cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Reversible Cross-linker, N,N‘-Bis(acryloyl)cystamine, on Calcium Ion Adsorption by Imprinted Gels

Imprinted gels incorporating two different breakable cross-linkers, a PbMAA2 complex and a disulfide (S−S) bond, were prepared by radical polymerization. After the lead ions were removed by washing, these gels showed a high affinity for calcium ions. Breakage and subsequent reconnection of the S−S bonds in the absence of Ca2+ decreases the Ca2+ binding affinity of the gel. This indicates that random reconnection of the S−S bonds produces a frustration in the adsorption of Ca2+ by the carboxyl groups. However, if the S−S bonds were reconnected in the presence of Ca2+ and the Ca2+ was subsequently removed (the post-imprinting technique), the resulting gels showed a higher binding affinity for Ca2+. This indicates that the post-imprinting technique creates a more favorable conformation for Ca2+ binding in the polymer network. We interpret our data to mean that “memory” of target-binding sites was encoded effectively into the polymer network by the initial imprinting technique and then enhanced by the post-im...
Dynamic deformations and the M6.7, Northridge, California earthquake

Abstract A method of estimating the complete time-varying dynamic formation field from commonly available three-component single station seismic data has been developed and applied to study the relationship between dynamic deformation and ground failures and structural damage using observations from the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake. Estimates from throughout the epicentral region indicate that the horizontal strains exceed the vertical ones by more than a factor of two. The largest strains (exceeding ∼100 pstrain) correlate with regions of greatest ground failure. There is a poor correlation between structural damage and peak strain amplitudes. The smallest strains,∼35 pstrain, are estimated in regions of no damage or ground failure. Estimates in the two regions with most severe and well mapped permanent deformation, Potrero Canyon and the Granada-Mission Hills regions, exhibit the largest strains; peak horizontal strains estimates in these regions equal ∼1351 and ∼229 μstrain respectively. Of note, the dynamic principal strain axes have strikers consistent with the permanent failure features suggesting that, while gravity, sub-surface materials, and hydrologic conditions undoubtedly played fundamental roles in determining where and what types of failures occurred, the dynamic deformation field may have been favorably sized and oriented to initiate failure processes. These results support other studies that conclude that the permanent deformation resulted from ground shaking, rather than from static strains associated with primary or secondary faulting. They also suggest that such an analysis, either using data or theoretical calculations, may enable observations of paleo-ground failure to be used as quantitative constraints on the size and geometry of previous earthquakes.
Osmotic Coefficients of the System NH4Cl + (NH4)2SO4 + H2O at 298.15 K and Calculation of Onsager Transport Coefficients†

Osmotic coefficients are reported for the system NH4Cl + (NH4)2SO4 + H2O at 298.15 K over a wide range of concentrations. Scatchard’s mixed electrolyte equation is used to fit these data with six fitting parameters, bij. For comparison, we insert extended Debye−Huckel equations and separately Pitzer’s equations as the necessary binary salt equations within Scatchard’s equation. Three sets of the six bij are obtained in each case from fits with two subsets and the full set of the osmotic coefficients. We examine the consequence of including different binary osmotic coefficient expression equations and applying different data ranges in these fits. The results are combined with available ternary diffusion coefficients to calculate and report solvent frame thermodynamic transport coefficients, (Lij)0. These are intercompared relative to the Onsager Reciprocal Relations requirement. Finally, we use Pitzer’s mixed electrolyte equation to calculate thermodynamic properties of the ternary system directly and to c...
Complete 1H and 13C resonance assignments of a 21-amino acid glycopeptide prepared from human serum transferrin

A 21-amino acid glycopeptide (Gp21) was isolated and purified in multi-milligram yields from commercially available human serum transferrin (HSTF) by a combination of tryptic digestion, Con A affinity chromatography, and reverse phase HPLC. The peptide chain of Gp21 contains a single N-glycosylation site to which a diantennary oligosaccharide is attached. The amino acid sequence and the glycan primary structure of Gp21 have been verified by peptide sequencing, electrospray mass spectrometry, and one-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy. Different glycoforms were found for the glycan of Gp21 derived from two different batches of commercial HSTF. These glycoforms differ from one another in the number of NeuAc residues (ranging from 0 to 2) and/or the number of Gal residues (ranging from 1 to 2). As for the monogalacto species, in the two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) spectrum of Gp21, interglycosidic NOEs were observed between Man4 in the alpha (1-->3) branch and the terminal GlcNAc beta (1-->2) residue. No interglycosidic NOE was observed between Man4' in the alpha (1-->6) branch and the terminal GlcNAc residue. These observations indicate that the terminal GlcNAc residue in the minor glycoforms of Gp21 is exclusively located in the alpha (1-->3) branch of the Gp21 glycan. The occurrence of such a carbohydrate structure in HSTF has not been reported before. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of Gp21 have been completely assigned by two-dimensional homonuclear and heteronuclear spectroscopy. The close similarity of the 1H and 13C chemical shift values for the Gp21 glycan with the respective values for the peptide-free diantennary oligosaccharide (Wieruszeski et al., Glycoconjugate J., 6 (1989) 183-194) indicates that the 1H and 13C chemical shifts of the diantennary oligosaccharide are not perturbed by the presence of the Gp21 peptide fragment. The complete 1H and 13C resonance assignments and the full characterization of the primary structure of Gp21 will permit us to study the conformation and dynamics of the N-linked diantennary oligosaccharides while covalently attached to a polypeptide fragment.
Microstructural changes induced in mammalian cell cultures by omission and replacement of a single essential amino acid

Abstract Maintenance of a strain of HeLa cells on a culture medium deficient in a single essential amino acid, valine, gave rise to an immediate cessation of growth, a series of degenerative changes in cell structure, and subsequently a marked decrease in the cell population. When the amino acid was reintroduced, the surviving cells appeared to undergo repair, and following this the culture resumed normal growth.
Cyber-physical trade-offs in distributed detection networks

We consider a network of sensors that measure the scalar intensity due to the background or a source combined with background, inside a two-dimensional monitoring area. The sensor measurements may be random due to the underlying nature of the source and background or due to sensor errors or both. The detection problem is infer the presence of a source of unknown intensity and location based on sensor measurements. In the conventional approach, detection decisions are made at the individual sensors, which are then combined at the fusion center, for example using the majority rule. With increased communication and computation costs, we show that a more complex fusion algorithm based on measurements achieves better detection performance under smooth and non-smooth source intensity functions, Lipschitz conditions on probability ratios and a minimum packing number for the state-space. We show that these conditions for trade-offs between the cyber costs and physical detection performance are applicable for two detection problems: (i) Poisson radiation sources amidst background radiation, and (ii) sources and background with Gaussian distributions.
Variability in El NioSouthern Oscillation Patterns and Potential Climate Effects: Workshop on Reconciling ENSO Chronologies for the Past 500 Years; Moorea, French Polynesia, 2–3 April 2008

In the past few decades, there have been various efforts made to extend, by means of proxy climate records, the relatively short instrumental record of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Most of these reconstructions are available at annual resolution (some with subdecadal timescales). Spatial and temporal changes in ENSO events have been documented and discussed in the literature, including changes in their secular variance structures in both the tropics and extratropical regions. These changes may affect the ability of proxy records to reproduce long-term ENSO variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean with high accuracy.
The value premium, aggregate risk innovations, and average stock returns

Abstract We test whether innovations in aggregate risk, interpolated from a vector autoregressive system that contains the Chen et al. (1986) five factors as in Petkova (2006), are common factors in cross-sectional stock returns. We provide direct evidence that innovation in industrial production growth, a classical business-cycle variable that summarizes the state of the economy, is associated with the cross-sectional return predictability of individual stocks. We conclude that the role of innovation in aggregate risk is not random, and furthermore that it provides guidance concerning an important source of nonfinancial market-based risk in asset returns.
Sea-level trends and physical consequences: applications to the U.S. shore

Abstract As our knowledge of the potential for future global warming increases, our understanding of the imminent dangers associated with continued, possibly accelerated, sea-level rise increases. Several independent research groups have predicted future sea-level rise on the order of 15 to 50 cm by the middle of next century, and between 30 and 110 cm by 2100. Considering the concentration of coastal populations, and dollar value of industries and developments, these increases in mean sea level pose significant hazards. A linkage exists between sea-level history and climate history, but research has demonstrated that sea level is controlled by a complex interaction of geologic, hydrologic and climatologic factors. Because of insufficient data describing global-scale hydrological phenomena, we lack understanding of the components of sea-level change. Present estimates of the various contributions to trends in sea level do not agree with physical measurements of sea-level history. This hampers our ability to make accurate predictions of sea-level behavior. Sea-level rise implies the future threat of accelerated coastal erosion, increased frequency and severity of structural damage resulting from storms which make landfall, salinization of groundwater resources and estuarine and other aquatic ecosystems, destruction of coastal wetlands leading to severe impacts on coastal marine biologic communities, and significant damage to the infrastructure of coastal cities and other population centers. Federally sponsored study groups have completed a series of specific recommendations dealing with the threat of sea-level rise and appropriate responses by parties concerned with the coastal zone. These describe a policy of planned retreat from the coast on a schedule dictated by natural events and processes. The Federal Emergency Management Agency would delineate coastal hazard zones and provide appropriate planning policies governing future development. Compliance with hazard zone standards would determine landowner participation in the National Flood Insurance Program. Federal, state, local and private interests in coastal lands should respond to the threat of sea-level rise and coastal erosion with innovative land management policies and practices that encourage the establishment of coastal high-risk zones and conversion of these lands to low-risk usage.
Ammonia, urea and uric acid levels in active and estivating snails, Bakerilymnaea cockerelli.

Abstract o 1. Ammonia, urea and uric acid concentrations of whole body homogenates of active and estivating snails were determined. 2. Ammonia decreases significantly and urea and uric acid increase on estivation with uric acid predominating after 97 days' estivation.
Caregivers and the ministry in Alzheimer's disease:

Some families experiencing Alzheimer's disease (AD) have unmet expectations regarding provision of ministerial support with resultant dissatisfaction. A descriptive survey of ministers and families was conducted and results indicated that ministers were current in knowledge and symptom recognition of dementia. Appropriate judgment and guidance of the AD family with some limitation in understanding was evident as the family's needs changed over time. Consensus was lacking in the family group in ministerial role expectations and in level of current satisfaction. Conclusions point to incomplete communication between family and ministers which, if corrected, would yield mutual understanding of needs.
Verbal Play and Multiple Goals in the Gynaecological Exam Interaction

This report investigates audio-taped gynaecological exam interactions that took place between one nurse practitioner and 41 female patients. Twelve instances of verbal play were transcribed from these exam conversations and analysed in order to demonstrate ways in which play sequences display participants' orientation to non-medical goals of the exam. Such goals include recognising the practitioner and patient as persons rather than as technician and technical object and reducing the face-threat of the exam. It is suggested that the analysis of naturally occurring conversation permits access to the conversational practices used by interactants both to generate and to achieve multiple goals.
Luria-nebraska neuropsychological battery: High rates of false positives for geriatirc subjects

This study examined false positive rates obtained for two normal adult age groups, using three different methods for interpreting performances on the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB). Among normal subjects ages 18 to 30 and ages 65 to 85, false positive rates were found to range from 3.9% to 7.7% for younger subjects and 13.5% to 32.7% for older subjects. Significant differences were found between the proportion of false positives in each age group on each method of interpretation. A lack of agreement was found between the three different methods of interpretation concerningwhich subjects should be classified as impaired. Further analysis was performed by dividing older subjects into two groups, ages 65 to 70 and over 70. False positive rates for subjects over age 70 were found to range from 20.7% to 41.4%. Significant differences were also found between the proportion of false positives in each of these two groups.
Effects of opioid antagonism on prolactin secretion and c-Fos/TH expression during lactation in rats.

Many studies have established that dopamine (DA) secreted by tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons in the hypothalamus is the major inhibitory factor controlling prolactin (PRL) secretion from the anterior pituitary. Endogenous opioid peptides (EOPs), mainly the neuropeptide β-endorphin, facilitate PRL secretion by decreasing TIDA neuronal inhibitory tone in a number of physiological conditions, including pregnancy and lactation. We have previously demonstrated that there are many more c-Fos-expressing neurons than TIDA neurons in the arcuate nucleus, and treatment with naloxone (NAL), an opioid antagonist, activated these neurons in pregnant rats. Our previous data also suggest that the rostral region of the arcuate nucleus is more important the caudal region in regulating the nocturanl PRL surge in pregnant rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NAL in regulating TIDA neuronal activity and therefore facilitating PRL secretion during lactation in rats. NAL was continuously infused (0.2 mg/10 µL/min iv) for 1 h before the separated pups returned, and then for 2 or 5 h after the separated pups were returned. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to measure plasma PRL levels, and the immunocytochemical (ICC) staining of c-Fos was performed to detect changes in transcriptional activity of neurons in the hypothalamus. ICC of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for DA synthesis, was performed to visualize TIDA neurons in the arcuate nucleus. The results showed that the peak of the PRL response to suckling was markedly delayed and dampened in NAL-treated rats (p<0.05). The percentage of c-Fos positive TH neurons in the arcute nucleus increased in rats treated with NAL for 5 h after return of pups, but not in rats treated with NAL for 2 h.
Microtubules with altered assembly kinetics have a decreased rate of kinesin-based transport

Microtubules treated with the γ-diketone 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) have altered assembly behavior characterized by precocious nucleation and rapid elongation. By measuring the rate of microtubule transport, we have examined the potential functional significance of this 2,5-HD-induced microtubule modification. 2,5-HD-treated microtubules were transported at only 70% of the rate of control microtubules in a simple kinesin-based motility assay on glass coverslips using video and computer enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy. Since 2,5-HD is capable of forming both pyrrole adducts and crosslinks with tubulin, the contributions of pyrrole formation and crosslinking to slowed microtubule transport were determined. 3-Acetyl-2,5-hexanedione (AcHD), a pyrrole forming, non-crosslinking congener of 2,5-HD which does not alter microtubule assembly, did not produce slowed microtubule transport as occurs with 2,5-HD. However, glutaraldehyde, a pyrrole-independent crosslinking agent which alters microtubule assembly in the same way as 2,5-HD, slowed microtubule transport. These results indicate that a 2,5-HD-induced microtubule modification, possibly a crosslink-related conformational change, produces both an alteration in the kinetics of assembly and an alteration in the microtubule-motor interaction. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Universality of scaled structure functions in quenched systems undergoing phase separation

Abstract We present a novel heuristic “universal” formula for the scaled structure function following a quench into the miscibility gap which gives very good fits to a variety of experimental observations. The single adjustable parameter γ needed to fit data for alloys, binary fluids, polymer mixtures and computer simulation curves depends essentially only on the fraction of the volume of the minority phase. Minimizing the ratio of “surface area to volume” of the minority phase predicts a rough morphology of the system—its local character changes from spherical isolated droplets to interconnected plate-like objects as the minority fraction increases. By relating γ to this microstructure we obtain the value of γ correctly to within 10%.
Stream processes with heterogeneous bed sediment

The AGU Erosion and Sedimentation Committee sponsored a daylong session on sediment transport in channels with mixtures of sediment sizes on December 13, 1985, at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif. The morning session contained an interesting set of related theoretical and empirical research on particle motion. Ned Andrews (U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Denver, Colo.) began the session by presenting empirical evidence for critical shear stresses required to move bed particles in simple natural channels. He presented work that he has been working on for the past several years (along with Gary Parker of St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minn., and other colleagues) that suggests that coarse and fine bed particles have essentially equal mobility because of the hiding of fine particles by larger particles. Pat Wiberg and Jim Smith (both of University of Washington, Seattle) presented a theoretical analysis of the movement of different-sized particles that supported the work presented by Andrews.
Differential expression of TGFβ isoforms by human articular chondrocytes in response to growth factors

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) is a family of important regulators of chondrocyte growth and differentiation. Although TGF beta has been detected in cartilage, the TGF beta isoforms expressed by chondrocytes and their regulation by growth factors are unknown. This study shows that human articular chondrocytes release TGF beta activity. Chondrocyte conditioned media contains active TGF beta and larger quantities in latent form. By neutralization with specific antibodies it is shown that all three isoforms (TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2, and TGF beta 3) are secreted by chondrocytes. Analysis of the inducers of TGF beta gene expression demonstrates complex regulation of TGF beta production by growth factors. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulates the release of TGF beta activity but has no effect on steady state TGF beta mRNA levels while platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) upregulates TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 3 mRNAs with a corresponding increase in protein secretion. The three TGF beta isoforms themselves differentially affect gene expression. While TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 show autoinduction, TGF beta 3 upregulates TGF beta 1 but does not affect TGF beta 2 mRNA levels. These results demonstrate that human articular chondrocytes produce all three TGF beta isoforms. Induction of TGF beta expression is differentially regulated by various growth factors and occurs at the mRNA level and/or posttranscriptionally. Chondrocyte expression and the differential regulation of TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2, and TGF beta 3 by growth factors suggest that all three isoforms of TGF beta are part of the network of cartilage regulatory factors.
Multinationals and Anti-Sweatshop Activism

During the 1990s, anti-sweatshop activists campaigned to improve conditions for workers in developing countries. This paper analyzes the impact of antisweatshop campaigns in Indonesia on wages and employment. Identification is based on comparing the wage growth of workers in foreign-owned and exporting firms in targeted regions or sectors before and after the initiation of antisweatshop campaigns. We find the campaigns led to large real wage increases for targeted enterprises. There were some costs in terms of reduced investment, falling profits, and increased probability of closure for smaller plants, but we fail to find significant effects on employment. (JEL F23, J31, J81, L67, O14, O15)
Diffractive lens fabricated with mostly zeroth-order gratings

We demonstrate a spherical diffractive lens fabricated in fused quartz for use at the 632.8-nm wavelength. The lens is constructed by use of a modulated two-dimensional binary grating with a high transmitted zeroth-order efficiency. Rigorous eigenmode analysis is used to correlate the desired phase modulation with the fill factor. Fabrication requires only one lithography step. Using the lens, we were able to image a focal spot with a diffraction-limited spot size (FWHM).
A Single-chip DBS Tuner-Demodulator SoC using Discrete AGC, Continuous I/Q Correction and 200MS/s Pipeline ADCs

A digital low-IF satellite TV tuner-demodulator SoC was realized in 0.13 mum CMOS using low power 200 MS/s eight bit pipeline ADCs. A discrete-steps delayed AGC loop using FET switched-resistors resulted in a 10 dB noise figure at max gain and +25 dBm IIP3 at min gain. The image rejection correction is continuously performed in the digital domain using an inverse gain and phase mismatch adjustment. A FFT engine was used for carrier/symbol rate estimation and channel blind scanning. SoC specifications include: 0.2 dB implementation loss, <1.3degrms integrated phase noise,<-50dBc spurs, <0.2s channel acquisition time, 1.2 W power dissipation from a dual 1.8/3.3V supply and 1.8 x 4.8 mm2 die area.
Pseudonoise with Arbitrary Amplitude Distribution--Part II: Hardware Implementation

A hardwired device that produces a voltage with arbitrary amplitude distribution was constructed using a "conditional bit" algorithm to sample from an arbitrary voltage amplitude distribution. The sampling algorithm and hardware processor are independent of the distribution sampled. Only a small read-only memory ROM needs to be changed to alter the distribution sampled. It is possible to compute the accuracy of the sampled random variables from knowledge of the read-only memory contents. The sampling accuracy of the device may be arbitrarily increased by varying any of several design parameters. Our particular pseudonoise generator produced 200 000 random seven-bit variables/s. Contents of read-only memories for both a Gaussian and an arbitrary density were computed so that the maximum error was less than 2.73 percent. Both the sampling speed and accuracy of a conditional bit pseudonoise generator can be increased much in excess of our implementation.
Effective Frenkel Hamiltonian for optical nonlinearities in semiconductors: Application to magnetoexcitons

Closed Green-function expressions for the third-order response of semiconductors are derived by mapping the two-band model onto the much simpler molecular ~Frenkel! Hamiltonian. The signatures of two-exciton resonances are incorporated through the exciton scattering matrix, totally avoiding the explicit calculation of two-exciton states. Exact expressions for the nonlinear optical response of two-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures in a strong perpendicular magnetic field are derived by truncating at the n51 Landau level, and using the symmetry of the system and a group-theoretical analysis. We find that the nonlinear optical response depends crucially on asymmetries between particle-particle and particle-hole Coulomb interactions. @S0163-1829~98!03732-1#
On the statistics of magnetotelluric rotational invariants

Author Posting. © Author, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Journal International 196 (2014): 111-130, doi:10.1093/gji/ggt366.
Antidepressant-Induced Rapid Cycling: Another Perspective

Background. Depressive symptoms are the main cause of morbidity in bipolar patients, but concern about antidepressant-induced rapid cycling has limited antidepressant use in such patients. This paper evaluates the validity and the prevalence of antidepressant-induced rapid cycling.Methods. The literature regarding antidepressant induced rapid cycling is reviewed, focusing on two issues: 1) does antidepressant-induced rapid cycling occur only in patients who become manic or hypomanic on antidepressants; 2) can the apparent shortening of cycle length on antidepressants be attributable simply to the fact that antidepressants alleviate depression and can precipitate mania or hypomania.Results. The suggestion that antidepressants can induce rapid cycling is derived primarily from patients who become manic or hypomanic on antidepressants. The fact that antidepressants alleviate depression and precipitate mania can explain most of the available data, without invoking the poorly defined concept of antidepressant-...
Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Adjustment of Accelerated Students, Students in Gifted Classes, and Regular Students in Eighth Grade.

This study investigated differences in the social, emotional, and behavioral adjustment of gifted and regular eighth-grade students. Three groups were identified: (a) gifted students who entered sc...
Response of Neurons in the Lateral Intraparietal Area during a Combined Visual Discrimination Reaction Time Task

Decisions about the visual world can take time to form, especially when information is unreliable. We studied the neural correlate of gradual decision formation by recording activity from the lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP) of rhesus monkeys during a combined motion-discrimination reaction-time task. Monkeys reported the direction of random-dot motion by making an eye movement to one of two peripheral choice targets, one of which was within the response field of the neuron. We varied the difficulty of the task and measured both the accuracy of direction discrimination and the time required to reach a decision. Both the accuracy and speed of decisions increased as a function of motion strength. During the period of decision formation, the epoch between onset of visual motion and the initiation of the eye movement response, LIP neurons underwent ramp-like changes in their discharge rate that predicted the monkey's decision. A steeper rise in spike rate was associated with stronger stimulus motion and shorter reaction times. The observations suggest that neurons in LIP integrate time-varying signals that originate in the extrastriate visual cortex, accumulating evidence for or against a specific behavioral response. A threshold level of LIP activity appears to mark the completion of the decision process and to govern the tradeoff between accuracy and speed of perception.
Epstein-Barr Virus

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the herpes group of viruses, is the cause of heterophil-positive infectious mononucleosis, of most heterophil-negative cases, and of occasional cases of tonsillitis and pharyngitis in childhood. Rarely, it may involve the liver or central nervous system as primary manifestations. This virus is also implicated as having a causal relationship to African Burkitt lymphoma, B- and T-cell malignant lymphomas, including those in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and nasopharyngeal cancer. High antibody titers are present in some patients with sarcoidosis, and in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Timing of omitted events: an analysis of temporal control of inhibitory behavior.

This paper reviews research designed to investigate the temporal control of inhibitory responding using rats as subjects. One area of investigation has focused on the role of temporal variables in conditioned inhibition produced using Pavlov's [Pavlov, I.P., 1927. Conditioned Reflexes. Oxford University Press, London, 430 pp.] procedure. These studies have found that evidence of conditioned inhibition obtained by negative summation testing is strongest when the conditioned inhibitor signals the omission of the unconditioned stimulus (US) at the same temporal location as a transfer excitor signals presentation of the US [e.g., Barnet, R.C., Miller, R.R., 1996. Temporal encoding as a determinant of inhibitory control. Learn. Motiv. 27, 73–91]. Similarly, retardation of acquisition of behavioral control by a previously inhibitory conditioned stimulus (CS) is maximal when the inhibitory CS is paired with the US at the same temporal location as the inhibitor had previously signaled US omission [Burger, D., Denniston, J.C., Miller, R.R., 2001. Temporal coding in condition inhibition: retardation tests. Anim. Learn. Behav. 29, 281–290]. Other lines of research designed to assess the associative structure of temporal control of inhibition [e.g., Denniston, J.C., Blaisdell, A.P., Miller, R.R., 2004. Temporal control in conditioned inhibition: analysis of associative structure of inhibition. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 30, 190–202] are reviewed, as is the assessment of temporal control of inhibition produced through extinction [Denniston, J.C., Miller, R.R., 2003. The role of temporal variables in inhibition produced through extinction. Learn. Behav. 31, 35–48]. These collective observations are discussed in terms of the temporal coding hypothesis [Matzel, L.D., Held, F.P., Miller, R.R., 1988. Reexamination of simultaneous and backward conditioning: Implications for contiguity theory. Learn. Motiv. 19, 317–344].
Nanoscale helices from inorganic materials

Helical structures with their unique topology have attracted broad attention during the past decade. Rotational symmetry, chirality, and unusual mechanical properties are just a few attributes associated with helical geometry that make it special for materials science. Typically helical geometry was the domain of biological systems which provided in the past amazing examples of their structural diversity. Nowadays, the effective synthesis strategy allows the production of various inorganic helical structures and the recent development of nanotechnology provides additional possibilities to control helical structures at different scales reaching, in fact even greater diversity than those seen in biology. Understanding what kind of helical inorganic nanoscale materials are available and why different kinds of inorganic helices exist are the two fundamental topics of this review. Surveying this information sheds light on the possibilities for materials using new helical structures and provides general principles for their preparation. Necessary improvements and further developments of their synthetic protocols, structural features, and properties are also indicated.
Modeling Potential Coastal Vegetation Response to Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge on Estuarine Peninsulas

Abstract March, R.G. and Smith, E.H., 2012. Modeling potential coastal vegetation response to sea level rise and storm surge on estuarine peninsulas. Upland vegetation changes in response to sea level rise and storm surge were evaluated on two peninsulas adjacent to the Copano Bay–Aransas Bay system and within a semiarid coastal environment in south-central Texas. Potential natural land cover models were created in a geographical information system (GIS) using soil data attributes and elevation data to compare land cover shifts under various sea level rise and storm surge scenarios. Ecological sites used as mapping units were related to land cover classes by generating a classification crosswalk. Crosswalks were expanded in the GIS to define how each land cover type would change with each meter of estuarine inundation using digital elevation models. Potential natural land cover maps show that grassland and/or evergreen are concentrated in the center of both peninsulas with grassland lining the perimeter. ...
Allelic complementation between MHC haplotypes B(Q) and B17 increases regression of Rous sarcomas

Abstract Major histocompatibility (B) complex haplotypes B(Q) and B17 were examined for their effect on Rous sarcoma outcome. Pedigree matings ofBQB17 chickens from the second backcross generation (BC2) of Line UCD 001 (B(Q)B(Q)) mated to Line UCD 003 (B17B17) produced progeny with genotypes B(Q)B(Q), BQB17, and B17B17. Six-week-old chickens were injected with subgroup A Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). The tumors were scored for size at 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks postinoculation. A tumor profile index (TPI) was assigned to each bird based on the six tumor scores. Two experiments with two trials each were conducted. In Experiment 1, chickens (n = 84) were inoculated with 30 pock-forming units (pfu) RSV. There was no significant B genotype effect on tumor growth over time or TPI among the 70 chickens that developed tumors. Chickens (n = 141) were injected with 15 PFU RSV in Experiment 2. The B genotype significantly affected tumor growth pattern over time in the 79 chickens with sarcomas. The BQB17 chickens had the lowest TPI, which was significantly different from B17B17 but not B(Q)B(Q). The data indicate complementation because more tumor regression occurs in the BQB17 heterozygote than in either B(Q)B(Q) or B17B17 genotypes at a 15 pfu RSV dose and significantly so compared to B17B17. By contrast, the 30 pfu RSV dose utilized in the first experiment overwhelmed all genotypic combinations of the B(Q) and B17 haplotypes, suggesting that certain MHC genotypes affect the immune response under modest levels of viral challenge.
Assessing the impact of nurse post-discharge telephone calls on 30-day hospital readmission rates.

BACKGROUND Several care transition interventions propose that post-discharge phone calls can reduce adverse events and decrease costly return visits to the hospital. However, given the multi-faceted nature of most care transitions interventions, the true relationship between post-discharge phone calls and readmissions in a real world setting is uncertain.
SEXUAL ISOLATION AND COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR IN SALAMANDERS OF THE EURYCEA BISLINEATA SPECIES COMPLEX, WITH COMMENTS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE MENTAL GLAND AND PHEROMONE DELIVERY BEHAVIOR IN THE PLETHODONTIDAE

Abstract The Eurycea bislineata (Two-lined salamander) species complex is characterized by extensive geographic genetic fragmentation throughout its range. I tested for sexual isolation and divergence in courtship behavior across a contact zone between E. wilderae and E. cirrigera. I found concordance between patterns of geographic genetic fragmentation and sexual isolation that suggests that divergence in the mate-recognition systems of E. cirrigera and E. wilderae prevents free gene exchange across their contact zone. In addition, the courtship behavior of the E. bislineata complex provides insights into alternative hypotheses of evolution of the mental gland and pheromone delivery behavior in plethodontid salamanders.
Fourier Descritpor-Based Deformable Models for Segmentation of the Distal Femur in CT

Anatomical shapes present a unique problem in terms of accurate representation and medical image segmentation. Three-dimensional statistical shape models have been extensively researched as a means of autonomously segmenting and representing models. We present a segmentation method driven by a statistical shape model based on a priori shape information from manually segmented training image sets. Our model is comprised of a stack of two-dimensional Fourier descriptors computed from the perimeters of the segmented training image sets after a transformation into a canonical coordinate frame. Our segmentation process alternates between a local active contour process and a projection onto a global PCA basis of the statistical shape model. We apply our method to the segmentation of CT and MRI images of the distal femur and show quantitatively that it recovers bone shape more accurately from real imagery than a recently published method recovers bone shape from synthetically segmented imagery.
The Archivist as Historical Researcher: Research and Archivistics at the Danish State Archives

Archivists in the Danish state archives have addressed the issue of professional identity by emphasizing the archivist's standing as a member of the historical research community. Traditionally, historical research has been seen as a part of the archivist's duties, and a portion of the work week is designated for that purpose. The author describes the way that the policy has been implemented and assesses its effects.
Trajectory Models for Aging Research

Life course research investigates how human lives and events unfold over time, at both the individual level and larger levels, such as within families or nations. At the individual level, life course research is concerned with the development of individuals as they age, as well as with between-person differences in development. Such differences often exist across sexes, races, socioeconomic classes, and other characteristics. Importantly, the birth cohort to which an individual belongs plays an important role in shaping development, as do period events (e.g., economic depression). Trajectory methods have emerged over the last several decades as important tools for investigating life course dynamics, including between-person differences in development.
Testicular receptor 2, Nr2c1, is associated with stem cells in the developing olfactory epithelium and other cranial sensory and skeletal structures

Comparative genomic analysis of the nuclear receptor family suggests that the testicular receptor 2, Nr2c1, undergoes positive selection in the human-chimpanzee clade based upon a significant increase in nonsynonymous compared to synonymous substitutions. Previous in situ analyses of Nr2c1 lacked the temporal range and spatial resolution necessary to characterize cellular expression of this gene from early to mid gestation, when many nuclear receptors are key regulators of tissue specific stem or progenitor cells. Thus, we asked whether Nr2c1 protein is associated with stem cell populations in the mid-gestation mouse embryo. Nr2c1 is robustly expressed in the developing olfactory epithelium. Its expression in the olfactory epithelium shifts from multiple progenitor classes at early stages to primarily transit amplifying cells later in olfactory epithelium development. In the early developing central nervous system, Nr2c1 is limited to the anterior telencephalon/olfactory bulb anlagen, coincident with Nestin-positive neuroepithelial stem cells. Nr2c1 is also seen in additional cranial sensory specializations including cells surrounding the mystacial vibrissae, the retinal pigment epithelium and Scarpa's ganglion. Nr2c1 was also detected in a subset of mesenchymal cells in developing teeth and cranial bones. The timing and distribution of embryonic expression suggests that Nr2c1 is primarily associated with the early genesis of mammalian cranial sensory neurons and craniofacial skeletal structures. Thus, Nr2c1 may be a candidate for mediating parallel adaptive changes in cranial neural sensory specializations such as the olfactory epithelium, retina and mystacial vibrissae and in non-neural craniofacial features including teeth.
Regulation of metabolism: the work-to-rest transition in skeletal muscle

The behavior of oxidative phosphorylation predicted by a model for the mechanism and kinetics of cytochrome c oxidase is compared with the experimentally observed behavior during the work-to-rest transition in skeletal muscle. For both experiment and model, when work stops, the increase in creatine phosphate and decrease in creatine and inorganic phosphate concentrations ([CrP], [Cr], and [Pi]) begin immediately. The rate of change for each is maximal and then progressively slows as the increasing energy state ([ATP]/[ADP][Pi]) suppresses the rate of oxidative phosphorylation. The time courses can be reasonably fitted to single exponential curves with similar time constants. The energy state in the working and resting steady states at constant Po2 are dependent on the intramitochondrial [NAD+]/[NADH], mitochondrial content, and size of the creatine pool ([CrP] + [Cr]). The rate of change in [CrP] is linearly correlated with [CrP] and with [Pi] and [Cr]. The time constant for [CrP] increase in the resting and working steady states, and the rate of decrease in oxygen consumption are similarly dependent on the Po2 in the inspired gas (experimental) or tissue Po2 (model). Myoglobin strongly buffers intracellular Po2 below ∼15 torr, truncating the low end of the oxygen distribution in the tissue and suppressing intra- and intermyocyte oxygen gradients. The predictions of the model are consistent with the experimental data throughout the work/rest transition, providing valuable insights into the regulation of cellular and tissue metabolism.
Conceptions of Ability Across the School Years: Reflections on Method

Many writers have acknowledged the importance of perceptions of competence or ability for achievement motivation (e.g., Heckhausen, 1967) and, more generally, for adequate personal functioning (e.g., Allport, 1961). Nevertheless, systematic research on developmental changes in children’s understanding of the nature of ability is relatively recent. Evidence of age-related changes in the accuracy of children’s estimates of their ability has been accumulating intermittently for some time, and the nature of these changes has been more closely scrutinized recently (Schneider, 1984; Stipek, 1984). Recent attributional and information-processing approaches (Surber, 1984) have been accompanied by an interest in the rules or schemata whereby children infer ability. The above approaches certainly do not rule out the possibility that the meaning of ability and related concepts might change with age. However, as Heckhausen (1982 b) has noted, they tend to overlook this possibility and focus on the relationship between quantitative levels of input and output information. Our concern, by way of contrast, has been more with the changing meanings or intensive content of concepts related to ability.
‘Public Theology’ in Luke-Acts: The Witness of the Gospel to Powers and Authorities

This study surveys the numerous and diverse powers and authorities to which the gospel is addressed in Luke-Acts, including major Jewish institutions and officials, Herodian rulers, Roman military officers, Greco-Roman officials, diverse officials, and pagan cults and supernatural powers. Well over half the references to authorities in Luke-Acts occur nowhere else in the New Testament. The frequent and diverse references to powers defend Christianity in a preliminary and obvious way from charges of political sedition. In a broader and more important way, however, they redefine power itself according to the standard of the gospel.
The Intersection of TNF, IBD and the Microbiome

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprised of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic inflammatory condition of multifactorial etiology and risk factors. Currently, one of the most effective treatments for IBD is the use of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) functional inhibitor drugs, however, this treatment can cause adverse reactions and has a relatively large percentage of incomplete or non-responders. This lack of response may be related to differences in patients' gut microbiomes prior to and after disease initiation or treatment. Recent observations in our lab using a rodent model of IBD support the theory that TNF drives acute colitis, but also that the microbiome differs in association with TNF production and colitis severity. Studies such as this and others provide new insights into host-microbiome interactions associated with colitis that can lead to new therapies to prevent or treat the disease.
Photon Counting Error Rates in Single-Bit and Multi-Bit Quanta Image Sensors

Photon or photoelectron counting error (bit error) rates are determined for single-bit and multi-bit quanta image sensors (QISs). The results are also applicable to CMOS image sensors with deep sub-electron read noise. The effects of read noise, gain variation, and quanta exposure level on the counting errors (bit errors) in a QIS device are investigated. The interaction of these factors yields complex behavior of the counting error rate. Still, photon-counting is predicted to be remarkably accurate for quanta exposures greater than unity despite read noise and conversion-gain variation, and accurate at very low-light levels if the read noise is less than 0.15e- r.m.s.
Flu at the Zoo: Emergency Management Training for the Nation’s Zoos and Aquariums

The movement of people and animals within zoos and aquariums poses a risk of zoonotic disease dissemination within human and animal populations. Flu at the Zoo is a table-top exercise designed to provide animal exhibitors and regulatory agency personnel an opportunity to evaluate their outbreak response plans. Developed for zoos and aquariums in Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri, it created a realistic scenario of an avian influenza disease outbreak. A total of 82 participants attended the exercise held in June of 2012. Representatives from each of the 16 accredited zoos and aquariums in the region attended, along with representatives from the public health, agricultural animal health, wildlife, poultry industry, and emergency management sectors. Recommendations for the participants included the need for increased training opportunities for zoo and aquarium personnel on the Incident Command System and National Inci- dent Management System. It was also recommended that communications be enhanced between zoos and aquariums and the local, state, and federal agency first responder personnel. Suggestions for improving the exercise included: pro- viding the situation manual to players in advance of the exercise and creating discussion groups based on jurisdictional boundaries so that legal authorities and policy differences across state boundaries didn't impede the discussion.