cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steady state detached solidification of water at zero gravity

Steady-state detached solidification of water was calculated using the Moving Meniscus Model. Similar to the experimental observation of many materials in microgravity, detached solidification of water is predicted to occur in a sealed ampoule at zero gravity under proper conditions. For steady detachment, the freezing rate must exceed a critical value, Henry's constant of the dissolved gas must be below a critical value, the temperature of the top of the water must be below a critical value, the contact angle of water on the ampoule wall must exceed a critical value, and the diffusion coefficient must exceed a critical value. Each critical value depends on the physical properties and the other operating conditions. Thus different results are obtained for InSb and water. The critical gas pressure above the melt for water is much smaller than for InSb, the critical freezing rate is larger for water, and the critical contact angle of the melt on the ampoule wall is larger for water. For the gases examined here, the solubilities of Ar, N2 and Ne in water are sufficient for detachment to occur, while the solubility of He is not.
Estrogen prevents glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in osteoblasts in vivo and in vitro.

The ability of estrogen to prevent glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in osteoblasts was studied both in vitro and in vivo. Glucocorticoid treatment for 72 h produced a dose-dependent increase in the number of apoptotic cells, determined by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, with a maximal response of 31 6 2% and 26 6 3% with 100 nM corticosterone in primary rat and mouse osteoblasts, respectively. Simultaneous administration of varying concentrations of 17b-estradiol and 100 nM corticosterone decreased apoptotic osteoblasts in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximal decrease of 70% with 0.01 nM 17b-estradiol. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxy-UTP-biotin nick end labeling also demonstrated glucocorticoidinduced DNA fragmentation that was inhibited by estrogen. Estrogen was shown to inhibit apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment. As early as 6 h, Western blots demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, which reached a minimum of 0.18 in osteoblasts treated with 1000 nM corticosterone for 72 h. This reduction in Bcl-2/Bax was abolished by treating osteoblasts simultaneously with 17b-estradiol, but not with 17a-estradiol. In 7-day-old mice, administration of varying concentrations of dexamethasone for 72 h resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the number of apoptotic osteoblasts as demonstrated by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxy-UTP-biotin nick end labeling staining of calvaria. A maximum of 22 6 1% apoptotic osteoblasts on the bone surface was found with 1 mg/kg BW dexamethasone compared with 2 6 1% in vehicle-treated mice. Injection of varying concentrations of 17b-estradiol (0.5‐5 mg/kg BW), but not 17a-estradiol, with 1 mg/kg dexamethasone produced a dose-dependent decrease in the number of apoptotic osteoblasts to 5 6 1% with 5 mg/kg 17b-estradiol. Thus, glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of osteoblasts may be prevented at least in part by 17b-estradiol. (Endocrinology 140: 5339 ‐5347, 1999)
A Numerical Study of the Effect of Island Terrain on Tropical Cyclones

Abstract A triply nested, movable mesh model was used to study the behavior of tropical cyclones encountering island mountain ranges. The integration domain consisted of a 37° wide and 45° long channel, with an innermost mesh resolution of 1/6°. The storms used for this study were embedded in easterly flows of ∼5 and ∼10 m s−1 initially. Realistic distributions of island topography at 1/6° resolution were inserted into the model domain for the region of the Caribbean, including the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico; the island of Taiwan; and the region of Luzon in the northern Philippines. It was found that the islands affected the basic flow as well as the wind field directly associated with the storm system. The combination of these effects caused changes in the track and translational speed of the storm. In particular, in the case of the 5 m s−1 easterly flow, the storm accelerated and veered to the north well before reaching Taiwan. For the other island distributions, the northward deflecti...
The efficacy of paroxetine and placebo in treating anxiety and depression: a meta-analysis of change on the Hamilton Rating Scales.

Background Previous meta-analyses of published and unpublished trials indicate that antidepressants provide modest benefits compared to placebo in the treatment of depression; some have argued that these benefits are not clinically significant. However, these meta-analyses were based only on trials submitted for the initial FDA approval of the medication and were limited to those aimed at treating depression. Here, for the first time, we assess the efficacy of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) in the treatment of both anxiety and depression, using a complete data set of all published and unpublished trials sponsored by the manufacturer. Methods and Findings GlaxoSmithKline has been required to post the results for all sponsored clinical trials online, providing an opportunity to assess the efficacy of an SSRI (paroxetine) with a complete data set of all trials conducted. We examined the data from all placebo-controlled, double-blind trials of paroxetine that included change scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HRSA) and/or the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). For the treatment of anxiety (k = 12), the efficacy difference between paroxetine and placebo was modest (d = 0.27), and independent of baseline severity of anxiety. Overall change in placebo-treated individuals replicated 79% of the magnitude of paroxetine response. Efficacy was superior for the treatment of panic disorder (d = 0.36) than for generalized anxiety disorder (d = 0.20). Published trials showed significantly larger drug-placebo differences than unpublished trials (d’s = 0.32 and 0.17, respectively). In depression trials (k = 27), the benefit of paroxetine over placebo was consistent with previous meta-analyses of antidepressant efficacy (d = 0.32). Conclusions The available empirical evidence indicates that paroxetine provides only a modest advantage over placebo in treatment of anxiety and depression. Treatment implications are discussed.
The Fast Firing of the Ferroelectric Relaxor Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3).02 (Mg1/2 W1/2 ).48 Zr.23 Ti.27O3

The possibility of fast firing a relaxor dielectric to suppress grain growth, mitigate the lead loss and reduce the cost of sintering has been investigated. The relaxor Pb(Mn 1/3 Nb 2/3 ). 02 (Mg 1/2 W 1/2 ) .48 Zr .23 Ti .27 O 3 [1] exhibits a highly desirable broad phase transistion range when the prbcessing procedures are carefully controlled and fired conventionally. When fast fired, this material's density, percentage of secondary phases, and dielectric constant were highly dependent on the sintering time. A sample fired for 6 minutes possessed a dielectric constant nearly equal to the same material conventionally fired for 16 hours.
Drain Current Centric Modality: Instrumentation and Evaluation of ISFET for Monitoring Myocardial Ischemia Like Variations in pH and Potassium Ion Concentration

Variations in concentrations of ions in biological systems can be important events in the onset of a physiological disorder. In an episode of myocardial ischemia, acidosis and elevation of potassium ion concentration has been observed in the extra-cellular matrix of the myocardium. As a spectrum of markers, they can help detect onset of ischemia as well as infarctions. In this study, Flexible Organic Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors (ISFETs) have been characterized to detect Ischemia-like variations in pH and potassium ion concentration. Detection capabilities, of the sensors, have been shown as pure chemical concentration to current signal transduction of the ISFET. Independent of peripheral amplifier-converter circuits, they are standalone sensors. The sensors have been evaluated for their sensitivity and signal resolution. Calibration expression, following a thermo-electric model for device operation, represents an explicit relations between transistor drain current and ion concentrations. Signal conditioning, by normalization, has been attempted to make the calibration expression explicit in ion-concentration. Finally a reliable detection strategy, in differential mode, is proposed for a reference electrode free device.
Ab-Initio-Based Atomistic Potentials and Application to Metallic Surface and Interface Structures

In this paper we present a new ab initio technique for developing atomistic potentials designed for dynamic study of transition metal intermetallics and alloys; and we give an illustrative application of that technique to the behavior of NiAl. The fact that crystals exhibit plasticity shows the importance of modeling potentials which give a correct energetic description of materials under large deformation. We will show that total energy calculations within density functional theory (DFT) provide a flexible way to develop potentials with wide applicability. Starting from a simple mathematical transformation between atomic volume and a local variable function, developing these potentials relies on density functional theory (DFT) total energy calculations. The potential parameters in the model are determined by fitting energy surfaces resulting from total energy calculations within DFT on crystals at zero temperature. We have already successfully applied this model to study thermal properties of nickel-rich alloys1,2. Here, after discussing the development of the potential, we discuss the calculation of some surface and interface properties of NiAl using this model potential to check its quality. Excellent results are obtained compared with both DFT ab initio calculations and experiment. We then present results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of tensile deformation performed on unalloyed NiAl crystals with and without a simple defect structure (simulated grain boundary). Details of the atomic motion have been followed and will be illustrated in the case of plastic deformation.
Mapping public ambivalence in public engagement with science: implications for democratizing the governance of fracking technologies in the USA

Scholars of science governance continue to grapple with the question: by what means can public perspectives—including dissenting public voices and local forms of knowledge—be effectively sought out and influentially integrated into the governance of new or evolving science and technology? A particular challenge exists regarding how to interpret and incorporate the public ambivalence toward specific technologies often found in public deliberation research. This paper explores the possibility that the measurement and mapping of diverse forms of public ambivalence can serve as a tool for identifying public concerns and conditions of acceptance for new technologies. Potential applications to democratize the governance of fracking technologies in the USA are discussed.
STM-QCM Studies of Vapor Phase Lubricants

Vapor phase lubricants have been studied for well over 40 years, generally within the context of macroscopic system performance. Nonetheless, they may well prove to be of critical importance to the tribological performance of MEMS devices, since the vapor phase may ultimately prove to be an effective, and perhaps exclusive, means to deliver and/or replenish lubricants. With the intent of developing a realistic laboratory test set-up for actual MEMS contacts, we have combined a Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). The STM-QCM allows unique and detailed investigations of the simple nanomechanical system formed by a contacting tip and surface. Both STM images of the contact and the response of the QCM are monitored throughout the course of the measurements, which are performed in realistic sliding conditions of over 1 m/s. We report here on both (vapor phase) lubricated and non-lubricated contact.
FIQT: a simple, powerful method to accurately estimate effect sizes in genome scans

Genome scans, including both genome-wide association studies and deep sequencing, continue to discover a growing number of significant association signals for various traits. However, often variants meeting genome-wide significance criteria explain far less of the overall trait variance than “sub-threshold” association signals. To extract these sub-threshold signals, there is a need for methods which accurately estimate the mean of all (normally-distributed) test-statistics from a genome scan (i.e., Z-scores). This is currently achieved by the difficult procedures of adjusting all Z-score (χ_1^2) statistics for “winner’s curse” (multiple testing). Given that multiple testing adjustments are much simpler for p-values, we propose a method for estimating Z-scores means by i) first adjusting their p-values for multiple testing and then ii) transforming the adjusted p-values to upper tail Z-scores with the sign of the original statistics. Because a False Discovery Rate (FDR) procedure is used for multiple testing adjustment, we denote this method FDR Inverse Quantile Transformation (FIQT). When compared to competitors, e.g. Empirical Bayes (including proposed improvements), FIQT is more i) accurate and ii) computationally efficient by orders of magnitude. Its accuracy advantage is substantial at larger sample sizes and/or moderate numbers of association signals. Practical application of FIQT to Z-scores from the first Psychiatric Genetic Consortium (PGC) schizophrenia predicts a non-trivial fraction of the significant signal regions from the subsequent published PGC schizophrenia studies. Finally, we suggest that FIQT might be i) used to improve subject level risk prediction and ii) further improved by modelling the noncentrality of χ_1^2 statistics.
Clinical Analysis of 1376 children with accidental injury

Objective To analysis the characteristics and the risk factors of accidental injury in children. Methods The injury type, distribution of age and associated risk factors in 1376 children with accidental injury were analyzed. These patient were admitted to our hospital (departments of internal medicine, surgery, otorhinolaryngology and ophthalmology) from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2006. Accidental injury were diagnosed according to International Classification Disease 10. Results Trauma is the major type of children accidental injury(72.67%). Most of the accidental injury happened in summer(35.6%). The location where it were prone to happen were playground(21.8%)and home(15.3%). Most of the children were aged from 0 to 3 years old. Airway foreign bodies and burns were markedly under the influence of age. Conclusions Accidental injury is a severe threatens to children's health. Risk factors include environment, season and age. Different accidental injury had its own characteristic. Most accidental injury could be prevented by increasing the awareness of safety and taking corresponding measure.
Selected Contribution: Phrenic long-term facilitation requires 5-HT receptor activation during but not following episodic hypoxia

Episodic hypoxia evokes a sustained augmentation of respiratory motor output known as long-term facilitation (LTF). Phrenic LTF is prevented by pretreatment with the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) rece...
Spontaneous hyphema and pupillary block in a patient with a left ventricular assist device

The left ventricular assist device (LVAD) has been a standard of care for the management of patients with advanced heart failure since the 1990s. An increased risk of spontaneous bleeding related to the device has been noted, ranging from minor epistaxis to major thoracic and mediastinal hemorrhages. To our knowledge, intraocular hemorrhage has not been previously reported. We report a 72-year-old patient with an LVAD who subsequently developed a spontaneous intraocular hemorrhage that manifested as hyphema, pupillary block, and acute intraocular pressure elevation.
THE FATES OF HIP/KNEE CANDIDAL PERIPROSTHETIC JOINT INFECTION

Background Fungal infection at an arthroplasty site is rare and poses a therapeutic challenge. To the best of our knowledge, no reports have been published thus far on the success rate of prosthesis reimplantation after fungal prosthetic joint infections. Questions/purposes We asked: (1) What is the success rate in terms of infection eradication using a two-stage exchange arthroplasty in patients with hip or knee fungal periprosthetic joint infections, particularly focusing on Candida infections? (2) What patient-, infection-, and treatment-related variables are associated with the success or failure of treatment? Methods From January 2000 to December 2010, 16 patients with hip or knee candidal periprosthetic joint infections were treated with two-stage exchange arthroplasty at our institute. Treatment success was defined as a well-functioning joint without relapse of candidal infection after prosthesis reimplantation, while treatment failure was defined as uncontrolled or a relapse of candidal infection or mortality. Variables, including age, sex, comorbidities, microbiology, antimicrobial agents used, and operative methods, were analyzed. Minimum followup was 28 months (mean, 41 months; range, 28–90 months). Results At latest followup, the treatment failed to eradicate the infection in eight of the 16 patients, and there were four deaths related to fungemia. Four patients required permanent resection arthroplasty owing to uncontrolled or recurrent candidal infections. All eight patients (50% successful rate) who had their infections eradicated and successful prosthesis reimplantation had prolonged treatment with oral fluconazole before (mean, 8 months) and after (mean, 2.2 months) prosthesis reimplantation. The antifungal therapy correlated with successful treatment. Renal insufficiency, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were significantly more prevalent in the treatment-failure group than in the treatment-success group. Conclusions Half of the patients treated with two-stage exchange arthroplasty for fungal periprosthetic joint infections had recurrence or lack of control of the infection. A prolonged antifungal therapy appeared to be essential for successful treatment of candidal periprosthetic joint infections. The presence of renal insufficiency, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease might be associated with a poor outcome.
Nonlinear and plasmo-electronic metasurfaces using plasmonic nanoantennas

Optical nanoantennas [1–4] formed by single or paired metallic nanoparticles have been recently demonstrated to efficiently couple the propagating light into and from deeply subwavelength volumes beyond the diffraction limit. The strong light-matter interaction mediated by collective oscillations of surface plasmons polaritons in metal may allow for manipulation of photon absorption, emission, and localization at the nanoscale. Here we theoretically study the nanodipole antennas with nano/subnano feedgaps (less than 3 nm), for which the multiphoton-assisted tunneling or internal photoemission may give rise to a set of quantum conductivities and polarizing currents at the fundamental frequency and its high harmonics [2]. More interestingly, these quantum conductivities and associated optical nonlinearities can be dramatically enhanced by the plasmonic resonance and strong field localization in the nanogap between two metallic dipole arms. In this talk, we will present the design and semiclassical modeling of nonlinear and reconfigurable optical metasurfaces formed by a planar array of “quantum-plasmonic” nanoantennas. We show that optical nonlinearities sourced from higher-order quantum conductivities may be boosted by the plasmonic resonance and mutual coupling of nonlinear nanoantennas. We will discuss several exciting applications of the proposed quantum-plasmonic structures, including the efficient frequency multiplication at the nanoscale, the dynamic resistive switching for holographic imaging, and the ultrafast rectification of infrared radiation for emissive energy harvesting.
Effects of Nitrite and Sorbate on Bacterial Populations in Frankfurters and Thuringer Cervelat

Four batches of frankfurter emulsion were prepared with no additives, 0.26% potassium sorbate, 140 ppm of sodium nitrite plus 550 ppm of sodium isoascorbate, and 40 ppm sodium nitrite plus 0.26% potassium sorbate plus 550 ppm sodium isoascorbate, and processed. Five batches of thuringer cervelat emulsion were prepared with no additives, 0.26% potassium sorbate, 156 ppm of sodium nitrite, 78 ppm of sodium nitrite plus 0.26% potassium sorbate, and 78 ppm of sodium nitrite plus 156 ppm of sodium nitrate, and processed. The finished products were stored aerobically and bacterial growth patterns were monitored. At 20 C, presence of sodium nitrite and potassium sorbate, separately or together, in the frankfurters were without appreciable effect on total aerobic, total anaerobic, gram-positive, and lactobacillus-pediococcus counts, although at 7 to 9 C these additives moderately lowered bacterial counts. Bacterial counts of the thuringer cervelat were not affected by sodium nitrite, potassium sorbate or sodium nitrate at either temperature. Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens were inoculated into all emulsions before further processing to determine if the modified cures, or possible changes in normal microflora, influenced these pathogens. S. aureus was reduced to below detectable levels after heat-processing in all systems. C. perfringens survived processing and then underwent equally slow death in all stored frankfurter emulsions, and stabilization of counts in thuringer cervelat emulsions. Results indicate that the modified cures did not appreciably alter the natural microflora of these products, nor survival of added pathogens.
Opto-coherent-electronics in graphene: photocurrent direction switching based on illumination wavelength

Recent plasmonics experiments focus light to 10 nm focal spots. We show that with such illumination, electrostatically gated graphene nanoribbon photoconductors produce photocurrents whose direction depends on illumination wavelength.
Guidelines for Transfer to Specialized Centers

Prompt treatment after ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is often not possible at the presenting center and transfer to specialized care is necessary. Many hospitals do not have systems in place to expediently transfer such patients, and professional standards are yet to achieve widespread implementation. This chapter will discuss the fundamentals of transfer for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, including the current state of emergency department (ED) deaths, transfer, patient selection challenges, key components of effective regionalization of care, optimizing care during transfer, the potential benefits of best-practice guidelines, and future directions to address these goals.
Aligning National Interest with Trump's Business Interests: A Fair Solution to Potential Conflicts of Interest

Certain lawyers are asking the president-elect Trump and family to sell all his assets including vast world-wide real estate at fire-sale prices and place the proceeds in a blind trust or US Treasury bonds. This will be very disruptive, unfair and may discourage future global entrepreneurs from seeking US presidency. This article offers a fair solution which does not require any sale of assets using some insights from economic theory and Foreign Gifts and Decorations Act of 1966. Aligning the interest of the American people with that Trump family can be accomplished by requiring the Trump family to forfeit all ‘excess’ gain in their net worth to the US treasury. Accountants at the IRS should be able to estimate what the Trumps might have earned, had Mr. Trump not been the president and hence estimate the excess, if any, at the end of his term.
Ultrasonic vocalization production and playback predicts intrapair and extrapair social behaviour in a monogamous mouse

Most studies examining rodent ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) have investigated pericopulatory vocal behaviour in polygynous rodents, while vocalizations related to pair bond maintenance in monogamous rodents remain unexplored. In the monogamous California mouse, Peromyscus californicus, we used ultrasonic playbacks and post-playback social interactions to assess possible functions of USVs. We found that females responded with approach towards USVs of an unfamiliar male (bonded male from another pair) compared to a noise control, but displayed no difference in response to calls of their partner versus noise. Responsiveness to unfamiliar males does not appear to reflect an interest in extrapair copulations because during post-playback social interactions, females displayed more agonistic behaviours and fewer affiliative behaviours towards unfamiliar, sexually naive ‘stranger’ males than towards their partners. We speculate that approach to unfamiliar male USVs instead may be related to territorial defence. We further explored associations within the data set. Interestingly, female affiliation with her partner was predicted by USV output, particularly a higher number and proportion of complex call types, produced during the male partner USV elicitation phase. Female approach towards USVs was related to syllable duration of one call type in partner USVs (not in unfamiliar USVs) but no other features, and sufficient variation exists in syllable duration to allow females to theoretically distinguish between individuals based on this measure. Similarly, while pregnancy state did not influence female social behaviour, it decreased approach to playback of partner USVs but not to that of unfamiliar USVs. Overall, our results illuminate concepts about vocal communication in monogamous rodent species with strong pair bonds and suggest that functions of USVs in rodents can extend beyond mate choice.
Discontinued Operations and Turnover Among Top Executives

While previous research has suggested the coincidence of CEO turnover and real changes in firm operations such as discontinued operations, we demonstrate that such findings apply only to specific types of CEO turnover, and only if other top executives also exit the firm. Categorizing specific reasons for CEO departure, the strongest effect is for cases of resignation by the CEO; but this occurs only for CEO resignations that are accompanied by the departure of other top executives. We also find real effects linked to turnover by top executives even if the CEO does not leave. Thus, our analysis highlights the key role of departures of top executives other than the CEO in predicting changes in the direction of the firm. The results are consistent with agency-based theories that consider the turnover behavior of top executives, in particular that top managers may escalate commitment to a project in order to protect reputation.
Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 and Cocaine Abuse

Abuse of and addiction to psychostimulants, including cocaine, remains a medical challenge. Currently there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs to treat psychostimulant addiction. The investigation of novel drug targets to combat psychostimulant addiction remains a critical approach. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR 1) has recently been recognized as a novel drug target that plays an essential role in the modulation of drug abuse. This chapter presents existing preclinical evidence concerning the functional interactions between TAAR 1 and the dopaminergic system. As a new G-protein coupled receptor, TAAR 1 interacts with the dopamine transporter and dopamine D2 receptors dynamically. TAAR 1 knockout mice are hypersensitive to dopaminergic activation while TAAR 1 agonists reduce the neurochemical effects of psychostimulants including cocaine, attenuate a variety of addiction-related behavioral effects of cocaine and methamphetamine. The prevailing evidence strongly suggests that TAAR 1 agonists appear to be promising pharmacotherapies against psychostimulant addiction.
Moral hazard in investment and endogenous risk taking

Abstract I study a dynamic moral hazard model with endogenous risk taking, in which exposing the firm to greater risks could align the manager’s private benefit with that of the owner and thus enhance the incentive provision.
The direct basal ganglia pathway is hyperfunctional in focal dystonia

See Fujita and Eidelberg (doi:10.1093/brain/awx305) for a scientific commentary on this article. Focal dystonias are the most common type of isolated dystonia. Although their causative pathophysiology remains unclear, it is thought to involve abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuitry. We used high-resolution research tomography with the radioligand 11C-NNC-112 to examine striatal dopamine D1 receptor function in two independent groups of patients, writer’s cramp and laryngeal dystonia, compared to healthy controls. We found that availability of dopamine D1 receptors was significantly increased in bilateral putamen by 19.6–22.5% in writer’s cramp and in right putamen and caudate nucleus by 24.6–26.8% in laryngeal dystonia (all P ≤ 0.009). This suggests hyperactivity of the direct basal ganglia pathway in focal dystonia. Our findings paralleled abnormally decreased dopaminergic function via the indirect basal ganglia pathway and decreased symptom-induced phasic striatal dopamine release in writer’s cramp and laryngeal dystonia. When examining topological distribution of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor abnormalities in these forms of dystonia, we found abnormal separation of direct and indirect pathways within the striatum, with negligible, if any, overlap between the two pathways and with the regions of phasic dopamine release. However, despite topological disorganization of dopaminergic function, alterations of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors were somatotopically localized within the striatal hand and larynx representations in writer’s cramp and laryngeal dystonia, respectively. This finding points to their direct relevance to disorder-characteristic clinical features. Increased D1 receptor availability showed significant negative correlations with dystonia duration but not its severity, likely representing a developmental endophenotype of this disorder. In conclusion, a comprehensive pathophysiological mechanism of abnormal basal ganglia function in focal dystonia is built upon upregulated dopamine D1 receptors that abnormally increase excitation of the direct pathway, downregulated dopamine D2 receptors that abnormally decrease inhibition within the indirect pathway, and weakened nigro-striatal phasic dopamine release during symptomatic task performance. Collectively, these aberrations of striatal dopaminergic function underlie imbalance between direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways and lead to abnormal thalamo-motor-cortical hyperexcitability in dystonia.
Late life socioeconomic status and hypertension in an aging cohort: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

Objective To investigate the association between individual and area-level socioeconomic status and hypertension risk among individuals later in life. Methods We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association of socioeconomic status with incident hypertension using race-specific neighborhood socioeconomic status, median household income, and education among 3372 participants (mean age, 61 years) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study at Visit 4 (1996-1998). Incident hypertension was defined as self-reported diagnosis or reported use of antihypertensive medications. Results Over a median follow-up time of 9.4 years, there were 1874 new cases of hypertension (62.1 per 1000 person-years). Overall, being in high as compared with low socioeconomic status categories was associated with a lower risk of developing hypertension in late life, with hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 0.87 (0.77-0.98) for high neighborhood socioeconomic status tertile, 0.79 (0.69-0.90) for high individual income, and 0.75 (0.63-0.89) for college education after adjustment for traditional risk factors. These findings were consistent and robust whenever accounting for competing risks of all-cause mortality. No significant interactions by race and age (dichotomized at age 65) were observed. Conclusion Among participants free of hypertension in midlife, high neighborhood and individual socioeconomic status are associated with a decreased risk of incident hypertension. Our findings support population-level interventions, such as blood pressure screening at senior centers and faith-based organizations, that are tailored to shift the distribution of blood pressure and reduce hypertension health inequalities among older adults.
Review of The Application of Statistics to Policy Analysis and Management: An Introduction

(2010). Review of The Application of Statistics to Policy Analysis and Management: An Introduction. Journal of Public Affairs Education: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 313-317.
The geometry of the elementary catastrophes: (2). The hyperbolic and elliptic umbilics

This paper presents a description of the geometry of the two three-dimensional singularities which are stable with respect to variation of the families of potentials giving rise to them, though not with respect to perturbation directly of the map. They arise from three dimensional families of potentials with domain or "behavior space" at least two dimensional hence their full geometry is essentially five-dimensional.
Nitric oxide as a mediator of interleukin-2 induced cardiovascular toxicity and antitumor activity

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a 15 kDa cytokine which is primarily synthesized by activated T lymphocytes. IL-2 activates lymphocytes via a well-characterized heterotrimeric receptor [1, 2], and therefore plays a central role in the development of cell-mediated immunity [3]. Low concentrations (10–100 IU/ml) of IL-2 in the presence of appropriately processed and presented antigenic peptides appear to be critical for activation of cytolytic lymphocytes, as well as in clonal expansion of these effector cells [4].
The Social Psychiatric Setting

How these two fundamental aspects of the human condition—man segregate and man congregate—conjoin to influence the emotional well-being of persons and groups is the essence of social psychiatry. Despite some controversy about its status and some continuous conceptual and semantic confusion, interest in social psychiatry has been growing recently, especially since the early 1950s. It received an impetus from the social concerns generated by the disruptions of World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II. Historically, interest in social psychiatry stems from the age-old belief that mental illness is a product of civilization, a viewpoint that was expressed by the ancients—Democritus in the fifth century b.c. and Lucretius 400 years later. From early on, astute observers of the human condition have recognized that the individual and the collectivity are inseparable and that man’s mental state is influenced by what is happening to mankind.
Residual Stress in CVD Diamond Films

Abstract The nature and magnitude of residual stress in CVD diamond films as a function of substrate temperature were measured by the x-ray diffraction technique. Films were prepared on polycrystalline tungsten by the hot filament method in a bell jar system. Film growth rate shows a maximum around 1223 K. Film morphology changes from cubic to octahedral as temperature increases. Amount of non-diamond carbon in the films is proportional to growth rate. Residual stress is tensile in nature and increases mildly with increasing substrate temperature.
Measuring Attitudes toward Mathematics? Some Questions to Consider.

In the last decade or two educators have become more and more concerned with the affective outcomes of educational programs. The development of a positive attitude toward the subject being studied is probably one of today's most prevalent educational goals. Many teachers believe that a student's attitudes toward a school subject will affect that student's achievement in the subject. Although all teachers are interested in pupils' attitudes toward the subject they are teaching, teachers of mathematics are particularly concerned about pupils' feelings about their subject because mathematics has a reputation for being unpopular. Zacharias
Conclusions and Panel Discussion

The chapters in the current volume represent the proceedings from the conference titled “Trauma-Informed Schools: How Child Maltreatment Prevention, Detection, and Intervention can be integrated into the School Setting,” which were framed within the core elements of a trauma-informed school system framework. The final session of the conference consisted of an open discussion that engaged audience members in a dialogue with panel members regarding the next steps toward promoting and implementing a trauma-informed framework in schools. The remainder of this chapter is a summary of the panel discussion, which covered topics that include promoting cross-system collaboration and partnerships with communities and families, addressing concerns around stigma, providing teacher support, addressing assessments, linking school policies, and providing strategies and resources for teachers. This chapter serves as a starting point in discussing how to begin the process of incorporating trauma-informed ideals into schools.
Water vapor capturing using an array of traveling liquid beads for desalination and water treatment

Growing concern over the scarcity of freshwater motivates the development of compact and economic vapor capture methods for distributed thermal desalination or harvesting of water. We report a study of water vapor condensation on cold liquid beads traveling down a massive array of vertical cotton threads that act as pseudo-superhydrophilic surfaces. These liquid beads form through intrinsic flow instability and offer localized high-curvature surfaces that enhance vapor diffusion toward the liquid surface, a critical rate-limiting step. As the liquid flow rate increases, the bead spacing decreases, whereas the bead size and speed stay nearly constant. The resulting increase in the spatial bead density leads to mass transfer conductances and hence condensation rates per volume that are almost three times higher than the best reported values. Parallel and contiguous gas flow paths also result in a substantial reduction in gas pressure drop and hence electric fan power consumption.
De-colonizing the Future

Nonetheless, I am going to start at “the end,” with “talk about relationships of a political nature.” This is a call to de-colonize the future. You will see soon enough, I hope, that I fully agree that “personal” reform is as important as “political programs”. I just don’t believe that we can—or should—start at one “end” and neglect the other. That isn’t the way to do it partly, because the relationship is not linear. It is cyclical and symbiotic.
Effect of Chronic Endogenous Antigen Stimulation on CAR T Cell Persistence and Memory Formation

Abstract Adoptive transfer of T cells, genetically modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), targeting CD19 induce remission in 70-90% of pediatric patients with relapsed and/or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Despite enthusiasm for the effectiveness of CAR therapy, emerging data indicate a substantial number of patients relapse, suggesting this is the next obstacle to be addressed as CAR T cell therapy is incorporated into standard treatment paradigms. Clinical observations have correlated the persistence of CAR T cells with achievement of long term remission and, ultimately, curative therapy. CD19 CAR T cells are continuously exposed to their cognate antigen in the form of newly formed B cell precursors. While CD19 CAR T cells can be identified in a subset of patients for months to years after infusion, it is currently unknown if the functionality and persistence of these CAR T cells are antigen independent like “classic” T cell memory. CAR T cell biology cannot be systematically evaluated in xenograft models. Thus, we evaluated the factors required for CAR T cell persistence in an immunocompetent, syngeneic murine model using CAR T cells expressing a second-generation anti-CD19 scfv/CD28/CD3ζ CAR to treat the pre-B ALL leukemia cell line E2aPbx. Mice treated with CD19 CAR T cells cleared established leukemia in a primary response and, up to several months later, re-expanded and cleared multiple re-challenges of E2aPbx. Furthermore, persistent CAR T cells from mice previously cured by CAR T cells were transferred into a leukemia bearing recipient and demonstrated superior expansion compared to primary CAR T cells (p=0.007) and mediated the complete clearance of established leukemia (p=0.001, survival relative mock). These data demonstrate there is a persistent, functional population of CAR T cells capable of re-expansion and clearance of secondary or tertiary leukemia similar to memory T cells. As these experiments evaluated CD19 CAR T cells in the presence of constant antigenic stimulation by CD19-expressing B cell precursors, the extent to which antigen exposure is required, for CAR T cell persistence, remains unclear. We established a model of CD19 replete (Ag+, WT) and deficient (Ag-, CD19KO) hosts to evaluate the role of antigen dependence of CAR T cell persistence. Results showed, CD8+ CAR T cells equally expanded during the primary immune response to leukemia regardless of the presence/absence of CD19 (p=0.90); however, there was higher expansion of CD4+ CAR T cells in Ag- recipients (p=0.031). Interestingly, in the absence of host-derived CD19+ B cells (Ag-) there was faster clearance of leukemia when compared to Ag+ mice at day 4 post infusion (p=0.015). However, CD19 deficient (Ag-) hosts had a complete absence of CD4+ CAR T cells at 45 days post infusion (P Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A Multidisciplinary Head-to-Head Comparison of American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging and Reporting Data System and American Thyroid Association Ultrasound Risk Stratification Systems.

BACKGROUND Ultrasound plays a critical role in evaluating thyroid nodules. We compared the performance of the two most popular ultrasound malignancy risk stratification systems, the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines and the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging and Reporting Data System (ACR TI-RADS). MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified 250 thyroid nodules that were surgically removed from 137 patients. Their ultrasound images were independently rated using both ATA and ACR TI-RADS by six raters with expertise in ultrasound interpretation. For each system, we generated a receiver operating characteristic curve and calculated the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS Sixty-five (26%) nodules were malignant. There was "fair agreement" among raters for both ATA and ACR TI-RADS. Our observed malignancy risks for ATA and ACR TI-RADS categories were similar to expected risk thresholds with a few notable exceptions including the intermediate ATA risk category and the three highest risk categories for ACR TI-RADS. Biopsy of 226 of the 250 nodules would be indicated by ATA guidelines based on nodule size and mean ATA rating. One hundred forty-six nodules would be biopsied based on ACR TI-RADS. The sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values were 92%, 10%, 79%, and 27%, respectively, for ATA and 74%, 47%, 84%, and 33%, respectively, for ACR TI-RADS. The AUC for ATA was 0.734 and for ACR TI-RADS was 0.718. CONCLUSION Although both systems demonstrated good diagnostic performance, ATA guidelines resulted in a greater number of thyroid biopsies and exhibited more consistent malignancy risk prediction for higher risk categories. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE With the rising incidence of thyroid nodules, the need for accurate detection of malignancy is important to avoid the overtreatment of benign nodules. Ultrasonography is one of the key tools for the evaluation of thyroid nodules, although the use of many different ultrasound risk stratification systems is a hindrance to clinical collaboration in everyday practice and the comparison of data in research. The first step toward the development of a universal thyroid nodule ultrasound malignancy risk stratification system is to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of the current systems in use.
Migrating mixedness: exploring mixed identity development in New York City

There is a wide range of research in the social sciences on mixed or multiracial identity, yet existing research in the United States looks primarily at the multiracial identity choices of U.S. bor...
Keeping pollen tubes on track.

A major question in plant reproduction is how pollen tubes perceive and decode female cues from the ovule for directional delivery of sperm cells. MILDEW RESISTANCE LOCUS-O proteins regulate pollen tube guidance by decoding ovular signals.
Probabilistic forecast of microcystin toxin using satellite remote sensing, in situ observations and numerical modeling

Abstract Lake Erie has experienced a resurgence of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) since the early 2000's dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa, which produce toxins known as microcystins. We develop an approach to predict the spatially- and temporally-resolved probability of exceeding a public health advisory (PHA) level (6 μg/L) of microcystins in the western basin of Lake Erie that would be suitable for use in a forecast system, consisting of 1) an existing HAB chlorophyll forecast system, 2) a toxin-chlorophyll-a relationship that is updated weekly from observations, and 3) a statistical model relating observed relative frequency of exceeding the PHA to model predictions over a hindcast period. We evaluate the system's performance and the system's useful level of skill. This novel approach to a CHAB toxin forecast system could provide a decision support tool to Lake Erie stakeholders, and the approach may be adapted to other systems.
Robust, transparent, superhydrophobic coatings using novel hydrophobic/hydrophilic dual-sized silica particles

Abstract Hypothesis The superhydrophobic lotus leaf has dual-scale surface structures, that is, nano-bumps on micro-mountains. Large hydrophilic particles, due to its high surface energy and weight, have high affility to substrates and tend to precipitate at the bottom of coating films. Small hydrophobic particles, due to its low surface energy and weight, tends to sit on the top of coating films and form porous structures. To mimic the lotus leaf surface, it may be possible to develop dual-sized particle films, in which small particles are decorated on large particles. Experiments A one-step spin coating of a mixture of dual-sized silica particles (55/200 nm) was used. Epoxy resin was added to improve the adhesion of particle films. The single-sized and dual-sized particle films were compared. The mechanical robustness of particle films was tested by tape peeling and droplet impact. Findings The novel combination of hydrophobic silica (55 nm) and hydrophilic silica (200 nm) is essential in creating the hierarchical structures. By combining the strong adhesion of hydrophilic silica (bottom of coating film) to polymer substrates and porous structures of hydrophobic silica (top of coating film), we first time report a one-step and versatile approach to create uniform, transparent, robust, and superhydrophobic surface.