cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Consumption in Water Blanching

The energy consumption of a tubular water blancher and a water blancher with screw conveyor were measured as a basis for suggesting energy conserving modifications. The former required 0.54 MJ/kg and the latter 0.91 MJ/kg, indicating the importance of complete steam condensation. A pilot scale experiment with a water blancher heated with heat exchange and by steam injection confirmed the energy savings potential of heating with an exchanger to minimize escape of steam rather than by steam injection.
Forecasting Wheat Exports: Do Exchange Rates Matter?

A vector autoregression is fit to recent U.S. data on wheat prices, wheat export sales, wheat export shipments, and exchange rates. Forecast error decompositions and out-of-sample forecasts indicate that exchange rates have little influence on wheat sales and shipments.
90Y.B72.3 against pancreatic cancer : dosimetric and biological analysis

Nude mice xenografted with a human pancreatic carcinoma cell line were injected with yttrium-90 (90Y) conjugated to diethylene triaminepenta acetic acid (DTPA) alone, and DTPA covalently linked to a monoclonal antibody, B72.3. The animals were sacrificed in temporal sequence to evaluate isotope distribution. Dosimetry was carried out using the principles outlined in MIRD and ICRU Report 32. Results are expressed as percent uptake per unit mass in organs and tumor and as relative absorbed dose normalized to 90Y uptake in liver at 7 hr. When conjugated to B72.3, an 8-fold increase in isotope localization in the tumor was noted by 24 hr. When the relative absorbed dose is calculated for 90Y and 90Y.B72.3, a 26-fold increase in tumor dose is noted for the 90Y conjugate. Normal tissues show no to modest (less than 5x) enhanced dose with 90Y.B72.3. B72.3, therefore, deserves further investigation as a potential monoclonal antibody for targeting therapeutic radioisotopes and possibly diagnostic radioisotopes to pancreatic cancer. Radiobiological aspects of the low dose rates from radioimmunotherapy are discussed.
Thermionic emission energy distributions from nanocrystalline diamond

Thermionic electron emission provides a means of direct energy conversion. Some of the benefits of thermionic power generation include: compactness, scalability, stability, lack of moving parts, and applicability to microscale devices. Taking advantage of these benefits requires the analysis and subsequent manufacturing of materials that emit electrons efficiently and at reasonable temperatures (<1000 °C). We report here on a study being performed to characterize the emission properties of such materials, namely, nanocrystalline diamond with hydrogen and oxygen termination. A hemispherical energy analyzer is used to measure the electron energy distribution from this nanostructured material at elevated temperatures. The effective work function and the presence of regions of differing work functions are determined. Measurements of thermionic emission energy distributions (TEEDs) at temperatures ranging from 573 to 778 °C are presented. The TEEDs show an intriguing development of multiple peaks at higher temperatures, possibly indicating instability in the emitter’s surface chemistry.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Generation of reducing power in chemosynthesis V. The mechanism of pyridine nucleotide reduction by nitrite in the chemoautotroph Nitrobacter agilis

Abstract 1. Cell-free extracts from Nitrobacter catalyzed an energy-dependent reduction of NAD + by NO 2 − ; the process could be driven either at the expense of added ATP or by the energy generated from NO 2 − oxidation. 2. The reduction of cytochrome c by NO 2 − was observed to be an energydependent reaction which involved reversal of electron transfer from cytochrome a 1 . The subsequent energy-linked reduction of the flavoproteins and pyridine nucleotides occurred concomitantly with the oxidation of cytochrome c . 3. The reduction of each mole of NAD + by NO 2 − required the utilization of approx. 5 moles of ATP. These observations are in harmony with the calculated energetics of the overall reverse electron flow process which involves a free energy gap of some 35 kcal. 4. Under conditions when ATP was limiting, the energy-linked reduction of 1 molecule of NAD + by nitrite required the concomitant oxidation of 2 molecules of cytochrome c . However, when the process was driven by an optimal ATP concentration (0.7 mM), the rate of NAD + reduction was about 1.5-fold compared to the rate of cytochrome c oxidation. 5. The process of energy-linked reversal of electron transfer in Nitrobacter was markedly sensitive to the inhibitors of the flavoprotein systems as well as to antimycin A or 2- n -heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N -oxide. In addition, CN − was observed to be a potent inhibitor. The uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation caused a strong inhibition of the ATP-linked reverse electron transfer, and the energy transfer from ATP to drive reverse electron flow was also inhibited by oligomycin.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE SUPPLY CURVE FOR LIQUIDITY RISK THROUGH BOOK DATA

We use order book data combined with tick data to analyze the supply curve models of liquidity issues in stock and option market trading. We show that supply curves really exist, and further that for highly liquid stocks they are linear. For slightly less liquid stocks the supply curve tends to be jump linear.
Age hardening of orthodontic beta titanium alloys

Metastable beta titanium alloys have been shown to be effective in orthodontic therapy because of their low modulus of elasticity and good springback, forming, and welding characteristics. Although used in the as-drawn condition, these alloys are also age hardenable through precipitation of the alpha phase in the beta matrix. The effect of aging temperature, aging time, and prior cold work on the mechanical properties of fine wires of Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al and Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn were determined. The latter alloy was more responsive to aging. Aging at 900°F for 14 h produced increases of approximately 40% in the modulus of elasticity, the yield and ultimate strengths. There was a corresponding decrease in ductility. The resulting wires could be useful in clinical situations requiring a high-yield strength and a stiffness intermediate between as-drawn beta titanium and stainless steel, the elastic moduli of which are 10 and 28 × 106 psi, respectively.
Rotating laminar emission camera with Ge-detector: further developments.

A germanium(Ge)camera with laminar collimator–detector geometry, ROLEC, simulating a 195×195 mm2detection area, has been constructed and tested. The detector consists of five separate Ge blocks grooved into distinct electrical channels. Results show that ROLEC measuring times have to be about 3× greater than Anger camerameasuring times to achieve a 5% signal‐to‐noise ratio with each device. Both spatial and energy resolution of the ROLEC exceed that of the Anger camera but sensitivity variations along the detector strips pose a significant problem in development of a clinically useful device.
Induction of Fos-Like Proteins and Ultrasonic Vocalizations during Ethanol Withdrawal: Further Evidence for Withdrawal-Induced Anxiety

The ethanol withdrawal syndrome includes anxiety as a prominent symptom. Because the extent that specific regions of brain are critical to the generation of this emotional state is unknown, Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) was used to associate specific regions of the rat brain with the anxiety component of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome exacerbated by an air puff challenge in rats. Chronic ethanol liquid diet was administered intragastrically for 4 days or by having the rats consume the diet for 14 days. During withdrawal from either treatment protocol, Fos-LI was induced most prominently in forebrain areas, although the midbrain and hindbrain were also represented. Included in these Fos-U positive regions were many cortical regions, septum, accumbens, claustrum, amygdala, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus and hypothalamus, hippocampus, locus coeruleus, and central gray. Fos-LI expression differed mostly in intensity between the two treatment and withdrawal protocols, with the gastric protocol producing the greatest Fos-LI induction in most brain regions. The threshold for air puff-induced ultrasonic vocalizations was decreased, and the number of vocalizations was increased and the period of vocalization was extended. These behavioral data indicate that aversively motivated responding in rats during ethanol withdrawal can be readily quantified with the ultrasonic vocalizations test without precipitating convulsive activity. Furthermore, a comparison of the effects of the air puff challenge versus withdrawal on Fos-LI indicated that the behavioral state induced in these two situations share functional neuroanatomical features. Some regions-such as the accumbens core, medial septum, subregions of the amygdala, hippocampus, substantia nigra, and cerebellum-exhibited little Fos-LI during withdrawal and also did not exhibit strong increases after the addition of the air puff challenge. However, other regions-such as the cerebral cortex (medial prefrontal, frontal, cingulate and ventrolateral orbital, claustrum, and tenia tecta), hypothalamus, and locus ceoruleus-exhibited Fos-LI at levels higher than that seen after either the ethanol withdrawal or puff challenge alone. These overlapping patterns of Fos-LI in specific regions of the brain, activated by both ethanol withdrawal and an anxiety provoking behavioral challenge, suggest that specific neuroanatomical sites in brain are associated with the symptom of anxiety observed during the ethanol withdrawal syndrome..
A liquid, colorimetric presence-absence coliphage detection method

A liquid, colorimetric presence-absence coliphage detection method based on the induction of beta-galactosidase by Escherichia coli is described. The release of beta-galactosidase in the medium due to lytic cell infections by coliphages permits the hydrolysis of a yellow chromogenic substrate that develops into a distinct red coliphage positive sample, while a coliphage negative sample remains yellow. This method has proven to be rapid, simpler to perform than an agar medium assay, easy to read and interpret, inexpensive, and highly sensitive.
Regulation of V(D)J recombination by transcriptional promoters

Enhancer elements potentiate the rearrangement of antigen receptor loci via changes in the accessibility of gene segment clusters to V(D)J recombinase. Here, we show that enhancer activity per se is insufficient to target T-cell receptor β miniloci for DβJβ recombination. Instead, a promoter situated 5′ to Dβ1 (PDβ) was required for efficient rearrangement of chromosomal substrates. A critical function for promoters in regulating gene segment accessibility was further supported by the ability of heterologous promoters to direct rearrangement of enhancer-containing substrates. Importantly, activation of a synthetic tetracycline-inducible promoter (Ptet) positioned upstream from the Dβ gene segment was sufficient to target recombination of miniloci lacking a distal enhancer element. The latter result suggests that DNA loops, generated by interactions between flanking promoter and enhancer elements, are not required for efficient recognition of chromosomal gene segments by V(D)J recombinase. Unexpectedly, the Ptet substrate exhibited normal levels of rearrangement despite its retention of a hypermethylated DNA status within the DβJβ cluster. Together, our findings support a model in which promoter activation, rather than intrinsic properties of enhancers, is the primary determinant for regulating recombinational accessibility within antigen receptor loci.
High-Resolution Measurements of Auger-Electron and Photoelectron Structure in the Secondary-Electron Energy Distributions of Aluminum, Nickel, and Copper

Measurements are reported of selected structure in the secondary-electron energy distributions of evaporated aluminum, nickel, and copper. The specimens were bombarded with 3-keV electrons and the secondary structure was measured with a resolution of 0.1 eV. For each metal, it was hoped to measure Auger transitions involving two relatively narrow inner-shell levels and the valence band in order to obtain information on the valence-band density of states. Attempts were made to observe the Al $K{L}_{2,3}M$ Auger-electron energy distribution expected at about 1470 eV. Structure was, however, observed with a high-energy edge of 1485.9 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.5 eV and a breadth of 8-9 eV. This structure was interpreted as being due to photoemission of valence electrons by internally generated $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x rays and was similar to uv photoelectron energy distributions and to the calculated density of states. Inelastic scattering of the photoelectrons obscures the expected Al $K{L}_{2,3}M$ structure. Auger-electron peaks in the ranges 730-800 and 820-865 eV were measured in the secondary-electron energy spectra for nickel and copper, respectively. Structure was observed in the ${L}_{3}{M}_{2,3}{M}_{4,5}$ Auger transition (over a range of about 20 eV) that could be associated in part with the final atomic states and in part with over-all features of the $3d$-band density of states as determined by soft-x-ray-emission spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is believed that Auger-electron spectra can yield useful data on changes of electronic structure (e.g., by alloying or by compounding) but, in general, density-of-states data cannot be derived from the Auger spectra without detailed knowledge of the final states expected after the Auger transition of interest.
Increased spatial dominance in high nitrogen, saturated soil due to clonal architecture plasticity of the invasive wetland plant, Phalaris arundinacea

Clonality as a plant growth strategy has been a successful adaptation contributing to clonal plants being the dominant vegetation in many ecosystems and has been implicated as a significant factor contributing to invasiveness. The objective of this study was to determine if Phalaris arundinacea, an invasive wetland plant, modifies its clonal growth behavior when grown in high resource conditions. When grown in ideal conditions (high soil-N and moisture), we hypothesized that along with an increase in tiller production and robustness (biomass per tiller), P. arundinacea would increase the spatial spread of tiller placement (distance from parent and daughters). To test this we conducted a greenhouse study in which we grew P. arundinacea seedlings under two soil-N levels (no nitrate addition or 40 g N m−2 year−1) at two soil moisture levels (dry or saturated) for 10 weeks and recorded the placement (angle and distance from the parent plant) of each tiller produced. Total aboveground and belowground biomass, shoot/root ratio, and biomass per tiller were measured at the conclusion of the experiment. Plants grown in saturated conditions produced significantly more tillers that were more widely dispersed. Surprisingly, soil-N did not significantly affect most characteristics of spatial pattern, though soil-N did affect biomass production, shoot/root ratio, and biomass per tiller. These results indicate soil moisture and soil-N affect different aspects of the clonal growth behavior of P. arundinacea in the early stage of colonization. This new information provides a mechanism to explain how P. arundinacea aggressively competes for space in wetland habitats.
Predictive Load Balancing for Interconnected FPGAs

A field programmable gate array (FPGA), when used as a platform for implementing special-purpose computing architectures, offers the potential for increased functional parallelism over the alternative approach of software running on a general-purpose microprocessor. However, the increasing disparity between the logic speed and density of a state-of-the-art FPGA versus a state-of-the-art microprocessor has already begun to negate the benefits of this increased functional parallelism for all but a limited set of applications. The authors believe that the solution to this problem is to construct distributed multi-FPGA architectures to aggregate the parallelism of multiple FPGAs. Such a system would require a high-capacity interconnect, and thus arranging the FPGAs onto a scalable direct network was proposed. This strategy requires each FPGA to contain an integrated router that must share the logic fabric with the application logic. This paper proposed a novel routing technique that can significantly boost such a network's capacity and be implemented into compact and efficient routers. The authors begin with an existing lightweight routing algorithm and augment it with a novel technique called predictive load balancing, where routers collect information about the blocking behavior on their output ports and use this information when making routing decisions
Posttraumatic stress disorder with neurogenic amnesia for the traumatic event

Abstract Patients who meet established criteria for head injury with neurogenic amnesia occasionally also present with symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, at present, no generally acceptable means is available to diagnose PTSD when the causal event also has resulted in neurogenic amnesia. The reason for this diagnostic dilemma is that the definition of PTSD appears to imply memory for the trauma that at least potentially is accessible to consciousness. Contemporary understanding of the diverse nature of memory and its neurological substrate has provided a new basis for clarifying the co-occurrence of PTSD and neurogenic amnesia for the trauma. We present two cases of PTSD with neurogenic amnesia and a theoretical framework that allows sensible dual diagnosis. Dual diagnosis should lead to a rational therapy for PTSD in head-injured patients.
Comparison of Visual Motifs in Jihadi and Cholo Videos on YouTube

Homegrown Sunni extremists (jihadis) and Latin American street gang members (cholos) represent potential threats to national security. Both groups are known to inhabit the video- sharing website YouTube. Videos representative of each group were selected at random, and the visual motifs in the videos were categorized. Findings suggest similarities and differences between the two groups that may have significance for how practitioners address each threat, and for determining the likelihood that the two groups may begin to work in concert. The portraits that emerge of jihadis and cholos may assist in developing strategies to counter the violence perpetrated by each.
Phantom studies simulating the impact of trabecular structure on marrow relaxation time, T2′

Phantom studies were conducted to investigate the impact of trabecular structure on the T2′ signal measured by MRI. For a separation of density from structural effects, several phantoms were built. They consisted of parallel polyethylene strings arranged in a variety of different patterns to simulate (a) a constant uniform trabecular distribution with increasing trabecular thickness and (b) different structures with identical overall trabecular density. An asymmetric spin echo sequence was used to determine the apparent relaxation time T2′. Changes in T2′ are induced by susceptibility differences between the polyethylene strings simulating trabeculae and Gd-TPA doped saline simulating bone marrow. The results showed an increasing T2′ decay rate with (a) decreasing spacing while the string density was constant and (b) with increasing string density while the string arrangement was constant. The results demonstrate that the T2′ signal is affected not only by density but also by spatial distribution. However, the results also indicate that a separation of the two effects is not possible from a T2′ measurement alone, but that e.g., a matching CT slice that would provide purely density information is additionally needed. Theoretical simulations confirmed these results.
Calcineurin Inhibition as Therapy for Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure Requiescat in Pace

Congestive heart failure is a major public health problem that is increasing, despite a reduced incidence and prevalence of other forms of cardiovascular disease. Initially, the heart responds to diverse pathological stimuli by an increase in mass achieved principally by enlargement of terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes. The resulting augmented chamber mass provides temporary maintenance of wall stress and organ function. If the pathological stimulus is sufficiently intense or prolonged, decompensated hypertrophy characterized by diminished cardiomyocyte and organ function occurs, and the syndrome of congestive heart failure ensues.1 Over the past decade, the application of molecular and cellular biological techniques to this process has begun to provide mechanistic insights into the subcellular processes responsible for impaired cardiac function in hypertrophy and failure.2 Evidence has accumulated to implicate both cell death (necrosis and apoptosis) and chamber remodeling due to alterations in the extracellular matrix in the pathogenesis of heart failure. In addition, multiple laboratories have focused on biochemical alterations intrinsic to the cardiomyocyte, such as abnormalities of calcium homeostasis, altered myofilament activation, and altered abundance or activity of sarcolemmal ion pumps and channels. In particular, a number of laboratories using a variety of in vitro and in vivo approaches have implicated changes in signal transduction pathways in the development of this pathological process. In this context, intense interest was recently evoked by the elucidation of a new cardiomyocyte signal transduction pathway that could initiate cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Molkentin et al3 demonstrated that the calcium calmodulin–dependant protein phosphatase calcineurin can activate hypertrophic signals in vitro using neonatal cardiomyocytes and in vivo using transgenic mice that overexpressed components of the …
Structural-mechanical coupling between accordion-like honeycomb scaffold, collagen and cardiomyocytes in engineered cardiac tissues

Mechanical and morphological anisotropy play key roles in the function of native cardiac tissues. In the current study, finite element simulations, morphological and mechanical analysis were used to investigate interactions between the geometry of accordion-like honeycomb poly(glycerol sebacate) scaffolds and cardiomyocytes seeded via a collagen solution gelled within the pores. Specifically, the mechanical behavior of the accordion-like honeycomb scaffold itself, as well as the statistical arrangement of the collagen fibrils within the pores, were determined from uniaxial tensile testing, finite element simulations, and image analysis of confocal reflectance micrographs. Further, the shape, orientation, and deformation of individual, fluorescently labeled cardiomyocytes within the collagen gel-filled accordion-like honeycomb pores, were measured from 3-D reconstructions of laser scanning confocal z-stacks and compared with finite element predictions. Collectively, these results contribute toward our understanding of how scaffold microarchitecture imparts at both the macro-and micro-scales in promoting the formation of anisotropic engineered tissues mimicking myocardial structural-mechanics.
Subsurface extensions of the Santa Rita–Hanover axis: A major early Tertiary structure, New Mexico

Structural data and field relationships in the southern part of the Mogollon Plateau volcanic province of southwestern New Mexico show that significant shallow intrusive activity occurred during early Tertiary time along a north-northeast–trending belt 1.5 to 3.0 km wide and 35 to 45 km long. Magmas were injected into Paleozoic-Mesozoic sedimentary strata, causing arching and other deformation of the country rocks. The resulting structure, called the Santa Rita-Hanover axis, initially had considerable topographic relief. It acted as a barrier to mid-Tertiary volcanic flows, causing the development of two volcanic subprovinces. The Santa Rita and Hanover-Fierro intrusions define the southern part of the axis and are associated with large deposits of copper, zinc, and iron, which give the structure major economic importance. Other ore deposits may also be associated with the axis.
Microcalcification classification assisted by content-based image retrieval for breast cancer diagnosis

In this paper, we propose a microcalcification classification scheme, assisted by content-based mammogram retrieval, for breast cancer diagnosis. We recently developed a machine learning approach for mammogram retrieval where the similarity measure between two lesion mammograms was modeled after expert observers. In this work, we investigate how to use retrieved similar cases as references to improve the performance of a numerical classifier. Our rationale is that by adaptively incorporating local proximity information into a classifier, it can help to improve its classification accuracy, thereby leading to an improved ''second opinion'' to radiologists. Our experimental results on a mammogram database demonstrate that the proposed retrieval-driven approach with an adaptive support vector machine (SVM) could improve the classification performance from 0.78 to 0.82 in terms of the area under the ROC curve.
Buyer Liability and Voluntary Inspections in International Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading: A Laboratory Study

This paper reports a preliminary laboratory experiment in which traders make investments to increase the reliability of tradable instruments that represent greenhouse gas emissions allowances. In one half of the sessions these investments are unobservable, while in the other half traders can invite costless and accurate inspections that make reliability investments public. We implement a buyer liability rule, so that if emissions reductions are unreliable (i.e., sellers default), the buyer of the allowances cannot redeem them to cover emissions. We find that allowing inspections significantly increases the reliability investment rate and overall efficiency. Prices of uninspected allowances usually trade at a substantial discount due to the buyer liability rule, which provides a strong market incentive for sellers to invest in reliability.
Robcast: A Singlehop Reliable Broadcast Protocol forWireless Sensor Networks

Empirical studies show that wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are extremely prone to the hidden terminal problem. As much as 50% of packet losses have been blamed to the hidden terminal problem under bursty communication. Current protocols use RTS-CTS handshakes to avoid collisions and alleviate the hidden terminal problem for uni- cast communication. However, it is not possible to directly or efficiently generalize this approach to broadcast communication. Motivated by this problem, we propose Robcast, a round-based self-stabilizing protocol for reliably broadcasting data using receiver-side collision detection feedback. The singlehop level reliability of Robcast can form a building block on which future applications and protocols can be designed for WSNs.
Mathematical Modeling of Ultradeep Sequencing Data Reveals that Acute CD8+ T-Lymphocyte Responses Exert Strong Selective Pressure in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques but Still Fail To Clear Founder Epitope Sequences

The prominent role of antiviral cytotoxic CD8+ T-lymphocytes (CD8-TL) in containing the acute viremia of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and SIV) has rationalized the development of T-cell-based vaccines. However, the presence of escape mutations in the acute stage of infection has raised a concern that accelerated escape from vaccine-induced CD8-TL responses might undermine vaccine efficacy. We reanalyzed previously published data of 101,822 viral genomes of three CD8-TL epitopes, Nef103-111RM9 (RM9), Tat28-35SL8 (SL8), and Gag181-189CM9 (CM9), sampled by ultradeep pyrosequencing from eight macaques. Multiple epitope variants appeared during the resolution of acute viremia, followed by the predominance of a single mutant epitope. By fitting a mathematical model, we estimated the first acute escape rate as 0.36 day−1 within escape-prone epitopes, RM9 and SL8, and the chronic escape rate as 0.014 day−1 within the CM9 epitope. Our estimate of SIV acute escape rates was found to be comparable to very early HIV-1 escape rates. The timing of the first escape was more highly correlated with the timing of the peak CD8-TL response than with the magnitude of the CD8-TL response. The transmitted epitope decayed more than 400 times faster during the acute viral decline stage than predicted by a neutral evolution model. However, the founder epitope persisted as a minor population even at the viral set point; in contrast, the majority of acute escape epitopes were completely cleared. Our results suggest that a reservoir of SIV infection is preferentially formed by virus with the transmitted epitope.
A reflective conversation with Joe Renzulli and Sally Reis About the Renzulli learning system

In this reflective conversation, Dr. Joe Renzulli and Dr. Sally Reis respond to questions about the newly developed Renzulli Learning System. They discuss the system in light of the Schoolwide Enri...
Dynamic maintenance of web indexes using landmarks

Recent work on incremental crawling has enabled the indexed document collection of a search engine to be more synchronized with the changing World Wide Web. However, this synchronized collection is not immediately searchable, because the keyword index is rebuilt from scratch less frequently than the collection can be refreshed. An inverted index is usually used to index documents crawled from the web. Complete index rebuild at high frequency is expensive. Previous work on incremental inverted index updates have been restricted to adding and removing documents. Updating the inverted index for previously indexed documents that have changed has not been addressed.In this paper, we propose an efficient method to update the inverted index for previously indexed documents whose contents have changed. Our method uses the idea of landmarks together with the diff algorithm to significantly reduce the number of postings in the inverted index that need to be updated. Our experiments verify that our landmark-diff method results in significant savings in the number of update operations on the inverted index.
An Approximate Analysis of Roll/Trim Dispersion

An approximate approach for estimating roll/trim re-entry dispersion has been developed. Mean roll rate, spin variance, percent roll through zero, percent second encounter, and impact miss have been described by analytical expressions which permit the influence of design parameters to be rapidly assessed. This approximate analysis is suitable for guiding the development of empirical correlations based on existing flight data or Monte Carlo computations and for computation of relative performance in preliminary design studies where large numbers of configuration s and trajectory points must be surveyed.
Principles of Contrast Medium Delivery and Scan Timing in MDCT

The advent of multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) technology has brought substantial advantages over single-detector-row CT (SDCT) in terms of image quality and clinical practice. The dramatically improved spatial and temporal resolution achievable on MDCT permits previously highly technically demanding clinical applications such as CT angiography (CTA) and cardiac CT to be practiced routinely.
Design and Implementation of Workflow Engine for Process Planning Based on GSPN

In order to implement flow management of process planning and meet the process information requirements in manufacturing enterprises, workflow technology was introduced to analyze the activities of process planning. It was extremely important for workflow modeling of process planning. Based on the flow analysis of process planning, the modeling generalized stochastic Petri nets (GSPN)-based was proposed. The relationship of actual process planning and the elements of GSPN were studied. Workflow engine as the core of the whole workflow system supplied the system execution environment, so the design and implementation is the key of the system. The design method and development flow of workflow engine were discussed based on JBOSS JBPM. Finally, a workflow system of process planning based on the model was developed, which greatly improved the flow management capability and the efficiency of process planning.
Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor–Like Growth Factor, Collateral Vessel Development, and Angiogenesis in Skeletal Muscle Ischemia

Objective— Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor–like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a potent mitogen for smooth muscle cells and has been implicated in atherosclerosis, tissue regeneration after ischemia, vascular development, and tumor angiogenesis. We examined the hypothesis that HB-EGF participates in angiogenesis and collateral growth in ischemia. Methods and Results— During 3 weeks after femoral artery ligation, no attenuation occurred in recovery of hindlimb perfusion or distal saphenous artery flow in HB-EGF–null (HB-EGF−/−) versus wild-type mice. Lumen diameters of remodeled collaterals in gracilis muscle were similar by morphometry (87±8 versus 94±6 μm) and angiography, although medial thickening was reduced. Gastrocnemius muscle underwent comparable angiogenesis (41% and 33% increase in capillary-to-muscle fiber ratio). Renal renin mRNA, arterial pressure, and heart rate during anesthesia or conscious unrestrained conditions were similar between groups. These latter findings validate comparisons o...
The Oklahoma earthquake of April 9, 1952*

The Oklahoma earthquake of April 9, 1952 provided an instrumental study of seismograms throughout the United States. There is good evidence for the existence of crustal layers, and consequently a shallow depth of focus. The normal velocities of P and S obtained were 8.07 and 4.43 km/sec. This paper is a summary of a Master's thesis in geophysics at the Saint Louis University Institute of Technology. The complete thesis may be consulted in the Institute library.
Perioperative myocardial infarction.

Abstract POMI can occur during all types of cardiac surgery, but is most common during coronary artery surgery. Although the causes of POMI are usually multifactorial, an understanding of these causes provides the clinician a better basis for developing strategies to prevent as well as treat this complication. POMI usually results in a benign postoperative course, but can contribute to intra- or postoperative death, postoperative low cardiac output syndrome, as well as diminished long-term exercise tolerance and survival. These latter events highlight the importance of POMI after cardiac surgery and depend on the extent and location of the infarct as well as the functionality of the remaining viable myocardium. Future advances in surgical, medical, and anesthetic management will be necessary to further decrease the incidence and severity of POMI so as to afford patients the best chance of survival and a productive life after heart surgery.
Epitaxial Growth of AlN on 3C-SiC and Al2O3 Substrates

A1N films were grown on the (100) plane of 3C-SiC/Si and the (0001) plane of A12O3 substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using trimethylaluminum (TMA) and ammonia (NH3) as the precursors. The deposited films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a Read thin film camera. At 1150°C, preferentially oriented polycrystalline AlN films were obtained on both substrates and the crystal structure was wurtzite. The epitaxial relations were (1010)AlN//(100)SiC//(100)Si and (0001)AlN// (0001)Al2O3. The attempt to grow cubic AlN on 3C-SiC/Si was not successful.
“Say It How It Is”: Urban Teenage Girls Challenge and Perpetuate Stereotypes Through Writing and Performing Theatre

This article examines how urban teenage girls of color challenge and perpetuate stereotypes through writing and performing theatre. The girls in this study are participants in a performing arts education organization that offers free after school arts programs to teenage girls. In addition to researcher, I am also the cofounder and served as executive director of the organization and facilitated or codirected the theatre projects discussed in this study. I implemented a qualitative, arts-based methodology where I analyzed the creative writing and performances that the girls created, their rehearsal observations, as well as semistructured interviews and “slow motion interviews,” a new interviewing technique whereby I gave each participant a tape recorder and a list of questions and invited her to record her responses in her own time and space. I examined how girls are influenced by stereotypes about love, sexuality, and violence as they tell the stories of their own experiences both onstage and offstage. F...
155 THE EARLY INSULIN RESPONSE DURING AN ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST EXHIBITS MARKED DAY-TO-DAY VARIABILITY IN FREE-LIVING ADULTS.: Table

The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is often performed in large epidemiology or intervention studies with measures of the early insulin response from this test used to estimate β-cell function. To determine the day-to-day variability of the insulin response and other OGTT measures, we studied 25 healthy adults [10 normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 6 impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 9 type 2 diabetes (DM)] with a standard 75 g OGTT performed on two separate days [median 7 days apart (range 5-14 days)]. Subjects were told to follow their same daily routine and to fast overnight. Glucose and insulin were measured at -10, -5, 0, 30, 60, 90. and 120 minutes. Insulin sensitivity was determined by 1/HOMA (22.5/fasting insulin × fasting glucose). The insulin response was determined as the ratio of the change in insulin for the change in glucose over the first 30 minutes (ΔI/ΔG 30 min) and the ratio of the incremental area under the curve from 0-120 minutes for insulin and glucose (incAUCins/incAUCglu). The within subject % coefficient of variation (CV) was computed. Results None of the OGTT variables or weight differed significantly between the study days. Each variable on study day 1 was highly correlated with the same variable on study day 2 (r = .89-.99, p Conclusions The early insulin response (ΔI/ΔG 30 min) during the OGTT shows marked within-subject variability from day to day. Studies that use this as a measure of β-cell function need to take this variability into account when calculating sample size.
Autogenous Tunica Vaginalis Graft for Peyronie’s Disease: An Experimental Study and its Clinical Application

AbstractTunica vaginalis autografting was done after patches of tunica albuginea of the penis were excised in 5 dogs. Examination of these grafts 4 to 12 weeks later showed that they were well accepted. A selected group of 5 patients with Peyronie’s disease underwent excision of Peyronie’s plaques and autogenous tunica vaginalis grafting with satisfactory results in all cases.
Who led whom

Public opinion was well ahead of political opinion in calling attention to the rising problem of crime. James Q.Wilson (1975, p. xvi) Public opinion matters. At least that is the central argument of this book. Many scholars, however, have argued that on the issue of criminal justice, the public has followed , not led, politicians. The argument that politicians have led the mass public offers a potential challenge to this book's thesis. After all, if public opinion simply follows political elites, we cannot think of the public as influencing criminal justice outcomes. Thus, this chapter examines the onset of tough-on-crime political rhetoric and whether this rhetoric typically followed or led public opinion. This chapter proceeds as follows. First, I explain why we might expect political elites to follow the public's preferences. I then use survey data, campaign speeches, and archival memos to evaluate these claims. The analysis pays special attention to Barry Goldwater and Richard Nixon, two of the politicians most associated with the onset of tough-on-crime rhetoric. Before proceeding, I should clarify how I use the terms political elites and politicians . The term political elites can refer to a broad group that includes politicians as well as others in government who are not elected (such as cabinet appointees and judical appointees) and those directly connected to politicians and government (such as campaign advisers). Throughout this chapter, however, I use political elites and politicians interchangeably. I use this more narrow conception of political elite because the visibility of politicians — especially politicians of national prominence — means they are best positioned to influence public opinion. Thus, the discussion of political elites primarily focuses on presidents and presidential candidates in order to consider the political elites most likely to influence the public. The media represent another important source of elite information. Although media convey political information, because they are outside of the political system, I do not consider media as “political” elites. I explore the relationship between media and punitive attitudes in Chapter 4. POLITICAL AND PUBLIC CONCERN FOR CRIME To some extent, the public and politicians influence each other. For example, public opinion may influence what politicians say or the policies they enact. However, these political speeches and policies, which were designed to reflect public opinion, may, in turn, influence the public.
The Han Cosmic Board (Shih)

The Warring States and Ch'in-Han periods witnessed not only an efflorescence of cosmological speculation but along with it the growth of intricate systems of divination, astrology, geomancy, and magic. The internal structure of the cosmos, elaborated in terms of Yin-Yang and Five Phase theories, was treated as something which could be manipulated to the advantage of a person who was initiated into the secret operations of the universe. Thus the Yin-Yang and Five Phase cycles, the trigrams of the Book of Changes, the sexagenary cycle of Celestial Stems and Earthly Branches, as well as various calendrical and astronomical observations, all served as the raw material for a diverse array of esoteric arts.
Improving the radiation hardness of graphene field effect transistors

Ionizing radiation poses a significant challenge to the operation and reliability of conventional silicon-based devices. Here, we report the effects of gamma radiation on graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs), along with a method to mitigate those effects by developing a radiation-hardened version of our back-gated GFETs. We demonstrate that activated atmospheric oxygen from the gamma ray interaction with air damages the semiconductor device, and damage to the substrate contributes additional threshold voltage instability. Our radiation-hardened devices, which have protection against these two effects, exhibit minimal performance degradation, improved stability, and significantly reduced hysteresis after prolonged gamma radiation exposure. We believe this work provides an insight into graphene's interactions with ionizing radiation that could enable future graphene-based electronic devices to be used for space, military, and other radiation-sensitive applications.
Estimating and compensating for water currents: Field testing

This paper describes field testing of state estimation and navigation for autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) operation in the presence of water currents. In the presented approach, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) is used to estimate the water currents in the north and east directions in real-time during AUV missions. These water current estimates are then used to compensate the desired AUV heading so that the resultant velocity vector of the AUV achieves proper waypoint path following behavior. This work builds on previous evaluation of the approach in simulation; here, we present results from preliminary field testing.
MOS-bipolar monolithic integrated circuit technology

A technique for the fabrication of p-channel MOS transistors and bipolar transistors within monolithic integrated circuits is described. Total process compatibility has been achieved without compromising either the n-p-n bipolar or p-channel MOS characteristics. The technology developed is similar to that used for conventional integrated circuits until the channel oxidation step, A low temperature oxidation followed by a high temperature anneal process that produces negligible changes in preceding diffusion profiles was used to form this oxide. Bias temperature tests of MOS capacitors have shown the oxide to be reproducibly free of contamination. A high slew rate MOS bipolar operational amplifier has been designed and fabricated on 0.045- by 0.045-in chip using the new technology. Typical characteristics are slew rate =80 V/µs voltage gain = 70 dB. The MOS transistors are used as active loads and level shifters in this circuit and provide a much improved frequency response over conventional circuits using p-n-p lateral transistors.
Design, Needs, and Aspirations in International Development

As with other forms of social change, international development requires deep changes in human attitudes, skills, and values. Traditional design, however, stresses convenience and accommodation of users. Thus, while development requires human change, designers seek to avoid any need for people to change. This mismatch between the demands of social change and the mainstream attitude of design is at the heart of a range of persistent challenges in ICT for development. I propose that the problem can be addressed in part by shifting from an approach based on needs to an approach based on aspirations.
Spatio-temporal variation in prevalence and intensity of trematodes responsible for waterfowl die-offs in faucet snail-infested waterbodies of Minnesota, USA.

Abstract Several non-native trematodes hosted by the invasive Eurasian faucet snail, Bithynia tentaculata, have been causing die-offs of waterfowl in the Midwestern United States and Canada for several decades. Because of the potential implications of these die-offs on waterfowl in non-native settings, it is necessary to better understand the trematodes that cause the die-offs. Here, we studied the spatio-temporal dynamics of two trematodes, Cyathocotyle bushiensis and Sphaeridiotrema spp., known to infect waterfowl in northern Minnesota, USA, via their intermediate host, the faucet snail (Bithynia tentaculata). We studied prevalence (% of snails infected within a sample) and intensity (mean number of parasites per infected snail within a sample) of faucet snail infection with these two trematodes in small lakes, large lakes, ponds, and rivers in northern Minnesota in the spring, summer, and fall of 2011–2013. We tested whether parasite prevalence and infection intensity could be explained spatially (as a function of the abundance of faucet snails, average snail size, water depth, and proximity to known waterfowl groups) and temporally (across years and seasons) using generalized estimating equation models. The spatial and temporal patterns we observed varied within and among waterbodies. For both parasite species, parasite prevalence and intensity of infection were consistently higher in samples with larger snails and in deeper portions of the waterbodies. In Lake Winnibigoshish, prevalence was lower farther from the large waterfowl groups we observed, but the abundance of snails in a sample had no effect on prevalence or intensity of infection. Our findings help improve understanding of this multi-species system, but also illustrate the complexity of modeling the spatial and temporal dynamics of infections in waterbodies that are so variable in size, shape, waterfowl use, and function.