cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multipotent stem cells isolated from the adult mouse retina are capable of producing functional photoreceptor cells

Various stem cell types have been tested for their potential application in treating photoreceptor degenerative diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Only embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have so far been shown to generate functional photoreceptor cells restoring light response of photoreceptor-deficient mice, but there is still some concern of tumor formation. In this study, we have successfully cultured Nestin+Sox2+Pax6+ multipotent retinal stem cells (RSCs) from the adult mouse retina, which are capable of producing functional photoreceptor cells that restore the light response of photoreceptor-deficient rd1 mutant mice following transplantation. After they have been expanded for over 35 passages in the presence of FGF and EGF, the cultured RSCs still maintain stable proliferation and differentiation potential. Under proper differentiation conditions, they can differentiate into all the major retinal cell types found in the adult retina. More importantly, they can efficiently differentiate into photoreceptor cells under optimized differentiation conditions. Following transplantation into the subretinal space of slowly degenerating rd7 mutant eyes, RSC-derived photoreceptor cells integrate into the retina, morphologically resembling endogenous photoreceptors and forming synapases with resident retinal neurons. When transplanted into eyes of photoreceptor-deficient rd1 mutant mice, a RP model, RSC-derived photoreceptors can partially restore light response, indicating that those RSC-derived photoreceptors are functional. Finally, there is no evidence for tumor formation in the photoreceptor-transplanted eyes. Therefore, this study has demonstrated that RSCs isolated from the adult retina have the potential of producing functional photoreceptor cells that can potentially restore lost vision caused by loss of photoreceptor cells in RP and AMD.
Homologous DNA Pairing by Human Recombination Factors Rad51 and Rad54

Human Rad51 (hRad51) and Rad54 proteins are key members of the RAD52 group required for homologous recombination. We show an ability of hRad54 to promote transient separation of the strands in duplex DNA via its ATP hydrolysis-driven DNA supercoiling function. The ATPase, DNA supercoiling, and DNA strand opening activities of hRad54 are greatly stimulated through an interaction with hRad51. Importantly, we demonstrate that hRad51 and hRad54 functionally cooperate in the homologous DNA pairing reaction that forms recombination DNA intermediates. Our results should provide a biochemical model for dissecting the role of hRad51 and hRad54 in recombination reactions in human cells.
Lysine catabolism to α-aminoadipic acid in Anolis carolinensis

Abstract 1. 1. Tissues of Anolis carolinensis were analyzed for free amino acids after injection of l -lysine, d -lysine, l -pipecolate, α-N- acetyl- l -lysine , ϵ-N- acetyl- l -lysine , α-ketoglutarate or isoniazid. 2. 2. l -lysine produced pipecolate in all tissues but only kidney converted injected pipecolate to α-aminoadipate in appreciable yield. 3. 3. ul -[14C] l -lysine labelled glutamate, α-aminoadipate, pipecolate, ϵ-N-acetyl-lysine and several unidentified compounds in liver and kidney. 4. 4. Alpha-ketoglutarate and isoniazid increased production of pipecolate and α-aminoadipate from l -lysine in liver, but not other tissues. 5. 5. No production of saccharopine was detected in any of these experiments. 6. 6. Catabolism of l -lysine to α-aminoadipate probably proceeds via pipecolate in the kidney. The reactions in the liver are uncertain but apparently do not utilize pipecolate, saccharopine, α- or ϵ-N-acetyl-lysine as major intermediates.
Phase transitions in gold contacts to GaAs

Abstract X-ray diffraction was used in situ to study the phase transitions which occurred in 1500 A Au/GaAs(100) on heating and cooling. The reaction between gold and GaAs took the form Au + Ga → α -(Au-Ga). On heating, α-(Au-Ga) completely dissolved in liquid Au-Ga. On subsequent cooling, β-(Au-Ga) (or Au 7 Ga 2 ) formed. In nitrogen at 1 atm, phase transitions were observed reversibly at 525 ± 25 °C (as a result of the complete dissolution of α-(Au-Ga) on heating) and at 415 ± 5 °C (as a result of the peritectic transformation of β-(Au-Ga) to α-(Au-Ga) and liquid Au-Ga on heating). In a vacuum of 56.7 Pa, similar phase transitions were observed at 425 ± 25 °C and 387 ± 13 °C respectively. The contact morphology remained quite smooth provided that the dissolution of α-(Au-Ga) was avoided.
Implementation of an ADI method on parallel computers

The implementation of an ADI method for solving the diffusion equation on three parallel/vector computers is discussed. The computers were chosen so as to encompass a variety of architectures. They are: the MPP, an SIMD machine with 16K bit serial processors; FLEX/32, an MIMD machine with 20 processors; and CRAY/2, an MIMD machine with four vector processors. The Gaussian elimination algorithm is used to solve a set of tridiagonal systems on the FLEX/32 and CRAY/2 while the cyclic elimination algorithm is used to solve these systems on the MPP. The implementation of the method is discussed in relation to these architectures and measures of the performance on each machine are given. Simple performance models are used to describe the performance. These models highlight the bottlenecks and limiting factors for this algorithm on these architectures. Finally, conclusions are presented.
Teaching and Learning Online: Assessing the Effect of Gender Context on Active Learning

ABSTRACT Advocates of computer-mediated instruction have pointed to the potential of online teaching for facilitating students’ active learning behavior. Small-group online discussion can have a role in meaningful student interaction. Yet, what is less known are the conditions under which students actually engage in interaction in online discussion groups rather than posting monologues. We refer to the literature that posits that gender is a variable affecting students' online discussion behavior. Existing literature suggests that the use of gender-specific language in online interactions is highly context-dependent. Of particular interest is the extent to which the manifestation of gender-typical rhetorical styles and student–student interaction are shaped by the gender composition of the online group. Our data, obtained from student postings to 50 discussion groups in three different upper-level comparative politics courses taught by two different instructors in multiple sections, permitted us to perfor...
Accuracy comparisons for variational R, T and T-1 response matrix formulations

Abstract Three classes of response matrix methods designated by Lindahl and Weiss (1981) as R , T and T −1 are formulated variationally using modified forms of the same diffusion theory functional. With polynomial trial functions of identical form, 1-D model problems are solved and compared with exact analytical solutions. The T −1 formalism which has been shown elsewhere to enforce nodal balance gives superior results. The T formulation, in which essential boundary conditions decrease the available degrees of freedom in the trial function, yields the least accurate results.
GraSP: geodesic Graph-based Segmentation with Shape Priors for the functional parcellation of the cortex.

Abstract Resting-state functional MRI is a powerful technique for mapping the functional organization of the human brain. However, for many types of connectivity analysis, high-resolution voxelwise analyses are computationally infeasible and dimensionality reduction is typically used to limit the number of network nodes. Most commonly, network nodes are defined using standard anatomic atlases that do not align well with functional neuroanatomy or regions of interest covering a small portion of the cortex. Data-driven parcellation methods seek to overcome such limitations, but existing approaches are highly dependent on initialization procedures and produce spatially fragmented parcels or overly isotropic parcels that are unlikely to be biologically grounded. In this paper, we propose a novel graph-based parcellation method that relies on a discrete Markov Random Field framework. The spatial connectedness of the parcels is explicitly enforced by shape priors. The shape of the parcels is adapted to underlying data through the use of functional geodesic distances. Our method is initialization-free and rapidly segments the cortex in a single optimization. The performance of the method was assessed using a large developmental cohort of more than 850 subjects. Compared to two prevalent parcellation methods, our approach provides superior reproducibility for a similar data fit. Furthermore, compared to other methods, it avoids incoherent parcels. Finally, the method's utility is demonstrated through its ability to detect strong brain developmental effects that are only weakly observed using other methods.
A network pruning based approach for subset-specific influential detection

Identifying the most influential nodes in a network is a well known problem which has received significant attention in the research community. However, as networks grow larger, an interesting variation of the problem becomes relevant where in the aim is to maximize the influence not in the whole network but only on a sub-set of the nodes in the network. We approach the subset specific top-k influential problem standalone and show that, unlike traditional approaches, a search for subset specific top-k influentials can be terminated earlier based on a parameter γ - thus allowing a trade-off between efficiency and effectiveness. For social networks, this parameter has a behavioral interpretation: it captures the ease of influencing nodes in the network. This work makes three key contributions. First, we propose an iterative network pruning algorithm to find subset specific top-k influentials and compare its performance to subset-adapted existing algorithms for various values of γ on real world data sets. Second, we extend the existing analytical framework for top-k influential detection to incorporate γ. Third, we analyze our algorithm under our analytical framework and show that the influence spread function continues to be sub-modular. Though our work has been motivated by online social networks, we believe that it is useful in other domains where diffusion over networks is considered.
Recent advances in pharmacotherapy for cancer pain management.

purpose: This review provides an outline of several recent advances in drug treatment options and strategies for managing cancer pain. overview: The development of cyclooxygenase-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and transmucosal fentanyl citrate provide new pharmacologic options for the treatment of cancer pain. Combinations of opioid agonists and antagonists have provided data on new strategies to balance effective analgesia with analgesic-related adverse effects. In addition, the spectrum of adjuvant agents for the treatment of neuropathic pain has been extended to various antidepressants and topical analgesics. There is continued research on the role of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and, specifically, on NMDA receptor antagonists that may augment analgesia and combat opioid resistance. Finally, a more potent generation of bisphosphonates may lead to improved pain relief for patients with bone metastases. clinical implications: With a combination of emerging new clinical research and professional practice experience of the cancer care team, new strategies will continue to be developed and implemented, resulting in the continued improved care of patients with cancer.
Determination of KIC of mild steel by the impact method of testing side-grooved precracked TPB specimens

Abstract The impact energy of a side-grooved precracked three point bend specimen was correlated with Fracture toughness K IC by experimental investigation and a formula which was found to be suitable for this kind of specimen was derived using the dimensional analysis method. Two kinds of mild steel were tested to determine the formula and a kind of rapid and inexpensive non-standard testing method of K IC was proposed.
Prophylaxis for toxoplasmosis in AIDS.

Excerpt Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may result in death even when treated (1). In patients with AIDS, toxoplasmic encephalitis is almost ...
Choosing Fatherhood: How Teens in the Justice System Embrace or Reject a Father Identity

The purpose of this qualitative study was to further the understanding of father identity and role development among adolescents involved in the justice system. Youth who were expecting a child or parenting an infant and who were incarcerated, arrested, or had admitted to criminal behavior participated in interviews and observations in a juvenile detention center and in the community. Data analysis revealed 4 patterns of fathering intentions: (a) embracing fatherhood, (b) being barred from fatherhood, (c) being ambivalent about fatherhood, or (d) rejecting fatherhood. Community health nurses can use this information to assess father identity status and address factors that interfere with father engagement.
The Discrete Fourier Transform, Part 2: Radix 2 FFT

This paper is part 2 in a series of papers about the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and the Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT). The focus of this paper is on a fast implementation of the DFT, called the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and the IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform). The implementation is based on a wellknown algorithm, called the Radix 2 FFT, and requires that its’ input data be an integral power of two in length. Part 3 of this series of papers, demonstrates the computation of the PSD (Power Spectral Density) and applications of the DFT and IDFT. The applications include filtering, windowing, pitch shifting and the spectral analysis of re-sampling.
Identification of X versus Y properties for interneurons in the A-laminae of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus.

Roughly 25% of the neurons in the A-laminae of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus are local interneurons, while the remaining 75% are relay cells that project to the visual cortex. The interneurons form the focus of our study. The relay cells are either X or Y cells and are thereby integral links in the parallel and independent retino-geniculo-cortical X and Y pathways. Little is known about the response properties of interneurons, largely because it is difficult to identify them clearly during electrophysiological recording. However, they can be identified by morphological criteria. We thus studied their response properties by recording intracellularly from geniculate neurons to characterize them and then injecting them with horseradish peroxidase (HRP); the HRP labeling subsequently allowed us to distinguish relay cells from interneurons. In this manner, we studied 171 relay cells (83 X and 88 Y) and 15 interneurons. The response properties tested for each of the interneurons were indistinguishable from those of the relay X cells. We conclude that these interneurons are directly innervated by retinogeniculate X axons and are firmly embedded in the X pathway. We found no evidence for inter-neurons in the Y pathway.
Disruption of Axonal Transport From Olfactory Epithelium by 3-Methylindole

Abstract The effects of 150, 350, and 400 mg/kg intraperitoneal 3-methylindole (3-MI) on anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb were investigated. In 400 mg/kg 3-MI–treated rats sacrificed after 7 days only about 2% of all glomeruli had normal levels of the reaction product, and most glomeruli had no detectable reaction product. Lower doses of 3-MI produced correspondingly less disruption of axonal transport, with savings located primarily in the ventral to midlateral and the ventromedial region of the bulb. There was a gradual recovery of bulbar connections in 12-, 22-, and 92-day survival rats. In all cases, the increase in axonal transport was greatest in glomeruli on the lateral, ventral, and ventromedial areas of the bulb, and least evident or absent on the dorsal and dorsomedial areas.
Dermal Glycosaminoglycans in Psoriasis

Six dermal specimens from active plaques of psoriasis were subjected to biochemical analysis of glycosaminoglycans. The technique used consisted of digestion of the dermal samples with papain and trypsin, uronic acid determination by the carbazol method and identification of hyaluronic acid (HA) and dermatan sulfate (DS) by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. All the psoriatic samples showed a significant increase in uronic acid concentration. The HS/DS ratio in psoriasis was 1.56 while that of the controls was 0.56. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
Theory of the distribution of error eigenvalues resulting from principal component analysis with applications to spectroscopic data

The distribution of error eigenvalues resulting from principal component analysis is deduced by considering the decomposition of an error matrix in which the errors are uniformly distributed. The derived probability function is Where λ0j is the jth error eigenvalue, r and c are the numbers of rows and columns in the data matrix, and N is the normalization constant. This expression is tested and validated by investigations involving model data. The distribution function is used to determine the number of factors responsible for various sets of spectroscopic data taken from the chemical literature (including nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and mass spectra).
Preliminary investigation on the effect of x-ray beam hardening on detective quantum efficiency and radiation dose

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of beam hardening on the detective quantum efficiency and the radiation dose provided by the imaging system. Both studies involved a comparison of values determined without added beam hardening to those resulting from a range of beam hardening. Under the specific experimental conditions of the study, the detective quantum efficiency comparison revealed only small changes in the system performance, and the dose comparison indicated the potential of reducing the dose through the use of beam hardening. Future studies are needed to further evaluate the effects of beam hardening on both quantities, as well as the correlation between them.
Comparing ambulatory spot urine protein/creatinine ratios and 24-h urine protein measurements in normal pregnancies

Objective: To determine whether a single specimen protein/creatinine ratio correlated with a 24-h urine protein measurement in ambulatory women with normal pregnancies. Methods: A prospective cohort was evaluated of healthy women performing a 24-h urine collection and spot urine measurement for protein and creatinine in each trimester and the postpartum period. Data were analyzed to establish the correlation of values and the reliability of cut-off values. Results: Fifty-eight women were enrolled in the study. Thirty-three completed at least one measurement. Three (5.1%) developed pre-eclampsia. With the use of linear regression, the spot protein/creatinine ratio correlated with the 24-h protein measurement in the first trimester and postpartum periods only (p < 0.001 and p < 0.043, respectively). It did not correlate in the second or third trimester (p = 0.637 and p = 0.290, respectively). Conclusion: In this population, the protein/creatinine ratio correlated only with the 24-h urine protein measurement...
The Invention and Reinvention of the Egyptian Peasant

Among the figures in the scholarly imagining of the post-colonial world, “the peasant” is a strange kind of presence. With this abstraction, a category of human being has become a field of expertise, the subject of his own scholarly journals, and the object of a distinct body of theory and description. “What are villagers in India, in Egypt, in Mexico really like?” the anthropologist George Foster asks, as he begins a brief history of the field. “For nearly fifty years anthropologists (by no means to the exclusion of others) have searched for answers [to this question] …. living with villagers in order to question them and to observe their behavior, describing their findings in books and articles.” At first they called their research the study of “folk” societies, Foster says, but after World War II scholars “came to realize that ‘peasant’ is a more appropriate term, and thus was born the new subfield of ‘peasant studies’.”
Electromigration modeling for integrated circuit interconnect reliability analysis

A simple one-dimensional continuum model for electromigration transport has been fairly successful as a tool for understanding many empirical observations of electromigration phenomena in encapsulated interconnect lines on integrated circuits. In this paper, the development of the one-dimensional continuum electromigration model is reviewed, Comparisons are made with previous models, emphasizing the important similarities and differences,.
Neutralization of IL-18 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial dysfunction.

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) have been implicated in cardiac dysfunction during endotoxemia. Because IL-18 is a proinflammatory cytokine known to mediate the productio...
Hepatitis C Virus NS2 Protein Contributes to Virus Particle Assembly via Opposing Epistatic Interactions with the E1-E2 Glycoprotein and NS3-NS4A Enzyme Complexes

The hepatitis C virus NS2 protein has been recently implicated in virus particle assembly. To further understand the role of NS2 in this process, we conducted a reverse genetic analysis of NS2 in the context of a chimeric genotype 2a infectious cell culture system. Of 32 mutants tested, all were capable of RNA replication and 25 had moderate-to-severe defects in virus assembly. Through forward genetic selection for variants capable of virus spread, we identified second-site mutations in E1, E2, NS2, NS3, and NS4A that suppressed NS2 defects in assembly. Two suppressor mutations, E1 A78T and NS3 Q221L, were further characterized by additional genetic and biochemical experiments. Both mutations were shown to suppress other NS2 defects, often with mutual exclusivity. Thus, several NS2 mutants were enhanced by NS3 Q221L and inhibited by E1 A78T, while others were enhanced by E1 A78T and inhibited by NS3 Q221L. Furthermore, we show that the NS3 Q221L mutation lowers the affinity of native, full-length NS3-NS4A for functional RNA binding. These data reveal a complex network of interactions involving NS2 and other viral structural and nonstructural proteins during virus assembly.
Direct observation of a single nanoparticle–ubiquitin corona formation

The advancement of nanomedicine and the increasing applications of nanoparticles in consumer products have led to administered biological exposure and unintentional environmental accumulation of nanoparticles, causing concerns over the biocompatibility and sustainability of nanotechnology. Upon entering physiological environments, nanoparticles readily assume the form of a nanoparticle-protein corona that dictates their biological identity. Consequently, understanding the structure and dynamics of a nanoparticle-protein corona is essential for predicting the fate, transport, and toxicity of nanomaterials in living systems and for enabling the vast applications of nanomedicine. Here we combined multiscale molecular dynamics simulations and complementary experiments to characterize the silver nanoparticle-ubiquitin corona formation. Notably, ubiquitins competed with citrates for the nanoparticle surface, governed by specific electrostatic interactions. Under a high protein/nanoparticle stoichiometry, ubiquitins formed a multi-layer corona on the particle surface. The binding exhibited an unusual stretched-exponential behavior, suggesting a rich binding kinetics. Furthermore, the binding destabilized the α-helices while increasing the β-sheet content of the proteins. This study revealed the atomic and molecular details of the structural and dynamic characteristics of nanoparticle-protein corona formation.
Passively Modelocked Laser With Tunable Pulse Repetition Frequency in a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier

We present the experimental demonstration of a pulse repetition frequency tunable passively mode-locked laser using semiconductor optical amplifier as the gain medium. The laser is designed for the 1550-nm telecommunication applications. The mode-locking mechanism is explained in terms of normal mode splitting of the continuous-wave spontaneous emission signal from the semiconductor optical amplifier. The splitting arises from the coupling between a quantum cavity, represented by the semiconductor gain medium, and an optical cavity comprised of a high-birefringence fiber in line with a Faraday mirror. Experimental results are presented for pulse repetition frequency tunability ranging between 93 and 1400 MHz, as well as for the pulse width which is measured to be 343 ps. These results are shown to compare favorably with theoretical calculations.
A model for the dynamics of polymers in laminar shear flows

Etude du comportement d'une molecule de polymere isolee dans un ecoulement laminaire cisaille. Le modele qui neglige les effets d'inertie permet la rotation et l'etirement partiel de la molecule mais pas la flexion. Etude experimentale de solutions diluees de polymeres a chaine longue
Spring wheat seed size and seeding rate effects on yield loss due to wild oat (Avena fatua) interference

Abstract The development of competitive cropping systems could minimize the negative effects of wild oat competition on cereal grain yield, and in the process, help augment herbicide use. A 3-yr field experiment was conducted at Kalispell, MT, to investigate the effects of spring wheat seed size and seeding rate on wheat spike production, biomass, and grain yield under a range of wild oat densities. Wheat plant density, spikes, biomass, and yield all increased as seed size and seeding rates increased. Averaged across all other factors, the use of higher seeding rates and larger seed sizes improved yields by 12 and 18%, respectively. Accordingly, grain yield was more highly correlated with seed size than with seeding rate effects. However, the combined use of both tactics resulted in a more competitive cropping system, improving grain yields by 30%. Seeding rate effects were related to spike production, whereas seed size effects were related to biomass production. As such, plants derived from large seed ap...
The Teenager with Failing Grades

School failure during adolescence is rarely caused by occult physical impairment. Instead, cognitive disability or psychological disturbance are commonly seen. Through the unique clinical skills of history taking and physical examination, the physician can and must consider a broad range of possible causes of the teenager9s failure. The physician9s recognition that such behavioral syndromes as school phobia, truancy, substance abuse, underachievement or boredom are possible sequelae of a misfit between the student and the classroom can be the most important element in stimulating the school to examine more closely an individual student9s needs or abilities. Actually, the physician rarely acts wholly independently in evaluating and remedying a student9s school problems, even if the basic underlying disorder is physiologic disturbance. Rather, a cooperative approach that includes the student, the family, the school, and the physician is essential to providing special services and helping the student adjust to and follow remediation recommendations.
Neurotrophin 3 induces structural and functional modification of synapses through distinct molecular mechanisms

The mechanisms by which neurotrophins elicit long-term structural and functional changes of synapses are not known. We report the mechanistic separation of functional and structural synaptic regulation by neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), using the neuromuscular synapse as a model. Inhibition of cAMP response element (CRE)–binding protein (CREB)–mediated transcription blocks the enhancement of transmitter release elicited by NT-3, without affecting the synaptic varicosity of the presynaptic terminals. Further analysis indicates that CREB is activated through Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase IV (CaMKIV) pathway, rather than the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or cAMP pathway. In contrast, inhibition of MAPK prevents the NT-3–induced structural, but not functional, changes. Genetic and imaging experiments indicate that the small GTPase Rap1, but not Ras, acts upstream of MAPK activation by NT-3. Thus, NT-3 initiates parallel structural and functional modifications of synapses through the Rap1–MAPK and CaMKIV–CREB pathways, respectively. These findings may have implications in the general mechanisms of long-term synaptic modulation by neurotrophins.
Three Regions of the pRB Pocket Domain Affect Its Inactivation by Human Papillomavirus E7 Proteins

A critical event in papillomavirus transformation of human cells is the inactivation of pRB by the E7 protein. E7, like many other viral oncoproteins, possesses a well-characterized LXCXE peptide motif that interacts with the pocket domain of pRB. Disruption of the LXCXE-binding cleft on pRB renders it resistant to E7 binding and inactivation. Such binding cleft mutants of pRB are capable of inducing a G1 arrest in the human papillomavirus 18-transformed HeLa cell line. We show here that the efficient inactivation of pRB in HeLa cells does not simply depend on the integrity of the LXCXE-binding cleft. Multiple site-directed mutants that alter conserved surfaces of the pRB pocket domain cause HeLa cells to accumulate in G1. We divide these mutants into two classes: those that can be bound by E7 and those that cannot. The E7 interacting mutants include changes in conserved residues that lie in a groove between the A and B halves of the pocket. Surprisingly, none of these mutants show a clear defect in any of the known mechanisms for pRB inactivation by E7. Analysis of mutants that are compromised for E7 binding reveals that this interaction depends on both the LXCXE-binding cleft and on a conserved group of lysines adjacent to the cleft. These basic amino acids on pRB define a discrete interaction point with E7. These residues most likely form ionic interactions with conserved acidic amino acids on E7 since a stable pRB/E7 interaction was restored when the lysine residues on pRB and the acidic residues on E7 were interchanged.
Dream Interpretation in Ancient Civilizations

Dream interpretation was regarded by ancient peoples in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome as an art requiring intelligence and, sometimes, divine inspiration. It became a motif in literature. It was treated as a science by philosophers and physicians. Dreams were thought to come either as clear messages, or as symbols requiring interpretation. In a method called incubation, the dreamer could sleep in a sacred place in expectation of a dream that would elucidate a problem for which the dreamer desired guidance. Dream-books listing images and their meanings were popular. Historians reported leaders' famous dreams that affected the course of events. Very few ancient writers were skeptical of dreams; Cicero was one. Dream interpretation was an honored profession with exponents such as Artemidorus of Daldis. Ancient dream traditions and beliefs can provide perspective for consideration of more recent theories of dream interpretation.
The Output of Distributive Systems: A Conceptual Framework

A means of measuring the effect of final demand variations and structural changes on the output of the distributive trades is developed. A review of the marketing literature finds conceptual shortcomings that limit the results ofprevious work. General systems theory serves as the basis for trade-flow table analysis, which addresses some of these shortcomings. This type of analysis can be applied in cross-sectional and longitudinal comparative studies.
Amnestic sleep-related eating disorder associated with zolpidem.

Abstract Objective : To describe the association of amnestic nocturnal eating behavior with use of zolpidem for insomnia. Background : Sleep-related eating disorder is increasingly recognized in relationship to other diagnosable sleep disorders. Many of these disorders, like restless legs syndrome (RLS), give rise to complaints of insomnia. Zolpidem is the most commonly prescribed drug for insomnia complaints, and although it has sometimes been associated with side effects of transient amnesia and sleep walking, an association with sleep-related eating has not been previously emphasized. Methods : Consecutive case series of five patients who were using zolpidem and evaluated with nocturnal eating behaviors. Results : We evaluated five patients over 11 months with problematic amnestic nocturnal eating associated with zolpidem used for complaints of insomnia. All five patients had RLS, three had obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, two had sleep walking, and one had psychophysiologic insomnia. With discontinuation of zolpidem and effective treatment of their sleep disorders, nocturnal eating resolved. Conclusions : Zolpidem, at least in patients with underlying sleep disorders that cause frequent arousals, may cause or augment sleep-related eating behavior. This report demonstrates the importance of arriving at a specific diagnosis for insomnia complaints, and alerts the sleep practitioner to this unusual side effect of zolpidem.
Defect reduction with special routing for immersion lithography

This letter reports record-breaking low defect counts for immersion lithography, the mechanism for formation of particle-printing defects, and for two new exposure routings to achieve the low defect counts. Both new routings make the slot-scan directions parallel to the field-stepping directions, whereas in the normal routing the two directions are perpendicular to each other. From experimental data, the average defect count for one of the special routings is 4.8 per wafer, while it is 19.7 per wafer for normal routing.
Unique features in magnet designs for R&D energy recovery linac at BNL

In this paper we describe the unique features and analysis techniques used on the magnets for a R&D Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) [1] under construction at the Collider Accelerator Department at BNL. The R&D ERL serves as a test-bed for future BNL ERLs, such as an electron-cooler-ERL at RHIC [2] and a future 20 GeV ERL electron-hadron at eRHIC [3]. Here we present select designs of various dipole and quadrupole magnets which are used in Z-bend merging systems [4] and the returning loop, 3-D simulations of the fields in aforementioned magnets, particle tracking analysis, and the magnet's influence on beam parameters. We discuss an unconventional method of setting requirements on the quality of magnetic field and transferring them into measurable parameters as well as into manufacturing tolerances. We compare selected simulation with results of magnetic measurements.
Semantics-preserving procedure extraction

Procedure extraction is an important program transformation that can be used to make programs easier to understand and maintain, to facilitate code reuse, and to convert “monolithic” code to modular or object-oriented code. Procedure extraction involves the following steps: The statements to be extracted are identified (by the programmer or by a programming tool).If the statements are not contiguous, they are moved together so that they form a sequence that can be extracted into a procedure, and so that the semantics of the original code is preserved.The statements are extracted into a new procedure, and are replaced with an appropriate call.This paper addresses step 2: in particular, the conditions under which it is possible to move a set of selected statements together so that they become “extractable”, while preserving semantics. Since semantic equivalence is, in general, undecidable, we identify sufficient conditions based on control and data dependences, and define an algorithm that moves the selected statements together when the conditions hold. We also include an outline of a proof that our algorithm is semantics-preserving.While there has been considerable previous work on procedure extraction, we believe that this is the first paper to provide an algorithm for semantics-preserving procedures extraction given an arbitrary set of selected statements in an arbitrary control-flow graph.
Telegraphy, iconography, and the weather map: Cartographic weather reports by the United States Weather Bureau, 1870–1935∗

(1988). Telegraphy, iconography, and the weather map: Cartographic weather reports by the United States Weather Bureau, 1870–1935. Imago Mundi: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 15-31.
Post-Accident Mine Communications and Tracking Systems

Recent mine disasters in the United States exposed various inadequacies and gaps in mine-safety technology. Congress responded to these tragedies by enacting the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006 (MINER Act), which resulted in the most significant change to mine-safety laws in 30 years. To help meet the requirements of the MINER Act and to help eliminate future tragedies, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) initiated aggressive research programs for developing new, and enhancing existing, mine-safety technologies. A major research emphasis addressed the lack of post- accident communications, which surfaced as a critical deficiency in some disasters. As a result, three communications approaches emerged as viable technologies - enhanced leaky-feeder, wireless-mesh, and medium-frequency systems. This paper describes the operation, application, advantages, and disadvantages of each system, as well as the challenges associated with underground wireless communications.
Radiative corrections to p + p ---> l+ + l- + anything and application to muon-electron symmetry

Radiative corrections, to order $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, are carried out to the lepton lines in the process $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{l}^{+}+{l}^{\ensuremath{-}}+``\mathrm{anything}''$. Expressions are derived which relate the radiative corrections, due to the emission of soft photons, and of hard photons from the lepton lines, to the observed cross section for production of electron or muon pairs. These expressions are used to predict the difference, based purely on electromagnetic interactions, between the cross sections for production of electron and muon pairs. As a specific example, computations are done using the BNL data for production of lepton pairs in hadron-hadron collisions.
Homogeneous T1 Hyperintense Renal Lesions with Smooth Borders: Is Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging Needed?

Morphologic assessment and signal intensity quantification on unenhanced T1-weighted MR images can be used to differentiate benign hemorrhagic or proteinaceous cysts from renal cell carcinoma.
Proton Quark Helicity Structure via W-Boson Production in PP Collision @ Phenix

The spin structure of the proton has been long studied in the past decades, but, while the contributions to the proton spin from valence quarks is by now precisely known, large uncertainties are still affecting our knowledge of the sea quark contributions. The measurement of single-spin asymmetries of the parity violating W production in pp collision allows a (quasi-)model independent access to the flavor-dependent light sea quark contributions. Being maximally parity violating, the W charge can be directly realted to the quark and antiquark flavor, and in addition, moving from forward to backward rapidities with respect to the polarized proton beam direction it is possible to change the relative contributions of u, d, anti-u, anti-d quarks, thus accessing each light-quark spin alignment with respect to the proton spin. At PHENIX, the W boson produced in pp collision at center of mass energies of about 500 GeV is accessed via its decays into electron (muon) at central (forward) rapidities. Here the status of the analysis and the most updated results is reported.
Fortifying macros

Existing macro systems force programmers to make a choice between clarity of specification and robustness. If they choose clarity, they must forgo validating significant parts of the specification and thus produce low-quality language extensions. If they choose robustness, they must write in a style that mingles the implementation with the specification and therefore obscures the latter.This paper introduces a new language for writing macros. With the new macro system, programmers naturally write robust language extensions using easy-to-understand specifications. The system translates these specifications into validators that detect misuses - including violations of context-sensitive constraints - and automatically synthesize appropriate feedback, eliminating the need for ad hoc validation code.
Impact of Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing for Respiratory Pathogens on Healthcare Resource Utilization for Pediatric Inpatients.

Objective To assess whether multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) vs non-mPCR testing impacts the use of antibiotics, chest radiographs, and isolation precautions. Study design We retrospectively compared use of antibiotics, chest radiographs, and isolation precautions for patients Results Subjects (n = 2430) in the mPCR group were older, had more complex chronic conditions, and were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit more often compared with the non-mPCR (n = 2349) group. Subjects in the mPCR group had more positive tests (42.4% vs 14.4%, P P P P Conclusions Use of mPCR testing for respiratory viruses among hospitalized patients was significantly associated with decreased healthcare resource utilization, including decreased use of antibiotics and chest radiographs, and increased use of isolation precautions.
Herodotus and the Poets

This is an attempt to describe Herodotus’ relation to Greek poets, both as historical sources and as “cultural capital.” It is a brief discussion (1500 words) written for a general audience; but it may be of interest as raising a matter not often considered outside of the excellent and long study by Ph.-E. Legrand in Vol. 1 of the Bude Herodote (pp. 147 ff.).
In-Vivo Three-Photon Excited Fluorescence Microscopy of the Spinal Cord in the Awake, Locomoting Mouse

We have developed a novel system for in-vivo three-photon imaging of the spinal cord of awake, running mice that enables correlation of neural activity patterns with gait and speed.
Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life by J. H. Miller and S. E. Page

The past decade has witnessed a proliferation of research interest in the science of complexity—a research field devoted to studying how macro-level collective phenomena emerge from the social inte...
Chromosomal Abnormalities I: Autosomal Defects

The explosive growth of knowledge in medical genetics that has occurred over the past 15 years has shed new light on the mechanisms, such as meiotic nondisjunction, through which gross chromosomal anomalies are produced and transmitted in man. Although many major problems remain to be solved, a far more scientific basis already exists for genetic counseling, opening the way to elimination of certain syndromes.
Post Dural Puncture Headache after Lumbar Sympathetic Block: A Report of Two Cases

Dural puncture during lumbar sympathetic block (LSB) is a recognized but apparently uncommon complication. Interestingly, post dural puncture headache (PDPH) has not been reported as a complication of LSB. The authors report two cases of PDPH after LSB. In the first case an attempt to treat the PDPH with an epidural blood patch failed. In the second case the patient developed PDPH and a subdural block during separate LSBs. Possible anatomic explanations for these complications are discussed.
Staying Put: Aboriginal Rights, the Question of Palestine, and Asian American Studies

Let me begin my comments with an anecdote reaching back over half a century. In 1947, when faced with the vote of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, Carlos Romulo, the Philippine delegate to the United Nations, discussed the position the Philippines ought to take on partition with General McCarthur's man in Manila, Philippine President Manuel Roxas. Arrangements of the Partition Plan awarded the newly arrived European Jewish population over 56 percent of the land, including the most fertile and important coastal territory, despite the fact that as a group they made up less than a third of the population and owned less than six percent of the land of Palestine, largely by purchasing property from absentee landlords and not the territory's present inhabitants. Furthermore, the Palestinians were never asked for their opinions as to their future fate, as no plebiscite was taken and no democratic means were attempted before the tragic events that followed - namely, the expulsion of over 700,000 o...
[Report of a case with late-onset ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and DNA sequencing confirmation and literatures review].

Objective To discuss the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment management of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD). Method Data of the clinical diagnosis and treatment of a case with OTCD were analyzed, and the domestic and international literature was reviewed. Result (1) The case was a boy, 8 years old; and the initial symptoms were vomiting and reduced consciousness for a day after eating a lot of eggs as previous similar history. The level of blood ammonia was 2 500 μmol/L. The patient was treated with fasting, high-calorie fluid intravenous infusion, reducing blood ammonia. However, the disease further aggravated and the patient died due to brain hernia and central cardiovascular failure. Finally, he was confirmed as OTCD through urine testing by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, plasma amino acid examination (plasma arginine and citrullineurine reduced, orotic acid raised) and genetic testing (OTC c. 386G>A p. (Arg129His)). (2) Data of 55 case reports about diagnosis and treatment outcome including 65 OTCD cases' clinical data in domestic and abroad reports in nearly 5 years. Their ages ranged from 3 days to 49 years; the common symptoms were vomiting and encephalopathy; both urine tests were positive in 52 cases; pathogenic genes had less repeated loci and located at Xp21.1 in 42 cases detected by OTC gene test; all of which had gene mutation. Conclusion The acute onset OTCD begins with the symptoms of vomiting and unconsciousness, with rapid rise of blood ammonia level. OTCD may cause high mortality. Key words: Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency; Urea cycle disorder; Hyperammonemia