cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Note on Definable Skolem Functions

This note arose out of my efforts to understand results of van den Dries, Denef, and Weispfenning on definable Skolem functions in the elementary theory of Q p . The first person to prove their existence was van den Dries, who devised and applied a model-theoretic criterion for theories, admitting elimination of quantifiers, which also admit definable Skolem functions [3]. The proof, though elegant, does not describe how one defines the Skolem functions. In the particular case of Q p , Denef found an ingenious, easily described method for writing out the definitions [2, pp. 14–15]. Unfortunately, his argument directly applies only in the following special case: if and there is a fixed m ≥ 1 such that for all , then can be given as a definable function of . While this special case includes many of interest, van den Dries' theorem seems more general. Weispfenning suggested how his results on primitive-recursive quantifier elimination could produce algorithms yielding definitions of Skolem functions in the specific theories van den Dries considered [10, pp. 470–471]. Though these algorithms provide a more concrete version of van den Dries' theorem, and do not suffer the lack of generality of Denef's result, Weispfenning's argument is extremely subtle and applies only to certain theories of valued fields.
House fly microsomal oxidation of some foreign compounds.

Competitive inhibition of aldrin epoxidation by O -dealkylation of p -nitroanisol and methoxychlor; hydroxylation of photoisodrin, photodieldrin, aniline, and hexobarbital; and hydrolysis of parathion indicates that all these reactions take place at the same site on Musca domestica L. microsomal oxidase. These reactions are inhibited by very low concentrations of sesamex. The mixed function oxidase apparently also performs O -dehydrochlorination of photoaldrin, photodieldrin, and photoheptachlor, and hydrolysis of the WARF-antiresistant ( N,N -dibutyl-p-chlorobenzenesulfonamide). The gene, Ox , controlling the activity of the mixed function oxidase is located on chromosome 2 in the dimetilan-selected and the Orlando DDT-resistant strains of the house fly.
Dimensional analysis of structures with translating and rocking foundations under near-fault ground motions

This paper evaluates the inertial soil–structure interaction (SSI) effects on linear and bilinear structures supported on foundation that is able to translate and rock when subject to near-fault ground motions. Through rigorous dimensional analysis, the peak structural responses (e.g. structural drift and total acceleration) of the soil–foundation–structure interacting (SFSI) systems are characterized by a set of dimensionless Π-parameters, which can decisively describe the interactive behavior of SFSI systems. By comparing the normalized structural responses of various structure–foundation systems with their fixed-base counterparts, the study reveals that SSI effects highly depend on the structure-to-pulse frequency ratio, Πω, the foundation-to-structure stiffness ratio, Πk, damping coefficient of foundation impedance, Πc, the foundation rocking, and the development of nonlinearity in structures. For linear structures, the SSI effects are insignificant when the structure-to-pulse frequency ratio (Πω) is smaller than 1.5 and can amplify the structural responses when Πω is higher than 1.5. Foundation rocking can shift and enlarge the response amplification zone of SSI. For nonlinear structures, SSI tends to reduce the structural responses for Πω<3 while can increase the ductility demands for Πω≥3. The bilinear structures may experience more significant SSI effects than linear structures in certain frequency ranges. The numerical simulations on ten real building cases exhibiting significant rocking and a detailed case study on a nine-story frame structure demonstrate the applicability of dimensional analysis results to predict the SSI effects on realistic building structures. The study demonstrates that the dimensional analysis provides a concise and systematic way of evaluating SSI effects.
Neurotransmitters in the CNS control of breathing

Abstract This review summarises our current understanding of the neurotransmitters involved in the generation, transmission and modulation of respiratory rhythm. The principal neurotransmitters involved in generating and transmitting respiratory rhythm include glutamate, GABA, and glycine. Glutamate acts primarily at non-NMDA receptors within the network to generate respiratory rhythm in neonatal in vitro preparations, but it may also engage NMDA receptors in mature intact animals. Glutamate may likewise act at presynaptic AP-4 metabotropic receptors to fine tune its own release in the transmission of respiratory rhythm to the phrenic motoneurones. The role of other metabotropic receptors in rhythmogenesis is not known. GABA (primarily by acting at GABAA receptors), as well as glycine, transmit phasic waves of inhibition within the primary respiratory network. Neuroactive agents synthesized outside the primary network may shape the final expression of the basic rhythm. The most studied inputs originate in the pons and from the slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (SAR). Both of these inputs contribute to the transition from inspiration to expiration. Pontine mechanisms rely on excitatory amino acid activation of NMDA receptors, while SAR pathways utilize non-NMDA receptors. Serotonin has also been implicated in regulating respiratory rhythm, possibly via serotonergic projections originating in the raphe nuclei. The amine has diverse effects on respiratory neuronal activity; the most consistent effect appears to be an augmentation of phrenic motoneuronal at the level of the spinal cord. Substance P regulates respiratory activity by acting in the CNS and on peripheral sensory receptors. Centrally, substance P largely augments respiration, by increasing respiratory rhythm in neonatal in vitro preparations and also by increasing tidal volume in the intact animal. Substance P is also released by carotid chemoreceptor afferents during hypoxia. Opioids are well known to decrease respiration; the central mechanism involves the suppression of baseline inspiratory neuronal activity and possibly the blunting of glutamate-evoked increases in inspiratory drive.
Intracellular mechanisms of aminoglycoside-induced cytotoxicity

Since introduction into clinical practice over 60 years ago, aminoglycoside antibiotics remain important drugs in the treatment of bacterial infections, cystic fibrosis and tuberculosis. However, the ototoxic and nephrotoxic properties of these drugs are still a major clinical problem. Recent advances in molecular biology and biochemistry have begun to uncover the intracellular actions of aminoglycosides that lead to cytotoxicity. In this review, we discuss intracellular binding targets of aminoglycosides, highlighting specific aminoglycoside-binding proteins (HSP73, calreticulin and CLIMP-63) and their potential for triggering caspases and Bcl-2 signalling cascades that are involved in aminoglycoside-induced cytotoxicity. We also discuss potential strategies to reduce aminoglycoside cytotoxicity, which are necessary for greater bactericidal efficacy during aminoglycoside pharmacotherapy.
Intraocular Pressure Elevation after Simple Pars Plana Vitrectomy

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine the incidence, timing, and severity of variability in the intraocular pressures (IOPs) from baseline after simple pars plana vitrectomy. Methods: A prospective study was performed in 25 consecutive patients undergoing simple pars plana vitrectomy. Intraocular pressures were measured before surgery, immediately after surgery, and then at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery. Results: The mean IOP was elevated significantly 2 hours after surgery when compared with the mean immediate postoperative IOP (30.3 mmHg ± 11.0 mmHg vs. 17.4 mmHg ± 7.0 mmHg, P P = 0.923) was similar to baseline. Ninety-two percent of eyes had a 2-hour postoperative IOP that was higher than the IOP at the completion of surgery. Forty percent of patients required medical management for IOP greater than or equal to 30 mmHg. Conclusions: Significant IOP elevation can occur after simple pars plana vitrectomy. The optimal time for detecting the pressure rise during the first 24 hours is 2 hours after surgery.
Evaluation of neural fold fusion and coincident initiation of spinal cord occlusion in the chick embryo.

Although it is known that rapid expansion of the vertebrate brain begins near the time that the spinal neurocoel is occluded, it still remains unknown when occlusion occurs in relation to neurulation. Since both morphogenetic events are critical for normal brain growth, it is important to decipher the temporal relationship between the two processes. This study assessed the temporal relationship of the two events with the rationale that if it could be demonstrated that occlusion occurs coincident with the completion of neurulation, then it could be argued that factors shown to direct neurulation could also initiate occlusion. Nearly 600 chick embryos (stages 9− through 12+) were cultured atop egg-agar, the caudal extent of neurulation determined, the cranial five pairs of somites removed and the neurocoels assessed for occlusion. In stage 9− through 10− chicks, neurulation of the spinal cord is incomplete. Stages 10 through 12+ exhibit neurulation and occlusion from the 8th to 19th somites. When lateral tissues were removed in embryos 8 through 10−, the neural folds became dysraphic whereas in embryos stage 10 and older, the folds remained fused dorsomedially and occluded. The only surgical manipulation that was found to prevent occlusion was elimination of the lateral tissues responsible for elevation and closure of the neural folds. Analysis of particular components of the lateral tissues essential for convergence, by treating embryos (n = 75) with chemicals known to degrade tissue-tissue bonds or specific components of the perineural matrix, indicated that more than 75% of the embryos treated with EDTA, EDTA plus Ca2+, trypsin, collagenase, or hyaluronidase exhibited little or no effect on convergence, dorsomedial fusion, and concomitant occlusion. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Molecular Dynamics of Phenylalanine Transfer RNA

Abstract The atomic motions of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA have been simulated using the molecular dynamics algorithm. Two simulations were carried out for a period of 12 picoseconds, one with a normal Van der Waals potential and the other with a modified Van der Waals potential intended to mimic the effect of solvent. An analysis of large scale motions, surface exposure, root mean square displacements, helical oscillations and relaxation mechanisms reveals the maintenance of stability in the simulated structures and the general similarity of the various dynamic features of the two simulations. The regions of conformational flexibility and rigidity for tRNAPhe have been shown in a quantitative measure through this approach.
Using consumer perceived ethicality as a guideline for corporate social responsibility strategy: A commentary essay

Abstract “Consumer Perceived Ethicality” presents a framework of perceived consumer ethicality as summarized from in-depth interviews with 20 citizens of the United Kingdom and Germany. The framework identifies six broad domains and 36 sub-items (6 for each domain) that serve as examples of consumer-generated “unethical corporate behaviors.” This commentary highlights the contributions, discusses the limitations and presents an alternative perspective on the study of consumer perceived ethicality.
Naturally flavorful supersymmetry at the LHC

The suppression of flavor and CP violation in supersymmetric theories may be due to the mechanism responsible for the structure of the Yukawa couplings. We study model independently the compatibility between low-energy flavor and CP constraints and observability of superparticles at the LHC, assuming a generic correlation between the Yukawa couplings and the supersymmetry breaking parameters. We find that the superpotential operators that generate scalar trilinear interactions are generically problematic. We discuss several ways in which this tension is naturally avoided. In particular, we focus on several frameworks in which the dangerous operators are naturally absent. These frameworks can be combined with many theories of flavor, including those with (flat or warped) extra dimensions, strong dynamics, or flavor symmetries. We show that the resulting theories can avoid all the low-energy constraints while keeping the superparticles light. The intergenerational mass splittings among the sfermions can reflect the structure of the underlying flavor theory, and can be large enough to be measurable at the LHC. Detailed observations of the superparticle spectrum may thus provide new handles on the origin of the flavor structure of the standard model.
Export and Expression: mRNAs Deliver New Messages for Controlling Pluripotency

Fine-tuning of the pluripotency program is executed by a multitude of cellular processes. Two recent studies published in Cell Stem Cell (Wang et al., 2013; Tahmasebi et al., 2014) provide novel insights into the posttranscriptional and translational regulatory mechanisms controlling stem cell pluripotency and somatic cell reprogramming.
Stoicism Relevant Applications for Contemporary Public Administration

Stoic philosophy, particularly in its later versions, offers numerous useful insights for public administrators. The Stoics addressed a variety of issues, from rationality and natural law to ethics and stress management. The Stoics also combined an interest in philosophical questions with a strong emphasis on practical problem solving. Their ideas should be of interest to both scholars and practitioners.
The magnetic field of Mars: Mars 5 evidence re‐examined

Dolginov et al. (1972, 1973) presented evidence for a Mars magnetic field based on Mars 2 and 3 measurements. This evidence is somewhat complex, based on a combination of arguments including the position of the bow shock, the identification of magnetopause crossings, and the simultaneous behavior of the plasma and the field. The evidence rests most heavily on one pass of Mars 3 on December 1, 1972 from which Dolginov et al. deduce the direction and orientation of the magnetic moment of Mars. It is the purpose of the present note that there is no reason to suppose that Mars 3 penetrated the Mars magnetosphere on this pass, that because of their locations all other putative magnetopause crossings are suspect and that the effective obstacle height is coincident with the height of the Mars ionosphere to within the accuracy of our knowledge of the proper scaling law for planetary bow shocks.
Effect of trypsin on rabbit skeletal muscle α-actinin

Abstract 5 min of tryptic digestion of purified rabbit skeletal α-actinin decreases by approximately 75% the ability of α-actinin to cross-link F-actin filaments as measured viscometrically at 27°C, but has little effect on the sedimentation coefficient of α-actinin at 20°C or on α-actinin's ability to increase the Mg2+-modified ATPase activity and rate of turbidity increase of reconstituted actomyosin suspensions. Twenty to sixty min of trypsin treatment reduces the sedimentation coefficient of α-actinin and destroys much of α-actinin's ability to increase the Mg2+-modified ATPase and rate of turbidity increase of reconstituted actomyosin suspensions. Therefore the ability of α-actinin to increase the rate of in vitro measures of muscle contraction may not result directly from α-actinin's ability to cross-link F-actin filaments. Trypsin does not split α-actinin into large fragments as it does myosin. Previous studies have shown that 35 to 65% of total tryptic-susceptible peptide bonds in α-actinin are split after 60 min of incubation with trypsin and that 30% of these bonds split in 60 min are cleaved during the first 5 min in a rapid reaction. That splitting of this group of peptide bonds has little effect on the sedimentation coefficient of α-actinin indicates that these bonds are located in a region of the α-actinin molecule where noncovalent forces are strong enough to maintain conformation of the native α-actinin molecule even after these bonds have been split. This ostensible segregation of α-actinin's ability to cross-link F-actin filaments from its ability to increase rate of in vitro assays of contraction by tryptic digestion may suggest that α-actinin could have at least two different physiological roles: (1) to bind actin filaments to each other or to basal structures, and (2) to enhance the effectiveness of actin in supporting movement.
Laser calorimetric measurement of two‐photon absorption

A laser calorimeter has been used to measure two‐photon absorption in solids. This new technique provides greater sensitivity than is possible in nonlinear transmission measurements. The two‐photon absorption coefficients of CdTe and CdSe at 1.06 μm using ∼16‐nsec (FWHM) pulses are 0.13±0.04 and 0.050±0.014 cm/MW, respectively.
Preliminary study of mutual coupling effect on a passive RFID antenna array

The communication quality between an RFID tag and a reader in a RFID network is affected by several factors including the distance between a reader and a tag, orientation of the antennas, and scattering from neighbor tags. Some studies have analyzed those factors and their impact on a read-rate of RFID systems. However, they neglected the effect of a mutual coupling among neighbor tags. In this paper, we formulate the driving currents of a RFID antenna array considering the mutual impedance among tags. Afterwards, we both measure and simulate the mutual impedance for the used RFID tag that is Alien 9640 Squiggle Inlay and we compare the result with half wave dipoles which we construct. Simulation results show that current distribution on tags increases when compared with the case that mutual coupling is not considered among tags.
A Sub-1μA Low-Power FSK Modulator for Biomedical Sensor Circuits

Low-power wireless telemetry is extremely important for non-invasive monitoring of biomedical sensor signals. Usually for successful monitor of various physiological parameters, an implantable sensor incorporates a transmitter unit to send the sensor data outside of the human body for further diagnostics. This paper reports a new low-power frequency shift keying (FSK) modulator for a biomedical sensor circuits. With a very simple architecture, this circuit integrates the modulation functionality into the oscillator itself by using the data signal to control the oscillation frequency. Besides, it can generate tunable carrier frequencies for different data signals. The carrier frequency can range from 5 MHz to tens of MHz with configurable tuning for adaptable data rate applications. In addition, the data rate from 450kbps to several Mbps can be achieved for common applications. The modulator is implemented in a 0.35 μm bulk-CMOS process with a power supply voltage of 2.5 V. For a carrier frequency of 10MHz the entire unit consumes less than 1 μA current which makes the design very suitable for low-power biomedical application. The circuit has already been submitted for monolithic integration.
Surface roughness in wear

Abstract Surface roughness is a problem because of the seizure of rubbing parts, when roughness becomes too great. Rotational experiments were carried out with sliders on plates for lightly loaded systems of copper on copper and steel on steel. The average maximum surface roughness was measured for lubricated and unlubricated sliding conditions and compared with the mean wear particle size. The roughness was found to approach a value independent of initial conditions, and determined by dynamic equilibrium. The equilibrium peak-to-peak roughness values were found to have a very good rank correlation with the mean wear particle size in systems of the same material. Wear particles were found to have a characteristic shape which varies with the material, being roughly an ellipsoid for copper and a strip or extended plate for 1020 steel.
X-Ray fibre-diffraction studies of synergistic, binary polysaccharide gels

Abstract X-Ray fibre-diffraction studies have been used to examine the proposal that intermolecular binding occurs between different polysaccharides in certain synergistic binary gels. No evidence for intermolecular binding was found in studies of tara-kappa carrageenan, carob-kappa carrageenan, tara-furcellaran, or carob-furcellaran gels. Present experimental data suggest that the most likely model for such gels consists of a galactomannan solution contained within a carrageenan or furcellaran network. However, evidence for intermolecular binding was found in fibres prepared from tara-xanthan and carob-xanthan gels. Gelation has been taken to involve an interaction of the cellulosic backbone of xanthan and the mannan backbone of the galactomannan. Models for the junction zones of the mixed polymer network are discussed.
Electrocatalyst materials for fuel cells based on the polyoxometalates—K7 or H7[(P2W17O61)FeIII(H2O)] and Na12 or H12[(P2W15O56)2FeIII4(H2O)2]

Abstract Free acids of the iron substituted heteropoly acids (HPA), H 7 [(P 2 W 17 O 61 )Fe III (H 2 O)] (HFe1) and H 18 [(P 2 W 15 O 56 ) 2 Fe III 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] (HFe2) were prepared from the salts K 7 [(P 2 W 17 O 61 )Fe III (H 2 O)] (KFe1) and Na 12 [(P 2 W 15 O 56 ) 2 Fe III 4 (H 2 O) 2 ] (NaFe4), respectively. The iron-substituted HPA were adsorbed on to XC-72 carbon based GDLs to form HPA doped GDEs after water washing with HPA loadings of ca . 1 μmol. The HPA was detected throughout the GDL by EDX. Solution electrochemistry of the free acids are reported for the first time in sulfate buffer, pH 1–3. The hydrogen oxidation reaction was catalyzed by KFe1 at 0.33 V, with an exchange current density of 38 mA/cm 2 . Moderate activity for the oxygen reduction reaction was observed for the iron substituted HPA, which was dramatically improved by selectively removing oxygen atoms from the HPA by cycling the fuel cell cathode under N 2 followed by reoxidation to give a restructured oxide catalyst. The nanostructured oxide achieved an OCV of 0.7 V with a Tafel slope of 115 mV/decade. Cycling the same catalysts in oxygen resulted in an improved catalyst/ionomer/carbon configuration with a slightly higher Tafel slope, 128 mV/decade but a respectable current density of 100 mA/cm 2 at 0.2 V.
Gonadal hormone effects on entrained and free-running circadian activity rhythms in the developing diurnal rodent Octodon degus

The slowly maturing, long-lived rodent Octodon degus (degu) provides a unique opportunity to examine the development of the circadian system during adolescence. These studies characterize entrained...
Outcome of Critically Ill Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of prior use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on outcome of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). This study was a retrospective chart review of 242 HIV-infected patients who required 259 consecutive admissions to a university-affiliated hospital ICU during a 3-year period. Patient demographics, CD4 count, admission diagnosis, prior HAART, Pneumocystis jiroveci prophylaxis, length of stay, and ICU and hospital mortality were determined. Overall hospital mortality was 39%. Comparing patients who had received HAART before an ICU admission to those who had not, we found no difference between ICU or hospital mortality, need of mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital length of stay, and incidence of P jiroveci. Pulmonary diagnosis was the most frequent ICU admission diagnosis (30%). Logistic regression analysis showed HIV-related illness and mechanical ventilation were significant independent predictors of increased hospital mortality.
Mutational analysis of substrate interactions with the active site of dialkylglycine decarboxylase.

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) dependent enzymes catalyze many different types of reactions at the α-, β-, and γ-carbons of amine and amino acid substrates. Dialkylglycine decarboxylase (DGD) is an unusual PLP dependent enzyme that catalyzes two reaction types, decarboxylation and transamination, in the same active site. A structurally-based, functional model has been proposed for the DGD active site, which maintains that R406 is important in determining substrate specificity through interactions with the substrate carboxylate while W138 provides specificity for short-chain alkyl groups. The mechanistic roles of R406 and W138 were investigated using site directed mutagenesis, alternate substrates, and analysis of steady-state and half-reaction kinetics. Experiments on the R406M and R406K mutants confirm the importance of R406 in substrate binding. Surprisingly, this work also shows that the positive charge of R406 facilitates catalysis of decarboxylation. The W138F mutant demonstrates that W138 indeed acts to limit the size of the subsite C binding pocket, determining specificity for 2,2-dialkylglycines with small side chains as predicted by the model. Finally, work with the double mutant W138F/M141R shows that these mutations expand substrate specificity to include L-glutamate and lead to an increase in specificity for L-glutamate over 2-aminoisobutyrate of approximately eight orders of magnitude compared to WT DGD.
Home and Office: Some Trends of Modernization among the Kanya-Kubja Brahmans*

Recently Singer (1966: 497-505), while reviewing a book1 on economic development and Hinduism, underlined the necessity of recognizing the 'deficiencies' of the hypothetico-deductive method in studying social change in India. He alluded to Weber's thesis (ideal-typical relations of the Hindu 'ethic' to economic development) and its possible 'distortions' under this approach, especially if applied 'as a basis for quick diagnoses of the ideological and structural factors impeding or facilitating economic development...' (p. 498), or when applied to a general analysis of the social and cultural 'transformations' involved in modernization. He noted two major limitations: first, that under hypothetico-deductive use of ideal types one tries to deduce 'realistic consequences from basic beliefs, values, motives postulated in isolation from concrete social and cultural contexts' (p. 501), and second (which is perhaps a related consequence), that when deducing general tendencies, one fails 'to specify conditions and magnitudes under which the conclusions are valid' (p. 502). While Singer recognizes that this approach 'will eventually complement' anthropologists' narrative, descriptive, and inductive approaches, he stresses that the present need is to accumulate relevant empirical studies of the latter kind, against which we can check the conclusions of hypothetico-deductive theory. This paper agrees with the general tenor of Singer's argument, and it * This paper is based on the field work carried on between 1962-5 among the urban KanyaKubja Brahmans of Lucknow and Kanpur, and those outside Uttar Pradesh. Data processing and writing was done with the help of grants from University Faculty Research Committee,
A Method to Determine Mesh‐Size Selectivity in Commercial Menhaden Purse Seines

Abstract A field method was developed for examining the influence of purse-seine mesh size and mesh construction on size of Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) captured by commercial menhaden fishermen in the Virginia portion of Chesapeake Bay. A commercial purse seine of 22-mm-bar mesh was modified near the bunt by inserting 16 test panels (1 m 2) of four advertised mesh sizes (16-, 19-, 22-, 25-mm-bar) and two mesh types (knitted, knotted). During the summer and fall of 1984, the modified purse seine was used by commercial fishermen during normal fishing activity of a snapper boat (a small, privately owned, commercial menhaden boat). Test panels were examined for gilled fish after the net was pursed but before it was lashed to the snapper boat. Control fish were obtained by subsampling each set from the hold of the boat. Gilling of Atlantic menhaden was related to fish girth, mesh type, and mesh size. Fish subsampled from the hold were significantly larger than those gilled in test panels. Most of t...
The successful use of vancomycin-impregnated cement beads in a patient with vancomycin systemic toxicity: a case report with review of literature

We report the use of vancomycin laden antibiotic cement beads in a patient with calcaneal osteomyelitis who had prior acute kidney injury (AKI). The patient experienced non-oliguric renal failure after exposure to intravenous vancomycin and recovered well after antibiotic discontinuation and adequate hydration. We are not aware of any similar case report where vancomycin laden antibiotic cement has been used in a patient with AKI to vancomycin.
Effects of childbearing on the natural history of panic disorder with comorbid mood disorder

This historical prospective study included 22 women with panic disorder. They experienced 45 pregnancies associated with or after their first lifetime episode of panic disorder. Mood disorder predated or was associated with 32 of these pregnancies. The most common effect of pregnancy was No Change in symptoms from baseline during pregnancy and continued No Change postnatally for both panic attacks (n = 22; 49%) and depression (n = 19; 59%). The pattern of panic attacks across gestations was consistent for only 5 of 14 multiparae. An interesting observation was that first lifetime onset of panic disorder was common postpartum (n = 4) or post-miscarriage (n = 2). First-onset depression was also common postpartum (n = 4).
Cursorial adaptations in birds. Limb proportions in the skeleton of geococcyx

Comparison of intramembral and trunk/limb proportions in the roadrunner (Geococcyx) and two related genera of cuckoos (Coccyzus and Crotophaga), together with a consideration of their habits of locomotion, lead to the following two generalizations: (1) The incipient cursorial leg of more primitive, arboreal birds, with the metatarsus shorter than the femur, is not an efficient mechanism for bipedal terrestrial locomotion. The direct adaptation to the cursorial habit in terrestrial birds lies in the further elongation of the whole leg, the distal segments undergoing a relatively greater elongation than the femur; the greatest degree of elongation is shown by the most distal segment. (2) When the development of terrestrial, cursorial habits in birds leads to diminished use, or discuse, of the wings as organs of locomotion, the wing skeleton becomes reduced in length; each segment of the wing is reduced, but the degree of reduction is greatest in the more distal segments. It is probable that reduction appears first in the most distal segment and later successively in each segment proceeding proximally therefrom.
The effect of aortic outflow on the quantification of mitral regurgitation by the flow convergence method

The effect of aortic outflow on the quantification of mitral regurgitation by the flow convergence method was investigated by both in vitro experiments and computational simulations. Digital analysis of the color Doppler M-mode images was compared with results obtained with laser Doppler anemometry, an engineering gold standard, and three-dimensional computational simulations. Regurgitant orifices of 3.2 and 6.4 mm in diameter were used with instantaneous aortic flow rates from 0 to 500 ml/sec, corresponding to net cardiac outputs of 0 to 5 L/min. In the absence of aortic outflow, a clear plateau was observed in plots of the calculated flow rate as a function of the distance from the orifice, indicating that there was a zone in which the hemispheric assumption was valid. As the aortic outflow was increased, the length of this plateau region decreased and then disappeared at high aortic flow rates. Farther from the orifice, beyond the plateau zone, the flow rate was overestimated and this overestimation increased with increasing aortic flow rate. Results showed excellent agreement between in vitro experiments and computational stimulations. This study demonstrated that aortic outflow has a dramatic effect on the flow convergence region and therefore must be considered in flow rate calculations.
EVOLUTION, CULTURE, AND SIN: RESPONDING TO PHILIP HEFNER'S PROPOSAL

. In his recent book, The Human Factor, Philip Hefner proposes to deepen theological understanding of the natural world and the place of humans within it. He describes humans as products of converging streams of genes and culture, and as possessors of freedom that requires them to be “created cocreators.” In accordance with the requirements of “the way things really are” (God), humans are to become divine agents in enlarging the realm of freedom in the world through self-sacrificing altruism. While Hefner's insights are admirable, his work could be viewed, in part, as a covert expression of nineteenth century liberal beliefs in progress. In fact, human culture and freedom are more ambiguous products of both good and evil, and hence we must take more cognizance of the pervasiveness of what theology has termed sin.
The Senior Wellness Project: Focus on experiential learning

Abstract Nurse educators seek good tools for experiential learning. The Senior Wellness Project allows students to interact with healthy seniors in the community. During three visits, each student assesses and thinks critically about the senior's learning needs. For the final visit, the student uses technology to prepare health promotion teaching and presents the project to the senior. The Project contributes to student knowledge about physical, psychological, and sociological aging and supports program improvement.
An oligomeric hydroxyphenylalanine in malignant melanoma: A new type of melanogen

Abstract A new compound designated MM2 has been isolated by ion exchange chromatography from tumor extracts and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. This material was purified by G-25 sephadex chromatography and studied by standard spectroscopic techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet, infrared, and mass spectrometry. These data are consistent with an oligomeric structure of four dihydroxyphenylalanine subunits with subunit bonding made between phenyl rings. The appearance of large quantities of such an oligomer in malignant melanoma suggests the existance of intermediate stages of polymerization of melanin precursors before the final melanin high polymer is formed.
On the relationship between seed-based and ICA-based measures of functional connectivity

Brain functional connectivity (FC) refers to inter-regional synchrony of low frequency fluctuations in blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. FC has been evaluated both during task performance and in the "resting" state, yielding reports of FC differences correlated with behavior and diagnosis. Two methodologies are widely used for evaluating FC from blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging data: Temporal correlation with a specified seed voxel or small region of interest; and spatial independent component analysis. While results from seed-based and independent component analysis methodologies are generally similar, they are conceptually different. This study is intended to elucidate and illustrate, qualitatively and quantitatively, the relationship between seed and independent component analysis derived measures of FC. Seed-based FC measures are shown to be the sum of independent component analysis-derived within network connectivities and between network connectivities. We present a simple simulation and an experiment on visuomotor activity that highlight this relationship between the two methods.
Social networks and future direction for obesity research: A scoping review

Despite significant efforts to decrease obesity rates, the prevalence of obesity continues to increase in the United States. Obesity risk behaviors including physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, and sleep deprivation are intertwined during daily life and are difficult to improve in the current social environment. Studies show that social networks-the thick webs of social relations and interactions-influence various health outcomes, such as HIV risk behaviors, alcohol consumption, smoking, depression, and cardiovascular mortality; however, there is limited information on the influences of social networks on obesity and obesity risk behaviors. Given the complexities of the biobehavioral pathology of obesity and the lack of clear evidence of effectiveness and sustainability of existing interventions that are usually focused on an individual approach, targeting change in an individual's health behaviors or attitude may not take sociocontextual factors into account; there is a pressing need for a new perspective on this problem. In this review, we evaluate the literature on social networks as a potential approach for obesity prevention and treatment (i.e., how social networks affect various health outcomes), present two major social network data analyses (i.e., egocentric and sociometric analysis), and discuss implications and the future direction for obesity research using social networks.
Proton Induced X-Ray Studies of the Shell of Living Oysters and of Archaeological Artifacts

For a number of years the principal efforts of the author have been in collaboration with investigators in the fields of marine biology and archaeology. This report is specific to the study of the elemental composition of the shell of living oysters and to archaeological glass and faience beads and pendants and Cu-based alloy artifacts from the middle east. It is obvious that living oysters cannot be subjected to vacuum and must not be damaged; practical aspects limit the use of vacuum for the archaeological artifacts. It is also important that the technique be multielemental in order to minimize the time required to obtain the data. All of these studies were, therefore, performed with in-air (or helium) PIXE with a beam diameter of 0.45 mm. The results given are not final in that all of the researches are on-going and will not be completed for some months. However, the success of the technique is clearly demonstrated and some preliminary conclusions can be drawn.
Breeding performance of Tetrahymena thermophila following storage for 5 to 6 years in liquid nitrogen

Although the ciliated protozoan, T. thermophila, approaches immortality while growing vegetatively, most stocks sooner or later lose the ability to produce viable progeny after conjugation. Liquid nitrogen storage eliminates, or drastically slows, this aging process. Multiple stocks of 11 inbred strains have been thawed after 1,2, and 5 to 6 years in storage and mated to a tester strain or among themselves. Significantly more viable progeny resulted from crosses of frozen-thawed cultures than from crosses of unfrozen controls. The performance of the inbred strains varied as did that of replicate samples from rapidly aging strains. Crosses made with samples in which relatively few cells had survived storage and thawing varied more than did those made with samples containing many survivors. These results (a) show that good breeding strains retain this ability during storage and (b) support the hypothesis that the mechanism of aging in Tetrahymena results from the accumulation of random defects rather than an intrinsic program. It appears, however, that no results from the present experiments provide any new insight into the mechanism of aging.
Thermoelectric Converter for Loop Heat Pipe Temperature Control: Experience and Lessons Learned

This paper describes the theoretical background and implementation methodology of using a thermoelectric converter (TEC) for operating temperature control of a loop heat pipe (LHP). In particular, experimental results from ambient and thermal vacuum tests of an LHP are presented for illustrations. The most commonly used state-of-the-art method to control the LHP operating temperature is to cold bias its compensation chamber (CC) and use an electrical heater to maintain the CC at the desired set point temperature. Although effective, this approach has its shortcomings in that the electrical heater can only provide heating to the CC, and the required power can be large under certain conditions. An alternative method is to use a TEC, which is capable of providing both heating and cooling to the CC. In this method, one side of the TEC is attached to the CC, and the other side is connected to the evaporator via a thermal strap. Using a bipolar power supply and a control algorithm, a TEC can function as a heater or a cooler, depending on the direction of the current flow. Extensive ground tests of several LHPs have demonstrated that a TEC can provide very tight temperature control for the CC. It also offers several additional advantages: (1) The LHP can operate at temperatures below its natural operating temperature at low heat loads; (2) The required heater power for a TEC is much less than that for an electrical heater; and (3) It enhances the LHP start-up success. Although the concept of using a TEC for LHP temperature control is simple, there are many factors to be considered in its implementation for space applications because the TEC is susceptible to the shear stress and yet has to sustain the dynamic load under the spacecraft launch environment. The added features that help the TEC to withstand the dynamic load will inevitably affect the TEC thermal performance. Some experiences and lessons learned are addressed in this paper.
Postprandial hyperglycemia and cardiovascular disease.

ABSTRACT Objective To review the role of postprandial hyperglycemia in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Methods The pathogenic mechanisms involved in the deterioration of glucose tolerance are discussed, and findings from relevant epidemiologic and clinical interventional studies are presented. Results It is now well established that hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, with no apparent threshold. In clinical practice, glycemic exposure is measured by hemoglobin A1c levels. These values reflect the contribution of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose levels during the previous 2 to 3 months. Epidemiologic studies have indicated that, at hemoglobin A1c levels (5.5%) already associated with a substantially increased risk for cardiovascular mortality, fasting plasma glucose levels are generally normal. These observations implicate isolated postprandial hyperglycemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Controlled interventional clinical trials have found that reduction of postprandial hyperglycemia decreases cardiovascular events or surrogates thereof. Conclusion Postprandial hyperglycemia should be considered a cardiovascular risk factor similar to hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and smoking; accordingly, it should be monitored and treated. (Endocr Pract. 2006;12[Suppl 1]:47-51)
Mode sorter and detector based on photon orbital angular momentum

Photons were generated possessing orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the form of Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) laser modes. Three Mach-Zehnder interferometer systems, with the use of Dove prisms, were constructed to sort and detect the LG modes based on their OAM state. Successful generating, sorting, and detecting of LG modes is the first step towards information encoding and decoding via lasers. It is possible to generate many LG modes, which can be orthogonally decoded. With many modes to encode information with it is possible to transfer more than one bit of information with a single photon using LG encoding. An experimental test of this concept was performed by demonstrating the generation and sorting of LG modes with attenuated intensities averaging below one photon passing through the system at a time. In summary, generating, sorting, and low-power detecting of specific LG modes were all demonstrated.
Self-stabilization: randomness to reduce space

It is shown that Dijkstra's k-state self-stabilizing protocol for mutual exclusion in a unidirectional ring can be converted to a 3-state protocol by replacing a counter with a random number generator.
Tissue kallikrein activation of the epithelial Na channel.

Epithelial Na Channels (ENaC) are responsible for the apical entry of Na+ in a number of different epithelia including the renal connecting tubule and cortical collecting duct. Proteolytic cleavage...
Identification of gastrin molecular variants in gastrinoma syndrome

The molecular species of gastrin in the circulation and in tumor extracts were studied in two groups of patients: (1) with benign gastrinoma and (2) with gastrinoma with liver metastases. Radioimmunoassays (RIAs) and immunoaffinity chromatography for the amino (NH2)- and amidated COOH-terminus of gastrin-17 (antiserum G17) and the NH2-terminus of gastrin-34 (antiserum G34) were employed. In both benign and metastatic tumors the molecular forms of gastrin in boiling water extracts measured by the gastrin-17 NH2- and COOH-terminal assays were similar. In addition to a molecular component resembling the amidated gastrin-17, there were also significant amounts of larger molecular weight (mol. wt.) forms. The larger mol. wt. forms absorbed by the NH2-terminus of G17 antiserum corresponded to the COOH-terminus-extended forms of gastrin-17. Furthermore, larger mol. wt. gastrins immunopurified by antiserum to the NH2-terminus of gastrin-34 corresponded to gastrin-34 extended molecules. Sera of patients with liver metastases had higher concentrations of the NH2-terminal of gastrin-17 whereas sera of patients with benign gastrinoma contained predominantly gastrins detected by the COOH-terminal assay. These results suggest that: (a) there are differences in the molecular pattern of gastrin in the circulation of patients with benign and metastatic gastrinomas; (b) gastrins which are fully processed with carboxy-terminal amidation predominate in the circulation of patients with benign gastrinoma; and (c) gastrins containing the gastrin-17 and COOH-terminally extended gastrin-17 and gastrin-34 precursor molecules occur in high concentration in the circulation of gastrinoma patients with metastases to the liver.
Alternative forecasts of U.S. school enrollments to 2050 when will a trend bend

This paper presents alternative forecasts of enrollments in grades K-12 for the period 1980–2050. The forecasts suggest that enrollments will continue to decline in the short run, perhaps by more than is currently recognized. The long-run position is, however, different. By 1995, K-8 enrollment should approximate its 1969 maximum, while by 2000 enrollment in grades 9–12 should be within 5% of its 1976 maximum. These increases will not be uniform across the nation. The most significant increases will occur in the South and West, with enrollments in the Northeast and Atlantic regions at least stabilizing.
Bioelectrics - Using Nanosecond Pulsed Power Technology to Control Biological Cell Functions

Summary form only given. A method called electroporation has been used for decades to introduce drugs or DNA into cells for basic science or for therapeutic purposes. Pulse durations for electroporation range from milliseconds to microseconds. Another domain of pulsed electric field interactions with cell structures and functions opens when the pulse duration is reduced to values below the characteristic charging time of the outer cell membrane. This intracellular access allows the manipulation of cell functions. At increased electric fields, the application of nanosecond pulses induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in biological cells. Results of this continuing research are leading to the development of wound healing and skin cancer treatments.