cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-throughput, motility-based sorter for microswimmers such as C. elegans

Animal motility varies with genotype, disease, aging, and environmental conditions. In many studies, it is desirable to carry out high throughput motility-based sorting to isolate rare animals for, among other things, forward genetic screens to identify genetic pathways that regulate phenotypes of interest. Many commonly used screening processes are labor-intensive, lack sensitivity, and require extensive investigator training. Here, we describe a sensitive, high throughput, automated, motility-based method for sorting nematodes. Our method is implemented in a simple microfluidic device capable of sorting thousands of animals per hour per module, and is amenable to parallelism. The device successfully enriches for known C. elegans motility mutants. Furthermore, using this device, we isolate low-abundance mutants capable of suppressing the somnogenic effects of the flp-13 gene, which regulates C. elegans sleep. By performing genetic complementation tests, we demonstrate that our motility-based sorting device efficiently isolates mutants for the same gene identified by tedious visual inspection of behavior on an agar surface. Therefore, our motility-based sorter is capable of performing high throughput gene discovery approaches to investigate fundamental biological processes.
Streptococcal antibody titers in Sydenham's chorea.

Antistreptolysin O (ASO), anti-desoxyribonuclease B (anti-DNAse B), and anti-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase (anti-NADase) titers were determined on patients with Sydenham9s chorea and a matched group of controls. For each of the antibodies studied, elevated titers were found in a significant percentage of patients with chorea as compared with control individuals. This finding was also true of patients with "pure chorea" on whom antibody titers were performed within 6 months of the onset of choreic symptoms. Ten of 30 such patients failed to show an elevated ASO titer. Four of these were found to have markedly elevated anti-DNAse B titers. Elevation of two or more antibody tests, which is highly suggestive of recent streptococcal infection, was found in the majority (63%) of patients with pure chorea seen within 6 months as compared with the control group (10%). The practical and potential usefulness of multiple streptococcal antibody tests in patients with pure Sydenham9s chorea is discussed.
A Wiki: one tool for communication, collaboration, and collection of documentation

Wikis are a popular tool on college campuses for documentation and collaboration. Despite the wide spread use of wikis, many users still do not understand what a wiki is, how it is used, or how to apply it to their needs. The myriad uses for wikis and figuring out how to use them can be overwhelming.At SUNY Geneseo, we use two different wikis to address two different technical requirements. One wiki is for internal documentation used by Computing & Information Technology (CIT). The other wiki is a college-wide wiki system where any department or individual can have a wiki for whatever subject they wish. The college ¬wide wiki system was installed two years ago and has many uses such as documentation, collaborative writing, committee work, communication, and education.We have addressed many problems along the way including administration, policies, technical issues, education, adoption, and advocacy. Much of what we have overcome can help other IT departments looking to install a wiki or to get their existing wiki to be more widely accepted and adopted. We will also show some of the unique and interesting ways our wiki is being used.
The Impact of the Episodes of May, 1970 upon American University Students.

In May 1970 most American universities were exposed to the aftermath of the Cambodian incursion, the Kent State shootings, and the Jackson State shootings. These episodes occurred midway in the course of a longitudinal study of 1,858 men enrolled at 25 different universities. The obtained panel data indicate that these events produced a sharp peaking of reported war-related protests and demonstrations, as well as pervasive changes in student attitudes. However, it is concluded that most of the effects upon attitudes were relatively transient.
PRIORITY USE OF CHEMICAL OVER VISUAL CUES FOR DETECTION OF PREDATORS BY GRAYBELLY SALAMANDERS, EURYCEA MULTIPLICATA GRISEOGASTER

Abstract: Many aquatic amphibians live in habitats with low visibility. In such habitats, chemical cues may be more reliable than visual cues for predator recognition. Adult perrenibranchiate graybelly salamanders, Eurycea multiplicata griseogaster, occupy clear-water streams with low levels of sedimentation and relatively few visual obstructions. In a previous laboratory experiment, graybelly salamanders distinguished between chemical stimuli from predatory fish (banded sculpins, Cottus carolinae) and nonpredatory tadpoles (Rana sphenocephala). In the present study, when only visual cues were available, salamanders did not distinguish between sculpins and tadpoles. Instead, they reduced activity in response to both predatory and nonpredatory heterospecifics in comparison to a blank control, indicating an alarm response to general disturbance rather than recognition of the specific predator, per se. To confirm that chemical stimuli are important under natural conditions, we tested whether graybelly salama...
Inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism in the rat after corynebacterium parvum treatment

Abstract Drug-metabolizing enzyme activities, cytochrome concentration, and protein content of hepatic microsomal preparations from adult, female Sprague-Dawley rats were examined at 1-, 3-, 6-, 10-, 14- and 17-day intervals after administration of a single intravenous injection of Corynebacterium parvum ( C. parvum ) at a dose of 10 mg/m 2 . Aniline hydroxylase (AH) activity, aminopyrine demethylase (APD) activity, and cytochrome P-450 concentration were reduced 20–50% on days 3–6 and, thereafter, gradually recovered to control levels by day 17. Cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochrome b 5 concentration were reduced significantly (24%) only on day 10. Microsomal protein concentration was unchanged. C. parvum added in vitro had no effect on AH or APD activity. Although livers of treated rats were only slightly ( C. parvum at 0.67 to 10.00 mg/m 2 , a direct relationship was apparent between the adjuvant dose and the magnitude of reduction of APD activity. A similar relationship was apparent between splenomegaly and APD activity. Histopathologic examination of liver sections from treated rats revealed numerous granulomas throughout the parenchyma. The magnitude of enzyme inhibition generally paralleled the severity of the hepatic lesions.
Socio–economic and environmental impact of crude oil exploration and production on agricultural production: a case study of Edjeba and Kokori communities in Delta State of Nigeria

The study examined the socio-economic and environmental impact of oil exploration on agriculture with particular reference to Edjeba and Kokori communities of Delta State, Nigeria. Both communities are oil-producing communities and agriculture constitutes the primary income generating activities of the indigenes. A 15 item close-ended questionnaires was used to elicit responses from 100 animal, crop and fish farmers. This sample was made up of 55 and 45 farmers randomly drawn from Edjeba and Kokori communities respectively. The results showed that oil exploration and production activities have caused damage to farmlands and water bodies as a result of oil spillage leading to a decrease in agricultural output and hence the income earning capacity of the people has declined appreciably. The results also showed an increase in the occurrence of health hazard, air/noise pollution and heightened deforestation in these communities. It is recommended that regular inspection of oil pipelines, monitoring of oil fields, adequate and timely compensation payments, provision of farm inputs including agricultural extension services and improved seeds be made available to host communities for improved agricultural production. Keywords : socio-economic effects, environment impact, oil production, agriculture, Delta State Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4(2) 2005: 171-176
Novel Twin Corannulene: Synthesis and Crystal Structure Determination of a Dicorannulenobarrelene Dicarboxylate

The dicorannulenobarrelene 1 was synthesized with the final step achieved by a nickel-mediated fourfold intramolecular coupling of dibromomethyl with bromomethyl groups. Low-temperature 1H NMR spectra of 1 show a presence of three conformers with approximate populations of 0.82:0.13:0.05, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. In the crystal, 1 incorporates two CCl4 molecules and adopts the bis-exo conformation.
A guide through the maze of viral hepatitis

Viral hepatitis poses a threat to the health of persons living in the United States. While there are clinical similarities, it is important to understand the different etiologic agents and methods of transmission in order to understand the needs of infected individuals and caregivers. This article provides an overview of the hepatitis viruses most common in this country and the activities rec ommended to prevent transmission.
Development and use of ontologies inside the neuroscience information framework: a practical approach

An initiative of the NIH Blueprint for neuroscience research, the Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF) project advances neuroscience by enabling discovery and access to public research data and tools worldwide through an open source, semantically enhanced search portal. One of the critical components for the overall NIF system, the NIF Standardized Ontologies (NIFSTD), provides an extensive collection of standard neuroscience concepts along with their synonyms and relationships. The knowledge models defined in the NIFSTD ontologies enable an effective concept-based search over heterogeneous types of web-accessible information entities in NIF’s production system. NIFSTD covers major domains in neuroscience, including diseases, brain anatomy, cell types, sub-cellular anatomy, small molecules, techniques, and resource descriptors. Since the first production release in 2008, NIF has grown significantly in content and functionality, particularly with respect to the ontologies and ontology-based services that drive the NIF system. We present here on the structure, design principles, community engagement, and the current state of NIFSTD ontologies.
Development and testing of the Workplace Stressors Assessment Questionnaire.

Objective:This research was aimed at developing a self-completed questionnaire for use in the assessment of stress-related factors at a US government high-tech worksite.Methods:A literature review was performed to identify existing scales of workplace stress and strain. An initial pool of potential
In Reality a Man: Sultan Iltutmish, His Daughter, Raziya, and Gender Ambiguity in Thirteenth Century Northern India.

Ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in northern India from 1236 to 1240, Raziya is a striking example of a woman who rose to power in a pre-modern Islamic society. It was Raziya's father's recognition and cultivation of her wisdom and ruling capacities, as well as his apparent naming of her as his successor, that paved the way for her accession to the throne. This article offers an explanation of how Raziya was able to rule in an environment in which the birth of daughters normally gave rise to disappointment and women had few avenues for authority. It will argue that despite medieval Muslim India's assigning to women a status separate from and inferior to that of men, a metaphorical space existed in which women could identify or be identified as men. As in many non-Muslim societies, such identification could become a means for a daughter to enter into male sociopolitical spheres.
Chondrogenic progenitor cells respond to cartilage injury

Objective Hypocellularity resulting from chondrocyte death in the aftermath of mechanical injury is thought to contribute to posttraumatic osteoarthritis. However, we observed that nonviable areas in cartilage injured by blunt impact were repopulated within 7–14 days by cells that appeared to migrate from the surrounding matrix. The aim of this study was to assess our hypothesis that the migrating cell population included chondrogenic progenitor cells that were drawn to injured cartilage by alarmins.
Multiple Personalities, Related Disorders and Hypnosis

Abstract The central mechanism in cases of multiple personalities appears to be spontaneous self-hypnosis. Furthermore, spontaneous self-hypnosis contributes to many cases of hysteria (Briquet's syndrome), borderline shizophrenia, reactive schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, sociopathy, and cases with many other diagnostic designations. In turn, cases of multiple personalities offer insights into the nature of hypnosis.
ENERGETIC PROTONS FROM NUCLEI EXPOSED TO 300-MEV BREMSSTRAHLUNG

The protons ejected from various nuclei by the photon beam from the 300-Mev Cornell synchrotron have been studied with a scintillation counter telescope capable of distinguishing particles of different mass. The energy spectrum of protons from carbon and cadmium is roughly proportional to $\frac{1}{{E}^{2}}$ from 70 to 130 Mev and to $\frac{1}{{E}^{6}}$ from 130 to 240 Mev. The angular distribution of protons from carbon has a forward asymmetry which increased with proton energy. The yield per nucleus of 130-Mev protons from Be, C, Al, Cu, Cd, and Pb is proportional to $Z$. The excitation function for 105-Mev protons exhibits a steep rise in the neighborhood of a synchrotron energy of 200 Mev.The experimental results indicate the majority of the protons to be of photoelectric rather than mesonic origin. There is some evidence that the recoil particle involved in the production process carries off about half the primary photon energy, which suggests that it may be a neutron.
Reproducibility of a measurement for latissimus dorsi muscle length

ABSTRACT Latissimus dorsi is a muscle theorized to undergo length changes due to shoulder region pathology or treatment such as stretching. A latissimus dorsi length measurement would be valuable to determine if length changes have occurred within an individual over time. With no such measurement known, we examined a proposed technique believed to isolate latissimus dorsi. The aim of this study was to determine how accurately a rater could reproduce this measurement in the same individual over a 6-week interval. Thirty subjects without shoulder symptoms were measured at 6-week intervals by either an experienced or novice clinician. A repeated-measures analysis of variance estimated the measurement error used for calculating intrarater correlation coefficients (ICC(3,1)). The standard error of measurement (SEM), confidence intervals (CI), and the smallest real difference (SRD) were also determined. The ICCs for all raters combined and for the separate groups indicated poor reliability. The SEM and SRD values were similar between groups, but they suggest poor measurement reproducibility in the same subject over a 6-week interval. This technique is not recommended for measuring latissimus dorsi length clinically to assess within-subject change over time.
Collapse and Fragmentation of Molecular Cloud Cores. VI. Slowly Rotating Magnetic Clouds

Fragmentation during gravitational collapse has been reasonably successful at explaining the formation of binary and multiple stars, yet nearly all fragmentation calculations have ignored the effects of magnetic fields. The previous paper in this series attempted to remedy this oversight by including magnetic field effects in fully three-dimensional models of cloud collapse. These models allowed for magnetic field loss by ambipolar diffusion and showed that fragmentation is likely to occur during the resulting collapse of initially prolate, rapidly rotating, magnetically supported cloud cores. The main effect of the magnetic field was simply to delay the onset of the collapse phase. These calculations have now been extended to include the collapse of slowly rotating, magnetic clouds, including clouds that rotate so slowly that binary fragmentation does not occur. The new models show that a cloud initially in either solid-body or differential rotation can fragment into a binary protostar, provided that its ratio of rotational to gravitational energy (βi) exceeds about 0.01. Because the clouds with βi < 0.01 fragment in the absence of magnetic fields, evidently magnetic fields can stifle fragmentation as well as delay collapse. The numerical models satisfy the Jeans conditions for physically realistic fragmentation, and a relatively high spatial resolution calculation indicates convergence to the binary fragmentation solution for rapidly rotating clouds. Because the critical value of βi for fragmentation falls close to the median of the observed distribution of rotational energies for dense molecular cloud cores, the results imply that roughly half of all cloud cores should form binary stars, a prediction that is consistent with the observed frequency of binary stars.
Methotrexate in polymyalgia rheumatica: kernel of truth or curse of Tantalus?

Readers must decide whether Caporali and colleagues' trial of methotrexate in polymyalgia rheumatica reveals a kernel of truth about methotrexate or bespeaks the curse of Tantalus: a desirable resu...
An Upper Limit to the Angular Diameter of the Nucleus of NGC 4151

Half intensity angular diameter upper limit of Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 nucleus, considering nonthermal continuum
Assembly, Characterization, and Reworkability of Pb-free Ultra-Fine Pitch C4s for System-on-Package

As chip I/O count continues to increase, the C4 bump pitch needs to be further reduced. In this work, a Si-based test carrier was used for characterization of ultra-fine pitch micro C4s. Successful assembly and rework of die with 11,892 micro C4s were demonstrated. The micro C4 contact resistance was measured for various pad geometries. The mechanical shear force was characterized for several variables including contact pad area, pad shape, and shear direction. When joined onto pads with reduced size, the micro C4s were sheared without significant damage. Therefore, a carrier with reduced-size bonding pads can be utilized as a platform for functional test and burn-in followed by chip removal to create know-good-die (KGD). These high I/O KGD can be joined to a multi-chip module, silicon package or stacked to create chip stacks and tested to create known-good-modules (KGM) or known-good-die-stacks (KGDS). This specialized high I/O silicon carrier with full area array, reduced-area bonding pads is also referred to as a temporary chip attachment (TCA) substrate.
Shaping time perceptions with background music: The effect of congruity and arousal on estimates of ad durations

A time interval can seem longer or shorter in relation to clock time depending upon the stimulus information encountered, the internal states of the perceiver, and what is remembered. Temporal perceptions may have important commercial implications when a time interval is comprised of an ad, a shopping episode, a service encounter, or some other consumptive event. Because music is often used by marketers to fill time intervals, we used background music to manipulate stimulus characteristics (congruity of central and peripheral elements of radio ads) and arousal states of listeners in an experiment. Arousal was found to moderate the influence of stimulus congruity on perceived time such that congruity contributed positively to retrospective duration estimates among subjects exposed to soothing (versus arousing) music. We develop practical implications and directions for future research on antecedents and consequences of time perception. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Esophageal reflux in older patients with noncardiac chest pain

Purpose: Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER) has been commonly recognized in young and middle-aged patients with noncardiac chest pain (NCCP). GER prevalence rates are higher in older patients with typical presentation forms of the disease. There is paucity of information regarding the prevalence of GER in older patients with atypical forms of GER, i.e. NCCP. It is also unknown whether there are any differences in clinical presentations (heartburn/regurgitation) between young patients with NCCP and their elderly counterparts. HYPOTHESIS: GER is more prevalent in older than in younger patients with NCCP. AIM: Evaluate if there are differences in the prevalence rates of GER in our patient population with NCCP based on their age.
Assessing Interpersonal Subtypes in Depression

The context-free diagnoses outlined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders might not provide enough information to represent the heterogeneity observed in depressed patients. Interpersonal factors have been linked to depression in a mutually influencing pathoplastic relationship where certain problems, like submissiveness, are related to symptom chronicity. This study evaluated interpersonal pathoplasticity in a range of depressive presentations. We examined archival data collected from 407 participants who met criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymic disorder (DD), or subthreshold depression (sD). Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified 5 interpersonal subtypes (vindictive, intrusive, socially avoidant, exploitable, and cold). Apart from gender, the subtypes did not differ significantly on demographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, or self-report depression severity. Socially avoidant participants were more likely to meet criteria for a clinical depression diagnosis (MDD or DD), whereas vindictive participants were more likely to have sD. Our results indicate that interpersonal problems could account for heterogeneity observed in depression.
Theory of mind: mechanisms, methods, and new directions

Theory of Mind (ToM) has received significant research attention. Traditional ToM research has provided important understanding of how humans reason about mental states by utilizing shared world knowledge, social cues, and the interpretation of actions, however many current behavioral paradigms are limited to static, “third-person” protocols. Emerging experimental approaches such as cognitive simulation and simulated social interaction offer opportunities to investigate ToM in interactive, “first-person” and “second-person” scenarios while affording greater experimental control. The advantages and limitations of traditional and emerging ToM methodologies are discussed with the intent of advancing the understanding of ToM in socially mediated situations.
The domain of constitutional economics

Constitutional political economy is a research program that directs inquiry to the working properties of rules, and institutions within which individuals interact, and the processes through which these rules and institutions are chosen or come into being. The emphasis on the choice of constraints distinguishes this research program from conventional economics, while the emphasis on cooperative rather than conflictual interaction distinguishes the program from much of conventional political science. Methodological individualism and rational choice may be identified as elements in the hard core of the research program.
Introduction of foreign DNA into mycobacteria using a shuttle phasmid.

Mycobacteria are major pathogens of man and animals. There are approximately 10 million cases of tuberculosis world wide with an annual mortality of three million people. Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, afflicts over ten million people, primarily in developing countries. M. tuberculosis and mycobacteria of the M. avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum (MAIS) group are major opportunistic pathogens of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). M. paratuberculosis is the cause of Johne's disease in cattle. Yet, BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin), an avirulent strain of M. bovis, is the most widely used human vaccine in the world, having been administered to about 2.5 X 10(9) people since 1948 (ref. 4). BCG was highly protective against tuberculosis in England, but has been found not to be effective in preventing pulmonary tuberculosis in adults in Southern India. We have initiated studies to develop the methodology for efficient gene transfer in mycobacteria. We have constructed recombinant shuttle phasmids which are chimaeras containing mycobacteriophage DNA into which an E. coli cosmid is inserted. They can replicate in E. coli as plasmids and in mycobacteria as phages, and transfer DNA across both genera. These shuttle vectors permit for the first time the introduction of foreign DNA by infection into M. smegmatis and BCG. By introducing and ultimately expressing genes for protective antigens for a variety of pathogens, it may be possible to develop cultivatable mycobacteria into useful multivaccine vehicles.
A new sociobiological theory of homosexuality applicable to societies with universal marriage

Abstract Several sociobiological theories have tried to explain human homosexuality. Adaptationally orthodox theories view it as a specific instance of reproductive altruism, in which the homosexual orientation in combination with a cross-gender identity is the emotional motivator of a nonreproductive role, leading to higher inclusive fitness for the individual displaying the trait in a particular environment. The nonreproduction is typically assumed to be plete—a large reproductive sacrifice. A new model is proposed in which human homosexuality remains a reproductively altruistic, trait, but in which the magnitude of the altruism is much reduced, and so presumably is more likely to result in a net increase in inclusive fitness. The theory applies to societies in which social pressures require marriage of essentially all reproductively able individuals, and does not require gender nonconformity. Hence, the new theoy fills some of the gaps left by the earlier orthodox theories, and in combination with them offers a consolidated set of hypothesis for testing.
Finding the Right Match Fast

DNA recombinases face the daunting task of locating and pairing up specific sequences among millions of base pairs in a genome, all within about an hour. Qi et al. show that recombinases solve this problem by searching in 8-nt microhomology units, reducing the search space and accelerating the homology search.
Wigner function study of a double quantum barrier resonant tunnelling diode

Abstract Resonant tunnelling structures are receiving attention as a testbed for theoretical approaches to quantum transport. We present a Wigner function study of a double quantum barrier resonant tunnelling device formed by layers of AlGaAs in GaAs. Our study deals with the influence of the boundary conditions on the initial distribution as well as on the time-evolution of the system. We use a Gaussian wave packet to study the numerical effects of the boundaries. We attempt to solve the system in both the time-evolution and steady-state cases, including self-consistency in the potential.
Neural mechanisms involved in the inhibition of intestinal motility induced by intestinal electrical stimulation in conscious dogs

Abstract The effects and mechanisms of intestinal electrical stimulation (IES) with long pulses on intestinal motility were investigated in conscious dogs. Eighteen dogs were equipped with serosal electrodes and an intestinal cannula in the small bowel. The first experiment was designed to study the effect of one-channel IES on intestinal motility and the extent of this effect. The second experiment was conducted to study the effect of IES on intestinal motility and the involvement of neural pathway. The IES with long pulses significantly inhibited intestinal motility. Intestinal motility of the entire measured segment (40–220 cm distal to the stimulation electrodes) was inhibited by 60–74% with the single-channel IES with long pulses. Hexamethonium, guanethidine, phentolamine, propranolol partially, but not N-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA), ondansetron and naloxone prevented the inhibitory effect of IES on intestinal motility. We conclude that single-channel IES inhibits intestinal motility within a distance of at least 2 m. This inhibitory effect induced by IES with long pulses is mediated via sympathetic but not nitrergic, serotoninergic 5-HT3 and opiate pathway.
Assessing MPA Program Outcomes: Current Practice and Policy Alternatives

Outcomes assessment has become a critical issue in higher education during the past few years, and graduate programs in public administration must demonstrate their effectiveness. Al though it is often assumed that schools have little experience with assessment, a substantial number of public administration schools occasionally use a variety of techniques to evaluate their outcomes. Schools use assessment for program planning or revision and for accreditation, although no formal link with the NASPAA accreditation process exists. The authors recommend a decentralized model that would require schools to use outcomes assessment but would give them wide latitude in defining and measuring results.
M-line protein: Presence of two non-equivalent high molecular weight components.

M-line enriched protein preparations were prepared from glycerated rabbit muscle myofibrils by means of three alternate procedures and analysed with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A doublet corresponding to polypeptides with molecular weights of 193,000 and 182,000 was obtained in a ratio of2:3, respectively. The two bands are evident in SDS-gels of purified myofibrils, indicating that the proteins represent intrinsic M-line structural peptides. Transmission electron micrographs of the extracted myofibrils confirmed the effectiveness of the extraction procedures for removing M-line proteins. The possible significance of the M-line proteins to meat science is discussed.
America and Democratic Reform in the Third World: A Reply to Jerome Slater

(1993). America and Democratic Reform in the Third World: A Reply to Jerome Slater. Security Studies: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 163-173.
The interaction of RNA polymerase II with non-promoter DNA sites.

Abstract Various complexes formed between purified RNA polymerase II and simian virus 40 DNA have been characterized with respect to rates of formation, rates of dissociation, and initial velocity of RNA synthesis. Two different types of complexes can form on intact DNA templates. One of these is formed rapidly, but is quite labile; the other forms more slowly, but is moderately stable once formed. The introduction of a single strand break into DNA leads to rapid and stable complex formation, and thus is expected to create the favored binding site. The observed properties of these complexes provide a general framework for describing the interactions of RNA polymerase II at non-promoter DNA sites. This framework appears to be similar to that established for Escherichia coli RNA polymerase interactions, suggesting that the fundamental mode of non-promoter DNA binding is similar for the bacterial, plant, and mammalian enzymes.
Ontogeny of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor subunit mRNAs in the murine inferior olive: transient appearance of β3 subunit mRNA and [3H]muscimol binding sites

Abstract The GABA A /benzodiazepine receptor consists of at least four subunits, α, β, γ and δ, each comprised of several variants. The developmental expression of the α 1 , β 1–3 , γ 2 and δ subunits was studied in the murine inferior olivary nucleus by in situ hybridization with antisense cRNA probes. The postnatal appearance and distribution of [ 3 H]flunitrazepam and [ 3 H]muscimol binding sites, α and β subunit-specific ligands respectively, were also studied autoradiographically. The β 3 subunit was transiently expressed in each of the subnuclei of the inferior olive: The signal was strong at birth, increased throughout postnatal week 1 and rapidly declined thereafter to low adult levels. A similar pattern of labeling was observed with [ 3 H]muscimol. Detectable levels of α 1 subunit mRNA hybridization signal and [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding sites were also present in the inferior olive at birth, decreasing thereafter. Low to moderate levels of β 1 , β 2 , and γ 2 subunit mRNAs were present in olivary neurons throughout postnatal development, while δ mRNAs were largely absent. It has been reported previously that, during the 2nd postnatal week, the ratio of climbing fiber terminals to Purkinje cells is reduced from 3 : 1, as observed in neonates, to the 1 : 1 relationship observed in the adult cerebellar cortex. Our results raise the possibility that the subunit composition of the GABA A /benzodiazepine receptor in inferior olivary neurons undergoes changes during development, and that this process may be related to the elimination of multiple climbing fiber innervation of cerebellar Purkinje cells.
The Impact of the Kalamazoo Promise on School Climate

The Kalamazoo Promise was announced in the fall of 2005, offering free college tuition at any public state college or university for graduates of the district who have gained acceptance to a postsecondary institution. This program was funded through the generous support of anonymous donors, and a federally-funded evaluation is underway to examine potential changes that result from its implementation. This paper situates perceptions of school climate in this moment of punctuated equilibrium of school reform, and in the context of this universal postsecondary scholarship program. This evaluation research draws from multiple data sources including interviews with educators, and surveys and interviews with students in the school district. Findings indicate that school climate has improved since the announcement of the program. We discuss the implications of research findings and the potential of the Kalamazoo Promise as a catalyst for systemic change in the district.
The MFMU cesarean registry: Impact of obesity on trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery

PREVIOUS CESAREAN DELIVERY JUDITH U. HIBBARD, for the NICHD MFMU Network, Bethesda, Maryland OBJECTIVE: To study effects of obesity on trial of labor after cesarean (TOL), hypothesizing that increasing maternal body mass index (BMI) is directly associated with failed TOL and greater maternal morbidity. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study, from 1/1/1999-12/31/2002 at 19 participating centers. All term singleton gestations with BMI R18.5 kg/m at delivery were included. BMI groups were defined as: normal 18.5-24.9, overweight 25.0-29.9, obese 30.0-39.9 and morbidly obese R40.0 kg/m. Trends were assessed using the Mantel-Haenszel c test for trend. RESULTS: 14,144 TOL patients met criteria and 10,318 (72.9%) were successful. The mean BMI at delivery was 32.1 G 6.6 kg/m, 56.4% had private insurance, 38.9% were Caucasian and 36.9% were African American. The failure rate of TOL, length of stay, endometritis, and rupture/dehiscence had significant trends with rising BMI’s [N (%), table].
The Relation Between Anti-Abstractionism and Idealism in Berkeley's Metaphysics

George Berkeley maintains both anti-abstractionism (that abstract ideas are impossible) and idealism (that physical objects and their qualities are mind-dependent). Some scholars (including Atherton, Bolton, and Pappas) have argued, in different ways, that Berkeley uses anti-abstractionism as a premise in a simple argument for idealism. In this paper, I argue that the relation between anti-abstractionism and idealism in Berkeley's metaphysics is more complex than these scholars acknowledge. Berkeley distinguishes between two kinds of abstraction, singling abstraction and generalizing abstraction. He then rests his case for idealism, not on the denial of the possibility of generalizing abstraction, but rather on the denial of the possibility of singling abstraction. Moreover, Berkeley's argument does not rest on a blanket rejection of all forms of singling abstraction. Rather, the fundamental anti-abstractionist assumption, for his purposes, is the claim that primary qualities cannot be mentally singled ou...
Thrombospondin-1 antagonizes nitric oxide-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell responses

Objective: Endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO), by increasing cGMP, is a major physiological regulator of vascular tone and of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) adhesion, chemotaxis, and proliferation. Thrombospondin-1 is a potent antagonist of NO/cGMP signaling in endothelial cells. Because endothelial and VSMC typically exhibit opposing responses to thrombospondin-1, we examined thrombospondin-1 effects on NO signaling in VSMC. Methods: Effects of exogenous thrombospondin-1 on human VSMC adhesion, chemotaxis, proliferation, and cGMP signaling were examined. Endogenous thrombospondin-1 function was characterized by comparing NO signaling in VSMC from wild type and thrombospondin-1 null mice. Results: Picomolar concentrations of exogenous thrombospondin-1 prevented adhesive, chemotactic, and proliferative responses of human aortic VSMC stimulated by low dose NO. A recombinant CD36-binding domain of thrombospondin-1 or antibody ligation of CD36 similarly inhibited NO-stimulated VSMC responses. Thrombospondin-1 and CD36 ligation inhibited NO responses in VSMC by preventing cGMP accumulation. Thrombospondin-1 null VSMC responses to NO and cGMP signaling were enhanced relative to wild type murine VSMC. Conclusions: In the presence of NO, thrombospondin-1 is converted from a weak stimulator to a potent inhibitor of VSMC responses. Both exogenous and endogenous thrombospondin-1 inhibit NO signaling in VSMC. This activity is mediated by the type 1 repeats and utilizes the same CD36-dependent cGMP signaling pathway in endothelial and VSMC.
A model and a technique for studies of friendship

Abstract Studies of attraction, due partly to an overemphasis upon the antecedents of attraction, have yielded little conceptual grasp of specific dyadic relationships such as friendship. A model for the study of same-sexed friendships is presented which attempts to establish: (1) a criterion of friendship (Voluntary Interdependence); (2) a dimension concerned with the degree of difficulty two friends have in maintaining the relationship; and (3) some of the direct rewards of friendship (Stimulation Value, Utility Value, and Ego Support Value). A technique for measuring the various components of the friendship model is presented, along with a summary of the research involved in its development and testing.
Theory of the de Haas-van Alphen Effect in a System of Coupled Orbits. Application to Magnesium

A Green's-function formulation for the calculation of amplitudes of the de Haas-van Alphen effect is developed. The theory can be applied to the case of metals in which magnetic breakdown takes place. The exact theory is presented and then approximated by a wave-packet approach susceptible of a simple physical interpretation; this approximation is proved to involve no error for the free-electron gas. The method is then applied to a hexagonal network corresponding to the case of magnesium for magnetic fields parallel to the hexad axis. Curves are presented for the magnetic-field dependence of the amplitude of various important periods at $T=1$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K; they are in agreement with preliminary experimental data. The method is also proved to give a density of states which agrees with that obtained from Pippard's model for the hexagonal network of coupled orbits.
Fluorescence probe study of bicelle structure as a function of temperature: Developing a practical bicelle structure model

Bilayered mixed micelles or bicelles are magnetically anisotropic, self-assembling model membrane structures comprised of long-chain phospholipids and short-chain detergent molecules. In the most widely accepted model of this system, the bicelle is discoid in shape, with the short-chain DHPC molecules aggregating to form rims around long-chain DMPC bilayers. While this model is consistent with most NMR and scattering data (X-ray and neutron), it inadequately describes the liquid-crystalline behavior of bicelle solutions at temperatures where magnetic alignment occurs. Temperature plays a central role in the structure of lipid aggregates, and the impact of temperature on bicelles has not been studied as extensively as composition and concentration. Therefore, a series of fluorescence probe and resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements of labeled bicelle solutions as a function of temperature were conducted to monitor lipid mixing as an indication of bicelle structure and aggregation. The results of the...
Tetrazolium salts as viability indicators: radiation-catalysed reactions.

TETRAZOLIUM salts have found various uses in both plant and animal tissues, and in the past six years more than seventy papers as well as several reviews1 have appeared. But one of the most commonly used of these salts, 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, can be reduced in various ways, as, for example, by certain naturally occurring compounds carrying—SH groups, if the pH 2 is greater than 9, by glucose3 at temperatures exceeding 40° C. and by water4 if exposed to strong radiant energy of wavelengths shorter than 450 mµ, especially at high pH 5. Also extracted dehydrogenases and oxidases have caused reduction of triphenyl tetrazolium chloride in vitro (see, for example, ref. 6), and reducing agents like sodium hydrosulphite reduce it readily. Radiation can also cause some other curious effects, which I wish to report briefly.
Directed assembly and separation of self-assembled monolayers via electrochemical processing.

Separated domains of 1-dodecanethiolate were fabricated via solution displacement of preformed 1-adamantanethiolate self-assembled monolayers on Au{111}. Subsequently, the 1-adamantanethiolate domains were desorbed selectively, and the substrate was exposed to a 1-octanethiol solution, creating artificially separated self-assembled monolayers of 1-dodecanethiolate and 1-octanethiolate. The molecular order of each lattice type and the apparent height differences imaged with scanning tunneling microscopy and the two distinct cathodic peaks observed with cyclic voltammetry indicated distinct separated domains of each lattice type in the separated self-assembled monolayers. By manipulating the intermolecular interaction strengths of the patterned molecules, we are able to control the structure and properties of the separated self-assembled monolayers via the exploitation of competitive adsorption and the utilization of electrochemical processing, which can be extended to other self-assembly patterning techniq...
DIVERSITY OF STRUCTURE AND ANTIHERBIVORE ACTIVITY IN CONDENSED TANNINS

We characterized the structure of condensed tannins from 16 woody plant species (seven genera, six families) and determined their effects on six herbivorous insect species (four genera, two families). There were major differences in tannin structure, even between congeneric plant species. Condensed tannins differed markedly in their antiherbivore activity, averaged over these herbivores, and the herbivores differed in their sensitivity, averaged over these tannins. Furthermore, the same tannin can have different effects on different herbivores, presumably because of interactions between tannin structure and gut physiology. Results challenge the view that tannins provide an evolutionarily stable plant defense because of their uniform chemical properties. Condensed tannin can sometimes impact herbivore fitness through effects on survival and growth, but the largest effects in 45 insect–tannin combinations were less than that of many other plant metabolites at lower doses. Even at high doses, condensed tanni...
Particle-size effects on the distribution of fuel nitrogen in one-dimensional coal-dust flames

Measurements of the distrubution of fuel nitrogen as a function of residence time in fuel-rich, one-dimensional, bituminous, pulverized-coal/O2/Ar flames are reported. A complete accounting of the major nitrogen-containing species, HCN, NO, NH3, N2, and solid-phase nitrogen, was obtained for three different particle size distributions. The predominant gas-phase species is N2, followed, in order of importance, by NO, HCN, and NH3. The timing of NO formation depends on particle size, but similar levels of NO are observed late in all three flames. Coal-N release is slower and less extensive for larger particles. Gas and particle temperature profiles, determined by infrared pyrometry, indicate peak particle temperatures of abut 1900 K. First-order rate constants for nitrogen devolatilization are fit to the experimental data for each particle size. Finally, a model that incorporates mass transfer effects, a first-order devolatilization reaction, and a first-order nitrogen deposition reaction to the char is fit to the combined data to account successfully for the effects of particle size on the rate of nitrogen evolution from the solid phase. The time rate of change of WN, which is the fraction of the initial coal nitrogen remaining in the solids at residence time t, is best described, for a coal particle with radius between r and r+dr, by d W N d t = − 1.05 x 10 8 exp ⁡ [ − 19 , 700 / T p ] W N 1 + 2.52 x 10 18 r 2 T p 3 / 2 exp ⁡ [ − 13 , 560 / T p ] where Tp is particle temperature in K, r is in meters, and t is in seconds.
Selectivity of pirenzepine in the central nervous system. III. Differential effects of multiple pirenzepine and scopolamine administrations on muscarinic receptors as measured autoradiographically.

Abstract The effects of intrahippocampal injections of scopolamine and pirenzepine on muscarinic receptor binding were examined by quantitative autoradiographic techniques. Brain slices from animals which had received 7 injections of either scopolamine (n = 5) or pirenzepine (n = 5) over a 22-day injection schedule were compared with slices from 5 saline-injected controls for receptor binding to the whole slice and within selected regions of the brain as measured autoradiographically. The total number of receptors was determined from direct binding assays with l-[3H]quinuclidinyl-benzilate ([3H]-l-QNB), while the binding of the selective ligands pirenzepine, carbamylcholine, and scopolamine was examined through inhibition studies. The data from the whole slices indicated that pirenzepine-treated animals contained more receptors for [3H]-l-QNB than either saline- or scopolamine-injected controls. Slices from the same animals also displayed a lower affinity for pirenzepine. Slices from scopolamine-injected animals revealed neither an increase in receptor number nor a decrease in antagonist affinity, although the binding of the agonist carbamylcholine was increased. Quantitative analysis of the autoradiograms generated from the slices indicated that the increase in receptor number for pirenzepine-injected animals was predominately within the cerebral and cingulate cortices. The inhibition by pirenzepine was also lower in these areas in the same group of animals. Agonist inhibition was altered in the central layers of the cerebral cortex and in the pretectal area in scopolamine- treated animals. The results suggest separate mechanisms of drug action and adaptation for pirenzepine and scopolamine.
A Kalman Filter Approach to Quasi-Static State Estimation in Electric Power Systems

Static state estimation in electric power systems is normally accomplished without the use of time-history data. This paper presents preliminary work on the use of the discrete-time Kalman filter to incorporate time history into the state estimators. Transitional state equations are derived via linearization of the power flow equations. A simplified example using a decoupled real power flow solution demonstrates this technique.