cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mill's On Liberty : Mill's liberal principles and freedom of expression

John Stuart Mill's defense of freedom of expression has proved extremely influential and finds important echoes in First Amendment jurisprudence. Though important in its own right, Mill's defense of freedom of expression also plays an important, though sometimes overlooked, role in his more general defense of individual liberties. Mill turns to freedom of expression in the belief that there is general agreement on the importance of freedom of expression and that, once the grounds for expressive liberties are understood, this agreement can be exploited to support a more general defense of individual liberties. This means that a proper understanding of the significance of Mill's defense of freedom of expression requires not only reconstructing his arguments on behalf of expressive liberties and exploring their bearing on issues of freedom of expression but also seeing how these arguments generalize to other kinds of liberties. In this regard, it is especially instructive to consider how his claims about freedom of expression inform his liberal principles, especially what his discussion of the best grounds for expressive liberties can tell us about the best grounds for opposing paternalism. But it is also worth exploring whether philosophical pressure runs in the other direction as well - whether Mill's discussions of liberalism, in general, and paternalism, in particular, have implications for the proper articulation of principles governing expressive liberties. This perspective requires viewing Mill's defense of freedom of expression in the context of his liberalism.
GENETIC VARIATION IN INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN THE RED FLOUR BEETLE TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM

Inbreeding depression varies among species and among populations within a species. Few studies, however, have considered the extent to which inbreeding depression varies within a single population. We report on two experiments to provide evidence that inbreeding depression is genetically variable, such that within a single population some lineages suffer severe inbreeding depression, others suffer only mild inbreeding depression, and some lineages actually increase in phenotypic value at higher levels of inbreeding. We examine the effects of population structure on inbreeding depression for two traits in the first experiment (adult dry weight and female relative fitness), and for seven traits in the second experiment (female and male adult dry weight, female and male relative fitness, female and male developmental time, and egg-to-adult viability). In the first experiment, we collected data from 4 families within each of 38 lineages derived from a single ancestral stock population and maintained for four generations of full-sib mating. Both traits demonstrate significant inbreeding depression and provide evidence that even within a single lineage there is significant genetic variability in inbreeding depression. In the second experiment, we collected data from 5 replicates for each of 15 lineages derived from the same ancestral population used in the first experiment; these lineages were maintained for four generations of full-sib mating. We also collected data on outbred control beetles in each generation and incorporated these data into the analyses to account for environmental effects in an unbiased manner. All traits except female and male developmental time show significant inbreeding depression. All traits showing inbreeding depression are genetically variable in inbreeding depression, as is evident from a significant linear lineage-×-f component. For both experiments, the effect of population structure on inbreeding depression is further evident from the increasing amount of variation that can be explained by the models used to measure inbreeding depression when additional levels of population structure are included. Genetic variation in inbreeding depression has important implications for conservation biology and may be an important factor in mating-system evolution.
Lagenorhynchus acutus off Cape Cod

Lagenorhynchus acutus (Gray), often called the white-sided porpoise, is a reasonably well-known form reported from both sides of the northern North Atlantic. Its northern limit is generally given as about Lat. 64° N (Godthaab, West Greenland, and Trondhjem Fjord, Norway), although Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals, 1951) cite with doubt the Murman Coast. On the European side it is regularly found as far south as, say, Lat. 55° N in the British Isles, while on the American side its southern limit appears to be near Lat. 41° N, off Cape Cod. Jonsgaard and Nordli (Norwegian Whaling Gazette, 41: 229–232, 1952) have recently summarized what is known of the biology of this species. However, since it has not often been reported from our waters, and since we have noted a few particulars not previously given, we offer some remarks on a small …
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System in Children with Crohn's Disease.

Objectives To assess the criterion validity and responsiveness of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) in a web-based cohort of children with Crohn's disease. Study design We recruited children with Crohn's disease (ages 9-17 years) and their parents from the web-based Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America Kids and Teens Study cohort. Upon entry into the cohort and 6 months later, children self-reported Crohn's disease activity, health-related quality of life, and PROMIS domains of pain interference, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and peer relationships. Results Mean PROMIS scores for the 276 participating patients were worse among those with worse self-reported Crohn's disease activity (per Short Crohn's Disease Activity Index, P P P P = .07). Conclusions PROMIS scores were significantly associated with Crohn's disease activity in a linear and clinically meaningful manner, and responded to change in Crohn's disease activity over a 6-month period. This supports the criterion validity and responsiveness of pediatric PROMIS.
Relationship between genetic polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and the risk of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia

Objective To investigate the relationship between genetic polymorphism(677C→T and 1298 A→C)of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR)and the risk of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia(ALL).Methods A total of 176 patients with ALL and a cohort of 170 matched healthy children were included.DNA was extracted from their peripheral blood.SNaPshot SNP typing was used to determine the genotypes of MTHFR C677T and A1298C.Combined with clinical data,the relationship between genetic polymorphism of MTHFR and the risk of childhood ALL was analyzed.Results No significant association between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism or A1298C polymorphism and the risk of leukemia.No evidence of an association with MTHFR 677CT/1298AC was observed for ALL.The MTHFR C677T variant allele had statistically significant association with the clinical classification of acute leukemia-related degree and relapse.The frequency of the MTHFR 677TT in the standard risk group(43.0%)is higher than the other groups(P 0.01).The frequency of the MTHFR 677CC in the standard risk group(24.0%)is lower than the other groups(P 0.05).Conclusions MTHFR C677T may be related to the clinical classification of acute leukemia-related degree.The MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism may be a genetic protective factor for childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia in China.
Poststaining Grids for Transmission Electron Microscopy

Poststaining ultrathin sections on grids is an essential process in preparing specimens for examination using transmission electron microscopy. This process commonly consists of staining in aqueous solutions of uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate and can result in good consistent quality staining if certain precautions are taken. This chapter covers conventional and alternative methods for poststaining ultrathin sections, including microwave-assisted procedures and corrective measures when problems are encountered.
Bilateral Synchronous Germ Cell Tumors

AbstractWe present cases 38 and 39 of primary bilateral synchronous germ cell tumors of the testes and review the literature. Seminoma (42 of 68 cases) is the most common cell type reported, and bilateral seminoma is the most common cell type combination (19 of 34 cases). The incidence of cryptorchidism is not increased in patients with bilateral synchronous germ cell tumors. A tendency towards occurrence in older patients is noted. The stage of disease at presentation appears to be no worse than that for unilateral disease.
Child wellbeing assessment in child welfare: A review of four measures

Abstract Child wellbeing is identified as one of the three primary goals for child welfare outcomes, thus strong wellbeing assessment tools are crucial to the monitoring of child welfare success. Data from wellbeing measures can serve to identify child needs, inform case planning, monitor change over time, and evaluate intervention impact at the individual, local, state, and national levels. This paper examines the goals, strengths, and challenges of four wellbeing measures currently used with child welfare populations, namely: the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS), the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths Assessment Tool (CANS), the Child Behavior Checklist and related tools from the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (CBCL/ASEBA), and the Treatment Outcomes Package (TOP). For each measure, we describe the content, practical attributes, clinical applications, and evidence of reliability and validity. We explore implementation considerations and provide recommendations for system changes to ensure the optimal use of each instrument. Agencies are encouraged to carefully consider their needs, goals, capacities, and implementation infrastructure to inform selection of tools that will aid them in successfully supporting and monitoring child wellbeing over time.
Contemporary Research in Valuation and Forensic Accounting

Summaries of contemporary research in valuation and forensic accounting. The manuscripts selected were chosen from a broad array of academic research outlets that include topical coverage of valuation and related forensic accounting issues. The objective here is to illustrate the core of this novel research while increasing awareness among the community of the subject matter.
Characterization of Magnetite Scale Formed in Naphthenic Acid Corrosion

Naphthenic acid corrosion (NAC) is one of the major concerns for corrosion engineers in refineries. Iron sulfide (FeS) scales, formed from sulfur compound corrosion, are traditionally considered to be semi-protective and lower NAG However, no relationship has been found between protectiveness and the characteristics of FeS scale. In this study, the corrosive processes of refineries have been probed with laboratory experiments using a model sulfur compound and petroleum-derived naphthenic acids. The morphology and composition of scales were analyzed with a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED). These high resolution microscopy techniques revealed the presence of an iron oxide (Fe3O4 or magnetite) layer on metal surfaces under a FeS layer in the scale. The presence of an oxide scale was correlated with the NAP acid activity during the experiments. It is postulated that the formation of the Fe3O4 layer resulted from the decomposition of iron naphthenates at high temperatures.
Use of surgical wands in neurosurgery.

Recent technological developments in neuroimaging and surgical techniques, including the use of interactive image-guided surgical procedures, have opened new frontiers in neurosurgery. Advances in imaging techniques have created the need for more precise navigational assistance, in order to approach image-defined lesions. Several methods that transform coordinates from imaging studies to the surgical field have been developed and used in intraoperative guidance systems.
Molecular and Spectroscopic Characterization of Water Extractable Organic Matter from Thermally Altered Soils Reveal Insight into Disinfection Byproduct Precursors

To characterize the effects of thermal-alteration on water extractable organic matter (WEOM), soil samples were heated in a laboratory at 225, 350, and 500 °C. Next, heated and unheated soils were leached, filtered, and analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, optical properties, molecular size distribution, molecular composition, and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation following the addition of chlorine. The soils heated to 225 °C leached the greatest DOC and had the highest C- and N-DBP precursor reactivity per unit carbon compared to the unheated material or soils heated to 350 or 500 °C. The molecular weight of the soluble compounds decreased with increasing heating temperature. Compared to the unheated soil leachates, all DBP yields were higher for the leachates of soils heated to 225 °C. However, only haloacetonitrile yields (μg/mgC) were higher for leachates of the soils heated to 350 °C, whereas trihalomethane, haloacetic acid and chloropicrin yields were lower compared to unh...
Dispositional, demographic, and social predictors of trajectories of intimate partner aggression in early adulthood.

Objective From a developmental systems perspective, the origins of maladjusted behavior are multifaceted, interdependent, and may differ at different points in development. Personality traits influence developmental outcomes, as do socialization environments, but the influence of personality depends on the socialization environment, and the influence of the socialization environment varies according to personality. The present study takes a developmental systems approach to investigate pathways through which dispositional traits in childhood might act in concert with peer and parental socialization contexts to predict trajectories of intimate partner aggression (IPA) during emerging adulthood. Method The study included 466 participants (49% male, 81% European American, 15% African American) from a longitudinal study of social development. Measures of demographics, temperament, personality, parent-child relations, romantic relationships, peer relationships, and IPA were administered between 5 and 23 years of age. The study used latent growth curve analysis to predict variations in trajectories of IPA during early adulthood. Results Numerous variables predicted risk for the perpetration of IPA, but different factors were associated at the end of adolescence (e.g., psychopathic traits) than with changes across early adulthood (e.g., friend antisociality). Males and individuals with a history of resistance to control temperament showed enhanced susceptibility to social risk factors, such as exposure to antisocial peers and poor parent-adolescent relations. Conclusions Consistent with a developmental systems perspective, multiple factors, including personality traits in early childhood and aspects of the social environment in adolescence, predict trajectories of IPA during early adulthood through additive, mediated, and moderated pathways. Knowledge of these risk factors and for whom they are most influential could help inform efforts to prevent the emergence and persistence of IPA. (PsycINFO Database Record
Decline of heterozygosity in a large but isolated population: a 45-year examination of moose genetic diversity on Isle Royale.

Wildlife conservation and management approaches typically focus on demographic measurements to assess population viability over both short and long periods. However, genetic diversity is an important predictor of long term population vitality. We investigated the pattern of change in genetic diversity in a large and likely isolated moose (Alces alces) population on Isle Royale (Lake Superior) from 1960-2005. We characterized samples, partitioned into five different 5-year periods, using nine microsatellite loci and a portion of the mtDNA control region. We also simulated the moose population to generate a theoretical backdrop of genetic diversity change. In the empirical data, we found that the number of alleles was consistently low and that observed heterozygosity notably declined from 1960 to 2005 (p = 0.08, R2 = 0.70). Furthermore, inbreeding coefficients approximately doubled from 0.08 in 1960-65 to 0.16 in 2000-05. Finally, we found that the empirical rate of observed heterozygosity decline was faster than the rate of observed heterozygosity loss in our simulations. Combined, these data suggest that genetic drift and inbreeding occurred in the Isle Royale moose populations over the study period, leading to significant losses in heterozygosity. Although inbreeding can be mitigated by migration, we found no evidence to support the occurrence of recent migrants into the population using analysis of our mtDNA haplotypes nor microsatellite data. Therefore, the Isle Royale moose population illustrates that even large populations are subjected to inbreeding in the absence of migration.
ASD concordance of twins across DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 diagnostic criteria

Abstract Background Previous research has supported a high degree of concordance for ASD among monozygotic twins, but no studies have examined concordance rates using DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ASD. This pilot study examines monozygotic concordance for ASD from the perspective of both DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Method Items of the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised (ADI-R) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) were matched to diagnostic criteria (Huerta et al., 2012). Diagnoses were assigned to 14 pairs of monozygotic twins, among whom at least one twin had an autism diagnosis, using DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 criteria. McNemar tests were performed to determine whether there was a significant difference in sample pairwise concordance rates between the two diagnostic systems. Results Using strict criteria, which required items endorsed from both the ADI-R and the ADOS, eight of the fourteen twin pairs were concordant using DSM-IV-TR criteria compared to five pairs using DSM-5 criteria, yielding pairwise concordance rates of 57.14% and 35.71%, respectively. The use of either the ADI-R or the ADOS (relaxed criteria) resulted in pairwise concordance rates of 85.71% for DSM-IV-TR criteria and 78.57% for DSM-5 criteria. Pairwise concordance rates were not different across DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 diagnostic criteria using these two methods, but were significantly greater with the use of relaxed as compared to strict criteria for DSM-5. Conclusions In this pilot study, monozygotic pairwise concordance rates were higher for DSM-5 when using information from either the ADI-R or the ADOS, as opposed to both measures.
Weak Convergence of Moving Averages with Infinite Variance

We survey results concerning the asymptotic behavior of moving averages that belong to the stable domain of attraction. Some of the methods are highlighted and new results announced.
Ensuring non-interference of composable language extensions

Extensible language frameworks aim to allow independently-developed language extensions to be easily added to a host programming language. It should not require being a compiler expert, and the resulting compiler should "just work" as expected. Previous work has shown how specifications for parsing (based on context free grammars) and for semantic analysis (based on attribute grammars) can be automatically and reliably composed, ensuring that the resulting compiler does not terminate abnormally. However, this work does not ensure that a property proven to hold for a language (or extended language) still holds when another extension is added, a problem we call interference. We present a solution to this problem using of a logical notion of coherence. We show that a useful class of language extensions, implemented as attribute grammars, preserve all coherent properties. If we also restrict extensions to only making use of coherent properties in establishing their correctness, then the correctness properties of each extension will hold when composed with other extensions. As a result, there can be no interference: each extension behaves as specified.
A Local Rebalancing Act Leads to Global Benefit

Barnes et al. (2017) reveal that in the visual cortex of sensory-deprived mice, dendritic spine enlargement correlates with recent spine loss from the same dendritic branch. Such branch-specific homeostatic plasticity highlights dendritic branches as key computational units.
Insights into Elevated-Temperature Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 by H2O

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 for the production of synthesis gas, hydrocarbons, alcohols, or aldehydes from only CO2, H2O, and solar radiation may be a promising route to recycle CO2 waste at the source of its production, reduce atmospheric CO2 through direct removal from Earth’s atmosphere, and/or produce CH4 rocket fuel on Mars. In this study, we present the first studies of high-temperature (350 °C) photocatalytic reduction of CO2 in the gas phase over a suite of semiconductors with a range of surface chemical reactivity and bulk electronic properties, namely, SiC, Si, Pt/TiO2, and GaN. The results indicate that catalysts that exhibit high Debye temperatures and elevated surface reactivity may enable the production of new reaction intermediates that facilitate C–O cleavage and full CO2 reduction to CH4. Elevated photocatalyst surface reactivity also correlated with dramatically improved selectivity between hydrogenation (CH4 production) and H2 evolution, for example, 1:8, 1:71, 1:400, and 1:1000+ fo...
Can Confucianism be Universalized

This chapter considers the question of whether Confucianism can be universalized in the contemporary world. After European imperialism, the fall of communism, and loss of faith in American neo-liberalism as the end of history, the notion of universality seems to be moribund. But China explicitly puts forward a claim to universality based on its Confucian culture and in competition with Western universality. Therefore the question if Confucianism can be universalized is not of purely academic interest. The salient features of European universality are contrasted with the characteristics of Confucian universality, and the chapter suggests a way Confucianism may be universalized in the contemporary world.
THE SIMPLE DIMENSION OF A TOPOLOGICAL SPACE

This chapter presents an investigation of the relationships among the linear embedding characteristic, simple dimension, and the covering and inductive topological dimensions. It is shown that for separable metric spaces S of finite dimension, m ≦ 2n + 1, where m is the homeomorphic linear embedding characteristic, and n is the topological dimension. The question is raised whether a similar inequality holds for more general spaces S. The chapter discusses the linear embedding characteristic, and presents simple examples of continuous, nonhomeomorphic injections. It examines the embedding by bounded functions and proves that if a compact space S has finite simple dimension at each of its points, then it has finite linear embedding characteristic. The chapter also describes the observations about spaces S which are subsets of a Euclidean space.
Use of social network analysis in the development, dissemination, implementation, and sustainability of health behavior interventions for adults: A systematic review.

Abstract Interest in conceptualizing, measuring, and applying social network analysis (SNA) in public health has grown tremendously in recent years. While these studies have broadened our understanding of the role that social networks play in health, there has been less research that has investigated the application of SNA to inform health-related interventions. This systematic review aimed to capture the current applied use of SNA in the development, dissemination, implementation, and sustainability of health behavior interventions for adults. We identified 52 articles published between 2004 and 2016. A wide variety of study settings were identified, most commonly in the US context and most often related to sexual health and HIV prevention. We found that 38% of articles explicitly applied SNA to inform some aspect of interventions. Use of SNA to inform intervention development (as opposed to dissemination, implementation, or sustainability) was most common. The majority of articles represented in this review (n = 39) were quantitative studies, and 13 articles included a qualitative component. Partial networks were most represented across articles, and over 100 different networks measures were assessed. The most commonly described measures were network density, size, and degree centrality. Finally, very few articles defined SNA and not all articles using SNA were theoretically-informed. Given the nascent and heterogeneous state of the literature in this area, this is an important time for the field to coalesce on terminology, measures, and theoretical frameworks. We highlight areas for researchers to advance work on the application of SNA in the design, dissemination, implementation and sustainability of behavioral interventions.
From “Ladies First” to “Asking for It”: Benevolent Sexism in the Maintenance of Rape Culture

The problem of sexual violence against women has been analyzed with an eye to the causal significance of misogyny, but legal analysis has neglected the role played by other facets of sexism, including ostensibly “benevolent” sexism (or chivalry), in the perpetuation of rape culture, which normalizes this violence. Additionally, discussions of sexual violence often overlook the epidemic of acquaintance rape, although it accounts for the majority of sexual assaults committed. This Comment draws on social psychology and gender theory to posit that benevolent-sexist ideologies construct women as creatures devoid of agency, leading men to routinely presume women’s consent to sexual activity whether or not such consent in fact exists. The legal treatment of women’s rape and sexual harassment claims shows the catastrophic effects of this process as women are relegated cognitively, socially, and legally to a role of passive receptivity—forced to prove an absence of consent as men are taught to assume its presence. This Comment reviews legal proposals to address rape and sexual harassment, some of which have been implemented, and concludes that direct legal reforms alone are insufficient. It asserts that gender norms, and the rigid binary division of gender, must be broken down if the rates at which rape is committed and acquitted are to decrease. It finally
Multiple Loads-Single Smart Meter for Measurement and Control of Smart Grid

In order to control a single/targeted load, an energy measurement and control infrastructure must be available for such load. Existing submetering technology is expensive, intended mostly for load measurement, proprietary, and not interoperable. An internet based multiple load-single smart meter and control (MLSSMC) infrastructure is proposed in this paper. As a single device, the MLSSMC can monitor and control multiple separate loads. It uses the internet as a universal communication platform to send data for display, automatic billing and data analysis. The MLSSMC can receive and implement a load control signal generated by the consumer or utility. The MLSSMC monitoring and control hardware and software infrastructure were developed. A 5 kVA power system with variable loads was used for experimental testing. As far as load measurements, the experimental results show that the accuracy of the proposed MLSSMC is comparable to that of typical existing single load high end smart meters.
Cangrelor with Heparin for Patients with Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Undergoing Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy

Purpose Optimal intraoperative anticoagulation strategy for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) undergoing pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) that necessitates deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) remains controversial. Cangrelor is an intravenous direct-acting P2Y12 platelet receptor antagonist that achieves therapeutic effect and eliminates rapidly. Its antiplatelet activity is unaffected by stagnation of blood, nor is it influenced by patient's age, renal status or hepatic function. We report our novel strategy and experience in utilizing cangrelor in combination with heparin for anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and DHCA in HIT patients undergoing PTE. Methods Retrospective chart review of 297 patients who underwent PTE from January 2018 through June 2019 was performed. Patients with suspected, acute, subacute A/B, and remote HIT at the time of procedure were identified (n=7). All 7 patients received cangrelor with heparin intraoperatively for anticoagulation during CPB and DHCA. Our institutional intraoperative anticoagulation strategy for HIT patients is to administer a loading dose of cangrelor (30 μg/kg) prior to giving full-dose heparin for CPB. Cangrelor infusion is initiated at 4 μg/kg/min and is adjusted throughout CPB depending on the intraoperative VerifyNow P2Y12 reaction unit values. Cangrelor infusion is stopped 10 minutes before heparin reversal with protamine. Postoperatively, bivalirudin and warfarin were used for anticoagulation. Results Of these 7 patients, HIT was suspected in 3 patients (43%) at the time of procedure, whilst 1 patient had subacute B HIT and 1 patient had remote HIT. Acute HIT was confirmed by serotonin release assay in 2 patients (29%) who underwent emergent PTE. All patients survived the procedure. Intraoperative platelet transfusion was required by 4 patients (57%). There were no serious postoperative thrombotic events nor major bleeding complications that required re-operation. One in-hospital death was associated with advanced intracardiac malignancy. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 10.6±5.5 days. Conclusion In patients with various phases of HIT who require PTE, the use of cangrelor in combination with heparin may be a promising alternative intraoperative anticoagulation strategy providing acceptable outcomes.
Can We Afford to Ignore the Biology of Joint Healing and Graft Incorporation After ACL Reconstruction

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is successful at restoring stability to return ACL injured patients to high demand work, sports, and recreational activities. The development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA) in roughly half of patients just 10-15 years after ACLR highlight the need to improve clinical care pathways. Graft failure and reinjury rates which further increase OA risk also remain high for younger and more active patients. The biological components of joint recovery and graft incorporation therefore impact short and long-term clinical outcomes. Biochemical and MRI data show substantial compromise of articular cartilage metabolism and matrix composition after ACL injury and reconstructive surgery suggesting a potential need for activity modulation in early recovery. Furthermore, joint recovery is variable with compositional MRI studies showing progressive cartilage degeneration 1 and 2 years after ACLR. Biopsy and MRI studies also show high variability in ACL graft characteristics within the first year after ACLR followed by continued graft maturation into the second year and beyond. To improve the care of ACL injured patients, there is critical need for clinical attention and scientific inquiry into timing the reintroduction of higher load activities in relationship to neuromuscular recovery, joint biology, and graft maturation. In addition to symptomatic and mechanical recovery, development and validation of biological markers for joint and cartilage homeostasis as well as ACL graft healing are needed for personalized decision making on rehabilitation needs, reduction of OA risk, and resumption of athletic, recreational and vocational activities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
C. elegans Troponin I Peptides from Helix 4 and the COOH-terminus Bind Troponin C in vitro: Novel Implications for the Structural Basis of Troponin's Regulatory Mechanism

Troponin is a complex of three proteins (troponin I, troponin C, and troponin T) that work in concert to regulate muscle contraction, in a calcium-dependent manner. Troponin C (TnC) senses changes ...
The Reaction of Ferrous Ascaris Perienteric Fluid Hemoglobin with Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide reacts with ferrous Ascaris hemoglobin and converts it to oxyhemoglobin in a sequence of two reactions. The first is the reaction of ferrous Ascaris hemoglobin with hydrogen peroxide to form a stable product; the second is the reaction of this product with hydrogen peroxide to form oxyhemoglobin. Both reactions follow second order kinetics, since they are first order with respect to each of the reactants. They proceed without detectable intermediates, and, therefore, appear to be single step, two electron oxidations. The stable product of the reaction of ferrous Ascaris hemoglobin with hydrogen peroxide is believed to be at the formal oxidation state IV. The optical spectrum of this product strongly suggests that the heme iron atom is best described as low spin ferric heme iron (d½5).
Gender and Corruption: A Panel Data Analysis

International comparisons have shown that countries with higher rates of female participation in government also have lower levels of corruption. A cross-sectional analysis of the U.S. states finds a similar result. This result may be due to omitted variable bias - an unobserved characteristic is correlated to both corruption and the level of women in government. We use a panel of U.S. states over time and add fixed effects to control for these unobservables and find no significant relationship between women and government corruption.
Taking a Chance in the Classroom: Exploring Google's Transparency Report

In October of 2011, Google released its transparency report, revealing the number of requests received from government agencies and courts around the world for content removal from web search resul...
Families, Friends, and Special Obligations

(1998). Families, Friends, and Special Obligations. Canadian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 527-555.
Children of Divorce

Abstract Focus groups were conducted with 14 children, ages 8-13, in an attempt to uncover the extent to which a divorce education program achieves its goal of improving the divorce experience for children. The children discussed problems with feeling caught in the middle of their parents' disputes, parents not keeping them informed, and complications arising when parents' new partners enter the family realm. These results suggest that the program does not fully reach its objectives. The children also said the best way a friend could help them cope with their parents' divorce is by discussing it, provided the friend has also been through a divorce. Accordingly, programs for children are recommended to further assuage children's divorce experience.
In Vitro Translation Extracts Prepared from Drosophila Ovaries and Embryos

Translational regulation has emerged as an important feature of animal development, especially in the embryo prior to the onset of zygotic transcription. Specialized forms of control regulate the translation of individual mRNAs, and the factors involved in these mRNA-specific events are expected to be found in only a subset of all tissues. Consequently, homologous in vitro translation systems, prepared from tissues in which important regulatory events occur, are likely to be required to pursue biochemical studies of the underlying mechanisms. Here we describe the characterization of extracts prepared from Drosophila ovaries and embryos that support translation of exogenous reporter mRNAs in vitro. These in vitro systems should prove to be useful in dissecting mechanisms of the numerous translational control events shown to occur during the early stages of Drosophila development.
Brain Mitochondrial Lipid Abnormalities in Mice Susceptible to Spontaneous Gliomas

Alterations in mitochondrial function have long been considered a hallmark of cancer. We compared the lipidome and electron transport chain activities of non-synaptic brain mitochondria in two inbred mouse strains, the C57BL/6J (B6) and the VM/Dk (VM). The VM strain is unique in expressing a high incidence of spontaneous brain tumors (1.5%) that are mostly gliomas. The incidence of gliomas is about 210-fold greater in VM mice than in B6 mice. Using shotgun lipidomics, we found that the mitochondrial content of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid, phosphatidylserine, and ceramide was higher, whereas the content of total choline glycerophospholipid was lower in the VM mice than in B6 mice. Total cardiolipin content was similar in the VM and the B6 mice, but the distribution of cardiolipin molecular species differed markedly between the strains. B6 non-synaptic mitochondria contained 95 molecular species of cardiolipin that were symmetrically distributed over 7 major groups based on mass charge. In contrast, VM non-synaptic mitochondria contained only 42 molecular species that were distributed asymmetrically. The activities of Complex I, I/III, and II/III enzymes were lower, whereas the activity of complex IV was higher in the mitochondria of VM mice than in B6 mice. The high glioma incidence and alterations in electron transport chain activities in VM mice compared to B6 mice could be related to the unusual composition of mitochondrial lipids in the VM mouse brain.
Multimodal Treatments for Childhood Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Interpreting Outcomes in the Context of Study Designs

The goal of this article was to outline issues critical to evaluating the literature on incremental benefit of multiple effective treatments used together, vs. a single effective treatment, for childhood ADHD. These issues include: (1) sequencing and dosage of treatments being combined and compared; (2) difficulty drawing valid conclusions about individual components of treatment when treatment packages are employed; (3) differing results emerging from measurement tools that purportedly measure the same domain; and (4) the resultant difficulty in reaching a summary conclusion when multiple outcome measures yielding conflicting results are used. The implications of these issues for the design and conduct of future studies are discussed, and recommendations are made for future research.
Erosion rates at the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites and long-term climate change on Mars

Erosion rates derived from the Gusev cratered plains and the erosion of weak sulfates by saltating sand at Meridiani Planum are so slow that they argue that the present dry and desiccating environment has persisted since the Early Hesperian. In contrast, sedimentary rocks at Meridiani formed in the presence of groundwater and occasional surface water, and many Columbia Hills rocks at Gusev underwent aqueous alteration during the Late Noachian, approximately coeval with a wide variety of geomorphic indicators that indicate a wetter and likely warmer environment. Two-toned rocks, elevated ventifacts, and perched and undercut rocks indicate localized deflation of the Gusev plains and deposition of an equivalent amount of sediment into craters to form hollows, suggesting average erosion rates of approx.0.03 nm/yr. Erosion of Hesperian craters, modification of Late Amazonian craters, and the concentration of hematite concretions in the soils of Meridiani yield slightly higher average erosion rates of 1-10 nm/yr in the Amazonian. These erosion rates are 2-5 orders of magnitude lower than the slowest continental denudation rates on Earth, indicating that liquid water was not an active erosional agent. Erosion rates for Meridiani just before deposition of the sulfate-rich sediments and other eroded Noachian areas are comparable with slow denudation rates on Earth that are dominated by liquid water. Available data suggest the climate change at the landing sites from wet and likely warm to dry and desiccating occurred sometime between the Late Noachian and the beginning of the Late Hesperian (3.7-3.5 Ga).
The anterolateral ligament of the knee: MRI appearance, association with the Segond fracture, and historical perspective

OBJECTIVE. A recent publication has drawn attention to the anterolateral ligament, a structure of the knee with which most radiologists are unfamiliar. We evaluate this structure on MRI; clarify its origin, insertion, meniscal relationship, and morphologic appearance; and identify its relationship with the Segond fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 53 routine knee MRI studies interpreted as normal were reviewed to characterize the anterolateral ligament. A further 20 knee MRI studies with a Segond fracture were assessed to determine a relationship between the fracture and the anterolateral ligament. RESULTS. In all 53 cases, a structure was present along the lateral knee connecting the distal femur to the proximal tibia, with meniscofemoral and meniscotibial components. This structure was somewhat ill defined and sheetlike, inseparable from the adjacent fibular collateral ligament proximally and iliotibial band distally. Aside from one case limited by anatomic distortion, all cases with a Segond fracture exhibited attachment of this structure to the fracture fragment (19/20 cases). CONCLUSION. An ill-defined sheetlike structure along the lateral knee exists attaching the distal femur, body of lateral meniscus, and proximal tibia. This structure has been referenced in the literature dating back to Paul Segond's original description of the Segond fracture in 1879. The structure is identifiable on MRI and appears to be attached to the Segond fracture fragment. For the radiologist, it may be best to forgo an attempt to separate this structure into discrete divisions, such as the anterolateral ligament, because these individual components are inseparable on routine MRI.
Effect of thermal conductivity on reaction front propagation during combustion synthesis of intermetalics

A mathematical model is developed to investigate the effect of thermal conductivity on the combustion synthesis of intermetallics. The governing equations are solved using a high-order-implicit numerical scheme capable of accommodating the steep spatial and temporal gradients of properties. A parametric study is then performed to elucidate reaction characteristics (propagation type, steady-state propagation velocity, peak temperature, etc.) in terms of the thermal conductivity ratio, κ=kp/kr. The predicted results appear plausible and consistent with the trends presented in the available literature.
The relationship between the transverse hymenal orifice diameter by the separation technique and other possible markers of sexual abuse

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between the transverse hymenal orifice diameter as measured by separation technique (THODST), using a method that maximized the diameter of the hymenal orifice, and other possible markers of sexual abuse in girls from 3 through 12 years old. METHODS: Over a 10-year period, clinical information was recorded on girls referred to the WakeMed Child Sexual Abuse Team in Raleigh, NC at the time of examination. The study population comprised 1975 girls of the 2058 evaluated for sexual abuse. The girls were interviewed, examined, and tested for sexually transmitted diseases. Information from referral sources, accompanying guardians, and previous recent physical examinations was recorded. The girls were assigned to three groups based upon their risk of being sexually abused. Linear regression was performed to evaluate how well the THODST distinguished between the risk groups, as well as how it was correlated with individual established markers of sexual abuse. RESULTS: The size of the THODST did not distinguish between the three risk groups, nor did it correlate with any potential or established markers of sexual abuse other than three potential markers of hymenal trauma: narrowing of the posterior hymenal rim, hymenal tears and lacerations, and hymenal clefts between 5 and 7 o'clock in the supine position. CONCLUSION: Thus, we found the THODST as we measured it to have no value for answering the question, "Was this child sexually abused?" Language: en
Intracardiac migration of inferior vena cava filters: Review of published data

Background Intracardiac or intrapulmonary migration of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters is an uncommon although potentially life-threatening event that is poorly understood. Methods We searched the medical literature and extracted data detailing information concerning the event, including the cause and treatment of the filter migration. Our data were summarized with respect to the filter type, presenting symptoms, associated morbidity and mortality, and success and failure of the treatment provided. Results Ninety-eight cases of intracardiac or intrapulmonary migration of IVC filters were identified in 77 publications. Conclusions Intracardiac and intrapulmonary migration of IVC filters is an uncommon event the etiology of which has been attributed to a variety of causes including operator error, device failure, and patient's physical attributes. Although there is no consensus on patient management, we offer that open thoracotomy has several advantages over the endovascular approach and may provide the best first option. Whenever the patient is not a surgical candidate, endovascular retrieval has been demonstrated to be a relatively safe and viable alternative.
Outdoor orientation program trends at colleges and universities in the United States

Outdoor orientation programs provide an engaging introduction to college life. These programs involve adventure activities and physical challenges for small groups of 15 or fewer students spending at least one night away from campus in a wilderness environment (Bell et. al., 2010). Outdoor orientation programs began to develop (with the exception of Dartmouth's beginning in 1935) on college campuses in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and their rate of growth has steadily increased since 1968. In 2006, Bell, Holmes & Williams (published 2010) conducted the first nationwide census of such programs, establishing outdoor orientation programs as a distinctive branch of outdoor education. Findings indicated older, established colleges and universities were most likely to have an outdoor orientation program. For example, all eight Ivy League institutions utilize outdoor orientation programming, as well as some long-established institutions such as Stanford, Johns Hopkins, Georgetown, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, and Penn State. Each year these programs provide students with outdoor experiences and leadership training. This study summarizes results from the second outdoor orientation program census in 2012, including current growth, cost, medical training, and evaluation trends.
Creating good education against the odds

What is the responsibility of an educator—where does it begin and end? We report on a study of teachers at four admired public high schools in urban areas in the US. The teachers describe their deep commitment to meeting students' academic needs, as well as their developmental, social and emotional needs. The ways these teachers construe responsibility requires them to be creative, innovative and flexible inside and outside of the classroom. However, this broad conceptualization puts them at odds with current signals from the larger society, which define their responsibilities narrowly, calling for a focus primarily on the academic needs of students. Despite this tension, many urban teachers work tirelessly to connect with students personally to find new ways to satisfy students' needs—indeed this is how the teachers ultimately derive meaning from their work. With minimal guidance about how to carry out what they see as ‘good work’, teachers set their own goals and expectations, while also aiming to meet ...