cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The possible ubiquity of energy injection in gamma‐ray burst afterglows

Since its launch in 2004, the Swift satellite has monitored the X-ray afterglows of several hundred gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), and revealed that their X-ray light curves are more complex than previously thought, exhibiting up to three power-law segments. Energy injection into the relativistic blast wave energizing the burst ambient medium has been proposed most often to be the reason for the X-ray afterglow complexity. We examine 117 light-curve breaks of 98 Swift X-ray afterglows, selected for their high-quality monitoring and well-constrained flux decay rates. 30 per cent of afterglows have a break that can be an adiabatic jet break, in the sense that there is one variant of the forward-shock emission from a collimated outflow model that can account for both the pre- and post-break flux power-law decay indices, given the measured X-ray spectral slope. If allowance is made for a steady energy injection into the forward shock, then another 56 per cent of X-ray afterglows have a light-curve break that can be explained with a jet break. The remaining 12 per cent that are not jet breaks, as well as the existence of two breaks in 19 afterglows (out of which only one can be a jet break), suggest that some X-ray breaks arise from a sudden change in the rate at which energy is added to the blast wave, and it may well be that a larger fraction of X-ray light-curve breaks are generated by that mechanism. The fractional increase in the shock energy, inferred from the energy injection required to account for the observed X-ray flux decays, may be anticorrelated with the GRB prompt output, whether the X-ray break is a jet break or an energy-injection break. That anticorrelation can also be seen as bursts with a higher energy output being followed by faster fading X-ray afterglows. To test the above two mechanisms for afterglow light-curve breaks, we derive comprehensive analytical results for the dynamics of outflows undergoing energy injection and for their light curves, including closure relations for inverse-Compton afterglows and for the emission from spreading jets interacting with a wind-like ambient medium.
Proxy Issue Proposals: Impact of the 1992 SEC Proxy Reforms

This article assesses the impact of the 1992 SEC reforms that enhanced the ability of share-holders to communicate during a proxy contest. Utilizing a sample of 361 shareholder-sponsored corporate governance issue proposals from 1991 to 1995, the article finds that the mean percentage of total outstanding votes cast in favor of an issue proposal declined sig-nificantly post-reform. As explanation, the article furnishes evidence that certain sponsors interested in their own private agenda rather than general shareholder welfare exploited more fully the proxy mechanism post-reform; controlling for the composition of sponsors, the proxy reforms generated no significant change in the for-vote outcome of issue proposals. The article concludes instead that the reforms resulted in a shift in the composition of issue proposals targets toward companies relatively less vulnerable to such proposals pre-reform.
The impact of Hudson‐Bergen Light Rail on residential property appreciation

type="main" xml:lang="es"> Este articulo analiza el impacto del sistema de ferrocarril ligero Hudson-Bergen (HBLR por sus siglas en ingles) sobre los precios de inmuebles residenciales. A diferencia de estudios similares que utilizan un modelo hedonico con datos transversales, aqui se utilizan datos de ventas repetidas de inmuebles que se vendieron al menos dos veces entre 1991 y 2009. Se muestra la influencia en el precio de las viviendas de la proximidad a la estacion mas cercana del HBLR, una mejor accesibilidad relativa a diferentes estaciones y la fecha de inauguracion esperada de la estacion de HBLR. Nuestros resultados demuestran que las propiedades cercanas a las dos estaciones mas alejadas del distrito central de negocios, ahora revitalizado, experimentaron un alza en el precio. Tambien muestran que se produjo un aprecio en areas con un mejor acceso gracias a las opciones de transporte publico disponibles. Por medio de un gradiente negativo-exponencial, descubrimos que estas tasas de apreciacion mas elevadas tendian a disiparse aproximadamente a 1/4 de milla (402 m) de las estaciones. Esto apoya la idea de que las propiedades que circundan las estaciones de transporte urbano ligadas al desplazamiento al trabajo disfrutan de mayores beneficios marginales debido a una mejor accesibilidad de transito y una reduccion de los costos de transporte, como predice el modelo de Alonso.
Advances in the metallotropic [1,3]-shift of alkynyl carbenoids

Metal complexes of alkynyl carbenes undergo a [1,3]-bond shift known as a metallotropic shift. Since the discovery of the metallotropic [1,3]-shift of Rh-carbenoid, many more alkynyl carbene complexes with Ti, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ru, W, Re, Pt, and Au have been discovered to show metallotropic shift behavior. This article briefly summarizes the [1,3]-bond shift of alkynyl carbenes and their metal complexes.
The Time Allocation and Earnings of Artists

This article presents the results of an investigation into the time allocation and earnings of artists. Artists are unique because theyspend substantial amounts of time both at art work and at nonart work while earning the majority of their income from the latter. In order to empirically examine this allocation of time between art and nonart work, we estimate a four-equation system. We find that artists respond to price signals in the directions predicted by economic theory.
Loan loss provisioning and economic slowdowns : too much, too late?

Only recently has the debate on bank capital regulation devoted specific attention to the role that bank loan loss provisions can play as part of a minimum capital regulatory framework. Several national regulators have adopted or are planning to introduce a cyclically adjustable requirement for loan loss provisions, and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is considering how to provide adequate treatment to provisioning practices within a broad bank capital regulatory framework. The authors contribute to the ongoing debate by exploring the available evidence about bank provisioning practices around the world. They find that in the vast majority of cases banks tend to delay provisioning for bad loans until it is too late-when cyclical downturns have already set in-possibly magnifying the impact of the economic cycle on the income and capital of banks. Notwithstanding the considerable variation in the patterns followed by banks around the world, Laeven and Majnoni find that the size and timing of provisions tend to improve with the level of economic development.
FLECS: planning with a flexible commitment strategy

There has been evidence that least-commitment planners can efficiently handle planning problems that involve difficult goal interactions. This evidence has led to the common belief that delayed-commitment is the "best" possible planning strategy. However, we recently found evidence that eager-commitment planners can handle a variety of planning problems more efficiently, in particular those with difficult operator choices. Resigned to the futility of trying to find a universally successful planning strategy, we devised a planner that can be used to study which domains and problems are best for which planning strategies. In this article we introduce this new planning algorithm, flecs, which uses a FLExible Commitment Strategy with respect to plan-step orderings. It is able to use any strategy from delayed-commitment to eager-commitment. The combination of delayed and eager operator-ordering commitments allows flecs to take advantage of the benefits of explicitly using a simulated execution state and reasoning about planning constraints. flecs can vary its commitment strategy across different problems and domains, and also during the course of a single planning problem. flecs represents a novel contribution to planning in that it explicitly provides the choice of which commitment strategy to use while planning. FLECS provides a framework to investigate the mapping from planning domains and problems to efficient planning strategies.
The Attribution of Value-Based Attentional Priority in Individuals with Depressive Symptoms.

The capture of attention by stimuli previously associated with reward has been demonstrated across a wide range of studies. Such value-based attentional priority appears to be robust, and cases where reward feedback fails to modulate subsequent attention have not been reported. However, individuals differ in their sensitivity to external rewards, and such sensitivity is abnormally blunted in depression. Here, we show that depressive symptomology is accompanied by insensitivity to value-based attentional bias. We replicate attentional capture by stimuli previously associated with reward in a control sample and show that these same reward-related stimuli do not capture attention in individuals experiencing symptoms of depression. This sharp contrast in performance indicates that value-based attentional biases depend on the normal functioning of the brain's reward system and suggests that a failure to preferentially attend to reward-related information may play a role in the experience of depression.
Electrical properties and valence band structure of GeSexTe1−x single crystals†

The anomalous composition dependence of the carrier transport properties of Ge1−y(Se0.2Te0.8)y in the range y=0.495 − 0.510 has been analyzed at room temperature by means of a two-carrier model. The close agreement between the experimental and computational results confirms the existence of two valence bands in α-GeSexTe1−x which are produced by the rhombohedral distortion of the lattice at low temperature. Elektrische Eigenschaften und Valenz — Band Struktur von GeSexTe1−x Einkristallen. Die anormale Abhangigkeit der Transporteigenschaften der Ladungstrager von der Zusammensetzung von Ge1−y(Se0,2Te0,8)y im Bereich y=0,495 − 0,510 wird bei Zimmertemperatur mit Hilfe eines Zwei-Ladungstrager-Modells analysiert. Die gute Ubereinstimmung zwischen gemessenen und berechneten Ergebnissen bestatigt die Existenz von zwei Valenzbandern im α-GeSexTe1−x, welche durch die rhomboedrische Verzerrung des Gitters bei niedriger Temperatur erzeugt werden.
Magnetic field evolution in accreting white dwarfs

I discuss the evolution of the magnetic field of an accreting white dwarf. I show that the ohmic decay time is 7–12 billion years for the lowest order decay mode, almost independent of core temperature or mass. I then show that the magnetic field structure is substantially altered by accretion if the white dwarf mass increases at a rate > M c ≈ (1–5) × 10-10 M ⊙ yr-1. I discuss the implications of this result for observed systems, including the possible evolutionary link between AM Hers and intermediate polars.
Transition-metal-mediated cascade reactions: the water-accelerated carboalumination-Claisen rearrangement-carbonyl addition reaction.

A three-step cascade reaction involving a water-accelerated catalytic carboalumination, a Claisen rearrangement, and a nucleophilic carbonyl addition converts terminal alkynes and allyl vinyl ethers into allylic alcohols containing up to three contiguous asymmetric carbon centers. Stoichiometric quantities of water as an additive increase the rate of the [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement as well as the diastereoselectivity of the carbonyl addition process. Reaction products contain 1,6-diene functionalities that are readily cyclized to substituted cyclopentenes. An extension of this methodology to a sequence involving a [1,3] sigmatropic shift was feasible with a cyclopropylmethyl vinyl ether substrate.
Feedback capacity of the first-order moving average Gaussian channel

Despite numerous bounds and partial results, the feedback capacity of the stationary nonwhite Gaussian additive noise channel has been open, even for the simplest cases such as the first-order autoregressive Gaussian channel studied by Butman, Tiernan and Schalkwijk, Wolfowitz, Ozarow, and more recently, Yang, Kavccaronicacute, and Tatikonda. Here we consider another simple special case of the stationary first-order moving average additive Gaussian noise channel and find the feedback capacity in closed form. Specifically, the channel is given by Yi=Xi+Zi, i=1,2,..., where the input {X i} satisfies a power constraint and the noise {Zi} is a first-order moving average Gaussian process defined by Zi=alphaUi-1+Ui, |alpha|les 1, with white Gaussian innovations Ui, i=0,1,.... We show that the feedback capacity of this channel is CFB=-log x0 where x0 is the unique positive root of the equation rhox2=(1-x2)(1-|alpha|x)2 and rho is the ratio of the average input power per transmission to the variance of the noise innovation Ui. The optimal coding scheme parallels the simple linear signaling scheme by Schalkwijk and Kailath for the additive white Gaussian noise channel-the transmitter sends a real-valued information-bearing signal at the beginning of communication and subsequently refines the receiver's knowledge by processing the feedback noise signal through a linear stationary first-order autoregressive filter. The resulting error probability of the maximum likelihood decoding decays doubly exponentially in the duration of the communication. Refreshingly, this feedback capacity of the first-order moving average Gaussian channel is very similar in form to the best known achievable rate for the first-order autoregressive Gaussian noise channel given by Butman
Quantum Spin Systems at Positive Temperature

We develop a novel approach to phase transitions in quantum spin models based on a relation to their classical counterparts. Explicitly, we show that whenever chessboard estimates can be used to prove a phase transition in the classical model, the corresponding quantum model will have a similar phase transition, provided the inverse temperature β and the magnitude of the quantum spins \(\mathcal{S}\) satisfy \(\beta\ll\sqrt\mathcal{S}\). From the quantum system we require that it is reflection positive and that it has a meaningful classical limit; the core technical estimate may be described as an extension of the Berezin-Lieb inequalities down to the level of matrix elements. The general theory is applied to prove phase transitions in various quantum spin systems with \(\mathcal{S}\gg1\). The most notable examples are the quantum orbital-compass model on \(\mathbb{Z}^2\) and the quantum 120-degree model on \(\mathbb{Z}^3\) which are shown to exhibit symmetry breaking at low-temperatures despite the infinite degeneracy of their (classical) ground state.
Laboratory Experimentation of Autonomous Spacecraft Approach and Docking to a Collaborative Target

A new laboratory test bed i s introduced, which enables the hardware -in -the -loop simulation of the autonomous approach and docking of a chaser spacecraft to a target spacecraft of similar mass. The test bed consists of a chaser spacecraft and a target spacecraft simulator s floating via air pads on a flat floor. The prototype docking interface mechanism of Defense Advanced Research Projec ts Agency’s (DARPA’s) Orbital Express mission is integrated on the spacecraft simulators. Relative navigation of the chaser spacecraft is obtained by fusing the measurements from a single -camera vision sensor and an inertial measurement unit , through Kalma n filters . The target is collaborative in the sense that a pattern of three infrared Light Emitting Diodes is mounted on it as reference for the relative navigation. Eight cold -gas on -off thrusters are used for the t ranslation of the chaser vehicle . They a re commanded using a non -linear control algorithm based on S ch mit t triggers. Furthermore, a reaction wheel is used for the vehicle rotation with a proportional derivative linear control. Experimental results are presented of both autonomous proximity maneu ver a nd autonomous docking of the chaser simulator to the non -floating target . The presented results validate the proposed estimation and control methods and demonstrate the capability of the test bed.
Detection of the DC Inverse Spin Hall Effect Due to Spin Pumping in a Novel Meander-Stripline Geometry

The dc voltage obtained from the inverse spin Hall effect (iSHE) due to spin pumping in ferromagnet/normal-metal (NM) bilayers can be unintentionally superimposed with magnetoresistive rectification of ac charge currents in the ferromagnetic layer. We introduce a meander-stripline device in which these spurious rectification voltages vanish while the iSHE voltage is maximized. In this device, a quantitative study of the dc iSHE is performed in a broad frequency range for Ni 80 Fe 20 /NM multilayers with NM = {Pt, Ta, Cu/Au, Cu/Pt}. The experimentally recorded voltages can be fully ascribed to the iSHE due to spin pumping. Furthermore, we measure a small iSHE voltage in single CoFe thin films.
Synthesis of Submicrometer Mullite Powder via High-Temperature Aerosol Decomposition

High-purity mullite powders (3Al2O3.2SiO2) have been prepared using a high-temperature aerosol decomposition technique yielding submicrometer (0.6 μm average) particles of spherical morphology with no hard agglomerates using aluminum nitrate and fumed silica as precursors. Depending upon the reaction conditions used, the powders range from amorphous to crystalline with no evidence of secondary-phase formation. This mullite synthesis approach has the advantages of not requiring postsynthesis milling, the ability to use a wide range of precursor systems, and enhanced control over chemical homogeneity and particle size/shape.
Hypersonic Low-Density Cone Drag

T objective of this experimental study has been to obtain precise cone drag data in the transition regime of lowdensity hypersonic flow. Data of sufficient quality to 1) establish the variation of CD over this regime, 2) allow meaningful comparison with theory, and 3) allow single parameter studies to be conducted has been sought. In conjunction with a capability of high resolution, the first and perhaps foremost requirement of such data is reproducibility since common systematic uncertainties are usually more tolerable when variations (especially normalized) are of primary interest or when relative comparisons (to determine a single parameter's influence) are to be made.
Helium-core white dwarfs in globular clusters

We examine the theoretical implications of a population of low-mass helium core white dwarfs in globular clusters. In particular, we focus on the observed population in the core of NGC 6397, where several low-mass white dwarf candidates have been identified as nonflickerers by Cool and collaborators. Age and mass estimates from cooling models, combined with dynamical and evolutionary considerations, lead us to infer that the dark binary companions are C/O white dwarfs rather than neutron stars. Furthermore, we find that the progenitor binaries very likely underwent an exchange interaction within the last 109 yr. We examine the prospects for detecting a similar population in other globular clusters, with particular attention to the case of 47 Tuc.
A Direct Measurement of Major Galaxy Mergers at z 3

This paper presents direct evidence for hierarchical galaxy assembly out to redshifts z ~ 3. We identify major mergers using the model-independent CAS (concentration, asymmetry, clumpiness) physical morphological system on galaxies detected, and photometrically selected, in the WFPC2 and NICMOS Hubble Deep Field North. We specifically use the asymmetric distributions of rest-frame optical light measured through the asymmetry parameter (A) to determine the fraction of galaxies undergoing major mergers as a function of redshift (z), stellar mass (M*), and absolute magnitude (MB). We find that the fraction of galaxies consistent with undergoing a major merger increases with redshift for all galaxies, but most significantly, at 5?10 ? confidence, for the most luminous and massive systems. The highest merger fractions we find are 40%?50% for galaxies with MB 1010 M? at z > 2.5, e.g., objects identified as Lyman-break galaxies. Using these results, we model the merger fraction evolution in the form fm(A, M*, MB, z) = f0 ? (1 + z). We find mA values ~4?6 for the most luminous and massive galaxies, while lower mass and less luminous galaxies have smaller mA values. We use these merger fractions, combined with merger timescales calculated from N-body simulations, to derive galaxy merger rates to z ~ 3. We also use stellar masses of HDF-N galaxies to determine the mass accretion rate of field galaxies involved in major mergers. We find an average stellar mass accretion rate of G ~ 4 ? 108 M? Gyr-1 per galaxy at z ~ 1 for galaxies with stellar masses M* > 109 M?. This accretion rate changes with redshift as G = 1.6 ? 108(1 + z)0.99?0.32 M? Gyr-1 per galaxy. We also find that the fraction of stellar mass density in galaxies involved in major mergers increases with redshift, with a peak mass fraction ~0.5 for the brightest, MB 1010 M?, systems near z ~ 2.5. By comparing merger fractions predicted in cold dark matter semianalytic models with our results we find a reasonably good agreement for the largest and brightest systems, although we find more low-mass galaxy mergers at lower redshifts than what these models predict.
Transient 2H-phospholes as powerful synthetic intermediates in organophosphorus chemistry.

Transient 2H-phospholes are easily obtained from 1-R-1H-phospholes by a [1,5]-shift of the R-substituent from phosphorus to the α-carbons of the ring. They display cyclopentadiene-like chemistry: [4+2]-cycloaddition reactions with alkenes, alkynes, conjugated dienes and aldehydes, deprotonation to give the aromatic phospholide ions, and reaction with transition metal derivatives to give η5-phospholyl complexes. The resulting products have found some use in homogeneous and asymmetric catalysis and show some promise in the field of electroconducting polymers.
The Performance of Separate Accounts and Collective Investment Trusts

Despite the size and importance of separately managed accounts (SMAs) and collective investment trusts, their characteristics and performance have not been studied in detail. We show that separate account performance is similar to that of index funds and superior to that of actively managed mutual funds. Management supplies a benchmark for each separate account. When the management-selected benchmark is used to measure per- formance, performance is significantly overstated. Despite this, investors react to differences in performance from the management-preferred benchmark in choosing among SMAs. Finally we find variables that explain both the cross section of alphas and the cross section of cash flows.
Quartzlike carbon dioxide: An optically nonlinear extended solid at high pressures and temperatures

An extended-solid phase, carbon dioxide phase V (CO2-V), was synthesized in a diamond anvil cell by laser heating the molecular orthorhombic phase, carbon dioxide phase III, above 40 gigapascals and 1800 kelvin. This new material can be quenched to ambient temperature above 1 gigapascal. The vibration spectrum of CO2-V is similar to that of the quartz polymorph of silicon dioxide, indicating that it is an extended covalent solid with carbon-oxygen single bonds. This material is also optically nonlinear, generating the second harmonic of a neodymium–yttrium-lithium-fluoride laser at a wavelength of 527 nanometers with a conversion efficiency that is near 0.1 percent.
Development of a handoff continuity score to improve pediatric ICU physician schedule design for enhanced physician and patient continuity

Few studies investigate the benefits of familiarity or continuity during physician-to-physician handoff of inpatients. Factors such as how recently physicians (MDs) have worked and successive days caring for patients increase continuity, and thus could lead to enhanced handoff efficiency. Evaluating the efficacy of MD scheduling to enhance continuity is currently subjective. An MD group consisting of 9 attending physicians and 7 fellows redesigned its pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) coverage schedule with the goal of enhancing continuity of care. The attending PICU MDs were formally surveyed to rate the impact of the schedule change on continuity and efficiency (5 point Likert scale: 1 = worse, 3 = no change, 5 = better). A Handoff Continuity Score (HCS) was developed and used to analyze the 30-bed PICU MD schedule for continuity and handoff efficiency. MD service and call schedules were evaluated for 6-month periods before and after the schedule redesign. The HCS for each schedule was calculated by considering every shift change, or handoff, in the scheduling horizon, and assigning scores to oncoming physicians based on previous days worked. Specifically, for each handoff, each oncoming MD receives a score between 0 and 1, calculated as the summation of a series of 'familiarity factors', one for each recent day worked. The scores for all oncoming MDs are averaged to determine the score for that specific handoff, and the HCS is the average of all handoff scores. The HCS was incorporated into an integer programming (IP) model for scheduling MDs to maximize continuity. A z-test was used to assess the significance of improvement in the HCS. The HCS before and after redesign was 0.57 and 0.68, respectively (19% increase, p < 0.01). Mean MD rating was 4.22 ± 0.56 for continuity, and 4.00 ± 0.65 for efficiency. With the goal of further improving the HCS and (partly) automating and streamlining the scheduling process, the IP was developed to populate physician service and night-call schedules while conforming to scheduling constraints; IP-generated schedules improved the HCS to 0.79 (39% increase). The increased HCS was associated with the MD qualitative assessment of enhanced continuity and efficiency after implanting a schedule change. The IP identified the potential for additional scheduling improvements.
The Hopf algebra of diagonal rectangulations

We define and study a combinatorial Hopf algebra dRec with basis elements indexed by diagonal rectangulations of a square. This Hopf algebra provides an intrinsic combinatorial realization of the Hopf algebra tBax of twisted Baxter permutations, which previously had only been described extrinsically as a Hopf subalgebra of the Malvenuto-Reutenauer Hopf algebra of permutations. We describe the natural lattice structure on diagonal rectangulations, analogous to the Tamari lattice on triangulations, and observe that diagonal rectangulations index the vertices of a polytope analogous to the associahedron. We give an explicit bijection between twisted Baxter permutations and the better-known Baxter permutations, and describe the resulting Hopf algebra structure on Baxter permutations.
Effect of human-biometric sensor interaction on fingerprint matching performance, image quality and minutiae count

This study investigated the effect of force levels (3, 5, 7, 9 and 11N) on fingerprint matching performance, image quality scores and minutiae count between optical and capacitance sensors. Three images were collected from the right index fingers of 75 participants for each sensing technology. Descriptive statistics analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests were conducted to assess significant differences in minutiae counts and image quality scores, by force level. The results reveal a significant difference in image quality score by force level and sensor technology in contrast to minutiae count for the capacitance sensor. The image quality score is one of the many factors that influence the system matching performance, yet the removal of low quality images does not improve the system performance at each force level. Further research is needed to identify other manipulatable factors to improve the interaction between a user and device and the subsequent matching performance.
Part-Time Work, Gender and Job Satisfaction: Evidence from a Developing Country

This paper investigates the relationship between part-time work and job satisfaction using a recent household survey from Honduras. In contrast to previous work for developed countries, this paper does not find a preference for part-time work among women. Instead, both women and men tend to prefer full- time work, although the preference for working longer hours is stronger for men. Consistent with an interpretation of working part-time as luxury consumption, the paper finds that partnered women with children, poor women or women working in the informal sector are more likely to prefer full-time work than single women, partnered women without children, non-poor women or women working in the formal sector. These results have important implications for the design of family and child care policies in low-income countries.
Microreactor-based reaction optimization in organic chemistry—glycosylation as a challenge

Glycosylation reactions are performed rapidly over a wide range of conditions as an example of microreactor-based method optimization and process development in organic chemistry.
Aerodynamic Characteristics of Finite Span Wings with Leading-Edge Protuberances

A series of water-tunnel experiments were conducted to determine the effect of sinusoidal leading-edge protuberances on the aerodynamic characteristics of finite span wings. The models consisted of seven rectangular planform wings, two swept-leading-edge wings, and two wings with a planform resembling humpback-whale flippers. All models had an underlying NACA 634-021 profile with protuberance amplitudes of 0.025–0.12 times the chord length. The models were examined at Reynolds numbers up to 4.5×105 and angles of attack up to 30 deg. The lift and drag coefficients were nearly independent of Reynolds numbers above 3.6×105. Specific rectangular-planform models had appreciably greater lift coefficients over a limited angle-of-attack range when compared to the baseline model. However, with the exception of the planform that resembled the humpback-whale flipper, the lift-to-drag ratio of all leading-edge modified models was comparable to or less than the equivalent baseline model. The flipper model had a slight...
NMR solvent shift data for methoxylated xanthones.

Abstract The NMR spectra of 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyxanthones, 1,3-, 1,5-, 1,6-, 1,7-, 1,8-, 2,5-, 3,4-, 3,5-, 3,6-, and 4,5-dihydroxyxanthones, 1,3,6- and 1,3,8-trihydroxyxanthones, and 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone, as well as those of the corresponding methyl ethers and acetates, were recorded. The spectra of the methyl ethers were measured in deutero- chloroform, benzene, trifluoroacetic acid, and 3% trifluoroacetic acid in benzene. The solvent shift parameters for the methoxyl resonances are tabulated and discussed.
Convergence properties of end invariants

We prove a continuity property for ending invariants of convergent sequences of Kleinian surface groups. We also analyze the bounded curve sets of such groups and show that their projections to non-annular subsurfaces lie a bounded Hausdorff distance from geodesics joining the projections of the ending invariants. 30F40, 57M50
SIMPLIcity: semantics-sensitive integrated matching for picture libraries

We present here SIMPLIcity (semantics-sensitive integrated matching for picture libraries), an image retrieval system, which uses semantics classification methods, a wavelet-based approach for feature extraction, and integrated region matching based upon image segmentation. An image is represented by a set of regions, roughly corresponding to objects, which are characterized by color, texture, shape, and location. The system classifies images into semantic categories. Potentially, the categorization enhances retrieval by permitting semantically-adaptive searching methods and narrowing down the searching range in a database. A measure for the overall similarity between images is developed using a region-matching scheme that integrates properties of all the regions in the images. The application of SIMPLIcity to several databases has demonstrated that our system performs significantly better and faster than existing ones. The system is fairly robust to image alterations.
Syntheses, structures, and optical properties of the indium/germanium selenides Cs4In8GeSe16, CsInSe2, and CsInGeSe4

Abstract The three solid-state indium/germanium selenides Cs 4 In 8 GeSe 16 , CsInSe 2 , and CsInGeSe 4 have been synthesized at 1173 K. The structure of Cs 4 In 8 GeSe 16 is a three-dimensional framework whereas those of CsInSe 2 and CsInGeSe 4 comprise sheets separated by Cs cations. Both Cs 4 In 8 GeSe 16 and CsInGeSe 4 display In/Ge disorder. From optical absorption measurements these compounds have band gaps of 2.20 and 2.32 eV, respectively. All three compounds are charge balanced.
Optimal measurement-based feedback control for a single qubit: a candidate protocol

Feedback control of quantum systems via continuous measurement involves complex nonlinear dynamics. Except in very special cases, even for a single qubit optimal feedback protocols are unknown. Intuitive candidates do not even exist for choosing the measurement basis, which is the primary non-trivial ingredient in the feedback control of a qubit. Here we present a series of arguments that suggest a particular form for the optimal protocol for a broad class of noise sources in the regime of good control. This regime is defined as that in which the control is strong enough to keep the system close to the desired state. With the assumption of this form the remaining parameters can be determined via a numerical search. The result is a non-trivial feedback protocol valid for all feedback strengths in the regime of good control. We conjecture that this protocol is optimal to leading order in the small parameters that define this regime. The protocol can be described relatively simply, and as a notable feature contains a discontinuity as a function of the feedback strength.
Choosing parameters in block-iterative or ordered subset reconstruction algorithms

Viewed abstractly, all the algorithms considered here are designed to provide a nonnegative solution x to the system of linear equations y=Px, where y is a vector with positive entries and P a matrix whose entries are nonnegative and with no purely zero columns. The expectation maximization maximum likelihood method, as it occurs in emission tomography, and the simultaneous multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique are slow to converge on large data sets; accelerating convergence through the use of block-iterative or ordered subset versions of these algorithms is a topic of considerable interest. These block-iterative versions involve relaxation and normalization parameters, the correct selection of which may not be obvious to all users. The algorithms are not faster merely by virtue of being block-iterative; the correct choice of the parameters is crucial. Through a detailed discussion of the theoretical foundations of these methods, we come to a better understanding of the precise roles these parameters play.
Inflationary paradigm after Planck 2013

Abstract Models of cosmic inflation posit an early phase of accelerated expansion of the universe, driven by the dynamics of one or more scalar fields in curved spacetime. Though detailed assumptions about fields and couplings vary across models, inflation makes specific, quantitative predictions for several observable quantities, such as the flatness parameter ( Ω k = 1 − Ω ) and the spectral tilt of primordial curvature perturbations ( n s − 1 = d ln ⁡ P R / d ln ⁡ k ), among others—predictions that match the latest observations from the Planck satellite to very good precision. In the light of data from Planck as well as recent theoretical developments in the study of eternal inflation and the multiverse, we address recent criticisms of inflation by Ijjas, Steinhardt, and Loeb. We argue that their conclusions rest on several problematic assumptions, and we conclude that cosmic inflation is on a stronger footing than ever before.
Presidential Address - Analysis of Race as Policy Analysis

Modern policy analysis training largely ignores race as a substantive area of inquiry. Many significant race-related topics in contemporary policy have escaped the attention of professionals in the APPAM community. The tools and techniques of moder policy analysis-particularly those that emphasize the tension between equity and efficiency-certainly ought to be of use in finding solutions to nagging problems confronting communities of color. Unfortunately, a quick look at the articles published in the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management (JPAM) or the courses taught at the top schools of public affairs reveals a lack of race analysis within the discipline. The discipline that does focus on race analysis-ethnic studies-provides little emphasis on policy analysis. Reviewing the top African American studies programs in the nation, we see that these programs largely ignore policy analysis as a problem-solving tool. Yet there are quite a few reasons to create closer connections between analysis of race and policy analysis, and, happily, there are many opportunities, frequently unexplored, for enhancing these connections.
Partially shifted thermal state

If the photon-number distribution of a thermal state is shifted by N photons toward larger photon numbers, the new state is called a shifted thermal state, which is shown to be as nonclassical as possible. The photon-number distribution of the so-called mazer derived recently by Scully [Phys. Rev. Lett.76, 4144 (1996)] can be viewed as a partially shifted thermal state, which is a mixture of the thermal and the shifted thermal states in the proportion of 1-f to f. It is shown that such a mixture is always a nonclassical state. A measure of how nonclassical the mixture is as a function of f is determined numerically for various values of N.
Computing a logarithm of a unitary matrix with general spectrum

SUMMARY We analyze an algorithm for computing a skew-Hermitian logarithm of a unitary matrix and also skew-Hermitian approximate logarithms for nearly unitary matrices. This algorithm is very easy to implement using standard software, and it works well even for unitary matrices with no spectral conditions assumed. Certain examples, with many eigenvalues near − 1, lead to very non-Hermitian output for other basic methods of calculating matrix logarithms. Altering the output of these algorithms to force skew-Hermitian output creates accuracy issues, which are avoided by the considered algorithm. A modification is introduced to deal properly with the J-skew-symmetric unitary matrices. Applications to numerical studies of topological insulators in two symmetry classes are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initial experience with a radiology imaging network to newborn and intensive care units.

A digital image network has been installed in the James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children on the Indiana University Medical Center to create a limited all digital imaging system. The system is composed of commercial components, Philips/ATT AT&T Bell Laboratories, West Long Beach, NJ) and connects an existing Philips Computed Radiology (PCR) system to two remote workstations that reside in the intensive care unit and the newborn nursery. The purpose of the system is to display images obtained from the PCR system on the remote workstations for direct viewing by referring clinicians, and to reduce many of their visits to the radiology reading room three floors away. The design criteria includes the ability to centrally control all image management functions on the remote workstations to relieve the clinicians from any image management tasks except for recalling patient images. The principal components of the system are the Philips PCR system, the acquisition module (AM), and the PCR interface to the Data Management Module (DMM). Connected to the DMM are an Enhanced Graphics Display Workstation (EGDW), an optical disk drive, and a network gateway to an ethernet link. The ethernet network is the connection to the two Results Viewing Stations (RVS) and both RVSs are approximately 100 m from the gateway. The DMM acts as an image file server and an image archive device. The DMM manages the image data base and can load images to the EGDW and the two RVSs. The system has met the initial design specifications and can successfully capture images from the PCR and direct them to the RVSs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Controlling Enantioselectivity in Additions to Cyclic Oxocarbenium Ions via Transition Metal Catalysis.

Controlling enantioselectivity in additions to oxocarbenium ions remains a challenge in asymmetric catalysis. By using a catalytically generated chiral organometallic intermediate, a copper acetylide, we have developed a novel approach for additions of carbon nucleophiles to cyclic oxocarbenium ions in high enantioselectivities and yields.
A code decomposition approach for decoding cyclic and algebraic-geometric codes

An approach based on code decomposition and partial transform for constructing algorithms for decoding cyclic codes and algebraic-geometric (AG) codes is introduced. A general decoding procedure applicable to arbitrary linear codes and their subfield subcodes is then developed. In particular, we have developed algorithms for error-and-erasure decoding of cyclic codes up to their actual minimum distance, error-and-erasure decoding of AG codes up to their designed minimum distance, and decoding of subfield subcodes of AG codes (geometric BCH codes). Moreover, a generalization of geometric BCH codes is introduced. It is shown by an example that for a simple class of AG codes, the so-called one-point codes, this generalization brings a better estimate of their minimum distance. It is also shown that the algorithms developed in this paper can be applied to decode these codes up to their estimated minimum distance.
A separation principle for the control of a class of nonlinear systems

We extend the separation results of a previous work of ours (1999) to a case where a globally bounded state feedback controller renders a certain compact set positively invariant and asymptotically attractive. The extension covers a wide range of control tasks that arise in adaptive control, servomechanisms, and practical stabilization. It is shown that by implementing the control law using a high-gain observer, we can recover the performance of the state feedback controller.
CAN SOFT DRINK TAXES REDUCE POPULATION WEIGHT

Soft drink consumption has been hypothesized as one of the major factors in the growing rates of obesity in the US. Nearly two-thirds of all states currently tax soft drinks using excise taxes, sales taxes, or special exemptions to food exemptions from sales taxes to reduce consumption of this product, raise revenue, and improve public health. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of changes in state soft drink taxes on body mass index (BMI), obesity, and overweight. Our results suggest that soft drink taxes influence BMI, but that the impact is small in magnitude.
Diffusion measurements using ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy: Acetone diffusion in polypropylene—use of penetrant fluid pressure to improve sample/IRE contact

In this article, we present a simple method for improving the contact between a film sample and the internal reflection element (or crystal) when diffusion into thin polymer films is measured with attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Intimate film/crystal contact is particularly important for making measurements on premade films and materials that cannot be solution-coated onto the crystal. This method is based on controlling the penetrant fluid pressure above a threshold value (>230 kPa) in the ATR flow cell. Measurements of acetone diffusion into a commercial polypropylene film at 300 K and varied pressures indicated that the diffusion time constant was constant at pressures above this threshold. We also monitored the absorbance of a polymer band that had no overlap with the acetone spectrum to examine whether adequate sample-film/crystal contact was reached and maintained. From these observations, we concluded that an apparently good match between the experimental data and a model calculation does not alone justify confidence in the accuracy of the calculated diffusion time constant. Additionally, the practice of using a reference band to correct the uncertainty in absorbance for bands of interest (due to imperfect sample/crystal contact) yielded inconsistent results. We also report further measurements of acetone diffusivity in a polypropylene film at temperatures ranging from 278 to 308 K that yielded an estimated activation energy for diffusion of 98 kJ/mol. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 1773–1787, 2000
Total synthesis of (+/-)-bipinnatin J.

The total synthesis of (±)-bipinnatin J was achieved through a concise route that features the use of a silver ion promoted SN1-type γ-alkylation of a siloxyfuran and a diastereoselective Cr(II)-mediated macrocyclization to provide bipinnatin J (1), wherein the remote furanone stereocenter at C10 induced the relative stereochemistry of the two additional stereocenters.
Rhodium(I)-catalyzed [2+2+1] cycloadditions of 1,3-dienes, alkenes, and CO

Initial examples of a Rh(I)-catalyzed [2+2+1] reaction of diene-enes and CO are described. This method allows for the facile, efficient, and diastereoselective construction of a variety of alkenyl cyclopentanones in good to excellent yields. Control studies show that the diene moiety is required for this process as bis-enes do not give the [2+2+1] products under the same conditions.
Low Frequency Characterization of PWM Converters

Low frequency components of states or outputs in pulse-width modulation (PWM) dc and ac converters can be characterized by differential equations called describing state-space equations. These equations are derived by inspection of converter topology and use of switching functions and duty ratios. Their steady-state and small-signal dynamic solutions show how energy-storage elements in a converter/load system shape the frequency response of conversion functions established by the switches.
One packet suffices - Highly efficient packetized Network Coding With finite memory

Random Linear Network Coding (RLNC) has emerged as a powerful tool for robust high-throughput multicast. Projection analysis, a recently introduced technique, shows that the distributed packetized RLNC protocol achieves (order) optimal and perfectly pipelined information dissemination in many settings. In the original approach to RNLC intermediate nodes code together all available information. This requires intermediate nodes to keep considerable data available for coding. Moreover, it results in a coding complexity that grows linearly with the size of this data. While this has been identified as a problem, approaches that combine queuing theory and network coding have heretofore not provided a succinct representation of the memory needs of network coding at intermediates nodes. This paper shows the surprising result that, in all settings with a continuous stream of data, network coding continues to perform optimally even if only one packet per node is kept in active memory and used for computations. This leads to an extremely simple RLNC protocol variant with drastically reduced requirements on computational and memory resources. By extending the projection analysis, we show that in all settings in which the RLNC protocol was proven to be optimal its finite memory variant performs equally well. In the same way as the original projection analysis, our technique applies in a wide variety of network models, including highly dynamic topologies that can change completely at any time in an adversarial fashion.
The Expanding Utility of Office-Based Ultrasound for the Head and Neck Surgeon

This article presents basics of ultrasound technology for the office, evaluation technique, thyroid and parathyroid imaging, ultrasound for neck lymphatics, office-based head and neck ultrasound biopsy, and therapeutic applications of head and neck ultrasound.