cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Naturally-occurring modification restricts the anticodon domain conformational space of tRNA(Phe).

Post-transcriptional modifications contribute chemistry and structure to RNAs. Modifications of tRNA at nucleoside 37, 3'-adjacent to the anticodon, are particularly interesting because they facilitate codon recognition and negate translational frame-shifting. To assess if the functional contribution of a position 37-modified nucleoside defines a specific structure or restricts conformational flexibility, structures of the yeast tRNA(Phe) anticodon stem and loop (ASL(Phe)) with naturally occurring modified nucleosides differing only at position 37, ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34),m(5)C(40)), and ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34),m(1)G(37),m(5)C(40)), were determined by NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics. The ASL structures had similarly resolved stems (RMSD approximately 0.6A) of five canonical base-pairs in standard A-form RNA. The "NOE walk" was evident on the 5' and 3' sides of the stems of both RNAs, and extended to the adjacent loop nucleosides. The NOESY cross-peaks involving U(33) H2' and characteristic of tRNA's anticodon domain U-turn were present but weak, whereas those involving the U(33) H1' proton were absent from the spectra of both ASLs. However, ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34),m(1)G(37),m(5)C(40)) exhibited the downfield shifted 31P resonance of U(33)pGm(34) indicative of U-turns; ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34),m(5)C(40)) did not. An unusual "backwards" NOE between Gm(34) and A(35) (Gm(34)/H8 to A(35)/H1') was observed in both molecules. The RNAs exhibited a protonated A(+)(38) resulting in the final structures having C(32).A(+)(38) intra-loop base-pairs, with that of ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34),m(1)G(37),m(5)C(40)) being especially well defined. A single family of low-energy structures of ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34), m(1)G(37),m(5)C(40)) (loop RMSD 0.98A) exhibited a significantly restricted conformational space for the anticodon loop in comparison to that of ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34),m(5)C(40)) (loop RMSD 2.58A). In addition, the ASL(Phe)-(Cm(32),Gm(34),m(1)G(37),m(5)C(40)) average structure had a greater degree of similarity to that of the yeast tRNA(Phe) crystal structure. A comparison of the resulting structures indicates that modification of position 37 affects the accuracy of decoding and the maintenance of the mRNA reading frame by restricting anticodon loop conformational space.
An intelligent architecture for metropolitan area parking control and toll collection

U.S federal and state governments invest millions of dollars for enforcing parking control in the metro city area. Tasks like parking enforcement, towing of illegally parked vehicles and maintenance require many man-hours and resources. The parking control and revenue system in the metro are essentially dependant on devices like coin or token based parking meters, which require the use of exact change and is therefore cumbersome. Also a patrol officer is required to monitor these spaces constantly. This entails the need for a more efficient and redundant system. In this paper, we propose an architecture for automated parking meter and driver assistance system that shall be connected to a centralized traffic control authority responsible for parking enforcement and toll collection. This system would provide a more efficient and redundant way of enforcing parking control and toll collection and also assist drivers in metro area for searching an available parking space. The above-mentioned architecture enables automated parking toll collection.
Cancer Control and Complications of Salvage Local Therapy After Failure of Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review

The National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines currently endorse salvage local therapy as a reasonable alternative to observation or androgen-deprivation therapy for select men with a biopsy-proven local recurrence after definitive radiation for prostate cancer. Patients being considered for salvage therapy should have had localized disease at presentation, a prostate-specific antigen 10 years at recurrence, and a negative metastatic workup. In this systematic review, we synthesize the current literature describing the oncologic efficacy and toxicity profile of salvage brachytherapy, prostatectomy, cryotherapy, and high-intensity focused ultrasound. We found 5-year biochemical control rates to be similar across treatments, in the range of 52%-56%, although patient selection and definition of failure was variable. Toxicity profiles were also distinct between local salvage modalities.
Conformational Flexibility in ς70 Region 2 during Transcription Initiation

Prokaryotic RNA polymerase holoenzyme is composed of core subunits (alpha(2)betabeta'omega) plus a sigma factor that confers promoter specificity allowing for regulation of gene expression. Holoenzyme is known to undergo several conformational changes during the multiple steps of transcription initiation. However, the effects of these changes on the functions of specific regions have not been well characterized. In this work, we addressed the role of possible conformational change in region 2 of Escherichia coli sigma(70) by engineering disulfide bonds that "lock" region 2.1 with region 2.2 and region 2.2 with region 2.3. When these mutant holoenzymes were characterized for gross defects in multiple-round transcription, we found that insertion of either disulfide bond did not result in a fundamental block, indicating that the disulfide-containing holoenzymes are active. However, both disulfide-containing holoenzymes exhibited defects in formation and stability of the open complex. Our results suggest that conformational flexibility within sigma(70) region 2 facilitates open complex formation and transcription initiation.
HF radar-derived origin and destination of surface waters off Bodega Bay, California

Abstract As an integral part of the WEST study of the role of wind-driven transport in shelf productivity, HF radar currents are analyzed to determine typical surface flow patterns off Bodega Bay in northern California. Radar-derived surface trajectories and surface velocity divergences are used to determine the proximal origins and destinations of surface waters in the area. Surface trajectory results show a strong bimodality, with water over the entire shelf originating in the north under upwelling conditions and waters over the inner/mid-shelf originating in the south during relaxation conditions. Outer shelf waters have more variable transport patterns during relaxation conditions, with limited equatorward or onshore movements being most typical. The destinations of surface waters starting at the outer shelf are predominantly offshore, with the majority of particles exiting the radar domain west of Pt Reyes along the shelf edge in less than 2 days. Significant proportions of water from the inner/mid-shelf are exported southward and exit the radar domain inshore or within 20 km of the tip of Pt Reyes, creating possibilities for either nearshore retention in the Bodega region or entrainment of water into the Gulf of Farallons. Approximately 15% of all trajectories remained in the radar domain for 6 days, suggesting that a biologically significant percentage of larvae might be retained in the area for time periods approaching typical larval durations. Calculations of surface divergence indicate where vertical flux may be significant. An extensive area of positive divergence is observed off Bodega during upwelling conditions, while weakly convergent flow is observed where upwelling flows approach Pt Reyes. Positive divergence also is observed during relaxation periods when poleward flow separates from the shore just north of Pt Reyes. Estimates of vertical flux in these divergence zones point to a significant contribution of recently upwelled waters to the observed horizontal fluxes at the surface. Determination of the ultimate source and fate of phytoplankton-rich waters requires further analysis of the detailed time dependence of phytoplankton concentration relative to the time dependence of wind-forced currents.
Post-Fisc Distributions of Income: Comment

In two recent papers—one in this quarterly and one elsewhere—Edward C. Kienzle introduced and developed a new summary measure of net fiscal progessivity. In this artick, I argue that Kienzle's measure is not appropriately defined and suggest an alternative definition of net progressivity.
Distribution of the inositol trisphosphate receptor in the catfish retina

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) mobilizes intracellular stored Ca2+ by binding to specific receptors that are similar to the ryanodine receptor of skeletal and cardiac muscle. We have immunolocalized the InsP3 receptor to the inner nuclear layer and limiting membranes of the catfish retina. Immunocytochemistry on dissociated retinal cells further localized the receptor in the horizontal, bipolar and Muller glial cells. Immunostaining of the rat retina localized the InsP3 receptor to the plexiform layers. These data show a different distribution of InsP3 receptor in the catfish retina compared to that of other vertebrates, that may be suggestive of a different functional role for this receptor in different species.
A General Framework for Synthesis of Data Format Converters

A framework for design of area-efficient Data Format Converters (DFCs) with high throughput rate is given. DFCs are classified into various categories according to the specification of input design parameters. We show a design methodology for two representative categories of DFCs, asynchronous and synchronous DFCs. Our DFC designs are based on a two-dimensional architecture. Compared with known techniques, our two-dimensional design scheme results in area-efficient designs and the designs have maximum throughput.
Series expansions for analytic systems linear in the controls

Presents a series expansion for the evolution of nonlinear systems which are analytic in the state and linear in the controls. An explicit recursive expression is obtained assuming that the input vector fields are constant. Additional simplifications take place in the analysis of systems described by second order polynomial vector fields. Sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee uniform convergence over the finite and infinite time horizon. The treatment relies only on elementary notions on analytic functions, number theory and operator norms.
Orbital Pseudotumor in a Patient Treated With Zoledronic Acid: A Case Report and Pertinent Literature Review

ABSTRACT Objective: To enhance recognition of ocular inflammation as a rare side effect of zoledronic acid. Methods: A case report of bisphosphonate-induced orbital inflammation with permanent visual deterioration and pertinent literature review. Results: A 66-year-old man with newly diagnosed osteoporosis and concomitant hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease was treated with intravenous zoledronic acid. He developed acute anterior uveitis on day 4 after treatment, manifested by orbital erythema, swelling, and decreased visual acuity. His symptoms resolved after a course of systemic glucocorticoid. However, he developed blurred vision 3 months after treatment with zoledronic acid and was diagnosed with cystoid macular edema and wrinkling retinopathy, thought to be related to prior history of uveitis. He underwent intravitreal steroid injection, with a partial response 6 months after use of zoledronic acid, later followed by retinal surgery. At 24 months after zoledronic acid in...
Tracking Immobilities: Explorations of In-Access to Healthcare Resources Among South African Labor Migrants

Labor migrants have long been blamed as vectors of infection. As a clinician-ethnographer studying mobile populations living with HIV/TB, I see my informants not as vectors but rather as one mobile component amidst a broken system in which many components do not move. Through ethnography, I reframe the fundamental question about health and migration to ask: Given that the majority of Xhosa-speaking South Africans are on the move between the Eastern and Western Cape provinces as they seek livelihoods in an era of tremendous unemployment and economic uncertainty, what is effectively circulating with them, and what is failing to move? Even as remittances, family members, commodities, and infections travel with these migrants, the immobility of medical records, clinical protocols, and public health resources (material and personnel) interfere with migrants' access to healthcare, including but not limited to HIV/TB treatment. The mobility and immobility of various elements along these migrants’ route is poorly understood. To work toward more continuous access to care and treatment for mobile South African populations searching for work or other forms of livelihood, we must consider how policy and planning decisions are restricting certain flows and thereby leaving sick migrants to move between vastly disparate medical landscapes.
Effect of Wing Twist Upon Stresses Due to Bending

In present design practice no at tempt is made to calculate the effect of the twisting moment on a wing upon the tensile and compressive stresses due to bending. A simple formula is derived in this article for the ratio of the tensile and compressive stresses under combined simple bending and wing twist to the corresponding simple-bending stresses. This formula involves an unknown constant which must be obtained experimentally from a deflection test on the wing.
Validation of a Time-Domain Equivalent Source Method for Acoustic Scattering by an Oblate Spheroid

*† ‡ The acoustic scattering of a plane wave by different oblate spheroids, including the limiting case of a circular disk, at arbitrary incidence angles is studied using the timedomain equivalent source method. The goal of the present work is to explore the capability of the equivalent source method for more complicated scattering surface shapes, particularly those surfaces with sharp edges. The oblate spheroid is chosen because an exact solution for the acoustic scattering exists. The predicted scattered acoustic pressure at arbitrary plane wave incident angles is compared to the exact solutions, which are determined numerically by calculating the oblate spheroidal radial and angle functions and their first derivatives. The agreement is excellent for a spherical shape. When the ratio of the semi-major axis ࢇ to semi-minor axis ࢈ is ࢇ/࢈ ൒ ૛ , the prediction starts to deviate from the exact solution, and when�ࢇ/࢈� ൐ ૡ.૙ , which means the oblate spheroid is approaching a disk, the result is significantly underpredicted. To attempt to determine the reason for this discrepancy, the sensitivity of the method to numerical parameters, such as the number of surface collocation points, the number and position of the equivalent sources, the time step, and the cut-off singular value, and the distribution of surface collocation points and equivalent sources, are investigated to provide guidance for parameter selection.
Ab Initio Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics of the Ultrafast Electron Injection from a PbSe Quantum Dot into the TiO2 Surface

Following recent experiments [Science2010, 328, 1543; PNAS2011, 108, 965], we report an ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) simulation of the ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer (ET) from a PbSe quantum dot (QD) into the rutile TiO2 (110) surface. The system forms the basis for QD-sensitized semiconductor solar cells and demonstrates that ultrafast interfacial ET is instrumental for achieving high efficiencies in solar-to-electrical energy conversion. The simulation supports the observation that the ET successfully competes with energy losses due to electron–phonon relaxation. The ET proceeds by the adiabatic mechanism because of strong donor–acceptor coupling. High frequency polar vibrations of both QD and TiO2 promote the ET, since these modes can rapidly influence the donor–acceptor state energies and coupling. Low frequency vibrations generate a distribution of initial conditions for ET, which shows a broad variety of scenarios at the single-molecule level. Compared to the molecule–T...
Use of Power Spectra and Scales of Turbulence in Estimating Wind Loads

Estimates of wind forces on structures are traditionally based on the assumption that the wind speed is invariant with space and time. However, air flow within the lower layers of the atmosphere is almost always turbulent due to fluctuations in wind velocity that comprise a very broad spectrum of characteristic lengths and amplitudes. In view of the fundamental dynamic nature of the problem, ultimate resolution depends upon satisfactory knowledge of the spectra and cospectra of the wind-velocity fluctuations. Recent measurements of these properties of turbulent structure are summarized, and application of these data to the problem of estimating wind forces is discussed. It is suggested that estimates of maximum wind speeds associated with gusts may be conveniently based on the level of the mean wind speed, assuming that the fluctuations in wind speed are approximately Gaussian and that the average turbulent intensity is about 0.25. Until additional measurements of the basic properties of turbulent structure are available, it appears unlikely that the power-spectral-analysis techniques can replace the conventional steady-state procedure.
Some issues involving the relevance of nominal classification systems to cognitive neuroscience: response to commentators

ABSTRACTThe central argument of the target article was that any viable theory of the neural substrates of object concepts must be able to accommodate the full range of cross-linguistic similarities and differences among nominal classification systems. This response to the commentators focuses on the following topics: the typology of nominal classification systems; the meaningfulness of classifiers; the representation and processing of classifiers in the brain; and the status of classifiers in the context of debates about the degree to which linguistically encoded concepts are based on a universal semantic system, and the degree to which they influence thought and perception.
Africa Rising: An Analysis of Emergent Africa-Focused Mass Communication Scholarship from 2004–2014

This study adopts David Edeani’s seminal work on the methodology used in Africa-focused mass communication research to content-analyze the same within works published between 2004 and 2014. The study improves on Edeani’s work by analyzing a wider and more recent spectrum of articles regardless of topic, publication, or geographical region and by using updated parameters derived from contemporary studies. Results indicate that Africa-focused scholarship is in an emergent mode and developing robustly. Africa-focused scholars uniquely focus on newspaper rather than television content, and case study is the favorite method of inquiry. Confluence with research in other regions includes the preponderance of atheoretical approaches, the use of qualitative research methods, and the use of nonempirical approaches. Pertinent implications are discussed.
Modeling the adaptation of the forest sector to climate change: a coupled approach

Large-scale environmental models have become a vital tool in studying the effects of climate change. Possibly due to the massive computational expense that many of these models require, the representation of social systems within these models is often limited. As part of an ongoing project on improving land-disturbance modeling in the Community Land Model (CLM), we have developed an economically motivated model of timber harvests that can be fully coupled to CLM. The model relies on simulating auctions between profit-maximizing agents in order to solve for a market solution level of timber harvest on the landscape. Using this model, we are able to improve the representation of this social system within CLM in a computationally manageable and unique way.
Charge Carrier Hopping Dynamics in Homogeneously Broadened PbS Quantum Dot Solids.

Energetic disorder in quantum dot solids adversely impacts charge carrier transport in quantum dot solar cells and electronic devices. Here, we use ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy to show that homogeneously broadened PbS quantum dot arrays (σhom2:σinh2 > 19:1, σinh/kBT < 0.4) can be realized if quantum dot batches are sufficiently monodisperse (δ ≲ 3.3%). The homogeneous line width is found to be an inverse function of quantum dot size, monotonically increasing from ∼25 meV for the largest quantum dots (5.8 nm diameter/0.92 eV energy) to ∼55 meV for the smallest (4.1 nm/1.3 eV energy). Furthermore, we show that intrinsic charge carrier hopping rates are faster for smaller quantum dots. This finding is the opposite of the mobility trend commonly observed in device measurements but is consistent with theoretical predictions. Fitting our data to a kinetic Monte Carlo model, we extract charge carrier hopping times ranging from 80 ps for the smallest quantum dots to over 1 ns for the largest, with ...
Estrogens and the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia: Possible neuroprotective mechanisms

Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric illness with marked sex differences. Women have later onset and lesser symptoms, which has led to the hypothesis that estrogens are protective in schizophrenia. Cognitive dysfunction is a hallmark of the disease and the symptom most correlated with functional outcome. Here we describe a number of mechanisms by which estrogens may be therapeutic in schizophrenia, with a focus on cognitive symptoms. We review the relationship between estrogens and brain derived neurotrophic factor, neuroinflammation, NMDA receptors, GABA receptors, and luteinizing hormone. Exploring these pathways may enable novel treatments for schizophrenia and a greater understanding of this devastating disease.
The Role of Elimination Diets in Atopic Dermatitis—A Comprehensive Review

Background/Objectives Diet is a common concern for individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) and their families. Studies regarding the effect of dietary interventions on AD exist, but many are limited by small size and poor design. Conflicting results present a challenge to clinicians seeking to counsel patients. The aim of the current review is to examine the published literature and generate helpful conclusions for clinicians faced with dietary questions in AD. Methods A PubMed search was performed focusing on dietary interventions for AD in children and adults through July 2016. The search was limited to the English language and included studies that evaluated one or more forms of dietary modification for the treatment of AD. Studies of supplementation, such as with vitamins, minerals, or probiotics, were not included, nor were studies on prevention of the development of AD. A total of 43 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Results Trials varied in type, duration, and the AD patient populations studied. Overall, there is some level I evidence to support specific exclusion diets in preselected patients but insufficient evidence for strict elimination diets (diets that are typically limited to six to eight foods). Data supporting other interventions are mixed and based on small, poorly designed studies. Conclusions A comprehensive literature review reveals some promising results and several areas in need of further study. More evidence is needed to form a strong foundation for recommendations regarding the utility and role of elimination diets in AD management, but current evidence suggests that strict diet management is not effective in the treatment AD in the vast majority of patients.
Characteristic Properties of Novel Organosolv Lignin/Polylactide/Delta-Valerolactone Terpolymers

Compostable terpolymers of l-lactide (LLA), delta-valerolactone (DVL), and switchgrass organosolv lignin (OSL) were synthesized via ring-opening polymerization to improve on polylactide homopolymer properties for commercial applications. OSL has properties that improve some of the deficiencies of polylactide, including polylactide’s limitations for use in food, beverage and medical applications due to its high water permeability and low ultraviolet light (UV) blocking capabilities. DVL was incorporated into these polymers to add flexibility. The addition of DVL to the polymer had a positive effect on the tensile strain properties of the resultant terpolymer, resulting in a more flexible polymer with a reduced Young’s modulus. Water vapor transmission rate calculations confirmed that water vapor was transported more slowly through terpolymer films than through the PLLA homopolymer under varying hygrostatic conditions. While the addition of DVL increased UV permeability, the addition of even a small amount of lignin can effectively counteract this effect.
Combining Short-Term Interval Training with Caloric Restriction Improves ß-Cell Function in Obese Adults

Although low-calorie diets (LCD) improve glucose regulation, it is unclear if interval exercise (INT) is additive. We examined the impact of an LCD versus LCD + INT training on s-cell function in relation to glucose tolerance in obese adults. Twenty-six adults (Age: 46 ± 12 year; BMI 38 ± 6 kg/m2) were randomized to 2-week of LCD (~1200 kcal/day) or energy-matched LCD + INT (60 min/day alternating 3 min at 90 and 50% HRpeak). A 2 h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Insulin secretion rates (ISR) were determined by deconvolution modeling to assess glucose-stimulated insulin secretion ([GSIS: ISR/glucose total area under the curve (tAUC)]) and s-cell function (Disposition Index [DI: GSIS/IR]) relative to skeletal muscle (Matsuda Index), hepatic (HOMA-IR) and adipose (Adipose-IRfasting) insulin resistance (IR). LCD + INT, but not LCD alone, reduced glucose and total-phase ISR tAUC (Interactions: p = 0.04 and p = 0.05, respectively). Both interventions improved skeletal muscle IR by 16% (p = 0.04) and skeletal muscle and hepatic DI (Time: p < 0.05). Improved skeletal muscle DI was associated with lower glucose tAUC (r = −0.57, p < 0.01). Thus, LCD + INT improved glucose tolerance more than LCD in obese adults, and these findings relate to s-cell function. These data support LCD + INT for preserving pancreatic function for type 2 diabetes prevention.
Patterns of vegetation along a spatiotemporal gradient on shoreline strands of a desert basin lake

Shoreline strands of Mono Lake, California, show clear evidence ofregular temporal change in plant communities and the soils associated with themalong a primary successional sere, contradicting the traditional notion thatsuccession sensu stricto does not occur in aridenvironments. We documented spatial patterns, and inferred temporal patternsfrom aerial photographs taken each decade from 1930, in communities ofperennialshrubs and in characteristics of the physical environment in sand-duneand shoreline ecosystems on the north shore of Mono Lake, a receding terminalQuaternary lake in the Great Basin desert of the United States that is highlysaline and alkaline. Our study plot was aligned with an extreme physicochemicalgradient, representing a primary sere beginning with the historic, acceleratedregression of Mono Lake since 1940 and ending with upland surfaces exposed bylake regression between 500 and 1000 years ago. Four shrub species composedmost of the 7–11% percent coverof perennial vegetation: populations of Sarcobatusvermiculatus extended farthest toward the lake and colonized themostrecently exposed and toxic surfaces; populations of Chrysothamnusnauseosus, Tetradymia tetrameres, andC. viscidiflorus ended at increasing distances (inthis order) from the lake shore, reflecting each species'respectivelylower tolerance of soil salinity, alkalinity, and toxic soil elements ratherthan the ability to disperse. Values of soil variables that decrease plantgrowth and establishment (EC, pH, B, S) were lower in oldersubstrates, in the upper soil horizons, and at increasing distances from thelake, reflecting leaching and other pedogenic processes with time. Individualsof S. vermiculatus appeared to promote dune building bytolerating burial, enhancing their own growth and establishment, and catchingmore sand. We hypothesize that this process also facilitates the establishmentof less stress tolerant species. Plant nutrients (N, P) decreasedwithdepth, evidence of progressive soil enrichment by litter and leaf fall. Thusboth allogenic processes (weathering of parent material) andautogenicprocesses (facilitation in particular) resulting fromplant-environment interactions occurred and contributed to ecosystemchange in this extreme primary sere, adhering to the strictest definition ofsuccession.
Ischaemic Oculomotor Nerve Palsy Isolated to the Levator: A Case Report

Ischaemic oculomotor nerve (CN III) palsies frequently present with abrupt onset ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, diplopia, ipsilateral pain, and little to no anisocoria. An isolated microvascular ischaemic insult to the superior division of CN III is uncommon, and usually affects both the superior rectus and levator muscles. We present a rare case of an ischaemic CN III palsy isolated to the levator palpebrae superioris muscle only. Although rare, microvascular ischaemic CN III palsies should be on the differential of isolated ptosis. Other causes of isolated ptosis, such as myasthenia gravis or an orbital lesion, should be excluded.
Clarifiable Ambiguity in Classroom Mathematics Discourse.

ABSTRACTAmbiguity is a natural part of communication in a mathematics classroom. In this paper, a particular subset of ambiguity is characterized as clarifiable. Clarifiable ambiguity in classroom ...
Fluorescence Decay Measurements of 1-Methylindole in Alcohol Solutions: Direct Observation of Solvent Reorientation Kinetics at Ambient Temperatures

The understanding of the photophysical processes of indoles is crucial to the application of fluorescence spectroscopy of the indole amino acid, tryptophan in studies of protein structure and dynamics. The elucidation of the origin of the large Stokes shift of indole fluorescence spectra when in polar environments continues to be an important issue. It is well established that there is a large change in the dipole moment of indoles when they are excited into lowest singlet state. Earlier we had shown that in dilute alcoholic solutions of indoles, 1-methylindole (1-MeI) formed weak ground state complexes with alcohols (Skalski et al., 1980). In this report we present time resolved fluorescence data on 1-MeI in alcohols which provides direct evidence for the solvent reorganization in these complexes and show that it is viscosity dependent.
Numerical Methods and Exposure-Response

Catenary systems of compartments, in which flow of a pollutant is in one direction through a chain of compartments and where the rates of movement are controlled by first-order kinetics, can be described by differential equations with analytic solutions regardless of the number of compartments (see Chapter 3). Even if flow is in several directions, analytic solutions may be found for some relatively simple cases (see Chapter 4). As the complexity of the system increases, however, with large numbers of mutually connected compartments, the ability to produce analytic solutions to the underlying differential equations increases greatly. Even if analytic solutions can be found in principle, they may involve such long derivations as to make the task impractical.
Learning from each other: causal inference and American political development

Within political science, a movement focused on increasing the credibility of causal inferences (CIs) has gained considerable traction in recent years. While CI has been incorporated extensively into most disciplinary subfields, it has not been applied often in the study of American political development (APD). This special issue considers ways in which scholars of CI and APD can engage in mutually beneficial ways to produce better overall research. As the contributions to the symposium demonstrate, clear scientific gains are to be had from greater CI–APD engagement.
Operation and Analysis of Current-Source Inverters using Dual-Gate Four-Quadrant Wide-Bandgap Power Switches

Monolithic four-quadrant (FQ) switches that have both bidirectional current and reverse-voltage blocking (RVB) capabilities are appealing candidates for use in current-source inverters (CSI) in order to significantly reduce the switch conduction losses. However, the FQ characteristics of these switches present challenges during switching events by causing transient overcurrent pulses that can be damaging to the system. A commutation method for FQ switches in CSI topologies that addresses these challenges is presented in this paper. Several key aspects of the implementation and testing of the commutation method are explored. The commutation method provides substantial efficiency improvement compared to the conventional CSI implemented with series power diodes. This paper also proposes a novel double-pulse test (DPT) circuit topology that is tailored for the testing of power devices in a CSI topology. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate both the benefits of implementing the proposed commutation method in CSIs that use FQ switches and the suitability of the proposed DPT circuit.
A redesigned TetR-aptamer system to control gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum

One of the most powerful approaches to understanding gene function involves turning genes on and off at will and measuring the impact at the cellular or organismal level. This particularly applies to the cohort of essential genes where traditional gene knockouts are inviable. In Plasmodium falciparum, conditional control of gene expression has been achieved by using multi-component systems in which individual modules interact with each other to regulate DNA recombination, transcription or posttranscriptional processes. The recently devised TetR-DOZI aptamer system relies on the ligand-regulatable interaction of a protein module with synthetic RNA aptamers to control the translation of a target gene. This technique has been successfully employed to study essential genes in P. falciparum and involves the insertion of several aptamer copies into their 39 untranslated regions (UTRs) which provide control over mRNA fate. However, aptamer repeats are prone to recombination and one or more copies can be lost from the system, resulting in a loss of control over target gene expression. We rectified this issue by redesigning the aptamer array to minimize recombination while preserving the control elements. As proof of concept, we compared the original and modified arrays for their ability to knock down the levels of a putative essential apicoplast protein (PF3D7_0815700) and demonstrated that the modified array is highly stable and efficient. This redesign will enhance the utility of a tool that is quickly becoming a favored strategy for genetic studies in P. falciparum.
A multidimensionalidade da semiose: além da multimodalidade

This essay attempts to continue and expand the conversation based on the concept of anthroposemiosis, as the study of actions of signs as it relates to our species, with particular attention to the concept of multimodality, or the pluralistic enterprise combining multiple signification strands or mediums into a larger analysis of the semiosis enterprise. In the last decade or so, multimodality has provided a much-needed framework for the analysis of the multiplicity of modes, a multipurpose toolkit. This essay will attempt to frame these processes belonging to a larger process, of what can be perceived as multi-dimensional semiosis. By this typology, the modalities or modes are not independent of the process of signification to create a whole, neither are they independent processes that interact with each other, but rather, they are part of a larger symbiotic system of signification.
IL-1α Is Essential for Oviduct Pathology during Genital Chlamydial Infection in Mice.

Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the female genital tract can lead to irreversible fallopian tube scarring. In the mouse model of genital infection using Chlamydia muridarum, IL-1R signaling plays a critical role in oviduct tissue damage. In this study, we investigated the pathologic role of IL-1α, one of the two proinflammatory cytokines that bind to IL-1R. Il1a-/- mice infected with C. muridarum cleared infection at their cervix at the same rate as wild-type (WT) mice, but were significantly protected from end point oviduct damage and fibrosis. The contribution of IL-1α to oviduct pathology was more dramatic than observed in mice deficient for IL-1β. Although chlamydial burden was similar in WT and Il1a-/- oviduct during peak days of infection, levels of IL-1β, IL-6, CSF3, and CXCL2 were reduced in Il1a-/- oviduct lysates. During infection, Il1a-/- oviducts and uterine horns exhibited reduced neutrophil infiltration, and this reduction persisted after the infection resolved. The absence of IL-1α did not compromise CD4 T cell recruitment or function during primary or secondary chlamydial infection. IL-1α is expressed predominantly by luminal cells of the genital tract in response to infection, and low levels of expression persisted after the infection cleared. Ab-mediated depletion of IL-1α in WT mice prevented infection-induced oviduct damage, further supporting a key role for IL-1α in oviduct pathology.
Size-tunable Lateral Confinement in Monolayer Semiconductors

Three-dimensional confinement allows semiconductor quantum dots to exhibit size-tunable electronic and optical properties that enable a wide range of opto-electronic applications from displays, solar cells and bio-medical imaging to single-electron devices. Additional modalities such as spin and valley properties in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides provide further degrees of freedom requisite for information processing and spintronics. In nanostructures, however, spatial confinement can cause hybridization that inhibits the robustness of these emergent properties. Here, we show that laterally-confined excitons in monolayer MoS2 nanodots can be created through top-down nanopatterning with controlled size tunability. Unlike chemically-exfoliated monolayer nanoparticles, the lithographically patterned monolayer semiconductor nanodots down to a radius of 15 nm exhibit the same valley polarization as in a continuous monolayer sheet. The inherited bulk spin and valley properties, the size dependence of excitonic energies, and the ability to fabricate MoS2 nanostructures using semiconductor-compatible processing suggest that monolayer semiconductor nanodots have potential to be multimodal building blocks of integrated optoelectronics and spintronics systems.
Targeted In Vivo Delivery of NF-κB Decoy Inhibitor Augments Sensitivity of B Cell Lymphoma to Therapy.

Despite recent advances, non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma patients often relapse or remain refractory to therapy. Therapeutic resistance is often associated with survival signaling via nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor, an attractive but undruggable molecular target. In this study, we describe a bipartite inhibitor comprising a NF-κB-specific decoy DNA tethered to a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) targeting Toll-like receptor-9-expressing B cell lymphoma cells. The Bc-NFκBdODN showed efficient uptake by human diffuse large B cell (U2932, OCI-Ly3), Burkitt (RaJi), and mantle cell (Jeko1) lymphomas, respectively. We confirmed that Bc-NFκBdODN inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation and DNA binding, resulting in CCND2 and MYC downregulation. Bc-NFκBdODN enhanced radiosensitivity of lymphoma cells in vitro. In xenotransplanted human lymphoma, local injections of Bc-NFκBdODN reduced NF-κB activity in whole tumors. When combined with a local 3-Gy dose of radiation, Bc-NFκBdODN effectively arrested OCI-Ly3 lymphoma progression. In immunocompetent mice, intratumoral injections of Bc-NFκBdODN suppressed growth of directly treated and distant A20 lymphomas, as a result of systemic CD8 T cell-dependent immune responses. Finally, systemic administration of Bc-NFκBdODN to mice bearing disseminated A20 lymphoma induced complete regression and extended survival of most of the treated mice. Our results underscore clinical relevance of this strategy as monotherapy and in support of radiation therapy to benefit patients with resistant or relapsed B cell lymphoma.
Interlocking Block Assembly With Robots

This article presents a design for interlocking blocks and an algorithm that allows these blocks to be assembled into desired shapes. During and after assembly, the structure is kinematically interlocked if a small number of blocks are immobilized relative to other blocks. There are two types of blocks: cubes and double-height posts, each with a particular set of male and female joints. Layouts for shapes involving thousands of blocks have been planned automatically, and shapes with several hundred blocks have been built by hand. This article also describes a method for assembling structures from blocks in parallel. As a proof of concept, a dual-robot system was used to assemble 48 blocks, forming an interlocking cube-like structure. Note to Practitioners —This article was inspired by existing work on interlocking joinery structures, modular robots, and construction robots. We present designs for two interlocking blocks that can be assembled into larger rigid structures. Blocks of this type are a promising future construction material. Only translation is needed to assemble the blocks, simplifying robotic assembly, and the mortarless construction allows for later disassembly and reuse of the blocks. We propose an algorithm that lays out blocks into desired shapes in series and developed a dual-robot system to assemble 48 blocks automatically. Our physical experiments show that joint manufacturing precision is critical to the ease of construction and the rigidity of the finished structure. We also present a layout algorithm that enables parallel assembly, allowing multiple robots to work on the same structure.
Recent Developments of Sustainable Energy: The Key to a Stable Nigeria

This paper proposes the use of sustainable energy systems based on solar and biomass technologies to provide solutions to utility challenges in Nigeria and acute water shortage both in rural and urban areas of that country. The paper highlights the paradoxes of oil-rich Nigeria and the stark reality of social infrastructure deprivations in that country. Perennial power outages over many years have translated to the absence of or poorly-developed basic social infrastructures in Nigeria. The consequences of this lack have been an increase in abject poverty in rural and urban communities as well as the erosion of social order and threats to citizen and their property. This paper proposes the adaptation of two emerging technologies for building sustainable energy systems and the development of decentralized and sustainable energy sources as catalyst for much-needed social infrastructure development through the creation of Renewable Energy Business Incubators, creative lending strategies, NGO partnerships and shifting energy-distribution responsibilities. These changes will stimulate grassroots economies in the country, develop large quantities of much needed clean water, maintain acceptable standards of sanitation and improve the health and wellbeing of Nigerian communities. The proposed strategies are specific to the Nigerian context; however, the authors suggest that the same or similar strategies may provide energy and social infrastructure development solutions to other developing countries as well. The economic and social opportunities that sustainable energy systems can bring are significant attractions for various private and federal organizations in Nigeria to invest aggressively in the new systems.
Educational intervention to adopt selective laser trabeculoplasty as first-line glaucoma treatment: Randomized controlled trial: Educational intervention on selective laser trabeculoplasty:

Purpose:To determine the efficacy of an educational intervention on patient adoption and attitudes toward selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) as first-line treatment for glaucoma.Methods:This stu...
Clay Minerals Suitable for Overpack in Waste Repositories: Evidence From Uranium Deposits

Various clay minerals have been proposed for overpack around radioactive waste canisters. The laboratory studies of the migration of elements from the nuclear waste through proposed overpack have resulted in some disagreement. As an alternative approach to the laboratory studies, a review of data for the uranium deposits of the Grants, New Mexico, mineral belt has been undertaken (1, 2). This paper reviews the evidence from the clay mineralogy, the Rb-Sr systematics and the trace element analyses of the clay size (<2μ) fraction of rocks from the uranium ore zones and the barren host rocks. The <2μ fraction is dominated by clay minerals, but small amountsof other minerals and organic matter are present as well. These deposits are well suited to such a study because (a) they are old, (b) some have been remobilized and reprecipitated, (c) some have been destroyed by subsurface waters and the uranium disseminated, and (d) each type of uranium deposit has a rather diagnostic clay mineral suite and characteristic suite of elements associated with it. The oldest ore is found in argillaceous sandstone in deeply buried sediments which, based on geochronologic study, have remained closed systems since about 135–145 m.y. ago. That the Rb-Sr systematics for these deposits are undisturbed also indicates that Cs, with a greater tendency to be retained in clay minerals than Rb, is also retained. In addition, pronounced enrichment of Y, the REE, Nb, Mo, Sb, Te, Ba and Cd is noted in the mixture of vanadiferous chlorite, an illite and mixed layer illite: montmorillonite with coffinite, pyrite, organic matter. While the organic acids derived from lignin-derived humates have been associated with ore formation, they have not evidently affected the ore in post-formational time due presumably to the low Eh and intermediate (6.5-7.5) pH values. It is interesting to note that this suite of elements, although in different proportions and of normal isotopic composition, contains many elements in the mass range produced by 235-U fission.
Safety analysis of Autonomous Ground Vehicle optical systems: Bayesian belief networks approach

Autonomous Ground Vehicles (AGV) require diverse sensor systems to support the navigation and sense-and-avoid tasks. Two of these systems are discussed in the paper: dual camera-based computer vision (CV) and laser-based detection and ranging (LIDAR). Reliable operation of these optical systems is critical to safety since potential faults or failures could result in mishaps leading to loss of life and property. The paper identifies basic hazards and, using fault tree analysis, the causes and effects of these hazards as related to LIDAR and CV systems. A Bayesian Belief Network approach (BN) supported by automated tool is subsequently used to obtain quantitative probabilistic estimation of system safety.