cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-FF-T-277: IMRT Composite Plan - A Must Tool for Final Dose Analysis with IMRT Boost Plan

Purpose: To observe the IMRTcomposite planning results from two different dose object functions and to suggest the adequate methodology for plan evaluation. Method and Materials:IMRTtreatment planning often presents a two‐steps process; initial plan to cover the gross tumor disease and potential nodal areas; then the Cone Down (CD) plan for gross tumor boost. IMRT CD plan usually is a great challenge to generate the composite dose distribution due to its dose non‐uniformity nature for IMRT planning. Quality of the compositeIMRT plan can be greatly influenced by the initial treatment planning due to its non‐uniform dose distribution nature to add on the CD IMRT plan. Since there are still a few planning systems not even provide the composite dose options for summarizing the initial IMRT plan with IMRT CD plan. We are currently using the Pinnacle system to analyze composite dose effects by using the total dose constraints as well as the separate dose constraints. Results: Clinical findings are summarized as 1) Initial IMRT and CD IMRT plans are highly correlated and the dose constraints have to be considered in a composite way (see fig. 1 (composite dose constraints) and fig. 2 (CD dose constraints)); 2) A sub‐optimal initial IMRT plan can disturb the IMRT CD plan for compositedosimetry, creating a unacceptable MUS due to the non‐uniform intensity map summarization (figs. 3 and 4 shows high MUS to compensate the PTV coverage compared to figs. 5 and 6) ; 3) Scaled CD IMRT dose constraints may not generate an acceptable composite dose distribution since summation of the two acceptable individual intensity maps may not create an optimum composite intensity to meet the final dose criteria. Conclusion: From planning comparison, compositeIMRT plan has to be analyzed in order to create the true dose distribution in IMRT.
Microdialysis in the study of drug transporters in the CNS.

Abstract Quantitative microdialysis in the central nervous system (CNS) has recently provided evidence for the existence of transporters as they relate to the brain distribution of a variety of drugs. Support for the existence of drug transporters in the blood–brain barrier (or in the blood–CSF barrier) comes from investigations that have found: unbound drug concentrations in brain fluids that are lower than corresponding levels in plasma; saturability of transport clearances across the blood–brain barrier and; the regulation of transport by putative inhibitors. Additional confirmatory evidence for the existence of active transport or carrier-mediated processes has also been derived from models that relate observed drug levels in the CNS with those in plasma or blood. The conclusion that reduced drug levels in brain fluids generally indicate the existence of active efflux transport is questioned. In the case of relatively polar compounds with modest blood–brain barrier permeability, lower unbound concentrations in brain may be a consequence of dilution by turnover of brain fluids. This review summarizes recent reports (grouped by class of compounds) where investigators have used microdialysis to examine the distribution of therapeutic agents to the CNS, and have reached conclusions regarding the functional presence of drug transporters in the brain.
Survival and diapause egg production of the copepod Centropages hamatus raised on dinoflagellate diets

Abstract Copepods are often said to require a mixed diet to maximize their survival and reproduction potential. Copepods may be forced to feed nonselectively in food limited environments, but this does not mean they require a diverse diet. In this study, we show that the right single food item, at the right stage, can be as good or better than a mixed diet for development, survival, diapause egg production and viability. Centropages hamatus was reared on unialgal or mixed diets of five dinoflagellates: Amphidinium carterae , Prorocentrum micans , Scrippsiella trochoidea , Lingulodinium polyedra , and Gymnodinium sanguineum , ranging in size from 11×16 μm to 44×57 μm. Four experiments of 12–30 days were conducted, each testing five diets against a mixed Control diet of the four larger dinoflagellates. Algal volumes were adjusted so diets would have the same initial carbon content or cell volume at a level known to be in excess of the amount required for growth. Eggs were collected on the final 2 days of the experiments, the survivors were counted and female prosome length was measured. Diapause egg viability was measured after the eggs completed a refractory period. Nauplii had high survival on unialgal P. micans and S. trochoidea diets, but the adult females did not produce eggs. Naupliar survival was low on a unialgal diet of G. sanguineum , but the adult females had the highest rate of egg production. An optimal diet fosters growth and survival at all stages and maximizes viable egg production, to ensure high recruitment to the next generation. This can be achieved with single food items appropriate for the developmental stage. Copepods fed just two dinoflagellates, P. micans to foster juvenile growth and G. sanguineum to support final maturation and fecundity, had higher total egg production than copepods reared on the mixed diet of four dinoflagellates.
Epidemiologic Studies of Caries-Free and Caries-Active Students : I. Prevalence of Potentially Cariogenic Streptococci

No significant difference was found in the prevalence of four potentially cariogenic streptococcal serotypes on molar surfaces of caries-free and caries-active students. Presence alone of these organisms did not correlate with the caries status of the individual. Other supplementary factors, apparently, are necessary for the induction of caries. Quantitative microbiologic procedures are needed to establish a more definitive elucidation of the role of specific microbiota in human dental caries.
As-Prepared Single-Crystalline Hematite Rhombohedra and Subsequent Conversion into Monodisperse Aggregates of Magnetic Nanocomposites of Iron and Magnetite

Monodisperse nanocrystalline rhombohedral composites of Fe and Fe3O4 magnetic materials have been obtained employing a reduction reaction, in a flowing gas mixture of H2 and N2, of single-crystalline, submicron-sized α-Fe2O3 rhombohedral precursors. This synthesis is significant in that we were able to create a nanocomposite with hard and soft magnetic phases juxtaposed within one discrete, anisotropic structure. In turn, the precursor hematite rhombohedra of reproducible shape were successfully prepared using a facile, environmentally friendly, large-scale molten-salt reaction. Rhombohedra represent a high-surface-area, anisotropic formulation of an industrially important material (iron oxide), which is an active component of gas sensors, photocatalysts, and other types of catalytic materials. Moreover, the predictive formation of these materials has been investigated through a systematic variation of experimental parameters. Extensive structural characterization of as-prepared samples has been performed...
The U.S. national coastal zone management program—problems and opportunities in the next phase

Abstract Coastal Zone Management (CZM) in the United States is accomplished through a cooperative federal and state program to manage and protect coastal resources. This paper examines the U.S. CZM program at the federal and state levels. It describes the major provisions of the Coastal Zone Management Act, the record of national program development in the 1970s and early 1980s, and setbacks to CZM which have occurred during the Reagan Administration. The authors propose basic policies which should, but do not, govern the conduct of the national CZM program. Specific applications of these policies to ocean and coastal issues and problems are discussed. The paper critically reviews the performance of the current federal managers in administering the national program and recommends actions which should be taken by the Congress and the coastal states to restore the integrity of the CZM process.
Abstract 5713: Significant systemic therapeutic effects of high-LET immunoradiation by212Pb-Trastuzumab against prostatic tumors of androgen-independent human prostate cancer in mice

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine therapeutic effects and systemic toxicity of 212Pb-Trastuzumab in an orthotopic model of human prostate cancer cells in nude mice. Experimental Design TCMC-Trastuzumab was radiolabeled with 212Pb. The activity and integrity of 212Pb-Trastuzumab was confirmed by a competitive binding assay and SDS-PAGE analysis. Therapeutic effects were determined in an orthotopic model of human prostate cancer in nude mice. Body weight, blood cell counts, serum alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and tissue histology were examined to evaluate systemic toxicity of 212Pb-Trastuzumab therapy. Results The 212Pb-Trastuzumab generated from the procedure was intact and had high binding affinity with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 3.9 ± 0.99 nM. PC-3MM2 cells, which expressed relatively a lower level of Her2 both in culture and in tumors, were used in the study. A single injection of 212Pb-Trastuzumab reduced tumor growth by 60-80%, reduced aortic lymph node metastasis, and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Treatment with 212Pb-Trastuzumab did not cause significant changes in body weight, serum SGPT and BUN, hematological profiles, and histological morphology of several major organs of tumor-bearing mice. Conclusion The data presented in this report demonstrated that the 212Pb-Trastuzumab therapy did not cause significant systemic toxicity and was very effective in retarding tumor growth and prolonging survival of mice bearing tumors that express very low levels of Her2. These findings suggest that 212Pb-Trastuzumab, used alone or in combination with other means, could be an effective modality for management of advanced human prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5713. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5713
The rise of early modern science : Islam, China, and the West

List of illustrations New preface Preface - 1993 Acknowledgments Introduction 1. The comparative study of science 2. Arabic science and the Islamic world 3. Reason and rationality in Islam and the West 4. The European legal revolution 5. Madrasas, universities, and sciences 6. Cultural climates and the ethos of science 7. Science and civilization in China 8. Science and social organization in China 9. The rise of early modern science Epilogue: educational reform and attitudes towards science since the eighteenth century Selected bibliography Index.
Hydrogen Lamp of Good Intensity and Reliability for the Vacuum Ultraviolet

A reliable, easily constructed, hydrogen discharge lamp has been developed and used extensively during the past several years as a light source for optical experiments in the vacuum ultraviolet, viz., between 900 and 1800 A. The lamp is a rather intense source of radiation consisting of the many lined molecular spectrum of hydrogen.
Midbrain dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in a transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has been linked in 15% of families to mutations in the gene encoding for copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), a key enzyme in the cellular defense mechanisms against free radical attack. We used a transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (transgenic G1H mice) based on expression of mutant human Cu/Zn-SOD to examine the influence of the transgene expression on midbrain dopaminergic neurons, cells that contain conspicuous amounts of this enzyme. At the time that 50% of motor neurons of the spinal cord were lost, we observed concurrent reductions in dopamine levels in the caudate-putamen and the nucleus accumbens of transgenic G1H mice. In addition, numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunostained neurons were significantly reduced in both the substantia nigra (26%) and the ventral tegmental area (16%) compared to those in their nontransgenic littermates. Similar abnormalities were not observed in the brains of transgenic mice overexpressing wild-type Cu/Zn-SOD. These findings indicate that overexpression of the mutated Cu/Zn-SOD protein caused a significant loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in addition to the loss of spinal motor neurons. The potential of the mutated enzyme to induce cell death extending beyond the motor neurons is consistent with the description of substantia nigra degeneration in some patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Furthermore, if mutated Cu/Zn-SOD is conclusively shown to kill cells by oxidative stress, such an observation would be in keeping with the known sensitivity of dopaminergic neurons to free radical attack.
Orographically forced oscillations in a dynamical model of the Martian atmosphere

The barotropic, orographically-forced intraseasonal oscillations of the Martian atmosphere are presently analyzed by means of a single-layer shallow-water model. An oscillation with 85-Martian day mean period is noted in a time-series of the model global atmospheric angular momentum, and its robustness is verified. The oscillation has a standing zonal component whose centers of action are located upstream and downstream of salient orographic features. A resemblance arises between the oscillation's northern-hemisphere features and those of the terrestrial 40-day oscillation.
Nonlinear Radiation Effects with Filaments - Inside and Outside

Renewed interest in the properties and applications of air filaments produced by high intensity ultrafast lasers is being driven by new capabilities and fresh insight to the complex nonlinear phenomena occurring in filaments.
A molecular orbital study of pyridine and the rotation about the CC bond in 4-vinylpyridine

Abstract The geometry and energy of pyridine and the planar conformer of 4-vinylpyridine have been calculated using the 6-31G basis set. The distortion of the pyridyl ring brought about by the vinyl substitution is compared to the distortion of the phenyl ring in styrene. Δ E T for the exchange reaction, 4-vinylpyridine + benzene → pyridine + styrene, is very small, 1.73 kJ mol −1 , showing that such additional stabilization as there may be in the two vinyl derivatives relative to that in the parent molecules is almost identical. The geometry and energy of 4-vinyl-pyridine have also been calculated as a function of the C β C α C 4 C 5 dihedral angle (φ = 0°, 30°, and 90°) assuming that the vinyl group and pyridyl group remain planar but otherwise with full geometry optimization. The torsional potential energy curve is almost identical to that calculated for styrene (Bock, Trachtman and George, 1985), which, in turn, was found to follow closely the experimental curve derived from single vibronic level fluorescence and other spectroscopic data. The curve has a very flat minimum at φ = 0° with a barrier height of 12.7 kJ mol −1 . The changes in key geometrical parameters as the planar conformer is converted into the 90°-gauche conformer are likewise very similar to those in styrene, as are the changes in total atomic charge throughout the molecule, despite the profound differences in charge distribution in the two ring systems. Utilizing the increments between the calculated and experimental bond lengths for pyridine and trans-1,3-butadiene an experimental geometry is predicted for 4-vinylpyridine; and the “superimposition hypothesis”, proposed by Domenicano and Murray-Rust (1979) for para-disubstituted benzene derivatives, is tested using the 6-31G optimized geometries for pyridine and styrene.
Less is more: the risks of multiple births

Abstract Objective: To review the medical, social, and financial risks caused by the birth of multiples that need to be addressed in policy and practice. Result(s): Many risks of multiple births are described in the literature. The medical risks to the offspring include death, low birth weight, deformational plagiocephaly, and other physical and mental disabilities. Risks to the women include premature labor, premature delivery, pregnancy-induced hypertension, toxemia, gestational diabetes, and vaginal-uterine hemorrhage. Children born in multiples face difficulty socializing, developmental delays, and behavioral problems, whereas their parents risk exhaustion, depression, and anxiety. In addition to personal costs faced by families, society often bears the financial costs of overburdened hospitals, caps on insurance and/or inability of parents to cover expenses. Conclusion(s): Multiple births present potential acute and long-term medical risks to the pregnant woman and her children. However, more long-term follow-up research and more research on outcomes with higher-order multiples are needed. In designing practices and policies to improve the success of IVF while reducing the risk of multiples, it is important to balance the many interests involved. At a minimum, providers and patients need to be educated about the risks of multiple gestation so that steps can be taken to prevent adverse outcomes.
Intravirion targeting of a functional anti-human immunodeficiency virus ribozyme directed to pol.

Ribozymes are catalytic RNAs that offer several advantages as specific therapeutic genes against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Significant challenges in antiviral uses of ribozymes include (1) how best to express and to deliver this agent and (2) what is the best locale to target ribozymes against HIV-1 RNA. To explore the former, we have previously characterized several vector systems for efficient expression/delivery of anti-HIV-1 ribozymes (Dropulic et al., 1992; Dropulic and Jeang, 1994a; Smith et al., 1997). Here, to investigate an optimal locale for ribozyme-targeting, we asked whether it might be advantageous to direct ribozymes into HIV-1 virions as opposed to the more conventional approach of targeting ribozymes into infected cells. Two series of experiments were performed. First, we demonstrated that anti-HIV-1 ribozymes could indeed be packaged specifically and efficiently into virions. Second, we compared the virus suppressing activity of a packageable ribozyme with its counterpart, which cannot be packaged into HIV-1 virions. Our results showed that although both ribozymes cleaved HIV-1 genomic RNA in vitro with equivalent efficiencies, the former ribozyme demonstrated significantly higher virus-suppressing activity than the latter. These findings provide proof-of-principle that to combat productive HIV-1 replication, intravirion targeting is more effective than intracellular targeting of ribozymes.
Ideas for teaching economics derived from learning theory

(1987). Ideas for teaching economics derived from learning theory. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 26, Developing Economic Literacy, pp. 176-182.
Prolactin Potentiates Transforming Growth Factor α Induction of Mammary Neoplasia in Transgenic Mice

Prolactin influences mammary development and carcinogenesis through endocrine and autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. In virgin female mice, pro-lactin overexpression under control of a mammary selective nonhormonally responsive promoter, neu-related lipocalin, results in estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive and ERα-negative adenocarcinomas. However, disease in vivo occurs in the context of dysregulation of multiple pathways. In this study, we investigated the ability of prolactin to modulate carcinogenesis when co-expressed with the potent oncogene transforming growth factor α (TGFα) in bitransgenic mice. Prolactin and TGFα cooperated to reduce dramatically the latency of mammary macrocyst development, the principal lesion type induced by TGFα. In combination, prolactin and TGFα also increased the incidence and reduced the latency of other preneoplastic lesions and increased cellular turnover in structurally normal alveoli and ducts compared with single transgenic females. Bitransgenic glands contained higher levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 compared with single TGFα transgenic glands, suggesting that this kinase may be a point of signaling crosstalk. Furthermore, transgenic prolactin also reversed the decrease in ERα induced by neu-related lipocalin-TGFα. Our findings demonstrate that locally produced prolactin can strikingly potentiate the car-cinogenic actions of another oncogene and modify ovarian hormone responsiveness, suggesting that prolactin signaling may be a potential thera-peutic target.
Living carbocationic polymerization of α-methylstyrene using tin halides as coinitiators

The polymerization of α−methylstyrene (αMeSt) was studied in conjunction with the (CH3)3CCH2C(CH3)2CH2C(Ph)2Cl (1,1-diphenylethylene-capped 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-chloropentane)/SnBr4 or SnCl4 initiatin...
Conceptualizing and comparing neighborhood and activity space measures for food environment research.

Abstract Greater accessibility to geospatial technologies has led to a surge of spatialized public health research, much of which has focused on food environments. The purpose of this study was to analyze differing spatial measures of exposure to supermarkets and farmers׳ markets among women of reproductive age in eastern North Carolina. Exposure measures were derived using participant-defined neighborhoods, investigator-defined road network neighborhoods, and activity spaces incorporating participants׳ time space behaviors. Results showed that mean area for participant-defined neighborhoods (0.04 sq. miles) was much smaller than 2.0 mile road network neighborhoods (3.11 sq. miles) and activity spaces (26.36 sq. miles), and that activity spaces provided the greatest market exposure. The traditional residential neighborhood concept may not be particularly relevant for all places. Time–space approaches capturing activity space may be more relevant, particularly if integrated with mixed methods strategies.
The role of cytochrome b-566 in the electron-transfer chain of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides

Abstract Spectrophotometric, kinetic, thermodynamic and stoichiometric properties of the low-potential b-type cytochrome of chromatophores from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides are reported. Cytochrome b-566 has a double α-band with maxima at 559 and 566 nm. Resolution of the spectrum by full-spectral redox potentiometry showed no indication that the two peaks represent more than one component. The component titrated with Em,7 ≈ −80 ± 10 mV. By appropriate choice of wavelength pairs and by subtraction of the contribution due to other components, the kinetics of cytochrome b-566 absorbance changes following flash excitation have been resolved from those of other components. Time-resolved flash spectra corrected for the contributions of other components are consistent with the behavior of both peaks of the α-band as a single kinetic species. The kinetics of cytochrome b-566 in the presence of antimycin show that the reduction of this cytochrome occurred only if cytochrome b-561 was reduced before the flash, either chemically, by poising the ambient redox potential (Eh) below the Em of cytochrome b-561 (Em,7 ≈ 50 mV), or photochemically at higher redox potentials by a previous flash. The rate of reduction of cytochrome b-566 varied with Eh. At low Eh (approx. 0 mV) reduction on the first flash showed t 1 2 ≈ 1.25 ms ; at high Eh (approx. 180 mV) reduction on the second flash showed t 1 2 ≈ 10 ms . In the absence of antimycin at Eh ≈ 0 mV, cytochrome b-566 was observed to become rapidly reduced ( t 1 2 ≈ 500 μ s ) and then reoxidized ( t 1 2 ≈ 2 ms ) after a single flash. At higher redox potentials (Eh > 80 mV) no kinetic changes which could be unambiguously attributed to cytochrome b-566 were observed following a single flash. The results are interpreted in terms of a Q-cycle mechanism in which the reductant for cytochrome b-566 is the semiquinone formed on oxidation of ubiquinol from the quinone pool. The oxidation of the ubiquinol occurs by a concerted reaction in which one electron is accepted by the Rieske-type FeS center and the other by cytochrome b-566. We suggest that the kinetic characteristics may indicate a pathway for reduction of the b-type cytochromes in which cytochrome b-566 is the immediate electron acceptor and donates to cytochrome b-561 in a serial pathway. The experimental results in the presence of antimycin are compared with data from a computer simulation of the thermodynamic behavior of the chain, and the computer model is shown to provide an excellent fit.
Mathematics for engineers — I: Fitting functions to engineering data

Increasing interest of electrical engineers in mathematics has stimulated conferences on the subject at recent AIEE meetings. Presentations made during the 1948 winter general meeting have led to the preparation of a 3-part series, which will be made available in pamphlet form following its completion in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. In this first part of the series, reasons and methods for fitting functions to data are outlined and the degree of confidence that may placed in data is discussed. Subsequent parts of the series will discuss the method of Graeco-Latin squares and the dimensional analysis of partial differential equations.
Just War: A Pastoral Analysis of the Hidden Violence of State-Corporate Capitalism

This article enumerates and critiques the various forms of occult violence associated with the dominance of state-corporate capitalism in United States society. Ways of responding to these forms of violence are also considered. More specifically, using the political notion of care—understood existentially and theologically—I define violence, identify and critique forms of occult violence, and explore the principle of care in proposing possible ways of responding.
Derivation of errors of kinematic-wave and diffusion-wave approximations for space-independent flows

Hydrodynamic models of overland flow and channel flow are based on the shallow waterwave theory that is described by the St Venant (SV) equations. These models are derived from either the kinematic-wave (KW) approximation, the diffusion-wave approximation (DW), or the dynamic-wave (DYW) representation of the SV equations. In studies reported to data, different criteria have been established to evaluate the adequacy of the KW and DW approximations, but no explicit relations either in time or in space between these criteria and the errors resulting from these approximations have yet been derived. Furthermore, when doing hydrologic modeling, it is not evident if the KW and the DW approximations are valid for the entire hydrograph or for a portion thereof. In other words, these criteria take on fixed values for a given rainfall-runoff event. This paper attempts to derive, under simplified conditions, error equations for the KW or DW approximations to the DYM equations for space-independent flows, which provide a continuous description of error in the flow discharge hydrograph. The kinematic wave, diffusion wave and dynamic wave solutions are parameterized through a dimensionless parameter γ which reflects the effect of initial depth of flow, channel-bed slope, lateral inflow, and channel roughness. By comparing the kinematic wave and diffusion wave solutions with the dynamic wave solution, equations are derived in terms of γ for the error in the kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximations. The error equations turn out to have the form of the Riccati equation.
Medical knowledge and medical practice : geriatric medicine in the 1950s

This article examines the development of medical knowledge and practice with regard to sickness in old age in the early years of the National Health Service. It suggests that the creation of a speciality of geriatrics was inspired by the need to prevent hospital beds being blocked by long-stay patients. Thus, the efficient use of hospital provision required the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of elderly patients. The publication of medical texts on sickness in old age, provided the basis for a more interventionist approach to the care of sick, elderly people, but the development of geriatrics as a separate speciality was hindered by professional disputes over administrative responsibility, funding, private practice, and medical training. One key area of debate was whether sickness in old age was primarily a social rather than a medical problem. This needs to be considered with regard to the relationship between the hospital and the local community and the article examines the contribution of social and medical surveys of elderly people at home to the discourse on sickness and old age.
Cephalic vasomotor and electromyographic feedback in the treatment of combined muscle contraction and migraine headaches in a geriatric case.

SYNOPSIS The effects of cephalic vasomotor response (CVMR) feedback and electromyographic (EMG) feedback on control of CVMR, frontalis EMG and temporal artery vasospasms in muscle contraction and migraine headaches were investigated in a 67 year old woman. Systematic reductions in EMG activity were not achieved during EMG feedback. The frequency of temporal artery vasospams declined. No changes in amplitude of blood volume pulse (BVP) were observed during EMG feedback. A decrease in headache activity was associated with EMG feedback which may have been due to the reduction in temporal artery vasospasms. A treatment withdrawal condition was introduced after six EMG feedback sessions during which an increase in headache activity occurred. When CVMR feedback was introduced, the patient achieved significant BVP reductions. This control was related to the largest reduction in headache frequency and duration. Ratings representing subjective perception of the degree of disability because of headache also decreased during EMG feedback, CVMR feedback, and follow-up. At follow-up, there was a moderate increase in headache activity which was partially attributed to limited home practice. This case demonstrates the successful use of biofeedback therapy in the treatment of combined vascular and muscle contraction headaches in an elderly patient and suggests that age not be a criterion for eliminating patients from this treatment. In addition, this case further supports the use of cephalic vasomotor feedback as an alternative to temperature training in the treatment of migraine.
A flow graph transformation technique specifically for discrete time networks

Abstract We introduce a new modified Mason-Coates graph (denoted by RMC-graph) specifically for discrete-time network analysis. The previously developed Mason-Coates graph (MC-graph), used for continuous-time networks, is summarized to simplify our presentation. The concise RMC-graph interpretation of a given digital network example is included.
A study of natural gas/DME combustion in HCCI engines using CFD with detailed chemical kinetics

Combustion characteristics of natural gas and dimethyl ether (DME) mixture in a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine were studied numerically. Detailed chemical kinetics with 83 species and 360 reactions was used with an engine CFD code to simulate the combustion process. Operating conditions with different fuel compositions were simulated. Combustion, nitrogen oxides emissions and effects of fuel compositions on engine operating limits were well predicted by the present model. Chemical kinetics analysis indicated that ignition was achieved by DME oxidation which, in turn, induced combustion of natural gas. Low-temperature heat release is more pronounced as the amount of DME increases. Engine operations become unstable as the excess air ratio of natural gas is reduced near 2. The model also captures the HCCI features of low-combustion temperature and low-nitrogen oxides emissions for the alternative fuels used in this study.
Abstract 1325: PCI-5002 leads to enhanced radiosensitization via induction of necrotic cell death by promoting autophagy in non-small cell lung tumor xenograft model

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Purpose: We previously showed that Bax/Bak inhibition induces autophagy and promotes radiosensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we further investigated the specific mechanism by which radiation triggers necrotic cell death via autophagy in H460 cells treated with PCI-5002, water-soluble zinc ionophores, in vitro or in vivo. Methods: Clonogenic assay was used to determine radiosensitivity. H460 lung cancer xenografts was generated and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on tumor sections for tumor cell proliferation (Ki67 staining), angiogenesis (von Willebrand Factor staining), and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3 antibody staining). Autophagy was determined by p62 protein, which is named sequestosome 1(SQSTM1) and links polyubiquitinated proteins to the autophagic machinery in vivo and punctuate localization of GFP-LC3 fusion protein, which observed under a confocal fluorescence microscope in vitro. Necrosis was determined with HMGB1 release and Propidium lodide (PI) staining. Results: The PCI-5002 markedly enhanced sensitivity of MEF WT cells to radiation (DER=1.43, p=0.003) in clonogenic assay. This enhanced radiosensitization was associated with an increase in characteristic punctuate localization of GFP-LC3 when was blocked a cleaved caspase-3 in MEF WT cells treated with PCI-5002, suggesting that autophagy was induced simultaneously. We found that PCI-5002 with radiation showed a dramatically enhanced sensitivity of H460 cells to radiation (DER=1.92, p=0.001) in clonogenic assay, and tumor growth delay in a mouse hind limb xenograft model in vivo, and was well tolerated compared to control. In addition, the concurrent administration of PCI-5002 and radiation in vivo significantly decreased cell proliferation and vascular density compared to radiation alone. Consistent with the in vitro results, treatment both PCI-5002 and radiation showed a dramatically increase in HMGB1 as a marker for Necrosis and a significant decrease in p62 protein level for detecting autophagic flux in the lung tumor xenograft model. Conclusions: These results suggest that induction of necrosis via promotion of autophagy may be utilized as a novel strategy to enhance radiation therapy in lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1325.
The separation of glycerides by crystallization in a thermal gradient

An apparatus designed to separate materials by automatic recrystallization in a thermal gradient has been tested for its ability to separate model glyceride mixtures. The theory of the separation has been discussed. The apparatus was able to separate the model mixtures efficiently; the separation was limited only by the actual relative solubilities of the components and the formation of eutectic mixtures. This apparatus should be useful in the separation of many lipide mixtures where crystallization is an appropriate technique.
RISK FACTORS FOR EXPOSURE TO FELINE PATHOGENS IN CALIFORNIA MOUNTAIN LIONS (PUMA CONCOLOR)

The primary challenge to mountain lion population viability in California is habitat loss and fragmentation. These habitat impacts could enhance disease risk by increasing contact with domestic animals and by altering patterns of exposure to other wild felids. We performed a serologic survey for feline pathogens in California mountain lions (Puma concolor) using 490 samples from 45 counties collected from 1990 to 2008. Most mountain lions sampled were killed because of depredation or public safety concerns and 75% were adults. Pathogens detected by serosurvey in sampled mountain lions included feline panleukopenia virus (39.0%), feline calicivirus (33.0%), feline coronavirus (FCoV, 15.1%), feline herpesvirus (13.0%), heartworm (12.4%), feline leukemia virus (5.4%), and canine distemper virus (3%). An outbreak of heartworm exposure occurred from 1995 to 2003 and higher than expected levels of FCoV-antibody-positive mountain lions were observed from 2005 to 2008, with foci in southern Mendocino and eastern Lake counties. We show that the majority of mountain lions were exposed to feline pathogens and may be at risk of illness or fatality, particularly kittens. Combined with other stressors, such as ongoing habitat loss, infectious disease deserves recognition for potential negative impact on mountain lion health and population viability.
Exchange Effects in the Degenerate Perturbation Theory of Intermolecular Potentials

The contribution of electron exchange to intermolecular potentials is studied using the operator form of perturbation theory, when the noninteracting system of atoms or molecules is degenerate. A symmetry‐adapted, degenerate perturbation theory is developed, including the almost‐degeneracy case. Perturbation expansions are given up to second order in the energy. Differential equations for the perturbed wave‐functions are obtained, as well as their associated variational principles.
CA 15-3 and carcinoembryonic antigen in the clinical evaluation of breast cancer

Abstract The individual and combined value of CA 15-3 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as breast cancer tumor markers was investigated in longitudinal studies. Patients included women at high risk for recurrence after primary therapy or undergoing treatment for metastatic disease. During follow-up, recurrent disease was documented in 33 of 39 (85%) patients including 11 with local recurrence and 22 with distant metastases. At the time recurrence was first documented by objective criteria 23 of 33 (70%) of the patients presented with abnormal CA 15-3 levels (>36.7 U/ml) compared with 19/33 (58%) with abnormal CEA levels (5 ng/ml). Tumor marker elevations predominated in patients with advanced disease indicating that CA 15-3 and CEA are not reliable for the detection of early breast cancer. Both markers were helpful in monitoring therapeutic response since antigen levels correlated closely with disease status.
Control of high pH in aquacultural ponds

Abstract Tests were conducted to determine the effectiveness of calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, acetic acid, and ground corn for the control of high pond pH. The tests were conducted in 24 9400 liter pools. Salts of calcium did not significantly reduce daily maximum pH relative to control pools, although mean pH levels were consistently less than control values at higher application concentrations. Acetic acid did not effectively control pH at the level tested. Application of ground corn did significantly reduce pH at all levels tested. Use of ground corn has become a routine management strategy for pH control in shrimp ponds at Mississippi State University.
Soft X-rays from the Large Magellanic Cloud - Implications on the origin of the diffuse X-ray background

A total soft X-ray luminosity of approximately 10 to the 38th power ergs/s was observed from the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) during pointed rocket observations in November 1973. Simple spectral parameters are derived and discussed. Upper limits at 1 KeV to several known LMC point sources are presented. A diffuse bar source reported previously was not detected. Strong limits are placed on the fraction of halo and extragalactic diffuse X-ray flux observed in the direction of the LMC due to the lack of correlation of the 0.25-KeV diffuse flux with interstellar hydrogen in the Galaxy and in the LMC.
Medical diagnosis – the promise

The field of diagnosis is hardly static. Taking a step back, advances in diagnosis have been dramatic over the past few decades, and promise to accelerate going for- ward. Progress will be created through three main drivers: Continuing advances in the tools we use for diagnosis, adoption and use of electronic resources, and applying quality improvement strategies to reduce diagnostic error and variability.
Functional dissection of the C. elegans cell adhesion molecule SAX-7, a homologue of human L1.

Abstract Cell adhesion molecules of the Immunoglobulin superfamily (IgCAMs) play important roles in neuronal development, homeostasis and disease. Here, we use an animal in vivo assay system to study the function of sax-7, the Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of the human L1 IgCAM, a homophilic adhesion molecule involved in several neurological diseases. We show that the 6 Ig/5 FnIII domain protein SAX-7 acts autonomously in the nervous system to maintain axon position in the ventral nerve cord of the nematode. As previously reported, sax-7 is also required to maintain the relative positioning of neuronal cell bodies in several head ganglia. We use the loss of cellular adhesiveness in sax-7 null mutants as an assay system to investigate the contribution of individual domains and sequence motifs to the function of SAX-7, utilizing transgenic rescue approaches. By shortening the hinge region between the Ig1 + 2 and Ig3 + 4 domains, we improve the adhesive function of SAX-7, thereby providing support for a previously proposed autoinhibitory “horseshoe” conformation of IgCAMs. However, we find that Ig3 + 4 are the only Ig domains required and sufficient for the adhesive function of SAX-7. Previous models of L1-type IgCAMs that invoke an important role of the first two Ig domains in controlling adhesion therefore do not appear to apply to SAX-7. Moreover, we find that neither the 5 FnIII domains, nor the protease cleavage site embedded in them, are required for the adhesive function of SAX-7. Lastly, we show that of the several protein binding motifs present in the intracellular region of SAX-7, only its ankyrin binding motif is required and also solely sufficient to confer the adhesive functions of SAX-7.
PAROSTEAL OSTEOSARCOMA OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRA IN A DOG

A 12-year-old Maltese terrier was evaluated for progressive tetraparesis and neck pain. On radiographs, there was a periosteal reaction involving the fourth cervical vertebra. Myelographically, there was extradural compression of the spinal cord associated with the lesion. The dog was euthanized and necropsied. Histopathologic diagnosis was parosteal osteosarcoma of the vertebra.
Internet RFCs as social policy: Network design from a regulatory perspective

The Internet has come to fill centrally important economic, social, political, and cultural functions during a period in which policy-making, too, has been undergoing significant change. The Internet “Requests for Comments” (RFC) process is both the venue technical decision-making and for the development of Internet governance procedures and institutions. Because this process casts decisions in technical terms, it has largely been without policy scrutiny. This paper offers a preliminary analysis of the RFC discourse for ways in its decision-making contributes to, operationalizes, influences, or conflicts with the laws of geopolitically recognized governments, and for ways in which the discourse itself serves as the means through which the more formal institutions and practices of Internet governance developed. The paper opens with a discussion of the gap between the technical and legal Internet discourse communities. Policy functions filled by Internet RFCs include explicit policy-making, explicit policy analysis, and implicit policy analysis (insights into policy issues that are not expressly discussed but that can be elicited from the texts through policy analysis). As a discourse matrix, the RFCs have several features that enable the conversation to fill additional policy-related functions that include defining the policy subject (the Internet), establishment of Internet design processes, policy implementation programs, conflict and conflict resolution, informal problem resolution, and political analysis.
Intrinsic Charge Trapping in Organic and Polymeric Semiconductors: A Physical Chemistry Perspective

We aim to understand the origins of intrinsic charge carrier traps in organic and polymeric semiconductor materials from a physical chemistry perspective. In crystalline organic semiconductors, we point out some of the inadequacies in the description of intrinsic charge traps using language and concepts developed for inorganic semiconductors. In π-conjugated polymeric semiconductors, we suggest the presence of a two-tier electronic energy landscape, a bimodal majority landscape due to two dominant structural motifs and a minority electronic energy landscape from intrinsic charged defects. The bimodal majority electronic energy landscape results from a combination of amorphous domains and microcrystalline or liquid-crystalline domains. The minority tier of the electronic density of states is comprised of deep Coulomb traps embedded in the majority electronic energy landscape. This minority electronic energy landscape may dominate transport properties at low charge carrier densities, such as those expected ...
Chemotaxis in Escherichia Coli

Motile bacteria are attracted to a variety of chemicals — a phenomenon called chemotaxis (for a review, see Weibull, 1960). Although chemotaxis by bacteria has been recognized since the end of the nineteenth century, thanks to the pioneering work of Engelmann, Pfeffer, and other biologists, the mechanisms involved are still almost entirely unknown. How do bacteria detect the attractants? How is this sensed information translated into action; that is, how are the flagella directed?
Biofuel Food Disasters and Cellulosic Ethanol Problems

As shortages of fossil energy, especially oil and natural gas, become evident, the United States has moved to convert corn grain into ethanol with the goal to make the nation oil independent. Using more than 20% of all U.S. corn on 15 million acres in 2007 was providing the nation with less than 1% of U.S. oil consumption. Because the corn ethanol project has been a disaster, there is growing interest to develop cellulosic ethanol. Wood, grasses, and crop residues are being proposed as sources for ethanol fuel. Though it may seem beneficial to use renewable plant materials for biofuel, the use of crop residues and other biomass for biofuels raises major concerns about energy balance, food security, and environmental problems.
Stock characteristics of shovelnose sturgeon in the lower Platte River, Nebraska

Summary The objectives of this research were to evaluate the condition, size structure, and growth of shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) in the lower Platte River, Nebraska. A total of 1338 shovelnose sturgeon was collected using drifted gill and trammel nets (n = 954), trot lines (n = 340), and benthic trawls (n = 44) in the spring, summer, and autumn from four reaches: (i) Two Rivers State Park, (ii) confluence of Platte and Elkhorn rivers (iii) Louisville, Nebraska, and (iv) confluence of Platte and Missouri rivers during the spring, summer, and autumn of 2000 through 2004. Structural and condition indices were compared among reaches and years. Incremental relative stock densities (RSD) for shovelnose sturgeon sampled throughout the entire lower Platte River were: stock-quality (1), quality-preferred (12), preferred-memorable (82), and memorable-trophy (5). Proportional stock values were >99 for all years. A significance was detected in RSD categories among reaches and years with larger length-categories observed in the upstream reaches. Mean relative weight (Wr) for all shovelnose sturgeon was 86.5, indicating a fit population. Mean Wr showed no significant differences among years, but significance was detected among reaches and RSD categories. Shovelnose sturgeon in the lower Platte River appear to be in good condition and exhibit different length-frequency distributions longitudinally.