cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of alternative sigma factor 54 (RpoN) leads to increased acid resistance, and alters locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) expression in Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Alternative sigma factor 54 (RpoN) is an important regulator of stress resistance and virulence genes in many bacterial species. In this study, we report on the gene expression alterations that follow rpoN inactivation in Escherichia coli O157 : H7 strain Sakai (Sakai rpoN : : kan), and the influence of RpoN on the acid resistance phenotype. Microarray gene expression profiling revealed the differential expression of 103 genes in SakairpoN : : kan relative to Sakai. This included the growth-phase-dependent upregulation of genes required for glutamate-dependent acid resistance (GDAR) ( gadA, gadB, gadC and gadE), and the downregulation of locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) genes, which encode a type III secretion system. Upregulation of gad genes in SakairpoN : : kan during exponential growth correlated with increased GDAR and survival in a model stomach system. Complementation of SakairpoN : : kan with a cloned version of rpoN restored acid susceptibility. Genes involved in GDAR regulation, including rpoS (sigma factor 38) and gadE (acid-responsive regulator), were shown to be required for the survival of SakairpoN : : kan by the GDAR mechanism. This study describes the contribution of rpoN to acid resistance and GDAR gene regulation, and reveals RpoN to be an important regulator of stress resistance and virulence genes in E. coli O157 : H7.
Identifying Francisella tularensis Genes Required for Growth in Host Cells

ABSTRACT Francisella tularensis is a highly virulent Gram-negative intracellular pathogen capable of infecting a vast diversity of hosts, ranging from amoebae to humans. A hallmark of F. tularensis virulence is its ability to quickly grow to high densities within a diverse set of host cells, including, but not limited to, macrophages and epithelial cells. We developed a luminescence reporter system to facilitate a large-scale transposon mutagenesis screen to identify genes required for growth in macrophage and epithelial cell lines. We screened 7,454 individual mutants, 269 of which exhibited reduced intracellular growth. Transposon insertions in the 269 growth-defective strains mapped to 68 different genes. FTT_0924, a gene of unknown function but highly conserved among Francisella species, was identified in this screen to be defective for intracellular growth within both macrophage and epithelial cell lines. FTT_0924 was required for full Schu S4 virulence in a murine pulmonary infection model. The ΔFTT_0924 mutant bacterial membrane is permeable when replicating in hypotonic solution and within macrophages, resulting in strongly reduced viability. The permeability and reduced viability were rescued when the mutant was grown in a hypertonic solution, indicating that FTT_0924 is required for resisting osmotic stress. The ΔFTT_0924 mutant was also significantly more sensitive to β-lactam antibiotics than Schu S4. Taken together, the data strongly suggest that FTT_0924 is required for maintaining peptidoglycan integrity and virulence.
Stability of Queueing Networks

Queueing networks constitute a large family of stochastic models, involving jobs that enter a network, compete for service, and eventually leave the network upon completion of service. Since the early 1990s, substantial attention has been devoted to the question of when such networks are stable. This monograph presents a summary of such work. Emphasis is placed on the use of fluid models in showing stability, and on examples of queueing networks that are unstable even when the arrival rate is less than the service rate. The material of this volume is based on a series of nine lectures given at the Saint-Flour Probability Summer School 2006, and is also being published in the Springer Lecture Notes series.
Attachment Theory as a Model of Doctor–Patient Interaction

Individuals' attachment styles have been traced throughout the life span, informing our understanding of long-standing interpersonal patterns and self-care habits. Recent scholarship has identified direct and indirect mechanisms through which attachment theory may impact individuals' health outcomes, with specific emphasis on endocrine and behavioral responses to stress. This article reviews extant literature on medical patients' attachment styles and also proposes a new line of research: an investigation of the interaction between patients' and providers' attachment styles. As medical establishments place more emphasis on effective patient–provider communication, attachment theory serves as an apt framework for clarifying, measuring, and training medical personnel in the advancement of patient-centered care.
In vitro studies on allotype suppression. IV. Abrogation of waning suppression by normal immunoglobulin of the suppressed allotype.

The mechanism of allotype suppression in rabbits has been investigated by studying the in vitro immune responses of spleen cells from rabbits in advanced stages of spontaneous recovery from suppression. Whereas the spleen cells from highly suppressed rabbits can be released from their suppressed state only if treated with a combination of antibodies against the non-suppressed type and immunoglobulin (Ig) of the suppressed type, treatment with either of these two components alone suffices to overcome suppression when cells of more poorly suppressed spleen donors are used. The demonstration that suppression can be abrogated by normal Ig of the suppressed type alone, when cells are obtained from rabbits in the final phases of suppression, lends further support to the previously suggested concept that the probable role of this normal Ig in the release phenomenon may be that of neutralizing an effector of allotype-specific repression. possibly involving suppressor cells.
The Girl Factor and the (In)Security of Coloniality A View from the Middle East

This article examines the politics, economics, and ethics shaping the recent focus on the adolescent girl from developing countries. It examines discourses and ideals about girlhood that have been ...
Electrostrictive Tunable Capacitors and High-Performance 2D Crystal Transistors for Energy-Efficient Applications

Tunable capacitors based on electrostriction in piezoelectric barriers are presented. Electrostriction leads to a modulation of the piezoelectric barrier layer thickness caused by electrostatic attractive forces between the plates of a capacitor under applied voltage. Using this mechanism, a high range of capacitance values with a high capacitance tuning ratio, and wide tunability are obtained. Furthermore, using this electrostrictive piezoelectric capacitor in the gate stack of a two-dimensional (2D) crystal transistor, such as MoS2 transistor, a higher gate capacitance and an ON-current boost are obtained. This allows the transistor switch to operate at a smaller bias voltage in energy-efficient applications.
Formal Theory of Balance Revisited

The conceptual clarity of the formal theory of balance and the extent to which its basic axioms provide insights into the dynamics of structural balance are examined. Our concern is with the logica...
Thermal Oxidation and Unwrinkling of Chemical Vapor Deposition-Grown Graphene

We report the atmospheric thermal oxidation of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown graphene and its effect on the wrinkles in graphene. Heating CVD-grown single-layer graphene in air at 550 °C leads to the disappearance of the wrinkles and the formation of nanoscale cracks and pits in the basal plane. Under this reaction condition, the wrinkles were not preferentially attacked by O2, which we attribute to the relaxation of wrinkles as well as the presence of more reactive point defects and grain boundaries in the basal plane. Randomly stacked two-layer graphene was found to be more stable toward oxidation than was single-layer graphene.
Miss gulielma lister's observations on the myxomycete Echinostelium minutum

nucleic acid in Agaricus bisporus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 31: 433-438. Molin, G., and H. Lapierre. 1973. L'acide nucleique des virus de champignons: gas des virus de 1'Agaricus bisporus. Ann. Phytopathology 5: 233240. Peacock, A. C., and C. W. Dingman. 1968. Molecular weight estimation and separation of ribonucleic acid by electrophoresis in agarose-acrylamide composite gels. Biochemistry 7: 668-674. Ushiyama, R. 1979. Fungal viruses in edible fungi. Pp. 25-28. In: Fungal viruses, XIIth Internat. Congr. Microbiol. Mycol. Sec. Munich, 3-8 Sept. 1978. .1983. Studies on a virus associated with shiitake mushrooms, Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. Rep. Tottori Mycol. Inst. (Japan) 21: 1-60. ,and Y. Nakai. 1975. Viruses associated with Hymenomycetes. 2. Presence of polyhedral viruslike particles in shiitake mushroom, Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. Rep. Tottori Mycol. Inst. (Japan) 12: 53-60. ,and . 1982. Ultrastructural features of fungal virus-like particles from Lentinus edodes. Virology 123: 93-101. , and M. Ikegami. 1976. Detection of double stranded RNA from polyhedral virus-like particles in Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. Proc. Japan. Acad. 52: 450-452. Yamashita, S., Y. Doi, and K. Yora. 1975. Electron microscopic study of several fungal viruses. Proc. 1st Intersec. Congr. IAMS. (Tokyo) 3: 340-350.
An undescribed fungus associated with a root and crown rot of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)

(1967). An Undescribed Fungus Associated with a Root and Crown Rot of Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus Corniculatus) Mycologia: Vol. 59, No. 6, pp. 970-975.
Use of Incobotulinum Toxin A (Xeomin) for Cosmetic Facial Rejuvination

Botulinum toxin therapy is commonly used for cosmetic treatment of glabellar, forehead, lateral periocular, and other facial rhytids. Many providers have familiarity with onobotulinum toxin A (Botox®) and are accustomed to the dosing, diffusion, onset, and duration of action. Patients also commonly refer to all botulinum toxins as “Botulinum toxin” and are not familiar with other variations of the toxin. While some patients are loyal to Botulinum toxin either from past use, patient recommendation, or even media, many patients would like to try other similar medications including incobotulinum toxin A (Xeomin®) and abobotulinum toxin A (Dysport®); this chapter will focus on the former.
Give me shelter: the state of animal sheltering in Kentucky’s county shelter system

AbstractThe Commonwealth of Kentucky Animal Control and Advisory Board estimates that in 2012, approximately 285,000 dogs and cats entered the shelter system, but only 15% were retrieved by owners or adopted to a new home. While some shelters incorporate adoption, fostering, and low-cost spay and neuter programs, many shelters euthanize the majority of the animals that enter the shelter system. In an effort to address severe deficiencies within the shelter system, Kentucky passed the Humane Shelter Law which defined minimum care and facility standards for animals held in shelters, along with required data collection. The law also placed responsibility with the individual county governments for oversight and implementation of these requirements. This paper presents the background and history of the state policy regarding animal shelters followed by results from a study of the county animal shelters in Kentucky. Results from the study suggest that numerous problems with data collection and maintenance exist...
School violence: the role of parental and community involvement

ABSTRACTThis study utilizes the School Survey on Crime and Safety to identify variables that predict lower levels of violence from four domains: school security, school climate, parental involvement, and community involvement. Negative binomial regression was performed and the findings indicate that statistically significant results come from all four domains. When modifying the sample to include only schools that offer some form of parental involvement opportunities, schools with greater parental volunteering and participation in subject area events experience reduced levels of violence. Implications from this analysis include developing creative methods for greater parental input in school activities.
Pharyngeal swallowing elicited by fluid infusion: role of volition and vallecular containment

Nonalimentary swallows minimize aspiration by clearing accumulated fluid from the pharynx. This study aimed to define 1) the pharyngeal sensory field to elicit swallowing and 2) the effect of infusion rate, volition, taste, and temperature on pharyngeal swallows. Test solutions were directed into the valleculae at 6.5, 11.5, and 32 ml/min through a catheter in eight healthy volunteers. Deglutition was signaled with electromyography and electroglottography. Spatial distribution of infusate before swallowing was studied using videofluoroscopy coupled with a video timer. Volitional control was assessed with rapid or restrained swallows. Pharyngeal swallow latency decreased as the instillation rate increased, was potently modified with volition, and was unchanged by infusate taste or temperature. Water infusion into the valleculae did not trigger pharyngeal swallowing until liquids overflowed and reached the aryepiglottic folds or pyriform sinuses. The variation in swallow latency among flow rates was mainly due to the duration of liquid containment within the valleculae. This suggests that the valleculae act to contain pharyngeal secretions and residue and prevent aspiration by diverting their contents around the larynx before swallowing.
Abstract LB-101: The expression of death receptor 4 is positively regulated by MEK/ERK signaling and suppressed upon MEK inhibition

Death receptor 4 (DR4) is a cell surface receptor for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and triggers apoptosis upon ligation with TRAIL or aggregation. MEK/ERK signaling is a well-known and the best-studied effector pathway downstream of Ras and Raf. This study focuses on determining the impact of pharmacological MEK inhibition on DR4 expression and elucidating the underlying mechanism.We found that several MEK inhibitors, including MEK162, AZD6244 and PD0325901, effectively decreased the levels of DR4 protein including cell surface DR4 in different cancer cell lines while suppressing ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Accordingly, pre-treatment of TRAIL-sensitive cancer cell lines with a MEK inhibitor attenuated TRAIL-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that MEK inhibition negatively regulates DR4 expression and cell response to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. MEK inhibitors did not alter DR4 protein stability, rather decreased its mRNA levels, suggesting a transcriptional regulation of DR4 expression. In contrast, enforced activation of MEK/ERK signaling by expressing ectopic B-Raf (V600E) or constitutively activated MEK1 (MEK1-CA) or MEK2 (MEK2-CA) activated ERK1/2 and increased DR4 expression; these effects were inhibited when a MEK inhibitor was present. Moreover, enforced expression of MEK1-CA enhanced DR4promoter activity; this effect could be abolished by the presence of a MEK inhibitor. Hence it is clear that activation of the MEK/ERK kinase cascade positively regulates DR4 transcription, resulting in increased DR4 expression. Detailed promoter analysis through deletion and mutation identified the AP-1 binding site as an essential response element for MEK enhancement of DR4 transactivation. In addition, inhibition of AP-1 by knocking down c-Jun abrogated the ability of MEK1-CA to increase DR4 promoter activity and DR4 expression. These results suggest an essential role of AP-1 in mediating MEK/ERK activation-induced DR4 expression. Our findings together highlight a previously undiscovered mechanism that positively regulates DR4 expression through activation of the MEK/ERK/AP-1 signaling pathway. (WY and YTO contribute equally to this work. This study was supported by Emory Winship Cancer Institute Robbins Scholar awards to YTO and to JD and Halpern Research Scholar award to SYS. SYS is a Georgia Research Alliance Distinguished Cancer Scientist and Halpern Research Scholar) Citation Format: You-Take Oh, Weilong Yao, Jiusheng Deng, Ping Yue, Shi-Yong Sun. The expression of death receptor 4 is positively regulated by MEK/ERK signaling and suppressed upon MEK inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-101.
Characterization of the tRNA ligases of pathogenic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Coccidioides immitis

Yeast tRNA ligase (Trl1) is an essential trifunctional enzyme that repairs RNA breaks with 2',3'-cyclic-PO4 and 5'-OH ends. Trl1 is composed of C-terminal cyclic phosphodiesterase and central polynucleotide kinase domains that heal the broken ends to generate the 3'-OH, 2'-PO4, and 5'-PO4 termini required for sealing by an N-terminal ligase domain. Trl1 enzymes are found in all human fungal pathogens and they are promising targets for antifungal drug discovery because: (i) their domain structures and biochemical mechanisms are unique compared to the mammalian RtcB-type tRNA splicing enzyme; and (ii) there are no obvious homologs of the Trl1 ligase domain in mammalian proteomes. Here we characterize the tRNA ligases of two human fungal pathogens: Coccidioides immitis and Aspergillus fumigatus The biological activity of CimTrl1 and AfuTrl1 was verified by showing that their expression complements a Saccharomyces cerevisiae trl1Δ mutant. Purified recombinant AfuTrl1 and CimTrl1 proteins were catalytically active in joining 2',3'-cyclic-PO4 and 5'-OH ends in vitro, either as full-length proteins or as a mixture of separately produced healing and sealing domains. The biochemical properties of CimTrl1 and AfuTrl1 are similar to those of budding yeast Trl1, particularly with respect to their preferential use of GTP as the phosphate donor for the polynucleotide kinase reaction. Our findings provide genetic and biochemical tools to screen for inhibitors of tRNA ligases from pathogenic fungi.
Overlap of Abnormal Photoreceptor Development and Progressive Degeneration in Leber Congenital Amaurosis Caused by NPHP5 Mutation

Ciliary defects can result in severe disorders called ciliopathies. Mutations in NPHP5 cause a ciliopathy characterized by severe childhood onset retinal blindness, Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), and renal disease. Using the canine NPHP5-LCA model we compared human and canine retinal phenotypes, and examined the early stages of photoreceptor development and degeneration, the kinetics of photoreceptor loss, the progression of degeneration and the expression profiles of selected genes. NPHP5-mutant dogs recapitulate the human phenotype of very early loss of rods, and relative retention of the central retinal cone photoreceptors that lack function. In mutant dogs, rod and cone photoreceptors have a sensory cilium, but develop and function abnormally and then rapidly degenerate; L/M cones are more severely affected than S-cones. The lack of outer segments in mutant cones indicates a ciliary dysfunction. Genes expressed in mutant rod or both rod and cone photoreceptors show significant downregulation, while those expressed only in cones are unchanged. Many genes in cell-death and -survival pathways also are downregulated. The canine disease is a non-syndromic LCA-ciliopathy, with normal renal structures and no CNS abnormalities. Our results identify the critical time points in the pathogenesis of the photoreceptor disease, and bring us closer to defining a potential time window for testing novel therapies for translation to patients.
Wenzel to Cassie transition during droplet impingement on a superhydrophobic surface

Heating a superhydrophobic substrate can restore the nonadhesive properties expected for such materials under certain conditions. A set of experiments on several model geometries, and a scaling analysis, help elucidate the dominant mechanisms associated with this Wenzel to Cassie transition for impinging droplets.
The Connection Between the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and the Prohibition Party

Scholars have long been interested in the complementary relationships forged by membership groups and political parties. The post-bellum period presents an opportunity to consider these connections...
Collecting Sex Materials for Libraries

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes data gathered over a year-long survey of library employees' opinions of sexually related materials in library collections. Surveys generally examine patron attitudes rather than the attitudes of library employees, whose attitudes and beliefs can have a strong effect on the collection. The researchers discovered themes in the data, such as varying definitions and differences between pornography and erotica, legality issues and misconceptions, differing perceptions of censorship dependent on library type, and a possible lack of acceptance of non-heteronormative material. The survey and analysis serve as a contribution to the ongoing discussion of appropriateness of sexually related materials in libraries.
P029 A successful case of stem cell transplant after desensitization of a strong donor-specific antibody

A 71 year old female was initially diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome (del 5q) which progressed to AML one year later. Patient had pancytopenia, experienced bruising, and needed blood transfusions. Allogeneic stem cell transplant was recommended and she presented to the University of Chicago Medicine for allo-stem cell transplant work up. This patient had one potential related donor (sibling), who was a 9/10 match (mismatch at HLA-A). When examining the patient’s HLA antibodies, it was found that she was highly sensitized, and anti-HLA-A24 was a donor specific antibody (DSA). A search for matched unrelated donors was conducted but no suitable donors were found. It was decided to accept her sibling and desensitize the patient prior to transplant. The desensitization protocol consisted of plasmapheresis (PP), with IVIG (100 mg/kg) given after each PP. The initial MFI of the DSA was >18,000 and showed evidence of rebound after each PP. As a result, PP was performed daily or every other day, with A24 MFI measurement before and after each PP (Figure). While the strength of A24 decreased over the course, a total of 18 sessions of PP were needed to decrease the strength to Download : Download high-res image (161KB) Download : Download full-size image
Dynamics of Service Collapse

To reiterate a central point, unlike aircraft, that can be constructed to be inherently stable in linear flight by placing the aerodynamic center of pressure sufficiently behind the mechanical center of gravity, the complex nature of road geometry and the local dynamics of vehicular traffic ensure that V2V/V2I systems will be inherently unstable, requiring constant input of control information to prevent crashes, traffic jams, and other tie-ups.
Recent Developments in Weldability Testing

The term "weldability" can be used to describe a wide variety of material characteristics when a material is subjected to welding. These may include the physical and mechanical properties of the material, the ease with which welding can be accomplished from a practitioner's standpoint, or the ability of the material to avoid metallurgical degradation, usually assessed by its susceptibility to cracking during welding or subsequent heat treatment. A number of weldability tests have been developed over the years to evaluate and quantify material weldability. Many of these test techniques have focused on the phenomenon known as "hot cracking". This paper will review the basic concepts associated with hot cracking and other forms of elevated temperature cracking associated with welds and describe some recent advances in the use of testing approaches to quantify susceptibility to these forms of cracking. This description will include the use of the Varestraint test, the cast pin tear test, and the Gleeble1 thermo-mechanical simulator for quantifying cracking susceptibility and providing comparative measures of weldability among alloys.
“The true Italy is to be found by patient observation”—Tourism as Spectacle in E.M. Forster’s A Room with a View

Barnaby positions E.M. Forster’s satire of the Grand Tour in A Room with a View as a continuation of Thomas Hardy’s critique of cultural revival in Jude the Obscure. Addressing the lack of a coherent critical account of the relationship between the Italian and English halves of the novel, Barnaby explores the main character’s complex negotiation with spectatorial distance as a tourist that ultimately empowers her to recognize more insidious forms of dispossession in her everyday domestic life. By placing Forster’s analysis of literary realism in Aspects of the Novel into dialog with Situationist critic Guy Debord’s Society of the Spectacle, this study clarifies Forster’s ethical understanding of realist fiction as a critique of the culture industry and the alienated experience of historical time.
Influence of suppression on restoration of spectral loudness summation in listeners with hearing loss

Loudness depends on both the intensity and spectrum of a sound. Listeners with normal hearing perceive a broadband sound as being louder than an equal-level narrowband sound because loudness grows nonlinearly with level and is then summed across frequency bands. This difference in loudness as a function of bandwidth is reduced in listeners with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Suppression, the reduction in the cochlear response to one sound by the simultaneous presentation of another sound, is also reduced in listeners with SNHL. Hearing-aid gain that is based on loudness measurements with pure tones may fail to restore normal loudness growth for broadband sounds. This study investigated whether hearing-aid amplification that mimics suppression can improve loudness summation for listeners with SNHL. Estimates of loudness summation were obtained using measurements of categorical loudness scaling (CLS). Stimuli were bandpass-filtered noises centered at 2 kHz with bandwidths in the range of 0.1–6.4 kHz. Gain was selected to restore normal loudness based on CLS measurements with pure tones. Gain that accounts for both compression and suppression resulted in better restoration of loudness summation, compared to compression alone. However, restoration was imperfect, suggesting that additional refinements to the signal processing and gain-prescription algorithms are needed.Loudness depends on both the intensity and spectrum of a sound. Listeners with normal hearing perceive a broadband sound as being louder than an equal-level narrowband sound because loudness grows nonlinearly with level and is then summed across frequency bands. This difference in loudness as a function of bandwidth is reduced in listeners with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Suppression, the reduction in the cochlear response to one sound by the simultaneous presentation of another sound, is also reduced in listeners with SNHL. Hearing-aid gain that is based on loudness measurements with pure tones may fail to restore normal loudness growth for broadband sounds. This study investigated whether hearing-aid amplification that mimics suppression can improve loudness summation for listeners with SNHL. Estimates of loudness summation were obtained using measurements of categorical loudness scaling (CLS). Stimuli were bandpass-filtered noises centered at 2 kHz with bandwidths in the range of 0.1–6.4 kHz. Ga...
Clinical applications of cytokines for immunostimulation and immunosuppression

The clinical use of proteins as therapeutic agents is not a recent development. Even when one excludes the obvious field of vaccines, it is possible to trace the origins of some modern protein therapies back more than one hundred years. The earliest applications primarily involved tissue extracts containing unidentified components. Most often a “beneficial activity” was the actual therapeutic rather than specific agent. Hence, insulin entered the clinic in the 1920s as an anti-diabetic activity found in pancreatic extracts and it would be 50 years before purified protein became available. Problems associated with this approach were numerous. Availability, reproducibility of activity, stability, immunogenicity (when proteins of other species were used) were common difficulties and, more importantly, the lack of defined pharmacologic parameters often lead to unpredictable responses. Even when the active factors were unambiguously identified as proteins, these problems often remained. For example, until 1985 extracts of cadaver pituitary glands were the primary source of human somatotropin for the treatment of growth hormone deficiencies. The deaths of several patients from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease attributed to possible contamination of the protein with a slow acting neurotropic virus, however, lead to the exclusion of pituitary extracts as a source of this hormone.
The Sommerfeld Theory of Diffraction

The climax in the development of the theories of diffraction is undoubtedly Sommerfeld’s theory. Still, the practical scope of the Sommerfeld method is very restricted: It gives the solution for the diffraction at a straight edge and a wedge, and solves only the most elementary of cases. However, the great value of the Sommerfeld theory lies in the fact that it is exact, it can be applied to “black bodies” or absorbing bodies, and it also describes the radiation of a vibrating surface that is not in a baffle or the radiation around a corner. Comparison with the Sommerfeld solution will show that the Kirchhoff theory of diffraction does give a reasonably good approximation for great distances from the screen or aperture.
Evidence for Widespread Remagnetizations in South America, Case Study of the Itararé Group Rocks From the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Paleomagnetism of South American Jurassic/ Cretaceous rocks has been troubled by elongated distributions of poles which has led to contrasting interpretations. Moreover, many discordant paleomagnetic poles from the Carboniferous to the Triassic have also been recognized and systematically explained by a variety of processes, but this portion of the South American apparent polar wonder path (APWP) still remains problematic. To this end, we have conducted a paleomagnetic study of the sedimentary Permo-Carboniferous Itarare Group rocks and three intruding mafic sills of likely Cretaceous age within the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The site-mean VGP distributions obtained from the sedimentary rocks define elongations that include the VGPs of the mafic intrusions. We interpret these distributions as remagnetization paths towards the directions characteristic of the sills. Furthermore, we show that the remanence directions of the sills are partially overprinted by the present time-averaged and current Earth's magnetic field. Our interpretations are supported by extensive rock-magnetic data that provides a viable mechanism for the secondary magnetizations. The current study focuses on the paleomagnetism and rock-magnetism of the mafic intrusions and how they affected the paleomagnetic recording of the sedimentary rocks, however, careful analysis of the paleomagnetic data of the Itarare sedimentary rocks enables isolation of a primary VGP distribution that is consistent with the reference Carboniferous pole position. Extending our study to other Carboniferous to Triassic South American paleomagnetic records reveals that the majority of these data are elongated, similarly to the Itarare Group rocks. Regardless of the age of the rocks, the elongations systematically intersect at the location of the Late Cretaceous reference pole, and at a long- recognized "problematic" location observed in some Jurassic and Cretaceous rock formations. Based on multiple lines of evidence, we interpret the elongations to reflect remagnetizations from the primary VGP positions towards Jurassic-Cretaceous pole locations that occurred as a result of the widespread magmatic events associated with the opening of the South Atlantic. We suggest that the extent of the remagnetizations is formation-specific, and that other rock-formations should be carefully re-evaluated.
Posttreatment surveillance PET/CT for HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer.

Background Surveillance positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) is commonly used for treatment assessment of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer. However, human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+OPSCC) patients represent a unique subpopulation, for which the utility of surveillance PET/CT has not been well studied. Methods In this retrospective chart review comprising 233 HPV+OPSCC patients, we evaluated surveillance PET/CT for diagnostic accuracy, downstream clinical impact, and survival. Results Surveillance PET/CT demonstrated 100% negative predictive value and sensitivity, 59.9% specificity, and 13.4% positive predictive value. Surveillance PET/CT led to 90 imaging studies and 31 biopsies; 91.1% and 77.4% were negative for recurrence, respectively. Surveillance PET/CT led to meaningful salvage therapy in 1.6% of cases. PET/CT-detected recurrences did not have improved survival compared to clinically detected recurrences. Conclusion For HPV+OPSCC patients, surveillance PET/CTs frequently lead to unnecessary testing and rarely to meaningful disease salvage. They have no demonstrated survival benefit and should be interpreted cautiously to prevent patient harm.
UNIT 21.4 Immunohistochemistry

This unit describes several methods for localizing specific antigens in various tissue and cell preparations using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Protocols describe preparation of suitable material for IHC including fresh, unfixed, frozen tissue specimens; unfixed cells, either freshly isolated or derived from suspension or adherent cultures; or fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. By careful selection of reagents, it is possible to detect two or even three antigens simultaneously. For antigens that are sensitive to fixative, it may be necessary to unmask the antigen by the antigen-retrieval technique. If there is cross-reactivity between the secondary antibody and antigens present in the target cells or tissue, the secondary antibody can be preabsorbed. Several new, sensitive amplification techniques are currently available. The different IHC protocols are represented schematically and summarized in a table that also lists advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Causes of background staining and ways to eliminate it are also discussed. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 103:21.4.1-21.4.26. ©2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: immunohistochemistry; antigen retrieval; double staining; staining fixed tissues; staining frozen tissues; staining cell cultures; immunochemistry
Thinking Like a Manager: A Participatory Exercise for Understanding Managerial Roles:

Using the premise of a fictional earbud company, “EarWorm,” students in an introductory management course become EarWorm managers who problem-solve and make decisions about the best choices for the...
TARDIS: Distributed Indexing Framework for Big Time Series Data

The massive amounts of time series data continuously generated and collected by applications warrant the need for large scale distributed time series processing systems. Indexing plays a critical role in speeding up time series similarity queries on which various analytics and applications rely. However, the state-of-the-art indexing techniques, which are iSAX-based structures, do not scale well due to the small adopted fan-out (binary) that leads to a highly deep index tree, and the expensive search cost through many internal nodes. More seriously, the iSAX character-level cardinality adopted by these indices suffers from a poor maintenance of the proximity relationships among the time series objects, which leads to severe accuracy degradation for approximate similarity queries. In this paper, we propose the TARDIS distributed indexing framework to overcome the aforementioned limitations. TARDIS introduces a novel iSAX index tree that is based on a new word-level variable cardinality. The proposed index ensures compact structure, efficient search and comparison, and good preservation of the similarity relationships. TARDIS is suitable for indexing and querying billion-scale time series datasets. TARDIS is composed of one centralized global index and local distributed indices-one per each data partition across the cluster. TARDIS uses both the global and local indices to efficiently support exact match and kNN approximate queries. The system is implemented using Apache Spark, and extensive experiments are conducted on benchmark and real-world datasets. Evaluation results demonstrate that for over one billion time series dataset (TB scale), the construction of a clustered index is about 83% faster than the existing techniques. Moreover, the average response time of exact match queries is decreased by 50%, and the accuracy of the kNN approximate queries has increased more than 10 fold (from 3% to 40%) compared to the existing techniques.
Predicting Outcomes in NSCLC: Staging or Biology or Both?

The clinical and pathological TNM classification system is the gold standard for estimating survival for patients diagnosed with cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer. For patients with earl...
Racial/ethnic and geographic differences in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels across maternal, placental, and fetal tissues during mid-gestation

Prenatal polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures are a public health concern due to their persistence and potential for reproductive and developmental harm. However, we have little information about the extent of fetal exposures during critical developmental periods and the variation in exposures for groups that may be more highly exposed, such as communities of color and lower socioeconomic status (SES). To characterize maternal-fetal PBDE exposures among potentially vulnerable groups, PBDE levels were examined in the largest sample of matched maternal serum, placenta, and fetal liver tissues during mid-gestation among a geographically, racially/ethnically, and socially diverse population of pregnant women from Northern California and the Central Valley (n = 180; 2014-16). Maternal-fetal PBDE levels were compared to population characteristics using censored Kendall's tau correlation and linear regression. PBDEs were commonly detected in all biomatrices. Before lipid adjustment, wet-weight levels of all four PBDE congeners were highest in the fetal liver (p Latina/Hispanic > Non-Hispanic White > Asian/Pacific Islander/Other; p < 0.01), with higher levels of BDE-100 and BDE-153 among non-Hispanic Black women compared to the referent group (Latina/Hispanic women). In addition, participants living in Fresno/South Central Valley had 34% (95% CI: - 2.4 to 84%, p = 0.07) higher wet-weight levels of BDE-47 than residents living in the San Francisco Bay Area. PBDEs are widely detected and differentially distributed in maternal-fetal compartments. Non-Hispanic Black pregnant women and women from Southern Central Valley geographical populations may be more highly exposed to PBDEs. Further research is needed to identify sources that may be contributing to differential exposures and associated health risks among these vulnerable populations.
On uniformity and non-local transport in low pressure capacitively coupled plasmas

Low pressure (<30 mTorr) capacitively coupled plasmas (CCP) are important for many plasma processing applications. Due to high energy of electrons in these plasmas and long electron mean free path, kinetic phenomena dominate the electron behavior. A multi-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) model is utilized to study the physics of sub-100 mTorr Ar CCPs in this article. A one-dimensional model for helium plasma in the 30–300 mTorr pressure range is first used to benchmark the PIC code against published results by Turner et al [2013 Phys. Plasmas 013507]. The article then focuses on two-dimensional modeling of the gaseous electronics conference (GEC) reference cell in cylindrical geometry. Computed ion density and DC bias voltage at 100 mTorr are compared to available experimental data for a range of radio frequency voltages, demonstrating good agreement. The validated model is used to examine Ar plasmas in the GEC reference cell in the 12.5–100 mTorr pressure range. It is found that the peak in ion and electron densities is near the electrode edge at 100 mTorr due to strong electric field there. As the gas pressure decreases, the peak in plasma density moves to the chamber center. This change in plasma spatial profile is linked to kinetic behavior of electrons, both regarding plasma production and transport in the plasma. Time-dependent results are used to illustrate that electron current at 25 mTorr is mainly kinetic and carried by beam electrons generated by expanding sheaths.
Prediction of gas hydrate saturation using machine learning and optimal set of well-logs

Resistivity and acoustic logs are widely used to estimate gas hydrate saturation in various sedimentary systems using one of the two popular methods ((1) acoustic velocity and (2) electrical resistivity), but the limitations of these two methods are often overlooked, which include (i) well-specific calibration of empirical exponents in the electrical resistivity method, (ii) assumption of known pore morphology for gas hydrates in the acoustic velocity method, and (iii) presence of unknown mineralogy and bulk modulus terms in the acoustic velocity method. NMR-density porosity-derived gas hydrate saturation based on the analysis of the transverse magnetization relaxation time (T2) is considered the most precise method, but acquisition of NMR-based logs is limited at relatively recent drilled sites; additionally, its use in conventional oil and gas reservoirs is not that common due to higher cost and operational deployment limitations associated with acquiring NMR well-logs. This study proposes a new method that predicts gas hydrate saturation (Sh) for any well using porosity, bulk density, and compressional wave (P wave) velocity well-logs with neural network (or stochastic gradient descent regression) without any well-specific calibration and/or other aforementioned shortcomings of the existing methods. The method is developed by examining the underlying dependency between Sh and different combinations of well-logs, chosen from 6 routine logs, with 12 different machine learning (ML) algorithms. The accuracy of the proposed method in predicting Sh is ~ 84%, which is better than the accuracy of seismic and electrical resistivity methods (≤ 75%) per the results reported by three different studies. The robustness of the method in the specific case of permafrost-associated gas hydrates is demonstrated with well-log data from two wells drilled on the Alaska North Slope.
Brand feedback to negative eWOM messages: Effects of stability and controllability of problem causes on brand attitudes and purchase intentions

Abstract Research has shown negative product reviews or electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) negatively influence consumers’ attitudes and behaviors. However, research has paid less attention to consumers’ information processing of negative eWOM in the presence of brands’ public response, or brand feedback. Findings from a between-subjects experiment indicate brand feedback can make the biggest impact on visiting consumers when addressing a brand-controlled and short-term problem. This suggests brand feedback cannot replace long-term quality considerations. The study contributes to our understanding of effects of online brand contributions and eWOM messages, and provides managerial suggestions about strategizing posting of brand feedback in an eWOM space.
Critical Legal Information Literacy: Legal Information as a Social Construct

Comparing critical information literacy to legal information literacy, Yasmin Sokkar Harker suggests the former will inform the latter in order for law students to begin to understand information as a social construct and to examine power structures that shape the creation, organization and dissemination of legal information.
Buckling Down on Torus Fractures - Assessing Treatment Preferences and Perceived Management Barriers at a Single Institution.

Background Pediatric buckle fractures of the wrist can be safely managed in 'minimalist' fashion with splinting and limited follow-up; however, traditional means of treatment remain prevalent. The purpose of this study was to 1) evaluate preferences for buckle fracture management among providers at a single institution and 2) identify factors influencing clinical decision-making and barriers to implementation of minimalist practices. Methods A 13 question survey was developed split into three sections: 1) Demographics, 2) Preferred management, and 3) Influential factors. The survey was distributed to 32 providers within our hospital system involved in buckle fracture management via email over a 1 year period. Descriptive statistics of responses were performed to address study aims. Results The survey participation rate was 72%. Respondents had 12.2+/-12.5 (Range: 1-41) years of experience. Casting of buckle fractures was preferred by 56.5% of providers. Most (77%) were aware of literature supporting minimalist strategies. Family preferences (59.1%) and compliance concerns (54.5%) were cited as the biggest barriers to implementing these practices. Colleague recommendations and patient and caregiver preferences had the strongest influence on providers' practice. Following completion, 88.2% of providers stated they would change or consider changing their practices. Discussion Despite awareness of the evidence base, a casting preference still exists. While other aspects of the minimalist approach were popular, prior work suggests this does not necessarily translate into practice. Commonly cited barriers include family preferences and compliance concerns; however, awareness of these issues may enable change. Level of Evidence: III.
The inconsistency argument: why apparent pro-life inconsistency undermines opposition to induced abortion.

Most opposition to induced abortion turns on the belief that human fetuses are persons from conception. On this view, the moral status of the fetus alone requires those in a position to provide aid—gestational mothers—to make tremendous sacrifices to benefit the fetus. Recently, critics have argued that this pro-life position requires more than opposition to induced abortion. Pro-life theorists are relatively silent on the issues of spontaneous abortion, surplus in vitro fertilisation human embryos, and the suffering and death of born persons due to lack of access to food, shelter and medical care. Colgrove et al call such arguments inconsistency arguments, arguing they ‘do not matter’ and mischaracterise them as ad hominem attacks. Here, I argue these are better understood as moral dilemmas. While some critics argue pro-life inaction is evidence that they do not really believe human fetuses are persons, I contend this inaction is likely the result of resolvable confusion rather than moral negligence.
The Use of Children as a Tactic of Intimate Partner Violence and its Relationship to Survivors’ Mental Health

Although prior research has established that intimate partner violence (IPV) often leads to increased depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), little is known about how often abusive partners and ex-partners use survivors’ children as an abuse tactic, nor whether this form of IPV also is detrimental to survivors’ mental health. The current study interviewed 299 unstably housed survivors of intimate partner violence shortly after they sought services from a domestic violence agency. All participants were parents of minor children. In-person interviews asked about abuse experienced in the prior six months, including the ways children were used as a form of IPV. Participants were also asked about their current depression, anxiety, and symptoms of PTSD. As hypothesized, the majority of parents reported their abusive partners and ex-partners had used their children as a form of IPV to control and hurt them. Further, after controlling for other forms of IPV, use of the children significantly predicted both increased anxiety and greater number of PTSD symptoms. Results show the importance of focusing on the use of children as a common and injurious form of abuse used against survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV).