cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charge storage in the polysilicon emitter

The effect of excess charge storage on the dynamic behavior of the polysilicon emitter has been studied. The excess charge is a manifestation of minority-carrier confinement, resulting in a lower base current and therefore improved gain. The diode reverse recovery technique was used in the study. This technique is based on the fact that the initial phase during the reverse current transient of a diode is a function of the excess minority carriers stored inside the diode. The devices were fabricated using n-p/sup +/ epitaxial wafers and the contact to the n-side was made either by diffusion from n/sup +/ (As) polysilicon or by direct implantation into single-crystal silicon. The structures therefore simulate the emitter-base junction of an n-p-n bipolar transistor with the base more heavily doped than the emitter. The storage phenomenon in the polysilicon contact diodes has been modeled by solving the time-dependent continuity equation. A closed-form analytical solution has been obtained, allowing the first extraction of the surface recombination velocity of polysilicon contact from the transient data. It was found that: (1) there is indeed a considerable increase in the excess stored charge in polysilicon emitter; (2) the interfacial native oxide cannot account for the observed behavior; (3) all the observations agree with the predictions of the thermionic-diffusion model; and (4) the measured storage times can be explained quantitatively by the above model. >
A study of the mechanism of pinocytosis.

Abstract 1. 1. The morphology of living amoebae during pinocytosis is described. These observations are correlated with observations on stained sections of amoebae fixed during pinocytosis. 2. 2. Immediately before pinocytosis, wrinkling of the plasmalemma was observed. Wrinkling was followed by invagination of the plasmalemma which resulted in tunnels into the cytoplasm. These tunnels were then separated from the plasmalemma and were often broken up into droplets. 3. 3. PAS and antibody staining procedures confirmed the observation that the pinocytosis vacuole membrane is derived from the plasmalemma. 4. 4. All solutions of charged molecules which were tested, including many proteins and salts, were found to induce pinocytosis. Their activity was dependent to some extent on their concentration. 5. 5. By fluorescence labeling techniques it was demonstrated that proteins are adsorbed to the plasmalemma. Salt solutions which caused pinocytosis were shown to cause a swelling of the outer coat of the plasmalemma. 6. 6. A mechanism for pinocytosis is suggested which relates adsorption of charged solutes on the plasmalemma to a decrease in the tension and the structural rigidity of the membrane. The weakened membrane is drawn down into the cytoplasm by its “points of attachment” to the contractile plasmagel system. These invaginations become detached from the membrane and freed in the cytoplasm as pinocytosis droplets or vacuoles.
Renormalizing the heavy quark effective field theory Lagrangian to order 1/m 2

The heavy quark effective field theory Lagrangian is renormalized to order 1/m{sup 2}. Our technique eliminates operators that vanish by the equation of motion by continuously redefining the heavy quark fields during renormalization. It is consequently only necessary to calculate the running of the operators that do not vanish by the equation of motion. We show that our results are consistent with reparametrization invariance. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Three-Dimensional Modeling of Negatively Buoyant Flow in Diverging Channels

Diverging channels, also known as diffusers, represent common natural and industrial outlets to lakes, reservoirs, and rivers. If the outflow in a diffuser has a larger density than the ambient water, the inflow may plunge and form a density underflow. In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical study was conducted to gain insight into the mechanism of negatively buoyant flows in diffusers with a sloping bottom. Of particular interest is the formation of separated flows such as wall-jet and free-jet flows. Various cases of plunging and the associated density current in a diffuser with different divergence angles and inflow densimetric Froude numbers are considered. The model successfully simulates the formation of attached flow, wall jets, and free jets in a negatively buoyant environment. The onset, evolution, and stabilization of a stall and the subsequent development of a wall jet in a negatively buoyant flow are investigated in detail. Computed results also show favorable agreement with some published experimental data on density current generated by the plunging of cold water in ambient warm water in a diverging channel.
Generalization gradients obtained after continuous reinforcement of an operant response

Three groups of pigeons received 60, 150, or 300 continuous reinforcements (CRF) for pecking at a vertical line and then were tested in extinction with brief presentations of a variety of different line tilts. Reliable gradients, with maximal responding to the vertical line, were obtained in all groups. No significant differences were found among the groups in either gradient slope or number of responses emitted during the test. Control of behavior by certain specific features or properties of environmental stimuli apparently develops very quickly in such situations.
Crime and the schizophrenia spectrum: a diathesis‐stress model

Previous studies support a relationship between schizophrenia and antisocial behavior. In the present study, offspring of schizophrenics showed a greater degree of antisocial behavior than did offspring of parents without psychopathology. The present study clarifies the interplay between risk for schizophrenia and developmental factors in determining antisocial behavior. Those variables which distinguished high-risk criminal behavior from high-risk non-criminal behavior were irritability and shortened attention span in infancy, paternal absence during ages 15 to 17, lower WAIS Verbal IQ, impoverished neighborhood, family discord and negative attitude towards father. In a multiple regression analysis, paternal absence in adolescence, shortness of attention span, and low Verbal IQ each contributed a unique portion of the variance in antisocial behavior. A block of interaction terms (Stressor X Risk) did not contribute a significant portion of the variance in antisocial behavior, suggesting that those factors which predict antisocial behavior in the high-risk group are the same factors which predict antisocial behavior in the low-risk group. In addition, a significant portion of the variance in phenotypic outcome (criminal vs. schizophrenic) was accounted for by passivity in infancy (predictive of schizophrenia) and low Verbal IQ (more common in high-risk criminals). Shortened attention spans in infancy were found to precede both criminal behavior and schizophrenia in this sample. This feature may therefore indicate a genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia.
Adaptive Antenna Array Receivers for Spread-Spectrum Signals in Non-Gaussian Noise☆

Abstract Pados, D. A., Medley, M. J., and Batalama, S. N., Adaptive Antenna Array Receivers for Spread-Spectrum Signals in Non-Gaussian Noise, Digital Signal Processing 11 (2001) 144–158 We consider the problem of recovering a spread-spectrum (SS) signal in the presence of unknown highly correlated spread-spectrum interference and impulsive noise. In terms of basic system and signal model considerations, we assume availability of a narrowband adaptive antenna array that experiences additive white Gaussian noise in time and across elements, as well as impulsive disturbance with direction-of-arrival (DOA) that changes at the chip rate. The space–time receiver design developed in this work is characterized by the following attributes: (i) Adaptive interference suppression is pursued in the joint space–time domain. (ii) An adaptive parametric nonlinear front end offers effective suppression of impulsive disturbances at low computational cost. (iii) An adaptive auxiliary-vector linear filter postprocessor offers effective, low-complexity suppression of SS interferers and leads to superior bit-error-rate (BER) performance under rapid, short-data-record system adaptation. Numerical and simulation comparisons with plain and outlier resistant space–time minimum-variance-distortionless-response (MVDR) filtering procedures are included to illustrate and support the theoretical developments.
SoftGUESS: Visualization and Exploration of Code Clones in Context

We introduce SoftGUESS, a code clone exploration system. SoftGUESS is built on the more general GUESS system which provides users with a mechanism to interactively explore graph structures both through direct manipulation as well as a domain-specific language. We demonstrate SoftGUESS through a number of mini-applications to analyze evolutionary code-clone behavior in software systems. The mini-applications of SoftGUESS represent a novel way of looking at code-clones in the context of many system features. It is our hope that SoftGUESS will form the basis for other analysis tools in the software- engineering domain.
Field Trial of the 1964 CIE Color-Difference Formula

New and recently published data, comprising a total of approximately 30 000 judgments (ratio and paired comparisons) made by several observers on 176 pairs of colors, are used to check the 1964 CIE color-difference formula. The results indicate that the formula predicts observed color difference, ranging from about 4 to about 60 CIE units, with reasonable accuracy. Approximately 90% of the observed differences are predicted correctly to within ±25%. The precision of the observed differences is estimated to be also about ±25%. It has been noticed that several pairs (about 20 out of 100) have predicted color differences deviating significantly from the observed differences. Observations are affected by the luminous reflectance of the achromatic surround, but the deviations between color differences observed with a white surround and color differences observed with a black surround are masked somewhat by the limited precision of the observations, and thus, in the average, the CIE formula predicts both cases equally well.
Buffer Properties Revealed with Model Lipid Membranes

Numerous kinds of buffers including MOPS, MES and HEPES are used to control the pH of biological samples. We have investigated how these particular buffers alter the charge state of lipid membranes. As measured by x-ray scattering, polar but neutral lipids such as phoshatidylcholine (PC) form multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) in buffer solutions. Previous work has shown that the highly uniform equilibrium spacing between lipid membranes is easily influenced by the presence of weakly binding charges such as bromide ions in monovalent salt solutions [1]. In general, the MLVs shrink or expand (swell) depending on how the balance of attractive and repulsive force is shifted by the nature of the aqueous solution. We performed small angle x-ray scattering measurements to reveal how the buffers modify lipid interactions. Buffers loosely associate with the lipid membrane and alter their surface charge causing the MLVs to swell. Interestingly, as opposed to monovalent salts which charge up the PC membranes negatively, MOPS charges PC membranes positively. We have used small angle x-ray scattering to measure the modification of membrane forces and we have measured the diffusion of lipid aggregates in electric fields to determine the charging effect of the buffers on PC membranes. By measuring how buffers modify the electrical state of lipid membranes we can better understand how buffers behave at the interface of biological membranes. [1] H. I. Petrache, T. Zemb, L. Belloni, and V. A. Parsegian. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2006, 103:7982-7987.
Enhanced Chemiluminescent Detection of Fluorescein-Labeled Nucleic Acids Compared to 32P Labeling Methods: Lactoferrin as a Marker

This study evaluated the ability of nonradioactive, sensitive Northern blotting methods to detect small amounts of messenger RNA. The more traditional 32P labeling and detection method was compared to enhanced chemiluminescent (ECL) detection of fluorescein labeled nucleic acids. The results show that the ECL method is equally as sensitive as 32P, and both methods are highly quantitative by image analysis. The fluorescein generated probes can be stored for several months as compared to several days storage for 32P labeled probes. The ECL method of detecting fluorescein labeled nucleic acid probes should prove useful for many applications in biochemistry, molecular biology, and toxicology.
Phylogenetically specific separation of rRNA from prokaryotes for isotopic analysis

A wealth of genetic sequence information is available publicly and can be used to support investigations in organic geochemistry. Here, we present a new method to separate ribosomal RNA in order to use this rRNA as a “biomarker” for molecular isotopic studies. The primary goal is to obtain pure fractions that reflect selected phylogenetic groups. We demonstrate the ability to separate rRNA of a target organism from RNA representing a mixture of species. In this approach, an oligonucleotide probe containing a poly-d(GGGT) tail is hybridized to RNA in solution. Simultaneously, an aliquot of oligo-dT paramagnetic beads is hybridized to an oligonucleotide made of poly-d(CCCA) with a poly-dA tail. The two solutions are combined and a high-affinity GCAT complex is formed. The magnetic beads are captured and re-suspended in fresh solution. Careful determination of the melting temperatures of all three hybrids permits melting of the captured rRNA while leaving the majority of the oligonucleotides bound to the beads. Authenticity of the captured product is determined by reverse-transcriptase (RT)-PCR on a sub-sample; the remainder is washed, re-suspended in H_2O, and saved for subsequent isotopic analysis.
A structure and evolution-guided Monte Carlo sequence selection strategy for multiple alignment-based analysis of proteins

Motivation: Various multiple sequence alignment-based methods have been proposed to detect functional surfaces in proteins, such as active sites or protein interfaces. The effect that the choice of sequences has on the conclusions of such analysis has seldom been discussed. In particular, no method has been discussed in terms of its ability to optimize the sequence selection for the reliable detection of functional surfaces. Results: Here we propose, for the case of proteins with known structure, a heuristic Metropolis Monte Carlo strategy to select sequences from a large set of homologues, in order to improve detection of functional surfaces. The quantity guiding the optimization is the clustering of residues which are under increased evolutionary pressure, according to the sample of sequences under consideration. We show that we can either improve the overlap of our prediction with known functional surfaces in comparison with the sequence similarity criteria of selection or match the quality of prediction obtained through more elaborate non-structure based-methods of sequence selection. For the purpose of demonstration we use a set of 50 homodimerizing enzymes which were co-crystallized with their substrates and cofactors. Contact: imihalek@bcm.tmc.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Novel Zinc Binding System, ZevAB, Is Critical for Survival of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in a Murine Lung Infection Model†

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes upper and lower respiratory infections. Factors required for pulmonary infection by NTHI are not well understood. Previously, using high-throughput insertion tracking by deep sequencing (HITS), putative lung colonization factors were identified. Also, previous research indicates that secreted disulfide-dependent factors are important for virulence of H. influenzae. In the present study, HITS data were compared with an informatics-based list of putative substrates of the periplasmic oxidoreductase DsbA to find and characterize secreted virulence factors. This analysis resulted in identification of the “zinc binding essential for virulence” (zev) locus consisting of zevA (HI1249) and zevB (HI1248). NTHI mutants of zevA and zevB grew normally in rich medium but were defective for colonization in a mouse lung model. Mutants also exhibited severe growth defects in medium containing EDTA and were rescued by supplementation with zinc. Additionally, purified recombinant ZevA was found to bind to zinc with high affinity. Together, these data demonstrate that zevAB is a novel virulence factor important for zinc utilization of H. influenzae under conditions where zinc is limiting. Furthermore, evidence presented here suggests that zinc limitation is likely an important mechanism for host defense against pathogens during lung infection. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is a Gramnegative bacterial pathogen uniquely adapted to colonize the nasopharynx of healthy humans, with a carriage frequency of approximately 20 to 80% (46). An opportunistic pathogen, NTHI resides asymptomatically in the upper airways of humans but can disseminate into privileged anatomical locations, causing infections such as otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia (47). NTHI is also one of the most prevalent microorganisms found in the lungs of patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (48, 49, 60) and cystic fibrosis (23, 43, 58). An effective vaccine against NTHI strains has not yet been discovered, likely due to high variability of surface antigens between strains (60).
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: looks can be deceiving.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) comprises one quarter to one third of all pediatric lymphomas. For a disease we see so often, you would think we would know what it looks like. But appearances can be deceiving. Whereas the ‘‘common variant’’ of ALCL looks just like it sounds—full of anaplastic large cells—it is disconcerting that ALCL need not demonstrate anaplasia, contain large cells, nor overexpress the eponymous marker protein, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). So what, then, is the sine qua non of ALCL, the pathognomonic feature that defines the disease and enables one to confidently diagnose it?
Fine-grain leakage optimization in SRAM based FPGAs

FPGAs are evolving at a rapid pace with improved performance and logic density. At the same time, trends in technology scaling makes leakage power a serious concern for designers. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical look-up table (LUT) structure for FPGAs to improve leakage power consumption. We present a detailed analysis on the number of inputs actually used by LUTs, and we observe that on an average 47% LUTs do not use one or more inputs. In the proposed hierarchical LUT structure depending on the number of inputs used by the LUTs we shut off certain SRAM cells and transistors associated with the unused LUT inputs. Based on this technique, for 180nm technology, we report an average savings of 22.94% (as high as 64.22%) in leakage power per LUT. The savings will be even greater for technologies as low as 90nm currently in use for FPGA production as well as for future technologies.
Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Discrimination and Substance Use Disorder Among Latinos

Using data from the National Latino and Asian American Study collected in 2002–2003 (N = 2,554), we assessed the adjusted odds of lifetime substance use disorder (SUD) associated with report of both unfair treatment and racial/ethnic discrimination. Among men, SUD was increased for those reporting low, moderate, and high levels of unfair treatment compared to those reporting no unfair treatment and patterns were similar for racial/ethnic discrimination. Among women, only those reporting high levels of unfair treatment were at increased risk of lifetime SUD and no associations were observed between racial/ethnic discrimination and lifetime SUD. Future research should examine the role that discrimination plays in the development of substance misuse among Latinos.
Neurosurgeon's Perspective on Neuroimaging for Headaches

Neurosurgeons at Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, address the proposed utility and negative impact of guidelines proposed by the American Headache Society (AHS), in conjunction with the Choosing Wisely initiative of the American Board of Internal Medicine.
Frames of Rights, Entitlement, Need, and Deservingness in the Affordable Care Act

I analyze four frames deployed by members of United States Congress on the floor of the House of Representatives before the initial passage of the Affordable Care Act on November 7, 2009. Of the four frames—need, rights, deservingness, and entitlement—need was by far the most commonly used frame in the debate followed by rights, deservingness, and entitlement. I conclude that while Congress may broadly agree that Americans need and even deserve health care, it provided no right or entitlement to care under the Affordable Care Act.
Electoral cycles in electricity losses in India

Abstract A third of electricity in India is lost each year, where losses refer to power that is supplied but not billed. Utilizing data from the power corporation of Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state, we study the politics of electricity losses. Examining annual data over four decades, we document that UP's electricity losses tend to increase in periods immediately prior to state assembly elections. Drawing upon geographically disaggregated data for the period 2000–09, we observe higher line losses just prior to the 2002 and 2007 state elections. Our analysis shows that the incumbent party was more likely to retain the assembly seat as line losses in the locality increased. We interpret these results as corroboration that political parties deliberately redirect electricity to flat rate and unbilled users in a context of chronically inadequate supply. Political factors appear to affect line losses in ways that technical and economic factors alone cannot explain.
A Performance Model for Staff Internal Auditors: Implications for Personnel Management

Understanding individual traits associated with successful performance in internal auditing is needed to enhance efficiency in personnel policies affecting staffing, career development, and retention of auditors and managers trained in internal auditing. This study attempted to ascertain salient characteristics of individuals that may be associated with successful performance, by examining traits of successful and less successful auditors of a large manufacturing firm. The results show that, of the characteristics analyzed, individual levels of job satisfaction and motivation are most closely associated with performance.
Activation of a human chromosomal replication origin by protein tethering

The specification of mammalian chromosomal replication origins is incompletely understood. To analyze the assembly and activation of prereplicative complexes (pre-RCs), we tested the effects of tethered binding of chromatin acetyltransferases and replication proteins on chromosomal c-myc origin deletion mutants containing a GAL4-binding cassette. GAL4DBD (DNA binding domain) fusions with Orc2, Cdt1, E2F1 or HBO1 coordinated the recruitment of the Mcm7 helicase subunit, the DNA unwinding element (DUE)-binding protein DUE-B and the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase activator Cdc45 to the replicator, and restored origin activity. In contrast, replication protein binding and origin activity were not stimulated by fusion protein binding in the absence of flanking c-myc DNA. Substitution of the GAL4-binding site for the c-myc replicator DUE allowed Orc2 and Mcm7 binding, but eliminated origin activity, indicating that the DUE is essential for pre-RC activation. Additionally, tethering of DUE-B was not sufficient to recruit Cdc45 or activate pre-RCs formed in the absence of a DUE. These results show directly in a chromosomal background that chromatin acetylation, Orc2 or Cdt1 suffice to recruit all downstream replication initiation activities to a prospective origin, and that chromosomal origin activity requires singular DNA sequences.
Terbium Luminescence as a Probe of Lanthanide Coordination in Solution

Similarities between the coordination chemistries of Ca2+ and trivalent lanthanide ions (Ln3+) make the latter very attractive as “substitutional” spectroscopic probes of the Ca2+ binding properties of biomolecular systems. Unlike Ca2+, the Ln3+ ions possess magnetic and optical spectroscopic properties which are readily accessible to experimental measurement and sensitive to ligand coordination properties. In aqueous solution media, terbium (Tb3+) luminescence provides an especially sensitive probe for investigating Tb3+/biomolecule interactions and coordination. Of special interest are (a) the induction of circular intensity differentials in the terbium luminescence by chiral ligands (commonly referred to as circularly polarized luminescence or CPL), and (b) the modulation of terbium luminescence intensities and lifetimes effected by specific kinds of Tb3+-ligand interactions. An example of the latter is the sensitization and enhancement of terbium luminescence by a ligand possessing a near-UV chromophore which can function as an energy donor to the Tb3+ ion in a nonradiative energy transfer process. Measurements of these properties can be used to obtain binding constants and to characterize the nature of the lanthanide binding sites in biomolecular systems.
Towards a Literary Machine Translation: The Role of Referential Cohesion

What is the role of textual features above the sentence level in advancing the machine translation of literature? This paper examines how referential cohesion is expressed in literary and non-literary texts and how this cohesion affects translation. We first show in a corpus study on English that literary texts use more dense reference chains to express greater referential cohesion than news. We then compare the referential cohesion of machine versus human translations of Chinese literature and news. While human translators capture the greater referential cohesion of literature, Google translations perform less well at capturing literary cohesion. Our results suggest that incorporating discourse features above the sentence level is an important direction for MT research if it is to be applied to literature.
Lithium Ion Battery Graphite Solid Electrolyte Interphase Revealed by Microscopy and Spectroscopy

The surface reactions of electrolytes with the graphitic anode of lithium ion batteries have been investigated. The investigation utilizes two novel techniques, which are enabled by the use of binder-free graphite anodes. The first method, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, allows straightforward analysis of the graphite solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The second method utilizes multi-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of D2O extracts from the cycled anodes. The TEM and NMR data are complemented by XPS and FTIR data, which are routinely used for SEI studies. Cells were cycled with LiPF6 and ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and EC/EMC blends. This unique combination of techniques establishes that for EC/LiPF6 electrolytes, the graphite SEI is ∼50 nm thick after the first full lithiation cycle, and predominantly contains lithium ethylene dicarbonate (LEDC) and LiF. In cells containing EMC/LiPF6 electrolytes, the graphite SEI...
METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS IN HIGHER ANIMALS. 10. GLUTAMIC DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY OF RATS CONSUMING HIGH PROTEIN DIETS.

SummaryThe activity of glutamic de-hydrogenase (GDH) has been determined in the tissues of rats consuming normal or high protein diets. In rats consuming a stock diet the distribution of GDH activity was as follows in order of decreasing activity: liver, kidney, intestinal mucosa, intestinal serosa, spleen, heart, diaphragm, and gastrocnemius muscle. Rats adapted to an 80% casein diet for 7-14 days had a higher activity per g of tissue in liver and kidney but not in spleen, heart or gastrocnemius muscle. Compared with rats consuming a 25% casein diet the activity of rats placed on an 80% casein diet rose 15% per g of liver, the same as the liver protein concentration, and 32% per g of body weight. Pair-fed rats had a higher activity per g of liver but no change per g of body weight. The increase in kidney GDH reached a maximum of 35% per g of tissue (85% per g of body weight) 4 days after changing the dietary casein level from 25 to 80%. The activity was proportional to the casein content of the diet for ...
The Cherokees in Transition: A Statistical Analysis of the Federal Cherokee Census of 1835

A LTHOUGH scholars have long been aware of the detailed, familyby-family census of the Cherokee Nation taken by the federal government in 1835, no one has yet subjected that census to a detailed analysis. In part this was because of certain shortcomings in the census figures and in part because of a lack of comparative data for other tribes or even for the Cherokee Nation. These problems still remain, but in spite of them there are ways to derive valuable information from that census about the Cherokees: some of the data corroborates other historical evidence; some is corrective. This study indicates that Andrew Jackson and many other government officials responsible for the forced removal of the Cherokees were seriously misinformed about several important aspects of Cherokee life. For example, war department records prior to 1835 indicate that officials persistently underestimated the total number of Cherokees in the East, generally using a figure of 10,000 when the true figure was over 16,500 in 1835 and never below 12,000 after the first census taken in 1808-1809.1 Jackson habitually spoke of the Cherokee Nation-and other southern Indian nations-as though they consisted of only two classes of people, those he called "the real Indians" and those he called "the halfbreeds."'2 According to Lewis Cass,
Changes in plankton community structure and function in response to variable freshwater flow in two tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay

The biomass of phytoplankton, microzooplankton, copepods, and gelatinous zooplankton were measured in two tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay during the springs of consecutive dry (below average freshwater flow), wet (above average freshwater flow), and average freshwater flow years. The potential for copepod control of microzooplankton biomass in the dry and wet years was evaluated by comparing the estimated grazing rates of microzooplankton by the dominant copepod species (Acartia spp. andEurytemora affinis) to microzooplankton growth rates and by calculating the percent of daily microzooplanton standing stock removed through copepod grazing. There were significant increases in phytoplankton and copepod biomass, but not for microzooplankton biomass in the wet year as compared to the dry year. The ctenophoreMnemiopsis leidyi was present during the dry year but was absent during the sampling period of the wet and average freshwater flow years. Grazing pressure on microzooplankton was greatest in the wet year, withAcartia spp. andE. affinis ingesting 0.21–2.64 μg of microzooplankton C copepod−1 d−1 and removing up to 60% of the microzooplankton standing stock per day. In the dry year, these copepod species ingested 0.10–0.73 μg of microzooplankton C copepod−1 d−1 with a maximum daily removal of approximately 3% of the microzooplankton standing stock. Potential copepod grazing pressure was significantly less than microzooplankton growth in the dry year, but was equivalent to microzooplankton growth in the wet year, implying strong top-down control of the microzooplankton community in the wet year. These results suggest that increased grazing control of microzooplankton populations by more copepods in the wet year released top-down control of phytoplankton. Reduced microzooplankton grazing, in conjunction with increased nutrient availability, resulted in large increases in phytoplankton biomass in the wet year. Increased freshwater flow has the potential to influence trophic cascades and the partitioning of plankton production in estuarine systems.
Hibiscus tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) lowers blood pressure in pre- and mildly hypertensive adults

Changes in diet and physical activity are recommended for individuals with pre-hypertension and mild Stage 1 hypertension. Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces are a common ingredient in tisane (herbal tea)...
Analysis of Failure Trip Rate of 1000 kV Double Circuits on the Same Tower

We analyzed the lightning calculation of 1000 kV double-circuit line in China, the statistical operating experiences of 500 kV double-circuit line in China and the UHV double-circuit transmission lines under 550 kV operation in Japan. Results show that the double circuit simultaneous failure trip rate of 1000 kV double-circuit line in China is nearly zero. Therefore, based on the characteristics of 1000 kV double-circuit line in China, double circuit simultaneous failure can be discarded on the research of the level and limitation measures of secondary arc current, the over-voltage level and limitation measures, and insulation coordination. This research provides technical support for the design of 1000 kV double-circuit line on the same tower in China.
Do the antipredator strategies of shared prey mediate intraguild predation and mesopredator suppression

Understanding the conditions that facilitate top predator effects upon mesopredators and prey is critical for predicting where these effects will be significant. Intraguild predation (IGP) and the ecology of fear are hypotheses used to describe the effects of top predators upon mesopredators and prey species, but make different assumptions about organismal space use. The IGP hypothesis predicts that mesopredator resource acquisition and risk are positively correlated, creating a fitness deficit. But if shared prey also avoid a top predator, then mesopredators may not have to choose between risk and reward. Prey life history may be a critical predictor of how shared prey respond to predation and may mediate mesopredator suppression. We used hierarchical models of species distribution and abundance to test expectations of IGP using two separate triangular relationships between a large carnivore, smaller intraguild carnivore, and shared mammalian prey with different life histories. Following IGP, we expected that a larger carnivore would suppress a smaller carnivore if the shared prey species did not spatially avoid the large carnivore at broad scales. If prey were fearful over broad scales, we expected less evidence of mesopredator suppression. We tested these theoretical hypotheses using remote camera detections across a large spatial extent. Lagomorphs did not appear to avoid coyotes, and fox detection probability was lower as coyote abundance increased. In contrast, white-tailed deer appeared to avoid areas of increased wolf use, and coyote detection probability was not reduced at sites where wolves occurred. These findings suggest that mesopredator suppression by larger carnivores may depend upon the behavior of shared prey, specifically the spatial scale at which they perceive risk. We further discuss how extrinsic environmental factors may contribute to mesopredator suppression.
Management and Complications of Short Bowel Syndrome: an Updated Review

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is defined as loss of bowel mass from surgical resection, congenital defects, or disease. Intestinal failure (IF) includes the subset of SBS unable to meet nutrition needs with enteral supplements and requires parenteral nutrition (PN). The parenteral treatment of SBS is now a half-century old. Recent pharmacologic treatment (GLP-2 analogues) has begun to make a significant impact in the care and ultimate management of these patients such that the possibility of reducing PN requirements in formerly PN-dependent patients is a now a real possibility. Finally, newer understanding and possible treatment for some of the complications related to IF have more recently evolved and will be an emphasis of this report. This review will focus on developments over the last 10 years with the goal of updating the reader to new advances in our understanding of the care and feeding of the SBS patient.
13 – Machinable nanocomposite ceramics

Publisher Summary In the processing of ceramic materials using traditional methods, such as machining and grinding, fracture occurs at stress-concentration locations that leaves cracks on and beneath the machined surfaces of ceramic components. These processing induced damage areas degrade the quality of products and often lead to malfunction and/or catastrophic failure during the service life. Research on machinable advanced ceramics has concentrated on multiphase composites and materials design of ceramics. Most of these research efforts aim at improving the ceramic machinability while maintaining the material's distinct features. Recently, nanocomposites in which nano-sized particles were dispersed within the matrix grains or at the grain boundaries show much better mechanical properties (hardness and strength) as well as machinability and superplasticity compared with monolithic materials. This chapter discusses some machinable microcomposites and nanocomposites with weak or soft phase based on the relationship between properties and microstructure. Compound machinable ceramics are defined as those having a distinct weak interface phase or layered phase distributed throughout the bulk matrix ceramic.
Robust tracking control of a permanent magnet stepper motor driving a mechanical load

A recently developed control synthesis approach that can be used to design a robust tracking controller for a permanent magnet (PM) stepper motor driving a mechanical load is illustrated. The approach is flexible and easily understood, as it is based on concepts readily identified by most control engineers. The proposed controller compensates for parametric uncertainty in the motor/load model and additive bounded disturbances while yielding a global uniform ultimate bounded (GUUB) stability result for the motor position tracking error.
Learning Object Design Standards

Three main design standards have been used to create learning objects that adhere to the four previously mentioned principles. The first two standards resulted from computer programming, another field that is concerned with building complex structures (programs) from smaller pieces or modules of computer code functionality (Boyle and Cook 2001).
Analysis of Recombination in CdTe Heterostructures With Time-Resolved Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy

We used time-resolved photoluminescence micro-scopy to analyze charge carrier transport and recombination in CdTe double heterostructures fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). This allowed us to determine the charge carrier mobility in this system, which was found to be 500–625 cm2/(V⋅s). Charge carrier lifetimes in the 15–100 ns range are limited by the interface recombination, and the data indicate higher interface recombination velocity near extended defects. This study describes a new method to analyze the spatial distribution of the interface recombination velocity and the interface defects in semiconductor heterostructures.
Cruciate Retaining Biomimetic Implant Can Restore Normal Kinematics Following Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA)

Introduction: Contemporary Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) retaining TKA implants (CR) are associated with well-known kinematic deficits, such as absence of medial pivot motion, paradoxical anterior femoral sliding, and posterior femoral subluxation at full extension. The hypothesis of this study was that a biomimetic implant, reverse engineered by using healthy knee kinematics to carve the tibial articular surface, could restore normal kinematic patterns of the knee. Methods: Kinematics of the biomimetic CR and two contemporary CR implants (A, B) were evaluated during simulated deep knee bend and chair-sit in LifeModeler KneeSIM™ software. Anteroposterior motion of the medial and lateral femoral condyle centers was measured relative to a tibial origin. The implants were mounted on an average knee model created from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 40 healthy knees. The medial and lateral collateral ligaments, posterior cruciate ligament, quadriceps mechanism, and the overall capsular tension were modeled. The soft-tissue insertions were obtained from the average knee model, and the mechanical properties were obtained from literature. In vivo knee kinematics of healthy subjects from published literature was used for reference. Results: During the simulated deep knee bend, the biomimetic CR showed knee motion similar to that reported for healthy knees in vivo, with an overall medial pivot and greater rollback of the lateral femoral condyle than the medial condyle (7.2 mm medial vs. 13.2 mm lateral, Fig 1. and Fig. 3). In contrast, contemporary CR-A showed no medial pivot rotation, and the femur underwent paradoxical anterior sliding from 0 deg to 90 deg flexion. Contemporary CR-B did not show paradoxical anterior femoral sliding. However, contemporary CR-B also did not show medial pivot and the posterior rollback of the medial femoral condyle was slightly greater than that of the lateral condyle (9.7 mm medial vs. 7 mm lateral). Similar trends were seen for all implants during the simulated chair sit (Fig 2. and Fig. 3). Conclusion: The results confirmed the hypothesis that, during the simulated activities, the biomimetic CR implant could provide kinematics similar to that reported for healthy knees, unlike contemporary CR implants. The biomimetic implant showed medial pivot motion with greater rollback of the lateral femoral condyle than the medial condyle. In contrast, the contemporary implants showed several abnormalities including absence of medial pivot, paradoxical anterior femoral sliding and reduced posterior rollback.
Estimation of physiological parameters in the subspace of arterial input function in dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

Estimation of physiological parameters by fitting data to a proper pharmacokinetic model plays an important role in application of DCE-MRI for characterization of tissue microvasculature in diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases. In this study, by allowing asymmetric permeability a generalized two-compartment exchange model (G2CXM) is presented that uniformly includes the extensively applied Patlak model, Tofts model, and extended Tofts model as well as the two-compartment exchange model as special instances. The identifiable physiological parameters in the G2CXM for various tissue types determined by the special values or boundary values of physiological parameters are obtained by analyzing its impulse response function. To obviate failures occurring at times in the conventional fitting method, an approach of estimating physiological parameters in the subspace of arterial input function (SAIF) is proposed. Simulation result shows that the SAIF can obviate failure, significantly increase accuracy and decrease bias of estimated physiological parameters in a wide signal to noise ratio range.
Psychological Formation: A Pentecostal Pneumatology and Implications for Therapy

This chapter articulates a Pentecostal pneumatology and then identifies implications of this perspective for the work of therapy and pastoral counseling. As a subset of ministry, therapy contributes to Christian formation. Pentecostal pneumatology is characterized by a focus on the actual presence of God through the Spirit to transform and renew life in those seeking help. Furthermore, such a pneumatology is interwoven with a theological anthropology that emphasizes a fundamental relationality and freedom of choice in humans. From this Pentecostal pneumatology, the chapter articulates goals of formation that include building healthy relationships with God and others and taking responsibility for one’s choices. Means for achieving these goals include attention to relational, affective, autonomous, and narrative dimensions of human experience.
Response by Komarova et al to Letter Regarding Article, “Protein Interactions at Endothelial Junctions and Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Endothelial Permeability”

We thank Horowitz for the interesting points concerning our review on protein interactions at endothelial junctions and their role in regulating endothelial permeability.1 Unfortunately, in a review as broad as this, it is not possible to cite all important works in this field. We agree with Horowitz that tight junctions (TJs) are ubiquitous adhesion complexes in endothelial cells and have, therefore, been extensively discussed in our review, particularly with reference to the blood–brain barrier. We also agree that endothelial adherens junctions (AJs) are studied in much greater detail. This should come as no surprise because multiple lines of evidence indicate that VE-cadherin adhesion, the main adhesion complex of AJs, is not only required but also sufficient to restrict permeability of the endothelial barrier …
Design, synthesis, and X-ray structural studies of BACE-1 inhibitors containing substituted 2-oxopiperazines as P1'-P2' ligands.

Abstract We report the design and synthesis of a series of BACE1 inhibitors incorporating mono- and bicyclic 6-substituted 2-oxopiperazines as novel P1′ and P2′ ligands and isophthalamide derivative as P2-P3 ligands. Among mono-substituted 2-oxopiperazines, inhibitor 5a with N -benzyl-2-oxopiperazine and isophthalamide showed potent BACE1 inhibitory activity ( K i = 2 nM). Inhibitor 5g , with N -benzyl-2-oxopiperazine and substituted indole-derived P2-ligand showed a reduction in potency. The X-ray crystal structure of 5g -bound BACE1 was determined and used to design a set of disubstituted 2-oxopiperazines and bicyclic derivatives that were subsequently investigated. Inhibitor 6j with an oxazolidinone derivative showed a BACE1 inhibitory activity of 23 nM and cellular EC 50 of 80 nM.
End of the Global Programme on AIDS and the Launch of UNAIDS

In the face of an ever-expanding AIDS pandemic and fraying global coordination, the World Health Assembly adopted a resolution calling for the creation of a joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS with participation of the World Health Organization (WHO) and five other UN agencies. This chapter details this process and the eventual decision by the global community to create this program, known as UNAIDS. This program was to be collaboratively owned, planned, and executed by its cosponsors and essentially brought to an end the Global Programme on AIDS (GPA) after only 8 years of existence. It also discusses the complex and difficult path of transition from GPA to UNAIDS, including the search for a UNAIDS Executive Director and the eventual appointment of Peter Piot to that position. Lastly, we describe the controversial events associated with the closing of GPA, and summarize GPA’s accomplishments in its response to the AIDS pandemic.