cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economies of Product Diversity in Collaborative Logistics

Collaborative logistics, also known as shipper collaboration, is a method of reducing the freight logistics cost of firms that produce and/or distribute tangible goods (shippers), which seeks to improve capacity utilizations of trucks. This study looks at this shipper collaboration problem in the U.S. truckload (TL) industry and proposes a new approach. Unlike other studies, which focused on reducing TL costs by utilizing economies of density, we present an approach that utilizes specific TL economies gained by mixing multiple products with different weight-to-volume ratios, which we call economies of product diversity. Using theoretical and empirical evidence, we show that the performance of shipper collaboration can be enhanced notably using this concept, economies of product diversity, which is currently overlooked in the literature.
The deep distributions of helium isotopes, radiocarbon, and noble gases along the U.S. GEOTRACES East Pacific Zonal Transect (GP16)

Abstract We report the deep distributions of noble gases, helium isotopes, and radiocarbon measured during the U.S. GEOTRACES GP16 East Pacific Zonal Transect between 152 and 77°W at 12–15°S in the South Pacific. The dominant feature is an intense tongue of hydrothermal effluent that extends > 4000 km westward from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at ~ 2500 m depth. The patterns reveal significant “downstream” variations in water mass structure, advection, and mixing that belie the simple perception of a continuous plume extending westward from the EPR. For example, one feature observed at 120°W, 14°S has tracer signatures that are consistent with a water mass originating from an area as much as 2000 km south of this section, suggesting a quasi-permanent northward flow on the western flank of the EPR. Helium isotope variations in the plume show a uniquely high 3 He/ 4 He source in the tongue compared with typical mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), consistent with the anomalously high ratios observed in MORB glasses from the EPR segment just south of this transect. The water column data also reveal that the background 3 He/ 4 He east of the EPR is significantly lower than values characteristic of MORB, suggesting an additional, more geographically distributed radiogenic 4 He flux of order 10 7 mol/y into the deep Pacific. In the western end of the section, incoming bottom waters have relatively less hydrothermal hydrothermal helium, more radiocarbon, and more oxygen, as well as negative saturation anomalies for the heavy noble gases (Ar, Kr, and Xe). During the basin-scale upwelling of this water, diapycnal mixing serves to erase these negative anomalies. The relative magnitudes of the increases for the heavy noble gases (Ar, Kr, and Xe) are quantitatively consistent with this process. This leads us to estimate the relatively smaller effects on He and Ne saturations, which range from near zero to 0.2% and 0.3% respectively. With this information, we are able to refine our estimates of the magnitude of 3 He and 4 He excesses and the absolute 3 He/ 4 He ratio of non-atmospheric helium introduced into deep Pacific waters.
Effective-medium description of a metasurface composed of a periodic array of nanoantennas coupled to a metallic film

We compute the reflectance properties of a metasurface that consists of a doubly periodic array of patch nanoantennas strongly coupled to a metallic film. Each plasmonic patch antenna can be accurately modeled as a polarizable, radiating, magnetic dipole. By accounting for interactions amongst the dipoles, an equivalent surface polarizability can be obtained, from which the effective surface impedance, reflectivity, and other homogenized quantities of interest can be obtained. When the metasurface is extremely close to the metal film, the interaction between constituent dipoles is dominated by surface plasmon mediation. We calculate analytically the dipole interaction constant by explicitly evaluating the infinite sum of fields from all the dipoles in the lattice. While a single film-coupled nanoparticle exhibits anomalous loss due to coupling to surface plasmons, we find that for the lattice of dipoles, the radiation reaction force due to the coupling to the surface plasmon modes is exactly canceled by the interaction constant; the lattice thereby conserves energy in the limit of zero Ohmic loss. When Ohmic losses are present, absorption to surface plasmons reemerges and can be compared with the losses to radiation and Ohmic absorption in the metasurface.
Mechanical, Cellular, and Proteomic Properties of Laryngotracheal Cartilage:

The larynx sometimes requires repair and reconstruction due to cancer resection, trauma, stenosis, or developmental disruptions. Bioengineering has provided some scaffolding materials and initial attempts at tissue engineering, especially of the trachea, have been made. The critical issues of providing protection, maintaining a patent airway, and controlling swallowing and phonation, require that the regenerated laryngotracheal cartilages must have mechanical and material properties that closely mimic native tissue. These properties are determined by the cellular and proteomic characteristics of these tissues. However, little is known of these properties for these specific cartilages. This review considers what is known and what issues need to be addressed.
Black Achievers' Experiences with Racial Spotlighting and Ignoring in a Predominantly White High School.

Background/ContextDespite a history of racial oppression and degradation in U.S. schools, African Americans have responded to racism and discrimination in ways that promote educational attainment a...
“Stealing” from a Subclavian Steal: A Case Study:

A 51-year-old woman was seen with new-onset right hemispheric transient ischemic attacks consisting of left arm weakness and light-headedness. Previous medical history included medically controlled...
Evidence for the extended de Gennes regime of a semiflexible polymer in slit confinement

We use off-lattice, pruned-enriched Rosenbluth method simulations to compute the confinement free energy of a real wormlike chain of effective width $w$ and persistence length ${l}_{\mathrm{p}}$ in a slit of height $H$. For slit heights much larger than the persistence length of the polymer and much smaller than the thermal blob size, the excess free energy of the confined chain is consistent with a modified version of the scaling theory for the extended de Gennes regime in a channel that reflects the blob statistics in slit confinement. Explicitly, for channel sizes $2{l}_{\mathrm{p}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}H\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.2{l}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}/w$, the difference between the confinement free energy of the real chain and that of an ideal chain scales like $w/H$.
Improving our science: the evolution of butterfly sampling and surveying methods over time

Butterflies are consistently the focus of conservation research because they contribute to ecosystem services, act as biological indicators, and are in decline worldwide. Land managers and researchers use many methods to measure butterfly populations, but this creates issues for standardization and production of comparative, rigorous data. To promote methods more appropriate for research-based conservation, we conducted a literature review focusing on the implementation and advancement of butterfly monitoring methods over time. We identified four main methods that are most frequently used in butterfly research and monitoring: (1) trapping and netting, (2) mark-recapture, (3) transects (Pollard walks), and (4) distance sampling. Although a progression of method development has occurred over time, all methods are still currently used in butterfly research, with trapping, netting, and mark-recapture used in 85% of studies. Over the last century, the amount of butterfly research has steadily increased, so it is vital to select methods that produce accurate, and comparable data. However, we found that method selection was not solely based on the type of data needed for accurate interpretation and extrapolation of results. Instead, land context, species abundance, and historically-used methods are driving method selection. As butterflies remain a high conservation priority, researchers must provide rigorous data that are necessary for creating effective conservation plans and policies by using a framework for method selection.
How to Begin

This article introduces the special issue of Research on Language and Social Interaction organized around the theme “Opening and Maintaining Face-to-Face Interaction.” The contributions to this spe...
Biological effects of heavy metal pollutants in water.

I beg your indulgence if I begin my presentation with a brief review of toxicological principles. Toxicology covers the entire range of harmful interactions of chemical substances with the biota. This therefore expands the range from studying very acute effects down to the study of exceedingly subtle changes in behavior and function after long-term exposure for the determination of safety. The studies of functional deficits, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity are well established in toxicological investigations, at least for the safety evaluation of drugs, pesticides, and food additives for man. Studies on subtle behavioral changes and mutagenicity are gaining increasing acceptance. The types of measurements which have been noted most frequently for the study of heavy metals in water are lethality, growth, and reproduction. Behavioral changes and alterations in community structure are not normally investigated, even though they might have sizeable repercussions on the sustained survival of any species.
Run-time program-specific phase prediction for python programs

It is well-known that a program's execution can be partitioned into different phases. Because of their impact on micro-architectural components such as caches and branch predictors, phases are an important aspect of dynamic program behavior that is useful in analyzing performance [Xian et al., 2007, Roh et al., 2009, Gu and Verbrugge, 2008] and energy consumption. They are also relevant to detecting whether a program is executing as expected, which helps software engineers in program analysis and understanding [Peleg and Mendelson, 2007, Singer and Kirkham, 2008, Pirzadeh et al., 2011, Benomar et al., 2014].We develop here a method for run-time phase prediction for Python programs. After training on different runs of each program of interest, our method can predict the future phase k steps later, for k = 1, ..., at run time, for a new run of the same program but on different inputs, with good precision and recall (compared with a "ground truth" definition of phases) and with small run-time overhead (average less than 1%).
Checking into the germinal centers: PD-1 regulates entry

PD-1 functions on T follicular helper cells to dictate localization within lymph node germinal centers.
Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury and Assessment of Injury Severity

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) contributes a major cause of death, disability, and mental health disorders. Most TBI patients suffer long-term post-traumatic stress disorder, cognitive dysfunction, and disability. The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of such neuropathology progression in TBI remain elusive. In part, it is due to non-standardized classification of mild, moderate, and severe injury in various animal models of TBI. Thus, a better diagnosis and treatment requires a better understanding of the injury mechanisms in a well-defined severity of mild, moderate, and severe injury in different models that may potentially reflect the various types of human brain injuries. The purpose of this review article is to highlight the classification of mild, moderate, and severe injury in various animal models of TBI with special focus on mixed injury that represents a translational concussive head injury. We will classify animal models of TBI broadly into focal injury, diffuse injury, and mixed injury. Focal injury, a localized injury, is represented by animal models of controlled cortical impact, penetrating ballistic-like brain injury, and Feeney or Shohami weight drop injury. A global diffuse injury is best represented by shock tube model of primary blast injury, and Marmarou or Maryland weight drop model. A mixed injury consists of focal and diffuse injury which reproduces the concussive clinical syndrome, and it is best studied in animal model of lateral fluid percussion injury.
Quadriceps Impairment Is Associated with Gait Mechanics in Young Adults with Obesity.

PURPOSE Obesity influences gait and muscle function, which may contribute to knee osteoarthritis. This study aimed 1) to compare gait biomechanics and quadriceps function between individuals with and without obesity and 2) to examine the association between quadriceps function and gait biomechanics. METHODS Forty-eight individuals with and 48 without obesity participated and were matched on age and sex. Gait biomechanics at standardized and self-selected speeds were used to assess peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), vertical loading rate (vLR), internal knee extension moment (KEM), peak knee flexion angle (KFA), knee flexion excursion (KFE), and knee joint stiffness. Quadriceps function was assessed using peak isometric strength (peak torque), early (RTD100) and late (RTD200) rate of torque development (RTD), and vastus lateralis cross-sectional area (CSA) and echo intensity (EI). RESULTS When normalized to fat-free mass, individuals with obesity had lower RTD100 (P = 0.04) and RTD200 (P = 0.02) but higher vastus lateralis CSA (P < 0.01) and EI (P < 0.01) compared with normal weight controls. The group-speed interaction was significant for normalized vGRF (P < 0.01), normalized vLR (P = 0.02), normalized KEM (P = 0.03), and normalized knee joint stiffness (P = 0.02). Post hoc analyses indicate a smaller normalized vGRF and normalized KEM, and lower knee joint stiffness in individuals with obesity compared with normal weight controls at self-selected speed. There were main effects of speed for all kinematic and kinetic variables, and body mass index group for all absolute kinetic variables as well as normalized vGRF (all P < 0.001). A lower vastus lateralis EI (P = 0.04) and greater RTD100 (P < 0.01) were associated with a larger KEM in individuals with obesity. CONCLUSION Individuals with obesity have quadriceps dysfunction that is weakly associated with KEM during walking. Exercise interventions that improve quadriceps function may improve walking mechanics.
A Millimeter-Wave CMOS Transceiver With Digitally Pre-Distorted PAM-4 Modulation for Contactless Communications

This paper presents a millimeter-wave (127 GHz) CMOS transceiver with a digital pre-distortion capable PAM-4 modulator for contactless communications. The transmitter upconverts PAM-4 modulated baseband signals through a free-running 127-GHz oscillator and single-balanced mixer, and it delivers PAM-4 modulated carrier signals to a folded-dipole antenna, which is designed on a FR408HR substrate. The receiver’s low-noise amplifier provides a 10-dB gain, and the self-mixer downconverts carrier-modulated PAM-4 signals to baseband signals without the necessity of carrier synchronization. The PAM-4 modulator pre-distorts the baseband signals and corrects the non-linear characteristics of the transmitter’s upconversion mixer and the receiver’s downconversion self-mixer. Designed and fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process, the demonstrated system transfers 20 Gb/s of PAM-4 modulated data through a 1-mm air gap and consumes 79.5 mW (transmitter: 50.8 mW and receiver: 28.7 mW) of power under a 1.2-V supply, achieving a 3.98-pJ/bit energy efficiency. The communication distance is extended to 3 cm by inserting a dielectric waveguide between the same transceiver.
Mucoepidermoid tumors of the bronchus.

Summary 1. Mucoepidermoid tumors of the bronchial tree are rare. The 2 cases reported here bring the total number of cases in the literature to 29. 2. No recurrences have been reported to date in any mucoepidermoid bronchial tumor in which complete resection has been feasible. Several cases have been followed for over 10 years postoperatively, including a 13 year follow-up in the present report. 3. Mucoepidermoid tumors of the bronchus appear benign clinically, grossly, and histologically. However, malignant transformation has been suggested and a continuing appraisal of these tumors is necessary.
A principled approach to design using high fidelity fluid-structure interaction simulations

Abstract A high fidelity fluid-structure interaction simulation may require many days to run, on hundreds of cores. This poses a serious burden, both in terms of time and economic considerations, when repetitions of such simulations may be required (e.g. for the purpose of design optimization). In this paper we present strategies based on (constrained) Bayesian optimization (BO) to alleviate this burden. BO is a numerical optimization technique based on Gaussian processes (GP) that is able to efficiently (with minimal calls to the expensive FSI models) converge towards some globally working admissible design, as gauged using a black box objective function. In this study we present a principled design evolution that moves from FSI model verification, through a series of Bridge Simulations (bringing the verification case incrementally closer to the application), in order that we may identify material properties for an underwater, unmanned, autonomous vehicle (UUAV) sail plane. We are able to achieve fast convergence towards an working admissible design, using a small number of FSI simulations (a dozen at most), even when selecting over several design parameters, and while respecting optimization constraints.
Elsevier Title Level Pricing: Dissecting the Bowl of Spaghetti

INTRODUCTION This study will explore the issue of pricing opacity associated with prices paid by academic libraries that have recently unbundled from the Elsevier Big Deal journal package. Additionally, this study will provide metrics for assessing the fair market value (FMV) of unbundled journal packages. The pricing metrics will assist academic libraries in negotiations of subscription and open access agreements. METHODS Pricing information was gathered from five academic libraries. The data was analyzed to arrive at two key metrics (adjustment from list price and the average cost per journal) for establishing comparables, i.e., prices paid by similarly sized institutions, to assess the collective FMVs for unbundled Elsevier journal packages. RESULTS & DISCUSSION The study results show that significant variations existed in the way institutions were charged for content. Additionally, the comparables show wide variations among institutions when measured by the overall adjustment from list price and the average cost per journal. CONCLUSION The pricing metrics developed in this study, adjustment from list price (ALP) and average cost per journal (ACJ), will help libraries assess their final net prices for individual journal subscriptions. The results will be useful to administrators, collection development personnel, and negotiating teams in understanding the prices paid by other institutions for unbundled journal packages to determine FMVs.
Developing intercultural communicative competence in foreign language classrooms – A study of EFL learners in Taiwan

Abstract Internationalisation has accentuated the importance of intercultural communicative competence (ICC) among language learners in higher education in the 21st century. As in the case of Taiwan, universities worldwide have begun to emphasise intercultural ‘literacy’ in language classrooms. Following Byram’ (1997) ICC model, this study adopts an intercultural approach to language classroom in order to investigate the effectiveness of explicit instruction in developing ICC among EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners in Taiwan, and to discover how this development is related to the background factors of overseas experience and English proficiency. The accompanying research therefore has two purposes: (1) to evaluate the effectiveness of explicit instruction on EFL learners’ development of ICC by employing both self-assessment and other assessment tools and (2) to investigate the relationship between the development of ICC and two background factors. The results show that (1) explicit instruction is effective in raising students’ development of ICC, especially the knowledge and skills dimensions, and (2) English proficiency and overseas experience are significantly related to better acquisition of ICC.
Advance care planning in adult congenital heart disease: Unique approaches for a unique population

Abstract Recommendations for advance care planning in adults with congenital heart disease were recently published, reinforcing the role of advance care planning as an essential component of patient-centered care. In significant ways, the adult congenital heart disease population differs from the “typical” elderly population about whom much of the palliative care literature is written. Herein we report the results of a multidisciplinary conference focusing on the unique nature of this population and their needs for advance care planning. First, we describe the characteristics of adults with congenital heart disease that set them apart, including childhood illness and early interactions with the healthcare system. Then we give tailored recommendations to providers for how to effectively elicit their patients’ goals and values, in order to counsel them about the future.
An Introduction to Greek Tragedy

This book provides an accessible introduction for students and anyone interested in increasing their enjoyment of Greek tragic plays. Whether readers are studying Greek culture, performing a Greek tragedy, or simply interested in reading a Greek play, this book will help them to understand and enjoy this challenging and rewarding genre. An Introduction to Greek Tragedy provides background information, helps readers appreciate, enjoy and engage with the plays themselves, and gives them an idea of the important questions in current scholarship on tragedy. Ruth Scodel seeks to dispel misleading assumptions about tragedy, stressing how open the plays are to different interpretations and reactions. In addition to general background, the book also includes chapters on specific plays, both the most familiar titles and some lesser-known plays - Persians, Helen and Orestes - in order to convey the variety that the tragedies offer readers.
THE WAKE OF SELF-PROPELLED AND OVER-THRUSTED SLENDER BODIES NEAR A SIMULATED FREE SURFACE

Measurements were performed in a turbulent wake of a propeller- driven axisymmetric body with a plane of symmetry. A flat plate strut was attached to the upper surface of the axisymmetric body, giving a configuration like that of a SWATH-type ship, with the free surface replaced by the plane of symmetry. All mean flow and turbulent flow parameters were measured at three streamwise stations. The measurements were performed for the self-propelled condition and 100 percent over-thrust condition. In the far wake, the center of the wake was found to migrate towards the plane of symmetry. Some interactions were noted between the wakes of the propeller-driven axisymmetric body and that of the flat plate strut--yielding lower axial velocities, higher turbulence intensities and larger static pressure changes compared to regions free of such interference. Comparisons of these effects in the self-propelled case, 100 percent over-thrust case and a previous unpropelled case are given. Spectral measurements were also performed in both near-wake and far-wake regions.
Roman Girlhood and the Fashioning of Femininity

Elite women in the Roman world were often educated, socially prominent, and even relatively independent. Yet the social regime that ushered these same women into marriage and childbearing at an early age was remarkably restrictive. In the first book-length study of girlhood in the early Roman Empire, Lauren Caldwell investigates the reasons for this paradox. Through an examination of literary, legal, medical, and epigraphic sources, she identifies the social pressures that tended to overwhelm concerns about girls' individual health and well-being. In demonstrating how early marriage was driven by a variety of concerns, including the value placed on premarital virginity and paternal authority, this book enhances an understanding of the position of girls as they made the transition from childhood to womanhood.
Heavy methyl-SILAC labeling coupled with liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry to study the dynamics of site-specific histone methylation

Histone lysine and arginine methylation involved in gene activation and silencing is dynamically regulated. However, partly limited to the research technologies previously available, the dynamics of global histone methylation on a site-specific basis have not been fully pursued. Heavy methyl-SILAC (Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino Acids in Cell Culture) labeling provides a remarkable signpost to distinguish the preexisting and newly generated methyl marks on histones. Using this technology coupled with quantitative LC-MS analysis make it possible to monitor changes in the dynamics of histone site-specific methylation. In this chapter, we comprehensively describe the experimental strategy to determine the dynamics of multiple histone methylated residues including SILAC labeling, histone extraction/purification and mass spectrometry analysis.
Formal modeling and validation applied to a commercial coherent bus: a case study

The degree to which formal verification methods are adopted in practice depends on concrete demonstrations of their applicability on real-world examples. In this paper, we present our efforts in this regard involving a commercial high-speed split-transaction bus called the Runway. Modern busses such as the Runway deal with so many inter-twined and complex issues that successful application of formal method requires separation of concerns, and the use of the most appropriate tool for each concern. We report our experiments towards this end through the use of the PVS theorem-prover to formally analyze the high-level functional behavior of the bus and the HDL-based model-checker VIS to verify the pipelined arbitration protocol of the bus. The high degree of effort found necessary, as well as the specific abstraction mechanisms found useful in obtaining these formal models are discussed in detail.
Neoplastic Diseases Produced in Mice by General Irradiation with X-Rays: I. Incidence and Types of Neoplasms

The experiments here described were begun five years ago. In a personal communication Doctor E. L. Opie called our attention to the relatively frequent occurrence of leukemia among radiologists. This suggested that the incidence of leukemia in our colony of mice might be increased by irradiation with x-rays. Aubertin9s more recent communication (1) leaves little, if any, doubt as to the role of x-rays in leukemia in radiologists. Krebs, Rask-Nielsen and Wagner (2) were the first to study this problem. They irradiated 5550 mice with x-rays and found that the incidence of lymphomatosis among the x-rayed animals was 3.6 per thousand as compared with only 0.58 per thousand among unirradiated controls. No mention is made in their report as to the age and sex of the experimental animals or of diseases other than lymphomatosis. A preliminary analysis of our data (3) indicated that not only was the incidence of lymphomatosis enhanced by irradiation, but also that of myelosis, and that the greatest percentage increase among the different varieties of lymphomatosis was in mediastinal lymphosarcoma. Successful transmission of myeloid leukemia occurring among x-rayed mice has been reported in a previous communication (4). The causation of ovarian tumors by x-rays was clearly recognized by us about a year ago (5).
The Effect of p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate on the Reactions of the Isolated γ Chains of Human Hemoglobin with Ligands

Abstract Some of the equilibrium and kinetic constants for the reactions of the isolated γ chains of human fetal hemoglobin have been determined. As was previously found for the isolated β chain of human hemoglobin A, these constants are very different for the γ chain with its sulfhydryl group combined with p-mercuribenzoate as compared to those for the γ chain with a free sulfhydryl group. Since the human γ chain contains a single sulfhydryl group at position 93, the alteration in the heme reactivity can be attributed to the chemical modification of that residue.
Diet of the Brown Mouse Lemur (Microcebus rufus) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar

The conventional notion is that small-bodied primates should be highly insectivorous in order to obtain protein and other nutrients from a food source that is more easily digestible than plant matter. I studied feeding behavior of Microcebus rufus for 16 months in the east coast rainforest of Ranomafana National Park. I determined the diet primarily through analysis of 334 fecal samples from live-trapped individuals. They consumed a mixed diet basically of fruit and insects year-round. I identified 24 fruits, while 40–52 remain unidentified. Bakerella, a high-lipid epiphytic semiparasitic plant, was in 58% of fecal samples that contained fruit seeds, and was consumed year-round irrespective of general resource availability. It served both as a staple and keystone resource. Fruit was less frequently totally absent from fecal samples of individual mouse lemurs than insect matter was. For Microcebus rufus, fruit may be a primary source of energy, not just complementary to insects. Fruit consumption increased in quantity and diversity during the latter part of the rainy season and the very early part of the dry season, when fruit production was relatively high. This pattern in fruit feeding is similar to that for mouse lemurs in the west coast dry forests and is related to specific nutritional needs dictated by the highly seasonal character of the life cycle. Coleoptera were present in 67% of samples examined and were consumed year-round by the subjects, but insect consumption did not increase during the rainy season when insect abundance was highest.
Synthesis of the Sex Attractant (7Z,11Z)‐Hexadecadienal of the Citrus Leafminer Moth, Phyliocnietis Citrella Stainton

A component (7Z,11Z)-hexadecadienal of the sex attractant of the citrus leafminer moth was synthesized through a new (C6 + C3) + C7 approach.
Impacts of regional land use and land cover on rainfall : an overview

This paper documents the diverse role of land-use/land-cover change on precipitation. Since land conversion continues at a rapid pace (e.g. see Table 1 in Pielke et al. 2006b), this type of human disturbance of the climate system will continue and become even more significant in the coming decades. The regional alteration of landscape also has global climate effects through teleconnections as concluded in NRC (2005); a conclusion which is bolstered by studies such as that of Chase et al. (2000) and Fedemma et al. (2005).
Notch Root Oxide Formation During Fatigue of Polycrystalline Silicon Structural Films

This paper investigates the fatigue behavior of n+-type 2-mum- thick polycrystalline silicon films that exhibit an initially thin (~2-3 nm) native oxide layer. The testing of kilohertz-frequency resonators provided accurate stress-life fatigue data at 30 and 50% relative humidity (RH) in the low (< 106)and high (up to 1011) cycle regimes. Long fatigue life specimens were associated with larger decreases in the natural frequency of the resonator and very smooth failure origins (at the notch) that encompassed several grains. Additional testing at various humidity levels highlighted the critical influence of humidity on the fatigue damage accumulation rate, which was measured via changes in the natural frequency. Finally, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) characterized the formation of a nanometer-scale oxygen-rich reaction layer during cyclic loading. Although AES revealed a thin 2-3-nm initial oxide layer on a control specimen, measurements on a long-life fatigued specimen revealed an increased oxygen concentration over the first 10 nm of the material at the notch root. These findings demonstrate that the reaction-layer fatigue mechanism for silicon structural films operates even when reaction layers are initially very thin.
Structure of a Transcribing T7 RNA Polymerase Initiation Complex

The structure of a T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP) initiation complex captured transcribing a trinucleotide of RNA from a 17-base pair promoter DNA containing a 5-nucleotide single-strand template extension was determined at a resolution of 2.4 angstroms. Binding of the upstream duplex portion of the promoter occurs in the same manner as that in the open promoter complex, but the single-stranded template is repositioned to place the +4 base at the catalytic active site. Thus, synthesis of RNA in the initiation phase leads to accumulation or "scrunching" of the template in the enclosed active site pocket of T7 RNAP. Only three base pairs of heteroduplex are formed before the RNA peels off the template.
Symptomatic osteolipoma of the tuber cinereum masquerading as calcified retroclival mass

We present a case of symptomatic osteolipoma of the tuber cinereum in a 51 year old male with rapid visual deterioration over several months leading to bilateral visual loss. Preoperatively the lesion masqueraded as a calcified retroclival mass. Intracranial osteolipomas are rare benign lesions that are usually asymptomatic and have an indolent course. Additionally, we discuss our intraoperative findings highlighting the technical challenges encountered along with a review of the English language literature on histologically proven intracranial osteolipomas.
Do People Make the Place?: An Examination of the Attraction-Selection-Attrition Hypothesis

This study tests the hypotheses that (1) congruence between internal need states and external environments drives the organizational-choice process and (2) those attracted to particular organizations are more homogeneous than the applicant pool in general. Subjects were evaluated on 14 needs using the Jackson Personality Research Form. They then viewed two video-taped segments of simulated campus interviews to gain information about two distinct types of organizational reward systems. The interview segments entered the discussion in progress to avoid any reference to a particular job that might introduce an occupational confound. Subjects received job offers from both organizations and were asked to indicate which of the two organizations they found more attractive by accepting one of the offers. Analysis of variance results indicated only weak support for the congruency hypothesis. Differences were observed in nAch between the groups of subjects attracted to each organization. No differences were found for any of the other need strength measures. This suggests that the subjects attracted to the different organizations were substantially similar. Hierarchial factor analysis of the PRF has suggested a six-factor structure that appears consistent with the second-order factors from other respectable personality measures. This suggests that the second-order solution may be a parsimonious mapping of the personality domain and may therefore be more relevant in testing these hypotheses. The analysis was repeated using these dimensions. The results suggest that work force homogeneity may be more complex than originally considered. Implications for the homogeneity hypothesis are discussed, and suggestions for further study of this concept are offered.
Transit joint development in the USA: an inventory and policy assessment

The joint development of urban mass transit facilities and private real estate projects has become a popular practice throughout the United States. As of October 1990, 114 transit joint-development projects had been constructed in more than two dozen US cities, although the vast majority of projects have been concentrated in just five cities: New York City, Washington, DC, Philadelphia, Atlanta, and Boston. Of completed joint-development projects 58% have occurred at or near heavy-rail transit stations; another 18% of projects have been developed around commuter rail facilities. Transit joint-development activity can be classified into two basic forms: (1) revenue-sharing arrangements, and (2) cost-sharing arrangements. Of the joint-development projects completed to date, 40% have involved cost-sharing, and 25% have involved revenue-sharing. The remaining projects have involved both types. Joint-development projects have yet to generate very much income to local transit operators, either through capital c...
Large scale systems approach to estuarine water quality modelling with multiple constituents

Abstract A matrix model for simulating concentration distributions of water quality constituents with coupled reactions in an estuary is developed from a large scale systems approach. The model is an approximation to the set of coupled partial differential equations describing the process. This steady state approximation is formulated as a large algebraic system consisting of coupled subsystems. The large algebraic system is solved by an efficient iterative method. Results utilizing actual field data are presented for the nitrogen cyle with five constituent forms of nitrogen for Corpus Christi Bay, Texas. Simulated and observed concentrations are compared.
Laser Ignition and Measurement of the Fuel-to-Air Ratio of a Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flame

In this work we will discuss the use of the laser-induced gas breakdown for stabilizing and measuring the fuel-to-air ratio of a turbulent jet diffusion flame. The gas breakdown was produced using a single-mode, Q-switched Nd-YAG laser which produced a 0.6-cm-diameter beam at a wavelength of 1064 nm with a 5.5 ns pulse duration. The jet flow rates ranging from 35 cm3 /s (Re = 1086) to 103 cm3 /s (Re = 3197) were used. The relative amounts of fuel and air concentrations at the laser focus were estimated using the late time behavior of the line radiation at the wavelength of the OI triplet near 777 nm and at the wavelength of the Hα line, 656 nm, which is emitted by electronically excited hydrogen dissociated from the methane fuel.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
High speed quantitative digital microscopy

Modern digital image processing hardware makes possible quantitative analysis of microscope images at high speed. This paper describes an application to automatic screening for cervical cancer. The system uses twelve MC6809 microprocessors arranged in a pipeline multiprocessor configuration. Each processor executes one part of the algorithm on each cell image as it passes through the pipeline. Each processor communicates with its upstream and downstream neighbors via shared two-port memory. Thus no time is devoted to input-output operations as such. This configuration is expected to be at least ten times faster than previous systems.
Analytic Free Energy: A Basis for Scaling Laws

Using the idea that the thermodynamic potential, whose natural variables are intensive, is analytically continuable in all these variables from the liquid state to the vapor state, we have arrived at a picture of a phase transition which is in accord with all currently observed behavior in the neighborhood of a critical point. Using functions which are algebraic in both the applied field and the temperature, we have shown for a magnetic system that (a) Rushbrooke's inequality holds with the equality sign as a consequence of the symmetry of the free energy in the applied field, and (b) there is a set of relations between the critical exponents of derivatives of the free energy higher than the second. Although they only lead to rational critical exponents, algebraic functions are uniquely suited to this problem since they automatically satisfy the requirements of analytic continuation. The homogeneous functions of Widom with rational critical exponents are shown to be a special case of these algebraic functions, and several examples are given which illustrate some apparently anomalous behavior, such as (a) the critical exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}$ may have an odd denominator, (b) the critical exponent $\ensuremath{\delta}$ may have an even numerator, and (c) the primed and unprimed critical exponents may be unequal.
Toward aggregating time-discounted information

This paper provides a way to think formally about the aggregation processes that take place in networks where individual actors (whether sensors, robots, or people) possess data whose value is discounted over time. The various actors use data to make decisions: the larger the value, the better (i.e. more informed) the decision. At every moment, individual actors have the choice of making a decision or else to defer decision to a later time. However, the longer they wait, the lower the value of the data they hold. To counter-balance the effect of time discounting, we define an algebraic operation that we call aggregation, whereby two or more actors integrate their data in the hope of increasing its value.Our main contribution is a formal look at the value of time-discounted information and at the algebra of its aggregation. We allow aggregation of time-discounted information to proceed in an arbitrary, not necessarily pairwise, manner. Our model relates aggregation decisions to the ensuing value of information and suggests natural thresholding strategies for the aggregation of the information collected by sets of network actors. A sensor network with the mission of intrusion detection is used throughout as an illustrative example. The accuracy of our theoretical predictions was confirmed by simulating a number of realistic scenarios.
Eddy correlation measurement of CO2 flux using a closed-path sensor: Theory and field tests against an open-path sensor

We have examined the potential of using a closed-path sensor to accurately measure eddy fluxes of CO2. Five inlet tubeflow configurations were employed in the experimental setup. The fluxes of CO2 were compared against those measured with an open-path sensor. Sampling air through an intake tube causes a loss of flux, due to the attenuation of CO2 density fluctuations. Adjustments need to be made to correct for this loss and to account for density effects due to the simultaneous transfer of heat and water vapor. Theory quantifying these effects is discussed.
Microvessel diameter changes during hemorrhagic shock in unanesthetized hamsters.

The effects of hypovolemic shock on the time-dependent diameter changes of small arteries and arterioles were studied in the hamster skin fold window preparation. This experimental model permits the visualization of the microvasculature without the effects of acute surgery, anesthesia, and exposure. In these conditions, all the arterial microvessels showed vasomotion, while the venules and small veins, that were also studied, did not show rhythmic diameter changes. Hemorrhage was induced by the withdrawal of blood through a chronically implanted arterial catheter. The mean arterial blood pressure was reduced to 40 mm Hg in 20 min, and was maintained at this value for an additional 30-min period. Reinfusion of the withdrawn blood was made at 50 min. During the shock period, vasomotion disappeared in all arterial vessels. The small arteries and arterioles, A1 (70–100 μm, mean diameter), A2 (40–70 μm, md), and A3 (15–40 μm, md), contracted by 20 ± 7, 33 ± 10, and 34 ± 11% of the control mean diameter, respectively. A4 terminal arterioles (<15 μm, md) dilated after the onset of bleeding; their rhythmic diameter changes subsequently stopped and their mean diameter increased by 75 ± 7% of the original value. V1 small veins (150–200 μm, md) contracted during shock, while V2 (35–55 μm, md), V3 (25–35 μm, md), and V4 (15–25 μm, md) venous vessels did not show any significant change. Reinfusion of shed blood caused the reappearance of vasomotion; control vasomotion patterns recovered after reinfusion. Our results indicate that the microcirculatory responses to hypovolemic shock are dependent on the vessel type; this inhomogeneous reactivity may be due to the different responsiveness of microvessels to the mechanisms elicited by hemorrhage.
Cardiovascular disease prevention: knowledge and attitudes of graduate nursing students

Graduate nursing students were surveyed to determine the knowledge and attitudes of cardiovascular disease prevention. Questionnaires were self-administered to first-year graduate nursing students (n = 50) in a school of nursing prior to and following a physiology course with cardiovascular disease prevention content. In general, the results demonstrated that the respondents were least knowledgeable regarding the prevalence of smoking, the gender differences in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels, the influence of body weight on lipids and the recommended percentages of calories from dietary fat. A significant improvement in knowledge was noted after the course. Positive attitudes regarding the importance of cardiovascular disease prevention and the partnership between patients and clinicians necessary to manage risk were identified. These attitudes did not change significantly following the course. These results indicate that graduate education which emphasizes cardiovascular disease prevention increases knowledge. Coupled with positive attitudes and healthy personal lifestyle behaviours, knowledge of cardiovascular disease prevention may enhance the ability of nurses to integrate preventive standards into clinical practice and ultimately decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Genome-wide Screen for Modulation of Hepatic Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) Secretion

Control of plasma cholesterol levels is a major therapeutic strategy for management of coronary artery disease (CAD). Although reducing LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) levels decreases morbidity and mortality, this therapeutic intervention only translates into a 25–40% reduction in cardiovascular events. Epidemiological studies have shown that a high LDL-c level is not the only risk factor for CAD; low HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) is an independent risk factor for CAD. Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) is the major protein component of HDL-c that mediates reverse cholesterol transport from tissues to the liver for excretion. Therefore, increasing ApoA-I levels is an attractive strategy for HDL-c elevation. Using genome-wide siRNA screening, targets that regulate hepatocyte ApoA-I secretion were identified through transfection of 21,789 siRNAs into hepatocytes whereby cell supernatants were assayed for ApoA-I. Approximately 800 genes were identified and triaged using a convergence of information, including genetic associations with HDL-c levels, tissue-specific gene expression, druggability assessments, and pathway analysis. Fifty-nine genes were selected for reconfirmation; 40 genes were confirmed. Here we describe the siRNA screening strategy, assay implementation and validation, data triaging, and example genes of interest. The genes of interest include known and novel genes encoding secreted enzymes, proteases, G-protein-coupled receptors, metabolic enzymes, ion transporters, and proteins of unknown function. Repression of farnesyltransferase (FNTA) by siRNA and the enzyme inhibitor manumycin A caused elevation of ApoA-I secretion from hepatocytes and from transgenic mice expressing hApoA-I and cholesterol ester transfer protein transgenes. In total, this work underscores the power of functional genetic assessment to identify new therapeutic targets. Background: Increasing HDL-c through ApoA-I expression is hypothesized to reduce cardiovascular deaths significantly. Results: Genes that regulate hepatocyte ApoA-I secretion were identified using 21,789 siRNAs. Conclusion: Forty genes of interest were confirmed as regulators of ApoA-I production by hepatocytes. Significance: This study provides functional genomics-based data for exploring new mechanisms by which ApoA-I levels may be regulated.