cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Method for the Estimation of Towing Resistance of a Life Raft in Various Sea States

Current IMO regulations require life rafts to be tow tested only in calm water. In real evacuation situations, life rafts are deployed in the prevailing environmental conditions, with wind and waves. Added wave resistance is small at low wave heights but increases nonlinearly with increased wave height. If life rafts are to be towed in moderate seas (up to 4 m significant wave height), tow force estimates based only on calm water tow resistance become less reliable. Tow patches, towline, towing craft etc. also need to be designed to withstand dynamic wave loading in addition to mean load. Therefore, mean tow force, tow force variation and maximum tow force are important. A full-scale 16-person, commercially available, SOLAS approved life raft was towed in the tank, in upwind, head seas with significant wave height of 0.5 m. The measured tow force showed that it could be treated as a linear system with wave amplitude, by demonstrating that tow force is mainly inertial and follows a Rayleigh distribution. Therefore, extreme-value statistics used for waves can be applied to developing equations for predicting tow force. A method is proposed to predict life raft tow force at different tow speeds and in various sea states, with waves and wind. The method involved using tank experiments to obtain tow force response for one sea state. The information can then be used to predict life raft tow force in wind and waves for different sea states. Three equations are proposed to demonstrate that a simple tank experiment could provide valuable information necessary to empirically estimate the mean tow force, tow force variation and maximum tow force for a specific life raft in different sea states. The equations are developed for upwind, head seas. These equations were extensively validated using tow force measured in the tank. They were partially validated with limited sea trial data, by towing the same 16-person life raft and a 42-person life raft in upwind, head seas with significant wave height of 1.3 m. The equations were able to predict maximum tow forces to within 15% of the measured.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Gate-controlled double electron layer tunnelling transistor and single transistor digital logic applications

A novel entirely planar quantum transistor based on tunnelling between two separate electron layers in an AlGaAs/GaAs double quantum well heterostructure is demonstrated. Using the gate-tunability of the tunnelling I-V characteristics, digital logic gates such as XOR and NAND are demonstrated using a single double electron layer tunnelling transistor.
Stresses and stress intensities at notches: 'Anomalous crack growth' revisited

Abstract In this paper, a new notch stress estimation scheme is presented within the context of conventional finite element solutions. The estimation method is based on a separation of an actual notch stress state into two parts. One part is a far-field stress in the form of membrane and bending components that satisfy far-field equilibrium conditions, and the other is a self-equilibrating part that provides an effective measure of the notch stress state. The self-equilibrating part can be directly related to notch geometry and captured using a rather coarse finite element model. The singular stress behavior at an arbitrary notch is then described by a closed form solution formulated using the self-equilibrating part of the stress state for a small crack emanating from a notch. The corresponding stress intensity factor solutions are then presented by considering both the far-field stress (also called structural stress) and self-equilibrating notch stress. The stress intensity solutions are formulated using existing solutions for typical simple crack geometry. One important feature of the notch stress and stress intensity solutions is that the current solutions not only capture the singular characteristics as the notch tip is asymptotically approached, but also recover the far-field (or nominal) stress state. Finally, the effectiveness of the present notch stress estimation scheme is demonstrated by using a series of well-known short crack growth data exhibiting ‘anomalous growth’. It has been found that, for instance, the anomalous growth discussed in, for example, Fat Eng Mat Struct 6 (1983) 315; Eng Fract Mech 29 (1988) 301; as well as Surface Crack Growth: Models, Experiments, and Structures (1990) 333, can be unified with long crack data as straight lines, without resorting crack closure considerations. As a result, a two-stage crack growth model is proposed within the context of K-dominant crack growth. The first stage is dominated by the notch-induced self-equilibrating part of the stress state and the second stage is dominated by the equivalent far-field stress state or structural stresses that satisfy equilibrium conditions and can be effectively computed in a mesh-insensitive manner. The implications of these findings on fatigue growth rate data generation and fatigue life predictions will also be discussed.
Reversal of Ischemic Cardiomyopathy with Sca-1+ Stem Cells Modified with Multiple Growth Factors

Background We hypothesized that bone marrow derived Sca-1+ stem cells (BM Sca-1+) transduced with multiple therapeutic cytokines with diverse effects will induce faster angiomyogenic differentiation in the infarcted myocardium. Methods and Results BM Sca-1+ were purified from transgenic male mice expressing GFP. Plasmids encoding for select quartet of growth factors, i.e., human IGF-1, VEGF, SDF-1α and HGF were prepared and used for genetic modification of Sca-1+ cells (GFSca-1+). Scramble transfected cells (ScSca-1+) were used as a control. RT-PCR and western blotting showed significantly higher expression of the growth factors in GFSca-1+. Besides the quartet of the therapeutic growth factors, PCR based growth factor array showed upregulation of multiple angiogenic and prosurvival factors such as Ang-1, Ang-2, MMP9, Cx43, BMP2, BMP5, FGF2, and NGF in GFSca-1+ (p<0.01 vs ScSca-1+). LDH and TUNEL assays showed enhanced survival of GFSca-1+ under lethal anoxia (p<0.01 vs ScSca-1+). MTS assay showed significant increased cell proliferation in GFSca-1+ (p<0.05 vs ScSca-1+). For in vivo study, female mice were grouped to receive the intramyocardial injection of 15 μl DMEM without cells (group-1) or containing 2.5×105 ScSca-1+ (group-2) or GFSca-1+ (group-3) immediately after coronary artery ligation. As indicated by Sry gene, a higher survival of GFSca-1+ in group-3 on day4 (2.3 fold higher vs group-2) was observed with massive mobilization of stem and progenitor cells (cKit+, Mdr1+, Cxcr4+ cells). Heart tissue sections immunostained for actinin and Cx43 at 4 weeks post engraftment showed extensive myofiber formation and expression of gap junctions. Immunostaining for vWF showed increased blood vessel density in both peri-infarct and infarct regions in group-3. Infarct size was attenuated and the global heart function was improved in group-3 as compared to group-2. Conclusions Administration of BM Sca-1+ transduced with multiple genes is a novel approach to treat infarcted heart for its regeneration.
Commentary on the Pitfalls and Pratfalls of evaluation research with intervention and prevention programs

This final chapter analyzes the content of the preceding examples, suggesting implications for the field of prevention research and practice.
Relationships between family variables and children's preference for and consumption of sweet foods

The objectives of this study were to develop measures of parent and family factors which may moderate the inborn preference for sweets in children and to examine relationships between these factors and preschool children's preferences for and frequency of consumption of sweet foods. No significant relationships were found between family variables and children's preferences for sweet foods. Children's frequency of consumption of sweet foods was independently related to three family variables: parents’ frequency of eating sweet foods, the amount of television watched by the child, and parents’ attitudes toward giving their children sweet foods in positive contexts. The relationships among these variables that were seen were stronger in families in which the preschooler was the oldest child than in families with older children.
Separation of saturated, unsaturated, and acetylenic fatty acid isomers by silver resin chromatography

A column packed with silver-saturated ion exchange resin (Amberlyst XN 1010) was found to have lipid separation capabilities superior to Amberlyst XN 1005 and similar to Amberlite XE 284. The separation of unsaturated fatty methyl ester isomers by silver resin chromatography using methanol as the eluting solvent has been extended to mixtures containing polyunsaturate and acetylenic fatty esters. Separations are possible on the basis of both total number of double bonds and the geometric configuration. Mixtures containing saturates, elaidate, oleate, linoleate, and linolenate can be separated, but 10% 1-hexene must be added to the methanol to elute the linolenate. Mixtures containingtrans,trans-;trans,cis-; andcis,cis-octadecadienoate isomers have also been separated, and partial resolution ofcis-9,cis-12- andcis-2,cis-15-octadecadienoate isomers was obtained. Sterolate, a monounsaturated acetylenic fatty ester was eluted at the same time as oleate. Crepenynate (cis-9-octadecen-12-ynoate) can be separated from linoleate but not fromcis,trans-octadecadienoate.
Helping Parents and Adoptees Through the Adoption Process Using Group Work

While adoption can build strong family ties, many challenges can also develop both during and after the adoption process. Parent/Parents and adopted children face a variety of challenges within the newly formed family unit. Parents struggle with the adoption process, while adoptees from various backgrounds often wrestle with identity development and feelings of loss and grief throughout their life resulting from relinquishment. Our purpose here is to offer a solution in the form of two group interventions: a prevention-based group to help parent/parents navigate effectively through the adoption process and a counseling group aimed at helping adopted adolescents develop a positive identity.
Ore transport and deposition in the Red Sea geothermal system: a geochemical model

Abstract Thermodynamic calculation of distribution of dissolved aqueous species in the Red Sea geothermal brine provides a model of ore transport and deposition in good agreement with observed accumulations of base metal sulfides, anhydrite, and barite. The Red Sea brine is recirculated seawater that acquires high salinity by low-temperature interaction with Miocene evaporites and is subsequently heated to temperatures in excess of 200°C by interaction with recent rift zone intrusive rocks. At temperatures up to 250°C, NaSO−4 and MgSO04 are the dominant sulfur-bearing species. H2S forms by inorganic sulfate reduction at the higher temperatures but is maintained at a uniform concentration of about 2 ppm by the strength of the sulfate complexes. Chloride complexes solubilize metals at the higher temperatures, and thus sulfide and metals are carried together into the Atlantis II Deep. Below 150°C, the brine becomes supersaturated with respect to chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and iron monosulfide due to chloride-complex dissociation. Sulfide precipitation rates, based on the rate of brine influx, are in good agreement with measured sedimentation rates. Anhydrite precipitates as crystalline fissure infillings from high-temperature inflowing brine. Barite forms from partial oxidation of sulfides at the interface between the lower hot brine and the transitional brine layer.
Antibiotic Dosing in Critically Ill Patients Receiving CRRT : Underdosing is Overprevalent

Published CRRT drug dosing algorithms and other dosing guidelines appear to result in underdosed antibiotics, leading to failure to attain pharmacodynamic targets. High mortality rates persist with inadequate antibiotic therapy as the most important risk factor for death. Reasons for unintended antibiotic underdosing in patients receiving CRRT are many. Underdosing may result from lack of the recognition that better hepatic function in AKI patients yields higher nonrenal antibiotic clearance compared to ESRD patients. Other factors include the variability in body size and fluid composition of patients, the serious consequence of delayed achievement of antibiotic pharmacodynamic targets in septic patients, potential subtherapeutic antibiotic concentrations at the infection site, and the influence of RRT intensity on antibiotic concentrations. Too often, clinicians weigh the benefits of overcautious antibiotic dosing to avoid antibiotic toxicity too heavily against the benefits of rapid attainment of therapeutic antibiotic concentrations in critically ill patients receiving CRRT. We urge clinicians to prescribe antibiotics aggressively for these vulnerable patients.
Characterization and modeling of the infrared properties of diamond and SiC

Diamond and Silicon Carbide (SiC) are two of the most durable infrared transmitting window materials available today. Diamond is transparent from 0.25 - 3 μm, exhibits weak absorption in the mid-infrared, and is again transparent from 8 μm well into the microwave range. Silicon Carbide has a single infrared transmission window from a 0.4 - 6 μm. In this paper, experimental characterization of the multiphonon absorption in CVD diamond and various grades of SiC as a function of temperature and frequency is presented. A broadband FTIR transmissometer is used. The temperature range is from 10 to 800 K and the frequency range is from 500 to 5000 cm-1. Using this experimental data set up updated multiphonon absorption model is developed that represents the experimental data over all temperatures and frequencies.
Study of surface topography in impact wear

Abstract Topographical changes taking place between the unworn and successively worn states of repetitively impacted engineering surfaces were studied. The impacting hammers were made of tool steel (hardness, 62–64 HRC) with a spherical surface and were operated at a frequency of 50 Hz. The impacted specimens were of carbon steel (hardness, 29 HRC) with various finishes. A topographical description of the macroscopic features (wear scar shape) and the microscopic features (texture) was sought. A stylus profilometer (Gould Microtopographer) was connected on line to a computer permitting storage and subsequent analysis of the measured data. The data acquisition process was activated either for single profiles or for a large number of parallel profiles equally spaced from one another, creating a three-dimensional surface. Accordingly, surfaces of both onedirectional orientation ( e.g . ground surfaces) and of isotropic texture ( e.g . bead-blasted surfaces) could conveniently be evaluated. The application of a relocation device allowed profile measurement over the same sections of the surface area, from the unworn to subsequent worn states. Various expedient computer-graphical display methods (profile and contour maps, grey-shade and pseudocolor representations) were investigated.
Risk factors for Richter syndrome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Richter syndrome (RS) is defined as the transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) to a more aggressive B-cell lymphoma, most commonly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Approximately 5-10% of CLL patients develop this complication during long-term follow-up. Traditional risk factors for future RS include clinical (advanced Rai stage), biological (ZAP-70, CD38, CD49d) and genetic (del17p, del11q) characteristics at the time of CLL diagnosis. The impact of CLL therapy (purine-nucleoside analogue and/or alkylator-based chemoimmunotherapy and kinase inhibitor therapy) on the risk of RS remains controversial. Both heritable (germline) and acquired (somatic) genetic mutations contribute to risk of RS. Germline polymorphisms in genes related to CD38, LRF4, and BCL-2 have been implicated in the development of RS. Somatic mutations contributing to the development of RS include TP53 disruption, c-myc activation, CDKN2A loss and NOTCH1 mutations. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the biological and genetic factors contributing to RS in CLL patients.
The spatial dynamics of growth and inequality: Evidence using U.S. county-level data

Abstract Based on an estimated dynamic spatial Durbin model, we find that the direct effect of a one-point increase in a county’s inequality is associated with a 3.3% decrease in its growth, while one-point increases in inequality in a county’s neighbors decrease its growth by 4.8%.
A protective role for ascorbic acid during inflammatory episodes in the eye.

Abstract During an experimentally induced inflammatory response in the rabbit eye, the decrease in the ascorbic acid concentration within the aqueous humor corresponded in large part, to the infiltration of leukocytes into this ocular fluid. Additional in vitro studies demonstrated that activated leukocytes reacted with ascorbic acid, diminishing the concentration of this vitamin in the surrounding medium. We suggest that the very high concentrations of ascorbic acid found in the aqueous humor of a number of species affords extracellular protection for the ocular tissues against oxygen radicals and metabolites released by infiltrating leukocytes during ocular inflammation.
Hybrid Head for Near-Field Assisted Magnetic Recording

We have developed a next-generation hybrid head that produces near field and magnetic field in a nanometer area for achievement of near-field assisted magnetic recording. The structure and general functions of the head are reported.
The regulation of INK4/ARF in cancer and aging.

Loss of the INK4a / ARF / INK4b locus on chromosome 9p21 is among the most frequent cytogenetic events in human cancer. The products of the locus—p15 INK4b , p16 INK4a , and ARF—play widespread and independent roles in tumor suppression. Recent data also suggest that expression of p16 INK4a induces an age-dependent decrease in the proliferative capacity of certain tissue-specific stem cells and unipotent progenitors. Here, we discuss the regulation and role of p16 INK4a , ARF, and p15 INK4b in cancer and aging.
Foraging ecology of the mangrove salt marsh snake, Nerodia clarkii compressicauda: effects of vegetational density

The mangrove salt marsh snake (Nerodia clarkii compressicauda Baird and Girard) may experience varying levels of foraging success because the prop roots of the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) have a six-fold variation in density. Adult female N. c. compressicauda were allowed to forage for 24 h on a known density of prey in an enclosed habitat simulating one of four experimental prop root densities. Snake behaviors were recorded during the first hour of each trial, and the number of prey ingested was determined at the conclusion of the trial period. Individuals had the greatest success at the root density most often encountered in their habitat. More time was spent in the water than atop roots; but individuals were less likely to forage in the water at low root densities, suggesting that they, like their prey, may be afforded protection from avian and mammalian predation by the mangrove forest canopy. Mangrove salt marsh snakes spent the majority of time resting motionless and appeared to be opportunistic predators, attempting to ingest prey only during chance encounters.
A case of profound iron deficiency anemia owing to corrosive esophagitis in a 20-year-old developmentally delayed male

The level of severe compensated iron deficiency anemia incompatible with life is not defined in the pediatric or adolescent literature. A hemoglobin of 1.5 gm/dl in an older adolescent with few physical symptoms is distinctly unusual. A case of profound iron deficiency anemia in a 20-year-old developmentally delayed male is the subject of this brief report. There were only subtle physical findings in spite of this severe anemia. The anemia was the result of corrosive esophagitis associated with a hiatal hernia and reflux. Physicians dealing with developmentally delayed adolescents should be aware of the fact that a severe anemia may develop, and such individuals should be periodically screened for anemia, melena, hematochezia, and hematemesis.
α-Cyclodextrin-I3- Host−Guest Complex in Aqueous Solution: Theoretical and Experimental Studies

UV−vis spectroscopic studies on aqueous solutions of iodine, potassium iodide, and α-cyclodextrin (αCD), (C6H10O5)6, suggest that a complex forms with the composition of αCD2I3-. Semiempirical quantum mechanical PM3 calculations suggest that two major host−guest isomer types exist for this complex. The most stable isomer has the I3- ion oriented almost parallel to the plane of one of the αCD molecules and sandwiched between two αCD molecules. The second sandwich isomer is less stable than the above isomer by about 5 kcal/mol (20.9 kJ/mol) and has the I3- ion oriented vertically (along the vertical axis) between two αCD molecules. The formation constant (Kf) of the complex is determined to be around 7.0 × 108 M-2 for both 15 and 25 °C.
Radiocarbon in Hydrologic Systems Containing Dissolved Magmatic Carbon Dioxide

In regions of active volcanism, the presence of magmatic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in regional hydrologic systems provides a radiocarbon-depleted tracer for delineating ground-water transport and mixing processes and provides a means of assessing regional magmatic carbon fluxes. Variations in the stable carbon isotopic composition (δ 13 C) and carbon-14 values of springs and surface waters from the southern Cascade Range show consistent patterns of carbon isotopic mixing between magmatic, biogenic, and atmospheric CO 2 reservoirs. Radiocarbon measurements of waters from the Lassen region in northern California were used to construct a ground-water carbon-14 contour map, revealing principal subsurface flow paths and a broad region of diffuse magmatic CO 2 flux.
Membrane differentiation within golgi apparatus of rat hepatocytes

Membrane differentiation within Golgi apparatus of rat hepatocytes was revealed by a cytochemical procedure for NADH-ferricyanide reductase on glutaraldehyde-fixed material. Reaction product, as electron-dense deposits of cupric ferrocyanide, marked the membranes of the mature Golgi apparatus face, membranes of mature and/or migrating secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Membranes of endoplasmic reticulum (and nuclear envelope), the immature Golgi apparatus face, and the immature secretory vesicles did not react. Mature and immature vesicles were distinguished on the basis of diameters of the lipoprotein particles of the vesicle contents and the relative electron density of the vesicle lumina. Membranes of intercalary cisternae of the Golgi apparatus were intermediate in appearance. The findings support a dynamic model of Golgi apparatus functioning in which membranes differentiate progressively across the stacked cisternae to acquire plasma membrane characteristics.
Treatment of a Left Internal Mammary Artery to Pulmonary Artery Fistula with Polytetrafluoroethylene Covered Stents: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Internal mammary artery (IMA) to pulmonary artery (PA) fistula is a rare complication of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) that may present as myocardial ischemia. We describe a case of left IMA-to-PA fistula treated with balloon expandable coronary polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft stents and review previously reported cases of this entity.
Research Model for Process of Choice in Family Food Buying

A model based on the steps in problem solving, related to homemaker environment; infor mation sources; food consumption at home; and the events of product choice, mental evaluations, and purchase in retail markets, was developed to organize findings from 18 years of consumer behavior research. The model is offered for use by other research workers in project planning, data analysis, and reporting so that consumers may be studied simul taneously in home and market environments.
Further Studies of Steroidal Inhibitors of Δ5,3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and Δ5-Δ4,3-Ketosteroid Isomerase in Pseudomonas testosteroni and in Bovine Adrenals

ABSTRACT A study has been performed to determine the effects of various steroids on the activity of Δ6,3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and Δ5-Δ4,3-ketosteroid isomerase in partially purified extracts of Pseudomonas testosteroni, and in bovine adrenal microsomes. The steroids studied affect adrenal or genital development. Of these, 2α-cyano-4,4,17α-trimethylandrost-5-en17β-ol-3-one (cyanoketone), 2-hydroxymethylene- androstan-17β-ol-3-one (hydroxymethylene) and estradiol-17β produced stoichiometric inhibition of the bacterial and bovine dehydrogenases. In a Dixon-type plot, the inhibition of both isomerases by these steroids was competitive, while that of both dehydrogenases was noncompetitive. Dialysis of inhibited enzyme preparations for 24 hr against 1000 volumes of medium completely restored activity of all enzymes inhibited by estradiol-17β, whereas activity of all enzymes inhibited by the other 2 steroids was virtually unaffected by such a dialysis. Medroxyprogesterone, l,2α-methylene- 6-chlorpregn-4...
Spring-assisted correction of sagittal suture synostosis.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe the technique and advantages and limitations of spring-assisted cranioplasty for sagittal suture synostosis.
"Middle's open!" - Norms regarding hitting in adult recreational softball

The number of adults and children estimated to be playing softball in the United States was more than 42 million in 1991 (Dickson, 1994). In the 20 years since that estimate, it is likely that the number has grown even higher with participation rates high for both men and women. Recent estimates from the Amateur Softball Association (ASA) are that 2.5 million players are involved annually in their adult softball programs (ASA 2010). However, the Amateur Softball Association is just one of many softball organizations that run tournaments and leagues for participants. Leagues and tournaments are available for players at all skill levels ranging from novice to highly competitive. The sport of softball includes both fastpitch and slowpitch versions. The focus of this paper is on slowpitch softball (as was the work of Amenta, 2007) where the pitch is delivered underhand with a specified minimum amount of arc (typically the pitch must at least go over the batter’s head). Thus, unlike fastpitch softball or baseball, a slowpitch softball batter has time to adjust their swing and exert some control over where they hit the ball. Of course, how much control one can exert depends on the skill level of the player, but the slow speed of the pitch makes some bat control possible.
The Critical Role of the Factor VIII/von Willebrand Factor Complex in Hemostasis

The interaction of Factor VIII and von Willebrand Factor in plasma has a major impact on hemostasis. These two proteins contribute to hemostasis by supporting platelet adhesion to the damaged vessel wall and by accelerating fibrin formation. While the absence of Factor VIII in hemophilia A has no detectable effect on vWF levels, normal plasma vWF levels are necessary for normal Factor VIII content. In addition, complex formation with vWF stabilizes plasma Factor VIII and concentrates Factor VIII, a trace protein, at the site of vessel injury.There has been remarkable progress during the past decade in our understanding of Factor VIII and von Willebrand Factor structure and function. The genes responsible for the synthesis of these two proteins have now been characterized and we are beginning to learn about the molecular defects responsible for hemophilia A and von Willebrand's Disease. While the binding sites that lead to complex formation have not yet been characterized, future studies will undoubtedly clarify how vWF protects Factor VIII from proteolysis, how vWF modifies Factor VIII synthesis, and how the two proteins interact in a way that concentrates Factor VIII at the site of vessel injury. Answers to these important questions will further establish the critical role of the Factor VIII/von Willebrand Factor complex in hemostasis.
Surgeon-initiated screening colonoscopy program based on SAGES and ASCRS recommendations in a general surgery practice

Background This study aimed to determine the utility of a screening colonoscopy program initiated by general surgeons in an academic center.
Toxicological Effects of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum and Behavioral Response of Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Volatiles in leaf extracts of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum disrupted settled Macrosiphum euphorbiae and caused 100% mortality over 24 hr. There was a single peak of activity among fractions separated by silica gel column chromatography. 2-Tridecanone was the major component of all active fractions, and responses to 2-tridecanone alone were similar to the initial extract. Another major component, 2-undecanone had no effect on M. euphorbiae either alone or as a synergist of 2-tridecanone. Trichome exudates and 2-tridecanone applied to artificial membranes inhibited feeding and caused mortality over 24 hr. Topical LD50 for 2-tridecanone was 1.0 μg/individual. The lab colony displayed little variation in susceptibility to 2-tridecanone. The effectiveness of 2-tridecanone in reducing infestation by M. euphorbiae and evidence of behavioral resistance in M. euphorbiae to 2-tridecanone are discussed.
Attribution of sulfate aerosols in Federal Class I areas of the western United States based on trajectory regression analysis

Abstract Atmospheric aerosols can significantly reduce visibility and result in regional haze. The Clean Air Act amendments established a national visibility goal to remedy existing impairment and prevent future impairment in Federal Class I areas (national parks and wilderness areas designated by Congress), most of which are in the western United States. In order to identify the major source regions of the atmospheric aerosols in the Class I areas of the western United States, air mass backtrajectories were calculated for 84 western Class I areas every 3 h at a starting height of 500 m over the years 2000–2002 using the NOAA HYSPLIT v4.6 model. For each Class I area, multiple-linear regression between the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) measured sulfate concentrations and the air mass residence times in the pre-defined potential source regions was conducted. Results suggest that shipping and other port emissions from along the Pacific Coast contributed significantly to atmospheric aerosol concentrations over large areas of the western United States.
Evaluation of differential cytotoxic effects of the oil spill dispersant Corexit 9500

Abstract Aims The British Petroleum (BP) oil spill has raised several ecological and health concerns. As the first response, BP used a chemical dispersant, Corexit-9500, to disperse the crude oil in the Gulf of Mexico to limit shoreline contamination problems. Nevertheless, portions of this oil/Corexit mixture reached the shoreline and still remain in various Gulf shore environments. The use of Corexit itself has become a significant concern since its impacts on human health and environment is unclear. Main methods In this study, in vitro cytotoxic effects of Corexit were evaluated using different mammalian cells. Key findings Under serum free conditions, the LC50 value for Corexit in BL16/BL6 cell was 16 ppm, in 1321N1 cell was 33 ppm, in H19-7 cell was 70 ppm, in HEK293 was 93 ppm, and in HK-2 cell was 95 ppm. With regard to the mechanisms of cytotoxicity, we hypothesize that Corexit can possibly induce cytotoxicity in mammalian cells by altering the intracellular oxidative balance and inhibiting mitochondrial functions. Corexit induced increased reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxide levels; also, it depleted glutathione content and altered catalase activity in H19-7 cells. In addition, there was mitochondrial complex-I inhibition and increase in the pro-apoptotic factors including caspase-3 and BAX expression. Significance The experimental results show changes in intracellular oxidative radicals leading to mitochondrial dysfunctions and apoptosis in Corexit treatments, possibly contributing to cell death. Our findings raise concerns about using large volumes of Corexit, a potential environmental toxin, in sensitive ocean environments.
Cholate effects on all-trans-retinyl palmitate hydrolysis in tissue homogenates: Solubilization of multiple kidney membrane hydrolases

Abstract Retinyl ester hydrolysis was observed in the absence of cholate in homogenates of rat lung, liver, kidney, intestine, and testes. Eighty-four percent of the activity in kidney was membrane-associated. The kidney microsomal fraction contained 19% of the total activity and was the only subcellular fraction that had increased specific activity relative to the homogenate (about 1.5-fold). In contrast, the cytosol was the only fraction that was decreased in specific activity (about 3-fold). Cholate (18 m m ), reportedly required to observe hydrolysis of all-trans-retinyl esters by rat liver preparations, was not obligatory for activity in kidney homogenates or microsomes. The microsomal activity was solubilized efficiently and with a twofold increase in specific activity by the synthetic detergent 1-S-octyl-β- d -thioglucopyranoside. Gel-permeation chromatography of the solubilizate suggested that at least two pools of activity existed, with molecular weights in the ranges 70–95 and 30–40 kDa. Neither hydrolyzed cholesteryl oleate. Both were more active in hydrolyzing retinyl palmitate than trioleoylglycerol. The higher mass pool had decreased trioleoylglycerol hydrolase activity relative to the solubilizate. Anion-exchange chromatography separated the lower mass pool into two major peaks. A major peak, distinct from the two peaks observed with the lower mass pool, was observed upon anion-exchange chromatography of the higher mass pool. These data demonstrate that multiple retinyl ester hydrolases, more efficient at hydrolyzing retinyl esters than cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerol, occur in a retinoid target tissue.
Reversible Isomerization of a Diphosphine Ligand about a Triosmium Cluster: Synthesis, Kinetics, and X-ray Structures for the Bridging and Chelating Isomers of Os3(CO)10[(Z)-Ph2PCHCHPPh2]

Substitution of the MeCN ligands in the activated cluster Os3(CO)10(MeCN)2 (1) by the unsaturated diphosphine ligand (Z)-Ph2PCHCHPPh2 proceeds rapidly at room temperature to furnish the ligand-brid...
Self‐Referencing and Persuasion: Narrative Transportation versus Analytical Elaboration

This article contrasts narrative self‐referencing with analytical self‐referencing. I propose that narrative self‐referencing persuades through transportation, where people become absorbed in a story—in this case, in their storylike thoughts (Green and Brock 2000). When ad viewers are transported by these narrative thoughts, persuasion is not negatively affected by weak ad arguments. Conversely, analytical self‐referencing persuades via more traditional processing models, wherein cognitive elaboration is enhanced by relating incoming information to one’s self or personal experiences, which results in a differential persuasive effect of strong versus weak arguments. I also propose that ad skepticism moderates the effect of narrative transportation. My assertions are tested in two experiments in the context of mental simulation as a form of narrative self‐referencing.
Mechanism of glutamate stimulation of CO production in cerebral microvessels

Dilation of piglet pial arterioles to glutamate involves carbon monoxide (CO) produced from heme by heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2). Piglet cerebral microvessels and endothelial and smooth muscle cells gro...
Nanoclay‐reinforced syntactic foams: Flexure and thermal behavior

Syntactic foams containing 60 vol% of hollow glass microballoons in epoxy matrix are modified with untreated nanoclays using combined mechanical and ultrasonication methods. Effects of nanoclays on flexure and thermal behavior of syntactic foams are investigated by adding different amount of nanoclays in the range of 1–3% by weight. Microscopic examinations and physical property characterization are performed to determine the interactions among constituent materials and the void formation during fabrication. It is found that the syntactic foams with 2 wt% nanoclays show the highest improvement in flexural properties (∼42% strength and ∼18% modulus) and dynamic mechanical properties (∼30% storage modulus and ∼28% loss modulus) properties. Thermal decomposition temperature is found to be unaffected by the addition of nanoclays, whereas a continuous reduction in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is observed. An examination of failure surface indicates that the failure is initiated on the tension side of the flexure sample due to fracturing of microballoons. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1332–1342, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Diverged binding specificity of Rim101p, the Candida albicans ortholog of PacC.

The biology of Candida albicans, including dimorphism and virulence, is significantly influenced by environmental pH. The response to ambient pH includes the pH-conditional expression of several genes, which is directly or indirectly regulated by Rim101p. Rim101p is homologous to PacC, a transcription factor that regulates pH-conditional gene expression in Aspergillus nidulans. PacC binds 5′-GCCARG-3′ sequences upstream of pH-responsive genes and either activates or represses transcription. The absence of pacC consensus binding sites upstream of PHR1, a RIM101-dependent, alkaline pH-induced gene of C. albicans, suggested either that PHR1 is indirectly regulated by Rim101p or that the binding specificity of Rim101p is different. In vitro binding studies demonstrated that Rim101p strongly bound two regions upstream of PHR1 that were only weakly bound by PacC. Deletion analysis and site-specific mutagenesis demonstrated that both sites were functionally significant, mutation of either site reduced RIM101-dependent induction, and expression was abolished in the double mutant. Furthermore, oligonucleotides containing these sites conferred pH-conditional expression when inserted upstream of a reporter gene. The consensus sequence of these sites, 5′-CCAAGAAA-3′, was identical to the binding recognition sequence identified by in vitro selection of Rim101p binding oligonucleotides from a random pool. The functional significance of this binding sequence was reinforced by its observed presence upstream of a number of newly identified pH-conditional genes. We conclude that Rim101p acts as a transcription factor and directly regulates pH-conditional gene expression but has a binding specificity different from that of PacC.
Kinetics of spherulitic crystallization

Polymer crystallization is discussed with attention given to primary nucleation, spherulite growth, and bulk crystallization. Primary nucleation is the area of least knowledge, and the authors discuss the kinetics of nuclei appearance and recent observations concerning the effects of foreign materials and surfaces. Spherulitic growth rates are discussed in general and specifically with respect to data at low degrees of supercooling in conjunction with secondary nucleation theory. The Avrami Theory and its limitations are discussed in the interpretation of bulk crystallization data. The authors propose that n = 4 in all cases and that the Avrami Theory be used for calculating the primary nucleation rate, kn, not for determining n itself.
Atherothrombosis: A widespread disease with unpredictable and life-threatening consequences

Atherothrombosis, characterised by atherosclerotic lesion disruption with superimposed thrombus formation, is the major cause of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and cardiovascular death. It is the leading cause of mortality in the industrialised world. Atherosclerosis is a diffuse process that starts early in childhood and progresses asymptomatically through adult life. Later in life, it is clinically manifested as coronary artery disease, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, and peripheral arterial disease. From the clinical point of view, we should envision this disease as a single pathologic entity that affects different vascular territories. Available antithrombotic therapy is very safe and efficient but the morbidity and mortality due to atherothrombosis is still unacceptably high. Recent evidence suggests that inhibition of tissue factor or elements in the tissue factor pathway (i.e., factors VIIa and Xa, or thrombin) has the potential to further improve outcomes in atherothrombosis. Here, we will review the most important concepts and advances in the pathogenesis, prevention, and antithrombotic treatment of this widespread disease.
Suggestive evidence for Darwinian selection against asparagine-linked glycans of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii

We are interested in asparagine-linked glycans (N-glycans) of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii, because their N-glycan structures have been controversial and because we hypothesize that there might be selection against N-glycans in nucleus-encoded proteins that must pass through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) prior to threading into the apicoplast. In support of our hypothesis, we observed the following. First, in protists with apicoplasts, there is extensive secondary loss of Alg enzymes that make lipid-linked precursors to N-glycans. Theileria makes no N-glycans, and Plasmodium makes a severely truncated N-glycan precursor composed of one or two GlcNAc residues. Second, secreted proteins of Toxoplasma, which uses its own 10-sugar precursor (Glc(3)Man(5)GlcNAc(2)) and the host 14-sugar precursor (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)) to make N-glycans, have very few sites for N glycosylation, and there is additional selection against N-glycan sites in its apicoplast-targeted proteins. Third, while the GlcNAc-binding Griffonia simplicifolia lectin II labels ER, rhoptries, and surface of plasmodia, there is no apicoplast labeling. Similarly, the antiretroviral lectin cyanovirin-N, which binds to N-glycans of Toxoplasma, labels ER and rhoptries, but there is no apicoplast labeling. We conclude that possible selection against N-glycans in protists with apicoplasts occurs by eliminating N-glycans (Theileria), reducing their length (Plasmodium), or reducing the number of N-glycan sites (Toxoplasma). In addition, occupation of N-glycan sites is markedly reduced in apicoplast proteins versus some secretory proteins in both Plasmodium and Toxoplasma.
Downregulation of NDUFA1 and other oxidative phosphorylation-related genes is a consistent feature of basal cell carcinoma.

: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous malignancy that, like other tumours, possesses a heterogeneous genetic composition. In order to select genes with consistent changes in expression among these tumours, we analysed BCC microarray expression data by using a novel approach, termed correlative analysis of microarrays (CAM). CAM is a nested, non-parametric method designed to qualitatively select candidates based on their individual, similar effects upon an array-wide closeness measure. We applied the CAM method to expression data generated by two-channel cDNA microarray experiments, where 21 BCC and patient-matched normal skin specimens were examined. Fifteen candidate genes were selected, with six overexpressed and nine underexpressed in BCC vs. normal skin. Five of the nine consistently downregulated genes in the tumour samples are involved in mitochondrial function and the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway. One of these genes was the 7.5-kDa subunit, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) alpha subcomplex-1 (NDUFA1), an accessory component of OXPHOS complex-I that is essential for respiratory activity. These findings support the hypothesis that irregularities in mitochondrial function are involved in neoplasia. Suppression of NDUFA1 expression could represent a key pathogenic mechanism in the development of BCC.
Unraveling the Financial Crisis of 2008

In the fall of 2008, the world economy experienced a “once-in-a-century credit tsunami” (Greenspan 2008, 1). Centered in the market for homes and mortgages, the mechanisms that unleashed this financial tidal wave are many and complex. Indeed, an inadequate grasp of modern finance on the part of “the most sophisticated investors” and regulators “in the world” was itself a contributing factor (Greenspan 2008, 3).
In situ methane production in a small, hypereutrophic, hard‐water lake: Loss of methane from sediments by vertical diffusion and ebullition 1

The rate and quantity of methane produced by sediments of Wintergreen Lake were estimated by separately measuring methane lost by ebullition using bubble traps and by estimating methane lost to the water column by diffusion. The maximum rates of methane loss by ebullition occurred in late summer and were 35 mmol. rnw2. d-i in 1972 and 37 in 1973. The average dissolved methane flux for 1972 was estimated to be in the range of lo-46 mmol. rnw2. d-l. The minimum value was estimated by summing dissolved methane concentrations in the water column for each sampling date. The maximum value was estimated using the eddy diffusion coefficient of 4.9 x 10e3 cm2-s-l, calculated from the temperature method of Hutchinson. This methane diffusion rate was about two times the average rate of methane lost by ebullition (21 mmol*m-2*d-1) over the same time period. Dissolved methane was detected only in anoxic waters during summer stratification and within a meter of both the sediment and ice during winter. Ebullition also occurred during winter.
DIMENSIONES ÉTICAS DE LA CRÍTICA AGROECOLÓGICA A LA BIOTECNOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA

El objetivo del presente trabajo es cuestionar las falsas promesas hechas por la industria de la ingenieria genetica agricola, al prometer que los cultivos producidos mediante esta tecnologia generarian una agricultura menos dependendiente en insumos quimicos, aumentarian la productividad y ayudarian a reducir los problemas ambientales. Este articulo tambien analiza las criticas ambientalistas a la biotecnologia, expresadas en la preocupacion por sus efectos sobre las condiciones sociales y economicas, y los valores culturales, religiosos y morales de las diferentes culturas, que han sido ignorados reiteradamente en el desarrollo tecnologico de los OvGM. El autor concluye afirmando que ha llegado el momento de enfrentar socialmente el reto y la realidad de la ingenieria genetica. Las companias de biotecnologia deben sentir el impacto de los movimientos ambientalistas, laborales y campesinos, de modo que reorienten su trabajo para el beneficio de toda la sociedad y de la naturaleza
POLÍTICAS DE LA MEMORIA: EL LEVANTAMIENTO DE 1932 EN EL SALVADOR

Resumen Este articulo analiza la cambiante memoria historica del levantamiento comunista ocurrido en El Salvador en 1932. Las diferencias que se observan al comparar recuentos contemporaneos de los eventos y fuentes periodisticas de diferentes epocas, muestran el caracter maleable de las narrativas construidas para describir y explicar el levantamiento. El articulo muestra la relacion entre variaciones en las narrativas y cambios en la situacion sociopolitica de El Salvador. Abstract This article analyzes the ever-changing historic memory of the Communist uprising in El Salvador that took place in 1932. The dissimilarities observed when comparing the contemporary narration of events with the newspaper sources at different points in time, clearly evidence the malleable nature of the accounts created to describe and explain the revolt. This article highlights the existing connection between the variations in the narratives and the changes in the socio-political situation of El Salvador.