all strains examined was 85.10C, the mean GC composition was 38.54%. Homogeneity is evident since all strains examined exhibited similar to identical DNA base compositions. Results from DNA-RNA hybridization experiments indicate closely related DNA compositions and, therefore, a degree of genetic homology among the organisms investigated. However, under the experimental conditions employed, all attempts to affect transfer of the malty character and streptomycin-resistance to selected recipient cells were unsuccessful.
An algebraic stress model for stratified turbulent shear flows

Utilizing a simple time dependent one dimensional example as a test case this paper discusses a solution which represents the important characteristics of a bouyancy dominated shear flow by solving four partial differential equations in addition to the mean equations of motion. This suggested model solves equations for total turbulent kinetic energy, k, total turbulent temperature fluctuations, kt, eddy dissipation, ϵ, and thermal eddy dissipation, ϵt. Three separate versions of this model are discussed—an algebraic length scale version, a Prandtl-Kolmogorov eddy viscosity version, and an algebraic stress and heat flux model. The final version (requiring six partial differential equations) manages to replicate results for a much more complicated version (requiring ten partial differential equations). The advantages for two and three dimensional problems are even greater.
Creating Field Trip-Based Learning Communities

Abstract In this article, I propose using the “field trip-based learning community” as a way to foster informal interaction among students and faculty. By incorporating students into the design and implementation of a field trip, faculty can engineer an environment where student and teacher encourage and learn from one another in an environment not tied to any particular class or for any course credit. The strategy operates on the premise that frequent and regular contact of faculty with students outside the classroom environment results in opportunities for both groups to not only become actively involved in learning but also to see themselves as resources for each other's personal and educational growth and development. Maximizing the out-of-class academic experience is paramount.
Serum Progesterone and Luteinizing Hormone Levels During the Bovine Estrous Cycle

Serum progesterone and LH levels were measured in the same serum samples at various stages of the estrous cycle in 7 cyclic heifers. Progesterone values were determined by gas liquid chromatography, and LH levels were measured by a solid phase radioimmunoassay, using an antiserum to bovine LH. The radioimmunoassay was specific for LH as judged by several criteria and serial dilutions of standards and unknowns gave parallel curves. Various tests indicated that immunoreactive LH as measured by the radioimmunoassay was related to biological activity. Most animals had basal levels of serum LH of 2–4 ng/ml. A preovulatory LH peak (7–50 ng/ml) was observed in every heifer and LH levels declined rapidly following this peak. Every heifer showed a small luteal phase LH peak and 5 of the 7 heifers showed another LH peak 4–7 days before ovulation. These fluctuations in basal LH levels may be correlated with growth and atresia of anovulatory follicles. Progesterone levels were very low following estrus (>100 ng/100 m...