cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling surface processes in climate system models

In the last decades it has become increasingly evident that, in order to understand the behavior of the climate system and its response to human activities, a multi-disciplinary effort is needed to model the interactions between the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the biosphere, the cryosphere, and the chemosphere (Trenberth 1992). Interactions between these components of the climate system have been studied for many years. Only recently, however, mathematical models (hereafter referred to as Climate System Models, or CSMs) are being sought to describe the system as a whole, so that possible feedback mechanisms can be identified and quantified.
Geometrically evident: framing studies using the Graphic Appraisal Tool for Epidemiology (GATE).

Educatorsinevidence-basedmedicine(EBM)havenotedthat the core set of epidemiological concepts outlined instandardsources(GuyattandRennie,2002;Strausetal.,2005) are sometimes put to use as oversimplifiedchecklists for the appraisal of research reports. This canparadoxically cloud the usefulness of tools that werespecifically designed to spur critical thinking. Extendedin-depthappraisaleffortscanalsogetlostintheminutiaeof sorting formulae and calculating numbers. Given thisstateofaffairsVonecoincidingwithmedicaleducation_songoing incorporation of EBM principlesVa team ledby New Zealand epidemiologist Rod Jackson developedthe Graphic Appraisal Tool for Epidemiology (GATE;Jackson et al., 2006). The GATE was designed as a waycombat, by visual means, a formulaic approach toappraisingthescientificliterature.TheGATEisavailableon the Journal’s website at www.jaacap.com via theArticle Plus feature.By prompting the reader to explore the structure ofclinical studies by ‘‘hanging’’ their different elements ontoits ‘‘frame,’’ GATE teaches core principles of epidemio-logical study design while also serving as a practical toolfor applying the results of stu dies to particular patients.Furthermore, the GATE is free and available online as anExcel workbook. The elegance of the tool can best beappreciatedinitsspreadshee tformat,withfeaturessuchascolor coding to identify errors in data entry, automaticcalculations of summary statistics and confidence inter-vals, and pop-up windows with hints on the EBMprocess. Quite apart from these user-friendly aspects, webelieve that the real didactic value of the GATE is inconveying core epidemiology and study design concepts.Inthiscolumn,wedefineanddeconstructtheGATEframe, exemplify its use by applying it to a widelyknown study in child and adolescent psychiatry(Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study[TADS], 2004), note the core appraisal and epidemiol-ogy principles that are highlighted through its use, andproposeapplicationsfortheGATEinclinical,teaching,and research settings.
Administrative Law in a Global Era: Progress, Deregulatory Change and the Rise of the Administrative Presidency

This article examines how the U.S. public law system adapted to change in the 1980s and how the regulatory structures and discourses of the past were being transformed by the global realities of the present. Tracing the evolution of administrative law during the regulatory eras of the New Deal and the environmental period of the 1960s and '70s as well as the global deregulatory era that began, in earnest, in the 1980s with the Reagan presidency, it illuminates key trends in the interpretation of constitutional and administrative law. In so doing, it provides insights into the process of legal change and the discourses that continue to shape our legal order today. The article first analyzes the legal and political contexts of the New Deal and the environmental eras by focusing on two judicial review doctrines that typify them - the doctrine of deference in the New Deal and the hard look doctrine in the environmental era. It argues that these two approaches to judicial review were products of very different conceptions of progress and change in those periods and explains how courts chose between the two approaches when they reviewed agency deregulation of rules emanating from environmental health and safety concerns. Focusing on the emergence of the doctrine of presidential deference, it then examines agency deregulation and increased executive power as responses to increased global competition and the changing political and economic perspectives it requires. It goes on to analyze how emerging global environmental and developmental issues tempered domestic regulatory and deregulatory discourses based on the demands of global competition.
Dental Tissue Engineering

Abstract Despite advancements in dental tissue restoration therapies and those that replace missing teeth with artificial prostheses, clinical treatments are still not completely satisfactory because they do not regenerate tissues exhibiting the properties of natural teeth. Tissue engineering (TE) is a promising approach to regenerate dental tissues and whole teeth to restore tooth function. TE has the potential to create permanent biological replacements for soft and mineralized dental tissues such as periodontal ligament, dental pulp, dentin, cementum, alveolar bones, enamel, and even whole teeth. The major challenge in designing methods to create functional bioengineered dental tissues is the ability to mimic closely both the structural and anisotropic mechanical characteristics of the native dental tissues. The field of dental tissue regeneration (translational dentistry) has progressed toward the molecular and nanoscale design of biomimetic systems using stem cells, biomaterials, and bioactive agents. In this chapter, we will discuss dental tissue regeneration using principles of TE.
Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of 6α- and 6β-Indolylacetamidonaltrexamine Derivatives as Bitopic Mu Opioid Receptor Modulators and Elaboration of the "Message-Address Concept" To Comprehend Their Functional Conversion.

Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies of numerous opioid ligands have shown that introduction of a methyl or ethyl group on the tertiary amino group at position 17 of the epoxymorphinan skeleton generally results in a mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist while introduction of a cyclopropylmethyl group typically leads to an antagonist. Furthermore, it has been shown that introduction of heterocyclic ring systems at position 6 can favor antagonism. However, it was reported that 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6β-[(2′-indolyl)acetamido]morphinan (INTA), which bears a cyclopropylmethyl group at position 17 and an indole ring at position 6, acted as a MOR agonist. We herein report a SAR study on INTA with a series of its complementary derivatives to understand how introduction of an indole moiety with α or β linkage at position 6 of the epoxymorphinan skeleton may influence ligand function. Interestingly, one of INTA derivatives, compound 15 (NAN) was identified as a MOR antagonist both in ...
SCOTI: Science Captioning of Terrain Images for data prioritization and local image search

Abstract Planetary exploration is full of challenges. Data bandwidth is very limited between planetary rovers and ground-based data system. What’s worse, even though NASA has accumulated over 34 million images from various missions, it requires significant effort and is hardly possible for any scientist to go through all of them. In order to improve the degree of automation and the efficiency of these processes, we propose a system leveraging machine learning for planetary rovers to actively look for scientifically interesting and valuable features according to text instructions from scientists and prioritize the images captured onboard with those features for downlink. Such an image prioritization mechanism can also be naturally applied to content-based image search through text description in any local planetary image data server, allowing scientists to search for images with desired features without going through them one by one. Besides theoretical and engineering details of our proposed approach, we also present both quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the system along with some concrete examples.
Nyquist ghost correction of breast diffusion weighted imaging using referenceless methods

Purpose Correction of Nyquist ghosts for single-shot spin-echo EPI using the standard 3-line navigator often fails in breast DWI because of incomplete fat suppression, respiration, and greater B0 inhomogeneity. The purpose of this work is to compare the performance of the 3-line navigator with 4 data-driven methods termed "referenceless methods," including 2 previously proposed in literature, 1 introduced in this work, and finally a combination of all 3, in breast DWI. Methods Breast DWI was acquired for 41 patients with SS SE-EPI. Raw data was corrected offline with the standard 3-line navigator and 4 referenceless methods, which modeled the ghost as a linear phase error and minimized 3 unique cost functions as well as the median solution of all 3. Ghost levels were evaluated based on the signal intensity in the background region, defined by a mask auto-generated from a T1 -weighted anatomical image. Ghost intensity measurements were fit to a linear mixed model including ghost correction method and b-value as covariates. Results All 4 referenceless methods outperformed the standard 3-line navigator with statistical significance at all 4 b-values tested (b = 0, 100, 600, and 800 s/mm2 ). Conclusions Referenceless methods provide a robust way to reduce Nyquist ghosts in breast DWI without the need for any additional calibration scan.
The potential of indigenous agricultural food production under climate change in Hawaiʻi

The value of land-use strategies that increase food production while conserving biodiversity is widely recognized. Many indigenous agroecosystems are productive, adaptive and ecologically principled, but are largely overlooked by planning in terms of their potential to meet current and future food needs. We developed spatial distribution models of indigenous agroecosystems in Hawai‘i to identify their potential past distribution, productive and carrying capacities, and future potential under current land-use and mild-to-severe future climate scenarios. Our results suggest that Hawaiʻi’s traditional agroecosystems could have had production levels comparable to consumption today. Carrying capacity estimates support hypotheses of large pre-colonial Hawaiian populations (>800,000). Urban development has reduced (−13%) traditional agroecosystems but 71% remain agriculturally zoned. Projected effects of three future climate scenarios vary from no change in potential production to decreases of 19% in the driest and warmest end-of-century scenario. This study highlights the food-producing potential of indigenous agriculture even under land-use and climate changes, and the value of their restoration into the future. Indigenous agroecosystems often balance food production with environmental concerns better than industrial approaches, but they are rarely considered for meeting modern food needs. This study uses spatial models and climate scenarios to find indigenous production in Hawaiʻi’s past could meet significant population demands then and, potentially, now, but with lower capacity in the warmest end-of-century scenario.
Agent-Based Approaches to B2B Electronic Commerce

(2002). Agent-Based Approaches to B2B Electronic Commerce. International Journal of Electronic Commerce: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 7-8.
Differences in glycoprotein complexes associated with IgM and IgD on normal murine B cells potentially enable transduction of different signals

Studies presented here demonstrate that IgM and IgD molecules on normal murine B lymphocytes exist in different, noncovalently associated molecular complexes containing distinct but potentially related glycoproteins. The glycoproteins in these complexes, particularly those associated with IgD, show striking differences in various lymphoid organs and in X-linked immunodeficient (Xid) mice. These differences are due in part to post-translational processing. They apparently reflect the differential expression of the Ig-associated glycoproteins in the various B cell subpopulations and lineages and the differential distribution of the subpopulations and lineages in the various lymphoid organs. In addition, they reflect structural differences in the IgM and IgD complexes which, we suggest, permit differential signal transduction by IgM and IgD on the same B cell.
Patterns of Time Use Among Low-Income Urban Minority Adolescents and Associations with Academic Outcomes and Problem Behaviors

Time budgets represent key opportunities for developmental support and contribute to an understanding of achievement gaps and adjustment across populations of youth. This study assessed the connection between out-of-school time use patterns and academic performance outcomes, academic motivations and goals, and problem behaviors for 504 low-income urban African American and Latino adolescents (54% female; M = 16.6 years). Time use patterns were measured across eight activity types using cluster analysis. Four groups of adolescents were identified, based on their different profiles of time use: (1) Academic: those with most time in academic activities; (2) Social: those with most time in social activities; (3) Maintenance/work: those with most time in maintenance and work activities; and (4) TV/computer: those with most time in TV or computer activities. Time use patterns were meaningfully associated with variation in outcomes in this population. Adolescents in the Academic cluster had the highest levels of adjustment across all domains; adolescents in the Social cluster had the lowest academic performance and highest problem behaviors; and adolescents in the TV/computer cluster had the lowest levels of intrinsic motivation. Females were more likely to be in the Academic cluster, and less likely to be in the other three clusters compared to males. No differences by race or gender were found in assessing the relationship between time use and outcomes. The study's results indicate that time use patterns are meaningfully associated with within-group variation in adjustment for low-income minority adolescents, and that shared contexts may shape time use more than individual differences in race/ethnicity for this population.
RNA-seq and scRNA-seq reveal trajectory progression of the retinal ganglion cell lineage in wild-type and Atoh7-null retinas

Abstract Formation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is governed by a hierarchical gene regulatory network with key transcription factors such as Atoh7, Pou4f2 and Isl1 functioning at different levels. Past studies concluded that Atoh7 is critical for the emergence of the RGC lineage in the developing retina, whereas Pou4f2 and Isl1 function further downstream. Atoh7 is expressed in a subset of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and is considered a competence factor for the RGC fate, but the molecular properties of these RPCs have not been well characterized. In this study, we first used conventional RNA-seq to investigate transcriptomic changes in Atoh7-, Pou4f2-, and Isl1-null retinas at embryonic (E) day 14.5 and identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which expanded our understanding of the scope of downstream events regulated by these factors. We then performed single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) on E13.5 wild-type and Atoh7-null retinal cells using the 10X Chromium platform. Clustering analysis not only correctly identified known cell types at this developmental stage, including RPCs, RGCs, cones, and amacrine/horizontal cells, but also revealed a transitional cell state which was marked by Atoh7 and genes for other lineages in a highly overlapping fashion and shared by all early developmental trajectories. These results provide significant insights into the nature of RPC competence for different retinal cell fates and the likely mechanism by which these fates are committed. Further, analysis of the Atoh7-null retina not only identified the affected genes/pathways involved in the different cell states but also revealed that in the absence of Atoh7, the RGC lineage still progressed considerably and a substantial amount of RGC-specific gene expression still occurred. Thus, Atoh7 likely collaborates with other factors to shepherd the transitional RPCs to the RGC lineage by competing with other lineage factors and activating RGC-specific genes. This study thus revises our current view on the emergence of the RGC lineage and shed new light on the general mechanisms governing retinal cell differentiation.
Lyme disease: diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of review Lyme disease is an important, vector-borne infection found throughout the temperate Northern hemisphere. The disease causes rash, acute systemic illness, and in some untreated patients, inflammatory arthritis. This review examines the emergence, clinical features and management of early Lyme disease and Lyme arthritis. Recent findings There has been continuing progress in characterizing the clinical manifestations, diagnostic testing and treatment of Lyme disease. Almost all patients with early Lyme disease can be cured with antibiotic treatment. In most cases, Lyme arthritis also responds to antibiotics, but some patients require additional treatment approaches. Summary The diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on clinical manifestations and adjunctive laboratory testing. For the rheumatologist, Lyme arthritis should be recognized by a pattern of attacks of asymmetric, oligo-arthritis, recognizable by clinical manifestations in the same way that other rheumatic diseases, such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis, are diagnosed.
National Trends in Use of Regional Anesthesia and Postoperative Patterns of Opioid Prescription Filling in Shoulder Arthroscopy: A Procedure-Specific Analysis in Patients With or Without Recent Opioid Exposure.

Background:There are few large database studies on national trends in regional anesthesia for various arthroscopic shoulder procedures and the effect of nerve blocks on the postoperative rate of op...
Constraining the size of the carrier of the λ5797.1 diffuse interstellar band

The diffuse interstellar band (DIB) at 5797.1 A is simulated based on three premises: (1) The carrier of the DIB is polar as concluded by T. Oka et al. from the anomalous spectrum toward Herschel 36 (Her 36). (2) The sharp central feature observed by P.J. Sarre's group is the Q-branch of a parallel band of a prolate top. (3) The radiative temperature of the environment is Tr = 2.73 K. A 2Π ← 2Π transition of a linear radical is simulated. Results depend on 10 parameters, with the rotational constant B being the most critical. Comparisons of calculated spectra with observed data constrain B, which in turn constrains the number of heavy atoms to 5 ≤ n ≤ 7. Upper limits based on the Her 36 spectrum and lower limits based on stability against photodissociation are also discussed. The latter is based on the assumption that the DIB molecules are produced top-down from the breakdown of dust rather than bottom-up by chemical reactions. A difficulty with this limit is that J.P. Maier's laboratory has observed many...
The Educational Choice Anomaly for Principles Students: Using Ordinary Supply and Demand Rather than Indifference Curves

The surprise value of many economic observations makes the economics discipline quite interesting for many students. One such anomaly is that providing “free” education in an effort to reduce the number of dropouts can often result in a lower level of educational quality purchased. This result is easy to show with indifference curves, but many instructors of introductory courses do not introduce this analytical technique. As a consequence, a result that many students find quite interesting is seldom presented. The authors show that it is easy to clarify the educational choice anomaly with ordinary supply and demand curves. Moreover, the exercise of doing so provides students with a greater understanding of benefit/cost analysis as well as consumer and producer surplus.
Intraluminal fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm) as a diagnostic tool for gastrointestinal disease

Metabolic changes associated with gut inflammation presents an opportunity for early gastrointestinal (GI) disease detection using fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm). We present a compact, intraluminal FLIm instrument as an imaging diagnostic tool for GI disease.
Simulation of CO2 mineral trapping and permeability alteration in fractured basalt: Implications for geologic carbon sequestration in mafic reservoirs

Abstract Basalt formations are potentially attractive targets for carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) on the basis of favorable CO2-water-rock reactions, which result in permanent CO2 isolation through mineral trapping. Recent pilot-scale experiments in Iceland and Washington state, USA, provide promising results that indicate rapid carbon mineralization occurs within basalt reservoirs. Nevertheless, transitioning these pilot-scale results to large-scale industrial CCS operations is fraught with uncertainty because fluid flow in basalt formations is governed by fracture-controlled hydraulic properties that are highly heterogeneous and difficult to map in situ. This uncertainty is exacerbated by feedbacks between multi-phase fluid dynamics (CO2 and water) and fluid-rock reactions, which may result in a reinforcing feedback comprising CO2 mineralization, permeability alteration, and fluid mobility. To begin to understand the feedbacks between multi-phase fluid flow and mineralization in fractured basalt, this study uses reactive transport simulation methods to model CO2 infiltrating a meter-scale, synthetic basalt fracture overlying a storage reservoir while accounting for porosity change due to mineralization and its corresponding effect on permeability and fluid mobility. Results show that (i) carbonate and clay mineralization tends to occur downgradient of a fracture intersection, (ii) mineralization reduces porosity, which leads to permeability reduction and slows free-phase CO2 migration, (iii) stronger porosity-permeability coupling increases the proportion of mineralized carbon while reducing CO2 mass that can enter fracture, which may lead to self-sealing behavior as fluid mobility approaches nil, and (iv) errors caused by unknown porosity-permeability relationships are small in comparison to errors that arise by omitting mineralization-induced permeability reduction when simulating CO2 sequestration scenarios in basalt reservoirs.
Satori: efficient and fair resource partitioning by sacrificing short-term benefits for long-term gains

Multi-core architectures have enabled data centers to increasingly co-locate multiple jobs to improve resource utilization and lower the operational cost. Unfortunately, naively co-locating multiple jobs may lead to only a modest increase in system throughput. Worse, some users may observe proportionally higher performance degradation compared to other users co-located on the same physical multi-core system. SATORI is a novel strategy to partition multi-core architectural resources to achieve two conflicting goals simultaneously: increasing system throughput and achieving fairness among the co-located jobs.
Response: Straw (Wo)men and Whiteness: On Having the Humility to Avoid the First and Face the Second

Mather claims that Barbara Applebaum is incorrect when she argues, via Judith Butler, that “the self-same moral agency that educators draw upon to raise white students’ awareness of systemic oppression conspires to camouflage the very complicity one is attempting to make visible.” The taken-for-granted notions of self and moral agency Applebaum challenges are rooted in individual choice and intentionality; for Applebaum, enacting the social reality of racism is rarely a matter of choice or intention but a function of the discursive conditions of whiteness. Students who deny complicity in racism rely on a moral discourse of intention, misunderstanding and masking racism’s discursive reach. For Applebaum, there is a need to reconfigure our understanding of moral agency to account for this obvious injustice and the discursive moves that maintain it. Mather objects, insisting that only a view of moral agency based in intentionality enables one to uncover complicity.
Computerized physical testing of elastomers

A small, stored-program, parallel-mode digital computer is used to process data from four tensile testing machines. Each tester is equipped with a stress encoder, strain detection system, keyboard, and teletype printer. The necessary parameters are entered on the keyboard and the specimen is positioned in the tester. A key is then depressed to start the tester and to activate the computer. The translation and transmission of the data are performed by the stress encoder and strain detection system. At the completion of the test, the data is printed in an easy-to-read tabulated format. There are ten on-line computerized tests performed on the tensile testers. Five of the tests have alternate program routines by which the data may be processed. In addition to the on-line program routines, there are eighteen off-line routines that are used. These off-line routines are primarily performed on remote stations consisting of a keyboard and teletype printer. The computer has decreased the chemist's data analysis time, increased the accuracy of the data, and decreased the amount of subjective data interpretation, thus resulting in greater efficiency.
Large-scale Agent-based Traffic Micro-simulation: Experiences with Model Refinement, Calibration, Validation and Application

Abstract This paper describes the authors’ continued efforts toward the development, calibration, validation and application of a large-scale, agent-based model of the Buffalo-Niagara metropolitan area. The model is developed using the TRansportation ANalysis SIMulation System (TRANSIMS), an open-source, agent-based suite of transportation models originally developed by Los Alamos National Lab (LANL). Following the network error-checking, calibration and validation phases of the model development cycle, the model was used to evaluate the impact of significant snow storm events on the performance of surface transportation network. This was done by modifying the behavior of the agents (i.e. the drivers) in the model to reflect more conservative driving behavior and vehicle dynamics limitations (such as maximum acceleration and deceleration) imposed by the impaired road surface condition. The study demonstrates that the development of regional agent-based models is technically feasible, but one that requires significant efforts in terms of network accuracy checking, model calibration and validation. Moreover, it is shown that inclement weather events reduce the ability of transportation networks to handle the travel demand, which in turn underscores the importance of effective travel demand management during such events.
Black Adolescents' Racial Socialization Experiences Their Relations to Home, School, and Peer Self-Esteem

This study explored the relationship between parental racial socialization messages and area-specific self-esteem (i.e., home, school, and peer self-esteem) among Black American adolescents. The au...
Electric Power from Differences in Salinity: The Dialytic Battery

An array of alternating anion and cation exchange membranes can be used to generate electric power from the free energy of mixing of river and sea waters. A simple mathematical model, which predicts experimental results well, is useful in exploring conditions for optimization of the process. Major, but not impossible, improvements in technology would be required to bring the cost of power from the dialytic battery into line with foreseeable energy prices.
Domestication alters 5-HT1A receptor binding in rat brain.

Abstract Serotonin-1A receptor binding density was compared in the brain of wild and domesticated adult male Rattus norvegicus using in vitro receptor autoradiography of [ 3 H]8-hydroxy-2-[ n -dipropylamino]tetraline (DPAT). While both groups exhibited similar patterns of labeling, [ 3 H]DPAT binding density was significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) lower in the median raphe nucleus and greater in superficial entorhinal cortex and rostral dentate gyrus of domesticated compared to wild rats. The results suggest that specific serotonergic circuits from the median raphe nucleus to the entorhinal and hippocampal regions might be involved in regulation of the defensive behaviors that differ profoundly between wild and domesticated rats. The relationship of these putative differences to behavioral disorders such as anxiety and depression in humans is discussed.
The effect of phenylalanine and its metabolites on glucose utilization in developing brain.

— High concentrations of phenylalanine, o-tyrosine, and phenylpyruvic acid do not modify the ability of immature rabbit brain to utilize glucose for support of respiration or for oxidative decarboxylation.
VARICELLA IN MONKEYS : NUCLEAR INCLUSIONS PRODUCED BY VARICELLA VIRUS IN THE TESTICLES OF MONKEYS.

The eosin-staining nuclear inclusions found in the monkeys' testicles inoculated with emulsified tissue of human chicken-pox lesions are specifically associated with the virus of varicella.
A principled design for an integrated computational environment

This paper aims at the principled design of a computational environment; it aims at being as explicit as possible about the space of possibilities and about the assumptions made in choosing from among them in the design process. The point is to develop a more systematic, if not yet scientific, basis for the design of complex but understandable artifacts. The particular object of design here is a simple but multifunctional system for naive and inexperienced users. We begin theoretically by elaborating the notion of understandability, the key characteristic for which we must design. We present various models people can make of computational systems, each with its own learning curve, advantages, and disadvantages. Then we propose a pragmatic framework for a particular system. The framework includes the principle of naive realism: that users should be able to pretend that they see the system itself in the display. It also includes the pervasive use of a spatial metaphor whereby users' commonsense spatial knowledge is used to make the system easy to understand. The theoretical and pragmatic levels are linked, in that a number of important decisions about issues (such as reference, scoping and the meaning of evaluation) are based on the theoretical modeling considerations.
Punishment and Reform

The reform of offenders is often said to be one of the morally legitimate aims of punishment. After briefly surveying the history of reformist thinking I examine the ‘quasi-reform’ theories, as I call them, of H. Morris, J. Hampton and A. Duff. I explain how they conceive of reform, and what role they take it to have in the criminal justice system. I then focus critically on one feature of their conception of reform, namely, the claim that a reformed offender will obey the relevant laws for moral reasons. I argue on consequentialist grounds that this requirement is objectionable. Consequentialism has always accepted reform as one legitimate goal of punishment, but it will not accept the narrowly moral conception of it that we find in the quasi-reform theorists. I situate my criticism within criminal law theory, but I also consider the claim in moral theory that acting from moral motives has intrinsic value.
Genetic regulation of elevated stearic acid concentration in soybean oil

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil from commercial cultivars typically contains ca. 3% stearic acid (18∶0). However, germplasm carrying different mutations at the locus governing stearic acid (Fas) may contain 3% to about 35% 18∶0. Among these germplasm, a newly developed line, FAM94-41 (9% 18∶0), carries a serendipitous natural mutation that is temporarily designated as the recessive fasnc allele, and the germplasm A6 (26% 18∶0) carries the recessive fasa allele. Mendelian genetic analysis of progeny from FAM94-41×A6 revealed that fasnc and fasa are allelic to each other and represent different mutations in the same structural gene. However, the gene products (enzymes) produced by these alleles are unknown. The observation that 18∶0 concentrations among progeny from FAM94-41×A6 increased primarily at the expense of unsaturated C18 FA suggests that fas alleles may reduce either 18∶0-acyl carrier protein (AcP) desaturase or 18∶1-ACP thioesterase activity. However, it also is conceivable that elevated 18∶0 concentrations may result from increased 3-keto-acyl-ACP synthetase (KAS) II activity. To test the latter possibility, a population was created that segregated for the fasnc and the fap2 alleles (the latter of which is associated with reduced KAS-II activity). Mendelian genetic analysis showed that these alleles represent independent genes at different gene loci and interact in an additive genetic manner to increase the total saturate concentration in this population. Based on this finding, we speculate that fas alleles probably encode 18∶0-ACP desaturase or 18∶1-ACP thioesterase in soybeans.
Of fast lanes, flora, and foreign workers: Managing land use conflicts in Singapore

This paper presents a preliminary land use conflict resolution model and then evaluates how Singapore measures up with three examples of land use conflicts. The study begins by arguing that the criteria of efficiency, equity, sustainability, and compatibility should be utilized to manage conflicts in land use. Efficiency involves having quick and conducive development and transactions of land that promote economic growth. Equity encompasses having a fair system that involves all relevant stakeholders. Sustainability relates to how environmentally and socially sound land use is for current and future users. Compatibility refers to how land use is integrated with other laws and regulations. The study then applies this framework to three case studies of land use conflict in Singapore: the demolition of a national library for the Fort Canning tunnel, the reprieve of Chek Jawa Wetlands, and the creation of a foreign workers dormitory in a residential neighborhood. We find that the Chek Jawa scheme scored the best according to our criteria, the workers dormitory second best, and the Fort Canning tunnel third. We conclude by offering implications for public policy and land use policy more broadly.
Characteristics of a charged-coupled-device-based optical mapping system for the study of cardiac arrhythmias

We develop an optical fluorescent mapping system that is able to record the action potential wavefront propagation within cardiac tissue samples with high spatial and temporal resolutions. The system's main component, the fluorescence acquisition device (customized CCD camera), offers a high spatial resolution of 128 x 128 pixels, with 12-bit digitization and a frame rate of 490 frames/s. The system is designed and implemented to image an area of approximately 20 x 20 mm at its minimum object distance of 140 mm, corresponding to a spatial resolution of approximately 3 line pairs/mm. Experiments using this system with di-4-ANEPPS-stained canine cardiac tissues with stimulated action potentials through external electrodes result in successful mappings of the distribution and propagation of the action potential wavefronts, showing the system's sensitivity to the change in fluorescence intensity in regions of action potentials. These data demonstrate this optical mapping system as a powerful device in the study of cardiac arrhythmia mechanisms.
Electron tunneling between ferromagnetic films

Spin-polarized tunneling of electrons through Ni-NiO-Ni, Co, and Fe junctions is discussed. The hysteresis of the tunneling resistance in a magnetic field originates in the magnetization process and demonstrates a new interplay of electronic and magnetic properties in ferromagnetic metals.
Induction of immune memory by a multisubunit chlamydial vaccine

We tested the hypothesis that intramuscular immunization with a multisubunit chlamydial vaccine candidate will induce long lasting immune responses in mice. Accordingly, groups of female C57BL/6 mice were immunized intramuscularly with Vibrio cholerae ghosts (VCG) expressing the Poring B and polymorphic membrane protein-D proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis or a control antigen. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were evaluated following immunization and after live chlamydial infection. Immunization induced an anamnestic response characterized by chlamydial-specific IgG2a and IgA antibodies in sera and vaginal lavage as well as specific genital and splenic T cell responses. The results also revealed that the local mucosal and systemic cellular and humoral immune effectors induced in mice following immunization with the vaccine candidate are long lasting. Vaccinated mice cleared intravaginal challenge with 10(5) chlamydial inclusion forming units within 12 days compared to control mice, which shed up to 2 × 10(3) IFUs at this time point. Moreover, rechallenge of mice 98 days after resolution of the primary infection resulted in the recall and retention of a relatively high frequency of chlamydial-specific Th1 cells and IgG2a in the genital mucosa. These results provide the first evidence that a VCG-based multisubunit chlamydial vaccine is capable of effectively stimulating anamnestic systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice. The data support further vaccine evaluation and testing for induction of long-term protective immunity.
Haematological effects of prolonged sublethal hypoxia on channel catfish*Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

Sub-adult channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were exposed to sublethal hypoxia for 24, 48 or 72 h. Haematological parameters were used to assess the physiological state of the catfish subjected to prolonged, sublethal hypoxia. Haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentreation, plasma lactic acid and plasma glucose deviated significantly from control values in channel catfish exposed to hypoxia for 24, 48 or 72 h. Haematocrit, total plasma protein, total erythrocyte counts, total leukocyte counts mean corpuscular volume and differential leukocyte counts were not sensitive indicators to the catfish's physiological status. After five days, of reacclimation to oxygen levels saturation, channel catfish continued to exhibit haematological responses to prolonged hypoxia.
Combinational delivery of c-myc siRNA and nucleoside analogs in a single, synthetic nanocarrier for targeted cancer therapy

The treatment of aggressive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) depends on the creation of new therapeutic regimens in clinical settings. In this study, we developed a Lipid/Calcium/Phosphate (LCP) nanoparticle that combines chemotherapy with gene therapy. By encapsulating a chemodrug, gemcitabine monophosphate (GMP), and siRNA specific to the undruggable cMyc oncogene (cMyc siRNA) into a single nano-sized vesicle and systemically administering them to nude mice, we achieved potent anti-tumor activity in both subcutaneous and orthotopic models of NSCLC. The improvements in therapeutic response over either cMyc siRNA or GMP therapy alone, were demonstrated by the ability to effectively induce the apoptosis of tumor cells and the significant reduction of proliferation of tumor cells. The combination therapy led to dramatic inhibition of tumor growth, with little in vivo toxicity. Additionally, the current studies demonstrated the possibility of incorporating both nucleic acid molecules and phosphorylated small molecule drugs into the inner core of a single nanoparticle formulation. Co-encapsulation of an oncogene-modulating siRNA and a chemotherapeutic agent will allow simultaneous interruption of diverse anti-cancer pathways, leading to increased therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicities.
The Determination of Mercury in Some American Coals

This study deals with the use of three different analytical methods for the determination of mercury in coals: (a) double gold amalgamation, flameless atomic absorption, (b) neutron activation and (c) combustion–solution, flameless atomic absorption. Ten coal samples of varying rank were analyzed and comparisons are drawn between the various analytical procedures. The distribution of mercury in coals is discussed briefly.
An alternative pathway for meiotic chromosome segregation in yeast

In meiosis I of most organisms, homologous chromosomes pair, recombine, and then segregate to opposite poles of the cell. Crossing-over is normally necessary to ensure the proper segregation of the homologs. Recently developed techniques have made it possible to study meiosis with highly defined artificial chromosomes. These techniques were used to demonstrate the existence of a system capable of segregating pairs of nonrecombined artificial chromosomes, regardless of the extent of their sequence homology. This system may contribute to the high fidelity of meiosis by mediating the segregation of pairs of natural chromosomes that have failed to recombine.
Multistep Brownian dynamics: application to short wormlike chains.

Brownian dynamics simulations of short wormlike chains are carried out using the method of Ermak and McCammon [(1978) J. Chem. Phys.69, 1352–1360]. Following Hagerman and Zimm [(1981) Biopolymers20, 1481–1502], the wormlike chain is modeled as a string of beads. In each simulation, the dynamic evolution of an ensemble of 100 randomly generated chains is calculated for a period of from 3 to 200 ns. Two different “experiments,” fluorescence depolarization and dynamic light scattering, were performed in these simulations. Since we are primarily interested in the bending motions and not the torsional motions in this work, we have placed the transition moments along the local symmetry axis of the wormlike chain in the fluorescence depolarization “experiment.” As predicted by the Barkley and Zimm theory [(1979) J. Chem. Phys.70, 2991–3008], a considerable amount of rapid bending motion was detected by fluorescence depolarization, though not as much as predicted by theory. We conclude that these differences are primarily due to differences between the model used in the theory and the simulations. The light-scattering experiment was found to be insensitive to internal motion in the low scattering angle limit.
The size of the extracellular space in the isolated midgut ofManduca sexta

The size of the extracellular space in the isolated midgut ofManduca sexta measured statically with labeled sucrose and with labeled inulin was 48 and 50 percent of tissue water respectively. Both labeled sulfate and labeled mannitol yielded loading spaces which approached the volume of the tissue water with increasing pulse time and are not valid markers of the extracellular space. A washout method yielded unreliable values for the sucrose and inulin spaces and its use cannot be justified using presently available midgut chamber designs. Values of the sucrose space measured statistically in this study and other studies using different Lepidopteran larvae and different perfusion chambers range from 42 to 48 percent of the tissue water. Agreement between published values of the sulfate space and these values of the sucrose space is fortuitous, the labeling pulses being short enough to yield approximately half saturation of the actual sulfate loading space.
Enzyme assays by fluorescence polarization in the presence of polyarginine: study of kinase, phosphatase, and protease reactions.

We have previously reported that the kinase catalyzed conversion of fluorescently labeled phosphate acceptor peptides to the corresponding phosphopeptides can be conveniently followed by measuring the fluorescence polarization signal in the presence of polyarginine. In the present work, we demonstrate that the method can be used for other enzymes besides kinases, such as phosphatases and proteases. By adjustment of the ionic strength of the buffer it is possible to use this method in cases where both the substrate and the enzymatic product are highly negatively charged. All of these enzymatic transformations can be followed in real time, by performing the reactions in the presence of polyarginine and continuously measuring the fluorescence polarization signal. Polyarginine was found to have no effect on the rate of enzymatic conversion of the protease studied (cathepsin G), but its presence decreased the observed rate of phosphorylation by protein kinase A, presumably by decreasing the concentration of free ATP in the reaction solution. Leukocyte antigen related phosphatase catalyzed dephosphorylation reactions were faster in the presence of polyarginine. For all three enzymes, the reaction rates in the presence of polyarginine were found to be sensitive to the presence of known enzyme inhibitors, but the IC(50) values of the kinase inhibitors H-89 and PKI were higher in the presence than in the absence of polyarginine.
Addressing intimate partner violence in substance-abuse treatment

As the use of partner-involved therapies for alcoholism and drug abuse become more common in substance-abuse treatment programs, providers are more frequently encountering one of the most challenging and politically charged public health issues of our time: intimate partner violence (IPV). Recent investigations reveal 40-60% of married or cohabiting substance-abusing patients report episodes of partner aggression in the year preceding entry into treatment. In this article, the interrelationship between substance use and IPV is examined, with an emphasis on clinical implications and options for substance-abuse treatment providers who are often called upon to address IPV during the course of working with their patients. We also describe different intervention options for IPV, offer recommendations for substance-abuse treatment providers who work with partner-violent couples, and outline future research directions.
Antidepressants during pregnancy and lactation: Defining exposure and treatment issues

The majority of psychiatric illness onsets early in an individual's life, typically before or during the reproductive years. The increased incidence of major depression, dysthymia, and panic disorder in women compared with men underscores the likelihood that the clinician will encounter the clinical dilemma of medication use during pregnancy and lactation. The emergence of specialized clinics at several academic centers specifically to investigate and address issues in Perinatal psychiatry illustrates this conundrum best. The extant literature derived from human studies suggests that maternal mental illness and stress may have an adverse impact on obstetrical outcome. These clinical investigations are complemented by a burgeoning series of laboratory studies in rodents and nonhuman primates, showing the profound deleterious impact of maternal stress during the perinatal and neonatal periods on the development of the offspring. Data obtained from pharmaceutical registries, cohort studies, toxicology centers, and case series have consistently failed to show an adverse effect associated with in utero antidepressant exposure. Despite these advances and treatment guidelines proposed by the various academic leaders, investigations describing the extent of fetal/neonatal exposure, clinical methods for minimizing such exposure, and clinical treatment guidelines that include the physiological impact of pregnancy are sparse. The available literature shows distinct pharmacokinetic profiles of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in placental passage and breast milk. Preliminary animal studies have shown higher than expected central nervous system concentrations associated with exposure during pregnancy and mathematical modelling for calculating infant exposure when nursing. The clinical import of these data will require further investigations of central nervous system bioavailability in the fetus and neonate.