cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on monoamine oxidase and diamine oxidase.

Abstract The effect of several monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and related compounds on guinea pig liver MAO and diamine oxidase (DAO) was examined in vitro and after administration to animals. The results showed that the MAO inhibitors possessing the hydrazine moiety inhibited both MAO and DAO, while two phenyl cyclo propylamine MAO inhibitors did not affect DAO. Hydrazine derivatives which did not block MAO retained a DAO inhibitory action. After administration of iproniazid to rats, DAO was inhibited long after the reported time for the drug to disappear from tissues; this finding suggests that the action of iproniazid on DAO, as well as on MAO, is “irreversible”.
A NEW IDENTITY INVOLVING POSITIVE ROOTS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF THE FIRST KIND

Abstract A new identity, namely sum; +∞ n=1 { ∫ 0 1 yd v (λ n Y) d y J v+1 (λ n ) } 2 = 1 2 2 (v⩾0) is proposed, where Jv(z) is a Bessel function of the first kind of order v, and αn is the nth positive zero of Jv(z). It is shown that the formula can be used to find an upper bound for some integrals. Special cases of the series are discussed as well.
Tool Use by Chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda

Chimpanzees make and use a wide variety of tools in the wild. The size and composition of their toolkits vary considerably among populations and at least to some extent within them. Chimpanzees at several well documented sites mostly use tools in extractive foraging, and extractive tool use can substantially increase their foraging efficiency. They also use tools for hygiene and for several other purposes, including attracting the attention of conspecifics, as in leaf-clipping. Some of the interpopulation variation in toolkits results from ecological variation, but differences in the efficiency of social transmission, perhaps related to differences in social tolerance, presumably also contribute. I describe tool use by chimpanzees in an unusually large community at Ngogo, in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Researchers have described some tool use for the community previously, but this is the most extensive report and is based on observations over 11 yr. The Ngogo chimpanzees have a small toolkit and use tools rarely except in leaf-clipping displays and to clean body surfaces; notably, males often use leaf napkins to wipe their penes after copulation. Extractive tool use is rare and is limited mostly to leaf-sponging and, less often, honey-fishing. Social tolerance is not low at Ngogo, but use of tools for extractive foraging, in ways documented at other field sites, may have little potential to increase foraging efficiency. Future research will undoubtedly show more tool use by females, which were underrepresented in my observations, but will probably not document much increase in the toolkit or in the use of extractive tools.
A Photoelectric Colorimeter with Logarithmic Response

The instrument consists of a vacuum photoelectric cell feeding into a vacuum tube voltmeter with logarithmic input characteristic. The voltmeter employs a type 6D6 tube which is provided with a properly chosen biasing resistor in the cathode lead. This gives a plate current proportional to the logarithm of the input voltage. Since this relationship never extends to zero plate current, a portion of the plate current is balanced out, giving in effect, a suppressed zero instrument. Suitable shunts and a choice of input resistors afford several ranges of sensitivity. The output meter can be calibrated directly in concentration units. Other methods of achieving the same result are discussed.
Sparse clustering with resampling for subject classification in PET amyloid imaging studies

Sparse k-means clustering (Sparse_kM) can exclude uninformative variables and yield reliable parsimonious clustering results, especially for p>>n. In this work, Sparse_kM and data resampling were combined to identify variables of greatest interest and define confidence levels for the clustering. The method was evaluated by statistical simulation and applied to PiB PET amyloid imaging data to identify normal control (NC) subjects with (+) or without (−) evidence of amyloid, i.e., PiB(+/−). Simulations. A dataset of n=60 observations (3 groups of 20) and p=500 variables was generated for each simulation run; only 50 variables were truly different across groups. The dataset was resampled 20 times, Sparse_kM was applied to each sample and average variable weights were calculated. Probabilities of cluster membership, also called confidence levels, were computed (n=60). Simulations were performed 250 times. The 50 truly different variables were identified by variable weights that were 13–32 times greater than those for the 450 uninformative variables. Human Data. For the PiB PET dataset, images (ECAT HR+, 10–15 mCi, 90 min) were acquired for 64 cognitively normal subjects (74.1±5.4 yrs). Parametric PiB distribution volume ratio images were generated (Logan method, cerebellum reference) and normalized to the MNI template (SPM8) to produce a dataset of n=64 subjects and p=343,099 voxels/image. The dataset was resampled 10 times and Sparse_kM was applied. An average voxel weight image was computed that indicated cortical areas of greatest interest that included precuneus and frontal cortex; these are key areas linked to early amyloid deposition. Seven of 64 subjects were identified as PiB(+) and 47 as PiB(−) with confidence = 90%, where another subject was PiB(+) at lower confidence (80%) and the other 9 subjects were PiB(−) at confidence in the range of 50–70%. In conclusion, Sparse_kM with resampling can help to establish confidence levels for clustering when p>>n and may be a promising method for revealing informative voxels/spatial patterns that distinguish levels of amyloid load, including that at the transitional amyloid +/− boundary.
IBM zEC12: The Third-Generation High-Frequency Mainframe Microprocessor

The zEnterprise EC12 is the latest generation of IBM's System z Enterprise Class mainframe servers. The microprocessor operates at an ultra-high frequency of 5.5 GHz and incorporates many pipeline-optimization and instruction-processing techniques. It also supports innovative instruction- set-architecture extensions for future software exploitation to acquire performance gains. This article highlights the various factors inside the zEC12 microprocessor for achieving the best possible computing performance.
Interinstitutional Quality Control of IMRT Treatment Planning

blocks, bolus, or compensators (n Z 23); mistakes with field size or aperture shape selection (27); isocenter placement (10); and couch, collimator, or gantry angle selection (10). Furthermore, 77 events were involved with dose or monitor unit calculation. Common calculation errors included the incorrect use of transmission factors (20); calculation factors from incorrect beam energy, field size, distance, or treatment machine (21); treatment depth (14); and dose prescription or normalization (12). Last, erroneous planning parameters in the record and verify system or chart documents were identified in 184 events. Common parameters included field size or aperture shape (48); couch, collimator, or gantry settings (30); isocenter setup instructions (25); field monitor units (15), wedges (12); and verification DRR images (11). Conclusions: An international incident and near miss reporting database was analyzed to identify erroneous planning parameters that can appear in treatment plan report documentation. These parameters can subsequently be highlighted in a customized treatment plan report for the purpose of improving the chart review process and enhancing patient safety. Author Disclosure: L.K. Schubert: None. D. Westerly: None. M. Miften: None.
Particle Flow Behavior in a Shear Cell Device

This presentation describes ongoing research performed on a simple shear cell apparatus, previously described [1]. As a complement, discrete particle simulations and continuum models have been used to predict normal and shear forces in the ongoing experiments. The trends and orders-of-magnitude of the models and experiment are in basic agreement. Theoretical models used are constructed with basic principles, rather than curve fitting, to obtain effective properties of the mixture such as viscosity or conductivity. The experiment itself serves to determine the effects of shear rate, packing fraction, particle size and film thickness on the load carrying normal stress. Additionally, the frictional shear stress can be investigated. The working particulate medium within the apparatus consists of glass of aluminum spheres, poly-dispersed over four size increments, all less than 1.00 mm diameter. The upper annular disk is held stationary in a rotational sense by a force transducer, and applies predetermined normal stress values which vary according to a system of interchangeable counterweights. The lower transfer surface and the sidewalls of the annular ring are rotated by applied mechanical torque. Experimental trials consist of shear initiation, after which the trough velocity, film thickness, supporting load, and frictional torque are measured. From these measurements one can calculate the average shear rate, the average load-carrying normal stress, the average frictional shear stress, and the solids volume fraction. Such third body granular flow may apply to some solid lubrication mechanisms, and to applications such as smart clutches and dampers. The continuum theory presented is unique in that it addresses solid-like behavior and its transition to fluidized behavior. The discrete particle dynamics rely on the conceptual models of Iordanoff and colleagues [2]. Our findings are that the two theoretical predictions agree reasonably with the experimental results, suggesting validity of the approach. These results are promising, and may be used to further develop high level predictive models. Furthermore, similar methods of small scale experimental particle simulation can be used to develop simpler more usable continuum approaches.© 2011 ASME
Stability and Growth of Lennard-Jones Strained Layer Superlattice Interfaces

In the context of a model system whose atoms interact via Lennard-Jones (LJ) interatomic potentials, we have studied the stability of an initially perfect strained layer superlattice interface (SLS) and the process of growth of a mismatched layer on a substrate using Monte Carlo techniques. An initially perfect SLS interface is found to be metastable up to 12% mismatch, a much higher value than is found on real SLS systems. In contrast, we find that, within the limitations of the calculations, a perfect SLS interface cannot be grown in an LJ system. The implications of these results for understanding SLS growth processes is discussed.
Diversity of mechanical responses and their possible underlying mechanisms in the proboscis muscles ofBusycon canaliculatum

Mechanical responses of the radular protractor and retractor, the odontophore retractor and the radular sac muscles ofBusycon canaliculatum were compared. The radular protractor responded to both ACh and high K salines with similar slow, smooth contractures showing no evidence of fast twitch activity. The radular sac, odontophore retractor, and radular retractor muscles responded to low K salines with bursts of fast twitches at a mechanical threshold below that for responses in the radular protractor. With high K salines these three muscles showed inactivation of fast twitch activity and replacement by slow maintained tonic force. With rare exceptions, the ACh responses of all four muscles consisted of slow, maintained tonic contractures with no fast twitch activity, although individual muscles differed in their ACh sensitivity. A scheme is presented to explain the mechanical modus operandi of this complex organ by the co-operative actions of these four physiologically diverse muscles. It is proposed that fast twitch responses depend upon the activity of fast transient Ca channels showing strong voltage sensitivity and ready voltage inactivation. It is proposed that maintained tonic contractures in all the muscles depends upon the activity of slow long-lasting voltage-dependent Ca channels which only open with substantial membrane depolarization. It is suggested that K-induced and ACh-induced responses may activate a similar cellular Ca pool but by different membrane transduction routes.
Phylogeny and character evolution in the Empidonax group of tyrant flycatchers (Aves: Tyrannidae): a test of W. E. Lanyon's hypothesis using mtDNA sequences.

We sequenced mitochondrial DNA from four protein-coding genes for 26 taxa to test W. E. Lanyon's hypothesis of intergeneric relationships and character evolution in the Empidonax group of tyrant flycatchers. Three genera in this group (Empidonax, Contopus, and Sayornis) successfully occupy north temperate habitats for breeding, while the remaining genera (Mitrephanes, Cnemotriccus, Aphanotriccus, Lathrotriccus, and Xenotriccus) are restricted to neotropical latitudes. Lanyon hypothesized two major clades in the group based on differences in syringeal morphology and proposed relationships among genera using a combination of morphologic, behavioral, and allozymic characters. The mtDNA data strongly support Lanyon's division of genera into two clades. In addition, the molecular and nonmolecular data sets agree in uniting Aphanotriccus and Lathrotriccus as sister taxa, with Cnemotriccus as basal to these genera. Species of Aphanotriccus, Lathrotriccus, and Cnemotriccus form a clade that exploits a distinctive nesting niche relative to other members of the Empidonax group. Within the second major clade, mtDNA sequences support a reconstruction based on allozymes that places Contopus and Empidonax as sister taxa. This hypothesis contradicts that of Lanyon, who allied Contopus with Mitrephanes on the basis of similarity in foraging mode. Genera in the Empidonax group are members of a larger assemblage that radiated in South America. Occupancy of temperate habitats by certain genera in this group is coincident with their evolution of migratory behavior and with independent diversification in foraging modes that reduces potential competition in sympatry.
Observation of Two Elastic Configurations at a Point Defect

The anomalous temperature dependence of the impurity-induced far-infrared spectrum of KI: ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{+}$ indicates that at least two energetically inequivalent elastic configurations are simultaneously available to the defect-lattice system.
Enabling dynamic life cycle assessment of buildings with wireless sensor networks

This paper summarizes the goals and initial findings from a project whose aim is to create robust and practical life cycle assessment (LCA) tools to assess the performance of buildings. A central feature of this project is the concept of a dynamic LCA framework for buildings, which should include, but is not limited to; considering temporal variations in internal and external conditions during a building's operating lifetime, and incorporating the ability to rapidly update the LCA results based on changes to the building's design or operation (dynamic scenario modeling). A life cycle assessment (LCA) framework is necessary to understand how buildings and their occupants use materials, water, and energy resources, and are affected by the building's internal environmental quality throughout the its lifetime. However, LCA is not commonly used in building industry practice. This disparity is hypothesized to be the result of several factors: the perceived and actual complexity of LCA's application; the lack of inclusion of internal building effects important to practitioners and users, such as indoor environmental quality (IEQ); and the lack of detailed information on the dynamics of the building's use phase. This paper describes the feasibility of deploying a real-time, wireless sensor network to generate a dynamic LCA for buildings. Using the data collected from a sensor network, projections of the environmental impact of a building's use phase can be validated or improved. Building systems that demonstrate a highly variable impact on the LCA results or diverge widely from current predictions can be selected for additional study, and choices regarding where to expend finite resources in sensor applications can be refined.
Complex formation, polymerization, and autoreduction in the ferric fructose system

Abstract The solution chemistry of ferric fructose has been examined at various hydroxide-to-iron ratios using several physical techniques. The reactivity of ferric fructose complexes with transferrin, the serum iron binding protein, has provided a quantitative measure of polymeric fractions and insight into the rate and mode of breakdown of the polymers. A hydroxy-iron polymer is formed maximally (90%) in the neutral pH region corresponding to 3 OH/Fe, while mononuclear ferric fructose complexes predominate both in acidic (probably as FeFru(-H+)2+, and basic (probably as FeFru(-4H+)− solutions. The chemistry is similar to that of the ferric gluconate system, except that the carboxylate group of gluconate makes it more effective at breaking down the hydrolytic iron polymer. Both ligands form octahedral mononuclear complexes, and gluconate exhibits higher ligand field strength than fructose. The hydrolytic ferric fructose polymer shows the same spectrum as the ferric nitrate and ferric citrate polymers but is much smaller (mw
Navigational potential of e-vector sensing by marine animals

This essay documents an informal talk about the central theme in the author's research career. That has mainly related to the visual physiology and orientation of aquatic animals, particularly with regard to underwater polarized light. This required pioneer measurements of underwater polarized light patterns, proof that oriented behavior could be determined by e- vector direction independently of intensity patterns or other secondary clues and a demonstration of the retinal dichroic mechanism involved, at least in crustacean compound eyes. The relevant visual data processing by two orthogonal channels was also analyzed with regard to oriented swimming behavior. Some current research by others and major unsolved problems are mentioned and the relevant part of the author's bibliography is appended.
7th Edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: Esophagus and Esophagogastric Junction

Department ofSurgery, Thoracic Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NYIn previous editions of the American Joint Committeeon Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging Manual, esophagealcancer staging was neither data driven nor harmonized withstomach cancer. The new staging system presented in the7th edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, in con-trast, is data driven and harmonized.
Group-Theoretical Study of the Zeeman Effect of Acceptors in Silicon and Germanium

Group-theoretical techniques are used to deduce the selection rules, energy splittings, and relative intensities of the Zeeman components of the electric dipole absorption lines ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{6}$, ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}$ of an acceptor in a group-IV semiconductor. Results are obtained for three different orientations of the magnetic field $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$ with respect to the crystal axes: $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[001]$, $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[111]$, and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[110]$. For a ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}$ transition the relative intensities for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[001]$ are expressed in terms of two real parameters, which are essentially ratios of matrix elements of the electric-dipole-moment operator. The relative intensities for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[111]$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[110]$ depend on energy splittings as well. When terms quadratic in $B$ are important, the relative intensities for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[110]$ become dependent on $B$. The results obtained are quite general, being based on symmetry considerations alone. They are applicable to an impurity located at a site of tetrahedral symmetry, provided that the Zeeman splitting of a given level is small in comparison with its distance from the nearest zero-field level. Our treatment proves particularly useful for studying acceptor states in group-IV semiconductors. As an example, we discuss the case of boron impurity in germanium.
Feeding response to regulatory challenges after 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the brain noradrenergic pathways☆

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that intra-mesencephalic 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) injection into the ascending noradrenergic bundles produces hyperphagia in rats. In the present study, 6-OH-DA-injected, hyperphagic rats responded like normals to manipulation of certain factors concerned with the short-term regulation of feeding. First, norepinephrine-depleted animals and controls ate similar amounts after insulin challenge. Second, adulterating the diet with quinine, saccharin or a very palatable cheese resulted in only small and nonsignificant differences in intake in the 6-OH-DA rats and controls. However, a third experiment demonstrated that the long-term regulation of calorie balance was functioning suboptimally in the 6-OH-DA-injected rats. These animals took twice as long as controls to reduce their intake to isocaloric levels after being given a calorically concentrated diet. Thus, a disruption in the efficient calorie regulating mechanism may be a factor leading to overeating after norepinephrine loss. In addition, this study further supports the notion that hyperphagia and finickiness are dissociable.
Effects of histone acetylation and CpG methylation on the structure of nucleosomes

Nucleosomes are the fundamental packing units of the eukaryotic genome. A nucleosome core particle comprises an octameric histone core wrapped around by ~147bp DNA. Histones and DNA are targets for covalent modifications mediated by various chromatin modification enzymes. These modifications play crucial roles in various gene regulation activities. A group of common hypotheses for the mechanisms of gene regulation involves changes in the structure and structural dynamics of chromatin induced by chromatin modifications. We employed single molecule fluorescence methods to test these hypotheses by monitoring the structure and structural dynamics of nucleosomes before and after histone acetylation and DNA methylation, two of the best-conserved chromatin modifications throughout eukaryotes. Our studies revealed that these modifications induce changes in the structure and structural dynamics of nucleosomes that may contribute directly to the formation of open or repressive chromatin conformation.
Clay-mineral indicators of glacial and nonglacial sources of Wisconsinan loesses in Southern Indiana, U.S.A.

Abstract Clay-mineral compositions of Peoria loess of later Wisconsinan age derived from Wabash Basin and Ohio Basin riverine sources differ in southern Indiana. In the Wabash province the composition is illite > expandable clay minerals > kaolinite and relates to the clay-mineral composition of glacial drift in the basin of 91% glacial cover. In the Ohio province the composition is expandable clay minerals > or ⋍ illite > kaolinite and relates indirectly to the clay-mineral composition of the Sangamon Soil terrain on bedrock. Above the confluent Wabash Basin, 77% of the Ohio Basin is unglaciated. The clay-mineral composition of thin Farmdale loess of earlier Wisconsinan age also relates to the composition of the paleosol terrain. During Peorian time while glacial outwash was supplying loess source materials to the valleys in the Wabash Basin, ordinary alluvium derived from soils and bedrock in unglaciated terrain was supplying loess source materials to the valleys in the Ohio Basin.
Microbiological assay of purines

Abstract A sensitive microbiological assay for purine bases and derivatives is described which depends on purine-limited incorporation of [ 3 H]uracil into E. coli double auxotrophs for uracil and specific bases.
Exploring the Past and Future of Our Planet: Not Bit-by-Bit but All at Once

Understanding the Changing Planet lacks the spark of wonder and synthesis that initially attracted me into geography. Its structure around compelling questions reflects disciplinary fragmentation and the model of interdisciplinary science favored in the late twentieth century. It is suggested that geography can move beyond the “big tent with three poles” approach, to a twenty-first-century hyperdisciplinary model where content, science, analysis, and synthesis blur and a new bottom-up science can emerge. In this science, new theory and even grand unified theory might be possible. As discussed in Understanding the Changing Planet, the Web and the emergence of volunteered geographic information are examples. This would make study of the whole earth and its systems “a respectable object for scholarly efforts.”
Measuring Attributions About Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

SUMMARYThree studies explored the effects of different diagnostic labels and different types of recommended treatments for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome upon attributions regarding its cause, nature, severity, contagion, prognosis, and treatment. Attributions for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome appear to change based upon the diagnostic label given for the syndrome and the type of treatment recommended. Results suggest that, in comparison to the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome label, the Myalgic Enceph-alopathy label prompts attributions that this syndrome is a serious condition associated with a physiologically-based etiology, a poor prognosis, and decreased potential for organ donation. Results also suggest that, compared with cognitive coping skills treatment, treatment with ampligen appears to be associated with perceptions of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome as an accurate diagnosis and as a severely disabling condition.
Computational Methods for the Representation of Contour Lines

: Various methods exist for the automatic representation of contour plots, frequently used in civil engineering to show, for example, stress distributions in a field or elevations in a survey map. This paper describes some of the contouring methods that influenced the development of algorithms for automatically contouring data specified on grids. Although many methods have been studied in the contouring field, the development of contour lines through a specified grid system is simple and very effective in the solution of various engineering problems. Specific details will be given on the creation of contour plots on regular grids, since routines to contour data that are scattered may interpolate values of points on a regular grid. Procedures for the creation of a three-dimensional surface through the contour lines will also be given.
Mean lives of some states in 33S

Abstract The mean lives of the 0.84, 1.97, 2.31, 2.94 and 3.22 MeV levels were studied using the Doppler-shift attenuation method (DSAM). The 32 S(d, p) 33 S reaction was used with deuteron energies ranging from 1.86 to 2.50 MeV to populate the excited levels of 33 S. The directions of the recoiling nuclei were determined by detecting γ-rays in coincidence with protons. Mean lives of τ m = 0.9 −0.4 +0.5 ,0.15 ± 0.03, 0.14 ± 0.04, > 1.4 and 0.04 −0.01 +0.02 ps were found for the levels at E x = 0.84, 1.97, 2.31, 2.94 and 3.22 MeV, respectively. Where applicable, the results are compared to predictions of the strong-coupling rotational model.
MDCSim: A multi-tier data center simulation, platform

Performance and power issues are becoming increasingly important in the design of large, cluster-based multitier data centers for supporting a multitude of services. The design and analysis of such large/complex distributed systems often suffer from the lack of availability of an adequate physical infrastructure. This paper presents a comprehensive, flexible, and scalable simulation platform for in-depth analysis of multi-tier data centers. Designed as a pluggable three-level architecture, our simulator captures all the important design specifics of the underlying communication paradigm, kernel level scheduling artifacts, and the application level interactions among the tiers of a three-tier data center. The flexibility of the simulator is attributed to its ability in experimenting with different design alternatives in the three layers, and in analyzing both the performance and power consumption with realistic workloads. The scalability of the simulator is demonstrated with analyses of different data center configurations. In addition, we have designed a prototype three-tier data center on an Infiniband Architecture (IBA) connected Linux cluster to validate the simulator. Using RUBiS benchmark workload, it is shown that the simulator is quite accurate in estimating the throughput, response time, and power consumption. We then demonstrate the applicability of the simulator in conducting three different types of studies. First, we conduct a comparative analysis of the IBA and 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GigE) under different traffic conditions and with varying size clusters for understanding their relative merits in designing cluster-based servers. Second, measurement and characterization of power consumption across the servers of a three-tier data center is done. Third, we perform a configuration analysis of the Web server (WS), Application Server (AS), and Database Server (DB) for performance optimization. We believe that such a comprehensive simulation infrastructure is critical for providing guidelines in designing efficient and cost-effective multi-tier data centers.
Block copolymer-nanoparticle hybrid self-assembly

Abstract Polymer-inorganic hybrid materials provide exciting opportunities as they may display favorable properties from both constituents that are desired in applications including catalysis and energy conversion and storage. For the preparation of hybrid materials with well-defined morphologies, block copolymer-directed nanoparticle hybrids present a particularly promising approach. As will be described in this review, once the fundamental characteristics for successful nanostructure formation at or close to the thermodynamic equilibrium of these nanocomposites are identified, the approach can be generalized to various materials classes. In addition to the discussion of recent materials developments based on the use of AB diblock copolymers as well as ABC triblock terpolymers, this review will therefore emphasize progress in the fundamental understanding of the underlying formation mechanisms of such hybrid materials. To this end, critical experiments for, as well as theoretical progress in the description of these nanostructured block copolymer-based hybrid materials will be discussed. Rather than providing a comprehensive overview, the review will emphasize work by the Wiesner group at Cornell University, US, on block copolymer-directed nanoparticle assemblies as well as their use in first potential application areas. The results provide powerful design criteria for wet-chemical synthesis methodologies for the generation of functional nanomaterials for applications ranging from microelectronics to catalysis to energy conversion and storage.
Clinical results with the use of agglutinogenfrom phase I hemophilus pertussis as a skin test for susceptibility to whooping cough

Summary The results of a clinical study, using the purified agglutinogen ofphase I Hemophilus pertussis as a skin test for susceptibility to whooping cough, are presented. The test seems to classify immune and susceptible individuals according to their histories, both of disease incidence and vaccination, in a satisfactory way. In addition to its use as a skin test, the agglutinogen in single skin test doses produces a marked increase in the titer of individuals with existing immunity or partial immunity to pertussis. Repeated doses produce a reversal of the test and a titer in those with no initial immunity. Careful study of a small institutional epidemic indicates that susceptibility can be predicted by the use of this skin test.
The role of personality and gender in preference for exaggerated bass in music.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether preferences for enhanced and exaggerated bass in popular and more traditional forms of music are related to personality and gender differences. To test hypothesized relationships 21 pairs of musical selections were presented to undergraduate volunteers. Selections were randomly played in either normal or in enhanced bass modes. Personality was measured with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Revised, with Ss included in analysis if they scored in the highest or lowest quartile of the three superfactors measured by this instrument. Results showed that Psychoticism, gender, and Extraversion are all positively related to preference for enhanced bass. The results of gender are maintained even if the tendency for elevated Pscores in males are statistically controlled. Potential biobehavioural explanations for these findings are discussed as well as directions for future research.
Foreign Access to the Japanese Market: Structural and Economy-Wide Factors

This article explores the effect of changes in prices, income, and nontariff barriers on Japanese imports before and during the period of yen appreciation. Empirical findings support the contention that around the mid-1980s there was an apparent change in the responsiveness of manufactured imports to changes in GNP, as well as changes in nontariff barriers.
Tissue plasminogen activator in trabecular meshwork attenuates steroid induced outflow resistance in mice.

Tissue plasminogen activator, a serine protease encoded by the PLAT gene is present in the trabecular meshwork (TM) and other ocular tissues and has been reported to be downregulated by treatment with steroids in vitro. Steroids are known to cause changes in outflow facility of aqueous humor in many species. In the present study, we tested whether overexpression of PLAT can prevent and/or reverse the outflow facility of mouse eyes treated with steroids. Animals received bilateral injection with 20 µl of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) (40mg/ml) suspension subconjunctivally to induce outflow facility changes. Some animals received unilateral intracameral injection with 2 µl of adenoviral suspension [3-4x1012 virus genomes per milliliter (vg/ml)] carrying sheep PLAT cDNA (AdPLAT) either concurrently with TA injection or one week after TA injection, whereas others received bilateral intracameral injection with 2µl of adenoviral suspension (9x1012 vg/ml) carrying no transgene (AdNull) concurrently with TA injection. Animals were sacrificed one week after AdPLAT or AdNull treatment. Endogenous mRNA expression levels of mouse PAI-1 and MMP-2, -9 and -13 were also measured using qRT-PCR. Outflow facility one week after AdPLAT administration was increased by 60% and 63% respectively for animals that had not or had been pretreated with steroids. Overexpression of PLAT significantly upregulated expression of PAI-1, MMP-2, -9 and -13 compared to the levels found in TA only treated eyes. These findings suggest that overexpression of PLAT in TM of mouse eyes can both prevent and reverse the decrease in outflow facility caused by steroid treatment and is associated with upregulation of MMPs.
A 45,000 yr record of Adélie penguins and climate change in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Well-preserved remains of bone, tissue, and eggshell of Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) have been recovered from numerous abandoned colonies in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica. Radiocarbon dates on these remains provide an occupation history for this species ranging from hundreds to tens of thousands of years ago. We completed 62 new radiocarbon dates on these remains, which now indicate that an open-water marine environment existed in the Ross Sea from ca. 45,000 to 27,000 14 C yr before present (B.P.) and provide constraints for the timing of the last advance of the Ross Ice Sheet. Penguins did not recolonize the Ross Sea until ca. 8000 calendar years (cal yr) B.P., after the early Holocene retreat of the Ross Ice Sheet. Two subsequent periods of abandonment at 5000-4000 and 2000-1100 cal yr B.P. correlate with cooling episodes that caused unfavorable marine conditions for breeding penguins. Most modern colonies were established only within the past 2000 yr.
A Fuzzy Optimization Approach for Variation Aware Power Minimization During Gate Sizing

Technology scaling in the nanometer era has increased the transistor's susceptibility to process variations. The effects of such variations are having a huge impact on the yield of the integrated circuits and need to be considered early in the design flow. Traditional corner based deterministic methods are no longer effective and circuit optimization methods require reinvention with a statistical perspective. In this paper, we propose a new gate sizing algorithm using fuzzy linear programming in which the uncertainty due to process variations is modeled using fuzzy numbers. The variations in gate delay which is a function of the gate sizes and the fan-outs of the gates are represented using triangular fuzzy numbers with linear membership functions. Initially, as a preprocessing step for fuzzy optimization, we perform deterministic optimizations by fixing the fuzzy parameters to the worst and the average case values, the results of which are used to convert the fuzzy optimization problem into a crisp nonlinear problem. The crisp problem with delay and power as constraints is then formulated to maximize the robustness, i.e., the variation resistance of the circuit. The fuzzy optimization approach was tested on ITC'99 benchmark circuits and the results were validated for timing yield using Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed approach is shown to achieve better power reduction than the worst case deterministic optimization as well as the stochastic programming based gate sizing methods, while having comparable runtimes.
THE ETIOLOGY OF ACUTE DYSENTERY IN THE UNITED STATES.

1. The several standard cultures used in this study are indistinguishable —a conclusion previously reached and stated by Flexner. 2. The acute dysentery of the United States is due to a bacillus indistinguishable from that obtained from the epidemics of dysentery in several other parts of the world. 3. The sporadic and the institutional outbreaks of acute dysentery are caused by the same microorganism, and this organism is identical with that causing epidemic acute dysentery. 4. The cause of acute dysentery, whether sporadic, institutional, or epidemic, is Bacillus dysenteriae Shiga.
Monitoring and controlling remote parallel computations using Schooner

Scientific visualization systems such as AVS have the potential to help users of parallel systems monitor and control their computations. Unfortunately, the machines most suitable for visualization systems are not the parallel systems on which the computation executes, often leading to the use of two distinct machines and the viewing of results only after the computation has completed. Here, an approach to solving this problem is presented in which AVS and a remote parallel computation are incorporated into a single metacomputation using the Schooner software interconnection system. This scheme gives the user enhanced control, including the ability to dynamically select the parallel platform to be used, monitor the progress of the computation, and modify parameters. >
Aberrations in pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) found in infertile men with Y-chromosome microdeletions.

Y-chromosome microdeletions can be associated with previously unrecognized aberrations in PAR; for example, unrecognized SHOX disorders may coexist in men with Y-chromosome microdeletions.
SMT-Based Analysis of Biological Computation

Synthetic biology focuses on the re-engineering of living organisms for useful purposes while DNA computing targets the construction of therapeutics and computational circuits directly from DNA strands. The complexity of biological systems is a major engineering challenge and their modeling relies on a number of diverse formalisms. Moreover, many applications are “mission-critical” (e.g. as recognized by NASA’s Synthetic Biology Initiative) and require robustness which is difficult to obtain. The ability to formally specify desired behavior and perform automated computational analysis of system models can help address these challenges, but today there are no unifying scalable analysis frameworks capable of dealing with this complexity.
Urban region parks and black minorities: Subculture, marginality, and interracial relations in park use in the Detroit metropolitan area

Abstract This paper compares participation in Detroit city parks and surrounding regional parks by black and white Detroit residents. Black Detroit residents participate more than whites in Detroit city parks, but less than whites in surrounding region parks. The paper explores a variety of explanations for these findings including “marginality”; (economic barriers), subcultural preferences, and interracial relations. Marginality plays some role in explaining underrepresentation by black Detroit residents in regional parks, primarily through restricted access to automobile transport, rather than income effects directly. Subcultural preferences, as measured in this study, do not seem to explain differences in black and white participation. However, measures of sub‐culture were less robust than measures of other factors. Interracial relations factors do seem to play a role in explaining underrepresentation by minorities in regional parks. Implications for research and urban outdoor recreation policy are exp...
Does Random X-Inactivation in Mammals Reflect a Random Choice Between Two X Chromosomes?

Inactivation of the maternal or paternal X chromosome in a mammalian embryonic XX cell is believed to involve random choice between the two X's. We propose two alternative models. One suggests that choice is not random, while the other is consistent with random choice, but not one between two X's.
Asynchronous cooperative diversity

Cooperative diversity, which employs multiple nodes for the simultaneous relaying of a given packet in wireless ad hoc networks, has been shown to be an effective means of improving diversity, and, hence, mitigating the detrimental effects of multipath fading. However, in previously proposed cooperative diversity schemes, it has been assumed that coordination among the relays allows for accurate symbol-level timing synchronization at the destination and orthogonal channel allocation, which can be quite costly in terms of signaling overhead in mobile ad hoc networks, which are often defined by their lack of a fixed infrastructure and the difficulty of centralized control. In this paper, cooperative diversity schemes are considered that do not require symbol-level timing synchronization or orthogonal channelization between the relays employed. In the process, a novel minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) receiver is designed for combining disparate inputs in the multiple-relay channel. Outage probability calculations and simulation results demonstrate the not unexpected significant performance gains of the proposed schemes over single-hop transmission, and, more importantly, demonstrate performance comparable to schemes requiring accurate symbol-level synchronization and orthogonal channelization
A summary of EHV propulsion technology

The quest for a commercially successful electric vehicle invariably centers around three major factors which influence buyer decisions: performance, range, and cost. Using today's technology, two items within an electric vehicle have the greatest influence on these factors. The battery is the primary determinant of range and to a lesser extent of performance. The design of the propulsion system sets the performance level of the vehicle and has a smaller effect on range. While the battery has the greatest impact on the life cycle cost of a vehicle, the propulsion system is a much larger contributor to the purchase price. Propulsion subsystem weight, efficiency, and cost are related to the specified combination of components used. Under the United States Department of Energy's Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program, propulsion component and system advancements have been made which will result in weight savings of 35-50 percent, efficiency gains of 25 percentage points, and significantly lower cost when compared to the state of the art at the inception of the program.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Is there a place for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant in first remission in the era of chemo-immunotherapy?

AbstractWhile rituximab-based chemo-immunotherapy has improved response and long-term survival rates in diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL), relapse and death from recurrent disease is still the eventual outcome in a significant proportion of patients, especially those with high-risk disease. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT) in first remission, which was studied mainly before the advent of rituximab, has lost its appeal due to several small negative trials. However, definitive data do not exist to determine the role of AHSCT in first remission. In this review, we critically evaluate studies investigating AHSCT in DLBCL in first remission. Most available studies have shortcomings that limit the applicability of their findings. AHSCT in first remission may have a role in selected patients with high-risk DLBCL, but a carefully designed prospective study is required to appropriately evaluate this concept.
A cascade of classifiers for extracting medication information from discharge summaries

Extracting medication information from clinical records has many potential applications, and recently published research, systems, and competitions reflect an interest therein. Much of the early extraction work involved rules and lexicons, but more recently machine learning has been applied to the task. We present a hybrid system consisting of two parts. The first part, field detection, uses a cascade of statistical classifiers to identify medication-related named entities. The second part uses simple heuristics to link those entities into medication events. The system achieved performance that is comparable to other approaches to the same task. This performance is further improved by adding features that reference external medication name lists. This study demonstrates that our hybrid approach outperforms purely statistical or rule-based systems. The study also shows that a cascade of classifiers works better than a single classifier in extracting medication information. The system is available as is upon request from the first author.