cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gathercast with active networks

Small packets constitute a large fraction of packets in the Internet. Gathercast is a network layer service that combines small packets going to the same destination into a single packet, reducing the number of packets in the network and saving computations at intermediate routers. We propose a new model for gathercast using active network techniques. With this model, gathercast is built throughout the network with low overhead, service parameters can be dynamically adjusted and end-user applications obtain benefits from gathercast without knowing its existence. We also present an implementation of the active gathercast.
Technique for the long-term storage of lobster (Homarus) spermatophores

We have developed a procedure for the long-term storage of lobster (Homarus) sperm. Sperm are collected from males by electrically stimulating the area around the gonopore. They are transferred with a bamboo stick to a plastic test tube containing paraffin oil and are stored for variable periods of time at 4–7°C. Sperm stored up to 289 days appear morphologically normal (equivalent to unstored sperm) when examined by phase contrast microscopy and electron microscopy, and morphologically normal sperm are able to undergo acrosome reactions. After longer periods of storage, degenerative changes begin to develop in sperm. These include loss of the nuclear spikes, condensation of the subacrosomal material, and distortion of the acrosome. Sperm stored better in spermatophores that had thick walls than in those with thin walls. In some spermatophores, bacteria were found in the sperm mass after storage; in general, sperm in these spermatophores were morphologically abnormal. This technique provides a means for saving lobster sperm for subsequent use in experiments or for artificial insemination of female lobsters. It may be adaptable to other invertebrate species that produce spermatophores.
Quantitative genetics of ovariole number in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Mutational variation and genotype-environment interaction.

The rare alleles model of mutation-selection balance (MSB) hypothesis for the maintenance of genetic variation was evaluated for two quantitative traits, ovariole number and body size. Mutational variances ( VM ) for these traits, estimated from mutation accumulation lines, were 4.75 and 1.97 × 10−4 times the environmental variance ( VE ), respectively. The mutation accumulation lines were studied in three environments to test for genotype × environment interaction (GEI) of new mutations; significant mutational GEI was found for both traits. Mutations for ovariole number have a quadratic relationship with competitive fitness, suggesting stabilizing selection for the trait; there is no significant correlation between mutations for body size and competitive fitness. Under MSB, the ratio of segregating genetic variance, VG , to mutational variance, V M , estimates the inverse of the selection coefficient against a heterozygote for a new mutation. Estimates of VG/VM for ovariole number and body size were both approximately 1.1 × 104. Thus, MSB can explain the level of variation, if mutations affecting these traits are under very weak selection, which is inconsistent with the empirical observation of stabilizing selection, or if the estimate of VM is biased downward by two orders of magnitude. GEI is a possible alternative explanation.
Coloured Ethnicity and Identity: A Case Study in the Former Coloured Areas in the Western Cape/South Africa

Coloured Ethnicity and Identity:. Case Study in the Former Coloured Areas in the Western Cape/South Africa. Birgit Pickel. Hamburg, Germany: Lit Veriag. 1997. 124 pp. (Paper US$ 19.95)
Oxygen‐Sensor‐Based Simple Assay of Histamine in Fish Using Purified Amine Oxidase

Oxygen consumption was measured by an oxygen sensor after addition of purified fungal amine oxidase to fish extracts. The oxidation of histamine to imidazoleacetaldehyde proceeded stoichiometrically. Based on the equimolar relationship between histamine and oxygen consumption, histamine was determined selectively by the oxygen sensor. Neither sample pretreatment removing interfering materials nor daily calibration by histamine standard was required. Histamine contents in scombroid fish were determined rapidly with good accuracy. AOAC and oxygen sensor methods showed a very high correlation (r=0.999, n=6).
High-intensity flash X-ray source for HERMES III

The design of an intense source of flash X-rays that delivers a measured peak dose and dose rate of 370 krad(Si) and 3.5*10/sup 13/ rad(Si)/s over a useful area of 80 cm/sup 2/ without target destruction is described, and measurements are compared with predictions of a numerical model. The quality of the agreement gives credibility to the measurements, validates the main assumptions of the model, and gives insight into the generation and transport of the electron/photon cascade within the source. >
Cardiac Involvement in Hereditary Ataxias

Although much attention has been focused on the neurological sequelae of the hereditary ataxias, patients with these conditions also may develop cardiac complications that represent a significant cause of disability and even death. In this article, the authors describe the hereditary ataxias with known cardiac involvement, discuss underlying causes, and review guidelines for screening and treatment. Continued progress will require coordinated clinical trial networks, interdisciplinary care teams, and team science.
Nexafs Studies of Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols Adsorbed on the Si(111)(7×7) Surface

The adsorption of formic acid (HCOOH), acrylic acid (CH2= CHCO2H), propiolic acid (HC=CCO2H), and the corresponding alcohols on the Si(111)(7×7) surface have been investigated by NEXAFS. In each case, well-defined dipole transitions to σ* and π* molecular orbital s were observed above the C and 0 K-edges and used to probe the orientation and chemistry of these molecules on this silicon surface. Monolayer coverages of these molecules on silicon, bond strongly to the silicon surface via the carboxylic acid or alcohol group. In contrast, the C-C double and triple bonds of these molecules do not react initially with the silicon surface. Upon heating, however, the C-C double and triple bonds which are held in proximity to the surface by the carboxylic acid or alcohol group, are lost either by polymerization on the surface or reaction with the silicon substrate. These results illustrate the capabilities of NEXAFS to investigate molecular orientations on surfaces and the electronic structure of polyatomic adsorbates.
Slurry Particle Agglomeration Model for Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP)

In this work we propose a particle agglomeration model for chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) under the primary motivation of understanding the creation and behavior of the agglomerated slurry abrasive particles during the CMP process, which are a major cause of defectivity and poor consumable utility due to sedimentation. The proposed model considers the slurry composition as a colloidal suspension of charged colloidal silica in an electrically neutral aqueous electrolyte. First, a theoretical relationship between the measurable chemical parameters of the slurry's aqueous electrolyte, the surface potential of the abrasive particles, and corresponding zeta potential between the agglomerated abrasive particles is presented. Secondly, this zeta potential is used in a modified DVLO interaction potential model to determine the particle interaction potentials due to both the attractive van Der Waals forces and repulsive electrostatic interactions. Finally, the total interaction potential created is then used to define a stability ratio for slow versus fast agglomeration and corresponding agglomeration rate equations between particles; these are used in a discrete population balance framework to describe the final particle size distribution with respect to time and agglomerate composition. The proposed model will provide both a qualitative and quantitative description of agglomeration of abrasive slurry particles during CMP that can be extended to account for slurry composition or abrasive particle type, enabling more accurate process control, increased consumable utility, and possible defectivity reduction.
Integration of Multilevel Security Features Into Loosely Coupled Inter-Organizational Workflows

This paper presents a Petri net-based method of integration of multi-level security features into loosely coupled inter-organizational workflows. MLS features are incorporated for each of the independent participating business organizations as well as for the overall inter-organizational workflow. Petri nets with message sequence charts are applied in representation of loosely coupled inter-organizational workflows
Evolution and revolution in instrumentation for plasma-source mass spectrometry

Plasma-source mass spectrometry, usually in the form of inductively coupled plas- ma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), has matured into a widely accepted method for ultra-trace multielemental analysis. However, the method exhibits shortcomings. For example, it does not provide adequate precision for isotope ratio measurements if many isotopes are to be determined. Moreover, isobaric overlaps (spectral interferences) can be very troublesome in some situations. Similarly, matrix interferences can adversely affect many determinations. Yet, it is in the area of high-speed transient measurements that ICP-MS perhaps suffers its greatest weakness. When sampling devices such as flow injection, laser ablation, elec- trothermal vaporization, or chromatography are employed, the user must choose between broad elemental or isotopic coverage and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). In turn, compromised S/N means lower precision or poorer detection limits. Here, new instrumentation aimed at overcoming these limitations will be described. One system, based on a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, provides excellent detection limits, resolving power better than commercial quadrupole mass filters, precision of at least 0.02% rsd in a ratioing mode, and extraordinar- ily high speed for use with transient sampling devices. The second instrument is based on a sector-field mass spectrometer but, unlike other such units, is equipped with a focal-plane array detector. So equipped, the system can detect a broad mass range at once.
"It wasn't me, was it?" Plagiarism and the Web

Issues of plagiarism are complex, and made all the more complicated by students’ increasing use of the World Wide Web as a research space. In this article, we describe several situations we faced as teachers in writing-intensive classrooms—experiences common to most teachers of writing. We share these examples to explore how issues related to plagiarism and its effects are both reproduced and change in new research spaces. We also share these stories to discuss how we can best handle plagiarism in first-year writing classrooms and how we can best equip students with the tools necessary to do appropriate research—both online and offline. © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
An interval estimation for the number of signals

We propose a multi-step procedure for constructing a confidence interval for the number of signals present. The proposed procedure uses the ratios of a sample eigen-value and the sum of different sample eigen-values sequentially to determine the upper and lower limits for the confidence interval. A preference zone in the parameter space of the population eigen-values is defined to separate the signals and the noise. We derive the probability of a correct estimation, P(CE), and the least favorable configuration (LFC) asymptotically under the preference zone. Some important procedure properties are shown. Under the asymptotic LFC, the P(CE) attains its minimum over the preference zone in the parameter space of all eigen-values. Therefore a minimum sample size can be determined in order to implement our procedure with a guaranteed probability requirement.
On the analytical computation of the interference statistics with applications to the performance evaluation of mobile radio systems

We provide a general analytical framework for the computation of the interference statistics in mobile radio cellular systems. This approach, which takes into account log-normal shadowing, distance path loss, best cell site selection and power control based on signal strength, applies to various cellular environments, including narrowband systems (e.g., IS-54 and Group Special Mobiles GSM) and code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. Some examples of application are provided.
Vertically integrated SOI circuits for low-power and high-performance applications

Vertical integration offers numerous advantages over conventional structures. By stacking multiple-material layers to form double gate transistors and by stacking multiple device layers to form multidevice-layer integration, vertical integration can emerge as the technology of choice for low-power and high-performance integration. In this paper, we demonstrate that the vertical integration can achieve better circuit performance and power dissipation due to improved device characteristics and reduced interconnect complexity and delay. The structures of vertically integrated double gate (DG) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) devices and circuits, and corresponding multidevice-layer (3-D) SOI circuits are presented; a general double-gate SOI model is provided for the study of symmetric and asymmetric SOI CMOS circuits; circuit speed, power dissipation of double-gate dynamic threshold (DGDT) SOI circuits are investigated and compared to single gate (SG) SOI circuits; potential 3-D SOI circuits are laid out. Chip area, layout complexity, process cost, and impact on circuit performance are studied. Results show that DGDT SOI CMOS circuits provide the best power-delay product, which makes them very attractive for low-voltage low-power applications. Multidevice-layer integration achieves performance improvement by shortening the interconnects. Results indicate that up to 40% of interconnect performance improvements can be expected for a 4-device-layer integration.
The effect of preplant nitrogen and soil temperature on yield and nitrogen accumulation of alfalfa 1

Abstract Recommendations for the use of preplant N in alfalfa establishment are controversial. Growth chamber experiments were conducted to examine the effect of preplant N and soil temperature on yield and N accumulation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Alfalfa was grown in river sand at three day/night soil temperatures (18/12°C, 24/16°C, and 27/21°C), and at five levels of preplant N (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 kg ha−1). At 18/12°C, 40 kg ha−1 preplant N resulted in a 69% increase in shoot dry matter yield. Dry matter and N accumulation rates were greatest at 40 and 80 kg ha−1. Preplant N effects on dry matter and N accumulation at 18/12°C were expressed primarily between the early bud and early flowering stages. Assessment of soil temperature and soil N availability is necessary to determine the potential for a yield response of alfalfa to preplant N.
In Vivo Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Integrin α2β1 in Prostate Cancer with Cell-Penetrating-Peptide–Conjugated DGEA Probe

The overexpression of integrin α2β1 has been demonstrated to correlate with prostate tumor aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Recently, we reported that the DGEA peptide is a promising targeting ligand for near-infrared fluorescence and microPET imaging of integrin α2β1 expression in prostate cancers. Here, we aimed to further improve the targeting efficacy of this peptide by incorporating a series of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) into the DGEA sequence. Methods: After the conjugation with appropriate fluorescent dyes, the CPP-DGEA peptides were evaluated in human prostate cell lines (PC-3, CWR-22, and LNCaP) that contain different integrin α2β1 expression levels. In addition, to reduce excess kidney uptake, a carboxypeptidase-specific sequence Gly-Lys was incorporated into the probe design, allowing for cleavage by the kidney brush border enzymes of the CPP before uptake by proximal tubule cells. Results: Although the CPP motif greatly facilitated the translocation of CPP-DGEA without affecting binding specificity in vitro, fluorescent dye–labeled CPP-DGEA demonstrated extremely high kidney uptake in vivo. Kidney uptake was dramatically decreased after a carboxypeptidase-specific peptide linker (Gly-Lys) had been incorporated into the probe design. The optimized probe demonstrated a prominent accumulation of activity in PC-3 tumor (integrin α2β1–positive). Receptor specificity was confirmed with blocking experiments and evaluation in a CWR-22 control tumor model with low α2β1 expression. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the introduction of a CPP sequence can facilitate the internalization of an integrin-targeted peptide probe in vitro. Moreover, a cleavable peptide linker successfully reduced kidney uptake while preserving good tumor uptake in vivo.
Effects of interactions with older males on behavior and reproductive development in first‐year male red‐winged blackbirds Agelaius phoeniceus

Male red-winged blackbirds Agelaius phoeniceus in their first year normally do not establish territories or breed. To investigate the possibility that interactions with older males might inhibit reproductive development of young males, we compared the behavior of first-year males in the presence and absence of older males. For three months during the first half of the breeding season, we studied mixed- and single-age groups of three males in standardized outdoor aviaries: two groups of three first-year males (FFF groups), two groups of one older and two first-year males (AFF groups), and one group of three older males (AAA group). In all groups one male established clear dominance, invariably the older male in AFF groups. The dominant male in FFF groups displaced subordinates less frequently than did the dominant older male in AFF groups early in the season, but equally frequently later. In May the largest testies weights of males in FFF groups were significantly lower than those of dominant older males in AFF groups. First-year males in the absence of direct interactions with older males can achieve levels of aggressive behavior comparable to those of a dominant older male in similar social environments but the seasonal development of their aggressive behavior occurs later and their testes in May are smaller than dominant adults'. This delay in the seasonal development of aggressive behavior in first-year males, independent of the immediate social environment, suggests that the age-dependent territoriality of males in this species is not strongly regulated by effects of older males on the development of younger males.
The barrel shower counter for the Mark III detector at spear

Abstract The barrel shower counter used in the Mark III detector at SPEAR is described. This unimodular cylindrical detector is placed inside the Mark III solenoidal magnet coil. The design, construction details and electronics are discussed. Its performance is studied using high statistics data from ψ(3095) decays. The main features are 76% of 4π sr solid angle coverage, good detection efficiency for photons down to 100 MeV, fine segmentation to obtain 7 mrad angular resolution in the azimuthal angle φ, position resolution of 0.8%×wire length in the axial direction using charge division and overall energy resolution of 17.5%/√ E .
Defense Information System HF entry-a look to the future

The advent of state-of-the-art equipment, combined with new interoperability and performance standards such as Federal Standard 1045 (automatic link establishment) and MIL STD-188-110A (for high-performance modems); as well as automated computer-based interface and control systems, procedures, and protocols, has resulted in the reemergence of HF radio as a reliable, high-performance vehicle for long distance (over-the-horizon) connectivity as well as remote operation from subscriber locations by people who no longer require special training in HF radio techniques. The author describe the application of these new technologies in the Defense Information System HF Entry Station Modernization Program. Automatic voice access, secure voice access, automated HF radio operation and interoperability, and the fully integrated HF entry stations are all considered. >
A New Hormone-Responsive Hydrolase Activity in the Mouse Uterus*

A new hydrolase activity has been identified by its capability of cleaving t-boc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala-AMC, the released 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) being quantified fluorometrically. The activity in the 28,000 X g supernatant fraction of homogenates of weanling mouse uterus was about one fifth that of the adult mouse. The administration of estradiol to the weanling mouse caused a prompt increase in uterine hydrolase, the response being biphasic with peaks at 2 and 6 h. Stimulation was dose responsive and effectively blocked by cycloheximide and puromycin. Estrogen stimulation of hydrolase activity was also observed in the kidney (one fourth that of in the uterus), but not in the heart or liver. Progesterone and testosterone were poor stimulators, but estriol was as effective as estradiol. According to its elution profile in gel filtration, a molecular weight for the hydrolase of about 60,000 is suggested. Inhibition studies in vitro with crude enzyme preparations indicate a serine protease with a SH group essential for maximal activity. The natural substrate for the hydrolase has not been elucidated. It does not solubilize [3H]elastin, and the properties seem to eliminate plasminogen or latent collagenase as possible substrates.
High Altitude Cerebral Edema

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is usually a benign and self-limited illness that befalls previously healthy individuals who ascend rapidly to high altitude without sufficient acclimatization. In its more severe forms, AMS can progress to a life-threatening condition in which pulmonary or cerebral edema can occur singly or in concert. High altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a little-known clinical entity that manifests itself by a perplexing array of both generalized and localized neurological symptoms and signs. Furthermore, the development of HACE in climbers offers a unique experimental situation in which to examine the effects of hypoxia on the central nervous system. The epidemiology and clinical picture of HACE are reviewed. In addition, the pathology and predominant pathophysiological mechanisms postulated to explain HACE are examined, and the present recommendations for the prevention and treatment of this dangerous and unusual form of brain swelling are discussed.
Maximum PV size limited by the impact to distribution protection

Utilities issuing new PV interconnection permits must be aware of any risks caused by PV on their distribution networks. One potential risk is the degradation of the effectiveness of the network's protection devices (PDs). This can limit the amount of PV allowed in the network, i.e. the network's PV hosting capacity. This research studies how the size and location of a PV installation can prevent network PDs from operating as intended. Simulations are carried out using data from multiple actual distribution feeders in OpenDSS. The PD TCC are modeled to find the timing of PD tripping to accurately identify when PV will cause unnecessary customer outages. The findings show that more aggressive protection settings limit the amount of PV that can be placed on a network that does not cause more customer outages or damage network equipment.
Thermal stress induces epithelial permeability

The mechanisms by which heat injury results in multiorgan system failure are unknown, but the presence of endotoxemia and intestinal hemorrhage suggests that changes in gut epithelial permeability ...
Handheld Devices Fostering Self-Regulated Learning Processes

The use of mobile technologies has grown tremendously over the past several years and will presumably continue to do so. The use of mobile devices in the classroom is growing but there is little evidence supporting the efficacy of this practice. Therefore, the use of handheld devices fostering SRL processes is proposed in this study. The arguments hold that the efficacy of mobile learning can be augmented if SRL processes such as agency, motivation, and metacognition are taken into account. After reviewing self-regulated learning theory components, an experiment is proposed in order to test the effectiveness of homework delivered by SMS messages with SRL support in mobile learning environments.
Industrial Policy and Protectionism in Post-WWII Japan

In recent years Western government officials and business leaders have been not so quietly telling Japan to open its markets to foreign competition. None has complained more loudly than the U.S., as witnessed by the recent threat to impose a 100 percent tax on the importation of Japanese-made luxury cars and the Kodak versus Fuji film case filed by the U.S. against Japan in the World Trade Court. Westerners, indoctrinated in the principles of free market theory, generally believe that Japan’s protectionist policy is nothing more than another misguided case of mercantilism. It is argued that protectionist policies not only harm foreign firms by preventing them from entering the market, but also cause Japanese consumers to pay higher prices for the goods. The overall result is an inefficient allocation of resources and a lower economic growth rate for Japan.
Prostatic acid phosphatase activity in the postcoital vagina.

The criminal offense of rape has been defined in various ways by both legal and medical authorities [1ߝ4]. There appears to be general agreement that two requirements are essential for establishing the crime of rape: (1) the lack of consent of the alleged victim and (2) carnal knowledge (constituted by even the slightest penetration by the male organ). Because circumstantial evidence alone may be inadequate for proof, the physician and the forensic scientist are required to assume major roles in supplying objective information in cases of this kind. They can be called upon to furnish evidence pertaining to the above requirements. The physician assesses and describes whatever injuries and medical evidence there may be. The forensic scientist is typically concerned with demonstrating the presence of seminal fluid in locations that would indicate recent sexual activity.
Calcium enriched meat compared with milk as source of calcium phosphorus and protein.

SummaryThe nutritional value of a Ca-enriched meat diet has been investigated from the viewpoint of protein, Ca and P utilization. This has been compared experimentally with a milk diet containing the same quantities of essential food constituents. Balance studies were carried out in 2 young hospital patients. Total carcass and separate femur analyses were also made in rats on the 2 types of diet. The results of these studies indicated clearly that the Ca-supplemented meat diet was equally good as the milk diet as a source of Ca, P, and protein.
From Ferguson to Palestine: Disrupting Race-Based Policing

Since Michael Brown’s killing, “Ferguson” has become the battle cry of embattled black communities targeted by over-policing and activists protesting racist policing. The battle cry has been all too important, unfortunately, as more than a dozen other police on black shootings occurred over the next several months. The story has become all too familiar. A traffic stop or a call about someone acting out. The target might answer respectfully, blandly, or with some attitude. He or she might sprint to escape, sit still, or glance away with attitude. Whatever the trigger, the cop’s violent reaction can end with another unarmed black man or woman shot in the head.This article is based on an understanding that police in many parts of the country often are guilty of abusing their authority in a racist manner. The over-policing of African American communities in many respects can be traced to the “broken windows” model of policing. The model focuses on the importance of disorder (e.g. broken windows) in generating and sustaining more serious crime. The problem is that this approach has evolved into a zero-tolerance mentality in the cop-on-the-street, manifested in constant harassment of young black males. Another problem is Urban Shield, a controversial law enforcement training and weapons expo held in Alameda County every year, where companies that make military-style weaponry market their products to local police and fire departments. Urban Shield is coordinated by the Urban Areas Security Initiative, a key program in the extreme militarization of police departments seen in Ferguson, Baltimore, and many other black communities nationwide. In short, Urban Shield also inculcates law enforcement officials with a hard core enforcement mentality.Broken windows policing and Urban Shield represent disruptions in how police work is done. Disruption (a term we may be more familiar with in the technology world) literally uproots and changes how we think, behave, do business, learn and go about our day-to-day. The question for us today is whether we can offer disruptive alternatives to policing that offer real public safety in a manner that is not racist.Black Lives Matter and others are working on disruptive alternatives to create true community policing that is about public safety for all. Their rebellious method of organizing recognizes that meaningful, lasting change can only come about through collaboration with allies with common goals and experiences. Working with the labor movement, immigrant rights groups, Latino and Asian American organizations, and pro-Palestinian leaders represents a strong foundation for collective change. What are the disruptive approaches that will result? More civilian monitoring of the police? Training civilians to be first responders? Better training of police officers in de-escalation techniques? Better integration of police forces? Or something much more innovative and unconventional that is yet to be described?
Survey on AIDS-related knowledge and behavior among prostitutes in Jinghu district of Wuhu city,2011

Objective To investigate the awareness of AIDS related knowledge,behavior characters and condom use among female commercial sex workers(CSW) in Jinghu district,Wuhu,and provide references for vromote the 100% developing effectire measures to condom use among CSW in entertainment places,and strengthen health education,and prievent and control AIDS.Methods The unified questionnaire for sentinel surveillance of CSW was used for behavioral and serological survey among CSW in different levels of public amenities.Results A total of 405 CSW participated in this survey,of whose HIV antibody test were all negative.The syphilis infection rate was 9.63% and hepatitis C infection rate was 0.74%.There was no difference in the awareness of AIDS related knowledge between middle-high grade CSW groups and low grade groups(P0.05),however,there was significant difference in last-time condom use(P0.01) and last month's condom use(P0.01) between the two groups.There was difference in syphilis infection rate between the two groups(P0.01).Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the level of public amenities(P0.01,OR=4.19),education(P0.01,OR=1.82),awareness of AIDS related knowledge(P0.01,OR=2.09) and peer education(P=0.01,OR=1.94) were the influencing factors of condom use.Conclusion CSW from various grades of entertainment places had a high awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge,but the proportion of condom use at each commercial sex acting was low,especially for CSW from low grade places.The results indicates that we should explore more effective mode of behavior intervention to increase the rate of correct condom use among CSW,and reduce the risk of AIDS infection transmitted through sexual intercourse.
Purification and determination amino acid sequence of fibrinolytic enzyme from Agkistrodon acutus venom

Aim:To isolate the fibrinolytic enzyme from Agkistodon acutus venom,and define its characters and the amino acid sequence of the product.Methods:The fibrinolytic enzyme was purified from the Agkistrodon acutus venom through DEAE-Sepharose FF ion-exchange chromatography and Superdex 75 PG gel column chromatography.Results:The molecular weight of the separated enzyme was 25 kD by means of SDS-PAGE and its purity is more than 97% estimated by HPLC.The N-terminal sequence of the product was confirmed as MSTEF QRYME IVVNHS MVKKY NGDOD KIKAW.Conclusion:The process is practicable for separation of pure fibrinolytic enzyme with high specific activity from Agkistrodon acutus venom.It lay a foundation for the further pharmacological study.
Synergistic cytotoxicity as an endpoint for the development of rational chemotherapeutic. Drug combinations

Combination chemotherapy remains the principle approach to the treatment of disseminated human malignancies and evolved from the observation that single agents were ineffective against most metastatic cancers. Combination drug treatment was based on the premise that each agent, acting independently, would eradicate a unique population of cells sensitive to that agent, but possibly resistant to a second or third agent. The cumulative effect of all the drugs used would then translate into clinically detectable tumor regression. The agents used for the combination were selected on the basis of single-agent activity against the malignancy in question, often with the additional criterium that anticipated toxicities would not overlap [1].
Pitfalls of administrative database analysis are evident when assessing the ‘weekend effect’ in stroke

Commentary on : Li L, Rothwell PM. Biases in detection of apparent “weekend effect” on outcome with administrative coding data: population based study of stroke. BMJ 2016;353:i2648[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2]. Multiple studies attempt to clarify the role of weekend admissions in stroke.1 ,2 Recent studies have leveraged large populations in administrative databases to retrospectively evaluate hypotheses. While these studies disagree as to whether weekend admissions are associated with increased stroke mortality, concern exists regarding inherent limitations of administrative coding databases, including accuracy of patient and disease variables.3 Concern is justified, as coding inaccuracies unduly influence the study results. The Oxford Vascular Study (OXVASC), in contrast, contains detailed, comprehensive data prospectively recorded for all patients registered in Oxfordshire, the UK. The reviewed study admirably addresses administrative database accuracy, comparing data extracted from hospital coding with prospective OXVASC data, focusing on the accuracy of weekend versus weekday cohorts. … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.i2648%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F27185754%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=bmj&resid=353/may16_14/i2648&atom=%2Febmed%2F22%2F1%2F35.atom
A Clearance Step will become Increasingly Crucial for Pretargeted Tumor Therapy when Tumor Accumulation is Improved

This is a commentary on a paper we published in Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2010. This commentary addresses related concerns about adding a separate clearing agent in the pretargeted tumor therapy. Previous investigations of tumor pretargeting mostly focused on utilizing the characteristic rapid clearance of a small therapeutic effector to limit toxicity exposure to normal tissues, but at a price of reduced tumor accumulation. Nevertheless, at least in theory, this reduction of tumor accumulation is not inevitable. The effector structure should be able to be modulated for its highest tumor accumulation while keeping the normal tissue background of the free effector negligible. However, so far little effort has been made in this area. In connection with the reduction of the toxicity to normal tissues, inclusion of a clearing step is well known. This commentary is to indicate that, in the pretargeted tumor therapy, inclusion of a clearance step will be more crucial when tumor accumulation of the effector is improved. It is the prerequisite to redeem the benefit of improved tumor accumulation.
Numerical simulation of diverse thermal in situ upgrading processes for the hydrocarbon production from kerogen in oil shale reservoirs

We investigate the productivity and product selectivity of diverse thermal in situ upgrading processes in oil shale reservoirs. In situ upgrading processes applying the ideas of Shell In situ Conve...
Optimised Mie potentials for phase equilibria: application to alkynes

A transferable united-atom force field, based on Mie potentials, is presented for alkynes. The performance of the optimised Mie potential parameters is assessed for 1-alkynes and 2-alkynes using gr...
Two-stage and sequential sampling for estimation and testing with prescribed precision

Statistical data analysis includes several phases. First, there is the phase of data collection. Second, there is the phase of analysis and inference. The two phases are interconnected. There are t...
Electron–hole exchange blockade and memory-less recombination in photoexcited films of colloidal quantum dots

Understanding the recombination dynamics in quantum dots is crucial for their use in optoelectronic devices. A photocurrent spectroscopy study shows how two distinct relaxation mechanisms are at play over different timescales.
Other Tobacco Product Use Among Sexual Minority Young Adult Bar Patrons.

Introduction Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals smoke at rates 1.5–2 times higher than the general population, but less is known about LGB consumption of other tobacco products (OTPs) and gender differences. OTP use among young adult LGB bar patrons and the relationship among past quit attempts, intention to quit, and binge drinking with OTP use was examined. Methods A cross-sectional survey of young adults (aged 18–26) in bars/nightclubs in seven U.S. cities between 2012 and 2014 (N=8,010; 1,101 LGB participants) was analyzed in 2016. Logistic regressions examined current use of five OTPs (cigarillos, electronic cigarettes, hookah, chewing tobacco, and snus) and sexual minority status, adjusting for demographics and comparing LB women and GB men with their heterosexual counterparts. Results LGB bar/nightclub patrons used all OTPs more than their heterosexual counterparts. LB women were more likely than heterosexual women to use cigarillos, electronic cigarettes, hookah, chew, and snus. GB men were more likely than heterosexual men to smoke cigarillos, electronic cigarettes, hookah, and use chew and snus. Past-year quit attempt was associated with increased odds of electronic cigarette use in men and women, and increased odds of dual use (cigarettes and OTPs) among men. Intention to quit was negatively associated with dual use among women. Binge drinking was associated with increased use of all OTPs across genders. Conclusions LGB bar-going young adults are at higher risk for OTP use than their heterosexual counterparts. Bar-based interventions are needed to address all forms of tobacco use in this high-risk group.
Linking microscopic and macroscopic response in disordered solids

The modulus of a rigid network of harmonic springs depends on the sum of the energies in each of the bonds due to an applied distortion such as compression in the case of the bulk modulus or shear in the case of the shear modulus. However, the distortion need not be global. Here we introduce a local modulus, ${L}_{i}$, associated with changing the equilibrium length of a single bond, $i$, in the network. We show that ${L}_{i}$ is useful for understanding many aspects of the mechanical response of the entire system. It allows an efficient computation of how the removal of any bond changes the global properties such as the bulk and shear moduli. Furthermore, it allows a prediction of the distribution of these changes and clarifies why the changes of these two moduli due to removal of a bond are uncorrelated; these are the essential ingredients necessary for the efficient manipulation of network properties by bond removal.
Bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid. I. In vitro evidence for bacterial growth-inhibiting activity.

Abstract By measuring bacterial growth spectrophotometrically, it has been demonstrated that amniotic fluid fails to support the growth of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis , and Staphylococcus aureus . Dilution of amniotic fluid in water prior to addition of an inoculum of Escherichia coli results in a loss of inhibition. Comparable results are obtained whether growth is monitored by plate count or spectrophotometry. Plate-count studies revealed that amniotic fluid may be diluted to 30 per cent of its original concentration and still retain enough inhibitory activity to maintain bacterial counts at a lower level than for an equivalent inoculum in distilled water. Growth of Escherichia coli in amniotic fluid is inversely related to amniotic fluid concentration. Amniotic fluid does not fail to support bacterial growth because of nutritional inadequacy but contains some material which suppresses bacterial growth.
Replacement policy of residential lighting optimized for cost, energy, and greenhouse gas emissions

Accounting for 10% of the electricity consumption in the US, artificial lighting represents one of the easiest ways to cut household energy bills and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by upgrading to energy-efficient technologies such as compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) and light emitting diodes (LED). However, given the high initial cost and rapidly improving trajectory of solid-state lighting today, estimating the right time to switch over to LEDs from a cost, primary energy, and GHG emissions perspective is not a straightforward problem. This is an optimal replacement problem that depends on many determinants, including how often the lamp is used, the state of the initial lamp, and the trajectories of lighting technology and of electricity generation. In this paper, multiple replacement scenarios of a 60 watt-equivalent A19 lamp are analyzed and for each scenario, a few replacement policies are recommended. For example, at an average use of 3 hr day−1 (US average), it may be optimal both economically and energetically to delay the adoption of LEDs until 2020 with the use of CFLs, whereas purchasing LEDs today may be optimal in terms of GHG emissions. In contrast, incandescent and halogen lamps should be replaced immediately. Based on expected LED improvement, upgrading LED lamps before the end of their rated lifetime may provide cost and environmental savings over time by taking advantage of the higher energy efficiency of newer models.
Brachypodium distachyon, a New Model for the Triticeae

Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) is a small annual grass with biological, physical and genomic attributes (e.g. rapid cycling, small stature, inbreeding, small genome, diploid accessions) suitable for use as a modern model system. In pursuit of this goal, researchers have made rapid progress in developing genomic resources that will transform Brachypodium into a powerful model system including: facile Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods, BAC libraries, physical maps, genetic maps, and germplasm resources. In addition, a preliminary 4x draft of the entire genome has been released, and completion of the final 8x assembly is anticipated in 2009. This chapter provides an overview of the advantages of Brachypodium as a model system and surveys the use and potential applications of this system to aid wheat, barley and Lolium research.
Are one-time contributors different?: a comparison to core and periphery developers in FLOSS repositories

Context: Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) communities consist of different types of contributors. Core contributors and peripheral contributors work together to create a successful project, each playing a different role. One-Time Contributors (OTCs), who are on the very fringe of the peripheral developers, are largely unstudied despite offering unique insights into the development process. In a prior survey, we identified OTCs and discovered their motivations and barriers. Aims: The objective of this study is to corroborate the survey results and provide a better understand of OTCs. We compare OTCs to other peripheral and core contributors to determine whether they are distinct. Method: We mined data from the same code-review repository used to identify survey respondents in our previous study. After identifying each contributor as core, periphery, or OTC, we compared them in terms of patch size, time interval from submission to decision, the nature of their conversations, and patch acceptance rates. Results: We identified a continuum between core developers and OTCs. OTCs create smaller patches, face longer time intervals between patch submission and rejection, have longer review conversations, and face lower patch acceptance rates. Conversely, core contributors create larger patches, face shorter time intervals for feedback, have shorter review conversations, and have patches accepted at the highest rate. The peripheral developers fall in between the OTCs and the core contributors. Conclusion: OTCs do, in fact, face the barriers identified in our prior survey. They represent a distinct group of contributors compared to core and peripheral developers.
Atherosclerotic Heart Disease in Women With Autoimmune Rheumatologic Inflammatory Conditions

Women have a higher prevalence of several inflammatory rheumatologic conditions. These include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic sclerosis (SSc) to name a few. These conditions are all associated with higher rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality, which is driven primarily by atherosclerotic heart disease. Traditional risk factors are important considerations in the assessment of CV risk in the rheumatologic patient; however, these factors do not appear to impart a similar weight of risk in women with inflammatory autoimmune rheumatologic conditions. In addition, even when controlling for traditional risk factors, patients with RA or SLE continue to have a higher risk of CV events, which has been linked to the burden of systemic inflammation. Currently, the CV risk scoring systems available for the general population underestimate the burden of the problem in these complex patients. The increased CV risk in patients with rheumatologic diseases has been reported in the literature for years but remains underrecognized by internists and cardiologists. Although these conditions themselves are relatively rare, the further study of inflammation and its treatment in CV disease will be beneficial to the general population.
Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning Attenuates Cerebrovascular Depression During Sinusoidal Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation via α1-Adrenoceptor-Protein Kinase Cε-Endothelial NO Synthase Pathway in Rats.

BackgroundVasovagal syncope (VVS) is characterized by hypotension and bradycardia followed by lowering of cerebral blood flow. Remote limb ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is well documented to prov...
Exact Semiclassical Solution for Four-Wave Mixing

Four-wave mixing is of importance both fundamentally and for spectroscopic diagnostics. Extensive perturbational investigations of the process have been done both directly1 and diagramatically.2,3 Exact solutions for various particular physical processes have been previously obtained.4–10 In this paper, we develop a technique for the semiclassical exact solution of a four-wave mixing process. For the sake of brevity, we will specialize to the dominant path, but the technique is applicable to other paths as well.