cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Objects and landmarks: Hippocampal place cells respond differently to manipulations of visual cues depending on size, perspective, and experience

Human navigation studies show that landmarks are used for orientation, whereas objects contribute to the contextual representation of an environment. What constitutes a landmark? Classic rodent studies show that hippocampal place fields are controlled by distal, polarizing cues. Place fields, however, are also influenced by local cues. One difficulty in examining mechanisms by which distal and local cues influence the activity of hippocampal cells is that distant cues are necessarily processed visually, whereas local cues are generally multimodal. Here, we compared the effects of 90° rotations under different cue conditions in which cues were restricted to the visual modality. Three two-dimensional visual cue conditions were presented in a square open field: a large vertical cue on one wall, a large floor cue in a corner abutting two walls, and a smaller complex floor cue in a corner adjacent to two walls. We show that rotations of large distal cues, whether on the wall or floor, were equally effective in controlling place fields. Rotations of the smaller floor cues were significantly more likely to result in remapping, whether or not animals were also exposed to the distal polarizing cues. Responses of distal and local cues were affected differently by extended experience. Our data provide evidence that hippocampal place cell responses to visual cues are influenced by perspective, salience of the cue, and prior experience. The hippocampus processes visual cues either as stable landmarks useful for orientation and navigation or as nonstationary objects or features of the local environment available for associative learning or binding items in context.
Low-stress silicon nitride for insulating multielectrode arrays

Discusses the use of low-stress silicon nitride for the insulation of a silicon-based multielectrode array. Tested parameters include adhesion, resistance, and biocompatibility. Adhesion of the silicon nitride to silicon test strips and resistance measurements made during accelerated life testing show favorable results. Initial biocompatibility testing has shown that the material is non-toxic. These initial findings make low-stress silicon nitride a promising material for the insulation of multielectrode arrays. >
Effect of Interfacial Turbulence and Accommodation Coefficient on CFD Predictions of Pressurization and Pressure Control in Cryogenic Storage Tank

Laminar models agree closely with the pressure evolution and vapor phase temperature stratification but under-predict liquid temperatures. Turbulent SST k-w and k-e models under-predict the pressurization rate and extent of stratification in the vapor but represent liquid temperature distributions fairly well. These conclusions seem to equally apply to large cryogenic tank simulations as well as small scale simulant fluid pressurization cases. Appropriate turbulent models that represent both interfacial and bulk vapor phase turbulence with greater fidelity are needed. Application of LES models to the tank pressurization problem can serve as a starting point.
Response to Von Baeyer and Jaaniste (2008)

In a recent article [1], we introduced a new method for assessing pediatric pain (the Computer Face Scale) in which a child can alter the expression of an animated cartoon face in a graded manner by changing simultaneously the curvature of the mouth from upturned to downturned, and the eyes from open to closed. In their commentary, Von Baeyer and Jaaniste [2] concur with our view regarding the advantages of a computer-based, continuous face scale for assessing pediatric pain. This agreement is not maintained throughout the critique, however, nor is this favorable opinion expressed in an earlier report where the authors state that because their animated face scale does not show any important psychometric advantages over less-expensive paper versions of discrete face scales, it probably will only be used in research [3, p. 18]. In contrast to this position, we see significant clinical advantages to computer face scales that are clearly preferred by children and that also provide an opportunity to automatically store and display data for comparisons …
Using a Simple Escherichia coli Growth Curve Model to Teach the Scientific Method

The challenge of teaching in the sciences is not only conveying knowledge in the discipline, but also developing essential critical thinking, data analysis, and scientific writing skills. I outline an exercise that can be done easily as part of a microbiology laboratory course. It teaches the nature of the research process, from asking questions and developing a testable hypothesis to writing a scientific paper, as well as the concepts of bacterial growth and two classic techniques for measuring bacterial growth, spectrophotometry, and standard plate method.
Advancing Medical Family Therapy Through Research: A Consideration of Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed-Methods Designs

To survive in today’s healthcare climate, stakeholders across all mental health disciplines must work to produce empirical evidence that earns their fields’ regard by educators, providers, and policy makers. As the field of Medical Family Therapy (MedFT) answers this call, it will be important for researchers to clearly define, characterize, and assess MedFT practice across clinical, operational, and financial arenas of care. In this account, we propose a common lexicon from which to do this, highlighting the following core tenets of MedFT: systems theory, biopsychosocial-spiritual sensitivity in practice, agency, communion, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the three-world model of healthcare. We conclude by offering concrete ways to advance the MedFT research agenda using qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method approaches.
Sedimentation in epithermal veins of the Bohemia mining district, Oregon, USA: Interpretations and significance

Open spaces in epithermal veins of the Bohemia mining district, Oregon, USA, filled with sediments during hydrothermal activity. These sediments consist mainly of chalcedony, rock fragments, and vein quartz fragments. In addition, hematite is deposited during stage three of the vein development. Observed sedimentary features include draping laminae, erosion surfaces, slumping, and graded bedding. Such sediments can be used for reconstruction of the original orientation of vein systems, because the sediment laminae are initially deposited horizontally. Vein sediments record variations in fluid flow due to selfsealing, fracturing, and cessation of hydrothermal activity. Investigation of vein sediments therefore provides an additional tool to unravel the geologic history of epithermal systems. The chalcedonic vein sediments record large temperature drops and highly silica supersaturated waters, probably due to fracturing and pressure release. Hematitic vein sediments indicate sulfide deficient hydrothermal fluids.
Urban-Biased Policies and Rising Income Inequality in China

Since the start of economic reforms in 1978, China has experienced the largest increase in income inequality of all countries for which comparable data are available. According to the World Bank (1997), China’s Gini coefficient increased from 28.2 in 1981 to 38.8 in 1995 based on official survey data. Another study that used internationally standard definitions for incomes estimated China’s Gini ratio at 38.2 in 1988 and 45.2 in 1995, a level that already surpassed many developing economies in Asia (Azizur Khan and Carl Riskin, 1998). Are these income inequality changes the consequence of institutional reforms that replaced egalitarian rewards with work incentives, employment contracts, and labor mobility? This paper uses household survey data collected by China’s State Statistical Bureau (SSB) to investigate the sources and causes of this rising inequality. By analyzing Gini ratios and generalized entropy measures, I decompose the overall inequality into three sectoral components: ( i ) inequality within rural areas, ( ii ) inequality within urban areas, and (iii ) sectoral disparity. The data indicate that increases in rural – urban income differentials have been the driving factor behind the rising overall inequality in China. I argue that urbanbiased policies and institutions, including labor mobility restrictions, welfare systems, and financial policies of inflation subsidies and investment credits to the urban sector, are responsible for the long-term rural–urban divide and the recent increases in disparity.
Sex-role self-concept and attitudes related to occupational daydreams and future fantasies of college women

Abstract This study explored the relationship of sex-role self-concept and general attitudes toward women's roles to patterns of career preferences and to career salience among 50 undergraduate women. Sex-role self-concept was measured by the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, and attitudes by the Attitudes Toward Women Scale. Patterns in career preferences were determined by studying the degree of gender dominance in past occupational daydreams as well as in present college major and intended future occupation. Career salience was measured using a content analysis of written future fantasies. Sex-role self-concept was related to past occupational preferences, with masculine-typed women showing a pattern of nontraditional daydreams compared to those of feminine-typed women. Attitude variables were related to present career choices, with liberal women in more male-dominant fields than conservative women. Both self-concept and attitude variables were related to career salience, measured by the proportion of fantasies about the future devoted to work themes. Masculine women showed evidence of more career salience than androgynous or undifferentiated women, and liberal women more than conservative women.
Correlation of Heat Transfer Data to Film Thickness Data of the Thin Film Found in Spray Cooling

As electronic circuit design and packaging technology progresses, the density and power levels of electronic components is increasing at a nearly exponential rate. The higher heat loads dissipated by these devices are nearing the limits of traditional cooling techniques. One method capable of removing heat fluxes as high as 100 W/cm2 is spray cooling. This process involves the impingement of liquid droplets onto a heated surface, forming a thin two-phase film. In order to create reliable models of the heat transfer during spray cooling, the behavior of the film must be understood. This paper presents an investigation into the behavior of the thin film found in spray cooling. A study was performed to relate experimental measurements of the heat transfer coefficients to experimental measurements of film thickness as they vary spatially over a die surface. Both a single nozzle and a multi-nozzle array were investigated. Measured heat transfer coefficients ranged from 0.2 to 1.2 W/m2 K and film thicknesses ranged from 90 to 300 μm.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The impact of tenure on the flow of federal benefits to SMSA's

The seniority system in Congress insures that committee assignments and chairmanships are distributed on the basis of House members' tenure. This system, supposedly, means that congressional influence increases with the number of times a member of Congress is reelected. However, research on the impact of tenure on the distribution of federal aid across states has not produced convincing proof that a positive relationship between tenure and aid exists. Crain and Tollison (1977) undertook the first study of the impact of tenure, and they concluded that tenure has a positive effect on the share of total federal aid going to states. Indeed, Crain and Tollison found evidence of diminishing returns to additional years of House service. However, Green and Munley (1981) quickly disputed the Crain-Tollison findings, suggesting that after adjusting for state population, which affects
Septal lesions augment locomotor hyperactivity induced by amphetamine and not scopolamine.

Administration of 0.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine or 0.25 mg/kg scopolamine produced equivalent degrees of locomotor hyperactivity in intact rats. The hyperactivity effects of these two drugs, however, proved to be strongly modified by septal lesions. Rats with septal lesions became much more active than controls after 0.5 mg/kg amphetamine, but did not exhibit any hyperactivity after the 0.25 mg/kg injections of scopolamine.
Minor resistant variants in nevirapine-exposed infants may predict virologic failure on nevirapine-containing ART

Background Single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP) is widely used to prevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV-1. This may result in NVP resistance in both mother and infant. The significance of low levels of NVP resistance mutations in infants treated with NVP-containing antiretroviral treatment (ART) is unknown.
The Seca Dimer Interface

As a central component in the general secretion (Sec) pathway of bacteria, the ATPase motor protein, SecA, mediates preprotein translocation through the integral membrane channel, SecYEG. SecA is a potential target for antibacterial therapeutics because it is crucial for protein transport and cell viability. It is highly conserved among species of bacteria, yet it has no close human homologs. In the Sec pathway, SecA interacts with various ligands, including other SecA molecules. The latter interaction, a monomer-dimer equilibrium, is highly sensitive to salt concentration, temperature, and ligand binding. Although the structure of the SecA protomer is well-conserved among bacterial homologs, multiple dimer interfaces have been identified in SecA dimer crystal structures. We employed several biophysical methods to define the SecA dimer interface in solution and map the dimer interface using strategies independent of those used to solve the crystal structures of SecA dimer. By measuring the effects of alanine substitution on dimerization energetics using sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation, we determined that the substitution of residues at the N-terminus and within the helical scaffold domain significantly decreases dimerization affinity. By monitoring the backbone hydrogen/deuterium exchange rates using mass spectrometry, we found that residues lying within the helical scaffold domain are protected from exchange in the dimer state, consistent with the analytical ultracentrifugation results. These data are consistent with the Bacillus subtilis (1M6N) and Thermus thermophilus (2IPC) SecA dimeric structures.
Nutrient intake and food consumption of adolescents and young adults with phenylketonuria

Food and nutrient intake was assessed in 99PKU patients (12-29 years old) by two food protocols (7 days and 4 days, respectively). Ninety-three patients completed at least one 7-day food record and 83 both records. Nineteen of 93 patients had already stopped taking the phenylalanine-free amino acid mixture (AAM), which is enriched with vitamins, minerals and trace elements. Plasma phenylalanine levels in this group were significantly higher than in patients who were still taking the AAM. Even without the AAM, protein intake still met the recommendations, but thiamin, riboflavin, folate, calcium and iron levels were below 80% of the US RDA in most patients. For those still taking the AAM, calorie, protein, vitamin and mineral intakes were above the recommendations. The diet was characterized by a low intake of fiber (median 14 (range 8-35)g/day), fat (27 (10-47) cal%) and cholesterol (75 (13-417) mg/day) as well as a high ratio of polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids (0.7 (0.2-2.4)). Problems with dietary compliance in adolescents and young adults may lead to a combination of marginal nutrient intake and high phenylalanine levels. ? Adolescence, adulthood, dietary intake, nutrients, phenylketonuria
Silicide thin films and their applications in microelectronics

Abstract Silicides are compounds of silicon with other elements in the periodic table. In this paper, usefulness of silicides and their thin films in microelectronics is discussed with emphasis on electrically conducting transition-metal silicides. Following a brief description of the device structure, contact resistance and interconnection delay (silicides are used to reduce these critical performance parameters of devices and integrated circuits), desired materials characteristics, preparation of thin films of silicides, a brief review of reaction kinetics, epitaxial silicides, and stability of silicides are discussed. It is shown that the silicides have found application in microelectronics (even on GaAs) because of their large silicon content, high electrical conductivity, high temperature stability, and corrosion resistance. They can be prepared easily and reliably and show potential for continued application in spite of ever-decreasing device/circuit dimensions in silicon integrated circuits. They offer a possibility of fabricating three-dimensional device/circuit structures and significantly faster heterostructure devices.
B-Cell activation and allosensitization after left ventricular assist device implantation is due to T-Cell activation and CD40 ligand expression

Abstract Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is frequently complicated by B-cell activation and allosensitization, posing a significant risk to successful transplant outcome. This study investigated whether B-cell hyperreactivity and alloantibody production in LVAD recipients involves T-cell dependent pathways. T-cell calcium flux and nuclear translocation of NFATc were used to determine states of T-cell activation. Flow cytometry was used to assess human T- and B-cell activation after culture with LVAD-derived biomaterial particles. Sera from LVAD recipients and controls were tested for the presence of anti-HLA antibodies, and for soluble CD40 ligand. LVAD-derived biomaterial induced rapid and sustained calcium flux into normal T cells, resulting in calcineurin-dependent nuclear translocation of NFATc. This resulted in increased T-cell expression of CD40 ligand and subsequent B-cell activation, which was reduced by inhibitors of T-cell activation (CsA or anti-CD25 mAb) or by anti-CD40 ligand mAb. LVAD recipients demonstrated higher frequencies of anti-HLA antibodies and serum levels of soluble CD40 ligand compared with heart failure controls. The results indicate that exposure of human mononuclear cells to LVAD-derived biomaterial leads to T-cell dependent B-cell activation via CD40–CD40 ligand interaction, and suggest that treatment with calcineurin inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies against either CD25 or CD40 ligand could be effective at preventing B-cell hyperreactivity and allosensitization after LVAD implantation.
Neurologic Symptom Severity after a Recent Noncardioembolic Stroke and Recurrent Vascular Risk

Background There is a well-established relation of symptom severity with functional status and mortality after an index stroke. However, little is known about the impact of symptom severity of a recent index stroke on risk of recurrent vascular events. Methods We reviewed the data set of a multicenter trial involving 3680 recent noncardioembolic stroke patients aged 35 years or older and followed for 2 years. Independent associations of stroke severity (as measured by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score) with recurrent stroke (primary outcome) and stroke/coronary heart disease (CHD)/vascular death (secondary outcome) were analyzed. NIHSS score was analyzed as a dichotomous ( Results Among study subjects, 550 (15%) had NIHSS scores of 4 or more (overall scores ranged from 0 to 18, median score was 1 [25th-75th percentile 0-2]). NIHSS was measured at a median of 35 days after the index stroke. After adjusting for multiple covariates, NIHSS of 4 or more was independently linked to a higher risk of recurrent stroke (hazard ratio [HR], 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.84) and risk of stroke/CHD/vascular death (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.07-1.64). Analysis of NIHSS score as a continuous variable also showed a higher risk of recurrent stroke (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00-1.12) and stroke/CHD/vascular death (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09) with increasing index stroke symptom severity. Conclusions Greater residual symptom severity after a recent stroke is associated with higher risk of recurrent vascular events. Future studies are needed to confirm this relationship and to clarify its underlying mechanisms.
The effect of tin alloying on the structure of LaNi5

Abstract This work investigates the effect of tin on the structure of LaNi5. LaNi5Snx(x = 0-0·6) alloy powders were prepared by ball milling LaNi5 and tin, followed by annealing. On the basis of X-ray diffraction analysis both lattice parameters a and c in the hexagonal LaNi5-ySny structure increase with increasing tin content to a maximum at y = 0·44. Tin additions in excess of this amount cause no further changes in the lattice parameters and new Bragg peaks corresponding to LaNi5Sn are present in the X-ray data. Rietveld analysis performed on four alloys LaNi5Snx (x = 0·1, 0·2, 0·3 and 0·4) indicate that tin occupies only the 3g sites in the LaNi5 structure.
Novel rapid shutdown strategies for runaway electron suppression in DIII-D

New rapid shutdown strategies have been recently tested in the DIII-D tokamak to mitigate runaway electrons (REs). Disruptions in ITER are predicted to generate multi-MeV REs that could damage the machine. The RE population in large tokamaks is expected to be dominated by avalanche amplification which can be mitigated at high density levels by collisional drag. Particle injection schemes for collisional suppression of RE have been developed and tested in ITER-relevant scenarios: massive gas injection, shattered pellet injection (SPI) and shell pellet injection. The results show an improved penetration of particles injected with the SPI. Another strategy has been developed to harmlessly deconfine REs by applying a non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbation to worsen their confinement. This technique appeared to deconfine seed RE before the avalanche process could amplify the RE beam. The last method tested was to use the plasma position control system on the RE beam to prevent it from contacting the wall. This proved effective in preventing high current RE beam from touching the wall and providing more time to mitigate an existing RE beam but a successful 'soft landing' (without fast final losses) of the RE has not been observed yet.
Genomic relationships of Triticum sharonense with other S-genome diploid Triticum species.

Triticum sharonense was hybridized with autotetra-ploid T. speltoides, T. longissimum and T. bicorne. Meiotic analysis of these hybrids showed that T. sharonense is almost equally related to both T. speltoidcs and T. longissimum, while it is comparatively distant from T. bicorne. Therefore, this study does not support treating T. sharonense as a subspeies or variety of T. lottgissimum.
Response of Symmetric Cross-Ply Laminated Plates With Levy-Type Boundary Conditions Under Random Loads

Abstract A generalized modal approach utilizing a set of adjoint eigenfunctions is presented to solve the forced vibration problem of symmetric cross-ply laminated composite plates which are simply supported at two opposite sides and have arbitrary boundary conditions at the remaining two supports. The first and third order shear deformation theories are used to include the effect of shear deformations in the equations of motion of the plates. The autocorrelation function of the response caused by spatially and temporally correlated random loads is obtained. The numerical results obtained for the third order, first order and classical lamination theories are compared to demonstrate the importance of shear deformations in the dynamic analysis of composite plates. It is shown that shear deformations cannot be ignored even for moderately thick plates. Significant differences are also observed in the magnitude and distribution of the normal and shear stresses near the clamped edges, calculated by the third order theory and the classical and first order theories.
The influence of wetting and drying cycles on mid-infrared attenuated total-reflection spectra of quartz: understanding spectroscopy of disturbed soil

Attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy is a well established optical technique investigating fundamental molecular vibrations in the mid-infrared (MIR) spectral regime for a wide variety of samples including liquids, thin films and powders. In the present study, first results simulating the influence of weathering processes on the spectral characteristics of soils are discussed. In particular, the effect of wetting and drying cycles on IR spectra of fine quartz (SiO 2 ) powders has been investigated with ATR techniques. Resulting from a wetting and drying cycle, the sample spectra of quartz powders revealed significantly increased absorption intensities throughout the spectral region of interest (1400-600 cm -1 ). We hypothesize that this effect results from a higher packing density of the particles following the wetting procedure with the fines packed into interstitial spaces closer to the ATR waveguide surface. Moreover, a strong red shift of approx. 40 cm -1 of the absorption band assigned to asymmetric SiO 4 stretching vibrations (1050 cm -1 to 1250 cm -1 ) could be observed. Both effects, increase in intensity and spectral shift, are reversed by mechanically disturbing the cemented powder after the wetting/drying cycle. Experiments with s- and p-polarized infrared radiation show similar (reversible) spectral shifts for this particular frequency range. It is expected that these findings will lead to better understanding of the spectral characteristics of soil in the mid-infrared spectral domain providing improved interpretation of data retrieved from disturbed soils e.g. potential landmine sites during hyperspectral imaging.
Structure and acoustic stratigraphy of the Manihiki Plateau

Abstract The Manihiki Plateau is a large, shallow area of old oceanic crust near the southwest margin of the Pacific Plate. Recent geophysical surveys and traverses have allowed the preparation of a new bathymetric chart showing three distinct provinces, the High, the North, and the Western plateaus, and systems of deep internal troughs. Up to 1 km of sediment occurs both in the troughs and on the shallow plateaus. From seismic reflection profiles we infer that there is a major, sometimes angular, early Tertiary unconformity, that the plateau has always been relatively shallow, and that the High Plateau may originally have been close to sea level. The unusual character of this area of crust is probably inherited from a period of unusually voluminous volcanic eruptions at the time of lithospheric generation when the plateau was at or near the middle Cretaceous triple junction between the Pacific, Antarctic, and Farallon plates.
Si-induced enhancement of ohmic performance of Ti/Al/Mo/Au metallisation for AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

Incorporation of Si is shown to induce an improvement in the ohmic performance of Ti/Al/Mo/Au metallisation on MOCVD-grown AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. Optimised contact resistance (Rc) and specific contact resistivity (ρc) of Ti/Si/Al/Si/Mo/Au metallisation are 0.16 Ω · mm and 6.77×10−7 Ω · cm2 in comparison to 0.41 Ω · mm and 4.78×10−6 Ω · cm2 obtained for Ti/Al/Mo/Au metallisation. Auger electron spectroscopy analysis indicates that Si containing inter-metallics formation is responsible for enhancement of ohmic performance.
Motivational Determinants of Coalition Formation.

Abstract Coalition preferences of 300 male and female subjects were ascertained under varying motivational conditions. Two of the experimental conditions repeated the typical three-person coalition paradigm, with a monetary reward (extrinsic motivation) offered for the winning of a luck-determined game. In a third condition, skill rather than luck influenced the outcome and no monetary reward was given for winning (intrinsic motivation). Two additional conditions examined coalition preferences in a mixed-motive situation, with either a small or a large monetary reward offered for winning a skill-related game. In the extrinsic motivation condition, the low and the medium resource persons typically desired to coalesce, contrary to the wishes of the excluded, high resource player. In contrast, the coalition between the low and the medium resource persons also was preferred by the high resource player in the intrinsic motivation condition. Coalition conflict was intermediate in the mixed-motive conditions. In sum, it was demonstrated that coalition formation and interpersonal conflict are dependent upon the motivational determinants of group activity.
Effects of ELF Electric Fields on the Isolated Frog Heart

Isolated hearts of Rana pipiens were exposed to ELF electric fields. Above threshold values of 20-30 V/m, the fields caused the heart rates to increase. Frequencies of applied fields near the natural rate of the heart (approximately 0.5 Hz) were more effective than higher frequencies.
Clinical utility of indium 111-capromab pendetide immunoscintigraphy in the detection of early, recurrent prostate carcinoma after radical prostatectomy

BACKGROUND Despite the ability of radical prostatectomy to eradicate prostate carcinoma, biochemical evidence of recurrent prostate carcinoma may be seen in approximately 40% of patients 15 years after they undergo surgery. Localization of recurrent disease after radical prostatectomy is difficult and may greatly influence subsequent clinical management. The authors examined the utility of indium 111 (111In)-capromab pendetide immunoscintigraphy to detect recurrent prostate carcinoma radiographically in men with early biochemical evidence of failure (serum prostate specific antigen [PSA] ≤ 4.0 ng/mL) and assessed the minimum serum PSA level necessary for imaging recurrent disease. METHODS Between May 1987 and August 1995, 255 hormone-naive men with a mean (± standard deviation) age of 65 years ± 7 years who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate carcinoma were followed without adjuvant therapy until early PSA recurrence in this multicenter study. Preoperatively, all patients had negative bone scans and pathologically negative lymph nodes, and they did not undergo hormonal ablation, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy preoperatively or postoperatively until the 111In-capromab pendetide scan was performed. All men in this study had postoperative serum PSA levels ≤ 4.0 ng/mL at the time of radionuclide imaging. All men underwent imaging with the capromab pendetide scan to localize recurrent disease, and charts were reviewed to document clinical evidence of recurrence. RESULTS Pathologic findings included mean Gleason scores of 6.7 ± 1.2; pathologic tumors classified as pT2a (18%), pT2b (26%), pT3a (38%), pT3b (16%), and pT4a (2%); a pathologic lymph node status of pN0 (100%); positive surgical margins (44%); and perineural invasion (42%). Capromab pendetide uptake was seen in 72% of 255 men throughout a range of patients' postoperative serum PSA levels (0.1–4.0 ng/mL), with 31% of men having local uptake (prostatic fossa) only. Of 151 men who underwent additional imaging studies, 16 of 139 men (12%) and 15 of 92 men (16%) showed evidence of recurrent disease by bone scintigraphy and computed tomography scans, respectively. Gleason score, pathologic stage, perineural invasion, and margin status were not correlated significantly with the 111In-capromab pendetide scan. CONCLUSIONS Capromab pendetide imaging can localize early PSA recurrence and may guide appropriate treatment after patients undergo radical prostatectomy. No minimum serum PSA value was needed to potentially detect radiographic disease after surgery. Further confirmatory studies and long-term follow-up of this cohort documenting response to salvage therapy are needed to validate these imaging findings. Cancer 2002;94:987–96. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10337
Retinal Cone Photoreceptors Require Phosducin-Like Protein 1 for G Protein Complex Assembly and Signaling

G protein β subunits (Gβ) play essential roles in phototransduction as part of G protein βγ (Gβγ) and regulator of G protein signaling 9 (RGS9)-Gβ5 heterodimers. Both are obligate dimers that rely on the cytosolic chaperone CCT and its co-chaperone PhLP1 to form complexes from their nascent polypeptides. The importance of PhLP1 in the assembly process was recently demonstrated in vivo in a retinal rod-specific deletion of the Phlp1 gene. To test whether this is a general mechanism that also applies to other cell types, we disrupted the Phlp1 gene specifically in mouse cones and measured the effects on G protein expression and cone visual signal transduction. In PhLP1-deficient cones, expression of cone transducin (Gt2) and RGS9-Gβ5 subunits was dramatically reduced, resulting in a 27-fold decrease in sensitivity and a 38-fold delay in cone photoresponse recovery. These results demonstrate the essential role of PhLP1 in cone G protein complex formation. Our findings reveal a common mechanism of Gβγ and RGS9-Gβ5 assembly in rods and cones, highlighting the importance of PhLP1 and CCT-mediated Gβ complex formation in G protein signaling.
Important non-parental adults and positive youth development across mid- to late-adolescence: the moderating effect of parenting profiles.

Both parents and important non-parental adults have influential roles in promoting positive youth development (PYD). Little research, however, has examined the simultaneous effects of both parents and important non-parental adults for PYD. We assessed the relationships among youth-reported parenting profiles and important non-parental adult relationships in predicting the Five Cs of PYD (competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring) in four cross-sectional waves of data from the 4-H Study of PYD (Grade 9: N = 975, 61.1 % female; Grade 10: N = 1,855, 63.4 % female; Grade 11: N = 983, 67.9 % female; Grade 12: N = 703, 69.3 % female). The results indicated the existence of latent profiles of youth-reported parenting styles based on maternal warmth, parental school involvement, and parental monitoring that were consistent with previously identified profiles (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved) as well as reflecting several novel profiles (highly involved, integrative, school-focused, controlling). Parenting profile membership predicted mean differences in the Five Cs at each wave, and also moderated the relationships between the presence of an important non-parental adult and the Five Cs. In general, authoritative and highly involved parenting predicted higher levels of PYD and a higher likelihood of being connected to an important non-parental adult. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research on adult influences of youth development and for programs that involve adults in attempts to promote PYD.
Explorations with a discrimination net model for paired-associate learning

Abstract A computer simulation model for paired-associate learning is presented. The model emphasizes stimulus discrimination learning, and is based on an EPAM-type discrimination net which grows according to stochastic processes. Group data are simulated for comparison with human data. Three versions of the model are presented. The simplest, SAL I, was first run in several single-list experiments and evaluated on such topics as: intralist similarity, number of response alternatives, probability learning, spacing of item repetitions, whole vs part learning, and the effects of list length. SAL II, a slightly modified version of the model which allows overlearning, was run in retroactive interference experiments varying interlist similarity and degrees of original and interpolated learning, and is discussed in relation to studies of predifferentiation and transfer. Finally, SAL III, which stores multiple associates, was run in experiments on recognition vs recall, second and third guesses, unlearning and modified free recall, retroactive vs proactive interference, distributed practice, and response latencies.
Induced Gravitational Chern-Simons Terms in Parity-Violating Vector Models

We compute the gravitational Chern-Simons terms induced by several vector models in D = 3. We also comment on the possible applications to the Bose-Fermi correspondence.
The development of users' mental models of MedlinePlus in information searching

Abstract This study investigated the dynamic process of people constructing mental models of MedlinePlus, a medical information web space, during their interaction with the system. Thirty-eight participants participated in the study. Their mental models of MedlinePlus were measured by a concept listing protocol and an interview method at three time points: after they freely explored the system for 5 min (T1), after the first search session (T2), and after the second search session (T3). The analysis revealed that participants constructed their mental models of MedlinePlus based on the schemas that they have of information-rich web spaces. The model construction process involved changes and development in three parallel dimensions: cognition, emotion, and behavior. The development is enabled and coordinated by three mental activities: assimilating new concepts, modifying existing concepts, and phasing out previously perceived concepts. Furthermore, mental model construction is not only a function of users' internal cognition, but also affected by external cognitive structures, including the system, system feedback, and tasks. Mental model construction is also a process distributed over time. The results suggested that mental models could serve as a framework for guiding user research and system design. The dynamic nature of the mental models indicated that an iterative approach needs to be adopted.
Proposed System of Periodic Reports to Government Agencies

A new scheme is proposed for simplifying the preparation, submission, and distribution of quarterly and other periodic reports required under most technical and scientific government contracts. Each organization would submit a single report each quarter covering work under all contracts in a given field, with suitable acknowledgments of the support of each sponsor, standardized distribution, and time-saving elimination of contradictory reporting practices.
Tumor-Derived Factor Synergizes with IFN-γ and LPS, IL-2 or TNF-α to Promote Macrophage Synthesis of TNF-α and TNF Receptors for Autocrine Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Enhanced Nitric Oxide-Mediated Tumor Cytotoxicity

Evidence has previously been presented for an immunomodulatory role of a soluble activity, designated as tumor-derived recognition factor (TDRF), which was produced constitutively by P815 mastocytoma, L 1210 leukemia and other murine tumor targets. TDRF synergized with IFN-gamma and IL-2 to promote TNF-alpha and mRNA synthesis and release by murine macrophages for increased autocrine induction of nitric oxide (NO)-mediated tumor cytotoxicity. We have now further assessed the modulatory role of TDRF on TNF-alpha, TNF receptors (TNF-R) and NOS mRNA synthesis. Macrophages activated by INF-gamma priming and triggering by rTNF-alpha bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of IL-2 evoked greater NO generation in the presence than in the absence of L1210 targets. TDRF-containing culture fluid from L1210 targets was subsequently confirmed to synergize with IFN-gamma and rTNF-alpha, LPS or IL-2 triggering agents to promote increased TNF-alpha mRNA for autocrine induction of NOS mRNA synthesis with resultant augmentation of NO generation. IFN-gamma selectively upregulated TNF-R1 mRNA expression, whereas either IL-2 or LPS upregulated only TNF-R2 mRNA expression. TDRF combined with IFN-gamma to further upregulate TNF-R1 mRNA and with either IL-2 or LPS to further upregulate TNF-R2, mRNA expression. These findings indicate that TDRF activity synergizes with either IL-2 or LPS triggering agents for enhanced activation of IFN-gamma-primed macrophages by promotion of TNF-alpha and TNF-R mRNA synthesis for autocrine induction of NOS with resultant increased NO-mediated tumor cytotoxicity.
L1 substrate enhances outgrowth of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurites in mesencephalic cell culture.

Abstract We have evaluated neurite outgrowth from mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons grown in vitro on different substrates. Cultures of ventral mesencephalon from rat embryos (E13) were plated on plastic dishes coated with the following substrates: L1, L2/HNK-1 “residual” (mainly J1/160 but also tenascin), MAG antigens from mouse brains, laminin, fibronectin, poly- l -lysine, RGD peptide, and plastic alone. After 3, 4, and 6 days in vitro , the cultures were stained using an antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and the length of TH-positive neurites was measured by computer-assisted image analysis in a double-blind fashion. L1 antigen had a significant positive effect on neurite outgrowth compared to the other substrates studied. Laminin and fibronectin were also favorable substrates. In cultures treated with cytosine arabinoside to prevent mitoses and glial proliferation, the positive effect of L1 was abolished, but laminin still had a stimulatory effect. These data indicate that L1 may be indirectly involved in differentiation or axonal elongation of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons and suggest a complex effect involving both neurons and glia on dopaminergic neurite development.
Blood Transfusion and Immunomodulation: A Possible Mechanism

To induce an immunogenic response in vivo, an antigen-presenting (stimulator) cell must present both antigen-specific (class II MHC) and an accessory signal to the CD4 T cell. Failure to express the accessory signal has been shown in vitro to induce a state of specific unresponsiveness (anergy) in the T cell. We have shown that although stimulator cells in blood continue to express class II MHC molecules during refrigerated storage, their ability to present the accessory signal diminishes, reaching zero in all units tested by about 13 days. This implies that blood in excess of 2 weeks old should not alloimmunize but could induce some degree of immunosuppression. UV-B irradiation and, to a lesser extent, gamma-irradiation, were also shown to inhibit expression of the accessory signal by stimulator cells in blood.
Patient speaking: Hospice patients discuss their care:

Much research examines the effects of hospice assistance on the primary caregivers of hospice patients, but very little systematic research has investigated the perceptions of hospice patients themselves of the care they receive. This researcher asked 38 hospice patients whether and how hospice provided comfort, allowing the patients to guide discussion of services. Patients reported that hospice helped them by providing human contact, allowing open discussion and communication with other health professionals, providing assistance with tasks they could no longer do for themselves, and providing physical measures to alleviate discomfort.
Climate change: do we know enough for policy action?

The climate change problem must be thought of in terms of risk, not certainty. There are many well-established elements of the problem that carry considerable confidence whereas some aspects are speculative. Therefore, the climate problem emerges not simply as a normal science research issue, but as a risk management policy debate as well. Descriptive science entails using empirical and theoretical methods to quantify the two factors that go into risk assessment: “What can happen?” and “What are the odds?” (Probability x Consequences).
Haemophilus influenzae disease in Alaskan Eskimos: characteristics of a population with an unusual incidence of invasive disease.

During 1971-77 the incidence of bacterial meningitis among Alaskan Eskimos was 84.4 cases per 100 000 population per year, which is more than 10 times that for most other U.S. populations. Haemophilus influenzae (HI) accounted for 68% of meningitis cases. The average annual incidence of HI disease per 100 000 children below 5 years of age was 409 for patients with meningitis only and 491 for patients with all systemic HI disease. Children with HI meningitis in Alaska tended to be younger than those in other U.S. populations, 98% of the children affected being less than 18 months of age. The risk for all HI disease was 2.4% during the first year of life. The spectrum of HI disease in Alaska differs from that in other populations in that no patient had epiglottitis and 5% of children had recurrent HI disease. Alaskan newborns and children over 4 years old had HI anticapsular antibody titres that were nearly thrice those for children of similar ages in other U.S. populations (p less than 0.005). The pharyngeal carriage of HI type b (5%) and the rectal carriage of Escherichia coli K100 (2%), an organism with a capsule antigenically similar to HI type b, did not differ from those in other populations. The high incidence of disease almost exclusively in the very young and the early development of antibody in this population suggest that the high rate of disease is due to early exposure to HI type b rather than to an unusual susceptibility to HI type b.
The tRNA content of non-hemoglobinized red cell precursors: Evidence that tRNA content is controlled by tRNA utilization

Abstract The content of tRNA's accepting several amino acids was determined for the non-hemoglobinized early precursors of rabbit red cells and was compared with the tRNA content of rabbit reticulocytes and liver. The specialization of the tRNA content for hemoglobin synthesis seen in reticulocytes was not seen in the earlier precursors, suggesting that tRNA specialization does not occur before the onset of hemoglobin synthesis. The results favor hypotheses that the tRNA content develops in response to tRNA utilization in translation.
Proteolytic 18O labeling by peptidyl-Lys metalloendopeptidase for comparative proteomics.

The potential capabilities of a new proteolytic 18O labeling method employing peptidyl-Lys metalloendopeptidase (Lys-N) have been demonstrated for use in comparative proteomics. Conditions (pH ≥ 9.5) have been found such that Lys-N incorporates only a single 18O atom into the carboxyl terminus of each proteolytically generated peptide. This 18O labeling method has a major advantage over current protelytic 18O labeling methods that generate a mixture of isotopic isoforms resulting from the incorporation of one or two 18O atoms into each peptide species by the proteases (trypsin, Lys-C, or Glu-C) used. We demonstrate that the single 18O atom incorporation property of Lys-N overcomes the major problem of the current proteolytic 18O labeling methods and provides accurate quantification results for isotopically labeled peptides. Keywords: comparative proteomics • 18O • Lys-N • isotope labeling • mass spectrometry • protein expression
Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to coccidiosis and growth

ABSTRACT To map QTL associated with disease resistance to avian coccidiosis and growth, two commercial broiler lines with different degrees of resistance to the disease were crossed to generate an F1 generation that was intercrossed to produce 314 F2 generation offspring. The F2 offspring were inoculated with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria maxima. Five disease-associated phenotypes were measured after the infection. Intertrait comparisons revealed that oocyst shedding was a good parameter for evaluating disease resistance or susceptibility. One hundred nineteen microsatellite markers, covering 80% of the chicken genome with an average marker interval of 25 cM, were used for genotyping of F1 parents and F2 offspring. Statistical analysis based on the data of four families revealed a locus on chromosome 1 associated with oocyst shedding (logarithm of odds = 3.46). The genetic mechanism of this locus appeared additive. The genomic scan also identified three potential growth QTL on chromosomes 1, 6, and 8. These results provide the foundation for further investigation to validate the QTL.