cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution pH change in non-uniform alternating current electric fields at frequencies above the electrode charging frequency

AC Faradaic reactions have been reported as a mechanism inducing non-ideal phenomena such as flow reversal and cell deformation in electrokinetic microfluidic systems. Prior published work described experiments in parallel electrode arrays below the electrode charging frequency (fc), the frequency for electrical double layer charging at the electrode. However, 2D spatially non-uniform AC electric fields are required for applications such as in plane AC electroosmosis, AC electrothermal pumps, and dielectrophoresis. Many microscale experimental applications utilize AC frequencies around or above fc. In this work, a pH sensitive fluorescein sodium salt dye was used to detect [H+] as an indicator of Faradaic reactions in aqueous solutions within non-uniform AC electric fields. Comparison experiments with (a) parallel (2D uniform fields) electrodes and (b) organic media were employed to deduce the electrode charging mechanism at 5 kHz (1.5fc). Time dependency analysis illustrated that Faradaic reactions exist above the theoretically predicted electrode charging frequency. Spatial analysis showed [H+] varied spatially due to electric field non-uniformities and local pH changed at length scales greater than 50 μm away from the electrode surface. Thus, non-uniform AC fields yielded spatially varied pH gradients as a direct consequence of ion path length differences while uniform fields did not yield pH gradients; the latter is consistent with prior published data. Frequency dependence was examined from 5 kHz to 12 kHz at 5.5 Vpp potential, and voltage dependency was explored from 3.5 to 7.5 Vpp at 5 kHz. Results suggest that Faradaic reactions can still proceed within electrochemical systems in the absence of well-established electrical double layers. This work also illustrates that in microfluidic systems, spatial medium variations must be considered as a function of experiment time, initial medium conditions, electric signal potential, frequency, and spatial position.
Disruption of Inositol Phosphate Accumulation in Cerebellar Granule Cells by Polychlorinated Biphenyls: A Consequence of Altered Ca2+Homeostasis

The present study examined the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis as potential mechanisms underlying effects of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl (DCB) on inositol phosphate (IP) signaling in cerebellar granule cells. DCB (100 microM) increased basal IP accumulation in cerebellar granule cells when the extracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]e) was 0.75 mM but not when [Ca2+]e was 1 microM. Ionomycin (0.1 to 30 microM), a Ca2+ ionophore, also increased basal IP accumulation and [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner in cerebellar granule cells in the absence of DCB; increases in basal IP accumulation induced by 100 microM DCB were not additive with ionomycin. Ionomycin also disrupted carbachol (CARB, 1 mM)-stimulated IP accumulation. A 30-min preincubation with 0.3 or 1.0 microM ionomycin decreased CARB-stimulated IP accumulation, whereas simultaneous addition of 1.0 and 10 microM ionomycin with CARB increased and decreased, respectively, IP accumulation. DCB caused concentration-dependent increases in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in cerebellar granule cells under experimental conditions identical to those used to measure IP accumulation. Following a one-half hour exposure to DMSO, 50 or 100 microM DCB, the [Ca2+]i was 36, 103, and 453 nM, respectively. We examined whether direct or indirect activation of PKC underlies DCB-induced inhibition of agonist-stimulated IP accumulation. DCB (100 microM) did not alter PKC activity in cytosolic or membrane fractions of granule cell homogenates. In intact cells, 50 nM phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA) inhibited CARB-stimulated IP accumulation by 80%, an effect which was blocked completely by the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide (2 microM; BIM). However, inhibition of CARB-stimulated IP accumulation (90%) induced by 100 microM DCB was not relieved by BIM. These results suggest that (1) perturbations of Ca2+ homeostasis may underlie DCB effects on IP accumulation, (2) at a time which corresponds to addition of agonists in IP accumulation assays, [Ca2+]i is elevated in cerebellar granule cells exposed to DCB, and (3) activation of PKC is not a mechanism by which DCB inhibits agonist-stimulated IP accumulation.
Large-angle scattering from an extended weakly random medium

Recently, a formal expression was derived for the enhancement factor of the electromagnetic flux scattered at large but nonbackscattering angles from extended weakly random media. The enhancement describes the factor by which the singly scattered power is modified when cumulative multiple forward scattering is taken into account before and after one large-angle scattering. Explicit results are calculated here for a two-dimensional geometry describing cylindrical scattering from a slab of width L filled with a uniformly turbulent dielectric described by a power-law spectrum in the inertial subrange. The result shows that M is close to unity well beyond the mean free path for multiple forward scatterings and that M increases when the medium width L exceeds the mean free path for large-angle scattering.
Liver glut‐1 expression: An enigma deepens

The basal hepatocyte phenotype is conferred by the expression of liver-specific genes. In the adult liver, the basal hepatocyte phenotype is further modified by transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of genes which result in the appearance of specific proteins in selected hepatocytes. One of these proteins is the erythroid/brain or GLUT-1 glucose transporter. The GLUT-1 protein is detected in the plasma membrane of only one or two hepatocytes located at the end of the liver cell plate, contiguous to the hepatic venule. The objective of this study was to define the molecular mechanisms responsible for the restricted expression of the GLUT-1 protein in rat liver. Hepatocytes were isolated from either the proximal (“periportal”) or the distal (“perivenular”) half of the liver cell plate. The GLUT-1 mRNA as well as the GLUT-1 protein content and intracellular distribution were defined after subcellular fractionation of each hepatocyte population. In addition, the location of the GLUT-1 protein in liver tissue was determined by confocal microscopy. We propose that the GLUT-1 gene is transcribed and the mRNA is translated by both “periportal” and “perivenular” hepatocytes. However, insertion of the GLUT-1 protein into the plasma membrane occurs only in the last two hepatocytes contiguous to the hepatic venule. In other hepatocytes, the protein remains in a different cellular compartment characterized here as a “low density microsomal” fraction.
Purification, cloning, and expression of two closely related Trypanosoma brucei nucleic acid binding proteins.

Abstract Nucleic acid binding proteins in the trypanosomatid family are of particular interest because of several unusual molecular phenomena discovered in these organisms. We have purified two closely related proteins, p34 and p37, from the procyclic form of T. brucei using high salt extraction and single-stranded-DNA (ssDNA) agarose chromatography. Antibodies raised against the p34 protein showed crossreactivity with p37, suggesting relatedness. High performance liquid chromatography analysis and microsequencing of tryptic peptides derived from p34 and p37 showed that the primary structures of the two proteins are nearly identical. We have cloned and sequenced the two genes encoding these two proteins. Protein sequences predicted from the cDNAs confirm the relatedness of the two proteins but also indicate the presence of an 18 amino acid insertion unique to one of the two proteins as well as several minor differences resulting from single amino acid changes. Three sequence motifs have been identified in both proteins: an N-terminal alanine, proline, and lysine rich domain, one and a half internal RNA-binding domains, and a C-terminal KKDX repeat region. Both proteins preferentially bind to heterogenous RNA and ssDNA versus double-stranded DNA and homopolymers. Both recombinant proteins have been expressed in E. coli and show properties indistinguishable from those observed with native p34/p37.
THE UROPOD-BEARING LYMPHOCYTE OF THE GUINEA PIG : EVIDENCE FOR THYMIC ORIGIN

In this study, the frequency of uropod formation and the type of lymphocyte bearing the uropod was investigated in various guinea pig lymphocyte populations. Without prior in vitro stimulation, almost 40% of peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PELS) form uropods, while thymocytes and lymph node cells form far fewer. Subsequent stimulation in vitro with purified protein derivative demonstrated that there is an association between antigen reactivity and frequency of uropod formation in these populations. The ultrastructure of these uropods is identical to that described for human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. In the populations studied, all the lymphocytes forming uropods lack easily detectable surface membrane immunoglobulin and are therefore most likely thymus-derived or T lymphocytes.
Use of paired, bonded NdFeB magnets in redox magnetohydrodynamics.

Bonded neodymium−iron−boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets in a paired configuration were successfully used to control mass transport in redox-based, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Control of fluid flow based on magnetic fields has potential for use in portable lab-on-a-chip (LOAC) and analytical devices. Bonded magnets, composed of magnetic powder and organic binder materials, are less expensive and easier to fabricate and pattern than electromagnets and sintered permanent magnets, which have been previously used in MHD studies on electrochemical systems. The ability to pattern bonded magnets near and around the electrodes is expected to allow for better control over the magnetic field distribution and solution flow. Current was generated at an 800-μm-radius platinum disk electrode in a solution of 0.06 M nitrobenzene and 0.5 M tetra-n-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate in acetonitrile. Increases in limiting current in the presence of the magnetic field, which indicate enhancement in mass transport, for sintered ...
Circulating stem cells in extremely preterm neonates

Aim: To measure circulating CD34+ cell levels in premature neonates and to correlate the initial CD34+ counts with measures of pulmonary function and neonatal morbidity. Methods: CD34+ cell counts were measured in the peripheral blood of preterm neonates (gestational ages 24–32 weeks) ventilated for respiratory disease at <48 h of life, and at the start of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks of life. Data pertaining to neonatal demographics and short-term outcomes were collected. Pulmonary function tests were performed to coincide with CD34+ sampling. Results: Thirty preterm neonates with median gestational age of 24 weeks and birth weight of 641 g were analysed. A mean of 99.4 CD34+ cells per microliter was observed in the 1st week of life with a decline to 54.4 cells per microliter by the 4th week. An inverse correlation between initial CD34+ count and gestational age (p = 0.01) was observed. No significant correlations were observed with measures of pulmonary function or neonatal morbidities. Conclusions: Extremely premature neonates have remarkably high levels of CD34+ cells in their peripheral blood at birth. Umbilical cord blood from this population may potentially provide an abundant source of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells for therapeutic purposes.
Nonhuman short-term memory: A quantitative reanalysis of selected findings.

Intense interest in the experimental analysis of nonhuman short-term memory was occasioned by the “cognitive revolution” in the early 1970s. As researchers tested and refined their theoretical models, a sizable empirical literature on the subject rapidly emerged. Generally missing from that literature, however, is an integrated account of the empirical laws of delayed stimulus control. In its absence, cognitive theories have grown increasingly complex and their connection to established principles of learning more remote. The present article reviews a representative segment of the nonhuman memory literature in an effort to identify and tentatively quantify empirical laws that may underlie some of the major findings. Specifically, a delay-reduction principle adapted from the conditioned reinforcement literature and a proposed principle of serial stimulus compounds were evaluated against data from delayed matching to sample, serial probe recognition, differential outcome, directed forgetting, and surprisingness preparations. Although by no means offering a complete description of the data, the proposed analysis organizes an apparently disparate collection of empirical results and suggests several new lines of inquiry into the subject.
Somatic embryony patterns and plant regeneration in Ipomoea batatas Poir.

Patterns of somatic embryo development from callus were elucidated inIpomoea batatas Poir. (sweet potato). Embryos at three stages of development were able to grow into plants. They included embryos arrested at the late torpedo and cotyledonary stages, and an arrested torpedo embryo that resulted from precocious hypocotyl expansion. Early torpedo-stage embryos rooted on reculture but did not form shoots. A diversity of other embryo stages were also produced which upon reculture formed only adventitious embryos and roots. Morphologic variants with similar growth potential were noted among embryos at similar stages of development. Plasticity in somatic embryo developmental patterns led to different forms that were mature enough to produce plants.
Examining the antecedents of destination loyalty in a forest setting

Loyalty has become a critical part of leisure research due to increasing competition in the field and the recognition of the importance of loyal visitors. To further develop loyalty research, this study looks at the issue of destination loyalty in a forest setting. It specifically focuses on revealing the formation of attitudinal, conative, and behavioral loyalty and the relationship between destination loyalty and related concepts that influence the strength of loyalty: service quality, satisfaction, and activity involvement. Six hypotheses were tested to represent the relationships among six factors. Forest recreationists who perceive high service quality tend to have high satisfaction and activity involvement that lead to destination loyalty. The findings also substantiated the conceptual framework of loyalty formation.
Thin-filament mutations, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and risk.

On occasion, a study’s negative findings overshadow its positive results, as in the report from Coppini et al. [(1)][1] in this issue of the Journal . In this study, the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) as a result of thin-filament mutations is
A 2‐D model simulation of downward transport of NOy into the stratosphere: Effects on the 1994 austral spring O3and NOy

Simulations using SAMPEX and HALOE data suggest that NO_y produced by thermospheric processes and by relativistic electron precipitation in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere have been important to stratospheric NO_y and O_3 during the austral spring in 1994. The relative importance of the two NO_y sources is discussed. The results are supported by an analysis of HALOE NO_x and CH_4 data during October 1994 and are in agreement with ATMOS NO_y observations made in November 1994.
Comprehensive feature and texture fusion-based image registration approach

Many computer vision applications benefit from image registration where the mutual geometric information between images is estimated. With this estimation, the perspective of one image can be altered such that mutual information can easily be determined. This task is an essential step in object recognition. Existing methods seek to minimize some dissimilarity measure through optimization approaches such as the gradient descent method or particle swarm theory. The challenge associated with the optimization methods lies in the unintended convergence of local minima or maxima. Feature-based approaches attempt to identify keypoints of an image that are suitable for the homography estimation; however, these methods produce a large set of candidate points. We propose a comprehensive image registration method that takes advantage of feature point detection but imposes a strict method for identifying optimal interest points for the estimation of the homography matrix. The proposed method combines feature-based results with texture-based optimizations for the selection of control points. The preliminary experimental results show that our methodology can greatly reduce the computational time while improving registration accuracy.
Pharmacological modification of amygdaloid-kindled seizures.

Abstract The acute effect of several antiepileptic drugs on amygdaloid-kindled seizures was investigated in rats. Phenobarbital, diazepam and trimethadione produced a dose-dependent decrease in severity and amygdaloid afterdischarge duration (ADD) of full kindled seizures. In contrast, phenytoin did not suppress kindled seizures but appeared to increase seizure severity and ADD, suggesting that its action is fundamentally different from that of the other antiepileptic agents. The general anesthetic, ketamine, was weakly effective in abolishing established kindled seizures but had a marked ability to prevent kindling when given prophylactically from the outset of amygdaloid stimulation. The anti-kindling action of ketamine may be related to its ability to enhance central noradrenergic mechanisms.
A new method of monitoring the total locomotor activity of small animals

Abstract 1. 1. A system to monitor and record the activity of small animals has been devised. 2. 2. This “activity box” has a floor of aluminum foil suspended over a microphone, which is connected to both an amplifier and a recorder. 3. 3. The sounds produced by the movements of experimental animals were picked up by the microphone and recorded on a Bausch & Lomb VOM 5 recorder. 4. 4. The locomotor activity of thin mice was compared with genetically obese mice.
Autologous Bone Effects on Femoral Tunnel Widening in Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

This study examines the hypothesis that autologous bone in the femoral tunnel for a hamstring anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction will reduce femoral tunnel widening. Thirty-six patients undergoing hamstring autograft ACL reconstruction were randomized to 2 groups. One group underwent ACL reconstruction using EndoButton femoral fixation. The other group underwent the same procedure, with the addition of a bone plug placed at the aperture of the femoral tunnel next to the graft. Twenty-seven patients at > 6 months postoperatively (range, 6-12 months) had digitized anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiographs of the involved knee. Tunnel widening was determined by comparing the radiographic tunnel diameters to the drilled tunnel diameters from surgery. The mean (+/- SD) tunnel enlargement on the AP radiographs in the standard and plug groups were 3.8 +/- 1.7 mm and 3.5 +/- 2.0 mm, respectively (P = .61). On lateral radiographic assessment, the mean (+/- SD) tunnel enlargement in the standard and plug groups were 3.3 +/- 1.9 mm and 3.4 +/- 2.2 mm, respectively (P = .90). Autologous bone plug graft during ACL reconstruction does not reduce femoral tunnel widening.
Phase relations of biotite and stilpnomelane in the greenschist facies

Phase relations of biotite and stilpnomelane and associated silicate minerals have been studied in rocks of the greenschist facies, chiefly from Otago, New Zealand and western Vermont, but also from Scotland, Minnesota-Michigan iron range, and northwest Washington. That stilpnomelane in the greenschicht facies crystallizes initially with nearly all iron in the ferrous state is indicated by chemical analyses, high p-T experiments, and phase relationships. Alteration of stilpnomelane after metamorphism not only oxidizes iron but leaches potassium; corrections for both effects must be made in using analyses of brown stilpnomelane in studies of phase relations. Two discontinuous reactions which produce biotite at the biotite isograd have been identified: Stilpnomelane is stable in muscovite-free rocks throughout the biotite zone, and even up to the grade at which hornblende becomes stable. Phengitic muscovite is stable throughout the biotite zone in New Zealand and thus apparently does not contribute to the formation of biotite until a higher grade is reached.
Tonic 5nM DA Stabilizes Neuronal Output by Enabling Bidirectional Activity-Dependent Regulation of the Hyperpolarization Activated Current via PKA and Calcineurin

Volume transmission results in phasic and tonic modulatory signals. The actions of tonic dopamine (DA) at type 1 DA receptors (D1Rs) are largely undefined. Here we show that tonic 5nM DA acts at D1Rs to stabilize neuronal output over minutes by enabling activity-dependent regulation of the hyperpolarization activated current (I h). In the presence but not absence of 5nM DA, I h maximal conductance (G max) was adjusted according to changes in slow wave activity in order to maintain spike timing. Our study on the lateral pyloric neuron (LP), which undergoes rhythmic oscillations in membrane potential with depolarized plateaus, demonstrated that incremental, bi-directional changes in plateau duration produced corresponding alterations in LP I hG max when preparations were superfused with saline containing 5nM DA. However, when preparations were superfused with saline alone there was no linear correlation between LP I hGmax and duty cycle. Thus, tonic nM DA modulated the capacity for activity to modulate LP I h G max; this exemplifies metamodulation (modulation of modulation). Pretreatment with the Ca2+-chelator, BAPTA, or the specific PKA inhibitor, PKI, prevented all changes in LP I h in 5nM DA. Calcineurin inhibitors blocked activity-dependent changes enabled by DA and revealed a PKA-mediated, activity-independent enhancement of LP I hG max. These data suggested that tonic 5nM DA produced two simultaneous, PKA-dependent effects: a direct increase in LP I h G max and a priming event that permitted calcineurin regulation of LP I h. The latter produced graded reductions in LP I hG max with increasing duty cycles. We also demonstrated that this metamodulation preserved the timing of LP’s first spike when network output was perturbed with bath-applied 4AP. In sum, 5nM DA permits slow wave activity to provide feedback that maintains spike timing, suggesting that one function of low-level, tonic modulation is to stabilize specific features of a dynamic output.
Dipolar interactions and their influence on the critical single domain grain size of Ni in layered Ni/Al(2)O(3) composites.

Pulsed laser deposition has been used to fabricate Ni/Al2O3 multilayer composites in which Ni nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 3‐60 nm are embedded as layers in an insulating Al2O3 host. At fixed temperatures, the coercive fields plotted as a function of particle size show well-defined peaks, which define a critical size that delineates a crossover from coherently rotating single domain to multiple domain behavior. We observe a shift in peak position to higher grain size as temperature increases and describe this shift with theory that takes into account the decreasing influence of dipolar magnetic interactions from thermally induced random orientations of neighboring grains. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Burning the Midnight Oil Causes and Consequences of Gender Differences in Overtime in the Federal Service

The Merit Systems Protection Board’s glass ceiling report worried that the inability of women with young children to work overtime may be unfairly hindering their career advancement. I investigated this possibility, using a large survey of federal employees. Overall, women were only 60% as likely as men to work overtime. Gender differences in both child care responsibilities and educational levels helped explain this pattern, as did differences in job demands. Among college-educated professionals and administrators, men’s and women’s overtime rates were quite similar, especially among employees at the same grade levels. Working overtime does appear to speed career advancement, especially for women, but overtime appeared to play a trivial role in gender inequality in pay, especially among the employees most likely to reach the top.
Grain Structure Refinement in Nickel Alloy Welds by Magnetic Arc Stirring

Nickel alloys with high chromium content provide optimum resistant to stress corrosion cracking for service in the reactor coolant system of commercial nuclear power plants. High chromium nickel-base alloys however present many challenges, such as less than ideal weldability and susceptibility to solidification cracking or solid-state cracking depending on welding conditions and dilution effects with dissimilar metals. Moreover, the presence of large solidification grains, typical of nickel alloy weld metals, makes ultrasonic examination of the weldment difficult. Magnetic stirring of the nickel alloy weld pool has the potential to address these challenges and improve joining, overlay welding, cladding, and repair of critical components in commercial nuclear power plants. This study evaluates use of magnetic arc stirring to modify weld pool solidification conditions in order to promote a fine solidification grain structure in nickel alloy welds.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A Stereoselective α-Hydroxylation of Cyclohexanecarbonitriles

Abstract The traditional approach to the synthesis of cyanohydrins from carbonyl compounds was augmented by a recent approach involving the α-hydroxylation of nitriles.1 Each synthetic method possesses certain limitations and yet offers distinct advantages in scope.2 Although both methods provide useful syntheses of cyanohydrins of cyclohexanones, it was of interest to contrast the stereoselectivity of the nitrile and ketone approach in cyclohexyl systems.
Measured and Computed Hypersonic Aerodynamic/Aeroheating Characteristics for an Elliptically Blunted Flared Cylinder

Computational and experimental hypersonic aerodynamic forces and moments and aeroheating levels for Kistler Aerospace Corporation's baseline orbiter vehicle at incidence are presented. Experimental data were measured in ground-based facilities at the Langley Research Center and predictions were performed using the Langley Aerothermodynamic Upwind Relaxation Algorithm code. The test parameters were incidence (-4 to 24 degrees), freestream Mach number (6 to 10),freestream ratio o specific heats (1.2 to 1.4), and freestream Reynolds number (0.5 to 8.0 million per foot). The effects of these parameters on aerodynamic characteristics, as well as the effects of Reynolds number on measured heating levels are discussed. Good agreement between computational and experimental aerodynamic and aeroheating values were observed over the wide range of test parameters examined. Reynolds number and ratio of specific heats were observed to significantly alter the trim L/D value. At Mach 6, laminar flow was observed along the entire windward centerline tip to the flare for all angles and Reynolds numbers tested. Flow over the flare transitioned from laminar to transitional/turbulent between 4 and 8 million per foot at 8 and 12 degrees angle of attack, and near 4 million per foot at 16 degrees angle of attack.
RTMS safety for two subjects with disordered consciousness after traumatic brain injury.

of life [3]. Historically, there has been clinical reluctance to treat patients with depression and epilepsy with antidepressant medications due to somewhat unfounded concerns about potential pro-convulsive effects of these medications [4] .r TMS is an ew and extremely helpful antidepressant treatment strategy which is also likely to be substantially restricted in use in patients with epilepsy. However, the risk of inducing seizures with rTMS in this patient group may be substantially lower than might otherwise be believed. No seizures were reported in a series of studies utilizing low frequency (� 1 Hz) rTMS for the treatment of patients with epilepsy (see review in Ref. [2]), with a review reporting a per patient risk of seizure induction of 1.4% with all types of rTMS utilized in studies until that time [5] .I t appears quite likely that the risk of seizure induction is related to rTMS stimulation intensity with low-frequency stimulation, as we utilized in this case, far less likely to induce a seizure due to the reduction of cortical excitability generally produced with this type of stimulation [6]. However, low-frequency stimulation does not always produce a reduction in cortical excitability and it should not always be assumed that there is negligible risk associated with this type of approach. It is worthy of note that a number of studies have found no difference in efficacy between high frequency left and low frequency right sided rTMS (for example Refs. [7,8]). In summary, depression is a common clinical problem occurring in patients with epilepsy and may remain resistant to standard antidepressant approaches. rTMS should generally be avoided in patients with a history of epilepsy, but there may be exceptions where carefully administered rTMS can be a successful and life altering treatment. The administration of rTMS under these circumstances requires a careful balancing of risks and potential benefits and the provision of informed consent. Lowfrequency right prefrontal stimulation is a sensible first choice treatment approach.
Interpretation of Scaling of Damage and Failure in Fiber Composite Laminates

It is often useful to predict the behavior of large structures from the results of tests on subscale articles. While the scaling of the linear elastic response of fiber com posite structures is at least reasonably well understood, scaling of damage formation and failure is relatively unexplored. Idealized models of failure processes predict various effects of changes in size. Extrapolation of failure results with size thus requires proper interpretation of the failure mechanisms involved. A series of impact tests was recently carried out in which scaling with respect to size was a primary variable. An analysis of the data from these tests indicates a number of important results with respect to the models of failure mechanisms mentioned above. A primary result is that propagation of delamination closely follows the dependence on absolute size predicted by fracture mechanics and energy release rate analyses. Conversely, fiber breakage does not appear to show a dependence on absolute size. The primary thrust...
Long-term effects of public low-income housing vouchers on neighborhood quality and household composition

Abstract In this paper we estimate the effect of housing voucher receipt on the composition of recipient households and the quality of the neighborhoods in which recipient households reside. Drawing on a dataset that contains extensive information on a large and diverse panel of low-income families for up to 5 years following voucher receipt, we isolate the effects of voucher receipt using propensity score matching techniques together with regression adjustment. Full-sample results show voucher receipt to have little effect on neighborhood quality in the short-term, but some positive long-term effects. We also find that voucher receipt is tied to a higher probability of change in household composition in the year of voucher receipt, but greater stability in subsequent years. Our large sample allows us to explore differential responses of geographic and socioeconomic subgroups. Our findings have several implications for both research and policy.
The preparation of polypyrrole surfaces in the presence of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and their biomedical applications.

The deposition of carboxylic acid-terminated conducting polymer into two- or three-dimensional structures made up of colloidal particles has been successfully completed. This was accomplished using electrochemical deposition of ordered arrays of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as a template. Subsequent removal of the template yielded a porous polypyrrole surface. The co-polymerization of pyrrole with carboxylic acid-terminated pyrrole derivatives overcame the limitations of a lack of reactive functional groups—by facilitating the direct coupling of the film with biomolecules or drugs on the surface. Such Ppy films were characterized by several techniques: (1) scanning electron microscope (SEM) to evaluate surface topography, (2) x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to assess the chemical composition of the films, (3) four-point probe to measure the conductivity, and cyclic voltammogram to observe surface electroactivity. To assay the biological effectiveness of this preparation, we used phase-contrast light microscopy to compare neurite outgrowth from PC 12 cells grown on Ppy films in the presence and absence of electrical stimulation. These electrically functional, biocompatible composites show promise as novel neural implants that would deliver specific biologically active molecules in a highly localized manner to damaged or otherwise vulnerable cells such as found in the nervous system.
Eradication of Poliomyelitis in the United States

Mass immunization with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) was begun in the United States in 1963, and the least natural outbreak of poliomyelitis occurred in 1972. Since immunization programs fail to reach the total population, eradication has been achieved in the presence of a residual susceptible population of at least 5% (2-5 million children under the age of 15 years). It is proposed that the fade-out of wild polioviruses is explained by their disappearance during the winter, a low point in the yearly cycle of the virus. In the post-eradication era, the continued presence of millions of susceptible children and adults presents a constant potential hazard. Every effort should be made to maintain maximal levels of immunization with oral poliovirus vaccine and to prevent the reintroduction of wild polioviruses into the United States.
Contemplating Ocean Wave Measurements

This is a personal contemplation on the state of ocean wave measurement, historically, and with an eye toward the future. The conceptual basis which leads to the conventional wave measuring instruments has been in practice for over six decades which is basically single point observations of three-dimensional waves. We need new conceptual advancement and new instrumentation to rejuvenate our research in stagnation. New instruments for spatial wave measurement have been on the horizon.
The Ant in the Gurge Metaphor

The ant in the labyrinth problem posed by de Gennes in 1976 concerned the description of the random movement of an entity (the ant) in a disordered system (the labyrinth) [8] and was a metaphor for the general problem of transport in disordered media. The general physical problem was to represent the evolution of conduction electrons in amorphous materials, phase dislocations in polymer gels, and myriad other phenomena. On the other hand, the ant as metaphor, like every other localized quantity in physics, has its corresponding nonlocal, wavelike aspect. Material properties, such as the distribution of grain sizes in polycrystalhne materials, the degree of homogeneity, the existence of microscopic cracks, inclusions, twin boundaries, and dislocations, all affect fracture micromechanics and wave propagation. To describe the motion of this generalized ant through such disordered, but scaling, materials we change de Gennes’ image to that of an ant in a gurge, that is, an ant in a kind of turbulent flow field. In terms of this modified image we construct an equation that in one limit models fractional diffusion and in another limit models fractional wave propagation. This new equation is the fractional generalization of the telegrapher’s equation. But in addition to these physical processes we also use this metaphor to describe the influence of scaling on the observables in other complex phenomena as well.1
New Report on the Symbiotic Relation of Ochotona roylei (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) and Scaly Breasted Wren Babbler (Pnoepyge albiventer) at Ganesh Himalaya Area of Central Nepal

symbiotic relationship of bird and pika is still a least understood phenomenon in biological science. This study at 3300 m near Somdang of Ganesh Himal area of central Nepal provided a new and interesting information on the behavior of Royle's Pika (Ochotona roylei) which shared its haypile with a bird called Scaly Breasted Wren Babbler (Pnoepyge albiventer). Among the inspected 11 haypiles one haypile was observed sheltering both bird and pika.
Reducing School Mobility A Randomized Trial of a Relationship- Building Intervention

Student turnover has many negative consequences for students and schools, and the high mobility rates of disadvantaged students may exacerbate inequality. Scholars have advised schools to reduce mobility by building and improving relationships with and among families, but such efforts are rarely tested rigorously. A cluster-randomized field experiment in 52 predominantly Hispanic elementary schools in San Antonio, Texas, and Phoenix, Arizona, tested whether student mobility in early elementary school was reduced through Families and Schools Together (FAST), an intervention that builds social capital among families, children, and schools. FAST failed to reduce mobility overall but substantially reduced the mobility of Black students, who were especially likely to change schools. Improved relationships among families help explain this finding.
Viral transduction of primary Schwann cells using a Cre‐lox system to regulate GDNF expression

Glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent neurotrophic factor known to enhance motor nerve regeneration following its delivery. However, recent studies have determined that extended GDNF delivery to regenerating axons can entrap motor axons at the site of GDNF delivery. This entrapment leads to reduced motor axons available to reinnervate muscle. To address this issue, we designed a cell-based GDNF expression system that can temporally regulate protein expression using an inducible gene excision mechanism to prevent entrapment at the site of expression. To design this system for regulation of GDNF expression, we transduced two lentiviral vectors, one containing a constitutively active GDNF transgene flanked by two loxP sites, and the other containing a tetracycline-inducible cre transgene along with its constitutively active transactivator, into Schwann cells (SCs). These SCs over-express GDNF, but expression can be suppressed through the administration of tetracycline family antibiotics, such as doxycycline. The engineered SCs produced significantly more GDNF as compared to untransduced controls, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Following doxycycline treatment, these SCs produced significantly lower levels of GDNF and induced less neurite extension as compared to untreated SCs. Engineered SCs treated with doxycycline showed a marked increase in Cre recombinase expression, as visualized by immunohistochemistry (IHC), providing evidence of a mechanism for the observed changes in GDNF expression levels and biological activity. This cell-based GDNF expression system could have potential for future in vivo studies to provide a temporally controlled GDNF source to promote axon growth. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1886–1894. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Models with second order properties in successors of singulars

Let L ( Q ) be first order logic with Keisler's quantifier, in the λ + interpretation (= the satisfaction is defined as follows: M ⊨ ( Q x ) φ ( x ) means there are λ + many elements in M satisfying the formula φ ( x )). Theorem 1. Let λ be a singular cardinal; assume □ λ and GCH. If T is a complete theory in L ( Q ) of cardinality at most λ, and p is an L ( Q ) 1- type so that T strongly omits p( = p has no support, to be defined in §1), then T has a model of cardinality λ + in the λ + interpretation which omits p . Theorem 2. Let λ be a singular cardinal, and let T be a complete first order theory of cardinality λ at most. Assume □ λ and GCH. If Γ is a smallness notion then T has a model of cardinality λ + such that a formula φ( x ) is realized by λ + elements of M iff φ( x ) is not Γ-small. The theorem is proved also when λ is regular assuming λ = λ . It is new when λ is singular or when ∣T∣ = λ is regular . Theorem 3. Let λ be singular. If Con( ZFC + GCH + ∃κ) [κ is a strongly compact cardinal]), then the following is consistent: ZFC + GCH + the conclusions of all above theorems are false .
Parametric 3D modeling in building construction with examples from precast concrete

Buildings are complex products containing relatively large numbers of distinct parts that are collected in multiple assemblies for different design, analysis and production purposes. Modeling buildings in fully parametric 3D computer-aided design (CAD) systems offers numerous benefits in terms of productivity, the ability to rapidly generate design alternatives at different levels and elimination of errors that result from the disparity between different drawings in current practice. However, full realization of these benefits requires specialized functionality, including top-down modeling, objects with functional behavior, the ability to embed contextual design intent, automation of layout and detailing and appropriate management of similar objects. An effective system must provide such functionality while maintaining adequate response times. The requirements, features and performance have been examined as part of specification of a new 3D parametric CAD platform for the North American Precast Concrete Software Consortium (PCSC). They are described and discussed after a review of solid and parametric modeling, with examples from the domain of precast concrete construction.
Multiplication of virulent poliovirus in capuchin monkey kidney cultures without microscopically observed cytopathogenicity.

SummaryCultures of trypsinized kidneys of South American capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucina) supported the multiplication of Type 1 polioviruses, even though no cytopathic changes were observed by microscopic examination of the cultures. The failure to observe cytologic changes was found to be due to the small proportion of cells in the culture capable of supporting the growth of virus. After 4 to 5 tissue culture passages the viruses remained virulent for the monkey brain and spinal cord. No evidence was obtained for the propagation of Type 2 and 3 strains in the capuchin cultures.
ACC 2011 tutorial session: An introduction to option trading from a control perspective

The purpose of this tutorial session is to explain how control-theoretic tools and associated mathematical concepts can be used in option trading. No previous knowledge of options will be assumed. After explaining the theory and mechanics of options and introducing the requisite mathematical models, the speakers will present a number of examples to demonstrate application of various trading algorithms, option hedging techniques and the use of both technical and fundamental analysis. The session will also include discussion of new and exciting research problems for the control field. One main theme of this tutorial session is that trading concepts can be explained in the context of a basic feedback loop with the control corresponding to modulation of the amount invested as a function of time.
First microprocessors with immersion lithography

Immersion lithography has emerged as the leading solution for semiconductor manufacturing for the 45nm node. With the emergence of the first full-field immersion lithography scanners, the technology is getting ready to be inserted in semiconductor manufacturing facilities throughout the world. In the initial implementation phase, the enhanced depth-of-focus provided by immersion will be utilized to mitigate the narrow process window in which leading-edge semiconductor manufacturing has been forced to operate, creating a new set of opportunities.1 The area of defects, however, has remained of critical concern for this technology. It has become clear that the ultimate proof of the readiness of immersion, especially from a defect point of view, must be attained by integrating the immersion process in a production environment. In this paper, we demonstrate that fully functional 90nm PowerPCTM microprocessors have been fabricated using immersion lithography for one of the litho-critical via levels, achieving the goal of confirming that immersion lithography is a viable manufacturing solution. For this demonstration, we utilized the AT1150i (ASML), currently at Albany NanoTech (NY). The system is a 0.75 NA full-field 193nm projection (4x) scanner. We were able to achieve lithographic and overlay performance that exceeded product specifications while achieving a sufficiently low defect count so as to have yielding chips and modules. We have classified the leading types of defects that can be attributed to the immersion process and have assessed their processing impact. Electrical characterization of the integrated devices confirmed full functionality at both wafer final test (WFT) and module test (MT).© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Group Representations and Quantum Mechanics

The purpose of this chapter is to elucidate one particular point in the application of group theory to quantum mechanics, namely the occurrence of double-valued or spin representations of the rotation and Lorentz groups.
On a class of partially balanced incomplete block designs with applications in survey sampling

We revisit the existence and construction problems of balanced sampling plans excluding contiguous units, a class of designs introduced and studied by Hedayat, Rao, and Stufken (1988a,b). A link between these designs and a class of partially balanced incomplete block designs is established, and a Fisher-type inequality is shown to hold. Special attention is given to those designs that attain equality in this Fisher-type inequality. Some new designs are obtained by construction, while the nonexistence of designs is considered for some other sets of parameters.
Geoliteracy through Aerial Photography: Collaborating with K-12 Educators to Teach the National Geography Standards

Geoliteracy is a necessary skill for the twenty-first century. By collaborating with K-12 educators, geographic information librarians can play an important role in geoliteracy initiatives as well as gain knowledge and experience to benefit their home institutions. The newly released Geography for Life: National Geography Standards, Second Edition, published in 2012, is a useful tool to bridge the gap between librarians and educators by providing a common framework for educational goals. Although there is a wealth of resources within geospatial information collections, aerial photography is particularly suitable for meeting the needs of the K-12 educational community and can be linked directly to many of the national standards. This article provides six rationales for increasing the involvement of geographic information librarians in geoliteracy at all educational levels and demonstrates how twelve of the eighteen Geography for Life standards can be taught using aerial photography.