cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FNCKING WITH WHITE FRAMES: TEEJAYX6 SCAM RAPS THE DIGITAL

Teejayx6 is a scam rapper from Detroit who puts to shame the notion that the internet is a cyberspace frontier where you can be all you wanna be. Instead, he presents it as a rich field to be harvested, and through his music provides insights about race and the internet. Ever since Kolko et al. (2000) published Race in Cyberspace, internet studies has tried to tease out how race plays out on the internet. But, as scholar Jessie Daniels (2012) shows, the field has come up way short. Maybe that’s because academics are too focused on what’s going on “in there” with race. There’s too much of a focus on the traditional analyses of representations of blackness, or of browness, or of yellowness. Instead, in line with Daniels (2012) urgings, we should be figuring out how whiteness is embedded, so deeply, in the internet. And so, we ask: What does Teejayx6’s scam rap, and the the scam rap of his predecessors, tell us about whiteness and the internet? Teejayx6 lyrics and online interviews help expose whiteness mythologies entrenched in internet discourse. We see how the open frontier of cyberspace masks territorialization; how identity fluidity is more of an elite fantasy than a pluralistic fact; and, how the promise of leisure and prosperity is false consciousness at best.
The Gender Position Gap and Firm Performance

In the workplace, women are less likely than men to hold higher paying positions. We refer to this phenomenon as the gender position gap. While the gender position gap is an important problem that affects millions of women and their families, its implications for firms are unclear. In this paper, we examine the gender position gap of firm employees and its association with future firm performance. We use proprietary gender and salary data on employees that hold various positions within firms. We find that the gender position gap is wider for firms with larger female–male differences in human capital characteristics, fewer female leaders, and weaker monitoring. Firms with a larger gender position gap have poorer future performance. This negative association is stronger for firms that rely more on human capital. Firms with a larger gender position gap also have lower future stock returns, which suggests that investors do not fully utilize information about gender position gaps. Overall, our findings are consistent with the view that gender inequality can be detrimental to firm performance.
Origin of large-amplitude oscillations of dust particles in a plasma sheath

The authors investigate the how particles levitating in a plasma extract energy from their environment to produce stable, large-amplitude vertical oscillations
State Versus Federal Wiretap Orders: A Look at the Data

Title III, codified at Title 18 USC \S\S 2510-2521, allows for federal and state law enforcement interceptions of wire, oral, or electronic communications, which requires obtaining a court order. For the two parallel court systems in the United States, however, the operational standard being followed by law enforcement agencies may differ. This paper compares the outcomes from wiretap orders authorized by the federal and the state courts. Guided by an economic model of criminal behavior, we show that arrests and convictions increase in wiretap intensity (at a diminishing rate), but federal orders reach the peak point faster than state orders so. We do not find cross effects between the two layers of wiretap orders.
Genomic testing in dairy cattle

Genomic testing is closing in on 10 years of existence in the dairy cattle genetics industry. In 2008 this technology was introduced, 2009 brought genomic evaluations to the marketplace, and 2010 saw the first commercial genomic testing in the dairy industry. Fast forward to 2018 and we will see well over one-half million dairy animals tested this year. To put into perspective, we have progressed from less than 1 out of every 200 dairy heifers being tested 7 years ago to more than 1 out of every 10 being tested today.
Goal Setting and Achievement

Management is about performance. It is generally accepted both in management theory and practice that goal setting is an effective and necessary technique for peak performance. In this article, goals are a key ingredient in the achievement of the vision and mission established by the organization leaders.
Perspectives on immunometabolism at the biomaterials interface

Abstract Productive engagement of the immune system is a persistent challenge for biomaterials scientists. Immune engineering offers a new perspective on biomaterial design, with immune cell interaction to modulate effector functions at the center. The effector functions of these cells are intimately linked to their metabolic needs and programming. Immune cell metabolism has received renewed attention in recent years, and with each new discovery there is opportunity for biomaterials scientists. This prospectus aims to provide an overview of the most recent advances in biomaterial engagement of immune cells alongside interrogation of immunometabolism, while looking to future avenues of coalescence. Four cell types are highlighted here: neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. Consideration of these two fields, and the tools within each, with a forward-looking mindset is the key to a new era of biomaterials.
Sticky Costs and Executive Compensation

Shareholders have recently criticized compensation committees for blindly protecting executives from earnings underperformance. We investigate this claim by considering whether compensation committees consider the "sticky cost" relation between sales and expenses in determining executive bonus compensation. Prior research offers two distinct, but related explanations for why costs tend to be sticky: excess capacity and expected future sales activity. Our evidence suggests that compensation committees consider the relation of sales and expenses, expected future sales and the extent of capacity utilization in determining CEO bonuses. When these factors are controlled for, our evidence suggests that the weak link between CEO bonus compensation and earnings underperformance documented in the prior literature goes away. That is, our results suggest that compensation committees do not blindly protect executives for earnings underperformance. On the contrary, our evidence suggests these committees take into account other non-earnings information when deciding how much weight to give to a decrease in earnings.
Heller myotomy perforation: robotic visualization decreases perforation rate and revisional surgery is a perforation risk.

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has improved surgical access to the foregut. While the benefits of MIS versus open surgery are well accepted, the relative benefits of laparoscopic versus robotic approaches continue to be debated. Procedure-specific comparisons are difficult to obtain for Heller myotomy, due to the relative rarity of the procedure in most practices. A retrospective review of prospectively collected perioperative data of a single surgical practice from 2001 to 2019 was conducted for the rate of perforation during Heller myotomy laparoscopically compared to robotically. From 2001 through February 2012, a laparoscopic approach was employed and from October 2008 to 2019, a robotic approach was employed. All perforations were recorded, as well as secondary outcomes of perforation location (gastric or esophageal), postoperative imaging for evidence of leak, length of stay, and complications. Chi-square and simple t test were employed for data analysis. During the 11 years of laparoscopic Heller myotomy, 14 cases resulted in 7 instances of perforation (50%). During the 11 years of robotic Heller myotomy, 45 cases resulted in 11 instances of perforation (24%) (p value = 0.06). All perforations in both groups were tiny, recognized, and repaired immediately. The length of stay (LOS) was longer in the laparoscopic perforation group (3.4 days) compared to the laparoscopic non-perforation group (1.2 days) (p value = 0.06). LOS for robotic was not significantly longer in the perforation group (2.8 days) compared to the robotic non-perforation group (1.5 days) (p value = 0.18). First time Heller myotomies showed a higher rate of perforation with laparoscopic (50%) vs robotic (14%) (p value = 0.009) approach. In subgroup analysis of revisional procedures, all ten were performed robotically (p value < 0.001) with a 60% perforation rate (p value = 0.001) and one associated, radiographically confirmed leak. Primary laparoscopic Heller myotomy related to more than four times the frequency of perforation than did primary robotic myotomy. We propose that the robotic platform provided the surgeon with superior ability to avoid perforation. Interestingly, the robotic group in this study dealt with more complex redo cases. In fact, reoperation in the area of the hiatus was a separate risk factor for perforation during robotic Heller myotomy. We recommend further prospective trials be done to better evaluate the benefits of robotic platform in regard to revisional foregut surgery.
Jesuit rings from Rock Island, Wisconsin

Excavations on Rock Island, an island in Lake Michigan, have recovered a group of Jesuit rings that pertain to Potawatomi and, probably, Ottawa villages there. The rings show certain style shifts that add to Cleland’s proposed sequence changes and provide a well-dated ring profile for the western Great Lakes in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
Non-linearity Suppressed Fiber Link of Large-Effective-Area Medium Dispersion Fiber and Dispersion Compensation Fiber

A new type of fiber link employing large-effective-area medium-dispersion fiber is presented. Q improvement of 4 dB compared to conventional fibers was revealed for the link by a simulation. A maximum dispersion variation of the link was plusmn 0.18 ps/nm/km over the C- and L-bans
Bandwidth enhancement of single-shot data acquisition systems by deconvolution of system response

Procedures have been developed (Feb.1994) for enhancing the effective bandwidth of single-shot measurement systems. One procedure characterizes the transfer function of the measurement system hardware, and the other is a software compensation technique to deconvolve this transfer function from the acquired data. The example shown employs a Tektronix SCD-5000 Transient Digitizer, with a -3 dB bandwidth improvement of 4.5 times, to over 15 GHz. >
Prediction error based controller switching policies

Based on observations of the past inputs and outputs of an unknown system /spl Sigma/, a countable set of predictors O/sub a/, /spl alpha/ /spl isin/ A, is used to predict the system output sequence. Using the resultant prediction errors a decision rule selects a parameter /spl alpha/ /spl isin/ A at each time k such that the sequence of selections converges to a predictor with desirable properties. At each time k the selected parameter determines which controller from a family of predesigned controllers /spl Gamma//sub /spl alpha//, /spl alpha/ /spl isin/ A, is connected into feedback with the system. We show that for certain MIMO linear systems the resultant closed loop controlled system is stable and can asymptotically track an exogenous reference input.
Rethinking European Integration in the Competition Domain

This symposium explores the causes and consequences of European competition policy. I make two points in this essay, which the authors of the symposium reinforce. First, European integration is best examined from a public policy perspective, which focuses on the course of action that European public authorities decide (or not) to take. Second, the workings of competition policy in Europe cannot be understood without examining policies both at the European Union level and at national levels. The main benefit of the approach is to encourage cross-fertilization across several fields. Concepts and tools from policy studies and comparative politics are used to inform phenomena that have been investigated until recently mainly by international relations scholars.
Play or learn: European-American and Chinese kindergartners' perceptions about the conflict.

Background Kindergarten is the age at which children's future time perspective emerges. This capacity enables them to form goals based on past and ongoing experiences and project themselves in the future. This development may play an important role in guiding children in self-regulated learning. When faced with the conflict between their need to learn and their desire to play (CLP), children make choices based on their perceptions of CLP. However, their CLP-related perceptions and responses are also influenced by the values their culture upholds. Research shows that Western learning emphasizes more mental activities and positive affect, whereas East Asian learning stresses more social/moral self-perfection. Children's CLP-related perceptions and responses are likely shaped by their respective cultures' values. Aims This study examined kindergartners' emergent perceptions of and responses to CLP. Both commonalities and possible cultural differences were investigated. Sample The sample was 130 middle-class European-American and Chinese kindergartners, balanced for culture and gender. Method Children each heard a story beginning with a picture of a protagonist who is practicing words at home but hears children playing outside. Children were asked to complete the story and were probed further when they mentioned ideas related to learning and play. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for coding. Tests were conducted for group differences. Results and Conclusions Most children from both groups identified CLP and shared similar views about their need to complete schoolwork, benefits of learning, negativity of neglecting learning, and ways to resist temptation to play. However, large cultural differences also emerged. Chinese children showed greater awareness of CLP and expressed more positive regard for learning, learning virtues, and receptivity to adult expectations.
A high yielding one-pot synthesis of [18F]fluoromethylcholine

1149 Objectives Demand for [18F]fluoromethylcholine ([18F]FCH) continues to grow in the United States. However, in our laboratory, the traditional method of preparing [18F]FCH via methylation of dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) with [18F]fluorobromomethane has proven problematic, hampered by low yields (≤4%) and high residual DMAE contamination (≤1 mg/mL). To address these issues, we have developed a one-pot approach for preparing [18F]FCH via in situ formation of [18F]fluoromethyl tosylate ([18F]FCH2OTs). Methods [18F]Fluoride was trapped on a QMA cartridge and eluted with K2CO3. Kryptofix-222 was added and the azeotropic water/acetonitrile mixture was evaporated to dryness. Methylene ditosylate (7 mg) in MeCN (750 µL) and water (10 µL) was added and the reaction heated at 120°C for 10 min to generate [18F]FCH2OTs. The reaction mixture was cooled to 60°C and DMAE (40 µL in 350 µL MeCN) was added. The reactor was heated at 120°C for an additional 10 min., cooled to 60°C and the reaction solvent was evaporated. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (5.5 mL) and passed through a C18 sep-pak cartridge into a round-bottomed flask charged with ethanol (10 mL). The procedure was repeated with additional water (5.5 mL) to rinse the reactor, and the resulting water-ethanol mixture was passed through a CM sep-pak cartridge. [18F]FCH was trapped on the CM cartridge, and the cartridge was flushed with ethanol (15 mL) to remove residual DMAE, rinsed with water (20 mL) to remove excess ethanol, before final elution of [18F]FCH with USP saline. The formulated product was passed through a 0.22 µm filter into a sterile dose vial, and submitted for QC testing. Results Typical yields of [18F]FCH were 91 mCi (7% non-decay-corrected based upon ~1.3 Ci [18F]fluoride). Doses passed all quality control tests (Table), confirming their suitability for clinical PET imaging. Conclusions A one-pot synthesis of [18F]fluoromethylcholine has been developed. The synthesis is high yielding, and doses contain extremely low levels of residual DMAE. Research Support Financial support by NIBIB (T32EB005172-02) is gratefully acknowledged.
Origin of Binaries from a Consideration of Angular Momentum

According to various studies, more than one half of stars exist as members of binary and multiple systems. Therefore any theory for star formation must account for this fact. In other words, the problem of the origin of binaries has a far broader implication than is implied as a part of binary-star study. For this reason one cannot over-exaggerate its importance.
Incorporation of a High-Speed Decimal Data Processor into a Centrifugal Analyzer

We incorporated a new high-speed data processor into a centrifugal analyzer system. The data processor is compact and inexpensive, yet it is capable of performing the essential control and data-manipulation functions that are usually performed by a minicomputer. The ease with which the system can be programmed to perform a typical analytical procedure is illustrated. The interaction of system components during the analysis is described, with emphasis on the role of the processor. Analytical results are presented.
Sparse aperture fill for SAR using super-SVA

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a coherent imaging process that requires an uninterrupted collection of Nyquist-sampled signal data. Corrupted or missing data in the collected aperture produces artifacts and reduces the achievable resolution. For the case of corrupted data due to an improperly functioning system component or an intentional interference signal, simply nulling the corrupted part of the aperture will often improve the utility of the resulting image. However, significant artifacts will likely remain as a result of the gap introduced when the bad data is removed. The authors presented a technique based on the super-spatially variant apodization (super SVA) algorithm [Stankwitz and Kosek 1995] that can interpolate the collected data to fill the gap formed by the missing data. Super-SVB was originally designed to extrapolate SAR signal data; however, it can also be used to interpolate across gaps in the data. This technique can be extended to effectively build a large aperture from a number of closely spaced, but non-abutting, e.g. sparse, apertures. This ability to fill sparse apertures introduces a new potential price/performance tradeoff for the system designer with specific resolution requirements.
Time required for tumour initiation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens on pinto bean leaves.

THE mechanism of tumorogenesis by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the organism responsible for crown-gall tumours in plants, may be subject to critical experimental analysis in a host-pathogen complex only when the precise time during which tumour initiation occurs and the time required for the initiation of individual tumours are known. Knowledge of these time requirements and the factors influencing them may also provide insight into the number and kinds of processes involved in crown-gall tumour formation.
Two languages, one developing brain: event-related potentials to words in bilingual toddlers

Infant bilingualism offers a unique opportunity to study the relative effects of language experience and maturation on brain development, with each child serving as his or her own control. Event-related potentials (ERPs) to words were examined in 19- to 22-month-old English-Spanish bilingual toddlers. The children's dominant vs. nondominant languages elicited different patterns of neural activity in the lateral asymmetry of an early positive component (P100), and the latencies and distributions of ERP differences to known vs. unknown words from 200-400 and 400-600 ms. ERP effects also differed for 'high' and 'low' vocabulary groups based on total conceptual vocabulary scores. The results indicate that the organization of language-relevant brain activity is linked to experience with language rather than brain maturation.
Copper(I) and copper(II) complexes of tetramethyldiphosphinedisulfide. II. Isolation and characterization of a polymeric copper(II) precursor, (Me4P2S2)CuCl2, to the ultimate copper(I) product, [(Me4P2S2)CuCl]2

Abstract It has been found that the reaction of CuCl2·2H2O with Me4P2S2 in ethanol at room temperature affords a small amount of a brown, crystalline product as well as the major, white Cu(I) product, [(Me4P2S2)CuCl]2. The brown compound decomposes to form the white one if left in contact with the reaction mixture for a few hours. X-ray crystallographic investigation has shown that the brown compound has the stoichiometry (Me4P2S2)CuCI2 and that it crystallizes as an infinite polymer in which CuCl2 groups (∠ClCuCl = 141.4°) are connected by Me4P2S2 molecules. The latter retain their anti rotational configuration and are thus incapable of chelating. The SCuS angle is 137.3°; thus the coordination geometry at copper(II) is a flattened tetra- hedron. The mean metal-ligand distances are: CuCl, 2.22 A and CuS = 2.33 A. The principal crystallographic data are: space group, P21/c; a = 6.138(1) A; b = 15.452(5) A; c = 12.465(7) A; β = 93.30(40)°; V= 1180.1(8) A; z=4.
The Importance of Short-Term Forecasting of Thunderstorms to Launch Operations at Cape Canaveral.

The local meteorological events leading up to the launch of the space shuttle Atlantis on 2 August 1991 were captured in full-resolution GOES visible data being archived for the Convection and Precipitation/Electrification Experiment. The postponement of the launch on 1 August, and the successful lift-off on the following day provide a good example of the important role played by nowcasting and short-term forecasting at Cape Canaveral. In this brief article, we discuss the local weather conditions prior to, during, and after the launch and demonstrate the importance of short-term forecasting capabilities around the cape during launch operations.
Mitral Valve Injury After Radiofrequency Ablation for Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

A 39-year-old athletic female with symptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome underwent an electrophysiological study and subsequent ablation of orthodromic reentrant tachycardias using left lateral, posterolateral, and posteroseptal accessory pathways. Ablation was performed with 7F medium- and large-curl Safire catheters using the retrograde aortic approach. Eighteen radiofrequency lesions were delivered at the mitral valve annulus (50 W, 60°, 10–60 seconds), and 8 were delivered in the coronary sinus, with weak persistence of antegrade conduction through the posteroseptal pathway. Two weeks later, she presented to the emergency room with a new episode of supraventricular tachycardia, She had been having dyspnea since the ablation procedure. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed severe mitral regurgitation with a regurgitant volume of 66 ml and estimated regurgitant orifice of 39 mm2 (Figure [C, F, and G]); the left atrium was enlarged with a volume index of 36 ml/m2. Transesophageal echocardiogram revealed a ruptured chord to the anterior leaflet adjacent to the posteromedial commissure (Figure [E]). Given the symptoms and severity of the mitral valve regurgitation, the decision …
Mechanisms of early improvement / resolution of type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery

Bariatric surgery represents the main option for obtaining substantial and long-term weight loss in morbidly obese subjects. In addition, malabsorptive (biliopancreatic diversion, BPD) and restrictive (roux-en-Y gastric bypass, RYGB) surgery, originally devised to treat obesity, has also been shown to help diabetes. Indeed, type 2 diabetes is improved or even reversed soon after these operations and well before significant weight loss occurs. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the early effects of bariatric surgery on diabetes--namely, the hindgut hypothesis and the foregut hypothesis. The former states that diabetes control results from the more rapid delivery of nutrients to the distal small intestine, thereby enhancing the release of hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The latter theory contends that exclusion of the proximal small intestine reduces or suppresses the secretion of anti-incretin hormones, leading to improvement of blood glucose control as a consequence. In fact, increased GLP-1 plasma levels stimulate insulin secretion and suppress glucagon secretion, thereby improving glucose metabolism. Recent studies have shown that improved intestinal gluconeogenesis may also be involved in the amelioration of glucose homoeostasis following RYGB. Although no large trials have specifically addressed the effects of bariatric surgery on the remission or reversal of type 2 diabetes independent of weight loss and/or caloric restriction, there are sufficient data in the literature to support the idea that this type of surgery--specifically, RYGB and BPD--can lead to early improvement of glucose control independent of weight loss.
Structure-fungicidal properties of some 3- and 4-hydroxylated stilbenes and bibenzyl analogues

Abstract The fungicidal activity of some substituted hydroxylated stilbenes and bibenzyls was measured against three wood-destroying fungi using the agar plate technique. Four 3-hydroxystilbene derivatives and 3-hydroxy-bibenzyl were active against the white-rot fungus Coriolus versicolor . A tentative structure-activity relationship was proposed for stilbene C. versicolor activity. The previously proposed hypothesis that white-rot extracellular enzymes oxidatively degrade stilbenes which makes white-rot fungi immune to stilbenes may need to be reexamined. No structure-activity relationship was apparent for stilbenes tested against the two brown-rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Poria placenta . Of the two natural hydroxylated stilbenes studied, pinosylvin was slightly more active against G. trabeum and C. versicolor than pinosylvin monomethyl ether. Surprisingly, neither of these two natural stilbenes showed much activity against the copper-tolerant fungus P. placenta .
Hydrogen and ozone gas sensing using multiple ZnO nanorods

ZnO nanorods grown by site-selective molecular beam epitaxy show current–voltage characteristics that are sensitive to the presence of hydrogen or ozone in the measurement ambient for temperatures as low as ∼112 °C for H2 or room temperature for O3. The sensitivity to hydrogen increases sharply with temperature and multiple nanorods contacted at both ends by ohmic electrodes show currents of ∼10-8 A at 200 °C and a differential current change of ∼18% when changing from a pure N2 ambient to 10% H2 in N2. The nanorods are able to detect small concentrations (3%) of O3 in O2, with changes in current of ∼10-7 A at 25 °C. The sensitivity was 21% for O3 at room temperature. The nanorods also show a strong response to above-band-gap illumination with ultraviolet light.
Artifacts in recording immediate mandibular translation: A laboratory investigation☆☆☆★★★♢♢♢♦

Abstract Statement of problem. Even though immediate mandibular translation has been extensively studied and analyzed, and its clinical significance emphasized, there is controversy as to whether it actually exists or whether it is just an artifact of the pantograph. Purpose. The aim of this study was to determine whether what appears to be pantographic evidence of immediate mandibular translation can actually be an artifact and, if so, to find a method to avoid it. Material and methods. The first part of this article explains geometrically with computer vector graphics how pure rotation can produce a pantographic tracing on the horizontal plate that is identical to what would be seen for immediate mandibular translation. The second part of the article presents a technique that uses a modified pantograph that eliminates the rotational artifact and thus permits proper interpretation of true immediate mandibular translation. Results. This study shows that pure rotation about the sagittal axis mimics immediate mandibular translation on a pantographic tracing when the plates are inferior to the transverse horizontal axis, produces scribings in an opposite direction for plates in a superior position, and produces no scribing when the plates are level with it. By modifying the pantograph so the tip of the scribing pin of the horizontal plate is level with the transverse horizontal axis, true immediate mandibular translation can most easily be differentiated from rotational artifact. Conclusions and Clinical Significance. Rotation can cause artifacts that mimic immediate mandibular translation. A technique to avoid this problem is presented. This technique provides the foundation for a valid evaluation of patients to determine whether true immediate mandibular translation exists and whether it is clinically important. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;78:172-8.)
QoS management in service-oriented architectures

The next generation of software systems will be highly distributed, component-based and service-oriented. They will need to operate in unattended mode and possibly in hostile environments, will be composed of a large number of 'replaceable' components discoverable at run-time, and will have to run on a multitude of unknown and heterogeneous hardware and network platforms. This paper focuses on QoS management in service-oriented architectures in which service providers (SP) provide a set of interrelated services to service consumers, and a QoS broker mediates QoS negotiations between SPs and consumers. The main contributions of this paper are: (i) the description of an architecture that includes a QoS broker and service provider software components, (ii) the specification of a secure protocol for QoS negotiation with the support of a QoS broker, (iii) the specification of an admission control mechanism used by SPs, (iv) a report on the implementation of the QoS broker and SPs, and (v) the experimental validation of the ideas presented in the paper.
Evaluation of Long-Lasting Perpetual Asphalt Pavement with Life-Cycle Cost Analysis

In 2006, the Oklahoma Department of Transportation sponsored work at the pavement test track of the National Center for Asphalt Technology to compare the performance of two sections that had been designed to determine the necessary thickness for perpetual pavement. One section (Section N9) was designed to be a perpetual pavement at 14 in. thick. The other section (Section N8), at 10 in. thick (according to the AASHTO 1993 design guide), was used to test performance and to identify the thickness needed for perpetual pavement. This paper presents a life-cycle cost analysis for quantifying the benefits of a perpetual pavement section compared with the long-term cost of the thinner section. The life-cycle cost analysis was conducted with RealCost 2.5, which was available through FHWA, and included a determination of quantitative estimates of construction schedule, work zone user costs, and agency costs for initial construction and rehabilitation activities. The perpetual pavement section was found to have had...
Who owns 'culture'?1

No one owns the concept 'culture'. Anthropology's long-standing proprietary claim on the concept rests on three sorts of contentions - none of which are convincing. Anthropology's overwhelmingly interpretive approaches to cultural materials have led to a preoccupation with the details of cultural materials at the expense of formulating explanatory theories. This has, among other things, rendered fieldwork experience sufficient for professional credentials. However, if the details are all that matter, then comparative and cross-cultural research, as well as most of the social sciences, make no sense. Contrary to this view, it is proposed here that theories reveal which details matter. Cognitive accounts of the sort we advanced in Rethinking Religion (1990) offer a firm theoretical basis for cross-cultural study of religious materials. Other types of research concerning non-human primates, early childhood development, and various social and cognitive impairments also offer insight into culture (without relying on fieldwork studies).
The influence of nonstationarity on the turbulent flux–gradient relationship for stable stratification

Extensive eddy-correlation datasets are analyzed to examine the influence of nonstationarity of the mean flow on the flux–gradient relationship near the surface. This nonstationarity is due to wavelike motions, meandering of the wind vector, and numerous unidentified small-scale mesoscale motions. While the data do not reveal an obvious critical gradient Richardson number, the maximum downward heat flux increases approximately linearly with increasing friction velocity for significant stability.
Cluster-Sample Methods in Applied Econometrics

Inference methods that recognize the clustering of individual observations have been available for more than 25 years. Brent Moulton (1990) caught the attention of economists when he demonstrated the serious biases that can result in estimating the effects of aggregate explanatory variables on individual-specific response variables. The source of the downward bias in the usual ordinary least-squares (OLS) standard errors is the presence of an unobserved, state-level effect in the error term. More recently, John Pepper (2002) showed how accounting for multi-level clustering can have dramatic effects on t statistics. While adjusting for clustering is much more common than it was 10 years ago, inference methods robust to cluster correlation are not used routinely across all relevant settings. In this paper, I provide an overview of applications of cluster-sample methods, both to cluster samples and to panel data sets.
Ultraviolet photofragmentation of biomolecular ions

Mass spectrometric identification of all types of molecules relies on the observation and interpretation of ion fragmentation patterns. Peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids that are often found as components of complex biological samples represent particularly important challenges. The most common strategies for fragmenting biomolecular ions include low- and high-energy collisional activation, post-source decay, and electron capture or transfer dissociation. Each of these methods has its own idiosyncrasies and advantages but encounters problems with some types of samples. Novel fragmentation methods that can offer improvements are always desirable. One approach that has been under study for years but is not yet incorporated into a commercial instrument is ultraviolet photofragmentation. This review discusses experimental results on various biological molecules that have been generated by several research groups using different light wavelengths and mass analyzers. Work involving short-wavelength vacuum ultraviolet light is particularly emphasized. The characteristics of photofragmentation are examined and its advantages summarized.
Atomic resolution imaging of adsorbates on metal surfaces in air: iodine adsorption on pt(111).

The adsorption of iodine on platinum single crystals was studied with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to define the limits of resolution that can be obtained while imaging in air and to set a target resolution for STM imaging of metal surfaces immersed in an electrochemical cell. Two iodine adlattice unit cells of slightly different iodine packing density were clearly imaged: (√7 x √7) R 19.1°-I, surface coverage o I = 3/7; and (3 x 3)-I, o I = 4/9. The three iodine atoms in the (√7 x √7) unit cell form a regular hexagonal lattice interatomic distance d I = 0.424 nanometer, with two atoms adsorbed in threefold hollow sites and one atom adsorbed at an atop site. The (3 x 3) unit cell showed two different packing arrangements of the four iodine atoms exit. In one of the (3 x 3) structures, the iodine atoms pack to form a hexagonal lattice, d I = 0.417 nanometer, with three of the iodine atoms at twofold adsorption sites and one atom at an atop site. Another packing arrangement of iodine into the (3 x 3) unit cell was imaged in which the iodine atoms are not arranged symmetrically.
Serum Hormone Concentration in Ruminants during Mammary Growth, Lactogenesis, and Lactation: A Review

Abstract Apparently the mammary gland grows in response to sustained high serum concentrations of estrogens and progesterone which are incurred during pregnancy in ruminants. Quantities of prolactin, growth hormone, and glucocorticoid in serum are probably sufficient to support mammary growth during pregnancy. In sheep and goats mammary growth may be stimulated by a lactogenic material of placental origin. Increased mammary enzymatic activity during the weeks preceding parturition in cattle is temporally related to increased serum estrogen concentrations. Perhaps estrogens cause the marked increase in enzymatic activity that occurs at this time. The sharp decrease in progesterone that occurs 48 to 24 h prepartum in ruminants may allow final maturation of the mammary cell to one characteristic of lactation. If a progesterone repression of lactation occurs in ruminants, once the repression is overcome it is not reestablished to a noticeable degree by increased progesterone incurred during reoccurring estrous cycles or during concurrent pregnancy and lactation. Increased serum corticoid and growth hormone at parturition may be involved in onset of milk secretion, but for now there is little evidence to support or refute this view. In contrast, the increase in prolactin at parturition apparently is involved in onset of milk secretion since inhibition of the prepartum prolactin surge will suppress onset of copious milk flow. In contrast, suppression of serum prolactin concentrations with ergocryptine during lactation does not decrease milk production in cattle. This does not mean that prolactin is not necessary for maintenance of lactation in ruminants but does suggest that serum prolactin levels are not indicative of only lactational events.
Enzyme Systems in Tetrahymena pyriformis S. VI. Urea Formation and Breakdown

Cell-free extracts of Tetrahymena pyriformis S synthesize citrulline from ornithine, and arginine from citrulline. The extracts also show arginase activity. Urease activity at various pH values has maxima at both pH 5.6 and 7.4. This points to two distinct enzymes. The presence of urea in ciliate cultures during early stages of growth, and its absence during the stationary phase of cultures, correlate with the shift in pH of the culture media and with the activity of the “alkaline” urease at various pH values.
LEAF ISOZYMES AS GENETIC MARKERS IN CITRUS

The genetic control of isozymes from Citrus and its near relatives was determined for three gene/ enzyme systems: glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, phosphoglucose isomerase and phosphoglucose mutase. These enzymes are controlled by four genes having 19 codominant alleles, 12 of which occur in Citrus subg Citrus. Formal genetic studies were carried out with F1 biotypes and F1 populations of known origin. When biotypes were grouped into traditionally recognized species to examine genetic affinities within and between species, a remarkable pattern of uniformity of genotype combinations was found within a species, and every species had an unique combination. Because many economically important cultivars produce asexual(nucellar) as well as sexual(zygotic) embryos, a central problem of the breeder is to distinguish these when plants are young, long before fruiting. Isozyme markers can be used with varying degrees of efficiency, depending on the genotypes of the particular parents, to distinguish nucellar seedlings from those of zygotic origin. THERE have been several attempts to render a taxonomy reflecting species relationships in Citrus, a diverse and difficult group comprised of two subgenera, Citrus and Papeda (Swingle, 1943; Swingle and Reece, 1967). The former includes all the edible cultivars. Papeda includes six species with non-edible fruits. The number of species to be recognized in Citrus subg Citrus, and which biotypes to include in which species, constitute the central problems in Citrus taxonomy. The best known taxonomies, those of Swingle (1943) and Tanaka (1969), differ widely in the number of admitted species. Swingle recognized 16 in Citrus, Tanaka, 159. At another extreme, Scora (1975) and independently, Barrett and Rhodes (1976), recognized just three basic species exclusive of those of the subgenus
Brachial Plexopathy/Nerve Root Avulsion in a Football Player: The Role of Electrodiagnostics

Electromyography (EMG) studies are a useful tool in anatomical localization of peripheral nerve and brachial plexus injuries. They are especially helpful in distinguishing between brachial plexopathy and nerve root injuries where surgical intervention may be indicated. EMG can also assist in providing prognostic information after nerve injury as well as after nerve repair. In this case report, a football player presented with weakness in his right upper limb after a traction/traumatic injury to the right brachial plexus. EMG studies revealed evidence of both pre- and postganglionic injury to multiple cervical roots. The injury was substantial enough to cause nerve root avulsions involving the C6 and C7 levels. Surgical referral led to nerve grafts targeted at regaining function in shoulder abduction and elbow flexion. After surgery, the patient’s progress was monitored utilizing EMG to assist in identifying true axonal regeneration.
Sleep-disordered breathing in the healthy elderly. Clinically significant?

We evaluated sleep/wake, medical, and psychological parameters in a cohort of healthy men and women between 50 and SO years of age. Consistent with previous investigations of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in older persons, nocturnal breathing disturbances were quite common in our normal-aged subjects, with more than 15 percent experiencing five or more SDB events per hour of sleep. However, when SDB indices were correlated with comprehensive measures of daytime functioning, the number of statistically significant relationships was at or below expectations from chance alone. Additionally, comparison of high-SDB subjects (AHI ≥5) with low-SDB subjects (AHI (Chest 1992; 101:345-49)
A comparison of 3 metrics to identify health care-associated infections

Background The best approach to measurement of health care-associated infection rates is controversial. Methods We compared 3 metrics to identify catheter-associated bloodstream infection (CA-BSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CA-UTI), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in 8 intensive care units during 2009. We evaluated traditional surveillance using National Healthcare Safety Network methodology, data mining with MedMined Data Mining Surveillance (CareFusion Corporation, San Diego, CA), and administrative coding with ICD-9-CM. Results A total of 65 CA-BSI, 28 CA-UTI, and 48 VAP was identified. Traditional surveillance detected 58 CA-BSI and no false positives; data mining identified 51 cases but 51 false positives; administrative coding documented 6 cases and 6 false positives. Traditional surveillance detected 27 CA-UTI and no false positives; data mining identified 17 cases but 19 false positives; administrative coding documented 3 cases and 1 false-positive. Traditional surveillance detected 41 VAP and no false positives; data mining identified 26 cases but also 79 false positives; administrative coding found 17 cases and 13 false positives. Overall sensitivities were as follows: traditional surveillance, 0.84; data mining, 0.67; administrative coding, 0.18. Positive predictive values were as follows: traditional surveillance, 1.0; data mining, 0.39; administrative coding, 0.57. Conclusion Traditional surveillance proved superior in terms of sensitivity, positive predictive value, and rate estimation.
A repertoire approach to cross-platform media use behavior:

Media users receive an overwhelmingly large supply of media content from multiple media, yet much research on media use examines the use of a single medium. This study investigates patterns of media use across multiple media platforms by taking a media repertoire approach. Using single-source data that merge television peoplemeter data and a survey on other media use of the same respondents, this study identifies five distinctive media repertoires (TV-Oriented Entertainment, Internet Only, News on Traditional Media, Tabloid Newspapers, and Cable TV Only). This study finds significant differences in user background characteristics, total news media use, political interest, and political knowledge among representative users of each media repertoire. Regression analyses on factor scores reveal that media repertoires are explained by individual and structural factors of media choice discussed in previous research. The implications for future research on media repertoires as news, information, and entertainmen...
Effective use of color information for large scale face verification

This paper presents a method for effective use of color information and a new similarity measure with application to large scale face verification. Specifically, three effective color component images are first obtained from a new color model that takes advantage of the subtraction of the primary colors. A compact color image representation is then derived through discrete cosine transform and feature selection for redundancy reduction and computational efficiency. The effective color features in terms of class separability are further extracted by means of discriminant analysis. A new similarity measure is finally presented for improving pattern recognition performance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated using a large scale, grand challenge pattern recognition problem, namely, the Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC) problem. Specifically, the experiments using 36,818 FRGC color images show that the new color model improves upon other image modalities, such as the RGB color image, and the grayscale image; and the new similarity measure consistently performs better than other popular similarity measures, such as the Euclidean distance measure, the cosine similarity measure, and the normalized correlation.
Surface damage and environmental effects on the strain-rate sensitivity of the strength of sapphire and silicon carbide filaments

c-axis sapphire and silicon carbide-on-carbon filaments with pristine and damaged surfaces were tensile tested in water and dry toluene at various strain rates. There was no evidence of slow crack growth during the testing of the silicon carbide filaments. However, the surface damaged sapphire filaments exhibited slow crack growth in the water environment. The slope of the stress intensity factor versus crack velocity curve in region I of the characteristic curve was found to be 28 in excellent agreement with previous results from slow crack growth studies in which the stress corrosion phenomenon is adequately explained by the Hillig-Charles mechanism. The corresponding tests in dry toluene produced no evidence of slow crack growth. The sapphire filaments with virgin surfaces exhibited slow crack growth in both water and toluene which is apparently not related to the moisture assisted growth observed in the abraded filaments.