cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow of Dilute Polymer Solutions about Circular Cylinders

Abstract : Flow of aqueous solutions of Polyox WSR-301, with concentrations of 1.0 to 200 wppm, past circular cylinders was investigated in the drag-transition region of Reynolds numbers. Drag force, pressure distribution, and separation angle were measured on cylinders with diameters from 1/4 to 1-1/2 inch. Lift and drag forces acting on a NACA-0024 hydrofoil-model were also measured. The polymer additive was found to alter only those force coefficients which have a Reynolds-number transition region. Two distinct types of cylinder drag transition were observed: (1) At high concentrations, transition from sub-critical to a transcritical flow occurred at the same free-stream velocity independent of body diameter; and (2) at low concentrations and/or molecular weights, tripping from a sub-critical to a super-critical flow occurred at a well defined flow condition which was a function of free-stream velocity, body diameter, and turbulent pipe-flow friction reduction. In all cases, transition occurred earlier than that in the pure solvent. The polymer had a de-stabilizing effect on the boundary-layer flow. (Author)
SEGREGATION AND RACIAL INTERACTION

Black school age children of Indianapolis have far greater possibilities for interracial contact than whites in their neighborhoods or schools. Confirmation is provided by the pre-university experiences of students. Black university students reported a far higher incidence of having lived near whites, of having white friends, and of having engaged in activities with whites than vice versa.
Teacher Beliefs and Children's Concepts about Reading: Are They Related?.

Abstract This study represents a descriptive exploration of the question of whether first‐grade students' concepts about reading differed as a function of their teachers' theoretical orientations to reading instruction. Students selected for participation in the study were randomly selected from the classrooms of each of nine teachers who represented three differing theoretical viewpoints on reading instruction as assessed with the TORP. Students represented a wide variety of socio‐economic backgrounds. Four students were randomly selected from each class list using a table of random numbers for an interview using the Burke Reading Interview (1977). There were 19 boys and 17 girls in the group totaling an n=36 students for this exploratory interview study. In many respects, teacher orientations to reading instruction resulted in similar responses and concepts about reading. Three observations are noted from the findings primarily among those students whose teachers' held a whole language (WL) orientation ...
A randomized controlled trial of a behavioral economic intervention for alcohol and marijuana use.

A recent study demonstrated that a single 50-min supplemental session that targeted the behavioral economic mechanisms of substance-free reinforcement and delayed reward discounting (Substance-Free Activity Session: SFAS) enhanced the efficacy of a standard alcohol brief motivational intervention (BMI) for college drinkers. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a randomized controlled trial intended to replicate and extend the aforementioned study by focusing on both drug and alcohol misuse and reducing session length in order to enhance dissemination potential. Participants were 97 college students (58.8% women; 59.8% White/Caucasian, and 30.9% African American; M age = 20.01, SD = 2.23) who reported at least 1 heavy drinking episode in the past month (M = 4.01 episodes). Most participants (62%) reported recent marijuana use (M = 12.22 days of past-month use). After completing a baseline assessment and an individual 30-min alcohol-focused BMI, participants were randomized to either the 30-min SFAS session or an education control session. A series of mixed model intent-to-treat analyses revealed that both groups reported drinking reductions and that participants in the BMI + SFAS group reported fewer days using marijuana at the 6-month follow-up. These results do not support the incremental efficacy of the briefer SFAS for reducing drinking but suggest that it may improve marijuana outcomes. Future research is needed to identify the ideal length and timing of the SFAS supplement to BMIs. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
Rate of Collagen Formation in Biopsy-Connective Tissue of the Rat:

Summary(1) Collagen was found initially in connective tissue biopsy of male and female rats at 7 days following sponge implantation. (2) Collagen content of connective tissue biopsy increased rapidly in both sexes during the first 14 days of tissue growth. (3) After 21 days of connective tissue development in the female, collagen content remained constant up to 300 days of tissue age while in the male, collagen content continued to increase as the tissue aged. (4) The percentage of total scleroprotein which was solubilized by 0.5 M acetic acid decreased with tissue age and this decrease was greater in the 300-day-old tissue of the male rat than in comparable tissue of the female.
A mathematical model for the hard sphere repulsion in ionic solutions

We introduce a mathematical model for the finite size (repulsive) effects in ionic solutions. We first introduce an appropriate energy term into the total energy that represents the hard sphere repulsion of ions. The total energy then consists of the entropic energy, electrostatic potential energy, and the repulsive potential energy. The energetic variational approach derives a boundary value problem that includes contributions from the repulsive term with a no flux boundary condition for charge density which is a consequence of the variational approach, and physically implies charge conservation. The resulting system of partial differential equations is a modification of the Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations widely if not universally used to describe the drift-diffusion of electrons and holes in semiconductors, and the movement of ions in solutions and protein channels. The modified PNP equations include the effects of the finite size of ions that are so important in the concentrated solutions near electrodes, active sites of enzymes, and selectivity filters of proteins. Finally, we do some numerical experiments using finite element methods, and present their results as a verification of the utility of the modified system.
Reclaiming the Boundary Concept from Forensic Discourse: Response to Commentaries

The author argues that sexual misconduct is better referred to as ethical or sexual misconduct rather than combining a fragile metaphoric construct—boundary—with forensic jargon. His argument rests on a few points that intersect. One objection to the term “boundary violation” involves a matter of scale in which the notion of exploring psychic boundaries, the essential context for psychoanalysis, is obliterated by sexual misconduct. The enormous scale of sexual misconduct is better labeled with behavioral referents rather than a moniker that combines forensic violation and the subtleties of analytic process. The author would reserve the term boundary difficulties for analytic process related to more subtle problems in analysis and the use of boundaries embedded in the work. Another objection relates to our responsibility to those outside our community to refrain from using our sophisticated understanding of the play of boundaries in analytic work in ways that are too often unintentionally confusing and mys...
Fuzzy Choquet integration of homogeneous possibility and probability distributions

The fuzzy integral (FI) is an extremely flexible and powerful tool for data and information aggregation. The FI is parametrized by the fuzzy measure (FM), a normal and monotone capacity. Based on the selection of FM, the FI produces different aggregation operators. In recent years, a number of FI extensions have been put forth relative to different types of uncertain information, e.g., real-, interval- and set-valued (under various constraints). Herein, we study the applicability and behavior of different extensions of the fuzzy Choquet integral for fusing homogeneous possibility and probability distributions. This analysis is of great utility in terms of understanding what extensions and under what conditions it is possible to aggregate and maintain homogeneity within uncertain information. We show that two extensions, gFI and NDFI, can aggregate both probability and possibility distributions. While these extensions do not always maintain homogeneity, they do under certain conditions. Last, while we specifically focus on the aggregation of homogeneous uncertain information, the propositions put forth also shed light into heterogeneous information aggregation via the gFI and the NDFI.
Ewing’s Sarcoma: Radiotherapy Versus Surgery for Local Control

Significant strides in the treatment of Ewing's sarcoma, the second most common bone tumor of childhood, have resulted in cure for approximately 50% of patients. Successful therapy requires systemic chemotherapy for the eradication of microscopic or overt metastatic disease and surgery or irradiation therapy for control of the primary lesion. The article debates the controversy over the extent to which surgical resection should play a role in the local management of this disease.
What My Dog Can Do: On the Effect of The Wealth of Nations I.ii.2

In the midst of one of the most famous passages in The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith writes ‘nobody ever saw a dog make a fair and deliberate exchange of one bone for another with another dog’ (WN I.ii.2).1
The Combined Effect of Enterprise Risk Management and Diversification on Property and Casualty Insurer Performance

In a well-designed enterprise risk management (ERM) program, the firm integrates risk management into the strategic planning process, addressing strategic, financial, operational, and hazard risks under a single overarching process. This is particularly important to large financial firms, such as property and casualty (P&C) insurers, which face a diverse set of risks. Using a sample of P&C insurers with S&P ERM quality ratings from 2006 to 2013, we find that the quality of a firm's ERM is a significant determinant of P&C insurer performance and that, for firms with high-quality ERM programs, product line diversification has a significant positive effect on performance.
Satellite detection of rising maize yield heterogeneity in the U.S. Midwest

The future trajectory of crop yields in the United States will influence food supply and land use worldwide. We examine maize and soybean yields for 2000–2015 in the Midwestern U.S. using a new satellite-based dataset on crop yields at 30m resolution. We quantify heterogeneity both within and between fields, and find that the difference between average and top yielding fields is typically below 30% for both maize and soybean, as expected in advanced agricultural regions. In most counties, within-field heterogeneity is at least half as large as overall heterogeneity, illustrating the importance of non-management factors such as soil and landscape position. Surprisingly, we find that yield heterogeneity is rising in maize, both between and within fields, with average yield differences between the best and worst soils more than doubling since 2000. Heterogeneity trends were insignificant for soybean. The findings are consistent both with recent adoption of precision agriculture technologies and with recent trends toward denser sowing in maize, which disproportionately raise yields on better soils. The results imply that yield gains in the region are increasingly derived from the more productive land, and that sub-field precision management of nutrients and other inputs is increasingly warranted.
Assessing potential population impact of statin treatment for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in the USA: population-based modelling study.

Objective New cholesterol treatment guidelines from American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association recommend statin treatment for more of US population to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). It is important to assess how new guidelines may affect population-level health. This study assessed the impact of statin use for primary prevention of ASCVD under the new guidelines. Methods We used data from 2010 US Multiple Cause Mortality, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) Linked Mortality File (1988–2006, n=8941) and NHANES 2005–2010 (n=3178) participants 40–75 years of age for the present study. Results Among 33.0 million adults meeting new guidelines for primary prevention of ASCVD, 8.8 million were taking statins; 24.2 million, including 7.7 million with diabetes, are eligible for statin treatment. If all those with diabetes used a statin, 2514 (95% CI 592 to 4142) predicted ASCVD deaths would be prevented annually with 482 (0 to 2239) predicted annual additional cases of myopathy based on randomised clinical trials (RCTs), and 11 801 (9251 to 14 916) using population-based study. Among 16.5 million without diabetes, 5425 (1276 to 8935) ASCVD deaths would be prevented annually with 16 406 (4922 to 26 250) predicted annual additional cases of diabetes and between 1030 (0 to 4791) and 24 302 (19 363 to 30 292) additional cases of myopathy based on RCTs and population-based study. Assuming 80% eligible population take statins with 80% medication adherence, among those without diabetes, the corresponding numbers were 3472 (817 to 5718) deaths, 10 500 (3150 to 16 800) diabetes, 660 (0 to 3066) myopathy (RCTs), and 15 554 (12 392 to 19 387) myopathy (population-based). The estimated total annual cost of statins use ranged from US$1.65 to US$6.5 billion if 100% of eligible population take statins. Conclusions This population-based modelling study focused on impact of statin use on ASCVD mortality. Under the new guidelines, if all those eligible for primary prevention of ASCVD take statins, up to 12.6% of annual ASCVD deaths might be prevented, though additional cases of diabetes and myopathy likely occur. Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Mitigation of Climate Change: Introduction

The annual global greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions have continued to grow since the industrial revolution. The dominant driving force for the anthropogenic GHGs emission include population growth, economic growth, fossil fuel consumption and land use change. Since the beginning of industrial revolution to 2015, cumulative anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of 600 ± 70 Pg C were released to the atmosphere, causing an increase in atmospheric CO2 relative abundance of 144% compared to pre-industrial era. The atmospheric concentrations of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) have also increased significantly. As a result, changes in climate has caused impacts on natural and human systems across the globe, and continued GHGs emission will cause further climate change impacts. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean and terrestrial biosphere provides better understanding of C cycling and also support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. The mitigation options available combine measures to reduce energy use and CO2 intensity of the end use sectors, reduction of net GHG emissions, decarbonization of the energy supply, and capture and sequestration of C through enhancement of natural C sinks or by engineering techniques. There has also been emphasis on engineering of climate as an alternative mitigation option. Geoengineering , a global large-scale manipulation of the environment, is considered as one of the effective means of mitigating global warming caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission. Assessment of technical and theoretical aspects of solar radiation management (SRM) and carbon dioxide (CO2) removal methods (CRM) as well as their potential impacts on global climate and ecosystems will be reviewed. Most of the proposed geological engineering methods involving land or ocean will use physical, chemical, or biological approaches to remove atmospheric CO2, while those proposed for atmosphere or space will target radiation without affecting atmospheric CO2 concentration. The CRM schemes tend to be slower, and able to sequester an amount of atmospheric CO2 that is small compared to cumulative anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In contrast, SRM approaches have relatively short lead times and can act rapidly to reduce temperature anomaly caused by GHGs emission. Overall, current research on geoengineering is scanty and various international treaties may limit some geoengineering experiments in the real world due to concerns of an unintended consequences.
The Growth and the Death of Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes

Calculations based on an ab initio total energy functional are used to study the recently discovered all-carbon fullerene clusters, such as the buckyball, and nanotubes. Molecular dynamics simulations show that fullerenes are very resilient when subject to binary collisions or exposed to heat. The growth of multi-shell structures is shown to be aided by covalent bonds between the edges of neighboring shells. The fragmentation dynamics of fullerenes and nanotubes, which proceeds via transformation into carbon chains, provides new insight into the formation process of these intriguing systems.
Consequences of Part Temperature Variability in Electron Beam Melting of Ti-6Al-4V

To facilitate adoption of Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) parts produced via additive manufacturing (AM), the ability to ensure part quality is critical. Measuring temperatures is an important component of part quality monitoring in all direct metal AM processes. In this work, surface temperatures were monitored using a custom infrared camera system attached to an Arcam electron beam melting (EBM®) machine. These temperatures were analyzed to understand their possible effect on solidification microstructure based on solidification cooling rates extracted from finite element simulations. Complicated thermal histories were seen during part builds, and temperature changes occurring during typical Ti64 builds may be large enough to affect solidification microstructure. There is, however, enough time between fusion of individual layers for spatial temperature variations (i.e., hot spots) to dissipate. This means that an effective thermal control strategy for EBM® can be based on average measured surface temperatures, ignoring temperature variability.
An examination of rating agency explanations for credit rating changes in the hospital sector

This study examines rating agency explanations that accompany changes in credit ratings for nonprofit hospitals. A national sample of Standard & Poor’s revision announcements is used to identify hospital characteristics that purportedly motivate credit rating changes. Significant differences in agency-cited performance dimensions, such as profitability, liquidity, service-mix, capital structure and market share, are observed across upward and downward revisions. The relative usefulness of these citations for explaining and classifying credit changes is also evaluated. The results suggest that agency explanations provide limited value relative to conventional, multivariate information sets.
Lesion classification with a visual-search model observer

The objective of this work was to test the capabilities of visual-search (VS) model observers for target classification. In this paper, a localization and classification ROC study was conducted with simulated single-pinhole nuclear medicine images. The images featured two sizes of Gaussian targets in Gaussian lumpy backgrounds, with one target twice the size of the other. Pinhole size was a study variable. The VS observer performed both the localization and classification. Three human observers also participated in the study. The trends in localization performance as a function of pinhole size for the VS and average human results were in good agreement. For the classification task, the VS and human observers performed on par, but with substantial differences in how they were affected by pinhole size. The VS observer correctly classified the smaller target less often than the larger target even though both targets were correctly localized with the same frequency.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation

Abstract Advances in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and opportunistic infection have improved survival after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) in the past decade. However, few inroads have been made into the treatment or prevention of relapse of the underlying malignancy for which allo-HCT is being performed. The introduction of US Food and Drug Administration–approved agents with significant activity in a variety of hematologic malignancies provides an opportunity to evaluate these interventions in the allo-HCT setting. Some of the most promising new agents include tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) directed at bcr-abl, kinase inhibitors targeting fms-like tyrosine kinase 3, and immune checkpoint inhibitors blocking both CTLA4 and PD-1. Data have emerged indicating potential efficacy of these agents in preventing or treating relapse, though definitive evidence remains elusive. However, potential toxicity can be considerable, highlighting the need for further clinical trials to define the therapeutic window. This review explores the immunologic and clinical consequence of treatment with both TKIs and checkpoint inhibitors in the peri- and post–allo-HCT setting.
Nichtkardiochirurgische operative Eingriffe bei Patienten nach Implantation eines „ventricular assist device“

Hintergrund Im Vergleich zum Einsatz eines „ventricular assist device“ (VAD) als Uberbruckung der Zeit bis zur Herztransplantation („bridge to transplantation“, BTT) wird die VAD-Implantation immer haufiger als finale Therapie der Herzinsuffizienz verwendet. Dies fuhrt unabhangig von Eingriffen am Herzen zu einem Anstieg der Anzahl der operativen Eingriffe in dieser Patientengruppe.
Promoting student publishing success: The progressive co-authorship cycle

I will describe the “progressive co-authorship cycle” as a strategy for promoting student publishing success. Crucial points in this progression are: (1) an initial phase in which the advisor is the lead author on a co-authored publication, (2) a middle phase in which the student and advisor are both in transition, and (3) a final phase in which the role reversal is complete and the student is the lead author on a co-authored publication. Each phase serves a unique purpose in the overall progression: modelling of good practice (phase 1), infusion of new energy and dynamism (phase 2), and finally, consolidation of a new and more equitable partnership (phase 3). I will emphasize that, as the fulcrum of the cycle, the middle phase is the most important yet easiest-to-neglect phase in a student-advisor relationship. During this phase, the student develops other co-authorship opportunities (e.g. with fellow students and/or other mentors). By infusing new ideas and research strategies into the mentor-mentee relationship, these “external” collaborations can be particularly enriching for phase 3. While this progression is rarely realized in clearly demarcated phases, it can provide a guiding framework for mentoring, and specifically for supporting student publishing success.I will describe the “progressive co-authorship cycle” as a strategy for promoting student publishing success. Crucial points in this progression are: (1) an initial phase in which the advisor is the lead author on a co-authored publication, (2) a middle phase in which the student and advisor are both in transition, and (3) a final phase in which the role reversal is complete and the student is the lead author on a co-authored publication. Each phase serves a unique purpose in the overall progression: modelling of good practice (phase 1), infusion of new energy and dynamism (phase 2), and finally, consolidation of a new and more equitable partnership (phase 3). I will emphasize that, as the fulcrum of the cycle, the middle phase is the most important yet easiest-to-neglect phase in a student-advisor relationship. During this phase, the student develops other co-authorship opportunities (e.g. with fellow students and/or other mentors). By infusing new ideas and research strategies into the mentor-mentee re...
Developing a moral compass: Themes from the Clinical Ethics Residency for Nurses' final essays

Background:The Clinical Ethics Residency for Nurses was offered selectively to nurses affiliated with two academic medical centers to increase confidence in ethical decision-making.Research Questio...
THE SIN OF THE EOSINOPHIL

Eosinophilic myocarditis (EM) was first described in 1936 and is an uncommon etiology of heart failure. Our understanding of its pathophysiology has improved significantly since then, though treatment still poses a significant challenge. A potential pathway that can be targeted is the interaction
Rapid Ventricular Pacing Using Pre-Existing In-Situ Permanent Pacemaker for TAVR in Lieu of Temporary Venous Pacemaker

Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR) has evolved as a transformative therapy in the treatment of aortic valve stenosis. The need for safe and reliable temporary trans-venous pacing to faci...
Quantum GIS (QGIS): An introduction to a free alternative to more costly GIS platforms

Geographic information system (GIS) software packages can be prohibitively expensive, causing many to shy away from mapping and spatial analysis. This 7-page fact sheet written by Jeffry M. Flenniken, Steven Stuglik, and Basil V. Iannone III and published by the UF/IFAS School of Forest Resources and Conservation introduces the reader to a free GIS software package called Quantum GIS (QGIS), walking the reader through simple GIS processes that can be used to visualize spatial patterns of importance to a variety of fields, including natural resources, agriculture, and urban planning. Learn how to create a land-cover map for a county of interest and create heatmaps that illustrate the density of a given attribute (Florida Springs for this example). This publication will benefit those interested in incorporating GIS into their work but who are unable to afford expensive proprietary GIS software packages, as well as anyone interested in learning a new GIS software package. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr428
Variable selection in the single-index quantile regression model with high-dimensional covariates

We study the effects of high-dimensional covariates in the single-index quantile regression model. An improved version of an estimation algorithm is proposed with variable selection. Finite sample ...
Participant Viewpoint Ethnography and Mobile Organizing

This chapter describes participant viewpoint ethnography (PVE), a video research method. PVE involves two components. First, a participant uses a wearable camera to create a video from their perspective of some activity. Second, the researcher watches the video with the participant and interviews the participant about the video. This method is useful for helping participants attend to aspects of their experience that may be innate and difficult to verbalize and gives the researcher better understanding of the embodied aspects of activities. The method is illustrated with an example from the author’s research on bike commuters and future research directions for using PVE to study mobilities in organizations are suggested.
A Plasmonic Array Architecture for Multi-Beam Spatial Multiplexing at THz Frequencies

A plasmonic array architecture with the ability to generate multiple independent, orthogonal beams at THz frequencies is proposed, analytically modeled and numerically demonstrated. The design leverages novel plasmonic device properties to perform discrete Fourier transform for the spatial domain in the analog regime with reduced complexity, and can be utilized to enable ultra-massive MIMO communications.
Scientific Validity of Approaches to Solving a Number of Agricultural Problems in Azerbaijan

Due to the fact that they have been eroded due to surface, linear and irrigation erosion characteristic of slopes, they have been lost due to the fact that the fertility of these lands has been lost..
Investigation of the Oscillatory Effect in a Copy Control System

The article is devoted to the urgent task of developing a copying control system intended for use in active industrial exoskeletons of the lower extremities. The use of drives allows to reduce the labor costs when lifting and transferring loads, however, it requires the use of human-machine interface tools and a high quality of the control system. The paper shows the mathematical modeling results of the electromechanical system with copying control system. A complex criterion is proposed for assessing the quality of regulation, taking into account the time of the transient process, integral error and the amount of over-regulation. The domains of copying control system controller optimal parameters are obtained for the stepwise and rectangular periodic law of variation of the reference action.
Reaching Unbiased and Stable Environmental Decisions Through Fair and Reasoned Discourse

This chapter explores the nature of our environmental resolutions. It reviews the “new economic institutional” approach concerning how environmental agreements are established, evolve, and address possible oncoming problems. The philosophical notion of “fair and reasoned discourse” as applied to reaching these resolutions is reviewed. The specific criteria required for “fair and reasoned” is also more fully developed for applications in the latter chapters. Some of the biases in this discourse are reviewed as they affect environmental discourse and resolutions.
Protocol for resolving enzyme orientation and dynamics in advanced porous materials via SDSL-EPR.

Summary Enzyme encapsulation in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)/covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) provides advancement in biocatalysis, yet the structural basis underlying the catalytic performance is challenging to probe. Here, we present an effective protocol to determine the orientation and dynamics of enzymes in MOFs/COFs using site-directed spin labeling and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The protocol is demonstrated using lysozyme and can be generalized to other enzymes. For complete information on the generation and use of this protocol, please refer to Pan et al. (2021a) .
Chlamydospore Production and Germ-Tube Formation by Auxotrophs of Candida albicans

A prototrophic strain and 21 auxotrophic strains of Candida albicans were assessed for their capacity to produce chlamydospores and germ tubes. All of the mutants were able to produce germ-tubes in human serum but only two mutants produced them in defined medium with L-alpha-amino-n-butyric acid as the sole source of nitrogen. Most auxotrophs were not able to produce chlamydospores on corn meal agar with 1% Tween 80, but they could be induced to do so if the medium was supplemented with their growth requirement(s). Although L-cysteine was able to support the growth of two methionine mutants, it did not support chlamydospore formation when added to corn meal agar with 1% Tween 80. Mutants of C. albicans that do not form chlamydospores could be incorrectly identified in laboratories that rely on chlamydospore formation for identification.
Metafraud: a meta-learning framework for detecting financial fraud

Financial fraud can have serious ramifications for the long-term sustainability of an organization, as well as adverse effects on its employees and investors, and on the economy as a whole. Several of the largest bankruptcies in U.S. history involved firms that engaged in major fraud. Accordingly, there has been considerable emphasis on the development of automated approaches for detecting financial fraud. However, most methods have yielded performance results that are less than ideal. In consequence, financial fraud detection continues as an important challenge for business intelligence technologies. In light of the need for more robust identification methods, we use a design science approach to develop MetaFraud, a novel meta-learning framework for enhanced financial fraud detection. To evaluate the proposed framework, a series of experiments are conducted on a test bed encompassing thousands of legitimate and fraudulent firms. The results reveal that each component of the framework significantly contributes to its overall effectiveness. Additional experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the meta-learning framework over state-of-the-art financial fraud detection methods. Moreover, the MetaFraud framework generates confidence scores associated with each prediction that can facilitate unprecedented financial fraud detection performance and serve as a useful decision-making aid. The results have important implications for several stakeholder groups, including compliance officers, investors, audit firms, and regulators.
Destabilization of tokamak pressure-gradient driven instabilities by energetic alpha-particle populations

This paper reports on alpha-particle populations that can significantly alter existing magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities in tokamaks through kinetic effects and coupling to otherwise stable shear Alfven waves. Resonances of the trapped alpha-particle precessional drift, with the usual ballooning mode diamagnetic frequency ({omega}{sub *i}/2) and the toroidicity-induced Alfven eigenmode (TAE), are considered. These are examined for noncircular tokamaks in the high-n ballooning limit using an isotopic alpha-particle slowing down distribution and retaining the full-energy and pitch-angle dispersion in the alpha-particle drift frequency. Applying this to the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) and the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) indicates that ballooning instabilities can persist at betas below the ideal MHD threshold. These are especially dominated by the destabilization of the TAE mode. In addition, a hybrid fluid-particle approach for simulating alpha-particle effects on pressure-gradient driven instabilities is described.
Gender In/equality in worker-owned Businesses

Gender scholars have developed a significant body of scholarship on the reproduction of gender inequality in work organizations. However, the vast majority of that research has been conducted in non-profit organizations or in employer-owned businesses. In this article, we review the existing literature on gender in worker-owned businesses. We begin by defining three distinctly different types of worker-owned businesses: companies with employee stock ownership plans, worker cooperatives, and communes. Next we review the limited research on gender inequality in each of these organizational forms. The current literature finds that women benefit from working in these alternative organizations, but gender disparities nevertheless persist due to occupational segregation and the devaluation of domestic work. Exceptions are those organizations with strong ties to feminism and those with formal power-sharing policies. Granted the scarcity of research on this topic, however, these conclusions are tentative. We conclude with a discussion of areas for further research.
The Charles Manson (Tate-Labianca Murder) Trial

In the annals of crime, there might never have been a more bizarre motive for killing than that revealed in the 1970-71 trial of four Manson Family members. In the twisted mind of thirty-four-year-old Charles Manson, a wave of bloody killings of high-society types in Los Angeles would be the spark that would set off a revolution by blacks against the white establishment. When blackie, as Manson called black people, proved unable to govern, they would turn to Manson and his tribe of followers, who would have survived Helter Skelter by hiding out in an underground cave in the Death Valley area of California while the chaos raged above. Manson's vision never materialized. Instead, he and several of his followers found themselves convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to death in one of the strangest trials the strange state of California has ever witnessed.
Spatial Impact of Transportation Infrastructure: A Spatial Econometric Computable General Equilibrium Approach

This study introduces a new method called Spatial Econometric Computable General Equilibrium (SECGE) model, which integrates both spatial econometrics with computable general equilibrium modeling to improve the effectiveness of impact analysis on transportation infrastructure. Elasticities of factor substitution for the Constant Elasticity Substitution (CES) production function is estimated in spatial econometric models with consideration of spatial dependence. CGE simulations adopting different elasticities of factor substitution show a difference between spatial econometric estimation and traditional OLS estimation. Although the differences are relatively small in this aggregate case study, implications for more sensitive disaggregated regional models are clear.
Thinking with Culture in Law and Development

This Article considers a recent programmatic shift among law and development scholars who have moved from advocating building rule-of-law processes, rules, and institutions to also building rule-of-law cultures. The Article carefully examines how these scholars envision culture as a tool to refashion the relationship between legal institutions and ordinary individuals. It traces the ways in which they use culture as a means to take law - general, universal, and acultural - and to make law specific, local, and embedded within the consciousness of ordinary people. It then suggests that this turn from law to culture produces a conceptualization of culture uncannily analogous to the conceptualization of law that the turn to culture was meant to supplement and correct. This similarity becomes especially apparent when examining development projects. The Article therefore draws on ethnographic examples of development challenges in Nepal to illustrate the difficulties inherent in culture change projects and the dangers of conceptualizing culture apart from the politics and conflict of everyday life.
Evaluation of Foster Parent Training Programs: A Critical Review

Foster parents have special needs which must be addressed to retain them in the child welfare system. Several of these needs may be addressed within their foster parent training experience; however, little research is available to determine the effectiveness of these training programs. What little research is available is frought with methodological limitations, calling into question the reliability, validity, or generalizability of study results. This article provides a comprehensive review of 17 studies, published between 1980 and 2007, investigating foster parent training programs. The studies reviewed include 1 investigation relying solely on case records, 1 case study, and 15 group studies (5 using no control group and 10 utilizing a control group). This article points out research deficiencies and outlines several suggestions for future research.
Two potential fish glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatases

Winter-acclimated rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax Mitchill) produce high levels of glycerol as an antifreeze. A common pathway to glycerol involves the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase (GPP), but no GPP has yet been identified in fish or any other animal. Here, two phosphatases assembled from existing EST libraries (from winter-acclimated smelt and cold-acclimated smelt hepatocytes) were found to resemble a glycerol-associated phosphatase from a glycerol-producing alga, Dunaliella salina, and a recently discovered GPP from a bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recombinant proteins were generated and were found to have GPP activity on the order of a few μMol Pi/mg enzyme/min. The two enzymes have acidic pH optima (~5.5) similar to that previously determined for GPP activity in liver tissue, with about 1/3 of their peak activities at neutral pH. The two enzymes appear to account for the GPP activity of smelt liver, but due to their reduced activities at neutral pH, their contributions to glycerol production in vivo remain unclear. Similar enzymes may be active in a glycerol-producing insect, Dendroctonus ponderosae.
Prime time for Bayes

This paper reviews what Bayesian statistics is and gives pointers to the literature. The need for a subjectively determined prior distribution, likelihood, and loss function is often taken to be the principal disadvantage of Bayesian statistics. This paper argues that the requirement that these be explicitly stated is a distinct Bayesian advantage. Advances in Bayesian technology make it ready now to be the main inferential tool for clinical trials.
Neuroendocrine interactions of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids

Abstract When a non-toxic dose (25 mg/kg) of the excitatory amino acid, N-methyl aspartate (NMA), is administered SC to 25 day old male rats, serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) rise 8–10 fold. The LH response is rapid (within 7 1 2 min ), brief (30 min duration) and reversible. It is dependent on the integrity of arcuate hypothalamic (AH) neurons and is suprasellar, since NMA does not release LH in AH-lesioned rats nor from the pituitary in vitro. NMA, which has access to AH neurons from blood (because AH lies outside blood brain barriers), selectively destroys AH neurons when given in sufficient dose (75 mg/kg SC). We have proposed that both the toxic and LH-releasing actions are mediated by an excitatory interaction of NMA with receptors on the dendrosomal surfaces of AH neurons. Alpha-aminoadipate, an effective antagonist of NMA excitation, inhibits both the toxic and LH-releasing effects of NMA. GABA blocks NMA-induced LH release in a dose-dependent manner but does not block NMA toxicity. GABA inhibition of NMA action is antagonized by bicuculline. Our findings suggest that AH neurons are involved in gonadotrophin neuroregulation and that this system may be driven and inhibited respectively by amino acid excitatory and inhibitory transmitter inputs.
I Think My Professor is a Democrat: Considering Whether Students Recognize and React to Faculty Politics

Notwithstanding political science professors' concerted efforts to remain politically neutral in the classroom, we find evidence that students are able to successfully identify the partisan loyalties of their professors. Furthermore, we find that there is a tendency for students to drift toward the Democratic Party over the course of the semester, yet the direction of the shift appears to be unrelated to either the instructor's actual political loyalties, or to the student's perception of the professor's partisan preferences. Given that political science professors appear to exert no real influence on students' party loyalties, it is unclear whether efforts to diversify the field by hiring more Republican professors would actually reduce the “liberalizing” effects of higher education.
Automatically tracking engineered components through shipping and receiving processes with passive identification technologies

Abstract Knowing the production and delivery status of engineered components is critically important to plan for and execute construction operations. However, all too often contractor organizations are uncertain of what and how many components they are to receive at a given date. Such uncertainty negatively impacts construction efficiency. In an effort to increase the visibility of engineered components at the interface between supply chain and construction, this study analyzes the feasible utilization of passive radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies to automatically track the flow of structural steel components during shipping and receiving processes. To this end, empirical tests with metal mount, battery assisted passive (BAP), and passive-only tags were performed under distinct conditions. The results demonstrate that, under the adequate conditions, engineered components can be automatically tracked with passive‐RFID technologies. In addition, recommendations for the investigation and utilization of passive devices to support construction processes were detailed in the study.
Bone-targeted therapy in metastatic prostate cancer: osteoclast inhibitors and bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals

Metastatic prostate cancer has a tropism for bone and often spares soft tissues. Drugs that target the bone have a unique niche in metastatic prostate cancer. A variety of pharmaceutical agents have been investigated in this disease with endpoints including pain, skeletal related events, and overall survival. Herein we focus on two broad classes: osteoclast inhibitors, such as bisphosphonates and antibodies to receptor activator of nuclear factor-κβ ligand; and bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals, such as strontium-89 chloride, samarium-153 lexidronam, and radium-223 chloride. Pertinent clinical trials as well as currently ongoing trials will be reviewed.
Density functional study of the in-line mechanism of methanolysis of cyclic phosphate and thiophosphate esters in solution: insight into thio effects in RNA transesterification.

Density functional calculations of thio effects on the in-line mechanism of methanolysis of ethylene phosphate (a reverse reaction model for RNA phosphate transesterification) are presented. A total of 12 reaction mechanisms are examined using the B3LYP functional with large basis sets, and the effects of solvation were treated using the PCM, CPCM, and SM5 solvation models. Single thio substitutions at all of the distinct phosphoryl oxygen positions (2‘, 3‘, 5‘, pro-R) and a double thio substitution at the nonbridging (pro-R/pro-S) positions were considered. Profiles for each reaction were calculated in the dianionic and monoanionic/monoprotic states, corresponding to reaction models under alkaline and nonalkaline conditions, respectively. These models provide insight into the mechanisms of RNA transesterification thio effects and serve as a set of high-level quantum data that can be used in the design of new semiempirical quantum models for hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical simulations and l...
Letter by Ehdaie and Rubin Regarding Article, “Long-Term Arrhythmia-Free Survival in Patients With Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction and No Inducible Ventricular Tachycardia After Myocardial Infarction”

We read with interest the article by Zaman and colleagues1 regarding use of the electrophysiological study (EPS) to risk stratify patients with an acute ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction (MI) and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The study found that a negative EPS at a median of 4 days after ST-segment–elevation MI, in 2 classes of patients who have reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ≤30% and ≤35%), defines patients who have a primary end point of survival free of death and arrhythmia equally as good as an untested …