cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Navigation Using Signals from High-Altitude Satellites

If electronics can be satisfactorily applied to celestial navigation, a system having universal coverage without weather limitations might be produced. Radio stars are not a promising possibility, but the sun and moon are being tracked by the U. S. Navy Radio Sextant, AN/SRN-4, to provide limited coverage. Universal coverage might be achieved by the addition of artificial earth satellites. Satellites in orbits a few hundred miles from the earth might be used in some form of piloting system, but orbit-prediction problems, limited coverage by individual satellites, and computer complexities are serious obstacles to be overcome by such a system. A different approach would be to place three or four satellites in orbits at an optimum distance somewhere between 1000 and 12,000 miles from the earth to serve as artificial celestial bodies in a system that would be a natural evolution from traditional celestial navigation methods. A stabilized directional antenna operating with a receiver capable of accepting signals from both the satellites and the sun would provide angle measurement data both for fixing the position of the craft and also for establishing a north reference. The degree of sophistication of the user equipment would differ with requirements.
Evaluation of Procedures for Production of Dust Samples for Biomedical Research

Abstract There are several logical objectives for dust samples used in biomedical research. Obviously, the dusts used should closely resemble natural mine dusts with respect to particle size distribution, particle shape, and composition. These characteristics must be consistent from sample to sample. Usually the relative freshness of the dust is also of primary concern. A generalized procedure for producing dust by single- or multiple-stage grinding and classification has been developed. Three laboratory-scale grinding devices—a Bleuler rotary mill (ring and puck grinder), a Retsch high speed planetary mill, and a Sweco vibratory mill—have been tested. The results have been evaluated in terms of the product size distribution, particle shape, and contamination introduced in the grinding process. All three devices have been found to be capable of producing appropriate size distributions at acceptable contamination levels. Multistage grinding with intermediate classification steps generally provides angular ...
Jasplakinolide reversibly disrupts actin filaments in suspension-cultured tobacco BY-2 cells.

Jasplakinolide is potentially a useful pharmacological tool for the study of actin organization and dynamics in living cells, since it induces actin polymerization in vitro and, unlike phalloidin, is membrane permeative. In the present work, the effect of jasplakinolide on the actin cytoskeleton of living suspension-cultured Nicotiana tabacum ‘Bright Yellow 2’ cells was investigated. Actin filaments in the living cells were disrupted by jasplakinolide. The effect of jasplakionlide on the actin cytoskeleton was concentration and time dependent. When cells were treated with a moderate concentration (150 nM) of jasplakinolide, cortical actin filaments were disrupted preferentially, whereas actin aggregated at the perinuclear region. With concentrations higher than 400 nM and exposure times longer than 30 min, actin filaments in the cell disappeared completely. The effect of jasplakinolide on the actin cytoskeleton was reversible even at high concentration. Actin bundles appeared first in the perinuclear region within 5 min, and the cortical actin array was reestablished in 15 min, suggesting that actin filaments might be organized at this region.
Observation of liquid motion in a precessing oblate spheroid

Abstract We summarize experimental results for transient flow patterns in a liquid-filled oblate spheroid, and compare the observed flows with existing geodynamo theories and evidence. Flow patterns are traced from a state near inertial rest through spin-up at a constant cavity spin rate, to forced precession where the cavity spin axis precesses at a constant rate about an inertially fixed direction displaced from the cavity spin axis by a constant half-coning angle. Space- and time-dependent flow with various instabilities are recorded for precession-induced boundary layer and deep interior flow velocities. Slow precession induces cylindrical shear layers and mostly closed meridional convection in the bulk of the core, the same features as found in buoyancy-driven convection models and in a ‘weak Taylor state’ solution for a numerical αω dynamo with small non-zero viscous coupling. Observed precessional flows exhibit significant departures from geostrophic equilibrium.
Addictions: Some Reasons for Investigating Their Hematology

Summary The primary mechanism(s) of addictions, have not been uncovered. In theory, the pathway of heme synthesis may be worth exploring for these mechanisms.
UV Raman Cross Sections in Nitrogen

In an effort to resolve ambiguities concerning nitrogen's vibrational (Q-branch) Raman cross section at wavelengths near ∼300 nm, a series of measurements were carried out in the region between 282 and 355 nm. Members of our group have employed nitrogen Raman as a means of calibrating the detection efficiency of a ballon-borne lidar system used to measure stratospheric OH. The only known measurement in the region of interest (at 300 nm) displayed a factor-of-two enhancement over that expected theoretically, thereby introducing a significant uncertainty into the measurement. Nitrogen cross sections were measured at 282 and 306 nm, where uncertainty existed between theory and experiment, and at 355 nm, where good agreement was known to exist. As a check upon the technique, vibrational (Q-branch) Raman cross sections in methane and oxygen were also measured.
Exposure to ionizing radiation causes long-term increase in serum estradiol and activation of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in mouse mammary gland.

Purpose Exposure to ionizing radiation is an established risk factor for breast cancer. Radiation exposure during infancy, childhood, and adolescence confers the highest risk. Although radiation is a proven mammary carcinogen, it remains unclear where it acts in the complex multistage process of breast cancer development. In this study, we investigated the long-term pathophysiologic effects of ionizing radiation at a dose (2 Gy) relevant to fractionated radiotherapy. Methods and Materials Adolescent (6–8 weeks old; n = 10) female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 2 Gy total body γ-radiation, the mammary glands were surgically removed, and serum and urine samples were collected 2 and 12 months after exposure. Molecular pathways involving estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling were investigated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results Serum estrogen and urinary levels of the oncogenic estrogen metabolite (16αOHE1) were significantly increased in irradiated animals. Immunostaining for the cellular proliferative marker Ki-67 and cyclin-D1 showed increased nuclear accumulation in sections of mammary glands from irradiated vs. control mice. Marked increase in p85α, a regulatory sub-unit of the PI3K was associated with increase in Akt, phospho-Akt, phospho-BAD, phospho-mTOR, and c-Myc in irradiated samples. Persistent increase in nuclear ERα in mammary tissues 2 and 12 months after radiation exposure was also observed. Conclusions Taken together, our data not only support epidemiologic observations associating radiation and breast cancer but also, specify molecular events that could be involved in radiation-induced breast cancer.
Responses to a Governance Mandate: The Adoption of Governance Committees by NYSE Firms

We study how New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) firms adopted governance committees on their boards of directors. The drive to adopt started as a social movement but was facilitated greatly by the collapse of Enron Corporation and a subsequent mandate by the NYSE that all of its traded firms must have governance committees. Using institutional theory and a sample of NYSE firms, we develop and test hypotheses about the speed of governance committee adoption, the likelihood of committee adoption by the NYSE deadline, and the types of directors that were placed on the inaugural governance committee. Our study adds to theory about how organizations respond to external pressures when responding is contrary to the interests of executives.
Testing a simple rule for dominance in resource competition.

Abstract: Competition for limiting resources long has been considered an important factor generating community structure. A minimal model of resource competition predicts that the species that reduces the limiting resource R to the lowest level ( \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $R^{*}$ \end{document} ) will exclude its competitors. Whether this “ \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \use...
Osteopathic lymphatic pump techniques to enhance immunity and treat pneumonia

Pneumonia is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While antibiotics are generally effective for the treatment of infection, the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria threatens their success. The osteopathic medical profession has designed a set of manipulative techniques called lymphatic pump techniques (LPT), to enhance the flow of lymph through the lymphatic system. Clinically, LPT is used to treat infection and oedemaand might be an effective adjuvant therapy in patients with pneumonia.The immune system uses the lymphatic and blood systems to survey to rid the body of pathogens; however, only recently have the effects of LPT on the lymphatic and immune systems been investigated. This short review highlightsclinical and basic science research studies that support the use of LPT to enhance the lymphatic and immune systems and treat pneumonia, and discusses the potential mechanisms by which LPT benefits patients with pneumonia.
Development of novel targeted therapies in the treatment of malignant glioma

Malignant gliomas are highly lethal tumours despite maximal therapy. Traditional treatments for these cancers — which rely on nonspecific, cytotoxic approaches that generally act through damaging DNA — have a marginal impact on patient survival. However, advances in the understanding of the molecular biology underlying glioma pathogenesis have revealed abnormalities in a set of common cellular pathways and functions among the majority of these tumours that are now being targeted by novel agents in preclinical and clinical development. Such molecularly targeted agents might offer the promise of improved tumour control without substantial toxicity. Still, significant challenges in their development remain: the inability to predict tumour response and limitations of drug delivery into the tumour. Two essential aspects of glioma therapy remain to be achieved: local control of the primary tumour and blockade of tumour-cell invasion of normal brain.
The Journey Inward: Expatriate Hero Tales and Paradoxes

What is the overseas experience really like, and why is it so significant? Based on interviews with returned expatriates, Osland uses Joseph Campbell's metaphor of the hero's journey to analyze expatriate stories and answer these questions. The resulting framework outlines the predictable stages in the expatriate journey and articulates for the first time the complex, transformational nature of the expatriate experience and its inherent paradoxes. In addition to helping expatriates make sense of their experience, this framework furnishes prospective expatriates with more realistic expectations and provides practical lessons for companies and human resource professionals who want to handle expatriates more effectively. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Regulatory B Cells Inhibit Antitumor Immunity

In Response: Depleting B cells as part of a tumor-therapy regimen is an idea that becomes increasingly attractive as more studies show an apparent inhibitory role of host B cells on antitumor immune responses. However, it seems that Shah et al. ( [1][1]) and our results ( [2][2]) suggest different
Foster Parents' Attitudes Toward Birth Parents and Caseworkers: Implications for Visitations

This study examines the behaviors and attitudes of 324 Israeli foster parents toward birth parents and caseworkers. Although the foster parents generally expressed positive attitudes toward both birth parents and caseworkers, their contacts with both were minimal. Most foster parents did not encourage mutual visitation, were generally not involved in the birth parents' lives, and felt that the foster child belonged to them more than to the birth parents. Implications for visitation and reunification are discussed.
Foster children and the foster care system, Part I: History and legal structure.

Introduction Foster care is widely perceived to be a harmful experience for children. Yet for many it may be the most significant intervention that society can provide to ensure them safety and nurture. Unfortunately, popular glorification of “the virtues of family life” and reluctance to interfere with “the sanctity of the family” have meant that many children who are known to be at high risk for abuse and neglect, or who have in fact been victims of such abuse and neglect, are allowed to remain in harmful circumstances, under “state supervision,” for fear of disrupting their families. There are many paradoxes in foster care. For example, although children in placement miss their biologic families intensely, in most cases the beneficial effects of removal from an abusive, neglectful environment outweigh the traumatic effects of separation. Similarly, although visits with their parents are a source of great stress for many foster children, visits are highly correlated with eventual reunification of the family. Finally, despite the fact that children’s basic emotional and developmental needs are frequently unrecognized, misunderstood, and untreated, there is convincing evidence that most foster children show wide-ranging improvements in cognitive and social development during placement. Foster care involves complex interaction among
Two valuation questions in one survey: is it a recipe for sequencing and instrument context effects?

Economic theory suggests that willingness to pay for two goods independently offered should remain unchanged when the survey instrument changes slightly. Four survey treatments consisting of comprehensive good and a subset of that good were used. The surveys alternated in the question ordering and in the embedded good which accompanied the comprehensive good. We tested for sequencing and instrument context effects using both a combined and split sample designs. In the combined sample case we found some evidence to sequencing effects in the data containing the first subset good. Likelihood ratio tests indicated that sequencing did not effect scale or location of parameters. In the test for instrument context effects, evidence was found indicating context does effect willingness to pay estimates.
Properties of ridges in elastic membranes

When a thin elastic sheet is confined to a region much smaller than its size the morphology of the resulting crumpled membrane is a network of straight ridges or folds that meet at sharp vertices. A virial theorem predicts the ratio of the total bending and stretching energies of a ridge. Small strains and curvatures persist far away from the ridge. We discuss several kinds of perturbations that distinguish a ridge in a crumpled sheet from an isolated ridge studied earlier [A. E. Lobkovsky, Phys. Rev. E 53, 3750 (1996)]. Linear response as well as buckling properties are investigated. We find that, quite generally, the energy of a ridge can change by no more than a finite fraction before it buckles.
Suicidal and drug-related behaviors of rural seventh and eighth grade students

Among 1,641 rural students in Grades 7 and 8, tobacco, alcohol, and inhalants were the most commonly used drugs; 281 reported suicidal thoughts, and 175 stated they made a plan to kill themselves during the past year.
Gradient-type differential operators and unitary highest weight representations of SU(p, q)

Abstract Let Cp + q be equipped with a hermitian form of signature (p, q) and let SU(p, q) denote the subgroup of the corresponding invariance group U(p,q) consisting of matrices with determinant 1. To certain highest weights λ, we associate a first-order group invariant linear differential operator D λ; whose kernel contains a unitary highest weight representation with highest weight λ. The Fock model realization of unitary highest weight representations of U(p, q) is the fundamental tool used to implement this construction. The operator D λ is shown to be equivalent to an operator D λ which acts on Hol ( G K , H λ ) , the space of holomorphic vector valued functions defined on G K . We identify a set Λ1 of highest weights such that Ker( D λ) is a proper subspace of Hol ( G K , H λ ) and show that those λ in Λ1 correspond to points occurring at the far right of the discrete set in the classification scheme of Enright, Howe, and Wallach. First-order differential equations arising from this proper containment are explicitly derived from the operator Dλ. We illustrate the fundamental nature of these first-order equations by deriving from them a system which completely determines the irreducible spaces for ladder representations of SU(p, q).
Liver and intestine transplantation

We have recently achieved several major advances in clinical transplantation, which are addressed separately and include the introduction and development of the new immunosuppressive drug FK506 (Tacrolimus); the feasibility of intestinal transplantation with or without other abdominal organs; and the discovery of the phenomenon of bidirectional cell migration and consequent systemic as well as graft chimerism, which we believe is the essential component for the long-term acceptance of any kind of whole organ graft.
Reliability, redundancy and risk as performance indicators of structural systems during their life-cycle

Abstract Structural reliability, redundancy and risk as performance indicators are expected to change over time due to structural deterioration and time-variant loadings. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of (a) the deterioration in structural resistance, (b) the type of system modeling, and (c) the correlations among the failure modes of components on the time-dependent reliability, redundancy and risk of structural systems. A representative three-component system is used to demonstrate a general approach for studying these effects. This approach is then applied to an existing highway bridge in Colorado. The bridge is modeled using different types of systems with the consideration of two extreme correlation cases among the failure modes of the girders. An event-tree model is used to assess the direct, indirect, and total risk associated with the failure of component/system due to corrosion and traffic loads. The results reveal the importance of realistic system modeling and time effects in the quantification of reliability, redundancy and risk.
Measure for measure--sugar or fats? Reconciling cardiovascular and diabetes risk with niacin therapy.

Although niacin reduces cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or the metabolic syndrome, it is considered a reserve therapeutic agent because of adverse effects on glycemic control. The author of this Viewpoint argues, however, that the lipoprotein-altering effects of niacin might outweigh the potential hazards of niacin-mediated hyperglycemia.
Centrifugally driven thermal convection in a rotating cylinder

Thermally induced convection in a rotating cylinder of fluid heated from above and strongly influenced by centrifugal accelerations is treated using boundary-layer methods. As in the theory of homogeneous rotating fluids, the horizontal Ekman layers control the inviscid axial flow. The solution also largely depends upon the thermal conditions assumed at the side wall, and if these be insulated, consideration of the side-wall boundary layers is necessary for complete specification of the problem. For perfectly conducting side walls, the side layers do not influence the zeroth-order flow, but contribute a second-order correction, which would be absent if the lateral boundaries were ignored. The critical parameters governing the solutions in both cases are found to be γ and the group σβe−½, where γ is the aspect ratio, σ the Prandtl number, e the Ekman number, and β the thermal Rossby number for the flow. Boundary-layer solutions are given for a wide range of parameters, and gravity is seen to have at most only a local effect on the flow near the side walls.
The effect of phospholipase A2 on chloride transport by pancreatic secretory granules

Secretory granules from the rat pancreas contain electrolyte transport pathways that may contribute to exocrine fluid production. The Cl- selective transport pathway was measured indirectly in isolated granules by ionophore-induced lysis after suspension in isotonic KCl. This Cl- transport was shown to respond to alterations in the granule membrane lipid environment. Exogenously added phospholipase A2 (PLA2) caused an increase of up to 193% in the Cl- specific transport by the isolated granules. In addition, the products of PLA2 hydrolysis, lysophospholipids and unesterified fatty acids, directly increased the rate of Cl- transport when incubated with granules in vitro. Lysophospholipids (2.0 micrograms/ml) increased the Cl- transport between 280-450% (depending on the lysophospholipid species). Similarly, free fatty acids (10 microM) increased the granule Cl- transport from 25% with capric acid (10:0) to 255% with arachidonic acid (20:4). The relative extent of stimulation by fatty acids was dependent on their carbon chain length and to a lesser extent, the degree of unsaturation. The inhibition (68%) of PLA2 promoted granule lysis by 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene 2,2'-disulfonic acid (0.5 mM) also suggests that the effect is specific for the granule Cl- channel. Thus, the data show that zymogen granule Cl- transport is influenced by membrane lipids and supports a role for PLA2 in controlling electrolyte transport during stimulus-secretion coupling.
Iron storage disease: Facts, fiction and progress

There are many forms of iron storage disease, some hereditary and some acquired. The most common of the hereditary forms is HFE-associated hemochromatosis, and it is this disorder that is the main focus of this presentation. The body iron content is regulated by controlling absorption, and studies in the past decade have clarified, in part, how this regulation functions. A 25-amino-acid peptide hepcidin is up-regulated by iron and by inflammation, and it inhibits iron absorption and traps iron in macrophages by binding to and causing degradation of the iron transport protein ferroportin. Most forms of hemochromatosis results from dysregulation of hepcidin or defects of hepcidin or ferroportin themselves. Hereditary hemochromatosis was once considered to be very rare, but in the 1970s and 1980s, with the introduction of better diagnostic tests, it was considered the most common disease among Europeans. Controlled epidemiologic studies carried out in the last decade have shown, however, the disease itself actually is rare, and only its genotype and associated biochemical changes that are common. We do not understand why only a few homozygotes develop severe disease. It now seems unlikely that there are important modifying genes, and although alcohol is known to have some effect, excess drinking probably plays only a modest role in determining the hemochromatosis phenotype. Hereditary hemochromatosis is readily treated by phlebotomy. Secondary forms of the disease require chelation therapy, and the recent introduction of effective oral chelating agents is an important step forward in treating patients with disorders in which iron overload often proves to be fatal, such as thalassemia, myelodysplastic anemias, and dyserythropoietic anemias. While much has been learned about the regulation of iron homeostasis in the past decade, many mysteries remain and represent challenges that will keep us occupied for years to come.
The role of the generalized Phillips' spectrum in wave turbulence

Abstract We suggest the generalized Phillips' spectrum, which we define as that spectrum for which the statistical properties of wave turbulence inherit the symmetries of the original governing equations, is, in many circumstances, the spectrum which obtains in those regions of wavenumber space in which the Kolmogorov–Zakharov (KZ) spectra are no longer valid. This spectrum has many very special properties. We discuss its connection with the singularities which are associated with the whitecap events observed in windblown seas.
Teaching Style and Textbooks.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between teaching style and textbook use and the influence of teacher ideology on teaching style. Questionnaires requiring teachers to develop a lesson related to a provided textbook chapter and to indicate their beliefs about students, knowledge, and teaching were administered to 103 teachers. Three main teaching styles were found: coverage, extension, and thinking. These styles are generally associated with textbook use but were used extensively both with and without textbooks. It was also found that teaching style is related to teacher ideology.
Cutaneous manifestations of pediatric granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a clinicopathologic and immunopathologic analysis.

Background Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare systemic vasculitis associated with variable cutaneous manifestations and histopathologic findings. It is less frequent in children than adults and is often positive for cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) or proteinase 3-ANCA. Objective We sought to better define and correlate the clinical, histopathologic, and immunopathologic characteristics of cutaneous GPA in pediatric patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed clinical records and cutaneous histopathologic specimens of patients 17 years or younger with cutaneous manifestations of GPA who were seen at our institution from 1990 to 2013. Results Of the 52 patients identified with GPA, cutaneous involvement occurred in 36.5% and was the initial manifestation of disease in 7.7%. Of the 19 patients with cutaneous involvement, 26.3% developed acneiform and folliculitis-like papules; 84.2% were cytoplasmic ANCA positive; and 78.9% were proteinase 3-ANCA positive. Histopathologic features included leukocytoclastic vasculitis, granulomatous inflammation, acneiform and perifollicular inflammation, granulomatous vasculitis, and palisading granulomas. Limitations Our study was limited because of its retrospective design. Conclusion Pediatric patients with cutaneous GPA most commonly have palpable purpura, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, and positive cytoplasmic ANCA or proteinase 3-ANCA serologic results. Cutaneous manifestations and histopathologic findings vary, but acneiform lesions may be a cutaneous manifestation of the disease unique to this age group.
Comparison of cemented and uncemented fixation in total hip replacement: a meta-analysis.

Background The choice of optimal implant fixation in total hip replacement (THR)—fixation with or without cement—has been the subject of much debate.Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature comparing cemented and uncemented fixation in THR.Results No advantage was found for either procedure when failure was defined as either: (A) revision of either or both components, or (B) revision of a specific component. No difference was seen between estimates from registry and single-center studies, or between randomized and non-randomized studies. Subgroup analysis of type A studies showed superior survival with cemented fixation in studies including patients of all ages as compared to those that only studied patients 55 years of age or younger. Among type B studies, cemented titanium stems and threaded cups were associated with poor survival. An association was found between difference in survival and year of publication, with uncemented fixation showing relative super...
Enzymatic Synthesis of the Skin-lightening Agent, Melatonin, in Amphibians

MELATONIN (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) has been shown to be the most effective skin-lightening agent in amphibians1,2. This compound produces changes in pigmentation by causing the aggregation of melanin granules within the amphibian melanocyte. Although melatonin has been found to occur in mammals, no evidence for its formation has been obtained in amphibians where it exerts its most potent effects. High concentrations of radioactivity have been observed in the pineal area of the amphibian Xenopus laevis after the administration of the melatonin precursors 14C-5-hydroxytryptamine and 14C-methylmethionine3.
Cervical Metastases of Occult Origin: The Impact of Combined Modality Therapy

Background: We have updated our experience with metastatic carcinoma to the neck of occult origin to assess whether increasing use of adjunctive radiation therapy has had a significant impact. Methods: This retrospective review of 115 patients treated between 1977 and 1990 includes 73 (63%) with squamous cell carcinoma. These 73 patients were analyzed for survival, control of disease in the neck, and incidence of subsequent primary tumors. Results: There has been no change in the proportion of patients with advanced neck disease (N2/N3 = 52; 71%) when compared to our last report. Surgery included comprehensive neck dissection in 59 (81%) and adjunctive radiotherapy was employed in 54 (83% of surgically treated patients). Primary carcinomas within the head and neck were identified subsequently in 9 (12%) patients, including 4 of 11 (36%) who did not have adjunctive radiotherapy and 5 of 54 (9%) who did ( P = 0.038). Control of the treated neck (54/73; 74%) has improved significantly ( P = 0.005) when compared to our earlier experience (37/74; 50%), and this was most apparent in those with extensive neck disease. However, cumulative survival at 5 years (45%) was not significantly different from that previously reported. Conclusion: Our data support the increased use of adjunctive radiation therapy for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in the neck of occult origin. Control of neck disease has improved and the likelihood that a primary will be identified has been reduced, but there has been no improvement in survival when compared to historical controls.
Dialysis disequilibrium: Another reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome?

Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome is a disorder of the central nervous system in patients on dialysis. The underlying etiology is thought to be primarily due to cerebral edema; however, neuroradiologic findings have not been described previously. We describe a patient who presented with new onset headaches and status epilepticus after beginning hemodialysis. Her neuroimaging studies revealed white matter changes in the posterior parietal and occipital lobes similar to those seen in patients with reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS). This case suggests that dialysis disequilibrium syndrome and RPLS may represent a spectrum of disorders in which the underlying mechanism is vasogenic edema.
LPV decoupling and input shaping for control of diesel engines

The paper presents the results of application of linear parameter varying (LPV) decoupling control and a prefilter to improve the tracking performance in the air path of Diesel engines modeled as a quasi-LPV system. The proposed decoupling method benefits the multi-variable control of multiinput multi-output (MIMO) systems with variable operating conditions, variable parameters and nonlinear behavior. The results of this paper illustrate the reduced variability and performance enhancement of the two inputs (EGR valve effective area and VGT effective area) and two outputs (boost pressure and mass air flow) dynamic system of the air path of Diesel engines, where there is a significant coupling in the system dynamics. The proposed design method combines a prefilter (used to shape the reference input) with the LPV feedback control (based on an LPV decoupling method) proposed here to achieve the reference tracking with desired transient performance specifications. The prefilter is designed based on the closed-loop dynamics resulting from the LPV design, and a systematic input shaping prefilter design process is developed. The designed prefilter successfully extends the closed-loop bandwidth. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the input shaping prefilter. Moreover, the designed prefilter is structurally simple and computationally efficient.
IFTS measurements of a laboratory scale laminar flame

A point-and-shoot, passive remote sensing technology is highly desired to accurately monitor the combustion efficiency (CE) of petrochemical flares. A Phase II DOE-funded SBIR effort is being led by Spectral Sciences, Inc. to develop the methodologies needed to enable remote CE measurements via spectral remote sensing. Part of this effort entails standing up a laboratory-scale flare measurement laboratory to develop and validate CE measurements. This paper presents an overview and summarizes current progress of the Air Force Institute of Technology's (AFIT) contribution to this multi-organization, two-year effort. As a first step, a Telops Hyper-Cam longwave infrared (LWIR, 750-1300cm -1 or 7.7-13.3μm) imaging Fourier-transformspectrometer (IFTS) is used to examine a laminar, calibration flame produced by a Hencken burner. Ethylene and propane were combusted under several different fuel/air mixing ratios. For each event, 300 hyperspectral datacubes were collected on a 172(W)×200(H) pixel window at a 1.5cm -1 spectral resolution. Each pixel had approximately a 1.5×1.5mm 2 instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV). Structured emission is evident throughout the combustion region with several lines arising from H 2 O; other lines have not yet been assigned. These first known IFTS measurements of a laminar Hencken-burner flame are presented along with some preliminary analysis. While the laminar flame appears stationary to the eye, significant flame flicker at a fundamental frequency of 17Hz was observed in the LWIR, and this is expected to complicate spectral interpretation for species concentrations and temperature retrieval. Changes to the fuel-air ratio (FAR) produced sizable changes in spectral intensity. Combustion spectra of ethylene and propane corresponding to ideal FAR were nearly identical.
DSL—from A to V and back again (invited paper)

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology deployments have steadily increased in the last several years with current deployment counts topping over 200 million lines. While Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) technology continues to see the predominate share of access lines, Very high speed DSL (VDSL) has been in development for several years and has yet to overtake ADSL in the marketplace. While the increase in broadband communication demand has certainly fueled the growth of DSL, the deployment of the management protocol defined by the DSL Forum in Technical Report 69 (TR-69) offers the greatest potential for further increasing the speed by which deployments take place. With so much broadband communication technology available worldwide, are there other factors that should be considered to elongate DSL's hold on broadband into the future? We will attempt to consider the technology and the future of DSL by examining some of the historical advances that have led to DSL's existing success.
The tuning curve in clinical audiology.

This article will explore the audiograms formed by the expected psychophysical thresholds from single, normally functioning inner hair cells. Like the audiogram formed by the vibrotactile response ...
Yeast class III gene transcription factors and homologous RNA polymerase III form ternary transcription complexes stable to disruption by N-lauroyl-sarcosine (Sarcosyl)

Yeast Class III gene transcription factors and RNA polymerase III were used to form ternary transcription complexes on a tRNASer gene in vitro under UTP-limiting transcription conditions. These ternary transcription complexes were composed of template DNA, proteins, and RNA. We have shown that the RNAs contained in these complexes represented specifically initiated nascent pre-tRNASer transcripts. These nascent RNAs could be very efficiently elongated to full-length pre-tRNASer molecules, even in the presence of the ionic detergent sarcosyl. Partial purification (greater than 100-fold) of these sarcosyl-resistant ternary transcription complexes could be achieved in a single step via sucrose gradient sedimentation. Comparable sarcosyl-resistant ternary transcription complexes could not be formed using purified yeast RNA polymerase III as the only protein component of the complex.
Broadband analysis of the 21 September, 1993 Klamath Falls Earthquake Sequence

The source characteristics of the Klamath Falls earthquake sequence were estimated from broadband seismograms recorded by the Berkeley Digital Seismic Network (BDSN), TERRAscope, and western United States IRIS stations. Solutions were obtained for events ranging in size from Mw 3.8 to Mw 6.0. An empirical Green's function inverse approach was used to estimate kinematic source parameters of the two Mw 6.0 mainshocks. Both events were found to have ruptured northwest on adjacent segments of the Lake of the Woods system of normal faults. The two main-shocks abut where there is a pronounced 10° to 20° clockwise rotation of strike which may have initially acted as a barrier to a through-going Mw 6.2 event.
SHADOW-BAR DESIGN FOR FAST-NEUTRON SCATTERING EXPERIMENTS.

Abstract The criteria for shadow-bar design and material selection for fast neutron scattering experiments are discussed. A technique for automatic shadow-bar placement is described.
Fundamental Vibration-Rotation Bands and Molecular Constants for the ArH+ Ground State (1Σ+)

Five vibration-rotation bands of the ground state X1Σ+ of ArH+ have been observed in the infrared emission spectrum of a carbon hollow cathode lamp, using the McMath solar Fourier transform spectrometer at KPNO. The leading Dunham coefficients are found to be (in cm-1): Y10 = 2710.9191, Y20 = -61.630 75, Y30 = 0.502 654, Y40 = -0.001 091 7; Y01 = 10.461 276, Y11 = -0.378 782, Y21 = 0.003 017 3; Y02 = -6.230 × 10-4, Y12 = 0.082 97 × 10-4; Y03 = 1.584 × 10-8, Y13 = -0.0459 × 10-8; Y04 ~ -0.64 × 10-12.
Covariance and Discriminant Analysis

AbstractThe formal equiValence between tests of the effect of deleting variables in a multiple response setting based on distances and based on multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) is shown for the two-group case. Implications of this result for the interpretation of results of multiple-group analyses are discussed, as well as how MANCOV A may be useful for ordering and selecting variables that contribute to group discriminations.
Differential soil respiration responses to changing hydrologic regimes

[1] Soil respiration is tightly coupled to the hydrologic cycle (i.e., snowmelt and precipitation timing and magnitude). We examined riparian and hillslope soil respiration across a wet (2005) and a dry (2006) growing season in a subalpine catchment. When comparing the riparian zones, cumulative CO 2 efflux was 33% higher, and peak efflux occurred 17 days earlier during the dry growing season. In contrast, cumulative efflux in the hillslopes was 8% lower, and peak efflux occurred 10 days earlier during the drier growing season. Our results demonstrate that soil respiration was more sensitive to drier growing season conditions in wet (riparian) landscape positions.
Toward a stakeholder-based policy process: An application of the social marketing perspective to environmental policy development

This article suggests that the application of social marketing principles to the public policy process can facilitate the efforts of governmental policy-makers and non-governmental stakeholders to articulate their policy desires and to encourage the adoption and acceptance of particular environmental policies. A conceptual framework is presented, emphasizing both the influence of stakeholders on environmental policy development and the education of stakeholders as to the potential effects of the policy. The purpose of such a conceptualization is to show how social marketing principles can be applied to the public policy process in order to enhance the likelihood of successful policy development and implementation.
Strontium Concentrations in Corrosion Products from Residential Drinking Water Distribution Systems

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) will require some U.S. drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) to monitor nonradioactive strontium (Sr2+) in drinking water in 2013. Iron corrosion products from four DWDS were examined to assess the potential for Sr2+ binding and release. Average Sr2+ concentrations in the outermost layer of the corrosion products ranged from 3 to 54 mg kg–1 and the Sr2+ drinking water concentrations were all ≤0.3 mg L–1. Micro-X-ray adsorption near edge structure spectroscopy and linear combination fitting determined that Sr2+ was principally associated with CaCO3. Sr2+ was also detected as a surface complex associated with α-FeOOH. Iron particulates deposited on a filter inside a home had an average Sr2+ concentration of 40.3 mg kg–1 and the associated drinking water at a tap was 210 μg L–1. The data suggest that elevated Sr2+ concentrations may be associated with iron corrosion products that, if disturbed, could increase Sr2+ concentrations above the 0.3 μg...
Innovator: an expert system for new product launch decisions

Expert systems have become an increasingly important area of research for marketing academicians and practitioners. This paper describes an expert system called INNOVATOR that screens new product ideas and provides an approve/reject/reevaluate decision. If desired, the system can explain the logical reasoning it used to arrive at the decision. INNOVATOR uses a rule base consisting of regular IF and fuzzy IF rules and a backward chaining strategy to make recommendations. The paper explains the knowledge (expertise) requirements of the system, as well as the knowledge elicitation process and the knowledge representation scheme. Die system has been implemented on an IBM 4381 using a shell called Expert System Environment (ESE). INNOVATOR, in its current form, assists consultants in financial service organizations in deciding whether to offer specific product innovations to their customers. The system is operational and has been validated by comparing its decisions with those of experts in the field.
The Cohen-Macaulay Property and F-Rationality in Certain Rings of Invariants

Abstract Consider the action of a group G ≤ S n that permutes the n variables in a polynomial ring k [ X 1 ,..., X n ] over a field k . Two related properties, the Cohen-Macaulay property and F-rationality, are studied in the ring of invariants, and the following results are obtained. (1) The invariant ring k [ X 1 ,..., X n ] C n produced by cyclic permutation of the variables is shown not to be Cohen-Macaulay in characteristics dividing n for n > 4. This completes the analysis of the characteristics in which this invariant ring is Cohen-Macaulay. (2) The non-F-rational locus of k [ X 1 ,..., X n ] A n is found to have positive dimension for certain n and k , although this ring possesses many of the properties of F-rational rings.
Lack of inhibition of protein synthesis by double-stranded RNA in a cell-free system prepared from human reticulocytes.

Abstract There are two inhibitors of protein synthesis which are related to the activity of interferon. One is a protein kinase which phosphorylates the α subunit of the eucaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2). The other is an enzyme which synthesizes an unusual oligonucleotide that in turn activates a RNA endonuclease. In nucleated cells the synthesis of the inhibitors is induced by interferon but they must be activated in a subsequent lysate by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Rabbit reticulocytes, however, contain the inactive forms of the inhibitors in a constitutive manner and require only dsRNA activation. We report here the effect of dsRNA on protein synthesis and the generation of ribosomal eIF-2α kinase and heat-stable (oligonucleotide) inhibitory activity in human reticulocyte lysates. Our findings indicate that human reticulocytes, in contrast to rabbit reticulocytes, do not contain the interferon-related inhibitors of protein synthesis in a constitutive manner. Addition of dsRNA to the human reticulocyte cell-free system does not result in significant inhibition. Furthermore, no generation of ribosomal eIF-2α kinase or heatstable inhibitory activity could be detected. Direct addition of oligonucleotide or eIF-2α kinase (of rabbit origin), however, does result in inhibition of the human system. Thus, the ultimate inhibition mechanisms do appear operative in the human reticulocyte lysates. The differences between the rabbit and human systems may be due to either basic differences in the mechanism of interferon action or simply to variation in the history or maturity of the cells studied.
Reliable Design of Electroplated Copper Through Silicon Vias

Through-silicon vias (TSVs), being one of the key enabling technologies for 3D system integration, are being used in various 3D vertically stacked devices. As TSVs are relatively new, there is not enough information in available literature on the thermo-mechanical reliability of TSVs. Due to the high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between Si and the Cu vias, “Cu pumping” will occur at high temperature and “Cu sinking” will occur at low temperature, which may induce large stress in SiO2 , interfacial stress at Cu/SiO2 interface and plastic deformation in Cu core. The thermal-mechanical stress can potentially cause interfacial debonding, cohesive cracking in dielectric layers or Cu core, causing some reliability issues. Thus, in this paper, three-dimensional thermo-mechanical finite-element models have been built to analyze the stress/strain distribution in the TSV structures. A comparative analysis of different via designs, such as circular, square, and annular vias has been performed. In addition, defects due to fabrication such as voids in the Cu core during electroplating and Cu pad undercutting due to over-etching are considered in the models, and it is seen that these fabrication defects are detrimental to TSV reliability.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Dendrochronological analysis of the timber structure of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem

Abstract The roof rafters and the lintels of the trabeated system of the Church of the Nativity were analysed, determining their tree species, dating the structural timber and, thereby, identifying the principal building/restoration phases and maintenance operations of the Basilica. The likely provenance of the timber was also determined, giving insight into the commercial trade routes of the time and the prevailing geopolitical connections. The roof timber of the Church is mainly oak, cedar and European larch, whereas its lintel beams consist entirely of cedar. The larch and oak timber was dated dendrochronologically, whereas the cedar could only be dated by radiocarbon analysis. The high correlation values between the Basilica's larch chronology and Alpine reference chronologies for the species indicate that the larch timber originates from the Eastern Alps. The oak site chronology correlates best with Turkish oak master curves made from Istanbul building timber, thereby pointing to a Turkish/Anatolian provenance of the Basilica's oak timber.