cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dendrochronological Assessment of Whitebark Pine Response to Past Climate Change: Implications for a Threatened Species in Grand Teton National Park

One of the keystone tree species in subalpine forests of the western United States â whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis, hereafter whitebark pine) â is experiencing a significant mortality event (Millar et al. 2012). Whitebark pine occupies a relatively restricted range in the high-elevation ecosystems in the northern Rockies and its future is uncertain. The current decline of whitebark pine populations has been attributed to pine beetle infestations, blister rust infections, anthropogenic fire suppression, and climate change (Millar et al. 2012). Despite the knowledge that whitebark pine is severely threatened by multiple stressors, little is known about the historic capacity of this species to handle these stressors. More specifically, it is unknown how whitebark pine has dealt with past climatic variability, particularly variation in the type of precipitation (rain vs. snow) available for soil moisture, and how differences in quantity of precipitation have influenced the establishment and growth of modern stands. We propose to study the past responses of whitebark pine to paleoclimatic conditions, which would be useful to park ecologists in developing new conservation and regeneration plans to prevent the extinction of this already severely threatened high-elevation resource. The purpose of this study is to determine in great temporal and spatial detail the demographics of the current stand of whitebark pine trees in the watershed surrounding an unnamed, high-altitude pond (known informally as Whitebark Pine Moraine Pond) located approximately 3.06 miles NW of Jenny Lake in Grand Teton National Park (GTNP). The main objectives of this study were: 1.) To obtain the precise GPS locations of the current stand of whitebark pine trees in the watershed to generate a GIS map detailing their locations. 2.) To obtain increment cores of a subset of the trees in the watershed to estimate age and date of establishment for the current stand of whitebark pines, with particular attention to fire history. 3.) To analyze ring widths from core samples to identify climatic indicators that may influence the regeneration and survival of whitebark pine.
Using immersive technologies to explore the effects of congruent and incongruent contextual cues on context recall, product evaluation time, and preference and liking during consumer hedonic testing.

Abstract To explore how contextual information streams are processed and prioritized during consumer studies, we manipulated the congruency of visual, auditory and olfactory cues using immersive technologies and assessed the impact on context recall, evaluation time, and preference and liking for cold brewed coffee. Each consumer (n = 50) was exposed to two identical control conditions, a visually incongruent condition, an auditory incongruent condition, an olfactory incongruent condition, and an all-incongruent condition. The control condition simulated a coffeehouse environment complete with the sights, sounds and smells commonly experienced in that venue. A laboratory setting, construction noise, and laundry detergent represented the individual incongruent visual, auditory, and aroma streams, respectively. Results revealed that olfactory information had a lesser priority than visual or auditory information in the simulated environments when assessed by subject's ability to recall encountered information streams. Panelists also spent more time evaluating coffees in the first presented control condition compared to the incongruent conditions or the repeated control condition. Finally, although the averaged combined liking score for subjects' least to most preferred coffees was significantly lowered in the all-incongruent condition compared to the control condition, this decrease was not substantial. Understanding how the saliency of contextual information influences consumer behavior and attention can inform immersive testing methodologies.
Environmental Epigenetics update.

We encourage you to consider publishing in Environmental Epigenetics. This is one of the few journals dedicated to the topic. The breadth of the topic and impacts in everything from evolution to disease etiology we feel is a significant asset of the journal. This can include perspectives, research highlights (e.g. meetings), reviews, and research articles. We look forward to your submissions.
Circuitry Underlying Visual Processing in the Retina

Early retinal processing is involved with managing the set point for retinal neurons, taking care to keep all neural activity of each cell at a neutral set point, about midway between its maximal and minimal activity levels. Most retinal neurons are active at their midpoint, receiving and transmitting even under ambient conditions. Light input alters the patterns of activity among these neurons.
AlertnessScanner: what do your pupils tell about your alertness

Alertness is a crucial component of our cognitive performance. Reduced alertness can negatively impact memory consolidation, productivity and safety. As a result, there has been an increasing focus on continuous assessment of alertness. The existing methods usually require users to wear sensors, fill out questionnaires, or perform response time tests periodically, in order to track their alertness. These methods may be obtrusvie to some users, and thus have limited capability. In this work, we propose AlertnessScanner, a computer-vision-based system that collects in-situ pupil information to model alertness in the wild. We conducted two in-the-wild studies to evaluate the effectiveness of our solution, and found that AlertnessScanner passively and unobtrusively assess alertness. We discuss the implications of our findings and present opportunities for mobile applications that measure and act upon changes in alertness.
RELIABILITY OF THE MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY (MSU) CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION

ABSTRACT Objective: The Michigan State University (MSU) classification of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is periodically used by various authors to classify disc herniation. We assessed the reliability of this classification system among orthopedic residents at our institute. Methods: Fifty T2 axial-cut magnetic resonance images (MRI) corresponding to the level of maximal disc herniation from patients diagnosed with a single LDH were selected and distributed to six orthopedic residents. All six residents gave a specific rating for each image based on the MSU classification; in addition, three residents gave ratings on two different occasions. The degree of agreement among residents was analyzed by calculating inter-observer and intra-observer reliability using the Kappa statistic. Results: The inter-observer reliability among the six residents calculated as the Fleiss’ Kappa was 0.422, which indicates moderate reliability. The intra-observer reliability of three selected residents calculated by Cohen's Kappa was 0.750, 0.772, and 0.859, which indicates substantial to almost perfect reliability. Variations in ratings were frequent in images portraying a broad-based disc herniation with spinal canal stenosis. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate moderate homogeneity of ratings given by residents; however, test-retest results proved the ratings to be consistent. Level of Evidence II, Diagnostic studies - investigating a diagnostic examination.
The Efficacy of Ketamine in the Palliative Care Setting: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature.

Background: Previous literature suggests that ketamine may be an effective drug in the palliative care population as this drug has been shown to treat multiple conditions that are common in these patients. Objective: This review examines the efficacy of ketamine for the treatment of depression and physical pain in palliative care patients. Methods: Eleven studies were included on the topic of ketamine as an antidepressant in the palliative care population. Additionally, 5 RCT studies were included on the topic of physical pain in this population. Results: All 11 studies, including one RCT, found antidepressant effects of ketamine in this patient population. Ketamine's effect on treating physical pain was mixed with the largest and most recent RCTs suggesting no significant analgesic effect. Discussion: This review suggests that starting qualified patients on intravenous (IV) ketamine and switching to oral or intranasal administration may be the most effective and convenient for treating depression, especially for patients who wish to receive treatment at home. Significant analgesia was found in patients who received epidural or intrathecal ketamine as well as in one study using intravenous administration. More research is necessary to determine which palliative care patients may benefit from ketamine treatment.
CRT-100.38 Percutaneous Versus Surgical Revascularization for Acute Myocardial Infarction

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common medical emergency that necessitates revascularization in a timely manner. Furthermore, around 50% of AMI patients have multivessel disease. Limited data are available comparing percutaneous (PR) versus surgical revascularization (SR) in the AMI setting
Feasibility of Social Media–Based Recruitment and Perceived Acceptability of Digital Health Interventions for Caregivers of Justice-Involved Youth: Mixed Methods Study

Background: Caregiver involvement is critical for supporting positive behavioral health and legal outcomes for justice-involved youth; however, recruiting this population into clinical research studies and engaging them in treatment remain challenging. Technology-based approaches are a promising, yet understudied avenue for recruiting and intervening with caregivers of justice-involved youth. Objective: This mixed methods study aimed to assess the feasibility of recruiting caregivers of justice-involved youth using social media into clinical research and to understand caregivers’ perceptions of the acceptability of digital health interventions. Methods: Caregivers of justice-involved youth were recruited through paid Facebook advertisements to participate in a Web-based survey. Advertisement design was determined using Facebook A/B split testing, and the advertisement with the lowest cost per link click was used for the primary advertisement campaign. Survey participants were offered the option to participate in a follow-up qualitative phone interview focused on the perceived feasibility and acceptability of digital health interventions. Results: Facebook advertisements were successful in quickly recruiting a diverse set of caregivers (80/153, 52.3% female; mean age 43 years, SD 7; 76/168, 45.2% black, 34/168, 20.2% white, and 28/168, 16.7% Latinx; and 97/156, 62.2% biological parents); cost per click was US $0.53, and conversion rate was 11.5%. Survey participants used multiple social media platforms; 60.1% (101/168) of the participants indicated they would participate in a digital health intervention for caregivers of justice-involved youth. Survey respondents’ most preferred intervention was supportive and motivational parenting messages via SMS text message. Of the survey respondents, 18 completed a phone interview (12/18, 67% female; mean age 45 years, SD 10; 10/18, 56% black, 7/18, 39% white, and 1/18, 6% Latinx; and 16/18, 89% biological parents). Interview participant responses suggested digital health interventions are acceptable, but they expressed both likes (eg, alleviates barriers to treatment access) and concerns (eg, privacy); their most preferred intervention was video-based family therapy. Conclusions: Recruiting and intervening with caregivers of justice-involved youth through social media and other digital health approaches may be a feasible and acceptable approach to overcoming barriers to accessing traditional in-person behavioral health care.
Chapter 19 – Motor Cortex

Publisher Summary The cortical structures most involved in motor control in mice and other rodents include a primary motor area, M1 and a secondary motor area, M2. Somatosensory cortex is involved in motor functions in all mammals. In mice and rats, the extent of such involvement is more notable than in most placental mammals, thus granular primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and the associated dysgranular cortex have been commonly included in “sensorimotor” cortex of rodents. Primary motor cortex of mammals can be defined by a number of characteristics, including a relative location in frontal cortex, an agranular type of cytoarchitecture, a systematic representation of the movements of contralateral body parts that can be revealed by electrical stimulation, and a specific pattern of connections with other parts of the nervous system, including the ventrolateral posterior nucleus of the motor thalamus. The anterior cingulate cortex in primates has several motor areas where movements can be evoked by electrical stimulation, and with topographic connections with motor and premotor areas of cortex and projections to the spinal cord. Experiments that examine the effects of motor cortex lesions on behavior most often use rats. This is likely due to their larger size and ease of handing relative to mice. Mice also tend to show increased spontaneous locomotor activity compared to larger rodents, which can make sensorimotor tasks more difficult to evaluate in this species. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder, characterized by a low threshold for recurrent seizures, where seizures are defined as the excessive, synchronous discharge of aggregates of neurons.
Quantitative literacy: A tool for survival

In the context of a global pandemic, the need for quantitative literacy has become more urgent QL and QL-adjacent habits of mind, such as awareness of the limitations of data and modeling, are vital tools of survival that can help people understand today's fast-changing world and make decisions about next actions, in particular in relation to the ongoing protests supporting the #BlackLivesMatter movement QL does not provide a final answer to most human questions, but it can be an invaluable guide for each individual decision maker © 2020, National Numeracy Network All rights reserved
Genetic cancer risk assessment

Dramatic advances in our understanding of the genetic basis for cancer have led to the development of new technologies and tools for genetic cancer risk assessment. Yet, cancer is a complex disorder, and risk assessment, counseling, and management strategies need to consider several important domains: state of cancer genetics knowledge, state of mind (previous cancer experience within the family), state of technology, and state of the art in terms of management. There are several barriers to the efficient identification and counseling of patients and families at high risk for cancer because of inherited susceptibility mutations. Chief among these concerns is the lack of access to competent counseling and education services that are equipped to handle the complex and rapidly evolving medical, technological, and ethical issues. Cancer risk assessment is developing into a distinct discipline in which established empiric risk models are recast along with rapidly evolving genetic technologies for estimation of individual cancer risk. Cancer genetics consultants are an important resource for primary care physicians, gynecologists, surgeons, and oncologists. However, no formal qualification criteria exist for either physicians or allied health care professionals who subspecialize in this new field. This article covers the unique domains of cancer genetics in health care and surveys models for delivery of cancer genetics services and tools for risk assessment. Coupled with innovative cancer diagnostic and preventive services and research, we have the potential to make great strides in cancer prevention and control. Cancer 1999;86:2483–92. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Rituximab use for refractory anti-HMGCR immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy: A case report

Immunosuppression is the cornerstone therapy for anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (anti-HMGCR) myopathy. Typical immunosuppressants such as corticosteroids, methotrexate, and azathioprine have been used in conjunction with removal of the offending agent, yet the use of rituximab is more limited in this type of myopathy. Reported here is a case of a patient who responded well to rituximab (RTX) after the standard immunosuppressants had failed. This case illustrates the importance of further studies to evaluate the role of RTX in anti-HMGCR myopathy.
Reactivity to UV Radiation Exposure Monitoring Using Personal Exposure Devices for Skin Cancer Prevention: Longitudinal Observational Study.

Background: Emerging UV radiation (UVR) monitoring devices may present an opportunity to integrate such technology into skin cancer prevention interventions. However, little is known about the effects of using a wearable UVR monitor on adults’ and children’s sun protection–related behaviors and attitudes (eg, cancer worry and perceived risk). Understanding the potential role of reactivity and seasonal effects will help inform the use of objective monitors in the context of skin cancer prevention research, including intervention studies. Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the potential reactivity associated with a wearable personal UVR monitor, specifically the effects associated with reported sun-protective behaviors and skin cancer–related attitudes, which are often the targets of skin cancer preventive interventions. Methods: Child-parent dyads (n=97 dyads) were asked to wear a UVR monitoring device during waking hours for 2 weeks. Participants were asked to sync the device daily with a smartphone app that stored the UVR exposure data. Participants were blinded to their UVR exposure data during the 2-week period; thus, the smartphone app provided no feedback to the participants on their UVR exposure. Participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing sun-protective behaviors, sunburn, tanning, skin self-examination, skin cancer–related knowledge, perceived risk, cancer worry, response efficacy, and intentions to change behaviors over the 2-week period. Linear regressions were conducted to investigate changes in the outcomes over time and to account for the role of the season of study participation. Results: Regression results revealed that there was a significant decrease over time for several sun protection outcomes in children, including time spent outdoors on weekends (P=.02) and weekdays (P=.008), sunscreen use (P=.03), reapplication (P<.001), and unintentional tanning (P<.001). There were no significant changes over time in children’s and parents’ UVR exposure, sunburn occurrence, or sun protection attitudes. Season of participation was associated with several outcomes, including lower sunscreen use (P<.001), reapplication (P<.001), sunburns (P=.01), intentions to change sun-protective behaviors (P=.02), and intentional (P=.008) and unintentional tanning (P=.01) for participants who participated in the fall versus the summer. Conclusions: The findings from this study suggest that daily use of a UVR monitoring device over a 2-week period may result in changes in certain sun-protective behaviors. These results highlight the importance of identifying and addressing potential reactivity to UVR monitoring devices, especially in the context of skin cancer preventive intervention research. Ultimately, objectively assessed UVR exposure could be integrated into the outcome assessment for future testing of skin cancer prevention interventions. Trial Registration:
Critical environmental justice and the state: a critique of pellow

How should movements for environmental justice orient themselves towards the state? Recent work in the environmental justice field critiques the legalistic basis of both environmental justice resea...
Metastatic melanoma to the ovary in pregnancy: A case report

Abstract Metastatic melanoma to the ovary is an uncommon presentation. We report a case of metastatic melanoma to the ovary that presented as a growing left adnexal mass during pregnancy and was thought to be benign by imaging and frozen section pathology. Here we discuss the challenges in radiologic and pathologic diagnosis, as well as considerations for the mother and newborn.
Second Cancer Risk in Childhood Cancer Survivors Treated with Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT): An Updated Analysis of More Than 10 Years of Follow-Up

Purpose/objective(s) It is unclear how treatment with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) impacts long-term risk of second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) in pediatric patients. A preliminary report from our institution published in 2015 by Casey et al. demonstrated a 10-year cumulative incidence (CI) of 3.3%, which we sought to update with now a median follow-up of over 10 years. Materials/methods Pediatric patients = 5 years after IMRT were included. The total dose of IMRT to any field was calculated and adjusted for contribution of conventional radiotherapy. Exposure to chemotherapy was recorded and noted if exposed to alkylating agents, anthracyclines, and/or epidodophyllotoxins. Treatment plans were evaluated to assess whether SMNs occurred within the treatment field. CI estimates of all SMN and second solid malignancies were calculated using the CI method of competing risks with death considered a competing event. Results A total of 326 patients were included with a median follow-up of 11 years from IMRT initiation (IQR, 8.6-14.0). The most common primary diagnosis was soft tissue sarcoma (n = 109, 33.4%) followed by neuroblastoma (n = 64, 19.6%). Most (n = 282, 86.5%) received chemotherapy. Most (n = 200, 61.3%) patients had > 10 years of follow-up and 285 (87.4%) patients were alive at the time of this analysis. At a median time of 8.2 years from IMRT (range, 3.2-19.2), 17 developed SMNs (11 solid, 6 hematologic) with a 10-year and 15-year CI of 1.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8-4.3) and 3.6% (95% CI 1.5-8.3), respectively. Six of these patients (35.3%) are still alive. Of the 11 solid SMNs, most (7, 63.6%) had received IMRT to the head and neck, 3 to the CNS, and 1 to the abdomen/pelvis. The mean and median doses to the IMRT field were 5360cGy (standard deviation, 2433) and 5580cGy (range, 2100-9640), respectively. Median time to solid SMN was 11.0 years (range, 6.8-19.2) and cancers included 2 colon adenocarcinomas, 3 osteosarcomas, 1 high grade astrocytoma, 2 glioblastomas, 1 papillary thyroid cancer, 1 widely metastatic cancer of unknown primary, and 1 presumed soft tissue sarcoma. 2 patients with SMNs had hereditary retinoblastoma. 5 solid SMNs developed within the 100% isodose line (IDL) of the IMRT field, 1 within 80% IDL, 1 within 50% IDL, and 1 within 40% IDL. A colon cancer is estimated to have developed within the 70-80% IDL of the conventional posteroanterior field as part of craniospinal irradiation. The papillary thyroid carcinoma was out of the IMRT field. The metastatic cancer of unknown primary could not be categorized or attributable to IMRT. Conclusion With a median follow-up of 11 years, there was an increased CI of solid SMNs after IMRT in childhood cancer survivors. SMNs developed both in and out of the high dose region. These data serve as a foundation for comparison with other modalities of radiation treatment, namely proton therapy.
Study of beta adrenoceptors on subpopulations of thymocytes separated on ficoll-hypaque density gradients.

In our earlier study we had identified beta adrenoceptors on fetal and newborn thymocytes (1). In view of the fact that thymocyte population in the adult is heterogeneous in terms of stages of maturation and functional competence, this research was undertaken to study the concentration of beta adrenoceptors on the sub-populations of thymocytes separated on discontinuous ficoll-hypaque density gradient (2) in order to examine any correlation between the concentration of these receptors and the immunological competence of various thymocyte subpopulations. In addition, comparison with splenic T lymphocytes, which are more immunoreactive than thymocytes and also differ in terms of adenylcyclase stimulation and levels of cAMP (3,4) have also been made.
Latin America's Communal Response to the Energy Crisis: The Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE)

On November 2, 1973, twenty-one nations in the Latin American community formally signed the Lima Agreement which established the Latin American Energy Organization (Spanish acronym, OLADE).1 The legal creation of this new regional organization, while not in direct response, came less than three weeks after the Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) 2 imposed an embargo on petroleum exports to the United States and the Netherlands, as well as substantially reducing petroleum production rates for countries in the European Economic Community and Japan.3
Antifungal Management Practices in Liver Transplant Recipients

We sought to determine the approach to antifungal prophylaxis, and diagnostic and therapeutic practices for the management of invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients. Data were collected by an electronic survey questionnaire sent to all active liver transplant programs in North America; 63% (67/106) of the sites completed the survey. Overall, 91% of the sites employed antifungal prophylaxis; 28% used universal prophylaxis and 72% targeted it toward high-risk patients. Fluconazole was the most commonly used agent for universal and targeted prophylaxis. The leading choice for mold-active agents for antifungal prophylaxis was the echinocandins. Combination therapy was used as primary therapy for invasive aspergillosis in 47%, and as salvage in 80%. Thus, a vast majority of the surveyed programs employ antifungal prophylaxis and most use targeted prophylaxis. Consideration of these practices could guide clinical trial design to optimize antifungal prophylaxis in these patients. Our findings also merit investigations to better define the role of diagnostic assays and combination therapeutic strategies for invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients.
Biomimetic scaffolds and natural matrices for stem cell-based tissue engineering and modeling (81.3)

The intrinsically low reparative capacity of cartilage is a clinical challenge to effective treatment of degenerative joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis, the main cause of physical disability. ...
Public-private : partnerships for public health

Global health problems require global solutions, and public–private partnerships are increasingly called on to provide these solutions. But although such partnerships may be able to produce the desired outcome, they also bring their own problems. A first-of-its kind workshop in April, hosted by the Harvard School of Public Health and the Global Health Council, examined the organizational and ethical challenges of partnerships, and ways to address them.
An Empirical Analysis of the Effect of Changes in Interest Rates on Accounting Rates of Return, Growth, and Equity Values

This paper examines whether the documented negative correlation between changes in interest rates and stock returns is also observed in the fundamentals on which equity values are based. The negative correlation is often attributed to changes in the discount rate, a denominator effect in a valuation model. However, there may also be a numerator effect on the expected payoffs that are discounted, and it is this effect that the paper examines. The paper documents the effect of changes in interest rates on accounting profitability and asset growth that are tied to expected dividends and value in the residual earnings valuation model. The effects of changes in both real and nominal interest rates are investigated so that the effects of changes in expected inflation (that has been the focus of much of the research on interest rates and stock returns) are isolated. Accordingly, the paper evaluates the Modigliani and Cohn conjecture that investors do not understand the effect of changes in expected inflation on firms. The results show that both real and nominal rates are positively related to subsequent profitability and growth, at least in the near term. So, increases in interest rates are followed by higher profitability and growth. However, the resultant increase in earnings is typically not large enough to cover the increase in the required return from the increase in the interest rate. So the overall effect on equity value is negative, consistent with the results of the research on interest rates and stock returns.
Subcellular Localization of the Leucine Biosynthetic Enzymes in Yeast

When baker's yeast spheroplasts were lysed by mild osmotic shock, practically all of the isopropylmalate isomerase and the beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase was released into the 30,000 x g supernatant fraction, as was the cytosol marker enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. alpha-Isopropylmalate synthase, however, was not detected in the initial supernatant, but could be progressively solubilized by homogenization, appearing more slowly than citrate synthase but faster than cytochrome oxidase. Of the total glutamate-alpha-ketoisocaproate transaminase activity, approximately 20% was in the initial soluble fraction, whereas solubilization of the remainder again required homogenization of the spheroplast lysate. Results from sucrose density gradient centrifugation of a cell-free particulate fraction and comparison with marker enzymes suggested that alpha-isopropylmalate synthase was located in the mitochondria. It thus appears that, in yeast, the first specific enzyme in the leucine biosynthetic pathway (alpha-isopropylmalate synthase) is particulate, whereas the next two enzymes in the pathway (isopropylmalate isomerase and beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase) are "soluble," with glutamate-alpha-ketoisocaproate transaminase activity being located in both the cytosol and particulate cell fractions.
The Psychology of Creative Writing

Part I. The Writer: 1. The Personalities of Creative Writers Jane Piirto 2. Killing Your Babies: The Creative Writer, Locus of Control, and Rumination E. M. Skrzynecky and James C. Kaufman 3. 'The more I write, the better I write, and the better I feel about myself': Mood Variability and Mood Regulation in Student Journalists and Creative Writers Adele Kohanyi 4. Characteristics of Eminent Screenwriters: Who Are Those Guys? Steven R. Pritzker and David McGarva 5. The Tears of a Clown: Understanding Comedy Writers Scott Barry Kaufman and Aaron Kozbelt Part II. The Text: 6. The Evolution of Creative Writing Daniel Nettle 7. Literary Creativity and Physiognomy: Expressiveness in Writers, Readers, and Literature Martin S. Lindauer 8. The Literary Genius of William Shakespeare: Empirical Studies of His Dramatic and Poetic Creativity Dean Keith Simonton Part III. The Process: 9. In search of the writer's creative process Todd Lubart 10. Writing as a collaborative act R. Keith Sawyer 11. Writing as an interaction with ideas Mark A. Runco 12. Creative Cognition in Science Fiction and Fantasy Writing Thomas B. Ward and E. Thomas Lawson Part IV. The Development: 13. Writing in flow Susan K. Perry 14. Writers' Blocks and Blocked Writers: Using Natural Imagery to Enhance Creativity Jerome L. Singer and Michael V. Barrios 15. Pretend Play, Emotional Processes, and Developing Narratives Sandra W. Russ 16. The Healing Powers of Expressive Writing Janel D. Sexton and James W. Pennebaker Part V. The Education: 17. How Rewards and Evaluations Can Undermine Creativity (and How to Prevent This) John Baer and Sharon S. McKool 18. Teaching Writing by Demythologizing Creativity Grace R. Waitman and Jonathan A. Plucker 19. Creation and Response: Wellspring to Evaluation Genevieve E. Chandler and Pat Schneider 20. Fostering Creative Writing: Challenges Faced by Chinese Learners Ai-Girl Tan 21. Putting the Parts Together: An Integrative Look at the Psychology of Creative Writing Scott Barry Kaufman and James C. Kaufman.
J. B. Watson and J. J. B. Morgan: The original drive theory of motivation

John B. Watson and J. J. B. Morgan (1917) published an article in 1917 in which they introduced the term “drive” as a motivational construct. The article was published 8 months before R. S. Woodworth published his book, Dynamic Psychology, in which he used the term “drive.” Most historians of psychology have given Woodworth credit for introducing the term into American psychology. Not only did Watson and Morgan introduce the term before Woodworth, but also they offered a much more systematic theory of motivation, one in which “drive” was a central concept.
Fill-in-the-blank JCL: why we did it and how

Several years ago, in an effort to simplify our production job process, standardize our production JCL, and live with the installation of a new security package, we developed a system called Production Job Submission Control (PJSC). PJSC consists of a small “programming” language and a full-screen interface that prompts for input and then generates job streams using the input.Increasingly, PJSC is not just for our Operations staff. It is becoming a tool for use by us, the programming staff, and most important, our Users. Even complete programs can be generated and/or submitted to the system using this process.This paper will discuss the underlying concepts of PJSC and present an overview of the implementation which is now run at UAB. Examples of use and suggestions for development of similar programs for other environments will also be included.
Parallel pathways for vocal learning in basal ganglia of songbirds

The shell subregion of nucleus LMAN is an output for the basal ganglia in song birds. The authors report that lesions of the this region do not immediately disrupt vocal behavior but do prevent the development of stable vocal sequences and the ability to imitate vocal sounds.
Hereditary Autoimmune Thyroiditis in the Fowl

In the Cornell C strain of White Leghorn chickens, thyroiditis appeared spontaneously. It was characterized by phenotypic changes due to a decrease of thyroxine, histological damage to the thyroid gland, and the presence in the seruim of antibodies to thyroglobulin. Susceptibility to the disease is genetically inherited. Hormonal bursectomy (androgen given to the embryo) suppresses the development of thyroiditis.
Superfluid 3He B at a rough surface: Density of states

Abstract The density of states for 3.5. Superfluid 3 He  Bat a rough wall is calculated from the quasiclassical equations using the full nonlinear boundary conditions and the “Randomly Rippled Wall” model. Increased surface roughness leads to a substantially enhanced total density of states at sub gap energies as well as to a more complicated spectrum structure. The calculation provides a sensitive test of boundary condition validity and demonstrates the ready applicability of the nonlinear boundary conditions.
Some frequently overlooked aspects of reactive flow through permeable media

Solid dissolution and precipitation are major reactions that occur in reactive flow through permeable media. Precipitated reaction products, in particular, can clog pore space and cause flow impairment, which is one of the reasons their simulation is important. Many calculations assume local equilibrium, ideal solutions, no aqueous reactions, and no supersaturation, but depending on the flow conditions, these assumptions can lead to a misrepresentation of the effects of the reactive flow. This paper evaluates the effects of these simplifying assumptions. We applied a method of characteristics model to run generic reactive flow cases consisting of a single mineral initially present and one possible precipitate. Results show that, under the conditions studied, the amount of precipitation predicted is less than that calculated by assuming equilibrium conditions; however, this precipitate can, nevertheless, cause flow impairment. The same conclusion-reduced precipitation- appears to be true for the assumptions of no supersaturation, ideal solutions, and negligible flowing-phase reactions. Including these effects leads to no precipitation at all in some cases. It seems clear that including these effects is important for accurate geochemical modeling. This work is one of the many tangible consequences of Dr. R. S. Schechter's distinguished work in geochemical flow modeling. This work has ranged from laboratory experiment to fieldwork to theoretical analysis to numerical simulation. The second author on this paper attributes much of his success to this diversity and to Bob's unwavering devotion to scientific principles. We are pleased to be able to continue the pursuit of knowledge begun by Dr. Schechter and to honor him and his career at the same time.
A case of probable non-familial early onset Alzheimer dementia in a Hispanic male.

Background: Early onset Alzheimer’s type dementia (EOAD) is usually familial and associated with mutations in the Presenilin-1 (PSEN1), Presenilin-2 (PSEN2) or amyloid precursor protein (APP) genes. It is rarely reported in patients of Hispanic descent. Case report: A 49-year-old Hispanic male developed significant cognitive impairment over a 4-year period. PET scan showed diminished metabolic activity in the posterior parietal/temporal lobes. Genetic testing revealed the presence of a PSEN1 gene mutation. Conclusion: Disparities in health care may account for an under-recognition of EOAD in the Hispanic population. Clinicians should test for EOAD in all patients with appropriate symptomatology, regardless of ethnicity. Early recognition and enrollment in clinical trials is vital to enhancing our understanding of the natural history and treatment of this condition. Keywords: early onset Alzheimer’s dementia; Hispanic; Presenilin-1 (Published: 16 July 2012) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2012, 2 : 18600 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v2i2.18600
Applications in Genetic Risk Estimation of Data on the Induction of Dominant Skeletal Mutations in Mice

The study of dominant skeletal mutations has major applications in genetic risk estimation and complements the specific-locus method with respect to the type of information provided. Specific-locus experiments are useful for determining whether heritable gene mutations are induced in mammalian germ cells by an agent. They can also be used quantitatively to make extrapolations to exposure levels encountered by humans, and they are particularly well suited for evaluating the effects of physical and biological variables on the frequency of transmitted mutations. They cannot, however, be used to determine the magnitude of damage that would be encountered in first-generation offspring. Two major reasons for this are (1) uncertainty as to how representative the few specific loci studied are of those genes that can mutate to cause dominant effects, and (2) uncertainty over how many genes can mutate to cause such effects. It is generally recognized that only those newly induced mutations that can cause damage in heterozygotes are of any significant importance for a great many generations to come [1, 2]. Studies on the induction of dominant skeletal mutations [4–6] and of dominant cataract mutations [3] have now provided means of estimating this type of damage. As more comparisons become possible between results obtained for dominant mutations and those for specific-locus mutations, a firmer basis will be established for extrapolating from specific-locus mutation-rate data to the magnitude of risk.
Stochastic aspects of creep cavitation in ceramics

Creep fracture of ceramic materials frequently occurs by the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of grain boundary cavities. Recent experimental studies of cavitation kinetics in compression crept ceramics, supported by micromechanical modeling, have identified a number of stochastic aspects of cavitation. The stochastic nature of cavitation arises primarily due to the dependence of both cavity nucleation and cavity growth on grain boundary sliding. A degree of randomness is also imposed by the nonuniform distribution of potential nucleation sites. Pertinent experimental results and micromechanical models are briefly presented and used to support the important role of grain boundary sliding. A stochastic model of grain boundary sliding is then proposed by considering the sliding events to occur as an inhomogeneous Poisson process. Implications of the stochastic nature of cavitation are then discussed in terms of the cavity nucleation, growth, and coalescence processes.
Analysis of schizophrenia-related genes and electrophysiological measures reveals ZNF804A association with amplitude of P300b elicited by novel sounds

Several genes have recently been identified as risk factors for schizophrenia (SZ) by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including ZNF804A which is thought to function in transcriptional regulation. However, the downstream pathophysiological changes that these genes confer remain to be elucidated. In 143 subjects (68 clinical high risk, first episode or chronic cases; 75 controls), we examined the association between 21 genetic markers previously identified by SZ GWAS or associated with putative intermediate phenotypes of SZ against three event-related potential (ERP) measures: mismatch negativity (MMN), amplitude of P300 during an auditory oddball task, and P300 amplitude during an auditory novelty oddball task. Controlling for age and sex, significant genetic association surpassing Bonferroni correction was detected between ZNF804A marker rs1344706 and P300 amplitude elicited by novel sounds (beta=4.38, P=1.03 × 10−4), which is thought to index orienting of attention to unexpected, salient stimuli. Subsequent analyses revealed that the association was driven by the control subjects (beta=6.35, P=9.08 × 10−5), and that the risk allele was correlated with higher novel P300b amplitude, in contrast to the significantly lower amplitude observed in cases compared to controls. Novel P300b amplitude was significantly correlated with a neurocognitive measure of auditory attention under interference conditions, suggesting a relationship between novel P300b amplitude and higher-order attentional processes. Our results suggest pleiotropic effects of ZNF804A on risk for SZ and neural mechanisms that are indexed by the novel P300b ERP component.
Scurvy in a patient on vemurafenib

Vitamin C deficiency, or scurvy, is uncommon in the Western world. Here, we present a patient who had scurvy diagnosed while receiving vemurafenib treatment for metastatic melanoma, which improved with vitamin C supplementation.
Multiphonon resonance Raman scattering of impurity centers: Polarization of the emission tail

The emission tail arising from multiphonon resonance Raman scattering by $F$ centers in alkali halide crystals exhibits remarkable polarization which weakly depends on the emitted-photon frequency. This means that depolarization processes accompanying vibrational relaxation in the excited electronic state take place only in the earliest stage of relaxation; later they are switched off. This depolarization switching-off effect may be understood as a result of Jahn-Teller splitting of the adiabatic potential energy surface in the excited electronic state. A theory of this effect is proposed based upon the usual Kramers-Heisenberg expression for light scattering. Vibronic interaction is considered as strong, thereby allowing one to use a short-time approximation for the description of relaxation and depolarization processes. Interaction with ${A}_{1g}$, ${E}_{g}$, and ${T}_{2g}$ modes is taken into account, with the latter being assumed to be relatively weak, and considered in first-order perturbation theory. Formulas are obtained for the first-order scattering and for the emission tail in parallel (${I}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$) and perpendicular (${I}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$) polarizations. The damping of the coherence of the electronic state in vibrational relaxation, which is revealed in the tail polarization, is also studied. The physical interpretations of the mathematical expressions are discussed. Higher-order processes are treated qualitatively and it is found that they may change the relaxation paths and may limit the depolarization at $\frac{{I}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}{{I}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}=2$, in agreement with experiment. Additional experimental tests of the proposed theory are also discussed.
A "Hands-On" Course in Consumer Electronics Design

Abstract There is still a large gap between the academic design approach taught to our students and the real world of competitive product design. In spite of program upgrades which heavily emphasize design, the termination of many of our students advanced design projects is still a maze of breadboards connected together with wires which randomly wander off to input sensors or output displays. Clearly, there is a big step missing between the disorganized connection of components which concludes a design project, and the sleek, injection molded, Sony Discman that is playing in the design laboratory beside the workbench. In an effort to close the gap between engineering education and modern consumer electronics product design, the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Washington has initiated a “reverse-engineering” course in Consumer Electronics. The first offering of the course was made during Winter 1994 as part of the College of Engineering honors program.
The Economy of the Early Roman Empire

Many inhabitants of ancient Rome lived well. Tourists marvel at the temples, baths, roads and aqueducts that they built. Economists also want to understand the existence of a flourishing and apparently prosperous economy two millennia ago. Market institutions and a stable government appear to have been the combination that produced this remarkable result. This essay provides an economist's view of the Roman economy that emphasizes the role of markets. I focus on the early Roman Empire, from 27 BCE to around 200 CE. I begin with some indications suggesting that the standard of living in ancient Rome was similar to that of early modern period of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, an extraordinary achievement for any economy in the ancient world. I then argue that ancient Rome managed to achieve this high standard of living through the combined operation of moderately stable political conditions and markets for goods, labor and capital, which allowed specialization and efficiency. After surveying the labor and financial markets in turn, I return to the broad questions of how the Romans prospered and the economy appears to have grown.