cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of water condensation in a supersonic plume to the nucleation rate

The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method has recently been developed to simulate homogeneous water condensation in a free expansion rocket plume. A nucleation rate, based on the classical nucleation theory (CNT), was used in the DSMC simulation to predict initial nuclei in the condensation region. However, recent experimental research suggests that the CNT nucleation rate should be corrected and the magnitude of the correction is a function of the vapor temperature. Because the nucleation rate is one of the most important factors that impacts the accuracy of the numerical simulation results for a condensation plume, the impact is investigated of the corrected nucleation rate on cluster growth processes and flow macroparameters in an expanding flow using the DSMC method to model both the gas and condensate flow.
Response of corn seedlings to high concentrations of ammonium phosphates

Abstract When in‐row subsoilers are used to plant crops in no‐tillage systems, starter fertilizers are often applied in the in‐row subsoil track. Although rates applied are small, the actual concentration within the rooting zone can be excessive, and injury to germinating seed and young plants can be severe. The purpose of this greenhouse study was to determine the effect of starter fertilizer placement, rate, and source on germination, growth, and nutrient uptake ef corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Fertilizers were surface applied, mixed with the upper 7.5‐cm, 7.5‐ to 15‐cm and the 0‐ to 15‐cm soil depths. Fertilizer rates were equivalent to 15 and 30 kg/ha of field applied P. Sources were diammonium phosphate (DAP, 18–46–0) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP, 10–34–0). Treatments did not affect germination, but the surface application resulted in severe crust formation which had to be mechanically broken. Plant heights and weights and root weights were increased by fertilizer. Nitrogen was primarily responsib...
MgATP-Bound and Nucleotide-Free Structures of a Nitrogenase Protein Complex between the Leu 127Δ-Fe-Protein and the MoFe-Protein†,‡

A mutant form of the nitrogenase iron protein with a deletion of residue Leu 127, located in the switch II region of the nucleotide binding site, forms a tight, inactive complex with the nitrogenase molybdenum iron (MoFe) protein in the absence of nucleotide. The structure of this complex generated with proteins from Azotobacter vinelandii (designated the L127Δ-Av2−Av1 complex) has been crystallographically determined in the absence of nucleotide at 2.2 A resolution and with bound MgATP (introduced by soaking) at 3.0 A resolution. As observed in the structure of the complex between the wild-type A. vinelandii nitrogenase proteins stabilized with ADP·AlF_4^-, the most significant conformational changes in the L127Δ complex occur in the Fe-protein component. While the interactions at the interface between the MoFe-protein and Fe-proteins are conserved in the two complexes, significant differences are evident at the subunit−subunit interface of the dimeric Fe-proteins, with the L127Δ-Av2 structure having a more open conformation than the wild-type Av2 in the complex stabilized by ADP·AlF_4^-. Addition of MgATP to the L127Δ-Av2−Av1 complex results in a further increase in the separation between Fe-protein subunits so that the structure more closely resembles that of the wild-type, nucleotide-free, uncomplexed Fe-protein, rather than the Fe-protein conformation in the ADP·AlF_4^- complex. The L127Δ mutation precludes key interactions between the Fe-protein and nucleotide, especially, but not exclusively, in the region corresponding to the switch II region of G-proteins, where the deletion constrains Gly 128 and Asp 129 from forming hydrogen bonds to the γ-phosphate and activating water for attack on this group, respectively. These alterations account for the inability of this mutant to support mechanistically productive ATP hydrolysis. The ability of the L127Δ-Av2−Av1 complex to bind MgATP demonstrates that dissociation of the nitrogenase complex is not required for nucleotide binding.
Depth of activation on a mixed sediment beach

Abstract The relationship between wave height and depth of sediment activation is evaluated on an estuarine beach to determine whether activation depth is less in pebbles than sand. Rods with washers were used to monitor three excavated beach plots filled with (1) pebbles with mean grain size of 11.5 mm; (2) sand and granules; and (3) sand, granules and pebbles. Plots were monitored for 26 events over 27 days. Significant wave heights ranged from 0.18 to 0.40 m and activation depths from 0.02 to 0.12 m. Activation depths in the pebble plot were less than the other two plots when waves reworked sediment not activated during previous tidal cycles. Proportionality coefficients for activation depth to wave height, when net change was
Physician Workforce Projections in an Era of Health Care Reform

In 2020, the United States may face shortages of 45,400 primary care physicians and 46,100 medical specialists-a total of 91,500 too few doctors. Unfortunately, health workforce shortages like these are being advanced as cause for repealing or "defunding" the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The extension of health insurance coverage to millions of Americans is a critical first step toward a healthier America. It would be a national failure to leave millions of Americans without health insurance coverage because they will generate additional demand. Rather, the solution is to find ways to meet that demand. Workforce projections utilizing real data and carefully formulated assumptions to assess how and why supply and demand change over time can greatly assist policy makers in finding those solutions. With implementation of the ACA under way, it is time to understand what lessons such projections can teach, and to begin to heed those lessons.
Wave Response during Hydrostatic and Geostrophic Adjustment. Part I: Transient Dynamics

Abstract The adjustment of a compressible, stably stratified atmosphere to sources of hydrostatic and geostrophic imbalance is investigated using a linear model. Imbalance is produced by prescribed, time-dependent injections of mass, heat, or momentum that model those processes considered “external” to the scales of motion on which the linearization and other model assumptions are justifiable. Solutions are demonstrated in response to a localized warming characteristic of small isolated clouds, larger thunderstorms, and convective systems. For a semi-infinite atmosphere, solutions consist of a set of vertical modes of continuously varying wavenumber, each of which contains time dependencies classified as steady, acoustic wave, and buoyancy wave contributions. Additionally, a rigid lower-boundary condition implies the existence of a discrete mode—the Lamb mode— containing only a steady and acoustic wave contribution. The forced solutions are generalized in terms of a temporal Green's function, which repres...
Permutations on the Block PRAM

Chin, A., Permutations on the Block PRAM, Information Processing Letters 45 (1993) 69-73. In present-day parallel computers, the complexity of permuting N data items in shared memory varies, depending on whether large blocks can be used for communication. The Block PRAM model of Aggarwal, Chandra and Snir is unique among shared-memory models of parallel computation in modeling this phenomenon. We characterize the Block PRAM complexity of some useful classes of permutations, improving known results.
Asset financing with credit risk

Abstract This paper develops a model for the unified valuation of all forms of real asset financing, such as bank loans, leases, securitization vehicles, and credit guarantees, secured by assets that generate a stochastic service flow to the operator, or a rental stream to the lessor, and depreciate over a finite economic life to their scrap value. Examples include mobile equipment, such as aircraft, railroad equipment, ships, trucks and trailers, as well as energy generation assets, heavy factory equipment and construction equipment. In the event of obligor default, after a repossession delay and incurring costs of repossession, maintenance, re-marketing and re-deployment, the lender repossesses the asset and sells it on the secondary market and is, thus, subject to the risk of decline in the market value of the asset. The model we develop in this paper treats all forms of asset financing in a unified fashion as contingent claims on the collateral asset and the credit of the borrower. As an application, we estimate the collateral asset model on historical secondary market data for aircraft values and calibrate the financing model to the Enhanced Equipment Trust Certificates (EETCs) issued in 2007 by Continental Airlines and secured by a fleet of new aircraft. We then apply the calibrated model to value private market financing, including bank loans, leases, and credit guarantees, consistently with the capital market financing, and assess the impact of repossession delays on credit spreads. This analysis leads to a policy insight suggesting that bankruptcy laws limiting asset repossession delays lead to lower costs of asset financing.
Teacher Interest and Pupil Attitudes

Twelve first-grade teachers at four public elementary schools were given the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and rank ordered on the scales of Language and Writing, Mathematics, Social Science, and Natural Science. Teachers placing in the top 25% and bottom 25% of the score distribution constituted the high interest and low interest conditions. A random sample of five pupils was taken from each of the teacher's classrooms. Pupils were given the Survey of School Attitudes which measures attitudes on the four subject areas in question. One-tailed t tests were computed between pupil means for all subject areas. No significant differences were found in the areas of language and writing, mathematics, or social science. The difference between the means of the scores of the pupils identified with the high and low interest conditions in natural science was significant, t (28) = 2.08, p < .05.
A Graph Similarity-Based Approach to Security Event Analysis Using Correlation Techniques

Detecting and identifying security events to provide cyber situation awareness has become an increasingly important task within the network research and development community. We propose a graph similarity-based approach to event detection and identification that integrates a number of techniques to collect time-varying situation information, extract correlations between event attributes, and characterize and identify security events. Diverging from the traditional rule- or statistical-based pattern matching techniques, the proposed mechanism represents security events in a graphical form of correlation networks and identifies security events through the computation of graph similarity measurements to eliminate the need for constructing user or system profiles. These technical components take fundamentally different approaches from traditional empirical or statistical methods and are designed based on rigorous computational analysis with mathematically proven performance guarantee. The performance superiority of the proposed mechanism is demonstrated by extensive simulation and experimental results.
The causal structure of microlocalized rough Einstein metrics

This is the second in a series of three papers in which we initiate the study of very rough solutions to the initial value problem for the Einstein vacuum equations expressed relative to wave coordinates. By very rough we mean solutions which cannot be constructed by the classical techniques of energy estimates and Sobolev inequalities. In this paper we develop the geometric analysis of the Eikonal equation for microlocalized rough Einstein metrics. This is a crucial step in the derivation of the decay estimates needed in the first paper.
THE NEW ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AFRICA

The purpose of this article is to promote the revival of African economic history. Poverty, the most pressing issue confronting the continent, has received world-wide publicity in recent years. Yet historians have continued to neglect the history of economic development, which is central to the study of poverty, in favour of themes that have their origins in the Western world rather than in Africa. However, there is now an exceptional opportunity to correct the balance. Unknown to most historians, economists have produced a new economic history of Africa in the course of the past decade. This article introduces and evaluates two of the most important contributions to the new literature: the thesis that Africa has suffered a ‘reversal of fortune’ during the last 500 years, and the proposition that ethnic fragmentation, which has deep historical roots, is a distinctive cause of Africa's economic backwardness. These arguments are criticized on both methodological and empirical grounds. But they are also welcomed for their boldness, their freshness and their potential for re-engaging historians in the study of Africa's economic past – not least because it is relevant to Africa's economic future.
Phonon relaxation times of germanium determined by molecular dynamics at 1000 K

Molecular dynamics simulations (MD) and the normal mode decomposition are used to determine the phonon relaxation times of acoustical and optical modes of germanium (Ge) at 1000 K and 1 atm. The relaxation times are calculated from the temporal decay of the autocorrelation function of the total energy of each normal mode in the [100] direction. Two sets of force field parameters are used to obtain the total energy of each phonon mode. We have found, under the assumption of an isotropic crystal, that the acoustic modes contribute about 90 % to the overall thermal conductivity (being the contribution of longitudinal acoustic modes 60 %), and that the behavior of the relaxation times of acoustic modes can be well represented by power functions with exponents close to 2. Both results are in agreement with previous estimations for silicon (Si) and Ge using MD and ab initio simulations, respectively. Lastly, we have found that only one parameter set is able to reproduce the experimental thermal conductivity at this temperature.
Learning Multilingual Subjective Language via Cross-Lingual Projections

This paper discusses learning multilingual subjective language via cross-lingual projections.
The Americas in the Spanish World Order: The Justification for Conquest in the Seventeenth Century

Juan de Solorzano Pereira (1575-1654) was a lawyer who spent eighteen years as a judge in Peru before returning to Spain to serve on the Councils of Castile and of the Indies. Considered one of the finest lawyers in Spain, his work, De Indiarum Jure, was the most sophisticated defense of the Spanish conquest of the Americas ever written, and he was widely cited in Europe and the Americas until the early nineteenth century. His work, and that of the Spanish School of international law theorists generally, is often seen as leading to Hugo Grotius and modern international law. However, as James Muldoon shows, the De Indiarum Jure represents the fullest development of a medieval Catholic theory of international order that provided an alternative to the Grotian theory.
Dynamic V/sub TH/ scaling scheme for active leakage power reduction

We present a Dynamic V/sub TH/ Scaling (DVTS) scheme to save the leakage power during active mode of the circuit. The power saving strategy of DVTS is similar to that of the Dynamic V/sub DD/ Scaling (DVS) scheme, which adaptively changes the supply voltage depending on the current workload of the system. Instead of adjusting the supply voltage, DVTS controls the threshold voltage by means of body bias control, in order to reduce the leakage power. The power saving potential of DVTS and its impact on dynamic and leakage power when applied to future technologies are discussed. Pros and cons of the DVTS system are dealt with in detail. Finally, a feedback loop hardware for the DVTS which tracks the optimal V/sub TH/ for a given clock frequency, is proposed. Simulation results show that 92% energy savings can be achieved with DVTS for 70 nm circuits.
Laparoscopic Colostomy in Gynecologic Cancer

Abstract Study Objective The purpose of our study was to report on our case series of 7 patients with gynecologic cancer who underwent laparoscopic colostomy for elective fecal diversion. Our aim was to retrospectively estimate feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the laparoscopic approach in the setting of gynecologic malignancy, given the high incidence of earlier abdominal surgery and pelvic radiation treatment in this select population. Design Retrospective chart review (Canadian Task Force classification I). Setting University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Patients All patients with a history of gynecologic cancers who underwent laparoscopic colostomy during the study period. Interventions We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent elective laparoscopic diverting colostomy in our department of gynecologic oncology. Surgical indications, medical history, operative and stomal complications, estimated blood loss, return of bowel function, and length of hospital stay were collected. Measurements and Main Results Seven patients underwent laparoscopic colostomy during the study period. Six of these patients underwent an end descending colostomy, and 1 patient underwent a loop colostomy. Indications included rectovaginal fistula (n = 5), colonic/pelvic fistula (n = 1), or large bowel obstruction (n = 1). No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred, nor did any conversions to laparotomy. The median blood loss was 50 mL (range 10–75). Median operative time was 102 minutes (range 69–159). Six (86%) patients had a history of pelvic radiation. In addition, 3 (43%) patients had a history of laparotomy. The median patient weight was 59.8 kg (range 47.1–82.2). The median time to tolerance of a regular diet was 2 days (range 1–3) and the median length of hospital stay was 3 days (range 2–4). No immediate or delayed stomal complications were noted with a median follow-up of 6 months (range 1–15). Conclusion Laparoscopic colostomy in advanced gynecologic cancer may be a safe and feasible technique with minimal morbidity, rapid return of bowel function, and short hospital stay.
To DGC or not to DGC: oxygen guarding in the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis (Isoptera: Termopsidae)

The ability of some insects to engage in complex orchestrations of tracheal gas exchange has been well demonstrated, but its evolutionary origin remains obscure. According to a recently proposed hypothesis, insects may employ spiracular control of gas exchange to guard tissues against long-term oxidative damage by using the discontinuous gas-exchange cycle (DGC) to limit internal oxygen partial pressure (P_(O_2)). This manuscript describes a different approach to oxygen guarding in the lower termite Zootermopsis nevadensis. These insects do not display a DGC but respond to elevated oxygen concentrations by restricting spiracular area, resulting in a transient decline in CO_2 emission. High internal CO_2 concentrations are then maintained; restoring normoxia results in a transient reciprocal increase in CO_2 emission caused by release of excess endotracheal CO_2. These changes in spiracular area reflect active guarding of low internal O_2 concentrations and demonstrate that regulation of endotracheal hypoxia takes physiological priority over prevention of CO_2 build-up. This adaptation may reflect the need to protect oxygen-sensitive symbionts (or, gut bug guarding). Termites may eschew the DGC because periodic flushing of the tracheal system with air may harm the obligate anaerobes upon which the lower termites depend for survival on their native diet of chewed wood.
The EARN-Health Trial: protocol for a randomised controlled trial to identify health effects of a financial savings programme among low-income US adults

Introduction A theory within the social epidemiology field is that financial stress related to having inadequate financial savings may contribute to psychological stress, poor mental health and poor health-related behaviours among low-income US adults. Our objective is to test whether an intervention that encourages financial savings among low-income US adults improves health behaviours and mental health. Methods and analysis A parallel group two-arm controlled superiority trial will be performed in which 700 participants will be randomised to the intervention or a wait list. The intervention arm will be provided an online Individual Development Account (IDA) for 6 months, during which participants receive a $5 incentive (£3.2, €4.5) for every month they save $20 in their account (£12.8, €18), and an additional $5 if they save $20 for two consecutive months. Both groups will be provided links to standard online financial counselling materials. Online surveys in months 0 (prior to randomisation), 6 and 12 (6 months postintervention) will assess self-reported health behaviours and mental health among participants in both arms. The surveys items were tested previously in the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention national health interviews and related health studies, including self-reported overall health, health-related quality of life, alcohol and tobacco use, depression symptoms, financial stress, optimism and locus of control, and spending and savings behaviours. Trial data will be analysed on an intent-to-treat basis. Ethics and dissemination This protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Stanford University (Protocol ID: 30641). The findings of the trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication. Trial registration number Identifier NCT02185612; Pre-results.
Notes and remarks

The material in this introductory section is classical; it provides the background about convex functions and their derivatives needed for the remainder of the notes. Flett’s book [Fl] is frequently useful when one needs to verify fundamental questions concerning differentiability and Roberts-Varberg [R-V] is a good source for basic elementary facts about convex functions. Rademacher’s theorem (stated as Theorem 1.18) has been extended in various ways to infinite dimensional spaces. The first requirement is to come up with a reasonable definition of “almost everywhere” (that is, of some notion of “measure zero”) for infinite dimensional spaces, where no countably additive measure with decent properties can exist. Once this is done, theorems can be proved which assert that a locally Lipschitzian map from a separable Banach space into a space with the RNP (see Section 5) must be Gateaux differentiable almost everywhere. It has been known for at least thirty years that no such theorem holds for Frechet differentiability; there exist simple locally Lipschitzian maps of separable Hilbert space into itself which are nowhere Frechet differentiable. There are even several examples (with subsequent citations) which purport to exhibit real-valued locally Lipschitzian functions on Hilbert space which are nowhere Frechet differentiable. In preparing our UCL notes, we found all such examples to be flawed, leaving the obvious question as to whether such functions on Hilbert space must be Frechet differentiable in a dense set, say. (Rademacher’s theorem shows that Gateaux differentiability must take place in a dense set, but examples on the real line show that it is too much to demand that the set be a Gδ.) This problem was solved beautifully by D. Preiss [Pr], as stated in Theorem 4.12.
The Not-So-Brave New World of Deferred Compensation

This article discusses the requirements of section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code, enacted in 2004, that establishes detailed new requirements for non-qualified deferred compensation arrangements. The article notes the breadth of section 409A and the many changes that will be required to most plans in order to keep them in compliance and avoid severe tax penalties. The article describes the statutory and regulatory effective dates, and provides guidance as to what employers need to do to begin to bring their plans into compliance.
Steroid Exposure & Hyperglycemia in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Headache (HA) Patients: A Retrospective Chart Review (P01.198)

OBJECTIVE: Assess hyperglycemic response to IV steroid treatment in MS and Headache (HA) patients in a retrospective chart review. BACKGROUND: Commonly MS patients recieve IV steroid treatments for acute relapse without glycemic monitoring. MS patients have several risk factors for insulin resistance, including reduced mobility, sedentary lifestyle, and exposure to steroids. Cardiovascular co-morbidities including diabetes have been associated with MS disease progression and reduced quality-of-life. DESIGN/METHODS: We preformed an administrative database search for individuals with a diagnosis of MS or HA who were admitted to the neurology inpatient service. We then completed a retrospective chart review to identify patients who also received IV steroid treatment, had serum blood glucose levels available, and meet eligibility criteria. Exclusion criteria included diabetes diagnosis or use of glucose-modifying medications. RESULTS: Fifty patients (29 MS & 21 HA) were admitted, recieved IV steroids for MS relapse or HA management, were non-diabetic and had pre and post-steroid blood glucose (BG) levels available. The two groups were well matched for age, sex, weight, and pre-steroid BG levels (p-value > 0.05). Post-steroid BG level was significantly higher in the MS compared to HA patients (mean 177 ± 53, range 125 – 259 vs mean 142 ± 27, range 88 – 171; p-value = 0.0037) and the proportion of patients with BG > 126 across first 2 days post-steroids was significantly greater in MS patients (69% vs 29%, p = 0.0048). Finally, in a multiple regression model, diagnosis (MS vs. HA) was a the only significant predictor of post-steroids blood glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS: Increased hyperglycemia in MS compared to HA patients following a steroid challange has not been previously reported and the mechanism remains uncertain. Future prospective studies are needed to understand the potential hyperglycemic mechanisms including insulin resistance, and assess the impact hyperglycemia has on MS-related neuroinflammation and neurologic recovery. Supported by: ziMS Foundation. Disclosure: Dr. Goldman has recieved personal compensation for activities with Biogen, Acorda, and Novartis. Dr. Koenig has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yeamans has nothing to disclose.
Reflections of Racial Consciousness in Social Work

This article focuses on select reflections of a White social work student’s thoughts on racism within a historical, societal, and systems context. Topics discussed include prejudice, privilege, and power differentials within the White as helper, Black in need dichotomy. Research and personal outlook are interwoven to conclude that as agents of change, White social workers hold a unique responsibility in working towards an anti-racist agenda and confronting their own racist ways of knowing.
Faster Learning and Adaptation in Security Games by Exploiting Information Asymmetry

With the advancement of modern technologies, the security battle between a legitimate system (LS) and an adversary is becoming increasingly sophisticated, involving complex interactions in unknown dynamic environments. Stochastic game (SG), together with multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), offers a systematic framework for the study of information warfare in current and emerging cyber-physical systems. In practical security games, each player usually has only incomplete information about the opponent, which induces information asymmetry. This paper exploits information asymmetry from a new angle, considering how to exploit information unknown to the opponent to the player's advantage. Two new MARL algorithms, termed minimax post-decision state (minimax-PDS) and Win-or-Learn Fast post-decision state (WoLF-PDS), are proposed, which enable the LS to learn and adapt faster in dynamic environments by exploiting its information advantage. The proposed algorithms are provably convergent and rational, respectively. Also, numerical results are presented to show their effectiveness through three important applications.
Buckling-induced jamming in channel flow of particle rafts

We report on observations of the flow of plastic particles floating on the surface of water in a rectangular channel. The system is driven by moving one wall of the channel at a constant velocity. The opposite side of the channel is open, and the particles are pushed into a region free of material. During the flow, video of the particle motions is captured, and the average force on the pushing wall is measured. We have studied particle shapes that are both circular disks and rectangular bars. We find that when the rectangular bars form a layer at the side walls of the channel (whether or not the central region is filled with disks or additional rectangular bars), the system exhibits sudden increases and decreases in the average force on the driving wall. This behavior is consistent with the existence of jamming in the system. We report on the shape and velocity dependence of these force fluctuations, and the evidence that buckling of the rectangular blocks at the wall is responsible for generating the jamming dynamics.
An engineering study of the unsteady response of a jet transport during a wake encounter in a transitional state of potential Crow instability

An engineering study has been conducted into the unsteady motion and loads response of a widebody jet transport encountering a vortex wake from a preceding ‘heavy’ aircraft, the wake undergoing a transitional change of flow -state from a trailing -pair through a Crow instability mechanism to a train of vortex rings. It is postulated that, having formed, the migratory Crow instability vortex rings have then rotated to the more stable upright position (coaxial with the downwash vector). The second aircraft is assumed to follow a flight path through the vortex cores of the right side of the vortex rings at 260 knots. On this flight path the estimated strength of the vortex rings is such that the induced velocity produces sideslip angle excursions to +10 °, with extremely dynamic reversals, up to 200 °/sec . Accounting for sideslip, lateral and yaw accelerations, the fin loads have been estimated using indicial functions. A yaw damper operating on a simple rate law is calculated to slightly reduce the responsive motion, albeit with a mild increase in fin l oads. If reactive pilot rudder inputs are assumed, the analysis indicates that, depending upon sensory/system input -output lag, it could be possible to couple the rudder activity in -phase to each subsequent vortex ring encounter – in which case, significa nt magnification of fin loads is estimated to occur, of the order of 30 -35% greater than that estimated without reactive, dynamic rudder input commands. For the subject transport aircraft, this would represent peak load values of the order of twice the es timated critical design manoeuvre limit load case.
Red Monday and Its Aftermath: The Supreme Court's Flip-Flop Over Communism in the Late 1950s

On October 14, 1949, after what was then the longest federal criminal trial in the history of the United States, 1 a New York jury convicted eleven top officials of the American Communist Party of violating the Smith Act, 2 a statute that made it a criminal offense to advocate or teach the forcible or violent overthrow of the U.S. government. 3 The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, with an opinion penned by Judge Learned Hand, affirmed the convictions, stating that Americans “must not close [their] eyes” to what the country’s position was at the time the eleven Communist Party leaders were indicted. 4 In the context of world events in the summer of 1948, a little more than a year after President Harry S. Truman instituted the first general loyalty program to begin rooting out Communism in the United States, 5 the activities of the eleven leaders constituted a clear and present
A New Two-line Hybrid Early Rice Combination "Hualiangyou 106"

"Hualiangyou 106" was bred by crossing between early-maturing early indica temperature-sensitive genetic male sterile line "M103S"(mother parent) and new early rice line "T1005". It has early-maturity, high yield and stable yield. In addition, it passed the examination and approval by Jiangxi Crops Identification Committee in 2004. In this paper, some main characters, cultural and seed production techniques of "Hualiangyou 106" were introduced.
Investigation of Route of Transmission of HIV in Lianyungang City

[Objective]To investigate the route of transmission of HIV/AIDS in Lianyungang city.[Methods] HIV infection route during 1996-2007 were conducted retrospective analysis.[Results]29(49.2%)were sexual transmission.16(27.1%)were blood transmission;of which 5 had blood transfusion and supply history,accounted for 31.3% of blood transmission;11 were drug users,accounted for 68.8% of blood transmission.2 cases(3.4%)had both dangerous sexual behavior and drug history;3(5.1%)were vertical transmission;and 9(15.3%)were unknown transmission route.[Conclusion] The major transmission route of HIV in Lianyungang city is sexual transmission,so the key work of AIDS prevention is adopting intervention of blocking the sexual transmission.
The Role of Agent Age and Gender for Middle-Grade Girls

ABSTRACTCompared to boys, many girls are more aware of a social context in the learning process and perform better when the environment supports frequent interactions and social relationships. For these girls, embodied agents (animated on-screen characters acting as tutors) could afford simulated social interactions in computer-based learning and thereby supply a girl-friendly instructional context. This study examined the effects of the age and gender of an agent on ninth-grade Caucasian and ethnic-minority girls' perceptions of the agent, mathematics attitudes, and learning in a computer-based algebra-learning environment. In general, the findings support that a virtual agent plays both social and instructional roles that favor teenage girls and could be a viable tool to create a favorable context for girls learning challenging topics.
Structure of a Novel Phosphotriesterase from Sphingobium sp. TCM1: A Familiar Binuclear Metal Center Embedded in a Seven-Bladed β-Propeller Protein Fold

A novel phosphotriesterase was recently discovered and purified from Sphingobium sp. TCM1 (Sb-PTE) and shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of a broad spectrum of organophosphate esters with a catalytic efficiency that exceeds 106 M–1 s–1 for the hydrolysis of triphenyl phosphate. The enzyme was crystallized and the three-dimensional structure determined to a resolution of 2.1 A using single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (Protein Data Bank entry 5HRM). The enzyme adopts a seven-bladed β-propeller protein fold, and three disulfide bonds were identified between Cys-146 and Cys-242, Cys-411 and Cys-443, and Cys-542 and Cys-559. The active site of Sb-PTE contains a binuclear manganese center that is nearly identical to that of the structurally unrelated phosphotriesterase from Pseudomonas diminuta (Pd-PTE). The two metal ions in the active site are bridged to one another by Glu-201 and a water molecule. The α-metal ion is further coordinated to the protein by interactions with His-389, His-475, and Glu-407, wh...
Cardiovascular studies in the exercising animal. Cardiac output, arterial pressure, cardiac work, and blood gas studies in the normal dog and the dog with heart block under maximal exercise methods and preliminary results.

Summary and conclusion 1. Techniques have been developed for recording of ascending aorta flow, aortic pressure, and left ventricular work in the maximally exercising animal. 2. A marked increase in cardiac output during exercise in the normal dog was accompanied by a striking heart rate increase, but little change or, even, a fall in aortic mean pressure. Aortic pulse pressure and systolic pressure invariably rose. 3. Animals with complete heart block were able to perform just as heavy an external work load at their idiopathic ventricular rates as at rapid-paced rates. 4. Cardiac output and cardiac work increased in stepwise fashion as heart rate was increased, both with and without exercise. 5. Large error is introduced by calculation of cardiac work using mean values for cardiac output and pressure compared with the results using instantaneous analog-computer techniques.
Abstract 2084: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment of autophagy inhibition following hydroxychloroquine in mice

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is being tested in a number of human clinical trials to determine the role of autophagy in response to standard anticancer therapies. However, preclinical studies in mouse models are equivocal with regard to HCQ exposure (pharmacokinetics) and inhibition of autophagy (pharmacodynamics) in various tissues. Understanding HCQ pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) in mice allows for a comparison to human PK as reported in recent trials and as such the subsequent PD associated with autophagy inhibition in tissues. In this study, female BALB/c mice were treated with a single intraperitoneal dose of 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg HCQ and tissues and whole blood collected at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Levels of HCQ and desethylhydroxychloroquine (dHCQ), an active metabolite, in whole blood and tissues were determined via a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay. Non-compartmental analysis (NCA) measured exposure, as determined by area under the drug concentration versus time curve (AUC0-inf), to both HCQ and dHCQ was dose proportional in whole blood, liver and brain. The maximum concentration (Cmax) of HCQ was 1.3, 3.1 and 4.7 μg/mL and 20.6, 41.7 and 114.7 μg/mL in whole blood and liver, respectively, following 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg. Brain exposure was far less with Cmax achieving 272, 717 and 2220 ng/mL. In general, the time of maximal concentration (Tmax) of HCQ and dHCQ was observed at 3 hr or 6 hr, regardless of dose and location measured. PD assessment for autophagy inhibition was determined by western blotting. The LC3 protein, which is involved in membrane dynamics during autophagy, was visualized and the ratio of LC3-II to tubulin was measured. In the liver, autophagy was inhibited approximately two-fold following all doses at 24 and 48 hr compared to controls. Autophagy was inhibited in both the gut and kidney at 24 and 48 hr at all doses. In the brain, autophagy inhibition was not dose related and may be a result of low HCQ levels. These results demonstrate that a dose of 20 mg/kg is sufficient to inhibit autophagy in most tissues investigated; however, while PK parameters appear to be dose proportional, increased tissue drug levels does not necessarily equate to increased PD effects/autophagy inhibition. In addition, the data establishes a dose of 40 mg/kg in mice results in Cmax and AUC0-inf of HCQ equivalent to that observed in human clinical trials targeting autophagy modulation following a dose of 600 mg daily. Studies are ongoing to assess this relationship in solid tumors. Citation Format: Kristen M. Jackson, Ryan J. Hansen, Daniel L. Gustafson. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment of autophagy inhibition following hydroxychloroquine in mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2084.
Paroxysmal Nonkinesigenic Dyskinesia

A Canadian family of European descent with paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD), and a gene locus that links to a distinct region on chromosome 2q31, is reported by researchers at University of British Columbia, Canada.
Quantifying resource competition and its effects in the TX-TL system

Without accounting for the limited availability of shared cellular resources, the standard model of gene expression fails to reliably predict experimental data obtained in vitro. To overcome this limitation, we develop a dynamical model of gene expression explicitly modeling competition for scarce resources. In addition to accurately describing the experimental data, this model only depends on a handful of easily identifiable parameters with clear physical interpretation. Based on this model, we then characterize the combinations of protein concentrations that are simultaneously realizable with shared resources. As application examples, we demonstrate how the results can be used to explain similarities/differences among different in vitro extracts, furthermore, we illustrate that accounting for resource usage is essential in circuit design considering the toggle switch.
SigPID: significant permission identification for android malware detection

A recent report indicates that a newly developed malicious app for Android is introduced every 11 seconds. To combat this alarming rate of malware creation, we need a scalable malware detection approach that is effective and efficient. In this paper, we introduce SIGPID, a malware detection system based on permission analysis to cope with the rapid increase in the number of Android malware. Instead of analyzing all 135 Android permissions, our approach applies 3-level pruning by mining the permission data to identify only significant permissions that can be effective in distinguishing benign and malicious apps. SIGPID then utilizes classification algorithms to classify different families of malware and benign apps. Our evaluation finds that only 22 out of 135 permissions are significant. We then compare the performance of our approach, using only 22 permissions, against a baseline approach that analyzes all permissions. The results indicate that when Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used as the classifier, we can achieve over 90% of precision, recall, accuracy, and F-measure, which are about the same as those produced by the baseline approach while incurring the analysis times that are 4 to 32 times smaller that those of using all 135 permissions. When we compare the detection effectiveness of SIGPID to those of other approaches, SIGPID can detect 93.62% of malware in the data set, and 91.4% unknown malware.
Teaching Bits: What's New with CAUSEweb and MERLOT?

(2013). Teaching Bits: What's New with CAUSEweb and MERLOT? Journal of Statistics Education: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. null.
Evaluation of solubles syrup from microbially enhanced soy protein production as a supplement for growing dairy heifers

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to conduct a preliminary study to determine whether solubles syrup from microbially enhanced soy protein production is viable as a supplement for growing dairy heifers. A 6-wk study with a randomized complete block design was conducted using 14 Holstein and 4 Brown Swiss heifers [310 ± 16.4 d of age; BW = 337.6 ± 33 kg]. Treatments were (1) a control TMR (CON) and (2) a TMR with 6.5% microbially enhanced soy protein solubles syrup (DM basis) in partial replacement of soybean meal and corn (SYP). Both diets contained similar inclusion rates of corn silage, grass hay, and mineral mix and were balanced to be comparable in CP and energy. Heifers were fed for ad libitum intakes using a Calan gate feeding system. Frame sizes, BW, and BCS were measured every 2 wk of the feeding period, and coccygeal blood samples and rumen fluid, sampled via esophageal tube, were collected every 2 wk at 4 h after feeding. Fecal grab samples were collected in wk 6. Dry matter intake, BW, and ADG were similar between treatments. Frame measurements and BCS were similar. Rumen fermentation profiles were similar; however, ammonia-nitrogen was greater for CON. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was greater for CON; all other blood metabolites were similar. The SYP treatment had greater NDF, DM, and OM total-tract digestibility, and there was a tendency for increased CP and ADF digestibility. Results indicate that there is potential for solubles syrup from microbially enhanced soy protein production as a protein replacement in growing heifer diets.
Targeted therapy for infants with diencephalic syndrome: A case report and review of management strategies

Young children with emaciation caused by a hypothalamic glioma are considered to have diencephalic syndrome (DS), which is often poorly controlled with conventional treatment. We describe an infant with DS whose tumor progressed following chemotherapy. Biopsy was performed for molecular testing and demonstrated a BRAF fusion. Treatment with the MEK inhibitor trametinib for 18 months resulted in reduction of tumor size, normalization of his weight curve, and marked neurodevelopmental improvement. Our results build on earlier reports of using targeted agents for low-grade glioma, and we review the evolving management strategy for such patients in the era of precision medicine.
Estimating the Effectiveness of Imidacloprid When Used to Suppress Transmission of Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus in Commercial Agriculture.

Imidacloprid is widely used to manage tomato spotted wilt disease (TSW) in tobacco, tomato, and pepper, caused by Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) and spread by the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Hinds (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Imidacloprid suppresses transmission of TSWV by reducing probing and feeding by adult thrips on treated plants, thereby reducing the probability of transmission by infectious thrips. Because imidacloprid does not reduce probing and feeding on treated plants to zero, the reduction in transmission probability per viruliferous thrips can be offset by an increase in the number of viruliferous thrips challenging treated plants. A composite of these effects which we call ‘pathogen pressure’ experienced by plants is a function of thrips population size, the proportion of those thrips that are viruliferous, and the probability that viruliferous thrips successfully inoculate plants. To better understand the relationship between imidacloprid’s effect on virus transmission, pathogen pressure, and TSW incidence in tobacco, we modeled TSW incidence as a function of the two most important variables affecting components of pathogen pressure, temperature, and precipitation, and the dependence of imidacloprid’s effect on pathogen pressure. A model incorporating imidacloprid’s effect as a reduction in pathogen pressure was found to be more descriptive than models incorporating the effect as a reduction in TSW incidence. Results reveal maximum proportional reduction in TSW incidence resulting from imidacloprid use is associated with minimal potential TSW incidence. As pathogen pressure increases, potential TSW incidence approaches 100%, and the benefits of imidacloprid use are highest at intermediate levels of pathogen pressure.
Colgate-Palmolive: Staying Ahead in Oral Care

In 2011, Colgate-Palmolive (Colgate) was the global leader in oral care, with a dominant market share lead in toothpaste and a growing presence in toothbrushes and mouthwash. However, the firm faced stiff competition with perennial rivals P&G increasing their focus on the oral care and emerging markets where Colgate had traditionally been untouchable. To defend its lead Colgate attempted to cover all fronts, leveraging brand equity, fostering close relationships with dental professionals, innovating in underutilized markets, using its global network to quickly move products to market and reinvesting steadily in its brand.Learning Objective: To highlight how Colgate successfully defended the Oral Care category by, leveraging brand equity, fostering close relationships with dental professionals, innovating in underutilized markets, using its global network to quickly move products to market and reinvesting steadily in its brand. Examine structural set up of Colgate when compared to other Consumer product goods.