cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strengthening the link between climate change adaptation and national development plans: lessons from the case of population in National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs)

As climate change adaptation planning moves beyond short term National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA) to longer-term approaches, it is instructive to review the NAPA process and examine how well it was linked to national development planning. This paper reviews 41 NAPAs submitted by Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), to assess the NAPA process in terms of NAPAs integration with countries’ national development strategies. The review outlines the actors involved in developing NAPAs and identifies the range of interventions included in countries’ priority adaptation actions. The paper uses the example of population as an issue related to both climate change and national development to assess how it is addressed as part of LDCs’ adaptation and national development agendas. The analysis shows that although countries recognize population pressure as an issue related to the ability to cope with climate change and as a factor hindering progress in meeting development goals, it is not well incorporated into either adaptation planning or in national development strategies. Among the 41 NAPAs, 37 link high and rapid population growth to climate change. Moreover, six NAPAs clearly state that slowing population growth or investments in reproductive health/family planning (RH/FP) should be considered among the country’s priority adaptation actions. Furthermore, two NAPAs actually propose a project with components of RH/FP among their priority adaptation interventions, although none of them has yet been funded. The paper points to structural issues that hamper better alignment between climate change adaptation and national development planning and offers recommendations for longer-term adaptation strategies that better meet the development needs of countries.
Longitudinal Changes in Pulmonary Function Following Bone Marrow Transplantation

We prospectively followed a well characterized cohort of patients post-bone marrow transplantation for changes in pulmonary function. Thirty-four recipients without respiratory symptoms were available for follow up with a mean of two years. Spirometry and other measures of lung volume were well preserved following bone marrow transplantation. A progressive 11.9 percent decline in percent predicted diffusing capacity per year occurred. Age, cigarette smoking, type of cytoreductive therapy, type of GVHD prophylaxis, and the occurrence of AGVHD did not affect longitudinal changes in pulmonary function. Patients receiving transplants for CML developed a highly significant fall in diffusing capacity. Asymptomatic patients with CGVHD developed evidence of progressive obstructive ventilatory impairment. This suggests a subclinical spectrum of patients who may progress to the development of bronchiolitis obliterans and respiratory failure post-bone marrow transplantation. (Chest 1989; 96:301–06) CML = chronic myelogenous leukemia; GVHD = graft- vs -host disease; AGVHD = acute graft- vs -host disease; CGVHD = chronic graft- vs -host disease; ALL = acute lymphocytic leukemia; AML = acute myelogenous leukemia; AP = aplastic anemia; TBI = total body irradiation; CMV = cytomegalovirus; MHC = major histocompatibility complex
From laminin to lamin: regulation of tissue-specific gene expression by the ECM

Mammary epithelial cells need a laminin-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) to achieve a functionally differentiated phenotype that includes secretion of milk-specific proteins such as beta-casein. There is good evidence that ECM-induced expression of beta-casein involves an 'ECM-response element' in the promoter of the casein gene that is activated by integrin-mediated signalling. This article proposes that ECM-induced structural changes in the cytoskeleton, histone organization and the nuclear matrix contribute to this tissue-specific gene expression.
Improving single-thread performance with fine-grain state maintenance

We show that a multi-threaded processor that is aware of the processor state in a fine-grain manner can improve single-thread performance significantly by assigning the task of maintaining the correct processor state to an independent thread. We develop fine-grain state maintenance techniques that can be applied in multi-threaded environments and present a fine-grain state application of runahead execution where the data values dependent on a missed load are treated as damaged values. These values are verified and recovered as necessary by an independent thread. We evaluate an SMT-like fine grain state processor and show that it obtains an average of 38.9% and up to 160.0% better performance than coarse-grain baseline processors on the SPEC CFP2000 benchmark suite.
Surface roughness and packaging tightness affect calcium lactate crystallization on Cheddar cheese.

Abstract Calcium lactate crystals that sometimes form on Cheddar cheese surfaces are a significant expense to manufacturers. Researchers have identified several postmanufacture conditions such as storage temperature and packaging tightness that contribute to crystal formation. Anecdotal reports suggest that physical characteristics at the cheese surface, such as roughness, cracks, and irregularities, may also affect crystallization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of surface roughness and packaging tightness on crystal formation in smoked Cheddar cheese. Four 20-mm-thick cross-section slices were cut perpendicular to the long axis of a retail block (~300g) of smoked Cheddar cheese using a wire cutting device. One cut surface of each slice was lightly etched with a cheese grater to create a rough, grooved surface; the opposite cut surface was left undisturbed (smooth). The 4 slices were vacuum packaged at 1, 10, 50, and 90kPa (very tight, moderately tight, loose, very loose, respectively) and stored at 1°C. Digital images were taken at 1, 4, and 8 wk following the first appearance of crystals. The area occupied by crystals and number of discrete crystal regions (DCR) were quantified by image analysis. The experiment was conducted in triplicate. Effects of storage time, packaging tightness, surface roughness, and their interactions were evaluated by repeated-measures ANOVA. Surface roughness, packaging tightness, storage time, and their 2-way interactions significantly affected crystal area and DCR number. Extremely heavy crystallization occurred on both rough and smooth surfaces when slices were packaged loosely or very loosely and on rough surfaces with moderately tight packaging. In contrast, the combination of rough surface plus very tight packaging resulted in dramatic decreases in crystal area and DCR number. The combination of smooth surface plus very tight packaging virtually eliminated crystal formation, presumably by eliminating available sites for nucleation. Cut-and-wrap operations may significantly influence the crystallization behavior of Cheddar cheeses that are saturated with respect to calcium lactate and thus predisposed to form crystals.
Effect of chain-end free volume on the diffusion of oligomers†

We have used the pulsed-gradient spin-echo technique to measure self-diffusion in low-molecular-weight polymers in the melt and dissolved in identical polymers of high molecular weight. Specimens used were cis-polyisoprenes and polydimethylsiloxane. We find that, except for substantial free-volume corrections, self-diffusion in unentangled polyisoprene melts scales inversely with molecular weight. The results include sensitive determinations of chain-end free volume.
Impact of trisomy 8 on treatment response and survival of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Impact of trisomy 8 on treatment response and survival of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Cholinergic modification of naloxone-induced jumping in morphine dependent mice

Abstract The effects of several i.p. administered, centrally active cholinergic agonists and antagonists on the naloxone-induced jumping behavior of morphine tolerant and dependent mice were studied in an effort to differentiate muscarinic and nicotinic modification of the withdrawal jumping behavior. Nicotine, tremorine, oxotremorine, arecoline and physostigmine significantly inhibited jumping, whereas atropine, benzotropine, pempidine and mecamylamine significantly potentiated jumping. Quaternary cholinergic drugs did not modify jumping. These drug effects were obtained generally without an alteration of the amount of naloxone or morphine in the brain. Cholinergic drugs also modified the jumping incidence in mice undergoing abrupt morphine abstinence. It is concluded that the inhibition of withdrawal jumping in morphine dependent mice by both muscarinic and nicotinic agonists and its enhancement by muscarinic and nicotinic antagonists reflect cholinergic modifications of the jumping response by a central mechanism(s).
Depolarization and cross polarization in ellipsometry of rough surfaces.

In ellipsometry of rough surfaces, the commonly used parameters, psi and delta, are insufficient to characterize completely the changes in polarization state which occur when light is reflected from a rough surface. When an experimentally determined Mueller matrix is available, parameters indicative of depolarization, cross polarization, and change in ellipticity can be found. When the Mueller matrix is regarded as an operator mapping input polarization states depicted on a Poincare sphere to output states in a similar coordinate system, these new parameters can be illustrated in terms of their effects on the Poincare sphere. The depolarization and cross polarization parameters correlate with specimen roughness and reflectance.
Adsorptions of purified serum proteins on metalized glass slides and their significance for the immunoelectroadsorption method.

Abstract Human gamma globulins can be adsorbed from solution onto chromium plated slides. The rate of adsorption depends on the diffusion of this protein through a layer of immobilized water adjacent to the metal surface. Multilayers of human gamma globulins can be adsorbed under the influence of an electrical current (300αA for 30 see). The building up of such multilayers is probably due in part to hydrophobic or hydrogen bonding or both. Implications regarding the immunoelectroadsorption test are reviewed.
Integrating neural spiking and LFP activity to decode kinematics of the arm and hand during unconstrained reach to grasp movements

Many current brain-machine interfaces do not consider the behavioral context of the subject, rather, they assume the subject is constantly engaged in a single task. We investigated how incorporating information about state can improve the performance of a decoder. Unit spiking activity and LFPs were recorded from chronically implanted electrode arrays in primary motor and premotor corticies while a monkey performed a reach to grasp task. We applied an unsupervised clustering technique to LFP data to identify different neural states. Then, for each state, we fit a sparse Bayesian linear model with causal interaction terms to decode the joint kinematics of many degrees of freedom in the arm and hand. We used automatic relevance determination for variable selection and to avoid overfitting. We show that the state-based decoding model improves decoding performance over a model without state information. We further show that topology of interaction terms is different across different states.
Optimization of Harvesting Return from Age-Structured Population

Maximization of the net profit from harvesting in a one-species age-structured population is analyzed. One of the control functions is the age of harvested individuals. The constructed mathematical model is similar to vintage capital models used in economics for optimal capital replacement. The optimization technique developed by authors for the capital replacement is disseminated to the formulated problem. A qualitative analysis of the problem is provided and the interpretation of results is given. Such economic topics as a zero-investment period, optimal balanced growth, and turnpike properties are discussed.
Single-stage paramedian forehead flap for nasal reconstruction

The midforehead flaps (including the median and paramedian forehead flaps and their variations) are considered by many surgeons as the procedure of choice for reconstruction of extensive nasal defects caused by cancer surgery or trauma. The classic description of this procedure includes a second stage operation to divide the transposed pedicle. In this paper we describe a modification of the paramedian forehead flap, the partially deepithelialized single-stage flap, for reconstruction of extensive nasal defects. It has the same excellent results achieved with the two stage procedure, but avoids the need for a second operation.
Cutting Force Analysis in Transient State Milling Processes

This paper proposes a method for predicting transient state forces in milling processes as the cutter engages with and disengages from a workpiece. Analysis of this nature can contribute to the fundamental understanding of forced vibrations, deflections, and dynamic stability of multi-flute milling systems at the start and end of a cutting pass, thereby facilitating process planning, tool geometry optimisation, and on-line diagnostics. The calculation of transient cutting forces is commonly performed with the determination of local forces and numerical integration along cutting edges. In an effort to provide an estimation of transient cutting forces without resorting to numerical integration, this paper uses the result of a frequency domain model obtained from convolution integration as a basis for examining the temporal discretisation of a transient state cutting into steady-state conditions with various engagement and disengagement positions. The resulting milling forces in axial, feed, and cross-feed directions are expressed explicitly in terms of workpiece material properties, tool geometry, cutting parameters and process configuration. The process of end milling is presented to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method. End-milling experiments were performed and results compared to the force predictions for the verification of the analytical models.
Effort and potential efficiencies for aquatic non-native species early detection

Our objective was to determine the effort required for high-probability early detection of non-native zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, and fish using Duluth-Superior Harbor — a Great Lakes port under intense non-native species intro- duction pressure — as a case study. Initially, we allocated samples using a spatially balanced random design. We then re- sampled the harbor, but allocated samples to a few targeted areas. We detected 21 non-native invertebrate and 10 non-native fish species; however, many rare zooplankton and benthic invertebrates were likely missed. The two designs did not have significantly different species accumulation curves, but the targeted area design samples had higher species richness and de- tected non-native species with a significantly higher probability. It was possible to reduce the effort required to detect estab- lished non-native species. In contrast, the effort required to detect an ultra-rare, newly arrived species remained large. Based on statistical estimation theory, the effort required to detect 95% or more of species present could exceed enumerating 750 zooplankton samples (~500 000 individuals, ~90 species), 150 benthic invertebrate samples (~100 000 individuals, ~250 spe- cies), and 100 fish samples (~75 000 individuals, ~40 species). Resume : En menant une etude de cas dans le port de Duluth-Superieur — un port des Grands Lacs qui subit une pression intense d'introduction d'especes non indigenes — notre objectif est de determiner les efforts requis pour obtenir une forte probabilite de detection du zooplancton, des invertebres benthiques et des poissons non indigenes. Au depart, nous avons re- parti les prelevements selon un plan d'echantillonnage aleatoire spatialement equilibre. Nous avons ensuite echantillonne de nouveau le port, mais fait les prelevements dans un nombre limite de zones strategiques. Nous avons detecte 21 especes d'invertebres et 10 especes de poissons non indigenes; cependant, nous avons vraisemblablement manque plusieurs especes de zooplancton et d'invertebres benthiques rares. Les deux plans produisent des courbes d'accumulation d'especes qui ne sont pas significativement differentes, mais le plan qui cible certaines zones particulieres donne des richesses specifiques plus elevees et detecte les especes non indigenes avec une probabilite significativement plus grande. En revanche, l'effort necessaire pour detecter les especes ultrarares et nouvellement arrivees reste eleve. D'apres la theorie de l'estimation statis- tique, l'effort requis pour detecter 95 % ou plus des especes presentes pourrait depasser une enumeration de 750 echantillons de zooplancton (~500 000 individus, ~90 especes), 150 echantillons d'invertebres benthiques (~100 000 individus, ~250 es- peces) et 100 echantillons de poissons (~75 000 individus, ~40 especes). (Traduit par la Redaction)
Evolution of the interleukin-1 gene family in mammals

The phylogeny of interleukin-1 family genes shows that human interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is more closely related to IL-1α of the bovine than to IL-1α of the mouse, whereas human interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is more closely related to IL-1α of the mouse than to IL-1β of the bovine. The IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1α) shows homology to the C-terminal region of both IL-1α and IL-1β. In the C-terminal region, the IL-1α genes of human and mouse have diverged more from each other at nonsynonymous sites than have either IL-1β or IL-1α; because the same pattern is not seen at synonymous sites, it must be due not to a difference in mutation rate but rather to a greater degree of functional constraint on this region in the IL-1β and IL-1α proteins than in the IL-1α protein. But synonymous sites in IL-1β of mouse have evolved more rapidly than in IL-1β of human, indicating a higher rate of mutation in the former gene. In the N-terminal region of the protein, nonsynonymous sites have evolved at similar rates in IL-1α and IL-1β. The first exon of the IL-1α gene, which encodes the leader peptide, shows evidence of homology with the first exon of IL-1β, which is not translated. Thus, it seems likely that IL-1α evolved by duplication of an IL-1β gene and loss of expression of exons 2–4.
Plasmon instability in energy transfer from a current of charged particles to multiwall and cylindrical nanotube arrays based on self-consistent field theory

We present a formalism for the rate of transfer of energy from a current of charged particles to multiwall and a linear array of nanotubes. The method is based on a self-consistent field theory involving Laplace's equation for the total screened potential and the density fluctuations on the nanotubes. It is demonstrated that one can identify the plasmon excitations from the spectrum of energy transfer. For a group of the excited plasmons, there is an instability associated with their decay. This occurrence is determined by the relationship between the phase velocity of the plasmon and the drift velocity of the current. A ``dip'' in the energy transfer spectrum corresponds to a plasmon mode instability. This is confirmed by solving the plasma dispersion equation in the complex frequency plane.
Biomechanical Strategies for Managing Atrophic and Oligotrophic Nonunions

An individualized plan of care is critical for managing the patient with fracture nonunion. Optimizing the host and the local biomechanical milieu are key elements for treatment success. Mindful preoperative planning is paramount. Atrophic and oligotrophic variants frequently require both mechanical stability and biologic supplementation. Deformity correction is integral in the algorithm.
Might cancer be a failed response to renegade mitochondria

Abstract Non-growth mitosis may be a strategy for abandoning mitochondria that jeopardize the cell. If so, cancer may be a repeating series of unsuccessful attempts at this type of mitosis.
Optimal Placement of Piezoelectric Transducers for Passive Vibration Control of Geometrically Non-Linear Structures

In this paper, an attempt is made to determine optimal location of piezoelectric transducers for passive vibration control of geometrically complicated structures and shells with non-linear curvatures. Industry-standard aircraft leading edge structure is considered for the analysis and experimental verification. Finite element model of the leading edge structure consisting of a thin layer of piezoelectric elements on the inner surface of the leading edge covering the whole surface is built and appropriate boundary conditions are applied. All the piezoelectric properties are incorporated into the elements. Modal piezoelectric analysis is performed to investigate the electric potential developed in the piezoelectric elements in the first bending and torsion modes. Location of the piezoelectric elements yielding highest amount of electric potential is identified as the best location for vibration absorption. Based on the analysis results, six piezoelectric vibration absorbers are determined to be used for performing the passive vibration control of the two modes. Results of the analysis are verified with an experimental testing of the aluminum leading edge with piezoelectric vibration absorbers firmly attached to it. A good agreement is found between the analytical and experimental results. Further, two resistive shunt circuits are designed for the passive damping of the first bending and torsion modes in which the electric potential developed would be dissipated as heat to obtain passive vibration compensation. Experimental verification of the passive damping is performed at these two modes with appropriate shunt circuits affixed to the piezoelectric vibration absorbers. Amplitude reduction around 30% and 25% and Q-factor reduction up to 15% and 10% are obtained in the bending and torsion modes, respectively. In addition, some amount of damping is observed at higher modes as well.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
U2SOD-DB: a database system to manage large-scale ubiquitous urban sensing origin-destination data

Volumes of urban sensing data captured by consumer electronic devices are growing exponentially and current disk-resident database systems are becoming increasingly incapable of handling such large-scale data efficiently. In this paper, we report our design and implementation of U2SOD-DB, a column-oriented, Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-accelerated, in-memory data management system targeted at large-scale ubiquitous urban sensing origin-destination data. Experiment results show that U2SOD-DB is capable of handling hundreds of millions of taxi-trip records with GPS recorded pickup and drop-off locations and times efficiently. Spatial and temporal aggregations on 150 million pickup locations and times in middle-town and downtown Manhattan areas in the New York City (NYC) can be completed in a fraction of a second. This is 10-30X faster than a serial CPU implementation due to GPU accelerations. Spatially joining the 150 million taxi pickup locations with 43 thousand polygons in identifying trip purposes has reduced the runtime from 30.5 hours to around 1,000 seconds and achieved a two orders (100X) speedup using a hybrid CPU-GPU approach.
Effect of haylage and monensin supplementation on ruminal bacterial communities of feedlot cattle.

The objective of this study was to investigate the ruminal bacterial communities as affected by monensin, haylage, and their interaction of feedlot cattle fed 60 % dried distillers grains with solubles in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Pyrosequencing analysis of the V1–V3 region (about 500 bp) of 16S rRNA gene from the four dietary treatments (3 treatment plus one control diets) collectively revealed 51 genera of bacteria within 11 phyla. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the first and the second most predominant phyla, respectively, irrespective of the dietary treatments. Monensin supplementation decreased the proportion of Gram-positive Firmicutes while increasing that of Gram-negative Bacteroidetes. However, the monensin supplementation did not reduce the proportion of all genera of Gram-positive bacteria placed within Firmicutes and lowered that of some genera of Gram-negative bacteria placed within Bacteroidetes. Haylage supplementation appeared to attenuate inhibition of monensin on some genera of bacteria. Factors other than monensin and haylage could affect ruminal bacterial communities.
Disparities in breast and cervical cancer screening in women with mental illness: a systematic literature review.

Context Breast and cervical cancer screening rates have improved substantially in the U.S. during the past decade. Cancer screening and other health outcomes in patients with mental illnesses, such as major depression and schizophrenia, remain suboptimal. Understanding the prevalence and root causes of these disparities is an essential first step toward developing effective interventions. This paper presents a systematic literature review of current evidence on breast and cervical cancer screening disparities in women with mental illness. Evidence acquisition A systematic PubMed/MEDLINE and PsycINFO search completed in May 2012 retrieved articles pertaining to cancer screening and mentally ill patients using pertinent search terms. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were appraised critically for evidence quality related to screening disparities using defined criteria. Articles that reported cancer screening rates in patients with mental illness were reviewed to determine whether any barriers to screening or factors that promote screening were identified. Evidence synthesis Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Many articles contributed to more than one of the identified areas of interest (i.e., screening utilization, barriers to screening, and factors that encourage screening). Conclusions Substantial evidence in the current literature confirms disparities in breast and cervical cancer screening rates among women with mental illness. However, the mentally ill population is more complex and diverse than many studies imply. Using a global functional indicator that measures the overall impact of mental illness may yield a more useful categorization of influences on cancer screening.
On the performance of MapReduce: A stochastic approach

MapReduce is a highly acclaimed programming paradigm for large-scale information processing. However, there is no accurate model in the literature that can precisely forecast its run-time and resource usage for a given workload. In this paper, we derive analytic models for shared-memory MapReduce computations, in which the run-time and disk I/O are expressed as functions of the workload properties, hardware configuration, and algorithms used. We then compare these models against trace-driven simulations using our high-performance MapReduce implementation.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF MINERAL MATTER IN BACTERIAL SPORES BY MICROINCINERATION

The fine localization of mineral matter in spores of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus cereus was studied by the technique of microincineration adapted for use with the electron microscope. The specimens, which included intact and thin-sectioned spores as well as shed spore coats, were burned either in the conventional way at high temperature or by a new technique using electrically excited oxygen at nearly room temperature. The ash residues were examined by bright field, dark field, and diffraction in the electron microscope and also with the phase contrast microscope. In some cases, the specimen was previewed in both microscopes before incineration. The results do not support a previous report that the mineral elements of the spore are confined to a peripheral layer, but rather indicate that the spore core as well as the coat are mineral-rich. The cortex may be deficient in minerals, but the possibility of artifact prevents a clear decision on this point. Incinerated B. megaterium spores show a highly ordered fine structure displaying 100 A periodicity in the ash of the middle layer of the coat. The nature of this structure is discussed, as is the technique which demonstrated it. The fine definition of the ash patterns, particularly those obtained with the low-temperature, excited-oxygen technique, suggests that microincineration may be generally useful in the study of fine structure.
Equiaxed dendritic solidification with convection: Part II. Numerical simulations for an Al-4 Wt pct Cu alloy

The multiphase model developed in part I for equiaxed dendritic solidification with melt convection and solid-phase transport is applied to numerically predict structural and compositional development in an Al-4 wt pct Cu alloy solidifying in a rectangular cavity. A numerical technique combining a fully implicit control-volume-based finite difference method with a multiple time-step scheme is developed for accurate and efficient simulations of both micro- and macroscale phenomena. Quantitative results for the dendritic microstructure evolution in the presence of melt convection and solid movement are obtained. The remarkable effects of the solid-liquid multiphase flow pattern on macrosegregation as well as the grain size distribution are illustrated.
An introduction to teaching techniques for graduate laboratory instructors

Describes a program designed to prepare newly arrived graduate instructors for their first laboratory teaching experience.
Elliptical spectrometer for the study of x-pinch physics through absorption spectroscopy

Summary form only given. We discuss here the use of the x-pinch x-ray source together with an elliptical crystal spectrometer for determining plasma conditions in high energy density plasmas. The use of absorption spectroscopic techniques for the study of plasma conditions is often restricted to diagnosing non-radiating plasma samples. This is done to avoid radiation emitted by the samples being recorded along with the probing radiation. This can easily obscure or conceal the features of the absorption spectrum and introduce substantial error in inferred conditions.
Resident job satisfaction: Will 80 hours make a difference?

Objective This study was undertaken to assess job satisfaction and quality of life among obstetrics and gynecology residents before the 80-hour work week. Study design We administered a job satisfaction survey to residents before July 1, 2003, assessing satisfaction with residency training, indicators of current quality of life, and predictions for the effect of reduced work hours. Results Residents were satisfied with training, with important outliers, including leisure time, ability to pursue educational reading, and surgical experience. We created job satisfaction facets that were generally reliable constructs and valid predictors for overall residency satisfaction. Residents predict more free time and a healthier lifestyle under the new requirements, but do not anticipate using additional time to study or teach. Conclusion Job satisfaction facets for residents are proposed here and may be refined through further study. Lower scores for surgical experience are of concern in light of decreasing work hours. Educators must monitor self-directed learning efforts under new work hours.
Integration of Occupation for Individuals Affected by Parkinson's Disease

The purpose of this study was to describe the essence of occupation for community living adults aged 50 to 80 years old affected with Parkinson's disease. Through the development of seven themes, the phenomenon of activity integration for a person with Parkinson's disease was described. The themes transmit a message to occupational therapists regarding the idiosyncratic nature of occupations and the individual nature of adaptive strategies used by individuals with the disease to retain a meaningful occupational lifestyle. This is best accomplished when the therapist is able to retain a person-centered stance.
Brain Injury Survivors: Narratives of Rehabilitation and Healing

Although millions people of people are affected each year by brain injuries, what it is like to live with these injuries is often misunderstood. Laura Lorenz delves into the experience of acquired brain injury (ABI) survivors to reveal how they make sense of their changed circumstances - and how social policies and medical expectations can enhance, or detract from, their quality of life. As she traces individual journeys on the road from diagnosis through rehabilitation, Lorenz evokes the reality of living with ABI. She also tackles the systemic problems undercutting the quality of current medical and social support. Moving beyond ABI, her work encourages a fresh approach to the patient-provider relationship for people with a wide range of disabilities.
Gene Identification and Structural Characterization of the Pyridoxal 5‘-Phosphate Degradative Protein 3-Hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4,5-dicarboxylate Decarboxylase from Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099†,‡

The function of the mlr6791 gene from Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 has been identified. This gene encodes 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4,5-dicarboxylate decarboxylase (HMPDdc), an enzyme involved in the catabolism of pyridoxal 5‘-phosphate (Vitamin B6). This enzyme was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and characterized. HMPDdc is a 26 kDa protein that catalyzes the decarboxylation of 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4,5-dicarboxylate to 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-5-carboxylate. The KM and kcat were found to be 366 μM and 0.6 s-1, respectively. The structure of this enzyme was determined at 1.9 A resolution using SAD phasing and belongs to the class II aldolase/adducin superfamily. While the decarboxylation of hydroxy-substituted benzene rings is a common motif in biosynthesis, the mechanism of this reaction is still poorly characterized. The structural studies described here suggest that catalysis of such decarboxylations proceeds by an aldolase-like mechanism.
The HN glycoprotein of Sendai virus: analysis of site(s) involved in hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities.

Abstract The HN glycoprotein of paramyxoviruses is responsible for attachment to red cell and host cell receptors and for neuraminidase activity. Several lines of evidence presented in this report are consistent with the concept that hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities of the HN glycoprotein of the paramyxoviruses, Sendai and Newcastle disease virus, involve two distinct sites of the molecule. First, a Sendai virus mutant, temperature-sensitive ( ts ) at 38° for hemagglutination and attachment to host cells was not ts for neuraminidase activity, indicating that different sites may be involved in these activities. Second, monoclonal antibodies to the HN protein were used to select antigenic variants. The variants were then reacted with antibody and tested for neuraminidase and hemagglutinating activities. The results showed that some variants were inhibited in hemagglutination but not in neuraminidase activity. Finally, an analog of N -acetylneuraminic acid (2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro- N -acetlyneuraminic acid) inhibited neuraminidase activity of Sendai virus and Newcastle disease virus by >95% at 10 −4 M . However, at 10 −2 to 10 −4 M , the analog did not inhibit hemagglutination by either virus, although it inhibited the elution of NDV and Sendai virus from agglutinated red cells. This latter observation shows that the analog does not inhibit virion binding to red cell receptors, but does inhibit the neuraminidase activity responsible for the elution process. Taken together, these data are consistent with the concept that independent sites on the HN molecule may be involved in attachment to host cells and neuraminidase activity. However, the possibility that a single active site may be involved in both activities has not been excluded.
An analysis of the crack tip stress field in DCB adhesive fracture specimens

The problem of a cracked adhesive bonded DCB-type fracture specimen has been analyzed using a hybrid stress model finite element analysis which incorporates an advanced crack tip element. Stresses in the near and far fields have been studied as a function of adherend/adhesive modulus ratio and adhesive thickness. The results are compared to monolithic systems with regard to the stress intensity factor and the localization of the singular stress domain associated with the crack tip.
Understanding the effect of halide poisoning in CO oxidation over Au/TiO2

The effect of halide poisoning of Au/TiO{sub 2} catalysts in low temperature CO oxidation was investigated using bromide as the poison and a combination of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES and EXAFS), quantitative CO adsorption, and catalytic measurements. It was found that halide prevented full reduction of cationic Au by displacing oxyhydroxy ligands and remaining bound to Au during low temperature reduction, causing a reduction in catalytic activity. On reduced Au samples, bromide (likely as NaBr molecule) was preferentially adsorbed on Au and not on TiO{sub 2}, and suppressed both the adsorption of CO and the catalytic activity. At low Br contents, each adsorbed Br suppressed adsorption of three CO, suggesting that Br was adsorbed on three-fold sites but the effect decreased with increasing Br content possibly due to crowding of adsorbed Br. When 5--10% of the Au was bound to Br, the catalytic activity was completely blocked, although {approx}35% of the original CO adsorption capacity remained. The data suggest that not all CO adsorption sites are catalytic active sites, and are consistent with the perimeter Au atoms at/near the particle-support interface (perimeter) being active sites.
Laparoscopic Surgical Staging of Stage I Primary SquamousCell Carcinoma of the Vagina

Vaginal carcinoma is an uncommon malignancy and one of the few gynecologic malignancies that is still clinically staged. Clinical staging, which can be difficult in some instances, is potentially inaccurate, as it has been shown to be in early endometrial and ovarian carcinoma. In addition, clinical staging can result in over- or undertreatment of the disease. The lack of standardization of treatment further compounds the issue, particularly for patients with small-volume disease. We report three patients with grade 2 or 3 small-volume primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina who underwent pelvic lymph node sampling for staging purposes. Each patient had lesions small enough to be considered for brachytherapy only. An average of 12 lymph nodes were removed with an average operative time of 72 minutes. All procedures were performed on an outpatient basis, and there were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. In one patient, teletherapy was added to the brachytherapy because a microscopic focus of squamous cell carcinoma was discovered in an obturator lymph node. Our initial experience indicates that laparoscopic sampling of lymph nodes in patients with early vaginal carcinoma may be helpful in preventing undertreatment of these women. Individualization of treatment can be accomplished quickly and safely on an outpatient basis, and initiation of treatment is not delayed. We believe further evaluation of laparoscopic staging of primary vaginal carcinoma is indicated.
First Ultraviolet Reflectance Measurements of Several Kuiper Belt Objects, Kuiper Belt Object Satellites, and New Ultraviolet Measurements of a Centaur

We observed the 2600-3200 A (hereafter, mid-UV) reflectance of two Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs), two KBO satellites, and a Centaur, using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS). Other than measurements of the Pluto system, these constitute the first UV measurements obtained of KBOs, and KBO satellites, and new HST UV measurements of the Centaur 2060 Chiron. We find significant differences among these objects, constrain the sizes and densities of Haumea's satellites, and report the detection of a possible spectral absorption band in Haumea's spectrum near 3050 A. Comparisons of these objects to previously published UV reflectance measurements of Pluto and Charon are also made here.
Design, test, and evaluation of an experimental flyaway kit

This article describes and analyzes the results of an F-100D flyaway-kit test. The purpose of the test was to compare the effectiveness of six alternative fly away kits and evaluate the merits of the RAND flyaway-kit method. Consumption data were collected for a 30-day period from two F-100D squadrons stationed in West Germany and were then compared with the contents of each kit, whose effectiveness was measured in terms of its ability to satisfy the squadron's demands for spare parts. The major finding of the test was that the RAND-SMAMA kits provided greater coverage, even though they weighed less than the TAC and USAFE kits. It was found that further progress is needed in two directions: (1) the collection of accurate spare-parts consumption data; (2) the compilation of complete and accurate Master Parts Lists. As it is made, the RAND flyaway-kit method should prove highly satisfactory. The F-100D flyaway-kit project described in this article involved the cooperative efforts of the Sacramento Air Material Area (SMAMA), Headquarters Tactical Air Command (TAG), United States Air Forces Europe (USAFE), Air Material Forces European Area (AMFEA), and the RAND Corporation. Throughout, the project benefited from the contributions of many people, including the following: W. R. Huffman, B. Peterson, G. P. Johnson, B. P. Strathman, W. H. Winkler, B. P. Yhnell, E. Dorwart, Lt. D. Pope, and J. White of SMAMA; Lt. Col R. F. Kendrick of TAC; and M. Astrachan, Bernice Brown, D. M. Fort, and A. H. Rosenthal of the RAND Corporation. Special acknowledgment is due Mary Ann Peters of the RAND Corporation for the computations and thorough checking of the entire manuscript.
The psychological and social variables determining education

Abstract The object of the paper is to logically integrate in a single frame of reference the studies of the psychological and sociological determinants of achievement and acculturation of the students. The education or socialization process is defined as the process of social interaction that has as its object the teaching-learning of culture. The two main instruments used for the analysis of education are a model of social interaction, and, since the characteristics of any social interaction depend upon the way in which the actors in it peform their roles, a model of the performance of any activity. The model of social interaction, applied to classroom interactions, gives the basis determining the main elements of the roles of teachers and students. The influence that the performance of these roles has on the indoctrination and achievement of the students is studied with the model of the performance of any activity. Finally it is assumed that the levels of achievement and indoctrination attained by the students determines whether or not they remain in the educational system.
Heisenberg-limited interferometry and photolithography with nonlinear four-wave mixing

Maximally entangled photonic states of a two-mode field have applications in Heisenberg-limit interferometry and in photolithography where they may be used to transfer images with resolutions exceeding the Rayleigh diffraction limit. In a recent paper by one of us [C. C. Gerry, Phys. Rev. A 61, 043811 (2000)] it was shown that a nonlinear four-wave mixer could produce the requisite states for input states containing only even photon numbers. For superpositions of even number states the output is just a superposition of maximally entangled even states. In the present paper we extend the earlier work to consider both even coherent states and squeezed vacuum states as inputs and study their applications to interferometry and lithography.
Lung lamellar body amphiphilic topography: A morphological evaluation using the continuum theory of liquid crystals: I. Closed surfaces: Closed spheres, Concentric tori, and Dupin cyclides

The structure and symmetry of the bilayers of in vivo phospholipid lung lamellar bodies is shown to be analogous to thermotropic smectic-A liquid crystals and in vitro lyotropic multilamellar liquid crystalline liposomes. This structural similarity has led us to extend biophysical and geometrical principles that have long been used to predict the layer conformations in these in vitro systems to in vivo lung lamellar bodies. These configurations were demonstrated by electron micrographs of thin sections of rodent, monkey, and human lung lamellar bodies prepared by lipid-retaining embedment procedures. The bilayer configurations in all species were consistent with the two geometries predicted by minimal energy solutions of a continuum theory of liquid crystals subject to the boundary conditions imposed by the amphiphilic nature of lung surfactant lipid: concentric (either closed or partially closed) spheres and Dupin cyclides. These bilayer arrangements in lung lamellar bodies were virtually identical to the bilayer configuration of in vitro multilamellar liposomes. The agreement between the two predicted configurations and our observations shows that multilamellar liquid crystalline bilayer aggregate organization is universal in any aqueous environment.
A filter-based protein kinase assay selective for alkali-stable protein phosphorylation and suitable for acid-labile protein phosphorylation

Alkali-stable phosphorylation of proteins, particularly phosphotyrosine and phosphohistidine, is an important phenomenon in cells. In the case of phosphohistidine and some other phosphoamino acids, the phosphorylation is acid-labile and in these cases studies have been severely limited by the absence of a rapid assay suitable for acid-labile phosphorylation. The assay presented here involves a conventional kinase assay reaction followed by mild alkaline hydrolysis and adsorption of the product to washed Nytran paper at high pH. After further washing, at pH 9, the radioactivity on the papers is determined by liquid scintillation counting. Hence, acid-labile phosphorylation is preserved. The assay is selective for alkali-stable phosphorylation but not fully specific, mainly due to the need to balance the severity of the partial alkaline hydrolysis with the stability of the protein-peptide bonds. The assay has been used for the purification and characterization of a protein histidine kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
THE METABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES, AND DISULFIDES IN LYSOSOMES OF FIBROBLASTS CULTURED FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS AND THOSE WITH CYSTINOSIS

The metabolism of amino acids, peptides, and disulfides has been investigates in cultured skin fibroblasts from normal individuals and patients with cystinosis. Human fibroblast lysosomes closely resemble the lysosomes of mouse peritoneal macrophages in having an apparent permeability barrier to amino acids and peptides with molecular weights of greater than 220–230. Cystinotic and normal cells behave similarly in this regard. Normal cells do not undergo lysosomal swelling when exposed to cysteine-penicillamine disulfides, while cystinotic cells are prominently vacuolized under these conditions. Normal lysosomes may have a specific mechanism for the disposal of cystine, and deficient activity of this mechanism in cystinotic lysosomes could result in cystine storage therein. The demonstration that human fibroblasts can be used conveniently to study lysosomal metabolism of small substrates may facilitate investigations of these aspects of lysosomal function in a variety of genetic diseases of man.