cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capitalism Is Alive and Well: How Venture Entrepreneurs Saved Schumpeter's Entrepreneur

Joseph Schumpeter lamented that capitalism would not survive because he thought that its defining process—creative destruction—would be overshadowed by large firms. Witnessing the emergence of rising numbers of increasingly large firms, Schumpeter did not think that those responsible for creative destruction—individual entrepreneurs—would be able to obtain sufficient funding to be able develop and launch new products competitively. Because Schumpeterian entrepreneurs and creative destruction continue today in free market economies—palpably throughout the information revolution—his dismal assessment of capitalism’s prospects arouses curiosity. How have individuals been able to fund new-product launchings that challenge the products made broadly available by large firms? In this paper, we argue that venture capital entrepreneurs, emerging in force only after Schumpeter's death, made it possible for Schumpeterian entrepreneurs, and capitalism with them, to survive and thrive. Even though the venture capital revolution has contravened Schumpeter’s famous doom and gloom prophesy, this does not diminish the insightfulness of Schumpeter’s explanation of how, under capitalism, revolutionary change unfolds. Unanticipated by Schumpeter, it was individual entrepreneurs, those he thought would be subsumed, who gave birth to the venture capital revolution and secured the future of entrepreneurs, creative destruction, and capitalism.
Psychotherapy, Managed Care, and the Economy of Interaction

Much of the dispute over the value of long-term psychotherapy in a managed-care system has focused on issues of time and money. This paper reviews the arguments put forth by defenders of psychother...
Dexmedetomidine extraction by the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit: results from an in vitro study:

Background:Dexmedetomidine is a sedative administered to minimize distress and decrease the risk of life threatening complications in children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Th...
High-Performance Impact-Resistant Concrete Mixture for Transportation Infrastructure Applications:

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) is a class of high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites featuring metal-like strain-hardening behavior under tension and high ductility. The...
THE EFFECT OF BIRTH WEIGHT ON MORTALITY IN INFANTS WITH CRITICAL CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Infants with critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) are more likely to have fetal growth restriction and subsequently be small for gestational age (SGA) at birth. While SGA infants with CCHD are known to have poor postnatal outcomes, birth weight (BW) has only been evaluated as a dichotomous
Overview of Computational Modeling and Simulation

Scientific research involves the formulation of theory to explain observed phenomena and using experimentation to test and evolve these theories. Over the past two decades, computational modeling and simulation (M&S) has become accepted as the third leg of scientific research because it provides additional insights that often are impractical or impossible to acquire using theoretical and experimental analysis alone. The purpose of this chapter is to explore how M&S is used in system-level healthcare research and to present some practical guidelines for its use. Two modeling approaches commonly used in healthcare research, system dynamics models and agent-based models, are presented and their applications in healthcare research are described. The three simulation paradigms, Monte Carlo simulation, continuous simulation, and discrete event simulation, are defined and the conditions for their use are stated. An epidemiology case study is presented to illustrate the use of M&S in the research process.
The Effect of Carbon Taxation on Cross-Border Competition and Energy Efficiency Investments

Abstract Carbon taxes increase costs for energy-consuming firms and can impact firms‘ ability to compete with other firms located in regions without that tax. This paper considers the effect of asymmetric carbon taxation when firms are able to adjust their energy efficiency investment levels to reflect the presence of the tax. Using a dynamic model of firm competition, we find that allowing firms to adjust their energy efficiency levels in response to a carbon tax could potentially allow firms to significantly mitigate the competition effects of that carbon tax. In our baseline parameterization, additional energy efficiency investments non-trivially mitigates profit loss for the firm facing the carbon tax as well as spurring adding energy efficiency investments in the non-taxing jurisdiction, thus reducing carbon leakage. This increase in energy efficiency can potentially reduce total energy usage by the firm in the taxing jurisdiction by more than the carbon tax alone. While the quantitative impact of energy efficiency investments on firm competitiveness depends on the nature of the industry, from a policy standpoint, the ability of energy efficiency investments to mitigate cross-border emissions leakage and negative competition effects without policy interventions such as a carbon border tax softens these two common criticisms of unilateral regional carbon taxes.
Ryanodine receptor subtypes regulate Ca2+ sparks/spontaneous transient outward currents and myogenic tone of uterine arteries in pregnancy

Aims Our recent study demonstrated that increased Ca2+ sparks and spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs) played an important role in uterine vascular tone and hemodynamic adaptation to pregnancy. The present study examined the role of ryanodine receptor (RyR) subtypes in regulating Ca2+ sparks/STOCs and myogenic tone in uterine arterial adaptation to pregnancy. Methods and results Uterine arteries isolated from non-pregnant and near-term pregnant sheep were used in the present study. Pregnancy increased the association of α and β1 subunits of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels and enhanced the co-localization of RyR1 and RyR2 with the β1 subunit in the uterine artery. In contrast, RyR3 was not co-localized with BKCa β1 subunit. Knockdown of RyR1 or RyR2 in uterine arteries of pregnant sheep downregulated the β1, but not α subunit of the BKCa channel and decreased the association of α and β1 subunits. Unlike RyR1 and RyR2, knockdown of RyR3 had no significant effect on either expression or association of BKCa subunits. In addition, knockdown of RyR1 or RyR2 significantly decreased Ca2+ spark frequency, suppressed STOCs frequency and amplitude, and increased pressure-dependent myogenic tone in uterine arteries of pregnant animals. RyR3 knockdown did not affect Ca2+ sparks/STOCs and myogenic tone in the uterine artery. Conclusion Together, the present study demonstrates a novel mechanistic paradigm of RyR subtypes in the regulation of Ca2+ sparks/STOCs and uterine vascular tone, providing new insights into the mechanisms underlying uterine vascular adaptation to pregnancy. Translational perspective A successful pregnancy requires adequate uterine vascular adaptation. The present study demonstrates that pregnancy-induced RyR1 and RyR2 upregulation in uterine arteries exerts their regulatory role on uterine arterial myogenic tone via impacting the Ca2+ spark-STOC coupling, BKCa β1 expression and association of BKCa β1 and BKCa α. Our findings reveal a crucial role of the RyRs-BKCa channel partnership in mediating pregnancy-induced uterine vascular adaptation. Thus, our findings provide valuable insights into understanding the mechanisms underlying uterine vascular adaptation in pregnancy.
Chapter 4 – Orthostatic Hypotension

Orthostatic hypotension, or postural hypotension, is a common side effect of antipsychotic drugs that may delay or prevent titration to a dose necessary to control psychotic symptoms. Symptoms of orthostatic hypotension are protean and may include dizziness or lightheadedness, cognitive impairment, asthenia, headache, and visual disturbance. The correlation between subjective report of postural dizziness and postural hypotension also appears to be weak making routine monitoring for orthostasis the only reliable way to identify this complication of treatment. The risk of orthostatic hypotension associated with antipsychotic therapy is increased in patients with disorders of the autonomic nervous system, volume depletion, and with concomitant drug therapy that affects hemodynamic tone. In addition to syncope and presyncope, orthostatic hypotension is associated with transient ischemic attack, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and death. Nonpharmacologic strategies and patient education, including slowly rising from the supine position, are crucial first steps in the prevention and treatment of both symptomatic and asymptomatic orthostatic hypotension. Pharmacologic treatment is only recommended when symptomatic orthostatic hypotension persists despite proper nonpharmacologic therapy and there is a compelling indication for continuing antipsychotic treatment. Fludrocortisone is a reasonable first choice for symptomatic orthostatic hypotension. Other agents including desmopressin and midodrine may be considered in patients who do not respond favorably to a trial of fludrocortisone, but safety concerns and lack of evidence limit the utility of these agents.
1.22 – Constraints on Seismic Models from Other Disciplines – Constraints from Mineral Physics on Seismological Models

We explore the relationship between materials properties and Earth structure from the bottom up: moving systematically from the structure and bonding of single crystals to the elasticity of rocks, to the interpretation of seismological observations and models. Our approach is that of the forward problem, beginning with the fundamentals of mineral elasticity, including the basic theory of lattice vibrations, dispersion and normal modes, and its relationship to the various experimental probes of elasticity, to the thermodynamic properties of minerals, and to the underlying quantum mechanics of bonding. Discussion of the elasticity of rocks includes an outline of the theory of composites as applied to the elastic constants, and the essentials of anelasticity. This leads naturally to a consideration of scaling in length and timescale from the laboratory to the Earth. We end with thoughts on the prospects for the inverse problem, that is, formally inverting seismological observations for quantities such as the temperature and compositional fields at depth via knowledge of materials properties.
Visual and motor confounds on the symbol digit modalities test

Abstract Background Slowed information processing speed is the most prevalent cognitive symptom in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). The most commonly used instrument to measure information processing speed in MS is the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). However, visual, oculomotor, and oralmotor deficits are frequently observed in persons with MS, and performance on the SDMT relies on these visual and motor functions, in addition to cognition. Methods The current study examined the relationship between the SDMT and the King-Devick Test (KDT). The KDT encompasses similar oculomotor and oralmotor demands as the SDMT but requires a smaller attentional load. One hundred and thirty participants with MS completed the oral version of the SDMT and the KDT. Ordinary nonparametric bootstrapped regression models were performed with 1000 bootstrapped samples. Bootstrapped confidence intervals (CIs) were bias-corrected. Results KDT performance explained 31% (bootstrapped CI: 18 – 43%) of the variance of SDMT performance (moderate correlation), much more than demographic and disease-related variables (0.7% and 10%, respectively). Conclusions Visual, oralmotor, and oculomotor functions contributed significantly to SDMT performance. Therefore, these sensory and motor functions must be taken into account when interpreting SDMT scores.
Acidic Ethanol/Water Casting Approach to Improve Chitin Nanofibril Dispersion and Properties of Propionylated Chitin Biocomposites

A fabrication process using acidic ethanol/water as a medium was developed to achieve homogenous dispersion of chitin nanofibrils (ChNFs) in a chitin propionate (CP) solution to form ChNF-reinforced CP nanocomposites. CP was prepared by propionylation of chitin to improve its dissolution in green organic solvents. ChNFs were extracted from chitin via partial alkali deacetylation in water. An acidified ethanol/water mixture as a medium was found to dissolve CP and disperse ChNF suspensions simultaneously, forming clear and stable formulations. The degree of ChNF dispersion and compatibility between ChNF and CP in the acidified ethanol/water mixture yielded transparent ChNF-reinforced CP nanocomposites with a moderate UV-blocking capability of up to 76%. The tensile strength and modulus of 15% ChNF-filled nanocomposites were enhanced by 66 and 97%, respectively, when compared to the neat films. In addition, the maximum degradation temperature was increased by 40 °C. The increase in storage modulus was more pronounced above the glass transition temperature. These results demonstrated that ChNFs had substantial reinforcing effects on the cast CP nanocomposites.
Abstract LB157: Discovery and characterization of INCB106385: a novel A2A/A2B adenosine receptor antagonist, as a cancer immunotherapy

In the tumor microenvironment, ATP released by dying cells is converted to adenosine, a well-established potent suppressor of immune cell activity. The immune suppressive function of extracellular adenosine is mediated through two G-protein coupled receptors known as A2A and A2B. Both receptors are expressed on many types of immune cells. While A2B has traditionally been considered of less relevance compared to A2A due to lower affinity to its ligand adenosine, recent evidence suggests a specific role of A2B in immune suppressive myeloid cells in cancer. To determine whether a small molecule inhibitor which blocks both adenosine receptors on immune cells can be used as an immunotherapy to enhance anti-tumor immune responses, we initiated a discovery campaign to identify dual antagonist inhibitors of A2A and A2B. INCB106385 is a potent, selective and orally bioavailable dual antagonist of A2A and A2B receptors. In vitro, INCB106385 potently binds to both A2A and A2B receptors in the single-digit nanomolar range and antagonizes downstream signaling as measured by cAMP production in A2A and A2B expressing cells. In functional studies, INCB106385, in the presence of 50μM AMP, restores effector T cell activity as measured by interferon gamma (IFNγ) production. In vivo, INCB106385 inhibited both the downstream effector pCREB and tumor growth in CT26 and B16-F10 syngeneic tumor models. Furthermore, in in vitro and in vivo combination studies, INCB106385 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 CPIs demonstrated an increase in T cell function and anti-tumor activity compared to the single agent treatment groups. These data suggests that inhibition of the adenosine pathway is non-redundant to current checkpoint inhibitor therapies and can be an effective combination strategy to enhance anti-tumor immune activities. In summary, the data presented in this study demonstrate that INCB106385 is a potent, selective and orally bioavailable A2A/A2B dual antagonist that can overcome the immune-suppressive effects of high levels of adenosine in the tumor microenvironment. INCB106385 can promote anti-tumor immunity as a monotherapy and in combination with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. Citation Format: Hui Wang, Alexandra Alexandra, Michael Hansbury, Jennifer Mason, Jennifer Harris, Christina Stevens, Christopher Maddage, Xiaodi Ren, Mingming Gao, Kerri Kurzeja-Lipinski, Gengjie Yang, Patricia Conlen, Kristine Stump, Patricia Feldman, Pramod Thekkat, Luping Lin, Maryanne Covington, Swamy Yeleswaram, Chao Qi, Xiaozhao Wang, Wenqing Yao, Sunkyu Kim, Susan Wee, Yingnan Chen, Holly Koblish. Discovery and characterization of INCB106385: a novel A2A/A2B adenosine receptor antagonist, as a cancer immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB157.
Immunocytochemical Studies of Substance P and Met-Enkephalin in the Globus Pallidus of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

The globus pallidus (GP) is considered to receive the afferent nerve fibers originating mainly from the striatum1 and may play a role in expression of the striatal functions. 2 Substance P(SP) and Met-enkephalin (MEnk) are neuropeptides that have been demonstrated in the basal ganglia and appear to be part of the straitopallidal and striatonigral projections.3 4 A study on the regional distribution of the peptides in the GP showed the internal segment to be rich in SP and an abundance of MEnk in the external segment.3 Based on neurochemical measurements and on immunohistochemical studies, abnormalities in basal ganglia SP and MEnk have been reported in Huntington’s disease (HD)4–7 and Parkinson’s disease (PD).6–8 Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), a parkinsonian-like syndrome, is characterized by supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, axial dystonia, and pseudobulbar palsy.9 Histologically, neuronal cell loss, gliosis, and neurofibrillary tangles involve mainly the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and other brainstem tegmental nuclei. Few reports have appeared on SP and MEnk in the basal ganglia of PSP. In one study no significant alterations were observed,10 and one case report showed some decrease in SP content in the external segment of the pallidum.11 To ascertain whether some alteration is present in the striatal efferent nerve terminals, we performed an immunohistochemical study on the globus pallidus of PSP patients.
Structure and Chemistry of Nucleoli

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structure and chemistry of nucleoli. Nucleoli are generally described as homogeneous, spheroid, and intranuclear bodies that have an affinity for eosin in hematoxylin-eosin preparations but are basophilic in basic dye solutions. However, the presence of vacuoles and inclusions of various kinds is widely recognized. Studies of electron micrographs of thin sections of nucleoli shows that the nucleolus contains two structural phases: one being essentially structureless, the other being a fine, highly coiled, stranded material. The electron micrographs reveal no indication of a limiting membrane around the nucleolus. The nucleolus in plants is associated with a particular region of a given chromosome. This region is characterized by its lack of staining with the Feulgen reaction for desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In the interphase, the nucleolus becomes hypertrophied during anabolic activity of the cell, and conversely becomes smaller during drastic catabolic states. A number of experimental analyses exhibit that the nucleolus is composed of concentrated protein with variable amounts of ribonucleic acid (RNA).
The internet control architecture: successes and challenges

The Internet has evolved into a very robust system that is integral part of our lives today. In large part, this is due to the clever development and engineering of routing algorithms and congestion controllers. In this talk we explore how this came about, focusing on the major changes that have occurred in the Internet control architecture over the years. We also examine the recent development of formal modeling and control frameworks within which to study these problems. These frameworks make us better able to appreciate earlier decisions made during the 80s. At the same time, they also allow us to identify shortcomings in the current architecture. In particular, the current control architecture separates congestion control from routing. We present the development of a new architecture that resolves these shortcomings as a challenge. The talk concludes with some preliminary ideas for such an architecture.
Aqueous-Phase Reforming of Ethylene Glycol Over Supported Platinum Catalysts

Aqueous-phase reforming of 10 wt% ethylene glycol solutions was studied at temperatures of 483 and 498 K over Pt-black and Pt supported on TiO2, Al2O3, carbon, SiO2, SiO2-Al2O3, ZrO2, CeO2, and ZnO. High activity for the production of H2 by aqueous-phase reforming was observed over Pt-black and over Pt supported on TiO2, carbon, and Al2O3 (i.e., turnover frequencies near 8-15 min-1 at 498 K); moderate catalytic activity for the production of hydrogen is demonstrated by Pt supported on SiO2-Al2O3 and ZrO2 (turnover frequencies near 5 min-1); and lower catalytic activity is exhibited by Pt supported on CeO2, ZnO, and SiO2 (H2 turnover frequencies lower than about 2 min-1). Pt supported on Al2O3, and to a lesser extent ZrO2, exhibits high selectivity for production of H2 and CO2 from aqueous-phase reforming of ethylene glycol. In contrast, Pt supported on carbon, TiO2, SiO2-Al2O3 and Pt-black produce measurable amounts of gaseous alkanes and liquid-phase compounds that would lead to alkanes at higher conversions (e.g., ethanol, acetic acid, acetaldehyde). The total rate of formation of these byproducts is about 1-3 min-1 at 498 K. An important bifunctional route for the formation of liquid-phase alkane-precursor compounds over less selective catalysts involves dehydration reactions on the catalyst support (or in the aqueous reforming solution) followed by hydrogenation reactions on Pt.
Towards the Design of More Effective Advisors for Learning-by-Doing Systems

This paper focuses on the advising capabilities of intelligent learning-by-doing systems. We demonstrate the importance of finding out how students use the coaching resources that ITS's make available to them. In particular, which coaching affordances do students use, and which do they ignore? To what extent do system designers' expectations about usage match actual use? We present our observations and analysis of students' use of the advising capabilities of a learning-by-doing system for electronic fault diagnosis called Sherlock II (e.g., [3] and [4]). We found that students sometimes depend upon coaching resources to solve the problem for them, and thereby miss opportunities to learn from these resources. Two main principles about the design of effective advising resources stem from this work: (1) design for learning conversations in which students play an active role, and (2) facilitate the integration of different types of knowledge (e.g., conceptual and procedural knowledge).
Effect of aureomycin treatment of streptococcal sore throat, on the streptococcal carrier state, the immunologic response of the host, and the incidence of acute rheumatic fever.

A total of 1,009 patients with exudative tonsillitis or pharyngitis, predominantly streptococcal in etiology, was treated with aureomycin hydrochloride. A control group of 1,035 patients received no aureomycin. An illness classified as definite or possible rheumatic fever subsequently developed in 20 patients who had received aureomycin and in 29 who had received no treatment. Data collected on rheumatic subjects indicated that when the interval between the onset of the observed attack of exudative tonsillitis or pharyngitis and the onset of rheumatic fever exceeded 35 days, an intervening streptococcal infection had occurred. Five patients in the treated group and 20 in the control group developed rheumatic fever within a 35 day interval. These data indicated that aureomycin therapy greatly reduces the subsequent occurrence of rheumatic fever. Aureomycin therapy was also found to eradicate the streptococcus from the oropharynx in a large number of instances and to inhibit the formation of antistreptolysin. The degree of inhibition of antistreptolysin formation was shown to correlate with the eradication of the streptococci from the oropharynx. When bacteriologic relapse occurred following cessation of aureomycin therapy, the degree of inhibition of antistreptolysin production was low. Aureomycin therapy of streptococcal infections was compared to penicillin therapy of such infections. It was shown that penicillin was more effective in eradicating streptococci, decreasing antistreptolysin formation, and preventing rheumatic fever. Penicillin, therefore, is the drug of choice.
The health-development link: travel as a public health issue.

The process of globalization has rendered societies interdependent on one another and has fostered the movement of people, goods and ideas at unprecedented speed and volume. Global travel has grown from 25 million in 1950 to 500 million in 1993, and estimations by 2010 reach 1 billion. The increased intensity and quantity of travel has resulted in greater vulnerability to the domino-type spread of old, new and re-emerging infectious diseases. Travelers and local populations are also vulnerable to death and disability due to accidents, violence and injuries, chronic diseases such as those due to substance abuse (tobacco, alcohol and others), and to undesirable behaviors such as those related to sex-tourism. This article argues that tourism, understood as any type of travel, is one of the most important sectors of the economy in many countries and, therefore, can contribute to community and national development. It also asserts that travel, as a factor in the spread of disease, lies in the realm of public health inquiry. It calls for greater collaboration between the tourism-travel industry and community, national and global leaders to promote and enforce “responsible tourism.”
Intranasal stimulation of long-lasting immunity against aerosol ricin challenge with ricin toxoid vaccine encapsulated in polymeric microspheres

Intranasal (i.n.) immunization with ricin toxoid (RT) vaccine encapsulated in poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres (RT-PLG-Ms) and poly (L-lactide) microspheres (RT-PLA-Ms) stimulated systemic and mucosal immune responses and protected mice from aerosolized ricin intoxication. High titers of anti-ricin IgG2a were stimulated in the serum of mice with one or two doses of RT-Ms 6 weeks postimmunization. However, in the lungs, no IgG2a or total IgG was elicited either with RT-Ms or with aqueous RT. At 6 weeks postimmunization, a single dose of the RT-Ms stimulated secretory IgA (sIgA) in the lungs of four of six mice, but a second immunizing dose did not enhance the stimulation. A single dose of aqueous RT vaccine failed to stimulate sIgA in the lungs, while, a second dose induced sIgA in 50% of the mice. One or two i.n. doses of RT-Ms protected most of the mice against lethal aerosol-delivered ricin toxin 6 weeks postimmunization. In contrast, protection was absent or marginal after one or two doses of aqueous RT vaccine. In both studies, the protection against lethal aerosol challenge was significantly better with one dose of RT-Ms than with two doses of aqueous vaccine, which may be attributed to the induction of sIgA in the lungs and the serum. Duration of the IgG2a and IgA in the serum, particularly that of IgG2a was much longer after the administration of RT-Ms than after the aqueous vaccine. The geometric mean IgG2a titers stimulated with two doses of RT-Ms remained high during 40 weeks postimmunization and were up to 25 times higher than the titers induced with aqueous RT vaccine. After 6 weeks, the IgG2a induced by two doses of aqueous vaccine was no longer detectable. Persistence of antibody response was predictive of efficacy. At 1 year postimmunization with two doses of RT-Ms, 100% of mice were protected against lethal ricin challenge. However, at the same time no protection was afforded by two doses of aqueous RT. The results of the present study consistently demonstrated the advantages of microencapsulated RT vaccine to stimulate effective and long-lasting protection by i.n. administration.
Chaotic Motions of F-Ring Shepherds

Recent HST images of the Saturnian satellites Prometheus and Pandora show that their longitudes deviate from predictions of ephemerides based on Voyager images. Currently Prometheus is lagging and Pandora leading these predictions by somewhat more than 20°. We show that these discrepancies are fully accounted for by gravitational interactions between the two satellites. These peak every 24.8 days at conjunctions and excite chaotic perturbations. The Lyapunov exponent for the Prometheus-Pandora system is of order 0.35 yr^(-1) for satellite masses based on a nominal density of 1.3 gm/cm^(-3). Interactions are strongest when the orbits come closest together. This happens at intervals of 6.2 years when their apses are anti-aligned. In this context we note the sudden changes of opposite signs in the mean motions of Prometheus and Pandora at the end of 2000 occured shortly after their apsidal lines were anti-aligned.
A QM/MM Investigation of the Antitumor Drug Neocarzinostatin

Under the influence of heat or light, enediynes convert to para-benzenes via the Bergman cyclization reaction. The resulting para-benzyne moiety can abstract hydrogen atoms from DNA leading to DNA ...
Subjective Experiences of Clients in a Voluntary Money Management Program.

A large proportion of people diagnosed with mental illnesses have difficulty managing their money, and therefore many psychiatric treatments involve providing money management assistance. However, little is known about the subjective experience of having a money manager, and extant literature is restricted to people forced to work with a representative payee or conservator. In this study, fifteen people were interviewed about their experience receiving a voluntary money management intervention designed to minimize substance use. Clients emphasized the importance of trusting the money manager, financial mindfulness (an enhanced awareness of the financial transactions in clients’ day-to-day lives), agency over their own affairs, and addiction. In contrast to evaluations of people assigned representative payees or conservators, there was little mention of feeling coerced. These findings suggest that money management programs can address client concerns by building trust, relating budgeting to clients’ day-to...
COMPARISON BETWEEN SEASONAL AND THERMAL ACCLIMATION IN WHITE RATS: II. SURFACE TEMPERATURE, VASCULARIZATION, AND IN VITRO RESPIRATION OF THE SKIN

The effect of cold temperature on the skin was studied on white rats exposed to two different types of environmental conditions. Two groups of adult rats kept in individual cages were continuously exposed for 3 months to constant cold temperature (18° and 6 °C) in the laboratory (indoor rats) while other groups of the same colony kept in groups of 10 were exposed for the same length of time to the fluctuating environmental conditions prevailing outside (outdoor rats).Indoor rats acclimated to 18 °C and 6 °C showed the same increase in the number of opened capillaries in the ears over the number observed in controls acclimated to 30 °C. "Summer and winter" outdoor rats showed the same number of capillaries as the "18 °C or 6 °C" indoor rats. Signs of injury healing such as thicker epidermis and larger nuclei were found in the ears of all the "6 °C" rats but in none of the "winter" rats. While the skin temperature measured at + 6 °C was slightly higher (0.4 to 1.0 °C) in rats acclimated at 6 °C than in thos...
Structural dynamics and aerodynamics measurements of biologically inspired flexible flapping wings

Flapping wing flight as seen in hummingbirds and insects poses an interesting unsteady aerodynamic problem: coupling of wing kinematics, structural dynamics and aerodynamics. There have been numerous studies on the kinematics and aerodynamics in both experimental and computational cases with both natural and artificial wings. These studies tend to ignore wing flexibility; however, observation in nature affirms that passive wing deformation is predominant and may be crucial to the aerodynamic performance. This paper presents a multidisciplinary experimental endeavor in correlating a flapping micro air vehicle wing's aeroelasticity and thrust production, by quantifying and comparing overall thrust, structural deformation and airflow of six pairs of hummingbird-shaped membrane wings of different properties. The results show that for a specific spatial distribution of flexibility, there is an effective frequency range in thrust production. The wing deformation at the thrust-productive frequencies indicates the importance of flexibility: both bending and twisting motion can interact with aerodynamic loads to enhance wing performance under certain conditions, such as the deformation phase and amplitude. By measuring structural deformations under the same aerodynamic conditions, beneficial effects of passive wing deformation can be observed from the visualized airflow and averaged thrust. The measurements and their presentation enable observation and understanding of the required structural properties for a thrust effective flapping wing. The intended passive responses of the different wings follow a particular pattern in correlation to their aerodynamic performance. Consequently, both the experimental technique and data analysis method can lead to further studies to determine the design principles for micro air vehicle flapping wings.
Multiple descriptions with codebook reuse

Multiple description coding, in general, requires separate codebooks for each description. Motivated by the problem of sparse linear representation, we propose a simple coding scheme that recursively describes successive description errors using the same codebook, resulting in a sparse linear combination of codewords that achieves the Gaussian rate distortion region. This result, in particular, provides an elementary proof of successive refinability and additive refinability of white Gaussian sources.
Pneumothorax with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS. Incidence and clinical characteristics

A retrospective review of the charts of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was performed at three university-affiliated teaching hospitals in Denver between May 1982 and April 1987. Patients were evaluated for the presence or absence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and for the occurrence of pneumothorax at any time during their clinical course. The incidence of pneumothorax in AIDS patients with PCP was 9.0 percent (8/89), compared with 0 percent (0/45) in AIDS patients without PCP (p
Implantable Ultralow Pulmonary Pressure Monitoring System for Fetal Surgery

Congenital pulmonary hypoplasia is a devastating condition affecting fetal and newborn pulmonary physiology, resulting in great morbidity and mortality. The fetal lung develops in a fluid-filled environment. In this paper, we describe a novel, implantable pressure sensing and recording device which we use to study the pressures present in the fetal pulmonary tree throughout gestation. The system achieves 0.18 cm H 2O resolution and can record for 21 days continuously at 256 Hz. Sample tracings of in vivo fetal lamb recordings are shown.
Optimal loan contracts and floating-rate debt in international lending to LDCs

Abstract Most LDC debt is at floating interest rate, and the wisdom of this choice is analyzed here. For a prototype LDC, complete insurance requires repayment to increase with export revenues and import prices. Since the latter variables are positively correlated with LIBOR, floating-rate debt yields better risk-sharing than fixed-rate debt, and induces more investment in the LDC. When default is possible, repayment becomes contingent on the cost of sanctions is renegotiation states, and some renegotiation costs are likely to be incurred. Fixed-rate debt would have reduced the occurrence of default in the 80s, but only marginally.
CKD–Mineral and Bone Disorder: Core Curriculum 2011

Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) is a term that encompasses a constellation of abnormalities seen in progressive kidney disease that include altered levels of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D; disturbances in bone modeling and remodeling, with the associated development of fractures or impaired linear bone growth (in children); and extraskeletal calcification in soft tissues and arteries. The kidney is responsible for maintenance of serum calcium and phosphorus within the normal range in people without kidney disease. In CKD stages 2 and 3, compensatory mechanisms in the form of elevated PTH, elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), and decreased calcitriol result in normal to near-normal blood calcium and phosphorus levels. These compensatory mechanisms become overwhelmed in later stages of CKD, eventually failing and resulting in the group of abnormalities encompassed by CKD-MBD (Box 1). Box 1 Definition of CKD-MBD A systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism due to CKD manifested by either one or a combination of the following: abnormalities of calcium, phosphorus, PTH, or vitamin D metabolism abnormalities in bone turnover, mineralization, volume, linear growth, or strength vascular or other soft tissue calcification Open in a separate window Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; CKD-MBD, chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder; PTH, parathyroid hormone.
PbS photodiodes fabricated by Sb+ ion implantation

N-p junction photodiodes in PbS have been fabricated using Sb+ ion implantation to create the n-type layer. At 300°K, 15-mil-square diodes have shown typical zero-bias resistances of 200 Ω corresponding to a resistance-area product of 0.28 Ω-cm2. At 195°K, the zero-bias resistance increased to 50 kΩ for a resistance-area product of 70 Ω-cm2, and at 77°K, the zero-bias resistance was 5 × 109 Ω for a resistance-area product of 7 × 106 Ω-cm2. Peak detectivities occurred at 2.55, 2.95, and 3.4 μm at 300°K, 195°K and 77°K, respectively. The corresponding measured detectivities were 4.8 × 109, 1.1 × 1011 and 4.2 × 1012 cm Hz12/W. The 77°K detectivity was measured in a reduced background and was amplifier noise limited. Peak quantum efficiencies were typically 50–60 per cent.
The Catalytic Domain of Protein Kinase Cδ Confers Protection from Down-regulation Induced by Bryostatin 1 *

Bryostatin 1 (Bryo) has been shown to induce biphasic dose-response curves for down-regulating protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) as well as for protecting PKCdelta from down-regulation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). To identify regions within PKCdelta that confer these responses to Bryo, we utilized reciprocal PKCalpha and PKCdelta chimeras (PKCalpha/delta and PKCdelta/alpha) constructed by exchanging the regulatory and catalytic domains of these PKCs. These chimeras and wild-type PKCalpha/alpha and PKCdelta/delta constructed in the same way were stably expressed in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Twenty-four h of treatment with Bryo induced a biphasic dose-response curve for down-regulating both wild-type PKCdelta/delta and the PKCalpha/delta chimera. In contrast, Bryo led to a nearly complete down-regulation of both PKCalpha/alpha and PKCdelta/alpha and also produced a faster mobility form of these species on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The nature of both the regulatory and, to a lesser extent, the catalytic domains affected the potency of Bryo to down-regulate the chimeric PKC proteins as well as to protect PKCalpha/delta and PKCdelta/delta from down-regulation. Bryo at high concentrations also inhibited the down-regulation of PKCdelta/delta and PKCalpha/delta induced by 1 microM PMA when co-applied. The portion of PKC protected by Bryo from down-regulation by either Bryo or PMA was localized in the particulate fraction of the cells. We conclude that the catalytic domain of PKCdelta confers protection from down-regulation induced by Bryo or Bryo plus PMA, suggesting that this domain contains the isotype-specific determinants involved in the unique effect of Bryo on PKCdelta.
Detection and characterization of human pathogenic viruses circulating in community wastewater using multi target microarrays and polymerase chain reaction.

Sewage pollution remains the most significant source of human waterborne pathogens. This study describes the detection and characterization of human enteric viruses in community wastewaters using cell culture coupled with multiple target microarrays (with a total of 780 unique probes targeting 27 different groups of both DNA and RNA viruses) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Over a 13-month sampling period, RNA viruses (astroviruses and enteroviruses) were more frequently detected compared to DNA viruses (adenoviruses, particularly type 41 and BK polyomavirus). Overall, many more viruses were shed during the winter months (December–February) compared to the summer months. Exploration of the multiple types of enteric viruses particularly in winter months identified much more significant prevalence of key viral pathogens associated with sewage pollution of the water environment than previously realized and seasonal disinfection used in some parts of the world may lead to a seeding of ambient waters. Molecular characterization of pathogenic viruses in community wastewater will improve the understanding of the potential risk of waterborne disease transmission of viral pathogens.
Microflotronic Arterial Tonometry for Continuous Wearable Non-Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring

Personalized mobile medicine will continue to advance through the development of wearable sensors that can wirelessly provide pertinent health information while remaining unobtrusive, comfortable, low cost, and easy to operate and interpret. It is the intention that the sensor presented hereafter can contribute to such innovation. By applying a combination of emerging microfluidic and electronic technologies, a miniature, flexible, transparent, highly sensitive and wearable pressure sensor with microfluidic elements has been implemented, referred to as a microflotronic device. High sensitivity of 0.1 kPa−1 and fast response time on the order of tens of milliseconds has been achieved on the microflotronic sensor design. Its sensitivity is among the highest in impedance-based flexible pressure sensors. Once configured into an array, the transparent device can be easily aligned over the target artery to measure blood pressure noninvasively and continuously. In addition, the ultraflexible and thin plastic construct of the microflotronic sensor (of 270 µm in height) can be worn comfortably for extended periods of time. Importantly, the proposed microflotronic sensor has been utilized to perform arterial tonometry with the capability of noninvasive monitoring of arterial blood pressure waveforms in a real-time and continuous fashion.
Cellular network configuration with co-channel and adjacent-channel interference constraints

Design of cellular networks has drawn much recent interest from the OR scientific community. A challenging issue is the handling of channel interference constraints. Co-channel interference occurs when the same channel is reused within a threshold distance. Adjacent-channel interference occurs when two channels with adjacent or nearby frequencies are used in the same cell tower. We present a mathematical programming formulation for this channel allocation problem with both types of interference constraints-it also includes decisions on location of cell towers. Our focus is on the special case where a cell tower and/or channel can interfere with at most two other towers/channels. By establishing theoretical properties for channel allocation amongst towers under this circumstance, we develop an efficient solution procedure. An iteration of the procedure uses a heuristic to locate the cell towers, then allocates the channels to the towers using a polynomial-time algorithm, and finally improves this allocation using a simulated annealing procedure. The iterative steps are embedded within an external simulated annealing method. This nested simulated annealing procedure provides encouraging computational results compared to a standard commercial solver like ILOG CPLEX 8.1. The major contribution of the work is the simultaneous consideration of co-channel and adjacent-channel interference constraints.
Ranking dimensionless groups in fluidized-bed reactor scale-up

Abstract The “principle of similarity” is a cornerstone of equipment scale-up in the chemical process industry. This principle involves setting up the relationships existing between different scales of processing equipment. Such relationships are usually instituted by determining the so-called dimensionless groups (ie, size-independent parameters) characterizing the process phenomena. These dimensionless groups must be maintained invariant during the conversion of experimental-scale information to the commercial scale. For a complex phenomenon such as fluidization, employing the principle of similarity requires that a large number of dimensionless groups be held constant during scale-up. This is almost impossible in practice. Thus, when scaling up such systems, it is necessary to engage a ranking and trade-off strategy in deciding precisely which dimensionless groups must be maintained constant. Although extremely qualitative, the knowledge underlying the ranking and trade-off strategy for fluidized-bed reactors is a valuable component of design expertise in the chemical process industry. Consequently, emphasis must be placed on the tasks of extracting, embodying, and articulating this knowledge in designing economically viable large-scale process systems. The present work is motivated by the need to hardness qualitative design knowledge in fluidized-bed reactor scale-up. On the basis of the available domain knowledge, several scale-up rules are formulated; these rules relate specific process conditions to the importance of maintaining a particular dimensionless group invariant in scale-up. A nonadditive evaluative strategy relying on a nine-point linguistic scale is employed in ranking each dimensionless group according to the particular situation at hand. Two of the key features of this strategy are its ability to operate in the presence of incomplete information and its relative insensitivity to judgmental differences. These properties are especially appropriate in real-world scale-up and design.
Influence of edge conditions on the modal characteristics of cross-ply laminated shells

Abstract The dynamic and static behavior of cross-ply laminated shells are investigated using the third-order shear deformation shell theory of Reddy. The theory is a modification of the Sanders shell theory and accounts for parabolic distribution of the transverse shear strains through the thickness of the shell and does not require shear correction coefficients. The Levy-type exact solutions for bending, buckling and natural vibration are presented for doubly curved, cylindrical and spherical shells under various boundary conditions.
Toe-to-hand transplantation surgery

This article discusses toe-to-hand transplantation. The purpose of this article is to familiarize nurses with this procedure. In many cases, the actions taken initially and postoperatively may have a direct effect on the success or failure of the surgery. Two different procedures are discussed. The first procedure is replantation or revascularization of amputated digits in which time is of the essence and is usually performed right after the initial injury. The second procedure is the toe-to-hand transfer, which is an elective procedure in which there is less emphasis on time. This procedure occurs a few months after the initial accident.