cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A modified force-balance model for prediction of bubble departure diameter in subcooled flow boiling

Abstract Experimental data by Sugrue et al., Klausner et al., Zeng et al., Prodanovic et al., and Situ et al. for bubble departure diameter in subcooled flow boiling in a wide range of orientation angle, subcooling, heat flux, mass flux, and pressure conditions were used to assess the predictive accuracy of the mechanistic force-balance models of Klausner et al. and Yun et al. The results suggested that both models capture the experimental trends correctly, but exhibit large average errors and standard deviations, i.e. 85.5% (σ = 49.7%) and 43.9% (σ = 23.1%) for Klausner’s and Yun’s models, respectively. Since the cube of the bubble departure diameter is used in subcooled flow boiling heat transfer models, such errors are unacceptable, and underscore the need for greater accuracy in predictions. Therefore, the databases were used to (i) identify the dominant forces determining bubble departure at various operating conditions, and (ii) optimize the empirical coefficients describing those forces in Klausner’s model. The modified model considerably lowers prediction error to 22.4% (σ = 19.9%) for all data considered. Application of the modified model is demonstrated for the subcooled flow boiling conditions present in the hot channel of a typical Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR).
‘I am not Mr. Mom:’ a qualitative analysis of at-home father’s struggle for legitimacy

AbstractAlthough scholarship on at-home fathers explores how men negotiate their masculinity and wrestle with social stigma, research has yet to address how language and micro-level interactions are used to undermine, or contest, men’s abilities to parent as well as to reconstruct dominant forms of masculinity and fatherhood. As such, the purpose of this study is to explore the challenges at-home fathers face when gender becomes a frame for evaluating their abilities to parent. Drawing on interviews with men who are primary caregivers, the focus here is on how language situates and delegitimize men’s parenting practices. The findings suggest that gendered discourses constrain men’s ability to parent and create struggles for them as they interact with family, friends and their community. Additionally, these findings demonstrate the flaws in redefining masculinity to incorporate childcare and the implications this process has on existing gender inequalities.
Feasibility Study of Temozolomide Maintenance Therapy in Elderly Patients with AML Following Induction Therapy with High Dose Mitoxantrone and High Dose Ara-C.

With intensive chemotherapy, approximately 50% of elderly patients with AML achieve a complete remission, however essentially all will relapse within 2 years. To date, there is no standard effective postremission therapy for these patients, and most elderly patients tolerate multiple courses of intensive chemotherapy poorly. We previously demonstrated that temozolomide has significant antileukemic activity in patients with relapsed/refractory acute leukemia (Seiter K, et al JCO 2002). In that study 9/20 patients treated had a significant reduction in bone marrow blasts, and 4 patients had a formal complete response. Currently we are evaluating the feasibility and efficacy of temozolomide maintenance therapy administered after one cycle of intensive induction chemotherapy in elderly patients with newly-diagnosed AML. Induction consists of ara-C, 3 gm/m2 daily for 5 days, and mitoxantrone, 80 mg/m2 times one on day 2. Patients achieving complete remission then receive temozolomide 200 mg/m2/d for 7 days every 5 weeks until progression. To date, 30 pts have been treated: median age 69 (range 60–84); M/F: 17/13; prior AHD: 23%; cytogenetics: good: 1, intermediate: 21, poor: 6, insufficient: 2. Response to high-dose ara-C/high-dose mitoxantrone induction: CR: 59%, progression: 24%, aplastic death: 17%. Two pts expired in remission unrelated to temozolomide: pneumonia, 1 pt, c. difficile: 1 pt. Of 17 patients in CR, 15 received temozolomide maintenance. The median number of temozolomide cycles was 2 (range 1–11). 3 pts stopped temozolomide after 1 cycle (1 refused further therapy, 1 had stem cell transplant, 1 died c. diff). Treatment was well tolerated and was administered in the outpatient setting. The median duration of remission is 5.5 months (95% CI: 3.0–9.8 months), and median survival is 7.6 months (95% CI: 5.7–13.3 months) for all patients and 10.2 months (95% CI: 5.6–15.2 months) for patients achieving CR. Temozolomide maintenance is feasible in patients with AML in CR. Further accrual is continuing to assess if remission duration and survival will be improved compared to historical controls.
Laser-induced diffusion for radiation detector development

Prototyping of three-dimensional integrated circuits requires annealing of silicon junction at temperature below 450 degree C. Laser-annealing is one way to locally anneal a silicon junction. We laser-annealed spin-on-glass diffusion sources and ion-implanted phosphorous junctions. The laser was part of a commercial micro-machining system. We successfully made a laser-annealed ohmic back side contact for a silicon strip detector. An energy resolution of 8.0 keV FWHM at 122 keV was obtained.
Adsorption Characteristics of Coals Pyrolyzed at Slow Heating Rates

Underground coal pyrolysis is a process similar to in situ oil shale production wherein heat is applied to deep coal formations to produce light hydrocarbons. Like enhanced coal bed methane, the injection of CO2 post thermal treatment can improve hydrocarbon recovery and serves as a means of carbon sequestration. Little information exists pertaining to coals pyrolyzed to temperatures expected with this process. This work examines the development of meso- and micropores and their influence on methane and carbon dioxide adsorption and permeability on a thermally treated Utah bituminous coal. Residual tars were found to affect the pore size distributions in pyrolyzed coals. Generally, with increasing treatment temperature, there are more meso- and micropores. A correlation was established between the prevalence of mesopores in pyrolyzed coals and adsorption and, to a lesser extent, permeability. The treatment temperature of this particular coal is directly related to the amount of CO2 said coal can store and...
Diet, gonadal sex, and sex chromosome complement influence white adipose tissue miRNA expression

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by targeting specific mRNA species for degradation or interfering with translation. Specific miRNAs are key regulators of adipogenesis, and are expressed at different levels in adipose tissue from lean and obese mice. The degree of lipid accumulation and distribution of white adipose tissue differs between males and females, and it is unknown whether sex differences in adipose tissue-specific miRNA expression may contribute to this dimorphism. Typically, sex differences are attributed to hormones secreted from ovaries or testes. However, the sex chromosome complement (XX versus XY) is also a determinant of sex differences and may regulate miRNA expression in adipocytes. To identify sex differences in adipose tissue miRNA expression and to understand the underlying mechanisms, we performed high-throughput miRNA sequencing in gonadal fat depots of the Four Core Genotypes mouse model. This model, which consists of XX female, XX male, XY female, and XY male mice, allowed us to assess independent effects of gonadal type (male vs. female) and sex chromosome complement (XX vs. XY) on miRNA expression profiles. We have also assessed the effects of a high fat diet on sex differences in adipose tissue miRNA profiles. We identified a male–female effect on the overall miRNA expression profile in mice fed a chow diet, with a bias toward higher expression in male compared to female gonadal adipose tissue. This sex bias disappeared after gonadectomy, suggesting that circulating levels of gonadal secretions modulate the miRNA expression profile. After 16 weeks of high fat diet, the miRNA expression distribution was shifted toward higher expression in XY vs. XX adipose tissue. Principal component analysis revealed that high fat diet has a substantial effect on miRNA profile variance, while gonadal secretions and sex chromosome complement each have milder effects. Our results demonstrate that the overall miRNA expression profile in adipose tissue is influenced by gonadal hormones and the sex chromosome complement, and that expression profiles change in response to gonadectomy and high fat diet. Differential miRNA expression profiles may contribute to sex differences in adipose tissue gene expression, adipose tissue development, and diet-induced obesity.
Two cycles in life–cycle research

Economists' interest in the forces driving industrial growth and decline has gone through several cycles. With conventional, neoclassical theory offering little in the way of guidance, researchers have sought alternative paradigms. During a previous phase of high scholarly activity, it was thought that the evidence showed that rapid growth, retardation and stagnation of industries were the result of immutable 'laws'. Empirical and theoretical research of the past two decades has put this conclusion into question by demonstrating that the strategic behaviour of firms, especially with respect to technological decisions, is a major factor in shaping the longer–term fortunes of businesses and industries. This later research has been enriched through insights drawn from other disciplines and has made its results increasingly relevant for governmental and industrial decision–makers. Nevertheless, major gaps in our understanding of life–cycle phenomena and their causes remain.
A Sampling Method for Semi-Quantitative and Quantitative Electron Microprobe Analysis of Glass Surfaces

The determination of the long-term stability and corrosion of vitrified nuclear waste is an important aspect of research for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). It is necessary to understand the rate and mechanisms of Nuclear Waste Glass (NWG) corrosion to determine whether or not the glassy matrix will be able to retain radionuclides for the required repository performance time period. Glass corrosion and the rate of glass corrosions is determined by both chemical and microscopy. Electron Microprobe Analysis (EPMA) is a common and powerful method utilized in the examination of the chemographic difference between corroded and uncorroded NGWs. In this work, two forms of quantitative and semi-quantitative EPMA methods are defined by optimizing the instruments counting statistics against a standard glass and NIST minerals that have compositions similar to the glasses under examination. Data collected on both the planar and cross-sectioned surfaces of an unaltered simulated NWG by Standard based Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS) was found to be comparable to the theoretical composition of the glass. Conventional standardless Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) data collected on the same surfaces was not comparable. However, standard-based EDS analysis is shown to be able to discriminate between unaltered and corroded glass surfaces.
Cross-cultural Understanding: A Dilemma for TEFL

Language is inseparable from culture, consequently when we teach a foreign language we should also teach its culture, it is an axiom. However, as English now belongs to the world as its lingua franca, used as a native language by several different nationalities, the nagging question is `Whose culture do we have to learn?' In a TEFL country such as Indonesia, teaching cross-cultural understanding is extremely difficult for various reasons and whether it is actually necessary to teach it considering the objectives of TEFL in Indonesia, the limited time allotment for teaching the language itself, the immense amount of materials to be covered, the lack of resources and the teachers' questionable competence in handling the subject. This paper will discuss the background of CCU, the problems involved in teaching CCU and offer tentative solutions.
A layered HMM for predicting motion of a leader in multi-robot settings

We focus on a mobile robot that must learn another robot's motion model from observations to track it in a given map. This problem has several real-world applications such as self-driving cars being electronically towed by other cars and for telepresence robots. Our context is a nested particle filter, a generalization of the traditional particle filter, that allows both self-localization and tracking of another robot simultaneously. While the robot's observations are used to weight nested particles, the problem arises during the propagation step of the nested particles during which a motion model is needed. We introduce a novel layered hidden Markov model for this problem and present an on-line algorithm which learns the HMM parameters from observations gathered during the run. We demonstrate significantly improved tracking accuracy on using this new model to predict the motion of a leading mobile robot, in comparison to pre-defined and random motion models as previously used in literature.
National trends in primary tracheoesophageal puncture after total laryngectomy

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) can be performed at the time of laryngectomy (primary) or postoperatively (secondary). Prior studies demonstrate safe and earlier voice acquisition and rehabilitation with primary TEP. The objectives of this study were to assess national trends in primary TEP and identify factors associated with its use. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review. METHODS Retrospective analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2010 to 2014 was performed. The NIS was queried for patients who underwent total laryngectomy (TL) (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-9-CM] 30.3-30.4) and primary TEP (ICD-9-CM 31.95). Patient demographics, comorbidities, and factors known to influence the decision to perform TEP were characterized. Factors associated with primary TEP were identified by multivariable regression. RESULTS A total of 15,410 patients underwent TL during the study period. Of this cohort, 1,124 patients (7.3%) underwent primary TEP. Among patients who underwent primary TEP, 80.9% had laryngeal cancer, 16.4% had pedicled or free-flap reconstruction at the time of TL, 4.2% underwent partial pharyngectomy, and 48.0% underwent cricopharyngeal myotomy (CPM). The majority of primary TEPs were performed at urban teaching hospitals (90.6%). In multivariable regression, patients who underwent CPM were at significantly increased odds of primary TEP (odds ratio: 3.79, P < .0001). Flap reconstruction, partial pharyngectomy, age, gender, history of laryngeal cancer, hospital region, and teaching status were not associated. CONCLUSIONS Primary TEP is associated with earlier voice restoration after TL but is infrequently performed. The majority of primary TEPs are performed in teaching hospitals, and primary TEP is associated with concurrent cricopharyngeal myotomy. Future studies should investigate practice patterns associated with primary TEP. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. Laryngoscope, 128:2320-2325, 2018.
Classification of Strictures From Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease–Related Surgery

Abstract Strictures can occur in both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In addition, stricture is common in CD or UC patients undergoing surgery with bowel resection, anastomosis, stricturoplasty, ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Strictures can be classified based on underlying disease, symptomatology, malignancy potential, etiology, and characteristics of the stricture per se. The patients' general condition, underlying disease, and degree, number, length, and associated complications would determine proper therapy, medical versus endoscopic versus surgical.
Abnormal locomotor muscle recruitment activity is present in horses with shivering and Purkinje cell distal axonopathy.

BACKGROUND Cerebellar Purkinje cell axonal degeneration has been identified in horses with shivering but its relationship with abnormal hindlimb movement has not been elucidated. OBJECTIVES To characterise surface electromyographic (sEMG) hindlimb muscle activity in horses with shivering, correlate with clinical scores and examine horses for Purkinje axonal degeneration. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive controlled clinical study. METHODS The hindlimb of seven shivering and six control draught horses were clinically scored. Biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL), tensor fasciae latae and extensor digitorum longus were recorded via sEMG during forward/backward walking and trotting. Integrated (iEMG) and peak EMG activity were compared between groups and correlated with clinical locomotor exam scores. Sections of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) of six of the seven shivering horses were examined with calbindin immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In control horses, backward walking resembled forward walking (right hindlimb peak EMG: backward: 47.5 ± 21.9%, forward: 36.9 ± 15.7%) but displayed significantly higher amplitudes during trotting (76.1 ± 3.4%). However, in shivering horses, backward walking was significantly different from forward (backward: 88.5 ± 21.5%, forward: 49.2 ± 8.9%), and resembled activity during trotting (81.4 ± 4.8%). Specific to backward walking, mean sEMG amplitude fell outside two standard deviations of mean control sEMG for ≥25% of the stride in the BF for all seven and the VL for six of the seven shivering horses. Locomotor exam scores were correlated with peak EMG (r = 0.87) and iEMG (r = 0.87). Calbindin-positive spheroids were present in Purkinje axons in DCN of all shivering horses examined. MAIN LIMITATIONS The neuropathological examination focused specifically on the DCN and, therefore, we cannot fully exclude additional lesions that may have influenced abnormal sEMG findings in shivering horses. CONCLUSION Shivering is characterised by abnormally elevated muscle recruitment particularly in BF and VL muscles during backward walking and associated with selective Purkinje cell distal axonal degeneration.
Reliability, minimal detectable change, and responsiveness of the Quick-FAAM

Abstract Objective To determine the test-retest reliability, minimal detectable change (MDC) and responsiveness of the Quick-FAAM in people with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Design 10-week controlled laboratory study. Setting Laboratory. Participants A total of 20 adults with self-reported CAI. Main outcome measures Participants completed a supervised 4-week intervention. The Quick-FAAM was assessed 4-weeks before the intervention (T1), prior to the first intervention (T2), 24-h post-intervention (T3), and 2-weeks after the intervention (T4). The Quick-FAAM is a 12-item region specific PRO scored on 5-point Likert scale, often reported as a percentage, and a lower percentage indicates decreased ankle function. Test-retest reliability was determined using Intraclass-correlation coefficients (ICC 2,1 ) and standard error of measure (SEM). The MDC was calculated using the equation: SEM*√2. Hedges g effect sizes and associated 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated as a measure of group responsiveness. Results The test-retest reliability was clinically acceptable (ICC 2,1 = 0.82, SEM = 4.56). The MDC was 6.5% and pre-post intervention effect sizes were large between T2-T3 (ES = 1.27, 95%CI:0.59–1.95) and T2-T4 (ES = 1.49, 95%CI:0.79–2.19). Conclusion The Quick-FAAM demonstrated clinically acceptable reliability and was responsive to treatment. Future research should examine these properties in patients with acute ankle and foot conditions, determine patient acceptability, and clinician feasibility.
Pharmakokinetik der neuraxialen Leitungsblockaden

Die Spinalanasthesie ist ein gangiges Verfahren bei der Kaiserschnittentbindung und gewinnt auch an Bedeutung fur die Analgesie zur Wehenschmerzbehandlung. Sie wird durch die reversible Blockade der Nervenleitung der Spinalganglien, Spinalnerven und des Ruckenmarks hervorgerufen. Die sachgerechte Durchfuhrung und Aufrechterhaltung der ruckenmarksnahen Leitungsanasthesie setzt eine grundliche Kenntnis der Faktoren, welche die Verteilung, Gewebsaufnahme und die Elimination von Lokalanasthetika beeinflussen, voraus. Im Folgenden wird daher die Verteilung neuraxial verabreichter Pharmaka im Subarachnoidalraum, der Einflus von Barizitat, Konzentration und Dosis auf die Pharmakokinetik der Lokalanasthetika und die Elimination von Lokalanasthetika beschrieben.
Desert detritivores: a review of life history patterns and trophic rôles

The effects of soil-dwelling desert detritivores on litter breakdown and decomposition are associated in varying degrees with rainfall. Detritivore life-history patterns are categorized broadly as follows: (a) short lives with relatively rapid responses to changing conditions, (b) long lives with relatively few tight linkages to environmental change and (c) an intermediate set of life histories often complicated by eusociality. Nematodes and termites are known or suspected to have considerable direct impact on energy and nutrient flow in deserts. Other detritivores have potentially important indirect rate-controlling roles involving mineralization, processing of excrement and carrion, interaction with microbial-fungal decomposers and accumulation of organic debris.
Historical roots and current status of plant physiology

Most biology students are more interested in animals than in plants or algae, and among the general public, it is fair to say that “Plant Blindness” is widespread. Sessile green organisms are regar...
Military Fractures: Overtraining, Accidents, Casualties, and Fragility

Fractures sustained by military personnel are prevalent and costly both in the lives of individual service members and in consideration of overall military readiness. Training, environment, and hazards change throughout and after a military career. During training, military recruits are susceptible to stress fractures through overtraining. In both non-deployed and deployed non-battle environments, the most likely cause of fractures to service members is through mechanisms regularly encountered in civilian environments, including motor vehicle accidents and falls. In combat environments, however, fractures are typically sustained through targeted violent mechanisms such as explosions and gunshot wounds that often cause injury leading to long-term disability. Bone fragility is the primary cause of fracture for veterans. Fractures in the military maintain an incidence rate and injury mechanism similar to that in the civilian population, with the exception to battlefield casualties, while contributing a similar burden to the work force through limiting sustainable activity and increasing costs associated with treatment and recovery from injury. Greatly influencing the impact of fractures in the military is the mechanism of injury and the environment in which they are sustained.
Patient and clinician perspectives on optimizing graphical displays of longitudinal medication adherence data

Abstract Objective New pharmacological measures assessing medication adherence, including longitudinal drug levels in hair, are emerging. Little is known, however, about how best to present results from such measures to patients and clinicians in comprehensive, easy-to-understand, acceptable formats. We, therefore, developed three graphical display prototypes of hypothetical daily drug concentrations measured in hair, and assessed their acceptability among participants. Methods We interviewed 30 HIV-positive patients and 29 clinicians to examine perceived acceptability for each graphical display prototype. Results Patients and clinicians generally found the prototypes acceptable for facilitating understanding of patient adherence; however, areas for optimization were identified. For patients with lower health literacy, prototypes did not provide sufficient understanding of the link between medication-taking and drug concentrations in hair. These patients also preferred pictographs over bar or line graphs. Clinicians largely preferred daily drug concentration data in bar graphs with information included about the measure’s accuracy. Participants questioned the utility of showing drug concentrations above a therapeutic range, though they found color-coding results acceptable. Conclusions Assessing prototype versions of graphical displays of hypothetical longitudinal adherence data indicated ways to optimize their acceptability. Practice implications Acceptable prototype-tested graphical displays of longitudinal patient-specific drug concentrations may enhance adherence monitoring in clinical settings.
Dressing the Myanmar Migrant Body: (In-)Visibility and Empowerment in Thailand

The invisibility of migrants has been widely analysed in relation to states’ policies and practices. I argue in this article that emphasising the role of states and institutions in marginalising vulnerable populations by rendering them invisible throws a shadow over the multifaceted ways in which migrants interpret and relate to invisibility. Among Myanmar migrants in Thailand, as we shall see here, the notion that invisibility provides a protective shield to migrant bodies is in fact widespread. While invisibility is at times perceived as a threat to the future of these people, conceiving of invisibility solely as a tool of domination precludes us from fully understanding the complexity of Myanmar migrants’ experiences in Thailand and, more specifically, the many forms of empowerment that shape these experiences. Privileging the discourses and practices of Myanmar migrants in Thailand about their sartorial choices reveals that migrants appreciate invisibility for its capacity to create control over their own bodies. Further, it reveals the complexities of negotiating and expressing diasporic sartorial conventions.
Confucian Values and Entrepreneurial Firm Legitimacy

This paper offers a model based on institutional theory to explain differences in the level of new venture formation and development between the Confucian-based societies of East-Asia and Western countries such as the United States. We propose that the Confucian values underlying the institutional and cultural environments of East-Asian countries adversely affect the social legitimacy of entrepreneurial firms thereby inhibiting new venture formation and growth. The theoretical model and propositions developed in this paper extend the theoretical understanding of the interplay between Confucian values, cognitive behavior, and entrepreneurial firm legitimacy. Implications for international entrepreneurship research are discussed.
High-Energy Photon Spectroscopy Using All Solution-Processed Heterojunctioned Surface-Modified Perovskite Single Crystals

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have been intensively studied for their use in optoelectronic devices due to their utilization of low-cost, earth-abundant precursors that are solution-processe...
“It’s Everybody’s Job”: Youth and Adult Constructions of Responsibility to Take Action for School Change through PAR

Participatory action research (PAR) with youth holds potential to spur social justice-oriented change due to its explicit orientation to transform systemic inequity. Whereas youth in PAR projects embody agency in their actions, they hold less institutional power than adults in positions of authority. In addition, youth who have been marginalized along lines of race, dis/ability, language, and/or other forms of socially constructed difference may be positioned in ways that further undermine their power. How PAR with youth can lead to changes in policies and practices in the face of these power dynamics is not yet fully understood. One mechanism that may heighten the potential of PAR with youth to promote change is a shared sense of responsibility and agency between the youth involved in PAR and those adults they may be trying to influence. This article explores this area, investigating a PAR project involving junior high youth at a K-8 school in an urban area. We examine the youth and school adults’ constructions of responsibility and how these shaped possibilities for collective transformative agency. Ultimately, our article elucidates how PAR can more effectively be used as a lever to propel social justice in education.
Does Instructor Experience Impact Balance and Health-Related Quality of Life in Healthy Older Adult Participants following a Tai Chi for Arthritis Program?

ABSTRACTTai chi improves balance in older adults; however, the level of instructor expertise on balance outcomes is not known. Older adults (mean age 72.6 ± 4.2 yrs.) were taught for 6 months by ex...
PET/MRI reveals ongoing metabolic activity in ACL grafts one year post-ACL reconstruction

To use serial PET/MRI imaging to radiographically evaluate the metabolic activity of the ACL graft over the first post-operative year. Six patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction were recruited in this prospective study in an inpatient university hospital. All patients underwent femoral and tibial suspensory cortical fixation with quadrupled semitendinosus autograft hamstring ACL reconstruction by an orthopaedic surgeon. Simultaneous 18F-FDG PET and MRI of both the operative and non-operative knee was performed at three, six, and 12 months post-operatively. Quantification of the mean standardized uptake value (SUV) within the whole-knee, as well as tibial tunnel, femoral tunnel, and intra-articular graft regions of interest (ROIs). PET whole-knee activity was increased at all time-points post-operatively compared to the control, non-operative knee. Activity decreased over time, yet considerable generalized activity remained 1 year post-operatively, with relative intensity 34% percent higher than control. When the operative knee was divided into three whole-regions, there was greater activity in the tibia at three than 12 months, the femur at six than 12 months, and in the tibia compared to the intra-articular region at 3 months. When they were separated into sub-regions, results demonstrated greater activity closer to the joint surface. PET/MRI evaluation of ACL graft reconstructions demonstrates evolving biologic activity within the graft and both tunnels. Focal areas of increased activity within the tunnels may indicate of ligamento-osseous morphologic changes. These data suggest that graft incorporation continues well beyond 1 year post-operatively. Level IV.
Bringing Parent Voices into a Pediatric Research Network Through a Virtual Parent Panel.

Background: Additional strategies are needed for longitudinal engagement of parents as key stakeholders in practice-based research networks (PBRNs). Our objective was to create a virtual Parent Panel for our PBRN to engage parents remotely and use their input on child health research. Methods: We used an existing online parent survey study to invite parents to participate longitudinally by completing brief, monthly online questionnaires about child health research topics. The existing survey assessed perceptions and preferences for pain management of routine child vaccinations. Results: Of 412 parents who completed the existing online survey, 233 parents expressed interest in participating in our Parent Panel and 131 parents confirmed interest. Of those parents, 105 provided demographic information: most were female (96%), married (83%), white (84%), between 31 to 40 years (61%), and had a college degree (83%). Parents were motivated to participate in our Parent Panel for a variety of reasons: altruism, a unique perspective, having a voice within child health research, a personal history of working within health care/research, and previous health care experiences with their children. Parents thought their participation could help research, parents, and children. We sent monthly electronic surveys with increasing parent enrollment to up to 131 parents, with monthly response rates ranging from 35% to 80%. Multiple changes have been implemented in our PBRN based on parent feedback. Conclusion: We successfully created and longitudinally maintained a virtual Parent Panel by using valuable parent feedback to make changes in our PBRN. PBRNs could adapt a similar strategy to virtually engage parents as key stakeholders for improving child health research.
Pre-service teachers engage young children in equity work

All too often pre-service teachers are not well prepared to discuss issues of racism, oppression and bias with their future students. Teacher educators can prepare their students for this work by d...
Host population size is linked to orchid mycorrhizal fungal communities in roots and soil, which are shaped by microenvironment

Interaction with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) is essential to all members of the Orchidaceae, yet we know little about whether or how OMF abundances in substrates shape orchid populations. While root-associated OMF diversity is catalogued frequently, technological constraints have impeded the assessments of OMF communities in substrates until recently, thereby limiting the ability to link OMF communities in a habitat to population responses. Furthermore, there is some evidence that edaphic and microclimatic conditions impact OMF in soil, yet we lack an understanding of the coupled influences of abiotic environment and OMF structure on orchid population dynamics. To discover the linkages between abiotic environment, OMF community structure, and population size, we characterized the microclimatic conditions, soil physicochemistry, and OMF communities hosted by roots and soil across large and small populations of a terrestrial orchid endemic to California Floristic Province in North America. By using high-throughput sequencing of the ITS2 region of nrDNA amplified from root and soil DNAs, we determined that both roots and soil of larger populations, which were high in phosphorus but low in zinc, organic matter, and silt, were dominated by Tulasnellaceae OTUs. In comparison, roots and soil from smaller populations of the orchid hosted higher relative abundances of the Ceratobasidiaceae. In this multiyear, range-wide study that simultaneously measured habitat environmental conditions, and soil and root OMF communities, our results suggest that soil chemistry is clearly linked to soil and root OMF communities, which then likely alter and shape orchid populations.
Concordance between Community Supervisor and Provider Ratings of Fidelity: Examination of Multi-Level Predictors and Outcomes

Fidelity is conceptualized as a key mechanism impacting treatment outcomes, yet community examination of fidelity is limited, partly due to limited feasible training methods and tools. Provider-report tools represent a feasible method for improving routine fidelity monitoring. Additional work examining the effectiveness of these methods and concordance with other fidelity sources is needed. Further, provider and client factors impact both intervention implementation and concordance, but their impact on fidelity measurement is poorly understood. Using a train-the-trainer methodology, we examine concordance between three methods of assessing fidelity (trained independent coders, supervisor evaluation and provider self-report) using a fidelity assessment tool adapted for community use. Multilevel models examined predictors (provider- and child-level factors) and outcomes (provider average fidelity) of concordance. Results suggest supervisors and providers are able to use the fidelity tool, but demonstrated variable concordance, with higher concordance with trained coders for supervisors than providers. Provider credentials and child language were marginally predictive of rater concordance. Higher supervisor accuracy was associated with higher provider fidelity. Findings inform broader efforts to improve the development and implementation of feasible fidelity tools for routine use in community settings and highlight multi-level factors impacting the adoption and implementation of such tools.
Hypoactivation in the precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex during ambiguous decision making in individuals with HIV

People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often have neurocognitive impairment. People with HIV make riskier decisions when the outcome probabilities are known, and have abnormal neural architecture underlying risky decision making. However, ambiguous decision making, when the outcome probabilities are unknown, is more common in daily life, but the neural architecture underlying ambiguous decision making in people with HIV is unknown. Eighteen people with HIV and 20 controls completed a decision making task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Participants chose between a certain reward and uncertain reward with a known (risky) or unknown (ambiguous) probability of winning. There were three levels of risk: high, medium, and low. Ambiguous > risky brain activity was compared between groups. Ambiguous > risky brain activity was correlated with emotional/psychiatric functioning in people with HIV. Both groups were similarly ambiguity-averse. People with HIV were more risk-averse than controls and chose the high-risk uncertain option less often. People with HIV had hypoactivity in the precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and fusiform gyrus during ambiguous > medium risk decision making. Ambiguous > medium risk brain activity was negatively correlated with emotional/psychiatric functioning in individuals with HIV. To make ambiguous decisions, people with HIV underrecruit key regions of the default mode network, which are thought to integrate internally and externally derived information to come to a decision. These regions and related cognitive processes may be candidates for interventions to improve decision-making outcomes in people with HIV.
Inpatient Lung Transplant Evaluation Is Associated With Increased Risk of Morbidity, Mortality, and Cost of Care After Transplant:

Lung transplantation is an important option for patients with end-stage lung disease. Many of these patients deteriorate rapidly and require inpatient care at the time of the transplant evaluation....
Learning Partial Differential Equations in Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces.

We propose a new data-driven approach for learning the fundamental solutions (i.e. Green's functions) of various linear partial differential equations (PDEs) given sample pairs of input-output functions. Building off of the theory of functional linear regression (FLR), we estimate the best-fit Green's function and bias term of the fundamental solution in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) which allows us to regularize their smoothness and impose various structural constraints. We derive a general representer theorem for operator RKHSs which lets us approximate the original infinite-dimensional regression problem by a finite-dimensional one, reducing the search space to a parametric class of Green's functions. In order to study the prediction error of our Green's function estimator, we extend prior results on FLR with scalar outputs to the case with functional outputs. Furthermore, our rates of convergence hold even in the misspecified setting when the data is generated by a nonlinear PDE under certain constraints. Finally, we demonstrate applications of our method to several linear PDEs including the Poisson, Helmholtz, Schrodinger, Fokker-Planck, and heat equation and highlight its ability to extrapolate to more finely sampled meshes without any additional training.
Subterranean Clover in the United States

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on morphology and potential use of the subterranean clover. Some research has been done with subclover as a source of nitrogen in forest plantings. In a forestry study, sub- and crimson clovers were found to significantly increase sycamore seedling growth in northern Alabama. In this study, the purpose of the legume component was to provide weed control through good ground coverage, to maintain a low profile, to grow during the cool season so as not to compete with the sycamore seedlings, to provide cover for several years through the ability to reseed, and to make additional nitrogen available. Of the five legumes tested, sub and crimson gave good coverage, maintained a low profile, reseeded well, and increased the nitrogen content of the sycamore foliage in addition to improving height and volume of growth. Subclover can provide nitrogen to the forage and the forest stand, and livestock can provide income between the initial tree planting and the closing of the canopy of the forest. In addition, putting the forage through animals can result in a more rapid turnover of nitrogen. Impermeability exists when the seed coat prohibits imbibition of water that begins the process of seed germination. This is a desired characteristic as it ensures reseeding stands of legumes after the initial seeding. Subclover requires inoculation with specific strains of Rhizobium trifolii and much of the microbiological research emphasizes the selection of more effective and dependable rhizobial strains.
Shock/Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction in Low Reynolds Number Supercritical Flows

This paper describes a theoretical study of the effects of Reynolds number on nonseparating transonic shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction, with emphasis on the low Reynolds number regieme 103 ≤ Reδ H ≤ 106. A unique non-asymptotic triple deck theory of the interaction is used which is specifically designed to treat this regieme, where classical high Reynolds number asymptotic theory is inapplicable. The results of a comprehensive parametric study are given showing how the local interactive pressure, displacement thickness and skin friction distributions each depend on Reynolds number and how and why this dependence differs markedly from the predictions of high Re asymptotics. For example, under conditions of interest to the low Reynolds number aerodynamicist, it is shown that the size of the interaction zone does not even approximately scale with the local boundary layer thickness, but instead follows its own interactive scaling law inherent to the compressible viscous flow involved.
Gender Differences in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Pathogenesis

Today, infections attributed to Neisseria gonorrhoeae continue to be a national and international problem, despite the fact that antibiotic therapy is available. This chapter attempts to contrast the different mechanisms of pathogenesis used by N. gonorrhoeae to infect, to invade, and to colonize the mucosal epithelia of the urethra and the uterine cervix, the initial sites of infection in males and females, respectively. Included among the better-studied outer membrane gonococcal constituents contributing to its virulence are pili, porin, the opacity-associated (Opa) outer membrane proteins, and lipooligosaccharide (LOS). Work by many researchers has revealed additional factors that may contribute to N. gonorrhoeae virulence; however, the roles of these factors in human disease are less well defined than those described for pili, porin, Opa proteins, and LOS. Before the 1970s, the understanding of gonococcal pathogenesis in the lower female genital tract was based on light microscopy studies performed by Harkness in the 1940s. The male urethra and the female uterine cervix, the primary sites of the majority of gonococcal infections, are distinctly different epithelial cell surfaces, which result from different embryological origins. While the importance of virulence factors such as pili, porin, Opa, and LOS in gonococcal infection both in vitro and in vivo is well established, the contribution of other virulence factors is undetermined or requires further elucidation.
Effects of aging on the differentiation and proliferation potentials of cells of the immune system.

An attempt has been made here to show that the immune system can begin to decline in function shortly after an individual reaches maturity. The decline is due in part to changes in the environment of the cells but primarily to changes in the precursor cells of the system. This is reflected in their inability to proliferate and possibly differentiate efficiently. These findings show that the immune system can serve as an excellent model to study how aging can perturb the process of cells undergoing proliferation and differentiation.—Makinodan, T. and W. H. Adler. Effects of aging on the differentiation and proliferation potentials of cells of the immune system. Federation Proc. 34: 153–158, 1975.
Storage needs in future supercomputer environments

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is a Department of Energy contractor, managed by the University of California since 1952. Major projects at the Laboratory include the Strategic Defense Initiative, nuclear weapon design, magnetic and laser fusion, laser isotope separation, and weather modeling. The Laboratory employs about 8,000 people. There are two major computer centers: The Livermore Computer Center and the National Energy Research Supercomputer Center. As we increase the computing capacity of LLNL systems and develop new applications, the need for archival capacity will increase. Rather than quantify that increase, I will discuss the hardware and software architectures that we will need to support advanced applications.
The Partial Augment---Relabel Algorithm for the Maximum Flow Problem

The maximum flow problem is a classical optimization problem with many applications. For a long time, HI-PR, an efficient implementation of the highest-label push-relabel algorithm, has been a benchmark due to its robust performance. We propose another variant of the push-relabel method, the partial augment-relabel (PAR) algorithm. Our experiments show that PAR is very robust. It outperforms HI-PR on all problem families tested, asymptotically in some cases.
Language Teaching: A Scheme for Teacher Education

Language Knowledge: Pronunciation. Christiane Dalton and Barbara Seidlhofer. 1994. Language Knowledge: Grammar. Rob Batstone. 1994. Language Knowledge: Vocabulary. Michael McCarthy. 1990. Language Knowledge: Discourse. Guy Cook. 1989. Modes of Behaviour: Listening. Anne Anderson and Tony Lynch. 1988. Modes of Behaviour: Speaking. Martin Bygate. 1987. Modes of Behaviour: Reading: Catherine Wallace. 1992. Modes of Behaviour: Writing.: Christopher Tribble. 1996. Modes of Action: Roles of Teacher and Learners. Tony Wright. 1987. Modes of Action: Classroom Interaction.: Anne Malamah-Thomas. 1987. Modes of Action: Syllabus Design.: David Nunan. 1988. Modes of Action: Evaluation.: Pauline Rea-Dickins and Kevin Germaine. 1992.
Menopausal Symptoms and Their Management

The menopause transition is associated with various symptoms, which can interact to produce morbidity. Vasomotor symptoms are the most commonly reported, but vaginal dryness/dyspareunia, sleep difficulties and adverse mood changes have all been shown to worsen as women approach menopause. For postmenopausal women changes in cognition are more likely to be related to aging and not to hormones. This article reviews the symptoms of hot flashes (vasomotor symptoms), vaginal dryness/dyspareunia, adverse mood, poor sleep/insomnia, and cognitive complaints, describing their epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. This article thus reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these common menopausal symptoms.
A Review of “Cloud Computing for Libraries”

Cloud Computing for Libraries is the first installment in the second series (Volumes 11–20) of the Tech Set guides edited by Ellyssa Kroski and published by ALA TechSource. Marshall Breeding brings...