cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A toolkit to assist ONIOM calculations

A general procedure for quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) studies on biochemical systems is outlined, and a collection of PERL scripts to facilitate ONIOM-type QM/MM calculations is described. This toolkit is designed to assist in the different stages of an ONIOM QM/MM study of biomolecules, including input file preparation and checking, job monitoring, production calculations, and results analysis. An iterative procedure for refitting the partial charges of QM region atoms is described and yields a more accurate treatment of the electrostatic interaction between QM and MM regions during QM/MM calculations. The toolkit fully supports this partial charge-refitting procedure. By using this toolkit for file conversions, structure manipulation, input sanity checks, parameter lookup, charge refitting, tracking optimizations, and analyzing results, QM/MM studies of large size biochemical systems can be much more convenient and practical.
Clinical trials in periodontal therapy

The success of periodontal therapy is evaluated not only after the termination of the comparatively short active treatment phase, but also at regular intervals during the extended maintenance phase. The main objectives of the active treatment include: (1) elimination of the inflammatory lesions present in the periodontium (2) reduction of probing pocket depth and (3) improvement of attachment levels, while the aim of the maintenance phase of therapy is the prevention of disease recurrence. Elimination of the inflammatory lesions in the periodontium is accomplished by meticulous plaque and calculus removal performed either as a single measure or combined with one of several different surgical treatment modalities. Findings from clinical trials have demonstrated that it is not the technique - nonsurgical-surgical - used during basic therapy, but the degree of root debridement accomplished that seems to be the determining factor for success in terms of resolution of periodontitis. Furcation involved premolars/molars constitute a problem with respect to effectiveness of therapy. Reliable research data describing treatment effects in the furcation regions of multirooted teeth are scarce. As a result of the elimination of the inflammatory lesions the periodontal tissues will offer more resistance to probing. This is clinically identified as probing pocket depth reduction, attachment level imrpovements and recession of the marginal gingiva. Research findings reveal that surgical and nonsurgical methods are almost equally effective in these respects. The concept that surgical methods which include resective measures will cause more gingival recession than non-resective measures should be questioned. Long-term clinical trials have demonstrated that patients who, following active treatment, are enrolled in carefully supervised plaque control programs only occasionally show signs of disease recurrence, while in this respect non-monitored patients frequently display signs of recurrent disease. It is suggested that the long-term effect of periodontal therapy is more related to the quality of the maintenance care program than the techniques utilized during active therapy.
Inter- and intra-domain horizontal gene transfer, gain–loss asymmetry and positive selection mark the evolutionary history of the CBM14 family

Protein-carbohydrate interactions are ubiquitous in nature and at the core of many physiological processes of profound importance to health and disease. Specificity in protein-carbohydrate interactions is conferred by carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) that can accurately discriminate among the multitude of saccharides found in nature, thus targeting proteins to their particular substrates. Family 14 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM14s), more specifically, are short modules that bind explicitly to chitin, the second most abundant carbohydrate in nature. Although considerable effort has been placed in elucidating protein-carbohydrate interactions at the molecular level for biological and biotechnological applications, in contrast the evolutionary relationships among these modules are minimally understood. Using the CBM14 family as an example, here we describe one of the first global molecular evolutionary analyses of a CBM family across all domains of life, with an emphasis on its origin, taxonomic distribution and pattern of diversification as a result of gene and module duplication, and positive selection. Our genome-wide searches recovered an impressive number of CBM14s from diverse lineages across nearly all domains of life. However, their highly disseminated distribution in taxa outside the Opisthokonta group strongly suggests a later evolutionary origin and elevated rates of inter- and intra-domain horizontal gene transfer. Moreover, accelerated rates of asymmetric gains and losses reveal a dynamic mode of birth-and-death evolution, whereas positive selection acting on paralogous CBM14-containing proteins suggest changes in substrate specificity and an increase in the functional promiscuity of this ancient CBM family. The importance of these results is discussed.
Pathogen-Sensing Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Stimulate Cytotoxic T-Cell Function in the Atherosclerotic Plaque Through Interferon-α

Background— Unstable atherosclerotic plaque is characterized by an infiltrate of inflammatory cells. Both macrophages and T cells have been implicated in mediating the tissue injury leading to plaque rupture; however, signals regulating their activation remain unidentified. Infectious episodes have been suspected to render plaques vulnerable to rupture. We therefore explored whether plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) that specialize in sensing bacterial and viral products can regulate effector functions of plaque-residing T cells and thus connect host infection and plaque instability. Methods and Results— pDCs were identified in 53% of carotid atheromas (n=30) in which they localized to the shoulder region and produced the potent immunoregulatory cytokine interferon (INF)-α. IFN-α transcript concentrations in atheroma tissues correlated strongly with plaque instability (P<0.0001). Plaque-residing pDCs responded to pathogen-derived motifs, CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides binding to toll-like receptor...
Charge Density Wave Phenomena in Potassium

The importance of many-electron effects in metals was realized in 1929 by F. Bloch.1 He showed that exchange interactions cause a significant enhancement of the spin susceptibility Xs over the value Xp derived by Pauli for free electrons. The enhancement factor (in the Hartree-Fock approximation) is given by $${{\text{X}}_{\text{S}}}/{{\text{X}}_{\text{P}}} = {\left( {1 - {{\text{r}}_{\text{s}}}/6.03} \right)^{ - 1}}.$$ (1)
Endoscopy in primary care--a survey of current practice.

BACKGROUND: Long waiting lists in district general hospitals and savings from fundholding led to the setting up of a number of endoscopy units in primary care. Concerns have been expressed over safety, supervision and cost effectiveness. Increasingly, general practitioners (GPs) are being encouraged to become specialists and offer intermediate care. Endoscopy is frequently cited as an example of intermediate care that could be offered by primary care specialists. This is the first survey of such a service. AIM: To examine whether endoscopy in primary care can be considered to be a safe procedure. DESIGN OF STUDY: A questionnaire-based survey. SETTING: Twenty-eight general practice units performing endoscopy in primary care. METHOD: Units performing endoscopy in primary care were identified using the Primary Care Society of Gastroenterology (PCSG) database and following an appeal in the GP press. A postal questionnaire was sent to each unit covering its history, throughput, and case-mix, experience of endoscopists, supervision, audit and CME, equipment, waiting times and complication rates. RESULTS: Of the 28 units identified, 27 (96%) replied to the questionnaire, 13 units provided both upper and lower bowel examination, six oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD) only, and eight lower bowel only. Units had been openfor an average of five years (range = 2 to 18 years), and 41 doctors and 68 nurse assistants provided the service. The average experience of endoscopists was 16 years (range = 6 to 25 years), and 36,455 procedures had been performed by the time of the survey (24,195 OGD and 12,260 lower bowel examinations). Ninety-six per cent of the units undertook audit. Urgent waiting times were 1.2 weeks and routine 3.4 weeks (range = 1.0 to 6.0). The annual throughput of 22 units in the past year was 8,478 procedures (4506 OGD, 3,972 lower bowel examinations). Out of 24,195 OGDs there were three reported complications (one perforation of pharyngeal pouch, treated conservatively, one chest pain after over-insufflation, and one slow recovery after intravenous sedation); there was no mortality. Out of 12,260 lower bowel procedures there was one perforated caecal carcinoma after flexible sigmoidoscopy (died), three perforations at colonoscopy and seven other minor complications. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopy in primary care appears to be a safe procedure. This good safety record is probably attributable to careful case selection and minimal use of intravenous sedation.
TURNAROUND STRATEGIES FOR DECLINING SMALL BUSINESS: THE EFFECTS OF PERFORMANCE AND RESOURCES

This study explores the choice between growth and retrenchment as turnaround strategies for small business owners experiencing decline in performance. Current theory related to organizational failure describes deterministic and voluntaristic perspectives of strategic choice, but they have not been applied to small business decline. Using the voluntaristic perspective the proposed model suggests choice is contingent on the effects the owner/manager's perceptions of performance and resource availability during a period of decline. Survey data from small government contractors in the U.S. Small Business Administration database are used to test the model. The results indicate these contractors choose growth strategy when their perceptions of resource availability and past financial performance are both high and when both are low, indicating small business owner/managers remain aggressive when faced with adverse conditions.
Categorizing Ability by Kindergartners of High and Low Socio-Economic Status

Two studies were conducted to explore the performance of categorizing ability in kindergartners and to compare children from high and low socio-economic backgrounds. Ss were tested in small groups with a representative sub-group interviewed to extend responses. Ss showed a rigid one-to-one perceptual focusing strategy and an attribute preference for shape over size and pattern. Ss of high status consistently scored higher on categorizing than Ss of low status, but the performance profiles of the two groups were very similar.
The effects of grazing by the snail, Lymnaea elodes, on benthic N2 fixation and primary production in oligotrophic, arctic lakes

This study assessed whether grazing by the snail, Lymnaea elodes, limits benthic dinitrogen (N2) fixation and primary production in nitrogen (N)-limited oligotrophic lakes near Toolik Field Station on the North Slope of Alaska. We also tested whether snail excretion increased N and the ratio of N and phosphorus (P) supply ratio to benthic algae, which could indirectly affect production and the N2 fixation rate. We performed in situ, randomizedblock experiments in two lakes in 3 years in which snail density was manipulated and compared to open cage controls. Snails significantly decreased areal rates of N2 fixation in both lakes in all years (p , 0.05), but did not appear to cause a reduction in cyanobacterial abundance or filament size (p . 0.05). Snails did not significantly affect measures of benthic production, including gross primary production, respiration, net ecosystem production, and chlorophyll biomass (p . 0.05). Snail-induced declines in N2 fixation probably did not result from snail excretion. The molar N : P excretion ratio of ammonium (NH z ) and phosphate (PO z ) was very low (4.8), indicating that snails likely exacerbated N limitation, a response that would tend to favor enhanced rather than reduced N2 fixation. Furthermore, the excretion rate of N-NH z was several orders of magnitude lower than the N2 fixation rate (0.002–0.02 mg N m22 day21 vs. 0.1–0.4 mg N m22 day21, respectively) and met almost none (,,1%) of the N demand by primary producers. Although the mechanism by which Lymnaea elodes caused a decline in N2 fixation is unknown, the effect was small, and accounted for a reduction of Ni nputs of only 0.12 mg N m22 summer21 or by 0.85–1.8% at ambient snail densities. Because N2 fixation is a new N input able to support new production, this effect may be important across long time scales or where densities of L. elodes are higher.
Radioactive phosphorus uptake by chick testes as an end-point for gonadotropin assay.

The uptake of P32 by chick testes, expressed as counts/min/mg, provides a sensitive assay for ovine luteinizing hormone (N.I.H.-LH-S-l). A 4-point balanced assay demonstrated that significant responses can be produced by 1.0 μg and 1.5 μg of N.I.H.-LH. It also was observed that the N.I.H. hormone retained its potency after storage for 1 year. A dosage of approximately 10 times as much N.I.H.-FSH by weight was required to produce responses equivalent to those which accompanied LH administration. It is apparent, therefore, that LH can markedly stimulate chick testes. There was no synergistic effect on gonad weight when LH and FSH were given simultaneously, and only a questionable synergism was observed between the 2 hormones with respect to P32 uptake. A comparison was made between the action of the N.I.H. ovine hormones and Armour equine LH (Lot R377279) and equine FSH (Lot R377236). The Armour LH was much less potent (per μg) than was the N.I.H. preparation; however, the Armour FSH was more effective (per...
Photoeffects at the Semiconductor/Liquid Interface

The past decade has seen a revived interest in the study of photoeffects at semiconductor/liquid interfaces. Most of the recent attention to this field has been spurred by the desire to utilize such junctions for the conversion and storage of solar energy (1-4). The possibility of direct fuel formation the semiconductor/liquid interface, combined with the potential low cost and ease of junction formation, are frequently cited as the most attractive features of these systems.
Nonclassical Dynamics of Classical Gases

In the present article we examine the dynamics of single-phase, equilibrium, i.e., classical, fluids in the dense gas regime. The behavior of fluids of moderately large molecular weight is seen to differ significantly from that of air and water under normal conditions. New phenomena include the formation and propagation of expansion shocks, sonic shocks, double sonic shocks, and shock-splitting. The more complicated existence conditions for shock waves are described and related to the dissipative structure. We also give a brief description of transonic flows and show that the critical Mach number for conventional blade shapes can be increased by a factor of 30–50% for these fluids.
An Open Path to the Future: Perceived Financial Resources and School Motivation:

One contributing factor to gaps in academic achievement may be that some students perceive long-term educational goals, such as college, as financially out of reach, which can make schoolwork feel meaningless even several years before college. However, information that leads students to perceive that the financial path to college is open for them (i.e., need-based financial aid) can increase school motivation. Two classroom-based field experiments expand this area of theory and research. Early adolescent students who were randomly assigned to receive information about need-based financial aid (open path condition) showed greater school motivation than those who were randomly assigned to a control condition, specifically if they came from low-asset households. In a second exploratory experiment, the open path effect was mediated by an increased likelihood that students envision a future career that includes college (education-dependent identity). Implications for the study of identity and disparities in ac...
Unmanned aerial systems cyberattack identification and analysis

Unmanned aerial vehicles have taken on a very large role in military operations and there is considerable interest in expanding their use to commercial and scientific applications. Because of the dependence of these vehicles on computer systems, their high degree of autonomy, and the danger posed by a loss of vehicle control, it is critical that the proliferation of these vehicles be accompanied by a thorough analysis of their vulnerabilities to cyberattack.
Alternatives to outpatient commitment.

The killing of 26 students and teachers in Newtown, Connecticut last year was committed by a young man, Adam Lanza, who took his own life before police could apprehend him. Investigative news reports and articles have stated that Lanza had received a diagnosis of Asperger's syndrome with sensory
Hybrid RANS/LES Simulation of Injection and Mixing in the CUBRC Combustion Duct

A hybrid Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes and Large Eddy Simulation approach is used to simulate the fuel injection and mixing of a supersonic inlet, isolator and hydrogen-fueled combustor. The geometry matches the CUBRC inlet and combustion duct undergoing experiment in the LENS 48-inch Shock Tunnel, operating in ve-injector mode. Numerical results are generated for comparison with measured upstream pressure, and for future comparison with PLIF and high speed Schlieren imagery in the downstream region. The full upstream geometry of the experiment is simulated in a clean air Mach 7.2 freestream. A low-dissipation numerical scheme is used, enabling the accurate RANS/LES simulation of a wide range of length scales in the isolator and combustor without an unfeasible number of grid points. The hybrid RANS/LES turbulence model allows the simulation of the relevant unsteady ow structures that dominate mixing, without the extreme cost of a full wall-resolved LES at high Reynolds number. A simple and inexpensive method provides a synthetic time-variant in ow to the isolator, allowing for an unsteady simulation of the isolator ow eld. The results of the isolator simulation are then used in an unsteady simulation of injection and mixing in the combustor. Substantial plume-plume and shock-plume interactions are observed. The resultant jet penetration and mixing is seen to depend substantially on the local in ow boundary layer conditions, as well as on the interaction with shocks created by neighboring injectors.
Leg Autotomy: A Novel Mechanism of Protection Against Insecticide Poisoning in Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Adult diamondback moths, Plutella xylostella (L.), often autotomize one or both metathoracic legs after tarsal contact with insecticide residues. Moths that dropped legs after walking on fenvalerate residues had lower mortality and higher recovery from knockdown than those that did not autotomize. In experiments with 14C-labeled fenvalerate (250 ng/cm2), the concentration of fenvalerate and metabolites was significantly lower in moths that dropped legs (310 ± 26 ppb [x ± SEM]) than those that did not (392 ± 23 ppb). The concentration of fenvalerate and metabolites in autotomized legs was more than 10 times greater than the concentration in moth bodies. Two laboratory colonies of diamondback moth reared under identical conditions differed in their rate of leg drop, suggesting intraspecific genetic variation for autotomy. Result suggest that leg autotomy gallows diamondback moths to avoid the full effects of insecticide poisoning by eliminating part of the dosage.
The Variation of the K Resonating Strength with Atomic Number

The resonating strength of the $K$-shell or the effective number ${N}_{K}$ of $K$ electrons is less than 2 and varies with atomic number. It is determined in the present paper by an approximate theory using Hartree wave functions. The results are compared with ${N}_{k}$ values obtained by anomalous dispersion, by computation from the most reliable absorption experiments, and by an approximate absorption theory of H\"onl and Williams. Below atomic number 40 the present theory gives good results and allows of the determination of the ${N}_{k}$ values which are needed in finding absolute x-ray wave-lengths from dispersion measurements.
Heliothis Spp.: Seasonal Occurrence and Overwintering on the Hyacinth Bean Plant in Tifton, Ga.

The hyacinth bean plant, Dolichos lablab L., proved to be an excellent host for biological and ecological studies with Heliothis zea (Boddie) and H. virescens (F.). Flowering D. lablab did not compete with silking sweet corn in attractiveness to H. zea; however, when the corn was no longer attractive, H. zea readily established and remained along with H. virescens on D. lablab until the 1st frost. D. lablab yielded overwintering pupal populations of 7300 H. zea and 3500 H. virescens /acre, which resulted in a spring adult emergence of 3100 H. zea and 900 H. virescens /acre. H virescens initiated emergence ca. 2.5 wk before the 1st H. zea (Apr. 14, 1972); however, emergence by both species was completed within the 1st wk of May 1972.
Use of Chemical Defoliants on Peach Trees in Integrated Program to Suppress Populations of Green Peach Aphids

When peach trees were sprayed with chemical defoliants to control green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), the number of aphids per leaf was higher on leaves remaining on the sprayed trees, but the number of aphids per tree was higher on the unsprayed trees. The high density of aphids per leaf in the foliage still present on sprayed trees was associated with an increase in deposition of syrphid eggs per leaf. Also, the number of aphid eggs was significantly fewer on the sprayed trees than on the unsprayed trees. The decrease in deposition of aphid eggs in 1966 compared with 1965 was correlated with the differences in trends of aphid population, temperatures, and syrphid activities.
Highly-selective and reversible O2 binding in Cr3(1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate)2.

Reaction of Cr(CO)6 with trimesic acid in DMF affords the metal−organic framework Cr3(BTC)2·nDMF (BTC3− = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate), which is isostructural to Cu3(BTC)2·3H2O. Exchanging DMF for methanol and heating at 160 °C under dynamic vacuum for 48 h results in the desolvated framework Cr3(BTC)2. Nitrogen gas adsorption measurements performed at 77 K revealed a type I isotherm, indicating BET and Langmuir surface areas of 1810 and 2040 m2/g, respectively. At 298 K, the O2 adsorption isotherm for Cr3(BTC)2 rises steeply to a capacity of 11 wt % at 2 mbar, while the corresponding N2 adsorption isotherm displays very little uptake, gradually rising to a capacity of 0.58 wt % at 1 bar. Accordingly, the material displays an unprecedented O2/N2 selectivity factor of 22. Deoxygenation of the sample could be accomplished by heating at 50 °C under vacuum for 48 h, leading to a gradually diminishing uptake capacity over the course of 15 consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles. Infrared and X-ray absorption ...
The property tax and public education: are state-initiated tax cuts sustainable?

During the 1990s many states used budget surpluses to refinance public education and provide property tax relief. This paper uses a case study of Kansas to assess the sustainability of state-initiated property tax cuts. It finds that the cuts are not fully sustainable over time because of court and federal mandates that require additional spending on education, economic fluctuations that reduce the ability of state budgets to maintain a given share of education spending, and demands for local control to allow school districts to spend more or less than state-mandated levels. The paper also argues that the property tax is essential to economic efficiency and local control.
Delinquent-Victim Youth—Adapting a Trauma-Informed Approach for the Juvenile Justice System

The connection between victimization and later delinquency is well established and most youth involved with the juvenile justice system have at least one if not multiple victimizations in their history. Poly-victimized youth or those presenting with complex trauma require specialized assessment and services to prevent deleterious emotional, physical, and social life consequences. Empirical studies have provided information which can guide practitioners work with these youth and families, yet many of the policies and practices of the juvenile justice system are counter to this model. Many youth-serving organizations are beginning to review their operations to better match a trauma-informed approach and in this article the author will highlight how a trauma-informed care model could be utilized to adapt the juvenile justice system.
Administration of Home Intravenous Chemotherapy to Children by their Parents Parents’ Evaluation of a Nationwide Program

Objectives: Caring for a child with cancer can disrupt family life and financial stability, in addition to affecting the child’s social, emotional, and educational development. Health care providers must consider ways to minimize the negative impact of illness and hospitalization on the child and family. This study evaluates a nationwide initiative to educate and support parents to administer chemotherapy to their child in their home. Method: A questionnaire was circulated to parents participating in a home chemotherapy program from 2009 to 2014 (n = 140), seeking their perspective on the education program, and the benefits and concerns associated with administering home chemotherapy. Data analysis was conducted using a combination of descriptive statistics and content analysis. Results: Questionnaires were received from 108 parents (response rate = 77%). Overall, the program was positively evaluated with 100% of parents (n = 108) reporting that the training met their needs. More than one-third of parents...
Das Konzept: globale Projekte fachlich, intellektuell und kulturell reibungslos abwickeln

Die hohe Anforderung der globalen Geschaftswelt fordert von den Manager Mut, Ideen und Kreativitat. Die drei wichtigsten Elementen, Arbeit, Menschen und Kultur, lassen sich durchaus miteinander verbinden. Gezielt ist eine gute Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Auslandischen Partnern, sowie ferne die Produktivitatssteigerung des gesamten Unternehmens. Der Schlussel dazu ist vor allen die richtige Haltung und Einstellung.
Photochemical injury to the foveomacula of the monkey eye following argon blue-green panretinal photocoagulation.

Abstract PURPOSE: Visual loss following panretinal photocoagulation was found in the Diabetic Retinopathy and the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Studies. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that light scattered in the monkey eye during a procedure designed to mimic a clinical panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) can produce a photochemical injury to the foveomacula. METHODS: Ten eyes of 5 adult cynomologous monkeys underwent a PRP using an argon blue-green laser. Three eyes in 2 monkeys underwent a sham PRP, and an additional eye had a PRP with blue filtered slit-lamp illumination. The animals had baseline fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms that were repeated 24 hours after the experimental procedure. Forty-eight hours after the experimental procedure, the eyes were removed and processed for light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: There were no observable changes in the macula on fundus photography or fluorescein angiography 24 hours following PRP. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated changes in the retinal pigment epithelium and the outer photoreceptors, which were confined to the foveola. The control eyes showed no apparent effect from the slit lamp illumination used during the PRP. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of histologic evidence of retinal injury in the foveomacula of the monkey eye after a procedure designed to mimic clinical PRP supports the hypothesis that photochemical retinal damage in the foveola may be associated with this procedure.
Inverse Semigroups, Groupoids and A Problem of J. Renault

In [8], J. Renault showed that a topological groupoid G relates to inverse semigroups through its ample semigroup G a.In the case when G is r-discrete, the semigroup G a is “large” and determines the topology of G. The main theme of this paper is the following natural problem which was raised by Renault: given an inverse semigroup S (assumed, for convenience, unital) does there exist a (Hausdorff) r-discrete groupoid G with S “determining” G as an inverse subsemigroup of G a? What kind of uniqueness can we expect? Renault shows that there exists such a groupoid in the case where S is the Cuntz inverse semigroup O n, the groupoid G in that case being the Cuntz groupoid O n.
Analysis of Functional Oxide based Selectors for Cross-Point Memories

We present an extensive analysis of functional-oxide based selector devices for cross-point memories from the perspectives of materials through arrays. We describe the design constraints required for proper functionality of a cross-point array and translate these constraints to figures of merit for the selector materials. The proposed figures of merit, related to the resistivities of the functional oxide in the metallic and insulating states and the critical current densities for insulator-metal transitions, determine whether or not a functional oxide is suitable to be employed as a selector for a memory technology. Our analysis shows the importance of co-optimizing the selector length with the read/write voltages and establishes the range of these parameters for proper functionality. We also perform an extensive material space analysis for the selector, relating the selector properties to the achievable array metrics. For instance, we show that optimized memory array with single crystal VO $_{\mathrm {{2}}}$ based selector and spin-memory element achieves $\sim 25\mu \text {A}$ sense margin with ~ 30% read disturb margin and 40ns write time. The leakage in the half-accessed cell can be as low as $15\mu \text {W}$ . The design principles established in this work will provide guidelines for future exploration of functional oxides for selector applications as well as for the optimization of cross-point arrays.
A Multidisciplinary Quality Initiative for Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma: Outpatient Transplant with Low Therapy Related Mortality

Introduction: The Bone Marrow Transplant Program at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota) developed a multidisciplinary approach (involving physicians, nurses, pharmacists, dietitians, and financial specialists) for outpatient management of patients undergoing stem cell transplantation. This approach uses an electronic ordering system for diagnostic tests and chemotherapy to minimize medical errors. Table. Patient Characteristics (N=716) Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range. Results: During a 45-month period after implementation of the program (2005-Sept 2007), the day-100 survival rate was 99.5% for low-risk myeloma patients (transplantation during first plateau; n=202) and 97% for high-risk myeloma patients (refractory, relapsing or second or greater plateau; n=71). The overall day-100 survival rate was 99%(270/273). Analysis of hospitalization trends since inception of the program showed that 39% of patients completed the transplant procedure as outpatients. The median duration of hospitalization for all patients was 4 days; age and serum creatinine levels were predictive of the need for and duration of hospitalization Conclusion: Outpatient stem cell transplantation is feasible for patients with multiple myeloma with a therapy mortality of 1%. Nearly 40% of our patients completed the procedure without hospitalization. Age and serum creatinine levels predicted a higher likelihood of hospitalization. Implementation of out patient transplant requires affordable housing in the community since many third party payers do not support hotel costs despite the reduction of hospital days. The hospital physical plant and patient registration process has to support use of designated hospital rooms for purely out patient practice. The transplant team must have process owners to standardize across all disease categories collection protocols, conditioning regimens, infusion SOP’s and post infusion supportive care guidelines for standard antibiotics, narcotics, laboratory work and transfusion thresholds. A care team meeting between physicians, nursing, dietary, pharmacy, business office, data base and appointment coordinators is essential to coordinate all the multidisciplinary efforts.
Are Q 2 Q̄ 2 states observable

The color-spin structure of the ${Q}^{2}{\overline{Q}}^{2}$ states suggests that three classes of the ${Q}^{2}{\overline{Q}}^{2}$ states whose decays are dominated by two vector mesons may have sufficiently narrow widths (\ensuremath{\sim} 100---300 MeV) to be detected. The ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ enhancement in the $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ reaction is explained by the ${0}^{++}$ and ${2}^{++}$ ${Q}^{2}{\overline{Q}}^{2}$ states and the suppression of $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is understood as due to cancellation between the isoscalar and the isotensor ${Q}^{2}{\overline{Q}}^{2}$ states. The $\mathrm{VV}$, $V\ensuremath{\gamma}$, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ widths of these three classes of the ${Q}^{2}{\overline{Q}}^{2}$ states are estimated. The production of these ${Q}^{2}{\overline{Q}}^{2}$ states in $\frac{J}{\ensuremath{\psi}}$ radiative decays and hadronic collisions is discussed.
Projected 21st Century Climate Change on Snow Conditions over Shasta Dam Watershed by means of Dynamical Downscaling

Snow is an important component of the Earth's climate system and is particularly vulnerable to global warming. It has been suggested that warmer temperatures may cause significant declines in snow water content and snow cover duration. In this study, snowfall and snowmelt were projected by means of a regional climate model that was coupled to a physically based snow model over Shasta Dam watershed (SDW) to assess changes in snow water content and snow cover duration during the 21st century. This physically based snow model requires both physical data and future climate projections. These physical data include topography, soils, vegetation, and land use/land cover which were collected from associated organizations. The future climate projections were dynamically-downscaled by means of the regional climate model under four emission scenarios simulated by two general circulation models (GCMs) (ECHAM5 and CCSM3). The downscaled future projections were bias-corrected before projecting snowfall and snowmelt processes over SDW during 2010-2099. This study's results agree with those of previous studies, that projected snow water equivalent (SWE) is decreasing by 50 - 80% while the fraction of precipitation falling as snowfall is decreasing by 15 % to 20 %. The obtained projection results show that future snow water content will change both in time and space. Furthermore, the results confirm that physical data such as topography, land cover and atmospheric-hydrologic data, are instrumental in the studies on the impact of climate change on the water resources of a region.
Abstract 561: Melanocortin-4 Receptor Signaling Is Required For The Anorexic, Cardiovascular And Antidiabetic Actions Of Leptin In Diabetic Rats.

We previously demonstrated that leptin has powerful antidiabetic actions that are mediated mainly through central nervous system (CNS) effects. In this study we tested the specific importance of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) in mediating leptin’s ability to suppress food intake, to increase blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR), and to normalize glucose levels in insulin-dependent diabetes. MC4R knockout (MC4R -/- , n=5) and control wild-type rats (WT, n=4) were implanted with BP telemetry transmitters and an intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannula was inserted into the brain lateral ventricle. After 10 days of recovery, BP and HR were measured 24-hrs/day. After stable baseline measurements for 5 days, a single bolus injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg, ip) was used to induce insulin-dependent diabetes. Eight days after STZ injection, an osmotic pump was implanted subcutaneously and connected to the ICV cannula to deliver leptin (15 μg/day) for 7 days. At baseline, MC4R -/- rats ate 20% more and were 40% heavier than WT rats. Despite being markedly obese, BP was similar (112±2 vs. 111±2 mmHg) and HR was lower in MC4R -/- rats (320±6 vs. 347±5 bpm). Induction of diabetes increased food intake (30%) and reduced BP (~17 mmHg) and HR (~61 bpm) in WT rats, while food intake, BP and HR were reduced by ~10%, 7 mmHg and 33 bpm in MC4R -/- rats. Leptin treatment for 7 days normalized glucose levels (437±10 to 136±18 mg/dl), reduced food intake (40%), and increased HR (+60 bpm) and BP (+9 mmHg) in WT rats. However, only modest changes in glucose levels (367±16 to 326±23 mg/dl), food intake (5%), HR (+16 bpm) and BP (+4 mmHg) were observed in MC4R -/- rats. These results indicate that intact CNS MC4R signaling is necessary for leptin to exert its chronic anorexic, cardiovascular and antidiabetic actions.
Transport of Light Ion Beams in a high pressure ICF reactor

A Light-Ion-Beam (LIB) driven ICF reactor design with pressurized boiling water inside the target chamber is proposed, and several advantages and disadvantages of this concept are examined. For initial chamber pressures in the range of 5.10/sup 6/1.4 x 10/sup 7/ Pa a density reduction of 1:100 in the vapor (steam) is required for adequate LIB propagation. This is achieved through the use of two consecutive laser pulses. Calculations of the laser energy required, the time histories of the physical properties inside the channels, and the effects of various radial energy deposition profiles are discussed. The results show that the required density reduction can be obtained with an energy requirement of 5-20 kJ/m/channel. A solution to the problem of cryogenic pellet injection in the high-pressure reactor environment is also suggested.
Structure-gas chromatographic retention time models of tetra-n-alkylsilanes and tetra-n-alkylgermanes using topological indexes: A correction

Abstract Previously reported [ J. Chromatogr. , 630 (1993) 223] structure-gas chromatographic retention time models for 26 tetra- n -alkylsilanes, 26 tetra- n -alkylgermanes, and the mixed set of silanes and germanes have been corrected. Most of the previously reported equations are improved. The general conclusions of the previous paper remain unchanged.
Regulation of Excitatory Amino Acid Transmission in the Retina: Studies on Neuroprotection

Abstract Excitotoxicity occurs in neurons due to the accumulation of excitatory amino acids such as glutamate in the synaptic and extrasynaptic locations. In the retina, excessive glutamate concentrations trigger a neurotoxic cascade involving several mechanisms, including the elevation of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) and the activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy 5-methyl-4-iso-xazole-propionic acid/kainate (AMPA/KA) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors leading to retinal degeneration. Both ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are present in the mammalian retina. Indeed, due to the abundant expression of GluRs, the mammalian retina is highly susceptible to excitotoxic neurodegeneration. Excitotoxicity has been postulated to present a common downstream mechanism for several stimuli, including hypoglycemia, hypoxia, ischemia, and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Experimental approaches to the study of neuroprotection in the retina have utilized insults that...
ECTO-Atpases of the Nervous System

During the past several years, convincing evidence has accumulated that ATP is stored within vesicles and co-released with various neurotransmitters upon depolarization of the nerve endings1–5. When released into neural junctions, ATP can fulfill multiple roles. As a co-transmitter, ATP modulates the release and effectivity of other neurotransmitters1, 2, 6–8 either by acting through its own, postjunctionally localized receptors9, or by altering the sensitivity of cholinoreceptors10 and adrenoreceptors 11. ATP has been well- established as a neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system4,9. The same role has also been suggested for ATP in the central nervous system12, which was supported by evidence showing that ATP could act as a fast excitatory transmitter in the brain13–15. In this role, ATP is assumed to act through a P2x-like purinoreceptor16–17 which is directly coupled to a non-voltage-dependent, high Ca2+-permeability ion channel18,19. On the other hand, ATP represents a major source of adenosine, a powerful neurosupressant4,23, which was shown to inhibit the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine24,25, dynorphin and glutamate8. Extracellular ATP can also serve as a substrate for ecto-protein kinases 20 and is thus involved in phosphorylation of various proteins on the neuronal cell surface21. In addition to its action in neurons, extracellular ATP is also assumed to be a signal molecule in neuronal-astrocytic interactions22.
A semi-supervised learning approach for morpheme segmentation for an Arabic dialect.

We present a semi-supervised learning approach which utilizes a heuristic model for learning morpheme segmentation for Arabic dialects. We evaluate our approach by applying morpheme segmentation to the training data of a statistical machine translation (SMT) system. Experiments show that our approach is less sensitive to the availability of annotated stems than a previous rule-based approach and learns 12% more segmentations on our Iraqi Arabic data. When applied in an SMT system, our approach yields a 8% relative reduction in the training vocabulary size and a 0.8% relative reduction in the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) rate on the test set, again as compared to the rule-based approach. Finally, our approach also results in a modest increase in BLEU scores.
Corporate Citizenship Enacted as Operating Practice

This paper explores values that underpin corporate citizenship embedded in operating practices as they affect stakeholders. Fundamentally, the paper argues that corporate citizenship is embedded integrally in the day-to-day operating practices that companies develop to relate to their important stakeholders. This systems perspective incorporates not only the objective but also subjective and intersubjective aspects of human civilization and arguably provides a systems basis for thinking about the roles and responsibilities of the corporation in society.
Ultrasonic Imaging at Stanford Research Institute

For the past seven years, Stanford Research Institute has been active in the area of ultrasonic imaging. This paper is intended to give a brief description of some of the past work, a look at our current projects, and a projection for future research.
Growth of the ESKD Population: Progress or Peril?

Since 1973, when Congress created entitlement for treatment under the Medicare system, growth in the dialysis and kidney transplant population has been remarkable. In 2016, this population totaled >726,000 patients—511,000 on dialysis and 215,000 with a kidney transplant[1][1]; this is >18 times
Immunochemical Properties of Anti-Galα1–3Gal Antibodies After Sensitization with Xenogeneic Tissues

In antigen-driven immune responses to proteins, antibodies of low avidity and limited complement fixing capacity undergo affinity maturation to yield antibodies of higher avidity which fix complement to a greater extent. The products of antigen-driven responses to carbohydrates are less defined. To investigate the evolution of natural antibodies against carbohydrates following sensitization, we studied natural antibodies specific for Galα1-3Gal in patients sensitized to that antigen as a result of perfusion of their blood through porcine livers for the treatment of hepatic failure. The natural antibodies against Galα1-3Gal, which occur in all unsensitized individuals, were predominantly IgM and IgG2, with average functional avidities of 5 × 10−9 and 2 × 10−8 M, respectively. After sensitization, the classes of anti-Galα1-3Gal included IgM, IgG2, and IgG1, and the average functional avidities of IgM and IgG were 3 × 10−9 and 2 × 10−9 M, respectively. The activation of complement by anti-Galα1-3Gal per microgram of Ab, measured by the fixation of C3bi on porcine cells, increased after sensitization owing to changes in subclass and avidity. Deposition of C3bi correlated with the concentrations of IgG1 and IgM but not IgG2 against Galα1-3Gal. Consistent with this finding, purified IgG1, but not IgG2, anti-Galα1-3Gal fixed complement on porcine cells. These results demonstrate that the properties of anticarbohydrate antibodies evolve after sensitization to increase complement fixation on potential targets. These properties may result from the altered costimulation of the humoral response to Galα1-3Gal due to sensitization.
N‐Docosahexaenoylethanolamine ameliorates LPS‐induced brain inflammation through suppression of neutrophil/macrophage as well as microglia activation

Inflammation is a widely accepted common factor among various neuropathological processes and has been implicated as a critical mechanism responsible for the progression of neurodegeneration. Brain...
Is Buprenorphine Effective for Chronic Pain? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Objective The objective was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on the effects of buprenorphine on chronic pain outcomes (i.e., patient-reported pain intensity) in patients with and without opioid use disorder (OUD). Design Ovid/Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies that explored the effectiveness (in reducing pain) of buprenorphine treatment for chronic pain patients with and without a history of OUD. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies were included in the review. Methods Two separate searches were conducted to identify buprenorphine trials that included chronic pain patients either with or without OUD. Five studies used validated pain report measures and included a chronic pain population with OUD. Nine studies used validated report measures and included chronic pain patients without OUD. Meta-analysis was performed using the R, version 3.2.2, Metafor package, version 1.9-7. Results The meta-analysis revealed that buprenorphine has a beneficial effect on pain intensity overall, with a small mean effect size in patients with comorbid chronic pain and OUD and a moderate- to large-sized effect in chronic pain patients without OUD. Conclusions Our results indicate that buprenorphine is modestly beneficial in reducing pain intensity in patients without OUD. Although informative, these findings should be carefully interpreted due to the small amount of data available and the variation in study designs.
Can We Form Gravitinos by Something Other Than a Higgs Boson in the ew Era

What is the physical nature of gravitinos? As asked before, this question was the template of how to introduce Machian Physics as a way to link gravitinos in the electro weak era and gravitons as of the present. What we wish to do now is to ask how a flaw in the Higgs equation as brought up by Comway shows a branch off from orthodox quantum physics, leading to, with the Machs principle application done earlier a way to embed the beginning of the universe as a semi classical super structure of which QM is sub set of. We argue that this will necessitate a review of the Higgs equation of state for reasons stated in the manuscript. We also finally review a proprosal for another form of mass formation mechanism as a replacement for the Higgs mass as introduced by Glinka and Beckwith, 2012, with commentary as to how suitable it may be to get a gravitino mass in fidelity to the Machian proposal introduced by Beckwith previously, to get linkage between electroweak era gravitinos and present day gravitons