cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress in the Molecular Beam Epitaxy of HgCdTe on Large-Area Si and CdZnTe Substrates

This paper presents the progress in the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of HgCdTe on large-area Si and CdZnTe substrates at Raytheon Vision Systems. We report a very high-quality HgCdTe growth, for the first time, on an 8 cm × 8 cm CdZnTe substrate. This paper also describes the excellent HgCdTe growth repeatability on multiple 7 cm × 7 cm CdZnTe substrates. In order to study the percentage wafer area yield and its consistency from run to run, small lots of dual-band long-wave infrared/long-wave infrared triple-layer heterojunction (TLHJ) layers on 5 cm × 5 cm CdZnTe substrates and single-color double-layer heterojunction (DLHJ) layers on 6-inch Si substrates were grown and tested for cutoff wavelength uniformity and micro- and macrovoid defect density and uniformity. The results show that the entire lot of 12 DLHJ-HgCdTe layers on 6-inch Si wafers meet the testing criterion of cutoff wavelength within the range 4.76 ± 0.1 μm at 130 K and micro- and macrovoid defect density of ≤50 cm−2 and 5 cm−2, respectively. Likewise, five out of six dual-band TLHJ-HgCdTe layers on 5 cm × 5 cm CdZnTe substrates meet the testing criterion of cutoff wavelength within the range 6.3 ± 0.1 μm at 300 K and micro- and macrovoid defect density of ≤2000 cm−2 and 500 cm−2, respectively, on the entire wafer area. Overall we have found that scaling our HgCdTe MBE process to a 10-inch MBE system has provided significant benefits in terms of both wafer uniformity and quality.
Sequestration and retention of uranium(VI) in the presence of hydroxylapatite under dynamic geochemical conditions

Environmental context. Contamination of surface and subsurface geologic media by heavy metals and radionuclides is a significant problem within the United State Department of Energy complex as a result of past nuclear operations. Numerous phosphate-based remediation strategies have been proposed to introduce hydroxylapatite directly or indirectly (i.e. through in situ precipitation) into subsurface regimes to act as an efficient sorbent for sequestration of metals and radionuclides such as uranium. Results presented here illustrate the importance of variable geochemical conditions on the mechanism of sequestration and long-term retention of uranium in the presence of hydroxylapatite. Abstract. Numerous solid- and aqueous-phase phosphate-based technologies for remediating heavy metals and radionuclides have the common premise of sequestration by hydroxylapatite. Complexation reactions and hydrolysis generally preclude actinides from incorporation into intracrystalline sites; rather, surface sorption and precipitation are significant mechanisms for the sequestration of actinides. The effect of pH, aqueous speciation, and the availability of reactive surface sites on minerals such as hydroxylapatite have a significant impact on the mechanism and degree of sequestration and retention of variably charged contaminants such as uranium. Yet, little attention has been given to the sequestration and retention of uranium by hydroxylapatite under dynamic geochemical conditions that may be encountered during remediation activities. We present the results of an investigation evaluating the removal of uranium by hydroxylapatite in systems near equilibrium with respect to hydroxylapatite, and the effect of dynamic aqueous geochemical conditions, such as those encountered during and subsequent to remediation activities, on the retention of uranium. Results presented here support previous investigations demonstrating the efficiency of hydroxylapatite for sequestration of uranium and illustrate the importance of geochemical conditions, including changes to surface properties and aqueous speciation, on the sequestration and retention of uranium.
Loop pipelining for high-throughput stream computation using self-timed rings

We present a technique for increasing the throughput of stream processing architectures by removing the bottlenecks caused by loop structures. We implement loops as self-timed pipelined rings that can operate on multiple data sets concurrently. Our contribution includes a transformation algorithm which takes as input a high-level program and gives as output the structure of an optimized pipeline ring. Our technique handles nested loops and is further enhanced by loop unrolling. Simulations run on benchmark examples show a 1.3 to 4.9x speedup without unrolling and a 2.6 to 9.7x speedup with twofold loop unrolling.
Predation as the primary selective force in recurrent evolution of gigantism in Poecilozonites land snails in Quaternary Bermuda

During the last half million years, pulses of gigantism in the anagenetic lineage of land snails of the subgenus Poecilozonites on Bermuda were correlated with glacial periods when lower sea level resulted in an island nearly an order of magnitude larger than at present. During those periods, the island was colonized by large vertebrate predators that created selection pressure for large size and rapid growth in the snails. Extreme reduction in land area from rising seas, along with changes in ecological conditions at the onset of interglacial episodes, marked extinction events for large predators, after which snails reverted to much smaller size. The giant snails were identical in morphology during the last two glacials when the predators included a large flightless rail Rallus recessus (marine isotope stages (MIS) 4-2) and a crane Grus latipes and a duck Anas pachysceles (MIS 6). In a preceding glacial period (MIS 10), when the fauna also included the tortoise Hesperotestudo bermudae, the snails were not only large, but the shells were much thicker, presumably to prevent crushing by tortoises. Evolution of Poecilozonites provides an outstanding example of dramatic morphological change in response to environmental pressures in the absence of cladogenesis.
Codes based on a trellis cut-set transformation. I. Rotationally invariant codes

Let a trellis section /spl Tscr/ generate a trellis code /spl Cscr/. We study two trellis sections based on /spl Tscr/, a "cut-set" trellis section /spl Tscr//sub cs/ and a "differential encoder" trellis section /spl Tscr//sub de/. We show that /spl Tscr/ can be transformed to a cut-set trellis section /spl Tscr//sub cs/, which is equivalent to /spl Tscr/ in the sense that both /spl Tscr/ and /spl Tscr//sub cs/ generate /spl Cscr/ and both /spl Tscr/ and /spl Tscr//sub cs/ have the same decoding complexity. A differential encoder trellis section is equivalent to the trellis section obtained by following /spl Tscr/ with a differential encoder. It is shown that both /spl Tscr//sub cs/ and /spl Tscr//sub de/ have inverse transform trellis sections. A differential encoder trellis section generates a rotationally invariant (RI) code in a particularly simple and straightforward way. But an RI code need not have a differential encoder trellis section. However, for all of the RI codes examined here, we show that the cut-set trellis section can be arranged into a differential encoder trellis section. This means that these codes can be decomposed into an encoder followed by a differential encoder. Further we show that when /spl Tscr/ is formed using a linear binary convolutional encoder and a mapping by set partitioning, then /spl Tscr/ followed by a differential encoder gives an RI code which in some cases is as good as the best previously known codes, after applying the inverse transform to /spl Tscr//sub de/.
Synthesis and high-throughput characterization of structural analogues of molecular glassformers: 1,3,5-trisarylbenzenes.

We report the synthesis and characterization of an analogous series of small organic molecules derived from a well-known glass former, 1,3-bis(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene (α,α,β-TNB). Synthesized molecules include α,α,β-TNB, 3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-1-phenylbenzene (α,α-P), 9-(3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)anthracene (α,α-A), 9,9′-(5-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,3-phenylene)dianthracene (β-AA) and 3,3′,5,5′-tetra(naphthalen-1-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl (α,α,α,α-TNBP). The design of molecules was based on increasing molecular weight with varied π–π interactions in one or more substituents. The synthesis is based on Suzuki cross-coupling of 1-bromo-3-chloro-5-iodobenzene with arylboronic acids, which allows attachment of various substituents to tailor the chemical structure. The bulk compounds were characterized using NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thin films of these compounds were produced using physical vapor deposition and were subsequently annealed above the glass transition temperatures (Tg). For each molecular glass, cooling rate-dependent glass transition temperature measurements (CR-Tg) were performed using ellipsometry as a high-throughput method to characterize thin film properties. CR-Tg allows rapid characterization of glassy properties, such as Tg, apparent thermal expansion coefficients, apparent activation energy at Tg and fragility. DSC measurements confirmed the general trend that increasing molecular weight leads to increasing melting point (Tm) and Tg. Furthermore, CR-Tg provided evidence that the introduction of stronger π-interacting substituents in the chosen set of structural analogues increases fragility and decreases the ability to form glasses, such that β-AA has the largest fragility and highest tendency to crystallize among all the compounds. These strong interactions also significantly elevate Tg and promote more harmonic intermolecular potentials, as observed by decreasing value of the apparent thermal expansion coefficient.
Electrophoretic Deposition of High-Temperature Superconductor Thick Films

Thick films of high-temperature superconductors have been deposited electrophoretically using techniques developed for office copier toning. The resultant films are dense because of the high charge density per particle and the high fields during deposition. Orientation by electrostatic and magnetic fields has been demonstrated.
Actor network utilities and network evolution

Considerable attention has been devoted to the evolution of social networks through time. Some has been descriptive, some has sought fundamental principles for studying network evolution and some has been analytical. The work described in this paper represents all three approaches and is cast within the framework of rational choice theory. One foundation is found in the work of Jackson and Wolinsky [JW] [Jackson, M.O., Wolinsky, A., 1996. A strategic model of social and economic networks, Journal of Economic Theory, 71, 44–74] who consider actors having some calculus for the costs of maintaining social ties and the benefits received by virtue of being located in a network of ties. By parameterizing the costs and benefits, they derived equilibrium structures under specified combinations of parameters when ties are formed by rational actors. The second foundation is found in the simulations of Hummon [Hummon, N.P., 2000. Utility and Dynamic Social Networks, Social Networks, 22, 221–249.] that were based on the JW work. Hummon found that there were equilibrium structures that were not anticipated in the formal analyses of JW. To resolve this discrepancy, using networks with a fixed set of vertices and using the JW framework, this paper explores the transitions between networks on the lattices of all graphs with a fixed number of vertices through the addition and deletion of ties. While these transitions can be described, a close examination of them reveals the equilibrium structures anticipated by JW, the equilibrium structures located by the Hummon simulations, plus some other equilibria. Modified theorems for the equilibria forms are presented together with a generalization of the equilibrium concept. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Estimating Overwater Turbulence Intensity from Routine Gust-Factor Measurements

Abstract For overwater diffusion estimates the Offshore and Coastal Dispersion (OCD) model is preferred by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The U.S. Minerals Management Service has recommended that the OCD model be used for emissions located on the outer continental shelf. During southerly winds over the Gulf of Mexico, for example, the pollutants from hundreds of offshore platforms may affect the gulf coasts. In the OCD model, the overwater plume is described by the Gaussian equation, which requires the computation of σy and σz, which are, in turn, related to the turbulence intensity, overwater trajectory, and atmospheric stability. On the basis of several air–sea interaction experiments [the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX), the Air-Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX), and, most recently, the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE)] and the extensive datasets from the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), it is sh...
Orbitofrontal Cortex and Social Behavior: Integrating Self-monitoring and Emotion-Cognition Interactions

The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in social behavior remains a puzzle. Various theories of the social functions of the orbitofrontal cortex focus on the role of this area in either emotional processing or its involvement in online monitoring of behavior (i.e., self-monitoring). The present research attempts to integrate these two theories by examining whether improving the self-monitoring of patients with orbitofrontal damage is associated with the generation of emotions needed to guide interpersonal behavior. Patients with orbitofrontal damage, patients with lateral prefrontal damage, and healthy controls took part in an interpersonal task. After completing the task, participants' self-monitoring was increased by showing them a videotape of their task performance. In comparison to healthy controls and patients with lateral prefrontal damage, orbitofrontal damage was associated with objectively inappropriate social behavior. Although patients with orbitofrontal damage were aware of social norms of intimacy, they were unaware that their task performance violated these norms. The embarrassment typically associated with inappropriate social behavior was elicited in these patients only after their self-monitoring increased from viewing their videotaped performance. These findings suggest that damage to the orbitofrontal cortex impairs self-insight that may preclude the generation of helpful emotional information. The results highlight the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in the interplay of self-monitoring and emotional processing and suggest avenues for neurorehabilitation of patients with social deficits subsequent to orbitofrontal damage.
Variation of the Fermi constant and primordial nucleosynthesis

Motivated by the dependence of the fundamental constants on the size of compact dimensions, Kolb, Perry, and Walker considered the effects on primordial nucleosynthesis of variations in some of these constants, including the Fermi constant ${G}_{F}$. We note that, in the standard model, a variation in ${G}_{F}$ will necessarily imply a variation in the vacuum expectation value of a Higgs field, which in turn will affect the electron mass, quark masses (and thus the neutron-proton mass difference), and the pion mass (and thus the binding energy of the deuteron). We calculate the effect on primordial nucleosynthesis of a variation in the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field, including all of these factors.
Predicting epidural steroid injections with laboratory markers and imaging techniques

Abstract Background context Epidural steroid injections (ESIs) have been used for a number of years in the treatment of radicular pain caused by nerve root impingement or stenosis after failed conservative treatments with oral medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. Purpose The purpose of this study was evaluation of predictive tools for ESI outcomes in treating radicular pain. Study design This was a comprehensive, systematic review of the prognostic accuracy of certain predictive methods used to determine ESI outcomes. Methods Fifty articles were obtained via the PubMed database, using keywords and cross-referencing works cited. Inclusion criteria included patients with radicular pain, analysis of a specific prediction tool, and outcomes measured by improvement in pain and/or function. Exclusion criteria included literature review articles and animal or cadaver studies. Eight articles studying imaging techniques or laboratory markers as prediction tools underwent quality evaluation and evidence classification based on the 2011 American Academy of Neurology Clinical Practice Guideline Process Manual. Results For patients with radicular pain, there is insufficient evidence to either support or refute the prognostic accuracy of spinal stenosis seen on imaging in determining epidural steroid outcomes (two Class IV studies). It is possible that low-grade nerve root compression as seen on lumbar magnetic resonance images does predict short-term reduction in pain after transforaminal ESI (Class II and III studies). For patients with lumbar radicular pain, there is both insufficient and conflicting evidence that either supports or refutes prognostic accuracy of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in determining epidural steroid outcomes (two Class III studies). It is probable that interferon gamma (IFN-γ) more than 10 pg/mL from epidural lavage is predictive of short-term pain reduction after lumbar ESI (single Class I study). There is insufficient evidence that either supports or refutes prognostic accuracy of fibronectin-aggrecan complex from epidural lavage to determine epidural steroid outcome (single Class IV study). Conclusions Predictive tools for ESI outcomes, such as nerve root compression grading and inflammatory markers, particularly, elevated IFN-γ from epidural lavage fluid, seem promising in the future. At this time, future research is needed with a larger sample size, broader spectrum of patients, and a more defined system of outcome measurements at standardized follow-up periods before practice recommendations can be made.
On Empirical Bayes Testing in a Discrete Life Model with Random Censoring

This article studies an empirical Bayes test in a discrete life model based on random censored data. A monotone empirical Bayes test is constructed and its associated asymptotic optimality is also investigated. It is shown that is asymptotically optimal, and the regret of converges to zero at a rate for some positive values c 1 and c 2, where n is the number of past data available when the present testing problem is considered.
Visual network traffic classification using multi-dimensional piecewise polynomial models

Computer networks have become a ubiquitous part of modern society. As the spread of networks continues to increase, so do the various applications for the underlying technology. Thus traffic classification has become and remains important to network administrators. In this paper, preliminary results using multi-dimensional piecewise polynomials to model network traffic are shown. Different types of traffic are modeled and inspected visually to demonstrate the usefulness of the procedure.
More experiences with Microsoft PROJECT in senior design classes

An update is given on experiences with the use of project scheduling software in a sequence of design classes. In addition to reviewing a previous approach (T.W. Schultz, 1994), it describes new steps taken to improve the student acceptance of the software. The initial learning process has been eased by "Cue Cards" included in the new version of PROJECT. Student acceptance has improved remarkably. The PERT chart has become unnecessary since task dependencies can now be shown directly on the Gantt chart. Homework to teach the concepts of tasks, dependencies, and scheduling now precedes the introduction of the software. This develops a clearer idea of task and scheduling concepts so the software becomes a simple tool rather than an inflexible master. Requiring weekly tracking Gantt charts increases the students' perception of the software's value. The paper concludes with fresh student comments and plans for future changes and improvements.
Lack of survival benefit following adjuvant radiation in patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma: a SEER analysis.

Background The benefit of radiation therapy (RT) among patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) is controversial. We performed a retrospective analysis of the effect of RT on survival among RPS patients using a nationwide cancer registry. Methods Utilizing data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, we identified 2308 cases of RPS from 1988 to 2004. We excluded 773 cases for age Results Among 1535 patients who met entry criteria, RT was administered to 373 patients (24.3%). The majority of RT (n = 300, 80.4%) was administered postoperatively. Median OS was 60 and 60 mo, respectively, for patients receiving and not receiving RT (P = 0.59). Median DSS was 86 and 117 mo, respectively, for patients receiving and not receiving RT (P = 0.84). On multivariate analysis, younger age, female gender, low and intermediate histologic grade, liposarcoma histology, tumor size 5–10 cm, and completeness of resection all independently predicted better OS and DSS, while RT did not (HR for OS with RT 0.92, 95% CI 0.78–1.09 and HR for DSS with RT 0.96, 95% CI 0.78–1.17). On subgroup analysis by histology, patients with malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) receiving RT demonstrated statistically improved OS (P = 0.002) and DSS (P = 0.01), respectively. Conclusions With the possible exception of MFH, postoperative RT offers no survival benefit in RPS. Further studies are necessary to determine if the selective application of RT is indicated.
S-nitrosothiols in the blood: roles, amounts, and methods of analysis.

In 1991 to 1992, we reported that both endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide (NO) react with thiols in proteins such as albumin to form long-lived S -nitrosothiols (SNOs) with vasodilatory activity.1 We also described the presence of a circulating pool of S -nitrosoalbumin in plasma whose levels were coupled to NO synthase (NOS) activity. Inhibition of NOS led to a decline in SNO-albumin with concomitant production of low-mass SNOs.2 We proposed that SNO-albumin provides a reservoir of NO bioactivity that might be utilized in states of NO deficiency, and that vasodilation by SNO-albumin is transduced by the small-mass SNOs with which it exists in equilibrium. Shortly thereafter,3 we determined that a key low-mass SNO in biological systems is S -nitrosoglutathione (GSNO); that GSNO, in contrast to NO, retained smooth muscle relaxant activity in the presence of blood hemoglobin; and that GSNO is a more potent relaxant than SNO-proteins. Subsequently, we demonstrated the existence of intraerythrocytic equilibria between NO bound to the thiol of glutathione and reactive thiols (cysβ93) of hemoglobin on the one hand,4 and NO bound to thiols of hemoglobin and membrane-associated band 3 protein (AE1), on the other hand.5 The exchange of NO groups between S -nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb) and the red blood cell (RBC) membrane is governed by O2 tension (Po2): RBCs dilate blood vessels at low Po2,5–7 and the production of membrane SNO is required for vasodilation. In peripheral tissues, blood flow is determined by variations in hemoglobin O2 saturation that are coupled to metabolic demand. The mechanism through which the O2 content of blood evokes this response and the basis for its impairment in many diseases (including heart failure, diabetes, and shock) have been major and longstanding questions in vascular physiology. Our …
Coupling surface temperature scanning and ultra-fast adaptive computing to thermally fully characterize complex three-dimensional electronic devices

A novel analysis engine and experimental system capable of fully characterizing the thermal behavior of complex three-dimensional active submicron electronic devices is introduced in this article. First, the thermoreflectance thermography (TRTG) system is used to measure the 2D surface temperature field of a pulsed device, noninvasively and with submicron spatial resolution. Next, the thermal conductivity of each thin-film layer composing the device is measured and a numerical model is built using measured and known values. The temperature distribution map is then used as input for an ultrafast inverse computational solution to fully characterize the thermal behavior of the complex three-dimensional device under study. By bringing together measurement and computation, it becomes possible for the first time to noninvasively extract the three-dimensional thermal behavior of nanoscale embedded features that cannot otherwise be accessed. The power of the method is demonstrated by verifying that it can extract details of interest of a representative CMOS device
Planar Microscale Ionization Devices in Atmospheric Air with Diamond-Based Electrodes

Planar microscale ionization devices that operate in atmospheric air have been developed out of highly graphitic polycrystalline diamond (HGPD). The devices have been fabricated on both silicon and quartz substrates with electrode gaps ranging from 5 to 20 µm. Experiments show that the HGPD devices operate in the pre-breakdown regime where a field-emission mode enables appreciable ionization current without the occurrence of sparks or breakdown. The devices are compared to prior experiments that used HGPD thin films and these new, on-chip devices operate at similar current magnitudes of 100 nA–5 µA. For comparison, titanium planar ionization devices have also been fabricated and tested. However, these devices were unable to operate at any appreciable current without the formation of spark discharges. These results suggest that HGPD is a good candidate material for integrated, on-chip ionization devices for applications including miniature mass spectrometry, gas sensing and microscale electrohydrodynamics.
Relative Purity of Different Bovine Thrombin Preparations

The aim of this study was to compare the relative purity of bovine crude thrombin and its purified forms, namely, thrombin 4A and thrombin 4B (the products of King Pharma, Middleton, Wisconsin) by virtue of the detection of bovine prothrombin-related antigens in these preparations. Bovine prothrombin was administered intravenously to 3 individual rabbits on days 0, 21, 42, 91, 123, and 151 using standard immunologic method. Blood was drawn from each rabbit on days 30, 50, 105, 137, and 165, and the pooled antisera from 3 rabbits were purified to isolate immunoglobulin G (IgG) using protein G affinity columns. Using Western blotting method, serially diluted bovine crude thrombin, thrombin 4A, and 4B preparations were probed using the prothrombin IgGs obtained from each time point to explore prothrombin-related antigens in these preparations. The results revealed that compared with the prothrombin IgG collected on day 30, the IgGs collected on days 50 to 165 showed a time-dependent increase in their ability to detect the prothrombin-related antigens in 3 bovine thrombin preparations studied. The lowest amount of crude thrombin, thrombin 4A, and 4B preparations that prothrombin IgG could detect was 0.125, 10, and 20 U, respectively. The rank order of the number of immunoreactive bands detectable in 3 bovine thrombin preparations probed by the prothrombin IgGs collected from any given time point was always the same: crude thrombin > thrombin 4A > thrombin 4B. The results indicate that thrombin 4B preparation contains the least amount of antigens detectable by prothrombin IgG, suggesting that relatively thrombin 4B represents the most purified thrombin preparation among the 3 thrombin preparations studied.
Toward strong, usable access control for shared distributed data

As non-expert users produce increasing amounts of personal digital data, usable access control becomes critical. Current approaches often fail, because they insufficiently protect data or confuse users about policy specification. This paper presents Penumbra, a distributed file system with access control designed to match users' mental models while providing principled security. Penumbra's design combines semantic, tag-based policy specification with logic-based access control, flexibly supporting intuitive policies while providing high assurance of correctness. It supports private tags, tag disagreement between users, decentralized policy enforcement, and unforgeable audit records. Penumbra's logic can express a variety of policies that map well to real users' needs. To evaluate Penumbra's design, we develop a set of detailed, realistic case studies drawn from prior research into users' access-control preferences. Using microbenchmarks and traces generated from the case studies, we demonstrate that Penumbra can enforce users' policies with overhead less than 5% for most system calls.
Evolution of Continental Rift Systems in the Light of Plate Tectonics

Rifts occur at all stages of the Wilson Cycle of opening and closing of oceans, but those most likely to be preserved form either at continental breakup or continental collision. All preserved rifts are “failed rifts” because they have not “succeeded” in developing into oceans. Hundreds of ancient rifts ranging up to 2.6 Ga in age have been recognized. Axial mafic dike systems have been located in both ancient and active rifts and activation of the basalt-eclogite transition in these systems may be an effective way of promoting the repeated subsidence that characterizes many rift complexes, such as those of the North Sea. Ancient rifts striking into fold belts are known as aulacogens (after Shatski). Recognition (after Wilson) that many fold belts mark places where oceans have closed has made it possible to interpret numerous aulacogens as rifts formed at continental rupture and to interpret their history in plate-tectonic terms. In many ways the best known of rift systems are those formed at the opening of the Atlantic Ocean because they have been subjected to intense petroleum exploration. Eleven classes of rifts with diverse histories can be distinguished among the rifts presently facing Atlantic-type continental margins and aulacogen histories are even more diverse.
Record-Breaking Pain: The Largest Number and Variety of Forelimb Bone Maladies in a Theropod Dinosaur

Bone abnormalities are common in theropod dinosaur skeletons, but before now no specimen was known with more than four afflicted bones of the pectoral girdle and/or forelimb. Here we describe the pathology of a specimen of the theropod dinosaur Dilophosaurus wetherilli with eight afflicted bones of the pectoral girdle and forelimb. On its left side the animal has a fractured scapula and radius and large fibriscesses in the ulna and the proximal thumb phalanx. On its right side the animal has abnormal torsion of the humeral shaft, bony tumors on the radius, a truncated distal articular surface of metacarpal III, and angular deformities of the first phalanx of the third finger. Healing and remodeling indicates that the animal survived for months and possibly years after its ailments began, but its right third finger was permanently deformed and lacked the capability of flexion. The deformities of the humerus and the right third finger may be due to developmental osteodysplasia, a condition known in extant birds but unreported in non-avian dinosaurs before now.
Empirical Calculations of Molecular Properties

Empirical equations for the stretching and bending force constants, bond energies, and bond lengths are reviewed. Applications to gaseous and matrix-isolated molecules, and to chemisorptive bonds on surfaces are illustrated.
Associated production of nonstandard Higgs bosons at the LHC

We discuss the feasibility of seeing a Higgs boson that decays to four partons through a pair of (pseudo)scalars at the LHC. We restrict our search to Higgs bosons produced in association with a $W/Z$ boson at high transverse momentum. We argue that subjet analysis techniques are a good discriminant between such events and $W/Z+\mathrm{\text{jets}}$ and $t\overline{t}$ production. For light scalar masses (below 30 GeV), we find evidence that a flavor-independent search for such a nonstandard Higgs boson is plausible with $100\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of data, while a Higgs decaying to heavier scalars is only likely to be visible in models where scalar decays to $b$ quarks dominate.
The story of the Salem witch trials : "we walked in clouds and could not see our way"

1. "A Biography of a Terrible, but Perfectly Normal Superstition" The Origins of European Witchcraft The Development of European Witchcraft The Great European Witch-hunt A Summary View of Witch-hunts in England 2. "Having Familiarity with the Devil" Witch-hunts in Seventeenth Century America Witch-hunts in Seventeenth Century New England Some Notable Witch Trials in Seventeenth-Century New England The Pattern of Witch-hunt Activity in Seventeenth-Century New England 3. "The Evil Hand" is upon Them A Glimpse at Salem's Past The First Signs of the Devil The Hearings Begin 4. "Is Not this a Brand Plucked from the Burning?" The Cases of Martha and Giles Corey and Dorcas Good Deodate Lawson's Lecture Day Sermon Sarah Cloyce is Charged Mary Easty is Summoned The Pace Quickens 5. "If They are Let Alone, We Should All be Devils and Witches" The Cases of Elizabeth and John Proctor Mary Warren Tries to Recant Bridget Bishop and Abigail Hobbs Are Charged Seven of the Nine Are Formally Charged The Ordeal Begins for Mary and Philip English The "Black Minister" is Apprehended Dorcas Hoar is Jailed 6. "God Will Deliver Us Out of the Hands of Unmerciful Men" The Case of George Jacobs Sr. John Willard Changes Sides Daniel Andrew Is Charged The Carys Escape John Alen is Arrested The Andover Witch-hunt 7. "God Will Give You Blood to Drink" The Court of Oyer and Terminer Is Established Bridget Bishop is Tried The Court Completes Its First Session The First Mass Execution and Its Effects 8. "What a Sad Thing it is to See Eight Firebrands of Hell Hanging There" The Case of George Burroughs The Proctors Are Condemned The Cases of George Jacobs Sr., John Willard, and Martha Carrier The Hangings of August 19 The Trials of September: The Cases of Martha Corey and Mary Easty 9. "It were Better that Ten Suspected Witches Should Escape, than that One Innocent Person Should be Condemned" Voices are Raised in Opposition to the Trials Phips Dismisses the Court of Oyer and Terminer The Jails Are Emptied The Superior Court of Judicature The Magistrates and the Court of Oyer and Terminer, Guilty As Charged? 10. "Ruined in the Mistaken Mismanagement of the Terrible Affair Called Witchcraft" Cotton Mather and His "Wonders of the Invisible World" Salem in Ruins The Repenting Begins Settling Up Epilogue. Notes. A Select Bibliography. Appendix. Index.
Thermodynamics of cation ordering in karrooite (MgTi2O5)

A thermodynamic model of non-convergent cation-ordering in karrooite (MgTi 2 O 5 ) has been calibrated from the single-crystal X-ray structure refinements of Yang and Hazen (1998) and from estimates of the dependence of the bulk modulus on ordering state (Hazen and Yang 1997). Derived values of the Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity of disordering of karrooite are reported as a function of temperature at 1 bar and at elevated pressures.
Study on Antibacterial Materials of Nanometer SiO_2 Loaded Silver

Porous nanometer SiO2 was obtained by chemistry precipitation method and silver was loaded on its surfaces using adsorption method, with the antibacterial circle diameter of the loading silver powder characterizing antibacterial performance. The relations of the adsorption time, the silver nitrate concentration and the adsorption temperature to the loading capacity have been studied,and the relationship between the temperature and the antibacterial performance was examined.
Resonant thermoelectric nanophotonics

Photodetectors are typically based either on photocurrent generation from electron–hole pairs in semiconductor structures or on bolometry for wavelengths that are below bandgap absorption. In both cases, resonant plasmonic and nanophotonic structures have been successfully used to enhance performance. Here, we show subwavelength thermoelectric nanostructures designed for resonant spectrally selective absorption, which creates large localized temperature gradients even with unfocused, spatially uniform illumination to generate a thermoelectric voltage. We show that such structures are tunable and are capable of wavelength-specific detection, with an input power responsivity of up to 38 V W–1, referenced to incident illumination, and bandwidth of nearly 3 kHz. This is obtained by combining resonant absorption and thermoelectric junctions within a single suspended membrane nanostructure, yielding a bandgap-independent photodetection mechanism. We report results for both bismuth telluride/antimony telluride and chromel/alumel structures as examples of a potentially broader class of resonant nanophotonic thermoelectric materials for optoelectronic applications such as non-bandgap-limited hyperspectral and broadband photodetectors. Subwavelength nanostructures generate a localized thermoelectric voltage for non-bandgap-limited photodetection.
Interdependence: Building Partnerships to Continue Older Adults Residence in the Community

Current care of older adults focuses on maintenance of independence and frames assessment and decision making about when to intervene. This conceptualization focuses on older adults' deficits and how to compensate for loss of function. Instead of considering independence to continue community residence, an alternative-interdependence-provides a conceptualization that focuses on older adults in the family context and on supportive services, which are the main components of community residence. This article presents the concept of interdependence by analyzing the current research, practice, and policy literature. The article concludes with a discussion of the application of interdependence in gerontological nursing practice and research.
Chapter 3 – Safety and ethics of nanotechnology

Abstract Nanotechnology is one of the ways of improving many properties of materials, including physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological, which can be useful for various applications in biomedical, textile, aerospace, manufacturing, cosmetics, oil, defense, agricultural, and electronics industries. Nevertheless, nanotechnology products, or nanomaterials (e.g., nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanowires, nanocomposites, and nanofilms), can be unsafe to human health because of the way they are manipulated and treated at near atomic scale. Since these nanomaterials are produced with mainly new manufacturing techniques and have various sizes, shapes, and surface energies, they may also create some uncertainties because of the lack of specific rules and regulations governing their manufacture and manipulation. This study provides a detailed report on the safety and ethics of nanotechnology and related ethical, social, philosophical, environmental, biological, and other legal issues. The information provided here can be very useful for training and protecting scientists, engineers, students, policymakers, and regulators working in the nanotechnology and related technologies.
Treatment Strategies in the Habilitation of Severely Mentally Retarded-Mentally Ill Adolescents and Adults

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an analysis of habilitation (prevo-cational and vocational) intervention strategies for severely mentally retarded and mentally ill adolescents and adults. Educators, rehabilitation specialists, and community agencies are faced with a growing and critical problem in meeting the needs of this population. Because of recent legislative, judicial, and consumer advocacy pressure, these persons are beginning to be served in the mainstream of community life. However, even today, some professionals consider persons with these special needs as too severely handicapped to receive prevocational or vocational training. Because community agencies are faced with an increasing need to serve these individuals, new treatment strategies must be developed to meet their needs. Unless such strategies are developed, many of these persons will continue to be placed in nursing facilities or other long-term care institutions. In addition, it is the authors’ intent that this chapter provide a framework for understanding the overall problems, needs, techniques, strategies, issues, and new findings in serving this challenging population.
Cryptosporidium parvum infection attenuates the ex vivo propagation of murine intestinal enteroids.

Cryptosporidium, a ubiquitous coccidian protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal epithelium and other mucosal surfaces, is an important opportunistic pathogen for immunocompromised individuals and a common cause of diarrhea in young children in the developing countries. One of the pathological hallmarks of intestinal cryptosporidiosis is villous atrophy, which results in a shorter height of intestinal villi. Here, we investigated the effects of Cryptosporidium infection on intestinal epithelial growth, using an ex vivo model of intestinal cryptosporidiosis employing enteroids from mice. We detected infection of enteroids isolated from immunocompetent adult and neonatal mice after ex vivo exposure to Cryptosporidium sporozoites. We observed a significant inhibition of enteroid propagation following infection. Intriguingly, we identified a decreased expression level of intestinal stem cell markers in enteroids following C. parvum infection. We further measured the expression levels of several Wnt antagonists or agonists in infected enteroids, as induction of the Wnt/β-catenin activation is a key factor for intestinal stem cell function. We detected a markedly increased level of the Dickkopf-related protein 1 and decreased level of the Wnt family member 5a in enteroids after infection. The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5, one of the Wnt co-receptors, is downregulated in the infected enteroids. In addition, increased apoptotic cell death and cell senescence were observed in the infected enteroids. Our results demonstrate a significant inhibitory effect of Cryptosporidium infection on the ex vivo propagation of enteroids from mice, providing additional insights into the impact of Cryptosporidium infection on intestinal epithelial growth.
Physiological motion modeling for organ-mounted robots.

Background Organ-mounted robots passively compensate heartbeat and respiratory motion. In model-guided procedures, this motion can be a significant source of information that can be used to aid in localization or to add dynamic information to static preoperative maps. Methods Models for estimating periodic motion are proposed for both position and orientation. These models are then tested on animal data and optimal orders are identified. Finally, methods for online identification are demonstrated. Results Models using exponential coordinates and Euler-angle parameterizations are as accurate as models using quaternion representations, yet require a quarter fewer parameters. Models which incorporate more than four cardiac or three respiration harmonics are no more accurate. Finally, online methods estimate model parameters as accurately as offline methods within three respiration cycles. Conclusions These methods provide a complete framework for accurately modelling the periodic deformation of points anywhere on the surface of the heart in a closed chest.
Performance assessment of a solar powered rice husking system with a VFD controlled high capacity 3-phase inverter

With the improvement of technology and economic enhancement, people are now using fuel or grid powered machine for food processing. Among all agricultural crops, rice is the main crop cultivated in Bangladesh and a high efficient processing is required for this. But excessive rise of fuel prices and limitation of power supply to the off grid areas is an obstacle for this sector. Ozone gas emissions for both fuel burning and power generation results in global warming and health issues due to inhalation of the smoke. Because of a good solar irradiation pattern, a solar powered rice husking machine can minimize this burden from the nation. The purpose of this paper is to design and analyse the performance of solar powered rice husking system. Physical demonstration was made by installing 2 kW crystalline PV modules by setting up the rice husking machine with VFD based 3-phase inverter and other measuring equipment in experimental building. Based on maximum solar irradiation, projected output is analysed by using PSIM simulation and the prospect of solar powered rice husking system in Bangladesh is shown with economic feasibility. Based on the experimental data, the performance of the system is also analysed and presented in this paper.
Breeding synchrony and extrapair paternity in a species with alternative reproductive strategies

Breeding synchrony may affect the tradeoff between pursuing multiple mates and avoiding paternity loss, translating into differences in the rate of extrapair paternity (EPP). However, diverse empirical relationships between breeding synchrony and EPP remain challenging to explain. We examined whether the relationship between breeding synchrony and EPP varied with male morph, age, body size, or breeding density in the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis). In this species, males of two genetically determined morphs pursue alternative mating strategies. Breeding synchrony positively correlated with EPP within polygamous white morph males, which have high rates of EPP and cuckoldry, but was unrelated to EPP within tan morph males, which prioritize mate guarding and paternal care. As previously reported, males that gained EPP were primarily white males. Males gained EPP more often than expected by chance during their mate's fertile period and on neighboring territories. Since extrapair copulation appears primarily male-driven in this species, these results indicate that white males focus extra-pair mating effort during periods of high synchrony and during their mates’ fertile periods, even at the expense of paternity loss within their own nests. Breeding density, male age, and male size did not modify the relationship between breeding synchrony and EPP. However, older white males had higher cuckoldry rates, perhaps reflecting declines in performance associated with senescence. Results suggest that, even within species, mating strategy may modify how breeding synchrony affects rates of EPP, with positive relationships manifest only within subsets of individuals that pursue a strategy of polygyny at the expense of paternity loss. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Rapid and convenient conversion of nitroarenes to anilines under microwave conditions using nonprecious metals in mildly acidic medium

ABSTRACTNitroarenes are reduced to the corresponding aniline derivatives using iron or zinc under mild conditions under microwave heating conditions. Mild acidity is provided by ammonium chloride in an aqueous methanol medium. The conditions are tolerant to other functional groups, with the exception of bromoalkyl derivatives, which yield complex reaction mixtures; otherwise, yields are generally quite high (80–99%).
Phonological and lexical development in normal and late-talking toddlers

Toddlers in the lowest tenth percentile for lexical production, based on parental report (late talkers), were compared with age- and language-matched controls on measures of phonetic complexity, lexical development, and grammatical complexity. Late talkers were placed in the pre-meaningful speech group if they produced fewer than 10 different words or in the meaningful speech group if they produced more than 10 different words in a spontaneous language sample. Late talkers who had entered the meaningful speech stage scored higher than those who had not on most of the measures of phonology, lexical, and grammatical complexity in intelligible speech, but not on measures of phonological development in babble. These results are compatible with other studies that found an overlap between phonology, lexicon, and grammar, as well as with those that suggested the importance of true consonant production for lexical development.