cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Machine learning classification of OARSI-scored human articular cartilage using magnetic resonance imaging.

Summary Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of machine learning to discriminate between magnetic resonance images (MRI) of normal and pathological human articular cartilage obtained under standard clinical conditions. Method An approach to MRI classification of cartilage degradation is proposed using pattern recognition and multivariable regression in which image features from MRIs of histologically scored human articular cartilage plugs were computed using weighted neighbor distance using compound hierarchy of algorithms representing morphology (WND-CHRM). The WND-CHRM method was first applied to several clinically available MRI scan types to perform binary classification of normal and osteoarthritic osteochondral plugs based on the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) histological system. In addition, the image features computed from WND-CHRM were used to develop a multiple linear least-squares regression model for classification and prediction of an OARSI score for each cartilage plug. Results The binary classification of normal and osteoarthritic plugs yielded results of limited quality with accuracies between 36% and 70%. However, multiple linear least-squares regression successfully predicted OARSI scores and classified plugs with accuracies as high as 86%. The present results improve upon the previously-reported accuracy of classification using average MRI signal intensities and parameter values. Conclusion MRI features detected by WND-CHRM reflect cartilage degradation status as assessed by OARSI histologic grading. WND-CHRM is therefore of potential use in the clinical detection and grading of osteoarthritis.
Application of liquid crystal polymer films for photolithographic fabrication of 3D structures

In this paper, we demonstrate a silicon etching application of a holographically formed polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) photomask. H-PDLC is a periodically nanostructured material consisting of stratified layers of polymer and liquid crystal. Due to the natural random alignment of the liquid crystal axes with respect to the polymer layers, an index of refraction mismatch exists and a reflection occurs. Application of bias across the film aligns the liquid crystals and eliminates the index mismatch causing the film to become transparent. H-PDLC films have been shown to sufficiently attenuate the UV exposure dose in the photolithographic process when in the unbiased state, and can be electrically controlled to modulate the amount of UV transmission when electric field is applied. We show etch depth profiles of patterns masked on a silicon substrate using the H-PDLC photomask device compared with etch profiles of similar structures patterned with more conventional ink jet printed photomasks and chrome on quartz glass photomasks. We investigate reactive ion etching technique and potassium hydroxide wet etch technique.
Rapid Surface Motility in Bacillus subtilis Is Dependent on Extracellular Surfactin and Potassium Ion

Motility on surfaces is an important mechanism for bacterial colonization of new environments. In this report, we describe detection of rapid surface motility in the wild-type Bacillus subtilis Marburg strain, but not in several B. subtilis 168 derivatives. Motility involved formation of rapidly spreading dendritic structures, followed by profuse surface colonies if sufficient potassium ion was present. Potassium ion stimulated surfactin secretion, and the role of surfactin in surface motility was confirmed by deletion of a surfactin synthase gene. Significantly, this motility was independent of flagella. These results demonstrate that wild-type B. subtilis strains can use both swimming and sliding-type mechanisms to move across surfaces.
Synthesis of polystyrene-clay nanocomposites via emulsion polymerization using a reactive surfactant

Polystyrene-clay nanocomposites were synthesized via emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of montmorillonite particles and a reactive cationic surfactant as the emulsifier. The reactive surfactant, vinylbenzyldodecyldimethylammonium chloride (VDAC), was synthesized by the quaternization reaction of vinylbenzyl chloride with dimethyldodecylamine. Partially exfoliated nanocomposites were achieved as revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Polystyrene-clay nanocomposites prepared by emulsion polymerization have higher glass transition temperature and dynamic modulus than pure polystyrene.
Field and current distributions and ac losses in superconducting strips

In this paper I discuss analytic and numerical calculations of the magnetic-field and sheet-current distributions in superconducting strips of width $2a$ and arbitrary thickness $2b$ at the center when the cross-section is an ellipse, a rectangle, and a shape intermediate between these limits. Using critical-state theory, I use several methods to determine the functional dependence of the ac transport-current losses upon $F=I/{I}_{c}$, where $I$ is the peak alternating current and ${I}_{c}$ is the critical current, and I discuss how this dependence can be affected by the cross-sectional shape, aspect ratio, and a flux-density-dependent critical current density ${J}_{c}(B)$.
Victims, targets, protectors, and destroyers: Using disputant accounts to develop a grounded taxonomy of disputant orientations

Studies of dispute resolution have generally neglected the perspective of the disputant in favor of the perspective of the dispute handler. Exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect studies have addressed some of the circumstances under which individuals give voice to their grievances, but these have generally neglected the area of voice beyond offering predictions of when it will be used. This paper examines how forty-five disputants express voice as they pursue grievances through an ombud’s office. The data yielded a grounded taxonomy of disputant motivations with placement of blame and desired outcome as underlying dimensions. Seven categories of disputants emerged from the data: information seekers, exception seekers, victims, enforcers, protectors, targets, and destroyers. In addition to expanding our understanding of voice, the focus of this research on disputant accounts, motives, and desired courses of action has implications for the strategies dispute handlers choose in managing grievances and may lead to the development of better organizational disputing systems.
A method for energy-loss and range calculations based on empirical approximations

Abstract An empirical approximation for both the stopping power, d E d (ϱx) , and the range, R, which are functions of the energy E, have been suggested. These expressions are for use in the non-relativistic energy region and contain two parameters, C and α, which depend upon the projectile and target material. A program for calculating energy losses and tables of the parameters for light projectiles are presented.
Floral ecology and insect visitation in riparian Tamarix sp. (saltcedar)

Abstract Climate change projections for semiarid and arid North America include reductions in stream discharge that could adversely affect riparian plant species dependent on stream-derived ground water. In order to better understand this potential impact, we used a space-for-time substitution to test the hypotheses that increasing depth-to-groundwater (DGW) is inversely related to Tamarix sp. (saltcedar) flower abundance ( F ) and nectar production per flower ( N ). We also assessed whether DGW affected the richness or abundance of insects visiting flowers. We examined Tamarix floral attributes and insect visitation patterns during 2010 and 2011 at three locations along a deep DWG gradient (3.2–4.1 m) on a floodplain terrace adjacent to Las Vegas Wash, an effluent-dominated Mojave Desert stream. Flower abundance and insect visitation patterns differed between years, but no effect from DGW on either F or N was detected. An eruption of a novel non-native herbivore, the splendid tamarisk weevil ( Coniatus splendidulus ), likely reduced flower production in 2011.
A negative transthoracic echocardiogram obviates the need for transesophageal echocardiography in patients with suspected native valve active infective endocarditis

Abstract In conclusion, the major finding of our study is that in patients without prosthetic valves who have a technically adequate negative TTE, TEE is of little incremental value in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.
EuCAP, a Eukaryotic Community Annotation Package, and its application to the rice genome

Despite the improvements of tools for automated annotation of genome sequences, manual curation at the structural and functional level can provide an increased level of refinement to genome annotation. The Institute for Genomic Research Rice Genome Annotation (hereafter named the Osa1 Genome Annotation) is the product of an automated pipeline and, for this reason, will benefit from the input of biologists with expertise in rice and/or particular gene families. Leveraging knowledge from a dispersed community of scientists is a demonstrated way of improving a genome annotation. This requires tools that facilitate 1) the submission of gene annotation to an annotation project, 2) the review of the submitted models by project annotators, and 3) the incorporation of the submitted models in the ongoing annotation effort. We have developed the Eukaryotic Community Annotation Package (EuCAP), an annotation tool, and have applied it to the rice genome. The primary level of curation by community annotators (CA) has been the annotation of gene families. Annotation can be submitted by email or through the EuCAP Web Tool. The CA models are aligned to the rice pseudomolecules and the coordinates of these alignments, along with functional annotation, are stored in the MySQL EuCAP Gene Model database. Web pages displaying the alignments of the CA models to the Osa1 Genome models are automatically generated from the EuCAP Gene Model database. The alignments are reviewed by the project annotators (PAs) in the context of experimental evidence. Upon approval by the PAs, the CA models, along with the corresponding functional annotations, are integrated into the Osa1 Genome Annotation. The CA annotations, grouped by family, are displayed on the Community Annotation pages of the project website http://rice.tigr.org , as well as in the Community Annotation track of the Genome Browser. We have applied EuCAP to rice. As of July 2007, the structural and/or functional annotation of 1,094 genes representing 57 families have been deposited and integrated into the current gene set. All of the EuCAP components are open-source, thereby allowing the implementation of EuCAP for the annotation of other genomes. EuCAP is available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/eucap/ .
Simple translation of goal-directed evaluation

This paper presents a simple, powerful and flexible technique for reasoning about and translating the goal-directed evaluation of programming language constructs that either succeed (and generate sequences of values) or fail. The technique generalizes the Byrd Box, a well-known device for describing Prolog backtracking.
Comparative anatomy of the retino-hypothalamic tract in photoperiodic and non-photoperiodic rodents.

Abstract This study examined whether the nearly symmetrical input from each eye to each suprachiasmatic nucleus previously reported in Syrian hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus ) is a universal feature of retino-hypothalamic projections in photoperiodic rodents. Intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used to trace the retino-hypothalamic tract in three species of photoperiodic rodents, Turkish hamster ( Mesocricetus brandti ), deer mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi ) and white-footed mouse ( Peromyscus leucopus ) and in the non-photoperiodic house mouse ( Mus musculus ). The Turkish hamster displayed a pattern of retinal input to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) similar to that previously seen in the Syrian hamster. On the other hand, the two photoperiodic species of Peromyscus used in the study showed an asymmetrical distribution of retinal fibers with the heaviest input to each suprachiasmatic nucleus originating from the contralateral eye. This asymmetrical pattern was also evident in house mice and is similar to that previously seen in rats. Therefore, symmetrical retinal input to the SCN is not consistently related to photoperiodism in rodents.
Ureteral decompression in advanced nonurologic malignancies.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the morbidity and determine survival after ureteral decompression in patients with advanced nonurologic malignancies.
Review of recent research literature on computer-based instruction

Separate meta-analyses have been completed recently on the effectiveness of computer-based education (CBE) in elementary schools, high schools, colleges, and nontraditional postsecondary institutions. Several general conclusions can be drawn from these meta-analyses. First, CBE programs usually have positive effects, as measured by several different criteria of instructional effectiveness. Effects are not uniformly high, however, for all types of CBE programs at all instructional levels. Second, effects vary as a function of the evaluation design used to measure CBE effectiveness. And third, study outcomes also vary as a function of the type of publication in which the results are found. Important questions about ways to improve instruction now await increased research attention. © 1987 Academic Press, Inc. The history of education is largely a story of gradual evolution, but education has also had its revolutions. The first use of writing as a tool in teaching transformed education many centuries ago when it freed teachers from the constraints of oral tradition. The invention of printing in the 15th century made books widely available and had a similarly dramatic effect on the history of education. Now, in the 20th century, the invention of the computer may have an equally profound impact on education. Educational developers long ago demonstrated that they could program computers to work in schools as drill masters, tutors, testers, and schedulers of instruction. But until recently the cost of computer-based teaching systems was too high for most schools. With the development of small, quick, inexpensive microcomputers during the last decade, computing costs have dropped dramatically, and a computer revolution in education now seems a real possibility. Will such a revolution have a beneficial effect on education--as the revolutions based on writing and printing did--or will it have negative effects? Most researchers believe that there is one straightforward way to answer this question. And that is to compare the performance of students who have learned with and without computer assistance. Outcome
Apparatus for measuring polarized absorption spectra of small crystals

Polarized absorption spectra of small crystals, such as rock-forming silicate minerals, may be measured with a polarizing microscope equipped with a universal stage attachment, which is mounted in a spectrophotometer. The three-axis universal stage enables crystals to be orientated accurately, and the polarizing microscope provides a convenient method for transmitting polarized light through small crystals. The microscope technique is described, and illustrated by results obtained of polarized absorption spectra of fayalite.
SU‐E‐T‐367: A Method of Improving the Effective Spatial Resolution of IMRT QA for 2D Array Devices

Purpose: To improve the effective spatial resolution of small field IMRT QA with 2D‐array device. Methods: When small field IMRT QA is measured with 2D‐array device, the spatial resolution (5–10mm) may beconsidered too sparse to accurately verify dose over high gradient area. Reducing the incident angle can improve spatial resolution along the transverse direction of the beam eye view (BEV). Rotating collimator can improve resolution along the other direction. However, detector angular dependency and electron scattering may potentially degrade measurement accuracy when the incident angle becomes too small. In this study, a Scandidos Delta4 device was used for IMRT QA measurements. It has two orthogonal dose planes with 5mm spatial resolution in central 6×6 cm. We measuredIMRT plans with two settings: one with 40 and 50 incident angles and the other with 15 and 75 incident angles. The measured 2D dose planes were compared with the ones calculated by TPS. 3D doses were estimated by interpolating two measurement points along beamlets based on the PDD curve and compared with the one from TPS. Results: Calculation showed that for single detector plane, the spatial resolution along the transverse irection of the BEV is improved from 3.21 mm (for the 40 degree) to 1.29 mm (for the 15 degree). When both orthogonal planes were considered, the spatial resolution was improve from 1.75 mm to 1.02 mm. The QAmeasurements showed that the average passing rate with 2% dose deviation criterion was 74 % for 15‐degree incident angle, only slightly lower than the passing rate of 80% for the 40‐degree incident angle. On the other side, the 15/75 setting reconstructed 3D dose in high gradient region more accurately than the 40/50 setting due to higher spatial resolution.Conclusions: A moderately small incident angle can improve effective spatial resolution without significant accuracy loss.
Sensitivity and reversibility of Ca-dependent inhibition of the (Na++K+)-ATPase of human red blood cells

Abstract The sensitivity of the (Na + + K + )-ATPase to inhibition by Ca was increased 30-fold by a partially purified extract of human red cell hemolysate. The hemolysate fraction reduced the concentration of free Ca required for 50% inhibition from 30 μM to approx. 1 μM. Ca-dependent inhibition of the (Na + + K + )-ATPase in the presence and absence of the hemolysate fraction was completely reversible. The hemolysate fraction also stimulated the Ca 2+ -ATPase and increased its affinity for Ca. In the presence of the hemolysate fraction, the concentration of free Ca that inhibited the (Na + + K + )-ATPase by 50% was similar to that which half-maximally stimulated the Ca 2+ -ATPase. Boiling the fraction destroyed its effect on the (Na + + K + )-ATPase, but did not impair its stimulation of the Ca 2+ -ATPase.
DC Kerr coefficient of silica: theory and experiment

We report the first measurement of the frequency and polarization dependence of the low-frequency third-order nonlinear susceptibility (chi) (3)(-(omega) ;(omega) ,0,0) of silica. In the frequency range tested (0.5 - 19 MHz), we observed sharp resonances with a complex dependence on polarization. Observations are quantitatively well explained by a theoretical model that assumes the presence of two contributions to (chi) (3), namely the Kerr effect and electrostriction. The model shows that our measurements are consistent with (1) a DC Kerr constant of 1.9 X 10-22 m2/V2 with a 3:1 polarization dependence, comparable to the Kerr constant at optical frequencies, and (2) an electrostriction modulation that is greatly enhanced by mechanical resonances of the sample and exhibits a polarization dependence of 2.3:1, in agreement with an elasto-optic model. This work suggests new means of producing a low-voltage, high-frequency phase modulator by operating at a fundamental resonance of the structure. It also lends credence to the general belief that DC rectification does not fully account for the large second- order nonlinearity that occurs in poled silica.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PHARMACOECONOMICS OF THE NEW ANTIPSYCHOTICS FOR THE TREATMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Inevitably, the greater availability of more costly antipsychotic medications has resulted in attempts to regulate the use of these agents. Early objections over the cost of treatment with clozapine or risperidone have in part been mollified by preliminary statistics on the cost effectiveness of these agents. However, this issue is complex and requires careful consideration of pharmacoeconomic principles in the development and clinical distribution of novel antipsychotics. Future cost-effectiveness studies need to consider a balance of public and private perspectives. These studies should be conducted in several settings, preferably also within the context of broader, multimodal treatment intervention strategies.
“The Night They Took Over”: Misogyny in a Country-Western Gay Bar

Abstract Informed by feminism and theories of masculinity and space, this ethnography explores how gay men negotiate hegemonic masculinity in response to Lesbian Night, a regular Thursday night occurrence when women outnumber men at a country-western gay bar. Findings are examined to reveal the misogynistic assumptions inherent in gay men's reaction to Lesbian Night. Gay men's attempt to define the bar as a gay male space highlights their allegiance to a normative dialectic that pits men against women, and shows their unwillingness to forgo the authority and power inherent in their position as men. These findings highlight the complexities that lie at the intersection of gender and sexuality, and illustrate leisure spaces as complex and dynamic locations that foster inequity as well as community.
Sustained release of antibiotic from poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) to prevent blinding infections after cataract surgery.

Intraocular lens implantation after opacified natural lens removal is the primary treatment for cataracts in developed countries. Cataract surgery is generally considered safe, but entails significant risks in countries where sophisticated sterile operating theaters are not widely available. Post-operative infection (endophthalmitis) is a potential blinding complication. Infection often results from bacterial colonization of the new lens implant and subsequent antibiotic-tolerant biofilm formation. To combat this risk, we developed a polymeric hydrogel system that can deliver effective levels of antibiotic over an extended period of time within the globe of the eye. Norfloxacin™ antibiotic was loaded into cross-linked poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) gels, which were subsequently surface-modified with octadecyl isocyanate to produce a hydrophobic rate-limiting barrier controlling norfloxacin release. Octadecyl surface modification was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A 15-min modification leads to a uniform surface coating and near zero order release of norfloxacin from the matrix. Norfloxacin released from coated pHEMA kills Staphylococcus epidermidis in suspension and on a simulated medical implant surface. With these data, we demonstrate a new and effective system for sustained drug release from a hydrogel matrix with specific application for intraocular lens surgery.
Feeding Space, Population Density and Growth of Young Chickens

Abstract ADEQUATE feeding space and optimum population density (floor space) are generally considered necessary for maximum growth of broiler chickens. Recommended space allowances vary somewhat, with the recommendations published by the Nutrition Council of the American Feed Manufacturers Association (1952) representing the majority of institutions making recommendations. Their recommendation for floor space per bird is: ½ sq. ft. through 6 weeks and 1 sq. ft. for 7 through 12 weeks. For feeding space per 100 birds the recommendation is: 0–2 weeks 100 linear inches; 3–6 weeks 175 inches; 7–12 weeks 300 inches; these allowances should be increased during warm weather. Less than the recommended space allowance in either category is often referred to as a stress upon the chickens. Frequently in popular articles and talks the suggestion is made that when floor space per chick is below the recommended level, feeding space should be increased. The theory behind …
Towards generalizing expert programmers' suggestions for novice programmers

Novice programmers may lack the experience to recognize opportunities to either improve their code or apply unfamiliar programming constructs. Yet, these opportunities are often clear to an experienced programmer. In this paper, we describe an exploratory study investigating 1) the potential value of the suggestions experienced programmers make to novice programmers and 2) the ways experienced programmers envision identifying other programs that would benefit from the same suggestion. The results of our study suggest that experienced programmers make suggestions that can introduce new programming constructs to novice programmers. The participants in our study most commonly made suggestions that improve the code quality of novice programs, rather than changing their output. Furthermore, experienced programmers could often state a simple heuristic rule to use in identifying other novice programs that would benefit from their suggestion. Participants were able to author the rules in pseudocode, mostly using combinations of iteration and comparison to find patterns of problematic code. However, based on a test implementation of a selected set of rules for these suggestions, we conclude that support for improving rules through review and community input will be valuable.
The strain sensing property of carbon nanofiber/glass microballoon epoxy nanocomposite

This work reports the strain sensing property of a nanocomposite made from a free standing multi-scale structure that consisted of glass microballoons and carbon nanofibers. An epoxy system was infiltrated into the structure in order to fabricate a nanocomposite sensor. The electrical resistance of the sensor when subjected to a tensile strain was investigated. The change in electrical resistance of the sensor versus the applied strain was found to have linear and non-linear regions. In the linear region, the sensor exhibited a similar sensitivity to conventional resistance-type strain gages. A single equation that relates the change in electrical resistance to the applied strain for the linear and non-linear regions was developed.
Is It Time to Abandon Routine Operative Drain Use? A Single Institution Assessment of 709 Consecutive Pancreaticoduodenectomies

Background Routine use of operative (primary) drains after pancreaticoduodenctomy (PD) remains controversial. We reviewed our experience with PD for postoperative (secondary) drainage and postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) rates based on use of primary drains. Study Design We identified consecutive patients who underwent PD between 2005 and 2012 from our pancreatectomy database. Primary closed suction drains were placed at the surgeon's discretion. Patient and operative factors were assessed, along with POPF, complications, and secondary drain placement rates. Results There were 709 PDs performed, and 251 (35%) patients had primary drains placed. Age, sex, body mass index, and comorbidities were similar among groups; however, drained patients had slightly larger pancreatic ducts (mean diameter 3.8 mm vs 2.2 mm; p Conclusions Placement of closed suction drains during pancreaticoduodenectomy does not appear to decrease the rate of secondary drainage procedures or reoperation, and may be associated with increased pancreatic fistula formation and overall morbidity. These data support foregoing routine primary operative drainage at time of pancreaticoduodenectomy.
Rationalizing explanation and causally relevant mental properties

Un probleme majeur de la philosophie de l'esprit concerne l'appropriation causale des proprietes mentales au comportement. L'A. s'interroge: un evenement mental peut-il provoquer un effet comportemental lie a sa propriete mentale?
Comparisons in Performance of Electromagnet and Permanent-Magnet Cylindrical Hall-Effect Thrusters

Three different low-power cylindrical Hall thrusters, which more readily lend themselves to miniaturization and low-power operation than a conventional (annular) Hall thruster, are compared to evaluate the propulsive performance of each. One thruster uses electromagnet coils to produce the magnetic field within the discharge channel while the others use permanent magnets, promising power reduction relative to the electromagnet thruster. A magnetic screen is added to the permanent magnet thruster to improve performance by keeping the magnetic field from expanding into space beyond the exit of the thruster. The combined dataset spans a power range from 50-350 W. The thrust levels over this range were 1.3-7.3 mN, with thruster efficiencies and specific impulses spanning 3.5-28.7% and 400-1940 s, respectively. The efficiency is generally higher for the permanent magnet thruster with the magnetic screen, while That thruster s specific impulse as a function of discharge voltage is comparable to the electromagnet thruster.
Lawn mower-related projectile injury

Lawn mower injuries are a potentially devastating, yet preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. The sequelae to these injuries can become even worse if the initial presentation goes unsuspected by medical staff, leading to a delay in treatment. The authors report the case of a lawn mower-related penetrating missile injury, where the extent of injury was not appreciated by the patient until signs and symptoms of a soft-tissue infection developed, prompting the patient to seek medical attention the next day.
Minimum-Time Loop Maneuvers of Jet Aircraft

Minimum-time loop maneuvers of jet aircraft are investigatedvby means of the calculus of variations. The optimal control (lift coefficient and thrust) is determined as a function of the state variables and Lagrange multipliers for an arbitrary maneuver in the vertical plane. Intermediate thrust arcs and intermediate lift arcs with minimum thrust are shown to be nonoptimal for the dynamic models considered. Rules are established for joining trajectory segments with different types of control behavior. Using these results, optimal loop trajectories are generated for a given set of initial conditions and a large number of values of maximum lift coefficient and maximum thrust. The control history and the maneuver time are found to be strongly affected by the latter two parameters. Two aerodynamic models are considered, one relatively simple and the other somewhat more complicated.
SCG10 mRNA localization in the hippocampus: comparison with other mRNAs encoding neuronal growth-associated proteins (nGAPs).

Abstract SCG10 is a nerve growth factor (NGF)-inducible, neuron-specific protein whose expression is tightly correlated with axonal and/or dendritic growth. We have recently shown that the mRNA encoding SCG10 is expressed at significant levels in certain subsets of neurons in the adult rat brain, while its expression is undetectable or negligible in other non-neuronal tissues. Here we show that regional SCG10 mRNA expression in the adult mouse brain is comparable to that in the rat, however, in the hippocampus its expression profile is distinct. In the mouse, SCG10 mRNA is expressed at high levels in pyramidal cells of CA3–CA4 sub-fields of Ammon's horn and at low levels in the CA1–CA2 sub-fields, while it is found rather uniformly throughout the pyramidal cell layer of the rat hippocampus. SCG10 mRNA is not detectable in the dentate gyrus of the mouse hippocampus, although it is expressed in the rat dentate gyrus. Comparison with other mRNAs encoding neuronal growth-associated proteins (nGAPs) such as GAP-43, MAP2, α1-tubulin and stathmin suggests that dentate granule cells express a different repertoire of neuronal growth-associated genes in mouse and rat.
The social ecology of acculturation: Implications for child welfare services to children of immigrants

Abstract Child welfare agencies in the U.S. are seeking to respond to the needs for linguistically and culturally responsive services for children of immigrants and their families as this population continues to grow. However, limited information about children of immigrants and the unique problems they face continues to challenge the development of effective interventions. Based on a review of theories that have been advanced to explain the process and outcome of cultural change, this article places theories of acculturation within a social ecological framework to explain intergenerational–intercultural conflict stemming from differences in acculturative strategies between children of immigrants and their parents; the influence of ethnic networks of social relations on child and family well-being; and the ways in which public policy shapes the context of parenting within immigrant families. Micro, exo, and macro level implications for child welfare practice and policy are discussed.
Subsistence Settlement Systems in the Prehistory of Southwestern Zambia

Humans participate in ecological systems as one means of extracting and distributing environmental resources. Such ecosystems manifest themselves in the archeological record. Settlement systems represent subsistence systems latent with information relevant to explaining the spatial organization of people and change through time. Three subsistence settlement systems were segregated from the record of prehistoric farmers in southwestern Zambia. One is associated with the practice of pioneer populations successively occupying and abandoning favored microenvironments. The second is associated with the cyclical swiddening of a few opportunities within a single microenvironment. The third set spreads centers of production throughout several environmental segments. It is suggested that swiddening the marginal soils of the Zambezi periphery enabled the colonization but did not permit a burgeoning population. It is further suggested that internal networks were crucial to equalization of access to necessary resources and that these were incorporated in the segmentary, descent group.
Statistical validation of a global model for the distribution of the ultimate number of citations accrued by papers published in a scientific journal

A central issue in evaluative bibliometrics is the characterization of the citation distribution of papers in the scientific literature. Here, we perform a large-scale empirical analysis of journals from every field in Thomson Reuters' Web of Science database. We find that only 30 of the 2,184 journals have citation distributions that are inconsistent with a discrete lognormal distribution at the rejection threshold that controls the false discovery rate at 0.05. We find that large, multidisciplinary journals are over-represented in this set of 30 journals, leading us to conclude that, within a discipline, citation distributions are lognormal. Our results strongly suggest that the discrete lognormal distribution is a globally accurate model for the distribution of “eventual impact” of scientific papers published in single-discipline journal in a single year that is removed sufficiently from the present date. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The 210Pb(t, p)212Pb reaction

Abstract The 210 Pb(t, p) 212 Pb reaction has been carried out with 20 MeV tritons at a number of angles. The resulting energy level diagram for 212 Pb is remarkably similar to 210 Pb permitting tentative J π assignments. The excitation strengths to the lower levels agree well with a simple pairing vibration model. All the excited levels except the first excited state are new assignments.
"Partial panel" operator training: advanced simulator training to enhance situational awareness in off-normal situations

On August 14, 2003, the largest blackout in the history of the North American electricity grid occurred. The four root causes identified by the blackout investigation team were inadequate system understanding, inadequate situational awareness, inadequate tree trimming, and inadequate reliability coordinator diagnostic support. Three of these four root causes can be attributed to deficiencies in training, communication, and the tools used by the control room operators. Using the issues revealed in the August 14, 2003 blackout, and addressing concerns associated with the security of control systems, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) developed a hands-on training curriculum that utilizes a dispatcher training simulator to evoke loss of situational awareness by the dispatcher. PNNL performed novel changes to the dispatcher training software in order to accomplish this training. This presentation describes a vision for a future training environment that will incorporate hands-on training with a dispatcher training simulator in a realistic environment to train operators to recognize and respond to cyber security issues associated with their control systems.
Predicting power in exchange networks: a brief history and introduction to the issues

Abstract Network exchange theory addresses the central question of sociological theory, how to predict activity from structure. This paper introduces a special edition of Social Networks which includes papers offering alternative theories. The edition is exhaustive for it contains all recent developments in the formal theory of exchange networks. This paper introduces the reader to past historical development, the competition between power-dependence theory and elementary theory as well as major research findings as they relate to that development. The paper concludes with a new ‘null-inclusion-exclusion’ typology for network connection which is far more general than the ‘negative-positive’ typology previously used.
Flying Objects Extraction Based On A Steadiness Analysis From Image Sequences

A new approach for the extraction of flying objects in the presence of a perturbed background is presented. The approach is based on a steadiness analysis of moving objects from image sequences and has been implemented on the Pipelined Image Processing Engine (PIPE). Trees are "steadier" than flying airplanes as a tree's top moves in a confined area. However, an airplane typically moves in a fixed direction for an extended period of time. This simple constraint is exploited as the basis for utilizing an object's "steadiness" in the extraction of flying objects. The algorithm proceeds in three passes. First, an image-differencing operation is used to extract flying objects and swinging objects (e.g., tree); secondly, a mask covering a swinging object's moving area is created by studying the steadiness of flying objects and swinging objects over a couple of frames; thirdly, the mask created in the second pass is used to guide the extraction of flying objects from subsequent frames. The performance of this approach has been tested on a number of sequences of synthetic and real-world images. It has been found that the algorithm is accurate and robust for extracting flying objects. A number of limitations of the algorithm have been proposed and their effects on performance have been studied.
Relationship of SO2 dry deposition to a grassland sulfur cycle

Abstract A simulation model representing deposition of SO 2 to a grassland ecosystem was constructed. This model was executed simultaneously with other models describing sulfur cycling, primary production, decomposition, and abiotic processes. The model provided a fair representation of the accumulation of sulfur on live and dead leaves and soil. A deposition velocity of V g = 0.09 cm s −1 was calculated from the verified simulation results. As a result of continuous fumigation at 10 pphm SO 2 , flows of sulfur through all system components increased by approximately 1.21 g S m −2 y −1 . Many flows of sulfur in the system increased, especially outflows from live and dead shoots. Total reapportionment of sulfur among system components was 3.8 times greater under the SO 2 exposure, indicating the degree of departure of the system from equilibrium.
Cosmic ray evidence on the μ-meson magnetic moment

A survey is made to determine what information is provided by the intensity-depth relation of cosmic rays underground on the possibly anomalous character of the μ-meson magnetic moment. Energy losses due to ionization, bremsstrahlung and electron pair creation by normal and anomalous Dirac particles are discussed. It is concluded that if the magnetic moment in terms of the Bohr magneton is µ0(1+δ), the only limitation provided by present experience at depths of 3000 mw.e. or less is |δ|≲1.
The expression and detection of MHC class I antigens on murine neuroblastoma and ependymoblastoma lines

It has been reported that human neuroblastoma lines are almost devoid of class I transplantation antigens, while human glioma lines express these antigens. Other studies have also shown a paucity of class I antigens on the murine neuroblastoma line N2A, and the expression of these antigens by the murine ependymoblastoma G26 lines. Such differences might represent heterogeneity in class I antigen expression by different brain cell types, and the importance of this to the immunology of the brain prompted us to re-examine class I expression by these cell lines in more detail. Using an exhaustive number of approaches, we were not able to detect significant differences in class I surface antigen expression between N2A and the G26 lines. We compared the murine neuroblastoma line Cl300 and its cloned derivative, N2A, to the lines G26-20 and G26-24. Antibody-dependent, complement-mediated cytotoxicity revealed detectable levels of both K and D region antigens on these lines. Immunocytofluorometric analysis further confirmed that these lines express high levels of class I antigens, although due to their large sizes, the surface densities of class I antigens on these cells are lower than splenocytes. This lower density of class I molecules did not impede the capacity of either the neuroblastoma or the G26 lines to serve as targets of H-2K- or D-specific T effectors. Finally, comparison of these two cell types for class I RNA transcripts also revealed no difference. Thus, our findings which are the most detailed study of these lines are drastically different from findings in humans as well as earlier findings in the murine system. Likely explanations are discussed and precautions are given for the study of class I antigen expression by these lines.
Gender, Age, and Sexual Harassment

Research has found both age and gender to be significant factors in howemployees evaluate sexual harassment policies. The presence of different perspectives on sexual harassment amongmen and women ...
FPscope: a field-portable high-resolution microscope using a cellphone lens

The large consumer market has made cellphone lens modules available at low-cost and in high-quality. In a conventional cellphone camera, the lens module is used to demagnify the scene onto the image plane of the camera, where image sensor is located. In this work, we report a 3D-printed high-resolution Fourier ptychographic microscope, termed FPscope, which uses a cellphone lens in a reverse manner. In our platform, we replace the image sensor with sample specimens, and use the cellphone lens to project the magnified image to the detector. To supersede the diffraction limit of the lens module, we use an LED array to illuminate the sample from different incident angles and synthesize the acquired images using the Fourier ptychographic algorithm. As a demonstration, we use the reported platform to acquire high-resolution images of resolution target and biological specimens, with a maximum synthetic numerical aperture (NA) of 0.5. We also show that, the depth-of-focus of the reported platform is about 0.1 mm, orders of magnitude longer than that of a conventional microscope objective with a similar NA. The reported platform may enable healthcare accesses in low-resource settings. It can also be used to demonstrate the concept of computational optics for educational purposes.
A Good Job Is Hard to Find … Until Students Know What They Do Best

Why don't more students use the career center? Shane J. Lopez argues that the traditional career center has not kept up with students’ needs. He suggests that they reimagine themselves as places where students identify and nurture their strengths in order to find fulfilling work and create fulfilling lives.
Larvicidal activity of the ß‐exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis Berliner against two species of flies1

Abstract The β-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was evaluated for larvicidal activity against Orthellia caesarion in cow manure, and Phormia regina in an artificial diet. Dosages varying from 2.5 to 100 ppm were tested and the LD50 for Orthellia was calculated to be 8.65 ppm and 22.9 ppm for Phormia. Some pupal deformities were also recorded. Zusammenfassung Larvizide Wirkung des β-Exotoxin von Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis Berliner auf 2 Fliegenarten Das β-Exotoxin von B. thuringiensis var. thuringiensis erwies sich in Laborversuchen als toxisch auf die Larven von Orthellia caesarion (LD50 = 8,65 ppm) sowie Phormia regina (LD50 = 22,9 ppm). Des weiteren wurden bei uberlebenden Tieren Puppendeformationen beobachtet.
Changes in the profiles of circulating white blood cells, corticosterone, T3 and T4 during the initiation of humoral immunity in immature male chickens

Eight-week-old male White Leghorn chickens were injected intravenously with either 0.1 ml of Brucellaabortus (BA) or saline. Blood samples were collected before injection, 1 hr, 3 hr, 6 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr, and then daily for the following 6 days after the injection. Total white blood cells (WBC), differential counts and corticosterone (CS), T3 and T4 levels were measured in all blood samples. These data represented the results obtained from the primary response. To obtain data for the secondary response, the same birds were injected 4 weeks following the first challenge and the same procedure was followed. During primary and secondary responses, circulating lymphocytes and monocytes decreased significantly 3 hr following BA injection and then increased steadily and reached a peak approximately 5 days post-BA injection, however, circulating heterophils increased significantly 6–12 hr and returned to normal levels 2 days post-BA injection. Serum corticosterone increased significantly 3 hr following BA injection. Serum T3 decreased significantly 3 to 12 hr then increased significantly 2 days following BA injection. There were no significant changes in any of the measurements following saline injection. Correlations between circulating hormones and white blood cells were calculated and are reported. These results indicate that an early step in the initiation of humoral immunity is probably an increase in serum CS. This increase in CS is followed by a decrease in circulating lymphocyte and monocyte numbers. These decreases may be the result of lymphocyte trapping in secondary lymphoid organs. This series of events may occur to modulate and activate the immune response.
Theory in the service of practice: theories in action research dissertations written by students in education doctorate programs

Educational leaders are enrolling in second-generation education doctorate (EdD) programs because these are allowing them to remain in the field as they pursue their degree and perform action research within their workplace. As part of degree requirements, students in these programs are challenged to cross the theory-to-practice divide. However, the usefulness of theory in their action research dissertations has not been investigated. This study was designed to understand the theories EdD students used in their action research dissertations, how and why they used them, and what, if any, benefits they gained. To find answers, a content analysis was applied to 72 action research dissertations. Results indicate that a blending of practical knowledge with implicit theories and grand theories helped students develop an understanding of their contexts and the actions they needed to take to ensure student learning, teacher efficacy, and organizational development. To contextualize findings, two cases are offered...