cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Disparities in Financial Relationships Between Industry and Orthopaedic Surgeons.

BACKGROUND Recent studies in a number of surgical subspecialties have demonstrated that financial relationships with industry differ between men and women. This study aimed to determine if gender disparities exist in industry relationships with orthopaedic surgeons. METHODS This retrospective study utilized publicly available data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) at OpenPayments.cms.gov. Data were extracted for payments made to orthopaedic surgeons from industry for royalties, licensing, or consulting fees from 2016 to 2017. A physician's profile was used to determine name, gender, practice location, and subspecialty. Years of experience were recorded from publicly available websites. Total number of payments and amounts were compared among men and women, subspecialties, and locations. Multivariable linear regression models were used to determine predictors of total payments and number of payments. RESULTS Royalties and consulting fees were paid to 3,418 individual physicians (11% of 29,996 physicians in the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons [AAOS] census) and accounted for 88% of total payments. The majority of the total payment amount (99.6%) was made to men, while only 0.4% went to women. Male gender was a predictor of total number of payments (β = 5.17, p < 0.001), as were years of experience (β = 0.15 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.10 to 0.20], p < 0.001), Mountain region (β = 2.77 [95% CI: 0.37 to 5.17], p = 0.02), and adult reconstructive subspecialty (β = 4.07 [95% CI: 1.89 to 6.25], p < 0.001). Years of experience (β = 0.046 [95% CI: 0.039 to 0.052], p < 0.001), male gender (β = 1.09 [95% CI: 0.67 to 1.51], p < 0.001), Mountain region (β = 0.35 [95% CI: 0.020 to 0.68], p = 0.04), and adult reconstructive subspecialty (β = 0.33 [95% CI: 0.030 to 0.63], p = 0.03) were associated with higher payments. CONCLUSIONS Male gender, years of experience, Mountain region, and adult reconstructive subspecialty are independent predictors of a higher number of industry payments and payment amount. These disparities in industry payments may contribute to continued inequities in scholarship, academic rank, and leadership opportunities.
Evidence-Based Medicine and Handhelds

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is an important shift in the way we learn about and practice clinical medicine. It advocates basing patient care decisions on a careful survey of the best available evidence; the evidence more than the expert should determine what we do for our patients. Haven’t we always done this, you might ask? Actually, no. There are many examples of common practices based on habit or tradition that on closer examination have been shown to be ineffective or even harmful, including the following:
CT EVALUATION OF THE LEFT ATRIAL POSTERIOR WALL AND POSTOPERATIVE ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIAS FOLLOWING ABLATION

Posterior wall isolation (PWI), in addition to circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA), increases the efficacy of ablation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. We sought the utility of cardiac computed tomographic (CT) imaging in the evaluation of recurrent, postoperative atrial
Neutaint: Efficient Dynamic Taint Analysis with Neural Networks

Dynamic taint analysis (DTA) is widely used by various applications to track information flow during runtime execution. Existing DTA techniques use rule-based taint-propagation, which is neither accurate (i.e., high false positive rate) nor efficient (i.e., large runtime overhead). It is hard to specify taint rules for each operation while covering all corner cases correctly. Moreover, the overtaint and undertaint errors can accumulate during the propagation of taint information across multiple operations. Finally, rule-based propagation requires each operation to be inspected before applying the appropriate rules resulting in prohibitive performance overhead on large real-world applications.In this work, we propose Neutaint, a novel end-to-end approach to track information flow using neural program embeddings. The neural program embeddings model the target’s programs computations taking place between taint sources and sinks, which automatically learns the information flow by observing a diverse set of execution traces. To perform lightweight and precise information flow analysis, we utilize saliency maps to reason about most influential sources for different sinks. Neutaint constructs two saliency maps, a popular machine learning approach to influence analysis, to summarize both coarse-grained and fine-grained information flow in the neural program embeddings.We compare Neutaint with 3 state-of-the-art dynamic taint analysis tools. The evaluation results show that Neutaint can achieve 68% accuracy, on average, which is 10% improvement while reducing 40× runtime overhead over the second-best taint tool Libdft on 6 real world programs. Neutaint also achieves 61% more edge coverage when used for taint-guided fuzzing indicating the effectiveness of the identified influential bytes. We also evaluate Neutaint’s ability to detect real world software attacks. The results show that Neutaint can successfully detect different types of vulnerabilities including buffer/heap/integer overflows, division by zero, etc. Lastly, Neutaint can detect 98.7% of total flows, the highest among all taint analysis tools.
Knowledge and Behaviors Toward COVID-19 Among US Residents During the Early Days of the Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire.

Background: The early days of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States brought uncertainty in the knowledge about COVID-19 and what to do about it. It is necessary to understand public knowledge and behaviors if we are to effectively address the pandemic. Objective: The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that knowledge about COVID-19 influences participation in different behaviors including self-reports of purchasing more goods than usual, attending large gatherings, and using medical masks. Methods: This study was funded and approved by the Institutional Review Board on March 17, 2020. The cross-sectional online survey of 1034 US residents aged 18 years or older was conducted on March 17, 2020. Results: For every point increase in knowledge, the odds of participation in purchasing more goods (odds ratio [OR] 0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.95), attending large gatherings (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.81-0.93), and using medical masks (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.50-0.62) decreased by 12%, 13%, and 44%, respectively. Gen X and millennial participants had 56% and 76% higher odds, respectively, of increased purchasing behavior compared to baby boomers. The results suggest that there is a politicization of response recommendations. Democrats had 30% lower odds of attending large gatherings (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50-0.97) and 48% lower odds of using medical masks (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.34-0.78) compared to Republicans. Conclusions: This survey is one of the first attempts to study determinants of knowledge and behaviors in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. A national, coordinated effort toward a pandemic response may ensure better compliance with behavioral recommendations to address this public health emergency.
Age of Information in Random Access Networks with Stochastic Arrivals

We consider a Random Access network with a number of nodes transmitting time-sensitive information to a wireless base station. Packets are generated according to a stochastic process and nodes employ either Slotted-ALOHA or Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) to transmit these packets. A packet collision occurs when two or more nodes transmit simultaneously and a successful packet transmission occurs when a node transmits without interference. The goal is to optimize the Random Access mechanism in terms of information freshness, which is captured by the Age of Information (AoI) metric.In this paper, we propose a framework to analyze and optimize the average AoI in Random Access networks with stochastic packet generation. In particular, we develop a discrete-time model, derive an approximate expression for the average AoI in the network, and then use this expression to optimize the Random Access mechanism. Furthermore, we implement the optimized Random Access mechanism in a Software Defined Radio testbed and compare the AoI measurements with analytical and numerical results in order to validate our framework. Our approach allows us to evaluate the combined impact of the packet generation rate, transmission probability, and size of the network on the AoI performance.
High-throughput approach for estimation of intrinsic barriers in FCC structures for alloy design

Abstract Generalized stacking/planar fault energy (GSFE/GPFE) curves provide the intrinsic energy barriers (IEBs) for plastic deformation in FCC structures. In this study, we propose a new approach for estimation of these IEBs. A strong correlation between the unstable fault energies and shear modulus on the {111} planes is shown for a large set of pure FCC metals. Interestingly, data from the literature also obeys this correlation for a variety of FCC solid solutions. High-throughput estimation of the IEBs combining these correlations with a diffuse multi-layer fault model for stable fault energies is demonstrated for pure FCC metals and FCC (Ni0.5Co0.5)1-xRux (x=0 to 0.5). Additionally, other important descriptors for alloy design, including critical stresses for slip and twinning, were estimated. This new approach opens avenues for the high-throughput design of multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) based on the propensity for twinning and deformation pathways.
Yoga for Substance Use: A Systematic Review.

Introduction: Substance use disorders (SUDs) are complex interactions between various genetic, environmental, developmental, and social factors. Yoga is recommended as a nonmainstream treatment for many health conditions, including SUDs. Methods: Five databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated yoga as an intervention in adults with any type of substance use disorder. The interventions being studied included Hatha yoga, Sudarshan Kriya yoga, breathing yoga exercises, and meditation. Studies, where yoga was combined with other interventions were excluded. The effect of yoga as an intervention was analyzed using primary outcomes such as anxiety, pain, and craving. Eight RCTs met the eligibility criteria, and quality analysis was conducted using the Cochrane criteria. Results: Among the 8 final studies eligible for quality analysis, 2 had undefined substance use, while the others were focused on tobacco, alcohol, or opioids. Seven out of 8 studies showed significant results and improved primary outcomes such as anxiety, pain, or substance use. Seven out of the 8 studies showed significant positive outcomes using yoga in conjunction with other pharmacological treatment modalities like opioid substitution therapy. Conclusions: Six out of 8 studies showed low concerns, while 2 studies showed some concerns about the risk of bias judgment. Although the results look encouraging, RCTs with larger sample size are needed to better evaluate the effectiveness of yoga as a treatment modality for substance use.
Unearthing a fossil from the history of evolutionary computation

All of science relies on past experimentation and hypotheses. Unfortunately, the science of evolutionary computation is hampered by a general lack of awareness of many early efforts in the field. This paper offers a review of one such contribution from 1967 which employed self-adaptation, co-evolution, and assessed the utility of recombination in various settings. The conclusions, reconfirmed in recent literature, indicate that recombination (uniform or one-point crossover) is best applied in non-epistatic settings. Theoretical analysis supported the experimental findings and now raises questions concerning common applications of schema theory to describe the behavior of evolutionary algorithms.
Microgravity and Materials Processing

First page of article Keywords: microgravity and materials processing; International Space Station (ISS)
Bacteriophage P4 DNA replication. Nucleotide sequence of the P4 replication gene and the cis replication region.

Abstract A 3100 base piece of DNA from the 11,500 base genome of bacteriophage P4 was analyzed for its nucleotide sequence. This segment of DNA contains two open reading frames of 106 and 777 amino acid residues; the latter of which is the coding sequence for the M r 84,841 α protein, which is necessary for P4 DNA replication and is thought to act as a P4-specific DNA primase. A region of about 300 base-pairs localized just beyond the α gene and about 4500 bases from the origin of replication ( ori ), was defined as the locus for P4's cis replication region ( crr ). This region is required for replication both in vivo and in vitro , and consists of two directly repeated sequences of 120 base-pairs that match one another at 98 positions. These directly repeated sequences are separated by 60 base-pairs, which are not necessary for replication. Each repeat in crr contains three copies of the octamer TGTTCACC that is found six times in ori . Either of the 120 base-pair repeat sequences in crr is sufficient for replication, and the entire crr can function in an inverted orientation. crr is also active at a distance of 1800 bases from the P4 origin of replication.
Simultaneous stochastic sensing of divalent metal ions

Stochastic sensing is an emerging analytical technique that relies upon single-molecule detection. Transmembrane pores, into which binding sites for analytes have been placed by genetic engineering, have been developed as stochastic sensing elements. Reversible occupation of an engineered binding site modulates the ionic current passing through a pore in a transmembrane potential and thereby provides both the concentration of an analyte and, through a characteristic signature, its identity. Here, we show that the concentrations of two or more divalent metal ions in solution can be determined simultaneously with a single sensor element. Further, the sensor element can be permanently calibrated without a detailed understanding of the kinetics of interaction of the metal ions with the engineered pore.
SPAIN: COTS data-center Ethernet for multipathing over arbitrary topologies

Operators of data centers want a scalable network fabric that supports high bisection bandwidth and host mobility, but which costs very little to purchase and administer. Ethernet almost solves the problem - it is cheap and supports high link bandwidths - but traditional Ethernet does not scale, because its spanning-tree topology forces traffic onto a single tree. Many researchers have described "scalable Ethernet" designs to solve the scaling problem, by enabling the use of multiple paths through the network. However, most such designs require specific wiring topologies, which can create deployment problems, or changes to the network switches, which could obviate the commodity pricing of these parts.In this paper, we describe SPAIN ("Smart Path Assignment In Networks"). SPAIN provides multipath forwarding using inexpensive, commodity off-the-shelf (COTS) Ethernet switches, over arbitrary topologies. SPAIN pre-computes a set of paths that exploit the redundancy in a given network topology, then merges these paths into a set of trees; each tree is mapped as a separate VLAN onto the physical Ethernet. SPAIN requires only minor end-host software modifications, including a simple algorithm that chooses between pre-installed paths to efficiently spread load over the network. We demonstrate SPAIN's ability to improve bisection bandwidth over both simulated and experimental data-center networks
Collisional Dissociation and Chemical Relaxation of Rubidium and Cesium Halide Molecules

I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 I1 . Experimental Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Velocity Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 A . B . Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 C . Calculations of Equilibrium Concentrations 134 I11 . KineticModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 IV . Results: Observations and Arrhenius Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 A . Ratecoefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 B . Arrhenius Graphs and Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 V . Discussion: Relation to Other Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 A . Ionization of Alkalis by Electron Impact and Electron-Ion Recombination . . . . 178 B . Collisional Detachment and Three-Body Attachm&t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 C . Ion-Pair Formation and Neutralization 186 D . Ionic and Atomic Dissociation, Branching Ratios, and the Reverse Recombination Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Appendix: Statistical Analysis of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2~
Physiological Importance and Mechanisms of Protein Hydrolysate Absorption

Understanding opportunities to maximize the efficient digestion and assimilation by production animals of plant- and animal-derived protein products is critical for farmers, nutritionists, and feed manufacturers to sustain and expand the affordable production of high quality animal products for human consumption. The challenge to nutritionists is to match gastrointestinal tract load to existing or ­inducible digestive and absorptive capacities. The challenge to feed manufacturers is to develop products that are efficient substrates for digestion, absorption, and/or both events. Ultimately, the efficient absorption of digesta proteins depends on the mediated passage (transport) of protein hydrosylate products as dipeptides and unbound amino acids across the lumen- and blood-facing membranes of intestinal absorptive cells. Data testing the relative efficiency of supplying protein as hydrolysates or specific dipeptides versus as free amino acids, and the response of animals in several physiological states to feeding of protein hydrolysates, are presented and reviewed in this chapter. Next, data describing the transport mechanisms responsible for absorbing protein hydrolysate digestion products, and the known and putative regulation of these mechanisms by their substrates (small peptides) and hormones are presented and reviewed. Several conclusions are drawn regarding the efficient use of protein hydrolysate-based diets for particular physiological states, the economically-practical application of which likely will depend on technological advances in the manufacture of protein hydrolysate products.
Alteration of a clinically meaningful outcome in the natural history of Alzheimer's disease by cholinesterase inhibition.

Objectives: To describe the effect of cholinesterase inhibitors (CEIs) on the natural course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) using clinically meaningful outcomes. Design: Cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Setting: Referral dementia clinic. Participants: One hundred thirty-five matched pairs of patients with probable AD. Measurements: The risk of AD patients being classified as slow progressors (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score change ≤2 at 1-year follow-up) was examined as a function of treatment with CEIs. A logistic regression analysis, controlling for age, sex, education level, MMSE score, Blessed Dementia Rating Scale (BDRS) for activities of daily living (ADLs), extrapyramidal signs, psychosis, major depression, and use of antidepressants, antipsychotics, and sedative/hypnotics determined the factors that best predict slow progression and nursing home admission. Results: Eighty-one (60%) of the patients on CEIs and 53 (39%) of the patients who never used CEIs were considered slow progressors (P=.001) at 1-year follow-up. Slow progression was associated only with CEI use (relative risk (RR)=2.45, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.45–4.16), and sedative/hypnotics use was associated with a MMSE change of 3 points or more (RR=0.35, 95% CI=0.13–0.93). CEI use had a protective effect on nursing home admission (RR=0.095, 95% CI=0.03–0.30), whereas higher scores on the BDRS for ADLs increased risk of admission at 24- and 36-month follow-up. Conclusion: CEI use had a clinically meaningful effect on the natural history of AD. Patients taking CEIs were 2.5 times more likely to progress slowly and had a lower risk of nursing home admission after 2 years, even after controlling for multiple factors that can alter the course of the disease, and a slower rate of decline during the first year of follow-up.
Are American children's problems still getting worse? A 23-year comparison

Child Behavior Checklists were completed in home interviews by parents of 7-16-year-olds in 1976, 1989, and 1999. Competence scores decreased from 1976 to 1989, but increased in 1999. Problem scores increased from 1976 to 1989 and decreased in 1999 but remained higher than in 1976. Items, empirically based scales, and DSM-oriented scales showed similar patterns for demographically similar nonreferred samples assessed in 1976, 1989, and 1999 and for national samples that included referred children assessed in 1989 and 1999. For the 114 problem items that were common to the 1976, 1989, and 1999 assessments, the Q correlation was .98 between the mean scores on the 114 items in 1976 versus 1989 and was .94 between the mean scores on the 114 items in 1976 vs. 1999. This indicated very high stability in the rank ordering of item scores across intervals up to 23 years. For all children, the 1-year prevalence rate for mental health services use was 13.2% in 1989 versus 12.8% in 1999. For children with deviant Total Problems scores, the 1989 prevalence for service use was 30.5 versus 26.6% in 1999. Neither difference was statistically significant.
Ein Beitrag zu Stodolas Kegelgesetz

Die Arbeit enthalt eine kompakte Ableitung von Stodolas Kegelgesetz, das die Beziehung zwischen Massenstrom des Dampfes, Anfangsdruck und Gegendruck einer Turbine wiedergibt. Die Ableitung basiert auf einem Stromungsmodell und macht von dem modernen Konzept der Entropieerzeugung Gebrauch.
Infectious Complications Associated With Immunomodulating Monoclonal Antibodies Used in the Treatment of Hematologic Malignancy

Immunomodulating monoclonal antibodies are a relatively new addition to the armamentarium of cancer therapeutics and have been shown to improve clinical outcomes in patients with various hematologic malignancies. Because of their targeted nature, these agents are often believed to be less immunosuppressive than standard cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. A clear causal association between an immunomodulating therapy and its infectious sequelae is often difficult to discern because of the burden of comorbid illness, intrinsic immunosuppression from the underlying malignancy, use in the salvage setting, and prior and concomitant use of immunosuppressive agents in this patient population. This article evaluates better-established and anecdotal infectious complications associated with major immunomodulating therapies used in hematologic malignancy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, including rituximab, alemtuzumab, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, infliximab, dacluzimab, and basiliximab.
Parallel and distributed particle collision simulation with decentralized control

Scientific computing applicationswith highly demanding data capacity and computation power drive a computing platform migration from shared memory machines to multi-core/multiprocessor computer clusters. However, overheads in coordinating operations across computing nodes could counteract the benefit of having extra machines. Furthermore, the hidden dependency in applications slows down the simulation over non-shared memory machines. This paper proposed a framework to utilize multi-core/multiprocessor clusters for distributed simulation. Among several coordination schemes, decentralized control approach has demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing the communication overheads. A speculative execution strategy is applied to exploit parallelism thoroughly and overcome strong data dependency. Performance analysis and experiments are provided to demonstrate the performance gains.
Nondeterminism and NP-Completeness

Several different additions to the basic deterministic Turing machine model are often considered. These additions add computational power to the model and so allow us to compute certain problems more efficiently. Often these are important problems with seemingly no efficient solution in the basic model. The question then becomes whether the efficiency the additional power provides is really due to the new model or whether the added efficiency could have been attained without the additional resources.
A microfluidic wireless power system

Electrical traces made using liquid metal can survive strains of tens or hundreds of percent without damage. Liquid metal is promising for creating the thick cross sections and low resistance necessary for power devices, while maintaining high stretchability. In this article, a stretchable wireless power receiver system is demonstrated featuring a liquid metal circuit board (galinstan traces embedded in silicone) to connect individual discrete components as well as to create the receiver inductor coil. The mechanical effects of embedding parts were also simulated using a numerical solver. The fluidic channels defining the liquid metal traces are built using a silicone molding and bonding process based on 3D printed molds. The system consists of an inductor-capacitor resonant tank, voltage-doubling diode rectifier for AC to DC conversion, and a representative load. Circuit operation was demonstrated up to 80% uniaxial mechanical strain.
Economic evaluation of geothermal power generation, heating, and cooling

Economic analysis of a typical geothermal resource shows that potential revenues from geothermal heating or cooling can be much larger than those from power generation alone. Geothermal heating may generate up to about 3.1 times and geothermal absorption cooling 2.9 times as much revenue as power generation alone. Similarly, combined power generation and heating may generate about 2.1 times and combined power generation and cooling about 1.2 times as much revenue as power generation alone. Cost and payback period comparisons appear to favor power generation, followed by district heating.
Demo abstract: AudioDAQ: Turning the mobile phone's headset port into a universal data acquisition interface

ABSTRACT Smartphone peripherals like the Square card reader, Red-Eye mini, and HiJack platform suggest a growing interest in using the headset port for more than just headsets. How-ever, these peripherals only support sporadic activities in an efficient manner. Continuous sensing applications — like monitoring EKG signals — is possible but remains too inefficient for many realistic usage scenarios. We present Au-dioDAQ, a new sensor data acquisition platform. In contrast with prior work, AudioDAQ requires no hardware or software modifications on the phone, uses significantly less power, and allows continuous data capture over extended periods of time. The design is efficient because we draw all necessary power from the microphone bias voltage, and it is general because this voltage is present in every headset port. Data is modulated within the audible range, captured with the built-in voice recording app, and sent to a server for processing and storage. We show the viability of this approach by demonstrating an EKG monitor that can capture data continuously for hours.
Formation of a diphosphine: synthesis and molecular structure of bis(tetraphenylbutadienyl)diphosphine, (Ph4C4)P–P(C4Ph4)

Reaction of 1,4-dilithiotetraphenylbutadiene with phosphorus(III) bromide affords bis(tetraphenylbutadienyl)diphosphine, (Ph4C4)P–P(C4Ph4), with a phosphorus–phosphorus bond length of 2.2051(11) A.
Level of Current and Time between Sessions as Factors in “Adaptation” to Shock

Three groups of 16 rats were exposed to no shock, 200 microamperes, or 400 microamperes, respectively, for 50 min. The next day, half of each group were trained to press a bar to turn off a 200 μa shock and half were trained to turn off a 400 μa shock. The higher the current during the first (exposure) session, the lower and more variable was the rate of pressing during the second (training) session. The higher the current during training, the higher and less variable was the rate of pressing. The persistence of the effects of prior exposure after 24 hr. suggests that some kind of learned behavior is involved.
Intravascular membrane oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal--a new application for permissive hypercapnia?

The adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was first described by Ashbaugh and Petty in 1967 in 12 adult patients with the clinical features of dyspnea, hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates (1). Diagnostic criteria of ARDS are slightly different in one clinical series to another, but generally have the following characteristics: 1) predisposing event resulting in respiratory failure, 2) non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, 3) clinical signs of respiratory failure, 4) diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, 5) arterial partial pressure of oxygen (paO2) <50mmHg with fractional inspired concentration of oxygen of 0.6, and variable amounts of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) (14, 17). It appears that ARDS represents a final common pathway to a variety of noxious stimuli or injuries to the lung. Currently, there is no direct treatment for ARDS, so the primary goal for treating ARDS is appropriate respiratory support with maintenance of adequate oxygenation while attempting to minimize oxygen toxicity and barotrauma.
Assessing the Risk of Rising Temperature on Brook Trout: A Spatial Dynamic Linear Risk Model

Understanding the relationship between air temperature and water temperature is a critical component in the management of aquatic resources. One important application is for stream fisheries that have temperature-sensitive fish. Co-located devices were used to obtain air and water temperature for summer periods from 100 locations in Virginia that have native brook trout populations. We develop a dynamic spatiotemporal model that accounts for the relationship between air and water temperature, and the spatial and temporal correlation in the data. Our model allows for the inclusion of land use, solar gain and other site level characteristics that might influence the relationship. Our model also allows for predictive forecasts of the risk to fish at individual sites and one can track how the risk changes over time. The model may be used to rank sites with regard to risk, which aids management in prioritizing decisions about restoration and preservation.
Use of GIS data to model the vulnerability of the emergency system to attacks

In an uncertain environment or a catastrophic situation, locating a nearby emergency facility is very essential to save human lives. One complication is that the disaster may itself significantly alter the geographic distribution of available resources. The aim of this research is to automate the process of locating the closest emergency facility based on the level of person's injury. In this paper, we present data structures that are automatically derived from GIS shapefiles for analysis using Matlab. The data structures emphasize the computational geometric-aspect. In particular, geometric distance and graphic theoretic distance Voronoi diagrams are computed. Further statistical analysis is included.
Chromosome markers in mus musculus. Differences in c-banding between the subspecies m. M. Musculus and m. M. Molossinus.

Quinacrine (Q-band) and centromeric heterochromatin (C-band) patterns of metaphase chromosomes of two subspecies of Mus musculus were compared. M. m. musculus (the laboratory mouse) and M. m. molossinus (a subspecies from Southeast Asia) had similar Q-band patterns along the length of the chromosomes, but differences were observed in the centromeric region of some chromosomes. The two subspecies had very different distributions of C-band material. Antibodies to 5-methylcytosine were bound to regions of the chromosome corresponding to the C-bands in each animal. These findings support the idea that satellite DNA, which is concentrated in the C-band region, changes more quickly than bulk DNA. The interfertility of these two subspecies permits the development of a musculus strain carrying normal marker chromosomes for genetic studies.
Is whole grain intake associated with reduced total and cause-specific death rates in older women? The Iowa Women's Health Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine whether nutrient-rich whole grains reduce mortality risk. METHODS: The study included 38,740 Iowa women, aged 55 to 69 years. A food frequency questionnaire was used to obtain data on grain intake. RESULTS: Median whole grain intake quintiles ranged from a median of 0.2 to more than 3 servings per day. Women with higher intakes had healthier lifestyles and less baseline disease. The total death rate decreased in increasing quintiles, and the pattern repeated for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other causes combined. Adjusted for lifestyle and baseline disease, the relative hazard rate ratio for total death was about 0.85 in daily consumers of whole grain. Findings persisted in strata of baseline healthy and diseased and were not explained by dietary fiber. Rates of total mortality, but not cardiovascular disease mortality, were higher among frequent consumers of refined grain. CONCLUSIONS: Total mortality risk was inversely associated with whole grain intake ...
Differential loss of striatal projection neurons in Huntington disease.

Abstract Huntington disease (HD) is characterized by the loss of striatal projection neurons, which constitute the vast majority of striatal neurons. To determine whether there is differential loss among different populations of striatal projection neurons, the integrity of the axon terminal plexuses arising from the different populations of substance P-containing and enkephalin-containing striatal projection neurons was studied in striatal target areas by immunohistochemistry. Analysis of 17 HD specimens indicated that in early and middle stages of HD, enkephalin-containing neurons projecting to the external segment of the globus pallidus were much more affected than substance P-containing neurons projecting to the internal pallidal segment. Furthermore, substance P-containing neurons projecting to the substantia nigra pars reticulata were more affected than those projecting to the substantia nigra pars compacta. At the most advanced stages of the disease, projections to all striatal target areas were depleted, with the exception of some apparent sparing of the striatal projection to the substantia nigra pars compacta. These findings may explain some of the clinical manifestations and pharmacology of HD. They also may aid in identifying the neural defect underlying HD and provide additional data with which to evaluate current models of HD pathogenesis.
Recall and articulation of English and Chinese words by Chinese-English bilinguals

Three groups of subjects were tested to investigate the effect of language on the relationship between recall span and articulation rate. Native English-speaking monolinguals and native Chinese-speaking monolinguals recalled only English or Chinese words, respectively. Chinese-English bilinguals recalled both English and Chinese words. Articulation rates for English and Chinese monolinguals and Chinese-English bilinguals in each language were also obtained. When recall span was regressed on articulation rate, the slopes for Chinese and English words were significantly different for the Chinese-English bilinguals. This difference was not due to language proficiency but to phonological differences between English and Chinese.
Development of the Avian Iris and Ciliary Body: The Role of Activin and Follistatin in Coordination of the Smooth-to-Striated Muscle Transition

Although general principles have been established in the regulation of vetebrate organogenesis, the specific molecules responsible for such signaling are just being identified. We have studied differentiation in the avian iris and ciliary body which undergoes a transition from smooth to striated muscle. Using heterochronic cocultures, we have found that striated muscle differentiation in pretransition (E8) cells is induced by midtransition (E11) cells through a secreted and soluble activity. In addition, contact-mediated mechanisms among pretransition cells prevented precocious striated muscle differentiation. We have tested the role of activin and its antagonist follistatin, as candidate regulators of this muscle transition. Activin induced smooth muscle differentiation while repressing striated muscle development. Conversely, follistatin promoted the emergence of striated muscle, while inhibiting smooth muscle differentiation. Significantly, secreted follistatin activity was found to increase during the smooth-to-striated muscle transition. Moreover, the striated muscle inducing activity from midtransition iris and ciliary body cell conditioned medium was depleted with an activin-affinity column which binds follistatin. These results suggest that activin and follistatin coordinate differentiation in the avian iris and ciliary body.
Estimating facets of psychopathy from normal personality traits: a step toward community epidemiological investigations.

In three samples consisting of community and undergraduate men and women and incarcerated men, we examined the criterion validity of two distinct factors of psychopathy embodied in the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI) as indexed by primary trait scales from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ). Consistent with the PPI factors themselves, MPQ-estimated PPI-I related negatively with internalizing disorder symptoms and fearfulness and positively with thrill and adventure seeking, sociability, activity, and narcissism. MPQ-estimated PPI-II was associated negatively with socialization and positively with externalizing disorder symptoms, impulsivity, disinhibition and boredom susceptibility, and trait anxiety and negative emotionality. Additionally, PPI-I was selectively related to the interpersonal facet of Factor 1 of the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL-R), whereas PPI-II was related preferentially to Factor 2 of the PCL-R.
Enzyme activities in a limed agricultural soil

This study assessed the effect of eight lime application rates, with four field replications, on the activities of 14 enzymes involved in C, N, P, and S cycling in soils. The enzymes were assayed at their optimal pH values. The soil used was a Kenyon loam located at the Northeast Research Center in Nashua, Iowa. Lime was applied in 1984 at rates ranging from 0 to 17,920 kg effective calcium carbonate equivalent (ha–1), and surface samples (0–15 cm) were taken after 7 years. Results showed that organic C and N were not significantly affected by lime application, whereas the soil pH was increased from 4.9 to 6.9. The activities of the following enzymes were assayed: α- and β-glucosidases, α- and β-galactosidases, amidase, arylamidase, urease, l-glutaminase, l-asparaginase, l-aspartase, acid and alkaline phosphatases, phosphodiesterase, and arylsulfatase. With the exception of acid phosphatase, which was significantly (P<0.001) but negatively correlated with soil pH (r=–0.69), the activities of all the other enzymes were significantly (P<0.001)and positively correlated with soil pH, with r values ranging from 0.53 for the activity of α-galactosidase to 0.89 for alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase. The Δ activity/Δ pH values ranged from 4.4 to 38.5 for the activities of the glycosidases, from 1.0 to 107 for amidohydrolases and arylamidase, 97 for alkaline phosphatase, 39.4 for phosphodiesterase, and 11.2 for arylsulfatase. This value for acid phosphatase was –35.0. The results support the view that soil pH is an important indicator of soil health and quality.
Anterior urethral polyp in a child

Abstract Posterior urethral polyps are unusual but have been described on multiple occasions. 1,2 We are unable to find a report of a urethral polyp occurring in the anterior urethra of a child. A body with an anterior urethral polyp is the basis for this report.
Anti-metatype Antibody Stabilization of Fv 4-4-20 Variable Domain Dynamics

Anti-metatype (anti-Met) antibodies are immunoglobulins that specifically recognize and stabilize antibodies in their liganded or metatypic state, but lack specificity for either the hapten or the unliganded antibody. Autologous anti-Met antibodies were previously observed in vivo, suggesting that a metatypic autoantibody response could play a physiological role in the immune network, e.g. controlling the clearance of immune complexes from circulation. The first elicited anti-Met antibodies were against the fluorescein-liganded high affinity murine anti-fluorescein monoclonal antibody 4-4-20. The fluorescein-hapten system has proved to be an invaluable tool for both the recognition and characterization of the metatypic response by utilization of its spectral properties. In this investigation, hydrostatic pressure measurements, in conjunction with fluorescence spectroscopy, were performed on the recombinant Fv derivative (Fv 4-4-20) of the high affinity anti-fluorescein monoclonal antibody 4-4-20 complexed to anti-Met antibodies to study the influence of anti-Met antibodies on Fv 4-4-20 intervariable domain interactions. Anti-Met antibodies bound to liganded Fv 4-4-20 were observed to cause a change in the fluorescence properties of fluorescein that was not observed when anti-Met antibodies were bound to the liganded parent immunoglobulin. The variation of these spectral properties upon addition of anti-Met antibodies was shown to be correlated with dissociation of the variable domains in Fv 4-4-20 in response to its interaction with the anti-Met antibody. The ability to cause variable domain dissociation was dependent on whether monoclonal or polyclonal anti-Met antibodies were bound to the metatype. A model was proposed that elucidated the interaction of anti-Met antibodies, polyclonal and monoclonal, with variable domains of the primary anti-antigen antibody.
Commitment and Involvement: Assessing a Salesforce Typology:

Varying levels of organizational commitment and job involvement generate a salesperson typology which is empirically assessed. Ten hypotheses are tested using a national sample of 235 industrial salespeople. Eight of the hypotheses are supported Significant differences in salesperson effort, performance and turnover propensities are identified for four salesperson categories.
Short communication: effect of changing the ratio of forage to concentrate on ammonia emissions by dairy heifers.

Abstract Two animal growth studies and a companion digestibility study were conducted to evaluate the effect of differing ratios of forage to concentrate and the addition of yeast culture ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on NH 3 emissions from the manure of growing dairy heifers with corn silage (CS) as the sole forage. Flux chamber methods were used to measure NH 3 volatilization from the barn floor or by laboratory procedures. In experiment 1, 24 Holstein heifers (159±3.3kg of initial body weight; BW) were fed either a low-concentrate diet (LC; 77% CS, 23% concentrate) or a high-concentrate diet (HC; 33% CS, 67% concentrate) in a randomized design. Manure (feces and urine mixture) from heifers consuming the LC diets volatilized similar amounts of NH 3 as manure from HC heifers (314.0 vs. 174.4±36.1μg/cm 2 per min). In experiment 2, 24 older heifers (227.9±27.1kg of BW) were used. Manure from HC heifers released slightly less NH 3 from the barn floor, confirming the results from the initial study. Finally, a digestibility study was undertaken using four 9-mo-old heifers (234±15kg of initial BW) and four 14-mo-old heifers (409±20kg of initial BW), allocated to 4 treatments consisting of an HC or LC diet with or without yeast culture addition. Emissions per unit of manure (mg of NH 3 /g) from heifers in both age groups were greater for the HC diets; however, total emissions per day were equal. Yeast culture addition had no effect on cumulative daily emissions. In these 3 experiments, NH 3 emissions from HC heifers were not different from those from LC heifers.
Compelling ties: Landscape, community, and sense of place

As educators, we seek to empower our students and ourselves to make connections with the broader contexts and implications of our experiences. This article explores how these connections are made in Barbara Kingsolver's novel Animal Dreams (1990). It is my contention that this novel connects autobiography to place and community through historical readings of landscape; that as we read this novel we engage in our own personal experience with memory and history and understand their centrality and contingency; and that as educators, we come to understand through this novel the importance of critically reading our histories, for it is the process of deconstructing and reconstituting personal and community histories that reveals to the protagonist of the novel-and to its readers-the importance of the role of teacher. This process links autobiography with landscape, community, and place by revealing how history, community, and narrator are reclaimed through deconstruction and reconstitution of memory and of histories and social and ecological practices. I will examine-through the context of Kingsolver's Animal Dreams and through critical readings-the importance of community and sense of place in how we make meaning, the importance of autobiography in how we to connect to community and sense of place, and how landscape reveals "our unwitting autobiography" (Lewis 1979, p. 12) and thus leads us, through critical readings of naturalized constructions and transcendent theories, to the multiplicity of possibilities that lies in the gaps and silences
FEIGNING ROMANTIC INTEREST : THE ROLE OF SELF-MONITORING

Abstract In two studies, we examined the extent to which high and low self-monitoring individuals successfully feigned romantic interest in potential dating partners. In Study 1, high self-monitoring men and women reported they would be better at, and would derive more enjoyment from, feigning interest in two different relationship initiation contexts. In Study 2, high self-monitoring men and women were videotaped while they tried to feign interest or lack of interest in an attractive opposite-sex person. Raters evaluated participants' verbal and nonverbal behavior on measures of perceived interest/liking and behavioral cues known to signal romantic interest. When they feigned interest, high self-monitoring men and women were rated as conveying greater interest than low self-monitors through the verbal channel. Additional analyses identified the specific verbal cues that did and did not mediate links between self-monitoring and ratings of verbal interest.