cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Submission Letter to FASB Board Concerning Income Taxes (Topic 740) Proposed Accounting Standards Update (Revised) March 25, 2019

On March 25, 2019, the FASB released Proposed Accounting Standards Update (Revised) concerning Income Taxes (Topic 740). There is a critical need to expand required disclosures for multinational groups (MNCs) under generally accepted accounting principles. Many MNCs carry material tax risks from their adoption over the past several decades of increasingly aggressive and sometimes questionable profit-shifting structures that seriously divorce legal form and reality. This letter submission to the FASB Board discusses: • Background on profit-shifting structures, • Need for CbCR – How CbCR would benefit stakeholders without creating undue compliance issues for MNCs, • Need for guidance on location in connection with new paragraph 740-10-50-10A (disaggregation of income or loss from continuing operations between domestic and foreign), and • Disclosures Concerning Unrecognized Tax Benefits. This letter’s primary message is that multinational corporations currently operate under a range of U.S. and foreign tax exposures, and CbCR information is critical for investors and other users of financial reports to assess: • The potential for material tax assessments, • Possible reputational and other commercial risks that could arise from aggressive tax structures, and • Management’s relative conservatism or aggressiveness with respect to tax matters. The letter encourages FASB to be a leader in developing appropriate accounting standards to increase corporate tax transparency in financial reports. If FASB does not take a leadership role, others including governments, international bodies, and private sector entities will design the global standards mandating increased corporate tax disclosures.
Makers of democracy: a transnational history of the middle classes in Colombia

This provocative book demands that we rethink not only researchers’ portrayal of the middle classes in Latin America but also that we question the conflation of middle-class societies and democracy...
The Oncology Family Forum: Collaborating With Families to Codesign Pediatric Oncology Services

The Oncology Services Group at Queensland Children’s Hospital established an Oncology Family Forum in 2018 to enable codesign of service improvements. A total of 26 family members attended the firs...
The effect of phonotactic structure on novel lexical tone perception

Results from several studies suggest that the tonal status of the listener’s first language (L1) accurately predicts novel tone discrimination ability. However, other studies show that novel tone discrimination is more complex than a simple dichotomy between tonal and non-tonal L1s, and that L1 prosodic features and acoustic properties of the target tones interact in predicting accuracy. The current study furthers this literature by examining phonotactic factors affecting novel tone discrimination. We examine the interaction between L1 and syllable structure in predicting discrimination accuracy. Tone discrimination studies typically operate under the implicit or explicit hypothesis that consonant-vowel (CV) syllables with familiar segments are the best tokens to use for tone perception tests. We test this hypothesis by including syllable structure as a predictor. This permits the examination of the interaction between L1 and syllable structure, as well as the effect of unfamiliar phonotactic structures on novel tone discrimination via consonant-consonant-vowel (CCV) syllables for native Mandarin participants and CV syllables with /ŋ/ onsets for native English participants. The results of the current study shed light on the effect of L1 background on novel tone discrimination across syllable types, as well as the effects of unfamiliar phonotactic structures on discrimination sensitivity.
Is Demilitarizing Military Justice an Ethical Imperative for Congress, the Courts, and the Commander-in-Chief?

This symposium introduction to ethics in military justice highlights that professional responsibility norms, expectations, and problems impact and imperial this discipline just as they do in any other criminal justice system. But in such a dizzyingly specialized criminal justice schema, the problems and perils of legal ethics and professional responsibility are both heightened and clouded by their seemingly difficult remoteness. Because the context of military justice implicates—to various degrees—national security, and not just individual cases and individual parties, special attention is owed in several critical areas. Political interference in military prosecutions has a long history, and it inevitably corrupts and taints individual cases, impairing public confidence in the judicial integrity of the court-martial. Moreover, this is a justice system that self-consciously celebrates the influential and central role of the commanding officer, creating an “operating environment [which] remains an orders-driven, hierarchical, and profoundly coercive special society.” It must, therefore, still contend with and actively combat the ever-present risk of “unlawful command influence” no matter how many other civilianizing characteristics military justice now enjoys, and regardless of whether that influence was direct or merely indirect, actual or only apparent, intentional or just inadvertent. Moreover, in a field as obscure as military law, public transparency of judicial and prosecutorial decision-making—especially in terms of sentencing—may outweigh the countervailing goal of shielding the “deliberative process” when both statutes and case law either already require it in civilian practice or encourage it. Some national security professionals, military justice practitioners among them, are “under pressure” to depart from professional norms and their professional obligations, and to dilute or change their advice to their (political) principals, or to advocate on the principal’s behalf thereby losing their highly valuable professional independence—they are “wedged between their principles and principals.”
How UAVs' Highly Dynamic 3D Movement Improves Network Security?

Cooperative ad hoc unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks need essential security services to ensure their communication security. Cryptography, as the inseparable tool for providing security services, requires a robust key management system. Alas, the absence of infrastructure in cooperative networks leads to the infeasibility of providing conventional key management systems. Key pre-distribution schemes have shown promising performance in different cooperative networks due to their lightweight nature. However, intermediate decryption-encryption (DE) steps and the lack of key updates are the most concerning issues they suffer from. In this paper, we propose a simple and effective key management algorithm inspired by the idea of key pre-distribution, where it utilizes the highly dynamic UAV node movement in 3D space to provide the key update feature and optimizes the number of intermediate DE steps. Although it is a general model for any mobile ad hoc network, we have selected UAV network as an example domain to show the efficiency of the model given the high mobility. We define the communication density parameter to analytically show that using any highly dynamic random movement pattern leads our algorithm to work effectively. To show the proposed algorithm's effectiveness, we exhaustively analyze its security and performance in the UAV network using the ns-3 network simulator. Results validate our analytical findings and show how the highly dynamic UAV network movement helps our algorithm to provide the key update feature and to optimize the number of DE steps.
The Eugenics Record Office's "Bulletin No. 4: A First Study of Inheritance in Epilepsy" Through the Lens of Contemporaneous Book Reviews.

To investigate the opinion of The Eugenics Record Office's (ERO) “Bulletin No. 4: A first study of the inheritance of epilepsy” by Charles Davenport and David Weeks through the lens of contemporaneous book reviews. In 1911, the ERO published the aforementioned report. The authors, Davenport and Weeks, held a deterministic view of the genetic basis of epilepsy - the progeny of an epileptic or feebleminded will be epileptic, feebleminded, or both. Reviews of the ERO's Bulletin were sought using online databases. Also, the publication's title, and the authors’ names were used as searchable terms. Finally, the Bulletin was analyzed in detail, comparing the findings to other writings by the booklet's authors. The search yielded 3 reviews, all published in 1912, 2 by the same author. In his first review, Schuster indicated that the data was poorly collected. Hence, the authors’ conclusions were unjustified. In his second review, Schuster further criticized the manner in which the data was analyzed. He suggested that, when the information did not align with the authors’ claims, the data was manipulated. In his review, Ellis also criticized the quality of the data, and stated the author's solution to the problem – segregate epileptics during their reproductive years. Even when one recognizes the differences in what was known about genetics in the early 1900s and what is known today, Davenport's and Weeks’ dogma is illness-based racism. Recommending that epileptics and feebleminded be segregated during their reproductive years is tantamount to illness-based discrimination.
Has the emphasis on autonomy gone too far? Insights from Dostoevsky on parental decisionmaking in the NICU.

In a recent essay, George Annas, the legal columnist for The New England Journal of Medicine, observed that the resuscitation of extremely premature infants, even over parental objection, is not problematic because “once the child's medical status has been determined, the parents have the legal authority to make all subsequent decisions.” Annas himself is quick to concede that treatment in a high-technology neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) frequently takes on a life of its own. He also acknowledges that although bioethicists and courts agree that there is no ethical or legal difference between withholding or withdrawing a respirator from a patient, parents and physicians find the withdrawal much more emotionally troubling.
The Young Paul Robeson: on My Journey Now

I Got A Home In-A That RockAn African AmericanWilliam Robeson: A Star to FollowPrinceton: The South Up NorthHappy Black Boy Lil DavidHigh School: The Fledgling HeroRutgers 1: A Long Ways from HomeRutgers 2: Othello of BattleRutgers 3: This Noble SonRutgers 4: To Help the RaceHarlem, Morningside Heights, and Points WestOn My Journey NowAfterword
Martin Scorsese's Invisible City in Bringing Out the Dead

_Bringing Out the Dead_ Directed by Martin Scorsese (Paramount Pictures Corporation and Touchstone Pictures, 1999)
Attitudes toward Physical Activity of Delinquent and Nondelinquent Junior High School Age Girls

Abstract It was the purpose of this study to compare altitudes toward physical activity of delinquent (N = 20) and nondelinquent (N = 60) junior high school age girls. Demographic data were secured through the administration of a questionnaire. Attitudes toward physical activity were assessed by the use of the Kenyon Attitudes Toward Physical Activity Inventory (ATPAI). Data were analyzed through the use of univariate and multivariate statistical procedures. Statistically significant (.01 level) differences in attitudes were found on only one of the six domains. The nondelinquent girls scored significantly higher than the delinquent girls on the social scale. That is, nondelinquent girls value physical activity as a social experience — an opportunity to interact with others. Statistically significant differences were not found for the vertigo, aesthetic, catharsis, or ascetic domains. Multiple discriminant function analyses revealed, however, that there were significant (.05 level) overall differences bet...
Iatrogenic splenectomy during nephrectomy for renal tumors

Objectives To evaluate risk factors associated with iatrogenic splenectomy during nephrectomy and to assess outcomes among patients undergoing nephrectomy for renal tumors. Methods Of 4323 patients who underwent nephrectomy at Mayo Clinic between 1992 and 2008, 33 (0.8%) had an iatrogenic/unplanned splenectomy. In a case–control study design, controls without splenectomy were matched 1:3 based on age, sex, surgical date, side of the renal tumor, surgical approach and surgeon. Perioperative features and survival were evaluated using conditional logistic and Cox regression. Results Among the 33 iatrogenic splenectomy patients, the majority (94%) underwent radical, open and left-sided nephrectomy. Primary tumor classification ≥T3 was the only clinicopathological risk factor significantly associated with splenectomy (odds ratio 3.4; P = 0.02). Compared with controls, patients with an iatrogenic splenectomy were more likely to have longer operative time (205 vs 171 min; P = 0.02), higher estimated blood loss (1.3 vs 0.3 L; P = 0.001), longer length of stay (median 7 vs 5 days; P = 0.03) and a higher likelihood for postoperative complications (odds ratio 5.3; P = 0.002). With a median of 9.8 years of follow up, splenectomy patients tended to have greater all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.6; P = 0.07), although this difference approached statistical significance. Conclusions Iatrogenic splenectomy is a rare complication during nephrectomy and is associated with locally advanced tumors (≥pT3). It also carries prognostic significance for adverse perioperative outcomes and possibly diminished survival, although this warrants further study.
Multimodal interfaces in support of human-human interaction

After building computers that paid no intention to communicating with humans, the computer science community has devoted significant effort over the years to more sophisticated interfaces that put the "human in the loop" of computers. These interfaces have improved usability by providing more appealing output (graphics, animations), more easy to use input methods (mouse, pointing, clicking, dragging) and more natural interaction modes (speech, vision, gesture, etc.). Yet all these interaction modes have still mostly been restricted to human-machine interaction and made severely limiting assumptions on sensor setup and expected human behavior. (For example, a gesture might be presented clearly in front of the camera and have a clear start and end time). Such assumptions, however, are unrealistic and have, consequently, limited the potential productivity gains, as the machine still operates in a passive mode, requiring the user to pay considerable attention to the technological artifact.
Interionic potentials of mean force for SrCl2 in polarizable water: A computer simulation study

Abstract Potentials of mean force (PMFs) and solvation properties of SrCl 2 in polarizable water have been studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The PMF between isolated Sr 2+ and Cl − ions involves a stable contact ion-pair state with a binding free energy of −1.8 kcal mol and a dissociation barrier of 3.5 kcal/mol. A solvent-separated state is observed to have comparable free energy and a minimal barrier for dissociation to free ions. The PMF between a second Cl − ion and the Sr 2+ ⋯Cl − contact ion pair has also been calculated. The Cl − ⋯Sr 2+ ⋯Cl − complex is nonlinear and involves a bridging water molecule strongly hydrogen-bound to both chlorine ions.
Work–family Management among Low‐wage Service Workers and Assistant Professors in the USA: A Comparative Intersectional Analysis

Noting an inattention to the specific ways in which class, race, and gender combine to affect work–family management, we conducted a qualitative exploration of the processes of intersectionality. Our analysis relies on two points on a continuum of class experiences provided by two groups of predominately white female workers: low-wage service workers and assistant professors. Drawing on in-depth interviews with each group, we examine the similarities and differences in their experiences of negotiating their work worlds as they tried to meet family demands. We focus on the ways in which class and gender interacted to shape these women's everyday lives in different ways. While we found that women privileged by class were privileged in their abilities to manage work and family demands, we also found that class shaped the gendered experiences of these women differently. Our data suggest that, in the realm of work–family management, class mutes gendered experiences for assistant professors while it exacerbates gendered experiences for women working in the low-wage service sector. Our analysis not only highlights the importance of considering intersecting hierarchies when examining women's lived experiences in families and workplaces, but provides an empirical example of the workings of intersectionality.
Salicylates and Phospholipid Bilayer Membranes

FERREIRA1 has observed that pain receptors are sensitized by prostaglandins, which strongly supports his suggestion that aspirin-like drugs induce analgesia by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins. Salicylates, however, also produce an increase in the permeability of a molluscan neurone to potassium and a decrease in the permeability of the neurone to chloride which Barker and Levitan2–4 have suggested may be related to the analgesic action of the drugs. More extensive pharmacological investigations are obviously required to ascertain whether analgesia could be a membrane related phenomenon, and these studies would be facilitated by a knowledge of the molecular mechanism by which salicylates modify the permeability of neurones to electrolytes. A simple working hypothesis is that the “receptor site” of the neuronal membrane for salicylate is the ubiquitous5 phospholipid bilayer. An adsorption of salicylate anions to the bilayer would produce a negative electrostatic surface potential which would modify the inter-facial ion concentrations and thus give rise to the observed changes in permeability. If the hypothesis is correct, salicylate should produce similar effects on neurones and artificial phospholipid bilayer membranes. It does.
Micromechanics of bone strength and fracture

The mechanical properties of bone were modeled in the context of a filled polymeric composite containing a collagenous matrix and a hydroxyapatite filler. The longitudinal and transverse moduli of cortical bone as a composite with perfect alignment of filler particles were calculated to be 34.5 and 5.3 GPa, respectively. When considering that particle orientation is arranged within a distribution about the long axis, moduli close to the experimentally measured values are achieved. The calculated tensile strength of 1.7 GPa is higher than the experimental values, which may be attributable to intrinsic sample flaws and biological heterogeneity. The mode of tensile failure in this model is particle-matrix debonding, which may explain fatigue or stress fractures. Overall, the filled composite model of bone helps explain the roles of mineralization fraction, particle shape and orientation, and other attributes of the constituent phases in understanding the tensile properties. The fundamentals of bone behavior in compression are less well understood. It is proposed that incorporation of an inorganic phase in bone was teleologically necessary for vertebrates to achieve adequate levels of compressive strength.
ON THE CORRELATION STRUCTURE FOR THE GENERALIZED AUTOREGRESSIVE CONDITIONAL HETEROSKEDASTIC PROCESS

. The correlation structure for the squares from the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) process is presented. It is shown that the behaviour of the correlations for the squares mimics the usual correlations of an appropriately defined ARMA process, although the admissible regions for the correlations are somewhat more restrictive. Simulation experiments are used to study the applicability of the theoretical results for order identification and diagnostic checking. Finally, an empirical example is given for the IBM stock market price series from Box and Jenkins (1976).
Electrographic patterns of the occipital lobe in man: A topographic study based on use of implanted electrodes ☆

Abstract An attempt was made to determine the topographic distribution of electrographic patterns recorded from deep in the occipital lobe of 26 patients by means of 31 implanted leads with 167 electrodes. The occipital patterns were divided into two groups: One group is widely distributed throughout the whole occipital lobe and extends beyond its limits to the parietal and temporal lobes. These include the alpha rhythms (8–16 c/sec) and the fast rhythms (25–50 c/sec). The alpha rhythms appear to originate from multiple occipital and extra-occipital cortical generators variously overlapping and influencing each other, probably under the relative control of a central pacemaker. The other group is recorded from discrete areas of the occipital lobe in or near the calcarine region. The responses to steady illumination of the eyes (slow on-responses and off-responses and fast disharge), to single flashes of light, and to repetitive flashes (on-responses, off-responses, and driving responses) belong to this group. The small foci, from which responses to patterned visual stimulation (lambda waves) were recorded, were located not only in the medial portion but also in the inferolateral and occasionally in the superolateral portion of the occipital lobe.
NATURALIZING LEHRER'S COHERENTISM

L'A. montre que la theorie du coherentisme de Keith Lehrer peut etre plus naturalisee qu'elle ne l'est et presente sa propre conception de la theorie de la justification epistemique
Competition between chaos and order: mixing and segregation in a spherical tumbler.

We investigate the competition between granular mixing and segregation in a sphere rotating and rocking on two orthogonal axes. Operation corresponds to the continuous-flow regime and the flow within the sphere is three-dimensional and time-periodic. Experimental results are organized in a frequency/amplitude phase diagram showing modes of segregation (band formation/no axial bands); segregated bands are remarkably robust and survive rocking amplitudes as large as 60 degrees over a wide range of frequencies. Details differ, but the phenomenon occurs under both dry and slurry conditions, that is, when all air is replaced by a liquid. Experimental space-time plots of the stationary segregated patterns agree well with Poincare maps obtained using a continuum model of the flow, suggesting that the final segregation patterns are relatively independent of materials tumbled.
The roots of competence: Mother-child interaction among low income, urban, African American families

This study examined developmental competence and mother-child interaction during feeding and play among 110 low income, urban African American infants and toddlers, and their mothers. Convergent validity was examined by comparing two parental factors (nurturance and control) and two child factors (interactive communication and affective regulation) from feeding and play observations with data from observations in the home, performance on standardized developmental assessments, and parental questionnaires. The extension of factors derived from observations of mothers and children during feeding and play into analyses based on ecological theory relating parental nurturance and control to children's competence provided construct validity for the observational procedure, and contributed to our understanding of mother-child relationships and the development of competence among low income, African American children.
'THE TYRANTS AROUND THOAS AND DAMASENOR' (PLUT. Q. G. 32.298c-d)

At Quaestiones Graecae 32.298c–d, Plutarch raises the question, τίνeς οἰ eιναται παρᾰ Μιλησίος , ‘Who were the Perpetual Sailors among the Milesians?’ he frames the circumstances of his answer using a genitive absolute clause: τν πeρ Θόαντα κα Δαμασήνορα τυράννων καταλυθέντων (‘when the tyrants around Thoas and Damasenor had been overthrown’). In the absence of any other mention of these men in the extent sources, these words—especially the appellation τυράνων —have caused concern among editors and commentators of Plutarch. In the Teubner edition of 1935 Titchener changes τυράνων to the accusative τυράννους , while Halliday in his Oxford commentary suggests that the word should be deleted as a gloss. Each of these suggested changes to the received text is motivated by the occurrence here of the common idiom οἵ πeί ⁺ Accus. nominis proprii. This expression is, from the time of Polybius on, frequently used by Greek historians to indicate succinctly a group or faction, especially one centred around an important personage. Furthermore, a rather odd periphrastic usage of this phrase has been identified by scholars of Greek grammar as common from at least the Roman period. In this usage, οἱ πeρί τινα I serves as the equivalent of the simple proper name. Thus τν πeρ Θόαντα κα Δαμασήνορα may be a periphrasis for Thoas and Damasenor alone.
Development of rapid tolerance to ethanol-stimulated serotonin release in the ventral hippocampus.

This study was designed to examine the effects of acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) ethanol injection on the extracellular levels of serotonin (5-HT) in the ventral hippocampus (vHIP) and to determine whether a single prior exposure to ethanol could alter the response to a second dose of ethanol given 24 hr later. In the first experiment, in vivo microdialysis coupled with high pressure liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) was used to assess the effects of 1.0, 1.75, and 2.5 g/kg ethanol on vHIP 5-HT extracellular levels in ethanol-naive adult male Wistar rats. The largest dose significantly increased the extracellular concentration of 5-HT (p < 0.001) to a maximum of approximately 180% of baseline values within 50 min; thereafter, the levels of 5-HT began to return toward baseline. The 1.75 g/kg dose also transiently increased 5-HT levels above baseline; however, no significant increase was observed with 1.0 g/kg ethanol. The results of the second experiment demonstrated that the i.p. dose of 2.5 g/kg ethanol had no significant effect on the extracellular levels of 5-HT if rats had been given a single i.p. 2.5 g/kg dose of ethanol 24 hr earlier. Because the vHIP receives a major 5HT input from the median raphe nucleus (MRN), the results suggest that acute ethanol activates the MRN 5-HT system projecting to the vHIP and that rapid tolerance develops to the activating effects of alcohol on this pathway.
Conservative treatment of periapical actinomycosis

A patient with periapical actinomycosis of approximately 3 years' duration was treated conservatively with tissue management and antibiotic therapy. Twelve months after therapy, bone regeneration is almost complete and there is no sign of recurrence.
Factors Associated With Vertebral Fractures in Men Treated With Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer causes accelerated loss of bone mineral density and is associated with increased fracture risk. We evaluated risk factors associated with vertebral fractures among men enrolled in a fracture prevention trial.Materials and Methods: Analysis included men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer and enrolled in a phase III fracture prevention trial. All men were 70 years old or older or had a low bone mineral density (T-score less than -1.5 for the lumbar spine or total hip). We analyzed demographic and laboratory characteristics of men with and those without vertebral fractures at study entry.Results: Of the 1,244 subjects 162 (13.0%) had a vertebral fracture at baseline. The 2 factors significantly associated with vertebral fractures were white race (p = 0.028 compared with nonwhite race) and osteoporosis (p = 0.002 for osteoporosis at any site, p = 0.053 for osteoporosis at the spine, p = 0.002 for osteoporosis at the hip). Lower ...
Application of a correlation between the lumbar Torg ratio and the area of the spinal canal to predict lumbar stenosis: a study of 420 postmortem subjects

A cervical Torg ratio of 0.8 has been used as a screening tool to determine the presence of cervical spinal stenosis. However, there have been no studies done to define the Torg ratio in the lumbar spine for predicting lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). Torg ratios have never been correlated with the actual calculated canal area as derived from anatomic specimens. The aim of this study was to provide an analysis of the utility of the lumbar Torg ratio for predicting LSS based on objective measurements of skeletal specimens. 420 adult skeletal specimens from the Hamann Todd Collection in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History were selected. Digital calipers were used to measure the sagittal diameter (SCD), interpedicular distance, pedicle length, and vertebral body diameter. The canal area at each level was calculated using a geometric formula. A standard distribution curve for canal area and Torg ratio was created, and values that were that is less than the mean minus two standard deviations (SD) below the mean were considered stenotic. Regression analysis was performed to determine if the Torg ratio was correlated with canal area, and if a “below normal” Torg ratio was predictive of LSS. The Torg ratio for 2SD below the mean was defined as 0.43 at L1, 0.43 at L2, 0.41 at L3, 0.38 at L4, 0.37 at L5. Regression analysis revealed a significant association of the Torg ratio with canal area (p < 0.01). A Torg ratio that was less than the mean − 2SD predicted canal stenosis at L2, L3, L4, and L5 (p < 0.01). Using a Torg ratio of <0.5 predicted stenosis with a sensitivity of 86 % and specificity of 52 % at all lumbar levels. Based on the results of our study, we have defined the lower limit of the normal Torg ratio at each level. A Torg ratio of <0.5 predicts LSS and could be a useful radiological tool for LSS screening.
Striking Similarity: GATA-3 Regulates ILC2 and Th2 Cells

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and T helper (Th) cells share similar effector functions. In this issue of Immunity, Hoyler et al. (2012) and Mjosberg et al. (2012) demonstrate that GATA-3, a Th2 regulator, controls ILC2 differentiation, maintenance, and function.
Liquid crystalline polyesters by staged-addition polycondensation

A series of model liquid crystalline (LC) polyesters have been prepared by low temperature solution polycondensation using staged addition methods. The model thermotropic polyesters were composed of aliphatic spacers and mesogenic groups made from substituted terephthalic acid and methyl hydroquinone. Both the mesogenic groups and the spacers were placed in the main chain. Attractive properties of these polymers include solubility in many organic solvents such as THF and DMSO with softening temperatures below 150°C. Some of these polymers show no melting transitions, and depending on the terephthalate group substituent, either smectic or nematic phases are formed. Results from GPC analysis show good solubility of polymers in THF with Mw lower than 10,000 compared to polystyrene standards. The synthesis and characterization of these LC polyesters are reported here.
Signatures and Possible Evidence for Supersymmetry at the {CERN} Collider

Abstract For certain ranges of masses of the supersymmetric partners of the gluons, quarks and W-bosons, it is expected that a few events of production and decay of the partners could be observed at the CERN pp collider. The characteristic signatures are events with l± j , l± jj , jjj , jj and j where l ± is an isolated charged lepton, j is a hadron jet and stands for missing p T . Some recently reported events are of this type.
Experimental Measurement and Simulations of the Cytokinetic Ring Tension in Fission Yeast

Cytokinesis in animals and fungi requires the assembly and constriction of an actomyosin contractile ring at the site of cell division, but the ring tension, the ring's principal mechanical property, has rarely been measured. Thus it has not been possible to relate the organization of the ring to its principal function, and the mechanism of ring constriction remains poorly understood. Here we combined experimental measurement and mathematical modeling to characterize the tension of the cytokinetic contractile ring and its relation to organization. We used Schizosaccharomyces pombe protoplasts, whose cell walls have been enzymatically digested, to measure the tension. Based on extensive biochemical and genetic characterization of the components of the S. pombe ring, we developed a detailed computer simulation incorporating the key components. The simulation calculated the tension and organization of the ring for direct comparison with our experiments. We report the first measurements of contractile ring tension in fission yeast, using micropipette aspiration of protoplast cell membranes and optical microscopy analysis of membrane deformation by the tense ring as it constricts. The measured values are in close agreement with our ring simulations. The simulations show that the ring components undergo a remarkable process of continuous self-organization into a tight tension-generating bundle. The bundle produces high tension by orienting actin filaments parallel to the ring, and by concentrating actin filaments and myosin-II clusters to enhance the number of force-producing interactions. The self-organization naturally provides the mechanism to continuously remodel the ring as it constricts without loss of tension, a long-standing puzzle concerning the mechanism of ring constriction.
The Effect of the Busy Season Workload on Public Accountants' Job Burnout

Anecdotal evidence suggests that the escalated workload of the public accounting “busy season” is a major contributor to employee “burnout.” Academic research on the psychological impact of the busy season workload, however, is virtually absent from the accounting literature. We partially address this void by employing a longitudinal design and structural equation modeling to examine the causal impact of the busy season workload on public accountants' job burnout—a dysfunctional stress syndrome. Prior to the start of the busy season and again at its end, we measured hours worked, role stressors, and job burnout for a sample of public accountants from a national firm. The results of our analyses indicate that public accountants' pre‐busy season burnout was not directly affected by hours worked, even though subjects reported an average workload of 49 hours per week. This result implies that public accountants may develop a relatively high workload threshold before it directly impacts their job burnout. Duri...
Stability of ascorbic acid in commercially available orange juices.

Abstract Objective To compare the vitamin C content of reconstituted frozen orange juice concentrates at preparation to that of ready-to-drink orange juices purchased 4 to 5 weeks from expiration. Design Juices were unsealed and analyzed for reduced and oxidized vitamin C content at the time of purchase and reanalyzed 3 times weekly for 4 to 5 weeks. Same-lot samples of the ready-to-drink juices remained sealed after purchase and were opened for analyses at 3, 2, 1, or 0 weeks before expiration. Samples/setting Orange juices were reconstituted frozen concentrates, ready-to-drink juice packaged in resealable, screw-top containers, or ready-to-drink juice packaged in nonresealable containers. Juices were obtained from local retailers and stored at 4°C in their original containers when appropriate. Statistical analyses performed The reduced vitamin C content of juices analyzed repeatedly, 3 times weekly for 4 weeks, were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. Linear regression lines were computed for reduced vitamin C in each juice over time, and differences between slopes were analyzed by oneway analysis of variance. Results The orange juices from frozen concentrates contained 86mg reduced vitamin C per fluid cup at initial preparation and 39 to 46mg/c after 4 weeks of storage. Ready-to-drink juices averaged significantly lower reduced vitamin C: 27 to 65mg/c at opening and 0 to 25mg/c at expiration 4 weeks later. Ready-to-drink orange juices had twofold to threefold higher concentrations of oxidized vitamin C vs the orange juices reconstituted from frozen, and the decomposition rate of reduced vitamin C was similar for all juices, about 2% per day once opened. Applications Ready-to-drink orange juices should be purchased 3 to 4 weeks before expiration date and consumed within 1 week of opening. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002; 102:525-529 .
Resolving structural uncertainty in natural resources management using POMDP approaches

In recent years there has been a growing focus on the uncertainties of natural resources management, and the importance of accounting for uncertainty in assessing management effectiveness. This paper focuses on uncertainty in resource management in terms of discrete-state Markov decision processes (MDP) under structural uncertainty and partial observability. It describes the treatment of structural uncertainty with approaches developed for partially observable resource systems. In particular, I show how value iteration for partially observable MDPs (POMDP) can be extended to structurally uncertain MDPs. A key difference between these process classes is that structurally uncertain MDPs require the tracking of system state as well as a probability structure for the structure uncertainty, whereas with POMDPs require only a probability structure for the observation uncertainty. The added complexity of the optimization problem under structural uncertainty is compensated by reduced dimensionality in the search for optimal strategy. A solution algorithm for structurally uncertain processes is outlined for a simple example in conservation biology. By building on the conceptual framework developed for POMDPs, natural resource analysts and decision makers who confront structural uncertainties in natural resources can take advantage of the rapid growth in POMDP methods and approaches, and thereby produce better conservation strategies over a larger class of resource problems.
Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain, and France in the Railway Age

The United States, France and Britain use markedly different kinds of industrial policies to foster economic growth today. To understand the origins of these different policies, this book examines the evolution of public policies governing one of the first modern industries, the railroads. The author challenges conventional thinking in economics, political science and sociology by arguing that cultural meaning plays an important role in the development of purportedly rational policies designed to promote industrial growth. This book has implications for the study of rational institutions of all sorts, including science, management and economics, as well as for the study of culture.
The Preparedness of Counselors in Training to Work with Transgender Clients: A Mixed Methods Investigation

Although transgender people have increasingly become more visible, there still remains a dearth in the counseling literature regarding counselor preparation with this population. A mixed-method research study was designed to investigate the strengths and gaps in counselor preparedness regarding transgender individuals. In Phase 1, counselors in training (N = 87) from an urban university in the southeastern United States completed a questionnaire on transgender counseling competence. Phase 2 investigated the educative experiences of diverse counselors in training (N = 7) in two separate focus group interviews. The authors converged the results and discuss implications for professional counseling practice and preparation.
Respiratory and hematological responses of the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, to acute changes in dissolved oxygen

Abstract Behavioral and physiological responses to acute changes in dissolved oxygen were examined in the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo . In two sets of respirometry experiments, sharks were randomly exposed to seawater in oxygen contents of 6.0, 5.0, 4.0 and 3.0 mg l −1 . During exposure, bonnetheads increased mouth gape from 0.8 cm at 6.0 mg l −1 to 2.2 cm at 3.0 mg l −1 , while ventilation volume increased from 0.61 to 5.28 l min −1 kg −1 . Standard oxygen consumption remained unchanged (163–181 mg O 2 kg −1 h −1 ) throughout all treatments and was not significantly different. Utilization (%) declined from 52.3% at 6.0 mg l −1 to 21.3% when oxygen levels reached 3.0 mg l −1 . Changes in oxygen content of ambient water also caused no significant change in either blood oxygen content or hematocrit. Using cellulose acetate electrophoresis, a single hemoglobin profile was identified at seawater of 6.0 mg l −1 and hypoxic conditions. Results suggest bonnetheads are physiologically able to tolerate moderate levels of hypoxia.
Cultures of Fear: Technonationalism and the Postcolonial Responsibilities of STS

This paper is a slightly spruced-up version of a talk delivered at a roundtable cosponsored by the Society for the History of Technology and the History of Science Society at their annual conference in Cleveland. Asked to speak about the responsibilities and opportunities for historians of technology and science working on Asia, I tried to situate the question within contemporary South Asian realities. In the broadest terms, I lay out the widespread conflicts and displacements that had been engendered by the megatech projects undertaken in the name of development and mobilized through the apparatus of the special economic zones (SEZs). Within this context, I suggest that fear had become a valuable political resource through which opposition to the projects was crystallized. Often irrational and frequently obscurantist, these fears nonetheless managed to trip up the iniquitous developmental juggernaut. As local fears hybridized, borrowed from, and traveled beyond their initial spheres of articulation, they created an intricate ecology of fear within which postcolonial megatech projects had to survive. Actor network theory, I argue, is insufficiently sensitive to these lurking irrationalities that haunt postcolonial technonational developmentalism, and if scholars want to understand the history and sociology of these projects, they have to take these fears and their politics mobilization seriously.
Structural Integrity in Severe Thermal Environments

The theory of structural stability of ceramics in severe thermal environments was explored via the use of precracking. It was shown that structural stability should be possible when an array of precracks is used, but that the precracks required for this purpose are relatively large. The approach is thus limited to systems which are not required to sustain a significant mechanical stress. Preliminary quenching experiments on short cylinders confirmed that stabilization can be achieved by precracking.
Achieving Development Outcomes through Technology Interventions in a Nonprofit Organization

Concern over the digital divide has focused primarily on the fear that specific groups of people will be left behind in an increasing technical world. Less, however, has been said about the probability of an organizational digital divide, for example, that nonprofit organizations may not have access to developing technical capability. The fundamental belief is that nonprofits are at a disadvantage when it comes to adopting and maintaining current information technology systems due to a variety of challenges that they face. This study focuses on a single in-depth case study of a local nonprofit organization in adopting and using technology through a contextualized approach described as IT Therapy. Results from the case are analyzed in light of their impact on socio-economic development.
Measurement and Prediction of Transient Transport across Sclera for Drug Delivery to the Eye

Drug delivery to the eye for treatment of a number of important diseases involves non-steady-state transport across the sclera. Although the literature contains steady-state measurements of permeability, the transient transport properties of sclera have not been determined experimentally or described theoretically. In this study, carboxyfluorescein flux across human sclera is shown experimentally to approach a quasi-steady state with a lag time of 0.37 h. Because drug-sclera contact times in the body are often shorter than this, the use of steady-state permeability models will overpredict the amount of drug delivered to the eye. A theoretical model is also developed to describe the observed transient flux by accounting for both diffusion and solute binding within the sclera.
Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus: migration to the brain of the fish intermediate host, Pimephales promelas

Migration of cercariae of the diplostomatid trematode, Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus, to the brain of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, takes place via directed, nonrandom movement. Penetration of the fish epidermis is rapid and is essentially complete by 2 hr postinfection. Migration to the central nervous system occurs almost exclusively via the general body musculature and connective tissue, although a few cercariae gain direct access to the nervous system via the eyes. Cercariae enter either the neural canal and spinal cord, or the brain via the spinal or cranial nerves and their associated foramina, although cercariae appear to remain in (on) these peripheral nerves for only a short time. Cercariae associated with cranial nerves continue to the brain. Those becoming associated with spinal nerves travel up the neural canal and (or) spinal cord to the brain. Data suggest that most arrive at the brain via the neural canal and spinal cord. Within the brain, most developing metacercariae (neascus-type) occur in the optic lobes and cerebellum. Whether this is “selective localization” or merely the result of the larger space afforded by these brain regions could not be determined.
Relation of QRS Duration on the Surface 12-Lead Electrocardiogram With Mortality in Patients With Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease

The aim of this study was to assess the relation between QRS duration and mortality in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease, after adjustment for myocardial functional abnormalities, as assessed by exercise echocardiography. We studied 4,033 patients (age 62 ± 12 years; 2,360 men, 18% with previous myocardial infarction) who underwent symptom-limited exercise echocardiography. The QRS duration was electronically measured from the 12-lead electrocardiogram. The incremental value of the QRS duration for predicting mortality was assessed by adding the QRS duration at the end of each of these modeling steps: clinical data, exercise electrocardiographic, and exercise echocardiographic variables. The QRS duration correlated positively with age, the wall motion score index at rest, and percentage of ischemic segments and negatively with workload (p = 0.0001). Of the 4,033 patients, 252 died during a median follow-up of 3 years. The QRS duration was univariately associated with an increased risk of death (relative risk 8.5, 95% confidence interval CI 4.4 to 16.4, p
Nondestructive evaluation of model adhesive joints by PVDF piezoelectric film sensors

Metallized poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films can be etched into nondestructive evaluation (NDE) sensor devices. Since these sensors are relatively inexpensive, thin and lightweight, they can be attached permanently to adhesively bonded joints, laminated composites, and other structures to measure structural integrity. The present study has addressed techniques to design, attach, and utilize such sensors for adhesive joint and laminated composite applications. PVDF sensors have been successfully used as NDE transducers in pulse-echo, through-transmission, and acousto-ultrasonic techniques to monitor curing, and to detect porosity and crack propagation in different model joint geometries. Feasibility of several applications has been demonstrated, although several problems remain. The potential of using these techniques for practical bonded structures is also suggested.