cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling cooperative, selfish and malicious behaviors for Trajectory Privacy Preservation using Bayesian game theory

As new mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (mWSNs) for location-aware applications are emerging, trajectory privacy invasion is becoming an indispensable issue. Many promising techniques are under development. Considering the decentralized network architecture, most of Trajectory Privacy Preservation (TPP) techniques rely on the cooperation from peer nodes, cluster headers, or a third party. However, only a few works have addressed the issue of selfish behaviors in such cooperation required techniques. Nevertheless, the problem of facing selfish and compromised nodes in the noncooperative and hostile environment is rarely touched. In this paper, we apply Bayesian game theory to model cooperative, selfish and malicious behaviors of autonomous mobile nodes in decentralized mWSNs. We formulate and analyze the TPP game among peer nodes in both strategic and dynamic forms. The equilibrium strategies for users to evaluate the degree of trust in participating in in-network TPP activities are provided and analyzed in theoretical and simulation results.
Male-Produced Pheromone in the European Woodwasp, Sirex noctilio

A male-produced pheromone that attracts both males and females was identified for the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, a serious pest of pine trees. Males displayed excitatory behaviors when placed in groups, and were attracted to the odors from males that were 2-5-d-old, but not to odors from males that were 0-1-d-old. An unsaturated short-chain alcohol, (Z)-3-decen-1-ol, was discovered in samples collected on SuperQ filters over groups of males and identified by using micro-derivatization reactions and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The compound was not detected in volatile samples from females. Gas chromatography coupled electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) of antennae from males exposed to male headspace odors produced strong antennal responses to the main peak of (Z)-3-decen-1-ol, as well as to an unknown minor component that had a similar retention time. Antennae from both males and females responded to synthetic (Z)-3-decen-1-ol. Several different synthetic candidates for the GC-EAD active minor components were selected based on GC-MS and GC-EAD responses to male headspace collections. These synthetic compounds were tested for antennal activity using GC-EAD, and those that produced strong responses were blended with the major component and tested for male attraction in the Y-tube olfactometer at different concentrations and ratios. Males tested in the Y-tube olfactometer were attracted to a synthetic blend of (Z)-3-decen-1-ol and (Z)-4-decen-1-ol at a ratio of 100:1. Whereas the addition of some suspected minor compounds reduced attraction, the addition of a third compound found in male emanations that produced strong male antennal responses, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (at a ratio of 100:1:1), resulted in attraction of both males (Y-tube and wind tunnel) and females (wind tunnel).
Energy saving potential of low-temperature cooling of computers

Current trends in data center cooling infrastructure design drive toward raising the coolant temperature to as high a level as equipment reliability allows in order to reduce the energy consumed by the cooling infrastructure and, consequently, improve (i.e., decrease) the power utilization effectiveness (PUE). However, as currently applied, PUE would appear to have deteriorated if measures are taken to reduce the energy consumption of the servers themselves. Because the temperature-dependent leakage power dissipation of modern deep-submicron computer chips constitutes a large fraction of the total power dissipation of these chips, the power consumption of such chips can be reduced by operating them at lower temperature. Not only does low-temperature operation reduce leakage power dissipation, but also it increases reliability and opens the potential for increasing the chip clock speed. However, these benefits may not lead to a reduction in the overall power consumption of the system of the servers and their associated cooling infrastructure if the leakage power reductions are more than offset by an increase in the power consumption of the low -temperature cooling infrastructure. In this paper we present a preliminary analytical study of a power and refrigeration cascade system (PARCS) that has the potential to realize the benefits of chip low-temperature operation while decreasing the overall power consumption of the servers and their cooling infrastructure. We describe a parametric conceptual model of the combined servers and PARCS as a function of the coolant temperature and show that the optimum coolant temperature of servers equipped with 45, 32 and 22 nm chips could be substantially lower than the 27°C recommended by ASHRAE.
Tissue resistance to insulin stimulation of amino acid uptake in acutely uremic rats

Tissue resistance to insulin stimulation of amino acid uptake in acutely uremic rats. Peripheral tissue resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake occurs in uremia. A similar resistance also may exist to insulin-mediated amino acid uptake. The present study examined the effect of insulin on the uptake or distribution ratios (DR) of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIBA) attained in the tissues of rats made acutely uremic by bilateral nephrectomy. Both uremic and control rats concentrated equally AIBA in the gastrocnemius muscle in the absence of insulin (DR = 2.82 ± 0.39 in controls, 2.52 ± 0.40 in uremics). Compared to control rats, the diaphragm and liver of uremic rats, in the absence of insulin, had higher concentrations of AIBA. Insulin had the expected effect of increasing the uptake in the gastrocnemius, diaphragm, and liver of control rats but had no effect on uptake in the gastrocnemius muscle of uremic rats (DR = 5.82 ± 0.78 in controls, 3.07 ± 0.60 in uremics). The effect of insulin on the distribution ratio of AIBA in diaphragm and liver or uremic rats was less than it was in control rats. Uremia is associated with inhibition of insulin-mediated amino acid uptake as well as peripheral resistance to glucose utilization. Resistance tissulaire a la stimulation insulinique de la captation d'acides amines chez les rats uremiques. Au cours de l'uremie il existe une resistance tissulaire a la stimulation par l'insuline de la captation du glucose. Une resistance semblable peut exister pour la captation d'acides amines. Ce travail etudie l'effet de l'insuline sur la captation et la concentration (DR) de l'acide alpha-amino-isobutyrique (AIBA) par et dans divers tissus chez le rat en uremie aigue du fait d'une nephrectomie bilaterale. Les rats uremiques et controles concentrent egalement AIBA dans le muscle gastrocnemien en l'absence d'insuline (DR = 2,82 ± 0,39 chez les controles, 2,52 ± 0,40 chez les uremiques). Le diaphragme et le foie des rats uremiques, en l'absence de'insuline, ont des concentrations d'AIBA superieures a celles des controles. L'insuline a l'effet attendu d'augmentation de la captation par le gastrocnemien, le diaphragme, et le foie des rats controles, mais n'a pas d'effet sur la captation par le gastrocnemien des rats uremiques (DR = 5,82 ± 0,78 ches les controles et 3,07 ± 0,60 ches les uremiques). L'effet de l'insuline sur le diaphragme et le foie des rats uremiques est inferieur a celui observe chez les controles. L'uremie est associee a une inhibition de la captation d'acides amines dependante de l'insuline et a une resistance peripherique a l'utilisation du glucose.
Murine epidermal side population possesses unique angiogenic properties

Total epidermal keratinocytes are a heterogeneous population of cells, including undifferentiated stem/progenitor cells (EpSPs) and their more differentiated progeny (Non-SP cells). Our previous in vivo data showed that EpSPs enhanced blood flow restoration when injected into an ischemic limb, whereas Non-SP cells had no significant effect on in vivo blood flow restoration. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this observation remain largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the angiogenic properties of different epidermal subpopulations in vitro and the mechanism by which EpSPs enhanced blood flow in vivo. Using migration assay and capillary network formation, we show that EpSPs secrete higher levels of pro-angiogenic molecules compared to Non-SP cells, unsorted keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. Secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was detected at higher levels in EpSP conditioned medium than the medium conditioned by other epidermal subpopulations and fibroblasts. Also, RT-PCR analyses revealed a unique angiogenic gene profile for EpSPs. Finally, gene array data indicate significant changes in angiogenic gene expression six days after cell injection in murine ischemic limbs. Therefore, we conclude that EpSPs possess unique angiogenic properties and that these cells may be indirectly responsible for the angiogenic response previously observed in our ischemic limb model.
Hybrid Liquid Immersion and Synthetic Jet Heat Sink for Cooling 3-D Stacked Electronics

This paper focuses on the design and parametric numerical study of a hybrid heat sink combining a liquid thermal interface with an array of synthetic jet actuators for 3-D chip stack cooling. The air-side heat sink exploits enhanced localized heat transfer achieved via a central array of synthetic jet actuators. The key focus of this paper is the numerical simulation of the dielectric liquid interface used to efficiently transmit the heat from the high-power 3-D stacked electronics to the hybrid heat sink base. The coupled natural convection in the fluid and conduction in solid spreaders sandwiched between the tiers of the stack form a novel efficient, passive, and scalable thermal management solution for 3-D stacked die structures. It is shown that this heat sink with a footprint of 76-mm square × 51-mm height can dissipate a total of 41 W of heat/power from the stack for a 44°C average chip temperature rise above ambient (an Rja of ~ 1.06 K/W obtained passively).
Abnormalities of islet B-cell function, insulin action, and fat distribution in women with histories of gestational diabetes: relationship to obesity.

Although obese women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus (former GDM) are highly predisposed to develop noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), lean former GDM women are less predisposed. To explore reasons for this difference, we performed measures of islet B-cell function and insulin action in eight lean former GDM women [ideal body weight (IBW), 107 ± 2 (mean ± SEM)], 11 obese former GDM (IBW, 161 ± 11%), and 19 normal women subjects who were individually pair-matched to former GDM for % IBW and age. The first phase (0–10 min) insulin secretory response to iv glucose was significantly lower in both lean and obese former GDM compared to that in normal women (3,480 ± 548% vs. 8,234 ± 1,337% basal min and 3,444 ± 682 vs. 10,251 ± 2,465). The second phase (10–60 min) insulin response to glucose was also significantly lower in lean former GDM women and tended to be lower in obese former GDM women compared to that in their respective controls. Insulin action was assessed by the insulin se...
Continuum Schr\"odinger Operators Associated With Aperiodic Subshifts

We study Schrodinger operators on the real line whose potentials are generated by an underlying ergodic subshift over a finite alphabet and a rule that replaces symbols by compactly supported potential pieces. We first develop the standard theory that shows that the spectrum and the spectral type are almost surely constant, and that identifies the almost sure absolutely continuous spectrum with the essential closure of the set of energies with vanishing Lyapunov exponent. Using results of Damanik-Lenz and Klassert-Lenz-Stollmann, we also show that the spectrum is a Cantor set of zero Lebesgue measure if the subhift satisfies the Boshernitzan condition and the potentials are aperiodic and irreducible. We then study the case of the Fibonacci subshift in detail and prove results for the local Hausdorff dimension of the spectrum at a given energy in terms of the value of the associated Fricke-Vogt invariant. These results are elucidated for some simple choices of the local potential pieces, such as piecewise constant ones and local point interactions. In the latter special case, our results explain the occurrence of so-called pseudo bands, which have been pointed out in the physics literature.
Temperature-Tunable Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Remote-Controlled Drug Release

Herein, we report the successful development of a novel nanosystem capable of an efficient delivery and temperature-triggered drug release specifically aimed at cancer. The water-soluble 130.1 ± 0.2 nm iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were obtained via synthesis of a monodispersed iron oxide core stabilized with tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (TMAOH), followed by coating with the thermoresponsive copolymer poly-(NIPAM-stat-AAm)-block-PEI (PNAP). The PNAP layer on the surface of the IONP undergoes reversible temperature-dependent structural changes from a swollen to a collapsed state resulting in the controlled release of anticancer drugs loaded in the delivery vehicle. We demonstrated that the phase transition temperature of the prepared copolymer can be precisely tuned to the desired value in the range of 36°C–44°C by changing the monomers ratio during the preparation of the nanoparticles. Evidence of modification of the IONPs with the thermoresponsive copolymer is proven by ATR-FTIR and a quantitative analysis of the polymeric and iron oxide content obtained by thermogravimetric analysis. When loaded with doxorubicin (DOX), the IONPs-PNAP revealed a triggered drug release at a temperature that is a few degrees higher than the phase transition temperature of a copolymer. Furthermore, an in vitro study demonstrated an efficient internalization of the nanoparticles into the cancer cells and showed that the drug-free IONPs-PNAP were nontoxic toward the cells. In contrast, sufficient therapeutic effect was observed for the DOX-loaded nanosystem as a function of temperature. Thus, the developed temperature-tunable IONPs-based delivery system showed high potential for remotely triggered drug delivery and the eradication of cancer cells.
Response: Re: Home Visits and the Social Context

To the Editor: Dr. Frey’s[1][1] excellent comment adds an additional argument for house calls. How can we know our patients if we do not know their life circumstances? House calls are a great opportunity to teach our residents cultural competence by immersing them into the culture of their
Chemical composition of ambient particulate matter and redox activity

Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) has been associated with a number of adverse health effects. Increasing studies have suggested that such adverse health effects may derive from oxidative stress, initiated by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within affected cells. The study aimed to assess physical characteristics and chemical compositions of PM and to correlate the results to their redox activity. PM2.5 (mass aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) and ultrafine particles (UFPs, mass media aerodynamic diameter <0.1 μm) were collected in an urban area, which had heavy traffic and represented ambient air pollution associated with vehicle exhaust. Background samples were collected in a rural area, with low traffic flow. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals were analyzed. The dithiothreitol activity assay was used to measure the redox activity of PM. Results showed that UFPs have higher concentrations of OC, EC, and PAHs than those of PM2.5. Several metals, including Fe, Cu, Zn, Ti, Pb, and Mn, were detected. Among them, Cu had the highest concentrations, followed by Fe and Zn. Organic carbon constituted 22.8% to 59.7% of the content on the surface of PM2.5 and UFPs. Our results showed higher redox activity on a per PM mass basis for UFPs as compared to PM2.5. Linear multivariable regression analyses showed that redox activity highly correlated with PAH concentrations and organic compounds, and insignificantly correlated with EC and metals, except soluble Fe, which increased redox activity in particle suspension due to the presence of ROS.
THE BACTERICIDAL PROPERTY OF COW'S MILK

The bactericidal activity of fresh raw milk from a number of cows has been tested with the non-hemolytic mastitis streptococcus. By using this organism and other means we were able to rule out the action of agglutinin. The milk of all cows examined inhibited the growth of the streptococcus for definite periods. The length of the inhibition period varied; the milk from some cows prevented growth for 8 hours, that of others for only 4 or 6 hours. The inhibitory action may be as strong in the milk of a young cow in its first lactation period as in that of an old cow known to be resistant to udder infection. It is possible to absorb the streptococcus inhibitory substance by first inoculating the milk with B. bovisepticus. We were unable to show that the substance was increased by artificial immunization of cows with the streptococcus. Whey obtained by the action of sterile rennet solution inhibited the growth of the streptococcus to about the same extent as the milk from which it was obtained. We infer that the substance originates in the udder since it differs from blood alexin in its resistance to heat, it is not increased in the whey although the blood proteins are more concentrated, and it is not increased in the milk when the cows are artificially immunized or repeatedly exposed to natural infection.
The NO(a 4II) state: direct photoexcitation from the ground state

Abstract Spectroscopic measurements are made on the (11, 0) band of the NO(a 4 II—X 2 II) system. The NO is excited by the 208–209 nm output of an excimer-laser-pumped doubled dye laser. The a( v = 11) population is transferred by collisions with NO and He to doublet levels, from which radiation is seen at 250–260 nm. The doublet and quartet character of the lines is distinguishable by the different temporal behavior of their fluorescence. The lines are assigned using simulated spectra. This study constitutes the first measurement of NO(a−X) line positions.
Sixth-order wavefront deformations: the coefficients and insights into wavefront propagation in optical systems

The oral presentation of this paper provides historical remarks on the development of aberration theory and discusses the topic of sixth-order wavefront aberrations. We present some insights on wavefront propagation and deformation in optical systems.
Achieving non-repudiation of Web based transactions

Abstract In this paper, we describe our approach to achieve non-repudiation for World Wide Web (WWW) based transactions. We designed and implemented protocols for preparing digital signatures on the server as well as the client machine. In our design, we use the popular Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) software for preparing and verifying digital signatures. The key-contribution is the deployment of a special purpose HTTP server, called signing server , on the client machine to communicate with the WWW browser. A signing server is specialized to handle digital signatures. This paper discusses the design and implementation of the signing server protocol to achieve non-repudiation transactions in a WWW based employee information system. The technique of deploying special purpose HTTP servers on the client machine has many applications beyond this. It inter-operates with all types of browsers and is an attractive alternative to browser dependent plug-ins.
Toxicokinetics of 4-methylimidazole in the male F344 rat.

1. The toxicokinetics and metabolism of 4-methylimidazole (4-MZ) have been studied in the male F344 rat using 14C radiolabelled compound. Radioactivity in plasma and urine was profiled by hplc.2. After gavage administration of 50 mg/kg, about 85% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in urine within 48 h. The majority of the radioactivity in urine or plasma was associated with the parent compound and only one minor hydrophilic metabolite was present in urine and in plasma. Elimination of radioactivity via fecal, biliary or respiration was negligible.3. Elimination of 4-MZ after an i.v. dose of 5mg/kg can be described by a two-compartment process with an estimated half-life of 1.8 h and an estimated apparent volume of distribution of 2.3 litre/kg.4. After gavage at doses of 5, 50 and 150 mg/kg, 4-MZ was readily absorbed with a estimated bioavailability of 60–70%.5. Urinary excretion data indicated that renal clearance of 4-MZ accounted for about 80% of total body plasma clearance. Based on the es...
Simplest collective motion caused by external noise for globally coupled maps

The collective motion of the globally coupled maps driven by the external noise is investigated when the number of the maps is finite. A simplest collective motion for the globally coupled maps is found by controlling the noise strength. The dimension of the collective motion exhibits a minimum as a function of the external noise strength when the collective motion is the simplest.
A class of algorithms for mixed-integer bilevel min---max optimization

In this paper, we introduce a new class of algorithms for solving the mixed-integer bilevel min---max optimization problem. This problem involves two players, a leader and a follower, who play a Stackelberg game. In particular, the leader seeks to minimize over a set of discrete variables the maximum objective that the follower can achieve. The complicating features of our problem are that a subset of the follower's decisions are restricted to be integer-valued, and that the follower's decisions are constrained by the leader's decisions. We first describe several bilevel min---max programs that can be used to obtain lower and upper bounds on the optimal objective value of the problem. We then present algorithms for this problem that finitely terminate with an optimal solution when the leader variables are restricted to take binary values. Finally, we report the results of a computational study aimed at evaluating the quality of our algorithms on two families of randomly generated problems.
Visualization of aerocolloidal biological particles using 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV)

Recent concerns over the possible use of airborne biological particles as weapons of mass destruction have significantly increased the attention that researchers are giving to this threat. The size of these particles, ranging from a fraction of a micrometer to several tens of micrometers, allows them to travel over long distances before settling out of the airstreams carrying these particles. Furthermore, the odd shapes of many of these particles along with uncertainties about their light scattering characteristics make detection and tracking quite a challenge. In the present paper, results are reported on the visualization of airborne biological particles using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV). These initial results show the utility of PIV in illuminating and tracking airborne biological particles. A compressed air nebulizer is used to aerosolize the biological particles inside a Plexiglas test section. The biological particles prepared for the nebulizer are first inoculated and cultured onto agar media, gypsum board, and acoustic ceiling tile to achieve an abundant growth of spores. A colloidal suspension of biological particles is then made using sterilized, de-ionized water and a mild surfactant to de-agglomerate the biological particles in the suspension. The concentration of biological particles in the colloidal suspension is determined using a hemacytometer. In the visualization experiments, images are captured for polystyrene latex (PSL) test particles, liquid water droplets, and spores of the fungal species Aspergillus versicolor. During the PIV system operation, two successive images are captured with a time delay of 50 μm to develop flow field velocities of the PSL test particles, liquid water droplets, and the A. versicolor spores.
Using Aspect Graphs to Control the Recovery and Tracking of Deformable Models

Active or deformable models have emerged as a popular modeling paradigm in computer vision. These models have the flexibility to adapt themselves to the image data, offering the potential for both generic object recognition and non-rigid object tracking. Because these active models are underconstrained, however, deformable shape recovery often requires manual segmentation or good model initialization, while active contour trackers have been able to track only an object's translation in the image. In this paper, we report our current progress in using a part-based aspect graph representation of an object14 to provide the missing constraints on data-driven deformable model recovery and tracking processes.
The Placebo Effect Public Policy and Knowledge Tranfer

The 1988 Howard Davis presentation was based on Davis's value system and work in the fields of knowledge transfer and utilization and publicly funded mental health treatment. These fields are considered from the point of view of specific and nonspecific treatment effects. An overview is made of the methods of social science, treatment research, placebo and nonspecific effects, and related neurobiology. The article concludes with recommendations for the Society of Knowledge Transfer and Utilization.
Advances in Measurement and Monitoring Methods: Preface from the Guest Editors

For many years monitoring methods have lagged behind numerical analyses of water flow, solute transport, and heat transfer into and through the vadose zone. However, recent advances in electronic components, renewed interest in development of monitoring methods, and the infusion of geophysical
Automatic external defibrillators: lessons from the past, present and future

Coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States and most developed countries. Many of the victims die from sudden cardiac arrests, resulting from dysrhythmias-most commonly ventricular fibrillation. Since most cardiac arrests occur outside the hospital, implementing emergency services in the field will have a great impact on survival. With the development of the modern automatic external defibrillator (AED), early recognition and correction of these dysrhythmias by lay rescuers can significantly improve outcome from sudden death. This paper reviews the past, present and future development and applications of AEDs.
Bounds on high-energy transition probabilities in weak coupling: a two-dimensional model

Abstract The high-energy and weak-coupling total transition probability, σ(s,λ), for 2 particles → anything in two-dimensional λφ4 theory is investigated. Working in a space-time box we bound σ(s,λ)−Σn=1N λnσn(s) by a quantity which is of size λN−1(1/ϵ) where ϵ is a small but fixed number. This means that the factors n! arising from tree-graph calculations are not important for √s ⩽ m/λ and that perturbation calculations are reliable for this theory at high energy.
A Dedicated Hardware Architecture for Data Acquisition and Processing in a Time-of-Flight Emission Tomography System (Super-PETT)

We present the architecture, implementation and performance aspects of a dedicated processor for use in Super-PETT, The micro-coded machine accepts event data from the acquisition circuitry and constructs in real time any of three pre-image types, including time-of-flight arrays. Pre-images are later back-loaded to perform high speed reconstructions. One such processor is assigned to each image slice of the Super-PETT. Event rates and processing times are given for various application modalities.
The occupational-social class risks of cancer mortality in men

Abstract The social class risks of death from cancer among California men, at ages 20 to 64 in 1949 to 1951, were analyzed and compared with similar mortality experienced in England and Wales. Historical data on social class mortality are available for England but not for California. As recently as 1930 to 1932 the mortality risk due to oral and pharyngeal cancer was greater in lower social classes in England and Wales. By 1950 the over-all death rate for these cancers, regardless of social class, had decreased considerably more in England and Wales than in the United States. The decrease was accompanied by the virtual disappearance of the social class gradient in the former country. California data, however, disclosed a pronounced social class difference in 1950. Cancer of the stomach in England and Wales continued to show the same result from 1921 to 1951, that is, a twofold higher relative risk in lower social classes. In California the relative risk was about threefold in 1950. The over-all death rates for this site of cancer showed little or no change from 1930 to 1950 in the former country, but a 40 per cent decrease in the United States. A similar social class risk for cancer of the esophagus seems to be changing in England and Wales, but was pronounced in California. With the inclusion of cancer of the lung, which reveals a minor social class difference, lower social class is associated with an unfavorable relative risk of cancer at sites comprising 39 per cent of total cancer mortality in California men. Cancers of some other parts of the body show direct associations with higher social class but each requires additional evidence for confirmation.
7237 Bile leaks after t-tube removal in orthotopic liver transplantation patients: the role of ercp.

Background: End-to-end choledochocholedochostomy (CCS) over a T-tube has been the standard method of biliary reconstruction following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Bile leaks following T-tube removal in these patients (pts) have been reported with a frequency of 8-12% in published series. Hypotheses: (1) T-tube removal in OLT pts with CCS have an unusually high incidence of post-procedure bile leaks. (2) Patients with bile leaks following Ttube extraction can be successfully treated with endoscopic therapy. Methods: The records of all pts having OLT at our center between 8/93 and 6/99 were reviewed for endoscopic management of bile leaks following T-tube removal. Pt records and a computerized database of ERCP procedures were searched. Indications for ERCP were noted, as well as the number of stent placements, the size of the stents, and length of treatment required for leak resolution. Results: 216 OLT procedures were performed in the study period. 26 (12%) pts required ERCP to assess and treat a bile leak after T-tube extraction. Most developed pain immediately after T-tube extraction; only 1 patient developed pain after 24 hours. Two patients were lost to follow-up after their index ERCP. Of the remaining 24, 20(83%) underwent 1 stent insertion and 4(17%) underwent 2 stent insertions. Initial stent sizes were 7FR (n=9; 38%); 8.5FR (n=1; 4%) and 10FR (n=14; 58%). All patients requiring two stent placements (n=4), initially received a 7FR stent. Treatment lasted an average of 49 days (ranging 21-82 days) following the initial ERCP. No pt required percutaneous biliary drainage or surgery for this type of leak. Cholangitis (n=1) was the only complication noted. Discussion: In our center, the incidence of bile leaks following T-tube extraction in OLT pts was similar to that of previously reported series. In every case endoscopic stenting resulted in resolution of the leak. Delayed closure of leaks was associated with initial use of a 7FR stent, suggesting that larger (e.g. 10FR) diameter stents should be used whenever possible. ERCP with biliary stent placement appears to be an effective way to manage bile leaks following T-tube extraction in this pt group. Recognizing that urgent ERCP may be required when T-tubes are removed, we have established a policy of fasting these patients overnight and doing the T-tube extraction early in the day.
Electrical properties of aqueous dispersions of polymer microspheres

The dielectric constants and conductivities at 10 to 105 Hz of aqueous dispersions of monodisperse polymer microspheres of sizes 2.0, 1.1, 0.45, and 0.09 μm were measured at various particle weight fractions φw and aqueous NaCl concentrations. The specific dielectric increments (ϵ —ω∞)φw were independent of φw and depended strongly on the particle radius a and on κa, where κ is the Debye inverse length in the aqueous medium. Although the ζ potential should be an important variable, the dependence of (ϵ — ϵ∞)φw on the ζ potential was unclear, because ζ varied with κ. A distribution of characteristic relaxation times or frequencies corresponds to a given size. This distribution becomes narrower and closer to monodisperse the larger the value of κa. The central characteristic frequency ν0 is proportional to (a + κ 1)−n where n = 1.50 ± 0.12. This value differs slightly from the predicted value of 2. These results are important for developing the dielectric relaxation method for estimating size distributions and possibly surface charges in concentrated aqueous colloidal dispersions.
Digitalis and the normal work electrocardiogram

Abstract 1. 1. Exercise electrocardiograms were made of fourteen normal persons before and after digitalization. 2. 2. When the subjects were digitalized, exercise caused a general depression of the S-T junction which in four instances was distinctly abnormal. Changes in T waves and rhythm also occurred. 3. 3. It is therefore imperative that the digitalis effect on work electrocardiograms be not confused with work electrocardiograms which show the result of myocardial ischemia due to coronary artery disease.
The identification of kinetic expressions and the evolutionary optimization of specialty chemical batch reactors using tendency models

Abstract This paper presents a method for the identification of kinetic models for a wide variety of batch/semibatch processes related to the production of fine and specialty chemicals. The developed methodology is particulary suitable for those industrial processes where a detailed understanding of process fundamentals (reaction mechanisms, process kinetics) is not available. It is also readily applicable to those processes where it is difficult to obtain time dependent concentration data. The modeling effort is aimed at developing a low-order, nonlinear “Tendency Model” which is descriptive of the qualitative and approximate quantitative behavior of the overall process. the physical/chemical insight gained from a set of two-level multifactor experiments in primary operating variables (e.g. temperature, catalyst concentration, initial concentrations of key reactants, promotors, etc) is used to select an approximate functional form (viz. power-law kinetics, Langmiur-Hinshelwood, etc.) for various rate equations in the kinetic model. A priori process knowledge and process understanding gained from statistical analysis of the data collected is used to aid in the model identification. The final values of reaction orders and the remaining kinetic parameters are determined by minimizing a prespecified model-fitting function. A factorial analysis of the model's prediction for process responses is used to determine the accuracy of the model. An inaccurate model is modified to account for any observed discrepencies. The developed “Tendency Model” is used for the optimization of the process in an evolutionary manner. As the process operates and additional data becomes available, the model parameters are updated using the information on the sensitivity of the plant-model mismatch with respect to various reaction orders. The developed methodology is illustrated by means of experimental data for an example process related to the production of fatty acid epoxides which are used as stabilizer/plasticizers for PVC resins.
After-market performance of industrial American Depository Receipts: Does level of issue and market timing affect returns?

In this study, I examine New York Stock Exchange-listed American Depository Receipts (ADRs) from industrial firms to determine overall short- and long-term investment performance and whether the level of issue (emerging versus developed) or timing of issue (before or during the US bear market) affects ADR performance relative to the SP however, emerging issues significantly underperform the market index while developed issues outperform the SP however, emerging issues underperform developed issues and ADRs listed before 1/1/98 drastically underperform the market index while those listed after 1/1/98 substantially outperform the market. These results provide evidence that level of issue and timing of issue affect portfolio returns when investing in industrial ADRs.
A New Genus and Five New Species of Agalliinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from Central America

ABSTRACT: A new genus and species, Exagallia pluma, is described from Guatemala. Also a new species, Agalliota hondurensis, is described from Honduras, and three new species in the genus Agalliopsis from Guatemala, Agalliopsis cornuta, Agalliopsis bilobata and Agalliopsis capilla.
Electrical conductivity in glass-forming solid electrolytes: theory and experiment

Abstract A theory of the ionic conductivity in polymer electrolytes based on defect diffusion is evaluated using previously published data. Those data include the pressure and temperature variation of the electrical conductivity for poly(dimethylsiloxane-ethylene-oxide) complexed with NaCF 3 COO. In the defect diffusion model, ion transport is controlled by defects and ion motion occurs when the ion is encountered by a single defect. As temperature is lowered or pressure increases, the number of single defects decreases, thus decreasing the ionic conductivity. Further, there exists a pressure-dependent critical temperature, T c , below which single defects do not exist. It is shown how the pressure dependence of the conductivity is controlled by the pressure dependence of T c . The theory is used to predict the variation with temperature of both the apparent activation volume and curvature in plots of the logarithm of the conductivity with pressure.
The effect of bleomycin administered in combination with hyperthermia on a C3H mouse fibrosarcoma.

The effect of bleomycin (BLM) on a murine fibrosarcoma, FSa-II, was investigated at elevated temperatures. Animals were C3Hf/Sed mice derived from our defined flora mouse colony. Single-cell suspensions of the tumour were transplanted into the murine foot. Tumours with an average diameter of 4 mm were treated in a water bath where a desired temperature was maintained. Some animal groups received an intraperitoneal injection of glucose 60 min before hyperthermia to reduce tumour tissue pH. Hyperthermia was given for 60 min at 41.5°C, 30 min at 43.5°C, or 60 min at 43.5°C, and tumour growth (TG) time to reach 1000 mm3 was studied. BLM treatment at 41.5°C for 60 min prolonged the TG time compared to BLM treatment at a room temperature. The identical prolongation was observed following BLM treatment given at 43.5 °C for 30 min, although the growth prolongation was greater following BLM treatment given at 43.5°C for 60 min than the other two treatments. This greater prolongation is probably attributable to an ...
The intellectual profile of retarded readers.

In the present comparative study intellectual profile in normal and retarded readers was studied for samples homogeneous as to age (9- to 10-yr.-olds) and sex (boys) selected from a total populatio...
Mapping a Field's Development: 20 Years of ABFM Conferences

Public budgeting and financial management has grown into a vibrant and productive research field of study with multiple journals and conferences devoted to the topic. One way to map the field's development is to examine the participants and topics covered in its longest-running dedicated gathering of researchers, the 20 annual conferences of the Association for Budgeting and Financial Management (ABFM). This article traces the 20-year history and composition of ABFM in terms of the participants and topics. It documents the evolution of the field and provides clues to the future direction of public budgeting and financial management published research.
Genetic Variation across a Contact Zone between Montane and Lowland Forms of the Two-Lined Salamander (Eurycea bislineata) Species Complex: A Test of Species Limits

Abstract Extensive genetic variation has been documented throughout the range of the Two-lined salamander (Eurycea bislineata) species complex; however, a lack of fine-scale studies across putative species boundaries in this group has made it difficult to ascertain the amount of gene exchange that occurs between different genetic groups. We investigated patterns of gene exchange in populations from the Blue Ridge Mountains and adjacent Atlantic Slope, by analyzing allozyme variation along a transect that traverses a hypothesized contact zone between montane and lowland forms of the complex, E. wilderae and E. cirrigera. Geographically concordant transitions in allele frequencies at four allozyme loci indicate that a contact zone between these forms exists in the Savannah River drainage in the Piedmont of South Carolina. Variation in the PEP-B locus exhibits a broad cline that crosses the transition between the Blue Ridge and Piedmont physiographic provinces. A fixed difference at one locus (PK), nearly fi...
The Hermes transposon of Musca domestica and its use as a mutagen of Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Transposon mutagenesis allows for the discovery and characterization of genes by creating mutations that can be easily mapped and sequenced. Moreover, this method allows for a relatively unbiased approach to isolating genes of interest. Recently, a system of transposon based mutagenesis for Schizosaccharomyces pombe became available. This mutagenesis relies on Hermes, a DNA transposon from the house fly that readily integrates into the chromosomes of S. pombe. The Hermes system is distinct from the retrotransposons of S. pombe because it efficiently integrates into open reading frames. To mutagenize S. pombe, cells are transformed with a plasmid that contains a drug resistance marker flanked by the terminal inverted repeats of Hermes. The Hermes transposase expressed from a second plasmid excises the resistance marker with the inverted repeats and inserts this DNA into chromosomal sites. After S. pombe with these two plasmids grow 25 generations, approximately 2% of the cells contain insertions. Of the cells with insertions, 68% contain single integration events. The protocols listed here provide the detailed information necessary to mutagenize a strain of interest, screen for specific phenotypes, and sequence the positions of insertion.
Assay optimization and screening of RNA-protein interactions by AlphaScreen

The lack of lead compounds that specifically recognize and manipulate the function of RNA molecules limits our ability to consider RNA targets valid for drug discovery. Herein is reported a high-throughput biochemical screen for inhibitors of RNA-protein interactions based on AlphaScreen technology that incorporates several layers of specificity measurements into the primary screen. This screen was used to analyze approximately 5500 compounds from a collection of bioactive small molecules to detect inhibitors of the HIV-1 Rev-RRE and BIV Tat-TAR interactions. This proof-of-concept screen validates the assay as one that accurately identifies hit molecules and determines the selectivity of those hits.
Significance of Mineral Salts in Prebiotic RNA Synthesis Catalyzed by Montmorillonite

The montmorillonite-catalyzed reactions of the 5′-phosphorimidazolide of adenosine used as a model generated RNA type oligomers. These reactions were found to be dependent on the presence of mineral salts. Whereas montmorillonite (pH 7) produced only dimers and traces of trimer in water, addition of sodium chloride (0.1–2.0 M) enhanced the chain length of oligomers to 10-mers as detected by HPLC. Maximum catalytic activity was observed with sodium chloride at a concentration between 0.8 and 1.2 M. This concentration of sodium chloride resembled its abundance in the ancient oceans (0.9–1.2 M). Magnesium chloride produced a similar effect but its joint action with sodium chloride did not produce any difference in the oligomer chain length. Therefore, Mg2+ was not deemed necessary for generating longer oligomers. The effect of monovalent cations upon RNA chain length was: Li+ > Na+ > K+. A similar effect was observed with the anions with enhanced oligomer length in the following order: Cl− > Br− > I−. Thus, the smaller ions facilitated the formation of the longest oligomers. Inorganic salts that tend to salt out organic compounds from water and salts which show salt-in effects had no influence on the oligomerization process indicating that the montmorillonite-catalyzed RNA synthesis is not affected by either of these hydrophobic or hydrophilic interactions. A 2.3-fold decrease in the yield of cyclic dimer was observed upon increasing the sodium chloride concentration from 0.2 to 2.0 M. Inhibition of cyclic dimer formation is vital for increasing the yield of linear dimers and longer oligomers. In summary, sodium chloride is likely to have played an essential role in any clay mineral-catalyzed prebiotic RNA synthesis.
A Statistical Acoustic Confusability Metric Between Hidden Markov Models

With the wide application of hidden Markov models (HMMs) in speech recognition, a statistical acoustic confusability metric is of increasing importance to many components of a speech recognition system. Although distance metrics between HMMs have been studied in the past, they didn't include a way of accounting for speaking rate and durational variations. In order to account for the underlying speech signal's properties when computing such a metric between HMMs, we propose a dynamically-aligned Kullback Leibler (KL) divergence measurement and discuss a cost-efficient implementation of the metric. The proposed approach outperforms existing metrics in predicting phonemic confusions.
Diagnostic errors in interpretation of pediatric musculoskeletal radiographs at common injury sites

Extremity pain represents one of the most common reasons for obtaining conventional radiographs in childhood. Despite the frequency of these examinations little is known about the incidence of diagnostic errors by interpreting pediatric radiologists. The purpose of this study was to develop a standard error rate of pediatric radiologists by double-reading of extremity radiographs (elbow, wrists, knees and ankles) in children presenting with a history of trauma or pain. During a 6-month period all major extremity radiographs (excluding digits) obtained at a large pediatric referral hospital for evaluation of pain or trauma were reviewed by two senior pediatric radiologists and compared to the official interpretation. All radiographs were interpreted initially by a board-certified pediatric radiologist with a Certificate of Added Qualification (CAQ). We reviewed 3,865 radiographic series in children and young adults 2–20 years of age. We tabulated misses and overcalls. We did not assess the clinical significance of the errors. There were 61 miss errors and 44 overcalls in 1,235 abnormal cases and 2,630 normal cases, for a 1.6% miss rate and a 1.1% overcall rate. Misses and overcalls were most common in the ankle. Interpretive errors by pediatric radiologists reviewing certain musculoskeletal radiographs are relatively infrequent. Diagnostic errors in the form of a miss or overcall occurred in 2.7% of the radiographs.
The Active Site of Arsenite Oxidase from Alcaligenes faecalis

Arsenite oxidase, a member of the DMSO reductase family of molybdenum enzymes, has two molecules of guanosine dinucleotide molybdenum cofactor coordinating the molybdenum at the active site. X-ray ...
Unilateral cleft lip repair

In the United States, cleft lip occurs in approximately 1 child of every 1,000 live births. Cleft lip can be complete or incomplete. Complete cleft lip involves the entire vertical length of the lip and incomplete cleft lip can be any fraction of the length. Classification of cleft lip also entails defining unilateral or bilateral involvement. Repair is directed based on the type of lip deformity. The focus of this article is on the repair of unilateral cleft lip repair.