cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INSTITUTIONAL COOKERY OF RESTRUCTURED BEEF STEAKS

Restructured beef steaks were cooked under four institutional cooking methodologies: oven roasting, grill frying, deep fat frying and broiling. The samples were evaluated for fat and moisture contents, cooking loss and texture. Sensory panels evaluated the steaks for texture desirability, flavor desirability, appearance and overall palat-ability. Evaluations were repeated using breaded, restructured beef steaks cooked by the four institutional methods, with grilled unbreaded steaks included for comparison. Deep fat fried, breaded and unbreaded steaks were significantly lower in moisture and higher in fat than those cooked by any other methodology. No significant differences in juiciness, flavor desirability or overall palatability were found between the unbreaded broiled, oven roasted or grilled samples. Broiled and grilled steaks were preferred for texture in the unbreaded and breaded samples. The unbreaded, deep fat fried samples received the lowest scores for all sensory attributes. Breading significantly improved the juiciness, texture and overall palatability of the deep fat fried steaks. For both breaded and unbreaded samples, grill frying was the preferred method of preparation.
Increased phospho-AKT is associated with loss of the androgen receptor during the progression of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced prostate carcinogenesis in rats.

BACKGROUND Characterization of molecular events during N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced rat prostate carcinogenesis enhances the utility of this model for the preclinical assessment of preventive strategies. Androgen independence is typical of advanced human prostate cancer and may occur through multiple mechanisms including the loss of androgen receptor (AR) expression and the activation of alternative signaling pathways. METHODS We examined the interrelationships between AR and p-AKT expression by immunohistochemical staining during MNU-androgen-induced prostate carcinogenesis in male Wistar-Unilever rats. Histone nuclear staining and image analysis was employed to assess parallel changes in chromatin and nuclear structure. RESULTS The percentage of AR positive nuclei decreased (P < 0.01) as carcinogenesis progressed: hyperplasia (92%), atypical hyperplasia (92%), well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (57%), moderately-differentiated adenocarcinoma (19%), and poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma (10%). Conversely, p-AKT staining increased significantly during carcinogenesis. Sparse staining was observed in normal tissues (0.2% of epithelial area) and hyperplastic lesions (0.1%), while expression increased significantly (P < 0.001) in atypical hyperplasia (7.6%), well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (16.7%), moderately-differentiated adenocarcinoma (19.6%), and poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma (17.4%). In parallel, nuclear morphometry revealed increased nuclear size, greater irregularity, and lower DNA compactness as cancers became more poorly differentiated. CONCLUSIONS In the MNU model, the progressive evolution of dominant tumor cell populations showing an increase in p-AKT in parallel with a decline in AR staining suggests that activation of AKT signaling may be one of several mechanisms contributing to androgen insensitivity during prostate cancer progression. Our observations mimic findings suggested by human studies and support the relevance of the MNU model in preclinical studies of preventive strategies. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phylogeny of carabid beetles as inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Summary The phylogeny of carabid tribes is examined with sequences of 18S ribosomal DNA from eighty-four carabids representing forty-seven tribes, and fifteen outgroup taxa. Parsimony, distance and maximum likelihood methods are used to infer the phylogeny. Although many clades established with morphological evidence are present in all analyses, many of the basal relationships in carabids vary from analysis to analysis. These deeper relationships are also sensitive to variation in the sequence alignment under different alignment conditions. There is moderate evidence against the monophyly of Migadopini + Amarotypini, Scaritini + Clivinini, Bembidiini and Brachinini. Psydrini are not monophyletic, and consist of three distinct lineages (Psydrus, Laccocenus and a group of austral psydrines, from the Southern Hemisphere consisting of all the subtribes excluding Psydrina). The austral psydrines are related to Harpalinae plus Brachinini. The placements of many lineages, including Gehringia, Apotomus, Omophron, Psydrus and Cymbionotum, are unclear from these data. One unexpected placement, suggested with moderate support, is Loricera as the sister group to Amarotypus. Trechitae plus Patrobini form a monophyletic group. Brachinini probably form the sister group to Harpalinae, with the latter containing Pseudomorpha, Morion and Cnemalobus. The most surprising, well supported result is the placement of four lineages (Cicindelinae, Rhysodinae, Paussinae and Scaritini) as near relatives of Harpalinae + Brachinini. Because these four lineages all have divergent 18S rDNA, and thus have long basal branches, parametric bootstrapping was conducted to determine if their association and placement could be the result of long branch attraction. Simulations on model trees indicate that, although their observed association might be due to long branch attraction, there was no evidence that their placement near Harpalinae could be so explained. These simulations also suggest that 18S rDNA might not be sufficient to infer basal carabid relationships.
A New Measure of Party Strength

In order to measure the strength of the parties in each state, the Major Party Index (MPI) was built by averaging the results of the six major elections that take place in the fifty states. This index allows us to describe the absolute and comparative partisan leaning of each state in each election and identify trends of party strength over time within individual states, among regions, and within the nation as a whole. The MPI sheds considerable light on three general developments: (1) a national change from Democratic dominance in the 1980s to a Republican edge by 2002, (2) significant regional realignments in the South and New England, and (3) a strong trend toward greater consistency between partisan voting at the federal and state levels.
Comparison of the direction of arrival estimator for a circular aperture with triangular and square configurations

The trade-offs between using an antenna with a circular aperture with phase centers in an isosceles triangular configuration versus a square configuration are examined for a semi-active seeker application. Estimators for azimuth and elevation angles were derived using small angle approximations and by minimizing the squared error. The variance and unambiguous angle of the estimators are determined. The theoretical and simulated results indicate that the error in the angular estimates for the triangular configuration is slightly smaller than the square configuration.
A Nuclear Export Signal in Kap95p Is Required for Both Recycling the Import Factor and Interaction with the Nucleoporin GLFG Repeat Regions of Nup116p and Nup100p

During nuclear import, cytosolic transport factors move through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) to the nuclear compartment. Kap95p is required during import for docking the nuclear localization signal-receptor and ligand to the NPC. Recycling of this factor back to the cytoplasm is necessary for continued rounds of import; however, the mechanism for Kap95p recycling is unknown. We have determined that recycling of Kap95p requires a nuclear export signal (NES). A region containing the NES in Kap95p was sufficient to mediate active nuclear export in a microinjection assay. Moreover, the NES was necessary for function. Mutation of the NES in Kap95p resulted in a temperaturesensitive import mutant, and immunofluorescence microscopy experiments showed that the mutated Kap95p was not recycled but instead localized in the nucleus and at the nuclear envelope. Srp1p, the yeast nuclear localization signal-receptor, also accumulated in the nuclei of the arrested kap95 mutant cells. Wild-type and NES-mutated Kap95p both bound Gsp1p (the yeast Ran/TC4 homologue), Srp1p, and the FXFG repeat region of the nucleoporin Nup1p. In contrast, the NES mutation abolished Kap95p interaction with the GLFG repeat regions from the nucleoporins Nup116p and Nup100p. In vivo interaction was demonstrated by isolation of Kap95p from yeast nuclear lysates in either protein A–tagged Nup116p or protein A–tagged Nup100p complexes. The protein A–tagged Nup116p complex also specifically contained Gle2p. These results support a model in which a step in the recycling of Kap95p is mediated by interaction of an NES with GLFG regions. Analysis of genetic interactions suggests Nup116p has a primary role in Kap95p recycling, with Nup100p compensating in the absence of Nup116p. This finding highlights an important role for a subfamily of GLFG nucleoporins in nuclear export processes.
Muskellunge in Tennessee Streams

Abstract Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy)are known to inhabit 169 miles of rocky and fast-flowing streams on the Cumberland Plateau in East-Central Tennessee. These waters are usually clear (turbidity less than 5 p.p.m.) and slightly acid. Muskellunge in Tennessee streams grow an average of 5.8 inches per year but few fish live beyond 6 years of age. Male fish mature when about 22 inches long and 3 years old; females mature when about 25 inches long and 3 or 4 years old. Muskellunge spawn in April when water temperatures are near 50° F. Young fish are found in only 15 percent of the total habitat distance. Management of the muskellunge streams in Tennessee appears to be necessary to maintain the presently small muskellunge fishery.
Key contributors: Ernst von Glasersfeld’s radical constructivism

This article reviews the significance of the contributions of Ernst von Glasersfeld to research in science education, especially through his theoretical contributions on radical constructivism. As a field shaper, Glasersfeld’s subversive ideas catalyzed debate in the science education community and fuelled transformation of many facets including research methods, ways of thinking about teaching and learning, curriculum, and science teacher education. Perturbations emanating from the debates on constructivism forged new pathways that led to the development and use of many of the sociocultural frameworks employed by authors in Cultural Studies of Science Education.
Effects of alkaline or liquid-ammonia treatment on crystalline cellulose: changes in crystalline structure and effects on enzymatic digestibility.

Background: In converting biomass to bioethanol, pretreatment is a key step intended to render cellulose more amenable and accessible to cellulase enzymes and thus increase glucose yields. In this study, four cellulose samples with different degrees of polymerization and crystallinity indexes were subjected to aqueous sodium hydroxide and anhydrous liquid ammonia treatments. The effects of the treatments on cellulose crystalline structure were studied, in addition to the effects on the digestibility of the celluloses by a cellulase complex. Results: From X-ray diffractograms and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, it was revealed that treatment with liquid ammonia produced the cellulose IIII allomorph; however, crystallinity depended on treatment conditions. Treatment at a low temperature (25°C) resulted in a less crystalline product, whereas treatment at elevated temperatures (130°C or 140°C) gave a more crystalline product. Treatment of cellulose I with aqueous sodium hydroxide (16.5 percent by weight) resulted in formation of cellulose II, but also produced a much less crystalline cellulose. The relative digestibilities of the different cellulose allomorphs were tested by exposing the treated and untreated cellulose samples to a commercial enzyme mixture (Genencor-Danisco; GC 220). The digestibility results showed that the starting cellulose I samples were the least digestible (except for corn stover cellulose, which had a high amorphous content). Treatment with sodium hydroxide produced the most digestible cellulose, followed by treatment with liquid ammonia at a low temperature. Factor analysis indicated that initial rates of digestion (up to 24 hours) were most strongly correlated with amorphous content. Correlation of allomorph type with digestibility was weak, but was strongest with cellulose conversion at later times. The cellulose IIII samples produced at higher temperatures had comparable crystallinities to the initial cellulose I samples, but achieved higher levels of cellulose conversion, at longer digestion times. Conclusions: Earlier studies have focused on determining which cellulose allomorph is the most digestible. In this study we have found that the chemical treatments to produce different allomorphs also changed the crystallinity of the cellulose, and this had a significant effect on the digestibility of the substrate. When determining the relative digestibilities of different cellulose allomorphs it is essential to also consider the relative crystallinities of the celluloses being tested.
Co-adapting human collaborations and software architectures

Human collaboration has become an integral part of large-scale systems for massive online knowledge sharing, content distribution, and social networking. Maintenance of these complex systems, however, still relies on adaptation mechanisms that remain unaware of the prevailing user collaboration patterns. Consequently, a system cannot react to changes in the interaction behavior thereby impeding the collaboration's evolution. In this paper, we make the case for a human architecture model and its mapping onto software architecture elements as fundamental building blocks for system adaptation.
Is the role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts limited in the management of patients with end-stage liver disease?

Background Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) are an established method for the treatment of the complications of portal hypertension. Recent reports have suggested that TIPS require frequent follow-up and may interfere with orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), Methods Retrospective chart review was performed of ultrasound studies, angiographic studies, and complications of the first 100 patients treated consecutively with TIPS from February 1992 through October 1995. Results Ninety-seven patients had functional TIPS. Thirty-one percent of patients treated emergently survived, significantly less than the 96% survival of elective patients. Fifty percent of the shunts were found to require angioplasty by 5 months. Seventeen patients treated with OLT did well, without intraoperative bleeding problems, and are alive. Conclusions The TIPS method treats successfully the complications of portal hypertension but requires careful follow-up. The technique may be used prior to OLT. For non-OLT candidates, the cost effectiveness of TIPS versus surgical shunting remains in question.
FEMALE GENDER IS ASSOCIATED WITH MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common, heritable cardiovascular disorder and the most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young adults. Gender disparities with regards to clinical outcomes among HCM patients are not well-defined. We investigated the relationship between
Suffering in Silence Impact of Tobacco Use on Communication Dynamics Within Vietnamese and Chinese Immigrant Families

The goal of this project was to explore family communication dynamics and their implications for smoking cessation. We conducted 39 in-depth dyadic and individual qualitative interviews with 13 immigrant smoker-family member pairs of Vietnamese ( n = 9 dyads, 18 individuals) and Chinese ( n = 4 dyads, 8 individuals) descent, including seven current and six former smokers and 13 family members. All 13 dyadic and 26 individual interviews were analyzed using a collaborative crystallization process as well as grounded theory methods. We identified three interrelated pathways by which tobacco use in immigrant Vietnamese and Chinese families impacts family processes and communication dynamics. Using a two-dimensional model, we illustrate how the shared consequences of these pathways can contribute to a dynamic of avoidance and noncommunication, resulting in individual family members "suffering in silence" and ultimately smoking being reinforced. We discuss the implications of these findings for development of smoking cessation interventions.
How Does Noise Affect a Quantum State

Noise is usually registered indirectly as decay of correlation. Quantum mechanics has a unique form of correlation labelled entanglement. Recent research has focused on the question whether entanglement is subject to a unique form of noise-induced decorrelation. The answer has been found to be positive and the consequences are currently being explored.
The Determinants of Improved Water Supply for Rural Households in Kenya: A Differential Diagnosis Framework for Community Health

Water is life, for people and for the planet. The supply and demand for improved water plays a paramount role in the analyses of community health. The general objective of this study is to investigate whether improved water supply reduces incidents of water-borne disease and that access to latrines and water for washing reduces incidents of sanitary/hygienic-related disease, enhancing peoples’ livelihood as a result. Arising from the dearth of knowledge on rural water supply services in Kenya, this study intends to show the extent to which rural households participate in decision-making about improved water supply, assess their choices of water supply, and identify the likelihood of exclusion from the use of improved water sources among the rural households. The study proposes to use the Ordinary Least Squares Method in the analysis to verify the hypothesis that greater access to water supply will provide more available time for individuals (mostly women), to utilize in other endeavors that can influence the economic welfare (or wellbeing), and improve overall health and basic sanitation of the community.
Reexamination of the fate of Mendel's paper

The usual account is that when Mendel gave his paper, no one understood what he said and there were no questions and no discussion. Examination of available evidence indicates that this is not true. Also, it is usually said that Mendel's paper was lost or ignored from 1866 to 1900. This is not true either. However, with the possible exception of one person, none of those citing the paper showed any interest in or understanding of Mendel's explanations of his results.
Re-testing the Second-Order Model of European Parliamentary Elections

Since direct elections to the European Parliament (EP) began in 1979 a number of fundamental questions concerning these events have been discussed and debated. Is vote choice primarily determined by questions of European integration or by domestic political considerations? What explains the relatively poor performance of larger parties and those that govern domestically at the time of the election? Do European voters cast their ballots sincerely or strategically at EP elections? What explains the decision of a voter to choose a different party in European elections than the voter chose in the national contest? Are those that choose to participate in European elections substantively different from those that don’t? After thirty years of European Parliament elections, these central questions still animate much research on voting in Europe.
Zinc from Automobile Tires in Urban Runoff

Zinc and lead are among the most prevalent toxic heavy metals found in urban runoff. Heavy metals in urban runoff may be derived from sources other than automobile traffic. The intent of the present work is to relate quantitatively the concentrations of zinc and lead in urban runoff to the levels of zinc in automobile tires and lead in gasoline. In particular, the purpose of this note is to determine whether zinc in automobile tires can be a major contributor to the zinc in urban runoff.
Making Sovereigns Indispensable: Pimentel and the Evolution of Rule 19

Though Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 19 might appear to be one of the more esoteric of the Federal Rules, it is actually an exceptionally powerful device: It permits defendants to obtain dismissal of cases over which the court has valid jurisdiction, even when no other forum exists in which the action can be brought. This Article argues that, while Rule 19 was originally intended to facilitate the consolidation of litigation by requiring joinder of absent parties, it has evolved in an important subset of cases to serve a nearly opposite purpose. That is, in many cases in which a party may be affected by the litigation but cannot be joined because it is a sovereign possessing immunity from suit, courts have developed a near-categorical rule that the entire case may be dismissed — even if that means that the plaintiff is permanently denied a remedy. Further, the U.S. Supreme Court recently appeared to endorse this approach, holding that Philippine human rights victims’ claims to their former regime’s assets could not be litigated because two Philippine governmental entities could not be joined in the case. In such situations, this Article argues, Rule 19 functions almost as an abstention doctrine, permitting courts to avoid decisions in cases that may raise sensitive intergovernmental or foreign-relations issues. This use of the rule is problematic for several reasons. It is not authorized by (or even discussed in) Rule 19’s text, and it appears at odds with the original purpose of Rule 19: to promote consolidated litigation of disputes, not to dispose of them entirely. Further, it permits the interests of the plaintiff — and the public interest in resolution of disputes — to be systematically slighted. Thus, although there may be situations in which an absent party’s sovereign immunity should be taken into account, courts have gone too far in their solicitude for absent sovereigns. This Article explores how this phenomenon has evolved and suggests ways in which courts’ analysis of Rule 19 factors should be modified to take account of the rule’s fundamental purposes.
Ascorbic acid intake and oxalate synthesis

In humans, approximately 60 mg of ascorbic acid (AA) breaks down in the body each day and has to be replaced by a dietary intake of 70 mg in women and 90 mg in men to maintain optimal health and AA homeostasis. The breakdown of AA is non-enzymatic and results in oxalate formation. The exact amount of oxalate formed has been difficult to ascertain primarily due to the limited availability of healthy human tissue for such research and the difficulty in measuring AA and its breakdown products. The breakdown of 60 mg of AA to oxalate could potentially result in the formation of up to 30 mg oxalate per day. This exceeds our estimates of the endogenous production of 10–25 mg oxalate per day, indicating that degradative pathways that do not form oxalate exist. In this review, we examine what is known about the pathways of AA metabolism and how oxalate forms. We further identify how gaps in our knowledge may be filled to more precisely determine the contribution of AA breakdown to oxalate production in humans. The use of stable isotopes of AA to directly assess the conversion of vitamin to oxalate should help fill this void.
IS THERE A CONSTANT FITNESS VALUE FOR A GIVEN GENOTYPE? NO!

In theories of population genetics and evolutionary dynamics, most geneticists in the past have assumed that selective values are constants for the period of time involved in their studies. Some still consider them as constants. There are a number of reasons for assuming such constant fitness models. For example, one of these is simply to copy the traditional model that was set forth by pioneers in this area. The second reason is that the model containing time-dependent, frequency-dependent or density-dependent fitness values is very difficult to handle in a mathematical sense. The third reason is that the explicit forms or modes of "environmental factor-dependent fitness functions" are often unknown. The above are just some of the major reasons for using common evolutionary models containing constant fitness values for various genotypes over time. The purpose of this paper is to call to the attention of population and evolutionary geneticists that most constant fitness models do not hold true in estimating fitness values in a set proportion of genotypes and in predicting population behavior with respect to the future genetic structure of a given population.
Effect of exercise and ischemia on tissue oximetry and cytochrome in normal subjects, patients with chronic limb pain, and patients with mitochondrial mitopathies.

Near-infrared spectrophotometry (NIR) is a non-invasive measure of tissue oxygen delivery and utilization1. Its use has been limited, with one notable exception2, to subjects at rest under conditions of ischemia. It is not clear whether reproducible and accurate measures of hypoxia using this technique can be obtained during dynamic exercise in the upper extremity, because changes in optical path length can alter the signals. The technique’s greatest potential power as a clinical diagnostic tool in abnormalities of oxygen transport and utilization lies in the responses to changes in oxygen consumption, i.e. exercise.
The Relationship Between Treatment Adherence and Non-picked Up Medications in Community Pharmacies

Medication adherence is one of the major factors that determine an outcome of a treatment. Despite the effort of healthcare providers to improve the adherence rate, it still remains a serious issue in our health care system today. Many patients do not take their medications as directed or just simply do not want to fill or refill their prescriptions. A small survey performed by pharmacy students at Temple School of Pharmacy showed that there is a significant number of patients did not pick up their medications. Cardiovascular medications are the most common non-picked up drugs. There are various reasons that patients use to justify for this non-adherence behavior. However, they are unaware that their actions create a tremendous negative effect not only on the treatment itself but also on the entire health care system. The consequences include expensive therapies, inaccurate research data, and poor treatment outcomes. Many solutions have been utilized to solve this problem, but it is still the major problem for healthcare providers to keep in mind when planning a drug regimen. Although many people believed that pharmacists are responsible for solving this problem, it should be a multidisciplinary effort of all healthcare providers to improve the medication adherence. Conflict of Interest We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties. Type: Student Project
Growth, reproduction, and senescence of the epiphytic marine alga Phaeosaccion collinsii Farlow (Ochrophyta, Phaeothamniales) at its type locality in Nahant, Massachusetts, USA

The growth, reproduction, and senescence patterns of the epiphytic marine alga Phaeosaccion collinsii were tracked over two consecutive seasons at its type locality of Little Nahant, Nahant, MA (USA). We investigated the potential and/or combined effects of temperature and ambient nutrient supply (NO 3 - and PO 4 3- ) on the phenology of this ephemeral species in its natural environment by collecting microscopic and macroscopic P. collinsii specimens from blades of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in a shallow coastal subtidal zone. Our results suggest that temperature is a strong driver of the alga's in situ cycle and that the optimal temperature for P. collin- sii growth and reproduction may be between 5 and 8°C, a narrower temperature threshold than previous laboratory studies on this subject have suggested. Several large win- ter storms also allowed us to observe the effect of physical disturbance on the integrity of the eelgrass beds and the population of microscopic and macroscopic P. collinsii. This study contributes the first in situ information on the abiotic conditions necessary for the successful growth and development of P. collinsii and a greater understand- ing of the life cycle of this unique golden brown alga.
Methods for mapping and monitoring global glaciovolcanism

Abstract The most deadly (Nevado del Ruiz, 1985) and the most costly (Eyjafjallajokull, 2010) eruptions of the last 100 years were both glaciovolcanic. Considering its great importance to studies of volcanic hazards, global climate, and even astrobiology, the global distribution of glaciovolcanism is insufficiently understood. We present and assess three algorithms for mapping, monitoring, and predicting likely centers of glaciovolcanic activity worldwide. Each algorithm intersects buffer zones representing known Holocene-active volcanic centers with existing datasets of snow, ice, and permafrost. Two detection algorithms, RGGA and PZGA, are simple spatial join operations computed from the Randolph Glacier Inventory and the Permafrost Zonation Index, respectively. The third, MDGA, is an algorithm run on all 15 available years of the MOD10A2 weekly snow cover product from the Terra MODIS satellite radiometer. Shortcomings and advantages of the three methods are discussed, including previously unreported blunders in the MOD10A2 dataset. Comparison of the results leads to an effective approach for integrating the three methods. We show that 20.4% of known Holocene volcanic centers host glaciers or areas of permanent snow. A further 10.9% potentially interact with permafrost. MDGA and PZGA do not rely on any human input, rendering them useful for investigations of change over time. An intermediate step in MDGA involves estimating the snow-covered area at every Holocene volcanic center. These estimations can be updated weekly with no human intervention. To investigate the feasibility of an automatic ice-loss alert system, we consider three examples of glaciovolcanism in the MDGA weekly dataset. We also discuss the potential use of PZGA to model past and future glaciovolcanism based on global circulation model outputs. Combined, the three algorithms provide an automated system for understanding the geographic and temporal patterns of global glaciovolcanism which should be of use for hazard assessment, the search for extreme microbiomes, climate models, and implementation of ice-cover-based volcano monitoring systems.
Advances in vascular thiol isomerase function.

Purpose of review The present review will provide an overview of several recent advances in the field of vascular thiol isomerase function. Recent findings The initial observation that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) functions in thrombus formation occurred approximately a decade ago. At the time, there was little understanding regarding how PDI or other vascular thiol isomerases contribute to thrombosis. Although this problem is far from solved, the past few years have seen substantial progress in several areas that will be reviewed in this article. The relationship between PDI structure and its function has been investigated and applied to identify domains of PDI that are critical for thrombus formation. The mechanisms that direct thiol isomerase storage and release from platelets and endothelium have been studied. New techniques including kinetic-based trapping have identified substrates that vascular thiol isomerases modify during thrombus formation. Novel inhibitors of thiol isomerases have been developed that are useful both as tools to interrogate PDI function and as potential therapeutics. Human studies have been conducted to measure circulating PDI in disease states and evaluate the effect of oral administration of a PDI inhibitor on ex-vivo thrombin generation. Summary Current findings indicate that thiol isomerase-mediated disulfide bond modification in receptors and plasma proteins is an important layer of control of thrombosis and vascular function more generally.
HHV-8-associated haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with advanced AIDS.

We present a patient with advanced AIDS admitted with recurrent shock of unclear aetiology, fevers, altered mental status and refractory cytopenias. His case posed a diagnostic challenge because evaluation of septic shock in the setting of advanced AIDS requires a time-consuming work-up for broad infectious aetiologies that can delay consideration of other diagnoses, including primary or secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). After this patient did not improve with supportive care and empiric antimicrobials, there was concern for HLH given that he met ≥5 of the HLH consortium criteria. He underwent bone marrow biopsy, which was non-diagnostic. Empiric therapy for HLH was initiated, but unfortunately, the patient died. Autopsy revealed extensive haemophagocytosis in the spleen, bone marrow and liver, confirming the diagnosis of HLH. Postmortem, his soluble CD-25 returned 18 890 pg/mL (
Comparison of the Complication Incidence in Open Versus Endoscopic Gastrocnemius Recession: A Retrospective Medical Record Review.

Abstract Gastrocnemius recession is a practical and effective procedure to address gastrocnemius equinus. It has been shown that an equinus deformity can lead to the development of plantar fasciitis, osteoarthritis, and foot ulcerations. The 2 approaches to gastrocnemius recession are open and endoscopic. Both are viable options; however, both also have associated complications. We compared and evaluated the postoperative complications associated with these procedures. The electronic database of our orthopedics division at the University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, was retrospectively searched to identify all cases of gastrocnemius recession (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] code 27687), and unlisted arthroscopy (CPT code 29999) from February 2006 to February 2016. The difference in the outcome variable, the incidence of postoperative complications, was assessed using Fisher's exact test. A total of 39 patients (41 procedures) were in the open gastrocnemius recession group and 35 (39 procedures) were in the endoscopic gastrocnemius recession group. The median follow-up time was shorter in the open gastrocnemius recession group than in the endoscopic gastrocnemius recession group (9 versus 12 months; p p = .003). The complications associated with the open technique included 1 case of scar pain (2.4%), 5 of dehiscence (12.2%), 1 of infection (2.4%), 2 of calf abscess (4.9%), and 2 cases of nerve injury (4.9%). A single complication occurred with the endoscopic technique—1 case of dehiscence (2.6%). To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first study to compare the postoperative complications between these 2 techniques. We found the incidence of postoperative complications was significantly lower in the endoscopic group, emphasizing the benefit of using the endoscopic approach. These findings could prove invaluable when addressing gastrocnemius equinus in those with a greater risk of postoperative complications.
The 1904 assassination of governor general Bobrikov: tyrannicide, anarchism, and the expanding scope of "terrorism"

The little-known assassination in 1904 of governor general Bobrikov, the Russian ruler of Finland, by the Finnish Senate clerk Eugen Schauman can be explained as an act of tyrannicide, anarchism, o...
Formulación de una emulsión directa con aceite vegetal de palma para utilizarla como fluido de perforación a escala de laboratorio

Se formularon tres emulsiones directas estables y de baja densidad con Biodiesel de aceite de Palma, con una relacion agua/aceite de 80/20, 70/30 y 60/40. A las cuales se les realizaron pruebas de laboratorio como reologia, filtrado API, pruebas quimicas, contenido de solidos y liquidos, filtrado PPT, ltrado HPH, lubricidad y densidad. La emulsion 70/30 fue la que mejores propiedades mostro durante el desarrollo de la experimentacion, por lo tanto se le realizaron las pruebas especiales como el filtrado dinamico, reologia HPHT y retorno de permeabilidad con un nucleo de la formacion K2. Se compararon los resultados y los costos de la emulsion seleccionada con una emulsion directa 70/30 con Diesel y un fluido base agua convencional.
THE BAY-REGION THEORY: A QUANTUM MECHANICAL APPROACH TO AROMATIC HYDROCARBON-INDUCED CARCINOGENICITY

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the bay-region theory as a quantum mechanical approach to aromatic hydrocarbon-induced carcinogenicity. The bay-region theory is a prediction both of biological activity and chemical reactivity. Recent studies have been designed to test the theory for the hydrocarbon benzo[a]anthracene. In an experiment described in the chapter, five metabolically possible trans-dihydrodiols of the hydrocarbon were synthesized to examine the ability of a highly purified and reconstituted cytochrome P-448 system to metabolize them to compounds mutagenic toward bacteria. As a substrate for the formation of mutagens, the 3,4-dihydrodiol was found to be 10 times more active than the other dihydrodiols or the parent hydrocarbons. Because the 3,4-dihydrodiol can form bay-region epoxides at the 1,2-position, which were predicted to be the most reactive, the quantum mechanical predictions are borne out. Similar support for the bay-region concept has been found through metabolic activation of dihydrodiols from benzo[a]-pyrene. As anticipated, dihydrodiols from smaller hydrocarbons such as naphthalene, anthracene, or phenanthrene could not be activated to produce significant numbers of mutations.
Operation of Flood-Affecting Structures for Optimal Floodplain Management

Floodplain management is defined as those human activities which determine and help the utilization of floodplains in a manner which optimises their social, economic and environmental parameters. A river basin may contain various structures and be subject to measures which affect floods. These structures and measures are either focused solely on achieving defense from floods, or they are constructed for multiple water resources purposes including defense from floods, or they are created for purposes other than flood control, but only indirectly affect floods. The operation of these structures and implementation of flood mitigation measures, in such a way as to beneficially influence floodplain management, is the subject of this text. Mapping of flood areas, for selected flood return periods, is essential information for floodplain management, providing useful information for the operation of flood-affecting structures and implementation of flood-affecting measures. Forecast and warning, with timing and sequencing in the pre-emptying of reservoirs, filling of reservoirs and release basins, and timing of discharging water from reservoirs and release basins after floods, and similar operational activities, help to achieve an optimal social, economic and environmental management of floodplains. There is a difference between defense from floods in general, and the operation of flood-affecting structures and implementation of flood-affecting measures for the purposes of optimal management of floodplains. The sole use of land for agricultural purposes requires management of quite a different type from its use for multiple purposes, such as for urbanization, industry, recreation and communication lines. Floods may be beneficial, and one of the tasks of floodplain management is to preserve and/or enhance beneficial impacts.
Response to selection by yield and prolificacy at different environments in a tropical maize population

Three maize (Zea mays L.) selected populations, HB 21 A, MB 21 B, and MB 21 AB, were obtained after ten years of a selection program in which the original population, MB 21, was divided to be selected at three different environments. These environments were constituted using the two cropping seasons that are available in the Cauca Valley, a tropical Colombian region, where the research was conducted. Two of the environments corresponded to two cropping seasons: semester A, the less favorable environment for cropping: semester B, the more favorable environment for cropping; and the third included selection conducted in both the A and B semesters. Hence the AB population was selected for 20 cycles, whereas the A and B populations were selected for 10 cycles. Two traits, yield and prolificacy, were selected simultaneously, using independent culling levels. Changes in the phenotypic and genotypic properties of the three selected populations (A, B, AB) relative to the original MB 21 were evaluated through Design I (Comstocfc and Robinson, 1948) on each of the four populations. Testing of the progenies was conducted at one A and at one B semesters. Genetic parameters of yield and prolificacy, and some other traits, were estimated. Selection gains were estimated as the differences between selected and original populations. Most of phenotypic and genotypic changes caused by selection were intermediate for MB 21 A and MB 21 B and greatest for MB 21 AB. The observed gains for prolificacy were 2.31% (MB 21 A); 1.97% (MB 21 B), and
Confronting the AIDS epidemic among i.v. drug users: does ethnic culture matter?

The AIDS education and prevention literature contains numerous calls for the development of culturally relevant efforts to reach members of ethnic minority populations. In the AIDS literature on IV drug users (IVDUs), however, this issue finds less emphasis despite the disproportionate rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in minority IVDUs. The reason appears to be the sense in the drug field that the primary culture of the IVDU is drug culture rather than ethnic culture. This paper explores this issue in light of a review of recent research on IVDUs, ethnicity, and AIDS risk behavior. Specifically, this review covers literature on 6 topics in light of ethnic differences: changing patterns of IV drug use prevalence, AIDS prevalence among IVDUs, needle-related AIDS risk, polydrug use, sexual risk among IVDUs, and the drug subculture. Finding that ethnic culture does matter in infection patterns and risk behavior, this paper examines a typology for the analysis of discontinuities in intercultural communication and presents a framework for comparing alternative models for overcoming cultural barriers to effective AIDS education with IVDUs.
Separatrix Structure for Regions Attracted to Solitary Periodic Solutions

This chapter discusses the separatrix structure for regions attracted to solitary periodic solutions. Under strict hypotheses, regions attracted to the periodic solution are identified by boundary type. It is found that of four possible types, three have no internal separatrices. The chapter reviews the separatrix structure in the remaining type. It also presents a weaker hypothesis for comparison and further presents examples to point out differences between the weaker and strict hypotheses. Each circle separates a region of egress from a region of ingress of ƒ relative to U , with the component of ƒ normal to δU having nonzero derivative in a direction in δU transverse to τ , everywhere on τ . The subset of τ where ƒ is tangent to τ is either empty or a finite set of points collectively denoted χ . Each point of χ separates an open subarc of τ where ƒ points toward a region of ingress from an open subarc of τ where ƒ points toward a region of egress. The component of ƒ tangent to τ has nonzero derivative in the direction of τ, everywhere on χ .
Heterochrony in Plants

Phylogenetic changes in ontogenetic rates or timing are termed heterochrony. Evolutionary changes in organismal form necessarily arise from alterations in ontogenies, and so it is hardly surprising that heterochrony has profoundly affected the evolution of plants as well as animals. However, because the life cycles, body plans, and growth of plants and animals are so different, the effects of heterochrony are expressed differently in plants than they are in animals. The indeterminate or open growth habit and modular construction of plants lead to much greater environmentally induced phenotypic variation in form than is found in animals. Consequently, even though zoocentric theory has much to offer botanists, the study of heterochrony in plants must take on a character of its own.
A Hardware/Software Co-Design Approach for Real-Time Object Detection and Tracking on Embedded Devices

Many embedded applications require real-time visual analysis and sensing of the physical environment. Embedded vision is essential for a wide range of embedded applications such as video surveillance, robotics, and industrial manufacturing. While the algorithm design of vision applications have advanced significantly during the last decade, the embedded realization of many vision applications is at the early stages. The primary challenge is the real-time low-power execution of vision algorithms which demand high computation performance and high power consumption. This paper presents a novel hardware/software co-design approach for real-time execution of object detection and tracking on embedded devices. Our design targeted on Xilinx Zynq platform which combines the FPGAs reconfigurable fabric (for custom hardware implementation), and ARM CPU cores (for software implementation) in a single chip. The proposed approach consists of six major vision kernels including (1) Gaussian Smoothing, (2) Mixture of Gaussians Background Subtraction, (3) Morphology Filters all are mapped to the hardware, and Blob Detection, Histogram Checking, and Kalman Filter mapped to ARM cores (software execution). All six vision kernels execute concurrently over streaming pixels in a producer/consumer fashion. Our results, based on implementation and full integration on Xilinx Zynq platform, presents a real-time performance on 780P pixel resolution at 60 frames per second with less than 2 Watt power consumption.
Cell Printing in Complex Hydrogel Scaffolds

Advancements in the microfabrication of soft materials have enabled the creation of increasingly sophisticated functional synthetic tissue structures for a myriad of tissue engineering applications. A challenge facing the field is mimicking the complex microarchitecture necessary to recapitulate proper morphology and function of many endogenous tissue constructs. This paper describes the creation of PEGDA hydrogel microenvironments (microgels) that maintain a high level of viability at single cell patterning scales and can be integrated into composite scaffolds with tunable modulus. PEGDA was stereolithographically patterned using a digital micromirror device to print single cell microgels at progressively decreasing length scales. The effect of feature size on cell viability was assessed and inert gas purging was introduced to preserve viability. A composite PEGDA scaffold created by this technique was mechanically tested and found to enable dynamic adjustability of the modulus. Together this approach advances the ability to microfabricate tissues that better mimic native constructs on cellular and subcellular length scales.
Application of a Coordinated Control Design Method to a Coal Gasification Plant

Abstract A new control design approach has boen developed for power plant control problems. This approach produces a multi variable output feedback control using the well known linear quadratic regulator (LQR) theory. This control design approach has been applied to the design of a coordinated control for the gas plant of a coal gasification combined cycle power plant. The results of this application are presented in this paper.