cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Representation and completion of partially ordered sets by dyadic sequences

Various types of representations of partially ordered sets by means of dyadic sequences is considered and a suprema and infima preserving completion of partially ordered sets is exhibited.
English vocabulary development in bilingual kindergarteners: What are the best predictors?

This study examines growth rates in vocabulary over an academic year for 150 Latino English language learners. In October, February, and June of kindergarten, participants completed standardized measures of receptive and expressive vocabulary. Before the second and third assessments, a third of the children watched Arthur three times a week during school hours, while another third viewed Between the Lions. The last third did not view either show during school hours. Data on children's preschool experiences and home literacy activities were collected. Growth modeling analyses show while there were no effects of classroom viewing, children who viewed Arthur and Between the Lions at home had steeper growth trajectories than those who had not. Additional effects of native language home use and preschool attendance were seen. Boys displayed better English vocabulary skills than girls. These findings suggest the importance of English exposure and native language maintenance for English L2 vocabulary development.
Violations of parton-hadron duality in Deep Inelastic Scattering

I present an overview of recent data on Deep Inelastic Scattering at large Bjorken x and low invariant mass, W2, where parton-hadron duality was originally observed. I discuss the concept of parton-hadron duality from the perspective of perturbative QCD. Within this framework, I show that parton-hadron duality is broken for low values of W2, in the \(\Delta\)- and S11-resonance production region. A model that accounts for the anomalous scale dependence ensuing from this situation is developed.
Olfactory CO2 chemoreceptors

Amphibians and reptiles possess CO(2)-sensitive olfactory receptors that cause a dose-dependent decrease in breathing when stimulated by CO(2) concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 8%. In amphibians, it has been shown that inhibition of the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase (CA), attenuates the response of CO(2)-sensitive olfactory receptors to transient changes in nasal CO(2). Histology and electrophysiology studies in frogs show that identification of sites of CA activity can serve as markers for locations of CO(2) chemosensitivity in the olfactory epithelium. There is also growing evidence that CO(2) receptors may be present in the olfactory epithelium of mammals. The objectives of this review are to, (1) summarize the current state of knowledge of olfactory CO(2) receptors in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals; (2) present results from an experiment designed to determine the distribution and density of CA activity within the rat nasal cavity; (3) show results from an experiment that recorded the olfactory receptor response to CO(2) in areas of the rat nasal cavity exhibiting the highest densities of CA activity; and (4) discuss the presumed role of the olfactory CO(2) receptors in the control of breathing and in abnormalities of breathing, such as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
Balancing Passion and Priorities: An Investigation of Health and Wellness Practices of Secondary School Principals

Given the increased attention on school-based programs to decrease obesity and emphasize fitness among children, there is an alarming lack of attention on health and wellness of school administrato...
Microgravity and the human exploration of space technology challenges

Abstract If humans are to explore space beyond low-earth orbit, their health and welfare must be ensured, not only for survival in harsh environments but also so that they can work productively. The requisite technologies, and human physiology itself, are subject to reduced levels of gravity that are indigenous to space travel. Numerous studies have shown that it will require many years of intensive research to develop reliable, efficient, and self-sustaining technologies and to understand the effects of gravity on humans. The research community that was developed to provide crucial specific information has essentially been deactivated because of budget constraints. Thus, the great engineering challenge—to develop advanced and novel technologies that will enable further space exploration—will remain for future generations.
Exercise Programs for Fitness and Health for Geriatrics

"As a consequence of diminished exercise tolerance, a large and increasing number of elderly people will be living below, at, or just above 'thresholds' of physical ability, needing only minor intercurrent illness to render them completely dependent" (Astrand, 1992, p. 1231S). The NP can play a crucial role in educating motivating, and encouraging geriatric clients to continue or initiate a fitness program. The exercise program that is prescribed by NPs for their patients "depends on their needs, goals, physical and health status, personal preference, and available time, equipment, and facilities" (Pollack et al., 1994, p. 588). Fitness is a goal for all geriatric patients, that they might remain healthy and physically fit longer, and therefore continue to lead active, fulfilling lives.
Chemistry of the sphingolipides.

Chemical studies leading to the elucidation of the structures of sphingosine, cerebrosides, sphingomyelin, and cerebroside sulphuric acid are reviewed. The general nature of the complex sphingolipi...
Characterisation of frequency doubling in Eu/sup 2+/ doped aluminosilicate fibres

The results of a series of experiments on efficient second-harmonic generation in a fiber with a Eu(2+)-doped aluminosilicate core are reported. The fiber was prepared by the seeding method with CW mode-locked radiation at 1.06 micron and produced ultrastable peak conversion efficiencies of 0.001 during mode-locked readout. Experiments were performed to determine the IR preparation intensity dependence, the stability of the output, and the type of erasure mechanisms which occur. The results are compared with those of germanosilicate fibers and some similarities and differences are discussed.
Wall relaxation rates for an optically pumped Na vapor

The wall relaxation rates for an optically pumped Na vapor have been measured for a variety of wall surfaces. We find that fluorocarbon rubber (Fluorel or Viton) at a temperature of 250°C has a relaxation rate that corresponds on the average to 10–15 bounces before depolarization occurs. A surface with a relaxation rate this small is potentially very important for use in the polarized Na vapor charge exchange target used in the optically pumped polarized H− ion source.
The Ecology of Leadership: Adapting to the Challenges of a Changing World:

Traditional, mechanistic models of leadership are inadequate for dealing with the serious adaptive challenges facing the modern world. The complex, dynamic systems that result when these adaptive challenges interact requires that we draw upon ecological principles to understand the role that leadership processes can play in creating a sustainable, generative future. Ignoring the systemic nature of leadership processes creates an illusion that traditional positional leaders should be the focus of leadership studies. We propose that a more useful focus is the systemic processes out of which leadership emerges. A theory of leadership derived from principles of ecology calls for a radical shift in our perspectives of leadership. It emphasizes individual responsibility, a long term perspective, developing capacities of individuals within organizations, and harmony with nature, while showing the way toward sustainability for future generations.
Marijuana intoxication common experiences.

As a guide to future experiments, the chief experiential effects of marijuana have been elucidated with the help of a detailed questionnaire given to seasoned marijuana users whose experiences, it seems, are almost entirely pleasant.
Intrinsic deuterium isotope effects on benzylic hydroxylation by tyrosine hydroxylase

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrH) is a mononuclear, non-heme iron monooxygenase that catalyzes the pterin-dependent hydroxylation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine. When 4-methylphenylalanine is used as a substrate for TyrH, 4-hydroxymethylphenylalanine is one of the amino acid products. To examine the mechanism of benzylic hydroxylation, the products and their isotopic compositions were determined with 4-methylphenylalanines containing a mono-, di-, or trideuterated methyl group as substrates. Intrinsic primary and secondary deuterium isotope effects for benzylic hydroxylation of 9.6 ± 0.9 and 1.21 ± 0.08, respectively, were derived from the data. The magnitudes of these isotope effects are consistent with quantum mechanical tunneling of the hydrogen. The similarity of the effects to those seen for benzylic hydroxylation by other enzymes supports a mechanism where a high valence iron−oxo species, Fe(IV)O, is the hydroxylating intermediate.
Historical Archaeology: Science and Humanism:

The thesis of this article is that historical archaeology can benefit immensely from the proper application of both humanistic and scientific methods and objectives. The corollary of this is that i...
Dynamic headspace capillary gas chromatographic analysis of soybean oil volatiles

To develop new knowledge on preventing or eliminating the formation of undesirable flavors in soybean oil, we analyzed quantitatively the major volatile products in samples that were oxidized during storage in the dark at ambient conditions. The volatiles formed were recovered and separated by dynamic headspace capillary gas chromatography. The effect of sampling temperatures was investigated by heating the sample, sweeping the volatiles with helium and trapping and desorbing them from a porous polymer Tenax trap. The volatiles were flushed from the trap onto a fused silica capillary column with a bonded mixed dimethyldiphenyl siloxane phase. At peroxide values between 2 and 13, the major volatile products found were acrolein, pentene, pentane, 1-penten-3-ol, pentanal, hexanal, 2-hexenal, 2-heptenal, 2,4-heptadienal, 2-octenal and 2,4-decadienal. The profile of volatiles was significantly affected by the sampling temperature used and by the presence or absence of citric acid in the oils before storage. The relative amounts of volatile thermal decomposition products of linolenate and linoleate hydroperoxides, such as 2,4-heptadienal and 2,4-decadienal, increased significantly when samples were heated above 90 C. Dynamic headspace gas chromatography made it possible to analyze the volatiles in samples heated to 60 and 90 C. These volatiles may be representative of those present in oils at time of tasting.
A Middle School Extension of Pick's Theorem to Areas of Nonsimple Closed Polygonal Regions

The author has extended Pick's theorem for simple closed polygonal regions to unions of simple closed polygonal regions–a topic that is manageable for middle grade students. From sets of data including numbers of boundary points and numbers of interior points, students are guided to discover Pick's theorem. Additionally, with the author's creation of crossing points, Pick's theorem is extended to include areas of other polygonal regions. The article is developed along lines of the 1989 Standards of the NCTM in the use of data tables which lead to the discovery of a formula.
Pointwise error estimates of the local discontinuous Galerkin method for a second order elliptic problem

In this paper we derive some pointwise error estimates for the local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method for solving second-order elliptic problems in R N (N ≥ 2). Our results show that the pointwise errors of both the vector and scalar approximations of the LDG method are of the same order as those obtained in the L 2 norm except for a logarithmic factor when the piecewise linear functions are used in the finite element spaces. Moreover, due to the weighted norms in the bounds, these pointwise error estimates indicate that when at least piecewise quadratic polynomials are used in the finite element spaces, the errors at any point z depend very weakly on the true solution and its derivatives in the regions far away from z. These localized error estimates are similar to those obtained for the standard conforming finite element method.
Singular orientations and faceted motion of dislocations in body-centered cubic crystals

Dislocation mobility is a fundamental material property that controls strength and ductility of crystals. An important measure of dislocation mobility is its Peierls stress, i.e., the minimal stress required to move a dislocation at zero temperature. Here we report that, in the body-centered cubic metal tantalum, the Peierls stress as a function of dislocation orientation exhibits fine structure with several singular orientations of high Peierls stress—stress spikes—surrounded by vicinal plateau regions. While the classical Peierls-Nabarro model captures the high Peierls stress of singular orientations, an extension that allows dislocations to bend is necessary to account for the plateau regions. Our results clarify the notion of dislocation kinks as meaningful only for orientations within the plateau regions vicinal to the Peierls stress spikes. These observations lead us to propose a Read-Shockley type classification of dislocation orientations into three distinct classes—special, vicinal, and general—with respect to their Peierls stress and motion mechanisms. We predict that dislocation loops expanding under stress at sufficiently low temperatures, should develop well defined facets corresponding to two special orientations of highest Peierls stress, the screw and the M111 orientations, both moving by kink mechanism. We propose that both the screw and the M111 dislocations are jointly responsible for the yield behavior of BCC metals at low temperatures.
Significant increase in end-stage renal disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Significant increase in end-stage renal disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Prescription omega-3 fatty acids did not prevent recurrent, symptomatic, paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation

Source Citation Kowey PR, Reiffel JA, Ellenbogen KA, Naccarelli GV, Pratt CM. Efficacy and safety of prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the prevention of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation...
The role of stimulus intensity and stress in opioid-mediated analgesia

Rats exposed to a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm developed naloxone-reversible analgesia only when the intensity of a noxious unconditioned stimulus was suprathreshold and the level of stress was augmented. The time course of the onset of this conditioned analgesia was reproduced by systemic administration of morphine. These findings suggest that both a minimal level of stimulus intensity and stress are necessary for the activation of endogenous opioid-mediated analgesia.
Environmental, cognitive, and metacognitive influences on text revision: Assessing the evidence

To assess progress in understanding text revision, we review research reported since 1980, when process analyses of writing were beginning (Fitzgerald, 1987). A modernized version of the revision model by Flower, Hayes, Carey, Schriver, and Stratman (1986) was used to organize findings about how revision is influenced by environmentally posed rhetorical problems and actual text variables; by cognitive knowledge, strategies, and representations of the text being revised; by metacognitive understanding, monitoring, and control of knowledge and strategies; by interactions among these environmental, cognitive, and metacognitive influences; and by how working memory limits those interactive influences. These influences have been studied with a rich diversity of research approaches, and even though no part of the modernized model has been studied fully, and even though interactions of the model's parts have been examined minimally, clearly interpretable results have been reported about all of the model's parts. Substantial and encouraging progress has been made toward understanding text revision, and the stage has been set for more progress. We suggest investigations to increase understanding of revision and to promote integration of research and theory about reading and writing.
A simplified method for implementing run-time polymorphism in Fortran95

This paper discusses a simplified technique for software emulation of inheritance and run-time polymorphism in Fortran95. This technique involves retaining the same type throughout an inheritance hierarchy, so that only functions which are modified in a derived class need to be implemented.
A multi-hypothesis approach for salient object tracking in visual surveillance

In this paper, a multiple-object tracking method for visual surveillance applications is presented. Moving objects are detected by adaptive background subtraction and tracked by using a multi-hypothesis testing approach. Object matching between frames is done based on proximity and appearance similarity. A new confidence measure is assigned to each possible match. This information is arranged into a graph structure where vertices represent blobs in consecutive frames and edges represent match confidence values. This graph is later used to prune and refine trajectories to obtain the salient object trajectories. Occlusions are handled through position prediction using Kalman filter and robust color similarity measures. Proposed framework is able to handle imperfections in moving object detection such as spurious objects, fragmentation, shadow, clutter and occlusions.
Enhanced climate variability in the tropics: a 200 000 yr annual record of monsoon variability from Pangea's equator

Abstract. A continuous series of 209 000 evaporite varves from the equator of arid western Pangea (age = −255 ma), as a proxy for surface temperature, has a complete suite of Milankovitch cycles and harmonics as expected for a rectified reaction to precession-modulated insolation at the equator. Included are modes of precession (23.4 kyr, 18.2 kyr), semi-precession (11.7 kyr, 9.4 kyr), and harmonics at ~7 kyr and 5.4 kyr. An oscillation of ~100 kyr, with 35 % of total variance, originates as an amplitude modulation of precession cycles. An exceptionally strong 2.3 kyr quasi-bi-millennial oscillation (QBMO) appears to have had its own source of forcing, possibly solar, with its amplitude enhanced at Milankovitch frequencies. Seasonal information in varves traces the rectifying process to asymmetrical distribution of Pangea relative to the equator, and its effect on monsoonal circulation and heat flow near the equator during summer solstices in the hemispheres.
The beyond 12/23 restriction is imposed at the nicking and pairing steps of DNA cleavage during V(D)J recombination.

The beyond 12/23 (B12/23) rule ensures inclusion of a Dβ gene segment in the assembled T-cell receptor (TCR) β variable region exon and is manifest by a failure of direct Vβ-to-Jβ gene segment joining. The restriction is enforced during the DNA cleavage step of V(D)J recombination by the recombination-activating gene 1 and 2 (RAG1/2) proteins and the recombination signal sequences (RSSs) flanking the TCRβ gene segments. Nothing is known about the step(s) at which DNA cleavage is defective or how TCRβ locus sequences contribute to these defects. To address this, we examined the steps of DNA cleavage by the RAG proteins using TCRβ locus V, D, and J RSS oligonucleotide substrates. The results demonstrate that the B12/23 rule is enforced through slow nicking of Jβ substrates and to some extent through poor synapsis of Vβ and Jβ substrates. Nicking is controlled largely by the coding flank and, unexpectedly, the RSS spacer, while synapsis is controlled primarily by the RSS nonamer. The results demonstrate that different Jβ substrates are crippled at different steps of cleavage by distinct combinations of defects in the various DNA elements and strongly suggest that the DNA nicking step of V(D)J recombination can be rate limiting in vivo.
Engineering Challenges for Instrumenting and Controlling Integrated Organ-on-Chip Systems

The sophistication and success of recently reported microfabricated organs-on-chips and human organ constructs have made it possible to design scaled and interconnected organ systems that may significantly augment the current drug development pipeline and lead to advances in systems biology. Physiologically realistic live microHuman (μHu) and milliHuman (mHu) systems operating for weeks to months present exciting and important engineering challenges such as determining the appropriate size for each organ to ensure appropriate relative organ functional activity, achieving appropriate cell density, providing the requisite universal perfusion media, sensing the breadth of physiological responses, and maintaining stable control of the entire system, while maintaining fluid scaling that consists of ~5 mL for the mHu and ~5 μL for the μHu. We believe that successful mHu and μHu systems for drug development and systems biology will require low-volume microdevices that support chemical signaling, microfabricated pumps, valves and microformulators, automated optical microscopy, electrochemical sensors for rapid metabolic assessment, ion mobility-mass spectrometry for real-time molecular analysis, advanced bioinformatics, and machine learning algorithms for automated model inference and integrated electronic control. Toward this goal, we are building functional prototype components and are working toward top-down system integration.
Physiological role of neuropeptide Y in the regulation of the ascending phase of the peristaltic reflex.

The physiological role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and of specific NPY receptors in regulating the intestinal peristaltic reflex was examined in three-compartment flat-sheet preparations of rat colon. ...
Letting the Exception Prove the Rule

It is unlikely that George W. Bush feels constrained by international law when deciding whether to use military force abroad. Nevertheless, many of the United States' allies are reluctant to cooperate with and participate in military actions that cannot reasonably be justified under international law. And supportive allies, while perhaps not strictly necessary to the United States in its recent and foreseeable military campaigns, do make the military option easier to pursue. A war against Iraq would be difficult without access to bases and airspace in countries as diverse as Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Germany, and Canada. For this reason, at least, it would seem to be worth the president's while to adhere to international law where possible and, where this is not possible, to seek to change the rules.International lawyers in the Department of State, together with lawyers in other parts of the U.S. government, have excelled in shaping the law to accommodate the interests of the United States. One example, though by no means the only one, concerns the response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
The effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory electromechanical dissociation

The effectiveness of calcium in electromechanical dissociation (EMD) has been challenged. Retrospective studies have been contradictory. To determine its effectiveness a prospective, randomized, blinded study comparing calcium chloride and saline in refractory EMD was carried out in the pre-hospital setting from October 1982 to October 1983. Only patients who had received epinephrine and bicarbonate and were refractory were entered in the study. All trauma and pediatric arrests were excluded. Ninety patients presented in refractory EMD. Overall, eight of 48 who received calcium were resuscitated successfully in the field; two of 42 who received saline were resuscitated succesfully (P
Trace Metal Requirements for Microbial Enzymes Involved in the Production and Consumption of Methane and Nitrous Oxide

Fluxes of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere are heavily influenced by microbiological activity. Microbial enzymes involved in the production and consumption of greenhouse gases often contain metal cofactors. While extensive research has examined the influence of Fe bioavailability on microbial CO2 cycling, fewer studies have explored metal requirements for microbial production and consumption of the second- and third-most abundant greenhouse gasses, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Here we review the current state of biochemical, physiological and environmental research on transition metal requirements for microbial CH4 and N2O cycling. Methanogenic Archaea require large amounts of Fe, Ni and Co (and some Mo/W and Zn). Low bioavailability of Fe, Ni and Co limits methanogenesis in pure and mixed cultures and environmental studies. Anaerobic methane oxidation by “ANME” Archaea likely occurs via reverse methanogenesis since ANME possess most of the enzymes in the methanogenic pathway. Aerobic CH4 oxidation uses Cu or Fe for the first step depending on Cu availability, and additional Fe, Cu and Mo for later steps. N2O production via classical anaerobic denitrification is primarily Fe-based, whereas aerobic pathways (nitrifier denitrification and archaeal ammonia oxidation) require Cu in addition to, or possibly in place of, Fe. Genes encoding the Cu-containing N¬2O reductase, the only known enzyme capable of microbial N2O conversion to N2, have only been found in classical denitrifiers. Accumulation of N2O due to low Cu has been observed in pure cultures and a lake ecosystem, but not in marine systems. Future research is needed on metalloenzymes involved in the newly-discovered pathway of N2O production by ammonia oxidizing Archaea, biological mechanisms for scavenging scarce metals, and possible links between metal bioavailability and greenhouse gas fluxes both in anaerobic environments where metals may be limiting due to sulfide-metal scavenging.
Earthquake-Tide Correlation

Summary The detection of moonquakes that occur when the Moon is at perigee has prompted a search for tidal effects on earthquake occurrences. An attempt was made to correlate earthquakes listed in the CGS-NOA epicentre determinations with the tidal phase of semidiurnal tides. This study was confined to several seismic regions representative of tectonic and non-tectonic regions. An extended form of Schuster's test was used to decide whether significant correlations existed. Though some tidal influences could be accepted at a 5 per cent significance level, the effect was not consistent or stable with time. Earthquakes, if they are affected by tides, show a slight tendency to occur at times when the tidal stress is changing most rapidly. Insufficient data was available to compare tectonic to non-tectonic areas. An analysis of the Japanese aftershock sequence which began 1969 August 11 was found to have no significant tidal correlation.
Chemotherapy in Children with Head and Neck Cancers Perspectives and Review of Current Therapies

Cancers of the head and neck in children represent a heterogeneous group of malignancies requiring a variety of treatment modalities. In many instances of childhood head and neck cancers, chemotherapy will be required for treatment, often in conjunction with surgery and/or radiation therapy. Chemotherapy in children with head and neck cancers poses unique challenges in terms of immediate as well as long-term toxicities. This article focuses on the common chemotherapeutic agents, with a particular focus on early and late effects, used in the treatment of children with head and neck cancers.
The Borsuk Problem Conquered

As we discussed in Section 14 of Chapter 4, Karel Borsuk formulated his celebrated conjecture in 1933: Borsuk’s Conjecture 22.1. For any bounded figure F in R n, a(F) ≤ N + 1, i.e., F can be decomposed into n + 1 parts of smaller diameters. For decades, everyone thought the conjecture was true but no one was able to prove it. Since you likely did not pay too much attention to the forewords, let me quote here from Paul Erdős’s foreword to the first edition of this book.
Reply: Roundtable on the Future of Nuclear Medicine Training

REPLY: I thank Dr. Delbeke for allowing me to respond to this interesting letter to the editor from a dual-certified expert who also has a PhD degree, a trainee, a leader in the field of nuclear medicine, and a health care management consultant. All four perspectives on the future of nuclear
Hankel Operators and Schatten—von Neumann Classes

In this chapter we study Hankel operators that belong to the Schattenvon Neumann class S p , 0 < p < ∞. The main result of the chapter says that Hφ ∈ S p if and only if the function P‒φ, belongs to the Besov class B p 1/p (see Appendix 2.6). We prove this result in §1 for p =1. We give two different approaches. The first approach gives an explicit representation of a Hankel operator in terms of rank one operators while the second approach is less constructive but it allows one to represent a nuclear Hankel operator as an absolutely convergent series of rank one Hankel operators. We also characterize in §1 nuclear Hankel operators of the form Γ[µ] in terms of measures µ, in 𝔻. In §2 we prove the main result for 1 < p < ∞. We use the result for p = 1 and the Marcinkiewicz interpolation theorem for linear operators. Finally, in §3 we treat the case p < 1. To prove the necessity of the condition φ ∈ B p 1/p , we reduce the estimation of Hankel matrices to the estimation of certain special finite matrices that are normal and whose norms can be computed explicitly.
Damage Assessment of Household Water Quality

In the past, there was little rigorous evidence on the economic justification of minerals removed from domestic water supply. As a result, water quality standards on total dissolved solids and hardness were recommended without adequate rationale. This study assesses the pecuniary damages resulting from the presence of mineral constituents in water supply. For a typical family residence, damages are expressed as the sum of yearly capital expenditures and operation, maintenance, and repair costs for items affected by water use. The results are illustrated both graphically and mathematically as a set of functions defined over various water quality levels. Damage estimates per household are calculated for each state, the relative magnitudes implying that minerals control is likely to achieve its greatest benefits in the midwest and the southwest. The contributing role of man’s activities to mineral loads in natural water bodies is an important factor in setting water quality standards.
A Best-Fit Approach to Productive Omission of Arguments

0. Introduction Construction grammars (Fillmore, Kay, and O'Connor 1988; Goldberg 1995; Kay and Fillmore 1999) provide a framework for describing grammaticality in terms of both form and meaning constraints. On the meaning side, cognitive linguists have contributed many great insights into the conceptual structures necessary for understanding language, but challenges remain in developing a precise, formal representation of construction grammar that supports both detailed linguistic analysis and computational use. One such challenge arises from pro-drop languages, which allow productive argument omission where arguments can be omitted without any markedness in use. Mandarin Chinese is one such example where both the subject and the object can be freely omitted. This phenomenon is commonplace in conversations, but has also been shown in written text (Li 2004; Yeh and Chen 2004). In actual use, different arguments of a construction tend to be omitted at different rates. Additionally, our preliminary data in Mandarin suggests that even semantically related arguments are omitted differentially in different constructions. This data is difficult to properly account for, both linguistically and computationally, by a general principle of omission that is applied uniformly to all constructions. For a theory of grammar to accurately account for such data, the grammar must incorporate construction-specific rates of argument omission. Unfortunately, specifying such parameters in most theories of construction grammar requires enumeration of all possible argument combinations as separate constructions within the grammar. This leads to not only an explosion of constructions but also a loss of generality. However, situating the grammar within a best-fit processing model allows us to avoid such pitfalls. Intuitively, a best-fit processing model finds the interpretation of an utterance that fits the utterance best. More precisely, the model incrementally builds up a set of competing interpretations for an utterance, attending only to those interpretations that are most likely given the probabilistic syntactic, contextual, and
H/D methane isotopologues dissolved in magmatic fluids: Stable hydrogen isotope fractionations in the Earth’s interior

A series of hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell experiments have been conducted to evaluate the role of supercritical water on the isotopic equilibrium between H/D methane isotopologues at 600–800 °C and 409–1622 MPa. Raman spectroscopy was deployed to investigate the distribution of H/D isotopic molecules formed during hydrothermal decomposition of Si5C12H36 in H2O-D2O aqueous solutions. To this end, the intensities of the fundamental vibrational C-H and C-D modes of deuteromethanes were employed to determine the thermodynamic properties of isotope exchange reactions between H/D isotopologues and to constrain the methane D/H molar ratios. By adjusting the initial volume ratios of silane/H2O-D2O, reactions in the CH4-D2O-H2O system were monitored for gaseous and supercritical-water phases. Discreet differences between the equilibrium constants, describing the relationship between the CH3D-CH2D2-CHD3-CH4 species dissolved in supercritical water or present as a homogeneous gas phase, are revealed. The bulk D/H methane composition in the liquid-system is also twice that of the D/H molar ratios recorded in the gas-bearing system. Accordingly, condensed-phase isotope effects are inferred to play a key role on the evolution of H/D isotopologues, likely induced by differences in the solubility of the isotopic molecules driven by the excess energy/entropy developed during mixing of non-polar species in the H2O-D2O structure. Our experiments show that isotope fractionation effects need to account for the presence of condensed matter (e.g., melts, magmatic fluids), even at conditions at which theoretical models suggest minimal (or nonexistent) isotope exchange, but comparable to those within the Earth’s interior.
Pulmonary Emboli with Respiratory Failure

The diagnosis of pulmonary emboli may be difficult or delayed because of the clinical similarity to other acute medical events or from superimposed embolic phenomena in patients with pre-existing pulmonary and cardiovascular disease. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and medical and surgical intervention in patients with massive emboli are discussed.
Acute leukemia with megakaryocytic differentiation: a study of 12 cases identified immunocytochemically

Acute leukemia with megakaryocytic differentiation has been an uncommonly recognized disorder. We used specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibody reagents (HP1–1D antibody and anti-factor VIII antibody, respectively) and an immunocytochemical staining technique to identify the megakaryocytic nature of the leukemic cells of 12 patients who presented with acute leukemia. The leukemic cells of our patients demonstrated the presence of one or both of these platelet- and megakaryocyte-related antigens, but were negative for all of the commonly employed cytochemical and immunocytochemical staining reactions, except for diffuse acid phosphatase activity and granular PAS positivity. Morphologically, the leukemic cells varied in size from 10 to 40 microns in diameter, frequently had cytoplasmic budding, and contained occasional vacuoles and/or peroxidase-negative azurophilic granules. Five patients presented with syndromes of acute myelofibrosis, and seven patients had otherwise unclassifiable acute leukemias, including three patients who had secondary leukemias. Diffuse reticulin myelofibrosis was present in all cases in which it was sought. Chromosomal abnormalities of leukemic cells were found in five cases. Two patients had deficiencies of plasma coagulation factor V. Study of one patient revealed significant platelet dysfunction. When cytoreductive chemotherapy of leukemia was attempted, the observed response was generally poor, with the exceptions of one patient who has remained in complete remission following treatment with etoposide (VP- 16) and a second patient who attained remission following bone marrow transplantation. These cases of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia represented from 3.6% to 9.3% of all acute leukemia cases diagnosed concomitantly in our institution. Acute leukemia with megakaryocytic differentiation may occur more frequently than previously recognized, may present with differing syndromic features, and can be identified by the use of specific antibody reagents and relatively simple immunocytochemical techniques.
Diagnostic considerations in virilization: iodomethyl-norcholesterol scanning in the localization of androgen secreting tumors

Accurate localization of the source of androgen hypersecretion is critical to the appropriate surgical or medical management of women with virilization. Seven patients with virilization and hyperandrogenism of various causes were evaluated with the use of sequential studies: (1) testosterone stimulation and suppression tests; (2) computerized tomography (CT); (3) selective venous catheterization; and (4) 131 I-iodomethyl-norcholesterol (NP-59) scintigraphy. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracies of these localization studies with the ultimate diagnoses in this group of virilized women showed that: (1) endocrinologic suppression/stimulation studies are of limited value in tumor localization and helpful only in patients with steroidogenic enzyme deficiencies; (2) both selective catheterization and CT scanning may provide spurious localization data; and (3) NP-59 scintigraphy, by depicting both the anatomic localization and functional androgen hypersecretion, may provide the most significant localization data in the evaluation of patients with virilizing syndromes.
Lyme disease: the cause, diagnosis, and treatment.

OBJECTIVE To present a brief history of Lyme disease, identify its vectors, examine its pathogenesis, and discuss current methods of testing for and treating the disease. DATA SOURCES Current literature. STUDY SELECTION Determined by the author. DATA EXTRACTION Determined by the author. DATA SYNTHESIS Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-transmitted disease in the United States. The Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete has been identified as the infectious agent of the disease. Although symptoms vary, stage 1 Lyme disease is most often characterized by erythema chronicum migrans, stage 2 by Bell's palsy, and stage 3 by chronic shoulder, knee, and wrist pain. Diagnostic tests currently in use, which include indirect immunofluorescent assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, often show false-positive results. Antibiotic treatment is recommended. CONCLUSION Further study is needed to develop an accurate test for Lyme disease.
Young adulthood is the crucible of personality development.

The last two decades have seen a rapid acceleration of research on personality development focusing on the periods of late adolescence and young adulthood. The findings paint a picture of surprisin...
A Two-Step Method for smFRET Data Analysis

We demonstrate a two-step data analysis method to increase the accuracy of single-molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) experiments. Most current smFRET studies are at a time resolution on the millisecond level. When the system also contains molecular dynamics on the millisecond level, simulations show that large errors are present (e.g., > 40%) because false state assignment becomes significant during data analysis. We introduce and confirm an additional step after normal smFRET data analysis that is able to reduce the error (e.g., < 10%). The idea is to use Monte Carlo simulation to search ideal smFRET trajectories and compare them to the experimental data. Using a mathematical model, we are able to find the matches between these two sets, and back guess the hidden rate constants in the experimental results.
Normalp-Subgroups of the Automorphism Group of an Abelianp-Group☆

Abstract We will show that for any integer n ≥ 0, the automorphism group of an abelian p -group G , p ≥ 3, contains a unique subgroup which is maximal with respect to being normal and having exponent less than or equal to p n . This subgroup is Π ∩ Fix p n G , where Π is the unique maximal normal p -subgroup of Aut G , and Fix p n G = {α ∈ Aut G |α| p n G = 1}. An application of this result extends earlier results on how to find the finite Ulm invariants of a reduced abelian p -group from p ≥ 5 to all odd primes.
A General Approach to Scalable Buffer Pool Management

In high-end data processing systems, such as databases, the execution concurrency level rises continuously since the introduction of multicore processors. This happens both on premises and in the cloud. For these systems, a buffer pool management of high scalability plays an important role on overall system performance. The scalability of buffer pool management is largely determined by its data replacement algorithm, which is a major component in the buffer pool management. It can seriously degrade the scalability if not designed and implemented properly. The root cause is its use of lock-protected data structures that incurs high contention with concurrent accesses. A common practice is to modify the replacement algorithm to reduce the contention on the lock(s), such as approximating the LRU replacement with the CLOCK algorithm or partitioning the data structures and using distributed locks. Unfortunately, the modification usually compromises the algorithm's hit ratio, a major performance goal. It may also involve significant effort on overhauling the original algorithm design and implementation. This paper provides a general solution to improve the scalability of a buffer pool management using any replacement algorithms for the data processing systems on physical on-premises machines and virtual machines in the cloud. Instead of making a difficult trade-off between the high hit ratio of a replacement algorithm and the low lock contention of its approximation, we design a system framework, called BP-Wrapper , that eliminates almost all lock contention without requiring any changes to an existing algorithm. In BP-Wrapper, we use a dynamic batching technique and a prefetching technique to reduce lock contention and to retain high hit ratio. The implementation of BP-Wrapper in PostgreSQL adds only about 300 lines of C code. It can increase the throughput by up to two folds compared with the replacement algorithms with lock contention when running TPC-C-like and TPC-W-like workloads.
Assessing co-locality of IP blocks

Many IP Geolocation services and applications assume that all IP addresses within the same /24 IPv4 prefix (a /24 block) reside in close physical proximity. For blocks that contain addresses in very different locations (such as blocks identifying network backbones), this assumption can result in a large geolocation error. In this paper we evaluate the co-location assumption. We first develop and validate a hierarchical clustering method to find clusters of IP addresses with similar observed delay measurements within /24 blocks. We validate our methodology against two ground-truth datasets, confirming that 93% of the identified multi-cluster blocks are true positives with multiple physical locations and an upper bound for false positives of only about 5.4%. We then apply our methodology to a large dataset of 1.41M /24 blocks extracted from a delay-measurement study of the entire responsive IPv4 address space. We find that about 247K (17%) out of 1.41M blocks are not co-located, thus quantifying the error in the /24 block co-location assumption.
Response Characteristics of Serially Connected Semisubmersibles

One design for a mobile offshore base is to link serially as many as five large semisubmersibles to form a platform long enough to support large aircraft. This paper investigates the linear, wave-induced response characteristics of serially-connected semisubmersibles. A major motivation of this study is to understand more completely the forces required to link semisubmersible modules. The impact of connector strategy and damping on the response, especially the connector forces, is investigated, and the response modes which contribute to the connector forces are evaluated in detail. It is shown that the response characteristics can be impacted significantly by the connection strategy, and that connector damping can be a significant source of energy loss when compared to radiation damping. The wet natural frequencies and normal modes are also determined and used to explain the response characteristics of different connection strategies. Although the analyses are based on a specific semisubmersible design, the results provide insight on how other systems of connected semisubmersibles would likely behave.
Mir-146a and Mir-146b Regulate Human Dendritic Cell Apoptosis and Cytokine Production By Targeting of TRAF6 and IRAK1

Abstract MicroRNA (miRNA) regulation of dendritic cell (DC) development and function is not fully understood. We have previously reported 27 differentially expressed miRNAs during human monocyte differentiation into immature DCs (imDCs) and mature DCs (mDCs). Here, we aimed at uncovering the functional role of miR-146a and miR-146b (miR-146a/b) during this differentiation process. To investigate miR-146a and miR-146b expression during human monocyte differentiation into imDCs and mDCs, monocytes were differentiated into imDCs with GM-CSF and IL-4 and matured with IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE2. We found by qRT-PCR that expression of miR-146a/b was dramatically increased upon monocyte differentiation into imDCs (miR-146a, 10-fold; miR-146b, 37-fold at day6; n=4; p value of Student t test DC apoptosis is important for self-tolerance and immunity. We then evaluated the effect of altering miR-146a/b expression levels on DC apoptosis by Annexin V/PI staining. Silencing of miR-146a, miR-146b or both in imDCs (Fig. 1A) and mDCs significantly prevented DC from apoptosis (Fig. 1A; miR-146a, 24%±3.1; miR-146b, 26%±1.7; miR-146a/b; 23%±2.8 vs control, 46%±2.3 of Annexin V+ populations; n=8; p It is known that the NF-κB pathway regulates DC development, function and survival, and that TRAF6 and IRAK1 are major signal transducers in the NF-κB pathway. In addition, both TRAF6 and IRAK1 are known target genes of miR-146a. Indeed, miR-146a/b expression in imDCs and mDCs was inversely correlated with TRAF6 and IRAK1 mRNA and protein expression (n=4; p Next, we investigated whether miR-146a/b regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production in DCs. We found that IL-12p70, IL-6 and TNF-α production were significantly enhanced after miR-146 and/or miR-146b silencing during DC maturation (n≥2; p In conclusion, we have demonstrated three important findings in this report. First, expression of both miR-146a and miR-146b is up-regulated during human monocyte differentiation into imDCs and mDCs. Secondly, although miR-146a and miR-146b do not appear to play a role in DC maturation, they may be critical regulators of DC apoptosis and cytokine production. Thirdly, mechanistically, miR-146a/b targets TRAF6 and IRAK1, leading to inhibition of NF-κB and reduced expression of Bcl-2. We thus demonstrate for the first time that miR-146a/b regulates human DC apoptosis and cytokine production, uncovering a new negative feedback mechanism for miR-146 in controlling overstimulation of the immune responses (Fig. 2). Download : Download high-res image (112KB) Download : Download full-size image Download : Download high-res image (74KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.