cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are there Genuine Mathematical Explanations of Physical Phenomena

Many explanations in science make use of mathematics. But are there cases where the mathematical component of a scientific explanation is explanatory in its own right? This issue of mathematical explanations in science has been for the most part neglected. I argue that there are genuine mathematical explanations in science, and present in some detail an example of such an explanation, taken from evolutionary biology, involving periodical cicadas. I also indicate how the answer to my title question impacts on broader issues in the philosophy of mathematics; in particular it may help platonists respond to a recent challenge by Joseph Melia concerning the force of the Indispensability Argument.
Arizona Literature Mapper: An integrated approach to monitor and analyze global bioterrorism research literature

Biomedical research is critical to biodefense, which is drawing increasing attention from governments globally as well as from various research communities. The U.S. government has been closely monitoring and regulating biomedical research activities, particularly those studying or involving bioterrorism agents or diseases. Effective surveillance requires comprehensive understanding of extant biomedical research and timely detection of new developments or emerging trends. The rapid knowledge expansion, technical breakthroughs, and spiraling collaboration networks demand greater support for literature search and sharing, which cannot be effectively supported by conventional literature search mechanisms or systems. In this study, we propose an integrated approach that integrates advanced techniques for content analysis, network analysis, and information visualization. We design and implement Arizona Literature Mapper, a Web-based portal that allows users to gain timely, comprehensive understanding of bioterrorism research, including leading scientists, research groups, institutions as well as insights about current mainstream interests or emerging trends. We conduct two user studies to evaluate Arizona Literature Mapper and include a well-known system for benchmarking purposes. According to our results, Arizona Literature Mapper is significantly more effective for supporting users' search of bioterrorism publications than PubMed. Users consider Arizona Literature Mapper more useful and easier to use than PubMed. Users are also more satisfied with Arizona Literature Mapper and show stronger intentions to use it in the future. Assessments of Arizona Literature Mapper's analysis functions are also positive, as our subjects consider them useful, easy to use, and satisfactory. Our results have important implications that are also discussed in the article. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Continuity properties of the Gabor frame operator

Abstract For a Gabor frame with small lattice, it is shown that the frame operator is continuous and invertible on many Banach spaces defined by smoothness and decay properties. As a consequence, it is shown that there exist Gabor-type frame/dual frame pairs and tight frames with good decay and smoothness properties. Also, it is shown that the iteration scheme by which a function can be recovered from its frame coefficients converges robustly (e.g., in Lp and Sobolev norms). Also, explicit estimates on lattice sizes for which such results hold can be obtained.
Effects of hormone therapy on C-reactive protein and IL-6 in postmenopausal women : a review article

The results of the Women's Health Initiative, showing an increase in coronary heart disease events in postmenopausal women on estrogen and medroxyprogesterone acetate, have created considerable interest in finding an underlying mechanism that may confer cardiovascular risk in women on hormone therapy (HT). Inflammation is thought to play a key role in the progression of atherosclerosis. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory marker that has been studied as a predictor of future coronary risk. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is felt to be an important cytokine in the inflammatory cascade and instrumental in CRP expression. The purpose of this article is to summarize the observational and randomized studies that examine the difference in IL-6 and CRP concentrations with respect to oral versus transdermal hormone therapy. We also review studies looking at differences in CRP levels based on the progestin component of HT and trials examining the effect of estrogen agonists on IL-6 and CRP. In our review, we found CRP levels to be elevated in the majority of postmenopausal women on oral HT. There was no correlation between IL-6 and CRP levels. Studies examining the effect of progestins produced varying results. Transdermal estrogen, in contrast, showed no elevation in levels of IL-6 or CRP alone or with the addition of progestins. Selective estrogen receptor agonists (SERMs) did not demonstrate an effect on CRP levels, although tibolone did increase CRP in one reviewed trial. Questions remain about the role of progestins and transdermal HT therapy in the inflammatory process and the underlying mechanism of CRP activation. More research is needed to understand how HT may be involved in the inflammatory process.
Electronic and Ionic Trapping at Domain Walls in BaTiO3

The authors have coupled electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and polarization-voltage measurements to understand the effects of reducing ambients on the remanent polarization and density of paramagnetic centers in BaTiO[sub 3] single crystals. Two types of reducing ambients were explored; one was done under vacuum (slightly reducing) and the second was performed in forming gas (very reducing). It is found that the vacuum anneal caused a reduction in the remanent polarization and a concomitant decrease in the isolated Fe[sup 3+] EPR resonance. The Fe[sup 3+]-V[sub O] complex EPR signal was relatively unaffected by this vacuum anneal. By injecting charge using an ultraviolet (UV) light and an applied bias combination, the polarization and the isolated Fe[sup 3+] signal intensity were restored, thereby suggesting that the suppression of the remanent polarization is due to trapping of electronic charge at the domain walls. For the forming gas anneal, the authors observe a much larger decrease in remanent polarization with an accompanying decrease in both the isolated Fe[sup 3+] and Fe[sup 3+]-V[sub O] complex EPR signals. For this anneal, charge injection by the UV light/bias combination did not restore the polarization nor the EPR densities. The remanent polarization, the isolated Fe[sup 3+], and the Fe[supmore » 3+]-V[sub O] complex could be restored only by a reoxidizing anneal, suggesting that ionic defects (oxygen vacancies) are now responsible for pinning the domain walls. Collectively, these results suggest reducing anneals can suppress the amount of switchable polarization in BaTiO[sub 3] by either electronic or ionic trapping mechanisms.« less
Somatotopic and columnar organization in the corticotectal projection of the rat somatic sensory cortex

Summary Single injections of tritiated amino acids into the first somatic sensory area (SI) of the rat neocortex result in axoplasmically transported labeling of the stratum griseum intermediale and stratum griseum profundum of the ipsilateral superior colliculus. The terminal labeling in these layers takes the form of multiple, column-like patches. The SI projection is somatotopically organized with the face and head representations projecting to an extensive anterolateral part of the colliculus and the limb representations projecting to a restricted posterolateral part. Injections of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus result in retrograde labeling of corticotectal cells in the superficial part of layer VB of SI and of the second somatic sensory area (SII).
Postnatal weight gain inhibition does not account for neurobehavioral consequences of neonatal Borna disease virus infection.

Neonatal Borna disease virus (BDV) infection of the rat's brain produces neurodevelopmental damage similar to some pathological and clinical features of human developmental disorders, e.g., autism and schizophrenia. Since BDV-infected rats exhibited an inhibition of postnatal weight gain, the present study sought to evaluate a contribution of nutritional status to virus-induced neurodevelopmental injury. We compared neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and behavioral alterations following neonatal BDV infection and rearing in the oversized litters in Fischer344 rats on postnatal day (PND) 26. Despite a comparable weight gain inhibition, different patterns of brain pathology, alterations in brain monoamine systems, and behavioral deficits were observed in the BDV-infected rats compared to the malnourished rats. While no appreciable cell injury was noted in the brains of the malnourished rats, a significant loss of Purkinje cells (PC) and early signs of degeneration of the hippocampal dentate gyrus were found in the BDV-infected rats. Both neonatal BDV infection and postnatal malnourishment increased tissue concentrations of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] in the hippocampus. In contrast, increased turnover of 5-HT in the cortex and hippocampus and elevated turnover of dopamine (DA) in the striatum were found in the malnourished rats only, suggesting that different pathogenic mechanisms might underlie monoamine disturbances in virus-infected and malnourished rats. The observed dissimilar neuroanatomical and neurochemical abnormalities might explain the different responses to novelty in the BDV-infected and malnourished rats. Compared to the control rats, the BDV-infected rats exhibited novelty-induced hyperactivity, while no differences in locomotion were noted between the control and malnourished rats. Taken together, the present data indicate that virus-associated inhibition of postnatal weight gain is unlikely to account for the major BDV-associated neurodevelopmental alterations that seem to be due to specific effects of neonatal BDV infection.
Thermal inactivation differences of phosphofructokinase in erythrocytes from genetically selected high and low DPG rat strains

Abstract Phosphofructokinase (PFK) has been previously suggested as being responsible for the differences in glycolytic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) levels in two inbred populations of Long-Evans hooded rats. The enzyme's in vivo activity appears to be greater in animals with high levels of DPG and lower in those with low levels of this metabolite. In an initial attempt to characterize any structural differences in the red cell PFK enzyme of the two rat strains, we have performed a heat inactivation study. Our results show that the red cell PFK in animals with low levels of DPG is more heat labile relative to that in animals with high levels. This data provides further evidence that the genetic locus determining DPG levels may be the PFK structural gene.
Evaluating an early secondary smoking prevention intervention.

Abstract Given the documented link between smoking and later debilitating health conditions, a need exists to investigate educational programs aimed at reducing rates of smoking among school-age children. The present study involved an entire class of ninth graders in a treatment condition featuring either role-playing and discussion, or only discussion. While both treatments effectively reduced levels of smoking among early smokers, few changes were noted for youngsters manifesting long-term, more entrenched habits. Levels of smoking for children monitored in a control school remained about the same. These data suggest that early preventive programs might be most efficacious in curtailing smoking among school-age children.
Characterization of a single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus of Thysanoplusia orichalcea L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Indonesia.

A single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) isolated from Thysanoplusia orichalcea L. (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) (ThorNPV) in Indonesia has tetrahedral occlusion bodies (OBs) with a width of 1. 22 microm (range = 0.803-1.931 microm). The length of the virion with an envelope averaged 0.29 and 0.23 microm without an envelope. ThorNPV was propagated in Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) and its authenticity was confirmed by sequence analysis of the polyhedrin gene of the ThorNPV produced in T. orichalcea and P. includens. Polyhedrin amino acid sequence analysis revealed that ThorNPV belongs to Group II of baculoviruses and is closely related to Trichoplusia ni single nucleocapsid NPV, sharing 97.6% sequence identity. Infectivity of ThorNPV against third instar P. includens was low, with a LD(50) value of 65,636 OBs/larva. Electron microscopy of infected tissues showed many polyhedra without virions embedded, which might explain the low virulence against P. includens. Differences in virion occlusion rates between individual cells in the same tissue suggested that the inoculum consisted of at least two variants that differed in the gene(s) controlling virion occlusion. In a host range test using the LD(50) value to P. includens against Spodoptera exigua, S. frugiperda, S. eridania, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Helicoverpa zea, Trichoplusia ni, and P. includens, P. includens was the only species infected. The virus infected primarily the fat body, tracheal epithelium, and hypodermis. The genomic size of the ThorNPV is 135 kb.
Crime Victimisation: A Study into the Profile of Homicide Victims in Istanbul

This study attempts to explore the characteristics of homicide victimisation and the nature of homicide victims in Istanbul between 1996 and 2000. The purpose of the study is twofold. First, to draw a profile of the victim of homicide incidents. Second, to establish a homicide data set for researchers to use. Using data provided from the Homicide Bureau of Istanbul Police Department as a major database, 578 homicide cases have been examined. The findings of this research show that males predominate as victims. Homicide victimisations are more likely to occur in ‘not visible’ locations. Firearms are the overwhelming choice as a murder weapon. The reasons for homicide incidents are mostly disputes, domestic quarrels, and disputes over money.
Oracle Database Security

Abstract The Oracle database provides the necessary features to configure adequate and granular level security, including strong authentication, authorization, and monitoring controls. This article provides an understanding of key security concepts for the Oracle 8x and 9x environments.
Timing and sequence of postharvest fungicide and biocontrol agent applications for control of pear decay

Abstract Postharvest decay of pear fruit often originates at small wounds that occur during harvest and handling. Experiments were conducted to characterize the effect of timing of application of postharvest decay control materials, and to evaluate sequential postharvest applications of fungicides or fungicides and biocontrol agents. Fungicides and biocontrol agents were increasingly less effective when the period between harvest and application was prolonged. Thiabendazole (TBZ) applied to fruit without artificial wounding or inoculation effectively reduced decay when applied within 3 weeks or 6 weeks in 2 years of study. TBZ, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil were effective in controlling decay at artificial wounds inoculated with Penicillium expansum up to 14 d after inoculation. Application of TBZ at harvest followed 3 weeks later by application of fludioxonil was superior to application of TBZ at harvest alone. Three yeast and one bacterial biocontrol agents reduced decay at pear wounds inoculated with P. expansum up to 14 d after inoculation with P. expansum, but were ineffective when applied at 28 d after inoculation. Of possible sequential arrangements of fungicide and biocontrol treatments, application of the most effective material promptly after harvest generally resulted in the highest level of decay control.
Bertolotti's Syndrome Revisited: Transitional Vertebrae of the Lumbar Spine

Bertolotti's syndrome refers to the association of back pain with lumbosacral transitional vertebrae. Such vertebrae were observed in 140 of 2,000 adults with back pain over a 4-year period of study. Each patient had radiographic evaluation of the lumbar spine by plain films as well as a sectional imaging modality (magnetic resonance [MR] or computed tomography [CT]). The overall incidence of structural pathology (eg, spinal stenosis and disc protrusion) detected by CT or MR was not apparently higher in patients with transitional vertebrae, but the distribution of these lesions was significantly different. Disc bulge or herniation, when it occurred, was nearly nine times more common at the interspace immediately above the transitional vertebra than at any other level. Spinal stenosis and nerve root canal stenosis were more common at or near the interspace above the transitional vertebra than at any other level. Degenerative change at the articulation between the transverse process of the transitional vertebra and the pelvis was an uncommon occurrence; when seen there was no significant correlation with the reported side of pain. It is postulated that hypermobility and altered stresses become concentrated in the spine at the level immediately above a lumbar transitional vertebra. Accelerated disc and facet joint degeneration at this level may then result.
Comment on the suppression of noise by the ribosome in the transition state for formation of the peptide bond

In Shannon's information theory, noise is mathematically identical to entropy. The point of this comment is to highlight the role of noise suppression in the ribosome transition state (TS) reaction. When the rRNA of the ribosome peptidyl transfer center (PTC) is considered along with the reactants which pass through it, enthalpy but also, noise suppression, contributes to the catalysis of the TS reaction.
Altered trafficking and epithelial cell polarity in disease

Establishment and maintenance of a polarized epithelium relies on the integration of signaling cascades, acquisition of specialized trafficking circuits and establishment of a unique cytoarchitecture. Defects in any of these processes can adversely affect cell polarity and cause defects in specific organs and systemic disease. Mutations that disrupt the proper transport of individual plasma membrane proteins, or inactivate components of the epithelial-specific trafficking machinery, have severe functional consequences. Links between renal diseases and defects in trafficking, differentiation or signaling, highlight the delicate balance between these parameters which, when altered, precipitates a loss of renal function.
Natural- versus Unnatural-Parity Exchange in Forward Scattering

The assumption of one-particle (pole) exchange at the quark level for $s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ leads to the decoupling, in the forward direction, of natural-parity particles (leading Regge trajectories) from octet-decuplet baryonic vertices. In the differential cross section of the reaction $\ensuremath{\pi}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\Delta}$ a dip is predicted at $t\ensuremath{\simeq}0$, for high $s$. The study of this dip can lead to an estimate of the upper limit of the quark mass.
Analysis of food for toxic elements

The levels of the toxic elements Al, As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Sn are routinely monitored in food to protect the consumer. Increasingly, the chemical forms of As and Hg are also monitored. Analyses are performed to enforce regulatory standards and to accumulate background levels for assessing long-term exposure. The analytical procedures used for these activities evolve as requirements to determine lower levels arise and as both the types and sheer number of different foods that need to be analyzed increase. This review highlights recent work addressing improvements in the analysis of toxic elements in food. The topics covered include contamination control, analytical sample treatment and the common analytical techniques used for food analysis.
Protein-to-energy ratios in production diets and growth, feed conversion and body composition of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Abstract Channel catfish fingerlings were stocked in 400-m2 earthen ponds at densities of 75 fish per 100 m2 and fed to satiety with diets containing 26, 31, 35 and 39% protein, or 91, 107, 120 and 127 mg of protein/kcal of digestible energy (DE), for 123 days. The diets were similar to those fed commercially, composed of soybean meal, corn, a small amount of fish meal and vitamin and mineral supplements. The protein-to-energy ratio ( P E ) was increased by substituting a fixed ratio of soybean meal and fish meal (5:1) for corn. All diets were adequate in essential amino acids on a percentage-of-protein basis. There was a general increase in live weight, dressed weight, and protein gains as dietary protein increased. Weight gain increased markedly, from 288 g/fish to 407 g/fish, when dietary protein increased from 26 to 31% (P The optimum P E ratio in a soybean meal-fish meal-corn catfish diet for rapid growth, efficient feed conversion and high ratio of protein-to-fat gain appears to be approximately 120 g of protein/kcal of DE. These results show trends in fish responses to variable dietary P E ratios which indicate that the amount of protein in commercial catfish feeds should be chosen on the basis of feed ingredient costs and fish prices.
Porcine malignant hyperthermia: cell injury enhances halothane sensitivity of biopsies.

A possible relationship between muscle cell injury or deterioration and enhanced halothane sensitivity was studied by monitoring mechanical responses of skeletal muscles from normal pigs and pigs susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). Increased time postbiopsy and decreased maximum control tetanic tension both correlated significantly with enhanced sensitivity to halothane. In both normal and MH-susceptible (MHS) muscles, greater halothane sensitivity was observed in cut cell than in intact cell bundles and in low tetanic tension as compared to high tension preparations. Subsequent to halothane exposure, twitches of high tension (greater than or equal 1.75 kg . cm-2) intact bundles of both normal and MHS muscles were potentiated. Tetani of normal intact bundles were not altered, whereas those of MHS bundles were depressed after halothane exposure. Control twitch-to-tetanus ratios (twitch ratios) were higher in MHS (0.23) than in normal (0.12) intact bundles. According to discriminant analysis, the best distinction between normal and MHS muscles, either cut or intact, was obtained by comparing halothane-induced changes in tetanic tension and control twitch ratios.
The Significance of Elevated Levels of Plasma 18-Hydroxycorticosterone in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism*

Plasma 18-hydroxycorticosterone (180HB) concentration was measured in 23 patients with primary aldosteronism. After overnight recumbency, the levels were markedly elevated and were 6 times higher in patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas than in patients with hyperplasia. A value of 100 ng/dl or greater at 0800 h after overnight recumbency distinguished an adenoma from hyperplasia. There was no overlap of values, as was observed with plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) at 0800 h and after 4 h of upright posture at 1200 h. There was a significant negative correlation between the ratio of 180HB to PAC and the potassium concentration in patients with primary aldosteronism due to hyperplasia. Potassium repletion with potassium chloride and/or spironolactone in patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas decreased the 180HB:PAC ratio by decreasing 180HB and increasing PAC. 180HB is an effective discriminator of an adenoma and may be a useful marker of the events in late aldosterone synthesis.
TH-C-224C-07: EUD-Assessed Impacts of Respiratory Motion On Breast Irradiation

Purpose:Respiration results in intrafractional motion and anatomic changes for both target and normal structures (e.g., lung,heart) during the radiation treatment for breast cancer. The purpose of this work is to quantify the dosimetric and radiobiological impacts using the concept of equivalent uniform dose (EUD). Method and Materials: Intrafractional variations were assessed based on 4DCT datasets acquired using a GE LightSpeed‐RT scanner and Varian RPM‐respiratory‐gating system. The 4DCT datasets along with the conventional 3DCT images for 10 patients were analyzed retrospectively. Each set of 4DCT consisted of 10 CT image sets at a phase between 0–90% during one respiration cycle. For each case, a 3D dosimetric plan of two tangential beams irradiating the whole breast was generated based on the 3DCT images using Xio (CMS) planning system. The parameters for this dosimetric plan (e.g., energy, beam angles, beam shape, wedge, weighting, isocenter location) were copied to each phase image set of the 4DCT to generated 3D dose distribution. DVHs for each phase image set were generated and were used for EUD calculation based on LQ model for breast tumor and Lyman model for lung.Results: 4DCT showed breast position/shape and lung position/shape/volume are changed with respiration. For example, lung volume changed up to 20% for the cases studied. These changes result in significant intrafractional variations in dose distributions/DVHs. Our calculations show that, compared to the planned EUD (based on the 3DCT), the breast EUD was lowered by an average of 5% (when including all 10 breathing phases) and up to 10% (at a particular phase). Lung EUD varied by ±3% during respiration.Conclusion: Respiratory motion in breast radiation treatment can potentially result in decreased target coverage and normal structure sparing. This effect that can be assessed using EUD, and decreased EUD may be an indicator for gated breast irradiation.
Anticipatory smooth eye movements with random-dot kinematograms

Anticipatory smooth eye movements were studied in response to expectations of motion of random-dot kinematograms (RDKs). Dot lifetime was limited (52–208 ms) to prevent selection and tracking of the motion of local elements and to disrupt the perception of an object moving across space. Anticipatory smooth eye movements were found in response to cues signaling the future direction of global RDK motion, either prior to the onset of the RDK or prior to a change in its direction of motion. Cues signaling the lifetime of the dots were not effective. These results show that anticipatory smooth eye movements can be produced by expectations of global motion and do not require a sustained representation of an object or set of objects moving across space. At the same time, certain properties of global motion (direction) were more sensitive to cues than others (dot lifetime), suggesting that the rules by which prediction operates to influence pursuit may go beyond simple associations between cues and the upcoming motion of targets.
Hospitalizations for Chronic Pancreatitis in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA

Background/Aims: Population-based estimates for chronic pancreatitis (CP) are scarce. We determined incident CP hospitalization rates and the risk of pancreatitis-related readmissio
Effects of western boundary current dynamics on the internal wave field of the Southeast Florida shelf

[1] Shelf sea internal wave fields are typically highly variable and dominated by wind and tidal forces. However this is not necessarily true for outer shelf regions or very narrow shelves where remote physical processes originating over the slope or deep ocean may exert a strong influence on the internal wave climate. During the summers of 2003 and 2004, observational studies were conducted to examine the effects of a western boundary current (the Florida Current), tides, and wind on the mean currents and internal wave field on the outer Southeast Florida shelf. Wavelet analyses of nonstationary shelf currents coupled with altimetry images of the Straits of Florida reveal the strong influence of Florida Current fluctuations on outer shelf flows. Local winds were found to be a small factor in flows on the outer shelf region and tidal forcing (diurnal and semidiurnal) accounted for less than a third of the total barotropic variance. High-frequency internal waves dominate the internal wave field and result in bottom-intensified currents and strong shoreward mass transport. We present evidence that suggests that the Florida Current plays as large a role in the determination of the high-frequency internal wave field as tidal forces. These observations and analyses show that it is necessary to include the forcing from the Florida Current meanders and instabilities in order to predict accurately the episodic nature of the internal wave field on the Southeast Florida shelf.
QCD wavefunctions on a small lattice

Abstract I present an algorithm for the computation of the wavefunctions of low-lying states in SU(3) lattice gauge theory in three special dimensions. I discuss the selection of a state basis, computation of matrix elements in this basis, and an algorithm for finding the low-lying states when the basis is very large.
Canine Teeth: Notes on Controversies in the Study of Human Evolution1

The synthetic theory of evolution requires the reconstruction of the behaviors of past populations, and such reconstruction cannot be neatly packaged. In this situation the primitive systems of the brain will find support for the opposite sides of almost any question. As individuals, we have the need to feel that what we do is "real, true, and important" and this has a profound influence on our supposedly scientific attitudes. At the present time no theory of the evolution of the canine complex is fully adequate. Futile debate comes from the illusion of scientific proof and from the emotional needs of contesting individuals. IN THE LATEST NUMBER of the Yearbook of Physical Anthropology (1973) Brace suggests that the degree of sexual dimorphism was much greater among the very early men (australopithecines) than among the more recent members of the family. In the same volume, only a few pages later, Pilbeam and Zwell conclude that sexual dimorphism cannot account for the variability of the same fossils. The study of human evolution is full of examples such as this. Scientists with access to the same information often arrive at opposite conclusions. Such disagreements are usually blamed on methods and inadequate data. It would appear that the important causes of many of these conflicts are the illusion of science, reliance on description, and the peculiarities of the human mind. We are caught in traditions which inevitably produce conflict and slow progress in our understanding of evolution. The history of theories of human evolution is filled with examples of competent scientists, with access to the same facts, drawing different conclusions, and then becoming involved in acrimonious debate often lasting for years. The papers referred to above are clear and follow the accepted scientific mode of presentation. First, the problem is introduced, then data are presented and analyzed, then conclusions are drawn. Opponents' methods are labeled "deplorable" and "explanations... inadequate." Clearly both authors think that their conclusions are useful, have a high probability of being correct, and should be accepted. Both authors are following our culturally determined scientific tradition. This tradition leads us to accept description as fact-in this case, measurements of teeth. Obviously the judgment of whether there were two lineages in the genus Australopithecus (in the broadest sense) or one does not necessarily depend on the dental evidence alone. But even if comparison is restricted to the measurements of length and breadth of the teeth, Wolpoff (1971a:123) has shown that A.
Recent developments in carbon dioxide capture technologies for gas turbine power generation

Abstract This paper describes the status of various carbon capture technologies investigated and outlines challenges and opportunities of carbon capture in gas turbine power generation for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Technical achievements, maturity, drivers, barriers and gaps in knowledge are described for four technologies: novel chemical solvents and processes, low temperature separation, membranes and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in gas turbines. As a near-term application, carbon capture in gas turbine power generation for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is analyzed and drivers, requirements and challenges are outlined. The paper is structured as follows: the first section describes the current global status of carbon capture and storage (CCS), second section explains the approach followed in the paper, third section presents a literature review, fourth section provides a technical analysis of the focus technologies, fifth section describes challenges and opportunities of carbon capture from gas turbines for CO2-EOR applications and finally sixth section provides conclusions.
Progress in programming languages

A great deal of progress has been made over the last forty years in the design and implementation of programming languages. Unfortunately, most programmers have little experience with imperative programming languages developed after the early 1970s, and still use older languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, and C. Yet in the last twenty or so years there have been important improvements to these languages. Perhaps the most important development has been the introduction of features that support abstract data types (ADTs). These features allow programmers to add new types to languages that can be treated as though they were primitive types of the language. The programmer can define a type and a collection of constants, functions, and procedures on the type, while prohibiting any program using this type from gaining access to the implementation of the type. In particular, access to values of the type is available only through the provided constants, functions, and procedures. Simula-67 was one of the first languages to provide support for ADTs, though it did not provide support for hiding the representation of types. For example, in the mid-’70s Clu’s clusters provided full support for ADTs. Two of the more popular languages providing full support for ADTs (though using slightly different mechanisms) are Modula-2 and Ada-83. These languages have also provided better support for separate, but not independent, compilation. That is, programs can be broken into smaller pieces, each of which can be separately compiled. However, since these different compilation units depend on each other, there must be a way of reliably passing type information from one unit to the next. C provides primitive facilities to support this with header files, while the (non-standard) Pascal units provide somewhat better support (though without information hiding). Modula-2 and Ada-83, on the other hand, support separate compilation by providing separate specification and implementation units. This allows programs to be compiled once the imported units specifications have been defined, while leaving the implementations to be compiled later. In fact, programmers may interchange a variety of implementations of specifications without having any impact on the code of programs using these units. Clu and Ada-83 also provided support for parameterized types and polymorphic operations by allowing parameterized ADTs. For instance, in Ada-83 one can specify a parameterized binary search tree as: generic type BSTElt is private with function LessThan(x, y: BSTElt) return BOOLEAN; package BinSrchTree is . . . end BinSrchTree; This package can then be instantiated with any type T that has an appropriate LessThan function defined for it. Moreover, in both Clu and Ada-83 these parameterized ADTs can be type checked before being instantiated, which guarantees that instantiated versions will be free of type errors as long as the opera-
Seinsverlassenheit in the later philosophy of Heidegger

According to Heidegger, we are living in an ever worsening ‘worldnight’, whose fundamental nihilism is due to an ‘abandonment by Being’ (Seinsverlassenheit) or a ‘forgetting of Being’ (Seinsvergessenheit). In this paper, I attempt to clarify the notion of an ‘abandonment by Being’ through an examination of two themes prominent in Heidegger's later philosophy: Being as ‘event’ (Ereignis); and the obscure ‘mystery’ or ‘secret’ of Being. ’Seinsvergessenheit’ is interpreted as a forgetting of the mystery or secret of Being which is the ‘ontological difference’ between Being and beings, i.e. between some concrete revelation of a world and the conditions which make possible any revelation whatsoever. Since these conditions make up that ontological structure which is Dasein and since Dasein is human being, to forget Being is to be in a condition of profound self‐estrangement. The origin and growth of this condition constitutes the history of metaphysics, which unfolds as the history of a progressive increase in ...
A Purified Serum Glycopeptide from Controls and Cystic Fibrosis Patients. I. Comparison of their Mucociliary Activity on Rabbit Tracheal Explants

Summary: A glycopeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 5000 was purified from sera of controls and cystic fibrosis patients. Both the cystic fibrosis and control glycopeptides revealed the absence of aromatic amino acids. The effect of the purified glycopeptide on rabbit tracheal explants was examined in a double-blind fashion. The purified fraction from cystic fibrosis patients caused marked ciliary dyskinetic activity and profound mucus secretion. The equivalent fraction from controls, even in a 50-fold higher concentration, showed no apparent biological activity on rabbit tracheal explants. Speculation: A glycopeptide was purified from sera of controls and cystic fibrosis patients. The glycopeptide from cystic fibrosis patients revealed marked mucociliary activity, whereas its "normal counterpart" demonstrated no such activity. Abnormalities in some aspects of glycoprotein metabolism as a possible underlying defect in cystic fibrosis have been previously suggested. Thus, the mucociliary activity of the cystic fibrosis glycopeptide might be part of a generalized phenomenon of abnormal synthesis or degradation of glycoproteins and glycopeptides.
Nanostructured tungsten and tungsten trioxide films prepared by glancing angle deposition

Abstract Nanostructured tungsten (W) and tungsten trioxide (WO3) films were prepared by glancing angle deposition using pulsed direct current magnetron sputtering at room temperature with continuous substrate rotation. The chemical compositions of the nanostructured films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the film structures and morphologies were investigated using X-ray diffraction and high resolution scanning electron microscopy. Both as-deposited and air annealed tungsten trioxide films exhibit nanostructured morphologies with an extremely high surface area, which may potentially increase the sensitivity of chemiresistive WO3 gas sensors. Metallic W nanorods formed by sputtering in a pure Ar plasma at room temperature crystallized into a predominantly simple cubic β-phase with texture although evidence was found for other random grain orientations near the film/substrate interface. Subsequent annealing at 500 °C in air transformed the nanorods into polycrystalline triclinic/monoclinic WO3 structure and the nanorod morphology was retained. Substoichiometric WO3 films grown in an Ar/O2 plasma at room temperature had an amorphous structure and also exhibited nanorod morphology. Post-deposition annealing at 500 °C in air induced crystallization to a polycrystalline triclinic/monoclinic WO3 phase and also caused a morphological change from nanorods into a nanoporous network.
Intrathecal co-administration of morphine and excitatory amino acid agonists produce differential effects on the tail-flick of intact and spinal rats.

Previous reports, that intrathecal morphine is more potent on the tail-flick test of acute spinal rats than intact rats, suggested that spinal opiate analgesia was attenuated by neurotransmitter release from descending pathways. To determine if this phenomenon involved excitatory amino acids (EAAs), 0.25 nm of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) were i.t. co-administered with morphine to Intact and Spinal rats. NMDA potentiated morphine antinociception in Intact but not Spinal rats; AMPA had no effect in Intact rats, but significantly reduced morphine antinociception in Spinal rats. The data suggest a reciprocal descending, modulatory influence on the spinal interaction between EAAs and morphine.
Tactile discrimination study of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system and spino-cervico-thalamic tract in cat.

The role of two spinal sensory pathways, the dorsal column (DC) pathway and the spino-cervico-thalamic tract (SCTT), involved in tactile discrimination was studied. Pour lesion groups of cats (DC lesion, SCTT lesion, combined DC and SCTT lesion, and sham-operated) were tested to discriminate various degrees of roughness. Animals with either the SCTT or the combined lesions performed at around 50–60% level under all the conditions tested. On the other hand, those with the DC lesion and sham-operations generally attained 80–100% level of performance. A difference between the DC group and sham-operated group was found in their rate of learning and ability for finer discrimination. These results are interpreted as an indication that a duplicity in transmission of tactile sensation exists, the DC pathway being more specific than the SCTT.
Filter design for vibration isolation between multi-resonant structures

Abstract A mechanical filter design for vibration isolation between multi-resonant structures is presented. In this approach, the source and load characteristics are first modified so that a favorable condition for filter insertion is created. The low-pass m -derived sections are then employed to achieve the required minimum insertion loss over a broad frequency band. The proposed mechanical filter configuration is seen to be unique. Some limitations of its application in practice are discussed.
Former Minister Zhang's discourse on SARS: Government's image restoration or destruction? ☆

This study analyzes the image repair discourse by Chinese Health Minister Zhang Wenkang's discourse on SARS. The minister faced several accusations: the SARS outbreak was growing, the Chinese government had covered up the severity of this problem, the Chinese government ignored Taiwanese who suffered from SARS, and the Health Ministry provided information that was neither timely nor accurate. He employed several image repair strategies (denial, defeasibility, bolstering, minimization, differentiation, attack accuser, and corrective action). However, his messages were contradictory and apparently related on false information, so his efforts were unsuccessful and he was stripped of his office.
Indigenous Peoples and Globalization: Resistance and Revitalization

Indigenous peoples represent the most complex and longitudinally historical social issues and societies on earth, posing analytical problems across many social science disciplines. This issue of American Behavioral Scientist addresses the issues and central importance of indigenous peoples of the world, within three critically necessary frames for analysis: globalization, resistance to domination, and revitalization related to cultural survival. Many of the contributing authors utilize world systems analysis in their descriptions with temporal and spatial understandings of the indigenous people they illustrate, as well as making every effort to keep an “indigenous perspective” whenever possible.
A revision of Eurysphindus LeConte (Coleoptera : Cucujoidea : Sphindidae) and a review of sphindid classification and phylogeny

Abstract. Eurysphindus LeConte is revised and redescribed, Genisphindus gen.n. is described and a key to the species is given for each. Four new species of Eurysphindus are described: E.comatulus sp.n., E.grandiclaviger sp.n., E.halli sp.n. and E.infuscus sp.n. Eurysphindus brasiliensis Sen Gupta & Crowson, Eurysphindus plaumanni Sen Gupta & Crowson and Eurysphindus hirtus LeConte are redescribed. Four species of Genisphindus are described: G.latisternus sp.n., G.minor sp.n., G.rotundus sp.n. and G.roxanneae sp.n. Eurysphindus laevicollis Sen Gupta & Crowson is reassigned to Genisphindus. A tentative hypothesis of the phylogenetic relationships of sphindid genera is presented based on a cladistic analysis. A classification derived from the phylogenetic hypothesis is proposed and compared with that of Sen Gupta & Crowson (1977). A generic key to adult Sphindidae is provided. Known distributions for the genera of sphindids are considered in light of the phylogenetic hypothesis and various interpretations are proposed.
A prospective assessment of the effect of aminophylline therapy on urine output and inflammation in critically ill children

Background: Aminophylline, an established bronchodilator, is also purported to be an effective diuretic and anti-inflammatory agent. However, the data to support these contentions are scant. We conducted a prospective, open-label, single arm, single center study to assess the hypothesis that aminophylline increases urine output and decreases inflammation in critically ill children. Methods: Children less than 18 years of age admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit who were prescribed aminophylline over a 24-hour period were eligible for study. The use and dosing of aminophylline was independent of the study and was at the discretion of the clinical team. Data analyzed consisted of demographics, diagnoses, medications, and markers of pulmonary function, renal function and inflammation. Data were collected at baseline and at 24-hours after aminophylline initiation with primary outcomes of change in urine output and inflammatory cytokine concentrations. Results: Thirty-five patients were studied. Urine output increased significantly with aminophylline use (median increase 0.5 mL/kg/hour ([IQR:-0.3,1.3], p=0.05) while BUN and creatinine concentrations remained unchanged. Among patients with elevated C-reactive protein concentrations, levels of both interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 decreased at 24-hours of aminophylline therapy. There were no significant differences in pulmonary compliance or resistance among patients invasively ventilated at both time points. Side effects of aminophylline were detected in 7 of 35 patients. Conclusions: Although no definitive conclusions can be drawn from this study, aminophylline may be a useful diuretic and effective anti-inflammatory medication in critically ill children. Given the incidence of side effects, the small sample size and the uncontrolled study design, further study is needed to inform the appropriate use of aminophylline in these children.
A review of preschool conservation training: An analysis of analyses☆☆☆

Abstract The theoretical stance of researchers influences the designs and outcomes of their experiments. This premise can be directly examined only when investigators of different persuasions are interested in the same phenomenon. Conservation training is one such phenomenon. The literature of preschool conservation training studies, 25 in all, is reviewed, and the theoretical stance of the author(s) is categorized as cognitive readiness, perceptual readiness , or specific experience . The three groups of studies are then analyzed to show that theory significantly affects many aspects of study design, outcome measures, and interpretation of results.