cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effort Mobilization and Lapses of Sustained Attention

The current study examined whether effort mobilization would enhance sustained attention and reduce lapses of attention. Participants performed a sustained attention task and were randomly assigned to either an effort condition where they were instructed to “Try Hard” on a subset of trials or were assigned to a control condition with no “Try Hard” instructions. Pupillary responses were continuously recorded, and periodically during the task participants were presented with thought probes to determine whether they were on or off task. The results suggested within the effort condition there were no behavioral differences between Try Hard and “Standard” trials. Preparatory pupil responses were increased in Try Hard trials, but there were no differences for phasic pupillary responses to stimulus onset. In contrast, examining differences between the effort and control conditions suggested that participants who received the Try Hard instructions demonstrated faster overall performance, a reduction in very long reaction times, and reported fewer off-task thoughts compared with participants in the control condition. Participants in the effort condition also demonstrated a larger ramp-up in pupillary responses during the preparatory interval and a larger phasic response to stimulus onset compared with participants in the control condition. These results are consistent with attention allocation models suggesting that participants in the effort condition mobilized more attentional effort than participants in the control condition, resulting in enhanced sustained attention and a reduction in lapses of attention. These results also are consistent with recent theories, which suggest that the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system is associated with effort mobilization.
Big Steps for Mankind: Extraterrestrial Sampling and Exploration 50 Years after Apollo 11

Between June 1966 and January 1968, four Surveyor missions successfully landed on the Moon, collecting invaluable scientific data required to support the coming manned Apollo missions. Central to t...
18 O/ 16 O in CO 2 evolved from goethite during some unusually rapid solid state α-FeOOH to α-Fe 2 O 3 phase transitions: Test of an exchange model for possible use in oxygen isotope analyses of goethite

Abstract The initial ∼60% of an isothermal vacuum dehydration of goethite can commonly be approximated by first order kinetics. Also, natural goethites contain small amounts of an Fe(CO3)OH component in apparent solid solution. The 18O/16O of CO2 evolved from the Fe(CO3)OH during isothermal vacuum dehydrations is related to the 18O/16O of the goethite by an apparent fractionation factor (αapp) that is, in turn, correlated with a first order rate constant, |m|. A kinetic exchange model predicts that αapp should decrease as |m| increases for a range of |m| that corresponds to relatively slow rates of dehydration. This pattern has been observed in published results. In contrast, for rapid rates of dehydration, αapp is predicted to increase with increasing |m|. Isothermal vacuum dehydrations of two natural goethites had unusually large values of |m| and provided serendipitous tests of this rapid-rate prediction. For these experiments, the measured values of αapp were consistent with patterns of variation predicted by the model. This allowed an estimate of the activation energy (E2) of a model parameter, K2, which is the rate constant for oxygen isotope exchange between CO2 and H2O during the solid-state goethite to hematite phase transition. The estimated value of E2 is only ∼9 kJ/mol. Heterogeneous catalysis tends to decrease the activation energies of gas reactions. Consequently, the inferred value of E2 suggests that goethite and/or hematite catalyze oxygen isotope exchange between CO2 and H2O during the solid-state phase change. Yield, δ13C, and δ18O values are routinely measured for increments of CO2 evolved from the Fe(CO3)OH component during isothermal vacuum dehydration of goethite. Model-predicted values of αapp can be combined with plateau δ18O values of the evolved CO2 to estimate the δ18O of the goethite with a less than optimal, but potentially useful, precision of about ±0.8‰. Therefore, a single analytical procedure (incremental dehydration) applied to one aliquot of a sample could provide not only δ13C and mole fractions (X) of the Fe(CO3)OH component, but also hydrogen yield, δD, and the approximate δ18O value of the goethite. Recovery of multiple types of geochemical data from a single aliquot would be particularly useful if the amount of sample available for analysis were limited. Also, the method could be used to estimate the δ18O value of goethite in mixtures of minerals not amenable to selective dissolution – e.g., goethite admixed with hematite.
Cause of plasmasphere corotation lag

[1] It is hypothesized that the recently observed plasmasphere corotation lag is caused by a corresponding corotation lag in the upper ionosphere. Rotation rates of long-lived plasmaspheric notches are compared to ionospheric drifts observed on DMSP spacecraft in the same longitude sectors. Good agreement between the two observations is found, and the cause of the corotation lag is identified as the ionospheric disturbance dynamo. The observed corotation lag will have to be accounted for in future magnetospheric convection models, which until now have assumed strict plasmasphere corotation.
Does fiscal decentralization improve health outcomes? - evidence from a cross-country analysis

Decentralization of fiscal responsibilities has emerged as a primary objective on the agendas of national governments, and international organizations alike. Yet there is little empirical evidence on the potential benefits of this intervention. The authors fill in some quantitative evidence. Using panel data on infant mortality rates, GDP per capita, and the share of public expenditures managed by local governments, they find greater fiscal decentralization is consistently associated with lower mortality rates. The results suggest that the benefits of fiscal decentralization are particularly important for poor countries. They suggest also that the positive effects of fiscal decentralization on infant mortality, are greater in institutional environments that promote political rights. Fiscal decentralization also appears to be a mechanism for improving health outcomes in environments with a high level of ethno-linguistic fractionalization, however, the benefits from fiscal decentralization tend to be smaller.
SU 3 Mass Formula for Bosons and X 0 − η Mixing

The possibility of a linear ${\mathrm{SU}}_{3}$ mass formula for bosons and consequent non-negligible ${X}^{0}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\eta}$ mixing is considered. The existence of ${X}^{0}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\eta}$ mixing is indicated by the experimental ratio of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rates. A phenomenological ${\mathrm{SU}}_{3}$ analysis, with a minimum of dynamical assumptions, of the electromagnetic decay modes $P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma}$, $V\ensuremath{\rightarrow}P+\ensuremath{\gamma}$, and $P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}V+\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is made with the purpose of distinguishing between the linear and quadratic mass formulas.
A Five Centimetre Magnetically Focused Electronographic Camera: Description and First Tests

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses experimental results for a five centimeter magnetically focused electronographic camera. At the Department of Astronomy of the University of Texas, experiments were begun to design and build, for astronomical research, an electronographic camera having its principal features as high resolution, lack of distortion, and ease of plate changing. Experiments were conducted in various fields to find the best and most efficient way of reaching this goal, keeping in mind the necessity to reduce the cost of the construction such that the camera could be duplicated by other observatories. It was decided to avoid the use of high temperature baking, which presents many technical problems, by choosing not to use glass. Very uniform electric and magnetic fields were produced by building a linear field accelerator and a corrected solenoid, offering the possibility of adjusting electron energy to suit astronomical needs. The photocathodes that were tested for homogeneity showed sensitivity variations typically of less than 5%. No detectable increase in density (less than 0·05) was found with 2 h exposures on G5 at 25 kV and with 45 min exposures at 45 kV in complete darkness.
Reflections on the Impostor Phenomenon as a Newly Qualified Academic Librarian

My experience as a new academic librarian is one I have heard echoed in both the literature and in countless conversations with my colleagues. While it is generally agreed that educating entry-leve...
Active geologic processes in Barrow Canyon, northeast Chukchi Sea

Abstract Circulation patterns on the shelf and at the shelf break appear to dominate the Barrow Canyon system. The canyon's shelf portion underlies and is maintained by the Alaska Coastal Current (A.C.C.), which flows northeastward along the coast toward the northeast corner of the broad Chukchi Sea. Offshelf and onshelf advective processes are indicated by oceanographic measurements of other workers. These advective processes may play an important role in the production of bedforms that are found near the canyon head as well as in processes of erosion or non-deposition in the deeper canyon itself. Coarse sediments recovered from the canyon axis at 400 to 570 m indicate that there is presently significant flow along the canyon. The canyon hooks left at a point north of Point Barrow where the A.C.C. loses its coastal constriction. The left hook, as well as preferential west-wall erosion, continues down to the abyssal plain of the Canada Basin at 3800 m. A possible explanation for the preferential west-wall erosion along the canyon, at least for the upper few hundred meters, is that the occasional upwelling events, which cause nutrient-rich water to flow along the west wall would in turn cause larger populations of burrowing organisms to live there than on the east wall, and that these organisms cause high rates of bioerosion. This hypothesis assumes that the dominant factor in the canyon's erosion is biological activity, not current velocity. Sedimentary bedforms consisting of waves and furrows are formed in soft mud in a region on the shelf west of the canyon head; their presence there perhaps reflects: (a) the supply of fine suspended sediments delivered by the A.C.C. from sources to the south, probably the Yukon and other rivers draining northwestern Alaska; and (b) the westward transport of these suspended sediments by the prevailing Beaufort Gyre which flows along the outer shelf.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN ISOLATED SCIATIC NERVES.

Abstract When peripheral nerves are removed from an animal and maintained in an artificial environment, they gradually lose their ability to respond to stimuli. The present study was undertaken to determine if there are any concomitant ultrastructural changes in such isolated nerves. Sciatic nerves and spinal cords were isolated in mineral oil for 1–48 hours, following which they were fixed by immersion in Dalton's buffered osmium-dichromate mixture. Electrical stimulation of the isolated sciatic nerve elicited responses from C fibers for up to 5–6 hours. The ultrastructure of the C fibers remained normal until 12 hours at which time vacuoles appeared in the axoplasm of the unmyelinated fibers. Action potentials from A fibers were recorded in vitro for 7–8 3 4 hours, but the ultrastructure of the A fibers appeared normal at 24 hours. Therefore, there was no ultrastructural change concomitant with the physiological inexcitability of the A and C fibers. The structure of nerve fibers in the white matter of the isolated spinal cord like those of the sciatic nerve was well preserved after immersion fixation, while the accompanying cells were poorly preserved.
Advance directive group education in a VA outpatient clinic.

Abstract Advance directive education is an important social work role in many medical settings. Despite its obvious benefit in terms of time-effectiveness, group education around advance directives has received little previous attention in the social work research literature. In a retrospective cohort (n = 13,913), we compared three education strategies in an attempt to evaluate their effectiveness on advance directive completion: (1) participation in a group session, (2) one or more individual sessions with a social worker, and (3) no advance directive education. Social work education of any kind resulted in an overall completion rate of 20% versus 2.1% in the non-intervention group. Group education was twice as effective as an individual social work session, and as effective as multiple sessions, but less time consuming. Our study confirmed previous findings that older patients are more likely to complete advance directives independent of education strategy. Participants in the group sessions were also ...
Characterization of the apparent negative co-operativity induced in Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase by the replacement of Asp222 with alanine. Evidence for an extremely slow conformational change

The strictly conserved active site residue, Asp222, which forms a hydrogen-bonded salt bridge with the pyridine nitrogen atom of the pyridoxal 5' phosphate (PLP) co-factor of aspartate aminotransferase (AATase), was replaced with alanine (D222A) in the Escherichia coli enzyme. The D222A mutant exhibits non-hyberbolic saturation behavior with amino acid substrates which appear as apparent negative cooperativity in steady-state kinetic analyses. Single turnover progress curves for D222A are well described by the sum of two exponentials, contrasting with the monophasic kinetics of the wild-type enzyme. An active/inactive heterodimer containing the D222A mutation retains this biphasic kinetic response, proving that the observed cooperativity is not the result of induced allostery. The anomalous behavior is explained by a hysteretic kinetic model involving two slowly interconverting enzyme forms, only one of which is catalytically competent. The slow functional transition between the two forms has a half-life of approximately 10 mins. Preincubation of the mutant with the dicarboxylic inhibitor maleate shifts the equilibrium population of the enzyme towards the catalytically active form, suggesting that the slow transition is related to the domain closure known to occur upon association of this inhibitor with the wild-type enzyme. The importance of Asp222 in the chemical steps of transamination is confirmed by the approximately 10(5)-fold decrease in catalytic competence in the D222A mutant, and by the large primary C alpha-deuterium kinetic isotope effect (6.7 versus 2.2 for the wild-type). The transamination activity of the D222A mutant is enhanced 4- to 20-fold by reconstitution with the co-factor analog N-methylpyridoxal-5'-phosphate (N-MePLP), and the C alpha-proton abstraction step is less rate determining, as evidenced by the decrease in the primary kinetic isotope effect from 6.7 to 2.3. These results suggest that the conserved interaction between the protonated pyridine nitrogen of PLP and the negatively charged carboxylate of Asp222 is important not only for efficient C alpha-proton abstraction, but also for conformational transitions concomitant with the transamination process.
The small protein CydX is required for function of cytochrome bd oxidase in Brucella abortus

A large number of hypothetical genes potentially encoding small proteins of unknown function are annotated in the Brucella abortus genome. Individual deletion of 30 of these genes identified four mutants, in BAB1_0355, BAB2¬_0726, BAB2_0470 and BAB2_0450, that were highly attenuated for infection. BAB2_0726, a YbgT-family protein located at the 3’ end of the cydAB genes encoding cytochrome bd ubiquinal oxidase, was designated cydX. A B. abortus cydX mutant lacked cytochrome bd oxidase activity, as shown by increased sensitivity to H2O2, decreased acid tolerance and increased resistance to killing by respiratory inhibitors. The C terminus, but not the N terminus, of CydX was located in the periplasm, suggesting that CydX is an integral cytoplasmic membrane protein. Phenotypic analysis of the cydX mutant therefore suggested that CydX is required for full function of cytochrome bd oxidase, possibly via regulation of its assembly or activity.
Jumping genes and containment

A recent study on the transfer of foreign genes from chloroplasts to the nucleus raises technical issues that require resolution.
Bringing in-class online - A hybrid solution

Public education is in a crisis. Online courses have been proposed and debated among the UC regents, numerous college administrators, faculty, and students. On one hand, online education can reduce overhead while enrolling more students. Administration wants to enroll more students while incurring minimal overhead costs. However, simply translating the classroom lectures and materials to an online environment does not necessarily produce equivalent student performance and satisfaction from the course compared to an in-class environment. Since there is no standard in online education, it has produced erratic results in terms of student performance and costs to students as well as administration. A change in teaching and learning methodology by both teachers and students is required to take the most advantage from today's technology and apply it toward improving student performance and participation. This article presents tools and a methodology to provide a more individualized learning experience for students in large hybrid and online university courses while keeping overall costs and time commitment down as well as improve overall student performance.
Poster 23 Comparison of Symptom Presentation Between Veterans with Blast-Related Versus Non-blast-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI)

were unsuccessful. Symptoms had persisted for 41 days when an intrathecal baclofen trial was performed. The initial bolus 50 mcg flush trial resulted in temporary improvement in hypertension and agitation. A second trial was performed wherein an intrathecal catheter was externalized and infusion of baclofen solution was titrated. Setting: Tertiary care pediatric hospital and inpatient rehabilitation center. Results or Clinical Course: After reaching a rate of 550 mcg/ day, the symptoms of hyperhidrosis, agitation, hypertension, and fever improved. Intrathecal baclofen pump was implanted. Less spasticity was present by day 5 post-implantation at a rate of 150 mcg/day, choreaform dystonia improved by day 6 at 249.76 mcg/ mL, and vital signs normalized after 2 weeks of treatment at 349.85 mcg/day. Patient had a GCS of 10T during implantation of the pump. She was discharged from acute hospital being dependent for all care. She underwent inpatient rehabilitation for 8 weeks and was discharged ambulating 20 feet with Swedish walker with 2 moderate to maximal assistance and is set-up for feeding. Discussion: There are only a few reported cases on the use of continuous intrathecal baclofen pump in acquired brain injury. There is also limited literature on its effect on the muscle tone, spasticity, and remaining functional strength in the upper extremities. Our study reports on the use of intrathecal baclofen in an adolescent brain injury patient in facilitating improvement in motor function of upper and lower limbs. Conclusions: Intrathecal baclofen facilitates recovery in motor function, thus improving quality of life in brain injury patients.
Differential Diagnosis of Intracranial Anomalies

The sonographic differentiation between hydranencephaly, severe hydrocephalus, and holoprosencephaly can be difficult. Careful examination of cranial anatomy has proven quite useful in differentiating these three anomalies. The presence or absence of a complete midline falx, cortical tissue, facial and cardiac anomalies, internal carotid arteries, and fetal circle of Willis is useful in providing accurate diagnoses. This case reports a failure to recognize hydrocephalus despite the presence of well-established identifiers.
Alcian Blue staining of cartilage for electron microscopy. Application of the critical electrolyte concentration principle

The critical electrolyte concentration principle was applied to the Alcian Blue staining of rat epiphyseal cartilage proteoglycans for electron microscopy. The distribution and structure of material in glutaraldehyde-fixed cartilage stained at pH 5.8 without MgCl2 and in the presence of 0.05, 0.4, 0.5, 0.9 and 1.0m MgCl2 was compared with that produced by simultaneous staining and fixation at neutral pH.
Relative reactivity of isocyanate groups of isophorone diisocyanate. Unexpected high reactivity of the secondary isocyanate group

Preparation de produits d'addition methanne de n-butanol (I) et de diisocyanate d'isophorone en utilisant des quantites inferieures aux quantites equivalentes de (I) et analyse par H-RMN. En presence de catalyseur diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane, on a le groupe primaire NCO et avec le dilaurate de dibutyletain ou sans addition de catalyseur, on a le groupe secondaire NCO
Why Effective Spreads on Nasdaq were Higher than on the New York Stock Exchange in the 1990s

Two hypotheses have been advanced to explain why spreads on Nasdaq were substantially higher than those on the NYSE in the 1990s - "collusion" and "preferencing and payment for order flow." We present data on all actively traded stocks of relative effective spreads (RES) on these markets, aggregated monthly over 1987-1999 and advance a third hypothesis: Nasdaq "SOES-day-trading." We estimate Nasdaq and NYSE informed-trade losses and gains to market makers on six trade sizes, and find that losses on trades we ascribe to SOES day traders were substantially greater than those on other trades, offset somewhat by gains to small-trade-size investors. Nasdaq market makers' response resulted in greater RES and increased trading within the best quotes, predominantly on larger trade sizes. Among market makers' customers, the costs of SOES day trading were borne largely by traders of the smaller trade sizes. The data are consistent with the "SOES-day-trading" hypotheses, but not with the other two. Furthermore, the mandatory SOES "experiment" gave impetus to trading via ECNs, which now dominate Nasdaq.
Globalization: Captors and captive

Globalization studies are not really global. Rather, globalization research mainly centres on, and emanates from, the OECD countries. To begin to change the balance, it is important to pose a set of pertinent and penetrating research questions. Animated by theoretical and empirical research undertaken largely in southeast Asia, these questions call for painstaking analyses of dominant moral codes, various actors' attempts to turn the globalization scenario to advantage, cultural and political struggles to assert some control over market forces, and tensions within a framework based on neoliberal values and policies. The act of capturing establishes a hierarchy between the captor and the captive. This hierarchy is not a dichotomy, but an ordering of power and a division of labour. The captors of course seek to remain on top, and the captured attempt to ascend from the bottom of the heap. Such structural and dynamic relationships must be contextualized and, today, are integral to the epochal transformation ...
CpG or IFN-α are more potent adjuvants than GM-CSF to promote anti-tumor immunity following idiotype vaccine in multiple myeloma

Idiotype (Id) protein in combination with GM-CSF has been used as vaccines for immunotherapy of patients with myeloma and B-cell tumors and the results have been disappointing. To search for better immune adjuvants to improve the efficacy of Id-based immunotherapy in myeloma, we evaluated and compared the efficacy of vaccination of Id protein in combination with CpG or IFN-α, or GM-CSF as a control, in the 5TGM1 myeloma mouse model. Our results showed that Id vaccine combined with CpG or IFN-α, but not GM-CSF, not only efficiently protected mice from developing myeloma but also eradicated established myeloma. The therapeutic responses were associated with an induction of strong humoral immune responses including anti-Id antibodies, and cellular immune responses including Id- and myeloma-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), CD4+ type-1 T-helper (Th1) cells and memory T cells in mice receiving Id vaccine combined with CpG or IFN-α. Furthermore, Id vaccine combined with CpG or IFN-α induced Id- and tumor-specific memory immune responses that protected surviving mice from tumor rechallenge. Thus, our study clearly shows that CpG or IFN-α are better immune adjuvants than GM-CSF. This information will be important for improving the strategies of Id-based immunotherapy for patients with myeloma and other B-cell tumors.
Image retrieval via probabilistic hypergraph ranking

In this paper, we propose a new transductive learning framework for image retrieval, in which images are taken as vertices in a weighted hypergraph and the task of image search is formulated as the problem of hypergraph ranking. Based on the similarity matrix computed from various feature descriptors, we take each image as a ‘centroid’ vertex and form a hyperedge by a centroid and its k-nearest neighbors. To further exploit the correlation information among images, we propose a probabilistic hypergraph, which assigns each vertex v i to a hyperedge e j in a probabilistic way. In the incidence structure of a probabilistic hypergraph, we describe both the higher order grouping information and the affinity relationship between vertices within each hy-peredge. After feedback images are provided, our retrieval system ranks image labels by a transductive inference approach, which tends to assign the same label to vertices that share many incidental hyperedges, with the constraints that predicted labels of feedback images should be similar to their initial labels. We compare the proposed method to several other methods and its effectiveness is demonstrated by extensive experiments on Corel5K, the Scene dataset and Caltech 101.
en]An active avoidance task utilizing ice water as the unconditioned stimulus

A one-way active avoidance task for rats utilizing an ice-water unconditioned stimulus is described. The apparatus and procedures are similar to those a commonly used shock-avoidance task. Ice-water avoidance seems to be quite sensitive to age differences in rats. The procedure may also be useful in studies of conspecific aggression.
Transient frequency-modulation absorption spectroscopy of free radicals in supersonic free jet expansions

Abstract A new technique combining supersonic jet expansion and transient frequency-modulation absorption experiments has been successfully developed for spectroscopic investigations of free radicals. The A ← X transition spectra of NH2 and HCCl at near-infrared wavelengths have been obtained using this technique for demonstration. In addition, a combination of temporal waveform acquisition and frequency scan using this new technique has produced interesting information on the velocity and density distributions of supersonic jet expansion systems.
On dual spaces of differential Lie algebras

Abstract We present a mathematical scheme which serves as an infinite-dimensional generalization of Poisson structures on dual spaces of finite-dimensional Lie algebras, which are well known and widely used in classical mechanics. These structures have recently appeared in the theory of Lax equations, long waves in hydrodynamics, and various other physical models: compressible hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, multifluid plasmas, elasticity, superfluid 4He and 3He-A, Ginzburg-Landau theory of superconductors, and classical chromohydrodynamics (the generalization of plasma physics to Yang-Mills interactions).
Correction of polyuria by activation of adenylate cyclase in Brattleboro rats.

Abstract The diterpene forskolin has been demonstrated to activate adenylate cyclase in many tissues, independently of receptors, guanyl nucleotides or the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. Rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain) have a defect in the synthesis of vasopressin. This absence of vasopressin is reflected by polyuria and a decrease in the urinary excretion of cyclic AMP, which mediates the action of vasopressin in the epithelial cells of the collecting ducts. Treatment of Brattleboro rats or of control Long-Evans rats with forskolin in doses as low as 7 μg/animal produced a significant decrease in urine volume. The reduction in urinary volume was associated with a significant increase in the cyclic AMP content of renal medullary tissue. Thus, systemic activation of adenylate cyclase can correct the pathophysiological consequences of the absence of vasopressin.
Subbarrel domains in rat somatosensory (S1) cortex.

We used cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry in conjunction with other histological methods to investigate the histochemoarchitecture of barrel hollows in rat somatosensory cortex. We found that individual large barrels in the posteromedial barrel subfield encompass two or three discrete subbarrel domains. Detailed analysis revealed, further, that subbarrel domains are relatively consistent in size, each having average dimensions that approximate those of large barrels in mouse S1. Unexpectedly, subbarrel domains are organized into a few distinct, repeated patterns. The small barrels in rat anterolateral barrel subfield and all barrel hollows in mouse S1 appear to consist of single CO domains. Subbarrel domains revealed here by CO are columnar entities that correspond with cyto- and myeloarchitectonic inhomogeneities within the barrels and are enriched in thalamocortical axon terminals. The present findings together with existing data indicate that barrels in rat posteromedial barrel subfield are structurally and functionally heterogeneous. J. Comp. Neurol. 490:414–426, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Regulatory Light Chain Phosphorylation and N-Terminal Extension Increase Cross-Bridge Binding and Power Output in Drosophila at In Vivo Myofilament Lattice Spacing

The N-terminal extension and phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) independently improve Drosophila melanogaster flight performance. Here we examine the functional and structural role of the RLC in chemically skinned fibers at various thick and thin filament lattice spacings from four transgenic Drosophila lines: rescued null or control (Dmlc2+), truncated N-terminal extension (Dmlc2Δ2-46), disrupted myosin light chain kinase phosphorylation sites (Dmlc2S66A,S67A), and dual mutant (Dmlc2Δ2-46; S66A,S67A). The N-terminal extension truncation and phosphorylation sites disruption mutations decreased oscillatory power output and the frequency of maximum power output in maximally Ca2+-activated fibers compressed to near in vivo inter-thick filament spacing, with the phosphorylation sites disruption mutation having a larger affect. The diminished power output parameters with the N-terminal extension truncation and phosphorylation sites disruption mutations were due to the reduction of the number of strongly-bound cross-bridges and rate of myosin force production, with the larger parameter reductions in the phosphorylation sites disruption mutation additionally related to reduced myosin attachment time. The phosphorylation and N-terminal extension-dependent boost in cross-bridge kinetics corroborates previous structural data, which indicate these RLC attributes play a complementary role in moving and orienting myosin heads toward actin target sites, thereby increasing fiber and whole fly power generation.
Endoplasmic reticulum retention determinants in the transmembrane and linker domains of cytochrome P450 2C1.

The cytochrome P450 2C1 N-terminal signal anchor sequence mediates direct retention of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum and consists of a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, residues 3–20, followed by a hydrophilic linker, residues 21–28. Fusions of the N-terminal 21 or 28 amino acids of P450 2C1 to green fluorescent protein resulted in endoplasmic reticulum localization of the chimera in transfected cells. Disruption of microtubules by nocodazole treatment resulted in redistribution into a punctate pattern for the 1–21, but not for the 1–28, chimera indicating that the linker was preventing transport from the endoplasmic reticulum but was not required for retrieval to the endoplasmic reticulum from the pre-Golgi compartment. In the 1–28 chimera, mutations of residues 21–23 (KQS) in the linker resulted in redistribution of the chimera after nocodazole treatment. Mutations in the transmembrane domain affected both direct retention in the endoplasmic reticulum and retrieval from the pre-Golgi compartment, and although structural requirements for each process are distinct, in both cases the arrangement of amino acids and distribution of hydrophobicity are critical. In contrast, the linker region exhibits a sequence-specific requirement for direct retention in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Distribution of glial-associated proteins in the developing chick auditory brainstem.

In the avian brainstem, nucleus magnocellularis (NM) projects bilaterally to nucleus laminaris (NL) in a pathway that facilitates sound localization. The distribution of glia during the development of this pathway has not previously been characterized. Radial glia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes facilitate many processes including axon pathfinding, synaptic development, and maturation. Here we determined the spatiotemporal expression patterns of glial cell types in embryonic development of the chick auditory brainstem using glial-specific antibodies and histological markers. We found that vimentin-positive processes are intercalated throughout the NL cell layer. Astrocytes are found in two domains: one in the ventral neuropil region and the other dorsolateral to NM. GFAP-positive processes are primarily distributed along the ventral margin of NL. Astrocytic processes penetrate the NL cell layer following the onset of synaptogenesis, but before pruning and maturation. The dynamic, nonoverlapping expression patterns of GFAP and vimentin suggest that distinct glial populations are found in dorsal versus ventral regions of NL. Myelination occurs after axons have reached their targets. FluoroMyelin and myelin basic protein (MBP) gradually increase along the mediolateral axis of NL starting at E10. Multiple GFAP-positive processes are directly apposed to NM-NL axons and MBP, which suggests a role in early myelinogenesis. Our results show considerable changes in glial development after initial NM-NL connections are made, suggesting that glia may facilitate maturation of the auditory circuit. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008.
A158: CpG-Induced Macrophage Activation Syndrome Develops Through an Organism Level Resistance to Toll-like Receptor 9 Tolerance

Background/Purpose: Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a cytokine storm syndrome known to complicate severe inflammatory diseases, and can be seen in patients with systemic rheumatologic conditions. Recent data implicates repeated adjuvant stimulation using the CpG Toll-like Receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist as a model of the feed forward inflammatory cycle seen in cytokine storm syndromes. These results contradict the well known phenomenon of TLR tolerance, whereby repeated doses of TLR agonists result in diminishing inflammatory responses to additional stimuli. In contrast, CpG-induced MAS results in a dose-dependent increase in systemic inflammation in a process dependent on TLR9, Interferon-γ (IFNγ), and Interleukin (IL)-12. Methods: C57BL/6 and Yet40 IL-12 reporter mice were treated with 0–4 doses of CpG before harvesting tissues to measure parameters of MAS. Analysis of ex vivo and in vitro cellular TLR9 tolerance was performed on whole splenocytes, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMP). IL-12 production was measured from supernatants by ELISA and intracellular IL-12 was assessed by flow cytometry. Results: Our data recapitulate the well described phenomenon of TLR9 tolerance whereby repeated stimulation with CpG leads to reduced cytokine production using in vitro cultures of whole splenocytes, BMDC and BMMP. Interestingly, IFNγ does not alter the responsiveness of cells to a TLR9 tolerizing stimulus, as the addition of exogenous IFNγ does not rescue TLR9 tolerance in vitro. In contrast, repeated injections of CpG in whole animals results in a dose-dependent increase in cytokine production, cellular tissue infiltration, cellular responsiveness to CpG, and immunopathology. This dose responsive systemic inflammation correlates with the continued responsiveness of splenic, liver, and bone marrow leukocytes to CpG after in vivo systemic CpG stimuli. Conclusion: Despite demonstrating TLR9 tolerance in multiple cell types in vitro, we show that cells remain responsive to CpG stimulation ex vivo even in mice previously treated with systemic CpG. Without the negative regulatory mechanisms of TLR tolerance, repeated injections of CpG lead to a feed forward systemic inflammatory response resulting in systemic immunopathology. These observations elucidate a novel mechanism whereby persistent adjuvant is sufficient to drive the uncontrolled inflammatory responses seen in MAS because of in vivo failure of TLR9 tolerance.
Actin comet tails, endosomes and endosymbionts

The Arp2/3 complex consists of seven highly conserved and tightly associated subunits, two of which are the actin-related proteins Arp2 and Arp3. One of the best-studied functions of the Arp2/3 complex is to stimulate actin nucleation and force production at the leading edge of motile cells. What is now clear is that Arp2/3-complex-mediated force production drives many intracellular movements, including movement of bacterial pathogens in infected host cells, internalization of extracellular materials via phagocytosis and endocytosis, and movement of mitochondria during cell division in budding yeast. Here, we describe recent advances in the mechanisms underlying Arp2/3 complex-driven intracellular movement.
The computation of radiation transport using Feautrier variables. II. Spectrum line formation in moving media

Abstract This paper contains a review of methods for solving line transport problems in moving media in terms of the symmetric/antisymmetric radiation-field averages introduced by P. Feautrier. These techniques have proven to be popular and effective in a wide range of astrophysical applications, and may be useful in other areas of computational physics. We outline the physical motivation, formulation, and algorithms for both observer-frame and comoving-frame methods, each of which has distinctive advantages and disadvantages. We cite basic references to provide easy access to the astrophysical literature for workers in other fields.
A theoretical model for a socially oriented drug treatment policy.

Current treatment policy is rooted primarily in either medical or psychological paradigms. These paradigms fail to recognize the social nature of drug addiction. Lacking in the literature is a suff...
Beyond Theoretical Orientations: The Emergence of a Unified Scientific Framework in Professional Psychology

Psychology has been remarkably successful as both a basic and applied science despite serious and persistent conflict between its many theoretical camps and schools of thought. By far the most influential approaches to conceptualizing clinical practice in psychology have been the traditional theoretical orientations, even though they are widely viewed as inadequate and incomplete. This manuscript reviews the underlying reasons for these conflicts and then discusses the emergence of a unified scientific framework that moves the profession beyond these problems. Outmoded conceptual frameworks are not appropriate for a science-based profession, and professional psychology needs to consider making a systematic transition to a comprehensive scientific approach to understanding human development, functioning, and behavior change.
Theory and Method in Applying Behavioral Science to Planned Organizational Change

Three assumptions underlie this paper: (1) that the proportion of contemporary change that is planned or that issues from deliberate innovation is much higher than in former times; (2) that man's w...
A MODEL OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT WITH AN APPLICATION TO TAIWAN

This paper develops and applies a model to investigate questions pertinent to Taiwan's six year development plan. The model is designed to explore the implications of transportation versus industrial infrastructure investments on Taiwan's regional development objectives. Accessibility to population centers and related activities is seen as a critical factor in determining a location Is economic development potential. The model postulates an adjustment process that is geared to increasing economic welfare subject to adjustment costs. An empirical illustration using data from Taiwan suggest that Taipei's primacy is likely to increase over the coming decades. Across the board transportation improvements are shown to favor the island's central regions at the expense of Taipei and Kaohsiung.
THE CASE AGAINST OSTWALD RIPENING OF PORPHYROBLASTS: REPLY

The discussion presented by Miyazaki does not dispute the contention of [Carlson (1999)][1] that the best available values for the factors that control the intergranular diffusion of Al will not allow Ostwald ripening to govern size distributions of crystals larger than a fraction of a micrometer.
On the statistics of a three-dimensional gas of long thin rods

A gas of long thin rods undergoes an order-disorder phase transition as a function of rod concentration. We have evaluated the critical concentration at which this first-order transition occurs using Onsager's hard-core interaction model. We obtain the nematic angular distribution function of rods in the ordered phase expanded in a series of Legendre polynomials.
Patient and public education for cholesterol reduction: a review of strategies and issues.

Elevated blood cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and a significant public health problem, affecting as many as 50% of all adults in the U.S. Public, professional and patient education are central to current widespread efforts to increase awareness and effective management of high cholesterol. Screening/case-finding, follow-up and nutrition education are the most widely applicable strategies for cholesterol reduction. The following topics are reviewed: current guidelines for treatment of elevated cholesterol levels; trends in awareness, attitudes and practices of the public and health professionals; reports of interventions for cholesterol reduction; and health policy issues and research needs related to cholesterol education. This review suggests that several major challenges lie ahead for widespread and effective educational management of high cholesterol levels. These include development of practical screening and education systems, establishment of feasible financing arrangements, effective communication of complex information to patients, and techniques for long-term maintenance of reductions in cholesterol levels.
Abstract 2231: Development of bifunctional cross-linking agents to identify intermediate proteasomes.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Introduction: This research was conducted to develop bifunctional cross-linking agents that can be used to identify intermediate proteasomes. Two well-characterized proteasome subtypes, the constitutive proteasome and immunoproteasome, differ with respect to their distinct sets of catalytic subunits. Additionally, intermediate proteasome subtypes comprised of non-standard mixtures of catalytic subunits have more recently been discovered. These intermediate proteasomes differ from constitutive and immunoproteasomes in their proteolytic activity profiles, suggesting that they have unique cellular functions. In agreement with this, intermediate proteasomes in cancer cell lines were shown to play important roles in the production of several tumor antigens. However, largely due to limitations of methods currently available to distinguish between subtypes, the detailed functions of intermediate proteasomes remain poorly defined. Bifunctional agents capable of cross-linking two different catalytic subunits within a single proteasome complex will facilitate a simple approach to identify distinct proteasome subtypes present within cells. These compounds will serve as important chemical probes for investigating the functions of individual proteasome subtypes in cancer cells. Experimental Procedures: Bifunctional cross-linking agents were synthesized by coupling two broad-spectrum or subunit-selective proteasome inhibitors through hydrocarbon or polyethylene glycol linkers. Positions for derivatization of these inhibitors were selected based on computational modeling, and linker lengths were varied to increase cross-linking efficiency. The ability of the resulting compounds to cross-link two proteasome catalytic subunits in cancer cell lysates was assessed via western blotting. Competition assays with subunit-selective proteasome inhibitors were conducted to verify the identities of the cross-linked subunit pairs. Data Summary: The structures of the bifunctional cross-linking agents were confirmed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Western blotting results revealed the ability of several of these bifunctional agents to cross-link two catalytic subunits within individual proteasome complexes, facilitating compositional analysis of distinct proteasome subtypes. Conclusions: We have successfully developed bifunctional agents capable of cross-linking two catalytic subunits within individual proteasome complexes. These compounds will be utilized in functional studies of intermediate proteasomes present within cancer cells. Citation Format: Kimberly C. Carmony, Lalit Kumar Sharma, Kyung-Bo Kim. Development of bifunctional cross-linking agents to identify intermediate proteasomes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2231. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2231