cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Previously Unreported in Women Galactosidase Alpha Pro409Ser Variant Is Associated With Fabry Disease.

Fabry disease is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder involving a deficiency in α- galactosidase A. This condition results in an impaired ability to metabolize globotriaosylceramide in the glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway, which accumulates within tissues throughout the body. Fabry disease affects 1 in 40 000 to 117 000 men with an unknown prevalence in women.1 Clinical presentations can be variable, ultimately resulting in potentially severe end-organ damage. In light of the variability in clinical presentation and rarity of the disease, initial misdiagnosis is common with a mean delay to diagnosis of between 13.7 and 16.3 years from symptom onset.1 Typical manifestations can include cutaneous lesions (angiokeratoma corporis), peripheral neuropathy, cerebrovascular accidents, proteinuria, renal insufficiency, and cardiac dysfunction.2,3 Cardiac manifestations include increased ventricular wall thickness, heart failure, valvular thickening and dysfunction, and coronary artery disease.2,3 Accurate and early diagnosis is imperative because early treatment with agalsidase β had been demonstrated to reduce the incidence of major adverse outcomes, including renal failure, stroke, cardiac events, and death.2 A 50-year-old woman presented to our institution with a recent onset of worsening exertional shortness of breath, fatigue, and chest tightness on a background of a presumptive diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy made 10 years before. Her family history was significant for ischemic heart disease in her father and brother and valvular disease in her sister, but there was no known family history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. There were no other systemic symptoms, and clinical examination revealed a holosystolic murmur without other features of systemic disease, including cornea verticillata. Baseline renal function was normal with a creatinine of 0.8 mg/dL. Echocardiography (Figure 1A and 1B) demonstrated severe concentric increase in left ventricular wall thickness with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve leaflets resulting in severe left ventricular outflow tract …
Effect of House Cricket (Acheta domesticus) Flour Addition on Physicochemical and Textural Properties of Meat Emulsion Under Various Formulations.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of house cricket (Acheta domesticus) flour addition on physicochemical and textural properties of meat emulsion under various formulations. As an initial marker of functionality, protein solubility, water absorption, emulsifying capacity, and gel formation ability of house cricket flour were determined at pH (2 to 10) and NaCl concentrations (0 to 2.10 M). Control emulsion was formulated with 60% lean pork, 20% back fat, and 20% ice. Six treatment emulsions were prepared with replacement of lean pork and/or back fat portions with spray-dried house cricket flour at 5% and 10% levels, based on a total sample weight. The protein solubility of house cricket flour (67 g protein/100 g) was significantly altered depending upon pH (P 0.05). The replacement of lean meat/fat portion with house cricket flour within 10% level could fortify protein and some micronutrients (phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium) in meat emulsion, without negative impacts on cooking yield and textural properties. Our results suggest that house cricket flour can be used as an effective nonmeat functional ingredient to manufacture emulsified meat products. Practical application To better utilize house cricket flour as a food ingredient in wide application, understanding its technological properties in various pH, and ionic strength conditions is a pivotal step. Protein solubility of house cricket flour would be considerably affected by the varying pH and NaCl concentrations of applied conventional foods. In the case of meat emulsion, within 10% lean meat and/or fat portions could be successfully substituted with house cricket flour without detectable adverse impacts on technological properties associated with cooking yield and instrumental analysis of texture. Thus, our findings suggest that house cricket flour possess the necessary physical properties to be used as an alternative nonmeat ingredient for incorporation within emulsified meat products, which could be further explored in subsequent sensory-based studies.
On the Rate Regions of Single-Channel and Multi-Channel Full-Duplex Links

We study the achievable rate regions of full-duplex links in the single- and multi-channel cases (in the latter case, the channels are assumed to be orthogonal, e.g., OFDM). We present analytical results that characterize the uplink and downlink rate region and efficient algorithms for computing rate pairs at the region’s boundary. We also provide near-optimal and heuristic algorithms that “convexify” the rate region when it is not convex. The convexified region corresponds to a combination of a few full-duplex rates (i.e., to time sharing between different operation modes). The algorithms can be used for theoretical characterization of the rate region as well as for resource (time, power, and channel) allocation with the objective of maximizing the sum of the rates when one of them (uplink or downlink) must be guaranteed (e.g., due to QoS considerations). We numerically illustrate the rate regions and the rate gains (compared with time division duplex) for various channel and cancellation scenarios. The analytical results provide insights into the properties of the full-duplex rate region and are essential for future development of scheduling, channel allocation, and power control algorithms.
Coupling calcium to SNARE-mediated synaptic vesicle fusion.

Calcium triggers vesicle fusion, but the molecular mechanism is largely unknown. Now Ilardi and colleagues identify Snapin, a protein that may provide the missing link.
Abstract 20523: Immune Responsive Gene 1-Itaconate Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction to Impair Ischemic Muscle Revascularization and Perfusion Recovery

Introduction: IRG1 processes citrate to itaconate in mitochondrial Krebs cycle. We have recently shown that IRG1 expression inversely correlates with perfusion recovery in preclinical PAD model (hi...
High-pressure Condensing Refrigerant Flows Through Microchannels, Part II: Heat Transfer Models

ABSTRACTCondensation of high-pressure refrigerants in small-diameter channels over a wide range of reduced pressures approaching the critical point is investigated in this two-part study. Part I presented pressure drop measurements and a two-phase pressure drop model. In this paper, Part II of the study, a condensation heat transfer model is presented. Heat transfer coefficients were measured during condensation of R404A in circular channels (inner diameter = 0.86, 1.55, 3.05 mm) over the entire quality range. The saturation temperature was varied from 30 to 60°C, and mass flux from 200 to 800 kg m-2 s-1, to evaluate their effects on condensation heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer model is developed using a microchannel flow regime map and the void fraction model previously developed by the authors. The resulting model predicts 93.6% of the data within ±25%. The model exhibited good agreement with data from condensing ammonia and carbon dioxide, predicting 84.8% and 97% of their data within ±25%...
Periodic Orbits, Entanglement, and Quantum Many-Body Scars in Constrained Models: Matrix Product State Approach

We analyze quantum dynamics of strongly interacting, kinetically constrained many-body systems. Motivated by recent experiments demonstrating surprising long-lived, periodic revivals after quantum quenches in Rydberg atom arrays, we introduce a manifold of locally entangled spin states, representable by low-bond dimension matrix product states, and derive equations of motion for them using the time-dependent variational principle. We find that they feature isolated, unstable periodic orbits, which capture the recurrences and represent nonergodic dynamical trajectories. Our results provide a theoretical framework for understanding quantum dynamics in a class of constrained spin models, which allow us to examine the recently suggested explanation of "quantum many-body scarring" [Nat. Phys. 14, 745 (2018)NPAHAX1745-247310.1038/s41567-018-0137-5], and establish a possible connection to the corresponding phenomenon in chaotic single-particle systems.
Structure-Activity Correlation of Subtilisin Immobilized on Modified Poly (Ether) Sulfone Membrane by Covalent and Non-Covalent Linkages

Synthetic membranes are polymeric membranes and have many applications. These include reactions, separations, analysis, and medical devices. A biofunctional membrane may be defined as a synthetic membrane to which a biological molecule is bound for a specific function. Enzymes immobilized on polymeric membranes are an example of a biofunctional membrane.
Superhero as Metaphor: Using Creative Pedagogies to Engage

Video case studies of realistic scenarios have long been used to illustrate course concepts and provide variety in the classroom. The growing popularity of superheroes in film suggests an openness to experience beyond the traditional fare. This qualitative study uses content analysis to explore how students' understanding of ethics concepts changed over time after viewing a superhero film and writing with metaphor. A pre-test post-test design was used, where students in an undergraduate management course completed a writing assignment before and after experiencing the film. Results suggest that after students were exposed to the treatment, they had a deeper understanding of the role of personal ethics and were better able to articulate their new knowledge in writing. Implications for future research are discussed.
Effective Stress and Capillary Pressure in Unsaturated Porous Media

The effective stress and capillary pressure in unsaturated porous media are analyzed from a micromechanical ansatz. The assumptions underlying the commonly used Bishop’s expression for effective stress are elucidated.
Abstract 16219: Effects of Netrin-1 on Vascular Injury and Repair

Post-angioplasty restenosis is a major complication after angioplasty surgery. While several strategies exist to limit this phenomenon, they each have their own shortcomings. In this work, we tested whether netrin-1, which we have shown previously to be a powerful angiogenic and cardioprotective agent via production of nitric oxide (NO), can be used to prevent the typical phenotypes of restenosis using the femoral wire injury mice model. Animals were infused with either vehicle or netrin-1 (15 ng/day) via an osmotic pump for 14 days with the netrin-1 grouped started 2 days prior. On the second day, femoral artery injury was performed by passing a guide wire inside of the right femoral artery 3 times, each time held for 30 seconds. The artery was then ligated and checked for blood flow before closure of the wound site. Sham surgery was performed on the left femoral artery. Femoral arteries were harvested 12 days after the surgery, fixed in paraffin, and sectioned in paraffin. Visualization of the vessels using H & E and trichrome staining reveals neointimal formation when compared to uninjured controls, which was abolished in netrin-1 treated animals. This effect of netrin-1 was not observed in DCC+/- animals, which are deficient in the receptor for netrin-1. In additional experiments we found that netrin-1 potently and dose-dependently inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation, which are hallmarks of neointimal formation and restenosis. These responses were also inhibited by pre-incubation of the cells with DCC-antibody. It has been shown that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important in vascular repair. In parallel experiments we found that pre-treatment of bone marrow-derived EPCs with netrin-1 markedly attenuated hydrogen peroxide induced EPC apoptosis (14% dead cells from 45% in untreated group). In summary, netrin-1 appears to inhibit vascular injury and promote vascular repair via attenuation of VSMC migration and proliferation, as well as promotion of EPC survival, resulting in reduced neointimal formation and likely restenosis. These data represent the fist evidence that netrin-1 can be used as a powerful protector against vascular injury.
Using situational crisis communication theory to understand Orlando hotels’ Twitter response to three crises in the summer of 2016

The purpose of this paper is to assess the crisis communication strategies implemented by hotel and lodging organizations via social media. Specifically, this study analyzed Twitter content by hotels in Orlando, Florida during the summer of 2016 when several crises occurred that made global media coverage, including the alligator snatching on Disney property, the mass shooting at Pulse nightclub and growing concerns of Zika virus.,To understand crisis communication in the hotel industry, this study was guided by the technology-environment-organization framework and situational crisis communication theory (SCCT). Twitter content between June 1 and August 31, 2016 from Orlando hotels was collected and content analyzed to determine: was the message related to the crisis event, the SCCT strategy used and the influence of hotel organizational factors (ownership, size, classification) on the use of social media for crisis communication.,Results indicate that most hotels are not currently using Twitter as a form of crisis communication. Only the shooting at Pulse Nightclub was communicated and the SCCT bolster strategy was used throughout each of the crisis-related message, reminding stakeholders that they too are a victim.,This study provides insight into the ways hotels are using social media for crisis communication. Each crisis explored was different, and while the hotels were not responsible for creating the crises, they are responsible for the safety of guests. These results inform hoteliers that there is a responsibility to communicate during a crisis, particularly for informative purposes.
Association Between Breastfeeding and Childhood Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors.

Introduction The immediate benefits of breastfeeding are well-established but the long-term health benefits are less well-known. West Virginia (WV) has a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and lower breastfeeding rates compared to national averages. There is a paucity of research examining the relationship between breastfeeding and subsequent childhood CVD risk factors, an issue of particular relevance in WV. Methods This study used longitudinally linked data from three cross-sectional datasets in WV (N = 11,980). The information on breastfeeding was obtained retrospectively via parental recall when the child was in the fifth grade. The outcome variables included blood pressure measures [systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP)] and lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), non-HDL, and triglycerides (TG)]. Multiple regression analyses were performed, adjusting for childhood body mass index (BMI) and additional covariates. Results Only 43% of mothers self-reported ever breastfeeding. The unadjusted analysis showed that children who were ever vs. never breastfed had significantly lower SBP (b = − 1.39 mmHg; 95% CI − 1.97, − 0.81), DBP (b = − 0.79 mmHg; 95% CI − 1.26, − 0.33), log-TG (b = − 0.08; 95% CI − 0.1, − 0.05), and higher HDL (b = 0.95 mg/dL; 95% CI 0.33, 1.56). After adjustment for the child’s BMI, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, log-TG remained significantly associated with breastfeeding (b = − 0.04; 95% CI − 0.06, − 0.01; p = 0.01). Conclusion The observed protective effect of any breastfeeding on childhood TG level was small but significant. This finding provides some support for a protective effect of breastfeeding on later CVD risk.
IR spectroscopic quantification of small molecule transport and desorption phenomena in polymers

Abstract The application, continued performance, and degradation behavior of polymers often depends on their interaction with small organic or gaseous volatiles. Understanding the underlying permeation and diffusion properties of materials is crucial for predicting their barrier properties (permeant flux), drying behavior, solvent loss or tendency to trap small molecules, as well as their interaction with materials in the vicinity due to off-gassing phenomena, perhaps leading to compatibility concerns. Further, the diffusion of low Mw organics is also important for mechanistic aspects of degradation processes. Based on our need for improved characterization methods, a FTIR-based spectroscopic gas/volatile quantification setup was designed and evaluated for determination of the diffusion, desorption and transport behavior of small IR-active molecules in polymers. At the core of the method, a modified, commercially available IR transmission gas cell monitors time-dependent gas concentration. Appropriate experimental conditions, e.g. desorption or permeation under continuous flow or static gas conditions, are achieved using easily adaptable external components such as flow controllers and sample ampoules. This study presents overview approaches using the same IR detection methodology to determine diffusivity (desorption into a static gas environment, continuous gas flow, or intermittent desorption) and permeability (static and dynamic flow detection). Further, the challenges encountered for design and setup of IR gas quantification experiments, related to calibration and gas interaction, are presented. These methods establish desorption and permeation behavior of solvents (water and methanol), CO2 off-gassing from foam, and offer simultaneous measurements of the permeation of several gases in a gas mixture (CO2, CO and CH4) through polymer films such as epoxy and Kapton. They offer complementary guidance for material diagnostics and understanding of basic properties in sorption and transport behavior often of relevance to polymer degradation or materials reliability phenomena.
Cardiac Evaluation of Children With a Family History of Sudden Death

Abstract Background After sudden death occurs in the young, first-degree family members should undergo clinical screening for occult cardiac disease, but the diagnostic yield from screening is not well-defined in the United States. Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical predictors of cardiac diagnosis in children referred for evaluation following a sudden death in the family. Methods Patients referred for a family history of sudden death were evaluated in a retrospective review from a tertiary pediatric referral center. Results Among 419 pediatric relatives of 256 decedents, 27% of patients were diagnosed with a disease or had a clinical finding of uncertain significance. Patients were diagnosed with heritable cardiac disease in 39 cases (9.3%). Nonheritable cardiac disease was diagnosed in another 5.5% of patients. Clinical findings of uncertain significance were present in 52 patients (12.4%), including abnormal electrophysiological test results (41 of 52) or imaging test results (11 of 52). Among patients diagnosed with a heritable cardiac disease, the nearest affected relative was almost always a first-degree relative (37 of 39, 95%). The strongest predictors for a successful diagnosis in the patient were an abnormal electrocardiogram and a first-degree relationship to the nearest affected relative (odds ratios: 24.2 and 18.8, respectively). Conclusions Children referred for a family history of sudden death receive cardiac disease diagnoses (14%), but clinical findings of uncertain significance increase the challenge of clinical management. The importance of a diagnosis in first-degree affected relatives supports the clinical practice of testing intervening family members first when patients are second- or higher-degree relatives to the decedent.
Green infrastructure in western Washington and Oregon: Perspectives from a regional summit

Abstract Green infrastructure (GI) has grown in acceptance as a sustainable means to manage stormwater in urbanizing landscapes, while providing a multitude of additional benefits that range from improving community health to protecting local ecosystems. The mandated use of GI for the management of stormwater is arguably more prevalent in the Pacific Northwest, where GI is a required practice per municipal stormwater regulations in western Washington State, and the City of Portland OR. However, adoption in the region has faced several challenges. A regional summit to elucidate some of these successes and challenges was organized in Oregon and drew attendees from western Oregon and Washington. Six challenges that impact GI adoption, and six themes that emerged as possible strategies to overcome these challenges, were identified. The six challenges that were identified were: the lack of coordination, traditionalism, site-specific scales, environmental costs, a lack of expertise, and little consideration for maintenance. The six emergent themes identified were: the need for adaptive design and maintenance, the placement of GI for maximum impact, the concept of collective impact, valuation of GI, equity and GI, and the intersection of GI and community health.
Racism-related stress and psychological distress: Black Women’s Experiences Living with Lupus study:

Disparate health consequences in African American women with systemic lupus erythematosus include greater severity of physical and psychological distress. Racism-related stress is also related to psychological distress correlates in this population. This study examined the relationships between racism-related experiences, psychological distress, and systemic lupus erythematosus activity in 430 African American women from the Black Women's Experiences Living with Lupus study. The structural equation model suggests that psychological distress mediates the relationship between racism-related stress and systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity. The impact of racism-related stress on systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity may occur primarily through their impact on psychological health variables. Implications for clinical care and future directions are explored.
Influence of defect characteristics on tensile deformation of an additively manufactured stainless steel: Evolutions of texture and intergranular strain

Abstract The micromechanics of plastic deformation behavior of a selective laser melt processed austenitic stainless steel were studied by investigating the evolutions of texture and intergranular strain using in situ high-energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction (sXRD). The effects of defect characteristics on tensile behavior were studied using three different samples: a near full-density sample with elliptical closed voids and two samples with lack-of-fusion (LOF) defects tensile loaded either perpendicular or parallel to their major axes. The evolutions of pole figures and inverse pole figures show that the full-density specimen develops a strong (111)/(200) fiber texture along the loading direction. For both LOF specimens, the evolution of texture is qualitatively similar to the full-density counterpart, but the development of the fiber texture was much slower, indicating a limited plasticity at a given macroscopic strain. The intergranular strain evolution in the full-density specimen is similar to that of a wrought 316L stainless steel. Conversely, a significantly different intergranular strain development was observed in a LOF specimen, where tensile strain development was observed in both the axial and transverse directions. The influence of defect type, density, and orientation on the local stress states in the steel matrix and the evolutions of intergranular strains is discussed.
An Evaluation of the Process and Quality Improvement Measures of the University of Virginia Cancer Center Tobacco Treatment Program

Tobacco use after a cancer diagnosis can increase risk of disease recurrence, increase the likelihood of a second primary cancer, and negatively impact treatment efficacy. The implementation of system-wide comprehensive tobacco cessation in the oncology setting has historically been low, with over half of cancer clinicians reporting that they do not treat or provide a referral to cessation resources. This quality improvement study evaluated the procedures for assessing and documenting tobacco use among cancer survivors and referring current smokers to cessation resources at the University of Virginia Cancer Center. Process mapping revealed 20 gaps across two major domains: electronic health record (EHR), and personnel barriers. The top identified priority was inconsistent documentation of tobacco use status as it impacted several downstream gaps. Eleven of the 20 gaps were deemed a high priority, and all were addressed during the implementation of the resulting Tobacco Treatment Program. Prioritized gaps were addressed using a combination of provider training, modifications to clinical workflow, and EHR modifications. Since implementation of solutions, the number of unique survivors receiving cessation treatment has increased from 284 survivors receiving cessation support during Year 1 of the initiative to 487 in Year 3. The resulting Tobacco Treatment Program provides a systematic, personalized, and sustainable comprehensive cessation program that optimizes the multifaceted workflow of the Cancer Center and has the potential to reduce tobacco use in a population most in need of cessation support.
Current evidence supporting a goal of singletons: a review of maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with twin versus singleton pregnancies after in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

With increasing use of in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF-ICSI) almost 2% of all babies born in the United States each year are now conceived with these technologies, making outcomes of IVF-ICSI extremely important not only to patients and families but to public health. Twin pregnancy rates after IVF-ICSI in the United States have declined since their peak in 2013 but remain at approximately 1 in 10 to 1 in 20 pregnancies. A review of the current international literature on twin versus singleton pregnancy outcomes after IVF-ICSI treatment confirms statistically significantly higher risks to maternal and perinatal health and statistically significantly higher health care costs. The field of infertility care should continue to work to develop practices that lower twin pregnancy rates to an absolute minimum to maximize the safety of these medical treatments.
Amino-Deliquescence and Amino-Efflorescence of Methylammonium Lead Iodide

Driven by the exceptional optoelectronic performance and prospective applications of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (HPs), an array of methods to synthesize and process HPs has been developed...
Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini

Introduction 1 The Ethos of Shi'ism 2 Approaches to the Imamate: Traditional, Theological, Philosophical and Mystical 3 Mode of Succession and Imam's Policy vis-a-vis the Rulers 4 Shi'i State Models during the Major Occultation 5 Khomeini's Concept of Governance and its Critique 6 The Case for Secularity in Islam: Traditional and Foundational Ijtihad Conclusion
Recovery and Stability of DNA in Samples of Forensic Science Significance.

The ability to recover sufficient amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from various biological evidentiary samples for individualization purposes is discussed. The chemistry and stability of DNA under various conditions is reviewed. The recovery of nondegraded DNA bears directly on the ability to successfully analyze such samples by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, as well as by methods utilizing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which includes (1) reverse dot-blot hybridization using allele-specific oligonucleotide probes and (2) allele-specific fragment length polymorphism analysis, steroids with A-ring modifications, steroids with an extra ring, and steroids with B-ring and C-ring modifications. Common metabolic pathways are noted and summarized.
Role of lysosomes in cellular lytic processes: II. Cell death during holocrine secretion in sebaceous glands

Abstract The mechanism of holocrine secretion was investigated in rat sebaceous glands by means of combined electron microscopical and histochemical methods. Numerous lysosomes, apparently derived from the Golgi apparatus, were seen in the cells undergoing maturation. During the process of disintegration of the mature cells, the lysosomes seemed to release their hydrolases into the general cytoplasm. Numerous other examples can be found in the current literature which tend to indicate that lysosomal rupture may be a fairly general feature of cells undergoing autolysis.
Technical writing across the curriculum: process, problems, and progress

The Colorado School of Mines (USA) are currently developing a writing across the curriculum (WAC) program for their students, all of whom are engineering or applied science majors. The program consists of three major facets: a writing-intensive first year course; two writing-intensive EPICS (design) courses in the first and second year; and four writing-intensive courses in the major. All of these WAC efforts are strongly supported by a Writing Center staffed by a Writing Program Administrator and two full-time writing lecturers.
Mercuric chloride-induced cytotoxicity and compensatory hypertrophy in rat kidney proximal tubular cells

Previous work showed that uninephrectomized (NPX) rats are more susceptible to the nephropathy induced by some doses of HgCl2 than sham-operated (SHAM) rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of HgCl2 in proximal tubular (PT) cells isolated from the kidney(s) of both NPX and SHAM rats. The study was designed to test if isolated PT cells that have undergone compensatory hypertrophy in vivo are more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of HgCl2 in vitro than PT cells isolated from the kidneys of control animals. PT cells were purified from suspensions of renal cortical cells by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. The cellular content of protein (mg/10(6) cells) was 68% higher and the cellular specific activity (mU/10(6) cells) of lactate dehydrogenase was 56% higher in PT cells isolated from NPX rats than in PT cells isolated from SHAM rats. The cytotoxicity of HgCl2, as assessed by inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase activity, exhibited a steep concentration dependence. In the presence of bovine serum albumin, PT cells from both NPX and SHAM rats displayed no signs of cellular injury at concentrations of HgCl2 less than or equal to 0.1 mM. At concentrations of HgCl2 greater than or equal to 0.25 mM, cellular necrosis occurred rapidly in all PT cells. In the absence of bovine serum albumin, cellular injury and death occurred at concentrations of HgCl2 as low as 0.01 mM. PT cells from NPX rats exhibited signs of cellular injury at lower concentrations of HgCl2 than PT cells from SHAM rats when BSA was absent from the extracellular medium. Preincubation of PT cells from both NPX and SHAM rats with glutathione provided the cells with concentration-dependent protection from the cytotoxic effects of HgCl2. Preincubation of PT cells from both NPX and SHAM rats with the chelating agent 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate provided cells with complete protection from the cytotoxic effects of HgCl2 when the concentration of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate was slightly below or higher than the concentration of HgCl2. Results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of freshly isolated PT cells from NPX rats as an in vitro model system to investigate biochemical mechanisms by which compensatory renal growth alters susceptibility to chemical-induced nephrotoxicity.
Calculating The Cost of Capital of an Unlevered Firm For Use in Project Evaluation

The adjusted present value requires an estimate of the cost of equity of an unlevered firm. Traditional approaches for calculating this cost assume that firms maintain a constant market-value percentage of debt when in fact firms typically use a book-value percentage of debt. In this paper, we present an approach to correctly estimate the cost of equity of an unlevered firm whenever the firm fails to maintain a constant market-value-based leverage ratio. We also demonstrate that both the Modigliani and Miller (1963) and Miles and Ezzell (1980) approaches may yield substantial valuation errors when firms determine debt levels based on book-value percentages. In contrast our method makes no errors as long as managers know the marginal tax benefit of debt.
History of Low-Income Taxpayer Clinics

This article provides a chronological history of low-income tax clinics in the United States from their inception in 1974 to the present. It discusses leaders in the tax clinic movement such as Stuart Filler, Janet Spragens and Nina Olson and their impact on the growth of tax clinics. In addition to individual leaders, several institutions played significant roles in shaping the development of tax clinics. Tax clinics developed parallel to and then in conjunction with legal service corporation offices and academic clinics. The article discusses the growth of tax clinics within the broader growth of poverty law and the academic clinical movement. Finally, it looks at the challenges that lie ahead for tax clinics.
Bioavailable Level and Source of Cysteine Determine Protein Quality of a Commercial Enteral Product: Adequacy of Tryptophan but Deficiency of Cysteine for Rats Fed an Enteral Product Prepared Fresh or Stored Beyond Shelf Life

Young rats were used in bioassays designed to assess the protein quality and tryptophan as well as cystine adequacy of the enteral product TwoCal-HN that was either freshly prepared or had been stored (nonrefrigerated) in a warehouse for 10 mo (i.e., beyond shelf life). Based upon supplementation studies, cystine was observed to be the first-limiting amino acid in both fresh and expired TwoCal-HN, and tryptophan was not second limiting. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) of expired, but not fresh, TwoCal-HN was lower than that of the casein control diet, but with cystine supplementation, PER of the TwoCal-HN products was equal to or greater than the PER of the casein control. With a diet containing 10 g protein/100 g that also contained energy-furnishing ingredients simulating TwoCal-HN, maximal growth enhancement occurred with a supplement of 1 g cystine/kg diet. Both glutathione and N-acetyl-L-cysteine were observed to be equivalent to an isomolar level of L-cystine in stimulating growth. Using a chemically defined amino acid diet that was singly deficient in tryptophan, bioavailability of tryptophan was determined for casein, fresh TwoCal-HN, expired TwoCal-HN and D-tryptophan. Slope-ratio bioefficacy values relative to L-tryptophan (weight gain regressed on supplemental tryptophan intake) indicated that none of the experimental sources of tryptophan had bioavailabilities different from 100%. The results indicated that tryptophan did not deteriorate, as measured analytically or biologically, as a result of storing TwoCal-HN beyond shelf life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mutations that affect control of the methylesterase activity of CheB, a component of the chemotaxis adaptation system in Escherichia coli.

Sensory adaptation by the chemotaxis system of Escherichia coli requires adjustments of the extent of methyl esterification of the chemotaxis receptor proteins. One mechanism utilized by E. coli to make such adjustments is to control the activity of CheB, the enzyme responsible for removing receptor methyl ester groups. Previous work has established the existence of a multicomponent signal transduction pathway that enables the chemotaxis receptor proteins to control the methylesterase activity in response to chemotactic stimuli. We isolated and characterized CheB mutants that do not respond normally to this control mechanism. In intact cells these CheB variants could not be activated in response to negative chemotaxis stimuli. Further characterization indicated that these CheB variants could not be phosphorylated by the chemotaxis protein kinase CheA. Disruption of the mechanism responsible for regulating methylesterase activity was also observed in cells carrying chromosomal deletions of either cheA or cheW as well as in cells expressing mutant versions of CheA that lacked kinase activity. These results provide further support for recent proposals that activation of the methylesterase activity of CheB involves phosphorylation of CheB by CheA. Furthermore, our findings suggest that CheW plays an essential role in enabling the chemotaxis receptor proteins to control the methylesterase activity, possibly by controlling the CheA-CheB phosphotransfer reaction. Images
Letter from the Editor-in-Chief: Standing on the shoulders

This issue of JIBS begins with an exciting Special Issue (SI) on "Conflict, Security and Political Risk: International Business in Challenging Times", edited by Area Editor Witold Henisz and Guest Editors Edward Mansfield and Mary Ann Von Glinow. Fifty-four submissions to the SI were handled by the three SI Editors and by six Area Editors (Daniel Bello, Sea-Jin Chang, Lee Radebaugh, Lemma Senbet, Anand Swaminathan and Alain Verbeke). Four papers were accepted for publication and appear here, together with an Introduction by the SI Editors. I want to thank the editors, reviewers and authors for their excellent contributions to this
A generalized van der Waals theory of solid-fluid equilibria for non-spherical molecules

By making use of recently obtained theoretical and Monte Carlo simulation results for solid state thermodynamics and solid-fluid equilibria for systems of hard dumbbells a generalized van der Waals theory of solid-fluid equilibria has been formulated. The theory predicts how the temperature dependence of the solid-liquid (and vapour-liquid) equilibrium is influenced by non-spherical molecular shape for diatomic molecules. Two regimes of behaviour are identified, depending on whether the underlying hard dumbbell reference system freezes into a plastic crystal or an orientationally ordered crystal. The theory correctly predicts a decrease in the triple point temperature and density change on freezing between spherical molecules, such as argon, and slightly non-spherical molecules which freeze into plastic crystal phases such as nitrogen. An extension of the theory which includes a simplified treatment of the influence of quadrupolar interactions provides a plausible explanation for the relatively high reduc...
SNPs made routine.

With the sequencing of the human genome, millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, have been discovered and can be used as markers to identify genes contributing to common human diseases. Two large sets of SNPs have now been organized in panels for high-throughput genotyping.
Auditory implant research at the House Ear Institute 1989-2013.

The House Ear Institute (HEI) had a long and distinguished history of auditory implant innovation and development. Early clinical innovations include being one of the first cochlear implant (CI) centers, being the first center to implant a child with a cochlear implant in the US, developing the auditory brainstem implant, and developing multiple surgical approaches and tools for Otology. This paper reviews the second stage of auditory implant research at House - in-depth basic research on perceptual capabilities and signal processing for both cochlear implants and auditory brainstem implants. Psychophysical studies characterized the loudness and temporal perceptual properties of electrical stimulation as a function of electrical parameters. Speech studies with the noise-band vocoder showed that only four bands of tonotopically arrayed information were sufficient for speech recognition, and that most implant users were receiving the equivalent of 8-10 bands of information. The noise-band vocoder allowed us to evaluate the effects of the manipulation of the number of bands, the alignment of the bands with the original tonotopic map, and distortions in the tonotopic mapping, including holes in the neural representation. Stimulation pulse rate was shown to have only a small effect on speech recognition. Electric fields were manipulated in position and sharpness, showing the potential benefit of improved tonotopic selectivity. Auditory training shows great promise for improving speech recognition for all patients. And the Auditory Brainstem Implant was developed and improved and its application expanded to new populations. Overall, the last 25 years of research at HEI helped increase the basic scientific understanding of electrical stimulation of hearing and contributed to the improved outcomes for patients with the CI and ABI devices. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled .
Residue Requirements for Helical Folding in Short α/β-Peptides: Crystallographic Characterization of the 11-Helix in an Optimized Sequence

Design of functional foldamers requires knowledge of the conformational propensities of constituent residues. Here, we explore the effects of variations in both α-amino acid and β-amino acid substitution on α/β-peptide helicity. We also report the first X-ray crystal structure of a helical α/β-peptide. We conclude that a certain amount of conformational preorganization in α/β-peptides (via the inclusion of constrained β-amino acids or α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids) is needed to promote helical folding; acyclic β-amino acids and β-branched α-amino acids are tolerated to only a limited extent.
Isotonic solutions. VI. The permeability of red corpuscles to various salts of organic acids.

A comparison was made of van't Hoff i values calculated from hemolytic and freezing point data for various salts of gluconic acid. Sodium, potassium, and maoganese (II) gluconates gave higher i values by the hemolytic method than by the freezing point depression method; iron(II) and cobalt(II) gluconates gave lower i values by the hemolytic method. Magnesium and calcium gluconates gave higher i values by the hemolytic method with human erythrocytes but not with rabbit erythrocytes. Zinc gluconate gave extremely high hemolytic i values due to the partial precipitation of the oxyhemoglobin liberated from laked erythrocytes. Hemolytic i values of the gluconates were generally lowered when determine in the presence of sodium chloride. Erythrocytes from Negro donors were, on the average, more resistant to osmotic hemolysis than those from Caucasian donors. Results substantiate the premise that solutions calculated to be iscomotic with blood according to colligative property data are not necessarily isotomic to the red corpuscle.
Adaptive learning, adaptive utility, and rational behavior in a repeated prisoner's dilemma

Two dimensions of learning are explored in a repeated prisoner's dilemma experiment. Subject update their perceptions of the true model of their opponent's behavior. Subjects also update their beliefs Kraft Funds at the Fuqua School of Business, helpful comments by Robert Axelrod, Michael Cohen, Fred Feinberg, J. Keith Murnighan, Kip Viscusi, Bob Winkler, and two anonymous referees, and the programming assistance of Oris Stuart and Michael Guiry.
Soft-Tissue Masses: Optimal Imaging Protocol and Reporting

OBJECTIVE. Soft-tissue masses derive from a wide spectrum of tissues, and it may be difficult to differentiate nonneoplastic from neoplastic as well as benign from malignant lesions, to say nothing of making a single histologic diagnosis on the basis of imaging. The purpose of this article is to discuss optimal imaging protocols and reporting of soft-tissue masses. CONCLUSION. The radiologist should be prepared, if at all possible, to knowledgably examine the patient, optimize an imaging protocol, and differentiate among lesions. Specific features of an MRI examination must be discussed in each report to completely evaluate the mass and perform efficacious biopsy, staging, and eventual treatment of the lesion. Careful and systematic reporting of the examinations should avoid the devastating consequences of either overlooking a sarcoma or overtreating a benign lesion.
SYSTOLIC AORTIC VALVE COMPRESSION FROM PARTIAL DEHISCENCE OF AN AORTIC VALVE HOMOGRAFT

Implantation of valve prostheses provide improvement of symptoms and prolongation of life in selected patients with valvular heart disease. Meticulous follow-up of patients after valve surgery is essential as complications of valve failure, valve dehiscence, valve thrombosis, and infection may occur. The major mode of failure of aortic valve homografts is valve regurgitation, which is readily detected by physical examination. We report a case of left ventricular outflow obstruction after implantation of an aortic valve homograft.
Self-Determination Theory as a Guide to Fostering Environmental Motivation

Fostering environmental motivation to perform proenvironmental behaviors is an implicit goal of most environmental education (EE) programs. However, an inadequate amount of research has offered insight into how educators can foster environmental motivation through instruction, and the few studies that address this topic share a single theoretical perspective. The present author explored self-determination theory (SDT) as an alternative research paradigm to fostering environmental motivation in the EE classroom. The author describes SDT's theoretical underpinnings, discusses its potential application to EE, and proposes 3 potentially fruitful avenues of research.
The solid-state polymerization of cyanotetramminecobalt(III)-μ-cyanoaquotetrammine- cobalt(III) perchlorate: Effect of water vapor pressure

Abstract The effect of the water vapor pressure on the solid-state polymerization reaction of cyanotetramminecobalt(III)-μ-cyanoaquotetramminecobalt(III) perchlorate was investigated. The reaction temperature increased with increasing water vapor pressure. At a constant water vapor pressure, the reaction temperature increased as the heating rate increased. A reaction mechanism for these phenomena is postulated.
Detection of cervical spine fracture on computed radiography images a monitor resolution study.

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of radiologists using monochrome medical-grade 5 megapixel (MP), 3 MP, 2 MP, and 1 MP displays for the detection of cervical fractures on cervical radiographs, while controlling factors such as luminance and ambient conditions. Materials and Methods Institutional review board approval was obtained. Two hundred lateral cervical computed radiography images, 97 with fractures, were randomly displayed on 5-MP, 3-MP, 2-MP, or 1-MP liquid crystal displays (LCDs) for a total of 450 interpretations per display. These radiographs were presented in eight sessions, each with 25 radiographs, to nine readers. The reference standard for all cases was computed tomography. Ambient lighting, monitor luminance, and gamma were controlled throughout the study. Measures included receiver operator characteristic areas under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, mean elapsed time by display, and mean confidence level by display. One way analysis of variance was performed. Results were considered to be significant at an alpha level of 0.05. Results AUCs were 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72–0.80) for the 1 MP, 0.80 (95% CI, 0.76–0.84) for the 2 MP, 0.77 (95% CI, 0.73–0.81) for the 3 MP, and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72–0.80) for the 5 MP medical grade LCDs. There was no significant difference in the AUCs (P values between .0651 and .8693), confidence (P = .158), or interpretation times (P = .751). Conclusion When controlling factors such as luminance and ambient light, a difference in accuracy in the detection of cervical fractures by resolution could not be detected when using medical-grade displays. Interpretation time and confidence were also not affected by resolution.