cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of the pinch technique to neutral current amplitudes and the concept of the Z mass

Abstract The pinch technique (PT) is applied to neutral current amplitudes, focusing on the mixing problem. Extending recent arguments due to Papavassiliou and Pilaftsis, it is shown that the use of the PT self-energies does not shift the complex-valued position of the pole through order O( g 4 ). This leads (to the same accuracy) to a simple interpretation of M z , the mass measured at LEP, in terms of the PT self-energies. It is pointed out that the PT approach provides a convenient and rather elegant formalism to discuss important neutral current amplitudes, such as those relevant to four-fermion processes and LEP2.
Dynamical Entanglement in Non-Relativistic, Elastic Scattering

This article considers dynamical entanglement in non-relativistic particle scattering. Three questions are explored: what kinds of entanglement occur in this system, how do global symmetries constrain entanglement, and how do the boundary conditions of scattering affect dynamical entanglement? First, a simple model of scattering spin systems is considered, then the full system is discussed.
Mechanistic Study of the Deposition of Metals from HF Solutions onto Silicon Wafers

Process chemicals in use today are quite pure, depending on the grade used but can easily be contaminated with metal ions through improper handling or storage techniques. Such metal impurities, if deposited on wafer surfaces during processing can increase reverse-bias junction leakage, degrade oxide breakdown strength and increase metal oxide semiconductor capacitor leakage which in turn can adversely affect the function of ultra large scale integrated (ULSI) circuits. Because of these device effects and since metal contamination can come from several sources it is important to know the deposition level and mechanism on Si wafers from a given process solution. HF based process solution have been investigated due to their historical use in patterning, etching, and their increased use in advanced wafer cleaning processes. Multi-contaminant experiments have been designed to study the probability of, and mechanism for deposition. It is shown that in general single element deposition is predicted by electrochemical considerations based on redox reactions, however, potential complex synergistic interactions can cause deviations from the simple theory. Specifically, Sn is shown to inhibit the deposition of Ag, and Mo does not deposit in proportion to the amount of Mo in solution, but does deposit on wafers in the presence of Cu and/or Ag. Detailed analysis of Cu and Ag from BOE and Cu from HF shows the deposition: is statistically uniform over bare Si wafers, is independent of substrate doping and rinse time, does not occur on SiO2 is linear with time (up to 25 min) and solution concentration ( up to 500 ppb), shows an Arrhenius behavior with temperature (15 - 55°C) and increases surface micro-roughness. Interpretation of these results with an Evans diagram indicates the deposition is mass transport limited, allowing a first order quantitative theoretical interpretation of the deposition process.
The finance-investment link in a transition economy: Evidence for Poland from panel data

Real investment in Poland declined from 1990 to 1993, and has only slowly since recovered, while real credit decreased for a number of years. Has declining credit adversely affected investment? Controlling for industry and time fixed effect, and using dynamic panel data techniques, I estimate an investment model, which includes external and internal finance as investment determinants. The results suggest that internal and external finance are positively related to investment. Thus, industries seem to operate under hard budget constraints. Also, internal finance is more important than external finance in determining investment, thus indicating that credit rationing occurs. Finally, the effects of external finance are slightly greater among durable goods producing industries than among non-durable goods producing industries.
Diffusion of Gold Clusters on Defective Graphite Surfaces

Diffusion characteristics of gold clusters (consisting of 38, 79, 140, or 586 atoms) on two types of defective graphite surfaces, one with a one-layer deep hole and the other with a one-layer high step edge, are studied with the use of molecular dynamics simulations. The effects of the defects on the energetics of the cluster and on the diffusive trajectories are investigated. The simulations guide formulation of a simple analytic model that is demonstrated to provide an appropriate description of the energy and of the forces acting on a cluster diffusing on a graphite surface in the presence of defects.
Signal Estimation With Additive Error Metrics in Compressed Sensing

Compressed sensing typically deals with the estimation of a system input from its noise-corrupted linear measurements, where the number of measurements is smaller than the number of input components. The performance of the estimation process is usually quantified by some standard error metric such as squared error or support set error. In this correspondence, we consider a noisy compressed sensing problem with any additive error metric. Under the assumption that the relaxed belief propagation method matches Tanaka's fixed point equation, we propose a general algorithm that estimates the original signal by minimizing the additive error metric defined by the user. The algorithm is a pointwise estimation process, and thus simple and fast. We verify that our algorithm is asymptotically optimal, and we describe a general method to compute the fundamental information-theoretic performance limit for any additive error metric. We provide several example metrics, and give the theoretical performance limits for these cases. Experimental results show that our algorithm outperforms methods such as relaxed belief propagation (relaxed BP) and compressive sampling matching pursuit (CoSaMP), and reaches the suggested theoretical limits for our example metrics.
Generalized Stacking Fault Energy Surfaces and Dislocation Properties of Silicon: A First-Principles Theoretical Study

The generalized stacking fault (GSF) energy surfaces have received considerable attention due to their close relation to the mechanical properties of solids. We present a detailed study of the GSF energy surfaces of silicon within the framework of density functional theory. We have calculated the GSF energy surfaces for the shuffle and glide set of the (111) plane, and that of the (100) plane of silicon, paying particular attention to the effects of the relaxation of atomic coordinates. Based on the calculated GSF energy surfaces and the Peierls-Nabarro model, we obtain estimates for the dislocation profiles, core energies, Peierls energies, and the corresponding stresses for various planar dislocations of silicon.
A generalized, bioclimatic index to predict foliar phenology in response to climate

The phenological state of vegetation significantly affects exchanges of heat, mass, and momentum between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. Although current patterns can be estimated from satellites, we lack the ability to predict future trends in response to climate change. We searched the literature for a common set of variables that might be combined into an index to quantify the greenness of vegetation throughout the year. We selected as variables: daylength (photoperiod), evaporative demand (vapor pressure deficit), and suboptimal (minimum) temperatures. For each variable we set threshold limits, within which the relative phenological performance of the vegetation was assumed to vary from inactive (0) to unconstrained (1). A combined Growing Season Index (GSI) was derived as the product of the three indices. Ten-day mean GSI values for nine widely dispersed ecosystems showed good agreement (r>0.8) with the satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We also tested the model at a temperate deciduous forest by comparing model estimates with average field observations of leaf flush and leaf coloration. The mean absolute error of predictions at this site was 3 days for average leaf flush dates and 2 days for leaf coloration dates. Finally, we used this model to produce a global map that distinguishes major differences in regional phenological controls. The model appears sufficiently robust to reconstruct historical variation as well as to forecast future phenological responses to changing climatic conditions.
Correlation between height selection and electronic structure of the uniform height Pb/Si(111) islands

Uniform-height islands, with preferred heights differing by bilayer height increments, can be grown on Pb/Si(111) at low temperatures most likely as a result of quantum size effects. With scanning-tunneling-microscope spectroscopy we have determined how the electronic structure of individual islands is related to their stability. Differences between preferred vs nonpreferred island heights are seen at the position of the Fermi level with respect to the highest occupied band and lowest unoccupied band. This difference is supported from oscillations of the measured apparent barrier $\ensuremath{\Delta}(\mathrm{ln}I)/\ensuremath{\Delta}z$ with island height.
Generalized Coherent States as Preferred States of Open Quantum Systems

We investigate the connection between quasi-classical (pointer) states and generalized coherent states (GCSs) within an algebraic approach to Markovian quantum systems (including bosons, spins, and fermions). We establish conditions for the GCS set to become most robust by relating the rate of purity loss to an invariant measure of uncertainty derived from quantum Fisher information. We find that, for damped bosonic modes, the stability of canonical coherent states is confirmed in a variety of scenarios, while for systems described by (compact) Lie algebras, stringent symmetry constraints must be obeyed for the GCS set to be preferred. The relationship between GCSs, minimum-uncertainty states, and decoherence-free subspaces is also elucidated.
Oligosaccharide mapping reveals hormone-specific glycosylation patterns on equine gonadotropin alpha-subunit Asn56.

Equine gonadotropin alpha-subunit glycosylation was examined by releasing oligosaccharides using a sequential enzymatic deglycosylation protocol and comparing the released oligosaccharide populations using a high resolution oligosaccharide mapping technique. Digestion of native alpha-subunit preparations with peptide-N-glycosidase altered their mobilities during SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions to positions intermediate between the corresponding native alpha-subunit and completely deglycosylated alpha-subunit bands. Complete alpha-subunit deglycosylation required reduction of disulfide bonds. Results of solid-phase Edman degradation demonstrated that partial deglycosylation occurred exclusively at Asn56. Oligosaccharide mapping of total oligosaccharides obtained by enzymatic deglycosylation of reduced, carboxymethylated alpha-subunit preparations revealed hormone-specific patterns of glycosylation in eLH alpha and eCG alpha. Oligosaccharide mapping of individual glycosylation sites revealed that hormone...
CP nonconservation and spontaneous symmetry breaking

The observed CP violation is assumed to be due to the spontaneous symmetry-breaking mechanism; the Lagrangian is CP invariant but its particular solution is not. The general classification of such theories when coupled with different unified gauge models of the weak and electromagnetic interactions is given. All such theories lead naturally to a basically milliweak CP noninvariant solution. The possibility that for most weak transitions the result may resemble a superweak theory is analysed, and possible experiments to distinguish these two different types of theories are discussed. Detailed calculations for various CP violating amplitudes are carried out for a generalized Georgi-Glashow model.
SOLAR WIND SCALING LAW

We derive a simple, robust scaling law, which explains naturally how the well-known anticorrelation between final solar wind speed and freezing-in temperature results from the loss of radiated energy in the corona. Furthermore, if the Sun injects roughly fixed electromagnetic energy per particle, this law provides a unified theory for the source of solar wind: fast tenuous solar wind from dark coronal holes; slow dense wind from hotter, brighter regions; and bound but unstable plasma in extremely hot regions, which may be related to solar transients. The scaling law is not an extension or a new variant of previous solar wind models, but rather a requirement on all solar wind models, which should apply quite generally to magnetically driven winds. Thus, this paper reveals an underlying connection between the solar wind and its coronal source.
Charter value, minimum bank capital requirement and deposit insurance pricing in equilibrium

Abstract This paper shows that leaving insolvent banks with large enough charter values open can be optimal and derives normative bank closure/reorganization policies based on the liquidation value of assets and the charter value. The charter value of a bank is broadly defined as the value that would be foregone due to a closure. Our simulations of risk taking show that an optimal forbearance for an insolvent bank with a large enough charter value alleviates the moral hazard problem. This is because increasing the risk raises the probability of losing the charter value, although it generates a moral hazard gain.
Spitzer/IRAC Search for Companions to Nearby, Young M Dwarfs

We present the results of a survey of nearby, young M stars for wide low-mass companions with the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on the Spitzer Space Telescope. We observed 40 young M dwarfs within 20 pc of the Sun, selected through X-ray emission criteria. A total of ten candidate companions were found with IRAC colors consistent with T dwarfs. Extensive ground-based NIR follow-up observations rejected all these candidates. Two additional candidates were discovered via common proper motion measurements, one of which was rejected as a background object and the other is a bona fide companion to GJ 2060, a member of the AB Doradus moving group.
Are we overlooking some usability testing methods? A comparison of lab, beta, and forum tests

Abstract We compared the effectiveness of lab testing, beta testing, and forum testing at identifying software usability problems. Thirty participants were involved in the experiment, with ten participants in each of the three test conditions. The lab test involved participants performing prescribed scenarios with the software in a controlled lab environment, while human factors engineers recorded participant's problems. The beta test method had participants use the software in their own environment to perform their real world work and record their own problems. The forum test was similar to the beta test, except that the software was made available on a company-wide computer bulletin board and the participants selected themselves. Findings show that the beta test method was as effective as the lab test method in the number of problem types identified. The lab test uncovered a larger proportion of serious usability problems than did the beta test. The beta test method was the most cost-effective method. T...
Catalytic asymmetric hydroboration of β,γ-unsaturated Weinreb amides: striking influence of the borane

Subtle differences in the structure of the borane strongly influence the catalytic efficiency and level of enantioselectivity in the catalytic asymmetric hydroboration of β,γ-unsaturated Weinreb amides.
Optimal Dynamic Order Submission Strategies in Some Stylized Trading Problems

This study derives optimal dynamic order submission strategies for trading problems faced by three stylized traders: an uninformed liquidity trader, an informed trader and a value-motivated trader. Separate solutions are obtained for quote- and order-driven markets. The results provide practicable rules for how to trade small orders and how to manage traders. Transaction cost measurement methods based on implementation shortfall are proven to dominate other methods. Since investors demand liquidity when they submit market orders and supply liquidity when they submit limit orders, the results improve our understanding of market liquidity. In particular, the models illustrate the role of time in the search for liquidity by characterizing the demand for and supply of immediacy.
New Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs with Disks in the Chamaeleon I Star-Forming Region

We have used images obtained with the Infrared Array Camera and the Multiband Imaging Photometer on board the Spitzer Space Telescope to search for low-mass stars and brown dwarfs with circumstellar disks in the Chamaeleon I star-forming region. Through optical spectroscopy of sources with red colors in these data, we have identified seven new disk-bearing members of the cluster. Three of these objects are probably brown dwarfs, according to their spectral types (M8, M8.5, M8-L0). Three of the other new members may have edge-on disks, based on the shapes of their infrared spectral energy distributions. One of the possible edge-on systems has a steeply rising slope from 4.5 to 24 μm, indicating that it could be a Class I source (star+disk+envelope) rather than a Class II source (star+disk). If so, then it would be one of the least massive known Class I protostars (M5.75, -->M ~ 0.1 -->M☉).
New materials for old problems: What can nanomaterials do for biology and neuroscience?

The emerging field of nanotechnology offers the development of new materials and methods for crucial neuroscience applications namely (a) promoting survival and growth of the neurons, and (b) monitoring physiological signals generated in the nervous system such as excitation, synaptic transmission, release of neurotransmitter molecules and cell-to-cell communication. Such bio-devices will have several novel applications in basic science, laboratory analysis and therapeutic treatments. Our goals in this field of research include (a) development of new biocompatible substrates to guide and promote neuronal growth along specific pathways; (b) designing a neuron-friendly, bio-molecule delivery system for neuroprotection; (c) monitoring of electrical activity from neuron and also from neuronal networks; (d) determining the diffusion and intracellular localization of nanomaterial interacting with neurons at high resolution; and (e) detection of release of neurotransmitter molecules by means of newly designed nanosensors. Here we describe the fabrication and use of magnetic nanotubes and nanowire electrode arrays in studies using a cell culture model of neuronally differentiating rat pheochromocytoma (PC 12) cells. The magnetic nanotubes were fabricated by a template method yielding hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) nanotubes. These nanotubes were coupled with nerve growth factor (NGF). Vertically aligned nanowires were fabricated on glass substrates using the lithography-assisted template bonding (LATB) method. Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were cultured on these nanotubes and polylysine coated nanowire electrodes. Our results showed that magnetic nanotube bound NGF was available to PC12 cells as they showed significant differentiation into neurons. PC12 cells growing on nanowires in the presence of NGF differentiated into neurons capable of synthesis and release of dopamine upon stimulation. The neurons grew healthy neurites appearing to form synapses with other neurons in the dish. These results show that the magnetic nanotubes were capable of delivering neurotrophic molecules and the nanowire electrodes are neuron-friendly, promote cell to cell communication and can be used as bio-sensors in the nervous system.
Measuring the mechanical stress induced by an expanding multicellular tumor system: a case study.

Rapid volumetric growth and extensive invasion into brain parenchyma are hallmarks of malignant neuroepithelial tumors in vivo. Little is known, however, about the mechanical impact of the growing brain tumor on its microenvironment. To better understand the environmental mechanical response, we used multiparticle tracking methods to probe the environment of a dynamically expanding, multicellular brain tumor spheroid that grew for 6 days in a three-dimensional Matrigel-based in vitro assay containing 1.0-μm latex beads. These beads act as reference markers for the gel, allowing us to image the spatial displacement of the tumor environment using high-resolution time-lapse video microscopy. The results show that the volumetrically expanding tumor spheroid pushes the gel outward and that this tumor-generated pressure propagates to a distance greater than the initial radius of the tumor spheroid. Intriguingly, beads near the tips of invasive cells are displaced inward, toward the advancing invasive cells. Furthermore, this localized cell traction correlates with a marked increase in total invasion area over the observation period. This case study presents evidence that an expanding microscopic tumor system exerts both significant mechanical pressure and significant traction on its microenvironment.
Optical transducers for scintillating fiber readout

Abstract Characteristics of optical-to-electronic transducers which are currently on the market or which will soon be available are discussed in the context of particle detectors using scintillating and wavelength-shifting fibers. It is shown that the most promising avenue for progress in detector development is via the use of solid state transducers, and that these would benefit from the development of long-wavelength light emitters.
Significant Efficiency Increase in Self‐Driven Photoelectrochemical Cell for Water Photoelectrolysis

A theory relating the electrochemical and solid-state properties of semiconductors to their photoelectrochemical behavior has been used to predict the electrodes that, when combined, will give the optimum efficiencies for the splitting of water by means of solar light to hydrogen and oxygen. This paper represents the first application of this theory. A p-type indium phosphide electrode has been decorated with platinum and combined with an n-type gallium arsenide electrode which has been protected against photocorrosion by depositing a thin film of Mn-oxide on it. Examination has been made of the individual photoelectrochemical behavior of these electrodes in aqueous solution. The I-V curves of these electrodes indicated that, when placed together in a cell, they would spontaneously give rise to hydrogen and oxygen when photoirradiated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic examination of the protected gallium arsenide electrode showed no indication of the substrate, i.e., the Mn-oxide completely covered the gallium arsenide.