cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Northern Great Basin: A Region of Continual Change

On the Ground • The Great Basin of the United States has experienced large climatic fluctuations over the past 10,000 years. Lake Bonneville (the remnant of which is the Great Salt Lake) at one time covered almost 20,000 square miles, which is about the size of Lake Michigan. The fact that the region is internally drained amplifies the effects of climatic shifts on the Great Basin environment. • Euro-American exploration also had dramatic effects on the Great Basin environment. Some of the early exploration involved intentional destruction of resources (decimating beaver populations) to make the region less appealing to potential competitors. The removal of beaver would have affected riparian areas of the Great Basin as early as the 1820s. • The American settlement period was also fairly destructive. The various Homestead Acts were not designed with the Great Basin in mind and the mix of homesteaded (private) and un-homesteaded (public) land created a chaotic setting where the first person to arrive used the forage. This situation persisted until the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934. • There are clearly reasons for concern over the expansion of annual grasses and extensive wildfires. However, recent planning efforts associated with improving habitat for greater sage-grouse provide examples where science and management have been integrated, and there is a much needed focus on evaluating the success of management practices. The outcome of these efforts should be increased accountability for those involved in rangeland management in the northern Great Basin.
Rearrangement of 4‐Aryl‐4‐hydroxy‐2,3‐dialkoxycyclobutenones to Annulated Hydroquinones and Quinones: 5,6‐Diethoxybenzofuran‐4,7‐dione

Rearrangement of 4-aryl-4-hydroxy-2,3-dialkoxycyclobutenones to annulated hydroquinones and quinones: 5,6-Diethoxybenzofuran-4,7-dione product: 5,6-diethoxybenzofuran-4,7-dione reactant: 9.00 g (52.9 mmol) of diethyl squarate Keywords: rearrangements; replacement reactions, halogen by azide; ring expansion reactions; ferric chloride, ethanolic; tetrahydrofuran; diethyl squarate, skin irritant; diethyl squarate, skin irritant
Cooperative mobile internet access with opportunistic scheduling

Ubiquitous and resilient Internet connection access is becoming a necessity of life. Moreover, the amount of data requested by mobile users is increasing rapidly. Cooperative mobile Internet access is a promising approach to addressing these demands, by giving the mobile devices the opportunity to use the help of other devices to access the Internet. The helpers can download the data requested by the other users, referred to as clients, through their cellular connections, and can transmit the downloaded data to the clients using WiFi. In this paper, we consider the problem of sharing the resources of helpers among a set of clients that request the assistance of the helpers. Opportunistic scheduling is an effective method that uses the dynamic channel conditions to elevate the systems’ overall utilities. We propose an opportunistic scheduling algorithm to use the helpers efficiently and share them among the clients in a fair way. Through simulation results, we show the effectiveness of our cooperative downloading methods.
Faculty Governance And Outcomes Assessment: Compatible Or Combustible?

This paper identifies the various factors driving the outcomes assessment movement, contrasts the old paradigm with the model now espoused by regional accreditors, discusses the six-step process of student outcomes assessment, emphasizes faculty ownership of the process to prevent administrative usurpation, and proposes specific strategies to enhance faculty empowerment.
Cloud Regime Variability over the Azores and Its Application to Climate Model Evaluation

AbstractFrom its location on the subtropics–midlatitude boundary, the Azores is influenced by both the subtropical high pressure and the midlatitude baroclinic storm regimes and therefore experiences a wide range of cloud structures, from fair-weather scenes to stratocumulus sheets and deep convective systems. This work combines three types of datasets to study cloud variability in the Azores: a satellite analysis of cloud regimes, a reanalysis characterization of storminess, and a 19-month field campaign that occurred on Graciosa Island. Combined analysis of the three datasets provides a detailed picture of cloud variability and the respective dynamic influences, with emphasis on low clouds that constitute a major uncertainty source in climate model simulations. The satellite cloud regime analysis shows that the Azores cloud distribution is similar to the mean global distribution and can therefore be used to evaluate cloud simulation in global models. Regime analysis of low clouds shows that stratocumulu...
Designing water institutions: market failures and institutional response

Efficient resource use is increasingly central to the economic well being of individual regions and countries. Institutional arrangements set the ground rules for resource use. At best, institutions facilitate achievement of economic and social goals. At worst, they establish impediments to efficient resource use and significant resources must be expended by individuals to compensate for their obsolete or poor design. In general, efficient water use requires a secure and flexible system of water rights. In the first regard, the peculiar physical characteristics of water resources pose special challenges for institutional design. Water resources are prone to market failures that must be addressed by institutions in order to yield efficient allocation and use. A section of the paper is devoted to presenting institutional approaches to establishing security in water use. Proportionality, prioritized rights and licenses are discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. Concerning flexibility, water allocations must change in response to changing physical and economic circumstances. In the context of drought, administrative rationing, priority and drought water options are analyzed. For demand based transfers, a full range of institutional options are considered, from a complete ban on transfers to no restriction, including market and administratively based transfers. The special issues of infrastructure, transactions costs, and secondary impacts are also discussed. Finally, conclusions are drawn concerning how the mix of institutional arrangements affects incentives guiding water use.
Crude oil degradation by microorganisms isolated from the marine environment.

The utilization of crude oil by microorganisms isolated from marine environments was investigated. Enrichment procedures for isolating crude oil degrading organisms were carried out using samples of mud collected among the estuaries and along the coast of North Carolina. The basal medium was seawater supplemented with nitrogen and phosphate. The fungi isolated under these conditions utilized crude oil more effectively than did the bacteria and several oil utilizing fungi were isolated in pure culture. Among the fungi selected were strains of Cunninghamella etegans, Aspergillus versicolor, Cephalosporium acremonium, and a Penicillium sp. These fungi utilized a wide variety of hydrocarbon substrates as a source of carbon and energy. All grew on a mineral salts medium with no requirement for seawater. The amount of crude oil utilized by growing fungi was determined. The results suggested that of the fungi isolated C. elegans and the Penicillum sp. were most effective in degrading crude oil. When paraffin base crude oil was added to the seawater basal salts medium (0.2% v/v) and inoculated with C. elegans over 90% of the oil was assimilated after 5 days growth. Less than one-half of this amount of asphalt base crude oil was utilized. The optimum temperature for growth of fungi that utilized crude oil differed but all grew at temperatures between 15 and 24 °C. Significant growth of the fungi on crude oil did not occur unless the seawater was supplemented with a source of nitrogen and phosphorus. The results of this study suggested that fungi can effectively assimilate crude oil and that paraffin base crude is more readily degraded than the asphalt base crude oil.
Designing Bespoke Interactive Devices

Advances in both software tools and digital fabrication technology have brought down the cost, time, and expertise required to design and prototype interconnected interactive devices.
Expression of gus in somatic embryo cultures of black spruce after microprojectile bombardment

Immature embryos (stage I) and cotyledonary somatic embryos (stage III) of black spruve [Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.] were bombarded with tungsten particles coated with a gene construct containing the fusion of gus::nptll. GUS (β-glucuronidase) activity was monitored histochemically with X-gluc giving a blue colour where transient gene expression was detected in the bombarded tissues. A high transient expression of gus was observed in stage I embryo cultures 2 d after bombardment (202 GUS foci per 300 g tissue)
Limits on the size and orbit distribution of main belt comets

Abstract The first of a new class of objects now known as main belt comets (MBCs) or “activated asteroids” was identified in 1996. The seven known members of this class have orbital characteristics of main belt asteroids yet exhibit dust ejection like comets. In order to constrain their physical and orbital properties we searched the Thousand Asteroid Light Curve Survey (TALCS; Masiero, J.R., Jedicke, R., Durech, J., Gwyn, S., Denneau, L., Larsen, J. [2009]. Icarus 204, 145–171) for additional candidates using two diagnostics: tail and coma detection. This was the most sensitive MBC survey effort to date, extending the search from MBCs with H ∼ 18 ( D ∼ 1 km) to MBCs as small as H ∼ 21 ( D ∼ 150 m). We fit each of the 924 objects detected by TALCS to a PSF model incorporating both a coma and nuclear component to measure the fractional contribution of the coma to the total surface brightness. We determined the significance of the coma detection using the same algorithm on a sample of null detections of comparable magnitude and rate of motion. We did not identify any MBC candidates with this technique to a sensitivity limit on the order of cometary mass loss rate of about 0.1 kg/s. Our tail detection algorithm relied on identifying statistically significant flux in a segmented annulus around the candidate object. We show that the technique can detect tail activity throughout the asteroid belt to the level of the currently known MBCs. Although we did not identify any MBC candidates with this technique, we find a statistically significant detection of faint activity in the entire ensemble of TALCS asteroids. This suggests that many main belt asteroids are active at very low levels. Our null detection of MBCs allows us to set 90% upper confidence limits on the number distribution of MBCs as a function of absolute magnitude, semi-major axis, eccentricity, and inclination. There are ≲400,000 MBCs in the main belt brighter than H V = 21 (∼150-m in diameter) and the MBC:MBA ratio is ≲1:400. We further comment on the ability of observations to meaningfully constrain the snow line’s location. Under some reasonable and simple assumptions we claim 85% confidence that the contemporary snow line lies beyond 2.5 AU.
Searchability and Discoverability of Library Resources: Federated Search and Beyond

This article reviews current federated search and discovery products. The authors propose that federated search and discovery services are vital tools to increase searchability and discoverability of library resources, and that they are particularly useful for undergraduate students as a starting point of their information research process. The unifying access to a library's subscribed resources will create new opportunities for librarians to help patrons to advance their skills.
A process model of organisational disidentification: the role of emotions

Much of the research on organisational identification acknowledges that just as individuals identify with their organisations, meaning that they define themselves as members of the organisation and share the organisation’s goals, they can also disidentify with them (Elsbach and Bhattacharya, 2001; Kreiner and Ashforth, 2004). Employees who disidentify with their organisations define themselves the opposite of the organisation and actively work to separate themselves from the organisation. Disidentified employees are more likely to make negative comments about the organisation, show lower levels of performance, and eventually leave. While researchers acknowledge that disidentification exists, very little research has focused on how it develops. Identifying the antecedents of, and processes leading to disidentification can help practitioners who hope to intervene. Using Morrison and Robinson’s (1997) model of psychological contract violation as a theoretical framework, I offer a process model of organisational disidentification which incorporates emotions – an overlooked but important antecedent of disidentification. In doing so, I extend existing research on disidentification and offer avenues for future research.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND MICROANALYTICAL RESULTS FROM ECHINODERM CALCITE: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOMINERALIZATION AND DIAGENESIS OF SKELETAL MATERIAL

Abstract Magnesian calcite skeletal elements of the modern crinoid echinoderm Neocrinus blakei were studied using high resolution TEM, high voltage TEM and STEM microanalysis. Unlike inorganic magnesian calcites which are compositionally heterogeneous, magnesium in these skeletal calcites is homogeneous to at least the 0.1 μm level. While a mosaic structure exists in echinoderm calcite, high voltage TEM reveals the absence of defects or dislocation features which should exist as a consequence of the structure. By comparison, inorganic magnesian calcites show a plethora of defects and dislocation features. High resolution lattice fringe images of the echinoderm calcite exhibit a kinking of fringes between mosaic domains, the boundaries of which are largely coherent. Large scale dislocation structures are not observed. Such a ‘stressed’ lattice structure, if pervasive, explains conflicting observations concerning the ‘single crystal’ or ‘polycrystalline aggregate’ nature of echinoderm calcite. The microstructural and microchemical data demonstrate strong organismal control of skeletal deposition in Echinodermata. Both ultrastructural and compositional heterogeneity/homogeneity should be assessed when determining the susceptibility of skeletal material to diagenetic change.
Abstract A2: A Study of the effects of MDV3100 in the tumor microenvironment of bone metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (bmCRPC)

Abstract Background: Androgen signaling remains a central driver in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. We performed a study to determine the effect of the antiandrogen MDV 3100 on bone marrow infiltrating CRPC. Methods: From February 2010 to June 2011, we performed an open-label, observational study of 60 bmCRPC patients (pts), who underwent transilial bone marrow biopsy (BMB) at baseline, 8 weeks and end of study. Pts received MDV3100 160mg orally once daily. The primary objective was to evaluate androgen signaling in bone marrow infiltrating cancer and testosterone in blood (BT) and bone marrow (BMT) and correlate findings with clinical observations. Androgen receptor (AR) c-terminus n-terminus, AR Variant 7 (ARV7), ERG, CYP17, phospho Src (pSrc), expression and mitotic index (Ki67 ) were assessed by immunohistochemistry, AR copy number by qPCR and BT and BMT by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Initial Findings: Maximal PSA decline of ≥50% occurred in 29 (48%) of 60 pts, and ≥90% in 13 (22%). Tumor involvement in BMB was detected in 28 (47%) pretreatment BMBs. Paired tumor infiltrated BMBs were found in 23 (38%) pts. Increased androgen receptor expression (n-terminal antibody used for IHC) was observed at pretreatment with heterogeneous CYP17 and pSrc extent of expression. Pretreatment intense nuclear AR expression combined with ≥10% CYP17 tumor expression or increased BMT correlate with ≥50% PSA decline (p value 0.02). AR subcellular localization shift from dominant nuclear to cytoplasmic and regression of bone marrow tumor infiltration correlate with ≥50% PSA decline (p value 0.05). Increased pretreatment p-Src expression is associated with lack of PSA decline (p value 0.002). Increase in BMT and BT is observed after 8 weeks of MDV3100 (mean pretreatment BMT 0.026 ng/ml, Wk8 BMT 0.04 in 33pts, p value 0.0001) (pretreatment BT 0.041, wk8 BT 0.066 in 37 pts, p value Interpretation: Pretreatment expression profile is consistent with persistent androgen signaling in bmCRPC. MDV3100 induces pharmacodynamic changes in androgen signaling. AR changes likely account for the reported therapeutic effect of MDV3100. These data prompt exploratory combinations of MDV3100 with androgen biosynthesis inhibitors and src inhibitors. Citation Format: Eleni Efstathiou, Patricia Troncoso, James Mohler, Christopher J. Logothetis, Mark Titus, Dimitra Tsavachidou, Sijin Wen, Anh Hoang, Robynne Ashe, Maria Karlou, Craig Berman. A study of the effects of MDV3100 in the tumor microenvironment of bone metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (bmCRPC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr A2.
WE-D-AUD B-07: Investigation of a 2D Ionization Chamber Array for Quality Assurance of Intensity Modulated Arc Therapy

Purpose: To characterize a new two‐dimensional ionization chamber (IC) array (IBA, Schwarzenbruck, Germany), commercially referred to as the I'mRT MatriXX, and to evaluate its viability for quality assurance (QA) of intensity modulated arc therapy. Method and Materials: IC array characterization tests included determination of the effective plane of measurement, angle dependency, and investigations into the limiting minimum target volume. The response of the IC array as a function of beam angle with respect to its front face was compared among radiochromic film (type EBT, ISP), planning calculations, and beam measurements using the IC array. The limiting minimum target volume is of interest due to the relatively large detector size and inter‐detector spacing. To investigate the effect on small target volumes, treatment planning calculations for spherical targets with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 4 cm were compared to measurements taken on film and the IC array. Lastly, patient‐specific QA results were compared among film, array measurements, and treatment planning calculations for several treatment sites, including head and neck, pancreas, and cranial‐spinal cases. Results: Our results indicate inherent buildup thicknesses of the 0.48 cm and 5.19 cm for the front and rear faces of the IC array. A large angle dependency of the IC array existed as its response deviated from treatment planning calculations in the range of — 6.2% to 7.5%. However, the film response at the identical angles exhibited a similar trend. Comparisons among treatment plans measured with film and the IC array showed similar regions of disagreement. Film tended to show better agreement in regions of high dose gradients. Conclusion: In general, the IC array performed well in the patient QA tests. However, the user should be aware of the effects of dose gradients and angular dependency on the QA results.
Rainbow due to Sunlight reflected from the Sea

ON September 18, 1889, I saw a rainbow, caused, not by the direct rays of the sun, but by their reflection from the sea.
PROFESSORS AS MODELS AND MENTORS: DOES GENDER MATTER? '

To better understand the needs of undergraduates and to design appropriate programs, a survey of 150 undergraduates (57 men, 93 women) was conducted. These upper-division psychology students were asked to complete a forced-choice questionnaire on gender preferences for professors and mentors. Analyses indicated that in spite of the forced choice format, 49 of the sample preferred a "good teacher" and thought that sex did not matter. Of the remaining 101, both men and women preferred men as professors (x,~= 10.25. p<.01) and the same sex as mentors 24.94. p<.001). Students' comments indicated that men as professors were preferred because they were more "authoritative," "confident," and "humorous." Women were not preferred as professors because they "have mood swings" and showed their feelings in class. Yet, nearly all of the students preferred mentors of the same sex because "they are like me." It was concluded that sex is not the most salient variable to which students attend in a professor. Students prefer a "good teacher" whether a man or woman; however, students do seem to have different gender schemata for professors than for mentors. Students' perceptions of professors are consistent with social-psychological stereotypes that men are more authoritative and women more emotional, while similarity is preferred in mentors as predicted by rolemodeling theory (1). Since students prefer "good reachers," researchers should focus on understanding what this means to students. This is especially critical given the heavy weight assigned to evaluations of faculty by students in decisions on tenure. These evaluations are routinely designed by faculty and administrators and may mean something different to students. Studies should investigate students' perceptions of "good teachers" beginning with student-generated characteristics.
Weirder than fiction: the reality and myths of creativity

Executive Overview Just about every major firm in the world has at least one MBA who's been steeped in every component of traditional business wisdom. So if you want a competitive edge, it's not going to come via some kind of unique and secret knowledge. Instead, it'll have to come from somewhere else—how you use that knowledge. That's where creativity comes in. It's the gift and discipline that provides the competitive edge—in marketing, production, finance and all of the other aspects of an organization. Firms and managers crave it. Awards are given for it. Incentives encourage and cajole it. But it's still the most elusive weapon in an executive's arsenal. And when all the corporate structures, policies, procedures and re-organizations are exhausted, we come back to a simple truth. It can only be found in the head of individuals. And it can only be unlocked by the owner of each head. The key rests in separating the reality of creativity from the myths.
Do drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives have a higher risk of VTE?

This article focuses on the clinical question - do drospirenone (DSPR)-containing oral contraceptives (OCs) pose a greater risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) than OCs that contain alternate progestins in women who take OCs for contraception only? It provides a background explains the search criteria and results and evaluates the evidence.
PHENYLALANINE PRODUCES CHANGES IN PLASMA L-DOPA, EEG MEAN POWER FREQUENCY AND PERFORMANCE IN TREATED PHENYLKETONURIC PATIENTS

We previously reported in 10 patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) that performance and biogenic amine excretion fell when blood phenylalanine (phe) was elevated (Ped. Res. 17:213A, 1983). Here we extend this study to include four additional children with PKU age 7-10 years and evaluate electrical changes by EEG using mean power frequencies (MPF) determined by Fourier transformation. We altered the diet during three, nine-day periods using a triple-blind, double cross-over research protocol. All patients achieved a plasma phe concentration of greater than 1.2 μM during the loading phase. Plasma L-DOPA was measured and EEGs were performed on the 7,8, and 9th days of each study period. On the 9th day of each period, tests of neuropsychological performance, attention and vigilance were administered. During phe loading the plasma L-DOPA fell, tests of performance deteriorated and attention was not sustained. When blood phe was elevated the MPF of EEGs decreased reflecting a shift to slow wave forms. During periods of phe restricted diet these parameters reverted to baseline. We conclude that the EEG-MPF and certain tests of performance are impaired by high plasma phe concentration, that these effects are mediated through decreased L-DOPA, and that they are transient.
Characterization of cyanobacterial glycogen isolated from the wild type and from a mutant lacking of branching enzyme

Cyanobacteria produce glycogen as their primary form of carbohydrate storage. The genomic DNA sequence of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 indicates that this strain encodes one glycogen-branching enzyme (GBE) and two isoforms of glycogen synthase (GS). To confirm the putative GBE and to demonstrate the presence of only one GBE gene, we generated a mutant lacking the putative GBE gene, sll0158, by replacing it with a kanamycin resistance gene through homologous recombination. GBE in sll0158− mutant was eliminated; the mutant strain produced less glucan, equivalent to 48% of that produced by the wild type. In contrast to the wild-type strain that had 74% of the glucan being water-soluble, the mutant had only 14% of the glucan water-soluble. Molecular structures of glucans produced by the mutant and the wild type were characterized by using high-performance size-exclusion and anion-exchange chromatography. The glycogen produced by the wild type displayed a molecular mass of 6.6×107 daltons (degree of polymerization (DP) 40 700) and 10% branch linkages, and the α-d-glucan produced by the mutant displayed a molecular mass of 4.7–5.6×103 daltons (DP 29–35) with slight branch linkages. The results indicated that sll0158 was the major functional GBE gene in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803.
Multiple language usage and earnings in Western Europe

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate the return to multiple language usage in the workplace.Design/methodology/approach – This article aims to estimate the effect that using an additional language at work has on earnings for a sample of workers in the European Community Household Panel survey. OLS and fixed‐effects specifications of log‐earnings regressions are estimated by country with controls for standard human capital, job, and personal characteristics.Findings: – The results indicate that the use of a second language in the workplace raises earnings by 3 to 5 percent in several Western European nations, with even greater returns found in some. The estimated returns are found to be correlated with the extent of tourism in the country, but not other measures of trade.Originality/value – This is the first paper to estimate returns to usage of an additional language in the workplace across the European Union, and contributes to our knowledge of the benefits of multi‐lingualism.
10F-3 Self-Focused ZnO Transducers for Ultrasonic Biomicroscopy

A simple fabrication technique was developed to produce self-focused high frequency single element transducers with sputtered zinc oxide (ZnO) crystal films. The novelty of this technique lies in that the ZnO film can be sputtered directly onto a curved substrate. Two transducers were fabricated by sputtering an 18 mum thick ZnO layer on 2 and 3 mm diameter aluminum rods with ends shaped and polished to produce an f# equal to one. The aluminum rod served a dual purpose as the backing layer and positive electrode for the resultant transducers. A single 4 mum Parylene polymer matching layer was deposited on the transducers after housing and interconnect. The pulse-echo response for the 2 mm aperture transducer was centered at 109 MHz with a -6 dB bandwidth of 43%. A 3 mm aperture transducer produced a 96 MHz echo response with a 52% bandwidth. The measured insertion loss for the 2 mm aperture was 45 dB and the 3 mm aperture was 42 dB. A wire phantom and adult zebrafish were imaged to show the capability of the transducers.
Tritium-3He ages of deep waters in the NEW Polynya

Abstract The measurements of tritium and helium isotopes in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya region in the summer of 1992 and 1993 show that the deep waters in the north (Westwind Trough) are 3–5 years older than those in the south (Belgica Trough). The distribution of these tracers in the region indicates that a deep ‘flushing’ event took place between the 1992 and 1993 field studies. This result corroborates information obtained by others from hydrographic data and from year-long bottom-moored current meters.
Conditioning the crab Carcinus maenas against instinctive light avoidance

Carcinus maenas is an invasive species found in Northern American waters overtaking the less adaptable species and responding to various forms of conditioning. In this study, we conditioned C. maenas to reverse its innate light avoidance behavior. Within 6 days of testing, 21 out of 30 crabs were successfully trained to enter a beam of light to receive food, although their instincts are to seek shelter from predators in dark areas. Some took as little as 2 days to reverse their light aversion. They also responded faster once trained. Larger crabs had faster response times than smaller ones, while there was no difference between sexes. The conditioned response lasted for at least 4 days without reinforcement. The rapid learning abilities observed during this experiment may help to explain the pervasive success of C. maenas as an invasive species.
AN EVALUATION OF THE BOUNDED DIRECTIONAL TRANSPORTIVE UPWIND DIFFERENCING SCHEME FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

A bounded version of the directional transportive upwind differencing scheme for discretizing the convection terms in the convection-diffusion transport equations has been proposed and evaluated. The flux-corrected transport algorithm is used for bounding. The evaluation process is based on few one- and two-dimensional benchmark laminar-flow test cases. The predictions are compared with exact or analytic solutions as well as with the predictions by other recent TVD schemes. The study shows that the directional transportive upwind differencing schemes produce less numerical diffusion but introduces unacceptable spatial oscillations in the solution. A simplified theoretical analysis exploring the reason for this behavior is presented. The bounded scheme eliminates the oscillations from the solution without introducing any additional numerical diffusion.
Numerical optimization of a grating coupler for the efficient excitation of surface plasmons at an Ag-SiO 2 interface

The efficient generation of surface plasmons from free-space optical waves is still an open problem in the field. Here we present a methodology and optimized design for a grating coupler. The photoexcitation of surface plasmons at an Ag-SiO2 interface is numerically demonstrated to yield a 50% coupling efficiency from a Gaussian beam into surface plasmon voltages and currents.
Use of an electronic decision support tool improves management of simulated in-hospital cardiac arrest.

Abstract Introduction Adherence to advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) guidelines during in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is associated with improved outcomes, but current evidence shows that sub-optimal care is common. Successful execution of such protocols during IHCA requires rapid patient assessment and the performance of a number of ordered, time-sensitive interventions. Accordingly, we sought to determine whether the use of an electronic decision support tool (DST) improves performance during high-fidelity simulations of IHCA. Methods After IRB approval and written informed consent was obtained, 47 senior medical students were enrolled. All participants were ACLS certified and within one month of graduation. Each participant was issued an iPod Touch device with a DST installed that contained all ACLS management algorithms. Participants managed two scenarios of IHCA and were allowed to use the DST in one scenario and prohibited from using it in the other. All participants managed the same scenarios. Simulation sessions were video recorded and graded by trained raters according to previously validated checklists. Results Performance of correct protocol steps was significantly greater with the DST than without (84.7% v 73.8%, p Conclusion Use of an electronic DST provided a significant improvement in the management of simulated IHCA by senior medical students as measured by adherence to published guidelines.
Europe's balancing act

Europe in the Balance: Securing the Peace Won in the Cold War by Christoph Bertram. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1995. 120pp. $12.95.
Nuclear magnetic resonance in intermetallic compounds

The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is observed in a series of intermetallic compounds of structure type NaTl, including NaTl, LiAl, LiGa and LiIn. Motional narrowing of the dipolar part of the Li resonance line is observed in all the compounds from which the activation energy of diffusion of Li is estimated to be 0.15 eV. The low value of the activation energy in this defect lattice is associated with a 3 per cent vacancy concentration in the lithium sublattice. Motional averaging of quadrupole interactions is observed for both the Li and Al lines in LiAl. The magnitudes of the quadrupole couplings e2qQ/h produced by a nearest-neighbor vacancy are 0.36 Mc for Li7 and 29 Mc for Al27. Second-order broadening obliterates the Ga and In resonances in LiGa and LiIn below 200°K. It is estimated that the quadrupole couplings are of order or greater than 30 Mc and 80 Mc for Ga71 and In115, respectively. The size of the quadrupole interaction is consistent with a high degree of covalency in these crystals. The frequency shifts, relative to diamagnetic chemical compounds, are found to be (in per cent): Li (< 0.005), Al (<0.01), Ga (0.09), In (0.13), Na (−0.016), Tl (−0.50).
The Choice of Entry Modes and Theories of Foreign Direct Investment

Abstract The choice of entry modes has received growing attention in recent research based on transaction cost paradigm, the internalization theory, and the resource-based view of the firm. Many other variables in explaining entry modes can be captured in the ‘market failure’ variable which is the key variable of these theories in explaining foreign direct investment and the growth of the multinational firm. Yet, the single variable ‘market failure’ is not enough to explain the variety of entry modes. In addition to ‘market failure,’ this paper employs two other explanatory variables, ‘location factors’ and ‘complementarity’ in developing a new framework to distinguish six different types of entry modes.
Near-Infrared Resonant Nanoshells for Combined Optical Imaging and Photothermal Cancer Therapy

Metal nanoshells are core/shell nanoparticles that can be designed to either strongly absorb or scatter within the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength region (∼650−950 nm). Nanoshells were designed that possess both absorption and scattering properties in the NIR to provide optical contrast for improved diagnostic imaging and, at higher light intensity, rapid heating for photothermal therapy. Using these in a mouse model, we have demonstrated dramatic contrast enhancement for optical coherence tomography (OCT) and effective photothermal ablation of tumors.
Mechanism for hydrogen diffusion in amorphous silicon

Tight-binding molecular-dynamics calculations reveal a mechanism for hydrogen diffusion in hydrogenated amorphous silicon. Hydrogen diffuses through the network by successively bonding with nearby silicons and breaking their Si{endash}Si bonds. The diffusing hydrogen carries with it a newly created dangling bond. These intermediate transporting states are densely populated in the network, have lower energies than H at the center of stretched Si{endash}Si bonds, and can play a crucial role in hydrogen diffusion. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Benign esophageal tumors: esophagoscopy and endoscopic esophageal ultrasound.

Benign esophageal tumors are uncommon. Flexible fiberoptic esophagoscopy (esophagoscopy) has improved detection but is ineffective in classification of extramucosal tumors. Endoscopic esophageal ultrasound (EUS) is vital in diagnosis. Small lesions that have either a homogeneous anechoic, intermediate, or hyperechoic pattern are almost exclusively benign. These findings, plus the determination of the layer of origin within the esophageal wall, permit precise and accurate noninvasive diagnosis. The diagnosis of a benign esophageal tumor by esophagoscopy and EUS in an asymptomatic patient requires, at most, surveillance but no therapy.
Realizations of Symmetric Maps by Symmetric Polyhedra

Representations by polyhedra of several regular maps of positive genus are developed. The groups of symmetries of some of these polyhedra are proper subgroups of their groups of combinatorial symmetries, but we show that faithful representations can be obtained if appropriately general polyhedra are admitted. The general definition of polyhedra, which may be useful in other contexts as well, is also discussed, as are some of the reasons for its absence from the literature.
1,25(OH)2 vitamin D suppresses macrophage migration and reverses atherogenic cholesterol metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients

Reduced monocyte infiltration into the vessel wall and increased macrophage cholesterol efflux are critical components in atherosclerotic plaque regression. During inflammation, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) signaling activation and cholesterol deposition in macrophages induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which promotes an increased inflammatory response. Increased macrophage ER stress shifts macrophages into an M2 macrophage phenotype with increased cholesterol uptake and deposition. In type 2 diabetes, a population with elevated baseline risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), vitamin D deficiency doubles that risk. We have found that 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] prevents foam cell formation during macrophage differentiation by suppressing ER stress. However, it is unknown whether suppression of ER stress by 1,25(OH)2D decreases monocyte infiltration and reverses atherogenic cholesterol metabolism in previously differentiated, vitamin D-deplete macrophages. We collected peripheral monocytes from type 2 diabetic patients and differentiated them into macrophages under vitamin D-deplete or 1,25(OH)2D-supplemented conditions. 1,25(OH)2D supplementation suppressed macrophage migration in response to MCP-1 and mRNA expression of chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2), the MCP-1 receptor, compared to vitamin D-deplete cells. Furthermore, inhibition of ER stress with phenyl butyric acid resulted in similar effects even in vitamin D-deplete cells, while induction of ER stress with Thapsigargin under 1,25(OH)2D-supplemented conditions increased macrophage migration and CCR2 expression, suggesting that the effects of vitamin D on migration are mediated through ER stress suppression. To determine whether the detrimental pattern of macrophage cholesterol metabolism in vitamin D depletion is reversible, we assessed cholesterol uptake in macrophages differentiated under vitamin D-deplete conditions as described above, then supplemented with 1,25(OH)2D or maintained in vitamin D-deplete conditions. Cholesterol uptake was decreased in 1,25(OH)2D-supplemented compared to vitamin D-deplete cells, suggesting slowed cholesterol deposition with active vitamin D. 1,25(OH)2D supplementation also suppressed cholesteryl ester formation and enhanced cholesterol efflux in M2 macrophages compared to vitamin D-deplete cells, suggesting facilitation of cholesterol egress in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D. We thus provide further evidence that active vitamin D is an ER stress reliever that may have a role in atherosclerotic plaque regression. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.
Imaginal flooding as a supplementary treatment for PTSD in combat veterans: A controlled study

The present study examined the incremental effectiveness of imaginal flooding (IF) over standard psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic approaches in the treatment of combat-related PTSD. Evidence was found supportive of IF's effectiveness with regard to self-report symptoms directly related to the traumatic event(s), state anxiety, subjective anxiety in response to traumatic stimuli, and sleep disturbance. Flooding had no effect on level of depression or trait anxiety, indicating that it is a useful adjunctive treatment for PTSD but cannot likely be used as the sole vehicle of change.
Pairing, rotation and identical bands in a toy model

Abstract A shell with l=1 and s= 1 2 particles, having spin-orbit splitting and L=0, 1 and 2 pairing, is coupled to a rotor in two dimensions. Mean-field calculations show that some pairing phases exist at extremely high spin. Identical energy bands are found for pairing phases which force occupation of unaligned orbitals.
An Assessment of Satellite and Radiosonde Climatologies of Upper-Tropospheric Water Vapor

Abstract This study compares radiosonde and satellite climatologies of upper-tropospheric water vapor for the period 1979–1991. Comparison of the two climatologies reveals significant differences in the regional distribution of upper-tropospheric relative humidity. These discrepancies exhibit a distinct geopolitical dependence that is demonstrated to result from international differences in radiosonde instrumentation. Specifically, radiosondes equipped with goldbeater's skin humidity sensors (found primarily in the former Soviet Union, China, and eastern Europe) report a systematically moister upper troposphere relative to the satellite observations, whereas radiosondes equipped with capacitive or carbon hygristor sensors (found at most other locations) report a systematically drier upper troposphere. The bias between humidity sensors is roughly 15%–20% in terms of the relative humidity, being slightly greater during summer than during winter and greater in the upper troposphere than in the midtroposphere...
Enhancement of carbohydrates in a methylotrophic yeast

Abstract The use of methylotrophic yeasts has been suggested for recycling CO 2 to human food in extended space missions. Since the human diet requires higher carbohydrate levels than those normally found in microbes, attempts were made to increase the levels of storage carbohydrates, principally glycogen, through cultural and genetic methods. The effect of defining cultural conditions for the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha resulted in increasing the storage carbohydrate content of the dry weight of the cells from 30 to 46%. During this analysis, a growth requirement for potassium was discovered. Several mutant strains were selected for high glycogen storage on plates and analysed for storage carbohydrate levels in submerged culture. These strains exhibited an additional 4–16% increase in the levels of storage carbohydrates over the parent strain in stationary phase. One strain was also able to store excess carbohydrate during exponential growth at levels 10% above the parent strain. Through a combination of cultural control and genetic modification, carbohydrate levels in this yeast were raised to 60% of the cell dry weight. Through additional genetic selection these levels are likely to be increased even further.
Genetic Diversity in Populations of Phytophthora citricola Associated with Horticultural Crops in California

ABSTRACT California populations of the plant pathogen Phytophthora citricola were examined for amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), pathogenicity on almond, and sensitivity to mefenoxam. The characterizations of AFLP variation and mefenoxam sensitivity were based on 86 isolates (44 from almond, 11 from avocado, 3 from strawberry, 18 from walnut, and 10 from six other hosts). Cluster analysis of the AFLP data using the unweighted pair group method indicated a high level of genetic diversity among the isolates, and four main clusters were identified—one dominated by isolates from almond, another including all isolates from avocado, and two including isolates from several hosts other than avocado. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that 38.4 and 24.9% of the AFLP variation were associated with host and geographical factors, respectively. Of 24 isolates, including those from almond, avocado, strawberry, and walnut, 22 were aggressive on almond shoots; there was no evidence of host specificity. ...
Oxidation of Guanine in Double-Stranded DNA by [Ru(bpy)2dppz]Cl2 in Cationic Reverse Micelles

DNA oxidation has been investigated in the medium of cationic reverse micelles (RMs). The oxidative chemistry is photochemically initiated using the DNA intercalator bis(bipyridine)dipyridophenazine ruthenium(ll) chloride ([Ru(bpy) 2 dppz]Cl 2 ) bound to duplex DNA in the RMs. High-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is used to reveal and quantify guanine (G) oxidation products, including 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (80G). In buffer solution, the addition of the oxidative quenchers potassium ferricyanide or pentaamminechlorocobalt(lll) dichloride leads to an increase in the amount of piperidine-labile G oxidation products generated via one-electron oxidation. In RMs, however, the yield of oxidatively generated damage is attenuated. With or without ferricyanide quencher in the RMs, the yield of oxidatively generated products is approximately the same. Inclusion of the cationic quencher [CoCl(NH 3 ) 5 ] 2+ in the RMs increases the amount of oxidation products generated but not to the extent that it does in buffer solution. Under anaerobic conditions, all of the samples in RMs, with or without added oxidative quenchers, show decreased levels of piperidine-labile oxidation products, suggesting that the primary oxidant in RMs is singlet oxygen. G oxidation is enhanced in D 2 O and deuterated heptane and is diminished in the presence of sodium azide in RMs, also supporting 1 O 2 as the main G oxidant in RMs. Isotopic labeling experiments show that the oxygen atom in 8OG produced in RMs is not from water. The observed change in the G oxidation mechanism from a one-electron process in buffer to mostly 1 O 2 in RMs illustrates the importance of both DNA structure and DNA environment on the chemistry of G oxidation.
A Psychoanalyst Looks at Politics: A Retrospective Tribute to Robert Waelder

If Ambrose Bierce were writing his Devil's Dictionary today, he would probably define psychology as the science that predicts that Russian leaders will behave the same way during a missile crisis that a female sophomore does on a date. If tiiis is a caricature, it is only mildly so, as one would quickly learn by reading die testimony on psychology and international relations during die hearings in 1967 of die Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
Monte Carlo evaluation of implied orders as a basis for tailored testing

TAILOR, the computer program which imple ments an approach to tailored testing outlined by Cliff (1975), was examined with errorless data by monte carlo methods. Three replications of each cell of a 3 × 3 table with 10, 20, and 40 items and persons were analyzed. Mean rank correlation coef ficients between the true person and item order, specified by preassigned random numbers, and the computed order produced by the program averaged .96. The average proportion of items used was .48. A marked tendency was observed for the program to produce better results as the number of persons and items increased.
L2 writers and the writing center: A national survey of writing center conferencing at graduate institutions

Abstract Writing centers have become increasingly important resources for L2 academic writers across the United States. This article reports and analyzes the results of a survey of writing centers at 75 graduate institutions nationwide regarding their work with L1 and L2 graduate writers. It discusses the kinds of L2 writers writing centers serve, the training of writing center staff for L2 conferencing, the types of assistance L2 writers most frequently request, the differences writing centers perceive in working with L1 and L2 graduate writers, and the difficulties they encounter in meeting the needs of L2 clientele. Survey results suggest that collaborative efforts between ESL and writing center specialists, particularly in the area of tutor training, would greatly increase the benefits of writing center conferencing for L2 writers.