cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mesenteric venular hydraulic permeability increases after ischemia-reperfusion and is blunted by nitric oxide synthesis inhibition

Introduction: Intravascular volume loss during ischemia-reperfusion injury is a major clinical concern. The dominant site of fluid extravasation is the postcapillary venules, and ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-related increases in venular hydraulic permeability (Lp) have not been measured. We hypothesized that IR increases Lp and that this process is attenuated by NO synthesis inhibition. The purposes of this study are 1) to measure Lp during IR and 2) to examine the effects of nitric oxide synthesis inhibition on IR-induced changes in Lp. Methods: A micro-cannulation technique was used in rat mesenteric venules to measure trans-endothelial water flux or hydraulic permeability (Lp units x10-7cm/sec/cmH2O). Animals were placed in a 5% oxygen environment, and venular flow was prevented after microvessel cannulation. Lp was measured after ischemia and again after reperfusion (n = 4). In a separate set of experiments, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) was infused into venules during the ischemia period, and Lp was measured as above (n = 4). Results: Compared to baseline of 1.03 + −0.06, Lp increased to 2.47 + −0.08 (p < 0.0001) following ischemia, while reperfusion further increased Lp to 6.21 + −0.14 (p < 0.0001). With inhibition of NO synthesis, increases in Lp after ischemia and also after reperfusion were attenuated at 2.01 + −0.10 (p < 0.0001) and 2.55 + −0.25 (p < 0.0001), respectively. Conclusions: Microvascular hydraulic permeability increased 2-fold with ischemia and 6-fold after reperfusion. After treatment with L-NAME, hydraulic permeability increased by less than 3-fold after reperfusion. Inhibiting NO synthesis blunts the IR-induced increase in hydraulic permeability. A better understanding of intravascular fluid loss from IR-induced microvascular dysfunction may help clinicians treat uncontrolled fluid extravasation that occurs during shock and sepsis.
Personality and Performance-Satisfaction of Industrial Salesmen

In attempting to trace the links between salesmen's personality attributes and their sales performance and job satisfaction, researchers typically select either of the latter two as the dependent variable and account for its variance with respect to one or more personality constructs [2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13]. For example, the difference between high and low sales producers in three industries (insurance, automobiles, and mutual funds) has been explained in terms of ego-drive and empathy [11]. The purpose of this study was the same, but the objective was to examine the relationship between a set of personality variables and a variate consisting of job satisfaction and job performance. The study was exploratory because, first, satisfaction and performance were considered simultaneously as dependent variables even though previous research indicated they were unrelated [2, 8, 18]. Second, the study attempted to apply personality variables derived from Ziller's theory of SelfOther Orientation [22, 23, 24].
Importance of tie molecules in preventing polyethylene fracture under long-term loading conditions

Abstract Brittle-type slow crack fracture is the dominant mode of failure in polyethylene pipe used for natural gas distribution. Constant tensile load testing of polyethylene pipe sections indicates a link between this mode of failure and environmental stress cracking. Interlamellar fracture can occur in both the presence and absence of an accelerating environment. The fibre deformation process is reviewed, describing the role of amorphous entangled tie molecules in preventing slow crack-type fracture. Relative resistance to slow crack brittle failure is explained in terms of this model for various materials tested.
THE EVOLUTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR SUPERLATTICES AND QUANTUM WELLS

Following the past nearly twenty-year evolutionary path in the interdisciplinary research of semiconductor superlattices and quantum wells, significant milestones are presented with emphasis on experimental achievements in the physics of reduced dimensionality made possible with the advance in heteroepitaxy.
Should a radiological diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma be routinely confirmed by a biopsy? NO

Modern multiphase diagnostic imaging allows diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma with high specificity in a large proportion of cases. Additional aspects of tumor biology also can be evaluated noninvasively through observation of tumor behavior (growth rate, satellites, vascular invasion) and other indicators of tumor biology (avid uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose, high circulating levels of tumor markers such as alphafetoprotein). Routinely requiring biopsy confirmation for diagnosis of HCC exposes many patients to unnecessary risk, may delay diagnosis, and in some cases leads to withholding of potentially beneficial treatment. Biopsy for assessment of tumor molecular markers is promising but remains investigational. When diagnosis of HCC is clinically evident by imaging criteria, tumor biopsy should not be required prior to initiating treatment.
Arsenic Mobilization by the Dissimilatory Fe(III)-Reducing Bacterium Shewanella alga BrY

The mobility of arsenic commonly increases as reducing conditions are established within sediments or flooded soils. Although the reduction of arsenic increases its solubility at circumneutral pH, hydrous ferric oxides (HFO) strongly sorb both As(V) (arsenate) and As(III) (arsenite), the two primary inorganic species. Thus, in the presence of excess HFO, reductive dissolution of iron may be the dominant mechanism by which As is released into solution. In this paper, we report that the dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium Shewanella alga strain BrY promoted As mobilization from a crystalline ferric arsenate as well as from sorption sites within whole sediments. S. alga cells released arsenate from the mineral scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O) as a result of dissimilatory (i.e., respiratory) reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II). Solid-phase analysis with SEM-EDS and XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure) spectroscopy revealed that the valence states of Fe and As in the solid-phase product were identical to those in soluti...
Toward a Theory of the Status of Women

A theory of the status of women is presented which draws primarily on ecological and economic factors and posits a relationship between female production and female status. It was hypothesized that female contribution to subsistence activities would be a function of certain ecological factors and/or a prolonged drain of male labor. It was found that these factors were related to female production activities. A scale of female status was then derived from a small pilot sample and correlated with female contribution to subsistence. The results indicated that female production is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the development of female status THE CURRENT EFFORT on the part of women's groups in the United States to escape from existing stereotpyes and to remove barriers traditionally confronting women in the economic and political spheres has attracted widespread and largely unverified speculation of the causes of the status of women in general. These causes have been attributed to psychoanalytic, biological, and environmental factors, or, to some combination of all three. This article presents and examines a theory of the status of women which draws primarily on environmental, specifically ecological and economic, factors. Female status will be defined in terms of the number of economic and political rights which accrue to women. Prestige and position are not to be included in this discussion. This, along with Goodenough's (1969) general treatment of status in terms of rights and duties, is a departure from past emphases in discussions of the concept of status. Either status has traditionally been
Scribble: closing the book on ad hoc documentation tools

Scribble is a system for writing library documentation, user guides, and tutorials. It builds on PLT Scheme's technology for language extension, and at its heart is a new approach to connecting prose references with library bindings. Besides the base system, we have built Scribble libraries for JavaDoc-style API documentation, literate programming, and conference papers. We have used Scribble to produce thousands of pages of documentation for PLT Scheme; the new documentation is more complete, more accessible, and better organized, thanks in large part to Scribble's flexibility and the ease with which we cross-reference information across levels. This paper reports on the use of Scribble and on its design as both an extension and an extensible part of PLT Scheme.
Visible and near-infrared electronic transitions in NCl and NBr

Abstract The reactions of mixtures of halogen atoms (F + (Cl or Br)) with molecular azides produce banded emissions in the visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum. The observed features correspond to b 1 Σ + → X 3 Σ − and a 1 Δ → X 3 Σ − transitions, respectively, in NCl and NBr. The data obtained represent the first spectroscopic observation of the a 1 Δ states of these molecules. The molecular constants of the a 1 Δ states were determined to have the following values: NCl NBr ν e 9260 ± 10 cm −1 9226 ± 10 cm −1 ω e 904 ± 6 cm −1 763 ± 4 cm −1 ω e x e 4.7 ± 1.2 cm −1 2.4 ± 1.6 cm −1 A total of 40 bands were observed in the b 1 Σ + → X 3 Σ − system of NCl, and 28 bands were identified in the analogous transition in NBr. Each of the NBr b 1 Σ + → X 3 Σ − bands consited of two bandheads separated by ∼40 cm −1 . The more intense head corresponds to transitions to the previously reported Ω = 0 + component of the ground X 3 Σ − state. Evidence is presented which suggests that the less intense head corresponds to transitions terminating on the Ω = 1 ± component.
A practical approach to gout. Current management of an 'old' disease.

PREVIEWAs early as the fourth century BC, Hippocrates recognized gout as an affliction of old men and a product of high living. Although this painful condition promises to accompany humanity into the 21st century, fortunately remedies have improved since Hippocrates' day. Modern medicine has identified the underlying physiologic mechanisms of gout and developed medications to reduce or alleviate their effects. In this article, Dr Davis discusses current options for relieving acute attacks, preventing recurrence, and lowering uric acid levels.
Effects of fluprazine (DU27716) and ethanol on target biting behavior and intruder-evoked attacks

The effects of an “aggression”-reducing drug, fluprazine, and an “aggression”-enhancing drug, ethanol, were evaluated in mice using the target biting and resident-intruder paradigms. Under baseline conditions there was a high target biting rate immediately after the delivery of a 2.0 mA tail shock, an intermediate target biting rate during a 2-min intershock interval, and a low target biting rate during at 15-s tone stimulus which signaled the shock. During the 10-min resident intruder test sessions, resident males attacked bulbectomized intruders an average of 11.3 times with an average latency to the first attack of 68.3 s. Fluprazine caused a dose-dependent decrease in postshock and intershock interval target biting behavior, increased the latency to the first attack, and decreased the number of attacks in the intruder-evoked aggression paradigm. Ethanol exerted a biphasic effect in both paradigms. A dose of 0.5 g/kg increased and 4.0 g/kg decreased intershock interval target biting behavior. Likewise, ethanol at a dose of 1.0 g/kg increased the number of intruder-evoked attacks and 0.5 g/kg reduced the latency to the first attack whereas 2.0 g/kg ethanol reduced the number of intruder-evoked attacks. These observations are discussed in reference to the specificity with which different drugs and paradigms are able to dissociate offensive versus defensive aggression.
Interneuronal synchrony in precentral cortex of monkeys during operant conditioning.

One hundred thirty-three pairs of precentral neurons were recorded simultaneously from four Macaca mulatta monkeys during participation in an operant conditioning paradigm that required one of the two units to be fired tonically within a 30- to 60- ms interspike interval (ISI) range. At the end of each 5-min behavioral period, a correlation between the two units' firing rate fluctuations was computed. These correlations were used as a measure of synchrony between units. For the majority of unit pairs, the unit for which reinforcement was contingent upon could be controlled independently from the activity of the simultaneously recorded unit. In 75% of experiments the synchrony between units decreased during the operant periods in comparison to the time-out periods. In only 5% of the experiments did unit pairs consistently exhibit increased synchrony during operant periods compared with time-out periods. If the monkey developed EEG signs of drowsiness during time-out periods, the synchrony between units became greater.
Independent particle detection and tunable spectral filtering on optofluidic chip

Integration of a tunable optofluidic notch filter with a biosensing section on a single liquid-core waveguide chip is demonstrated. The filter response was fluidically tuned by 90nm with up to a 43dB rejection ratio.
Tests for stability in linear structural equation systems

Interpretations regarding the effects of exogenous and endogenous variables on endogenous variables in linear structural equation systems depend upon the convergence of a matrix power series. Convergence depends upon the eigenvalues of the structural coefficient matrix. The test for convergence developed by Joreskog and Sorbom is shown to be only sufficient, not necessary and sufficient.
Pressure Dependence of Acoustic-Mode-Soft-Optic-Mode Interactions in Ferroelectric BaTi O 3

Measurements of the pressure dependence of the Raman and Brillouin spectra of tetragonal BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at 296 K have shown that the frequency separation between the two branches of the coupled acoustic-mode-soft-optic-mode system increases and the mode coupling decreases with increasing pressure. The results yield independent quantitative support for the model recently discussed by Fleury and Lazay and demonstrate the utility of pressure studies as a unique means of investigating coupled-mode interactions.
Optimizing a Multi-strategy Port and Modal Allocation of Containerized Imports From Asia to the United States

Imports are allocated to alternative ports and logistics channels so as to minimize total transportation and inventory costs. Logistics channels include direct shipment of marine containers via truck or rail to the retail distribution centers and trans-loading into domestic trailers or containers. A previous model has been built to generate a single optimal importing strategy. Here we extend this model to enable an importer to employ multiple optimal strategies, each applied to a different class of goods segmented by inventory holding cost rate. Additionally, we examine the impact of less-than-full container shipments on the optimal set of strategies.
Margin negative, breast conserving resection: adequate for benign phyllodes tumors, but inadequate therapy for borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors.

(1) Phyllodes tumors are uncommon breast tumors, but are not rare Over a 10-year period 3 % of the breast neoplasms were phyllodes tumors. Benign phyllodes tumors were about ten times more common than malignant, and about five times more common than borderline. In a busy surgical practice of 400 cases per year one could expect to see 12 patients with phyllodes tumors: nine benign, two borderline, and one malignant. (2) Margin negative resection of benign phyllodes tumors is associated with a very low incidence of local recurrence Many previous studies have described the result of local excision or wide local excision of benign phyllodes tumors, without clearly delineating the margin status. In a review of several of these studies in 1999, we found that benign phyllodes tumors recurred after local excision in 21 % of cases and after wide local excision in 8 % [2]. Since one may have a positive margin even after an attempted wide local excision, the key variable is the margin status. Kim et al. have now described 114 patients who underwent margin negative, breast conserving resections of benign phyllodes tumors with only four local recurrences (3.5 %). Achieving a margin negative resection, while optimizing cosmesis by excising a minimal amount of surrounding breast tissue is optimal treatment for patients with benign phyllodes tumors. (3) The histologic grade of phyllodes tumor (benign vs borderline vs malignant) predicts the likelihood of local recurrence after margin negative resection Kim et al. report that the chance of a local recurrence after breast conserving, margin negative resection of benign, borderline, and malignant phyllodes tumors is 4/114 (3.5 %), 4/23 (17.4 %), and 5/10 (50 %), respectively. (4) The risk of local recurrence after margin negative resection of borderline or malignant phyllodes tumors is substantial We have previously reviewed the literature on the incidence of local recurrence after margin negative breast conserving resection of borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors [3]. In that review, 12/50 (24 %) patients with borderline phyllodes tumors and 25/124 (20 %) patients with malignant phyllodes tumors locally recurred. Adding the data from Kim et al., the risk of local recurrence after margin negative breast conserving resection of borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors is 16/73 (22 %), and 30/134 (22 %), respectively. The similarity in rates of local recurrence of borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors may be explained by recent molecular evidence that these tumor grades share similar genetic profiles. Comparative genomic hybridization analyses, which quantify chromosomal copy number gains and losses, indicate that phyllodes tumors segregate into two groups, with the borderline and malignant group having much This is an invited commentary to article doi: 10.1007/s10549-0132684-x.
A quantitative explanation for the apparent anomalous temperature dependence of OH + HO2 = H2O + O2 through multi-scale modeling

Abstract Kinetic models for complex chemical mechanisms are comprised of tens to thousands of reactions with rate constants informed by data from a wide variety of sources – rate constant measurements, global combustion experiments, and theoretical kinetics calculations. In order to integrate information from distinct data types in a self-consistent manner, a framework for combustion model development is presented that encapsulates behavior across a wide range of chemically relevant scales from fundamental molecular interactions to global combustion phenomena. The resulting kinetic model consists of a set of theoretical kinetics parameters (with constrained uncertainties), which are related through kinetics calculations to temperature/pressure/bath-gas-dependent rate constants (with propagated uncertainties), which in turn are related through physical models to combustion behavior (with propagated uncertainties). Direct incorporation of theory in combustion model development is expected to yield more reliable extrapolation of limited data to conditions outside the validation set, which is particularly useful for extrapolating to engine-relevant conditions where relatively limited data are available. Several key features of the approach are demonstrated for the H2O2 decomposition mechanism, where a number of its constituent reactions continue to have large uncertainties in their temperature and pressure dependence despite their relevance to high-pressure, low-temperature combustion of a variety of fuels. Here, we use the approach to provide a quantitative explanation for the apparent anomalous temperature dependence of OH + HO2 = H2O + O2 – in a manner consistent with experimental data from the entire temperature range and ab initio transition-state theory within their associated uncertainties. Interestingly, we do find a rate minimum near 1200 K, although the temperature dependence is substantially less pronounced than previously suggested.
Brain metastases after breast-conserving therapy and systemic therapy: incidence and characteristics by biologic subtype.

The characteristics of brain metastases (BM) that develop after breast-conserving therapy (BCT) for early-stage breast cancer (BC) remain incompletely defined. We examined 1,434 consecutive patients with stage I/II invasive BC who received BCT from 1997 to 2006, 91 % of whom received adjuvant systemic therapy, according to BC subtype. Median follow-up was 85 months. Overall 5-year cumulative incidence of BM was 1.7 %; 0.1 % for luminal A, 3.3 % for luminal B, 3.2 % for luminal-HER2, 3.7 % for HER2, and 7.4 % for triple negative (TN). Women who developed BM were more likely at BC diagnosis to be younger (P < .0001) and have node-positive (P < .0001), grade 3 (P < .0001), hormone receptor-negative (P = .006), and HER2-positive (P = .01) tumors. Median time from BC diagnosis to BM was 51.4 months (range, 7.6–108 months), which was longer among luminal versus non-luminal subtypes (P = .0002; median, 61.4 vs. 34.5 months). Thirty-four percent of patients who developed distant metastases (DM) eventually developed BM. Median time from DM to BM was 12.8 months but varied by subtype, including 7.4 months for TN, 9.6 months for luminal B, and 27.1 months for HER2. Eighty-one percent of all BM patients presented with neurologic symptoms. Median number of BM at diagnosis was two, and median BM size was 15 mm, with TN (27 mm) and luminal B (16 mm) exhibiting the largest median sizes. In conclusion, the risk of BM after BCT varies significantly by subtype. Given the large size and symptomatic presentation among luminal B and TN subtypes, earlier BM detection might improve quality of life or increase eligibility for non-invasive treatments including stereotactic radiosurgery. Women with DM from these two BC subtypes have a high incidence of BM with a short latency, suggesting an ideal target population for trials evaluating the utility of MRI screening.
Seasonal and diel changes of dissolved oxygen in a hypertrophic prairie lake

Humboldt Lake, a hypertrophic prairie lake typical of many found on the Great Plains of North America, is usually ice-covered from early November to about mid-May. The lake is an important recreational fishery, now mainly stocked with walleye. It has a high potential risk of experiencing fish kills because of the very large cyanobacterial blooms that develop in it, the high rates of algal and bacterial production and the high concentrations of ammonia (NH3-N) and dissolved organic matter. Following the collapse of cyanobacterial blooms, shallow prairie lakes are known to undergo periods of anoxia that can lead to summer fish kills. In some of the lakes, anoxia forms during the long period of ice cover, causing winter fish kills. Two years of seasonal and diel data (total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen (DO), NH3-N and chlorophyll-a concentrations, and bacterial production) were analysed in this study to assess why significant fish kills did not occur during this period or during the ≈ 30 years of records from Saskatchewan Environment. Humboldt Lake did not become anaerobic, either following the collapse of the cyanobacterial bloom or under ice cover, indicating that the oxygen (O2) influx (strong mixing) and production processes were greater than the microbial and chemical O2 demands, both over seasonal and diel time scales. Several published risk threshold criteria to predict the probability of summer and/or winter fish kills were applied in this study. The threshold criteria of maximum summer chlorophyll and maximum winter NH3-N concentrations indicated that a summer fish kill was unlikely to occur in this hypertrophic prairie lake, provided its water quality remained similar to that during this study. Similarly, the threshold criteria of initial DO storage before ice cover and the rate of O2 depletion under ice cover also indicated a winter fish kill was unlikely. However, recent development in the watershed might have resulted in significant water quality deterioration and the winter fish kill that occurred in 2005.
Partitioning of Fe3+/Fetotal between amphibole and basanitic melt as a function of oxygen fugacity

Abstract We present the first microbeam measurements of Fe3+/Fetotal and H contents in amphiboles and glasses synthesized from a basanite at high temperature and pressure where oxygen fugacity (fO2) was buffered and water activity was monitored. The amphiboles were synthesized from basanite (San Carlos, AZ, USA) at 1100–1175°C and 1.5–2.0 GPa, at four fO2 values from the iron–wustite (IW) buffer to the magnetite–hematite (MH) buffer. The Fe3+ contents of amphiboles reflect the fO2 or fH2 of the melt from which they have crystallized. Synthesized amphiboles below the MH buffer are pargasites and above that buffer, they are magnesiohastingsites. The change in amphibole type is accompanied by the crystallization of a Ti-bearing oxide or spinel, thus the magnesiohastingsites have relatively low Ti contents. At near constant aH2O, as fO2 increases, Fe3+ content increases in both amphiboles and glasses. The Fe3+/Fetotal partitioning between amphibole and melt is close to unity for the IW and HM samples. Samples prepared at intermediate fO2 have a Fe3+/Fetotal partition coefficient that is slightly greater than unity, probably because the calibration curves for Fe2+ and Fe3+ depend on coordination. If Fe3+/Fetotal partitioning is unity throughout the fO2 range, and the system is closed to oxygen and hydrogen exchange, then a melt that only crystallizes amphibole will have constant Fe3+/Fetotal.
Krypton L-MM Auger spectra: New measurements and analysis.

Krypton L-MM Auger spectra have been measured with good resolution and statistics and have been compared with relativistic calculations in intermediate coupling with configuration interaction. Good agreement between experiment and theory is found; the effects of final-state configuration interaction, ground-state correlation, and Coster-Kronig fluctuation shifts are found to be significant. A previously reported anomaly in the ${L}_{2}$-${M}_{2}$,3${\mathrm{M}}_{4}$,5 spectrum may be due to a phase error in earlier calculations.
The role of major referents and sentence topics in the construction of passage macrostructure

Two experiments are reported on the nature of global coherence in technical passages. Subjects were asked to state the topic of presented passages in the form of a noun phrase that designated a single object. The first experiment shows that whether the passage is organized around a single major referent has a powerful effect on the difficulty of identifying the topic. The second experiment shows that which referent appears as the surface subject of individual passage sentences is also a powerful determinant of the perceived passage topic. The results are discussed in terms of the reader's constructing a macrostructure for the passage, and selecting the central referent of the macrostructure for the statement of the topic. If a global topic cannot be selected on the basis of the immediate propositional content or the surface structure of the passage, the reader must engage in time‐consuming inferential processes to construct a suitable macrostructure for the passage.
Intelligent computer-aided design optimization of heat pumps

The Rankine vapor cycle plays a very important role in heat pump design and analysis. The vapor heat pump cycle design process can be long and tedious. The designer must obtain various cycle performance parameters, including compressor work, heat added, cooling load, and coefficient of performance (COP), both quickly and accurately. This paper describes the use of an intelligent computer-aided software program in design and possible refinements of vapor heat pump technology. Several different arrangements of Rankine heat pump cycles are demonstrated. Objectives for improvements, constraints, and design optimization, which cannot be easily accomplished using conventional hand calculations, are emphasized. Using the featured software increases the engineer’s efficiency and abilities in analyzing vapor heat pump designs.
Increased plasma prorenin but not renin after bilateral ureteral ligation in dogs

Increased plasma prorenin but not renin after bilateral ureteral ligation in dogs. Plasma prorenin is normally higher than renin and usually changes in response to the same stimuli. In dogs, plasma prorenin and renin disappear after bilateral nephrectomy, indicating that both are of renal origin. It has been proposed that prorenin may mediate tissue renin systems via its reversible intrinsic renin-like activity. The renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in the changes in renal function that occur with bilateral ureteral obstruction, but plasma prorenin has not been investigated. We therefore studied the effect of 48-hour bilateral obstruction on plasma prorenin in two groups of dogs: one was volume expanded N=5), while the other group (N = 6) was euvolemic. Plasma prorenin concentration increased fourfold in both groups, angiotensinogen increased twofold, while plasma renin activity was unchanged. Following release of obstruction, plasma renin fell slightly while prorenin and angiotensinogen remained elevated. There was a positive relationship between plasma prorenin and renin before (r = 0.63, P
Data structures for graphics

There are a variety of data structures that seem to pop up repeatedly in graphics applications. This chapter talks about three basic and unrelated data structures that are among the most common and useful. There are many variants of these data structures, but the basic ideas behind them can be conveyed using an example of each.
A MODEL OF VOTER CHOICE IN A LIFE‐CYCLE SETTING

This paper employs an overlapping generations framework in which voters choose political parties based on the economic shocks faced over their lifetimes. Parties internalize voting preferences and develop platforms based on this information. The resulting equilibrium implies that voters select parties that maximize income in their labor period and that minimize inflation in their retirement period. The equilibrium also has the property that individuals switch their votes between the parties, in the presence of adverse states of nature. These results provide an explanation for post World War II voting patterns in the United States. The paper also provides empirical support for the theoretical findings.
Work Careers and Organizational Careers The Effects of Age and Tenure on Worker Attachment to the Employment Relationship

The tendencies for older workers and more senior workers to exhibit lower rates of job mobility than their counterparts who are, respectively, younger and less senior, have a long history in labor market research. Yet little attention has been given to the distinct career processes underlying these observed patterns. Drawing on perspectives from life-course and organizational sociology, the author argues that age and tenure are markers of the temporal structures, or timetables, that underlie individual and organizational work careers. These timetables provide incentives for maintaining the employment relationship by allocating organizational rewards over time or by defining normative points of entry into and exit from the labor force. They also intersect as workers initiate new organizational careers at different ages. This “loose-coupling” between individual and organizational career patterns and its effects on job mobility can be represented empirically by the interaction between age and tenure. Using d...
Investigation of Compressible Laminar, Boundary-Layer Solution Behavior at Separation Using a Displacement Thickness—Based Normal Scaling

Fast accurate boundary layer calculations require the transformation of the governing equations into forms suitable for numerical solution. As an alternative to the traditional Levy—Lees scaling, we present a simpler transform in which the normal coordinate is stretched with the displacement thickness, and the streamwise coordinate is left unstretched. This type of transform was used previously by Carter [251] for incompressible flow. Similarity solutions can be readily obtained with suitably normalized dependent variables. A Modified Keller’s Box Scheme is used to simultaneously solve the system of continuity, momentum, energy, and turbulence model equations. The resulting scheme is fast, robust and has quadratic convergence rate at every marching point.
College Now Program: Successful Transition for Moderate Achievers.

Collaborative programs between high schools and colleges are not new to the educational scene. They've been tried in America for the last one hundred years, with Robert M. Hutchins' idea of early admissions and advanced placement (AP), pioneered at the University of Chicago in 1936, as the most notable. Last year more than two hundred thousand students in 31 percent of our nation's high schools participated in the AP program (Roth man 1986). What is new about collaboratives, ac cording to a survey of 260 institutions by Janet Lieberman (1985) of LaGuardia Community College, is their prolifera tion in the last decade. Schools and col leges are joining together to find solu tions to four key problems plaguing educators at both levels: improving student performance; increasing reten tion; encouraging students, especially the culturally and economically disad vantaged, to pursue postsecondary educational opportunities; and pre venting faculty burn-out (Boyer 1986, Perlez 1986, Sim 1986b, Smothers 1986, Sirotnik, 1988). In 1984, Kingsborough Community College, a branch of the City Univer
Aftereffects of stress on human performance and social behavior: a review of research and theory.

A review of experimental and correlational studies of the aftereffects of stress on performance suggests that these effects occur as a consequence of a wide range of unpredictable , uncontrollable stressors including noise, electric shock, bureaucratic stress, arbitrary discrimination, density, and cold pressor. Moreover, these effects are not limited to a restricted range of stressful situations that involve a lack of predictabilit y and controllability over a distracting stimulus, but they can also be induced by increased task demand. Interventions that increase personal control and/or stressor predictability are effective in reducing poststressor effects. There is also evidence for poststimulation effects on social behavior that generally involve an insensitivity toward others following stressor exposure, Studies of exposure to environmental stressors in naturalistic settings report effects similar to those found in laboratory settings. Several theories (e.g., psychic cost, learned helplessness, arousal) are examined in light of existing evidence. Although some theories receive more support than others, it is suggested that the reliability and the generality of poststimulati on effects occur in part because of a multiplicity of causes.
Parents as Sexuality Educators

Abstract Increasing evidence indicates that children and adolescents ho are informed and educated about issues of sexuality are more likely to be sexually responsible and less likely to put themselves in sexually risky situations. Parents can play a pivotal role in imparting accurate information and values to their children in a developmentally appropriate manner. Such communication can greatly improve their child's potential for making healthy decisions about sexuality. Therefore, it is important that parents understand the rationale for sexuality education and utilize many avenues of communication to reach children and adolescents. Given that family therapists are in an influential role with respect to their clients, it is imperative that they have basic knoledge of sexuality education and bring such knoledge into their work with parents, children, and adolescents. e discuss hy itis important for parents to be involved in sexuality education, the obstacles within families and the ider culture that can “...
Cortico-muscular Communication during the Generation of Static Shoulder Abduction Torque in Upper Limb Following Stroke

In this study, we introduced a new index, namely overlap index, to quantify the spatial resolution of cortical activity for muscle coordination based on the measurement of EEG-EMG coherence during a motor task. By applying this index on 4 control and 4 hemisphere chronic stroke subjects we successfully identified that there is a significantly increased overlap between biceps brachii at the elbow and intermediate deltoids at the shoulder when stroke subjects generating a static shoulder abduction torque. Muscles that have increased overlap in cortex are consistent with those that coactivate abnormally in stroke when compared to control subjects. These results not only proof the effectiveness of this index in quantifying the spatial resolution of cortical activity but also point out that the reduced spatial resolution of muscle activity in cortex can be a reason for the abnormal muscle coactivation observed in impaired arms following stroke. Quantification of the cortical overlap index will provide us with new tools to test for the modifiability of the nervous system following clinical interventions. This work will be an important step toward our long-term goal of developing more effective rehabilitation techniques for the treatment of stroke.
A survey of security issues in wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used in many applications in military, ecological, and health-related areas. These applications often include the monitoring of sensitive information such as enemy movement on the battlefield or the location of personnel in a building. Security is therefore important in WSNs. However, WSNs suffer from many constraints, including low computation capability, small memory, limited energy resources, susceptibility to physical capture, and the use of insecure wireless communication channels. These constraints make security in WSNs a challenge. In this article we present a survey of security issues in WSNs. First we outline the constraints, security requirements, and attacks with their corresponding countermeasures in WSNs. We then present a holistic view of security issues. These issues are classified into five categories: cryptography, key management, secure routing, secure data aggregation, and intrusion detection. Along the way we highlight the advantages and disadvantages of various WSN security protocols and further compare and evaluate these protocols based on each of these five categories. We also point out the open research issues in each subarea and conclude with possible future research directions on security in WSNs.
A Comparison of Low Energy BF2 Implantation in Si and Ge Preamorphized Silicon

Low energy (6 keV) BF2 implantation was carried out using single crystal, Ge-preamorphized, and Si-preamorphized silicon substrates. Implanted substrates were rapid thermal annealed at temperatures from 600°C to 1050'C and boron channeling, diffusion, and activation were studied. Ge and Si preamorphization energies were chosen to produce nearly identical amorphous layer depths as determined by TEM micrographs (approximately 40 nm in both cases). Boron segregation to the end-of-range damage region was observed for 6 keV BF2 implantation into crystalline silicon, although none was detected in preamorphized substrates. Junction depths as shallow as 50 nm were obtained. In this ultra-low energy regime for ion implantation, boron diffusion was found to be as important as boron channeling in determining the junction depth, and thus, preamorphization does not result in a significant reduction in junction depth. However, the formation of junctions shallower than 100 rmu appears to require RTA temperatures below 1000°C which can lead to incomplete activation unless the substrate has been preamorphized. In the case of preamorphized samples, Hall measurements revealed that nearly complete electrical activation can be obtained for preamorphized samples after a 10 second rapid thermal anneal at temperatures as low as 600°C.
Incremental prognostic information from kidney function in patients with new onset coronary heart disease.

Background Prognostic factors are usually evaluated by their statistical significance rather than by their clinical utility. Risk reclassification measures the extent to which a novel marker adds useful information to a prognostic model. The extent to which estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) adds information about prognosis among patients with coronary heart disease is uncertain. Methods We studied patients in an integrated health care delivery system with newly diagnosed coronary heart disease. We developed a model of the risk of death over 2 years of follow-up and then added eGFR to the model and measured changes in C-index, net reclassification improvement, and integrated discrimination improvement. Results Almost half of the 31,533 study patients had reduced eGFR ( 2 ). Mortality was significantly higher among patients who had lower levels of eGFR, even after adjustment for baseline characteristics ( P P P = .007). Conclusion Estimated glomerular filtration rate is an informative prognostic factor among patients with incident coronary heart disease, independent of other clinical characteristics.
Stability of chalcogenide glass solutions for photonic applications

The stability of arsenic sulfide solutions towards absorbed moisture is investigated through accelerated aging studies. Water-induced precipitation can be mitigated, producing chalcogenide materials that are unaffected by the lifetime of the solution.
Effect of grasses on herbicide fate in the soil column: Infiltration of runoff, movement, and degradation

The objective of the present study was to evaluate if the presence of grass or the type of grass influences the environmental fate of herbicides within a soil column. Intact soil columns were planted with either smooth brome, big bluestem, tall fescue, switchgrass, or a mixture of prairie grasses or were left unvegetated. Artificial runoff containing atrazine, metolachlor, and pendimethalin was applied to the columns and allowed to infiltrate, and the resulting leachate was collected at the bottom of the soil column. This process was repeated on day 7 with herbicide-fortified runoff and on days 14 and 21 with water only. Following the leaching experiments, soil from the columns was fortified with either [14C]atrazine or [14C]metolachlor to measure pesticide degradation potential. The mean time necessary for infiltration of the artificial runoff decreased from 7.5 h for unvegetated to 3.4 h for grassed soil columns, and the type of grass did not have a significant effect. Neither the type of grass nor the presence of grass caused a significant change in the total amount of herbicide that leached through the columns. However, the presence of some grasses did decrease the amount of herbicide that leached in the final two events (i.e., additions not fortified with herbicide). Fescue was the least effective, reducing the amount of leached atrazine and metolachlor by 13% and 33% respectively, and mixed prairie grass was most effective, with reductions of 43% and 44%, respectively. In addition, atrazine and metolachlor degraded more rapidly in soil vegetated by some grasses. Mixed prairie grass had the greatest effect, increasing atrazine mineralization by 260% and formation of metolachlor-bound residue by 760%.
Automation of learning-set testing - The video-task paradigm

Researchers interested in studying discrimination learning in primates have typically utilized variations in the Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA). In the present experiment, a new testing apparatus for the study of primate learning is proposed. In the video-task paradigm, rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) respond to computer-generated stimuli by manipulating a joystick. Using this apparatus, discrimination learning-set data for 2 monkeys were obtained. Performance on Trial 2 exceeded 80 percent within 200 discrimination learning problems. These data illustrate the utility of the video-task paradigm in comparative research. Additionally, the efficient learning and rich data that were characteristic of this study suggest several advantages of the present testing paradigm over traditional WGTA testing.
Adenovirus E1A protein activates transcription of the E1A gene subsequent to transcription complex formation.

The mechanism of transcriptional activation of the adenovirus E1A and E3 genes by E1A protein during infection was examined by using transcription-competition assays. Infection of HeLa cells with one virus led to inhibition of mRNA accumulation from a superinfecting virus. Synthesis of the E1A 289R protein by the first virus to infect reduced inhibition of transcription of the superinfecting virus, indicating that the E1A 289R protein was limiting for E1A-activated transcription. Infection with an E1A- virus, followed 6 h later by superinfection with a wild-type virus, led to preferential transcriptional activation of the E1A gene of the first virus, suggesting that a host transcription component(s) stably associated with the E1A promoter in the absence of E1A protein and that this complex was the substrate for transcriptional activation by E1A protein. The limiting host transcription component(s) bound to the E1A promoter to form a complex with a half-life greater than 24 h in the absence of E1A 289R protein, as demonstrated in a challenge assay with a large excess of superinfecting virus. In the presence of the E1A 289R protein, the E1A gene of the superinfecting virus was gradually activated with a reduction in E1A mRNA accumulation from the first virus. The kinetics of the activation suggest that this was due to an indirect effect rather than to destabilization of stable transcription complexes by the 289R protein. Images
Euler–Lagrange equations for the spectral element shallow water system

Abstract We present the derivation of the discrete Euler–Lagrange equations for an inverse spectral element ocean model based on the shallow water equations. We show that the discrete Euler–Lagrange equations can be obtained from the continuous Euler–Lagrange equations by using a correct combination of the weak and the strong forms of derivatives in the Galerkin integrals, and by changing the order with which elemental assembly and mass averaging are applied in the forward and in the adjoint systems. Our derivation can be extended to obtain an adjoint for any Galerkin finite element and spectral element system. We begin the derivations using a linear wave equation in one dimension. We then apply our technique to a two-dimensional shallow water ocean model and test it on a classic double-gyre problem. The spectral element forward and adjoint ocean models can be used in a variety of inverse applications, ranging from traditional data assimilation and parameter estimation, to the less traditional model sensitivity and stability analyses, and ensemble prediction. Here the Euler–Lagrange equations are solved by an indirect representer algorithm.
Log-likelihood-ratio ordered successive interference cancellation in multi-user, multi-mode MIMO systems

Log-likelihood-ratio (LLR) ordered successive interference cancellation (SIC) scheme is analyzed in multi-user, multi-mode, multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems in which each user may choose between two operation modes: spatial multiplexing or beamforming. The main idea is to detect and cancel the user signal in order of LLR which provides a posteriori information about the reliability of detection. The simulation results indicate that LLR-ordered SIC provides 1 ~ 3 dB gain over the conventional SNR-ordered SIC in multiuser MIMO system and the gain increases with increasing number of users.