cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IBM's POWER10 Processor

The IBM POWER10 processor represents the 10th generation of the POWER family of enterprise computing engines. It is built on a balance of computation and bandwidth, delivered by powerful processing cores and intrachip interconnect, respectively. Multiple system interconnect infrastructures support configurations with up to 16 processor chips and up to 1920 simultaneous threads of execution, as well as an expansive memory system with up to 2 Petabytes of addressing space. Cross-system memory sharing and coherent accelerator attach are also supported. The POWER10 processing core has been significantly enhanced over its POWER9 predecessor, including the addition of an all-new matrix math engine. Throughput gains from POWER9 to POWER10 average 30% at the core level and three-fold at the socket level. Those gains can reach ten- or twenty-fold at the socket level for matrix-intensive computations.
Effect of sample anisotropy on scanning near-field optical microscope images

Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has been widely used to characterize strongly correlated electronic, two dimensional, and plasmonic materials, and it has enormous potential for biological applications. Many of these materials exhibit anisotropic responses that complicate the extraction of dielectric constants from s-SNOM measurements. Here, we generalize our recently developed approach for retrieving the near-field scattering signal from isotropic systems and apply it to anisotropic dielectrics. Specifically, we compare our theoretical results with experimental measurements on modestly anisotropic sapphire that exhibit strong resonances at the infrared frequency range. Good agreement with the experimental result is found. Our result is important for understanding the near-field response of low damping, anisotropic polaritonic states in dielectric media.
Shape of BMI–Mortality Risk Associations: Reverse Causality and Heterogeneity in a Representative Cohort of US Adults

OBJECTIVE This study examines BMI-mortality associations and evaluates strategies intended to limit reverse causality. Heterogeneity in BMI-mortality risk associations across subgroups and causes of death is explored. METHODS A cohort of 654,382 adults from the US National Health Interview Survey was constructed. Associations between unit BMI levels and mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, including and excluding the first 5 years of follow-up, with and without controls for smoking or preexisting conditions, and including and excluding ever-smokers and individuals with preexisting conditions. Stratified analyses by individual characteristics were performed. RESULTS Addressing reverse causality led to reduced risk of mortality among those with low BMI levels ( 40 kg/m2 ) and lowered the estimated nadir risk from 27 kg/m2 to 23 kg/m2 . After excluding ever-smokers and individuals with preexisting conditions, limiting the analysis to >5 years of follow-up produced no substantive changes. Heterogeneous results were observed across individual characteristics, particularly age and causes of death. CONCLUSIONS The exclusion of smokers and individuals with preexisting conditions alters the BMI-mortality risk association and results in a somewhat lower range of BMI with minimum mortality risk.
Ten Thousand Points of Light - Heterogeneity Among the Stars of NASH Fibrosis

Heterogeneity among hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), widely acknowledged as the 'stars' of hepatic fibrosis, has been hinted at for decades based on immunohistochemical methods. Now, more refined approaches, epitomized by the studies of Rosenthal et al. in this issue of Hepatology, have amplified this concept. Earlier investigators noted striking variability across the hepatic lobule in hallmark features of HSCs including vitamin A storage and dendritic arborization -- indications that not every HSC is alike.
Advancing African Psychology: An Exploration of African American College Students’ Definitions and Use of Spirit in Times of Stress:

Although religion and spirituality are understood as multidimensional resources in times of stress, less is known about the culturally relevant concept of spirit in African psychology. Eighteen Afr...
Litigators Get (Anti-) Social in the Crusade For Brand Protection

As social media is inundated with everything from the banal to the ridiculous, sifting through the social media landscape for brand protection intelligence can seem like a task of Herculean proportions. While some postings are retweeted like wildfire, garnering global exposure, others sit buried and largely unread. However, if brand owners get it right, they are sitting on a gold mine of information. This article examines how brand owners may use social media as part of an effective brand protection and litigation strategy.
A deep learning model for predicting next-generation sequencing depth from DNA sequence

Targeted high-throughput DNA sequencing is a primary approach for genomics and molecular diagnostics, and more recently as a readout for DNA information storage. Oligonucleotide probes used to enrich gene loci of interest have different hybridization kinetics, resulting in non-uniform coverage that increases sequencing costs and decreases sequencing sensitivities. Here, we present a deep learning model (DLM) for predicting Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) depth from DNA probe sequences. Our DLM includes a bidirectional recurrent neural network that takes as input both DNA nucleotide identities as well as the calculated probability of the nucleotide being unpaired. We apply our DLM to three different NGS panels: a 39,145-plex panel for human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), a 2000-plex panel for human long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and a 7373-plex panel targeting non-human sequences for DNA information storage. In cross-validation, our DLM predicts sequencing depth to within a factor of 3 with 93% accuracy for the SNP panel, and 99% accuracy for the non-human panel. In independent testing, the DLM predicts the lncRNA panel with 89% accuracy when trained on the SNP panel. The same model is also effective at predicting the measured single-plex kinetic rate constants of DNA hybridization and strand displacement. DNA probes used in next generation sequencing (NGS) have variable hybridisation kinetics, resulting in non-uniform coverage. Here, the authors develop a deep learning model to predict NGS depth using DNA probe sequences and apply to human and non-human sequencing panels.
Mouse CHD4-NURD is required for spermatogonia survival and normal meiotic progression

Testis development and sustained germ cell production in adults rely on the establishment and maintenance of spermatogonia stem cells and their proper differentiation into spermatocytes, which through two consecutive cell divisions produce mature gametes. The chromatin remodeling complexes regulate critical processes in both premeiotic and meiotic stages of gamete development by restricting or promoting accessibility of DNA repair and gene expression machineries to the chromatin. Here, we investigated the role of the NUcleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase (NURD) complex during spermatogenesis. Our cellular and biochemical analyses revealed differential expression and composition of NURD subunits in germ cells at different stages of testis development. Germ cell-specific deletion early in gametogenesis of the NURD catalytic component Chd4, but not Chd3, resulted in arrested early gamete development due to failed cell survival of neonate undifferentiated spermatogonia stem cell population. Candidate assessment revealed that CHD4 controls Dmrt1 and its downstream target Plzf, both described as prominent regulators of spermatogonia stem cell maintenance. Further, deletion of Chd4 at meiotic relevant stages of gamete development resulted in spermatocyte arrest at a zygotene-like stage, with apparent deficient double-strand break repair and abnormal homologous chromosome synapsis. Together, our results uncover a dual requirement of CHD4 in mammalian gametogenesis and point to unique functions for the NURD complex with respect to other chromatin remodelers during gamete development.
Phoretic mite infestations associated with Rhynchophorus palmarum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in southern California

The South American palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), established in San Diego County, California, USA sometime around 2014. Attached to the motile adults of this destructive palm pest, we identified three species of uropodine mites (Parasitiformes: Uropodina), Centrouropoda n. sp., Dinychus n. sp. and Fuscuropoda marginata. Two of these species, Centrouropoda n. sp. and Dinychus n. sp. are recorded for the first time in the USA and were likely introduced by R. palmarum. Several species of mites, primarily of Uropodina, have previously been recorded as phoretic on Rhynchophorus spp. In this study, we examined 3,035 adult R. palmarum trapped over a 2.5-year period, July 2016 to December 2018, and documented the presence of and species composition of phoretic mites and their relationship with weevil morphometrics (i.e., pronotum length and width). The presence and species composition of mites on weevil body parts changed over the survey period. No mites were found under weevil elytra in 2016 and mite prevalence under elytra increased over 2017–2018 due to an increased abundance of Centrouropoda n. sp per individual beetle. Mite occurrence levels were significantly correlated with reduced pronotum widths of male weevils only. The significance of this finding on male weevil fitness is unknown. Potential implications of phoretic mites on aspects of the invasion biology of R. palmarum are discussed.
Expression of the Uhp Sugar-Phosphate Transport System of Escherichia coli

This chapter reviews the regulation of the Uhp system, which is a sugar-phosphate transport protein whose expression is induced by external glucose 6-phosphate (Glu6P). The presence of organophosphate transport systems in many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria suggests that their organophosphate substrates are widely available. Several organophosphate transport systems have been analyzed in Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium. Expression of UhpT also occurs as part of the OxyR peroxide response system. As expected, loss of uhpA resulted in complete loss of detectable uhpT expression. The dominant negative behavior is explained if the truncated variants retain repression of uhpA but lack the ability to activate transcription of uhpT, analogous to the situation in LuxR. Linker substitution mutations in which the native sequences in the -64 region are converted to an NcoI restriction site reduced or eliminated promoter function, depending on the location of the substitution and the number of base pair residues that were changed. Several surface-exposed regions of the catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) have been found to be necessary for transcription activation at CAP-dependent promoters that do not require the action of other transcription activator proteins. Sugar phosphates that are not directly metabolized by glycolysis also inhibit growth of those cells but do not elicit cell killing or methylglyoxal production.
Lenticular Opacities in Young Rats as a Consequence of Maternal Diets Low in Tryptophan and/or Vitamin E

The relative effect upon lens transparency of a diet low in both tryptophan and vitamin E was compared to diets low in either nutrient alone during development. Thirty-three percent of 126 progeny from 19 litters at weaning were found to have either unilateral or bilateral lenticular opacities when the maternal diet during gestation and lactation provided only 75 mg L-tryptophan and 0.1 mg dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate per 100 g diet. No opacities were seen in 179 progency from 20 litters when tryptophan alone was restricted, and only 6% incidence was detected when vitamin E was the sole limiting nutrient. The data reveal a previously unrecognized association between tryptophan and vitamin E relative to fetal lens development.
Rapid Separation and Determination of Four Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from T. chamaedrys by Capillary Electrophoresis Method

A new capillary electrophoresis method was developed for the separation of four phenylpropanoid glycosides (teucrioside, verbascoside, teucrioside-3””-O-methyl ether and teucrioside-3””, 4””-O-dimethyl ether) from T. chamaedrys. The electrophoretic separation was performed using a 50 cm × 50 μm i.d. (41.5 cm effective length) fused silica capillary. A phosphate-borate buffer (pH 8.9) in 15% (v/v) isopropanol was used as running electrolyte. The samples were injected by pressure for 3 seconds at 50 mbar and the running voltage was 25 kV at the injector end of the capillary. The separation of four phenylpropanoid glycosides could be achieved within 10 min with good repeatability. The method was validated in terms of reproducibility, linearity, accuracy and applied for the quantitative determination of teucrioside, teucrioside-3””, 4””-O-dimethyl ether and verbascoside. This is the first analytical method developed for the analysis of four phenylpropanoid glycosides from T. chamaedrys by capillary electrophoresis. The influence of pH, organic modifiers and composition of the electrolyte on resolution were investigated. Other Teucrium species were analyzed.
Combinatorial Expression Patterns of LIM-Homeodomain and Other Regulatory Genes Parcellate Developing Thalamus

The anatomical and functional organization of dorsal thalamus (dTh) and ventral thalamus (vTh), two major regions of the diencephalon, is characterized by their parcellation into distinct cell groups, or nuclei, that can be histologically defined in postnatal animals. However, because of the complexity of dTh and vTh and difficulties in histologically defining nuclei at early developmental stages, our understanding of the mechanisms that control the parcellation of dTh and vTh and the differentiation of nuclei is limited. We have defined a set of regulatory genes, which include five LIM-homeodomain transcription factors ( Isl1 , Lhx1 , Lhx2 , Lhx5 , and Lhx9 ) and three other genes ( Gbx2 , Ngn2 , and Pax6 ), that are differentially expressed in dTh and vTh of early postnatal mice in distinct but overlapping patterns that mark nuclei or subsets of nuclei. These genes exhibit differential expression patterns in dTh and vTh as early as embryonic day 10.5, when neurogenesis begins; the expression of most of them is detected as progenitor cells exit the cell cycle. Soon thereafter, their expression patterns are very similar to those that we observe postnatally, indicating that unique combinations of these genes mark specific cell groups from the time they are generated to their later differentiation into nuclei. Our findings suggest that these genes act in a combinatorial manner to control the specification of nuclei-specific properties of thalamic cells and the differentiation of nuclei within dTh and vTh. These genes may also influence the pathfinding and targeting of thalamocortical axons through both cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms.
The Demise of an Organizational Form: Emancipation and Plantation Agriculture in the American South, 1860–18801

This article addresses factors affecting the disappearance of organizational forms, particularly in regard to arguments derived from organizational ecology and the literature on social movements. These perspectives are used to explain the disappearance of the Southern plantation in the decades following the American Civil War. Findings suggest that there is limited support for exogenous explanations of plantation demise, emphasizing damage from the Civil War and population pressures. Ecological dynamics, especially challenges from alternative forms of labor organization and interdependencies with mid‐size farms, play a greater role. Another crucial influence involves the decisions made by laborers in the plantation system with respect to incentive structures and the reconstruction of their social networks. These findings lead to a perspective on organizational forms that brings lower‐level members back in as agents of grass‐roots change and contestation.
LOW FREQUENCY SCATTERING BY A PLANAR CRACK

The detection of cracks with the aid of ultrasonics is an important nondestructive evaluation technique. The corresponding theoretical problem of the scattering of elastic waves by cracks has attracted considerable attention. Scattering of time harmonic plane wave by an isolated two dimensional Griffith, or an penny-shaped crack in an unbounded elastic medium has been studied extensively. However, studies of the scattering problem by a three dimensional crack other than circular shape have been rather limited. Few studies of scattering from an elliptical crack in an elastic body of infinite extent can be found in the literature. Datta[1] studied the problem using the method of matched asymptotic expansion. Gubernatis et al. [2] and Budiansky and O’Connell [3] have used the elastostatic approximation to determine the scattered field. The backscattered field from an elliptical crack has been obtained by Kino [4] in the low frequency limit by a formula derived from elastodynamic reciprocity theorem. An integro-differential equation technique was employed by Roy [5]–[6] to study the same problem.
Refinement of noisy correspondence using feedback from 3D motion

In automated feature-based motion analysis of multiple frames, correspondence data are usually noisy and fragmented. A technique that gradually refines the initial noisy correspondence data and links fragments of a single trajectory using feedback from 3D motion estimation is presented. First, 3D motion parameters are estimated using the initial correspondence data. Then, each noisy trajectory is partitioned into subsets of points, each of which conforms to the estimated motion. The best set is used as the input to the next motion estimation. This process is repeated, and the gaps in the refined correspondence data are filled by guidance from the predicted motion. Test results for a standard real image sequence are presented. >
Rare case of paratesticular solitary fibrous tumour (lipomatous

A 26-year-old male presented with an asymptomatic 6-cm left paratesticular mass. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed this mass as extratesticular, likely a tumour arising from the left spermatic cord. The mass demonstrated marked avid enhancement on post-contrast images, suggestive of a spermatic cord sarcoma. A left inguinal exploration was performed and gross examination of the mass revealed a well-circumscribed tumour with a discrete capsule separating it from the ipsilateral spermatic cord. The mass was resected without performing an orchiectomy and histology demonstrated a solitary fibrous tumour (lipomatous hemangiopericytoma), with minimal proliferative activity and negative margins. The occurrence of a paratesticular solitary fibrous tumour is exceedingly rare, with only a handful of case reports. We review the literature regarding this rare entity and discuss its diagnosis and management.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced miR-155 targets SOCS-1 to promote acute inflammatory lung injury. (IRM7P.481)

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) initiates an exaggerated inflammatory response characterized by immune cell infiltration, the release of inflammatory cytokines and tissue damage. However, the role of microRNAs (miR) associated with the damaging effects of SEB have not yet been delineated. In this study, we show that inhalation exposure to SEB results in acute inflammatory lung injury accompanied by altered miR expression profile in lung infiltrating cells. Amongst the miRNA that were significantly elevated, miR-155 is the most over-expressed. In contrast, miR-155 -/- mice were protected from SEB-mediated inflammation. Interestingly, there was a positive correlation between miR-155 levels and IFN-γ secretion, suggesting a functional link between SEB-induced miR-155 and pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. Through the use of bioinformatics tools, suppressor of cytokine signaling -1 (SOCS1), a negative regulator of IFN-γ, was identified as a potential target of miR-155. While miR-155 -/- mice displayed increased SOCS1, the overexpression of miR-155 led to its suppression, thereby enhancing IFN-γ levels. Additionally, the inhibition of miR-155 and IFN-γ resulted in restored SOCS1 expression. Our data, therefore, confirm an important role of miR-155 in facilitating SEB-mediated inflammation and proposes that miR-155 may be an important target in the treatment of acute lung inflammation.
On-Site Acoustic-Emission Monitoring for Assessment of a Prestressed Concrete Double-Tee-Beam Bridge without Plans

AbstractAcoustic emission was used in this study to assess the condition of a simple-span, prestressed concrete bridge located in southern New Mexico during a proof test. The 40-year-old bridge is county owned and no design plans were available. Acoustic emission (AE) data were collected under several loading conditions from two groups of sensors placed near the support and midspan of an interior double-tee beam. Strain measurements were also taken at midspan and used to direct the test and determine the maximum loading. AE data analysis methods were applied to evaluate the response of the structure under increasing loads and to develop crack maps. Analysis of the AE data showed signs of internal beam microcrack development near the supports (shear region) as well as in the midspan (moment region). The AE data indicated that damage in the form of crack growth was more prevalent in the region near the supports.
Species variation in mechanisms for modulation of growth by beta-adrenergic receptors.

Beta-adrenergic agonists have been fed to avian and mammalian species to modulate growth. Such treatment produces increased rate of gain, de creased feed consumption, increased skeletal muscle and decreased fat accretion. There is good evidence for the inhibition of adipose tissue lipogenesis and stim ulation of lipolysis as well as stimulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and inhibition of degradation. Other effects include increased blood flow and modu lation of plasma concentration of various hormones. The degree to which each of these effects is observed varies considerably between experiments. Some of the diversity may be explained by species and/or tissue differences in distribution of beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes, in structure and, consequently, in response of receptors and in the pharmacodynamics of the ag onist. In addition, several different agonists have been used, adding further complexity. Oversimplification by extrapolation of research observations across species and agonists may confuse attempts to derive mecha nisms for the growth modulation effects of beta-adren ergic agonists in vivo. J. Nutr. 125: 1777S-1782S, 1995.
Molecular characterization of LC3-associated phagocytosis reveals distinct roles for Rubicon, NOX2 and autophagy proteins

LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is a process wherein elements of autophagy conjugate LC3 to phagosomal membranes. We characterize the molecular requirements for LAP, and identify Rubicon as being required for LAP but not autophagy. Rubicon is recruited to LAPosomes and is required for the activity of a Class III PI(3)K complex containing UVRAG but lacking ATG14 and Ambra1. This allows for the sustained localization of PtdIns(3)P, which is critical for recruitment of downstream autophagic proteins and stabilization of the NOX2 complex to produce reactive oxygen species. Both PtdIns(3)P and reactive oxygen species are required for conjugation of LC3 to LAPosomes and subsequent association with LAMP1(+) lysosomes. LAP is induced by engulfment of Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungal pathogen that commonly afflicts immunocompromised hosts, and is required for its optimal clearance in vivo. Therefore, we have identified molecules that distinguish LAP from canonical autophagy, thereby elucidating the importance of LAP in response to A. fumigatus infection.
175 THE EFFECTS OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION (IUGR ON FETAL LUNG CHOLINE KINASE ACTIVITY

The effect of decreased uterine blood supply on one aspect of pulmonary phospholipid metabolism, the developmental pattern of choline kinase (CK), was studied in rats from 17 through 21 days gestation. Spraque-Dawley rats were operated on at the 17th day of pregnancy by ligation of the uterine artery of one horn as described by Wigglesworth (J. Path. Bact. 88:1, 1964) with the opposite horn left untouched (control). On days 18, 19, 20 and 21, fetuses were delivered by C-section and immediately decapitated. The frequency of IUGR fetuses (weighing less than 80% of mean control horn fetuses) in the ligated horn was approximately 50%. The lung wet weight to body weight ratios in the IUGR fetuses were consistently lower than the control litter mates at days 18, 19 and 20. The specific activities of CK were approximately 20% higher in the IUGR fetal lungs on days 20 and 21. No significant differences in CK specific activities were found between sham operated and non-operated controls and lungs from fetuses in the control horns. We conclude that decreased blood supply to the pregnant rat uterus results in a slightly increased activity per mg protein in the lung of the first enzyme of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. This increase was not observed in livers from the same fetuses. IUGR fetuses have been reported to show increased amounts of pulmonary phosphatidylcholine and accelerated pulmonary development. Our findings suggest that alterations in CK activity may be involved in this phenomenon.
Introduction to turn-off silicon-controlled rectifiers

The term ?turn-off silicon-controlled rectifier? relates to a 4-layer p-n-p-n switch, which can be turned on and off by gate current pulses of opposite polarities. Conditions for gate turn-off are analyzed by the carrier charge concept. Two methods for obtaining gate turn-off are developed and experimentally verified. Turn-off current gains of 1,000, and more, were measured. An estimate is made regarding larger turn-off SCRs (silicon-controlled rectifiers) of the future, and some applications are listed.
Metabolic bone disease associated with total parenteral nutrition.

Metabolic bone disease associated with long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was ®rst described in 1980 (1, 2). Since then it has been reported in patients of all ages (3±5). It occurs as either osteomalacia with excessive organic bone matrix, but de®cient calci®cation or osteiod tissues, or osteoporosis with decreased bone mass characterized by an increase in the ratio of bone resorption to bone formation, but a normal ratio of mineral to organic constituents. Similarly, it is unknown how long a patient must require TPN before bone disease becomes evident. A combination of osteomalacia and osteoporosis may also be observed. In the past, a clinical syndrome seen in patients on long-term TPN consisting of potentially severe bone pain and fractures, hypercalcemia with normal serum phosphate (P), 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D, and 25dihydroxy-vitamin D was associated with aluminum toxicity (6±13). This symptomatic bone disease has not been seen in patients who receive crystalline amino acid solutions contaminated with small amounts of aluminum (Al) (14). Today, the prevalence of this bone disease is unknown. Reports suggest that 40±100% of subjects receiving long-term TPN have histologic features of bone disease or decreased bone density (15), but many of these are asymptomatic. The incidence of TPN-related bone disease would be signi®cantly higher using more sensitive measurements of bone mineralization such as bone densitometry, neutron activation, or with the use of biochemical criteria of elevated serum alkaline phosphatase activity and abnormal serum calcium (Ca) and P concentrations (16). Symptoms, if present, may include bone pain, back pain or fractures (typically vertebral). Premature infants may develop a condition called osteopenia of prematurity, which is characterized by decreased bone mineralization. In most instances, it is subclinical and is often
Ultrastructure and isolation of glyoxysomes (microbodies) in zoospores of the fungusentophlyctis sp.

A correlative approach, involving light and electron microscopic, cytochemical, and biochemical techniques, was used to study the structure and function of microbodies in zoospores ofEntophlyctis sp. The same population of microbodies already existing in the zoosporangium appeared to be segregated into zoospore initials during cytoplasmic cleavage. Microbodies laid at the anterior end of zoospores and were part of an organized assemblage of organelles, the microbody-lipid globule complex. In the microbody-lipid globule complex, endoplasmic reticulum occurred on the surface of the lipid globules toward the zoospore's exterior, and the microbody, subtended by mitochondria, was appressed to the opposite surface of the lipid globule. The organization of the microbody-lipid globule complex changed as the zoospore swam and encysted. As lipid globules coalesced, the microbody-lipid globule complex became disorganized. After lipid globule coalescence was completed, the microbody-lipid globule complex regained its order, and several microbodies were clustered adjacent to a single lipid globule. The microbodies persisted even in the encysted zoospore, but they were found on all sides of the lipid globule. Microbodies isolated from zoospores contained catalase as well as malate synthase and isocitrate lyase, two enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle. When zoospores encysted greater activities of these glyoxylate cycle enzymes could be detected. The presence of glyoxylate cycle enzymes and the close association between the microbody and lipid globule suggest that microbodies function as glyoxysomes in zoospores and encysted zoospores. The functional significance of the morphological organization of the microbody-lipid complex is discussed in terms of energy production and the conversion of storage lipid into structural components of the cell.
A note on the treatment of frictionless contact between non-smooth surfaces in fully non-linear problems

An approach is presented for the formulation of the unilateral contact constraint in the presence of contact surface discontinuities. Such discontinuities may be due to physical corners on the surfaces of contacting bodies, or may be introduced by a discretization process (e.g. finite elements). It is asserted that a strong analogy exists between theis problem and the one describing inelastic evolution in the presence of a discontinuous yield surface. This analogy is exploited to produce an effective treatment of the frictionless corner problem, complete with an effective augmented Lagrangian implementation for accurate constrainte enforcement
Debussy and La Sonate cyclique

ABSTRACT In 1915, Debussy returned to the genre of chamber music for the first time since the String Quartet of 1893 and composed the only sonatas of his career. What draws these early and late chamber works together is that they are all cyclic in construction. While Debussy9s quartet clearly bears the imprint of Ceesar Franck9s cyclic procedures, his sonatas engage with this tradition more cautiously. Comparing the string quartet with the sonatas elucidates Debussy9s uneasy rapprochement with a style he had formerly embraced. Debussy9s underplaying of the cyclic tradition was motivated by what the cyclic sonata had come to represent in the intervening years, in particular its appropriation by Franck9s student Vincent d9Indy. In his teachings and publications, d9Indy promulgated a nationalistic view of the cyclic sonata, one that declared Franck and the modern French school as the only comprehending heirs of Beethoven. Reluctant to participate in this particular heritage, Debussy diverted attention from the cyclic procedures used in the sonatas by explicitly emphasizing their stylistic affiliation with the French 18th century and by implicitly aligning himself with Franck rather than with d9Indy. In this way Debussy sought to carve out a place for his sonatas within a less contentious tradition.
Lifestyle, rational choice, and adolescent fear: a test of a risk‐assessment framework

Criminological research on fear of crime primarily has been based on, and supportive of, an opportunity framework. The current research tests an expanded risk-assessment model of fear, which is rooted in an opportunity framework, by incorporating a measure of delinquent lifestyle, which is a known risk factor for victimization, using a sample of youth aged 10–16 years. The findings from longitudinal structural equation models do not support the applicability of a risk-assessment model of fear in adolescence. Namely, although increased involvement in a delinquent lifestyle is associated strongly with an increase in victimization over time, no such association exists with the perceived risk of victimization. Most importantly, as adolescents become more involved in a delinquent lifestyle and are victimized at a higher rate than nondelinquent youth, their fear of victimization actually decreases at a significantly higher rate than more prosocial youth.
Ribosomal S6 kinase is activated as an early event in preemergence development of encysted embryos of Artemia salina

Dormant Artemia salina cysts contain desiccated gastrulae that are metabolically inactive, and physiologically arrested. Following rehydration, embryos resume development via alterations in protein expression, in the complete absence of cell division. In mammals, activation of p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6k) has been implicated in translational control, in particular the selective up-regulation of translation of mRNAs with polypyrimidine tracts at their 5' start sites. We therefore investigated ribosomal S6 kinase activity in preemergence development. We demonstrate that an S6 kinase activity is rapidly stimulated (within < 15 min) following rehydration and coincides with the onset of ribosomal S6 subunit phosphorylation. This S6 kinase activity displays chromatographic and biochemical characteristics that are similar to those of mammalian p70S6k. Partially purified Artemia S6 kinase was inactivated by treatment with protein phosphatase 2A. Activation of S6 kinase activity was shown to be due to an enzymatic step(s), and not simply rehydration of stored, active enzyme. The temporal profile of activation of S6 kinase activity is compatible with a regulatory function for p70S6k in early preemergence development of encysted Artemia. These studies identify activated Artemia cysts as a system for biochemical studies of p70S6k regulation.
Surface potentials and ionization equilibrium in Y-type deposition of multiple Langmuir-Blodgett films I. Effect of pH and counterions.

Abstract Conditions for depositions of multiple LB films for different divalent cations were determined experimentally at the p K A of the system. The p K A of the fatty acid–subphase salt system is the pH at which half of the fatty acid heads are dissociated. Stable Y-type depositions take place in full immersion/removal cycles. Under certain conditions, full depositions occur only during the downstroke (X-type) or during the upstroke (Z-type). Experiments show a clear trend between p K A of the system and loss of stability of Y-depositions toward full depositions taking place during immersion only, i.e., YX transitions. Stable Y-type depositions can be achieved for most divalent cations at large dipping speeds. Dipping speed necessary to maintain stable Y-depositions depend on the p K A of the system; the lower the p K A the larger the dipping speed. The accumulated time spent by the solid substrate under the water subphase is not a good indicator of YX transition because the number of dipping cycles is also a relevant variable. For a given number of cycles, the lower regions of the solid substrate are most affected by transition because they spent a larger time under the water subphase.
The molecular structure of (allyl)bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)niobium(III)

Abstract The compound (η 5 -C 5 H 4 Me) 2 Nb(η 3 -C 3 H 5 ) ( 1 ) has been prepared and characterized by 1 H, 13 C and 93 Nb NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structure of 1 has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography and the nature of the bonding between the allyl ligand and the niobium is discussed. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / c , a = 6.029(2), b = 7.752(2), c = 26.115(6) A, β = 92.33(2)°, V = 1219.5(5) A 3 , Z = 4, R = 0.031, R w = 0.050.
ZnT4 provides zinc to zinc-dependent proteins in the trans-Golgi network critical for cell function and Zn export in mammary epithelial cells.

Zinc (Zn) transporter 4 (ZnT4) plays a key role in mammary gland Zn metabolism. A mutation in ZnT4 (SLC30A4) that targets the protein for degradation is responsible for the “lethal milk” (lm/lm) mo...
Endoscopic Repair of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks After Neurosurgical Procedures

Objectives: Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks has proven to be effective and safe. CSF rhinorrhea is a well-known complication of neurosurgical procedures in the anterior cranial fossa. We present a series of endoscopic repairs of CSF rhinorrhea secondary to neurosurgical procedures. Study Design: Retrospective review of 13 cases. Methods: Thirteen patients are included in the study. Eleven had CSF leaks after hypophysectomy, one after clipping of an anterior circle of Willis aneurysm, and one after posttraumatic frontal lobe debridement. Leaks were identified intraoperatively during the neurosurgical procedure (n 8) or with intrathecal fluorescein injection during a separate procedure (n 5). Repair was performed by exposing the skull base defect, debriding the defect margins, and sealing the defect with a free mucosal graft or abdominal fat. Results: Leaks were identified in the sphenoid (n 12) and posterior ethmoid (n 1) sinuses. Nine patients had lumbar drains placed. One patient had recurrence of CSF rhinorrhea 2 months after initial repair requiring a revision procedure. No other recurrences were noted. One patient developed postoperative meningitis requiring intravenous antibiotics and a prolonged hospital stay. No other postoperative complications were observed. Conclusions: Endoscopic repair is a safe and effective treatment for CSF rhinorrhea encountered as a neurosurgical complication. (Am J Otolaryngol 2003;24:213-216. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
CONNECTING GROUP SUCCESS TO INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENT: CROSS-CULTURAL ATTRIBUTIONS FOR GROUP PERFORMANCE.

Recent research suggests that groups attribute the causes of their success to factors that are "internal" but internal attributions can vary by the extent to which they emphasize (1) the contributi...
Local drug delivery to composite tissue allografts.

Unlike visceral solid-organ transplants, composite tissue allografts (CTA) are modules composed of various tissues, each with differing antigenicity, and therefore differing potential for rejection.1 Skin and muscle (and perhaps synovium) are the most antigenic and appear to be most susceptible to rejection, while bone, tendon, cartilage, and neurovascular tissue appear to be less immunogenic and evoke rejection responses of lower magnitude. Although CTA have tremendous potential clinical application for functional and structural reconstruction of major congenital and acquired peripheral tissue defects, these transplants, until recently, have remained one of the last frontiers in clinical organ transplantation because of concerns regarding their risk/benefit ratio.2,3 Two questions address the key issues involved: (1) Can rejection of these highly antigenic tissues be prevented using currently available immunosuppressive regimens with acceptable drug-specific and generalized toxicity? and (2) Will function be restored to a significant degree so as to justify the surgical and immunosuppressive risks involved? The information presented at the Second International Symposium on Composite Tissue Allotransplantation (Louisville, May, 18–19, 2000) has begun to shed some light on the answers to these questions. The recipients of hand transplants in Lyon (two patients), Louisville (one patient), and Guangzhou (two patients) all received a form of antilymphocyte antibody for induction (antithymocyte globulin and/or an interleukin-2 receptor [IL-2R] antagonist), and tacrolimus (FK506), mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone therapy for maintenance immunosuppression. Despite this clinically acceptable but nonetheless intensive immunosuppressive regimen, akin to that currently utilized for rejection-prone, nonuremic, insulin-dependent diabetics who receive a pancreas transplant,4 the first Lyon patient sustained an episode of acute rejection at 8 weeks and the Louisville recipient developed moderate acute cellular rejection at 6, 20, and 27 weeks posttransplant.5,6 Although all these episodes resolved completely after combination systemic pulse steroid and topical FK506-clobetasol treatment, the transient increase in oral with or without intravenous (IV) prednisone and FK506 doses during and after each rejection episode further increased the already elevated immunosuppressive burden in these patients. Along these lines, the Louisville recipient developed tissue-invasive cytomegalovirus disease at 15 weeks posttransplant, requiring subsequent long-term ganciclovir prophylaxis. These preliminary results suggest that clinical application of CTA is more likely to gain widespread acceptance if the systemic immunosuppressive burden and its attendant long-term risks of infection, malignancy, and drug-specific side effects could be reduced while simultaneously preventing rejection and maintaining function.
The Effect of a Protoporphyrin Mutant on Some Economic Traits of the Chicken

Abstract A translocation between chromosome # 1 and the Z sex chromosome reduces egg shell protoporphyrin and acts as a sex-linked recessive. Heterozygous T/N males mated to Rhode Island Red and White Leghorn dams produced segregating sibs compared for egg traits. The mutant chromosome (T/W) daughters laid fewer and smaller eggs than sibling standard (N/W) daughters. There was no pleiotropic effect for body weight, shell breaking strength, nor shape index. Meat spot inclusions were visibly pronounced in the brown and tinted eggs as compared to the mutant white-shelled eggs. No crossovers were recovered between reduced protoporphyrin production and standard chromosomes.
The Way to Console May Depend on the Goal: Experimental Studies of Social Support

This article reports three experiments in which one participant (the speaker) told another participant (the listener) about a problem. According to our interpersonal model, a speaker who describes a problem has a particular goal (e.g., to obtain advice, to obtain compassion). To be supportive, the listener needs to infer the person's goal from various cues, including the type of problem and other context cues, and then react accordingly. In Study 1, 34 students described a problem and 51 other students provided a reaction. The relative frequency of each type of reaction varied with the type of problem. In Study 2 (N = 302), vignettes were embedded in a frame that suggested one or the other type of goal. The relative frequency of each type of reaction depended upon the type of frame. In Study 3 (N = 40 dyads), speakers were instructed to describe an action- or distress-focused problem and listeners were instructed to react with an action-facilitating or compassionate response. Speakers were more satisfied when the type of reaction matched the type of goal that was implied by the cues. Together, these experiments support the interpersonal model.
Approximate analysis of fork/join synchronization in parallel queues

An approximation technique, called scaling approximation, is introduced and applied to the analysis of homogeneous fork/join queuing systems consisting of K>or=2 servers. The development of the scaling approximation technique is guided by both experimental and theoretical considerations. The approximation is based on the observation that there exist upper and lower bounds on the mean response time that grow at the same rate as a function of K. Simple, closed-form approximate expressions for the mean response time are derived and compared to simulation results. The relative error in the approximation is less than 5% for K >
Colorectal cancer progression: integrin alphavbeta6 and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Carcinomas, those tumors that arise from epithelial tissues, represent the most prevalent form ofhuman malignancies. Moreover, it is the metastatic spread of these cancers, rather than thedevelopment of primary neoplasms that predominantly accounts for patient mortality. Thus,understanding the mechanisms that contribute to the process of cancer progression is of fundamentalimportance to designing better therapeutic strategies for treating this disease. The epithelialmesenchymaltransition (EMT), which facilitates the process by which epithelial tumors becomeinvasive and progress towards malignant disease, provides a superb paradigm for studying suchmechanisms. Using a colon carcinoma model of EMT, it was discovered that increased expression ofthe integrin ?v?6 is elicited as a consequence of the transition. Importantly, the consequences of theelevated ?v?6 expression are directly linked to both tumor cell function and to the mechanism of theEMT itself. Most significantly, increased ?v?6 expression in human...
GPS-like navigation underground

Navigation systems based on GNSS do not function in underground environments where multi-path is severe and signals do not penetrate.
The current status of the platelet 5-HT2A receptor in depression

The author reviews the current status of the platelet serotonin (5-HT)(2A) receptor in depression. Considered are studies of receptor binding, and 5-HT-induced platelet activation and aggregation. 5-HT(2A) receptor density tends to increase in depression, although this more clearly relates to suicidality than depression per se. Indeed, data are consistent with the hypothesis that increased density of platelet 5-HT(2A) receptors may be a marker for increased risk of suicide. 5-HT-induced calcium mobilization is enhanced in unipolar depression; however, unlike in bipolar depression, baseline calcium levels are not. Despite inconsistencies, 5-HT-induced aggregation appears inhibited in depression. This may manifest as a relative inhibition, i.e. no change in aggregation response despite a higher density of 5-HT(2A) receptors. The inhibited aggregation response is state dependent, and acute phase proteins or components of the stress response may be factors. It is unclear if differences between depressed and normal subjects in disposition of 5-HT(2A) receptors are generally indicative of traits or states. Nonetheless, there is little evidence that the degree of departure from normal density or activity of platelet of 5-HT(2A) receptors reflects severity of depression.
Molecular details of Itk activation by prolyl isomerization and phospholigand binding: the NMR structure of the Itk SH2 domain bound to a phosphopeptide.

The Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of interleukin-2 tyrosine kinase (Itk) is a critical component of the regulatory apparatus controlling the activity of this immunologically important enzyme. To gain insight into the structural features associated with the activated form of Itk, we have solved the NMR structure of the SH2 domain bound to a phosphotyrosine-containing peptide (pY) and analyzed changes in trans -hydrogen bond scalar couplings ( 3h J NC′ ) that result from pY binding. Isomerization of a single prolyl imide bond in this domain is responsible for simultaneous existence of two distinct SH2 conformers. Prolyl isomerization directs ligand recognition: the trans conformer preferentially binds pY. The structure of the SH2/pY complex provides insight into the ligand specificity; the BG loop in the ligand-free trans SH2 conformer is pre-arranged for optimal contacts with the pY+3 residue of the ligand. Analysis of 3h J NC′ couplings arising from hydrogen bonds has revealed propagation of structural changes from the pY binding pocket to the CD loop containing conformationally heterogeneous proline as well as to the αB helix, on the opposite site of the domain. These findings offer a structural framework for understanding the roles of prolyl isomerization and pY binding in Itk regulation.