cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydroformylation of 1-Hexene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Using a Heterogeneous Rhodium Catalyst. 2. Evaluation of Reaction Kinetics

Environmental needs associated with green chemistry require a reduction in the use of reaction solvents and separation materials. Heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts can be used to simplify the recovery steps in a reaction process. The use of a supercritical fluid for reaction and separation can further reduce the need for organic solvents throughout the process. The current paper describes the development of a tethered homogeneous catalyst for the hydroformylation of 1-hexene in supercritical carbon dioxide that is shown to be active, stable, and selective for the reaction. A reaction rate model that shows similarities to both the homogeneous and heterogeneous models is developed based on the assumption of a tethered catalyst and provides rate constants that are consistent with previous estimates.
Combined effects of testosterone and motor, sensory, or gustatory nerve reinnervation on the regeneration of taste buds.

Abstract Taste buds in the rat's vallate papilla degenerate after bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve transection and reappear after unilateral or bilateral nerve regeneration. The present experiment was performed to determine whether they would rcappear after unilateral reinnervation by motor (hypoglossal), sensory (auriculotemporal), or different gustatory (chorda tympani, vagus) nerves. Since testosterone treatment causes taste buds to appear in new locations in the normal papilla, additional groups of reinnervated animals were given this hormone. Adult male rats were studied 3 months after nerve regeneration; the hormonally treated animals received 2.0 mg. testosterone daily for 3 weeks before being examined. Buds were found in the trench walls (normal location) after glossopharyngeal, chorda tympani, or vagal reinnervation. In the testosterone-treated animals, buds were also found in new locations, namely the top of the papilla and adjacent to it. No buds were found after denervation, unilateral or bilateral auriculotemporal reinnervation, or unilateral hypoglossal reinnervation, even after testosterone treatment. The results indicate that taste bud regeneration is dependent on a property of gustatory nerves that is not shared by general sensory or motor nerves. The appearance of buds in new sites demonstrates that under appropriate conditions additional regions of tongue epithelium can form taste buds.
ALTERATION OF THEOPHYLLINE PHARMAKOKINETICS DUE TO R.S.V. INFECTION

Kraemer et al. (1982) reported on the altered theophylline clearance in 11 children during an Influenza B outbreak. In 5 children with R.S.V. infection we studied the theophylline pharmacokinetics (same dosage) during the acute illness and later at 5 weeks. None had cardiac or hepatic problems.
Top quark associated production of top-color pions at hadron colliders

We investigate the associated production of a neutral physical pion with top quarks in the context of top-color assisted technicolor. We find that single-top associated production does not yield viable rates at either the Fermilab Tevatron or CERN LHC. t$\overline{t}$-associated production at the Tevatron is suppressed relative to the Standard Model $t\overline{t}H,$ but at the LHC it is strongly enhanced and would allow for easy observation of the main decay channels to bottom quarks, and possible observation of the decay to gluons.
Locating a recycling center: The general density case

This paper considers a municipality that has a landfill (in a fixed location) and plans to optimally locate a recycling center to minimize transportation costs. The transportation problem consists of two stages. The first stage is the transportation of waste from households to the recycling center. Households are distributed (not necessarily uniformly) over the two-dimensional city. The second stage is the transportation of non-recyclables from the recycling center to the landfill. A precise description of the recycling center's optimal location depends on the density function, the proportion of recycled waste, and the location of the landfill.
Solubilization of a possible intermediate of oxidative phosphorylation from cabbage mitochondria

Abstract Evidence has been obtained for the presence of an intermediate of oxidative phosphorylation in aqueous extracts of cabbage mitochondrial acetone powders. Incorporation of 32 P i into organic phosphate required the presence of both extract and ADP; this activity was stimulated by NAD + and NADP + and was inhibited by PCMB and arsenate. The active component of the extract did not sediment when centrifuged at 105,000 g for 90 minutes. The crude intermediate has been subjected to preliminary characterization, and it appears to be distinct from the succinic thiokinase which is found in the extract.
Efficacy of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant for recurrent Wilms' tumor: a meta-analysis.

Long-term survival of relapsed Wilms' tumor patients is about 40% to 70%. Modern second-line treatment consists of either (a) salvage chemotherapy±radiation therapy (CT) or (b) chemotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell rescue (ASCR). Here, we conduct an i
The role of water in transport of ionic liquids in polymeric artificial muscle actuators

Ionic liquid (IL) based polymeric mechanical actuators show promise for providing an important and unprecedented combination of electromechanical and soft material properties. Measurement of ion transport in an ionomer/IL membrane is essential for understanding and designing these “artificial muscle” actuators. Furthermore, water forms a ubiquitous part of these hydrophilic membrane systems when used in open air, greatly affecting electrochemical and physical properties including the ion conductivity critical for actuation performance. Here we present the first study quantifying the delicate interplay between water and an IL absorbed in an ionomer membrane as used in ionic polymer actuators. We use 1H and 19F NMR diffusometry to investigate cation and anion diffusion of 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EMI-Tf), swollen into a perfluorosulfonate ionomer membrane. The EMI cation diffuses faster than the Tf anion in both the neat state and inside the membrane. We quantitatively evaluate the effects of temperature, IL uptake, and water content. A key factor is the co-existing water content, quantified by in situ1H NMR, which dramatically accelerates the diffusive motion of the IL. When water content, χH2O, drops from 1 to 0.5 water molecules per EMI-Tf, IL diffusion coefficients decrease by 36–60%. Our experiments provide critical feedback for optimizing actuator performance via novel materials, device development, and control of operation conditions.
Rat renal allograft tolerance is associated with local TGF-β and absence of IL-2r expression within chimeric immunocytic foci☆

Abstract Tolerance was induced in Lewis (LEW) rat renal allograft recipients of Brown Norway kidneys by multiple pretransplant donor-blood transfusions and prior limited cyclosporine A. Rat renal allograft tolerance was associated with the induction of systemic donor T cells (10%), an early phase of nonspecific suppressor-cell generation, followed by maturation of systemic antigen-specific suppressor cells, and renal cellular infiltrates that develop long-term in situ in the kidney graft model. It was hypothesized that these infiltrates represent chimeric immunocytic foci that are locally regulated via a TGF-β-dependent mechanism. Both immunohistochemical staining and digital image analysis for cellular and extracellular TGF-β, IL-2 receptor (CD25), and the BN Class I-MHC marker (OX-27) were performed. Control rejecting (REJ) kidneys did not demonstrate any differences with respect to levels of infiltrating immunocyte area vs long-term surviving (TOL) kidneys (3.9% vs 4.5%, P = .303). Immunostaining with the BN Class I MHC marker (OX-27) demonstrated high levels of chimerism within immunocyte foci of the tolerant grafts (OX-27 BN+ immunocytes 49.0% ± 5.1%). In situ cellular IL-2 receptor (CD25) expression was demonstrated in REJ kidney infiltrates but not within TOL immunocytic infiltrating foci, when measured as percent of total lymphocytes (REJ = 5.0% vs TOL = 0.4%, P = .031). Conversely, TGF-β expression was significantly higher in immunocytes of TOL kidneys when measured as the number of DAB chromogen-staining pixels per total immunocyte area (TOL = .076 vs REJ = .047, P = .003). In conclusion, these results suggested that stable mixed immune chimerism (SMIC) plays an important role in DST-CyA-induced tolerance in situ. SMIC-induced tolerance may involve a local TGF-β-dependent mechanism that is associated with in situ TGF-β (+) and IL-2r (−) immunocytes.
The effect of fungal species on the fluorescent lectin test.

Abstract Fungal (mold) contamination is an important indicator of low-quality raw product used in food processing operations. Fluorescent-labeled lectins, specific for chitin, have been shown to be valuable for quantitative detection of mold in raw tomatoes. In this research, the response of individual fungal species to a rapid fluorescent lectin assay was investigated. Ten of the most common mold species were grown on two types of artificial broth media, and added to blended field tomatoes. The assay was conducted on each species, and linear regressions were developed, comparing the fluorescent lectin assay score with the fungal dry weight. The assay was able to detect all molds at sensitivities required for the tomato industry, and had high linearity (r2 ranging from 0.72 to 0.99) and low variability (standard error of calibration ranging from 20 to 116 μg of fungal biomass/ml of tomato juice) for individual species grown on V-8 juice broth.
Effectiveness of a mobile breast screening service in the Blackburn health district — Analysis of the first 3 years' results

Abstract Twenty-six thousand, four hundred and thirty-nine examinations for carcinoma of the breast were carried out on 14,661 women in the 3-year period. One hundred cases of carcinoma were detected. The service had original features in combining the use of nurses for the detection of abnormalities to optimize staffing with a negative response referral system to the surgeon, involving the general practitioner, to reduce failure to attend and the use of mobile self-propelled caravans placed across the principal pedestrian traffic flow of women in twon centres to minimize motivation. A significant difference was found in the incidence of Stage I and Stage II carcinomas between those who were unaware of signs and symptoms and those who were aware, the incidence of axillary node involvement being greater in the latter group. The rate of detection of cases was significantly greater than expected and therefore diagnosis appeared to be brought forward in time. The socio-economic groups using the service matched the District's distribution indicating the accessibility of the service.
Fibroblasts from patients with major depressive disorder show distinct transcriptional response to metabolic stressors

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasingly viewed as interplay of environmental stressors and genetic predisposition, and recent data suggest that the disease affects not only the brain, but the entire body. As a result, we aimed at determining whether patients with major depression have aberrant molecular responses to stress in peripheral tissues. We examined the effects of two metabolic stressors, galactose (GAL) or reduced lipids (RL), on the transcriptome and miRNome of human fibroblasts from 16 pairs of patients with MDD and matched healthy controls (CNTR). Our results demonstrate that both MDD and CNTR fibroblasts had a robust molecular response to GAL and RL challenges. Most importantly, a significant part (messenger RNAs (mRNAs): 26-33%; microRNAs (miRNAs): 81-90%) of the molecular response was only observed in MDD, but not in CNTR fibroblasts. The applied metabolic challenges uncovered mRNA and miRNA signatures, identifying responses to each stressor characteristic for the MDD fibroblasts. The distinct responses of MDD fibroblasts to GAL and RL revealed an aberrant engagement of molecular pathways, such as apoptosis, regulation of cell cycle, cell migration, metabolic control and energy production. In conclusion, the metabolic challenges evoked by GAL or RL in dermal fibroblasts exposed adaptive dysfunctions on mRNA and miRNA levels that are characteristic for MDD. This finding underscores the need to challenge biological systems to bring out disease-specific deficits, which otherwise might remain hidden under resting conditions.
Predicted Efficiency of Spaced-Plant Selection to Indirectly Improve Tall Fescue Sward Yield and Quality

The validity of spaced-plant evaluation to determine sward performance of forage grasses has been questioned. This experiment studied the effi ciency of spaced-plant evaluation to indirectly improve sward yield and nutritional quality in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Narrowsense heritabilities, genetic and rank correlations, and indirect selection effi ciencies were estimated for a tall fescue population grown in spaced plant and seeded sward environments. Heritability for yield was similar between spaced plants and swards (0.43 and 0.44, respectively), but genetic correlation between the two was low (0.37 ± 0.38). Inconsistency (r = 0.30, P = 0.17) in family ranking further suggested that spaced plants were not predictive of sward yield. Heritability of crude protein from swards was low (0.27 ± 0.25) compared with 0.77 ± 0.08 from spaced plants, but there was no genetic relationship between the two (r = −0.13 ± 0.30). Moderate to high heritabilities and genetic correlations were observed for most fi ber traits, but indirect selection effi ciencies and rank correlations of <1.0 suggested that evaluation in a sward environment would be best to select for improved nutritional quality. Spaced-plant evaluation appears to be less effective, or ineffective, at improving sward yield and nutritional quality in tall fescue. New techniques are needed that maximize genetic expression but simulate actual sward production of forage grasses.
A Critical Review of Assumptions About Gender Variant Children in Psychological Research

Research on gender variant children (including those who meet criteria for Gender Identity Disorder in Children) originated with the heterosexist goal of preventing gender and sexual minority identities in adulthood. When we re-examine what is known about these children outside of pathologizing assumptions, what do we know about promoting their mental health and adaptation? Taking a developmental psychopathology frame, we argue for a shift in research paradigms away from the study of (1) outcomes of sexuality and gender identity and (2) the child in isolation toward (1) outcomes of adjustment and well-being and (2) the child in contexts that affect adjustment.
Support for abbreviation of the wide range achievement test-revised spelling subtest in neuropsychological assessments

The Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised (Level 2) provides valuable data in neuropsychological assessments, but its inclusion is costly in time. Although the Reading and Arithmetic subtests are inappropriate for abbreviation, the Spelling subtest is unnecessarily lengthy for most clinical needs. In a retrospective study of the reliability of data obtained from split-half and split-third tabulations with mixed psychiatric and forensic subjects, strong correlations were obtained between the split-halves and between split-half and full administration scores. A Spearman-Brown correction of the relationship between the split-halves yielded a correlation of 0.97, higher than that reported for any WAIS-R subtest (Wechsler, 1981). Standard scores generated by split-half tabulations were within 10 points of those generated from the complete raw data in 94.6% of cases. These findings suggest that the Spelling subtest could be abbreviated in clinical settings with minimal loss of reliability. This study investigated Rorschach Inkblot Test response patterns in a group of children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and compared them to matched samples of clinical control and normal control groups. The findings indicated that the ADHD and clinical control groups both demonstrated markedly limited coping capacities, an avoidance of affect-laden stimuli, difficulties with self- and interpersonal perceptions, problems in perceiving reality accurately, and a vulnerability to depression. The ADHD group demonstrated significantly more intense feelings of isolation and discomfort, less social involvement, avoidance of decision-making, and more dependence, while the clinical control group demonstrated a significantly higher level of psychological disorganization and thinking problems.
The human erythropoietin receptor gene rescues erythropoiesis and developmental defects in the erythropoietin receptor null mouse

Erythropoietin and its receptor are required for definitive erythropoiesis and maturation of erythroid progenitor cells. Mice lacking the erythropoietin receptor exhibit severe anemia and die at about embryonic day 13.5. This phenotype can be rescued by the human erythropoietin receptor transgene. Animals expressing only the human erythropoietin receptor survived through adulthood with normal hematologic parameters and appeared to respond appropriately to induced anemic stress. In addition to restoration of erythropoiesis during development, the cardiac defect associated with embryos lacking the erythropoietin receptor was corrected and the increased apoptosis in fetal liver, heart, and brain in the erythropoietin receptor null phenotype was markedly reduced. These studies indicate that no species barrier exists between mouse and human erythropoietin receptor and that the human erythropoietin receptor transgene is able to provide specific expression in hematopoietic and other selected tissues to rescue erythropoiesis and other organ defects observed in the erythropoietin receptor null mouse.
Surface thermodynamic functions of the Ising model from a renormalization group

The surface thermodynamic functions of the semi-infinite square and simple-cubic $s=\frac{1}{2}$ nearest-neighbor Ising models are computed numerically from renormalization groups based on simple cell clusters. It is shown how the exact high- and low-temperature limits may be incorporated into the calculations by (i) building in proper site coordination via an Ursell expansion for the free energy and (ii) treating the ground state exactly. In $d=2$ a 4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 4 cell-cluster approximation is in excellent agreement with the exact results of Fisher and Ferdinand. In $d=3$ a 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 8 cell-cluster approximation gives plausible results with enough structure to be interesting.
Magnesium Requirement of the Chick

Abstract ALMQUIST (1942), working with a washed casein, cerelose-type diet containing 40 p.p.m. of magnesium, reported that the addition of 350 p.p.m. of supplemental magnesium produced as good growth rates as any higher level. The author concluded that 350 p.p.m. was a barely adequate supplementary level and stated that the requirement during the first weeks of life was approximately 400 p.p.m. The deficiency symptoms that were observed included convulsions, gasping and a coma which sometimes was fatal but usually ceased in a few minutes. Bird (1946) reported a cerebellum disorder in chicks being fed a washed casein, cerelose diet. Increasing the basal dietary level of MgSO4 to supply 500 p.p.m. (calculated) of elemental magnesium corrected the condition. His description of the deficiency syndrome was very similar to that of Almquist's. Scott et al. (1956) supplemented a cerelose, Drackett-protein diet with 0,50,100, 200, 400, and 600 p.p.m. magnesium. Maximal growth was obtained …
Mechanotransduction by Hair Cells: Models, Molecules, and Mechanisms

Mechanotransduction, the transformation of mechanical force into an electrical signal, allows living organisms to hear, register movement and gravity, detect touch, and sense changes in cell volume and shape. Hair cells in the inner ear are specialized mechanoreceptor cells that detect sound and head movement. The mechanotransduction machinery of hair cells is extraordinarily sensitive and responds to minute physical displacements on a submillisecond timescale. The recent discovery of several molecular constituents of the mechanotransduction machinery of hair cells provides a new framework for the interpretation of biophysical data and necessitates revision of prevailing models of mechanotransduction.
Mechanism of the blood pressure and renal hemodynamic effects of captopril

THis study was designed to investigate the mechanisms of captopril's chronic effect on arterial pressure and renal function. In dogs maintained on high sodium intake (250 mEq/day), 6 days of captopril infusion caused no change in arterial pressure, renal hemodynamics, sodium excretion or plasma aldosterone concentration. Infusion of captopril for 7 days also caused no significant changes in arterial pressure or renal function in dogs made hypertensive by chronic infusion of angiotensin II and high sodium intake, a model of hypertension in which plasma renin activity is undetectable and prostaglandin and bradykinin formation may be elevated. In dogs maintained on low sodium intake, chronic infusion of captopril decreased arterial pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration markedly while increasing effective renal plasma flow. Infusion of aldosterone (200 micrograms/day) for 8 days during captopril infusion restored plasma aldosterone concentration but did not significantly change arterial pressure or renal function, indicating that decreased plasma aldosterone concentration did not play a major role in the hypertensive and renal effects of captopril. However, angiotensin II infusion (10 ng/kg/min) for 8 days during captopril infusion restored arterial pressure, plasma aldosterone concentration and renal function toward control levels. These data suggest that the effects of captopril on arterial pressure, renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretion are mediated primarily by decreased angiotensin II formation.
Methods and means for the magnetic exploration of the upper atmosphere

A study of the forces which cause periodic variations or sudden disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field would be materially aided by a knowledge of how these variations are modified by changes in elevation. The magnetic exploration of the upper atmosphere has been a recognized problem for many years and its solution has become increasingly important with the rapid development of radio communication and the study of atmospheric electricity. Theoretical considerations indicate that the changes in the absolute values of the magnetic elements with change in altitude are small. Various attempts to determine these changes have been made by observations in mountainous regions but instrumental limitations and local disturbances rendered the results unreliable.
Solvent perturbation of the fluorescence of fluorescyl ligand bound to specific antibody. Fluorescence enhancement of antibody bound fluorescein (hapten) in deuterium oxide.

Abstract The relative fluorescence quantam yield (s) and fluorescence lifetime (τ) of fluorescein bound to specifically purified high affinity rabbit and chicken IgG antibody molecules was significantly increased in deuterium oxide (D 2 O) with respect to the complex in aqueous solution. The degree of enhancement appeared to be dependent on the affinity of the antibody for the ligand, the highest affinity sites showing the smallest increases in quantum yield. Fluorescence enhancement in D 2 O was identical for ligand bound to IgG and the F(ab)' 2 fragments derived from the same molecule. The isotope effect was apparently not due to ligand dissociation, as shown by a comparison of difference spectroscopy and equilibrium dialysis results in D 2 O and H 2 O buffers, and by the observation of similar enhancement with affinity labeled antibody. Fluorescence enhancement of antibody bound ligand in D 2 O was temperature dependent. The relative s D 2 O /s H 2 O of free fluorescein increased, while that of bound ligand remained relatively constant with a lowering of the pH. Deuterium oxide did not affect the ground state of fluorophore-antibody complex. Identical extrinsic circular dichroism of the antibody bound fluorophore in H 2 O and D 2 O, coupled with the absence of a measurable isotope effect on the quenching of fluorescein by l -tryptophan, supports the contention that the isotope effect is an excited state phenomenon.
Coherence in Two-Electron Transfer in F8+ + Ne Collisions

The formation of projectile autoionizing 2l2l' states has been investigated for 0.5?1.75 MeV/u (v = 4.5?8.4 a.u.) F8+ projectiles colliding with neon. Double transfer to 2l2l' configurations is found to occur with much higher probability than transfer excitation. Most of the double capture events are attributed to the transfer of two K-shell electrons, or a K-shell electron plus an L-shell electron. A large contribution from the 1s(2s2p 3P) 4P state is observed. Apparent anomalies in the observed relative intensities of the 1s(2s2p 3P) 2P? and the 1s(2s2p 1P) 2P+ states are ascribed to quantum mechanical interference effects.
A Lagrangian interpolation method for three-point problems

Abstract Three-point problems, traditionally solved using graphical constructions, can be formulated as Lagrangian interpolation problems and solved numerically using standard methods. In addition to calculating strike and dip of a planar geologic feature, three-point interpolation gives elevation of the feature at an arbitrary point with minimum effort.
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide enhances aflatoxin B1 hepatotoxicity in rats by a mechanism that depends on tumor necrosis factor α

Abstract Exposure to a nontoxic dose of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) potentiates the hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ). Because some of the pathophysiologic effects associated with LPS are mediated through tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), this study was conducted to explore the role of TNF-α in the AFB 1 /LPS model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were treated with either 1 mg AFB 1 /kg, intraperitoneally, or its vehicle (0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]/water), and 4 hours later with either Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (7.4 × 10 6 EU/kg, intravenously) or its saline vehicle. LPS administration resulted in a marked rise in TNF-α levels at 6 hours, which preceded the onset of liver injury. TNF-α messenger RNA (mRNA) in liver was increased by LPS treatment. The mRNA of receptors (R1 and R2) for TNF-α was also examined. R1 mRNA levels were not altered; however, R2 mRNA levels were increased by either AFB 1 or LPS administration. To determine if TNF-α plays a causal role in the development of liver injury, the increase in TNF-α was attenuated by administration of either pentoxifylline or anti-TNF-α serum, and liver injury was assessed. Administration of either of these agents resulted in protection. LPS treatment resulted in the upregulation of gene transcription for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). However, administration of the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 did not decrease injury. TNF-α and COX-2 inhibitors did not affect hepatic sequestration of neutrophils. Furthermore, it did not appear that TNF-α contributed to injury through inhibition of tissue repair. These data support the hypothesis that LPS-induced expression of TNF-α underlies the potentiation of AFB 1 -induced hepatotoxicity. (H EPATOLOGY 2001;33:66-73.)
Making smaller, faster, cheaper computers

A forecast of technological developments in the processes involved in manufacturing computers. The forecast is based on two principles. The first principle is demonstrated (albeit in nascent form) by scanning probe microscopes, which even now let us move individual atoms and molecules. The second principle is self-replication, which will let us inexpensively make things in enormous quantities. Taken together, these two principles will revolutionize how we make computers-and quite a few other things as well. Watkins' vision of growing complex 3D computers is moving closer to reality.
Relative hyperbolization and Pontrjagin classes

Abstract The ‘nonpositive curvature retraction theorem’ has a refined version, a version that respects characteristic classes. To cite this article: B.Z. Hu, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 342 (2006).
The solution of conjugated multiphase heat and mass transfer problems

Abstract Three types of conjugated boundary value problems that arise when heat and/or mass are transferred between contiguous phases are analyzed by means of integral equation formulations. The systems are classified according to the type of differential equation that describes the temperature or concentration field in a phase, and systematic methods of solution are illustrated for each type of conjugated system. These include parabolic-parabolic systems, illustrated by a laminar gas/laminar liquid gas absorption problem, and parabolic-elliptic systems of which heat transfer from a thick-walled tube to a laminar flow is an example. The third type, which is more frequently encountered in chemical engineering, involves the conjugation of a partial differential equation with an ordinary differential equation. The temperature distribution in the falling film reactor is examined from this point of view.
Magnitude of the standard, numerical value of the standard, and stimulus spacing in the estimation of loudness.

Experiments studied magnitude estimations of loudness as a function of the magnitude of the standard, the numerical value of the standard and the stimulus spacing. The results indicate that (a) the...
Predicting the risk of secondary lung malignancies associated with whole-breast radiation therapy.

Purpose The risk of secondary lung malignancy (SLM) is a significant concern for women treated with whole-breast radiation therapy after breast-conserving surgery for early-stage breast cancer. In this study, a biologically based secondary malignancy model was used to quantify the risk of secondary lung malignancies (SLMs) associated with several common methods of delivering whole-breast radiation therapy (RT). Methods and Materials Both supine and prone computed tomography simulations of 15 women with early breast cancer were used to generate standard fractionated and hypofractionated whole-breast RT treatment plans for each patient. Dose–volume histograms (DVHs) of the ipsilateral breast and lung were calculated for each patient on each plan. A model of spontaneous and radiation-induced carcinogenesis was used to determine the relative risks of SLMs for the different treatment techniques. Results A higher risk of SLMs was predicted for supine breast irradiation when compared with prone breast irradiation for both the standard fractionation and hypofractionation schedules (relative risk [RR] = 2.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.30–2.88, and RR = 2.68, 95% CI = 2.39–2.98, respectively). No difference in risk of SLMs was noted between standard fractionation and hypofractionation schedules in either the supine position (RR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.97–1.14) or the prone position (RR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.88–1.15). Conclusions Compared with supine whole-breast irradiation, prone breast irradiation is associated with a significantly lower predicted risk of secondary lung malignancy. In this modeling study, fractionation schedule did not have an impact on the risk of SLMs in women treated with whole-breast RT for early breast cancer.
Biochemical and Phylogenetic Characterization of a Novel Diaminopimelate Biosynthesis Pathway in Prokaryotes Identifies a Diverged Form of ll-Diaminopimelate Aminotransferase

A variant of the diaminopimelate (DAP)-lysine biosynthesis pathway uses an ll-DAP aminotransferase (DapL, EC 2.6.1.83) to catalyze the direct conversion of l-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate to ll-DAP. Comparative genomic analysis and experimental verification of DapL candidates revealed the existence of two diverged forms of DapL (DapL1 and DapL2). DapL orthologs were identified in eubacteria and archaea. In some species the corresponding dapL gene was found to lie in genomic contiguity with other dap genes, suggestive of a polycistronic structure. The DapL candidate enzymes were found to cluster into two classes sharing approximately 30% amino acid identity. The function of selected enzymes from each class was studied. Both classes were able to functionally complement Escherichia coli dapD and dapE mutants and to catalyze ll-DAP transamination, providing functional evidence for a role in DAP/lysine biosynthesis. In all cases the occurrence of dapL in a species correlated with the absence of genes for dapD and dapE representing the acyl DAP pathway variants, and only in a few cases was dapL coincident with ddh encoding meso-DAP dehydrogenase. The results indicate that the DapL pathway is restricted to specific lineages of eubacteria including the Cyanobacteria, Desulfuromonadales, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Chlamydiae, Spirochaeta, and Chloroflexi and two archaeal groups, the Methanobacteriaceae and Archaeoglobaceae.
Data storage in NOS: lifetime and carrier-to-noise measurements

Charge trapping in thin films of silicon nitride has long been studied for use as a nonvolatile semiconductor memory. Recently, this technology has been combined with scanned probe technologies with the sharp probe tip serving as the upper electrode in a Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/-SiO/sub 2/-Si (NOS) structure. By applying a voltage pulse between the tip and silicon substrate, charge carriers can be made to tunnel through the oxide and be trapped in the nitride. It has been proposed that such a system could be used as a high density data storage device. We have explored some of the issues related to such an application, including data lifetime and data rates. In high temperature aging studies, no sign of charge spreading was seen after 9 months at 150/spl deg/C. From the logarithmic nature of the charge decay, we predict that the initial written charge should have a lifetime in excess of 30 years at 150/spl deg/C. At a data rate of 500 kHz, a carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) of approximately 60 dB in a 5-kHz bandwidth was demonstrated. A model based on the presence of trapped charge in oxide or nitride is used to explain a 45-dB discrepancy between the calculated and measured CNR. >
A Non-Contact Submillimeter-Wave $S$ -Parameters Measurement Technique for Multiport Micromachined Devices

This paper presents a novel non-contact broadband on-wafer S-parameter measurement technique for submillimeter-wave and terahertz applications. The proposed method enables S-parameters measurement of multi-port micromachined devices using a two-port measurement setup. In this method, a small fraction of the signal at each waveguide port is weakly coupled to free space using a small array of reflection-canceling slots which are then measured by an open-ended waveguide probe. The S-parameters of the device-under-test are calculated from the measured signals obtained from each port and from that of a reference match waveguide. A broadband waveguide slot array antenna with high return loss is designed as a matched load to terminate all ports of the device except the input port. To assess the reliability and accuracy of the proposed measurement method, three different micromachined waveguide directional couplers are designed, fabricated, and tested. Multiple apertures on the common wall between the adjacent waveguides are designed and optimized to achieve high directivity couplers over a broad frequency range. The measured S-parameters of the couplers are shown to be in good agreement with the simulations, which indicates the accuracy of the proposed measurement method.
RFIDSim—A Physical and Logical Layer Simulation Engine for Passive RFID

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) poses a number of research challenges, such as interference mitigation, throughput optimization and security over the RF channel. A number of new approaches to address these issues have been proposed recently, but due to the highly integrated nature of passive RFID tags, it is difficult to evaluate them in real-world scenarios. In this paper, we present an RFID simulation engine, RFIDSim, which implements the ISO 18000-6C communication protocol and supports pathloss, fading, backscatter, capture, and tag mobility models. This paper also shows that our implementation of RFIDSim that relies on a discrete event simulator can be used to simulate large populations featuring thousands of RFID tags. RFIDSim also simulates the deep fades that lead to frequent power losses of the battery-less RFID tags by modeling the multipath effects statistically.
The clinical value of the negative gastrointestinal exfoliative cytologic examination in cancer suspects.

Summary 1. A correlative study was made of the roentgen findings of 1714 gastrointestinal cancer suspects who had negative exfoliative cytologic examinations. All were proven to be clinically free of cancer. The negative cytologic examination, properly performed, significantly excluded the presence of cancer of the digestive tract, with the exception of the pancreas and biliary tract. 2. Notable benign conditions clinically simulating malignancy are esophagitis, gastric ulcer, antral gastritis, large gastric rugae, biliary and pancreatic diseases, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, and polyps of the colon. 3. Diagnostic cytologic inaccuracy for the various malignancies of the esophagus, stomach, and colon is approximately 10 per cent. The incidence of diagnostic error for benign conditions (including those considered premalignant) of the gastrointestinal tract is a fraction of 1 per cent. A negative cytologic report has definite clinical value.
INVENTORY DECISIONS UNDER INFLATIONARY CONDITIONS

The standard approach to inventory policy ignores the effect of inflation. This paper investigates a model that includes both inflationary trends and time discounting. The paper compares this model with the standard EOQ model and the analysis for a one-time change, found in previous literature.
“My greatest joy and my greatest heart ache:” Parents’ own words on how having a child in the autism spectrum has affected their lives and their families’ lives

Abstract Parents of children in the autism spectrum wrote an open-ended answer via an online questionnaire to the question, “How has your child in the autism spectrum affected your life and your family's life?” (N = 493). Using a qualitative content analysis, 15 negative themes and 9 positive themes were identified. Themes are subsumed into five clusters: Stress; Child's behavior; Parents’ personal well being, work, and marital relationship; Impact on the whole family; and Social isolation. The mix of negative and positive themes is interpreted as a dialectical viewpoint of finding positive meaning to life even while acknowledging the stress and difficulties of having a child with autism.
Airborne pollen: A brief life

The transfer of pollen, whether it is transported by insects or carried by the wind, from floral anther to recipient stigma is the critical reproductive event among higher plants. In this scenario, the pollen grain functions as a fully constituted life-cycle stage, capable of growth (albeit limited) and delivery of gametes. Pollen is prepared for this role by an intricate developmental process with dual sources of structural elements and chemical constituents, including allergens. The resulting complexity relates, at least in part, to the requirements of an unforgiving recognition process at stigmatic surfaces and of active growth before the achievement of gametic union. Recently, the basic participants in pollen-stigma interactions have been defined, and they provide a striking counterpoint to human histocompatibility concerns. Pollen development offers a useful tableau in terms of which to reexamine forces affecting pollen prevalence and their interactions. Development also provides clues to the sources and significance of more minute bioaerosols now known to carry pollen allergens.
Relationship between Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake at Positron Emission Tomography and Surgical Stage with Relevance to Patient Prognosis

Purpose: Because the tumor stage is the most significant prognostic factor for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and given that NSCLC [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake appears to have prognostic significance, we examined the relationship between NSCLC 18F-FDG uptake and surgical stage. Experimental Design: One hundred seventy-eight patients with a proven diagnosis of NSCLC were enrolled, then imaged with 18F-FDG positron emission tomography and their disease thoroughly staged. Primary tumor size at computed tomography and 18F-FDG uptake were compared to overall tumor stage and to T, N, and M stage descriptors. Tumor uptake was quantitated by maximum pixel-standardized uptake value (maxSUV) and then partial volume corrected for lesion size using recovery coefficients. Results: A significant difference in tumor size was associated with tumors of different TNM stage, T status, N status, or M status. Similarly, the primary tumor maxSUV was significantly associated with TNM stage, T status, and M status. However, we observed no significant difference in the partial-volume-corrected tumor maxSUV for different stages; different T, N, or M descriptors; tumors without evidence of spread (NM) versus tumors with nodal spread (N1,2,3M); or tumors without spread (NM) versus all others. Conclusions: We found an association between tumor stage and 18F-FDG maxSUV, but this relationship disappeared after correction of tumor uptake for lesion size. Therefore, if partial-volume-corrected 18F-FDG uptake is prognostic of NSCLC outcome, it is not on the basis of a relationship with tumor stage but through a different mechanism.
Liberation theology and the voice of the indigenous other in Guatemala

The legacy of the liberation theology in Guatemala is complex. Although it mobilized progressive Catholic forces at times, it has not overcome reactionary and conservative church elements. Most importantly, it has not proven entirely capable of rising above elitism, nor has it moved beyond paternalism toward Maya culture. La theologie de la liberation et la voix de l'alterite autochtone au Guatemala La theologie de la liberation a laisse au Guatemala un heritage complexe. Si en certaines occasions, elle a ete en mesure de mobiliser les forces catholiques progressistes, en revanche, elle n'a pas reussi a surmonter le courant reactionnaire et conservateur de l'Eglise. Qui plus est, elle s'est averee incapable de se detacher entierement des elites ou de rompre avec une attitude paternaliste a l'egard de la culture maya.
Declining Oxygen in the Northeast Pacific

AbstractClimate models predict a decrease in oceanic dissolved oxygen and a thickening of the oxygen minimum zone, associated with global warming. Comprehensive observational analyses of oxygen decline are challenging, given generally sparse historical data. The Newport hydrographic (NH) line off central Oregon is one of the few locations in the northeast Pacific with long oxygen records. Good quality data are available here primarily in two time blocks: 1960–71 and 1998–present. Standard sampling extends from midshelf (bottom depth of 58 m) to 157 km offshore (bottom depth of 2880 m). Shipboard measurements have been supplemented in recent years (2006–present) with data from autonomous underwater gliders. Oxygen declines significantly over this 50-yr period across the entire NH line. In addition to decrease in the vicinity of the oxygen minimum depth (~800 m), oxygen decreases across a range of density surfaces σθ = 26–27 within the thermocline, in the depth range 100–550 m. A core of decreasing oxygen (...
Nanoparticle-Structured Highly Sensitive and Anisotropic Gauge Sensors.

The ability to tune gauge factors in terms of magnitude and orientation is important for wearable and conformal electronics. Herein, a sensor device is described which is fabricated by assembling and printing molecularly linked thin films of gold nanoparticles on flexible microelectrodes with unusually high and anisotropic gauge factors. A sharp difference in gauge factors up to two to three orders of magnitude between bending perpendicular (B⊥) and parallel (B||) to the current flow directions is observed. The origin of the unusual high and anisotropic gauge factors is analyzed in terms of nanoparticle size, interparticle spacing, interparticle structure, and other parameters, and by considering the theoretical aspects of electron conduction mechanism and percolation pathway. A critical range of resistivity where a very small change in strain and the strain orientation is identified to impact the percolation pathway in a significant way, leading to the high and anisotropic gauge factors. The gauge anisotropy stems from molecular and nanoscale fine tuning of interparticle properties of molecularly linked nanoparticle assembly on flexible microelectrodes, which has important implication for the design of gauge sensors for highly sensitive detection of deformation in complex sensing environment or on complex curved surfaces such as wearable electronics and skin sensors.
Description of the Larval Instars of Lixadmontia franki (Diptera: Tachinidae)

We describe the larval stages of Lixadmontia franki Wood & Cave (Diptera: Tachinidae). The fly is a specialist parasitoid of bromeliad-eating weevils and a potential biological control agent for controlling an invasive bromeliad-eating weevil, Metamasius callizona (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Florida. Morphological characteristics that can be used to distinguish the instars of L. franki, including the mouth hook and cephalopharyngeal skeleton, body size and color, spinulae patterns, and presence and structure of spiracles, are described, measured, and illustrated. Fly larvae live in the host’s body cavity and attach their caudal end to the host’s tracheal tubes. The first instar builds a respiratory funnel and the second instar remains attached to the same point and builds upon the funnel. The third instar does not build upon the respiratory funnel. The third instar disconnects from the respiratory funnel shortly before exiting the host. First and second instars are metapneustic, but the third instar is amphipneustic.
Multivariate Distances and Multivariate Classification Systems Using Non-Metric Traits in Biological Studies

Multivariate statistical measures of biological distance utilizing non-metric traits on the human cranium was first explored by Berry and Berry (1967) utilizing the multivariate statistics developed by C.A.B. Smith and known as the Grewal-Smith statistic (Grewal, 1962). By 1975 attempts were being made in the classification of human crania by means of non-metric traits in order to assign one or some few individuals into a parent or larger group (SjOvold, 1975; Finnegan, 1975). However, these first attempts at classification utilized very cumbersome statistics (hypergeometric probabilities), and the methods had a high rate of mis-classification. The “tally” method (Anderson, 1968) was also utilized, but did not provide the accuracy in classification that Anderson had originally achieved.