cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaled experiments of explosions in cavities

Consequences of an explosion inside an air-filled cavity under the earth's surface are partly duplicated in a laboratory experiment on spatial scales 1000 smaller. The experiment measures shock pressures coupled into a block of material by an explosion inside a gas-filled cavity therein. The explosion is generated by suddenly heating a thin foil that is located near the cavity center with a short laser pulse, which turns the foil into expanding plasma, most of whose energy drives a blast wave in the cavity gas. Variables in the experiment are the cavity radius and explosion energy. Measurements and GEODYN code simulations show that shock pressures measured in the block exhibit a weak dependence on scaled cavity radius up to ∼25 m/kt1/3, above which they decrease rapidly. Possible mechanisms giving rise to this behavior are described. The applicability of this work to validating codes used to simulate full-scale cavity explosions is discussed.
2-amino-4,6-lutidineN-oxide complexes formed from various copper(II) salts

Copper(II) complexes of 2-amino-4,6-lutidineN-oxide (4,6DMAH) have been isolated as tetrafluoroborate, nitrate, chloride and bromide salts, and characterized by spectral methods (i.e., i.r., u.v.-vis. and e.s.r.). Variation of the ligand-to-copper(II) ratio yielded solids having the following empirical formulae: [Cu(4,6DMAH)4]X2 (X=BF4), [Cu(4,6DMAH)2X2] (X=NO3, Cl) and [Cu(4,6DMAH)X2] (X=Br). In addition, a deprotonated ligand complex, Cu(4,6DMA)2, was prepared using copper(II) acetate. The Sigand usually binds to the copper(II) centresvia theN-oxide oxygen and only the deprotonated ligand coordinatesvia the exocyclic nitrogen as well as the TV-oxide oxygen. The complexes involving coordinated anions and at least two ligands are monomeric while Cu(4,6DMAH)Br2 is polymeric. The ring substituents affect either the stoichiometry or the stereochemistry of these solids when compared to less sterically demanding 2-aminopyridineN-oxides.
Effective Thermal Diffusivity of Powdered Coal

The line heat-source technique was used for the direct determination of the effective thermal diffusivity for two samples of powdered coal at two different particle size distributions. Measurements were made on Western Kentucky No. 9 and No. 11 coals at three different densities corresponding to light, moderate and dense packing. Particle size distributions were established by using samples that would pass through 10 and 200 mesh Tyler screens. The mean value of the thermal diffusivity for these was 1.29 x 10-7 m2/s. Values for the dense packing were about 10% higher than the average and about 10% lower for the loose packing. Coal type was hot found to be a significant parameter but there was a slight effect of particle size with the finer particles not showing as strong a dependence on packing as did the coarser particles.
Assessing the sustainability of freshwater systems: A critical review of composite indicators

Quantitative indicators are a common means of assessing the complex dimensions of a sustainable freshwater system, and framing scientific knowledge for policy and decision makers. There is an abundance of indicators in use, but considerable variation in terms of what is being measured and how indicators are applied, making it difficult for end-users to identify suitable assessment methods. We review 95 water-related indices and analyze them along their normative, procedural, and systemic dimensions to better understand how problems are being defined, highlight overlaps and differences, and identify the context(s) in which a particular index is useful. We also analyze the intended use, end-users, and geographic scale of application for each index. We find that risk assessment is the most common application (n = 25), with indices in this group typically focusing either on hazard identification (biophysical assessments) or vulnerability of human populations. Indices that measure freshwater ecological health are not explicitly linking these indicators to ecosystem services, and in fact the concept of ecosystem services is rarely (n = 3) used for indicator selection. Resource managers are the most common group of intended end-users (n = 25), but while 28 indices involved consultation with potential end-users, 11 did not specify an intended use. We conclude that indices can be applied as solution-oriented tools, evaluating scenarios and identifying tradeoffs among services and beneficiaries, rather than only assessing and monitoring existing conditions. Finally, earlier engagement of end-users is recommended to help researchers find the right balance among indices’ salience, legitimacy, and credibility and thus improve their decision relevance.
Empress Theodora: A Holy Mother

Empress Adelheid can legitimately be considered the most powerful ruling woman who lived between the reigns of Cleopatra of Egypt and Queen Elizabeth I of England. In the late tenth century, she ruled the Roman Empire alone on four separate occasions, independently of her emperor son and grandson. Her contemporaries called her consors regni; augusta praeclara, imperatrix augusta, and imperatores patres. Unusually for medieval ruling women, her maternal role was seen as equally important, as indicated by her other titles: imperatrix Adelheida, mater Mechtildis; Adheleida mater Ottonum; and matrem regnorum. Her main biographer, Abbot Odilo of Cluny, confirmed her governing and parental roles as of equivalent and complementary importance.
Variation and Classification

The key to social evolution, cultural progress, and scientific advancement is communication; and the basis of effective communication is classification and the resulting nomenclature. Language itself would not be possible without classification: every noun (a class of word!) represents a kind, or class, of object; every verb (another class of word!) represents a kind or class of action. Indeed, it appears that the biological evolution of man is related to the evolution of speech and the selective increase in size of that portion of the brain which functions in communication. Since everyone who thinks, speaks, or writes must also classify, the basic concepts involved in classification and identification are a fundamental and functional part of every person’s thought and communication process.
Characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus Isolates from Air and Surfaces of the International Space Station.

ABSTRACT One mission of the Microbial Observatory Experiments on the International Space Station (ISS) is to examine the traits and diversity of fungal isolates to gain a better understanding of how fungi may adapt to microgravity environments and how this may affect interactions with humans in a closed habitat. Here, we report an initial characterization of two isolates, ISSFT-021 and IF1SW-F4, of Aspergillus fumigatus collected from the ISS and a comparison to the experimentally established clinical isolates Af293 and CEA10. Whole-genome sequencing of ISSFT-021 and IF1SW-F4 showed 54,960 and 52,129 single nucleotide polymorphisms, respectively, compared to Af293, which is consistent with observed genetic heterogeneity among sequenced A. fumigatus isolates from diverse clinical and environmental sources. Assessment of in vitro growth characteristics, secondary metabolite production, and susceptibility to chemical stresses revealed no outstanding differences between ISS and clinical strains that would suggest special adaptation to life aboard the ISS. Virulence assessment in a neutrophil-deficient larval zebrafish model of invasive aspergillosis revealed that both ISSFT-021 and IF1SW-F4 were significantly more lethal than Af293 and CEA10. Taken together, these genomic, in vitro, and in vivo analyses of two A. fumigatus strains isolated from the ISS provide a benchmark for future investigations of these strains and for continuing research on specific microbial isolates from manned space environments. IMPORTANCE As durations of manned space missions increase, it is imperative to understand the long-term consequence of microbial exposure on human health in a closed human habitat. To date, studies aimed at bacterial and fungal contamination of space vessels have highlighted species compositions biased toward hardy, persistent organisms capable of withstanding harsh conditions. In the current study, we assessed traits of two independent Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from the International Space Station. Ubiquitously found in terrestrial soil and atmospheric environments, A. fumigatus is a significant opportunistic fungal threat to human health, particularly among the immunocompromised. Using two well-known clinical isolates of A. fumigatus as comparators, we found that both ISS isolates exhibited normal in vitro growth and chemical stress tolerance yet caused higher lethality in a vertebrate model of invasive disease. These findings substantiate the need for additional studies of physical traits and biological activities of microbes adapted to microgravity and other extreme extraterrestrial conditions.
Carcinogenicity of Solar and Tanning Booth Radiation: School and Community Health Interventions

Abstract A nice tan is no longer indicative of the health, youth, and beauty that it once was thought to be. On the contrary, scientific studies repeatedly have shown that chronic and acute exposure to ultravioletrays (UVR) can damage the skin and eyes irreparably. Yet despite the rising incidence and mortality of UVR related cancer annually, individuals continue either intentionally or unknowingly to place themselves at risk. This article addresses risk factors for UVR related cancer based upon penetration and reflection properties of UV light, as well as an individual's heredity and personal physical characteristics. Frequently overlooked variables that lessen the SPF (skin protection factor) of sunscreens also are noted. Utilizing the baseline information provided, prevention and early intervention strategies to reduce the risks from UVR are provided in the context of school and community health settings with an emphasis on coordinated efforts among educators, community health agencies, and health care...
Strengthened Benders Cuts for Stochastic Integer Programs with Continuous Recourse

With stochastic integer programming as the motivating application, we investigate techniques to use integrality constraints to obtain improved cuts within a Benders decomposition algorithm. We compare the effect of using cuts in two ways: (i) cut-and-project, where integrality constraints are used to derive cuts in the extended variable space, and Benders cuts are then used to project the resulting improved relaxation, and (ii) project-and-cut, where integrality constraints are used to derive cuts directly in the Benders reformulation. For the case of split cuts, we demonstrate that although these approaches yield equivalent relaxations when considering a single split disjunction, cut-and-project yields stronger relaxations in general when using multiple split disjunctions. Computational results illustrate that the difference can be very large, and demonstrate that using split cuts within the cut-and-project framework can significantly improve the performance of Benders decomposition.
Executive Function in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: Relationship to Adherence, Glycemic Control, and Psychosocial Outcomes.

Objective Impairments in executive function (EF) skills have been observed in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and these skills are critical for following the complex treatment regimen. This study examines parent reports of EF in relation to measures of adherence, glycemic control (A1c), and psychosocial outcomes (depression and quality of life) in adolescents with T1D. Methods A total of 120 adolescents (aged 13–17 years, 52.5% female, 87.5% White) with T1D and their parents completed questionnaires. Glucometers were downloaded and A1c was obtained during clinical visits at the time of enrollment. Results The prevalence of clinically significant elevated scores on specific EF skills ranged from 11 to 18.6%. In multivariate analyses, parent-reported EF deficits were associated with poorer adherence and lower quality of life, explaining 13 and 12% of the variance, respectively. Conclusions Adolescents with T1D exhibit specific EF deficits that may negatively impact their quality of life and their ability to engage in self-management activities.
Dose-seeking and efficacy study of combination BRAFi and high-dose IFN (HDI) for therapy of advanced melanoma.

TPS9110 Background: New immunotherapies and BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) have improved the prognosis of advanced melanoma. Although BRAFi induce regression in ~50% of patients (pts), responses are incom...
Wideband Acoustic Positioning With Precision Calibration and Joint Parameter Estimation

This paper presents an instrument for finding the location of an object in 3-D space. The location is determined using estimates of the object’s distance from static anchor points with known coordinates. This process involves three main challenges: 1) a way of measuring the Euclidean distance between two points; 2) estimating system parameters such as the position of the anchor points, the speed of sound, and data acquisition delay; and 3) computing the position of the object from its distance to the anchor points. This paper addresses each of these challenges. A wideband acoustic signal is used for distance estimation. Nonlinear regression techniques are used to estimate the positions of the anchors and jointly optimize other system parameters. After calibration, a similar method is also used, this time using the optimized parameter set, to estimate the position of the target object. The design and performance of a prototype system, based on the proposed method, are discussed. The prototype, using five anchors and 13 reference locations, achieved a mean positioning accuracy of 0.86 mm over a test volume spanning 0.5 m $\times0.5$ m $\times0.25$ m.
An Agent-Based Approach on Conditional Deterrence

This paper provides an integrated structure that defines conditions for the success and failure of deterrence. The conditional deterrence model presented can be applied to global and regional interactions that drive nuclear proliferation. The objective is to further extend the dyadic logic established to anticipate challenges generated by the proliferation of nuclear capabilities and their acquisitions by non-state dissatisfied agents. Key elements included in this assessment are relative capabilities, risk propensity associated with the status quo, and physical exposure to preemptive-attack or retaliation. This work uses ABM to generalize insights to deterrence environments with multiple competing actors. We show that deterrence is stable when the capabilities of a dissatisfied challenger are inferior to that of a dominant and satisfied defender. Deterrence is tenuous when a dissatisfied challenger approaches parity in capability with the dominant and satisfied defender, or when a violent non-state actor obtains nuclear weapon or other WMDs.
Hope over Acquired Disability: Lessons of a Young Woman's Triumph

Publisher Summary Hope is an active ingredient in the maintenance of a positive self-image and future following the onset of a traumatic, disabling condition. Hope entails a sense of agency that signifies a goal-directed determination to maintain the self and one's goals in the face of negative events. This provides psychological buoyancy and preserves a sense of well-being in spite of the pain and loss that accompanies disability. Hope also encompasses a sense of pathways that is the individual's perceived ability to plan ways to achieve and realize personal goals. As a social-cognitive construct, it is assumed that hope is learned in early and ongoing interactions with role models in the immediate environment. Families are particularly important in supplying messages of hope. Parents and other significant adults in a child's interpersonal environment model teach hopeful thinking, strategies for overcoming barriers to goals, reinforcement for working toward goals, and ways to integrate personal goals with socially acceptable goals.
Continuing Academic Clinical Research During One's Senior Years.

![Figure][1] In general, practicing physicians, including clinical cardiologists, end their clinical patient-care responsibilities when they are about 70 years of age, although some practicing physicians, especially surgeons, end their patient care responsibilities at an even younger age.
Reminiscences: Selected Letters of Mulk Raj Anand (Third Installment)

(2012). Reminiscences: Selected Letters of Mulk Raj Anand (Third Installment) South Asian Review: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 239-255.
Technology Assessment: The Evaluation of Residential Pool Sanitation Options Using TOPSIS

In the United States, the backyard swimming pool is an iconic upgrade to the standard residential pool. For some, a pool represents that success has been achieved; for others it is used as a social setting point during the hot summer; and lastly the swimming pool is used for recreation. The recreational pool industry also has a vested interest in the construction and maintenance of swimming pools. The total number of new residential pools installed in the United States has dropped from 140,000 installations per year in 2007 to 50,000 installations per year in 2009. These numbers are similar for other Western countries. But, the number of pool installations has remained flat at 50,000 installations per year, in the United States, since the financial crisis of 2008. As such, the residential swimming pool industry has a vested interest in improving the ability to install and sell pools [2].
Craniometric Analysis of Frontal Cranial Morphology Following Posterior Vault Distraction.

Background Posterior vault distraction osteogenesis (PVDO) is believed to improve frontal contour in infants with syndromic craniosynostosis and turribrachycephaly. This study provides an objective craniometric analysis to determine how PVDO affects anterior cranial morphology. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent PVDO was performed. Inclusion criteria included pre- and postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans within 3 months before surgery and another 1 to 6 months after device removal. Volumetric and craniometric data were derived using Mimics software and compared using paired t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results About 65 patients underwent PVDO, and 13 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age at intervention was 3.4 ± 4.2 years. Total cranial volume increased 249 ± 159 cm in all patients (P = 0.0001) and 380 ± 128 cm in patients younger than 1 year of age (n = 6, P =0 .0008). Supraorbital retrusion decreased from 5.44 ± 3.89 to 4.54 ± 3.91 mm postoperatively (P = 0.0004), decreasing significantly in patients without previous frontal surgery and not in those with previous frontal surgery (P = 0.2115; comparison P = 0.0047). Basofrontal angle decreased by 2.92 ± 2.16 degrees (P = 0.0004) with a greater decrease of 3.33±2.68 degrees in those younger than 12 months (P = 0.0289) and 2.58±1.74 degrees in those older (P = 0.0079). No change was found in anterior cranial height and anterofrontal angle (P > 0.05). Conclusion PVDO improves frontal contour by decreasing supraorbital retrusion and reducing frontal bossing in syndromic craniosynostosis patients with turribrachycephaly. When combined with its demonstrated efficacy for cranial expansion, these frontal changes likely reinforce PVDO's ability to influence the timing of, and to a degree, the need for frontal surgery in this group.
Elective Sterilization in Childless Women

Follow-up data on a series of 35 nulliparous women sterilized by laparoscopic tubal ligation have been analyzed for changes in menstrual pattern, motivation, and poststerilization adjustment problems with particular interest in feelings of regret. There was no significant change in menstrual function in these patients following surgery. There did not appear to be a significantly higher rate of regret in nulliparous women undergoing tubal ligation than that seen in studies of parous women. Feelings of unhappiness with regard to sterility were not related to age at the time of the request and may be more likely to occur in women choosing tubal ligation for medical reasons.
EVENT STUDIES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

Event studies, which gauge stock market reactions to specific events or happenings that may impact a business's operations, represent a relatively new but fast growing research approach in the information systems field. Building on four earlier literature reviews, in this paper we examine seventy-three event studies dealing with information technology. The purpose of this review is to assess the current state of information technology related event studies and to identify needs and opportunities for future research.
The Evolution of Omni-Channel Retailing and its Impact on Supply Chains

Abstract We discuss how omni-channel supply chain networks can be structured in terms of facilities, inventory, transportation and information to be both cost effective and responsive to customer needs. This requires exploiting the complementary strengths of the physical and the online channel to create an omni-channel portfolio that can tailor the fulfillment of each customer request based on product and customer characteristics. To be successful, a firm must target price or service conscious customers using different channels based on the demand uncertainty, value, and information complexity of the product being sold. In general, the physical channel should be used to serve frequent and predictable needs in a cost effective manner. The online channel should be used to provide variety and serve sporadic needs at low cost. The physical channel can also serve as a showroom and pickup location for the online channel to improve customer service and decrease cost.
ENERGY USE AND TEMPERATURE HABITUATION: EVIDENCE FROM HIGH FREQUENCY THERMOSTAT USAGE DATA

Using micro‐level thermostat data from 27,000 U.S. households, we analyze how home heating/cooling decisions respond to weather. Responses are greater for extreme heat than for extreme cold and persist for at least 30 days after exposure, due in part to transaction costs but also to changes in intrinsic preferences. Failure to understand habit can lead us to overestimate the impact of short‐term policy nudges but underestimate the long‐run impact of small changes. Higher frequency estimates of how behavior responds to weather improve our understanding of climate adaptation as climate change affects not only mean temperatures but also variances. (JEL C55, D03, Q4)
Genome-wide association study and candidate gene analysis of rice cadmium accumulation in grain in a diverse rice collection

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice followed by transfer to the food chain causes severe health problems in humans. Breeding of low Cd accumulation varieties is one of the most economical ways to solve the problem. However, information on the identity of rice germplasm with low Cd accumulation is limited, particularly in indica, and the genetic basis of Cd accumulation in rice is not well understood. Screening of 312 diverse rice accessions revealed that the grain Cd concentrations of these rice accessions ranged from 0.12 to 1.23 mg/kg, with 24 accessions less than 0.20 mg/kg. Three of the 24 accessions belong to indica. Japonica accumulated significantly less Cd than indica (p < 0.001), while tropical japonica accumulated significantly less Cd than temperate japonica (p < 0.01). GWAS in all accessions identified 14 QTLs for Cd accumulation, with 7 identified in indica and 7 identified in japonica subpopulations. No common QTL was identified between indica and japonica. The previously identified genes (OsHMA3, OsNRAMP1, and OsNRAMP5) from japonica were colocalized with QTLs identified in japonica instead of indica. Expression analysis of OsNRAMP2, the candidate gene of the novel QTL (qCd3–2) identified in the present study, demonstrated that OsNRAMP2 was mainly induced in the shoots of high Cd accumulation accessions after Cd treatment. Four amino acid differences were found in the open reading frame of OsNRAMP2 between high and low Cd accumulation accessions. The allele from low Cd accumulation accessions significantly increased the Cd sensitivity and accumulation in yeast. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated OsNRAMP2 expressed in the tonoplast of rice protoplast. The results suggest that grain Cd concentrations are significantly different among subgroups, with Cd concentrations decreasing from indica to temperate japonica to tropical japonica. However, considerable variations exist within subgroups. The fact that no common QTL was identified between indica and japonica implies that there is a different genetic basis for determining Cd accumulation between indica and japonica, or that some QTLs for Cd accumulation in rice are subspecies-specific. Through further integrated analysis, it is speculated that OsNRAMP2 could be a novel functional gene associated with Cd accumulation in rice.
Characteristics of the built environment and spatial patterning of type 2 diabetes in the urban core of Durham, North Carolina

Background Few studies examine relationships between built environment (BE) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using spatial models, investigate BE domains apart from food environment or physical activity resources or conduct sensitivity analysis of methodological choices made in measuring BE. We examine geographic heterogeneity of T2DM, describe how heterogeneity in T2DM relates to BE and estimate associations of T2DM with BE. Methods Individual-level electronic health records (n=41 203) from the Duke Medicine Enterprise Data Warehouse (2007–2011) were linked to BE based on census block. Data on housing damage, property disorder, territoriality, vacancy and public nuisances were used to estimate BE based on four different construction methods (CMs). We used race-stratified aspatial and spatial Bayesian models to assess geographic heterogeneity in T2DM and associations of T2DM with BE. Results Among whites, a 1 SD increase in poor quality BE was associated with a 1.03 (95% credible interval 1.01 to 1.06) and 1.06 (95 % credible interval 1.02 to 1.11) increased risk of T2DM for poor quality BE CM1 and CM2, respectively. Among blacks/African Americans, associations between T2DM and BE overlapped with the null for all CMs. The addition of BE to white models reduced residual geographic heterogeneity in T2DM by 4%–15%, depending on CM. In black/African–American models, BE did not affect residual heterogeneity. Conclusion Associations of T2DM with BE were sensitive to CM and geographic heterogeneity in T2DM differed by race/ethnicity. Findings underscore the need to consider multiple methods of estimating BE and consider differences in relationships by race/ethnicity.
Abstract # 2043 Contributions of inflammatory cytokine signaling to the enduring effects of early-life stress: A serotonin connection?

Early-life stress (ELS) increases risk for neurobehavioral disorders including addiction, anxiety and depression. We showed that i.p. lipopolysaccharide or poly I:C can elicit rapid changes in the activity of CNS serotonin transporters (SERTs), as well as anxiety and despair-like behavor, effects that are lost in IL-1 receptor knockout mice. These effects were absent in mice with serotonin-neuron specific elimination of p38alpha MAP kinase, a major signaling mechanism for IL-1 receptors. To determine whether IL-1 receptor signaling supports enduring changes in serotonin neuron function and behavior, we adopted a maternal separation paradigm as a rodent model of ELS. We separated C57BL/6J mouse pups from dams for 3 h once a day for two weeks from PND 1-14, a developmental window where manipulation of serotonin signaling produces adult anxiety and despair-like behaviors. We found that MS leads to both early and persistent elevations in brain and spleen inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1beta, as well as adult increases in anxiety and despair-like behavior. Remarkably, adult IL-1R KO mice demonstrated resilience to the behavioral effects of MS. Inflammatory cytokines, SERT activity and serotonin turnover, were altered in juvenile mice sacrificed immediately after MS, effects absent in IL-1R KO mice. These findings suggest that ELS may induce IL-R mediated alterations in serotonergic signaling that can trigger enduring effects in behavior, an hypothesis currently being explored in conditional IL-1 receptor deficient mice.
Compared to What? A Meta-Analysis of Batterer Intervention Studies Using Nontreated Controls or Comparisons

This meta-analysis updates the literature on the effectiveness of batterer intervention programs (BIPs) in decreasing recidivism of domestic violence (DV) by focusing on studies with nontreated comparison groups (N = 17). Included studies were published between 1986 and 2016, and 14 of the 17 provided sufficient information for the meta-analysis. Analysis focused on three reported outcomes: DV recidivism reported by the criminal justice system, intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration assessed by the survivor, and general offense recidivism reported by the criminal justice system. Results of meta-analysis indicated that BIPs were effective in decreasing DV recidivism and general offense recidivism when reported by the criminal justice system, but not when assessed by the survivor. BIP participants were about 3 times less likely to have DV recidivism and about 2.5 times less likely to have general offense recidivism, compared to nontreated control/comparison groups. The pooled effect size varied, however, by research design. Specifically, results indicated a nonsignificant pooled effect size for randomized controlled trials but a significant pooled effect size for quasi-experimental design studies. Implications for future practice and research are discussed.
Exploring alternative spatial weights to detect crash hotspots

Abstract Identifying hotspots or crash clusters is an important problem for detecting high-risk locations at which vehicle accidents frequently occur. Several hotspot identification methods have been developed in the literature; however, there are often large differences between the spatial distributions of hotspots obtained by these methods, and spatial weights such as free flow travel times and congested flow travel times have not been fully examined as alternatives to the weight of distance. This paper compares the following commonly implemented network-based hotspot detection methods: Getis-Ord Gi*, Local Moran's I, KLINCS (K-function local indicators of network-constrained clusters), and KLINCS-IC (Inverse Cost) in order to provide insight into understanding the similarities and differences between selected hotspot detection methods when used with different spatial weights. This assessment is performed through using different spatial weights as part of the statistical analysis and comparing them to a prediction accuracy index. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was conducted based on alternative spatial weights and different parameters to test the effect of bandwidth on the identified hotspots. The findings on the success of alternative spatial weights has a potential to improve the accuracy of the hotspot detection. Results indicate distinct differences in the spatial distributions of hotspots obtained through the considered methods that are based on alternative spatial weights. An interesting finding is that all alternative approaches (spatial weights and bandwidths) cluster when certain bandwidth values are exceeded. From a practical perspective, the CPAI results show that using network-constrained Local Moran's I statistics with a distance-based spatial weights may provide the most feasible approach while implementing safety-focused efforts.
Does Failure Help or Harm? Linking Parents’ Treatment Histories, Views of Failure, and Expectancies for Child Psychotherapy

Parents’ personal psychotherapy experiences can shape their expectancies of mental health treatment for themselves and offspring. For instance, parents with negative psychotherapy experiences may view mental health treatment as less likely to be helpful—and seek treatment at lower rates—for themselves and their children. However, these associations are not absolute. One potential moderator may be parents’ beliefs about failure as debilitating versus enhancing. We tested whether beliefs about failure moderated links between parents’ own past psychotherapy experiences and their expectancies for future psychotherapy, both for themselves and offspring. One-hundred and forty-three parents with a history of receiving psychotherapy reported on beliefs about failure, past psychotherapy experiences, and future psychotherapy expectancies and preferences, for themselves and their offspring. All measures were completed through mTurk, an online method of collecting survey data. Parents perceiving their own past psychotherapy as ineffective held significantly lower expectancies that psychotherapy would benefit their offspring and were more likely to decline hypothetical treatment for offspring. These relations were significantly stronger among parents holding “failure-is-debilitating” beliefs, versus those with “failure-is-enhancing” beliefs. Parents’ reporting negative past therapy experiences had lower expectancies for their own future therapy regardless of failure beliefs. “Failure-is-enhancing” beliefs may strengthen parents’ confidence that psychotherapy can benefit their children, especially in parents with negative treatment experiences themselves.
Transactive Energy Versus Demand Response in Cutting Wholesale Electricity Prices

In regions with deregulated electricity markets, energy utilities forecast and purchase the energy demand of their power consumers from wholesale electricity markets. To promote transparency for consumers, time-varying tariffs are implemented by energy utilities so as to notify the consumers about the true cost of their power consumptions. As a result, demand response programs are developed to help the flexible loads in lowering their electricity costs, and to help the power grid in lowering peak of power consumption and wholesale price of electricity. However, demand response programs are not capable of unlocking the full potential of flexible loads in responding to the circumstances of the power grid. That is because, proliferating distributed energy resources cause rapid fluctuations in the power consumptions of distribution systems, which are not reflected in five-minute updates of wholesale prices. Therefore, these fluctuations cannot be compensated for by the reaction of the flexible loads. To address this shortcoming, the transactive energy is emerging as a new paradigm, which includes a power distribution market that runs on a moment-to-moment basis and enables real time transactions of energy between power consumers. In this paper, the transactive energy framework is compared to the demand response framework in cutting the wholesale electricity price. Using the IEEE 9-bus system as a power transmission system and the IEEE 33-bus system as a power distribution system, it is numerically shown that the transactive energy framework comes with a 240 % advantage over the demand response framework in reducing wholesale price of electricity.
For the further training of individuals in neurosurgery II: the academic legacy of the William P. Van Wagenen Fellowship

Objective William P. Van Wagenen pursued a research fellowship in Europe early in his career under the recommendation of Harvey Cushing. Later, Van Wagenen would be instrumental in the establishment of the William P. Van Wagenen Fellowship, a postgraduate fellowship for neurosurgeons from the AANS that requires study outside of a fellow's country of residency training with plans to return to academic practice. Methods Since 1968, 54 Van Wagenen Fellowships have been awarded, sending 54 fellows from 31 institutions to 13 different countries. The academic productivity of fellows was studied to determine the academic "return on investment" of the fellowship. Results Almost all fellows have spent some time in academic neurosurgery (94%), with the vast majority remaining in academics for their entire career (87%); 52% of fellows have received NIH funding, and 55% have been promoted to professor. The numbers are even more striking for the first half of Van Wagenen Fellows (who received the fellowship from its inception in 1968 to 1994) with at least 25 years of career development who remained in academics: 65% received NIH funding, 86% were promoted to professor, and 62% became chairs of academic departments. The Hirsch index of fellows, defined as h papers from an individual with at least h citations, is higher than the national mean and median values for academic neurosurgeons at every academic rank. Fellows have served on national committees and as AANS and CNS presidents and have given back financially to the Neurosurgery Research and Education Foundation (NREF) to fund future research activities of neurosurgical residents and young faculty. Conclusions The Van Wagenen Fellowship will continue to provide young neurosurgeons with opportunities to pursue novel research and network with peers internationally and to motivate young neurosurgeons to transform neurosurgery. The legacy of Cushing and Van Wagenen continues today through the Van Wagenen Fellowship, a legacy that will only continue to grow.
Partial Height Harmony as Partial Transparency

Harmony is defined broadly as the spread of some phonological property from a trigger segment to one or more undergoer segments. Transparency to harmony refers to a situation in which some segments do not take on a harmonizing property, but instead have apparently been skipped over. There are also cases in which some segments appear to have only partially undergone harmony, assimilating to a trigger segment with respect to a harmonizing property without taking on that property completely. Partial harmony is most commonly exemplified by cases of height harmony in which an undergoer vowel approaches the height of a trigger vowel without necessarily reaching it. In this paper, I propose an analysis of the partial height harmony of Servigliano Italian that is situated within the Gestural Harmony Model. In this model, harmony is the result of a subsegmental gesture extending to overlap the gestures of other segments in a word. Transparency arises due to overlap between a harmonizing gesture and a gesture with a conflicting articulatory target. In this model of harmony and transparency, I propose that cases in which segments seem to partially undergo harmony, as in the height harmony of Servigliano Italian, be analyzed as cases of partial transparency.
Perceptions of research training in a hematology/oncology fellowship program.

11030Background: Current research training in Hematology/Oncology (Heme/Onc) fellowship is typically limited to mentoring relationships, which are highly variable due to the absence of standardized...
Contention-Aware Performance Prediction For Virtualized Network Functions

At the core of Network Functions Virtualization lie Network Functions (NFs) that run co-resident on the same server, contend over its hardware resources and, thus, might suffer from reduced performance relative to running alone on the same hardware. Therefore, to efficiently manage resources and meet performance SLAs, NFV orchestrators need mechanisms to predict contention-induced performance degradation. In this work, we find that prior performance prediction frameworks suffer from poor accuracy on modern architectures and NFs because they treat memory as a monolithic whole. In addition, we show that, in practice, there exist multiple components of the memory subsystem that can separately induce contention. By precisely characterizing (1) the pressure each NF applies on the server's shared hardware resources (contentiousness) and (2) how susceptible each NF is to performance drop due to competing contentiousness (sensitivity), we develop SLOMO, a multivariable performance prediction framework for Network Functions. We show that relative to prior work SLOMO reduces prediction error by 2-5x and enables 6-14% more efficient cluster utilization. SLOMO's codebase can be found at https://github.com/cmu-snap/SLOMO.
Close-range exposure to a COVID-19 carrier: transmission trends in the respiratory tract and estimation of infectious dose

How human respiratory physiology and the transport phenomena associated with the inhaled airflow therein proceed to impact transmission of SARS-CoV-2, leading to the initial infection, is an open ques- tion. An answer can help determine the susceptibility of an individual on exposure to a COVID-2019 car- rier and can also quantify the still-unknown infectious dose for the disease. Synergizing computational fluid mechanics enabled tracking of respiratory transport in medical imaging-based anatomic domains, with sputum assessment data from hospitalized COVID-19 patients and earlier measurements of ejecta size distribution during regular speech - this study shows that the regional deposition of virus-laden inhaled droplets at the initial nasopharyngeal infection sites peaks for the droplet size range of 2.5 - 19 microns, and reveals that the number of virions that go on to establish the infection can be merely in the order of hundreds.
Does Hiring a Local Industry Specialist Auditor Matter to Nonprofit Organizations

We extend both the U.S. and European nonprofit auditor choice literature by examining the determinants as well as consequences of local industry specialist auditor choice within the nonprofit secto...
Dissenting on Genocide: The Impact of Separate Opinions on International Criminal Law

Dissents have had a tumultuous history in the United States and throughout the world. Initially reviled, dissents have come to be a well-accepted, even praiseworthy, component of the American judicial system, and they have traversed the same trajectory in other countries as well as in international courts and tribunals. Particularly noteworthy among international courts are those created to prosecute perpetrators of mass atrocities, such as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. And nowhere are dissents more common than in these mass atrocity courts. Yet, as prevalent as these dissents are, they have received virtually no scholarly or practical attention. Only a few articles consider international criminal law dissents, and these reflexively praise them for enhancing the legitimacy of the international criminal tribunals. This article takes issue with that claim, maintaining that it has no empirical basis. To prove that point, this article, the first in a series, launches a comprehensive empirical treatment of international criminal law separate opinions. The foundation of this project is my careful review of every separate opinion in every Trial Chamber and Appeals Chamber judgment at the four, core international criminal tribunals. My fine-grained assessment of these nearly 300 separate opinions provides a solid basis for my normative conclusions, conclusions that go against the grain of decades of non-empirical legal scholarship on separate opinions. As the first component of a larger project, this article makes two substantial contributions: First, it lays the foundation for the remainder of the project by providing core information and statistics about international criminal law’s separate opinions. Second, the article inaugurates the project’s normative analyses by empirically assessing one of the most common claims made by proponents of separate opinions: that they help to develop the law. This article employs a variety of empirical methods to evaluate that claim, including citation counts and a painstaking content analysis of the separate opinions, among others. Each of these analyses points to the same conclusion: international criminal law’s separate opinions, though numerous and voluminous, have had minimal impact on the development of international criminal law.
Correlation of UV Fluorescence Images With Performance Loss of Field-Retrieved Photovoltaic Modules

The ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF) imaging method has been widely used as a rapid and economic field inspection tool for investigating encapsulant discoloration of field-aged photovoltaic (PV) modules. In field-aged PV modules, encapsulant discoloration can result in a pronounced decrease in the short-circuit current. The spatial distribution of environmental stressors and therefore discoloration pattern over each cell of a module depends on the climate. In this article, we investigated the discoloration patterns (and their correlation with electrical parameters of modules and the extracted-cells from the modules) of ten modules produced at the same manufacturing facility and retrieved respectively from two distinct climates of Arizona (hot-dry; seven modules; 18 years of exposure) and Florida (hot-humid; three modules; ten years of exposure). In the Arizona modules, three distinct spatial patterns were observed in the UVF images: cell center region (intense browning); cell edge region (no browning); region between cell center; and cell edge region (light browning). However, in the Florida modules, only two distinct spatial distributions were observed: nonedge cell region (medium browning) and cell edge region (no browning). Furthermore, we employed a high-contrast UVF imaging technique to correlate the interdependence between the encapsulant discoloration pattern and the metallization/contact degradation pattern. For this correlative study, various experimental characterizations were carried out on both field-aged (Arizona and Florida) and unexposed modules and the cells extracted from the modules of the same model and they include: processed UVF and EL images, and I-V, TLM, optical microscopy, and XPS measurements.
The Hierarchy of Neural Control Systems

Hierarchy is a widely used term in neurobiology. Its use is most often based on an intuitive understanding of the hierarchy concept and implies the subordination of one control level to another. A military hierarchy is a common example of herarchical relationships. A general gives orders to his officers who, in turn, give orders to their soldiers. A variety of other examples of hierarchies can be provided. However, one has to identify the very nature of a hierarchy in order to proceed with any theoretical reasoning. Otherwise, it is impossible to answer the following very important questions: Why are complex control systems hierarchical? And what is the major functional advantage of a hierarchy in a control system?
Understanding the Role of Defect Production in Radiation Embrittlement of Reactor Pressure Vessels

Comparative experiments using high energy (10 MeV) electrons and test reactor neutrons have been undertaken to understand the role that primary damage state has on hardening (embrittlement) induced by irradiation at 300 C. Electrons produce displacement damage primarily by low energy atomic recoils, while fast neutrons produce displacements from considerably higher energy recoils. Comparison of changes resulting from neutron irradiation, in which nascent point defect clusters can form in dense cascades, with electron irradiation, where cascade formation is minimized, can provide insight into the role that the in-cascade point defect clusters have on the mechanisms of embrittlement. Tensile property changes induced by 10 MeV electrons or test reactor neutron irradiations of unalloyed iron and an Fe-0.9 wt.% Cu-1.0 wt.% Mn alloy were examined in the damage range of 9.0 x 10{sup {minus}5} dpa to 1.5 x 10{sup {minus}2} dpa. The results to date showed the ternary alloy experienced substantially greater embrittlement in both the electron and neutron irradiated samples relative to unalloyed iron. Surprisingly, despite their disparate nature of defect production, similar embrittlement trends with increasing radiation damage were observed for electrons and neutrons in both the ternary and unalloyed iron.