cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Control Perspective on Parkinson’s Disease: Increased Delay Between State Estimator and Controller Produces Tremor

Parkinson’s disease produces tremor in a large subset of patients despite generally inhibiting movement. The pathophysiology of parkinsonian tremor is unclear, leading to uncertainty in how and why treatments reduce tremor with varying effectiveness. Models for parkinsonian tremor attempt to explain the underlying principles of tremor generation in the central nervous system, often focusing on neural activity of specific substructures. In contrast, control system approaches to modeling the human motor system provide qualitative results that help inform conclusions from clinical studies. This article uses an optimal control approach to investigate the hypothesis that an increased delay in the central nervous system—unaccounted by delay compensation mechanisms—produces parkinsonian tremor. This hypothesis is motivated by the excessive inhibition projected from the basal ganglia to the thalamus in Parkinson’s disease. The thalamus relays signals from the cerebellum to the primary motor cortex: previous mapping of optimal control components indicates this prospective delay exists between the estimator (cerebellum) and controller (primary motor cortex). Simulations demonstrate realistic tremor in a neuromuscular model of the wrist. In addition, changes to effort sensitivity in the optimal controller may account for some clinical features of parkinsonian tremor, including the characteristics of re-emergent tremor and the time-varying amplitude and frequency of tremor. Contextualization of the optimal control model with physiological models and clinical observations provides insight into the potential role of the basal ganglia and cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit and how treatments like dopaminergic medications and deep brain stimulation reduce tremor.
The Western Urban Landscape and Climate Change

The withdrawal by the United States from the Paris Climate Accords leaves America cities and states as the agencies for change in reaching the world goal of less than two degrees Celsius increase over the pre-industrial levels. While some states, notably California, have stepped up, climate change response has largely been taken by cities, which will also bear the brunt of climate change effects. This paper surveys the efforts of six Western American cities, namely Los Angeles, San Francisco, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, Seattle and Portland to deal with climate change and uses four “markers” (i.e., transportation, land use, public services and facilities and energy generation) to evaluate those responses. None of the cities reviewed achieve an outstanding grade in all four categories and, correlatively, does each of them do poorly in all categories. Instead, there are programs to be emulated in each of these cities. The conclusions suggest that other cities may wish to adopt selective programs from these cities as their own economic circumstances and political will may allow.
Catherine Spalding: Co-Foundress of the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth.

Sisters of Charity of Nazareth (SCN) maintain a vibrant presence in ministry in the U.S.. This article presents an overview of their co-foundress, Catherine Spalding, and shows Mother Catherine to be the creative, mission-driven, and articulate leader that is still very much in need in today’s society.
Voces de la calle: Los pregones callejeros en el Madrid del siglo XIX

This paper analyzes the graphical and literary presence of the street vendors and their announcements in 19th century Madrid. For that purpose, it pays attention in some folkloric texts of Antonio Flores, Mesonero Romanos or Larra, among others; and in popular manifestations as «aleluyas».
Activation and Evasion of Innate Immunity by Gammaherpesviruses

Abstract Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that establish lifelong infections in the vast majority of adults worldwide. Importantly, these viruses are associated with numerous malignancies and are responsible for significant human cancer burden. These virus-associated cancers are due, in part, to the ability of gammaherpesviruses to successfully evade the innate immune response throughout the course of infection. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of how gammaherpesviruses are detected by innate immune sensors, how these viruses evade recognition by host cells, and how this knowledge can inform novel therapeutic approaches for these viruses and their associated diseases.
Beyond Isolation: Benefits and Challenges as perceived by students throughout online collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic

Collaboration provides opportunities for students to absorb different perspectives of knowledge [1,2] and generate more creative ideas [3,4]. In the design discipline, collaboration is essential for designers to identify problems, needs, and opportunities, and to promote an iterative design process [5,6]. The COVID-19 pandemic introduced challenges for both instructors and students in 2020 as these collaborations could not happen in person. We surveyed the students in a large design fundamentals class about their online collaborative experience throughout the three phases of their individual design projects. We share findings about the benefits and challenges students perceived during this collaboration. This study contributes to our understanding of the power of collaboration, especially in an online environment. Our findings can empower instructors and researchers to build more engaging online learning experiences by including opportunities for student collaboration.
A Dynamic Christocentricity -- The Center of Faithful Praxis

T about the heart of Quaker faith and practice is a venture fraught with perplexities. Our models for analysis all have their shortcomings, but so does the refusal to address the issue or to employ a model if one does address it. One could approach the venture by identifying an outline of faith assertions, accompanied by a list of lifestyle commitments. Indeed, most of our yearly meeting disciplines do exactly that. In fact, many of them are called a given Yearly Meeting’s “Faith and Practice.” At least there’s still truth in advertising somewhere!
The Bamboo Fire: Field Work with the New Guinea Wape

At the end of the second edition of The Bamboo Fire: Field Work with the New Guinea Wape, anthropologist William E. Mitchell asks himself and his readers, “What is it, then, that motivates an anthr...
ASK1 deficiency attenuates hyperoxia-induced inflammation and cell apoptosis in the lung

Rationale: Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a member of the MAPK kinase (MAP3K) family, is activated by various stimuli including oxidative stress, ER stress, and DNA damage. Inspiratio...
A20 is a regulator of necroptosis

The anti-inflammatory molecule A20 inhibits necroptotic cell death by inhibiting ubiquitination of the kinase RIPK3 at the Lys5 residue and preventing excessive formation of the RIPK1-RIPK3 necroptotic complex.
Global Food and Agricultural Institutions

Global food and agricultural institutions , Global food and agricultural institutions , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Justified paternalism in adolescent health care: Cases of anorexia nervosa and subtance abuse

This essay on the limits of adolescent autonomy espouses justified paternalism in adolescent medicine as a 1980s alternative to the "antipaternalistic" rights position of the 1970s. Thus, it proposes that the harm principle be a basis for justified limitations of liberty. In turn, justified paternalism should be both testable and severely limited because by definition it always involves treating someone in a way that violates a moral rule (e.g., coercive deprivation of freedom, invasion of privacy). Therefore, paternalism can only be justified when the evil prevented from occurring to the person is greater than the wrong caused by the violation of the moral rule and, more importantly, if it can be universally justified under relevantly similar circumstances always to treat persons in this way.
Validation of the food access survey tool to assess household food insecurity in rural Bangladesh

Background Perception-based Likert scale are commonly used to assess household food insecurity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties and external construct validity of the 9-item Food Access Survey Tool (FAST) in a population-based randomized controlled trial.
I/O-Aware Batch Scheduling for Petascale Computing Systems

In the Big Data era, the gap between the storage performance and an application's I/O requirement is increasing. I/O congestion caused by concurrent storage accesses from multiple applications is inevitable and severely harms the performance. Conventional approaches either focus on optimizing an application's access pattern individually or handle I/O requests on a low-level storage layer without any knowledge from the upper-level applications. In this paper, we present a novel I/O-aware batch scheduling framework to coordinate ongoing I/O requests on petascale computing systems. The motivation behind this innovation is that the batch scheduler has a holistic view of both the system state and jobs' activities and can control the jobs' status on the fly during their execution. We treat a job's I/O requests as periodical subjobs within its lifecycle and transform the I/O congestion issue into a classical scheduling problem. We design two scheduling polices with different scheduling objectives either on user-oriented metrics or system performance. We conduct extensive trace-based simulations using real job traces and I/O traces from a production IBM Blue Gene/Q system. Experimental results demonstrate that our design can improve job performance by more than 30%, as well as increasing system performance.
Cyclopentane Construction by Rh-Catalyzed Intramolecular C−H Insertion: Relative Reactivity of a Range of Catalysts

The preparation and Rh-mediated cyclization of the α-diazoester 1 are outlined, and its utility in determining the elements that contribute to the reactivity of the intermediate Rh-carbenoid is presented. The rate of disappearance of diazo ester 1 catalyzed by several representative Rh(II) complexes was determined. The observed relative rate constants for the reaction of the Rh(II) complexes with 1 varied over a range of >107. The reactivity of the Rh-carbenoid intermediate was explored using the ratio of the sum of (3 + 4 + 5) to 2 (cyclization vs elimination), the ratio of 3 to the sum of (4 + 5) (chemoselectivity), and the ratio of 4 to 5 (diastereoselectivity). It is striking that these four measures of reactivity were found to be independent of each other.
Numerical implementation of a Brakhage-like technique for weakly singular integral equations using product integration

Abstract We consider Fredholm integral equations of the form f = g + Lf with weakly singular kernels (both logarithmic and algebraic). This type of equation appears in the formulation of many engineering and physics problems (see [1, p. 529]). We investigate the use of a Brakhage-like iterative technique coupled with product integration to solve numerically a variety of such equations. Several orders of magnitude of improvement were obtained for smooth solutions, but the method also worked well in the more severe cases.
A biaxial control system for orientation of appendages to a space vehicle

Abstract More sophisticated space vehicles will carry telescopes to be aimed at the stars, solar converters to be aimed at the sun, propulsion jets to be aimed along the velocity vector, and perhaps several antennas to be aimed in several directions. Orientation control systems will be required for these appendages. The purpose of this paper is to present the analysis of a biaxial control system to be used with such appendages. The analysis is performed with Lagrangian mechanics and sufficient mathematical details are given so that this paper can serve to introduce Lagrangian mechanics to control engineers. Preliminary design criteria for achieving stability are discussed. Adaptation of the system to a solar converter is covered in detail.
Surface Coat Movements in Unfertilized Amphibian Eggs

Several features of the surface coat movements displayed by unfertilized, uncleaved amphibian eggs were examined. Those movements were examined in a variety of species, and investigated in detail in Rana eggs. Continuous exposure to a salt solution is a prerequisite for surface coat movements. Various inhibitors were tested for their capacity to inhibit those movements. The possibility was examined that the primary embryonic organizer might be localized in the area which resembles the dorsal lip of normal gastrulae.
Evaluating the Effect of Termination by Chain–Chain Coupling in Living Free-Radical Polymerizations

A novel approach based on the reaction of multifunctional star polymers with chromophore-labelled linear polymers is presented for evaluating the extent of termination by chain–chain coupling during living free-radical polymerizations. A mixed initiating system consisting of an unlabelled, multifunctional initiator and an excess of a monofunctional alkoxyamine initiator containing a chromophore, such as pyrene, is used to initiate the living polymerization of vinyl monomers leading to a mixture of star and linear polymers. The occurrence of chain–chain coupling is readily identified and quantified by isolating the star polymer that is obtained and elucidating the level of incorporation of pyrene units by UV/vis spectroscopy. This allows the level of chain–chain coupling to be determined since the inclusion of pyrene into the star structure is a direct result of termination by radical coupling.
A comparison of the effects of medial preoptic electrical versus electrochemical stimulation on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neuronal responsiveness to norepinephrine.

Abstract Recently, we reported that luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons of estrogen-treated, ovariectomized rats have only limited responsiveness to norepinephrine (NE). These conclusions were based upon observations that NE, when infused intracerebroventricularly, produced only minor increases in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), whereas, similar infusions following preliminary medial preoptic area (MPOA) electrochemical stimulation (ECS) markedly amplified LH secretion. One difficulty with this approach is that ECS produces an irritative lesion and deposits iron within the tissue, whereas, electrical stimulation (ES) does not have such effects. Accordingly, in the present study, we compared the effects of MPOA-ECS versus -ES on LHRH neuronal responsiveness to NE. While equivalent peak LH concentrations occurred within 15 min after MPOA-ECS or -ES, in the ECS group, LH release was sustained, whereas, it abruptly ceased upon termination of ES (at 15 min). The intracerebroventricular pulse infusion of NE at the time of peak LH secretion (30 min) in MPOA-ECS animals markedly amplified LH release. In these animals, plasma LH remained significantly elevated for 75 min before a decline was observed. In contrast, an infusion of NE at the time of maximal LH release in ES rats (16 min) did not augment LH secretion. The second series of studies examined the effects of MPOA infusions of NE in animals receiving preoptic ES. A single infusion of NE 16 min after ES (i.e. one min after termination of ES) did not amplify LH release, but when two NE pulses were given at 5 and 16 min after beginning preoptic ES, peak plasma LH levels were maintained for an additional 30 min before a decline occurred. Pretreatment of rats with a yS-adrenoreceptor antagonist (propranolol) or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor did not affect peak LH responses obtained after either MPOA-ES alone or combined with two pulses of NE infused into the MPOA at 5 and 16 min. We conclude that following cessation of MPOA-ES, LHRH neurons rapidly lose their responsiveness to NE, whereas, rats which received MPOA-ECS retain such responsiveness possibly due to the stimulative properties of the iron deposited by the ECS. Presumably, for NE to trigger an LH surge requires prior removal of some intrinsic inhibitory control which regulates LHRH neuronal responsiveness to NE.
Recent developments in chloroplast protein transport

Most proteins located in chloroplasts are encoded by nuclear genes, synthesized in the cytoplasm, and transported into the organelle. The study of protein uptake by chloroplasts has greatly expanded over the past few years. The increased activity in this field is due, in part, to the application of recombinant DNA methodology to the analysis of protein translocation. Added interest has also been gained by the realization that the transport mechanisms that mediate protein uptake by chloroplasts, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum display certain characteristics in common. These include amino terminal sequences that target proteins to particular organelles, a transport process that is mechanistically independent from the events of translation, and an ATP-requiring transport step that is thought to involve partial unfolding of the protein to be translocated. In this review we examine recent studies on the binding of precursors to the chloroplast surface, the energy-dependent uptake of proteins into the stroma, and the targeting of proteins to the thylakoid lumen. These aspects of protein transport into chloroplasts are discussed in the context of recent studies on protein uptake by mitochondria.
Uveitis and arthritis: experimental models and clinical correlates.

NFLAMMATION of the uveal tract, the portion of the eye that includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, is associated with a variety of systemic diseases including ankylosing spondylitis,’ Reiter syndrome,’ juvenile rheumatoid arthritis,’ Behcet disease,3 sarcoidosis,4 Crohn disease,5 ulcerative colitis,5 psoriatic arthritis,6 relapsing polychondritis,’ and Kawasaki disease* (Table 1). All of these syndromes can be accompanied by joint disease as well as anterior uveitis. Since the coincidental occurrence of uveitis and arthritis is unlikely to be the result of chance alone, a common pathogenic mechanism should be suspected, although the mechanism applicable to one disease might not pertain to another. Understanding the relationship between uveitis and arthritis may allow new insights into the pathogenesis of each. In addition to some biochemical similarities between eye and joint tissue,’ certain experimental models for inducing uveitis are analagous to methods for inducing arthritis. By illustrating the immunologic similarities between experimental eye and joint inflammation, we hope to synthesize some of the common features in these two divergent areas and, thus, provide a platform for new speculation and experimentation.
A structural examination of nitrogen on Cu(100) and Cu(110) surfaces

Abstract Extended electron energy loss fine structure (EXELFS) has been measured above the K-edge of nitrogen atoms adsorbed on the Cu(100) and Cu(110) surfaces. The intent of this investigation has been to determine whether the proposed reconstruction of the Cu(110) surface in the presence of nitrogen manifests itself in the local structure about the nitrogen atom. The radial distribution functions obtained from the fine structure indicate N-Cu bond lengths of 1.84 and 1.81 A for nitrogen on the Cu(100) and Cu(110) surfaces, respectively. The difference is within the resolution of the experiment and does not indicate significant differences between the two adsorbate systems. The local structure about the nitrogen atoms appears to be virtually identical on both surfaces.
Multiple Nature of Elementary Sources of Radiation—Wide-Angle Interference

It has been shown possible in wide-angle interference experiments to analyze radiation with respect to its multipole character. The fluorescence from ions of europium in solution consisted of different kinds of radiation in that they possessed different interference properties. From the behavior of the fringe systems, one group of spectral lines was identified as arising from magnetic dipoles while two other groups had their origin in the forced oscillations of electric dipoles. The multipole character of the radiation of a quantum transition was found modified by a change in the microscopic fields about the emitting ions.
Predicting Consistency of Meningioma by Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Objective Meningioma consistency is important because it affects the difficulty of surgery. To predict preoperative consistency, several methods have been proposed; however, they lack objectivity and reproducibility. We propose a new method for prediction based on tumor to cerebellar peduncle T2-weighted imaging intensity (TCTI) ratios. Design The magnetic resonance (MR) images of 20 consecutive patients were evaluated preoperatively. An intraoperative consistency scale was applied to these lesions prospectively by the operating surgeon based on Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator (Valleylab, Boulder, Colorado, United States) intensity. Tumors were classified as A, very soft; B, soft/intermediate; or C, fibrous. Using T2-weighted MR sequence, the TCTI ratio was calculated. Tumor consistency grades and TCTI ratios were then correlated. Results Of the 20 tumors evaluated prospectively, 7 were classified as very soft, 9 as soft/intermediate, and 4 as fibrous. TCTI ratios for fibrous tumors were all ≤ 1; very soft tumors were ≥ 1.8, except for one outlier of 1.66; and soft/intermediate tumors were > 1 to < 1.8. Conclusion We propose a method using quantifiable region-of-interest TCTIs as a uniform and reproducible way to predict tumor consistency. The intraoperative consistency was graded in an objective and clinically significant way and could lead to more efficient tumor resection.
Low levels of cadmium chloride alter the immunoprecipitation of corneal cadherin-complex proteins

The effect of cadmium chloride on the immunoprecipitation of cadherin and the associated adherens junctional proteins, α- and β-catenin, was examined in isolated bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) corneas utilizing Western blot and enhanced chemoluminescent techniques. Application of either 1.0 µM or 75.0 µM CdCl2 to the corneal endothelium for 2 h markedly decreased the immunoprecipitation of cadherins as compared to paired control corneas. Immunoprecipitation of α-catenin was increased in response to both doses of CdCl2, while the immunoprecipitation of β-catenin was little changed by either cadmium dose. There is accumulating evidence that cadmium may increase epithelial paracellular permeability by interfering with cadherin complex activity at intercellular junctions. The present study suggests that inorganic cadmium in low micromolar concentrations may decrease the integrity of the corneal endothelium, at least in part through a similar mechanism involving disruption of junctional cadherin complex function.
The impact of pregnancy on peak flow values in women with asthma

Asthma is the most common respiratory complication of pregnancy and affects approximately four per cent of all pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to establish normative data regarding how peak flow values change during gestation in pregnant women with asthma. Eighteen pregnant women with asthma were recruited and completed daily logs throughout their pregnancies. The findings suggest there is a difference in peak flow values in different trimesters. Specifically peak flow values were highest in the second trimester with significant differences between the second and third trimesters. While the sample size is small it does provide longitudinal data that suggest changes in asthma as the pregnancy progresses. This study represents a logical next step in identifying the impact of pregnancy on asthma.
Commercial applications in aerial thermography: power line inspection, research, and environmental studies

The technique of airborne commercial thermography is as old as the first radiometric camera, historically performed by someone holding the camera out the window of a small plane or helicopter. Even today, some people still use this primitive method, but many problems occur which degrade the effectiveness of their work Systems developed for military operations have integrated infrared sensors into gyrostabilized gimbals, however these systems do not measure temperature. Lack of radiometric data along with the price of military developed gimbal technology has made it difficult for the commercial lR user to have success with this technology. The main challenges for airborne thermography are related to sensor operation, data storage and integration.
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: Cartilage ultrastructure in the chondrodystrophies

The chondrodystrophies are a heterogeneous group of disorders which have been classified on the basis of clinical, radiographic and genetic criteria. Histopathological studies of costochondral junction and iliac crest biopsies have allowed for the further classification of these disorders on the basis of the type of derangement in endochondral ossification. Electron microscopic stuides of resting cartilage from these biopsy specimens demonstrate that the chondrodystrophies may be further characterized on the basis of ultrastructural abnormalities in the chondrocytes or intercellular matrix. For examples in achondroplasia, a disease associated with normal endochondral ossification, no ultrastructural abnormalities are present in either the chondrocyte or the matrix. In the mucopolysaccharidoses, the matix is ultrastructurally normal, but the chondrocytes are filled with large cytoplasmic vacuoles of possible lysosomal origin. These vacuoles are uniform in appearance in the Hurler syndrome whereas in the Sanfilippo syndrome, two distinct populations of vacuoles can be identified. These ultrastructural observations provide a further clue as to the specific pathogentic mechanisms operative in the bone dysplasias.
Boehler's angle: a reappraisal.

Study objectives: To reappraise Boehler's angle and evaluate factors, including centering of the central beam, sex of subjects, and side of the body, that may affect angle measurement. Design: Retrospective clinical review. Setting: Emergency department, Level I trauma center. Type of participants: 120 consecutive patients radiographed for ankle injury who had normal bones on the ankle and/or foot radiographs. Measurements and main results: The mean and SD of Boehler's angle were 30° ± 6° (range, 14° to 50°). There was no difference in Boehler's angle between male and female subjects ( P > .05) or between left and right feet ( P > .05). Slight variations in central beam location for ankle and foot radiographs had no significant effect on Boehler's angle. Conclusion: If 28° is taken as the lower limit of normal for Boehler's angle, 37 cases (31%) would be false-positive "abnormal". The use of 20° as the lower limit may decrease the number of false-positive to three cases (2.5%); using 18° (mean − 2 SD) reduces the false-positive rate to less than 1% (one case).
An investigation of service-based manufacturing performance relationships

Reports recent findings of a two‐phase study investigating new dimensions of manufacturing competitiveness, factory‐based services. Examines relationships between broadly defined service role performance and manufacturing performance. Data were provided by 64 manufacturing firms from the USA, Canada and the UK. Also addresses under what conditions a vital element of such service‐information would be of greatest benefit to the factory’s key internal customer ‐ marketing. A survey of manufacturing and marketing respondents within 32 organizations provides empirical evidence of the positive relationship between factory information measured as a service construct and delivery performance. Anecdotal evidence from interviews provides additional insight into the roles of organizational structure and information technology with respect to the information component of factory‐based service.
Differences in O2 availability resolve the apparent discrepancies in metabolic intrinsic optical signals in vivo and in vitro

Monitoring changes in the fluorescence of metabolic chromophores, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, and the absorption of cytochromes, is useful to study neuronal activation and mitochondrial metabolism in the brain. However, these optical signals evoked by stimulation, seizures and spreading depression in intact brain differ from those observed in vitro. The responses in vivo consist of a persistent oxidized state during neuronal activity followed by mild reduction during recovery. In vitro, however, brief oxidation is followed by prolonged and heightened reduction, even during persistent neuronal activation. In normally perfused, oxygenated and activated brain tissue in vivo, partial pressure of oxygen (P(O2)) levels often undergo a brief 'dip' that is always followed by an overshoot above baseline, due to increased blood flow (neuronal-vascular coupling). By contrast, in the absence of blood circulation, tissue P(O2)in vitro decreases more markedly and recovers slowly to baseline without overshooting. Although oxygen is abundant in vivo, it is diffusion-limited in vitro. The disparities in mitochondrial and tissue oxygen availability account for the different redox responses.
Flight vehicle aerodynamics calculated by a Galerkin finite element/finite difference method

Abstract Results are presented to illustrate the feasibility of calculating compressible boundary layer flow about a sharp circular cone by a finite element/finite difference method [semi-discrete Galerkin (SDG) method]. The finite element discretization across the layer yields a system of first order ordinary differential equations in the circumferential direction. One-dimensional Hermite polynomial elements of C 1 (T. J. Chung, Finite Element Analysis in Fluid Dynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978) continuity are chosen for computational efficiency, while also providing adequate accuracy. The circumferential derivatives are solved by an implicit and non-iterative finite difference marching scheme. The SDG method promises to be fast, accurate and computationally efficient. The SDG method can also be applied to any sharp cone of smoothly connected cross-sectional shape without modification and possesses the potential capability of calculating boundary layer solutions beyond cross-flow separation. The resulting computer program can be coupled to any existing inviscid flow solver (portability). Experimental and numerical results are presented for laminar compressible flow past a pointed circular cone at an angle of attack of 4 and at a Mach number of 7.3. All numerical solutions assume an attached laminar boundary layer.
Selling the 'Electrical Idea" The Campaign to Electrify America in the 1920s

In the 1920s, a complex array of social, economic and political factors led officials of the electrical industry in the United States to the conclusion that they needed to raise the nation's electrical consciousness (Larned, t925, p. 25). More than 60 per cent of American homes and residences remained without basic electric service and yet, several electric utility firms held excess generating capacity built up to meet the great wartime demand for electricity (Wilson, 1930, p. 942; Keller, 1921, pp. 1-10). The return to a peacetime economy had saddled manv companies with idle plants and equipment and their officials eagerly sought to develop new markets (Alexander, 1919, pp. 542-43). Further, reformers in Congress, state legislatures, and municipal governments were increasingly calling for stricter regulation and government entry into the electric power business (Merriam and Lasswell, 1924, pp. 276-295). This essay offers an accounting of the steps taken by the electrical industry to make Americans, more than ever before, conscious of its vital role in all spheres of public and private life. Industry leaders sought to sell the "electrical idea" through a variety of media channels and messages and this essay describes how the trade associations of the different branches of the industry conducted a nationwide corporate "issue/advocacy" campaign to promote electrification, suggest new uses of electricity, discredit public power proponents, and stave off the regulators. 1 This essay appraises the immediate outcome of that program on electric utility regulatory policy and on household and commercial demand for electrical power and equipment. It also considers some of the possible longrange, cultural consequences of the industry's effort to fix the "electrical idea" into the public consciousness.
Search for Evidence of Alpha-Particle Beams during a Solar Flare Observed by the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory

We observed NOAA Active Region 9090 (N13°, W39°) with the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) and the Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory spacecraft between 18:17 and 21:09 UT on 2000 July 24 to search for evidence of alpha-particle beams during solar flares. Theoretically, an alpha-particle beam will manifest itself during the impulsive phase of a flare through an enhancement in the red wing of the He II Lyα (λ303.782) emission line without a corresponding blue wing enhancement. This enhancement is due to downstreaming nonthermal alpha particles undergoing charge-exchange with chromospheric neutral hydrogen atoms to form downstreaming nonthermal He II ions. Lyα radiation emitted from these downstreaming ions is Doppler-shifted into the red wing of the Lyα line. Our CDS observing program acquired high time resolution (9.7 s) 4'' × 4' slit spectra between 590 and 630 A, where we observed He II Lyα in second order (λ607.564). The CDS and EIT observations reveal that AR 9090 underwent significant intensity fluctuations prior to a sudden drastic increase (impulsive phase) around 20:00 UT. The GOES satellite reports a C3.8 event in this region from 19:57 to 20:05 UT. We fitted the spectral background and emission-line profiles for each CDS spectrum in our observed sequence. Density- and temperature-insensitive intensity ratios of O IV and Mg X lines generally agree with their theoretical values before and after the sudden intensity increase, which supports a reliable relative radiometric calibration for CDS, but differ significantly from their theoretical values during the flare impulsive phase. This may indicate line blending with unknown components, line blending with second-order C IV and Fe XV lines, or loss of ionization equilibrium. Most important, however, we find that although the red and blue wing backgrounds for He II Lyα remain relatively constant during most of our observation, the blue wing undergoes a more significant enhancement during the impulsive phase than does the red wing. This effect is opposite to that expected in the presence of an alpha-particle beam. Furthermore, blended spectral line features that mimic the expected nonthermal redshifted He II Lyα beam signal are understood in terms of well-known emission-line components. Thus, we find no evidence for the presence of alpha-particle beams in our observations. We estimate an upper limit of ~250 ergs cm-2 s-1 sr-1 A-1 for the nonthermal redshifted peak spectral intensity due to an alpha-particle beam prior to the impulsive phase.
Azotobacter phages: Properties of phages A12, A21, A31, A41 and their constituent DNAs

Abstract The properties of several Azotobacter vinelandii phages and of the DNA isolated from each have been investigated. Phages A12, A21, and A41 have short noncontractile tails. A12 and A21 have virion weights of 80 × 10 6 daltons and contain 58% DNA. A31 has a long noncontractile tail, a virion weight of 175 × 10 6 daltons and contains 26% DNA. A31 and A41 are unstable in salt solutions of moderate ionic strength. All phages contain linear, double-stranded DNA that sediments as a single component in neutral and alkaline solutions. The molecular weights of A12, A21, and A31 DNAs obtained by equilibrium density gradient sedimentation are (46 ± 7) × 10 6 , (42 ± 5) × 10 6 and (47 ± 5) × 10 6 , respectively. Electron microscope length measurements using the replicative form of ∅X174 DNA as an internal contour length standard yielded molecular weights of (44.3 ± 2) × 10 6 , (45.6 ± 1.2) × 10 6 and (46.5 ± 2.6) × 10 6 , respectively. The buoyant densities of A12 and A21 DNA in CsCl and Cs 2 SO 4 indicate a G + C content of 58% consistent with the T m . For A31 DNA the buoyant densities suggest a G + C content of 52% whereas the T m corresponds to 69% G + C. A12 and A21 DNAs show strand separation in an alkaline CsCl gradient (Δ ρ ⋍0.006 g ml −1 ).
Rat Mammary Gland RNA: Incorporation of C14-Formate and Effect of Hormones and 7,12-Dimethylbenz[alanthracene.

In female rats, the incorporation of sodium C 14 -formate into mammary gland RNA decreases immediately after a singlefeeding of 20 milligrams of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene. In males, there is a gradual increase in the incorporation. In castrated rats, the decrease or increase of C 14 -formate incorporation is dependent on the presence of estrogen or androgen, respectively.
Adaptive importance sampling for network growth models

Network Growth Models such as Preferential Attachment and Duplication/Divergence are popular generative models with which to study complex networks in biology, sociology, and computer science. However, analyzing them within the framework of model selection and statistical inference is often complicated and computationally difficult, particularly when comparing models that are not directly related or nested. In practice, ad hoc methods are often used with uncertain results. If possible, the use of standard likelihood-based statistical model selection techniques is desirable. With this in mind, we develop an Adaptive Importance Sampling algorithm for estimating likelihoods of Network Growth Models. We introduce the use of the classic Plackett-Luce model of rankings as a family of importance distributions. Updates to importance distributions are performed iteratively via the Cross-Entropy Method with an additional correction for degeneracy/over-fitting inspired by the Minimum Description Length principle. This correction can be applied to other estimation problems using the Cross-Entropy method for integration/approximate counting, and it provides an interpretation of Adaptive Importance Sampling as iterative model selection. Empirical results for the Preferential Attachment model are given, along with a comparison to an alternative established technique, Annealed Importance Sampling.
Differentiation of constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy: the case for high-resolution dynamic tomographic imaging

ABSTRACT The syndrome of constrictive pericarditis (CP) presents a diagnostic challenge to the clinician. This study wasundertaken to determine whether cine computed tomography (CT), a cardiac imaging technique with excellenttemporal and spatial resolution, can reliably demonstrate the unique abnormalities of pericardial anatomy and ventricular physiology present in patients with this condition. A second goal of this study was to determine whether the presence of diseased thickened pericardium, by itself, imparts cardiac impairment due to abnormalities ofventricular diastolic function. Methods. Twelve patients with CP suspected clinically, in whom invasivehemodynamic study was consistent with the diagnosis of CP, underwent cine CT . They were subdivided intoGroup 1 (CP, N =5) and Group 2 (No CP, N = 7) based on histopathologic evaluation of tissue obtained at the time of surgery or autopsy. A third group of consisted of asymptomatic patients with incidentally discovered thickenedpericardium at the time of cine CT scanning: Group 3 (ThP, N =
Jet production with rapidity gaps at DØ

Preliminary results from the DO experiment on jet production with rapidity gaps in pp¯ collisions are presented. A class of dijet events with a forward rapidity gap is observed at center-of-mass energies √s=1800 GeV and 630 GeV. The number of events with rapidity gaps at both center-of-mass energies is significantly greater than the expectation from multiplicity fluctuations and is consistent with a hard single diffractive process. A class of events with two forward gaps and central dijets is also observed at 1800 GeV. This topology is consistent with hard double pomeron exchange. We also present results on the observation of a class of events with low particle multiplicity between jets, attributable to the exchange of a strongly-interacting color-singlet.
Ant assemblages at their dry limits: the northern Atacama Desert, Peru, and the Chott El Djerid, Tunisia

Abstract Ants do not occur in the rocky desert of the Nazca Plain, Peru, except in the vicinity of shrubs in outwash gulleys, where there are two species that have similar activity periods and microhabitats and exhibit interference competition. Only one species of ant was found on the Chott El Djerid, Tunisia, a large, dry salt lake, devoid of vegetation.
Problematizing Diversity Initiatives: Japanese American Youth Identities and the Politics of Representation With/In School Spaces

This article reports on a case study that investigated how six Japanese American youth interpreted the effectiveness and relevance of extra-curricular diversity initiatives at their Midwestern middle and secondary public schools. These initiatives were intended to raise cultural awareness, but ultimately promoted cultural fetishism and racially derogatory understandings of “differences.” The findings suggest that the diversity-related extra-curricular initiatives produced a range of gendered, racialized, and sexualized stereotypes with/in school spaces that defined the participants and their peers of color in misleading and problematic ways. Recommendations call for more collaborative, critical, and integrated approaches to learning about “differences” with/in school spaces.
Additional evidence of multiplication of the sowthistle yellow vein virus in an aphid vector—Serial passage

Abstract Beginning with an injected dose of an estimated 10 5 particles of the sowthistle yellow vein virus (SYVV) and approximately a 70-fold dilution at each subsequent injection, the inoculativity of an aphid vector, Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.), was maintained for 6 successive passages. The interval between the passages varied from 10 to 12 days, during which time individual insects were tested for inoculativity by transferring them to healthy sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceus L., plants every 48 hours. The insects were kept at 26 ± 1° in constant light of 600–800 foot candles at cage level. At each passage the virus underwent an incubation period in the aphids. The median length of the incubation period was approximately 6 days, and this was independent of the passage, indicating that the dose of inoculum remained constant. Some 77% of the insects in the hemolymph transfers survived the interval between injections. Successful virus passage, among the surviving insects, from infected donors to recipient aphids occurred in about 97% of the cases. There was evidence that the infection was associated with an increased mortality rate among the hemolymph-injected aphids.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations across race and ethnicity: distribution and clinical implications.

Purpose of reviewTo summarize evidence on the prevalence and spectrum of BRCA1 and BRCA2 BRCA1/2 mutations across racial and ethnic groups and discuss implications for clinical practice.Recent findingsThe prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations is comparable among breast cancer patients of African, Asian, w
Molecular confinement in nanometer-size superlattice microstructures.

Using lithographic techniques, we have prepared two-dimensional pores with widths controllable in the range 10- 100 \AA{}. These materials are formed from amorphous superlattices consisting of alternating layers of silicon and silicon dioxide by use of a selective etch. The micropores adsorb hydrocarbons from solution in a size-selective manner. The effects of confinement in these molecular-scale structures are observed by fluorescence spectroscopy: We demonstrate that pyrene molecules trapped in 20-\AA{} pores lack the mobility necessary to form dimers.
Pest friends in the Cretaceous

Fossils preserved in amber hint at surprising links between dinosaurs and their insect contemporaries.
Astrospheres and Solar-like Stellar Winds

Stellar analogs for the solar wind have proven to be frustratingly difficult to detect directly. However, these stellar winds can be studied indirectly by observing the interaction regions carved out by the collisions between these winds and the interstellar medium (ISM). These interaction regions are called “astrospheres”, analogous to the “heliosphere” surrounding the Sun. The heliosphere and astrospheres contain a population of hydrogen heated by charge exchange processes that can produce enough H I Lyα absorption to be detectable in UV spectra of nearby stars from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The amount of astrospheric absorption is a diagnostic for the strength of the stellar wind, so these observations have provided the first measurements of solar-like stellar winds. Results from these stellar wind studies and their implications for our understanding of the solar wind are reviewed here. Of particular interest are results concerning the past history of the solar wind and its impact on planetary atmospheres.
Assessment of Identity Development: Current Issues and Future Directions:

Over the past 20 years, much empirical work has accumulated to support Erikson's contention that identity formation is a pivotal developmental task of adolescence. The purpose of this paper is to d...
Sequence and structure correlation of human ribosomal transcribed spacers.

Abstract We report the sequences of the transcribed spacers of human rRNA that now allow us to piece together the entire primary transcript sequence of approximately 13.3 × 10 3 basepairs. Comparison of transcribed spacer sequences with those of variable regions of rRNA and with those of the non-transcribed spacers supports the hypothesis that the variable regions are descended from transcribed spacers. Nucleotide sequence-derived secondary structures for the 5′ external transcribed spacer and for internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 match both the sizes and shapes of the structures that were visualized 15 years ago on electron micrographs. Parts of these structures are conserved in mammals and may be related to transcript processing.
Design of aerosol sampler to remove radon and thoron progeny interference from aerosol samples for nuclear explosion monitoring

A Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Inertial Impactor (NEMII) system was developed to physically separate naturally occurring radionuclides from those produced in nuclear weapons explosions. Studies show that aerosols containing natural activity have an aerodynamic diameter in the range of 0.1–1.0 μm. It has been established that atmospheric nuclear explosions produce radioactive aerosols with aerodynamic diameters 1.0 μm and 1.0 μm, between 0.1 and 1.0 μm, and smaller than 0.1 μm. Calculations based on previous work for high-volume impactors were completed to obtain the impactor geometry that yields the desired cutoff values. The components of the aerosol impactor were manufactured or obtained and then assembled. In addition, a submicrometer aerosol generation system was assembled to benchmark the NEMII system against a commercial Micro-Orifice Uniform-Deposit Impactor (MOUDI). The MOUDI was also used to verify the naturally occurring radioactivity distribution using 212Pb gamma spectra.
Aortic False Aneurysm After Double Valve Replacement in a Child

Aortic false aneurysm (AFA) is a rare but life threatening complication after aortic surgery. We report a 13-year-old boy who developed AFA after double valve replacement consisting of the following: (1) Bentall procedure utilizing a 25-mm St. Jude aortic valved composite Hemashield Dacron graft (Meadox Medicals, Oakland, NJ); and (2) replacement of right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit with a 25-mm porcine valved conduit. The exterior metal ring of the pulmonary prosthetic valve conduit caused an abrasion of the Hemashield graft, resulting in the AFA. In addition to simple suture repair, the pulmonary conduit was wrapped with a Gore-Tex patch (W.L. Gore Assoc, Flagstaff, AZ) to prevent recurrence.