cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time software life cycle with the model system

The use of an assertive specification language for real-time software development and maintenance is considered. The language is used for asserting the acts or relations inherent in the problem to be solved; this is in contrast to conventional programming languages, which are used to express the computer solution. Expressing a problem in Model consists of declaring array variables and defining their relationships through equations. This is different from conventional programming, which relates the problem in terms of computer operations. The language is supported by an automatic system which interacts with the user in soliciting missing definitions or correcting inconsistencies, and which translates the specification into a near-optimal computer solution. The main advantages of this approach are indicated. The use of Model in real-time software development and maintenance is reviewed. Differences from conventional programming are stressed through an example, which also illustrates the use of the three automatic components of the Model system.
Effect of Operating Parameters on the Removal of Bone Cement by a Sawing Process

Currently, there are approximately 33,000 total knee arthroplasty revision surgeries each year. This number is expected to increase with the aging population. During revision surgeries, metal implants are often secured to the tibial plateau by creating a mantel of polymethylmethacrylate (bone cement) that must be removed during revision, often times by sagittal sawing. Presently, there are no published studies on the mechanics of bone cement removal by a sawing process. The aim of this research was to quantify the effect of blade speed and applied thrust force on the volumetric cutting rate of bone cement. A custom reciprocating saw with variable stroke length was used to conduct a three factor Design of Experiments. Two levels, without center-points, were sufficient to model the effect of stroke length, thrust force, and reciprocating speed on cutting rate. The results demonstrate a linear relationship between both force and cutting rate, and blade speed and cutting rate. A cutting rate model was developed by regression analysis of the experimental data. The model has applications in haptic feedback for surgical simulators. This study provides a basis for understanding the operational parameters of the bone saw, which is the first step in designing saw blades for cutting bone cement as these designs may differ significantly from those optimized to cut cortical bone.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Predators and trematode parasites jointly affect larval anuran functional traits and corticosterone levels

Non-consumptive predator effects may have dramatic consequences for host–parasite interactions by influencing the ability of prey items to avoid, resist, or tolerate infection. Both predators and parasites can affect host traits, such as growth rates and behavior, and these effects may in part be mediated through shared physiological pathways (e.g. the glucocorticoid stress hormone, corticosterone [CORT]). Here, we examined the effects of trematode parasites (Digena: Echinostomatidae) and predator (larval odonate) exposure on larvae of two amphibian species (Rana sylvatica and R. clamitans) in laboratory experiments. First, we measured behavior and CORT responses of tadpoles exposed to predator chemical cue in combination with parasite cue or under direct exposure to parasites. We then measured the combined effects of predator cue and parasite infection on survival and traits. Evidence for effects of parasite cue in our study was equivocal, but we found novel interactive effects of parasites and predators on larval frogs. Parasites and predators had antagonistic effects on CORT, behavior, and morphology, and negative synergistic effects on development. In addition, parasite infection and predator cues additively reduced activity levels of both species and growth in wood frogs. Negative effects of parasite infection on survival and traits were dose-dependent for both species, although wood frogs generally experienced stronger effects of infection than green frogs. Our results emphasize the importance of considering effects of parasites as well as predators, since both can have strong effects on survival and the combination can have both additive and non-additive effects on key traits. These effects likely have important implications for amphibian population dynamics, community structure, and conservation.
Fast Eventual Consistency with Performance Guarantees for Distributed Storage

Data centers are nowadays ubiquitous, in a worldwide scale, and often geographically dispersed. In such environments, data reliability and availability are enhanced via data redundancy throughout the distributed storage. Because user performance is important in data centers, data updates in such distributed environments are done such that eventual consistency is achieved. In this paper we utilize a learning-based framework that aims at scheduling data writes during user idle times such that the impact on user performance is limited within strict predefined targets while the updates are completed as fast as possible. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed framework are illustrated via extensive trace-driven simulations.
Preferential infection of CD4+ memory T cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1: evidence for a role in the selective T-cell functional defects observed in infected individuals.

Abstract CD4+ T cells of patients with AIDS exhibit a qualitative defect in their ability to respond to soluble antigen while their responses to mitogens remain normal. CD4+ T cells can be broadly divided phenotypically into "naive" [CD45RA+ (2H4+)] and "memory" [CD29+ (4B4+) or CD45RO+ (UCHL1+)] cell subpopulations, which represent distinct maturation stages. To determine the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infectability of memory and naive CD4+ T-cell subsets in vitro and to determine the in vivo preference of HIV-1 in these subpopulations, we obtained highly purified CD4+ T-cell subsets from normal and HIV-1-infected individuals and studied them by viral cultivation, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and functional assays. Polymerase chain reaction studies demonstrated that the memory cell subset of CD4+ T cells is preferentially infected (4- to 10-fold more than naive T cells) by HIV-1 in vitro, and these memory cells are the principal reservoir for HIV-1 within CD4+ T cells obtained from infected individuals. Functional abnormalities attributable to CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected individuals (failure to respond in vitro to soluble antigen or to anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies) were shown to reside primarily within these memory cells. Thus, the present study suggests that the selective functional defects present in the memory CD4+ T-cell subset of HIV-infected individuals may be a direct result of the preferential infection and consequently greater viral burden within these cells.
Use of multiple views in the echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary artery systolic pressure

The purpose of this study was to determine which echocardiographic views most reliably demonstrate the maximum velocity of a tricuspid regurgitant jet in the evaluation of pulmonary artery systolic pressure. Consecutive patients seen in three echocardiographic laboratories during a 3-month period were enrolled. A complete Doppler examination was performed on each patient, including a continuous-wave Doppler evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation in each of seven views. All seven views were used to determine the maximum velocity of tricuspid regurgitation. Of the 1163 studies, 866 (75%) had some tricuspid regurgitation by color-flow Doppler and 614 (53%) had a measurable velocity of tricuspid regurgitation in at least one view. No single echocardiographic view consistently yielded the maximum velocity of tricuspid regurgitation. The apical four-chamber view alone was inadequate. All seven views must be used to be certain that the maximum velocity of triscuspid regurgitation has been obtained.
Enhancing interoperability of FRBR-based metadata

The Variations/FRBR project at Indiana University is experimenting with implementing the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) conceptual model in order to further research on next-generation library catalogs and promote the re-usability and interoperability of FRBR-based metadata. This paper describes the use of FRBR in some system implementations, discusses the first steps our project has taken to promote shared FRBRized data, and raises some issues related to representing FRBRized data in Dublin Core Application Profiles.
Pharmacokinetics of N-acetylprocainamide in patients profiled with a stable isotope method.

N-Acetylprocainamide (NAPA) absorption and disposition were profiled in five patients with ventricular arrhythmias by the simultaneous intravenous administration of NAPA-13C and oral administration of a 500 mg NAPA hydrochloride tablet. NAPA distribution was modeled with a three compartment mammillary system. The central compartment volume of 14.1 ± 2.6 L (mean ± SD) was similar to expected intravascular space, corrected for NAPA partitioning between erythrocytes and plasma. Other compartment volumes, intercompartmental and nonrenal clearances, and the steady-state distribution volume of 1.45 ± 0.09 L/kg were similar to normal subject values. The least-squares estimate of 1.67 for the NAPA renal clearance/creatinine clearance ratio was similar to the value of 1.68 previously reported for functionally anephric patients and showed the expected age-associated decrease. The oral NAPA dose was 78.0% ± 11.7% absorbed and interindividual variation in NAPA absorption was correlated with fast intercompartmental clearance (r = 0.89, p = 0.045). Because fast intercompartmental clearance partly reflects splanchnic blood flow, hemodynamic changes may affect NAPA bioavailability, as has been found for procainamide. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1989) 46, 182–189; doi:10.1038/clpt.1989.124
EDUCATION AND PLACE: A REVIEW ESSAY

Abstract In this review essay, Jan Nespor uses three recent contributions to place-based education, Paul Theobald’s Teaching the Commons, C.A. Bowers’s Revitalizing the Commons, and David Gruenewald and Gregory Smith‘s edited volume Place-Based Education in the Global Age, to examine some fundamental conceptual and practical issues in the area. One is how “place” is defined in place-based education theory, and in particular how moralizing idealizations of place woven into problematic distinctions (place/nonplace, urban/rural, local/global, and so on) may actually make it harder for us to understand education and place. A second is how class, ethnicity, gender, and other forms of difference are addressed — or not — in the field’s theoretical formulations. Finally, Nespor explores problems of articulating the visions of place-based education in these texts with larger social or political movements to transform schooling and environmental practices.
The political ecology of recovery from armed conflict: the case of landmines in Mozambique

Abstract The devastation wrought by landmines on local populations is well known. However, the broader effects of mine presence on postwar recovery, and the progress of a ‘peace process’, remain largely unexamined. Both the academic and the practitioner literature regarding landmines lack a framework within which the mix of economic, political, social, agricultural, and ecological repercussions of mine presence in a context of postwar recovery can be investigated. Here, we consider the utility of political ecology to examine the influence of landmine presence on the socioecological relations important to postwar recovery in Mozambique. Landmines constitute the primary obstacle to the reconstruction and development in Mozambique. Because mine presence influences different aspects of recovery differently, we have selected three cases in the country where mine presence has impacted important components of recovery: agriculture, transportation corridors, and international investment. Peace process and recovery efforts by the international community do not presently address the broader, non-medical influences of landmine presence on recovery, and it is the intention of this article to contribute to an initial examination of these issues.
Protein Synthesis and Amino Acid Transport in the Isolated Rabbit Right Ventricular Papillary Muscle: EFFECT OF ISOMETRIC TENSION DEVELOPMENT

To investigate the effects of isometric tension development on myocardial protein metabolism, 14 C-phenylalanine incorporation into protein was studied in the isolated rabbit right ventricular papillary muscle. Amino acid incorporation was linear for 6 hours in resting muscles and was totally inhibited by 10 -3 M cycloheximide and 10 -3 M puromycin. Phenylalanine incorporation into total protein was unaltered by 90 minutes of isometric tension development at peak tension at stimulation rates of 30, 50, or 100/min. Significant increases were noted in muscles stimulated at 50 and 100/min for 180 minutes (P
Spatiotemporal MMSE Mapping

This chapter treats spatiotemporal minimum mean square error (MMSE) mapping techniques in considerable detail. Due to their popularity in many of scientific fields, we decided to include a separate chapter on MMSE techniques, despite the fact that in principle these techniques are special cases of the BME analysis. As we already discussed in the previous chapter, mapping techniques provide the tools for generating accurate predictive maps and for deductive analysis. Mapping requires important decisions regarding a few crucial issues, such as (i) the type of data to be included, (ii) the mapping objectives and (iii) the form of the estimator. The MMSE mapping techniques considered in this chapter are designed to incorporate mainly hard data. The other two issues are addressed as follows.
Suppression of spontaneous ca elevations prevents atrial fibrillation in calsequestrin 2-null hearts.

Background— Atrial fibrillation (AF) risk has been associated with leaky ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) Ca release channels. Patients with mutations in RyR2 or in the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-binding protein calsequestrin 2 (Casq2) display an increased risk for AF. Here, we examine the underlying mechanisms of AF associated with loss of Casq2 and test mechanism-based drug therapy. Methods and Results— Compared with wild-type Casq2+/+ mice, atrial burst pacing consistently induced atrial flutter or AF in Casq2−/− mice and in isolated Casq2−/− hearts. Atrial optical voltage maps obtained from isolated hearts revealed multiple independent activation sites arising predominantly from the pulmonary vein region. Ca and voltage mapping demonstrated diastolic subthreshold spontaneous Ca elevations (SCaEs) and delayed afterdepolarizations whenever the pacing train failed to induce AF. The dual RyR2 and Na channel inhibitor R-propafenone (3 μmol/L) significantly reduced frequency and amplitude of SCaEs and delayed afterdepolarizations in atrial myocytes and intact atria and prevented induction of AF. In contrast, the S-enantiomer of propafenone, an equipotent Na channel blocker but much weaker RyR2 inhibitor, did not reduce SCaEs and delayed afterdepolarizations and failed to prevent AF. Conclusions— Loss of Casq2 increases risk of AF by promoting regional SCaEs and delayed afterdepolarizations in atrial tissue, which can be prevented by RyR2 inhibition with R-propafenone. Targeting AF caused by leaky RyR2 Ca channels with R-propafenone may be a more mechanism-based approach to treating this common arrhythmia.
Photoacoustic microscopy of tyrosinase reporter gene in vivo

Photoacoustic tomography is a hybrid modality based on optical absorption excitation and ultrasonic detection. It is sensitive to melanin, one of the primary absorbers in skin. For cells that do not naturally contain melanin, melanin production can be induced by introducing the gene for tyrosinase, the primary enzyme responsible for expression of melanin in melanogenic cells. Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy was used in the ex vivo study reported here, where the signal from transfected cells increased by more than 10 times over wild-type cells. A subsequent in vivo experiment was conducted to demonstrate the capability of photoacoustic microscopy to spectrally differentiate between tyrosinase-catalyzed melanin and various other absorbers in tissue.
Phenotypic and transcriptional response to selection for alcohol sensitivity in Drosophila melanogaster

Alcoholism is a complex disorder determined by interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors. Drosophila represents a powerful model system to dissect the genetic architecture of alcohol sensitivity, as large numbers of flies can readily be reared in defined genetic backgrounds and under controlled environmental conditions. Furthermore, flies exposed to ethanol undergo physiological and behavioral changes that resemble human alcohol intoxication, including loss of postural control, sedation, and development of tolerance. We performed artificial selection for alcohol sensitivity for 35 generations and created duplicate selection lines that are either highly sensitive or resistant to ethanol exposure along with unselected control lines. We used whole genome expression analysis to identify 1,678 probe sets with different expression levels between the divergent lines, pooled across replicates, at a false discovery rate of q < 0.001. We assessed to what extent genes with altered transcriptional regulation might be causally associated with ethanol sensitivity by measuring alcohol sensitivity of 37 co-isogenic P-element insertional mutations in 35 candidate genes, and found that 32 of these mutants differed in sensitivity to ethanol exposure from their co-isogenic controls. Furthermore, 23 of these novel genes have human orthologues. Combining whole genome expression profiling with selection for genetically divergent lines is an effective approach for identifying candidate genes that affect complex traits, such as alcohol sensitivity. Because of evolutionary conservation of function, it is likely that human orthologues of genes affecting alcohol sensitivity in Drosophila may contribute to alcohol-associated phenotypes in humans.
He Never Said Anything A Critical Poetic Response to Suicide Among Young Gay Men

As gay suicide becomes more frequent, deaths of gay men (particularly young gay men) become less shocking. I believe we should still be shocked. Moreover, I believe we should be incited to speech a...
Formal Modeling of Sequential Function Charts With Time Petri Nets

Sequential function charts (SFCs) are among the standard languages for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) ubiquitous in automated manufacturing and production systems. While SFCs are quite user friendly to developers, it is not easy to guarantee the correctness of safety-critical SFC programs. Thus, methods and tools for verifying the correctness of SFC programs are highly desirable. Here we introduce a transformation technique that converts a significant subset of an SFC to a time Petri net (TPN). Thanks to a large body of literature and mature tools that can analyze TPNs, our technique will bridge the gap between a user-friendly manufacturing control programming tool, the SFC, and powerful analysis tools for TPNs.
Vectorial transport and folding of an autotransporter virulence protein during outer membrane secretion.

Summary Autotransporter (AT) proteins are a large and diverse family of extracellular virulence proteins from Gram-negative bacteria, characterized by a central β-helix domain within the mature virulence protein. It is not clear how these proteins cross the outer membrane (OM) quickly and efficiently, without assistance from an external energy source such as ATP or a proton gradient. Conflicting results in the literature have led to several proposed mechanisms for AT OM secretion, including a concerted process, or vectorial secretion with different directionalities. We introduced pairs of cysteine residues into the passenger sequence of pertactin, an AT virulence protein from Bordetella pertussis, and show that OM secretion of the passenger domain stalls due to the formation of a disulphide bond. We further show that the C-terminus of the pertactin passenger domain β-helix crosses the OM first, followed by the N-terminal portions of the virulence protein. In vivo proteolytic digestion shows that the C-terminus is exposed to the extracellular milieu during stalling, and forms stable structure. These AT secretion and folding features can potentially facilitate efficient secretion.
Using probabilistic finite state models to evaluate human-computer interfaces

The development of a technique for modeling and analytically evaluating human-computer interfaces is described. The modeling technique is supported by an extensive set of theorems and algorithms which describe the various model building phases. The theorems and algorithms show that the representation of each human-computer interface converges to a single probabilistic finite state model which accurately represents the human-computer interaction. The resulting probabilistic finite state model is then used as a predictor to generate data which can be statistically analyzed to yield a comparison between alternative human-computer interfaces. >
Jack Lawrence Treynor

Jack L. Treynor, a pioneer in the use of quantitative methods in finance, helped establish the foundation of academic research in the field of finance and promoted notions such as random walks, efficient markets, risk/return trade-off and betas that others in the field actively avoided. Treynor is renowned not only for pushing the envelope with new ideas, but also for encouraging others to do the same as well. His articles have also received widespread acclaim in the finance and business communities. In 2008, the International Association of Financial Engineers (IAFE) named him as the 2007 IAFE/SunGard Financial Engineer of the Year.
Effect of Noninfectious Wound Complications after Mastectomy on Subsequent Surgical Procedures and Early Implant Loss

Background Noninfectious wound complications (NIWCs) after mastectomy are not routinely tracked and data are generally limited to single-center studies. Our objective was to determine the rates of NIWCs among women undergoing mastectomy and assess the impact of immediate reconstruction (IR). Study Design We established a retrospective cohort using commercial claims data of women aged 18 to 64 years with procedure codes for mastectomy from January 2004 through December 2011. Noninfectious wound complications within 180 days after operation were identified by ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes and rates were compared among mastectomy with and without autologous flap and/or implant IR. Results There were 18,696 procedures (10,836 [58%] with IR) among 18,085 women identified. The overall NIWC rate was 9.2% (1,714 of 18,696); 56% required surgical treatment. The NIWC rates were 5.8% (455 of 7,860) after mastectomy only, 10.3% (843 of 8,217) after mastectomy plus implant, 17.4% (337 of 1,942) after mastectomy plus flap, and 11.7% (79 of 677) after mastectomy plus flap and implant (p Conclusions The rate of NIWC was approximately 2-fold higher after mastectomy with IR than after mastectomy only. Noninfectious wound complications were associated with additional surgical treatment, particularly in women with implant reconstruction, and with early implant loss.
Disrupting Postsecondary Prose: Toward a Critical Race Theory of Higher Education

Ladson-Billings and Tate ushered critical race theory (CRT) into education and challenged racial inequities in schooling contexts. In this article, I consider the role CRT can play in disrupting po...
Preservation of human epithelial-like and fibroblast-like cell strains at low temperatures.

SummaryStudies of cell preservation by slow freezing in 5% glycerol medium, storage at −70°C. and rapid thawing were carried out on 17 epithelial-like and 2 fibroblast-like human cell strains (Detroit). Following this procedure, each of the strains could be quickly recovered as actively proliferating cell strains with no changes in growth rate or strain characteristics.
Inactivation of gastrin and pentagastrin by tissue slices.

SummaryWe have studied the capacity of several mammalian tissues to inactivate synthetic human gastrin I and its synthetic analog, pentagastrin. Slices of each tissue studied were incubated with either gastrin or pentagastrin and the degree of inactivation was determined by both radioimmunoassay and bioassay. The results demonstrate that there is an in vitro potential for the inactivation of gastrin in all the tissues tested. There was a close correlation between the results obtained with radioimmunoassay and those obtained with bioassay.
Carbohydrate constituents of human red cell stroma.

SummaryHuman red cell stroma has been found to contain 2% hexoses, 1.2% hexosamine and 1.2% sialic acid. These stroma values remain constant during storage of whole blood in the cold for 45 days. Monosac-charides found in stroma were galactose, glucose, mannose and fucose.
Toxplasma Neutralizing Antibody in Human Beings and Morbid Conditions Associated With It

SummaryA standardized procedure for carrying out the toxoplasma neutralization test in rabbits was described. The sera of 59 of 151 selected individuals were positive. A very high incidence of positive tests was found in infants and children presenting psy-chomotor disturbances with or without hydro-cephalus or microcephaly only when these were associated with cerebral calcification or chorioretinitis in the macular region or both. The congenital character of the disease was confirmed by the regular presence of these antibodies in the mothers of the affected children. Chorioretinitis affecting predominantly the macular region, and resembling that seen in cases of proved congenital toxoplasmosis, but occurring in otherwise apparently normal children and adults was associated with neutralizing antibodies for toxoplasma in 9 of 10 individuals. Certain other morbid conditions associated with toxoplasma neutralizing antibodies were also briefly described.
BM-29NUMBER OF BRAIN METASTASES INFLUENCES SURVIVAL FOLLOWING GAMMA KNIFE RADIOSURGERY.

We sought to investigate the oncologic outcome of brain metastases (BM) patients treated with Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKRS) based on the number of metastases. The Columbia University Medical Center database was queried for patients treated with GKRS from 1998 to 2013. There were 526 patients (233 men) with median age 62 years. Patients were divided into two groups; group 1 included patients with 1-3 BM and group 2 included patients with 4-12 BM. Primary cancers included 257 (48.7%) lung, 102 (19.3%) breast, 62 (11.7%) melanoma, 40 (7.6%) renal cell, 29 (5.5%) gastrointestinal, and 36 (7.2%) other. 206 (39.2%) patients received GKRS alone, 109 (20.7%) GKRS plus whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), 109 (20.7%) GKRS plus neurosurgical resection (NSG), and 102 (19.4%) all three modalities. 423 (80.4%) patients had 1-3 BMs and 103 (19.6%) had 4-12 BMs. Median overall survival (mOS) determined by Kaplan-Meier was 16.62 months. mOS for patients with 1-3 BMs and 4-12 BMs was 18.4 months and 13.0 months, respectively (log-rank p = 0.021). mOS for patients with 1-3 BM treated with GKRS alone, GKRS plus WBRT, GKRS plus NSG and all three modalities was 9.5, 20.6, 27.8, and 25.4 months respectively (p < 0.001), mOS for patients with 4-12 BM treated with GKRS alone, GKRS plus WBRT, GKRS plus NSG and all three modalities was 7.4, 15.2, 6.3, 16.4 respectively (p < 0.001). Age at time of treatment, KPS, primary disease status and treatment modalities were significant predictors of survival on univariate and multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). Gender, RPA class, GPA score were statistically significant only on univariate analysis (p < 0.05). Results indicate a significant difference in the overall survival between the two groups, also NGS was more effective in patients with 3 or less lesions, whereas WBRT was more effective in patients with greater number of lesions.
Sustainability of school-located influenza vaccination programs in Florida.

Abstract Background School-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) programs are a promising strategy for increasing vaccination coverage among schoolchildren. However, questions of economic sustainability have dampened enthusiasm for this approach in the United States. We evaluated SLIV sustainability of a health department led, county-wide SLIV program in Alachua County, Florida. Based on Alachua's outcome data, we modeled the sustainability of SLIV programs statewide using two different implementation costs and at different vaccination rates, reimbursement amount, and Vaccines for Children (VFC) coverage. Methods Mass vaccination clinics were conducted at 69 Alachua County schools in 2013 using VFC (for Medicaid and uninsured children) and non-VFC vaccines. Claims were processed after each clinic and submitted to insurance providers for reimbursement ($5 Medicaid and $47.04 from private insurers). We collected programmatic expenditures and volunteer hours to calculate fixed and variable costs for two different implementation costs (with or without in-kind costs included). We project program sustainability for Florida using publicly available county-specific student populations and health insurance enrollment data. Results Approximately 42% (n = 12,853) of pre-kindergarten – 12th grade students participated in the SLIV program in Alachua. Of the 13,815 doses provided, 58% (8042) were non-VFC vaccine. Total implementation cost was $14.95/dose or $7.93/dose if “in-kind” costs were not included. The program generated a net surplus of $24,221, despite losing $4.68 on every VFC dose provided to Medicaid and uninsured children. With volunteers, 99% of Florida counties would be sustainable at a 50% vaccination rate and average reimbursement amount of $3.25 VFC and $37 non-VFC. Without volunteers, 69% of counties would be sustainable at 50% vaccination rate if all VFC recipients were on Medicaid and its reimbursement increased from $5 to $10 (amount private practices receive). Conclusions and relevance Key factors that contributed to the sustainability and success of an SLIV program are: targeting privately insured children and reducing administration cost through volunteers. Counties with a high proportion of VFC eligible children may not be sustainable without subsidies at $5 Medicaid reimbursement.
Investigation on flies carrying the pathogen in Lanzhou city

Objective To understand flies carrying the pathogen status in Lanzhou city,and provide scientific basis for controlling flies.Methods Using microorganism training separation detection.Results The average flies pathogen carrier rates was 90.63%.And 28 strains of Escherichia coli,2 strains of Salmonella,1 strains of Shigella were detected.Conclusion Flies is the important vector for intestinal infection.It is necessary to strengthen preventing and controlling flies and flies media disease.
Integration of machine learning and human learning for training optimization in robust linear regression

In this paper machine learning and human learning are applied jointly to optimize the training of linear regression. Human learning is exploited to label extra training data so as to resolve problems such as insufficient training and over-fitting. Considering the inevitable human errors in labeling, two machine learning algorithms are developed which optimize the selection of the extra training data and detect human errors during linear regression. The first algorithm assumes sparse human errors and implements a sparse optimization within a sequential active learning procedure. The second algorithm deals with non-sparse human errors. By exploiting the IRT (item response theory) to model the distribution of human errors, it reconstructs the training data set so that the human labeling errors become sparse. Simulations are conducted to show that the two algorithms are effective in resolving the insufficient training and human labeling error problems.
Mechanisms Influencing Cirrus Banding and Aviation Turbulence near a Convectively Enhanced Upper-Level Jet Stream

AbstractMechanisms supporting a cold-season aviation turbulence outbreak over the northwest Atlantic Ocean and adjacent coastal regions of North America are investigated using high-resolution numerical simulations. Two distinct episodes of moderate-or-greater turbulence in the upper troposphere are observed, and the simulations suggest the turbulence is linked to eastward-translating mesoscale perturbations of negative potential vorticity (PV) emanating from upstream organized deep convection along the anticyclonic shear side of an upper-level jet. Within the exit region of the jet where the turbulence episodes occur, thermodynamic and kinematic fields in the vicinity of the PV perturbations exhibit structural characteristics of mesoscale inertia–gravity waves. These wavelike perturbations are shown to facilitate turbulence by influencing the vertical shear and static stability, which promotes mesoscale regions of banded cirrus clouds, near or within which the observed turbulence occurs.The simulations al...
Sensing Gallium Nitride HEMT junction temperature using gate drive output transient properties

The gate drive output transient properties of conventional power semiconductors (Silicon MOSFET, Silicon-Carbide MOSFET, and Silicon IGBT) have been studied for online junction temperature (Tj) sensing. This method utilizes the semiconductor intrinsic Tj-dependent characteristics and the gate drive output dynamics. In this paper, the method is applied to Gallium Nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). To demonstrate the GaN HEMT Tj sensing, two passivated die HEMTs are implemented in a half-bridge and driven by two integrated push-pull type gate drives. The gate drive turn-on current transient is used for GaN HEMT Tj sensing. The “gate drive-HEMT” switching properties are modeled to explain the Tj-dependent gate drive output dynamics. Experimental results are compared with LTSpice simulations.
Rebound of plasma free phenytoin concentration following plasmapheresis in a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Objective:To measure the total and free serum phenytoin concentrations and phenytoin clearance in a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura undergoing plasmapheresis.Case Summary:A dose of phenytoin 400 mg iv was administered daily 2.5 hours after the completion of plasmapheresis. Intravenous samples were obtained to measure the free and total phenytoin concentrations on 4 consecutive days. These samples were obtained before, at the midpoint, upon completion, and 30, 60, and 120 minutes after completion of plasmapheresis. The samples were centrifuged and stored at 4 °C until analysis using the same fluorescence polarization immunoassay kit. The free phenytoin was separated by ultracentrifugation.Discussion:Despite a decrease in total and free serum phenytoin concentrations measured during the procedure, a marked rebound in the free phenytoin concentration was noted 30 minutes after completion of the procedure. However, by 120 minutes after the procedure, the free phenytoin concentration had decre...
Risks of first and subsequent cancers among TP53 mutation carriers in the National Cancer Institute Li‐Fraumeni syndrome cohort

BACKGROUND Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is an autosomal dominant cancer predisposition syndrome characterized by a very high lifetime cancer risk and an early age at diagnosis of a wide cancer spectrum. Precise estimates for the risk of first and subsequent cancers are lacking. METHODS The National Cancer Institute's Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Study includes families meeting the diagnostic criteria for LFS or Li-Fraumeni-like syndrome, and individuals with a germline TP53 mutation, choroid plexus carcinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, or ≥3 cancers. Herein, we estimated the cumulative risk and annual hazards for first and second cancers among TP53 mutation carriers (TP53 positive [TP53+]) using MATLAB statistical software. RESULTS This study evaluated 286 TP53+ individuals from 107 families. The cumulative cancer incidence was 50% by age 31 years among TP53+ females and 46 years among males, and nearly 100% by age 70 years for both sexes. Cancer risk was highest after age 20 years for females, mostly due to breast cancer, whereas among males the risk was higher in childhood and later adulthood. Among females, the cumulative incidence rates by age 70 years for breast cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, brain cancer, and osteosarcoma were 54%, 15%, 6%, and 5%, respectively. Among males, the incidence rates were 22%, 19%, and 11%, respectively, for soft tissue sarcoma, brain cancer, and osteosarcoma. Approximately 49% of those with 1 cancer developed at least another cancer after a median of 10 years. The average age-specific risk of developing a second cancer was comparable to that of developing a first cancer. CONCLUSIONS The cumulative cancer risk in TP53 + individuals was very high and varied by sex, age, and cancer type. Additional work, including prospective risk estimates, is needed to better inform personalized risk management. Cancer 2016;122:3673-81. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Psychoactive medications and disengagement from office based opioid treatment (obot) with buprenorphine

Background The prevalence of psychoactive medications (PAMs) use in patients enrolled in Office Based Opioid Treatment (OBOT) and its association with engagement in this care is largely unknown.
Deletion of Rac2 inhibits Proliferation of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) Stems Cells and Progenitors (HSC/P) In Vivo and Promotes Survival of Scl/p210-BCR-ABL Mice.

Abstract 3253 Poster Board III-1 Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) malignancy induced by p210-BCR-ABL and is characterized by myeloproliferation in the bone marrow (BM) and egress of leukemic stem cells and progenitors (LSC/P) to extramedullary sites. Persistence of BCR-ABL+ HSCs in patients under imatinib suggests that inhibition of ABL-kinase alone is not sufficient to completely eliminate the LSC/P population. Rac GTPases represent integrative molecular switches for p210-BCR-ABL-induced HSC transformation and combined pharmacological and genetic attenuation of Rac GTPases significantly prolong survival in vivo, as reported in a retroviral transduction/transplantation model (Thomas EK & Cancelas JA et al, Cancer Cell 2008). Here, we analyzed the role of Rac2 GTPase in the leukemic maintenance and in the interaction of LSC/P with the leukemic microenvironment in vivo. We used a stem cell leukemia (Scl) promoter-driven, tet-off, Scl-tTA x TRE-BCR-ABL (Scl/p210-BCR-ABL) binary transgenic mouse model (Koschmieder S et al., Blood 2005), where expression of BCR-ABL is restricted to the HSC/P compartment, allowing the study of the intrinsic molecular changes in LSC/P during leukemogenesis. In these mice, Scl-driven expression of BCR-ABL is active in HSC (Lin-/Sca1+/c-kit+; LSK) and progenitors (Lin-/c-kit+/Sca-1-; LK), and CML development is associated with the activation of downstream signaling effectors CrkL, p38-MAPK and JNK. Additionally, Scl/p210-BCR-ABL mice had increased cycling of LSK cells and expansion of circulating and splenic, but not BM, LSC/P, suggesting egress of LSC/Ps from the marrow. These mice share all the characteristics of HSC/P transformation in CML, including increased HSC/P proliferation and survival, severely reduced adhesion to fibronectin, increased migration towards CXCL12, increased cell surface expression of CD44 and decreased expression of L-selectin. Myeloproliferative disease (MPD) in these mice is transplantable into recipient mice, and CML splenocytes have a 10-fold increase in homing to the spleen than towards BM (P Disclosures: Cancelas:CERUS CO: Research Funding; CARIDIAN BCT: Research Funding; HEMERUS INC: Research Funding.
Developing a Collaborative Care Training Program in a Psychiatry Residency

Background Collaborative care is an evidence-based approach for improving quality mental health access in primary care settings. Although job opportunities will grow over the next decade, few psychiatry residencies have established curricula to train the next generation of psychiatrists to work in this expanding model of care. Objective In this article, the authors describe the collaborative care training experience at a safety-net academic institution to provide a template for psychiatry residencies designing curricula to prepare psychiatry residents for collaborative care practices.
Metabolomic data deconvolution using probabilistic purification models

Liquid (or gas) chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS or GC-MS) allows quantitative comparison of biomolecular abundance in biological samples to help with the discovery of candidate biomarkers for complex diseases such as cancer. A fundamental challenge in using quantitative analysis of biomolecules by LC-MS or GC-MS for cancer biomarker discovery is owing to the heterogeneous nature of human biospecimens. Various contaminations present in cancerous tissues or adjacent non-cancerous constituents confound the characterization of molecular expression profiles and thus hinder the discovery of reliable biomarkers. We previously applied probabilistic purification model on a relatively small sample-size metabolomic data. In this study, we further apply probabilistic purification models on larger sample-size and multi-group metabolomic datasets acquired by analysis of liver tissues using both LC-MS and GC-MS. We demonstrate the advantages of incorporating purification models in retrieving underlying sources and reduce noise in metabolomic data. Furthermore, we investigate the benefit of the proposed models in improving our ability to detect changes in the level of metabolites among liver tissue from multiple groups (tumor, liver cirrhosis, and normal).
Stacking InAs quantum dots over ErAs semimetal nanoparticles on GaAs (0 0 1) using molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Hybrid nanostructures are known to elicit an enhanced optical response. We study the directed alignment of ErAs metal nanoparticle (NP) and InAs quantum dot (QD) using molecular beam eptaxy (MBE) in a GaAs matrix. Due to high surface free energy caused by the crystal structure difference, overgrowth of an ErAs NP with GaAs forms a depression that condenses subsequent InAs adatoms to form an inverted QD self-aligned to the underlying ErAs NP. The ErAs NP growth, GaAs overgrowth, and InAs QD deposition were carefully controlled and studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate their effects on the QD-NP alignment.
The Idea of a Metalogic of Reference

This paper sought to state in a concise and comparatively informal, unsystematic, and more accessible form the more technical approach the author developed during a research fellowship in 1974-75 at the Max-Planck-Institut in Starnberg, Germany. The ideas presented in this paper are more fully developed in later publications by the author which are listed in the two-page addendum to this paper.
Measuring cumulative understanding: item formats

To measure the learning progression of science ideas, assessment developers have used student alternative conceptions to create multiple-choice items (Alonzo & Steedle, 2009; Briggs, Alonzo, Schwab, & Wilson, 2006; Sadler, 1998; Treagust, 1988). In contrast, we designed multiple-choice items where choices represented various levels of knowledge integration: non-normative ideas, fragmented normative ideas, and integrated normative ideas in order to study whether multiple-choice items can measure students' ability to reason with an increased number of normative and relevant ideas in scientific problems (Lee, Liu, & Linn, in press).
Use of a technology‐enhanced version of the good behavior game in an elementary school setting

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a variation of the Good Behavior Game (GBG) in which teachers used ClassDojo to manage each team's progress. ClassDojo is a computer-based program that enables teachers to award students with points for demonstrating target behaviors. Dependent variables included class-wide disruptive and academically engaged behavior, teachers’ ratings on the Behavior Intervention Rating Scale (BIRS), and the rate of teacher praise statements delivered in each phase. Overall, results indicated that the GBG with ClassDojo was effective at reducing disruptive behavior, increasing academically engaged behavior, and was rated as socially valid. Additionally, when the intervention was in place, increases in the amount of behavior-specific praise statements delivered were observed across all three classrooms.
Engineering Analysis of Tricuspid Annular Dynamics in the Beating Ovine Heart

Functional tricuspid regurgitation is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the US. Furthermore, treatment of functional tricuspid regurgitation is suboptimal with significant recurrence rates, which may, at least in part, be due to our limited knowledge of the relationship between valvular shape and function. Here we study the dynamics of the healthy in vivo ovine tricuspid annulus to improve our understanding of normal annular deformations throughout the cardiac cycle. To this end, we determine both clinical as well as engineering metrics of in vivo annular dynamics based on sonomicrometry crystals surgically attached to the annulus. We confirm that the tricuspid annulus undergoes large dynamic changes in area, perimeter, height, and eccentricity throughout the cardiac cycle. This deformation may be described as asymmetric in-plane motion of the annulus with minor out-of-plane motion. In addition, we employ strain and curvature to provide mechanistic insight into the origin of this deformation. Specifically, we find that strain and curvature vary considerable across the annulus with highly localized minima and maxima resulting in aforementioned configurational changes throughout the cardiac cycle. It is our hope that these data provide valuable information for clinicians and engineers alike and ultimately help us improve treatment of functional tricuspid regurgitation.
Sometimes less is more: the role of subjective task experience in self-generated value interventions

Interventions that prompt learners to generate their own ideas about how material is valuable are promising for inspiring engagement. Drawing from research on the availability bias, we investigated how the learners’ subjective experience of generating ideas about the value of a domain (i.e., ease of coming up with ideas) affects perceptions of the content. In both studies, we manipulated the number of value statements participants generated, and then measured subjective task experience and perceived value of the content. Both studies’ results showed that the relationship between the number of value statements and perceived value became stronger when subjective task experience was added as an intervening variable. This pattern is suggestive of a positive direct effect of value statements on perceived value as well as a negative indirect effect of subjective task experience. Implications are discussed.