cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information Processing in Near Peripheral Vision

The present study required that Ss name briefly exposed single lower-case letters that were presented at a total of 24 locations (8 meridians X 3 retinal eccentricities, 0.5 degrees, 2.75 degrees, and 5.0 degrees from a central fixation point, 0 degrees). One group of 12 Ss received a set size (load) of 2 letters, and another group of 12 Ss received a set size (load) of 24 letters. Ss given the larger load were significantly less accurate and significantly slower (longer vocal latencies) in naming the letters. In addition, significant main effects of retinal eccentricity and meridian were found. Ss performed more poorly as the stimuli were presented more eccentrically. Also, performance tended to be somewhat poorer above and below the fixation point than it did left or right of fixation. There was also some tendency toward a right visual field superiority. Unlike an earlier study, there was little evidence in favor of a "tunnel vision" interpretation, which would have required an interaction of load X retinal eccentricity. Possible reasons for the different results from the two studies are discussed in terms of a levels-of-processing interpretation.
On paradigms and recycled ideologies

The present article examines some of the ideologies underlying the theorizing, experimentation, and applications of knowledge in the field of psychological change. This analysis shows how the sickness ideology recycled under new euphemisms permeates all facets of psychological change—the conceptions of divergent behavior, social labeling practices, the modes of treatment and methodologies for studying their processes and effects, and even the structure of psychological services. Among its more pernicious consequences, this ideology undermines valuable research strategies for advancing knowledge and narrowly restricts the social contributions of psychology.
Ibuprofen use to reduce the incidence and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a pilot study.

Ibuprofen Use to Reduce the Incidence and Severity of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Pilot Study
Serial recall of imagined voices

In three experiments, subjects imagined that visually presented information was being presented aloud in another speaker's voice. Our intention was to see if modality- and suffix-like serial recall patterns could be produced if subjects internally generated, rather than heard, auditory input. In Experiment 1, recency recall of a vocally presented list was not impaired when subjects imagined that a visual suffix was auditory. In Experiments 2 and 3, imagining that visual lists were being spoken aloud failed to enhance recency recall relative to silent encoding conditions. These results are described as consistent with percategorical accounts of the modality and suffix effects.
A threshold phenomenon in the Field-Noyes model of the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction

Abstract The Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction is one of the most interesting and best understood chemical oscillators. It has been conjectured that certain biological phenomena have important features in common with this reaction. We investigate the Field-Noyes model of this reaction and demonstrate that there is a range of values of the stoichiometric parameter, f , over which the model exhibits “threshold phenomena.” That is, if a perturbation from the steady state exceeds a certain “threshold” value then a solution in the form of a “spike” results followed by its return to the steady state. We show that the underlying mathematical structure of this model resembles very closely the underlying mathematical structure of the Hodgkin-Huxley nerve conduction equations which exhibit the same sort of threshold phenomena.
Single step conversion of cellulose to ethanol by a mesophilic coculture

A coculture consisting of two mesophilic anaerobes, produced about 0.8 mole of ethanol per mole of cellulose from a variety of cellulosic materials. The non-cellulolytic member of this coculture, Clostridium saccharolyticum sp. nov. converted glucose and xylose to ethanol and acetic acid in ratios over 4 to 1.
Thermochemical nonequilibrium flow computations of flow around the aeroassist flight experiment

A three-dimensional explicit, finite rate, shock-capturing, numerical algorithm is used to calculate thermochemical nonequilibrium flowfields about the Aeroassist Flight Experiment (AFE) vehicle at one of its flight trajectory points. The governing equations are expressed in cylindrical coordinates to alleviate perturbations in solution along the three-dimensional grid singular line. The full Navier-Stokes equations and an 11-species chemical model with the latest reaction rates are incorporated into the code. Pressure, heat transfer, and temperature data are presented.
MEMS-based Coulter counter for cell counting and sizing using multiple electrodes

A novel MEMS-based Coulter counter is designed, fabricated and tested in this paper. The Coulter counter is used for detection and monitoring the impedance changes of cells as a function of time after they are mixed with different experimental extracellular environments. The device consists of a multilayer of the SU-8 microchannel which is divided into a passive mixing region, a focusing region using negative dielectrophoretic forces and a measuring region by multiple electroplated vertical electrode pairs. The devices were tested with both fluidic and electrical functionality using dyed fluids, microbeads with different dimensions suspended in saline water and fibroblast cells in anisosmotic phosphate buffered saline. The results are presented and discussed. The device ultimately aims at testing time-sensitive cell characteristics after exposure to different extracellular media with enhanced sensitivity.
Prospects for simulating macromolecular surfactant chemistry at the ocean-atmosphere boundary

Biogenic lipids and polymers are surveyed for their ability to adsorb at the water–air interfaces associated with bubbles, marine microlayers and particles in the overlying boundary layer. Representative ocean biogeochemical regimes are defined in order to estimate local concentrations for the major macromolecular classes. Surfactant equilibria and maximum excess are then derived based on a network of model compounds. Relative local coverage and upward mass transport follow directly, and specific chemical structures can be placed into regional rank order. Lipids and denatured protein-like polymers dominate at the selected locations. The assigned monolayer phase states are variable, whether assessed along bubbles or at the atmospheric spray droplet perimeter. Since oceanic film compositions prove to be irregular, effects on gas and organic transfer are expected to exhibit geographic dependence as well. Moreover, the core arguments extend across the sea–air interface into aerosol–cloud systems. Fundamental nascent chemical properties including mass to carbon ratio and density depend strongly on the geochemical state of source waters. High surface pressures may suppress the Kelvin effect, and marine organic hygroscopicities are almost entirely unconstrained. While bubble adsorption provides a well-known means for transporting lipidic or proteinaceous material into sea spray, the same cannot be said of polysaccharides. Carbohydrates tend to be strongly hydrophilic so that their excess carbon mass is low despite stacked polymeric geometries. Since sugars are abundant in the marine aerosol, gel-based mechanisms may be required to achieve uplift. Uncertainties distill to a global scale dearth of information regarding two dimensional kinetics and equilibria. Nonetheless simulations are recommended, to initiate the process of systems level quantification.
THE NOTION OF PRIOR STRUCTURE IN URBAN MODELLING

Most work in urban modelling to date has proceeded under the tacit assumption that there are mechanisms of urban process, either deterministic or nondeterministic, which can be approximately described in models. An alternative hypothesis is suggested proposing that urban process as such cannot be objectively specified, although urban system behaviour may appear deterministic or nondeterministic according to the frame of representation chosen by the modeller. Besides explaining the paradox of the relative predictive success of certain simple deterministic models in the face of more sophisticated theories stressing the impossibility of deterministic evolution, this hypothesis also throws light on the reason why physical analogies may work in the field of urban studies. This latter point is elaborated by means of an illustration involving the "Brussels paradigm" of bifurcation. It is suggested that predictive ability and success of analogical transfer both depend on the presence in a model of a "logical prior", a formal element which, being nonempirical, maintains its validity, not only in repeated applications across time and space, but also in transfers from one substantive field to another. (Author/TRRL)
Improved particle filters for multi-target tracking

We present a novel approach for improving particle filters for multi-target tracking. The suggested approach is based on drift homotopy for stochastic differential equations. Drift homotopy is used to design a Markov Chain Monte Carlo step which is appended to the particle filter and aims to bring the particle filter samples closer to the observations while at the same time respecting the target dynamics. We have used the proposed approach on the problem of multi-target tracking with a nonlinear observation model. The numerical results show that the suggested approach can improve significantly the performance of a particle filter.
Detection of Coastal Region Sea Ice Decay from Orthorectified RADARSAT-1 ScanSAR Imagery: A Case Study of Bering Strait and Norton Sound, Alaska

Application of SAR images to detect the onset of breakup and dynamic decay process of coastal sea ice was investigated, using a time series of RADARSAT-1 C-band scanning SAR images of the areas around Seward Peninsula coastal region, Alaska, including Bering Strait and Norton Sound. Satellite image analyses mainly include a time series feature space images composed of radar backscattering coefficient versus look angle derived from RADARSAT-1 amplitude images covering both coastal sea and land area. It was found that the feature space images have a single mode before the decay and breakup of the coastal sea ice, and have multiple modes when large-scale open water first appears until the coastal sea ice disappears completely. The mode patterns in the feature space images can then be determined by the water surface roughness caused by the wind field. The single-mode phenomenon before ice melting is thought to be due to a similarity of the backscattering of snow cover on sea ice and land surface due to the common coverage by snow and ice. The appearance of multiple modes is due to the differences in backscattering of sea ice surface at various decaying stages or open water with different wave roughness due to wind effect, and the land surface with snow and ice cover with different melting conditions once the melting or decay starts and proceeds. The feature space images reported here can be used as a useful tool in detection of decay of coastal sea ice and landfast ice in the field of sea ice dynamics as the imaging radar technology is weather independent, providing information of coastal ice on a regular basis.
The genetics of pulmonary arterial hypertension in the post-BMPR2 era.

AbstractPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rapidly progressive and fatal disease for which there is an ever-expanding body of genetic and related pathophysiological information on disease pathogenesis. The most common single culprit gene known is BMPR2, and animal models of the disease in several forms exist. There is a wealth of genetic data regarding modifiers of disease expression, penetrance, and severity. Despite the rapid accumulation of data in the last decade, a complete picture of the molecular pathogenesis of PAH leading to novel therapies is lacking. In this review, we attempt to summarize the current understanding of PAH from the genetic perspective. The most recent PAH demographics are discussed. Heritable PAH in the post-BMPR2 era is examined in detail as the most robust model of PAH genetics in both animal models and human pedigrees. Important downstream molecular pathways and modifiers of disease expression are reviewed in light of what is known about PAH pathogenesis. Current and ...
Escape from stimulation of the trapezoid body in rats bred for escape from noise.

Abstract This study shows that electrical stimulation of an auditory pathway, the trapezoid body, can produce escape behavior comparable in rate and pattern to that of the medial lemniscus, raphe nucleus, and spinal tract of the fifth nerve. The rate of escape increased with increases in voltage or frequency for all of these areas. The rate obtained was equal to or higher than that obtained with noise as the aversive stimulus. No differences were apparent between animals selectively bred for high rates and those selected for low rates. This study suggests that earlier reports of negative affect obtained with stimulation of the auditory system may not be due to negative conditioning, but directly to noise aversion. This investigation also extends the number of pathways in which electrical brain stimulation is known to produce escape behavior.
Free surface heat transfer and innovative designs for thin and thick liquid walls

Abstract Design windows on free surface flows in the APEX (advanced power extraction) study are derived from the viewpoints of the free surface heat transfer, the adaptation of liquid flows to the topological constraints, and temperature requirements for plasma operation and power conversion efficiency. Within these constraints, the temperature of the free liquid surface facing the plasma is the most critical parameter governing the amount of liquid that evaporates into the plasma chamber. Present analyses show that a 2 cm or a 40 cm thick lithium layer can be established throughout the ARIES-RS reactor using a velocity of 10 m s −1 while operating under the plasma compatible surface temperature. However, like solid metallic walls, the liquid lithium walls require the use of electrical insulators to overcome the MHD drag. As for Flibe free surface flows, the MHD effect caused by interaction with the mean flow is negligible, while a fairly uniform flow of 2 or 45 cm thick can be maintained throughout the reactor based on 3-D hydrodynamics calculations. However, being a low thermally conducting medium, the Flibe surface temperature highly depends on the extent of the turbulent convection. The heat transfer analyses based on the κ – e model of the turbulence, including MHD effects and various boundary conditions, predict a range of temperatures that may be beyond the plasma compatible temperatures. If indeed the Flibe surface temperature is high relative to the plasma operation limit, further design adjustments will be required to accommodate this deficiency.
CO2 extracts secondary oil

Eighty to ninety percent (or more) of the petroleum in an oil field remains in the ground after conventional primary recovery is done and the wells run dry. Secondary recovery techniques that utilize injected natural gas or water can, if successful, recover an additional 20–50% of the original oil in place, but usually most of the oil stays in the ground. In the past few years it has been discovered that injection of supercritical carbon dioxide could be effective in extracting as much as 95% of the oil in place. Major pipelines to carry carbon dioxide from natural occurrences to oil fields are now being constructed according to a recent report by F.M. Orr and J.J. Tabor (Science, 224, 563-569, 1984). Billions of dollars are being spent to construct three major pipelines and facilities for injecting carbon dioxide into the ground in the West Texas Permian Oil Basin.
Establishing a Baseline: History, Evolution and Evaluation of Grand Valley State University's Off-Campus Library Services

ABSTRACT The model replacing a dedicated off-campus library services (OCLS) unit was one in which librarians provide services to both on- and off-campus students and faculty within their liaison disciplines. A year after this model was implemented, faculty in subjects taught both on- and off-campus were surveyed to assess their awareness of library resources and whether this awareness impacted course assignment design. Findings from this survey combined with a planned review of off-campus course syllabi will help identify areas of concern and lead to ways to strengthen awareness and usage of library resources.
Tachycardia-Dependent and Bradycardia-Dependent Mobitz Type II Atrioventricular Block Within the Bundle of His

This report describes the occurrence in a young man of transient Mobitz type II and complete atrioventricular (A-V) block due to a lesion within the proximal portion of the His bundle probably caused by excessive alcohol intake. Initially A-V block was precipitated by tachycardia only but it subsequently became solely bradycardia-dependent before disappearing completely after a few days. Bundle of His electrograms demonstrated block above the site of recording of the His bundle potential.
A Visual Network Analysis Method for Large-Scale Parallel I/O Systems

Parallel applications rely on I/O to load data, store end results, and protect partial results from being lost to system failure. Parallel I/O performance thus has a direct and significant impact on application performance. Because supercomputer I/O systems are large and complex, one cannot directly analyze their activity traces. While several visual or automated analysis tools for large-scale HPC log data exist, analysis research in the high-performance computing field is geared toward computation performance rather than I/O performance. Additionally, existing methods usually do not capture the network characteristics of HPC I/O systems. We present a visual analysis method for I/O trace data that takes into account the fact that HPC I/O systems can be represented as networks. We illustrate performance metrics in a way that facilitates the identification of abnormal behavior or performance problems. We demonstrate our approach on I/O traces collected from existing systems at different scales.
Identification of novel dominant INO2 c mutants with an Opi– phenotype

Summary The INO2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for derepression of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes in response to inositol depletion. Conversely, the OPI1 gene is required for repression in response to inositol supplementation. Results of an in vitro assay have led to a model in which Opi1p interacts with Ino2p. However, there is no in vivo evidence to support this model. Additionally, most of the previously isolated ino2 mutants offer little insight into this model. Here, we report the isolation of a new class of dominant mutations in the INO2 gene, which yield constitutive expression of a target gene (i.e. an Opi– mutant phenotype). Two mutations reside in a region of the Ino2p required for interaction with Opi1p in vitro. Three other mutations are at the amino-terminus in a transcriptional activation domain.
Linear periodic feedback: Zeros placement capabilities

It is shown that in addition to closed loop pole placement, linear periodic controllers lead, in the sense specified below, to a possibility of open loop zeros assignability. On this basis, the superior performance characteristics of periodic controllers, discovered in [3]-[7], are explained.
Kallikrein Gene Delivery Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Growth and Neointima Formation in the Rat Artery After Balloon Angioplasty

Tissue kallikrein cleaves kininogen substrate to produce vasoactive kinin peptides that have been implicated in the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). To explore potential roles of the kallikrein-kinin system in vascular biology, we evaluated the effects of adenovirus-mediated human kallikrein gene delivery on the growth of primary cultured VSMCs and in balloon-injured rat artery in vivo. Kallikrein gene transfer into cultured rat VSMCs resulted in time-dependent secretion of recombinant human tissue kallikrein and inhibition of cell proliferation. Balloon angioplasty reduced endogenous rat tissue kallikrein mRNA and protein levels at the injured site. In rats that received adenovirus-mediated human kallikrein gene delivery, we observed a 39% reduction in intima/media ratio at the injured vessel after delivery compared with that of rats that received control virus (n=8, P<0.01). Icatibant, a specific bradykinin B(2) receptor antagonist, blocked the protective effect and reversed the intima/media ratio to that of the control rats (n=5, P<0.01). After gene delivery, human kallikrein mRNA was identified at the injured vessel and a 3-fold increase occurred in kininogenase activity. cAMP and cGMP levels in balloon-injured aorta increased significantly at 4, 7, and 14 days after kallikrein gene delivery, but icatibant abolished the increase. These results provide new insights into the role of the vascular kallikrein-kinin system and have significant implications for gene therapy to treat restenosis or atherosclerosis.
Mechanisms and Rates of Decay of Marine Viruses in Seawater

Loss rates and loss processes for viruses in coastal seawater from the Gulf of Mexico were estimated with three different marine bacteriophages. Decay rates in the absence of sunlight ranged from 0.009 to 0.028 h-1, with different viruses decaying at different rates. In part, decay was attributed to adsorption by heat-labile particles, since viruses did not decay or decayed very slowly in seawater filtered through a 0.2-μm-pore-size filter (0.2-μm-filtered seawater) and in autoclaved or ultracentrifuged seawater but continued to decay in cyanide-treated seawater. Cyanide did cause decay rates to decrease, however, indicating that biological processes were also involved. The observations that decay rates were often greatly reduced in 0.8- or 1.0-μm-filtered seawater, whereas bacterial numbers were not, suggested that most bacteria were not responsible for the decay. Decay rates were also reduced in 3-μm-filtered or cycloheximide-treated seawater but not in 8-μm-filtered seawater, implying that flagellates consumed viruses. Viruses added to flagellate cultures decayed at 0.15 h-1, corresponding to 3.3 viruses ingested flagellate-1 h-1. Infectivity was very sensitive to solar radiation and, in full sunlight, decay rates were 0.4 to 0.8 h-1. Even when UV-B radiation was blocked, rates were as high as 0.17 h-1. Calculations suggest that in clear oceanic waters exposed to full sunlight, most of the virus decay, averaged over a depth of 200 m, would be attributable to solar radiation. When decay rates were averaged over 24 h for a 10-m coastal water column, loss rates of infectivity attributable to sunlight were similar to those resulting from all other processes combined. Consequently, there should be a strong diel signal in the concentration of infectious viruses. In addition, since sunlight destroys infectivity more quickly than virus particles, a large proportion of the viruses in seawater is probably not infective. Images
Principles of Object Perception

Research on human infants has begun to shed light on early-developing processes for segmenting perceptual arrays Into objects. Infants appear to perceive objects by analyzing three-dimensional surface arrangements and motions. Their perception does not accord with a general tendency to maximize flgural goodness or to attend to nonaccidental geometric relations in visual arrays. Object perception does accord with principles governing the motions of material bodies: Infants divide perceptual arrays into units that move as connected wholes, that move separately from one another, that tend to maintain their size and shape over motion, and that tend to act upon each other only on contact. These findings suggest that a general representation of object unity and boundaries is interposed between representations of surfaces and representations of objects of familiar kinds. The processes that construct this representation may be related to processes of physical reasoning.
Delayed Growth in Mycoheterotrophic Gametophytes of Seedless Vascular Plants

Growth of the mycoheterotrophic gametophytes of Sceptridium dissectum and Ophioglossum crotolophoroides stalls at a few cells after germination on a nutrient medium lacking sugar. Resumption of growth when the cultures are supplied with glucose reveals that they are still alive. The stalled gametophytes of S. dissectum and O. crotalophoroides on media without sugar contain lipid droplets from the spores and a few starch grains that form during germination. The starch and lipid do not support the further growth of the stalled gametophytes because the size of the gametophytes does not change over time. These storage products slowly disappear from the stalled gametophytes. It appears that the storage materials are used to keep the stalled gametophytes alive. About 9% of the stalled gametophytes of O. crotalophoroides remain alive for ten months and about 5% of those of S. dissectum remain alive for 34 months. Delayed gametophyte growth is also exhibited by younggametophytes of Botrypus virginianus, Lycopodium obscurum, and Psilotum nudum. Delayed growth of mycoheterotrophic gametophytes under natural conditions would increase the time available for colonization by appropriate mycorrhizal fungi.
Postnatal rupture of an antenatally diagnosed choledochal cyst: first case report.

UNLABELLED A 7-mo-old girl with an asymptomatic antenatally diagnosed choledochal cyst was referred to the regional paediatric surgical centre for advice on management. Following further radiological investigation and discussion with the supra-regional centre, a date for elective surgery was arranged. However, in the interim, she was admitted as an emergency following rupture of the cyst. She made an uneventful recovery following urgent laparotomy. CONCLUSION We recommend prompt paediatric surgical referral following antenatal diagnosis of a presumed choledochal cyst. Delay in surgery may permit expansion and rupture of the cyst, even after a period of asymptomatic stability.
Space in Language and Thought: Commentary and Discussion

Despite profound disagreement on many matters, anthropologists share a commitment to the theoretical importance of human cultural diversity. Those in the other human disciplines have yet to place systemic diversity at the center of their concerns, occasional lip service to it or recognition of culture-internal divisions (e.g., of race, class, or gender) notwithstanding. Nowhere is this neglect more profound than in the cognitive sciences, that amalgam of subdisciplines concerned with the mind. The research reported in this issue, developed primarily within linguistic anthropology, challenges that neglect by articulating the implications of linguistic diversity for the cognitive sciences. This particular collection serves to bring these ongoing efforts to the attention of psychological anthropologists, who share many of the same interdisciplinary concerns but tend to be unaware of related work involving language. As Levinson points out, the dialogue needs to run both ways. Anthropological approaches are necessary to challenge the presumptive universalism and nativism of the cognitive sciences. However, anthropology also stands to gain. Far too much linguistic and cultural description remains untethered to any theory of mind, of individual capacity or process. All the articles in this group show this reciprocal influence in their attention to the psychological reality of linguistic structures. One might take this critical corrective further in two ways. First, linguistic, cultural, and cognitive theories all focus disproportionately on the products of the human mind rather than on their place in the life and functioning of actual people whose emotional, developmental, and situational experiences affect how they think and speak, believe and behave. In a sense, anthropology's cultural holism needs to be complemented by a psychological and situational holism. Some of the pieces here approximate this goal: Haviland gives us
A Method for Fabrication of Polycarbonate-Based Bioactive Platforms

Surface-based assays have been used extensively for the functional and structural analysis of biomolecules such as DNA or proteins. These experiments are established by the analysis of binding betw...
Effect of Packing Pressures and Particle Size Variations on the Reaction Kinetics for PbTiO3 and PbZrO3 Formation

The rate constant for solid-state reactions for PbTiO3 formation was increased by a factor of three by increasing the packing pressures. Similarly, rate constants for PbZrO3 formation were shown to increase with decreasing ZrO2 particle and crystallite sizes. Quantitative X-ray diffraction analyses were utilized to determine the extent of the reactions.
Post-classification smoothing of digital classification map of St. Louis, Missouri

We applied several majority kernels to land classification maps of St. Louis, Missouri. For our study site, the Landsat classification images are further processed by four techniques: (1) morphological filtering, (2) majority filtering by uniform square kernel, (3) majority' filtering by uniform circular kernel, (4) majority filtering by weighted circular kernel. The relationship between the kernel size and the overall land classification is investigated. For our study site, the results show that the majority' filtering using weighted circular kernel increases the overall classification accuracy by 18.8% compared to the raw classified image. This paper discusses the techniques and results of our study
Parametric Probability Densities and Distribution Functions for Tukey g -and- h Transformations and their Use for Fitting Data

The family of g-and-h transformations are popular algorithms used for simulating non-normal distributions because of their simplicity and ease of execution. In general, two limitations associated with g-andh transformations are that their probability density functions (pdfs) and cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) are unknown. In view of this, the g-and-h transformations’ pdfs and cdfs are derived in general parametric form. Moments are also derived and it is subsequently shown how the g and h parameters can be determined for prespecified values of skew and kurtosis. Numerical examples and parametric plots of g-and-h pdfs and cdfs are provided to confirm and demonstrate the methodology. It is also shown how g-and-h distributions can be used in the context of distribution fitting using real data sets.
Variations in human aortic fatty streaks among geographic locations.

Abstract Histologic features of aortic fatty streaks were examined in male subjects aged 10–39 from Guatemala, Jamaica Negro, Durban Bantu, New Orleans Negro, New Orleans white, Lima and Santiago. These groups were selected from the 19 available in the IAP (International Atherosclerosis Project) because they represented the greatest contrasts between the extent of fatty streaks in the young and raised lesions in the elders. Among these seven groups the extent of raised lesions in the older subjects was significantly but weakly correlated with the type of fatty streaks in the young as measured by lesion thickness, content of demonstrable lipid, numbers of foam and spindle cells. The severity of leukocytec infiltration and prevalence of foci of necrosis in fatty streaks however, correlated strongly with raised lesions (rank r = 0.90). We interpret this to imply that the presence of leukocytes and of foci of necrosis in the fatty streak marks its propensity to progress into raised lesions. If this formulation is correct, then the presence of both features in the histology of fatty streaks could be used as a marker in future studies of factors bearing upon the emergence of raised lesions out of fatty streaks.
Growth and lignification in seedlings exposed to eight days of microgravity

Four-day-old pine seedlings and mung bean and oat seeds were prepared for flight on the third Space Transport System Mission (STS-3). The seedlings and seeds were planted in six mini-growth chambers (two chambers per species) which were placed in a plant growth unit (PGU). Another set of seedlings and seeds was prepared and placed in another PGU as the 1 g control. The flight PGU was positioned in the orbiter mid-deck locker area about 11 h prior to launch. The pine seedlings and germinating mung bean and oat seeds were exposed to 194 h of microgravity. The PGU was received at a temporary laboratory about 75 min post-landing. Plants were observed, photographed and the atmospheric gases analyzed at the landing site. The plants were then brought to our Houston laboratory where they were measured and analyzed for lignin and protein content and for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidase activities. Flight seedlings were shorter than the controls in all three species. Twenty-five to 40 per cent of the mung bean and oat roots were growing upward, and the mung beans showed signs of disorientation. Flight mung beans showed a significant reduction in lignin content in comparison to the controls, and PAL and peroxidase activities were reduced in flight pine seedlings. The results generally support the postulate that lignin synthesis is reduced in near-weightlessness and show other interesting findings.
Non-Doppler redshift of some galactic objects

Redshift observations reported in several galactic objects, such as binary stars, star clusters, and in the K effect, are compared with the predicted non-Doppler redshift caused by the inelastic transmission of photons in gases. It is found that all the observations are compatible with the predicted redshift caused by a gas surrounding the star. The new mechanism explains, in a simple way and without requiring any of the previous ad hoc hypotheses, why so many early-type stars in the solar neighborhood appear to be generally redshifted. This mechanism has important consequences in cosmology. >
Partitioning spectral absorption in case 2 waters: discrimination of dissolved and particulate components

A series of three mathematical procedures is derived to discriminate the light absorption by phytoplankton, colored dissolved organic matter, and nonpigmented particulates in waters in which absorption is dominated by factors other than phytoplankton (i.e., case 2 waters). The procedures utilize normalized absorption cross-sectional spectra of the absorption components and matrix inversion to solve for the coefficients that scale the normalized spectra. The procedures differ in the amount of ancillary measurements incorporated to reduce the variability of the estimates. The procedure that incorporates no ancillary information is expected to be unbiased only over long time periods. Application of the procedures to a 15-day time series of continuously monitored data from the Rhode River, Maryland, revealed the presence of large (approximately twofold) changes in absorption at 440 nm over periods of a few hours. Hourly sampling over a 24-h period confirmed that the changes in measured optical coefficients corresponded to changes in water quality. Errors in estimates of absorption components were of a magnitude consistent with those observed in development of the procedures and confirmed the progressive improvement achieved by incorporation of additional information. Over the time period observed, changes in optical properties appeared to be driven by advective processes.
Drug elucidation: invertebrate genetics sheds new light on the molecular targets of CNS drugs

Many important drugs approved to treat common human diseases were discovered by serendipity, without a firm understanding of their modes of action. As a result, the side effects and interactions of these medications are often unpredictable, and there is limited guidance for improving the design of next-generation drugs. Here, we review the innovative use of simple model organisms, especially Caenorhabditis elegans, to gain fresh insights into the complex biological effects of approved CNS medications. Whereas drug discovery involves the identification of new drug targets and lead compounds/biologics, and drug development spans preclinical testing to FDA approval, drug elucidation refers to the process of understanding the mechanisms of action of marketed drugs by studying their novel effects in model organisms. Drug elucidation studies have revealed new pathways affected by antipsychotic drugs, e.g., the insulin signaling pathway, a trace amine receptor and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Similarly, novel targets of antidepressant drugs and lithium have been identified in C. elegans, including lipid-binding/transport proteins and the SGK-1 signaling pathway, respectively. Elucidation of the mode of action of anesthetic agents has shown that anesthesia can involve mitochondrial targets, leak currents and gap junctions. The general approach reviewed in this article has advanced our knowledge about important drugs for CNS disorders and can guide future drug discovery efforts.
Wiener Chaos and Nonlinear Filtering

The paper discusses two algorithms for solving the Zakai equation in the time-homogeneous diffusion filtering model with possible correlation between the state process and the observation noise. Both algorithms rely on the Cameron-Martin version of the Wiener chaos expansion, so that the approximate filter is a finite linear combination of the chaos elements generated by the observation process. The coefficients in the expansion depend only on the deterministic dynamics of the state and observation processes. For real-time applications, computing the coefficients in advance improves the performance of the algorithms in comparison with most other existing methods of nonlinear filtering. The paper summarizes the main existing results about these Wiener chaos algorithms and resolves some open questions concerning the convergence of the algorithms in the noise-correlated setting. The presentation includes the necessary background on the Wiener chaos and optimal nonlinear filtering.
Recurrent gastrointestinal stromal sarcomas.

Abstract Gastrointestinal stromal sarcomas, formerly categorized as leiomyosarcomas of gastrointestinal origin, have a common pattern of intraperitoneal dissemination. Despite surgical resection with or without adjuvant systemic chemotherapy the vast majority of these patients succumb to intraperitoneal sarcomatosis and/or hepatic metastases. In an attempt to improve upon the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease we and several other centers have begun treating these patients with intraperitoneal chemotherapy.We have found that aggressive surgical resection with postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy has significantly lowered the peritoneal recurrence rate in patients with recurrent gastrointestinal stromal sarcomas as compared to those who have undergone surgical resection alone. However, this treatment approach has proven to be ineffective in preventing hepatic metastases, and thus has had little effect upon overall survival. With the treatment of primary rather than recurrent disease we hope to interrupt the disease process at an earlier stage further decreasing peritoneal recurrences and potentially improving survival.
Computational design of FIB-milled nanostructures for use in biosensing

This research describes theoretical and experimental evaluations of electromagnetic fields around ordered arrangements of gold and silver nano-pillars. Finite difference time domain method is employed in simulating the periodic arrangements of nano-pillars having different geometries. Metallic nanostructures are developed using the focused ion beam (FIB) milling process. These structures are also fabricated on gold-coated tips of four mode and multimode silica optical fibers. Enhancements in surface enhanced Raman scattering signals are monitored in the experimental evaluation of nanopillars. These FIB-milled nanostructures show practical use for biosensing applications.
Behavioral Economics and Its Meaning for Antitrust Agency Decision Making

Of all fields of regulation in the United States, antitrust law relies most heavily on economics to inform the design and application of legal rules. When drafting antitrust statutes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Congress anticipated that courts and enforcement agencies would formulate and adjust operational standards to account for new learning. The field of economics — especially industrial organization economics — would give broad statutory commands much of their analytical content.In principle, the flexibility of U.S. antitrust statutes makes competition policy adaptable and accommodates for upgrades over time. This evolutionary process is only effective if antitrust institutions can identify significant advances in economic learning and refine enforcement policy and doctrine accordingly. Owing to their expertise in economics and law, the two federal antitrust agencies — the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) — are crucial instruments of adaptation. The antitrust system’s quality depends on the agencies’ commitment to reassess existing doctrine and policy in light of new developments.
Effect of a targeted obstructive sleep apnea consult to improve access and quality at a sleep disorders center.

Study Objectives: We sought to evaluate whether a targeted obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) consult (TOSAC) protocol that reduced sleep-specialist time spent with patients suspected of having OSA would improve quality of care compared with the previous clinical method for evaluation of patients internally referred for suspected OSA. Methods: Prospective cohort design. TOSAC patients received oximetry and criteria screening prior to a split-night polysomnography and a 45minute sleep-specialist consult, while control patients received consult, testing, and a follow-up visit (90 minutes of sleep-specialist time). Results: We enrolled 186 TOSAC and 94 control patients. TOSAC patients completed their evaluation in a median of 7.0 days compared with 60.0 days for the controls (p .10), while TOSAC patients had a slightly greater improvement on the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (p = .010). TOSAC patients reported better subjective continuous positive airway pressure compliance (median 42.0 vs 32.5 hours/week; p = .037). Conclusions: A protocol-driven evaluation pathway for OSA that used screening with oximetry and less sleep-specialist time shortened access and produced similar diagnoses, improvements in sleepiness and quality of life, and overall satisfaction.
Intermittent Compression for the Treatment of a Chronic Stasis Ulceration

For many years, pressure gradient therapy has been an accepted treatment for venous stasis disease and its accompanying leg ulcerations.1–3 Treatment of leg ulcerations with an intermittent compression pump, however, has received little attention in the medical literature. This case report documents the benefits of intermittent compression therapy in the conservative treatment of a patient with ulceration due to chronic venous stasis disease. SUBJECT A 59-year-old white man, diagnosed as having chronic venous insufficiency and an associated lower leg ulcer, was referred to the physical therapy service. The patient, a retired Air Force Mess Sergeant, had a long history of lower extremity swelling, which he associated with the prolonged standing his job required. He also stated he was under treatment for hypertension, taking 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide daily, and he smoked two packs of cigarettes a day. The leg ulcer had been present for three years.
A novel neuropeptide regulator of behavioral sensitization to cocaine

Aims: We have previously demonstrated in male rats that repeated exposure to amphetamine (AMPH) from earlyto midadolescence [postnatal day (P) 27 to 45] persistently alters the function of dopamine D1 receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here, we determined if this functional change was associated with altered D1 expression in the mPFC and nucleus accumbens (NAc), whether the timing of drug exposure (earlyvs. late-adolescence) influenced drug-induced plasticity, and whether adolescent AMPH exposure altered anxietyand depression-like behavior. Methods: Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=78) were treatedwith salineor3mg/kgAMPH(i.p.) everyotherday (10 injections total) during early (P27 to 45) or late adolescence (P37 to 55). Sucrose preference (SP) tests were then performed after 1, 7, and 21 days of withdrawal. For each test, the consumption of water and 1% sucrose was measured for 48h. Before the last SP test, anxietylike behavior was assessed by measuring activity in an open-field arena and an elevated plus maze (EPM). Rats were sacrificed after finishing the last SP test, the mPFC and NAc were collected, and D1 protein levels were measured using Western blot analysis. Results: AMPH exposure induced a decrease of SP during the first test. In the EPM, early, but not late, AMPH treatment increased time spent in open arms. Lastly, we found decreased D1 levels in the mPFC following early AMPH exposure. Conclusions: Our preliminary findings suggest that adolescent AMPH exposure induces lasting changes in mPFC D1 expression, which may play a role in the anhedonia and “risk taking” behavior we observed. Importantly, these drug-induced changes are more robust following earlycompared to late-adolescent exposure, suggesting a heightened vulnerability to AMPH in early adolescence. Financial support: This study is supported byNIH (DA 029815).
Automatic heart localization and radiographic index computation in chest x-rays

This study proposes a novel automated method for cardiomegaly detection in chest X-rays (CXRs). The algo- rithm has two main stages: i) heart and lung region localization on CXRs, and ii) radiographic index extraction from the heart and lung boundaries. We employed a lung detection algorithm and extended it to automatically compute the heart boundaries. The typical models of heart and lung regions are learned using a public CXR dataset with boundary markings. The method estimates the location of these regions in candidate ('patient') CXR images by registering models to the patient CXR. For the radiographic index computation, we implemented the traditional and recently published indexes in the literature. The method is tested on a database with 250 abnormal, and 250 normal CXRs. The radiographic indexes are combined through a classifier, and the method successfully classifies the patients with cardiomegaly with a 0:77 accuracy, 0:77 sensitivity and 0:76 specificity.
Human Performance with Vocal Cueing of Automation State Changes in an Adaptive System

Previous research on cueing of control mode changes in adaptive systems has focused on the use of visual cues with some work on complex auditory cues. Research has not explored the use of vocal cues for automation state changes and human performance implications. This study investigated vocal cues as feedback on adaptive robotic system states for supporting operator performance when responding to control mode transitions compared with visual (icons) and auditory (earcons) feedback. Thirty-two participants performed a virtual reality simulation of a telerobot-assisted underwater mine disposal task. Modal cues were presented with task phase changes and robot control mode changes. Cue type and complexity (length of messages) were varied between and within subjects, respectively. Operator performance was evaluated in terms of time-to-task completion, workload, and situation awareness. Results demonstrated vocal cues to be superior to simple visual icons and no cueing for performance. Earcons did not produce w...