cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing Masculinity in the Locker Room: The Mentors in Violence Prevention Project.

Few violence prevention programs of any kind foreground discussions of masculinity. In his work with college athletes, Jackson Katz positions the sociocultural construction of manhood as central to the problem of men's violence against women, as well as the basis of potential sources of prevention. Through the Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) Project at Northeastern University in Boston, Katz and his colleagues seek to reduce men's violence against women by inspiring athletes and other models of traditional masculine success to challenge and reconstruct predominant male norms that equate strength in men with dominance over women. The Project specifically encourages participants to use their stature among their peers on campus to promote healthier attitudes and behaviors towards women.
Exact solutions for the flow of a dipolar fluid on a suddenly accelerated flat plate

The Laplace transformation is used to determine the exact general solution for the unsteady and irrotational flow of an incompressible dipolar fluid set to motion by the acceleration of a flat plate from rest. The general solution is found for arbitrary values of the dipolar constantsd andl. In particular, attention is focused on the case of sudden plate motion for which the velocity field, the displacement thickness, the boundary layer thickness, and the dipolar stress component∑yyx have been determined. Special cases of the dipolar constants are also considered. It is shown that for a special boundary value of∑yyx, the velocity distribution becomes independent of time. In addition, some significant new results concerning steady flows are presented. Finally, results obtained are compared to the corresponding case for a viscous Newtonian fluid.
Hypertension and Stress

MOST investigators agree that people with hypertension have a hyperactive vasopressor response to “stress”, but whether repetition of such pressor responses can lead to permanent elevation of blood pressure remains debatable1–5.
The value of repetition and reinforcement in improving oral hygiene performance.

The purpose of this study was to assess the value of including repetition and reinforcement in a dental health education program for school children. Sixty-one pupils, 11 to 13 years of age, were divided into three groups according to room assignments. Group I (control) received no oral hygiene lectures or instructions until the conclusion of the experiment. Group 2 (nonreinforced) received one lecture and a toothbrushing lesson, but no repetition or reinforcement. Group 3 (reinforced) received the same program as Group 2 on the initial visit and also received two additional visits for repetition and reinforcement of the lectures and instructions, plus a final summary lecture. Six visits were conducted at intervals of 0, 1.5, 3, 8, 20 and 52 weeks, following a double-blind experimental format. PHP scores were obtained on all subjects on each of the six visits. It was concluded that the repetition and reinforcement components of this dental health education program were of significant value in improving th...
Historical Valley Floor Sedimentation in the Upper Mississippi Valley

Abstract This research evaluates the response of floodplain sedimentation rates to post-1820 A.D. human activity in the Lead-Zinc district of the Upper Mississippi Valley. Although mine waste has contributed very minor amounts of sediment to historical overbank floodplain sedimentation that commonly is 30–50 cm deep on tributary floodplains to as much as 3–4 m deep on floodplains in the lower reaches of main valleys near the Mississippi River, it is well represented as trace metals. The dating of stratigraphic horizons was accomplished by matching abrupt rises in the concentration of zinc adsorbed on silt and clay particles with the date of opening of a nearby upstream mining and milling operation. Results show that decadal-scale average historical rates of overbank floodplain sedimentation range from about 0.3 cm/yr to 4.0–5.0 cm/yr and greatly exceed the average presettlement post-glacial (Holocene) floodplain vertical accretion rate of 0.02 cm/yr. Overbank sedimentation rates rose rapidly on both tribu...
Total Quality Management in Space Shuttle Main Engine manufacturing

The Total Quality Management (TQM) philosophy developed in the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is briefly reviewed and the ongoing TQM implementation effort which is being pursued through the continuous improvement (CI) process is discussed. TQM is based on organizational excellence which integrates the new supportive culture with the technical tools necessary to identify, assess, and correct manufacturing processes. Particular attention is given to the prime contractor's change to the organizational excellence management philosophy in SSME manufacturing facilities.
Processes regulating the invasion of European buckthorn ( Rhamnus cathartica ) in three habitats of the northeastern United States

Invasion by exotic plants often is restricted by processes, such as seed predation, acting on early life-history stages; however, the relative importance of these processes might vary among habitats. Modern human land use has created a mosaic of habitats in many landscapes, including the landscape of the northeastern United States. European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) is an exotic plant that has achieved varying success in North American habitats. We studied dispersal, seed survival, germination, and seedling survival of buckthorn populations at four plots in each of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) forests, old fields, and abandoned conifer plantations in central New York State. Dispersal was low in maple forests, as evidenced by low collection rates of R. cathartica seeds in seed traps. Rates of post-dispersal seed predation were highest in maple forests and lowest in old fields, suggesting greater use of maple forests by granivorous rodents. Germination rates did not vary among seeds planted in soils of these habitats when studied in the laboratory despite differences in soil pH. Survival of transplanted seedlings was low in maple forests relative to old fields and plantations. Buckthorn invasion of old fields and abandoned plantations was not strongly constrained by factors we considered, and the buckthorn populations in these habitats were large. A combination of low dispersal by frugivores, low seed survival due to predation, and low seedling survival due to dim light conditions apparently prevents R. cathartica from invasion of intact maple forests of our area. Native fauna and canopy closure may act synergistically to reduce success of invasive plants in natural habitats.
Throughput advantage in imaging Fourier-transform spectrometers

The throughput advantage associated with Fourier-transform spectrometers is examined in the context of imaging spectrometers. The imaging throughput advantage is found to be inversely proportional to the number of spatial- resolution elements in the image cube. That number is also known as the space-bandwidth product and indicates an imager's information-collection capability. In the limit of one spatial resolution element, the advantage expression derived here reduces to the formulation presented elsewhere in the literature. A simple expression for the imaging- throughput advantage is also derived for the case of diffraction-limited imaging.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Endoscopic burr hole evacuation of an acute subdural hematoma

Acute subdural hematoma evacuations frequently necessitate large craniotomies with extended operative times and high relative blood loss, which can lead to additional morbidity for the patient. While endoscopic minimally invasive approaches to chronic subdural collections have been successfully demonstrated, this technique has not previously been applied to acute subdural hematomas. The authors report their experience with an 87-year-old patient presenting with a large acute right-sided subdural hematoma successfully evacuated via an endoscopic minimally invasive technique. The operative approach is outlined, and the literature on endoscopic subdural collection evacuation reviewed.
Characteristics of thin-film multilayer monochromator systems from ray-tracing calculations

Abstract A ray-tracing program was developed based on the Monte Carlo method to analyze the performance of a monochromating system based on thin-film multilayer monochromators. The monochromating assembly consisted of a collimator before the multilayer for limiting the dimensions of the beam incident on either one or two multilayer monochromators that reflect the neutron beam, and a final collimator after the multilayer to decrease the cross-section of the beam to match the sample, and also to reduce Δ λ / λ of the emerging neutrons by limiting their divergence. The results show that, in general, the bandwidth of the beam reaching the spectrometer will be narrower than the value predicted by the differential form of Bragg's law, and its dependence on the widths of the slits will also be significantly less. The large bandwidth of the reflected beam, that is normally obtained from these monochromators, does not necessarily imply a greater neutron flux. Imperfections, either natural or intentionally built-in during the deposition process, directly influence the intensity of the reflected beam. A perfect multilayer will not reflect a significant portion of the incident beam even though its bandwidth Δ λ / λ may be large, and a multilayer with appropriate variations in d -spacings may be used to increase the intensity available for the experiments. In many situations, the use of a multilayer with smaller d -spacings will be advantageous if the reflectivity can still be maintained at a high value. For a two-multilayer system, the reflected intensity will be significantly less even if the second multilayer is exactly identical to the first and, for unidentical multilayers, there will be a further degradation of neutron flux. In both cases, the bandwidth Δ λ / λ will remain essentially the same as for reflection from a single multilayer.
Characterizaton and Biosynthesis of the Plasma Membrane Proteolipid Protein in Neural Tissue

In this study we have characterized, in brain, the expression of a plasma membrane proteolipid protein (PM-PLP) complex that can form cation-selective channels in lipid bilayers. We isolated PLP fractions from synaptic plasma membrane and glial microsomes and found a high degree of similarity in both size and amino acid composition to the complex we had previously isolated from kidney. Antibodies specific to the kidney PM-PLP were prepared, and, on the basis of immunoblot and immunoprecipitation studies, the PM-PLP complex isolated from neural membranes was shown to be immuno-logically related to the kidney PM-PLP. These proteolipid proteins exhibited a molecular weight of approximately 14K and contained a high percentage of hydrophobic amino acids with an apparent absence of cysteine. The biogenesis of PM-PLP in brain was studied by in vitro translation of free and bound polysomes and total RNA in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate followed by immunoprecipitation of the translation products. From these studies it is concluded that the PM-PLP complex is synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. On the basis of the identical electrophoretic mobility of material isolated from plasma membranes and material immunoprecipitated after translation of bound polysomes and isolated RNA, it appears that the PM-PLP does not undergo detectable posttranslational processing between its site of synthesis and its incorporation into the plasma membrane.
Treatment of Alzheimer disease.

Summary: Alzheimer disease (AD) and related dementias are major social problems threatening the lives of individuals and families and the viability of health care systems around the world. Advances in biological research are beginning to pay off with both short-term and long-term strategies for the development of more effective medications. Short-term strategies are aimed at treating the primary cognitive symptoms in AD as well as the secondary behavioral disturbances that occur frequently. Short-term strategies include drugs that act on cholinergic systems, including muscarinic agonists and cholinesterase inhibitors, to improve memory and perhaps attention. Drugs that act through bioaminergic systems may be useful in treating the behavioral symptoms. Long-term strategies for drug development are focusing on medications that may slow the progression of the disease. Growth factors and drugs that may act through other mechanisms to prevent alterations in cell metabolism offer the hope of actually preventing neural degeneration
Effects of mismodelling and mismeasuring explanatory variables on tests of their association with a response variable

We consider three commonly-used statistical tests for assessing the association between an explanatory variable and a measured, binary, or survival-time, response variable, and investigate the loss in efficiency from mismodelling or mismeasuring the explanatory variable. With respect to mismodelling, we examine the consequences of using an incorrect dose metameter in a test for trend, of mismodelling a continuous explanatory variable, and of discretizing a continuous explanatory variable. We also examine the consequences of classification errors for a discrete explanatory variable and of measurement errors for a continuous explanatory variable. For all three statistical tests, the asymptotic relative efficiency (ARE) corresponding to each type of mis-specification equals the square of the correlation between the correct and fitted form of the explanatory variable. This result is evaluated numerically for the different types of mis-specification to provide insight into the selection of tests, the interpretation of results, and the design of studies where the 'correct' explanatory variable cannot be measured exactly.
Experimental and clinical results with a simplified left heart assist device for treatment of profound left ventricular dysfunction

During the last few years patients with profound heart failure following cardiac surgery have been managed with increasing success with the use of a variety of left heart assist devices. Although some previous experimental studies suggested that cannulation of the left ventricle was superior to that of the left atrium, present studies demonstrate that left atrial cannulation can effectively unload the left ventricle, and significantly decrease left ventricular work. Since 1978, a roller pump type of left heart assist device with cannulation of the left atrium and ascending aorta has been employed in 46 patients with severe postoperative cardiac failure. Twenty-one patients were successfully weaned from the device; 5 patients died within 90 days of removal of the device, and there were 2 other late deaths 4 months and 4 years postoperatively. There were 14 long-term survivors (6 months to 54 months). Thirteen of these patients are New York Heart Association class I or II, and 1 patient is New York Heart Association class III. Thus, satisfactory early and late results can be attained with this system. However, it has been postulated that if more complete left heart bypass were utilized, more patients would ultimately survive.
Velocity storage in the vestibulo-ocular reflex arc (VOR).

Vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) of monkeys were induced by platform and visual surround rotation. Vision prolonged per-rotatory nystagmus and cancelled or reduced post-rotatory nystagmus recorded in darkness. Presumably, activity stored during OKN summed with activity arising in the semicircular canals. The limit of summation was about 120 °/s, the level of saturation of optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN). OKN and vestibular nystagmus, induced in the same or in opposite directions diminished or enhanced post-rotatory nystagmus up to 120 °/s. We postulate that a common storage mechanism is used for producing vestibular nystagmus, OKN, and OKAN. Evidence for this is the similar time course of vestibular nystagmus and OKAN and their summation. In addition, stored activity is lost in a similar way by viewing a stationary surround during either OKAN or vestibular nystagmus (fixation suppression). These responses were modelled using direct pathways and a non-ideal integrator coupled to the visual and peripheral vestibular systems. The direct pathways are responsible for rapid changes in eye velocity while the integrator stores activity and mediates slower changes. The integrator stabilizes eye velocity during whole field rotation and extends the time over which the vestibulo-ocular reflex can compensate for head movement.
Low-temperature magnetic properties of submetallic phosphorous-doped silicon

Measurements of the electron-spin-resonance properties of Si:P with dopant concentration of $n=2.05\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ (somewhat below the metal-insulating transition) at low temperatures (0.035 to 4.2 K) and low frequencies (11.5-58.2 MHz) are reported. They show a substantial deviation from Curie-law behavior for the susceptibility, in agreement with previous static experiments. An internal field is observed to develop as the temperature is lowered. At 35 mK, the internal field has a magnitude of 2.1 Oe and is directed opposite to the externally applied field. The buildup of the internal field is accompanied by an increase in the resonance linewidth. Both the linewidth and the internal field can be fitted with a power-law divergence that suggests critical behavior relative to a phase transition at zero temperature. At all temperatures investigated the relaxation time of the magnetization is observed to be less than 1 ms, and is interpreted as relaxation of the Zeeman reservoir to the exchange reservoir.
Further Validation of the Adolescent Form of the SASSI

ABSTRACT The Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (Adolescent Form) is designed to detect chemical dependence in youth 12 to 18. The author reports accuracy rates of between 80 and 90% compared to clinical diagnoses. In addition, guidelines for clinical interpretation of the subscales are widely used although no empirical validation has been done. This research investigated the validity of the instrument in two studies. Results showed that the SASSI effectively discriminated between an at-risk high school group and clients of a residential treatment center. However, agreement of SASSI classification with clinical diagnosis was only 62%, and Kappa coefficient confirmed the lack of strong agreement. Predictive validity of the clinical subscales was also examined. The Defensiveness (DEF) subscale was found to be a poor indicator of a diagnosis of depressive disorder, and the Correctional (COR) subscale score was not associated with a clinical diagnosis of conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disord...
Application of quantitative risk assessment for formulating hygiene policy in the domestic setting.

Edited transcript of an oral presentation Microbial risk assessment is a relatively new area. Risk assessment has been in practice for about 30 years, and actually evolved from toxicology, where people wanted to assess what the risks were from exposure of specific chemicals in the environment. When it was not possible to do epidemiological studies looking at very low levels of these chemicals in the environment, they used risk assessment. About 11 years ago, quantitative microbial risk assessment began to be developed. At the time the United States Environmental Protection Agency was trying to attack the issue of setting standards and guidelines for treating drinking water to reduce the incidence of Giardia, and later Cryptosporidium in the United States. In 1990, as part of the surface treatment rule for drinking water, risk assessment was used for the first time to establish regulations for water treatment, where the agency set a goal for water treatment to reduce the risk of infection by waterborne disease to 1/10 000 per year.1 The assumption was that a community of 10 000 people should have no more than one infection caused by waterborne disease per year, and that would be the goal of the treatment processes to be achieved through various strategies. In this case the goal was actually set as a certain amount of acceptable risk. In more recent years the food industry and the regulatory industry that deals with foods in the U.S. have also used risk assessment. The Society of Risk Analysis at its most recent annual meeting in Washington DC, had several sessions on microbial risk assessment, largely dealing with foods, and identification of specific populations at greatest risk from exposure to micro-organisms by different routes. What is risk assessment? One of the problems with microbiologists is that we tend to be qualitative much of the time.
On distribution-free safe layer-additive pricing

Abstract It is shown that a distribution-free implicit price loading method, which sets prices using a modified Hardy-Littlewood majorant of the stop-loss ordered maximal random variable by given range, mean and variance, induces distribution-free safe layer-additive distortion pricing. As a by-product, Karlsruhe pricing turns out to be a valid linear approximation to Hardy-Littlewood pricing in case the coefficient of variation is sufficiently high.
Ultrashort pulse excitation for nonlinear optical microscopy

Two-photon absorption is characterized as a function of pulse duration for molecular systems. Enhancement in fluorescence intensity is observed for shorter pulses and depends on the relative spectral widths of two-photon absorption and pulse bandwidth.
On a problem of P. Erdös

In this paper it is shown that lim⁡n→∞n−4c(kn)=164 where c(Kn) denotes the minimum number of crossings with which the complete graph Kn can be drawn in the plane. Our result depends on the hypothesis of Zarankiewicz that c(Kp,q)=[P2][p−12][q2][q−12]
Quantitative shape measurements of distal volcanic ash

[1] Large-scale volcanic eruptions produce fine ash (<200 μm) which has a long atmospheric residence time (1 hour or more) and can be transported great distances from the volcanic source, thus, becoming a hazard to aircraft and public health. Ash particles have irregular shapes, so data on particle shape, size, and terminal velocities are needed to understand how the irregular-shaped particles affect transport processes and radiative transfer measurements. In this study, a methodology was developed to characterize particle shapes, sizes, and terminal velocities for three ash samples of different compositions. The shape and size of 2500 particles from (1) distal fallout (∼100 km) of the 14 October 1974 Fuego eruption (basaltic), (2) the secondary maxima (∼250 km) of the 18 August 1992 Spurr eruption (andesitic), and (3) the Miocene Ash Hollow member, Nebraska (rhyolitic) were measured using image analysis techniques. Samples were sorted into 10 to 19 terminal velocity groups (0.6–59.0 cm/s) using an air elutriation device. Grain-size distributions for the samples were measured using laser diffraction. Aspect ratio, feret diameter, and perimeter measurements were found to be the most useful descriptors of how particle shape affects terminal velocity. These measurement values show particle shape differs greatly from a sphere (commonly used in models and algorithms). The diameters of ash particles were 10–120% larger than ideal spheres at the same terminal velocity, indicating that irregular particle shape greatly increases drag. Gas-adsorption derived surface areas are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than calculated surface areas based on measured dimensions and simple geometry, indicating that particle shapes are highly irregular. Correction factors for surface area were derived from the ash sample measurements so that surface areas calculated by assuming spherical particle shapes can be corrected to reflect more realistic values.
Effect of boron on grain-boundaries in Ni3Al†

Abstract The effects of boron additions (up to 0.4 wt% B) on grain-boundary chemistry and tensile properties of Ni3Al containing 24–26 at.% Al were studied. Room-temperature ductility and fracture behavior of B-doped Ni3Al depended critically on deviation from alloy stoichiometry. As the aluminum content of B-doped Ni3Al is decreased below 25 at.%, the ductility increases dramatically and the fracture mode changes from intergranular to transgranular. Auger studies indicate that the intensity of boron segregation to grain boundaries increases and the concentration of grain-boundary aluminium decreases significantly with decreasing bulk aluminum concentration. These results suggest that alloy stoichiometry strongly influences grain-boundary chemistry which in turn, affects the grain-boundary cohesion. Boron exhibits an unusual segregation behavior in Ni3Al, i.e. it has a strong tendency to segregate to the grain boundaries but not to cavity (free) surfaces. On the other hand, sulfur, an embrittling impurity, tends to segregate more strongly to free surfaces than to grain boundaries. The beneficial effect of boron is in agreement with existing theories of solute segregation effects on grain-boundary cohesion. The yield stress of B-doped Ni3Al decreases with increasing grain size produced by long-term annealing at 1000°C The yield stress obeys the Hall-Petch relation: σ y = α o,y + k y d 1 2 with σy = 163 MPa and ky = 8.2 MPa cm 1 2 . The tensile elongation was initially independent of grain size, and showed only a moderate decrease from about 50–40% with grain diameters larger than 110μm.
Thoracic and Cranial Radiotherapy for Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer

Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for small cell lung cancer (SCLC). For patients with limited-stage disease, the addition of thoracic radiotherapy confers a moderate improvement in local control and a modest survival benefit, but these improvements come at the cost of increased toxic reactions. The optimal method for integrating chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy is unresolved. Concurrent and alternating strategies are appealing because they allow uninterrupted delivery of chemotherapy, but they have not been proven to be superior to conventional sequential approaches. Based on limited data, delivery of thoracic radiation early in the treatment course may be preferable to delivery later in the course. There is evidence of a radiation dose-response effect for SCLC, and, in standard regimens, thoracic radiation doses in the range of 50 to 60 Gy are recommended. The use of limited radiation fields (to postchemotherapy tumor volumes) appears reasonable. Results for alternative thoracic radiation fractionation schedules such as accelerated hyperfractionation are promising and worthy of further investigation. The role of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is controversial and should be individualized. It should be considered for the favorable subgroup of patients with limited-stage disease who achieve a complete response to chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy. If given, we recommend a total dose of 30 to 36 Gy in 2-Gy fractions; PCI should not be delivered concomitantly with chemotherapy.
Gene-culture coevolution and sex ratios: the effects of infanticide, sex-selective abortion, sex selection, and sex-biased parental investment on the evolution of sex ratios.

Abstract The evolutionary consequences of culturally transmitted practices that cause differential mortality between the sexes, thereby distorting the sex ratio (e.g., female infanticide and sex-selective abortion), are explored using dynamic models of gene-culture coevolution. We investigate how a preference for the sex of offspring may affect the selection of genes distorting the primary sex ratio. Sex-dependent differences in mortality have been predicted to select for a male- or female-biased primary sex ratio, to have no effect, or to favor either under different circumstances. We find that when a mating pair′s behavior modifies mortality rates in favor of one sex, but does not change the number of offspring produced in the mating, the primary sex ratio will evolve a bias against the favored sex However, when the total number of offspring of a mating pair is significantly seduced as a consequence of their prejudice, the primary sex ratio will evolve to favor the preferred sex. These results hold irrespective of whether the sex ratio is distorted by the mother′s, the father′s or the individual′s own autosomal genes. The use of dynamic models of gene-culture coevolution allows us to explore the evolution of alleles which distort the sex ratio, as well as the final equilibrium states of the system. Gene-culture interactions can provide equilibria different from those in purely genetic systems, slow the approach to these equilibria by orders of magnitude, and move the primary (PSR) and the adult sex ratio (ASR) away from any stable equilibrium for hundreds of generations.
What killed Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died in Vienna on December 5, 1791, 2 months before his 36th birthday. 1(p415) His 29-year-old wife, Constanze, became so distraught that she crawled into bed with her dead husband, unsuccessfully attempting to contract his illness and die with him. 2(p153) A physician, legally required to examine the body to exclude foul play, found nothing amiss but performed no autopsy. 1(p523) Regulations specified that interment not occur until 48 hours after death, apparently to ensure that no one was buried alive. 3(p169) During that time, a service took place at St Stephen's Cathedral, where he and Constanze had wed 9 years earlier, and probably on the night of December 7, during inclement weather, a hearse transported the corpse to a cemetery in St Marx, a village about 5 km outside Vienna. Without ceremony or a priest in attendance, Mozart was interred, probably in a coffin in a simple grave. 4(p745).5(p421) It was common practice, however, to sew the unclothed bodies of the dead in linen sacks, place several together in a communal pit, 5(pp414-416),6 and cover them with quicklime to hasten decomposition. No permanent marker commemorated his burial site, and, about 7 years later, workers dug up the grave and reused it, dispersing the remains.
Electrostatic Contribution to the Transition States Binding Free Energy Using Simplified Coarse Grained Model

Simplified coarse-grained (CG) models (of the type originally developed by Levitt and Warshel (1)) can provide an effective way of evaluating the free energies of explicit protein models (2). Here we use such a reference potential strategy in evaluating the transition state electrostatic binding free energies calculations, which are essential for the rational enzyme design. The method is examined and demonstrated in studies of the effects of mutation on the transition state binding free energies of the esterase catalytic substrates (p-nitrophenyl acetate, 1-and 2-naphthyl acetates) of human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) and dienelactone hydrolase (DLH). These have been computed using empirical valence bond (EVB) approach in MOLARIS program (3) with and without the use of the CG model as a reference potential. The calculated electrostatic contributions to the transition state binding free energies reproduce the experimental trends (4, 5). This indicates that the method should provide a powerful tool for exploring the esterase activities of hCAII and DLH for understanding the promiscuity of these enzymes.(1) Levitt, M. and Warshel, A., Nature, 1975, vol. 253, no. 5495, pp. 694-698.(2) Messer, M. M., Roca, M., Chu, Z. T., Vicatos, S., Vardi-Kilshtain, A. and Warshel, A., Proteins, 2009, in press.(3) Lee, F. S., Chu, Z. T. and Warshel, A., J. Comp. Chem., 1993, vol. 14 p. 161.(4) Gould, S. M. and Tawfik, D. S., Biochemistry, 2005, vol. 44, no. 14, pp. 5444-5452.(5) Kim, H.-K., Liu, J.-W., Carr, P.D., Ollis, D.L., Acta Cryst., 2005, vol. D61, pp. 920-031.
Discovery and Optimization of Potent GPR40 Full Agonists Containing Tricyclic Spirocycles

GPR40 (FFAR1 or FFA1) is a target of high interest being pursued to treat type II diabetes due to its unique mechanism leading to little risk of hypoglycemia. We recently reported the discovery of AM-1638 (2), a potent full agonist of GPR40. In this report, we present the discovery of GPR40 full agonists containing conformationally constrained tricyclic spirocycles and their structure-activity relationships leading to more potent agonists such as AM-5262 (26) with improved rat PK profile and general selectivity profile. AM-5262 enhanced glucose stimulated insulin secretion (mouse and human islets) and improved glucose homeostasis in vivo (OGTT in HF/STZ mice) when compared to AM-1638.
New class of polymers for the delivery of macromolecular therapeutics.

Cationic polymers show promise for the in vitro and in vivo delivery of macromolecular therapeutics. Known cationic polymers, e.g., poly(L)lysine (PLL) and polyethylenimine (PEI), have been employed in native and modified forms for the delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and reveal varying levels of toxicity. Here, we report the preparation of a new class of cationic polymers that are specifically designed to deliver macromolecular therapeutics. Linear, cationic, beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD)-containing polymers (CD-polymers) are synthesized by copolymerizing difunctionalized beta-CD monomers (AA) with other difunctionalized comonomers (BB) such that an AABBAABB product is formed. The beta-CD polymers are able to bind approximately 5 kbp pDNA above polymer to DNA (+/-) charge ratios of 1.5, compact the bound pDNA into particles of approximately 100-150 nm in size at charge ratios above 5+/-, and transfect cultured cells at charge ratios above 10+/-. In vitro transfections with the new beta-CD-polymers are comparable to the best results obtained in our hands with PEI and Lipofectamine. Some cell line-dependent toxicities are observed for serum-free transfections; however, no toxicity is revealed at charge ratios as high as 70+/- in transfections conducted in 10% serum. Single IV and IP doses as high as 200 mg/kg in mice showed no mortalities.
A characterization of Bloch-type spaces on the unit ball of Cn

Abstract In this paper we generalize Holland–Walsh's characterization of the Bloch space and Stroethoff's characterization of the little Bloch space on the unit disk to α-Bloch spaces and little α-Bloch spaces on the unit ball of C n for 0 α ⩽ 2 .
Species-specific responses in the extinction of water- and food-motivated behavior?

Abstract The postulation of species-specific responses resulting from evolutionary adaptation has challenged the generality of the laws of learning and has been emphasized in recent experimental studies of the extinction of water and food motivated learning. We report that deprivation level and intertrial session interval may confound such studies. When proper controls are instituted, both water and food motivated learning results in increased responding during initial extinction.
Transport and gain in a quantum cascade laser: model and equivalent circuit

A simple rate-equation-based model for transport and gain in quantum cascade lasers is developed. According to the model, the IV characteristics of a quantum cascade laser can be well described by equivalent circuit containing a serial connection of a Schottky diode, a tunnel diode, and a field-effect transistor. As a consequence, a quantum cascade laser can be described in terms accessible to circuit designers.
Stress fracture of the ipsilateral first rib in a pitcher

This stress fracture of the left first rib in a 17-year-old, left-handed high school baseball pitcher represents the first of its type reported in the literature. Two similar cases have been reported in pitchers, but the fracture was on the nondominant side in both cases. In contrast to most cases of this rare lesion, the stress fracture we report occurred acutely and was documented roentgenographically from onset to complete healing 9 months later.
Perception of off-sized objects1

Stimuli simulating familiar objects were viewed monocularly, one at a time, in an otherwise dark visual field. Thirty-two Os indicated the apparent size relative to the familiar size of the objects. Many of the objects appeared to be off-sized, i.e., larger or smaller than normal. The results suggest that the perceived sizes of the objects were strongly influenced by the angular sizes. It is concluded that familiar size only partially determines perceived size when the objects are viewed under otherwise reduced conditions of observation.
Freedom as a Philosophical Ideal: Nietzsche and His Antecedents

Abstract Nietzsche defends an ideal of freedom as the achievement of a “higher human being”, whose value judgments are a product of a rigorous scrutiny of inherited values and an expression of how the answers to ultimate questions of value are “settled in him”. I argue that Nietzsche's view is a recognizable descendent of ideas advanced by the ancient Stoics and Spinoza, for whom there is no contradiction between the realization of freedom and the affirmation of fate, and who restrict this freedom to rare individuals, who escape the bondage of conventional mores and passive emotional states. Although Nietzsche rejects key assumptions made by both the Stoics and Spinoza, his outlook is an extension of their efforts to elaborate the notion of freedom as an ideal.
Cheerleader, Opportunity Seeker, and Master Strategist: ARL Directors as Entrepreneurial Leaders

This study explores how directors of libraries with membership in the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), who are engaged in entrepreneurial leadership, define and view it. Through structured interviews and analysis of supporting documents, it examines how entrepreneurial leadership can be used as a means for creating new organizational structures, generating income, developing information delivery and technology solutions, building new partnerships, and improving services. This study has implications for library directors and administrators, organizational development specialists, and leadership trainers.
Temperature effects on soil urease activity

Abstract Accurate estimates of the activation energy for soil urease are needed to model how changes in soil temperature quantitatively change the hydrolysis rate of urea applied to soil. Activation energy values reported in the literature for soil urease range from 16.8 to 95.1 kJ mol−1. The wide variation in these values could be due to confounding of temperature effects by other rate-controlling factors in some of these studies. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of temperature on urea hydrolysis rates under laboratory conditions with other rate-controlling factors held constant. Temperatures of 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45°C were used with soil samples from areas mapped as Kahola and Smolan. The soils were limed to pH 8.2 and THAM buffer was adjusted to the same pH to ensure high and stable pH during experiments. A solution to soil ratio of 2:1 was used to maintain a nonlimiting water content. To ensure a reaction rate independent of substrate concentration, a urea concentration of 1000 mg N kg−1 soil was used, and not more than 10% of it was allowed to hydrolyze at each temperature. Increasing temperature from 5 to 45°C increased the urea hydrolysis rate. The mean activation, energies for urease were 49.4 and 53.6 kJ mol1 for Kahola and Smolan soils, respectively. These values correspond to a Q10 of approx. 2 in the temperature range studied. They differed from some reported values, probably because of differences in assay procedures.
The surgical specialties and the Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program.

MORE THAN 40 YEARS have passed since the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation took over a fledgling academic and medical leadership program from the Carnegie and Commonwealth Foundations. The Clinical Scholars Program started in 1967 as a result of discussions between 5 medical school medicine department chairs and Maggie Mahoney of the Carnegie Corporation. These discussions identified the need to create a cadre of physicians trained in the social sciences and in areas outside of their clinical expertise. The goal was to provide them with the breadth of knowledge that would allow these physicians to become leaders in health care. The program response was a 2-year fellowship for physicians, usually at the end of residency, that has evolved to include a core curriculum in health services research, clinical epidemiology, biostatistics, community-based participatory research, leadership, and health policy. The initial support came from Carnegie and the Commonwealth Fund, but funding for the program shifted to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation in 1972, with the US Department of Veterans Affairs joining in supporting the program in 1977. The Clinical Scholars Program has worked with 15 different universities over the years and is currently operating at the Universities of Michigan, Pennsylvania, California-Los Angeles, and Yale. More than 1,200 physicians have trained in the program since its inception. The program has
Adjustment of systematic errors in ALS data through surface matching

Surface matching is a well researched topic in both Computer Vision (CV) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) or ground based light detection and ranging (LiDAR), but the extent of the range images derived from these technologies is typically orders of magnitude smaller than those derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS), also known as airborne LiDAR. Iterative closest point (ICP) and its variants have been successfully used to align and register multiple overlapping views of the range images for CV and TLS applications. However, many challenges are encountered in applying the ICP approach to ALS data sets. In this paper, we address these issues, explore the possibility of automating the algorithm, and present a technique to adjust systematic discrepancies in overlapping strips, using geometrical attributes in a given terrain. In this method, the ALS point samples used in the algorithm are selected depending on their ability to constrain the relative movement between the overlapping laser strips. The points from overlapping strips are matched through modified point to plane based on the ICP method.
AN INSTRUMENT TO ASSESS STUDENT ATTITUDE TOWARD INSTRUCTION1

An instrument for the assessment of student attitude toward a specific period of instruction is described. This report describes the development of an instrument which was designed to measure student attitude toward instruction. It was anticipated that such an instrument might predict student behavior and have utility in the evaluation of instructional treatment outcomes. In order that the instrument could accurately focus upon the instructional environment it was felt that assessment should be made of student attitude toward a specific period of instruction which had completed (i.e., hour, day, week, etc.). In other words, the instrument would be a specific attitude measure rather than an omnibus measure. As a basis for development, a psychological objective was specified as student attitude toward instruction. Statements which related to the objective were then constructed and edited based upon the criteria suggested by Edwards (1957). The statements developed were both positive (favorable) and negative (unfavorable). Based upon content, a 5person jury selected 50 of the originally developed statements. Of these, 25 statements were positive and 25 negative. The statements were randomly ordered and placed on forms together with a 5-point scale ranging from strongly agree (SA) to strongly disagree (SD). An example of item format is shown below: I would like more instruction presented in this way. SD D N A SA Instructions specified that students indicate the degree to which they agreed or disagreed with "statements about the period of instruction" which had just been completed. The instrument was initially administered to 60 vocational auto mechanics students who had just completed a 3-hour period of shop instruction. The total group consisted of sophomores, juniors, and seniors attending two high schools. Item reliability was computed using an analysis of variance technique which was equivalent to the KR-20 coefficient (Guilford, 1954). The reliability obtained was .918. In order to determine instrument homogeneity, the student score on each item was correlated with his total score. Forty-seven items correlated positively and significantly (P less then .05) with the criterion using a one-tailed test of significance. Elimination of the three items which did not correlate positively and significantly resulted in a revised 47 item instrument.2 An additional administration was conducted using an independent sample of 115 students enrolled in five posthigh school vocational and technical programs at a com1This research was partially supported by the Bureau of Vocational, Technical and Continuing Education,
Modeling aspects of learning by altering biophysical properties of a simulated neuron

A simulated neuron was constructed in which effects on spike discharge of altering certain fundamental biophysical parameters could be studied. The simulation was performed by use of a digital computer. The simulation was tested by comparing performance of the simulated neuron with that of actual neurons. Rates and patterns of spike discharge were achieved for the simulated neuron that were comparable to those recorded from units in the motor cortex of awake cats. Altering biophysical parameters such as firing threshold, levels of synaptic input or rates of transverse and longitudinal current spread produced appropriate alterations of discharge rate. On the above basis it was possible to investigate interrelated effects on spike discharge of changing levels of synaptic input and rates of current spread within the simulated neuron. With low rates of longitudinal current spread, graded levels of synaptic input produced correspondingly graded levels of ouput discharge. With high rates of longitudinal current spread, the transfer properties of the neuron were markedly altered. The neuron became a bistable operator where synaptic inputs above a certain level were enhanced and all those below were suppressed. A linear relationship was found to exist between firing threshold and the level of synaptic input required to reach the transition from quiescence to near-tetanic rates of discharge. Alterations in behavior are increasingly thought to be subserved by changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission or in the post-synaptic intergrative propeties of neurons. The results of our investigations describe the interplay between those two processes.
Genetic recombinants and heterozygotes derived from endogenous and exogenous avian RNA tumor viruses

Abstract A selective technique based on infective centers is described for isolating host range recombinants of avian RNA tumor viruses. This method was exploited to obtain recombinants between the genome of chick helper factor ( chf ) and nondefective strains of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), including temperature-sensitive mutants. Recombinants of chf with the defective Bryan strain RSV could not be isolated. A majority of nondefective RSV particles selected as carrying the chf host range also carried the parental RSV host range; i.e., were of dual host range, but the progeny segregated into parental or recombinant genotypes. These observations suggested that the particles were at least partially diploid or polyploid and represented unstable “heterozygotes.” Genotypic mixing was not evident in chf -negative cells which contain viral DNA but not viral RNA, suggesting that genetic reassortment occurs among RNA molecules. A model is proposed in which reassortment of independent genome segments may be converted into stable recombinants following provirus formation in the next replicative cycle.