cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classification and management of restorative space in edentulous implant overdenture patients.

A classification system of available vertical restorative space (from the crest of the soft tissue edentulous ridge to the proposed occlusal plane) is introduced for edentulous arches to be restored with implant overdentures. The Class I arch has available vertical restorative space equal to or greater than 15 mm. An arch with 12 to14 mm of available vertical restorative space is categorized as Class II. Class III represents an arch with 9 to 11 mm of available space, while an arch with less than 9 mm of vertical restorative space is categorized as Class IV. A review of clinical procedures designed to improve vertical space availability is provided, including alveoloplasty, intentional increase of occlusal vertical dimension, occlusal plane repositioning and management of overdenture attachment selection. The authors stress the importance of considering vertical restorative space and its management for implant overdenture patients during treatment planning prior to implant placement.
The Treatment of Encopretic Children

Abstract A review of the literature on encopresis in children turns up a plethora of conceptualizations which can be categorized along physiological, interpersonal, intrapsychic, and behavioral lines as well as on combinations thereof. None of the various treatment methods derived from these theoretical viewpoints has been consistently effective. This paper, in describing an eclectic approach, stresses the trial use of a quick-acting suppository (Dulcolax) in combination with supportive measures and positive reinforcement before considering extensive psychological therapies. Data are examined about the treatment of 20 children, half of whom were offered the suppository method. Disappearance of soiling, more prompt in the experimental group, is associated with improvement in the parent-child relationship. A rationale for multilevel intervention is proposed which takes individual and familial differences into account.
High-frequency compound SC devices

High-frequency applications, especially microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies, demand the use of compound semiconductor (SC) transistors. The materials used and the design considerations provide an insight into the behavior of these devices. Both bipolar and field-effect devices are discussed and the properties relevant to high-frequency operation are presented.
A dominant follicle does not affect follicular recruitment by superovulatory doses of FSH in cattle but can inhibit ovulation.

It has been suggested that superovulation in cattle is impaired if FSH injections are initiated in the presence of a dominant follicle, but the results of experiments to test this hypothesis have been contradictory. However, previous experiments were conducted during mid-cycle, when the absence or presence of a dominant follicle is difficult to assess. We took a different approach by comparing the effects of initiating superovulatory injections of FSH (11 equal doses of FSH-P, every 12 h) on Day 1 of the bovine estrous cycle, when a dominant follicle clearly is not present, vs initiation on Day 6, when a dominant follicle clearly is present and actively growing (n = 17 heifers in a “crossover” design). In 817 heifers initiation of FSH injections in the presence of a dominant follicle (Day 6 group) caused ovulation of the dominant follicle within 1 to 2 days and formation of a smaller than normal CL. These animals had higher than normal concentrations of plasma progesterone around the time of expected estrus (P < 0.05) and failed to exhibit estrus. Although the mean number and diameter of the follicles recruited in response to FSH injections in heifers that ovulated the dominant follicle prematurely were not different from the other heifers in the Day 6 group, no ovulations were observed, and no embryos or ova were recovered 6 d after insemination. Conversely, when FSH injections were initiated on Day 1 in these 8 heifers, they exhibited estrus, and their plasma progesterone around the time of estrus, mean ovulation rate, and number of total and transferable embryos recovered did not differ from the responses observed in the remaining 9 heifers treated either on Day 1 or on Day 6. Taken together, these results indicate that a dominant follicle does not affect the ability of smaller follicles to be recruited in response to exogenous FSH, but may impair their ovulation. These findings provide an explanation for previous reports of decreased superovulatory responses during times of the cycle when a dominant follicle would be expected to be present.
ZnGeP 2 : A Wide Bandgap Chalcopyrite Structure Semiconductor for Nonlinear Optical Applications

In this paper we report the growth and characterization of wide bandgap chalcopyrite structure semiconductor ZnGeP2 epitaxial layers by open tube MOCVD and ZnGeP2 single crystals by high-pressure vapor transport (HPVT). The electrical and optical properties of these crystals have been investigated by Hall measurements, absorption spectroscopy, photoconductivity and photolumine-scence spectroscopy. The onset of the absorption edge for HPVT ZnGeP2 at 1.99 eV is in accord with the pseudodirect bandgap of this material. Both the melt-grown crystals and epitaxial layers show extended band tailing in the transparency range of ZnGeP2 depending on the growth conditions. Recently we have shown that epitaxial ZnGeP2 films can be grown with excellent surface morphology by MOCVD on (111) GaP substrates. These films should be suitable for phase matched second harmonic generation utilizing CO laser radiation in thick film heterostructures.
De Buenos Aires a México: la amistad literaria de Alfonso Reyes y Enrique Anderson Imbert

Al llegar el embajador Alfonso Reyes a Buenos Aires en julio de 1927, se vio rodeado desde el principio de jovenes poetas argentinos y de viejas amistades literarias de varias procedencias. Entre sus numerosas amistades argentinas encontramos a Enrique Anderson Imbert.
Gender comparison of physiologic and perceptual responses in recreational marathon runners

Purpose: The aim of this investigation was to compare gender differences in physiologic and perceptual responses during a 1-h run at recent marathon pace and running economy at three speeds in recreational marathon runners. Methods: In a counterbalanced design, 10 men and 10 women completed a 1-h treadmill run and a running economy test. Treadmill speed for the 1-h run ranged from 141 to 241 m·min−1 and 134, 168, and 188 m·min−1 for running economy. Physiologic parameters (oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, pulmonary ventilation, and heart rate) and perceived exertion were measured. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare any gender differences (P < .05) during the 1-h run and a two-way ANOVA was used to compare running economy. With this sample, estimated marathon energy expenditure, body composition, and maximal physiologic function was reported.1 Results: With the exception of an allometric expression of VO2 (mL·min−1·kg BW−0.75), similar gender physiologic and perceptual responses were foun...
A dimensional approach to developmental psychopathology.

The expression psychopathology in general and child psychopathology in particular, is affected by multiple sources of variance. Some of these sources include gender differences, informant differences, and age-related differences. In this paper, we discuss how these sources of variance complicate both research and clinical management. We argue that the current diagnostic system would be aided by the inclusion of a quantitative axis that can take these sources of variance into account. We reason that the fi elds of genomics and neuroscience are prepared to move the fi eld of developmental psychopathology forward, but need a diagnostic system that allows for these sources of variance to be controlled. We demonstrate how in Conduct Disorder, inclusion of dimensional information would allow the clinician or researcher to demonstrate not only the presence or absence of pathology, but also the degree to which the disorder is manifested in a particular individual. Because dimensional approaches are already used widely as an alternative measure of psychopathology, we argue that there is reason to consider dimensionalizing some aspects of the DSM. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supplementation with vitamin E fails to attenuate oxidative damage in aged mice

The validity of the oxidative stress hypothesis of aging has sometimes been questioned because the administration of low molecular weight antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol does not retard the aging process and extend maximum life span. Thus, the goal of the current study was to determine if increased oral intake of alpha-tocopheryl acetate indeed results in its augmentation in tissues or in their mitochondria, and whether or not this causes an attenuation of oxidative damage. Groups of relatively old (21 months) experimental mice were fed a diet supplemented with 1.65 g/kg alpha-tocopheryl acetate or the base diet (NIH-31), for 13 weeks. Supplementation with alpha-tocopheryl acetate increased alpha-tocopherol concentrations approximately 3-5-fold in plasma and in tissue homogenates and approximately 2-3-fold in mitochondria from liver, skeletal muscle and heart of the mice. However, supplementation affected neither the rate of heart mitochondrial H(2)O(2) generation nor products of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) and protein oxidation (protein carbonyls). Thus, in contrast to life-extending interventions such as caloric restriction, that can produce relatively rapid decreases in oxidative damage, supplementation with alpha-tocopheryl acetate had little or no impact on the steady-state level of cellular oxidative damage. This difference could explain why alpha-tocopherol administration has been found to be ineffective in the extension of the life span.
Luck Attributions and Cognitive Bias

Philosophers have developed three theories of luck: the probability theory, the modal theory, and the control theory. To help assess these theories, we conducted an empirical investigation of luck attributions. We created eight putative luck scenarios and framed each in either a positive or a negative light. Furthermore, we placed the critical luck event at the beginning, middle, or end of the scenario to see if the location of the event influenced luck attributions. We found that attributions of luckiness were significantly influenced by the framing of the scenario and by the location of the critical event. Positively framing an event led to significantly higher lucky ratings than negatively framing the same exact event. And the closer a negative event was placed toward the end of a scenario, the more unlucky the event was rated. Overall, our results raise the possibility that there is no such thing as luck and thereby pose serious challenges to the three prominent theories of luck. We instead propose that luck may be a cognitive illusion, a mere narrative device used to frame stories of success or failure.
Synthesis of 17α-[(E)-2-[125I]iodoethenyl]androsta-4,6-dien-17β-ol-3-one, an active-site-directed photoaffinity radiolabel for androgen-binding proteins

17α-[125I]Iodoethynyl-4,6-androstadien-17β-ol-3-one with a specific radioactivity of 24 Ci/mmol was prepared as an active-site-directed photoaffinity radiolabel for androgen-binding proteins. The iodinated steroid was formed by the silver nitrate-catalyzed reaction of N-[125I]iodosuccinimide and 17α-ethynyl-4,6-androstadien-17β-ol-3-one in acetone. N-[125I]Iodosuccinimide was prepared by reaction of silver succinimide with iodine-125 in dioxane, the latter being formed by oxidation of sodium iodide-125 with sodium nitrite-nitric acid in water-hexane.
The crisis of neoliberalism and the future of international institutions: A comparison of the IMF and the WTO

The current crisis of neoliberalism is calling into question the relevance of key international institutions. We analyze the origins, nature, and possible impacts of the crisis through comparing two such institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Both originated in the post-World War II U.S.-led hegemonic order and were transformed as part of the transition to global neoliberalism. We show that while the IMF and the WTO have been part of the same hegemonic project, their distinct institutional features have put them on significantly different trajectories. Historical differences in the two institutions’ systems of rules have placed the IMF in a more vulnerable position than the WTO, which provides clues to the future contours of global economic governance.
Safety and immunogenicity of Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait (ONRAB) in the first us field trial in raccoons (Procyon lotor)

Abstract In 2011, we conducted a field trial in rural West Virginia, USA to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a live, recombinant human adenovirus (AdRG1.3) rabies virus glycoprotein vaccine (Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait; ONRAB) in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). We selected ONRAB for evaluation because of its effectiveness in raccoon rabies management in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and significantly higher antibody prevalence rates in raccoons compared with a recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) vaccine, Raboral V-RG®, in US–Canada border studies. Raccoon rabies was enzootic and oral rabies vaccination (ORV) had never been used in the study area. We distributed 79,027 ONRAB baits at 75 baits/km2 mostly by fixed-wing aircraft along parallel flight lines at 750-m intervals. Antibody prevalence was significantly higher at 49.2% (n = 262) in raccoons after ONRAB was distributed than the 9.6% (n = 395) before ORV. This was the highest antibody prevalence...
The Work–Family Interface and Promotability Boundary Integration as a Double-Edged Sword

Based on role accumulation theory and boundary theory we propose and examine a model that represents the process by which family involvement influences promotability through enrichment, and the moderating roles of employees’ boundary management preferences (i.e., segmentation/integration) in that process. Data collected from 347 registered nurses and their supervisors (N = 40) across three periods showed that as employees’ family involvement increases, they are able to accumulate resources from their family role and transfer them to the workplace. This increase in family-to-work enrichment (FWE) benefits employees by increasing supervisor perceptions of employees’ promotability. As hypothesized, an integrating boundary management preference serves as a double-edged sword for employees such that it strengthens the positive influence of family involvement on FWE, but weakens the relationship between FWE and supervisor perceptions of promotability.
Beyond fontan conversion: surgical therapy of arrhythmias including patients with associated complex congenital heart disease

Abstract Background Arrhythmia operations may be extended to patients with failed ablation procedures or associated structural defects requiring surgical intervention. The purpose of this study is to review our experience with arrhythmia operations in 29 patients who did not have Fontan conversions after the introduction of catheter ablation. Methods Between July 1992 and January 2002, 29 patients had operations for refractory atrial (n = 24) or ventricular (n = 5) arrhythmias. Mechanisms of arrhythmia included atrial reentry (n = 11), atrial fibrillation (n = 5), automatic atrial (n = 3), accessory connections (n = 6), atrioventricular nodal reentry (n = 2), and ventricular tachycardia (n = 5). Median age at operation was 12.3 years (range, 6 days to 45 years). Two patients had structurally normal hearts; the remaining 27 patients underwent concomitant repair of structural heart disease, including atrioventricular valve replacement or repair (n = 8), anatomy-specific repair of Ebstein's anomaly (n = 4), tetralogy of Fallot repair or revision (n = 4), atrial septal defect closure (n = 3), ventricular septal defect repair (n = 2), Mustard takedown with arterial switch (n = 2), initial Fontan (n = 2), right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit revision (n = 2), Norwood procedure (n = 1), 1 ventricular repair for Uhl's anomaly (n = 1), Mustard baffle revision (n = 1), pulmonary valve replacement with aneurysm resection (n = 1), and aortic valve replacement with complex repair (n = 1). Results No patient developed heart block, and the surgical mortality rate was 7%. One patient died after Mustard takedown and arterial switch operation, and 1 neonate died after repair of severe Ebstein's anomaly. There was one late death after arterial switch conversion at another institution. Recurrent clinical supraventricular tachycardia was present in 2 patients (2 of 27, 7.4%) and 2 patients had new-onset tachycardias with different underlying mechanisms of arrhythmia at late follow-up (median follow-up 47 months). Conclusions Successful surgical therapy of arrhythmias can be performed safely at the time of repair of complex congenital heart disease or in patients with failed catheter ablation procedures. Early consideration for single-stage therapy of arrhythmia and structural heart disease is indicated.
HF-Based Etching Processes for Improving Laser Damage Resistance of Fused Silica Optical Surfaces

The effect of various HF-based etching processes on the laser damage resistance of scratched fused silica surfaces has been investigated. Conventionally polished and subsequently scratched fused silica plates were treated by submerging in various HF-based etchants (HF or NH4F:HF at various ratios and concentrations) under different process conditions (e.g., agitation frequencies, etch times, rinse conditions, and environmental cleanliness). Subsequently, the laser damage resistance (at 351 or 355 nm) of the treated surface was measured. The laser damage resistance was found to be strongly process dependent and scaled inversely with scratch width. The etching process was optimized to remove or prevent the presence of identified precursors (chemical impurities, fracture surfaces, and silica-based redeposit) known to lead to laser damage initiation. The redeposit precursor was reduced (and hence the damage threshold was increased) by: (1) increasing the SiF62− solubility through reduction in the NH4F concentration and impurity cation impurities, and (2) improving the mass transport of reaction product (SiF62−) (using high-frequency ultrasonic agitation and excessive spray rinsing) away from the etched surface. A 2D finite element crack-etching and rinsing mass transport model (incorporating diffusion and advection) was used to predict reaction product concentration. The predictions are consistent with the experimentally observed process trends. The laser damage thresholds also increased with etched amount (up to ∼30 μm), which has been attributed to: (1) etching through lateral cracks where there is poor acid penetration, and (2) increasing the crack opening resulting in increased mass transport rates. With the optimized etch process, laser damage resistance increased dramatically; the average threshold fluence for damage initiation for 30 μm wide scratches increased from 7 to 41 J/cm2, and the statistical probability of damage initiation at 12 J/cm2 of an ensemble of scratches decreased from ∼100 mm−1 of scratch length to ∼0.001 mm−1.
Infrastructure for B2B exchanges with RosettaNet

Business-to-business transactions requires interactions between diverse applications and businesses. This gives rise to the need for a common standard and protocol for exchanging business messages. Several consortiums and companies have developed frameworks that aim at achieving interoperability between businesses, so as to ease the entire process to B2B e-commerce. Among the well noted is RosettaNet. RosettaNet develops XML based business standards for supply chain partners in the hi-technology industry. These standards address the issue of interoperability by defining business processes and providing technical specifications for exchanging data. This paper describes a software solution for application integration by implementing the RosettaNet standards. The prototype application developed is a platform independent B2B integration software solution based on the specifications.
Ambient temperature and dietary supplementation interact to shape mosquito vector competence for malaria

The extent to which environmental factors influence the ability of Anopheles mosquitoes to transmit malaria parasites remains poorly explored. Environmental variation, such as change in ambient temperature, will not necessarily influence the rates of host and parasite processes equivalently, potentially resulting in complex effects on infection outcomes. As proof of principle, we used Anopheles stephensi and the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium yoelii, to examine the effects of a range of constant temperatures on one aspect of host defense (detected as alterations in expression of nitric oxide synthase gene - NOS) to parasite infection. We experimentally boosted mosquito midgut immunity to infection through dietary supplementation with the essential amino acid l-Arginine (l-Arg), which increases midgut nitric oxide (NO) levels by infection-induced NOS catalysis in A. stephensi. At intermediate temperatures, supplementation reduced oocyst prevalence, oocyst intensity, and sporozoite prevalence suggesting that the outcome of parasite infection was potentially dependent upon the rate of NOS-mediated midgut immunity. At low and high temperature extremes, however, infection was severely constrained irrespective of supplementation. The effects of l-Arg appeared to be mediated by NO-dependent negative feedback on NOS expression, as evidenced by depressed NOS expression in l-Arg treated groups at temperatures where supplementation decreased parasite infection. These results suggest the need to consider the direct (e.g. effects of mosquito body temperature on parasite physiology) and indirect effects (e.g. mediated through changes in mosquito physiology/immunity) of environmental factors on mosquito-malaria interactions in order to understand natural variation in vector competence.
Fibronectin Matrix Formation is a Prerequisite for Colonization of Kidney Tumor Cells in Fibrin

Fibrin plays an important role in lung metastasis. Here we show that fibrin promotes colony formation in primary kidney tumor cells from patients with kidney metastasis. In addition, we found that inhibition of fibrin formation with the thrombin inhibitor hirudin in nude mice in vivo significantly reduced the metastatic outgrowth of kidney tumor cells. Colony formation was significantly more efficient in tumor cells embedded in fibrin compared to matrigel and this effect correlates with the capacity of tumor cells to assemble a fibronectin matrix and generate stress fibers. Interestingly, stress fiber formation in fibrin was a specific function of metastatic kidney tumor cells while non-metastatic cells remained round. Inhibition of stress fiber formation with the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632, in turn, reduced fibronectin matrix assembly and colony formation in fibrin suggesting that spreading is a critical mechanism for the outgrowth of metastatic kidney tumor cells. Overall, our results indicate that adhesive interactions with fibrin play an important role for the progression of renal cell carcinoma and that inhibiting these interactions could be a promising strategy for treatment and prevention of kidney cancer metastasis.
Is there a role for second-line chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer?

Summary Gastric cancer remains one of the most common forms of cancer worldwide. Unfortunately, most patients will present with advanced-stage disease, and will therefore need palliative chemotherapy. Some chemotherapy regimens have been well established as first-line therapy, and have been shown to increase survival; however, almost all patients with metastatic gastric cancer will develop progressive disease after first-line therapy. With the availability of several active chemotherapy drugs, many patients who retain a good performance status after the initial treatment remain good candidates for additional therapy; however, no standard approach for second-line therapy exists. Many small, phase 2 trials have been done and the findings are variable. No data from randomised-controlled trials suggest a benefit of second-line chemotherapy compared with supportive care alone. We review the published data concerning the use of chemotherapy in the second-line setting for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer.
Family, Social Ties and Self-Meaning in Old Age: The Development of an Affective Identity

The meaning of the self in old age is examined from an interactionist perspective, employing a variation of a recently developed methodological technique (Burke & Tully, 1977). The identity of older persons is found to incorporate a dimension of affectiveness versus effectiveness, i.e. a self-meaning as one who operates from feeling and emotion rather than action. The meaning of affectiveness is stressed as not synonymous with ineffectiveness. In addition, the analysis related identity directly with age, poor health and widowhood. For men, lack of social involvement and the `empty nest' also contribute to a sense of affectiveness, but appears to have no effect on women. It is concluded that although differences in the environment, including poor health and role losses, are related to differences in the self meaning of the elderly, the meaning is not necessarily a negative or pathological one.
Interactions between Equine Cyclin T1, Tat, and TAR Are Disrupted by a Leucine-to-Valine Substitution Found in Human Cyclin T1

Transcriptional transactivators (Tat) from human immunodeficiency and equine infectious anemia viruses (HIV and EIAV) interact with their transactivation response elements (TAR) to increase the rates of viral transcription. Whereas the human cyclin T1 is required for the binding of Tat to TAR from HIV, it is unknown how Tat from EIAV interacts with its TAR. Furthermore, Tat from EIAV functions in equine and canine cells but not in human cells. In this study, we present sequences of cyclins T1 from horse and dog and demonstrate that their N-terminal 300 residues rescue the transactivation of Tat from EIAV in human cells. Although human and equine cyclins T1 bind to this Tat, only the equine cyclin T1 supports the binding of Tat to TAR from EIAV. Finally, a reciprocal exchange of the valine for the leucine at position 29 in human and equine cyclins T1, respectively, renders the human cyclin T1 active and the equine cyclin T1 inactive for Tat transactivation from EIAV. Thus, the collaboration between a specific cyclin T1 and Tat for their high-affinity interaction with TAR is a common theme of lentiviral transactivation.
Rearrest after prehospital resuscitation.

AbstractObjectives. To determine how often out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients who achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) experience rearrest during their emergency medical services (EMS) care and to analyze their arrest characteristics, including survival to hospital discharge. Methods. A retrospective patient care record review was conducted for all treated OHCA patients between January 1, 2000, and February 28, 2008. Data were obtained from a countywide EMS patient care database that included treating EMS provider documentation and receiving hospital patient outcomes. If resuscitation was attempted, all OHCA patients, regardless of age, were included in the study. Those who achieved ROSC were identified and the number of patients who experienced rearrest was determined. Return of spontaneous circulation was defined as EMS documentation of a palpable pulse, and rearrest was defined as a change in cardiac rhythm associated with loss of a palpable pulse, regardless of duration. Cardia...
Decision Making Under Climate Uncertainty: The Power of Understanding Judgment and Decision Processes

On the importance of descriptive models of judgment and choice processes.The disciplines of economics and political science, as well as applied climate science, have added a great deal to our understanding of the obstacles to the use of climate information. However, in order for climate information to be fully embraced and successfully implemented into risk management, the issue needs to be looked at in terms of risk communication in human decision makers — (as) individuals and (in) groups. What is special about human risk perception and decision making under risk and situations of uncertainty regarding climate? This is where psychology, behavioral economics, and behavioral game theory offer important insights and tools to design effective risk management processes. In this chapter we first discuss uncertainty as a barrier to predictability. We review how normative and descriptive models differ in their postulates about the processes by which people predict the likelihood of uncertain events, choose among actions with uncertain outcomes, and among actions with delayed outcomes. Throughout (this paper we discuss the challenges (and possibly opportunities) that arise from the fact that decision makers employ readily available heuristics, taking advantage of memory and past experience. However, the use of heuristics can also lead to systematic biases, and (b) have multiple and oftentimes conflicting goals, as they are influenced by a range of qualitatively different incentives in their judgments, decisions, and actions. The chapter concludes with suggestions on how to overcome barriers of uncertainty by using insights from behavioral decision research in constructive ways to designing climate risk communication and effective decision environments that will be effective in achieving goals of possible policy interventions.
Chapter 1 The Photocurrent and Dark Current of Retinal Rods

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the photocurrent and dark current of retinal rods. Some recent electrophysiological experiments on the conductance-controlling processes in the rod outer segment are discussed in the chapter. The chapter examines a single outer segment's membrane current—a variable more directly related to the primary transduction process than the intracellular potential. Many of the results on the kinetics of the transduction mechanism can be brought together with a speculative scheme of the kind outlined in the chapter. Isomerization of rhodospin sets into motion a cascade of events culminating in the reduction in the conductance of the surface membrane. Each stage in the cascade is assumed to involve the production of an active substance, which, during its mean lifetime, catalyzes the formation of the next active substance. It would be simple if a single substance, formed as a product of the chain, controls the lifetimes of the active intermediates.
A linear model of muscle respiration explains monoexponential phosphocreatine changes

Phosphocreatine (PCr) content was measured by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the gastrocnemius muscles of pentobarbital-anesthetized rats during and after twitch stimulation at rates up to 0.75 Hz. The monoexponential time constant for PCr changes was similar at the onset of vs. during recovery after stimulation and was not significantly different for different stimulation rates (mean time constant 1.44 min). Steady-state PCr level during stimulation was linearly related to the product of stimulation rate times peak twitch force. These results are shown to be consistent with a simple first-order electrical analog model of oxidative metabolism that is applicable at submaximal oxidative rates. The model assumes equilibrium of the creatine kinase reaction, which is modeled as a chemical capacitor, with capacitance proportional to the total creatine level, and PCr level proportional to the cytosolic free energy of ATP hydrolysis.
Biochemical, endocrine, and other indices during quinestrol therapy.

The effect of .025 mg quinestrol twice daily for 6 months was studied in 8 menopausal and postmenopausal women. There was no change in mean body weight blood pressure readings pulse rate or electrocardiograms. Vaginal smears showed an estrogenic effect of the drug which included cornification of the vaginal epithelium. There was a slight decrease in beta lipoproteincholesterol and serum acid phosphatase. There was an increase in serum creatine between the third and sixth months of treatment with no change in serum creatinine. In non-diabetic women glucose-induced hypophosphatemia was accentuated. In diabetic women the glucose tolerance appeared to improve. In both groups increases in serum insulin caused by a glucose load were less under quinestrol therapy than without.
La « diversité » comme capital : La re-conceptualisation néolibérale de la différence linguistique et sociale

Dans les discours neoliberaux sur le travail, les travailleurs sont imagines comme des faisceaux de competences, certaines etant dites « formelles » (le savoir et les techniques), d’autres « informelles » (les aptitudes et les caracteristiques sociales). Dans cette conception, tout attribut pense en termes de travail productif, meme les differentes formes de se comporter socialement, peut etre considere comme une competence. En particulier, les marqueurs de differences sociales peuvent etre consideres comme des competences, y compris les marqueurs raciaux, ethniques et linguistiques, pour autant qu’on puisse supposer qu’ils apportent une valeur a l’entreprise. Des differences que l’on pourrait par ailleurs interpreter comme des indications de race, d’ethnicite ou d’identite nationale sont re-imaginees comme des proprietes appartenant a des individus. De plus, les salaries sont rendus responsables de la conversion de leurs propres marqueurs de desavantage social en marqueurs de valeur ajoutee. De maniere generale, les differences langagieres et raciales/ethniques fonctionnent de maniere complementaire dans le monde du travail issu de la globalisation : les differences linguistiques operent comme des competences « formelles » et les caracteristiques sociales identitaires de la « diversite » comme des competences « informelles ».
Training retinal imagers for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening.

Purpose To report the training/certification process of nonphysician imagers, image quality, and factors that affected image quality in the National Eye Institute sponsored multicentered e-ROP study. Methods Nonphysician imagers underwent rigorous training and certification in obtaining retinal images, with attention to clarity, focus, and optic disk placement. Image readers measured pupil size in pupil image and graded posterior pole, temporal, nasal, superior, and inferior retinal images and classified them as good, adequate, poor, or missing. Good and adequate images were deemed acceptable. Results In 4,003 image sessions of 1,257 infants, 3,453 (86.8%) were complete. Of 39,550 retinal images, 91.7% had acceptable quality, 5.6% poor, and 2.7% were missing. Inadequate pupil dilation negatively affected acceptable image quality: 54% acceptable images for pupil 6 mm ( P P P = 0.03) from first 6 months to last 6 months at low patient volume centers, while high patient volume centers remained stable at 95%. Conclusions Nonphysicians successfully obtained acceptable quality images for ROP evaluation. Skills improved with experience. Image quality was negatively affected by inadequate pupil dilation and the presence of obstructive ventilatory equipment.
Monitoring Total Parenteral Nutrition

The need for nutritional support in the clinical setting is becoming widely accepted. With the increasing use of nutritional support, and especially total parenteral nutrition (TPN) therapy, the laboratory assumes an important role in patientmonitoring. The following article addresses indications for TPN, reviews TPN methods and solutions, and considers in some detail the objectives of the laboratory monitoring of TPN therapy.
SiGe Heterojunctions Transistors and Optoelectronic Devices

SiGe alloys have been successfully applied to a number of semiconductor devices, including bipolar heterojunction transistors, field effect transistors (FET's), and optoelectronic devices and structures. This review paper will first summarize the results obtained to-date in bipolar transistors, highlighting the design flexibility and the trade-offs offered by SiGe heterojunction technology and bandgap engineering, like junction field/capacitance control, liquid nitrogen operation and complementary processes. The leverage of this technology in high speed circuits will be discussed, including the record 75 GHz fr and 60 GHz f max heterojunction bipolar transistors, the achievement of sub-25 ps ECL ring oscillator delay, and the doubling of the mobility in p-MODFETs. The applications of this technology to optoelectronic devices, including detectors and waveguides, will also be reviewed, to extend the use of silicon technology to long wavelength communication technology and infrared imaging.
Progestin Injectable Contraceptives

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is an injectable progestin-only contraceptive administered every 13 weeks. Users of DMPA can be up to 2 weeks late for their repeat injection without requiring additional contraceptive protection. DMPA is an extremely effective contraceptive agent when used consistently. With typical use, approximately 6 out of 100 women will become pregnant in the first year of use, reflecting that many users do not return for repeat injections. DMPA is reversible and can be used by women of all ages; however, there is a delayed return to fertility after discontinuation (median duration 10 months). There are few contraindications to DMPA use and it can be used in postpartum and breastfeeding women. Benefits of DMPA include treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and a decreased risk of endometrial cancer.
Rice Heading and Fruiting Under Different Head Dressing Regulation Date

In order to further improve setting rate,the effects of different head dressing regulation on two rice varieties with large panicles were studied,the effects of application periods on rice heading and fruiting were analyzed to enhance the regulation effects.Results:after applying panicle fertilizer at inverse3 rd leaf,the degradation ratio of primary branches per-panicle reduced by 0.64 and 2.33 percentages and the secondary branches per-panicle reduced by 5.27 and 1.78percentages;the degradation ratio of spikelet decreased by 7.88 and 5.84percentages;the final seed-setting ratio reached 85.62% and 83.41%.Therefore,as for large-spike rice it was no need to take measures to promote the spikelet number,but adding nitrogen before the stage of pollen mother cell meiosis could ensure the adequate nutrition during meiosis and prevent the degradation of rachis-branches and spikelet.
Picosecond Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of the Photolysis Product of Oxy-Hemoglobin

The ligand binding processes of hemoglobin and myoglobin are among the most extensively studied kinetic mechanisms in biology. In recent years, the photodeligation mechanisms of hemoglobin and myoglobin have been investigated by a number of groups using picosecond absorption spectroscopy [1–4]. In this paper, we present some of our recent results, using a newly developed technique, picosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy [5–7], which produces vibrational spectra of transient rather than stable molecules. Flash photolysis techniques, such as picosecond absorption spectroscopy, have been powerful methods for identifying chemical intermediates and providing kinetic rate information. The broad absorptions though, contain only limited structural information. Resonance Raman spectroscopy, on the other hand, is capable of providing detailed vibrational information [8] and can be time-resolved using pulsed laser techniques [9].
A comprehensive experimental and modeling study of sulfur trioxide formation in oxy-fuel combustion

Abstract This study focuses on the sulfur chemistry occurring within an oxy-combustion system by adopting a combined approach of detailed kinetic modeling and experiments. Influences of variable combustion parameters on SO3 generation have been investigated computationally by implementing different combustion mechanisms. Results indicated significant influences of the equivalence ratio, inlet SO2 concentration and presence of NO on SO3 formation while the inlet O2 concentration exhibited minimal effect. Presence of NO demonstrated different degrees of direct and indirect interactions between NOx and SOx species for different reaction sets. Sensitivity analysis indicated radicals to be playing a dominant role in SO3 formation. Collected temporal profiles of SO3 from the lab-scale combustion setup showed evidence of significant SO3 formation at temperatures as low as 650 K under realistic boiler temperature conditions. The equivalence ratio and the concentrations of SO2, O2 and NO were found to influence the SO3 formation. Predictions of final SO3 concentration from different mechanisms were comparable with the experimental data; however, the trend of the temporal profiles could not be anticipated by the models. Experiments conducted in the presence of NO indicated the existence of interactions between NOx and SOx species and also the requirement of modifications to the existing oxy-combustion models.
Mechanism and Dynamics of Intramolecular C-H Insertion Reactions of 1-Aza-2-azoniaallene Salts.

The 1-aza-2-azoniaallene salts, generated from α-chloroazo compounds by treatment with halophilic Lewis acids, undergo intramolecular C–H amination reactions to form pyrazolines in good to excellent yields. This intramolecular amination occurs readily at both benzylic and tertiary aliphatic positions and proceeds at an enantioenriched chiral center with retention of stereochemistry. Competition experiments show that insertion occurs more readily at an electron-rich benzylic position than it does at an electron-deficient one. The C–H amination reaction occurs only with certain tethers connecting the heteroallene cation and the pendant aryl groups. With a longer tether or when the reaction is intermolecular, electrophilic aromatic substitution occurs instead of C–H amination. The mechanism and origins of stereospecificity and chemoselectivity were explored with density functional theory (B3LYP and M06-2X). The 1-aza-2-azoniaallene cation undergoes C–H amination through a hydride transfer transition state to...
The Women of Colonial Latin America: Women and Slavery

I declare that when I married dona Margarita Mexia, she brought with her as her dowry 1,000 pesos and a black slave named Catalina de la Cruz, and that the said slave has produced seven other slaves [ piezas de esclavos y esclavos ] named Nicolasa Ramos, a twenty-year-old black woman; Alfonso Jose, a suckling child; Jose Ramos, an eighteen-year-old black man; Antonio Lugardo, a mulatto boy, 14 to 15 years old; Ignacio Jose de Ramos, a dark mulatto boy, 4 to 5 years old; and Margarita Ramos, a fair-skinned mulatta girl, between 2 and 3 years old. I declare them all to be slaves, subject to service. Inventory taken at San Miguel de Almolonga, 1 July 1699: Among other property belonging to Don Nicolas Ramos de Bustos, we take inventory of the following slaves: Catalina, 38-year-old black woman, married to Manuel de Rueda, free mulatto Nicolasa, daughter of the abovementioned Catalina, 18 years old Jose, 14-year-old black, son of Catalina Antonio, a 12-year-old mulatto, son of Catalina Margarita Maria, 8 years old, daughter of Catalina Ignacio Jose, 5-year-old mulatto, son of Catalina Margarita de Guadalupe, a mulatta girl, daughter of Catalina, between 2 and 3 years old Alfonso Jose, 8 months old, son of the abovementioned Nicolasa [Catalina’s grandson] Just as the women of the conquered pre-Columbian Indian populations found their lives changed forever as a result of the coming of European conquerors, the position and role of African women were permanently altered by their enslavement and transportation to the New World. Far from their communities of origin and torn from their cultures, slaves were forced to re-create a new social and religious world. They did this by accepting Hispanic forms while maintaining parts of their African heritage. Although they were viewed as legally inferior to the indigenous population, most slaves probably had closer day-to-day contact with their masters than did Indians. This was particularly true of enslaved women.
The bitangential matrix Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation problem revisited

We revisit four approaches to the BiTangential Operator Argument Nevanlinna–Pick (BTOA-NP) interpolation theorem on the right half-plane: (1) the state-space approach of Ball–Gohberg–Rodman, (2) the Fundamental Matrix Inequality approach of the Potapov school, (3) a reproducing kernel space interpretation for the solution criterion, and (4) the Grassmannian/Kreĭn-space geometry approach of Ball–Helton. These four approaches lead to three distinct solution criteria which therefore must be equivalent to each other. We give alternative concrete direct proofs of each of these latter equivalences. In the final section we show how all the results extend to the case where one seeks to characterize interpolants in the Kreĭn–Langer generalized Schur class S κ of meromorphic matrix functions on the right half-plane, with the integer κ as small as possible.
The pariah femininity hierarchy: comparing white women’s body hair and fat stigmas in the United States

AbstractThe corporeal turn in the social sciences has stimulated considerable interdisciplinary research into embodied stigmas, but these theories do not account for why certain traits become more stigmatized than others. This study argues that the ‘real women’ imagery associated with the Western Body Positive movement reveals a ‘pariah femininity’ hierarchy: fat women achieve representation significantly more often than hairy women. In order to identify the stigma differential that might account for this representational difference, this study comparatively analyzes the parameters of stigma that United States viewers associate with each trait. A discourse analysis of online feedback from campaign viewers yields two important findings: (1) white women’s body hair poses a relative threat to patriarchal gender ideology and (2) viewers associate women’s body hair, more so than women’s body fat, with feminism. These two findings have important implications for academic efforts to theorize corporeal stigma, he...
Spotting Bubbles: A Two-Pillar Framework for Policy Makers

In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, the issue of how best to identify speculative bubbles remains in flux. This owes to the difficulty of disentangling irrational investor exuberance from the rational response to lower risk, based on price behavior alone. In response, I introduce a twopillar (price and quantity) approach for financial market surveillance. While asset pricing models comprise a valuable component of the surveillance toolkit, risk taking behavior, and financial vulnerabilities more generally, can also be reflected in subtler, non-price terms. Though policy makers will always encounter uncertainty when attempting to measure imbalances in financial markets, ‘perfect should not be the enemy of the good.’ In this spirit, the framework in this paper seems to capture some of the stylized facts of asset booms and busts, and thus could offer policy makers a practical guide as to when to consider leaning against the wind.
Rehabilitation of steel tension members using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites

Abstract: This chapter discusses the repair of steel tension members using adhesively bonded FRP laminates. The chapter first outlines conventional repair methods and introduces the alternative of bonded FRP laminates, discussing the key issue of surface preparation for durability. The chapter then covers the fundamentals of design and analysis with an emphasis on detailing and stress, and comments on future trends fostered by the latest advances in material science.