cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Poor Expression: Concealing Social Class Stigma

Three studies found that people from lower-class backgrounds are less expressive toward interaction partners from upper-class backgrounds except in contexts where they share minority status on another dimension. In Study 1, White lower-class dyad members behaved less expressively than their upper-class interaction partners, while in African American and Latino dyads, upper- and lower-class individuals were similarly expressive. In Study 2, lower-class White participants reported feeling generally less comfortable about interacting with an upper-class partner but not when they shared numerical minority status of being residents of the same state traveling away from home. Finally, Study 3 revealed that lower-class individuals intentionally act differently with upper-class individuals but not with lower-class ones. Upper-class individuals act the same with lower- and upper-class partners alike.
Immunocytochemical localization of GABA and glycine in amacrine and displaced amacrine cells of macaque monkey retina

Recent studies have varied widely in the percentages of GABA- and glycine-immunoreactive (GABA+, GLY+) amacrines reported for primate retina. We compared the distributions of GABA+ and GLY+ amacrines and displaced amacrines at seven locations along the horizontal meridian of macaque retina using postembedding immunogold labeling with silver intensification. The percentage of GABA+ amacrine profiles was higher in central retina (50–55%) than peripheral retina (30–40%), whereas the percentage of GLY+ amacrine profiles did not vary much with eccentricity (52–57%). GABA and glycine were colocalized in 5–20% of amacrines, depending on the eccentricity, whereas 5–30% of amacrines were not immunoreactive for either neurotransmitter. GABA+ amacrines were slightly larger than GLY+ amacrines or Muller cells. In the ganglion cell layer, 5–20% of neurons were labeled for either GABA or glycine and were identified as displaced amacrines. Of these, 53% were GABA+ only, 11% were GLY+ only, and 37% were double-labeled. A few large, very lightly labeled GABA+ cells were identified as ganglion cells. Other features that varied with eccentricity included the linear density of GABA+ and GLY+ amacrines, and the ratio of amacrines to Muller cells.
Dynamical screening at the metal - semiconductor interface and excitonic superconductivity

We examine the possibility of excitonic superconductivity at a metal - semiconductor interface. An ab initio RPA calculation of the screened Coulomb electron - electron interaction is performed for the silicon - jellium multilayer model. The superconducting kernel for this multilayered system is found to be positive in the whole frequency range considered. We show that the inclusion of local field effects does not change the sign of the kernel and thus does not enhance the excitonic mechanism.
An amplitude spectral tonometer

Abstract Variations in harmonic amplitudes of one-dimensional recurrent signals of the types encountered in medical tonometry are analyzed over finite length records by single Fourier series. Two regularizational algorithms, one differentiation-invoking and the other differentiation-free, are advanced for the design of a universal amplitude spectral “tonometer” for such signals.
Quantitative prediction of human cancer risk from rodent carcinogenic potencies: a closer look at the epidemiological evidence for some chemicals not definitively carcinogenic in humans.

Abstract The existence of rodent carcinogens for which at least one epidemiological study found no evidence of human carcinogenicity has been claimed to provide evidence of the poor predictivity of rodent bioassays ( F. K. Ennever, T. J. Noonan, and H. S. Rosenkranz (1987) . Mutagenesis, 2, 73–78). We have performed quantitative comparisons of the rodent and human carcinogenic potencies for these same chemicals. Starting with the rodent TD50 at the most sensitive site, we derived a predicted human incidence for the degree of exposure and duration of follow-up corresponding to the most comprehensive epidemiological study available, and then we compared the predicted incidence with the observed incidence. If a chemical produced no statistically significant increase in cancer at any site in the exposed population, consistency with rodent results is inferred if the minimum rodent TD50 is sufficiently high that no attributable cases would have been expected under the actual conditions of human exposure and follow-up. For 18 of the 22 chemicals examined, the human evidence is consistent with the predictions based on the rodent bioassay results. For two chemicals, dichlorobenzidine and ethylene thiourea, there is not enough epidemiological information to make a useful comparison with rodent bioassay data. For the two remaining chemicals, actinomycin D and vinylidene chloride, the human evidence is inconsistent with the predictions. But the conditions of the rodent bioassay of actinomycin D were inappropriate for the comparison, and for vinylidene chloride the human exposure dose and duration were uncertain; either chemical might yet demonstrate consistency with the rodent results in future epidemiological studies.
Formation, trapping and kinetics of H atoms in wet zeolites and mesoporous silica ☆

Abstract Pulse radiolysis and time-resolved EPR were used to study mobile H atoms in wet porous solids, including zeolites and mesoporous molecular sieves. The time-resolved study was accompanied by measurements of trapped H atoms at low temperatures. Radiolytic H atoms arise from both the solid matrix and adsorbed water. Under conditions of high dose rate, the H atoms mainly decay by reaction with matrix defects. An interesting detail of H atom diffusion in these systems is the apparent segregation into different “phases”. The different phases can be silica and water (MCM-41) or they can be different pore systems in the solid (Y zeolite).
Holographic description of D3-branes in flat space

We describe a scheme for constructing the holographic dual of the full D3-brane geometry with a charge K by embedding it into a large anti\char21{}de Sitter space of size N. Such a geometry is realized in a multicenter anti\char21{}de Sitter geometry which admits a simple field theory interpretation as an $\mathrm{SU}(N+K)$ gauge theory broken to $\mathrm{SU}(N)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(K).$ We find that the characteristic size of the D3-brane geometry is of order ${(K/N)}^{1/4}{U}^{0}$ where ${U}^{0}$ is the scale of the Higgs vacuum expectation value. By choosing N to be much larger than K, the scale of the D3-brane metric can be well separated from the Higgs scale in the radial coordinate. We generalize the holographic energy-distance relation and estimate the characteristic energy scale associated with these radial scales, and find that the $E/U$ relation becomes effectively U independent in the range ${(K/N)}^{1/2}{U}^{0}lUl{U}^{0}.$ This implies that all detailed structure of the D3-brane geometry is encoded in the fine structure of the boundary gauge theory at around the Higgs scale.
Evaluation of Analytical Endpoints to Predict Carcinogenic Potency of Mineral Oils

Abstract We have compared three sample preparation and analysis methods currently used for estimating the biological activity of mineral oils. The Institute of Petroleum Method 346/80, the Mobil Oil PAC Method and the Multiple PAC Marker approach were evaluated using a number of mineral oils previously assayed by a modification of the Ames Salmonella mutagenesis assay and the two-year mouse skin-painting bioassay. Both the Mobil PAC and IP-346 methods correlated well with the dermal carcinogenic potency of the oils. No substantive difference was observed between the two methods in their ability to provide a measure of the biological activity of oil, sufficient to predict tumorigenic potency. On the other hand, no significant relationship was observed between the levels of individual or summed 10 unsubstituted PAC (Multiple Marker approach) and the biological activity of the oils. The lack of correlation is attributed to the fact that the unsubstituted PAC are not sufficiently representative of the predomi...
Individual Consistencies in Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffects.

A study of kinesthetic figural aftereffects in 32 Ss showed consistency within each of two testing sessions with respect to baseline judgments and magnitude of the aftereffect. Between testing sess...
Genomic clues to ethnic differences in ALL.

In this issue of Blood , de Smith et al, in a new case-control association study of polymorphisms in key immunologic genes KIR and HLA , provide further evidence that genetic variation may contribute to differences in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) incidence between Hispanic and non-
Nitrate flux into the sediments of a shallow oligohaline estuary during large flood pulses of Mississippi River water.

Lake Pontchartrain is a large, oligohaline estuary located in coastal Louisiana that receives episodic diversions of nitrogen-rich Mississippi River water via the Bonnet Carre Spillway to alleviate flood threats to the city of New Orleans. These events may be linked to expressions of eutrophication, and it is therefore important to investigate pathways of nitrate (NO) loss. Nitrate flux into the sediments of Lake Pontchartrain was investigated using two independent methods: (i) simulating high NO flood events under aerobic and anaerobic incubations in intact sediment cores collected during 2010 and (ii) in situ field measurements of the vertical profiles of dissolved inorganic nitrogen species at the sediment-water interface during the 2011 Bonnet Carre Spillway opening. Mean rates of NO flux into sediments based on mass transfer in intact cores collected in 2010 and in situ porewater measurements in 2011 were -17.4 and -1.4 mg NO-N m d, respectively, for water column NO concentrations observed in situ in 2011. During the laboratory incubations, there was no significant difference in NO flux between oxygen treatments. We estimate that NO flux into sediments accounted for up to 3.1% (309 Mg NO-N) of water column NO loss during the 2008 Bonnet Carre Spillway event. Sediment characteristics, field measurements, and results from the laboratory experiment suggest that denitrification is the primary pathway for NO reduction. Even though there is significant NO reduction occurring in Lake Pontchartrain sediments during Mississippi River diversion events, this pathway of NO loss from the water column plays a relatively minor role in the transformation of the very large amount of NO received during these times.
Oxygen electroreduction through a superoxide intermediate on bi-modified Au surfaces.

The mechanism of the electroreduction of oxygen on bare and Bi-submonolayer-modified Au(111) surfaces is examined using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements along with detailed density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The spectroscopy reveals the presence of superoxide-level species at potentials where oxygen is reduced. These species are not present in solutions absent either oxygen or Bi at these potentials. The spectroscopy also reveals the presence of Bi−OH species which are associated with peroxide reduction. Detailed calculations show oxygen associates much more strongly with Bi in the (2 × 2) configuration on Au(111) relative to the bare Au surface. Additionally, the O−O bond is elongated following O2 association, which follows as a consequence of Bi−O bond formation and partial oxidation of the Bi adatom. These results show for the first time that the four-electron electroreduction of oxygen electroreduction occurs via a series pathway on the Bi-modified surface in acid solution.
Canonical transformation applications to optimal trajectory analysis.

Canonical transformation and Hamilton-Jacobi theories applied to space vehicle trajectory analysis, discussing elliptical coast arc and optimal low thrust problems
Does Charging Nonprofit Volunteers Affect Their Satisfaction

Nonprofits that offer volunteer experiences in foreign countries have long charged fees to their volunteers, but recently some other nonprofit organizations have begun to charge as well. Volunteer attitudes toward such fees have not previously been studied. Product marketing research has suggested that fees can sometimes improve participants’ evaluation of their experience, but public service motivation research seems to suggest that fees will diminish participants’ satisfaction. This study examines the attitudes toward fees of 4,400 volunteers who paid $310 to participate in a week-long project that built and repaired housing in Appalachia. Although a third of volunteers believed that the fee enhanced their appreciation of the program, an equal proportion disagreed. An even larger percentage of the volunteers believed the fee discouraged some volunteers. Concerns with fees were more common among youth volunteers than adult volunteers and among those who volunteered for altruistic rather than for career reasons. Most volunteers, even those critical of fees, were positive about their volunteer experience, but those who were least positive about the fees were also somewhat less positive about their experience. These results suggest that decisions about volunteer fees must balance the benefits of additional funds for enhanced client services against the likelihood of discouraging some potential volunteers, especially younger or more altruistic volunteers.
Context-based apprehension versus planning demands: A communibiological analysis of anticipatory public speaking anxiety

In recent years, communication scholars have turned their attention toward the etiology of communicator traits, including communication apprehension. Three general models of communication apprehension development have been proposed: (1) genetics, (2) social learning, and (3) inadequate skills acquisition. In general, scholars tend to view none of these models as sufficient, opting instead to conclude that communication apprehension probably results from a combination of all three factors. Beatty and McCroskey's communibiological model, however, places inborn, individual differences in the sensitivity of neurobiological systems at the center of communication apprehension. Although the communibiological perspective has been compared to learning perspectives on communication apprehension, proponents of the communibiological perspective have not considered the predictive power of the skills acquisition approach. In the present study, hypotheses derived from the skills acquisition literature were tested. Speci...
Oxygenase properties of crystallized fraction 1 protein from tobacco

Abstract Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate-dependent oxygenase activity was demonstrated for crystallized Fraction 1 protein (RuDP 2 carboxylase EC 4.1.1.39) from tobacco. The kinetic properties of this oxygenase function were examined polarographically in air-equilibrated medium. Optimum activity was obtained at pH 8.4–8.6, and required 4–8 m m MgCl 2 . Higher Mg 2+ concentrations decreased activity and slightly shifted the pH optimum to 8.2–8.3. The apparent K m (RuDP) and K m (Mg 2+ ) were 22 μ m and 0.5 m m , respectively. Oxygenase activity was inhibited by bicarbonate and indirectly by KCN. Kinetic studies suggest that the active inhibitory substance is the cyanohydrin derivative formed from the reaction of KCN with RuDP. Changes in oxygenase kinetics were observed upon addition of RuDP, as previously reported for the carboxylase function of this enzyme. Oxygenase activity required preincubation of the enzyme with both Mg 2+ and low concentrations of bicarbonate. Activities were enhanced about 20 and 70% when FDP (0.1 m m ) and NADPH (0.5 m m ), respectively, were included during preincubation.
Parathyroid hormone effects on skeletal exchangeable calcium and bone blood flow

The effects of alterations in serum calcium levels on the volume of distribution of a calcium tracer in bone and on bone blood flow were investigated in dogs by manipulation of parathyroid status. The volume of distribution increases with increasing serum calcium. This implies that there is a concentration-dependent binding mechanism in the extravascular space of bone, which is not saturated at the levels of serum calcium achieved in these experiments. The skeletal exchangeable calcium was increased in hypercalcemic dogs and decreased in hypocalcemic dogs. Cancellous bone contains proportionately more exchangeable calcium than cortical bone. Bone blood flow was decreased by 50% 15 min after injection of a bolus of parathyroid hormone (PTH) but returned to control values by 240 min. Fifty-two hours after the induction of hypercalcemia with repeated doses of PTH, there was no difference in blood flow over control animals.
Adaptive control of nonlinearly parameterized systems: a nonsmooth feedback framework

This paper introduces a nonsmooth framework for global adaptive control of a significant class of nonlinearly parameterized systems with uncontrollable unstable linearization. While there may not exist any smooth static or dynamic stabilizer due to the violation of the well-known necessary condition, we give sufficient conditions for the existence of non-Lipschitz continuous adaptive regulators that achieve global stability with asymptotic state regulation. A constructive design method is developed based on an effective coupling of a new parameter separation technique and the tool of adding a power integrator, leading to C/sup 0/ adaptive regulators with minimal parameterization. Indeed, the dimension of the proposed dynamic compensator can always be one, irrespective of the number of unknown parameters. The power of our continuous adaptive control strategy is demonstrated by solving a number of challenging adaptive stabilization problems that have remained open for more than a decade.
Estimation of mating systems in Short and Tall ecomorphs of the coral Favia fragum.

We used 15 microsatellite markers to estimate the selfing rate (s), outcrossing rate (t(O) ) and hybridization between partially sympatric ecomorphs (t(H) ) of the coral Favia fragum. Genotyping of progeny arrays revealed complete self-fertilization in the Tall ecomorph and low outcrossing (t(O) + t(H) < 1%) in the Short ecomorph. Further, all larvae could be assigned with high probability to the same population as their parental dam, indicating no hybridization between ecomorphs (t(H) = 0). Despite low ecological estimates of outcrossing, Q values from highly structured adult populations indicated that 9% of the adult samples were the products of outcrossing, and an additional 11% were hybrids. Reproductive isolation appears to have a strong geographical component, as we did not detect hybrids at a second site where the two ecomorphs were distributed in complete microallopatry. Adult estimates of gene flow within ecomorphs may be positively biased by ecomorph-specific patterns of inbreeding depression, but cryptic gene flow between ecomorphs is most likely explained by undetected outcrossing and the fact that hybrid lineages persist after repeated generations of self-fertilization. Our microsatellite data show that phenotypic differences between ecomorphs are maintained in sympatry despite evidence for hybridization.
QoS and fault-tolerant based distributed dynamic channel allocation protocol for cellular networks

Earlier studies on dynamic channel allocation protocols based upon the mutual exclusion paradigms have shown promising results. Though, very little data have been reported on how to integrate the quality of service (QoS) and fault tolerant components within these schemes. These two components are vital to the success of the deployment of future generation of wireless networks. Mobile users are not expected to have their connections cut off because of a base station or a link failure and require QoS guarantees on their connections. In this paper, we present an efficient QoS and fault tolerant based protocol for dynamic channel allocation using the mutual exclusion paradigm. Its main feature is its ability to tolerate the base station failure, mobile host failure and communication link failure, as well as reducing the connection dropping rate. QoS provisions are guaranteed in our protocol. We present our QoS and fault-tolerant protocol, and report on its performance evaluation using an extensive set of simulation experiments
Aberrant alternative splicing and extracellular matrix gene expression in mouse models of myotonic dystrophy

The common form of myotonic dystrophy (DM1) is associated with the expression of expanded CTG DNA repeats as RNA (CUG(exp) RNA). To test whether CUG(exp) RNA creates a global splicing defect, we compared the skeletal muscle of two mouse models of DM1, one expressing a CTG(exp) transgene and another homozygous for a defective muscleblind 1 (Mbnl1) gene. Strong correlation in splicing changes for approximately 100 new Mbnl1-regulated exons indicates that loss of Mbnl1 explains >80% of the splicing pathology due to CUG(exp) RNA. In contrast, only about half of mRNA-level changes can be attributed to loss of Mbnl1, indicating that CUG(exp) RNA has Mbnl1-independent effects, particularly on mRNAs for extracellular matrix proteins. We propose that CUG(exp) RNA causes two separate effects: loss of Mbnl1 function (disrupting splicing) and loss of another function that disrupts extracellular matrix mRNA regulation, possibly mediated by Mbnl2. These findings reveal unanticipated similarities between DM1 and other muscular dystrophies.
Vibration does not improve results of the canalith repositioning procedure.

Objective To determine whether, in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), the canalith repositioning procedure performed with vibration applied over the mastoid bone of the affected ear is more effective in resolving the symptoms and preventing recurrence of BPPV than the procedure performed without vibration. Design Retrospective case review. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients Ninety-four patients diagnosed as having BPPV involving the posterior semicircular canal. Interventions Patients were assigned to one of 2 treatment groups: the canalith repositioning procedure with vibration (n=44) and with no vibration (n=50). Main Outcome Measures Effectiveness of treatment was determined through clinical reevaluation or reported through a telephone interview 1 week after treatment. Intensity of symptoms was quantified on a scale of 1 to 3 (mild, moderate, or severe); effectiveness of treatment was categorized on a scale of 1 to 4 (cure, much better, better, or no change). Rate of recurrence was determined through later clinical reevaluation or a telephone interview. Results At 1 week, 57 of the 94 patients were cured and 16 were much better, providing a 78% overall success rate. There was no significant difference in effectiveness of the treatment or the frequency of reoccurrence of BPPV between the vibration and no-vibration groups as determined from the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method and log-rank test. Rate of recurrence was 47% at a maximum follow-up of 5.25 years. Conclusions Our results suggest that, while the canalith repositioning procedure is effective in the treatment of BPPV, vibration applied during the maneuver does not significantly affect short-term or long-term outcomes.
Policy-Based Service Provisioning in a Wireless Network with Variable Channel Data Rates

Admission control is a critical networking function in home networks developed to address diverse QoS requirements and accommodate user preferences. Home networks have evolved considerably with the advent of wireless networking. This paper describes a method for prioritized admission control in a wireless network with variable channel data rates to optimize policy-based provisioned services.
An Empirical Study of Judicial Review of Agency Interpretations of Agency Rules

In this essay, Pierce and Weiss report the results of a study of judicial review of agency interpretations of agency rules. Prior studies found that, while courts at all levels uphold about 70% of agency actions, the Supreme Court upholds 91% of agency interpretations of agency rules. Pierce and Weiss find that lower courts do not confer this type of super deference on agency interpretations of agency rules. District courts and circuit courts uphold 76% of such agency actions. That is within the range of the findings of prior studies of judicial review of other types of agency actions and much lower than the rate at which the Supreme Court upholds agency interpretations of agency rules. Pierce and Weiss also find no evidence that judges are influenced by their political or ideological preferences when they review agency interpretations of agency rules. That finding is consistent with the findings of a prior study of judicial review of agency findings of fact, but it is inconsistent with the findings of several studies of judicial review of agency interpretations of agency-administered statutes and of judicial review of agency policy decisions.
On the coupling of energy in parallel plane waveguides

Many EM phenomena may be framed in the context of the excitation and propagation of waves between parallel conducting planes at frequencies below f/sub 0/ where only the TEM or "zero" mode propagates. For a localized source, propagation is in the radial TEM mode, described by Hankel functions, with E and H decreasing much slower in the far field (r/sup -1/2/) than free-space radiation (r/sup -1/). The excitation of these waves has frequently been underestimated. Source currents below the TEM cutoff frequency f/sub 0/ couple capacitively, with a coupling factor determined by a simple distance ratio. Higher frequency sources are more complex, but computer analysis shows that rapid transients launch wavelets whose frequency is somewhat below f/sub 0/ to satisfy quasistatic boundary conditions, with total energy comparable to that "radiated" at the source frequencies. The combination of strong coupling and slow decrease with distance may help explain "anomalously" large EM signals over a broad range of frequencies and geometric scales, from ELF energy between the Earth and ionosphere which may sustain for milliseconds the mesospheric optical emissions known as "red sprites" to VHF energy in portable electronic devices (PEDs) which may have sometimes interfered with avionic systems. The coupling of energy into the boundaries is thought to be due largely to excess charge momentarily released into the conductors by passing wavelets.
Hemopericardium and Cardiac Tamponade Associated with Dabigatran Use

OBJECTIVE:To describe 2 cases of hemopericardium following treatment with dabigatran.CASE SUMMARIES:A 70-year-old male with a history of dabigatran use presented with cough, fatigue, and bloody stools. The patient had a large hyperdense pericardial effusion caused by accumulation of bloody fluid, leading to hypotension and shock. Approximately 1000 mL of hemorrhagic fluid was drained from the pericardial space. A 77-year-old female was admitted for treatment of pneumonia and atrial fibrillation. Dabigatran was initiated and, after 6 doses, the patient developed abdominal pain, respiratory distress, and shock. She was diagnosed with pericardial effusion leading to cardiac tamponade. Pericardiocentesis and thoracentesis procedures removed a cumulative total of 2000 mL of bloody fluid.DISCUSSION:Dabigatran is an oral direct thrombin inhibitor approved for the reduction of stroke and systemic embolism risk in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. In December 2011, the Food and Drug Administration rel...
Havel's Actors

In Vaclav Havel's first published essay, ‘The Poet in the Contemporary Era’, he proposed a theory of interpretive understanding that emphasized a poetic response to the world, a combination of imagination with hermeneutic engagement. In this Heideggerian perspective, the things and events in the world, and the people, too, have aesthetic qualities—whether valuable or banal—that a poetic attitude toward perception can discover, and perhaps even communicate. Moreover, poets are supposed, in the same essay, to be unable to separate the quality of their literary efforts from the quality of their lives, i.e. ‘someone who writes kitsch poems on love has presumably had a kitsch love in life, too’.
Detection and proportion of very early dental caries in independent living older adults.

Author(s): Holtzman, Jennifer S; Kohanchi, Daniel; Biren-Fetz, John; Fontana, Margherita; Ramchandani, Manisha; Osann, Kathryn; Hallajian, Lucy; Mansour, Stephanie; Nabelsi, Tasneem; Chung, Na Eun; Wilder-Smith, Petra | Abstract: Background and objectivesDental caries is an important healthcare challenge in adults over 65 years of age. Integration of oral health screening into non-dental primary care practice may improve access to preventive dental care for vulnerable populations such as the elderly. Such integration would require easy, fast, and accurate early caries detection tools. Primary goal of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging for detecting very early caries in the elderly living in community-based settings. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) served as gold standard. Secondary goal of this study was to provide baseline prevalence data of very early caries lesions in independent living adults aged 65+ years.Materials and methodsSeventy-two subjects were recruited from three sites in Southern California: a retirement community, a senior health fair, and a convalescent hospital. Clinical examination was performed using the ICDAS visual criteria and this was followed by OCT imaging. The two-dimensional OCT images (B-scan) were analyzed with simple software. Locations with a log of back-scattered light intensity (BSLI) below 2.9 were scored as sound, and areas equaling or exceeding 2.9 BSLI were considered carious. Diagnostic performance of OCT imaging was compared with ICDAS score.ResultsOCT-based diagnosis demonstrated very good sensitivity (95.1%) and good specificity (85.8%). 54.7% of dentate subjects had at least one tooth with very early coronal caries.ConclusionsEarly coronal decay is prevalent in the unrestored pits and fissures of coronal surfaces of teeth in independent living adults aged 65+ years. Though OCT imaging coupled with a simple diagnostic algorithm can accurately detect areas of very early caries in community-based settings, existing devices are expensive and not well-suited for use by non-dental health care providers. Simple, inexpensive, fast, and accurate tools for early caries detection by field health care providers working in non-traditional settings are urgently needed to support inter-professional dental health management.
The Early Development of Gender Differences

This article reviews findings from anthropology, psychology, and other disciplines about the role of biological factors in the development of sex differences in human behavior, including biological theories, the developmental course of sex differences, and the interaction of biological and cultural gendering processes at different ages. Current evidence suggests that major biological influences on individual differences in human gender, to the extent that they exist, operate primarily in early development, during and especially prior to puberty. Biological effects are likely to be mediated by relatively simple processes, like temperament, which are then elaborated through social interactions (as with mother and peers) into more complex gendered features of adult personality. Biological anthropologists and psychologists interested in gender should direct more attention to understanding how social processes influence the development and function of the reproductive endocrine system.
An overview of the ECL programming system

The ECL programming system has been designed as a tool for tackling 'difficult' programming projects. That is projects on which existing languages could be used only with considerable waste in machine or programmer time. Such projects include much of the frontier of computer technology; whenever several application areas are conjoined and whenever solution of a problem requires linguistic development—in algorithmic notation or information structures. Examples range from the management of large scale distributed data bases to applied artificial intelligence.
SimConcept: A Hybrid Approach for Simplifying Composite Named Entities in Biomedical Text

One particular challenge in biomedical named entity recognition (NER) and normalization is the identification and resolution of composite named entities, where a single span refers to more than one concept (e.g., BRCA1/2). Previous NER and normalization studies have either ignored composite mentions, used simple ad hoc rules, or only handled coordination ellipsis, making a robust approach for handling multitype composite mentions greatly needed. To this end, we propose a hybrid method integrating a machine-learning model with a pattern identification strategy to identify the individual components of each composite mention. Our method, which we have named SimConcept, is the first to systematically handle many types of composite mentions. The technique achieves high performance in identifying and resolving composite mentions for three key biological entities: genes (90.42% in F-measure), diseases (86.47% in F-measure), and chemicals (86.05% in F-measure). Furthermore, our results show that using our SimConcept method can subsequently improve the performance of gene and disease concept recognition and normalization. SimConcept is available for download at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CBBresearch/Lu/Demo/SimConcept/
The Performance of M-ary FH-DPSK in the Presence of Partial-Band Multitone Jamming

Using a geometric approach, the performance of M -ary FH-DPSK in the presence of partial-band multitone jamming is evaluated. The optimal jamming strategy is determined as a function of the number of signaling levels M and the ensuing results are used to determine worst case bit error probability performance as a function of this same parameter. It is demonstrated that, for M = 2^{m} , the best performance is obtained for M = 4 .
Arguing with the Crocodile: Gender and Class in Bangladesh

Arguing with the Crocodile: Gender and Class in Bangladesh. By Sarah C. White. London: Zed Books. 1992.
Simvastatin Inhibits IFN Regulatory Factor 4 Expression and Th17 Cell Differentiation in CD4+ T Cells Derived from Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Subsequent to the clinical trial of simvastatin in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RR MS), which demonstrated the ability of simvastatin to inhibit new inflammatory CNS lesion formation, the current in vitro study has characterized the mechanisms through which simvastatin inhibits Th17 cell differentiation. The anti-inflammatory effects of statins are mediated by the inhibition of isoprenylation, which ensures proper membrane insertion and function of proteins. Small GTPases, involved in multiple signal transduction pathways, are the key targets for isoprenylation. We report that simvastatin, one of the most hydrophobic statins with good CNS penetration, inhibited Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22 secretion in in vitro-differentiated naive CD4(+) T cells from RR MS patients. Simvastatin exerted a less prominent effect on the cells from healthy controls, as it inhibited only IL-17F secretion. The inhibition of Th17 cell differentiation was mediated via inhibition of IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) expression, which was identified as a key transcription factor for human Th17 cell differentiation using both IRF4 gene knockdown and overexpression experiments. In studies addressing which isoprenylation pathway--geranylgeranylation or farnesylation--is inhibited by simvastatin, we demonstrated that the geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor replicated the effect of simvastatin. Selective inhibition of geranylgeranylated RhoA-associated kinase replicated the effect of simvastatin on the inhibition of IRF4 expression and IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22 secretion, presenting a promising new therapeutic approach for this disabling disease.
Growth of Regional Acute Stroke Systems of Care in the United States in the First Decade of the 21st Century

Background and Purpose— States and counties in the US began implementing regional systems of acute stroke care in the first decade of the 21st century, whereby emergency medical services systems preferentially route acute stroke patients directly to primary stroke centers. The pace, geographic range, and population reach of regional stroke system implementation has not been previously delineated. Methods— We performed a review of legislative archives, internet and media reports, consultation with American Heart Association/American Stroke Association and Centers for Disease Control staff, and phone interviews with state public health and emergency medical service officials from each of the 50 states. Results— The first counties to adopt regional regulations supporting routing of acute stroke patients to primary stroke centers were in Alabama and Texas in 2000; the first states were Florida and Massachusetts in 2004. By 2010, 16 states had state-level legislation or regulations to enable emergency medical service routing to primary stroke centers, as did counties in 3 additional states. The US population covered by routing protocols increased substantially in the latter half of the decade, from 1.5% in 2000 to 53% of the US population by the end of 2010. Conclusions— The first decade of the 21st century witnessed a remarkable structural transformation in acute stroke care: by the end of 2010, over half of all Americans were living in states/counties with emergency medical service routing protocols supporting the direct transport of acute stroke patients to primary stroke centers. Additional efforts are needed to extend regional stroke systems of care to the rest of the US.
Signaling by mechanical strain involves transcriptional regulation of proinflammatory genes in human periodontal ligament cells in vitro.

Abstract Intracellular signals generated by mechanical strain profoundly affect the metabolic function of osteoblast-like periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, which reside between the tooth and alveolar bone. In response to applied mechanical forces, PDL cells synthesize bone-resorptive cytokines to induce bone resorption at sites exposed to compressive forces and deposit bone at sites exposed to tensile forces in an environment primed for catabolic processes. The intracellular mechanisms that regulate this bone remodeling remain unclear. Here, in an in vitro model system, we show that tensile strain is a critical determinant of PDL-cell metabolic functions. Equibiaxial tensile strain (TENS), when applied at low magnitudes, acts as a potent antagonist of interleukin (IL)-1β actions and suppresses transcriptional regulation of multiple proinflammatory genes. This is evidenced by the fact that TENS at low magnitude: (i) inhibits recombinant human (rh)IL-1β-dependent induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression and production of prostaglandin estradiol (PGE 2 ); (ii) inhibits rhIL-1β-dependent induction matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and MMP-3 synthesis by suppressing their mRNA expression; (iii) abrogates rhIL-1β-induced suppression of tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-II (TIMP-II) expression; and (iv) reverses IL-1β-dependent suppression of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase synthesis. Nevertheless, these actions of TENS were observed only in the presence of IL-1β, as TENS alone failed to affect any of the aforementioned responses. The present findings are the first to show that intracellular signals generated by low-magnitude mechanical strain interfere with one or more critical step(s) in the signal transduction cascade of rhIL-1β upstream of mRNA expression, while concurrently promoting the expression of osteogenic proteins in PDL cells.
DESERT MULE DEER SURVIVAL IN SOUTHWEST TEXAS

Abstract We studied population structure and limiting factors within a desert mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus eremicus) population in Brewster County of the Trans-Pecos Region in Texas, USA. We estimated and compared annual survival and pregnancy rates from March 1990–February 1993 for 121 adult (>33 months old) male and female, 61 subadult (21–33 months old), and 77 young (8–20 months old) deer. Variation in weather patterns (i.e., drought) was associated with—if not causative of—annual variation in survival patterns. Adult female and young survival had the strongest correlation with drought. Pregnancy status of young (≤1.5 yr) and old (≥6.5 yr) deer appeared most affected by drought. Seasonal periods of natural stress differed for adult sex classes, with most female mortalities occurring during months associated with parturition and lactation, and most male natural stress losses occurring during late winter and early spring. The major mortality sources were hunting and natural stressors for adult males, ...
Modeling of Convective-Stratiform Precipitation Processes: Sensitivity to Partitioning Methods

Abstract Six different convective–stratiform separation techniques are compared and evaluated using 2D numerical simulations of a tropical and a midlatitude continental squall line. The techniques used include a texture algorithm applied to surface rainfall, a similar algorithm but with additional criteria applied to vertical velocity and cloud, a texture algorithm applied to vertical velocities below the melting layer, a simple approach that assumes a constant characteristic width for the convective region, a more sophisticated texture algorithm applied to radar reflectivities below the melting layer, and a new technique based on the premise that the fall speed of precipitation particles is large relative to air velocity in regions of stratiform precipitation. Comparisons are made in terms of rainfall, mass fluxes, apparent heating and moistening, hydrometeor contents, reflectivity and vertical-velocity contoured-frequency-with-altitude diagrams (CFAD), microphysics, and latent heating retrieval. Overall...
Helminth Parasites of the House Cat, Felis catus, in Connecticut, U.S.A

Fecal samples from 450 cats were examined by fecal floatation to determine the helminth fauna of Connecticut cats. Overall, 39.8% of the cats were infected with the roundworm Toxocara cati, 4.7% with the tapeworm Dipylidium caninum, 0.4% with the hookworm Ancylostoma tubaeforme, and 0.2% with the lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. Toxoplasma-like oocysts were found in the feces of 0.7% of the cats. Sheltered cats had a significantly higher prevalence (67.5%) of T. cati infection than did client-owned cats (30.4%). All intestinal helminths detected in this study have zoonotic potential, underscoring the importance of the domestic cat as a reservoir for zoonotic parasites. Strict adherence by veterinarians to the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists for strategic deworming of kittens is warranted, as is vigilance in the control of feral cats and in the screening and treatment of kittens and cats ``going out” for adoption from shelters.
Lead optimization of the VU0486321 series of mGlu1 PAMs. Part 3. Engineering plasma stability by discovery and optimization of isoindolinone analogs

This Letter describes the further lead optimization of the VU0486321 series of mGlu1 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), focused on addressing the recurrent issue of plasma instability of the phthalimide moiety. Here, we evaluated a number of phthalimide bioisosteres, and ultimately identified isoindolinones as the ideal replacement that effectively address plasma instability, while maintaining acceptable mGlu1 PAM potency, DMPK profile, CNS penetration and mGluR selectivity.
An Unfashionable Tragedy of American Racism: Alice Childress's Wedding Band

Alice Childress, a serious contemporary playwright whose work has received little scholarly recognition, has been working in American theater for four decades. Born a decade before Lorraine Hansberry, Alice Childress produced her first play, Florence, ten years before Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun. Childress was, in fact, the first black woman to have a play produced on the professional American stage, and she is still writing successful drama in the 1980s. Not only has she had eight serious plays produced, but she has also published two children's plays, two novels, a nonfiction collection of interviews with black women who work as dom-
Ion transport through macrocapillaries - Oscillations due to charge patch formation

Abstract We present results on ion transport through large bore capillaries (macrocapillaries) that probe both the geometric and ion-guided aspects of this ion delivery mechanism. We have demonstrated that guiding in macrocapillaries exhibits position- and angle-dependent transmission properties which are directly related to the capillary material (either metal or insulator) and geometry. Specifically, we have passed 1 keV Rb + ions through glass and metal macrocapillaries, and have observed oscillations for the transmitted ion current passing through the insulating capillaries. Straightforward calculations show that these oscillations can be attributed to beam deflections from charge patches that form on the interior walls of the capillary. The absence of these oscillations in the metal capillary data serve as further confirmation of the role of charge patch formation.
Influences of aerodynamic characteristics of canard rudders for simple guided rockets on trajectories

To research the control law of simple guided rockets with canard rudders,the aerodynamic coefficients of the rockets are obtained by the engineering calculation of aerodynamic characteristics using MATLAB and numerical calculation using ANSYS based on a wind tunnel experiment proving the correctness of the established model. Under standard atmosphere conditions,the original project range is 10 107 m,and the project range decreases to 10 019 m by using a canard rudder. The aerodynamic characteristics of retractable canard rudders influence greatly on project trajectories.
Measuring Internal Service Quality: An Exploratory Study

The quality requirements of external, or end-user customers have been the focus of much research, but we rarely see systematic processes applied to understanding the quality requirements of internal customers. An internal customer is anyone within the organization with whom an employee has a job-related relationship. Because of the differences between external and internal customers, there is reason to believe that the dimensions of service quality for internal customers may be unique. The study reported in this paper explored the dimensionality of customer service quality as perceived by a set of internal customers of a purchasing department in a large manufacturing firm.
Management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy.

Management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) during pregnancy requires concern for both fetal and maternal morbidity and death. A review of 14 pregnancies revealed significant maternal morbidity but no maternal deaths. The perinatal mortality was 21 per cent. Current recommendations for management include: (1) corticosteroids, (2) splenectomy if response is unsatisfactory with (1), (3) liberal use of platelet transfusion if surgical intervention is required in the face of significant thrombocytopenia, and (4) careful observation of the newborn infant and treatment with corticosteroids and/or platelets if thrombocytopenia is severe.