cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precisely Inaccurate: The Impact of Mandatory Transparency on Information Supply

Utilizing the TRACE bond transaction disclosure program as a shock to secondary market transparency, I find that increasing transparency reduces long term price accuracy. Disseminated bonds drift about 30% farther from initial prices over quarter, half year, and year time horizons versus non-disseminated bonds—but the effect attenuates when firms have publicly traded equity. At play may be the endogenous choice of market participants to rely more on prior bond prices and capitalize less on alternative signals about the firm. Post dissemination, bond prices respond about 30% to 50% less to the news embedded in equity announcements within the quarter of the announcement but correct by nearly that amount in the following quarter. Bond analysts behavior supports this channel: I find evidence that rating sensitivity to the publicly available bond price signal increases while weight on macroeconomic variables, equity price signals, and firm fundamentals all decrease. This shift induces increased analyst herding and decreased accuracy of bond ratings in predicting future firm defaults over longer horizons.
Flavivirus NS2B/NS3 Protease: Structure, Function, and Inhibition

Abstract Many flaviviruses are significant human pathogens causing considerable disease burdens, including encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever, and microcephaly, in the regions in which they are endemic. A paucity of treatments for flaviviral infections has driven interest in drug development targeting proteins essential to Flavivirus replication, such as the viral protease. During viral replication, the Flavivirus genome is translated as a single-polyprotein precursor, which must be cleaved into individual proteins by host proteases and a complex of the viral protease, NS3, and its cofactor, NS2B. As this cleavage is an obligate step of the viral life cycle, the Flavivirus protease is an attractive target for antiviral drug development. In this chapter, we will survey the flaviviral protease and recent drug development studies targeting the NS3 active site, as well as studies targeting an NS2B/NS3 interaction site determined from Flavivirus protease crystal structures.
Mass-Sensing Multianalyte Micro-Array Based Immunoassay by Direct Nir Fluorescence and Quantitative Image Analysis

It has been found that 200 micron-diameter spots of covalently immobilized analyte-specific capture reagent can significantly deplete analyte from several hundred microliters of liquid sample. The quantitative ligand binding assays which result sense the total analyte mass in a sample, rather than concentration, and provide high signal to background by concentrating analytes at the solid-liquid interface. Data from an avidin-biotin model shows the detection of 106 analyte molecules per spot. Preliminary results from a simultaneous multianalyte assay of the four human IgG subclasses validate the avidin-biotin results, and indicate sensitivity comparable to conventional ELISA methods requiring 100 times the antibody mass.
Being overweight or obese was associated with a greater risk for end-stage renal disease.

Source Citation Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Go AS. Body mass index and risk for end-stage renal disease. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:21-8. 16389251
Narrative in social work practice: The power and possibility of story.

Narrative in Social Work Practice weaves individual practitioner’s experiences with narrative through the context of theory. Although the definition of narrative is not concretely given, the introd...
Robotic Bladder Surgery in Children

Minimally invasive surgery has revolutionized many aspects of urological surgery, and the indications for laparoscopic and robotic surgeries have expanded to include not only adults but also children. The da Vinci surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) provides the advantages of simplification and precision of exposure and suturing because of allowing movements of the robotic arm in real time with increased degree of freedom and magnified three-dimensional view.
Toward a fair review-management system

Item reviews are a valuable source of information for potential buyers, who are looking for information on a product's attributes before making a purchase decision. This search of information is often hindered by overwhelming numbers of available reviews, as well as low-quality and noisy content. While a significant amount of research has been devoted to filtering and organizing review corpora toward the benefit of the buyers, a crucial part of the reviewing process has been overlooked: reviewer satisfaction. As in every content-based system, the content-generators, in this case the reviewers, serve as the driving force. Therefore, keeping the reviewers satisfied and motivated to continue submitting high-quality content is essential. In this paper, we propose a system that helps potential buyers by focusing on high-quality and informative reviews, while keeping reviewers content and motivated.
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Block

Glossopharyngeal nerve block has an important diagnostic role in the evaluation of head and orofacial pain. Glossopharyngeal nerve block is beneficial in alleviating pain due to glossopharyngeal neuralgia and cancer.
Quantifying Model Uncertainties in Complex Systems

Uncertainties are abundant in complex systems. Appropriate mathematical models for these systems thus contain random effects or noises. The models are often in the form of stochastic differential equations, with some parameters to be determined by observations. The stochastic differential equations may be driven by Brownian motion, fractional Brownian motion, or Levy motion. After a brief overview of recent advances in estimating parameters in stochastic differential equations, various numerical algorithms for computing parameters are implemented. The numerical simulation results are shown to be consistent with theoretical analysis. Moreover, for fractional Brownian motion and a-stable Levy motion, several algorithms are reviewed and implemented to numerically estimate the Hurst parameter H and characteristic exponent a.
A Broad-Coverage Natural Language Analysis System

A broad-coverage goal requires a robust and flexible natural language processing base, one that is adaptable to linguistic needs and also to the exigencies of computation. The Programming Language for Natural Language Processing (PLNLP: Heidorn, 1972) is well suited for this task. PLNLP provides a general programming capability, including a rule-writing formalism and algorithms for both parsing (“decoding”) and generation (“encoding”). Although linguistic scholarship and linguistic intuitions motivate our system strongly, we have chosen not to commit our computational formalism to any of the reigning linguistic theories.
Disability, Demography of

This article reviews the demographic approach to disability. Disability in developed and developing nations, and among children, adults of working age, and the elderly are examined. Disability measurement through activity limitation or through measures of functional capacity is addressed. Levels of disability for major regions of the world and differences between men and women are described. New statistical methods especially appropriate for the study of disability are highlighted. As life expectancy increases, the number of years spent in disability increases, but the proportion of the lifetime spent disabled decreases.
Bcl-2 Gene Family

The Bcl-2 family of cytoplasmic proteins are major regulators of programmed cell death. This process of cellular suicide, termed apoptosis, is thought to be conserved among all multicellular organisms. Apoptosis is vital for normal development, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and proper immune function; disturbances in it are implicated in many disorders including cancer, degenerative diseases, and autoimmune disorders. Members of the Bcl-2 family, some of which work in opposition to the others, determine whether a cell undergoes apoptosis. The process of apoptosis is ultimately carried out by proteases of the caspase group, which cleave vital cellular proteins. However, the caspases are normally maintained as inactive precursors. Thus, the Bcl-2 family, in response to developmental and environmental cues and various intracellular damage signals, determines whether certain pro-caspases are activated in order to initiate the proteolytic cascade that causes cell death. Mutations in the BCL2 gene are seen in several different types of cancer. Mutations that deregulate apoptosis may also render cancer cells resistant to therapy. Knowledge of the intricacies of the BCL2-regulated apoptosis pathway has led scientists to create novel chemotherapeutic agents targeting the Bcl-2 family of proteins to facilitate tumor cell destruction.
Legal Realism in Lawyer-Client Communication

Legal materials have often been used to examine issues of general interest in the analysis of language and language use. Traditionally the study of law and language has concentrated on statutes, formal decisions, legal instruments, or documents used in legal procedures (see Rodell, 1939; Christie, 1964; Mellinkoff, 1963; Brigham, 1978). Particular attention has been given to questions of whether legal language is distinct from other language forms (Stone, 1981) and whether legal language can, and should, be simplified and thus made more accessible to non-lawyers (see Arnold, 1935:66).
Single-cell mass cytometry and machine learning predict relapse in childhood leukemia

Improved insight into cancer cell populations responsible for treatment failure will lead to better outcomes for patients. We herein highlight a single-cell study of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) at diagnosis that revealed hidden developmentally dependent cell signaling states uniquely associated with relapse.
Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Issues

Ergonomics is the practice and research of the interaction between the human and the physical environment with the goal of optimizing human well-being and overall system performance. For public health ergonomics programs, the major goal is the prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). These prevention efforts encompass many different areas of ergonomics and public health disciplines ranging from engineering to epidemiology. Comprehensive approaches to physical ergonomic interventions work best to reduce the incidence of work-related MSDs.
Aberrant activation of non-coding RNA targets of transcriptional elongation complexes contributes to TDP-43 toxicity

TDP-43 is the major disease protein associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitinated inclusions (FTLD-TDP). Here we identify the transcriptional elongation factor Ell—a shared component of little elongation complex (LEC) and super elongation complex (SEC)—as a strong modifier of TDP-43-mediated neurodegeneration. Our data indicate select targets of LEC and SEC become upregulated in the fly ALS/FTLD-TDP model. Among them, U12 snRNA and a stress-induced long non-coding RNA Hsrω, functionally contribute to TDP-43-mediated degeneration. We extend the findings of Hsrω, which we identify as a chromosomal target of TDP-43, to show that the human orthologue Sat III is elevated in a human cellular disease model and FTLD-TDP patient tissue. We further demonstrate an interaction between TDP-43 and human ELL2 by co-immunoprecipitation from human cells. These findings reveal important roles of Ell-complexes LEC and SEC in TDP-43-associated toxicity, providing potential therapeutic insight for TDP-43-associated neurodegeneration.
Authorship Attribution via Coupon-Collector-Type Indices

Authorship attribution is the process of determining the author of a text in question by capturing an author’s writing style based on selected stylistic features. In this paper, we propose a new me...
The Pharmacology of Sedatives/Hypnotics

The classification for the sedatives/hypnotics is a source of confusion for even dedicated pharmacologists. The method of classification probably arose as primarily an attempt to describe the subjective and behavioral effects produced by these drugs, that is, sedation and hypnosis.
Enhance Physical Layer Security via Channel Randomization with Reconfigurable Antennas

Secure wireless communication techniques based on physical (PHY) layer properties are promising alternatives or complements to traditional upper-layer cryptography-based solutions, due to the capability of achieving message confidentiality or integrity and authentication protection without pre-shared secrets. While many theoretical results are available, there are few practical PHY-layer security schemes, mainly because the requirement of channel advantage between the legitimate users versus the attacker’s is hard to satisfy in all cases. Recent research shows that channel randomization, which proactively and dynamically perturbs the physical channel so as to create an artificial channel advantage, is helpful to enhance certain PHY-layer security goals such as secrecy. However, a systematic study of the foundations of such an approach and its applicability is needed. In this chapter, we first survey the state-of-the-art in PHY-layer security and identify their main limitations as well as challenges. Then we examine the principles of channel randomization and explore its application to achieve in-band message integrity and authentication. Especially, we focus on preventing active signal manipulation attacks and use reconfigurable antennas to systematically randomize the channel such that it is unpredictable to the active attacker. Both theoretical and experimental results show that it is a feasible and effective approach. Other applications and future directions are discussed in the end.
Right-Provisioned IoT Edge Computing: An Overview

Edge computing on the Internet of Things (IoT) is an increasingly popular paradigm in which computation is moved closer to the data source (i.e., edge devices). Edge computing mitigates the overheads of cloud-based computing arising from increased response time, communication bandwidth, data security and privacy, energy consumption, etc. However, given the potentially stringent resource constraints and functional requirements of emerging IoT devices, edge computing must neither be over- or under-provisioned for its stated purpose. In this paper, we present an overview of the problem of right-provisioned IoT edge computing, wherein IoT devices are equipped with resources that are 'just enough,' even when 'just enough' may not be clearly defined at design time. We highlight a few research directions and key challenges that must be addressed to enable right-provisioned IoT edge computing.
Predicting early relapse in patients with BRAFV600E melanoma with a highly sensitive blood BRAF assay.

8516 Background: Many patients (pts) with metastatic melanoma (MM) who progress on BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) develop rapidly progressive disease (PD) which is difficult to manage. Identification of a...
Noise Radar Data Processing - Co-Located Gaussian Transmit Signals

This paper documents an investigation into the potential usefulness of a “total transmit noise waveform” composed of the superposition of multiple independent Gaussian signals, which may be considered to have been emitted from a common point in space. In actuality, these waveforms may have been emitted from separate transmit antennas affixed to a common tower built atop elevated terrain, far distant from the illuminated scene containing the scatterer(s) of interest.
Healthy in a crummy world: Implications of primal world beliefs for health psychology.

Abstract Aaron Beck’s insight—that beliefs about one’s self, future, and environment shape behavior—had major implications for health psychology research and practice. Yet, beliefs about one’s environment have remained relatively understudied. A recent comprehensive empirically-driven effort has led to the identification of 26 primal world beliefs, or primals, (e.g., the world is: harmless vs. threatening, stable vs. fragile, just vs. unjust, meaningful vs. meaningless, improvable vs. too hard to improve, beautiful vs. ugly). Primals have been theorized to influence many outcomes of interest to different psychological subdisciplines, and a psychometrically rigorous effort has developed a Primals Inventory to measure them. In this brief report, we aim to introduce primals’ potential implications for health psychology research and practice. After summarizing primals’ theorized general function, we illustrate their connection to health processes and outcomes via five illustrative hypotheses. These hypotheses concern how primals might influence (a) the cardiotoxic stress axis; (b) conserved transcriptional response to adversity gene expression patterns; (c) health behaviors; (d) treatment effectiveness; and (e) risk of developing chronic diseases. Further research on primals in relation to health processes and outcomes might lead to new avenues of scientific inquiry and innovative methods of improving the trajectory of our society’s health and well-being.
Plant Stimuli and Their Impact on Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Dispersal and Host Selection

A diverse diet in polyphagous insects satisfies changing nutritional needs but the choice of host plant may vary throughout the insect and plant life cycle. The behaviors associated with host choice in the immature stages may differ from the egg laying site chosen by the mother. To evaluate this for an important agricultural pest, we looked at host choice over two growing seasons for the invasive Halyomorpha halys. H. halys has a host breadth of over 170 known species in its invaded range and adults can satisfy nutritional needs through a strong dispersal capacity. Nymphs are more limited in their ability to choose host plants and we investigated if they make a choice that differs from the source plant (to simulate maternal choice) and characterized volatile organic compounds that are present during attraction. In a mark-release-recapture experiment we quantified dispersal and host choice by nymphs to four common vegetable hosts throughout the growing season. Applying an attraction index to quantify host choice we identified that nymphs switch host plants depending on host phenology. Plants with maturing fruits were most attractive. Volatile organic compounds were collected from host plants during the same time period. Principal component analysis categorized phenol, undecane, decanal, caryophyllene, and nonanal as compounds associated with host plants during peak attractive periods. Thus, the availability of suitable food and associated olfactory cues appears to be influencing the spatiotemporal distribution of H. halys within the agroecosystem. Exploiting dispersal behavior and olfactory cues may be used to help increase the effectiveness and efficiency of current management practices for this severe and widespread pest.
The Concept of Sport Sampling Versus Sport Specialization: Preventing Youth Athlete Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background:The prevalence of youth athletes specializing in 1 sport has been increasing over the past decade. Subsequently, the rate of youth athlete injury has also been increasing. It is possible...
Characteristics of Trisectors

The feeling which tempts persons to his problem is that which, in romance, made it impossible for a knight to pass a castle which belonged to a giant or an enchanter. I once gave a lecture on the subject: a gentleman who was introduced to it by what I said remarked, loud enough to be heard by all around, “Only prove to me that it is impossible, and I will set about it this very evening.”
SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDIFIED MELTS OF THE EuF3-CeF3-NaCl-KCl SYSTEM

The nature of the interaction in the EuF3-CeF3 system in the process of high-temperature (1050 °C) oxidation - reduction reaction was established by the methods of IR transmission spectroscopy, diffuse reflection spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Here is a significant bathochromic shift to 480-485 nm band of blue luminescence of Eu(II) - containing phases, due to the 5d–4f electronic transitions, as well as the manifestation of orange-red luminescence of Eu(III) - containing phases due to 4f–4f electronic transitions in the range of 590–690 nm. There is a bathochromic shift of the IR bandwidth in the spectrum of the solidified salt melt as a result of dissolution of the fluoride system. Diffuse reflection spectra reveal changes in the composition of the phases that dissolve in the salt melt due to exchange reactions. The wide absorption band in the UV range gives way to a negative absorption band consisting of two peaks due to luminescence. The almost complete disappearance of the band of 4f–4f transitions in Eu(III) in the near-IR range of the spectrum is evidence of its entire reduction in the chloride melt to Eu(II). The character of the luminescence spectra of solidified salt melts also changes in comparison with the initial sample of the EuF3-CeF3 system, namely, the luminescence band of Ce3+ ions disappears, and the luminescence band of Eu2+ ions at 430–440 nm becomes narrow and highly intensive. The luminescence band of Eu3+ ions in the orange-red region of the spectrum disappears completely. Thus, Eu2+ ions become dominant in the formation of the spectral picture of the solidified salt melt, which is evidence of the completion of the redox process in the system.
A universal solution scheme for fractional and classical PDEs.

We propose a unified meshless method to solve classical and fractional PDE problems with $(-\Delta)^{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ for $\alpha \in (0, 2]$. The classical ($\alpha = 2$) and fractional ($\alpha < 2$) Laplacians, one local and the other nonlocal, have distinct properties. Therefore, their numerical methods and computer implementations are usually incompatible. We notice that for any $\alpha \ge 0$, the Laplacian $(-\Delta)^{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ of generalized inverse multiquadric (GIMQ) functions can be analytically written by the Gauss hypergeometric function, and thus propose a GIMQ-based method. Our method unifies the discretization of classical and fractional Laplacians and also bypasses numerical approximation to the hypersingular integral of fractional Laplacian. These two merits distinguish our method from other existing methods for the fractional Laplacian. Extensive numerical experiments are carried out to test the performance of our method. Compared to other methods, our method can achieve high accuracy with fewer number of unknowns, which effectively reduces the storage and computational requirements in simulations of fractional PDEs. Moreover, the meshfree nature makes it free of geometric constraints and enables simple implementation for any dimension $d \ge 1$. Additionally, two approaches of selecting shape parameters, including condition number-indicated method and random-perturbed method, are studied to avoid the ill-conditioning issues when large number of points.
Paediatric allergy practice in the era of coronavirus disease 2019.

Purpose of review To summarize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the practice of paediatric allergy. Recent findings Given significant overlap in symptoms, care must be taken to differentiate routine allergic conditions from COVID-19 infection but it appears that most allergic diseases are not risk factors for a severe COVID-19 course. The full impact of restricted allergy/immunology ambulatory services will take months to years to fully understand. One benefit of having to adapt practice style is greater awareness and acceptance of shared decision-making and recognition of preference-sensitive care options in food allergy, in particular for approaches towards allergy prevention, treatment, and anaphylaxis care. Social distancing and masks have helped reduce spread of common respiratory viruses, which may be helping to lower the incidence of viral-associated wheezing episodes, enhancing evidence of the effects of preventing exposure of young children to respiratory viruses on asthma pathogenesis, as well as on allergic rhinitis. There has been a revolution in the rise of telemedicine to increase access to high-quality allergy/immunology specialty care. Summary Although the field has adapted to remain operational in the face of a significant challenge, it is important to apply lessons learned to evolve patient care and optimize treatment in the aftermath of the pandemic.
Anemia management for home dialysis including the new US public policy initiative

Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) requiring kidney replacement therapy are often treated in conventional dialysis centers at substantial cost and patient inconvenience. The recent United States Executive Order on Advancing American Kidney Health, in addition to focusing on ESKD prevention and reforming the kidney transplantation system, focuses on providing financial incentives to promote a shift toward home dialysis. In accordance with this order, a goal was set to have 80% of incident dialysis patients receiving home dialysis or a kidney transplant by 2025. Compared with conventional in-center therapy, home dialysis modalities, including both home hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, appear to offer equivalent or improved mortality, clinical outcomes, hospitalization rates, and quality of life in patients with ESKD in addition to greater convenience, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. Treatment of anemia, a common complication of chronic kidney disease, may be easier to manage at home with a new class of agents, hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, which are orally administered in contrast to the current standard of care of i.v. iron and/or erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. This review evaluates the clinical, quality-of-life, economic, and social aspects of dialysis modalities in patients with ESKD, including during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic; explores new therapeutics for the management of anemia in chronic kidney disease; and highlights how the proposed changes in Advancing American Kidney Health provide an opportunity to improve kidney health in the United States.
The sequence form of accounting for atrocity

Discussions of aesthetic representations of mass atrocity have tended to focus on a particular form—the atrocity allegory—that figures a collective horror through the narrative of an individual pro...
Supporting Faculty as Writers and Teachers: An Integrative Approach to Educational Development

In this article, we explore how supporting faculty writers can also help them to become more effective teachers of writing in their disciplines. Based on over ten years of facilitating and studying faculty at our writing retreats, we demonstrate how understanding and improving their own writing experiences can spark insight into their students as writers. Furthermore, we suggest that helping faculty make this “turn to teaching” exemplifies the potential for an integrative model of educational development, one that leverages connections across faculty roles and responsibilities.
Zinc, a neurotoxin to cultured neurons, contaminates cycad flour prepared by traditional guamanian methods

We have used cultured ventral mesencephalic and cerebellar granule cells to test the toxicity of extracts of cycad seeds (genus Cycas) and cycad-derived flours traditionally prepared in Guam. There was no significant difference in the toxicity of extracts prepared from the female gametophyte tissue of C. circinalis, C. revoluta, and C. media, common wheat flour, and 13 of 17 cycad flour samples. However, extracts prepared from 4 of 17 Guamanian flour samples exhibited marked dose-dependent neurotoxicity to mesencephalic and granule cell cultures. There was no correlation between toxicity and 2-amino-3-(methylamino)-propanoic acid (BMAA) content, and the concentration of BMAA in the medium arising from these extracts was far below that required to be neurotoxic. Toxicity of extracts was not blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 or the non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, indicating that toxicity was not mediated by excitatory amino acid receptors. Analysis of the four toxic processed flour samples indicated high zinc content. Zinc produced a concentration-dependent neurotoxic response in mesencephalic and granule cell cultures that paralleled the calculated concentrations of zinc in the cultures derived from the four toxic flour samples. When sliced C. circinalis gametophyte tissue was "processed" in our laboratory by soaking in a galvanized container, there was a time-dependent increase in zinc content.
Effect of somatostatin on glucose homeostasis in conscious long-fasted dogs.

The effects of somatostatin plus intraportal insulin and glucagon replacement (pancreatic clamp) on carbohydrate metabolism were studied in conscious dogs fasted for 7 days so that gluconeogenesis was a major contributor to total glucose production. By use of [3-3H]glucose, glucose production (Ra) and utilization (Rd) and glucose clearance were assessed before and after implementation of the pancreatic clamp. After an initial control period, somatostatin (0.8 microgram . kg-1 . min-1) was infused with intraportal replacement amounts of glucagon (0.42 ng . kg-1 . min-1) and insulin. The insulin infusion rate was varied to maintain euglycemia and then kept constant (68 +/- 16 microU . kg-1 . min-1) for 250 min. Plasma glucagon was similar (84 +/- 14 and 89 +/- 19 pg/ml) before and during somatostatin infusion, while plasma insulin was lower (9.3 +/- 0.9 and 6.6 +/- 0.5 microU/ml, P less than 0.05). Plasma glucose levels remained similar (89 +/- 2 and 96 +/- 9 mg/dl), while Ra and Rd and the ratio of glucose clearance to plasma insulin were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased (from 2.18 +/- 0.12 to 3.21 +/- 0.35 and 2.30 +/- 0.09 to 3.26 +/- 0.38 mg . kg-1 . min-1, and 0.30 +/- 0.03 to 0.59 +/- 0.11, respectively). Net hepatic lactate uptake and [14C]alanine plus [14C]lactate conversion to [14C]glucose increased (P greater than 0.05) (from 9.32 +/- 0.47 to 16.54 +/- 2.97 mumol . kg-1 . min-1 and 100 to 263 +/- 37%, respectively). In conclusion, somatostatin alters glucose clearance in 7-day fasted dogs, resulting in changes in several indices of carbohydrate metabolism.
Quasi-static magnetic field changes associated with the CANNIKIN nuclear explosion

abstract As a result of the CANNIKIN nuclear explosion, the magnetic field several kilometers from the epicenter appears to have been permanently altered. Within 30 sec after detonation, a proton magnetometer 3 km away recorded a 9-gamma step increase in total magnetic field. Continuous difference recordings between the station at a distance of 3 km from the epicenter and one at 9 km showed that a 7.0-gamma average increase was maintained between these locations for 8 days after the shot. Along a 1 2 -km traverse centered across a portion of a fault 1.6 km from ground zero, postshot-minus-preshot magnetic field difference readings decreased semi-sinusoidally from a high value of +13 gammas in the shot-contained block to a low value of −11 gammas in the distal block. Within 15 m to either side of the fault trace, a 15-gamma wedge-shaped magnetic low was observed. The magnetic effects can be reasonably interpreted as being caused by either shot-produced residual stresses or shot-caused alterations of remanent magnetization.
Amplification of Search Performance through Randomization of Heuristics

Randomization as a means for improving search performance in combinatorial domains has received increasing interest in recent years. In optimization contexts, it can provide a means for overcoming the deficiencies of available search heuristics and broadening search in productive directions. In this paper, we consider the issue of amplifying the performance of a search heuristic through randomization. We introduce a general framework for embedding a base heuristic within an iterative sampling process and searching a stochastic neighborhood of the heuristic's prescribedt rajectory. In contrast to previous approaches, which have used rank-ordering as a basis for randomization, our approach insteadre lies on assigned heuristic value. Use of heuristic value is important because it makes it possible to vary the level of stochasticity in relation to the discriminatory power of the heuristic in different decision contexts, and hence concentrate search around those decisions where the heuristic is least informative. To evaluate the efficacy of the approach, we apply it to a complex, weighted-tardiness scheduling problem. Taking a state-of-the-art heuristic for this scheduling problem as a starting point, we demonstrate an ability to consistently and significantly improve on the deterministic heuristic solution across a broad range of problem instances. Our approach is also shown to consistently outperform a previously developed, rank-ordering based approach to randomizing the same heuristic in terms of percentage of improvement obtained.
The Integrated Gateway Model: A catalytic approach to behavior change

Abstract Objectives To develop and test an Integrated Gateway Model of behaviors and factors leading to subsequent positive reproductive, maternal, and child health behaviors. Methods A secondary analysis was conducted using previously published household survey data collected from men (n = 5551; 2011) and women (n = 16 144; 2011) in Nigeria and women in Egypt (n = 2240; 2004–2007). The number of health behaviors each potential gateway behavior predicted was assessed by multivariate regression, adjusting for potential confounders. The influence of gateway factors on gateway behaviors was tested via interaction terms. Gateway behaviors and factors were ranked by the number of health outcomes predicted, both separately and synergistically. Results The key gateway behavior identified in both datasets was spousal communication about family planning, whereas the key gateway factor was exposure to family planning messages. Conclusions The model could facilitate innovative research and programming that in turn might promote cascades of positive behaviors in reproductive, maternal, and child health.
Effect of load on preferred speed and cost of transport

Horses have a tendency to utilize a relatively narrow set of speeds near the middle of a much broader range they are capable of using within a particular gait, i.e., a preferred speed. Possible explanations for this behavior include minimizing musculoskeletal stresses and maximizing metabolic economy. If metabolic economy (cost of transport, CT) and preferred speeds are linked, then shifts in CT should produce shifts in preferred speed. To test this hypothesis, preferred speed was measured in trotting horses (n = 7) unloaded on the level and loaded with 19% of their body weight on the level. The preferred speed on the level was 3.33 +/- 0.09 (SE) m/s, and this decreased to 3.13 +/- 0.11 m/s when loaded. In both conditions (no load and load), the rate of O2 consumption (n = 3) was a curvilinear function of speed that produced a minimum CT (i.e., speed at which trotting is most economical). When unloaded, the speed at which CT was minimum was very near the preferred speed. With a load, CT decreased and the minimum was also near the preferred speed of horses while carrying a load.
Theoretical and experimental effects of cooling and warming velocity on the survival of frozen and thawed cells

Summary Theoretically, the rates of change in temperature during cooling and warming should affect cell survival, and, in practice, they often do have profound effects. Cooling velocity determines whether the water in a cell will leave the cell during cooling and freeze externally, or whether it will freeze within the cell. Whether ice forms extracellularly or intracellularly can greatly influence cell survival. The latter is usually lethal; the former may be innocuous. When cells are cooled rapidly enough to freeze intracellularly, survival becomes dependent on warming velocity, with slow warming being more harmful than rapid. This observation has been interpreted in terms of the effects of warming velocity on crystal form and size. Although slow cooling can prevent injury from intracellular freezing, it can augment injury from dehydration or solute concentration. A cooling rate of 1°C per min has turned out to be optimum for many cells in that it appears to be rapid enough to minimize injury from solute concentration and dehydration and slow enough to minimize the likelihood of intracellular freezing. However, 1°C per min is far too slow to be optimum for unprotected mammalian red cells, and may be far too rapid for large masses of cells and for organs. In micro-organisms, at least, survival appears to be affected more by cooling and warming velocities than by the length of the freezing and melting plateaus. This fact suggests that the single best measure of the whole freezing and thawing process may be the value of these velocities.
The Hécaen-Zangwill legacy: hemispheric dominance examined.

The research of Henry Hecaen and Oliver Zangwill on patients with unilateral brain lesions in the later 1940s and early 1950s ushered in the modern era of investigation of hemispheric cerebral dominance. The field of inquiry expanded far beyond language and visual perception to encompass audition, somesthesis, motor performance, attentional processes, emotionality, and psychiatric disorders. The hundreds of studies dealing with the topic indicate that hemispheric dominance is not an all-or-none phenomenon and that, to some degree, it is an unstable phenomenon dependent upon bihemispheric factors. The basic cognitive processes that are preferentially mediated by each hemisphere and the factors that produce changes in performance still require adequate definition.
Schistosoma mansoni: Detection and characterization of antigens and antigenemia by inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IELISA)

Abstract An inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IELISA) was used to detect the presence of schistosome antigens obtained from cercariae, adult worms, and eggs of the parasite. Using appropriate titers of Schistosoma mansoni infected mouse serum (IMS), it was possible to detect less than 10 ng/ml of schistosome antigen when added to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2) or normal human serum (NHS). The sensitivity of the test was highly contingent on the number of experimental variables including antibody titer and antigenic source. The results of specificity studies were complicated. Although there was no cross-reactivity detected with other unrelated antigen preparations, extensive cross-reactivity between various schistosome species and “stage-specific” antigens was observed. The IELISA, utilizing IMS, can quantitate the degree of antigenic cross-reactivity, i.e., genus-specific and cross-reacting antigenic determinants. Soluble egg antigen (SEA) preparations obtained from S. mansoni and S. japonicum actually “cross-reacted” more than cercarial- and egg-derived antigens obtained from the same species ( S. mansoni ). This test also showed a 32-fold increase in specificity for the quantitative detection of specific antigenic determinants when monoclonal antibodies were used to restrict the heterogeneity of the measured response. The technique proved satisfactory for the quantification of parasitic burden in mice and the detection of active infections in humans. Circulating antigen disappeared with a t 1 2 of 72–96 hr after successful treatment.
Differentiation of Fast and Slow Milk-Coagulating Isolates in Strains of Lactic Streptococci

Abstract Differentiation of fast and slow milk-coagulating lactic streptococci was achieved on a modified glycerophosphate milk agar. The new medium contained .1% litmus, which improved colony visualization and provided a qualitative measure of acid production. Aerobic incubation of strains on this milk-based medium led to autoinhibition in many strains because of accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. This effect was minimized by addition of catalase or pyruvate. Incubated anaerobically at 30°C, this medium allowed recognition of fast milk-coagulating isolates in 28 single strains and 7 commercial frozen cheese starter concentrates and differentiation of both fast and slow isolates in strains containing both cell types. Genetically characterized slow isolates could be placed into one of two distinct groups by colony appearance. The first group fermented lactose but was proteinase negative, and the second group included lactose-negative colonies that were either proteinase positive or negative.
Optimal and near-optimal algorithms for multiple fault diagnosis with unreliable tests

We consider the problem of constructing optimal and near-optimal multiple fault diagnosis (MFD) in bipartite systems with unreliable (imperfect) tests. It is known that exact computation of conditional probabilities for MFD is NP hard. The novel feature of our diagnostic algorithms is the use of Lagrangian relaxation and subgradient optimization methods to provide: 1) near optimal solutions for the MFD problem and 2) upper bounds for an optimal branch and bound algorithm. The proposed method is illustrated using several examples. Computational results indicate the following: 1) our algorithm has superior computational performance to the existing algorithms (approximately three orders of magnitude improvement over the algorithm by Z. Binglin et al. (1993)); 2) near optimal algorithm generates the most likely candidates with a very high accuracy; 3) our algorithm can find the most likely candidates in systems with as many as 1000 faults.
Discussion of grain growth in aluminum

The data of Rhines and Craig (RC) (Met Trans., 1974, vol. 5, pp. 413-25) are partially reinterpreted. For the first regime of grain growth, average grain volume is proportional to time, in accordance with RC, but for the second, it is proportional to the three-halves power of time. The structural factor σ is found to be constant only in the first regime, and its value is redetermined from the data to be about 2.65. Theoretical derivations of this value are also given and are found to be related to grain form (e.g. a tetrakaidecahedron). Grain boundary motion in the second regime is controlled by drag due to lattice diffusion of solute atoms from the boundary, and an activation energy of about 27 kcal/mole (113 kJ/mole) for this process is calculated from the data.
Vibrational Spectra of Some Cyclic Polysulfides

Vibrational spectra and normal-coordinate analyses using a modified Urey-Bradley force field are reported for 1,2,3,5,6-pentathiepane (lenthionine), 1,3,5,7-tetrathiocane, and 1,2,3-trithiane. Characteristic Raman bands are identified for S-CH2-S and S-S-S functionalities in cyclic molecules.
Variation in substrate use by white-faced capuchins

We examined substrate use by a group of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) during the dry season in the seasonally dry forest at Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica. The group's most common terrestrial activities were foraging and traveling. Subjuveniles were most terrestrial, traveling terrestrially 55% of the time and foraging terrestrially 42% of the time. Juveniles were least terrestrial (36% travel, 24% forage). Rest and social activity were highly arboreal for all age classes. Terrestrial foraging was most common in the middle of the day. Terrestrial traveling became increasingly common over the course of the day.
Hey Students, That Can Is Full of Energy!.

ABSTRACT This effective technique has third- and fourth-grade students explore potential and kinetic energy and explain their discoveries. Students investigate what it takes to make a paint can roll forward and come right back, without seeing inside. Students experience science as an inquiry and develop their critical thinking skills. Students can also relate their exploratory experiences to real-life situations they experience at their school.
Effects of exercise on blood flow in the hypertrophied heart.

Abstract This study was carried out to examine the response of regional myocardial blood flow to exercise in normal dogs and in dogs with left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricular hypertrophy, with an approximately 50 percent increase in left ventricular mass, was produced by means of perinephritic hypertension. The animals were studied approximately 5 months after the induction of hypertension. Myocardial blood flow to four transmural layers of the left ventricular wall was measured using left atrial injections of 15 μ radioactive microspheres at rest and during two levels of treadmill exercise to increase heart rates to 200 and 260 beats/min, respectively. Mean left ventricular blood flow during resting control conditions was similar in the two groups of dogs. In addition, blood flow increased similarly during exercise so that heart rate or the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure predicted myocardial blood flow equally well in normal dogs and in those with left ventricular hypertrophy. During resting conditions, subendocardial blood flow significantly exceeded subepicardial blood flow in normal dogs, but exertion abolished this perfusion gradient, resulting in uniform transmural myocardial blood flow during exercise. In contrast, in dogs with left ventricular hypertrophy, blood flow to the subendocardium of the left ventricle significantly exceeded subepicardial blood flow both at rest and during exercise. Nevertheless, this study failed to demonstrate any exercise-induced perfusion deficit within the hypertrophied left ventricle.
Accuracy of ab initio methods in predicting the crystal structures of metals: A review of 80 binary alloys

Abstract Predicting and characterizing the crystal structure of materials is a key problem in materials research and development. We report the results of ab initio LDA/GGA computations for the following systems: AgAu, AgCd, AgMg, AgMo∗, AgNa, AgNb∗, AgPd, AgRh∗, AgRu∗, AgTc∗, AgTi, AgY, AgZr, AlSc, AuCd, AuMo∗, AuNb, AuPd, AuPt∗, AuRh∗, AuRu∗, AuSc, AuTc∗, AuTi, AuY, AuZr, CdMo∗, CdNb∗, CdPd, CdPt, CdRh, CdRu∗, CdTc∗, CdTi, CdY, CdZr, CrMg∗, MoNb, MoPd, MoPt, MoRh, MoRu, MoTc∗, MoTi, MoY ∗, MoZr, NbPd, NbPt, NbRh, NbRu, NbTc, NbY ∗, NbZr∗, PdPt, PdRh∗, PdRu∗, PdTc, PdTi, PdY, PdZr, PtRh, PtRu, PtY, PtTc, PtTi, PtZr, RhRu, RhTc, RhTi, RhY, RhZr, RuTi, RuTc, RuY, RuZr, TcTi, TcY, TcZr, TiZr∗, Y Zr∗ (∗= systems in which the ab initio method predicts that no compounds are stable). A detailed comparison to experimental data confirms the high accuracy with which ab initio methods can predict ground states.
Erratum to: Giants In Orthopaedic Surgery: Sterling Bunnell MD

The online version of the original article can be found under doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3303-1.
ACC/CACC-control design, stability and robust performance

Variable headway Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) based on a sliding mode method are considered in a unified model-based approach. An analysis of robust stability and performance for the closed-loop systems corresponding to different implementations has been carried out. Explicit relationships between distance headway and control design parameters and preceding vehicle speed and acceleration are provided. Teja Software is used for simulation and real-time C/C++ code generation. In simulation, a full vehicle dynamic model is used. It also simulates different maneuvers and several possible approximations in the implementation.