cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rescue of Xrcc1 knockout mouse embryo lethality by transgene-complementation.

Xrcc1 knockout embryos show increased DNA breakage and apoptosis in tissues of the embryo proper prior to death at embryonic day E6.5. An additional deficiency in Trp53 allows Xrcc1−/− embryos to enlarge slightly and initiate gastrulation although ultimately death is delayed by less than 24 h. Death presumably results from DNA damage that reaches toxic levels in the post-implantation mouse embryo. To investigate the level of XRCC1 protein needed for successful mouse development, we derived Xrcc1 transgene-complemented Xrcc1−/− mice that express Xrcc1 within the normal range or at a greatly reduced level (<10% normal). The greatly reduced XRCC1 protein level destabilized the XRCC1 partner protein DNA ligase III (LIG3) but still allowed for successful mouse development and healthy, fertile adults. Fibroblasts from these animals exhibited almost normal alkylation sensitivity measured by differential cytotoxicity. Thus, a large reduction of both XRCC1 and DNA ligase III has no observable effect on mouse embryogenesis and post-natal development, and no significant effect on cellular sensitivity to DNA alkylation. The presence of XRCC1, even at reduced levels of expression, is therefore capable of supporting mouse development and DNA repair.
A Reexamination of Amino Acids in Lunar Soils: Implications for the Survival of Exogenous Organic Material During Impact Delivery

Using a sensitive high performance liquid chromatography technique, we have analyzed both the hot water extract and the acid hydrolyzed hot water extract of lunar soil collected during the Apollo 17 mission. Both free amino acids and those derived from acid labile precursors are present at a level of roughly 15 ppb. Based on the D/L amino acid ratios, the free alanine and aspartic acid observed in the hot water extract can be entirely attributed to terrestrial biogenic contamination. However, in the acid labile fraction, precursors which yield amino acids are apparently present in the lunar soil. The amino acid distribution suggests that the precursor is probably solar wind implanted HCN. We have evaluated our results with regard to the meteoritic input of intact organic compounds to the moon based on an upper limit of less than or equal to 0.3 ppb for alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, a non-protein amino acid which does not generally occur in terrestrial organisms and which is not a major amino acid produced from HCN, but which is a predominant amino acid in many carbonaceous chondrites. We find that the survival of exogenous organic compounds during lunar impact is less than or equal to 0.8%. This result represents an example of minimum organic impact survivability. This is an important first step toward a better understanding of similar processes on Earth and on Mars, and their possible contribution to the budget of prebiotic organic compounds on the primitive Earth.
Cultural Competence: Its Influence on the Teaching and Learning of International Students

This study investigates the influence of cultural competence on the teaching and learning process for instructors and students of higher education. It examines whether there is a difference in the ...
Induced Expression of the Male Isoantigen in the Skin of Female Mice.

SummaryIt has been previously assumed that the “male” isoantigen of mice is determined by a gene located on the Y chromosome. This study seems to indicate that newborn female skin, nourished in a male environment, can be induced to express the male antigen. Hence the expression of this antigen seems to be influenced by the Y chromosome only in its “male-determining” role, and the gene responsible for the production of this antigen may be present in both sexes.
Antiglaucoma medications: a review of safety and tolerability issues related to their use.

Abstract Background Much experience has been gained with the use of older classes of antiglaucoma agents—topical beta-adrenergic-receptor antagonists, nonselective adrenergic-receptor agonists, oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and cholinergic agents. In the past decade, new drugs and classes of drugs used to treat glaucoma have become available, including topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, prostaglandin analogues, and alpha 2 -adrenergic-receptor agonists. Extensive community-based use of antiglaucoma medications has led to an increased understanding of the acute and long-term safety and tolerability issues associated with their use. Objective This paper reviews the side effects associated with the various classes of topical antiglaucoma drugs, with a particular focus on long-term safety issues.
Analysis of the Proportional Hazards Model with Sparse Longitudinal Covariates.

Regression analysis of censored failure observations via the proportional hazards model permits time-varying covariates that are observed at death times. In practice, such longitudinal covariates are typically sparse and only measured at infrequent and irregularly spaced follow-up times. Full likelihood analyses of joint models for longitudinal and survival data impose stringent modeling assumptions that are difficult to verify in practice and that are complicated both inferentially and computationally. In this article, a simple kernel weighted score function is proposed with minimal assumptions. Two scenarios are considered: half kernel estimation in which observation ceases at the time of the event and full kernel estimation for data where observation may continue after the event, as with recurrent events data. It is established that these estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal. However, they converge at rates that are slower than the parametric rates that may be achieved with fully observe...
Social Complexity Can Drive Vocal Complexity Group Size Influences Vocal Information in Carolina Chickadees

One hypothesis to explain variation in vocal communication in animal species is that the complexity of the social group influences the group's vocal complexity. This social-complexity hypothesis for communication is also central to recent arguments regarding the origins of human language, but experimental tests of the hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated whether group size, a fundamental component of social complexity, influences the complexity of a call functioning in the social organization of Carolina chickadees, Poecile carolinensis. In unmanipulated field settings, calls of individuals in larger groups had greater complexity (more information) than calls of individuals in smaller groups. In aviary settings manipulating group size, individuals in larger groups used calls with greater complexity than individuals in smaller groups. These results indicate that social complexity can influence communicative complexity in this species.
Forecasting annual electricity demand using BP neural network based on three sub-swarms PSO

Forecast of annual electricity demand is very important for the market settlement and transmission pricing of power system. Therefore, a forecasting model combing back propagation (BP) neural network and three sub-swarms particle swarm optimization (THSPSO) is proposed. Some important economical factors of the year to be forecasted, such as the gross product, the population, the price index, and so on, are considered in the forecast model. On the other hand, annual electricity demands are considered as a time series. Firstly, the weights and bias of the neural network if globally optimized based on THSPSO, which has a stronger diversification than the basic PSO. Secondly, the network is trained by BP algorithm with the obtained values from THSPSO as the initial values. The case study of Liaoning Province of China indicates that the network can be trained quickly by the hybrid algorithm of THSPSO and BP, and that annual electricity demand can be forecasted by this network with high precision.
Arbtrage in a Basketball Economy

This paper addresses the role of the manager in a team production setting. The coach of a basketball team faces a team production arbitrage problem. He must monitor and enforce a process that distributes shots among players such that the expectation that each shot taken will be made is maximized. This paper articulates an agency theory of this arbitrage process and tests it with data on the National Basketball Association. Copyright 1990 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG
Comparison of alpha-particle and neutron-induced combinational and sequential logic error rates at the 32nm technology node

We report on particle induced upset rates of combinational and sequential logic. A novel test chip has been designed in a 32nm process to study the effects of single event transients (SET) and to verify the accuracy of our simulation models. The test chip has been tested under neutron and alpha particle radiation. Our measured data verify simulation-based projections that while static logic at the 32nm technology node is sensitive to both alpha particle and neutron radiation, it is not a dominant contributor at the chip-level.
LBO-Shape Densities: Efficient 3D Shape Retrieval Using Wavelet Density Estimation

Driven by desirable attributes such as topological characterization and invariance to isometric transformations, the use of the Laplace-Beltrami operator (LBO) and its associated spectrum have been widely adopted among the shape analysis community. Here we demonstrate a novel use of the LBO for shape matching and retrieval by estimating probability densities on its Eigen space, and subsequently using the intrinsic geometry of the density manifold to categorize similar shapes. In our framework, each 3D shape's rich geometric structure, as captured by the low order eigenvectors of its LBO, is robustly characterized via a nonparametric density estimated directly on these eigenvectors. By utilizing a probabilistic model where the square root of the density is expanded in a wavelet basis, the space of LBO-shape densities is identifiable with the unit hyper sphere. We leverage this simple geometry for retrieval by computing an intrinsic Karcher mean (on the hyper sphere of LBO-shape densities) for each shape category, and use the closed-form distance between a query shape and the means to classify shapes. Our method alleviates the need for superfluous feature extraction schemes-required for popular bag-of-features approaches-and experiments demonstrate it to be robust and competitive with the state-of-the-art in 3D shape retrieval algorithms.
AFM stiffness nanotomography of normal, metaplastic and dysplastic human esophageal cells

The mechanical stiffness of individual cells is important in tissue homeostasis, cell growth, division and motility, and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in the initiation of cancer. In this work, a normal squamous cell line (EPC2) and metaplastic (CP-A) as well as dysplastic (CP-D) Barrett’s Esophagus columnar cell lines are studied as a model of pre-neoplastic progression in the human esophagus. We used the combination of an atomic force microscope (AFM) with a scanning confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope to study the mechanical properties of single adherent cells. Sixty four force indentation curves were taken over the nucleus of each cell in an 8 × 8 grid pattern. Analyzing the force indentation curves, indentation depth-dependent Young’s moduli were found for all cell lines. Stiffness tomograms demonstrate distinct differences between the mechanical properties of the studied cell lines. Comparing the stiffness for indentation forces of 1 nN, most probable Young’s moduli were calculated to 4.7 kPa for EPC2 (n = 18 cells), 3.1 kPa for CP-A (n = 10) and 2.6 kPa for CP-D (n = 19). We also tested the influence of nuclei and nucleoli staining organic dyes on the mechanical properties of the cells. For stained EPC2 cells (n = 5), significant stiffening was found (9.9 kPa), while CP-A cells (n = 5) showed no clear trend (2.9 kPa) and a slight softening was observed (2.1 kPa) in the case of CP-D cells (n = 16). Some force–indentation curves show non-monotonic discontinuities with segments of negative slope, resembling a sawtooth pattern. We found the incidence of these ‘breakthrough events’ to be highest in the dysplastic CP-D cells, intermediate in the metaplastic CP-A cells and lowest in the normal EPC2 cells. This observation suggests that the microscopic explanation for the increased compliance of cancerous and pre-cancerous cells may lie in their susceptibility to ‘crumble and yield’ rather than their ability to ‘bend and flex’.
155 The Importance of the Reduction in Local Irritant Effects of Wound Exudates by Effective Wound Management for the Progression of NonHealing Wounds

How wound dressings may act locally to aid chronic wound healing is poorly understood. Along with an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of nonhealing wounds such as venous leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers, and the realization that these ulcers exhibit a high degree of inflammation, models have been developed linking the disease etiology and the visible ulcer. Furthermore, these models have suggested ways in which present therapeutic regimens, such as compression, aid healing. However, little focus has been placed on understanding how locally applied wound dressings aid in the overall healing response in the context of elevated inflammation. Here, we propose that if wound dressings have the correct combination of novel materials and physical characteristics they may provide effective management of the damaging local factors (i.e., proteinases and/or bacteria), thereby promoting a local environment supportive of healing. For example, the management of damaging wound exudates, limiting its exposure to the wound bed and surrounding skin, reduces the irritant effects of these exudates, leading to a reduction in the localized stimulation of inflammation. A better understanding of local environment and wound dressing interactions will help in the development of more effective wound dressings in the future.
Mechanical Response of Porous and Dense NiTi-TiC Composites

The Center for Commercial Applications of Combustion in Space (CCACS) at the Colorado School of Mines is currently using combustion synthesis to produce several advanced materials. These materials include ceramic, intermetallic, and metal-matrix composites in both porous and dense form. Currently, NiTi – TiC intermetallic ceramic composites are under investigation for use as a bone replacement material. The NiTi intermetallic has the potential to provide a surface that is capable of readily producing an oxide layer for corrosion resistance. The TiC ceramic has the potential to increase the hardness and wear resistance of the bulk material that can improve the performance lifetime of the implant. Processing parameters are critical to the production of the NiTi – TiC composite and will be discussed. These parameters can lead to the formation of substoichiometric TiC and nickel rich NiTi that changes the overall mechanical and material properties. In addition, the size of the TiC particles present within the bulk product varies with porosity. Both porous and dense samples have been mechanically analyzed employing micro-indentation techniques as well as compression tests in an attempt to characterize the mechanical response of these composites. The effects of the TiC particles, the formation of Ni3Ti intermetallic and the effects of porosity on the overall mechanical and material properties will be discussed.
Mitotic chromosome condensation requires Brn1p, the yeast homologue of Barren.

In vitro studies suggest that the Barren protein may function as an activator of DNA topoisomerase II and/or as a component of the Xenopus condensin complex. To better understand the role of Barren in vivo, we generated conditional alleles of the structural gene for Barren (BRN1 )i n Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that Barren is an essential protein required for chromosome condensation in vivo and that it is likely to function as an intrinsic component of the yeast condensation machinery. Consistent with this view, we show that Barren performs an essential function during a period of the cell cycle when chromosome condensation is established and maintained. In contrast, Barren does not serve as an essential activator of DNA topoisomerase II in vivo. Finally, brn1 mutants display additional phenotypes such as stretched chromosomes, aberrant anaphase spindles, and the accumulation of cells with .2C DNA content, suggesting that Barren function influences multiple aspects of chromosome transmission and dynamics.
Multilayer Design and Evaluation of a High Temperature Environmental Barrier Coating for Si-Based Ceramics

Two types of environmental barrier coatings for silicon nitride are investigated. In Type A coatings, a bilayer of polymer-derived SiCN and zirconia was deposited on silicon nitride. This coating nearly completely suppressed oxidation of Si3N4 at 1350°C in a 900 h-long test. But the coating volatilized in a streaming water vapor environment. In Type B coatings, a topcoat of hafnia was built on to the SiCN coating with an intermediate compliant layer to accommodate the thermal expansion mismatch between hafnia and Si3N4. The three-layer design was successful in preventing both oxidation as well as weight loss in the silicon nitride at temperatures up to 1300°C. The compliant interlayer was made from a porous microstructure, which approximately followed the guidelines subscribed by a model based on the columnar design. The results lead to both expected and unexpected findings. The three-layer design used to accommodate thermal expansion followed the prediction from the model. But the suppression of oxidation by the SiCN and zirconia overlayer, in Type A coatings, was unexpected. Inhibition of oxygen diffusion by zircon, which appears to have formed by a reaction between SiCN and zirconia, is one possible explanation. Another explanation is that ionic diffusion of oxygen in zircon overlayer and the molecular diffusion of oxygen through the silica interlayer just below creates an electrical field, which opposes ionic diffusion of oxygen through zircon.
Impact of digital signal processing on measurement and test instruments

The authors discuss the impact of digital signal processing on test instruments and describe the use of a single-chip digital signal processor called TriStar whose architecture has been tailored for the instrumentation environment. TriStar instructions and programming are described, and attention is given to typical applications of TriStar, including averaging, fast Fourier transform, and interpolations. The authors explain how the processor delivers high throughput for these applications. >
Grist for the Mill: Role of Cereal Fiber and Calcium in Prevention of Colon Cancer

Investigation into the causes and prevention of colon cancer has always been a fascinating area of cancer research. It remains so because of the complex interplay of genetics and environment in the etiology of this common malignancy (7,2). The dietary milieu probably provides mutagens that initiate colon carcinogenesis, altering critical genes involved in its genesis, and is the source of substances that promote the tumorigenic process. Fortunately, as the epidemiologic evidence underscores, the diet is seemingly rich in factors that modulate risk for the disease (3-5). An impressive amount of experimental evidence, especially in laboratory animal studies, supports protective roles for cereal fiber and calcium in influencing risk for colon cancer. In carcinogen-treated rodents, research studies (6-13) have consistently implicated dietary fiber from wheat and supplemental dietary calcium as potentially protective in terms of reducing colon cell hyperproliferation upon short-term feeding and in reducing and protecting against the development of colon cancer in the longer term. The results have been inconsistent regarding the cancer preventive effects of other forms of cereal fiber. Some studies even suggested an adverse effect on the colon; i.e., some soluble forms of fiber have been shown to enhance cellular proliferation in the colon (14,15). From the human standpoint, relatively few studies have addressed the possible mechanism of action of added dietary fiber and calcium in the prevention of colon cancer. One hypothesis that has withstood the test of time suggests that the digestion of a diet rich in fat enhances the release of primary and secondary
Urolithiasis in children.

Abstract Urinary tract calculi in children are rare in the United States, with an incidence of 1 to 4 per 1,000 pediatric admissions. Primary and secondary calculi are different in causation, chemical composition, and prognosis, and must be considered separately. Review of the literature in the United States and England suggests that in 60 per cent of children, as in adults, no causation will be found. Our experience with twenty-five primary and twenty-five secondary calculi in a nonendemic area, however, shows only six truly idiopathic stones. Thorough urologic and metabolic evaluation has been rewarded with an appreciable yield of metabolic or structural abnormalities. Treatment consists of standard urologic management of stones, as well as specific therapy directed at the underlying causes.
A Discriminant Model for Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Anthraquinone Disperse Dyes

Some anthraquinone (AQ) disperse dyes have expressed allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in some consumer uses while others of the same class have not. One of the puzzling aspects of these haptens is the absence of any obvious protein reactive center. The parent compound is nonallergenic and the Mulliken charges on the carbonyl group of 9 AQ allergens and 10 AQ nonallergens show no significant differences. Moreover, using methylamine as a model for the lysine endgroup, the AM1 computed reaction with AQ is weakly endothermic while that of the known allergen, formaldehyde, is strongly exothermic. As all of the allergenic dyes are red or blue and devoid of any obvious reaction center, these observations tend to suggest an excited state as the reactive species. Accordingly, classical and quantum chemical descriptors were explored together in a two-value regression study with 9 actives, ACD (Class=1), and 10 inactives, NON (Class=0). As in earlier discriminant studies of haptens and nonhaptens, logP was not a factor, nor were the hydrogen-bonding potentials of donor and acceptor groups. However, the summation of the Hammett sigma constants for the AQ ring substituents combined with the computational energy gap between HOMO and LUMO of the radical-anion gave an excellent separation of the two classes. Only one major outlier was observed. The coefficients of the regression equation strongly suggest an electron transfer reaction followed by a nucleophilic radical attack on the cell surface proteins of the epidermal Langerhans cells to mark the beginning of the ACD immune response.
Electronic medical record: research tool for pancreatic cancer?

Abstract Background A novel data warehouse based on automated retrieval from an institutional health care information system (HIS) was made available to be compared with a traditional prospectively maintained surgical database. Methods A newly established institutional data warehouse at a single-institution academic medical center autopopulated by HIS was queried for International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis codes for pancreatic neoplasm. Patients with ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes for pancreatic neoplasm were captured. A parallel query was performed using a prospective database populated by manual entry. Duplicated patients and those unique to either data set were identified. All patients were manually reviewed to determine the accuracy of diagnosis. Results A total of 1107 patients were identified from the HIS-linked data set with pancreatic neoplasm from 1999–2009. Of these, 254 (22.9%) patients were also captured by the surgical database, whereas 853 (77.1%) patients were only in the HIS-linked data set. Manual review of the HIS-only group demonstrated that 45.0% of patients were without identifiable pancreatic pathology, suggesting erroneous capture, whereas 36.3% of patients were consistent with pancreatic neoplasm and 18.7% with other pancreatic pathology. Of the 394 patients identified by the surgical database, 254 (64.5%) patients were captured by HIS, whereas 140 (35.5%) patients were not. Manual review of patients only captured by the surgical database demonstrated 85.9% with pancreatic neoplasm and 14.1% with other pancreatic pathology. Finally, review of the 254 patient overlap demonstrated that 80.3% of patients had pancreatic neoplasm and 19.7% had other pancreatic pathology. Conclusions These results suggest that cautious interpretation of administrative data rely only on ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes and clinical correlation through previously validated mechanisms.
RECONFIGURACIÓN DEL SICARIO EN FELICIDAD QUIZÁS DE MARIO SALAZAR MONTERO Y LOS RESTOS DEL VELLOCINO DE ORO DE ALFREDO VANÍN

This article analyzes the transformation of the hit-man - sicario - as a fictional character in recent Colombian narratives, based upon its representation in Felicidad quizas by Mario Salazar Montero and Los restos del vellocino de oro by Alfredo Vanin. Besides studying the sicario figure in each novel, this article compares and contrasts the recent image of the hired assassin to the one established by the sicaresca novel of the 90´s. Additionally, this methodology helps pointing out some characteristics in the evolution of this literary genre within the context of diverse types of violence.
High-efficiency multilayer polymeric blue light-emitting diodes using boronate esters as cross-linking linkages

A novel approach for the production of cross-linked and robust hole transport layers for use in multilayer polymeric light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) has been developed. Two alternating triphenylamine–fluorene copolymers (TPAFn, n = 2, 3) with hydroxyl groups on the side chains and tris(4-dihydroxyboranylphenyl)amine (TBPA) as a cross-linker have been designed and synthesized. The mixture of TPAFn and TBPA when subjected to mild reaction conditions (2 h baking at 130 °C under vacuum) undergoes cross-linking reactions to produce cross-linked films (X-TPAFn), due to the formation of boronate ester linkages. The resulting X-TPAFn films have excellent solvent resistance to common organic solvents, such as THF and CHCl3, thereby facilitating the fabrication of multilayer PLEDs. Studies have shown that the cross-linking reaction had no detrimental effects on the photophysical properties of the resulting X-TPAFn films. In addition, the cross-linked X-TPAFn networks have been shown to have much better electron-blocking properties than the widely used PEDOT–PSS. Using X-TPAFn as a hole transport layer, we have investigated the electroluminescent (EL) properties of alternating fluorene–oxadiazole copolymers OxFn (n = 2, 3) and the poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (POF) homopolymer. The experimental data indicated that an increase in the oxadiazole content of the polymer lowered the LUMO energy level while decreasing the photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield. Consequently the best device performance was obtained with OxF3 which was found to have a maximum luminance of 2010 cd m−2 at 11.5 V and a maximum luminous efficiency of 1.0 cd A−1 at 820 cd m−2 when used with X-TPAF2 as the hole transport layer and calcium as the cathode.
Institutional interactions: Exploring social, cognitive, and geographic relationships between institutions as demonstrated through citation networks

The objective of this research is to examine the interaction of institutions, based on their citation and collaboration networks. The domain of library and information science is examined, using data from 1965–2010. A linear model is formulated to explore the factors that are associated with institutional citation behaviors, using the number of citations as the dependent variable, and the number of collaborations, physical distance, and topical distance as independent variables. It is found that institutional citation behaviors are associated with social, topical, and geographical factors. Dynamically, the number of citations is becoming more associated with collaboration intensity and less dependent on the country boundary and/or physical distance. This research is informative for scientometricians and policy makers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Research in the 1970s: The Fourth Generation

In addition to research by members of the Third Generation during the 1970s, this decade saw the appearance of a new group of summer Investigators, the Fourth Generation. Their research included the study of DDT metabolism, salt secretion by the fish gill and shark rectal gland, DDT effects on kidney function, liver transport, kidney function in the hagfish, drug-metabolizing enzymes, cytokinesis, cardiac myocyte electrophysiology, kidney function in the eel, salt transport across the fish opercular epithelium and urinary bladder, the effects of ingestion of crude oil by marine birds, gastric secretion, salt transport by the intestinal epithelium, ion transport across the cornea, limb regeneration, the biochemical basis for corneal transparency, ion transport across membrane vesicles, ammonia transport across the fish gill epithelium, osmoregulation by shark embryos in utero, shark rectal gland secretion, flounder antifreeze proteins, shark reproductive endocrinology, and the biochemistry of fish hearts.
Mood disorders and psychosis in HIV

Introduction Reported rates of depression among people infected with HIV vary. During the course of their disease, up to 85% of HIV-seropositive individuals report some depressive symptoms, and up to 50% experience a major depressive disorder. The variability across studies may be due to small sample size, population characteristics, and evaluation tools. However, in their meta-analysis of published studies, Ciesla and Roberts ( 2001 ) found that people with HIV were almost twice as likely as those who are HIV-seronegative to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, and that depression was equally prevalent in people with both symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV. In their recent analysis of rates of depression and anxiety disorders in people with HIV, Morrison et al . ( 2002 ) found a fourfold increase in the risk of current major depressive disorder in HIV-seropositive women compared with an HIV-seronegative group. The data regarding the prevalence of mania in people with HIV is scant. Although less common than depression, the risk of mania is still thought to be significant, particularly as the disease progresses (Ellen et al ., 1999 ). Mania may be the behavioral manifestation of direct central nervous system (CNS) pathology or toxicity or, if the patient has a family or personal history of bipolar disorder, mania may suggest a primary affective disorder. The occurrence of psychosis is not too surprising since people with HIV experience marked disturbances in dopamine metabolism (Berger et al ., 1994). Early samples found frequencies ranging between less than 0.5% to 15% (Sewell et al . 1994 ).
Free Speech in Time of War: Government Surveillance of the Churches of Christ in World War I

(1996). Free Speech in Time of War: Government Surveillance of the Churches of Christ in World War I. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 102-111.
Pneumonic plague in mice: gross and histopathology in untreated and passively immunized animals.

The gross and histopathology of primary pneumonic plague in man has been described by Strong, Crowell and Teague (1912) and by many others (see Pollitzer, 1954). More recently Meyer et al (1948) described the development of lesions in mice and guinea pigs following intranasal instillation of Pasteurella pestis. Ransom and Krueger (1954) have reported on both acute and "chronic" pneumonic plague in Macaca mulatta following exposure to aerosols of the organism. Investigations in this laboratory on the pathogenesis of primary pneumonic plague in mice indicated that the protection afforded by passive immunization was, in large part, due to the localization of Past, pestis in the lungs of the immunized animals. In order to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for this localization, a detailed histopatholgic study of the organs of both passively immunized and control animals exposed to aerosols oiPast. pestis was undertaken.
Comparisons of the Rate of Gas-Production by Certain Bacteria in Raw and in Pasteurized Milk

real suppression of the rate of multiplication in the raw during the first few hours after milking. However, the explanation of the cause of this phenomenon has differed widely. The method of determination of suppression of bacteria has generally been the plating of the sample at regular intervals of time, using the plate count as the basis for arriving at conclusions. A number of the ablest bacteriologists since 1890 have contributed to this subject. The earlier workers believed that milk like blood contains protective bodies. Because of this view a milk diet was often advised in some diseases. But it was soon discovered that this much talked-of protective property is a minor factor in dealing with contamination of market milk. Later it was held that raw milk does have an inhibitive
‘It's awkward stuff’: conversations about sexuality with young children

The purpose of this study was to explore how parents navigate sex-related concepts with their young children. This study used feminist phenomenological research methods for data gathering and analysis. Social development theory and a positive sexuality framework were also used in the study design. The participants included 13 parents (mothers and fathers) of at least one child aged 3–11 years old. The researchers performed semi-structured, individual interviews and data analysis included developing themes that illustrated the essence of parent understandings about the phenomenon. Two themes emerged from the data analysis: it's awkward stuff and my parents never talked with me. The findings illustrated the relationship between the parents' perceptions and social development theory and a positive sexuality framework. Feminist analysis revealed gender differences in how mothers and fathers approached sex-related discussions with their children. Implications for practice, policy and research were included.
Framing the Body, Fertility, and Sexuality in Yorubaland, Nigeria

Policing the Naked Body, Fertility, and Sexuality in Yorubaland, Nigeria This paper interrogates how Yoruba people of western Nigeria have conceived and continue to conceive nudity, the sexual body, and patterns of deployment of sexual organs for non-sexual uses. From indigenous sex education, especially in relation to nudity and sexual morality, to the use of the sexual body as tools in social and political control, the paper examines how Yoruba people have policed and continue to police the boundaries of sexuality. As the paper argued, the politics of control on the naked body proceeds from Yoruba dual conceptualizations of the naked body - both as sacred, therefore must be referred, and as secular, which turns the body into a canvass on which many things could be drawn. Among Yoruba people, for instance, chastity before and after marriage as well as the use of the naked body as the last voice of dissent in socio-political control, speak to the sacredness of the human body. It is on account of this conceptualization that the chastity is valorized  a situation that necessitates constant policing of sexual exposure. On the other hand, the secular nature of the body manifests profoundly in beauty and aesthetics, among other ways. This paper argues that the on-going debate across Africa over control of sexuality proceeds from these multi-dimensional conceptualizations of the naked human body. The paper utilizes oral and written source to inject itself into the debates on sexuality and societal control while, at the same time, raise the question of whether the body is a private space and therefore off-limit to social control or a public space over which the state can exert control.
NON-METALLIC INCLUSIONS IN CONTINUOUS CAST STRAND

The present paper describes in detail the source of non-metallic inclusions and their distribution in continuous cast strand including the factors affecting the quantity and sile of inclusionsand the way to decrease them.
Functional and oncologic outcome of cemented endoprosthesis for malignant proximal femoral tumors.

Background Cemented endoprosthetic replacement is an option for reconstruction of the proximal femur to achieve limb salvage. Existing outcome studies combine benign and malignant conditions, or group endoprostheses from multiple areas into one cohort. We sought to examine a series of endoprosthetic replacements of the proximal femur for a malignant process. Methods We reviewed 204 patients who underwent an endoprosthesis for a malignant process of the proximal femur with at least 2-year follow-up. Mean age was 59 years, with 55% being male. The most common pathology was metastatic disease (n = 120, 59%). Mean follow-up was 7 years (2–22 years). Mean time to death was 2 years (range 2 weeks–18 years). A bipolar component was used in 93% of patients. Results 5-year survival was 8% in patients with metastatic disease and 54% for patients with primary disease. Local recurrence and metastatic disease developed in 5 and 19 patients with a primary sarcoma. Following the procedure the mean Harris Hip and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Scores were 75 and 18. Conclusion Patients typically succumb to their disease prior to implant failure; however, endoprosthetic replacement provides patients with an acceptable means of functional recovery with an acceptable complication profile. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:501–506. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancer priming by H3K4 methyltransferase MLL4 controls cell fate transition.

Transcriptional enhancers control cell-type–specific gene expression. Primed enhancers are marked by histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) mono/di-methylation (H3K4me1/2). Active enhancers are further marked by H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac). Mixed-lineage leukemia 4 (MLL4/KMT2D) is a major enhancer H3K4me1/2 methyltransferase with functional redundancy with MLL3 (KMT2C). However, its role in cell fate maintenance and transition is poorly understood. Here, we show in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that MLL4 associates with, but is surprisingly dispensable for the maintenance of, active enhancers of cell-identity genes. As a result, MLL4 is dispensable for cell-identity gene expression and self-renewal in ESCs. In contrast, MLL4 is required for enhancer-binding of H3K27 acetyltransferase p300, enhancer activation, and induction of cell-identity genes during ESC differentiation. MLL4 protein, rather than MLL4-mediated H3K4 methylation, controls p300 recruitment to enhancers. We also show that, in somatic cells, MLL4 is dispensable for maintaining cell identity but essential for reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells. These results indicate that, although enhancer priming by MLL4 is dispensable for cell-identity maintenance, it controls cell fate transition by orchestrating p300-mediated enhancer activation.
Global Public Procurement Theories and Practices: An Introduction

Public procurement is continuing to evolve both conceptually and organizationally. That evolution accelerated since the 1990s as governments at all levels came under increasing pressures to “do more with less.” Indeed, all governmental entities of rich and poor countries are struggling in the face of unrelenting budget constraints; government downsizing; public demand for increased transparency in public procurement; and greater concerns about efficiency, fairness and equity. Additionally, public procurement professionals have faced a constantly changing environment typified by rapidly emerging technologies, increasing product choice, environmental concerns, and the complexities of international and regional trading agreements. Further, policy makers have increasingly used public procurement as a tool to achieve socioeconomic goals (Thai 2007; Albano et al. 2013).
Effective Compressibility of a Bubbly Slurry: II. Fitting Numerical Results to Field Data and Implications

Abstract The goal of this study is to fit model parameters to changes in waste level in response to barometric pressure changes in underground storage tanks at the Hanford Site. This waste compressibility is a measure of the quantity of gas, typically hydrogen and other flammable gases, that can pose a safety hazard, retained in the waste. A one-dimensional biconical-pore-network model for compressibility of a bubbly slurry is presented in a companion paper. Fitting these results to actual waste level changes in the tanks implies that bubbles in the slurry layer are long and the ratio of pore-body radius to pore-throat radius is close to 1; unfortunately, compressibility can not be quantified unambiguously from the data without additional information on pore geometry. Therefore, determining the quantity of gas in the tanks requires more than just waste-level data. The non-uniqueness of the fit is also found with two other simple models: a capillary-tube model with contact angle hysteresis and a spherical-pore model.
Predictors of decoding for children with autism spectrum disorder in comparison to their peers

Abstract Background Although researchers have identified strong associations between emergent literacy in early childhood and later conventional reading skills for typically developing (TD) children, it is unclear whether these associations extend to children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method We analyzed the degree to which three emergent-literacy skills (i.e., alphabet knowledge, print-concept knowledge, and phonological awareness) of 35 children ages three- to five-years-old with ASD predicted decoding and the degree to which associations differed from a comparison group of 73 TD children. We hypothesized that all emergent-literacy skills would predict later decoding for both groups of children and that autism status would moderate the association between print-concept knowledge and decoding. Results We found that phonological awareness was a statistically significant predictor of later decoding for children with ASD, but we did not find any evidence that ASD status moderated the relationships between emergent-literacy skills and decoding. Conclusions Based on these findings, early educators should consider emergent-literacy skills to be important learning targets for young children with ASD, just as they are for children without disabilities. Furthermore, phonological awareness might be even more important for young children with ASD than for children without disabilities.
The effect of social norms messaging regarding skin carotenoid concentrations among college students.

Descriptive social-normative messaging positively influences short-term dietary choices and healthy food intake. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of descriptive normative messages on college students' skin carotenoid concentrations (a biomarker of carotenoid-containing fruit and vegetable [FV] intake) over an 8-week period. 251 college students consented to participate and 74% completed the study. Students were randomly assigned to groups who, following a baseline evaluation of skin-carotenoid levels, were told how their score ranked within a peer group of college students attending the same university (Individualized Normative group), that their score was in the lower 20th percentile of the peer group (Manipulated Normative group), or were given no information about their score or the peer group (Control group). Skin carotenoid concentrations were reassessed 8 weeks after the normative messages were presented or withheld. Skin carotenoid levels of those in the Manipulated Normative group increased significantly more than did scores of those in the Control group (t (126) = 3.74, p < 0.001; d = 0.67), but these students' self-reported FV intake did not increase. This finding suggests normative messaging can influence behavior for up to 8 weeks, but future research must better evaluate if the increase in skin carotenoids reflects increased FV consumption, increased consumption of carotenoid-containing FV (with decreased consumption of other FV), or is accounted for by some other behavior change (e.g., increased use of supplements). These findings support further exploration of normative messaging as a technique for producing the long-term behavior change needed to impact public health.
Hole Hopping through Tryptophan in Cytochrome P450

Electron-transfer kinetics have been measured in four conjugates of cytochrome P450 with surface-bound Ru-photosensitizers. The conjugates are constructed with enzymes from Bacillus megaterium (CYP102A1) and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (CYP119). A W96 residue lies in the path between Ru and the heme in CYP102A1, whereas H76 is present at the analogous location in CYP119. Two additional conjugates have been prepared with (CYP102A1)W96H and (CYP119)H76W mutant enzymes. Heme oxidation by photochemically generated Ru3+ leads to P450 compound II formation when a tryptophan residue is in the path between Ru and the heme; no heme oxidation is observed when histidine occupies this position. The data indicate that heme oxidation proceeds via two-step tunneling through a tryptophan radical intermediate. In contrast, heme reduction by photochemically generated Ru+ proceeds in a single electron tunneling step with closely similar rate constants for all four conjugates.
Nonmarket Signals: Investment in Corporate Political Activity and the Performance of Initial Public Offerings:

Research on firm initial public offering (IPO) performance has primarily utilized an economics of information perspective, which assumes that publicly available information is incorporated into a s...
Electrophysiological Indices of Audiovisual Speech Perception: Beyond the McGurk Effect and Speech in Noise.

Visual information on a talker’s face can influence what a listener hears. Commonly used approaches to study this include mismatched audiovisual stimuli (e.g., McGurk type stimuli) or visual speech in auditory noise. In this paper we discuss potential limitations of these approaches and introduce a novel visual phonemic restoration method. This method always presents the same visual stimulus (e.g., /ba/) dubbed with a matched auditory stimulus (/ba/) or one that has weakened consonantal information and sounds more /a/-like). When this reduced auditory stimulus (or / a /) is dubbed with the visual /ba/, a visual influence will result in effectively ‘restoring’ the weakened auditory cues so that the stimulus is perceived as a /ba/. An oddball design in which participants are asked to detect the / a / among a stream of more frequently occurring /ba/s while either a speaking face or face with no visual speech was used. In addition, the same paradigm was presented for a second contrast in which participants detected /pa/ among /ba/s, a contrast which should be unaltered by the presence of visual speech. Behavioral and some ERP findings reflect the expected phonemic restoration for the /ba/ vs. / a / contrast; specifically, we observed reduced accuracy and P300 response in the presence of visual speech. Further, we report an unexpected finding of reduced accuracy and P300 response for both speech contrasts in the presence of visual speech, suggesting overall modulation of the auditory signal in the presence of visual speech. Consistent with this, we observed a mismatch negativity (MMN) effect for the /ba/ vs. /pa/ contrast only that was larger in absence of visual speech. We discuss the potential utility for this paradigm for listeners who cannot respond actively, such as infants and individuals with developmental disabilities.