cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The contours of demography: Estimates and projections

This paper considers the scope of demography and the various research approaches that legitimately could claim the label. As a small field lacking security in academic structures, demography has been unusually sensitive to demand factors, including those associated with perceived population problems. International health is cited as an area of increased demographic presence; reasons for this development are explored. The technology for performing research in demography is improving more rapidly than in many other areas of the social sciences, and thus is helping to improve the relative standing of the field. Taking a demand-oriented approach, the paper identifies several promising research areas in which demographers will be called on to address issues of national and international concern.
A necessary and sufficient condition for dual Weyl-Heisenberg frames to be compactly supported

In this note we consider continuous-time Weyl-Heisenberg (Gabor) frame expansions with rational oversampling. We present a necessary and sufficient condition on a compactly supported function g(t) generating a Weyl-Heisenberg frame for L2 (ℝ) for its minimal dual (Wexler-Razdual) γ0 (t) to be compactly supported. We furthermore provide a necessary and sufficient condition for a band-limited function g(t) generating a Weyl-Heisenberg frame for L2 (ℝ) to have a band-limited minimal dual γ0 (t). As a consequence of these conditions, we show that in the cases of integer oversampling and critical sampling a compactly supported (band-limited) g(t) has a compactly supported (band-limited) minimal dual γ0(t) if and only if the Weyl-Heisenberg frame operator is a multiplication operator in the time (frequency) domain. Our proofs rely on the Zak transform, on the Zibulski-Zeevi representation of the Weyl-Heisenberg frame operator, and on the theory of polynomial matrices.
Export promotion organization emergence and development: a call to research

Most existing research examines export promotion organization (EPO) performance by assessing how firms benefit from their awareness, perceptions and use of EPO services. Remarkably, few studies examine how EPOs decide which services they will offer. This paper is presented as a call for further research to better understand how and why EPOs determine, deliver and amend their service offerings. This paper first reviews the EPO literature linking EPO service offering to firm awareness, perceptions and use of EPO services, all of which ultimately impact firm performance. Next, it is proposed that both macro‐ and micro‐level approaches derived from the organizational studies literature can be used to explore more fruitfully the effect of EPO genesis and change on EPO services. Each approach is followed by a brief illustrative example. In conclusion suggestions for further research, proposed methodologies, and a discussion of the policy implications of this line of inquiry are presented.
Coordinate regulation of Fanconi anemia gene expression occurs through the Rb/E2F pathway

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genome instability syndrome that is characterized by progressive bone marrow failure and a high risk of cancer. FA patients are particularly susceptible to leukemia as well as squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the head and neck, anogenital region and skin. Thirteen complementation groups and the corresponding FA genes have been identified, and their protein products assemble into nuclear core complexes during DNA-damage responses. Much progress has been made in our understanding of post-translational FA protein modifications and physical interactions. By contrast, little is known about the control of protein availability at the level of transcription. We report here that multiple FA proteins were downregulated during the proliferative arrest of primary human keratinocytes and HeLa cells, and that the observed regulation was at a transcriptional level. Proliferative stimuli such as expression of HPV16 E7 as well as E2F1 overexpression in primary cells resulted in coordinate FA upregulation. To define the underlying mechanism, we examined the endogenous FANCD2 promoter, and detected regulated binding of members of the E2F/Rb family in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Finally, a 1 kb promoter fragment was sufficient to confer E2F/Rb regulation in reporter assays. Taken together, our data demonstrate FA gene co-regulation in synchrony with the cell cycle and suggest that deregulated expression of individual FA genes-in addition to FA gene mutation-may promote FA-related human cancer.
Suggested statistical reappraisal of data from comparative study of febuxostat and allopurinol in chronic kidney disease.

To the Editor: Tsuruta et al. [1] have called attention to the potential value of febuxostat in the management of hyperuricemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Their important contribution augments existing literature regarding the safety and efficacy of febuxostat in this population [2] as we await results from prospective studies on the utility of the drug in slowing the progression of CKD in hyperuricemic individuals without gout [3]. In their retrospective study, Tsuruta et al. conclude that uric acid levels are lower and glomerular filtration rate are better preserved among patients taking febuxostat as compared to allopurinol (Tables 3 and 4 of [1]). However, their statistical analysis is based on a repeated Student’s t test but without adjustment for associated multiple comparisons via Bonferroni, Sidak-Holm, or related corrections [4]. Might the authors apprise interested readers of the relevant corrected statistical values? More compelling still would be an analysis with a randomeffects model or perhaps a survival analysis (perhaps utilizing percent of patients maintaining some level of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)), as these approaches would fully take into the time-series nature of their data.
Technology projects as a vehicle to empower students

Student empowerment pedagogy is supported by findings in brain research and cognitive sciences. Brain research has shown that the brain changes both structures and functions in response to experience. Learning occurs when neurons make connections with each other, weaving and expanding the web of links in brains. Neurons make faster connections when learning is situated in the environment that offers rich stimuli, allows learners to take risks, and values each unique learner. Emotions and thoughts have intensive interactions with each other in the learning process. When the learner feels a sense of empowerment, the learning is the most profound. This article describes a learning environment that combines technology learning with student empowerment pedagogy. Students and the instructor collaboratively investigated critical issues in their communities and used a multimedia authoring tool to present their findings and create educational materials on these issues. This article focuses on the essential aspects...
The benefits of a manufacturing execution system for plantwide automation

Abstract Process industries that have achieved a good foundation for process control but were disillusioned by grandiose computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems are seeking manufacturing execution system (MES) solutions as the next logical step in their plant-wide automation schemes. MES provide a level of control in between process control and manufacturing resource planning (MRP II). MES increase manufacturing competitiveness by controlling plant resources including material, equipment, personnel, process instructions, and facilities. An integrated MES typically consists of a relational database management system (RDBMS), computer-aided systems engineering (CASE) tools for application development, a document management system, and CIM interfaces. An MES provides a production management system with the capabilities for scheduling, supervisory monitoring and control, and quality management. The benefits of MES systems are numerous including a focus on continuous quality and cost improvements, aiding in compliance with OSHA, FDA, ISO 9000, and EPA regulations, batch record handling reducing wastes, product tracking, and empowering the operators. MES applications using ISA SP88 and NAMUR concepts provide integrated solutions for batch oriented processes in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. MES solutions also have applicability in pulp and paper mill-wide automation schemes, refineries, and other process industries.
Masculinization induced by neonatal exposure to PGE2 or estradiol alters c-fos induction by estrous odors in adult rats

Abstract Processing of relevant olfactory and pheromonal cues has long been known as an important process necessary for social and sexual behavior in rodents. Several nuclei that receive input from the vomeronasal projection pathway are involved in sexual behavior and show changes in immediate early gene expression after stimulation with a variety of sex-related stimuli. The nuclei in this pathway are sexually dimorphic due to the early patterning events induced by estradiol derived from testicular androgens, which developmentally defeminize and masculinize the brain and adult sexual behavior. Masculinization can be induced independently of estradiol via prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), and therefore assessed separately from defeminization. Here we examined the effects of brain defeminization and masculinization on neuronal response to sex-related odors using Fos, the protein product of the immediate early gene c-fos, as an indicator of activity. Female rat pups treated with a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, to reduce PGE2, plus estradiol, estradiol alone, and PGE2 alone were exposed to estrous female odor as adults and the resulting Fos expression was examined in the medial amygdala, preoptic area, and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Defeminized and/or masculinized females all showed patterns of Fos activity similar to control males and significantly different from control females. These results suggest that early exposure to estradiol and PGE2 do not affect olfaction in females, but switch the activity pattern of sex-related nuclei in females to resemble that of males following exposure to sexually-relevant cues.
Contesting the New South Order: The 1914-1915 Strike at Atlanta's Fulton Mills

In May 1914, workers walked off their jobs at Atlanta's Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills, launching a lengthy strike that was at the heart of the American Federation of Labor's first major attempt to organize southern workers in over a decade. In its celebrity, the Fulton Mills strike was the regional contemporary of the well-known industrial conflicts in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and Ludlow, Colorado. Although ultimately unsuccessful, the strike was an important episode in the development of the New South, and as Clifford Kuhn demonstrates, its story sheds light on the industrialization, urbanization, and modernization of the region. Drawing on an extraordinary collection of sources - including reports from labor spies and company informants, photographs, federal investigations, oral histories, and newly uncovered records from the old mill's vaults - Kuhn vividly depicts the strike and the community in which it occurred. He also chronicles the struggle for public opinion that ensued between management, workers, union leaders, and other interested parties. Finally, Kuhn reflects on the legacy of the strike in southern history, exploring its complex ties to the evolving New South.
Psychosocial Mediators of the Impact of Acculturation on Adolescent Substance Abuse

To identify and evaluate socio-psychological factors that are associated with differences in substance abuse prevalence between non-acculturated and acculturated Florida youth, we employed t-test and logistic regression to analyze self-reported data from 63,000 middle and high school student participants in the 2004 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey. Questionnaire items covered socio-demographics, tobacco, alcohol, and illicit substance use; and perceptions and attitudes toward drug use. The outcome variables were past 30 day use of “any illicit drug.” The key independent variable was language used at home (English/Another language). The covariates were 32 socio-psychological factors that are considered risk and protective factors for adolescent drug abuse. Findings support the growing body of evidence suggesting that acculturation status is a strong predictor of substance use among adolescents. This effect may be mediated principally through the family and peer/individual psychosocial domains. The findings may have important implications for the design and implementation of drug prevention programs targeting teenagers.
Contemporary norms for the Wiggins Content Scales: A 45‐year update

The Wiggins Content Scales (WCS) continue to be popular among clinicians. However, MMPI profile patterns across the basic scales have shown significant changes since the inception of the MMPI in 1937. Therefore, the possibility of similar changes on the WCS was investigated. Significant differences between the old norms and a large, randomly selected contemporary normal sample (N = 1,408) were found on 9 of the WCS for women and on 5 for men. New normative tables are presented as an aid for clinicians who use the WCS.
Process and Pragmatism

There is an inherent affinity between process philosophy and pragmatism even though the two do not always appear together. A world conceived in terms of changing events lends itself better to the recognition of the fundamental place of behavior in formulating knowledge than does a world conceived in terms of substance. Events are in passage while objects insofar as they are clear, distinct, and precise are static. An object that changes becomes in respect to the change a different object;2 but an event that is not continually changing in every respect is not an event. In explicating the meaning of ‘event’ there is an essential reference to time which the explication of ‘object’ lacks. If the object is a physical object, there is an essential reference to space and a locus in time, but the locus need not be regarded as a duration. In case the locus is a duration and the physical object endures, the object may change, coming into being or passing away; but the change is not a part of what is defined as the object; it is contingent. Events, however, are spatio-temporal. Both a when and a where are involved in every event. Thus, events are more concrete than objects. The concept of an object prescinds from time, and a substance oriented philosophy proceeds from a more abstract initial presupposition than does a process oriented philosophy.
Response Rates in HRM/OB Survey Research: Norms and Correlates, 1990-1994

Literature from marketing, sociology, and public opinion measurement reveals several variables associated with high response rates. The literature suggests that advance notice, follow-up reminders, monetary incentives, and issue salience are associated with higher response rates in consumer populations. Further, the literature suggests that length of questionnaire decreases response rates. An analysis of articles from the Journal of Applied Psychology, Personnel Psychology, Human Relations, Group & Organization Management, Journal of Business and Psychology, and Public Personnel Management was conducted for the years 1990 to 1994 to determine if these trends generalized to industrial samples. Multiple regression analyses found that four variables were significantly associated with response rates. These variables were advance notice, identification numbers, follow-up reminders, and salience. The associations of figllow-up reminders and salience to higher response rates were only found in mailed surveys. Fu...
The neurotrophins BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4/5 promote survival and morphological and biochemical differentiation of striatal neurons in vitro.

The neurotrophins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5) and nerve growth factor (NGF), were compared for their effects on the survival and differentiation of embryonic rat striatal neurons grown in low-density cultures. Treatment with BDNF for 8 days resulted in a 40% increase in overall neuronal survival, a 3- to 5-fold increase in the number of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons, and an 80% increase in GABA-positive neurons. Treatment with NT-3 or NT-4/5 produced a 2- to 3-fold increase in the number of calbindin-positive neurons and an increase in GABA-positive cell number similar to that induced by BDNF. BDNF treatment produced a striking morphological differentiation of striatal GABAergic neurons, which was characterized by a doubling of the number of neurite branch points, the total area of arborization and the perikaryal area compared to control cultures. All three of these factors increased high-affinity GABA uptake 2-fold. NGF had no effect on any of the parameters examined. Our results show that BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4/5 promote the survival and/or differentiation of calbindin-immunopositive and GABAergic striatal neurons.
“Sixth Avenue is now a memory”: Regimes of spatial inscription and the performative limits of the official city-text

Abstract Much has been written in recent years on the politics of place naming, but the subject nevertheless remains marginalized within the field of political geography. In the current study, I examine street naming as a performative practice that produces a contested space of political utterances. The notion of the performative speech act, first espoused by philosopher J. L. Austin, has influenced a range of geographical scholarship, largely through an engagement with the writings of feminist theorist Judith Butler. Extending the work of Butler and others, I contend that Austin's account of performative speech acts limits our understanding of the social struggles over what constitutes a legitimate performative action by naturalizing the authority of social convention. The case of renaming Sixth Avenue as the Avenue of the Americas in post-war New York is considered to illustrate the performative limits of sovereign authority over regimes of spatial inscription as well as the use of street naming as an instrument of foreign policy. I conclude that the legitimacy of a performative act depends, in large part, upon the performances and counter-performances that constitute the “perlocutionary field” of socio-spatial action.
Techniques for deriving Doppler temperatures from multiple-line Fabry-Perot profiles: an analysis.

Two techniques for recovery of the Doppler temperature from Fabry–Perot spectrometer observations of multiple-line profiles are tested. A direct fit of a modeled profile to the data is found to produce more consistent results and is less sensitive to noise than the method of least-squares fitting to low-order Fourier-transform coefficients derived from the data. This result is unexpected since the Fourier-transform method permits the reduction of noise by truncating the series of coefficients used to determine the temperature.
Towards a Sociological Understanding of Social Media: Theorizing Twitter

This article presents the first steps towards a sociological understanding of emergent social media. This article uses Twitter, the most popular social media website, as its focus. Recently, the social media site has been prominently associated with social movements in Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, and Algeria. Rather than rush to breathlessly describe its novel role in shaping contemporary social movements, this article takes a step back and considers Twitter in historical and broad sociological terms. This article is not intended to provide empirical evidence or a fully formed theoretical understanding of Twitter, but rather to provide a selected literature review and a set of directions for sociologists. The article makes connections specifically to Erving Goffman’s interactionist work, not only to make the claim that some existing sociological theory can be used to think critically about Twitter, but also to provide some initial thoughts on how such theoretical innovations can be developed.
Closed-form solution for the size of plastic zone in an edge-cracked strip

This paper is concerned with the problem of plastic zone at the tip of an edge crack in an isotropic elastoplastic strip under anti-plane deformations. By means of complex potential and Dugdale model, the stress intensity factor and the size of plastic zone are obtained in closed-form. Furthermore, the analytic solutions for an edge crack at the free boundary of a half-space and a semi-infinite crack heading towards a free surface are determined as the limiting cases of the strip geometries.
Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Movement Disorders

After botulinum toxin was initially used to treat strabismus in the 1970s, others started using it to treat movement disorders including blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, cervical dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia, and oromandibular dystonia. It was discovered that botulinum toxin can be an effective treatment for focal movement disorders with limited side effects. Over the past three decades, various formulations of botulinum toxin have been developed and the therapeutic use of these toxins has expanded in movement disorders and beyond. We review the history and mechanism of action of botulinum toxin, as well as describe different formulations available and their potential therapeutic uses in movement disorders.
Metanephric adenoma with embryonal hyperplasia of Bowman's capsular epithelium: previously unreported association.

We report a case of a 9-year-old boy with focal, segmental glomerulosclerosis who, following peritoneal dialysis, underwent renal transplantation and bilateral nephrectomy. The kidneys showed histological features of embryonal hyperplasia of Bowman’s capsular epithelium, an uncommon lesion that is seen most often in patients with chronic renal failure who are being maintained on dialysis. In addition, a 1-cm tumor in the left kidney showed features of metanephric adenoma. Although both lesions are uncommon, they share many similarities on a morphological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural basis. This association has not been previously reported and may shed some light on the histogenesis of these recently described lesions.
The Reliability of Computer Software to Score Essays: Innovations in a Humanities Course

In the summer of 2001, Florida Gulf Coast University was awarded a 2-year, $200,000 grant from the National Center for Academic Transformation to redesign a required General Education course entitled Understanding the Visual and Performing Arts. The course redesign project had two main goals: infuse appropriate technology into the course in meaningful ways and reduce the cost of delivering the course. Faculty members in the humanities and arts were adamant that the redesigned course be structured in such a way that it offered a coherent and consistent learning experience for all students and that it maintained the use of essays as an important strategy for learning in the class. The redesign project led to the creation of a wholly online course with all students registered in two large sections. One of the ways in which we continued to incorporate essay writing into the course was to use a computer application, the Intelligent Essay Assessor (IEA) from Pearson Knowledge Technologies, to score two shorter essays. Through detailed assessment, we have demonstrated that the computer software has an inter-rater reliability of 81% as compared to the 54% inter-rater reliability of the holistic scoring by humans. In this essay, we provide general background on the redesign project and a more detailed discussion of the appropriate use and the reliability of the Intelligent Essay Assessor.
6—Waking Up From The Cognitivist Dream—The Computational View of the Mind and High Performance

At that moment, when I had the TV sound off, I was in a 382 mood; I had just dialed it. So although I heard the emptiness intellectually, I didn’t feel it. My first reaction consisted of being grat...
Treatment Manuals: Necessary, but Far From Sufficient

This commentary suggests that the transport of evidence-based mental health treatments to field settings is a complex and multi-layered process. Although treatment manuals may represent one important component of that process, researchers are often ignoring many other critical components.
A Ge/SiGe quantum well waveguide modulator monolithically integrated with SOI waveguides

We present a Ge/SiGe quantum well QCSE waveguide modulator that is monolithically integrated with SOI waveguides. The integrated device shows 3.2 dB contrast ratio with 1 V swing at 7.0 Gbps.
Travel and retirement status.

Abstract Research shows that travel is a desired activity among retirees; however, investigations into the relationship between retirement and older adult travel activity have been limited by basing retirement status on attainment of age 65, an outdated criterion given recent social, political, and economic changes. Four separate analyses examine the relationship between known retirement status and constraints to travel activity; use of various forms of travel information; travel characteristics, and participation in travel related activities. A number of similarities and differences emerge from this examination. Travel neither becomes more nor less frequent after retirement and interest appears constant. Where differences in travel activity do occur, work force involvement and age may be underlying causes.
Frequent occurrence of metastatic disease in patients with renal cell carcinoma and intrahepatic or supradiaphragmatic intracaval extension treated with surgery: an outcome analysis

Abstract Objectives. Previous reports indicate that up to 10% of patients with localized renal cell carcinoma have direct intracaval neoplastic extension. Many patients with locally confined tumors and small intracaval tumor extensions can be surgically cured. Few studies have documented long-term survival after radical surgery for renal cell carcinoma involving higher vena caval tumor extension. We report the follow-up of 34 consecutive patients undergoing radical nephrectomy and intrahepatic or supradiaphragmatic intracaval thrombectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Methods. From October 1982 through January 1993, 34 consecutive patients with a mean age of 60 years were identified as having clinical Stage T3 renal cell carcinoma (mean diameter 9.5 ± 4.0 cm) with intrahepatic (41%) or supradiaphragmatic (59%) intracaval neoplastic extension. Patients underwent radical nephrectomy with intrahepatic caval thrombectomy (38%) or supradiaphragmatic caval thrombectomy using cardiac bypass with hypothermia and circulatory arrest (62%). Clinical outcome was assessed during a mean follow-up of 30 months (range 1 to 182). Results. A total of 24 (71%) of 34 tumors demonstrated capsular penetration, and 22 (65%) of 34 had significant perinephric extension into Gerota’s fascia by pathologic analysis. Metastatic disease was identified in 35% of patients either at the time of surgery or by pathologic analysis. Using Kaplan-Meier actuarial analysis, the likelihood of survival for all 34 consecutive patients after surgery was 68% (95% confidence interval [CI] 49% to 81%) at 1 year, 32% (95% CI 18% to 48%) at 2 years, 14% (95% CI 5% to 28%) at 5 years, and 9% (95% CI 2% to 24%) at 10 years. Neither capsular penetration, perinephric extension, the level of intracaval extension of tumor, nor the use of cardiopulmonary bypass significantly affected survival. Conclusions. In patients with renal cell carcinoma and intrahepatic or supradiaphragmatic intracaval extension of tumor, the presence of metastases is a frequent occurrence and, if present, greatly diminishes survival. Improvements in the preoperative detection of occult metastases are needed if surgery alone is to improve survival.
Women's Health and Behavioral Health Issues in Health Care Reform

As health care reform promises to change the landscape of health care delivery, its potential impact on women's health looms large. Whereas health and mental health systems have historically been fragmented, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) mandates integrated health care as the strategy for reform. Current systems fragment women's health not only in their primary care, mental health, obstetrical, and gynecological needs, but also in their roles as the primary caregivers for parents, spouses, and children. Changes in reimbursement, and in restructuring financing and care coordination systems through accountable care organizations and medical homes, will potentially improve women's health care.
Appearance of a Cavernous Hemangioma in the Cerebral Cortex after a Biopsy of a Deeper Lesion

Cavernous hemangiomas are vascular malformations that can occur throughout the central nervous system. In certain patients, multiple lesions are known to occur. We present a patient with multiple cavernous hemangiomas who had a computed tomography-guided biopsy of a deep parieto-occipital lesion through a burr hole. Several passes of a biopsy needle were used. During a 5-year interval, the patient developed a new lesion directly under the burr hole on the cortical surface. The new lesion appears to have occurred from the implantation and growth of a cavernous hemangioma secondary to the biopsy.
Barycenters of extreme points in the cone of non-negative entire functions

In the cone of non-negative (on the real axis) entire functions, a certain simple functionf(x) is shown not to be the barycenter of any finite number of extreme functions. This is in contradistinction to S. Karlin's result that every non-negativepolynomial is the barycenter oftwo extreme ones.
Length of stay: an appropriate quality measure?

Hypothesis Although demographic and clinical information are known to affect hospital length of stay (LOS), we hypothesized that LOS after traumatic injury would be significantly influenced by nonclinical factors. Design Retrospective database analysis. Patients Trauma patients treated at hospitals participating in data submission to the National Trauma Data Bank. Methods The National Trauma Data Bank was queried for all patients older than 18 years with an LOS longer than 48 hours and complete demographic information including age, sex, and race/ethnicity; nonclinical factors including payment type (commercial, Medicaid, Medicare, uninsured, and other) and discharge destination (home, rehabilitation facility, nursing home, and other); and clinical information (body region injured, Injury Severity Score, and Revised Trauma Score). Statistical analysis was performed using generalized linear modeling adjusted for multiple comparisons. Main Outcome Measures Length of stay greater than the mean. Results We obtained 313 144 medical records. Mean LOS was 9.6 days. Discharge destination had the greatest effect on LOS. Mean LOS for patients with Medicaid (11.3 days) was significantly longer than for patients with commercial insurance and uninsured patients (each 9.3 days) and patients with Medicare (8.8 days). Length of stay was longer for patients discharged to a nursing home (14.2 days) or rehabilitation facility (11.5 days) compared with those discharged to any other facility (9.6 days). In multivariate analysis, factors significantly associated with extended LOS included age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance status, discharge destination, and Revised Trauma Score. Conclusions Nonclinical factors significantly influence LOS. If LOS is used as a quality measure for injured patients, adjustment for these factors is necessary.
Usage-based pricing of packet data generated by a heterogeneous user population

Usage-based pricing of offered traffic to a data network can be an effective technique for congestion control. To gain insight into the benefits usage-based pricing offers, the authors propose and study a simple model in which many users wish to transmit packets to a single-server queue. Based on the announced price per packet and the available quality of service (QoS) (e.g., mean delay), each user independently decides whether or not to transmit. Given statistical assumptions about the incoming traffic streams and the QoS as a function of offered load, the equilibrium relationship between price and QoS is determined by a fixed-point equation. The relationships among price, QoS, revenue, and server capacity are illustrated numerically, assuming a particular type of random user population. These examples indicate that adjusting the price to maximize revenue results in an efficient use of service capacity with an associated small mean delay.
Structures of antifreeze peptides from the antarctic eel pout, Austrolycicthys brachycephalus.

Abstract The antarctic eel pout, Austrolycicthys brachycephalus, synthesizes two predominant antifreeze peptides (AFPs) which, based on purification yields, make up about 94 and 6%, respectively, of the antifreezes in its serum. The amino acid sequences of these two AFPs, AB1 and AB2, were determined using automated sequencing, and compositional analyses of peptide fragments from enzymatic digests, and verified by molecular masses obtained with Fast Atom Bombardment Mass spectrometry. Substantial homologies in amino acid sequence exist between the AFPs of Austrolycicthys and those of other Southern and Northern eel pouts. 72% of the residues of AB1, and 84% of AB2, are identical to those of an AFP from another antarctic eel pout, Rhigophila dearborni. Between AB1 and AB2, 83% of the residues are identical. Secondary structure data based on circular dichroism studies indicated AB1 to be a random chain, but a sharp thermal transition of CD spectra around 30°C suggested the presence of definite secondary or tertiary structure.
Evoked potential study of connections of avian archistriatum and caudal neostriatum.

Evoked potential recording revealed that light but not auditory, tactile stimulation or sciatic nerve activated the archistriatum of urethane-anesthetized chickens. Stimulation of the archistriatum evoked short latency responses throughout the distribution of tractus occipito-mesencephalicus. Longer latency responses were recorded in other striate areas. Contralateral responses were much less widespread but were recorded from sites in archistriatum, septum, hypothalamus and optic tectum. The absence of multi-sensory input coupled with the widespread projections of the archistriatum and the taming effect of lesions in tractus occipito-mesencephalicus suggest that the structure serves as an activator in escape behavior. Reciprocal relations with tectal and/or neostriate regions demonstrated in the study are suggested as the sources for the necessary sensory information for this activating mechanism.
What can we expect from biomarkers for acute kidney injury

Biomarkers for acute kidney injury have numerous potential roles to play both at the bedside and in the design and conduct of clinical trials. Given the heterogeneous nature of this disease and the difficulty, so far, in developing effective therapies, a strategy that deploys all of our available tools in the treatment and in study of treatments would seem prudent. In this review, we discuss how biomarkers will change the way we do we take care of patients with and do clinical trials in acute kidney injury and why, in fact, biomarkers are necessary.
CPM in CMPs: Coordinated Power Management in Chip-Multiprocessors

Multiple clock domain architectures have recently been proposed to alleviate the power problem in CMPs by having different frequency/voltage values assigned to each domain based on workload requirements. However, accurate allocation of power to these voltage/frequency islands based on time varying workload characteristics as well as controlling the power consumption at the provisioned power level is quite non-trivial. Toward this end, we propose a two-tier feedback-based control theoretic solution. Our first-tier consists of a global power manager that allocates power targets to individual islands based on the workload dynamics. The power consumptions of these islands are in turn controlled by a second-tier, consisting of local controllers that regulate island power using dynamic voltage and frequency scaling in response to workload requirements.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Improves Altered Na Channel Gating in Canine Model of Dyssynchronous Heart Failure

Background— Slowed Na+ current ( I Na) decay and enhanced late I Na ( I Na-L) prolong the action potential duration (APD) and contribute to early afterdepolarizations. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) shortens APD compared with dyssynchronous heart failure (DHF); however, the role of altered Na+ channel gating in CRT remains unexplored. Methods and Results— Adult dogs underwent left-bundle branch ablation and right atrial pacing (200 beats/min) for 6 weeks (DHF) or 3 weeks followed by 3 weeks of biventricular pacing at the same rate (CRT). I Na and I Na-L were measured in left ventricular myocytes from nonfailing, DHF, and CRT dogs. DHF shifted voltage-dependence of I Na availability by −3 mV compared with nonfailing, enhanced intermediate inactivation, and slowed recovery from inactivation. CRT reversed the DHF-induced voltage shift of availability, partially reversed enhanced intermediate inactivation but did not affect DHF-induced slowed recovery. DHF markedly increased I Na-L compared with nonfailing. CRT dramatically reduced DHF-induced enhanced I Na-L, abbreviated the APD, and suppressed early afterdepolarizations. CRT was associated with a global reduction in phosphorylated Ca2+/Calmodulin protein kinase II, which has distinct effects on inactivation of cardiac Na+ channels. In a canine AP model, alterations of I Na-L are sufficient to reproduce the effects on APD observed in DHF and CRT myocytes. Conclusions— CRT improves DHF-induced alterations of Na+ channel function, especially suppression of I Na-L, thus, abbreviating the APD and reducing the frequency of early afterdepolarizations. Changes in the levels of phosphorylated Ca2+/Calmodulin protein kinase II suggest a molecular pathway for regulation of I Na by biventricular pacing of the failing heart.
Heterogeneous process state capture and recovery through Process Introspection

The ability to capture the state of a process and later recover that state in the form of an equivalent running process is the basis for a number of important features in parallel and distributed systems. Adaptive load sharing and fault tolerance are wellhknown examples. Traditional state capture mechanisms have employed an external agent (such as the operating system kernel) to examine and capture process state. However, the increasing prevalence of heterogeneous cluster and “metacomputing” systems as highhperformance computing platforms has prompted investigation of processhinternal state capture mechanisms. Perhaps the greatest advantage of the processhinternal approach is the ability to support crosshplatform state capture and recovery, an important feature in heterogeneous environments. Among the perceived disadvantages of existing processhinternal mechanisms are poor performance in multiple respects, and difficulty of use in terms of programmer effort. In this paper we describe a new processhinternal state capture and recovery mechanism: Process Introspection. Experiences with this system indicate that the perceived disadvantages associated with processhinternal mechanisms can be largely overcome, making this approach to state capture an appropriate one for cluster and metacomputing environments.
Important Elements for the Diagnosis of Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Background & Aims Drug-induced liver disease is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the United States. Accurate reporting of drug-induced liver injury is essential for early detection of hepatotoxicity and for developing reliable, interpretable literature. We assessed the extent to which published case reports of drug-induced liver disease include sufficient clinical data for interpreting the cause of toxicity. Methods We developed a list of 42 predetermined, specific minimal elements necessary in evaluating causality of drug-induced liver injury. We then analyzed 97 published case reports or series studies of hepatotoxicity from 6 drugs (from 3 classes): amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (n = 35), troglitazone (n = 32), rosiglitazone (n = 10), pioglitazone (n = 8), zafirlukast (n = 8), and montelukast (n = 4). Results Patient age, sex, primary disease, and drug name were reported in most, if not all, published case reports. However, many elements were underreported; some publications did not mention initial bilirubin levels (12%), many did not provide initial alkaline phosphatase levels (58%), and others provided vague descriptions of how certain diagnoses were excluded, that is, tests for hepatitis A, B, and C were negative. Data on abnormal results from serial liver tests frequently were absent. Exclusions of competing viral etiologies were reported in less than 50% of the studies. Conclusions Reports of drug-induced liver diseases often do not provide the data needed to determine the causes of the adverse effects. Efforts to promote and include a list of essential diagnostic elements in research articles could increase the quality and clinical utility of published case reports of drug toxicity.
Automatic extraction of functional parallelism from ordinary programs

Presents the hierarchical task graph (HTG) as an intermediate parallel program representation which encapsulates minimal data and control dependences, and which can be used for the extraction and exploitation of functional, or task-level parallelism. The hierarchical nature of the HTG facilitates efficient task-granularity control during code generation, and thus applicability to a variety of parallel architectures. The construction of the HTG at a given hierarchy level, the derivation of the execution conditions of tasks which maximizes task-level parallelism, and the optimization of these conditions which results in reducing synchronization overhead imposed by data and control dependences are emphasized. Algorithms for the formation of tasks and their execution conditions based on data and control dependence constraints are presented. The issue of optimization of such conditions is discussed, and optimization algorithms are proposed. The HTG is used as the intermediate representation of parallel Fortran and C programs for generating parallel source as well as parallel machine code. >
Reduced-rank signature~receiver adaptation

Interference in code-division multiple access (CDMA) and multi-antenna systems can be avoided by choosing a signature (in space and/or time), which lies in the direction of least interference plus noise. If the interference statistics are unknown a priori, then the signature can be adaptively estimated with a training sequence. We present an iterative scheme for joint signature-receiver adaptation with an adaptive reduced-rank multi-stage Wiener filter (MSWF) at the receiver. We establish convergence of the iterative signature-receiver optimization scheme for a single user with fixed interference, and show that the limiting performance for any filter rank D ges 2 is the same as that obtained with a full-rank receiver. To reduce feedback requirements, we also consider joint signature-receiver adaptation with a reduced-rank signature, which is confined to a randomly chosen subspace. Numerical results are presented for both single- and multi-user (group) adaptation, which show that reduced-rank signature-receiver estimation can achieve near-optimal performance with relatively little training and low complexity
CXCL13 Is Required for B1 Cell Homing, Natural Antibody Production, and Body Cavity Immunity

Abstract B1 cells are a predominant cell type in body cavities and an important source of natural antibody. Here we report that in mice lacking the chemokine, CXCL13, B1 cells are deficient in peritoneal and pleural cavities but not in spleen. CXCL13 is produced by cells in the omentum and by peritoneal macrophages, and in adoptive transfers, B1 cells home to the omentum and the peritoneal cavity in a CXCL13-dependent manner. CXCL13 −/− mice are deficient in preexisting phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific antibodies and in their ability to mount an anti-PC response to peritoneal streptococcal antigen. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of B1 cell homing and establish a critical role for B1 cell compartmentalization in the production of natural antibodies and for body cavity immunity.
Parallel Contour Matching and 3D Partial Retrieval in Bio-Image Database

Parallel 3D reconstruction and partial retrieval from 2D image slices based on object contour structure are introduced. In this paper, 2D images are segmented into object contours. Related object contours on adjacent image slices are linked together to form the 3D component. Parallel algorithms are designed and implemented for distributing contour matching and partial retrieval tasks among multiple processors. The methods have been implemented in MPI on an SGI Origin 2000 machine. The experimental results show good speedups for sequential object matching and partial 3D component retrieval.
Disruption of the dynamic sub-cellular localization of the Xenopus tumorhead protein causes embryonic lethality at the early gastrula transition

The Xenopus laevis tumorhead (TH) protein, a positive regulator of cell proliferation during embryogenesis, shuttles from the cell periphery into the nucleus during embryogenesis. In these studies, we performed a detailed analysis of TH's subcellular localization pattern to characterize its dynamic behavior. We found that TH exhibits distinct patterns of localization in different germ layers. At the blastula stage, TH is present in the apical cell periphery of prospective mesodermal and ectodermal cells. At the gastrula stage, TH is distributed throughout the entire cytoplasm of prospective mesodermal and ectodermal cells, whereas it shows nuclear localization in presumptive endodermal cells. TH moves into the nucleus of mesodermal and ectodermal cells during the neurula and early tailbud stages. To understand if TH is regulated by changes in its subcellular localization, we used a TH mutant containing signals for farnesylation and palmitoylation to tether the protein to the plasma membrane. Ubiquitous overexpression of this mutant causes embryonic lethality at the early gastrula transition. Further examination using TUNEL assays indicated that wild-type TH overexpression induces apoptosis during gastrulation, and that this effect is exacerbated by the overexpression of the membrane-bound TH mutant. Taken together, our results suggest that changes in the sub-cellular localization of the TH protein are important for its function because blocking the nuclear translocation of overexpressed TH increases apoptosis and causes embryos to die. Our data also suggest that TH plays a role outside the nucleus when it is present at the cell periphery.
ACANTHOCEPHALANS FROM CRABS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN U.S., WITH THE FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS KNOWN FOR ARHYTHMORHYNCHUS FRASSONI AND HEXAGLANDULA CORYNOSOMA

Cystacanths of Hexaglandula corynosoma were discovered in the fiddler crabs Uca spinicarpa and Uca rapax collected in Mississippi and Florida. Adults were present in yellow-crowned night herons, Nyctanassa violacea, collected in Florida. Cystacanths are very similar to adults, varying only in size and state of development. This is the first record of H. corynosoma from the United States and the first record of an intermediate host for any species of the genus. Cystacanths of Arhythmorhynchus frassoni were present in U. rapax from Florida. The proboscis size, shape, and armature of the cystacanths are identical to those of adults from clapper rails (Rallus longirostris) collected in several southeastern states. This is the first report of an intermediate host for A. frassoni. Profilicollis altmani cystacanths were collected from mole crabs (Emerita talpoida) at Atlantic Beach, North Carolina. These specimens, together with adults obtained from shore birds in Louisiana and Mississippi, are consistent with the view that P. altmani, Profilicollis kenti, and Profilicollis texensis are synonyms, with P. altmani having nomenclatural priority.