cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NRC as referee: Voluminous studies of TMI have helped the Nuclear Regulatory Commission generate an action plan to alter existing nuclear reactors

Few areas of the U.S. nuclear power business remain untouched by the accident at Three Mile Island Unit 2. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has also undergone change because of recommendations flowing from the investigations of that emergency. All the reviews and investigations set out to find some magic formula to explain ?why TMI-2 went wrong.? But the studies underscored what was already known: that nuclear power operation is highly complex, and no substitute exists for a painstakingly rigorous approach to every aspect of power-plant design, construction, and operation.
The quantity of natural surfactant necessary to prevent the respiratory distress syndrome in premature lambs.

Summary: Premature lambs at 118 to 122 days of gestation were delivered by caesarean section and received before the first breath 0, 19, 53 or 64 mg natural surfactant total lipid (TL) per kg body weight (BW). The seven lambs receiving no surfactant died within 40.1 ± 7.5 min, whereas the lambs treated with surfactant survived the 2-hr experimental period. Nineteen mg surfactant TL per kg BW preserved lung function; the pH and blood gas measurements were similar to those measured in lambs receiving 53 mg TL per kg BW or more surfactant. Pressure volume and surface tension characteristics were significantly improved after the administration of 19 mg of surfactant, but surface activity was still poor when compared to lambs receiving 53 mg TL per kg BW or more surfactant. The dose of surfactant (53 mg TL per kg BW) that resulted in good surface activity measurements in vitro was similar to other estimates of the amount of surfactant necessary to cover the alveolar space. Speculation: Differences were observed in the quantities of surfactant needed to normalize the clinical status and the pressure-volume and surface balance characteristics of the excised lungs and lung extracts. This may indicate that clinical status is the better way to evaluate the surfactant replacement therapy.
Characterization of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells.

AbstractThe binding characteristics of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) to isolated crude membranes of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells were investigated. [3H]QNB bound to endothelial cell membranes with high affinity (kD = 0.056 nM) and limited capacity (132 fmol/mg DNA). The binding specificity, order of affinity and inhibition constants (Ki) were determined by displacement of bound [3H]QNB with unlabeled ligands. The order of affinity was QNB > atropine > 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methyl-piperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) > p-fluoro-hexahydro-sila-difenidol (p-F-HHSiD) (M3 antagonist) > pirenzepine (M1 antagonist) > AFDX-116 (M2 antagonist) > (4-hydroxy-2-butynyl) trimethylammonium chloride m-chlorocarbanilate (McN-A-343, M1 agonist). These observations suggest that muscarinic receptors of endothelial cells in culture are likely to be of M3 and M1 subtype. Northern blot analysis of receptor subtypes using cDNA probes did not provide conclusive results due to the low level expression of these recepto...
Age of the Cardenas Lavas, Grand Canyon, Arizona

Six whole-rock specimens of basalt from the Cardenas Lavas of the younger Precambrian Unkar Group yield a Rb-Sr isochron of 1.09 ± 0.07 b.y. This age is believed to approximate the time of extrusion of the lava. Potassium-argon age determinations of the lava are considerably younger and may reflect either diffusive loss of 40Ar or a period of heating about 800 m.y. ago.
Metal-insulator transition in the samarium polytellurides SmTen (n = 2, 2.5, 3)

Abstract We have used electrical resistivity and X-ray diffraction measurements to study SmTe 2− x ( x ∼ 0.1). The crystal structure is highly two-dimensional, but no evidence was found at room temperature for either charge density wave ordered defect structures. Unlike the previously studied Sm polytellurides, the electrical resistivity of SmTe 1.9 is insulating, but displays a similar large electronic anisotropy.
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Cardiomyocytes as an In Vitro Model for Coxsackievirus B3–Induced Myocarditis and Antiviral Drug Screening Platform

Rationale:Viral myocarditis is a life-threatening illness that may lead to heart failure or cardiac arrhythmias. A major causative agent for viral myocarditis is the B3 strain of coxsackievirus, a positive-sense RNA enterovirus. However, human cardiac tissues are difficult to procure in sufficient enough quantities for studying the mechanisms of cardiac-specific viral infection. Objective:This study examined whether human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) could be used to model the pathogenic processes of coxsackievirus-induced viral myocarditis and to screen antiviral therapeutics for efficacy. Methods and Results:hiPSC-CMs were infected with a luciferase-expressing coxsackievirus B3 strain (CVB3-Luc). Brightfield microscopy, immunofluorescence, and calcium imaging were used to characterize virally infected hiPSC-CMs for alterations in cellular morphology and calcium handling. Viral proliferation in hiPSC-CMs was quantified using bioluminescence imaging. Antiviral compounds...
"Give Me a Break!" Emerson on Fruit and Flowers

6 ive me a break!" This expression appears to be an imperative or a request. \J In colloquial English, it can be either, or it can be uttered with various degrees of irony as a complaint, an objection, or a reproof. I want to begin by considering it in a relatively serious way, by asking what it means to ask some one to give, and to give a break. According to some analyses in a certain dis course on the gift (for example, in Nietzsche, Bataille, Levinas, and Derrida), the gift is always a break of some sort. It is an interruption, an excess, an incal culable intervention. It breaks with a circle or cycle of economic exchange, of debt and credit. A true gift (to borrow one of Emerson's terms) cannot be one that was anticipated or one for which return is expected. In one sense, then, reading very literally, "give me a break" is a tautology, for it says "give me a gift," where the gift is understood as rupture and disruption. Or perhaps the break requested is for me, for the speaker of the phrase, who asks for special consideration; while it may be recognized that there are a set of laws or rules in place that all are expected to follow, the speaker appeals to his or her special circumstances, including perhaps a relation to the one addressed. So it can be come a demand for justice, for that absolutely unique justice that escapes rule and law. More specifically, in terms of common usage, the expression is fre quently a request for time, for freedom from some constraints or expectations, possibly a petition to be released from a deadline, or from some constrictive schedule. It asks for a break in time, a break from or interruption in a rigorous agenda; it asks for something like an intercalary day, as in the time given at New Year's in Babylon when there was a festive day that did not appear on the calen dar, but that was understood to be available for carnivalesque reversals of and variations on normative social codes. The gift and time?these two themes come together in recent texts such as Derrida's Given Time (1992), but also in Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay "Gifts" (see Emerson 1990), which I propose to read. "Give me a break," then, seems to encapsulate much of what current thought has to say about the gift. And yet, if we now attend to the phrase as request or demand, rather than to its presumed object, the break, it begins to seem not tautologous, but self-contradictory, for surely there is something deeply prob
Geographers in a Perilously Changing World

Abstract The world changed in at least three fundamental ways after World War II; people changed the earth and people's view of it changed. First, understanding deepened of the basic life support systems and of how resource use and abuse in one area may affect another. Second, we approached interdependence among societies and cultures on a global scale. Third, governments forged the capacity to destroy themselves and their resource systems through nuclear war. Geographers have a responsibility to help the human family come to see itself whole through several activities. Teaching can aid in our understanding of the spatial and environmental dimensions. Research can explore the conditions in which stable peace may flourish. Policy analysis can examine in an interactive mode the possible options for applying these insights and findings.
Energy expenditure in anorexia nervosa: can fat-free massas measured by bioelectrical impedance predict energy expenditure in hospitalized patients?

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with a reduced metabolically active fat-free mass (FFM) and basal metabolic rate (BMR). Excessive refeeding results in major fat deposition which is not well tolerated by patients. Prediction of BMR is, therefore, a clinical issue during refeeding, but measurement by indirect calorimetry is time-consuming and not widely available. The study aim was to determine if and when BMR could be estimated from prediction formulas based on FFM derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in AN patients during refeeding. Indirect calorimetry and BIA were prospectively measured bi-weekly in 9 AN patients (body mass index 13.7 +/- 0.5 kg/m2) for 10 weeks of refeeding. Initial BMR was 969 +/- 46.7 kcal/d and 27.7 +/- 1.4 kcal/kg FFM, and at week 10 increased to 1360 +/- 44.6 kcal/d and 35.8 +/- 0.8 kcal/kg FFM. While correlations improved with increasing weight, FFM and body mass index, prediction formulas are insufficient to permit prediction of BMR based on weight or FFM, even after 10 weeks of refeeding. To allow for optimal nutritional support, indirect calorimetry measurements may be useful in the early weeks of refeeding because of a large variability of basal metabolic rate between patients.
Correlations between two hadrons at large transverse momenta

We have studied the interactions of 400-GeV/c protons with beryllium nuclei and observed hadrons produced at large transverse momenta (${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$) back to back near 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the proton-nucleon center-of-momentum system. When both transverse momenta exceed about 2.6 GeV/c, we observe that the probability per single hadron of observing a second high-${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ hadron on the opposite side approximately scales in the ratio of the two transverse momenta (${x}_{e}$ scaling). Quantum-number correlations between the opposite-going high-${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ hadrons are weak.
Surface Activity of Food Proteins: Relationships Between Surface Pressure Development, Viscoelasticity of Interfacial Films and Foam Stability of Bovine Serum Albumin

The relationships between film formation and viscoelastic properties and foam stability were studied using bovine serum albumin. The rate of surface pressure development showed a two-phase behavior – a rapid initial increase followed by gradual increase to a value of 20 dyne/cm2 after 24 hr. In the isoelectric pH range surface pressure developed most rapidly. Surface viscosity, surface yield stress and film elasticity showed maxima in the range pH 5-6. Foam stability, as measured by drainage rates also showed maximum in the same pH range, indicating a relationship between these characteristics.
An energy based fracture criterion for mode II crack in fiber composites

Abstract The strain energy density factor or S- criterion [1] has been widely used in fracture mechanics and our work confirms that it can be used to explain the cracking behavior of a homogeneous, isotropic solid. However, it was found to be inadequate for some composite materials and a new hypothesis called the Z- criterion , based on the dilatational strain energy density factor and distortional strain energy factor has been proposed by the current authors. Under mode I conditions, the Z- criterion has been found adequately to predict cracking and now this new approach has been applied to an orthotropic material subjected to mode II loading. Under these conditions it is shown that the dilatational component of the strain energy density is insignificant and so a new criterion has been developed. The new criterion show that the distortional strain energy density factor is the dominant factor for mode II crack analysis.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Is Associated With Irritable Bowel Syndrome in African Americans

Background/aims Psychosocial stressors likely play an important role in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The association between IBS and post-trau-matic stress disorder (PTSD) in non-minorities has been described. Our aim was to investigate the potential association between IBS and PTSD in an urban African American population. Methods Our institution maintains a longitudinal population-based survey of African Americans (AA). The survey utilizes a complex, stratified sampling design. The study group consisted of adult AA meeting Rome III criteria for IBS of any subtype. The 4-item Primary Care PTSD screener was administered; score of≥ 3 (range, 0-4) was considered positive for PTSD. Depression (Public Health Questionnaire-9 depression) and anxiety (generalized anxiety disorder-7) levels were measured using standardized scales. To assess quality of life, norm-based physical and mental component summary scores from the short-form 36 health survey ver-sion 2 were obtained. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated using Complex Sample Module of SPSS after weight-ing of the study sample. Results Four hundred nineteen subjects included corresponded to a weighted 21,264 (95% CI, 19,777-22,751) individuals. The preva-lence of IBS in our sample of urban AA was 8.2%. In multivariate regression analysis, female gender, age > 40, higher educa-tional attainment and divorce were independently associated with IBS. Those with IBS were considerably more likely to suffer from PTSD (OR, 4.54; 95% CI, 4.07-5.06). PTSD was independently associated with depression, anxiety, harmful drinking and substance abuse. Conclusions In AA, PTSD is independently associated with IBS. PTSD has a significantly negative impact on physical and mental self-assess-ment of quality of life. Evaluation of minorities presenting with functional gastrointestinal disorders should include screening for PTSD.(J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014;20:523-530).
Molecular characterization of two bipartite geminiviruses causing squash leaf curl disease: Role of viral replication and movement functions in determining host range

The genomes of two distinct, but highly homologous, bipartite geminiviruses have been identified in and cloned from extracts of squash leaf curl diseased field squash. These two squash leaf curl viruses (SqLCVs) have covalently closed, circular single-stranded DNA genomes with the same bipartite component organization characteristic of other whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses. Infectivity studies using virus preparations or cloned viral genomic components on different potential host plants demonstrated that these two SqLCVs have different host range phenotypes which can be explained by specific interactions among the different viral genomic components that act to influence viral replication and systemic movement in the plant. Analysis of Agrobacterium-inoculated leaf discs demonstrated that replication of the restricted virus was rescued in trans by the nonrestricted virus, providing an explanation for the mixtures of viral DNA components often found in particular hosts in the field. Sequence analysis of the common regions of these two SqLCVs identified a 13-base deletion in the restricted virus as compared to the nonrestricted virus, suggesting a potential sequence alteration likely to be involved in their host range phenotypic differences and strengthening the conclusion based on hybridization studies of their close evolutionary relationship. Also identified in the original field squash was a defective viral component which appeared to interfere with movement of the restricted SqLCV in its normally permissive hosts and accounted for another aspect of host range variation observed for this virus.
Distinguishing the common components of oil- and water-based metalworking fluids for assessment of cancer incidence risk in autoworkers.

Background—Metalworking fluids (MWF) — straight, soluble, and synthetic — have overlapping components. We derived constituent-based metrics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), water-based MWF, biocides, and nitrosamines to account for this overlap and examined their relations with cancer incidence. Methods—An autoworkers cohort of 30,000 was followed for cancer incidence. Hazard ratios were estimated for each cancer and cumulative exposure (lagged) to each new metric; soluble MWF contributed variably to several metrics with weight k=0–1. Results—For most cancer sites, the constituent-based metrics resulted in stronger exposuredisease associations than the MWF classes alone. Laryngeal and bladder cancer were most strongly associated with PAH (k=0). Protective effects for stomach and lung cancer were observed with biocide, a component that may be a surrogate for endotoxin.
Analytic derivation of pinhole collimator sensitivity for a general source distribution

Pinhole collimators are widely used for SPECT imaging of small organs and animals. There also has been renewed interest in using pinhole collimation for clinical cardiac SPECT imaging, which uses multiple pinhole arrays to achieve high sensitivity and complete data sampling. Overall sensitivity of a pinhole array is critical in determining a system's performance. Conventionally, a point source model has been used to evaluate the overall sensitivity and optimize the system design. This model is simple but far from realistic. This work addresses the use of more realistic source models to assess the sensitivity performance of pinhole systems. We derived an analytical formula for the sensitivity of pinhole collimation with a general source distribution model using spherical harmonics. As special cases of this general model, we also provide the pinhole sensitivity formulas for line segment, disk and sphere sources. These results show that the point source model is just the zero-order approximation of the other source models. The point source overestimates or underestimates the sensitivity when the line segment or disk source lies in a plane that is parallel or perpendicular to the pinhole aperture plane, respectively. The sphere source yields the same sensitivity as a point source at the center of the sphere when attenuation is not considered. The calculated sensitivities based on these formulas show good agreement with separate Monte Carlo simulations in simple cases. The general and special sensitivity formulas derived here are useful for the design and optimization of SPECT systems that utilize pinhole collimators.
Mechanisms of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric damage

The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the gastric mucosa are well documented. The complex mechanisms of gastric damage, however, are not fully understood. This review examines current knowledge about the normal function of the gastric mucosal barrier; the role of prostaglandins in cytoprotection and repair; the mechanisms by which aspirin and other weak organic acids are absorbed by the stomach; and the subsequent cascade of events--including ion trapping and back diffusion of hydrogen ions--that leads to gastric erosion and bleeding. A hypothesis describing NSAIDs' dual insult on the stomach is advanced.
Research Linking Teacher Behavior to Student Achievement: Potential Implications for Instruction of Chapter 1 Students.

This article reviews research on teaching and considers its potential implications for compensatory education of low-achieving students from low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds (e.g., target students for the Chapter 1 program). The emphasis is on process-outcome research linking teacher behavior to student-achievement gain, but research on cooperative learning methods, conceptual change teaching, the teaching of cognitive strategies, individualized and computerized instruction, adaptive education, and mastery learning is also considered. It is concluded that regardless of the setting (regular or special classroom), the key to achievement gain by low-achieving students is maximizing the time that they spend being actively instructed or supervised by their teachers. The educational programs likely to be most effective with these students are programs developed on the basis of general principles of good instruction rather than programs designed from the beginning as responses to special needs or learn...
The Role of Sublimation for the Formation of the Northern Ice Cap: Results from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter

Abstract The evolutionary history of the martian ice caps is practically unknown, and the caps are key to understanding the climatic history of Mars. Sublimation and ice flow are two hypotheses that have recently been suggested to explain the observed form of the northern ice cap. Here we present a sublimation model and compare the shape of the cap obtained from this model with Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) observations of the north polar region. This model can reproduce the shape of the cap and individual troughs. Sublimation is an important process as are flow and wind erosion. We were able to constrain the time scales of sublimation only to about two orders of magnitude (1–100 million years). This estimate depends on many unknown parameters, such as friction velocity and wind speed over the ice caps. These can be determined only by direct measurement over the surface.
Estimation of Noise-Free Variance to Measure Heterogeneity

Variance is a statistical parameter used to characterize heterogeneity or variability in data sets. However, measurements commonly include noise, as random errors superimposed to the actual value, which may substantially increase the variance compared to a noise-free data set. Our aim was to develop and validate a method to estimate noise-free spatial heterogeneity of pulmonary perfusion using dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) scans. On theoretical grounds, we demonstrate a linear relationship between the total variance of a data set derived from averages of n multiple measurements, and the reciprocal of n. Using multiple measurements with varying n yields estimates of the linear relationship including the noise-free variance as the constant parameter. In PET images, n is proportional to the number of registered decay events, and the variance of the image is typically normalized by the square of its mean value yielding a coefficient of variation squared (CV2). The method was evaluated with a Jaszczak phantom as reference spatial heterogeneity (CVr2) for comparison with our estimate of noise-free or ‘true’ heterogeneity (CVt2). We found that CVt2 was only 5.4% higher than CVr2. Additional evaluations were conducted on 38 PET scans of pulmonary perfusion using 13NN-saline injection. The mean CVt2 was 0.10 (range: 0.03–0.30), while the mean CV2 including noise was 0.24 (range: 0.10–0.59). CVt2 was in average 41.5% of the CV2 measured including noise (range: 17.8–71.2%). The reproducibility of CVt2 was evaluated using three repeated PET scans from five subjects. Individual CVt2 were within 16% of each subject's mean and paired t-tests revealed no difference among the results from the three consecutive PET scans. In conclusion, our method provides reliable noise-free estimates of CVt2 in PET scans, and may be useful for similar statistical problems in experimental data.
Coca and conservation: cultivation, eradication, and trafficking in the Amazon borderlands

The cultivation and traffic of coca, Erythrolxylum coca, and coca derivatives remain understudied threats to the conservation of the Amazon rainforest. Currently the crop is transforming land use and livelihoods in the ecologically and culturally rich borderlands of Amazonian Peru. The isolated nature of this region characterized by indigenous populations (both settled and uncontacted), conservation units, resource concessions, and a lack of state presence provides fertile ground for the boom and bust cycle of coca production and facilitates the international transport of the product to neighboring Brazil. This paper explores the social and environmental impacts of coca production, eradication, and transport through an analysis of both spatial and ethnographic data on land use and livelihood strategies along the Ucayali and Purus Rivers. Results map out the regional distribution and recent history of commercial coca fields and transboundary transportation routes and identify threats to the conservation of indigenous landscapes and borderland forests.
Markets of the Poor: Opportunities and Limits:

Markets of the poor have attracted much attention in recent years. Unfortunately, there are very few examples of profitable businesses that market socially useful goods in low-income markets and op...
Local‐government data sharing: Evaluating the foundations of spatial data infrastructures

This paper presents a typology of local‐government data sharing arrangements in the US at a time when spatial data infrastructures (SDI) are moving into a second generation. In the first generation, the US National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) theoretically involved a pyramid of data integration resting on local‐government data sharing. Availability of local‐government data is the foundation for all SDI‐related data sharing in this model. However, first‐generation SDI data‐sharing activities and principles have gained only a tenuous hold in local governments. Some formalized data sharing occurs, but only infrequently in response to SDI programmes and policies. Previous research suggests that local‐government data sharing aligns with immediate organizational and practical concerns rather than state or national policies and programmes. We present research findings echoing extending these findings to show that local‐government data sharing is largely informal in nature and is undertaken to support exis...
Energy and Particle Densities in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions From the String Model Venus

Abstract We apply the string model VENUS to calculate the time evolution of particle and energy densities in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. For central O+Au collisions we achieve energy densities up to 4 GeV fm −3 .
Cost-driven parameter design

Parameter design methodology has focused primarily on the quadratic loss function, which can often be solved by using a two-step procedure involving the minimization of a dispersion measure and then adjusting the mean to target. In some practical situations, however, the loss can be nonquadratic or highly skewed. By building on a theory of Leon and Wu, we develop a modeling and data-analysis strategy for a general loss function, in which the quality characteristic follows a location-scale model. The only difference from the two-step procedure just mentioned is the adjustment step, in which the mean is moved to that side of the target with lower cost. The technique is illustrated on an experiment involving epitaxial-layer growth in integrated-circuit fabrication.
Potential role of allelopathy in the soil and the decomposing root of Chinese-fir replant woodland

The role of allelopathy in the Chinese-fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) replant problem was studied. The failure of Chinese-fir seedlings to grow normally in Chinese-fir replant woodland was not only caused by the depletion of nutrients and the deterioration of the structure of replant woodland soil, but also by biotic factors and allelopathy. Extracts of soils collected from replant woodlands significantly reduced the growth of Chinese-fir seedlings. Extracts and decomposing root residues also significantly inhibited the growth of Chinese-fir seedlings. Extracts of the replant soil and of the decomposing roots from Chinese-fir replant woodland were both toxic to other plants. The combination of the decomposing root residues and the pathogenic fungi reduced the growth of Chinese-fir seedlings the most when compared to the decomposing root residue alone and the control. It appears that allelopathy is at least partly involved in the Chinese-fir replant problem. ei]Section editor: R Rodriguez-Kabana
THE FUTURE'S PAST: POLITICS OF TIME AND TERRITORY AMONG DAKELH FIRST NATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

ABSTRACT. This article examines contemporary political movements among Dakelh First Nations in British Columbia that have challenged Western modernity's fixation with a future achieved through indu...
Incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among HIV patients receiving dialysis.

Background: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is increasing in incidence in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is not known whether the morbidity and mortality rate of ASCVD is similarly increasing among patients with HIV end-stage renal disease (ESRD), who are living longer since the initiation of newer therapeutic regimens in 1997. Methods: We conducted a population-based study of 8,312 HIV ESRD patients enrolled in the US Renal Data System from 1987 to 2001. We determined the incidence of fatal and nonfatal ASCVD events stratified by date of dialysis therapy initiation. Results: There were 3,112 HIV ESRD patients (77.9% men; mean age, 39.6 ± 9.6 years) who initiated dialysis therapy before 1997 and 2,371 patients (71.5% men; mean age, 41.3 ± 9.7 years) who initiated dialysis therapy after 1997. Cumulative incidences of ASCVD for those initiating dialysis therapy before 1997 compared with after 1997 were 10.6% versus 13.5% at 12 months, 18.8% versus 27.6% at 24 months, 26.2% versus 42.4% at 36 months, and 33.7% versus 65.9% at 48 months ( P Conclusion: There is an increased risk for ASCVD in patients with HIV who initiated dialysis therapy after 1997. This may reflect the long-term complications of multidrug regimens, as well as improved survival from these regimens leading to prolonged exposure to ASCVD risk factors.
Fitting square pegs into round holes: Mapping the domain of contingent work arrangements onto the psychological contract.

In this paper, we have endeavored to integrate the literature on psychological contracts with the literature on contingent work arrangements. We have further developed the theoretical foundation of the psychological contract and its dimensions. After reviewing previous work on contingent employment, we illustrate how the dimensions of psychological contracts (stability, scope, tangibility, focus, time frame, particularism, multiple agency and volition) highlight the differences and similarities among alternative employment arrangements in a meaningful and parsimonious manner. In doing so, we have sought to offer an alternative to the categorization of employment arrangements that has, thus far, made comparisons across studies difficult. In addition, we argue that the dimensions of psychological contracts, more so than the content of these contracts, are more generalizable across various types of work arrangements, as well as across different types of jobs and across national boundaries. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of Plasma Lipoprotein Abnormalities in a Free-Living Population of the Central Valley, California

In an epidemiologic study of 1,118 free-living volunteers, aged 25 to 79 (552 male, 566 female) drawn from eight counties of the Central Valley, California, the following determinations were included: a medical history, blood pressure, resting electrocardiogram, plasma total cholesterol and glycerides (following a light, fat-free breakfast), and (when lipids were considered to be elevated) plasma lipoproteins determined by electrophoresis. A subgroup of the entire study population (494 male, 503 female) free of overt diabetes and electrocardiographic abnormalities, and with diastolic blood pressure not above 100 mm Hg, that was considered to be clinically "normal," forms the basis of this report. Significant sex differences for mean levels of total cholesterol were absent or of small magnitude at all age decades up to and including the seventh. In contrast, glyceride levels for men were significantly higher than for women aged 25-59, and differences were substantial. Beyond the seventh decade, females had...
Union Wage Premiums by Gender and Race: Evidence from PSID 1980-1992

We find that the overall union wage premium is relatively stable (ranging from 22.3 to 28.4 percent), but there seems to be a convergence of union wage premiums across different demographic groups between 1980 and 1992. Nonwhite men (whose premium ranges from 23.5 to 36.2 percent) show the largest gain, followed by white women (17.1 to 30.5 percent), white men (19 to 26.4 percent), and nonwhite women (10 to 20 percent). One explanation for this convergence of union wage premiums might be the “equalization hypothesis” associated with unions. This converging trend could have important implications for the future of unions. If union membership can explain a portion of the gender/racial wage gap, and if women/nonwhites can obtain, through union membership significant wage premia, increased female/nonwhite union participation in highly unionized sectors that offer high union wage gains could, in time, greatly decrease the gender/racial wage differential.
Cyanide poisoning as a mode of suicide

Abstract A five-year survey (1970–1975) of suicides was conducted in a county of 1,800,000 population. Cyanide is readily available in various forms, lethal in minute quantities and rapidly acting. Out of 700 suicides, six employed cyanide poisoning as an active manner of death.
Optical and thermal analysis of a cassegrainian solar concentrator

Abstract For the storage of solar energy in a chemical system, a Cassegrainian type solar collector is investigated. With generalized geometry, a non-skew ray from the edge of the solar disc is followed through the Cassegrainian configuration to the final image to define the image height. Parametric results are presented in a form which can be used to predict performance based on off-axis optics. Equations and graphs allow the incorporation of angular error into the calculations. Slope of 5 for the limiting tangent to the hyperbolic secondary appears near optimum. The focal length of the hyperboloid is not an important factor as long as it is similar to the focal length of the paraboloid. The required diameter for the hyperboloid is typically half the diameter of the paraboloid. A set of design equations is developed, and their use is demonstrated. Design parameters are calculated for chemical reactor loads of 1.0, 0.5, and 0.1 MW.
Successful use of a Fortec II vaporizer in the MRI suite: a case report with observations regarding magnetic field-induced vaporizer aberrancy.

Conducting a general anaesthetic within a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suite poses many problems for the anaesthetist. Ferromagnetic substances are contained in most anaesthetic and monitoring equipment. Their presence within the magnetic field may cause hazards and artifacts during imaging. This report describes the testing and use of a free-standing Fortec II vaporizer within an MRI suite. The Fortec II vaporizer’s function was altered depending upon its distance from and orientation to the magnetic field. The MRI images were not affected by this vaporizer’s presence within the MRI suite. We conclude that an inhalational anaesthetic can be administered, using a pretested free-standing anaesthetic vaporizer and a Bain circuit, within the magnetic field of a magnetic resonance imager.
Host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes: behavioral response to contact with host feces

Host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes may occur through contact with insects' excretory products, cuticle, or gut contents. We analyzed the behavioral responses of four species of entomopathogenic nematodes during contact with feces of natural or experimental hosts. Host recognition by nematodes was manifested in alterations in the frequency and/or duration of one or more search parameters including forward crawling, headwaving, body-waving, stopping, backward crawling, head-rubbing, and headthrusting.Heterorhabditis bacteriophora andSteinernema glaseri showed behavioral responses to contact with feces of their natural hosts,Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera) andPopillia japonica (Coleoptera), and to the experimental hosts,Acheata domesticus (Orthoptera) andBlatella germanica (Blatteria).Steinernema carpocapsae responded only toB. germanica feces, whereas5. scapterisci did not significantly respond to any of the insect species. During contact with cockroach feces, all nematodes, exceptS. scapterisci, showed avoidance behavior. We suggest that ammonia present in cockroach feces is inhibitory to nematodes. Specific host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes may be an important mechanism to maintain host affinities.
Simulation of supercritical water–hydrocarbon mixing in a cylindrical tee at intermediate Reynolds number: Impact of temperature difference between streams

Abstract The objective of this work is to study the impact of the temperature difference between the streams on the flow dynamics and mixing of supercritical water (SCW) and a model hydrocarbon (n-decane), under fully miscible conditions, in a small-scale cylindrical tee mixer (pipe ID = 2.4 mm), at an intermediate inlet Reynolds number of 500 using 3-D CFD simulations. When the water and n-decane streams enter the mixer at inlet temperatures of 800 K and 700 K respectively (Δ T = 100 K), the flow remains laminar and the variations of density and viscosity with temperature do not have a significant impact on the flow and mixing dynamics. However, when the water inlet temperature is 1000 K (Δ T = 300 K), the water–HC shear layer becomes unstable close to x = 5 D downstream of the mixing joint followed by shear-layer rollup and transition to turbulence. This leads to significant enhancement in the mixing rate. However, in a simulation of SCW n-decane mixing with the same inlet conditions but with the physical properties held fixed at the inlet values (no variation with temperature), the shear layer remains stable and steady state is reached. It was found that, the large variation of temperature of 300 K within the mixing layer leads to an increase in the local fluid density and a decrease in the local fluid viscosity within the mixing layer attributed mainly to the cooling of water and the heating of n-decane respectively. These physical property variations result in an increase in the local Reynolds number within the shear layer rendering it unstable to perturbations in the flow. Thus, the variations in mixture density and viscosity with temperature under near-critical conditions were found to have a significant impact on the flow and mixing dynamics in the tee mixer.
An ultra-low noise Switched Capacitor Transimpedance Amplifier for parallel Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

In this article, we report a custom dual probe Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) system demonstrating simultaneous multi-channel imaging to enhance the imaging throughput of a STM. The dual probe array is fabricated using CMOS-MEMS technology, with each probe having its own fine Z actuator and current sensing amplifier integrated with it to enable independent operation and scaling to large arrays of parallel probes. A novel CMOS Switched-Capacitor Transimpedance Amplifier (SCTIA) is demonstrated to locally sense the tunneling current flowing through the CMOS probe. The SCTIA is sampled at 166 kHz to produce an effective transimpedance gain of 88 MΩ with a tunnel current bandwidth of 40 kHz. Correlated Double Sampling (CDS) is utilized to achieve an input referred noise floor of 25 fA/√Hz.
Role of flavin-dependent monooxygenases and cytochrome P450 enzymes in the sulfoxidation of S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate

Disulfiram is bioactivated to S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide (DETC-MeSO), the metabolite proposed to be responsible for the action of disulfiram as an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor. This bioactivation process includes a reduction, an S-methylation, and two successive oxidations. Sulfur-containing functional groups are substrates for cytochrome P450 enzymes or flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO). In the present study, we investigated the contribution of these monooxygenases to the formation of DETC-MeSO from its immediate precursor S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate (DETC-Me). Liver microsomes obtained from mature male rats were incubated with DETC-Me. The formation of DETC-MeSO was blocked completely by solubilization of the microsomes with the detergent Emulgen 911, or by the presence of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-benzylimidazole. However, thermal-inactivation of FMO resulted in only a partial loss in DETC-MeSO formation. Liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats showed a 4- to 5-fold increase in the rate of formation of DETC-MeSO, compared with controls. Liver microsomes from pyrazole-treated rats showed a 50% decrease in the sulfoxidation of DETC-Me compared with controls. In a purified reconstituted system, cytochrome P450 2B1 (CYP2B1) catalyzed the formation of DETC-MeSO at a rate of 51 nmol DETC-MeSO formed/min/nmol cytochrome P450. Antibodies to CYP2B1 caused a 60% inhibition of DETC-MeSO formation by liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats. These results suggest that in male rat liver microsomes, cytochrome P450 plays a major role in catalyzing the sulfoxidation of DETC-Me, whereas FMO plays a minor role (< 10%). Also, in liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats, CYP2B1 is the major catalyst for the sulfoxidation of DETC-Me.
Microelectro-optical DNA array sensor

We describe a micro electro-optical DNA array sensor whose main features are that it is rapid, sensitive, highly accurate and capable of detecting more than one analyte. These features are the consequence of electronic control of three key elements of DNA assays, namely: concentration of the target molecules at the analysis sites, hybridization of the DNA targets to capture probes and discrimination of complementary DNA from non-complementary DNA. The assays are monitored using a scanning confocal optical platform for fluorescence detection. A finite-element based computational model for determining electric field distribution at the biochip electrode array and electrophoretic transport of DNA species is built and analyzed. Comparison of theoretical results for electrophoretic DNA accumulation with those obtained from experiments and a simple analytical model is presented.
Mean-field study of the Swendsen-Wang dynamics

Nonuniversal dynamics introduced by Swendsen and Wang [Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 86 (1987)] is studied in a mean-field Ising model. Numerical simulation data indicate that z, the dynamical critical exponent, is 0.98\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08. A modified version of this dynamics in which only large clusters are flipped apparently gives the same exponent, although the amplitude is reduced by a factor of 1/2. In addition, a theoretical argument is presented which gives z=1 and provides insight into the dynamics.
Radiographic evaluation of renal excursion with respiration

Abstract An unusual case stimulated investigation of radiographic changes in renal axis resulting from respiratory excursion. Prospective study of 20 “routine” excretory urograms revealed no statistically significant differences in renal axis whether the film was taken in full expiration or inspiration. Clinical implications and a review of pertinent literature are discussed.
Klinisch-pharmakologische Studien zur Bronchosekretolyse

Pharmaka, welche die physikochemischen Eigenschaften des Bronchialsekretes andern und die Expektoration fordern, werden seit jeher in der Behandlung von Erkrankungen des Respirationstraktes angewandt, obwohl die Kenntnisse ihrer Wirkungsweise mangelhaft sind und ihr gunstiger therapeutischer Wert selten objektiv erfast wird.
Adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioning modulates necrosis and apoptosis: effects of stunning and ischemia-reperfusion.

Abstract Background . Adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioning extends the protection of ischemic preconditioning by both significantly decreasing infarct size and significantly enhancing postischemic functional recovery. Methods . The effects of adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioning on necrosis and apoptosis were investigated in the sheep heart using models of stunning (15 minutes regional ischemia, 120 minutes reperfusion) and ischemia–reperfusion (30 and 60 minutes regional ischemia, 120 minutes reperfusion). Ischemic preconditioned hearts received 5 minutes regional ischemia, 5 minutes reperfusion before ischemia. Adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioned hearts received a 10 mmol/L adenosine bolus (10 mL) through the left atrium coincident with ischemic preconditioning. Adenosine hearts received a 10 mmol/L bolus (10 mL) of adenosine. Regional ischemic hearts received no pretreatment. Results . Minimal apoptosis ( p p Conclusions . Adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioning significantly ameliorates necrosis and apoptosis in the regional ischemic blood-perfused heart.
SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF EXISULIND FOR TREATMENT OF RECURRENT PROSTATE CANCER AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY

Purpose: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of exisulind for delaying disease progression in men with increasing prostate specific antigen (PSA) after radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: A total of 96 men with increasing PSA after radical prostatectomy were randomized to receive placebo (49) or 250 mg. exisulind twice daily (47) for 12 months. The primary efficacy parameter was the difference in change from baseline PSA between the placebo and exisulind groups. The PSA doubling time was also evaluated before and during study. A subgroup analysis classified patients based on the risk of developing metastatic disease.Results: Compared with placebo, exisulind significantly suppressed the increase in PSA in all patients (p = 0.017). The results were also statistically significant in men at high risk for metastasis (p = 0.0003) and those who could not be classified according to risk (p = 0.0009). In addition, median PSA doubling time was lengthened in high risk patients on exisulind (2.12 month incr...
Processing the transitive-closure logic rules on shared-nothing multiprocessor systems

The author presents and evaluates, using rigorous analytical models, a number of parallel algorithms suitable for processing an important class of recursive queries, the instantiated transitive closure (TC) queries. These algorithms are variants of the sequential delta -wavefront algorithm, designed to run on a shared-nothing (message-passing) type of multiprocessor system. The results obtained indicate that the relative performance of these algorithms is a strong function of not only the parameters which characterize the database and the processed query. Two parallel algorithms have been identified to be the best performing ones, one for systems with slow interconnection networks and the other for systems with fast networks. It is also found that allocating too many nodes to a query which does not need them results in a substantial loss of potential speedup in the processing of the query. >
Theory of capacitive probe method for noncontact characterization of dielectric properties of materials

The capacitive probe method for noncontact characterization and monitoring of dielectric materials is analyzed theoretically. An analytical method based upon the Hilbert transform technique and a numerical method using the finite element technique for calculating the potential distribution and change in admittance of the probe caused by presence of the dielectric material as a function of liftoff (distance between the probe plane and the surface of the dielectric material) are described. The two methods are compared with each other and their relative advantages discussed. The possibility of extracting useful information about the dielectric constant of the material from experimental data is also discussed in the light of the proposed theory.