cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of maternal anemia on uteroplacental and fetal oxidative metabolism in sheep

We studied the effects of acute isovolemic maternal anemia on several variables of uterine and fetal oxygenation to answer these two questions: (1) Does maternal anemia cause reductions in oxygen delivery to the uterus, placenta, and fetus? (2) If so, what is the impact of such reductions on fetal oxidative metabolism? In 15 chronically catheterized pregnant sheep and fetal lambs, we measured uterine and umbilical blood flows and uterine and fetal oxygen deliveries, oxygen extractions, and oxygen consumptions at various, randomly selected maternal hematocrits ranging from 30% to 8%. We altered maternal hematocrit by performing isovolemic exchange transfusions with plasma or packed red blood cells. Uterine and umbilical blood flows were measured with the radionuclide-labeled microsphere technique, and the variables of oxygenation were calculated with modifications of the Fick principle. Decreases in maternal hematocrit led to linear reductions in oxygen delivery to the uterus, placenta, and fetus. Despite reductions in oxygen delivery of up to 50%, fetal oxygen consumption was maintained, because of compensatory increases in oxygen extraction. When hematocrit (and thus fetal oxygen delivery) was reduced by more than 50%, fetal oxygen consumption and the arterial blood base excess both decreased, indicating that, at these hematocrit levels, the supply of oxygen to fetal tissues was inadequate for the demands for oxygen by these tissues.
Geographic trough filling for internet datacenters

To reduce datacenter energy consumption and cost, current practice has considered demand-proportional resource provisioning schemes, where servers are turned on/off according to the load of requests. Most existing work considers instantaneous (Internet) requests only, which are explicitly or implicitly assumed to be delay-sensitive. On the other hand, in datacenters, there exist a vast amount of delay-tolerant jobs, such as background/maintainance jobs. In this paper, we explicitly differentiate delay-sensitive jobs and delay tolerant jobs. We focus on the problem of using delay-tolerant jobs to fill the extra capacity of datacenters, referred to as trough/valley filling. Giving a higher priority to delay-sensitive jobs, our scheme complements most existing demand-proportional resource provisioning schemes. Our goal is to design an intelligent trough filling mechanism that is energy efficient and also achieves good delay performance. Specifically, we propose a joint dynamic speed scaling and traffic shifting scheme. The scheme does not need statistical information of the system, which is usually difficult to obtain. In the proposed scheme, energy cost saving comes from dynamic speed scaling, statistical multiplexing, electricity price diversity, and service efficiency diversity. In addition, good delay performance is achieved via load shifting and capacity allocation based on queue conditions. We show the efficiency of the proposed scheme by both analysis and simulation.
Three Disk Oscillation Modes of Rotating Magnetized Neutron Stars

We discuss three specific modes of accretion disks around rotating magnetized neutron stars which may explain the separations of the kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) seen in low-mass X-ray binaries. The existence of these modes requires that there be a maximum in the angular velocity of the accreting material, and that the fluid be in stable, nearly circular motion near this maximum rather than moving rapidly toward the star or out of the disk plane into funnel flows. It is currently not known whether these conditions occur, but we are exploring this with 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations and will report the results elsewhere. The first mode is a corotation mode which is radially trapped in the vicinity of the maximum of the disk rotation rate and is unstable. The second mode, relevant to relatively slowly rotating stars, is a magnetically driven eccentric (m = 1) oscillation of the disk excited at a Lindblad radius in the vicinity of the maximum of the disk rotation. The third mode, relevant to rapidly rotating stars, is a magnetically coupled eccentric (m = 1) and an axisymmetric (m = 0) radial disk perturbation which has an inner Lindblad radius also in the vicinity of the maximum of the disk rotation. We suggest that the first mode is associated with the upper QPO frequency νu, the second with the lower QPO frequency νl = νu - ν*, and the third with the lower QPO frequency νl = νu - ν*/2, where ν* is the star's rotation rate.
Fluctuation relation for heat engines

We derive the exact equality, referred to as the fluctuation relation for heat engines (FRHE), that relates statistics of heat extracted from one of the two heat baths and the work per one cycle of a heat engine operation. Carnot’s inequality of classical thermodynamics follows as a direct consequence of the FRHE.
Classification of F ring features observed in Cassini UVIS occultations

Abstract The Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) has detected 27 statistically significant features in 101 occultations by Saturn’s F ring since July 2004. This work nearly doubles the number of features reported by Esposito et al. (Esposito, L.W. et al. [2008]. Icarus 194, 278–289). As the number of statistically significant features has grown, it has become useful to classify them for the purposes of cataloging. We define three classes: Moonlet, Icicle, and Core, which visually classify the shapes of features seen to date in the occultation profiles of Saturn’s F ring. Two features fall into the Moonlet class. Each is opaque in its occultation, which makes them candidates for solid objects. A majority of features are classified as Icicles, which partially block stellar signal for 22 m to just over 3.7 km along the radial expanse of the occultation. The density enhancements responsible for such signal attenuations are likely due to transient clumping of material, evidence that aggregations of material are ubiquitous in the F ring. Finally, the variety of core region shapes displays how even the general shape of the F ring is ever-changing. The core region of the F ring (typically ∼10 km wide) usually has a smooth U-shape to it, but the core region takes the shape of Ws and Vs in some occultation profiles. Our lengthy observing campaign reveals that Icicles are likely transient clumps, moonlets are possible solid objects, and cores show the variety of F ring morphology. We suggest that icicles may evolve into moonlets, which are an order of magnitude less abundant.
Graph products of spheres, associative graded algebras and Hilbert series

Given a finite, simple, vertex-weighted graph, we construct a graded associative (noncommutative) algebra, whose generators correspond to vertices and whose ideal of relations has generators that are graded commutators corresponding to edges. We show that the Hilbert series of this algebra is the inverse of the clique polynomial of the graph. Using this result it easy to recognize if the ideal is inert, from which strong results on the algebra follow. Noncommutative Grobner bases play an important role in our proof. There is an interesting application to toric topology. This algebra arises naturally from a partial product of spheres, which is a special case of a generalized moment–angle complex. We apply our result to the loop-space homology of this space.
Tomography of the reionization epoch with multifrequency CMB observations

We study the constraints that future multifrequency cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments will be able to set on the metal enrichment history of the intergalactic medium at the epoch of reionization. We forecast the signal-to-noise ratio for the detection of the signal introduced into the CMB by resonant scattering off metals at the end of the cosmic dark ages. We take into account systematics associated with cross-channel calibration, errors in reconstruction of the point-spread function, and inaccurate foreground removal. We develop an algorithm to optimally extract the signal generated by metals during reionization and to accurately remove the contamination due to the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. Although demanding levels of foreground characterization and control of systematics are required, they are very distinct from those encountered in H I 21 cm studies and CMB polarization, and this fact encourages the study of resonant scattering off metals as an alternative way of conducting tomography of the reionization epoch. A realistic experiment, looking at clean regions of the sky, can detect changes of 3%-12% (95% confidence level) in the O III abundance (with respect to its solar value) in the redshift range z = 12-22 for reionization redshift zre > 10. However, for zre < 10 one can only set upper limits on N II abundance increments of ~60% solar in the redshift range z = 5.5-9 (95% c.l.). These constraints assume that cross-channel calibration is accurate to 1 part in 104, which constitutes the most critical technical requirement of this method but is still achievable with current technology.
Observer-Based Adaptive Robust Control of Friction Stir Welding Axial Force

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new and promising joining process that is the subject of much current research. When welding with constant parameters, the axial force can vary significantly due to changes in workpiece temperature and other process variations. These variations produce welds with inconsistent microstructure and tensile strength. Control of the axial weld force is desirable to improve the weld quality. In this paper, an observer-based adaptive robust control (ARC) approach for the axial force of FSW is presented to overcome process disturbances and model errors stemming from the simplistic dynamic models suitable for control. Some correlation is shown between spindle power and axial force, allowing readily available power measurements to be used for feedback. A model of the axial force is developed as a combination of a nonlinear static gain and linear dynamics. An axial force controller is constructed using the ARC approach and estimated state feedback from the adaptive divided difference filter (ADDF). Verification experiments are conducted on a vertical milling machine configured for FSW using an open architecture controller. The combined ARC/ADDF technique is shown to dramatically reduce axial force variations in the presence of significant process disturbances.
A strong maximum principle for parabolic systems in a convex set with arbitrary boundary

In this paper we prove a strong maximum principle for certain parabolic systems ot equations. In particular, our methods place no restriction on the regularity of the boundary of the convex set in which the system takes its values, and therefore our results hold for any convex set. We achieve this through the use of viscosity solutions and their corresponding strong maximum principle.
The Optical and Near-Infrared Morphologies of Isolated Early-Type Galaxies

To study early-type galaxies in their simplest environments, we have constructed a well-defined sample of 30 isolated galaxies. The sample contains all early-type galaxies listed in the Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (RC3) with no other cataloged galaxy with a known redshift lying within a projected radius of 1 h Mpc and ±1000 km s-1 (where we use the recession velocities in the RC3). We have obtained optical and near-infrared images of 23 of the galaxies and of a comparison sample of 13 early-type galaxies in X-ray–detected poor groups of galaxies. We have applied the techniques of unsharp-masking, galaxy model division, and color maps to search for morphological features that might provide clues to the evolution of these galaxies. Evidence for dust features is found in approximately 75% of both the isolated and group galaxies (17 of 22 and 9 of 12, respectively). However, shells or tidal features are much more prevalent in our isolated sample than in our group sample (9 of 22 = 41% vs. 1 of 12 = 8%, respectively). The isolation and colors of these shell galaxies make it unlikely that tidal interactions or asymmetric star formation are the causes of such features. One model that is not ruled out is that mergers produce the shells. If shells and dust are both merger signatures, the absence of shells in group elliptical galaxies implies that shells (1) form more easily, (2) are younger, and/or (3) are longer lived in isolated environments.
An Extended Bracket Polynomial for Virtual Knots and Links

This paper defines a new invariant of virtual knots and flat virtual knots. We study this invariant in two forms: the extended bracket invariant and the arrow polyomial. The extended bracket polynomial takes the form of a sum of virtual graphs with polynomial coefficients. The arrow polynomial is a polynomial with a finite number of variables for any given virtual knot or link. We show how the extended bracket polynomial can be used to detect non-classicality and to estimate virtual crossing number and genus for virtual knots and links.
Probing the couplings of the top quark to gauge bosons

Abstract We parameterize the non-universal couplings of t − t − Z and t − b − W in the electroweak chiral lagrangian approach, and examine the constraints on these parameters from the LEP data. We also study how the SLC, Tevatron, LHC and NLC can improve the measurement of these couplings. Different symmetry breaking scenarios imply different correlations among these couplings, whose measurement will then provide a means to probe the electroweak symmetry breaking sector.
Incomparable, non-isomorphic and minimal Banach spaces

A Banach space contains either a minimal subspace or a continuum of incomparable subspaces. General structure results for analytic equivalence relations are applied in the context of Banach spaces to show that if E0 does not reduce to isomor- phism of the subspaces of a space, in particular, if the subspaces of the space admit a classication up to isomorphism by real numbers, then any subspace with an uncondi- tional basis is isomorphic to its square and hyperplanes, and the unconditional basis has an isomorphically homogeneous subsequence.
Determining lines of constant physics in the confinement phase of the SU(2) Higgs model

Abstract We present a method for finding lines of constant physics in the confinement phase of the SU(2) Higgs model on the lattice. The model is considered at finite values of the cut-off where it behaves like an effective field theory with three independent couplings. In particular, a renormalised quantity sensitive to a variation of the bare Higgs quartic self-coupling is constructed from generalised Binder cumulants. Numerical results for the non-perturbative matching of the bare parameters of the model between β =2.2 and β =2.4 are presented.
High-temperature stress-rupture characteristics of Mo and some Mo alloys.

The stress-rupture characteristics of unalloyed molybdenum at 2200°C were experimentally determined to be dependent on whether it is arc-cast or wrought sintered material. Three vendor sources of arc-cast molybdenum gave identical results whereas two sources of wrought sintered molybdenum gave results which were different from each other and different from the results for arc-cast molybdenum. The differences are attributed to the differences in grain size. The arc-cast material has huge grains (500^ to 900/x) whereas the wrought sintered material has relatively fine grains (25/z to 50/i) even after 100 hours at 2200°C. Stress-rupture curves for arc-cast molybdenum from 1600° to 2400 °C are presented as well as a plot of stress vs the Larson-Miller parameter. The constant in the L-M expression is determined to be 13.4. Also presented are the stress-rupture data for arc-cast molybdenum TZM at 2000° and 2200°C. The data indicate that the increased rupture life of TZM over unalloyed molybdenum is negligible at 2200°C. The stress-rupture data for wrought sintered Mo-50Re show it to have a rupture life approximately one order of magnitude greater than that for unalloyed molybdenum at both 1600° and 2200°C.
JackTrip: Under the Hood of an Engine for Network Audio

Abstract The design of a platform for bi-directional musical performance using modern Wide area networks (WANs) poses several challenges that are different from related applications, e.g. synchronous local area network (LAN) studio systems or uni-directional WAN streaming. The need to minimize as much as possible audio latency and also maximize audio quality requires specific strategies which are informed, in part, by musical decisions. We present some of the key design elements of the JackTrip application which has evolved through several years of deployment in musical work over wide area networks.
Interactive motion correction and object manipulation

Editing recorded motions to make them suitable for different sets of environmental constraints is a general and difficult open problem. In this paper we solve a significant part of this problem by modifying full-body motions with an interactive randomized motion planner. Our method is able to synthesize collision-free motions for specified linkages of multiple animated characters in synchrony with the characters' full-body motions. The proposed method runs at interactive speed for dynamic environments of realistic complexity. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our interactive motion editing approach with two important applications: (a) motion correction (to remove collisions) and (b) synthesis of realistic object manipulation sequences on top of locomotion.
Adjuvant immunotherapy for patients with melanoma: are patients with melanoma of the head and neck candidates for this therapy?

Background. Although a wealth of information is available on adjuvant immunotherapy for melanoma, little is known about adjuvant immunotherapy for head and neck melanoma. Interestingly, a few immunotherapy clinical trials report the observation of clinical responses in a subset of patients with head and neck melanoma. Method. An up-to-date literature search was performed to identify the current information on adjuvant immunotherapy for patients with melanoma, including head and neck melanoma. Moreover, a retrospective analysis of a subset of primary head and neck melanoma was performed using data from a phase III, randomized, double-blind, multi-institutinal, vaccinia melanoma oncolysate adjuvant immunotherapy trial that was performed in our laboratory for patients with stage III (AJCC) melanoma. Results. In a passive immunotherapy trial with an antibody to melanoma ganglioside antigen GM2, a complete regression was observed in one patient with lesions of the right cheek. In three active specific immunotherapy trials, including our phase III trial, a subset of patients with head and neck primary melanoma showed a longer disease-free and overall survival with immunotherapy. Moreover, these clinical responses were correlated to the induction of immune response, delayed-type hypersensitivity response and melanoma-specific antibody response. Conclusions. The above results therefore suggest that patients with head and neck melanoma clinically respond to immunotherapy. However, these results need to be confirmed in a prospectively randomized trial for patients with head and neck melanoma.
Feminism, ecology and the philosophy of economics

Abstract The contemporary discipline of economics pays little heed to either the natural environment or to the work of women. A review of the literature on the historical development of western concepts of self and science shows that this is not coincidental. Rather than suggesting that ecological economics reinforce the identification of women with nature, however, feminist thought suggests that dualistic thinking about men and women, humans and nature can be should be replaced with a fuller picture of human identity and knowledge.
Growth and applications of ferroelectric tungsten bronze family crystals

Single crystal growth of several ferroelectric tungsten bronze compositions such as Sr1-x Bax Nb2O6 (SBN), Sr2KNb5O15 (SKN), Ba2xSrxK1-yNayNb5O15 (BSKNN) and K3Li2Nb5O15 (KLN), has been studied in detail. The results show that the smaller unit cell bronzes, e.g., SBN and SKN, have a cylindrical growth habit with 24 well-defined facets while the larger unit cell bronzes, e.g., BSKNN and KLN, grow in a square shape with 4 well-defined facets. Significant changes in the dielectric and piezoelectric properties can be obtained with changes in composition, and significant differences in the physical properties, e.g., k33, d33 and d15, can be observed between the small and large unit cell bronzes.
Radiative corrections to pion-nucleon coupling constants☆☆☆

The electromagnetic corrections to the π-N coupling constants have been calculated by four methods. Feynman graphs, sidewise dispersion relations, sum rules, and current commutation relations. The results are explicitly shown to be gauge invariant. Only the nucleon intermediate state is considered in the Feynman approach and the dispersion relation approach, but the effect of the N∗ (1238) intermediate state is estimated in the commutation relation approach. The elastic electromagnetic form factors are used to cut off the integrals for the Feynman graphs and sum rules, and an ultraviolet cutoff is used in the dispersion integrals. The uses of PCAC and quark model current-current commutators for calculating the coupling constant shifts are shown to be model dependent and to lead to a logarithmic divergence. Comparisons of the various methods are made; although numerical results do not agree, they are generally in the direction required to understand charge dependent effects in N-N scattering.
The potential importance of non-local, deep transport on the energetics, momentum, chemistry, and aerosol distributions in the atmospheres of Earth, Mars, and Titan

Abstract A review of non-local, deep transport mechanisms in the atmosphere of Earth provides a good foundation for examining whether similar mechanisms are operating in the atmospheres of Mars and Titan. On Earth, deep convective clouds in the tropics constitute the upward branch of the Hadley Cell and provide a conduit through which energy, moisture, momentum, aerosols, and chemical species are moved from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. This transport produces mid-tropospheric minima in quantities such as water vapor and moist static energy and maxima where the clouds detrain. Analogs to this terrestrial transport are found in the strong and deep thermal circulations associated with topography on Mars and with Mars dust storms. Observations of elevated dust layers on Mars further support the notion that non-local deep transport is an important mechanism in the atmosphere of Mars. On Titan, the presence of deep convective clouds almost assures that non-local, deep transport is occurring and these clouds may play a role in global cycling of energy, momentum, and methane. Based on the potential importance of non-local deep transport in Earth's atmosphere and supported by evidence for such transport in the atmospheres of Mars and Titan, greater attention to this mechanism in extraterrestrial atmospheres is warranted.
Light gauginos — a solution to more than the EDMs?

Abstract In this talk I want to present questions that remained unclear to me in the last years. These questions concern the Electric Dipole Moments of electron and neutron and the way people exclude regions of parameter space.
Stereo- and regiocontrolled multiple functionalization of cyclooctadiene using organoiron chemistry.

Abstract The first example of sequential stereocontrolled attachment of carbon substituents to cyclooctadiene, via its tricarbonyliron complex, is described.
Stability for an inverse problem for a two-speed hyperbolic PDE in one space dimension

Suppose A(x), B(x) are 2 × 2 matrices on an interval [0, ∞) and C is a constant diagonal matrix with distinct positive entries. Let U(x, t) be the matrix solution of the system of hyperbolic PDEs CUtt − Uxx − AUx − BU = 0 on with the initial condition U(, t) = 0 for t < 0 and the boundary condition U(0, t) = δ(t)I2. We prove a stability result for the inverse problem of recovering A, B from Ux(0,). The solutions of the forward problem propagate with two different speeds so techniques for inverse problems for a single hyperbolic PDE are not applicable in any obvious way.
The failure of market failure

The concept of market failure was originally presented by economists as a normative explanation of why the need for government expenditures might arise. Gradually, the concept has taken on the form of a full-scale diagnostic tool frequently employed by policy analysts to determine the exact scope and nature of government intervention. For some time, economists have known that the market failure idea is conceptually flawed. The authors of this article demonstrate why this is so, employing concepts drawn from the perspective of transaction costs. In a review of empirical studies, they further show how the market failure diagnostic leads analysts to make generalizations that are not supported by facts. Transaction cost analysis helps to explain the underlying processes involved. © 1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
A convenient synthesis of unsymmetrical, substituted γ-pyrones from Meldrum's acid

Abstract A unique approach to the synthesis of mono and disubstituted γ-pyrones from acylated Meldrum's acid and vinyl ethers has been developed. The convenient one pot synthesis of these versatile polyketide equivalents is accomplished without strong base or low temperatures.
Active compensation of operational transconductance amplifier filters using partial positive feedback

An active compensation technique for improving high-frequency performance in OTA-C filters is presented. Each critical OTA is replaced by two OTAs connected in parallel with opposite polarity and with different transconductances. The novel feature of this technique is that it does not require tuning to reduce excess phase and yields filters with extended tuning ranges. It is demonstrated by a programmable bandpass filter from 1 to 9 MHz fabricated in 3- mu m CMOS technology. >
Assessing Investor Response to Information Events Using Return and Volume Metrics

Prior research addressing questions such as whether investors respond to a hypothesized information event used tests of unusual return and/or trading activity as alternative measures of investor response. We investigate which of these two metrics maximizes the likelihood that a researcher correctly detects the presence or absence of a response. Building on the repeated‐sample framework established in Brown and Warner (1980, 1985) and Dyckman et al. (1984), we provide evidence that (1) volume‐based metrics, especially measures based on numbers of transactions, provide more powerful tests of investor response to public disclosures than do return‐based metrics; and (2) supplementing return‐based measures with trading‐based measures increases the power of tests designed to detect investor response. Our conclusions are particularly relevant when power is critical (i.e., when sample sizes are small or anticipated investor response is small). Our evidence also suggests that before concluding that investors do no...
Androgen Regulates Apoptosis Induced by TNFR Family Ligands via Multiple Signaling Pathways in LNCaP

It has been suggested in many studies that combined treatment with chemotherapeutic agents and apoptosis-inducing ligands belonging to TNFR family is a more effective strategy for cancer treatment. However, the role of androgen regulation of TNFR family-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the dose-dependent effects of androgen on TNF-α and TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in LNCaP. To investigate the interaction between the androgen receptor (AR) and the caspase-2 gene, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis was used, and we are the first to identify that AR interacts in vivo with an androgen-responsive elements in intron 8 of caspase-2 gene. We have found that DHT inhibited apoptosis in dose-dependent manner. There is a direct, androgen-dependent correlation between the levels of activated Akt and caspase activation after treatment with TNF-α and TRAIL. We have also found that there are at least two different regulatory mechanisms of p53 expression by androgen: at the gene and protein levels. At the same time, the level of AR was found to be higher in LNCaP-si-p53 compared to LNCaP-mock cells. These data indicate that there is a mutual regulation of expression between p53 and AR. Our study suggests that androgen-dependent outcome of apoptotic treatment can occur, at least in part, via the caspase-2, Akt and p53-mediated pathways.
Theses on Method

The conjunction "of" that joins the two nouns in the disciplinary ethnonym "History of Religions" is not neutral filler. Religion is that discourse whose defining characteristic is its desire to speak of things eternal and transcendent with an authority equally transcendent and eternal. History is that discourse which speaks of things temporal and terrestrial in a human and fallible voice, while staking its claim to authority on rigorous critical practice. History of religions is a discourse that resists and reverses the orientation of that discourse with which it concerns itself. Cultural relativism is predicated on the dubious, fetishistic construction of "cultures", as if they were stable and discrete groups of people defined by the stable and discrete values, symbols, and practices they share. Critical inquiry has become commonplace in other disciplines, but offends many students of religion, who denounce it as "reductionism". Keywords: "History of Religions"; cultural relativism
Power-law Decay and the Ergodic–Nonergodic Transition in Simple Fluids

It is well known that mode coupling theory (MCT) leads to a two-step power-law time decay in dense simple fluids. We show that much of the mathematical machinery used in the MCT analysis can be taken over to the analysis of the systematic theory developed in the Fundamental Theory of Statistical Particle Dynamics (Mazenko in Phys Rev E 81(6):061102, 2010). We show how the power-law exponents can be computed in the second-order approximation where we treat hard-sphere fluids with statics described by the Percus–Yevick solution.
A survey of 3.3 micron PAH emission in planetary nebulae using FLITECAM

We have performed a study of 3.3 micron PAH emission in planetary nebulae using ground-based observations with FLITECAM, one of a suite of instruments designed for airborne astronomy aboard SOFIA, NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. The survey was performed on the Shane 3 meter telescope at Lick Observatory as part of the ground-based commissioning of the FLITECAM grism spectroscopy mode. Spectral resolution of R∼ 1700 was obtained with direct-ruled KRS-5 grisms. Targets included AGB stars and sources showing PAH emission in KAO, ISO or IRAS observations. Additionally, several oxygen-rich nebulae were observed in order to test methodology. Twenty objects were surveyed, of which 11 showed PAH emission. In objects exhibiting PAH emission, the relationship between the nebular C/O ratio and PAH equivalent width was found, showing a detectable PAH emission cutoff at a nebular C/O ratio of 0.65 ± 0.28. Selected objects with detected PAH emission were further investigated to trace PAH emission spectral variation within individual nebulae.
Spitzer Observations of 3C Quasars and Radio Galaxies: Mid-Infrared Properties of Powerful Radio Sources

We have measured mid-infrared radiation from an orientation-unbiased sample of 3CRR galaxies and quasars at redshifts 0.4 ≤ z ≤ 1.2 with the IRS and MIPS instruments on Spitzer. Powerful emission (L24 μm > 1022.4 W Hz-1 sr-1) was detected from all but one of the sources. We fit the Spitzer data and other measurements from the literature with synchrotron and dust components. The IRS data provide powerful constraints on the fits. At 15 μm, quasars are typically 4 times brighter than radio galaxies with the same isotropic radio power. Based on our fits, half of this difference can be attributed to the presence of nonthermal emission in the quasars but not the radio galaxies. The other half is consistent with dust absorption in the radio galaxies but not the quasars. Fitted optical depths are anticorrelated with core dominance, from which we infer an equatorial distribution of dust around the central engine. The median optical depth at 9.7 μm for objects with core dominance factor R > 10-2 is ≈0.4; for objects with R ≤ 10-2, it is ≈1.1. We have thus addressed a long-standing question in the unification of FR II quasars and galaxies: quasars are more luminous in the mid-infrared than galaxies because of a combination of Doppler-boosted synchrotron emission in quasars and extinction in galaxies, both orientation-dependent effects.
Identification of the cellular targets of bioactive small organic molecules using affinity reagents

The elucidation of molecular targets of bioactive small organic molecules remains a significant challenge in modern biomedical research and drug discovery. This tutorial review summarizes strategies for the derivatization of bioactive small molecules and their use as affinity probes to identify cellular binding partners. Special emphasis is placed on logistical concerns as well as common problems encountered during such target identification experiments. The roadmap provided is a guide through the process of affinity probe selection, target identification, and downstream target validation.
Optimal Contracting with Moral Hazard and Cascading

In this article I identify optimal incentive contracts for managers of firms competing in the product market. Such firms often confront similar decisions and uncertainties. Managers can improve decision quality by generating private signals through costly effort. However, since signals are likely to be correlated, firms that decide later get additional information from the actions of earlier firms. This impacts effort choice. Decision quality is also affected if later managers disregard their own signals and blindly imitate preceding decisions. In a competitive environment, such cascading hurts profits. Contracts that solve both moral hazard and cascading problems typically put more weight on firm profits, making them expensive. Contacts with more weight on decision quality are less expensive but result in cascades. Shareholders choose contracts that maximize their net surplus. This results in testable implications about which industries may have more convergence in investment choices, greater pay-for-profit sensitivity, larger differences in observed contracts, more innovation, larger-size firms, and potential for overcompensation. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
On the Potential Use of Adaptive Control Methods for Improving Adaptive Natural Resource Management

The paradigm of adaptive natural resource management (AM), in which experiments are used to learn about uncertain aspects of natural systems, is gaining prominence as the preferred technique for the administration of large-scale environmental projects. To date, however, tools consistent with economic theory have yet to be used to either evaluate AM strategies or improve decision making in this framework. Adaptive control (AC) techniques provide such an opportunity. This paper demonstrates the conceptual link between AC methods, the alternative treatment of realized information during a planning horizon, and AM practices, shows how the different assumptions about the treatment of observational information can be represented through alternative dynamic programming model structures, and provides a means of valuing alternative treatments of information and augmenting traditional benefit–cost analysis through a decomposition of the value function. The AC approach has considerable potential to help managers prioritize experiments, plan AM programs, simulate potential AM paths, and justify decisions based on an objective valuation framework. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crisis and aftermath

Last November the Internet was infected with a worm program that eventually spread to thousands of machines, disrupting normal activities and Internet connectivity for many days. The following article examines just how this worm operated.
An analytical sensitivity method for use in integrated aeroservoelastic aircraft design

Abstract Next generation air and space vehicle designs are being driven by increased performance requirements, demanding a high level of design integration between traditionally separate design disciplines. Interdisciplinary analysis capabilities have been developed for aeroservoelastic aircraft and large flexible spacecraft, but the requisite integrated design methods are only beginning to be developed. One integrated design method which has received attention is based on hierarchal problem decompositions, optimisation, and design sensitivity analyses. This paper highlights a design sensitivity analysis method for linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) optimal control laws, enabling the use of LQG techniques in the hierarchal design methodology. The LQG sensitivity analysis method calculates the change in the optimal control law and resulting controlled system responses due to changes in fixed design integration parameters using analytical sensitivity equations. Numerical results of a LQG design sensitivity analysis for a realistic aeroservoelastic aircraft example are presented. In this example, the sensitivity of the optimal control law and aircraft response for various parameters such as wing bending natural frequency is determined. The sensitivity results computed from the analytical expressions are used to estimate changes in response resulting from changes in the parameters. Comparisons of the estimates with exact calculated responses show they are reasonably accurate for ±15% changes in the parameters. It is also shown that evaluation of the analytical expressions is computationally faster than equivalent finite difference calculations.
The value of information in a sealed-bid auction

Abstract In this paper, we explore bidders' incentives to gather information in auctions, when there is one bidder with only public information and another with some private information. We find that the bidder with only public information makes no profit at equilibrium, while the bidder with private information generally makes positive profits. Moreover, the informed bidder's profits rise when he gathers extra information, and the increase in greater when the information is collected overtly than when it is collected covertly. When the uniformed bidder can observe some of the better-informed bidder's information, he prefers to make his observations covertly. If the seller has access to some of the better-informed bidder's information, or if he has affiliated information of his own, he can raise the expected price by adopting a policy of making that information public. However, there are cases where a policy of publicizing his information would lower the expected price. The distinguishing feature of these latter cases seems to be that the seller's information is complementary to the information of the better-informed bidder.
Synthesis of diaryl ethers using an easy-to-prepare, air-stable, soluble copper(I) catalyst

We have found that bromo(triphenylphosphine)copper(I), an air-stable and soluble copper(I) complex, can be used as a catalyst in the synthesis of diaryl ethers. Using this catalyst, we have synthesized diaryl ethers from electron-rich aryl bromides and electron-rich phenols in the presence of cesium carbonate, in 17–24 h, in NMP. We also found that electron-deficient aryl bromides couple with phenols in the presence of cesium carbonate, in 6 h in NMP at 70°C, without the catalyst.
Silver-mediated fluorination, trifluoromethylation, and trifluoromethylthiolation of arynes

General approaches for fluorination, trifluoromethylation, and trifluoromethylthiolation were developed based on the electrophilic nature of arynes. In these reactions, the addition of fluorine-containing nucleophiles onto aryne intermediates was efficiently promoted by either silver catalysts or silver-containing stoichiometric reagents. Contrary to known methods that require aromatic precursors, our new approach enables efficient non-traditional synthesis of Ar–F, Ar–CF3 and Ar–SCF3 from non-aromatic building blocks under relatively mild conditions.
Approximate spacetime symmetries and conservation laws

A notion of geometric symmetry is introduced that generalizes the classical concepts of Killing fields and other affine collineations. There is a sense in which flows under these new vector fields minimize deformations of the connection near a specified observer. Any exact affine collineations that may exist are special cases. The remaining vector fields can all be interpreted as analogs of Poincare and other well-known symmetries near timelike worldlines. Approximate conservation laws generated by these objects are discussed for both geodesics and extended matter distributions. One example is a generalized Komar integral that may be taken to define the linear and angular momenta of a spacetime volume as seen by a particular observer. This is evaluated explicitly for a gravitational plane wave spacetime.
Steady Vapor Bubbles in Rectangular Microchannels.

Abstract We consider vapor bubbles in microchannels in which the vapor is produced by a heater element and condenses in cooler parts of the interface. The free boundary problem is formulated for a long steady-state bubble in a rectangular channel with a heated bottom. Lubrication-type equations are derived for the shape of the liquid–vapor interface in a cross-sectional plane and in the regime for which the vapor phase fills most of the cross section. These equations are then solved numerically over a range of parameter values with given temperature profiles in the walls and subject to a global integral condition requiring evaporation near the heater to balance condensation in colder areas of the interface. Our results show that depending on the temperature, the side walls can be either dry or covered with a liquid film and we identify criteria for these two different regimes. The asymptotic method breaks down in the limit when capillary condensation becomes important near the bubble top and a different approach is used to determine the shape of the bubble in this limit. Solutions here involve localized regions of large mass fluxes, which are asymptotically matched to capillary-statics regions where the heat transfer is negligible.
Range search in parallel using distributed data structures

Abstract We present a parallel algorithm to obtain a set of points in a rectangular parallelpiped (range-search) in O(log n) time, with only (2 log2n − 10 log n + 14) processors on a EREW-PRAM, where processors are allowed to communicate through messages. We also present a nontrivial implementation technique on the hypercube parallel architecture with which the above time and processor bounds can be achieved without any communication overhead. A parallel algorithm for range searching is developed here using the concept of distributed data structures. We use the range tree proposed by Bentley as our data structure to be distributed. Range search has important applications in the areas of databases and computational geometry.
Random Walks in Varying Dimensions

We establish recurrence criteria for sums of independent random variables which take values in Euclidean lattices of varying dimension. In particular, we describe transient inhomogeneous random walks in the plane which interlace two symmetric step distributions of bounded support.
CRITICAL STEPS IN DATA ANALYSIS FOR PRECISION CASIMIR FORCE MEASUREMENTS WITH SEMICONDUCTING FILMS

Some experimental procedures and corresponding results of the precision measurement of the Casimir force between low doped Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) film and gold sphere are described. Measurements were performed using an Atomic Force Microscope in high vacuum. It is shown that the magnitude of the Casimir force decreases after prolonged UV treatment of the ITO film. Some critical data analysis steps such as the correction for the mechanical drift of the sphere-plate system and photodiodes are discussed.
Fractional-Order Viscoelasticity in One-Dimensional Blood Flow Models

In this work we employ integer- and fractional-order viscoelastic models in a one-dimensional blood flow solver, and study their behavior by presenting an in-silico study on a large patient-specific cranial network. The use of fractional-order models is motivated by recent experimental studies indicating that such models provide a new flexible alternative to fitting biological tissue data. This is attributed to their inherent ability to control the interplay between elastic energy storage and viscous dissipation by tuning a single parameter, the fractional order α, as well as to account for a continuous viscoelastic relaxation spectrum. We perform simulations using four viscoelastic parameter data-sets aiming to compare different viscoelastic models and highlight the important role played by the fractional order. Moreover, we carry out a detailed global stochastic sensitivity analysis study to quantify uncertainties of the input parameters that define each wall model. Our results confirm that the effect of fractional models on hemodynamics is primarily controlled by the fractional order, which affects pressure wave propagation by introducing viscoelastic dissipation in the system.
Silver-catalyzed asymmetric Sakurai-Hosomi allylation of ketones.

The complex of AgF and (R)-DIFLUORPHOS has been shown to be an effective catalyst for the asymmetric Sakurai−Hosomi allylation of simple ketones. A significaant improvement of the reactivity was observed by using THF as the solvent. The catalyst turnover was increased by addition of 1 equiv of MeOH. AgF and (R)-DIFLUORPHOS predominantly formed a 1:1 complex that provided high enantioselectivity. This catalyst system can be applied to various simple ketones, and corresponding tertiary homoallylic alcohols were obtained with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 96% ee). Only 1,2-adducts were obtained from both acyclic and cyclic conjugate ketones. The regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective crotylation has also been achieved. E- or Z-crotyltrimethoxysilane gave a similar diastereomer ratio with high enantioselectivities. This finding introduces the utility of racemic allylsilanes for the enantioselective Sakurai−Hosomi allylation reaction.
Mo-catalyzed Regio-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselective Allylic Alkylation of 3-Aryloxindoles

A highly regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective allylic alkylation reaction mediated by a chiral molybdenum catalyst has been developed as a novel entry into synthetically versatile 3-alkyl-3-aryloxindoles. Extremely bulky nucleophiles were employed to form a quaternary center and an adjacent tertiary center asymmetrically concurrently. The regio- and diastereoselectivity of the reaction is dependent upon the steric and electronic nature of the nucleophiles to an unusual degree. A reaction mechanism based on the bonding modes of molybdenum enolate complexes was discussed.
Transition Metal-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Allylation and Benzylation Reactions

A review. Transition metal catalyzed decarboxylative allylations, benzylations, and interceptive allylations are reviewed.