cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular targeting of cancer: Telomeres as targets

In recent years, a new generation of cancer therapies has emerged, based on a growing understanding of the molecular events that contribute to malignant transformation and which therefore represent targets for selectively killing or inhibiting growth of malignant cells. In this context, there has been considerable interest in elucidating mechanisms that regulate the capacity for cell division in normal as well as transformed cells, and substantial attention has focused specifically on the role of telomeres as the “mitotic clock” that mediates replicative capacity (reviewed in ref. 1). Telomeres are complexes at the termini of linear eukaryotic chromosomes that play a critical role in maintaining chromosomal integrity. Mammalian telomeres consist of hexanucleotide TTAGGG repeats (with an average length of 5–15 kb in humans) and associated protein components. This DNA-complex functions to “cap” the chromosome ends that protect against events such as end-end fusion and assure that telomere ends are not recognized as DNA breaks that trigger repair, cell cycle arrest, or apoptosis. In the absence of compensatory mechanisms, telomeric DNA shortens with each cell division, reflecting incomplete synthesis of telomeric termini during chromosomal replication. When telomeres reach a critically short length, cells enter a state that is termed replicative senescence in which they are incapable of further division and may be susceptible to increased apoptotic cell death. This finite replicative capacity is a characteristic of most normal human somatic cells. In contrast, however, cancer cells, cells of the germ line, and some somatic cell populations escape or delay replicative senescence through expression of telomerase, a unique enzyme that is capable of synthesizing telomeric repeats (reviewed in ref. 1). Telomerase consists of an RNA component, telomerase RNA (TER), which includes the template for synthesis of telomere DNA, and a protein catalytic component, the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), which has homology to viral …
Switching between controllers to improve closed loop performance

This brief note describes how switching between a finite family of controllers can be used to improve the closed loop performance. At each sampling time instant the supervisor makes a decision about which of the controllers in the family to use in an attempt to improve performance. The scheme is implemented in a model-predictive fashion and it is shown how stability and pointwise-in-time state and control constraints can be incorporated.
Interaction between inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 after cerebral ischemia

Focal cerebral ischemia is associated with expression of both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), enzymes whose reaction products contribute to the evolution of ischemic brain injury. We tested the hypothesis that, after cerebral ischemia, nitric oxide (NO) produced by iNOS enhances COX-2 activity, thereby increasing the toxic potential of this enzyme. Cerebral ischemia was produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats or mice. Twenty-four hours after ischemia in rats, iNOS-immunoreactive neutrophils were observed in close proximity (<20 μm) to COX-2-positive cells at the periphery of the infarct. In the olfactory bulb, only COX-2 positive cells were observed. Cerebral ischemia increased the concentration of the COX-2 reaction product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the ischemic area and in the ipsilateral olfactory bulb. The iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine reduced PGE2 concentration in the infarct, where both iNOS and COX-2 were expressed, but not in the olfactory bulb, where only COX-2 was expressed. Postischemic PGE2 accumulation was reduced significantly in iNOS null mice compared with wild-type controls (C57BL/6 or SV129). The data provide evidence that NO produced by iNOS influences COX-2 activity after focal cerebral ischemia. Pro-inflammatory prostanoids and reactive oxygen species produced by COX-2 may be a previously unrecognized factor by which NO contributes to ischemic brain injury. The pathogenic effect of the interaction between NO, or a derived specie, and COX-2 is likely to play a role also in other brain diseases associated with inflammation.
Design of an optical probe for surface profile measurement

We propose a novel optical probe for surface profile mea- surement of optical surfaces. This probe uses a laser beam to measure local slopes of a surface and obtains the surface profile through numeri- cal integration of the measured slopes. Slope measurement is based on a new angle measurement method, namely, angle measurement based on the internal-reflection effect (AMIRE). The probe is a high-resolution (0.1-arcsec), compact (80360340 mm) device with a simple measure- ment principle. For surface profile measurement, the probe is installed on a coordinate measuring machine (CMM), which provides the neces- sary scanning motion. A commercial laser interferometer is used to mea- sure the rotational error of the CMM in real time. The result is subtracted from the slope data collected by the probe for error compensation. Mea- surement results of a spherical mirror are presented that show a nanometer-order resolution in surface profile measurement. © 1999 Soci- ety of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(99)01607-4)
Anticholinesterases in Blood and Cattle Grubs from Cattle Treated with Ronnel

Blood and cattle grubs from cattle treated with ronnel were analyzed for anticholinesterase metabolites by enzyme assay of intact paper chromatograms. Ronnel and its oxygen analog were detected in the blood while the cattle grubs contained ronnel and an unidentified anticholinesterase. The latter could be produced also in vitro by incubating ronnel with grub tissue. No oxygen analog could be detected in the grubs even though present concurrently in the blood of cattle receiving oral doses of ronnel at twice the recommended therapeutic rate. The possible role of the anticholinesterase in the systemic action of ronnel is as yet unknown
Acid Milk in Bovine Mastitis

Summary The findings in definitely acid milk from acute udder disease are discussed. In all instances the condition was characterized by the large numbers of non-hemolytic streptococci and leucocytes in the secretion. Lactic acid was always present. The condition is correlated with the enormous growth of carbohydrate attacking streptococci within the udder in a relatively poorly buffered altered milk medium.
The cellular basis for the Ia restriction in murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis.

Abstract Susceptibility to experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) in the mouse is linked to the I − A subregion of the major histocompatibility complex. EAT can be induced in susceptible strains of mice by immunization with mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) and adjuvant. We have described a cell transfer system wherein spleen cells from EAT-susceptible CBA/J mice primed in vivo with MTg and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can be activated in vitro with MTg to transfer EAT to naive syngeneic recipients. This cell transfer system was used to elucidate the cellular basis for the I − A restriction in EAT. While the cell active in transferring EAT was Thy 1 + I − A − , depletion of I − A + cells from the in vitro culture prevented the activation of EAT effector T cells. MTg-pulsed mitomycin C-treated naive syngeneic spleen cells as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) could replace the I − A + cells in vitro . Allogeneic (Balb/c) APCs were ineffective. Using APCs from several recombinant inbred strains of mice, it was shown that C3H/HEN and B10·A (4R) APCs were effective in activating MTg/LPS-primed CBA/J spleen cells to transfer EAT while B10·A (5R) APCs were ineffective. This maps the H-2 restriction to the K or I − A subregions. Addition of polyclonal anti-Ia k or monoclonal anti-I − A k or anti-L3T4 during in vitro activation inhibited both the generation of EAT effector cells and the proliferative response to MTg. Irrelevant anti-Ia reagents, monoclonal anti-I − E k , and monoclonal anti-I − J k were ineffective. Thus the I − A restriction in murine EAT appears to result from an I − A restricted interaction between Ia + APCs and Ia − EAT effector T cells.
Receptors Sensitive to Carbon Dioxide in Lungs of Chicken

Receptors responsive to the removal of carbon dioxide from ventilatory gas were demonstrated in the lungs of the chicken. Apnea was induced in 0.64 second after rapid lowering of respired carbon dioxide in the absence of blood flow through the lungs. Afferent impulses from the receptors are conducted centrally in the vagi.
The impact of space on society: Past, present and future☆

Abstract During the past 50 years, space has had a profound impact on our societies. It has facilitated the globally interdependent world in which we live. It has altered our sense of our place in the universe. It has created technically competent workforces, stimulated our economies, enhanced our lives and vastly increased our knowledge of Earth, our Solar System and the universe beyond. In the next 50 years, our societies—their desires, expectations and goals—will determine our future in space. The space programs of the world are currently an underutilized resource. Yet there are so many problems to which we could contribute solutions: the study of global climate change; increasing economic opportunities; advancing science; determining where there is life elsewhere in the universe; protecting against asteroids; improving our technically competent workforces; and, above all, providing our societies with the hope that the future can be better than the present. We need to be set loose and supported to do our part to make a much better world for all of our societies.
Analytical view of business data

This paper describes a logical extension to Microsoft Business Framework (MBF) called Analytical View (AV). AV consists of three components: Model Service for design time, Business Intelligence Entity (BIE) for programming model, and IntellDrill for runtime navigation between OLTP and OLAP data sources. AV feature-set fulfills enterprise application requirements for Analysis and Decision Support, complementing the transactional feature-set currently provided by MBF. Model Service automatically transforms an "object oriented model (transactional view)" to a "multi-dimensional model (analytical view)" without the traditional Extraction/Transformation/Loading (ETL) overhead and complexity. It infers dimensionality from the object layer where richer metadata is stored, eliminating the "guesswork" that a traditional data warehousing process requires when going through physical database schema. BI Entities are classes code-generated by Model Service. As an intrinsic part of the framework, BI Entities enable a consistent object oriented way of programming model with strong types and rich semantics for OLAP, similar to what MBF object persistence technology does for OLTP data. More importantly, data contained in BI Entities have a higher degree of "application awareness," such as the integrated application level security and customizability. IntelliDrill links together all the information islands in MBF using metadata. Because of the automatic transformation from transactional view to analytical view enabled by Model Service, we have the ability to understand natively what kind of drill-ability an object would have, thus making information navigation in MBF fully discover-able with built-in ontology.
Late results of ureteroureterostomy in puppies

Abstract Experimental resection of a segment of ureter in the puppy with end-to-end ureteroureterostomy led to severe anastomotic stricture, obstructive atrophy, and 100% ipsilateral renal loss at one year. This may have been the result of unrecognized anastomotic tension. Transureteroureterostomy was followed by normally functioning upper urinary tracts at the end of one year, without evidence of damage to the recipient ureter. These experimental findings in the growing animal suggest that transuretero-ureterostomy in the immature nondilated ureter is a safe and reliable procedure in the management of surgically acquired unilateral segmental ureteral defects.
Allocating reliability & maintainability goals to NASA ground systems

A Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability (RMA) analysis team, supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Ground Systems Development and Operations (GSDO) Program, developed an RMA allocation and analysis process utilizing standard Reliability and Maintainability (R&M) allocation techniques, along with system-based knowledge, to ensure the GSDO subsystems (SS) achieve the required launch availability goal. In this paper, we will present an effective way to allocate RMA requirements that are Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-bound (SMART) [1].
Effects of aurothioglucose on iron-induced rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation.

Aurothioglucose (ATG), an inhibitor of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity, at a concentration of 100 μM, strongly increases lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes exposed to either ferrous ion (10 μM) or the combination of ferric ion (10 μM) and ascorbic acid (500 μM), in the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH, 800 μM). This effect was not achieved using heat-inactivated microsomes and was dependent on the presence of GSH. ATG did not affect the lag period associated with ascorbic acid/ferric ion-induced microsomal lipid peroxidation (previously attributed to an undefined GSH-dependent microsomal agent), but did increase the rate of peroxidation subsequent to the lag period. The potent GSH-dependent inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation by cytosol (10% of total volume) was completely reversed by ATG (100 μM). ATG similarly reversed an inhibition of phosphatidyl-choline hydroperoxide-dependent liposomal peroxidation that has been attributed to phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX), an enzyme distinct from the classical glutathione that cannot utilize intact phospholipids.
Why is the universe so large

S. W. Hawking's proposal for the wave function of the universe, if correct, determines the conditional probabilities for all properties of the universe. In a simple minisuperspace model it predicts that at any given nonzero energy density, the universe is most probably infinitely large.
Micrograin superplasticity in Zircaloy at 850°C

Abstract Uniaxial tensile stress-strain behavior of longitudinal and transverse texture Zircaloy-2 and −4 specimens was investigated over the range of experimental conditions: temperature 700–1400°C, strain rate 10−6-10−1 s−1, oxygen concentration 0.11–2.0 wt.% and grain size 5–55 μm. A superplastic total-elongation peak with essentially zero uniform strain was observed near 850°C. This elongation maximum is strongly strain-rate and grain-size dependent. Texture had a minimal effect on the superplastic ductility. An increase in the oxygen concentration shifted the elongation peak to higher temperatures. The microstructure most conducive for superplasticity consisted of a large volume fraction of hard α phase with a small volume fraction of soft β phase distributed at the α-grain boundaries. The high values of the strain-rate sensitivity, a retention of equiaxed grain structure during deformation, and the dependence of strain rate on flow stress indicate that the dominant mechanism of superplastic deformation in Zircaloy at 850–900°C is grain-boundary sliding with accommodation by diffusional creep, grain-boundary migration, and dislocation slip.
Carbohydrate metabolism during differentiation (sclerotization) of the myxomycete Physarum flavicomum.

The metabolism of carbohydrates during differentiation (sclerotization) of Physarum flavicomum was studied using the radiorespirometric technique. After about 36 h in a sclerotization (starvation) medium the metabolism declined to a level characteristic of the dormant state. Sclerotia incubated in complete growth medium quickly reverted to a metabolically active state and by 9 h they regained about 50% of their metabolic potential.
Ewing sarcoma of bone in infants and toddlers. A clnicopathologic report from the intergroup Ewing's study

Background. Nineteen patients with Ewing sarcoma of bone, each younger than 3 years of age at the time of initial presentation, are reported. These children represent an unusually young age group for documented Ewing sarcoma and represent 2.6% of all patients registered in the Intergroup Ewing's Sarcoma Study (IESS). Methods. The diagnosis was made on combined histologic, clinical, and radiographic grounds and was supported by immunohistochemistry in nine patients and electron microscopic study in eight patients. Immunohistochemical studies showed no staining against neuronspecific enolase, chromogranin, or S-100 in any patients, and in only one in nine patients were results of such studies focally positive against Leu-7. Results. The most marked clinical variation between this group of infants and the general IESS patient population was a striking predominance of female patients in the younger age group (P < 0.001). There was a trend toward more rib, pelvis, and proximal long bone tumors in the infants and toddlers. The overall survival rate of theinfants was 56%, almost identical to the survival rates of the older children. All of the infants who died of disease did so within 4 years. Extended follow-up as long as 9.9 years has found no late deaths attributable to tumor. The most significant late complications of therapy included cardiotoxicity with cerebral embolization from the heart and a short lower limb secondary to radiation therapy. Conclusions. Ewing sarcoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis of small cell, round cell, and blue cell tumors in bone, even in infants and toddlers.
CLASS: AN ESSENTIAL ASPECT OF WATERSHED PLANNING

A study of a watershed planning process in the Cache River Watershed in southern Illinois revealed that class divisions, based on property ownership, underlay key conflicts over land use and decision-making relevant to resource use. A class analysis of the region indicates that the planning process served to endorse and solidify the locally-dominant theory that landownership confers the right to govern. This obscured the class differences between large full-time farmers and small-holders whose livelihood depends on non-farm labor. These two groups generally opposed one another regarding wetland drainage. Their common identity as “property owner” consolidated the power wielded locally by large farmers. It also provided an instrument – the planning document – for state and federal government agencies to enhance their power and to bring resources to the region. The planning process simultaneously ameliorated conflicts between government agencies and the large farmers, while enhancing the agencies’ capacity to reclaim wetlands. In this contradictory manner, the plan promoted the environmental aims of many small-holders, and simultaneously disempowered them as actors in the region’s political economy.
The incorporation of radiolabeled polyamines and methionine into turnip yellow mosaic virus in protoplasts from infected plants

Abstract Turnip yellow mosaic virus contains large amounts of nonexchangeable spermidine and induces an accumulation of spermidine in infected Chinese cabbage. By 7 days after inoculation, a majority of protoplasts isolated from newly emerging leaves stain with fluorescent antibody to the virus. These protoplasts contain 1–2 × 106 virions per cell and continue to produce virus in culture for at least 48 hr. [14C]Spermidine (10 μM) was taken up by these cells in amounts comparable to the original endogenous pool within 24 hr. However, after an initial rise, the spermidine content of the cell returned to its original level, implying considerable regulation of the endogenous pool(s). Putrescine and spermine were major products of the metabolism of exogenous spermidine. Radioactivity from exogenous [14C]spermidine was also readily incorporated into the ribonucleoprotein component(s) of the virus, where it appeared as both spermidine and spermine. The specific radioactivities of the viral polyamines were approximately twice those of spermidine and spermine extracted from the whole cell. Radioactivity from [2-14C]methionine was readily incorporated into the protein, spermidine, and spermine of the virus. Again, the specific activities of these amines were substantially higher in the virus than in the whole cell. Thus, newly formed virus contained predominantly newly synthesized spermidine and spermine. However, inhibition of spermidine synthesis by dicyclohexylamine led to incorporation of preexisting spermidine and increased amounts of spermine into newly formed virus.
Bond strength of composites to etched and silica-coated porcelain fusing alloys

Abstract In vitro bond strengths of two composite veneering materials to two porcelain fusing alloys were measured utilizing two storage conditions. The alloys were etched or treated with silica applied by blasted, thermal or pyrogenic techniques and then silanated. Bond strengths were higher for the NiCBe than th AuPd alloy with most values 18 MPa. Bond strengths to etched and silinated auPd alloy were low (
Field-effect amperometric immuno-detection of protein biomarker

Abstract The field-effect enzymatic detection technique has been applied to the amperometric immunoassay of the cancer biomarker, carcinoma antigen 125 (CA 125). The detection adopted a reagentless approach, in which the analyte, CA 125, was immobilized on the detecting electrode, which was modified using carbon nanotubes, and the detection signal was obtained by measuring the reduction peak current of the enzyme that was used to label the antibody. A gating voltage was applied to the detecting electrode, inducing increase in the signal current and therefore providing amplification of the detection signal. The voltage-controlled signal amplification of the detection system has increased the sensitivity and lowered the detection limit of the system. A detection limit of 0.9 U/ml was obtained in the work.
Identification of Pine Pollen of Late Quaternary Age from the Chuska Mountains, New Mexico

Pollen grains of five species of pine from southwestern United States ( Pinus edulis , P. aristata , P. flexilis , P. ponderosa , and P. contorta ) differ slightly in the morphology of the pollen wall. Single grains from modern collections of pollen from the five species can be discriminated by a combination of eight qualitative characters and three dimensions. The same criteria were applied subjectively to the pine pollen in 20 stratigraphic samples from Dead Man Lake in the Chuska Mountains of New Mexico. Pinus edulis and P. ponderosa , the only two species of pine that now grow in the Chuska Mountains, account for nearly all the identifiable pine pollen in near-surface samples. In Pleistocene sediments, pollen assigned to P. flexilis is common. As a check on the subjective identifications, the fossil grains were classified again by a numerical method. The technique estimates the likelihood that a fossil grain could have been drawn from each of the reference populations, and it then assigns the grain to a reference species if it is sufficiently similar to that species and sufficiently dissimilar to all other reference populations. The assumptions made explicit by the numerical method are similar to those implicit in routine pollen analysis. Only half of the fossil grains identified subjectively in the samples from Dead Man Lake were identified by the more stringent numerical method, but the two methods agree well in the proportions identified of the five species. Comparison of the two methods illustrates the difficulty of eliminating bias in making subjective identifications.
Real-Time Detection of Selfish Behavior in IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks

The open and distributed nature of the IEEE 802.11 based wireless network makes it easy for selfish nodes to gain unfair share on the networks by manipulating the protocol parameters. In this paper, we address the detection of such selfish behavior. The two main challenges associated with the detection problem are the unknown selfish behavior strategy and real-time detection of the behavior. While the two challenges are correlated for efficient detection, existing solutions can not address both of them well at the same time. In our work, we propose a new observation method monitoring the number of successful transmissions of the tagged node. This enables us to capture the short-term dynamic of the traffic behavior which is crucial for real-time detection. Integrating our the observation method with the CUSUM test, we develop a detection scheme to deal with both the challenges without any modification to the existing protocols. Moreover, we utilize a discrete Markov chain based model to characterize the behavior of the CUSUM test statistic, which enables us to quantitatively analyze the tunable parameters in the scheme for guaranteed detection performance. The performance of the proposed scheme is validated through ns-2 simulation. We show that the scheme is capable of quickly and accurately detecting the selfish behavior without knowledge of the selfish strategy.
Hand-Plucked Forage Yield and Quality and Seed Production from Annual and Short-Lived Perennial Warm-Season Legumes Fertilized with Composted Manure

Productive warm-season forage legume species adapted to drier regions of the southeastern USA have yet to be identified. This trial evaluated adaptability, forage quality, hand-plucked forage yield, and seed production of legumes in north-central Texas as affected by dairy manure compost and harvest deferment. For 2 yr, eight warm-season annual or short-lived perennial legume species, with or without 20 Mg dairy manure compost ha -1 yr -1 added to the soil, were either hand-plucked monthly throughout the season or once-only in the autumn. Compost increased (P < 0.05) forage P and crude protein (CP) concentrations and plant-available soil P by the end of the trial. Phasey bean [Macroptilium lathyroides (DC) Urb.], peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and iron-clay' cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]) harvested throughout the season yielded over 2.5 Mg of high quality forage ha -1 yr -1 during the higher rainfall year. Autumn-only harvests produced lower yields but Tecomate lablab [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet] and peanut responded to autumn rainfall in the higher rainfall year with yields over 1.7 Mg ha -1 yr -1 . Forage yields were less than 1.0 Mg ha 1 yr-1 during the second year when plots received only 358 mm of moisture from January through September. Both partridge pea [Chameacrista fasciculata (Michx) Greene] and phasey bean produced over 5000 seed ha -1 yr -1 the higher rainfall year under autumn-only harvest and over 1200 seed ha -1 yr -1 under all-season harvest. Quality of the herbage changed with precipitation, species, and harvest. Although not highly productive under dryland conditions, these legumes can contribute both forage and seeds for livestock and wildlife.
A Low Molecular Weight Artificial RNA of Unique Size with Multiple Probe Target Regions

Artificial RNAs (aRNAs) containing novel sequence segments embedded in a deletion mutant of Vibrio proteolyticus 5S rRNA have previously been shown to be expressed from a plasmid borne growth rate regulated promoter in E. coli. These aRNAs accumulate to high levels and their detection is a promising tool for studies in molecular microbial ecology and in environmental monitoring. Herein a new construct is described which illustrates the versatility of detection that is possible with aRNAs. This 3xPen aRNA construct carries a 72 nucleotide insert with three copies of a unique 17 base probe target sequence. This aRNA is 160 nucleotides in length and again accumulates to high levels in the E. coli cytoplasm without incorporating into ribosomes. The 3xPen aRNA illustrates two improvements in detection. First, by appropriate selection of insert size, we obtained an aRNA which provides a unique and hence, easily quantifiable peak, on a high resolution gel profile of low molecular weight RNAs. Second, the existence of multiple probe targets results in a nearly commensurate increase in signal when detection is by hybridization. These aRNAs are naturally amplified and carry sequence segments that are not found in known rRNA sequences. It thus may be possible to detect them directly. An experimental step involving RT-PCR or PCR amplification of the gene could therefore be avoided.
Classification and Assignments of Ultraviolet Spectra of Conjugated Organic Molecules

Empirical tests are accumulating by which the electronic states of conjugated organic molecules may be identified as to spin, parity, electron-excitation-type, and momentum or angular-momentum.The identifications are made as for atomic spectra, by finding Rydberg series in some cases, but more generally by examining the selection rules and the effects of perturbations. The observed intensities and transition times vary over a factor of 1010, so that a superposition of selection rules giving several different degrees of forbiddenness must be recognized. The perturbations used are not the classical electric or magnetic fields. They are instead the strong local disturbances produced by polar solvent interactions; the spectral changes on chemical substitution and the changes produced in going to the next molecule of a homologous chemical series may also be treated in some degree as perturbations.The theory behind these methods of making assignments, just as in atomic spectra, is based only on general quantum-mechanical principles. Consequently the identifications of electronic states obtained by these methods are regarded as more certain than identifications based on detailed theoretical predictions of the energies or intensities which must assume the accuracy of particular atomic or molecular approximations.A list is given of the identifying characteristics of several different types of transitions, and examples of some types are shown. In a few molecules, complete assignments for six or more of the lower excited states are available.
Nature, development and national identity: The battle over sustainable forestry in Latvia

The battle over sustainable forestry in Latvia provides insights into tensions between growth and conservation in a post‐Soviet context. A diverse coalition of sustainability‐oriented advocates of reform, with extensive ties to western organisations, is campaigning to improve operating conditions for private loggers and forest owners and to increase attention to landscape and biodiversity in forestry management. It is opposed by conservative forestry officials who are suspicious of both private enterprise and Western involvement, and for whom maximisation of material production is the sovereign criterion of forest stewardship. This battle reflects a deep divide between ‘liberal internationalism’ and ‘agrarian nationalism’: competing orientations toward national identity and developmental destiny in post‐Soviet Latvian political culture. While the outcome of this battle remains undecided, the debate itself suggests that, as in the late Soviet period, the politics of conservation continues to be strongly li...
Application of time-dependent numerical methods to the description of reactive shocks

The coupling of the hydrodynamics and the chemical kinetics in a reactive mixture ignited by the passage of a shock is examined using a time-dependent numerical model. The fluid dynamic and chemical rate equations are integrated self-consistently on their own characteristic time-scales using the flux-corrected transport and selected asymptotic methods, respectively. Results are presented for a shock in an H 2 −O 2 mixture. The detailed calculations of the chemical and fluid structure of the shocked region clearly how the chemical energy released is partitioned between the fluid motion and the internal energy. A calculation is also shown for a reactive shock reflected from a rigid wall.
OBO to OWL

The Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) format from the GO consortium is a very successful format for biomedical ontologies, including the Gene Ontology. But it lacks formal computational definitions for its constructs and tools, like DL reasoners, to facilitate ontology development/maintenance. We describe the OBO Converter, a Java tool to convert files from OBO format to Web Ontology Language (OWL) (and vice versa) that can also be used as a Protege Tab plug-in. It uses the OBO to OWL mapping provided by the National Center for Biomedical Ontologies (NCBO) (a joint effort of OBO developers and OWL experts) and offers options to ease the task of saving/reading files in both formats. Availability: bioontology.org/tools/oboinowl/obo_converter.html Contact: dilvan@stanford.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Energetic Disorder, Spatial Correlations, and the High‐Field Mobility of Injected Charge Carriers in Organic Solids

(a) Department of Physics, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla Missouri 65409, USA(b) Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Advanced Studies,University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA(Received September 7, 1999)In a large class of disordered organic solids, the observed field and temperature dependence of themobility of photoinjected charge carriers arises from specific statistical features of the disorderedpotential energy landscape through which they move. In materials with polar constituents, energyfluctuations exhibit strong spatial correlations, with deep energetic valleys developing only overlarge length scales. We present a scaling analysis that shows how the hierarchical field-inducedflattening of fluctuations of different magnitudes gives rise to field dependent (e.g., Poole-Frenkeltype) mobilities characteristic of the spatial correlations from which they arise.
Manifestations of group covariance in a metric theory

The requirement to present Dirac's Large Number Hypothesis in one system of units in which the resulting modifications to Einstein's theory are exhibited, led to the construction of generalizations of General Relativity based rigorously on the geometry of semisimple groups. The foundations of such a theory are discussed and some of their possible interpretations are presented.
Thermal recovery of oxygen-deficient superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ oxides in ambient oxygen

We have annealed the oxygen-deficient ceramic oxide YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-//sub delta/, where delta = 0.4, in ambient oxygen to obtain in-diffusion of oxygen. In situ resistivity measurements were used to monitor annealing at constant heating rates between room temperature and 570 /sup 0/C. The resistivity curve showed a maximum and a minimum. The temperatures where the maximum and the minimum were observed change with heating rate. By measuring their dependence on heating rate, which was varied from 15 to 0.1 /sup 0/C/min, we have determined the activation energy of oxygen diffusion in the oxide (delta = 0) to be 1.35 +- 0.10 eV. The in-diffusion is limited by a near-surface layer which requires the measured activation energy for oxygen to diffuse through it.
Enhancement of RecA strand-transfer activity by the RecJ exonuclease of Escherichia coli.

We have examined coupled reactions with the RecA protein of Escherichia coli, which can mediate DNA strand exchange in vitro between homologous DNA molecules, and the RecJ exonuclease, a 5′ to 3′ single-stranded DNA exonuclease. In RecA-mediated strand-transfer reactions between circular single-stranded and duplex linear DNA, we have found that RecJ stimulates the rate of heteroduplex product formation. Because RecJ must be present concurrent with strand transfer and RecJ does not detectably stimulate the synapsis stage of the reaction, we believe that RecJ stimulates specifically the branch migration phase of the RecA strand-transfer reaction. RecJ also dramatically enhances the efficiency with which RecA is able to traverse regions of non-homology in the substrates. We propose a model where RecJ degrades the displaced strand produced by strand exchange which competes for pairing with the transferred strand, thus driving forward the unidirectional branch migration mediated by RecA protein. This suggests a new role for exonucleases in genetic recombination, facilitating the strand-transfer reaction itself.
An upper-bound on second-order dependency

In this work, we study the upper bound of second order statistical correlation. We provide a condition for a random variable reaching the upper-bound, and an algorithm that transform any variable to have the maximum second order statistical correlation.
Theory of the Quantized Adiabatic Particle Transport

A localized formulation is presented for the quantized adiabatic particle transport (APT) induced by a slow and cyclic potential variation. Finite size effects are studied for the ring geometry and a realistic geometry. The localized description of APT is shown to be equivalent to the Laughlin's gauge invariant argument for the quantum Hall effect. The effect of quantum fluctuation and the possibility of fractionally quantized APT are also discussed.
Atmospheric effects on friction and wear of oxidized copper

Abstract Data are reported on friction and wear of oxidized copper in dry air and helium atmospheres. The procedures used for atmosphere control, specimen cleaning, oxide film formation, and film thickness measurement are described in detail. It is shown that inert atmosphere tends to elevate friction above its magnitude in air, and to alter the wear track from a broad, lightly scored track to a deep, narrow groove. Data are also reported on the effects of load, wear, and temperature variation on the friction of oxidized copper.
Acute Monocytic Leukemia Recurring as Bilateral Perilimbal Infiltrates: Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Confirmation

A 28-year-old woman developed leukopenia and slight cervical lymphadenopathy. Bone marrow aspiration and special stains established the diagnosis of acute monocytic leukemia. Following chemotherapy a complete hematologic remission was elicited. Seven months later, she consulted an ophthalmologist because of bilateral conjunctival lesions. Ophthalmologic examination showed subconjunctival, perilimbal grayish-pink infiltrates. A conjunctival biopsy disclosed sheets of mononuclear cells consistent with acute monocytic leukemia. Four months later, she developed cutaneous lesions in the face and chest wall. Subsequent biopsies of conjunctiva and skin and immunohistochemical demonstration of muramidase in the tumor cells supported the diagnosis of monocytic leukemia. Electron microscopic studies were particularly valuable and disclosed that more than 80% of the leukemic cells contained two types of cytoplasmic complexes of rough endoplasmic reticulum that displayed both tubular and helical configurations. These complexes differed morphologically from the ribosome-lamellar complexes observed in hairy cell leukemia and other hematologic disorders.
Viscosities of Liquid Sodium and Potassium, from Their Melting Points to Their Critical Points

The viscosities of liquid sodium and potassium were estimated up to the critical temperatures according to the method recently described for mercury. The critical absolute viscosity of sodium is 0.072 centipoise and that of potassium 0.055 centipoise, the estimated precision being plus or minus 0.01 centipoise. The critical absolute viscosities of metals are higher than those of covalent or homopolar substances of van der Waals type.
Selection of demonstration sites in the face of conflicting demands and financial limitations

Abstract Following an allocation of limited financial support from the GEF for three demonstration projects in each of the SCS project's habitat sub-components (mangroves, coral reefs and seagrass), it was necessary to examine the range of potential demonstration sites in the region and formulate a procedure to select those sites having the highest priority for intervention. This paper describes the process developed to select priority demonstration sites in a scientifically sound and objective manner. The procedure was based on a mutually-agreed set of indicators and criteria and involved consensus building with all focal points such that all parties fully understood the procedure and accepted the outcome. The outcome of the project was originally anticipated as being nine regional priority demonstration sites, three focussing on each sub-component (i.e., mangroves, seagrass and coral reefs). Additional outcomes not envisaged during project design included: 1. Regionally prioritised listings of potential demonstration sites as follows: • 26 mangrove sites; • 43 coral reef sites; • 26 seagrass sites; and • 40 wetlands sites (15 estuaries; 12 inter-tidal mudflats; 7 coastal lagoons; and 6 swamp forest sites). 2. Draft proposals for interventions in 23 sites across all habitat types; 3. An inter-governmentally agreed procedure for determining regional priorities that could be used to rank sites both nationally and regionally in the future; 4. A regional GIS database having a large number of sites characterised in geographical and environmental, including biological, terms; 5. Application of the approach at national level in two countries to determine national priorities for intervention; and 6. A procedure and process that serves as a potential model for replication elsewhere when choices between alternative sites for intervention must be made to satisfy financial limitations.
Postural effects on pulmonary function and heart rate of preterm infants with lung disease.

Frequency (breaths/min) Tidal volume (ml/kg) Minute ventilation (ml/min/kg) Compliance (ml/cm H20/kg) Conductance (L/sec/cm H20) Resistive work of breathing (gm-cm/kg) Peak pressure change (era H20) 66 + 3 71 + 4 6.0 + 0.4 6.0 + 0.5 389 _+ 27 391 _+ 27 1.12 _+ 0.09 0.94 _+ 0.11" 0.027 + 0.005 0.014 0.007* 12 + 3 19 _+ 3* 6.5 --0.9 7.7 ----0.7* 6 7 + 3 6.0 + 0.4 390 + 26 1.28 _+ 0.14 0.023 _+ 0.003 1 1 + 2 5.7 + 0.8
Phospholipid fatty acid composition in type I and type II rat muscle

The fatty acid composition of the membrane phospholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine in insulin-sensitive Type I (soleus) and insulin-resistant Type II (EDL) muscle is not known. In the present studies, soleus and EDL muscles were removed from 250–300 g Sprague-Dawley rats, and the fatty acid composition of total and individual phospholipid (PL) species was quantitated. As expected, triglyceride content was increased twofold in soleus muscle. No quantitative differences in the individual PL species or cholesterol content were found between the two muscles. However, a striking difference in PL fatty acid composition was observed in the PC fraction. An increase in 16∶0 with decreases in 18∶0, 18∶1, 22∶5n-3, and 22∶6n-3 (P<0.001 for each) was observed in the PC fraction of EDL compared to that from soleus, consistent with reduced elongation of PC fatty acids. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation with the carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 inhibitor, etomoxir, did not alter the fatty acid pattern in either muscle. We conclude that an alteration in PL fatty acid composition consistent with reduced elongation of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is observed in Type II muscle. The restriction of these alterations to the PC fraction has important implications.
Transit route design applications using geographic information systems

The design of public transportation networks is made difficult by a multitude of conflicting objectives. For example, networks designed to minimize travel time cannot be expected to maximize coverage and accessibility. Two simple methods for designing and improving public transportation routes with the aid of TransCAD,a geographicin formation system, are presented. The first method involves a direct demand model that uses readily available socioeconomic and demographic variables to compute a generalized impedance function, which subsequently is used to determine the best alignment for transit routes. The second uses rider origin and destination data (addresses) and TransCAD's address-matching capabilities to improve transit coverage to specific heavy-traffic locations such as universities and hospitals. The first method is illustrated using data from Logan, Utah—a newly urbanized community with a population of approximately 33,000 people and home to Utah State University, which, beginning in 1994, has had...
Predictors of Success in Large Enrollment Introductory Courses: An Examination of the Impact of Learning Communities and Virtual Learning Resources on Student Success in an Introductory Level Sociology Course.

ued to cut funding for post-secondary education, while changes in the college population due to growing numbers of non-traditional students have resulted in increased demands on higher education. Specifically, older students who have competing role obligations have motivated professors and instructors to restructure their classroom practices to allow more flexibility. This trend, combined with the growth in the college student population, increased course enrollment, and increasing budget constraints, finds educators searching for new and effective teaching modalities that are timeand cost-efficient. At the same time, it is ill-advised to forge headlong into new teaching pedagogies without evidence to support their effectiveness. The current research project addresses the effectiveness of using some of these new advancements in a large-enrollment introductory course to examine their impact on outcome.
Mo1484 The Utility of Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)-Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) for the Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cystic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PCNETs): a Decade of Single Center Experience

performance of EUS guided core biopsy. The yield of the core biopsy as compared to FNA with onsite cytopathologists is not known. Methods: All patients referred for EUS guided biopsy were considered for EUS guided core biopsy followed by EUS guided FNA between February 2011 and November 2012 at the Houston Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center. Patients were excluded if they had cystic lesions, small lesions ( 1cm) or if interposing vascular structures prevented the intervention. Study patients were evaluated with two core biopsies using 22 gauge needles followed by FNA guided by a bedside cytopathologist. Results of the core biopsy were reported by a second pathologist at a later date. The yield (percent accurate diagnosis) was compared between the two groups. The agreement between the 2 approached was examined using the Kappa (K) statistic. The final diagnosis was defined using a conglomerate of surgical pathology, follow-up studies, and clinical course. Results: Twenty six patients were included in the final analysis, of which 96% were male and 61% were Caucasian. 69.2% had pancreatic lesions and 30.8% had other upper GI lesions including lymph nodes and subepithelial lesions. The mean number of passes was 3.2 for FNA, and the mean procedure time was 39.4 minutes. The final diagnosis was malignant in 92.3% and benign in 7.7%. Sensitivity and specificity were 83% and 100% respectively for FNA, and 71% and 100% respectively for core biopsy. Diagnostic accuracy was 84.6% for FNA and 73.1% for core biopsy. The two approaches yield was in agreement in 88.4% with a kappa statistic of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.33 0.99) indicating substantial agreement. Conclusions: The diagnostic yield of two passes with a 22 gauge core biopsy needle is comparable to the current gold standard of FNA with a bedside cytopathologist. Performance of two core biopsies could represent a time efficient and widely available alternative to FNA with a bedside cytopathologist.
A quantitative approach to unidimensional multiple chromatography

Abstract Tables relating the R F value of two solutes to the number of solvent pages required for their separation by a preselected amount have been compiled for unidimensional multiple chromatography, UMC. These tables will help quantitate some simple guiding rules which were proposed for the selection of solvents for chromatographic separations. The use of the tables is illustrated and the rationale for the high probability of success of UMC is discussed.