cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beta decomposition processes in Hf-Rich Hf-Nb alloys

The decomposition of the bcc β-phase by both athermal and isothermal processes has been investigated in Hf-rich Hf-Nb alloys. An all β-phase structure is retained in chillcast alloys containing 30 to 50 at \ pct Nb (Cb), although electron diffraction streaking effects and the behavior of the temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity indicate the presence of a bcc lattice instability similar to that reported in solute lean Ti and Zr alloys. Aging a Hf0.65Nb0.35 alloy at 400 and 600°C resulted in the direct precipitation of a fine dispersion of a-phase needles; this morphology differs from the discs of transition α (αt) which Carpenteret al observed in Nb-rich Nb0.68Hf0.32. During continued aging, the needles grow selectively to form colonies or groups of needles in which both the individual needles and the groups of needles have major axes aligned along 〈110〉β type directions. The initial a-phase particles exhibit the Burgers orientation relationship with the parent matrix; continued aging changes the electron diffraction patterns in a way that is similar to that observed in aged Ti-Mo and Ti-Mo-Al alloys where they were attributed to the α- phase having a different crystallographic relationship to the β-phase (Type 2 a-phase). The observed changes in the electron diffraction patterns of aged Hf0.65Nb0.35 cannot be described as resulting from strained Burgers α-phase.
Sorption of three tetracyclines by several soils: assessing the role of pH and cation exchange.

Tetracyclines (TCs) are widely used in veterinary medicine for treatment and prevention of disease and are present in animal waste products. Detection of TCs in soil, sediments, and water, and the growing concern of their potentially adverse effect on natural ecosystems have resulted in a need to understand their behavior in aqueous soil systems. TCs have multiple ionizable functional groups such that at environmentally relevant pH values, they may exist as a cation (+ 0 0), zwitterion (+ − 0), or a net negatively charged ion (+ − −), which complicates predicting their sorption, availability, and transport. We investigated the sorption of oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), and chlortetracycline (CTC) by several soils varying in pH, clay amount and type, cation exchange capacity (CEC), anion exchange capacity (AEC), and soil organic carbon in 0.01 N CaCl2, 0.001 N CaCl2, and 0.01 N KCl. All three TCs are highly sorbed, especially in acidic and high clay soils. When normalized to CEC, sorption tends ...
Distinct Transcriptomes Define Rostral and Caudal Serotonin Neurons

The molecular architecture of developing serotonin (5HT) neurons is poorly understood, yet its determination is likely to be essential for elucidating functional heterogeneity of these cells and the contribution of serotonergic dysfunction to disease pathogenesis. Here, we describe the purification of postmitotic embryonic 5HT neurons by flow cytometry for whole-genome microarray expression profiling of this unitary monoaminergic neuron type. Our studies identified significantly enriched expression of hundreds of unique genes in 5HT neurons, thus providing an abundance of new serotonergic markers. Furthermore, we identified several hundred transcripts encoding homeodomain, axon guidance, cell adhesion, intracellular signaling, ion transport, and imprinted genes associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders that were differentially enriched in developing rostral and caudal 5HT neurons. These findings suggested a homeodomain code that distinguishes rostral and caudal 5HT neurons. Indeed, verification studies demonstrated that Hmx homeodomain and Hox gene expression defined an Hmx(+) rostral subtype and Hox(+) caudal subtype. Expression of engrailed genes in a subset of 5HT neurons in the rostral domain further distinguished two subtypes defined as Hmx(+)En(+) and Hmx(+)En(-). The differential enrichment of gene sets for different canonical pathways and gene ontology categories provided additional evidence for heterogeneity between rostral and caudal 5HT neurons. These findings demonstrate a deep transcriptome and biological pathway duality for neurons that give rise to the ascending and descending serotonergic subsystems. Our databases provide a rich, clinically relevant resource for definition of 5HT neuron subtypes and elucidation of the genetic networks required for serotonergic function.
An IS1 workbench for ACM information system curriculum '81

This paper describes the System Architects' Workbench, a personal computer-based teaching environment for courses in computer organization and systems programming. This tool set provides an integrated learning and teaching environment for computer systems concepts defined in ACM IS Curriculum '81 IS1. The central tool is a computer simulator based on a pedagogical model of computer system resources which allows students to study principles without becoming too involved in the implementation idiosyncrasies usually associated with machine level programming. Programs may be written directly in machine language or in a Pascal-like language, TP, which includes features that allow complete access to and control of host level resources. The TP compiler supports separate compilation, IPL load module generation, and detailed translation output used for machine language modification and debugging. The simulator supports interactive execution, tracing, modification, and debugging.
Sex-specific, postpuberty changes in mouse brain structures revealed by three-dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy.

Sexual dimorphism of brain structures has been reported in some species. We report that sex-dependent developmental structure changes exist in the C57Bl/6J mouse, a common model for the genetic analysis of brain function. High resolution, three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) images were obtained in intact brains of male and female adult and peripubertal mice. The lateral and third ventricles, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, and total brain were reconstructed in 3D. As observed in humans, there was overall cerebral growth from peripuberty to adulthood in both sexes. After correcting for the increased brain size, the hippocampus and amygdala were disproportionately larger in adult compared to peripubertal mice. Several sexual dimorphisms were also observed. The lateral ventricles were larger, while the amygdala (the left side in particular) was smaller in females compared to males. Lateral and third ventricles were reduced over time in males only, exhibiting a sex-specific developmental profile. The striatal size was uniform among the groups studied. The surface area of the segmented structures was assayed. Possible shape distortions were detected for the lateral ventricles, hippocampus, and overall brain structure based on a lack of covariance between the surface area and volumetric measurements. Although many sexually dimorphic changes are reported perinatally, our results suggest that there are additional sex-specific transformations that occur around puberty and persist in adulthood.
High resolution genotyping of Bacillus anthracis outbreak strains using four highly mutable single nucleotide repeat markers.

Aims: Bacillus anthracis is a genetically monomorphic bacterium with little diversity to be expected during an outbreak. This study used more rapidly evolving genetic markers on outbreak samples to ascertain genetic diversity. Methods and Results: Forty-seven isolates from a B. anthracis outbreak during the summer of 2005 in South Dakota were analysed using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and multi-locus VNTR analysis (MLVA). Results indicated that all of the outbreak strains belonged to a single clonal lineage. However, analysis of four single nucleotide repeat (SNR) markers resolved these isolates into six distinct genotypes providing insights into disease transmission. Conclusions: Strain determination of unknown B. anthracis samples can be ascertained by SNP and MLVA markers. However, comparison of many samples obtained during an outbreak will require markers with higher rates of mutation to ascertain genetic diversity. Significance and Impact of the Study: SNR4 analysis allowed discrimination of closely related B. anthracis isolates and epidemiological tracking of the outbreak. When used in conjunction with other genotyping schemes that allow broad genetic relationships to be determined, SNR markers are powerful tools for detailed tracking of natural B. anthracis outbreaks and could also prove useful in forensic investigations.
Increasing the recognition of barriers for pregnant substance users seeking treatment.

While substance abuse treatment resources for women have expanded in recent years, women still represent a minority of treatment admissions (31.9%) according to the 2005 Treatment Episode Data Set ...
The anodic behaviour of zinc in aqueous KOH solution—II. passivation experiments using linear sweep voltammetry

Abstract Potentiodynamic experiments in the range 60–0· m V/s, designed to elucidate the processes by which the zinc electrode in alkali becomes passive, are described. At low overpotentials the dissolution process is a complex solution mechanism in which soluble zincate species leave the electrode by the processes of mass transport in solution. At overpotentials in the region 0·4–1·5 V the dissolution process is slow and involves the formation of a layer of ZnO on the electrode. The lattice dissolves via this layer at a low rate. The electrode is not covered by a mechanically sound film of ZnO until the overpotential has risen to ca 1·5 V. It is not possible to decide whether the initially formed film of ZnO comes from the electrolyte or is formed in situ on the lattice by direct oxidation.
Functional form and the estimated effects of school resources

Abstract A widely-cited result in the education production function literature is that the level of measured school inputs (e.g., student–teacher ratio or starting teacher salary) is not associated with differences in student achievement, all else equal. I argue that this result may be attributable in part to the restrictive functional form assumptions used in the existing literature. I use detailed national student-level data to estimate an education production function that does not employ the restrictive assumptions of homotheticity and additivity and find statistically significant evidence that school inputs are associated with student performance. Moreover, I find evidence that traditional education production functions may understate the magnitude of the effects of school factors on student achievement. However, I find that even these larger estimated effects of measured school inputs are very small. [ JEL I 21]
HREM study of the behaviour of a Rh/CeO2 catalyst under high temperature reducing and oxidizing conditions

Abstract This work reports on the HREM study of a series of Rh/CeO 2 catalysts reduced at temperatures ranging from 623 to 1173 K. Computer simulation and digital processing techniques were also used to arrive at a finer interpretation of the experimental micrographs. Throughout the whole range of reduction temperatures, images in both profile and planar views show the existence of a well-defined structural relationship between metal and support. The profile imaging technique has allowed us to study the rhodium/ceria interface. It consists of Rh (111) in epitaxial relationship with (111) ceria surface planes. For the whole metal particle two different crystallographic orientations with respect to the support, both compatible with a Rh (111)/CeO 2 (111) interface, were observed. Metal decoration phenomena have also been found. They could only be observed on catalysts reduced at either 973 or 1173 K, the covering effects being much heavier in the latter case. The metal particle size distributions corresponding to the reduced catalysts show that metal sintering is slight up to 973 K, with mean sizes ranging from 3.5 to 3.7 nm, and much stronger when the catalysts are reduced at 1173 K, mean size: 6.7 nm. Reoxidation studies at 373, 523, 773 and 1173 K, have revealed that upon O 2 treatment at 773 K the metal particles thoroughly transform into Rh 2 O 3 , the precise structural nature of which could not be unequivocally established. These studies have also shown that for oxygen treatments up to 773 K, metal redispersion is rather modest, being necessary to heat to 1173 K to induce the spread of the oxidized rhodium phase onto the support and the subsequent redispersion. For the catalyst reduced at 1173 K, the reoxidation at 773 K or below does not lead to the recovery of the metal decoration effects. The ensemble of results presented here are discussed in relation to the nature of the metal/support interaction phenomena occurring in Rh/CeO 2 catalysts. The influence of both the reduction and reoxidation treatments on the metal deactivation/regeneration of these catalysts is also discussed.
The influence of temperature on a mouse–mouse hybridoma growth and monoclonal antibody production

The aim of that study was to determine conditions that potentially could prolong the time that the cells remained viable. Thus, high inoculum concentrations (1.5 × 10 6 cell/mL) were chosen which obviated cell growth characterization. In contrast, we examine the entire growth phase and MAb production at various temperatures in this study, in order to investigate the effect of temperature on MAb production.
Tubulin from a development insect embryo undergoing rapid mitosis: Factors regulating in vitro assembly of tubulin from Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract We have examined some parameters of assembly in vitro of tubulin isolated from embryos of Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila tubulin was first isolated by two cycles of assembly and disassembly in vitro and then separated from microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) by phosphocellulose chromatography; the resulting purified tubulin did not undergo re-assembly in vitro . Assembly capacity could be restored under several conditions, in some cases with the formation of microtubules of novel morphology. Normal microtubules formed in the presence of MAPs isolated from bovine brain and in the presence of low concentrations of RNase A, a basic protein which substituted for MAPs. At higher concentrations of RNase A, double- and triple-walled microtubules were formed, in which the inner wall had the same diameter as normal microtubules. The need for a protein factor could be eliminated entirely by increasing the magnesium ion concentration in the assembly buffer to 16.5 mM. In this instance, however, macrotubules with a diameter twice that of normal microtubules were formed. The properties of assembly in vitro of Drosophila tubulin were compared with those reported for vertebrate brain tubulin and the results considered in light of the very different physiological requirements for microtubules in these two tissues.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LEVELS OF CHLORAMPHENICOL IN PREMATURE INFANTS

Studies of neonatal meningitis have shown the need for antibiotic therapy that reliably reaches the central nervous system (CNS) in therapeutic levels. In four infants being treated for bacterial meningitis or ventriculitis, chloramphenicol levels were measured in serum on 21 occasions and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or ventricular fluid on 21 occasions. Drug levels were determined by a colorimetric procedure which measures only the active form of the drug. Patients received chloramphenicol in doses of 25-35 mg/kg/day divided in two intravenous infusions. The peak level of chloramphenicol in serum was 36.3 ± 15.3 μg/ml (mean ± S.D.) and the trough level was 24.0 ± 11.8 μg/ml. CNS fluid levels had a mean of 22.2 ± 8.9 μg/ml. Thus, chloramphenicol entered the CNS in therapeutic levels. In 60-90 per cent of serum levels. CNS infection was sterilized within 4 days in two infants with normal CSF dynamics while ventricular fluid was sterile by 5 and 9 days in the infants with pre-existing hydrocephalus. All four infants had a good clinical response and none exhibited signs of chloramphenicol toxicity after 18-21 days of therapy. With the documentation of adequate and safe therapeutic levels of chloramphenicol in the CNS in premature infants. It seems unnecessary to pursue more invasive techniques for the administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Void nucleation in metal interconnects: Combined effects of interface flaws and crystallographic slip

A micromechanical model of void nucleation in passivated metal interconnection lines is proposed. The model is based on the evolution of stress and strain fields in a two-dimensional model system, obtained from numerical modeling. Interface flaws in the form of debond between the metal and the surrounding dielectric are assumed to exist. A unique pattern of shear stress resolved on the slip systems in the metal line, due to the presence of pre-existing debond, is found. A dislocation slip model is constructed in accordance with the shear mode. The mechanism of crystallographic slip is such that lateral thinning of the metal line at the debond region together with the slip step produced at the edges of debond lead to a net transport of atoms away from the debond area, and a physical void is thus formed. The significance and implications of this proposed micromechanism are discussed.
Predictors of response to monoamine oxidase inhibitors: do they exist?

Multiple regression analysis was conducted on potential response predictors in a double-blind study of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) and placebo treatment in 130 depressed outpatients. Positive main effects were found for sex (female), lack of prior hospitalization, presence of precipitating events. A negative main effect was found for concurrent physical illness. Treatment x predictor effects were found for distinct quality and non-reactivity. Non-reactivity was associated with positive outcome in both study groups, but the effect was significantly enhanced in the treatment group. Distinct quality demonstrated a more complex effect, its presence being associated with decreased improvement in the treatment group and greater improvement in the control group. No atypical depressive symptoms predicted MAOI response, and we were unable to characterize a specifically responsive MAOI syndrome.
Morphology of Al2O3 scales on doped CoCrAl coatings

Abstract Adhesion between surface scale and protective coating is an essential requirement of a material possessing good overall oxidation resistance. Poor adhesion can lead to exfoliation of the oxide in response to thermal cycling or mechanically applied stresses, resulting in enhanced oxidation rates. Marked improvements in scale-substrate adhesion can be obtained by means of the formation of protrusions of oxide growing into the substrate. These act to key the protective scale to the surface and are more effective when a uniform distribution of small oxide pegs can be achieved. Thus the structure of the coating, the type of “rare earth addition” and its concentration are all important and this has been examined using electron beam physical-vapor-deposited CoCrAl coatings containing various elemental additions. The coatings were subjected to both isothermal and cyclic oxidation in the temperature range 1000–1200°C. The coating-scale interface and the development of pegs growing into the coating was examined in detail by dissolving away the underlying metal and coating using a bromine-methanol solution. The distribution of the pegs provides a good qualitative assessment of the oxide scale adherence. Results are compared with earlier studies on cast CoCrAl alloys containing various additions.
Quantifying maintenance effects on unavailability and risk using Markov modeling

Abstract A Markov approach is presented for quantifying the effects of maintenance on unavailability and risk. Markov modeling is standard; however, what is new is the new applications that are presented, including the relations which are developed for the required transition rates to allow practical implementations of the model. Maintenance effects are quantified by defining a degraded state for the component in addition to an operational state and a failed state. The Markov maintenance model which is developed is a natural extension of the standard models used in Probabilistic Risk Assessments (PRAs) and simplifies to the PRA models when the degraded state is not differentiated from the operational state. Identification of a degraded state allows the benefits of maintenance to be explicitly evaluated and allows optimal maintenance intervals to be determined. The component unavailabilities which are determined can be subsequently used in a PRA to evaluate the risk effectiveness of maintenance. Applications of the model are demonstrated. The demonstrations indicate that maintenance effects on component unavailability can be significant in certain situations.
Cold-curing Resin Tooth Implant: Report of Case

The avulsed maxillary left central and lateral incisors of a 36-year-old man were duplicated in a cold-curing resin; holes were drilled horizontally through the roots of the duplicate teeth. After treatment of the duplicates and preparation of the sockets, the acrylic implants were inserted and splinted in place. The implants were slightly mobile eight weeks after the procedure when the splint was removed. Within five months, the teeth were stable and the periodontal membrane seemed to be attached. Later, bone was seen to be filling in the channels of the implants.
A study of revising and editing at the terminal

The author presents the results of a comparative study of experienced writers editing and revising at a word processor and with pen and paper. Seven writers performed four writing tasks, each of which provided several kinds of data. Among these are statistical analyses and graphs of a chronological record of changes made in both modes and summaries of interviews with the subjects after each writing task. Results suggest that the word processor directly alters a writer's composing style.
Effects of Intermediate-Energy Electrons on Mechanical and Molecular Properties of a Polyetherimide

An experiment, using 100-keV electrons and 109-rad doses, was conducted on Ultem* polyetherimide film. Mechanical, electron paramagnetic resonance, and infrared spectroscopic data suggested that the radiation produced crosslinking and embrittlement of the material.
On Truncation Error Bounds for Sampling Representations of Band-Limited Signals

All sampling representations of band-limited signals involve infinite sums. The truncation error associated with a given representation is defined as the difference between the signal and an approximating sum utilizing a finite number of terms. In this paper truncation error is expressed as a contour integral for Lagrange interpolation, general Hermite interpolation, the Shannon series (cardinal series), the Fogel derivative series, and multidimensional sampling expansions. Truncation error bounds are obtained under various constraints on the signal magnitude, spectral smoothness, and energy content.
Elections, Information, and Policy Responsiveness in Autocratic Regimes:

The responsiveness of policy to election results is a central component of democracy. Do the outcomes of autocratic elections also affect policy choice? Even when the threat of turnover is low, I a...
Changes in cell-free amino acid incorporating activity during maturation of maize kernels.

The development of amino acid incorporating activity in cell-free preparations of maturing fresh maize kernels has been studied. Fertilization was found to be essential for the appearance of activity, and the activity was found associated with both embryo and endosperm. By recombining supernatant and particle fractions prepared from kernels at different times of maturation, it was found that both fractions reflect the changes in activity occurring during maturation.
Moment methods for solving singular integral equations in scattering theory

Abstract We study the use of moment methods for obtaining approximate numerical solutions to singular integral equations. With the techniques developed here we can obtain accurate solutions to these singular integral equations using matrices with dimensions smaller than 10 × 10.
Strategic Decentralization in Channels

The purpose of this paper is to understand the effect of strategic interaction on a manufacturer's channel-structure decision. In the model I analyze, if there were no strategic interaction, then the manufacturer would prefer vertical integration to decentralization. With strategic interaction, however, decentralization can be a Nash equilibrium strategy as McGuire and Staein [McGuire, Timothy, Richard Staelin, 1983a. An industry equilibrium analysis of downstream vertical integration. Marketing Sci.2Spring 161--192.] showed. So the question arises, What is it about strategic interaction that makes decentralization a Nash equilibrium strategy? The answer I give is that strategic interaction makes it possible for a manufacturer's retail demand curve to rise when he decentralizes. I show that this raising of the demand curve on decentralization can happen only if one of the following mutually exclusive conditions is satisfied: 1 the manufacturers' products are demand substitutes at the retail level and strategic complements at the manufacturer or retailer levels, 2 the manufacturer's products are demand complements at the retail level and strategic substitutes at the manufacturer or retailer levels. Strategic complementarity at the retailer manufacturer level means that if one retailer manufacturer raises his price, then the other retailer manufacturer would raise his price as well; strategic substitutability is just the opposite. These results show that what is important for decentralization to occur is not how demand substitutable the two manufacturers' products are as one might have thought from earlier works in the literature, but rather the nature of coupling between demand dependence and strategic dependence.
A web-based expert system for gypsy moth risk assessment

The gypsy moth is one of North America's most devastating exotic forest pests because it can cause the loss of valuable oak species, degraded aesthetics, loss of wildlife habitat, and detrimental effects on watersheds. Due to the increasingly wide infestation of the gypsy moth, it is important to develop decision aids that help assess the risks of this pest to our forests. Expert systems are a type of decision aid that could be applied to the area of risk assessment. We have developed the Gypsy Moth Expert System to estimate the risk that a forest stand faces from the gypsy moth based on the composition, structure, and management objectives of a particular forest. Risk assessment in this context is developed from forest susceptibility to infestation, vulnerability to damage caused by an infestation, and the hazard that management objectives for a forest may be affected if damage occurs. The system uses a straightforward set of if-then rules to classify risk. The development of a web-based expert system presented significant challenges to maintaining remote user processing integrity.
Effectiveness of source-zone remediation of DNAPL-contaminated subsurface systems.

Concerted efforts to remediate subsurface systems contaminated with dense nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs) have met with limited success when measured by comparing solute concentrations to drinking water quality standards. One-dimensional and three-dimensional laboratory experiments and a field-scale experiment are used to investigate the effectiveness of source-zone remediation and to assess factors that contribute to the observed results. The three-dimensional laboratory experiment and the field-scale experiment used a surfactant flush followed by vapor extraction to reduce the DNAPL saturation, while vertical DNAPL mobilization was controlled using a brine barrier. DNAPL mobilization and recovery in the field-scale experiment was relatively ineffective due in part to the low saturation levels of the DNAPL. The results show essentially that complete removal of a DNAPL is required to reach typical cleanup standards and that details of the morphology and topology of a DNAPL distribution, in addition to the saturation, play an important role in determining the rate of mass transfer. The results are interpreted in terms of guidance for remediation approaches, realistic expectations for source-zone remediation, and elements needed for improved models of such systems.
Fingerprinting the impacts of aerosols on long‐term trends of the Indian summer monsoon regional rainfall

In this paper, we present corroborative observational evidences from satellites, in-situ observations, and re-analysis data showing possible impacts of absorbing aerosols (black carbon and dust) on subseasonal and regional summer monsoon rainfall over India. We find that increased absorbing aerosols in the Indo-Gangetic Plain in recent decades may have lead to long-term warming of the upper troposphere over northern India and the Tibetan Plateau, enhanced rainfall in northern India and the Himalayas foothill regions in the early part (may-June) of the monsoon season, followed by diminished rainfall over central and southern India in the latter part (July-August) of the monsoon season. These signals which are consistent with current theories of atmospheric heating and solar dimming by aerosol and induced cloudiness in modulating the Indian monsoon, would have been masked by conventional method of using al-India rainfall averaged over the entire monsoon season.
Infectious Complications of Body Piercing

Body piercing appears to be gaining in popularity and social acceptance. With the increase in the number of piercings, it is likely that health care providers may see an increase in the complications resulting from these piercings. These may include the transmission of hepatitis viruses and bacteria at the time of the piercing or in the course of wound care. We review the infectious complications that have resulted from body piercing and have been documented in the medical literature.
The Autonomy of Reason, Revealed Morality and Jewish Law

I have found that religious philosophers sometimes commit what might be called the fallacy of misplaced argumentation . Permit me to explain. Any fully developed system of thought contains many assertions about the world. Yet this proliferation of assertions can be traced back to several underlying propositions which are their logical forebears. This is because large-scale theories generally grow out of fundamental intuitions or conceptual stances. These fundamental intuitions become formulated into theory-embedded, second-order propositions. Understanding the centrality of second-order propositions is essential to understanding the theory which they generate, with its numerous first-order assertions about the world.
Security-typed programming within dependently typed programming

Several recent security-typed programming languages, such as Aura, PCML5, and Fine, allow programmers to express and enforce access control and information flow policies. In this paper, we show that security-typed programming can be embedded as a library within a general-purpose dependently typed programming language, Agda. Our library, Aglet, accounts for the major features of existing security-typed programming languages, such as decentralized access control, typed proof-carrying authorization, ephemeral and dynamic policies, authentication, spatial distribution, and information flow. The implementation of Aglet consists of the following ingredients: First, we represent the syntax and proofs of an authorization logic, Garg and Pfenning's BL0, using dependent types. Second, we implement a proof search procedure, based on a focused sequent calculus, to ease the burden of constructing proofs. Third, we represent computations using a monad indexed by pre- and post-conditions drawn from the authorization logic, which permits ephemeral policies that change during execution. We describe the implementation of our library and illustrate its use on a number of the benchmark examples considered in the literature.
Identification of the testing parameters in high frequency dynamic shear measurement on agarose gels

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) on agarose gels can be used to validate magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) measurements as well as to provide better understanding for the biological responses of cells to the dynamic loadings in cell culture studies. Various parameters potentially affecting the repeatability and accuracy of the DMA shear modulus measurements were investigated systematically in the present study, including sample thickness, shear strain, testing frequency, and compressive clamping strain. The study showed that the thickness of the agarose gel sample must be sufficiently small (1 mm) to prevent the erroneous fluctuation in the measured modulus. The appropriate levels of shear strain (< or = 0.5%) and compressive clamping strain (5-10%) must be applied to overcome the slippage at the gel-clamp interface without causing significant boundary and stress non-uniformity or micro-cracks in the agarose gel sample.
Thiamine diphosphate binds to intermediates in the assembly of adenovirus fiber knob trimers in Escherichia coli

Assembly of the adenovirus (Ad) homotrimeric fiber protein is nucleated by its C-terminal knob domain, which itself can trimerize when expressed as a recombinant protein fragment. The non-interlocked, globular structure of subunits in the knob trimer implies that trimers assemble from prefolded monomers through a dimer intermediate, but these intermediates have not been observed and the mechanism of assembly therefore remains uncharacterized. Here we report that expression of the Ad serotype 2 (Ad2) knob was toxic for thi− strains of Escherichia coli, which are defective in de novo synthesis of thiamine (vitamin B1). Ad2 knob trimers isolated from a thi+ strain copurified through multiple chromatography steps with a small molecule of mass equivalent to that of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP). Mutant analysis did not implicate any specific site for ThDP binding. Our results suggest that ThDP may associate with assembly intermediates and become trapped in assembled trimers, possibly within one of several large cavities that are partially solvent-accessible or buried completely within the trimer interior.
Immigration: An Overview of Information Resources

Immigration has been a subject of intense historical and contemporary debate in US political life. Proponents of immigration cite the important contributions immigrants have made and continue to make to the USA’s national development and evolution. Advocates of more restrictive immigration policies stress concerns over the USA’s ability to support immigrant residents and whether newer immigrants threaten the US national identity and social cohesion. Proponents and opponents of current US immigration policy will use figures from the 2000 census to justify their respective arguments in upcoming debates on this subject. This article examines a variety of immigration literature resources such as scholarly books, government documents, and Websites and seeks to emphasize the subject’s complexities and contradictions along with US and transnational perspectives.
In Vitro Susceptibilities of Candida Bloodstream Isolates to the New Triazole Antifungal Agents BMS-207147, Sch 56592, and Voriconazole

BMS-207147, Sch 56592, and voriconazole are all investigational triazole antifungal agents that are in different stages of in vitro and clinical investigation (2, 3, 7). Previous in vitro studies of these agents indicate a spectrum of antifungal activity broader than that of fluconazole (1–4, 6, 7, 10, 11). All three investigational triazoles are lipophilic and exhibit activity similar to that of itraconazole against clinically important yeast isolates (2, 3, 7). However, earlier investigations have included limited numbers of clinical yeast isolates and have compared each of these new agents individually against fluconazole and itraconazole. None of the previously published reports have compared all three investigational triazoles simultaneously against a large (>1,000 isolates) collection of recent, clinically important Candida isolates. In this study, we compare the in vitro activities of BMS-207147, Sch 56592, and voriconazole with those of fluconazole and itraconazole against 1,300 clinical isolates of Candida spp. from bloodstream infections. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility test method employed was the broth microdilution adaptation of the macrodilution reference method described in National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) document M27-A (5).
Resource Management for Rapid Application Turnaround on Enterprise Desktop Grids

Desktop grids are popular platforms for high throughput applications, but due their inherent resource volatility it is difficult to exploit them for applications that require rapid turnaround. Efficient desktop grid execution of short-lived applications is an attractive proposition and we claim that it is achievable via intelligent resource selection. We propose three general techniques for resource selection: resource prioritization, resource exclusion, and task duplication. We use these techniques to instantiate several scheduling heuristics. We evaluate these heuristics through trace-driven simulations of four representative desktop grid configurations. We find that ranking desk-top resources according to their clock rates, without taking into account their availability history, is surprisingly effective in practice. Our main result is that a heuristic that uses the appropriate combination of resource prioritization, resource exclusion, and task replication achieves performance within a factor of 1.7 of optimal.
Cyclic Temperature Calculations and Measurements for Underground Power Cables

Two time-dependent heat transfer models were developed for calculating cyclic temperature-time profiles for underground power cables with any cyclic load. A fully distributed model allows for temperature variation with radial distance and time in each cable region. A lumped parameter model sets up a thermal circuit and solves for the temperature of each cable region as a function of time. Results from both models are compared with experimental temperature profiles for five cyclic tests for cables in a typical duct bank arrangement. The comparison shows good agreement for cable conductor and jacket temperatures and some error for conduit profiles.
Policy Implications of Autonomous Vehicles

Partially autonomous vehicles that can take over some driving functions, such as steering and speed control, are on the market today. Highly autonomous vehicles that can drive themselves in most situations should be available for sale in less than a decade. Fully autonomous vehicles that won’t even have an option for a human driver will be available within a decade after that.Such autonomous vehicles will transform the 21st century in the same way that mass-produced automobiles transformed the 20th. Auto travel will become safer. Congestion will decline if not disappear. People who can be productive rather than endure the stress of driving will look at travel in an entirely new way. Eventually, mobility will be available to everyone, not just those who have a driver’s license.Considering the technology available today and what experts think will be available in the near future, Congress and other policymakers should consider the following steps: Congress should stop funding expensive and obsolete rail transit projects, which will have no place in a future likely to be characterized by widespread sharing of self-driving cars. Congress should end the mandate for states and metropolitan planning organizations to write long-range transportation plans, as planners cannot predict the effects of autonomous vehicles and are likely to instead impose obsolete systems and designs on their regions. The National Highway Safety Traffic Commission should not mandate that vehicle-to-vehicle communications be installed in all new cars, as such devices will rapidly become obsolete, while voluntary devices in the form of smart phones that can use vehicle-to-vehicle applications are already in use by more than half the adult population. State and local governments should focus on maintaining existing infrastructure and making cost-effective improvements, such as dynamic traffic signal coordination, to alleviate today’s safety and congestion problems. The best thing state and local transportation agencies can do to prepare the way for autonomous vehicles is to cooperate in the development and use of consistent road striping, sign, signal, and similar standards that can be read by autonomous vehicles. By reducing congestion, autonomous cars may lead to a revival of inner cities, but by reducing the cost of travel, they may also lead to more rapid exurbanization. Cities and states should not try to restrict either trend.
Role of raltegravir in the management of HIV-1 infection

The development of multiple agents with potent antiretroviral activity against HIV has ushered in a new age of optimism in the management of patients infected with the virus. However, the viruses' dynamic ability to develop resistance against these agents necessitates the investigation of novel targets for viral suppression. Raltegravir represents a first-in-class agent targeting the HIV integrase enzyme, which is responsible for integration of virally encoded DNA into the host genome. Over the last 5 years, clinical trials data has demonstrated an increasing role for raltegravir in the management of both treatment-experienced and treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients. This review focuses on the evidence supporting raltegravir's efficacy in an array of clinical settings. Other HIV-1 integrase inhibitors in development are also briefly discussed.
Preferential and strata based P2P model: selfishness to altruism and fairness

Peer to peer models are based on user altruism, where a user shares his content. Real life P2P systems suffer from free rider's problem. Many nodes contribute much more than they should while others get a free ride for downloading the content. We present a simulation based study of BitTorrent like P2P systems. We propose a self punishing and self healing model that dissuades the users from cheating and encourages them to cooperate. A preferential based scheme is used to group nodes in the same stratum. This protocol uses publish based model and public key cryptography that prevents the nodes from cheating and enforces them to cooperate. Our results show that the node behavior changes from selfish to altruistic. Our proposed model ensures fairness, performs better in link utilization and minimizes the mean download time.
Use of salvia divinorum, an unscheduled hallucinogenic plant: a web‐based survey of 500 users

Salvia divinorum (SD) is a legal psychoactive plant that produces hallucinogen-like effects through a putative kappa opiate mechanism. We characterized the reasons, methods, and reported consequences of SD use in a sample of 500 users (92.6% male, 23.4±8.7, range 13–68 years) with an on-line questionnaire. They had used 13.3±22.9 (range 1–250) times, usually to explore altered consciousness or to have a spiritual/mystical experience. 80.6% probably or definitely would use SD again. 92.6% smoked SD with 61.4% using a concentrated extract and 37.3% using dried leaf; effects were estimated to last 14.1±12.8 minutes. Compared to other methods of altering consciousness, SD effects were felt to be unique. Common (>25%) after-effects of SD included feelings of increased insight (47%), improved mood (44.8%), calmness (42.2%), increased sense of connection with the universe or nature (39.8%), weird thoughts (36.4%), things seem unreal (32.4%), floating feeling (32%), increased sweating (28.2%) and body felt warm or hot (25.2%). 25.8% reported persisting (>24 hr) positive effects (usually an increased sense of well-being) on at least 1 occasion. 4.4% had persisting negative effects (most often anxiety). 0.6% had sought professional help for a SD-related problem. At some point, 0.6% felt addicted to or dependent upon SD; 1.2% reported strong cravings for SD; 0.4% endorsed three DSM-IV dependence criteria. We conclude that SD is commonly used and merits further study. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P72–P72; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.270
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME I. Natural History of the Disease

The records of 208 patients with the nephrotic syndrome seen in the Children9s and Infants9 Hospitals of Boston from 1926 to 1948 have been reviewed. The main criteria found for differentiating between lipoid nephrosis and the nephrotic stage of chronic glomerulonephritis have been the presence of hypertension or azotemia for longer than one month in patients with the latter disease, which occurs more frequently in children over four years of age. Other features of the two diseases may be indistinguishable. Nonetheless, it is desirable to differentiate between them, as apparently few if any patients recover from the nephrotic syndrome if the evidences of glomerulonephritis are clear-cut. Lipoid nephrosis is characterized by the insidious onset of edema in young children, usually between the ages of one and four. Findings include edema, hypoproteinemia, hypercholesterolemia and heavy proteinuria. Blood pressure may be elevated for short periods, but rarely over one month. Microscopic hematuria does not exclude the diagnosis, though macroscopic hematuria is usually evidence of glomenular involvement. Symptoms and findings in lipoid nephrosis may persist for from one to three years without specific therapy. Exacerbations with infection, followed by remissions shortly after the infection, and remission soon after the onset of the disease are relatively common. Prognosis is not related to the number or duration of exacerbations. Death before 1942 was chiefly due to an intercurrent infection. Since 1942, with the advent of sulfadiazine and the newer antibiotics, death from infection has become less common, and has usually occurred at home, presumably because treatment was not promptly instituted. There is apparently no constitutional defect in these children before the onset of the disease, and growth and development are normal after recovery. No form of treatment has been found wholly satisfactory. Paracentesis, transfusion and low salt diet are the most common supportive measures used here. Antibiotics are valuable during infections and have apparently lowered the mortality of the disease in recent years. Focal sources of infection should be eliminated by operative procedure only when surgical intervention is definitely indicated. Injections of salt-poor concentrated human serum albumin and the induction of measles are being evaluated as methods of inducing a diuresis. In this series approximately one half of the patients with a clinical diagnosis of lipoid nephrosis have apparently recovered completely without residual disease, while a small number show persistent albuminuria or hypertension. It is hoped that with closer supervision of the patients and with adequate chemotherapy, this figure can be significantly increased in the future.