cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AgRP-Expressing Adrenal Chromaffin Cells Are Involved in the Sympathetic Response to Fasting

Fasting evokes a homeostatic response that maintains circulating levels of energy-rich metabolites and increases the drive to eat. Centrally, this reflex activates a small population of hypothalamic neurons that are characterized by the expression of AgRP, a neuropeptide with an extremely restricted distribution. Apart from the hypothalamus, the only other site with substantial expression is the adrenal gland, but there is disagreement about which cells synthesize AgRP. Using immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we show AgRP is present in the mouse adrenal medulla and is expressed by neuroendocrine chromaffin cells that also synthesize the catecholamines and neuropeptide Y. Short-term fasting led to an increase in adrenal AgRP expression. Because AgRP can act as an antagonist at MC3/4 receptors, we tested whether melanotan II, an MC3/4 receptor agonist, could regulate pre- and postsynaptic signaling within the adrenal medulla. Melanotan II decreased the paired-pulse ratio of evoked synaptic currents recorded in chromaffin cells; this effect was blocked by exogenous AgRP. In contrast, neither melanotan II nor AgRP altered the optogenetically evoked release of catecholamines from isolated chromaffin cells. These results are consistent with the idea that AgRP regulates the strength of the sympathetic input by modulation of presynaptic MC3/4 receptors located on preganglionic neurons. We conclude that a small population of neuroendocrine cells in the adrenal medulla, and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, express AgRP and neuropeptide Y and are functionally involved in the systemic response to fasting.
Clinical Implications of the T790M Mutation in Disease Characteristics and Treatment Response in Patients With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-Mutated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC).

Abstract Background The secondary T790M mutation accounts for more than 50% of acquired tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in patients with EGFR-mutated non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent reports suggest this resistance mutation may be more common among patients with longer progression-free survival (PFS) on first-line TKI therapy, but much is still unknown. Materials and Methods Our group collected medical records from patients who underwent a biopsy for T790M mutation testing while screening for clinical trials involving the drug rociletinib (CO-1686), a T790M mutation–specific TKI. Medical records were retrospectively analyzed for demographic data, PFS, and best response to previous therapies. Results Our patient cohort included 69 T790M + patients and 28 T790M − patients. Patients who later developed a T790M mutation had a longer PFS on first-line TKI therapy (12.0 vs. 9.0 months, P = .021), but overall response rate (ORR) was the same (75.0% vs. 81.0%, P = .76). There was no difference in PFS on TKI rechallenge (4.0 vs. 3.0 months, P = .94), although there was a trend toward higher ORR in T790M + patients (22.2% vs. 0%, P = .12). T790M + patients had a longer PFS on initial chemotherapy treatment (5.0 vs. 4.0 months, P = .025) and a trend toward higher ORR (40.0% vs. 21.4%, P = .31). Conclusion Our study confirms that tumors expressing T790M have a more indolent progression of disease compared with their T790M − counterparts when treated with both first-line TKI and cytotoxic chemotherapy.
Computational model of the effects of breathing on cardiac function.

Previous work by our group and others have shown that manipulations in intrathoracic pressure and lung inflation have the effect of altering cardiac size and function1,2. The mechanisms by which these changes affect the circulatory system are not clearly understood. Possibilities include alterations in venous return3, stroke volume4,5, ventricular preload and afterload6, pulmonary vascular resistance7, and other mechanisms. Previous work by Cournand et al. have shown that mechanical ventilation (i.e. positive pressure) has deleterious effects on cardiac performance.8
Rangeland Fire Protection Associations in Great Basin Rangelands: A Model for Adaptive Community Relationships with Wildfire?

Widespread concern with the negative impacts of wildfire on human communities has spurred calls to foster more resilient and adaptable forms of community coexistence with fire. However, numerous institutional barriers work to perpetuate maladaptive individual and collective behaviors in many communities. Here we examine a unique institutional model in the remote U.S. West in which rural community members play active roles in responding to wildland fire under state-sanctioned Rangeland Fire Protection Associations. Our findings drawn from case studies of four associations in Idaho and Oregon suggest that the Rangeland Fire Protection Association model presents opportunities to leverage the motivations, skills, and knowledge of ranchers to inform effective fire response and create opportunities for learning and adaptation. At the same time, this model of coproduction presents challenges to the integration of formal and informal institutions.
Neuraminidase activity mediates IL-6 production by activated lupus-prone mesangial cells.

The development of nephritis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in lupus patients. Although the general pathophysiological progression of lupus nephritis is known, the molecular mediator...
GDINA and CDM Packages in R

We review the GIDNA and CDM packages in R for fitting cognitive diagnosis / diagnostic classification models. We first provide a summary of their core capabilities and then use both simulated and r...
Analysis of lithium-combustion power systems for extreme environment spacecraft

Abstract The longest duration mission on the Venus surface was Venera 13 at just over 2 h. This time constraint was due to limited battery power life and craft thermal management challenges. A lithium combustion based power system has been proposed to increase landed mission durations for Venus and other extreme environment targets. This paper presents a new detailed thermodynamic and heat transfer model of a conceptual lithium combustion power system. Findings are applied to specify engineering requirements for potential missions. Results indicate that a lithium combustion power system using the in-situ carbon dioxide atmosphere as an oxidizer could power a Venus lander for up five days (24 h, Earth day) with 185 kg of fuel, delivering 14 kWth thermal energy continuously. Even greater durations are possible if lower power missions are considered. The potential performances of a Li-CO2 powered Stirling engine and sulfur-sodium batteries were compared. It was found that sulfur-sodium batteries would require about 1.75–2.5 times more mass to provide 1 kW of power output for mission durations of five to ten days, respectively. A lithium combustion power system with a sulfur-hexafluoride oxidizer could power a Europa lander at 94W with a Stirling engine for up to twenty days with 43 kg of reactants mass. Lithium-combustion activated Stirling engines and TEG arrays were compared with batteries to meet this power and mission duration requirement. It was found that batteries would require less mass than either lithium-fueled system. However, for mission durations longer than twenty-six days the Stirling engine power system may require less total mass than batteries. Future work will include laboratory-based experimental studies to validate results and improve heat transfer closure models.
Enhanced microbial nitrogen transformations in association with intertidal macrobiota

Abstract. Microbial nitrogen processing in direct association with marine animals and seaweeds is poorly understood. Macrobiota supply a substrate for microbes to reside, and a source of excreted nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We tested the role of a mussel ( Mytilus californianus ), a red alga ( Prionitis sternbergii ) and an inert substrate for microbial activity using enclosed chambers and enriched ammonium and nitrate. Chambers with seawater from the same environment served as a control. We found that mussels and Prionitis elevated ammonium oxidation and nitrate reduction two orders of magnitude over that of seawater, while the effect of simply an inert substrate had relatively little effect. Extrapolating to a square meter of shoreline, microbial activity associated with mussels could oxidize 2.5 mmol of ammonium and reduce per 1.2 mmol of nitrate per day. A square meter of seaweed could produce even higher rates, at 135.2 and 320.5 mmol per day for nitrification and nitrate reduction, respectively. Seawater collected from the shore versus 2–5 km offshore showed no difference in ammonium oxidation or nitrate reduction. Microbial nitrogen metabolism associated with mussels did not change whether we measured it at night or during the day. When we experimentally added DOC (glucose) as a carbon source, there was no change to nitrification rates. Added DOC did increase DIN and phosphorus uptake, indicating that elevating the concentration of DOC stimulated heterotrophic microbial activity, and suggests potential competition for DIN between heterotrophic and chemolithotrophic microbes and their seaweed hosts. Our results indicate that microbes in direct association with coastal animals and seaweeds greatly enhance nitrogen processing, and likely provide a template for a diversity of ecological interactions.
The Social Organization and Mating System of Khao Yai White-Handed Gibbons: 1992-2006

Nonhuman primates are well known among mammals for having a highly social nature and for developing individualized, long-lasting, intimate social relationships (Haimoff andGittins 1985; Cheney et al. 1986; Rendall et al. 1996; Boesch and Boesch-Achermann 2000; Zuberbuhler and Byrne 2006). In both gregarious and semisolitary primates such as orangutans, social relationships are characterized by repeated interactions with the same partners both within and between groups (Singleton and van Schaik 2002; Robbins et al. 2005). It has been recognized (e.g., Dunbar 1998) that a complex social life and long-term individual-based partnerships may require specific cognitive capacities and has been a primary force for the evolution of large brains in primates. Within the realm of primate social systems, a great diversity of social relationships can be seen across age-sex classes. One component of the social system, commonly denoted as the social organization, describes how groups are organized with respect to the size, sexual composition, and spatiotemporal cohesion of social groups (Kappeler and van Schaik 2002). Another component of the social system involves how sexual relationships are distributed in a community. Sexual relationships represent a specific subset of social contact confined to patterns of mating, which are commonly referred to as a species’ mating system (Kappeler and van Schaik 2002). A natural link exists between the mating system and the social organization, because the number of adults present within a social group may influence the availability of potential mating partners (Cords 2000; Muller and Thalmann 2000; Schwab 2000; Kudo and Dunbar 2001; Zinner et al. 2003). Pair living was once believed to be the same as monogamous mating and vice versa, because individuals living in social pairs were assumed to be ‘‘faithful’’ to one another at least for a breeding season, or in extreme cases for a lifetime (cf. Reichard 2003a). Behavioral and genetic studies of the past two decades,
Arabidopsis as a Model for Investigating Gene Activity and Function in Vascular Tissues

ABSTRACT Using the zinnia mesophyll cell system for tracheary element differentiation, members of at least three families of mechanistically distinct (serine, cysteine and threonine) proteases have been implicated in the regulation of tracheary element differentiation. We are currently using Arabidopsis to facilitate genetic analysis of the roles of proteolytic enzymes during vascular tissue differentiation. Although not typically considered as a model for secondary growth, Arabidopsis forms a true cambium and produces a relatively large amount of secondary xylem and phloem within the root and hypocotyl. This potential for secondary growth is best realized under conditions that delay senescence, i.e., inflorescence removal and growth at low population density. After growing Arabidopsis under these conditions for at least eight weeks it is possible to isolate biochemical quantities of xylem and phloem for analysis of tissue-specific protease activities. After dissecting approximately 300 root-hypocotyl segments into xylem and bark fractions we isolated RNA for the construction of the first xylem and bark cDNA libraries from Arabidopsis. Using gene-specific primers and degenerate primers we screened the libraries by PCR and amplified fragments from seven protease genes including members of serine, cysteine, and aspartic acid protease families. Expression for three of these genes (XCP1, XCP2, and XSP1) is xylem-specific. XCP1 and XCP2 are predicted to encode papain-like cysteine proteases and XSP1 is predicted to encode a subtilisin-like serine protease. To identify additional genes with potential importance to vascular tissue differentiation and physiology, we analyzed 1,000 (500 from xylem and 500 from bark) ESTs.
Experience of nursing leaders with workplace bullying and how to best cope

Aims The purposes of this study were to assess the exposure of nurse leaders in manager, director or executive-level roles to bullying and to identify strategies nurse leaders have found to be effective in dealing with colleagues or bosses who were bullies. Background Bullying is deliberate, negatively impacts the victim and is aggressive, intentional and frequent. Minimal information has been published about the bullying experiences of nurses that are in management and executive roles. Methods This study employed a descriptive, cross-sectional design. Participants included nurse managers, directors and executives from a US national nursing leadership organization that has approximately 9,700 members. Results Approximately 60% of participants experienced behaviours that can be categorized as bullying behaviours and 26% experienced severe workplace bullying. Confrontation, crucial conversation, leaving the organization and avoidance were the most frequently reported strategies for responding to bullying. Conclusion Bullying is a significant workplace stressor for leaders at the manager, director and executive levels, and no easy solutions exist for addressing this serious health care workplace problem. Implication for nursing management Bullying is "inappropriate, unacceptable behavior." Nursing leaders must identify and manage bullying behaviours and work together with applicable stakeholders to find and implement solutions.
Impacts on High-level Systems-of-Systems Figures of Merit due to Integrated Architecture Sizing and Technology Evaluation at the Subsystem-Level

Understanding the impacts on high-level system-of-systems (SOS) figures of merit (FOMs) due to the design of architectures and technologies is critical in providing decision makers sufficient information in selecting suitable alternatives in an effort to reduce costly financial and schedule overruns. Several techniques exist within academia and industry for performing SOS architecture design and technology evaluation. However, these techniques fail to solve the problem in an integrated fashion when defined at the subsystem-level. In order to understand the impacts on high-level SOS FOMs due to integrated architecture sizing and technology evaluation, a general concept exploration process is utilized to perform a notional 2033 manned Mars fly by study. The notional study draws out observation with regard to specific FOMs traditionally used during the subsystem-level sizing and technology evaluation processes which can result in misleading conclusions regarding the overall SOS design. Furthermore, these observations suggest that selection of FOMs for the subsystems of an architecture should be influenced by the desired objectives of the high-level SOS objectives and FOMs.
It’s too annoying: Who drops out of educational text messaging programs and why

Abstract Text-message programs are increasingly popular as low-cost interventions aimed at improving a variety of health and education outcomes. This study analyzes participant opt out decisions from a set of text messaging programs aimed at fostering parent–child interactions and improving school readiness. Exploiting random assignment of parents of young children to programs and rich data on text messages and recipients, we examine how program design and text and recipient characteristics predict program opt out. The results provide evidence that the text messaging programs reach the parents of traditionally less-resourced children and show that program design affects parent opt out. Programs that provide context and encouragement along with activities reduce opt out compared to programs that send activities alone. A high quantity of texts and more complex texts lead recipients to opt out at greater rates.
Characterization of the physical, microbiological, and chemical properties of sonicated raw bovine milk

Innovative processing technologies, such as ultrasonication, can change the properties of milk, allowing for the improvement or development of dairy foods. Yet taking bench-scale equipment to pilot plant scale has been challenging. Raw milk, standardized to 3% fat and warmed to inlet temperatures of 42 or 54°C, was exposed to continuous, high-intensity, low-frequency ultrasonication (16/20 kHz, 1.36 kW/pass) at flow rates of 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 L/min that resulted in resident times within the reaction cell of 6, 3, and 2 min per pass, respectively. Multiple passes (3, 5, and 7, respectively) were required to obtain a total exposure time of 14 to 18 min. Evaluation of fat droplet sizes, enzyme coagulation properties, and microstructure of milk and milk gels, as well as determining compositional and lipid properties, were conducted to determine the potential of the ultrasound system to effectively modify milk. Laser scanning particle sizing and confocal microscopy showed that the largest droplets (2.26 ± 0.13 µm) found in raw milk were selectively reduced in size with a concomitant increase in the number of submicron droplets (0.37 ± 0.06 µm), which occurred sooner when exposed to shorter bursts of ultrasonication (0.45 L/min flow rates) and at an inlet temperature of 54°C. Ultrasound processing with milk entering at 42°C resulted in faster gelling times and firmer curds at 30 min; however, extended processing at inlet temperature of 54°C reduced curd firmness and lengthened coagulation time. This showed that ultrasonication altered protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions, thus the strength of the enzyme-set curds. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a denser curd matrix with less continuous and more irregular shaped and clustered strands, whereas transmission electron microscopy showed submicron lipid droplets embedded within the protein strands of the curd matrix. Processing at inlet temperature of 54°C with flow rates of 0.30 and 0.45 L/min also reduced the total aerobic bacterial count by more than 1 log cfu/mL, and the number of psychrophiles below the limit of detection (10 cfu/mL) for this study. Ultrasonication exposures of 14 to 18 min had minimal effect on the milk composition, fatty acid profiles, and lipid heat capacity and enthalpy. The findings show that this continuous ultrasound system, which is conducive to commercial scale-up, modifies the physical and functional properties of milk under the parameters used in this study and has potential use in dairy processing.
Identity and equal treatment in negative externality agreements

This paper examines the interaction of two types of provisions in international environmental agreements: an identity-based minimum participation clause (MPC) and an equal treatment provision. While MPCs have been widely studied in the context of multilateral agreements, this paper is the first to formally introduce treaties specifying equal proportional reductions from the no-treaty equilibrium for all participants. Does the presence of these two provisions assist or impede the formation and efficiency of the grand coalition? In cases of equal treatment and heterogeneity of agents, smaller coalitions may result in higher welfare than requiring the grand coalition. Using game theoretic analysis of a set of games, this paper gives a set of sufficient conditions for this welfare result to hold in a one-shot negative externality coalition game and presents examples of when smaller agreements do, and do not, improve upon unanimity. Furthermore, this paper focuses on how the choice of negotiation rules affects the optimal set of signatories. By specifying equal treatment (e.g. a proportional reduction rule) in a treaty, gains to the “narrow but deep” approach may warrant a smaller coalition.
Low-Impedance S-Band MILO

The development of a low-impedance magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO) driven by a compact Marx generator developed by Texas Tech University is discussed. The goals of the project aim to develop a MILO operating within the S-Band that can provide an RF peak output power of greater than 1 GW with greater than 10% efficiency. The device design followed a set of base design equations that were applied to a CST Studio Suite (CST) for a Particle-in-Cell, PIC, simulation to model the MILO. These simulation results then inform changes to the model to optimize the prospective performance of the device. The simulations were developed to account for realistic material properties that were then applied to critical surfaces of the device. Additionally, a circuit simulation was included to model a Marx generator feeding the input of the MILO to simulate the eventual experimental setup. Current results verify an expected RF peak power of approximately 4.5 GW at 2.5 GHz operating in the TM 01 mode when excited with an input signal that has a peak voltage of 600 kV while providing a peak current of 58 kA. The simulation confirms the design should perform within these constraints.
The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses

Flaviviruses are vector-borne RNA viruses that can emerge unexpectedly in human populations and cause a spectrum of potentially severe diseases including hepatitis, vascular shock syndrome, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, congenital abnormalities and fetal death. This epidemiological pattern has occurred numerous times during the last 70 years, including epidemics of dengue virus and West Nile virus, and the most recent explosive epidemic of Zika virus in the Americas. Flaviviruses are now globally distributed and infect up to 400 million people annually. Of significant concern, outbreaks of other less well-characterized flaviviruses have been reported in humans and animals in different regions of the world. The potential for these viruses to sustain epidemic transmission among humans is poorly understood. In this Review, we discuss the basic biology of flaviviruses, their infectious cycles, the diseases they cause and underlying host immune responses to infection. We describe flaviviruses that represent an established ongoing threat to global health and those that have recently emerged in new populations to cause significant disease. We also provide examples of lesser-known flaviviruses that circulate in restricted areas of the world but have the potential to emerge more broadly in human populations. Finally, we discuss how an understanding of the epidemiology, biology, structure and immunity of flaviviruses can inform the rapid development of countermeasures to treat or prevent human infections as they emerge. Flaviviruses, a group of vector-borne RNA viruses that includes dengue virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus and several lesser-known species, often emerge in human populations and cause epidemics. Here, Pierson and Diamond review the basic biology of these viruses, their life cycles, the diseases they cause and available therapeutic options. They also discuss the global distribution of flaviviruses, with a focus on lesser-known species that have the potential to emerge more broadly in human populations.
The Influence of Anxiety and Mindfulness on Relationship Quality: an Investigation of Comparative and Dyadic Effects

Historically, research has evidenced robust links between psychopathology and relational health; however, only recently have similar associations been made between mindfulness and relationship quality. The current study serves to advance understandings of how anxiety and trait mindfulness influence relationship quality over time. Using an actor-partner interdependence model in an ethnically and economically varied sample of 269 heterosexual couples (N = 538), we examined the relative predictability of anxiety and mindfulness on both self- and partner-reports of relationship quality 6 months later. Results indicate that men’s and women’s own level of trait mindfulness at baseline were significantly related to their relationship quality 6 months later. Women’s level of trait mindfulness was approaching significance in predicting their partners’ relationship quality 6 months later. Anxiety (for both men and women) did not uniquely predict their own or their partner’s relationship quality 6 months later, accounting for one’s own and partner’s mindfulness. Findings are consistent with family stress theory and suggest that mindfulness may be a family resource promoting successful intimate partnerships, and further that the relational benefits of mindfulness may outweigh the damaging effects of anxiety. Suggestions are made for future research.
Fluselenamyl: Toxicology Studies in Mice, and Automated Synthesis of 18F-Fluselenamyl

3119 Objectives: 11C-PiB continues to be widely investigated diagnostic amyloid imaging tracer for the detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), while 18F- Florbetapir, 18F-Flutemetamol, and 18F-Florbetaben are FDA approved. However, these tracers are not robust in detecting diffuse Aβ plaques, a critical target at the prodromal stages of the disease, included in the revised NIAAA (National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer’s Association) criteria for detecting AD. This drawback in detecting the earlier form of the disease by these tracers, could lead to inefficient patient stratification thus mitigating the benefits obtained from the therapeutic drugs. To further complement noninvasive imaging resources for detecting AD at prodromal stages and enable molecular-specific imaging without confounded off-target effects, we have recently reported preclinical development and validation of 18F-Fluselenamyl that demonstrates characteristics of translatable Aβ specific imaging agents while also binding the diffuse plaques in neuropathologically confirmed AD tissues. Herein, we report the toxicology studies and automated synthesis of 18F-Fluselenamyl under GMP conditions. Methods: Toxicology studies were performed via administering of single dose 2-week study. Automated synthesis was performed on GE module in FDA approved GMP facility. Results: Fluselenamyl showed no signs of adverse effect on blood chemistry in two week single injection toxicology studies. Following intravenous administration of Fluselenamyl (500µg/kg; 243-fold) in mice (40 mice: 20 male and 20 female; 6-7 weeks of age; 20-25g ±10%), all mice were monitored continuously for clinical observations (physical, behavioral, and loss of body weight (> 20% in 1 week). Compared with vehicle treated counterparts (1 day post- and 14th day-post injection), the unlabeled Fluselenamyl demonstrated no statistically significant effects on blood chemistry biomarkers (blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, Glucose, total protein, albumin, bilirubin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP), Ca, P, Na, K levels) and no noticeable pathological findings in sections of tissues, such as brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, intestinal tract, stomach, testicles, male accessory sex glands, uterus/cervix/vagina, ovaries, adrenals, mesenteric lymph nodes, and thymus. Finally, 18F- Fluselenamyl was synthesized using automated modules under GMP compliance with high radiochemical yield and purity. Conclusions: Fluselenamyl does now show any significant pharmacological effects in mice and the radiotracer is readily translated into automation phase under GMP conditions. Further assessment of 18F-Fluselenamyl dosimetry and safety profiles in humans are underway.
Analysis of the Availability of Second-hand Clothing as the Raw Materials for Repurposing

The practices of fast fashion companies have resulted in an over-consumption of fashion products and an abundance of still functional, second-hand clothing. Repurposing this clothing is a time intensive process and requires a higher selling price to be profitable. Research has suggested that a production process is needed to efficiently produce repurposed clothing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine a merchandise category which has a need to be repurposed and to identify the characteristics of this category. Category was determined through phone interviews with store managers of six thrift stores in three metropolitan areas in one Midwest state. Subsequently, physical counts of the identified category were conducted at each of the six stores. The number of items available was documented, as well as the sizes, fiber content, colors and dimensions of fabric available for repurposing. Potential designs were developed for efficient use of the repurposed materials available.
Antigen-specific memory and naïve CD4+ T cells following secondary Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

Memory antigen-specific CD4+ T cells against Chlamydia trachomatis are necessary for protection against secondary genital tract infection. While it is known that naive antigen-specific CD4+ T cells can traffic to the genital tract in an antigen-specific manner, these T cells are not protective during primary infection. Here, we sought to compare the differences between memory and naive antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in the same mouse following secondary infection using transgenic CD4+ T cells (NR1 T cells). Using RNA sequencing, we found that there were subtle but distinct differences between these two T cell populations. Naive NR1 T cells significantly upregulated cell cycle genes and were more proliferative than memory NR1 T cells in the draining lymph node. In contrast, memory NR1 T cells were more activated than naive NR1 T cells and were enriched in the genital tract. Together, our data provide insight into the differences between memory and naive antigen-specific CD4+ T cells during C. trachomatis infection.
Emerging Adults and Developing Awareness of Siblings’ Symptoms of Schizophrenia:

Emerging adults who are siblings to individuals with schizophrenia are an understudied though important population. This study examined perceptions of emerging adults to better understand developme...
Potassium and Nitrogen Impacts on Survival and Development of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

This study determined the effects of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) plant fertilizers on the survival and development of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on ‘TifEagle’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy]. The treatments were various ratios of N:K: (1) 0:0, (2) 1:0, (3) 2:1, (4) 1:1, (5) 0:1, and (6) 1:2, where 1 = 113.4 g N or K per 92.3 m2. Treatments were applied from May to October in 2018 and 2019 at biweekly intervals via foliar spraying. Neonates of S. frugiperda were introduced to treated plants under laboratory conditions. In 2018, survival was significantly lower in the 0:1, 1:2, 1:0, and 0:0 treatments than in the 2:1 and 1:1 treatments at 10 d and 24 d postintroduction; whereas, in 2019, survival was significantly lower in the 0:0 treatment than in the other treatments at 10 d and 24 d postintroduction. Development of S. frugiperda larvae was significantly faster in the 2:1 treatment than in the 1:1 treatment in both years. Our data indicate that N favors and K discourages the growth and development of S. frugiperda larvae on bermudagrass.
Nonlinear Topological Pumping with Photons

We theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate quantized nonlinear Thouless pumping, despite non-uniform occupation of topological bands; the effect has no analogue in the linear domain. We observe the effect in arrays of coupled waveguides.
Growth characteristics of rats receiving ractopamine hydrochloride and the metabolic disposition of ractopamine hydrochloride after oral or intraperitoneal administration.

Objectives of this study were 1) to measure the effect of oral or i.p. administration of ractopamine HCl on growth and feed utilization in rats, 2) to determine the total absorption of [14C]ractopamine HCl after oral administration, and 3) to determine the disposition of radioactivity and the urinary elimination of unchanged [14C]ractopamine in rats after oral or i.p. administration of [14C]ractopamine. Twenty-seven female Sprague-Dawley rats (164.6 +/- 5.7 g) were randomly assigned to control (CONT), oral (ORAL), and i.p. (IP) treatments. Control and ORAL rats were implanted i.p with sham pumps, and IP rats were implanted i.p. with osmotic pumps primed to deliver 312 micrograms of ractopamine HCl per 24 h. Control and IP rats received no dietary ractopamine, but ORAL rats received 20 mg of ractopamine HCl/kg of diet. The IP rats had greater cumulative net weight gains and ADG on d 2, 6, 8, 10, and 12 than CONT rats. The ADFI was greater for ORAL rats on d 2 and 4 than for CONT rats, and the gain:feed ratio was greater on d 2, 6, 8, 10, and 12 for IP rats than for CONT rats. Net weight gain, ADG, and gain:feed ratio did not differ between ORAL and CONT rats. Absorption of radioactivity administered orally as [14C]ractopamine (2.9 mg) was 87.9% during a 24-h experimental period; biliary, urinary, and fecal excretion of radioactivity was 58.5%, 28.7%, and 1.4% of that administered, respectively. Urine from rats dosed orally with [14C]ractopamine contained 1.9% of the radioactivity as the parent compound, and urine from rats dosed i.p. contained 22.6% of the radioactivity as parent ractopamine. Ractopamine HCl increased weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization when administered i.p. to rats, but not when administered orally. The ineffectiveness of oral ractopamine for stimulating the growth of rats was probably due to extensive presystemic metabolism of ractopamine.
Relation of the segregative origin of chromosome replication to the origin of replication after amino acid starvation.

Cultures of Escherichia coli 15T − and K-12 were labeled with 3 H-thymine before, during, and after amino acid starvation. The number of labeled segregating units was measured by autoradiography of microcolonies derived from the labeled cells. In both strains, labels inserted before starvation and during starvation appeared to segregate as if incorporated into the same polynucleotide strands. However, labels inserted during and after starvation segregated as if incorporated into different polynucleotide strands. In view of previous data, it was concluded that replication after amino acid starvation originates from the region of the chromosome which serves as the origin for replication during normal growth and division. Images
Effect of Glucagon on Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity in Rat Hepatocyte Culture

The effect of glucagon on the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in rat hepatocyte culture was determined. Glucagon concentrations of 0.1 nM enhanced, whereas concentrations > 1 nM decreased, alcohol dehydrogenase. These effects became apparent after exposure of the cultures to glucagon for 4 or more days. The presence of corticosterone (1 μM) prevented the' enhancing effect of 0.1 nM glucagon on alcohol dehydrogenase activity. The changes in alcohol dehydrogenase caused by glucagon were associated with parallel changes in the rate of ethanol elimination. Alcohol dehydrogenase appears to be rate-limiting for ethanol oxidation, as uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation did not modify the rate of ethanol elimination. These studies suggest a physiologic role of glucagon in enhancing liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity, whereas higher pharmacologic concentrations of glucagon have an opposite, depressant effect.
Making Graphplan Goal-Directed

The Graphplan algorithm exemplifies the speed-up achieveable with disjunctive representations that leverage opposing directions of refinement. It is in this spirit that we introduce Bsr-graphplan, a work in progress intended to address issues of scalability and expressiveness which are problematic for Graphplan. Specifically, we want to endow the planner with intelligent backtracking and full quantification of action schemata. Since Graphplan employs a backward chaining search, it lacks the necessary state information to efficiently support these mechanisms. We hypothesize that alternatively pointing the search in the direction of the goals provides an sufficient amelioration. Further, we demonstrate that a forward chaining search strategy can be competitive by enforcing ordering constraints on the developing plan prefix. This is accomplished by using operators of a plangraph constructed in a top-down fashion to extend the plan prefix, and by introducing an additional data structure – a constraint tree – which is constructed by regressing subgoal information through the graph operators.
Literature and Favoritism in Early Modern England

Acknowledgements A note on texts 1. 'Prerogative Pleasures': favoritism and monarchy in early modern England 2. Leicester and his ghosts 3. Amici Principis: imagining the good favorite 4. Poisoning favor 5. Erotic favoritism as a language of corruption in early modern drama 6. 'What pleased the prince': Edward II and the imbalanced constitution 7. Instrumental favoritism and the uses of Roman history Afterword: 'In a true sense there is no Monarchy' Notes Index.
Does hybridization drive the transition to asexuality in diploid Boechera

Gametophytic apomixis is a common form of asexual reproduction in plants. Virtually all gametophytic apomicts are polyploids, and some view polyploidy as a prerequisite for the transition to apomixis. However, any causal link between apomixis and polyploidy is complicated by the fact that most apomictic polyploids are allopolyploids, leading some to speculate that hybridization, rather than polyploidy, enables apomixis. Diploid apomixis presents a rare opportunity to isolate the role of hybridization, and a number of diploid apomicts have been documented in the genus Boechera (Brassicaceae). Here, we present the results of a microsatellite study of 1393 morphologically and geographically diverse diploid individuals, evaluating the hypothesis that diploid Boechera apomicts are hybrids. This genus-wide dataset was made possible by the applicability of a core set of microsatellite loci in 69 of the 70 diploid Boechera species and by our ability to successfully genotype herbarium specimens of widely varying ages. With few exceptions, diploid apomicts exhibited markedly high levels of heterozygosity resulting from the combination of disparate genomes. This strongly suggests that most apomictic diploid Boechera lineages are of hybrid origin, and that the genomic consequences of hybridization allow for the transition to gametophytic apomixis in this genus.
The Three Cs Model: the context, content, and conduct of nursing education.

Abstract The Three Cs Model integrates the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission's accreditation standards. The three major concepts of this model — Context, Content, and Conduct — relate to one or more of the accreditation standards. This model has been used to integrate three levels of programs in one nursing department and facilitate the self-study process for ongoing accreditation of each program. The model is used to implement the nursing department's strategic plan, provide a systematic framework for curriculum and program evaluation, design graduate courses, and develop a new doctor of nursing practice program. The Three Cs Model provides an innovative framework that integrates standards to verify, clarify, and amplify excellence in nursing education.
Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with digital histopathology in prostate.

We propose a systematic approach to correlate MRI and digital histopathology in prostate. T2-weighted (T2W) MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) are acquired, and a patient-specific mold (PSM) is designed from the MRI. Following prostatectomy, a whole mount tissue specimen is placed in the PSM and sectioned, ensuring that tissue blocks roughly correspond to MRI slices. Rigid body and thin plate spline deformable registration attempt to correct deformation during image acquisition and tissue preparation and achieve a more complete one-to-one correspondence between MRIs and tissue sections. Each tissue section is stained with hematoxylin and eosin and segmented by adopting a machine learning approach. Utilizing this tissue segmentation and image registration, the density of cellular and tissue components (lumen, nucleus, epithelium, and stroma) is estimated per MR voxel, generating density maps for the whole prostate. This study was approved by the local IRB, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. Registration of tissue specimens and MRIs was aided by the PSM and subsequent image registration. Tissue segmentation was performed using a machine learning approach, achieving $$\ge $$ 0.98 AUCs for lumen, nucleus, epithelium, and stroma. Examining the density map of tissue components, significant differences were observed between cancer, benign peripheral zone, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (p value $$<$$ 5e $$-$$ 2). Similarly, the signal intensity of the corresponding areas in both T2W MRI and DWI was significantly different (p value $$<$$ 1e $$-$$ 10). The proposed approach is able to correlate MRI and digital histopathology of the prostate and is promising as a potential tool to facilitate a more cellular and zonal tissue-based analysis of prostate MRI, based upon a correlative histopathology perspective.
Corporal Punishment: Not Cruel and Unusual?.

ment's due process standard should be applied. The facts of the case indicate that the punishment administered was severe and that no hearings of any kind were provided. One plaintiff, James Ingraham, testified that the defendants struck him repeatedly with a wooden instrument after he and several other children were accused of disrupting a class. When Ingraham protested his innocence and refused to submit to a paddling, the assistant principals held his arms and legs while the principal, Willie J. Wright, administered at least twenty
Superficial fungal infections. A practical guide for primary care physicians.

PreviewSuperficial fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails are easily managed once the proper diagnosis is made. In this practical article, Dr Pariser discusses the clinical characteristics of skin infections caused by dermatophyte fungi, describes bedside diagnostic techniques for accurate identification, and updates readers on current therapies.
A note on the evaluation of a “computer date”

Four hundred and nine students who attended a “computer dance” returned a questionnaire on which they had made a number of ratings of their dates. Significant correlations with attraction were obtained for physical attractiveness (r =.69), “personality” (r =.68), “character” (r =.49), intelligence (r =.39), and two indices of similarity (r =.46,.56).
Photochemical studies of rancidity: Rate of peroxide development under constant intensity of light

(1) Peroxides in oils increase at a uniform rate when the oils are irradiated with light from a constant source, such as CX lamps.
STABILITY OF GEOSYNTHETIC-REINFORCED SOIL ABOVE A CAVITY

Abstract Geosynthetic-reinforced soils have been used for bridging cavities. At present there is no generally accepted method for analyzing the stability of soil-geosynthetic-cavity systems. This paper presents methods of analysis as well as parameter interrelationships for the determination of reinforced soil layers thickness and anchor length. Four different methods of layer thickness analysis are presented: they are Giroud's method, the multi-layer method, ultimate strength method and strain-dependent strength method. Of these four methods, the strain-dependent strength method is more rational and is adopted for development of interrelations among parameters having a dominant effect on the stability of a reinforced soil layer overlying a cavity. The parameter interrelations are presented graphically. These graphs are useful not only for the determination of layer thickness and anchor length, but also for evaluating the stability of existing soil-geosynthetic-cavity systems.
Pediatric parenteral nutrition: putting the microscope on macronutrients and micronutrients.

Parenteral nutrition can be a life-saving therapy, but its benefits need to be balanced with a unique set of risks and complications. Methods of practice vary because there is a dearth of research in the area of pediatric parenteral nutrition. This article reviews the available literature on parenteral nutrition in children and provides suggestions on prevention and management of parenteral nutrition–associated liver disease. Some of the issues discussed in this article include glucose infusion rates, cycling of parenteral nutrition, copper and manganese toxicity, and the provision of glutamine, selenium, and carnitine.
Pressure wave generation in particle-fueled combustion systems. I -Parametric study.

Generation of pressure wave by explosion of condensed phase fuel particles dispersed in gaseous oxidizer
No-pair terms in the adiabatic nuclear potential

A critical analysis is made of the controversial no-pair and non-adiabatic terms in the nuclear force problem. As a specific example the scalar theory is examined carefully. It is shown that the non-static corrections are required to the adiabatic local potential to give the correct phase shifts in Born approximation.
Modeling emigration of wolves from a wilderness area into adjacent agricultural regions

We developed and applied a simple population model to examine the relation between abundance of wolves in a wilderness area and the numbers that emigrate into adjacent agricultural areas and that may need to be removed on an annual basis. The model was applied using Minnesota wolf (Canis lupus) data. The gray wolf is emigrating from northern wilderness areas in the State of Minnesota (USA) into adjacent agricultural and urban areas to the south, and the costs of both wolf control and compensation to farmers for lost livestock is increasing as the number of wolves increases. Emigration reduces the number of wolves on a refuge to about 85% of the carrying capacity, and the number of wolves that emigrate into the agricultural area is 6% of the number on the refuge. With control on the refuge the number of wolves killed is about 10% of the carrying capacity or 24% of the wolves on the refuge, but control on the refuge results in less emigration. A conservative control strategy, in which abundance on the refuge is closer to the carrying capacity and emigration increases slightly, can increase the number of wolves on the refuge with a small increase in emigration.