cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An unsupervised vector quantization-based target subspace projection approach to mixed pixel detection and classification in unknown background for remotely sensed imagery

A recently developed orthogonal subspace projection (OSP) approach has been successfully applied to AVIRIS as well as HYDICE data for image classification. However, it has found that OSP performs poorly in multispectral image classification such as 3-band SPOT data. This is primarily due to the fact that the number of signatures to be classified is greater than that of spectral bands used for data acquisition in which case the effects of uninterested signatures cannot be properly annihilated via orthogonal projection. This constraint, referred to as band number constraint (BNC) is generally not applied to hyperspectral images because the number of signatures resident within the images is usually far less than the total number of spectral bands. In this paper, a new approach, called unsupervised vector quantization-based target subspace projection (UVQTSP) is presented which can be implemented in an unknown environment with all required information obtained from the data to be processed. The proposed UVQTSP has practical advantages over OSP, specifically, it relaxes the band number constraint (BNC) so that it can be applied to multispectral imagery. The UVQTSP uses vector quantization to find a set of clusters representing the unknown signatures and interferers which will be eliminated prior to target detection and classification. The number of clusters can be determined by constraints such as the intrinsic dimensionality or the number of spectral bands. This process is carried out in an unsupervised manner without training data. The superiority of UVQTSP is demonstrated through real data including SPOT and HYDICE images.
Pressure-volume relationships in dehydrating animal tissues

Abstract 1. 1. Tissue fluid pressure, as measured by the wick technique, abruptly falls to highly negative values upon tissue dehydration to approx 70% water content. 2. 2. Tissue specimens from firm skeletal muscle, gelatinous electric organ, and even jelly fish exhibit similar fluid pressure-dehydration patterns. This uniformity suggests that a minimum water content exists for normal cell function and that at 70% water content, intracellular structures commence to pack and lose their aqueous milieu. 3. 3. In normal hydration states, cells contain considerable fluidity. Extracellular fluidity also assists living processes by allowing convective flow rather than mere diffusion. During dehydration both interstitial and intracellular fluids are lost extracellular fluid channels collapse, and the animal dies.
Molecular cloning of BRCA1: a gene for early onset familial breast and ovarian cancer

Molecular analyses allow one to determine genetic lesions occurring early in the development of tumors. With positional cloning approaches we are searching for a gene involved in the development of early onset familial breast and ovarian cancer that maps to human chromosome 17q21 and is termed BRCA1. This involves localizing the region genetically within families with multiply affected members, capturing the region identified by genetic analyses in YACs (yeast artificial chromosomes), converting those YACs to smaller manipulable pieces (such as cosmids), and searching for genes via a variety of approaches such as direct screening of cDNA libraries with genomic clones, direct selection by hybridization, “exon trapping”, and CpG island rescue. Once identified, candidate genes will be screened for mutations in affected family members in whom breast cancer segregates with the locus on 17q21. The frequency of this gene has been calculated to be 0.0033; from this the incidence of carriers, i.e. those carrying such a predisposition, is one in 150 women. The isolation of BRCA1 and the elucidation of the mutations resulting in breast and ovarian cancer predisposition will allow identification of women who have inherited germ-line mutations in BRCA1. In families known to harbor a germ-line BRCA1 mutation, diagnosis of affected members will be rapid. It is possible that one will also be able to detect alterations of the second copy of this gene early in tumor development in individuals carrying a germ-line mutation. It is not yet known how frequently somatic BRCA1 mutations predispose to breast and ovarian carcinoma in the general female population. If, as in other genetic diseases, new germ-line mutations occur in some women and thus contribute to the development of breast cancer, it may be feasible to screen women in the general population for predisposing mutations. In addition, if acquired genetic mutations of the BRCA1 gene are involved as early events in the development of non-familial forms of the disease, early detection of possible breast carcinoma may become feasible in biopsy of breast tissue.
A set intersection problem

Abstract The following theorem is proved with the aid of an elementary theorem in linear algebra: Given a family ( S i : i ∈ I ) of finite sets there exists a set F such that | F ∩ S i | is odd for each i ∈ I if and only if the symmetric difference of any odd number of the sets is nonempty.
Ecological niche transferability using invasive species as a case study.

Species distribution modeling is widely applied to predict invasive species distributions and species range shifts under climate change. Accurate predictions depend upon meeting the assumption that ecological niches are conserved, i.e., spatially or temporally transferable. Here we present a multi-taxon comparative analysis of niche conservatism using biological invasion events well documented in natural history museum collections. Our goal is to assess spatial transferability of the climatic niche of a range of noxious terrestrial invasive species using two complementary approaches. First we compare species’ native versus invasive ranges in environmental space using two distinct methods, Principal Components Analysis and Mahalanobis distance. Second we compare species’ native versus invaded ranges in geographic space as estimated using the species distribution modeling technique Maxent and the comparative index Hellinger’s I. We find that species exhibit a range of responses, from almost complete transferability, in which the invaded niches completely overlap with the native niches, to a complete dissociation between native and invaded ranges. Intermediate responses included expansion of dimension attributable to either temperature or precipitation derived variables, as well as niche expansion in multiple dimensions. We conclude that the ecological niche in the native range is generally a poor predictor of invaded range and, by analogy, the ecological niche may be a poor predictor of range shifts under climate change. We suggest that assessing dimensions of niche transferability prior to standard species distribution modeling may improve the understanding of species’ dynamics in the invaded range.
On an initial-value method for quickly solving Volterra integral equations: A review

A method of converting nonlinear Volterra equations to systems of ordinary differential equations is compared with a standard technique, themethod of moments, for linear Fredholm equations. The method amounts to constructing a Galerkin approximation when the kernel is either finitely decomposable or approximated by a certain Fourier sum. Numerical experiments from recent work by Bownds and Wood serve to compare several standard approximation methods as they apply to smooth kernels. It is shown that, if the original kernel decomposes exactly, then the method produces a numerical solution which is as accurate as the method used to solve the corresponding differential system. If the kernel requires an approximation, the error is greater, but in examples seems to be around 0.5% for a reasonably small number of approximating terms. In any case, the problem of excessive kernel evaluations is circumvented by the conversion to the system of ordinary differential equations.
Child neuropsychological assessment: A test of basic assumptions

Abstract Interpretations of child neuropsychological assessment findings are based on two largely untested assumptions regarding test validity. First, we assume that test results vary with the integrity of the CNS, or that they have neurological validity. Second, we assume that these results are associated with, or predict, problems in ecologically meaningful aspects of childhood functioning, such as academic learning or behavioral adjustment. Test results have psychological validity to the extent that this second assumption is met. To put these two assumptions to empirical test, the present study examined developmental outcomes in 113 school-age children who had been hospitalized earlier in life for Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. Only children without sensorineural hearing loss were considered. Analyses focused on associations of individual neuropsychological measures to acute-phase medical status, social-environmental variables, and behavioral and learning outcomes. Findings document both for...
Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia: Big Challenges and Ample Opportunities for Action and Making a Difference

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)1 is the leading cause of death in the world, accounting for 30% of deaths globally. The major cardiovascular diseases include coronary or ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease or stroke, hypertension, heart failure, and rheumatic heart disease. Although the CVD mortality rate has declined in the US and the rest of the developed world, the rate has increased in the developing world, including most Asian countries. The estimated number of deaths due to CVD worldwide was 17.5 million in 2005 and will increase to 20 million in 2015. Further, Asian countries have disproportionately high morbidity and mortality from stroke compared with Western countries. These unique patterns of CVD deserve more attention, because half of the world’s population lives in Asia. The December themed issue of Circulation highlighted reviews and original studies on risk factors, prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, mortality, and secular trends of CVD in Asia with a specific focus on China, India, Japan, and Korea. As pointed out in the editorial comment in that issue of Circulation , the relationship between traditional risk factors and CVD is different in Asia than in Western societies, and there are some unique features about risk factors and metabolic abnormalities for CVD in Asia (1). For example, hypertension plays a more important role in the development of heart disease and stroke in Asia than in Western countries. The prevalence of obesity and overweight in Asia has been increasing as a consequence of economic development in the past two to three decades. The rate of increase for diabetes has been even more substantial. Mean cholesterol levels are lower for adults in most Asian countries than in Western countries, but an increasing trend has been observed. Genetic predisposition and the interaction between genetic and environmental factors also contribute …
Right lower quadrant pain: Imaging with computed tomography

Computed tomography (CT) is a fast and accurate way to evaluate patients with acute right lower abdominopelvic pain. In the emergency setting, appendicitis is the most common etiology. A tailored CT examination can visualize the normal or abnormal appendix with accuracy, confirming or excluding appendicitis in 90–95% of cases. If the appendix is normal, CT often identifies an alternative etiology for the pain. This exhibit reviews the CT appearance of the normal appendix, usual and unusual presentations of appendicitis and complicated appendicitis, and pitfalls in diagnosis. The CT appearance of other conditions included in the differential diagnosis of acute right lower quadrant pain and clinically mimicking appendicitis is also presented, including disorders arising from the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and vascular and musculoskeletal systems.
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Hate Crimes and Suicidality Among a Population-Based Sample of Sexual-Minority Adolescents in Boston

Objectives. We examined whether past-year suicidality among sexual-minority adolescents was more common in neighborhoods with a higher prevalence of hate crimes targeting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals.Methods. Participants’ data came from a racially/ethnically diverse population-based sample of 9th- through 12th-grade public school students in Boston, Massachusetts (n = 1292). Of these, 108 (8.36%) reported a minority sexual orientation. We obtained data on LGBT hate crimes involving assaults or assaults with battery between 2005 and 2008 from the Boston Police Department and linked the data to the adolescent’s residential address.Results. Sexual-minority youths residing in neighborhoods with higher rates of LGBT assault hate crimes were significantly more likely to report suicidal ideation (P = .013) and suicide attempts (P = .006), than were those residing in neighborhoods with lower LGBT assault hate crime rates. We observed no relationships between overall neighborhood-lev...
Text messages for encouraging physical activity Are they effective after the novelty effect wears off

Many studies have found text messaging to be a promising medium for healthcare delivery. However, since the studies that successfully used text messages for encouraging physical activity were all short term (10 days to 3 weeks) and conducted with a small sample (n≤15), we do not know if people will not be motivated by these technologies after the novelty effect dies. In this paper, we present the results from a study conducted for a longer term (3 months) with a larger sample size (n=28) to discover if text messages are effective for encouraging physical activity once the novelty effect of the technology wears off. We chose a population of young adults (age 18–24) as they are one of the heaviest users of text messages. Measures of analysis included number of steps, message ratings, level of motivation and interviews. Our findings suggest that text messages are a good way for encouraging physical activity in young adults, even after the novelty effect wears off.
The Arabs and the Scramble for Africa

This book has been a long time in the making. The author, a renowned historian of Oman, first introduced the idea for the book in a footnote in his classic text The Imamate Tradition of Oman (Cambr...
Band structure and fermi surfaces of ordered intermetallic compounds TiFe, TiCo and TiNi

Results on the energy band structure of Ti intermetallic compounds are presented. The calculations were performed by the augmented plane wave method for different values of the statistical exchange parameter and two different electron configurations. Good agreement with transport data was obtained.
Relationship of functional disability after a recent stroke with recurrent stroke risk.

Background and purpose Post-stroke disability status is primarily focused on recovery prognostication but the influence of post-stroke disability on future vascular risk is unknown. The relationship between functional disability after an index stroke and risk of recurrent vascular events was examined. Methods A cohort analysis of 3680 recent non-cardioembolic, non-to-moderate disabled [modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤3] stroke patients aged ≥35 years and followed for 2 years was reviewed. The mRS measured at a median of 35 days after the index stroke was analyzed as a dichotomous variable (mRS 3 vs. ≤2) and in a stepwise manner. Independent associations of post-stroke disability by mRS score with ischaemic stroke (primary outcome), stroke/coronary heart disease/vascular death as major vascular events (secondary outcome) and all-cause death (tertiary outcome) were analyzed. Results Amongst study participants, 435 (11.8%) had an mRS of 3. Compared with mRS ≤2 as no/slight disability, mRS 3 as moderate disability was associated with a higher risk of stroke (adjusted hazard ratio 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.06-1.99). Compared with mRS 0, there was a progressively higher independent risk for each of the study outcomes: stroke, mRS 1 (1.42, 0.97-2.08), mRS 2 (1.46, 0.97-2.20), mRS 3 (1.89, 1.20-2.97); major vascular events, mRS 1 (1.31, 1.01-1.70), mRS 2 (1.31, 0.99-1.74), mRS 3 (1.46, 1.06-2.01); and all-cause death, mRS 1 (1.75, 1.03-2.98), mRS 2 (2.49, 1.44-4.31), mRS 3 (2.72, 1.43-5.19). Conclusion Compared with no/slight disability, moderate disability after a recent stroke is linked to a higher risk of recurrent stroke.
Microvascular Solute and Water Transport

Objective: This review evaluates (1) the regulation of water and solute transport across the endothelial barrier in terms of pore theory and the glycocalyx-junction-break model of capillary permeability; and (2) the mechanisms regulating permeability based on experiments using cultured endothelial cells and intact microvessels.Conclusions: The current form of the glycocalyx-junction-break model of capillary permeability describes the selectivity of the capillary wall (pore size) in terms of the space between the fibers of a quasi-periodic matrix on the endothelial cell surface, and the area for exchange (pore number) in terms of the length and frequency of breaks in the tight junction strands. An independent test of this model in a range of mammalian microvascular beds is new experimental evidence that the colloid osmotic pressure of plasma proteins is developed across the glycocalyx, not across the whole microvessel wall. We are beginning to understand that endothelial cells may change their phenotype in...
Anti-interleukin-13 antibody therapy for asthma: one step closer

Current guidelines for the treatment of asthma recommend inhaled corticosteroids for all patients with persistent asthma. Despite the increasing use of these drugs, asthma remains poorly controlled in a small subset of individuals who do not respond fully to existing therapies. The medical needs of these patients have prompted a search for new medications that inhibit specific molecular targets thought to play key roles in asthma pathogenesis. Interleukin (IL)-13 is a cytokine that represents a potential critical factor in the development and persistence of asthma. Originally discovered in 1993, IL-13 was identified by molecular cloning in activated human T-lymphocytes [1]. Subsequent in vitro studies have demonstrated that IL-13 has a broad range of activities, including effects upon lymphocytes (switching of immunoglobulin isotype synthesis by B-cells from immunoglobulin (Ig)M to IgE [2]), eosinophils (increased adhesion to the vascular endothelium [3] and augmentation of cell survival [4]), mast cells (proliferation and activation [5]), epithelium (increased epithelial permeability [6], and induction of goblet cell differentiation and growth [7]), fibroblasts (transformation into myofibroblasts and production of collagen [8]) and smooth muscle (diminished relaxation in response to β-agonists [9] and augmentation of contractility in response to acetylcholine [10]). In tandem with the above in vitro experiments, the potential role of IL-13 in airways disease has been …
Health Outcome Priorities Among Competing Cardiovascular, Fall Injury, and Medication-Related Symptom Outcomes

OBJECTIVES: To determine the priority that older adults with coexisting hypertension and fall risk give to optimizing cardiovascular outcomes versus fall- and medication symptom-related outcomes. DESIGN: Interview. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twenty-three cognitively intact persons aged 70 and older with hypertension and fall risk. MEASUREMENTS: Discrete choice task was used to elicit the relative importance placed on reducing the risk of three outcomes: cardiovascular events, serious fall injuries, and medication symptoms. Risk estimates with and without antihypertensive medications were obtained from the literature. Participants chose between 11 pairs of options that displayed lower risks for one or two outcomes and a higher risk for the other outcome(s), versus the reverse. Results were used to calculate relative importance scores for the three outcomes. These scores, which sum to 100, reflect the relative priority participants placed on the difference between the risk estimates of each outcome. RESULTS: Sixty-two participants (50.4%) placed greater importance on reducing risk of cardiovascular events than reducing risk of the combination of fall injuries and medication symptoms; 61 participants did the converse. A lower percentage of participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P=.02), unsteadiness (P=.02), functional dependency (P=.04), lower cognition (P=.02) and depressive symptoms (P=.03) prioritized cardiovascular outcomes over fall injuries and medication symptoms than did participants without these characteristics. CONCLUSION: Interindividual variability in the face of competing outcomes supports individualizing decision-making to individual priorities. In the current example, this may mean forgoing antihypertensive medications or compromising on blood pressure reduction for some individuals. Language: en
Monoterpenes, fatty and resin acids of pinus contorta and pinus attenuata

Abstract The sapwood and heartwood of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta ) and knobcone pine ( P. attenuata ) have been examined for monoterpenes, fatty and resin acids. While eleven monoterpenes were identified as common to both species, the principal difference in the monoterpenes is in their major components, namely β-phellandrene (71 per cent) in lodgepole pine and α-pinene (72 per cent) in knobcone pine. Four fatty acids and eight resin acids were identified as common to both species.
Unlearning algorithm in associative memories: eigenstructure method

Unlearning capabilities are incorporated into a synthesis procedure for a class of discrete-time neural networks. The proposed technique increases storing capacity while maximizing the domain of attraction of each desired pattern to be stored. Making use of learning, forgetting, and unlearning capabilities, networks generated by the method advanced herein are capable of learning new patterns as well as forgetting learned patterns without the necessity of recomputing all the interconnection weights and external inputs. The unlearning algorithm developed is then utilized to equalize the basins of attraction for each desired pattern to be stored in a given network, and to minimize the number of spurious states. Examples are given to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the methodologies. >
Adaptation of agricultural and food systems to climate change: an economic and policy perspective.

Adaptation of agricultural and food systems to climate change involves private and public investment decisions in the face of climate and policy uncertainties. The authors present a framework for analysis of adaptation as an investment, based on elements of the economics, finance, and ecological economics literatures. They use this framework to assess critically impact and adaptation studies, and discuss how research could be designed to support public and private investment decisions. They then discuss how climate mitigation policies and other policies may affect adaptive capacity of agricultural and food systems. They conclude with an agenda for public research on climate adaptation.
Evaluation of a C57BL/6J x 129S1/SvImJ Hybrid Nestin-Thymidine Kinase Transgenic Mouse Model for Studying the Functional Significance of Exercise-Induced Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

New neurons are continuously generated in the adult hippocampus but their function remains a mystery. The nestin thymidine kinase (nestin-TK) transgenic method has been used for selective and conditional reduction of neurogenesis for the purpose of testing the functional significance of new neurons in learning, memory and motor performance. Here we explored the nestin-TK model on a hybrid genetic background (to increase heterozygosity, and "hybrid vigor"). Transgenic C57BL/6J (B6) were crossed with 129S1/SvImJ (129) producing hybrid offspring (F1) with the B6 half of the genome carrying a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK) transgene regulated by a modified nestin promoter. In the presence of exogenously admin- istered valganciclovir, new neurons expressing TK undergo apoptosis. Female B6 nestin-TK mice (n = 80) were evaluated for neurogenesis reduction as a positive control. Male and female F1 nestin-TK mice (n = 223) were used to determine the impact of neurogenesis reduction on the Morris water maze (MWM) and rotarod. All mice received BrdU injections to label dividing cells and either valganciclovir or control chow, with or without a running wheel for 30 days. Both the F1 and B6 background displayed approximately 50% reduction in neurogenesis, a difference that did not impair learning and memory on the MWM or rotarod performance. Running enhanced neurogenesis and performance on the rotarod but not MWM suggesting the F1 background may not be suitable for studying pro-cognitive effects of exercise on MWM. Greater reduction of neurogenesis may be required to observe behavioral impacts. Alternatively, new neurons may not play a critical role in learning, or compensatory mechanisms in pre-existing neurons could have masked the deficits. Further work using these and other models for selectively reducing neurogenesis are needed to establish the functional significance of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in behavior.
Maranthes (Chrysobalanaceae), a new generic record for America

Maranthes, a genus well known in Africa and Asia, has not been recorded previously in the New World.Couepia panamensis, thought to be endemic to Panama, was found to be synonymous withMaranthes corymbosa, a widespread Asiatic species, and it is reduced into synonymy, making the first American record ofMaranthes. The relationship ofMaranthes toCouepia, and the unusual distribution ofM. corymbosa are discussed.
Investigation of production of drugs obtaining production licences during 2002-2004 in Shanghai

Objective:To investigate the production of drugs obtaining production licences in Shanghai in order to provide references for research,development and administration of new drugs.Methods: The data of drugs obtaining production licences during 2002-2004 in Shanghai were statistically analyzed.A survey of production of related drugs was conducted and the reasons for not being produced were analyzed.Results: There were 189(54.0%) drugs being produced among 350 drugs obtaining production licences and 166 of them were produced within one year.Conclusion: The administration of drug production licences should be further enhanced.The rate of putting into production of drugs obtaining production licences should be increased.
The female athlete.

Although there are many similarities between men and women involved in sport activities, certain issues are unique to the female athlete. This article presents and brings to light some of the more important concerns that are specific to women engaged in sports.
Exploring the impact of social media practices on wine sales in US wineries

This paper investigates the impact of social media practices on wine sales in US wineries as perceived by winery owners and general managers. An online survey research methodology involving a sample of 375 US wineries was used to gather data. MS Excel software was used to analyze data, including descriptive statistics and ANOVAs. Results illustrate that 87 per cent of wineries in the sample report a perceived increase in wine sales due to social media practices. Using multiple social media platforms, rather than just a couple, is statistically significant with reported increases in wine sales. Wine marketers in the United States would benefit from adopting social media into their marketing mix, especially smaller wineries. The results suggest to start with Facebook and to ensure the winery owner responds to consumer comments on TripAdvisor and Yelp.
Scenarios for Low Carbon and Low Water Electric Power Plant Operations: Implications for Upstream Water Use.

Electric sector water use, in particular for thermoelectric operations, is a critical component of the water-energy nexus. On a life cycle basis per unit of electricity generated, operational (e.g., cooling system) water use is substantially higher than water demands for the fuel cycle (e.g., natural gas and coal) and power plant manufacturing (e.g., equipment and construction). However, could shifting toward low carbon and low water electric power operations create trade-offs across the electricity life cycle? We compare business-as-usual with scenarios of carbon reductions and water constraints using the MARKet ALlocation (MARKAL) energy system model. Our scenarios show that, for water withdrawals, the trade-offs are minimal: operational water use accounts for over 95% of life cycle withdrawals. For water consumption, however, this analysis identifies potential trade-offs under some scenarios. Nationally, water use for the fuel cycle and power plant manufacturing can reach up to 26% of the total life cy...
Narratives: Fairy Tales

Ideas of Michel de Certeau and Seymour Chatman on narratives are explored. Narratives are suggested to be one of the most important ways we learn about the world, along with the logico-scientific mode. Ideas of Aristotle on narratives are considered along with his notion that art is based on imitation and his ideas about the nature of plot. M. M. Bakhtin’s theories about intertextuality are explored.
The Impact of a Prior Diagnosis of Barrett's Esophagus on Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Survival

The Impact of a Prior Diagnosis of Barrett’s Esophagus on Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Survival
Xenotransplantation: Where Are We with Potential Kidney Recipients? Recent Progress and Potential Future Clinical Trials.

Interspecies transplantation, xenotransplantation, is becoming a realistic strategy to solve the organ shortage crisis. Here, we focus on seminal publications that have driven research in xenotransplantation, as well as recently published literature and future endeavors. Advances in gene editing technology have allowed for the efficient production of multitransgenic porcine donors leading improved xenograft survival in baboons, up to 2 years following heterotopic heart xenotransplantation and from weeks to several months following life-supporting kidney xenotransplanation. As technology evolves, additional challenges have arisen, including the development of proteinuria, early graft loss associated with porcine CMV, disparities in organ growth between donors and recipients, as well as high-dose continuous immunosuppression requirements. To address these issues, our laboratory developed a tolerance-inducing protocol which has allowed for >6-month survival of a life-supporting kidney with further approaches currently underway to address the challenges mentioned above. Our recent findings, reviewed in this article, led us to develop methods to overcome obstacles, which, in conjunction with the work of others, are promising for future clinical applications of xenotransplantation.
Predictive compound accumulation rules yield a broad-spectrum antibiotic

Most small molecules are unable to rapidly traverse the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and accumulate inside these cells, making the discovery of much-needed drugs against these pathogens challenging. Current understanding of the physicochemical properties that dictate small-molecule accumulation in Gram-negative bacteria is largely based on retrospective analyses of antibacterial agents, which suggest that polarity and molecular weight are key factors. Here we assess the ability of over 180 diverse compounds to accumulate in Escherichia coli. Computational analysis of the results reveals major differences from the retrospective studies, namely that the small molecules that are most likely to accumulate contain an amine, are amphiphilic and rigid, and have low globularity. These guidelines were then applied to convert deoxynybomycin, a natural product that is active only against Gram-positive organisms, into an antibiotic with activity against a diverse panel of multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. We anticipate that these findings will aid in the discovery and development of antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria.
When and How to Demagnetise Magnet Forums

(2001). When and How to Demagnetise Magnet Forums. King's Law Journal: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 195-211.
Targeting autophagy and immunotherapy with hydroxychloroquine and interleukin 2 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): A Cytokine Working Group study.

106Background: We performed a Phase II study of the combination of the autophagy inhibitor, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), along with high dose IL-2 in patients with advanced renal cancer. 31 patients were entered on this Cytokine Working Group Study conducted at six member institutions;NCT01550367. This combination in murine models was associated with diminished toxicity and increased efficacy, and, in preliminary studies, diminished high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, consistent with its established role in serving as a Damage Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMP) molecule and inducer of autophagy. Methods: The Study Design involved initiating oral Hydroxychloroquine 300 mg P.O bid. Aldesleukin (600,000 IU/kg) was administered q8hrs in courses consisting of two cycles separated by 7-14 days and constituting a single course. For patients with stable or responsive disease, additional courses were administered every approximately 85-90 days. Serum, plasma, Paxgene tubes, and peripheral blood mononuclear ce...
Executive, language, or both? An examination of the construct validity of verbal fluency measures

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether phonemic and semantic verbal fluency were more related to aspects of language processing than executive functioning (EF). An exploratory factor analysis was performed on a college-aged sample of 320 healthy participants using principle axis factoring and promax rotation on nine measures of EF. The first three factors, labeled: working memory, fluid reasoning, and shifting/updating, were extracted and used as latent executive variables. Participants were also split into low, medium, and high phonemic and semantic verbal fluency ability groups. Phonemic and semantic fluency correlated similarly across all three extracted EF factors and word knowledge. Using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVAs), there was a main effect for both phonemic and semantic verbal fluency groups and all outcome variables (i.e., the EF factors and word knowledge). Tukey HSD post hoc analyses showed that those in the low verbal fluency ability groups had significantly lower scores across all outcome measures compared to the high verbal fluency ability groups. Across all analyses, semantic fluency had stronger relations with the EF factors, signifying a large executive component involved in the task. Both phonemic and semantic fluency were similarly related to multiple dimensions of EF and word knowledge and should be considered executive language tasks.
Titration Calorimetry for the Determination of Basicities of Transition Metal Complexes

When one thinks of Bronsted bases, ions or molecules that come to mind are those that contain a non-metal atom with a lone pair of electrons that is capable of forming a donor-acceptor bond with a proton (H+). Examples of common Bronsted bases are OH− NH3, CH3CO2 −, CN−, Et2S, and Ph3P, among many others. In molecules that contain a metal, the metal is normally not considered Bronsted basic. Yet, since the 1930’s, transition metal complexes that are protonated at the metal center have become quite common. Initially such basic complexes were those that were anionic with carbonyl or organometallic ligands, such as Fe(CO)4 2− Re(CO)5 −, (η5-C5H5)W(CO)3 − and Co(CO)4 −. However, it has become increasingly obvious that neutral complexes, such as W(CO)3(PMe3)3, (η5-C5H5)2ReH, Fe(H)2(Me2PCH2CH2PMe2)2, and (η5-C5Me5)Ir(l,5-cyclooctadiene), can also be protonated at the metal center. And there are even a few examples of cationic metal complexes, such as Os(H)(CH3CN)(dppe)2 + and Ir(CO)(dppe)2 +, where dppe = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2, that can be protonated at the metal. In all of these acid-base reactions (eq 1), an electron pair on the metal forms a donor-acceptor bond with H+ to give a metal hydride complex (H-MLn +) whose $$:M{L_n} + HA \rightleftharpoons H - M{L_n}^ + {A^ - }$$ (1) structure is necessarily different than that of the precursor Bronsted base (:MLn). In reactions of the type in eq (1), the metal in :MLn normally has an inert gas configuration, i.e., obeys the 18-electron rule, and therefore will generally not also react with the anion (A−) of the acid (HA) by including A− as a ligand in the coordination sphere. As many Bronsted basic metal complexes are insoluble in or react with water, most protonation reactions are performed in non-aqueous solvents.
Dual-Axis Piezoresistive AFM Cantilever for Independent Detection of Vertical and Lateral Forces

A novel dual-axis atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever has been fabricated with independent piezoresistive sensors for simultaneous detection of lateral and vertical forces. The cantilever consists of a flat, triangular probe connected to a base via several tall, narrow “ribs. ” The triangular probe, which is predominantly compliant in the vertical direction, is implanted with piezoresistors to form a vertical deflection sensor. The ribs, which are predominantly compliant in the lateral direction, have a separate set of sidewall-embedded piezoresistive sensors that form a lateral deflection sensor. A unique ion implant at approximately 45° to the vertical is used to produce the piezoresistive sensors and associated electrical interconnects on the cantilever structure. The device has been used to obtain vertical-force and lateral-force AFM images and to measure microscale friction.
Battery Optimization in Microgrids using Markov Decision Process Integrated with Load and Solar forecasting

Rising climatic concerns call for unconventiona/renewable energy sources which reduce the carbon footprint. Microgrids with battery systems that integrate a variety of renewable energy resources play a key role in utilizing these energies in a more efficient and environmentally friendly manner. This paper presents a framework based on Markov Decision Process (MDP) integrated with load and solar forecasting to derive an optimal charging/discharging action of battery with rolling horizon implementation. The load forecasting is implemented using time series model and PV output forecasting is implemented using regression model. The control algorithm is developed to reduce the monthly billing cost by reducing the peak load demand while also maintaining the state of charge of the battery. The presented work simulates the control algorithm for one month based on historic load and solar data. A simulation covering one month yielded results showing that a microgrid with battery bank controlled by the MDP algorithm reduces the maximum load demand by 23.3%, leading to a cost saving of 33.1%.
A Study of Peukert’s Law for Supercapacitor Discharge Time Prediction

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of predicting the discharge time of a supercapacitor loaded by a constant current using Peukert’s law. Originally developed for lead-acid batteries, this law states that the delivered charge increases when the discharge current decreases. A previous study reveals that Peukert’s law also applies to supercapacitors because of the porous electrode structure and the charge redistribution process of supercapacitors. This paper extends this study and shows that Peukert’s law can be used to predict the supercapacitor discharge time. A set of seven constant current discharge experiments is designed and performed for four supercapacitor samples. The Peukert constant is fitted using four of the seven experiments and the discharge time of the other three experiments is predicted. Results show that the prediction error associated with the optimal Peukert constant is approximately 10-15% of that when Peukert’s law is not utilized.
Memory for Weather Information in Younger and Older Adults: Tests of Verbatim and Gist Memory.

Background/Study Context: Memory for specific, verbatim details tends to decline with age, and reliance on gist-based information increases. However, instructions that direct attention toward certain types of information can benefit memory accuracy for that information. Previous work has examined gist-based and verbatim memory for images, but little work has utilized stimuli that participants may study in their daily lives, such as a weather forecast. METHODS The current study examined how younger and older adults recall both general, gist-based information and specific, verbatim details of a weather forecast, and whether differences in the task instructions to focus on gist-based information may affect recall. Two study-test cycles with different forecasts were used to determine whether experience with the task may affect performance. RESULTS While there was no effect of additional gist-based instructions on recall of gist-based information, participants who received the additional instructions recalled fewer verbatim details than those who did not. There were no age-related differences in recall of the gist of the forecast, but younger adults correctly recalled more verbatim details than older adults did. CONCLUSION Environmental support and use of gist-based processing can allow both younger and older adults to remember information that can be useful in their daily lives. The current study informs future research on prospective memory and memory for everyday information.
Semidesnudo, género y otros factores en publicidad televisiva.: Un acercamiento desde la neurociencia

This paper shows the results of an experiment in neuroscience on a group of 20 people of both sexes, whose electrodermal activity was measured simultaneously while they were watching TV spots. Also, we paid special attention to the analysis of gender differences and their attentional and emotional activation patterns. The results show that spots containing half-naked models or models only in underwear are significantly higher in average attendance (in both sexes) with respect to those without this feature. In addition, we also concluded that there were significant differences in relation to the familiarity of the audience with the brand in both sexes too (more attention is paid to known brands) Finally, it was also possible to emphasize that attentional activation occurs to a greater extent at the beginning and end of the spot, although it is more clearly seen in the case of women. Likewise, a common pattern of attentional activation may be suggested when a sound rupture occurs.
Characterizing mathematical problem solving in physics-related workplaces using epistemic games

Physics problems investigated in professional workplaces go beyond textbook problems typically studied in PER; it is important for PER to include the demands of these workplaces in studies related to problem solving in physics instruction.
Caveolin-1, a master regulator of cellular senescence.

Cellular senescence is a feature of most somatic cells. It is characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest and by the ability to secrete a plethora of mediators of inflammation and growth factors, which can alter the senescent cell’s microenvironment. Senescent cells accumulate in tissues over time and contribute to both aging and the development of age-associated diseases. Senescent cells have antagonistic pleiotropic roles in cancer. Given the inability of senescent cells to proliferate, cellular senescence is a powerful tumor suppressor mechanism in young individuals. However, accumulation of senescent stromal cells during aging can fuel cancer cell growth in virtue of their capacity to release factors that stimulate cell proliferation. Caveolin-1 is a structural protein component of caveolae, invaginations of the plasma membrane involved in a variety of cellular processes, including signal transduction. Mounting evidence over the last 10–15 years has demonstrated a central role of caveolin-1 in the development of a senescent phenotype and the regulation of both the anti-tumorigenic and pro-tumorigenic properties of cellular senescence. In this review, we discuss the cellular mechanisms and functions of caveolin-1 in the context of cellular senescence and their relevance to the biology of cancer.
Geometrizing Quantum Dynamics of a Bose-Einstein Condensate.

We show that quantum dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates in the weakly interacting regime can be geometrized by a Poincar\'e disk. Each point on such a disk represents a thermofield double state, the overlap between which equals the metric of this hyperbolic space. This approach leads to a unique geometric interpretation of stable and unstable modes as closed and open trajectories on the Poincar\'e disk, respectively. The resonant modes that follow geodesics naturally equate fundamental quantities including the time, the length, and the temperature. Our work suggests a new geometric framework to coherently control quantum systems and reverse their dynamics using SU(1,1) echoes. In the presence of perturbations breaking the SU(1,1) symmetry, SU(1,1) echoes deliver a new means to measure these perturbations such as the interactions between excited particles.
Teaching the Veil: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in Classical Theory Courses:

By documenting the erasure of W.E.B. Du Bois’s scientific contributions to sociology, Aldon Morris’s The Scholar Denied was a catalyst for scholars to rethink how we teach and understand social the...
Example-Based Learning as a Guide for Revising a Peer-Reviewed Manuscript

Publishing medical research is an increasingly competitive process for junior researchers. One critical step is revising a manuscript with editorial team feedback. This article’s purpose is to utilize a novel example-based learning approach to provide trainees and junior faculty with ten steps on how to successfully navigate the manuscript peer-review process. To this end, each step in the proposed guide is correlated with the authors’ most recent publication experience, with key manuscript and editor response letter versions made available through an open-access digital repository.
Happiness by Design: Modernism and Media in the Eames Era

In Happiness by Design: Modernism and Media in the Eames Era, Justus Nieland, professor of English at Michigan State University, continues his research into the cultural and emotional landscape of ...
“You Must Become a Chameleon to Survive”: Adolescent Experiences of Camouflaging

Camouflaging includes strategies used by individuals to mask or hide autistic traits. Research has shown that both autistic and neurotypical individuals engage in camouflaging and that there may be sex differences in the reasons for camouflaging in autistic adults. The purpose of this qualitative study was to extend previous research on the lived experience of camouflaging through exploring camouflaging motivations and consequences in autistic and neurotypical adolescents through both questionnaires (n = 132) and semi-structured interviews (n = 19). Results revealed trends in camouflaging motivations and consequences by diagnosis and sex, as well as by sex within the autistic group. These findings further inform our understanding of camouflaging and why it may be reported as particularly detrimental for autistic females.