cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a Breadboard System for Process Control Design: Part I

This paper presents initial planning for the development of a process control breadboard system. The proposed system will be composed of mechatronic, thermal/fluid, and control elements that using simple hand tools can be easily reconfigured by undergraduate students. An approach for integrating the breadboard system throughout the curriculum, enhancing the design education experience beginning with freshmen and continuing through the senior capstone experience, is proposed. This system is expected to significantly enhance the ability of students to work with a thermal/fluid-based process control system, and to provide the opportunity for design/build/test realization for a variety of completely functional systems. A sampling of configurations will be presented to demonstrate how this proposed system might be used to address an open-ended design problem with external constraints. A comparison with existing educational trainer systems commonly found at academic institutions will be presented, along with preparations for a proof-of-concept adaptation to occur during the fall semester of 2002. Support for K-12 outreach activities and EC2000 professional component program criteria will also be discussed.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Aggressive management of lung donors classified as unacceptable: excellent recipient survival one year after transplantation.

Abstract Objective: A dire shortage of lungs for transplantation exists. We hypothesized that aggressive organ procurement organization management of lungs usually rated as unacceptable (ratio of Pao 2 to inspired oxygen fraction Methods: From January, 1, 1995, through August 31, 2000, a total of 194 donors resulted in 228 lung transplants. Of these, 27 donors were deemed unacceptable for lung transplantation according to organ procurement organization protocol. We used the California Transplant Donor Network database to conduct a retrospective review of all 194 donors, including the 27 supposedly unacceptable donors who were treated with invasive monitoring (central venous pressure), methylprednisolone, fluid restriction, inotropic agents, bronchoscopy, and diuresis. We evaluated survivals at 30 days and 1 year of patients who received lungs rated as unacceptable and acceptable. In addition, we compiled data on recipient survival for a subgroup of 122 recipients with lungs from donors who died of trauma and compared these data with those of recipients who received lungs from donors who died of nontraumatic causes to see whether the donor's death by trauma resulted in higher recipient mortality. Results: After aggressive organ procurement organization management, ratios of Pao 2 to inspired oxygen fraction, central venous pressures, fluid balances, dopamine requirements, and chest radiographs of unacceptable donors according to organ procurement organization criteria were comparable with those of acceptable donors. There were no significant differences in recipient mortality between groups at 30 days or 1 year after transplantation. Moreover, no significant difference was found in mortalities of recipients who received lungs from donors who died of traumatic and nontraumatic causes. Conclusion: Aggressive organ procurement organization management of donors initially considered unacceptable may increase the number of lungs available for transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;124:250-8
The probability of internal ionization in β-decay

Abstract The probability P K of K-shell internal ionization during β-decay has been calculated for 14 isotopes according to the theory of Stephas and Crasemann. The relativistic hydrogenic atomic matrix element has been re-evaluated exactly, eliminating a divergence at low electron momenta that occurred in the approximate form of the matrix element. The results are presented for three distinct definitions of P K in current use. Calculated values of P K are substantially smaller than measured probabilities. Possible sources of the discrepancy are indicated.
Defining protective responses to pathogens: cytokine profiles in leprosy lesions

The immunological mechanisms required to engender resistance have been defined in few infectious diseases of man, and the role of specific cytokines is unclear. Leprosy presents clinically as a spectrum in which resistance correlates with cell-mediated immunity to the pathogen. To assess in situ cytokine patterns, messenger RNA extracted from leprosy skin biopsy specimens was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction with 14 cytokine-specific primers. In lesions of the resistant form of the disease, messenger RNAs coding for interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma were most evident. In contrast, messenger RNAs for interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interleukin-10 predominated in the multibacillary form. Thus, resistance and susceptibility were correlated with distinct patterns of cytokine production.
URETHRAL INJURIES IN THE CIVIL WAR

ABSTRACTPurpose:: We compiled all cases of urethral injury received in battle during the Civil War to detail their management and determine the outcome of treatment.Materials and Methods:: Surgeon medical reports of individual cases of urethral injury listed in the Medical and Surgical History of the Civil War, and pension records available in the National Archives and Records Administration were reviewed.Results:: A total of 105 cases of urethral injury from gunshot wounds, comprising 7% of all urogenital casualties, were reported during the Civil War between 1861 and 1865. Of them 22 (21%) were fatal and 83 patients (79%) cases survived. Debridement and catheter drainage of urinary extravasation or perineal urethrotomy was initial treatment. The majority of urethral injuries were complicated by troublesome strictures, fistulas, urinary incontinence and erectile impotence. Only 19 patients (23%) recovered fully.Conclusions:: Civil War urethral injuries had devastating long-term consequences.
Preparation of an Electron-dense Antibody Conjugate

THE fluorescent antibody conjugate technique recently developed by Coons1 has already proved of great value in the study of biological problems. In this technique, a fluorescent substance is covalently linked to an antibody, and the antibody conjugate is allowed to react with cells or tissue containing its homologous antigen. The antigen is then detected and localized by observing the fluorescence in an optical microscope. For many reasons, it is desirable to extend this method to the sub-cellular level with the resolution attainable in the electron microscope. In order to achieve this purpose, however, it is necessary to confer sufficient electron density upon an antibody molecule, without inactivating it, to render it visible in the electron microscope.
Characterization of the impaired feeding behavior in rats given haloperidol or dopamine-depleting brain lesions

Abstract Systemic administration of 0.2 mg/kg of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol reduced the rate of feeding in food-deprived rats, whereas a dose of 0.4 mg/kg suppressed both the rate of feeding and time spent feeding. Pre-feeding a group of rats decreased the time spent feeding but had minimal effects on the rate of feeding. Regression analysis showed that food intake, time spent feeding, and rate of feeding were related to each other in different ways in haloperidol-treated and pre-fed rats. Near-total depletion of brain dopamine by injection of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle initially decreased both time spent feeding and feeding rate. When rats that were initially aphagic after dopamine depletion recovered feeding behavior, their rate of feeding did not return to control values, and they spent more time feeding than control rats. Similarly, 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats with smaller dopamine depletions, which were not initially aphagic after the lesions, nevertheless had a prolonged reduction in the rate of feeding. Although control rats typically held the food pellets in both forepaws while feeding, dopamine-depleted rats often fed with one or no paws holding the pellet. The suppression of food intake and rate of feeding in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats was correlated with the depletion of dopamine in the lateral striatum, but not the medial striatum. These results indicate that dopamine in the striatum is involved in aspects of motor control that are necessary for efficient feeding behavior in rats.
Intraoperative Coronary Artery Dilatation with Angioscopic Guidance

The use of intraoperative balloon dilatation during coronary artery bypass surgery has been limited due to relatively unpredictable and potentially damaging results. The development of fiberoptic angioscopy permits safe visualization of the interior of coronary arteries and may be a valuable adjunct to intraoperative balloon dilatation. A 56-year-old male underwent four vessel coronary grafting with progressive intraoperative balloon dilatation of a second more distal stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Angioscopy was used to determine optimal balloon sizing and allowed visualization of associated intimal changes that occurred during the procedure, resulting in a successful outcome for this patient.
A simulation model representing effects on dietary energy/protein ratio and water temperature on growth of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Abstract A simulation model representing the effects of dietary energy/protein (DE/P) ratio, water temperature, and their interaction on channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) growth was developed by modifying an existing general bioenergetic model of fish growth. New functional relationships representing the effects of crude protein and DE/P ratio requirements on consumption and assimilation were added. Validation of the new model consisted of simulating a laboratory growth experiment. The simulated effects of 18 different combinations of DE/P ratios and water temperatures were essentially the same as observed experimental effects. Development of fish growth models incorporating interactions of dietary quality factors with water quality factors should parallel the increased levels of experimentation seeking to elucidate these relationships.
An exponential transformation based splitting method for fast computations of highly oscillatory solutions

Splitting, or decomposition, methods have been widely used for achieving higher computational efficiency in solving wave equations. A major concern has remained, however, if the wave number involved is exceptionally large. In the case, merits of a conventional splitting method may diminish due to the fact that tiny discretization steps need to be employed to compensate high oscillations. This paper studies an alternative way for solving highly oscillatory paraxial wave problems via a modified splitting strategy. In the process, an exponential transformation is first introduced to convert the underlying differential equation to coupled nonlinear equations. Then the resulted oscillation-free system is treated by a Local-One-Dimensional (LOD) scheme for desired accuracy, efficiency and computability. The splitting method acquired is asymptotically stable and easy to use. Computational experiments are given to illustrate our numerical procedures.
Ureteral injury presenting with hyponatremia

Abstract BACKGROUND: Ureteral injuries in gynecologic surgery, although rare, classically present with a well-described constitution of symptoms. Hyponatremia in association with ureteral injury has not been described. CASE: A 44-year-old multiparous woman presented with chronic pelvic pain and a persistent adnexal mass underwent exploratory laparotomy, lysis of adhesions, and left salpingo-oophorectomy. On postoperative day 5, she demonstrated classic signs and symptoms of ureteral obstruction. In addition, she developed hyponatremia with a serum sodium concentration of 124 mEq/L that immediately resolved after percutaneous drainage of the urinoma. CONCLUSION: Hyponatremia may develop with untreated and unrecognized ureteral injuries. Serum electrolytes may be helpful in the evaluation of suspected ureteral injury.
P-glycoprotein modulates morphine uptake into the CNS: A role for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac

Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that peripheral inflammatory pain (PIP), induced by subcutaneous plantar injection of λ-carrageenan, results in increased expression and activity of the ATP-dependent efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) that is endogenously expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The result of increased P-gp functional expression was a significant reduction in CNS uptake of morphine and, subsequently, reduced morphine analgesic efficacy. A major concern in the treatment of acute pain/inflammation is the potential for drug-drug interactions resulting from P-gp induction by therapeutic agents co-administered with opioids. Such effects on P-gp activity can profoundly modulate CNS distribution of opioid analgesics and alter analgesic efficacy. In this study, we examined the ability of diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly administered in conjunction with the opioids during pain therapy, to alter BBB transport of morphine via P-gp and whether such changes in P-gp morphine transport could alter morphine analgesic efficacy. Administration of diclofenac reduced paw edema and thermal hyperalgesia in rats subjected to PIP, which is consistent with the known mechanism of action of this NSAID. Western blot analysis demonstrated an increase in P-gp expression in rat brain microvessels not only following PIP induction but also after diclofenac treatment alone. Additionally, in situ brain perfusion studies showed that both PIP and diclofenac treatment alone increased P-gp efflux activity resulting in decreased morphine brain uptake. Critically, morphine analgesia was significantly reduced in animals pretreated with diclofenac (3 h), as compared to animals administered diclofenac and morphine concurrently. These novel findings suggest that administration of diclofenac and P-gp substrate opioids during pain pharmacotherapy may result in a clinically significant drug-drug interaction.
Early Arabic Christian Contributions to Trinitarian Theology: The Development of the Doctrine of the Trinity in an Islamic Milieu

In this book, Thomas Ricks illustrates how second/eighth- and third/ninth-century Arab-speaking Christians dialogued with Muslims on the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. Ricks focuses on the Arab...
Neurologic sequelae of penetrating cervical trauma.

Study Design. Multicenter, retrospective chart analysis was performed using data housed in the trauma registries of 2 independent American College of Surgeons verified, Level I Trauma centers. The trauma registries were queried for all cases of penetrating cervical trauma. Abstracted data included age, sex, race, mechanism of injury, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) level on arrival, neurologic findings on arrival, zone of injury, associated injuries, imaging studies and results, operations performed, neurologic sequelae, disposition from the hospital and the presence or absence of neurologic injury, cervical spine fracture, and cervical spine immobilization. Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between cervical spine immobilization and neurologic sequelae in penetrating cervical trauma. Summary of Background Data. Current recommendations for cervical spine immobilization in penetrating cervical trauma developed by empiric extension of blunt trauma protocols without evidentiary support. No evidence exists to support cervical spine immobilization as a means of preventing neurologic injury progression in cases of penetrating cervical injury. Methods. Abstracted data were organized, entered into a database, and compared statistically. Significance was accepted for P < 0.05. Results. A total of 196 patient charts formed the study cohort. Neurologic injuries either improved or remained static. No patient could be determined to have benefited from cervical spine immobilization in this study as the only 2 patients presenting with unstable cervical spine fractures were completely neurologically devastated at the time of injury. Prehospital cervical spine immobilization may have negatively affected patients with vascular and airway injuries. Decreased cervical spine immobilization rates at one institution did not affect neurologic outcome. Conclusion. Cervical spine immobilization does not appear to prevent progression of neurologic injury in cases of penetrating cervical trauma. Comorbid penetrating injuries may be negatively impacted by prehospital cervical spine immobilization.
Achievable rates for Gaussian relay networks with a supplementary non-broadcast link

Large system analysis has shown that per-node throughput in purely wireless networks goes to zero as the network size increases. Thus it appears the world will never be totally wireless. This motivates the study of a new kind of hybrid network composed both of purely broadcast wireless (RF) nodes and what we call multi modal nodes, i.e., nodes that can transmit simultaneously over broadcast wireless and other non-broadcast nodes, e.g., wires, infrared, or acoustic links. Here we present achievable rates for three terminal networks using DF, CF, and partial DF when one additional non-broadcast mode is available. We also provide rates for the special case of Gaussian channels.
Application-Guided Power Gating Reducing Register File Static Power

Power and energy efficiency are on the top priority list in embedded computing. Embedded processors taped out in deep submicron technology have a high contribution of static power to overall power consumption. At the same time, current embedded processors often include a large register file (RF) to increase performance. However, a larger RF aggravates the static power issues associated with technology shrinking. Therefore, approaches to improve static power consumption of large RFs are in high demand. In this paper, we introduce an application-guided function-level register file power-gating (AFReP) approach to efficiently manage and reduce the RF's static power consumption. The AFReP is an interplay of automatic binary analysis and instrumentation at function-level granularity supported by instruction-set architecture and microarchitecture extensions. The AFReP enables runtime power-gating of registers during unutilized periods, whereas applications can fully benefit from a large RF during utilized periods. To demonstrate the AFReP's potential for reducing static power consumption, we have enhanced a Blackfin processor with the AFReP technology. Using the AFReP, the RF static power is reduced on average by 64% and 39% for control and DSP applications, respectively. At the same time, the AFReP only induces a very minimal overhead of 0.4% and 0.6%.
Internal mobility in the partially folded DNA binding and dimerization domains of GAL4: NMR analysis of the N-H spectral density functions.

The DNA binding domain (residues 1−65) of the yeast transcriptional activator GAL4 is only partially folded. While residues 10−41, the DNA recognition domain, form a well-defined structure in the free protein, the whole polypeptide folds up and dimerizes upon binding DNA. In order to describe the mobility of the protein, we have characterized the frequency spectrum of the motions of N−H bond vectors of GAL4(1−65) using a reduced spectral density mapping approach (an approximation of the full spectral density mapping technique) [Peng, J. W., & Wagner, G. (1992a) J. Magn. Reson. 98, 308−332; Peng, J. W., & Wagner, G. (1992b) Biochemistry 31, 8571−8586]. 15N spin−lattice relaxation [RN(Nz)], spin−spin relaxation [RN(Nx,y)], cross-relaxation [RN(Hz → Nz)], two-spin order [RNH(2HzNz)], and antiphase [RNH(2HzNx,y)] rates were determined for 52 of the 65 backbone amide groups at 10 °C and pH 6.5 at 11.74 T. Calculations of the spectral density functions using a reduced set of RN(Nz), RN(Nx,y), RN(Hz → Nz), and R...
Breakthroughs in Semiconductor Lasers

The latest breakthroughs on the frontiers of semiconductor laser capabilities are presented. Achievements including the impressive advances in high-speed lasers with low pJ/bit energy consumption, high-power vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (VECSELs), advances in Ill-nitrides, record-high temperature operation quantum dot lasers, the longest wavelength Type-I quantum well lasers to date, and the fascinating field of nanolasers with ultralow volume and threshold are all discussed.
Group Decision Making in the Negative Domain

During the past 10 years, there has been continuing discussion of a central idea of prospect theory: individuals' risk-taking behavior will differ depending on whether they perceive themselves to b...
MIXED-MODE OSCILLATIONS IN A SELF-REPLICATING DIMERIZATION MECHANISM

Recently, self-replicating molecules have been synthesized in the laboratory by Rebek. Given the importance of such molecules, we proposed a simple model of a self-replicating dimer, which works as a template for its own formation. Here we consider a three variable model. For the model, we obtain mixed-mode and chaotic oscillations. Also, we find coexistence between two periodic attractors as well as a periodic and a chaotic attractor.
Light propagation in semi-infinite photonic crystals and related waveguide structures

A transfer-matrix method (TMM) that employs the plane-wave expansion of electromagnetic (EM) fields has been developed to handle EM wave propagation in semi-infinite photonic crystal and related waveguide structures. The major aim is to account for wave scattering only at the concerned boundary and to completely remove multiple reflections in the presence of other structural boundaries. It turns out that the scattering problem is closely connected to the eigenmodes of the transfer matrix for the unit cell of the crystal. A natural boundary condition is imposed to describe the asymptotic propagation behavior of scattered EM waves in a region far away from the interface. Theories for a variety of important structures have been systematically set up. These include wave propagation in a semi-infinite photonic crystal, a coated semi-infinite photonic crystal, a heterostructure formed by two different semi-infinite photonic crystals face to face, and a complex sandwiched structure formed by two semi-infinite photonic crystals separated by a general grating slab. In combination with a supercell technique, the developed formulations can also be used to handle photonic crystal waveguide structures. We have applied the developed TMM to two-dimensional photonic crystal and related waveguide structures. The first is the coupling of an external wave into a photonic crystal (photonic crystal waveguide) and the related inverse problems of coupling of a Bloch's wave (guided wave) out of the photonic crystal (photonic crystal waveguide). The second is scattering of a guided wave by a cavity introduced into a photonic crystal waveguide. The developed TMM can help to understand optical properties and design optimal structures of individual functional elements in an optical integrated circuit built in a photonic crystal environment.
Suture anchor repair of chronic radial ligament injuries of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb

Five cases of chronic instability of the radial collateral ligament of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint are presented. All patients were treated using the Mitek suture anchor to reattach the avulsed ligament to bone in its anatomical position. Tendon advancement or graft reinforcement was not used in conjunction with the repair. A stable thumb metacarpophalangeal joint was achieved in each case with no recurrent instability or pain found within 9 months of follow-up. Postoperatively, each patient exhibited a full return to activities of daily living within 2 to 3.5 months. Grip and pinch strength and range of motion were nearly the same as in the uninjured hand. We recommend the Mitek suture anchor as a simple and effective method of repairing the chronic radial collateral ligament injury. The importance of correct anatomical placement of the anchor is stressed, and guidelines for this are discussed.
Rights to Liberty in Purely Private Matters

John Stuart Mill provides a classic defense of individual and group rights to liberty with respect to purely private or self-regarding matters:The only part of the conduct of any one, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns himself … directly, and in the first instance, … his independence is, of right, absolute.… From this liberty of each individual, follows the liberty, within the same limits, of combination among individuals; freedom to unite, for any purpose not involving harm to others: the persons combining being supposed to be of full age, and not forced or deceived. (1859, pp. 224–26)
Clementine RRELAX SRAM particle spectrometer

The Clementine RRELAX radiation monitor chip consists of a p-FET total dose monitor and a 4-Kbit SRAM particle spectrometer. Eight of these chips were included in the RRELAX and used to detect the passage of the Clementine (S/C) and the innerstage adapter (ISA) through the Earth's radiation belts and the 21-Feb 1994 solar flare. This is the first space flight for this 1.2-/spl mu/m rad-soft custom CMOS radiation monitor. This paper emphasizes results from the SRAM particle detector which showed that it (a) has a detection range of five orders of magnitude relative to the 21-Feb solar flare, (b) is not affected by electrons, and (c) detected microflares occurring with a 26.5 day period. >
Specialized cardiac conduction system. Improved electrophysiologic identification technique at surgery.

An electrophysiologic technique has been described to localize the atrioventricular (A-V) conduction system during cardiac surgery. The method utilizes atrial pacing with an electrode plaque to insure a supraventricular rhythm, and an electrode probe to localize the specialized A-V pathways. Atrial pacing assures unchanging antegrade conduction to the ventricles, which permits beat-to-beat observation of changes in the P-R interval or QRS configuration that might result from surgical manipulation. The anatomic course of the His bundle and bundle branches is delineated by observing a typical "His spike" during the P-R interval in the electrogram. While heart block is uncommon following repair of uncomplicated ventricular septal defect, this technique has been a distinct aid in the repair of ostium primum atrial septal defects (four cases) and fourteen other complex congenital anomalies.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms and the use of mind-body therapies.

OBJECTIVE Neuropsychiatric symptoms affect 37% of US adults and present in many important diagnoses including posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, and chronic pain. However, these symptoms are difficult to treat with standard treatments, and patients may seek alternative options. In this study, we examined the use of mind-body therapies by adults with neuropsychiatric symptoms. METHOD We compared mind-body therapy use (biofeedback, energy healing, meditation, guided imagery, yoga, deep-breathing exercises, hypnosis, progressive relaxation therapy, qigong, and tai chi) between adults with and without neuropsychiatric symptoms (anxiety, depression, insomnia, headaches, memory deficits, attention deficits, and excessive daytime sleepiness) in the 2007 National Health Interview Survey (N = 23,393). Use of ≥ 1 of these therapies in the prior 12 months was the primary outcome of interest. We also examined prevalence and reasons for mind-body therapy use in adults with neuropsychiatric symptoms. We performed logistic regression to examine the association between neuropsychiatric symptoms and mind-body therapy use to adjust for sociodemographic and clinical factors. RESULTS Adults with ≥ 1 neuropsychiatric symptom used mind-body therapies more than adults without symptoms (25.3% vs 15.0%, P < .001). Prevalence increased with increasing number of symptoms (21.5% for 1 symptom, 32.4% for ≥ 3 symptoms, P < .001); differences persisted after adjustment for potential confounders (odds ratios, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.26-1.53] and 2.48 [95% CI, 2.18-2.82]). Reasons for mind-body therapy use among adults with ≥ 1 symptom included the ineffectiveness or expense of conventional medicine (30.2%). Most adults (nearly 70%) with ≥ 1 symptom did not discuss their mind-body therapy use with a conventional provider. CONCLUSIONS Adults with ≥ 1 neuropsychiatric symptom use mind-body therapies frequently; more symptoms are associated with increased use. Future research is needed to understand the efficacy of these therapies.
Molecular markers in prognosis of colorectal cancer and prediction of response to treatment.

Colorectal cancer is the third most common human malignancy. Direct observation and biopsy sampling by colonoscopy have provided unique opportunities to study the natural history of the disease. As a consequence, advances in the understanding of colorectal cancer pathogenesis have evolved more rapidly than with most other solid tumours. Numerous molecular events arising during the development of colorectal cancer have been sorted out over the past two decades. Despite these advances, predicting outcome and response to therapy is still a major challenge in the management of patients with colorectal cancer. Molecular and biochemical markers of colorectal cancer are greatly needed for diagnosis and prognosis as well as for the selection and monitoring of treatments. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a critical assessment of the usefulness of markers in the prognosis and prediction of response to treatment in colorectal cancer.
Validation of a mixed‐layer closure. I: theoretical tests

A flux closure formula introduced earlier for predicting entrainment into a mixed layer is tested through analytic solution of the kinetic energy equation and through large-eddy simulation. For this purpose, the closure formulation and the simulation model are applied to the ‘smoke cloud’ mixed layer, that includes both radiative cooling at the cloud top and surface heating or cooling at the surface, but without the effects of latent heat. The unique aspect of the closure, height weighting of the integral of buoyancy flux, is found to be directly related to the ratio of coefficients of the dissipation and diffusion terms of the energy equation. The simulation results indicate that the previous expression for predicting the entrainment flux is about 10% too small. Results of analytic solutions of the energy equation and the simulations are in general agreement. Disagreements are believed to be due to approximations in the energy equation and possible imperfections in the simulation model. A special issue investigated is the condition for decoupling of energy by surface radiative cooling. The maximum negative buoyancy flux before decoupling predicted by the flux closure and by the energy equation differ by almost a factor of 2, but it is not clear which is better. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Normal Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Systemic Arteriovenous Fistula: Implications for the Use of Noninvasive Methods in Differential Diagnosis of Heart Failure

Heart failure is frequently a result of impaired systolic ventricular performance. We describe a patient with heart failure and a systemic arteriovenous fistula who had left ventricular enlargement and a normal left ventricular ejection fraction, demonstrated by gated cardiac blood pool scanning. The heart failure was relieved by surgical repair of the fistula, but the left ventricular ejection fraction did not change. These observations show that volume overload rather than impaired systolic function was the mechanism by which heart failure occurred in this patient with a systemic high output state and illustrate the value of gated cardiac blood scanning in noninvasively elucidating the mechanism of heart failure.
Efferent connections of the septal area in the rat: An analysis utilizing retrograde and anterograde transport methods

Experiments were performed by either retrograde (horseradish peroxidase histochemistry) or anterograde ([3H]leucine radioautography) transport methods to determine the efferent connections of the septum in the rat. It was observed that the dorsal septum projects to the lateral preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, periventricular hypothalamus and midline thalamus. Fibers from the ventral half of the septum project topographically to the hippocampal formation, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain. Specifically, neurons located along the midline in the vertical limb of the diagonal band project through the dorsal fornix to all CA fields of the dorsal hippo campus and adjacent subicular cortex. Other fibers from this region project through the stria medullaris to the medial habenular nucleus and anteromedial nuclhe pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus. Cells located immediately lateral to the midline in the vertical limb of the diagonal band project through the medial part of the fimbria to all CA fields of the posterior hippocampus and adjacent subicular cortex. Other fibers which originate from this region project through the stria medullaris to both the medial and lateral habenular nuclei and the paratenial nucleus of the thalamus, and through the medial forebrain bundle to the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus. Cells located in the intermediolateral septum project through the lateral part of the fimbria to all CA fields of the ventral hippocampus and adjacent subicular and entorhinal cortices. These cells also send fibers through the stria medullaris to the lateral habenular nucleus and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. Other axons arising from these cells descend through the medial forebrain bundle to terminate in a region dorsal to the interpeduncular nucleus. Fibers from the most lateral part of the ventrl septum (i.e., bed nucleus of the anterior commissure) project through the stria terminalis to the ventral subiculum. In addition, cells located in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band project massively to the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus and the ventral tegmental area, and amygdala.
Effect of leading-edge flaps on vortices and vortex breakdown

The effects of leading-edge flaps on leading-edge vortices and vortex breakdown were investigated. Vortex breakdown location and its sensitivity strongly depend on angle of attack and flap angle. The presence of flaps alters the structure of the leading-edge vortices. Separation of the shear layer from the flap and reattachment to the flap are possible depending on flap angle and angle of attack. Variations of swirl velocity and swirl angle as a function of flap angle are discussed.
TRPV4 channels mediate cardiac fibroblast differentiation by integrating mechanical and soluble signals

The phenotypic switch underlying the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts into hypersecretory myofibroblasts is critical for cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction. Myofibroblasts facilitate wound repair in the myocardium by secreting and organizing extracellular matrix (ECM) during the wound healing process. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in myofibroblast differentiation are not well known. TGF-β has been shown to promote differentiation and this, combined with the robust mechanical environment in the heart, lead us to hypothesize that the mechanotransduction and TGF-β signaling pathways play active roles in the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Here, we show that the mechanosensitve ion channel TRPV4 is required for TGF-β1-induced differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. We found that the TRPV4-specific antagonist AB159908 and siRNA knockdown of TRPV4 significantly inhibited TGFβ1-induced differentiation as measured by incorporation of α-SMA into stress fibers. Further, we found that TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation was dependent on ECM stiffness, a response that was attenuated by TRPV4 blockade. Finally, TGF-β1 treated fibroblasts exhibited enhanced TRPV4 expression and TRPV4-mediated calcium influx compared to untreated controls. Taken together these results suggest for the first time that the mechanosensitive ion channel, TRPV4, regulates cardiac fibroblast differentiation to myofibroblasts by integrating signals from TGF-β1 and mechanical factors.
Tipping the balance in favor of protective immunity during influenza virus infection

Calibrating immune responses to levels that control infection while minimizing damage to host tissues is the primary challenge facing the immune system. Disease manifestations associated with most infections result from host inflammatory responses that, in some cases, are ofsufficient magnitude to result in death. Influenza virus infections occasionally fall into this category. The outcome of human influenza virus infection is heavily influenced by the virulence of the viral strain and the host's immune status. In this issue of PNAS, Aldridge et al. (1) investigate inflammatory responses induced by influenza virus and discover that recruitment of TNF and inducible NOS (iNOS)-producing dendritic cells (TipDCs) correlates with viral strain virulence. Recruitment of TipDCs is substantially greater in mice infected with highly pathogenic influenza virus, and recruitment depends on chemotactic cytokine receptor 2 (CCR2), a chemokine receptor that responds to monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, MCP-3, and MCP-5. Aldridge et al. demonstrate that CCR2-mediated recruitment of TipDCs enhances viral clearance at later stages of infection by enhancing virus-specific T cell responses.
Reactions of aliphatic alcohols on the {011}-facetted Ti02 (001) surface

Abstract The adsorption and decomposition of ethanol, n-propanol and isopropanol were studied by means of TPD and XPS on the {011}-facetted TiO2 (001) surface. The higher aliphatic alcohols adsorbed both molecularly and dissociatively at 200 K, but only dissociatively at 300 K. Molecularly adsorbed alcohols desorbed readily below 300 K. Adsorbed alkoxides were stable surface intermediates, and were removed at higher temperatures via two channels. Approximately 50% of surface alkoxides were removed as the parent alcohols at 365 K via recombination with surface hydroxyl species. The remaining alkoxides decomposed at temperatures higher than 500 K. The decomposition of surface alkoxides followed predominantly a net dehydration pathway to produce oleflns. For ethanol and n-propanol, net dehydrogenation to produce aldehydes was also observed. The dehydrogenation/ dehydration selectivity ratios were less than 0.25 in all cases. The peak temperatures of alkoxide decomposition products reflect the relative thermal stabilities of the alkoxides, which were in the order: isopropoxide
Withering governmental power in China

Abstract Based on findings from a field research conducted in Pengzhe County in the People's Republic of China, the following study shows that county and sub-county governments in Pengzhe perform enormously important tasks in political, economic, and other areas. The reform period has seen the strengthening of local government power in Pengzhe. Party organizations at various levels are still the power center. Moreover, subordinate government officials (either at the county level or the township level) are still quite compliant with the policies of higher authorities due to the latter's power in personnel promotion/demotion and resource allocation. Relations between central government and local government is by no means a zero-sum game. As shown in the study, local officials at the county and township levels in places like Pengzhe are effective foot soldiers and functionaries of the central government in actually governing the vast population in China.
Modern spaces, wild places and international hinterlands: The cultural economy of decoupling and misrecognition

L'A. examine certains aspects de la relation entre la ville-Etat de Singapour et l'ile indonesienne de Batam (Archipel Riau), au sud du detroit de Malacca, dans le triangle de croissance entre l'Indonesie, la Malaisie et Singapour. S'inspirant d'abord des concepts de modele culturel mondial et de structuration decouplee (J. Meyers), il montre que, sur l'ile de Batam, l'ecart entre les modeles de developpement et leur mise en oeuvre institutionnelle aboutit a la creation d'espaces et de relations identifies comme non-encore-developpes ou sauvages. Il examine ensuite comment ces espaces sont investis par certains Singapouriens dans un vecu de fantaisie et de desir nostalgiques, generant un modele de la modernite pour les habitants de l'ile.
Percutaneous Cholecystostomy for Acute Cholecystitis: Ten-Year Experience

Abstract Purpose To review the clinical course of patients with acute cholecystitis treated by percutaneous cholecystostomy, and to identify risk factors retrospectively that predict outcome. Materials and Methods A total of 106 patients diagnosed with acute cholecystitis were treated by percutaneous cholecystostomy during a 10-year period. Seventy-one (67%) presented to the emergency department (ED) specifically for acute cholecystitis, and 35 (23%) were inpatients previously admitted for other conditions. Outcomes of the two groups were compared with respect to severity of illness, leukocytosis, bile culture, liver function tests, imaging features, time intervals from onset of symptoms to medical and percutaneous intervention, and whether surgical cholecystectomy was later performed. Results Overall, 72 patients (68%) showed an improvement clinically, whereas 34 (32%) showed no improvement or a clinically worsened condition after cholecystostomy. Patients who presented to the ED primarily with acute cholecystitis fared better (84% of patients showed improvement) than inpatients (34% showed improvement; P P P Conclusions Outcomes after percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis are better when the disease is primary and not precipitated by concurrent illness.
Individuation and lack of pineal effect in the rat's circadian locomotor rhythm

Abstract Seventeen adult male Long-Evans rats of the same age and from 5 litters (2 albino, 3 black) were studied under constant environmental conditions in the same isolation room for over 20 weeks. The total period was divided into 3 phases: (1) continuous light (1–15 ft.-c) before operation; (2) continuous light after operation (matched siblings were pinealectomized, sham-operated and unoperated); (3) continuous very dim red light following phase 2. The timing, resetting and number of active 10-min periods per day or per cycle were unaffected by pinealectomy. Shortening of the circadian cycle length in continuous illumination of decreased intensity occurred in all animals with an overt cycle. Although in adjacent activity cages in full sight and hearing, the individual animals progressively went out of phase with each other and had spontaneous cycles of different lengths. Possible differences in response due to pigmentation and sites of operative injury are discussed.
Diaspora Nationality vs Diaspora Nationalism: American Jewish Identity and Zionism after the Jewish State

Shall we perhaps begin anew, small and toddling with a small folk? We two, homeless and wandering among the nations? Begin once more! Be the small God of a small people! Us didst thou choose. Thou ...
Navigating Worlds of “Trouble and Woe and Worse” in Children’s Literature: An Exploration into the Double Text of Tony Kushner and Maurice Sendak’s Brundibar

In this article, the author explores the richly layered double text of Kushner and Sendak’s picturebook, Brundibar (2003)—the historical context of Brundibar as a Holocaust-era children’s operetta by Hans Krasa and Adolf Hoffmeister, and the present day manifestation of Brundibar as a children’s picturebook. In order to contextualize the discussion of Kushner and Sendak’s text, Brundibar’s historical origins in Nazi-annexed Czechoslovakia and its transition to the stage in the Nazi “model” concentration camp, Terezin, is presented. An extensive semiotic analysis of Kushner and Sendak’s illustrations and text is also provided within the framework of what Kushner (The art of Maurice Sendak: 1980 to the present, 2003) terms “a world of trouble and woe and worse” (p. 210). Furthermore, the author discusses the development of Sendak’s Hitlerian Brundibar and the struggles that both Kushner and Sendak faced as they considered how to portray the story’s antagonist, given their somewhat differing conceptions of which difficult themes and topics children should be exposed to during childhood. To round out this discussion, the author explores pedagogical implications for teachers as they read difficult texts, particularly Holocaust texts, with children.
Some recently recognized manifestations of the rubella syndrome

In the wake of a large epidemic of rubella which reached a peak in the spring of 1964, an epidemic of congenital abnormalities occurred in Philadelphia during the last half of 1964 and the first months of 1965. The striking facts concerning the infants born after intrauterine rubella have been the severity and diversity of the abnormalities, including thrombocytopenic purpura, hepatosplenomegaly, and abnormalities of the long bones, as well as the high frequency with which rubella virus has been isolated from the nasopharynx of affected infants.
Membrane-Based Absorption of VOCs from a Gas Stream

A regenerative absorption-based process was developed for removing VOCs from N2 in an inert, nonvolatile, organic liquid flowing in compact hollow-fiber devices. The process eliminates flooding, loading, and entrainment, and can replace activated carbon adsorption. Two types of holow-fiber membranes were studied: one with a microporous wall and the other with a highly VOC-permeable nonporous coating on the outer surface of a microporous hollow fiber. Criteria for nondispersive operation were developed for each case. Experiments were conducted for the absorption of acetone, methylene chloride, toluene, and methanol from the respective VOC-N2 gas mixture using two absorbents: silicone oil and mineral oil. The highest mass-transfer coefficient was obtained for toluene followed by methylene chloride, acetone, and methanol. Different resistances making up the overall resistance in VOC absorption were characterized comprehensively to develop a predictive capability and compare the absorption performances of two types of fibers and the two absorbents. The absorbent-filled porous membrane contributed significantly to the total mass-transfer resistance. Numerical simulations of governing equations based on a cell model agree well with experimental results.
A numerical algorithm for viscous incompressible interfacial flows

We present a new algorithm to numerically simulate two-dimensional viscous incompressible flows with moving interfaces. The motion is updated in time by using the backward difference formula through an iterative procedure. At each iteration, the pseudo-spectral technique is applied in the horizontal direction. The resulting semi-discretized equations constitute a boundary value problem in the vertical coordinate which is solved by decoupling growing and decaying solutions. Numerical tests justify that this method achieves fully second-order accuracy in both the temporal variable and vertical coordinate. As an application of this algorithm, we study the motion of Stokes waves in the presence of viscosity. Our numerical results are consistent with the recently published asymptotic solution for Stokes waves in slightly viscous fluids.