cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selectivity of minimum structure enkephalins.

Abstract The biological activity of 45 deletion tetrapeptide-tripeptide- and dipeptide enkephalin analogs has been determined in the stimulated mouse vas deferens (MVD) and guinea pig ileum (GPI) assays. A comparison of the GPI and MVD activities of these 45 miniimum structure analogs indicates a high degree of mu receptor specificity. The greatest selectivity is found in the dipeptide amide Tyr-DAla-benzylamide, while high selectivity was also found in the tetrapeptides Tyr-DAla-Trp-Leu-NH 2 and Try-Aib-Phe-Leu-NH 2 , and in two tripeptides Tyr-DTrp-Phe-NH 2 and Tyr-Pro-Phe-NH 2 The dipeptide amide Tyr-DAla- (3-phenyl-l-propyl)-amide (DAPPA), which has been shown to possess high in vitro potency (on the stimulated GPI) and in vivo potency (analgesia in mice after icv administration), is shown to have 60 times the activity in the GPI assay relative to its activity on the stimulated MVD, further indicating the correlation between mu-receptor activity and analgesia.
Student Inquiry in a Physics Class Discussion

There is a long, rich history of arguments for the importance of involving students in a process of inquiry. For many instructors, however, promoting student inquiry is a difficult agenda to pursue for two reasons. First, there is often tension for instructors between concerns for this agenda and more traditional concerns for the correctness and completeness of students' understanding. Second, it is not easy to recognize when productive student inquiry is taking place. For a teacher in class, what is valuable about the students' participation at any given moment may not be as obvious as what is flawed and ambiguous in their arguments. For this article, I analyze a short excerpt from a high school physics class discussion to consider the value of the students' work as inquiry and to illustrate a teacher's negotiation of the tension between inquiry and traditional content-oriented concerns. In this way, I try to discover the beginnings of science in what the students say and do, rather than to apply criteri...
Sea Grant Marine Education: Historic Perspective and Future Design

Different types of education programs about the aquatic environment and training for professions dealing with these environments have been supported by the National Sea Grant College Program throughout its history. This paper reports the preliminary results of two concurrent studies regarding that support. The first analyzes historical records of funding patterns by category of education. The second study reviews results of a survey of Sea Grant Directors regarding their programmatic education philosophies, their assessment of benefits derived from their progam's education thrusts, and the anticipated future role of education in Sea Grant.
POMERANCHUKON EXCHANGE IN INELASTIC TWO-BODY REACTIONS.

Inelastic two-body and quasi-two-body reactions are classified phenomenologically. A class of events which could be interpreted as exhibiting Pomeranchukon exchange is identified. The conditions for such Pomeranchukon exchange are studied and in the production of a resonance from an incident particle, the change in spin $\ensuremath{\Delta}J$, and the change in parity $\ensuremath{\Delta}P$, are found empirically to obey the relation $\ensuremath{\Delta}P={(\ensuremath{-}1)}^{\ensuremath{\Delta}J}$.
TL1A (TNFSF15) regulates the development of chronic colitis by modulating both T-helper 1 and T-helper 17 activation.

Background & Aims: TL1A is a tumor necrosis factor–like molecule that mediates a strong costimulation of T-helper (TH) 1 cells. Expression of TL1A is increased in the mucosa of Crohn's disease patients and murine models of ileitis. The aim of this study was to determine the possible role of TL1A in chronic intestinal inflammation. Methods:We used dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced chronic colitis to investigate the effects of TL1A on the development of colitis. The cytokine profile in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) was measured. Neutralizing anti-TL1A antibodies were injected intraperitoneally into DSS-induced chronic colitis and G protein αi2−/− T-cell transfer colitis models. Severity of colitis was evaluated by body weight, colon length, histology, and cytokine production. Results:DSS-induced chronic colitis was characterized by the infiltration of CD4+ T cells. TL1A, death receptor 3, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-17 were increased significantly in GALT of DSS-treated mice. TL1A up-regulated both IFN-γ production from TH1 cells and IL-17 production from TH17 cells in GALT CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, IFN-γ and IL-17 production from CD4+ T cells, induced by IL-12 and IL-23 respectively, was enhanced synergistically by combination with TL1A. Anti-TL1A antibody prevented chronic colitis and attenuated established colitis by down-regulation of both TH1 and TH17 activation. Conclusions:Our results reveal that TL1A is an important modulator in the development of chronic mucosal inflammation by enhancing TH1 and TH17 effector functions. The central role of TL1A represents an attractive, novel therapeutic target for the treatment of Crohn's disease patients.
Molecular genetic analysis of flowering time inArabidopsis

Abstract Genetic studies on the floral transition in Arabidopsis have indicated that there are more than 20 genes involved in regulating the timing of the switch between vegetative and reproductive growth. This review focuses on three genes that play a critical role in flowering, LUMINIDEPENDENS , FRIGIDA and FLC . The LUMINIDEPENDENS gene is involved in constitutive floral promotion, and encodes a novel nuclear protein. The FRIGIDA and FLC genes, in contrast, act as constitutive floral inhibitors. Further molecular analyses of these genes as well as other genes involved in the floral transition should help elucidate this seemingly complex pathway.
The (i,i+4) Phe-His Interaction Studied in an Alanine-based α-Helix

Two models have been considered for the helix-stabilizing Phe-His+ interaction in C-peptide: (1) the H-bond model in which His+ acts as an H-bond donor and the aromatic ring of Phe acts as an acceptor, and (2) a helix dipole model, in which Phe constrains His so that there is a stronger interaction between His+ and the helix dipole. To decide between these models, we compared the effect on helix stability of the Phe-His interaction near the middle versus close to the C terminus of an alanine-based peptide. The nature of the interaction is the same at either position, in agreement with the H-bond model. The results show further that a weak helix-stabilizing Phe-His interaction can be detected when His is uncharged. Replacement of Phe by the saturated analog Cha (beta-cyclohexylalanine) gives no interaction, as predicted by the H-bond model.
Estimating domestic content in exports when processing trade is pervasive

Abstract For many questions, it is crucial to know the extent of domestic value added (DVA) in a country's exports, but the computation is more complicated when processing trade is pervasive. We propose a method for computing domestic and foreign contents that allows for processing trade. By applying our framework to Chinese data, we estimate that the share of domestic content in its manufactured exports was about 50% before China's WTO membership, and has risen to nearly 60% since then. There are also interesting variations across sectors. Those sectors that are likely labeled as relatively sophisticated such as electronic devices have particularly low domestic content (about 30% or less).
Large Scale Optimal Power Flow

A new optimization method is applied to optimal power flow analysis. The method is shown to be well suited to large scale (500 buses or more) power systems in that it is computationally efficient and is particularly effective with infeasible starting points. The optimization approach is based on transforming the original problem to that of solving a sequence of linearly constrained subproblems using an augmented Lagrangian type objective function. A fundamental feature of this algorithm (developed by Murtagh and Saunders) is that the solution converges quadratically on the nonlinear power flow constraints, rather than being forced to satisfy the constraints throughout the iterative process. To demonstrate the performance of this algorithm, a set of descent directions, which includes quasi-Newton (variable metric), conjugate directions, and steepest descent, are compared on the basis of convergence and computational effort for a 118 bus and a 600 bus power system.
Tandem coherent-incoherent filtering in scanning optical microscopy.

A method of imaging through inhomogeneities using the principles of scanning optical microscopy is described.
Detection of Multilayer Cirrus Cloud Systems Using AVHRR Data: Verification Based on FIRE II IFO Composite Measurements

Abstract A numerical scheme has been developed to identify multilayer cirrus cloud systems using Advanced Very Higher Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. It is based on the physical properties of the AVHRR channels 12 reflectance ratios, the brightness temperature differences between channels 4 and 5, and the channel 4 brightness temperatures. In this scheme, clear pixels are first separated from cloudy pixels, which are then classified into three types: cirrus, cirrus/low cloud, and low clouds. The authors have applied this scheme to the satellite data collected over the FIRE II IFO [First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional Experiment II intensive field observations area during nine overseas within seven observation dates. Determination of the threshold values used in the detection scheme are based on statistical analysts of these satellite data. The authors have validated the detection results against the cloudy conditions inferred from the collocated and coincident grou...
Some early radiotherapy optimization work

This article presents personal view of an approach to the radiotherapy optimization problem using techniques of classical analysis. This, together with its limitations, can be seen in a broader context in the recent review by Brahme [3].
Fine-scale movement patterns, site fidelity, and habitat selection of ocean whitefish (Caulolatilus princeps)

Abstract The fishery for California groundfishes is managed using broad species complexes, although some non-groundfish species are managed similarly due to the perception of shared behavioral characteristics. This study integrates acoustic telemetry and a GIS to quantify movement patterns of one such species, the ocean whitefish ( Caulolatilus princeps ) in a marine protected area. Seventeen ocean whitefish were tagged and actively tracked over multiple 24-h periods to measure fine-scale movement patterns. Home ranges based on 95% kernel utilization distributions averaged 20,439 ± 28,492 (±S.D.) m 2 . Fish were active during the day, foraging over sand habitat at depths averaging 21 ± 8 m, but were inactive at night, taking refuge near rocky reefs at depths averaging 15 ± 7 m. Seventeen additional fish were tagged with coded acoustic transmitters and passively tracked using automated underwater acoustic receivers for up to 1 year. Approximately 75% of these fish exhibited long-term (1 year) fidelity to home ranges in the study area. Results suggest that MPAs can be an effective means of protecting populations of ocean whitefish and based on their habitat associations, ocean whitefish can be managed separately from other reef associated groundfishes.
Design and implementation of a wireless video camera network for coastal erosion monitoring

Abstract The short-term rate of coastal erosion and recession has been observed at island shoreline bluffs near waterways among Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, USA. This erosion has been hypothesized partially related to waves from high-speed wakes. Recording the physical erosion events during extreme high waves is significant to evaluate the dynamics of bluff erosion and to document these short-term processes. Still and motion imagery are important media to observe rare and extreme events in ecology, geology, and environmental condition. The study of coastal erosion requires recording devices for these modalities capable of long-term, low-cost, low-power operation with low maintenance, and with the ability to support a large dynamic range in both time and space. We describe recent work in the development of a wireless video camera network for an ecosystem observation platform. These cameras are enclosed in weatherproof housings and supported by solar energy harvesting. The cameras are Internet-enabled and thus live video can be accessed remotely. Video streams are transmitted via wireless network, and delivered to and stored at a remote server. This system has been functional as designed since installation in October 2012 on Thompson Island, Massachusetts, and is expected to operate indefinitely. To date, a number of erosion-related events have been successfully captured. This platform has shown the potential to be used in a large scale for a variety of environmental monitoring studies.
Supraventricular Tachycardia After Orthotopic Cardiac Transplantation

Objectives The purpose of this study was to define the incidence, mechanisms, and management, including catheter ablation, of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in a large series of patients after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Background Supraventricular arrhythmias are frequently encountered after OHT, but their characteristics in this population have not been well established. Methods We analyzed the incidence, clinical course, and management of SVTs in a cohort of 729 adult patients who underwent OHT. Furthermore, the mechanisms of arrhythmias among the patients referred for electrophysiological study (EPS) and ablation were also characterized. Results The most common arrhythmia was atrial flutter, which occurred in 9% of this cohort. Persistent or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation occurred in 7%, the majority (57%) in the perioperative period. Persistent or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was observed in OHT patients, beyond the post-operative period, only in the presence of rejection or transplant vasculopathy. Other persistent or paroxysmal SVTs were seen in 47 stable OHT patients (7%). Of these, 24 patients (4%) underwent EPS. Accessory and dual atrioventricular nodal pathways in the donor heart caused SVT in 3 patients. Macro-reentrant atrial tachycardia was seen in 7 patients, and isthmus-dependent atrial flutter occurred in 14 patients. Conclusions The majority of SVTs in stable OHT patients can be attributed to macro-reentrant tachycardias (flutter and scar reentry). Catheter ablation is effective in management of these SVTs. Atrial fibrillation was never encountered in stable patients in our series, and its occurrence should prompt an evaluation for acute rejection and/or vasculopathy.
Nonuniqueness of global modeling and time scaling.

(Received 26 August 2010; revised manuscript received 19 September 2011; published 12 October 2011)Startingfromanobservedsingletimeseries,itisshownhowtoreconstructaglobalmodelintheoriginalphasespacebyusingtheansatzlibraryapproach.Thismodelisthencomparedtotheunderlyingdynamicalsystemthatdescribes the initial time series, and the nonuniqueness of the reconstructed model is discussed. This frameworkis extended by taking an additional time scaling factor in the reconstructed model class under consideration.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.84.046205 PACS number(s): 05
Modafinil to treat fatigue in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: An open label pilot study:

An open label trial of modafinil was conducted to determine whether it would be tolerated and effective in treating fatigue for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Fifteen patients with ALS were treated for two weeks with either 200 mg or 400 mg of modafinil. Reported side effects of the medication were mild and included diarrhea, headache, nervousness, and insomnia. Side effects did not result in any study dropouts. Following treatment, mean scores on the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) decreased from 51.3 (SD 9.2) to 42.8 (SD 10.2). On the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), mean scores decreased from 8.2 (SD 2.0) to 4.5 (SD 2.4). Reductions in both the FSS and the ESS were significant at p < 0.001. Mean scores on the self-report version of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM-SR) increased from 115.2 (SD 5.6) to 118.1 (SD 5.4), with p < 0.01. This pilot study suggests that modafinil is well-tolerated and may reduce symptoms of fatigue in ALS. Further blinded, controlled studies of modafinil i...
Unusual rupture process of the Japan Sea earthquake

On July 12, 1993, a large earthquake and associated tsunami caused terrible damage to the Japan Sea side of Japan, Korea, and Russia. The southwestern shore of Hokkaido and Okushiri Island were particularly hard hit. All aspects of this earthquake will undoubtedly be studied in great detail. This brief report focuses on the tectonic setting and some puzzles encountered in the preliminary seismological analysis. At first glance, the July 12 event appears to have occurred on the “wrong side” of Japan (see Figure 1). The Pacific plate subducts to the west beneath northern Honshu and Hokkaido, and a Wadati-Benioff zone extends to 700-km depth beneath the Sea of Japan. Great underthrusting earthquakes are expected to occur on the east coast of Honshu and Hokkaido, such as the 1968 Tokachi-Oki (magnitude 8.2) and 1978 Miyagi-Oki (magnitude 7.6) earthquakes. Thus, the occurrence of large, shallow, underthrusting earthquakes on the west coast of Honshu and Hokkaido is somewhat odd. Nonetheless, there is now almost a continuous linkage of the rupture areas of such earthquakes off the western coasts of Honshu and Hokkaido, and this activity extends north to Sakalin.
An Examination of Elements of the ALI Corporate Governance Project Report

This note discusses a number of key issues developed by the Corporate Governance Project of the American Law Institute (ALI) and published in its report, The Principles of Corporate Governance: Analysis and Recommendations. This examination will focus on the socially and ethically important elements regarding the objective and conduct of the business corporation, and the twin fiduciary duties of care and fair dealing.
Endoscopic endonasal approach for clival chordomas.

Objective Cranial base chordomas are difficult lesions to treat. The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) takes advantage of the natural sinus corridor and may provide a less invasive approach for these midline tumors. Methods Patients undergoing EEA for chordomas were selected from a database of more than 800 consecutive patients undergoing EEA at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and were retrospectively evaluated. Additionally, a systematic review of the literature of endoscopic endonasally resected chordomas was performed and compared with our personal experience. Results Twenty patients (8 females and 12 males) underwent 26 endoscopic EEAs for cranial base chordomas. Eight chordomas (40%) were recurrent. Treatment of the 12 newly diagnosed chordomas included 8 total resections (66.7%), 2 near total resections (16.7%), and 2 subtotal resections (16.7%). Treatment of the 8 recurrent chordomas included 1 gross total resection (12.5%), 2 near total resections (25.0%), and 5 subtotal resections (62.5%). Two patients (10%) had recurrences, and 5 patients (25%) progressed during the mean follow-up period of 13 months (range, 1-45 months). Five patients (25%) underwent re-resection, 1 patient was lost to follow-up, and 1 patient died secondary to progression of disease. There was 1 intraoperative vascular complication with no sequelae. The cerebrospinal fluid leak rate was 25%, and there were no cases of bacterial meningitis. The incidence of a new permanent neurological complication was 5%. A systematic review of the literature yielded a total of 26 cases of chordomas resected via a completely endoscopic endonasal technique. Conclusion Endoscopic endonasal resection of cranial base chordomas is safe once adequate experience is gained with the technique. This approach provides the potential for, at the least, similar resections compared with traditional cranial base approaches while potentially limiting morbidity.
Testing lattice conditional independence models based on monotone missing data

Abstract Lattice conditional independence (LCI) models (Anderson and Perlman, 1991. Statist. Probab. Lett. 12, 465–486; 1993 Ann. Statist. 21, 1318–1358) can be applied to the analysis of missing data problems with non-monotone missing patterns. Closed-form maximum likelihood estimates can always be obtained under the LCI models naturally determined by the observed data patterns. In practice, it is important to test the appropriateness of LCI models. In the present paper, we derive explicit likelihood ratio tests for testing LCI models based on a monotone subset of the observed data.
Relationships between metrics of visit-to-visit variability of blood pressure

This paper examines relationships between metrics of visit-to-visit variability (VVV) of blood pressure (BP) to determine which metrics should be calculated in studies of the association of VVV with health outcomes. We examined correlation and agreement between quintiles for standard deviation (s.d.), standard deviation independent of the mean (SDIM), coefficient of variation (CV), successive variation (SV), average real variability (ARV), range, maximum, peak size and trough size of systolic BP in the Trial of Preventing Hypertension placebo arm (n=288). The average age of participants was 48 years. Mean systolic BP was 133.5 mm Hg. VVV metrics were all significantly correlated (P<0.001). Correlations between s.d., SDIM, CV and range and between ARV and SV were⩾0.90. Kappa statistics between quintiles of SD, SDIM, CV and range and between ARV and SV were ⩾0.80. In studies of the relationship of VVV with health outcomes, we recommend reporting results for one of the metrics of overall variability (s.d., SDIM, CV), one of the metrics of variability between consecutive visits (SV, ARV), and one or more of the metrics of extreme values at a single visit (maximum, peak size, trough size).
Kidneys of the killerwhale and significance of reniculism

Background The kidneys of all Cetacea are composed of many small relatively independent kidneys (renicules) containing considerable interrenicular tissue. Although reniculism is not entirely confined to the Cetacea, it is desirable to consider the possible advantage of reniculism to mammals of gigantic size. The kidneys of the killerwhale, Orcinus orca, are compared from this standpoint to the kidneys of diverse mammals. Methods The specific renal parenchymal mass, glomerular counts, glomerular size, and specific glomerular mass of the killerwhale are measured and compared quantitatively (statistically) with similar data from numerous diverse mammals. Simultaneously, a method is described for enumerating the renicules of a cetacean kidney. Results Specific parenchymal mass of a killerwhale adult's two kidneys (0.33%) is close to the expected value for mammals of its adult body mass (2,087 kg). The diameter of the adult's glomerular capsules (153 μm) is strikingly less than that expected from its body mass (regression equation and graph for mammals in general). However, the number of glomeruli per kidney (≈100 × 106) is markedly greater than that for mammals of its body mass (regression equation and graph for mammals in general) and is the first such count for a cetacean. The total glomerular mass relative to parenchymal renal mass of the O. orca infant and adult is, nevertheless, 5.5% and 6.0%, respectively, and is thus close to the general mammalian value of ≈5%. Conclusions Organization of a cetacean kidney into numerous renicules does not increase specific renal parenchymal mass or specific glomerular mass. The apparent advantage of numerous independent renicules is the limit that is afforded for length of tubules in the necessarily large kidneys of gigantic mammals. Anat. Rec. 250:34–44, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Browning Potential of Liquid Smoke Solutions: Comparison of Two Methods

The color-forming potential of carbonyl compounds from liquid smoke solutions with selected amino acids was determined with a colori-metric procedure used in industry and compared with a color analysis on filter oaoer discs. The two methods provided different evaluations of formed colors. Of the carbonyls tested, glycolaldehyde, methyl-glyoxal and glyoxal showed significant browning potential, while formaldehyde and hydroxyacetone showed very little color formation. Measurement of browning potential of amino acids varied between the procedures. The disc assay procedure enabled better characterization of smoke colors produced.
Investigation of the electronic and geometric effects of trifluoromethyl substituents on tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands using manganese(I) and copper (I) complexes

Manganese tricarbonyl complexes of fluorinated tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]- and [HB(3-(CF3)Pz)3]- (where Pz = pyrazolyl) were synthesized by treating BrMn(CO)5 with [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(THF) or [HB(3-(CF3)Pz)3]Na(THF). The reaction of [HB(3-(CF3)Pz)3]Na(THF) with copper(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate under CO afforded [HB(3-(CF3)Pz)3]CuCO. Compounds [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Mn(CO)3 (5), [HB(3-(CF3)Pz)3]Mn(CO)3 (6), and [HB(3-(CF3)Pz)3]CuCO (7) were characterized by 1H NMR, 19F NMR, and IR spectroscopy and by X-ray crystallography. They have relatively high C−O stretching frequencies. However, the νCO values are much lower than that in free CO and the relative lowering is higher for manganese adducts. The CF3 substitution on the 5-position has a significant effect on the metal center. This is readily apparent from the infrared spectroscopic data. Theoretical calculations of the geometries of [tris(pyrazolyl)borato]manganese(I) and -copper(I) carbonyls are in excellent agreement with the expe...
Effect of provider characteristics on choice of contraceptive provider: A two-equation full-information maximum-likelihood estimation

We use surveys of households and health-care facilities conducted in the same area at the same time to determine which characteristics of providers attract users of contraceptives. By using the full-information maximum-likelihood technique to jointly estimate choice of contraceptive method and choice of provider, we avoid self-selection bias. Results support the need for modeling quality and for jointly estimating the choice of contraceptive method and the choice of provider to avoid biased estimates of coefficients. The results suggest that for the Cebu, Philippines region, small local clinics that focus on family planning tend to be most favored by clients.
Effect of antiblastokinin on rabbit pregnancy.

On different days following coitus, i.e., during the first stages of pregnancy, adult female rabbits were treated with antiblastokinin obtained from a chicken. A high prenatal mortality was observed and a reduction of the weight in the stillborn of the rabbits treated. The antiblastokinin produces evident biological effect about the 4th day following coitus, during the period of maximum production of blastokinin by the endometrium in vivo.
Cognitive processes in preference reversals.

Abstract A preference reversal occurs when revealed preference orderings for the same alternatives differ across response modes. Previous studies have relied primarily on input-output data to infer the presence of particular cognitive mechanisms hypothesized to produce reversals. To obtain more detailed measures of such cognitive mechanisms we used a computer-based experimental methodology to conduct two process tracing experiments, of pricing-choice (Experiment 1) and pricing-rating (Experiment 2) reversals. Results show that in choice (relative to judgment), subjects take much less time, use different patterns of information search, often use strategies that directly compare alternatives (rather than consider them sequentially as in judgments), and allocate their attention differently. In pricing and rating subjects frequently use a strategy of anchoring and adjustment in which the starting point is heavily influenced by those gamble elements most compatible with the response scale. Further, we find that several of these process measures, especially starting points and adjustments, and differential attention to probabilities and payoffs, are strongly related to the frequency of reversals. The degree to which starting points are influenced by the gamble elements that are most compatible with the response scale is particularly important. Results of a third experiment further explore the role of anchors, by showing that a starting point manipulation significantly reduced the rate of pricing-rating reversals. Finally, the results of the three studies are integrated, and implications for theory and future research are discussed.
Reaction of Beta‐Dicalcium Silicate and Tricalcium Silicate with Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor

The carbonation-reaction kinetics of beta-dicalcium silicate (2CaO·SiO2 or β-C2S) and tricalcium silicate (3CaO. SiO2 or C3S) powders were determined as a function of material parameters and reaction conditions and an equation was developed which predicted the degree of reaction. The effect of relative humidity, partial pressure of CO2, surface area, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the degree of reaction was determined. Carbonation followed a decreasing-volume, diffusion-controlled kinetic model. The activation energies for carbonation of β-C2S and C3S were 16.9 and 9.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Aragonite was the principal carbonate formed during the reaction and the rate of carbonate formation was coincident with depletion of the calcium silicates; C-S-H gel formation was minimal.
Proton efflux through the chloroplast ATP synthase (CF0 . CF1) in the presence of sulfhydryl-modifying agents.

The rate of photosynthetic electron transport measured in the absence of ADP and Pi is stimulated by low levels of Hg2+ or Ag+ (50% stimulation approximately or equal to 3 Hg2+ or 6 Ag+/100 chlorophyll) to a plateau equal to the transport rate under normal phosphorylating conditions (i.e. +ADP, +Pi). Chloroplasts pretreated in the light under energizing conditions with N-ethylmaleimide show a similar stimulation of non-phosphorylating electron transport. The stimulations of non-phosphorylating electron transport by Hg2+, Ag+ and N-ethylmaleimide are reversed by the CF1 inhibitor phlorizin, the CF0 inhibitor triphenyltin chloride, and can be further stimulated by uncouplers such as methylamine. The Hg2+ and N-ethylmalemide stimulations, but not the Ag+ stimulation, are completely reversed by low levels of ADP (2 microM), ATP (2 microM), AND Pi (400 microM). Ag+, which is a potent inhibitor of ATP synthesis, has little or no effect upon phosphorylating electron transport (+ADP, +Pi). Concomitant with the stimulations of non-phosphorylating electron transport by Hg2+, Ag+ and ADP + Pi, there is a decrease in the level of membrane energization (as measured by atebrin fluorescence quenching) which is reversed when the CF0 channel is blocked by triphenyltin. These results suggest that modification of critical CF1 sulfhydryl residues by Hg2+, Ag+ or N-ethylmalemide leads to the loss of intra-enzyme coupling between the transmembrane proton-transferring and the ATP synthesis activities of the CF0-CF1 ATP synthase complex.
Accounting in Hungary: Do we speak the same language?

Accounting in Hungary has undergone significant reforms in recent years. Modeled after European Accounting rules and International Accounting standards, the Hungarian Rules of Law in Force have brought accounting practices in line with west European standards. This article compares the Hungarian Law of accounting to US accounting standards. Those differences that may affect the decisions of an executive working within the international arena are highlighted. Although minor differences exist, mainly in disclosure requirements, US investors, creditors, and managers may be assured comparable information is available for analyses. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Early experiences in evaluating the parallel disk model with the ViC implementation

Although several algorithms have been developed for the Parallel Disk Model (PDM), few have been implemented. Consequently, little has been known about the accuracy of the PDM in measuring I/O time and total time to perform an out-of-core computation. This paper analyzes timing results on a uniprocessor with several disks for two PDM algorithms, out-of-core radix sort and BMMC permutations, to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the PDM. The results indicate the following. First, good PDM algorithms are usually not I/O bound. Second, of the four PDM parameters, two (problem size and memory size) are good indicators of I/O time and running time, but the other two (block size and number of disks) are not. Third, because PDM algorithms tend not to be I/O bound, asynchronous I/O effectively hides I/O times. The software interface to the PDM is part of the ViC* run-time library. The interface is a set of wrappers that are designed to be both efficient and portable across several parallel file systems and target machines.
The Central Role of Glia in Pathological Pain and the Potential of Targeting the Cannabinoid 2 Receptor for Pain Relief.

Under normal conditions, acute pain processing consists of well-characterized neuronal signaling events. When dysfunctional pain signaling occurs, pathological pain ensues. Glial activation and their released factors participate in the mediation of pathological pain. The use of cannabinoid compounds for pain relief is currently an area of great interest for both basic scientists and physicians. These compounds, bind mainly either the cannabinoid receptor subtype 1 (CB1R) or cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2R) and are able to modulate pain. Although cannabinoids were initially only thought to modulate pain via neuronal mechanisms within the central nervous system, strong evidence now supports that CB2R cannabinoid compounds are capable of modulating glia, (e.g. astrocytes and microglia) for pain relief. However, the mechanisms underlying cannabinoid receptor-mediated pain relief remain largely unknown. An emerging body of evidence supports that CB2R agonist compounds may prove to be powerful novel therapeutic candidates for the treatment of chronic pain.
Testing for effects of racial attitudes and visual contrast on the speed of a driver’s response to a pedestrian

Although ethnic minorities are overrepresented in pedestrian-vehicle collisions, previous driving studies did not examine racial attitudes in such collisions. Our objective was to determine whether the speed of a driver's response to a pedestrian was affected by the driver's racial attitudes and the contrast between the pedestrian's skin colour and background. Participants viewed simulated driving scenes of a pedestrian on a road and pressed a button as soon as they saw an obstacle. Visual information, but not racial attitudes, affected the time it took observers to respond to pedestrian and non-pedestrian stimuli in driving scenes. Results indicated that contrast affected response time even when the stimulus was subliminal. We believe this is the first demonstration of contrast effects with subliminal stimuli in a driving context. Results have implications for traffic safety and for methodology used to study racial attitudes.
Nematic Order by Disorder in Spin-2 Bose-Einstein Condensates

We show that quantum and thermal fluctuations in spin-2 Bose-Einstein condensates lift the accidental degeneracy of the mean-field phase diagram. Fluctuations select the uniaxial (square biaxial) nematic state for scattering lengths a4>a2 (a4<a2). Paradoxically, the order is stronger at higher temperatures. For spin-2 87Rb and 23Na, a continuous Ising-type transition is predicted on raising the magnetic field, from a fluctuation stabilized uniaxial state to a field stabilized square biaxial order state. This is a promising experimental system to realize the “order-by-disorder” phenomenon.
Protein sequences conserved in prokaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are important for the activity of the processivity factor of human mitochondrial DNA polymerase

Previous studies have shown that the small subunit of Xenopus DNA polymerase γ (pol γB) acts as a processivity factor to stimulate the 140 kDa catalytic subunit of human DNA polymerase γ. A putative human pol γB initially identified by analysis of DNA sequence had not been shown to be functional, and appeared to be an incomplete clone. I nt his paper, we report the cloning of full-length human and mouse pol γB. Both human and mouse pol γ Bp roteins were ex pressed in their mature forms, without their apparent mitochondrial localization signals, and shown to stimulate processivity of the recombinant catalytic subunit of human pol γA. Deletion analysis of human pol γB indicated that blocks of sequence conserved with prokaryotic class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are necessary for activity and interaction with human pol γA. Purification of DNA pol γ from HeLa cells indicated that both proteins are associated in vivo.
Testosterone production, sexually dimorphic morphology, and digit ratio in the dark-eyed junco

The hormonal environment an individual experiences during development can have lasting effects on behavior, morphology, and physiology. However, measuring endogenous hormone exposure during early embryonic development and relating it to adult phenotype has proved to be challenging. The relative length of digit 2 to digit 4 (2D:4D) in adults is thought to reflect the relative concentration of androgens and estrogens during development and has been used as a morphological proxy of developmental hormone exposure, enabling the exploration of the relationships between individual differences in hormone exposure and phenotype. Here, we use this approach and ask whether 2D:4D relates to the responsiveness of the adult hypothalamicpituitary-gonadal axis and to sexually dimorphic structures (wing, tail, and tarsus length) in a common songbird, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). Among males, we found a negative relationship between 2D:4D and the ability to elevate testosterone in response to a physiological challenge, an injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. We also found age- and sex-specific relationships between 2D:4D and wing, tail, and tarsus length. We found a positive relationship between 2D:4D and body size measures in females, and second-year and older males, but a negative relationship in first-year males. We conclude that individual variation in exposure to developmental hormones, as reflected by 2D:4D, is correlated with adult hormone production ability and sexually dimorphic morphology in adulthood, suggesting that endogenous variation in steroid hormone exposure may have long-term consequences similar to those seen in experimental manipulations. Key wor ds: digit ratio, gonadotropinreleasing hormone, junco, maternal hormones, testosterone, 2D:4D. [Behav Ecol]
How to Fail in Private Practice: 13 Easy Steps

Because the many burdens of establishing and maintaining a private practice can sometimes feel heavy, this article is offered as a catalyst for lightening up a bit. Having learned from making some form of each of these 13 mistakes, the author humbly presents them to readers with tongue in cheek.
Aberrant basal ganglia metabolism in fragile X syndrome: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study

Background The profile of cognitive and behavioral variation observed in individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common known cause of inherited intellectual impairment, suggests aberrant functioning of specific brain systems. Research investigating animal models of FXS, characterized by limited or lack of fragile X mental retardation protein, (FMRP), has linked brain dysfunction to deficits in the cholinergic and glutamatergic systems. Thus, we sought to examine in vivo levels of neurometabolites related to cholinergic and glutamatergic functioning in males and females with FXS.
Natural history of established low grade cervical intraepithelial (CIN 1) lesions.

The aim of the present study was to ascertain the natural history of cervical intraepithelial lesions 1 ( CIN 1) and to develop recommendations to optimize follow-up. Patients and Methods: Patients referred for colposcopy from January, 1996 to July, 2005 were reviewed. A prospectively maintained database was quarried for demographic, clinical, and pathologic data. Results: The cohort included 1,001 patients with CIN 1. At 6 months, 330 patients (49%) regressed to normal, 305 (45%) had persistent low grade, while 45 (7%) progressed to high grade lesions. At 12 months, of those with negative pathology at 6 months, 200 (80%) remained negative, 42 (16%) demonstrated low grade and 9 (4%) progressed to high grade lesions. Of those with low grade lesions at 6 months, 131 (50%) regressed, 121 (46%) had persistent low grade, and 10 (4%) progressed to high grade lesions. Conclusion: Our data demonstrates a low rate of progression for CIN 1, suggesting it may be reasonable to prolong the screening interval in women with CIN 1. The estimated annual incidence of cervical cancer in the United States in 2007 is 11,150 cases, with approximately 3,670 deaths from the disease (1). In developing countries cervicalcancerrepresentsthesecondmostcommoncauseof cancer related morbidity and mortality with 409,000 cases annually (2). The dramatic decline in the incidence and mortality from cervical cancer in Western countries can be attributed to the institution of effective cervical cancer screeningprograms.Thesuccessfulimplementationofthese screening programs is based on the assumption that cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN) progresses through a long preinvasivestatepriortothedevelopmentofinvasivecancer. Screening programs allow for the detection of these preinvasive lesions which can easily be effectively treated. Cervical cytologic screening, while instrumental in the reduction of cervical cancer incidence and mortality, is also fraught with potential errors. Screening can lead to unnecessary visits, procedures and generate patient anxiety. Furthermore, unnecessary screening tests contribute to increased cost without offsetting patient benefit. It is therefore important to determine the optimal interval of screening and follow-up of abnormal preinvasive lesions. Understandingthenaturalhistoryoftheseabnormalitiescan help elucidate the optimal management of abnormal screening tests. We hypothesize that due to the high rate of spontaneous regression of low grade cervical intraepithelial lesionsthatcurrentfollow-upprogramscouldbesimplified. Thepurposeofthisstudyistoascertainthenaturalhistoryof CIN1lesionsandtodeveloprecommendationsforfollow-up for women with CIN 1.
A tradition of civility: the natural law as a tradition of moral inquiry

We are accustomed to think of the natural law as being more or less equivalent to a universal morality, whether this is seen as grounded in nature in some general sense, or more specifically in the deliverances of practical reason. There is another way of approaching the natural law, however, according to which it is identified with a specific moral tradition which cannot be adequately understood apart from some account of its historical development and social location. This paper defends the latter approach. It proceeds by way of an examination of one phase in the development of the natural law tradition, namely, its formulation as a systematic moral theology in the early scholastic period. Scholastic reflection on the natural law follows the pattern of a tradition-based form of moral reasoning, and even though the scholastics did not understand their moral reflections specifically in those terms, their concept of the natural law is congruent with a modern understanding of it as a tradition of inquiry.
Conditionals, Inference, and Possibility in Ancient Mesopotamian Science

The study of ancient Mesopotamian science is well developed from the standpoint of a reconstruction of its content, methods, and aims. Few attempts have been made to comment on philosophical dimensions of cuneiform scientific texts, that can be related to some issues in the philosophy of science. This chapter focuses on a part of the corpus which is comparatively problematic from a modern classificatory standpoint, namely the omen texts. It explores in a preliminary way a number of aspects of the logical and epistemic nature of the conditional statement in Babylonian science. Inferential reasoning is one of the fundamental ways in which the chapter describes a method for knowledge. The chapter focuses on formal considerations of Babylonian omen texts as a representative of one part of ancient Mesopotamian science. An attempt is made to put the predictive and empirical elements of the texts into a new frame of analysis.Keywords: Babylonian omen text; conditional omen statement; cuneiform scientific text; epistemic possibility; inferential reasoning; Mesopotamian Science
Crozzle: an NP-complete problem

At the 1996 Symposium on Applied Computing, it was argued that the R-by-C Crozzle problem was NP-Hard, but not in NP. The original Crozzle problem is a word puzzle that appears, with a cash reward for the highest score, in The Australian Women’s Weekly. The R-by-C Crozzle problem generalizes the original. We argue that both problems are, in fact, NP-Complete. This follows from the reduction of exact 3-set cover to R-by-C Crozzle and the demonstration of a non-deterministic polynomial time algorithm for solving an arbitrary instance of the R-by-C Crozzle problem. A Java implementation of this algorithm is also considered.
Encoding and Decoding of Color Information Using Two-Dimensional Spatial Filtering

Spatial frequency encoding is described as it applies to both photographic and television systems. In each case, color separations amplitude modulate spatial frequency carriers. The photographic system separates the carriers in the two-dimensional Fourier transform plane using coherent optics; the television system employs a two-dimensional electrical filter to perform the same separation. These filters are synthesized so that the two-dimensional bandwidths of the television camera are used efficiently. Nonlinear processing techniques are also described to minimize crosstalk between channels.
Polyandry and population growth in a historical Tibetan society

Despite considerable speculation virtually nothing is known about the empirical relationship between traditional Tibetan administrative systems, household processes, and demographic trends in historical Tibetan populations because indigenous data sources have never been systematically analyzed. This article examines a 1958 tax register from Kyirong, formerly a district-level political division in southern Tibet, and demonstrates the significance of such archival sources for population research. Indirect demographic methods are used in conjunction with retrospective interviews to estimate levels of marriage and fertility in Kyirong, a society where polyandry was the normative form of marriage. By linking fertility and the rate of population growth with ethnographic data on household processes, the study provides both a qualitative and quantitative perspective on the practice of polyandry in a traditional Tibetan setting, and thereby critiques previous assumptions about population dynamics within historical...