cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of Temperature-dependent Properties of N-type d-doped Si Band-structures in Equilibrium

A highly phosphorus delta-doped Si device is modeled with a quantum well with periodic boundary conditions and the semi-empirical spds* tight-binding band model. Its temperature-dependent electronic properties are studied. To account for high doping density with many electrons, a highly parallelized self-consistent Schrodinger-Poisson solver is used with atomistic representations of multiple impurity ions. The band-structure in equilibrium and the corresponding Fermi-level position are computed for a selective set of temperatures. The result at room temperature is compared with previous studies and the temperature-dependent electronic properties are discussed further in detail with the calculated 3-D self-consistent potential profile.
Cholesterol Reduction in Liquid Egg Yolk using β‐Cyclodextrin

A process to reduce cholesterol in liquid egg yolk using β-cyclodextrin (CD) was optimized by response surface methodology, based on cholesterol reduction and yield. The most important factors influencing cholesterol reduction were dilution of egg yolk to a defined water:solid ratio and CD concentration. In the final process, egg yolk was adjusted to pH 10.5, diluted to a water:solid ratio of 2.9, heated to 50°C, and CD added at a CD:cholesterol molar ratio of 4.0. The slurry was mixed for 6.5 min at 1800 rpm, cooled to 4°C and centrifuged. Cholesterol in the supernatant was reduced by 89.2%. The yield, cholesterol and CD in the final product were adjusted by varying centrifugal force and CD concentration.
Connecting Congress to World Legislatures

Exporting Congress? The Influence of the U.S. Congress on World Legislatures. Edited by Timothy J. Power, Nicol C. Rae Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006. 248 pp., $24.95 (ISBN: 0-8229-5921-6). In the opening chapter of Exporting Congress , Timothy Power and Nicol Rae spell out an ambitious and commendable goal for their edited volume, namely, to bridge the vast divide between comparative legislative studies and the literature on the US Congress. Although the two streams of research are thriving independently, few scholars have examined the extent to which research findings on the US Congress are generalizeable to other legislatures, and vice versa. This oversight is unfortunate on a number of levels. Most obvious, as Power and Rae note, both subfields could benefit from “a direct exchange of ideas, data, and models” (p. 1). To the extent that scholars in both subfields are engaged in the task of developing methods and models for the study of the same phenomenon (legislative behavior), the lack of cooperation in this endeavor is indeed lamentable. Moreover, moving beyond purely academic concerns, it is worth noting that policymakers often assume that the US Congress is a fit model for countries undergoing democratic transitions (Carothers 1999). From this perspective, it is unfortunate that little is known about the effects of imposing the congressional model—with its unique structural features—on countries in which cultural conditions and electoral systems differ vastly from the United States. Power and Rae's opening chapter, which directly tackles the problem of communication …
ALEX III: A novel robotic platform with 12 DOFs for human gait training

ALEX III is a bilateral exoskeleton for gait rehabilitation. It is an evolution of two previous prototypes - ALEX and ALEX II - developed at the University of Delaware. The new robot comprises a support platform and two robotic legs. Its unique characteristic is the possibility to actively control 12 degrees-of-freedom: 4 at the pelvis and 4 for each leg. This paper focuses on the design and fabrication of the robotic leg. Results from early evaluations are presented where the robotic leg is attached to a fixed frame and controlled with a zero-interaction controller.
A fractal perspective on competencies necessary for managing information systems

In this paper, we present a view of the necessary skill set for managing information technology (IT) in organisations. Our assessment is based on viewing this task as part of managing within a nonlinear complex system. While managing IT in nonlinear complex systems, managers accept that control is neither achievable nor desirable. Rather, IT systems are conceptualised as embodying a fractal quality in which they must be customised to reflect the most essential aspects of the organisation's business policies. The manager's job becomes one of assessing whether there is a continued coherence between what the changing organisation is doing and what the system can provide, and thus embodies special abilities of pattern recognition and adaptability.
Potential impacts of climate change on brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations in streams draining the Laurel Hill in Pennsylvania

To establish a baseline for assessment of climate change effects on populations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in southwestern Pennsylvania, we surveyed a collective of headwater streams for fish population status and the development of annual air and stream temperature profiles. The 20 streams selected, 10 located on each facing slope of an anticlinal fold on the Appalachian Plateau, Laurel Hill, historically supported self-sustaining brook trout populations. In these watersheds, anthropogenic activity was minimal and riparian canopy intact. Three, from each facing slope along with the cool-water receiving stream for the respective tributary network, received riparian air and in-stream temperature data loggers. Data loggers were retrieved after one calendar year and temperature profiles for all eight streams downloaded. From these, we analyzed the air/stream temperature relationship for the calendar year and during the growing season for each headwater stream. Wild brook trout were present in all...
Dermatophilus DERMATITIS ENZOOTIC IN DEER IN NEW YORK STATE AND VICINITY

In a recent 2-year period Dermatophilus congolensis infection, ranging from mild to very severe, was found in 15 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) taken in southeastern New York State (12) adjacent New Jersey (2) and central Vermont (1). The host range for Dermatophilus congolensis is given.
Ultraviolet action spectrum for cell killing in a human lens epithelial cell line.

There are many sources of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the workplace. Action spectrum data are necessary for establishing methods to evaluate UV hazards. We determined a UV action spectrum for cell killing in the human lens epithelial cell line SRA 01/04 by measuring the viability of cells exposed to UV at 8 different wavelengths ranging from 259.5 to 300.5 nm in a carefully designed and controlled experiment. The action spectrum based on LD50 is nearly flat or falls slightly with wavelength in the short-wavelength region and then rises increasingly steeply at longer wavelengths. UV at 267.5 nm is most effective in cell killing, with an LD50 of 8.86 Jm -2 . The action spectrum for killing lens epithelial cells in humans (in vivo action spectrum) derived from the present results falls monotonically with wavelength in the range studied, suggesting that UV at wavelengths longer than 300.5 nm may also be highly effective in killing lens epithelial cells in humans and, therefore, in causing cataract. Further studies should be conducted with UV at longer wavelengths.
A fast approximation algorithm for the multicovering problem

Abstract The multicovering problem is: MIN cx subject to Ax≥b, xϵ{0, 1}n, where A is a matrix whose elements are all zero or one and b is a vector of positive integers. We present a fast heuristic for this important class of problems and analyze its worst-case performance: the ratio of the heuristic value to the optimum does not exceed the maximum row sum of the matrix A. The heuristic algorithm also provides a feasible dual solution vector that is useful in generating lower bounds on the value of the optimum.
Prednisolone induced surface alterations in HeLa cells

Abstract Two clonal HeLa lines grown in the presence of prednisolone were studied by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The extrusion of pseudopodia-like masses which followed the establishment of a network of fibers during cell attachment was stimulated by the hormone treatment. This resulted in a pronounced flattening of the preconfluent cells.
Popular music, identity, and sexualization: A latent class analysis of artist types

Abstract A key ingredient of the production of popular music involves making decisions about the distinct character type of a particular artist. But there is a dearth of scientific studies that empirically examine artist images in a macro context, thus the range of gendered and sexualized artist types available in the marketplace is only known through interpretive studies contextually confined in scope. After collecting descriptive information on a sample of highly promoted artists played at least one time on monitored radio stations in an 18-month period (417 female and 1943 male popular music artists), I offer an empirical description of gendered, raced and sexualized artist types using Latent Class Analysis. I find 10 male types (Soul Singer, Leader, Romantic Singer-Songwriters, Thugs, Anti-Heroes, Absurd Extremists, Sophisticated Singer-Songwriters, Emotypes, Summer Party Jammers, and Others) and 6 female types (Femme Fatales, Models of Femininity, Pop Princesses, Chanteuse Singer-Songwriters, Underground Feminists, and Others). Suggestions for future research are given.
A sialic acid-specific lectin from the slug Limax flavus

Abstract The slug, Limax flavus , contains a lectin that appears to be highly specific for sialic acid residues of glycoproteins. The carbohydrates which inhibited the hemagglutinating activity of the slug lectin and the concentration of the carbohydrate which gave a 50% inhibition are as follows: N -acetylneuraminic acid, 0.13 m m ; N -glycolylneuraminic acid, 0.90 m m ; d -glucosamine, 4.9 m m ; d -galactosamine, 7.6 m m ; N -acetyl- d -glucosamine, 23 m m ; and N -acetyl- d -galactosamine, 24 m m . d -Galactose, d -glucose, d -mannose, α-methyl- d -glucoside, α-methyl- d -mannoside, l -arabinose, d -xylose, l -fucose, d -glucuronic acid, lactose, and sucrose were found to be ineffective as inhibitors of the hemagglutinating activity of the slug lectin. Hemagglutination by slug lectin was strongly inhibited by bovine submaxillary mucin and fetuin but not by sialic acid-free bovine submaxillary mucin or fetuin.
Effects of ageing and training on maximal heart rate and VO2max.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that ageing would result in a decline in maximal heart rate (HRmax) and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) and, secondarily, that those effects would be reversible with training. Eighteen, healthy, unfit Standardbred mares representing 3 age groups: young (Y = mean +/- s.e. 6.8 +/- 0.4 years, n = 6); middle-aged (MA = 15.2 +/- 0.4 years, n = 6); and old (O = 27.0 +/- 0.2 years, n = 6) were used. HRmax, VO2max and oxygen pulse at VO2max (OPmax) and the velocities producing HRmax (VHRmax) and VO2max (VVO2max) were measured during pretraining and post-training incremental exercise tests (GXT). During training, mares exercised 3 days/week (Weeks 1-8) and 4 days/week (Weeks 9-12) at a submaximal intensity (approximately 60% HRmax) for approximately 30 min/day. There were no differences (P>0.05) between Y and MA, before (218 +/- 2 vs. 213 +/- 3 beats/min; 116 +/- 3 vs. 109 +/- 3 ml/kg bwt/min; 0.55 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.52 +/- 0.02 ml/kg/beat; 9.0 +/- 0.3 vs. 9.3 +/- 0.2 ms; 8.8 +/- 0.2 vs. 8.8 +/- 0.2 m/s) or after training (224 +/- 2 vs. 218 +/- 2 beats/min; 131 +/- 3 vs. 120 +/- 2 ml/kg bwt/min; 0.58 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.55 +/- 0.01 ml/kg/beat; 10.5 +/- 0.2 vs. 9.5 +/- 0.1 ms; 10.6 +/- 0.2 vs. 9.5 +/- 0.1 m/s) for HRmax, VO2max, OPmax, VHRmax or VVO2max, respectively. Old horses had lower HRmax, VO2max and OPmax and reached them at lower velocities compared to Y and MA (P 0.05) but did cause increases in VO2max, OPmax and VVO2max for all groups (P<0.05). Interestingly, training increased VHRmax only in Y (P<0.05). These data demonstrate that there is a reduction in HRmax, VO2max, OPmax, VHRmax and VVO2max in old horses, and that training can partially reverse some effects of ageing.
Estimation of the range of energy flow

Abstract The paper relates the power engineering problem of the extremal values of effective energy flow to a well established branch of mathematics; namely, the spectral analysis of linear operators. Variation of the effective energy flow in a linear time-invariant power distribution system is studied in the light of numerical range of the operator representing the system [Eqs. ( 18, 19 )]. A knowledge of this range and its extremal values depends on the evaluation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a complex network function. In most cases an exact evaluation is practically unattainable (Section V). Simple and practical estimations of the energy dissipation range are presented. The novel spectral approach to energy problems may hopefully find useful applications in power transmission and distribution.
Novel nanoscale precipitate structures in ion-irradiated Cu1−xVx alloys: “Cherry-pit” formation

The nanoscale precipitation induced by 1.8 MeV ion irradiation in Cu1− xVx thin films, with x ≈ 0.09 and 0.91, was studied by atom probe tomography. For the Cu91V9 alloys, irradiation in the range of 300–500 °C led to steady-state compositional patterning of V-rich nanoprecipitates. V nanoprecipitates larger than ∼10 nm in diameter, moreover, contained Cu-rich cores, resulting in an unusual “cherry-pit” nanostructure. The number of these pits within one precipitate increased with the precipitate size, but with the volume fraction of pits within a given precipitate remaining roughly constant, from ∼1.5 to 5%. Similar irradiations performed on V91Cu9 also resulted in an enhanced precipitation reaction, but with smaller Cu-rich nanoprecipitates, <3 nm in diameter, and no “cherry pits.” These results are rationalized using recent atomistic simulations that have explored the conditions for stabilizing by ion irradiation “cherry-pit” nanostructures in immiscible A–B alloy systems, such as Cu–V.
Effects of an inclined walking surface and balance abilities on spatiotemporal gait parameters of older adults.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:: To date, few studies have investigated how walking patterns on inclines change in healthy older adults. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of an inclined walking surface and balance abilities on various spatiotemporal gait parameters of healthy older adults. METHODS:: Seventy-eight self-reported independent community ambulators (mean age, 77.8 years; SD, 4.8) participated in this study. After completing the Berg Balance Scale and Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), all participants were asked to walk on the GaitRite on level and inclined surfaces (10° slope). Dependent t tests were used to determine statistical significance between level and inclined surfaces for cadence, step length, velocity, and gait stability ratio (GSR). GSR is a measure of the degree of adaptation an individual makes to increase stability during gait derived from a ratio of cadence/velocity. A 2 × 2 analysis of variance was performed to determine differences in means among the higher-risk participants (as determined by the Berg Balance Scale and Dynamic Gait Index) comparing their level and incline walking patterns. The level of During incline walking a significant decrease occurred in mean step length, 63.1(8.8) cm, P = ≤ 0.001, mean cadence, 111.6 (8.9) step/min, P = 0.01 and mean normalized velocity, 1.4 (0.23), P = ≤ 0.001. However, mean GSR increased on inclines, 1.62 (0.22) steps/m, P = 0.004. Main effects were evident for both walking surface and fall risk for all gait parameters tested. RESULTS:: During incline walking a significant decrease occurred in mean step length, 63.1(8.8) cm, P = Language: en
Characterization of trypanosome protein phosphatase 1 and 2A catalytic subunits.

Abstract Oligonucleotides corresponding to highly conserved regions of mammalian protein phosphatase catalytic subunits were used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to generate an amplification product from genomic DNA of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense . The PCR product was used to screen a T. b. rhodesiense cDNA library for cDNA clones encoding putative protein phosphatase catalytic subunits. Two cDNA clones, (TPP1A and TPP1B) representing two distinct type 1 catalytic subunit isotypes, encode 39-kDa proteins of 346 amino acids that show 66% and 40% identity, respectively, to mammalian protein phosphatase 1 and 2A catalytic subunits. Both cDNAs are derived from 2.3-kb mRNAs, and Northern blot analysis has provided indirect evidence that these mRNAs are part of the same transcription unit as mRNAs for RNA polymerase II largest subunit. Another cDNA, TPP2, represents the type 2A class of phosphatases and codes for a 34.5-kDa protein of 303 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence has 39% and 55% identity, respectively, to the catalytic subunits of mammalian protein phosphatase 1 and 2A. Southern and Northern blot analyses are consistent with TPP2 being encodes by a single copy gene from which is derived a mRNA of 2.5 kb. This finding constitutes the first example in eukaryotes in which a single gene encodes the type 2A class of protein phosphatases. Sera from mice immunized with TPP1A fusion protein reacted with the catalytic subunits of mammalian types 1, 2A and 2B protein phosphatases. However, antisera to TPP2 fusion protein was specific for the type 2A catalytic subunit and recognized a polypeptide of 35 kDa in a Western blot of crude trypanosomal lysate.
A static magnetic transistor analogue divider

RECTANGULAR loop magnetic materials and transistors used as switches have been combined to produce a simple, high-speed analogue divider. This device is capable of producing an output whose average voltage is the quotient, with the correct sign, of two input voltages. A preliminary model of this divider gives accuracies of ±2.5 per cent of full scale readings for a quotient range of 100 to 1 and input variations of both numerator and denominator of better than 10 to 1.
Alterations of Serum Proteins in Mice Acutely and Chronically Infected with Plasmodium berghei.

Abstract Mice infected for the first time with Plasmodium berghei showed marked alterations in levels of serum proteins and invariably died with high parasitemias. If such animals were treated with primaquine diphosphate early in the course of infection, however, most of the mice survived as cured animals and serum protein patterns returned to normal. Following reinfection of these cured mice, the latter again became acutely infected as evidenced by parasitemias and dysproteinemias. At the end of the first week of infection, however, an accelerated and exaggerated gamma globulin response was associated with the apparent elimination of parasites from the blood. Subsequently, most mice relapsed with infections characterized by periods of protracted parasitemia. Such relapses were generally non-fatal, showed unpredictable, variable parasitemias, and were essentially unaltered by superinfection attempts. Associated with this chronic state of infection was a generally increased gamma globulin fraction the level of which was variable and which could not be consistently related to individual parasitemias.
A variation in the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells.

A modification of the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells consisting of an apparent thickening of the inner lamella of the unit membrane is described. The evidence indicates that the thickening can be attributed to a piling-up of stainable, granular material along the inner surface of the plasmalemma. Similar granules could be found in the cytoplasm, mostly in the region of the terminal web, and in mitochondria. Cells showing these changes were usually devoid of ribosomes and contained many smooth surfaced cytoplasmic vesicles.
On the mechanism of the indene-maleic anhydride reaction☆

Abstract The benzonorbornenedicarboxylic anhdride formed in the reaction of the title results from hydrogen rearrangement in the indene and not from carbon rearrangement in a hypothetical intermediate cycloadduct.
Feeding rates of common Antarctic gammarid amphipods on ecologically important sympatric macroalgae

Single species feeding trials employing both fresh algal tissues and alginate food pellets containing dried finely ground algal tissues were conducted to examine the relative palatability of sympatric Antarctic macroalgae (three brown and five red macroalgal species) to three common herbivorous gammarid amphipods (Prostebbingia gracilis Chevreux, Gondogeneia antarctica (Chevreux) Thurston, and Metaleptamphopus pectinatus Chevreux). In fresh algal tissue bioassays, both the amphipods P. gracilis and G. antarctica consumed significantly greater amounts of the red alga Palmaria decipiens over all other seven species of macroalgae. The amphipod M. pectinatus failed to consume measurable quantities of fresh thalli of any macroalgae and therefore is likely to feed on other resources. In food pellet bioassays, the consumption rates of amphipods fed with eight different species of macroalgae were compared with consumption rates on a highly palatable control green alga. Alginate pellets containing finely ground tissues of P. decipiens were consistently the most palatable of any of the macroalgae to P. gracilis and G. antarctica, while pellets containing the brown algae Desmarestia menziesii, D. anceps and the red alga Plocamium cartilagineum were not consumed by any of the three amphipod species. Regression analysis indicated that feeding rates of the amphipods P. gracilis and G. antarctica on alginate food pellets were not significantly correlated with known species-specific parameters of macroalgal nutritional quality (%N, %C, C:N ratio, soluble protein, soluble carbohydrate, and lipid). Therefore, differences in amphipod macroalgal palatability are most likely related to other factors including physical and/or chemical deterrents.
Biologically versus inorganically mediated weathering reactions: relationships between minerals and extracellular microbial polymers in lithobiontic communities

Abstract Biophysical and biogeochemical weathering of amphibole syenite associated with the Stettin complex near Wausau, Wisconsin, has been examined by HRTEM, WDS, LM, and XRD. The rock consists of microperthitic feldspar, ferriannite, quartz, and ferrohastingsite. Crustose saxicolous lichens, Rhizocarpon grande and Porpidea albocaerulescens , penetrate the rock surface to a depth of 10 mm. Within the intact rock, amphibole surfaces along hyphae-filled cracks are highly corroded. Fungal hyphae exploit grain boundaries, cleavages, and cracks to gain access to mineral surfaces, resulting in accumulations of cleavage-bound mineral fragments as small as 5 μm within the lower thallus. Bacterial microcolonies are common and all mineral surfaces are completely coated in extracellular acidic mucopolysaccharides from fungal and bacterial sources. In the cases of amphibole, quartz, and feldspar, dissolution does not appear to involve pervasive leaching, for even the smallest mineral fragments retain their chemical and structural identity. Biotite directly in contact with the lichen thallus is intimately interpenetrated by fungal hyphae growing along (001) cleavages and is partially converted to vermiculite. No siliceous relics have been identified. Biologically mediated weathering involves a complex dissolution/ selective transport/recrystallization mechanism occurring within the acidic extracellular gels coating all mineral surfaces. A specialized weathering microenvironment around each mineral grain initially produces minute phyllosilicate crystallites. A rind of clay minerals forms around the dissolving parent phase, eventually culminating in abundant 5–10 μm diameter polymer-bound aggregates of face-to-face oriented clay minerals of homogeneous composition. Physiochemical weathering of ferrohastingsite produces topotactically oriented smectite and goethite. The cleavage-controlled reaction is neither isochemical nor isovolumetric.
Parameterized computational imaging: Data driven computational modeling for image extension

Parameterized Computational Imaging (PCI) allows for a continuous, portable and remote imaging of physiology without the continuous need of complex imaging systems. The method trades complex imaging equipment for computing power and potentially wireless measured parameters. The PCI algorithm uses a baseline image along with computational models to calculate physically measurable parameters. As the physically measurable parameters change the computational model is iteratively run until computationally predicted parameters matches the measured values. Swarm optimization routines are implemented to accelerate the process of finding the new values. A gelatin model with circular object is presented to demonstrate the PCI algorithm’s ability to locate the circular object from four voltage measurements.
Recidivism of Supermax Prisoners in Washington State

This study of recidivism among Washington supermax prisoners used a retrospective matched control design, matching supermax prisoners one-to-one with nonsupermax prisoners on mental illness status and up to eight recidivism predictors. Supermax prisoners committed new felonies at a higher rate than nonsupermax controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. Prisoners released directly from supermax to the community, however, showed significantly higher felony recidivism rates than their nonsupermax controls and committed new offenses sooner than supermax prisoners who left supermax 3 months or more before prison release. Limitations, methodological issues, and policy implications are considered.
Trace Elements in Pennsylvanian Shales in Relation to Environmental Health in Northeastern Pennsylvania

Thirty shale samples from the Wyoming-Lackawanna Valley in northeast Pennsylvania, overlying and underlying major Pennsylvanian coal beds, were chemically analyzed for the trace elements Cr, Ni, and Co which are known to have a carcinogenic effect on human lungs. Several cases of lung cancer were reported among miners in the northern field of the Anthracite Region and the cause was attributed to the presence of radioactive minerals in coal and rock dust. The present study shows the rock formations in the area to have negligible amounts of radioactive material and relatively high concentrations of trace elements. The pattern of relative concentration of the trace elements agrees quite well with the number of lung cancer cases reported from the different regions; the highest is in the southern part of the valley. It is suggested here that the lung cancer cases reported among coal miners in the area could be attributed to long exposure to rock dust containing high concentrations of trace elements.
Autoimmune thyroid disease in pregnant women and their offspring.

ABSTRACT Objective To present an overview of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) that can occur in pregnancy. Methods The major thyroid antibodies that can traverse the maternal-fetal circulation and affect the fetus are summarized, those women at risk of having affected fetuses are identified, and the diagnosis, course, and treatment of AITD in maternal and neonatal patients are discussed. Summary AITD, including Graves’ disease and autoimmune thyroiditis, is common in women of child-bearing age. Rarely, the fetus can be affected because of transplacental passage of maternal IgG. Of the thyroid autoantibodies found in AITD, only those directed against the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor have been shown to cause fetal thyroid dysfunction. Both transient neonatal hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism have been described, as has delayed onset of neonatal hyperthyroidism due to the coexistence of stimulating and blocking TSH receptor antibodies. In general, affected infants are those born to mothers with the most potent antibody activity, and the duration of the neonatal thyroid dysfunction is dependent on the antibody titer and the rate of metabolic clearance from the infant’s circulation. If fetal hyperthyroidism is suspected, maternal TSH receptor antibodies should be measured during the third trimester of pregnancy. For neonatal hypothyroidism, this measurement in the mother or baby soon after birth will suffice. Screening for the presence of TSH receptor antibodies by radioreceptor assay is the most cost-effective approach. If results are positive, bioassay should be done to determine the nature of the antibody activity. Women at risk of having babies with neonatal hyperthyroidism include those with a history of previous affected infants, with difficult to control thyrotoxicosis, or with a history of Graves’ disease and development of hypothyroidism either spontaneously or as a result of thyroid gland ablation. Transient neonatal hypothyroidism due to TSH receptor-blocking antibodies should be suspected in any infant with hypothyroidism born to a mother with AITD (particularly those with previously affected offspring). Conclusion Treatment of maternal hyperthyroidism must consider both maternal and fetal thyroid status. In general, the lowest dose of antithyroid medication sufficient to produce maternal euthyroidism or slight hyperthyroidism is used. In pregnant women with hypothyroidism, doses of L-thyroxine should be sufficient to normalize maternal thyroid function without regard to the fetus. Identification and treatment of affected infants soon after birth will ensure a normal outcome. Whether inadequately treated maternal hypothyroidism is associated with a permanent intellectual deficit in the offspring is currently unknown. (Endocr Pract. 1996; 2:53-61)
Luminal B breast tumors are not HER2 positive – authors' response

The letter from Drs Bhargava and Dabbs [1] expressed concern with the immunohistochemical (IHC) criteria we used to define breast cancer molecular phenotypes in our study [2]. Although expression arrays are the 'gold standard' for defining these subtypes, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that the markers we selected provide a reasonable approximation of molecular phenotypes, as determined by gene expression profiling. For a large study such as ours, in which we collected more than 2,800 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples from cancers occurring over a 20-year period, logistical and technical issues precluded the feasibility of our conducting expression array analyses. The obvious limitation of using IHC markers to define subtypes is that this may result in the misclassification of some tumors. The criteria for defining molecular subtypes according to IHC markers are not standardized. In general, it is accepted that relative to luminal A cancers, luminal B tumors have lower expression levels of estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR) and related genes, higher proliferative rates, and are of higher grade. In addition, some tumors defined as luminal B by expression array are human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2 positive [3]. However, how best to combine various IHC markers to most closely approximate tumor types as defined by expression profiling remains open to debate. One suggested definition of luminal B cancers is the one we used in our study (ER positive or PR positive and HER2 positive). Other large population-based studies have also utilized the same criteria (or other ER positive/HER2 positive criteria) to define luminal B tumors [4-6]. Despite the potential for misclassification of phenotypes when using IHC, we and others [4,5] have demonstrated that IHC marker defined phenotypes are associated with clinical characteristics similar to those seen in studies using expression array defined subtypes. In our preliminary analyses, using the same subtype definitions, we found that women with luminal B tumors have outcomes intermediate between those with luminal A and other subtypes. These findings are consistent with those in subtypes defined by expression array analysis [3]. Drs Bhargava and Dabbs suggest the use of semiquantitative IHC to define and distinguish luminal A and B subtypes [1]. We agree that utilizing a continuous measure of ER maximizes the use of data and may be more biologically informative. However, quantitative assessment of ER by IHC is subject to error because it is highly influenced by variability in pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic factors. Until methodologic studies are conducted that address these issues, it is unclear that our study would benefit from this type of information.
Calcium metabolism in diabetic mother, fetus, and newborn infant

Peripheral blood levels of the minerals and hormones involved in calcium homeostasis were measured in insulin-dependent diabetic patients at delivery, and in umbilical arterial and venous blood. The minerals were also measured in neonatal blood at 24 hours of age. Insulin-dependent diabetic patients at delivery have depressed serum levels of parathyroid hormone, although serum total and ionized calcium levels are not different from those of nondiabetic patients. Fetuses of diabetic mothers are hypocalcemic and have reduced parathyroid hormone levels. Infants of diabetic mothers demonstrate early neonatal hypocalcemia. No differences between diabetic and control patients could be demonstrated in terms of calcitonin or phosphorus levels, in either mother, fetus, or neonate.
Comparative features of comedo and noncomedo ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast on fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

To determine whether fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) can differentiate between comedo (C-DCIS) and noncomedo ductal carcinoma in situ (NC-DCIS), we reviewed retrospectively the preoperative FNAB and surgical biopsy slides of 13 cases of DCIS with adequate cytologic material. Eight were NC-DCIS and 5 were C-DCIS. Three (60 percent) of the C-DCIS and 7 (88%) of the NC-DCIS were nonpalpable lesions biopsied under conventional mammographic guidance. Three (60%) of the C-DCIS but only 2 (25%) of the NC-DCIS were considered either suspicious or positive for malignancy on FNAB, the remainder in both groups being atypical. A statistically significant difference in marked nuclear pleomorphism (60% of C-DCIS vs. 0% of NC-DCIS, P=0.04) and large nucleoli (60% of C-DCIS vs. 0% of NC-DCIS, P=0.04) was observed between these 2 groups. DCIS is morphologically diverse, and it appears that the cytologic features of individual cells on FNAB may distinguish C-DCIS from NC-DCIS. Diagn Cytopalhol 1992;8:571-576. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Behavioral abstraction is hiding information

We show that for any behavioral Σ-specification B there is an ordinary algebraic specification B˜ over a larger signature, such that a model behaviorally satisfies B iff it satisfies, in the ordinary sense, the Σ-theorems of B˜. The idea is to add machinery for contexts and experiments (sorts, operations and equations), use it, and then hide it. We develop a procedure, called unhiding, which takes a finite B and produces a finite B˜. The practical aspect of this procedure is that one can use any standard equational inductive theorem prover to derive behavioral theorems, even if neither equational reasoning nor induction is sound for behavioral satisfaction.
Data management as bibliography

Author(s): Buckland, Michael | Abstract: A critical element in the products of research projects is the data set, largely treated as a marginal appendage to the written record. With the requirement for data management plans in grant proposals to the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health, the issue of managing research data sets is gaining attention. Sharing primary data enables a greater return on the original investment, expanded discovery and fertilization of ideas across disciplines. The major impediment is lack of an infrastructure to archive non- textual data sets, in addition to hurdles including locating data, deterioration, format standardization, permission for use and suitability. It is essential that institutional policies recognize data sets as a key product of intellectual work worthy of inclusion in a bibliography. This must be followed by action to promote their preservation, metadata enrichment, cross-lingual interoperability, geographic and temporal coding and data provenance and to contend with changes over time.
Multiple temporal pattern detection and predictability analysis of complex time-evolving systems

This paper presents a new method, called multiple temporal pattern recognition (MTPR), that is capable of detecting multiple temporal patterns for characterizing and predicting events of interest in the time-evolving system data. The MTPR method embeds time series data into multiple phase spaces with various dimensions and time delays. Then it clusters the embedded data to detect the preliminary temporal patterns. We further performed a three-stage statistical predictability analysis to evaluate the confidence of the detected temporal patterns. At the first stage, we introduced a new predictability measure, pm, to evaluate the temporal patterns and then apply the statistical logistical regression to further validate these patterns. Experimental results are also included to illustrate the MTPR method.
Disparate roles for STAT5 in primary and secondary CTL responses.

IL-2 signals during the primary response to infection are essential in shaping CD8+ T cell fate decisions. How CD8+ T cells integrate IL-2 signals in the development of functional memory is not well understood. Because IL-2 induces potent activation of the STAT5 transcription factor, we tested the role of STAT5 in CD8+ memory T cell differentiation and function using a model system in which STAT5 activity is inducibly abrogated upon CD8+ T cell activation. We report that STAT5 activity is broadly important for the expansion and effector function of all effector CTL subsets. After pathogen clearance, STAT5 was required for the survival of effector phenotype memory CTLs during the contraction phase. However, despite its role in supporting full primary CD8+ T cell expansion, and unlike IL-2, STAT5 activity is not required for the development of memory CD8+ T cells capable of robust secondary expansion upon rechallenge. Our findings highlight differential requirements for survival signals between primary and secondary effector CTL, and demonstrate that IL-2–dependent programming of memory CD8+ T cells capable of secondary expansion and secondary effector differentiation is largely STAT5 independent.
Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865

Between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, Western societies abandoned public executions in favor of private punishments, primarily confinement in penitentiaries and private executions. The transition, guided by a reconceptualization of the causes of crime, the nature of authority, and the purposes of punishment, embodied the triumph of new sensibilities and the reconstitution of cultural values throughout the Western world. This study examines the conflict over capital punishment in the United States and the way it transformed American culture between the Revolution and the Civil War. Relating the gradual shift in rituals of punishment and attitudes toward discipline to the emergence of a middle class culture that valued internal restraints and private punishments, Masur traces the changing configuration of American criminal justice. He examines the design of execution day in the Revolutionary era as a spectacle of civil and religious order, the origins of organized opposition to the death penalty and the invention of the penitentiary, the creation of private executions, reform organizations' commitment to social activism, and the competing visions of humanity and society lodged at the core of the debate over capital punishment. A fascinating and thoughtful look at a topic that remains of burning interest today, Rites of Execution will attract a wide range of scholarly and general readers.
Dynamic real-time optimistic concurrency control

The authors (1990) have shown that in real-time database systems that discard late transactions, optimistic concurrency control outperforms locking. Although the optimistic algorithm used in that study, OPT-BC, did not factor in transaction deadlines in making data conflict resolution decisions, it still outperformed a deadline-cognizant locking algorithm. A discussion is presented of why adding deadline information to optimistic algorithms is a nontrivial problem, and some alternative methods of doing so are described. A new real-time optimistic concurrency control algorithm, WAIT-50, is presented that monitors transaction conflict states and gives precedence to urgent transactions in a controlled manner. WAIT-50 is shown to provide significant performance gains over OPT-BC under a variety of operating conditions and workloads. >
Polyp Volume Versus Linear Size Measurements at CT Colonography: Implications for Noninvasive Surveillance of Unresected Colorectal Lesions

OBJECTIVE. Proposed surveillance of unresected medium-sized (6.0-9.9 mm) polyps will require reliable detection of small incremental changes. The purpose of this study was to assess the reproducibility of linear versus volume measurements of polyp size at CT colonography (CTC) and to correlate results with a hemispheric model.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study group consisted of 30 polyps on supine and prone CTC data sets. Measurements were performed separately by two experienced radiologists using the same CTC system (Vitrea 2), resulting in 120 linear and volume measurements. Linear size was defined as the longest dimension among the 2D multiplanar reconstruction views. Semiautomated volume determination required manual tracing of polyp boundaries on 2D multiplanar reconstruction views. The relative error between reviewers 1 and 2 was defined as 100 × (|D1 - D2|)/Dave for linear size (D) and as 100 × (|V1 - V2)/Vave for volume (V), where ave is average.RESULTS. The mean relative error for linear size and ...
STBM: a fast algorithm to simulate I/sub DDQ/ tests for leakage faults

State-transition-based method (STBM), a fast algorithm for computing leakage fault coverage of I/sub DDQ/ tests and selecting optimal I/sub DDQ/ measurement points, targeting leakage faults, is presented. Experimental results presented show that STBM outperforms all known algorithms for the same problems. A comparative study of leakage and pseudo-stuck-at fault models, the latter used by commercial tool vendors, show that the pseudo-stuck-at coverage values are very pessimistic.
Off-Label Use

Off-label use of drugs and other agents can be very anxiety-producing for doctors because of concerns related to potential malpractice suits. Until quite recently, once an agent was approved it could only be marketed/promoted by the pharmaceutical company for the use or disease indication (intended indication) and in the manner described on the approved written instructions and information or drug label. Uses of the drug to treat other conditions or uses in manners not described on the label are called “off-label” uses. Sometimes, off-label uses are called “unapproved uses” or even “illegal uses”. Using the words “illegal” and “unapproved” is most often intended to convey a characterization which is inappropriate but it does occur, especially when condemning certain medical practices or as part of a malpractice suit attempt. Because the FDA-approved written instructions and information (“label”) are based on information available from the studies submitted in order to obtain marketing approval, the label often ends up being quite narrow compared to a drug’s actual use as determined in practice and by studies not used for FDA approval or label changes. For example, after approval and broad availability and use of a drug, new indications are found based on serendipitous observations and empiric evidence. There is a widening of the criteria for use even for patients who have the labeled indication, because, for example, the diagnostic criteria for the labeled indication are loosened, or combinations of the drug with other agents become the standard of care.
Community Violence Exposure in a Young Adult Sample: Lifetime Prevalence and Socioemotional Effects

This study extends findings of the prevalence and consequences of community violence exposure in at-risk youth to a young adult and low-risk population. A total of 476 male and female university students (mean age = 20.26 years) completed a survey of lifetime exposure to community violence. Based on high and low reports of exposure as a witness or victim, 54 (mean age = 20.5) returned to complete questionnaires on depression, anxiety, and aggression. Of the full sample, 95.6% of respondents reported witnessing and 82% reported being victimized by some form of violence; 81.6% and 44.8% reported experiencing at least three different forms of violence as a witness or victim, respectively. Of the returning subsample, high- versus low-exposure groups reported significantly greater aggression and depression. These findings underscore the persistence of violence-related problems into young adulthood and the unfortunate prevalence of violence even among populations traditionally thought of as low risk.
Nested Patch PCR enables highly multiplexed mutation discovery in candidate genes

Medical resequencing of candidate genes in individual patient samples is becoming increasingly important in the clinic and in clinical research. Medical resequencing requires the amplification and sequencing of many candidate genes in many patient samples. Here we introduce Nested Patch PCR, a novel method for highly multiplexed PCR that is very specific, can sensitively detect SNPs and mutations, and is easy to implement. This is the first method that couples multiplex PCR with sample-specific DNA barcodes and next-generation sequencing to enable highly multiplex mutation discovery in candidate genes for multiple samples in parallel. In our pilot study, we amplified exons from colon cancer and matched normal human genomic DNA. From each sample, we successfully amplified 96% (90 of 94) targeted exons from across the genome, totaling 21.6 kbp of sequence. Ninety percent of all sequencing reads were from targeted exons, demonstrating that Nested Patch PCR is highly specific. We found that the abundance of reads per exon was reproducible across samples. We reliably detected germline SNPs and discovered a colon tumor specific nonsense mutation in APC, a gene causally implicated in colorectal cancer. With Nested Patch PCR, candidate gene mutation discovery across multiple individual patient samples can now utilize the power of second-generation sequencing.
Varying Teacher Expectations and Standards: Curriculum Differentiation in the Age of Standards-Based Reform

Ability grouping and tracking have been a major focus in educational research because of its role in promoting curriculum differentiation. However, there has been limited attention to how this differentiation occurs in contemporary schools involved with reform efforts including those focused on subject specific academic standards designed to improve student access to rigorous academic content. This article examines how varying teacher expectations regarding the implementation of academic standards promotes curriculum differentiation in middle schools involved with comprehensive school reform. Drawing on teacher interview and survey data from five middle schools, the author shows the challenges teachers confronted when implementing standards; the contradictory expectations teachers held toward students; and how teacher expectations affected to what extent standards were evenly applied. Despite the fact that standards are supposed to promote equity, this analysis shows these aims can be compromised by the c...
A Note on the Optical Crystallographic Properties of Certain of the Cardiac Glycosides

The optical crystallographic properties of some of the most important cardiac glycosides have been determined. These properties afford a rapid and accurate means for their identification, as well as a basis for future molecular orientation studies.