cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ground water discharge by evapotranspiration in wetlands of an arid intermountain basin

Summary To improve basin-scale modeling of ground water discharge by evapotranspiration (ET) in relation to water table depth, daily ET was measured using the Bowen ratio energy balance method during 1999–2005 in five herbaceous plant dominated wetlands in an arid intermountain basin in Colorado, USA. Three wetlands were wet meadows supplied primarily by regional ground water flow and two were playas supplied primarily by local stream flow. In wet meadows, mean daily water table depth (WTD) ranged from 0.00 m (ground surface) to 1.2 m, with low inter-annual variability. In wet meadows, annual actual ET (ETa) was 751–994 mm, and ground water discharge from the shallow aquifer (ETg) was 75–88% of ETa. In playas, mean daily WTD ranged from � 0.65 to 1.89 m, with high inter-annual variability. In playas, annual ETa was 352–892 mm, and ETg was 0–77% of ETa. The relationship of annual ETg to WTD was compared to existing ETg– WTD models. For wet meadows, ETg decreased exponentially as WTD increased from 0.13 to 0.95 m (r 2 = 0.83, CV = 5%, p < 0.001). In comparison with our findings, existing models under- and over-estimate ETg by � 30% to 47% at WTD of 0.13 m, and they under-estimate ETg by � 12% to � 42% at WTD of 0.95 m. This study found that as the water table declined from near the soil surface to 0.95 m, ETg decreased only � 26% versus 39– 55% estimated by existing models. The magnitude of ETg decrease was 220 mm, whereas existing models predicted decreases up to 700 mm (218% greater). In playas, there was no clear ETg–WTD relationship. Instead, ETg was strongly dependent on the surface water supply. When sufficient surface water inputs occurred to meet ET demand, ETg was � 0 mm/yr and independent of WTD. When inputs did not meet ET demand, ETg was positive though highly variable at WTD up to 1.68 m.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing across the Life Span: Exploring a Human Disorder Using Animal Models

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a constellation of breathing disorders that occur during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the most common form, is characterized by complete or partial airway obstruction, hypoventilation, and central apneas, all of which lead to recurrent episodes of hypoxia, hypercapnia, sleep fragmentation, and elevated sympathetic tone. OSA occurs throughout the life span and is associated with significant cognitive, metabolic, and cardiovascular consequences that impair the quality of life. Building on observations that the upper airway collapses during sleep, obesity increases the risk of upper airway obstruction, and this obstruction leads to periods of hypoxia and reoxygenation that cause oxidative stress, researchers used large and small animal models to study the genetic predeterminants of OSA, the neuromechanical control of the upper airway during development and aging, and the metabolic consequences of oxidative stress. From the early canine models of experimentally induced upper airway obstruction to the current rodent models of intermittent hypoxia, the information now available has significantly improved scientists' understanding of the pathogenesis of OSA and its consequences, leading to better care for individuals with sleep-disordered breathing.
Chp1-Tas3 Interaction Is Required To Recruit RITS to Fission Yeast Centromeres and for Maintenance of Centromeric Heterochromatin

The maintenance of centromeric heterochromatin in fission yeast relies on the RNA interference-dependent complexes RITS (RNA-induced transcriptional silencing complex) and RDRC (RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex), which cooperate in a positive feedback loop to recruit high levels of histone H3 K9 methyltransferase activity to centromeres and to promote the assembly and maintenance of centromeric heterochromatin. However, it is unclear how these complexes are targeted to chromatin. RITS comprises Chp1, which binds K9-methylated histone H3; Ago1, which binds short interfering (siRNAs); the adaptor protein Tas3, which links Ago1 to Chp1; and centromeric siRNAs. We have generated mutants in RITS to determine the contribution of the two potential chromatin-targeting proteins Chp1 and Ago1 to the centromeric recruitment of RITS. Mutations in Tas3 that disrupt Ago1 binding are permissive for RITS recruitment and maintain centromeric heterochromatin, but the role of Tas3's interaction with Chp1 is unknown. Here, we define the Chp1 interaction domain of Tas3. A strain expressing a tas3 mutant that cannot bind Chp1 (Tas3Δ10-24) failed to maintain centromeric heterochromatin, with a loss of centromeric siRNAs, a failure to recruit RITS and RDRC to centromeres, and high levels of chromosome loss. These findings suggest a pivotal role for Chp1 and its association with Tas3 for the recruitment of RITS, RDRC, and histone H3 K9 methyltransferase activity to centromeres.
Toward organic electronics with properties inspired by biological tissue

The carbon framework common to both organic semiconductors and biological structures suggests that these two classes of materials should be easily integrated. Substantial work, however, will be required to endow synthetic electroactive materials with properties resembling those of biological tissue, which exhibits extreme elasticity, biodegradability, and the capacity for self-repair. This Highlight reviews successful integration of organic semiconductor devices with biological systems, for example, in wearable and implantable health monitors and prosthetic devices. It then points to recent work in the areas of molecularly stretchable electronics, whole devices that can degrade under physiological conditions, and conjugated polymers capable of self-healing, which together suggest the possibility of a future in which organic electronics and biological tissue can interact seamlessly.
Injection moulding of high aspect ratio micron-scale thickness polymeric microcantilevers

Tipless thermoplastic microcantilevers suitable for chemical and biological sensing applications were fabricated by injection moulding. Their stiffnesses and resonant frequencies were each determined by two techniques. Polystyrene beams produced by this method exhibited stiffnesses ranging from 0.01 to 10 N m−1, making them feasible for biosensing applications. The approach proved repeatable with low standard deviations on the parameters measured on 22 microcantilever beams (stiffness and first-mode resonant frequency) made from the same mould. The variations were much lower than those of similar, commercially available, silicon-type beams. The polymeric microcantilevers were shown to be of at least equal calibre to commercially available microcantilevers.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Using Hints for Autobiographical Authentication: A Field Study

To address the limitations of static challenge question based authentication mechanism, recently smartphone-based autobiographical authentication mechanisms are being explored where challenge questions are generated using users’ day-today activities captured by smartphones dynamically. However, users’ poor recall rate in such systems is still a significant problem that negatively affects the usability of such systems. To address this challenge, this paper investigates the possibility of using hints that may help users to recall recent day-to-day events more easily and explores various design alternatives for generating hints. Specifically, in this paper, we generate challenge questions and hints for three different kinds of autobiographical data (e.g., call logs, SMS logs, and location logs), and evaluate the effect of different question types and hint types on user performance by conducting a real-life study with 24 users over a 30 day period. To test whether hints are useful/harmful for adversaries’ response accuracy, we simulate various kinds of adversaries (e.g., naive and knowledgeable) by recruiting volunteers in pairs (e.g., close friends, significant others). In our study, we observed that, for legitimate users, hint was effective for all different question types. Interestingly, we found that hint has negative effect on strong adversarial users and no significant effect on performance for naive adversarial users.
Carbon-based electrocatalysts for advanced energy conversion and storage

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) play curial roles in electrochemical energy conversion and storage, including fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Having rich multidimensional nanoarchitectures [for example, zero-dimensional (0D) fullerenes, 1D carbon nanotubes, 2D graphene, and 3D graphite] with tunable electronic and surface characteristics, various carbon nanomaterials have been demonstrated to act as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for ORR and OER in fuel cells and batteries. We present a critical review on the recent advances in carbon-based metal-free catalysts for fuel cells and metal-air batteries, and discuss the perspectives and challenges in this rapidly developing field of practical significance.
Exercise restriction to prevent sudden death in congenital aortic stenosis: whom are we treating?

Patients with significant congenital aortic valve stenosis are at risk for sudden death. Every pediatric cardiologist has learned this by the end of his or her first fellowship clinic session. Recommendations for exercise restriction have been a standard part of the management strategy for patients
Loss Aversion and Involuntary Transfers of Title

In some special but frequently occurring situations, such as adverse possession, eminent domain, regulatory takings, and taxation, the law allows, or effects, involuntary transfers of rights. Property belonging to one person shifts to another even though the former owner has not relinquished his claim. These involuntary reallocations of rights raise issues of efficiency. Scholars looking at law through an economic lens have made the positive claim that the common law is efficient and have advanced the normative claim that the law should be efficient. The purpose of this essay is to show how the application of results from psychological experiments can enhance both the positive and normative economic analysis of law. On the positive front, the notion of loss aversion may, for example, help us to understand the adverse possession and takings doctrines. In the normative domain, the experiments expose an additional limitation on the application of the Coase theorem, suggest some improvements to the law of just compensation, and indicate that some modes of legal change may be better than others.
The Effect of Controlled pH on the Development of Rosette-Forming Bacteria in Axenic Culture and Bulking Activated Sludge

An infestation of a rosette-forming microorganism, with morphological characteristics bearing some resemblance to Eikelboom type 021N and Thiothrix spp., occurred in the activated sludge process of a paper and pulp manufacturing facility during the autumn of 1986. The microorganism could not be eliminated by periodic acid-shocking of the mixed liquor with sulfuric acid, however, exposure of the mixed liquor solids for 10 days at controlled pH (circum pH 5.5) brought almost immediate lowering of the sludge volume index and effluent suspended solids to levels observed in normal operations. The bulking correction technique required no purchase of special chemicals in that the procedure was a mere modification of the liming step normally employed to bring the natural pH of the wastewater (pH 3) to a level suitable for the practice of biological treatment.
Responding to Budget Surplus vs. Deficit: The Preferences of Michigan's Local Leaders and Citizens

This report presents the opinions of Michigan’s local government leaders and Michigan citizens on the question of policy preferences when local governments face either budget deficits or budget surpluses. These findings are based on statewide surveys of local government leaders in the Spring 2015 wave of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS) as well as data from Cobalt Community Research’s 2015 National Citizen Engagement and Priority Assessment.
Comparing the utility of LiDAR data vs. multi-spectral imagery for parcel scale water demand modeling

AbstractIn this paper we examine whether land-cover measures derived from multi-spectral (MS) imagery in combination with light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data sources better predict parcel scale urban water consumption than measures derived solely from MS imagery. Land-cover measures such as the percentage of impervious surface and vegetative cover are important predictors of household level water use. This study found that the additional effort required to obtain LiDAR data does not appear to add predictive power for water demand modeling. We suggest that MS imagery is just as useful estimating household level water demand.
[18F]T807 ([18F]AV-1451) and Fluorescent Analog T726 Bind to PHF-Tau but Not TDP-43 in Alzheimer’s and FTD Post-Mortem Brain Tissue Sections

1083 Objectives The objective of this study was to determine if [18F]T807 and its fluorescent analog T726 bind to TDP-43 in AD and FTD post-mortem human brain tissue. Methods Tissue from 14 AD and 15 FTD cases as well as 1 normal control were selected for this study. Frontal, medial-temporal, parietal gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex were included for a total of over 50 brain slice sections analyzed. Fresh frozen brain sections were stained with phospho-Tau (AT8, AT100) and TDP-43 antibodies (TDP-43, and pTDP-43). Double or triple immunofluorescence staining using T726 was performed to investigate whether the observed signal from T726 co-localized with staining from PHF-Tau or TDP-43 antibodies. Additionally, autoradiography with [18F]T807 in the absence or presence of excess T807 was conducted to investigate the ability of [18F]T807 to label PHF-Tau or TDP-43 pathology in brain sections containing these aggregates. Results No co-localization of fluorescent signals occurred between T726 and TDP-43 antibodies in AD, FTD/PPA and FTLD-TDP cases. [18F]T807 produced intense and specific autoradiography signal in all tau-rich brain sections but not in TDP-43 positive/tau negative tissue. Conclusions Autoradiography experiments with [18F]T807 in AD and FTD as well as immunofluorescence studies with T726 suggest that no interference due to cross-reactivity with TDP-43 binding should occur when [18F]T807 is used to detect PHF-tau in human brain tissue.
Direct measurement of hydrogen dislocation pipe diffusion in deformed polycrystalline Pd using quasielastic neutron scattering.

The temperature-dependent diffusivity $D(T)$ of hydrogen solute atoms trapped at dislocations---dislocation pipe diffusion of hydrogen---in deformed polycrystalline ${\mathrm{PdH}}_{x}$ ($x\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\text{ }\text{ }[\mathrm{H}]/[\mathrm{Pd}]$) has been quantified with quasielastic neutron scattering between 150 and 400 K. We observe diffusion coefficients for trapped hydrogen elevated by one to two orders of magnitude above bulk diffusion. Arrhenius diffusion behavior has been observed for dislocation pipe diffusion and regular bulk diffusion, the latter in well-annealed polycrystalline Pd. For regular bulk diffusion of hydrogen in Pd we find $D(T)=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{D}_{0}\text{exp}(\ensuremath{-}{E}_{a}/\mathrm{k}T)=0.005\text{exp}(\ensuremath{-}0.23\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}/\mathrm{k}T)\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$, in agreement with the known diffusivity of hydrogen in Pd. For hydrogen dislocation pipe diffusion we find $D(T)\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}\text{exp}(\ensuremath{-}{E}_{a}/\mathrm{k}T)\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$, where ${E}_{a}=0.042$ and 0.083 eV for concentrations of $0.52\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and $1.13\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}[\mathrm{H}]/[\mathrm{Pd}]$, respectively. Ab initio computations provide a physical basis for the pipe diffusion pathway and confirm the reduced barrier height.
Appendicitis: continuing diagnostic challenge.

Summary Recognition of appendicitis depends on an understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and anatomy that shape the clinical presentation. Knowledge of the clinical symptoms and signs that distinguish between appendicitis and competing diagnoses enables the clinician to differentiate appendicitis from other pathologies. Variations in anatomy, pathophysiology, symptoms, and signs are described for adult men, ovulating women, pregnant women, children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients.
Common Occupational Disorders: Asthma, COPD, Dermatitis, and Musculoskeletal Disorders

An occupational illness is an event or exposure that occurs in the workplace that causes or contributes to a condition or worsens a preexisting condition. If an occupational disorder is suspected, a directed history should be taken with particular attention to establishing a temporal relationship of symptoms and exposure at work. Occupational asthma is the most prevalent occupational lung disorder in industrialized countries and presents with classic asthma symptoms (cough, difficulty breathing, chest tightness, wheezing). Occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been linked with exposure to nonspecific vapors, gases, dusts, fumes, and cigarette smoke. Occupational contact dermatitis is the most common dermal exposure. It can be caused by exposure to a variety of agents, including primary irritants or sensitizers, physical agents, mechanical trauma, and biologic agents. Occupational musculoskeletal disorders include many common repetitive injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome and medial or lateral epicondylitis. Treatment of occupational disorders is generally the same as for nonoccupational disorders. Ideally, the exposure should be controlled to protect the worker. The impact of an occupational injury reaches beyond lost wages and can have a negative impact on quality of life.
Theories of Sectoral Balance

Separating sectors in the economy means they have structure — something differs between them. For centuries economists have set up models incorporating sectors with diverse natures — subsistence v. modern, agriculture v. non- agriculture, traded v. non-traded — to ask how they reach balance in the short run and grow over time. Much work on economic development is concerned with such issues. An attempt is made in this review to give the flavour (and some of the substance) of this literature. Its volume is enormous; any summary must be selective at best. The emphasis here is on models with practical relevance to policy issues in the Third World.
Student Perceptions of Scholarly Writing

Learning the process of scholarly writing, including the significance of peer review, is an essential element in the preparation of students for professional practice. This descriptive research study, using Scholarship of Teaching and Learning methodology, explores one approach to teaching scholarly writing in an occupational science/occupational therapy curriculum. The writing assignment was designed to offer multiple points for feedback and revision and instructional features to reinforce learning. A survey of students [n = 169] participating in this scholarly writing project was conducted yearly to gather their perceptions of learning. The results revealed four key elements: instructional strategies are needed to support scholarly writing, students value explicit instructor feedback, a successful writing experience opens the possibility for students to write in their professional future, and students will develop the habits of a writer given structure and pedagogical considerations in the assignment construction. This experience shows students will work to achieve the expected standard for scholarship once writing is made an essential part of the course and their efforts are supported by scaffolding the assignment. Through this experience, it was also learned students need opportunities for repetition and practice to refine scholarly writing. Suggestions for future research are proposed.
Prescribed Activity of 131I Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

See the associated article on page [717][1]. One of the most discussed controversies in the management of patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is selection of the activity for 131I therapy. One of the problems is that prima facie evidence (i.e., first-look evidence) may lead to
Patients at Increased Risk of Major Adverse Events Following Operative Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures: Inpatient versus Outpatient

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare complication rates following inpatient versus outpatient distal radius fracture ORIF and identify specific complications that occur at increased rates among inpatients. Methods Using the 2005–2013 ACS-NSQIP, we collected patient demographics, comorbidities, surgical characteristics, and 30-day postoperative complications following isolated ORIF of distal radius fractures. A propensity score matched design using an 8-to-1 “greedy” matching algorithm in a 1:4 ratio of inpatients to outpatients was utilized. Rates of minor, major, and total complications were compared. A multinomial logistic regression model was then used to assess the odds of complications following inpatient surgery. Results Total 4,016 patients were identified, 776 (19.3%) of whom underwent inpatient surgery and 3,240 (80.3%) underwent outpatient surgery. The propensity score matching algorithm yielded a cohort of 629 inpatients who were matched with 2,516 outpatients (1:4 ratio). After propensity score matching, inpatient treatment was associated with increased rates of major and total complications but not with minor complications. There was an increased odds of major complications and total complications following inpatient surgery compared with outpatient surgery. There was no difference in odds of minor complications between groups. Conclusion Inpatient operative treatment of distal radius fractures is associated with significantly increased rates of major and total complications compared with operative treatment as an outpatient. Odds of a major complication are six times higher and odds of total complications are two and a half times higher following inpatient distal radius ORIF compared with outpatient. Quality improvement measures should be specifically targeted to patients undergoing distal radius fracture ORIF in the inpatient setting.
Spatiotemporal variation of site-specific management units on natural turfgrass sports fields during dry down

Site-specific management units (SSMUs) are fundamental for the implementation of Precision Turfgrass Management. Short-term spatiotemporal variations of soil compaction and turfgrass vigor may be dynamic during a dry down period on natural turfgrass sports fields. This is due to the inverse relationship between soil compaction and soil moisture/drought stress, which may impact SSMU delineation and identification of site-specific deficient areas within a field. The spatiotemporal change of soil moisture, soil compaction, and turfgrass vigor SSMUs [as measured by volumetric water content (VWC), penetration resistance, and normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI)] were evaluated three times during a dry down from rainfall on native soil and sand capped natural turfgrass sports fields. The relationship of penetration resistance and NDVI with VWC was strongest and only significant on the native soil field during the dry down period. In general, as the fields dried, the magnitude of VWC SSMUs and NDVI SSMUs decreased, while the magnitude of penetration resistance SSMUs increased. This phenomenon was more drastic on the native soil field. Significant changes in spatial distributions were observed for VWC SSMUs and penetration resistance SSMUs on the native soil field; however, minimal changes were reported on the sand capped field. The spatial distributions of NDVI SSMUs were minimal on both fields. It is concluded that short-term spatiotemporal variations of SSMUs on sports fields during a dry down can be significant and considerations should be made prior to sampling based on the objective.
Strongly Non-Singular Rings and Morita Equivalence

The focus of this paper is to characterize the rings R such that, for every ring S Morita-equivalent to R, the classes of torsion-free and non-singular right S-modules coincide.
Identification of a BamHI Polymorphism for the Urokinase Gene Associated with Symptomatic Coronary Artery Disease.

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and plasmin have been implicated in a number of processes, including activation of a variety of metalloproteinases, matrix remodeling, and cell migration, which may underlie the early initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). These studies were carried out to determine whether variations in the u-PA gene, using a BamHI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) as a new marker for genetic variation, may be associated with CAD. Southern blot analysis of individual digested genomic DNA (BamHI), hybridized with a 2-kb human u-PA cDNA probe, identified a two-allele RFLP with allelic bands at 6 and 1.5 kb. A constant band at 9 kb was detected. Three genotypes were identified and designated as 1/1 (6.0-kb band only), 1/2 (6.0 and 1.5-kb bands), and 2/2(1.5-kb band only). For these studies, 43, individual human umbilical cord samples, representing a "control" population, were analyzed and compared in terms of their u-PA genotypes with 34 saphenous vein samples from patients requiring coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Controls, presumed to reflect the normal population distribution, showed a u-PA genotype distribution of 1/1(n = 8, 18.6%), 1/2 (n = 33, 76.7%) and 2/2 (n = 2, 4.7%), whereas CAD patients showed a distribution of 1/1 (n = 16, 47.1%), 1/2 (n = 13, 38.2%), and 2/2 (n = 5, 14.7%). Comparison of the "control" genotype distribution with data derived from CABG patients demonstrated a significant difference in the distribution of u-PA genotypes P = 0.002), with an increased prevalence of the homozygous 1/1 and 2/2 genotypes in CAD patients. These early studies demonstrate a significant association between u-PA gene polymorphism and the presence or absence of CAD.
Tropicalization of the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Impacts of Salt Marsh Transition to Black Mangrove Dominance on Faunal Communities

The tropically associated black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) is expanding into salt marshes of the northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM). This species has colonized temperate systems dominated by smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in Texas, Louisiana, Florida and, most recently, Mississippi. To date, little is known about the habitat value of black mangroves for juvenile fish and invertebrates. Here we compare benthic epifauna, infauna, and nekton use of Spartina-dominated, Avicennia-dominated, and mixed Spartina and black mangrove habitats in two areas with varying densities and ages of black mangroves. Faunal samples and sediment cores were collected monthly from April to October in 2012 and 2013 from Horn Island, MS, and twice yearly in the Chandeleur Islands, LA. Multivariate analysis suggested benthic epifauna communities differed significantly between study location and among habitat types, with a significant interaction between the two fixed factors. Differences in mangrove and marsh community composition were greater at the Chandeleurs than at Horn Island, perhaps because of the distinct mangrove/marsh ecotone and the high density and age of mangroves there. Infaunal abundances were significantly higher at Horn Island, with tanaids acting as the main driver of differences between study locations. We predict that if black mangroves continue to increase in abundance in the northern GOM, estuarine faunal community composition could shift substantially because black mangroves typically colonize shorelines at higher elevations than smooth cordgrass, resulting in habitats of differing complexity and flooding duration.
Sa`id Ahmad Al-Jinahi’s I was in Dhufar: gendered militarization and modern space in revolutionary Oman

ABSTRACTSa`id Ahmad Al-Jinahi’s journalistic account of the Dhufar Revolution (1965–1976) seeks to define an aspirational revolutionary modernity by describing how militarization has the potential ...
Modeling the Effect of Initial And Free-Stream Conditions on Circular Wakes

The cascade-transport model combines the isotropic turbulent cascade with transport and production terms based on a spectral distribution of the eddy viscosity. Thus, the turbulence energy spectrum can be modeled in shear flows. Containing both spatial and spectral information, the model could be a crude approximation to the wavelet- transformed equations of motion. The initial conditions for the wake are specified by the momentum thickness, the turbulence energy and Reynolds number, and the spectral exponent on the large-eddy side. Multiple nearly-self-preserving solutions are obtained, differing by the energy spectra, wake radii, centerline turbulence levels and turbulence energy budgets. One such solution is attracting for a range of initial conditions, while some memory of the initial spectra is observed for the others. The transport of weak, persistent freestream turbulence into a memoryless wake does not introduce a dependence on initial or ambient conditions. One concludes that the absence of memory is set in the near-wake, and corresponds to a stable solution.
Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neuroendocrine basis of pair bond formation.

Several lines of evidence support a role for oxytocin and vasopressin in complex social behaviors, including parental care, sex behavior, and aggression. Recent studies in a monogamous mammal, the prairie vole, suggest an additional role for both peptides in the formation of pair bonds. Central administration of oxytocin facilitates and administration of an oxytocin antagonist inhibits partner preference formation in female prairie voles. Conversely, vasopressin facilitates and a V1a receptor antagonist inhibits pair bonding in males. A potential cellular basis for these effects is the species-specific pattern of expression of oxytocin and V1a receptors in reward pathways of the prairie vole brain. At a molecular level, comparative sequencing of the oxytocin and V1a receptors reveals species differences in the promoter sequences that may guide regional expression in the brain. Transgenic mice created with the 5’ flanking region of the prairie vole oxytocin receptor gene demonstrate that sequences in this region influence the pattern of expression within the brain. The unique promoter sequences of the prairie vole OTR and V1a receptor genes and the resulting species-specific pattern of regional expression provide a potential molecular mechanism for the evolution of pair bonding behaviors and a cellular basis for monogamy.
Medical Innovations and Interorganizational Diffusion

Throughout their history as sponsors of biomedical research, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have mainly emphasized basic research and have allotted few resources to the translation of research findings into clinical applications. This policy was based on the assumption that medical education sufficiently equips the physician to keep abreast of new medical developments. Subscription to medical journals, attendance at professional meetings and continuing medical education symposia, and talking with colleagues are presumed to provide access to up-to-date information on how to deliver state-of-the-art care to patients (Breslow, 1977; Kaluzny et al., 1976; Tilson et al., 1975).
Tryptophan metabolites kynurenine and serotonin regulate fibroblast activation and fibrosis

Fibrosis is a pathological form of aberrant tissue repair, the complications of which account for nearly half of all deaths in the industrialized world. All tissues are susceptible to fibrosis under particular pathological sets of conditions. Though each type of fibrosis has characteristics and hallmarks specific to that particular condition, there appear to be common factors underlying fibrotic diseases. One of these ubiquitous factors is the paradigm of the activated myofibroblast in the promotion of fibrotic phenotypes. Recent research has implicated metabolic byproducts of the amino acid tryptophan, namely serotonin and kynurenines, in the pathology or potential pharmacologic therapy of fibrosis, in part through their effects on development of myofibroblast phenotypes. Here, we review literature underlying what is known mechanistically about the effects of these compounds and their respective pathways on fibrosis. Pharmacologic administration of kynurenine improves scarring outcomes in vivo likely not only through its well-characterized immunosuppressive properties but also via its demonstrated antagonism of fibroblast activation and of collagen deposition. In contrast, serotonin directly promotes activation of fibroblasts via activation of canonical TGF-β signaling, and overstimulation with serotonin leads to fibrotic outcomes in vivo. Recently discovered feedback inhibition between serotonin and kynurenine pathways also reveals more information about the cellular physiology of tryptophan metabolism and may also underlie possible paradigms for anti-fibrotic therapy. Together, understanding of the effects of tryptophan metabolism on modulation of fibrosis may lead to the development of new therapeutic avenues for treatment through exploitation of these effects.
Turning From Parents: Psychological Distancing and Attachment-Related Changes in Regret for Immediate Contact in Emerging Adulthood:

This longitudinal study examined how emerging adults psychologically distance themselves from parents. Every week during their first semester at college, participants (n = 71, M age = 18 years [SD ...
High cardiovascular risk patients benefit more from bariatric surgery than low cardiovascular risk patients

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and Framingham risk scores (FRS) are used to calculate 10-year risk of coronary death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or fatal/nonfatal stroke. Our goal is to evaluate the association between preoperative cardiovascular risk and weight loss. We retrospectively reviewed bariatric surgeries from 2010 to 2016. Patients who met criteria for calculating 10-year ASCVD score and FRS were included. Data collected included baseline demographics, perioperative parameters, and postoperative outcomes at 12 months. Simple linear regression and multiple linear regression models were applied to test influence of individual or multiple factors of interest on 12-month weight loss outcomes. Of 1330 bariatric patients studied, 360 patients met criteria for ASCVD and FRS calculation. Sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) was the most prevalent surgery 63.05%, followed by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) 20.55%, revision procedures 11.9%, and adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) 4.4%. Initial BMI was 42.71 ± 7.85 kg/m2 for females and 42.72k ± 7.42 kg/m2 for males, with a 12-month percentage of estimated BMI loss (%EBMIL) of 66.51% in females and 60.29% in males. Preoperative 10-year ASCVD score was higher in males than females with a 34.73% relative risk reduction (RRR) in males and 35.3% RRR in females at 12-month follow-up. Regarding FRS, preoperative risk was 33.13 ± 21.1% in males and 15.71 ± 14.52% in females, with an RRR of 25.8% in males and 32.2% in females. Univariate analysis of preoperative FRS and %EBMIL showed that for every percentage unit increase in the patient’s preoperative FRS, %EBMIL decreases 0.31 percentile unit (P < 0.001). Furthermore, preoperative ASCVD score is also significantly associated with %EMBIL—for every percentage unit increase in preoperative ASCVD score, %EBMIL decreases 0.42 percentile credits. Study results suggest ASCVD and FRS are equally reduced after bariatric surgery, especially after LSG and LRYGB. Moreover, preoperative FRS and ASCVD risk score showed an inversely proportional relationship with %EBMIL loss at 12 months.
Effects of chronic marijuana use on driving performance.

AbstractObjectives: The effects of marijuana on driving pose a significant public health concern. More studies on chronic marijuana use in driving are needed. The study objectives were to (1) asses...
Endothelial Targets in Stroke: Translating Animal Models to Human.

Cerebral ischemia (stroke) induces injury to the cerebral endothelium that may contribute to parenchymal injury and worsen outcome. This review focuses on current preclinical studies examining how ...
Responses of the scaled pediatric human body model in the rear- and forward-facing child seats in simulated frontal motor vehicle crashes.

Objective: The study presents the first-ever endeavor at developing 18-, 24-, 30-, 36-, 42-, and 48-month-old pediatric finite element models from the 6-year-old PIPER human body model as a baselin...
Comparison of age-specific leg extensor muscle function torque-time and rapid velocity attributes across the adult lifespan: A relative deficiency investigation.

Abstract The purposes of this study were to examine the age-related differences in absolute and normalized torque-time parameters in five distinct groups across the adult lifespan, and the relationship between rapid strength and limb acceleration capacities across the lifespan. One-hundred and thirty-six healthy men were categorized as young athletes (n = 27; age = 20.7 yrs), young controls (n = 32; 21.9 yrs), middle young (n = 32; 49.8 yrs), middle old (n = 15; 58.9 yrs), and old (n = 30; 71.3 yrs) cohorts. Participants performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the leg extensors under isometric and isokinetic (240 deg.·s−1) conditions. Outcome measures included peak torque (PT), absolute and MVC normalized (norm) rate of torque development (RTD) at 50 and 200 ms, RTD50/PT ratio, and rate of velocity development (RVD). The PT and absolute RTD at 200 ms declined from young to old age (P
Impact of Hurricane Harvey on the Growth of Low Income, Ethnic Minority Adolescents.

OBJECTIVE This study examined the differential impact of Hurricane Harvey on adolescent standardized Body Mass Index (zBMI), physical activity, diet, and perceived stress. METHODS Prior to Hurricane Harvey, 175 ethnic minority adolescents were recruited from an independent school district in Houston. Height and weight were directly measured. The School Physical Activity and Nutrition Questionnaire assessed diet and physical activity. Stress was assessed with the Perceived Stress Scale. High hurricane impact was classified as at least 1 affirmative response to house damage, rescue, displacement, or going without food, water, or medicine. Repeated measures such as ANCOVA models were developed to assess differences in zBMI, physical activity, diet, and stress between the hurricane impact groups. Regression models were used to assess stress as a mediator of the hurricane impact and zBMI change relationship. RESULTS Students who were highly impacted by the hurricane had a greater decrease in zBMI than those less impacted from pre-hurricane to 15 weeks post-hurricane (95% CI 0.02 to 0.25, p<0.05). Physical activity and diet did not differ by impact. Perceived stress at 3 weeks post-hurricane mediated the impact and zBMI change relationship (β=-0.04 95% CI -0.12 to -0.002). CONCLUSION The decrease in zBMI among highly impacted students warrants further monitoring. Perceived stress, immediately following the hurricane, impacted student growth months later.
IMCF and the Stability of the PMT and RPI Under $$L^2$$ L 2 Convergence

We study the stability of the positive mass theorem (PMT) and the Riemannian Penrose inequality (RPI) in the case where a region of an asymptotically flat manifold $$M^3$$ can be foliated by a smooth solution of inverse mean curvature flow (IMCF) which is uniformly controlled. We consider a sequence of regions of asymptotically flat manifolds $$U_T^i\subset M_i^3$$ , foliated by a smooth solution to IMCF which is uniformly controlled, and if $$\partial U_T^i = \Sigma _0^i \cup \Sigma _T^i$$ and $$m_H(\Sigma _T^i) \rightarrow 0$$ then $$U_T^i$$ converges to a flat annulus with respect to $$L^2$$ metric convergence. If instead $$m_H(\Sigma _T^i)-m_H(\Sigma _0^i) \rightarrow 0$$ and $$m_H(\Sigma _T^i) \rightarrow m >0$$ then we show that $$U_T^i$$ converges to a topological annulus portion of the Schwarzschild metric with respect to $$L^2$$ metric convergence.
Develop and evaluate an augmented reality posture training tool to promote work safety

Conventional work posture training tools included pamphlets, one-time training orientation, and/or videos. These tools did not always yield satisfactory training outcomes, and the incident rate of ...
Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations

Basic notions Finite speed of propagation of signals Hyperbolic equations with constant coefficients Hyperbolic equations with variable coefficients Pseudodifferential operators and energy inequalities Existence of solutions Waves and rays Finite difference approximation to hyperbolic equations Scattering theory Hyperbolic systems of conservation laws Huygens' principle for the wave equation on odd-dimensional spheres Hyperbolic polynomials The multiplicity of eigenvalues Mixed initial and boundary value problems Energy decay for star-shaped obstacles.
Erythropoietin treatment and the risk of hip fractures in hemodialysis patients

Erythropoietin (EPO) is the primary regulator of bone marrow erythropoiesis. Mouse models have provided evidence that EPO also promotes bone remodeling and that EPO-stimulated erythropoiesis is accompanied by bone loss independent of increased red blood cell production. EPO has been used clinically for three decades to treat anemia in end-stage renal disease, and notably, although the incidence of hip fractures decreased in the United States generally after 1990, it rose among hemodialysis patients coincident with the introduction and subsequent dose escalation of EPO treatment. Given this clinical paradox and findings from studies in mice that elevated EPO affects bone health, we examined EPO treatment as a risk factor for fractures in hemodialysis patients. Relationships between EPO treatment and hip fractures were analyzed using United States Renal Data System (USRDS) datasets from 1997 to 2013 and Consolidated Renal Operations in a Web-enabled Network (CROWNWeb) datasets for 2013. Fracture risks for patients treated with <50 units of EPO/kg/week were compared to those receiving higher doses by multivariable Cox regression. Hip fracture rates for 747,832 patients in USRDS datasets (1997-2013) increased from 12.0 per 1000 patient years in 1997 to 18.9 in 2004, then decreased to 13.1 by 2013. Concomitantly, average EPO doses increased from 11,900 units/week in 1997 to 18,300 in 2004, then decreased to 8,800 by 2013. During this time, adjusted hazard ratios for hip fractures with EPO doses of 50-149, 150-299, and ≥ 300 units/kg/week compared to <50 units/kg/week were 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.15), 1.22 (95% CI, 1.14-1.31), and 1.41 (95% CI, 1.31-1.52), respectively. Multivariable analyses of 128,941 patients in CROWNWeb datasets (2013) replicated these findings. This study implicates EPO treatment as an independent risk factor for hip fractures in hemodialysis patients and supports the conclusion that EPO treatment may have contributed to changing trends in fracture incidence for these patients during recent decades. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
The Information Revolution in Early Modern Europe

This provocative new history of early modern Europe argues that changes in the generation, preservation and circulation of information, chiefly on newly available and affordable paper, constituted an 'information revolution'. In commerce, finance, statecraft, scholarly life, science, and communication, early modern Europeans were compelled to place a new premium on information management. These developments had a profound and transformative impact on European life. The huge expansion in paper records and the accompanying efforts to store, share, organize and taxonomize them are intertwined with many of the essential developments in the early modern period, including the rise of the state, the Print Revolution, the Scientific Revolution, and the Republic of Letters. Engaging with historical questions across many fields of human activity, Paul M. Dover interprets the historical significance of this 'information revolution' for the present day, and suggests thought-provoking parallels with the informational challenges of the digital age.
Local and Sparse Linear Causal Models for fMRI Resting-State Signals

Modeling the human brain as a complex network (operating at many different scales) is a powerful tool to analyze both its structural and functional connections. Neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI, capture the metabolic response to neural activity within voxels encompassing hundreds of thousands of neurons. Graph theory and graph signal processing provide a principled methodology to analyze the brain's functional interactions evidenced by the spatiotemporal patterns revealed by the neuroimaging. In this paper, we propose a methodology to identify a linear, first-order auto-regressive model describing the causal dependence among the fMRI activity on a subset of voxels. We assume the matrix of linear coefficients capturing the voxel-to-voxel interactions is a sum of two components: one low rank and one sparse. The low-rank component represents the dense local connections and the sparse component represents long-range connections that mediate or coordinate disparate brain regions. To enforce the dense connections to be local we use prior knowledge about the spatial proximity of voxels. We apply the proposed methodology on synthetic data and fMRI data captured during resting state. Our results show that the proposed methodology is able to capture causal structure explaining the variance of the resting-state activity. In particular, our methodology can predict intra-subject resting-state activity across different sessions (test-retest reliability).
Is remote work in high demand? Evidence from job postings during COVID-19

As the COVID-19 pandemic pushed firms to comply with social distancing guidelines, the relative demand for work that could be performed from home was expected to increase. However, while employment in “remotable” occupations was relatively resilient during the pandemic, online job postings -which measure demand for new hires- for these occupations dropped disproportionately. This apparent contradiction is not explained by prior job “churning” in “non-remote” jobs, nor by the recomposition of the labor market across economic sectors. The underperformance of postings in “remotable” jobs during the pandemic concentrates in essential occupations and occupations with high returns to experience.
Bovine xenograft pericardial patch use for definitive single stage repair of a large esophageal defect: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Large esophageal perforations are challenging and often treated with exclusion or resection. This case demonstrates the feasibility of definitive surgical repair of a large esophageal perforation using large bovine pericardial patch. CASE: A patient with missed Boerhaave Syndrome underwent transesophageal echocardiography causing worsening perforation and sepsis. At thoracotomy and faced with a large esophageal defect, a large Bovine pericardial patch was used for repair with omentopexy. The patient recovered promptly and at 8 months was asymptomatic with satisfactory studies. CONCLUSION: Xenograft pericardium is available and widely used for vascular reconstructions. It's use for primary repair of large esophageal perforations should be considered.