cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reviewing Tools for Evaluating K-12 Instructional Materials Through an Implementation Lens

This review examined how state-created tools for evaluating instructional materials support local schools and school districts to address implementation when adopting instructional materials. We followed a priori, systematic procedures to conduct a web search and visit each state’s department of education website in search of instructional materials evaluation tools. After identifying all of the state-created instructional materials evaluation tools in the areas of English/language arts and mathematics, we reviewed the tools and coded them for evidence of alignment with the six implementation indicators defined by the Hexagon Tool (Metz and Louison, The Hexagon Tool: exploring context. Based on Kiser, Zabel, Zachik, and Smith (2007) and Blase, Kiser and Van Dyke (2013). National Implementation Research Network, Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, https://nirn.fpg.unc.edu/sites/nirn.fpg.unc.edu/files/imce/documents/NIRN%20Hexagon%20Discussion%20Analysis%20Tool_September2020_1.pdf , 2018). We found that 15 states provide state-created evaluation tools, and only 1 state provides a tool that thoroughly addresses issues of implementation as outlined in the Hexagon Tool. We conclude with a discussion of how state departments of education can support local education agencies in examining the contextual factors related to implementation and selecting instructional materials that are best suited for the unique context of their schools.
Safety of Ticagrelor in Moderate and Severe Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Single-Center Retrospective Review.

Abstract Objectives Ticagrelor may be superior to aspirin after minor ischemic stroke or TIA, particularly in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic disease. However, there may be an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with moderate to severe ischemic stroke, and ticagrelor has not been studied in this patient population. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the safety of ticagrelor after moderate or severe ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods Retrospective chart review of all patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke and NIHSS 6 or greater who were discharged on ticagrelor between January 2016 and December 2019. Patients who underwent angioplasty, stenting or carotid revascularization during the hospitalization were excluded. Results Of 183 patients discharged on ticagrelor, 61 patients were included. Median age was 61 (IQR 52-68); 33 (54%) patients were men. Median NIHSS was 11 (IQR 8–15). Fourteen (23%) patients received IV alteplase and 35 (57%) patients received mechanical thrombectomy. Stroke mechanism was large artery atherosclerosis in 53 (87%) of patients, of which 40 (71%) were deemed intracranial atherosclerosis. Final infarct volume was greater than 10 mL in 32 (52%) patients. Follow-up information was available for 53 (87%) patients; median length of follow-up was 3 (IQR 2–6) months. Six (10%) patients experienced recurrent ischemic stroke. No patients experienced symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after initiation of ticagrelor. One (2%) patient experienced major bleeding. Conclusions This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the potential safety of ticagrelor following moderate or severe acute ischemic stroke. These findings support the need for future prospective studies.
Intraoperative Spinal Cord Monitoring Does Not Decrease New Postoperative Neurological Deficits in Patients With Cervical Radiculopathy or Spondylotic Myelopathy Undergoing One or Two Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy And Fusion.

Background Intraoperative neurological monitoring (IONM) is commonly used in spine surgery. However, the utility of IONM in anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) remains a topic of debate. The purpose of the study was to investigate the utility and cost of IONM (both Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and Motor Evoked Potentials (Tc-MEPs)) in reducing postoperative neurological deficits in myelopathic and non-myelopathic patients undergoing ACDF. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed to include only patients with cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy undergoing one or two level ACDF over a 7-year period at a busy academic center. SSEP and Tc-MEP tracings were reviewed for all monitored patients and significant changes and inconsistencies were noted. IONM billing codes (SSEP/Tc-MEP) were reviewed and summed to evaluate the average procedural cost. Medical records were reviewed for preoperative physical exam and for new postoperative neurological deficits on postoperative day one and again at six weeks and matched to the monitored tracings. Results There were 249 total patients (48 Non-monitored, 201 monitored). There was no difference in gender, age, or BMI between monitored and non-monitored groups. There was no difference in new neurological deficits in monitored compared with non-monitored patients with radiculopathy (p=0.1935) or myelopathy (p=0.1977). However, when radiculopathy and myelopathy patients were combined, there was an increased incidence of new neurologic deficits in monitored patients (8.0%) versus non-monitored patients (0%) (p=0.0830). All new neurological deficits occurred in patients with normal IONM tracings. There were no new neurologic deficits in the non-monitored radiculopathy or myelopathy groups. The average IONM procedure charge was $6500. Conclusion Our results indicate that intraoperative spinal cord monitoring did not reduce new neurological deficits in our cohort of patients. The higher incidence in new neurological deficits despite no IONM changes in our monitored group suggests a lack of utility of IONM in ACDF. Furthermore, at an average of $6500 per IONM procedure, the present study underlines the importance of prudence when choosing to use IONM in the era of cost containment.Level of Evidence: III.
Saving Adam Smith: A Tale of Wealth, Transformation, and Virtue

Adam Smith ... Father of Modern Economics ... Died in 1790 ... but 200 years later, his spirit is tortured by the caricatures we remember in his name. In Saving Adam Smith, he is tortured enough to return to Earth ... and so begins a journey of discovery that cuts across two centuries, as doctoral student Richard Burns puts his life on the line to rediscover Smith's most profound insight: Selfishness is not enough.
Newark: A History of Race, Rights, and Riots in America

Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Introduction Integration The Central Ward and the Rites of the Public Sphere Double V in New Jersey The Construction of Integration The Limits of Interracial Activism Brutal Realities and the Roots of the Disorders Uprising Testimonies to Violation and Violence The Reconstruction of Black Womanhood Baraka v. Imperiale: The Excesses of Racial Nationalism Black Power in Newark Epilogue Notes Index About the Author
Primary Structure of Escherichia coli Glutamine Synthetase II. THE COMPLETE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF A TRYPTIC HENEICOSAPEPTIDE CONTAINING COVALENTLY BOUND ADENYLIC ACID

Abstract A 21-member tryptic peptide containing covalently bound adenylic acid has been isolated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase. The amino acid sequence of the peptide is [see PDF for sequence] Analysis of a thermolysin fragment of the heneicosapeptide containing uniformly labeled 14C-AMP revealed that the radioactivity of the ribose moiety of the AMP is released from the peptide along with tyrosine during the Edman degradation. This establishes that tyrosine is the amino acid residue to which the AMP is covalently bound.
Covering Cobain: Narrative patterns in journalism and rock criticism

(1995). Covering Cobain: Narrative patterns in journalism and rock criticism. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 19, Grunge, Youth, and Communities of Alienation, pp. 103-118.
Optimum Dredged Depth in Inland Waterway

Criteria for optimum depths in the inland waterway network is minimized value of the sum: cost of tow industry plus cost of waterway structures, in the open rivers mainly cost of dredging. Volume of dredging may be estimated by use of the relationships between the most important hydrological and morphological parameters that determine the degree of stability of riverbed. If extensive dredging is planned, it is necessary to take into account a change of hydraulic parameters of river that will be followed by a lowering of the water level and depth in the channels. In the reaches of open river with sufficient large seasonal oscillation of water levels, it is important to calculate average usable (seasonal or annual) depth and draft on base of relationships between water level and controlling depth. The plan described in the paper represents a simple way for solution to the problem of optimal channel depth, useful for planning purposes and economic estimates.
Effects of progesterone, prostaglandin F2α and its analogue ICI 81008 on the excitability and threshold of the uterus☆

Abstract Forty-eight uterine strips were excised from 24 New Zealand white rabbits and studied in vitro. Sixteen strips were examined when eight animals were 25 days pregnant, 24 strips when 12 animals were about 12 hours postpartum, and eight strips about 12 hours after four animals received a single dose of 5 mg. progesterone (P) at spontaneous delivery. When after repeated exposures to electric fields (60 cycles per second, alternating current, of optimum strength, four seconds' duration, at intervals of 30 seconds) the ∼ 0.5 Gm. strips developed ∼ 40–50g wall tension (WT) in steady state, the field strength was reduced in graded steps from 12 v per 5 cm. to 10, 8, 6, 4, and 3 v per 5 cm. and WT recorded. By measuring the effect on WT of "decreasing electric field stimulation" (DEFS), myometrial excitability and threshold were characterized and quantitated. The technique is based on the relationship between the fraction of myometrial cells activated in the total cell population and WT. As the stimulus is decreased in graded steps from optimal to increasingly suboptimal, DEFS activates fewer and fewer cells reflected by the decrease in WT. Threshold is defined by the strength of the minimum electric field which provokes WT and subthreshold by the field strength which fails to excite. Thus fractional WT averages the excitability of cells in the tissue and thus DEFS characterizes this important parameter of uterine function and quantitates threshold under a variety of regulatory conditions. The comparative study of excised uteri in three different endocrine states showed that the regulatory conditions of normal pregnancy (P levels 9 ng. per milliliter) suppressed excitability and increased threshold (to 6 v per 5 cm.). Post partum (P levels 1 ng. per milliliter) excitability increased and threshold decreased (to 4 v per 5 cm.), unless P treatment prevented this characteristic change by suppressing excitability and increasing threshold (to 6 v per 5 cm.). Both regulatory agents, prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) and its analogue ICI 81008, increased excitability and decreased threshold significantly in picogram per milliliter concentrations. However, this effect was observed only when the P levels were low. These compounds had little effect, even in nanogram per milliliter concentrations, when the P levels were high. The studies also revealed a close relationship between threshold and spontaneous uterine activity. Low threshold promoted while high threshold suppressed spontaneous activity. In similar concentrations the oxytocic actions of PGF 2α and ICI 81008 were similar but the effect of ICI 81008 was prolonged through strong binding at myometrial sites.
Synthesis and Complete Characterization of a Gallium-Mixed-Pnicogen Four-Membered-Ring Compound:

The first four-membered ring compound containing two gallium atoms bridged by two different Group 15 elements. (1), to be completely characterized was synthesized by both the equilibration of [I2G a As (SiMe3)2]2 (2) and [I2GaP(SiMe3)2]2 (3) in a 1 : 1 mole ratio and the direct reaction of GaI3 with As (SiMe3)3 and P(SiMe3)3 in a 2 : 1 : 1 mole ratio. Single-crystal X-ray structures were determined for both 1 and 3. Crystals of 1 belong to the orthorhombic system, space group Pbca, with a = 17.349(3), b = 13.9187(21), c = 13.7570(24) A, V = 3322.0(10) A3, D calc = 1.879 g cm−3 for Z = 4; the average Ga-As/P bond length is 2.44 A, and crystals of 1 are isomorphous with those of 2. Crystals of 3 belong to the monoclinic system, space group P21/c, with a = 11.040(9), b = 10.228(4), c = 19.619(9) A V = 2169.4(22) A3, D calc = 1.816 g cm−3 for Z = 4; the average Ga-P bond length is 2.39 A.
Effect of pesticide mixtures in controlling western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Greenhouse managers mix together pesticides to broaden the spectrum of pest control and to reduce pesticide and labor costs. However, the efficacy of pesticide mixtures has not been well-documented. This study assesses how mixtures of commercially available insecticides and miticides in two, three, and four-way combinations affected the control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, in greenhouse experiments and in a laboratory bioassay. The pesticides screened in the greenhouse experiments and laboratory bioassay were spinosad, abamectin, bifenazate, azadirachtin and imidacloprid. Each pesticide was applied at the maximum label-recommended rate. In the greenhouse experiments, transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. f) and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum G. Don ex Sweet) flowers were infested with 25 adult western flower thrips (mixture of females and males). Flowers were then sprayed with the designated treatments. After 72 h, flowers were dissected to assess the num...
Mutagenesis supports water mediated recognition in the trp repressor-operator system.

Abstract High resolution crystallographic analysis of the trp repressor-operator complex indicates that the principal determinants of specificity are water mediated hydrogen bonds between the helix-turn-helix and the identity elements of the operator. One such hydration site involves a conserved G-C base pair (designated G6) six nucleotides away from the dyad which, if changed symmetrically to any other pair (e.g. G6-->A) reduces affinity to nonspecific levels. This same water site also contacts the conserved A5 which, if changed to G (mutation A5-->G), also diminishes affinity. The stereochemistry of the water mediated hydrogen bonding system predicts that the severe deterioration of in vitro binding caused by G6-->A should be reverted by a second deleterious mutation A5-->G. This proved to be the case. No other second mutation at conserved operator position 5 or 7 (flanking the G6-->A) reversed the effect of G6-->A.
Mapping surface tension induced menisci with application to tensiometry and refractometry

In this work, we discuss an optical method for measuring surface tension induced menisci. The principle of measurement is based upon the change in the background pattern produced by the curvature of the meniscus acting as a lens. We measure the meniscus profile over an inclined glass plate and utilize the measured meniscus for estimation of surface tension and refractive index.
Detecting stiff masses using strain-encoded (SENC) imaging.

A method is proposed for detecting stiff masses using strain-encoded (SENC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An object of interest is compressed to produce local strain distribution that depends on local elasticity, where intensities correlate with the local through-imaging-plane strain component. Because the strain is lower inside a stiff mass than in the surrounding soft tissue, an intensity contrast in the resulting images would enable direct detection of the mass without postprocessing. The technique was validated by a phantom experiment in which a gel phantom with a stiff region was used. The advantages of the proposed method include short imaging time and uncomplicated postprocessing. However, in its current form the technique does not measure elasticity.
Discriminant conditioning of foragers in the Asian honey bees Apis cerana and A.dorsata

. 1 Nectivore foraging environments are typically modelled as choices among non-fluctuating rewards, but in reality they often consist of intermittent daily nectar and pollen sources. Intermittent rewards create two distinct foraging problems for colonial nectivores: re-recruitment (periodically returning to intermittent rewards) and re-allocation (finding new rewards). 2 The role of scent in learning and remembering the locations of discontinuous nectar rewards was examined by testing re-recruitment efficiency of Apis cerana and A.dorsata to reward-correlated scents (odour discriminant self-conditioning). Experiments examined the responses of non-naive foragers to an odour correlated with prior reward, and to odours not correlated with prior rewards, by placing different scents into a colony and observing the number of bees re-recruited to a feeding station. 3 Re-recruitment of non-naive foragers in both species was significantly greater in response to the conditioning scent than to the experimental controls. However, species behaviour differed in one aspect; re-recruited A.cerana foragers landed on the feeding station when unscented reward was offered, whereas re-recruited A.dorsata foragers returned but would not land without conditioning scent present in the reward.
The vocabulary of shape: principal shapes for probing perception and neural response.

Humans perceive shape rapidly and effortlessly but have great difficulties describing what they perceive. This suggests that the representation of shape in the brain is abstract and very unlike that used in conscious thought. Here we explore the proposal that this representation is matched to the statistical properties of objects in the environment. From an ensemble of several hundred laser-scanned three-dimensional (3D) human heads we extract the principal components which provide a compact basis for head shape. We show that, with good accuracy, a given head can be represented by linear combinations of a few dozen primary shapes just as colours can be synthesized by combining the three principal colours. We suggest new perceptual adaptation experiments for testing the brain's shape representation system. The principal head shapes can also be used to probe response properties of 'face-cells' in the inferior temporal cortex. The idea that the brain's 'visual vocabulary' is in some way matched to properties of its environment implies that one should be able to uncover this representation by measuring the statistical properties of natural visual signals (Barlow 1961, 1989, Marr 1970, Atick and Redlich 1990, Atick 1992, Ruderman and Bialek 1994). This general philosophy has so far proven valuable in understanding low-level vision, where it was shown that the details of retinal (Atick and Redlich 1992) and lateral geniculate nucleus (Dong and Atick 1995a) processing can be predicted from knowledge of the spatio-temporal power spectrum of natural time-varying images (Dong and Atick 1995b)—the simplest non-trivial statistical regularity. Here we suggest that this approach can also yield powerful tools for probing high-level vision. The representation of visual signals formed by the photoreceptors is very high- dimensional and is not suitable for object recognition or other high-level vision tasks. We believe the brain must perform dimensional reduction to find a relatively compact representation of objects. As is well known, low-dimensional representations can be derived from knowledge of statistical regularities, using the tools of information theory (Shannon and Weaver 1949). Here we analyse an important class of 3D objects, human heads, and derive from their regularities a minimal 'vocabulary' for head shape. Our hypothesis is that the brain is using such visual vocabulary. We begin with a set of several hundred laser-scanned three-dimensional heads, with each head represented as a surface in cylindrical coordinates r.; '/; ' is the height coordinate, is the angular variable, and r.; '/ is the radial coordinate of points on the surface. In this database an entire head is sampled at 512 256 angular height points; thus over 100 000 real values are required to specify a particular person's head shape. Of course,
Variability based surgical scheduling: a simulation approach

Variability in the duration of surgical procedures is one cause of delayed start times for scheduled procedures in operating theaters. While historical procedure durations are frequently used in assigning surgery times to schedule surgery blocks, taking into account the level of variability associated with specific procedures is not commonly utilized in creating surgery schedules in a multiple room operating suite. This article proposes a new methodology for surgical scheduling which sequences procedures based on duration groups and their level of variability. Discrete event simulation was used to model and validate the ratio of delayed starts versus on-time starts due to incorrectly estimated procedure length using a hospital's current scheduling algorithm and historical data. A statistical analysis was used to compare the proposed methodology against the current scenario to determine if delayed starts can be reduced by sequencing procedures based on duration variability.
Eddy current sensing of vertical Bridgman growth of Cd0.96Zn0.04Te

Abstract An encircling two coil eddy current sensor has been integrated into the ceramic liner of a commercial six zone vertical Bridgman furnace and used to monitor the growth of 72 mm diameter Cd0.96Zn0.04Te crystals. The sensor was maintained at a fixed location with respect to the ampoule and monitored melt cooling/composition, detected the position of the liquid-solid interface, measured the interface's curvature and determined the electrical resistivity of the solid during post-solidification cooling. The study confirmed earlier predictions that a two coil, multifrequency sensor approach can independently recover the liquid-solid interface location and provide insight about its curvature using data collected in the 50 kHz to 5 MHz frequency range. It suggests that the directional solidification of Cd0.96Zn0.04Te most probably initiates from a Cd-depleted melt, occurs in a colder than anticipated region of the furnace and progresses with a convex interface shape.
Precise manipulation of bacterial chromosomes by conjugative assembly genome engineering

Conjugative assembly genome engineering (CAGE) is a precise method of genome assembly using conjugation to hierarchically combine distinct genotypes from multiple Escherichia coli strains into a single chimeric genome. CAGE permits large-scale transfer of specified genomic regions between strains without constraints imposed by in vitro manipulations. Strains are assembled in a pairwise manner by establishing a donor strain that harbors conjugation machinery and a recipient strain that receives DNA from the donor. Within strain pairs, targeted placement of a conjugal origin of transfer and selectable markers in donor and recipient genomes enables the controlled transfer and selection of desired donor-recipient chimeric genomes. By design, selectable markers act as genomic anchor points, and they are recycled in subsequent rounds of hierarchical genome transfer. A single round of CAGE can be completed in a week, thus enabling four rounds (hierarchical assembly of 16 strains) of CAGE to be completed in roughly 1 month.
Development and validation of a parasocial interaction measure: The audience‐persona interaction scale

This research attempted to develop a multidimensional measure of parasocial interaction. A 47‐item questionnaire derived from qualitative responses was submitted to principal components analysis ‐ resulting in a 22‐item, four‐factor Audience Persona Interaction (API) Scale. The four sub‐scales were: Identification with Favorite character, Interest in Favorite character, Group Identification/Interaction, and Favorite Character's Problem Solving Ability. In the initial analysis, the index and it's subscales were found to be very reliable and positively correlated to program exposure level. In an additional construct validity test, mild linear relationships were found between PSI ‐as measured by the API Scale ‐ and viewing level.
English league transfer prices: is there a racial dimension? A re-examination with new data.

Reilly and Witt (1995) examined the role of race in determining English football transfer prices. The aim of this article is to update their work with new and later data on productivity of football players. Using data from the 2001–2002 English league season, a transfer price equation is estimated to establish if equally productive black players command lower transfer prices. The evidence suggests they do not.
Granuloma faciale successfully treated with long-pulsed tunable dye laser.

background. Granuloma faciale has been treated in the past with different modalities but the majority have had the risk of scarring. objective. Based on the principle of selective photothermolysis, we considered using the newer long-pulsed tunable dye laser for the treatment of granuloma faciale to target the vessels and minimize scarring. methods. Confirmation of the diagnosis by a punch biopsy of the lesion was followed by three treatments on separate occasions 6 weeks apart with the long-pulsed tunable dye laser. results. There was significant flattening of the lesions after two treatments, with complete clearing after the third. No scarring was detectable and there was no recurrence in the 9-month follow-up. conclusion. We conclude that granuloma faciale may be successfully treated with the long-pulsed tunable dye laser with minimal risk of scarring, especially in cosmetically sensitive areas.
Influence of Gas Environment on Picosecond Laser Ablation Sampling Efficiency and ICP Conditions

The effects of gas atmosphere on inductively coupled plasma excitation characteristics and picosecond laser ablation sampling are studied for enhancing atomic emission spectroscopy sensitivity. Five noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) were used in the laser ablation sampling chamber. The noble gases significantly influence the ICP excitation characteristics and the laser ablation sampling efficiency. There is an enhancement in ICP emission intensity for laser sampling in He and Ne and a decrease for Kr and Xe relative to Ar. Plasma shielding is a possible mechanism to explain the gas effects, as the behavior of laser sampling correlates with the ionization potential of the gas. The significant improvement in AES using He as the sample chamber gas is beneficial to chemical analysis, especially for trace analysis, which requires high sensitivity.
Revisiting the Sexual Division of Labor: Thoughts on Ethnoarchaeology and Gender

In gauging the impact of Susan Kent's scholarship, we examine how a controlled ethnoarchaeological comparison of gender and subsistence in circumpolar societies may be used to reassess a bedrock concept of anthropology: the sexual division of labor. Much discourse on this topic is marred by an exclusionary tone. That is, the sexual division of labor is presented as a list of things women cannot do, should not do, or are prohibited from doing by men. Rather than accentuating the negative and proscriptive, comparative ethnoarchaeology suggests that positive contributions of labor specialization by both women and men merit reexamination.
STRUCTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF SPIN CONVERSION IN A STERICALLY ENCUMBERED NI(II) PORPHYRIN

The crystal structure of a pyridine-ligated, high-spin Ni(II) complex of 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,15-bis(isopropyl)-10,20-bis(isopropylidenyl) porphyrin, 2, is reported and compared to the unligated, low-spin Ni(II) complex, 1, previously reported. The results demonstrate that conversion to high-spin Ni(II) in nonplanar, sterically encumbered porphyrins induces a significant core expansion about the Ni while nonplanarity is still retained. The expansion of the core parameters (Ni−N, Ct-Cα, Ct-Cmeso) and the Ni−Naxial distances are characteristic of the dx2-y2 and dz2 orbital occupancies in high-spin Ni(II) porphyrins and document the structural consequences of the spin conversion in severely nonplanar Ni(II) porphyrins. The stereochemical results are particularly relevant to ligation effects in nonplanar Ni biomolecules and synthetic porphyrins increasingly used as biomimetic models of conformational effects in chromophores and prosthetic groups in vivo, and to the remarkably wide range of lifetime...
Metastasis of a well-differentiated liposarcoma in a dog and a note on nomenclature of fatty tumours.

Abstract A slow-growing mass in the left thigh of a 7-year-old spayed female fox terrier dog was originally diagnosed as an infiltrative lipoma by surgical biopsy. Necropsy findings one year later revealed multiple masses made up of well-differentiated adipocytes in the spleen, liver, lungs and a lymph node. The final histopathological diagnosis of these masses and, in retrospect, for the initial leg mass was well-differentiated liposarcoma. This case illustrates some of the confusion in current nomenclature of fatty tumours. Tumours made up of well-differentiated adipose cells which show no tendency toward invasion of surrounding tissue should be designated lipomas. We suggest that fatty tumours characterized by local tissue invasion and/or metastasis should be classified as liposarcomas. Liposarcomas may be further subdivided into well-differentiated and poorly-differentiated types.
Simulations of the quasi‐biennial oscillation and its effect on stratospheric H2O, CH4, and age of air with an interactive two‐dimensional model

[1] A zonally averaged photochemical–dynamical model of the middle atmosphere is used to simulate the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and its effect on the distributions of stratospheric H2O, CH4, and age of air. Changes in planetary wave amplitudes of ±25% cause 2–3 month changes in QBO period. Comparable changes in prescribed tropical heating have a smaller effect on the QBO period. The response of tropical upwelling, and QBO period, to changes in extratropical forcing depends on the magnitude and location of the imposed changes. In the Southern Hemisphere, where the planetary wave forcing is smaller than in the Northern Hemisphere, increased forcing produces stronger equatorial upwelling and a longer QBO period. In the Northern Hemisphere, increased forcing produces weaker upwelling and a shorter QBO period due to the larger amplitude waves becoming saturated. Overall, the effect of the QBO is to produce a slightly younger mean age of air near the tropical stratopause due to the model not exactly reproducing the strength and duration of the observed westerly wind shear. The QBO in lower stratospheric H2O, but not CH4, results primarily from meridional circulation anomalies superimposed upon background gradients in H2O mixing ratio that are maintained by the annual cycle in lower stratospheric H2O. QBO modulation of horizontal eddy transport plays a much smaller role. A realistic annual cycle in equatorial H2O mixing ratio at the model tropopause produces a QBO variation in lower stratospheric H2O of 0.1–0.2 ppmv. The effect of the QBO on model tropical tropopause temperatures doubles the amplitude of the water vapor QBO at 20 km.
The action of thiols on derivatives of D-xylose

Abstract The action of thiols on 1,2,3,4-tetra- O -acetyl-β- D -xylopyranose gave 2- and 5-alkylthiopentose dithioacetals and alkyl 1-thio- D -xylopyranosides. On treatment with thiols and trifluoroacetic acid- 3- O -acetyl-1,2- O -isopropylidene-α- D -xylofuranose derivatives rapidly formed 4- O -acetyl-2,3-dialkylthio- D -ribose dithioacetal derivatives, which were in turn converted into 4- O -acetel-3- S -benzyl-2,5-epithio-3-thio- D -ribose (or D -arabinose) dithioacetal.
Prioritizing Culture Change in Nursing Homes: Perspectives of Residents, Staff, and Family Members

Objectives: To explore the perspectives and priorities of nursing home residents, family members, and frontline nursing staff concerning a broad range of items representing common targets of culture change initiatives. Design: Qualitative study. Setting: A Veterans Affairs Community Living Center and two community nursing homes in North Carolina. Participants: Residents (n = 21), family members (n = 21), and direct-care nursing staff (n = 21) were recruited, with equal numbers in each group from each site. Measurements: Participants rated the importance of 62 items from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Artifacts of Culture Change instrument. Participants sorted cards reflecting each culture change artifact in two phases, identifying and ranking those of more and less importance to them to derive one distribution of preferences for each respondent. Q-sort analysis identified groups of respondents who prioritized similar items; qualitative analysis sought themes or explanations for the responses. Results: Wide variation in respondent preferences was observed. Some respondents viewed several items that others valued highly as unimportant or undesirable. Some items were not high priorities for any respondents. Four groups of respondents with similar preferences were identified: practical and independence-focused respondents, who prioritized ease of use of the physical environment; staff-focused respondents, who prioritized nursing staff retention and development; consistency and choice-focused respondents, who prioritized stable nurse staff-resident relationships and resident choice; and activity and community-focused respondents, who prioritized community gathering spaces and activities. Conclusion: Resident, family, and staff priorities for culture change vary, and diverse priorities of stakeholders should be considered to inform culture change efforts on a local and national level.
Erosion of copper single crystals under conditions of 30° incidence

Abstract High purity copper single crystals were eroded at 30° to a (111) face using glass spheres 210 μm in diameter travelling at a velocity of 133 m s −1 . Detailed scanning electron microscopy of both eroded surfaces and metallographic sections has been performed together with transmission electron microscopy of erosion debris. It was observed that there was extensive surface shear that led to ripple formation, folding of the surface, subsurface crack propagation and material loss by flaking similar to delamination wear. Direct evidence was obtained for recrystallization of the surface layers.
Evidence for involvement of an adrenal catecholamine in the β-adrenergic inhibition of oxytocin release in lactating rats

Abstract Adrenergic systems exert dual control over the release of oxytocin (OT) in rats, with stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors exciting, and stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors inhibiting, release of this neurohormone. Because suckling stimulation also releases epinephrine from the adrenal medulla, the present experiments tested whether catecholamines of adrenal origin may participate in the adrenergic regulation of OT release during lactation. In two independent experiments, adrenal demedullation of rats in midlactation did not alter the basal plasma levels of OT, but makedly enhanced the suckling-induced release of OT, suggesting an inhibitory action of an adrenal catecholamine. The OT release induced by suckling in both sham-operated and adrenal demedullated rats was prevented by stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors with isoproterenol. Conversely, blockade of β-adrenergic receptors with propranolol prevented the inhibitory effects of isoproterenol, and when given alone, mimicked the effects of demedullation to enhance suckling-induced OT release. Stimulation of peripheral α-adrenergic receptors with phenylephrine did not affect either basal or suckling-induced OT release, but blockade of α-adrenergic receptors with phentolamine also completely prevented the release of OT by suckling. These data support the concept that stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors inhibits OT secretion, and further suggest that this may be due, at least in part, to an action of an adrenal catecholamine, which may act centrally and/or directly on the neurohypophysis. The present results also provide further evidence that activation of central, but not peripheral, α-adrenergic mehcanisms is necessary for suckling-induced OT release.
The contribution of hydrogen bonding to the structure of liquid methanol

We present a study of the structure of liquid methanol using the recently proposed extended RISM integral equation and Jorgensen’s transferable intermolecular potentials (TIPS). Results are obtained as a function of molecular ‘‘polarity’’ by scaling the partial Coulombic charges located at molecular interaction sites; at full polarity we compare to computer simulation results for the same potential. At the experimental density it is found that packing forces are predominant in determining many features of the liquid structure, as reflected in site–site correlation functions. The influence of hydrogen bonding is best characterized as a narrowing in the molecular distributions, resulting from an accommodation of the attractive forces within structural alternatives consistent with packing constraints.
SERONEGATIVE JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND MAST CELL-ASSOCIATED GASTRITIS

We describe 4 children with seronegative inflammatory arthritis who had persistent, severe nausea and abdominal pain over several months, in spite of vigorous medical therapy, including antacids and histamine H2 receptor antagonists. Endoscopy and biopsy of gastric and duodenal mucosa showed antral gastritis and an increased number of mast cells in 3 of the 4 patients. In the fourth patient, urinary histamine levels were elevated. These findings suggest an association between inflammatory arthritis and localized mast cell disease in some individuals. Further studies are needed to determine whether this association represents an independent syndrome or whether mast cell-related disease is secondary to long-term treatment with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in children with mild arthritis.
Heat shock protein (HSP70) RNA expression differs among rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) clonal lines

Abstract Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70, 70 kDa) is the most commonly expressed protein in response to thermal stress. The extent of its expression is associated with differences in environmental temperatures. We investigated the heat shock response in red blood cells collected from one-year-old rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Three different clonal lines of rainbow trout (Arlee, OSU and Whale Rock) were utilized, originating from habitats that likely experienced different thermal profile. The relative expression of HSP70 from blood cells treated at 13 °C, 16 °C, 18 °C, 20 °C, 22 °C, and 24 °C was quantified using real-time PCR. The use of red blood cells allows for the control and replication of HSP70 expression patterns. Relative expression of HSP70 differed significantly among the three clonal lines. The Arlee line had the lowest HSP70 response of the three clonal lines at any temperature; indicating a heritable difference. Maximum expression of HSP70 occurred at 22 °C in the OSU line and at 24 °C in the Whale Rock line. The discovery of variation in HSP70 expression among the clonal lines indicates that future studies to map the genetic control of HSP70 expression differences are possible.
Immuno-modulatory gene polymorphisms and outcome in breast and ovarian cancer

Breast and ovarian cancer continue to be a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Improved understanding of signalling pathways related to growth and apoptosis has led to targeted treatments and modest improvement in long term outcomes. However, it has become increasingly clear that tumor factors alone are not the sole determinants of outcome in patients with breast and ovarian cancer. The tumor microenvironment and other immunologic host processes play an integral role in the overall interactions between disease, host and treatment. Cytokines play a major role in the immune response to tumors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the regulatory or coding regions of many cytokine genes lead to functional alterations in the transcriptional regulation of these genes or the proteins they encode. This review examines the current literature linking functional variants in cytokine and other immune genes to outcomes in breast and ovarian cancer. We have focused on those involved in the proinflammatory response (IL-6, TNF-alpha), apoptosis (TGF-beta, Fas, FasL, C1QA), angiogenesis (IL-8) and autoimmunity (IL-10). While much remains to be learned about the mechanisms underlying these variants and their impact on tumor behavior, this area holds promise for future development of prognostic profiles and therapeutics exploiting the immune response.
Cytomegalovirus and child day care: risk factors for maternal infection.

To determine the rates and factors affecting cytomegalovirus transmission from children infected in day care to their seronegative mothers, we prospectively monitored 96 seronegative mothers. Of 46 seronegative mothers without infected children, 2 seroconverted. Among 50 mothers with infected childr
Fluorescence characteristics of native and denatured monellin.

Abstract Fluorescence emmission spectral characteristics of the sweet-tasting protein monellin were determined. The spectra of the native (i.e. sweet-tasting) protein revealed that the single trytophan of monellin is in a moderately hydrophobic environment and that some fluorescence from tyrosine is observable. Urea or guanidine hydrochloride caused marked changes in the fluorescence emission, evidenced particularly by appearance of an emission peak near 304 nm due to tyrosine, a bathochromic shift of the tryptophan emission peak, and a marked increase in the total spectral band width of the protein from 56 to 93 nm. Denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride (6M) was considerably more rapid than denaturation by urea (8M). The extent of denaturation of monellin depended upon the concentration of denaturant. Guanidine hydrochloride caused its maximal effects by 3M. The changes with urea occured over a broad concentration range, and may not have been complete even at 8 M urea. The progress of denaturation can be quantified using the halfwidth of the total protein emission band as measured from the trytophan fluorescence maximum. It can also be followed using other fluorescence parameters: the emission polarization, the relative quantum yield, the wavelength maxima of the emission peak(s), or a parameter, r , defined as the ratio of the maximum peak height of the tryptophan emission to that from tyrosine. Although each of these parameters could serve as an index of denaturation for monellin, the most accurate and convenient measure is the halfwidth. It is suggested that the fluorescence emission spectrum of monellin is sensitive to the conformation because the protein has a residue ratio of tyrosine to tryptophan of seven and is composed of two polypeptide chains. The single trytophan of monellin is present in only one of the two chains (of necessity), while the seven tyrosines are distributed between the two chains. Thus denaturation may force not only the randomization of the conformation but also some physical separation of the two chains. It is concluded that the emission spectrum halfwidth, which is sensitive to the increasing contribution from tyrosine emission, is a measure of the overall conformation of the protein and may serve as an indicator of the biological activity, sweetness, of monellin in solution.
Analysis of butylphenyl-guanine, butylphenyl-deoxyguanosine, and butylphenyl-deoxyguanosine triphosphate inhibition of DNA replication and ultraviolet-induced DNA repair synthesis using permeable human fibroblasts

Abstract The purine base and nucleoside analogues N 2 -( p - n -butylphenyl-guanine (BuPh-Gua) and N 2 -( p - n -butylphenyl)-2′-deoxyguanosine (BuPh-dGuo) are strong inhibitors of isolated mammalian DNA polymerase α, but are less potent than expected as inhibitors of DNA replication in intact cultured cells [G. E. Wright, L. W. Dudycz, Z. Kazimierczuk, N. C. Brown and N. N. Khan, J. med. Chem. 30 , 109 (1987)J. The mechanistic basis for these observations was explored using permeable human fibroblasts. DNA replication in the permeable cells was inhibited only slightly by BuPh-Gua and BuPh-dGuo at 100 μM, the highest concentration which could be attained. Similiar results were obtained for ultraviolet-induced DNA repair synthesis, a process which is though to involve the same DNA polymerase as replication. More detailed studies were performed using the corresponding nucleotide analogue, N 2 -( p - n -butylphenyl)-2′-deoxyguanosine-5′-triphosphate (BuPh-dGTP), which is much more water-soluble than the base and nucleoside. The apparent K i values for BuPh-dGTP inhibition of both replication and ultraviolet-induced repair synthesis in permeable cells were approximately 3 μM. These values are several hundred-fold greater than the apparent K i for BuPh-dGTP inhibition of isolated human DNA polymerase α, which is approximately 10 nM. We conclude that BuPh-Gua and BuPh-dGuo are poor inhibitors of DNA replication in intact cells not because of permeability barriers, but because, unlike polymerase α, cellular DNA synthesis is relatively insensitive to this group of inhibitors. These results suggest that polymerase α may not be a good general model for predicting the potency of base, deoxyribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleotide analogues as inhibitors of mammalian cellular DNA replication. The fact that the permeable cell systems accurately reflect the relative insensitivity to butylphenyl-guanine derivatives of mammalian DNA replication suggests that permeable cells may be useful tools in future studies of base and nucleoside analogues.
Developing multivariable thinkers

Abstract Scientific thinking skills figure centrally in new science curriculum standards. We identify as a broad and critical dimension of skilled scientific thinking one that has received little previous attention – the conceptualization of multiple factors jointly affecting an outcome. In a preliminary study, we established that even lay adults show less than optimal competency in this regard. In two intervention studies, we undertook to foster this competency in middle-school students. Although performance levels were initially low, students’ skills and understanding were amenable to development as outcomes of both a multi-year and a less extended intervention. We consider implications regarding what needs to develop in the development of scientific thinking and the mechanisms involved.
Gothic drama in Disney's beauty and the beast: Subverting traditional romance by transcending the animal‐human paradox

In 1991, Walt Disney Studios released the animated feature film Beauty and the Beast to wide acclaim. In 1994, they set out to leverage their success into a new market: Broadway. By making overtures to domestic and international audiences with a musical version of Beauty and the Beast, they redefined legitimate theatre into a mass‐market venue. In an attempt to understand what Disney has accomplished with this classic fairy tale, I will look at the animated and stage versions as examples of Gothic romance and argue that their success, like that of Gothic novels, is based on an openness to reappropriation by women. By taking advantage of the core paradox of Gothics, namely the paradox of our Animal and Human natures, this Disney tale can be read as an indictment of traditional gender roles and a validation of unconventional roles. It offers to viewers a model for intimacy which presumes that both partners must seek wholeness of Self before either can find wholeness in relationship.