cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of type XII collagen by wound epithelial, mesenchymal, and ependymal cells during blastema formation in regenerating newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) tails.

Previously we showed that type XII collagen (col XII) is highly upregulated in the regenerating newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) forelimb. Here, using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we studied the pattern of expression of col XII during early stages of adult newt tail regeneration. The results show that immunoreactivity of col XII is first seen as a thin layer beneath the wound epithelium (WE) at 3 days after amputation. Reactivity associated with the mesenchyme becomes obvious at day 4 and increases considerably between days 6 and 7 after amputation. In situ hybridization indicates that the early WE-associated reactivity and later mesenchymal reactivity are due to increased col XII gene expression by the WE and mesenchyme, respectively. At 7 days after tail amputation both wound epithelial and mesenchymal cells exhibit a strong riboprobe signal. Interestingly, a distinct riboprobe signal is also seen in the cells of the outgrowing ependymal tube at day 7 but little if any col XII immunoreactivity is present. The spatial pattern of col XII gene expression changes by day 14 after amputation in that transcription in mesenchyme is maintained at a high level, in the WE it is reduced, and in ependyma it ceases to be detectable. Local deprivation of the spinal cord significantly lowers the level of col XII message in the mesenchyme. Much of this decrease in transcription is due to minimal mesenchymal cell accumulation secondary to spinal cord ablation. The temporal and spatial patterns of expression of the col XII gene in the WE, mesenchyme, and ependyma during tail regeneration strongly suggest a role for col XII in regulating both spinal cord outgrowth and spinal cord-dependent tail regeneration. © 1996 Wiley-Liss. Inc.
1-Methylcyclopropene Interactions with Diphenylamine on Diphenylamine Degradation, α-Farnesene and Conjugated Trienol Concentrations, and Polyphenol Oxidase and Peroxidase Activities in Apple Fruit

1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is a new technology that is applied commercially to inhibit ethylene action in apple fruit, but its interactions with existing technologies such as diphenylamine (DPA) for control of superficial scald development in fruit during and after storage is unknown. To investigate possible interactions between 1-MCP and DPA, Delicious apples were untreated or treated with 2 g L(-1) DPA, and then with or without 1 microL L(-1) 1-MCP. Ethylene production and respiration rates of fruit were measured immediately following treatment, and fruit was stored at 0.5 degrees C for 12 weeks. Internal ethylene concentrations (IEC), alpha-farnesene and conjugated trienol (CTol) concentrations, activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and DPA levels in the skin of the fruit were measured at intervals during storage. 1-MCP reduced the rate of DPA loss from peel tissue so that by 12 weeks of storage concentrations of the chemical were 25% higher than in untreated fruit. 1-MCP, with and without DPA, markedly inhibited ethylene production and respiration rates, maintained low IEC and alpha-farnesene and CTol concentrations, while DPA had little effect on these factors except inhibition of CTol accumulation. Treatment effects on peroxidase and PPO activities were inconsistent.
Explosion of a railcar containing toluene diisocyanate waste

A railcar containing toluene diisocyanate (TDI) waste exploded during the unloading process at a hazardous waste-treatment and disposal facility. The TDI waste material was to be used as a fuel at the RCRA-permitted facility. Because of the viscous, almost solidlike consistency of the waste, the railcar was steam-heated to facilitate unloading. The attempted unloading took place over a 5-day period. The railcar was heated on two separate occasions and unloading was unsuccessfully attempted three times. The decision was made to reject the railcar shipment, but it remained at the unloading station. Approximately 2 days after the last heating cycle, the railcar exploded. This paper summarizes the accident investigation, with particular emphasis on the assessment of the reactivity hazards and self-heating potential of the railcar contents. Under the circumstances of this accident, TDI should not undergo significant thermal decomposition. The evidence suggested the explosion was caused by the thermal decomposition of a contaminant that was not normally present in the TDI waste. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2004
Smooth muscle phenotypic modulation is an early event in aortic aneurysms.

Objectives Vascular smooth muscle cells can undergo profound changes in phenotype, defined by coordinated repression of smooth muscle cell marker genes and production of matrix metalloproteinases in response to injury. However, little is known of the role of smooth muscle cells in aortic aneurysms. We hypothesized that smooth muscle cells undergo phenotypic modulation early in the development of aortic aneurysms. Methods Abdominal aortas from C57B6 mice (n = 79) were perfused with elastase or saline (control) and harvested at 1, 3, 7, or 14 days. Aortas were analyzed by means of quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle cell marker genes, including SM22A, smooth muscle α-actin, and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. In complimentary experiments human aneurysms (n = 10) and control aorta (n = 10) were harvested at the time of surgical intervention and analyzed. Results By 14 days, aortic diameter was larger after elastase perfusion compared with control diameter (100% ± 9.6% vs 59.5% ± 18.9%, P = .0002). At 7 days, elastase-perfused mice had a 78% and 85% reduction in SM22α and smooth muscle α-actin expression, respectively, compared with that seen in control animals well before aneurysms were present, and these values remained repressed at 14 days. Immunohistochemistry confirmed less SM22α and smooth muscle α-actin in experimental aneurysms at 14 days in concert with increased matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 expression at 7 and 14 days. Similarly, human aneurysms had less SM22α and smooth muscle α-actin and increased matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 staining, compared with control values, as determined by means of quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Conclusions Aneurysms demonstrate smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation characterized by downregulation of smooth muscle cell marker genes and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases. These events in experimental models occur before aneurysm formation. Targeting smooth muscle cells to a reparative phenotype might provide a novel therapy in the treatment of aortic aneurysms.
Finite-Element Model for the Mechanical Behavior of the Left Ventricle PREDICTION OF DEFORMATION IN THE POTASSIUM-ARRESTED RAT HEART

A finite-element model is used to analyze the mechanical behavior of the left ventricle. The ventricle is treated as a heterogeneous, linearly elastic, thickwalled solid of revolution. The inner third of the ventricular wall is assumed to be transversely isotropic with a longitudinal Young's modulus, transverse modulus, and shear modulus of 60 g/cm2, 30 g/cm2, and 15.5 g/cm2, respectively. In the outer two-thirds of the ventricular wall the myocardium is assumed to be isotropic with a Young's modulus of 60 g/cm2. Polsson's ratio is assumed to be equal to 0.45 throughout the ventricular wall. The valvular ring at the base of the ventricle is simulated by a homogeneous layer cf collagen. The model appears to predict gross free-wall deformation in the left ventricle of the potassium-arrested rat heart fixed in situ. The presence of a relatively compliant transversely isotropic region near the endocardial surface results in significantly lower axial and circumferential stresses in this region than are present...
Maturity Effects on Colony-Forming Units of Macrophomina phaseolina Infection as Measured using Near-Isogenic Lines of Soybeans

Charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) causes significant yield losses in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The actual effect of maturity on disease severity can be confounded by genotypic background. We evaluated disease severity using two sets of near-isogenic lines (NIL) differing in maturity genes. Field experiments were established on two soil types (sandy loam and clay) and evaluated over two years (2008 and 2009). Disease severity, expressed as colony-forming units (CFU), was evaluated for each line at physiological maturity. Within a year, similar levels of disease severity were observed on both soil types. Regression analysis indicated no significant (P < 0.05) relationship between maturity and CFU for either set of NIL on either soil type in either year. Adding selected environmental variables (rainfall, temperature, etc.) to the equation allowed the detection of a significant relationship in only one environment (P = 0.0306, F = 6.00). Results demonstrated little evidence of a relationship betw...
The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in the emergency department setting — Livedo reticularis and recurrent venous thrombosis

We present the case of a 26-year-old man with an exacerbation of apparent chronic asthma with chronic peripheral vascular disease due to recurrent venous thrombosis. Localized livedo reticularis, new cutaneous infarctions, severe venous insufficiency, thrombocytopenia, renal failure, and cerebral supratentorial dysfunction were noted. During hospital admission, antibodies to phospholipids in high titer were present by three different testing methods. Renal biopsy demonstrated significant renal vasculature abnormalities characteristic of hemolytic endovasculopathy, and magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple cerebral infarctions. This case exemplifies the spectrum of presentations and management of the primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. The clue to its presence in this patient was the livedo reticularis rash, a cutaneous marker for this syndrome that was evident in the emergency department.
Residual stresses in thermal barrier coatings: effects of interface asperity curvature:height and oxide thickness

The effects of curvature and height of the interface asperity on residual thermal stresses in a plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating were numerically simulated. In the tip region of a convex asperity, the residual stress normal to the interface, sy is tensile in the ceramic top coat and increases with both curvature and height of the asperity. However, this residual tensile stress is lower for a periodic array of asperities than for an isolated asperity. The effects of thickness of the thermally grown oxide at the top coat‐bond coat interface on residual thermal stresses were also numerically simulated. In the tip region of a convex asperity, sy in the ceramic top coat is tensile for a thin oxide but becomes compressive for a thick oxide. In the tip region of a concave asperity, sy in the ceramic top coat is compressive for a thin oxide and becomes less compressive for a thick oxide. The physical meaning of the above trend was qualitatively interpreted using an analytical model of three concentric circles. Published by Elsevier Science S.A.
HUMAN SAFETY CONTROVERSIES SURROUNDING NITRATE AND NITRITE IN THE DIET

Nitrate and nitrite are part of the human diet as nutrients in many vegetables and part of food preservation systems. In the 1950s and 1960s the potential for formation of nitrosamines in food was discovered and it ignited a debate about the safety of ingested nitrite which ultimately focused on cured meats. Nitrate impurities in salt used in the drying of meat in ancient times resulted in improved protection from spoilage during storage. This evolved into their deliberate modern use as curing ingredient responsible for ‘fixing’ the characteristic color associated with cured meats, creating a unique flavor profile, controlling the oxidation of lipids, and serving as an effective antimicrobial. Several critical reports and comprehensive reviews reporting weak associations and equivocal evidence of nitrite human health safety have fostered concerns and debate among scientists, regulators, press, consumer groups, and consumers. Despite periodic controversy regarding human health concerns from nitrite consumption, a building base of scientific evidence about nitrate, nitrite, heme chemistry, and the overall metabolism of nitrogen oxides in humans has and continues to affirm the general safety of nitrate/nitrite in human health. As nitrite based therapeutics emerge, it is important to consider the past controversies and also understand the beneficial role in the human diet.
Anger-Control Group Counseling for Women Recovering from Alcohol or Drug Addiction.

Two experimental conditions, a manualized cognitive-behavioral anger-control treatment incorporating empowerment strategies and a relapse-prevention treatment without the anger-control component, w...
Transition zone: effect on image quality of CT virtual reality

CT virtual reality is an exciting new technique for use in the colon, airways, and paranasal sinuses. Most work in this exciting new modality, however, has used surface rendering where a single threshold value is chosen to delineate a 100% opaque wall from an air-filled lumen. We have found that there is a transition layer 3 - 4 voxels thick between the wall and the lumen corresponding to the mucosa. When this transition layer is reconstructed separately using volumetric rendering, the mucosal detail is dramatically improved. We performed a study to prove this point using 27 anatomical sites and pathological lesions evaluated by 4 blinded reviewers. Each lesion was reconstructed with surface rendering with 3 different threshold values, and with volumetric rendering with the transition zone (mucosa) reconstructed separately. In this study, volumetric rendering with the transition zone reconstructed as a separate structure overwhelmingly was rated as best (p equals 0.0001). The added mucosal detail with volumetric rendering using this approach is significant. This technique should be considered for all virtual reality applications.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dynamic backlight scaling optimization for mobile streaming applications

With the increasing variety of mobile applications, reducing the energy consumption of mobile devices is a major challenge in sustaining multimedia streaming applications. This paper explores backlight scaling, which is deemed a promising technical solution. First, we model the problem as a dynamic backlight scaling optimization problem. The objective is to minimize the energy consumption of the backlight when displaying a video stream without adversely impacting the user's visual perception. Then, we propose a dynamic-programming algorithm to solve the fundamental problem and prove its optimality in terms of energy savings. Finally, based on the algorithm, we consider implementation issues. We have also developed a prototype implementation integrated with existing video streaming services to validate the practicability of the approach. The results of experiments conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm are very encouraging.
Psoriasis and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Background Increasing population-based studies have suggested a relationship between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. Objective The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis that synthesizes the epidemiologic associations between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. Methods We searched for observational studies from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register from Jan 1, 1980 to Jan 1, 2012. We applied the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines in the conduct of this study. Results We identified 12 observational studies with a total of 1.4 million study participants fulfilling the inclusion criteria, among whom 41,853 were patients with psoriasis. Based on random-effects modeling of cross-sectional and case-controlled studies, the pooled odds ratio (OR) for metabolic syndrome among patients with psoriasis was 2.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.70-3.01) compared with the general population. Visual inspection of a funnel plot and formal analysis with the Egger test suggested publication bias and absence of small studies in the published literature (P = .03). A dose-response relationship was also observed between psoriasis severity and prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Limitations No studies to date have assessed incidence of metabolic syndrome among patients with psoriasis. Conclusions Compared with the general population, psoriasis patients have higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and patients with more severe psoriasis have greater odds of metabolic syndrome than those with milder psoriasis.
Sugar-transport kinetics of the rat thymocyte.

Abstract Suspensions of 2 to 5% rat thymocytes were incubated at 35 °C in buffered balanced salt solution (pH 7.3) with lactate and β-hydroxybutyrate as fuels. The dependence of 3- O -[ Me - 3 H]methylglucose influx on external and internal 3- O -methylglucose concentrations was studied. Entry was almost rectilinear during the first minute. From the dependence of methylglucose entry (into sugar-free cells) on external methylglucose concentration, we judged the entry K m to be about 7.7 m m and the entry V to be about 0.64 μmol · min −1 · (ml of packed cell volume) −1 . Methylglucose inside the cell enhanced influx, hence equilibrium exchange was faster than entry. The dependence of equilibrium exchange on methylglucose concentration (inside and outside being equal) indicated a K m of about 25 m m and a V of about 2.1 μmol · (min) −1 · (ml of cell volume) −1 . This effect of internal sugar indicated that entry into sugar-free cells is limited mainly by the return of empty carrier to the outside surface and that loading the carrier on the inside enhances its outward mobility. The K m and V for influx into cells containing 21 m m methylglucose were 5.9 m m and 1.17 μmol · min −1 · (ml of packed cells) −1 . The effect of 21 m m internal sugar on lowering the influx K m from about 7.7 m m to about 6 m m was reproducible and contributed to the evaluation of the constants of the transport rate law. It indicated that loading of the carrier at the external surface reduces its mobility, in contrast to the effect of loading on the inside. Mechanical explanations for this behavior are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF THEOPHYLLINE ON THE HYPOXIC VENTILATORY RESPONSE IN THE NEWBORN PIGLET: ROLE OF THE VAGUS

We have previously demonstrated that theophylline, an adenosine antagonist, reduces hypoxic ventilatory depression in the newborn piglet. In order to investigate the possibility that the stimulatory effects of theophylline we observed were due to effects on vagal pulmonary receptors, we compared the effect of theophylline on the hypoxic ventilatory response in intact and vagotomized newborn piglets. Five newborn piglets less than 3 days of age were exposed to 10 % oxygen under three experimental conditions: 1) intact; 2) after vagotomy; and 3) vagotomy + theophylline. Each animal was anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, intubated, and the femoral artery catheterized. The vagi were identified but left intact prior to the onset of the experiments. Recordings of expiratory flow and integrated volume, EKG, and arterial blood pressure were obtained during six minutes of hypoxia first before and then beginning 30 minutes after vagotomy. Theophylline (15 mg/kg) was then administered over 10 minutes and after 30 minutes the experiment was repeated. The effect of hypoxia on minute ventilation in each of the three conditions is shown in the graph. Vagotomy alone had no effect on the hypoxic ventilatory response. The addition of theophylline, however, resulted in a greater increase above baseline after 6 minutes of hypoxia (38.7 +/−17.3 %) compared to vagotomy alone (19.8 +/− 15.0 %)(p<0.02). The difference in ventilation was due to changes in frequency rather than tidal volume. We conclude that vagal afferents do not influence the newborn hypoxic ventilatory response and that the effects of methyl xanthines on hypoxic ventilatory depression are not mediated by the vagus.
Ultra‐Low‐Loss Acrylate Polymers for Planar Light Circuits

We have developed a materials system composed of liquid multifunctional fluorinated acrylate monomers that achieves very low absorption losses within both datacom and telecom wavelength ranges. Identified structure–property relationships have guided the design of polymers that are optimized with respect to their inherent materials properties and their ability to be processed into low-loss optical waveguides. Together these co-developed materials and processes combine to produce waveguides that have propagation losses equivalent to planar glass guides, and significantly reduced polarization dependence and improved thermal response needed for the performance of thermo-optic devices. Extensive environmental studies have demonstrated robustness well beyond that required for normal operating conditions.
Flow-flash, time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy of the oxidation of reduced and of mixed valence cytochrome oxidase by dioxygen

Time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the reduction of oxygen by both reduced and mixed valence cytochrome oxidase. Laser flash photodissociation of CO from the carbon monoxy complex of the enzyme, after this species had been rapidly mixed with oxygenated buffer, was used to initiate the reaction for both forms of the enzyme. The CO photolysis product of the mixed valence enzyme contains cytochrome a3+ and cytochrome a3(2+) in its unligated form. This species reacts with O2 in the first few microseconds to form a photolabile intermediate which has Raman frequencies characteristic of oxygenated heme. This indicates that an oxyhemoglobinlike complex of oxygen with a3(2+) is the precursor to oxygen reduction. A similar intermediate is detected in the fully reduced enzyme reaction. In the mixed valence oxidase system, the oxy intermediate is replaced by a nonphotolabile species in which a3 is oxidized with t1/2 approximately equal to 200 musec. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying time-resolved vibrational techniques to irreversible electron transfer reactions and, in particular, elucidate some of the transient species in the cytochrome oxidase/O2 system.
The global convergence of partitioned BFGS on problems with convex decompositions and Lipschitzian gradients

The main purpose of this paper is the extension of Powell's (1976) global convergence result to the partitioned BFGS method introduced by Griewank and Toint (1982). Even in the unpartitioned case the original result is strengthened because the search directions need not be computed exactly and the gradient is only required to be Lipschitzian rather than differentiable. Using theΨ-functional of Byrd and Nocedal (1987) a strong form of R-superlinear convergence is obtained if the element functions are uniformly convex and their gradients are strictly differentiable at the minimizerx* only. In order to deal with the possibility of singular functions we utilize a damping of the BFGS update that becomes inactive if the problem turns out to be regular nearx*.
Marivita roseacus sp. nov., of the family Rhodobacteraceae, isolated from a temperate estuary and an emended description of the genus Marivita

A gram-negative, non-motile, pigmented, rod-shaped and strictly aerobic bacterium (CB1052(T)) was isolated from a temperate estuary. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain CB1052(T) belongs to the α-3 subclass of the Proteobacteria, within the family Rhodobacteraceae, having the highest similarity to members of the genus Marivita (97.8%) of the Roseobacter lineage. Pylogenetic analysis showed CB1052(T) to be a distinct sister clade to M. litorea and M. cryptomonadis and DNA-DNA relatedness was quite low amongst the strains (< 35%). Strain CB1052(T) cells are non-motile and display a needle-like filamentous form, where individual cells can become quite elongated (up to 15 μm). Similar to M. litorea and M. cryptomonadis, CB1052(T) harbors aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis genes. However, in contrast to other described Marivita species, strain CB1052(T) actively produces bacteriochlorophyll a. Further physiological features, including antibiotic sensitivities, differentiate strain CB1052(T) from the other members of the genus. Therefore, strain CB1052(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Marivita, for which the name Marivita roseacus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain CB1052(T) (=DSM 23118(T) =ATCC BAA 1914(T)).
The Potential of Social Science Theory for the Evaluation and Improvement of Drug Courts

As drug treatment courts developed over the past 20 years, they were increasingly and productively grounded in the philosophy of therapeutic jurisprudence and in the operational standards of the 10 key components. Both of these and particularly the growing literature on the efficacy of the key components offer guidance for the implementation and monitoring of programs and provide a logic for attributing outcomes to program operation. What then, if anything, might be gained by an explicit attention to what is generally called social science theory in understanding and modifying drug courts? This article addresses these questions and develops social learning theory as an example of the potential for this union of theoretical and practical concerns.
Differential incorporation of cholesterol and cholesterol derivatives into ecdysteroids by the larval ring glands and adult ovaries of Drosophila melanogaster: a putative explanation for the l(3)ecd1 mutation.

Studies in vitro revealed that intact ring glands of Drosophila melanogaster convert tritiated cholesterol (C) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25C) via 7-dehydrocholesterol (7dC) and 7-dehydro-25-hydroxycholesterol (7d25C), respectively, to ecdysone (E) and 2-deoxyecdysone (2dE), while both intact and homogenized ovaries synthesize only 2dE from these precursors. Emulsified 7d25C was incorporated directly into ecdysteroids by these tissue preparations at a much greater rate than was 7d25C made in situ from 25C. To probe the basis of the biochemical defect in the ecdysteroid deficient conditional mutant ecdysoneless (ecd1), the differential incorporation into ecdysteroids of C (via 7dC), and particularly of 25C (via 7d25C), was measured relative to that observed after the incubation of 7d25C directly with both wild type and mutant tissues in vitro at 30°C, the restrictive temperature. Both C and 25C were equally 7,8-dehydrogenated in situ to 7dC or 7d25C, respectively, by both wild type and mutant tissues at 30°C. However, the rate of subsequent conversion of either of these Δ5,7-sterol intermediates synthesized in situ to ecdysteroids was reduced an average of 50% in the mutant tissues relative to the wild type. Yet, when emulsified 7d25C was incubated directly with either the wild type or mutant tissues at the restrictive temperature, the amplified rate of conversion of the freely available 7d25C to ecdysteroid by these tissues was identical. These data suggest that the defect in ecd1 tissue-mediated ecdysteroidogenesis does not involve a “hit” on any of the enzymes involved in either the 7,8-dehydrogenation of C or 25C or in the subsequent oxidation of 7d25C or 7dC to ecdysteroid. Rather, the mutation appears to affect the expression of a gene governing the translocation of Δ5,7-sterol intermediates from the subcellular compartment where they are synthesized and/or stored to the site of subsequent oxidation to ecdysteroid.
Nature of electric and magnetic dipoles gleaned from the Poynting theorem and the Lorentz force law of classical electrodynamics

Abstract Starting with the most general form of Maxwell's macroscopic equations in which the free charge and free current densities, ρ free and J free , as well as the densities of polarization and magnetization, P and M , are arbitrary functions of space and time, we compare and contrast two versions of the Poynting vector, namely, S = μ o − 1 E × B and S = E × H . Here E is the electric field, H is the magnetic field, B is the magnetic induction, and μ o is the permeability of free space. We argue that the identification of one or the other of these Poynting vectors with the rate of flow of electromagnetic energy is intimately tied to the nature of magnetic dipoles and the way in which these dipoles exchange energy with the electromagnetic field. In addition, the manifest nature of both electric and magnetic dipoles in their interactions with the electromagnetic field has consequences for the Lorentz law of force. If the conventional identification of magnetic dipoles with Amperian current loops is extended beyond Maxwell's macroscopic equations to the domain where energy, force, torque, momentum, and angular momentum are active participants, it will be shown that “hidden energy” and “hidden momentum” become inescapable consequences of such identification with Amperian current loops. Hidden energy and hidden momentum can be avoided, however, if we adopt S = E × H as the true Poynting vector, and also accept a generalized version of the Lorentz force law. We conclude that the identification of magnetic dipoles with Amperian current loops, while certainly acceptable within the confines of Maxwell's macroscopic equations, is inadequate and leads to complications when considering energy, force, torque, momentum, and angular momentum in electromagnetic systems that involve the interaction of fields and matter.
Developing mashup applications using IBM Cognos 8's Mashup Service

In this workshop participants learned how IBM Cognos Mashup Service (CMS) help with the research and creation of applications, as well as helping to undercover insights in data! Mashup technologies allow the creation of applications that are user-defined, while leveraging the reporting, visualization and data processing power of the IBM Cognos 8 platform.
Measuring ecosystem service change: A case study from a northwest Arkansas dairy farm

Abstract Land use change is a major driver of ecosystem service change. Urbanization and agricultural activities play substantial roles in altering the state of ecosystem services. This study examined impact of land use change on ecosystem services in a typical agricultural watershed in northwest Arkansas. Biodiversity and ecosystem services – carbon storage, water yield, nutrient cycling – were mapped and quantified for a typical small dairy farm and its watershed for predevelopment (1800) and current (2006) land-use scenarios. Field-level impacts showed that dairy operations resulted in reduced land use change on ecosystem service loss, compared with the overall watershed. The results also indicated substantial change in carbon storage, water yield, and biodiversity; while nutrient cycling showed a low net change. The methodology illustrates the utility of evaluating impact of land management scenarios (historic, current, potential) on ecosystem services at the field and watershed scale, and the need for standard metrics across landscapes.
Divergent Influences of Private and Public Self-Consciousness in a Compliance Paradigm.

Abstract A study was conducted to test the reasoning that two types of dispositional self-consciousness would be associated with two different influences on compliance behavior. The study utilized a paradigm in which subjects are induced to make incorrect responses on a perceptual task by means of simulated group pressure. Based upon results of previous research, the following predictions were made: that private self-consciousness—the disposition to be conscious of one's thoughts, feeling, and covert self-aspects—would be inversely correlated with compliance; and that public self-consciousness—the disposition to be conscious of one's social self-aspects—would be positively correlated with compliance. The data from the study provided support for both of these predictions. Discussion centers on the theoretical implications of these findings.
SHORT VERSUS LONG STUDIES WITH RADIOCALCIUM AT VARIOUS SITES OF THE SKULL OF YOUNG AND OLD RHESUS MONKEYS

Abstract Ca 45 uptake in skull sutures, synchondroses, adjacent bones and surfaces of discrete areas was determined in two young monkeys sacrificed 15 min after Ca 45 injection, in one old monkey sacrificed after 15 min and another old monkey after 168 hr. In the young monkeys, the Ca 45 uptake was higher in sutures and synchondroses than in the adjacent bones. The small differences in uptake in the various areas of the same suture and in the various areas of the same bone were probably still indicative of different rates of bone formation, proliferation and calcification. In old monkeys where there was no apparent growth, the S.A. (specific activity) ratios were uniform in all sutures and bones and this probably could be attributed almost exclusively to exchange. The difference in uptake between the two old monkeys represents the difference in degree of exchange over the time interval from 15 min to 168 hr.
Nutritional chemistry of foods eaten by gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda

Foods eaten by gorillas (Gorilla beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP), Uganda, were analyzed for their nutrient content. The goal of the study was to assess the amounts of fiber, protein, and sugars in the foods eaten by the Bwindi gorillas, and to determine whether condensed tannins and cyanide are present in these foods. A total of 127 food plant parts representing 84 plant species eaten by two groups of Bwindi gorillas were collected, processed, and analyzed for their chemical contents. The Bwindi gorilla ate foods that contain 2–28% crude protein (CP), 21–88% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 14–60% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 2–42% acid detergent lignin (ADL), and ≤1–50% water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Moisture in these foods ranged from 7% to 96%. Approximately 35% of the foods analyzed contained condensed tannins, and two foods contained cyanogenic glycosides. This is the first detailed report regarding the nutritional chemistry of gorilla foods in Bwindi, many of which are also eaten by other primates. This unique data set adds to our knowledge about the nutritional composition of foods eaten by gorillas across habitats, is useful for understanding aspects of feeding behavior, and provides valuable comparative data for optimizing the diets of gorillas ex situ. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1–17, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
INCREASED PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW (PBF) DURING ACTH INFUSION IN FETAL LAMBS

ACTH, when given to fetal lambs, will promote pulmonary epithelial maturation and protect the preterm lamb from developing hyaline membrane disease (HMD). To investigate the possibility that ACTH also acts on pulmonary perfusion, PBF was measured in 7 ACTH treated twin lambs at a gestational age (GA) of 130 d. and in 19 control lambs at 115-142 d. using radioactive microspheres. PBF, expressed as percent of right ventricular output, was 3-20% in the control lambs, with no tendency for increase with advancing GA. ACTH was given for 5 days as a continuous fetal infusion of 0.1 mg per d. Mean PBF was 10.3% before infusion, 7.5% on 1 d., 12% on 3 d., and 31.5% on 4 and 5 d. This increase in PBF did not correlate with fetal plasma cortisol cone, but coincided with increased fetal plasma estradiol cone. Prenatal stress in the form of decreased uterine blood flow secondary to induced maternal hypotension on the 4 d. of ACTH infusion produced fetal hypoxemia, acidemia and lowered PBF to 18.7%. PBF decreased from 6.3% to 4.2% in control lambs during maternal hypotension. These results indicate that fetal PBF may be increased threefold with ACTH treatment and does not fall below control levels during periods of decreased uterine blood flow. This effect of ACTH on the fetal pulmonary circulation might contribute to the protection of the fetal lung from HMD by preserving sufficient pulmonary perfusion during episodes of fetal asphyxia.
Phylogenetic characterization of a highly attenuated strain of equine arteritis virus from the semen of a persistently infected standardbred stallion.

An avirulent, novel variant of equine arteritis virus (EAV; CA95G) was isolated from the semen of a persistently infected Standardbred stallion. The CA95G virus caused subclinical infection and seroconversion in susceptible horses, and virus was isolated only once from blood and nasal secretions collected from 6 experimentally infected horses. Sequence analysis of genes encoding the known EAV structural proteins shows that this highly attenuated strain of EAV is genetically similar to virulent field strains of EAV and, in particular, to a strain of EAV that was isolated during an outbreak of equine viral arteritis in western Canada in 1986. Not only is the carrier stallion the critical natural reservoir of EAV, but genetic diversity of the virus is generated in the course of persistent infection of carrier stallions. The subtle genetic changes that facilitate and maintain persistent EAV infection of the stallion’s reproductive tract likely influence phenotypic properties of the virus such as virulence.
Deterministic local alignment methods improved by a simple genetic algorithm

Multiple sequence local alignment, often deployed for de novo discovery of biological motifs hidden in a set of DNA or protein sequences, remains a challenge in bioinformatics and computational biology. Many algorithms and software packages have been developed to address the problem. Expectation maximization (EM), one of the popular local alignment methods, is often used to solve the motif-finding problem. However, EM largely depends on its initialization and can be easily trapped in local optima. This paper presents the Genetic-enabled EM Motif-Finding Algorithm (GEMFA) in an effort to mitigate the difficulties confronted the EM-based motif discovery algorithms. The new algorithm integrates a simple genetic algorithm (GA) with a local searcher to explore the local alignment space, that is, it combines deterministic local alignment methods with a simple GA to effectively perform de novo motif discovery. It first initializes a population of multiple local alignments each of which is encoded on a chromosome that represents a potential solution. GEMFA then performs heuristic search in the whole alignment space using minimum distance length (MDL) as the fitness function, which is generalized from maximum log-likelihood. The genetic algorithm gradually moves this population towards the best alignment from which the motif model is derived. Simulated and real biological sequence analysis showed that GEMFA significantly improved deterministic local alignment methods especially in the subtle motif sequence alignment, and it also outperformed other algorithms tested.
The Role of Nanomedicine in Growing Tissues

Nanomedicine (a division of nanotechnology) is an interdisciplinary research field incorporating biology, chemistry, engineering and medicine with the intention to improve disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Specifically, there have been great strides made in using nanomedicine to enhance the functions of cells necessary to regenerate a diverse number of tissues (such as bone, blood vessels, the bladder, teeth, the nervous system, and the heart to name a few). Traditional (micron-structured or nano-smooth) implants suffer from: (i) infection, (ii) inflammation, and (iii) insufficient prolonged bonding between the implanted material and surrounding tissue. To date, such conventional implants have been improved by implementing nanotopographical features on their surfaces. In this review paper, the application of nanomaterials to regenerate numerous organs (including, as specific examples, bone, neural, and bladder tissues) will be presented with necessary future directions highlighted for the field of nanomedicine to progress.
A photometric study of Enceladus

We have supplemented Voyager imaging data from Enceladus (limited to phase angles of 13 deg-43 deg) with recent Earth-based CCD observations to obtain an improved determination of the Bond albedo, to construct an albedo map of the satellite, and to constrain parameters in Hapke's (1986) photometric equation. A major result is evidence of regional variations in the physical properties of Enceladus' surface. The average global photometric properties are described by single scattering albedo omega(sub 0) average = 0.998 +/- 0.001, macroscopic roughness parameter theta average = 6 +/- 1 deg, and Henyey-Greenstein asymmetry parameter g = -0.399 +/- 0.005. The value of theta average is smaller than the 14 deg found by fitting whole-disk data, which include all terrains on Enceladus. The opposition surge amplitude B(sub 0) = 0.21 +/- 0.07 and regolith compaction parameter h = 0.014 +/- 0.02 are loosely constrained by the scarcity of and uncertainty in near-opposition observations. From the solar phase curve we determine the geometric albedo of Enceladus p(sub v) = 0.99 +/- 0.06 and phase integral q = 0.92 +/- 0.05, which corresponds to a spherical albedo A = p(sub v)q = 0.91 +/- 0.1. Since the spectrum of Enceladus is fairly flat, we can approximate the Bond albedo A(sub B) with the spherical albedo. Our photometric analysis is summarized in terms of an albedo map which generally reproduces the satellite's observed lightcurve and indicates that normal reflectances range from 0.9 on the leading hemisphere to 1.4 on the trailing one. The albedo map also revels an albedo variation of 15% from longitudes 170 deg to 200 deg, corresponding to the boundary between the leading and trailing hemispheres.
Collaborators' Attitudes about Differences of Opinion

Three clusters of responses emerged from the interview responses of members of largely career-equal faculty pairs about their encounters with substantive differences of opinion. The refusal to interpret differences of opinion as conflict contributes to innovation by promoting dialogue that may lead to significant new insight.
Evaluations of two solid water parallel-plate chambers in high-energy photon and electron beams.

Using high‐energy photon and electron beams, the response of two solid water parallel‐plate chambers is evaluated against a PTW (Physicallsch‐Technische Werkstatten) Farmer‐type chamber. These two chambers are (1) a Memorial ‘‘Holt’’ chamber which was further modified by this author to take advantage of electrically conductive solid water, and (2) a thin window parallel‐plate chamber designed by Attix. The evaluations are made for (1) stability and reproducibility, (2) polarity effect, (3) ion recombination correction, (4) field size dependence on output, (5) dose rate dependence on output, and (6) absorbed dose comparison in high‐energy photon and electron beams using the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group 21 (TG21) protocol.
Multidetector 3D CT of pulmonary embolism of a peripheral intravenous line

Embolization of foreign objects to the pulmonary circulation is an uncommon occurrence. Traditionally, plain radiographs have been used to detect larger, radiodense objects, with axial CT used to localize smaller, less radiodense objects. More recently, the use of multidetector CT has permitted the detection and accurate localization of smaller, relatively radiolucent objects. This case demonstrates the utility of multidetector 3D CT to localize a small, subtle peripheral venous catheter, which can be easily missed on axial CT.
The molecular weights of glycerol-3-P dehydrogenases from chicken, rabbit, and honey bee.

Abstract The molecular weights of liver and muscle type glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase isozymes (EC 1.1.1.8) from chicken have been reexamined and found to be about 68,000. This figure is sustained in equilibrium ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and amino acid-composition studies. Direct comparison by gel filtration of solutions containing a mixture of chicken muscle and honey bee glycerol-3-P dehydrogenases indicate that the honey bee enzyme is heavier and has a molecular weight near 76,000. A similar comparison of rabbit muscle and honey bee glycerol-3-P dehydrogenases also indicated that the insect enzyme was heavier and that the glycerol-3-P dehydrogenases of chicken and rabbit have similar molecular weights. Previous estimates of the molecular weights of crystalline glycerol-3-P dehydrogenases from chicken muscle, rabbit muscle, and honey bee thorax do not agree with present observations.
Current Issues in Home Mechanical Ventilation

As modern health care continues to evolve, we expect and are seeing that more sophisticated medical care will be provided outside the traditional acute care environments. Advances in home medical technology, economic pressures, health-care consumerism, and societal changes are all factors playing a role in this evolution. Medically fragile and technology-dependent individuals who were once limited to care in acute and subacute institutional settings are now frequently cared for at home, most often by their immediate family members. Mechanical ventilation has found its way into the patient's home such that physicians and other providers must be prepared for the challenges associated with managing the conditions of complex, ventilator-dependent individuals outside of the walls, controls, and safety of the institutional setting. With little published science and recognized standards of practice, there are fewer rules to guide clinicians through this process. Experience has shown, however, that successful home management of ventilator-dependent individuals can be traced to a smooth and collaborative discharge from the hospital to home. Reimbursement and coverage issues must also be well understood to avoid the aggravation of denials and challenges for necessary equipment and assistance. Once home, a streamlined, patient-centered process supported by effective communication between all care providers can result in a safe and appropriate long-term home ventilation success story.
Tropomodulin expression in developing hearts of normal and cardiac mutant Mexican axolotl.

In the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, a simple, recessive cardiac-lethal mutation in gene “c” results in the hearts of c/c homozygous animals being deficient in sarcomeric tropomyosin (TM) and failing to form mature myofibrils. Subsequently, the mutant hearts do not beat. A three-step model of myofibril assembly recently developed in cell culture prompted a reassessment of the myofibril assembly process in mutant hearts using a relatively new late marker for thin filament assembly, tropomodulin (Tmod). This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of tropomodulin in an amphibian system. Tropomodulin antibodies were immunolocalized to the ends of the thin filaments. Tropomodulin was also found in discrete punctate spots in normal and mutant hearts, often in linear arrays suggestive of early myofibril formation. The tropomodulin spots assessed in stage 41/42 mutant hearts co-localized with antibodies to other myofibrillar proteins indicative of nascent myofibril formation. This suggests a failure of elongation/maturation of nascent myofibrils, which could be a consequence of decreased TM levels or increased Tmod/TM ratio. Unlike tropomyosin, there is no apparent decrease in the level of Tmod expression in mutant hearts.