cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Multianode Paper-Based Microbial Fuel Cell: A Potential Power Source for Disposable Biosensors

In this paper, we report a multianode paper-based microbial fuel cell (MFC) capable of generating a power density of 28.4 μW/cm 2 . This MFC features: 1) flexible multilayered carbon cloth anodes for bacterial attachment and 2) paper reservoirs for holding the anolyte and catholyte for an extended period of time. The hydrophobic barriers in the anodes and paper-based reservoirs were patterned by impregnating and selectively polymerizing photoresist through UV lithography. Upon inoculum/catholyte introduction, a current of 211 μA/cm 2 was immediately generated. By using the multianode MFC, the power and current densities increased by 5× and 3×, respectively, compared with a single anode one. The paper-based MFC is expected to be a simple and easy-to-use power source for single-use diagnostic biosensors because even sewage or soiled water in a puddle can become an excellent source for operating MFCs and harvesting electricity through bacterial metabolism.
Differences in Oxidant Release by Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Produced by Stimulation with Different Phases of Coccidioides immitis

Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) inhibit growth of arthroconidia and young spherules but not mature spherules of Coccidioides immitis. To evaluate these differences, oxidants were measured when PMNL were exposed to C. immitis or other particulate stimuli. Concentrations of arthroconidia, young spherules, mature spherules, and Candida glabrata were adjusted to result in equivalent superoxide release. Hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid were stimulated by arthroconidia or young spherules but were undetectable after exposure to mature spherules. Levels of catalase in mature spherules were too low to account for the low levels of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid. When mature spherules were added to arthroconidia or zymosan, stimulation of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid occurred. The results suggest that mature spherules stimulate superoxide release but interfere with hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid production. The low levels of these antimicrobial oxidants may contribute to resistance of C. immitis to human PMNL.
Distribution of Cellular Slime Molds in Wisconsin Prairie Soils

Cellular slime molds were isolated from 75% of soil samples from 50 prairie remnants in southern Wisconsin. Total populations (cells per g of soil) were greatest in wet sites, intermediate in wet-mesic and mesic sites, and least in dry-mesic sites. Populations were slightly higher in dry than in dry-mesic sites, possibly because soils in dry sites had higher water-retaining capacities than soils in dry-mesic sites. Dominant species included Polysphondylium violaceum in wet prairies, Dictyostelium giganteum and P. violaceum in mesic prairies, and P. pallidum and D. sphaerocephalum in dry prairies. Dictyostelium sp. (YS) and P. pallidum both had greater populations at the two extremes of the moisture gradient than in mesic sites. Other species isolated included D. discoideum, D. lacteum, D. mucoroides, D. polycephalum, D. purpureum and D. rosarium. Average species diversity ranged from 3.2 species per site in dry-mesic prairies to 4.6 per site in wet-mesic prairies.
The Effect of Grain Boundaries and Substrate Interactions with Hydrogen on the CVD Growth of Device-Quality Copper

The effects of grain boundaries and substrate interactions with hydrogen on the CVD growth of device-quality copper were investigated by high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HRXPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), four-point resistivity probe, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and hydrogen profiling techniques. The films were deposited at 200° C in a stainless-steel cold-wall-type CVD reactor in an atmosphere of pure H 2 from various β-diketonate precursors, including bis(6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2- dimethyl-3,5-octanediono)copper(II), Cu(fod) 2 , and bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- 3,5-heptanedionato)copper(II), Cu(tmhd) 2 . The results of these studies showed that films grown on in-situ plasma-cleaned metallic substrates were uniform, continuous, adherent, and highly pure. Films with grain size larger than 500A exhibited very low resistivity, as low as 1.7 μΩcm. Preliminary investigations of the mechanisms of selective copper CVD showed that selectivity is independent of precursor chemistry and is a function of the nature and degree of substrate interactions with hydrogen.
Sociogenomics of social organization: mechanistic and evolutionary underpinnings of caste development and facial recognition in paper wasps

Sociogenomics is an emerging field that employs genomics to address the evolution and underlying mechanisms regulating social living. Studies on highly social (often called eusocial) insects have contributed to advances in sociogenomics. Eusocial insects exhibit extreme cooperation characterized by a division of labor with reproductive queen and non-reproductive worker castes. Eusociality has evolved multiple times within the insect order Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps), and my work represents a major leap forward in the development of genomic resources for wasps, with a focus on the model genus Polistes. It has been proposed that there are conserved genetic mechanisms underlying the evolution of eusociality ("genetic toolkit hypothesis"), but this hypothesis has yet to be tested using comparative studies across all three major social lineages. I investigated genetic mechanisms underpinning caste development across three lineages (honey bees, fire ants, and paper wasps) using comparative transcriptomics, and I found greater evidence for a relatively "loose genetic toolkit" of shared molecular pathways and biological functions, rather than specific genes. To provide further insights into how castes evolve, there is also a need for mechanistic studies of caste determination in primitively eusocial insects like Polistes, which have morphologically similar behavioral castes. Therefore, I tested nourishment as an environmental factor driving developmental plasticity of paper wasp caste and observed that nourishment manipulation biased gene expression toward worker-like expression patterns. Additionally, new genetically and experimentally tractable model systems for sociogenomics are vital for studying complex social behavioral traits. Polistes are poised to be an excellent model for one such trait facial recognition since a species of wasps (P. fuscatus) is the only insect known to possess this ability. By comparing brain gene expression during staged social interactions for two paper wasp species with (P. fuscatus) and without (P. metricus) facial recognition, I found that differences in calcium signaling and dominance-related genes may be important for individual memory recall. Memory recall is not necessarily limited to facial
Make Some Noise: A Research-Driven, Performance-Based Approach to Teaching Advocacy.

This article outlines a research-driven, performance-based approach to teaching advocacy in a school health education online or hybrid course, as well as providing guidance on how to adapt to a face-to-face environment. The project is designed for pre-service school health education students at the college/university level. The primary benefit of this project is that it provides a real world application of advocacy. Because students are able to identify their advocacy efforts based on completed research and learn by observing and practicing, they will be engaged in the process and become more confident advocates at the completion of the project.
Evaluation of Reliability for Primary Equipment in Ge-Nan HVDC Transmission Project

Many years of operation and maintenance experiences have indicated that it is the basis for HVDC transmission projects to realize the goal of reliability,availability,maintainability(RAM)through improving the performance of insulation system for the primary equipment.As a first commercial HVDC transmission project in China,Ge-Nan HVDC transmission project has been already put into service for nearly twenty years.Based on report of 04 working group with CIGRE Study Committee 14-DC Links and related stipulations in IEEE Std 1240-2000,the comparison of evaluation for the reliability of primary equipment has been analysed,which indicated that the availability and utilization of pole 1,pole 2 and bi-pole equipment in Ge-Nan project haven been significantly enhanced after retrofitting insulation system of primary equipment.
Control of Gastric Secretion: No Room for Histamine?

Editor's note. From time to time, Gastroenterology publishes articles designed to summarize the evidence for a particular point of view concerning some fundamental aspect of gastrointestinal or hepatic function which has long been a matter of intense interest and considerable controversy.
A LOW WEAR, HIGH IMPACT STRENGTH, SURFACE CROSS-LINKED UHMWPE BY LOW ENERGY IRRADIATION

Introduction: Irradiated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), used in the fabrication of joint implants, has increased wear resistance [1]. But, increased crosslinking decreases the mechanical strength of the polymer [2], thus limiting the crosslinking to the surface is desirable. Here, we usedelectron beam irradiation with low energy electrons to limit the penetration of the radiation exposure and achieve surface cross-linking. Methods: Medical grade 0.1 wt% vitamin E blended UHMWPE (GUR1050) was consolidated and irradiated using an electron beam at 0.8 and 3 MeV to 150 kGy. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used from the surface along the depth at an average of 32 scans and a resolution of 4 cm −1 . A transvinylene index (TVI) was calculated by normalizing the absorbance at 965 cm −1 (950–980 cm −1 ) against 1895 cm −1 (1850–1985 cm −1 ). TVI in irradiated UHMWPE is linearly correlated with the radiation received [3]. Vitamin E indices were calculated as the ratio of the area under 1265 cm −1 (1245–1275 cm −1 ) normalized by the same. Pin-on-disc (POD) wear testing was conducted on cylindrical pins (9 mm dia., 13 mm length, n = 3) as previously described at 2 Hz [4] for 1.2 million cycles (MC). Wear rate was measured as the linear regression of gravimetric weight change vs. number of cycles from 0.5 to 1.2 MC. Double notched IZOD impact testing was performed (63.5 × 12.7 × 6.35 mm) in accordance with ASTM F648. Cubes (1 cm) from 0.1 wt% blended and 150 kGy irradiated pucks (0.8 MeV) were soaked in vitamin E at 110°C for 1 hour followed by homogenization at 130°C for 48 hours. Results: The penetration of the electron beam for cross-linking was limited at low beam energy and cross-linking of the surface 2 mm was achieved (Fig 1). The wear rate of samples irradiated at 0.8 and 3 MeV was 1.12 ± 0.15, and 0.98 ± 0.11, respectively ( p > 0.5). In addition, the wear rate of the surface (0.8 MeV) irradiated UHMWPE was 0.33 ± 0.02 mg/MC 1 mm below the surface. The impact strength of UHMWPE irradiated at 0.8 MeV was 73 kJ/m 2 and 54.2 kJ/m 2 for that irradiated at 3 MeV ( p = 0.001). Doping with vitamin E and homogenization increased the surface vitamin E concentration from undetectable levels to 0.11 ± 0.01. Discussion: The wear rate of this surface cross-linked UHMWPE was comparable to uniformly cross-linked UHMWPEs irradiated at higher electron beam energies. Even lower wear rate subsurface suggested the feasibility of machining 1 mm from the surface in implant fabrication. Limiting cross-linking to the surface resulted in higher impact strength compared to a uniformly cross-linked UHMWPE. Vitamin E was optionally replenished by additional doping after cross-linking; an advantage of this method may be increased oxidation resistance. Significance: Low energy irradiation of vitamin E blended UHMWPE is feasible to fabricate total joint implants with high wear resistance and impact strength.
Flow cytometry. From research to clinical laboratory applications.

Flow cytometry is a technical tool that has made a successful transition from research to clinical applications. Flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies have provided insights into hematopoietic and immune system ontogeny and have advanced the conceptual understanding of lymphoproliferative, myeloproliferative, and immune system disorders. With ever-increasing new applications and directions, flow cytometry has been used in the study of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets in clinical hematology laboratories.
QUIC Transport and Dispersion Modeling of Vehicle Emissions in Cities for Better Public Health Assessments.

The Quick Urban and Industrial Complex (QUIC) plume modeling system is used to explore how the transport and dispersion of vehicle emissions in cities are impacted by the presence of buildings. Using downtown Philadelphia as a test case, notional vehicle emissions of gases and particles are specified as line source releases on a subset of the east–west and north–south streets. Cases were run in flat terrain and with 3D buildings present in order to show the differences in the model-computed outdoor concentration fields with and without buildings present. The QUIC calculations show that buildings result in regions with much higher concentrations and other areas with much lower concentrations when compared to the flat-earth case. On the roads with vehicle emissions, street-level concentrations were up to a factor of 10 higher when buildings were on either side of the street as compared to the flat-earth case due to trapping of pollutants between buildings. However, on roads without vehicle emissions and in other open areas, the concentrations were up to a factor of 100 times smaller as compared to the flat earth case because of vertical mixing of the vehicle emissions to building height in the cavity circulation that develops on the downwind side of unsheltered buildings. QUIC was also used to calculate infiltration of the contaminant into the buildings. Indoor concentration levels were found to be much lower than outdoor concentrations because of deposition onto indoor surfaces and particulate capture for buildings with filtration systems. Large differences in indoor concentrations from building to building resulted from differences in leakiness, air handling unit volume exchange rates, and filter type and for naturally ventilated buildings, whether or not the building was sheltered from the prevailing wind by a building immediately upwind.
Optical tunneling by arbitrary macroscopic three-dimensional objects

Electromagnetic wavefront portions grazing or nearly grazing the surface of a macroscopic particle contribute to the extinction of the incident radiation through a tunneling process similar to the scenario of barrier penetration in quantum mechanics. The aforesaid tunneling contribution, referred to as the edge effect, is critical to a correct depiction of the physical mechanism of electromagnetic extinction. Although an analytical solution for the edge effect in the case of a sphere has been reported in the literature, the counterparts for nonspherical particles remain unknown. The conventional curvature-based formalism of the edge effect breaks down in the case of faceted particles. This paper reports a method, based on the invariant imbedding principle and the Debye expansion technique, to accurately quantify the edge effect associated with an arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional object. The present method also provides a rigorous capability to facilitate the validation of various empirical approximations for electromagnetic extinction. Canonical results are presented to illustrate optical tunneling for two nonspherical geometries.
Immunologic Studies of Components of the Kallikrein-Kinin System

The components of the kallikrein-kinin system previously studied by immunologic techniques include pancreatic and urinary kallikrein (Webster et al., 1963) and bradykinin (Goodfriend et al., 1964). The purpose of this report is to present certain immunologic aspects of bradykinin, human bradykininogen, bovine kallikrein inhibitor (Trasylol), human pancreatic kallikrein, and human urinary kallikrein.
Lithium-Sulfur Battery: Chemistry, Challenges, Cost, and Future

Lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery has higher theoretical and experimental specific energy. There- fore, Li-S battery is the most capable energy storage option for electrical vehicles and power grid. However, it has life cycle issue to prevent its usage in electrical vehicles. Li-S battery need to im- prove life cycle issue in order to work with current battery applications. Li-S battery has complex chemistry and process to discharge and charge Li-S cell. The cost and manufacturing process of Li-S batteries will be one of the biggest challenge for commercial transformation from research and development stage. The Oxis Energy is developing Li-S battery for past 10 years and they have goal price US$250/kWh by 2020 with high volumes and more cheaper compare to lithium-ion battery.
Un sistema escolar modelo. Finlandia demuestra que la equidad y la excelencia pueden coexistir en la educación

Finland’s education story is important because it brings hope to all those worried about whether improving their educational systems is at all possible. Finland has a unique educational system because it has progressed from mediocrity to being a model educational system and «strong performer» over the past three decades. If Chile intends to follow the Finnish Way and listen to successful international experience from other countries, there is no better lesson than investing systematically and wisely in enhancing equity in education. This conference paper offers a discussion to all those worried about whether improving their educational systems is at all possible. The United States, England, Sweden, Germany, and Chile, to mention just a few, are among those where public education is increasingly challenged because of endemic failure to provide adequate learning opportunities to all children
BMC-I: The Battelle Monte Carlo Code

(1971). BMC-I: The Battelle Monte Carlo Code. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 125-126.
Cauda equina syndrome secondary to leptomeningeal metastases from recurrent primary peritoneal carcinoma

The patient is a 42-year-old woman with metastatic primary peritoneal carcinoma and known brain metastases, who subsequently developed cauda equina syndrome after presenting with ataxia, lower extremity weakness, and bowel and bladder incontinence secondary to leptomeningeal metastasis after treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical debulking, and adjuvant chemotherapy. Metastases to the central nervous system (CNS) and leptomeninges are rare events in epithelial ovarian and primary peritoneal carcinomas as these tumours do not have a predilection for the CNS. Cauda equina syndrome is often characterised by gait disturbances, bowel and bladder dysfunction, saddle anaesthesia, and lower extremity muscle weakness. In patients with known metastatic gynaecologic carcinomas presenting with nonspecific neurologic symptoms, cauda equina syndrome should remain high in the differential diagnosis.
You’re Gonna Need a Thicker Veil

Professor Chad Flanders’s latest piece, Election Law Behind a Veil of Ignorance, suggests a “veil of ignorance” rule for election law, focused on conditions when legislators may not know the partisan effect of their actions. This short invited response acknowledges the utility of a veil of ignorance concept, but questions whether partisan effect should be the exclusive screen. The response — foreshadowing a forthcoming piece — also articulates that the primary function of such a concept is not as a first-order rule of statutory interpretation, but as a second-order determinant of which interpretive regime to deploy.
Neuromodulation Device Therapy for Treatment of Hypertensive Heart Disease

Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States. Despite the availability of medical therapy it remains a challenge to treat. Autonomic nervous system imbalance resulting in overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and under activity of the parasympathetic nervous system is integral in the development of hypertension and ultimately the development of HHD. Emerging data suggest that neuromodulation device therapy for treatment of HHD is promising.
Tibial Plateau Fractures in the Elderly

Fractures of the tibial plateau in elderly individuals can occur following a low energy mechanism. Frequently, the fractures are depression-type injuries which cause articular incongruity and may have associated soft tissue or ligamentous injury. Definitive treatment of these fractures is often delayed because of the soft tissue envelope and requires a period of external fixation to maintain limb alignment and provide stability. The goals of operative fracture fixation are restoration of the articular surface and stable fixation. This can be accomplished through a variety of operative techniques with recent emphasis on preservation of the soft tissue envelope surrounding the proximal tibia and less invasive surgical exposures. In some circumstances, when the patient has significant degenerative joint disease, acute fracture fixation and total knee arthroplasty has been described for this condition. The management of these fractures can also be complicated by osteopenia and medical comorbidities which are more prevalent in the elderly population.
The Natural History of Hematemesis in the 21st Century.

Objective: Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding occurs at a rate of 40-150 episodes per 100,000 persons per year and is associated with a mortality rate of 6%-10%. We sought to determine the need for therapeutic endoscopy or surgical interventions in patients with hematemesis and the association with blood transfusion requirements. Methods: We queried the database of our large teaching facility for adult patients presenting with obvious upper GI hemorrhage (hematemesis) between 2014 and 2017. We evaluated the amount of blood transfusions administered and the need for operative, endoscopic or angiographic interventions. Results: Eighty-one patients were admitted with hematemesis: mean age was 63 years old (range 21-103), 60% were male, and mean hemoglobin was 11.3 g/dL (range 3.6-15.6). Forty-one percent received blood transfusions with a mean of one unit transfused per patient (range 0-10); 9% received ≥ 3 units of packed red blood cells. Bleeding stopped spontaneously in 88% of patients and nine died. Forty-seven percent underwent inpatient endoscopy but only 6% underwent a therapeutic endoscopic intervention. No patient had a surgical or interventional radiologic procedure related to their GI bleed. Conclusion: Upper GI bleeding rarely requires operative or interventional radiologic intervention. Blood transfusions were not predictive of the need for therapeutic endoscopic intervention which was required in only 6% of patients.
Physiologic effects of delayed sternal closure following stage 1 palliation.

Background Following stage 1 palliation, delayed sternal closure may be used as a technique to enhance thoracic compliance but may also prolong the length of stay and increase the risk of infection. Methods We reviewed all neonates undergoing stage 1 palliation at our institution between 2010 and 2017 to describe the effects of delayed sternal closure. Results During the study period, 193 patients underwent stage 1 palliation, of whom 12 died before an attempt at sternal closure. Among the 25 patients who underwent primary sternal closure, 4 (16%) had sternal reopening within 24 hours. Among the 156 infants who underwent delayed sternal closure at 4 [3,6] days post-operatively, 11 (7.1%) had one or more failed attempts at sternal closure. Patients undergoing primary sternal closure had a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit length of stay. Patients who failed delayed sternal closure had a longer aortic cross-clamp time (123±42 versus 99±35 minutes, p=0.029) and circulatory arrest time (39±28 versus 19±17 minutes, p=0.0009) than those who did not fail. Failure of delayed sternal closure was also closely associated with Technical Performance Score: 1.3% of patients with a score of 1 failed sternal closure compared with 18.9% of patients with a score of 3 (p=0.0028). Among the haemodynamic and ventilatory parameters studied, only superior caval vein saturation following sternal closure was different between patients who did and did not fail sternal closure (30±7 versus 42±10%, p=0.002). All patients who failed sternal closure did so within 24 hours owing to hypoxaemia, hypercarbia, or haemodynamic impairment. Conclusion When performed according to our current clinical practice, sternal closure causes transient and mild changes in haemodynamic and ventilatory parameters. Monitoring of SvO2 following sternal closure may permit early identification of patients at risk for failure.
Osteoclast inhibitor treatment among men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Background: National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend monthly osteoclast inhibitor treatment (OIT) in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) to prevent skeletal related events (SREs). We assessed adherence to guidelines by quantifying treatment for SRE prevention in a population-based cohort of men with mCRPC. Methods: Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data, we identified men aged >65 with prostate cancer as a primary cause of death during 2006-2010. We assessed OIT during a 12-month period between 15 and 3 months before death and used multivariable negative binomial regression to identify factors associated with treatment. Results: Among 9,634 men who died of prostate cancer, 22% received ? 1 OIT, and use increased slightly over time. Men age 75-84 and ? 85 were less likely than younger men to be treated (IRR 0.63, 95% CI 0.49-0.78 and IRR 0.34, 95% CI 0.17-0.50, respectively). African American men were less likely than white men to receive OIT (IRR 0.75, 95% CI 0.54-0.95), as were men from areas with lower median income (P=0.014). Compared with men seeing a urologist only, men seeing a medical oncologist and a urologist (IRR 2.52, 95% CI 2.36-2.68) or a medical oncologist alone (IRR 3.82, 95% CI 3.54-4.09) had higher incidence rates of treatment. Conclusions: Fewer than a quarter of American men dying of prostate cancer received recommended treatment to prevent SREs within the final year of their lives, with particularly low rates of treatment among older men, African American men, and those living in areas with low median income. Visits with a medical oncologist were associated with increased use. Further evaluation of these disparities by age, race and socioeconomic status are necessary to identify interventions to reduce them.
Stimulus effects of propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin in electronic cigarette liquids.

Abstract Background Little is known about the behavioral effects of non-nicotine ingredients in electronic cigarette liquids. Propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) are the most common humectants used in electronic cigarette liquids. These ingredients may influence stimulus effects (e.g., visibility of exhalant, taste, or smell), which have played a role in the abuse liability of conventional cigarettes. In the current study, the stimulus effects of aerosol from liquids varying only in PG and VG content were assessed. Methods Sixteen electronic cigarette users completed five sessions (one practice and four testing sessions). Following one hour of nicotine deprivation, two sampling puffs from liquid formulations containing 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100% PG/VG concentrations were administered in random order during five assessments, each separated by 20 min. Measures included self-reported stimulus effects and breakpoint on a multiple-choice procedure with options consisting of sampled puffs or varying amounts of money. Results VG content was associated with greater reports of visibility of the exhalant (i.e., “cloud”). Liquids with only PG or VG engendered lower reports of inhalation sensations (e.g., throat hit) and greater reductions of systolic blood pressure compared to mixtures of PG and VG. There was no effect of liquid formulation on the multiple-choice procedure, but puffs were rarely chosen over even the smallest monetary option ($0.05), suggesting minimal reinforcing efficacy. Conclusions Liquids containing greater concentrations of VG are more capable of producing visible exhalant and mixtures of PG and VG engender greater airway sensory effects than either ingredient alone.
Poor Readability of AOSSM Patient Education Resources and Opportunities for Improvement.

Background:Appropriate education on the disease processes associated with orthopaedic pathology can affect patient expectations and functional outcome.Hypothesis:Patient education resources from th...
Murine Adherent and Invasive E. coli Induces Chronic Inflammation and Immune Responses in the Small and Large Intestines of Monoassociated IL-10-/- Mice Independent of Long Polar Fimbriae Adhesin A

BACKGROUND Adherent and invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) is preferentially associated with ileal Crohn's disease (CD). The role of AIEC in the development of inflammation and its regional tropism is unresolved. The presence of long polar fimbriae (LPF) in 71% of ileal CD AIEC suggests a role for LPF in the tropism and virulence of AIEC. The aim of our study is to determine if AIEC, with or without LpfA, induces intestinal inflammation in monoassociated IL-10-/- mice. METHODS We compared murine AIEC strains NC101 (phylogroup B2, LpfA-) and CUMT8 (phylogroup B1, LpfA+), and isogenic mutant CUMT8 lacking lpfA154, with a non-AIEC (E. coli K12), evaluating histologic inflammation, bacterial colonization, mucosal adherence and invasion, and immune activation. RESULTS IL-10-/- mice monoassociated with AIEC (either CUMT8, CUMT8:ΔlpfA, or NC101) but not K12 developed diffuse small intestinal and colonic inflammation. There was no difference in the magnitude and distribution of inflammation in mice colonized with CUMT8:ΔlpfA compared with wild-type CUMT8. Bacterial colonization was similar for all E. coli strains. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed mucosal adherence and tissue invasion by AIEC but not K12. Production of the cytokines IL-12/23 p40 by the intestinal tissue and IFN-γ and IL-17 by CD4 T cells correlated with inflammation. CONCLUSIONS IL-10-/- mice monoassociated with murine AIEC irrespective of LpfA expression developed chronic inflammation accompanied by IL-12/23 p40 production in the small and large intestines and IFN-γ/IL-17 production by CD4 T cells that model the interplay between enteric pathosymbionts, host susceptibility, and enhanced immune responses in people with IBD.
Effect of lexical accessibility on syntactic production in aphasia: An eyetracking study.

Background & Aims: Healthy speakers use both word-level and structure-level information to ease sentence production processes. Structural priming facilitates message-structure mapping in aphasia. H...
Resurgent Governors in the Federal System

The time is July 1988, and baseball fever is rising. With barely a glimmer of hope remaining, “Big Jim” Thompson steps into the batter's box to swat a ninth inning “home run” that prevents the White Sox from going down to defeat—or more accurately—from going down to Florida. Such is the stuff of legends, although the real story is hardly less dramatic. Seated at a desk at home plate of Comiskey Park, Illinois Governor James Thompson signed a $ 150 million financing package for the construction of a new stadium that will keep the White Sox in Chicago and fore-close the team's removal to St. Petersburg. With vigorous lobbying from the Governor, the Illinois General Assembly, in the closing minutes of its 1988 session, had narrowly approved the stadium legislation. The news from Chicago, however, is more than a baseball story. The news tells us a great deal about modern governors in domestic policy making. They are more activist than their counterparts a generation or so ago, particularly in the realm of homestate economic development. Though most governors do not serve as long as Thompson–by late 1988, he had been governor for nearly 12 years–modern governors, as compared to their 1950s counterparts, are staying in office longer and, perhaps as a consequence, acquiring greater national influence.
Research on Disturbance Test Scheme for Parameters Identification of Synchronous Condenser

Accurate synchronous condenser model and parameters are the basis for analysis, operation and control of AC/DC hybrid power systems, and the appropriate disturbance test scheme is the premise to ensure parameters identification effect of synchronous condenser. Therefore, this paper studies the field test scheme suitable for synchronous condenser, including excitation step disturbance, load rejection disturbance and terminal voltage disturbance caused by switching capacitors. Then, parameters of synchronous condenser are identified using particle swarm optimization algorithm(PSO). The results show that the parameters identification effect is better under the excitation step disturbance with positive pulse and the terminal voltage disturbance. The effect is even better if multiple groups of parameters identification results under three kinds of disturbances are averaged as the final parameters identification result.
Newman, Marcel, and Personal Knowledge:

This article suggests that the religious epistemology of John Henry Newman can be enhanced if read through the philosophical lens of Gabriel Marcel. After briefly describing Newman’s epistemology a...
Comparison of Minimally Invasive Total versus Subtotal Resection of Spinal Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective With the advent of minimally invasive techniques, minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) has become a realistic option for many spine cases. This study aims to evaluate the operative and clinical outcomes of MISS for total versus subtotal tumor resection from current evidence. Methods A literature search was performed using the search term (Minimally invasive surgery OR MIS) AND (spine tumor OR spinal tumor). Studies including both minimally invasive total and subtotal resection cases with operative or clinical data were included. Results Seven studies describing 159 spinal tumor cases were included. Compared with total resection, subtotal resection showed no significant differences in surgical time (mean difference (MD), 9.44 minutes; 95% confidence interval [CI], –47.66 to 66.55 minutes; P = 0.37), surgical blood loss (MD, –84.72 mL; 95% CI, –342.82 to 173.39 mL; P = 0.34), length of stay (MD, 1.38 days; 95% CI, –0.95 to 3.71 days; P = 0.17), and complication rate (odds ratio, 9.47; 95% CI, 0.34–263.56; P = 0.12). Pooled analyses with the random-effects model showed that neurologic function improved in 89% of patients undergoing total resection, whereas neurologic function improved in 61% of patients undergoing subtotal resection. Conclusions Our analyses show that there is no significant difference in operative outcomes between total and subtotal resection. Patients undergoing total resection showed slightly better improvement in neurologic outcomes compared with patients undergoing subtotal resection. Overall, this study suggests that both total and subtotal resection may result in comparable outcomes for patients with spinal tumors. However, maximal safe resection remains the ideal treatment because it provides the greatest chance of long-term benefit.
Structuring the “Structureless” and Leading the “Leaderless”: Power and Organization in the Student Movement at the University of California

This chapter examines the tensions and challenges experienced by participants in the student movement at the University of California as they struggled to create new forms of decentralized organization and horizontal leadership. Focusing on the internal dynamics of the movement, I examine how power is allocated, the process of direct democracy, and why participants prefer certain organizational forms over others. I found that informal leadership and organization created hidden power dynamics and different understandings of direct democracy and the purpose of consensus, and created conflicts that often got in the way of solidarity. I also found that organizational preferences were in part determined by strategy and the varying goals and tactical preferences of participants, but also influenced by ideology and symbolic associations.
Bispecific binder redirected lentiviral vector enables in vivo engineering of CAR-T cells.

Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown considerable promise as a personalized cellular immunotherapy against B cell malignancies. However, the complex and lengthy manufacturing processes involved in generating CAR T cell products ex vivo result in substantial production time delays and high costs. Furthermore, ex vivo expansion of T cells promotes cell differentiation that reduces their in vivo replicative capacity and longevity. Methods Here, to overcome these limitations, CAR-T cells are engineered directly in vivo by administering a lentivirus expressing a mutant Sindbis envelope, coupled with a bispecific antibody binder that redirects the virus to CD3+ human T cells. Results This redirected lentiviral system offers exceptional specificity and efficiency; a single dose of the virus delivered to immunodeficient mice engrafted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells generates CD19-specific CAR-T cells that markedly control the growth of an aggressive pre-established xenograft B cell tumor. Conclusions These findings underscore in vivo engineering of CAR-T cells as a promising approach for personalized cancer immunotherapy.
Introduction—Everyday Humoralism

Beneath the laurel-crowned, winged allegory of Melancholy in Albrecht Durer’s Melencolia 1 (1514), several objects are strewn about the floor, including carpenter’s tools—a set-square, a plane, and a few scattered nails—along with pincers, a crucible, and a clyster (used to evacuate plethoric humors). This engraving, a focus of Chap. 8 in this volume, prompts the beholder to consider the humorality and lived experience of melancholy by depicting it through a series of symbolic, scientific, and material objects, capturing an arcane symbolism. Durer asks the viewer to contemplate the multivalent nature of melancholy, not merely imagined as an inward, corporeal state theorized by Galenism, but also as an embodied experience, linked to the natural, mathematical, and scientific phenomena of the early modern world. While an excess of melancholy humor, or black bile, was associated with insanity and a requisite melancholy complexion, it was also long alleged to be a source of creative genius in the period, a notion the image refers to through its many objects related to intellectual study. By depicting melancholy in this multi-faceted way, the engraving reminds viewers that the medical instruments and carpenter’s tools scattered across the floor at Melancholy’s feet were all linked to the cosmos, humors, and elements in ways that now seem remarkably strange to modern readers. Objects or inanimate things were believed to contain elemental characteristics, not merely metaphorically, but materially, within humoral discourse. Seen in this light, Durer’s famed image partly suggests one of the central premises of this collection that we invite readers to contemplate: the way in which Galenic humorality in its different expressions and composition finds exemplification in one of the period’s most iconic works of art as well as in many accessory objects and social practices, all more familiar to early modern viewers’ eyes than to ours.
Personalization of social narratives for students with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Brief experimental analysis

Abstract Individuals with ASD display deficits in social interaction and communication across multiple contexts, making social communication a primary intervention target in school and community-based settings. Social narratives (SN) are designed to be implemented easily and flexibly by numerous caregivers and interventionists, provided that correct training is given. However, research findings regarding the efficacy of SN have been mixed. Much previous research has used generic forms of SN, in which pictures are not individualized to the child and the setting in which change is desired. In addition, the presumed mechanism of change in most social narrative research has been that narratives are skill-building, thus resulting in long-term and persistent effects. However, little research has supported or examined that assumption. The present study examined the efficacy of SN presented via various delivery methods, including written narratives with generic pictures, written narratives with personalized pictures, and written narratives with personalized pictures plus role play. Brief experimental analysis followed by extended analysis facilitated an examination of whether SN resulted in rapid generalization, or may function more similarly to antecedent interventions, such as prompts. Findings with three children with ASD whose special education teacher implemented SN indicate that some degree of personalization is more effective than generic presentation of SN. While SN appeared to sometimes produce generalizable gains, such effects were neither immediate nor as strong as when SN was used immediately prior to observation. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Grid Database Design

IN THE BEGINNING History Computing Early Mechanical Devices Computing Machines The 1960s The 1970s The 1980s The 1990s The 21st Century Definition and Components P2P Types Grid Scope Early Adopters Computational and Experimental Scientists Bioinformatics Corporations Academia Science Industries Benefits THE PARTS AND PIECES Security Security Database Security The Hardware Computers Storage I/O Subsystems Underlying Network Operating Systems Visualization Environments People Metadata Grid Metadata Data Metadata Application Metadata External Metadata Logical Metadata User Data Resources Metadata Services Access Metadata Formatting MCAT Conclusion Drivers Business Technology DATABASES IN THE GRID Introducing Databases Databases Relational Database Object Database Object Relational Database SQL Database Data Model Schema Relational Model Anomalies Parallel Database Data Independence Parallel Databases Multiprocessor Architecture Alternatives Disadvantages of Parallelism Database Parallelization Techniques Data-Based Parallelism Parallel Data Flow Approach Parallelizing Relational Operators Data Skew Distributing Databases Advantages Disadvantages Rules for Distributed Databases Fragmentation Replication Metadata Distributed Database Failures Data Access Data Synchronization Concurrency Control Two-Phase Commit Protocol Time Stamp Ordering Heterogeneity Conclusion
A COMPUTER STUDY OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER ON A CUBIC LATTICE

This chapter presents a numerical computation of the light field in an extended cubic lattice. The extended cubic lattice simulates a real optical medium whose boundary light fields and whose volume attenuation and volume scattering functions are known. The end result of the computation is a 26-component light vector at each point of a cubic lattice 50 monolayers deep. The main purpose of the computation is to see if the point-level interpretation of discrete-space theory yields a reasonably accurate model of natural light fields. The discrete-space model is a numerically tractable model. The discrete-space procedure yields a reasonably good model of light fields in plane-parallel media.
Making a New Federal Program

During the evening of the first full day of Lyndon B. Johnson’s presidency—at 7:40 P.M. on November 23,1963, to be precise—Walter Heller, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, came to tell him that three days before his assassination President Kennedy had approved a suggestion that the council and the Bureau of the Budget develop a program to alleviate poverty. They were thinking, Heller said, in terms of pilot projects to be tried in a few cities. The president was enthusiastic, but he wanted something “big and bold.” A program for just a few cities could never be propelled through Congress and, in any case, it would be regarded as another example of “tokenism” by black leaders whose growing anger was a matter of concern to him. A few weeks later, in his first State of the Union Address, he declared “unconditional war on poverty in America.” The Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) was created almost at once.
The Financial Services Industry and the Modernization Legislation

The intent of the Financial Modernization Act of 1999 is to reform the financial services sector by lowering barriers among the financial industries and strengthening the overall financial services sector. We observe that, in general, the market considers the FSM Act to be good news. We also observe that merger activity peaked in 1997, following loosening of regulations, yet before the final passage of the FSM Act. This suggests that the law did not create new opportunities to merge that were not already available prior to its passage.
Deterministic coupling of delta-doped NV centers to a nanobeam photonic crystal cavity

The negatively-charged nitrogen vacancy center (NV) in diamond has generated significant interest as a platform for quantum information processing and sensing in the solid state. For most applications, high quality optical cavities are required to enhance the NV zero-phonon line (ZPL) emission. An outstanding challenge in maximizing the degree of NV-cavity coupling is the deterministic placement of NVs within the cavity. Here, we report photonic crystal nanobeam cavities coupled to NVs incorporated by a delta-doping technique that allows nanometer-scale vertical positioning of the emitters. We demonstrate cavities with Q up to ~24,000 and mode volume V ~ $0.47({\lambda}/n)^{3}$ as well as resonant enhancement of the ZPL of an NV ensemble with Purcell factor of ~20. Our fabrication technique provides a first step towards deterministic NV-cavity coupling using spatial control of the emitters.
Energy expenditure and VO2 max of female athletes during treadmill exercise.

Abstract Several physiological responses, including oxygen uptake, of a group of female athletes (N = 26) were measured during various levels of treadmill exercise. Their aerobic power was also measured and correlated with performance on the Cooper 12-min-run test. The energy requirement during treadmill exercise, expressed as [Vdot]O2/kg · min-1, was very similar to values reported for males. The mean aerobic power was 41 ml/kg · min-1. A statistically significant correlation (r = .70) was found between aerobic power and performance on the Cooper 12-min-run test. This was consistent with previous studies.