cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
War and Water: An Ecological Perspective on Hohokam Irrigation

ABSTRACTCompetition among Hohokam settlements may have been instrumental in the operation of the canal systems; this is proposed as an alternative to models suggesting the need for a central authority to coordinate irrigation-related activities. Settlements at the ends of the canals could have used force against those closer to the headgates to obtain a share of irrigation water, but if threatened by an outside group, all settlements on the same canal would act in concert to defend their common headgate. The irrigation system generated an ecological basis for the complementary opposition of independent segments. A shortage of suitable headgate locations selected for irrigation districts that could expand to include multiple settlements, and therefore more people. Architectural data on platform mounds, collected from archived records and early published reports, are consistent with important implications of the hypothesis. The use of irrigation in the Hohokam region did not select for a system of centraliz...
RF and algorithmic considerations for practical MIMO wireless implementation

The paper discusses several practical issues pertaining to the implementation and operation of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The presentation focuses on signal coupling in integrated RF front ends and closely-spaced antennas, the behavior of realistic channels with practical antenna geometries, and important considerations relating to channel estimation and feedback. These issues are explored using a combination of detailed modeling and simulation, channel measurements, and system implementation using a real-time MIMO communication platform.
Excess Cardiovascular Risk in Women Relative to Men Referred for Coronary Angiography Is Associated With Severely Impaired Coronary Flow Reserve, Not Obstructive Disease

Background:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) fatality rates are higher for women than for men, yet obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) is less prevalent in women. Coronary flow reserve (CFR), an i...
Eating disorder symptoms in female veterans: The role of childhood, adult, and military trauma exposure.

Objective Eating disorders are understudied among female U.S. military veterans, who may be at increased risk due to their high rates of trauma exposure and trauma-related sequelae. The current study sought to examine whether different types of trauma in childhood and adulthood confer differential risk for eating disorder symptoms (EDSs) in this population. Method We analyzed survey data from a sample of female Veterans Health Administration patients (N = 186) to examine the association between 5 trauma types (i.e., childhood physical abuse, adult physical assault, childhood sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and military-related trauma) and EDS severity. Results Approximately 14% of the sample reported clinical levels (i.e., standardized Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale score ≥16.5) of EDSs. Multiple traumatization was associated with increased EDSs. Adult physical assault, adult sexual assault, and military-related trauma were individually associated with more severe eating disorder symptomatology, though only military-related trauma was uniquely associated with disordered eating in the full model. Discussion EDSs are common among female veterans, and trauma exposures are differentially associated with symptom severity. It is critical to assess for EDSs in female veterans, particularly those with a history of military-related trauma, to facilitate detection and appropriate treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record
American Business USA Corp: The Cloudy Lines of the Dormant Commerce Clause in Sales Taxation

Meeting the Dormant Commerce Clause requirements to levy a state sales tax requires interpreting decades old precedent and applying it to a modern digital world. These issues were highlighted in the Florida Supreme Court’s problematic Florida Dep’t of Revenue v. American Business USA Corp. decision. This article uses the Florida decision to illustrate the confusing and dangerous sales tax landscape, and proposes Congressional legislation to simplify and streamline the Dormant Commerce Clause test for sales tax.
Substitution with satiation: A new class of utility functions and a complementary pivot algorithm

We introduce new classes of utility functions and production sets, called Leontief-free, which are applicable when goods are substitutes and utilities/production are subadditive (to model inter-good satiation). When goods are complements, the well studied Leontief utility functions do an adequate job; however, to the best of our knowledge, a similar concept for the case of goods that are substitutes was not known. For markets with these utility functions and production sets, we obtain the following results: Rational-valued equilibria, despite the fact that these utility functions and production sets are nonseparable. We prove that the problem of computing an equilibrium is PPAD-complete, where PPAD stands for Polynomial Parity Arguments on Directed Graphs. We obtain complementary pivot algorithms based on a suitable adaptation of Lemke’s classic algorithm. Our algorithms run in strongly polynomial time if the number of goods is a constant, despite the fact that the set of solutions is disconnected. Experi...
What Reparations for the Descendants of the Victims of “the Armenian Genocide”?

The essay argues that the legal qualification of the widespread and systematic inhumane conduct that characterized the Armenian genocide as “war crimes” may constitute an appropriate legal basis for reparations in addition to the one provided by the law of State responsibility, at least to strengthen claims based on either domestic or international law that may not derogate from the general principle of law of non-retroactivity. Reparations—including restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition—may be characterized as essentially twofold, when referred to the status of the victims’ descendants: those aimed at partially restoring the harm and losses of victims through material and immaterial means of reparation provided to their descendants and those aimed at preventing that atrocities are repeated in the future, also via the proper memorialization. They should be carefully tailored to address multi-generational harm. In this connection, ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court by both Armenia and Turkey would be a meaningful and effective step to guarantee non-repetition, “never again”.
Regulation of Chromogranin a Transcription and Catecholamine Secretion by the Neuropeptide Pacap

We propose a model depicting putative signal transduction pathways underlying PACAP-induced CGA transcription and catecholamine secretion in PC12 cells (Fig 7). PACAP mediates both secretion and transcription through the PAC 1 receptor, but with quite different post-receptor signaling pathways. PACAP signals to CGA transcription through a Ca2+-independent pathway involving the CGA promoter CRE domain in cis and PKA and the transcription factor CREB in trans. PACAP-evoked secretion and transcription are subject to homologous desensitization in PC 12 cells; however, PACAP also provokes long-lasting secretion, even under dose and time circumstances where acute, DHP-sensitive secretion has been desensitized. While initial secretion is mediated by an L-type VOCC, extended secretion may involve a SOCC activated through a Gq/11/PLC-β/PI signaling pathway. Further characterization of PACAP signaling pathways will require definitive identification of the SOCC channel involved in the sustained catecholamine release.
Elliptic genera of toric varieties and applications to mirror symmetry

The paper contains a proof that elliptic genus of a Calabi-Yau manifold is a Jacobi form, finds in which dimensions the elliptic genus is determined by the Hodge numbers and shows that elliptic genera of a Calabi-Yau hypersurface in a toric variety and its mirror coincide up to sign. The proof of the mirror property is based on the extension of elliptic genus to Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces in toric varieties with Gorenstein singularities.
Human GPRC6A Mediates Testosterone-Induced Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and mTORC1 Signaling in Prostate Cancer Cells

G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) is activated by testosterone and modulates prostate cancer progression. Most humans have a GPRC6A variant that contains a recently evolved KGKY insertion/deletion in the third intracellular loop (ICL3) (designated as GPRC6AICL3_KGKY) that replaces the ancestral KGRKLP sequence (GPRC6AICL3_RKLP) present in all other species. In vitro assays purport that human GPRC6AICL3_KGKY is retained intracellularly and lacks function. These findings contrast with ligand-dependent activation and coupling to mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling of endogenous human GPRC6AICL3_KGKY in PC-3 cells. To understand these discrepant results, we expressed mouse (mGPRC6AICL3_KGRKLP), human (hGPRC6AICL3_KGKY), and humanized mouse (mGPRC6AICL3_KGKY) GPRC6A into human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Our results demonstrate that mGPRC6AICL3_KGRKLP acts as a classic G protein-coupled receptor, which is expressed at the cell membrane and internalizes in response to ligand activation by testosterone. In contrast, hGPRC6AICL3_KGKY and humanized mouse mGPRC6AICL3_KGKY are retained intracellularly in ligand naive cells, yet exhibit β-arrestin-dependent signaling responses, mitogen-activated protein kinase [i.e., extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)], and p70S6 kinase phosphorylation in response to testosterone, indicating that hGPRC6AICL3_KGKY is functional. Indeed, testosterone stimulates time- and dose-dependent activation of ERK, protein kinase B, and mTORC1 signaling in wild-type PC-3 cells that express endogenous GPRC6AICL3_KGKY In addition, testosterone stimulates GPRC6A-dependent cell proliferation in wild-type PC-3 cells and inhibits autophagy by activating mTORC1 effectors eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 and Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1. Testosterone activation of GPRC6A has the obligate requirement for calcium in the incubation media. In contrast, in GPRC6A-deficient cells, the effect of testosterone to activate downstream signaling is abolished, indicating that human GPRC6A is required for mediating the effects of testosterone on cell proliferation and autophagy.
Examining the effect of deception detection decision aids on investors' perceptions of disclosure credibility and willingness to invest

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that the trend of issuing video disclosures is growing and investors are exposed to the risk of including deceptive information in their decisions. This study suggests that investors can use deception detection decision aids to identify deceptive behavior in video disclosures, and that the use of such decision aids affects their perceptions of disclosure credibility and willingness to invest. The theoretical framework of this study suggests that providing investors with a deception detection decision aid affects their willingness to invest through their perceptions of disclosure credibility, and that this effect is conditional on management's reputation. Using data from 387 nonprofessional investors, the findings provide support for the predicted effect of deception detection decision aid on investors' judgment and decision making. The effect of providing investors with a deception detection decision aid is fully mediated by investors' perceptions of disclosure credibility, and that effect is significantly stronger when management's reputation is good than when management's reputation is bad.
China’s Global Interdependence: International Reserves, Capital Inflows, Financial Market Transmission, and Exchange Rate Determination

“Quand la Chine s’eveillera, le monde tremblera …”[“When China rises, the world will tremble …”](Napoleon Bonaparte)1“There is a huge prize here that Xi Jinping is focused on: China eventually ecli...
Cell-free production of isobutanol: A completely immobilized system.

A completely immobilized cell-free enzyme reaction system was used to convert ketoisovaleric acid to isobutanol, a desirable biofuel, with a molar yield of 43% and a titer of 2 g/L, which are comparable to high performing in vivo systems (e.g. 41% and 5.4 g/L, respectively, for Clostridium thermocellum). The approach utilizes, for the first time, a series of previously reported enzyme mutants that either overproduce the product or are more stable when compared with their wild type. The selected enzyme variants include keto-acid decarboxylase attached to a maltose binding protein, alcohol dehydrogenase, and formate dehydrogenase. These enzymes were screened for thermal, pH, and product stability to choose optima for this system which were pH 7.4 and 35 °C. This system is designed to address well-known limitations of in vivo systems such as low product concentrations due to product feedback inhibition, instability of cells, and lack of economic product recovery.
Ppargc1a Controls Ciliated Cell Development by Regulating Prostaglandin Biosynthesis

Cilia are microtubule-based organelles that function in a multitude of physiological contexts to perform chemosensing, mechanosensing, or fluid propulsion. The process of ciliogenesis is highly regulated and disruptions result in disease states termed ciliopathies. Here, we show novel roles for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 1 alpha ( ppargc1a ) during ciliogenesis in nodal, mono-, and multiciliated cells (MCCs) as well as discernment of renal tubule ciliated cell fate during embryogenesis. We discovered that ppargc1a performs both roles by affecting prostaglandin signaling, where cilia formation and renal MCC fate were restored with prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) treatment. Genetic disruption of ppargc1a specifically reduced expression of the prostanoid biosynthesis gene prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 ( ptgs1 ), and suboptimal knockdown of both genes revealed a synergistic effect. Further, ptgs1 overexpression rescued ciliogenesis and renal MCCs in ppargc1a deficient embryos. These findings position Ppargc1a as an essential genetic regulator of prostaglandin signaling during ciliated cell ontogeny.
Report on the 38th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD 2019)

Jointly sponsored by ACM and IEEE, the International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD) is the premier forum to explore emerging technology challenges in electronic design automation (EDA), to present leading-edge research and development solutions, and to identify future roadmaps for the design automation research areas.
Deconstructing PTSD: Trauma and emotion among Mexican immigrant women:

The symptomatology for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) narrowly focuses on particular diagnostic frames and a single triggering event. Such narrow definitions of trauma and recovery have been heavily critiqued by anthropologists and cultural psychiatrists for overlooking cultural complexity as well as the effects of multiple and overlapping events that may cause someone to become "traumatized" and thereby affect recovery. This article investigates how subjective reporting of traumatic experience in life history narratives relates to depressive and PTSD symptomatology, cultural idioms, and repeated traumatic experiences among low-income Mexican immigrant women in Chicago. We interviewed 121 Mexican immigrant women and collected life history narratives and psychiatric scales for depression and PTSD. Most women spoke of the detrimental effects of repeated traumatic experiences, reported depressive (49%) and PTSD (38%) symptoms, and described these experiences through cultural idioms. These data complicate the PTSD diagnosis as a discrete entity that occurs in relation to a single acute event. Most importantly, these findings reveal the importance of cumulative trauma and cultural idioms for the recognition of suffering and the limitation of diagnostic categories for identifying the needs of those who experience multiple social and psychological stressors.
Vortex: Extreme-Performance Memory Abstractions for Data-Intensive Streaming Applications

Many applications in data analytics, information retrieval, and cluster computing process huge amounts of information. The complexity of involved algorithms and massive scale of data require a programming model that can not only offer a simple abstraction for inputs larger than RAM, but also squeeze maximum performance out of the available hardware. While these are usually conflicting goals, we show that this does not have to be the case for sequentially-processed data, i.e., in streaming applications. We develop a set of algorithms called Vortex that force the application to generate access violations (i.e., page faults) during processing of the stream, which are transparently handled in such a way that creates an illusion of an infinite buffer that fits into a regular C/C++ pointer. This design makes Vortex by far the simplest-to-use and fastest platform for various types of streaming I/O, inter-thread data transfer, and key shuffling. We introduce several such applications -- file I/O wrapper, bounded producer-consumer pipeline, vanishing array, key-partitioning engine, and novel in-place radix sort that is 3-4 times faster than the best prior approaches.
Immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin G subclass concentrations differ according to sex and race.

Abstract Background Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations are integral to the workup of immune deficiencies and IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). Demographic differences in IgG concentrations are poorly described but can influence test interpretation, contribute to racial disparities in primary immunodeficiency diagnosis, and explain demographic differences in IgG concentrations in IgG4-RD. Objective To assess differences in IgG and IgG subclass concentrations according to sex and race. Methods We identified patients with IgG and IgG subclass concentrations measured in a large health care system. Multivariate-adjusted differences in IgG and IgG subclass concentrations and the proportion of subjects with results outside of reference ranges according to sex and race were estimated. Results Of the 12,851 patients, the mean age was 54.7 years and 7917 (62%) were female. Of these, 11,673 (91%) were white, 611 (5%) were black, and 302 (2%) were Asian. Compared with the mean concentrations of white patients, Asian and black patients had higher mean concentrations of IgG (1340.0 and 1504.4 vs 988.1 mg/dL, P Conclusion Immunoglobin G and IgG subclass concentrations differ according to sex and race. These findings may have implications for the interpretation of these test results but require confirmation in diverse, healthy populations.
PLL Less Control Algorithm for Power Quality Improvement in Distribution System Using D-STATCOM

In this paper, the phase-locked loop less (PLL) control technique has been investigated using four legs VSC-based D-STATCOM for unity power factor (UPF) mode. It is implemented using the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Further without PLL, the performance of D-STATCOM is measured graphically. The proposed technique is suitable for reactive power compensation, source current harmonic elimination and load balancing with linear and nonlinear load. The observation of simulated results of D-STATCOM provides the effective solution for power quality enhancements at steady-state and dynamic load.
Signal Selection Theory for Space Communication Channels

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses signal selection theory for space communication channels. In space communications, a major constraint is the limitation of transmitter power available on the spacecraft. Shannon had shown that it should be possible to exchange bandwidth for power, so that by increasing bandwidth, one should, in principle, be able to make up for the lack of transmitter power. In a practical system, the time duration of a signal waveform is fixed and finite. The bandwidth cannot be infinite, and, of course, the concept of band-limitedness is only an ideal. The main motivation for this problem arose in connection with space probes, where, with the development of low-noise receivers, the main source of error is external (galactic) noise, which is white Gaussian. Similarly, in optical systems, using lasers for instance, the limiting noise because of the zero-point field is again white Gaussian.
Shareability Network Based Decomposition Approach for Solving Large-scale Multi-modal School Bus Routing Problems

We consider the classic School Bus Routing Problem (SBRP) with a multi modal generalization, where students are either picked up by a fleet of school buses or transported by an alternate transportation mode, subject to a set of constraints. The constraints that are typically imposed for school buses are a maximum fleet size, a maximum walking distance to a pickup point and a maximum commute time for each student. This is a special case of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) with a common destination. We propose a decomposition approach for solving this problem based on the existing notion of a shareability network, which has been used recently in the context of dynamic ridepooling problems. Moreover, we simplify the problem by introducing the connection between the SBRP and the weighted set covering problem (WSCP). To scale this method to large-scale problem instances, we propose i) a node compression method for the shareability network based decomposition approach, and ii) heuristic-based edge compression techniques that perform well in practice. We show that the compressed problem leads to an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) of reduced dimensionality that can be solved efficiently using off-the-shelf ILP solvers. Numerical experiments on small-scale, large-scale and benchmark networks are used to evaluate the performance of our approach and compare it to existing large-scale SBRP solving techniques.
Biomaterials for protein delivery for complex tissue healing responses

Tissue repair requires a complex cascade of events mediated by a variety of cells, proteins, and matrix molecules; however, the healing cascade can be easily disrupted by numerous factors, resulting in impaired tissue regeneration. Recent advances in biomaterials for tissue regeneration have increased the ability to tailor the delivery of proteins and other biomolecules to injury sites to restore normal healing cascades and stimulate robust tissue repair. In this review, we discuss the evolution of the field toward creating biomaterials that precisely control protein delivery to stimulate tissue regeneration, with a focus on addressing complex and dynamic injury environments. We highlight biomaterials that leverage different mechanisms to deliver and present proteins involved in healing cascades, tissue targeting and mimicking strategies, materials that can be triggered by environmental cues, and integrated strategies that combine multiple biomaterial properties to improve protein delivery. Improvements in biomaterial design to address complex injury environments will expand our understanding of both normal and aberrant tissue repair processes and ultimately provide a better standard of patient care.
Colonic Ischemia (Also Known as Ischemic Colitis)

Colon ischemia (CI) is the most common form of intestinal ischemia. CI can be the result of an occlusive or a non-occlusive event. In the setting of decreased blood flow, the colon is at risk of ischemic injury due to its less developed vasculature compared with the small bowel. Patients may present with abdominal tenderness, urge to defecate and passage of bloody diarrhea. The diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, radiographic, endoscopic and histological findings. Although most cases are self-limited, aggressive therpy is required for more severe disease.
Loss of Pulmonary Vascular Volume as a Predictor of Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Mortality in Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Background: In acute pulmonary embolism, chest computed tomography angiography derived metrics, such as the right ventricle (RV): left ventricle ratio are routinely used for risk stratification. Pa...
Being Professionally Responsible in Property Transactions

Two cases sanctioning lawyers for improperly 1) going into business with the client, and 2) working with the other side after quitting the case.
Integration of Perforated Subretinal Prostheses With Retinal Tissue

Purpose To investigate the integration of subretinal implants containing full-depth perforations of various widths with rat and pig retina across weeks of implantation. Methods In transgenic P23H rhodopsin line 1 (TgP23H-1) rats and wild-type (WT) pigs, we examined four subretinal implant designs: solid inactive polymer arrays (IPA), IPAs with 5- or 10-μm wide perforations, and active bipolar photovoltaic arrays (bPVA) with 5-μm perforations. We surgically placed the implants into the subretinal space using an external approach in rats or a vitreoretinal approach in pigs. Implant placement in the subretinal space was verified with optical coherence tomography and retinal perfusion was characterized with fluorescein angiography. Rats were sacrificed 8 or 16 weeks post-implantation (wpi) and pigs 2, 4, or 8 wpi, and retinas evaluated at the light microscopic level. Results Regardless of implant design, retinas of both species showed normal vasculature. In TgP23H-1 retinas implanted with 10-μm perforated IPAs, inner nuclear layer (INL) cells migrated through the perforations by 8 wpi, resulting in significant INL thinning by 16 wpi. Additionally, these retinas showed greater pseudo-rosette formation and fibrosis compared with retinas with solid or 5-μm perforated IPAs. TgP23H-1 retinas with bPVAs showed similar INL migration to retinas with 5-μm perforated IPAs, with less fibrosis and rosette formation. WT pig retina with perforated IPAs maintained photoreceptors, showed no migration, and less pseudo-rosette formation, but more fibrosis compared with implanted TgP23H-1 rat retinas. Conclusions In retinas with photoreceptor degeneration, solid implants, or those with 5-μm perforations lead to the best biocompatibility.
A Funhouse Mirror of Law: The Entailment in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice

The relationship between a society and its law is inexact. Despite repeated claims that law mirrors societal norms and values, no scholar has punctured that balloon of an idea better than Alan Watson. In his groundbreaking Legal Transplants and many subsequent works, Alan has demonstrated the many disjunctures between law and society. Alan has devoted a large part of his impressive corpus of scholarship on legal development to expand on this idea, and he has convincingly demonstrated that legal development often occurs through borrowing and accident as much as deliberate societal decision. For example, Alan has painstakingly traced how the dictates and opinions of the ancient Roman jurists, who were pagans, were incorporated into Justinian’s Digest, which was produced by a committee at the direction of a Christian emperor living in Byzantium. Roman law, and particularly the Digest, in turn, was later rediscovered and became the most influential source of law for continental Europe. In a more contemporary example, Alan has shown how the civil code for Turkey—which by that point had become a secular country with a largely Islamicpopulation—essentially lifted the Swiss civil code (which itself was based on the earlier principles of Roman law) for its contents.
Evaluation of diagnostic procedures: A review of the issues

Abstract The expensive proliferation of new diagnostic medical technologies necessitates their rigorous evaluation. Diagnosis seeks to improve health outcomes by providing better information to guide treatment decisions. Evaluation may focus on various links in the management of patients by investigating (1) how diagnostic technologies affect the the information available to the physician, (2) how improved Information affects treatment decisions, and (3) how altered treatment decision affect health outcomes. For diagnostic procedures that do improve health outcomes, the gain in health status should be weighed against potential cost increases. This comparison may be made using risk-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses. Experience in evaluating diagnostic technologies has shown the importance of (1) estimating effect size, (2) randomizing, (3) blinding, (4) enhancing external validity, (5) accounting for patient characteristics, and (6) reflecting patient values. Errors in adopting new diagnostic procedures may be reduced through better coordination of development, evaluation, and dissemination. This requires (1) improved evaluative decision making, (2) restraint among potential users, and (3) accelerated evaluation.
Systems Network Architecture in Relationship with the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model

This paper presents IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA) by reference to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) provisional model and discusses the use of IBM SNA networks to facilitate transportation of end user information including the upper layer Control function of the OSI reference model.
Study of the Galactic Center with a High Resolution Gamma Ray Telescope

It is generally accepted that massive black holes are the most likely source for the energy radiated from active galactic nuclei, and may explain the enormous amount of energy emitted by quasars, radio galaxies, Seyfert galaxies, and BL Lacertid objects(1). Although the detailed mechanisms of the black hole formation in galactic nuclei are not clear at present, it seems to be quite possible that the formation of massive black holes is a general outcome of the evolution of galactic nuclei(2).
Empirical Evaluation of Law: The Dream and the Nightmare

I discuss the empirical revolution in law and economics, and use the analysis of the deterrent impact of the death penalty to chart the tremendous advances in estimating causal effects since the mid-1970s. This story highlights how ostensibly sophisticated studies frequently generate incorrect estimates, and how difficult it is to know what studies should be believed—a difficulty open to being exploited by those (the media, think tanks, and others) who seek to promote clearly weak studies for some private agenda. I offer a hierarchy of methodologies to assist in evaluating empirical studies and some suggestions for promoting the search for truth.
Comments Related to Professor Heshusius' Application of Paradigm Change to Special Education

Commentaire sur un article presentant les transformations des paradigmes observees dans le champ de l'education speciale a partir des annees 1950
Tunneling anomalies and the coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity in ErRh4B4 films

Single-particle tunneling measurements have been used to study the paramagnetic, superconducting, and ferromagnetic phases of polycrystalline films of the reentrant superconductor Er${\mathrm{Rh}}_{4}$${\mathrm{B}}_{4}$. Anomalous features of the tunneling conductance in the ferromagnetic phase which persist into the superconducting state have been observed. These features seem intimately connected with the onset of ferromagnetism in the region of coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity just above ${T}_{{c}^{2}}$.
Behavioral and neurochemical effects of apomorphine in the cat.

Abstract Administration of apomorphine (2–10 mg/kg i.p.) elicited a number of behaviors, such as limb flicking, abortive grooming, investigatory and hallucinatory-like responses, head and body shakes, and excessive grooming, which we have previously proposed as an animal model for studying the actions of LSD and related hallucinogens. Repeated administration of apomorphine resulted in a significant tolerance, which occurred within 2h of the initial injection, and completely dissipated within 24 h. A pronounced LSD-apomorphine cross tolerance was observed; however there was no significant apomorphine-LSD cross tolerance. Apomorphine-induced behavioral changes were blocked by prior treatment with haloperidol, but were unchanged by pretreatment with L-DOPA. Administration of L-DOPA, in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, did not elicit these characteristic behavioral changes. Increasing synaptic serotonin levels by monoamine oxidase inhibition, precursor administration, or reuptake blockade in general did not alter the behavioral response to apomorphine. Similarly, pretreatment with serotonin receptor blockers produced no large changes in apomorphine-induced behaviors. Prior serotonin depletion with chronic p-chlorophenylalanine administration, however, potentiated certain apomorphine-induced behaviors. Neurochemical studies revealed that apomorphine administration increased striatal dopamine, and decreased dopamine metabolites. Norepinephrine levels were generally decreased throughout the CNS by apomorphine treatment. Administration of apomorphine increased CNS serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid levels, while tryptophan levels were unchanged. The biological bases of the limb flick model is discussed in the context of these pharmacological and neurochemical studies.
LANGUAGE, ACCULTURATION, AND FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

The effects of language and acculturation on measurement of functional capacity in schizophrenia are not yet fully understood. We assessed functional capacity using the UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA), Social Skills Performance Assessment (SSPA), and Medication Management Ability Assessment (MMAA) in Englishspeaking (n=210) and monolingual Spanish-speaking (n=29) individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. The two groups did not differ on age, severity of positive, negative, and depressive symptoms, of Global Assessment of Functioning scores. However, the Spanish-speaking sample had less education, later age of onset of psychosis, lower Dementia Rating Scale scores, and lower dosages of antipsychotics; they were also more likely to be female, to have schizoaffective disorder (vs. schizophrenia), and to be married. The Spanish-speaking group performed better than did English speakers on theMMAA, butworse on the UPSA. The groups did not differ on the SSPA. In a multiple hierarchical regression controlling for group differences, DRS score (p<.001) and language (p=.008) predicted UPSA performance (R=.74). Within the Spanish-speaking sample, higher levels of education and acculturationwere both associatedwith better UPSA performance (rs=.61, .78, ps<.001), but did not explain variance in UPSA performance beyond that accounted for by DRS performance. These results suggest that measurement of functional skills can be strongly affected by language of test administration. Although acculturation is associated with functional capacity among monolingual Spanish-speakers with schizophrenia, it does not predict performance once cognitive performance is considered.
Copper plasmonics and catalysis: role of electron–phonon interactions in dephasing localized surface plasmons

Copper metal can provide an important alternative for the development of efficient, low-cost and low-loss plasmonic nanoparticles, and selective nanocatalysts. However, poor chemical stability and lack of insight into photophysics and plasmon decay mechanisms has impeded study. Here, we use smooth conformal ALD coating on copper nanoparticles to prevent surface oxidation, and study dephasing time for localized surface plasmons on different sized copper nanoparticles. Using dephasing time as a figure of merit, we elucidate the role of electron–electron, electron–phonon, impurity, surface and grain boundary scattering on the decay of localized surface plasmon waves. Using our quantitative analysis and different temperature dependent measurements, we show that electron–phonon interactions dominate over other scattering mechanisms in dephasing plasmon waves. While interband transitions in copper metal contributes substantially to plasmon losses, tuning surface plasmon modes to infrared frequencies leads to a five-fold enhancement in the quality factor. These findings demonstrate that conformal ALD coatings can improve the chemical stability for copper nanoparticles, even at high temperatures (>300 °C) in ambient atmosphere, and nanoscaled copper is a good alternative material for many potential applications in nanophotonics, plasmonics, catalysis and nanoscale electronics.
The role of nitric oxide in opioid-induced pial artery vasodilation

Abstract The present study was designed to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) and the production of cGMP in the vasodilator response to opioid agonists in newborn pigs equipped with a closed cranial window. Methionine-enkephalin (10 −8 , 10 −6 M), an endogenous μ opioid agonist, produced pial artery dilation that was attenuated by l -nitroarginine (LNA, 10 −6 M), an NO synthase inhibitor (10 ± 1 vs. 4 ± 1 and 16 ± 1 vs. 7 ± 1% for 10 −8 , 10 −6 M methionine-enkephalin, respectively). Methionine-enkephalin-induced vasodilation was associated with increased cortical periarachnoid CSF cGMP and these changes in CSF cGMP were attenuated by LNA (354 ± 11 and 596 ± 32 vs. 278 ± 13 and 266 ± 19 fmol/ml for control and methionine-enkephalin 10 −6 M before and after LNA, respectively). Leucine enkephalin, an endogenous δ agonist, elicited similar changes in pial diameter and CSF cGMP while dynorphin, an endogenus k agonist, produced dilation associated with large increases in CSF cGMP (374 ± 18 vs. 1054 ± 45 fmol/ml for control and dynorphin 10 −6 M, respectively). Vascular and biochemical changes for these two opioids were similarly attenuated by LNA. The synthetic selective opioid receptor agonists, DAMGO, DPDPE, deltorphin, and U50,488H (10 −8 , 10 −6 M) μ, δ 1 , δ 2 , and κ agonists, respectively, also elicited increases in pial artery diameter and CSF cGMP that were similarly attenuated by LNA. The coadministration of l -Arg (10 −3 M) with LNA partially restored opioid-induced pial artery dilation and associated changes in CSF cGMP whereas d -Arg (10 −3 M) coadministered with LNA did not restore opioid-induced vascular and biochemical changes. These data indicate that NO contributes to opioid-mediated pial artery vasodilation.
A novel method for assigning TAP1 genotype using restriction enzyme plus PASA methodology

The function of the TAP gene products appears to be the transport of antigenic peptides into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum where peptides are loaded onto HLA molecules. The polymorphisms within the TAP genes and potential disease associations are the subject of intense current study. While several methods have been described for TAP1 genotyping, most of these methods are unable to definitively assign TAP1 genotypes to individuals heterozygous at more than one polymorphic position. A combination named TAP1U was observed in approximately 25% of study subjects. We developed a restriction enzyme based method that allows definitive TAP1 genotypes assignment to 100% of subjects. We also further developed and optimized TAP genotyping by PCR amplification of specific alleles (PASA) that resulted in significant time and cost savings. Hence, we report a novel method for assigning TAP genotypes for TAP1U subjects and the modified PASA reactions. These improvements facilitate the rapid and efficient assignment of TAP genotypes useful for large human disease-gene association studies.
Changing patterns of cigarette use among white and black youth, US 1976–2003 ☆

Abstract To help understand the decline, rise, and then decline again in rates of youth cigarette use over the past several decades, this study examines the changing influence of family background and social activities on individual propensities to smoke. Such changes may define different trends among youth at high or low risk of smoking and provide insights into the source of the fluctuations in the trends. After pooling cross-sectional surveys of samples of high school seniors from 1976 to 2003, we test for changes in the association of smoking with family background and social activities using logistic regression models that allow time of survey to interact with individual-level characteristics. The findings show little change in the influence of individual determinants among black youth, but white youth with highly educated parents and who go out frequently contribute most to the trends in smoking prevalence.
The Macroscopic Entrainment Processes of Simulated Cumulus Ensemble. Part I: Entrainment Sources

Abstract Parameterization of cumulus convection requires a model that describes the statistical properties of a cumulus ensemble under given large-scale conditions. Such a model is called a cloud model for cumulus parameterization (CMCP). It would be best if the development of a CMCP were guided by synchronous observations covering a population of clouds. Unfortunately, observations for cumulus clouds are usually confined to individual clouds, leaving many uncertainties in designing a CMCP. In an attempt to improve the formulation of entrainment effects in a CMCP, the data simulated by a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model are used to investigate sources of entrainment into cumulus clouds. The authors first plot the Paluch diagram using the data from a nonprecipitating experiment. It is found that typical patterns on the Paluch diagram obtained by observational studies can be reproduced using the simulated data and can be interpreted in ways other than two-point mixing. The authors further examine entra...
Strategies for anticoagulation with synthetic protease inhibitors. Xa inhibitors versus thrombin inhibitors.

Abstract In our series of synthetic inhibitors of arginine-specific esteroproteases we have identified 1,2-di(5-amidino-2-benzofuranyl)ethane (DABE) as a preferential inhibitor of bovine factor Xa (Ki = 5.73 × 10−7 M) and α,α′-bis(4-amidino-2-iodophenoxy)-p-xylene as a preferential inhibitor of human thrombin (Ki = 3.79 × 10−7 M). With the help of those compounds it was demonstrated that a hypocoagulable state of human plasma can be established much more effectively with a Xa inhibitor than with a thrombin inhibitor. This was in contrast to the findings with canine plasma where suppression of factor Xa presented no advantage over suppression of thrombin. With porcine plasma the situation was similar to the experience with human plasma and led us to select the pig over the dog for in vivo testing of DABE. Infusion experiments in the pig confirmed the usefulness of DABE, and only 0.1 mg/kg/min. was needed for full anticoagulation, i.e., for maintaining the partial thromboplastin time at 2 1/2 times the control value.
Metal-insulator and order-disorder phase transitions: Magnetite

Abstract A thermodynamic model is presented for a system which exhibits both metal-insulator and order-disorder phase transitions. It is found that transition temperatures could be much lower than those predicted by pure order-disorder -only considerations. A variety of behaviors, including first-order and second-order transitions and critical points is found as the parameters change. The model explains qualitatively the experimental results for magnetite and suggests other possible behaviors for closely related systems.
Multirate multicast service provisioning II: a tâtonnement process for rate allocation

In multirate multicast different users in the same multicast group can receive services at different rates depending on their own requirements and the congestion level of the network. In this two-part paper we present a general framework for addressing the optimal rate control problem in multirate multicast where the objective is the maximization of a social welfare function expressed by the sum of the users’ utility functions. In Part II we present a market based mechanism and an adjustment process that have the following features. They satisfy the informational constraints imposed by the nature of multirate multicast; and when they are combined with the results of Part I they result in an optimal solution of the corresponding centralized multirate multicast problem.
Soft-error reliability and power co-optimization for GPGPUS register file using resistive memory

The increasing adoption of graphics processing units (GPUs) for high-performance computing raises the reliability challenge, which is generally ignored in traditional GPUs. GPUs usually support thousands of parallel threads and require a sizable register file. Such large register file is highly susceptible to soft errors and power-hungry. Although ECC has been adopted to register file in modern GPUs, it causes considerable power overhead, which further increases the power stress. Thus, an energy-efficient soft-error protection mechanism is more desirable. Besides its extremely low leakage power consumption, resistive memory (e.g. spin-transfer torque RAM) is also immune to the radiation induced soft errors due to its magnetic field based storage. In this paper, we propose to LEverage reSistive memory to enhance the Soft-error robustness and reduce the power consumption (LESS) of registers in the General-Purpose computing on GPUs (GPGPUs). Since resistive memory experiences longer write latency compared to SRAM, we explore the unique characteristics of GPGPU applications to obtain the win-win gains: achieving the near-full soft-error protection for the register file, and meanwhile substantially reducing the energy consumption with negligible performance loss. Our experimental results show that LESS is able to mitigate the registers soft-error vulnerability by 86% and achieve 60% energy savings with negligible (e.g. 4%) performance loss.
Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase reactivity and effects of nitric oxide on feeding and locomotory circuitry in the pteropod mollusc, Clione limacina.

The action of nitric oxide (NO) and the distribution of putative nitric oxide synthase-containing cells in the pelagic pteropod mollusc Clione limacina were studied using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and conventional microelectrode techniques in the isolated central nervous system and in semi-intact preparations. The majority of NADPH-d-reactive neuronal somata were restricted to the cerebral ganglia. The labeled cells were small in diameter (20-30 microm) and were located in the medial areas of the ganglia. A pair of symmetrical neurons was found in the peripheral "olfactory organ." NADPH-d-reactive non-neuronal cells were detected in the periphery and were mainly associated with secretorylike cells and organs of the renopericardial system. The NO donor, diethylamine NO complex sodium salt (10-100 microM), activated neurons from both feeding and locomotory circuits. The cGMP analog, 8-Br-cGMP, mimicked the effects of NO on neurons. We suggest that NO is an endogenous neuromodulator involved in the control of some aspects of feeding and locomotor behavior of Clione.
A Guide to Doing Statistics in Second Language Research Using SPSS by LARSON–HALL, JENNIFER

The article reviews the book "A Guide to Doing Statistics in Second Language Research Using SPSS." by Jennifer Larson-Hall, part of the Second Language Acquisition (SLA) Research series.
Insights into the complexity of chiral recognition by a three-point model

Abstract The three-point model and molecular simulation are used to understand the enantioselective adsorption of a homologous series of chiral compounds on a common chiral selector that is incorporated on a solid surface. We demonstrate how the enantioselectivity of homologous chiral compounds may go down, go up, remain the same, or even reverse. Conditions that lead to consistent enantioselectivity for homologous chiral compounds are also proposed.
Rats in the genomic era

The rat genome project and the resources that it has generated are transforming the translation of rat biology to human medicine. The rat genome was sequenced to a high quality “draft,” the structu...