cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalizing the aspect-graph concept to include articulated assemblies

A number of researchers have recently described algorithms to automatically compute the aspect graph representation of objects. To date, research in this area has been limited to entirely rigid objects of various different shape classes. We present a generalization of the aspect graph concept which can be applied to objects defined as articulated assemblies of rigid parts.
Acculturative stress and lack of social support predict postpartum depression among U.S. immigrant women of Arabic descent

ABSTRACT PURPOSE To examine the relationships among acculturative stress, social support, and postpartum depression (PPD) symptoms among U.S. immigrant women of Arabic descent; and to examine if social support moderates the associations between acculturative stress and PPD symptoms. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, a sample of 115 U.S. immigrant women of Arabic descent, all between 1 and 12 months postpartum, were enrolled from clinics in Dearborn, MI. Data were analyzed using correlational and multiple linear regression. RESULTS Women had a mean age of 29 ± 5 years and were 5 ± 4 months postpartum. Women had been in the U.S. for 7 ± 6 years and had a mean education of 12 ± 4 years. The majority had an annual household income of CONCLUSIONS Acculturative stress, lack of social support, higher level of education, and antenatal anxiety predicted PPD symptoms. Future research is needed to examine acculturative stress among immigrant women in different U.S. settings. Longitudinal studies and utilizing diagnostic assessments of PPD is highly recommended. Nurses need to screen immigrant women of Arabic descent for anxiety and depression during antenatal visits and develop evidence-based interventions targeted to improve mental health during pregnancy and postpartum.
Assessing regulating ecosystem services provided by the Ege University Rectorship Garden

Abstract Urban ecosystem services are generated in a diverse set of natural and managed urban green areas, including parks, urban forests, cemeteries, vegetated corridors, vacant lots, gardens, yards, and campus areas. Private gardens are generally undervalued for the ecosystem services they provide along with the other urban green areas. This paper aims to calculate three regulating ecosystem services; runoff retention, carbon storage and sequestration generated by the Ege University Rectorship Garden, which is one of the few former Levantine gardens remaining in the highly urbanized Bornova district in Izmir. The carbon storage and sequestration capacity of the trees in the area was calculated based on allometric equations. Runoff retention was computed by using the SCS-CN method. Findings show that pervious surfaces cover approximately two-thirds of the garden with 1203 trees. The estimated carbon storage of both the above and below-ground parts of the trees in the garden is 648.25 t. The total annual carbon sequestration rate is estimated to be 7.87 t year−1 (0.10 kg m−2). The potential storm water runoff value was predicted to be approximately 7,018.9 m3. This indicates that the garden has a high value of runoff retention and substantial capacity carbon storage and sequestration. It can be concluded that private gardens and associated ecosystem services in urban landscapes can play an important role in enhancing the quality of life in cities. Therefore, an integral approach is needed where all types of green areas are planned and managed in a systematic way, so that they can provide maximum services.
Energy performance of LEED-certified buildings from 2015 Chicago benchmarking data

Abstract The City of Chicago recently publicized energy usage data for 1521 commercial properties with floor area 50000 ft2 (4650 m2) or greater for the year 2015. We have cross-referenced the Chicago benchmarking data with the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED project database to identify 132 Chicago properties that were LEED-certified in programs expected to reduce whole building energy use. The numbers of LEED-certified buildings are sufficient for Offices, K-12 Schools, and Multifamily Housing to learn whether these buildings use less energy than do similar conventional buildings in Chicago. For all three building types we find LEED-certified buildings use no less source energy than similar buildings that are not LEED-certified. Further, we find that LEED-certified schools use 17% more source energy than do other schools. For all three building types we find that LEED-certified buildings use roughly 10% less energy on site than comparable conventional buildings. This does not translate into source energy savings because LEED-certified buildings use relatively more electric energy. Finally, when LEED-certified buildings are compared with other newer buildings we find their source energy consumption to be similar. We believe this is the first such study of energy performance for LEED-certified schools.
Helical Fluctuations, Fractal Dimensions and Path Integral in the Theory of Turbulence

The concept of helical fluctuations, fractal dimensions and path integral method are brought together in an attempt to formulate an adequate model for fine scales of turbulence. It is hoped that this model may be useful for the development of LES models.
Personal Epistemology in Elementary Classrooms: A Conceptual Comparison of Germany and the United States and a Guide for Future Cross-Cultural Research

Our understanding of the cross-cultural aspects of personal epistemology is limited. In particular, cross-cultural comparisons of elementary school teachers’ and students’ personal epistemology have received very little theoretical or empirical attention. The current chapter aims to examine German and U.S. elementary schools in terms of their philosophical and practical similarities and differences in personal epistemology. Both theoretical and empirical work will be reviewed to support a more holistic model of personal epistemology, the Educational Model of Personal Epistemology (Haerle, 2006). In light of this model, we discuss our expectations for differences and similarities in the epistemic climate of elementary classrooms in the U.S. and Germany. Drawing from this discussion, we suggest that researchers should approach cross-cultural research in personal epistemology from a more holistic standpoint, employ a diversity of methods, and obtain a solid understanding of the educational context under study. Regarding educational implications, we propose a possible fusion of the educational philosophies held in the U.S. and Germany concerning the implementation of teacher training and classroom education. Finally, we recommend that fostering evaluativistic thinking (i.e., a way of knowing that focuses on the evaluation and decision-making among differing viewpoints) should be a main goal for education starting at the elementary level to ensure students’ future roles as productive citizens in Western societies and stress the role of the teacher in this endeavor.
Assessment Bias Affecting Lesbian, Gay Male and Bisexual Individuals.

Responding to the article Bias in Psychological Assessment: Heterosexism (Chernin, Holden, & Chandler, 1997), this article addresses limitations and suggestions for evaluating bias with lesbian, ga...
Regulation of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis

The regulation of proliferation and cell death is vital for homeostasis, but the mechanisms that coordinately balances these two events in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains largely unknown. In RA, the synovial lining increases through enhanced proliferation, migration, and/or decreased cell death. The aberrant decrease in apoptosis or increased cell cycle activity of fibroblast-like or macrophage-like synoviocytes is responsible for the synovial hyperplasia and contributes to the destruction of cartilage and bone. Recently, numerous molecules that modulate apoptosis and cell cycle have been implicated to play a role in RA. This review will describe the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern apoptosis and cell cycle and their relationship to RA pathogenesis.
Modeling soot formation from solid complex fuels

Abstract A detailed model is proposed for predicting soot formation from complex solid fuels. The proposed model resolves two particle size distributions, one for soot precursors and another for soot particles. The precursor size distribution is represented with a sectional approach while the soot particle-size distribution is represented with the method of moments and an interpolative closure method is used to resolve fractional methods. Based on established mechanisms, this model includes submodels for precursor coagulation, growth, and consumption, as well as soot nucleation, surface growth, agglomeration, and consumption. The model is validated with comparisons to experimental data for two systems: coal combustion over a laminar flat-flame burner and biomass gasification. Results are presented for soot yield for three coals at three temperatures each, and for soot yield from three types of biomass at two temperatures each. These results represent a wide range of fuels and varying combustion environments, demonstrating the broad applicability of the model.
The Juridification of the Family and its Construct as a Non-Political Entity (In Spanish)

The scarce theorization about the “family” in contemporary political and justice theories has led to construct the family as an apolitical entity, notwithstanding its inherently political character. Because of this clash between the political nature of the “family” and the treatment families have received in political thought, the State, in order to address the political demands of the families, has been obliged to enact a great number of legal norms. This proliferation of legal norms regarding the “family” has led to its juridification, which in turn has produced stagnation in the recognition and the social acceptance of the “family” as a plural entity as well as in the procurement of a just society. This article argues, by examining the Puerto Rican experience, that the juridification of the “family” has lessened the sense of agency and accountability of the citizens as they recognize themselves as subjects of the Law and not as actors. This approach citizens have toward the Law dissociates Law from Society; ignoring that the Law is a symbolic space in which social relations are mediated. This socio-political process has allowed for the perpetuation and institutionalization of inequalities toward the families.
Deep-water turbidites as Holocene earthquake proxies: the Cascadia subduction zone and Northern San Andreas Fault systems

New stratigraphic evidence from the Cascadia margin demonstrates that 13 earthquakes ruptured the margin from Vancouver Island to at least the California border following the catastrophic eruption of Mount Mazama. These 13 events have occurred with an average repeat time of ?? 600 years since the first post-Mazama event ?? 7500 years ago. The youngest event ?? 300 years ago probably coincides with widespread evidence of coastal subsidence and tsunami inundation in buried marshes along the Cascadia coast. We can extend the Holocene record to at least 9850 years, during which 18 events correlate along the same region. The pattern of repeat times is consistent with the pattern observed at most (but not all) localities onshore, strengthening the contention that both were produced by plate-wide earthquakes. We also observe that the sequence of Holocene events in Cascadia may contain a repeating pattern, a tantalizing look at what may be the long-term behavior of a major fault system. Over the last ?? 7500 years, the pattern appears to have repeated at least three times, with the most recent A.D. 1700 event being the third of three events following a long interval of 845 years between events T4 and T5. This long interval is one that is also recognized in many of the coastal records, and may serve as an anchor point between the offshore and onshore records. Similar stratigraphic records are found in two piston cores and one box core from Noyo Channel, adjacent to the Northern San Andreas Fault, which show a cyclic record of turbidite beds, with thirty- one turbidite beds above a Holocene/.Pleistocene faunal «datum». Thus far, we have determined ages for 20 events including the uppermost 5 events from these cores. The uppermost event returns a «modern» age, which we interpret is likely the 1906 San Andreas earthquake. The penultimate event returns an intercept age of A.D. 1664 (2 ?? range 1505- 1822). The third event and fourth event are lumped together, as there is no hemipelagic sediment between them. The age of this event is A.D. 1524 (1445-1664), though we are not certain whether this event represents one event or two. The fifth event age is A.D. 1204 (1057-1319), and the sixth event age is A.D. 1049 (981-1188). These results are in relatively good agreement with the onshore work to date, which indicates an age for the penultimate event in the mid-1600 s, the most likely age for the third event of ?? 1500-1600, and a fourth event ?? 1300. We presently do not have the spatial sampling needed to test for synchroneity of events along the Northern San Andreas, and thus cannot determine with confidence that the observed turbidite record is earthquake generated. However, the good agreement in number of events between the onshore and offshore records suggests that, as in Cascadia, turbidite triggers other than earthquakes appear not to have added significantly to the turbidite record along the northernmost San Andreas margin during the last ?? 2000 years.
An Example: Collaborative Link Adaptation

A wireless communications link consists of a transmitter–receiver pair, and the wireless medium via which information is transferred. The general goal of link adaptation is to maximize the information bit rate per transmitted watt of power subject to a set of constraints. This is attained by fine-tuning the parameters in the transmitter and the receiver, while the channel parameters are assigned with approximate values by estimation.
“It is Your Right to Buy a Divorce”: Judicial Khuluu in Zanzibar

Judicial khuluu ( khulʿ ) in Zanzibar differs from judicial khulʿ in Arab countries that have recently introduced it through legislative reform. In Zanzibar’s Islamic courts, khuluu is used primarily as a judicial mechanism for ending a marriage when a judge determines a wife to be responsible for the breakdown of the marriage. Zanzibari women rarely file for khuluu because it is expensive and is associated with a woman’s failure in her marriage. Herein, I explain why judges in Zanzibar regard khuluu as a punitive measure that can be used to end a marriage when a woman is determined to be responsible for the marital discord, or when there are no grounds for judicial dissolution through fasikhi ( faskh , annulment). I also show that judges view khuluu as a right that a woman can exercise to extricate herself from marriage, a right that judges sometimes encourage in court.
The Gendered Consequences of Financial Crises: A Cross-National Analysis

What effects do financial crises have on women's well-being? While much research has addressed various socio-economic and political consequences of financial crises, the gendered impact of financial crises are empirically underexplored. Moreover, extant literature has mainly focused on specific crises or countries with little attempt at determining possible common effects and patterns across the world. To provide broader insight into the gendered consequences of financial crises, we examined the degree to which five types of financial crises—banking crises, currency crises, domestic sovereign debt crises, external sovereign debt crises, and inflation crises—affect women's health and educational outcomes as well as their participation in the formal economy and politics. We also examined the persistence of these effects in the postcrisis years. The results from a panel of 68 countries for the years 1980 to 2010 indicate that financial crises undermine women's participation in the formal workforce, their presence in politics, their educational attainment, and their health outcomes. We also found significant lingering effects of financial crises: the deleterious gendered effects of crises persist even seven years after the end of a crisis.
C–O stable isotope geochemistry and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Bear Lodge carbonatite stockwork, Wyoming, USA

Abstract The carbonatite dike swarm and vein stockwork at the center of the Paleogene Bear Lodge alkaline complex (BLAC), Wyoming, USA, is host to diverse REE mineral assemblages that are largely a result of subsolidus modification and REE redistribution. Pseudomorphic replacement of primary burbankite by an assemblage of ancylite, strontianite, and barite is the result of interaction with late-stage hydrothermal fluids that added Sr, Ba, S, F, and REE, analogous to the replacement processes described for some carbonatite complexes of Russia's Kola Peninsula. Carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios indicate that the primary carbonatite mineralogy experienced degassing/pneumatolysis and alteration by fluids of variable temperature, CO2/H2O ratios, and/or meteoric water content. Isotopic differences of matrix calcite between Group 1 carbonatites (avg. δ13C = −7.3‰; δ18O = 9.1‰) and Group 2 carbonatites (avg. δ13C = −9.9‰; δ18O = 10.2‰) are consistent with loss of CO2 during degassing. The open-system alteration of burbankite caused a pronounced positive δ18O-shift in bulk ancylite pseudomorphs (δ18O: 14.3–25.7‰) relative to matrix calcite (δ18O: 8.7–11.2‰). Oxygen isotope compositions of biotite (δ18O: 4.5–5.9‰) and K-feldspar (δ18O: 7.3–7.9‰) in unoxidized carbonatite are typical of primary magmatic silicates and suggest that fluids responsible for the burbankite-to-ancylite conversion remained predominantly magmatic (carbohydrothermal). Concomitant increases toward the surface in 13C and 18O, oxidation, matrix carbonate dissolution, and the replacement of REE carbonates (ancylite, carbocernaite, and burbankite) by Ca-REE fluorocarbonates (bastnasite, parisite, synchysite) suggest interaction with late-stage, low temperature (
Putnam’s Theorem on the Complexity of Models

A streamlined proof of a theorem of Putnam’s: any satisfiable schema of predicate calculus has a model in which the predicates are interpreted as Boolean combinations of recursively enumerable relations. Related open problems are canvassed.
Dimensions of effective sales coaching: scale development and validation

Coaching is the most common intervention tool used by sales managers to develop their salespeople, and the ability to effectively coach others is often what makes a sales manager successful. While ...
A case of mitoxantrone extravasation

IntroductionMitoxantrone is a chemotherapeutic agent approved for various diseases. The literature has been conflicting in classifying mitoxantrone as a vesicant or irritant.Case reportWe report a ...
Analog Filter Design

This chapter presents passive and active filter topologies and design techniques, including practical design examples and system simulations. In DSP systems, there are analog filters required for signal conditioning and limiting the bandwidth before sampling. To design these filters, designers need to be knowledgeable of operational amplifiers, DC biasing circuits, AC coupling techniques and traditional passive components like inductors, capacitors and resistors.
Cognitive behavioral therapy use in Alzheimer's disease: Mitigating risks associated with the olfactory brain

Abstract We posit that biologically informed cognitive behavioral interventions directed at nudging older people to begin programs that ameliorate salient risks of developing Alzheimer disease will reduce the prevalence of the disease. That is the case provided that the interventions are applied early in the progression of the disease when people still have the cognitive ability to profit from well-developed interventions. We imagine that most adults recognize that their diets, programs of physical exercise, and sleep schedules can be improved and doing such might even reduce the risk of Alzheimer disease. However, often they might need a little help to commit to the improvements. There are other risks that they take unwittingly and are often encouraged by the health care system. We focus our attention on one of that kind of risk, the risks associated with medicating the common cold. In brief, there are risks one ameliorates by making choices to do activities better than they are doing; and, there are other risks that one ameliorates by avoiding activities that they often engage in. Information about the latter kind of risks is a step toward reducing the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
Review of Asphaltene Deposition Modeling in Oil and Gas Production

Asphaltene precipitation and deposition in the reservoir, near-wellbore region, and pipelines is one of the critical problems in flow assurance. It can cause a blockage of pore throats and reduce t...
Navigation and Robotic-Assisted Single-Position Prone Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Technique, Feasibility, Safety, and Case Series.

Background Single-position prone lateral interbody fusion is a recently introduced technical modification of the minimally invasive retroperitoneal transpsoas approach for lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF). Several technical descriptions of single-position prone LLIF have been published with traditional fluoroscopy for guidance. However, there has been no investigation of either three-dimensional computed tomography–based navigation for prone LLIF or integration with robotic assistance platforms with the prone lateral technique. This study evaluated the feasibility and safety of spinal navigation and robotic assistance for single-position prone LLIF. Methods Retrospective review of medical records and a prospectively acquired database for a single center was performed to examine immediate and 30-day clinical and radiographic outcomes for consecutive patients undergoing single-position prone LLIF with spinal navigation and/or robotic assistance. Results Nine patients were treated, 4 women and 5 men. Mean age was 65.4 years (range, 46–75 years), and body mass index was 30.2 kg/m2 (range, 24–38 kg/m2). The most common surgical indication was adjacent segment disease (44.4%), followed by pseudarthrosis (22.2%), spondylolisthesis (11.1%), degenerative disc disease (11.1%), and recurrent stenosis (11.1%). Postoperative approach-related complications included pain-limited bilateral hip flexor weakness (4/5) and pain-limited left knee extension weakness (4/5) in 1 patient (11.1%) and right lateral thigh numbness and dysesthesia in 1 patient (11.1%). All cages were placed within quarters 2–3, signifying the middle portion of the disc space. There were no instances of misguidance by navigation. Conclusions Integration of spinal navigation and robotic assistance appears feasible, accurate, and safe as an alternative to fluoroscopic guidance for single-position LLIF.
Conclusions and Policy Implications

This chapter has two aims: (1) to review the major findings that have been presented, dealing with the underlying causes of racial transition in Wynnefield; and (2) to examine the implications of these findings for stabilization efforts in racially changing communities.
Respiration of Mengovirus-infected L-929 Cells

Iglewski, W. J. (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park), and E. H. Ludwig. Respiration of mengovirus-infected L-929 cells. J. Bacteriol. 92:733–738. 1966.—Polarographic techniques were employed to study the oxidative metabolism of L-929 cells during a one-step mengovirus growth cycle. Virus maturation began 3.5 hr after infection and was complete with 7 hr. Virus maturation was accompanied by a decreased rate of endogenous respiration and an increased rate of oxidation of succinate and α-glycerophosphate by L-929 cells. The rate of glucose uptake was the same for mengovirus-infected and control L-929 cells. However, there was a decreased oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and a decreased production of lactic acid by L cells infected with mengovirus under aerobic conditions. Mengovirus was produced equally well under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The implications of the alterations in metabolism with respect to virus synthesis are discussed.
CHAPTER 21 – A Subarctic/Boreal Microcosm: Test of a Biogeographic Model

This chapter discusses the structural habitat of the northwestern Atlantic rocky coast that results from a common geological history, especially the glaciation of the past several million years. It also describes the strikingly different biotic character of the western Atlantic core Subarctic as compared to the mixed Subarctic/Boreal to the southwest. The basic ecological character of the Gulfs and the open Atlantic coast is determined in many ways by its geology. The essential energy requirements of the rocky shore systems of the Gulf of Maine are derived from solar energy through higher plant and algal photosynthesis. There are approximately 400 species of benthic algae in the Gulf of Maine. Many species in the Gulf of Maine are derived from European Boreal shores, and the numbers are probably increasing, aided by human transport in the bilges and on the bottoms of ships. The Maine shore microcosm included a large stepped tank with wave action, and a smaller, calmer tank connected by piping. In concept, these are two different model ecosystems linked together to provide the primary interactions that occur between the same two ecosystems in the wild. In addition to temperature, the distinctive feature of the Maine coast, which differentiates it from many coastal environments, is a large tidal range depending on location. The Maine coast microcosm was certainly dynamic, but events tend to be much slower paced than they were in the warmer microcosms and mesocosms.
Functional assessment and treatment of perseverative speech about restricted topics in an adolescent with Asperger syndrome.

A functional analysis showed that a 14-year-old boy with Asperger syndrome displayed perseverative speech (or “restricted interests”) reinforced by attention. To promote appropriate speech in a turn-taking format, we implemented differential reinforcement (DR) of nonperseverative speech and DR of on-topic speech within a multiple schedule with stimuli that signaled the contingencies in effect and who was to select the topic. Both treatments reduced perseverative speech, but only DR of on-topic speech increased appropriate turn taking during conversation. Treatment effects were maintained when implemented by family members and novel therapists.
GRACE Hydrological estimates for small basins: Evaluating processing approaches on the High Plains Aquifer, USA

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites provide observations of water storage variation at regional scales. However, when focusing on a region of interest, limited spatial resolution and noise contamination can cause estimation bias and spatial leakage, problems that are exacerbated as the region of interest approaches the GRACE resolution limit of a few hundred km. Reliable estimates of water storage variations in small basins require compromises between competing needs for noise suppression and spatial resolution. The objective of this study was to quantitatively investigate processing methods and their impacts on bias, leakage, GRACE noise reduction, and estimated total error, allowing solution of the trade-offs. Among the methods tested is a recently developed concentration algorithm called spatiospectral localization, which optimizes the basin shape description, taking into account limited spatial resolution. This method is particularly suited to retrieval of basin-scale water storage variations and is effective for small basins. To increase confidence in derived methods, water storage variations were calculated for both CSR (Center for Space Research) and GRGS (Groupe de Recherche de Geodesie Spatiale) GRACE products, which employ different processing strategies. The processing techniques were tested on the intensively monitored High Plains Aquifer (450,000 km2 area), where application of the appropriate optimal processing method allowed retrieval of water storage variations over a portion of the aquifer as small as ˜200,000 km2.
3D Tapered Waveguides in Volume Photopolymers

We demonstrate tapered waveguides written in volume photopolymers using a three-dimensional (3D) direct-write lithography system. Cross sections of the tapered index profiles are measured using an optical diffraction tomography system.
Comparative efficacy between the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists roxifiban and orbofiban in inhibiting platelet responses in flow models of thrombosis.

Summary: This study was undertaken to compare the platelet binding characteristics and anti-platelet efficacy of a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist roxifiban with orbofiban in static and dynamic adhesion and aggregation assays. The results indicate that roxifiban binds with higher affinity to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors and exhibits slower dissociation rates than orbofiban. Furthermore, the platelet inhibitory effects of roxifiban, but not orbofiban, were unaffected by changes in plasma calcium concentrations. Both agents reduced, in a concentration-dependent manner, the size of platelet thrombi deposited onto collagen I upon perfusion of heparinized blood at a shear rate of 1,500/s. At a clinically achievable concentration of 60 n M, roxifiban abrogated the formation of thrombi containing > 20 platelets per thrombus, thereby displaying comparable in vitro efficacy to that achieved by the theoretical maximal abciximab blood concentration (3.5 μg/ml) produced after standard treatment. In contrast, orbofiban, even at 500 n M, was only effective in inhibiting the formation of larger platelet thrombi (≥ 150 platelets per thrombus). Pretreatment of surface-anchored platelets with roxifiban (100 n M), but not orbofiban (500 n M), inhibited monocytic THP-1 cell attachment under flow. However, this heterotypic adhesion process was also suppressed when orbofiban (500 n M) was maintained in the perfusion buffer during the entire course of flow experiment. These findings demonstrate roxifiban (unlike orbofiban) is a potent glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist with a long receptor-bound lifetime and prolonged anti-platelet efficacy and may thus be beneficial for the treatment and prevention of acute ischemic syndromes.
Toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to the Gila trout

Abstract A pilot study was conducted to determine the acute resistance of Gila trout Oncorhynchus gilae to ammonia (NH3) and nitrite (NO− 2). All fish survived exposure to up to 4.5 mg/L total NH3-N (0.36 mg/L un-ionized NH3-N; pH 8.5, 15°C) for 96 h. The 96-h median lethal concentration was 5.86 mg/L total NH3-N (0.47 mg/L un-ionized NH3-N). Gila trout exposed to nitrite for 96 h died when exposed to 10 mg/L or more NO− 2-N and 3 mg/L environmental chloride. Increasing the environmental chloride concentration increased survival.
Inhibition of D (-)-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase by malonate analoges.

Abstract (1) d (-)-3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity from guinea pig, rat, and bovine heart and from guinea pig liver is inhibited by malonate and tartronate, and more potently by the analogs methylmalonate, bromomalonate, chloromalonate, and mesoxalate. Little or no inhibitory effect was found for aminomalonate, ethylmalonate, dimethylmalonate, succinate, glutarate, oxaloacetate, malate, propionate, pyruvate, d - and l -lactate, n -butyrate, isobutyrate, and cyclopropanecarboxylate. (2) In initial velocity kinetics at pH 8.1 with a soluble enzyme preparation from bovine heart, the inhibition by the active malonate derivatives is competitive with respect to 3-hydroxybutyrate and uncompetitive with respect to acetoacetate, NAD + or NADH. With d -3-hydroxybutyrate as the variable reactant ( K m app = 0.26 mM) the inhibition constant of methylmalonate ( K is ) was 0.09 m m . (3) The rate of utilization of d -3-hydroxybutyrate (78 μ m ) by coupled rat heart mitochondria in the presence of ADP was inhibited 50% by 150 μ m methylmalonate. (4) With coupled guinea pig liver mitochondria oxidizing n -octanoate in the absence of added ADP, methylmalonate (1–3 m m ) depressed 3-hydroxybutyrate formation substantially more than total ketone production. However, the intramitochondrial NADH (or NADPH) levels were unchanged by the addition of methylmalonate, indicating that the changes in ratios of accumulated 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate were caused by direct inhibition of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. Methylmalonate had the same effect on 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios and ketone body formation with pyruvate or acetate as the source of acetyl groups. Similar results were obtained with malonate (10 m m ) although the inhibition of total ketone formation from octanoate was more severe.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF AGE TO THE DISTRIBUTION AND PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF DIGOXIN IN SHEEP

We studied tissue distribution of digoxin and its effects on myocardial performance and cardiac conduction in fetal and adult sheep. Catheters were inserted and ECG electrodes attached in 11 fetuses(109-129 d gestation)and 8 non pregnant ewes. Digoxin was infused to achieve steady state; ratio of pre-ejection period (PEP)to left ventricular ejection time(LVET), cardiac rhythm and PR interval were recorded. Digoxin concentrations were measured repeatedly in plasma, and in myocardium and midbrain after sacrifice. We achieved higher plasma digoxin concentrations in fetuses than in adult sheep, but tissue to plasma ratios were similar: midbrain/plasma-6.4 fetus, 5.3 adult; myocardium/plasma-87 fetus, 90 adult. Myocardial responses to digoxin were greater in ewes than in fetuses; a plasma digoxin concentration of 2 ng/ml reduced PEP/LVET by 0.1 in ewes, but by only 0.06 in fetuses. Cardiac rhythm disturbances occurred in 6 of 8 ewes at an average plasma digoxin concentration of 2.3 ng/ml but in only one fetus, at a plasma digoxin concentration of 9 ng/ml. PR interval prolongation was linearly related to plasma digoxin concentration in fetuses but uncommon below a plasma digoxin level of 2 ng/ml in ewes. These studies show the effects of digoxin vary with age because of differences in tissue sensitivity rather than drug kinetics and provide experimental support for high concentration digoxin therapy in young infants.
10 Mv photon beam characteristics: central axis depth doses, tissue-maximum ratios, scatter-maximum ratios, beam flatness, backscatter, and output factors.

Abstract The characteristics of a 10 My x-ray beam are discussed. Central axis depth doses, tissue-maximum ratios and scatter-maximum ratios are presented. Beam flatness, backscatter, and output factors are also discussed.
SU-BB-201B-04: Effective Use of the RSNA/AAPM Modules

The AAPM has collaborated with the RSNA in producing web‐based educational modules in physics intended principally for radiology residents but also useful as learning tools for graduate students in medical physics. Phase 1 of the module project has been completed and 30 modules, each requiring about an hour of the student's time, are now available on the RSNA website, with an active link from the AAPM website. Another 16 modules comprise Phase 2; these modules are being produced now and will be released by the end of the year. The modules are designed for self‐learning, so that the medical physicist can teach through interactions and Q&A with the residents and students rather than lecturing to them. This approach to teaching is more effective for the residents and students and more rewarding for the physicist. At the end of this presentation the participant will: 1. Know how to access the RSNA/AAPM web‐based physics modules 2. Know the titles of the modules in Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the RSNA/AAPM project. 3. Appreciate the usefulness of the modules for radiology residents and medical physicsgraduate students. 4. Understand the importance of questions embedded in the text and in the post‐test. 5. Recognize the opportunity the modules present for a new teaching role for medical physicists.
Effects of Metrical Encoding on Melody Recognition

We report two experiments exploring whether matched metrical and motivic structure facilitate the recognition of melodic patterns. Eight tonal melodies were composed from binary (four-note) or ternary (three-note) motivic patterns, and were each presented within a metrical context that either matched or mismatched the pattern. On each trial, participants heard patterns twice and performed a same-different task; in half the trials, one pitch in the second presentation was altered. Performance was analyzed using signal detection analyses of sensitivity and response bias. In Experiment 1, expert listeners showed greater sensitivity to pitch change when metrical context matched motivic pattern structure than when they conflicted (an effect of metrical encoding) and showed no response bias. Novice listeners, however, did not show an effect of metrical encoding, exhibiting lower sensitivity and a bias toward responding “same.” In a second experiment using only novices, each trial contained five presentations of the standard followed by one presentation of the comparison. Sensitivity to changes improved relative to Experiment 1: evidence for metrical encoding – in the form of reduced response bias when meter and motive matched – was found. Results support the metrical encoding hypothesis and suggest that the use of metrical encoding may develop with expertise.
LYSIS OF AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE ERYTHROCYTES BY STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-HEMOLYSIN.

Abstract 1. 1. There are individual differences among some members of reptiles in respect to their erythrocyte susceptibility to the hemolytic action of staphylococcal α-toxin. 2. 2. Generally, the erythrocytes of turtles are more susceptible to the hemolytic action of α-toxin than the erythrocytes of the snakes, toads and the one lizard used in this investigation. 3. 3. Rabbit erythrocytes appear to be more sensitive to the hemolytic action of the staphylococcal α-toxin than erythrocytes of amphibians and reptiles. 4. 4. The hemolytic spectrum among the erythrocytes of animals other than mammals or birds, in relation to staphylococcal α-hemolysin, has been widened.
The femoral neuralgia syndrome after arterial catheter trauma

The increasing number of diagnostic angiograms and interventional vascular procedures has resulted in a heightened awareness of serious catheter-related vascular trauma. We reviewed 50 consecutive catheter injuries of the femoral artery that required surgical intervention and focused specifically on their long-term outcome. The most common traumatic lesion was femoral pseudoaneurysm (60%) followed by uncontrolled hemorrhage (23%) and arterial thrombosis (17%). The most frequent chronic complaint of these patients was the femoral neuralgia syndrome affecting 15 of 50 patients (30%). Typically, these patients complained of postcatheterization pain in the groin, which radiated down the anteromedial thigh (anterior femoral cutaneous nerves), and was associated with residual hyperesthesias. The neuralgia gradually improved in 6 weeks to 1 year in most patients. Chronic pain, however, necessitated multiple visits to a pain clinic or physical therapy unit in four patients (27%) and resulted in unemployment in three (20%). We conclude that current catheter-related arterial injuries are commonly associated with a chronic femoral cutaneous neuralgia syndrome that has not been emphasized previously.
Interaction of porcine von Willebrand factor (platelet aggregating factor) with human platelets.

Abstract The binding of 125 I-labeled porcine von Willebrand factor to washed human platelets was examined. In the absence of ristocetin, binding was found to be rapid, specific and saturable and was decreased in the presence of urea or at high ionic strength. Platelets were found to contain approx. 4760 binding sites for porcine von Willebrand factor with an average binding constant of 2.92 · 10 −7 assuming the von Willebrand factor to be a tetramer with a molecular weight of 9 · 10 5 . Although ristocetin was not absolutely required for binding, in its presence binding was increased.
Persuasive Conversations between Friends about Health and Safety Precautions

One hundred eighty-five conversations in which a college student attempted to convince a friend to adopt a health or safety precaution were examined. A detailed category coding system was developed to describe the content of such conversations and to answer nine specific questions about these interactions. Among other results, the data showed that subjects spend very little time describing the nature of the harm that might occur and usually speak of protection in dichotomous, all-or-none terms rather than acknowledging degrees of risk. Much time is spent discussing the correct actions to take and the problems faced in carrying out these actions. Initial and 2-month assessments of persuasiveness found no significant relationships between the presence of specific themes and changes in intentions or behavior. The observed content of these conversations is discussed in relation to current theories of self-protective behavior and likely mechanisms of social influence.
Effects of human anaphylatoxins on guinea pig atria

Abstract Purified human C3a and C5a produce positive inotropic effects on spontaneously contracting atria isolated from guinea pigs. The increased amplitude of contraction induced by C5a has a threshold at 1 × 10 −9 M. This effect is concentration dependent, increasing by 180% at 1.7 × 10 −7 M C5a. The threshold concentration for a C3a-induced effect is four times greater than that for C5a. The C3a-induced effect is also concentration dependent, maximizing at 1 × 10 −7 M. Above that concentration, the increased response to C3a reaches a plateau value at approximately a 70% greater amplitude than that of untreated tissue. Unlike effects induced by anaphylatoxins in other tissues, these positive inotropic responses are not tachyphylactic. The same atrium will respond repeatedly to either C3a or C5a for a period of up to 4 h. Studies with histamine, leukotriene and prostaglandin inhibitors revealed that the anaphylatoxin-induced responses are not solely histamine mediated. Cimetidine partially inhibited the response of isolated guinea pig atria to C5a (e.g. 25%) and failed to affect the response of this tissue preparation induced by C3a. FPL 55712 inhibited the response to both anaphylatoxins by approximately 40%. The atrial response to C3a was inhibited by more than 70% by indomethacin, whereas the response to C5a was unaffected. This is the first report characterizing the specific action of purified C3a and C5a on isolated cardiac tissue. It was concluded that C3a acts primarily via prostaglandins and leukotrienes while C5a affects contractile intensity via vasoamines and leukotrienes.
Classifying Natural Language Sentences for Policy

Organizations derive policies from a wide variety of sources, such business plans, laws, regulations, and contracts. However, an efficient process does not yet exist for quickly finding or automatically deriving policies from uncontrolled natural language sources. The goal of our research is to assure compliance with established policies by ensuring policies in existing natural language texts are discovered, appropriately represented, and implemented. We propose a tool-based process to parse natural language documents, learn which statements signify policy, and then generate appropriate policy representations. To evaluate the initial work on our process, we analyze four data use agreements for a particular project and classify sentences as to whether or not they pertain to policy, requirements, or neither. Our k-nearest neighbor classifier with a unique distance metric had a precision of 0.82 and a recall of 0.81, outperforming weighted random guess, which had a precision of 0.44 and a recall of 0.46. The initial results demonstrate the feasibility of classifying sentences for policy and we plan to continue this work to derive policy elements from the natural language text.
Evaluated Need, Costs of Care, and Payer Perspective in Degenerative Dementia Patients Cared for in the United States

The purpose of this study was to examine the strength of the associations between 5 measures of need that are potentially modifiable in degenerative dementia patients and direct costs of care from 5 payer perspectives in the US healthcare system. Data were derived from a cohort study of 150 patients with a degenerative dementia. We measured need variables at baseline and utilization of healthcare in the year before and after baseline. Utilization data were converted into estimated direct costs and totaled based on the costs paid for by 5 payers in the US healthcare system. Path models were used to quantify and compare the relationships between need variables and direct costs. From Medicare's perspective, comorbid medical conditions were the most important predictor of Medicare costs. From Medicaid's perspective, neuropsychiatric symptoms and signs of parkinsonism were additional significant predictors. From the perspective of patients, their families and society, all 5 need variables were significant predictors of direct costs (ie, those above, plus cognitive impairment, and dependency). The relationship between evaluated need variables and direct costs depends on the perspective of the payer and provide insights into which need variables could be targeted with interventions to control costs and improve patient outcomes.
In Situ Fabrication of Single Poly(methyl pyrrole) Nanowire

One hundred nm wide by four mm long poly(methyl pyrrole) (PMPy) nanowires without and with biomolecule, biotinquantum dot, were synthesized by electrochemical polymerization of 1-methyl pyrrole with chloride and p-toluene sulfonate dopants in nanochannels between microfabricated gold electrodes. Scanning electron microscopy examination revealed well-confined dendrite free chloride-doped PMPy nanowires with embedded biotin-quantum dot. Current vs. voltage investigation demonstrated ohmic nature of contact for all nanowires. Chloride-doped PMPy nanowires were more conductive than with p-toluene sulfonate doped PMPy nanowires whereas entrapment of biotin-quantum dot increased the conductivity.
Incorporating Principles from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy into Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia: A Case Example

Although traditional cognitive behavioral treatments for insomnia have demonstrated efficacy for many individuals with primary and comorbid insomnia, not all individuals benefit from treatment and some experience a subsequent relapse of insomnia. Furthermore, many individuals experience difficulty in implementing the sleep restriction and stimulus control strategies, especially over the long-term. The current article describes ways in which principles from a newer type of behavior therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), can be integrated with traditional behavioral treatment strategies for insomnia. A major goal of ACT is to increase willingness to experience unpleasant thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations, and to promote engagement in personally-valued behaviors while non-judgmentally observing these unpleasant experiences. ACT has the potential to enhance the behavioral treatment of insomnia by fostering willingness to experience short-term discomfort (e.g., fatigue) that occurs while implementing sleep restriction and stimulus control strategies. A case example is presented to illustrate how these principles from ACT can be integrated with behavioral techniques in the treatment of insomnia.
Isolation of dissolved organic matter and copper-organic complexes from estuarine waters using reverse-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract Reverse-phase liquid chromatography was used for the isolation of dissolved organic matter and dissolved copper-organic complexes from the estuarine waters of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The procedure isolates 10–30% of the organic matter and up to 50% of the total dissolved copper from various bay samples. Chromatograms obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography of the isolated organic matter showed qualitative differences between sampling stations progressing from the Providence River in the upper bay to the lower bay.