cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Matter of Measurement: How Different Ways of Measuring Racial Gaps in School Discipline Can Yield Drastically Different Conclusions About Racial Disparities in Discipline:

Racial disparities in school discipline remain central to policy discussions around school discipline. Recent research points to the importance of how discipline disparities are measured for the co...
Trends in Female Authorship in High Impact Surgical Journals Between 2008 and 2018.

OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the distribution of authorship by sex over the last 10 years among the top 25 surgical journals. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Despite an increase in women entering surgical residency, there remains a sex disparity in surgical leadership. Scholarly activity is the foundation for academic promotion. However, few studies have evaluated productivity by sex in surgical literature. METHODS Original research in the 25 highest-impact general surgery/subspecialty journals were included (1/2008-5/2018). Journals with <70% identified author sex were excluded. Articles were categorized by sex of first, last, and overall authorship. We examined changes in proportions of female first, last, and overall authorship over time, and analyzed the correlation between these measurements and journal impact factor. RESULTS There were 71,867 articles from 19 journals included. Sex was successfully predicted for 87.3% of authors (79.1%-92.5%). There were significant increases in the overall percentage of female authors (β = 0.55, P < 0.001), female first authors (β = 0.97, P < 0.001), and female last authors (β = 0.53, P < 0.001) over the study period. Notably, all cardiothoracic subspecialty journals did not significantly increase the proportion of female last authors over the study period. There were no correlations between journal impact factor and percentage of overall female authors (rs = 0.39, P = 0.09), female first authors (rs = 0.29, P = 0.22), or female last author (rs = 0.35, P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS This study identifies continued but slow improvement in female authorship of high-impact surgical journals during the contemporary era. However, the improvement was more apparent in the first compared to senior author positions.
Alternative Dispute Resolution and Superfund: A Research Guide

Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 to provide a Superfund trust for the cleanup of the U.S. enormous hazardous waste problem. The vaguely drafted compromise bill that eventually led to CERCLA also led to a great deal of litigation, as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), participants and the courts struggled to interpret the law. The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) clarified some important issues, but many questions remain. This research guide is designed to help both the novice researcher and the experienced dispute resolution professional understand the potential for the Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) solutions to Superfund problems.
Local Structure Distortion Induced Broad Band Emissionin the All-Inorganic BaScO 2 F:Eu 2+ Perovskite

Perovskites are a class of materials with applications in photovoltaics, solid-state lighting, and catalysis. Extensive research has gone into modifying the chemical composition of these distortion...
A random dot kinematogram for online visual psychophysics

Abstract Online experiments using visual stimuli have become increasingly common in recent years, but many frequently-used stimuli in visual psychophysical experiments have yet to be developed for web-based platforms. Here, we introduce the first open-access random-dot kinematogram (RDK) for use in web browsers. This fully-customizable RDK offers options to implement several different types of noise (random position, random walk, random direction) and parameters to control aperture shape, coherence level, the number of dots, and many other features. We include links to commented JavaScript code for easy implementation in online experiments, as well as an example of how this stimulus can be integrated as a plugin with an online experimental library (jsPsych).
Complications of Acute Pancreatitis

A complication of acute pancreatitis may occur during the first clinical episode or during a subsequent episode. It may occur whether the pancreas was previously normal (as in biliary tract disease) or already chronically inflamed (as in alcoholic pancreatitis). For the purposes of this chapter, the term acute pancreatitis refers to an episode of painful pancreatitis whether the pancreas was previously normal or not. Complications that relate specifically to chronic pancreatitis will be discussed in Chapter 16.
Syngamus asphyxiation in a captive ring-necked pheasant

A deceased ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) presented for necropsy following a history of chronic wasting. Necropsy revealed nematodes consistent with the genus Syngamus partially obstructing the trachea. Phylogentic analysis failed to reveal conclusive results regarding the species. Syngamus spp. can cause obstruction of the trachea in several different hosts. Additional genetic data from this taxon would aid in the more precise identification of diagnostic specimens.
Hot Spot Policing: A Study of Place-Based Strategies for Crime Prevention

Hot spot policing is a popular policing strategy that addresses crime by assigning limited police resources to areas where crimes are more highly concentrated. We analyze this strategy using a game theoretic approach. The main argument against focusing police resources on hot spots is that it would simply displace criminal activity from one area to another. We provide new insights on the nature of the displacement e¤ect with useful implications for the empirical analysis of crime-reduction e¤ects of police reallocation. We also propose alternative place-based policies that display attractive properties in terms of geographic spillovers of crime reduction via optimal police reallocation. JEL codes: D7, K4, R1 Keywords: Hot spot policing, place-based strategies, crimes, displacement e¤ect, social interactions. Corresponding Author: Natalia Lazzati, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 611 Tappan St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1220, Phone: (734) 764-2355, E-mail: nlazzati@umich.edu. yAmilcar A. Menichini, Graduate School of Business and Public Policy, Naval Postgraduate School, 555 Dyer Road, Monterey, CA 93943-5000, Phone: (831) 656-2694, E-mail: aamenich@nps.edu. We thank Steve Salant, Dan Silverman, and seminar participants at the ISNIE Conference (Florence) and the Naval Postgraduate School (Monterey, CA) for very helpful comments. We also thank Yeliz Kacamak for research assistance. We nally thank the Co-Editor of the Southern Economic Journal, Paul Pecorino, and an anonymous Referee for all their valuable suggestions.
GATM and GAMT synthesize creatine locally throughout the mammalian body and within oligodendrocytes of the brain

The enzymes glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial (GATM also known as AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) function together to synthesize creatine from arginine, glycine, and S-Adenosyl methionine. Deficiency in either enzyme or the creatine transporter, CT1, results in a devastating neurological disorder, Cerebral Creatine Deficiency Syndrome (CCDS). To better understand the pathophysiology of CCDS, we mapped the distribution of GATM and GAMT at single cell resolution, leveraging RNA sequencing analysis combined with in vivo immunofluorescence (IF). Using the mouse as a model system, we find that GATM and GAMT are coexpressed in several tissues with distinct and overlapping cellular sources, implicating local synthesis as an important mechanism of creatine metabolism in numerous organs. Extending previous findings at the RNA level, our analysis demonstrates that oligodendrocytes express the highest level of Gatm and Gamt of any cell type in the body. We confirm this finding in the mouse brain by IF, where GATM localizes to the mitochondria of oligodendrocytes, whereas both oligodendrocytes and cerebral cortical neurons express GAMT. Interestingly, the latter is devoid of GATM. Single nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (snATAC-seq) analysis of 4 brain regions highlights a similar primacy of oligodendrocytes in the expression of GATM and GAMT in the human central nervous system. Importantly, an active putative regulatory element within intron 2 of human GATM is detected in oligodendrocytes but not neurons.
Summary of Other Developed Country Laws

Finland has been regarded as both a developed and a developing country. In its internal law it does not provide any specific incentives for investment in developing countries or for inward investment. Resident companies, defined as companies that are registered in Finland or have their center of management located there, are subject to national income tax on their worldwide income. The national income tax is levied when foreign branch income is earned and when dividends from foreign sources are received. Companies are also subject to a municipal income tax which after 1979 will be imposed on income from foreign permanent establishments. In the absence of treaty, double taxation is avoided through credits for foreign taxes paid on income subject to Finnish national income tax. In the case of dividend income, to obtain the foreign tax credit the Finnish shareholder must own at least 25% of the capital of the distributing company or 40% of such capital must be owned by residents of Finland. Foreigners receiving non-business income from Finnish sources are subject to withholding taxes of 30% on patent royalties and 25% on dividends 2 but none on interest paid on bona fide indebtedness, unless a lower treaty rate applies.
Abstract 19061: Kca3.1 Regulates Monocytosis and Monocyte Adherence in Atherosclerosis

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is associated with a monocytosis of an inflammatory subset (Ly-6Chi in mice), which is preferentially recruited to lesions and gives rise to pro-atherosclerotic macrophages (MΦ). We have shown that the intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 is predominantly expressed in blood Ly-6Chi monocytes (MONO) and lesion MΦ, and KCa3.1 blockade or knockout reduces the development of atherosclerosis in mice. To further study the function of KCa3.1 in atherogenesis, we investigated its role in monocytosis and in MONO adherence to the endothelium in vivo. Methods and Results: Flow cytometric analyses of peripheral blood and bone marrow from Apoe-/- and Apoe-/- KCa3.1-/- mice showed that KCa3.1 deficiency decreased circulating MONO (8.8±1.5% of leukocytes, p Conclusion: KCa3.1 modulates monocytosis and plays a major role in MONO adherence to the endothelium in vivo. Thus KCa3.1 constitutes a promising therapeutic target for the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Effects of Histamine on Lymphocytes

Histamine originally identified in 1900s is an important mediator of allergic disease, asthma and inflammation. Histamine has modulatory effects on different subpopulations of lymphoid cells. The pharmacologic effects of histamine are mediated through four types of membrane histamine receptors, H1R, H2R, H3R and H4R, which are all heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors. Histamine receptors possess all structural features of G-protein-coupled receptors, including seven putative transmembrane domain, amino terminal glycosylation sites, and phosphorylation sites for protein kinase A and protein kinase C. Stimulation of H1R and H2R activates Gq and Gs respectively, whereas both H3R and H4R are coupled to Gi/o. Histamine affects a number of immune processes including regulation of T cells, antibody isotopes, antigen presenting cells and peripheral T cell tolerance. The conventional wisdom regarding the effects of histamine on Th1/Th2 subsets is that it shifts responses from Th1 to Th2 subsets resulting in allergic and asthmatic disease. While expression of H2 receptors on T cells has been well characterized; there is not a consensus on the function and expression of H1 receptors in the regulation of T cells. It has been suggested that Th1 cells may show a dominant expression of H1R and Th2 cells may show increased H2R. The effects of histamine on cytokine release and expression by T cells have been well established. Histamine suppresses the expression of Th1 cytokines and stimulates the secretion of Th2 cytokines via H2R. The recently discovered H4 receptors have drawn considerable interest pertaining to their effects on the regulation of immune response and inflammation. H4 receptor activates dendritic cells, regulates chemotaxis and migration of mast cells and eosinophils, and modulates cytokine release from T cells and dendritic cells. Histamine also regulates cytokine-dependent signal transduction pathways including JAK-STAT pathway. This chapter provides an overview of recent developments in understanding the role of histamine and its receptors in regulating the function of immune effector cells involved in allergic disease and asthma.
Wind Tunnel Performance of Four Energy Efficient Propellers Designed for Mach 0.8 Cruise

Several advanced aerodynamic and acoustic concepts were investigated in recent wind tunnel tests performed in the NASA-Lewis Research Center 8x6 foot wind tunnel. These concepts included aerodynamically integrated propeller/nacelles, area-ruling, blade sweep, reduced blade thickness, and power (disk) loadings several times higher than conventional designs. Four eight-bladed propeller models were tested to determine aerodynamic performance. Relative noise measurements were made on three of the models at cruise conditions. Three of the models were designed with swept blades and one with straight blades. At the design Mach number of 0.8, power coefficient of 1.7, and advance ratio of 3.06, the straight bladed model had the lowest net efficiency of 75.8 percent. Increasing the sweep to 30 deg improved the performance to near 77 percent. Installation of an area-ruled spinner on a 30 deg sweep model further improved the efficiency to about 78 percent. The model with the highest blade sweep (45 deg) and an area-ruled spinner had the highest net efficiency of 78.7 percent, and at lower power loadings the efficiency exceeded 80 percent. At lower Mach numbers the 30 deg swept model had the highest efficiency. Values near 81 percent were obtained for the design loading at speeds to Mach 0.7. Relative noise measurements indicated that the acoustically designed 45 deg sweep model reduced the near field cruise noise by between 5 and 6 dB.
Control of balance for a nonlinear nonholonomic non-minimum phase model of a bicycle

A feedback control law is derived that causes a nonlinear, nonholonomic, nonminimum phase model of a riderless powered two-wheeled bicycle to stably track arbitrary smooth trajectories of roll-angle and non-zero rear-wheel velocity.
C++ program design: An introduction to programming and object-oriented design

From the Publisher: Assuming no prior programming skills, this introduction to programming in C++ offers all the material necessary for self- or group-instruction n today's dominant object-oriented programming language With its early treatment of arrays, comprehensive coverage of graphical programming, and an emphasis on object-oriented design, all program examples in this book should De the first choice for all first-timeprogrammers.
Protection from Adverse Effects

The often severe adverse effects of chemotherapy are problematic in 2 ways. Tolerated dose limits cause treatment of cancers at sub-efficacious doses, resulting in morbidity and mortality from the malignancies. Drug toxicity itself is associated with morbidity and mortality.
EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY, ACCEPTABILITY AND TASTE OF SOY‐FORTIFIED BUNS

Hot dog buns were prepared from wheat flour and wheat flour fortified with 12% defatted soy flour; 12% soy-fortified buns contained 27.5% more protein and 29.2% more minerals than wheat buns. Soy-fortified buns were slightly larger and darker with grain similar to that of wheat buns. Comparative acceptability and taste of the buns, served with hot dogs during lunch at five elementary schools, were evaluated by about 50 students at each school a day. Soy-fortified buns were rated acceptable by 85% of the children. The taste of the soy-fortified buns did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) from that of the wheat bun according to the statistical results.
The Effects of Teaching and Learning Experiences, Tempo, and Mode on Undergraduates' and Children's Symphonic Music Preferences

The purpose of this study was to examine (a) the effect of high positive music appreciation I instruction or teaching presentations on 62 elementary education majors' preference ratings and listening times for four symphonic movements, (b) the abilities of the undergraduates to increase children's preferences through their teaching presentations, (c) undergraduates' and children's preferences for fast versus slow tempi and major versus minor characteristics in music, and (d) the vocabulary used in their written descriptions of given works. It was found that both children and undergraduates tended to give higher ratings to fast than to slow tempi on the pretest. Children were quite redundant in their descriptions of music excerpts, whereas undergraduates used larger vocabularies involving more words that were unique to a particular excerpt. Undergraduates in both the music appreciation and teaching experience groups significantly and commensurately increased their pretest-to-posttest ratings for overall (t...
Optical studies of thermal cycling and hysteresis effects in elastic order-disorder phase transformations. I. Pure alkali-metal cyanide crystals.

The order-disorder transformations in NaCN, KCN, and RbCN are studied under thermal cycling around ${T}_{c}$ by monitoring the change in optical transmission produced by the light-scattering properties of their multidomain ordered structures. The phase transitions in both NaCN (large-hysteresis cubic \ensuremath{\leftrightarrows} orthorhombic) and RbCN (hysteresis-free cubic \ensuremath{\leftrightarrows} monoclinic) remain basically unchanged under multiple thermal recycling. In contrast to these persistently ferroelastic (NaCN) and antiferroelastic (RbCN) ordering systems, KCN acts as a ``bistable'' borderline case at its critical temperature ${T}_{c}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}168 K. After passing a large-hysteresis cubic \ensuremath{\leftrightarrows} orthorhombic transition in its first thermal cycle, a ``memory'' of it (preserved up to room temperature) causes, in all subsequent thermal cycles, hysteresis-free cubic \ensuremath{\leftrightarrows} monoclinic transitions at nearly the same ${T}_{c}$. When cooling beyond ${T}_{c}$, a gradual monoclinic \ensuremath{\rightarrow} orthorhombic transition occurs around 155 K, which, under subsequent heating, returns with large (\ensuremath{\sim}15 K) hysteresis back to the cubic structure. The well-correlated optical- and dielectric-constant changes of these transitions in KCN under various thermal-cycling conditions are presented and discussed.
Gefitinib as first-line, compassionate use therapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of single-agent gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839), an oral, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, as first-line compassionate use therapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients and methods: Twenty-five patients who were unfit or refused chemotherapy received oral gefitinib 250mg daily as first-line therapy for the treatment of recurrent or metastatic NSCLC in a compassionate use program at a single institution. Results: Four of 22 evaluable patients (18%), two with adenocarcinomas and two with bronchioloalveolar carcinomas, had an objective response and five patients (23%) had stable disease. Duration of response or stable disease was 3.5–22+ months. Median time to progression was 2.2 months, median survival was 12.6 months and 1-year survival 52%. The partial response plus stable disease rate by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) was 4/5 for PS 0 patients; 3/6 for PS 1–2 patients; and 2/14 for PS 3–4 patients. The two patients with PS>2 who derived benefit from gefitinib had PS 3 due to co-morbidities. Two patients discontinued therapy due to severe toxicities: one patient had severe liver dysfunction and hemorrhagic cystitis, and another patient developed diarrhea with hypotension. A correlation between rash and antitumor activity was noted. Of seven patients who received chemotherapy subsequent to gefitinib, one had a partial response, three had stable disease, two progressed, and one was non-evaluable for response. Conclusion: We report encouraging response and survival results with gefitinib as first-line treatment in unselected patients with advanced NSCLC. Gefitinib monotherapy should undergo further evaluation as first-line therapy in advanced NSCLC.
A methodology for modelling and designing robust information systems in an uncertain use environment

Typical modelling techniques for information system analysis and design treat key system requirements parameters as deterministic. In addition, system dynamics reflected in time-path behaviour, such as queues and bottlenecks, are not captured in traditional information process models; thus it is difficult to gain insights into the performance of an information system (IS) within the context of the uncertainty in its use environment. This is increasingly important for systems such as supply chain management and customer relationship management systems that operate within a global milieu. In this study we propose an experiment design methodology that, unlike conventional simulation experimentation, allows robust information system designs to be identified. We demonstrate the risks associated with design decisions in which uncertainty is ignored and provide results that illustrate how the proposed experiment design methodology reduces the ad hoc character of simulation experimentation and provides insights into the best design alternatives in light of uncertainty in the IS use environment.
PCR primers for microsatellite loci in the desert tortoise ( Gopherus agassizii , Testudinidae)

The desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii , is a threatened species native to the North American desert southwest and is recognized as having distinct Mojave and Sonoran populations. We identified six polymorphic microsatellite loci in the desert tortoise. All six loci were polymorphic in Sonoran samples. Five of the loci were variable in Mojave samples with varying degrees of amplification success. Two of the loci exhibited low allelic variation (2–3 alleles) while four were highly variable (8–27 alleles).
The Retrospective Family Unpredictability Scale: Reliability and Validity

Family unpredictability or inconsistency may be responsible, in part, for the detrimental outcomes associated with parental divorce, parental alcoholism, and family poverty. We assessed behavior patterns and regulatory systems in one’s family of origin for the purposes of developing the Retrospective Family Unpredictability Scale (Retro-FUS). In the first study (N = 416, 89% Caucasian, 59% female), confirmatory factor analysis indicated a six-factor solution was appropriate and the six subscales (meals, money, mother nurturance, father nurturance, mother discipline, and father discipline) were reliable. A second study (N = 305, 82% Caucasian, 77% female) demonstrated that Retro-FUS scores related to other conceptually similar factors. Specifically, Retro-FUS scores were higher among participants reporting these factors while growing up: parental divorce, family economic adversity, more neighborhood crime, and a greater likelihood of parental alcoholism. Thus, the Retro-FUS appears to be a multi-dimensional, retrospective measure of family unpredictability that demonstrates internal consistency and preliminary construct validity. We discuss implications for research and clinical applications as well as ideas for further research using the Retrospective Family Unpredictability Scale.
Memory effects on the convergence properties of the Jarzynski equality

In this paper we consider solvable model systems on which finite-time work is done. For the systems and changes in state considered, there is no entropic change and the ensuing work distribution is Gaussian. We focus on the fluctuations in the work for such systems, arising from system-bath interactions and finite system recurrences, and study the resulting effect of dynamical broadening on the corresponding distribution $P({e}^{\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{0}W})$. This allows us to describe the dependence of $P({e}^{\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{0}W})$ on time and system-bath interactions. From the long-time behavior of the work fluctuations and $P({e}^{\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{0}W})$, we clarify both (i) when a stochastic treatment of the dynamics may be legitimately invoked and (ii) how information on the system-bath interaction for stochastic, near-equilibrium, systems may be extracted for such processes where a final temperature is well defined.
Energies of neon-like n = 4 to n = 2 resonance lines

A multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method is used to calculate the energies of the n = 4 → n = 2 resonance lines for neon-like ions with nuclear charge Z from 18 to 92. These results are compared with calculations done by the Z-expansion method and the model potential method. High resolution measurements done at the EBIT facility are presented for several high-Z ions and provide an important benchmark against which the various code results are compared.
Purification of Hexabrachion (Tenascin) from Cell Culture Conditioned Medium, and Separation from a Cell Adhesion Factor

Abstract We describe a protocol for purifying hexabrachion from conditioned medium of cell cultures, using gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl500, followed by anion-exchange chromatography on a Mono Q column, followed optionally by a second gel filtration or zone sedimentation on glycerol gradients.The protocol has several advantages over previous procedures based on affinity chromatography on monoclonal antibodies.Perhaps foremost, the protein is never exposed to the denaturing solvents that are required for elution from the antibody column.The Mono Q column also separated hexabrachion from a prominent cell adhesion activity that eluted with the hexabrachion on the first gel filtration, and co-sedimented with hexabrachions on glycerol gradients.The cell adhesion fractions showed several bands between 190 and 400 kDa.A single band at 220 kDa stained prominently with a polyclonal antibody against mouse EHS laminin, and a band at 190 kDa stained with a monoclonal antibody against s-laminin.The purification protocol gave hexabrachion at high concentration and with no detactable contamination by fibronectin or laminin.The highest yield of hexabrachion (1-4 mg from 400 ml of conditioned medium) was from human glioblastoma cell cultures, but the same 'procedure allowed us to purify and characterize the rat hexabrachion.Protein purified from primary cultures of rat embryo fibroblasts showed approximately equal amounts of three subunit sizes: 280, 230, and 220 kDa.These different subunits, presumably derived from alternative RNA splicing, appeared to be segregated into large and small hexabrachions, which could be separated on glycerol gradients.
New Perspectives on Teaching From Successful Adults with Learning Disabilities

The experiences of adults with learning disabilities who have found success in employment may provide new perspectives about teaching students with learning disabilities. A qualitative research project with 71 successful adults with learning disabilities indicates that their individual achievements share a number of commonalities. Moreover, these commonalities represent skills and processes that can be taught and learned. This article presents a model of vocational success developed from interviews with the 71 subjects. The authors discuss methods so that practitioners may use the model to help students with learning disabilities inculcate behaviors that will facilitate successful adult adjustment. Instructional approaches that teach these skills and processes will embrace a success rather than deficit model, a focus on strengths rather than a preoccupation with weaknesses.
HeLa Cells Are Phenotypically Limiting in Cyclin E/CDK2 for Efficient Human Papillomavirus DNA Replication

Human papillomaviral (HPV) origin-containing plasmids replicate efficiently in human 293 cells or cell extracts in the presence of HPV origin-recognition protein E2 and replication initiation protein E1, whereas cervical carcinoma-derived, HPV-18-positive HeLa cells or cell extracts support HPV DNA replication poorly. We recently showed that HPV-11 E1 interacts with cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) complexes through an RXL motif and is a substrate for these kinases. E1 mutations in this motif or in candidate cdk phosphorylation sites are impaired in replication, suggesting a role for cdks in HPV replication. We now demonstrate that one limiting activity in HeLa cells is cyclin E/CDK2. Purified cyclin E/CDK2 or cyclin E/CDK3 complex, but not other cdks, partially complemented HeLa cell extracts. Cyclin E/CDK2 expression vectors also enhanced transient HPV replication in HeLa cells. HeLa cell-derived HPV-18 E1 protein is truncated at the carboxyl terminus but can associate with cyclin E/CDK2. This truncated E1 was replication-incompetent and inhibited cell-free HPV replication. These results indicate that HeLa cells are phenotypically limiting in cyclin E/CDK2 for efficient HPV replication, most likely due to sequestration by the endogenous, defective HPV-18 E1 protein. Further analyses of the regulation of HPV E1 and HPV replication by cyclin E may shed light on the roles of cyclin E/CDK2 in cellular DNA replication.
Movement of Chromosomes in Spirotrichonympha to Centrioles Instead of the Ends of Central Spindle

SYNOPSIS. A description is given of the formation of an unusual type of achromatic figure by two very long, narrow centrioles. The unique manner in which this structure functions in chromosomal movement is explained.
ACTH potentiates morphine-induced conditioned taste aversion.

Abstract In a conditioned taste aversion paradigm, rats received intraperitoneal injections of ACTH along with one of four doses of morphine. The ACTH treatment resulted in a potentiation of a subthreshold dose of morphine to elicit a conditioned taste aversion.
Building Statistical Models To Analyze Species Distributions

Models of the geographic distributions of species have wide application in ecology. But the nonspatial, single-level, regression models that ecologists have often employed do not deal with problems of irregular sampling intensity or spatial dependence, and do not adequately quantify uncertainty. We show here how to build statistical models that can handle these features of spatial prediction and provide richer, more powerful inference about species niche relations, distributions, and the effects of human disturbance. We begin with a familiar generalized linear model and build in additional features, including spatial random effects and hierarchical levels. Since these models are fully specified sta- tistical models, we show that it is possible to add complexity without sacrificing inter- pretability. This step-by-step approach, together with attached code that implements a simple, spatially explicit, regression model, is structured to facilitate self-teaching. All models are developed in a Bayesian framework. We assess the performance of the models by using them to predict the distributions of two plant species (Proteaceae) from South Africa's Cape Floristic Region. We demonstrate that making distribution models spatially explicit can be essential for accurately characterizing the environmental response of species, predicting their probability of occurrence, and assessing uncertainty in the model results. Adding hierarchical levels to the models has further advantages in allowing human trans- formation of the landscape to be taken into account, as well as additional features of the sampling process.
A study of Si wafer bonding via methanol capillarity

Abstract The effects of capillary bonding of Si wafers in methanol have been investigated. Wafers brought into contact in alcohol generally leads to less particle trapping at the interface, and that liquid surface tension is useful in pulling bonding wafer together. The intrusion of methanol at the interface appears to affect the bond strength of hydrophilic bonding Si wafers where the strengthening mechanism is primarily due to the escaping of H2O molecules from the interface. For hydrophobic wafers the use of methanol capillarity and dried in an inert ambient appears to prevent or minimize oxidation of the contacting surfaces. The experimental result supports the notion that such wafer pairs can indeed be heat-treated to form covalent bonds in between without resorting to high vacuum processing.
MIF proteins are not glutathione transferase homologs

Although macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) proteins conjugate glutathione, sequence analysis does not support their homology to other glutathione transferases. Glutathione transferases are not detected with MIF proteins in searches of protein sequence databases, and MIF proteins do not share significant sequence similarity with glutathione transferases. Homology cannot be demonstrated by multiple sequence alignment or evolutionary tree construction; such methods assume that the proteins being analyzed are homologous.
CURRENT-CARRYING GROUND STATES IN MESOSCOPIC AND MACROSCOPIC SYSTEMS

I extend a theorem of Bloch, which concerns the net orbital current carried by an interacting electron system in equilibrium, to include mesoscopic effects. I obtain a rigorous upper bound to the allowed ground-state current in a ring or disk, for an interacting electron system in the presence of static but otherwise arbitrary electric and magnetic fields. I also investigate the effects of spin-orbit and current-current interactions on the upper bound. Current-current interactions, caused by the magnetic field produced at a point r by a moving electron at ${\mathit{r}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, are found to reduce the upper bound in a thin uniform ring by an amount that is determined by the self-inductance of the system. The upper bound is also compared with recent measurements of the persistent current in a single ring. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Over-the-Wing Target-Type Thrust Reverse Aeroacoustic Characteristics

A static test of a large-scale, over-the-wing (OTW) powered-lift model was performed. The OTW propulsion system had been modified to incorporate a simple target-type thrust reverser as well as the normal rectangular OTW exhaust nozzle. Tests were performed in both the reverse thrust and approach configurations. The thrust reverser noise created by jet turbulence mixing and the OTW approach noise were both low-frequency and broadband. When scaled to a 45,400-kg (100,000-lb) aircraft, the thrust reverser and approach configurations produced peak 152-m (500-ft) sideline perceived noise levels of 110 and 105 PNdB, respectively. The aerodynamic performance of the model showed that 50% or greater reverser effectiveness can be achieved without experiencing ingestion of exhaust gas or ground debris into the engine inlets.
Algebraic varieties over PAC fields

The paper answers problems 2 and 3 of the list of open problems in the 2005 edition of Field Arithmetic by M. D. Fried and M. Jarden.
Novel Atomic Force Microscope Probes with Integrated Electrostatic Actuation and Optical Detection

In this work, a new class of atomic force microscope (AFM) probe, called force-sensing integrated readout and active tip (FIRAT), is developed. It combines several micromechanical devices (MEMS) techniques, diffraction based optical sensing and electrostatic actuation, to improve the speed and sensitivity of AFM systems for imaging and force measurement applications both in air and in liquid media.
The Effects of Low-Intensity Ultrasound on Medial Collateral Ligament Healing in the Rabbit Model:

Background: Ruptured medial collateral ligaments are capable of healing over time, but biomechanical and biochemical properties remain inferior to normal tissue. Low-intensity ultrasound may improve healing.Hypothesis: Medial collateral ligaments treated with ultrasound will demonstrate superior healing.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Twenty-one late-adolescent male rabbits underwent bilateral ligament transection. One ligament from each rabbit received ultrasound treatment every other day for 6 total treatments. Contralateral ligaments received sham treatments. After 3 or 6 weeks, ligaments were evaluated biomechanically and assayed for collagen concentration and the relative proportions of types I and III collagen.Results: Areas of sonicated specimens were significantly larger (10.6% ± 4.90%) at 6 weeks. Ultimate load (39.5% ± 17.0%), ultimate displacement (24.5% ± 8.0%), and energy absorption (69.1% ± 22.0%) were significantly higher for sonicated specimens at 6 weeks. No significant...
Tissue-disruptive forces during median sternotomy.

Background. Acute and chronic pain after median sternotomy is common and often underestimated. The mechanical retractors used for median sternotomy exert significant forces on the skeletal cage. We hypothesized that instrumented retractors could be developed to enable real-time monitoring and control of retraction forces, functions that may provide equivalent exposure with significantly reduced forces and tissue damage, and thus, less postoperative pain.Methods. We developed a novel instrumented retractor designed to enable real-time force monitoring during surgical retraction and then tested it by performing median sternotomies on 16 mature sheep. For 8 of these median sternotomies, retraction was performed to 7.5 cm at a standard "clinical pace" of 7.25 ± 0.97 minutes without real-time monitoring of retraction forces. For the other 8 median sternotomies, we performed retraction to the same exposure using real-time visual force feedback and, consequently, a more deliberate pace of 12.05 ± 1.73 minutes (P
Uneven youth resistance across uneven school contexts

This postcard compares youth resistance across classroom contexts. It draws from a two-year ethnography of the East Oakland Step to College (Step) program, which prepared underserved African-American and Latina/o youth to enroll in four-year universities, while nurturing students’ sensibilities to fight for social justice. Students were highly engaged in Step classes and resisted inequities in transformative ways such as engaging in protest marches and public testimonies, disseminating critical youth-led research, and going to college to gain knowledge and skills to empower their home communities. In sharp contrast, the same students resisted in self-defeating ways in their non-Step classes. This postcard illuminates the range in youth resistance, and the powerful role of classroom teachers as transformational mentors.
Role of competitive interactions in growth rate trends of subtilisin s88 crystals

Abstract An orthorhombic crystal form of subtilisin BPN’ variant s88 exhibits a systematic variation in growth rates of its three unique faces, resulting in pronounced variations in crystal morphology as a function of the ionic strength (Gallagher et al., J. Crystal Growth 193 (1998) 665). We have sought to explain these observations by performing energetics calculations using the full structural details of the protein. The approach of correlating growth rates with the strength of interactions of molecular pairs in the crystal proved unsatisfactory. The attachment of protein molecules to growing crystal faces is a stochastic process: a protein molecule samples numerous configurational (orientational and translational) states before attaching to the crystal in a configuration consistent with the crystal symmetry. This search-and-bind process determines the rate of crystal growth. We present a simplified approach that mimics this dynamical process: we perform docking of a protein molecule with another protein molecule or a cluster of molecules. An analysis of the bound configurations reveals the presence of orientations that are incommensurate with the crystal symmetry but in which a protein molecule can also bind strongly to the crystal face. Such improperly oriented molecules can be thought of as competitive inhibitors, and their presence is shown to affect the growth rate. Thus procedures aimed at decreasing the effect of such competitive inhibition, or conversely increasing the specificity of protein–protein interactions forming the crystal, are expected to offer better control of crystal growth rates.
My Years as an ALA Volunteer

c I had my first encounter with ALA through Dr. Tony Beugeldijk, who is one of the founders of ALA, back in 1997. At that time, I was working for Tony as a graduate student on the Automation & Robotics team at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. One day, Tony stopped by my office and asked me if I would be interested in teaching a Java introductory short course at LabAutomation’98 in San Diego. At first, I hesitated, primarily because English was not my native language and I wasn’t sure if I could successfully teach a whole day in English. Nevertheless, I overcame my fears and agreed to do it. In the end, everything went fine, despite my strong German accent. I have been actively involved in the LabAutomation short course program and ALA ever since. Although I had worked in the area of laboratory automation since 1994 through my affiliations with the University of Applied Sciences in Wiesbaden, Germany, and the National Institute of Standards and Technologies, LabAutomation’98 was the first conference I had ever attended on the subject. It was a great experience forme. Learning aboutwhat others were doing and getting unbiased feedback onmy own work, plus the multitude of professional networking opportunities are still themost valuable attributes that LabAutomation and ALA have to offer me today. From a professional point of view, the contacts that I have been able to make through volunteering for committees, authoring papers for JALA, and attending and presenting at ALA-sponsored events have been invaluable to me. I am also lucky to say
Phase separation and stripes in a boson version of a doped quantum antiferromagnet

A theoretical investigation of boson versions of the $t\ensuremath{-}J$ and $t\ensuremath{-}{J}_{z}$ models on the square lattice is carried out, by means of Green's function Monte Carlo simulations. Accurate ground-state energy estimates as a function of hole doping are obtained, allowing one to investigate the stability of the uniform phase against separation of the system into hole-rich and hole-free phases. In the boson $t\ensuremath{-}{J}_{z}$ model, such a separation is found to occur for arbitrarily small values of ${J}_{z},$ at sufficiently low hole doping. Phase separation is suppressed in the boson $t\ensuremath{-}J$ model, which features a uniform ground state at any doping, for $J/t\ensuremath{\lesssim}1.5.$ Relevance of this study to the corresponding fermion models is discussed. Fermi statistics enhances the tendency toward phase separation; in particular, phase separation at low doping is predicted in the fermion $t\ensuremath{-}{J}_{z}$ model at any ${J}_{z}g0.$ The possible formation of stripes of holes is investigated for systems featuring both periodic and cylindrical boundary conditions. No evidence of a striped ground state is found in either the $t\ensuremath{-}J$ or $t\ensuremath{-}{J}_{z}$ boson models.
Exploring transition by computer

Abstract Numerical simulation of transition is still a challenge to supercomputers and is feasible only under restricting assumptions, e.g. of streamwise and spanwise periodicity, temporal growth, and special initial conditions. The choice of these assumptions is guided by intuition, experiment, and theory. While intuition may fail and the small experimental database is almost stagnant, the role of the theory has increased and its interaction with numerical simulations has shown to be very prolific. Nowadays the theory of a phenomenon as complex as transition has many components; only one of these is the analytical component in the classical sense. Otherwise, theory shares the challenge of computers for symbolic manipulation of formal models of transition, for numerically solving linear and nonlinear systems of algebraic or differential equations, and for computer graphics to reveal the secrets concealed in the numerical solutions. We describe a variety of applications of symbolic, analytical, and graphical means in theoretical studies of transition together with related numerical simulations. The goal of this effort is to evaluate the various tools and to demonstrate the power of their combined application.
Cell Growth Control: mTOR Takes on Fat

In a recent issue of Cell Metabolism, Porstmann et al. (2008) demonstrate that fatty acid biosynthesis, under the transcriptional control of SREBP1, is regulated by the rapamycin-sensitive mTOR signaling network, thus expanding the scope of biosynthetic processes integrated by mTOR.
Inverse limits of postcritically finite polynomials

Abstract We examine inverse limits of postcritically finite polynomials restricted to their Julia sets. We define the “trunk” of a Julia set, a forward-invariant set related to the Hubbard tree, and use it to show that the inverse limit always contains at least one indecomposable subcontinuum. We characterize when the inverse limit is indecomposable and also examine how the trunk behaves in the inverse limit.
"Zen" and the art of petascale ocean modeling: a conceptual analysis of how virtualization could be key to bringing individual science back to petascale ocean modeling

We speculate on a novel role virtualization could play in creating a rounded, balanced physical science and engineering software ecosystem to support petascale computational science. The motivation for this analysis is a quest for ways to engage a broader spectrum of expertise in state-of-the-art petascale modeling activities. Current generation petascale efforts are based around massively parallel systems with greater than 50,000 cores. This presents a considerable challenge to typical computational science and engineering application analysis and development practices. To illustrate the challenge we examine an ocean model deployed on a recently commissioned a60,000 core parallel system. This case study demonstrates interesting science and engineering challenges that many advanced simulations on petascale systems will face. We then describe a methodology, amenable to virtualization technology at various levels, that mitigates key aspects of the challenges outlined for a potentially broad class of applications.
Type III functional response in the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha

Distinguishing between functional response types requires observations at low food concentrations, but surprisingly these tend to be rare. A paucity of feeding observations at low food concentrations is especially acute for dreissenid mussels, despite their importance as invading species in fresh waters. We assessed the functional response of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) via feeding experiments and behavioral observations conducted at low food levels. Critically, food levels were chosen to be in the vicinity of minimum concentrations found in lakes with established D. polymorpha populations. Results of two feeding experiments show clear evidence of a Type III functional response for D. polymorpha feeding on Ankistrodesmus falcatus — clearance rate increased with increasing food concentration at low food levels. Mussels were always open and feeding during these experiments. An independent set of behavioral observations further showed that the fraction of mussels actively feeding (valves open, sipho...