cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Analysis of the Pupil with Light and Electrical Stimulation

A television pupillometer and an on-line computer were used to determine the static and dynamic characteristics of the pupillary system in the cat. The characteristics of sphincter and dilator mechanisms were measured with pulse rate modulated electrical stimuli to sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and found to be similar to the light-driven pupillary response characteristic at high frequencies. Linear and nonlinear features of the response characteristics that were identified include retinal logarithmic operator, neural, neuromuscular, and mechanical saturation, high-frequency third-order dynamics of the motor component with a break frequency at 0.8 Hz, nonminimum phase transport delay of about 0.2 s, and response asymmetry to positive and negative steps of stimulation.
The Effect of Oxygen on the Work Function of Tungsten Gate Electrodes in MOS Devices

The effect of oxygen on the work function of tungsten electrodes has been studied. As expected, it was found that the presence of the metastable A15 (s) phase is correlated with oxygen concentration. Tungsten films with minimal oxygen content contain only the stable bcc (?) phase. However, after a forming gas anneal was performed on MOS capacitors made from these films, it was found that the s phase converts completely to a strained ? phase. Despite this uniform transformation, it was found that the work function of the tungsten gate electrodes varies from 4.54-4.91 eV, depending on the partial pressure of oxygen that the tungsten films were grown in. This is a novel work function tuning technique, and it is hypothesized that the observed variation is due solely to the incorporation of oxygen from the growth environment into the W layer at the SiO2/W interface.
Narrow-Linewidth Yttrium Iron Garnet Films for Heterogeneous Integration

We report on the fabrication and characterization of single-crystal films of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) for heterogeneous integration onto growth-incompatible substrates. The process entails the implantation of energetic helium ions into the material, resulting in the formation of a fast etching sacrificial layer. Separation from the growth substrate is followed by an annealing step, yielding a ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth of 0.70 Oe from a virgin sample of linewidth 0.55 Oe. Magnetization measurements show a distinct softening of the in-plane response to an applied field.
Activity of ABT-773 against Mycobacterium avium complex in the beige mouse model.

ABT-773, a new ketolide antimicrobial agent, was evaluated in comparison to clarithromycin (CLA) in vitro against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and in a beige mouse model of disseminated MAC infection. The MICs at which 50 and 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited were 2 and 4 μg/ml, respectively, for CLA and 8 and 16 μg/ml, respectively, for ABT-773. Eight CLA-resistant isolates were found to be resistant to ABT-773 (MICs > 64 μg/ml). In the in vivo study mice were treated with ABT-773 (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of body weight) or CLA (200 mg/kg). Both ABT-773 (100 and 200 mg/kg) and CLA significantly decreased the viable cell counts in spleens and lungs. ABT-773 (200 mg/kg) and CLA had similar activities in lungs, but the former was more active in spleens.
Binary filters for pattern classification

Generalized Fourier correlators imposing finite system space-bandwidth products are described, and a class of binary filters is proposed. In pattern classification and signal registration applications, it is shown that for a particular class of signals, the binary filters yield the same asymptotic performance as the matched filter. It is hence adduced that a dynamic range of a single bit in the filter suffices for classification purposes. The effects of statistical sidelobe fluctuations and a finite system space-bandwidth product are included in the analysis. It is demonstrated that performance improves in a natural fashion with increase in the space-bandwidth product for both the binary filter and the matched filter. >
The vortex: families' experiences with death in the intensive care unit.

• BACKGROUND Lack of communication from healthcare providers contributes to the anxiety and distress reported by patients’ families after a patient’s death in the intensive care unit. • OBJECTIVE To obtain a detailed picture of the experiences of family members during the hospitalization and death of a loved one in the intensive care unit. • METHODS A qualitative study with 4 focus groups was used. All eligible family members from 8 intensive care units were contacted by telephone; 8 members agreed to participate. • RESULTS The experiences of the family members resembled a vortex: a downward spiral of prognoses, difficult decisions, feelings of inadequacy, and eventual loss despite the members’ best efforts, and perhaps no good-byes. Communication, or its lack, was a consistent theme. The participants relied on nurses to keep informed about the patients’ condition and reactions. Although some participants were satisfied with this information, they wished for more detailed explanations of procedures and consequences. Those family members who thought that the best possible outcome had been achieved had had a physician available to them, options for treatment presented and discussed, and family decisions honored. • CONCLUSIONS Uncertainty about the prognosis of the patient, decisions that families make before a terminal condition, what to expect during dying, and the extent of a patient’s suffering pervade families’ end-of-life experiences in the intensive care unit. Families’ information about the patient is often lacking or inadequate. The best antidote for families’ uncertainty is effective communication. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2002;11:200-209)
Functional MR imaging of a simulated balance task

Human postural control, which relies on information from vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive inputs, degrades with aging, and falls are the leading cause of injury in older adults. In the last decade, functional neuroimaging studies have been performed in order to gain a greater understanding of the supraspinal control of balance and walking. It is known that active balancing involves cortical and subcortical structures in the brain, but neuroimaging of the brain during these tasks has been limited. The study of the effect of aging on the functional neuroimaging of posture and gait has only recently been undertaken. In this study, an MRIcompatible force platform was developed to simulate active balance control. Eleven healthy participants (mean age 7575 yr) performed an active balance simulation task by using visual feedback to control anterior–posterior center of pressure movements generated by ankle dorsiflexor (DF) and plantarflexor (PF) movements, in a pattern consistent with upright stance control. An additional ankle DF/PF exertion task was performed. During both the active balance simulation and the ankle DF/PF tasks, the bilateral fusiform gyrus and middle temporal gyrus, right inferior, middle, and superior frontal gyrii were activated. No areas were found to be more active during the ankle DF/PF task when compared with the active balance simulation task. When compared to the ankle DF/PF task, the active balance simulation task elicited greater activation in the middle and superior temporal gyrii, insula, and a large cluster that covered the corpus callosum, superior and medial frontal gyrii, as well as the anterior cingulate and caudate nucleus. This study demonstrates the utility in using a force platform to simulate active balance control during MR imaging that elicits activity in cortical regions consistent with studies of active balance and mental imagery of balance.
Student Retention Through The Lens Of Campus Climate, Racial Stereotypes, And Faculty Relationships

Higher Education Institutions are seeing increased retention rates among African-American college students at predominantly white institutions (PWIs). Institutional barriers such as unwelcoming campus climates, racial stereotypes, and faculty relationships have raised concerns as viable factors as to why the attrition rate for African-American students at PWIs is still on the rise. Ninety African-American college students participated in the Culture Attitude and Climate (CACS) survey. This study revealed a direct relationship between campus climate, racial stereotypes, and faculty relationships and student retention in African-American students attending a predominantly white institution. There was a statistically positive correlation between the perceptions of African-American students pertaining to student retention and campus climate, racial stereotypes, and faculty relationships at a predominantly white institution. African-American students want to be a part of an inclusive academic body that promotes diversity and student success.
Classical Biological Control: A Critical Review of Recent Programs against Citrus Pests in Florida

Classical biological control is often considered a cornerstone of integrated pest management, although the introduction of exotic natural enemies can have unpredictable and wide-ranging impacts on native ecosystems. In this article, I question the wisdom of using the classical approach as an automatic first response to invasive pests. I critically evaluate some classical biological control programs recently implemented against invasive pests of citrus in Florida including: Lysiphlebia japonica Ashmead and Lipolexis scutellaris Mackauer (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) introduced against the brown citrus aphid, Ageniaspis citricola Logviniskaya (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) against the citrus leafminer, and Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) against the Asian citrus psyllid. I advance the following contentions: (1) Not all invasive pests are appropriate targets for the classical approach, especially those that lack natural enemies specific to, or effective against them. (2) Some invasive pests may be effectively controlled by generalist predators within a time frame similar to that required for evaluation of introduced parasitoids. (3) The contributions of native species are often ignored when postrelease evaluations focus on introduced species. (4) Parasitism is a highly apparent phenomenon in the field, while predation is less apparent and far more difficult to quantify, an empirical disparity that may generate an undue bias regarding the perceived importance of introduced parasites relative to indigenous predators in biological control. (5) Classical programs have immediate political appeal to agricultural sectors seeking quick solutions to new pest problems, and to the government agencies seeking to respond to their demands for action. Thus, funding incentives for research may be biased toward ‘rear and release’ classical programs and away from other, ecologically sound approaches to pest management such as conservation biological control. I conclude that classical programs are typically employed as a reflexive response to invasive pests, often without adequate evaluation of the pest as a potential, rather than automatic, target for this approach, and without prerelease surveys to document indigneous natural enemies. A classical program may be embarked on regardless of whether or not suitable candidate species for introduction can be identified, and often without objective postrelease evaluations. The net result is a prevailing tendency to underestimate the potential ecological resiliency of established insect communities to invasive pests.
Insecure Surveillance: Technical Issues with Remote Computer Searches

Proposed changes to federal rules authorizing warrants for remote computer searches mistake victims for criminals, confuse legitimate uses of location-anonymizing software with nefarious activity, and are likely to be both intrusive and damaging, creating serious security problems and potentially compromising criminal investigations.
Management implications for the perioperative surgical home related to inpatient case cancellations and add-on case scheduling on the day of surgery.

BACKGROUND:The American Society of Anesthesiologists has embraced the concept of the Perioperative Surgical Home as a means through which anesthesiologists can add value to the health systems in which they practice. One key listed element of the Perioperative Surgical Home is to support “scheduling
Improved pump placement with infrapubic penile prosthetic implantation.

AbstractA common problem with implantation of an inflatable penile prosthesis is inadequate placement and/or fixation of the pump mechanism. We report on a total of 45 of our most recent patients who underwent penile prosthesis implantation for erectile dysfunction. In all cases the implants were placed with an infrapubic approach in conjunction with a penoscrotal counterincision for improved pump placement and fixation. One patient (2.2%) had an infectious complication requiring revision. When we compared this infection rate with the infectious complication rates reported in the literature, we found that adding a penoscrotal counterincision did not increase the risk of infectious complication to the patient.
Theory of Social Choice on Networks: Preference, Aggregation, and Coordination

Classical social choice theory relies heavily on the assumption that all individuals have fixed preference orderings. This highly original book presents a new theory of social preferences that explicitly accounts for important social phenomena such as coordination, compromise, negotiation and altruism. Drawing on cybernetics and network theory, it extends classical social choice theory by constructing a framework that allows for dynamic preferences that are modulated by the situation-dependent social influence that they exert on each other. In this way the book shows how members of a social network may modulate their preferences to account for social context. This important expansion of social choice theory will be of interest to readers in a wide variety of disciplines, including economists and political scientists concerned with choice theory as well as computer scientists and engineers working on network theory.
Signaling Diversity in Human Lymphoma B Cells and in Tumor Infiltrating T Cells Correlates with Follicular Lymphoma Patient Clinical Outcomes

Introduction: Flow cytometry analysis of live cells from cryopreserved tumor samples provides the opportunity to study simultaneously the biology of both cancer cells and the patient’s immune system cells. Furthermore, single cell based approaches can identify and quantify subsets within mixed populations, such as heterogeneous primary tumors, without the need to physically separate cells. We have previously used flow cytometry to identify differences in signaling mechanism between healthy human B cells from two differentiation stages and to compare signaling kinetics of tumor and non-malignant B cells within primary human lymphoma specimens 1 . Methods: Here we used barcoded phospho-specific flow cytometry to measure signaling events in live lymphoma B cells and tumor-infiltrating T cells from follicular lymphoma (FL) tumor samples obtained before patients received therapy. Patients were then stratified according to signaling and clinical outcome was examined within the resulting groups. We examined response to initial chemotherapy, which was a combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (cvp), and overall survival, measured as the time from diagnosis to last follow up or mortality. Results: Differences in B cell receptor (BCR) signaling strength and kinetics characterized previously unappreciated diversity within the lymphoma B cell population. In some cases, BCR crosslinking triggered robust phosphorylation of AKT and ERK in one subset of lymphoma cells, while in another lymphoma subset within the same tumor sample, BCR crosslinking did not lead to phosphorylation of either protein. In these cases, both lymphoma B cell subsets expressed BCL2 and surface immunoglobulin heavy and light chain restricted to the tumor isotype. Patients whose lymphoma tumor contained a BCR insensitive cell subset (Group 2) had significantly worse responses to cvp therapy (p = 0.001) and lower overall survival (p = 0.003) than patients whose lymphoma cells displayed more homogeneous BCR signaling (Group 1). We next examined tumor infiltrating T cell signaling in the FL cases from Group 1, where no significant BCR insensitive subset was observed. Within Group 1, differences in the magnitude of IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 mediated STAT5 phosphorylation in tumor infiltrating T cells further distinguished a set of patients with significantly higher overall survival (p = 0.04). Conclusions: These results identify BCR signaling in lymphoma B cells and cytokine signaling in tumor infiltrating T cells as clinically relevant biomarkers for tracking and isolating lymphoma cell subsets and for monitoring immune system activity during therapy. By following patients over time, we can now determine whether cell intrinsic signaling diversity enables the emergence of therapy insensitive cancer cell subsets.
1,2-Bis(dimaltolphosphino)ethane “Malt 4 Phos 2 ”: A new phosphonite chelate ligand and corresponding platinum catalyzed styrene hydrosilylation activity

Abstract Via a one pot reaction new chelating maltol-based phosphonite ligands “Malt4Phos2” 1 and “etMalt4Phos2” 2 and their corresponding platinum dichloride complexes 3 and 4 have been synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Solid state structures revealed intriguing differences as 3 has five water molecules within the unit cell creating a small hydrogen bonding network, while 4 exhibits inter-catalyst π stacking effects. The catalytic hydrosilylation potential of 3 and 4 was investigated using styrene and phenyldimethylsilane displaying competitive activity with currently available catalysts.
Effect of professional society recommendations on women's desire for a routine pelvic examination.

Background The American College of Physicians strongly recommends against performing pelvic examinations in asymptomatic, nonpregnant women, citing evidence of harm (false-positive testing, unnecessary surgery) and no evidence of benefit. In contrast, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends pelvic examinations in asymptomatic women beginning at age 21 years, citing expert opinion. Objective We sought to evaluate if providing women with professional societies’ conflicting statements about pelvic examinations (recommendations and rationales) would influence their desire for a routine examination. Study Design We recruited 452 women ages 21-65 years from 2 women’s clinics to participate in a 50-minute face-to-face interview about cervical cancer screening that included a 2-phase study related to pelvic examinations. In the first phase, 262 women were asked about their desire for the examination without being provided information about professional societies’ recommendations. In the second phase, 190 women were randomized to review summaries of the American College of Physicians or American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists statement followed by an interview. Results First-phase participants served as the referent: 79% (208/262) indicated they would want a routine examination if given a choice. In the second phase, a similar percentage of women randomized to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists summary had this desire (82%: 80/97; adjusted odds ratio, 1.37; 95% confidence interval, 0.69–2.70). Women randomized to the American College of Physicians summary, however, were less likely to indicate they would opt for an examination (39%: 36/93; adjusted odds ratio, 0.12; 95% confidence interval, 0.06–0.21). Overall, 94% (179/190) believed the potential benefits and harms should be discussed prior to the examination. Conclusion Providing women with a professional society’s recommendation advising against routine pelvic examinations substantially reduced their desire to have one. Educational materials are needed to ensure women’s informed preferences and values are reflected in decisions about pelvic examinations.
Liquidity Discount Model and Spillover Effects

The recent global financial crisis reignited concerns over systemic risk in the financial industry as a new type of systemic risk emerged – the severe loss of asset value due to illiquidity. The crisis has sparked a large body of research and has led to a number of new quantitative indicators of systemic risk. Despite the successful empirical results, the proposed indicators are primarily empirically motivated and are not capable of differentiating liquidity risk from other types of risk such as market and credit. In this paper, we develop a liquidity model to measure the risk caused by liquidity distress in the financial market. The model is parsimonious and has a semi-closed form to compute a discount due to a lack of liquidity. The liquidity discount measure may be applied to particular firms or may be aggregated into a liquidity index. A key feature of the model is its ability to distinguish between and compute the probability of liquidity default and economic default (insolvency). The model is applied to the study of liquidity in the financial sector leading to new empirical results. First, during the financial crisis, the probability of liquidity default (20%) was more than two times greater than the probability of economic default (8%). Second, standard measures of expected shortfall greatly underestimated shortfalls by 10% during the financial crisis by ignoring the loss of asset value due to illiquidity. Third, shocks to systematic liquidity risk are long lasting and can persist for as long as nine months depending on the financial subsector, and fourth, the level of bank interconnectedness peaks during periods immediately preceding crises creating the perfect environment for an unexpected liquidity shock to rapidly permeate the financial sector leading to a liquidity-induced crisis.
Repeatability of the infant food reinforcement paradigm: Implications of individual and developmental differences

Abstract The relative reinforcing value of food versus engagement in other behaviors may be related to the development of obesity, and interventions to reduce FRR may prevent the development of obesity. Our laboratory recently developed a paradigm to measure the reinforcing value of food versus an alternative behavior (i.e., playing with bubbles) in infants using a computerized laboratory task, during which infants press a button to earn reinforcers following a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the short-term (within 2 weeks) repeatability of this measure, specifically the outcome of infant food reinforcing ratio (FRR), or how hard infants will work for food relative to the alternative. The secondary aim was to examine whether infant age and temperament dimensions related to novelty responsiveness (high intensity pleasure and approach) moderated the repeatability of FRR. Thirty-seven infants aged 9–18 months completed this study. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no differences between time 1 and time 2 in responding for food (F = 0.463, p = 0.501), bubbles (F = 1.793, p = 0.189), or overall FRR (F = 0.797, p = 0.378). Regression models showed the association between BUB P max at time 1 and time 2 were moderated by infant age ( p = 0.04), with greater repeatability in older infants. Linear regression models also demonstrated that the infant temperamental dimension of high intensity pleasure significantly predicted BUB P max at time 1 (β = 2.89, p = 0.01), but not at time 2. Overall, our findings support the repeatability of this measure for food portion of the reinforcement task, but demonstrated that the measure of non-food portion of the task required modification, in particular among children younger than 13 months old.
Imaging characteristics of papillary muscle site of origin of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse.

Background Mitral valve prolapse has been associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias. We aimed to examine whether certain cardiac imaging characteristics are associated with papillary muscle origin of ventricular arrhythmias in these patients. Methods and results We screened electronic medical records of all patients documented to have mitral valve prolapse on either transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in our center, who also underwent an electrophysiologic study (EPS) between 2007 and 2016. Anterior and posterior mitral leaflet thickness and prolapsed distance were measured on TTE and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was assessed on CMR. Patients were categorized as papillary muscle positive (pap (+)) or negative (pap (-)) using EPS. Eighteen patients were included in this study. Of the 15 patients who underwent TTE, a significantly higher proportion of patients in the pap (+) group had an anterior to posterior leaflet prolapse ratio of >0.45 indicating more symmetric leaflet prolapse. There were no differences in anterior or posterior leaflet thickness or prolapse distance between the groups. Patients in the pap (+) group were more likely to be women. Of the 7 patients who underwent CMR, those who were pap (+) were more likely to have LGE in the region of the papillary muscles than those who were pap (-). Conclusion Female gender, more symmetric bileaflet prolapse on TTE, and the presence of papillary muscle LGE on CMR may be associated with papillary muscle origin of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse.
Vitalism versus Physical–Chemical Explanations

This article traces a discursive trajectory from vitalism through organicism to historicism, justified by the fact that there is no formal difference between arbitrary acts and random events. Vitalism’s discursive role was opposition to mechanicism, an opposition continuing today as a dialectic between historicism and determinism. By focusing on natural kinds and molar/statistical properties, physical–chemical discourse constructs a mechanistic understanding in the interests of determinism and predictability. Complexity involves a susceptibility to perturbation by historical accident since complex models of causality allow for perturbations from contingent fluctuations. Models of complexity using hierarchy theory reflect this susceptibility as well, but project a world that emerges from a physical–chemical base. Historicity emerges prominently in middle level, macroscopic systems, where ecology happens to be focused. In ecology pragmatic understanding is engendered by limiting the degrees of freedom used in constructing observables, and by using statistics. When taking change into account, this approach results in a developmental discourse. Determinism and historicity both continue to inhabit ecology today in dialectical opposition.
Assessing the Influence of Amicus Curiae Briefs on the Roberts Court

Objectives Our objective is to assess the influence of amicus curiae briefs on judicial behavior on the U.S. Supreme Court. Our primary hypothesis is that amicus briefs have an impact on the justices across the ideological spectrum. Our secondary hypothesis is that this influence will be greater for justices nearer the ideological center. Methods Our analysis is confined to the Roberts Court (2005 through 2014 terms, inclusive). The unit of analysis is the justice‐vote in each of the 793 full‐opinion decisions during this 10‐term period; thus, our data set contains 7,135 observations. We employ logistic regression to test the impact of amicus filings on the ideological direction of the vote cast by each justice in each case. We control for the direction of the lower court decision, the ideological orientations of the justices, the presence of the federal government (or agency or official) as party, and the presence of the solicitor general as amicus curiae. Results We find statistical support for both the primary and secondary hypotheses. Amicus briefs appear to influence the justices across the ideological spectrum. The influence is somewhat greater among the more moderate justices, although the relationship between amicus influence and judicial moderation is a weak one. Conclusions Supreme Court justices appear to respond positively to the persuasive attempts of amici. This impact is most noticeable for the justices in the middle of the Court—those who tend to be most influential in steering the Court's decision making.
Improving auditory externalization for hearing-aid remote microphones

Combining a remote wireless microphone (RM) with hearing aids often improves speech intelligibility for hearing-impaired listeners. However, the head-related acoustic cues that contribute to sound externalization are bypassed when a direct signal link is used. The result is an apparent sound source located within the head of the listener rather than at the talker position. This paper describes using a structural binaural model combined with simulated room reverberation to produce an externalized RM sound source. The binaural model simulates sound propagation around the head, the reflections generated by the pinna, the directional filtering provided by the pinna protrusion from the head, and the ear-canal resonance. The simulated room reverberation uses a two-dimensional virtual image model. The signal-processing blocks used in the binaural model are presented along with examples of the entire system response.
Concerns in Preparing a National Spatial Policy: A Case Study

This chapter relates to an exercise undertaken to define a spatial policy and plan at the national level conducted in a South Asian country—namely, Sri Lanka. This work was done through a government agency which had acquired a new and special enabling legal framework for this purpose. The exercise which extended over several years was with the intent to improve the prospects for ongoing efforts to achieve economic growth but to facilitate that effort to be equitable and environmentally sustainable. The process of drafting such a policy involved much discussion to seek consensus among stakeholder institutions as well as among relevant political representatives. Since exercises of this nature are rare in the low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the material of this chapter is presented here primarily for critical consideration by the reader.
Evaluation of a new commercial method for von Willebrand factor multimeric analysis.

INTRODUCTION Evaluation of von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimeric distribution is useful for subclassification of von Willebrand disease (VWD). Multimer analysis has historically been a manual, labor-intensive laboratory-developed test. The first commercial method for multimeric analysis was recently developed that utilizes a single instrument for gel electrophoresis, staining, and densitometry. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the performance characteristics of the new commercial method. METHODS Studies performed with the commercial method included evaluation of accuracy (method comparison), reference intervals (establishment of normal migration patterns in normal donor specimens), precision (multimer pattern reproducibility), and analytical sensitivity. RESULTS In the method comparison studies, concordant interpretations were obtained in 19 of 24 comparisons, including normal and abnormal specimens. The 5 specimens with discordant interpretations all involved slight differences and none were considered clinically significant. Thirty-eight normal donor specimens demonstrated normal multimer patterns. Multimer pattern reproducibility was demonstrated in normal and abnormal controls tested on each gel. In the sensitivity studies, adequate visualization of multimers was determined to require VWF protein concentrations of approximately 5%-10% of normal. CONCLUSION The commercial multimer method is a streamlined test that demonstrates comparable performance characteristics to our current laboratory-developed method and that provides the advantage of both electrophoresis gels and densitometry scans to aid interpretation.
Abstract 185: p300 and STAT3 drive YAP-independent mechanotransduction during breast cancer invasion

83% of non-invasive breast cancers are diagnosed as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). While some DCIS tumors remain confined in the mammary duct, about half progress into invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), when carcinoma cells break through the basement membrane (BM) into the type-1 collagen (col-1) rich stroma, a key first step towards metastasis. As 90% of cancer-related deaths are due to metastasis, preventing progression to invasive disease could significantly reduce cancer mortality. However there are no established biomarkers for invasive potential and current diagnostic methods cannot predict which DCIS cases will progress to IDC. Interestingly, increased tissue stiffness correlates with invasion and the transcriptional regulator YAP has been implicated as a mechanotransducer, largely based on 2D culture studies. To identify the drivers of DCIS progression, we encapsulated mammary epithelial cells (MECs) in 3D hydrogels with a range of stiffness and that presented either BM-ligands or col-1 containing microenvironments to the cells. RNA-seq identified the global gene expression changes induced by increased 3D culture stiffness in BM-like environments. 3SEQ analysis of breast cancer patient samples revealed that genes regulated by 3D culture stiffness were upregulated in breast cancer patients, demonstrating the relevance of 3D culture models and suggesting expression of S100A7 as a potential biomarker of breast cancer progression. Interestingly gene expression changes induced by increased 3D stiffness in BM-like environments were distinct from col-1 like environments. Col-1 exposure in stiff gels promotes expression of genes whose protein products remodel the col-1 network including FN1 and LOX. As col-1 remodeling promotes cell dissemination, this suggests that col-1 exposure following BM invasion induces pro-metastatic changes in carcinoma phenotype. Surprisingly, enhanced stiffness induced invasion in MECs independently of YAP activation in both BM-like and col-1 rich 3D hydrogels. Instead, bioinformatic analysis identified transcriptional regulators p300 and STAT3 as mediators of 3D mechanosensing. Inhibition of p300 and STAT3 in stiff 3D BM-like environments and, conversely, overexpression in soft 3D BM-like environments confirm a role during stiffness-induced proliferation. This suggests p300 and STAT3 as possible targets for preventing progression to invasive disease. While genetic alterations initiate transformation, these results reveal the miroenvironment events that initiate breast cancer invasion. Citation Format: Joanna Y. Lee, Jessica Chang, Sungmin Nam, Hong-pyo Lee, Antonia A. Dominguez, Sushama Varma, Lei S. Qi, Robert B. West, Ovijit Chaudhuri. p300 and STAT3 drive YAP-independent mechanotransduction during breast cancer invasion [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 185.
Environmental problem as a commonproperty resource game

Many environment problems are, by nature, common-property resource games. To facilitate negotiations, differential games are useful to characterize the self-enforcing equilibrium outcome. We summarize and review past results which provide illustrative examples, and outline what remains to be done toward a general analysis.
Climbing Mt. Healthy: In Search of the Wright Line on Mixed-Motive Discharges under Section 8(a)(3)

The Board and the courts have long sparred over the proper standard for proof of discriminatory intent in mixed-motive discharge cases. The author explores the various standards espoused—the "partialmotive" test, the "dominant motive" test, and the "butfor" test—as well as problems of allocation of proof The Board's burden-shifting Wright Line test, draw ing on the Supreme Court's first amendment Mt. Healthy decision, the author argues, is the appropriate standard. Finally, the author discusses the reactions of the circuit courts of appeals to the Board's position in Wright Line.
A broadband, self-biased photodiode based on antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) nanocrystals/silicon heterostructures

Low bulk band gaps and conductive surface electronic states of tetradymite topological insulators (TTI) make them potential candidates for next generation ultra-broadband photodevices. Here, we demonstrate a broadband and self-biased photodiode based on a Sb2Te3–Si heterostructure. A low-cost thermal evaporation technique was employed to fabricate the photodiode. The self-biased nature of the photodiode was due to the built-in potential at the Sb2Te3–Si interface. Upon characterizing the Sb2Te3 nanocrystalline film via AFM, SEM, EDX, and XPS it was found that the film exhibited p-type behavior due to antimony vacancies or antisites. The fabricated photodiode showed an excellent rectification ratio of 3388 with n-Si confirming a robust Schottky barrier at the interface and a well-defined photocurrent upon illumination. Due to the p-type behavior of the Sb2Te3 nanocrystalline film, a rectification ratio of only 0.38 was observed with p-Si. The barrier at the interface also increases the carrier lifetimes, thereby eliminating one of the biggest drawbacks of ultrafast carrier recombination times in TTI as a photodetection material. Moreover, the photodiode exhibited excellent Ion/Ioff of three orders of magnitude under the self-biased conditions, and photocurrents ranging from 520 nm to 980 nm wavelengths were observed.
The effect of viscosity on free surface flow inside an angularly oscillating rectangular tank

Abstract This paper presents a three-dimensional solution algorithm for solving free surface flows including the effect of near wall viscous dissipation. Slip boundary conditions that could take into account the viscous shear at the boundary are proposed in a context that is well suited to free surface flow applications. The proposed finite element method uses a Level-Set formulation on fixed meshes and, consequently, the liquid/gas interface is generally located inside mesh elements. Standard interpolation of flow variables inside partially filled elements leads to an inappropriate treatment of gravity forces, pressure gradient and inertia which can generate spurious oscillations. To alleviate these issues, we use enriched shape functions for the pressure that introduce a discontinuity in the normal pressure gradient at the interface. The additional pressure degree of freedom is eliminated at the elementary system level by static condensation thus having no impact on the structure of the linear system matrix. This approach is well-suited for gravity-driven free surface problems such as violent sloshing inside tanks. The algorithm is first verified and validated on simpler problems for which analytical or experimental results are available. Then it is applied to the study of sloshing where it is validated against a robust set of experiment from Delorme et al. [1] and Souto-Iglesias et al. [2,3] for the water and oil flow inside an angularly oscillating rectangular tank. The proposed approach to include viscous dissipation at the wall proves to be very effective in capturing the significant differences in flow dynamics between the two liquids having different viscosities. Moreover, the enriched pressure shape functions results in stable, oscillation free solution thus representing an efficient way to accurately solve complex gravity-driven free surface problems without requiring re-meshing or mesh refinement.
The Large UV/Optical/lnfrared Surveyor (LUVOIR): Decadal Mission Concept Study Update

In preparation for the 2020 Decadal Survey in Astronomy and Astrophysics, NASA commissioned the study of four large mission concepts: the Large UV/Optical/Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR), the Habitable Exoplanet Imager (HabEx), the far-infrared surveyor Origins Space Telescope (OST), and the X-ray surveyor Lynx. The LUVOIR Science and Technology Definition Team (STDT)has identified a broad range of science objectives for LUVOIR that include the direct imaging and spectral characterization of habitable exoplanets around sunlike stars, the study of galaxy formation and evolution, the exchange of matter between galaxies, star and planet formation, and the remote sensing of Solar System objects. The LUVOIR Study Office, located at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), is developing two mission concepts to achieve the science objectives. LUVOIR-A is a 15-m segmented-aperture observatory that would be launched in an 8.4-m extended fairing on the Space Launch System (SLS)Block 2 configuration, LUVOIR-B is an 8-m unobscured segmented aperture telescope that fits in a smaller, conventional 5-m fairing, but still requires the lift capacity of the SLS Block 1B Cargo vehicle. Both concepts include a suite of serviceable instruments: the Extreme Coronagraph for Living Planetary Systems (ECLIPS), an optical / near-infrared coronagraph capable of delivering 10–10contrast at inner working angles as small as 2 $\lambda/\mathrm{D}$ ; the LUVOIR UV Multi-object Spectrograph (LUMOS), which will provide low- and medium-resolution UV (100-400 nm)multi-object imaging spectroscopy in addition to far-UV imaging; the High Definition Imager (HDI), a high-resolution wide-field-of-view NUV-Optical-NIR imager. LUVOIR-A also has a fourth instrument, Pollux, a high-resolution UV spectro-polarimeter being contributed by Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). This paper provides an overview of the LUVIOR science objectives, design drivers, and mission concepts.
Why Current Libel Law Doesn't Work and What Judges Can Do About It

The article begins with a discussion of an empirical study that found many pitfalls in media libel litigation. The plaintiff's interest in a finding on the falsity issue is unlikely to be addressed in court, and few libel plaintiffs either clear their reputation or receive financial compensation. The media defendant faces intrusive, expensive discovery and must mount lengthy appeals in order to prevail. The article then describes a voluntary, non-litigation alternative program that was created to resolve libel disputes outside the courts, and presents a case that illustrates the potential benefits of such an alternative process. Both parties would benefit from a more straightforward and quicker resolution of the dispute, and the judicial system would be well-served by a reduction in judicial resources devoted to media libel suits. The authors propose that judges educate lawyers about the realities of media libel litigation and the existence of an alternative for more efficiently and effectively resolving libel disputes.
An Apparently Noncanonical Pattern of Morphotactic Competition

In canonical typology, a phenomenon that involves several dimensions of potential variation is seen as subsuming a range of deviations from a canonical ideal based on the definitional extremes of those dimensions. The canonical case of morphotactic competition is one in which (i) two rules of affixation are both eligible to apply in the realization of some word form w; (ii) the set of morphosyntactic properties realized by one rule is a subset of that realized by the other rule; (iii) the two rules compete for the same position in the sequence of rule applications defining w’s morphology—that is, they belong to the same block of disjunctive rules; and (iv) the competition is resolved in favor of the rule with the narrower domain of application. One apparent deviation from this canonical pattern is the competition of a single rule application with that of a sequence of rules. In some such cases, the single rule application overrides that of the sequence of rules; in others, the sequence of rule applications overrides that of the single rule. Instances of both kinds are widely observable; Swahili verb inflection exemplifies both patterns. Various approaches to this sort of deviation can be shown to be stipulative or simply unworkable. By contrast, the independently motivated notion of rule conflation makes it possible to assimilate the apparently deviant patterns of morphotactic competition exemplified by Swahili to the canonical pattern.
In vivo imaging of canine lung deformation: effects of posture, pneumonectomy, and inhaled erythropoietin

Mechanical stresses on the lung impose the major stimuli for developmental and compensatory lung growth and remodeling. We used computed tomography (CT) to noninvasively characterize the factors influencing lobar mechanical deformation in relation to posture, pneumonectomy (PNX), and exogenous proangiogenic factor supplementation. Post-PNX adult canines received weekly inhalations of nebulized nanoparticles loaded with recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) or control (empty nanoparticles) for 16 wk. Supine and prone CT were performed at two transpulmonary pressures pre- and post-PNX following treatment. Lobar air and tissue volumes, fractional tissue volume (FTV), specific compliance (Cs), mechanical strains, and shear distortion were quantified. From supine to prone, lobar volume and Cs increased while strain and shear magnitudes generally decreased. From pre- to post-PNX, air volume increased less and FTV and Cs increased more in the left caudal (LCa) than in other lobes. FTV increased most in the dependent subpleural regions, and the portion of LCa lobe that expanded laterally wrapping around the mediastinum. Supine deformation was nonuniform pre- and post-PNX; strains and shear were most pronounced in LCa lobe and declined when prone. Despite nonuniform regional expansion and deformation, post-PNX lobar mechanics were well preserved compared with pre-PNX because of robust lung growth and remodeling establishing a new mechanical equilibrium. EPO treatment eliminated posture-dependent changes in FTV, accentuated the post-PNX increase in FTV, and reduced FTV heterogeneity without altering absolute air or tissue volumes, consistent with improved microvascular blood volume distribution and modestly enhanced post-PNX alveolar microvascular reserves.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mechanical stresses on the lung impose the major stimuli for lung growth. We used computed tomography to image deformation of the lung in relation to posture, loss of lung units, and inhalational delivery of the growth promoter erythropoietin. Following loss of one lung in adult large animals, the remaining lung expanded and grew while retaining near-normal mechanical properties. Inhalation of erythropoietin promoted more uniform distribution of blood volume within the remaining lung.
Abstract TP271: Sex Specific Regulation of Astrocytic Mitochondrial Function by Microrna (mir)20a-3p Under Ischemic Conditions

Introduction: Astrocytes from middle-aged reproductively senescent rats, who typically have larger infarcts after stroke, have been shown to have a reduced functional capacity for glutamate clearan...
Adults in Custody: How Partnering with a State Correctional Facility Apparel Factory Fosters a Unique Learning Environment for Design Students

Faculty from the author’s academic department were contacted by the Oregon Corrections Enterprises (OCE) to determine if a partnership could be established between the university and state agency. OCE operates training programs for Adults in Custody, housed within Oregon prisons. Their programs teach inmates marketable skills, including 3D CAD drafting, welding, furniture making, sewing and embroidery. OCE expressed to the university that they needed help to update the design of their current products; many which have not been changed in decades. Some of the products produced through OCE include workwear, furniture, roadway/park signs and camp structures. Related to workwear, OCE produces a denim line called Prison Blues. It has been in production since the late 1980’s out of its’ Pendleton Oregon in a 47,000 square foot factory. This paper will explain a design course that focused on the creation of new denim products for the Prison Blues factory.