cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow Velocity Analysis of Suprathermal Ions in the Presence of Ion Temperature Anisotropy

Plasma flow velocity, critical for studying plasma dynamics, usually has been obtained by computing the first moment of the measured ion velocity distribution. This standard method is valid when a full ion distribution is sufficiently sampled. Alternate ways to calculate the flow velocity also exist. For instance, by assuming the existence of a rest frame in which energetic ions are isotropic, Gloeckler et al. [1984] found that the velocity of the rest' frame relative to the spacecraft frame is equal to the ion flow velocity. However, in many cases including the magnetosheath or magnetospheric boundaries, the existence of a rest frame is doubtful because of the presence of ion temperature anisotropies. We hence generalize the rest frame concept by introducing a non-streaming frame in which the ion first-order anisotropy is assumed to be absent. If this non-streaming frame indeed exists, its velocity relative to the spacecraft frame represents the flow velocity of a given ion component. An iteration technique has been developed to search for the non-streaming frame. Magnetosheath ion observations indicate that our approach is suitable for examining the co-existence of multiple plasma populations.
Family Centered Practice

Social workers have long recognized that when the family is viewed as the “client” rather than focusing only on the child, parents need to feel included and essential to aspects treatment. Child and youth problem behaviors serve a function with the family system and are initiated and maintained by maladaptive interpersonal processes. Children who are socially competent and prosocial in their behavior have parents who use exemplary parenting practices, such as offering regular amounts of praise, providing adequate supervision, maintaining a safe home environment, using nonviolent discipline techniques, and providing consistency through routines and supportive interactions with their children. Children of effective parents experience family cohesion, warmth, harmony, and the absence of neglect in their families. This chapter identifies excellent programs to improve practices and child, youth, and family functioning. However, to move forward in the field, researchers and practitioners need to move away from treating problems and more toward preventing problems. To address problem behaviors, more attention needs to be placed on the lack of support in the environments of children and youth, specifically the lack of support in families, schools, communities, and in the socio-political context. Policies need to be directed to improving the environments of children and youth rather than on changing individual characteristics or behaviors. In this way, research can inform policy and the involvement of parents, policy makers, and politicians can demonstrate how essential it is to have a rationale for multiple problem prevention programs because at-risk children and youth are at risk for multiple negative outcomes because of their dysfunctional and stressed environments. There is now sufficient knowledge about the characteristics of effective programs for researchers and practitioners to support policies that encourage multicomponent, coordinated preventive interventions. Keywords: family based practice; youth; children; social work practice with families
Mineralogy of beneficiation problems involving fluorspar concentrates from carbonatite-related fluorspar deposits

The World's three largest producers of fluorite from carbonatite-related fluorspar ore deposits are located at Okorusu (Namibia), Amba Dongar (India), and Mato Preto (Brazil). Beneficiation problems involving fluorite concentrates from those three deposits share similar characteristics that are directly related to the mineralogy and textures of the ores. The most important of these beneficiation problems involves their phosphorus, silica, and lime contents.
Intracellular study of effects of morphine on electrical activity of myenteric neurons in cat small intestine.

Abstract Intracellular recording methods were used to study the effects of morphine on electrical behavior of myenteric neurons in cat small intestine. Two general categories of myenteric ganglion cells were found. AH/Type 2 neurons had relatively high resting membrane potentials, low input resistances, spikes only at the onset of a depolarizing current pulse and long-duration hyperpolarizing after-potentials. S/Type 1 neurons discharged spikes through-out depolarizing current pulses, received nicotinic-cholinergic synoptic input (EPSPs), and tended to have lower membrane potentials and higher input resistances than AH/type 2 cells. Morphine suppressed the excitability of S/type 1, but not AH/type 2 neurons. Morphine suppressed current-evoked spike discharge, and this action was associated with membrane hyperpolarization and decreased input resistance. This action of morphine was reversed by naloxone. Morphine did not reduce the amplitudes of nicotinic-cholinergic EPSPs in the neurons. The results suggest that the spasmogenic and constipating effects of morphine may be related to suppression of excitability of inhibitory enteric neurons and consequent reduction of tonic inhibitory influences which normally suppress pacesetter-controlled myogenic activity within the circular muscle coat of the bowel.
Understanding our extended families: Predictors and outcomes

Family composition in the United States has continued to become increasingly diverse as illustrated by an increase in the occurrence of single parent families, blended families, and same-sex parent families (Walsh, 2012). However, comparatively few studies of extended families include rural European-Americans. The objective of this study was to identify factors that contribute to family engagement between young adolescents and their extended families, as well as identifying developmental outcomes that result from those relationships. The study included 451 adolescents as well as their families via the Iowa Youth and Families Project (IYFP). Seven measures were included in regression analysis. Geographic proximity to extended family, parent’s relationship quality with extended family, and mother personality were significantly associated with adolescent engagement. Parent’s relationship quality with extended family and adolescent’s engagement with extended family were significantly associated with adolescent’s relationship quality. Extended family engagement, parent’s relationship quality with extended family, mother personality and adolescent’s geographic proximity to extended family were not significantly related to either passive or active coping. Also, neither geographic proximity, extended family engagement, parent’s relationship quality with extended family, nor mother personality were significantly associated with perceived support from extended family. Lastly, neither geographic proximity nor mother personality were significantly associated with adolescent relationship quality. The increasing prevalence and continued importance of extended family relationships provide an important new resource for practitioners working with rural-dwelling families.
836 USE OF THE FACTOR VIII HALF-TIME FOR DESIGNING CONTINUOUS FACTOR VIII INFUSION IN CLASSIC HEMOPHILIA

In studies on continuous infusion of factor VIII for treatment of patients with classic hemophilia, the following regression equation was derived for patients with a factor VIII half-time (T/2) of 13.4 hr± 0.6: Y = (3.1±1.8) + (23.4±0.7)X, where Y is plasma factor VIII units/dl and X is factor VIII dose-rate in units/kg/hr; or, essentially Y = 23.4X. Preliminary studies suggested that the plasma factor VIII level could be correlated with dose-rate for any T/2 as follows: if Y = 23.4X for T/2 of 13.4 hr, then Y = (1.75)(13.4)X where 1.75 is an empiric constant; therefore, Y = (1.75)(T/2)X where T/2 may be any measured plasma factor VIII half-time after a single infusion. The validity of this equation and its application to design of continuous infusion of factor VIII were supported in studies during orthopaedic and dental surgical episodes of three hemophilic patients with factor VIII half-times ranging from 0.7 to 6 hrs. For example, following synovectomy and radial head excision of the left elbow in a child with T/2 of 4 hrs, a plasma factor VIII level of 76 to 86 units/dl was observed during continuous infusion of 9.4 factor VIII units/kg/hr; for this dose-rate and T/2, the expected factor VIII level is 66 units/d1, i.e., 1.75 × 4 × 9.4. This approach is not applicable to design of therapy for patients with potent factor VIII inhibitors (above 20 Bethesda units/m1) in whom T/2 may not be measurable.
Probabilities of peak occurrence and information content of the NBS/EPA/MSDC mass-spectral data base

Abstract The probabilities of peak occurrence and contents of binary information were calculated for the 43 990 mass spectra in the 1987 NBS/EPA/MSDC data base. The median molecular weight of compounds in the data base was 230. Compounds composed of combinations of C, H, N, and O comprised 64% of the data base. The numbers of base peaks per mass channel are tabulated. A subset of compounds (30480) with low molecular weights was selected as a volatile-compound data base; the median molecular weight of this group was 189. The probabilities and information contents for the whole set of spectra and the volatile hydrocarbons, oxygenated hydrocarbons, chlorocarbons and chlorohydrocarbons and bromohydrocarbons were calculated. The most common peak in the entire data base and in the volatile set occurred at mass 41. All peaks in both of these sets of spectra with probabilities greater than 0.50 occurred below mass 78. The probabilities over the total and volatile-compound data base showed a general decrease with increasing mass channel with a division into odd- and even-mass curves which converged at high masses. Mass channels with 0.90–1.0 bit information content occurred below ca. mass 100. Information contents decreased with increasing mass and the two odd- and even-mass curves were superimposed on the general trend.
Diagnosis of equine back pain

ABSTRACT:The aim of this article is to describe how to investigate potential back pain in horses. The horse that presents with ‘back pain’ is a challenge to any veterinary surgeon, as owner expectations are high and the diagnostic capabilities low. The author has developed a protocol to fit his varied caseload of racehorses, performance horses and the pleasure horse of varying types and abilities. This protocol will not be applicable in every situation and it is time consuming and expensive, thus compromises are sometimes agreed by the owner.
Asymptotic spectrum of multiparameter eigenvalue problems

Results are given for the asymptotic spectrum of a multiparameter eigenvalue problem in Hilbert space. They are based on estimates for eigenvalues derived from the minim un-maximum principle. As an application, a multiparameter Sturm-Liouville problem is considered.
Pigment content of cultured human melanocytes does not correlate with tyrosinase message level

Tyrosinase is considered to be the rate-limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of melanin in epidermal melanocytes, and thus tyrosinase activity is thought to be a major regulatory step in melanogenesis. To determine whether the rate of pigment production was controlled at the level of tyrosinase gene expression, we developed a culture system capable of generating large populations of pure human melanocytes and then measured both melanin content as determined spectrophotometrically by absorption at 475 nm and mRNA levels as detected by hybridization with cloned cDNA Pmel 34, encoding human tyrosinase. We examined the relationship between pigment content and tyrosinase mRNA levels among human melanoma and melanocyte lines with very different levels of basal pigmentation; between two clones of a single human melanoma line, one pigmented and one amelanotic; and sequentially in melanocytes before and after simulation with isobutylmethylxanthine to increase melanin content per cell. Using Northern blot analysis and in-situ hybridization we found no correlation between tyrosinase message levels and melanin content, suggesting that posttranscriptional regulation of tyrosinase and/or other events determine the rate of pigment synthesis in human melanocytes.
U.S. Navy fiber optic sensor technology

The U.S. Navy has unique sensing requirements that require the use of non-traditional sensing techniques. Problems of electromagnetic interference (EMI), reliability, and weight have driven the Navy to pursue fiber optic sensors to meet these requirements. This paper presents an overview of fiber optic sensor technology related to Navy shipboard requirements. The different types of sensors as well as a means of interconnecting these sensors are described. In addition, overviews of two areas relating to future shipboard sensing systems are presented: MEMS Sensors and Hybrid Networks.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rickets vs. abuse: a national and international epidemic.

In the May 2007 issue of Pediatric Radiology, the article “Can classic metaphyseal lesions follow uncomplicated caesarean section?” [1] suggested that enough trauma could occur under these circumstances to produce fractures previously described as “highly specific for child abuse” [2]. However, the question of whether themetaphyses were normal to begin with was not raised. Why should this be an issue? Vitamin D deficiency (DD), initially believed to primarily affect the elderly and dark-skinned populations in the US, is now being demonstrated in otherwise healthy young adults, children, and infants of all races. In a review article on vitamin D published in the New England Journal of Medicine last year [3], Holick reviewed some of the recent literature, showing deficiency and insufficiency rates of 52% among Hispanic and African-American adolescents in Boston, 48% among white preadolescent females in Maine, 42% among African American females between 15 and 49 years of age, and 32% among healthy white men and women 18 to 29 years of age in Boston. A recent study of healthy infants and toddlers aged 8 to 24 months in Boston found an insufficiency rate of 40% and a deficiency rate of 12.1% [4]. In September 2007, a number of articles about congenital rickets were published in the Archives of Diseases in Childhood including an international perspective of mother and newborn DD reported from around the world [5]. Concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] less than 25 nmol/l (10 ng/ml) were found in 18%, 25%, 80%, 42% and 61% of pregnant women in the UK, UAE, Iran, northern India and New Zealand, respectively, and in 60 to 84% of non-western women in the Netherlands. Currently, most experts in the US define DD as a 25(OH)D level less than 50 nmol/l (20 ng/ml). Levels between 20 and 30 ng/ml are considered to indicate insufficiency, reflecting increasing parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and decreasing calcium absorption [3]. With such high prevalence of DD in our healthy young women, congenital deficiency is inevitable, since neonatal 25(OH)D concentrations are approximately two-thirds the maternal level [6]. Bodnar et al. [7] at the University of Pittsburgh, in the largest US study of mother and newborn infant vitamin D levels, found deficient or insufficient levels in 83% of black women and 92% of their newborns, as well as in 47% of white women and 66% of their newborns. The deficiencies were worse in the winter than in the summer. Over 90% of these women were on prenatal vitamins. Research is currently underway to formulate more appropriate recommendations for vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy (http://clinicaltrials.gov, ID: R01 HD043921). The obvious question is, “Why has DD once again become so common?” Multiple events have led to the high rates of DD. In the past, many foods were fortified with Pediatr Radiol DOI 10.1007/s00247-008-1001-z
Diffusion of water into a photopolymer film

Sorption of water vapor into thin films of a crosslinked dimethacrylate UV-cured polymer was measured by means of a quartz crystal microbalance apparatus. The diffusion coefficient and solubility were obtained. An upper limit to the water vapor diffusion coefficient, namely, the diffusion coefficient for liquid water in intimate contact with the sample, was measured for reference purposes by both gravimetric and infrared spectral techniques. A water uptake value for thick films was obtained gravimetrically as a reference for the thin film value. Measurement of the diffusion coefficient allows the determination of the length of time that the photopolymer could act as an effective water vapor barrier.
Secondary Grain Growth of Li2O‐A12O3‐SiO2‐TiO2 Glass‐Ceramics

The kinetics of secondary grain growth in a Ti02-nucleated β-spodumene solid-solution glass-ceramic was studied. The thermal stability of the grains was excellent. Grain growth followed the cube-root-of-time law. The activation energy of the grain boundary migration was 55 ± 10 kcal/mol. Grain growth inhibition due to Ti02 precipitates and the residual glassy phase was closely examined. The excellent thermal stability of the grains is due to grain growth inhibition by the residual glassy phase, not by rutile precipitates. It is suggested that the diffusion of A2+, and probably the simultaneous diffusion of Li+, through the residual glass is the rate-limiting process for the grain boundary migration.
Critical factors in the image clarity of operative cholangiography.

Abstract To evaluate image clarity in operative cholangiography with changing radiographic variables, in vitro experiments were performed in which 1-mm radiographically nonopaque biliary calculi in tubes were examined. Variables changed in these studies were tube caliber (6, 13 and 20 mm), contrast concentration (15, 30, and 60%), X-ray exposures (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 mAs) and location of calculi (central or peripheral). Sensitivity for the detection of calculi and the clarity of contrast radiographic images depended upon these variables. Reduced contrast concentration or increased radiographic exposure were needed for large caliber tubes. Central small calculi required more exposure than peripheral calculi. Practical inferences from these studies can be summarized as guidelines for performing operative cholangiography: (1) Surgeons should become aware of exposure settings used on the radiographic equipment in the operating room. In particular, the milliampere-seconds-settings is an important variable. (2) Normal size and slightly enlarged ducts should be injected with 30% radiographic contrast. (3) Ducts which are 20 mm or more in diameter should be injected with 15% contrast. (4) Variable radiographic exposures may be necessary to demonstrate centrally and peripherally located calculi, especially for small calculi in large ducts.
Notes on D-optimal designs

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to exhibit new infinite families of D-optimal (0, 1)-matrices. We show that Hadamard designs lead to D-optimal matrices of size ( j , mj ) and ( j − 1, mj ), for certain integers j ≡ 3 (mod 4) and all positive integers m . For j a power of a prime and j ≡ 1 (mod 4), supplementary difference sets lead to D-optimal matrices of size ( j , 2mj ) and ( j − 1, 2mj ), for all positive integers m . We also show that for a given j and d sufficiently large, about half of the entries in each column of a D-optimal matrix are ones. This leads to a new relationship between D-optimality for (0, 1)-matrices and for (±1)-matrices. Known results about D-optimal (±1)-matrices are then used to obtain new D-optimal (0, 1)-matrices.
Developing a new Bachelor of Nursing course responsive to Australia's culturally diverse community.

The purpose of this article is to discuss issues surrounding the development of a new Bachelor of Nursing course for the University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia. In particular, the focus of the discussion is on the factors that influenced the development of learning outcomes that would enable student nurses the opportunity to develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to advance both personally and professionally a cultural awareness of self and others appropriate for the Australian context and delivery of culturally congruent and safe nursing care. (non-author abstract)
CFD: Progress and problems

We give a brief review of the state-of-the-art in computational fluid dynamics. Most of this paper concerns several flow examples that emphasize the physics, mathematics, and numerics of the flows being simulated.
Dynamic response of self-acting foil bearings

A new approach to the analysis of wide foil bearings is investigated. The equation of motion for a finite length of tape is coupled to the transient lubrication equation for the air film between the tape and the recording head. Compressibility and slip flow are retained in the fluid mechanics equation; flexural rigidity and high-speed dynamic effects are retained in the tape equation. The steady-state solution to the coupled equations is obtained as the limiting case of the transient initial value problem. Describing the system equations relative to the undeflected tape (as opposed to conventional foil-bearing theory, which uses the head as the reference surface) permits investigation of noncircular head geometries. In addition, wave propagation effects in the tape and the interaction of waves in the tape with the air-bearing region may be studied.
Tastes of fifteen halide salts following water and NaCl: Anion and cation effects

Abstract The present study investigated the tastes of 15 halide salts (LiCl, LiBr, LiI, NaCl, NaBr, NaI, KCl, KBr, KI, RbCl, RbBr, RbI, CsCl, CsBr, CsI) as a function of concentration. Taste quality and intensity judgments were made by 10 subjects following both a distilled water rinse and a 0.5 M sodium chloride rinse. For each of the 15 salts, taste quality differences were observed as a function of concentration. In addition, the non-salty tastes of the compounds exhibited complex mixture interactions with each other and with perceived saltiness. Cross-adaptation by NaCl released the mixture suppression produced by saltiness. Both cation and anion contributed to the taste of halide salts. Heavier cations and anions produced more bitter-tasting salts. While the weight of the cation had no consistent effect on perceived saltiness, lighter anions produced saltier-tasting salts.
Optimum compression to ventilation ratios in CPR under realistic, practical conditions: a physiological and mathematical analysis.

Objective: To develop and evaluate a practical formula for the optimum ratio of compressions to ventilations in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The optimum value of a variable is that for which a desired result is maximized. Here the desired result is assumed to be either oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues or a combination of oxygen delivery and waste product removal. Method: Equations describing oxygen delivery and blood flow during CPR as functions of the number of compressions and the number of ventilations delivered over time were developed from principles of classical physiology. These equations were solved explicitly in terms of the compression/ventilation ratio and evaluated for a wide range of conditions using Monte Carlo simulations. Results: As the compression to ventilation ratio was increased from 0 to 50 or more, both oxygen delivery and the combination of oxygen delivery with blood flow increased to maximum values and then gradually declined. For variables typical of standard CPR as taught and specified in international guidelines, maximum values occurred at compression/ventilation ratios near 30:2. For variables typical of actual lay rescuer performance in the field, maximal values occurred at compression/ventilation ratios near 60:2. Conclusion: Current guidelines overestimate the need for ventilation during standard CPR by two to four-fold. Blood flow and oxygen delivery to the periphery can be improved by eliminating interruptions of chest compression for these unnecessary ventilations.
Integrating the global enterprise using Six Sigma: Business process reengineering at General Electric Wind Energy

Abstract This paper describes the risks involved in business process reengineering (BPR) when a large enterprise company acquires small fast-growing companies to power its own growth engine. Integration of business processes across disparate organizations with different cultures requires careful planning and involves process automation, globalization, system selection, downsizing, and information security. It is important to streamline and automate processes in order to improve efficiency and reduce operating cycle times. Ideally, during reengineering, processes should be built from scratch based on evolving business needs, changing market conditions, as well as innovations in technology. Business realities, however, often force organizations into redesigning peripheral business processes while keeping the core process intact. This helps avoid disruption of organizational operations and allows for more flexible time constraints during implementation. Several compromises must be made during this redesign. This paper presents a framework for BPR using a structured analytic approach to make business decisions. The paper discusses the case of BPR at General Electric Energy's Wind Division to integrate business operations across its globally dispersed acquisitions. The effort involved defining metrics for redesign, identifying alternate tools and processes, and evaluating the alternatives through those metrics employing Six Sigma methodology. The goal of this work is to demonstrate our approach that abstract best practices for process integration across global engineering corporations developed over time at General Electric.
Note---A Note on Range Programming: Introducing a “Satisficing Range” in a L.P.

A new approach to the problem of minimizing a quartic fourth order cost function, subject to linear constraints, is presented. A “satisficing range” is introduced for each variable i.e., a range in which all values of the variable are considered to entail the same minimal cost, leading to a new linear formulation “range programming”. Improvements in results over previous approaches are reported for a specific example due to Goodman, and should be expected in general.
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) staining of reactive and neoplastic follicles : ICAM-1 expression of neoplastic follicle differs from that of reactive germinal center and is independent of follicular dendritic cells

Background. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is expressed on follicular dendritic cells (FDC), and the ICAM-1/LFA-1 pathway is essential for affinity selection of activated B-cells in germinal centers (GC). The expression of ICAM-1 has been studied by immunostaining methods in GC, but not in neoplastic follicles (NF). Methods. The authors studied the expression of ICAM-1 by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method with frozen sections in GC of reactive nodes (n = 22) and NF of follicular lymphomas (n = 19), in comparison with FDC staining. Results. GC stained uniformly for ICAM-1, with staining intensity varying little from node to node, and follicular borders were well demarcated from the surroundings. Endothelial cells within GC did not stain whereas those outside stained strongly. In contrast, NF stained variably from tumor to tumor, and in any given tumor. Characteristically, follicular borders were not demarcated, and stained areas were difficult to define due to the lack of demarcation, with the exception of large cell type with diffuse areas (n = 2). Endothelium of intrafollicular vessels stained prominently (12 of 19), and appeared to contribute to the staining intensity of the follicles. FDC staining revealed a meshwork pattern in GC which was similar to that of ICAM-1. The FDC meshwork pattern was present in 15 tumors. The pattern was remarkably uniform with sharply defined borders, which contrasted starkly to the variable staining and lack of follicular borders in the ICAM-1 stain of the same tumors. Conclusions. The staining pattern of follicles for ICAM-1 was similar to that for FDC in reactive nodes, but distinct from the latter in follicular lymphomas. An appropriate expression of ICAM-1 appears to be essential for normal GC, as the alteration of the expression coincides with the malignant transformation of GC. The altered expression of ICAM-1 may be useful in distinguishing NF from reactive GC.
A PAS MEDIUM AS AN AID IN DIFFERENTIATING HUMAN AND BOVINE TUBERCLE BACILLI AND MYCO. FORTUITUM FROM OTHER MYCOBACTERIA.

Summary An investigation was undertaken to study further the usefulness of a PAS medium as an aid in differentiating human and bovine tubercle bacilli and Myco. fortuitum from other mycobacteria. It was found that, with three exceptions, none of the human and bovine tubercle bacilli grew on the test medium, whereas 100% of the avian tubercle bacilli, 90 to 100% of the unclassified mycobacteria, 100% of the saprophytic acid-fast bacilli, and 100% of the miscellaneous mycobacterial strains exhibited growth, despite the high concentration of PAS. However, all of the avian strains, 28 of the 30 unclassified mycobacteria, and 2 of the Myco. balnei organisms yielded dysgonic growth. Although 3 of the 35 human and bovine strains showed some growth, never more than 2 dysgonic colonies were observed in any of the six tests. All of the control cultures exhibited confluent growth. Fourteen (56%) of the 25 Myco. fortuitum strains exhibited a blackening reaction within 7 days. Five (20%) of these gave this colour change in less than 24 hours. None of the straisn in the other groups of mycobacteria showed the blackening reaction. One of the Myco. smegmatis and one of the Myco. butyricum strains showed a dark brown discoloration of the medium after 7 days, but no definite blackening was observed. The PAS medium is simple, easy to use, and economical. Although it has proved helpful as a screening tool for the differentiation of certain groups of mycobacteria it should be used in conjunction with other differential procedures.
Bowel preparation before colonoscopy. Choosing the best lavage regimen.

PreviewWhen primary care providers refer patients directly for colonoscopy, it is important that they select the best bowel- cleansing regimen for each patient. But not all such regimens are created equal, as these authors discovered during a review of the English-language literature on colon lavage before colonoscopy. Drs Tooson and Gates recommend four methods that, on the basis of prospective randomized trial results, appear to be safe and effective in selected circumstances.
Determinacy theory for the Livšic moments problem

The Livtc moments problem as formulated by Gil de Lamadrid [6] is presented in terms of a given vector space F of complex functions, called test functions, defined on R = (-00, + co) and a given pseudo-inner product (nonnegative sesquilinear form) on F. The problem is to find a positive measure p on R which gives an integral representation of the pseudo-inner product. This problem includes the classical Hamburger moments problem and the Bochner theorem on positive definite functions on R. Livgic [IO] and other Russian authors [l, 81 have limited their discussion of this problem to the existence of a solution. On the other hand, even for the Hamburger problem, the solution is not in general unique. This has led to the classical determinacy theory for the Hamburger problem [l, 17, 181. This theory is concerned with the classification of solutions, the study of the structure of the set of solutions, the characterization of those problems which are determinate (have a unique solution), and the study of the supports of solutions. Recently, Gil de Lamadrid [6] initiated the study of the determinacy theory for the LivSic problem. His method, as that of LivZic, was based on Naimark’s theory of transcendental extensions (extensions to larger spaces) of a symmetric operator [12, 13, 14, 151. U 1 aimark proved the existence of transcendental extensions of a symmetric operator and analyzed the set of all such extensions. He pointed to the application of his theory to the moments problem by establishing a one-to-one correspondence between the set of solutions of the Hamburger problem and the set of equivalence classes of minimal self-adjoint extensions of the operator of multiplication by the independent variable which appears naturally in the problem. Later, LivEic used Naimark’s existence theorem to establish the existence of a solution of a
The Future of Sociology

The variety of efforts that have constituted the twentieth-century sociological project are to be celebrated. Although the author is somewhat ambivalent about sociology's future, he is confident of its substantial continuation. Yet he worries about its future as an identifiable scholarly craft on U.S. campuses. Contemporary working sociologists must protect their craft's legacy by making a nurturing place for young scholars in the U.S. academy.
Oral health status and related behaviours of U.S. nursing home residents, 1995.

Setting: The 1995 U.S. National Nursing Home Survey. Aims: A descriptive overview of reported oral health status and related behaviours for residents. Design:Cross-sectional survey. Subjects:8,056 residents. Intervention:Interviews by knowledgeable staff, examination of charts and/or personal knowledge. Main outcome measures: Information on the overall condition of oral health, edentulous status, presence/absence of dentures, difficulty chewing or biting, dental care received in past month, and method of payment for dental services in addition to personal characteristics and medical information. Results:Fifteen percent of the residents were described as having excellent or very good oral health. Forty-one percent of the residents had difficulty chewing and biting. Almost one half of nursing home residents (47%) were totally edentulous. Twenty-six percent of residents had dental services paid for during the past month. Nursing home residents have multiple known barriers to oral health: ability to pay, extended periods of time without direct access to the dental care delivery system, and serious chronic medical conditions. Conclusions:There are serious deficiencies in acheiving one of the US national health objectives: ensuring adequate oral health care for institutionalized individuals.
Modeling action potential generation during single and dual electrode stimulation of CA3 axons in hippocampal slice

Despite widespread use of electrical stimulation of hippocampal brain slices, the precise sites of action potential initiation and propagation are unknown. To better understand these sites, we modeled axon recruitment by coupling stimulation-induced electric potential fields to biophysical models of CA3 axon arbors in mouse hippocampal brain slices. Geometrically realistic CA3 axon arbors were generated from prior anatomic observations. For single electrode stimulation, 95% of initiation sites were no further than 135@mm away and propagation sites were no further than 875@mm. Using dual electrode stimulation, additional axon arbor pieces were recruited, an effect that increased with distance between stimulating electrodes.
Some remarks on the decomposition properties of the single machine total tardiness problem

Abstract The note extends Lawler’s [E.L. Lawler, A pseudopolynomial algorithm for sequencing jobs to minimize total tardiness, Annals of Discrete Mathematics, 1 (1977) 331–342] fundamental decomposition theorem. This extension serves as a basis for alternate criteria that recognize when the problem is non-decomposable. It also shows that even relaxing a single criterion to a weak inequality may contradict Lawler’s (1977) decomposition theorem.
Cost implications of specialized coagulation testing for acute ischemic stroke.

Abstract Background and Purpose: Hypercoagulable states are a rare but recognized cause of ischemic stroke. Evaluation for these coagulation disorders is costly, but establishing a diagnosis may lead to a change in treatment. We estimated the incremental cost of specialized coagulation testing per additional ischemic stroke patient placed on a regimen of warfarin therapy. Methods: The cost-effectiveness analysis was performed based on data from a consecutive series of 674 adult ischemic stroke patients admitted to an academic medical center over a 3-year period. Those with atrial fibrillation or warfarin contraindications were excluded. Specialized coagulation test costs (protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, plasminogen, activated protein C resistance/factor V Leiden mutation, lupus anticoagulant, and anticardiolipin antibodies) were based on Medicare reimbursement rates. Effectiveness was defined as the difference in proportions of patients tested for coagulation disorders (coagulopathy present, normal complete battery, or incomplete) and treated with warfarin versus those patients who were not tested and treated with warfarin (the comparator). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was defined as the cost associated with changing 1 patient to warfarin therapy. Results: The base case ICER was $1,102 per additional patient treated with warfarin. The only factor that led to a significant change in the ICER was the proportion of untested patients treated with warfarin. The results of 2-way sensitivity analyses revealed a minimum ICER of $496 and a maximum ICER of $2,959. Conclusions: Strategies optimizing the selection of patients for specialized coagulation testing are needed. Outcomes-based cost-effectiveness cannot be determined until the impact of secondary prevention with anticoagulation in patients with specific coagulopathies is known. Copyright © 2001 by National Stroke Association
State mixing effects produced by optical frequency fields in the 3.39 μ He - Ne laser

Abstract The splitting of the fine structure levels 3p4, 3p2 of neon has been studied using the difference frequency resonance technique of Schlossberg and Javan. For high power levels on one of the fields, the resonance line shape splits into a doublet, which is interpreted as due to the three level state mixing effect.
Expansions for q n 2 +2n ∞ and basic hypergeometric series in U ( n )

Abstract In this paper we derive new, more symmetrical expansions for (q; q)∞n2+2n by means of our multivariable generalization of Andrews' variation of the standard proof of Jacobi's (q; q)∞3 result. Our proof relies upon a new multivariable extension of the Jacobi triple product identity. This result is deduced elsewhere by the second author from a U(n) multiple basic hypergeometric series generalization of Watson's very-well-poised 8φ7 transformation. The derivation of our (q; q)∞n2+2n result utilizes partial derivatives and dihedral group symmetries to write the sum over regions in n-space. In addition, we prove that our expansions for (q; q)∞n2+2n are equivalent to Macdonald's An family of eta-function identities.
Early deprivation alters the vocalization behavior of neonates directing maternal attention in a rat model of child neglect.

: Animal models of child neglect (known as maternal separation or early deprivation) have suggested a causal link to subsequent depression and/or anxiety in children. In this experiment, the acoustical features of the ultrasonic calls emitted by a rat pup when separated from its dam were analyzed as well as the maternal behavior when the dam was allowed to retrieve the pup. Bout structure and harmonic double shifts did differ between controls and “neglected” pups, as did maternal attention. This model will be used to determine neural mechanisms underlying deficits in attachment behavior.
Duality for nonlinear multiple-criteria optimization problems

In this paper, we develop a duality theory for nonlinear multiple-criteria optimization problems. The theory associates to efficient points a matrix, rather than a vector, of dual variables. We introduce a saddle-point dual problem, study stability concepts and Kuhn-Tucker conditions, and provide an economic interpretation of the dual matrix. The results are compared to the classical approach of deriving duality, by applying nonlinear programming duality theory to a problem obtained by conveniently weighting the criteria. Possible directions for future research are discussed.
Sulfhydryl groups during the s phase: Comparison of cells from G1, plateau-phase G1, and G0

The non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) content of cells moving into S from G1, plateau phase G1, and G0 was measured. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells accumulated in G1 by growth into plateau phase contain only one-fourth the NPSH concentration of cycling C1 cells or G1 cells accumulated by brief growth in isoleucine-deficient medium. Upon dilution of plateau cultures with fresh medium, cellular NPSH content increases rapidly, reaching the same level as that in cycling cells within four hours. This increase is prevented by cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D or hydroxyurea. Neither CHO cells cycling in vitro nor salivary gland G0 cells stimulated with isoproterenol in vivo show significant changes in intracellular NPSH concentrations during S phase. This suggests that the concentration of intracellular NPSH (glutathione) remains constant during the cell cycle except when cells are grown to plateau phase in exhausted or deficient medium, in which case normal degradation exceeds synthesis and the gross level falls until fresh medium is provided and synthesis, apparently on preexisting RNA templates, accelerates.
Evaluating the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer in glaucoma. I: Clinical examination and photographic methods.

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and is characterized in part by specific changes in the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer. Currently, subjective clinical examination and fundus photography are the most common ways of detecting structural change in glaucoma and monitoring its progression. In the first part of this two-part article, the authors overview structural changes of the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer in glaucoma and describe and evaluate photographic methods for observing these changes. In the second part of this article (this issue), recent developments in computer-based optical imaging techniques that allow objective evaluation of the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer are described
Ultrastructure of cockroach cardiac innervation

Paired segmental nerve bundles in Periplaneta americana which join the lateral cardiac nerve cords near each ostial value in the abdominal heart are composed of at least three ordinary axons each enclosed by layers of glial tissue. The majority of the bundle cross section is composed of a large number of neurosecretory axons characterized by the absence of glial folding and which can be grouped into three separate types by small electron dense, large electron dense, or electron opaque axoplasmic granules. Axons with small dense granules make neuromuscular junctions with the heart and synapse near motor nerves in the lateral cardiac cord. The formation of release sites in the lateral cord by both small and large electron dense granule axons from the segmental nerve is confirmed. The electron opaque granule in some axons of the segmental nerve is assumed to be precursor material. A fourth distinct axon containing a large electron transparent. granule of unknown origin was found in the lateral cardiac nerve cord and makes a neuromuscular junction with the heart. Also found in the lateral cardiac cord is a neuron cell which is not a cardiac ganglion cell with cytological evidence of neurosecretory synthesis. Neurosecretory material delivered from the ventral ganglion chain to the vicinity of the heart is considered to comprise in part a cardio-regulatory system in the cockroach with some analogy to other invertebrates. No other physiological role is known for the extensively developed cardiac neurosecretory system, although the multitude of apparent active processes suggests participation other than simple control of the heart.
Prednisone effects on neurochemistry and behavior. Preliminary findings.

• To evaluate the neurochemical, neuroendocrine, and behavioral effects of exogenous corticosteroids in humans, we administered prednisone (80 mg/d orally for 5 days) in a double-blind manner to 12 medically healthy volunteers. Behavioral measures were assessed before, during, and after prednisone administration in all 12 subjects, and cerebrospinal fluid biochemistry was assessed before and during prednisone administration in 9 of the subjects. Prednisone administration was associated with decreases in cerebrospinal fluid levels of corticotropin, norepinephrine, β-endorphin, β-lipotropin, and somatostatinlike immunoreactivity. No significant changes were noted in cerebrospinal fluid levels of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, corticotropinreleasing hormone, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, homevanillic acid, or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. No consistent or significant group mean changes were observed in structured behavioral ratings, although 9 (75%) of the volunteers studied reported mild behavioral changes while receiving prednisone. Correlations between the neurochemical and behavioral changes are discussed.
Effect on in vivo tumorigenicity of lengthy exposure of human colon cancer cells to the differentiation agent hexamethylene bisacetamide.

Abstract The heterogeneity of tumor responses to maturation agents was studied using the multipotential, non-cloned human colon carcinoma cell line HT29. Short-term treatment (5 cell doublings) with the differentiation agent hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) induced a sharp decrease in tumorigenicity in vivo and loss of a cell surface malignancy marker. However, prolonged treatment (22 cell doublings) with the agent lead to loss of the HMBA-sensitive subpopulation from the mass culture, and enrichment of a tumorigenic, HMBA-resistant subpopulation.
Agent modeling: models of defeat

Coalition operations are increasingly effects-based, which means they apply force only as necessary to achieve political and psychological effects. Capture the Flag is a wargaming environment that includes intelligent, autonomous adversaries. Our planner previously focused on two goals: occupying objectives and attrition. But attrition is a means to the defeat of one's enemies, not an end in itself. For Capture the Flag to plan for defeat, it needs a model of defeat. We model the "capacity for conflict" as a leaky bucket: when a unit's bucket is full, it has no more capacity for conflict and it capitulates. Flow into and out of the bucket is modulated by several factors including attrition and heroism. The model is inherently dynamical, so it exhibits the time-dependent behaviors one observes in real conflicts; for example, identical attacks will have different effects on capitulation as a function of their timing.
Experiments on transverse bunch compression on the Princeton Paul Trap Simulator experiment

The Paul trap simulator experiment is a compact laboratory Paul trap that simulates a long, thin charged- particle bunch coasting through a kilometers-long magnetic alternating-gradient (AG) transport system by putting the physicist in the beam's frame-of-reference. The transverse dynamics of particles in both systems are described by the same sets of equations, including all nonlinear space- charge effects. The time-dependent quadrupolar electric fields created by the confinement electrodes of a linear Paul trap correspond to the axially-dependent magnetic fields applied in the AG system. Results are presented from experiments in which the lattice period is changed over the course of the experiment to transversely compress a beam with an initial depressed-tune of 0.9. Instantaneous and smooth changes are considered. Emphasis is placed on determining the conditions that minimize the emittance growth and the number of halo particles produced after the beam compression. Envelope equation solutions agree well with the experimental data.