cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The status of the electron beam ion sources

More than twenty years after its invention, 14 Electron Beam Ion Sources are in operation worldwide. The substantial progress in operation and insight, achieved over the last few years, made the EBISes become reliable tools for the production of beams of very highly charged, low energy ions. For example, 8 EBISes produce bare argon on a standard basis. The successful production of hydrogen-like xenon presents the ions with the highest ionization energy, whereas the production of Th80+ presents the highest achieved charge state. Several synchrotrons are fed by EBIS-injectors, taking advantage of the EBIS batch mode production, which yields the highest charge states. A few EBISes are used for ion source development. However, most of the EBISes’ efforts are directed to research the physics of highly charged ions. Some of those are used to study the electron-ion interaction inside the source. But normally, most EBISes deliver the ions for external experiments, which so far concentrate on the recombination of the highly charged ions with atoms, molecules and surfaces. The ions are typically produced at a potential of 1 to a few kilovolts per charge, but in most cases, the EBIS is mounted on a high voltage platform or is followed by an RFQ, and therefore can generate ion energies from a few hundred volts up to a few hundred kilovolts per charge. The delivered beams have a low emittance and a low energy spread, which is an advantage for high resolution experiments. This paper presents briefly all operational EBISes, their capabilities, their achievements, and their contribution to physics research.
Synthesis of nanostructured nanoclay-zirconia multilayers: a feasibility study

This paper reports the first effort to synthesize a new class of inorganic nanostructured materials consisting of alternating ultrathin layers of nanoclays and oxide ceramics. A novel solution-based layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition technique was developed to prepare multilayers of hydrated Zr cations and nanoclays. This LBL deposition technique is devised by integrating an electrostatic-mediated dip coating method for making nanoclay-polymer multilayers with a successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method for making ultrathin oxide films. Nanostructured clay-zirconia multilayer composites formed through subsequent annealing. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction confirmed that these films are uniform and crack-free, consist of no detectable impurities, and possess nanoscale-layered structure. The incorporation of nanoclays facilitates the electrostatic-mediated assembling of multilayers, enhances the structural integrity, and provides a generic framework to construct functionally graded materials. Potential applications are envisaged.
Community water fluoridation reduced dental caries in Australian adults born before its widespread implementation at least as much as after its widespread adoption.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Effects of fluoridated drinking water on dental caries in Australian adults. Slade GD, Sanders AE, Do L, Roberts-Thomson K, Spencer AJ. J Dent Res 2013;92:376. Reviewers Vinicius N. Tavares, DDS, MPH, Jayanth V. Kumar, DDS, MPH Purpose/Question This study investigated the long term caries-prevention benefits of community water fluoridation for individuals born before its widespread implementation Source of Funding Government: National Health and Medical Research Council grants Industry: Colgate-Palmolive, New York, USA provided gifts for study participants Other: Australian Dental Association and state and territory health departments and dental services Type of Study/Design Retrospective cohort study Level of Evidence Level 2 Strength of Recommendation grade Not applicable
Hemorrhagic 'spider-in-web': atypical appearance of a peritoneal inclusion cyst.

A 16-year-old girl with short-gut syndrome and multiple surgical procedures for adhesion-related small-bowel obstructions presented with pelvic pain. Right adnexal sonography revealed a complicated cystic mass that contained a structure thought to be the right ovary (Fig. 1). Power Doppler US image (Fig. 2) showed blood flow surrounding a hemorrhagic ovarian cyst (asterisk). A small amount of normal ovarian tissue was seen (arrows). Laparoscopy and histopathology confirmed an entrapped right ovary within a peritoneal inclusion cyst (PIC). The ovary was preserved and contained a large hemorrhagic functional cyst. PICs form when ovulatory fluid accumulates between peritoneal adhesions related to prior surgery, infection, or inflam-
Effects of Vacancies on the Onset of Plasticity in Metals—An Atomistic Simulation Study

As strength of crystalline materials strongly depends on their ability to nucleate new dislocations or move the existing ones, a proper knowledge of factors that play a major role at the first stages of plastic deformation is highly desirable. However, fundamental understanding of the role of point defects, such as vacancies or inclusions, on the onset of plastic deformation in otherwise defect-free solids is still lacking. In this work, atomistic simulations are applied to study the role of vacancies in the inception of plasticity in metals. In particular, the effect of single vacancy as well as different vacancy distributions on the onset of plastic deformation in Ni single crystal during the nanoindentation test is explored. The combined effect of vacancy concentration and temperature on the onset of plasticity is also studied. The increase in vacancy concentration typically results in a decrease of load at the onset of plasticity. However, it is found that this is not always the case, and a particular location of one vacancy can be more important for the onset of plasticity than the higher total number of vacancies distributed in the crystal. It is also found that at higher temperatures, the effect of vacancy concentration on the load at the onset of plasticity is less pronounced than at low temperature.
Carbon monoxide on niobium

Abstract Carbon monoxide interacts with a niobium surface in a complex manner. There are at least two chemisorbed binding states, the weaker one being desorbed above 150° K. The field emission patterns resulting from heating to 600° K and above indicate a decomposition of the CO held on the surface in the more strongly bound state. Heating a CO covered surface in the region of 150° K leads to a characteristic mottling ascribed to surface clustering. Re-coverage with CO of a CO on Nb surface that had been heated to 150° K or higher did not reproduce the reference field emission pattern obtained by covering a clean niobium surface by condensing CO on one side of the emitter tip at 4.2° K and spreading at 50° K.
A new model for olfactory imprinting in salmon

Olfactory imprinting is a specialized form of unconditioned learning in which olfactory information is acquired and then used in some specific behavioral context later in life. One of the hallmarks of olfactory imprinting is that it tends to be linked to a sensitive period of development. This prerequisite thus distinguishes olfactory imprinting from other types of odor learning in which only conditioned exposure to an odor stimulus is required for learning to occur. Most investigations designed to explore the mechanisms underlying olfactory imprinting have focused on mammalian species, concentrating on synaptic events at the level of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs.1 Recent integrative studies with salmon2,3 and rabbits,4 however, provide compelling evidence that highly specific imprinted odor memories may also be retained in the periphery, i.e., at the level of the olfactory epithelium proper. These results suggest that populations of olfactory receptor neurons may be selectively tuned to respond to odor molecules present during a hormonally linked sensitive period. A potential key to the mechanism of how these peripheral odor memories become established draws on the unique ability of olfactory receptor neurons to turn over throughout an organism's life span.5 How hormonal and environmental factors work together to influence olfactory neurogenesis is currently only sketchily understood,6 but ultimately may provide important new insights not only for basic science but for salmon conservation as well.
Reply to a comment: oxygen adsorption on Au clusters by W.T. Wallace, A.J. Leavitt, and R.J. Whetten

Abstract In response to the comment of Wallace et al., we point out that density functional theory has very serious difficulties in dealing with the oxygen molecule and that unpublished calculations with more accurate methods are in agreement with the experimental results of Salisbury et al.
Thermal cues and the perception of force

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of temperature on force perception. The objective of the first experiment was to quantify the change in skin temperature of the finger as a function of contact force, in order to characterize how much temperature changes under normal contact conditions. The decrease in temperature ranged from 2.3 to 4.2°C as the force increased from 0.1 to 6 N, averaging 3.2°C across the nine force levels studied. The changes in temperature as a function of force were well above threshold, which suggests that thermal cues could be used to discriminate between contact forces if other sources of sensory information were absent. The second experiment examined whether the perceived magnitude of forces (1–8 N) generated by the index finger changed as a function of the temperature of the contact surface against which the force was produced. A contralateral force-matching procedure was used to evaluate force perception. The results indicated that the perceived magnitude of finger forces did not change as a function of the temperature of the reference contact surface which varied from 22 to 38°C. These results provide further support for the centrally generated theory of force perception and indicate that the thermal intensification of tactually perceived weight does not occur when forces are actively generated.
The Language of War (2 Cor. 10:1-6) and the Language of Weakness (2 Cor. 11:21b-13:10)

This essay seeks to engage the broader discussion of religious violence by focusing on the language of war of the Apostle Paul in 2 Cor. 10:1-6. By viewing this paragraph of martial rhetoric and its afterlife through the lens provided by two theoretical models, the disciplinary and emancipatory, this essay wonders if Paul's own second thoughts and apologies for his hurtful speech and fumbling attempts to find an alternative led him to offer an alternative. The paper suggests that the mockery of his opponents of his bodily presence as weak, in other words, womanish, once adopted by Paul, provided the inspiration for the fool's speech and a new model of manhood, in other words, power, in weakness that offered a directed reading of the scars on his back as the primary rebuttal of attacks on his apostolic legitimacy and that of his gospel. The threats and bullying that remain, however, show that Paul had neither repudiated threatening speech nor thought through the implications of his inspired model of the fool. That was left to others who made this model central to martyrological traditions that subverted the prevailing ideology of manhood.
Joint Stability Characteristics of the Ankle Complex After Lateral Ligamentous Injury, Part I: A Laboratory Comparison Using Arthrometric Measurement

Context: The mechanical property of stiffness may be important to investigating how lateral ankle ligament injury affects the behavior of the viscoelastic properties of the ankle complex. A better understanding of injury effects on tissue elastic characteristics in relation to joint laxity could be obtained from cadaveric study. Objective: To biomechanically determine the laxity and stiffness characteristics of the cadaver ankle complex before and after simulated injury to the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) during anterior drawer and inversion loading. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Seven fresh-frozen cadaver ankle specimens. Intervention(s): All ankles underwent loading before and after simulated lateral ankle injury using an ankle arthrometer. Main Outcome Measure(s): The dependent variables were anterior displacement, anterior end-range stiffness, inversion rotation, and inversion end-range...
PCB bioavailability control in Lumbriculus variegatus through different modes of activated carbon addition to sediments.

PCB bioavailability to a freshwater oligochaete (Lumbriculus variegatus) was studied using sediments from a PCB-impacted river that was treated with different modes of granular activated carbon (GAC) addition. For sediment treated with 2.6% GAC and mixed for 2 min prior to L. variegatus addition, the reduction in total PCB biouptake was 70% for 75−300 μm size carbon, and 92% for the 45−180 μm size carbon. For the case where the GAC was placed as a thin layer on top of the sediments without mixing, the reduction in total PCB uptake was 70%. PCB biouptake kinetics study using treated and untreated sediment showed that the maximum PCB uptake in tissue was achieved at 28 days and decreased after that time. Although the absolute uptake of PCB changed over time, the percent reduction in total PCB uptake upon GAC amendment remained constant after the first few days. Our results indicated that PCB bioavailability was reduced upon the addition and little or no mixing of GAC into sediments. PCB aqueous equilibrium ...
A chromatic-cancellation property of human pupillary responses

Abstract The pupil exhibits a response property somewhat analogous to perceptual red-green cancellation. Across a limited range of flash intensities near threshold, pupillary constrictions evoked by red flashes can be reduced, if not nulled, by the simultaneous addition of a green flash. The percentage of trials on which a stimulus-evoked response can be correctly discriminated from noise also falls to chance level as a green flash is added to the red flash. In terms of the quanta absorbed by L and M cones, the cancellation can be modelled as a function of ❘0.65*L-M❘.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION UPON THE INDUCTION OF POLARITY IN FUCUS EGGS : I. INCREASED HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION AND THE INTENSITY OF MUTUAL INDUCTIONS BY NEIGHBORING EGGS OF FUCUS FURCATUS.

1. The eggs of Fucus furcatus develop perfectly in sea water acidified to pH 6.0. They are retarded at pH 5.5. At pH 5.0 they do not develop, nor do they cytolize. 2. In normal sea water in the dark at 15°C., eggs develop rhizoids on the sides in the resultant direction of a mass of neighboring eggs. The polarity and the whole developmental pattern of the embryo is thereby induced. This inductive effect does not operate, however, unless the directing mass is an appreciable aggregation of cells (10 or more), or unless there are numerous other eggs in the dish. A group of five eggs alone in a dish do not carry out mutual inductions. Two eggs alone in a dish do not develop rhizoids toward each other. 3. When the sea water is acidified to pH 6.0 all sizes of aggregations carry out mutual inductions. Two eggs alone in a dish now develop rhizoids on the sides toward each other, provided they are not more than about 4 egg diameters apart. 4. Increased hydrogen ion concentration thus augments or intensifies the mutual inductive effect. 5. This may explain why only larger masses of eggs show inductions in normal sea water, since presumably the larger masses considerably increase the hydrogen ion concentration locally. 6. The nature of the inductive action is discussed. 7. In acidified sea water at pH 6.0, compared with normal sea water at pH 7.8–8.0, the rhizoids originate and extend with a strongly increased downward component. The substrate then forces further extension or growth of the rhizoid to be in the plane of the substrate.
Foreground auditory scene analysis for hearing aids

Although a wide variety of signal enhancement algorithms are available for hearing aids, selection and parameterization of the best algorithm at any given time is highly dependent upon the environment of the hearing aid user. The use of auditory scene analysis has been proposed by several groups to categorize the background noise. In this work, an algorithm is proposed to categorize a foreground speaker as opposed to the background noise and parameterize a frequency-based compression algorithm which has been previously shown to improve speech understanding for some individuals with severe sensorineural hearing loss in the 2-3kHz range.
Copolymerization Behavior of Unbridged Indenyl Metallocenes: Substituent Effects on the Degree of Comonomer Incorporation

The copolymerization of ethylene and 1-hexene with a variety of unbridged indenylmetallocenes was investigated and compared to unbridged bis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride and bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride as well as ansa-bridged rac-ethylenebis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride (EBIZrCl2). The unbridged bis(2-phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride showed higher selectivity for the incorporation of 1-hexene than the bridged rac-ethylenebis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride and much higher 1-hexene incoporation than the unbridged bis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride and bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride. Both ligands appear to be important since the 1-hexene incorporation of the mixed ligand compound (cyclopentadienyl)(2-phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride is much lower than that of bis(2-phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride. For unbridged bis(indenyl)metallocenes, the nature of the substituent in the 2-position plays an important role in comonomer selectivity: bis(2-methylindenyl)zirconium dichloride and bi...
Selecting a subset containing the best one of several IFRA populations

Consideremos poblaciones de tasas (de muerte) medianas crecientes (IFRA) π1, π2,...,π k conk≥2. Queremos seleccionar un subconjunto conteniendo la mejor poblacion. La seleccion debe ser segun el orden desconocido de γ1 (t),...,γ k (t), dondet=T es fijado; $$\gamma _\iota (t) = - \frac{{\ell n\left[ {1 - F_i (t)} \right]}}{t},$$ la tase mediana; yF j (t) es la distribution de la variable aleatoria positiva y continua que se asocia con π i . Cualquier seleccion de un subconjunto que contiene la poblacion con γ(T) mas pequena se considera como una seleccion correcta. El procedimiento consiste en poner π i en el subconjunto siss $$N_i + c \leqslant \frac{{N_{min} + c}}{d},$$ , dondec>0 y 0<d≤1 satisfacen algunos requerimientos probabilisticos. N i =N i (T) es el numero de muertos observados de π i cuando hacemos los tests sucesivamente. Se obtiene una solucion asiptotica (T→∞).
Magdalena Ridge Observatory: the start-up of a new observatory

This paper discusses the challenges faced in designing and building a new astronomical observatory. Which factors drive an organization (e.g. university) to invest considerable funding and human resources, and experience considerable risk to establish a new research facility? We identify four main drivers for establishing a new observatory: support for education, research, economic development, and technology development. For public observatories, research is generally the main driver. For nonpublic observatories, the situation is more complex and is for each situation different. A detailed description is presented on the drivers and opportunities that resulted in establishing the Magdalena Ridge Observatory. Three main opportunities are identified: a developed site, surplus equipment, and economic development of the Socorro area.
Immunochemistry of frog lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the subunit homologies of amphibian LDH isozymes

Abstract 1. 1. The immunochemical properties of Rana pipiens lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes support the assignment of subunit structure of LDH-1 as B 4 , LDH-3 as A 2 B 2 , LDH-4 as A 3 B and LDH-5 as A 4 . 2. 2. The subunit designations are homologous with those used for avian isozymes as shown by immunochemical cross-reaction. 3. 3. The apparent reversal of tissue distribution of Taricha LDH isozymes is due to a reversal of net charge on the Taricha subunits homologous to the Rana A and B subunits.
Administrative guidelines for response to an adverse anesthesia event

Abstract The Risk Management Committee of the Harvard Medical School's Department of Anaesthesia developed a set of guidelines recommending administrative actions that should be taken immediately following an adverse anesthesia event. The guidelines are intended to limit patient injury from a specific event associated with anesthesia and to ensure that the causes of the event are identified to prevent recurrence. The guidelines direct the primary anesthetist to concentrate on continuing care but quickly notify someone in a leadership position, who would become the "incident supervisor". The incident supervisor would be knowledgeable of the details of the protocol and direct activities for ensuring appropriate medical care, sequestration of equipment, documentation of information, and contact of other appropriate administrative personnel. Experience with the guidelines has shown that they can be effective if applied but that it is difficult to do that consistently in our large medical centers.
D3 dopamine receptor signals to activation of phospholipase D through a complex with Rho

Dopamine acts through a family of G protein-coupled receptors to exert its myriad effects. The D3 Dopamine receptor is one member of the D2-like dopamine receptors. We have previously demonstrated in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells that D3 receptor stimulation of phospholipase D (PLD) activity is pertussis toxin insensitive [Everett and Senogles. Neurosci. Lett. 371 (2004), 34]. We hypothesized that a low molecular weight G protein was involved in the agonist-mediated activation of PLD. When the D3 receptor was coexpressed with RhoA in HEK293 cells, agonist-induced stimulation of PLD activity was increased. However, co-expression of Rac or Cdc42 with the D3 receptor did not change the PLD activity. As well, expression of a dominant-negative construct of RhoA, N19 Rho completely ablated D3 receptor-mediated PLD activation, when co-expressed with the D3 receptor in HEK293 cells. In contrast, expression of dominant-negative constructs of Rac or Cdc42 had no effect. Treatment of HEK293 cells transfected with the D3 receptor and treated with a D3 preferring agonist R+-hydroxy(dipropylamino)tetralin hydrobromide, results in an agonist-induced physical complex of D3 receptor and either endogenous Rho or transfected hemaglutinin (HA)-RhoA that can be detected by immunoprecipitation and western blotting. Treatment of cells transfected with D3 receptor with R+-hydroxy(dipropylamino)tetralin hydrobromide also results in agonist-dependent Rho activation, as measured by a Rho effector pull-down assay. The data suggest that D3 receptor/RhoA association and activation is necessary for D3 receptor-mediated PLD activation.
Crack cocaine-induced supraglottitis

The use of illicit drugs remains a substantial public health concern in many societies. National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University reported in 2009 that local, state, and federal governments spend nearly half a trillion dollars per year on substance abuse and addiction [1]. In the mid 1980s, a new formula for cocaine was introduced into broad public circulation [2]. This cocaine continues to be used in a free base form that is not destroyed by heat and can be inhaled. When the free base is heated, it produces a popping sound which led to the street name “crack”. Inhalation through a short-necked “crack pipe” avoids excessive cooling of the hot vapors thus maximizing crack absorption and effect. The concentration of cocaine in the blood that can be achieved by smoking the free base form is comparable to that of intravenous (IV) use of cocaine salt. Smoking crack cocaine carries a high addiction potential similar to the IV form [2]. Crack is much cheaper than cocaine salt, which is sniffed or used IV, broadening the user population. The National Institute on Drug Abuse reported that in 2009 one million Americans aged 12 and older had used crack at least once in the year prior to being surveyed [3]. Because patients often do not admit to illicit drug use, it can be challenging for care givers to determine the appropriate diagnosis and treatment for patients who present with unusual symptoms. In this case, we report on an individual that presented in respiratory distress with imaging and exam consistent with a mass effect on the upper airway. After acute stabilization, she admitted to recent crack cocaine use, and we could explain her presentation through chemical or thermal laryngitis from the cocaine inhalation.
Direct evidence for a narrow window at high angular momentum in incomplete-fusion reactions

Alpha-gamma coincidence measurements have been made with reactions of 142-MeV $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ on $^{146}\mathrm{Nd}$ leading to the noncollective nuclei $^{152}\mathrm{Dy}$ and $^{151}\mathrm{Dy}$. The side-feeding pattern in coincidence with forward energetic alpha particles peaks at $J=30$ with full width at half maximum \ensuremath{\sim}10, indicating that central collisions do not participate, while that for backward alpha particles extends down to $J=0$. The data are consistent with the generalized critical-angular-momentum model of incomplete fusion.
Central limit theorem for the size of the range of a renewal process

Abstract We study the range of a Markov chain moving forward on the positive integers. For every position, there is a probability distribution on the size of the next forward jump. Taking a scaling limit as the means and variances of these distributions approach given continuous functions of position, there is a Gaussian limit law for the number of sites hit in a given rescaled interval. We then apply this to random coupling. At each time, n, a random function f n is applied to the set { 1 , … , N } . The range R n of the composition f n ∘ ⋯ ∘ f 1 shrinks as n increases. A Gaussian limit law for the total number of values of | R n | follows from the limit law together with an extension to non-compact rescaled ranges.
Messages about black-box warnings: a comparative analysis of reports from the FDA and lay media in the US.

Background: The US FDA and lay media are important sources of information for the public about the risks of adverse events associated with drugs, yet the quality of FDA and US lay media reports about medication ‘black-box’ warnings, which highlight potentially severe adverse events from medications, is unknown.
Remediation of language processing in aphasia: Improving activation and maintenance of linguistic representations in (verbal) short-term memory

Background: Verbal short-term memory (STM) impairments are invariably present in aphasia. Word processing involves a minimal form of verbal STM, i.e., the time course over which semantic and phonological representations are activated and maintained until they are comprehended, produced, or repeated. Thus it is reasonable that impairments of word processing and verbal STM may co-occur. The co-occurrence of language and STM impairments in aphasia has motivated an active area of research that has revealed much about the relationship of these two systems and the effect of their impairment on language function and verbal learning (Freedman & Martin, 2001; Martin & Saffran, 1999; Trojano & Grossi, 1995). In keeping with this view a number of researchers have developed treatment protocols to improve verbal STM in order to improve language function (e.g., Koenig-Bruhin & Studer-Eichenberger, 2007). This account of aphasia predicts that treatment of a fundamental ability, such as STM, which supports language funct...
Launch Summary for 1979

Spacecraft launching for 1979 are identified and listed under the categories of (1) sounding rockets, and (2) artificial Earth satellites and space probes. The sounding rockets section includes a listing of the experiments, index of launch sites and tables of the meanings and codes used in the launch listing.
The Influence of Romanian Campaign Finance Laws on Party System Development and Corruption

While East European party systems have received considerable attention, little research has been conducted on the influence of campaign finance laws on party system development. It is surprising that this issue receives such little attention given the widespread use of these laws in East Europe and that the requirements and especially the enforcement mechanisms of these laws have an influence on corruption. This article examines the logic behind public campaign financing and its implementation in Romania. The first section of the article explores the rationale behind party campaign finance, notes some of the criticisms of state campaign subsidies and addresses how party campaign finance generally influences the party system. The second section examines the Romanian campaign finance system and addresses how party campaign finance has influenced the development of parties, the party system and corruption.
Configurations of fatty acyl chains in egg phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol mixed bilayers.

Abstract Based on the structural properties of cholesterol and egg phosphatidylcholine, and on the assumption that the van der Waals' type attactive interaction between the steroid nucleus and the fatty acyl chains provides a stabilizing force for the cholesterol-egg phosphatidylcholine complex, some specific orientation and configurations of the fatty acyl chains around the steroid nucleus in the interacting system are proposed in terms of an optimal packing. The proposed model suggests that the saturated chains are largely facing the flattened (α) surface of the steroid nucleus of cholesterol, while the unsaturated chains can interact with both the α and β surfaces of the steroid nucleus. It is also suggested that the angular methyl groups on the β surface of the steroid nucleus lock the unsaturated fatty acyl chain in a relatively immobile configuration. Experimental evidence which provides support for the proposed stereochemical model is presented.
The Oncotype DX Recurrence Score Is Correlated With a Composite Index Including Routinely Reported Pathobiologic Features

In a series of 177 breast carcinomas, we found that the Oncotype DX Recurrence Score (RS) was correlated with six pathobiologic features: estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status, and the three components of the Nottingham tumor grade. The RS also correlated with a composite index (the Breast Cancer Prognostic Score or BCPS) comprising the same six parameters. Categorical concordance was 56% and 66% using conventional and TAILORx cutoffs, respectively. Our data show that a composite prognostic index can be constructed from routinely reported breast tumor features that captures much of the information provided by the Oncotype assay at no added cost.
Brain Neoplasm and the Potential Impact on Self-Identity

Cancers of the brain can cause alterations in a person's neurocognitive abilities, and in some patients can even challenge their concept of self and self-identity. Cancer treatment may offer some hope for longer survival, but residual neurocognitive alterations generally remain. Individualized care for these patients should include information related to anticipated effects of their disease or treatments affecting their perception or expression of self. At present, the concepts of self and self-identity are largely unexplored in neuro-oncology, but we discuss this clinical population in order to highlight the need for further clinical evaluation of these phenomena among patients with brain neoplasm. Finally, we briefly note the need for a clinical tool to assess self and self-identity changes in brain tumor patients.
The Patient Satisfaction Interview for partial hospitalization programs.

The Patient Satisfaction Interview was developed to assess consumers' satisfaction with four dimensions of partial hospitalization programs: the physical environment, the therapists, the treatment ...
Long-term results following repair of neonatal abdominal wall defects with Gore-Tex

Animal studies and clinical experience in adults suggest that the Gore-Tex patch, because of its strength and lack of reactivity, is superior to other synthetic materials as a fascial replacement. We report our experience with Gore-Tex for the repair of neonatal abdominal wall defects when direct fascial closure was not possible. Between January 1985 and July 1992, 84 patients underwent repair of an omphalocele or gastroschisis. Ten of these were repaired with a Gore-Tex patch. Follow-up averaged 2.2 years (range 13–63 months). Data collected were graft life (time from insertion to removal), patch-related complications such as exteriorization (exposure of the patch due to dehiscence of the overlying skin), presence or absence of local and/or systemic infection, and patch separation (separation of the sutured edge of the patch from the fascia). The ease of removal as well as the appearance of the wound after patch removal was documented. Patch-related complications were divided into early (≤30 days postoperatively), and late (> 30 days). All ten patients required graft removal because of patch-related complications. The median time to removal was 90 days (range 20–540). There were a total of 12 complications in the ten patients. Three had early complications; three had exteriorized patches and two had concomitant local infections. Seven patients had late complications. Exteriorization was less common in this group, occurring in two cases. Local infections occurred in five of seven patients. Patch removal was necessary to clear the infection in all cases. No patient developed systemic sepsis or enteric fistulae. The patch was removed easily and there were no bowel-to-patch adhesions. Fascial closure was successfully accomplished in all patients regardless of the size of the initial defect. In no case did removal of the patch and secondary closure of the abdominal wall result in a ventral hernia. This study demonstrates that: (1) Gore-Tex patch closure of neonatal abdominal wall defects is associated in all cases with either early or late exteriorization and/or infection; (2) removal is easy and complication-free because it does not incorporate into the tissue and is relatively non-reactive; and (3) following removal of the patch it is possible to successfully close the abdominal wall defect. We conclude that Gore-Tex is a useful synthetic material for closure of neonatal abdominal wall defects, but should be considered a temporary bridge to subsequent fascial closure.
Effect of calcium on strawberry fruit flavonoid pathway gene expression and anthocyanin accumulation

Two diploid woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) inbred lines, Ruegen F7-4 (red fruit-bearing) and YW5AF7 (yellow fruit-bearing) were used to study the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in fruit. Ruegen F7-4 fruit had similar total phenolics and anthocyanin contents to commercial octoploid (F. × ananassa) cultivar Seascape, while YW5AF7 exhibited relatively low total phenolics content and no anthocyanin accumulation. Foliar spray of CaCl2 boosted fruit total phenolics content, especially anthocyanins, by more than 20% in both Seascape and RF7-4. Expression levels of almost all the flavonoid pathway genes were comparable in Ruegen F7-4 and YW5AF7 green-stage fruit. However, at the turning and ripe stages, key anthocyanin structural genes, including flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H1), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR2), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS1), and UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT1), were highly expressed in Ruegen F7-4 compared with YW5AF7 fruit. Calcium treatment further stimulated the expression of those genes in Ruegen F7-4 fruit. Anthocyanins isolated from petioles of YW5AF7 and Ruegen F-7 had the same HPLC–DAD profile, which differed from that of Ruegen F-7 fruit anthocyanins. All the anthocyanin structural genes except FvUGT1 were detected in petioles of YW5AF7 and Ruegen F-7. Taken together, these results indicate that the “yellow” gene in YW5AF7 is a fruit specific regulatory gene(s) for anthocyanin biosynthesis. Calcium can enhance accumulation of anthocyanins and total phenolics in fruit possibly via upregulation of anthocyanin structural genes. Our results also suggest that the anthocyanin biosynthesis machinery in petioles is different from that in fruit.
A solid state nanosecond pulser using Marx bank techniques

Abstract This pulser generates a 5 kV pulse into 50 ohm, 17 nsec after receiving a 1 3 V input signal. The voltage is derived from capacitors which are charged in parallel and discharged in series. Avalanche transistors are used as the switching elements from the 0 to 1 kV level, while Elkonite spark gaps are used from the 1 to 5 kV level. Pulse repetition rates in excess of 100 pps are readily obtainable and output pulse jitter is less than 1 nsec.
Wavelength-dependent refractive and absorptive terms for propagation in small-spaced correlated distributions

Earlier results for coherent propagation of light in correlated random distributions of dielectric particles of radius a (with minimum separation b ≥ 2a small compared with wavelength λ = 2π/k) are generalized to obtain the refractive and absorptive terms to order (ka)2. The present results include the earlier multiple scattering by electric dipoles as well as scattering and multipole coupling by magnetic dipoles and electric quadrupoles. The correlation aspects are determined by the statistical-mechanics radial distribution function f(R) for impenetrable particles of diameter b. The new terms for slab scatterers and spheres involve the integral of fR (first moment) or of f ln R for cylinders. The new packing factor is evaluated exactly for slabs as a simple algebraic function of the volume fraction w, and it is shown that the bulk index of refraction reduces to that of one particle in the limit w = 1. A similar result is achieved for spheres in terms of the Percus–Yevick approximation and the unrealizable limit w = 1.
DRAG REDUCTION AND STRUCTURAL TURBULENCE IN FLOWING POLYOX SOLUTIONS

Structural turbulence has been detected in dilute aqueous solutions of Polyox Coagulant (also known to be a highly effective drag-reducing agent). The flow line which characterizes structural turbulence from its onset in the laminar region passes well into the fully turbulent region (Reynolds turbulence) with virtually no change in slope, implying that the same molecular oscillations or segmental motions responsible for structural turbulence are now operative in drag reduction. The persistence of structural turbulence at very low concentrations is rationalized on the basis of Busses explanation of the role of polymer entanglements in viscosity and elastic turbulence.
Screening with Cost-Effective Quality Control: Potential Applications to HIV and Drug Testing

Abstract This article investigates the applicability of group testing as a quality control procedure to monitor the sensitivity of screening tests used to check the blood supply for infective agents or to check employees for drug use. The problem is important, as the accuracy of screening tests in the field may deteriorate over time. In the blood screening application, our results demonstrate that group testing the screened negatives provides a procedure with high power to detect a decline of .02 in the sensitivity of the original test when the prevalence in the population is quite low (.0001). Moreover, the procedure is cost-effective in the sense that the expected cost per human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection avoided could be less than $1 million, in contrast to much higher economic valuations of life that are used in regulatory analyses. The statistical properties of estimates of the prevalence, as well as those for the sensitivity and specificity of the screening test using the extra informati...
Positional small‐angle X‐ray scattering

Positional small-angle X-ray scattering has been implemented and developed as a new nondestructive technique to study the formation and growth of flaws in polymers. The technique consists of measuring the intensity of scattering at a constant scattering angle while the sample is moved through the incident x-ray beam. Examples of applications of the technique from several different materials are presented.
Urinary Catecholamine Excretion in Myocardial Infarction

The catecholamine excretion rates in urine were studied in three groups of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Group I patients had no complications. Group II patients had minor complications. In groups I and II urine was obtained during the first night of the patient's admission. Group III patients had major complications, and urine was collected during one episode of complications. Catecholamines were measured by spectrophotofluorometric assay using the trihydroxyindole method. A lack of elevation in basal catecholamine excretion in patients without complications and an elevated catecholamine excretion in those with complications suggest that myocardial necrosis or ischemia per se is not responsible for increased catecholamine excretion and that the increase in catecholamine excretion may reflect the presence of complicating factors. Recurrent or persisting chest pain, pulmonary congestion or edema, and ventricular arrhythmias were almost always associated with elevated catecholamine excretion. A...
Aboveground‐belowground linkages: Biotic interactions, ecosystem processes, and global change

[1] The discovery of unexpected connections among organisms that seemingly have nothing to do with one another is one of the most exciting aspects of ecological science. Aboveground-Belowground Linkages: Biotic Interactions, Ecosystem Processes, and Global Change, by Richard Bardgett and David Wardle, reminds readers that interactions among soil microbes, plants, herbivores, predators, and the physical environment represent some of the most fascinating of these discoveries and that much remains to be revealed. Indeed, given the known influences of soils on plant productivity and the global carbon and nitrogen cycles, understanding the mechanisms that link aboveground and belowground processes is critical for accurate assessments of how climate change may affect ecosystem goods and services that support humans. Bardgett and Wardle make the need for further work in this area abundantly clear as they synthesize the current state of knowledge on aboveground and belowground interactions using diverse and interesting examples drawn from an extensive review of the literature.
The proton flux through the bacterial flagellar motor

Bacterial flagella are driven by a rotary motor that utilizes the free energy stored in the electrochemical proton gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane to do mechanical work. The flux of protons coupled to motor rotation was measured in Streptococcus and found to be directly proportional to motor speed. This supports the hypothesis that the movement of protons through the motor is tightly coupled to the rotation of its flagellar filament. Under this assumption the efficiency of energy conversion is close to unity at the low speeds encountered in tethered cells but only a few percent at the high speeds encountered in swimming cells. This difference appears to be due to dissipation by processes internal to the motor. The efficiency at high speeds exhibits a steep temperature dependence and a sizable deuterium solvent isotope effect.
Effect of grain size on the creep behavior of fully transformed γ-TiAl

It is known that the mechanical properties of [gamma]-TiAl are a strong function of the microstructure. For [gamma]-TiAl depending on the heat-treatment and Al content three major microstructures are possible: (1) single phase equiaxed [gamma] grains, (2) a duplex structure consisting of equiaxed [gamma] grains and [alpha][sub 2] (Ti[sub 3]Al) + [gamma] lamellar grains and (3) a fully transformed a[sub 2] + [gamma] lamellar structure. It has been recently shown that the creep resistance of [gamma]-TiAl is highest for the fully transformed structure. For the case of the fully transformed structure there are two main microstructural variables that may influence the creep resistance: (1) grain size and (2) [alpha][sub 2]/[gamma] lath spacing. In order to obtain the most creep resistance [gamma]-TiAl material it is important to separate these effects and determine which has the greatest influence on the creep behavior. It is the purpose of this paper to present some preliminary results on the effect of grain size at constant [alpha][sub 2]/[gamma] lath spacing on the creep behavior of a fully transformed [gamma]-TiAl alloy.
Relationship between β‐cell mass and diabetes onset

Regulation of blood glucose concentrations requires an adequate number of beta-cells that respond appropriately to blood glucose levels. beta-Cell mass cannot yet be measured in humans in vivo, necessitating autopsy studies, although both pre- and postmorbid changes may confound this approach. Autopsy studies report deficits in beta-cell mass ranging from 0 to 65% in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and approximately 70-100% in type 1 diabetes (T1DM), and, when evaluated, increased beta-cell apoptosis in both T1DM and T2DM. A deficit of beta-cell mass of approximately 50% in animal studies leads to impaired insulin secretion (when evaluated directly in the portal vein) and induction of insulin resistance. We postulate three phases for diabetes progression. Phase 1: selective beta-cell cytotoxicity (autoimmune in T1DM, unknown in T2DM) leading to impaired beta-cell function and gradual loss of beta-cell mass through apoptosis. Phase 2: decompensation of glucose control when the pattern of portal vein insulin secretion is sufficiently impaired to cause hepatic insulin resistance. Phase 3: adverse consequences of glucose toxicity accelerate beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. The relative contribution of beta-cell loss versus beta-cell dysfunction to diabetes onset remains an area of controversy. However, because cytotoxicity sufficient to induce beta-cell apoptosis predictably disturbs beta-cell function, it is naive to attempt to distinguish the relative contributions of these linked processes to diabetes onset.
Climatic precursors of autumn streamflow in the northeast United States

In this study, statistical linkages between autumn streamflow in the northeast United States and preceding summer sea surface temperatures are developed to establish predictive potential for climate-informed seasonal streamflow forecasts in this region. Predictor regions with physically plausible teleconnections to local streamflow are identified and evaluated in a multivariate and nonlinear framework using local regression techniques. Three such regions are identified, located in the Bering Sea, the tropical Pacific just west of Mexico, and the tropical Atlantic off the coast of Africa. Asymmetries in each region's univariate local regression result are apparent, and bivariate local regressions are used to attribute these asymmetries to interactions with physical mechanisms associated with the other two regions, and possibly other unaccounted for climatic predictors. A bivariate model including the tropical Pacific and tropical Atlantic regions yields the strongest local regression result, explaining 0.68 of the interannual streamflow variability. An analogous multivariate linear regression analysis is only able to explain 0.20 of the streamflow variability and thus the use of nonlinear methods' results in a marked improvement in streamflow simulation capability. Cross-validation considerably weakens the streamflow forecasts using this model; however, forecast skill may improve with a longer period of record or the inclusion of additional predictors. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society