cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lats1/2 Sustain Intestinal Stem Cells and Wnt Activation through TEAD-Dependent and Independent Transcription

Summary Intestinal homeostasis is tightly regulated by complex yet poorly understood signaling networks. Here, we demonstrate that Lats1/2, the core Hippo kinases, are essential to maintain Wnt pathway activity and intestinal stem cells. Lats1/2 deletion leads to loss of intestinal stem cells but drives Wnt-uncoupled crypt expansion. To explore the function of downstream transcriptional enhanced associate domain (TEAD) transcription factors, we identified a selective small-molecule reversible inhibitor of TEAD auto-palmitoylation that directly occupies its lipid-binding site and inhibits TEAD-mediated transcription in vivo. Combining this chemical tool with genetic and proteomics approaches, we show that intestinal Wnt inhibition by Lats deletion is Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional activator with PDZ-binding domain (TAZ) dependent but TEAD independent. Mechanistically, nuclear YAP/TAZ interact with Groucho/Transducin-Like Enhancer of Split (TLE) to block Wnt/T-cell factor (TCF)-mediated transcription, and dual inhibition of TEAD and Lats suppresses Wnt-uncoupled Myc upregulation and epithelial over-proliferation in Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)-mutated intestine. Our studies highlight a pharmacological approach to inhibit TEAD palmitoylation and have important implications for targeting Wnt and Hippo signaling in human malignancies.
Digital ecosystems and their implications for competitive strategy

This paper discusses some implications for competitive strategy when business environments are framed as digital ecosystems. Digital ecosystems are ecosystems shaped by interdependencies initiated through data connectivity, galvanized by technologies such as sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT). They are composed of two parts: production and consumption ecosystems. Production ecosystems are founded upon interdependencies associated with value chains. Although their underlying interdependencies are traditional, they gain fresh impetus because of data connectivity. Consumption ecosystems on the other hand are spawned by interdependencies among entities that complement the data generated by product usage. These are largely new interdependencies that did not exist before modern digital technologies enabled connectivity. Taken together, digital ecosystems influence a firm’s strategic landscape. I discuss three implications of digital ecosystems for competitive strategy: (1) the scope of value creation, (2) the scope of competition, and (3) the rise of digital monopoly power. I also discuss the implications of digital ecosystems for organizational design and suggest how studies can assess the processes driving the digitization of ecosystems.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Norepinephrine and Neurocognition in HIV and Methamphetamine Dependence.

OBJECTIVE HIV disease and methamphetamine (METH) dependence share overlapping mechanisms of neurotoxicity that preferentially compromise monoamine-rich frontostriatal circuitry. However, norepinephrine (NE) function is poorly understood in HIV and METH dependence. We evaluated associations between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NE and HIV, METH dependence, and neurocognition. METHODS Participants included 125 adults, stratified by HIV serostatus (HIV+/HIV-) and recent METH dependence (METH+/METH-), who underwent comprehensive neurocognitive testing and lumbar puncture. CSF NE was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Multivariable regression modelled NE as a function of HIV, METH, and their interaction, adjusting for demographic and clinical factors. Pearson correlations examined relationships between NE and demographically-adjusted neurocognitive domain scores. RESULTS HIV significantly interacted with METH (P < 0.001) such that compared with HIV-/METH-, CSF NE was markedly elevated in the single risk-groups (HIV+/METH-: d = 0.96; HIV-/METH+: d = 0.79) and modestly elevated in the dual-risk group (HIV+/METH+: d = 0.48). This interaction remained significant after adjustment for lifetime depression, antidepressant use, and race/ethnicity. In the full sample, higher NE levels significantly correlated with worse global function (r = -0.19), learning (r = -0.23), and delayed recall (r = -0.18). Similar relationships between higher NE and worse neurocognition were detected in the METH- groups (ie, HIV-/METH- and HIV+/METH-) and in the virally-suppressed persons HIV+ subgroup, but not in the METH+ groups (ie, HIV-/METH+, HIV+/METH+). DISCUSSION HIV and METH independently, but not additively, relate to noradrenergic excess in the central nervous system, and perturbations to noradrenergic function may represent a pathophysiological mechanism of HIV-related neurocognitive dysfunction. Consistent with prior reports that noradrenergic excess compromises hippocampal and prefrontal function, higher NE related to worse neurocognition, even among successfully treated persons with HIV. Pharmacological and psychosocial interventions that stabilize NE function may improve neurocognition in persons with HIV.
The Importance of the Cognitive Aspects of Vocational Rehabilitation for Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis.

Background:Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) face symptoms that affect them physically and cognitively; 80% of individuals diagnosed with MS are out of work within 10 years, and 58% are unem...
Randomized Controlled Trial of Treatments for Loss-of-Control Eating Following Bariatric Surgery.

Objective Loss-of-control (LOC) eating postoperatively is a consistent predictor of suboptimal longer-term bariatric surgery outcomes. This randomized controlled trial examined the effectiveness of two guided self-help treatments (cognitive behavioral therapy [gshCBT] and behavioral weight loss [gshBWL]) compared with a control (CON) for reducing LOC eating and weight. Methods A total of 140 patients with recurrent LOC eating approximately 6 months after bariatric surgery were randomly assigned (5:5:2 ratio) to one of three conditions: gshCBT (n = 56), gshBWL (n = 60), or CON (n = 24). Three-month treatments were delivered by trained allied health clinicians to increase generalizability to bariatric surgery settings. Independent assessments were performed by doctoral research-clinicians using established interviews/measures; posttreatment outcomes were obtained for 89% of patients. Results Mixed models revealed significant improvements for LOC eating frequency and weight loss but no significant differences between treatments; race neither predicted (main effect) nor moderated (interaction effect) treatment outcomes. Intent-to-treat categorical analyses of abstinence from LOC eating (30% for gshCBT, 27% for gshBWL, 38% for CON) and proportion attaining 5% weight loss (20%, 22%, 17%) revealed no significant differences between treatments; non-White participants had a higher proportion achieving LOC eating abstinence but a lower proportion attaining 5% weight loss compared with White participants. Conclusions In this 12-week randomized controlled trial following bariatric surgery, significant LOC eating reductions and weight loss did not differ significantly between treatments. Race was associated with posttreatment categorical outcomes.
Improvement to Water Speciation and FeCO3 Precipitation Kinetics in CO2 Environments: Updates in NaCl Concentrated Solutions

In the oil and gas industry, the dissolution rate of metal-based materials exposed to an aqueous phase is often controlled by the presence of surface layers such as corrosion products. Knowing the ...
General Discussion of Diseases of the Spleen

Excerpt Before entering upon a discussion of certain pathological conditions of the body which are produced wholly or in part by abnormal changes in the spleen we must consider certain aspects of t...
Bistability in External-Cavity Semiconductor Lasers

Semiconductors have been demonstrated to be promising materials for optical logic devices. Since they possess large absorption coefficients the optical interaction length can be very small and interaction times can be made short. They also can have sharp absorption features which provide for large dispersive nonlinearities near a band edge or exciton resonance.
Regrets and Advice from Mothers who have Disclosed their HIV + Serostatus to their Young Children

Qualitative interviews were conducted with mothers (N = 47) who had disclosed their HIV status to their child. Mothers described their preparation and the process of the disclosure event, and discussed any regrets they had about disclosing or the process of disclosing. They were also asked what advice they had for other HIV-positive mothers who were trying to determine whether to disclose their serostatus to their young children. Overall, the majority of the mothers (68%) did not regret disclosing their HIV status. Regrets fell into five categories: preparation, timing, context, content, and outcomes of the disclosure event. Based on these findings, mothers who have not disclosed their serostatus to their children need assistance with behavioral practice and support in order to prepare for the process. Furthermore, follow-up support for the children may be beneficial.
Benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts inhibit translocation by the gene 4 protein of bacteriophage T7.

Abstract Bacteriophage T7 gene 4 protein is an essential component of the T7 DNA replication system, acting as both a primase and a helicase. The gene 4 protein has been shown to translocate along single-stranded DNA in the 5'----3' direction, using an energy source for this movement the hydrolysis of nucleoside 5'-triphosphates, preferably dTTP. Thus, measuring the rate and extent of dTTP hydrolysis provides a means to directly measure translocation. We have determined that the hydrolysis of dTTP by the gene 4 protein is strongly inhibited by the presence of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) adducts on the DNA. Time course experiments on adduct-containing DNA show that after an initial burst of hydrolysis, which parallels what is observed on unmodified DNA, further hydrolysis abruptly ceases. Addition of excess unmodified DNA does not restore the hydrolysis activity. These data suggest that the gene 4 protein is blocked and sequestered on the DNA at the site of the adduct. This was confirmed by experiments in which gene 4 protein preferentially protected the radiolabeled adduct-containing DNA but not randomly labeled M13 DNA. The gene 4 protein bound to the B[a]P-modified DNA was isolated, and the complex was found only to contain dTTP. These results have been used to formulate a model for gene 4 protein translocation in which we speculate that the power stroke for unidirectional movement along the single-stranded DNA is the displacement of dTDP by dTTP. Finally, we observe a constant ratio of DNA synthesis to dTTP hydrolysis regardless of the number of B[a]P adducts in the template suggesting that a significant portion of the inhibition of DNA synthesis is a direct consequence of the inhibition of gene 4 translocation.
Reconstructions of Soil Moisture for the Upper Colorado River Basin Using Tree‐Ring Chronologies1

Anderson, SallyRose, Glenn Tootle, and Henri Grissino-Mayer, 2012. Reconstructions of Soil Moisture for the Upper Colorado River Basin Using Tree-Ring Chronologies. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 849-858. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00651.x Abstract: Soil moisture is an important factor in the global hydrologic cycle, but existing reconstructions of historic soil moisture are limited. We used tree-ring chronologies to reconstruct annual soil moisture in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB). Gridded soil moisture data were spatially regionalized using principal components analysis and k-nearest neighbor techniques. We correlated moisture sensitive tree-ring chronologies in and adjacent to the UCRB with regional soil moisture and tested the relationships for temporal stability. Chronologies that were positively correlated and stable for the calibration period were retained. We used stepwise linear regression to identify the best predictor combinations for each soil moisture region. The regressions explained 42-78% of the variability in soil moisture data. We performed reconstructions for individual soil moisture grid cells to enhance understanding of the disparity in reconstructive skill across the regions. Reconstructions that used chronologies based on ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) and pinyon pines (Pinus edulis) explained more variance in the datasets. Reconstructed soil moisture data was standardized and compared with standardized reconstructed streamflow and snow water equivalent data from the same region. Soil moisture and other hydrologic variables were highly correlated, indicating reconstructions of soil moisture in the UCRB using tree-ring chronologies successfully represent hydrologic trends.
The role of complement in feline endotoxin shock.

Abstract The role of complement in mediating the injurious effects of endotoxin was investigated by injecting endotoxin into normal and decomplemented cats. Administration of cobra venom factor to the animals reduced the whole complement hemolytic titers to zero. While the initial response to endotoxin was modified somewhat in the treated group, the later course of shock was similar in both groups, and all animals died. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were also pronounced in both groups. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Reciprocity and R&D search: Applying the behavioral theory of the firm to a communitarian context

We propose that the behavioral theory of the firm perspective on R&D search requires modification when applied to �communitarian� cultures such as Japan because reciprocity and embeddedness can influence the search decision. When performance exceeds aspirations, communitarian-oriented firms are more inclined to use their privileged position to help their less fortunate stakeholders by engaging in additional R&D search that should yield greater payoffs for these stakeholders in the future. Our results indicate that while Japanese firms engage in �problemistic� search in a manner similar to what has been found in other contexts, they respond differently when performance exceeds expectations. We find that as performance rises above aspirations, communitarian-oriented firms raise R&D search to a greater extent than do firms that lack a communitarian orientation.
A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF DRUG INVOLVEMENT IN MEXICAN AMERICAN AND WHITE NON-HISPANIC HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUTS, ACADEMICALLY AT RISK STUDENTS, AND CONTROL STUDENTS

Explored drug Involvement in a longitudinal sample of Mexican American and White non-Hispanic school dropouts. Students in school with serious academic problems (academically at risk). and matched general sample of students (controls) Academic status was related to drug Involvement at initial and four year follow-up assessments, dropouts and at risk youth were more drug Involved than controls At follow-up, gender differences were noted with males being more drug involved than females. At neither point was ethnicity related to drug involvement although general distributions of drug use remained reasonably stable across groups. Considerable change into and out of high drug Involvement was found. Consistent with peer cluster theory (Oetting. Beauvais 1987). This change was predicted by peer drug use and peer requests of the participant to use drugs and to a lesser extent by the individuals willingness to ask others to not use drugs This suggests the Importance of peer group processes on the naturalistic development and reduction of high drug Involvement and of studying changing peer processes in order to better understand change in drug Involvement overtime.
A novel endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase releases specific N-glycans depending on different reaction conditions

Milk glycoproteins are involved in different functions and contribute to different cellular processes, including adhesion and signaling, and shape the development of the infant micro-biome. Methods have been developed to study the complexities of milk protein glycosylation and understand the role of N-glycans in protein functionality. Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EndoBI-1) isolated from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 is a recently isolated heat-stable enzyme that cleaves the N-N′-diacetyl chitobiose moiety found in the N-glycan core. The effects of different processing conditions (pH, temperature, reaction time, and enzyme/protein ratio) were evaluated for their ability to change EndoBI-1 activity on bovine colostrum whey glycoproteins using advanced mass spectrometry. This study shows that EndoBI-1 is able to cleave a high diversity of N-glycan structures. Nano-LC-Chip–Q-TOF MS data also revealed that different reaction conditions resulted in different N-glycan compositions released, thus modifying the relative abundance of N-glycan types. In general, more sialylated N-glycans were released at lower temperatures and pH values. These results demonstrated that EndoBI-1 is able to release a wide variety of N-glycans, whose compositions can be selectively manipulated using different processing conditions.
Evaluation of hemostatic and coagulation factor abnormalities in patients undergoing the Fontan operation.

Abstract Objective: Low-velocity and nonlaminar flow patterns in the Fontan circulation, as well as abnormal liver function in some patients, may partly account for the coagulation abnormalities seen. We examined (1) coagulation factor abnormalities before and after the Fontan procedure and (2) regional coagulation factor abnormalities in the Fontan circulation. Methods: Levels of factors V, VII, VIII, X, antithrombin III, prothrombin fragment F1+2, protein C, and protein S were measured in 2 groups of patients: In 14 patients undergoing the Fontan procedure, blood was analyzed before the operation and 5 days after the operation (group 1). The median age in this group was 3.2 years. In 10 patients who had undergone the Fontan procedure, cardiac catheterization was performed and samples were taken from the femoral vein, inferior vena cava, right atrium, and pulmonary artery (group 2). The median age in this group was 6.2 years and the median follow-up from the Fontan procedure was 4.1 years. Results: In group 1 a significant increase was noted postoperatively in the concentration of factor VIII (P
Effects of Luteinizing Hormone Withdrawal on Leydig Cell Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum and Steroidogenic Reactions which Convert Pregnenolone to Testosterone

Depletion of endogenous LH with sc implants of testosterone-17β-estradiol (T-E) caused a reduction in the Leydig cell smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) over a 10-day treatment period. Decreases also occurred in some, but not all, of the testicular steroidogenic reactions responsible for the conversion of pregnenolone (PREG) to testosterone. The conversions of progesterone (PROG) to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 17α hydroxyprogesterone to androstenedione, and androstenedione to testosterone were significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with the loss of Leydig cell SER. In contrast, the testicular conversion of PREG to PROG in rats deprived of endogenous LH for up to 10 days was identical to that in intact controls. Similar results were obtained when rats were hypophysectomized for 10 days. These results indicate that the Leydig cell enzyme activities responsible for converting PREG to PROG are distributed in the Leydig cell SER fraction which remains in Leydig cell cytoplasm 10 days after LH withdrawal, and thus, t...
A simple method for improving the fidelity of blood pressure recording to reduce experimenter scoring error

The problem of scoring blood pressure recording output produced via conventional polygraph equipment is discussed and illustrated, and a simple method for improving the fidelity of blood pressure output is detailed.
Folding model analysis of the excitation of low-lying states and the high energy octupole resonance in 116 Sn by 240 MeV α scattering

The sum rule strength of the high energy octupole resonance (HEOR) and the transition rates of low-lying ${2}^{+}$ and ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states of ${}^{116}\mathrm{Sn},$ excited by 240 MeV \ensuremath{\alpha} scattering, have been determined from deformed potential and folding model analyses. Deformed potential cross sections for both the low-lying ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state and the HEOR are greater than folding cross sections by a factor of 1.18. The high energy octupole resonance was found to exhaust $(70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15)%$ and $(83\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15)%$ of the $E3$ energy-weighted sum rule from the two analyses, respectively. The data for the low-lying states are fit well by the calculations made with both models using electromagnetic values for the transition rates. Optical-model parameters were obtained from fits to elastic scattering data. The differential cross sections for the elastic scattering and inelastic scattering exciting the low-lying ${2}^{+}$ and ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states in ${}^{116}\mathrm{Sn}$ were measured over the angle range from ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=1.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ to 35.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.
Aortic valve endocarditis in an acutely rejecting orthotopic heart transplant recipient

Infective endocarditis is an infrequent but serious complication in heart transplant recipients. We report successful treatment for this serious complication.
The Status of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine in the United States

Since its first mention in U.S. media in the early 1970s, the practice of acupuncture and Oriental medicine (AOM) has grown in stature from a fringe, counter-culture movement to a valid, evidenced-based treatment option for patients. In the last 40 years, AOM schools and colleges have been accredited by the U.S. Department of Education, offering both masters and doctoral degree programs. To date, forty-seven states and the District of Columbia license or certify acupuncturists based on competency proven through state examination or professional certification by the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM). As acceptance of AOM in the U.S. has increased through both the assurance of psychometrically sound certification and the education of the American public on this topic, many challenges have emerged. Problems such as the underemployment of AOM clinicians, methodological hurdles for the investigation of mechanisms, and efficacy of acupuncture and other AOM treatment techniques have been observed. Investigative challenges also include gaps in research training as well as a dearth of the basic resources needed to conduct randomized controlled trials (RCTs). As AOM research has sought integration into the Western research model, problems have been identified in the design of AOMRCTs, and strategies for their resolution through methods such as translational research have been examined. Incorporating these strategies as well as efficacy, effectiveness, and qualitative measures will strengthen the evidence base and thus provide clinical decision makers with more tools that can be used to design patient treatment regimens.
Breastfeeding patterns in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil: a survey of reasons for weaning

This paper presents a preliminary profile of infant feeding practices in a peri-urban Amazonian community. A random sample of 180 households with at least one child under the age of five years were interviewed in 1996 as part of a maternal-child health survey conducted in a peri-urban neighborhood in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Since some households had more than one child under the age of five, data were collected for a total of 250 children. The results of the survey indicate that initiation of breastfeeding is nearly universal, with 96.0% of women breastfeeding their infants at birth. However, many mothers terminate breastfeeding before the recommended age. Forty-five percent of infants are weaned before six months and 62.0% are weaned before 12 months. The survey also reveals that mothers give supplemental food and drink at an early age. Finally, while women give a variety of responses for why breastfeeding was terminated, the most common answer (42.0%) was that the infant refused the breast. The meaning and implications of this response merit further investigation.
Isolated hypoplastic left heart syndrome in three siblings

Background Reports of recurrent isolated hypoplastic left heart syndrome have been infrequent, and the genetic basis of this occurrence is not well understood. Case A 32-year-old woman with a noncontributory medical and family history terminated her first pregnancy after the fetus was diagnosed with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Chromosomes were normal and no extracardiac anomalies were found at autopsy. In one subsequent pregnancy, a healthy live-born neonate was delivered, but in two other pregnancies isolated hypoplastic left heart syndrome was diagnosed again. Conclusion Parents with an infant affected with hypoplastic left heart syndrome have been quoted a recurrence risk of 2%. The occurrence of isolated hypoplastic left heart syndrome in three siblings suggests that this anomaly has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Consequently, the possibility of a recurrence risk higher than 2% should be included during counseling.
Productivity, Poverty, and Population Pressure: Female Labor Deployment in Rice Production in Java and Bangladesh

In Java and Bangladesh, the two most densely settled agrarian economies on earth, rice is more than the chief source of food. Access to income for much of the rural population is governed by patterns of labor use in rice production. Even the largest farms in both countries are tiny by most standards, but a high proportion of the work force is hired. While agricultural wage laborers are not always the poorest of the poor, many are landless or near-landless. Despite these and other structural similarities, the performance of rice agriculture in the two countries has been very different. In comparison with that in Bangladesh, the Javanese rice sector has been a dazzling success. The main sources of growth have been fertilizer and irrigation expansion rather than the intensification of labor use per hectare. Indeed, it has long been maintained that the intensity of labor use in Javanese agriculture has been carried to extremes, although some claim that a reversal of this process is now underway (Collier). While there are wide regional differences in Bangladesh, rice production and productivity on average have tended to stagnate since the 1960s. In further contrast with Java, some maintain that the intensity of labor use in Bangladesh agriculture is much lower than it could be and that, while agriculture could not fully employ the labor force at its disposal, it could absorb more labor productively (Khan). A key difference between the two areas is that in Java women perform a high proportion of rice field operations, whereas in Bangladesh they do not. This paper seeks to show how the mobilization and deployment of female labor is crucial to understanding differences in the performance of the rice sector in the two countries and to assessing the distributional implications of changing patterns of rice production.
Male house mice produce fewer offspring with lower viability and poorer performance when mated with females they do not prefer

We report experimental results consistent with the hypothesis that constraints on the expression of male mating preferences affect breeder fitness, offspring viability and performance. If constraints on the expression of mating preferences are common, tests of fitness variation associated with mate preferences must eliminate as many constraints on mate preferences as possible. We tested whether male mate preferences influenced breeder fitness, offspring performance and viability in typically polygynous house mice, Mus domesticus, from a feral source population. Our ‘free mate choice’ trials not only eliminated female preferences, male–male and female–female competition, but also our best guesses of the traits mediating choosers' preferences. Males mated with their preferred (P) females sired more litters than males mated with their nonpreferred (NP) females. Offspring viability was significantly lower when males' reproduced with females they did not prefer compared with females they did prefer. Adult sons of males that mated with their P females were socially dominant to sons of males that mated with their NP females. Adult offspring from P pairings built better nests than offspring from NP pairings. The slope of the survivorship curve for P offspring was significantly higher than for NP offspring. These results showed (1) males' mate preferences affected their fitness, (2) males that mated with females they preferred produced more litters than males that mated with females they did not prefer, and (3) their offspring were significantly more viable and performed significantly better on standardized performance tests. This is the first demonstration of fitness benefits of male choice behaviour in a mammal species with typical paternal investment. Copyright 2003 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bradykinin modulates mucin secretion but not synthesis from an intestinal goblet cell line

The effect of the inflammatory mediator bradykinin on glycoprotein synthesis and mucin secretion in the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line HT29–18N2 was examined. Bradykinin, at a threshold of 0.01 μM, accelerated the rate of mucin discharge as assessed by a mucin-specific ELISA. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, a thick meshwork of extracellular mucus was observed over bradykinin-treated monolayers but not mock-treated controls. Morphometric analysis of bradykinin-treated monolayers revealed no decreases in intracellular mucin stores or any other easily discernable morphological alteration. The ability of the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and naproxen to decrease the response to bradykinin by approximately 68% indicates the effect is mediated, at least partially, through the generation of prostaglandins. Bradykinin did not alter the rate of incorporation of3H-glucosamine into newly synthesized glycoproteins. Bradykinin-accelerated mucin secretion may be linked to the depletion of intracellular mucin stores in the inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis.
Composition of seed oils in some Latin American Cuphea (Lythraceae)

Abstract Cuphea is unique among all flowering plants for the diversity of medium chain fatty acids produced as dominant fatty acids in the seed oils. The genus is a focus of research as a renewable source of MCTs for use by the chemical, food and health industries and as a model organism for the elucidation of biosynthesis of fatty acids. Seed oil composition is reported in 15 taxa, including 13 species previously unstudied. Results mostly substantiate patterns established in earlier studies in which species emphasize production of a single fatty acid, either C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0 or C18:2. Three species are unusual in producing equal amounts of C8:0 and C10:0, C12:0 and C14:0, and C10:0-C12:0-C14:0, respectively. In C. pulcherrima, 94% of total seed oil composition is caprylic acid (C8:0) and in C. schumanni, 94% is capric acid (C10:0). These are the highest single fatty acid percentages reported in the genus. Representatives of sect. Ornithocuphea are analysed for the first time and new compositional seed oil patterns are reported in sections Brachyandra and Melvilla.
Attachment, invasion, chemotaxis, and proteinase expression of B16-BL6 melanoma cells exhibiting a low metastatic phenotype after exposure to dietary restriction of tyrosine and phenylalanine.

We previously reported that low levels of tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe) alter the metastatic phenotype of B16-BL6 (BL6) murine melanoma and select for tumor cell populations with decreased lung colonizing ability. To more specifically characterize the effects of Tyr and Phe restriction on the malignant phenotype of BL6, we investigated in vitro attachment, invasion, proteinase expression, and chemotaxis of high and low metastatic BL6 variants. High metastatic variant cells were isolated from subcutaneous tumors of mice fed a nutritionally complete diet (ND cells) and low metastatic variant cells were isolated from mice fed a diet restricted in Tyr and Phe (LTP cells). Results indicate that attachment to reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel™) was significantly reduced in LTP cells as compared to ND cells. Attachment to collagen IV, laminin, and fibronectin were similar between the two variants. Invasion through Matrigel™ and growth factor-reduced Matrigel™ were significantly decreased in LTP cells as compared to ND cells. Zymography revealed the presence of M r 92 000 and M r 72 000 progelatinases, tissue plasminogen activator, and urokinase plasminogen activator in the conditioned medium of both variants; however, there were no differences in activity of these secreted proteinases between the two variants. Growth of the variants on growth factor-reduced Matrigel™ similarly induced expression of the M r 92 000 progelatinase. The variants exhibited similar chemotactic responses toward laminin. However, the chemotactic response toward fibronectin by LTP cells was significantly increased. MFR5, a monoclonal antibody which selectively blocks function of the α5 chain of the α5s1 integrin, VLA-5, decreased the chemotactic response toward fibronectin of ND cells by 37%; the chemotactic response by LTP cells was reduced by 49%. This effect was specific for fibronectin-mediated chemotaxis since the chemotaxis toward laminin and invasion through Matrigel™ were not altered by the presence of MFR5. The surface expression of VLA-5 was significantly increased in LTP cells as compared to ND cells by flow cytometric analysis. These observations suggest that limitation of Tyr and Phe either directly modifies BL6 or selects for subpopulations with altered in vitro invasion, chemotaxis, and integrin expression.
Characterization of a novel oligodendrocyte cell surface molecule.

Cell-type-specific reagents have proven useful in the analysis of central nervous system (CNS) development and function. Most markers of oligodendrocytes are components of myelin sheath, which in the CNS is the specific product of oligodendrocytes. We have isolated a novel monoclonal antibody termed 2B10 which was raised against embryonic rat spinal cord tissue. In adult rat cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord, 2B10 immunoreactivity is predominantly localized in white matter. 2B10 immunoreactivity is absent from peripheral nerve, suggesting that in the nervous system the 2B10 antigen is restricted to the CNS. Dissociated cell culture studies indicate that 2B10 labels a cell surface molecule, and its cellular distribution is coincident with O1 and myelin basic protein-positive oligodendrocytes. By contrast, 2B10 does not label GFAP-positive astrocytes. These data suggest that in the CNS the 2B10 antigen is expressed specifically on oligodendrocytes. Biochemical analysis indicates that 2B10 recognizes a protein with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 79,000 in reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Developmentally, 2B10 immunoreactivity is detectable in rat spinal cord at as early as embryonic day 14. The relative abundance of this molecule decreases during myelination, but is maintained at a sustained level throughout adulthood. The 2B10 antigen appears not to be a myelin-associated protein since it is not detected in purified myelin fractions. 2B10 immunoreactivity is not detectable in extracts of rat sciatic nerve, heart, kidney, muscle, and skin, but is detectable in extracts of spleen and thymus. These data suggest that the 2B10 antigen is a novel cell surface molecule that is expressed on oligodendrocyte lineage cells throughout development. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
English for Specific Purposes: Teaching to Perceived Needs and Imagined Futures in Worlds of Work, Study, and Everyday Life

This overview of the current state of English for specific purposes (ESP) begins by surveying ongoing debates on key topics: needs assessment and its goals, specificity in instructional methods, and the role of subject knowledge in instructor expertise. Two strands of current theory and research are next surveyed, namely, genre theory and corpus-enhanced genre studies, and critical pedagogy and ethnographies, followed by examples of research and theory-informed pedagogical strategies for literacy and spoken discourse. Topics in need of further inquiry are suggested.
Detection of AC magnetic signals by parametric mode coupling in a mechanical oscillator

Parametric coupling has been demonstrated between mechanical vibration modes in a magnet-tipped microcantilever. An external magnetic field, coupled to the magnetic tip, pumps the effective spring constant at a frequency which is either the sum or the difference of the mode resonance frequencies. The presence of the pump field can be detected by driving one mode and observing the parametrically pumped excitation of the other mode, even though the pump frequency is off-resonance with respect to both mechanical modes. In a room temperature experimental realization, the magnetic flux coupling the pump field to the tip was approximately one flux quantum and the dominant noise source was the thermal vibration of the cantilever. Parametric mode coupling is a useful new design option in magnetic resonance force microscopy, whereby modulation is advantageously performed off-resonance to avoid parasitic excitations caused by stray couplings. Parametric coupling also provides a low-noise technique for amplifying mechanical oscillations. The reported experiment completes the set of all possible force microscope interaction Hamiltonians up to third order in time-dependent fields.
Interrelation of mandibular laryngeal functions.

Summary The purpose of the experiment was to explore relations between jaw and laryngeal functions. The general question was whether laryngeal adduction was affected by jaw opening or by jaw biting. Twelve untrained, vocally healthy male and female adults participated as subjects. Subjects produced repeated tokens of /Λ/ in each of 12 experimental conditions involving combinations of 3 jaw openings (10 mm, 25 mm, 40 mm), 2 jaw biting pressures (10 kPa, 200 kPa), and 2 fundamental frequencies (conversational and high). For each token, laryngeal adduction was estimated from the electroglottographic closed quotient. The most straightforward results were that (1) laryngeal adduction increased as jaw opening increased at the conversational pitch, for all subjects, independent of biting pressure, and (2) laryngeal adduction increased as biting pressure increased, at the conversational pitch, for males, independent of jaw opening. Other relations between estimated laryngeal adduction and jaw manipulations were more complex, varying with fundamental frequency and gender. Speculations are made about possible biomechanical and neurological explanations for the findings.
Mass spectra of isotopic trimethylboranes

Abstract Mass spectra of isotopically normal, 10 B-enriched, and deuterated trimethylboranes are analysed. In the isotopically normal compound an effective 10 B/ 11 B abundance ratio of 0·242 is calculated for the principal range, while 0·265 and 0·259 must be used for the low mass ranges of B(CH 3 ) 3 and B(CD 3 ) 3 , respectively. Explanations are offered to account for the significant differences observed among the three monoisotopic fragmentation patterns.
Non-Invasive Contrast Enhanced Electron Beam Tomography: A Three Dimension Imaging Adjunctive Test To Detect Renal Vascular and A-V Fistula Graft Abnormalities.

Electron beam tomography (EBCT) is a relatively new technology with several potential advantages over traditional CT such as fast acquisition time, less exposure to radiation, less sedation and volume of dye, and better 3D visualization. A retrospective study was done to assess the use of 3D EBCT to detect renal vascular abnormalities and patency of arteriovenous-fistula (A-VF) and arteriovenous-graft (A-VG). EBCT was done in 7 children (age 3–18 year, mean age 10.8 years). All had hypertension (> 95%) and high rennin levels. Four of the patients (group I) had normal renal function. One patient (group II) was 20 days post enblock renal transplantation with ascites, hypertension and renal dysfunction. Two patients (group III) had end-stage renal disease, hypertension, and AV-F and AV-G. One of these patients had SLE and difficult IV access. In group I, 2/4 had left ventricular hypertrophy, eye and CNS changes. MAG-3 renal scan (RSC) and renal ultrasound (RUS) were normal in 2/4 group I patients. In group I, 2/4 EBCT showed unilateral renal artery stenosis: one of these children had decreased velocity in one kidney by RUS and the other child had possible renal artery stenosis by RSC. One child in group I with abnormal RUS suggestive of RAS did not have RAS by EBCT and traditional angiography. In group II, patient with transplant, EBCT showed normal renal vasculature and ureterovesicle anastomoses without RAS or leak respectively. In group III, the SLE patient had thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and renal veins and the other patient had patent A-VF with dilated vessels contrary to US finding of thrombosis. In conclusion, EBCT with its non invasive, maximum intensity projection and 3D images, less radiation and acquisition time is a useful adjunct test to detect RAS and AV-F, AV-G and transplant vascular thrombosis/stenosis in children.
Non-Fermi Liquid Behavior and Griffiths Phase in f-Electron Compounds

We study the interplay among disorder, RKKY, and Kondo interactions in $f$-electron alloys. We argue that the non-Fermi liquid behavior observed in these systems is due to the existence of a Griffiths phase close to a quantum critical point. The existence of this phase provides a unified picture of a large class of materials. We also propose new experiments that can test these ideas.
Effects of vascular targeting photodynamic therapy on lymphatic tumor metastasis

Vascular targeting photodynamic therapy (vPDT) is currently in clinical trial for prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. In order to study the effect of vPDT on tumor metastasis, GFP-PC3 or PC-3 xenografts were treated with verteporfin (BPD) PDT. Vascular function was assessed by ultrasound imaging; lymph node and lung metastasis were assessed by fluorescence imaging. vPDT significantly reduced tumor blood flow within 30minutes to 2 hours of treatment. Sub-curative treatment resulted in re-perfusion within 2 weeks of treatment and increased lymph node metastasis. With curative doses, no metastasis was observed. In order to identify cellular or matrix factors and cytokines implicated, conditioned medium from BPD PDTtreated endothelial cells was incubated with PC3 cells in vitro. Tumor cell proliferation and migration was assessed. By immunoblotting, we evaluated the change in mediators of intracellular signaling or that may determine changes in tumor phenotype. Low sub-curative dose (200ng/ml BPD) of endothelial cells was associated with ~15% greater migration in PC3 cells when compared with control. This dose was also associated with sustained activation of Akt at Ser 473, an upstream effector in the Akt/ mTOR pathway that has been correlated with Gleason scores in PCa and with survival and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, the study implicates efficacy of PDT of endothelial cells as an important determinant of its consequences on adjacent tumor proliferation and metastasis.
OMEW Field Measurement Capabilities For EW Signature Measurements

The field measurement capabilities of OMEW for electronic warfare (EW) signatures will be discussed. Tracking, pointing, portability, development time, personnel, sensor interchangeability, power, and weight requirements and solutions to them will be discussed in addition to classical measurement and calibration aspects. Three currently operational field systems and,a fourth under development will be described.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The combined effects of reverberation and noise on speech intelligibility by cochlear implant listeners

Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess the individual effect of reverberation and noise, as well as their combined effect, on speech intelligibility by cochlear implant (CI) users. Design: Sentence stimuli corrupted by reverberation, noise, and reverberation + noise are presented to 11 CI listeners for word identification. They are tested in two reverberation conditions (T60 = 0.6 s, 0.8 s), two noise conditions (SNR = 5 dB, 10 dB), and four reverberation + noise conditions. Study sample: Eleven CI users participated. Results: Results indicated that reverberation degrades speech intelligibility to a greater extent than additive noise (speech-shaped noise), at least for the SNR levels tested. The combined effects were greater than those introduced by either reverberation or noise alone. Conclusions: The effect of reverberation on speech intelligibility by CI users was found to be larger than that by noise. The results from the present study highlight the importance of testing CI users in reverbe...
Ten years of sourcery at CAMS/LLNL – Evolution of a Cs ion source

The present performance and status of the LLNL AMS ion source and the rationale for the series of changes which led to the present design are discussed.
Calcium-Dependent Ligand Binding and G-protein Signaling of Family B GPCR Parathyroid Hormone 1 Receptor Purified in Nanodiscs

GPCRs mediate intracellular signaling upon external stimuli, making them ideal drug targets. However, little is known about their activation mechanisms due to the difficulty in purification. Here, we introduce a method to purify GPCRs in nanodiscs, which incorporates GPCRs into lipid bilayers immediately after membrane solubilization, followed by single-step purification. Using this approach, we purified a family B GPCR, parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), which regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis and is a drug target for osteoporosis. We demonstrated that the purified PTH1R in nanodiscs can bind to PTH(1-34) and activate G protein. We also observed that Ca2+ is a weak agonist of PTH1R, and Ca2+ in millimolar concentration can switch PTH(1-34) from an inverse agonist to an agonist. Hence, our results show that nanodiscs are a viable vehicle for GPCR purification, enabling studies of GPCRs under precise experimental conditions without interference from other cellular or membrane components.
Recovery Distances of Nestling Bald Eagles Banded in Florida and Implications for Natal Dispersal and Philopatry

Abstract I used band recovery data to examine distances between banding and recovery locations for 154 nestling Florida Bald Eagles and discuss the implications for understanding natal dispersal and philopatry in this species. Band recoveries occurred in 23 U.S. states and five Canadian provinces between 1931–2005. Recovery distance from the natal nest averaged longer for the youngest age classes (ANOVA: F = 3.59; df = 5, 153; P = 0.005), for individuals banded in earlier decades (F = 1.94; df = 5, 153; P = 0.093), and for the months of May through October (F = 3.10; df = 12, 153; P < 0.001). Of 35 individuals classed as mature (≥3.9 yr old when recovered; range 3.9–36.5 yr), 31 were located within Florida, which suggested a strong degree of philopatry to the natal state. Among 21 mature eagles of known sex with known banding and recovery locations in Florida, females, particularly younger birds, had longer recovery distances (N = 9, mean = 93 km, SE = 22.4) than did males (N = 12,...