cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative immunohistochemical studies of bcl-2 and p53 proteins in benign and malignant ovarian endometriotic cysts.

BACKGROUND A number of histologic and epidemiologic studies have suggested an association between endometriosis and ovarian carcinoma. Some reports have described a transition from endometriosis to atypical endometriosis to carcinoma. Using immunohistochemistry, the authors compared staining patterns in benign endometriotic cysts with ovarian tumors and the endometriotic cyst lining from which they arose, in an attempt to identify sequential or etiologic correlations. METHODS One hundred thirteen formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections were studied (30 benign ovarian endometriotic cysts, 24 endometriotic cysts containing endometrioid carcinomas, 19 endometriotic cysts harboring clear cell carcinomas, and 40 ovarian papillary serous cystadenocarcinomas). All sections were immunostained with anti-bcl-2 and anti-p53 antibodies using the streptavidin-biotin method. RESULTS bcl-2 was reported to stain 23% of benign endometriotic cysts, 67% of endometrioid carcinomas, 73% of clear cell carcinomas, and 50% of papillary serous carcinomas. Approximately 42% of benign endometriotic lesions adjacent to the endometrioid carcinoma and 73% adjacent to clear cell carcinomas were found to stain for bcl-2 (p = 0.274 [not significant (NS)] and P = 0.008, respectively). p53 staining was negative in the benign endometriotic cyst group and was positive in 37–55% of the group with tumors. p53 staining was positive in 25% of the benign endometriotic lesions next to the endometrioid carcinoma and in 9% of the benign endometriotic lesions next to clear cell carcinoma (P = 0.014 and P = 0.239 [NS], respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study suggest that alterations in bcl-2 and p53 may be associated with the malignant transformation of endometriotic cysts. Cancer 2002;94:2935–40. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10566
Laser Ionization Measurements of the Photodissociation Kinetics of Jet-Cooled Benzaldehyde

The kinetics of benzaldehyde dissociation into benzene and carbon monoxide following excitation to the S2 state has been investigated under jet-cooled conditions by two-color laser ionization mass spectrometry using a pump−probe technique. A kinetic model has been proposed to explain the observed biexponential decay of the benzaldehyde signal and the single-exponential growth of the benzene product signal in terms of a sequential decay of two excited states of benzaldehyde, one of which leads to formation of benzene molecules in its lowest triplet state. Reactant disappearance and product appearance rates were determined for a number of vibronic transitions in the first 2000 cm-1 energy region of the S2 state. At the S2 origin the decay rate of the short-lived state of benzaldehyde was found to be 1.2 × 106 s-1.
Sustainable development frontiers and divides: Transnational actors and US/China greenhouse gas emissions

SUMMARY Perpetuation of the South-North divide over climate change threatens to undermine the sustainability of the planet's vulnerable ecosystems. The current focus of international attention is on the USA and the PRC since both countries are in a position to negate or clinch the global warming mitigation efforts of the rest of the world community and because the two governments are primarily responsible for the entrenched global impasse over greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement. This contribution illustrates how transnational non-state actors, specifically Chinese American transmigrants, can make a difference in surmounting the US-China divide over GHG emissions, even in a time of state stalemate. Specific opportunities to shape sustainable development outcomes are explored by reference to energy efficiency, renewable energy, transportation, GHG capture, and public education projects. The discussion shows that, by teaming up with the NGOs, universities, foundations and firms engaged in or contemplating involv...
Risky and Cautious Shifts in Group Decisions: The Influence of Widely Held Values

Abstract An extensive series of studies has shown that group decisions on life-situation items involving a risky dimension are significantly different from the average of the initial individual decisions of the members of the group. The present study investigates the possibility that widely held values and individuals' perceptions of their own riskiness relative to “other people like them” are important factors in individual and group decisions on life-situation items. Initial individual decisions on the items are found to be consistent with widely held values as assessed on a separate instrument. Significant differences between individuals' perceptions of their own and others' riskiness are also found. The life-situation items were divided into two types of items, on the bases of widely held values and the subjects' perceptions of their own relative riskiness. For items on which the widely held values favored the risky alternative and on which subjects considered themselves relatively risky, unanimous group decisions were more risky than the average of the initial individual decisons. The group decisions tended to be more cautious on items for which widely held values favored the cautious alternative and on which subjects considered themselves relatively cautious. The results are interpreted as supporting both the Nordhoy-Marquis general values hypothesis and the Brown “value to being relatively risky or relatively cautious” hypothesis.
Stability constants and molar absorptivities for complexes of copper(II) with N-methyldiethanolamine, 1,4-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-2-methylpiperazine, and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol.

Abstract The stability constants and molar absorptivities of complexes of Cu 2+ with N -methyldiethanolamine, 1,4-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-2-methylpiperazine, and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol have been determined from spectrophotometric data for very dilute aqueous solutions.
Improved speech recognition via speaker stress directed classification

Speech production variations due to perceptually induced stress contribute significantly to reduced speech processing performance. This study proposes an algorithm for estimation of the degree of perceptually induced stress. It is suggested that the resulting stress score could be integrated into speech processing algorithms to improve robustness in adverse conditions. First, results from a previous study motivate selection of a targeted set of speech features across phoneme and stress groups to improve stress classification performance. Analysis of articulatory, excitation, and cepstral based features is conducted using a previously established stressed speech database (SUSAS). Targeted feature sets are selected across ten stress conditions (including Apache helicopter, angry, clear, Lombard effect, loud, etc.). Next, an improved targeted feature stress classification system is developed and evaluated achieving rates of 91.01%. Finally, application of stress classification is incorporated into a stress directed speech recognition system. An improvement of +10.14% and +15.43% over conventionally trained neutral and multi-style trained recognizers is demonstrated using the new stress directed recognition system.
International Perspective on Government Nanotechnology Funding in 2005

The worldwide investment in nanotechnology research and development (R&D) reported by national government organizations and EC has increased approximately 9-fold in the last 8 years – from $432 million in 1997 to about $4,100 million in 2005. The proportion of national government investments for: academic R&D and education are between 20% (Korea, Taiwan) and 65% (US), industrial R&D – between 5% (US) and 60% (Korea, Taiwan), and core facilities and government laboratories – about 20–25% in all major contributing economies. This evaluation uses the NNI definition of nanotechnology (that excludes MEMS or microelectronics), and is based on direct information and analysis with managers of nanotechnology R&D programs in the respective countries.
Vascular endothelial-derived semaphorin 3 inhibits sympathetic axon growth

Vascular sympathetic innervation is an important determinant of blood pressure and blood flow. The mechanisms that determine vascular sympathetic innervation are not well understood. Recent studies...
Elected Bodies: The Gender Quota Law for Legislative Candidates in Mexico

In the past decade, 21 countries have adopted gender quota laws that require between 20% and 50% of all legislative candidates to be women. What explains the adoption of these laws? I argue that three factors make politicians more likely to adopt gender quota laws. First, electoral uncertainty creates an opportunity for internal party reform that factions within a party can exploit to their advantage. Second, the courts play an important role because of the centrality of the issue of equal protection under the law to gender quotas. Finally, cross-partisan mobilization among female legislators raises the costs of opposing such legislation by drawing public attention to it. I examine these three claims with regard to Mexico, where the federal congress passed a 30% gender quota law in 2002.
Inhibition of the growth and reproduction of the porcellanid crab Pachycheles rudis by the bopyrid isopod, Aporobopyrus muguensis

A population approach was employed to study the effects of a bopyrid isopod, Aporobopyrus muguensis, on the growth and reproduction of its anomuran host, Pachycheles rudis. Indirect evidence, provided by the size-specific prevalence pattern, and direct evidence, provided by laboratory moult frequencies and moult-stage data, indicated that the frequency of moulting was reduced among parasitized crabs. Moult increments of parasitized crabs were less than those of non-parasitized crabs. Although parasitized female P. rudis were able to reproduce, their fecundity was substantially reduced. Parasitized female hosts appeared to be delayed in their attainment of sexual maturity. Once mature, these crabs produced significantly smaller size-specific clutches than those produced by non-parasitized female crabs. Because fecundity increases with size in P. rudis, the slower growth rates of parasitized female hosts may further limit their fecundity. Potential mechanisms by which A. muguensis limits the growth and reproduction of P. rudis are discussed.
Proteomic examination of Ralstonia eutropha in cellular responses to formic acid

In this study, Ralstonia eutropha was used to elucidate protein changes in response to formic acid. Sixty-three differentially expressed proteins in relation to formic acid in R. eutropha were found with 1-D PAGE and nano-LC-MS/MS. Among the proteins with decreased expression, four were involved in the shikimate pathway and three proteins in the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. With the increased expression of proteins, a dramatic change occurred in the induction of ion transporters in relation to maintenance of the acid-base balance. A detoxification process of formic acid in the bacteria might be related to a membrane enzyme, formate hydrogenylase. Three proteins in polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis were enhanced and five proteins in glutathione biosynthesis increased in response to formic acid. Three enzymes in mevalonate biosynthesis and heat shock proteins were also elevated in the cells. Therefore, formic acid might have an inhibitory effect on aromatic amino acid production and pyrimidine biosynthesis in R. eutropha. R. eutropha cells seemed to attempt to overcome the effects of formic acid by increasing ion transporters and proteins that metabolized formic acid.
Review of central respiratory pattern generation models

Presents an overview of mathematical and computational models of respiratory rhythm generation. The focus is on models that emphasize the neural origin of the rhythm in the brainstem and the fundamental mechanisms underlying the generation of the rhythm. These models are discussed in the context of the evolution of ideas on how the respiratory rhythm is generated.
Nrf3 Negatively Regulates Antioxidant-response Element-mediated Expression and Antioxidant Induction of NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase1 Gene

Antioxidant-response element (ARE) and nuclear factor Nrf2-mediated expression and coordinated induction of genes encoding chemopreventive proteins, including NQO1, are critical mechanisms in chemoprotection. Recently, Nrf3, a new member of the Nrf family with substantial homology to Nrf2, was identified and cloned. In this report, we have investigated the role of Nrf3 in ARE-mediated gene expression and induction of NQO1 in response to antioxidants. Overexpression of Nrf3 in Hep-G2 cells led to a concentration-dependent decrease in transfected and endogenous NQO1 gene expression and induction in response to antioxidant tert-butylhydroquinone (t-BHQ). Deletion mutation analysis revealed that Nrf3 repression of NQO1 gene expression required heterodimerization and DNA binding domains but not transcriptional activation domain of Nrf3. Bandshift and supershift assays with in vitro transcribed and translated proteins and nuclear extracts from Hep-G2 cells treated with Me2SO and t-BHQ and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Nrf3 associates with small Maf proteins to bind to the ARE. RNA interference specific to Nrf3 reduced intracellular Nrf3 leading to increased expression and induction of transfected and endogenous NQO1 gene expression in response to t-BHQ. These results combined suggest that Nrf3 is a negative regulator of ARE-mediated gene expression.
DISCOVER: A Computational Collaboratory for Interactive Grid Applications

SUMMARY The growth of the Internet and the advent of the computational Grid have made it possible to develop and deploy advanced services and computational collaboratories on the Grid. These systems build on high-end computational resources and communication technologies, and enable seamless and collaborative access to resources, applications and data. In this chapter we present an overview of the DISCOVER computational collaboratory for enabling interactive applications on the Grid. Its primary goal is to bring large distributedGridapplicationsto thescientists’/engineers’desktopand enable collaborative application monitoring, interaction and control. DISCOVER is composed of 3 key components: (1) a middleware substratethatintegratesDISCOVERservers andenablesinteroperabilitywithexternal Gridservices, (2)an application control network consisting of sensors, actuators, and interaction agents that enable monitoring, interaction and steering of distributed applications, and (3) detachable portals for collaborative access to grid applications and services. The design, implementation, operation and evaluation of these components is presented.
Specification test coverage adequacy criteria = specification test generation inadequacy criteria

The successful analysis technique model checking can be employed as a test-case generation technique to generate tests from formal models. When using a model checker for test case generation, we leverage the witness (or counter-example) generation capability of model-checkers for constructing test cases. Test criteria are expressed as temporal properties and the witness traces generated for these properties are instantiated to create complete test sequences, satisfying the criteria. In this report we describe an experiment where we investigate the fault finding capability of test suites generated to provide three specification coverage metrics proposed in the literature (state, transition, and decision coverage). Our findings indicate that although the coverage may seem reasonable to measure the adequacy of a test suite, they are unsuitable when used to generate test suites. In short, the generated test sequences technically provide adequate coverage, but do so in a way that tests only a small portion of the formal model. We conclude that automated testing techniques must be pursued with great caution and that new coverage criteria targeting formal specifications are needed.
Elucidating the Power in Empowerment and the Participation in Participatory Action Research: A Story About Research Team and Elementary School Change

Community psychologists are increasingly using Participatory Action Research (PAR) as a way to promote social justice by creating conditions that foster empowerment. Yet, little attention has been paid to the differences between the power structure that PAR advocates and the local community power structures. This paper seeks to evaluate the level of participation in a PAR project for multiple stakeholder groups, determine how PAR was adjusted to better fit community norms, and whether our research team was able to facilitate the emergence of PAR by adopting an approach that was relevant to the existing power relations. We conclude that power differences should not be seen as roadblocks to participation, but rather as moments of opportunity for the researchers to refine their methods and for the community and the community psychologist to challenge existing power structures.
EFFORT: A new host-network cooperated framework for efficient and effective bot malware detection

Bots are still a serious threat to Internet security. Although a lot of approaches have been proposed to detect bots at host or network level, they still have shortcomings. Host-level approaches can detect bots with high accuracy. However they usually pose too much overhead on the host. While network-level approaches can detect bots with less overhead, they have problems in detecting bots with encrypted, evasive communication C&C channels. In this paper, we propose EFFORT, a new host-network cooperated detection framework attempting to overcome shortcomings of both approaches while still keeping both advantages, i.e., effectiveness and efficiency. Based on intrinsic characteristics of bots, we propose a multi-module approach to correlate information from different host- and network-level aspects and design a multi-layered architecture to efficiently coordinate modules to perform heavy monitoring only when necessary. We have implemented our proposed system and evaluated on real-world benign and malicious programs running on several diverse real-life office and home machines for several days. The final results show that our system can detect all 17 real-world bots (e.g., Waledac, Storm) with low false positives (0.68%) and with minimal overhead. We believe EFFORT raises a higher bar and this host-network cooperated design represents a timely effort and a right direction in the malware battle.
Signal resolution in low Doppler interference

A new algorithm for estimating the arrival-times and Doppler-shifts of overlapping signal pulses is based on an extension of a procedure for high resolution time-delay estimation. This approach can exploit prior information from ocean acoustic propagation models about the interference structure. >
On the Relationship between Pearson Correlation Coefficient andKendall’s Tau under Bivariate Homogeneous Shock Model

This paper studies the relationship between Kendall's tau and Pearson correlation coefficient under the so-called bivariate homogeneous shock (BHS) model. We find Caperaa-Genest-type inequality may not hold for general BHS model. Computational simulations suggest that the Denials' inequality is likely to be true.
Major Improvement of Intrinsic a-Si:H Films for Solar Cell Applications

The combination of a carefully-designed deposition system, process optimization, and a proprietary processing technique, has resulted in reduced structural defects and photo-stable, high quality intrinsic a-Si films. The improvement in material properties is further evidenced by successful incorporation of the material into single junction devices with a record stabilized device efficiency of 7.5%.
Gonadal development and non‐functional protogyny in a coral‐reef damselfish, Dascyllus albisella Gill

All gonads of the Hawaiian dascyllus Dascyllus albisella, irrespective of the final sex of individuals, developed an ovarian lumen and primary-growth-stage oocytes after an initially undifferentiated state. From this ovarian state or from more differentiated ovaries, some gonads redifferentiated into testes. None of 117 individuals examined had a gonad containing degenerating vitellogenic oocytes and proliferating spermatogenic tissue. Eleven individuals had gonads containing degenerating cortical-alveolus-stage oocytes and developing spermatogenic tissue. The size of these individuals overlapped with the female size range in which the majority of the females were still in the middle of the maturation process. They were absent from the larger size range where the majority of females had vitellogenic oocytes. This indicated that the transition toward maleness is likely to have occurred after the onset of cortical-alveolus stage, but before final oocyte maturation and spawning as females. Therefore the protogynous pattern of gonadal development was non-functional. There was no dimorphism in the sperm duct configuration, and all the testes were secondary testes reported for diandric, protogynous species with undelimited gonads. Very early development of an ovarian lumen appeared to have resulted in a secondary-male configuration in all testes, although redifferentiation into males appeared to have occurred before sexual maturity and spawning as females.
Hyperthermia Induced by 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Unrestrained Rhesus Monkeys

Background: Exposure to (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ((±)MDMA) results in lasting reductions of many markers for serotonin terminals in a range of species. In rodents, the severity of insult depends in large part on the generation of hyperthermia in the subject. (±)MDMA can produce either hyperthermia or hypothermia in rodents depending on the ambient temperature and these effects may be limited to the S(+) enantiomer. Limited prior evidence suggests (±)MDMA does not produce hyperthermia in chair-restrained monkeys [Bowyer, J.F., Young, J.F., Slikker, W., Itzak, Y., Mayorga, A.J., Newport, G.D., Ali, S.F., Frederick, D.L., Paule, M.G., 2003. Plasma levels of parent compound and metabolites after doses of either d-fenfluramine or d-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) that produce long-term serotonergic alterations. Neurotoxicology 24, 379–390]. This study was therefore conducted to determine if racemic MDMA and its enantiomers induce hyperthermia and increase spontaneous locomotor activity in unrestrained rhesus monkeys. Methods: Body temperature and spontaneous home cage activity were monitored continuously in four monkeys via radiotelemetric devices. The subjects were challenged with 1.7 mg/kg, i.m., (±)MDMA, S(+)MDMA and R(−)MDMA in pseudorandomized order. Results: Maximum and average temperature in the 4 h interval post-dosing was elevated 0.7–0.9 ◦ Cb y (±)MDMA and each enantiomer. Reductions in locomotor activity following dosing did not reliably differ from vehicle effects. Conclusions: MDMA produces an acute hyperthermia in unrestrained rhesus monkeys, much as it does with rats, mice, pigs, rabbits and humans. Hyperthermia occurs despite no increase in locomotor activity thus the effect does not depend on motor activation. Each enantiomer appears to be equivalently active thus primates may differ from rodents in thermoregulatory sensitivity to the R(−) enantiomer. Significant differences in outcome between this and a prior study in monkeys indicate a need for additional study of the thermoregulatory impact of MDMA in nonhuman primates.
Independent verification and validation: a missing link in simulation methodology?

Independent verification and validation (IV&V) is a powerful tool that can be used to mitigate the increasing complexities associated with an ever-expanding set of modeling and simulation problems. In this paper we discuss the use of independent V&V within the modeling and simulation community. Literature reviews and conversations with experienced technical managers serve as a basis for our conjecture that (a) validation is the major focus of most modeling and simulation efforts, (b) verification plays only a secondary role, and (c) independent V&V is, for all practical purposes, being ignored. In an effort to raise the awareness of the benefits and applicability of independent V&V within the modeling and simulation community, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the application of independent V&V to one particular life cycle model of a simulation study.
Backwards explanation and unification

It is an open question whether we ever successfully explain earlier states by appealing to later ones, and, further, whether this is even possible. Typically, these two questions are answered in the same way: if we give and accept ‘backwards explanations,’ they must be possible; if they are impossible, we are right to reject them. I argue that backwards explanations are brittle—they fail if the future event does not occur—and this is part of the reason they are not accepted about the actual world. This does not mean, however, that they must be rejected entirely. I argue that backwards explanations are possible for certain systems. This shields unificationism about scientific explanation from some recent criticisms.
Apoptosis detection for adherent cell populations in time-lapse phase-contrast microscopy images

The detection of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is important to understand the underlying mechanism of cell development. At present, apoptosis detection resorts to fluorescence or colorimetric assays, which may affect cell behavior and thus not allow long-term monitoring of intact cells. In this work, we present an image analysis method to detect apoptosis in time-lapse phase-contrast microscopy, which is non-destructive imaging. The method first detects candidates for apoptotic cells based on the optical principle of phase-contrast microscopy in connection with the properties of apoptotic cells. The temporal behavior of each candidate is then examined in its neighboring frames in order to determine if the candidate is indeed an apoptotic cell. When applied to three C2C12 myoblastic stem cell populations, which contain more than 1000 apoptosis, the method achieved around 90% accuracy in terms of average precision and recall.
Athletic Training and Sports Medicine. 3rd ed.

Robert C. Schenck Jr., editor. Rosemont, Illinois: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1999. $75.00 (members) or $95.00 (nonmembers), 925 pp. This text, now in its third edition, is intended to be a resource for sports-medicine caregivers including athletic trainers, physical therapists, primary-care physicians, and orthopaedic surgeons. Therefore, it is diverse in content and broad in …
Insect Flight: From Newton's Law to Neurons

Why do animals move the way they do? Bacteria, insects, birds, and fish share with us the necessity to move so as to live. Although each organism follows its own evolutionary course, it also obeys a set of common laws. At the very least, the movement of animals, like that of planets, is governed by Newton’s law: All things fall. On Earth, most things fall in air or water, and their motions are thus subject to the laws of hydrodynamics. Through trial and error, animals have found ways to interact with fluid so they can float, drift, swim, sail, glide, soar, and fly. This elementary struggle to escape the fate of falling shapes the development of motors, sensors, and mind. Perhaps we can deduce parts of their neural computations by understanding what animals must do so as not to fall. Here I discuss recent developments along this line of inquiry in the case of insect flight. Asking how often a fly must sense its orientation in order to balance in air has shed new light on the role of motor neurons and steering muscles responsible for flight stability.
Treatment type and demographic characteristics as predictors for cancer adjustment: Prospective trajectories of depressive symptoms in a population sample.

Objective: Prospectively identifying individuals at heightened risk for depression can alleviate the disease burden of distal physical and mental health consequences after cancer onset. Our objective was to identify heterogeneous trajectories of adjustment in cancer patients, using treatment-type as a predictor. Methods: Participants were followed for 6 years within the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a prospective population-based cohort study. The sample consisted of 1,294 middle-aged participants who were assessed once before and 3 time points after their report of an initial cancer diagnosis. In addition to self-reported depressive symptoms, subjects indicated receipt of surgical, radiological, or chemical interventions as part of their usual oncological care. Results: Four symptom trajectories were identified with Latent Growth Mixture Modeling: an increasing depression (10.5%), chronic depression (8.0%), depressed-improved (7.8%), and stable-low depression (73.7%). A conditional model using participants with available predictor data (n 545) showed individuals in the emerging depression class were significantly more likely to have received chemo/medication therapy when compared with the remitting depression, stable-low, and chronic depression classes. Participants in the chronic and depressed-improved classes generally had worse baseline health, and the depressedimproved were also younger in age. Conclusion: Patients who exhibited increasing depressive symptoms had a greater probability of receiving chemo/medication therapy than any other adjustment trajectory group, although the majority of chemotherapy patients did not exhibit depressive symptom changes. These data underscore the diversity of ways that patients adjust to cancer, and suggest cancer treatment, baseline health, and age may influence long-term patterns of psychological adjustment.
MATRIX INVERSION, ITS INTEREST AND APPLICATION IN ANALYSIS OF DATA*

Matrix inversion is used in the least squares analysis of data to estimate parameters and their variances and covariances. When the data come from the analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, order statistics, or the fitting of response-surfaces, the matrix to be inverted usually falls into a structured pattern that simplifies its inversion.One class of patterned matrices is characterized by non-singular symmetrical arrangemepts in which linear combinations of the first (r – 1) rows provide the right-hand portion, starting with the elements on the principal diagonal, of the rth and remaining rows. That is: for r i j, with vij = vij for all i ≠ j. The inverses of matrices of this clase contain a non-null principal diagonal, and immediately adjacent to the principal diagonal, (r − 1) non-null superdiagonals and (r – 1) non-null subdiagonals. All other elements are zero. These inverses are called diagonal matrices of type r. That is, a matrix is diagonal of type r if aij = 0 for |i – j| r and aij = aji ...
An Overview of Space Robotic Operations Principles for Human Spaceflight and Exploration

Copyright © 2005 by United Space Alliance, LLC. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. with permission. These materials are sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract NAS9-20000. The U.S. Government retains a paid-up, nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in such materials to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the U.S. Government. All other rights are reserved by the copyright owner. An Overview of Space Robotic Operations Principles for Human Spaceflight and Exploration
Thermal environment of a proposed single-stage-to-orbit vehicle at hypersonic speeds

A two-point second-order uniform box-scheme has been developed for numerical analysis of the gas flow in the boundary layer under the conditions of intensive blowing on the body surface. An effective rcgularization algorithm has been created. The numerical analysis indicates the second order of the uniform convergence of this box-scheme. Flow field parameters in the boundary layer near the stagnation point of a blunt body were calculated for different magnitudes of blowing and temperature factor. Numerical results have been compared with the earlier obtained data by the three-point exponential box-scheme.
Solution Processable, Electrochromic Ion Gels for Sub-1 V, Flexible Displays on Plastic

The functionality of ion gels can be enhanced by incorporating different types of redox-active species. Here, we have expanded the functionality of ion gels composed of polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-polystyrene and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide to include electrochromism by adding an electrochromic (EC) redox molecule, methyl viologen. Ferrocene was also added to the EC gel as an anodic species. The EC gel was inserted between two indium–tin oxide-coated glass slides (or plastic sheets) to make a simple two-terminal electrochromic device (ECD). The ECD changed color upon application of 0.7 V. The coloration efficiency (η) was 105 cm2/C, and the ECD exhibited good operational stability over 24 h even in air. Because the EC gel is processed from common solvents (acetone) at room temperature, it can be coated onto plastic straightforwardly, and we demonstrated a patterned flexible ECD. Overall, the results demonstrate that sub-1 V, flexible ECDs based on EC...
The Future From the Past: A Chance for Change.

Nearly 40 years ago, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and echocardiography formed the cornerstone of coronary artery disease (CAD) diagnosis. These techniques identify high-grade coronary stenoses by proxy, through identification of stress-induced ischemia or wall motion
Abortion and the Right to not be Pregnant

James E. Mahon examines the role played by Judith Jarvis Thomson’s essay on abortion, published in Philosophy & Public Affairs, in the subsequent development of practical ethics as a field of inquiry. Mahon argues that the journal put the topic of abortion on the philosophical map, and Thomson’s article did more than any other, before it or since, to energize philosophical debate about abortion. Mahon also analyses the contrasting arguments of Thompson and Joseph Mahon on abortion, before concluding with an examination of the distinction between the claims that abortion is ‘indecent’ and that it is ‘impermissible’.
Biphasic waveform shocks were effective and efficient for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.

Source Citation Page RL, Kerber RE, Russell JK, et al., for the BiCard Investigators. Biphasic versus monophasic shock waveform for conversion of atrial fibrillation: the results of an internationa...
Secretory dynamics of bioactive and immunoreactive prolactin in polycystic ovary syndrome

To further investigate prolactin (PRL) secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO), the authors evaluated immunoreactive (immuno) and bioactive (bio) PRL levels in the basal state and in response to provocative testing with intravenous dopamine (DA), metoclopramide (MCP), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), before and after disulfiram. Basal measurements of immuno-PRL, bio-PRL, and the ratio of bio/immuno-PRL were similar in PCO and controls. The immuno-PRL decrement after DA was greater than that of bio-PRL in both groups (P less than 0.05). After MCP, immuno-PRL increased more than bio-PRL in PCO (P less than 0.01), and this immuno-PRL increment was greater than that of controls (P less than 0.05). Bio-PRL and immuno-PRL increased after GnRH in PCO, but not controls, and these responses were inhibited by disulfiram. These data confirm PRL hypersecretion in some women with PCO, which is better expressed by immunoreactivity than bioactivity. Given the assay systems and patients studied, bioactivity
Review: computed tomographic colonography has high specificity but low-to-moderate sensitivity for detecting colorectal polyps.

Source Citation Mulhall BP, Veerappan GR, Jackson JL. Meta-analysis: computed tomographic colonography. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:635-50. 15838071
The Last Trotskyist

How theatrical a time it was, and if only the dead would rise for one final casting call, what a motion picture it would make! Comedy, of course. You think immediately of Groucho Marx as Max Shachtman and Chico as James P. Cannon, since it should be a brother act, but if they should prove unavailable, then any number of the great comedy teams, from Smith and Dale to Martin and Lewis could capture these squabbling heirs of the revolutionary Trotskyist tradition. And speaking of teams, what about Walter Matthau and George Burns — the sunshine boys — as Philip Rahv and William Phillips of Partisan Review?
Analysis of Scale Adaptive Approaches Based on the Rotta Transport Equation

A zonal formulation of the scale adaptive simulation (SAS) approach for wall bounded shear flows based on the Rotta’s transport equation for integral length scale is contrasted with the \(SST-SAS\) model of Menter and Egorov (Flow Turbul Combust 85(1):113–138, 2010) with local triggering (seamless formulation). It is known that the SAS approach does not trigger to a scale resolving mode in attached/mildly separated flows even if grid supports the transition Menter et al. (4th Symposium on Hybrid RANS-LES Methods, Beijing, China, September, 2011). This work addresses the question whether a zonal formulation of SAS (\(k-\varepsilon \) formulation along with different norm for second derivative of velocity) could improve the triggering process from URANS to LES-like mode in attached/mildly separated flows. In order to study the effects of different formulations, both models were applied to different flow configurations ranging from fully attached to strongly separated, including stationary streamwise-homogeneous turbulent channel flow, flow over an S809 airfoil and swirling flow through a sudden expansion. We find that, in both formulations, even when grid is sufficiently fine to resolve the integral scale motions, the simulation only transitions to scale-resolving mode when the base URANS flow is naturally unstable.
Outcomes of catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy.

Background— Prior studies evaluating the efficacy of catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) among patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) have reported varied outcomes. More recently, studies have suggested that an epicardial ablation is necessary for improved outcomes after catheter ablation of VT. The overall objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) of VT in ARVD/C, with particular focus on newer ablation strategies, including epicardial catheter ablation. Methods and Results— The study population included 87 patients with ARVD/C who underwent a total of 175 RFA procedures between 1992 and 2011 at 80 different electrophysiology centers. Recurrence of VT following RFA and effect of RFA on the burden of VT were assessed. The mean age of the cohort was 38 ± 13 years. Over a mean follow-up of 88.3 ± 66 months, the overall freedom from VT of the 175 procedures was 47%, 21%, and 15%, at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The cumulative freedom from VT following epicardial RFA was 64% and 45% at 1 and 5 years, respectively, which was significantly longer than endocardial RFA ( P =0.021). Survival free of VT among procedures with 3D electroanatomic mapping was significantly longer compared to those without ( P =0.016). Burden of VT was reduced irrespective of the ablation strategy ( P <0.001). Conclusions— Although VT recurrences are common, RFA results in a significant reduction in the burden of VT in patients with ARVD/C. Further, although the use of 3D electroanatomic mapping systems and epicardial ablation strategies are associated with longer survival free of VT, recurrence rates remain considerable.
BURYING, REPATRIATING, AND LEAVING THE DEAD IN WARTIME AND POSTWAR CHINA AND TAIWAN, 1937–1955*

The burial of war dead was a key element of displacement and community formation during wartime and postwar China and Taiwan, 1937–1955. Reckoning with the physical burial and spiritual pacification of civilian as well as military dead posed practical and epistemological problems for the tens of millions forced to migrate amid shifting political and military boundaries. Various populations of living and dead refugees became increasingly politicized on the national and international levels, affecting local rituals and family burials. The accumulation of unidentified or lost bodies raised the stakes for the incorporation of the known dead into local, translocal, or national communities. The moral imperative of families and lineages to reconstitute themselves in the aftermath of war was made concrete via the extensive networks of locally-identified charitable organizations who worked to transport coffins back “home” from China's interior. The Nationalist government, meanwhile, prioritized symbolic control over military heroes in ways that ignored or eschewed burial and family ritual. The KMT and those who fled with them to Taiwan in 1949 were then cut off from their national as well as family graves, and struggled to find ritual and practical methods of overcoming or temporarily ameliorating political boundaries, geographic distance, and the passage of time.
Impairment of pH gradient and membrane potential mediates redox dysfunction in the mitochondria of the post-ischemic heart

The mitochondrial electrochemical gradient (Δp), which comprises the pH gradient (ΔpH) and the membrane potential (ΔΨ), is crucial in controlling energy transduction. During myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (IR), mitochondrial dysfunction mediates superoxide (·O2 −) and H2O2 overproduction leading to oxidative injury. However, the role of ΔpH and ΔΨ in post-ischemic injury is not fully established. Here we studied mitochondria from the risk region of rat hearts subjected to 30 min of coronary ligation and 24 h of reperfusion in vivo. In the presence of glutamate, malate and ADP, normal mitochondria (mitochondria of non-ischemic region, NR) exhibited a heightened state 3 oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and reduced ·O2 − and H2O2 production when compared to state 2 conditions. Oligomycin (increases ΔpH by inhibiting ATP synthase) increased ·O2 − and H2O2 production in normal mitochondria, but not significantly in the mitochondria of the risk region (IR mitochondria or post-ischemic mitochondria), indicating that normal mitochondrial ·O2 − and H2O2 generation is dependent on ΔpH and that IR impaired the ΔpH of normal mitochondria. Conversely, nigericin (dissipates ΔpH) dramatically reduced ·O2 − and H2O2 generation by normal mitochondria under state 4 conditions, and this nigericin quenching effect was less pronounced in IR mitochondria. Nigericin also increased mitochondrial OCR, and predisposed normal mitochondria to a more oxidized redox status assessed by increased oxidation of cyclic hydroxylamine, CM-H. IR mitochondria, although more oxidized than normal mitochondria, were not responsive to nigericin-induced CM-H oxidation, which is consistent with the result that IR induced ΔpH impairment in normal mitochondria. Valinomycin, a K+ ionophore used to dissipate ΔΨ, drastically diminished ·O2 − and H2O2 generation by normal mitochondria, but less pronounced effect on IR mitochondria under state 4 conditions, indicating that ΔΨ also contributed to ·O2 − generation by normal mitochondria and that IR mediated ΔΨ impairment. However, there was no significant difference in valinomycin-induced CM-H oxidation between normal and IR mitochondria. In conclusion, under normal conditions the proton backpressure imposed by ΔpH restricts electron flow, controls a limited amount of ·O2 − generation, and results in a more reduced myocardium; however, IR causes ΔpH impairment and prompts a more oxidized myocardium.
Magnetic properties of cube-shaped Fe3O4 nanoparticles in dilute, 2D, and 3D assemblies

The behavior of cube-shaped Fe3O4 nanoparticles is compared with that of similar spherical particles to reveal the effects of surface and shape anisotropy. Magnetostatic interactions in nanocube and nanosphere assemblies are analyzed in terms of an interaction parameter and an activation volume, and compared with theoretical predictions for the magnetic ground state of point dipole arrays with different lattice symmetries.
The cerulenin-induced formation of 1-acyl-lysophosphatidyl glycerol in Bacillus megaterium

Abstract When a culture of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14581, growing at 20° and treated with the fatty acid synthesis inhibitor, cerulenin, was incubated with [U-14C]palmitate, 50% of the incorporated label was found in 1-palmitoyl-lysophosphatidyl glycerol within 5 min. Most of the remaining 14C appeared in free fatty acid and phosphatidyl glycerol. By 45 min almost all of the lyso compound had disappeared and 80% of the incorporated label was found in phosphatidyl glycerol. At 20°, in the absence of cerulenin or at 35° in either its presence or absence, no labeled lysophosphatidyl glycerol could be found at any time after [U-14C]palmitate addition. The major radioactive lipid, in these cases, was always phosphatidyl glycerol. At 20°, the palmitate of phosphatidyl glycerol but not of lysophosphatidyl glycerol was readily desaturated.
Jumping Droplets Push the Boundaries of Condensation Heat Transfer

Condensation heat transfer enhancement plays a critical role in more efficient power generation, improved electronics thermal management, and less energy-intensive natural gas processing, among other applications. In this issue of Joule, Ronggui Yang and colleagues demonstrated a method to promote jumping droplet condensation on a superhydrophobic surface at unprecedented levels of subcooling while also improving heat transfer performance by up to 100% compared to flat surface coatings. This finding paves the way for future implementation of this technology.
AMModels: An R package for storing models, data, and metadata to facilitate adaptive management

Agencies are increasingly called upon to implement their natural resource management programs within an adaptive management (AM) framework. This article provides the background and motivation for the R package, AMModels. AMModels was developed under R version 3.2.2. The overall goal of AMModels is simple: To codify knowledge in the form of models and to store it, along with models generated from numerous analyses and datasets that may come our way, so that it can be used or recalled in the future. AMModels facilitates this process by storing all models and datasets in a single object that can be saved to an .RData file and routinely augmented to track changes in knowledge through time. Through this process, AMModels allows the capture, development, sharing, and use of knowledge that may help organizations achieve their mission. While AMModels was designed to facilitate adaptive management, its utility is far more general. Many R packages exist for creating and summarizing models, but to our knowledge, AMModels is the only package dedicated not to the mechanics of analysis but to organizing analysis inputs, analysis outputs, and preserving descriptive metadata. We anticipate that this package will assist users hoping to preserve the key elements of an analysis so they may be more confidently revisited at a later date.
Focus on the Environment: Perception of Places and Persons

The preceding chapter focused on theories of schema formation and use developed by cognitive psychologists. But these theories—and the research paradigms from which they have been derived—have increasingly come to be viewed by personality and social psychologists as useful tools for examining social knowledge as well. This chapter centers more explicitly on the implications that such theories have for the perception and cognitive organization of our physical and social surroundings. This discussion is divided into three sections. The first deals with schemas that are applied to the physical and behavioral environments within which social interaction takes place. The second focuses upon the perception of other persons. And the third takes up the organization and encoding of cognitive representations of event sequences.