cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of ecology and genetics on behavioral variation in salamander populations across the Eastern Continental Divide.

Abstract: Understanding the unique contributions of ecology and history to the distribution of species within communities requires an integrative approach. The Eastern Continental Divide in southwestern Virginia separates river drainages that differ in species composition: the more aquatic, predatory Desmognathus quadramaculatus is present only in the New River drainage (which drains to the Gulf of Mexico), while Desmognathus monticola is present in both the New River drainage and the James River drainage (which drains to the Atlantic Ocean). We investigated natural distributions, behavioral variation in experimental mesocosms, population genetic, and phylogenetic implications of community structure. The presence of D. quadramaculatus increased the terrestriality of D. monticola in natural and experimental situations but to different degrees in allopatric and sympatric populations. Our ecological data suggest that the degree of terrestriality in D. monticola is a result of a balance between the optimal aq...
Therapists’ Responses to Religious/Spiritual Discussions with Trauma Versus Non-trauma Clients

This research explores therapists’ reactions to discussions of religion and spirituality in secular psychotherapy. We used a mixed method design including qualitative and quantitative components to examine data from 14 mental health professionals. Therapists acknowledged the importance of, and outlined reasons for, engaging in religious/spiritual discussions. They provided examples of the diverse ways in which their own views on religion/spirituality have an effect on their therapeutic work. Therapists view attention to religion/spirituality in trauma therapy as necessary. They see an emphasis on religion/spirituality within the treatment of traumatized clients as possessing distinctive qualities in comparison to their treatment of other populations.
Role of Endogenous Primate LH in Maintaining Corpus Luteum Function of the Monkey

ABSTRACT Antiserum to human chorionic gonadotropin (Ayerst) was prepared by administering it in Freund's complete adjuvant to rabbits. Contaminating non-specific antibodies were absorbed with dilute normal human serum and a kaolin-acetone extract prepared from urine of children. Cross-reactivity of this material with human LH or monkey pituitary extract was established using the Ouchterlony double diffusion and competitive binding test. Biological testing involved the capacity of this material to neutralize the ovulation inducing activity of human LH and monkey pituitary extract. It was also able to compete with these two preparations in a modified radioimmunoassay using 125I-labeled human LH. This LH specific antibody (CG A/S) was then injected (2 ml/day) on days 15 through 18 or 15 and 16 into normally cycling Macaca jascicularis. Blood samples were drawn on alternate days beginning on day 9 during the experiment and the serum assayed for progesterone. Progesterone values increased due to ovulation and ...
Deformation of microstructures containing a glassy phase

Abstract Viscous deformation of Si 3 N 4 containing a variable amount of a Y 2 O 3 -SiO 2 glass was measured using a beam-bending viscometer. The viscosity of the glassy phase, which does not form a bulk glass and, thus, cannot be measured by conventional techniques, was estimated using the results of viscosity measurements on a model system. Viscosity measurements over a range of 10 8 –10 11 Pa s on a model system, Corning 7761, a potassia borosilicate glass, with 0–50 vol.%, −325 mesh Al 2 O 3 were also made. The addition of 50 vol.% Al 2 O 3 increased the viscosity by a factor of 8000. The viscosity data were analyzed in terms of accepted models and empirical equations based upon power law and exponential functions of the volume fraction of second phase, . There was, however, no satisfactory agreement.
Developmental exposure to PCBs, MeHg, or both: long-term effects on auditory function.

BackgroundDevelopmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or methylmercury (MeHg) can result in a variety of neurotoxic effects, including long-term auditory deficits. However, little is...
The Phase Transitions from Chiral Nematic Toward Smectic Liquid Crystals

A Chen-Lubensky energy is used to investigate phase transitions from chiral nematic to smectic C* and smectic A* liquid crystal phases. We consider a liquid crystalline material Ω confined between two parallel plates, where the dimensions of Ω are assumed to be large relative both to the width of a smectic layer and the material’s chiral pitch. We take boundary conditions so that the smectic phase melts at the plates’ surfaces and prove the existence of energy minimizers in an admissible set consisting of order parameters \({\Psi \in \mathcal{H}^{2}_{0}(\Omega)}\) and molecular directors \({\mathbf{n} \in \mathbf{W}^{1,2} (\Omega; \mathbb{S}^{2})}\) . Then under the physically observed assumption that the Frank elasticity constants become large near a phase transition, we establish estimates for the transition region separating phases. In particular we derive analytic estimates proving that chirality lowers the transition temperature regime above which minimizers are nematic and below which minimizers are in a smectic phase.
An annotated bibliography of scientific visualization. Part 2

This bibliography evolved as a network using the papers in the volume Visualization of Scientific Computing edited by Gregory M. Nielson and Bruce Shriver and published by IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990 as the root nodes. From there, the supplied reference lists were recursively traversed until a closure resulted either from the common links or from the effective grounding by the highly technical literature of application specializations. As usual, the standard disclaimers apply; so, for example, this collection is hopefully complete (in the sense that subsets of papers form research vectors that span the space of scientific visualization), but obviously not exhaustively comprehensive. Some of the entries are of a general survey nature, whereas others are quite specific and technical. Pivotal and often quoted works comprise the bulk of the material, but works of historical and developmental significance are also included especially where they point to researchers, research centres and journals where important work has been, and is being, performed and recorded. The annotations accompanying the references tend to be impressionistic and apologies to the authors are hereby noted for those instances where omissions, misunderstandings and whimsy have resulted in misinterpretations. The support of the U.S. Department of Energy is appreciated.
Silicon nanowire charge-trap memory incorporating self-assembled iron oxide quantum dots.

Charge-trap non-volatile memory devices based upon the precise integration of quantum dot storage elements with silicon nanowire field-effect transistors are described. Template-assisted assembly yields an ordered array of FeO QDs within the trenches that separate highly aligned SiNWs, and injected charges are reversibly stored via Fowler–Nordheim tunneling into the QDs. Stored charges shift the transistor threshold voltages, providing the basis for a memory device. Quantum dot size is found to strongly influence memory performance metrics.
Electropolymerized and polymer grafted superhydrophobic, superoleophilic, and hemi-wicking coatings

A novel one step approach to fabricate superhydrophobic and superoleophilic electrodeposited coatings is reported. By performing additional surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) from the coating, a further change in wettability of the substrates to a variety of liquids was observed.
The effects of antitakeover provisions on acquisition targets

Abstract This study provides large sample evidence on the effects of antitakeover provisions (ATPs) on takeover probability and premia in modern takeover contests. Despite the fact that hostile bids are uncommon during the 1990s–2000s, some ATPs have strong but opposing effects on takeover outcomes. Consistent with recent theory, the staggered board-poison pill combination is the strongest antitakeover mechanism. Takeover compensation arrangements reduce managerial resistance to takeovers, and many commonly used ATPs are irrelevant in modern takeover battles. Furthermore, compensation plans are associated with higher takeover premia. Although individual ATPs have significant effects on takeover outcomes, the G-Index, which does not account for the diverse effects of ATPs, is not significant in predicting the firm's takeover probability or the size of takeover premia.
Erratum: Design of loudspeaker grilles

Presents corrections to the paper " Design of loudspeaker grilles" (ibid.,vol 2., no. 4, Jul 1951).
Receiver-centric congestion control with a misbehaving receiver: Vulnerabilities and end-point solutions

Receiver-driven TCP protocols delegate key congestion control functions to receivers. Their goal is to exploit information available only at receivers in order to improve latency and throughput in diverse scenarios ranging from wireless access links to wireline and wireless web browsing. Unfortunately, in contrast to today's sender-driven protocols, receiver-driven congestion control introduces an incentive for misbehavior. Namely, the primary beneficiary of a flow (the receiver of data) has both the means and incentive to manipulate the congestion control algorithm in order to obtain higher throughput or reduced latency. In this paper, we study the deployability of receiver-driven TCP in environments with untrusted receivers which may tamper with the congestion control algorithm for their own benefit. Using analytical modeling and extensive simulation experiments, we show that deployment of receiver-driven TCP must strike a balance between enforcement mechanisms, which can limit performance, and complete trust of endpoints, which results in vulnerability to cheaters and even DoS attackers.
Gain adaptation based on signal-to-noise ratio for noise suppression

In this paper we describe a technique that uses adaptive gain control to achieve noise suppression in speech signals. The method used to map the dynamic range of the signal is based on the human auditory perceptual model. Since the processing is based on the model of human perception, the resulting noise suppressed speech is natural sounding. The computational complexity of the proposed method is low and the mapping of the dynamic range of the signal has a low delay. Because of these properties, this method is ideal for real-time implementation.
Adenosine, an endogenous anti-inflammatory agent.

Adenosine receptors are present on most cells and organs, yet, although the physiological effects of adenosine were first described over 60 years ago, the potential therapeutic uses of adenosine ha...
Quantum corrections for pion correlations involving resonance decays

A method is presented to include quantum corrections into the calculation of two-pion correlations for the case where particles originate from resonance decays. The technique uses classical information regarding the space-time points at which resonances are created. By evaluating a simple thermal model, the method is compared to semiclassical techniques that assume exponential decaying resonances moving along classical trajectories. Significant improvements are noted when the resonance widths are broad as compared to the temperature.
Chromosome findings in 700 children referred to a psychiatric clinic

Chromosome analyses were performed on 700 consecutive children referred to a child psychiatric clinic. Seventy-seven per cent of these children were referred because of emotional problems and 23 per cent because of mental retardation, often accompanied by emotional problems. A chromosome change was found in 36 (5.1 per cent) of the whole group and in 4.62 per cent of the children with normal intelligence (I.Q.>70). There were 11 sex chromosome aneuploidies, 13 structural anomalies, and 12 chromosomal “variants.” This increased occurrence of chromosome changes in children with behavioral disorders emphasizes the need for further studies.
Prevalence and patterns of hypertension in Peruvian Andean Hispanics: the PREVENCION study

Abstract Cardiovascular disease is emerging as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Latin America. Population-based data regarding the prevalence of hypertension and hypertension subtypes in Andean Hispanic populations are scarce. The authors performed a population-based study that included 1878 Peruvian Andean adults to determine: (1) the prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension and (2) the relative frequency of hypertension subtypes (systolic vs. diastolic). The prevalence of hypertension was 15.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.0%–17.4%), did not differ by gender, and increased steeply with age, particularly in women. Awareness, treatment, and control rates were 47.9%, 39.5%, and 14%, respectively. Diastolic blood pressure increased until age 50 years and reached a plateau thereafter, whereas mean arterial pressure continued to increase with age even after age 50 years. Furthermore, in sharp contrast with the United States population, the predominant type of hypertension was systodiastolic (41.7%; 95% CI, 35.1%–48.5%). Isolated systolic hypertension accounted for only 29.3% of cases (95% CI, 23.9%–35.4%) and was responsible for a minority of cases in all age groups before age 70 years. Hypertension subtypes in this Andean population seem to differ significantly from those present in the United States population, with a much larger proportion of systodiastolic and diastolic hypertension even with advanced age. These differences result from interactions between hemodynamic and structural factors, and further studies aimed at characterizing their genetic and environmental determinants and implications in end-organ damage and prognosis in this population may contribute to understanding the pathophysiology of hypertension.
Pursuit and Implementation of Hospital-Based Outpatient Direct Access to Physical Therapy Services: An Administrative Case Report

Background and Purpose Despite legislative approval of direct access to physical therapy, other regulatory barriers and internal institutional policies often must be overcome before this practice model can be fully adopted. Few institutional initiatives have been published describing strategies designed to change policies restricting direct patient access. This case report describes steps and strategies associated with successful implementation of a direct access physical therapy model at a large academic medical center. Case Description The process of obtaining institutional medical board and hospital authority board approval and implementing a pilot program is described. Program details, including therapist qualifications and scope of practice, the required internal training program, and program outcome assessment, are provided. The therapist scope of practice includes the ability to refer patients directly to a radiologist for plain film radiography. Early pilot program findings, including challenges faced and subsequent actions, are described. Outcomes Reviewed patient care decisions by therapists participating in the pilot program were deemed appropriate 100% of the time by physician chart reviewers. Approximately 10% of the patients seen were referred to a radiologist for plain film imaging, and 4% and 16% of the patients were referred to physicians for pain medications or medical consultation, respectively. The pilot program's success led to institutional adoption of the direct access model in all physical therapy outpatient clinics. Discussion Autonomy is described, in part, as self-determined professional judgment and action. This case report describes such an effort at a large academic medical center. The interdependent, collaborative relationship among physical therapists, physicians, and hospital administrators has resulted in the implementation of a patient-centered practice model based on the premise of patient choice.
Modification of the Rapid Fermentation Test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A modification of the rapid sugar fermentation procedure has been developed because of difficulties encountered in reproducing the reported results. Changes in the method have made the test more sensitive and reproducible.
Persistence and Location in Relativistic Spacetime

How is the debate between endurantism and perdurantism affected by the transition from pre-relativistic spacetimes to relativistic ones? After suggesting that the endurance vs. perdurance distinction may run together a pair of cross-cutting distinctions (mereological endurance vs. mereological perdurance and locational endurance vs. locational perdurance), I discuss two recent attempts to show that the transition in question does serious damage to endurantism (at least of the locational variety).
Reasons and outcomes of laparoscopic revisional surgery after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding for morbid obesity.

Abstract Background Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is a purely restrictive procedure that has been proved to be an effective tool in achieving weight loss. The low operative morbidity and reversibility are often seen as advantages of this procedure compared with other bariatric approaches. We have attempted to define the reasons for revisional surgery after LAGB and the outcomes. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed from February 2001 to October 2008 at a center of excellence after institutional review board approval. The patients who had undergone revisional surgery after primary LAGB were evaluated. Results Of 343 patients who had undergone primary LAGB, 60 subsequently underwent a revisional procedure. In addition, 28 revisional procedures were performed on patients who had undergone primary LAGB at an outside institution. These procedures included 39 (44.3%) band removals alone, 12 (13.6%) band removals with conversion to sleeve gastrectomy, 13 (14.8%) band removals with conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 9 (10.2%) band repositioning, and 2 (2.3%) band replacements. In addition, 13 (14.8%) port-related procedures (3 relocations, 6 reconnections, and 4 replacements/removals) were performed. Conclusion Although reversible and efficacious, LAGB appears to have a high incidence of complications requiring revisional surgery and/or band removal. The results of our study have shown that laparoscopic revisional surgery after primary LAGB is safe and can be performed with minimal morbidity.
BATCHING DECISIONS IN A MULTI-STAGED FOOD MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Despite advances in process control, batching is a common practice in many process industries for various economic or technological reasons. Production managers often encounter a decision to produce whole or partial batches in the face of variable production targets. Producing whole batches is managerially convenient but may be economically undesirable. Producing partial batches may be managerially and qualitatively inappropriate, but enables achieving an exact production target. Batching decisions directly impact the total volume of final products, resource requirements, and unit costs of products. A model using a penalty approach was constructed to optimize product mix and batch mix under managerial and production constraints. the degree of penalty should be determined by the nature of the industry, the type of products, and the conditions of manufacturing and market. the model was applied to a case of production planning for spaghetti sauce products, and is intended as a guide for the construction of similar models in other industries and for other situtations. In the example situation investigated optimal solutions for the batch choices were regularly more economical than those driven by whole batch policies or by partial batching to meet a production target.
What's Your 2%? A Pilot Study for Encouraging Physical Activity Using Persuasive Video and Social Media

The purpose of this study is to observe the response of a group of subjects towards a message persuading them to include physical activities into their daily routine in order to improve and maintain their overall health. Our message, based on previous scientific studies, is in the form of short movie emphasizing that exercising during 2% of the day, or 30 min, is sufficient to remain in good health. The slogan, "What's Your 2%?" is appealing because "2%" is perceived as such a tiny fraction, yet it accurately reflects the 30-minute daily exercise goal as recommended by experts. This study uses persuasive techniques applied to a group of subjects composed of members of our personal Facebook networks, and this social network platform as way to communicate with them. We were able to demonstrate that changing a person's short-term exercise behavior is possible by using persuasive technology.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Induced Hematopoietic Inhibition Is Independent of Productive Infection of Progenitor Cells In Vivo

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals exhibit a variety of hematopoietic dysfunctions. The SCID-hu mouse (severe combined immunodeficient mouse transplanted with human fetal thymus and liver tissues) can be used to model the loss of human hematopoietic precursor cell function following HIV infection and has a distinct advantage in that data can be obtained in the absence of confounding factors often seen in infected humans. In this study, we establish that HIV type 1 (HIV-1) bearing a reporter gene inserted into the viral vpr gene is highly aggressive in depleting human myeloid and erythroid colony-forming precursor activity in vivo. Human CD34+ progenitor cells can be efficiently recovered from infected implants yet do not express the viral reporter gene, despite severe functional defects. Our results indicate that HIV-1 infection alone leads to hematopoietic inhibition in vivo; however, this effect is due to indirect mechanisms rather than to direct infection of CD34+ cells in vivo.
The use of environmental control units by occupational therapists in spinal cord injury and disease services.

Objectives This study investigated issues related to the use of environmental control units (ECUs) with persons who have spinal cord injury and disease (SCI/D) to ascertain what, if any, changes are needed to optimize occupational therapy service delivery in this area. Method A questionnaire was mailed to 120 occupational therapists employed by facilities nationwide that serve person with SCI/D. The survey addressed the occupational therapist's role in the recommendation and use of ECUs, funding sources, and training needs. The response rate was 89% (n = 107). Results Most respondents (88%) indicated that occupational therapists were the predominant professionals in their facilities who evaluated and recommended ECUs. The majority of respondents (84%) reported using ECUs in hospital-based treatment with persons with SCI/D. However, respondents only recommended ECUs for home use for fewer than 25% of their clients. High cost and the lack of third-party reimbursement were the primary reasons that deterred respondents from recommending ECUs for home use. Fifty-five percent of the respondents reported a need for basic training and 86% for more in-depth education and training in environmental control technologies. Conclusion Outcomes data are needed to support the use of ECUs and to educate third-party payers about the benefits of ECUs for clients with quadriplegia in order to increase rates of reimbursement. In addition, occupational therapists themselves may need improved training in evaluating and training clients in the use of ECU technology.
Crystallographic analysis of the ENTH domain from yeast epsin Ent2 that induces a cell division phenotype.

Epsins are eukaryotic, endocytic adaptor proteins primarily involved in the early steps of clathrin mediated endocytosis. Two epsins exist in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ent1 and Ent2, with single epsin knockouts being viable, while the double knockout is not. These proteins contain a highly conserved Epsin N-terminal homology (ENTH) domain that is essential for cell viability. In addition, overexpression of the ENTH domain of Ent2 (ENTH2) was shown to play a role in cell division by interacting with the septin organizing, Cdc42 GTPase activating protein, Bem3, leading to increased cytokinesis failure. In contrast, overexpression of the ENTH domain of Ent1 (ENTH1) does not affect cytokinesis, despite being 75% identical to ENTH2. An ENTH2N112D, S114E, E118Q mutant that switches residues in loop 7 to those found correspondingly in ENTH1 was incapable of inducing the cytokinesis phenotype. In order to better understand the role of loop 7 in the ENTH2-induced phenotype at a molecular level, X-ray crystallography was used to elucidate the structures of yeast ENTH2WT and ENTH2DEQ. Our results indicate that mutations did not affect the conformation of loop 7, but rather introduce an increased negative charge on a potential interaction interface. Morphological analysis of cells overexpressing ENTH2 loop 7 mutants showed that the cytokinesis failure phenotype was abolished by the single mutants N112D, E118Q, and to a lesser extent by S114E. Taken together, our results indicate that the interaction surface that contains loop 7 and the specific nature of these residues are crucial for ENTH2 involvement in cytokinesis. This research provides insight into a molecular mechanism by which ENTH2, but not ENTH1, overexpression in yeast leads to cell division defects. Structural data of WT and mutant ENTH2 domains along with in vivo phenotypic analysis of ENTH2 overexpressing cells indicate that the biochemical nature of three loop 7 residues is crucial for its role in cytokinesis.
The Application of Fuzzy Method Based on Weight Compromise Coefficient to Peak Load Shifting Distribution

The distribution of power supply limiting in multi-zone is discussed by means of combining analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy sets theory. From the greatest factors in power limiting distribution, guide line system and hierarchy structure are established. Also, the relative membership degree functions are determined. A novel multi-objective group decision model is suggested by introducing a compromise coefficient between subjective weight and objective weight, which can give attention to both. The model is applied to peak load shifting distribution and the result manifests this model is reasonable and applicable.
A systematic approach to the control of electrohydraulic servosystems

Develops a systematic methodology for the control of a class of feedback linearizable systems and applies it to an electrohydraulic servosystem. The class of systems to be dealt with are those that are single input and can be put in strict feedback form. Additionally, it is assumed that the relative degree of these systems is greater than one and the zero dynamics are stable. For a system with relative degree, r, a series of r system errors are defined. An input-output feedback linearization method is then used to control each error through the use of synthetic inputs. Subsequently, the entire closed loop system is analyzed for stability. The approach is conceptually similar to previously developed integrator backstepping methodologies. However, unlike some previous investigations which have relied exclusively on a Lyapunov analysis, this work presents a stability analysis including a passivity formulation. There are two main advantages of the proposed approach. One practical advantage is that the resulting controller leads to synthetic inputs which are decoupled in a certain sense. This leads to a compartmentalization of modeling efforts associated with the controller development. A second advantage of this method is that the system model need not be differentiated in the control formulation. A class of modeling error is introduced and compensated for. The resulting control is able to guarantee specified boundary layer tracking. Finally, the approach is implemented on a hydraulic cylinder governed by an electronically controlled servovalve.
La actividad marítima en Nicaragua 1539-1543

Introduccion La existencia de los registros de navios encontrados en esta ponencia, se debe a los rencores que existian entre los gobernantes viejos de Nicaragua, Rodrigo de Contreras, Pedro de los Rios y Luis de Guevara, y su juez de residencia, Diego de Herrera. Contreras fue nombrado gobernador de Nicaragua en 1535 y llego al fin del ano. Poco despues, su yerno Pedro de los rios, fue nombrado tesorero real de la provincia y Luis de Guevara, miembro del gobierno de Francisco de Castaneda, gobernador interino quien salio de Nicaragua en mayo de 1535, fue nombrado como alguacil mayor…
A Comprehensive CT Dose Reduction Program Using the ACR Dose Index Registry

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the role of the ACR Dose Index Registry ® (DIR) in a dose reduction program at a large academic health care system. Methods Using the ACR DIR, radiation doses were collected for four common CT examination types (head without contrast, chest with contrast, chest without contrast, and abdomen and pelvis with contrast). Baseline analysis of 7,255 CT examinations from seven scanners across the institution was performed for the period from December 1, 2011, to March 15, 2012. A comprehensive dose reduction initiative was guided by the identification of targets for dose improvement from the baseline analysis. Data for 14,938 examinations from the same seven scanners were analyzed for the postimplementation period of January 1, 2013, to July 1, 2013. Results The program included protocol changes, iterative reconstruction, optimization of scan acquisition, technologist education, and continuous monitoring with feedback tools. Average decrease in median dose-length product (DLP) across scanners was 30% for chest CT without contrast, 29% for noncontrast head CT, 26% for abdominal and pelvic CT with contrast, and 10% for chest CT with contrast. Compared with average median DLP in the ACR DIR, the median institution-wide CT DLPs after implementation were lower by 33% for chest CT without contrast, 32% for chest CT with contrast, 26% for abdominal and pelvic CT with contrast, and 6% for head CT without contrast. Conclusions A comprehensive CT dose reduction program using the ACR DIR can lead to substantial dose reduction within a large health care system.
The Split Widens as the D.C. Court of Appeals Rules that Tax Accrual Workpapers Are Protected by the Work Product Doctrine

In U.S. v. Deloitte LLP, the D.C. Circuit, applying the “because of” test, ruled that the IRS may not be entitled to a memorandum prepared by Deloitte LLP recording the thoughts provided orally of a client’s attorneys regarding contingent tax liabilities for financial reporting purposes, as the work product doctrine applies to documents “prepared in anticipation of litigation” with a dual non-litigation purpose. It also held that disclosure to Deloitte LLP of other documents did not waive work product protection. Conversely, the Fifth Circuit in U.S. v. El Paso Co. used the “primary purpose” test and denied work product protection to tax accrual workpapers. The First Circuit in U.S. v. Textron, Inc., using the “because of” test, denied work product protection to tax accrual workpapers, opining that they were not “prepared for use in litigation.” Proposed regulations require certain corporations to file a Schedule UTP, Uncertain Tax Position Statement.
March of the sculpin: measuring and predicting short-term movement of banded sculpin Cottus carolinae

Movement of fishes through space and time is critical for population regulation and community structuring, but the dispersal of many benthic stream fishes remains unstudied. We used passive integrated transponders to track the short-term dispersal of 51 banded sculpin Cottus carolinae throughout a 600 m reach of Little Creek in central Tennessee during April and May. Our objectives were to assess the efficacy of recently developed dispersal models, evaluate temporal variability in movement and determine whether individuals switched between stationary and mobile movement behaviours. Observed movement distances did not differ from modelled leptokurtic dispersal kernels estimated using the fishmove package in the R Statistical Environment for 12 of 13 recapture occasions. Leptokurtic dispersal kernel parameters including the mobile component (σmob) and shared stationary component (p) were temporally dynamic and differed from static median values reported for fishes in fishmove, while the more abundant stationary component (σstat) showed agreement with fishmove. The recapture occasion during which model predictions were not validated was associated with a large flow pulse that stimulated increased movement at the population scale. At the individual scale, 28 of 51 fish switched between stationary and mobile dispersal behaviour and the frequency distribution of switches was leptokurtic. Collectively, our findings reveal an emergent property characterised by consistent upstream movement of banded sculpin despite variability in population-scale responses to flow and individual-scale switches in movement behaviour. This paradox represents the march of the sculpin, in which fish diffusively spread upstream at a constant rate despite multiscale variability in movement behaviours.
Good Tags, Bad Tags

In the literature on optimal taxation, a “tag” is a government-observable taxpayer attribute that is effectively immutable – like blindness, race, gender, or even height. Conventional optimal tax theory prescribes that tags should be included in the tax base so long as they are in some way correlated with “ability” or “endowment” (more precisely, with “social welfare weight”: the marginal social welfare of transferring resources to the taxpayer). Such correlation is a weak requirement. And it has recently been pointed out that the list of seemingly absurd taxes and subsidies that are thereby deemed optimal poses a challenge to the basic framework of optimal tax theory in the form of a reductio ad absurdum. This paper attempts to draw a principled distinction between two ideal types of tags – those that are directly welfare-relevant and those that are welfare-relevant only when and if they are taxed or subsidized, and only through such taxation or subsidy. A stark distinction arises between these types when the optimal tax model is extended to include the realism-enhancing feature that the government is uncertain regarding the association in the population of taxpayers between the incidence of the tag and social welfare weight. It is shown that such uncertainty generally decreases the impetus for taxation or subsidy when the attribute is non-welfare relevant, but not when it is directly welfare-relevant.
Individual vs Group Learning: Note on Two Task Variables

The pooling of abilities or nominal groups technique was used in the present experiment to compare individuals with two-person groups on a picture-puzzle task. When size of the task was limited to a part (one-fourth) of the puzzle or the duration of the task was restricted to a few (four) trials, no difference between individuals and groups was evident. However, as task size and number of trials increased, groups performed at a significantly higher level than individuals. The difference was discussed in terms of information available to group members and the time required for group formation.
Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Growing Turkeys

Abstract FROM the quantitative viewpoint calcium and phosphorus are the most significant inorganic elements involved in the development of a normal skeletal structure. The assimilation and fixation of these elements are influenced by several dietary and environmental factors, including the antirachitic vitamin factor, the calcium and phosphorus levels, calcium-phosphorus ratio, and perhaps also the acid-base ratio of the entire ration. The effect of modifying the calcium-phosphorus ratio of three rations for poults by adding certain calcium salts at levels to contribute 0.8 percent and 1.6 percent calcium respectively is included in this report. For the first experiment a basal ration which had been fed in a rather extensive series of chick nutrition studies was used. The ration is given in Figure 1. Ninety-six parts of this ration were used for each lot, the ash variable being introduced by displacing an equal amount of starch, this being a standard policy in all . . .
Nonequilibrium solvent effects in Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics for ground and excited electronic states

The effects of solvent on molecular processes such as excited state relaxation and photochemical reaction often occurs in a nonequilibrium regime. Dynamic processes such as these can be simulated using excited statemolecular dynamics. In this work, we describe methods of simulating nonequilibrium solvent effects in excited statemolecular dynamics using linear-response time-dependent density functional theory and apparent surface charge methods. These developments include a propagation method for solvent degrees of freedom and analytical energy gradients for the calculation of forces. Molecular dynamics of acetaldehyde in water or acetonitrile are demonstrated where the solute-solvent system is out of equilibrium due to photoexcitation and emission.
Subsidized Housing With Services to Address Concentrated Disadvantage

The issue of poverty is exacerbated by the concentration of low-income families in neighborhoods of concentrated disadvantage. Public administrators in housing and social services are uniquely situated to address poverty and concentrated disadvantage through an explicit housing with services agenda. This article provides a theoretical and empirical review of issues associated with poverty and concentrated disadvantage from the perspective of subsidized housing provision. The review leads to the recommendation that administrators provide housing with services. The article finishes with an agenda for placing standardized assessments that are connected to evidence-based services within the delivery of public housing.
Analysis Alternatives for Psychographic Data

Psychographic data provide marketing managers with insights into behavior patterns not available with observational and demographic studies. A wide variety of statistical techniques has been used for the analysis of psychographic data. A lack of consistency in this area has minimized the value of this research tool. Appropriate analysis of psychographic data should be based on research needs and the type of data collected.
From the Soil to the Seed. Metal Transport in Arabidopsis

Deficiencies of micronutrients such as Fe, Mn, and Zn commonly limit plant growth and crop yields. The long-term goals of our program are to understand how plants acquire metal micronutrients from the soil and distribute them while protecting themselves from the potential redox damage metals can cause to living tissues. Metals serve as important co-factors for photosynthesis and respiration, yet we still know very little about metal transport. Our approach combines experimental and computational tools from the physical sciences with biochemistry and molecular biology. Specifically, we combine mutant analysis with synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) spectroscopy, a technique that allows us to image the elemental composition of living plant material in 3-D. By analyzing the phenotypes of lines carrying mutations in various metal transporters, we have identified the genes responsible for uptake of zinc from the soil as well as genes involved in loading the seeds with metal micronutrients. Several of these transporters affect the localization of metals in the seed without affecting the overall metal content. Understanding how seeds obtain and store nutrients is key to developing crops with higher agronomic and nutritional value.
Design and Implementation of Reservoir Dispatching Automation System for Qinghai Power Grid

The construction background and the structure of reservoir dispatching automation system of Qinghai power grid are introduced.Construction ideas that the reservoir dispatching automation system shares resource with existing systems are analyzed.The system construction scheme with integrative solutions for data storage,data communication,Web display and information coding are put forward.The network structure,the software arrangement and implementation methods are also described,and the improving and optimization solutions for system operation process are expounded.The field application shows the scheme design is reasonable and the system operation is stable.
Effect of uninephrectomy on urinary prostaglandin E2, F2 alpha, and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha excretion in rats.

1. Male Wistar rats were used to examine whether renal prostaglandins (PG) contribute to functional compensatory changes in the remaining kidney after uninephrectomy. Total urinary excretion of PGE 2 , PGF 2α and 6-keto-PGF 1α , a metabolite of PGI 2 , was measured before and during 11 days after surgery in uninephrectomized (UNX, n = 8) and sham-operated control (S, n = 9) rats. 2. Urine volume was increased for the UNX rats on days 2–8 after surgery, but not thereafter, and urine osmolality for UNX was decreased on post-surgery days 1–9; total urinary sodium excretion did not differ between the two groups. Urinary PGE 2 excretion was decreased in the UNX rats to 50% of S rat values, except on post-surgery days 2 and 3, when values for the two groups were not significantly different. Urinary PGF 2α excretion by the UNX rats was reduced to 50% of S rat values throughout the post-surgery period. In contrast, the urinary excretion of 6-keto-PG 1α by the UNX rats did not differ significantly from that by the S rats, except on a single day. 3. Chronic renal functional adaptation to renal mass reduction does not depend on increased renal prostaglandin systems activity; however, increased intrarenal PGE 2 activity in the remaining kidney might be a factor in compensatory adjustments during the first days after surgery.
Mechanisms of Experimental Mouse Models of Airway Hyperresponsiveness

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lung that has been on the rise in recent decades. Despite tremendous scientific inquiry, the etiology of the disease remains unclear. Exploration of the molecular mechanisms of the disease in humans has been hampered by the heterogeneity of disease expression and the ethical concerns related to the procurement of relevant tissues for study. Thus, animal models, particularly mouse models, have been widely utilized to explore the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of the disease. Models of the allergic form of the disease have highlighted the role of helper T cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines in disease pathogenesis. However, the limited efficacy of new biologic therapies aimed at suppressing Th2 cytokines has raised the question as to whether the current models are ideal. Herein, we review the salient features of existing models as well as discuss the need for new/improved models to better reflect the heterogeneity of human disease.
A Brief Review and Meta-Analysis of Gang Intervention Trials in North America

This chapter provides a brief review of the literature on controlled, gang intervention evaluations. Thirty-eight studies were included, and all were carried out in North America (primarily the United States). The majority of studies (63 %) were treatment-oriented (versus prevention-oriented; 37 %) trials, with participants who were predominantly male (84 %), youths (87 %), and ethnic minority (81 %). Although many studies showed that intervention was effective at remediating antisocial behavior and gang involvement, a somewhat larger number found only limited or no intervention effects. When meta-analysis was used to assess treatment effects across 26 studies, results were similarly mixed. Random effects analysis showed that intervention effects for antisocial behavior were nonsignificant, d = .07, p = .20, whereas effects for gang involvement were small yet statistically significant, d = .29, p = .03. Methodological challenges and limitations are discussed, as well as research programs that serve as models for how to conduct gang intervention evaluations.
Special Topics in Cryostat Design

This chapter describes a series of special topics that, while coming from the development of Magnetic Resonance Imaging cryostats, are applicable to many other cryostat designs as well. The topics are: boil off minimization, cryocooler integration, designing with inclined tubes and pressure relief and venting. This chapter contains many figures, tables, equations, design algorithms and references useful to cryostat designers.
PET imaging of α7-nAChR with [18F]ASEM in traumatic brain injury model.

471 Objectives Increased awareness of acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a major public health problem invokes the need to determine its effects safely and accurately. Many lines of evidence suggest that α7-nAChRs could be among the key mediators in the physiology of TBI. Several reports found a decrease of in vitro binding of [125I]α-BTX in the cortex and hippocampus of mice, rats and piglets with TBI, which suggests that alteration of the α7-nAChR is a crucial factor in TBI. Recently our group developed [18F]ASEM, a highly specific and selective clinical PET tracer for α7-nAChRs. The main objective of this project was to evaluate [18F]ASEM for imaging α7-nAChR binding in rat models of TBI. Methods PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution experiments were performed in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) rat model. The binding potential was calculated as BPND = (regional uptake/cerebellum) - 1. The following post-surgical intervals were evaluated: 1, 3, 7 and 25 days. Sham-operated animals and uninjured control animals were used for comparison with CCI animals (n=5). Immunofluorescence staining (rabbit anti-α7-nAChR antibody) and mouse anti-NeuN neuronal marker was performed in the sham-operated and CCI rat brains. Results In the biodistribution experiments, a significant reduction of BPND was observed on days 1 and 3 (up to 30-50%) in the brain regions in CCI versus sham and controls, but there was no significant difference on the days 7 and 25. A similar reduction of α7-nAChR binding on days 1 and 3 and recovery on days 7 and 25 was seen in the PET experiments. Immunofluorescence staining of the cortex tissue demonstrated that neuronal α7-nAChR’s are present in the sham, but nearly absent on the side ipsilateral to the CCI. Conclusions In agreement with previous in vitro results in lab animals, [18F]ASEM binding was significantly reduced in the early stages of TBI.
Learning from risk: lessons from L’Aquila and Japan / Aprender del riesgo: lecciones de L’Aquila y Japón

Contemporary society faces complex, uncertain and global risks. The extensive scientific literature is not consensual about the concept of risk or the relevance of its perception by the populations...
Sustainable Development and Its Application to Mine Tailings of Deep Sea Minerals

Sustainable development is a commitment being demanded of industry. It will almost certainly be required for a new deep-sea enterprise mining manganese nodules or crusts. One of the areas where sustainable development can most easily be introduced is in the management of tailings from the mineral processing plant. These tailings can be used beneficially. Given the need to use large tonnages of tailings, several large tonnage applications have been studied. These include first and foremost agricultural applications. The second rung of applications includes highway fill, reclamation fill, drilling mud and asphalt and concrete. The third rung of applications would be more specialty applications relying on valuable properties of the tailings themselves. These include plastic and rubber fillers, coatings, and ceramics. All of these applications were successfully tested with manganese tailings. Collectively, they can utilize all of the processing tailings of a deep-sea mining operation, reducing the tailings waste needing land-based disposal to zero.