cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simpson’s Inverse: Bradytely and the Phenomenon of Living Fossils

The scientific problem posed by “living fossils”—loosely speaking, members of the Recent biota whose external form, at least, has changed but little since the lineage’s inception—is, of course, a question of rates. Why have these creatures changed so slowly, so negligibly? In the context of Darwin’s own founding conceptions, and certainly from the perspective of the modern synthesis, living fossils are something of an enigma, if not an embarrassment. Creationists have long cited the continued existence of “lower” forms of life alongside evolution’s more recent and derived productions as a falsification of the very notion of evolution, but what their observation suggests is that life’s diversification and the sequential addition of evolutionary novelties—“descent with modification”—is burlesqued if viewed simply as a linear process of “progress.”
Using peptides to study the folding of a predominantly β-sheet protein

While the primary sequence of a protein is sufficient to guide it to its folded state under native conditions from an ensemble of unfolded conformations in the presence of denaturant, we do not yet know the relative importance of local sequence-directed conformational preferences and global information such as the pattern of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues. We have described the folding pathway of cellular retinoic acid binding protein I (CRABPI), a predominantly β -sheet protein with an internal cavity that binds retinoic acid, based on results from a variety of methods (stopped flow fluorescence and circular dichroism, quenched flow hydrogen exchange) [1,2]: An early kinetic phase (< 10 msec) appears to correspond to hydrophobic collapse and is accompanied by development of substantial native-like CD signal. The topology of the protein including presence of the central ligand binding cavity develops in a 100 msec kinetic phase [2]. Intriguingly, stable hydrogen bonding in the β sheets is present only after a longer kinetic phase (1 sec), which is also accompanied by the development of native tertiary interactions. A minor population of the molecules folds more slowly (15 to 20 sec) due to slow cis-trans isomerization around X -Pro bonds. We are now examining the importance of local sequence in this folding pathway in two ways: 1) by studies of peptide fragments; and 2) by studies of mutated versions of CRABPI. Thus far, we have found that the small helix–turn–helix of CRABPI has a strong locally driven folding tendency including a sequence motif called a Schellman motif [3]. In the present study, we have focused on the roles that local sequences in turns may play in the folding of CRABPI. The topology of a β -sheet protein requires that non-local segments of chain make specific contacts, yet local sequence must play a role early in folding to favor these interactions. The turns connecting strands are likely to facilitate the formation of the adjacent strand-strand contacts. In CRABPI, like many of its family members, tight turns connect most of the β strands. We have examined characteristics of the tight turns in CRABPI that may point out key local sequences for folding. If a turn is involved in guiding the chain towards the native topology, then one would expect it to be stabilized largely by interactions within its own sequence, even in the context of the native protein
Decomposition of Shoots of a Salt-Marsh Grass

Researchers interested in accurately describing natural microbial participation in the decay of portions of vascular plants must try to avoid altering genuine conditions of decay via their methods (Swift et al., 1979; Boulton and Boon, 1991; Newell, 1994). This is an old refrain (e.g., Park, 1974, on the elusive balance between particle retention and shredder admittance using litterbags), but one that continues to go unheeded (e.g., a paper published in 1992 in a leading aquatic-science journal; methods: green shoots of grass cut, dried, and placed in litterbags on or buried in salt-marsh sediment). “The challenge of ecology immediately reveals the correlated dangers, for it is singularly easy to fall into error through a failure to describe accurately the various parts of the system and to appreciate their possible significance. An error at this stage may lead to the development of inapposite experimental techniques, so that the final synthesis must inevitably fail. A constant temptation besetting the ecologist is that of loose thinking to enable him to gloss over intractable parts of his study” (Griffin, 1972).
Cellular Basis of Morphogenetic Change: Looking Back after 30 Years of Progress on Developmental Signaling Pathways

The 1981 session on the Cellular Basis of Morphogenetic Change included discussions of pattern formation by positional information and cellular interpretation, polyclonal compartments as developmental units of selector gene expression, morphogenetic activities of cells, conserved cell types, and the developmental pathways revealed by newly collected Drosophila mutants. All of this was contributory to and preparatory for the great advances of the next decades in the understanding of pattern formation in terms of cell-cell signaling and transcriptional regulation, and in the evolution of development. The present article is a summary of some of these advances, taking the Bmp and Wnt signaling pathways in vertebrate embryos, which mediate the large scale patterning of the dorsoventral and anteroposterior axes of the embryo. The summary covers the different transduction components and transcription factors activated within the two pathways when signals are received, and the complex yet robust and adaptable means by which cells generate graded distributions of signals over specific cell groups. Key to these distributions at the gastrula-neurula stages is Spemann’s organizer, a signaling and morphogenetic center of the early embryo that produces Bmp and Wnt antagonists. The pathways themselves date back to the earliest metazoa, and their use in patterning the embryonic axes dates back at least to the bilaterian common ancestor. The evolution of development has involved changes in the times and places of repeated usage of these pathways, in the genes targeted by them (changing cell competence), and in the means and location of signal distribution.
Safety-Net Hospitals Have Higher Complication and Mortality Rates in the Neurosurgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injuries.

Background Clinical outcomes in the surgical management of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been shown to vary across different hospital institutions. The effect of the safety-net burden on postoperative mortality, complication rates, and failure to rescue rates is unclear. We evaluated the relationship of the safety-net burden with outcomes in the treatment of patients with severe TBI undergoing neurosurgery. Methods The hospitals were grouped according to their safety-net burden, defined as the proportion of Medicaid and uninsured patient charges for all hospitalizations during that time. Multivariate analyses were performed to examine significant associations with the degree of safety-net burden while controlling for potential confounders. Results Data from 20,989 encounters in 788 hospitals were included. Compared with low-burden hospitals (LBHs), high-burden hospitals (HBHs; odds ratio [OR], 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–2.12; P = 0.03) had greater mortality rates. Major complications were more likely to occur at HBHs (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.12–1.84; P Conclusions The present study found that a greater hospital safety-net burden was independently associated with greater rates of mortality and major complications in the treatment of patients with severe TBI undergoing neurosurgery. Further research in evaluating the cause of disparities in mortality outcomes at high safety-burden hospitals is needed.
Policies for the Development and Transfer of Eco-Innovations

Along with the recent success of economic growth in the developing world comes more pollution. Reducing these emissions while still enabling these countries to grow requires the use of new technologies in these countries. In most cases, these technologies are first created in high-income countries. Thus, the challenge for environmental policy is to encourage the transfer of these environmentally-friendly technologies to the developing world. This paper reviews the economic literature on both the creation and transfer of environmental technologies, with an emphasis on how the development of new technologies in leading economies can lead to environmental improvements in developing countries. I begin by discussing the incentives for environmentally-friendly innovation, which occurs primarily in developed countries. I then review the literature on the transfer of these technologies to the developing world. A key point is that technology diffusion is gradual. Early adoption of policy by developed countries leads to the development of new technologies that make it easier for developing countries to reduce pollution as well. Globalization also plays an important role in moving clean technologies to developing countries. Since clean technologies are first developed in the world’s leading economies, international trade and foreign investments provide access to these technologies. Finally, the absorptive capacity of nations is important. The technological skills of the local workforce enable a country to learn from, and build upon, technologies brought in from abroad. I conclude by discussing the implication of these lessons for policy, focusing on three examples pertaining to climate change: the Clean Development Mechanism, the role of intellectual property, and government-sponsored R&D.
When Emotional Intensity and Cognitive Rigidity Collide: What Can Counselors and Teachers Do?:

Gifted individuals have unique social and emotional needs that often manifest as challenging interpersonal behavior. Chief among these needs are the fact that gifted students tend to be quite emoti...
Data Analysis on Multivariate Image Set

An image set can include not just the images themselves but also the extracted features, metadata and so on. For example, x-ray images obtained from synchrotron beamlines are large-scale highdynamic-range data depicting a variety of material properties after incorporating scientific analysis results. Previously, we presented a framework MultiSciView as an image set visualization and exploration system for x-ray scattering data. This tool is general enough to deal with any multivariate images. In this work, we aim to complement it with a set of data analysis modules. First, we present feature analysis by proposing a new correlation metric to reduce the data redundancy. Then we encode each image as a high dimensional vector and analyze the patterns hidden in the image set. Finally, we add an auxiliary visualization to plot the average and entropy images of the interested subset. We conducted one case study to show that our system can effectively analyze the image set, identify preferred image patterns, anomalous images and erroneous experimental settings. Eventually a better comprehension of the material nanostructure properties can be achieved.
Situation Analysis of Tourism and Hospitality Management Education in Nepal

Tourism is a major industry in Nepal and is viewed as a tool for economic development especially in rural regions that depend on parks and protected areas. The country’s natural and cultural resources are major assets that further develop and promote tourism, but the lack of skilled human resources remains as a major barrier. There is a critical need to prepare individuals to become leaders, decision-makers and entrepreneurs in the private and public sectors. Tourism and hospitality management education is a new field and gaining in importance as various institutions become involved in training and degree programmes. The purpose of the research described in this chapter was to conduct a situational analysis of tourism and hospitality management education in Nepal based on four categories: availability, affordability, accessibility and accountability. Thematic analysis was used to explore the educational content, skills and employment prospects for human resource development. The analysis revealed that formal education, training and capacity-building programmes in Nepal were limited to a small number of higher-education institutions with restricted enrolment quotas, located in only a few cities. Also, programmes were largely offered by private institutions, which limited accessibility and affordability for poor and marginalised individuals, notably in rural areas. A system for national quality assessment, accreditation and standardisation of curricula was absent. In such a context, coordination between the national government, tourism industry and academic institutions for modification of curricula and training could aid in building and strengthening the human resources that will be necessary to meet Nepal’s goals for tourism development.
Effect of Increased Damping in Subordinate Oscillator Arrays

Previous literature has shown that large structures with a significant number of smaller attached structures exhibit much higher apparent damping than was predicted by models. Further research into this effect led to the discovery that arrays of such small attachments can be designed to alter the response of the overall system. That work also showed that small variation in the distribution of attachment mass or stiffness degrade the performance of the system. Additive manufacturing has now matured such that several methods provide the capability to realize the tolerances required to effectively test these designs. This paper discusses the use of StereoLithography Apparatus (SLA) optical fabrication to test the error sensitivity of different materials using laser vibrometry to characterize the mechanical behavior of the system.
A Surveilled Existence: One Muslim’s Reality in America:

This article emphasizes the illusion of an American society most people believe functions as an accommodating entity whereby all citizens are provided the spaces to live free and achieve. Based on ...
PENERAPAN STRATEGI SURVEY QUESTION READING RECITE REVIEW (SQ3R) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA PEMAHAMAN SISWA

This study aims to describe the application of learning strategy of SQ3R to improve reading comprehension ability of the fourte grade student of SDN Mapala Kec. Rappocini Makassar. Type of this research is class room action research wich overwhelm planning step, action, observation and reflection. This research is focus on student n teacher. Result of the research shows that teacher’s teaching activity in cycle is in category cukup while in cycle II is in category baik. In cycle of frequency of ketuntasan categoried tidak tuntas and of the name some time in cycle II categoried as tuntas.The conclusion is applying of SQ3R can improve reading comprehension ability of fourt grade student of SDN Mapala Kec Rappocini Makassar
Closed-Form Models for Nonisothermal Effective Stress of Unsaturated Soils

AbstractEffective stress is a critical factor controlling the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. There has been an increasing interest toward fundamental and applied research on emerging app...
Social Level Interventions: Enhancing Peer Support and Coping in Pediatric Diabetes Populations

In this entry, the authors review the literature on peer support and coping skills training for children and adolescents with type 1 and type 2 diabetes to develop a comprehensive review and make recommendations for practice and research. The search was limited to articles published from 2000 to 2018. A total of ten studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Peer support was defined as the provision of emotional, appraisal, and informational assistance by a created social network member who possesses experiential knowledge of a specific behavior or stressor and similar characteristics as the target population, to address a health-related issue of a potentially or actually stressed focal person. Coping skills training is a psychosocial self-management support intervention focused on improving the coping skills of social problem-solving, communication skills, cognitive-behavioral modification, and stress management. The majority of the studies focused on adolescents. Recommendations for implementation and dissemination research are made.
Intrathecal baclofen withdrawal simulating neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a child with cerebral palsy

Intrathecal baclofen infusion (IBI) is being used with increasing frequency in children to treat spasticity and dystonia. In this report, we summarize the clinical course of a 9–year-old boy with quadriplegic cerebral palsy with mixed tonal abnormalities (spasticity and dystonia) experiencing withdrawal from intrathecal baclofen. His clinical course is compared to that of adults experiencing withdrawal from IBI and to neuroleptic malignant syndrome. If unrecognized, this disorder may have significant potential for morbidity and mortality. Clues to diagnosis, appropriate evaluation, and potential treatments are discussed. When a child treated with IBI presents with unexplained multiorgan system dysfunction, particularly if accompanied by evidence of rhabdomyolysis, the integrity of the IBI system must be evaluated. In some cases, evaluation might necessitate surgical exploration. Caregivers most commonly seek urgent evaluation and treatment from their primary care provider when their child experiences fever or acute illness. Primary care providers of children treated with IBI should be made aware of this clinical scenario to prevent delays in diagnosis.
Bilateral Femoral Component Fractures After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty With Cruciate-Retaining Femoral Component.

Abstract A 69-year-old male presented with atraumatic bilateral femoral component fractures at different time intervals after simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty using the cemented Biomet Ascent Knee System. The right and left knee implant fractures occurred 12 and 17 years after primary arthroplasty, respectively. This patient was notably tall (190.5 cm, 98th percentile) and maintained an active lifestyle before implant fractures. Sequential, bilateral knee implant fractures in a system with a previously acceptable track record suggest that biomechanics, patient characteristics, and surgical factors can significantly influence the risks for fracture of an implant.
Returns to Entrepreneurial Experience Over the Business Cycle (WITHDRAWN)

In this paper, I explore business cycle-related dynamics in the returns to entrepreneurial experience. Using time-series geographic variation in economic conditions, I disentangle the effects of sh...
Application of Pathogen Discovery/Metagenomic Sequencing in CNS HIV

Neurological conditions associated with HIV/AIDS including central nervous system (CNS), opportunistic infections (OI), chronic conditions including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral escape remain major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. CNS infections in HIV-infected patients are often challenging to diagnose by traditional microbiological testing, impacting treatment and outcome. Recent advances in diagnostic techniques, including metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), are changing the landscape of microbiological testing, mainly in resource-rich settings. Pathogen discovery techniques offer a hypothesis-free approach to diagnostic testing, yielding comprehensive analysis of microbial genetic material. Given the extent of genetic material produced, deep sequencing tools not only hold promise in the diagnosis of CNS infections but also in defining key pathogenic steps which have previously been unanswered. Significant challenges remain to implementing pathogen discovery techniques in routine clinical practice including cost, expertise and infrastructure needed including laboratory and bioinformatics support, and sample contamination risk. The use in resource-limited regions where the burden of CNS complications due to HIV/AIDS is highest remains poorly defined. Though, major opportunities utilizing pathogen discovery techniques exist to enhance surveillance and diagnosis and improve our understanding of mechanisms of neuroinvasion in CNS conditions associated with HIV.
Air pollution mitigation through vegetation barriers and green space

Abstract Air pollution has been identified by the World Health Organization as one of the leading causes of illness and death in the world. In many cities, transportation facilities such as highways, rail-lines, airports, marine ports, and other freight movement corridors experience some of the highest air pollution levels. These transportation facilities are often located where people spend significant amounts of time living, working, and going to school. Methods to reduce the impact of air pollution near large transportation sources can lead to improved public health. Roadside vegetation has been shown to impact air quality downwind of these sources, with some studies identifying reductions in air pollution concentrations and others indicating increases in pollutant levels when vegetation is present. This chapter summarizes recommendations for roadside vegetation and green space characteristics that can lead to improved local air quality, which can be used by planners and developers to achieve air quality and health benefits.
Reasons for discontinuation of acute postoperative pain ketamine infusions: A retrospective case-control study.

PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to investigate factors associated with early discontinuation of low-dose ketamine infusions due to adverse drug events (ADEs). METHODS A retrospective, matched case-control study of surgical patients who received low-dose ketamine infusions for postoperative pain over 6 years was conducted. Forty-seven study patients, who required early discontinuation of their infusion due to ADEs, were included and matched 1:1 with 47 controls, who did not experience ADEs, for a total of 94 patients. The two groups were compared based on surgery type, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, administration of specific perioperative anxiolytic, anesthetic, and analgesic medications, and use of regional anesthesia. RESULTS Of the study patients, 44.7% underwent spine procedures (vs. 34% of controls), 27.6% underwent abdominal procedures (vs. 8.5% of controls), 19.2% underwent orthopedic procedures (vs. 46.8% of controls), and 8.5% underwent thoracic procedures (vs. 6.4% of controls). There were no statistically significant differences in ASA classification, pre-operative gabapentinoid and antidepressant use, average ketamine infusion dose, or postoperative use of peripheral nerve catheters, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, muscle relaxants, and nonbenzodiazepine sleep aides. Study patients had higher rates of intra-operative volatile anesthetic use (78.7% vs. 57.7%, p = 0.03) and more postoperative opioid patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) use (53.2% vs. 29.8%, p = 0.02) than controls. Control patients had higher rates of preoperative opioid use (76.7% vs. 53.2%, p = 0.02) and premedication with midazolam (89.4% vs. 70.2%, p = 0.02) than study patients. CONCLUSION Patients who required discontinuation of their low-dose ketamine infusion due to ADEs were more likely to be opioid naive, received less pre-operative benzodiazepines, and had greater postoperative opioid PCA requirements. Control patients, on the other hand, had higher rates of pre-operative opioid use and experienced fewer ADEs despite greater total ketamine doses.
LCL IN A SINGLE CORONAL SLICE – A NOVEL SIGN FOR IDENTIFYING ACL DEFICIENT PATIENTS AND PREDICTING RISK OF FUTURE GRAFT FAILURE:

Background:The ACL deficient knee is predisposed to anterior translation and internal rotation of the tibia.Hypothesis/Purpose:To show that knee deformity in an ACL deficient knee will produce a mo...
A new method for closed-loop stability prediction in industrial robots

Abstract With the demand for higher position accuracy from industrial robots used for precision manufacturing tasks, a common solution approach is to implement closed-loop feedback control using external sensors. Because most industrial robot controllers only allow real-time commands to be specified in the form of Cartesian or joint position offsets, the plant models of these closed-loop systems tend to be very simple in that they assume that the robot executes each input command with minimal or no error. However, real-time motion error can be of the order or larger than the corresponding input commands. Due to the shortcomings of these simplistic models, closed-loop controller gains need to inevitably be tuned manually through trial and error. If the missing components of the simplistic plant models can be identified, closed-loop controller gains can be readily determined efficiently through simulation. In this paper, robot controller delay and robot dynamics are identified as the key missing components, and a new data-driven method for capturing the robot dynamics and a model for closed-loop stability prediction are established. The new model-based method is experimentally evaluated on a six degree-of-freedom (6-DoF) industrial manipulator. It is confirmed that the new method can be used to determine via simulation robot controller gains that ensure closed-loop stability without the need for iterative trial and error experimental gain-tuning.
Deciduous dentition of a Late Archaic population of Ohio.

I describe the developmental, metric, morphologic, and pathologic features of deciduous dentition in a terminal Late Archaic (c. 3000 B.P.) Native American population in Ohio. Development of deciduous dentition in this Late Archaic population is stable with little sequence variation. The pattern of development (ldc, ldp3, ldp4) cannot be shown to be different from a modern Euro-American sample. There is an indication, however, that the permanent first molar in the Late Archaic population developed somewhat more rapidly with respect to the deciduous teeth than in the Euro-American sample. Metric and morphologic features of deciduous dentition in the Late Archaic population appear typical for a population of northeast Asian descent. In general, these metric and morphologic features are shown to be useful in distinguishing among populations of differing ancestries. Developmental and acquired pathologic conditions of deciduous dentition are rare or absent in the Late Archaic population. Absence of linear enamel hypoplasia indicates sufficient access to basic resources for the younger children of this population, and the low frequency of caries reflects the relatively cariogenic-free nature of the diet of these hunter-gatherers.
Neoliberal disorientations: changing landscapes of disability and governance in India

This article delves into questions of neoliberal disorientations experienced by disabled people in the context of a participatory development self-help group project from the World Bank in south India. I explore ways in which neoliberal development regimes produce exclusionary forms of inclusion by producing subjects who are ‘able-disabled’. I ethnographically examine ‘who gets counted’ and ‘what gets counted’ within the neoliberal governance framework, and what remains outside. Deconstructing participatory development approaches from a critical disability perspective, the article sheds light on processes of inclusion through exclusion in the neoliberal framework of governance. It highlights what is at stake for disability futures in the context of austerity in the Global South.
Average error rate of NCFSK with multi-branch post-detection switched diversity: Research Articles

We investigate the performance of non-coherent frequency shift keying (NCFSK) with multi-branch post-detection switched diversity systems. After an appropriate statistical description of the square-law detector output, we derive generic formulas for the symbol/bit error probability of NCFSK for both switch and stay combining (SSC) and switch and examine combining (SEC) schemes. We show that while the SSC scheme does not benefit from more than two diversity paths when the paths are identically distributed, the error performance of SEC improves as the number of antenna paths increases. We consider two detection schemes for NCFSK, one for M-ary FSK and another limited to only BFSK. We show that the second scheme leads to lower error probability performance when both are used to detect binary signals. The mathematical formalism is illustrated with a number of selected numerical examples. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wage Rates in the Early National Period: Philadelphia, 1785–1830

Recent scholarly work in the economic history of the precivil War United States has produced an impressive array of statistical data. Estimates of income, output, capital stock, and population growth and distribution have been generated utilizing a variety of empirical sources and statistical techniques. But, despite these welcome advances in our knowledge and understanding of the early American economy, a number of important statistical records continue to elude scholars of the period. Information concerning immigration before 1820, the occupational distribution of the labor force, employment statistics, the cost of living, and the level and movement of retail prices and wages would, if available, prove valuable additions to our growing knowledge of the United States economy before 1860.
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ON‐CAMPUS INTERVIEWING

Understanding how to effectively and lawfully gain information from a prospective employee is an important skill for business managers to master. The decision to hire an individual results in long‐term consequences‐turn‐over rates, levels of productivity, training costs, and company image. Because getting the right person in the right job is so important to the success of any business, many managers personally want to interview the potential employee. Yet few can boast of making a perfect hiring decision. In fact, half of all new hires in America stay with a company no more than six months; and each mis‐hire can cost 30 to 50 per cent above annual salary in lost productivity and expense of replacement (Bacas, 1987).
Dynamic fracture of composite overwrap cylinders

The fracture behavior due to dynamic response in a composite cylinder subjected to a moving pressure has been investigated. The resonance of stress waves can result in very high amplitude and frequency strains in the cylinder at the instant and location of pressure front passage, when the velocity of the moving pressure approaches a critical velocity. The stress wave with high magnitude, while short in duration, might not cause structural failure immediately. However, it could accelerate the propagation in the cylinder with initial imperfection and shorten fatigue life of the cylinders. The fracture mechanism induced by dynamic amplification effects is especially critical for overwrapped composite cylinders because of the multi-material and anisotropic construction, thermal degradation in material properties, and a design goal inherent in lightweight structural applications.
Changing aspects of channel structure in America

Spotlights the principal emphasis of this study as descriptions of the present state and indicators of change in US channel structure. Follows this by speculating briefly about future trends in this structure and its relevance for UK business. Looks ahead to future developments and makes comparisons with the UK in regard to recent developments in US distribution patterns – particularly changing power relationships between institutions. States that though only UK sources have been available for use here, the trends in the US economy should be able to be described with sufficient detail. Concludes that there are lessons for the UK market in dealing with the USA and these should be used.
Re-constructing our models of cellulose and primary cell wall assembly

The cellulose microfibril has more subtlety than is commonly recognized. Details of its structure may influence how matrix polysaccharides interact with its distinctive hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces to form a strong yet extensible structure. Recent advances in this field include the first structures of bacterial and plant cellulose synthases and revised estimates of microfibril structure, reduced from 36 to 18 chains. New results also indicate that cellulose interactions with xyloglucan are more limited than commonly believed, whereas pectin–cellulose interactions are more prevalent. Computational results indicate that xyloglucan binds tightest to the hydrophobic surface of cellulose microfibrils. Wall extensibility may be controlled at limited regions (‘biomechanical hotspots’) where cellulose–cellulose contacts are made, potentially mediated by trace amounts of xyloglucan.
Moisture characteristics of Hanford gravels: Bulk, grain-surface, and intragranular components

Although gravels comprise large portions of some vadose zones, their unsaturated hydraulic properties have received relatively little attention. This study examines moisture retention relations in the 2- and 6-mm size fractions of gravels from the Hanford formation vadose zone (Washington State). Understanding flow and transport within this formation is important because parts of it have become contaminated by leakage of radioactive wastes at the Hanford Site. Moisture retention relations were obtained for a very wide energy range, with attention to water retained in intragranular pores and along grain surfaces. External surfaces of these gravels have root mean-squared roughnesses (rmsr) in the micrometer range, with sparsely distributed deep (hundreds of micrometers) pits. Water films on these external surfaces are volumetrically insignificant at matric potentials less than about −2 kPa. Residual water in these gravels occurs in intragranular pores, accounts for about 10% of the total porosity, and is effectively hydraulically immobile. The intragranular domain in Hanford gravels also has a large specific surface area of about 11 m 2 g −1 . Thus, exchanges of solutes (including contaminants) between the intragranular domain of Hanford gravels and their immediate surrounding are significant and diffusion limited.
Participatory Versus Radical Democracy in the 21st Century: Carole Pateman, Jacques Rancière, and Sheldon Wolin

What is the relationship between participatory and radical democracy and why are they relevant? This paper answers these questions by bringing into conversation the participatory theory of Pateman and the radical theories of Ranciere and Wolin to see what they can learn from each other. I argue that participatory democracy demonstrates the value of attending to questions of institutional transformation, due to the ability of greater participation to both empower citizens and legitimize democratic authority structures. Radical democracy, on the other hand, calls attention to the ways in which the conditions of democratic possibility have changed in the past half century, thus making the dream of institutionalizing a participatory democracy much more difficult to realize. In doing so, I demonstrate that participatory and radical theories of democracy have much to offer to one another and to broader ongoing debates within democratic theory.
Trajectory Reconstruction for Travel Time Estimation

In this article, we propose a Trajectory Reconstruction Model as an improvement to existing speed-based travel time estimation models. The proposed model utilizes point-based speed data collected by existing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Using the smoothing scheme proposed, it is possible to construct a speed surface as a function of space and time. Then, one can reconstruct the trajectory of an imaginary vehicle by allowing it to adopt the local speed determined by the speed surface wherever the vehicle travels. Therefore, the travel time of this vehicle can be readily determined from its trajectory. This article develops an analytical formulation of the model. Meanwhile, a discrete version of the formulation is also provided as a computational algorithm to facilitate real world implementation. In comparison with existing models, the proposed model accounts for continuous speed variation in both time and space. This ensures that the model preserves vehicle trajectories and provides sound esti...
Severe internal hemorrhage resulting from transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration in a mare

Abstract Transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration (TVA) is becoming a more widely utilized procedure for obtaining oocytes from mares for both research and clinical applications because it is practical, repeatable and minimally invasive. Although the incidence of complications associated with TVA is low, the risk of serious complications cannot be completely eliminated. In this report, we present a case in which severe internal hemorrhage occurred as a result of TVA in a mare.
EFFECT OF AMPHENONE B ON DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL HYPERTENSION IN RATS

The effect of Amphenone B on development of renal hypertension was studied in rats whose kidneys were encapsulated with latex envelopes. The compound was administered in the diet for 13 weeks at do...
Copper, lithium, and hydrogen passivation of boron in c -Si

The geometries and chemical structures of lithium- and copper-passivated substitutional B in crystalline Si are calculated and compared to the ones of hydrogen-passivated B. The calculations are done at the approximate ab initio several clusters. In contrast to H which bridges an acceptor-Si bond and forms a stronger bond with Si than with the acceptor, Li and Cu are at the antibonding site to the boron atom, and form Li-B and Cu-B bonds. Their wave functions overlap with several host atoms. The results show that copper is a viable candidate as the observed passivator X.
Role of small browsing mammals in preventing woodland regeneration in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania

Summary The effects of fire and browsing on woodland regeneration in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania were assessed from tree growth data in fire- and large-mammal-exclusion plots set up in formerly wooded, grassland communities. Plots in each site were (i) browsed and burned, (ii) browsed only, or (iii) neither browsed nor burned. During the 3 years of the study, the mean heights of all tree species were significantly reduced by browsing but fire had little additional effect. Mean tree heights were maintained at < 31 cm for 3 years in the browsed-and-burned and browsed-only plots while increasing to 49 and 78 cm in the neither-browsed-nor-burned plots. Since elephants and giraffe browse primarily above I m in the Serengeti, small browsers such as Grant's gazelle, Thomson's gazelle, dikdik and impala are thought to be responsible for the slow growth rates in the browsed plots. Resume Les effets du feu et du broutage sur la regeneration des zones boisees au Parc National du Serengeti (Tanzanie) furent evaluees a partir des donnees de croissance dans des quadrats-echantillon en savane anciennement boisee ou le feu et les grands mammiferes etaient exclus. Dans chaque site, les echantillons furent (i) broutes et brules, (ii) seulement broutes, ou (iii) ni broutes ni brules. Durant les 3 ans de l'etude, les hauteurs moyennes de toutes les especes d'arbres furent significativement reduites par le broutage mais le feu eut peu d'effet supplementaire. Les hauteurs moyennes des arbres furent maintenues a moins de 31 cm dans les quadrats broutes-et-brules et broutes-seulement, alors qu'elle augmente a 49 et 78 cm dans les quadrats ni-brules-ni-broutes. Puisque les elephants et les girafes broutent avant tout au-dessus d'l m au Serengeti, les brouteurs plus petits tels que les gazelles de Grant et de Thomson, le dikdik et l'impala doivent etre les responsables de cette croissance lente dans les quadrats broutes.
The Appropriateness of Using Three Measures of Self-Beliefs with European American, Latino/a, and Native American College Freshmen

The authors investigated the psychometric appropriateness of the Valuing/Commitment to Education scale (A. M. Gloria, 1993), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (M. Rosenberg, 1965), and the Educational Self-Efficacy Scale (A. M. Gloria, 1993) for use with European American, Latina/o, and Native American college freshmen. Strong to moderate reliabilities were found, as was initial evidence of validity across groups. Los autores investigaron la idoneidad psicometrica de la Valoracion/Compromiso con la Escala de Educacion (A. M. Gloria, 1993), la Escala Rosenberg de Autoestima (M. Rosenberg, 1965) y la Escala de Autoeficacia Educativa (A. M. Gloria, 1993) para su uso con alumnos universitarios Euroamericanos, Latinos y Americanos Nativos de primer curso. Se hallaron datos que prueban una fiabilidad entre moderada y alta, como lo fue tambien la validez observada inicialmente entre los grupos.
Fine mapping of the soybean aphid-resistance gene Rag2 in soybean PI 200538

The discovery of biotype diversity of soybean aphid (SA: Aphis glycines Matsumura) in North America emphasizes the necessity to identify new aphid-resistance genes. The soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant introduction (PI) 200538 is a promising source of SA resistance because it shows a high level of resistance to a SA biotype that can overcome the SA-resistance gene Rag1 from ‘Dowling’. The SA-resistance gene Rag2 was previously mapped from PI 200538 to a 10-cM marker interval on soybean chromosome 13 [formerly linkage group (LG) F]. The objective of this study was to fine map Rag2. This fine mapping was carried out using lines derived from 5,783 F2 plants at different levels of backcrossing that were screened with flanking genetic markers for the presence of recombination in the Rag2 interval. Fifteen single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and two dominant polymerase chain reaction-based markers near Rag2 were developed by re-sequencing target intervals and sequence-tagged sites. These efforts resulted in the mapping of Rag2 to a 54-kb interval on the Williams 82 8× assembly (Glyma1). This Williams 82 interval contains seven predicted genes, which includes one nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat gene. SNP marker and candidate gene information identified in this study will be an important resource in marker-assisted selection for aphid resistance and for cloning the gene.
The rate of ozone uptake on carpet: mathematical modeling

Abstract To better understand the factors that control indoor pollutant concentrations, we developed a model describing mass transport and uptake of reactive gases on carpeting. First, an existing model of particle deposition from turbulent flow to indoor surfaces was extended to include surface resistance to the uptake of reactive gases. This model parameterizes surface resistance in terms of the pollutant–surface reaction probability, γ. We develop an approach for predicting the effective reaction probability of carpet from its geometric parameters and from experimentally measured uptake probabilities of ozone on carpet fibers, γf, and carpet backing, γb. A comparison of predictions with empirical data for several carpet samples shows good agreement, with a typical value of γ∼10−5. For this value of γ and for typical turbulent indoor airflow conditions (i.e., friction velocity in the range 0.3–3 cm s−1), the deposition velocity of ozone onto carpet should lie in the range 0.016–0.064 cm s−1, values that are consistent with field measurements. Owing to its higher reaction probability, carpet backing is predicted to consume approximately the same amount of ozone as carpet fibers, even though the available surface area of the fibers is much larger.
Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) movement in a transboundary river

The bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) is listed as a threatened species and is native to the Kootenai River, Idaho and Montana, USA, and British Columbia (BC), Canada. Little is known about its life history and movements downstream of Kootenai Falls, Montana. Between 1998 and 2006, 19 bull trout were monitored in the Kootenai River with radio and sonic transmitters. Two bull trout life history patterns were found; 16 bull trout were likely fluvial, and two were adfluvial. Evidence of spawning was found for only about 33% of the bull trout tracked; of those, 50% were annual spawners and 50% alternate-year spawners. Temperature of the Kootenai River during spawning migration of six bull trout that made spawning migrations ranged from 7.1°C to 15.0°C and averaged 11.4°C. Telemetry data indicated nine bull trout concentrated below Kootenai Falls during the spawning season, but it is not known if they spawned. Two tagged bull trout were located in Kootenay Lake, BC. One fish returned to the river and moved a...
Analysis of an integrated maximum covering and patrol routing problem

Abstract In this paper, we address the problem of determining the patrol routes of state troopers for maximum coverage of highway spots with high frequencies of crashes (hot spots). We develop a specific mixed integer linear programming model for this problem under time feasibility and budget limitation. We solve this model using local and tabu-search based heuristics. Via extensive computational experiments using randomly generated data, we test the validity of our solution approaches. Furthermore, using real data from the state of Alabama, we provide recommendations for (i) critical levels of coverage; (ii) factors influencing the service measures; and (iii) dynamic changes in routes.
Mass spectrometric study of simple olefinic flames: Comparison with laser diagnostics of C2H4/O2/Ar flames at 20 torr

A new research apparatus for characterization of low-pressure premixed flames has been developed. This instrument incorporates several spectral techniques in one apparatus so that various diagnostic techniques can be quantitatively compared and the usable detection range expanded. Features include detection by mass analysis with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer and by laser techniques such as laser-induced fluorescence. Temperature profiles of the flame both with and without the mass spectrometer probe were obtained by thermocople. Concentration profiles of the highly reactive flame species H˙, O, and OH˙ were obtained and compared.
Characterization of fast pyrolysis products generated from several western USA woody species

Woody biomass has the potential to be utilized at an alternative fuel source through its pyrolytic conversion. Here, fast pyrolysis bio-oils derived from several western USA woody species are characterized by negative-ion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS) to determine molecular-level composition. The composition and properties (pH, electrical conductivity, and elemental analyses) of the biochar byproduct were also determined. The bio-oils are comprised mainly of Ox species. Oak (Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hook), mixed conifer (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg, Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.), and scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link) bio-oils contain lower Ox (O1-O7) species that exhibit bimodal distributions whereas mixed conifer feedstock from a fire salvage harvest contains a larger range of Ox species (O2-O13) that exhibit a mainly monomodal distribution. Boron-containing species in the pyrolysis oils were also identified for the first time by FT-ICR MS. Biochar analysis revealed that all biochars had similar pH values (~7-8); however, the electrical conductivity and elemental analyses varied across the samples. Understanding the composition of pyrolysis byproducts will help direct their uses to the most appropriate locations.