cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personal Experience with Dance and Cortical Gray Matter Thickness in the Cognitively Normal and Mild Cognitive Impaired Elderly (I10-1D)

Objective: To investigate the effect of dancing experience on cortical thickness and cognitive performance in elderly with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Background: The few research studies that have explored the effects of dance on brain structure have found lower gray matter volume in areas such as premotor cortex in professional dancers relative to non-dancers. To our knowledge, no studies have researched the effect of dance experience on cognition and brain structure in the elderly. Methods: 39 cognitively normal (NC) and 48 MCI participants from the longitudinal ImaGene study at the Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research at UCLA were mailed questionnaires regarding their lifetime experience with music, dance, and song. Participants self-identified as dancers or non-dancers. All participants received structural 1.5T MRI scans and detailed clinical and neuropsychological evaluations. An advanced 3D cortical mapping technique was applied to calculate cortical thickness values. Results: MCI diagnosis at trend-level was more common among non-dancers compared to dancers. There were no significant differences in age, gender, education or MMSE scores between the groups. Dancers performed significantly better on California Verbal Learning Test short delay free recall (CVLT-SDFR, p=0.004), long delay free recall (p=0.003) and encoding across trials 1-5 (CVLT-trial 1-5, p=0.001). After correcting for diagnosis, dancers showed a trend-level thinner primary sensorimotor and inferior frontal cortex (right pcorrected=0.057, left pcorrected=0.066). CVLT-trial1-5 and CVLT-SDFR and scores showed significant positive correlations with lateral and medial parietal, posterior cingulate and posteromedial frontal cortices in non-dancers only (CVLT-trial1-5 left pcorrected=0.045, right pcorrected=0.049; CVLT-SDFR pcorrected=0.039, right pcorrected=0.016). Conclusions: In agreement with previous studies dancers had thinner gray matter relative to non-dancers in cortical areas that are crucial to motor activity and coordination. Interestingly, dancers also showed better cognitive performance suggesting that dance as an art form may result in an enhancement of cognitive reserve. Disclosure: Dr. Porat has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hwang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Woo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zanto has nothing to disclose. Dr. Goukasian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Apostolova has received personal compensation for activities with Eli Lilly as a speaker and/or advisor. Dr. Apostolova has received research support from General Electric Healthcare.
Prerecovery liver biopsy in the brain-dead donor: a case-control study of logistics, safety, precision, and utility.

Prerecovery liver biopsy (PLB) can potentially to decrease futile recovery and increase utilization of marginal brain-dead donor (BDD) livers. A case-control study was conducted to examine the logistics, safety, histological precision, and liver utilization associated with PLB in BDDs. Twenty-three cases between January 2008 and January 2013 were compared to 2 groups: 48 sequential and 69 clinically matched controls. Compared to the sequential controls, the cases were older (53 versus 46 years), heavier (30.2 versus 25.8 kg/m2), had higher prevalences of hypertension (78.3% versus 44.7%) and alcohol use (56.5% versus 23.4%), and a lower United Network for Organ Sharing expected organ yield (0.73 versus 0.81 livers/donor; P < 0.05 for all). Baseline characteristics were similar between cases and clinical controls. Donor management time was longer for the cases (22.4 hours) versus sequential controls (16.5 hours, P = 0.01) and clinical controls (15.9 hours, P = 0.01). Complications for cases (8.7%) were not different from either group of controls (18.8% for sequential controls, P = 0.46; 17.4% for clinical controls, P = 0.50). The agreement between the donor hospital and study pathologists was substantial regarding evaluation of steatosis (κ = 0.623) and fibrosis (κ = 0.627) and moderate regarding inflammation (κ = 0.495). The proportions of livers that were transplanted were similar for the cases and the clinical controls (60.9% versus 59.4%). In contrast, the proportion of donors for whom liver recovery was not attempted was higher (30.4% versus 8.7%), and the proportion of attempted liver recoveries that did not result in transplantation was lower (8.7% versus 31.9%). These differences were significant at P = 0.009. Overall, PLB is logistically feasible with only a minimal delay and is safe, its interpretation at donor hospitals is reproducible, and it appears to decrease futile liver recovery. Liver Transpl 20:237-244, 2014. © 2013 AASLD.
The Structure and Semantics of Actor Languages

The actor model is developed as a foundation for concurrent object-oriented programming. The model provides for non-interference of state changes with multiple threads, inherent concurrency, reconfigurability, encapsulation of namespace, and weak fairness. The paper provides a survey of work in actor languages and can be divided into two areas: namely, formal aspects of the actor model and the structure of actor languages. We provide an abstract view of actor computations in terms of event diagrams and the laws of concurrent computing. The event diagrams can be given a semantics in terms of power domains. We then define the necessary constructs in a minimal actor language. This provides the building blocks for constructing a rich variety of concurrent computing structures. The second part of the paper shows how these higher level structures are built in terms of the actor primitives. In particular, this discussion illustrates how delayed evaluation, streams, continuations, higher-order functions, and other structures, can be built in terms of actor languages. We also note some experiences gained from the implementation of actor systems and argue for the potential advantages discovered by this work. Finally, we discuss some recent research on computational reflection. This work provides the ability to model control, and the ability to treat inheritance as a programmer defined method rather than a predefined linguistic object. The resulting flexibility is very much in the actor tradition of languages.
The Consequences of False Confessions: Deprivations of Liberty and Miscarriages of Justice in the Age of Psychological Interrogation

This article studies the precise impact that false confessions have on criminal defendants. Using evidence from sixty cases of police-induced false confessions in which the defendant's confession is not supported by any physical or reliable inculpatory evidence, the authors explore the impact of unreliable confession evidence on criminal justice officials, the jurors and the criminal justice system. The article demonstrates that a trier of fact may be so biased by a false confession that it will likely favor prosecution and conviction despite strong evidence of innocence, often leading to a defendant's incarceration and even death. Additionally, the article finds that, despite Miranda, contemporary law enforcement personnel continue to employ coercive and manipulative methods.To prevent miscarriages of justice caused by false confessions, prosecutors, judges, and juries should carefully scrutinize and evaluate a suspect's post-admission narrative against the known facts of the crime. The article also asserts that mandatory video- or audio-recording of police interrogations would greatly decrease the risk of harm caused by false confessions by reducing the use of psychologically coercive interrogation methods.
Effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on the in vitro secondary antibody response in mice: I. Description of the suppressive capacity of lipopolysaccharide

Abstract Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) suppressed the in vitro secondary antibody response in mice to the protein antigens human gamma globulin (HGG) and turkey gamma globulin (TGG). This is the first report of LPS inhibiting a secondary antibody response. Consistent suppression was dependent on the time of LPS addition; LPS added at culture initiation was less effective than LPS added 12 to 48 hr later. The mitogenic moiety of LPS was the inhibitory principle, as shown by the lack of suppression of spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice, and the inability of the polysaccharide component, but not the lipid component of LPS, to suppress A/J spleen cells. The mechanism of suppression by LPS was not due to large numbers of B cells proliferating in response to LPS, since removal of B cells not bearing specificity for the priming antigen did not reduce suppression by LPS. However, the possibility exists that LPS may act through B cells specific for the priming antigen.
The business of clinical engineering

The author reviews some of the traditional and new services provided by clinical engineers. He discusses the roles played by reimbursement, service choices, maintenance, insurance, ongoing service analysis, new service opportunities and methods, application assistance, new business opportunities, and professional development. It is concluded that, in the future, the business of clinical engineering will become more competitive and cost conscious. As a result, the emphasis on providing value must be augmented by greater skills in the management of the business side of providing services. >
Experimental Technique for Measuring the Isentrope of Hydrogen to Several Megabars

The experimental measurement of the EOS of hydrogen has been of interest for some time because of the theoretical expectation of a transition to the metallic state in the multi-megabar pressure regime. Previous experiments [1–4] have reported results which are consistent with a metallic transition, but experimental uncertainties have precluded positive identification of the metallic phase.
Current Concepts in Drug‐Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity

Mitochondria generate most of the cell's ATP and play key roles in fatty acid oxidation, steroid synthesis, heme synthesis, thermogenesis, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. With the development of new methods to study mitochondrial function, it is becoming clear that drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the causes of drug toxicity. Mitochondria can be impaired by drugs in a variety of ways. These include inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, uncoupling of electron transport from ATP synthesis, irreversible opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, inhibition of transporters within the mitochondrial inner membrane, increased oxidative stress, inhibition of the citric acid cycle, inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, and impairment of either mtDNA replication or mtDNA-encoded protein synthesis. This unit provides an overview on the physiological roles of mitochondria and the mechanisms by which they can be adversely affected by drugs.
Quantification of DNA cleavage specificity in Hi-C experiments

Hi-C experiments produce large numbers of DNA sequence read pairs that are typically analyzed to deduce genomewide interactions between arbitrary loci. A key step in these experiments is the cleavage of cross-linked chromatin with a restriction endonuclease. Although this cleavage should happen specifically at the enzyme's recognition sequence, an unknown proportion of cleavage events may involve other sequences, owing to the enzyme's star activity or to random DNA breakage. A quantitative estimation of these non-specific cleavages may enable simulating realistic Hi-C read pairs for validation of downstream analyses, monitoring the reproducibility of experimental conditions and investigating biophysical properties that correlate with DNA cleavage patterns. Here we describe a computational method for analyzing Hi-C read pairs to estimate the fractions of cleavages at different possible targets. The method relies on expressing an observed local target distribution downstream of aligned reads as a linear combination of known conditional local target distributions. We validated this method using Hi-C read pairs obtained by computer simulation. Application of the method to experimental Hi-C datasets from murine cells revealed interesting similarities and differences in patterns of cleavage across the various experiments considered.
A Note on the Existence of the Posterior Distribution for a Class of Mixed Models for Binomial Responses

SUMMARY Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of the posterior distribution of the variance components in a class of mixed models for binomial responses. The implications of our results are illustrated through an example.
Acquired tolerance to elevated temperatures in a poikilothermic cell line (terrapene heart, TH-1)

Abstract TH-1 cells, derived from the turtle Terrapene carolina and routinely grown at 23 °C, were originally incapable of indefinite growth at 30 °C, or of any growth at 36 °C, designated high temperature sensitive (hts +). Following brief exposures (16 to 24 days) to 30 °C, two sublines eventually became capable of growth at 36 °C (hts −). Cells which where hts − grew at approximately equal rates at 23 °C, 30 °C and 36 °C, although cells grown at the warmer temperatures had larger surface areas. The attachment rates of both hts + and hts − cells to glass were similar and were directly proportional to temperature, over a temperature range of 15 °C to 36 °C. Hts − cells maintained at 23 °C subsequently developed morphological changes characterized by a change to more fusiform cell type and reduced cell contact inhibition. In sublines of hts − cells maintained at 30 °C and at 36 °C, a variety of nuclear aberrations also appeared. It is suggested that exposure to supra-optimal growth temperatures may have been responsible for the appearance of hts − cell sublines.
The Nation-State and Urban Governance Toward Multilevel Analysis

In recent international comparative studies of urban governance, the nation-state has usually figured as a direct influence on local government and politics. This article, drawing on case studies of a similar U.S. city and German city, demonstrates the need for a new, more sophisticated conception of the effects from national institutions. In the German city, a pro-business coalition carried out extensive social and environmental policies. In the U.S. city, a progressive coalition subordinated social and to a lesser degree environmental objectives to developmental aims. To account for these results, the author proposes and applies a typology of national institutional contexts. These contexts influenced urban governance not only through direct effects on the choices of local elites and activists but through indirect effects on translocal economies, urban economies, and local culture.
N-Myristoylated c-Abl Tyrosine Kinase Localizes to the Endoplasmic Reticulum upon Binding to an Allosteric Inhibitor

Allosteric kinase inhibitors hold promise for revealing unique features of kinases that may not be apparent using conventional ATP-competitive inhibitors. Here we explore the activity of a previously reported allosteric inhibitor of BCR-Abl kinase, GNF-2, against two cellular isoforms of Abl tyrosine kinase: one that carries a myristate in the N terminus and the other that is deficient in N-myristoylation. Our results show that GNF-2 inhibits the kinase activity of non-myristoylated c-Abl more potently than that of myristoylated c-Abl by binding to the myristate-binding pocket in the C-lobe of the kinase domain. Unexpectedly, indirect immunofluorescence reveals a translocation of myristoylated c-Abl to the endoplasmic reticulum in GNF-2-treated cells, whereas GNF-2 has no detectable effect on the localization of non-myristoylated c-Abl. These results indicate that GNF-2 competes with the NH2-terminal myristate for binding to the c-Abl kinase myristate-binding pocket and that the exposed myristoyl group accounts for the localization to the endoplasmic reticulum. We also demonstrate that GNF-2 can inhibit enzymatic and cellular kinase activity of Arg, a kinase highly homologous to c-Abl, which is also likely to be regulated through intramolecular binding of an NH2-terminal myristate lipid. These results suggest that non-ATP-competitive inhibitors, such as GNF-2, can serve as chemical tools that can discriminate between c-Abl isoform-specific behaviors.
Calcaneal avulsion fractures: complications from delayed treatment

Calcaneal fractures represent approximately 2% of all fractures, of which 25% to 40% are classified as extra-articular in nature. Most calcaneal fractures are closed injuries that are treated nonoperatively, or if treated operatively, surgery is delayed to allow subsidence of swelling. The purpose of this article is to highlight a subset of calcaneal fractures that should be addressed urgently. Calcaneal tuberosity avulsion fractures often compromise the thin posterior skin that covers the insertion of the Achilles tendon. These patients are at risk for skin breakdown of the posterior heel and tissue necrosis if they do not receive urgent treatment. This case series presents 3 posterior tuberosity calcaneal avulsion fractures that led to skin necrosis because of a delay in treatment.
Analysis of a double-latch synchroniser circuit

A model for a synchroniser composed of two serially connected D-latches is constructed and analysed to determine the mean time between failures. The analysis demonstrates that the best synchroniser reliability is obtained using a single-latch synchroniser. >
Almost back to square one

That's where the Bush administration now finds itself after nearly four years of playing games with policy on North Korea.
A method for the regiospecific synthesis of enol triflates by enolate trapping

Abstract Enol triflates can be prepared in high yield from regiospecifically generated enolates by trapping with N-phenyltrifluoromethanesulfonimide.
Distinctions Between Two Expectancies in the Prediction of Maladaptive Eating Behavior.

Abstract In this longitudinal study, the authors provide support for the validity of the claim that differences in the nature of the reinforcement that adolescent girls expect from eating contribute to the development of different forms of maladaptive eating. The learned expectancy that eating is pleasurable and rewarding predicted higher levels of social/celebratory over-eating across the first year of middle school but did not predict higher levels of clinical binge eating. In contrast, the expectancy that eating helps one manage negative affect predicted higher levels of binge eating but not of social/celebratory over-eating across the same time period (n = 394). The results also supported a reciprocal model in which binge eating predicted higher levels of the expectancy that eating will manage negative affect but not that eating is pleasurable and rewarding; conversely, social/celebratory over-eating predicted higher levels of the expectancy that eating is pleasurable and rewarding but not that eating will manage negative affect.
The Bali Road Map A First Step on the Difficult Journey to a Post-Kyoto Protocol Agreement

The Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol met in Bali in December 2007.1 After some high-stakes poker about emission reduction frameworks and the role of emerging economies, participants settled on a road map for negotiating a new climate agreement by the end of 2009. The Bali meeting also managed to achieve progress on a number of important issues relating to the Adaptation Fund, avoidance of deforestation through REDD, technology transfer, and CDM. Conference side events show-cased emerging business opportunities in global carbon markets and provided a forum for countries to share experiences with national policies that have been put in place to meet Kyoto Protocol targets. Bali no doubt advanced international climate negotiations one step further, but it also highlighted the great challenges facing negotiators in the coming 20 months.2 This article takes stock of the current status of climate negotiations and di...
Structural basis for translation termination on the 70S ribosome

At termination of protein synthesis, type I release factors promote hydrolysis of the peptidyl-transfer RNA linkage in response to recognition of a stop codon. Here we describe the crystal structure of the Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome in complex with the release factor RF1, tRNA and a messenger RNA containing a UAA stop codon, at 3.2 A resolution. The stop codon is recognized in a pocket formed by conserved elements of RF1, including its PxT recognition motif, and 16S ribosomal RNA. The codon and the 30S subunit A site undergo an induced fit that results in stabilization of a conformation of RF1 that promotes its interaction with the peptidyl transferase centre. Unexpectedly, the main-chain amide group of Gln 230 in the universally conserved GGQ motif of the factor is positioned to contribute directly to peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis. Protein synthesis comes to a halt when the ribosome encounters a stop codon, and there is no aminoacylated tRNA ready to fill the ribosomsal A site and form a peptide bond. But how do the peptide chain and mRNA dissociate from the ribosome? The X-ray crystal structure of a 70S ribosome translation termination complex (consisting of a ribosome, mRNA with stop codon, a tRNA and an RF1 release factor) has now been determined at high-resolution. The structure reveals how RF1 recognizes an mRNA stop codon, it implicates RF1 itself in catalysis of peptidyl-tRNA release, and it suggests a model for how stop codon recognition leads to rearrangement of the structure of the factor to trigger the hydrolysis reaction. A structure of the termination complex shows that release factors that recognize stop codons cause the peptide chain and mRNA to dissociate from the ribosome at the end of translation. A conserved motif in the release factor participates in hydrolysis of the final tRNA-peptide bond.
A test of randomness based on the distance between consecutive random number pairs

One of the most popular methods of generating "random" numbers for use in a computer program employs a Lehmer random number generator. If constructed properly, these generators will yield streams of numbers that will appear random but can also be easily replicated. However, Marsaglia (1968) discovered a potential flaw in these random number generators, namely, if consecutive n-tuples of the generated numbers are plotted in n-dimensional space, the points may fall into a small number of hyperplanes. In this paper, we compare the theoretical distribution of the distances to the actual distances produced by a specific random number generator in order to devise a statistical test of randomness for the validity of the random number generator.
On assessing the potential for evolutionary change due to male-male competition and female choice in territorial species*

Central to understanding the operation of sexual selection as a whole is separating the effects of male-male competition and female mating preference. The evolutionary opportunity for sexual selection on males is partitioned into components due to each mechanism for species exhibiting male territoriality. The component indices measure the potential rate of increase in fitness and the constraint on phenotypic evolution resulting from each process. The derivation separates male mating fitness into multiplicative components which enables the direct forces of selection on a male character(s) to be examined separately for each agent and assessed relative to the total force of sexual selection acting on the character(s).
Reacting aggressively to injustice at work: a cognitive stage model

The present article develops a cognitive stage model of workplace aggression, which contends that aggressive reactions to perceived injustice are cognitively construed following three cognitive steps that include the assessment stage, the accountability stage, and the decision stage. These three cognitive stages are essential in understanding victims’ retaliatory actions against perpetrators of injustices. The model’s implications for research and practice are discussed.
Forecasting Retail Food Prices Under Current Conditions

Many consumers remember the wild food price fluctuations in 1973 and 1974, when prices climbed almost 15% each year. Several factors led to the sharp increases: high energy prices, a high general inflation rate, and reduced supplies of domestically produced corn and wheat. When tight grain supplies and record-high wheat prices occurred in 1996, some analysts automatically forecasted significantly larger increases in overall food prices. But today's food price situation is very different from the 197374 period, so a spike in food prices due to tight supplies did not occur in 1996 and is not expected in the following years. Overall food prices rose a modest 3.3% in 1996, continuing the fairly stable trend of 3% annual increases since 1992.
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling in Inflammation

Inflammation is an array of immune responses to infection and injury. It results from a complex immune cascade and is the basis of many chronic diseases such as arthritis, diabetes, and cancer. Numerous mathematical models have been developed to describe the disease progression and effects of anti-inflammatory drugs. This review illustrates the state of the art in modeling the effects of diverse drugs for treating inflammation, describes relevant biomarkers amenable to modeling, and summarizes major advantages and limitations of the published pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models. Simple direct inhibitory models are often used to describe in vitro effects of anti-inflammatory drugs. Indirect response models are more mechanism based and have been widely applied to the turnover of symptoms and biomarkers. These, along with target-mediated and transduction models, have been successfully applied to capture the PK/PD of many anti-inflammatory drugs and describe disease progression of inflammation. Biologics have offered opportunities to address specific mechanisms of action, and evolve small systems models to quantitatively capture the underlying physiological processes. More advanced mechanistic models should allow evaluation of the roles of some key mediators in disease progression, assess drug interactions, and better translate drug properties from in vitro and animal data to patients.
Harnessing e-commerce power for treasury management

Paper-based or stand-alone treasury functions don't work well in an e-commerce world. And the revenue possibilities of online transactions are eye-opening. But e-commerce can also help you with cash forecasting, cash management, deal execution or settlement, and more—if you control the risks. So this article also includes a comprehensive list of Web resources that helps you manage risk, and a useful checklist to control e-commerce projects. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Methane monooxygenase: purification and properties of flavoprotein component.

Abstract An anaerobic procedure was developed for the purification of the flavin:NADH oxidoreductase (flavoprotein) component of methane monooxygenase to homogeneity. The molecular weight of the flavoprotein determined by gel filtration was about 40,000, and by sedimentation equilibrium analysis, about 38,000. The purified flavoprotein is a monomeric protein with a sedimentation constant ( S 20W ) value of about 2.1 S. The absorption spectrum of the flavoprotein has a peak at 460 nm and shoulder at 395 nm. The fluorescent excitation and emission spectra of the fluorescent component of flavoprotein had peaks at 450, 370, and 530 nm, respectively. A FAD was identified as a prosthetic group of flavoprotein by thin-layer chromatography. The flavoprotein contained about 1 mol of FAD and 2 mol each of iron and acid-labile sulfide per mole of protein. The flavoprotein was directly reduced by NADH under anaerobic conditions. The formation of neutral flavin semiquinone was detected during anaerobic titration of flavoprotein by NADH and also as a free radical signal at a g value of 2.004 by EPR spectroscopy. The iron sulfur cluster has g values of 2.04, 1.96, and 1.87, yielding a g average of 1.96, characteristic of a Fe 2 S 2 center. Antibody prepared against the flavoprotein reacted with flavoprotein and inhibited methane monooxygenase activity.
Chirality-Controlled and Solvent-Templated Catenation Isomerism in Metal−Organic Frameworks

A family of highly porous homochiral, racemic, and meso metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized based on a new elongated tetra-carboxylate ligand and the copper paddle-wheel building units. These MOFs exhibited remarkable catenation isomerism that is controlled by both chirality of the bridging ligand and the size of solvent molecules. The ability to manipulate framework interpenetration is key to future synthesis of mesoporous homochiral MOFs which hold great promise in heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis and chiral separations.
Combinatorial control of cyclin B1 nuclear trafficking through phosphorylation at multiple sites.

Abstract Entry into mitosis is regulated by the Cdc2 kinase complexed to B-type cyclins. We and others recently reported that cyclin B1/Cdc2 complexes, which appear to be constitutively cytoplasmic during interphase, actually shuttle continually into and out of the nucleus, with the rate of nuclear export exceeding the import rate (1-3). At the time of entry into mitosis, the import rate is increased, whereas the export rate is decreased, leading to rapid nuclear accumulation of Cdc2/cyclin B1. Although it has recently been reported that phosphorylation of 4 serines within cyclin B1 promotes the rapid nuclear translocation of Cdc2/cyclin B1 at G2/M, the role that individual phosphorylation sites play in this process has not been examined (3, 4). We report here that phosphorylation of a single serine residue (Ser113 ofXenopus cyclin B1) abrogates nuclear export of cyclin B1. This serine lies directly within the cyclin B1 nuclear export sequence and, when phosphorylated, prevents binding of the nuclear export factor, CRM1. In contrast, analysis of phosphorylation site mutants suggests that coordinate phosphorylation of all 4 serines (94, 96, 101, and 113) is required for the accelerated nuclear import of cyclin B1/Cdc2 characteristic of G2/M. Additionally, binding of cyclin B1 to importin-β, the factor known to be responsible for the slow interphase nuclear entry of cyclin B1, appears to be unaffected by the phosphorylation state of cyclin B. These data suggest that a distinct import factor must be recruited to enhance nuclear entry of Cdc2/cyclin B1 at the G2/M transition.
AAV Provides an Alternative for Gene Therapy of the Peripheral Sensory Nervous System

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a promising vector for applications in the central nervous system (CNS). Clinical phase I/II studies have demonstrated safety of rAAV-expressing therapeutic transgenes for a variety of benign (i.e., noncancer) CNS disorders, namely, Canavan disease,1 Parkinson’s disease,2,3,4 and Batten disease.5 Human studies were also recently reported targeting the retina.6,8,9,9 From the early stages of preclinical development, rAAV was appealing because it was found to be neurotrophic and capable of long-term activity without immune interference or toxicity when injected into the CNS.10
Media Saturation and Entertainment—Education

Entertainment—education initiatives face unique problems in media—saturated countries such as the United States. Five media theories (uses and gratifications, cultivation, agenda setting, knowledge gap, and diffusion of innovations) are reviewed for guidance in creating effects in such environments. Recommendations for entertainment—education initiatives in media—saturated countries are suggested including: reconsideration of the type of effects possible, the use of individual differences to target and effect audiences, consideration of competing social factors in choice of message and sender, and combining efforts of campaigners to create a cultivation—level theme message.
Alteration of lysosomal density by sequestered glycogen during deprivation-induced autophagy in rat liver

Abstract Livers from fed rats were perfused in the single-pass mode with and without 10 mM glucose; autophagy then was induced by deleting amino acids. The decrease in glycogen which occurred in the absence of glucose did not influence the magnitude of the autophagic response, but it did affect the composition of autophagic vacuoles and the distribution of lysosomal marker on isopycnic centrifugation. In livers undepleted of glycogen, amino acid omission shifted a substantial portion of the β-acetylglucosaminidase peak into heavier gradient fractions. This shift was reduced 50% in partially depleted livers and was accompanied by a 40% decrease in glycogen-containing particles. These findings support the notion that glycogen sequestered during autophagy is responsible for the enhanced lysosomal density.
Sporotrichoid Eruption in a Patient After Lung Transplantation

Aman inhis 50spresentedwith purple nodules onhis left arm.He hadundergone lung transplantation for end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3months before presentation andwas takingprednisone,mycophenolatemofetil, and tacrolimus.Healsohad ahistoryof thalassemiaminor requiringblood transfusions andhad most recently received a transfusion 1 week before our evaluation. The day after his transfusion, he noted swelling at the intravenous catheter insertion site and subsequently developed a painful nodule.Over thenextweek,hedevelopedascendingerythemawithmultiple tender nodules extending from his left dorsal hand to his upper arm. He denied fevers,malaise, and other systemic symptoms. Physical examination revealed a purple, pustular nodule on the left dorsal hand with a palpable, erythematous cord extending up his arm (Figure, A). He had additional purple, superficial nodules tracking along the cord with deeper subcutaneous nodules proximally (Figure, B). He had no regional lymphadenopathy. Computed tomography of the lungs showed no evidence of infection. Magnetic resonance imaging of the left arm revealed soft-tissue swelling and subcutaneous nodules but no abscess, myositis, or osteomyelitis. A punch biopsy was performed (Figure, C). What is your diagnosis?
First-principles study of energy and atomic solubility of twinning-associated boundaries in hexagonal metals

Abstract Twinning-associated boundaries (TB), { 1 0 1 ¯ n } coherent twin boundaries (CTB) and the coherent basal–prismatic (CBP) boundary in six hexagonal metals (Cd, Zn, Mg, Zr, Ti and Be) are studied using first-principles density function theory, with the focus on the structural character of TB and the solute’s solubility at TB. Regarding the structure and energy of TB, the formation of TB is associated with the creation of an excess volume. All six metals show positive excess volume associated with ( 1 0 1 ¯ 1 ) and ( 1 0 1 ¯ 3 ) CTB, but the excess volume associated with ( 1 0 1 ¯ 2 ) CTB and CBP can be positive or negative, depending on the metal. The ( 1 0 1 ¯ 2 ) CTB has higher excess energy than ( 1 0 1 ¯ 1 ) and ( 1 0 1 ¯ 3 ) CTB for metals with c / a 8 / 3 , but lower for metals with c / a > 8 / 3 . More interestingly, CBP has lower excess energy than ( 1 0 1 ¯ 2 ) CTB for all metals. This is consistent with the recent finding concerning the pure-shuffle nucleation mechanism of ( 1 0 1 ¯ 2 ) twins. To understand solubility at TB, the solubility of solute atoms in Mg, Ti and Zr is calculated for solute positions in bulk, ( 1 0 1 ¯ 2 ) CTB and CBP boundaries. In general, solute atoms have better solubility at CTB and CBP than in bulk. Interestingly, the solubility of solute atoms changes linearly with normal strain at CBP, increasing with normal strain for solute atoms with a greater metallic radius than the matrix, and decreasing with normal strain for solute atoms with a smaller metallic radius than the matrix. This suggests that the distribution of solute atoms in bulk, CTB and CPB boundaries varies with stress state and, in turn, affects the mobility of TB.
The Rise of the Bourbon Military in Peru, 1768–1820

The reform of the military was perhaps the most successful of all Bourbon attempts at modernizing and centralizing the viceroyalty of Peru. By the end of Spanish rule, the royal army in Peru had become one of the strongest and most respectable forces of the Spanish empire. It was an ethnically diverse and highly centralized institution that transformed the viceroyalty by the early nineteenth century into one of the pillars of Spanish monarchical power in South America. How was the rise of the Bourbon military possible? And what were the political and social repercussions of this development? This article is an attempt to answer these questions.
The Value of a Space Precursor Analysis Program: A Saturn Example

There is general agreement that “near miss” or “close call” data is valuable to the space program and whenever NASA becomes convinced that such events have occurred they have acted responsibly and quickly to address them. The problem lies in defining what constitutes a near miss in a system that is inherently very complex, such that ‘abnormalities’ are actually normal occurrences, and yet one that is relatively reliable because of the inherent strengths incorporated into the design, such as robustness, redundancy, and functional diversity. The question becomes: what would the consideration of failure precursors add to the insights to be drawn from history as it relates to forecasting future performance? This paper will use the example of the Saturn program to address the problems involved in forecasting the risk in complex, yet reasonably reliable programs and to indicate preliminary approaches for use in establishing a space industry precursor program.© 2003 ASME
The functional emergence of prefrontally-guided working memory systems in four- to eight-year-old children

The neural processes that underlie the functional emergence of human cognitive functions, particularly those associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC), are of growing interest to developmental psychologists and neuroscientists. Specifically, working memory functions have been correlated with PFC activity in nonhuman primates and adult humans but have not been extensively studied in children. We examined the developmental emergence of functions involved in working memory through the use of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), a computerized battery of nonverbal visually-presented neuropsychological tests designed to dissociate frontal from temporal lobe behavioral functions. Participants were normal children, aged 4-8 (n = 181) and a small group of young adults (n = 24) who completed measures of Spatial Memory Span, Spatial Working Memory, the Tower of London planning task, Visual Pattern and Spatial Recognition tasks, and a Set-Shifting task. Findings indicate a general age-related progression in ability levels on frontal lobe tasks, with 4-year-olds performing worse than 5- to 7-year-olds on all measures. Eight-year-olds are superior to younger children in their ability to solve complex problems but have not yet reached adult levels of performance on the most difficult items of the Tower of London and Spatial Working Memory tasks. We conclude that the development of working memory functions proceeds dimensionally, starting with refinement of basic perceptual and sensorimotor functions and culminating with the physiological maturation of widespread neural networks that integrate complex processing demands inherent to working memory tasks.
Information processing analysis of a stochastic model of brand choice

Abstract A formal and detailed comparison between Morrison's brand loyal model and its information processing counterpart reveals serious internal inconsistencies and other shortcomings of this stochastic model.
Protolytic Stability of (dfepe)Pt(Ph)O2CCF3: Supporting Evidence for a Concerted SE2 Protonolysis Mechanism

An extension of prior protonolysis studies of platinum−carbon bonds to Pt−aryl bonds is reported. The protolytic stability of (dfepe)Pt(Ph)(O2CCF3) (dfepe = (C2F5)2PCH2CH2P(C2F5)2) in trifluoroacetic acid is found to be much less than (dfepe)Pt(Me)(O2CCF3), indicating that a concerted SE2 protonolysis mechanism is most likely operative in these electron-poor platinum systems. VT NMR experiments show that benzene coordination to the (dfepe)Pt2+ center in neat fluorosulfonic acid to form (dfepe)Pt(η6-C6H6)2+ at −80 °C is competitive with benzene dissociation in this weakly coordinating medium.
Growth of the P388 Leukemia as an Ascites Tumor in Zinc-Deficient Mice

SummaryThe growth of P388 leukemia cells as an ascites tumor is markedly depressed in mice fed a zinc-deficient diet. Tritiated-thymidine labeling data suggest that zinc-deficient tumor cells accumulate in G1.We acknowledge with thanks the expert technical assistance of Mr. J. Meneses. DHB was supported by U.S. Public Health Service Medical Student Summer Research Fellowship No. FR 05355-10. Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
Microfabrication of thick tungsten films for use as absorbers of deep X-ray lithography masks

We fabricated thick (5 μm) tungsten (W) film patterns by sputtering and dry etching, and realized a new deep X-ray lithography mask. The X-ray mask with 5-μm-thick W absorbers could expose about 1-mm-thick resist structures. In the deposition process of W films, the column structure of about 0.2 μm grain size, from which pattern edge roughness originates, disappeared by adding nitrogen into the sputtering gas. W film etching was carried out by reducing gas pressure and cooling the substrate (−40 °C), and a side etch width of below 0.2 μm was obtained. From the results of the pattern edge roughness and the side etch width, a pattern fabrication accuracy below ±0.5 μm was achieved. Furthermore, film stress, which induces pattern distortion, was reduced to below 50 MPa by controlling the sputtering gas pressure. The obtained mask achieved a pattern distortion below ±0.3 μm.
Drug Education and the Law

Drug education programs must account for the values of the students at whom such education is directed. Students' commitments to fairness, consistency, compassion, and reasonableness must be honored.The marijuana laws run counter to these commitments. Arguments about its harm are unsound, and rights to presumptive innocence, equal protection, and security from excessive punishment are compromised.Laws regarding heroin are still more destructive and unsupportable. Virtually all harms resulting from heroin use are a direct result of the existence and enforcement of the law.Society's laws run counter to students' values, making the role of the drug educator difficult if not impossible.
Evanescent absorption in kinematic surface Bragg diffraction.

The Bragg scattering excited under the conditions of total external reflection is discussed within a kinematic approach based on the distorted-wave approximation. Due to evanescent absorption at grazing angles the maximum of the interference function of the surface Bragg reflection is displaced into the vacuum by an amount determined by the mean electron density of the medium. X-ray scattering experiments performed on a mosaic single crystal with synchrotron radiation confirm the predictions of the kinematic theory and indicate the potential for obtaining structural information on the first atomic layers.
Mapping the Kidney Potassium Channel ROMK1 GLYCOSYLATION OF THE PORE SIGNATURE SEQUENCE AND THE COOH TERMINUS

ROMK1, also known as Kir 1.1, is an inwardly rectifying K+ channel and is the prototypical member of the large Kir gene family. The accepted model of Kir topology predicts intracellular NH2 and COOH termini, and two membrane-spanning segments, M1 and M2, connected by an intramembranous pore-forming segment, H5. The sequence of H5 is similar in voltage-dependent K+ channels and features a strictly conserved GY/FG in its mid-region, which has been proposed as the selectivity filter of the pore. We have been usingN-glycosylation substitution mutants to map the extracellular topology of ROMK1 biochemically and have described several loci in H5 that were glycosylated. We now report glycosylation at loci Tyr144 and Phe146, which indicates that the signature GYG sequence (143–145) rather than being intramembranous is extracellular. The COOH terminus was predicted to begin at position 178, but contrary to the model, we observed that position 257 was glycosylated and surrounding positions at 199, 222, and 298 were unglycosylated. N-Glycosylation sequon substitution at the latter three positions abolished K+/Na+selectivity. Our results suggest a major revision of the topology of ROMK1 with H5 and the pore signature sequence now completely extracellular. The COOH terminus appears to form two additional membrane-spanning segments and to contribute to the ion conduction pathway.
Isosorbide Dinitrate and Intra-aortic Balloon Pumping in Preinfarctional Angina: Effects on Central Circulatory Dynamics

The dynamics of the central circulation were measured by a radionuclidic technique in 18 men with high-risk preinfarctional angina who received therapy with isosorbide dinitrate (n = 18), intra-aortic balloon pumping (n = 8), or both (n = 8). Administration of 5 mg of isosorbide dinitrate sublingually was associated with a reduction in stroke volume index (SVI), cardiac index (CI), systemic arterial blood pressure, and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and with increased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Intra-aortic balloon pumping did not alter SVI or CI, but decreased systolic blood pressure and LVEDV and increased LVEF and diastolic Mood pressure. The combination of therapy with isosorbide dinitrate and intraaortic balloon pumping resulted in decreased SVI, systolic Mood pressure, and LVEDV and increased LVEF. Thus, therapy with isosorbide dinitrate reduced left ventricular preload, and intra-aortic balloon pumping reduced Mood pressure, which resulted in a decreased LVEDV and an increase in LVEF. Therapy with isosorbide dinitrate and intra-aortic balloon pumping act to alter central circulatory dynamics in favor of reducing myocardial oxygen demand.
Natural history of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors over a 6-year period.

Objective This study investigated the course of eating attitudes and eating-disordered behaviors in a community sample of adult women. Method Participants (N = 166; mean age = 32.8 years) completed the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), and a questionnaire assessing bulimic behaviors at two time points, 6 years apart. Results Correlations for rank ordering of scores on these measures were all significant, indicating high rank stability over time. Although rates of specific bulimic behaviors decreased over time, mean scores on eating disorder attitude scales tended to increase. Discussion Findings challenge the commonly held belief that disturbed eating attitudes decline with age.
Alteration of developing and adult rat muscle membranes by zuclomiphene and other hypocholesterolemic agents.

The present study presents evidence for a third hypocholesterolemic drug, zuclomiphene, being able to induce an experimental myotonic condition. Other drugs used singly or in combination were AY-9944. Triparanol and 20, 25-diazacholesterol. It has also been demonstrated for the first time that experimental myotonia can be induced in developing rats as well as adults. Developing rats received the initial intraperitoneal injection of drug at 5 days of age and were examined at 50 days of age. Adult rats were treated for 5 weeks. Two injections were given per week. Positive electromyography findings were observed in the developing and adult animals receiving 20, 25-diazacholesterol and zuclomiphene. The electromyography data of the other regimens of treatment were equivocal with regard to myotonia. Histological, histochemical, and electron microscopic examination of the muscle demonstrated no important changes. Estimation of sterol composition showed that desmosterol was a major sterol in muscle after 20, 25-diazacholesterol or zuclomiphene treatment, thus furthering the concept that it is desmosterol in the muscle membrane, and not the drug, that is responsible for the myotonic condition.