cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling criteria for extraction regime transitions for microscale in-situ vapor extraction applications

Abstract A major detriment of two-phase microscale flow systems is a significantly large pressure drop. For flow boiling the potential for flow instabilities is also a major concern. Both disadvantages may be suppressed by extracting vapor through a hydrophobic porous wall of the channel as a means to reduce the channel vapor fraction. The vapor extraction may occur as different regimes either as evaporation, bubble extraction or a combination of both. In the design of vapor extraction systems, it is important to accurately predict extraction rates, different extraction regimes, and the effect of extraction on the heat transfer and channel flow conditions. This study focuses on two parts: the development of physic-based models for the transition criteria among (i) the extraction mechanism regimes, and (ii) the extraction flow regimes for microscale flow boiling. The identification and conditions for the various extraction regimes are discussed and criteria for transition are developed based on physical concepts. Six potential extraction mechanism regimes are identified: (a) no extraction, (b) evaporation, (c) bubble extraction, (d) bubble extraction with partial liquid blockage, (e) bubble extraction with evaporation, and (f) liquid breakthrough. Based on the criteria for the extraction mechanism regimes, the rate of vapor extraction is modeled and used to analyze the effects of vapor extraction on the dynamics of two-phase flow boiling. The results show six extraction flow regimes for two-phase flow boiling: (i) single-phase evaporation, (ii) two-phase evaporation – bubble collapse, (iii) full extraction – stable, (iv) full extraction – unstable, (v) partial extraction – stable and (iv) partial extraction – unstable.
Dynamic amino acid increases in the basolateral amygdala during acquisition and expression of conditioned fear.

Glutamate and c-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release in the amygdala are thought to be crucial for the acquisition and expression of fear memories, but the time course of amino acid changes during conditioning is unknown. We used rapid-sampling microdialysis with 14 s temporal resolution to address this issue. During auditory fear conditioning, large, rapid and transient increases in glutamate and GABA were detected, but only during the first noise‐shock pairing. In contrast, rats receiving unsignaled shocks during contextual fear conditioning showed no changes in GABA and less glutamate release for the initial shock, but increased glutamate release during later shocks. Expression of conditioned fear to either a white noise or the context previously paired with shock produced similar rapid and transient increases in many amino acids in the amygdala. These experiments demonstrate glutamate and GABA levels in the amygdala are differentially modulated during auditory and contextual fear learning, and are transiently increased during the expression of fear memories.
Diabetes mellitus. Prevention of amputation

Fifteen percent of individuals with diabetes will likely develop foot ulcers in their lifetime, and approximately 15% to 20% of these ulcers are estimated to result in lower extremity amputation. Techniques to prevent lower extremity amputation range from the simple but often neglected foot inspection to complicated vascular and reconstructive foot surgery. Appropriate management can prevent and heal diabetic foot ulcers, thereby greatly decreasing the amputation rate and medical care costs. Prevention is the key to treatment. The author discusses general guidelines for foot screening and identifies three specific goals for prevention of amputation: 1) identification of at risk individuals needing prevention and the specific factors placing them at risk; 2) protection of the foot against the adverse effects of external forces (pressure, friction, and shear); and 3) reduction of the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers through educational programs.
Increased slow transport in axons of regenerating newt limbs after a nerve conditioning lesion.

We have previously shown that a nerve conditioning lesion (CL) made 2 weeks prior to amputation results in an earlier onset of limb regeneration in newts. Studies in fish and mammals demonstrate that when a CL precedes a nerve testing lesion, slow component b (SCb) of axonal transport is increased compared to axons that had not received a CL. We wanted to know whether the earlier initiation of limb regeneration after a CL was associated with an increase in SCb transport. The transport of [35S]methionine labeled SCb proteins was measured by using SDS-PAGE, fluorography, and scintillation counting. The rate of transport and quantity of SCb proteins was determined at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injection of [35S]methionine into the motor columns of normal; single lesioned (i.e., transection axotomy, amputation axotomy, or sham CL followed by amputation); and double-lesioned limb axons (i.e., nerve transection CL followed 2 weeks later by amputation axotomy). The rate of SCb transport in axons of unamputated newt limbs was 0.19 mm/day. There was an increase in the amount of labeled SCb proteins transported in axons regenerating as the result of a single lesion but no acceleration in the rate of SCb transport, which was 0.21 mm/day in axons that received a sham CL followed by limb amputation. The rate of SCb transport doubled (0.40 mm/day) and the amount of labeled SCb proteins being transported was increased when amputation was preceded by a CL. This study demonstrates that the earlier onset of limb regrowth, seen when amputation follows a CL, is associated with an increased transport of SCb proteins. This suggests that limb regeneration is, in part, regulated by axonal regrowth. We propose that the blastema requires a minimum quantity of innervation before progressing to the next stage of limb regeneration, and that the transport of SCb proteins determines when that quantity will be available.
Polyuric Kidneys and Uveitis: An Oculorenal Syndrome

Patient: Female, 32 Final Diagnosis: Nephrogenic diabetes inspidus secondary to tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome Symptoms: — Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Kidney biopsy Specialty: Nephrology Objective: Rare disease Background: Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome (TINU syndrome) is a diagnosis of exclusion based on the presence of uveitis and acute tubulointerstitial nephritis in the absence of other disease entities known to cause both of these disorders. The proximal tubule is frequently affected by this syndrome, resulting in a wide range of presentations that vary from proteinuria to full picture of Fanconi syndrome. However, distal tubular involvement is not common. Case Report: A 32-year-old female patient presented with polyuria, polydipsia and painful red eyes. Her water deprivation test and desmopressin test results were consistent with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Her kidney biopsy showed acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Her eye exam was consistent with uveitis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus due to tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome. Conclusions: Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome (TINU) syndrome can present with multiple renal tubular defects, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Characterization of a single sample of an unknown polymer by size exclusion chromatography

The relationship between viscosity constants, k', a and Kη from the equations of Huggins and Mark-Kuhn-Houwink has been considered. It is shown, theoretically, that the sum of k' and a must be constant for all flexible-chain macromolecules irrespective of the solvent used. On this basis, a combination of chromatography and viscometry measurements can be used to characterize a new species. The method has been applied to the new polymer, poly[methyl(pyridin-3-yl) siloxane] (1) where no suitable calibration standards are available. The value of a, k', and Kη for 1 has been calculated. The calculated constants enabled an estimation of different average molecular weights (MnMwMz) and polydispersity (Mw/Mn) from a minimum of experimental data. The new method is general and can be applied to any homogeneous linear flexible-chain nondraining macromolecule.
The effect of gibbs adsorption on marangoni instability in penetration mass transfer

A theoretical analysis of Marangoni convection in gas-liquid mass transfer shows the stabilizing effect of surface convection in the Gibbs adsorption layer. Results are obtained for various ratios of liquid layer thickness to mass transfer penetration depth. For deep liquid layers, complete stabilization results when the inventory in the Gibbs layer equals the solute deficiency in the liquid phase boundary layer, irrespective of the shape of the unperturbed concentration profile. This new theory agrees much better with experimental results than did previous theories. For example, for triethylamine desorption from water, the discrepancy is reduced from a factor of 8,000 to a factor of 8. Speculations are offered concerning this residual discrepancy.
Sensemble: a wireless, compact, multi-user sensor system for interactive dance

We describe the design of a system of compact, wireless sensor modules meant to capture expressive motion when worn at the wrists and ankles of a dancer. The sensors form a high-speed RF network geared toward real-time data acquisition from multiple devices simultaneously, enabling a small dance ensemble to become a collective interface for music control. Each sensor node includes a 6-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU) comprised of three orthogonal gyroscopes and accelerometers in order to capture local dynamics, as well as a capacitive sensor to measure close range node-to-node proximity. The nodes may also be augmented with other digital or analog sensors. This paper describes application goals, presents the prototype hardware design, introduces concepts for feature extraction and interpretation, and discusses early test results.
An Analysis of Perceptions Regarding Knowledge-Worker Instructional Needs in Graduate Management Programs

Relevance in Management programs has become a major issue for colleges and universities. The literature posits that proactive educational institutions need to retool and refocus their programs to be consistent with business organizations which have been transformed by technology and global commerce. This study addresses the reliability of contemporary perceptions and postulates expressed in the literature related to effectively managing knowledge-work professionals. A literature search of knowledge-worker writings was collected and perceptions were extracted for further evaluation. These extracted attributes were set into a thirty-five item questionnaire and administered to three demographic groups including: (a) knowledge-workers, (b) knowledge-worker managers, and (c) knowledge worker educators. Results indicate that if such a validated perception-based program were offered it would raise fulfillment of needs for knowledge-workers, managers, and educators and offer a unique, identifiable program related to teaching and researching related to this new management paradigm.
Impact of 2-, 4- and 9-valent HPV vaccines on morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Most cervical cancers are associated with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV), and vaccination with any of 3 available HPV vac...
Energy Demand Analysis of Photovoltaic Device – Material and Nanomanufacturing Process Discovery

Abstract Most solar cell manufacturing plants and research laboratories in the U.S. use non-renewable energy for their operations. This energy paradox must be addressed, especially due to the increased spending toward photovoltaic (PV) technology research and manufacturing fueled by the growing demand for renewable energy supply. At the same time, it is also important that the scientific community be made aware of the energy cost of energy research. While keeping scientific discovery a priority, it must be understood that energy is precious and must be conserved, including at the research and development stage of a product's life cycle. With energy conservation in mind, a case study was conducted to quantify the energy demand for the research phase of an emerging PV technology and identify energy intensive components. The test-bed system chosen for this study was a quantum-wire (QWR) based intermediate band solar cell grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and fabricated by photolithography. This paper presents the results of the energy demand analysis performed on the QWR-based solar cell research test-bed system. Life cycle assessment (LCA), an internationally accepted tool for energy and sustainability analysis, was chosen as the methodology for conducting this case study.
Age-related changes in prefrontal norepinephrine transporter density: The basis for improved cognitive flexibility after low doses of atomoxetine in adolescent rats

Adolescence is a period of major behavioral and brain reorganization. As diagnoses and treatment of disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often occur during adolescence, it is important to understand how the prefrontal cortices change and how these changes may influence the response to drugs during development. The current study uses an adolescent rat model to study the effect of standard ADHD treatments, atomoxetine and methylphenidate on attentional set shifting and reversal learning. While both of these drugs act as norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, higher doses of atomoxetine and all doses of methylphenidate also block dopamine transporters (DAT). Low doses of atomoxetine, were effective at remediating cognitive rigidity found in adolescents. In contrast, methylphenidate improved performance in rats unable to form an attentional set due to distractibility but was without effect in normal subjects. We also assessed the effects of GBR 12909, a selective DAT inhibitor, but found no effect of any dose on behavior. A second study in adolescent rats investigated changes in norepinephrine transporter (NET) and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) density in five functionally distinct sub-regions of the prefrontal cortex: infralimbic, prelimbic, anterior cingulate, medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortices. These regions are implicated in impulsivity and distractibility. We found that NET, but not DBH, changed across adolescence in a regionally selective manner. The prelimbic cortex, which is critical to cognitive rigidity, and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, critical to reversal learning and some forms of response inhibition, showed higher levels of NET at early than mid- to late adolescence. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Noradrenergic System.
Applying Welfare Economics: An ex ante Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Government of Sri Lanka-World Bank Funded Project to Improve the Quality and Relevance of Undergraduate Education in Sri Lanka

This paper contains an ex ante cost-benefit analysis of a new World Bank project aimed at improving the quality and relevance of undergraduate education in Sri Lanka (the IRQUE project). The paper outlines a range of potential economic and social benefits that can accrue through this IRQUE project, and applies the techniques of ex ante cost benefit analysis to quantify the net benefits. The analysis concludes that, over a wide range of alternative cost-benefit scenarios, the project has the potential to yield considerable economic and social benefits. The paper also examines the fiscal impact and sustainability of the project and shows that, under relatively modest assumptions about public expenditure on university education, the project has a high degree of fiscal sustainability. The actual economic and social impact, in contrast to the potential benefits, depends on the operation and implementation experience of the project. Sound economic research and analysis is needed to measure these actual benefits. The ex ante cost benefit analysis contained in this paper provides a baseline against which the performance of the project can be measured over time.
The Mixed Bag of Narcissistic Organizational Identification at the Top of the Organization

Some CEOs appear to have strong organizational identification and yet exhibit behaviors that exploit the organization for personal benefit. These are not behaviors that theory typically associates ...
Evaluation of Model Fit in Cognitive Diagnosis Models

Cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) estimate student ability profiles using latent attributes. Model fit to the data needs to be ascertained in order to determine whether inferences from CDMs are valid. This study investigated the usefulness of some popular model fit statistics to detect CDM fit including relative fit indices (AIC, BIC, and CAIC), and absolute fit indices (RMSEA2, ABS(fcor) and MAX(χ2jj′)). These fit indices were assessed under different CDM settings with respect to Q-matrix misspecification and CDM misspecification. Results showed that relative fit indices selected the correct DINA model most of the times and selected the correct G-DINA model well across most conditions. Absolute fit indices rejected the true DINA model if the Q-matrix was misspecified in any way. Absolute fit indices rejected the true G-DINA model whenever the Q-matrix was under-specified. RMSEA2 could be artificially low when the Q-matrix was over-specified.
Label-free Imaging in Deep Tissue at Cellular Resolution

We present a new light-sheet microscope using scattered infrared illumination that can resolve cell bodies at tissue depths heretofore limited to two-photon microscopy. It also circumvents the phototoxicity that arises from fluorescence. Article not available.
Towards Next Level Satellite Drag Modeling

Orbital drag errors adversely impact many space missions including providing collision avoidance warnings for manned spaceflight and other high-value assets, accurately cataloging of all orbiting objects, predicting reentry times and estimating satellite lifetimes, on-board fuel requirements and attitude dynamics. Uncertainties in neutral density variations are the major satellite drag limiting factor for precise low-Earth orbit determination at altitudes below about 700 km. We review current efforts in empirical and theoretical models dedicated to meeting evolving stringent operational satellite drag requirements. New data sets from orbital drag, satellite-borne accelerometers and remote sensors now provide unprecedented capabilities for modeling thermospheric variability vs altitude, latitude, day of year, local time and solar-geomagnetic conditions. This effort is greatly enhanced by an AFOSR-supported Multi-University Research Initiative. Scientific community efforts are providing steady, previously unattainable, progress supporting Air Force research for an accurate assimilative and predictive operational first principles satellite drag model. There remains a critical need for comprehensive measurements of the thermosphere and relevant heating inputs.
Analysis on Seismic Property of Steel Frame-steel Plate Shear Wall with Slit

The finite element analysis on steel frames-steel plate shear wall with slit on the seismicwaves,EL Centro,400 cm/s2 are conducted.The results showed that the thickness of steel plate has a significant impact on seismic performance on the steel frame-steel plate shear wall with slit.With the thickness decreasing,the vertex displacement and base shear increase,and the size of hysteresis curves become larger.
Melanoma: Kids are not just little people

Malignant melanoma can affect patients of any age. It has been well documented that the overall incidence of melanoma has increased in the past several decades, and this increase extends to the pediatric population (both preadolescent and, to a greater extent, adolescent children). Melanoma in adolescents, commonly defined as patients 11 to 19 years of age, behaves similarly to melanoma in adults; however, there are a number of distinct differences in the presentation and prognosis of melanoma in the preadolescent population. Though our treatment options for melanoma are increasing with the advent of novel drugs and clinical trials, the rarity of pediatric melanomas often excludes this population from clinical studies. The treatment options for the pediatric patient are predominantly based on adult clinical trials. Awareness of the differences in clinical presentation, as well as management of melanoma in younger patients compared with their adult counterparts, is crucial to guarantee prompt and appropriate care.
Docosahexaenoic Acid Conjugation Enhances Distribution and Safety of siRNA upon Local Administration in Mouse Brain

The use of siRNA-based therapies for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease requires efficient, nontoxic distribution to the affected brain parenchyma, notably the striatum and cortex. Here, we describe the synthesis and activity of a fully chemically modified siRNA that is directly conjugated to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in the mammalian brain. DHA conjugation enables enhanced siRNA retention throughout both the ipsilateral striatum and cortex following a single, intrastriatal injection (ranging from 6–60 μg). Within these tissues, DHA conjugation promotes internalization by both neurons and astrocytes. We demonstrate efficient and specific silencing of Huntingtin mRNA expression in both the ipsilateral striatum (up to 73%) and cortex (up to 51%) after 1 week. Moreover, following a bilateral intrastriatal injection (60 μg), we achieve up to 80% silencing of a secondary target, Cyclophilin B, at both the mRNA and protein level. Importantly, DHA-hsiRNAs do not induce neural cell death or measurable innate immune activation following administration of concentrations over 20 times above the efficacious dose. Thus, DHA conjugation is a novel strategy for improving siRNA activity in mouse brain, with potential to act as a new therapeutic platform for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Riemann Surfaces and Algebraic Curves: A First Course in Hurwitz Theory

Hurwitz theory, the study of analytic functions among Riemann surfaces, is a classical field and active research area in algebraic geometry. The subject's interplay between algebra, geometry, topology and analysis is a beautiful example of the interconnectedness of mathematics. This book introduces students to this increasingly important field, covering key topics such as manifolds, monodromy representations and the Hurwitz potential. Designed for undergraduate study, this classroom-tested text includes over 100 exercises to provide motivation for the reader. Also included are short essays by guest writers on how they use Hurwitz theory in their work, which ranges from string theory to non-Archimedean geometry. Whether used in a course or as a self-contained reference for graduate students, this book will provide an exciting glimpse at mathematics beyond the standard university classes.
Regulation of brachyury by fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in lung cancer.

// Yunping Hu 1 , Xin Feng 2 , Akiva Mintz 3 , W. Jeffrey Petty 4 , Wesley Hsu 1 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA 2 Department of Otolaryngology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA 3 Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA 4 Department of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA Correspondence to: Wesley Hsu, email: whsu@wakehealth.edu Yunping Hu, email: yhu@wakehealth.edu Keywords: fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, brachyury, lung cancer Received: June 07, 2016 Accepted: November 06, 2016 Published: November 24, 2016 ABSTRACT Recent evidence suggests that T-box transcription factor brachyury plays an important role in lung cancer development and progression. However, the mechanisms underlying brachyury-driven cellular processes remain unclear. Here we found that fibroblast growth factor receptor 1/mitogen-activated protein kinase (FGFR1/MAPK) signaling regulated brachyury in lung cancer. Analysis of FGFR1-4 and brachyury expression in human lung tumor tissue and cell lines found that only expression of FGFR1 was positively correlated with brachyury expression. Specific knockdown of FGFR1 by siRNA suppressed brachyury expression and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) (upregulation of E-cadherin and β-catenin and downregulation of Snail and fibronectin), whereas forced overexpression of FGFR1 induced brachyury expression and promoted EMT in lung cancer cells. Activation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGFR1 signaling promoted phosphorylated MAPK extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus, upregulated brachyury expression, and increased cell growth and invasion. In addition, human lung cancer cells with higher brachyury expression were more sensitive to inhibitors targeting FGFR1/MAPK pathway. These findings suggest that FGFR1/MAPK may be important for brachyury activation in lung cancer, and this pathway may be an appealing therapeutic target for a subset of brachyury-driven lung cancer.
Analyzing and Predicting Hypocrisy in the Electorate

In three studies of the American electorate, I utilize every available metric in the American National Election Studies data since 1990 to explore what, exactly, has been and continues to be associated with and predictive of attitudinal hypocrisy of several different types: individual hypocrisy “scores,” overall hypocrisy, and total horizontal constraint—operationalized here as its inverse of “logical anti-constraint.” As hypothesized, traditionalist Christian religiosity, racial resentment, and egalitarianism have strong and robust effects, especially for social issues; while measures of sophistication are limited in their explanatory power, at best. The results, altogether, paint a contextualized, and unfortunately more convoluted, portrait of what the EPDAM’s central expectations are.
Telotristat ethyl: proof of principle and the first oral agent in the management of well-differentiated metastatic neuroendocrine tumor and carcinoid syndrome diarrhea

Metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are associated with carcinoid syndrome that is typically characterized by diarrhea, cutaneous flushing and bronchospasm. Treatment with somatostatin analogues (SSA) improves the symptom burden but a significant proportion of patients stop responding to SSA therapy eventually. Novel agents with the potential to effectively control the symptoms are urgently needed. This article reviews an in-depth analysis of the phase I-III clinical trials determining the clinical rationale for the use of tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, telotristat ethyl in patients with well-differentiated metastatic NETs and uncontrolled carcinoid syndrome. Telotristat ethyl has already been approved for the treatment of inadequately controlled carcinoid syndrome symptoms in metastatic NET patients on SSA therapy. Results from multiple phase I–III clinical studies of telotristat ethyl therapy have reported a significant decrease in the daily bowel movement frequency, increase in quality of life and the subsequent decrease in annual health costs related to carcinoid syndrome symptoms in NET patients. The associated decrease in urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (u5-HIAA) provides evidence that telotristat ethyl effectively decreases serotonin production, and therefore, offers a rationale to investigate this agent to mitigate serotonin-mediated complications in this patient population, especially cardiac valvular disease or mesenteric fibrosis.
Abstract P177: Intermittent Hypoxia Attenuates Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 2 (CRHR2) mRNA and CRHR2-Mediated Calcium Influx in Neurons in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract

Studies have suggested that corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) originating within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) acts in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) to regulate sympathetic and cardiovascular functions, but the anatomical distributions and cellular actions of CRH receptors (CRHRs) in the NTS are not fully understood. We conducted in situ hybridization for CRH type 1 and type 2 receptors (CRHR1 and CRHR2) in Crl:CD(SD) rats and present mRNA levels as the total pixel gray values of positive staining calculated by ImageJ. The mRNA level of CRHR2 was significantly higher than CRHR1 (1.97 ± 0.1 x 10 7 , n=4 vs. 4.56 ± 0.92 x 10 6 , n=4; p 7 , n=4 vs. 1.3 ± 0.22 x 10 7 , n=3; P
Simulation center best practices: A review of ACS-accredited educational institutes' best practices, 2011 to present.

Abstract Background Since the inception of American College of Surgeons' Accredited Educational Institute (ACS-AEI) Consortium, accreditation reviews have identified best practices in simulation-based education and center operations. A review of best practices would support the communication of these best practices, offer recognition of exemplar institutes, and facilitate discussion and sharing of resources amongst AEIs. Methods We examined 5 years of ACS AEI accreditation best practices identified across all standards and criteria. The goal was to identify resources that could be shared among AEIs and recognize AEI champions that have promoted best practices in surgical simulation. Results From 149 site reviews (July 2011–June 2016), reviewers identified 197 best practices across 83 AEIs (52.9% of all sites reviewed received a best practice). A total of 52.5% of best practices were associated with curriculum development, delivery of effective education and assessment, and 25 available resources were identified that could be shared among AEIs. The majority of best practices (n = 117, 59.3%) were identified at 24 AEIs, with the highest number of best practices identified at Banner Simulation Center and New Orleans Learning Center (10 each over 2 reviews). Twenty-two other institutes presented 97 best practices, with between 3 to 8 per institute (mean = 4.4, standard deviation = 1.6). Specific best practices, criteria, and AEI champions are highlighted. Conclusion Review of AEI accreditation best practices identified common themes for surgical simulation programs and identified tools that could be shared to advance all programs and champion AEIs that have promoted best practices in surgical simulation.
Initial whole blood-based gene expression profile assays in mCRPC pts.

370Background: Although second generation androgen receptor (AR) targeting therapy, abiraterone (Abi) and enzalutamide (enza), improve therapeutic effect for patients of mCRPC, acquired resistance ...
Facile emulsion mediated synthesis of phase-pure diopside nanoparticles

Diopside is a common natural pyroxene that is rarely found in a pure state, since magnesium is often partially substituted by iron, and other elements (sodium and aluminum) are often present. This pyroxene, along with feldspars and olivines, is common in concrete. As the prospective license renewal of light water reactors to 80 years of operation has raised concerns on the effects of radiation in the concrete biological shield surrounding the reactors, mineral nanoparticles can be valuable to perform amorphization studies to inform predictive models of mechanical properties of irradiated concrete. The synthesis of diopside nanoparticles was achieved in this study using a reverse-micelle sol-gel method employing TEOS, calcium chloride and Mg(MeO)2 in a methanol/toluene solution. Tert-butylamine and water were used as hydrolysis agents, and dodecylamine as a surfactant. The resulting amorphous precursor was centrifuged to remove organics and fired at 800 °C. Additional reaction with hydrogen peroxide was used to remove amine remnants. TEM and SEM examinations revealed a product comprised of 50–100 nm diameter nanoparticles. XRD indicated phase pure diopside and BET indicated a surface area of 63.5 m2/g before peroxide treatment, which at a bulk density of 3.4 g/cm3 is equivalent to particles with diameter of 28 nm.
Structures, circuits and architectures for molecular scale integrated sensing and computing

Nanoscale devices offer the technological advances to enable a new era in computing. Device sizes at the molecular-scale have the potential to expand the domain of conventional computer systems to reach into environments and application domains that are otherwise impractical, such as single-cell sensing or micro-environmental monitoring. New potential application domains, like biological scale computing, require processing elements that can function inside nanoscale volumes (e.g. single biological cells) and are thus subject to extreme size and resource constraints. In this thesis we address these critical new domain challenges through a synergistic approach that matches manufacturing techniques, circuit technology, and architectural design with application requirements. We explore and vertically integrate these three fronts: (a) assembly methods that can cost-effectively provide nanometer feature sizes, (b) device technologies for molecular-scale computing and sensing, and (c) architectural design techniques for nanoscale processors, with the goal of mapping a potential path toward achieving molecular-scale computing. We make four primary contributions in this thesis. First, we develop and experimentally demonstrate a scalable, cost-effective DNA self-assembly-based fabrication technique for molecular circuits. Second, we propose and evaluate Resonance Energy Transfer (RET) logic, a novel nanoscale technology for computing based on single-molecule optical devices. Third, we design and experimentally demonstrate selective sensing of several biomolecules using RET-logic elements. Fourth, we explore the architectural implications of integrating computation and molecular sensors to form nanoscale sensor processors (nSP), nanoscale-sized systems that can sense, process, store and communicate molecular information. Through the use of self-assembly manufacturing, RET molecular logic, and novel architectural techniques, the smallest nSP design is about the size of the largest known virus.
Chapter 5 Vocal Performance and Sensorimotor Learning in Songbirds

Abstract This chapter addresses the interplay of vocal performance, sensorimotor learning, and vocal evolution in songbirds. Vocal performance is increasingly recognized as an influential factor in song evolution, particularly with respect to vocal output, song consistency, and trill structure. We argue here that a comprehensive understanding of vocal performance requires attention to sensorimotor learning, a developmental phase during which birds attempt to reproduce song models memorized earlier in life. New research indicates that birds calibrate song structure during sensorimotor ontogeny in order to best match their own vocal performance capacities. Because of this relationship, performance-related features may provide reliable indicators of male quality as manifest during sensorimotor learning. We review evidence in support of the “developmental stress” hypothesis and propose that this hypothesis be expanded to also consider vocal features crystallized during sensorimotor learning. We suggest avenues for future research that document relationships between vocal performance, morphology, and song learning programs.
Common peripheral nerve injuries in sport: diagnosis and management

Peripheral nerve injuries are unusual in sport but impact an athlete's safe return to play. Nerve injuries result from either acute trauma (most commonly in contact/collision sports) or from repetitive microtrauma and overuse. Diagnosis of overuse nerve injuries includes nerve localization and surrounding soft-tissue anatomy, and must account for possible causes of repetitive microtrauma, including biomechanics, equipment, training schedule, and recovery. Prognosis is related to the type of nerve injury. Management should not simply be rest and gradual return to sport but should address biomechanical and training predispositions to injury. Understanding the type of injury and the tissues involved will guide appropriate rehabilitation decisions. Recognizing acute care considerations and implementing appropriate strategies can help minimize secondary trauma to an area following acute injury.
Preparing for the Worst

Investments in supply chain risk management (SCRM), like other risk management initiatives, often require an upfront investment in an initiative that has no guaranteed or even likely payoff because the value is linked to a highly uncertain contingency. Such investments in SCRM can be modeled as real options that give a company the right but not the obligation to take action in the future, such as in response to a risk event. This chapter revisits supply chain risk by describing how companies are now managing supply chain risks. It illustrates four common categories of investment—each of which can be looked upon as a real option—that companies make in preparation for disruptions in supply (although these preparations also serve to handle surges in demand). The categories are investments in redundancy (e.g., inventory), flexibility (i.e., of facilities and processes), emergency operation centers (EOC), and business continuity planning (BCP).
Influence of Chronic Stroke on Functional Arm Reaching: Quantifying Deficits in the Ipsilesional Upper Extremity

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to quantify ipsilesional upper extremity (UE) stand-reaching performance (kinematics and kinetics) among chronic stroke survivors. Method. Community-dwelling chronic stroke survivors (n=13) and age-similar healthy adults (n=13) performed flexion- and abduction-reaching tasks. Surface EMG and acceleration were sampled using wireless sensors from the prime movers (anterior and middle deltoid) and provided performance-outcome (reaction time, burst duration, movement time, and movement initiation time) and performance-production (peak acceleration) measures and were then evaluated. Results. Individuals with chronic stroke demonstrated significantly reduced performance outcomes (i.e., longer reaction time, burst duration, movement time, and movement initiation time) and performance production ability (i.e., smaller peak acceleration) compared to their healthy counterparts (p < 0.05) for both flexion- and abduction-reaching movements. Conclusion. Our results are suggestive of post-stroke deficits in ipsilesional motor execution during a stand-reaching task. Based on these findings, it is essential to integrate ipsilesional UE training into rehabilitation interventions as this might aid functional reaching activities of daily living and could ultimately help community-dwelling chronic stroke survivors maintain their independent living.
A Driving-Force Predictor for Estimating Pathway Activation in Patient-Specific Models of Deep Brain Stimulation

Objective Detailed biophysical modeling of deep brain stimulation (DBS) provides a theoretical approach to quantify the cellular response to the applied electric field. However, the most accurate models for performing such analyses, patient-specific field-cable (FC) pathway-activation models (PAMs), are so technically demanding to implement that their use in clinical research is greatly limited. Predictive algorithms can simplify PAM calculations, but they generally fail to reproduce the output of FC models when evaluated over a wide range of clinically relevant stimulation parameters. Therefore, we set out to develop a novel driving-force (DF) predictive algorithm (DF-Howell), customized to the study of DBS, which can better match FC results. Methods We developed the DF-Howell algorithm and compared its predictions to FC PAM results, as well as to the DF-Peterson algorithm, which is currently the most accurate and generalizable DF-based method. Comparison of the various methods was quantified within the context of subthalamic DBS using activation thresholds of axons representing the internal capsule, hyperdirect pathway, and cerebellothalamic tract for various combinations of fiber diameters, stimulus pulse widths, and electrode configurations. Results The DF-Howell predictor estimated activation of the three axonal pathways with less than a 6.2% mean error with respect to the FC PAM for all 21 cases tested. In 15 of the 21 cases, DF-Howell outperformed DF-Peterson in estimating pathway activation, reducing mean-errors up to 22.5%. Conclusions DF-Howell represents an accurate predictor for estimating axonal pathway activation in patient-specific DBS models, but errors still exist relative to FC PAM calculations. Nonetheless, the tractability of DF algorithms helps to reduce the technical barriers for performing accurate biophysical modeling in clinical DBS research studies.
A Double Pumped Single-Line-Cache SRAM Architecture for Ultra-low Energy IoT and Machine Learning Applications

IoT and machine learning inference SoCs in harvested-energy applications issue repeated memory reads for extended periods. Due to limited energy-budget, these SoCs restrict the use of embedded memories to read-optimized ultra-low energy (ULE) SRAMs. This work proposes an SRAM embedded single-line-cache (SLC) architecture that reduces the read activity factor of near-threshold read-dominated SRAMs. Our scheme employs a double pumped single cycle write-back scheme to avoid the half-select issue in voltage scaled 8T SRAMs. This work shows that employing SLC for sequential reads achieves a worst-case read energy savings of 5.7X in SF_0.5V_27C and saves more than 80% in a column mux scenario for random sequential reads compared to the normal read operations for ULE IoT and machine learning applications.
Development and Content Validity of the Lupus Foundation of America Rapid Evaluation of Activity in Lupus (LFA-REAL™): A Patient-Reported Outcome Measure for Lupus Disease Activity

The LFA REAL™ is a measurement system for evaluating lupus disease activity from both clinician and patient perspectives. Patients’ viewpoints are captured using a patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaire. A series of visual analog scales are designed to rate disease severity and progress over the past 4 weeks. Brief instructions guide the patient to distinguish between active, potentially reversible symptoms and chronic pain or discomfort that are more likely due to damage. Beyond its simplicity and efficiency, the PRO can provide versatile assessments from a global, organ-based, and symptom-specific level. This paper describes the patient-centered approach used to evaluate the content validity of the LFA-REAL PRO. The PRO was developed in accordance with FDA guidance. A two-phase qualitative study was performed with 25 lupus patients, 10 who participated in concept elicitation (Phase 1) and 15 in cognitive debriefing interviews (Phase 2). Qualitative data were analyzed using ATLAS.ti software v7.5. Upon completion of the interviews, participants completed the draft PRO and additional measures to characterize the sample. The mean age of participants was 45.6 and 88% were female, as expected in a lupus population. The mean SF-36 physical component score was 29.8 and the mean mental component score was 46.4. Phase 1 elicited symptom saturation and mapping of the draft PRO. Fatigue was reported by 100% of patients, highlighting its importance as a measurable domain. Additionally, 100% of patients spontaneously mentioned arthritis, which may be more important to this group than previously estimated, substantiating the approach of this PRO to break down components of arthritis into joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. Shortness of breath and fever were reported more frequently than expected. Phase 2 data demonstrated that participants found the instrument easy to use and offered recommendations to improve clarity, leading to adjustments in wording and formatting. Results suggest that the LFA-REAL PRO has content validity and, with some modifications suggested by participants, is ready for quantitative validation, including tests of reliability, validity, responsiveness to change, and performance relative to other PROs used in lupus trials. After validation, the LFA-REAL system is intended for use in clinical practice and research.
Preventing and Managing Risk of Violence and Suicide in Substance-Abusing Patients in the Emergency Department

Violence and suicidality are commonly encountered in the emergency department (ED). Substance use, in particular alcohol and stimulant use, increases the risk of harm to self or others. In addition, patients with substance use disorders often have associated or comorbid medical and psychiatric problems. Therefore, when treating substance-using patients in the ED, clinicians must assess for the presence of any active medical or psychiatric problems that could contribute to risk while evaluating the extent of possible intoxication and/or withdrawal. Informed screening, mitigation of identified risk factors, close monitoring, and early therapeutic intervention can be helpful in minimizing the risk of violent behavior. Emergency medication (primarily antipsychotics and benzodiazepines) and physical restraints may be necessary to protect patients and staff but should be used sparingly and judiciously. Disposition and discharge planning for substance-using patients at risk for violent and/or suicidal behavior requires thorough medical and psychiatric evaluation, capacity assessment, and careful clinical decision-making.
A Diagnosis to Chew On

A Diagnosis to Chew On A 31-year-old woman with depression presented with diffuse lower abdominal pain and vomiting. The hemoglobin level was 9.1 g per deciliter, hematocrit 28.2%, and mean corpusc...
When cure is not the goal: Ethical issues surrounding early-phase research

Pediatric cancer was once a uniformly fatal disease. Sidney Farber, a pioneer of pediatric chemotherapy, was initially criticized for tormenting children by administering experimental chemotherapy when it would have been kinder and gentler to “let them die in peace.” [1] Now, almost 70 years later, the 5-year survival rates in pediatric leukemia are greater than 80% [2]. Clinical studies have served as the engine for these successes. Today, approximately 80% of children with cancer are enrolled in clinical trials. However, the benefits of these studies to society must be balanced against the risks to individual participants, and research subjects must be protected from coercion, exploitation, and any undue harm.
A Novel Defense Strategy Against Zero-Dynamics Attacks in Multi-Agent Systems

This paper studies strategic topology switching for a second-order multi-agent system under zero-dynamics attack (ZDA) whose attack-starting time is allowed to be not the initial time. We first study the detectability of ZDA, which is a sufficient and necessary condition of switching topologies in detecting the attack. Based on the detectability, a Luenberger observer under switching topology is proposed to detect the stealthy attack. The primary advantages of the attack-detection algorithm are twofold: (i) in detecting ZDA, the algorithm allows the defender (system operator) to have no knowledge of the attack-starting time and the misbehaving agents (agents under attack); (ii) in tracking system in the absence of attacks, Luenberger observer has no constraint on the magnitude of observer gains and the number of observed outputs. Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the strategic topology-switching algorithm.