cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attitudes of Lower- and Middle-Class Families concerning Personal Adjustment

Numerous studies concerned with the assessment of adult's am'tudes toward aging have been made. Few data are available concerning attitudes which older persons from different social economic groups hold toward their personal adjustment. The purpose of this study was to obtain information concerning attitudes which adults hold roward personal adjustment and to test the hypothesis that attitudes toward such factors as Economic Security, Family, Friends, Peeling of Usefulness, Happiness, Health, Religion and Work are independent of social class. Ss were 242 adults, ranging in age from 58 to 64 yr. One-hundred and eighteen were classified as lower class and 124 as middle class according to the McGuire-White (1955) Index of Social Status (Short Form). Approximately one-half of the Ss were male and one-half female. In order to obtain measures of attitudes toward personal adjusunent adults were given the Adult Attitude Inventory developed by Burgess, Cavan and Havighursr (1949). A X' analysis of the data indicated that attitudes toward personal adjustment are dependent upon social class. The greatest difference between the groups was noted in the two areas of Economic Securijy and Work (p = .01). In the area concerning Economic Security a larger proportion of the lower class agreed that they were just able to make ends meet and had to watch how they spent every penny. The middle-class adults agreed more than the lower-class group that their needs were cared for and they had everything they wanted that money could buy. In the area of Work a larger proportion of lower-class than middle-class adults agreed that they were happy only when they had definite work to do, were satisfied with their work, were doing better work at the time of the study than ever before and had more free time. Significant differences were observed in the areas dealing with Family, Health, Friends and Happiness (p = .05). These differences may be summarized as follows: A larger proportion of lower-class adults agreed more frequently than did middle-class adults that: (a) they got more love and affection at the time of the study than ever before, (b) they had more friends than ever before, (c) they had no one to talk to about personal things, (d) their life could be happier than it was now, and (e) they had felt better when they were younger.
Cultural Dimension of Male Sexual Behavior and HIV Risk in South Asia with Special Emphasis on India: A Commentary

This commentary focuses on male sexual behavior and HIV risk in South Asia particularly India. Its goal is to encourage well-planned research and a step towards collecting empirical data on several sociocultural and behavioral aspects of HIV transmission among men having sex with men (MSM) in the prevention programs in South Asia with emphasis on India.
Clinical experience with a new specimen capturing bone marrow biopsy needle.

The SNARECOIL™ needle is a specimen capturing bone marrow biopsy needle that incorporates a tiny internal capturing coil. It was developed to minimize postinsertion needle manipulation and to facilitate specimen recovery. Forty-four patients underwent 50 bone marrow biopsy procedures with the SNARECOIL needle for a variety of hematologic indications. Second and third procedures were done for follow-up or staging. Each procedure retrieved a specimen with an average length of 2.1 cm. Fifty-two percent of the specimens were ⩾2.0 cm in length. The majority of specimens demonstrated intact marrow architecture enabling a pathologic diagnosis in every case. Delicate cores of nontrabeculated marrow were recovered in three cases. The SNARECOIL bone marrow biopsy needle reliably retrieves intact bone marrow core specimens for pathologic interpretation. Am. J. Hematol. 68:189–193, 2001 © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Channel equalization using a Kalman filter for fast data transmission

This paper shows how a Kalman filter may be applied to the problem of setting the tap gains of transversal equalizers to minimize mean-square distortion. In the presence of noise and without prior knowledge about the channel, the filter algorithm leads to faster convergence than other methods, its speed of convergence depending only on the number of taps. Theoretical results are given and computer simulation is used to corroborate the theory and to compare the algorithm with the classical steepest descent method.
Studies on the Bovine Brain Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Using the Antibodies Against Kidney Enzyme Complex

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) was purified from bovine kidney with a specific activity of 12-16 mumol of NADH or acetyl-CoA formed/min/mg protein. The four peptides comprising its three catalytic components were separated by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Rabbit antibodies against this highly purified PDHC (anti-PDHC) exhibited similar binding affinity to the phospho-PDHC as it did to the PDHC antigen. To test whether there exist brain isozymes of PDHC differing from kidney enzyme, which has been extensively characterized, the PDHCs in bovine brain and kidney were compared using this anti-PDHC. The PDHC activities in the brain and kidney mitochondrial extracts were inhibited to the same degree by varying amounts of anti-PDHC. Brain PDHC was precipitated with the anti-PDHC and resolved by SDS-PAGE. The four brain PDHC peptides isolated immunochemically with anti-PDHC had the same sizes as the kidney PDHC peptides. These PDHC peptides from kidney and brain were further compared by their peptide fragment patterns, which were generated by partial proteolysis with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease or by CNBr and resolved by SDS-PAGE. The peptide patterns generated with the former method indicated that the alpha and beta peptides of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) component and the peptide of dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) component of kidney PDHC were very similar to the corresponding peptides immunologically isolated from brain. The peptide patterns generated with CNBr further confirmed that the beta E1 and E2 peptides of kidney PDHC were similar to the corresponding peptides from brain.
Neuron-specific enolase and S100B in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children

Background. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in children. Considerable insight into the mechanisms involved in secondary injury after TBI has resulted from analysis of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained in children with severe noninflicted and inflicted TBI (nTBI and iTBI, respectively). Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is a glycolytic enzyme that is localized primarily to the neuronal cytoplasm. S100B is a calcium-binding protein localized to astroglial cells. In adults, CSF and serum concentrations of NSE and S100B have served as markers of neuronal damage after TBI. Neither NSE nor S100B has previously been studied in CSF after TBI in infants or children. Objective. To compare the time course and magnitude of neuronal and astroglial death after nTBI and iTBI by measuring CSF concentrations of NSE and S100B using a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Methods. Severe nTBI and iTBI were defined by strict clinical criteria. Serial ventricular CSF samples ( n = 35) were obtained from children 1.5 to 9 years with severe nTBI ( n = 5) and children 0.2 to 1.5 years ( n = 5) with severe iTBI. Lumbar CSF samples from 5 children 0.1 to 2.3 years evaluated for meningitis were used as a comparison group. CSF NSE and S100B concentrations were quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SynX Pharma Inc, Ontario, Canada). Results. There was no difference in age between patients with iTBI (median [range]: 0.2 years [0.2–1.8]), nTBI (2.0 years [1.5–9]), and the comparison group (0.2 years [0.2–1.8]). The initial Glasgow Coma Scale score was higher in the iTBI group (9 [4–14]) versus the nTBI group (3 [3–7]). NSE was increased in TBI versus the comparison group in 34 of 35 samples. Mean NSE was markedly increased (mean ± SEM, 117.1 ± 12.0 ng/mL vs 3.5 ± 1.4 ng/mL). After nTBI, a transient peak in NSE was seen at a median of 11 hours after injury (range: 5–20 hours). After iTBI, an increase in admission NSE was followed by a sustained and delayed peak at a median of 63 hours after injury (range: 7–94). The magnitude of peak NSE was similar in nTBI and iTBI. S100B was increased versus the comparison group in 35 of 35 samples. Mean S100B was markedly increased in TBI versus the comparison group (1.67 ± 0.2 ng/mL vs 0.02 ± 0.0 ng/mL). S100B showed a single peak at 27 hours (range: 5–63 hours) after both nTBI and iTBI. The mean S100B concentration, peak S100B concentration, and the time to peak were not associated with mechanism of injury. Conclusions. Markers of neuronal and astroglial death are markedly increased in CSF after severe nTBI and iTBI. ITBI produces a unique time course of NSE, characterized by both an early and late peak, presumably representing 2 waves of neuronal death, the second of which may represent apoptosis. Delayed neuronal death may represent an important therapeutic target in iTBI. NSE and S100B may also be useful as markers to identify occult iTBI, help differentiate nTBI and iTBI, and assist in determining the time of injury in cases of iTBI.
Identification of Novel T Cell Factor 4 (TCF-4) Binding Sites on the HIV Long Terminal Repeat Which Associate with TCF-4, β-Catenin, and SMAR1 To Repress HIV Transcription

ABSTRACT Molecular regulation of HIV transcription is a multifaceted process dictated in part by the abundance of cellular transcription factors that induce or repress HIV promoter activity. β-Catenin partners with members of the T cell factor (TCF)/LEF transcription factors to regulate gene expression. The interaction between β-catenin and TCF-4 is linked to inhibition of HIV replication in multiple cell types, including lymphocytes and astrocytes. Here, we evaluated the molecular mechanism by which β-catenin/TCF-4 repress HIV replication. We identified for the first time multiple TCF-4 binding sites at −336, −143, +66, and +186 relative to the transcription initiation site on the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR). Two of the sites (−143 and +66) were present in approximately 1/3 of 500 HIV-1 isolates examined. Although all four sites could bind to TCF-4, the strongest association occurred at −143. Deletion and/or mutation of −143, in conjunction with β-catenin or TCF-4 knockdown in cells stably expressing an LTR reporter construct, enhanced basal HIV promoter activity by 5-fold but had no effect on Tat-mediated transactivation of the HIV LTR. We also found that TCF-4, β-catenin, and the nuclear matrix binding protein SMAR1 tether at the −143-nucleotide (nt) site on the HIV LTR to inhibit HIV promoter activity. Collectively, these data indicate that TCF-4 and β-catenin at −143 associate with SMAR1, which likely pulls the HIV DNA segment into the nuclear matrix and away from transcriptional machinery, leading to repression of basal HIV LTR transcription. These studies point to novel avenues for regulation of HIV replication by manipulation of β-catenin signaling within cells.
Monstrous Femininity: Constructions of Women of Color in the Academy

This article centers the experiences of women of color in academia by placing my narrative alongside literature about shapeshifters/werewolves and racism and sexism in the academy. I use my narrati...
What Science Communication Scholars Think About Training Scientists to Communicate

The current study involved an attempted census of first and second authors from five key journals across the subfields of science, health, environment, and risk communication between 2003 and 2008....
Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery for the antireflux process in children

Abstract The successful deployment of therapeutic delivery systems with natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES)-like techniques relies on a combination of technology that must be appropriate, and in children that includes size-specific, close team harmony with surgeons and endoscopists working hand in hand, absence of introduction of infection and other complications, and efficacy that is as good as the conventional approaches. Increasingly, cost will become a factor, and the higher cost of the NOTES-type techniques could be balanced by the potential for shorter stays as inpatients. Already the antireflux transoral incisionless fundoplication procedure has gained some acceptance in the United States, and it remains to be seen if it becomes commonplace in pediatrics. How long it will take for other techniques such as NOTES cholecystectomy, appendectomy, bowel resection, etc., to be adopted in a similar fashion will depend on the ongoing studies that are bearing fruit every year, and also on technological developments such as the so-called NOTES “toolbox.” These are interesting times for pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy
Biochemical and biophysical properties of purified phospholipid vesicles containing bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase.

Liposomes containing bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase (COV) prepared by the cholate dialysis technique were purified from those devoid of the enzyme using discontinuous sucrose density ultra centrifugation to eliminate interference in proton-pumping assays. This technique was also used to purify liposomes containing cytochrome c oxidase depleted in subunit III (COV-III), a COX enzyme preparation with altered subunit structure, to assess if the technique could be applied to COX enzymes in which structural and functional changes have occurred. Upon discontinuous sucrose density ultra gradient ultracentrifugation, either COV or COV-III were separated into two bands. Liposomes devoid of enzyme sedimented into the 12% sucrose layer, whereas enzyme-containing liposomes (pCOV or pCOV-III) were found in the 13% sucrose layer. The yield of both pCOV or pCOV-III was greater than 60% (based on heme aa3 content), suggesting a similar distribution of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and subunit III-depleted enzyme (COX-III) in the purified liposomes. The number of COX or COX-III molecules per phospholipid vesicle in purified fractions was estimated to be two. Removal of subunit III (Mr=29,918) from COX resulted in a 30% decrease in electron transfer activity (either in COV-III or pCOV-III) when compared with COV and pCOV, respectively. Both pCOV and pCOV-III exhibited low endogenous proton permeability, as assessed by possessing high respiratory control ratios (14 and greater) and by having similar valinomycin concentration dependencies for stimulation of electron transfer activity in the presence of saturating amounts of CCCP. COV-III and pCOV-III exhibited a 39–44% decrease in proton-pumping activity when compared with COV and pCOV. These results showed that the separation of COX containing liposomes from those lacking enzyme by sucrose density gradient centrifugation can be used to characterize the biophysical properties of these liposomes.
Robustness analysis of nonlinear biped control laws via singular perturbation theory

The gait and stability analysis of a complex biped model using nonlinear techniques is presented. The overall dynamics of the system is treated analytically using singular perturbation theory and phase plane techniques. The unperturbed dynamical system corresponds to a reduced model of the biped vehicle where only a few components play a major role in determining the gross behavior of the biped dynamics. Since the dynamics of the reduced model is relatively easy to understand analytically, the approach followed is to design control laws for the reduced biped via nonlinear limit cycles and to treat more complicated system models as perturbations to this reduced model. The reduced control law is shown to be robust to small perturbation. However, simulations indicate that the robustness to dynamical perturbation can be quite large. >
Ca3 Fingerprinting of Candida albicans Isolates from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive and Healthy Individuals Reveals a New Clade in South Africa

To examine the question of strain specificity in oropharyngeal candidiasis associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, oral samples were collected from 1,196 HIV-positive black South Africans visiting three clinics and 249 Candida albicans isolates were selected for DNA fingerprinting with the complex DNA fingerprinting probe Ca3. A total of 66 C. albicans isolates from healthy black South Africans and 46 from healthy white South Africans were also DNA fingerprinted as controls. Using DENDRON software, a cluster analysis was performed and the identified groups were compared to a test set of isolates from the United States in which three genetic groups (I, II, and III) were previously identified by a variety of genetic fingerprinting methods. All of the characterized South African collections (three from HIV-positive black persons, two from healthy black persons, and one from healthy white persons) included group I, II, and III isolates. In addition, all South African collections included a fourth group (group SA) completely absent in the U.S. collection. The proportion of group SA isolates in HIV-positive and healthy black South Africans was 53% in both cases. The proportion in healthy white South Africans was 33%. In a comparison of HIV-positive patients with and without oropharyngeal symptoms of infection, the same proportions of group I, II, III, and SA isolates were obtained, indicating no shift to a particular group on infection. However, by virtue of its predominance as a commensal and in infections, group SA must be considered the most successful in South Africa. Why group SA isolates represent 53 and 33% of colonizing strains in black and white South Africans and are absent in the U.S. collection represents an interesting epidemiological question.
INFLUENCE OF THINNING OF DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS ON POPULATION PARAMETERS AND DIET OF NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRRELS

Abstract We investigated the effects of thinning young (35- to 45-yr-old) Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests on density, survival, body mass, movements, and diets of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) in the northern coast range of Oregon. We used a repeated measures, randomized block design with 3 treatments (control, moderate thinning, and heavy thinning) and 4 replicates to study diets and population characteristics from 1994–1997. Densities of flying squirrels were variable in space and time, but they were positively correlated to biomass and frequency of fungal sporocarps, suggesting they were responding to food resources rather than forest structure. Fungal sporocarps comprised a major portion of the squirrel's diet, and other vegetative material made up the remainder of the diet. Several fungal genera including Gautieria, Geopora, Hymenogaster, Hysterangium, Melanogaster, and Rhizopogon were found more frequently in diets than on the trapping grids and therefore appeared to be ...
cGVHD of skin: simple tools, great advances

In this issue of Blood , Jacobsohn et al report that 2 simple and reproducible assessment tools, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) composite skin score and the Lee skin symptom scale, are powerful predictors of severity and prognosis of skin GVHD.[1][1] Allogeneic transplantation was
Utility-Based Distributed Routing in Intermittently Connected Networks

Intermittently connected mobile networks don't have a complete path from a source to a destination at most of the time. Such an environment can be found in very sparse mobile networks where nodes meet only occasionally or in wireless sensor networks where nodes always sleep to conserve energy. Current transmission approaches in such networks are primarily based on: multi-copy flooding scheme and single-copy forwarding scheme. However, they incur either high overheads due to excessive transmissions or long delay due to possible incorrect choices during forwarding. In this paper, we propose a A utility-based distributed routing algorithm with multi-copies called UDM, in which a packet is initially replicated to a certain number of its neighbor nodes, which sequentially forward those packets to the destination node based on a probabilistic routing scheme. Some buffer management methods are also proposed to further improve its performance. Theoretical analyze and simulations show that compared to epidemic routing, spray and wait routing, UDM routing scheme provides a nearly optimal delay performance with a stable packet arrive rate in the community mobility model.
Cultural Values and the Well-Being of Future Generations: A Cross-National Study:

Cultural values may influence the extent to which nations care about the well-being of current and future generations of children. The author used archival data to examine this possibility in a sample of 20 wealthy nations. As predicted, after controlling for national wealth, a general pattern was evident such that the more a nation prioritized Egalitarianism versus Hierarchy values and Harmony versus Mastery values, (a) the higher was children’s well-being in the nation, (b) the more generous were national laws regarding maternal leave, (c) the less advertising was directed at children, and (d) the less CO2 the nation emitted. Potential causal pathways and future research directions are discussed.
Creativity techniques in product planning and development: A view from West Germany

The author advocates the use of formalised heuristic principles and teamwork as the cornerstone of creativity techniques on which he has written papers in German, and in view of the interest aroused has taken the opportunity to write a summary for an English-language journal. The purpose of the paper is to review the large number available, to indicate their most profitable field of use and their limitations. He classifies the techniques into four main groups, intuitive association, intuitive confrontation, systematic variation and systematic confrontation. Brainstorming is an example of the first, excursive synectics of the second, morphological analysis of the third and the morphological matrix of the last. He briefly summarises the method employed by about 20 of the 50 he says exist. The paper concludes with some advice to potential users of the methods and a review of the use made of them in German industry.
Mass transfer in droplets determined by analog computation

A mechanism describing the rate of mass transfer to single droplets with a special type of internal circulation is described by a model consisting of a partial differential equation with two independent variables. A Sturm-Liouville system is obtained when the partial differential equation is transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations by the separation-of-variables technique. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions which determine the solution to this system are obtained by a two variable search procedure on an iterative-analog computer.
Primarily disconnected operation: experiences with Ficus

Ficus is a flexible replication facility with optimistic concurrency control designed to span a wide range of scales and network environments. Support for partitioned operation is fundamental to the Ficus design but was not widely exercised in early Ficus use. This paper reports recent experiences using Ficus in settings where some replicas are only occasionally connected to a network, and hence partitioned operation is the rule rather than the exception. The authors conclude that with some tuning, Ficus adapted quite well to primarily disconnected operation. >
Monte Carlo study of electron relaxation in quantum-wire laser structures

Very-low threshold currents are expected to be achieved in quantum-wire lasers owing to the singularity in the density of states occurring at the bandedge. On the other hand, the high-speed modulation of quantum-wire lasers may be limited by carrier relaxation processes that are greatly affected by the reduction in the momentum space. In this paper, we calculate the electron relaxation times for GaAs/AlGaAs wires of various cross sections assuming that electrons are injected in a thermal distribution at the edge of the potential well formed by the barrier. The relaxation times are extracted from the time evolution of the carrier distribution as the electrons come to thermal equilibrium with the lattice. The Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the details of the relaxation process with the inclusion of electron-bulklike phonon, electron-electron and electron-hole interactions. We find that the electron relaxation times range from 120 ps for the 100/spl times/100 /spl Aring/ wire to 30 ps for the 200/spl times/200 /spl Aring/ wire for a carrier density of 10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/. When the electron-hole interaction is included into the calculations, the equilibration time for the 100/spl times/100 /spl Aring/ wire is reduced to /spl ap/50 ps. Screening effects are incorporated using the Thomas-Fermi formalism. At a carrier concentration of 10/sup 16/ cm/sup -1/, the equilibration times for the corresponding wire sizes are 20 and 5 ps. Thus, the relaxation time calculated within the limits of our model decreases with an increased wire cross section. This trend indicates the presence of a trade-off between speed and efficiency in quantum-wire lasers considering that the threshold current is decreased by reducing the wire cross section. >
Coefficients of storage and transmissibility obtained from pumping tests in the Houston District, Texas

An investigation of the ground-water supply of the Houston District, in Texas, has been in progress since December, 1930, under the general direction of O. E. Meinzer, Geologist-in-Charge of the Division of Ground Water of the Geological Survey. The Houston District, as the term is used here, comprises all of Harris County and parts of Montgomery, Waller, and Fort Bend counties, lying between the Trinity and Brazos rivers. The investigation in this area has consisted primarily of inventorying well-logs and pumpage-records, of obtaining water-level data and information regarding the chemical character of the ground-water, and wherever possible of correlating these data.
Finishing the Race: Exploring the Meaning of Marathons for Women Who Run Multiple Races

This qualitative phenomenological study focuses on the meaning of marathons for six women living in the Midwest. The women who participated in the study had completed five or more marathons and dis...
Anticipatory kinematics and muscle activity preceding transitions from level-ground walking to stair ascent and descent

The majority of fall-related accidents are during stair ambulation-occurring commonly at the top and bottom stairs of each flight, locations in which individuals are transitioning to stairs. Little is known about how individuals adjust their biomechanics in anticipation of walking-stair transitions. We identified the anticipatory stride mechanics of nine able-bodied individuals as they approached transitions from level ground walking to stair ascent and descent. Unlike prior investigations of stair ambulation, we analyzed two consecutive "anticipation" strides preceding the transitions strides to stairs, and tested a comprehensive set of kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) data from both the leading and trailing legs. Subjects completed ten trials of baseline overground walking and ten trials of walking to stair ascent and descent. Deviations relative to baseline were assessed. Significant changes in mechanics and EMG occurred in the earliest anticipation strides analyzed for both ascent and descent transitions. For stair descent, these changes were consistent with observed reductions in walking speed, which occurred in all anticipation strides tested. For stair ascent, subjects maintained their speed until the swing phase of the latest anticipation stride, and changes were found that would normally be observed for decreasing speed. Given the timing and nature of the observed changes, this study has implications for enhancing intent recognition systems and evaluating fall-prone or disabled individuals, by testing their abilities to sense upcoming transitions and decelerate during locomotion.
The identity and typification of Guarea hoffmanniana C. DC. (Meliaceae)

Morphological evaluation of a previously overlooked isotype, together with an improved comprehension of its Costa Rican type locality, permit the definitive application of the long-misunderstood name Guarea hoffmanniana C. DC. to the species known most recently as Guarea macropetala T. D. Penn. The former name is lectotypified on the newly found isotype, and the latter name is formally relegated to taxonomic synonymy. All collections examined for this study are cited.
The Three-Fluids Model for Concrete and Beyond

Recent advances in the application of the three fluids model for concrete will be discussed where creep matters such as in repair problems. As known, this model considers concrete as composed of a deformable solid matrix with pores filled by dry air, capillary water and water vapor. The interaction of the constituents as well as phase change is taken into account. It will also be shown that the same material free balance equations can successfully be adopted for the simulation of tumor growth and drug delivery. In this case the solid phase is the extracellular matrix and the three fluids are formed by the healthy cells, the tumor cells and the interstitial fluid which transports the chemical species (therapeutic agents). The extracellular matrix is an elasto-visco-plastic porous solid of the Perzyna type. Applications for both forms of the general model will be shown.
Infertility induced in mice by a single injection of testosterone propionate.

SummaryMice 5, 10 and 20 days of age were given a single 1 mg injection of testosterone propionate. Fertility was tested when these mice were 3 months old and compared with littermate controls. No litters were obtained with mice treated at 5 days of age despite 100 days in breeding. Fertility of mice treated when 20 days old, however, was not decreased whereas mice treated at 10 days of age assumed an intermediate position.
Generation of Macrophage Variants With 5‐Azacytidine: Selection for Mannose Receptor Expression

Mannose receptors are expressed only in primary macrophages. Established macrophage-derived cell lines, although apparently possessing the potential to synthesize mannose receptors, do not express them on their plasma membranes. Using the drug 5-Azacytidine, mannose receptor expression was induced in the macrophage-derived mouse cell line J774. Receptor positive cells were sorted through a fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS) prior to cloning. Clones were isolated which continuously express mannose receptors in culture. These macrophages were able to endocytose beta-glucuronidase and phagocytose yeast particles via mannose receptors. Secretion of the lysosomal enzyme beta-hexosaminidase was also reduced in proportion to the degree of mannose receptor expression.
Practical Reason and Rationality of Morality --An Introduction to Contemporary Western Theories of Rationality of Morality

How to justify moral acts is one of the main lasting problems throughout the history of Western ethics. Based upon the two major distinctions about the ground of practical reason, i. e. , the distinction between agent-relative and agent-neutral values and the distinction between internalism and externalism, the author classifies and evaluates different Western theories of practical rationality under four major categories: agent-relative externalism, agent-relative internalism, agent-neutral internalism and agent-neutral externalism.
Simultaneous Determination of 4 Kinds of Anions in Drinking Water by On-line Ultrafiltration-Ion Chromatography

[Objective]To establish a method for determining 4 kinds of anions(Cl-,SO42-,F-and NO3-) in drinking water by on-line ultrafiltration-ion chromatography. [Methods]Conductance-ion chromatography and Metrosep A Supp 4-250 separation column were employed,1.8 mmol/L Na2CO3-1.7 mmol/L NaHCO3 as the eluent,the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min.Samples were determined through on-line ultrafiltered after being injected into membrane filter(diameter=0.22 μm). [Results]The detection limit of the 4 kinds of anions was 3.58~7.21 μg/L,the recoveries was ranged from 94.0% to 102.5%,The relative standard deviation was less than 2%. [Conclusion]The method is simple,rapid,and accurate for determining Cl-,SO42-,F-and NO3-in drinking water.
Meanings Exhausted: Beckett’s Waiting for Godot

Beckett’s play is both difficult and easy to interpret. It is difficult because we can never be sure what its minimal action and the four enigmatic characters represent. But it is also easy because the surface vagueness and indeterminacy of what is going on gives the reader a licence to supply his own interpretations. When some readers suggested that by Godot Beckett might have meant God, the author disclaimed any such intention and refused to provide any alternatives. All the same, throughout the play one has repeated ‘recognition effects’ — somehow one has the feeling that the reader knows what the author wants to be recognised.
Reoperative Surgery in Acute Setting: When To Go Back?

The return to the operating room in the perioperative settings, or in the acute settings, has not been defined well, despite the fact that it happens often, although the exact frequency how often we take the patient back is not known. The reason why we need to bring the patient back to the operating room can be divided into planned and unplanned procedures. The unplanned procedures can be classified further into acute (mostly due to bleeding, such as tamponade following CABG or any other major surgery), major infection or some other sort of wound catastrophe (dehiscence), intestinal obstruction or anastomotic leak that may become evident perioperatively. The planned return to the operating room has been described a bit better (second look laparotomy for example, damage control as described in Chap. 10, and planned laparotomy for the management of major intraperitoneal infection). In this chapter we will attempt to address, mainly, unplanned laparotomy and decision-making process, but we will also analyze the planned return to the operating room.
ADHD and Thyroid Hormone Resistance

The presence and severity of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 104 members of 18 families with a history of generalized resistance to thyroid hormone were evaluated at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, using structured interviews.
Prediction of Energy Dissipation Rates for Aviation Turbulence. Part II: Nowcasting Convective and Nonconvective Turbulence

AbstractIn addition to turbulence forecasts, which can be used for strategic planning for turbulence avoidance, short-term nowcasts can augment longer-term forecasts by providing much more timely and accurate turbulence locations for real-time tactical avoidance of turbulence hazards, especially those related to short-lived convection. This paper describes a turbulence-nowcasting algorithm that combines recent short-term turbulence forecasts with all currently available direct turbulence observations and inferences of turbulence from other sources. Building upon the need to provide forecasts that are aircraft independent, the nowcasts provide estimates of an atmospheric metric of turbulence, namely, the energy dissipation rate to the one-third power (EDR). Some observations directly provide EDR, such as in situ observations from select commercial aircraft and ground-based radar algorithm output, whereas others must be translated to EDR. A strategy is provided for mapping turbulence observations, such as p...
Eigenvalue Placement in Two-Time-Scale Systems

Abstract A matrix norm condition is given under which the large eigenvalues of a two-time scale system will be sufficiently separated from the small eigenvalues. A feedback control design is proposed in which two gain matrices are used for separate placement of small and large eigenvalues.
Urban heat island intensity and spatial variability by synoptic weather type in the northeast U.S.

Abstract Understanding regional air temperature ( T a ) variability and urban heat island (UHI) magnitude has posed challenges given the minimal observational stations in urban areas. This study uses a dense network to evaluate the degree to which synoptic weather influences the UHI intensity and fine scale T a variability on days of extreme heat. We examine daytime and nighttime temperatures in four large northeastern cities (urban-suburban-rural) using a dataset with relatively high spatiotemporal resolutions (100–200 stations per area, 5 min or 60 min intervals) for May–Sept, 2006–2013. Results show stronger UHI intensity and enhanced T a variability under hot, dry weather types, with the most intense UHIs overnight in dry conditions. Absolute T a magnitudes within both urban and rural areas remain heightened under moist weather type conditions. New York City presents the highest average nighttime UHI intensity (3.51°C). Minimal, and at times negative, UHIs are often present in the daytime, appearing on 38% and 28% of days in New York City and Boston, respectively. An exploratory analysis demonstrates a significant ability to predict average T a at each station using common environmental predictors. Findings emphasize the importance in distinguishing between absolute maximum T a versus UHI intensity by weather type for communication and translation of heat mitigation practices and health protection by public health and urban planning agencies.
Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Nipple-Areolar Complex

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the areola and nipple has been described in 35 men (median onset age, 61 years) and 20 women (median onset age, 66 years). The tumor occurred more frequently on the left side (54.9%) than the right side (45.1%). BCC of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) is commonly presented as scaly or with ulcerated plaques and nodules. The pathologic type of BCC was most commonly nodular (42.9%) or superficial (30.9%). Although BCC of the NAC are frequently associated with a nonaggressive histologic subtype, they have been considered to behave more aggressively than BCCs at other anatomical sites. Complete excision of the BCC is the treatment of choice. Successful treatment of the primary tumor is rarely followed by cancer recurrence.
Biological treatment of airstreams contaminated with organic vapors

Increases in regulatory control of discharges of organic vapors require improvement of traditional methods of removal and treatment of organic vapors from airstreams. The traditional methods of removal, various forms of adsorption, only change the phase of the pollutants. Subsequent treatment of the pollutants has proven to be energy intensive and therefore expensive. Biological treatment of organics has proven to be inexpensive but requires that the organics be in dissolved form, in the liquid phase, and at a concentration above a minimum concentration. Adsorption of organics in the gas phase onto activated carbon, which is suspended in water, will remove the pollutants from the gas phase and can increase the aqueous concentration, in the region around each activated carbon particle, above the required minimum for biological degradation. The organic pollutants can then be biodegraded leaving harmless by-products. Design of a reactor to provide for the phase change and the biodegradation of the pollutant requires development of a theoretical model and validation of the model.
Essential and core books for veterinary medicine.

Objectives: This study defined core and essential lists of recent, English-language veterinary medicine books using a data-driven methodology for potential use by a broad audience, including libraries that are building collections supporting veterinary sciences and One Health initiatives. Methods: Book titles were collected from monograph citation databases, veterinary examination reading lists, veterinary college textbook and library reserve lists, and published bibliographies. These lists were combined into a single list with titles ranked by the number of occurrences. Results: The methodology produced a core list of 122 monographs and an essential list of 33 titles. All titles are recent, edition neutral, English language monographs. One title is out of print. Conclusions: The methodology captured qualitative and quantitative input from four distinct populations who use veterinary monographs: veterinary practitioners, educators, researchers, and librarians. Data were collected and compiled to determine core and essential lists that represented all groups. Unfortunately, data are not available for all subareas of veterinary medicine, resulting in uneven subject coverage. This methodology can be replicated and adapted for other subject areas.
Mobility Impacts of Autonomous Vehicle Systems

Automated vehicle (AV) technologies are rapidly maturing, and time line for their wider deployment is currently uncertain. Despite uncertainty these technologies are expected to bring about numerous societal benefits, such as enhanced traffic safety, improved mobility and reduced fuel emissions. In this paper, we propose a novel bottom-up approach to model various SAE levels on VISSIM in a two lane highway environment featuring an on-ramp. Our results indicate that mobility in SAE level 1 always exceeds that of SAE level 0, because the former has a consistently higher acceleration for given conditions. SAE level 2 provides more lateral stability and therefore less implied accidents than level 1 or 0 due to lower lateral deviations. For level 3, key consideration is to model the transition between human and system control. In SAE level 4 we model the operation of autonomous vehicles in Operational Design Domain (ODD) and transition to minimal risk conditions outside ODD. SAE level 5 overcomes impact of these transitions and hence has a better mobility than lower SAE levels. The models can help policymakers to understand the impact of autonomous vehicles on mobility and guide them in making critical policy decisions.
Novel first-year curriculum in high-value care.

Background Most medical schools teach a high-value care (HVC) curriculum during the clinical years. Currently, there lacks any research demonstrating the effectiveness of the HVC curriculum taught to students in their first year of medical school. Methods A total of 118 of 466 first-year medical students at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine between 2013 and 2017 enrolled on an HVC course that provided the initial framework necessary to practice cost-conscious clinical medicine. The curriculum was evaluated by comparing the performance of students who completed the course with the performance of students without training, through a standardised patient encounter on musculoskeletal back pain and how to approach a patient's request for imaging. Chi-square testing was used to assess the impact of the course on performance in a standardised patient encounter. Results Students enrolled on the HVC course were more likely, compared with their counterparts, to assure patients that back pain was a simple strain (48 versus 31%), and were less likely to ask for preceptor help on how to proceed with management (11 versus 29%) [χ2 (4, n = 466) = 14.28, p = 0.007]. There were no differences between students enrolled on the HVC course who had not yet received training compared with students taking another elective [χ2 (4, n = 385) = 8.73, p = 0.07]. Discussion This is the first study to assess the effectiveness of an HVC curriculum for first-year medical students, and it demonstrates promise that they can acquire some skill sets necessary for cost-effective practice in a simulated clinical setting. This is the first study to assess the effectiveness of an HVC curriculum for first-year medical students, and it demonstrates promise that they can acquire some skill sets necessary for cost-effective practice.
Postexercise hypotension in central aortic pressures following walking and its relation to cardiorespiratory fitness.

BACKGROUND Central aortic blood pressure (BP) is reduced after exercise. The aim of this study was to determine whether cardiorespiratory fitness relates to postexercise reductions in aortic BP. METHODS Sixteen young adults completed maximal exercise testing for peak oxygen uptake (VO2). Participants walked at a slow (80 steps/min, ~47% maxHR) and fast (125 steps/min, ~65% maxHR) stepping cadence for 3000 steps on two nonconsecutive days. Before and after each walking condition, radial tonometry was used to derive aortic pressures. Measurements after walking were taken after 30 and 60 min of supine recovery. RESULTS The change in aortic BP was similar between walking cadences. Aortic systolic BP (-2.3 mmHg, P=0.03) and pulse pressure (-3.2 mmHg, P 0.05) with these changes, but was strongly associated with non-significant changes in aortic systolic BP (30min: r=-0.54, P=0.03) and diastolic BP (30 min: r=-0.64, 60 min: r=-0.77; both P<0.01) after slow walking only. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that cardiorespiratory fitness associates with aortic pressure reductions after walking dependent on exercise intensity.
Act 3. Lysistrata: Meaningful Human Control

The causes of the Peloponnesian War in Ancient Greece have long obsessed international relations (IR) scholars, who often claim that Thucydides’ proto-realist History offers the definitive ancient account. But not everyone in Athens agreed with Thucydides’ bleak view that fear of the Other inevitably leads to violence. This chapter reflects on Aristophanes’ play Lysistrata, which depicts the war between Athens and Sparta as rooted in political processes dividing people along gender and cultural lines. Themes in Lysistrata illuminate the role of protest, economic divestment and social non-cooperation in disarmament campaigns, including on killer robots and nuclear weapons. The chapter draws on the insights of feminist IR theory and the story of women’s occupation of the Greenham Common nuclear weapons base.
Cancer Biology and Prevention in Diabetes

The available evidence suggests a complex relationship between diabetes and cancer. Epidemiological data suggest a positive correlation, however, in certain types of cancer, a more complex picture emerges, such as in some site-specific cancers being specific to type I diabetes but not to type II diabetes. Reports share common and differential mechanisms which affect the relationship between diabetes and cancer. We discuss the use of antidiabetic drugs in a wide range of cancer therapy and cancer therapeutics in the development of hyperglycemia, especially antineoplastic drugs which often induce hyperglycemia by targeting insulin/IGF-1 signaling. Similarly, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), a well-known target in type II diabetes mellitus, has differential effects on cancer types. Past studies suggest a protective role of DPP-4 inhibitors, but recent studies show that DPP-4 inhibition induces cancer metastasis. Moreover, molecular pathological mechanisms of cancer in diabetes are currently largely unclear. The cancer-causing mechanisms in diabetes have been shown to be complex, including excessive ROS-formation, destruction of essential biomolecules, chronic inflammation, and impaired healing phenomena, collectively leading to carcinogenesis in diabetic conditions. Diabetes-associated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) contribute to cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) formation in tumors, allowing the epithelium and endothelium to enable tumor cell extravasation. In this review, we discuss the risk of cancer associated with anti-diabetic therapies, including DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors, and the role of catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT), AMPK, and cell-specific glucocorticoid receptors in cancer biology. We explore possible mechanistic links between diabetes and cancer biology and discuss new therapeutic approaches.