cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accommodating User Innovation in the International Intellectual Property Regime: A Global Administrative Law Approach

In this symposium article, I argue that, over and above previously appreciated problems with regard to access and the traditional IP balance, the trouble with TRIPS - and with the global intellectual property law regime more generally - is that it is ill-designed to cope with changes in the innovative process itself and with the likely heterogeneity of desirable innovation approaches in different global contexts. While it is possible that current TRIPS flexibilities can be interpreted in ways that will better balance the needs of initial innovators against those of users and follow-on innovators, the very structure of the agreement is based on an assumption of mass market, seller-based innovation which may make it difficult to accommodate newer innovation paradigms. The complexity of the innovation environment, in combination with the need for both flexibility and consistency, calls for an administrative-type approach which builds in an expectation of the need for ongoing updating of global innovation policy rather than an attempt to lock in substantive standards tailored to today’s innovation environment. To that end, I propose a re-envisioning of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) as a more broadly conceived innovation policy organization, which would serve as a center of discourse not only about how intellectual property law should be adapted to changing modes of innovation but also about how to confront new dilemmas raised by evolving innovative practices, which may involve issues beyond intellectual property law. WIPO is the most promising home for a broader focus on innovation policy in light of its expertise, its experience with the Development Agenda, and its relationship with the WTO under TRIPS. A broader mandate for WIPO could be implemented in several ways, with varying levels of administrative discretion vested in the re-imagined organization. As a first cut, WIPO might undertake to develop an Innovation Policy Agenda incorporating the concerns of innovative communities of various types, including commercial firms, user innovator communities, scientific researchers, open source proponents, and of other stakeholders, including developing and developed countries and NGOs representing users. An even more ambitious approach to WIPO involvement would be to amend TRIPS to provide a more open-ended exception provision to accommodate evolving innovation practices and to set out a more explicit role for WIPO in vetting potential exceptions. The gist of the proposal is to shift the focus of WIPO's portfolio. Rather than considering innovation policy only secondarily, as it impacts the intellectual property regime, a re-envisioned WIPO would put innovation policy front and center, regarding intellectual property as only one mechanism for innovation.
Evaluation of Composite Components on the Bell 206L and Sikorsky S-76 Helicopters

Progress on two programs to evaluate structural composite parts in flight service on Bell 206L and Sikorsky S-76 commercial helicopters is described. Forty ship sets of composite parts that include the litter door, baggage door, forward fairing, and vertical fin were installed on Bell Model 206L helicopters that are operating in widely different climates. Part installation started in 1981 and selected parts are being removed and tested at prescribed intervals over a 10 yr evaluation. Four horizontal stabilizers and eleven tail rotor spars that are production parts on the S-76 helicopter are being tested after prescribed periods of service to determine the effects of the operating environment on their performance. Concurrent with the flight evaluation, materials used to fabricate the parts are being exposed in ground racks and tested at specified intervals to determine the effects of outdoor environments. Results achieved from 123,000 hrs of accumulated service on the Bell 206L parts and 53,000 hrs on the Sikorsky S-76 parts are reported. Seventy-eight Bell 206L parts were removed and tested statically. Results of 7 yrs of ground exposure of materials used to make the Bell 206L parts are presented.
SLO-2, a K + channel with an unusual Cl − dependence

The gating of different potassium channels depends on many diverse factors. We now report a unique example of a K+ channel with a Cl - dependence. The slo-2 gene was cloned from Caenorhabditis elegans and is widely expressed in both neurons and muscles; it was highly abundant, as suggested by its high representation in the C. elegans EST database. SLO-2, like its paralogue, SLO-1, was also dependent on Ca 2+. We show by site-directed mutagenesis that its requirements for both Cl- and Ca2+ are synergistic and associated with the same functional domain. SLO-2's dependence on Cl - implies that intracellular Cl- homeostasis may be important in regulating cellular excitability through this unusual K+ channel.
The Delray Beach, Florida, colony of Cerion (Paracerion) tridentatum costellata Pilsbry, 1946 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Cerionidae): Evidence for indirect Cuban origins

ABSTRACT A large colony of Cerion has recently been reported fromDelray Beach, Florida, far north from the ranges of bothnative and introduced species of Cerion. Specimens corre-spond morphologically to the type series of Cerion(Paracerion) tridentatum costellata Pilsbry, 1946, which nolonger survives at its type locality (Fort Jefferson, GardenKey, Dry Tortugas, Florida.) Historical data indicate that thistaxon is a hybrid of two or more of the five Cuban species ofCerion introduced to Fort Jefferson by Bartsch in June, 1924.Museum records document that a propagule of this hybridtaxon was transplanted to Boynton Beach in the late 1940sand proliferated to give rise to the Delray Beach colony.Partial cytochrome c oxidase I sequences reveal the Delraycolony to be monophyletic, and of exclusively Cuban ancestry.Limited sampling confirms the presence of mitochondrialgenes from two (C. tridentatum and C. sculptum marielinum)of the five Cerion taxa introduced to Fort Jefferson in 1924. Alarger sample size, together with data from nuclear genes, willbe needed to rule out the presence of rare alleles from othertaxa. Transplantation of this newly formed hybrid propaguleto an area distant from either parent population has allowed itto evolve in isolation and provides a unique opportunity tostudy the origins and persistence of genetic diversity withinthe genus Cerion.Additional keywords: Native species, introduced species, cyto-chrome c oxidase I
Ternary blend all-polymer solar cells: enhanced performance and evidence of parallel-like bulk heterojunction mechanism

All-polymer solar cells composed of binary blends of donor poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6- diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexanoyl)-thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2–6-diyl)] (PBDTTT-CT ), and acceptor polymers naphthalene diimide-selenophene copolymer (PNDIS-HD) and perylene diimide-selenophene copolymer (PPDIS) had power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 1.3 and 2.1%, respectively. Ternary blend solar cells composed of [PBDTTT-CT][PNDIS-HD]1−x[PPDIS]x at 75 wt% PPDIS had a PCE of 3.2%, which is about a 50%–140% enhancement compared with the binary blend devices. Equality of the ternary blend short-circuit current to the sum of those of the binary blend devices, among other results, provided evidence of a parallel-like bulk heterojunction mechanism in the ternary blend solar cells. These results provide the first example of enhanced performance in ternary blend all-polymer solar cells.
Cells in the Body Politic: Social identity and hospital construction in Peronist Argentina

This article examines the critical role played by social identity in the construction of hospitals in the Argentine health care sector during the 1940s and 1950s by uncovering the way in which the “jungle” of hospitals withstood attempts by the state to apply some sense of order, purpose, and centralized organization. The first section examines how physicians envisioned the “modern” hospital they hoped to construct. The second section reveals the important antecedents of nationalized hospitalization schemes found in the collaboration between physicians’ unions and the state. In the third section, an analysis of political speeches illuminates how Juan and Evita Peron packaged new hospitals as gifts to the people from their leader. The fourth section outlines specific plans to increase the number of hospital beds. The final section surveys examples of hospital construction to demonstrate how sub-national identities were instrumental to fragmenting both Argentine society and its hospital infrastructure.
The design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for the online search interface

First, a new model of searching in online and other information systems, called ‘berrypicking’, is discussed. This model, it is argued, is much closer to the real behavior of information searchers than the traditional model of information retrieval is, and, consequently, will guide our thinking better in the design of effective interfaces. Second, the research literature of manual information seeking behavior is drawn on for suggestions of capabilities that users might like to have in online systems. Third, based on the new model and the research on information seeking, suggestions are made for how new search capabilities could be incorporated into the design of search interfaces. Particular attention is given to the nature and types of browsing that can be facilitated.
Does Business School Research Add Economic Value for Students

The scholarly research conducted by business school faculty has long been the subject of intense criticism for lacking relevance and value to practice. In contrast, we theorize that such research i...
HMG modifications and nuclear function

High mobility group (HMG) proteins assume important roles in regulating chromatin dynamics, transcriptional activities of genes and other cellular processes. Post-translational modifications of HMG proteins can alter their interactions with DNA and proteins, and consequently, affect their biological activities. Although the mechanisms through which these modifications are involved in regulating biological processes in different cellular contexts are not fully understood, new insights into these modification "codes" have emerged from the increasing appreciation of the functions of these proteins. In this review, we focus on the chemical modifications of mammalian HMG proteins and highlight their roles in nuclear functions.
Reverse-micellar extraction for micellar-solubilized contaminant and surfactant removal

Abstract Decontamination of surfactant solutions is important for reusing the surfactant and improving the economics of surfactant-based subsurface remediation. Typical solvent extraction is not efficient for removing high equivalent alkyl carbon number (EACN) contaminants from surfactant solutions because the solvent itself will be highly soluble in the surfactant systems. Reverse-micellar extraction uses relatively hydrophilic solvents (e.g. alcohols) to treat surfactant solutions containing micellar-solubilized high EACN contaminants. The micelles break up and migrate into the solvent phase to re-aggregate as reverse micelles during the extraction. The contaminants released during breakup of micelles also partition into the solvent phase. The reverse micelles, which contain ‘solubilized’ water and aqueous contaminant, exist together with dissolved contaminant in the solvent phase. Decreased pressure distillation can be then employed to further separate the different components in the solvent phase to achieve final contaminant and surfactant separation. Decreased pressure distillation following a reverse-micellar extraction can significantly reduce the total energy consumption compared to a direct distillation of the solution.
Methylphenidate for apathy and functional status in dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Objective Apathy is the most common behavioral problem in persons with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). Treatment of apathy in DAT is not systematically studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of apathy to methylphenidate treatment and to examine whether functional status improved. Methods The authors conducted a 12-week open-labeled study with immediate release formulation of methylphenidate. Twenty-three patients with DAT scoring >40 on the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) were recruited. Repeated measures analysis of variance and correlation analysis were performed. Results None of the patients dropped out of the study because of adverse events. Significant improvement in apathy was noted during 12 weeks. Significant improvement was also noted in depression, Mini-Mental State Examination score, and functional status. There was no correlation between changes in the AES and depression scores. Conclusions Methylphenidate was well tolerated in these patients with DAT. Apathy improved with the use of methylphenidate.
Are Regional Trade Agreements in Asia Stumbling or Building Blocks? Some Implications for the Mekong-3 Countries

Is the recent proliferation of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) in Asia a healthy development, or runs the risk of turning into an unmanageable noodle bowl in the future? The goal of this paper is to shed some light on this question. The results show that membership in the Asian RTAs considered in this study have not, to date, occurred at the expense of trade with nonmembers, as most Asian countries' integration with the global economy preceded regional integration. However, looking forward, given their discriminatory nature, a proliferation of RTAs, which is not accompanied by continuing unilateral and multilateral liberalization, could run the risk of leading to costly trade diversion.
Canonical ensembles from chaos

Abstract We present methods to compute thermodynamic properties of classical systems which involve extending the phase space by two degrees of freedom. These two additional degrees of freedom are used to replicate the coupling of the original system to the infinite degrees of freedom of a heat bath. In the extended phase space, the trajectories are ergodic. This feature enables one to replace phase space averages by time averages, which are extremely simple to compute. We examine phase space patterns, thermal distributions, correlations, ergodicity, Lyapunov exponents, mixing, and rate of convergence in an analysis of several simple systems.
Analysis of alternative labor-force population migration forecasting models

This study evaluates the ability of a model using economic and demographic variables to predict migration patterns. The regression model tested is based on an analysis of migration hypotheses, operationalized on a past time period, and evaluated with the method used by the Bureau of the Census. Dollar value estimates using recent Federal revenue sharing allocations are made with the alternative forecasting methods for one State in each of the Bureau of the Census regions. The results show that the model that is developed provides a firmer basis for projection confidence than does one which relies solely on trend extrapolation.
Air-pollution forcasting by an adaptive method:

The unsteady state of urban air pollution is described by a simple first-order ordinary differential equa tion that is derived from the fundamental equations of fluid-dynamics under the assumptions of homogeneity of source distribution and horizontal concentration distribution. The short-term prediction of a regional average concentration is carried out for a four-day period based on the unsteady-state equation with use of an adaptive prediction method. One- to six-hour predictions of the regional average concen tration are in good agreement with the observed concentrations.
To induce or not to induce: do patients at greatest risk for fatal rejection benefit from cytolytic induction therapy?

Abstract Background Induction immunosuppression utilizing lymphocytolytic agents in the early peri-operative period has a number of theoretical and practical advantages and disadvantages. However, the efficacy of cytolytic agents as induction therapy remains unproven. Methods To assess the current impact of induction therapy in heart transplantation, we queried a multi-institutional database regarding the frequency of use, type of agent, duration of therapy and outcomes of 6,553 patients transplanted from 1990 to 2001. A study group of 5,897 patients were identified who survived the first 48 hours post-transplant and received either no induction therapy (n = 4,161) or induction with OKT3 or anti-thymocyte preparations (n = 1,736). Results By multivariate analysis, risk factors for rejection death were identified and then applied to a model of overall mortality. Among patients with a 1-year risk of rejection death at >5%, induction therapy provided a survival advantage, but survival with induction was decreased when the risk of rejection death was 6 months) support on a ventricular assist device (VAD). Conclusions Use and application of induction therapy continues to be controversial in heart transplantation. At present, this approach appears to be beneficial in selected patients who are at high risk for rejection death, but likely detrimental in patients who are at low risk for rejection death. Those with a combination of longer term VAD support, of black ethnicity, and having extensive HLA mismatching are most likely to benefit from cytolytic induction therapy.
Through‐thickness embossing process for fabrication of three‐dimensional thermoplastic parts

The standard embossing process is limited to the fabrication of surface structures on relatively large polymer substrates. To overcome this limitation, a hybrid punching and embossing process was investigated for through-thickness embossing of three-dimensional parts. The embossing tool included a punching head and to-be- replicated features in the socket behind the punching head. The built-in punching head facilitated a through-thickness action and provided a closed-die environment for embossing pressure buildup. The method was used to emboss multichannel millimeter waveguides which requires uniform edges and accurate dimensions. With a tool temperature of 140°C, an embossing time of 3 min and a total cycle time of 7 min, discrete 4-channel waveguides were successfully embossed from a room-temperature ABS substrate. A computer model was established to study the flow behavior during through-thickness embossing. It was found that nonisothermal embossing conditions help confine the polymer in the cavity and reduce the outflow into the surrounding region, thus achieving complete fill of the cavity. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:2075–2084, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Persistence of Transients in Spatially Structured Ecological Models

Simple discrete-time ecological models for a species with alternating reproduction and dispersal are shown to have complex transient dynamics. If the density dependence (nonlinearity) is strong enough, then the time required to reach the final dynamics is usually very long, approaching thousands of generations, and there are typically very sudden changes in the form of the dynamics. Apparent chaos can change to cycles or vice versa. These results are consistent with observed sudden changes in the form of the dynamics of a single species and imply that transient dynamics of ecological models may be more relevant than long-term behavior.
Opportunistic routing with congestion diversity and tunable overhead

This paper considers the problem of routing packets across a multi-hop network consisting of multiple sources of traffic and wireless links with stochastic reliability and a broadcast nature. Opportunistic routing relies on the following principle. Each packet transmission can be overheard by a random subset of receiver nodes among which the next relay can be selected opportunistically. This paper surveys and revisits known opportunistic routing policies: Opportunistic variants of shortest path routing, such as extremely opportunistic routing (ExOR) and stochastic routing (SR), select the relay on the shortest path to the destination. The opportunistic variants of backpressure routing, such as diversity backpressure routing (DIVBAR), select the relay with the least queue backlog. In an enhanced version of DIVBAR (E-DIVBAR), a combination of queue backlogs and expected number of transmissions is used as the selection criterion. Finally, combining important aspects of shortest path routing with those of backpressure routing, opportunistic routing with congestion diversity (ORCD) uses a measure of draining time to opportunistically identify and route packets along the paths with an expected low overall congestion. One of the critical aspects of the design of opportunistic routing policies is the issue of control overhead. This paper considers the issue of performance in conjunction with the additional overhead cost. In particular, modifications of the routing policies for which overhead cost is traded-off with the performance, i.e. delay, are provided and compared via simulations. In addition to the overhead associated with opportunism, ORCD requires a high computation/control overhead associated with estimating the draining time. Various modifications to ORCD are also proposed and their performance and overhead are evaluated.
The Boundaries of Professionalization: The Case of North American Funeral Direction

This article examines the relationship between occupational and individual professionalization through the example of funeral direction. It is based upon an ethnographic study of an accredited mortuary science program at a community college. It compares and contrasts the socialization of aspiring funeral directors in that program to previous case studies of socialization into other self-styled professions. This analysis suggests that the success of occupational socialization in fostering a personal sense of professional distinction depends not so much on an occupation's professional prestige but upon its definitive claim to a distinctive occupational jurisdiction.
Thoughts on endowment fundraising for libraries

Purpose – Libraries rely on endowment revenue for collection development and general operating expenses. Endowment gifts, both for collection development and for general operating expenses, can be a significant priority for a library during this fund‐raising effort. As such, it is this column's goal to summarize the challenges and advantages of these endowment gifts, and strategies for endowment fundraising in libraries.Design/methodology/approach – Uses lessons learned by endowment efforts at the University of Pennsylvania Library, noting strategies that have worked.Findings – Endowments present unique challenges and opportunities. While their benefits to the library are often less understood and intangible, often they are more accessible to donors due to a low threshold for establishment and the flexibility to give over a period of years.Originality/value – Challenges and advantages are explored and strategies are offered to improve the effectiveness of endowment fundraising including marketing, challen...
Effects of ethanol on the organization of phosphocholine lipid bilayers.

We have investigated the consequences of the addition of ethanol to aqueous solutions containing 100 nm diameter phosphocholine unilamellar vesicles. We have studied the effect of ethanol addition on both gel phase and fluid phase phospholipid bilayers of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), using time-resolved fluorescence measurements of perylene incorporated into the vesicles. We observe an increase in the perylene rotational diffusion time constants for ethanol concentrations of ca. 0.6 M in both the gel phase (289 K) and the fluid phase (303 K), indicating a change in the bilayer interacyl chain spacing and/or organization. While the change in rotational diffusion behavior of perylene is seen for both phospholipid phases, the details of the change in chromophore dynamics are not the same for the two phases, likely due to the differing extents of disorder in the phospholipid acyl chain region at the two temperatures. These data provide insight into the effects of ethanol on the local environ...
Modeling the day-to-day traffic evolution process after an unexpected network disruption

Abstract Although various approaches have been proposed for modeling day-to-day traffic flow evolution, none of them, to the best of our knowledge, have been validated for disrupted networks due to the lack of empirical observations. By carefully studying the driving behavioral changes after the collapse of I-35W Mississippi River Bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota, we found that most of the existing day-to-day traffic assignment models would not be suitable for modeling the traffic evolution under network disruption, because they assume that drivers’ travel cost perception depends solely on their experiences from previous days. When a significant network change occurs unexpectedly, travelers’ past experience on a traffic network may not be entirely useful because the unexpected network change could disturb the traffic greatly. To remedy this, in this paper, we propose a prediction–correction model to describe the traffic equilibration process. A “predicted” flow pattern is constructed inside the model to accommodate the imperfect perception of congestion that is gradually corrected by actual travel experiences. We also prove rigorously that, under mild assumptions, the proposed prediction–correction process has the user equilibrium flow as a globally attractive point. The proposed model is calibrated and validated with the field data collected after the collapse of I-35W Bridge. This study bridges the gap between theoretical modeling and practical applications of day-to-day traffic equilibration approaches and furthers the understanding of traffic equilibration process after network disruption.
Refining the gatekeeping metaphor for local television news

The gatekeeping process in local television news was examined by applying content analysis techniques to observational research in a network‐affiliate station's newsroom. Stories about government, accidents, and crime aired more often than other topics, although planned event stories aired less often than non‐event stories. Timeliness and significance were most closely associated with airing of stories. These analyses, however, accounted for only a small proportion of variance, suggesting that other elements were likely to be relevant. Process elements included group decision‐making, organizational constraints, and a broad interest‐importance framework. A new formulation of the gatekeeping metaphor was presented.
Familial frontotemporal dementia: a report of three cases of severe cerebral atrophy with rare inclusions that are negative for tau and synuclein, but positive for ubiquitin.

We describe the brain autopsy findings from three of five siblings who suffered dementia with clinical diagnoses including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Pick’s disease. Five other living siblings appear unaffected. All of the autopsied brains showed severe atrophy (brain weights 613, 641, and 750 g) of the frontal and temporal lobes, and to a slightly lesser extent of the parietal lobes, while the occipital lobes were relatively preserved. The substantia nigra showed marked neuronal loss with gliosis. No ballooned neurons, neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plaques, Pick bodies, or Lewy bodies were found in these brains. Immunohistochemistry for tau protein failed to reveal neuronal or glial inclusions, and normal tau protein was found in a separate Western blot study [Adamec et al. (2001) Neurosci Lett 315:21–24]. Rare neurons with ubiquitinated cytoplasmic inclusions were scattered in the neocortex and hippocampus. The overall pathological features were consistent with a severe form of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with involvement of the substantia nigra. Whether the rare ubiquitinated inclusions are sufficient to classify these cases as FTD with motor neuron disease type inclusions but without motor neuron disease, or FTD dementia lacking distinctive histological features remains unclear. The features of lobar circumscribed atrophy without Pick bodies and without ballooned neurons, however, are consistent with Pick disease group C in the Constantinidis classification [Constantinidis et al. (1974) Eur Neurol 11:208–217].
Inhibition of Cytoplasmic mRNA Stress Granule Formation by a Viral Proteinase

Mammalian cells form dynamic cytoplasmic mRNA stress granules (SGs) in response to environmental stresses including viral infections. SGs are involved in regulating host mRNA function and metabolism, although their precise role during viral infection is unknown. SGs are thought to assemble based on functions of the RNA-binding proteins TIA-1/TIAR or Ras-GAP SH3 domain-binding protein (G3BP). Here, we investigated the relationship between a prototypical plus-strand RNA virus and SGs. Early during poliovirus infection, SG formation is induced, but as infection proceeds this ability is lost, and SGs disperse. Infection resulted in cleavage of G3BP, but not TIA-1 or TIAR, by poliovirus 3C proteinase. Expression of a cleavage-resistant G3BP restored SG formation during poliovirus infection and significantly inhibited virus replication. These results elucidate a mechanism for viral interference with mRNP metabolism and gene regulation and support a critical role of G3BP in SG formation and restriction of virus replication.
Effect of Calcium and Water Injection on Structure-Function Relationships of Cheese

Our objectives were to determine the effect of calcium and water injection on cheese structure and to relate changes in structure to changes in functional properties of cheese. Cheese with fat and moisture content similar to that of low-moisture part-skim Mozzarella was made according to a direct-acid, stirred/pressed-curd procedure. The cheese was then cut into blocks that were high-pressure-injected from one to five times, with either water or a 40% calcium chloride solution. Successive injections were performed 24 h apart. After 42 d of refrigerated storage, cheese microstructure and functionality were analyzed. When injected three or more times, water tended to increase cheese weight. The control, uninjected cheese, had the typical structure of a stirred/pressed-curd cheese: protein matrix interspersed with areas that originally contained fat and/or serum. Injecting water increased the area of cheese matrix occupied by protein, but it did not affect textural properties or melting of cheese. In contrast, when calcium was injected, a decrease in cheese weight was observed that was manifested through syneresis. The moisture content and pH of the cheese decreased as well. Calcium injection also decreased the area of cheese matrix occupied by protein. Cheese hardness increased, and cohesiveness and melting of cheese decreased upon calcium injection. We concluded that adding calcium to cheese alters how the proteins interact, which is manifested as changes in cheese microstructure. Such changes in cheese structure provide an understanding of changes in functional attributes of the cheese.
Effect of aspirin upon experimental coronary and non-coronary thrombosis and arrhythmia.

Abstract The effect of aspirin upon platelet function led to speculation on the potential effects of salicylates upon arterial thrombogenesis, in which platelets play a primary role. Aspirin was given by mouth or intravenously before attempting induction of coronary or femoral artery thrombosis in dogs by means of a catheter electrode. The incidence of thrombus formation in all animals receiving aspirin was comparable to that of the control groups. Although in several animals of coronary thrombus group receiving aspirin, the thrombus was smaller than in the controls, this was not statistically significant. An unexpected finding was the distinct decrease in incidence of arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation in the coronary thrombus group treated with aspirin. The reason for the differences is not clear at this time.
Aphasia rehabilitation resulting from melodic intonation therapy.

Summary A study is presented which is concerned with a new form of language therapy for aphasia called Melodic Intonation Therapy. This program involves sung intonation of propositional sentences in such a way that the intoned pattern is similar to the natural prosodic pattern of the sentence when it is spoken. The method and scoring system are described. Results are based on eight severely, but not globally, impaired, right-handed aphasic subjects with left hemisphere damage resulting from cerebro-vascular accidents. Each patient acted as his own control by having shown no improvement in verbal expression for at least six months during which time he had received other language therapy. Recovery of some appropriate propositional language occurred for six of the eight patients as a result of Melodic Intonation Therapy. It is suggested that both dominance for music and existence of less developed language areas in the right hemisphere are perhaps being used to support the damaged left hemisphere which continues to be language-dominant. Although candidancy for MIT is still subject to further investigation it is suggested that pre-requisites should include less impaired auditory comprehension than verbal expression, evidence of self-criticism, good attention span, and evidence that on-going recovery in some language modalities has or is occurring. Efficacy of MIT for chronically global aphasics is probably subject to question.
Consultation with the Specialist: The Pierre Robin Sequence: A Concise Review for the Practicing Pediatrician

1. Matthew R. G. Taylor, MD* 1. 2. *Division of Genetic Services, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO. The Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) describes a clinical triad of cleft palate, micrognathia, and glossoptosis. The condition is considerably more complicated than isolated cleft palate. Substantial respiratory and feeding problems may arise in affected individuals. A timely diagnosis made by an experienced pediatrician is important in attenuating these feared consequences. Several causes of PRS have been elucidated, some of which are heritable and have implications for other siblings and future children. A male infant was born to a G2P1 → 2 healthy mother at 36.5 weeks of gestation. The pregnancy was complicated by maternal hypertension. Normal fetal movements and normal amniotic fluid were reported. The birthweight was normal, and initial Apgar scores were 7 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The infant was noted to have a “small” jaw and within 1 hour of birth was experiencing significant respiratory difficulties and cyanosis. High-flow oxygen and placement in a prone position improved his condition only transiently, and he was transferred to a tertiary care hospital. A cleft palate was noted, and shortly after arrival, endotracheal intubation was performed due to his deteriorating respiratory status. Severe PRS was suspected, and a tracheostomy was performed on day 10 of life. The genetic evaluation noted an unremarkable family history. No relatives suffered from PRS, cleft palate, or features of an obvious related genetic condition. Physical examination revealed a weight of 3,050 g (50th percentile), head circumference of 32.5 cm (40th to 50th percentile), and length of 52 cm (90th percentile). His facial features were striking and included severe micrognathia, a palatal cleft, and obvious midface hypoplasia. His eyes and ears appeared normal. No heart murmur was noted, and findings on abdominal, genital, and extremity examinations were normal. The geneticist suspected Stickler syndrome based on the PRS and the facial features. The diagnosis …
Transitioning to zero freshwater withdrawal in the U.S. for thermoelectric generation

Abstract Drought poses important risks to thermoelectric power production in the United States because of the significant water use in this sector. Here a scoping level analysis is performed to identify the technical tradeoffs and initial cost estimates for retrofitting existing thermoelectric generation to achieve zero freshwater withdrawal and thus reduce drought related vulnerabilities. Specifically, conversion of existing plants to dry cooling or a wet cooling system utilizing non-potable water is considered. The least cost alternative is determined for each of the 1178 freshwater using power plants in the United States. The projected increase in levelized cost of electricity ranges roughly from $0.20 to $20/MW h with a median value of $3.53/MW h. With a wholesale price of electricity running about $35/MW h, many retrofits could be accomplished at levels that would add less than 10% to current power plant generation expenses. Such retrofits would alleviate power plant vulnerabilities to thermal discharge limits in times of drought (particularly in the East) and would save 3.2 Mm 3 /d of freshwater consumption in watersheds with limited water availability (principally in the West). The estimated impact of retrofits on wastewater and brackish water supply is minimal requiring only a fraction of the available resource. Total parasitic energy requirements to achieve zero freshwater withdrawal are estimated at 140 million MW h or roughly 4.5% of the total production from the retrofitted plants.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in conjunction with vascular endothelial growth factor maintains primordial follicle numbers in transplanted mouse ovaries.

Objective To determine whether granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), stem cell factor (SCF), or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) improve the outcome of ovarian grafting. Design Experimental animal study. Setting Tertiary care hospital, animal facilities. Animal(s) Young adult (6- to 8-week-old) C57BL/6 female mice. Intervention(s) Orthotopic transplantation of the frozen-thawed ovary. Group 1 (n = 6) received VEGF (8 g/kg/day); group 2 (n = 6) received VEGF and G-CSF (50 g/kg/day), group 3 (n = 6) received G-CSF and SCF (100 g/kg/day), and group 4 (n = 5) received saline (vehicle controls). All injections were given once daily for 5 days starting the day after surgery. Ovaries were collected 2 weeks after transplantation. Main Outcome Measure(s) Number of nonatretic immature (primordial, primary, and small preantral) follicles. Result(s) Transplanted ovaries in mice injected with VEGF concurrently with G-CSF maintained a statistically significantly larger pool of primordial follicles compared with transplanted ovaries in saline-injected controls. Follicle numbers (total immature and primordial) in transplanted ovaries showed no statistically significant difference in mice injected with VEGF alone or G-CSF plus SCF compared with saline-injected controls. Conclusion(s) After ovarian transplantation, mice treated with VEGF and G-CSF maintain a significantly greater number of primordial follicles compared with the transplanted ovaries in control animals, suggesting that the combination of G-CSF and VEGF minimizes ischemic damage and thus improves the viability and function of the ovarian graft.
A convenient separation of alkaloid mixtures by partition chromatography, using an indicator in the stationary phase.

Abstract A convenient method has been developed for the separation of the alkaloids of Buxus sempervirens L. This method involves the use of partition chromatography on Kieselguhr, with an indicator in the stationary phase; the separate bands are detected visually, collected as a whole and in many cases crystallized directly. General considerations are presented concerned with the application of this method to other alkaloidal mixtures. The method is shown to give rapid and convenient separations of mixtures of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids; of complex mixtures of indole alkaloids; and of mixtures of veratrum ester alkaloids, including an efficient and complete separation of a natural mixture of cevadine and veratridine.
An Analysis of Intra‐Versus Extracapillary Growth In a Hollow Fiber Reactor

Mammalian cell culture in hollow fiber reactors is hampered by oxygen limitation. Diffusive oxygen transport from the fiber wall to the cells can be enhanced by increasing the surface area for oxygenation and/or decreasing the penetration depth. One strategy for improving of surface area to penetration depth ratio is to increase the number of fibers in the reactor. An alternative way to manipulate this ratio is to grow the cells inside the fibers rather than on the outside. The theoretical analysis presented indicates that this is favorable when the volume of the extracapillary space exceeds that of the fiber lumen by a factor four or more. The impact of growing the cells on the inside of the fibers on other aspects of mammalian cell culture in hollow fiber reactors, including mass transport from the bulk of the medium flowing through the reactor to the fiber wall, is discussed.
Aikido Experience and its Relation to Mindfulness: A Two-Part Study:

The martial art Aikido may be useful in the development of mindfulness. In this study, the authors examined the potential association of training in Aikido may have on mindfulness. The sample of Study 1 comprised 159 participants completing two empirically validated scales of mindfulness and awareness, the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills and the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale. Study 2 was a longitudinal study of 20 Aikido students from beginning through 5th Kyu (approximately 9 months of training). The results from both studies show significant increases in mindfulness scores with increased Aikido training.
Hydrogen peroxide in deep waters of the North Pacific Ocean

[1] Hydrogen peroxide is a reactive oxygen intermediate that can play a role in a variety of redox cycles. In the ocean, it is generally considered to be dominantly photo-produced with negligible concentrations in deep waters. We have utilized a highly sensitive analytical method to investigate hydrogen peroxide in deep waters of the North Pacific Ocean. We present evidence that hydrogen peroxide exists in low nanomolar concentrations in these deep waters with an apparent minimum in the depth range of the oxygen minimum. A consideration of possible mechanisms and rates suggests both a short (∼12 day) residence time as well as a biological origin for this deep hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is probably of minor importance to metal cycling in the deep ocean except in low oxygen environments.
Social power‐based print advertising: Theoretical and practical considerations

A laboratory experiment explored the impact of various power-based copy approaches upon readers' responses to print advertising messages. The treatments employed were derived from French and Raven's bases of social power at two levels of information content. Response measures included copy-and brand-related variables and recall. Results indicate that there are significant differences in responses owing to both the base of social power and the information level used.
Red tide in the upwelling region of Baja California1

Predominant organisms in a red water dinoflagellate bloom during the seasonal onset of coastal upwelling off Baja California were Gonyaulax polyedra, Ceratium furca, and Gymnodinium sp. The major part of the chlorophyll and the 14C assimilation in the area was related to the G. polyedra population. The maximum concentration of these organisms was associated with low salinity water of the surface California Current. The dinoflagellates remained in the area during the 20-day cruise, although the vertical stability coefficient was low, with no steep temperature gradient. The high concentrations of small copepods suggest them as major grazers of G. polyedra.
The heterogeneous character of the dilute acid hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose. III. Kinetic and X‐ray data

Thirteen prehydrolyzed samples of cellulose, including native, mercerized, and regenerated materials were hydrolyzed in 1% and 1.5% sulfuric acid at 160, 170, and 180°C. Pseudo first-order rate constants and weight average degrees of polymerization were determined for each sample. For all cellulose samples, data from several experiments were used to determine the dependence of the rate of hydrolysis on sulfuric acid concentration. The results obtained in this study indicate that Sharples' end-attack model is consistent with kinetic data for the hydrolysis of cellulose II samples, but is not applicable to the hydrolysis of cellulose I samples. X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that, for native and mercerized cellulose samples, structural changes during dilute acid hydrolysis are not significant. However, data for rayon indicated that such changes may need to be taken into account in analysis of the reaction kinetics.
The Origin and Evolution of the Asteroid Belt—Implications for Vesta and Ceres

Vesta and Ceres are the largest members of the asteroid belt, surviving from the earliest phases of Solar System history. They formed at a time when the asteroid belt was much more massive than it is today and were witness to its dramatic evolution, where planetary embryos were formed and lost, where the collisional environment shifted from accretional to destructive, and where the current size distribution of asteroids was sculpted by mutual collisions and most of the asteroids originally present were lost by dynamical processes. Since these early times, the environment of the asteroid belt has become relatively quiescent, though over the long history of the Solar System the surfaces of Vesta and Ceres continue to record and be influenced by impacts, most notably the south polar cratering event on Vesta. As a consequence of such impacts, Vesta has contributed a significant family of asteroids to the main belt, which is the likely source of the HED meteorites on Earth. No similar contribution to the main belt (or meteorites) is evident for Ceres. Through studies of craters, the surfaces of these asteroids will offer an opportunity for Dawn to probe the modern population of small asteroids in a size regime not directly observable from Earth.
Synthesis of spin labelled deoxynucleotide analogues and their incorporation with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase into DNA

Abstract The synthesis of novel spin labelled deoxynucleoside-5′-triphosphates and their enzymatic incorporation with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase into DNA are described.
The first metatarsocuneiform joint, hypermobility, and hallux valgus : What does it all mean?

The etiology and treatment of the hallux valgus deformity has long been a subject of controversy. Early reports focused on increased first metatarsocuneiform joint mobility as the primary cause of the deformity. While this theory was widely accepted, little evidence was offered in its support. Recent reports have provided objective evidence calling into question the notion of hypermobility. While flexibility in the first metatarsocuneiform joint is necessary for hallux valgus to develop, increased mobility is the result rather than the cause of the deformity.
At the foundations of information justice

Is there such a thing as information justice? In this paper, I argue that the current state of the information economy, particularly as it regards information and computing technology (ICT), is unjust, conferring power disproportionately on the information-wealthy at great expense to the information-poor. As ICT becomes the primary method for accessing and manipulating information, it ought to be treated as a foundational layer of the information economy. I argue that by maximizing the liberties (freedom to use, freedom to distribute, freedom to modify, and so on) associated with certain computer software, an incentives-rich and stable environment can be established in ICT that will foster development of the information economy among the information poor. I suggest that the now-mature Free and Open Source Software paradigm, which has already produced widely-used enterprise-class applications, can be harnessed in support of these ends.
Plasmonic Scattering Enhancement of Quantum Well Solar Cells

Quantum-well solar cells offer a route to photovoltaic power conversion with predicted efficiencies of 45-63%. We discuss methods of improving their performance by engineering photon propagation paths via scattering from metal or dielectric nanoparticles.