cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of whole genome biomarker expression in blood and brain

The consistency of peripheral gene expression data and the overlap with brain expression has not been evaluated in biomarker discovery, nor has it been reported in multiple tissues from the same subjects on a genome wide transcript level. The effects of processing whole blood, transformation, and passaged cell lines on gene expression profiling was studied in healthy subjects using Affymetrix arrays. Ficoll extracted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformed lymphocytes, passaged lymphoblastic cell lines (LCLs), and whole blood from Tempus tubes were compared. There were 6,813 transcripts differentially expressed between different methods of blood preparation. Principal component analysis resolved two partitions involving pre- and post-transformation EBV effects. Combining results from Affymetrix arrays, postmortem subjects' brain and PBMC profiles showed co-expression levels of summarized transcripts for 4,103 of 17,859 (22.9%) RefSeq transcripts. In a control experiment, rat hemi-brain and blood showed similar expression levels for 19% of RefSeq transcripts. After filtering transcripts that were not significantly different in abundance between human cerebellum and PBMCs from the Affymetrix exon array the correlation in mean transcript abundance was high as expected (r = 0.98). Differences in the alternative splicing index in brain and blood were found for about 90% of all transcripts examined. This study demonstrates over 4,100 brain transcripts co-expressed in blood samples can be further examined by in vitro and in vivo experimental studies of blood and cell lines from patients with psychiatric disorders.
The Depreciating Public Policy Discourse

Public policy discourse has entered an era of media-driven hyperreality, becoming detached from the lived experience of the polity. Bumper-sticker political symbols, such as “the war on drugs,” have displaced vibrant discussion of public issues. This depreciation of the public discourse can be apprehended if we conceptualize this problematic as a postmodern phenomenon. By borrowing vocabulary and concepts from postmodern thought, we can try to figure out what is going on. How is modernity different from postmodernity? How does reality become hyperreality? After a description of postmodern conditions—and the implications of this for public policy discourse—the “war on drugs” is deconstructed to supply a vivid example of the slippery slope from reality to hyperreality.
Ascertaining the Adequacy, Scope, and Utility of District Evaluations:

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) provides parents of students with disabilities the opportunity to obtain an independent educational evaluation (IEE) if the parent disagrees with the evaluation conducted by the local education agency. The standard for determining the parent's right to a publicly funded IEE is the appropriateness of the district's evaluation. Yet guidelines for determining the appropriateness of the district's evaluation have not been clearly defined. A qualitative content analysis of recent administrative decisions and cases concerning IEEs identified three legal criteria administrative officers and judges have utilized in determining the appropriateness of challenged district evaluations. Several recommendations to professionals involved in conducting evaluations are offered, including a self-study and ongoing case review.
Nanostructured materials designed for cell binding and transduction.

The surface-functionalization of shell cross-linked (SCK) nanoparticles with the oligomeric peptide sequence YGRKKRRQRRR, the protein transduction domain (PTD) from the human immunodeficiency virus TAT protein, is described, and the cell binding interactions these nanobioconjugates exhibit are demonstrated. A convergent synthetic strategy was employed, whereby the SCK nanoparticles and the PTD were prepared independently and then coupled together during immobilization of the PTD component on a solid support. The SCK nanoparticles were prepared by the micellization of amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(e-caprolactone-b-acrylic acid), followed by amidation-based cross-linking of the acrylic acid residues located within the micellar corona. The PTD sequence was constructed upon a solid support, from C-terminus to N-terminus, followed by extension with four glycine residues, leaving the amino chain end for subsequent coupling with remaining acrylic acid functionalities present on the surface of the SCK. Fin...
Does Distress Tolerance Moderate the Impact of Major Life Events on Psychosocial Variables and Behaviors Important in the Management of HIV

Living with HIV involves management of multiple stressful disease-related and other life events. Distress tolerance may provide a functional, individual-based context for qualifying the established relationships between major life events and psychosocial variables important in the management of HIV. The present study provided a preliminary test of the hypothesis that distress tolerance moderates the impact of major life events on these predictors of disease progression. HIV-positive patients (n=116) completed psychosocial and medical questionnaires. Results indicated that major life events interacted with distress tolerance such that lower distress tolerance and higher life events were associated with significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms, substance use coping, alcohol and cocaine use, and medication adherence. In addition, distress tolerance was directly related to self-reported HIV-related symptoms. These results suggest that low distress tolerance, particularly in the face of major life events, may present significant challenges to adaptive management of HIV. Distress tolerance assessment may help to specify targets for cognitive-behavioral and stress management treatments for people living with HIV.
The preparation and properties of triferrocenylphosphine derivatives of metal carbonyls

The triferrocenylphosphine monosubstitution products of M(CO)6 (M = Cr, Mo, W), Fe(CO)5 and Mn2(CO)10 have been prepared and characterized. The CO stretching spectra have been compared with those of the triphenylphosphine analogs. Simplified sets of force constants describing the CO stretching vibrations have been computed for the Group VI derivatives according to the method of Cotton and Kraihanzel, and from these the σ-donor and π-acceptor properties of the ligand evaluated. Triferrocenylphosphine is a better donor ligand than triphenylphosphine.
Mixed-Methods Research with Vulnerable Families

The challenges that cause and result from vulnerability in families are complex. Systematic methods for studying the issues underlying vulnerability are needed. In this article, the utility of mixed methods for nursing science with vulnerable families is addressed. The use of mixed methodology resulted in more precise descriptions of the complex reality of living as a vulnerable family, such as living in a family with a member with HIV/AIDS, a child with a chronic condition, or a family member with other life-threatening conditions. Coupling qualitative methods with quantitative methods can illuminate phenomena related to vulnerable families that cannot be captured using a singular approach. To advance our understanding of family vulnerability, it is essential that we define research strategies that contribute to both the depth and the breadth of our knowledge. Mixed methods are logically congruent with this goal.
A socioeconomic history of Argentina, 1776-1860

1. Silver and contraband in the colonial Rio de la Plata 2. Buenos Aires in the Golden Age: the viceregal economy 3. Industrial markets for Argentine raw materials 4. Buenos Aires as outpost of world trade 5. Buenos Aires as emporium of regional trade and processing 6. Expanding the frontiers of production on the pampa 7. Expansion of pastoral society on the pampa 8. Formation of the Anchorena cattle business 9. Depression and renaissance of commerce in the Interior provinces.
Word Position in Unipolar Semantic Stapel Scales

This study examined the effects of adjective placement on Stapel Scale values. Results for 63 college students showed that the attitude-rating values generated by three different word positions did not differ significantly.
Improving Stream Studies With a Small‐Footprint Green Lidar

Technology is changing how scientists and natural resource managers describe and study streams and rivers. A new generation of airborne aquatic-terrestrial lidars is being developed that can penetrate water and map the submerged topography inside a stream as well as the adjacent subaerial terrain and vegetation in one integrated mission. A leading example of these new cross-environment instruments is the Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL), a NASA-built sensor now operated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) [Wright and Brock, 2002]. Standard airborne terrestrial lidars, which currently produce the highest-resolution maps of extensive land areas, use reflected near-infrared laser pulses to make millions of point measurements of ground and vegetation elevations. However, near-infrared energy is absorbed by water, which limits the use of these systems to mapping features outside of water bodies. EAARL uses a narrow-beam green, rather than near-infrared, laser with a footprint of only 15 centimeters from the nominal flying height (for system technical specifications, see Table S1 in the electronic supplement to this Eos issue (http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/).
Modern geostatistics: computational BME analysis in the light of uncertain physical knowledge – the Equus Beds study

This paper is concerned with a computational formulation of the Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) mapping method, which can handle rigorously and efficiently spatiotemporal applications of considerable practical importance. BME is a method of modern geostatistics that can integrate and process physical knowledge that belongs to two major bases: general knowledge (i.e., obtained from general principles and laws, summary statistics and background information), and specificatory knowledge (i.e., obtained through experience with the specific situation). BME allows considerable flexibility regarding the choice of an appropriate spatiotemporal map, offers a complete assessment of the mapping uncertainty and contributes to the scientific understanding of the underlying natural phenomenon. Valuable insight is gained by studying a spatiotemporal data set representing water-level elevations at the Equus Beds aquifer (Kansas). Numerical results show that, as was expected in theory, classical geostatistics analysis is obtained as a special case of the considerably more general BME approach. Moreover, modern geostatistical analysis in terms of BME offers more accurate and informative results in practice, by incorporating various sources of physical knowledge that cannot be processed by the classical methods.
Sex hormones as protective agents against radiation mortality in mice.

Summary1. In dba mice diethylstilbestrol and estradiol benzoate reduce the acute radiation mortality. The androgens, testosterone propionate and depotestosterone cyclopentyl-propionate, afford no protection against acute lethal radiation dose. 2. The estrogens afford protection when given for 7 days before or after the irradiation. 3. No toxic effects due to estrogens or androgens were seen in the administration of the hormones for 7 days after irradiation.
Antiserum to the major basic protein of guinea pig eosinophil granules.

Abstract Guinea pig eosinophil granules contain a protein, termed major basic protein (MBP), which accounts for more than half of the total granule protein, has a high arginine content, and displays a remarkable tendency to form disulfide linked aggregates. In this report we describe the production of antiserum to guinea pig MBP in rabbits. Antibody activity was measured by complement fixation and there was a marked increase in complement fixation activity of immune serum compared to pre-immune serum. Moreover an unrelated polycationic protein (protamine) failed to induce complement activation when reacted with immune serum, and the complement fixation activity of the immune serum was found in the gamma globulin fraction. The reactivity of this antiserum was markedly affected by the molecular configuration of MBP, and monomeric MBP was the most reactive form of the protein. The antiserum showed a remarkable degree of specificity in that it cross-reacted only slightly with human MBP (∼ 10%) and almost not at all with rat MBP (
New Designs for Adult Education Doctoral Programs

In the first part of this position paper the author assesses 1. the purposes of a university, 2. the nature of adult education, 3. the roles and qualities of the faculty, and 4. the conditions for educa cational experiences as they apply to the learners. The writer asserts that all four components must be considered carefully be fore developing new adult education doctoral programs. From the conclusions and definitions of the first section, the author deduces the specific attributes of adult education and denotes three phases of a proposal doctoral program in adult education.
Comparison of structural perfection of InN layers and InN nanorods grown on the c- and r-planes of Al2O3

Transmission Electron microscopy was applied to determine similarities and difference in structural perfection between InN epi-layers grown by MBE on c- and r-plane Al2O3 and InN nanocrystals grown on similar substrates using non catalytic, template-free hydride metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. The study showed that nanocrystals had more perfect crystallinity compared to the layers. While the InN layer growth direction followed the crystallographically required epitaxial growth orientation, the nanorod growth was randomly oriented. The opposite growth polarity has been determined for the InN layers grown along c-direction (In-polarity) in comparison to nanocrystals grown along same direction (N-polarity). (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rotation Measure and Intrinsic Angle of the Crab Pulsar Radio Emission

Measurement of the intrinsic angle of the radio radiation provides an important test for theories of the emission mechanism. In this article the bearing of such a measurement on the configuration of the Crab pulsar is discussed.
A water mediated electrostatic interaction gives thermal stability to the "tail" region of the GrpE protein from E. coli.

The GrpE protein from E. coli is a homodimer with an unusual structure of two long paired α-helices from each monomer interacting in a parallel arrangement to form a “tail” at the N-terminal end. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we show that there is a key electrostatic interaction involving R57 (mediated by a water molecule) that provides thermal stability to this “tail” region. The R57A mutant showed a drop in Tm of 8.5°C and a smaller ΔHu (unfolding) compared to wild-type for the first unfolding transition, but no significant decrease in dimer stability as shown through equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation studies. Another mutant (E94A) at the dimer interface showed a decrease in ΔHu but no drop in Tm for the second unfolding transition and a slight increase in dimer stability.
Energy Harvesting - A Systems Perspective

Deployment of sensing devices in remote areas makes battery replacement virtually impossible, so harvesting available energy for replenishment of the supply is essential. The energy available is very small, therefore ultra low power design for both computation and communication devices is required. In the paper, we will discuss the need for a system- level approach to energy scavenging, and demonstrate how effective harvesting is possible even under demanding circumstances.
HLA-B27-Negative Sacroiliitis: A Manifestation of Familial Mediterranean Fever in Childhood

Familial Mediterranean fever is a polysystemic disease seen most frequently in persons of Mediterranean ancestry. Arthritis is one of the common manifestations. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic sacroiliitis have been reported in adults. We report on two children with familial Mediterranean fever with radiographic abnormalities similar to those described in adults. Although sacroiliitis is strongly correlated with the presence of HLA-B27 in most arthropathies, these children were HLA-B27-negative. The diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever was delayed in both patients because the association of sacroiliitis with familial Mediterranean fever in childhood was not recognized.
Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors of New York City Children From Different Ethnic Minority Subgroups

Objective To examine racial/ethnic differences in diet and physical activity behaviors in ethnic minority New York City children.
α-Ketoisocaproate stimulates malate-dependent pyruvate formation in rat heart mitochondria☆

Abstract In isolated rat heart mitochondria incubated with excess ADP and malate, α-ketoisocaproate (KIC) at 0.05–0.1 mM more than doubled the rate of citrate cycle activity (measured as citrate accumulation in the presence of fluorocitrate). Replacement of fluorocitrate with arsenite increased pyruvate formation stoichiometrically with the previous increase in citrate formation. No enhancement of pyruvate or citrate accumulation was seen when malate was omitted or when KIC was replaced with equimolar leucine. KIC (leucine) did not give rise to acetyl CoA, nor was pyruvate formed by way of oxaloacetate and phosphoenolpyruvate. These findings suggest that KIC regulated the formation of pyruvate from malate by acting as a positive modulator of mitochondrial malic enzyme.
Examination of potential mechanisms of carcinogenicity of 1,4-dioxane in rat nasal epithelial cells and hepatocytes

Several long-term studies with 1,4-dioxane (dioxane) have shown it to induce liver tumors in mice, and nasal and liver tumors in rats when administered in amounts from 0.5 to 1.8% in the drinking water (Argus et al. 1965; Kociba et al. 1974; National Cancer Institute, 1978). In order to examine potential mechanisms of action, chemically-induced DNA repair (as an indicator of DNA reactivity) and cell proliferation (as an indicator of promotional activity) were examined in nasal turbinate epithelial cells and hepatocytes of male Fischer-344 rats treated with dioxane. Neither dioxane nor 1,4-dioxane-2-one, one of the proposed metabolites, exhibited activity in thein vitro primary rat hepatocyte DNA repair assay, even from cells that had been isolated from animals given either 1 or 2% dioxane in the drinking water for 1 week to induce enzymes that might be responsible for producing genotoxic metabolites. No activity was seen in thein vivo hepatocyte DNA repair assay in animals given a single dose of up to 1000 mg/kg dioxane or up to 2% dioxane in the drinking water for 1 week. Treatment of rats with 1.0% dioxane in the drinking water for 5 days yielded no increase in liver/body weight nor induction of palmitoyl CoA oxidase, indicating that dioxane does not fit into the class of peroxisomal proliferating carcinogens. The percentage of cells in DNA synthesis phase (S-phase) was determined by administration of3H-thymidine and subsequent quantitative histoautoradiography. The hepatic labeling index (LI) did not increase at either 24 or 48 h following a single dose of 1000 mg/kg dioxane. The LI did increase approximately two-fold in animals given dioxane in the drinking water for 2 weeks. No DNA repair was seen in either nasoturbinate or maxilloturbinate nasal epithelial cells isolated from animals treated with 1% dioxane in the drinking water for 8 days followed by a single dose of up to 1000 mg/kg dioxane by gavage 12 h before sacrifice. Reexamination of the nasal passages of male rats in archived material from the NTP bioassay (National Cancer Institute 1978), revealed that the primary site of tumor formation was the anterior third of the dorsal meatus. The location of these tumors supports the proposal that inhalation of dioxanecontaining drinking water may account for the site specificity of these nasal lesions.In vivo studies showed no increase relative to controls in cell proliferation at the site of highest tumor formation in the nose in response to 1.0% dioxane in the drinking water for 2 weeks. Thus, repair-inducing DNA adduct formation, peroxisomal proliferation in the liver, and short-term induction of cell proliferation in the nose do not appear to be involved in tumor formation by dioxane. There may be a role of dioxane-induced cell proliferation in the formation of the liver tumors. However, the quantitative relationships between induced cell proliferation and tumorigenic potential have yet to be established.
Copper-oxygen bond length and self-doping in R2CuO4 (R=Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd).

Bond-length mismatch between alternate layers of the T' ${\mathit{R}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ intergrowth structure introduces a stretching of the Cu-O bond length in the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes. The bond-length mismatch is relieved by self-doping. The character of the self-doping is probed by measurements of thermopower and lattice parameters for quenched and air-annealed samples. For R=Sm, Eu, or Gd, oxygen vacancies in the R/${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$/R layers reduce the intralayer compressive stress and introduce antibonding ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}^{\mathrm{*}}$(${\mathit{x}}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\mathit{y}}^{2}$) electrons into the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes to relieve their intraplanar tensile stress. In ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$, a displacement of some oxygen to c-axis sites in the NdO layer permits essentially complete relief of the bond-length mismatch, and the annealed compound is slightly oxidized. The self-doping in ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ involves an internal redox reaction, and the possibilities of Pr(4+/3+) versus peroxide formation are evaluated. The data also indicate a decrease in Madelung energy with increasing Cu-O bond length at the threshold for a transition in n-type transport from small-polaron to intermediate-size-polaron character.
Recombinant adeno-associated virus purification using novel methods improves infectious titer and yield

Conventional methods for rAAV purification that are based on cesium chloride ultracentrifugation have often produced vector preparations of variable quality and resulted in significant loss of particle infectivity. We report here several novel purification strategies that involve the use of non-ionic iodixanol gradients followed by ion exchange or heparin affinity chromatography by either conventional or HPLC columns. These methods result in more than 50% recovery of rAAV from a crude lysate and routinely produce vector that is more than 99% pure. More importantly, the new purification procedures consistently produce rAAV stocks with particle-to-infectivity ratios of less than 100, which is significantly better than conventional methods. The new protocol increases the overall yield of infectious rAAV by at least 10-fold and allows for the complete purification of rAAV in 1 working day. Several of these methods should also be useful for large-scale production.
The true distributions of the range of rank totals in the two-way classification.

This paper presents the results from an investigation of the true probability distributions of the range of rank totals. A procedure for generating an approximation to the true distributions is also given. A comparison of the results of this approximation with an extensive criterion of generated true and sample distributions, and with other approximations is indicated. Accurate estimates of the critical ranges necessary to reach significance at three commonly used alpha levels, where the number of judges and items is less than or equal to sixteen, are presented in tabular form.
Community Psychology and Disability Studies

SUMMARY Both the field of community psychology and the disability rights movement, including the field of disability studies, have been growing over the last 30 years. While common values, principles, and strategies have emerged within these two fields, they have often emerged independently and in ignorance of each other. Recognition of the value of community psychology perspectives on disabilities and community action is the motivation both for this special volume and for the disability interest group of the Society for Community Research and Action. In this article, we examine the action steps different authors have identified as important in responding effectively to community needs. We identify a general model and three settings which require an adaptation of this general model. These settings differ in the extent to which the recipients (consumers, people with disabilities) are already established as a community, and the extent to which providers (agencies, government) have established relationships ...
Restorative justice and the impact of the Hague Convention on US transnational adoption

The concept of restorative justice (RJ) has been extended beyond a focus on crime to such areas as education, the workplace, and the family. Recent efforts of the US to implement the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption provide an opportunity to examine RJ values as components of transnational adoption policy. If we accept Braithwaite’s suggestion to think of RJ in terms of avoiding harm rather than in terms of doing good then we can surely think of the Hague Convention as a restorative instrument as principles involving social justice and human rights align with principles of RJ to circumvent human rights abuses and to monitor conflicts in transnational adoption. Though written and signed by 83 countries in 1993, the US did not ratify the Hague Convention until 2007 and implementation of the Hague Convention began in April, 2008. Drawing from US Department of State data on transnational adoptions, political and social changes specific to sending countries, shifts in sending country adoption policies...
Native-like Mean Structure in the Unfolded Ensemble of Small Proteins

The nature of the unfolded state plays a great role in our understanding of proteins. However, accurately studying the unfolded state with computer simulation is difficult, due to its complexity and the great deal of sampling required. Using a supercluster of over 10,000 processors we have performed close to 800 μs of molecular dynamics simulation in atomistic detail of the folded and unfolded states of three polypeptides from a range of structural classes: the all-alpha villin headpiece molecule, the beta hairpin tryptophan zipper, and a designed alpha-beta zinc finger mimic. A comparison between the folded and the unfolded ensembles reveals that, even though virtually none of the individual members of the unfolded ensemble exhibits native-like features, the mean unfolded structure (averaged over the entire unfolded ensemble) has a native-like geometry. This suggests several novel implications for protein folding and structure prediction as well as new interpretations for experiments which find structure in ensemble-averaged measurements.
Preliminary Development and Evaluation of Lightning Jump Algorithms for the Real-Time Detection of Severe Weather

Previous studies have demonstrated that rapid increases in total lightning activity (intracloud + cloud-to-ground) are often observed tens of minutes in advance of the occurrence of severe weather at the ground. These rapid increases in lightning activity have been termed "lightning jumps." Herein, we document a positive correlation between lightning jumps and the manifestation of severe weather in thunderstorms occurring across the Tennessee Valley and Washington D.C. A total of 107 thunderstorms were examined in this study, with 69 of the 107 thunderstorms falling into the category of non-severe, and 38 into the category of severe. From the dataset of 69 isolated non-severe thunderstorms, an average peak 1 minute flash rate of 10 flashes/min was determined. A variety of severe thunderstorm types were examined for this study including an MCS, MCV, tornadic outer rainbands of tropical remnants, supercells, and pulse severe thunderstorms. Of the 107 thunderstorms, 85 thunderstorms (47 non-severe, 38 severe) from the Tennessee Valley and Washington D.C tested 6 lightning jump algorithm configurations (Gatlin, Gatlin 45, 2(sigma), 3(sigma), Threshold 10, and Threshold 8). Performance metrics for each algorithm were then calculated, yielding encouraging results from the limited sample of 85 thunderstorms. The 2(sigma) lightning jump algorithm had a high probability of detection (POD; 87%), a modest false alarm rate (FAR; 33%), and a solid Heidke Skill Score (HSS; 0.75). A second and more simplistic lightning jump algorithm named the Threshold 8 lightning jump algorithm also shows promise, with a POD of 81% and a FAR of 41%. Average lead times to severe weather occurrence for these two algorithms were 23 minutes and 20 minutes, respectively. The overall goal of this study is to advance the development of an operationally-applicable jump algorithm that can be used with either total lightning observations made from the ground, or in the near future from space using the GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper.
Repeated anabolic-androgenic steroid treatment during adolescence increases vasopressin V(1A) receptor binding in Syrian hamsters: correlation with offensive aggression.

Repeated anabolic-androgenic steroid treatment during adolescence increases hypothalamic vasopressin and facilitates offensive aggression in male Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). The current study investigated whether anabolic-androgenic steroid exposure during this developmental period influenced vasopressin V(1A) receptor binding activity in the hypothalamus and several other brain areas implicated in aggressive behavior in hamsters. To test this, adolescent male hamsters were administered anabolic steroids or sesame oil throughout adolescence, tested for offensive aggression, and examined for differences in vasopressin V(1A) receptor binding using in situ autoradiography. When compared with control animals, aggressive, adolescent anabolic steroid-treated hamsters showed significant increases (20-200%) in the intensity of vasopressin V(1A) receptor labeling in several aggression areas, including the ventrolateral hypothalamus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and lateral septum. However, no significant differences in vasopressin V(1A) receptor labeling were found in other brain regions implicated in aggressive responding, most notably the lateral zone from the medial preoptic area to anterior hypothalamus and the corticomedial amygdala. These data suggest that adolescent anabolic steroid exposure may facilitate offensive aggression by increasing vasopressin V(1A) receptor binding in several key areas of the hamster brain.
Erikson’s Schedule of Human Strengths and the Church’s Self-Images

This article focuses on Erik H. Erikson’s schedule of human strengths presented in his essay, “Human Strength and the Cycle of Generations” (Erikson 1964) and suggests that certain images of the church support these human strengths. In supporting these human strengths, they also contribute to our understanding of the importance of the fact that the church is an intergenerational body.
The mechanism of action of hexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl-s-triazine

The mechanism of antimicrobial action of hexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl-s-triazine (HHTT) was studied using the HHTT-resistant isolate,Pseudomonas putida 3-T-152, its HHTT-sensitive, novobiocin-cured derivative,P. putida 3-T-152 11:21,P. putida ATCC 12633,Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 andEscherichia coli J53 (RP4). HHTT was oxidized byP. putida 3-T-152, while respiration ofP. putida 3-T-152 11:21 was inhibited by HHTT. Chemical assays showed that HHTT released formaldehyde.P. putida 3-T-152 was highly resistant to formaldehyde, whileP. putida 3-T-152 11:21 was highly sensitive to formaldehyde. Both HHTT and formaldehyde acted similarly to inhibit proline uptake in bacterial cells and to inhibit the synthesis of the inducible enzymes, β-galactosidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. HHTT did not have uncoupler-like activity.P. putida 3-T-152 used either HHTT or ethylamine, a component of HHTT, as a nitrogen source for growth, but neither HHTT, ethylamine or formaldehyde served as a carbon and energy source for growth. We concluded that a major mechanism of antimicrobial action of HHTT was through its degradation product, formaldehyde.
Lumped-Parameter Modeling of an Automotive Air Conditioning System for Energy Optimization and Management

The air conditioning (A/C) system is the largest ancillary load in passenger cars, with significant impact on fuel economy. In order to reduce the energy consumption of A/C systems, model-based optimization and optimal control design tools can be effectively applied to design of a supervisory energy management strategy. Significant challenges however lie in the design of a system model that is accurate enough to represent the nonlinear behavior of the system, yet sufficiently simple to enable the use of model-based control design methods.This paper presents a low-order, energy-based model of an automotive A/C system that is able to predict the dynamics of the evaporator and condenser pressures and the compressor power consumption during typical thermostatic (on/off) operations. A characterization of the mass and energy transport in the heat exchangers is obtained using a lumped-parameter approximation, leading to a model with reasonable accuracy but greatly reduced complexity, hence for supervisory control design. The model was validated against experimental data obtained on a test vehicle, allowing one to evaluate the accuracy in predicting the pressure states and the power consumption.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Abstract 1086: Paracrine interactions between macrophages, adipocytes and tumor cells in the breast cancer microenvironment of the obese female mouse contribute to tumor progression

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Most studies linking obesity and cancer focus on the systemic effects of adiposity in tumorigenesis. The mammary gland has white adipose tissue required for normal gland development, yet the plausible role that this local breast fat may play in breast cancer, especially in obese females, has been overlooked. Whether obesity also promotes breast cancer through its effect in local adipose tissue inflammation and innate immune signaling in the breast, where cancer occurs, has not been thoroughly investigated. Adipocytes and tumor cells in the breast may recruit macrophages to the tumor microenvironment contributing to tumor progression, particularly in obese females. We examined the interplay between these three cell types and its effects on macrophage chemotaxis in an in vitro setting, using co-cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages, E0771 murine mammary tumor cells and in vitro differentiated or ex vivo isolated adipocytes from murine obese fat tissue. We also exposed macrophages in vitro to the individual or mixed paracrine factors leptin, lauric acid, estrogen and CCL2 produced by fat and mammary tumor cells to study macrophage chemotaxis, cellular differentiation and M1/M2 activation profiles. Specific signaling inhibitors of these paracrine factors were used to analyze reversion of these actions and proteomics analyses was undertaken to identify novel molecules secreted by adipocytes and mammary tumor cells with actions on macrophages or on the tumor microenvironment. We centered on the adipokine leptin, which has a main role in breast cancer progression, and we showed that leptin decreases pro-inflammatory IL-12, nitric oxide and VEGF production in macrophages but does not alter IL-10 production. A novel leptin-signaling inhibitor peptide was also used in in vivo experiments with diet-induced obese female C57BL6 mice bearing the syngeneic E0771 mammary tumor cells to analyze reduction of tumor progression, tumor-associated macrophage recruitment, crown-like structures in the breast adipose tissue and tumor angiogenesis. Our results underscore the relevance of the interactions between macrophages, adipocytes and tumor cells in the breast cancer microenvironment for tumor progression and demonstrate that the synergistic actions of various paracrine factors from these different cell types play the most crucial role in macrophage recruitment and tumor progression. Citation Format: Ana M. Santander, Tulay Koru-Sengul, Olivia Casas, Lidia Sanchez, Osvaldo Perez, Marta Torroella-Kouri. Paracrine interactions between macrophages, adipocytes and tumor cells in the breast cancer microenvironment of the obese female mouse contribute to tumor progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1086. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1086
Generalized flory theories for predicting properties of fluids containing long chain molecules

Abstract Two theories have been developed which predict the equation of state for fluids containing chain-like molecules. The Generalized Flory and Generalized Flory-Dimer theories are derived as generalizations of the well-known Flory lattice theory to continuous space. The theories are applied to fluids and fluid mixtures containing molecules which are modelled as chains of tangent hard spheres. The predicted pressures are in very good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations of pure fluids containing chains of 4, 8 and 16 spheres and with Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations of a mixture of hard chains of length n=8 and n=1.
Spin Dynamics: An Atomistic Simulation Tool for Magnetic Systems

Spin dynamics methods can provide insight into excitations and dynamic critical behavior of magnetic systems and can now enable the study of such systems with a precision that equals or exceeds that of experiment.
Arabic Influence on Šabazian Poetry in Yemen

A new poetic form emerged among Jews in seventeenth-century Yemen. It is associated with R. Salim al-Sabazi, its most prolific practitioner. Scholars disagree on the causes for this development, some pointing to earlier models in Jewish literature, others arguing for the influence of Yemeni Arabic poetry on the genre. Here, the controversy surrounding the origins of Sabazian poetry will be discussed. A case for the influence of the semi-vernacular humayni poetry of Lower Yemeni Sufis on the early development of Sabazian poetry will be advanced.
Climate constraints and trends in global grain production

Abstract In the past 10 to 15 years, vagaries of weather have caused quite a number of shortfalls in the world grain production and particularly in production of wheat which is the key grain crop. These shortfalls have had a pronounced negative impact on the balance between food supply and demand. Data show that advanced technology continues to make a positive contribution to yield growth in the majority of the world regions. However, in some areas this growth has recently slowed, while other areas have maintained a high rate of yield growth. These different rates arise primarily from the impact of the interaction between climate and technology on yield growth. This paper presents substantiation of the climate-technology interaction phenomenon, and provides an index for expressing the interaction. These indices were calculated and explored for 103 wheat regions in the world, including all major producers of wheat. Analysis indicates that recent climate constraints (mainly the shortage of water) have caused a leveling off of the long term trend of wheat yield in an area which currently produces around 40% of the global wheat production. Unfortunately this process is strengthening and expanding into new areas. Calculations show that in the next 15–25 years, the stagnation in wheat yield growth will probably affect an area producing 55 to 65% of the global wheat output. This trend is of serious concern and suggests that the currently applied technology needs to be considerably modified in order to delay, stop and even reverse the tendency of stagnation in wheat yield growth.
Microscopic Tomography by Digital Interference Holography

We are developing the digital interference holography (DIH) as a novel method of microscopic tomographic imaging by numerical superposition of a number of holographic fields taken with varying wavelengths. The digital interference holography does not involve pixel-by-pixel mechanical scanning of three-dimensional volume and yet achieves high lateral and longitudinal resolutions. The holographic interference pattern of an object is generated optically and recorded digitally using a CCD camera. The hologrpahic image field is numerically calculated using basic diffraction formulas and the process is repeated for a range of varying wavelengths at regular intervals. Numerical superposition, or digital interference, of the holographic image fields yields the desired three-dimensional representation of the object. Experiments have demonstrated a few-micron lateral and axial resolutions. Furthermore, since the DIH is a coherent imaging system, one can form true tomographic images of sub-surface structures, in the presence of diffuse scattering from overlying layers. By being able to generate true tomographic images of subsurface structures, without the need for three-dimensional mechanical scannig, the DIH method can provide a very efficient and versatile imaging modality for a wide range of applications in materials science and biomedical imaging.
Effects of air voids on ultrasonic wave propagation in early age cement pastes

Abstract The objective of this paper is to investigate effects of air voids on ultrasonic wave propagation in fresh cement pastes, and relate ultrasonic wave parameters to cement setting times. First, Biot's theory was used to analyze wave propagation in poroelastic media containing air bubbles. Then, in the experimental study, both the compressional (P) and shear (S) waves were monitored in cement pastes with different water/cement ratios (w/c = 0.4 and 0.5) and various air void content (0.1%–5.3% by cement paste volume). Experimental results indicated that existence of air bubbles in cement paste significantly decreases the P wave velocity, but has little effect on the shear wave propagation. Further analysis shows that the shear wave velocity corresponding to the Vicat initial setting times is a relatively constant value for the investigated air content range. This study shows the potential of using shear waves to monitor setting and hardening process of cement.
An Objective Method of Evaluating and Devising Storm-Tracking Algorithms

Abstract Although storm-tracking algorithms are a key ingredient of nowcasting systems, evaluation of storm-tracking algorithms has been indirect, labor intensive, or nonspecific. A set of easily computable bulk statistics that can be used to directly evaluate the performance of tracking algorithms on specific characteristics is introduced. These statistics are used to evaluate five widely used storm-tracking algorithms on a diverse set of radar reflectivity data cases. Based on this objective evaluation, a storm-tracking algorithm is devised that performs consistently and better than any of the previously suggested techniques.
Analysis of a System of Linear Delay Differential Equations

A new analytic approach to obtain the complete solution for systems of delay differential equations (DDE) based on the concept of Lambert functions is presented. The similarity with the concept of the state transition matrix in linear ordinary differential equations enables the approach to be used for general classes of linear delay differential equations using the matrix form of DDEs. The solution is in the form of an infinite series of modes written in terms of Lambert functions. Stability criteria for the individual modes, free response, and forced response for delay equations in different examples are studied, and the results are presented. The new approach is applied to obtain the stability regions for the individual modes of the linearized chatter problem in turning. The results present a necessary condition to the stability in chatter for the whole system, since it only enables the study of the individual modes, and there are an infinite number of them that contribute to the stability of the system. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1568121#
Properties of semiconductors useful for sensors

Different types of solid state sensors demand different basic properties of the semiconductor materials from which they are made. The best transistor material is not necessarily the best material for a certain sensor. One must choose a semiconductor for a particular sensor on the basis of its fundamental properties, such as energy band structure. For example, piezoresistance sensors are made of silicon or germanium mainly because a large effect occurs only in semiconductors, such as these, having complex band edge structures. On the other hand, an intrinsic infrared photon detector requires an energy gap E g corresponding to the longest wavelength λ m to be detected, [E g (eV)=1/λ m (µm)] as well as a direct gap. Compatibility with integrated circuitry may sometimes be a consideration also. A review is given of the materials requirements of effects and devices useful in solid state sensing, and of the present state of development of semiconductors important for sensor applications. Materials discussed include Si, Ge, III-V compounds, II-VI compounds, IV-VI compounds, and others. Problems and prospects for future development are indicated.
Photorefractive liquid crystals

▪ Abstract A review of the field of photorefractive liquid crystals is presented. The first reports of photorefractive liquid crystals occurred in 1994, and the performance of these materials has dramatically improved since that time. Liquid crystalline materials have proven to be highly versatile, showing photorefractive character under a wide range of conditions. For example, new composites based on high-molar-mass liquid crystals are now capable of forming volume (Bragg) gratings with high photorefractive gain coefficients of >600 cm−1. Formation times for photorefractive Bragg gratings of 15 ms with applied fields of only 0.1 V/μm have been reported. Low-molar-mass liquid crystals continue to be developed and show their largest photorefractive character in the thin (Raman-Nath) grating regime. Composites of nonmesogenic polymers and liquid crystals are also discussed. The experiments and theoretical work that have been used to characterize these materials are reviewed.
THE STRATEGIC CHOICE OF LOCATION AND TRANSPORT MODE IN A SUCCESSIVE MONOPOLY MODEL

This work emphasizes the incentives for vertical integration in a spatial model. A downstream monopoly will both strategically increase its transport costs and locate inefficiently relative to its customers. This forces the upstream monopolist to lower its input price rather than permit sales to decline. The excess costs and the inefficient location lower total profit in the vertical stream generating an incentive for vertical integration.
Continuous Bronchodilator Therapy

Inhaled bronchodilators are first-line treatment for acute exacerbations of asthma. Continuous bronchodilator administration is a novel option for the treatment of bronchospasm, which may be more effective than intermittent therapy for patients with severe airflow obstruction. For 2007, coding and billing changes for this modality become effective. This article reviews clinical aspects and outpatient practice management of continuous bronchodilator therapy.
Unequal Pay: The Role of Gender

Pay disparities between men and women persist in the U.S. workforce despite comparable pay legislation, advocacy, and social change. This article discusses theories of gender pay disparities, such as the glass ceiling, position segregation, agency segregation, and human capital. Using an online national survey, 1,600 responses were collected for four groups of public procurement professionals. The gender wage gap ranged from $5,035 to $9,577. Multiple regression of the data show that gender continues to play a major role in predicting the salaries of public officials in similar positions. Gender and human capital variables predicted between 36.5 percent and 53.9 percent of the variance in pay.