cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of cGMP on Lung Microvascular Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction Following Hydrogen Peroxide

The authors determined the effect of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) on hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced barrier dysfunction in bovine lung microvascular endothelial cell (BLMVEC) monolayers and compared the results to bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAECs). In BLMVECs, H(2)O(2) (250 microM) caused a 31.9% +/- 4.8% decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) associated with increased actin stress fiber formation, intercellular gaps, and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). The cGMP analogue 8-(p-chlorophenylthio)-cGMP (8p-CPT-cGMP; 30 or 50 microM) prevented the H(2)O(2)-induced decrease in TER (p <.001) as well as the cytoskeletal rearrangement and intercellular gap formation. 8-pCPT-cGMP (50 microM) attenuated the peak (418.8 +/- 42.1 versus 665.2 +/- 38.0 nmol/L; p <.001) and eliminated the sustained increase in [Ca(2+)](i) (193.5 +/- 21.3 versus 418.8 +/- 42.1 nmol/L; p <.001) caused by H(2)O(2). 8-pCPT-cGMP also increased TER (14.2% +/- 2.2%; p <.05) and decreased [Ca(2+)](i) (201.2 +/- 12.5 vs. 214.4 +/- 12.1 nmol/L; p <.03) before H(2)O(2). In BPAECs, 8p-CPT-cGMP significantly attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced increases in permeability and [Ca(2+)](i) but less effectively than in BLMVECs. These results suggest that in BLMVECs, cGMP countered the adverse effects of H(2)O(2) on barrier function by preventing actin cytoskeletal rearrangement and attenuating the increase in [Ca(2+)](i).
A Pilot Study of Modified Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Childhood Traumatic Grief (CBT-CTG)

ABSTRACT Objective This pilot study evaluated outcomes for a modified 12-session protocol of cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood traumatic grief (CBT-CTG) conducted between March 2004 and October 2005. CTG is an emerging condition characterized by a combination of posttraumatic stress and unresolved grief symptoms. This two-module treatment model consisting of sequential trauma- and grief-focused components was shortened from a previously presented 16-session protocol. Method Thirty-nine children ages 6 to 17 years old with CTG and their parents received the modified 12-session protocol of CBT-CTG. CTG and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed at pretreatment, after the trauma-focused module, and after the grief-focused module (at posttreatment). Child depression, anxiety, and behavioral symptoms, as well as parental depression and PTSD symptoms, were assessed at pre- and posttreatment. Results Children reported significant improvement in CTG, PTSD, depression, and anxiety, and parents reported significant improvement in children's PTSD, internalizing and total behavior problems, and their personal PTSD symptoms. Although PTSD significantly improved only during the trauma-focused module of treatment, CTG improved significantly during both trauma- and grief-focused modules of treatment. Child satisfaction and parent satisfaction for this treatment protocol were also high. Conclusions These findings suggest that the shortened CBT-CTG protocol, which is similar in the number of sessions to what many community child bereavement programs offer, may be acceptable and efficacious for this population. The CBT-CTG model requires further evaluation in randomized, controlled treatment trials. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 2006;45(12):1465-1473.
Homogenization issues and the combustion of heterogeneous solid propellants

We examine random packs of discs or spheres, models for ammonium-perchlorate-in-binderpropellants, and discuss their average properties. An analytical strategy is described for calculating the mean or effective heat conduction coefficient in terms of the heat conduction coefficients of the individual components, and the results are verified by comparison with those of direct numerical simulations (DNS) for both two-dimensional (disc) and three-dimensional (sphere) packs across which a temperature difference is applied. Similarly, when the surface regression speed of each component is related to the surface temperature via a simple Arrhenius law, an analytical strategy is developed for calculating an effective Arrhenius law for the combination, and these results are verified using DNS in which a uniform heat flux is applied to the pack surface, causing it to regress. These results are needed for homogenization strategies necessary for fully integrated two- or three-dimensional simulations of heterogeneous propellant combustion, and some sample two-dimensional results are presented.
Terahertz spectroscopy of dicyanobenzenes: Anomalous absorption intensities and spectral calculations

Abstract Terahertz absorption spectra of three isomeric structures of dicyanobenzene in chloroform solution and solid phase at 298 K are reported. These spectra exhibit enhanced absorption in low THz range compared to most organic systems because of strong coupling to phonon modes. Molecular vibrational spectral calculations show strong correlation with the experiment especially for solution spectra. All intramolecular modes were assigned and intermolecular modes identified. Out-of-plane intramolecular modes at low frequency exhibit ∼75 cm−1 blue shifts as the secondary CN group moves from the para to ortho position on the benzene ring, whereas almost no frequency shift occurs for low-frequency in-plane modes.
Identification of distinct molecular phenotypes in cultured gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells.

Background & Aims: Cultured gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells have been shown to dedifferentiate and reinitiate their myogenic program in vitro. The aim of this study was to determine whether the cellular phenotypes observed in vitro were similar to those previously characterized in vivo. Methods: Differential isoactin expression was examined in primary cultures of intestinal smooth muscle cells (ISMCs) by Northern blot and immunohistochemical analysis. Cellular phenotype was determined for cultured ISMCs grown at high density, at low density, in the presence and absence of serum supplementation, and on several distinct substrates including collagen type IV, laminin, fibronectin, and plastic. Results: The unique patterns of isoactin protein and gene expression observed in cultured ISMCs indicate that distinct cellular phenotypes were present in vitro. The production and maintenance of these distinct smooth muscle cell phenotypes was dependent on cell density, serum supplementation, and substrate used. Conclusions: Cultured ISMCs appear to recapitulate a portion of their in vivo myogenic program in vitro, providing a unique opportunity for the molecular mechanisms controlling gastrointestinal smooth muscle myogenesis and pathogenesis to begin to be identified.
Some relationships between basic and applied research

The following are some general comments on the set of papers that constitute this special section. The first are aimed at describing the dynamic relationship between basic and applied science—basic and applied science should be seen as on equal footing and mutually stimulating. The second are aimed at heightening our awareness of the incommensurate methodologies of these approaches—analyses of means may be theoretically relevant, but have little to do with intervention selection for individual patients.
Advanced automation solutions for future adaptive factories

Factories of the future must be capable to adapt themselves to continuously changing market demand. Therefore new manufacturing technologies are needed: from agile operating machines up to internet based services. In particular, new advanced automation solutions, that integrate all factory levels in a unique real time framework, are mandatory. Nowadays, neither accepted standards nor assessed development methodologies and software environments are available to support industries when facing such a crucial issue. In the present contribution an open and modular automation system architecture is proposed, based on emerging modelling paradigms and recent international standards. Furthermore, a methodology to develop self-adaptive factory automation solutions is illustrated, using a novel modular simulation based method to verify digitally - through a modular bottom up approach - the correctness of real size automation systems. The proposed framework has been applied to a highly innovative reconfigurable factory for personalised shoes production. Such a real-size industrial application proves the effectiveness and the benefits of the presented methods for the development of complex automation solutions for high value added production systems.
Current trends in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common reversible neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with chronic and acute liver dysfunction and significant morbidity and mortality. Although a clear pathogenesis is yet to be determined, elevated ammonia in the serum and central nervous system are the mainstay for pathogenesis and treatment. Management includes early diagnosis and prompt treatment of precipitating factors (infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, electrolyte disturbances, hepatocellular carcinoma, dehydration, hypotension, and use of benzodiazepines, psychoactive drugs, and/or alcohol). Clinical trials have established the efficacy of lactulose and lactitol enemas in the treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy. Extensive clinical experience has demonstrated the efficacy of oral lactulose and lactitol with the goal of two to three soft bowel movements a day for the treatment of chronic HE. However, lactulose and lactitol have significant gastrointestinal side effects. For patients unable to tolerate lactulose or lactitol or who still have persistent chronic HE with lactulose or lactitol, neomycin, metronidazole and rifaximin are second-line agents. More recent data supports the benefits of rifaximin used solely and as an additional agent with fewer side effects than neomycin or metronidazole. Newer therapies being investigated in humans with clinical promise include nitazoxanide, the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS), L-ornithine phenylacetate, sodium benzoate, and/or sodium phenylacetate and Kremezin® (AST-120).
Finding Disaster Victims: A Sensory System for Robot-Assisted 3D Mapping of Urban Search and Rescue Environments

In this paper the first application of utilizing a unique 3D real-time mapping sensor for sequential 3D map building within a visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) framework in unknown cluttered urban search and rescue (USAR) environments is proposed. The sensor utilizes a digital fringe projection and phase shifting technique to provide real-time 2D and 3D sensory information of the environment. The proposed sensor is unique over current technologies, in that it can directly map rubble in 3D and in real-time at a frame rate of up to 60 fps. Furthermore, we propose the development of a novel 3D visual SLAM method utilizing both 2D and 3D images taken by the sensor for robust and reliable landmark identification, mapping and localization algorithms utilizing a scale invariant feature transform (SIFT)-based approach. Preliminary experiments show the potential of the proposed 3D real-time sensory system for such unknown cluttered USAR environments.
General Relativity Experiments Using Low Temperature Techniques

In this paper we will describe an experiment to test Einstein’s theory of general relativity in a satellite in space by means of a nearly perfect gyroscope.1 This experiment is uniquely made possible by complete use of a low temperature environment and the properties of superconductors including the use of zero magnetic fields and ultrasensitive magnetometry. In the last part of the talk we will mention other relativity experiments which make use of low temperature physics and ultra-sensitive magnetometers.
Some Derivatives of Phenethanolamine as MAO Inhibitors

A series of N-methyl and o-alkyl phenethanolamine derivatives has been prepared and tested against monoamine oxidase in vitro. A substantial increase in MAO inhibition over that of the parent phenethanolamine derivatives was noted in the o-benzyl analogs.
Physically Unclonable Function-Based Security and Privacy in RFID Systems

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an increasingly popular technology that uses radio signals for object identification. Tracking and authentication in RFID tags have raised many privacy and security concerns. On the other hand, known privacy and security cryptographic defenses are too hardware-expensive to incorporate into low-cost RFID tags. In this paper, we propose hardware-based approaches to RFID security that rely on physically unclonable functions (PUFs). These functions exploit the inherent variability of wire delays and parasitic gate delays in manufactured circuits, and may be implemented with an order-of-magnitude reduction in gate count as compared with traditional cryptographic functions. We describe protocols for privacy-preserving tag identification and secure message authentication codes. We compare PUFs to digital cryptographic functions, address other uses of PUFs to enhance RFID security and suggest interesting directions for future research. The proposed solutions are efficient, practical, and appropriate for low-cost RFID systems
Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come

The purposes of this article are to position mixed methods research (mixed research is a synonym) as the natural complement to traditional qualitative and quantitative research, to present pragmatism as offering an attractive philosophical partner for mixed methods research, and to provide a framework for designing and conducting mixed methods research. In doing this, we briefly review the paradigm “wars” and incompatibility thesis, we show some commonalities between quantitative and qualitative research, we explain the tenets of pragmatism, we explain the fundamental principle of mixed research and how to apply it, we provide specific sets of designs for the two major types of mixed methods research (mixed-model designs and mixed-method designs), and, finally, we explain mixed methods research as following (recursively) an eight-step process. A key feature of mixed methods research is its methodological pluralism or eclecticism, which frequently results in superior research (compared to monomethod resear...
Stark Spectroscopy of Donor−Acceptor Polyenes: Correlation with Nonlinear Optical Measurements

Correlation with Nonlinear Optical Measurements Gerold U. Bublitz,† Rafael Ortiz,‡ Claude Runser,§ Alain Fort,§ Marguerite Barzoukas,§ Seth R. Marder,‡,⊥ and Steven G. Boxer*,† Department of Chemistry, Stanford UniVersity Stanford, California 94305 The Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 Institut de Physique et Chimie des Materiaux de Strasbourg, Groupe d’Optique Nonlineaire et d’Optoelectronique (UMR 046 CNRS) 67037 Strasbourg Cedex, France The Jet Propulsion Laboratory,California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109 ReceiVed October 23, 1996
Differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules based on the proportion of sponge-like areas on ultrasonography: imaging-pathologic correlation

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether it is possible to differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules according to the proportion of sponge-like appearance within the nodules. Methods: A total of 201 thyroid nodules containing sponge-like appearance from 195 patients (157 women and 38 men) were included this study. Each thyroid nodule was classified into one of three grades by real-time ultrasonography (US) based on the areas with a sponge-like appearance within nodule: grade I had sponge-like areas occupying 75%. We evaluated whether a correlation existed between these grades and cytopathologic diagnoses. Results: Of the 201 nodules, 196 were benign and five were malignant, and according to the US classification, 101 nodules were grade I, 45 were grade II, and 55 were grade III. Of the five malignant nodules, four were grade I, and one was grade II. No statistically significant difference was found in the rate of malignancy between grade III and grades I and II, due to insufficient statistical power. A sponge-like appearance was correlated with follicles filled with colloid and cholesterol granules in benign nodules and with papillary fronds around the dilated cystic spaces in malignant nodules. Conclusion: No malignancies were found in thyroid nodules with >75% sponge-like appearance. Due to the overall low incidence of malignancy and the limited number of patients, a statistically significant difference could not be found in the prevalence of malignancy depending on the proportion of sponge-like areas within the nodule.
Risks of Endoscopic Enteral Access

Enteral nutrition therapy can improve outcomes in many disease states such as pancreatitis and inflammatory bowel disease, and in critically ill patients. Obtaining enteral access is fundamental in order to provide enteral nutrition. The endoscopist plays an important role in placing enteral access systems. The endoscopist should be familiar with the techniques to perform percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy (PEG/J), direct percutaneous jejunostomy (DPEJ) and bedside nasoenteric tube placement as well as the management of complications that can result from their placement.
Are recent cohorts of women with engineering bachelors less likely to stay in engineering

Women are an increasing percentage of Bachelors in Engineering (BSEs) graduates – rising from 1% in 1970 to 20% in the 2000s – encouraged by increasing K-12 emphasis on attracting girls to STEM and efforts to incorporate engineering and technology into K-12 curricula. Retention of women in STEM and in engineering in particular has been a concern historically. In this paper, we investigate whether this gap has increased because a larger proportion of females entering engineering find themselves ill-matched to this field, or whether the gap has decreased as engineering becomes more accommodating to women. Using 1993 - 2010 nationally representative NSF SESTAT surveys, we compare cohorts of BSEs at the same early-career stages (from 1-2 years to 7-8 years post-bachelors). We find no evidence of a time trend in the gender gap in retention in engineering and a slightly decreasing gender gap in leaving the labor force. We find, as others have, that the majority of the gender retention gap is due to women leaving the labor force entirely and that this exit is highly correlated with child-bearing; yet women with engineering majors are half as likely as all college-educated women to leave the labor market. There are no clear time trends in female BSEs leaving the labor market. Single childless women are actually more likely than men to remain in engineering jobs. Some gender differences in retention others found are caused by differences in race and engineering subfield. With controls for these, there is no gender retention difference by 7-8 years post-bachelors for those full-time employed. There were two usual cohorts – women with 1991-1994 BSEs were particularly likely to remain in engineering and women with 1998-2001 BSEs were particularly likely to leave engineering, compared to men. Cohorts before and after these revert towards the mean, indicating no time trend. Also, women who leave engineering are just as likely as men to stay in math-intensive STEM jobs.
Ground zero for a post-moral ethics in J. M. Coetzee’s Disgrace and Julia Kristeva’s melancholic

Perhaps no other novel has received as much attention from moral philosophers as South African writer J. M. Coetzee’s Disgrace. The novel is ethically compelling and yet no moral theory explains its force. Despite clear Kantian moments, neither rationalism nor self-respect can account for the strange ethical task that the protagonist sets for himself. Calling himself the dog man, like the ancient Cynics, this shamelessly cynical protagonist takes his cues for ethics not from humans but from animals. He does not however claim much in the way of empathy or understanding of animals, and his own odd motives remain a puzzle throughout the stages of his ethical transformation. Many scholars approach Coetzee’s text through an ethics of alterity, and even argue that Disgrace is exemplary in this regard. Kristeva’s rendition of alterity ethics brings us close to the novel’s vision, and yet the novel points towards a more primordial basis for ethics in the search for meaning through the human encounter with other animal species.
Metallographic examinations of retrieved intramedullary bone pins and bone screws from the human body

Substantial improvements have been made by the surgical manufacturing industry in the development of implants and by the orthopedic surgeon in the use of prosthetic appliances. In spite of these advancements, some prosthetic devices completely fail of do not provide satisfactory performance. Hostile environmental conditions of the human body are highly influential in limiting the service life of the implants, so the material selection and the design and fabrication must be made with extreme care. Examinations we have made of intramedullary pins retrieved from femurs reveal examples of fretting and/or crevice corrosion and in-service failures that nucleated in microscopic surface gouges. Self-tapping screws, essential for securing bone implants, failed due to fractures originating in the thread roots. Failures by merely exceeding the ultimate strength of the material and by the more involved process of stress corrosion cracking are shown. An evaluation laboratory for failure analyses of prostheses is recommended.
Verification: issues and implementation.

Once the frequency/gain and output characteristics have been determined, the verification stage begins. As discussed in the ASHA (Adult) Guidelines (ASHA, 1998), verification refers to outcome measures taken to ensure that the hearing aids meet the intended fitting goals. Those fitting goals include electroacoustic characteristics, appropriateness of physical fit, and real ear performance. In the context of this chapter, real ear refers to any verification of gain or output obtained while the hearing aids are being worn by the child.
The effect of occlusive patching on visually-directed tasks.

Purpose: Occlusive patching is used to treat a variety of ocular conditions. A paucity of literature exists regarding the effects of occlusion on functional tasks and driving performance. We investigated the immediate effects of occlusive patching on a variety of visually dependent tasks as well as driving performance on a simulator. Methods: Thirty normally sighted subjects were examined in a prospective randomized manner. All subjects underwent a complete medical history and eye examination. All subjects performed a variety of near tasks and drove a driving simulator with and without patching. The tasks included traditional clinical depth tests, tests of visual memory, scanning, and tracking, and gross and fine-motor abilities. All subjects filled out a questionnaire relating to their perception of the effects of patching on functional tasks and driving ability. Results: Visual memory, scanning, tracking, and perceptual constancy were unaffected by patching. However, there were significant differences between the patched and unpatched conditions for four of five of the three-dimensional visual coordination tasks. Eight of 19 (42%) of the fine-motor tasks and 4 of 9 gross-motor tasks (44%) showed significant differences between the patched and unpatched conditions. A greater frequency of out of lane events and more abrupt braking profiles were seen when subjects drove monocularly rather than binocularly. Conclusions: Sudden occlusion immediately changes perceptual ability by decreasing visual field and eliminating stereoacuity. This has important implications for the performance of everyday tasks.
Registration of FC1018, FC1019, FC1020, and FC1022 Multigerm Sugarbeet Pollinator Germplasms with Disease Resistance

FC1018 (Reg. No. GP-273, PI 658059), FC1019 (Reg. No. GP-274, PI 658060), FC1020 (Reg. No. GP-275, PI 658061), and FC1022 (Reg. No. GP-276, PI 658062) sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) germplasms were released in 2009 from seed lots 05FC1018; 05-FC1019; 07-, 08-, or 09-FC1020; and 05-FC1022, respectively, and tested under those designations. They were developed by the USDA-ARS at Fort Collins, CO and Salinas, CA in cooperation with the Beet Sugar Development Foundation, Denver, CO. All four germplasms are populations in fertile cytoplasm and segregate for self-sterility, multigermity, hypocotyl color, and the Rz1 gene, which confers resistance to some strains of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, the causal agent of rhizomania. FC1018, FC1019, and FC1020 have moderate tolerance to root-rotting strains (AG2–2) of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (the causal agent of Rhizoctonia root and crown rot), Cercospora beticola Sacc. (the causal agent of Cercospora leaf spot), Beet curly top virus (BCTV), and Aphanomyces cochlioides Drechsl., which causes Aphanomyces root rot (Aphanomyces black root). They are populations that can be used to select disease-resistant, multigerm pollinator parents. FC1022 has a moderate tolerance to BCTV and had a relatively high sucrose concentration at Salinas when tested in a fi eld infested with rhizomania. Because of a large percentage of monogerm seedballs (45%) and O-type parentage, it should be possible to select monogerm, O-type lines from FC1022.
A general probabilistic formulation for neural classifiers

We use partial likelihood (PL) theory to introduce a general probabilistic framework for the design and analysis of neural classifiers. The formulation allows for the training samples used in the design to have correlations in time, and for use of a wide range of neural network probability models including recurrent structures. We use PL theory to establish a fundamental information-theoretic connection, show the equivalence of likelihood maximization and relative entropy minimization, without making the common assumptions of independent training samples and true distribution information. Large sample optimality properties of PL can also be established under mild regularity conditions which allows adaptive-structure and robust classifier designs by using modified likelihood functions and information-theoretic criteria.
Patterns, Smoothness and Rational Smoothness

In this chapter we describe several combinatorial tests for smoothness and rational smoothness in terms of avoiding certain patterns in permutations. These algorithms run in polynomial time in the size of the permutations, and are therefore the most efficient tests known at this time. Kumar’s criteria and computations with the tangent space bases are all exponential. We also state the conjecture due to Lakshmibai—Sandhya for determining the irreducible components of singular loci in the case G = SL(n).
VaR, Probability-of-Ruin and Their Consequences for Normal Risks

Despite the use of VaR as a means to control risk, using VaR can have the opposite effect. VaR is used by bank and insurance regulators more than any other risk measure. A value-at-risk (VaR) constraint on the probability that future firm equity value will be less than a floor, when the floor is zero, is also a constraint on the probability of ruin. A manager who maximizes his firm's expected equity value subject to a VaR constraint, when the firm is in bad financial health, pays a premium for financial instruments that increase his firm's volatility and does the opposite when the firm is in good financial health. Regulations with VaR or probability-of-ruin constraints may increase banks' or insurers' volatility in bad economic conditions. Hence the use of VaR may increase the instability of the global financial network when the financial system is more vulnerable. Basel II regulations, via the Internal Based Ratings Approach, encourage banks with greater systemic risk, the large banks, to use VaR constraints thereby encouraging the banks to which the global financial system is more vulnerable to take on greater risk when it is more vulnerable.
Land Tenure in the Philippines

THE LAND tenure system of the Philippines is distinctive in its origins from that of neighboring Asian countries. Viewed in a broad problem setting, however, the issues are much the same. Most of the peasant population of the Far East have long been beset by three basic tenure problems: insecurity of occupancy, excessive rents, and usury.l From these basic problems stems a chain of corollary features that lead, and have led, to revolution. Most important of these is the essential denial of participation, as a free constituent, in the economic, social, and political affairs of the society to which the individual is attached. A shorthand description, greatly oversimplified, is feudalism. Its hateful counterpart is colonialism. Between these extremes and that of a competitive brand of mass subjugation-Communism-the conflict with democratic methodology is joined in a massive contest of appeal to a restive agrarian people. In policy formulation, the most urgent objectives are maintenance of peace and order and the achievement of political stability. Nothing of a lasting character can be accomplished in the absence of either. The recent history of land tenure in the Philippines is cast in this framework. In 1951, the Communist-led Hukbalahap movement in the Philippines came perilously close to gaining control of the government. Since then, a combination of "all-out friendship, all-out force" has prevailed, and the Philippine nation stands alone among Asian countries as one that repulsed a direct threat of Communist control without serious infringement of personal or property rights. The heart of this successful operation is the Magsaysay program of "land for the landless." As a prominent Manila newspaper recently stated editorially, "The crux of all the issues is land reform."2
How School Leaders Might Promote Higher Levels of Collective Teacher Efficacy at the Level of School and Team

Leaders search for effective leadership practices to ensure success. A quantitative study was conducted to determine what behaviors a leader could use to improve collective teacher efficacy at the level of the entire faculty and at the level of grade level teams. This article focuses on using the inverse relationship between transformational leadership and collective teacher efficacy to strengthen efficacy of teachers of English Language Learners. The Collective Efficacy Scale (Goddard, 2001) was modified to measure the perceptions of teachers at both levels; entire faculty’s collective efficacy and the collective efficacy of their team. Thus, this article also provides leaders with important information regarding teaming within schools. The significant difference found between collective teacher efficacy at the level of school and team, provides important information for leaders to consider as they support professional learning teams. Success for all would be promoted as leaders increase efficacy within teams by employing the concepts of developing leadership teams and purposeful learning communities (Hill & Lundquist, 2008).
A direct-drive exploding-pusher implosion as the first step in development of a monoenergetic charged-particle backlighting platform at the National Ignition Facility

Abstract A thin-glass-shell, D3He-filled exploding-pusher inertial confinement fusion implosion at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) has been demonstrated as a proton source that serves as a promising first step toward development of a monoenergetic proton, alpha, and triton backlighting platform at the NIF. Among the key measurements, the D3He-proton emission on this experiment (shot N121128) has been well-characterized spectrally, temporally, and in terms of emission isotropy, revealing a highly monoenergetic ( Δ E / E ∼ 4 % ) and isotropic source (~3% proton fluence variation and ~0.5% proton energy variation). On a similar shot (N130129, with D2 fill), the DD-proton spectrum has been obtained as well, illustrating that monoenergetic protons of multiple energies may be utilized in a single experiment. These results, and experiments on OMEGA, point toward future steps in the development of a precision, monoenergetic proton, alpha, and triton source that can readily be implemented at the NIF for backlighting a broad range of high energy density physics (HEDP) experiments in which fields and flows are manifest, and also utilized for studies of stopping power in warm dense matter and in classical plasmas.
Down to Seeds and Stones: A New Look at the Subsistence Remains From Shawnee-Minisink

The Shawnee-Minisink site is well known for yielding fish and plant remains from Clovis contexts. New investigations at Shawnee-Minisink have provided a sample of macrobotanical remains for comparison with the ten plant species previously recovered at the site. In this paper, I reevaluate the subsistence remains recovered during the 1970s excavations by American University and conclude that a limited number of plants were actually exploited by the site's occupants. The new macrobotantical remains from Shawnee-Minisink have provided a series of AMS dates, which offer the most precise age estimate for Clovis in the Northeast and provide an alternative interpretation concerning the role plants played in the subsistence practices of early Paleoindians. The subsistence evidence from Shawnee-Minisink shows variation in diet, but a difference that should be expected at large habitation sites.
‘I AM GOING TO SAY … ’: A SIGN ON THE ROAD OF HERODOTUS’ LOGOS

Er ist der Wanderer, der genau weis, wohin er schlieslich kommen will, auch genau die Hauptstationen seines Weges vorher festgelegt hat und innehalt, der sich aber dabei Zeit last, um alles Schone und Interessante, das die Gegend bietet, zu betrachten, und selbst lange Seitenwege zu diesem Zwecke nicht zu scheuen braucht, da er weis, das er die Hauptstrase am richtigen Punkte wieder erreichen wird. M. Pohlenz, Herodot, der erste Geschichtschreiber des Abendlandes (1937) Anyone familiar with Greek literature knows at once that this can describe no author but Herodotus. As readers have long recognized, travel is a crucial element of Herodotus’ persona not only as an historian and ethnographer but also as a narrator, to the extent that he has been called a tourist and a guide. Pohlenz draws his vivid metaphor from Herodotus himself, who assimilates movement through his narrative to movement through space by several well-known narratorial habits: he points out ‘paths’ of logoi (1.95.1: λόγων ὁδούς), goes out of his way to justify so-called ‘digressions’ (or Exkurse) and frequently uses verbs of movement to return to earlier narratives or to preview upcoming ones. However, most scholars have overlooked one important feature by which Herodotus creates this sense of progress through his logoi, although it appears in the programmatic sentence that begins his whole network of narrative signposts and recurs in his voice in the first half of the Histories and in important speeches in the second.
Resolution and Probabilistic Structural Models of Subcomponents Derived from CryoEM Maps of Mature P22 Bacteriophage

CryoEM continues to produce density maps of larger and more complex assemblies with multiple protein components of mixed symmetries. Resolution is not always uniform throughout a cryoEM map, and thus it can be very useful to be able to estimate resolution in specific components. Also, measuring the uncertainty in structural models built based on density maps is becoming increasingly important especially at medium to low resolutions. Here, we present procedures to 1) estimate resolution in subcomponents by gold-standard FSC, 2) validate modeling procedures, particularly at medium resolutions, which can include loop modeling and flexible fitting, and 3) build probabilistic models that merge high-accuracy priors (such as crystallographic structures) with medium resolution information (the cryoEM densities they are fitted to). The main goal of such procedures is to better understand what information and insights can be obtained from cryoEM density maps, particularly at medium resolution. As an example, we apply these methods to new cryoEM maps of the mature bacteriophage P22 virion, reconstructed without imposing icosahedral symmetry. Resolution estimates based on gold-stadard FSC show the highest accuracies are in the coat region (7.6A), while portal, hub, adhesin, and needle components are seen at lower resolutions (9.2A, 8.5A, 10.9A, and 10.5A respectively). These differences are indicative of inherent structural heterogeneity and/or reconstruction accuracy in different subcomponents of the map. Using loop modeling and flexible fitting to augment and mold crystallographic models based on observed density, we then build probabilistic models of some of the subcomponents including the portal, hub, and adhesin proteins, leading to some new insights into the structure and composition of the P22 virion.
Status and Development Polices on Marine Standard Reference Materials in China

The development history of marine standard reference materials in China is introduced in terms of major manufacturers,present situation and database inquiry.The current status and development of marine standard reference materials in the overseas are also presented from the aspects of international organizations and information databases.In addition,the gaps in developing the marine standard reference materials between China and developed countries are analyzed and the polices have been suggested for developing the China marine standard reference materials in the future.
Analyses of epidemic disease characteristic on legal report venereal disease in Midu county, 2004-2012

Objective Analyses of epidemic disease characteristic on legal report venereal disease in midu county.purpose that provide on the basis of lay down to the point prevention and cure measure.Methods Adopt describe epidemic diseases method,describe analyses of legal report venereal disease in midu county,2004-2012.Results accumulative total venereal disease 968 patient,average year incidence of disease 33.46/ten thousand;incidence of disease 14.66/ten thousand in 2004 year growth 77.47/ten thousand in 2012 year.Year growth 23.13%.4seed venereal:gonorrhea descend of incidence of disease,syphilis,AIDS incidence of disease and HIV influence to growth.Conclusions incidence of disease of venereal disease to growth year by year,diseasekind constitute pappen compare bigchange,venereal disease constitute make a leap the fist place,increase renge,now need adopt acguired immune deficiency symploms synthesis prevention and control,strengthen syphilis prevention and control,reduce syphilis incidence of disease.go into effect Control epidemic of AIDS/HIV.
Numerical Simulation of Thermal Environment for Outdoor Units under Different Installation Conditions

To analyze the temperature field and the flow field of outdoor units which are located at re-entrant of a building,a certain building is taken as an example to analyze the impact of outdoor units under different installation conditions and the best installation conditions are proposed.
Social and Professional Networks

Social and professional networks are critically important to the professional advancement of teacher educators. Professional associations help to socialize new entrants into the profession as they meet and interact with others with similar interests. I still clearly remember the first time I attended a professional conference and how much I learned from it.
Is this patient really incompetent

This physician is trying to balance his duty to the patient and the legally appointed guardian and finds it difficult to know how to approach the patient. The physician is particularly puzzled because of his “near-normal” interactions with her. This commentary will discuss the legal role of a guardian, the primacy of the patient’s rights, and the position of a physician who must balance the two.
“As If We Lived on Maine St. in Kansas, USA”: Shortwave Broadcasting and American Mass Media in Wartime China

The morning of February 19, 1939 was thrilling for Addie Viola Smith. “AN ECSTATIC MOMENT,” she exclaimed, describing her feelings at precisely 8:00 am on that chilly Sunday morning. “From this time onward to 11:30 am … [my] apartment hummed with excitement and incessant telephone rings brought in observers’ reports from various parts of the city, telling of glad tidings.” Smith, the long-serving American Trade Commissioner for Shanghai, was referring to the very first broadcasts of W6XBE, a California-based shortwave station established to broadcast American radio programming to China. “W6XBE came in … as clear as a local station in many parts of Shanghai, and very good in buildings noted for poor reception,” Smith reported.1 For four years, Smith lobbied for just such a station. Smith, like many other Americans, believed that international radio could serve as a vehicle for beneficial cross-cultural and economic exchanges across international borders. From this vantage point, W6XBE’s inaugural broadcast presumably heralded the beginning of a new era in American-East Asian relations.
Effects of pH, detergent and salt on aggregation of Chinese-hamster-ovary-cell lysosomal enzymes

Upon detergent or hypo-osmotic lysis of CHO-cell postnuclear supernatants or isolated lysosomes at pH 4.8, the lysosomal enzymes beta-hexosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, alpha-fucosidase and cathepsin C were readily pelleted, whereas the exogenous marker, long-term-internalized horseradish peroxidase, was not. Salt or pH elevation greatly decreased lysosomal-enzyme pelletability. The results suggest that, under native conditions, lysosomal hydrolases may be aggregated. Aggregation could promote enzyme retention within the organelle.
Kino's Route Across Baja California

ABSTRACTThe first recorded crossing of Baja California, which took place in 1684–85, was by a Spanish exploring party under the direction of Don Isidro Atondo y Antillon. One of the members of this party, and one to whom most of its success can be attributed was Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, S. J. Through the use of historical documents and maps, most of which are a result of Kino's efforts, it has been possible to trace the route of the party more accurately than had formerly been the case. Much of the recent success can be attributed to exploration and description by geologists and botanists, and to the fact that maps of Baja California have been greatly improved by aerial photography.
Total body irradiation must be delivered at high dose for efficient engraftment and tolerance in a rhesus stem cell gene therapy model.

Reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) is desirable for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy applications. However, low gene marking was previously observed in gene therapy trials, suggesting that RIC might be insufficient for (i) opening niches for efficient engraftment and/or (ii) inducing immunological tolerance for transgene-encoded proteins. Therefore, we evaluated both engraftment and tolerance for gene-modified cells using our rhesus HSC gene therapy model following RIC. We investigated a dose de-escalation of total body irradiation (TBI) from our standard dose of 10Gy (10, 8, 6, and 4Gy), in which rhesus CD34 + cells were transduced with a VSVG-pseudotyped chimeric HIV-1 vector encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) (or enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)). At ∼6 months after transplantation, higher-dose TBI resulted in higher gene marking with logarithmic regression in peripheral blood cells. We then evaluated immunological tolerance for gene-modified cells, and found that lower-dose TBI allowed vigorous anti-GFP antibody production with logarithmic regression, while no significant anti-VSVG antibody formation was observed among all TBI groups. These data suggest that higher-dose TBI improves both engraftment and immunological tolerance for gene-modified cells. Additional immunosuppression might be required in RIC to induce tolerance for transgene products. Our findings should be valuable for developing conditioning regimens for HSC gene therapy applications.
Effect of Dimensionality on the Temperature Dependence of Rate of Nucleation

Publisher Summary The focus of this chapter is the 2D gas–liquid nucleation. Many real systems exhibit 2D fluid characteristics: physisorption of gases on solid surfaces, surfactant monolayers adsorbed on an air/water interface (Shaw (1980)), and thinning by evaporation of completely wetted water films on clean mica surfaces. The importance of the effects of curvature and finite interracial width of the 2D droplet are discussed in the chapter and a density-functional approach is used to investigate the nucleation of 2D Lennard–Jones model fluids. The relevance of the 2D theory with regard to the classical theory is described. The classical nucleation theory actually works reasonably well for 2D fluids in predicting the temperature dependence of the nucleation rate, whereas for 3D fluids, it fails.
Study on valve management of nozzle governing steam turbine

Valve management is an important function of Digital Electro-Hydraulic Control System (DEH), which has important significance for the safety and economic operation of the unit. In view of the abnormal problem occurred in the valve switching process, a 600MW nozzle governing steam turbine is taken as an example in this paper, and then its valve management theory model is established. In order to improve the performance and trait of the valve control, the opening order of the governing valve, the flow proportion and bias factor and valve overlap degree function are amended, and the governing valve flow characteristic curve is obtained in sequence valve operation based on the field test and theoretical calculation, which provides certain reference for the optimization of valve management in nozzle governing steam turbine.
Ethnic politics and state power in Africa. The logic of the coup-civil war trap, by Philip Roessler

What causes African civil wars? Philip Roessler’s new book takes a new look at a longstanding puzzle. According to Roessler, Africa’s ethnic leaders (“big men”) face a dilemma: Weak statehood requi...