cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Priests, Lawyers and ScholarsStudies in Honor of Robert Araujo, S.J.

This short afterword is an appreciation of the work, example, and legacy of Robert J. Araujo, S.J., a Catholic legal scholar who brought the Catholic intellectual tradition into conversation with a wide variety of legal subjects and question. It concludes a volume of essays by noted scholars in honor of Fr. Araujo. The volume displays the influence of the Catholic intellectual tradition across issues such as natural law, Catholic social teachings, constitutionalism, religious freedom and public international law.
HCI Browser: A Tool for Administration and Data Collection for Studies of Web Search Behaviors

We describe the HCI Browser, a Mozilla Firefox extension designed to support studies of Web information seeking. The HCI Browser presents configurable tasks to the user, collects browser event data as the user interacts with the browser and Web pages, provides mechanisms to record answers that are found, and administers pre- and post-task questionnaires. In this paper, aspects of using and configuring the HCI Browser are summarized and details are given about the events logged, the format of the log files, and how the system is implemented as a Firefox extension. The HCI Browser is open-source software and is available for download at: http://ils.unc.edu/hcibrowser
All-Polarization Blazed Surface

Low-profile blazed structures reported recently can reflect oblique incident wave with certain polarizations back to the incident direction. Only 3-D blazed structures, however, can operate for all polarization. In this paper, we introduce an all-polarization blazed surface realized by resonant gratings. Consisting of square patch as the unit cell, the design is capable to reflect incident wave with any linear, circular, or elliptical polarizations back to the incoming path. The polarization of the reflected wave follows the same rule as the wave reflected by a perfect electrical conductor (PEC) mirror, that is, linear polarization being reflected without change, while circular or elliptical polarization reversed upon reflection. The autocollimation blazing is demonstrated by both simulation and measurement in the X band frequencies.
On capitulation in certain Z l -extensions of number fields

Let F be a number field, l a prime, and K a normal extension of F for which Gal(K/F) is topologically isomorphic to the additive group Zl. Then, corresponding to the subgroups ln Zl, there is a chain of fields F = F0 ⊂ F1 ⊂ F2 ⊂ … ⊂ K so that Gal (Fn/F) is cyclic of order ln. Let An be the l-Sylow subgroup of the ideal class group of Fn. By the now well-known theorem of Iwasawa, there are constants μ, λ and ν so that, for all sufficiently large n, |An| = len, where en = μln + λn + ν. Much work has been done investigating these constants, especially showing μ to be 0 for cyclotomic Zl-extensions of abelian fields F, [2], and computing λ and ν in special cases. In many cases, it has been shown that μ = λ = 0, and I know of no cases where μ or λ are positive when F is totally real (cf. Greenberg [3]). Here we investigate the maps in,m: An → Am induced by the inclusion of Fn in Fm for m ≥ n, with a view to determining their kernels. When μ = λ = 0, we prove that in, n+s(An) = for large enough n, and that, for large enough n, Ker in, n+s coincides with the kernel of the ls power map on An. I thank A. Brumer for helpful conversations on this matter.
Chasing resources: A mixed methods study of a professional learning opportunity:

Through this mixed methods study, using a sequential exploratory approach, the application of a cyberethnography was utilized to gain insight into the experiences of new and veteran teachers involv...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Glycoprotein 160 Induces Cytokine mRNA Expression in the Rat Central Nervous System

1. Elevated proinflammatory cytokines within the central nervous system (CNS) of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may contribute to altered CNS processes prior to the onset of AIDS. Most studies of HIV-induced alterations in cytokine expression within the CNS have focused on interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). 2. We used a ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) to elucidate further the pattern of cytokine mRNA expression in the rat CNS in response to HIV envelope glycoprotein 160 (gp160). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were surgically implanted with a guide cannula directed into a lateral cerebral ventricle. HIV gp160 was injected intracerebroventricularly and rats were sacrificed immediately (time = 0) or at 1, 2, or 4 hr postinjection. Discrete brain regions were dissected, and peripheral glands removed. All tissues were frozen in liquid nitrogen until RNA extraction and assay. 3. IL-1beta IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha, and TNFbeta mRNAs were constitutively expressed in brain tissues. Central administration of gp160 dramatically increased mRNA expression for IL-1beta and TNFalpha in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, brainstem, and cerebellum. Furthermore, although mRNA expression for IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 was never detected under basal conditions, these mRNAs were increased in brain tissue after administration of gp160. Peak expression in each brain region was detected 2 hr after administration. Multiple cytokine mRNAs were detected in peripheral tissues, but their expression was not altered by central administration of gp160. 4. Our results indicate that gp160 induces mRNA expression in brain for cytokines other than IL-1 and TNF. Screening for multiple cytokine mRNA in this manner provides extensive information concerning the particular cytokines that may be involved in HIV-induced pathologies and alterations in CNS processes.
Carotid dosimetry after re-irradiation with 131Cs permanent implant brachytherapy in recurrent, resected head and neck cancer

Purpose Permanent seed implant cesium-131 (131Cs) brachytherapy provides highly localized radiation for patients with recurrent head and neck cancer (HNC), who may be ineligible for external beam radiation therapy due to a high-risk of toxicity. As carotid blowout is a concern in the setting of re-irradiation, a dose to the carotid artery was examined for 131Cs brachytherapy implants. Material and methods Eleven patients were implanted with 131Cs adjacent to carotid at the time of resection for recurrent HNC. Vascularized tissue flaps were used in some patients. The carotid artery was contoured on the post-implant brachytherapy treatment plan, and the maximum carotid point dose and minimum carotid-seed distances are reported. The incidence of carotid blowout in the follow-up period was also measured. Results The maximum carotid dose was 77 ±52 Gy (range, 3-158 Gy). The closest seed to the carotid artery was 0.8 ±0.8 cm (range, 0.2-2.6 cm). One patient without a flap experienced carotid blowout, which was attributed to a non-healing wound rather than to high radiation doses. Conclusions Carotid artery doses from 131Cs are reported. Vascularized tissue flaps should be considered when planning 131Cs brachytherapy.
Characterizing and Quantifying Diagnostic (Un)Certainty in Medical Reports through Natural Language Processing

Miscommunication of diagnostic uncertainty can deeply affect the quality of treatment a patient receives. A standardized quantification based on the language used in medical reports is a solution for gaining clarity about the amount of uncertainty an author intended to convey. We use natural language processing techniques to create a dictionary of terms and phrases used in a corpus of radiology reports that are indications of uncertainty or certainty. Using this dictionary, we model reports by analyzing them as both a collection of sentences and a collection of words. We assign reports a rating on a scale of 0-5 to quantify how uncertain a particular report is. Our results suggest that by using a dictionary of both certainty and uncertainty descriptors, we can characterize and quantify diagnostic uncertainty of medical reports.
Use of diode lasers in dentistry

Use of diode lasers in dentistry has grown in popularity over the years. When used by a properly trained and licensed dental professional and proper protocols are observed, efficacy of diode laser use for many procedures is possible. It is important that specific protocols be followed when using the diode laser to ensure safety of both patients and providers.
Losses of selected pesticides in drainage water from containerized ornamental plants.

Limited research has focused on factors affecting pesticide losses from ornamental plant production nurseries. This project evaluated the effects of overhead irrigation or simulated rainfall intensity and formulation and application methods on the losses of acephate, bifenthrin, and imidacloprid in drainage water. The liquid formulation of each respective pesticide was applied to individual replicates (potted Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxton plant on a drainage collection saucer) as substrate-applied drenches or foliar sprays (acephate and bifenthrin only). Granular formulations of acephate and imidacloprid were spread across the tops of media in pots. After application of treatments, irrigation or simulated rainfall was applied daily for 19 consecutive days at rates of 42.3 ± 4.57, 56.7 ± 7.92, and 95.4 ± 19.47 ml min-1 , and drainage water from individual replicates was collected for analysis. Irrigation or simulated rainfall intensity had no effects on losses of the pesticides under the conditions tested. Concentrations in drainage of all three pesticides were highest from the drench applications, whereas respective foliar spray applications resulted in the lowest active ingredient concentrations in drainage. The percentage of active ingredient lost in drainage water ranged from a minimum of 0.2 ± 0.05% (mean ± SE) for granular acephate to a maximum of 19.5 ± 3.14% (mean ± SE) for the imidacloprid drench. Most pesticide losses occurred within the first 2 d after application of drenches or sprays. Granular formulations had a longer period of release, indicating a risk of loss from overirrigation during an extended period. Results emphasize the need for careful water management after applications.
A urinary catheter valve is non-inferior to continuous bladder drainage with respect to post-operative UTIs: a randomized controlled trial

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common with indwelling catheter use. Our primary aim was to compare UTI rates in women sent home after surgery with continuous bladder drainage versus a urinary catheter valve. This was a non-inferiority prospective randomized controlled study between June 2016 to June 2019. Women who were being discharged home with a Foley catheter following urogynecologic surgery due to urinary retention were randomized to a continuous urinary drainage bag or a urinary catheter valve. The primary outcome of this study was post-operative UTI rates within 30 days of surgery. The secondary outcome was patient satisfaction, as determined by a Foley satisfaction questionnaire. Out of 97 women, 51 were randomized to continuous drainage and 46 to the urinary catheter valve. Comparing UTI rates, the urinary catheter valve (32.6%) was non-inferior to the continuous urinary drainage bag (33.3%). The upper bound of the 95% CI was less than the predetermined non-inferiority margin (difference 0.7%, 95% CI: −0.195, 0.180), and therefore non-inferiority criteria were met. Patients were more satisfied with the urinary catheter valve than with the continuous drainage bag (p ≤ 0.001). Use of this urinary catheter valve increased patient satisfaction without affecting the post-operative UTI rate. This easy and inexpensive device could help patients have a better catheter experience and should be considered in women being discharged home with a urinary catheter.
A critical role for B cells in cancer immune surveillance

It is commonly believed that B cells play no role in cancer immune surveillance. However, this conclusion is based on studies using only a single B cell-deficient mouse strain, muMT mice, which does not show increased tumorigenesis compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In this study, we demonstrate a critical role for B cells in anti-tumor immunity and identify the cellular mechanisms that make muMT mice a special case. First, we replicate previous findings using a melanoma model in muMT mice. Then, we show that in muMT mice, B-cell deficiency is compensated for by a significant increase in another potent anti-tumor cell type, Type-1 interferon (IFN I)-producing plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), resulting in normative anti-tumor responses. Depleting pDCs in muMT mice resulted in a significant increase in tumor size and burden. Conversely, adoptive transfer of antibodies from naive WT serum into pDC-depleted muMT mice significantly decreased the tumor load to WT levels. Additionally, a B cell antibody repertoire-deficient mouse strain, IghelMD4 mice, showed a 3-fold increase in tumors relative to WT mice. Overall, these findings indicate the need for a diverse antibody repertoire for early neoplastic cell recognition and the critical role B cells play in anti-cancer immunity.
Vector Boson Mass Generation Without New Fields

Previously a model of only vector fields with a local U(1)⊗SU(2) symmetry was introduced for which one finds a massless U(1) photon and a massive SU(2) vector boson in the lattice regularization. Here it is shown that quantization of its classical continuum action leads to perturbative renormalization difficulties. But, nonperturbative Monte Carlo calculations favor the existence of a quantum continuum limit.
Simulation of Temporal Correlation Detection using HfO 2 -Based ReRAM Arrays

As CMOS scaling approaches its limitation, the power consumption of computations performed using the von Neumann architecture have become an issue. As a promising alternative solution, Resistive Random Access Memory (ReRAM) overcomes this bottleneck by enabling computationin-memory. In this work, arrays of HfO 2 -based bipolar ReRAM are simulated to carry out one such computation, called temporal correlation detection in binary processes. The correlation detection algorithm is presented, and the ReRAM model of fabricated devices was used in a Python-based simulation. The correlated and uncorrelated processes were assigned to ReRAM devices in a 5x5 array, where the ReRAM with correlated process was driven to a high conductance over time. The results show that the correlated processes are successfully detected over time.
Cytochrome P450-Epoxygenated Fatty Acids Inhibit Müller Glial Inflammation

Free fatty acid dysregulation in diabetics may elicit the release of inflammatory cytokines from Muller cells (MC), promoting the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Palmitic acid (PA) is elevated in the sera of diabetics and stimulates the production of the DR-relevant cytokines by MC, including IL-1β, which induces the production of itself and other inflammatory cytokines in the retina as well. In this study we propose that experimental elevation of cytochrome P450 epoxygenase (CYP)-derived epoxygenated fatty acids, epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) and epoxydocosapentaenoic acid (EDP), will reduce PA- and IL-1β-induced MC inflammation. Broad-spectrum CYP inhibition by SKF-525a increased MC expression of inflammatory cytokines. Exogenous 11,12-EET and 19,20-EDP significantly decreased PA- and IL-1β-induced MC expression of IL-1β and IL-6. Both epoxygenated fatty acids significantly decreased IL-8 expression in IL-1β-induced MC and TNFα in PA-induced MC. Interestingly, 11,12-EET and 19,20-EDP significantly increased TNFα in IL-1β-treated MC. GSK2256294, a soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor, significantly reduced PA- and IL-1β-stimulated MC cytokine expression. 11,12-EET and 19,20-EDP were also found to decrease PA- and IL-1β-induced NFκB-dependent transcriptional activity. These data suggest that experimental elevation of 11,12-EET and 19,20-EDP decreases MC inflammation in part by blocking NFκB-dependent transcription and may represent a viable therapeutic strategy for inhibition of early retinal inflammation in DR.
The Rise of Majority Rule in Early Modern Britain and Its Empire

This expansive history of the origins of majority rule in modern representative government charts the emergence of majority voting as a global standard for decision-making in popular assemblies. Majority votes had, of course, been held prior to 1642, but not since antiquity had they been held with any frequency by a popular assembly with responsibility for the fate of a nation. The crucial moment in the global triumph of majority rule was its embrace by the elected assemblies of early modern Britain and its empire. William J. Bulman analyzes its sudden appearance in the English House of Commons and its adoption by the elected assemblies of Britain's Atlantic colonies in the age of the English, Glorious, and American Revolutions. These events made it overwhelmingly likely that the United Kingdom, the United States, and their former dependencies would become and remain fundamentally majoritarian polities. Providing an insightful commentary on the state of democratic governance today, this study sheds light on the nature, promise, and perils of majority rule.
Abstract PS10-26: An initial safety study of gedatolisib plus cofetuzumab pelidotin for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer

Background: The PI3K pathway is dysregulated in the majority of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBCs), yet single agent inhibition of PI3K in TNBC has minimal clinical activity. We previously reported that PI3K inhibition leads to an immediate compensatory up-regulation of the Wnt pathway. Dual targeting of both pathways is highly synergistic against TNBC models in vitro and in vivo. We initiated a Phase I clinical trial of gedatolisib, a pan-class I isoform PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, and cofetuzumab pelidotin, an antibody-drug conjugate against the cell-surface PTK7 protein (Wnt pathway co-receptor) with an auristatin payload. PTK7 is up-regulated after PI3K inhibition and auristatin is in itself synergistic with gedatolisib providing the potential for a dual mechanism of synergy. Methods: Dose escalation proceeded using a traditional 3+3 schema with a small expansion cohort at the final dose level to better characterize safety. Participants had metastatic TNBC or ER low (ER and PgR Results: Between January 2018 and January 2020, 18 patients were enrolled in 3 dose cohorts: gedatolisib (qw) & cofetuzumab pelidotin (q3w) 110mg+1.4mg/kg (n=4), 180mg+1.4mg/kg (n=3), and 180mg+2.8mg/kg dose levels (n=11). The median age was 53 years (32-77). Nausea (n=16), anorexia (n=13), fatigue (n=12), and mucositis (n=12) were common but rarely reached >Grade 3 severity (nausea, n=1; fatigue, n=2). Myelosuppression was uncommon (Grade >3 neutropenia, n=2). 16 participants were evaluable for response. 3 achieved a confirmed partial response (PR), and 3 had stable disease (SD). ORR=18.8%. All 3 PRs lasted > 6 months. CB18=31.3%. Median PFS was 2.0 months (95% CI for PFS:1.2-6.2); median OS was 9.5 months (95% CI for OS:4.3-not reached). Correlative analyses of genomic, transcriptomic, and protein biomarkers with response are currently ongoing. Conclusions: The combination of gedatolisib + cofetuzumab pelidotin for the treatment of metastatic TNBC was found to be well tolerated and demonstrated promising clinical activity. Further investigation of this drug combination in metastatic TNBC is warranted. Trial Registration:NCT03243331 Citation Format: Milan Radovich, Jeffrey P. Solzak, Bradley A. Hancock, Sunil Badve, Anna Maria V. Storniolo, Tarah J. Ballinger, Bryan P. Schneider, Kathy D. Miller. An initial safety study of gedatolisib plus cofetuzumab pelidotin for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS10-26.
Relapsing polychondritis: an inflammatory disorder not to be missed.

A 60-year-old African American male presented with a one-week history of redness and pain in his right eye. He reported a history of relapsing polychondritis (RP), with auricular (Figure 1A,B), nas...
A Hybrid Algorithm for Practical Nonconvex Optimization

Abstract This paper proposes a hybrid algorithm for optimization, to ensure convergence to a local minimimzer of a nonconvex Morse objective function L with a single, scalar argument. Developed using hybrid system tools, and based on the heavy ball method, the algorithm features switching strategies to detect whether the state is near a critical point and enable escape from local maximizer, using measurements of the gradient of L. Key properties of the resulting closed-loop system, including existence of solutions and practical global attractivity, are revealed. Numerical results validate the findings.
Post-transplant eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders and lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric liver transplant recipients on tacrolimus.

AIM To examine and characterize post-transplant eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (PTEGID) and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in pediatric liver transplant recipients. METHODS This is a single center retrospective study of all liver transplant recipients aged 0-18 years from 1999 to 2019 who received tacrolimus as their primary immunosuppressant. Demographic data and clinical/laboratory data including PTEGID, PTLD, liver transplant types, Epstein-Barr virus status, and blood eosinophil count were reviewed. Analysis was done with logistic regression and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Ninety-eight pediatric liver transplant recipients were included with median age at transplantation of 3.3 years (IQR: 1.1-9.3). The major indication for transplantation was biliary atresia, 51 (52%) cases. Eight (8%) children had PTLD and 14 (14%) had PTEGID. Receiving liver transplantation at an age of ≤1 year was associated with developing PTEGID (OR = 11.9, 95% CI = 3.5-45.6, p < 0.001). Additionally, eosinophilic count of ≥500/μL was associated with having PTLD (OR = 10.7, 95% CI = 1.8-206.0, p = 0.030) as well as having at least one liver rejection (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.2-7.0, p = 0.024). The frequency of food-induced anaphylaxis significantly increased post-transplantation (p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS PTEGID and PTLD are common in this cohort and are associated with certain risk factors that help screen children to improve recipient survival. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical benefits of these findings.
Xogenesis

We present a new paradigm for dark matter in which a dark matter asymmetry is established in the early universe that is then transferred to ordinary matter. We show this scenario can fit naturally into weak scale physics models, with a dark matter candidate mass of this order. We present several natural suppression mechanisms, including bleeding dark matter number density into lepton number, which occur naturally in models with lepton-violating operators transferring the asymmetry that reduce the number density and allow for dark matter much heavier than baryon masses.
Evolution of the Capsule Fill Tube Assembly Production Methods for the National Ignition Campaign

AbstractThe current National Ignition Facility (NIF) ignition target design consists of 18 precisely assembled components. At the center of the target is a capsule fill tube assembly (CFTA), the baseline of which comprises a Be:Cu or CH:Ge multilayer capsule attached to a glass tube that is used for filling the capsule with hydrogen fuel. The current CFTA has 45 specifications that need to be precisely measured, which are grouped into capsule specifications and attachment specifications. Recent modifications to the tools and the procedures for metrology of these specifications have been implemented and are described. These changes resulted from the experience that the CFTA fabrication team had during production in the early hohlraum energetics campaign on NIF; the evolution of these modifications is discussed.
Standing to Sue a Carrier's Killers

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/plr Part of the Banking and Finance Commons, Bankruptcy Law Commons, Civil Procedure Commons, Corporation and Enterprise Law Commons, Courts Commons, Insurance Law Commons, Judges Commons, Jurisdiction Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Law and Society Commons, Legislation Commons, Litigation Commons, Remedies Commons, and the Secured Transactions Commons
The Ulman–Skinner Letters

Over the course of several years, I exchanged letters with B. F. Skinner about behaviorology. Although Skinner spent much of his professional career attempting to reform psychology–to persuade psychologists to study behavior rather than mind or cognition–in his last two years–he became increasingly disenchanted with the prospect, relating at one point (1993) that he was wrong to say that the study of behavior was the concern of psychology. He remained undecided about this historically crucial question, however, ending his final paper (on August 17, 1990, the day before his death) with the statement, “whether behavior analysis will be called psychology is a matter for the future to decide” (p. 1210). The letters he wrote to me express some of his doubts about this Sisyphean effort to reform psychology as a science of behavior. Here are the letters, unedited.
GINGIVAL CHORISTOMA. REPORT OF A CASE.

Abstract A case is presented in which both a fully mature sebaceous gland and an accessory mucous gland were found on the gingiva. Both of these structures are considered to be rare in this area of the oral cavity.
Transitioning from Java to Python in CS2

Python is becoming more popular as the language of choice for introductory computer science courses. The computer science department at Washington and Lee University adopted Python in the Fall of 2006 for both the CS1 and CS2 courses. We opted to transition both courses to Python at the same time instead of waiting for students to progress through the course sequence. In this paper, we present our approach used to manage this transition along with the pros and cons of our decisions. We offer our experiences in hopes of helping others who may be contemplating a transition to Python.
Two Varieties of Socratic Ignorance: On Philosophy and Revelation in the Strauss-Voegelin Correspondence

This paper reconsiders the correspondence between Leo Strauss and Eric Voegelin. Although, as is commonly held, Strauss and Voegelin disagree fundamentally about the compatibility of philosophy and revelation, this disagreement masks a striking and seldom-noted similarity in their approach to the practice of philosophy. Through an examination of the two thinkers' writings on Socrates, the paradigmatic philosopher, and Soren Kierkegaard, an exemplary believer in divine revelation, this paper shows that for Voegelin as well as Strauss, philosophy depends foremost upon the Socratic acknowledgement of essential human ignorance. Voegelin's attitude of faith and Strauss's zetetic reserve are two modes of the resolute imitatio Socratis.
Will a Category Cue Affect You? Category Cues, Positive Stereotypes and Reviewer Recall for Applicants

Most empirical research on stereotypes and recall has examined how a single social category of a target can influence a perceiver's recall. Will subtle cues of one or another social category of a target lead reviewers to markedly different recall? In this study one of two social categories of an applicant was subtly cued for reviewers – gender or ethnicity. Common cultural stereotypes hold that Asians have superior quantitative skills compared to other ethnic groups and that women have inferior quantitative skills compared to men. Participants reviewed the college application of a female Asian American high school senior, which included her score on the math scholastic aptitude test (SAT). In a recall task, cues of her gender category resulted in participants recalling significantly lower math performance for the applicant, while cues of her ethnic category resulted in participants recalling significantly higher math performance, compared to a control condition for which neither category was cued. Thus, positive stereotypes can influence reviewer recall, and subtle category cues can result in markedly different recall of an applicant. Findings suggest that category cues and multiple social categories are under-appreciated aspects of stereotyping in general and stereotyping in educational processes in particular.
Arithmetical Functions and Dirichlet Multiplication

Number theory, like many other branches of mathematics, is often concerned with sequences of real or complex numbers. In number theory such sequences are called arithmetical functions.
Prevention of puerperal breast engorgement with large doses of long-acting estrogen

Abstract 1. 1. It is now known that restriction of fluid or diuresis has no effect on the prevention of breast engorgement. 2. 2. It is felt that estrogens do not interfere with lactation in the true sense of the word, but are of some benefit in preventing breast engorgement. 3. 3. It has recently been demonstrated that estrogens used for that purpose do not affect the puerperal endometrium and are not responsible either directly or by withdrawal for any postpartum hemorrhage. This was confirmed by the experiment reported here. 4. 4. The literature indicates that of women who do not suckle their infants at all, 58 per cent will have no engorgement pain whether they receive estrogens or not. With a placebo of any kind this percentage is raised to about 75 per cent. This leaves only about 25 per cent of nonnursing mothers who might benefit from the administration of estrogens. 5. 5. The criteria for a valid experiment for the evaluation of a drug are delineated, and the results of such a double-blind experiment reported, with the use of a form of chlorotrianisene. Capsules of 100 mg. were given three times in the first 36 hours post partum, and an identical placebo given to other non-nursing mothers, and not till the final tabulations were completed was it learned which woman received which. 6. 6. Of the 49 women who received the placebo, 72 per cent had no engorgement pain. Of the 54 women who received chlorotrianisene, 89 per cent had no pain. These figures are of the same order and are statistically identical with results reported for other estrogens. 7. 7. With identical results the one advantage of the administration of only three capsules of 100 mg. of long-acting estrogen is that of convenience.
Clearance patterns of the isolated guinea pig duodenum

To determine what role duodenal clearance plays in the resistance that the duodenum generates to gastric emptying, duodenal output in vitro was assessed under a variety of preload and after-load conditions. In the presence of an outflow resistance, duodenal output occurred in pulses related to contractions of the duodenum. Stroke volume (incremental output during a single contraction) and cumulative output increased both with the degree of duodenal filling and with pharmacological stimulation. Cumulative output decreased as outflow resistance was increased from 0.5 to 5.0 cm water pressure; there was no further decrease on raising outflow resistance to 10.0 cm water pressure. Output volume was similar from the proximal and the distal duodenum. The stroke volume produced by individual duodenal contractions remained stable over a wide range of load conditions. The threshold volume and the luminal pressure at which output from the duodenum started were higher with retrograde perfusion of the duodenum than with antegrade perfusion. Also, the contraction rate of the duodenum decreased markedly with retrograde perfusion, and the powerful contractions occurring in this setting often involved the entire segment simultaneously. The findings suggest that the duodenum responds to load and to flow conditions so that luminal clearance is maintained; clearance is achieved by both antegrade and retrograde displacement of contents from the lumen at the contraction site.
High-Density, Cool Regions of Interstellar Matter in the Galaxy

The distribution of interstellar nucleons is dominated by gas at temperatures ranging from a few K to a few hundred K. At the warmer end of this temperature range, the gas is predominantly in the form of ubiquitously distributed atomic hydrogen. The colder gas is almost entirely molecular; it resides in compressed clumps, confined principally to the inner-galaxy, and is most effectively traced by observations of carbon monoxide. In this paper, we focus on some of the problems which currently hinder derivation of the morphology and total number of nucleons in the galaxy. For the atomic gas, these problems involve optical depth effects in HI profiles, the amount of cold HI residing in molecular clouds, and the form of the outer-galaxy rotation curve. For the molecular gas, the problems involve the uncertainties in the conversion from CO intensities to H2densities, including the possibility of composition gradients across the galaxy, the total number and typical size of molecular clouds, and the possibility that the molecular material in the region of the galactic nucleus is distributed differently from the material in the galaxy at large.
The role of a search agent for disenfranchised users

Connected Kids project is about developing a searchable database system for the disenfranchised people of the city of Troy, New York. The various events and programs for the young people of the city as created by the various not-for-profit organizations are searched by the parents, kids, teachers, and counselors. Testing the beta version of the tool pointed out that users have found the system challenging to use, though they participated in designing it. Therefore, a new adaptive system with a software agent is proposed to help users effectively perform the tasks without feeling intimidated or unnecessarily overwhelmed by the technology or the tool. The agent's aim is to understand the real goal of the user and help achieve results that match the needs as closely as possible. The overall strategy is to break up the puzzle into smaller answerable problems and build back the original piece by strewing the smaller pieces.
Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in a child in remission from steroid sensitivenephrotic syndrome

A 3-year-old male child with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome under remission after daily dose of steroids for relapse and on alternate day steroids developed cerebral venous thrombosis and was treated successfully. Inherited prothrombotic risk factors were evaluated and were normal. Child is kept on anticoagulation therapy and is under follow-up.
Enhancing the Sensitivity of a Resonant Accelerometer

This paper presents an investigation on the sensitivity enhancement of a resonant accelerometer by operating it in the nonlinear regime. The accelerometer is excited by a DC load superimposed to an AC harmonic load. The electric load is tuned such that the accelerometer is driven at primary resonance with a softening-type behavior. Upon the application of a small acceleration, the nonlinear resonance frequency of the accelerometer shifts to a smaller value. This frequency shift is used as an indication for the detected acceleration. This shift is much larger compared to the shift of the resonance frequency of the accelerometer when operating in the linear regime. The concept of the nonlinear excitation is demonstrated by simulation on a commercial capacitive accelerometer. A nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system is used to model the accelerometer. Several results are shown for the effect of the DC and AC voltages on enhancing the sensitivity of the accelerometer.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A computer model of smoke movement by air conditioning systems (SMACS)

A computer model for simulation of smoke movement through air conditioning systems is described. A brief overview of air conditioning systems is presented. The methods of calculation of mass flow, smoke transport, fan flow, and duct and fitting resistances are presented along with a general description of the program logic.
Error control combining Hamming and product codes for energy efficient nanoscale on-chip interconnects

The authors propose an energy efficient error control scheme that combines simple Hamming codes with powerful product codes for deeply scaled on-chip interconnects. By using Hamming codes in low-noise environments and product codes in high-noise environments, the proposed method achieves high reliability while maintaining energy efficiency; further, hardware sharing is introduced to reduce system overhead. To achieve the same reliability in noisy environments, the proposed method uses a lower swing voltage than a conventional Hamming implementation, resulting in a 30% energy reduction; an energy reduction of up to 40% is achieved compared to a multi-error correcting BCH code.
New insight into nuclear structure from QCD

The natural building blocks of atomic nuclei within the framework of QCD are colorless clusters of quarks, with the quantum numbers of nucleons but with internal structure modified by the local mean scalar field. A key parameter of the nucleon in such an approach is the scalar polarizability, which characterizes the response of a nucleon to an applied scalar field. This response leads naturally to 3-, 4- and higher-body effective forces, each proportional to a higher power of the scalar polarizability. Recent progress on the important problem of chiral extrapolation of lattice QCD data suggests a way to estimate the scalar polarizability of the nucleon, with initial results consistent with successful phenomenological estimates. This may be seen as a first step in the struggle to derive nuclear structure from QCD itself.
Gleason grading of prostate cancer: a predictor of survival.

Abstract The Gleason grading system was employed in the pathologic assessment of 82 patients with carcinoma of the prostate diagnosed between 1962–1965 and subsequently followed to death. The data suggest that the Gleason grade gives long-term prognostic information independent of stage with a direct correlation between increasing Gleason grade and cancer death rate index. Furthermore, the sum of clinical stage plus Gleason grade is a more significant prognostic factor than either stage or grade alone.
Medical comorbidities predict mortality in women with a history of early stage breast cancer

This analysis was conducted to determine whether comorbid medical conditions predict additional breast cancer events and all-cause mortality in women with a history of early stage breast cancer. Women (n = 2,542) participating in a randomized diet trial completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding whether they were currently being treated for a wide variety of diseases (cardiovascular, diabetes, gallbladder, gastrointestinal, arthritis, and osteoporosis) and conditions (high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol level). Height and weight were measured at baseline. Participants were followed for a median of 7.3 years (range 0.8-15.0). Cox regression analysis was performed to assess whether comorbidities predicted disease-free and overall survival; hazard ratio (HR) was the measure of association. Overall, there were 406 additional breast cancer events and 242 deaths. Participants with diabetes had over twofold the risk of additional breast cancer events (HR 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3, 3.4) and mortality (HR 2.5, 95% CI: 1.4, 4.4). The presence of multiple comorbidities did not statistically significantly predict additional breast cancer events. However, compared to no comorbidities, participants with 3 or more comorbidities had a HR of 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3, 3.3 for mortality. In conclusion, type 2 diabetes is associated with poor breast cancer prognosis. Given that 85% of deaths were caused by breast cancer, these findings suggest that multiple comorbidities may reduce the likelihood of surviving additional breast cancer events.
Roentgen rays in the treatment of acute cervical adenitis

Summary Sixty-two children with acute cervical adenitis were treated with small doses of roentgen rays. Resolution occurred in 52 (83.9 per cent) cases, while 9 (14.5 per cent) terminated in suppuration. In a group of 21 adequately controlled hospitalized patients who were irradiated, 17 (81 per cent) were cured as opposed to 10 (58.8 per cent) treated by other measures. Suppuration resulted in 3 (14.3 per cent) of the cases treated with x-rays as opposed to 7 (41.2 per cent) in the control group. Rapid subjective improvement and accelerated termination are striking features of roentgen therapy. Radiation is most beneficial in the early stage of inflammation where absorption is the usual final result. If suppuration is already present before treatment is started, necrosis is hastened and early centralization of the infection results. Surgical intervention is minimized and the cosmetic effect greatly enhanced.
Ultrashort-pulse second-harmonic generation. II. Non-transform-limited fundamental pulses

Ultrashort-pulse second-harmonic generation (USP SHG) is examined for fundamental pulses that are not transform limited but still possess coherent spectra. Pulses whose spectra contain various orders of nonlinear phases are considered, and spectral phase compensation (compression) in either the fundamental pulse (FP) or the second harmonic (SH) is investigated with regard to optimizing final SH pulse duration and overall conversion efficiency. For Gaussian shaped or similarly smooth spectra with only quadratic phase it is found that such a phase maps proportionally over to the spectrum of the SH, and the compressed SH pulse shapes and durations are independent of whether the compensation is performed in the FP or in the SH. The optimum compensation configuration and the conversion efficiency depend on the nonlinear interaction length. For a FP with multiple peaked spectra, compensation in the SH gives poor results, accentuating the structure inherent in the pulses. FP’s with higher-order spectral phases were found to give different results for the two different compensation schemes. In particular, it was found that second-plus fourth-order phases are easier to compensate than second- plus third-order. In all the cases examined, the optimum nonlinear interaction length is one to three times the pulse-width-preservation length. These results are useful for both understanding and experimental optimization of USP SHG with state-of-the-art systems and pulses 10 fs or shorter in duration.
Pharmacokinetics and tissue disposition of the biological response modifier BAY i 7433 (copovithane) in patients with cancer.

Copovithane is an uncharged, water-soluble, synthetic polymer with an average molecular weight of 5800 daltons. It demonstrates antitumor activity in vivo against a variety of tumors in animal models but is inactive in vitro. This agent has been found to have immunorestorative activity in man. In concert with its phase I clinical trial, copovithane concentrations were analyzed by HPLC in plasma, urine, and autopsy and in tumor biopsy specimens obtained from patients. Copovithane was cleared from plasma biphasically with a mean t1/2α of 11.1±4 min and a t1/2β of 246±78 min at the dose of 1 g/m2, while the plasma half-lives increased to 57.7±12 and 718±149 for the alpha and beta phases, respectively, at the 10 g/m2 dose, demonstrating clear, dose-dependent pharmacokinetics. There were no significant differences between dose 1 and dose 4 pharmacokinetics. The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) was 14.5±1. at the 1 g/m2 dose and increased to 73 1. at the 33 g/m2 dose. The calculated mean clearance rate for copovithane in plasma was between 2.4 and 5.4 mg/kg x min and did not appear to be dose-dependent. The urinary excretion of copovithane was approximately 5% of the administered dose over 120 h at the 1 g/m2 dose and decreased to 1% at the 33 g/m2 dose. In seven tumor biopsy samples, concentrations of drug in tumor varied from 1- to 1000-fold higher than that found in concurrent plasma samples. In three autopsy samples, the highest concentrations were found in kidney, intestine, and liver, in decreasing order. These studies show that copovithane exhibits dose-dependent changes in pharmacokinetics at doses between 1 and 33 g/m2. However, copovithane does penetrate well to tumor tissues, achieving high tumor/plasma ratios. In addition, copovithane concentrations were highest in kidney tissue, which may be a site for potential organ toxicity.
Assessment Education in Marriage and Family Counseling

Recent research reports that marriage andfamily clinicians describe the use of standardized assessment as "of little importance." However these results contradict the potential advantages of the use of standardized measures for clients, clinicians, and the therapeutic process. This contrast may be explained by the hypothesis that students use what they are taught, prompting a review of assessment course curricula.
Time-resolved fluorescence of the two tryptophans in transducin a(greek)-subunit

Ga contains two tryptophans. Tryptophan fluorescence decay of Ga at 25°C in 10 mM Tris-HC1 buffer pH=7.3 was triexponential with lifetimes of 3.62, 1.06 and 0.l7ns. Contrary to expectation, the shorter lived (lower quantum yield) components were blue-shifted relative to the longer Denaturation with 8M urea diminished the 1.O6ns component and increased net intensity which became dominated by a lifetime of 5. iOns. Emission of a tryptophan species was identified at 450nm with lifetime of 20-4Ons, similar to that reported earlier by Vanderkooi J. et al' . This long-wavelength emission was also eliminated by 8M urea denaturation, making it seem possible that the low intensity of the 1 .O6ns blue shifted component may result from competing excited state processes that give rise to the 450nm emission. Transient absorbance spectra of Ga show no evidence for triplet states in denatured protein while the native protein showed phosphorescence at 442nm of lifetime between 0. 1 and 1 .Oms.
Monitoring osteoporosis therapy.

Osteoporosis is a prevalent condition that may exist in a silent form, in which increased fracture risk can be detected by measurement of bone mineral density (BMD), or as a symptomatic condition after a fragility fracture has occurred. In October 2004, the Surgeon General of the United States published a lengthy report on osteoporosis (1), which is a must-read for healthcare professionals interested in this disease. The chapter “Assessing the Risk of Bone Disease and Fracture” discusses many aspects of bone mass measurement, but relegates biochemical markers of bone turnover to the subsection “Looking to the Future: Potential Complements to BMD” (1). In a sense, this designation is appropriate because these markers currently have no “diagnostic” value, whereas the WHO has designated a BMD >2.5 SD below the mean for healthy adults younger than 50 years as diagnostic for osteoporosis even in the absence of a bone fracture. Considerable evidence exists, however, that biochemical marker data alone can be used to assess fracture risk in older persons and are additive to BMD data with respect to fracture risk prediction. In reality, neither clinical tool is optimal for this purpose. Two recent studies in older populations have pointed out that among individuals who have sustained a fragility fracture, before the fracture only 40%–45% would have been diagnosed with …