cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On OH Ro-Vibrational Lines in HD 100546: Symmetric or Asymmetric?

The study of planets has fascinated observers for millennia, from careful observers plotting the motions of the “wandering stars” to modern astronomers utilizing equipment to study planets within and beyond our Solar System. We have discovered, in recent decades, that planetary systems are found around a large fraction of stars of varying types. The study of the structure of these systems provides a way to study the initial conditions of planet formation and place constraints on models of planet formation and disk-planet interactions. To determine these constraints and identify indirect probes of ongoing planet formation, astronomers have turned to young stellar objects, such as Herbig Ae/Be stars or T Tauri stars, which are surrounded by a disks of gas and dust. By studying these disks, where planet formation takes its first steps, we can determine the signposts of planet formation in disks and complete the planet formation models. This paper investigates one such disk around Herbig star HD 100546. Previous observations of the disk by Liskowsky et al. (2012) and Fedele et al. (2015) have found contradicting OH line profiles. These molecular lines are used to probe the dynamic structure of the inner rim of the outer disk. Liskowsky et al. (2012) present evidence that the asymmetry in the OH line is caused by disk interactions with a massive planetary companion. However, Fedele et al. (2015) show that a similar asymmetric effect can be caused by subsampling of the disk with a narrow slit. In
Past, Present, and Future of Augmentation of Monocyte Function in the Surgical Patient

Abstract Background: Patients who survive the early phases of major sepsis and trauma can have greater susceptibility to nosocomial infection later. One cause may be impaired monocyte function, which can leave the patient at risk of overwhelming sepsis and multi-organ dysfunction. Efforts to target this immune defect have been fraught with challenges, with many questions unanswered. We summarized the past and current and likely future therapeutic approaches to augmentation of monocyte function in the surgical patient. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed to determine the evidence to date for immunoadjuvant therapy specifically for monocyte impairment. The search terms were “monocyte,” “immunoparalysis,” “tolerance,” and “deactivation” cross-referenced with “trauma,” “major surgery,” and “sepsis.” We supplemented our search with “interferon-γ,” “granulocyte colony-stimulating factor” (G-CSF), and “granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor” (GM-CSF), known agents used for this purp...
Witnessing Capital Punishment: Vigny's Ambivalent Bystander

In his historical novels, Alfred de Vigny links questions of free will and political agency to spectacles of public execution. His fiction places witnesses of death in predicaments where time seems to slow as they experience the longing to take action alongside the constraint of being caught up in the course of events, history, and normative behaviour. Despite the near impossibility of saving the condemned, executions tempt Vigny's protagonists to interfere. When they fail to take timely action, they experience the helplessness of vicarious death. Vigny's scenes of capital punishment highlight contradictions in the author's philosophy of political disengagement while creating thought experiments that address the ethical and epistemological stakes of watching others die. I argue that Vigny reshaped arguments against the death penalty by interrogating human capacity for free will, knowledge, and action.
Acute Infantile Frontal Lobe Encephalopathy

The clinical and radiologic features of nine infants with acute encephalopathy involving the frontal lobes are reported from Dokkyo University School of Medicine and Jichi Medical School, Tochigi; and University of Tokyo, Japan.
Injection-seeded Raman fiber amplifier for photoacoustic microscopy of lipids

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) of lipid-rich tissue requires laser pulses with a wavelength near 1210 nm. We have previously demonstrated a cost-effective alternative using cascaded stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in an optical fiber. An optical fiber pumped by a compact 1047 nm pulsed laser produces multiple Stokes lines at 1098, 1153, 1215, and 1284 nm. Disadvantages of this system are the fixed wavelength and broad spectral linewidth of each Stokes line. In this paper, we explore a technique to overcome these disadvantages by injection-seeding the Raman fiber amplifier. Our pump laser is a 1047 nm 2.5 kHz Q-switched Nd:YLF laser producing 14 ns pulses with 140 uJ of energy. The seed laser is a 1206 nm multimode diode laser with a 3 nm linewidth. All experiments are performed in a 100 meter long single-mode fiber. When the seed laser is present, the third Stokes line occurs at 1206 nm (11 nm linewidth). Without the seed laser, the third Stokes line occurs at 1215 nm (30 nm linewidth). The pulse energy in both cases is approximately 9 uJ. Multispectral PAM experiments are performed at 1047, 1098, 1153, 1206, and 1274 nm. A thin butter strip between 1 mm thick pieces of chicken breast meat is clearly visualized by our system, as well the fat bodies within Drosophila larva fixed in formalin. Our injection-seeded Raman amplifier has the capability of producing 1195 to 1220 nm laser pulses by tuning the seed laser wavelength. Therefore, we believe this system can benefit many in vivo PAM applications of lipid imaging.
Experimental Effects of Extracorporeal Shock Waves on the Rat Ovary and Fetus

The Dornier XL1 experimental lithotripter was utilized in this experiment. It is considerably more powerful than the Dornier HM3. The impetus for the study was the fact that human females are receiving shock wave therapy of ureteral stones in close proximity to the ovary. The experiment was conducted to determine if shock waves (SW) had an adverse effect on the ovary, reproduction, and resultant fetuses.
Renovating Your Virginia Construction Law Collection

Noted practitioner Philip L. Bruner has described construction law as “a towering legal edifice built out of modern statutes, ‘contextual’ common law principles of and foundational legal concepts sustaining and binding the multitude of parties — architects, engineers, contractors, subcontractors, material suppliers, material manufacturers, sureties, insurers, code officials, and tradesmen — typically engaged in varying degrees on construction projects.” This area of practice has developed a well-deserved reputation for complexity, and staying current is imperative. This article highlights recently published editions of foundational Virginia construction and public contracts resources.
Personalized vaccinology: A review

At the current time, the field of vaccinology remains empirical in many respects. Vaccine development, vaccine immunogenicity, and vaccine efficacy have, for the most part, historically been driven by an empiric "isolate-inactivate-inject" paradigm. In turn, a population-level public health paradigm of "the same dose for everyone for every disease" model has been the normative thinking in regard to prevention of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. In addition, up until recently, no vaccines had been designed specifically to overcome the immunosenescence of aging, consistent with a post-WWII mentality of developing vaccines and vaccine programs for children. It is now recognized that the current lack of knowledge concerning how immune responses to vaccines are generated is a critical barrier to understanding poor vaccine responses in the elderly and in immunoimmaturity, discovery of new correlates of vaccine immunogenicity (vaccine response biomarkers), and a directed approach to new vaccine development. The new fields of vaccinomics and adversomics provide models that permit global profiling of the innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses integrated at a systems biology level. This has advanced the science beyond that of reductionist scientific approaches by revealing novel interactions between and within the immune system and other biological systems (beyond transcriptional level), which are critical to developing "downstream" adaptive humoral and cellular responses to infectious pathogens and vaccines. Others have applied systems level approaches to the study of antibody responses (a.k.a. "systems serology"), [1] high-dimensional cell subset immunophenotyping through CyTOF, [2,3] and vaccine induced metabolic changes [4]. In turn, this knowledge is being utilized to better understand the following: identifying who is at risk for which infections; the level of risk that exists regarding poor immunogenicity and/or serious adverse events; and the type or dose of vaccine needed to fully protect an individual. In toto, such approaches allow for a personalized approach to the practice of vaccinology, analogous to the substantial inroads that individualized medicine is playing in other fields of human health and medicine. Herein we briefly review the field of vaccinomics, adversomics, and personalized vaccinology.
High-Throughput Single-Molecule Telomere Characterization

We have developed a novel method that enables global subtelomere and haplotype-resolved analysis of telomere lengths at the single-molecule level. An in vitro CRISPR/Cas9 RNA-directed nickase system directs the specific labeling of human (TTAGGG)n DNA tracts in genomes that have also been barcoded using a separate nickase enzyme that recognizes a 7-bp motif genome-wide. High-throughput imaging and analysis of large DNA single molecules from genomes labeled in this fashion using a nanochannel array system permits mapping through subtelomere repeat element (SRE) regions to unique chromosomal DNA while simultaneously measuring the (TTAGGG)n tract length at the end of each large telomere-terminal DNA segment. The methodology also permits subtelomere and haplotype-resolved analyses of SRE organization and variation, providing a window into the population dynamics and potential functions of these complex and structurally variant telomere-adjacent DNA regions. At its current stage of development, the assay can be used to identify and characterize telomere length distributions of 30-35 discrete telomeres simultaneously and accurately. The assay's utility is demonstrated using early versus late passage and senescent human diploid fibroblasts, documenting the anticipated telomere attrition on a global telomere-by-telomere basis as well as identifying subtelomere-specific biases for critically short telomeres. Similarly, we present the first global single-telomere-resolved analyses of two cancer cell lines.
An Assessment of Public Health Nurses' Personal Attitudes Relative to Human Sexuality

At sites ranging from rural to urban, five workshops entitled “Communicating with Adolescents about Sexuality” were conducted for public health nurses. This study focused on: (1) what were the atti...
Effect of Dimethyl Terephthalate and Dimethyl Isophthalate on the Free Volume and Barrier Properties of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET): Amorphous PET

The effect of blending two low molecular weight diluents (LMWD), dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and dimethyl isophthalate (DMI), on the microstructure, free volume, and the barrier properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was investigated. Incorporation of the additives at loadings up to 3 wt % led to a substantial improvement in the barrier properties of PET to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and helium. Although the additives have similar structures, DMI showed enhanced barrier improvement at similar loadings compared to PET/DMT samples. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy as well as density measurements indicated that there was a reduction in the fractional free volume of polymer upon incorporation of the LMWDs. Dynamic mechanical analysis disclosed that there was a reduction in the activation energy for mechanical relaxation due to a decrease in chain motion of PET in the presence of DMT or DMI. There was a reduction in permeability upon increase of LMWDs that was primarily due to the reduction ...
A natural field experiment examining the joint role of audit partner leadership and subordinates’ knowledge in fraud brainstorming

Abstract Research shows that audit partner leadership is critical to achieving fraud brainstorming objectives. We examine how partner leadership and subordinate knowledge jointly influence brainstorming processes and outcomes. We conduct a natural field experiment that manipulates partner leadership during actual brainstorming sessions to leverage naturally-occurring differences in the knowledge levels of managers versus seniors. Our design allows us to examine how knowledge differences within the organization influence judgments on actual engagements, thereby facilitating uniquely realistic inferences about partner leadership in interactive brainstorming. We predict and find that quality-differentiated leadership improves the mental representations of fraud risk for seniors, but not managers. Consistent with theory around shared mental models, these changes are, in turn, associated with the engagement team's planned fraud risk responses. Further analyses reveal that our leadership prompts are relatively more novel for seniors than managers, supporting the notion that seniors have more room for improvement in their mental representations than managers.
Dephasing Catastrophe in 4-ε Dimensions: A Possible Instability of the Ergodic (Many-Body-Delocalized) Phase.

In two dimensions, dephasing by a bath cuts off Anderson localization that would otherwise occur at any energy density for fermions with disorder. For an isolated system with short-range interactions, the system can be its own bath, exhibiting diffusive (non-Markovian) thermal density fluctuations. We recast the dephasing of weak localization due to a diffusive bath as a self-interacting polymer loop. We investigate the critical behavior of the loop in d=4-e dimensions, and find a nontrivial fixed point corresponding to a temperature T^{*}∼e>0 where the dephasing time diverges. Assuming that this fixed point survives to e=2, we associate it with a possible instability of the ergodic phase. Our approach may open a new line of attack against the problem of the ergodic to many-body-localized phase transition in d>1 spatial dimensions.
A Fluorescent G‐Quadruplex Sensor for Chemical RNA Copying

Non-enzymatic RNA replication may have been one of the processes involved in the appearance of life on Earth. Attempts to recreate this process in a laboratory setting have not been successful thus far, highlighting a critical need for finding prebiotic conditions that increase the rate and the yield. Now a highly parallel assay for template directed RNA synthesis is presented that relies on the intrinsic fluorescence of a 2-aminopurine modified G-quadruplex. The application of the assay to examine the combined influence of multiple variables including pH, divalent metal concentrations and ribonucleotide concentrations on the copying of RNA sequences is demonstrated. The assay enables a direct survey of physical and chemical conditions, potentially prebiotic, which could enable the chemical replication of RNA.
Aggression in Women: Conceptual Issues and Clinical Implications

In this chapter, we discuss some aspects of aggression in women, the interrelationship between self-esteem and aggression, and particularly the negative effect that women’s recognition of their own aggression has on their self-esteem. We clarify these concepts in the light of the recent increased understanding of early childhood development and the impact of parental and societal attitudes, expectations, and definitions on psychological functioning.
Derivatives of Vector Functions

In this chapter we study derivative-related results that are not reducible to the scalar case.
Trends of mortality in West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND) from 2005–2014 in a US hospital cohort. (P1.145)

Objective: To describe outcomes of hospital admissions for West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND) and the impact of comorbid conditions through a large national dataset. Background: WNND is associated with significant inpatient morbidity and mortality. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS, AHRQ.gov) is a 20% stratified sample of all US hospital admissions. Design/Methods: In this retrospective study, WNND admissions were identified with a primary diagnosis of 066.41 (encephalitis) and 066.42 (cranial nerve, radiculopathy, other) from 2005 to 2014. Logistic regression was used to examine mortality and the Charlson-Deyo index was used for comorbidities. Age was dichotomized at the median. Results: Males were 63.6% of the cohort and females 36.4% with a median age of 62 (interquartile range 47–72). Mortality was 7.31% for encephalitis (n=875) and 1.5% for other CNS involvement (n=468). Those with encephalitis were more likely to be discharged to a long term care facility (LTCF) (51.3% vs 28.0%). The encephalitis cohort had more comorbidities. The maximum number of cases was in 2012 and there was not a trend in mortality over time. In the logistic regression model, younger patients ( Conclusions: Respiratory failure is associated with increased mortality in patients with WNND encephalitis. The mortality has not change over time. With the high mortality, high discharge rate to LTCF and the lack of treatment, emphasis should be placed on prevention. Disclosure: Dr. Manchanda has nothing to disclose. Dr. Abbasi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dubinsky has nothing to disclose.
Evaluating Correlates of Awareness of the Association between Drinking Too Much Alcohol and Cancer Risk in the United States.

Background: Awareness that alcohol consumption is associated with cancer is low in the United States, and predictors of awareness are not well understood. Methods: Data from the 2017 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5 Cycle 1) were used to describe knowledge of the association between drinking too much alcohol and cancer (“Yes,” aware of the association; “No”; or “Don9t know”) among 3,009 adults. Weighted multinomial multivariable logistic regression determined personal characteristics (e.g., demographic characteristics, health-related self-efficacy, cancer beliefs, and information seeking) associated with reporting “Yes” or “Don9t know” compared with “No.” Results: Thirty-eight percent of the U.S. population believed there was an association (38.36%), 36.17% were uncertain, and 25.47% believed there was no association. People believing that everything causes cancer and people who had ever looked up information about cancer had 1.61 and 1.80 higher odds of reporting “Yes” [95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.08–2.42 and 1.27–2.57, respectively]. Compared with people who were completely confident in their ability to take care of their health, people only somewhat confident had 2.32 higher odds of reporting “Don9t know” (95% CI, 1.30–4.14). Younger age was negatively associated with reporting “Don9t know.” Conclusions: Awareness of the association between alcohol and cancer is low in the United States. Personal characteristics associated with awareness differed between reporting “Yes” and “Don9t know,” and there were few associations between demographic characteristics and awareness. Impact: A significant knowledge gap exists in the population. Broad reaching public health media campaigns, particularly those that increase information seeking, are needed to increase awareness.
Is the sky falling? new technology, changing media, and the future of surveys

In this paper I review three key technology-related trends: 1) big data, 2) non-probability samples, and 3) mobile data collection. I focus on the implications of these trends for survey research and the research profession. With regard to big data, I review a number of concerns that need to be addressed, and argue for a balanced and careful evaluation of the role that big data can play in the future. I argue that these developments are unlikely to replace transitional survey data collection, but will supplement surveys and expand the range of research methods. I also argue for the need for the survey research profession to adapt to changing circumstances.
Hippocampal sharp-wave ripples in waking and sleeping states

Waking and sleeping states are privileged periods for distinct mnemonic processes. In waking behavior, rapid retrieval of previous experience aids memory-guided decision making. In sleep, a gradual series of reactivated associations supports consolidation of episodes into memory networks. Synchronized bursts of hippocampal place cells during events called sharp-wave ripples communicate associated neural patterns across distributed circuits in both waking and sleeping states. Differences between sleep and awake sharp-wave ripples, and in particular the accuracy of recapitulated experience, highlight their state-dependent roles in memory processes.
Stability of ochratoxin A in oats during roasting with reducing sugars

Abstract Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a possible human carcinogen commonly occurring in many agricultural commodities, particularly in oats and their processed products. Due to its heat stability, OTA has been found in thermally processed food products including breakfast cereals and cereal grains. In this study, the reduction of OTA during roasting of oats was investigated under conditions similar to the industrial applications including addition of sugars. Oat grains were conditioned to achieve a uniform moisture content (16% wet weight basis, wb) and OTA (100 μg/kg wb). Then, the grains were roasted at 120 °C and 180 °C for 30 min and 60 min, respectively. The concentration of OTA in roasted oat-based cereals was decreased by 2–18% with increasing roasting temperature and time. The reduction of OTA was greater when oat grains were roasted with reducing sugars, i.e., glucose (11%) and fructose (15%), compared with oat-based cereal samples with no added sugar (10%). In addition, previously identified degradation products of OTA such as OTA isomer, OTα, and OTα amide were not formed during roasting. These results indicate that increased reduction of OTA in oats can be achieved by roasting with sugars, which can be readily applicable in commercial production of oat-based snack foods.
Association between COVID-19 diagnosis and presenting chief complaint from New York City triage data.

Abstract Background and aim New York City (NYC) is an epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Proper triage of patients with possible COVID-19 via chief complaint is critical but not fully optimized. This study aimed to investigate the association between presentation by chief complaints and COVID-19 status. Methods We retrospectively analyzed adult emergency department (ED) patient visits from five different NYC hospital campuses from March 1, 2020 to May 13, 2020 of patients who underwent nasopharyngeal COVID-19 RT-PCR testing. The positive and negative COVID-19 cohorts were then assessed for different chief complaints obtained from structured triage data. Sub-analysis was performed for patients older than 65 and within chief complaints with high mortality. Results Of 11,992 ED patient visits who received COVID-19 testing, 6524/11992 (54.4%) were COVID-19 positive. 73.5% of fever, 67.7% of shortness of breath, and 65% of cough had COVID-19, but others included 57.5% of weakness/fall/altered mental status, 55.5% of glycemic control, and 51.4% of gastrointestinal symptoms. In patients over 65, 76.7% of diarrhea, 73.7% of fatigue, and 69.3% of weakness had COVID-19. 45.5% of dehydration, 40.5% of altered mental status, 27% of fall, and 24.6% of hyperglycemia patients experienced mortality. Conclusion A novel high risk COVID-19 patient population was identified from chief complaint data, which is different from current suggested CDC guidelines, and may help triage systems to better isolate COVID-19 patients. Older patients with COVID-19 infection presented with more atypical complaints warranting special consideration. COVID-19 was associated with higher mortality in a unique group of complaints also warranting special consideration.
Cognitive reappraisal moderates the relationship between perfectionism and cognitive flexibility.

OBJECTIVE Characterized by setting high standards for performance, perfectionism is a transdiagnostic process implicated in the development and maintenance of psychopathology. In contrast, cognitive flexibility is associated with enhanced mental health. Yet, the relationship between perfectionism and cognitive flexibility is understudied. We examined the relationship between perfectionism and cognitive flexibility, and whether emotion regulation strategies moderated the association between them. METHOD Adult participants (N = 486) were recruited online and completed questionnaires on perfectionism, emotion regulation and cognitive flexibility. RESULTS Perfectionism negatively correlated with one of the two aspects of cognitive flexibility assessed. Reappraisal, but not suppression, moderated the relationship between perfectionism and flexibility. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that perfectionism is associated with inflexible appraisal of everyday challenges. Additionally, cognitive reappraisal attenuates the negative relationship between perfectionism and cognitive flexibility; except in individuals with high narcissistic perfectionism for whom the debilitating relationship between the two variables is enhanced by reappraisal.
Symptomatic Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and Risk of Dementia in US Veterans: a Cohort Study

A Taiwanese cohort study found that symptomatic herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was associated with a threefold increased risk of developing dementia; however, antiherpetic medication reduced the risk by 90%. Our aim was to verify and further investigate this finding in the US Veteran population using comprehensive electronic medical records from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Eighty-seven thousand six hundred eighty-seven Veterans aged 50 or older with symptomatic HSV-1/HSV-2 infection and 217,895 matched controls were identified in VHA data between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2014, and followed until December 31, 2019. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes, ninth and tenth revisions, were used to define dementia. To define HSV infection, we utilized VHA data on antiherpetic medications and laboratory tests in addition to ICD codes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the effects of HSV infection and antiherpetic medication on the risk of developing dementia. The analysis revealed an adjusted HR of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.78–0.83) for the development of dementia among those with symptomatic HSV relative to those without. Among the 61,776 HSV-1/HSV-2 patients who were treated with antiherpetic medication, 4836 patients (7.8%) developed dementia (adjusted HR = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.72–0.78); this translated to a population average of one additional year of being dementia free in those who were taking antiherpetic medication. In contrast to Tzeng et al. we did not find that HSV infection was associated with an increased risk of dementia. Like their findings, we found that antiherpetic medication was associated with a protective effect against dementia. Future prospective studies are needed to further investigate this effect.
Transposable elements shape the evolution of mammalian development.

Transposable elements (TEs) promote genetic innovation but also threaten genome stability. Despite multiple layers of host defence, TEs actively shape mammalian-specific developmental processes, particularly during pre-implantation and extra-embryonic development and at the maternal–fetal interface. Here, we review how TEs influence mammalian genomes both directly by providing the raw material for genetic change and indirectly via co-evolving TE-binding Kruppel-associated box zinc finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs). Throughout mammalian evolution, individual activities of ancient TEs were co-opted to enable invasive placentation that characterizes live-born mammals. By contrast, the widespread activity of evolutionarily young TEs may reflect an ongoing co-evolution that continues to impact mammalian development. In this Review, Senft and Macfarlan discuss the diverse ways by which transposable elements (TEs) contribute to mammalian development and evolution, including direct contributions through TE-derived regulatory elements, RNAs and proteins, as well as indirect effects through the evolution of a TE repression system, the Kruppel-associated box zinc finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs).
Rethinking Teacher Education for Ethnic Diversity in China

In this article, we discuss the current state of research on Chinese teacher education as it directly pertains to issues of ethnic diversity. Drawing on an extensive review of the research literatu...
Considering Social Media Use and Its Impact on Wellness among Adolescents

A growing body of literature reveals that social media use could positively or negatively impact adolescent wellness across many dimensions of health. Specifically, the leading wellness model in co...
Endothelial-mesenchymal transition as a novel mechanism for tissue regeneration

Vascular endothelial cells have shown remarkable plasticity by altering their lineage commitment to generate other cell types to mediate several developmental and pathological processes. We recentl...
The Concept of Partial Inductance

This chapter contains sections titled: General Meaning of Partial Inductance Physical Meaning of Partial Inductance Self Partial Inductance of Wires Mutual Partial Inductance between Parallel Wires Mutual Partial Inductance between Parallel Wires that are Offset Mutual Partial Inductance between Wires at an Angle to Each Other Numerical Values of Partial Inductances and Significance of Internal Inductance Constructing Lumped Equivalent Circuits with Partial Inductances
Anticancer Drug Toxicity: Prevention, Management, and Clinical Pharmacokinetics

This multiauthored book was edited by a German pharmacologist-pharmacist, aided by a dozen German and American oncologists-clinical pharmacologists. It consists of 13 chapters, most of which were written or co-authored by the editor himself, reflecting the fact that this book is a an expanded and revised version of the editor's 1995 monograph on the same and related topics.
A generalized central sets theorem and applications

Abstract The central sets theorem originally proven by H. Furstenburg is a powerful result which is applicable to derive many combinatorial conclusions. Furstenburg's original theorem applied to N and finitely many sequences in Z . Some strengthenings of this theorem have been derived first by V. Bergelson and N. Hindman in 1990. Later in 2008, D. De, N. Hindman, and D. Strauss proved a stronger version of the central sets theorem for arbitrary semigroups S which applied to all sequences in S. We provide here a generalization of the stronger version and some applications of this new generalization.
Groundwater remediation using the information gap decision theory

[1] One of the challenges in the design and selection of remediation activities for subsurface contamination is dealing with manifold uncertainties. A scientifically defensible decision process demands consideration of the uncertainties involved. A nonprobabilistic approach based on information gap (info-gap) decision theory is employed to study the robustness of alternative remediation activities. This approach incorporates both parametric and nonparametric (conceptual) uncertainty in predicting contaminant concentrations that are effected by natural processes and the remediation activities. Two remedial scenarios are explored to demonstrate the applicability of the info-gap approach to decision making related to groundwater remediation.
Monoclonal antibodies and their role in modulation of the immune response.

Clinical studies in patients having been vaccinated with immunogenic glycoproteins suggest that a monoclonal antibody response is important in helping to induce cell mediated tumor destruction. Such a monoclonal response was noted to characterize the reaction to several different immunogenic antigens administered in an adjuvant setting. The resulting cell mediated reaction appeared to be associated with concomittant antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and an anti-idiotype monoclonal response. Both 31.1 and 33.28 protein derived colon carcinoma monoclonal antibodies have been found to be capable of turning on natural killer (NK) cell activity as part of ADCC. In vivo studies with specific antigens to induce an anti-tumor response have suggested that the mechanism of tumor cell destruction is complex and associated with T-cell activation, anti-idiotype production, and complement binding on the tumor membrane. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Photoacoustic measurement of absolute quantum efficiencies in solids

We have developed a simple new technique for measuring absolute radiative quantum efficiencies of fluorescing ions in solids that can be applied to systems exhibiting concentration quenching of the fluorescence. The technique requires measurement of the photoacoustic signal and fluorescent lifetime as a function of ion concentration. Application of this method to the upper laser level of Nd(3+) in ED2 glass yields a value for the quantum efficiency somewhat smaller than that found in previous estimates and measurements.
Customer satisfaction with interlibrary loan service-deliverEdocs: A case study

In 2002, the Texas A&M University Libraries implemented a new electronic document delivery service called deliverEdocs. The service uses Illiad software. We began to offer free desktop delivery of any article, even those found on our own Libraries' shelves. This was a new concept for the library staff and for our users. While we received many comments from our users, we also needed an objective method to fully evaluate the new service. A customer satisfaction survey was developed to gain a better understanding of users' responses to deliverEdocs. The survey was sent in February 2003 to 400 registered users, and had a response rate of 54%. Among the areas surveyed were factors of users' satisfaction, users' expectation of turnaround time, change in order activity since deliverEdocs, users' preferred means of communication with interlibrary loan staff, and areas for improvement. The results of the survey gave us valuable feedback. The survey proved that users truly appreciated the new service.
Methodologies for Measurement of Cardiac Markers

Antibody-based tests are the primary technology used for clinical measurement of cardiac biomarkers in peripheral circulation. This article focuses on the principles of immunometric methods that have been applied to cardiac biomarkers of widespread clinical utility (CKMB, Troponins, and B-type natriuretic proteins) and of more recent clinical testing (ST2, Galectin-2, and myosin binding protein C). How these principles are applied in the design of immunometric assays and how they influence assay performance in quantifying cardiac biomarkers in biologic fluids (serum or plasma) is discussed.
Suicide after unilateral ECT in a patient previously responsive to bilateral ECT

A 34-year-old schizophrenic committed suicide after his fourth unilateral electroconvulsive treatment. He previously responded successfully to seven bilateral treatments. The authors hypothesize that unilateral ECT may post a greater risk than bilateral ECT for the delusional suicidal patient. The rationale underlying this hypothesis states that the greater temporary disruption in cognition and memory associated with bilateral ECT is actually desirable in suicidal patients although it is an unwanted side effect in nonsuicidal patients. Since energy and mood often improve before delusions, bilateral ECT may neutralize delusions during the time of maximum suicidal risk as patients begin to improve.
Science as (Historical) Narrative

The traditional mode of explanation in physics via deduction from partial differential equations is contrasted here with explanation via simulations. I argue that the different technologies employed constitute different languages, which support different sorts of narratives. The narratives that accompany simulations and articulate their meaning are typically historical or natural historical in kind. They explain complex phenomena by growing them rather than by referring them to general laws. Examples of such growth simulations and growth narratives come from the evolution of wave functions in quantum chaos, snowflake formation, and Etruscan genetics. The examples suggest a few concluding remarks on historical explanation.
More about chiral symmetry restoration at finite temperature in the planar limit

In the planar limit, in the deconfined phase, the Euclidean Dirac operator has a spectral gap around zero. We show that functions of eigenvalues close to the spectral edge, which are independent of common rescalings and shifts gauge configuration by gauge configuration, have distributions described by a Gaussian Hermitian matrix model. However, combinations of eigenvalues that are scale and shift invariant only on the average, do not match this matrix model.
Comparison between solutions of SDEs and ODEs

Abstract A ratio-limit comparison between ξt, the solution of an SDE driven by a semimartingale, and Ht, the solution of an associated ODE, is proved on the set where limt→∞ξt=∞. Sufficient conditions in terms of the driving processes and the coefficients are obtained for limt→∞ξt to be ∞.
Diverse antidepressants increase CDP-diacylglycerol production and phosphatidylinositide resynthesis in depression-relevant regions of the rat brain

Major depression is a serious mood disorder affecting millions of adults and children worldwide. While the etiopathology of depression remains obscure, antidepressant medications increase synaptic levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in brain regions associated with the disease. Monoamine transmitters activate multiple signaling cascades some of which have been investigated as potential mediators of depression or antidepressant drug action. However, the diacylglycerol arm of phosphoinositide signaling cascades has not been systematically investigated, even though downstream targets of this cascade have been implicated in depression. With the ultimate goal of uncovering the primary postsynaptic actions that may initiate cellular antidepressive signaling, we have examined the antidepressant-induced production of CDP-diacylglycerol which is both a product of diacylglycerol phosphorylation and a precursor for the synthesis of physiologically critical glycerophospholipids such as the phosphatidylinositides. For this, drug effects on [3H]cytidine-labeled CDP-diacylglycerol and [3H]inositol-labeled phosphatidylinositides were measured in response to the tricyclics desipramine and imipramine, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors fluoxetine and paroxetine, the atypical antidepressants maprotiline and nomifensine, and several monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Multiple compounds from each antidepressant category significantly stimulated [3H]CDP-diacylglycerol accumulation in cerebrocortical, hippocampal, and striatal tissues, and also enhanced the resynthesis of inositol phospholipids. Conversely, various antipsychotics, anxiolytics, and non-antidepressant psychotropic agents failed to significantly induce CDP-diacylglycerol or phosphoinositide synthesis. Drug-induced CDP-diacylglycerol accumulation was independent of lithium and only partially dependent on phosphoinositide hydrolysis, thus indicating that antidepressants can mobilize CDP-diacylglycerol from additional pools lying outside of the inositol cycle. Further, unlike direct serotonergic, muscarinic, or α-adrenergic agonists that elicited comparable or lower effects on CDP-diacylglycerol versus inositol phosphates, the antidepressants dose-dependently induced significantly greater accumulations of CDP-diacylglycerol. Chemically divergent antidepressant agents commonly and significantly enhanced the accumulation of CDP-diacylglycerol. The latter is not only a derived product of phosphoinositide hydrolysis but is also a crucial intermediate in the biosynthesis of several signaling substrates. Hence, altered CDP-diacylglycerol signaling might be implicated in the pathophysiology of depression or the mechanism of action of diverse antidepressant medications.
"How Edge Are You?" Constructing Authentic Identities and Subcultural Boundaries in a Straightedge Internet Forum

We analyze how participants in an internet forum dedicated to the straightedge subculture articulate and express subcultural identities and boundaries, with particular attention to how they accomplish these tasks in a computer-mediated context. Through participant observation, “focused discussions,” and interviews, we explore the complexity of identity-making processes in terms of cyberspace and subculture, conceptualizing identification as occurring at the intersection of biography, subculture, and technology. We find that the internet influences how individuals participate in subcultural communities by analyzing their claims for authenticity and how they position themselves in relation to subcultural boundaries. This article provides insight into the dialectic relationship between participation in a subculture and in an internet community.
High resolution measurement of turbulent structure in a channel with particle image velocimetry

High resolution particle image velocimetry is used to measure the turbulent velocity field for fully developed flow (Re = 2,872) in an enclosed channel. Photographs of particle displacement are obtained in a plane that is parallel to the flow and perpendicular to the walls. These are analyzed to give simultaneous measurements of two components of the velocity at more than 10,000 points. Maps of velocity vectors, spanwise vorticity and Reynolds stress reveal structural aspects of the turbulence. In particular, internal shear layers are observed, in agreement with predictions of direct numerical simulation. Ensemble-averaging of a number of photographs yields statistical properties of the velocity in good agreement with laser-Doppler velocimeter measurements, and with direct numerical simulations.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in adipose tissue from two types of obese mice during starvation.

Abstract The activity of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) has been studied in congenital obese hyperglycemic (Obob) and gold thioglucose obese mice (GTO) and appropriate controls during periods of starvation. Obob mice show no fall in enzyme activity during starvation, an observation in keeping with the fact that the rate of lipogenesis remains high in these animals on starvation. GTO mice show a significant fall in enzyme activity by 24 hours of fasting, the level remaining low thereafter. After an initial fall in enzyme activity at 12 hours, normal Ob control and DBA 2 J mice show an apparent rise in enzyme activity at 24 hours followed by a secondary fall, and it is theorized that this rise in activity may represent a gluconeogenetic adaptive mechanism to starvation.
Errors in gastro-enterologic diagnosis

The specialty of gastro-enterology occupies a wide area in the field of medicine and requires an elaborate background. The proper practice of this specialty demands a peculiarly wide experience in general medicine, a keenly analytical mind, and a willingness to embrace the new, but only when that ‘new’ gives evidence of correlation with all that has gone before. Many men have been induced to enter gastro-enterology who are fitted neither by training nor inclination for the proper performance of its most exacting requirements. Our calling has been cheapened, and a reproach cast upon all those who have long striven to maintain the standards thus ruthlessly degraded. The application of the X-ray to gastro-intestinal diagnosis has offered peculiarly easy conditions for inefficiency and fraud to creep in, and for ignorance and egotism to usurp the position which properly belongs to those who have raised the standards now overthrown. It has been demonstrated that gastrointestinal roentgenography, unallied with roentgenoscopy, and uninterpreted by comparison with the findings of the amemnesis, the physical exploration and the laboratory analysis, is bound to be full of errors. The confusion of standards existing today in gastro-enterology should be remedied. A legal definition for a gastro-enterologist should be established by suitable medical legislation, as has been done in several other specialties. The man who desires to assume that title should be compelled to submit evidence of his fitness to a competent board. Long practice in general medicine, close association with clinical gastro-enterology in a properly conducted clinic, with post-graduate work supervised by competent authorities — these should be the least of the pre-requisites for registration as a specializing gastroenterologist. Until such a standard has been legally established confusion will continue to reign, and gastro-intestinal diagnosis will continue to present the contradictions and confusions which it has been the intention of this paper to present for criticism and correction.
Experimental intestinal histoplasmosis of hamsters.

In order to elicit primary intestinal histoplasmosis, hamsters and mice were given the infective agent by drinking a suspension of yeast cells, eating infected mouse liver, and through injection into the wall of the lumen of the cecum after laparotomy.
Chemical effects on secondary photon and ion emission of ion bombarded beryllium, carbon and boron carbide surfaces

Beryllium metal has been proposed as a low-Z material for a first-wall coating or liner in tokamak reactor vacuum vessel applications. In this connection, the effects of ion bombardment on the impurity release and erosion properties of beryllium need to be ascertained. The present work has focussed on the effects of oxygen and nitrogen bombardment on the secondary photon and secondary ion emission properties of beryllium. The most significant finding is that both the secondary photon and ion emission are strongly enhanced as a result of oxygen and nitrogen bombardment. This finding is of potential importance to impurity control and transport problems associated with fusion reactor applications of beryllium.
Using an ontology and a multilingual glossary for enhancing the nautical archaeology digital library

Access to materials in digital collections has been extensively studied within digital libraries. Exploring a collection requires customized indices and novel interfaces to allow users new exploration mechanisms. Materials or objects can then be found by way of full-text, faceted, or thematic indexes. There has been a marked interest not only in finding objects in a collection, but in discovering relationships and properties. For example, multiple representations of the same object enable the use of visual aids to augment collection exploration. Depending on the domain and characteristics of the objects in a collection, relationships among components can be used to enrich the process of understanding their contents. In this context, the Nautical Archaeology Digital Library (NADL) includes multilingual textual- and visual-rich objects (shipbuilding treatises, illustrations, photographs, and drawings). In this paper we describe an approach for enhancing access to a collection of ancient technical documents, illustrations, and photographs documenting archaeological excavations. Because of the nature of our collection, we exploit a multilingual glossary along with an ontology. Preliminary tests of our prototype suggest the feasibility of our method for enhancing access to the collection.