cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electro-optic sampling measurement of coplanar waveguide (coupled slot line) modes

The application of the electro-optic sampling technique for the characterisation of propagating modes of planar guiding structures on GaAs is described. The characteristics of even and odd modes of coplanar waveguide on semi-insulating GaAs substrate are investigated. The guide wavelength for each mode is directly obtained from standing wave measurements by electro-optic sampling, and compared to the theoretical values.
Cellular responses of nucleus accumbens neurons to opiate-seeking behavior: i. sustained responding during heroin self-administration

The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) has been hypothesized to be a critical component of the circuit mediating opiate-seeking behaviors. To further explore the electrophysiological correlates of opiate-seeking behavior, we recorded neurons in the NAcc and in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats trained to self-administer heroin for at least 2 weeks. Rats were trained to lever press (FR-1 schedule) for an intravenous (i.v.) infusion of heroin (0.06 mg/kg/injection) in an operant chamber. Spontaneous single unit activity in the NAcc and the mPFC was then recorded while animals were allowed to self-administer heroin. Our data suggest that about 20% (8/42) of the NAcc neurons studied exhibited an inhibitory response immediately after heroin self-administration. However, most of the NAcc neurons studied (76%; 32/42) were not affected during heroin self-administration. In contrast, noncontingent injection of a similar dose of heroin (0.06 mg/kg/injection) had no effect on NAcc spontaneous activity (0/6). On the other hand, passive administration of higher doses of heroin (0.2–0.6/mg/kg/injection) markedly suppressed the firing rate in 46% (6/13) of the neurons studied. These effects of heroin on NAcc activity were antagonized by systemic administration of naloxone (4–6 mg/kg, i.v.). Studies characterizing the responses of mPFC neurons during heroin self-administration showed that 40% (2/5) of the neurons tested exhibited an inhibitory effect immediately after heroin self-administration. These data suggest that in animals well-trained to self-administer heroin, only a small number (20%) of the NAcc neurons studied responded to heroin self-administration. Further research is necessary to determine whether these responses are a function of the opiate-seeking state of the animal and the mechanism(s) responsible for these effects of heroin. Synapse 33:49–58, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of Zinc Bacitracin, Dried Bakery Product and Different Fish Meals in Diets of Young Turkeys

Abstract NUMEROUS experiments have been conducted with antibiotics in diets of chickens (Matterson et al., 1951; Davis and Briggs, 1951; Biely and March, 1951; Heuser and Norris, 1952; Bird et al., 1952; Machlin et al., 1952; Waibel et al., 1954; Libby and Schaible, 1955; Potter et al., 1962b; Nelson et al., 1963; Combs and Bossard, 1963) and in diets of turkeys (Stokstad and Jukes, 1950; Almquist and Merritt, 1951; Branion and Hill, 1951; Davis and Briggs, 1951; McGinnis et al., 1951, 1958; Atkinson and Couch, 1952; Williams and Hill, 1952; Moran and McGinnis, 1965). Yet, the effectiveness of various levels of different antibiotics in promoting growth in present day turkey diets needs further investigation and verification. Dried bakery product has been evaluated in broiler diets by Damron et al. (1965) and has been evaluated in metabolizable energy studies by Matterson et al. (1965) and Potter (1970). The evaluation of fish meal…
Activation of Myosin Phosphatase Targeting Subunit by Mitosis-specific Phosphorylation

It has been demonstrated previously that during mitosis the sites of myosin phosphorylation are switched between the inhibitory sites, Ser 1/2, and the activation sites, Ser 19/Thr 18 (Yamakita, Y., S. Yamashiro, and F. Matsumura. 1994. J. Cell Biol. 124:129– 137; Satterwhite, L.L., M.J. Lohka, K.L. Wilson, T.Y. Scherson, L.J. Cisek, J.L. Corden, and T.D. Pollard. 1992. J. Cell Biol. 118:595–605), suggesting a regulatory role of myosin phosphorylation in cell division. To explore the function of myosin phosphatase in cell division, the possibility that myosin phosphatase activity may be altered during cell division was examined. We have found that the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT) undergoes mitosis-specific phosphorylation and that the phosphorylation is reversed during cytokinesis. MYPT phosphorylated either in vivo or in vitro in the mitosis-specific way showed higher binding to myosin II (two- to threefold) compared to MYPT from cells in interphase. Furthermore, the activity of myosin phosphatase was increased more than twice and it is suggested this reflected the increased affinity of myosin binding. These results indicate the presence of a unique positive regulatory mechanism for myosin phosphatase in cell division. The activation of myosin phosphatase during mitosis would enhance dephosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain, thereby leading to the disassembly of stress fibers during prophase. The mitosis-specific effect of phosphorylation is lost on exit from mitosis, and the resultant increase in myosin phosphorylation may act as a signal to activate cytokinesis.
Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Improves Function in Cuff Tear Arthropathy

Background Early failure due to glenoid loosening with anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty in patients with severe rotator cuff deficiency led to the development of the reverse ball-and-socket shoulder prosthesis. The literature reports improved short-term pain and function scores following modern reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) in patients with cuff tear arthropathy (CTA).
The role of langerhans cells in allergic contact hypersensitivity. A review of findings in man and guinea pigs

Evidence in favor of a role for Langerhans cells in contact allergic hypersensitivity reactions has been reviewed. This includes mononuclear cell to Langerhans cell apposition and damage to some Langerhans cells at sites of specific challenge to a variety of contact allergens. Such apposition occurs in actively sensitized patients and guinea pigs and in passively sensitized guinea pigs. In addition, in passively sensitized guinea pigs, Langerhans cells circulate in dermal vessels resembling lymphatics and are much increased in the dermis after challenge with the contact allergen. These observations, together with the existing knowledge that Langerhans cells occur in the lymph nodes and thymus, suggest that these cells may be involved not only in contact allergic reactions but also in other immunologic reactions, particularly in cell-mediated reactions in the skin.
Rotation and translation of the jaw during speech.

A two-dimensional rigid-body model of jaw movement was used to describe jaw opening and closing gestures for vowels and for bilabial and alveolar consonants. Jaw movements were decomposed into thre...
A probabilistic theory of model-based diagnosis

Diagnosis of a malfunctioning physical system is the task of identifying those component parts whose failures are responsible for discrepancies between observed and correct system behavior. The result of diagnosis is to enable system repair by replacement of failed parts.The model-based approach to diagnosis has emerged as a strong alternative to both symptom-based and fault-model-based approaches. Hypothesis generation and hypothesis discrimination (action selection) are two major subtasks of model-based diagnosis. Hypothesis generation has been partially resolved by symbolic reasoning using a subjective notion of parsimony such as non-redundancy. Action selection has only been studied for special cases, e.g. probes with equal cost. Little formal work has been done on repair selection and verification.This paper presents a probabilistic theory for model-based diagnosis. An objective measure is used to rank hypotheses, viz., posterior probabilities, instead of subjective parsimony. Fault hypotheses are generated in decreasing probability order. The theory provides an estimate of the expected diagnosis cost of an action. The result of the minimal cost action is used to adjust hypothesis probabilities and to select further actions.The major contributions of this paper are the incorporation of probabilistic reasoning into model-based diagnosis and the integration of repair as part of diagnosis. The integration of diagnosis and repair makes it possible to troubleshoot failures effectively in complex systems.
Control of gating mode by a single amino acid residue in transmembrane segment IS3 of the N-type Ca2+ channel

Abstract N-type Ca2+ channels can be inhibited by neurotransmitter-induced release of G protein βγ subunits. Two isoforms of Cav2.2 α1 subunits of N-type calcium channels from rat brain (Cav2.2a and Cav2.2b; initially termed rbB-I and rbB-II) have different functional properties. Unmodulated Cav2.2b channels are in an easily activated “willing” (W) state with fast activation kinetics and no prepulse facilitation. Activating G proteins shifts Cav2.2b channels to a difficult to activate “reluctant” (R) state with slow activation kinetics; they can be returned to the W state by strong depolarization resulting in prepulse facilitation. This contrasts with Cav2.2a channels, which are tonically in the R state and exhibit strong prepulse facilitation. Activating or inhibiting G proteins has no effect. Thus, the R state of Cav2.2a and its reversal by prepulse facilitation are intrinsic to the channel and independent of G protein modulation. Mutating G177 in segment IS3 of Cav2.2b to E as in Cav2.2a converts Cav2.2b tonically to the R state, insensitive to further G protein modulation. The converse substitution in Cav2.2a, E177G, converts it to the W state and restores G protein modulation. We propose that negatively charged E177 in IS3 interacts with a positive charge in the IS4 voltage sensor when the channel is closed and produces the R state of Cav2.2a by a voltage sensor-trapping mechanism. G protein βγ subunits may produce reluctant channels by a similar molecular mechanism.
A failure to communicate: next generation communication requirements, technologies, and architecture for the electric power grid

The power grid engineering community is beginning to recognize a need to fundamentally transform the capabilities of the communication infrastructure that supports power grid operations. Better communications are key to providing improvements in security, efficiency, and reliability. This paper reviews current data communication practices for the grid and describes a new approach to data communications that will help realize the vision of a more resilient and efficient "smart" grid.
Estimated rate constants for hydrogen abstraction from N-heterocyclic carbene-borane complexes by an alkyl radical.

Rate constants for hydrogen abstraction by a nonyl radical from 20 complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes and boranes (NHC−boranes) have been determined by the pyridine-2-thioneoxycarbonyl (PTOC) competition kinetic method at a single concentration point. The rate constants range from <1 × 104 to 8 × 104 M−1 s−1. They show little dependence on the electronic properties of the carbene core, but there is a trend for increasing rate constants with decreasing size of the carbene N-substituents. Two promising new reagents with small N-substituents (R = Me) have been identified.
Gene regulation in Drosophila: Independent expression of closely linked, related structural loci

A number of biochemical and genetic features shared by aldehyde oxidase and pyridoxal oxidase in Drosophila melanogaster indicate a close relationship between these enzymes. The present work shows that probable structural genes for these enzymes are within about 0.08 map unit of each other. Comparison with intensively studied regions of the genome suggests that this value is of the order of magnitude expected for adjacent functional units. Despite this close linkage, there is no indication of coordinate expression of the two enzymes. These results are consistent with the idea that each structural gene is under control of its own regulatory region, but alternative explanations are possible.
Recent evolution of the introductory curriculum in computing

Abstract This paper traces the evolution of the first courses in undergraduate programs over the last twelve years. We identify fundamental weaknesses in the present sequence, and propose strengthening the introductory curriculum, using a breadth-first approach that integrates theoretical material.
Amino acid substitutions in conserved domains of factor VIII and related proteins: study of patients with mild and moderately severe hemophilia A.

Mutations leading to hemophilia A by substitution of amino acids in coagulation factor VIII may provide important clues to the structure and function of this large and enigmatic protein. To efficiently find missense mutations, hemophiliacs with mild and moderately severe forms of the disease were surveyed. DNA samples from affected individuals were assayed for mutations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis following DNA amplification of target regions, which included all coding regions except for that of the dispensable B domain. Missense mutations were observed in 20 of the 34 patients examined, with identical mutations found in five pairs of patients. All mutations were found in the repetitive A and C domains. By aligning these domains in factor VIII with homologous domains in factor V, ceruloplasmin, and the mouse milk fat globule membrane protein, it was determined that most mutations change amino acids in areas of strong sequence conservation. Three additional mutations were detected, including a point mutation in an intron, a stop codon mutation, and a silent base change. Ten of the 18 different mutations discovered in this patient population are reported here for the first time. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ideal Female-Male Traits and Evaluation of Favorability

A previous study of a college community sample's ( N = 268) attitudes toward women home economics and physical education majors indicated significantly greater favorability toward the former (Lee, Quisenberry, & Wilson, 1976). This paper discusses that preference in terms of data indicating the traits considered ideal for males and females by both sexes and the differences berween the ideal traits and traits attributed to the two targets. There is ample evidence that sex-role stereotypes do exist (McKee & Sherriffs, 1957; Rosenkrantz, et al., 1968; Constantinople, 1973). Both men and women also hold a set of beliefs about the Ideal Male and the Ideal Female (McKee & Sherriffs, 1959; Steinmann, Levi, & Fox, 1964). Men and women are expected to exhibit the stereotypic traits and attitudes and are liked better if they do (Seyfried & Hendrick, 1973). Stein and Bailey (1973) reviewed studies of children in Grades 2 through 12 and concluded that social, verbal, and artistic skills were considered feminine but that mechanical, spatial, and athletic skills were viewed as masculine. According to Wilson (1970), women in the field of Health and Physical Education are subject to social disapproval as a result of their athletic interests and skills, and are considered to be more masculine because of it (Snyder & Spreitzer, 1974). The stereotypes function as a language of prejudice (Williams, 1964; Ehrlich, 1973) defining and perpetuating the relationships between groups. The componential nature of attitudes suggests that stereotypic traits which are nonpreferred will evoke negative affective responses. This expectation is in keeping with consistency theories as is the expectation that behavior toward such a target will be discriminatory. Nonpreferred traits in this paper are those which differ from the stereotypes of the Ideal Female and the nature of resulting discrimination is sexist.
Use, Accuracy, and Implications for Patient Management of [18F]‐2‐Fluorodeoxyglucose‐Positron Emission/Computerized Tomography for Head and Neck Tumors

Objectives/Hypothesis: Positron emission tomography (PET) has shown promise for early detection and accurate staging of cancer patients. A limited number of studies suggest PET/computed tomography (CT) may improve these variables; however, no published study has specifically evaluated clinical outcomes with PET/CT for head and neck (HN) tumors. The current study evaluates the use, accuracy, and implications for patient management of PET/CT scans in patients with HN tumors. Study Design: Retrospective cohort outcomes study at a tertiary care center. Methods: The authors identified 795 consecutive PET/CT at our institution. A total of 113 were obtained for HN tumors; 97 were used in the final analysis. Accuracy, use, and implications for patient care management decisions were correlated with each PET/CT scan. Multiple regression analysis was performed. Results: Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were measured by comparing the PET/CT results at the primary tumor site, cervical node sites, and distant sites with either pathologic or definitive clinical diagnoses. PET/CT had an overall per scan accuracy of 72% and a per patient accuracy of 69%. When stratification for rationale of obtaining the scan was performed, accuracy was 80% for staging distant disease, 67% for primary tumor evaluation, 72% for evaluation for recurrence, and 60% for unknown primary tumor evaluation. Conclusions: PET/CT imaging is a promising tool for evaluating HN tumors; however, in clinical practice, the proper use of such technology is not well studied. In our study, PET/CT had an overall accuracy of 72% in evaluating HN tumors, and PET/CT had the most accuracy in the detection of distant metastasis.
Multimedia browser (MMB)

Current well-known web browsers are limited to graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) that are geared towards an iconic or hieroglyphic system of communication. Modern speech-enabled user interfaces are built over GUIs and apply a 'Say What You See' (SWYS) paradigm. GUIs and SWYS fail to satisfy the user's need for natural language multimedia interfaces. The first voice based OS interfaces such as the Vocal/Auditory Multimedia Browser (VAMB) combined a spoken quasi-natural language input with a graphical display, audio and verbal output and supported a rudimentary browsing capability. The MultiMedia Browser (MMB) improves VAMB's speech recognition capabilities and includes a complete web browser with advanced page navigation. MMB applies a What You Say Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) paradigm that utilizes both an Associative Calculus Environment (ACE) and Dynamic Hierarchal Limited Vocabulary (DHLV). The associative calculus is a set of rules that specifies how sentences using the ACE syntax are to be interpreted relative to graphical displays. DHLV dynamically minimizes the contents of the vocabulary pool depending on the current multimedia configuration.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The critical role of grain orientation and applied stress in nanoscale twinning

Deformation twinning has significant effects on the special properties of many nanoscale metals. Here, the authors reveal that there is an orientation-dependent critical threshold stress for twinning, which is presented in the form of a novel, generalized twinnability map.
Effect of silicon delta-doping density on optical properties of type-II InAs/GaAsSb quantum dots

Abstract We have investigated the optical properties of type-II InAs/GaAs 0.83 Sb 0.17 quantum dots (QDs) with different silicon delta-doping densities of 5×10 10 , 5×10 11 , and 2×10 12 cm −2 using photoluminescence (PL). The PL spectra of the QD ground state (GS) emission peaks for the samples are blueshifted at a slower rate with increasing the doping density due to the enhanced radiative recombination rate of the carriers. The PL intensity ratio of the GS emission to the first excited state emission increases with the doping density, which is indicative of the faster radiative recombination at the GS subbands with the doping density. The redshift rate of the GS emissions becomes faster at a high temperature (>130 K) as the doping density increases up to 5×10 11 cm −2 resulting from the quantum confined Stark effect by the electric field of the ionized dopants, and decreases at an increased doping density of 2×10 12 cm −2 due to the enhanced QD size uniformity. Time-resolved PL exhibits that the QD sample doped at 5×10 10 cm −2 has a longer total radiative lifetime than the undoped sample, and a further increase in the doping density to 2×10 12 cm −2 decreases the lifetime due to the enhancement of the radiative recombination through fast carrier relaxation.
Toys, spatial ability, and science and mathematics achievement: Are they related?

This review of research examines the possible relationships among children's toy playing habits, spatial abilities, and their science and mathematics achievements. Only studies that made use of United States subjects, aged 3- through 13-years-old, are included in the review. Toy playing habits, spatial ability, and science and mathematical achievement appear sex typed. Males and/or children who maintain a masculine sex role orientation tend to play with a wider variety of toys, exhibit superior spatial skills, and maintain greater science and mathematics achievement scores than females and/or children with feminine sex role orientations.
Resource management in construction

Resource plannirtg and management is one of the most important ingredients for competitiveness and profitability in today's construction industry. In order to control costs, equipment and labor should be utilized in the most efficient way possible. This can be achieved by minimizing the total cost of leased resources under the constraint of maximum and most efficient use of owned equipment and contracted labor force. This paper presents a mixed‐integer linear programming model for the management of resources throughout the project life. Based on the Critical Path Method time analysis, the model derives the schedule for equipment rentals and transient resources, as well as the utilization scheme for owned equipment and other available resources. The model can be used as an estimating tool for multi‐project resource planning and sharing, and as a means to implement the most efficient utilization of resources throughout the duration of the whole project.
Rate constant measurement for the reaction of D3+ with H2

Abstract The rate constant and the product distribution for the reaction of D3+ with H2 has been measured as a function of the D3+ vibrational energy. In these experiments a mass analyzed beam of D3+ ions is decelerated to less than 0.1 eV and is subsequently injected into an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) cell where reaction with H2 may occur. Ion detection is achieved using a conventional oscillator-detector. The number of D3+-D2 coliisions was varied from 0 to 10 by changing the D2 pressure in the source of the first stage of the instrument.
The general solution to the equations of creeping motion of a micropolar fluid and its application

Abstract In this paper we derive the general solution to the equations of creeping motion of a micropolar fluid. Some consequences are discussed. An application of this solution is illustrated by calculating the resistance of a sphere to translational and rotational motion.
Population geography III Precarity, dead peasants, and truncated life

Mortality has figured prominently in the field of population geography; death, conversely, has received minimal attention. This has important implications given that mortality directs attention primarily to populations whereas death focuses attention toward individual bodies. In this progress report, I situate the geographic study of mortality within ongoing theorizations of precarity and precariousness. Drawing on Marxist ideas of labor-capacity and social reproduction, I reflect also on the idea of ‘shared mortality’. This is followed by a discussion of ‘dead peasants’ insurance. In so doing I forge a bridge between population geography and the emergent sub-field of biofinancialization. I conclude with a distinction between ‘premature death’ and ‘truncated life’.
Molecular Cloning of Drosophila HCF Reveals Proteolytic Processing and Self-Association of the Encoded Protein

HCF-1 functions as a coactivator for herpes simplex virus VP16 and a number of mammalian transcription factors. Mature HCF-1 is composed of two subunits generated by proteolytic cleavage of a larger precursor at six centrally-located HCF(PRO) repeats. The resulting N- and C-terminal subunits remain tightly associated via two complementary pairs of self-association domains: termed SAS1N-SAS1C and SAS2N-SAS2C. Additional HCF proteins have been identified in mammals (HCF-2) and Caenorhabditis elegans (CeHCF). Both contain well-conserved SAS1 domains but do not undergo proteolytic processing. Thus, the significance of the cleavage and self-association of HCF-1 remains enigmatic. Here, we describe the isolation of the Drosophila HCF homologue (dHCF) using a genetic screen based on conservation of the SAS1 interaction. The N-terminal beta-propeller domain of dHCF supports VP16-induced complex formation and is more similar to mammalian HCF-1 than other homologues. We show that full-length dHCF expressed in Drosophila cells undergoes proteolytic cleavage giving rise to tightly associated N- and C-terminal subunits. As with HCF-1, the SAS1N and SAS1C elements of dHCF are separated by a large central region, however, this sequence lacks obvious homology to the HCF(PRO) repeats required for HCF-1 cleavage. The conservation of HCF processing in insect cells argues that formation of separate N- and C-terminal subunits is important for HCF function.
On the possibility of the psychometric detection of persons who are prone to the abuse of alcohol and other substances

Abstract A summary of the literature containing the scores of male alcohol abusers and drug abusers on the MAC Scale (a 49-item MMPI-derived scale which was constructed to differentiate male alcohol abusers from nonsubstance-abusing male psychiatric outpatients) indicated that the memebers of these two subclasses of substance abusers were similar in certain psychometrically detectable respects which were stable over time, independent of both the immediate sequelae and the longer term consequences of substance abuse per se, and at least modestly predictive of subsequent substance abuse. In the present study, the MAC Scale succeeded in differentiating youthful male alcohol-related offenders (N = 91) from similarly aged nonsubstance-abusing male psychiatric outpatients (N = 48) and college students (N = 79) with an accuracy rate of 82.1%. The average scores of the present sample of youthful alcohol-related offenders and the scale's standardization group of adult alcohol abusers were found to be indistinguishable, as were the average scores of the parallel samples of youthful and adult nonsubstance-abusing psychiatric outpatients. Since the MAC Scale was not developed for the purpose of early identification, it was suggested that a scale developed for this specific purpose and free from dependence on the MMPI's item pool would almost certainly produce an appreciably more powerful early detection instrument.
Radiographic film dosimetry for IMRT fields in the near-surface buildup region

Film dosimetry provides fast, convenient 2-D dose distributions, but is challenged by the dependence of film response on scatter conditions (i.e. energy dependence). Verification of delivered dose in the surface buildup region is important for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) when volumes of interest encroach on these regions (e.g. head/neck, breast). The current work demonstrates that film dosimetry can accurately predict the dose in the buildup region for IMRT, since 1) film dosimetry can be performed with sufficient accuracy for small fields and 2) IMRT is delivered by “small” segments (SMLC) or dynamic gaps (DMLC). This work evaluates the accuracy of XV and EDR film for measurements from 2 mm to 10 cm depths for small fields and clinical IMRT beams. Film measurements have been compared to single point measurements made with a stereotactic diode (STD) and parallel plate ionization chamber (P11) and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) at various depths for square (STD, P11) and IMRT (STD, TLD) fields. Film calibration was performed using an 8-field step exposure on a single film at 5cm depth, which has been corrected to represent either small field or large field depth dependent film calibration techniques. Up to 10% correction for film response variation as a function of depth was required for measurements in the buildup region. A depth-dependent calibration can improve the accuracy sufficiently for IMRT calculation verification (i.e. ≤5% uncertainty). A small-field film calibration technique was most appropriate for IMRT field measurements. Improved buildup region dose measurements for clinical IMRT fields promotes improved dose estimation performance for (inverse) treatment planning and allows more quantitative treatment delivery validation.
The sexual harassment of students by teachers: The case of students in science

This paper reports the findings of a study on the self-reported incidents of sexual harassment of students in four scientific fields. Of the 1178 students who responded to survey questions, 2% of the men and 17% of the women reported being sexually harassed by their teachers. The results of cross-tabular analysis indicate that of the 101 written descriptions of sexual harassment, 38 are reported at or before high school. However, a systematic analysis of these written descriptions indicate that there is no “type” of sexual-harassment experience that can be placed more on one level of schooling than on another. The results further suggest that as women continue their educations their chances of encountering sexual harassment from teachers are likely to increase. This paper concludes with a discussion of the phenomenon of the sexual harassment of students, focusing on the conflict and confusion surrounding sex roles and professional roles.
Switching reaction of conductive polymers. Part 2—application of charge transfer model to polypyrrole

Abstract Reversible and irreversible charge-transfer models are applied to the switching reaction of polypyrrole films containing perchlorate. The films were prepared by applying an anodic potential of either 0.75 or 1.0V (vs. sce). The peak currents and peak positions in cyclic voltammograms are used to calculate the transfer coefficient (α or β) and the kinetic constants (kr and ko) using one point or multiple point fits. Using a scaling factor, the peak currents predicted by multiple point regression fall within 10% of the measurements.
Rapidly metabolized glycoproteins in a neuroplastoma cell line

Abstract The metabolism of neuroblastoma cell glycoproteins was examined using l -[ 3 H]fucose. Incubation of monolayer cultures with [ 3 H]fucose resulted in a rapid uptake of the radioactive precursor and its incorporation into acid-insoluble macromolecules. Less than 3% of the [ 3 H]fucose that was isolated from neuroblastoma cells by trichloroacetic acid precipitation was associated with glycolipids. The metabolism of fucosylated macromolecules was studied in cells which were labelled to a steady state, and then reincubated under conditions which limited reutilization of the radioactive precursor (40 mM unlabelled fucose). During reincubation of the cells, we observed a rapid metabolism (27% by 2 h)_ of the prelabelled macromolecules which stabilized within a cell generation time to give an overall rate of turnover of 9%. This rapid loss of radioactivity from the cells was not due to exocytosis since less than 4% of the [ 3 H]-fucose was lost into the media as macromolecules during a 5 h reincubation period. The presence of 40 mM fucose in the media did not affect cell growth until after 24 h of incubation or cellular synthesis until after 15 h of incubation. When the metabolism of neuroblastoma cell glycoproteins was measured in the presence of 1.8 · 10 −4 M cycloheximide, there appeared to be a less rapid decrease in cell-associated specific activity, and an increased reutilization of [ 3 H]fucose. Although the major proportion of the radioactivity remained as [ 3 H]fucose, extensive incubation of neuroblastoma cells with this radioactive precursor led to increased amounts of tritium associated with other cellular components. However, a rapid rate of glycoprotein metabolism could also be demonstrated with cells incubated with [ 4 C]fucose. This eliminated the possibility that the above results were restricted to the tritiated precursor and merely a reflection of hydrogen-tritium exchange.
Anchored Asynchronous Online Discussions: Facilitating Participation and Engagement in a Blended Environment

This research was conducted as a field experiment that explored the potential benefits of anchoring in asynchronous online discussions for business statistics classes. Many students tend to perform poorly in these classes, which are usually taught using traditional methods with emphasis on lecturing, knowledge reproduction, and treatment of students as dependent learners. Course activities are typically centered on the teacher as the source of all knowledge and understanding. Moreover, student interactions are often limited to face-to-face meetings in the classroom, where students have exerted little effort towards engaging themselves. Online discussions show promise for improving students' learning in business statistics classes. We examined and compared the impact of anchored asynchronous online discussions (AAODs) and standard asynchronous online discussions (AODs) on students' participation and engagement in a blended learning environment. The findings show that AAODs facilitated more and better quality participation and engagement for undergraduate students.
Cost as a Barrier to Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive (LARC) Use in Adolescents

Cost is a major barrier to adolescents' ability to obtain long-acting reversible contraception (LARC). By reviewing the available literature on this issue, we provide a framework to understand how insurance coverage, out-of-pocket expenses, parental involvement, and recent pregnancy can impact access. We provide examples of cost-free access to LARC for adolescents, such as the Contraceptive CHOICE Project. Universal coverage for contraception, without cost-sharing, could increase use of LARC among adolescents resulting in fewer unintended pregnancies, improved health outcomes, and considerable cost savings to the healthcare system.
Conformal field theory and genus-zero function fields

One-loop partition functions of rational conformal field theories are finite linear combinations of modular invariants associated with projective modular functions of a modular subgroup. We show that, for normal subgroups with a genus-zero fundamental region, the functions which lead to physically acceptable partition functions are extremely limited in number, and can be found explicitly. We also show that the conformal charge and weights of theories which factorize on these subgroups can only take on certain discrete values.
Perfect Bricks of Every Size

We answer an open question from a previous investigation related to numerical semigroups. For integers k,n≥2 we prove the existence of a numerical semigroup S and a relative ideal I such that the size of the minimal generating set for I is k, the size of the minimal generating set for the dual, S−I, is n, and the size of the minimal generating for the ideal sum I+(S−I) is nk. Further, we outline a method for proving that S is symmetric and S+(S−I)=S∖{0}. The primary tool in this investigation is the Apery set of S relative to the multiplicity of S.
Functional effects of a restrictive-cardiomyopathy-linked cardiac troponin I mutation (R145W) in transgenic mice

The human cardiac troponin I (hcTnI) mutation R145W has been associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy. In this study, simultaneous measurements of ATPase activity and force in skinned papillary fibers from hcTnI R145W transgenic mice (Tg-R145W) were explored. Tg-R145W fibers showed an approximately 13-16% increase in maximal Ca(2+)-activated force and ATPase activity compared to hcTnI wild-type transgenic mice. The force-generating cross-bridge turnover rate (g) and the energy cost (ATPase/force) were the same in all groups of fibers. Also, the Tg-R145W fibers showed a large increase in the Ca(2+) sensitivity of both force development and ATPase. In intact fibers, the mutation caused prolonged force and intracellular [Ca(2+)] transients and increased time to peak force. Analysis of force and Ca(2+) transients showed that there was a 40% increase in peak force in Tg-R145W muscles, which was likely due to the increased Ca(2+) transient duration. The above cited results suggest that: (1) there would be an increase in resistance to ventricular filling during diastole resulting from the prolonged force and Ca(2+) transients that would result in a decrease in ventricular filling (diastolic dysfunction); and (2) there would be a large (approximately 53%) increase in force during systole, which may help to partly compensate for diastolic dysfunction. These functional results help to explain the mechanisms by which these mutations give rise to a restrictive phenotype.
Contrasting effects of the intermittent and continuous administration of heparin in experimental restenosis.

BACKGROUND Heparin inhibits proliferation of smooth muscle cells in culture and intimal hyperplasia in experimental animals but paradoxically exacerbates vascular injury in clinical trials. To determine whether the difference in the means by which heparin was administered explained the benefit in animals and aggravation in humans, we examined the vascular effects of a range of heparin treatments. METHODS AND RESULTS When laboratory rats were injected subcutaneously with heparin (55.5 IU, approximately 1.0 mg/kg) per clinical trial protocols, intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury was exacerbated rather than alleviated. The intima to media area ratio was increased 22.5% with every-other-day injections and was increased 16.8% with daily injections. When the daily dose of heparin was increased to 7.2 mg/kg or when injections were initiated a week before injury, intimal hyperplasia was made even worse (52.2% and 59.9% above control). Twice-daily heparin, 7 and 17 hours apart, had no demonstrable effect one way or the other, and it was not until the heparin was administered at 12-hour intervals that intimal hyperplasia and cell proliferation were lessened (44.6% decrease). The greatest reduction in intimal hyperplasia was obtained when the heparin was administered continuously. The continuous osmotic pump intravenous infusion of heparin inhibited 62.5% of the expected proliferation, and perivascular polymeric device release of heparin blocked the response by 74.2%. While subcutaneous injections transiently increased activated partial thromboplastin time, neither mode of continuous delivery altered coagulation. CONCLUSIONS We might reconsider the use of heparin in vascular diseases and not neglect this promising compound because of inappropriate extrapolation from the laboratory to clinical use.
Using Community Data to Test the Discriminate Validity of Ethnic/Racial Group IATs.

The present study used a multi-method, multi-measure, multi-group approach to investigate the discriminant validity of prejudice-related Implicit Association Tests (IATs). Community members from three ethnic/racial groups in the US completed IATs and explicit measures of attitudes toward African Americans and Latinos, with Whites used as the comparison group. The results of this study provided strong support for the discriminant validity of the IATs by showing, (a) expected patterns of variation among the three participant groups that were unique to each IAT, (b) unique relations between responses on each IAT and corresponding (same-group) explicit measures of prejudice, and (c) invariance across the three participant groups in the degree to which the attitude measures loaded on two latent factors, indicating distinct attitudes toward African Americans and Latinos.
Evaluating and utilizing probability of study success in clinical development.

BackgroundDrug development has become increasingly costly, lengthy, and risky. The call for better decision making in research and development has never been stronger. Analytic tools that utilize available data can inform decision makers of the risks and benefits of various decisions, which could lead to better and more informed decisions.PurposeThrough some real oncology examples, we will demonstrate how using available data to analytically evaluate probability of study success (PrSS) can lead to better decisions in clinical development.MethodsThe predictive power, or average conditional power, is used to quantify the PrSS. To calculate the probability, we follow a general two-step process: (1) use Bayesian modeling and appropriate assumptions to synthesize relevant data to derive the distribution of treatment effect and (2) evaluate the PrSS analytically or via trial simulation.ResultsWe applied the procedure to several compounds in our oncology pipeline. The analysis informed decision making where PrSS...
Force-Velocity and Series Elastic Characteristics of Smooth Muscle from the Hog Carotid Artery

The force-velocity and series elastic characteristics of vascular strips from the media of hog carotid arteries were determined using the method of quick release to a known afterload. Shortening velocity was a function of load, and the data could be fitted by a rectangular hyperbola using the Hill equation, (P + a) V = b (Po - P), where P is the load, Po is the maximum isometric force developed at the optimum muscle length (Lo), V is velocity, and a and b are constants. The following dynamic constants were obtained for the electrically stimulated strips: estimated maximum shortening velocity for the unloaded muscle (Vmax) = 0.12 Lo/sec, b = 0.02 Lo/sec, Po = 1.80 kg-wt/cm2 = 1.76 x 106 dynes/cm2, and a/Po = 0.18. Maximum power output occurred at a load of 0.28 Po. The stress-strain curve for the series elastic component could be approximated by the simple exponential equation, stress = 0.034e058 strain. The extension of the series elastic component at Po was 7.2% of Lo.
Emotional functioning, attachment style, and attributions as predictors of child abuse potential in domestic violence victims

To explore cognitive and emotional factors that may exacerbate child-abuse potential among domestic violence victims, 80 participants reported on their depression, hopelessness, anxiety, and anger as well as their attachment style and attributional style. Increased emotional difficulties as well as insecure attachment styles were significantly positively correlated with child abuse potential, although depression and anxiety were the strongest predictors. Externalizing blame for the spousal abuse was not associated with abuse risk. Women residing in shelters demonstrated significantly greater abuse risk than those in transitional housing programs, suggesting that greater temporal proximity to the spousal abuse may in part account for the increased abuse potential. Depression and hopelessness, however, appeared particularly relevant to increased abuse risk in domestic violence victims in the transitional housing system. Implications of these findings for working with battered women in terms of their emotional functioning and attachment style are discussed.
Absorber Theory of Radiation and the Future of the Universe

The power input to a microwave source remained constant to 1 part in 108 as it alternately radiated into free space and into a local absorber. In the framework of the Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory of radiation, this result sets some constraints on possible future properties of the Universe.
Oscillations by minimal bacterial suicide circuits reveal hidden facets of host-circuit physiology.

Synthetic biology seeks to enable programmed control of cellular behavior though engineered biological systems. These systems typically consist of synthetic circuits that function inside, and interact with, complex host cells possessing pre-existing metabolic and regulatory networks. Nevertheless, while designing systems, a simple well-defined interface between the synthetic gene circuit and the host is frequently assumed. We describe the generation of robust but unexpected oscillations in the densities of bacterium Escherichia coli populations by simple synthetic suicide circuits containing quorum components and a lysis gene. Contrary to design expectations, oscillations required neither the quorum sensing genes (luxR and luxI) nor known regulatory elements in the PluxI promoter. Instead, oscillations were likely due to density-dependent plasmid amplification that established a population-level negative feedback. A mathematical model based on this mechanism captures the key characteristics of oscillations, and model predictions regarding perturbations to plasmid amplification were experimentally validated. Our results underscore the importance of plasmid copy number and potential impact of “hidden interactions” on the behavior of engineered gene circuits - a major challenge for standardizing biological parts. As synthetic biology grows as a discipline, increasing value may be derived from tools that enable the assessment of parts in their final context.
Activated oncogenes in Burkitt's lymphoma.

Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) was recognized more than 25 years ago as a distinct pathoclinical entitity with peculiar epidemiological characteristics. The tumor, which occurs with a high incidence in certain areas of central Africa, has been suspected of having a viral etiology. This hypothesis was strengthened by the first isolation of the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) from a BL cell culture. More recently, we have learned that the association between the tumor and the EB virus is not as consistent as was initially hoped. The lack of viral association is especially true when tumors which arise in low-incidence areas such as Europe or the United States are considered. However, during the past few years it has become apparent that specific chromosomal rearrangements represent a crucial step in the development of the BL malignant process (Klein 1981, Leder 1983). The chromosomal rearrangement involves translocation of cellular proto-oncogenes, and may lead to their activation. In light of the epidemiological studies which suggest that carcinogenesis is a multistep process, it is interesting to speculate how as yet unidentified viral or cellular functions may contribute to the malignant BL phenotype.
Application of interspecies in vitro fertilization in the initial assessment of the infertile couple

Methods to evaluate male reproductive potential are limited. Conventional semen analysis does not necessarily reflect sperm functionality. In this study we investigated the correlation of the interspecies penetration test with clinical evaluation of 106 infertile couples. In vitro penetration results in 92 of 106 men correlated well with clinical diagnosis. In 28 couples with a male infertility factor, the mean penetration rate was 18%, whereas in 78 infertile couples with no known male factor, the rate was 50%. The mean for all patients tested was 40%. This was well below a mean of 73% for a donor population. The major discrepancy between the interspecies penetration test and clinical findings occurred in a group of nine patients with 0% penetration who had been judged normal by history and semen analysis. In general, the interspecies penetration test correlates well with male clinical evaluation but does the complementary information in certain cases. At present, its greatest utility seems to be in evaluation of unexplained infertility, in unexplained failure of female therapy, or in selection of patients for donor insemination.