cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Algún" indefinite is not bound by adverbs of quantification

Some indefinites cannot be bound by adverbs of quantification or the generic operator. I argue that this datum follows from the internal syntax of indefinites: only those indefinites consisting of a minimal structure can be bound, bigger indefinites cannot. I present evidence from Spanish, Russian and English to support this claim. Two theoretical consequences follow. The first one is about wh-dependencies: I argue that wh-phrases cannot be regarded as noun phrases with an extra [wh] feature, but rather as very small indefinites without additional features. The second one involves exceptional scope: choice function approaches seem to run into a paradox that alternative approaches, such as Schwarszchild’s Singleton Indefinite approach, avoid. I also argue that an alternative semantic approach to binding resistance yields no fruit. Finally, I show that only small indefinites can be used as predicates, thus bolstering the approach taken in these pages.
A modified many-body dissipative particle dynamics model for mesoscopic fluid simulation: methodology, calibration, and application for hydrocarbon and water

The many-body dissipative particle dynamics (mDPD) is a prominent mesoscopic multiphase model for fluid transport in mesoconfinement. However, it has been a long-standing challenge for mDPD (and ot...
Using Transponder Signals to Model Aircraft Performance at Non-Towered Airports

Aircraft performance modeling is critical for the assessment of safety and sustainability in general aviation. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) developed the Airport Environmental Design Tool, which uses flight data from radar and flight plans to model aircraft performance in space and time to further assess fuel consumption, emissions, noise, and air quality consequences. However, over 90% of 3,331 U.S. airports under the National Plan of Integrated Airport System (NPIAS) have limited access to air traffic data due to lack of air traffic control (ATC) facilities. Several methods have been developed and tested to capture aircraft activities at airports lacking fulltime personnel, such as video- and image-based detection, acoustic counter, statistical sampling, transponder signals-based method, etc. Most of these methods cannot be deployed on a large scale due either to high variation of accuracy or environmental/cost restrictions. The transponder signal-based method was validated as an accurate and reliable estimation of aircraft operations. Hence, this paper proposes a method to model aircraft performance using low-cost transponder receivers. First, ADS-B signals collected from aircraft are processed with a self-developed algorithm, and a 24-bit International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) code is extracted and applied to FAA databases to obtain fleet mix information such as aircraft type and engine type. Heuristics are then applied to model aircraft performance based on decoded parameters from ADS-B data. Data collected from Purdue University Airport (FAA code: LAF) were examined and analyzed using the proposed method, which will provide a cost-effective aircraft performance model for airport safety and sustainability assessment.
Funny Money Circulation and Fabric Exports From China to Dubai Through Indian Trading Networks

Chiefly drawing on my ethnographic fieldwork in the district of Keqiao in Zhejiang Province since 2009, I argue that irregular financial transactions—conceptualized as “funny money” in this article...
A 27.5dBm EIRP D-Band Transmitter Module on a Ceramic Interposer

We present a fully packaged D-band direct conversion transmitter module on a low-permittivity ceramic carrier (Kyocera GL771, $\varepsilon_{r}=\mathrm{5.2}, \mathrm{\delta}=\mathrm{0.003}$ ). The module has a broadband 135GHz 22FDX CMOS direct conversion transmitter, a medium-power (100mW P sat ) high-efficiency power amplifier implemented in Teledyne 250nm InP HBT technology, and a series-fed microstrip patch antenna array. The CMOS IC is flip-chip bonded to the carrier using $\mathrm{50}\ \mu\mathrm{m}$ diameter copper studs, while the InP IC is wire bonded, with impedance-matching networks on the carrier compensating for the wire bonds' parasitic impedances. The module has 6GHz 3-dB modulation bandwidth and 27.5dBm measured effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) at saturation. Under 5Gbaud, 64QAM modulation (30Gbps), the module shows 8.5% RMS error vector magnitude (EVM) at 21.5dBm EIRP. To our knowledge, the module has the highest reported EIRP and efficiency among D-band single channel transmitters.
In-hospital outcomes of COVID-19 infection in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease.

The effects of cardiovascular comorbidities on outcomes in COVID-19 hospitalized patients has not been well studied.This is a hospital-based study evaluating the effects of CVD on the outcomes in p...
Engine Control Optimization for Best Fuel Economy with Emission Constraints

This new approach for improving fuel economy uses computer programs to optimize and tailor an engine's fuel, EGR and spark control in the laboratory. New forms of engine and vehicle test data are used as inputs. This includes a simple simulation of the catalytic converter. The emission engineer is in control of the process via a special interactive program at a computer terminal. He combines his know-how with the computer programs to create a feasible engine control calibration for vehicle evaluation. The programs can also be used to study tradeoffs of optimized fuel economy vs emissions for a vehicle. Although presently limited to warmed up operation, the optimization procedure has proved to be valid and useful. /SASI/
Bundle adjustment in the large

We present the design and implementation of a new inexact Newton type algorithm for solving large-scale bundle adjustment problems with tens of thousands of images. We explore the use of Conjugate Gradients for calculating the Newton step and its performance as a function of some simple and computationally efficient preconditioners. We show that the common Schur complement trick is not limited to factorization-based methods and that it can be interpreted as a form of preconditioning. Using photos from a street-side dataset and several community photo collections, we generate a variety of bundle adjustment problems and use them to evaluate the performance of six different bundle adjustment algorithms. Our experiments show that truncated Newton methods, when paired with relatively simple preconditioners, offer state of the art performance for large-scale bundle adjustment. The code, test problems and detailed performance data are available at http://grail.cs.washington.edu/projects/bal.
Is Land Special

In Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003 (1992), the Supreme Court, by limiting the scope of its new per se rule to real property, made clear that it viewed property in land as entitled to a higher degree of protection against regulatory takings than other forms of property. In so doing, it made explicit what had been an implicit favoritism towards real property in the modern law of regulatory takings. The Court gave two reasons in Lucas for its favoritism towards land: the historical treatment of land in the American legal tradition and the expectations of property owners themselves. Neither of these explanations, however, can carry the weight of the Supreme Court's distinction. Nor can the Court turn to normative theory in support of its position. Libertarianism, utilitarian theory, personhood theory, public choice theory, and natural law theory, which together constitute a comprehensive cross-section of the normative accounts of property and takings law, all fail to support a categorical distinction between real and personal property in the regulatory takings context. Because favoritism towards land within regulatory takings law is unjustified, the Lucas doctrine (and, indeed, regulatory takings doctrine as a whole) should apply equally to real and personal property or not at all. The Court's own apparent discomfort with the implications of applying Lucas's per se rule in the context of personal property suggests problems with the Lucas rule itself. And, to the extent that the modern expansion of regulatory takings law has been made more palatable by its artificially narrow focus on land, the unjustified nature of that narrow focus may be a reason for rethinking that expansion.
RNA interference in protozoan parasites.

Summary RNA interference or RNAi is defined as the mechanism through which gene-specific, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers degradation of homologous transcripts. Besides providing an invaluable tool to downregulate gene expression in a variety of organisms, it is now evident that RNAi extends its tentacles into both the nucleus and the cytoplasm and is involved in a variety of gene silencing phenomena. Here we review the current status of RNAi in protozoan parasites that cause diseases of considerable medical and veterinary importance throughout Africa, Asia and the Americas. RNAi was first discovered in Trypanosoma brucei, a species of the family Trypanosomatidae, and it rapidly became the method of choice to downregulate gene expression in these organisms. At the same time, mechanistic studies exposed a role for RNAi in the control of retroposon transcript abundance. Whereas RNAi is also present in T. congolense, other members of the same family of organisms, namely T. cruzi and Leishmania major, are RNAi-negative. In apicomplexan parasites, there is experimental evidence for RNAi in Plasmodium, but this is not supported by their genetic make up. In contrast, the genome of Toxoplasma gondii harbours gene candidates with convincing similarity to ‘classical’ RNAi genes. Thus, as previously shown in fungi, protozoan parasites are genetically heterogeneous as far as the RNAi pathway is concerned. Finally, database mining predicts that Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis have an RNAi pathway and the presence of RNAi genes in Giardia supports the view that gene silencing by dsRNA appeared very early during evolution of the eukaryotic lineage.
David and the Family Bane: Therapy with a Gifted Child and His Family

Abstract The paper describes the story of a 12 year old boy who has been identified as academically gifted and talented and yet is underachieving and gets in trouble in school. The therapy included the whole family and used a narrative lens derived from Michael White's work. The case study shows how gifted children and their families via exter-nalization use their creative potential in therapy to change their dominant destructive stories into new creative narratives. Reasons for the good fit between giftedness and narrative therapy are discussed.
Computable Properties of Sets (Part 1)

In preceding chapters we examined the class of computable functions in detail. We set up a coding system for these functions, using the natural numbers to represent the programs which compute these functions. Conveniently, the natural numbers also serve as the domain and codomain for functions in the class. Using this machinery, we were able to identify an important role for self-reference in our theory, and we were able to present natural examples of functions which are not computable, i.e., not calculable by an algorithm.
Preparation and Properties of Various Enzymes covalently immobilized on Polymethylglutamate

Polymethylglutamate (PMG), a synthetic polypeptide, was used as a carrier to immobilize glucose oxidase (EC 1. 1. 3. 4), uricase (EC 1. 7. 3. 3), peroxidase (EC 1. 11. 1. 7), trypsin (EC 3. 4. 21. 4), chymotrypsin (EC 3. 4. 21. 1), urease (EC 3. 5. 1. 5), and aminoacylase (EC 3. 5. 1. 14) by the azide method. The enzymes could be immobilized covalently on PMG coated on glass beads. The retained activities of all the immobilized enzymes were excellent (more than 90%). The amount of enzyme immobilized on the polymer varied markedly depending on the kind of enzyme (trypsin 30 mg, chymotrypsin 27 mg, urease 5.8 mg, uricase 5.6 mg, aminoacylase 2.3 mg, glucose oxidase 1.8 mg and peroxidase 2.3 mg/100 mg PMG). It was found that the amount of bound enzyme was determined primarily by the molecular weight and secondarily by the content of lysine residues in the enzyme. The heat stabilities of the resulting immobilized enzymes were markedly improved, while the optimal pH and Km values were almost unchanged. The enzymes immobilized on PMG showed improved stability because of both the increased hydrophilicity of the polymer and the multipoint binding mode, including covalent and ionic bonding.
Cystoscopy in Dogs and Cats

Cystoscopy has become an important and widely available component of the diagnostic evaluation of diseases of the lower urinary tract in dogs and cats. In addition, a large number of cystoscopic guided procedures have been described that can be used to treat disease processes that were previously treatable only with invasive surgical procedures. This article reviews the indications and contraindications for cystoscopy, cystoscopy equipment and techniques for male and female dogs and cats, potential complications associated with cystoscopy, and management options for these complications.
Oxidative stress and neutrophil function in cats with chronic renal failure.

Background: Oxidative stress is an important component in the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF) and neutrophil function may be impaired by oxidative stress. Hypothesis: Cats with CRF have increased oxidative stress and decreased neutrophil function compared with control cats. Animals: Twenty cats with previously diagnosed renal failure were compared with 10 age-matched control cats. Methods: A biochemical profile, CBC, urinalysis, antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH : GSSG), and neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst were measured. Statistical comparisons (2-tailed t-test) were reported as mean ± standard deviation. Results: The CRF cats had significantly higher serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and phosphorus concentrations than control cats, and significantly lower PCV and urine specific gravity than control cats. The GSH : GSSG ratio was significantly higher in the CRF group (177.6 ± 197, 61.7 ± 33; P < .02) whereas the antioxidant capacity was significantly less in the CRF group (0.56 ± 0.21, 0.81 ± 0.13 Trolox units; P < .005). SOD activity was the same in control and CRF cats. Neutrophil oxidative burst after Escherichia coli phagocytosis, measured as an increase in mean fluorescence intensity, was significantly higher in CRF cats than controls (732 ± 253, 524 ± 54; P < .05). Conclusions: The higher GSH : GSSG ratio and lower antioxidant capacity in CRF cats is consistent with activation of antioxidant defense mechanisms. It remains to be determined if supplementation with antioxidants such as SOD beyond the level of control cats would be of benefit in cats with CRF.
Medication management for elderly patients in an academic primary care setting: a quality improvement project.

Purpose Medication reconciliation is a National Patient Safety Goal. Completing medication reconciliation minimizes the risk for preventable adverse drug events (ADEs). The elderly are at greatest risk for ADEs because of their high number of comorbidities and medications usage. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to improve medication management in a geriatric primary care practice. Interventions focused on improving medication reconciliation documentation, improving accuracy of medication lists, reducing inappropriate medication use, and minimizing duplicate medication therapy. Data sources A pre/post design was used over a 9-month period. Interventions focused on educating providers, staff, and patients on medication management. Analysis of 1580 manual chart audits and 903 patient questionnaires were completed. Conclusions Outcomes improved in all four performance outcomes: medication reconciliation—χ2(1, N = 576) = 32.00, p < .0001, V = 0.4; patients bringing medications to clinic—χ2(1, N = 277) = 90.46, p < .0001, V = 0.7; reduction in use of specific medications—χ2(1, N = 267) = 19.49, p < .0001, V = 0.3; and duplicate therapy was reduced—χ2(1, N = 267) = 45.13, p < .0001, V = 0.5. Implications for practice Improved medication management had a significant impact in patient safety and quality of care in this clinic.
Investigación cardiológica aplicada. Retos en el nuevo milenio

La adopcion de determinados habitos alimentarios, la vida sedentaria y el tabaquismo han hecho de los sindromes coronarios agudos una enfermedad propia de la vida moderna. Aunque su aparicion se ha retrasado unos 10 anos, se calcula que en torno al ano 2020 la enfermedad cardiovascular sera la primera causa de muerte en todo el mundo, a pesar del desarrollo de la terapia de reperfusion y del uso de desfibriladores. Su incidencia se extiende a zonas mas deprimidas y afecta cada vez mas a personas mayores de 70 anos, en general poco representadas en los estudios clinicos y con peor respuesta al tratamiento. Detener el avance de esta epidemia exige el desarrollo de una politica de investigacion competitiva que incluya una formacion rigurosa del personal investigador y unos programas cientificos basados en la cooperacion y el trabajo en equipo. El exito de esta estrategia cientifica se basa en la obtencion de fondos publicos y privados para la financiacion de lo que seran las areas prioritarias de investigacion cardiovascular en los proximos anos: la inmunobiologia vascular, la genomica y el trasplante de tejidos y organogenesis. Si a los logros de la investigacion sumamos la implementacion de sistemas preventivos basados en un lenguaje cientifico unificado y la educacion de la poblacion, sera posible actuar de manera eficaz contra la expansion de la enfermedad cardiovascular en el mundo, con todas las consecuencias socioeconomicas que esto comporta.
President's message. It's a new day for health reform in Washington-and you should be involved.

AAFP President Ted Epperly, MD, (left, standing) tells President Obama that the AAFP is “ready to do its part” to support health care reform.
T cell chemotaxis in a simple microfluidic device

This paper describes the use of a simple microfluidic device for studying T cell chemotaxis. The microfluidic device is fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) using soft-lithography and consists of a “Y” type fluidic channel. Solutions are infused into the device by syringe pumps and generate a concentration gradient in the channel by diffusion. We show that the experimentally measured gradient profiles agree nicely with theoretical predictions and the gradient is stable in the observation region for cell migration. Using this device, we demonstrate robust chemotaxis of human T cells in response to single and competing gradients of chemokine CCL19 and CXCL12. Because of the simplicity of the device, it can flexibly control gradient generation in space and time, and would allow generation of multiple gradient conditions in a single chip for highly parallel chemotaxis experimentation. Visualization of T cell chemotaxis has previously been limited to studies in 3D matrices or under agarose assays, which do not allow precise control or variation in conditions. Acknowledging the importance of lymphocyte homing in the adaptive immune response, the ability to study T cell chemotaxis in microfluidic devices offers a new approach for investigating lymphocyte migration and chemotaxis in vitro.
Interaction Effect of Voids and Standoff Height on Thermo-Mechanical Durability of BGA Solder Joints

This paper documents simulation studies on interactive effect of standoff height and void volume on thermo-mechanical durability of Ball Grid Array (BGA) solder joints using a 3D visco-plastic finite element analysis. SE software was used to find the optimized shape of the solder joints and standoff height by minimizing the surface energy as voids with different sizes were placed in solder balls. A global-local modeling approach was then utilized to model thermo-mechanical durability of voided solder joints. Void area fraction ranges of 14% to 40% were analyzed. A nonmonotonic behavior of durability versus void area fraction was observed. The results showed that if the void is completely inside the solder ball and has no interface with the boundaries of the joint, it does not have a detrimental effect and even improves the durability as the void size increases. However, voids located at the interface of solder joint and copper pads were found very detrimental to durability. Factors such as load bearing area, stress concentration factor and overall compliance of the structure were found responsible for the non-monotonic behavior of the joints. An analytical micro-mechanics approach was used to calculate the compliance of the structure and a nonmonotonic trend in phase with the durability trend was observed. The stress concentration factor also showed the same non monotonic trend. Rise of these two factors for the void interfacing with copper pads in addition to the decreased load bearing area effect resulted in drastic decrease in durability.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Leveraging Smartphone Cameras for Collaborative Road Advisories

Ubiquitous smartphones are increasingly becoming the dominant platform for collaborative sensing. Smartphones, with their ever richer set of sensors, are being used to enable collaborative driver-assistance services like traffic advisory and road condition monitoring. To enable such services, the smartphones' GPS, accelerometer, and gyro sensors have been widely used. On the contrary, smartphone cameras, despite being very powerful sensors, have largely been neglected. In this paper, we introduce a collaborative sensing platform that exploits the cameras of windshield-mounted smartphones. To demonstrate the potential of this platform, we propose several services that it can support, and prototype SignalGuru, a novel service that leverages windshield-mounted smartphones and their cameras to collaboratively detect and predict the schedule of traffic signals, enabling Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA) and other novel applications. Results from two deployments of SignalGuru, using iPhones in cars in Cambridge (MA, USA) and Singapore, show that traffic signal schedules can be predicted accurately. On average, SignalGuru comes within 0.66 s, for pretimed traffic signals and within 2.45 s, for traffic-adaptive traffic signals. Feeding SignalGuru's predicted traffic schedule to our GLOSA application, our vehicle fuel consumption measurements show savings of 20.3 percent, on average.
In situ metal-ceramic microstructures by partial reduction reactions in the NiAlO system and the role of ZrO2

Abstract Partial reduction reactions in the NiAlO system, starting with the spinel compound NiAl 2 O 4 , are used to form metal-ceramic microstructures in situ. Two different morphologies of nearly pure Ni particles, equiaxed and rod-like, form within a ceramic matrix, which is either α-Al 2 O 3 or a metastable ‘defect spinel’ depending on the choice of processing parameters, such as reduction temperature, oxygen partial pressure and time. Electron microscopic studies were performed for microstructural characterization, phase identification and chemical analysis. The fracture toughness of the NiAl 2 O 3 mixture was significantly improved with respect to that of the original spinal phase. The important issues that must be addressed to form useful metal-ceramic microstructures by partial reduction reactions are discussed. It is shown that cracking at the original spinel grain boundaries, probably due to the large volume change associated with the reduction reaction, can be avoided by the addition of small amounts of ZrO 2 . Initial results are presented illustrating the effect of ZrO 2 on the microstructures.
Subduction and exhumation of the Pelona-Orocopia-Rand schists, southern California

The Pelona, Orocopia, and Rand schists of southern California and southwestern Arizona are thought to have formed in either the same east-dipping subduction zone as the Franciscan complex or in a southwest-dipping subduction zone related to collision of an outboard continental fragment with North America. The principal justification for the collision model has been the observation that continental rocks overlying the schists locally show transport to the northeast. Field and petrographic studies now confirm that the northeast movement occurred during exhumation of the schist, not during subduction. Combined with regional geologic relations, this evidence makes the collision model unlikely.
Valence Bond Concepts Applied to the Molecular Mechanics Description of Molecular Shapes. 2. Applications to Hypervalent Molecules of the P-Block

A fascinating aspect of inorganic chemistry is the occurrence of complicated and varied molecular shapes. However, these same features lead to difficulties in developing molecular mechanics (MM) methods that are suitable for inorganic molecules. In this paper we demonstrate that simple valence bond concepts can guide the construction of a new MM force field for hypervalent molecules of the p-block of the periodic table. The primary difficulty in applying valence bond concepts to the MM description of hypervalent molecular shapes is the occurrence of intrinsically delocalized bonding arrangements, such as the three-center four-electron bond of XeF2. The inclusion of resonating configurations into the MM method provides a mechanism for surmounting the difficulties presented by hypervalent molecules. By making the contributions of the individual configurations to the total potential energy function dependent on the molecular geometry, we find that both equilibrium geometries and fluxional pathways of hyperva...
Hepatocyte growth factor and other fibroblast secretions modulate the phenotype of human bronchial epithelial cells

The luminal airway surface is lined with epithelial cells that provide a protective barrier from the external environment and clear inhaled pathogens from the lung. To accomplish this important fun...
Minimizing analyte electrolysis in an electrospray emitter.

The electrospray (ES) ion source is a controlled-current electrolytic flow cell. Electrolytic reactions in the ES emitter capillary are continually ongoing to sustain the production of charged droplets and ultimately gas-phase ions from this device. Under certain circumstances, the analytes under study may be directly involved in these electrolytic processes. It is demonstrated that a simple means to minimize analyte electrolysis is to exchange the normal metal emitter capillary of commercial ES sources with one made of fused silica. This change is shown to provide an ES mass spectrometric system of similar performance in terms of gas-phase ion signal generated for non-electroactive analytes and also assures minimal oxidation of electroactive analytes even at low (2.0 µl min−1) solution flow-rates and high (millimolar) solution electrolyte concentrations. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic commerce: the ever-evolving online marketplace

For those companies that fully exploit its potential, electronic commerce offers the possibility of breakpoint changes: changes that so radically alter customer expectations that they redefine the market or create entirely new markets. To get to this point, organizations need to keep in mind the foundation of their EC strategy. This means a focus on EC infrastructure, strong partnerships, and the core products and structures that drive the way in which online business will be conducted in the millennium, and beyond.
Burkitt-like lymphoma arising in the thyroid gland.

Abstract Introduction Primary Burkitt lymphoma of the thyroid gland is exceptionally rare. This highly aggressive, potentially curable malignancy arises from B cells. It presents as a rapidly expanding thyroid mass causing compressive symptoms. This article reports a very rare occurrence of Burkitt-like lymphoma in the thyroid, a variant of Burkitt lymphoma. Methods A 60-year-old white female developed a rapidly expanding thyroid mass associated with airway compression and difficulty in swallowing. Results Fine needle aspiration and cytometry studies established the diagnosis of lymphoma. The patient underwent an incisional neck biopsy which confirmed the final diagnosis according to the latest World Health Organization criteria. It was successfully treated with 1 cycle of appropriate therapeutic chemotherapy. Conclusion In patients with lymphoma diagnosed on fine needle aspiration, an incisional thyroid and bone marrow biopsies are required to aid in the diagnosis and assure the appropriate chemotherapy protocol.
Parametrization of Linear Coupled Motion in Periodic Systems

The Courant-Snyder parametrization for one-dimensional linear motion in periodic systems is generalized to two-dimensional coupled linear motions. The 10-parameter 4×4 symplectic transfer matrix across a period is expressed in two normal-mode invariant phase-advances, four normal-mode periodic "amplitude" functions, and four periodic functions which reflect the strength and structure of the coupling. These parametric functions are also given by differential equations containing the periodic force coefficients appearing in the Hamiltonian. Two bilinear invariants can be constructed. With given horizontal and vertical aperture limitations, these invariants give the four-dimensional phase-space acceptance volume and the propagation of the horizontal and vertical emittances of the beam.
Richard Bright (1789-1858) and his contributions to the understanding of hydrocephalus.

Richard Bright (1789–1858), the eponymous discoverer of “Bright’s disease” (nonsuppurative nephritis, edema of renal origin) was among the first physicians to integrate the hospital course of disease into a detailed pathological examination along with laboratory testing all these findings and then correlated them with his thorough postmortem findings [1]. This last concept was clearly illustrated in his studies on kidney diseases, i.e., “Bright’s disease” or a dropsy of renal origin. Unfortunately, modern scholars and others have failed or at least lost interest in giving Bright his true due for superb medicopathological research in other medical subjects [2]. In a three-volume pathological atlas, Bright presented numerous other outstanding contributions to general pathology, nephrology, as well as neuropathology. One of Bright’s most important contributions to neuropathology was on hydrocephalus. Bright provided several case illustrations along with his clinical presentations: All are meticulously hand-colored with his usual extraordinary attention to detail. In these illustrations, Bright takes his clinical observations a further step forward by providing visually beautiful medical illustrations to illustrate and thereby enhance the understanding of his cases. In a section of volume II are a series of case reports dealing with a series of neuropathological problems. I would like to focus on one of his cases, a patient named James Cardinal. Bright gives a clear description of a now adult patient with slowly progressive hydrocephalus. When Mr. Cardinal first presented to Bright as a patient at Guy’s Hospital, his head was “enormous” and his clinical state was described as “deteriorating”. Despite his large head size, Mr. Cardinal had been relatively functional with a reasonable speech and was able to walk independently. Mentation was “dull” but he could communicate his thoughts.
Identification of a ribonuclease P-like activity from human KB cells

Abstract An endoribonuclease which cleaves tRNA precursor molecules has been partially purified from human KB tissue culture cells. This activity is found in cytoplasmic fractions but is not detectable in the nucleoplasm. tRNA precursor molecules from both E. coli and KB cells are cleaved by this novel activity to produce 5′ phosphate-terminated oligonucleotides. E. coli RNAase P and the KB cell nuclease both make a single endonucleolytic scission in E. coli tRNA Tyr precursor, thereby separating the 41 extra nucleotides on the 5′ end of the precursor molecule from the 5′ terminal sequence of the mature tRNA Tyr molecule. The cleavage products generated from other E. coli tRNA precursors by the KB cell activity are identical in size to those produced by RNAase P. The KB cell endoribonuclease requires Mg 2− and a monovalent cation (Na + , K + , or NH 4 + ) for function. The enzymatic activity has a broad pH optimum, centered near pH 8.0, and the activity is inhibited by tRNA. Several KB cell RNAs with long half-lives in vivo, including 5S and bulk 4S RNA, are not cleaved by this nuclease. The KB cell endoribonuclease resembles E. coli RNAase P in its substrate specificity, pH optimum, ion requirements, and sensitivity to tRNA. These properties and the cytoplasmic localization of the novel endoribonuclease indicate its involvement in the biosynthesis of KB cell tRNA.
Harless, mom, and ISPI

Shortly after earning my doctorate in instructional design (1977), I had the opportunity to hear Joe Harless expound: “I try to do everything I can to avoid instruction.” Hmmm-“What else was there?” I wondered. By the time the International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI) established a peer-reviewed journal for human performance technology (HPT) in 1988, and I served as founding editor, I felt I had come to understand the answer to my Harlessian conundrum. My next problem was an old one that surfaced mid-grad school. Several of us had discussed, over proper libations, that we would finally be ready for our degrees when we could explain instructional design to “our mothers.” Now I found a similar problem. I had gone from not knowing what HPT was, to trying to explain it to students-and once again, to my mother. Zen Pizza was literally a moment of enlightenment for me over my mother's favorite tablecloth. I wrote it as the first article in the first Performance Improvement Quarterly (PIQ) issue in 1988 to help anchor a new readership. It is still my best story for “mom” and I hope it helps you find your own as well.
The effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the testes and anterior pituitary glands of cockerels.

Abstract The average thyroxine secretion rate of 2-week-old White Leghorn cockerels was estimated to be approximately 0.65 μg/100 gm body weight/day. Doses of thyroid hormone intended to produce a mildly hyperthyroid state were based on this value in order to avoid purely pharmacological effects. Hypo- and hyperthyroidism brought about by the administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) and thyroxine had no effect on the testis and pituitary weights of 14-day-old cockerels. Thyroxine injections also produced no effect on the uptake of radioactive phosphorus (32P) by the gonad. However, the uptake of 32P by the testes of hypothyroid birds was significantly greater than that observed in normal controls. This effect was abolished if in addition to the PTU the birds received daily injections of thyroxine. The results of general gonadotrophin assays indicated that a significant decline in pituitary gonadotrophic potency occurred following thyroxine treatment. No change in gonadotrophic potency was found using pituitary glands from hypothyroid cockerels. The administration of the thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) significantly increased the uptake of 32P by the testes of previously untreated 5-day-old chicks. The presence of gonadotrophic hormones in the TSH preparation may have been responsible for this effect. However, estimated levels of FSH and LH contamination were low enough to suggest that the TSH itself may have possessed some gonadotrophic properties.
Rapid linkage of innate immunological signals to adaptive immunity by the brain-fat axis

Innate immunological signals induced by pathogen- and/or damage-associated molecular patterns are essential for adaptive immune responses, but it is unclear if the brain has a role in this process. Here we found that while the abundance of tumor-necrosis factor (TNF) quickly increased in the brain of mice following bacterial infection, intra-brain delivery of TNF mimicked bacterial infection to rapidly increase the number of peripheral lymphocytes, especially in the spleen and fat. Studies of various mouse models revealed that hypothalamic responses to TNF were accountable for this increase in peripheral lymphocytes in response to bacterial infection. Finally, we found that hypothalamic induction of lipolysis mediated the brain's action in promoting this increase in the peripheral adaptive immune response. Thus, the brain-fat axis is important for rapid linkage of innate immunity to adaptive immunity.
Erosive Strengths of Concentric Regions within Soil Macroaggregates

The stability of soil aggregate structures is very important for controlling aggregate dynamics and associated biogeochemical soil processes that respond to management and other physical disturbances. We examined the mechanical strengths of concentric soil layers from the surfaces to the centers of individual soil macroaggregates and compared them with polar tensile strengths (T s ), total soil C contents, soil texture, and bulk density of aggregates. Aggregates were sampled at depths of 0 to 5 cm from conventionally tilled (CT), no tilled (NT), and native forest (NF) ecosystems of a Wooster (fine-loamy, mesic Typic Fragiudalf) and a Hoytville (fine, illitic, mesic Mollic Epiaqualf) soils. Erosive strength (E,) of aggregates was defined as the surrogate for erosive forces required to remove 1 g of soil during 1 min from the surface of a soil aggregate rotating along the abrasive wall of a soil aggregate erosion (SAE) chamber. Total E, values of macroaggregates were consistent with T s of whole aggregates and were controlled by aggregate size and treatment. The E s increased with decreasing aggregate size and from the exterior to the interior regions of aggregates. Measured changes in soil C content, texture, and bulk density across the different regions within aggregates did not completely explain the spatial distributions of E, among concentric layers within macroaggregates. Higher contents of C and clay contributed to the greater strengths of the Hoytville soil aggregates, regardless of bulk density. On the other hand, E s of soil aggregates from coarser-textured Wooster soils were correlated primarily with bulk density and appeared to be independent of C content.
Volumetric evaluation of the thalamus in schizophrenic male patients using magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract Background: The thalamus, an important subcortical brain region connecting limbic and prefrontal cortices, has a significant role in sensory and cortical processing. Although inconsistently, previous studies have demonstrated neuroanatomical abnormalities in the thalamus of schizophrenic patients. Methods: This structural magnetic resonance imaging study, based on segmentation of contiguous coronal 1.5-mm images, compared thalamic brain volumes of 15 chronic, male schizophrenic patients with 15 normal controls matched on age, sex, handedness, and parental socioeconomic status. Results: There were no significant differences between patients and controls in thalamic volumes, right or left, adjusted for total brain volume; however, there were significantly different correlations of thalamic volumes with prefrontal white matter and lateral ventricles among patients, but not among controls. Thalamic volumes among patients were also significantly correlated with bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and thought disorder. Conclusions: Findings suggest that connectivity between thalamic nuclei and prefrontal cortical areas are abnormal in chronic male schizophrenic patients. In addition, ventricular enlargement may be, in part, due to subtle reduction in thalamic volume and/or in volume of thalamocortical and corticothalamic fibers secondary to thalamic abnormalities. Finally, correlations with positive symptomatology underscore the role of the thalamus in gating or filtering of sensory information and coordination of cortical processing.
Formation of oxygen impurity faults during magnetic annealing of cobalt-rich amorphous alloys

Abstract Magnetic annealing effects such as field induced anisotropy and re-entrant magnetization behavior in cobalt-rich amorphous alloys appear to have their origin in structural inhomogeneities produced by internal segregation of oxygen atoms on cobalt 111 lattice planes. Electron diffraction demonstrated that these segregated oxygen atoms form planar oxygen impurity faults in the cobalt lattice normal to 〈111〉 directions. These faults interrupt the long-range ordering of cobalt atoms and lead to the altered cobalt lattice structure. A pair ordering of cobalt atoms may arise from oxygen impurity faults due to breaking of the cubic symmetry. A strong response to magnetic field annealing and the best re-entrant magnetic flux reversal were observed when the annealed ribbon surface consisted of cobalt grains with a high density of oxygen impurity faults.
Computational Insight into the Ligand-Induced Conformational Specificity of G-Protein Coupled Receptors

Several observations in the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) literature support the existence of ligand-specific intermediate conformational states that are likely to be involved in differential activation of signaling pathways. Fluorescence spectroscopy studies provide direct evidence for ligand-specific receptor conformations of the β2-adrenergic receptor, making this system an attractive target to test the ability of computational methodologies to predict different activated states of GPCRs. To this end, we designed a computational strategy that combines adiabatic biased molecular dynamics (ABMD) and metadynamics simulations. Firstly, ABMD is used to generate transition paths between the experimental inactive crystal structure of the β2-adrenergic receptor and a conformation containing established features of activated states of GPCRs (modeled using the opsin crystal structures). Secondly, metadynamics is applied to study how ligands with different efficacies affect the free-energy of different metastable states identified along these putative activation pathways. The calculated free-energy profiles of the different ligand-β2 adrenoceptor complexes help rationalize the published experimental results, including the different kinetics of catecholaminergic agonists such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and isoproterenol. Representative structures of the identified energy basins suggest specific residues and contacts that may help stabilize different activated states of the receptor. This information holds promise for the crystallization of different GPCR conformations.
Dr. Hall and the Work Cure

Herbert James Hall, MD (1870-1923), was a pioneer in the systematic and organized study of occupation as therapy for persons with nervous and mental disorders that he called the "work cure." He began his work in 1904 during the early years of the Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States. His primary interest was the disorder neurasthenia, a condition with many symptoms including chronic fatigue, stress, and inability to work or perform everyday tasks. The prevailing treatment of the day was absolute bed rest known as the "rest cure." Hall believed that neurasthenia was not caused by overwork but by faulty living habits that could be corrected through an ordered life schedule and selected occupations. He identified several principles of therapy that are still used today including graded activity and energy conservation. Dr. Adolph Meyer credits Hall for organizing the ideas on the therapeutic use of occupation (Meyer, 1922). Hall also provided the name American Occupational Therapy Association for the professional organization and served as the fourth president. For his many contributions to the profession Hall deserves to be recognized as a major contributor to the development and organization of occupational therapy.
Behavioral changes in children with mild sleep-disordered breathing or obstructive sleep apnea after adenotonsillectomy.

Objective: To compare changes in behavior after adenotonsillectomy in children with either mild sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Children at the University of New Mexico Children's Hospital, Albuquerque with mild SDB or OSA were included in the study. All children underwent preoperative polysomnography before adenotonsillectomy. Mild SDB was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) less than 5 or an apnea index (AI) less than 1. OSA was defined as an AHI 5 or greater or an AI 1 or greater. Pre- and postoperative scores from the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC) survey were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The mean preoperative AHI for children with mild SDB (n = 17) was 3.1 (range, 1.7–4.7), and for children with OSA (n = 23) it was 25.3 (range, 10.0–48.0). The mean preoperative BASC scores for children with mild SDB were not significantly different from the scores for children with OSA. The demographics in the two groups of children were similar. The behavior symptom index, a global measure of behavior, showed significant improvement after surgery for both groups of children (P < .01). Children also showed significant improvement after adenotonsillectomy in the BASC scales of atypicality, depression, hyperactivity, and somatization. Mean changes in BASC scores after adenotonsillectomy were not significantly different in the two groups of children. Conclusions: Behavioral problems are prevalent in children with either mild SDB or OSA, and both groups of children show significant improvements in behavior after adenotonsillectomy.
Improved methods for quantifying potential nutrient interception by riparian buffers

Efforts to quantify the effects of riparian buffers on watershed nutrient discharges have been confounded by a commonly used analysis, which estimates buffer potential as the percentage of forest or wetland within a fixed distance of streams. Effective landscape metrics must instead be developed based on a clear conceptual model and quantified at the appropriate spatial scale. We develop new metrics for riparian buffers in two stages of increasing functional specificity to ask: (1) Which riparian metrics are more distinct from measures of whole watershed land cover? (2) Do functional riparian metrics provide different information than fixed-distance metrics? (3) How do these patterns vary within and among different physiographic settings? Using publicly available geographic data, we studied 503 watersheds in four different physiographic provinces of the Chesapeake Bay Drainage. In addition to traditional fixed-distance measures, we calculated mean buffer width, gap frequency, and measures of variation in buffer width using both “unconstrained” metrics and “flow-path” metrics constrained by surface topography. There were distinct patterns of relationship between watershed and near-stream land cover in each physiographic province and strong correlations with watershed land cover confounded fixed-distance metrics. Flow-path metrics were more independent of watershed land cover than either fixed-distance or unconstrained measures, but both functional metrics provided greater detail, interpretability, and flexibility than the fixed-distance approach. Potential applications of the new metrics include exploring the potential for land cover patterns to influence water quality, accounting for buffers in statistical nutrient models, quantifying spatial patterns for process-based modeling, and targeting management actions such as buffer restoration.