cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seismic retrofit of simply supported bridges using shape memory alloys

Recent earthquakes in the United States and Japan have highlighted the vulnerability of bridges to collapse due to excessive movement at the intermediate hinges and abutments. This study investigates the effectiveness of shape memory alloy restrainer bars to reduce the seismic vulnerability of bridges. Full-scale tests of shape memory alloy (SMA) restrainer bars are conducted to determine their force-deformation and energy dissipation characteristics. The 25.4 mm diameter bars are subjected to cyclical strains up to 8%, with minimum residual deformation. The effectiveness of the SMA restrainer bars in bridges is assessed through nonlinear analyses of a typical multi-span simply supported bridge. The SMA restrainer bars are effective in limiting the relative displacement at the piers and abutments. In addition, the bars are shown to be very effective for near-field ground motion.
Athletic Foot Types and Deformities

The feet of athletes of all ages can be categorized as belonging to one of three specific types: rectus, planus, or cavus. Some athletes who are affected with congenital deformities and who suffer from chronic pain, discomfort, or reoccurring injuries can be treated. Examples of treatable deformities are discussed in this chapter. A basic knowledge of these foot types is necessary for athletes, certified athletic trainers, and sports medicine professionals. With this knowledge, sensible and informed decisions can be made in selecting appropriate footwear and orthoses in their sport. This chapter briefly discusses foot motion and mechanics as well as reviews common sports injuries relating to the deformities of the foot that can predispose athletes to these conditions.
An ultra high throughput and memory efficient pipeline architecture for multi-match packet classification without TCAMs

The emergence of new network applications like network intrusion detection system, packet-level accounting, and load-balancing requires packet classification to report all matched rules, instead of only the best matched rule. Although several schemes have been proposed recently to address the multi-match packet classification problem, most of them require either huge memory or expensive Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) to store the intermediate data structure, or suffer from steep performance degradation under certain types of classifiers. In this paper, we decompose the operation of multi-match packet classification from the complicated multi-dimensional search to several single-dimensional searches, and present an asynchronous pipeline architecture based on a signature tree structure to combine the intermediate results returned from single-dimensional searches. By spreading edges of the signature tree in multiple hash tables at different stages of the pipeline, the pipeline can achieve a high throughput via the inter-stage parallel access to hash tables. To exploit further intra-stage parallelism, two edge-grouping algorithms are designed to evenly divide the edges associated with each stage into multiple work-conserving hash tables with minimum overhead. Extensive simulation using realistic classifiers and traffic traces shows that the proposed pipeline architecture outperforms HyperCut and B2PC schemes in classification speed by at least one order of magnitude, while with a similar storage requirement. Particularly, with different types of classifiers of 4K rules, the proposed pipeline architecture is able to achieve a throughput between 19.5 Gbps and 91 Gbps.
Dual labels revisited (computer security)

The utility and need for trusted labels used for functions other than access control is discussed. The author shows that information labels serve functions separate and distinct from that of sensitivity labels. In some instances, they function in capacities that are beyond the abilities of standard single-label-based systems. It is also shown that attempting to incorporate the marking function into sensitivity labels is not a trivial task, and that this provides added weight to the argument that markings should be incorporated in labels separate from sensitivity labels. It is noted how the existence of the floating information labels in the CMW (compartmented mode workstation) provides users with the ability to remain at a single security level and manipulate data of a lower security level, and how the information labels will ensure that the data is properly labeled. >
Comparison of ice-sheet satellite altimeter retracking algorithms

The NASA and ESA retracking algorithms are compared with an algorithm based upon a combined surface and volume (S/V) scattering model. First, the S/V, NASA, and ESA algorithms were used to retrack over 1.3 million altimeter return waveforms from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. The surface elevations from the S/V algorithm were compared with the elevations produced by the NASA and ESA algorithms to determine the relative accuracy of these algorithms when subsurface volume scattering occurs. The results show that the ESA/sub 25%/ algorithm produced slightly higher surface elevations than the S/V algorithm. The NASA retracking algorithm produced lower surface elevations than the SN retracking algorithm, with average differences ranging from -0.3 to -0.9 m. The lower NASA elevations can only account for a portion of previously reported differences between altimeter and geoceiver surface elevations, suggesting that the remainder is probably due to orbital differences. Next, by analyzing several thousand satellite crossover points from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, the author estimated the repeatability of the surface elevations derived from the different retracking algorithms. The elevations derived from the ESA/sub 25%/ and S/V algorithm had the smallest standard deviations for the crossover differences for a time period where no significant change in surface elevation should occur. The NASA standard deviations were approximately 0.2 m larger than those from the ESA/sub 25%/ and S/V algorithm, which represents an average increase in error of approximately 0.5 m in the datasets. Since previous ice-sheet growth estimates have been based upon the elevations produced by the NASA retracking algorithm, further work needs to be conducted to determine if the ESA/sub 25%/ or S/V retracking algorithms produce growth estimates that are significantly different from the previous estimates.
Diffraction structures in binary encounter electron spectra: A dominant feature for projectiles above Cl and a tool to study the ionization mechanism

Abstract The energy and angular distributions of electrons produced in collisions of about 0.3 MeV/u ions on H 2 have been measured over a broad range of projectiles (Cl, Cu and I) and observation angles ( θ L ) of 0° to 70° with respect to the beam direction. A double peak structure is observed in the binary encounter electron (BEe) region for projectiles heavier than Cl. This structure can be understood in the impulse approximation as elastic scattering of quasi free target electrons in the screened projectile potential. The angular distribution of BEe production is investigated for different projectiles, and the violation of a q 2 -scaling is observed not only for 0° but for the whole angular range covered.
Building confidence in causal maps generated from purposive text data: mapping transcripts of the Federal Reserve

This paper explains a systematic way to code qualitative text data to generate causal maps for system dynamics modeling. The study was motivated by the important role qualitative data play in system dynamics and the need for formal methods to document the interpretive process of using text data in modeling. The coding method elucidated in the study was influenced by grounded theory, a flexible, yet rigorous way to build a theory from raw qualitative data. The inductive nature of grounded theory generation fits well with the conceptualization phase of simulation modeling. This paper uses verbatim transcripts from the Federal Open Market Committee meetings to illustrate the coding and mapping process, and it provides practical guidelines for systematic and reliable ways to ground simulation models in qualitative text data in order to build higher levels of confidence in models. Copyright © 2012 System Dynamics Society.
Graphene field effect transistor as a radiation and photodetector

We exploit the dependence of the electrical conductivity of graphene on a local electric field, which can be abruptly changed by charge carriers generated by ionizing radiation in an absorber material, to develop novel highperformance radiation sensors for detection of photons and other kinds of ionizing radiation. This new detection concept is implemented by configuring graphene as a field effect transistor (FET) on a radiation-absorbing undoped semiconductor substrate and applying a gate voltage across the sensor to drift charge carriers created by incident photons to the neighborhood of graphene, which gives rise to local electric field perturbations that change graphene resistance. Promising results have been obtained with CVD graphene FETs fabricated on various semiconductor substrates that have different bandgaps and stopping powers to address different application regimes. In particular, graphene FETs made on SiC have exhibited a ~200% increase in graphene resistance at a gate voltage of 50 V when exposed to room light at room temperature. Systematic studies have proven that the observed response is a field effect.
Measurement and application of betatron modes with MIA

We present model-independent analysis (MIA)-based methods for measuring lattice properties of a storage ring such as phase advance, beta function, chromaticity, and tune shift with amplitude. Using beam position histories of excited betatron oscillations that are simultaneously measured at a large number of beam position monitors (BPMs), the spatial-temporal modes of betatron oscillation can be extracted with MIA-mode analysis. The resulting spatial vectors are used to determine linear phase advance and beta function, and the temporal vectors are used to determine nonlinear chromaticity and tune shift with amplitude. Measurements done at the Advanced Photon Source fare reported
Teaching medical students about medically unexplained illnesses: a preliminary study.

Background: This study examined how an interactive seminar focusing on two medically unexplained illnesses, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia, influenced medical student attitudes toward CFS, a more strongly stigmatized illness. Methods: Forty-five fourth year medical students attended a 90 minute interactive seminar on the management of medically unexplained illnesses that was exemplified with CFS and fibromyalgia. A modified version of the CFS attitudes test was administered immediately before and after the seminar. Results: Pre-seminar assessment revealed neutral to slightly favorable toward CFS. At the end of the seminar, significantly more favorable attitudes were found toward CFS in general (t (42) = 2.77; P < 0.01) and for specific items that focused on (1) supporting more CFS research funding (t (42) = 4.32; P < 0.001; (2) employers providing flexible hours for people with CFS (t (42) = 3.52, P < 0.01); and (3) viewing CFS as not primarily a psychological disorder (t (42) = 2.87, P <...
InP-based thermionic coolers

Thermoelectric coolers are important elements of many optoelectronic systems. Current commercial coolers are based on non-conventional semiconductors such as BiTe. In this paper we analyze the prospect of InP based material to fabricate coolers that can be integrated with optoelectronic components. Experimental results are shown where thermionic emission current in InGaAs/InGaAsP heterostructures is used to enhance the cooling power of conventional bulk material. About one degree cooling over 1 /spl mu/m thick barrier is observed (i.e. a cooling power of 200-300 W/cm/sup 2/). Calculations for InGaAs/InAlAs superlattices show that single stage cooling by as much as 20-30 degrees should be possible.
A Finite Element Based Inverse Method for Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction Problems

An inverse method for predicting surface heat fluxes as functions of time and space was developed and applied to several one-dimensional problems by Ling et al. [1]. The method is based on the Galerkin finite element method and takes advantage of the linearity between the computed temperatures and the instantaneous surface heat fluxes. In the present work, the method is extended to two-dimensions and applications are made to a rectangular domain and an axisymmetric domain. Several possibilities are considered for solution stabilization and the effect of these approximations on the flux predictions is analysed. Results from a study of the sensitivity of the fluxes to the temperature sensor locations are also presented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Ideology, The Affordable Care Act Ruling, and Supreme Court Legitimacy

the received wisdom in the scholarly literature on the us supreme Court is that the perceived legitimacy of the institution is largely independent of the Court's policy output. legitimacy is thought to be rooted in more stable factors, such as support for democratic values, and thus to be immune from ideological discontent with any particular decision. While recent research has demonstrated a general associa- tion between political predispositions and legitimacy, questions remain about the extent to which the specific decisions of the Court might shape legitimacy judgments in the mass public. in this paper, we examine the relationship between ideology, political sophistication, and evaluations of supreme Court legitimacy in the aftermath of the recent decision on the affordable Care act. our findings suggest a substantial role for Court policymaking in shaping perceptions of legitimacy in the mass public, but the nature of the relationship is conditional on political sophistication.
A Novel Link Between Circadian Clocks and Adipose Tissue Energy Metabolism

Many behaviors and physiological processes are influenced by internal recurrent daily rhythms, which likely represent an adaptation to the Earth’s rotation around the Sun and the recurrent 24-h light-dark cycles in the external environment. These circadian rhythms are an important regulator of many key biological processes that influence cellular metabolic pathways and organ function (1,2). The results from a series of studies have demonstrated the importance of normal circadian action for maintaining health in people and the disruption of circadian rhythm, which can have adverse effects on metabolic function. For example, experimentally induced sleep restriction and/or circadian misalignment, generated by inducing recurrent 28-h sleep-wake cycles, decrease insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance (3–6). Data from epidemiological studies suggest that long-term alteration in sleep pattern increases the risk of obesity and metabolic diseases. The prevalence of obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and the metabolic syndrome are greater in shift workers than day workers, and short sleep duration is associated with an increased risk of obesity and diabetes (7,8). Circadian rhythms are generated by a transcriptional autoregulatory feedback loop that involves core clock genes. CLOCK (circadian locomotor output cycles protein kaput) and BMAL1 (brain and muscle ARNT-like 1) proteins form a heterodimer complex that binds to E-boxes, which drive the transcription of Period (PER1, 2, and 3) and Cryptochrome (CRY1 and 2), which in turn produce a negative feedback loop by suppressing CLOCK:BMAL1-mediated transcriptional activity (1,2). In mammals, neurons in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus act as a master pacemaker and synchronize the daily oscillations in peripheral tissues throughout the …
Abnormal APP, cholinergic and cognitive function in Ts65Dn Down's model mice

We evaluated Ts65Dn Down's syndrome mice and their littermates (LM) at 1-2, 4, and 12 months of age to determine amyloid precursor protein (APP)-related cellular and biochemical changes associated with cognitive deficits. Ts65Dn mice showed cognitive deficits in the Morris water maze compared to LM mice at 4 and 12 months of age. Ts65Dn, but not LM mice, developed a septohippocampal cholinergic neuronal degeneration of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive neurons at 12 months of age. These cellular changes were compensated by increases in ChAT enzyme activity of remaining cholinergic terminals in the hippocampus. By 12 months of age, Ts65Dn mice had elevations of APP protein levels in the hippocampus compared to their LM. At this age, both Ts65Dn mice and their LM abnormally responded to cholinergic muscarinic M1 agonist treatment in terms of hippocampal APP, nerve growth factor (NGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels compared to young adult C57BL/6 mice. In summary, the Ts65Dn mice show developmental and progressive age-related behavioral deficits, hippocampal APP, and cholinergic pathology. The relatively better cognitive spatial performance in LM compared to Ts65Dn mice suggests that high APP levels combined with progressive degeneration of the cholinergic system are critical to the pathology and cognitive deficits seen in Ts65Dn mice.
The composite-file file system: decoupling the one-to-one mapping of files and metadata for better performance

Traditional file system optimizations typically use a one-to-one mapping of logical files to their physical metadata representations. This mapping results in missed opportunities for a class of optimizations in which such coupling is removed. We have designed, implemented, and evaluated a composite-file file system, which allows many-to-one mappings of files to metadata, and we have explored the design space of different mapping strategies. Under webserver and software development workloads, our empirical evaluation shows up to a 27% performance improvement. This result demonstrates the promise of composite files.
Biochemical changes in tobacco infected with Colletotrichum destructivum—II.

Abstract Tobacco leaf tissue responded to infection by Colletotrichum destructivum with the synthesis or activation of at least one and possibly two proteins which exhibited peroxidase activity. One of these proteins was present in very small amounts and could not be detected consistently. The peroxidases common to both healthy and infected tissue were either more concentrated or more active in infected tissue.
Autocrine, Paracrine, and Hormonal Signals Involved in Growth Plate Chondrocyte Differentiation

Longitudinal bone growth depends upon intricate steps in the metabolism and differentiation of epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes. These steps involve cell proliferation followed by the synthesis of gene products that are characteristic of the subsequent stages of differentiation. Until recently, the major control of growth plate metabolism was thought to reside with systemic hormones, principally growth hormone. However, it is now apparent that locally produced peptide growth factors play important autocrine and paracrine roles in normal growth plate physiology. Investigations with cultured chondrocytes have demonstrated the importance of the peptide growth factors insulin-like growth factor-I, transforming growth factor-beta, and basic fibroblast growth factor for cell proliferation, extracellular matrix biosynthesis, and changes in morphology associated with the progressive stages of chondrocyte differentiation. All three of these factors have been shown to be present in specific zones of the epiphyseal growth plate. A preliminary map of the epiphyseal growth plate is proposed, which delineates the site and mode of action of systemic and locally produced factors involved in longitudinal bone growth.
Literary Trauma Theory Reconsidered

The field of trauma studies in literary criticism gained significant attention in 1996 with the publication of Cathy Caruth’s Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History and Kali Tal’s Worlds of Hurt Reading the Literatures of Trauma.1 Early scholarship shaped the initial course of literary trauma theory by popularizing the idea of trauma as an unrepresentable event. A theoretical trend was introduced by scholars like Caruth, who pioneered a psychoanalytic poststructural approach that suggests trauma is an unsolvable problem of the unconscious that illuminates the inherent contradictions of experience and language. This Lacanian approach crafts a concept of trauma as a recurring sense of absence that sunders knowledge of the extreme experience, thus preventing linguistic value other than a referential expression. For Caruth’s deconstructive criticism in particular, the model allows a special emphasis on linguistic indeterminacy ambiguous referentiality and aporia.2 The unspeakable void became the dominant concept in criticism for imagining trauma’s function in literature. This classic model of trauma appealed to a range of critics working outside of poststructuralism as well due to the notion of trauma’s irreversible damage to the psyche. The assumed inherent neurobiological features of trauma that refuse representation and cause dissociation were significant to arguments that sought to emphasize the extent of profound suffering from an external source, whether that source is an individual perpetrator or collective social practice.3
Rat liver alkaline phosphatases: evidence hepatocyte and portal triad enzymes differ

Using biochemical and electron microscopic histochemical techniques, we studied membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase activities of rat hepatocytes and portal triads. Activity in portal triads was localized to capillaries surrounding bile ducts (peribiliary plexus) and arterioles. Despite the reputation of alkaline phosphatase as a “biliary enzyme,” activity was not observed in bile ducts. Livers were separated into hepatocyte and portal triad fractions with collagenase. Enzyme from hepatocytes migrated faster during electrophoresis and eluted later during anion-exchange chromatography than that from portal triads. Thus, hepatocyte enzyme is more negatively charged (and also possibly smaller) than portal triad enzyme. Twelve hours after bile duct obstruction, new activity appeared on lateral and sinusoidal membranes of hepatocytes; appearance of portal triads did not change with obstruction. Electrophoretic mobilities of the two forms were not altered by obstruction. We conclude that two distinct liver alkaline phosphatases exist, one in hepatocytes, the other in portal triad blood vessels.
Eclampsia-like Syndrome Occurring in Pregnant Dogs and Rabbits Following Renal Artery Constriction

Liver lesions in the experimental animal resembling those seen in eclampsia have been reported by several investigators, and associated renal injury has been noted following the injection of Vasopressin.1Greene2 has reported spontaneous eclampsia occurring in the rabbit, demonstrating liver lesions in a large number of animals. The spontaneous disease in sheep and guinea pigs has also been reported. In no instance, to our knowledge, has anything comparable to the spontaneous eclamptic complex with its anatomical lesions been produced experimentally.We wish to record our observations on the rapidly fatal course and pathological findings in pregnant dogs and pregnant rabbits following constriction of the renal arteries. The suggestive significance of pregnancy as a factor in the fatal effect of renal arterial constriction is emphasized by the remarkable rapid recovery of animals if they are delivered.Eight pregnant mongrel dogs from the stock colony were used for the experimental procedure. All animals were...
Evaluation on the Cold Tolerance of Rice at Booting Stage in Sanjiang Plain

In order to select cold tolerance resources of rice,the evaluation on cold tolerance of 349rice materials at booting stage was conducted from 2004to 2010.The results showed that there were 63materials reaching the first grade cold tolerance and 180materials reaching the second grade cold tolerance,which broadening the cold tolerance source of rice at booting stage.Taking Kongyu 131as the cold tolerance standard variety for 7 consecutive years,79 materials were selected for better cold tolerance than Kongyu 131at booting stage,in which 15materials combined well with high yield,8materials combined well with high quality,and 13materials were special rice.The results of cold tolerance of rice in field identification were directly affected by climate factors,taking Kongyu 131as standard material,the test materials were divided into group of insensitive to low temperatare and group of sensitive to low temperature.
Reduction and accumulation of methylene blue by the lung

We studied the disposition of methylene blue added to the perfusate passing through isolated perfused rabbit lungs. Experiments were carried out in a recirculating or single-pass mode, the latter with either a steady infusion or bolus injection of the dye in its blue oxidized form (MB+) or in its colorless reduced leukomethylene blue form (MBH). The recirculation experiments revealed that the dye was taken up by the lungs and that a substantial fraction (approximately 16%) of the MB+ entering the pulmonary artery was reduced before it emerged from the pulmonary veins. Sequestration of the dye by the lungs was a relatively slow process, and the blue color of the lungs at a time when there was little dye left in the perfusate suggests that much of the sequestered dye was in the oxidized form. The results from the single-pass bolus and steady infusion experiments suggest that MBH diffuses rapidly between perfusate and tissue and that it is more soluble in the tissue than in the perfusates used in the study. In this context, the concept of "solubility" includes the impact of the rapidly equilibrating associations of the dye with the perfusate albumin and tissue components. The observed characteristics of the disposition of the methylene blue within the lungs and the rapid rate of its reduction on passage through the lungs suggest that it may be useful to evaluate the possibility that changes in reduction, uptake, and/or sequestration rates may reflect alterations in the metabolic function of the lungs.
Studies of the effects of hypothermia on regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass: V. Profound topical hypothermia during ischemia in arrested hearts

This study compares the effects of 60 minutes of ischemic arrest with profound topical hypothermia (10 dogs) on myocardial (1) blood flow and distribution (microspheres), (2) metabolism (oxygen and lactate), (3) water content (wet to dry weights), (4) compliance (intraventricular balloon), and (5) performance (isovolumetric function curves) with 180 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass with the heart in the beating empty state (seven dogs). Studies performed before and 30 minutes after 1 hour of ischemic arrest with profound topical hypothermia showed: (1) total left ventricular blood flow increased 50 per cent but became redistributed away from the subendocardium (endocardial/epicardial flow ratio fell from 1.13 to 0.77,(2) left ventricular oxygen consumption fell 30 per cent while left ventricular oxygen extraction fell from 51 to 29 per cent; (3) lactate extraction fell from 15 to 4 per cent (two dogs produced lactate); (4) left ventricular endocardial (papillary muscle) water content rose 2.4 per cent; (5) left ventricular compliance decreased from 1.68 to 1.01 ml. H2O/mm. Hg (at 25 ml.); (6) left ventricular performance was depressed 49 per cent below control values. In contrast, 3 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass in the beating empty heart produced only minimal changes in these variables.
Canagliflozin use in Type I diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACTPeters et al documented the appearance of diabetic ketoacidosis without significant elevation of serum glucose in patients treated with Canagliflozin. They solicited patient reports from their practice and from other colleagues’ practices and identified nine patients, mainly with Type I Diabetes. Erondu et al evaluated the Canagliflozin development data base to describe the rate and appearance of ketoacidosis in the study patients. They found that in the research patients with Type 2 Diabetes, the rate of ketoacidosis in Canagliflozin patients was uncommon and similar to the reported rate in Type 2 patients not receiving Canagliflozin. Finally, Henry et al reported on a research program that added Canagliflozin onto insulin therapy in Type I patients, finding that there were only modest improvements in HgBA1 C levels and weight, while this therapy produced increased levels of ketosis and 6% rate of ketoacidosis in Canagliflozin patients. This information strongly suggests that Canagliflozin, and p...
Detection of DNA strand breaks in the p53 gene: Assay validation and effect of folate depletion.

B23 Low dietary folate intake is associated with an elevated risk for colorectal carcinogenesis. One putative mechanism by which folate depletion promotes carcinogenesis is by inducing gene-specific strand breakage and impaired expression of affected genes. We designed and validated two assays to study the integrity of the hypermutable region of the human p53 tumor suppressor gene. A conventional PCR-based assay targeted a 1547 bp region spanning exons 5 - 8 and a real time PCR-based assay targeted a 615 bp region spanning exons 7 - 8 of the p53 gene were tested. Primary human lymphocytes were then cultured in RPMI-1640 media containing 15 (deplete), 30 (low) or 120 nM (replete) folic acid for nine days. p53 strand breaks, gene and protein expression, and p21 transcript were determined. Cells grown in 15 nM folate developed significantly elevated levels of p53 strand breaks, reflected by reductions in amplifiable DNA from p53 exons 5-8 (~40% loss, P
Cervical facet force analysis after disc replacement versus fusion.

Abstract Background Cervical total disc replacement was developed to preserve motion and reduce adjacent-level degeneration relative to fusion, yet concerns remain that total disc replacement will lead to altered facet joint loading and long-term facet joint arthrosis. This study is intended to evaluate changes in facet contact force, pressure and surface area at the treated and superior adjacent levels before and after discectomy, disc replacement, and fusion. Methods Ten fresh-frozen human cadaveric cervical spines were potted from C2 to C7 with pressure sensors placed into the facet joints of C3–C4 and C4–C5 via slits in the facet capsules. Moments were applied to the specimens to produce axial rotation, lateral bending and extension. Facet contact force and pressure were measured at both levels for intact, discectomy at C4–C5, disc replacement with ProDisc-C (Synthes Spine, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA) at C4–C5, and anterior discectomy and fusion with Cervical Spine Locking Plate (Synthes Spine, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA) at C4–C5. Facet contact area was calculated from the force and pressure measurements. An analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences with P -values Findings Facet contact force was elevated at the treated level under extension following both discectomy and disc replacement, while facet contact pressure and area were relatively unchanged. Facet contact force and area were decreased at the treated level following fusion for all three loading conditions. Interpretation Total disc replacement preserved facet contact force for all scenarios except extension at the treated level, highlighting the importance of the anterior disco-ligamentous complex. This could promote treated-level facet joint disease.
Reference Mode Preferences of Community College (Two-Year) and Four-Year College Students: A Comparison Study

Abstract Objective – The purpose of this study was to examine the reference service mode preferences of community college (two-year) and four-year college students. Methods – The researchers administered a paper-based, face-to-face questionnaire at two institutions within the City University of New York system: Hunter College, a senior college, and Queensborough Community College, a two-year institution. During the summer of 2015, the researchers surveyed 79 participants, asking them to identify their most and least preferred mediums for accessing library reference services. Results – Nearly 75% of respondents expressed a preference for face-to-face reference, while only about 18% preferred remote reference services (online chat, e-mail, text message, and telephone). Close to 84% of the participants cited remote reference services as their least preferred modes and slightly more than 10% said this of face-to-face. The data reveal a widespread popularity of face-to-face reference service among all types of participants regardless of institutional affiliation, age, gender, academic level, field of study, and race or ethnicity. Conclusion – This study suggests that given the opportunity academic library users will utilize face-to-face reference service for assistance with research assignments. Academic libraries at both two-year and four-year institutions might consider assessing user views on reference modes and targeting support toward services that align with patron preferences.
Genesis and Peaceful Coexistence

This chapter focuses on images of species-diverse communities in Lewis’s writing and their evocations of the Genesis 2:18–19 palimpsest. It begins with a few biographical notes to illustrate the man’s affection for animals and then considers their inclusion within notions of the family, broadly defined. As Adam shared his garden with other species and Noah his ark, so too the redemption story is not limited to one species and is communal in nature. For Lewis, pets and the ‘tameness’ of animals—something characterizing the Garden of Eden and the ark—are theologically consequential.
Generating Realistic Morphologies of Neurons in Rodent Hippocampus with DGCAN

Dendritic size and branching patterns are important features of neural form and function. However, current computational models of neuronal networks use simplistic cylindrical geometries to mimic dendritic arborizations. One reason for this is that current methods to generate dendritic trees have rigid a priori constraints. To address this, a deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN) trained on images of rodent hippocampal granule and pyramidal dendritic trees. Image features learned by the network were used to generate realistic dendritic morphologies. Results show that DCGANs achieved greater stability and high generalization, as quantified by kernel maximum mean discrepancy, when exposed to instance noise and/or label smoothing during training. Trained models successfully generated realistic morphologies for both neuron types, with high false positive rate reported by expert reviewers. Collectively, DCGANs offer a unique opportunity to advance the geometry of neural modeling, and, therefore, to propel our understanding of neuronal function.
Specific Gut and Salivary Microbiota Patterns Are Linked With Different Cognitive Testing Strategies in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy.

OBJECTIVES:Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is epidemic in cirrhosis, but testing strategies often have poor concordance. Altered gut/salivary microbiota occur in cirrhosis and could be related to MHE. Our aim was to determine microbial signatures of individual cognitive tests and define the rol
Youth Vaping Reaches Epidemic Proportions: Prevention Activities Needed

Many of our youth learn about vaping from social media and try it because they are curious and think that it is the cool thing to do with their friends. Different flavors also draw young people to vaping such as menthol, chocolate, cherry and approximately 15,000 others. They think that vaping is a safe alternative to smoking cigarettes. This is not the case. The American Lung Association states that the consumption of nicotine in any form during adolescence and young adulthood causes lasting cognitive and behavioral problems, including negative effects on memory and attention. Also, e-cigarette use may serve as a gateway for preteens and teens to use other tobacco products, including cigarettes, which are known to cause heart disease, lung cancer, emphysema, and premature death. Prevention activities are needed to protect our youth from this serious health issue. Educating youth concerning vaping will result in them making better decisions to vape or not.
Laryngeal distribution of adult-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: A longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To describe recurrence patterns in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) following surgical intervention. STUDY DESIGN Single-center, retrospective, longitudinal case series. METHODS Initial and follow-up laryngoscopic examinations of seven previously untreated adult-onset RRP patients were reviewed. Patients were followed longitudinally for periods ranging from 3 months to 7 years. Lesion locations were recorded using a twenty-one region laryngeal schematic, and maps were generated to illustrate the distribution of disease before and after cold-knife or potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser intervention. Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to examine variables affecting recurrence patterns. RESULTS Across all patients, a statistically significant correlation between initial distribution and primary recurrence was observed. Seventy-five percent of new lesions were adjacent to regions with preexisting disease; 83% of new glottic lesions were adjacent to preexisting glottic lesions, and 66% of supraglottic lesions were adjacent to preexisting supraglottic regions. No statistically significant differences in recurrence rate were observed across sites. CONCLUSIONS In previously untreated patients with adult-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, lesions tended to recur either in the same regions or regions adjacent to those affected at the time of initial surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 129:1993-1997, 2019.
POLYOSTOTIC FIBROUS DYSPLASIA (ALBRIGHT'S SYNDROME); A CASE REPORT.

SUMMARY A case of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (Albright's syndrome) in a young male is presented which demonstrates the unilateral occurrence of multiple fibrocystic bone lesions and cafe-au-lait spot on the skin, and the elevated serum alkaline phosphatase characteristics of this disease. Fibrous dysplasia may first be seen as lesions on routine chest roentgenograms.
The Utility of Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma Enhanced Physical Examination in Children With Blunt Torso Trauma

Objectives Computed tomography (CT), the reference standard for diagnosis of intraabdominal injury (IAI), carries risk including ionizing radiation. CT-sparing clinical decision rules for children have relied heavily on physical examination, but they did not include focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST), which has emerged into widespread use during the past decade. We sought to determine the independent associations of physical examination, laboratory studies, and FAST with identification of IAI in children and to compare the test characteristics of these diagnostic variables. We hypothesized that FAST may add incremental utility to a physical examination alone to more accurately identify children who could forgo CT scan. Methods We reviewed a large trauma database of all children with blunt torso trauma presenting to a freestanding pediatric emergency department during a 20-month period. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association of FAST, physical examination, and selected laboratory data with IAI in children, and we compared the test characteristics of these variables. Results Among 354 children, 50 (14%) had IAI. Positive FAST (odds ratio [OR] = 14.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.5 to 30.8) and positive physical examination (OR = 15.2, 95% CI = 7.7 to 31.7) were identified as independent predictors for IAI. Physical examination and FAST each had sensitivities of 74% (95% CI = 60% to 85%). Combining FAST and physical examination as FAST-enhanced physical examination (exFAST) improved sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) over either test alone (sensitivity = 88%, 95% CI = 76% to 96%) and NPV of 97.3% (95% CI = 94.5% to 98.7%). Conclusions In children, FAST and physical examinations each predicted the identification of IAI. However, the combination of the two (exFAST) had greater sensitivity and NPV than either physical examination or FAST alone. This supports the use of exFAST in refining clinical predication rules in children with blunt torso trauma.
Preterm Birth of Infants Prenatally Diagnosed with Congenital Heart Disease, Characteristics, Associations, and Outcomes

There are limited data on the relation between congenital heart disease (CHD) and preterm birth (PTB). We aimed to estimate the risk of PTB in newborns with CHD, to study associations and risk factors (modifiable and non-modifiable) as well as investigate postnatal outcomes. This was a retrospective cohort study of 336 pregnancies diagnosed with CHD between 2011 and 2016. Groups consisted of those delivered at or after 37 weeks, and those who delivered prior to 37 weeks. Collected data included maternal and fetal characteristics as well postnatal outcomes. Complete data were obtained from 237 singleton pregnancies. The overall proportion of PTB was 23.2% for all CHD, of which 38.2% were spontaneous PTB which was almost unchanged after excluding extracardiac anomalies and pathogenic chromosomal abnormalities. Significant non-modifiable risk factors were pregnancy-related HTN disorders (P < 0.001), fetal growth restriction (P = 0.01), and pathogenic chromosomal abnormalities (P = 0.046). Significant PTB modifiable risk factors included prenatal marijuana use (P = 0.01). Pregnancies delivered at 37–38 weeks had significantly more newborns with birthweight < 2500 g (P < 0.001), required more pre-operative NICU support including intubation (P = 0.049), vasopressors (P = 0.04), prostaglandins (P = 0.003), antibiotics (P = 0.01), and had longer hospital stay (P = 0.001) than those delivered at ≥ 39 weeks. Prenatally diagnosed pregnancies with CHD had higher PTB rate compared to the general population, with spontaneous PTB comprising 38.2% of these preterm deliveries. Most PTB risk factors were non-modifiable, however, significant modifiable factors included marijuana use in pregnancy. Outcomes were favorable in neonates delivered at or beyond 39 weeks.
Diel Oscillations of Particulate Metabolites Reflect Synchronized Microbial Activity in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

Light is the primary input of energy into the sunlit ocean, driving daily oscillations in metabolism of primary producers. The consequences of this solar forcing have implications for the whole microbial community, yet in situ measurements of metabolites, direct products of cellular activity, over the diel cycle are scarce. We evaluated community-level biochemical consequences of diel oscillations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre by quantifying 79 metabolites in particulate organic matter in surface waters every four hours over eight days. Total particulate metabolite concentration peaked at dusk, even when normalized to biomass estimates. The concentrations of 70% of individual metabolites exhibited 24-hour periodicity. Despite the diverse organisms that use them, primary metabolites involved in anabolic processes and redox maintenance had significant 24-hour periodicity. Osmolytes exhibited the largest diel oscillations, implying rapid turnover and metabolic roles beyond cell turgor maintenance. Metatranscriptome analysis revealed the taxa involved in production and consumption of some metabolites, including the osmolyte trehalose. This compound displayed the largest diel oscillations in abundance and was likely produced by the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Crocosphaera for energy storage. These findings demonstrate that paired measurements of particulate metabolites and transcripts resolve strategies microbes use to manage daily energy and redox oscillations.
System and intranasal immunization of group B streptococcal C5a peptide

Objective To study the system of streptococcal C5a peptidase (ScpB) and the specif-ic antibody levels in serum, lung, vagina and recta after subcutaneous and intranasal immunization with dif-ferent doses of C5a peptide. Methods Recombinant protein C5a peptide was expressed in E. coli strain BL21 and purified by affinity chromatography. The expressed product was identified by SDS-PAGE and pep-tide mass fingerprinting (PMF). BALB/c mice were subcutaneously and intranasally injected with different doses of ScpB. Antibody titer was tested by ELISA. Opsonophagocytosis assay was used to test the function of antibody. Results ScpB protein was successfully expressed and purified. The probability based mouse score of ScpB was 175 by PMF analysis. ELISA data showed that both subcutaneous and intranasal immtmi-zation could elicit significantly higher levels of IgG in immunized mice serum than that of control group (P ＜0.01), 30 μg group waa better than 5 μg and 10 μg group. Intranasal immunization could elicit higher lev-els of IgA in lung, vagina and rectum (P ＜0.001) while system immunization could not. Opsenophagocyto-sis tests indicated that anti-serum of ScpB had opsenophagocytic activity than that of control (P ＜ 0. 05).Conclusion The results demonstrated that intranasal immunization with ScpB could induce significantly higher levels of lgG and IgA, and its anti-serum had better opsenic activity. Key words: Group B Streptococcus; CSa peptidase; Mucosal immunization; Subcutaneous immu-nization; Opsenophagocytosis
Lessons Learned From an Evaluation of Serious Gaming as an Alternative to Mannequin-Based Simulation Technology: Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: The use of new technology like virtual reality, e-learning, and serious gaming can offer novel, more accessible options that have been demonstrated to improve learning outcomes. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the educational effectiveness of serious game–based simulation training to traditional mannequin-based simulation training and to determine the perceptions of physicians and nurses. We used an obstetric use case, namely electronic fetal monitoring interpretation and decision making, for our assessment. Methods: This study utilized a mixed methods approach to evaluate the effectiveness of the new, serious game–based training method and assess participants’ perceptions of the training. Participants were randomized to traditional simulation training in a center with mannequins or serious game training. They then participated in an obstetrical in-situ simulation scenario to assess their learning. Participants also completed a posttraining perceptions questionnaire. Results: The primary outcome measure for this study was the participants’ performance in an in-situ mannequin-based simulation scenario, which occurred posttraining following a washout period. No significant statistical differences were detected between the mannequin-based and serious game–based groups in overall performance, although the study was not sufficiently powered to conclude noninferiority. The survey questions were tested for significant differences in participant perceptions of the educational method, but none were found. Qualitative participant feedback revealed important areas for improvement, with a focus on game realism. Conclusions: The serious game training tool developed has potential utility in providing education to those without access to large simulation centers; however, further validation is needed to demonstrate if this tool is as effective as mannequin-based simulation. Trial Registration: Not applicable.