cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gating Gramicidin Channels in Lipid Bilayers: Reaction Coordinates and the Mechanism of Dissociation

Abstract The dissociation of gramicidin A (gA) channels into monomers is the simplest example of a channel gating process. The initial steps in this process are studied via a computational model that simulates the reaction coordinate for dimer-monomer dissociation. The nonbonded interaction energy between the monomers is determined, allowing for their free relative translational and rotational motion. Lowest energy pathways and reaction coordinates of the gating process are determined. Partial rupture of the six hydrogen bonds (6HB) at the dimer junction takes place by coupling monomer rotation and lateral displacement. Coupling rotation with axial separation is far more expensive energetically. The transition state for channel dissociation occurs when monomers are displaced laterally by ∼4–6A, separated by ∼1.6–2A, and rotated by ∼120°, breaking two hydrogen bonds. In membranes with significant hydrophobic mismatch there is a much greater likelihood of forming 4HB and possibly even 2HB states. In the 4HB state the pore remains fully open and conductive. However, transitions from the 6HB to 4HB and 4HB to 2HB states take place via intermediates in which the gA pore is closed and nonconductive. These lateral monomer displacements give rise to transitory pore occlusion at the dimer junction, which provides a rationale for fast closure events (flickers). Local dynamics of gA monomers also leads to lateral and rotational diffusion of the whole gA dimer, giving rise to diffusional rotation of the dimer about the channel axis.
The productivity of elected and appointed officials: the case of school superintendents

For over 40 years researchers have attempted to test the relative efficiency of governments run by elected versus appointed officials with conflicting results. The focus of prior research has been the expenditure levels of municipal and county governments. In this paper, we consider the achievement of students in public schools. Using data from Florida’s 67 school districts, we compare academic outcomes of students in districts run by elected and appointed superintendents. To overcome selection bias, we utilize both instrumental variable methods and panel data techniques. We find no consistent differences in the performance of elected and appointed superintendents.
Changes in human α-motoneuron excitability during sustained maximum isometric contractions

Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate the change in α-motoneuron excitability during sustained maximum isometric contractions of human triceps surae. A test H-reflex was used to assess motoneuron excitability 10 ms after a conditioning reflex was generated. The test reflex was compared to a reference H-reflex; both test and reference reflexes were of approximately equal amplitudes at the onset of the sustained maximum efforts. Both reflexes were assumed to be influenced by similar descending and peripheral inputs. In addition, the test reflex was influenced by the conditioning reflex. For the 4 subjects tested, the test reflex decreased in amplitude within the first 30–40 s of effort, while the reference reflex remained roughly constant or increased in amplitude. The decline of the test reflex relative to the reference was indicative of an inhibitory effect due to the conditioning reflex. In that the conditioning reflex was always generated 10 ms prior to the test reflex, the two factors most likely responsible for the inhibition would be recurrent inhibition and summation of motoneuron afterhyperpolarization. A combination of these two factors could also account for the associated slowing of motoneuron firing during sustained maximum efforts.
Incorporating Active Learning with PowerPoint-Based Lectures Using Content-Based Questions

Instructors often use Microsoft PowerPoint lectures and handouts as support tools to provide students with the main concepts of the lectures. Some instructors and researchers believe that PowerPoint encourages student passivity. We conducted 2 studies to determine whether the use of content-based questions (CBQs) would enhance learning when combined with traditional PowerPoint lectures. Our results indicated significantly higher quiz scores and exam scores when students used CBQs in comparison to using only the traditional PowerPoint lecture and handouts. The results suggest that it is possible to incorporate effective active learning methods into PowerPoint-based lectures.
Monopoles, cosmology, and astrophysics - Update 1985

The characteristics of the superheavy magnetic monopoles (MMs) predicted by GUTs are reviewed, and recent developments in astrophysical MM search techniques are surveyed. Theoretical models of the birth, current distribution, and motion of MMs are examined; the observational implications of MM mass, magnetic charge, and ability to catalyze nucleon decay are considered; estimates of the average and local flux limits for MMs of 10 to the 25th eV are given (less than about 3 x 10 to the -15th and less than about 3 x 10 to the -11th/sq cm sr sec, respectively); and the possibility of detecting MMs in the sun (if they can escape annihilation there) is discussed.
Improvement of shikonin productivity in Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell culture by alternating carbon and nitrogen feeding strategy.

Stationary phase cell suspension cultures of Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformed Lithospermum erythrorhizon respond to additions of sucrose-rich (C-rich) medium with a 2–3-fold increase in the accumulation of shikonin derivatives and a 3–3.5-fold increase in the accumulation of soluble phenolics while showing a modest (10–30%) increase in cell concentration. Conversely, the addition of nitrate-rich (N-rich) medium resulted in 25–35% increase in biomass concentration but only 2–9% increase in shikonin production and ∼ 3% increase in the yield of soluble phenolics. Repeated additions of C-rich medium resulted in only a modest (less than 10%) improvement in shikonin production over the levels obtained after the first application. No obvious correlation could be discerned between intracellular ATP levels or protein synthesis patterns and the pattern of shikonin accumulation following the addition of C-rich medium, suggesting that the precursor diversion mechanism is not generally applicable in our cell line. It was found that alternating feeding of N-rich and C-rich media could be used as an effective strategy for enhancing the productivity of plant secondary metabolite. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The impact of emergency department observation units on United States emergency department admission rates

OBJECTIVE Prior studies suggesting that the presence of emergency department (ED) observation units decrease overall ED hospital admissions have been either single-center studies or based on model simulations. The objective of this preliminary national study is to determine if the presence of ED observation units is associated with hospitals having lower ED admission rates. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis using the 2010 National Hospital Ambulatory Care Survey and estimated ED risk-standardized hospital admission rates (RSHAR) for each center. The following were excluded from the study: ages <18 years, leaving prior to completion of ED visit, died in the ED, transferred to another facility, and missing disposition. Hospitals with less than 30 ED visits or unknown observation unit status were also excluded. We used linear regression analysis to determine the association between ED RSHAR and presence of observation units. RESULTS There were 24,232 ED visits in 315 hospitals in the United States. Of these, 82 (20.6%) hospitals had an ED observation unit. The average ED risk-standardized hospital admission rates for hospitals with observation units and without hospital observation units were 13.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.3–16.0) and 16.0% (95% CI: 14.1–17.7), respectively. The difference of 2.3% was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS In this preliminary study, we did not find an association between the presence of observation units and ED hospital admission rates. Further studies with larger sample sizes should be performed to further evaluate the impact of ED observation units on ED hospital admission rates. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:738–742. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
The Influence of Storm Size on Hurricane Surge

Over the last quarter-century, hurricane surge has been assumed to be primarily a function of maximum storm wind speed, as might be estimated from the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. However, Hurricane Katrina demonstrated that wind speed alone cannot reliably describe surge. Herein it is shown that storm size plays an important role in surge generation, particularly for very intense storms making landfall in mildly sloping regions. Prior to Hurricane Katrina, analysis of the historical hurricane record evidenced no clear correlation between surge and storm size, and consequently little attention was given to the role of size in surge generation. In contrast, it is found herein that, for a given intensity, surge varies by as much as 30% over a reasonable range of storm sizes. These findings demonstrate that storm size must be considered when estimating surge, particularly when predicting socioeconomic and flood risk.
Field-scale leaching of arsenic, chromium and copper from weathered treated wood.

Earlier studies documented the loss of wood preservatives from new wood. The objective of this study was to evaluate losses from weathered treated wood under field conditions by collecting rainfall leachate from 5 different wood types, all with a surface area of 0.21 m2. Wood samples included weathered chromate copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood at low (2.7 kg/m3), medium (4.8 kg/m3) and high (35.4 kg/m3) retention levels, new alkaline copper quat (ACQ) treated wood (1.1 kg/m3 as CuO) and new untreated wood. Arsenic was found to leach at a higher rate (100 mg in 1 year for low retention) than chromium and copper (<40 mg) in all CCA-treated wood samples. Copper leached at the highest rate from the ACQ sample (670 mg). Overall results suggest that metals' leaching is a continuous process driven by rainfall, and that the mechanism of release from the wood matrix changes as wood weathers.
Age Differences in Veridical and Reconstructive Recall of Syntactically and Randomly Segmented Speech

Young and elderly adults listened to spoken passages that were segmented for immediate recall either at natural syntactic boundaries (such as after sentences or major clauses), or at random, nonsyntactic intervals. In addition, speech rate was manipulated using time-compression of the speech materials. Results showed that random segmentation was especially detrimental to the elderly subjects' recall, as was the effect of increasing speech rate. An analysis of subjects' recall errors offered evidence for reconstruction in short-term segment recall in a manner similar to that usually associated with long-term memory.
Microvascular perfusion increases after eccentric exercise of the gastrocnemius.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess microvascular perfusion immediately after eccentric exercise using contrast-enhanced sonography. METHODS An intravenous catheter was placed in the antecubital vein of the arm contralateral to the leg being tested for the delivery of microbubbles to 18 healthy volunteers (mean age ± SD, 22.2 ± 2.2 years; height, 166.0 ± 11.9 cm; weight, 69.4 ± 25.0 kg). Eccentric exercises were performed unilaterally in a randomized leg. Calf-lowering repetitions off a raised step were performed to the beat of a metronome over 3 seconds in the sequence of 50 repetitions, 5 minutes of rest, and 50 repetitions. Microvascular perfusion (blood volume, blood flow, and blood flow velocity) was measured before and immediately after exercise using replenishment kinetics. RESULTS Blood volume and flow both significantly increased after exercise (P < .001). Baseline measurements were 5.88 ± 1.33 dB and 2.34 ± 0.41 dB/s and increased to 12.20 ± 3.31 dB and 4.52 ± 1.05 dB/s, respectively. There was a significant decrease in blood flow velocity (P = .035) after exercise (0.38 ± 0.03 s(-1)) from baseline (0.41 ± 0.06 s(-1)). CONCLUSIONS Circulatory responses were altered after eccentric exercise, which may be due to the metabolic demand placed on the body. On the basis of this finding, eccentric exercise may be used as a model to assess the effect modalities have on the circulatory system after an elevated state of microvascular perfusion is reached.
Automatic spectral collocation for integral, integro-differential, and integrally reformulated differential equations

Automatic Chebyshev spectral collocation methods for Fredholm and Volterra integral and integro-differential equations have been implemented as part of the chebfun software system. This system enables a symbolic syntax to be applied to numerical objects in order to pose and solve problems without explicit references to discretization. The same objects can be used in matrix-free iterative methods in linear algebra, in order to avoid very large dense matrices or allow application to problems with nonsmooth coefficients. As a further application of the ability to implement operator equations, a method of Greengard [1] for the recasting of differential equations as integral equations is generalized to mth order boundary value and generalized eigenvalue problems. In the integral form, large condition numbers associated with differentiation matrices in high-order problems are avoided. The ability to implement the recasting process generally follows from implementation of the operator expressions in chebfun. The integral method also can be extended to first-order systems, although chebfun syntax does not currently allow easy implementation in this case.
A processor-time-minimal systolic array for cubical mesh algorithms

Using a directed acyclic graph (DAG) model of algorithms, the paper focuses on time-minimal multiprocessor schedules that use as few processors as possible. Such a processor-time-minimal scheduling of an algorithm's DAG first is illustrated using a triangular shaped 2-D directed mesh (representing, for example, an algorithm for solving a triangular system of linear equations). Then, algorithms represented by an n*n*n directed mesh are investigated. This cubical directed mesh is fundamental; it represents the standard algorithm for computing matrix product as well as many other algorithms. Completion of the cubical mesh required 3n-2 steps. It is shown that the number of processing elements needed to achieve this time bound is at least (3n/sup 2/4/). A systolic array for the cubical directed mesh is then presented. It completes the mesh using the minimum number of steps and exactly (3n/sup 2/4/) processing elements it is processor-time-minimal. The systolic array's topology is that of a hexagonally shaped, cylindrically connected, 2-D directed mesh. >
BD ProEx™C immunostaining in extramammary Paget's disease and perineal melanoma

The differential diagnosis of perineal biopsies can include squamous intraepithelial lesions, extramammary Paget's disease, and melanoma. Less frequently two of these lesions coexist. BD ProEx™C is a recently developed immunoassay that targets expression of two genes shown to be associated with cervical cancer. Immunostaining for ProEx™C has been validated in cervical cytology and positive staining has also been shown to be strongly associated with human papilloma virus (HPV)-induced cervical and anal intraepithelial neoplasia in biopsies. We observed positive staining for ProEx™C in Paget cells in all of 26 cases of Paget's disease irrespective of tissue site (extramammary, mammary) and in melanoma cells in all of 12 cases of primary perineal melanoma with immunostaining in >50% of malignant cells in 73% of Paget disease cases and 43% of perineal melanoma cases. Positive staining was heterogeneous and exclusively nuclear in all cases. In situ hybridization was negative for low-risk and high-risk HPV subtypes in all Paget and melanoma cases that were tested. Currently neither of these lesions is known to be HPV related although according to the literature the possibility of a role for HPV in melanoma is still unsettled. Relevant literature is reviewed.
For people with persistent tension-type neck pain, a multicomponent pain and stress self-management intervention gives better improvement in ability to control pain and self-efficacy, but not disability, than physical therapy

Commentary on: Gustavsson C, Denison E, von Koch L. Self-management of persistent neck pain: two-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of a multicomponent group intervention in primary health care. Spine 2011;36:2105–15.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Gustavsson et al aim to compare the long-term effects of a multicomponent pain and stress self-management group intervention (PASS) and individually administered physical therapy (IAPT) on patients with persistent tension-type neck pain in a primary healthcare setting. Patients with neck pain seeking physical therapy treatment at nine physiotherapy health centres in Sweden were consecutively recruited from 2004 to 2006. They were examined by a physical therapist and included if they were 18–65 years of age and had persistent tension-type neck pain of 3 months or more. Exclusions were having received a similar programme previously, pregnancy, language and psychosis (one each), depression (n=16) or receipt of other treatment (n=5). Patients were randomly allocated into two groups and were … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DSpine%26rft.stitle%253DSpine%26rft.aulast%253DGustavsson%26rft.auinit1%253DC.%26rft.volume%253D36%26rft.issue%253D25%26rft.spage%253D2105%26rft.epage%253D2115%26rft.atitle%253DSelf-management%2Bof%2Bpersistent%2Bneck%2Bpain%253A%2Btwo-year%2Bfollow-up%2Bof%2Ba%2Brandomized%2Bcontrolled%2Btrial%2Bof%2Ba%2Bmulticomponent%2Bgroup%2Bintervention%2Bin%2Bprimary%2Bhealth%2Bcare.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1097%252FBRS.0b013e3182028b04%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F21358487%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182028b04&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=21358487&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F17%2F6%2F181.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000297270000010&link_type=ISI
Cost savings in quality improvement project to prevent venous thromboembolism

g c m O t t C r t p Hospitalized surgical patients are at increased risk for the evelopment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and subsequent atal complication of a pulmonary embolism (PE). PE can occur hen a fragment from a blood clot in a leg vein breaks loose and igrates to an artery in the lungs, obstructs the pulmonary artery r one of its branches, and blocks blood flow to the heart. pproximately 2 million individuals in the United States are ffected by DVT and its complication, PE, and death may result n as many as 200,000 Americans annually. DVT and PE are ollectively known as venous thromboembolism (VTE). In the nited States, death resulting from VTE is more common than reast cancer and acquired immune deficiency syndrome com­ ined. Within hospitals, PE is the third leading cause of death and he number one cause of preventable mortality in hospitalized atients. Because VTE is preventable in hospitalized patients, TE prophylaxis has been identified by the Agency of Healthare Research and Quality as a “Best Practice” that could mprove patient safety. In 2007, Medicare initiated a Surgical Care Improvement rogram to decrease preventable mortality and morbidity result­ ng from VTE. Since January 1, 2007, hospitals must publicly eport measures of VTE prevention. These two measures are eported as the portion of patients who have recommended VTE rophylaxis ordered and the portion of patients who receive an ppropriate form of prophylaxis within 24 hours before surgery o 24 hours after surgery. The clinical literature is filled with publications on the ncidence of VTE and guidelines to prevent VTE in hospitalized atients. Established preventive guidelines identify the common actors that may increase a patient’s risk of morbidity and ortality. Risk factors can include the patient’s individual risk actors, such as age, disease, or family history. When the hos­ italized patient undergoes procedures and treatments, these may lso increase patients’ risks for developing preventable VTE. lthough the consensus guidelines for appropriate prophylaxis
In multiple myeloma, 14q32 translocations are nonrandom chromosomal fusions driving high expression levels of the respective partner genes

In studies of patients with multiple myeloma (MM), gene expression profiling (GEP) of myeloma cells demonstrates substantially higher expression of MMSET, FGFR3, CCND3, CCND1, MAF, and MAFB--the partner genes of 14q32 translocations--than GEP of plasma cells from healthy individuals. Interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to discriminate between chromosomal translocations involving different regions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) genes at 14q32. With special probes designed for the constant region (IGHC) and the variable region (IGHV), IGH translocations were shown to be definite, nonrandom chromosomal fusions of IGHC with the loci of FGFR3, CCND1, CCND3, MAF, and MAFB genes; and IGHV with the locus of MMSET gene. When correlated with GEP results, the IGH translocations were found to drive expression levels of the partner genes to significantly higher levels (spikes) than copy-number variations. Hence, 42% of IGH translocations were identified among newly diagnosed MM patients (448/1,060). As GEP has become essential for assessing cancer risk, this novel approach is highly consistent with the cytogenetic features of the chromosomal translocations to effectively stratify molecular subgroups of MM on the basis of gene expression profiles of the IGH translocation partner genes in myeloma cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An efficient distributed algorithm for detection of knots and cycles in a distributed graph

Knot detection in a distributed graph is an important problem and finds applications in deadlock detection in several areas such as store-and-forward networks, distributed simulation, and distributed database systems. This paper presents an efficient distributed algorithm to detect if a node is part of a knot in a distributed graph. The algorithm requires 2e messages and a delay of 2(d+1) message hops to detect if a node in a distributed graph is in a knot (here, e is the number of edges in the reachable part of the distributed graph and d is its diameter). A significant advantage of this algorithm is that it not only detects if a node is involved in a knot, but also finds exactly which nodes are involved in the knot. Moreover, if the node is not involved in a knot, but is only involved in a cycle, then it finds the nodes that are in a cycle with that node. We illustrate the working of the algorithm with examples. The paper ends with a discussion on how the information about the nodes involved in the knot can be used for deadlock resolution and also on the performance of the algorithm.
Eating disorders in adolescents.

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa must be understood and appreciated to be chronic disorders. Too often pediatricians and other health care providers expect that the patient with an eating disorder will be quickly cured. We anticipate and readily accept patient relapses in other chronic conditions such as diabetes, cystic fibrosis, or rheumatoid arthritis, but we do not expect, nor do we tolerate, relapses in patients with eating disorders! Rather, we perceive the relapse as a treatment failure, often blaming ourselves and our lack of knowledge and skills, our treatment team, and, of course, the patient and his or her family. During medical school and residency training there are few good role models for the care of chronically ill patients. We have not learned to enjoy caring for people who do not rapidly improve and recover, especially when the illness is their "personal choice." Little wonder that so many pediatricians reject the responsibility to care for patients with an eating disorder and elect to refer them to others.
Political Information Processing in an Electoral Context A Laboratory Study

Choice-reaction-time and psychophysical measures are used in a laboratory study of change and stability in the semantic content of three presidential images during the 1980 American election campaign. The closeness with which 26 descriptive terms are associated with each of the three is assessed. Illustrative descriptive findings are presented, showing, among other things, relatively little change in the image of "the ideal president," consider able though selective change in the image of President Carter, and an intermediate level of change for "the typical Democratic president." The impact of President Carter's image on that of the typical Democratic president is plain. In addition, the reaction time data show that respondents are much clearer about what they want in a president than they are about what they have in one. However, they are not more sure about what they have in the case of President Carter than they are about what they would have in the hypothetical case of "the typical Democratic preside...
Verification of software via integration of design and implementation

Model checking is usually applied at the design phase to verify that preliminary high-level design specifications conform to their requirements. Source code analysis, on the other hand, is used to check for correctness of implementation once it is realized from the design specifications. However, the current practice of validating a design and its implementation in isolation makes it necessary to employ rigorous testing analysis to empirically ensure that the implementation satisfies the design specification. This article describes a formal framework that allows design models to contain embedded partial implementations as components; these models are then formally analyzed to ensure that global requirements are satisfied. This framework can be utilized to incrementally develop and ensure correctness of the design and the corresponding implementation. Realization of this framework requires consolidation and expansion of traditional formal verification techniques by integration of model checking, program analysis and constraint solving.
Aminoglycoside Predictions Using a Hand-Held Calculator: Limitations of the Model

Previously published methods for determining an appropriate aminoglycoside dosage have been adapted for use in the handheld programmable calculator (Texas Instrument-59). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of calculator-generated serum level predictions compared with measured values. Twenty-four adult patients receiving intravenous aminoglycosides (gentamicin, netilmicin, or tobramycin) had urine and serum collected for creatinine clearance calculations and had blood obtained for peak and trough aminoglycoside concentration determinations. All but one patient had normal renal function. A statistically significant relationship between predicted and measured creatinine clearance values was found. There was also generally good agreement between the calculator-predicted aminoglycoside levels and the measured levels, although some patients exhibited unexplained deviations. Error -in the estimation of creatinine clearance and adjustments for lean body weight did not improve prediction accura...
Potential for Reducing Overflooding Ratios of Sterile Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) with the Use of Ginger Root Oil

Abstract The mating behavior of sterile, laboratory-reared, male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), was evaluated in field-cage mating competition tests with wild flies after exposing the laboratory males to ginger root oil extract. Without exposure to ginger root oil, sterile males obtained 12.6%, 69.0%, and 72.8% of the total matings with wild females when present in 1:1, 5:1, and 10:1 ratios of sterile males to wild males, respectively. Sterile males, exposed to ginger root oil for 3 h, 1 d before mating trials, in a 1:1 ratio with wild males, achieved 62.3% of the matings with wild females. These data suggest that exposure to ginger oil can elevate sterile male mating competitiveness to a similar degree as elevated ratios of sterile to wild males. Incorporating the use of ginger root oil extract into sterile release programs may thus increase the effectiveness of the sterile insect technique, and/or allow a reduction in the number of sterile flies that are released.
Lymphknotenveränderungen bei experimenteller Leukämie in Long-Evans-Ratten

Huggins u. Mitarb. berichteten zuerst uber das Auftreten einer Stammzellleukamie in Long-Evans-Ratten nach Stosdosen von 7, 12-Dimethyl- oder 7,8,12-Trimethylbenz(a)anthracen (7,8,12-TMBA) [4, 5]. Die fruhesten Veranderungen im Sinne der Leukamie waren in der Milz nachweisbar [2]. Bei fortgeschrittener Leukamie war die Aktivitat der Lactatdehydrogenase (LDH) in Milz und Knochenmark erhoht, wahrend die Aktivitat der Malatdehydrogenase (MDH) vermindert oder unverandert war [1, 2]. Das terminale Stadium der Erkrankung ist gekennzeichnet durch hochgradige Anamie, Leukocytose und das Auftreten roter Vorstufen im peripheren Blut; weiterhin findet sich immer eine ausgedehnte leukamische Infiltration der Leber und anderer Gewebe. Bei einer systematischen Studie dieser Leukamie schienen die Lymphknoten in selektiver Weise beteiligt zu sein. Das gab die Veranlassung zur Durchfuhrung der vorliegenden Untersuchungen.
Faster Or-Join Enactment for BPMN 2.0

We propose an efficient algorithm that enacts the control-flow of BPMN, in particular the inclusive Or-join gateway. The original algorithm for enacting Or-joins in BPMN 2.0 needs, upon each token move in the diagram, linear time in the number of edges of the diagram to find out whether a given Or-join is enabled, whereas our proposal essentially needs only constant time to do so.
The Evolution of the US Health Care System

The previous chapter introduced the subject matter of this book, the environmental factors that influence the United States’ health care policymaking process and reform. The problems facing the health care system, the role of problem definition in policy formulation, including the specification of different alternatives to solve the problems, and the failures of previous reform efforts, were briefly introduced. We ended that chapter by noting that the manner the Constitution disperses power at the federal level of government, the political processes in the country, and the other environmental factors identified in the chapter influence the health care policymaking and reform processes in the country. We further argued that since the factors that influence the health care policymaking system and impede reform evolved over time, it was necessary to devote a chapter of the book to examining how the health care system has been transformed from the early years to the present time. Therefore, this chapter of the book appropriately examines the history of the evolution of the health care system. The chapter is based on the notion of path dependence, in which the past provides useful lessons for the future.
On-chip transformers: A circuit designer's perspective on the loss and bandwidth

A generalized analysis of the loss and bandwidth of a transformer is presented from a circuit designer's perspective. Effects, such as finite coil inductance, non-zero leakage inductance and coil resistances are analyzed and expressions for the achievable bandwidth and loss of the transformer, as derived from various circuit losses, are presented, followed by insights into the design and optimization of the transformer.
Burst firing and modulation of functional connectivity in cat striate cortex.

Snider, R. K., J. F. Kabara, B. R. Roig, and A. B. Bonds. Burst firing and modulation of functional connectivity in cat striate cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 730–744, 1998. We studied the influences...
How Xyletinus peltatus Beetles Affect Strength of Southern Pine Floor Joists

Xyletinus peltatus damaged wood from buildings >30 yr old was not significantly weaker than undamaged wood from the same buildings. At 70 beetle exit holes/0.0929 m2 for all samples and at 27 holes for samples with <0.51 sp gr, the MOR was reduced 31–37% and the MOE 21–27%. Although such strength reductions may be of concern, load sharing of complete floor systems should adequately compensate for structural weakening beetles may cause.
Synthetic Influences on Neptunium Incorporation in Naturally Occurring Copper Uranyl Phosphates

Neptunium incorporation in the torbernite/meta-torbernite [Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2·nH2O] system has been investigated in this study under both hydrothermal and slow diffusion conditions (at room temperature and 90 °C) to examine the role synthetic conditions play on neptunium uptake by uranyl phases and whether hydrothermal incorporation studies feasibly model environmental incorporation. The hydrothermally prepared crystals contained approximately 19 ± 2 and 73 ± 3 times more neptunium on average than crystals grown during slow diffusion at room temperature and elevated temperature, respectively. UV–vis spectroscopy on the mother solution showed that, on average, 51.53(±0.04)% of the original neptunium(V) remains in solution following hydrothermal synthesis versus 37.24(±0.04)% following slow diffusion at room temperature and 73.62(±0.07)% at 90 °C. Additionally, solid-state UV–vis-NIR indicated that the incorporated neptunium was predominantly present in the +6 oxidation state in the hydrothermal samples despite...
Collaborative Unmanned Aircraft Control for Deconfliction Ability in the National Airspace System

The progression of aviation has led to the strong desire to integrate unmanned aerial systems into the national airspace system. In order for unmanned aircraft to occupy national airspace concurrently with other aircraft, the Federal Aviation Administration regulations require that unmanned aircraft \see and avoid" other air trac to the same extent as a human pilot. The focus of this research is to explore the use of two collaborating unmanned aircraft working together to ensure separation from other air trac using measurement data obtained from optical sensors. The system is designed for use with small, light-weight aircraft that are operated below 10,000 feet mean sea level. Computer simulation was used to explore the implementation of a control strategy for positioning the collaborating aircraft to maximize the accuracy of their estimates of interfering trac locations and minimize the potential for conicts while ying to a specied location. The performance of the range estimation algorithm was explored as well as the system reliability while subject to multiple interfering aircraft and operational constraints such as ownship maneuverability. A comparison with two other possible formations was conducted to determine how the proposed method performed in both range estimate and miss distance of conicting air trac.
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, GROUND PROPERTIES AND MAGNETIC ORDERING FOR PURE γ-Mn

The atomic structure, electronic, and magnetic ordering properties, phase stability of pure γ-Mn have been investigated by the first principle density-functional calculations based on ultrasoft pseudopotentials for paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and antiferromagnetic states, respectively. It has been found that the antiferromagnetic structure at ground state is the most stable by the spin-polarized calculation and the local theoretical magnetic moment is 2.43 μB/atom for pure γ-Mn in a high-spin state in excellent agreement with experimental results. The bonding nature and magnetic ordering of these structures have also been analyzed via the density of states (DOS) histogram. It is found that the origin of antiferromagnetic properties existing in pure γ-Mn is mainly determined by the electrons of 3d orbits around Fermi energy, and the main peaks for spin-up and spin-down site in the bonding and anti-bonding regions. Detailed comparisons of such three structures revealed that the antiferromagnetic state for pure γ-Mn has the prominent magnetovolume effect.
Postoperative Schmerztherapie bei Säuglingen

Three lines of evidence support the idea that infants are capable of pain perception similar to that in adults.
Intermediary metabolism and its regulation in parasitic worms in a strategy for chemotherapy

The idea that a rational strategy for chemotherapy depends on selecting for chemical agents that are toxic to the parasite but not to the host was originally established by Paul Ehrlich in the early part of this century. While pharmacologists have always recognized Ehrlich’s basic concept of selective toxicity, the invading organism was looked upon for many years as a ‘black box’ subject. During the last twenty years it has become evident that knowledge of the biochemistry of the invading organism is of prime importance in implementing Ehrlich’s strategy for chemotherapy. Knowledge about the biochemistry and genetics of bacterial and viral species has led to the development of selective chemotherapeutic agents against the invading organism. Even when an antibacterial or antiviral agent is discovered as the result of a ‘blind’ screening programme it has often been possible to identify the site of action of these new chemotherapeutic agents. Such studies in many cases have led to the uncovering of new sites in the invading organism that are amenable to further pharmacological manipulation.
Tooth Whitening: How Does It Work

Tooth discoloration is classified as extrinsic or intrinsic, with extrinsic stains arising from accumulation of residue on the surface of the tooth, and intrinsic discoloration from stains within the enamel or dentin. For both types of stains, tooth whitening with hydrogen peroxide is a common treatment. Hydrogen peroxide likely exerts its effects by interacting with chromophores within the tooth structure, acting via what is known as the “chromophore effect.” Despite having the desired cosmetic effect, however, hydrogen peroxide treatment also may likely affect sound tooth tissue; and the unknowns surrounding unwanted side effects remain a concern. Here, the etiology of extrinsic and intrinsic stains is summarized, as is our current understanding of hydrogen peroxide treatment and mechanisms of action. This information might guide further research and development efforts to create new technology for the treatment of tooth discoloration.
Substance Use Disorders and Detoxification

Abstract The prevalence of substance use disorders in patients with chronic pain is higher than in the general population. The causes and onset of substance use disorders have been difficult to characterize in relationship to chronic pain. Comorbid psychiatric disorders also play a role in the complexity of treating patients with chronic pain. Opioid analgesic prescriptions have increased to patients with chronic nonmalignant pain over the past two decades, despite lacking evidence for their long-term effectiveness. Benzodiazepines are also commonly prescribed for anxiety and insomnia in patients with chronic pain, but no studies have demonstrated any benefit for these target symptoms. Careful monitoring of patients in this setting is essential to prevent substance use disorders from arising or relapsing. If the decision to discontinue opioids or benzodiazepines has been made for any reason, a carefully planned and monitored detoxification will help to avoid withdrawal symptoms in a patient who has become physiologically dependent. Opioid withdrawal is generally not dangerous except in patients at risk for increased sympathetic tone. The essential element for successful opioid detoxification is gradual tapering of the dose of the medication. The technique of benzodiazepine taper follows the same general principles of an opioid taper. However, a higher total daily dose and longer duration of use produce a higher risk of significant and potentially life-threatening symptoms of withdrawal from benzodiazepines. By avoiding unpleasant or dangerous withdrawal syndromes and providing the patient with the reinforcement that all treatments should result in benefits that outweigh risks, the therapeutic relationship will be strengthened and the chances for successful treatment are optimized.
Central Nervous System Device Infections

Nosocomial meningitis can occur in association with central nervous system (CNS) devices such as cerebrospinal shunts or drains, intrathecal pumps, and deep brain stimulators and carry substantial morbidity and mortality. Diagnosing and treating these infections may be challenging to physicians as cerebrospinal fluid cultures may be negative due to previous antibiotic therapy and cerebrospinal abnormalities may be secondary to the primary neurosurgical issue that prompted the placement of the CNS device (e.g., "chemical meningitis" due to intracranial hemorrhage). Besides antibiotic therapy given intravenously and sometimes intrathecally, removal of the device with repeat cultures prior to re-implantation is key in achieving successful outcomes.
The invisible technology [Spectral Lines]

"Five years ago Marc Andreessen, the Web pioneer and celebrated tech investor, predicted software would eat the world. He turned out to be right. Too right. Software is eating the world, and also eating itself. The cannibalization of software defies easy explanation. Software is the motor of the world�s digital economy. Code is the ground of our computationally rich existence. Software applications and platforms are the source of vast wealth for Apple, Google, Facebook, Amazon, and many other tech titans. Yet even as software grows in importance, code becomes less visible, less tangible, less understood, and�perhaps most paradoxically–less valuable in monetary terms.
Computational intelligence - a broad initiative in automated learning from sequences

In our attempts to construct methods for automated structural prediction and annotation of proteins as well as automated drug design and discovery, the identification of structure and function from the primary structure of a protein is an important, but difficult problem. We extract features using biophysical properties of the different amino acids and using the patterns of poly-peptide sequences. Based on these features we construct different predictors for different tasks. We demonstrate that our classifiers compare favorably to existing classifiers, and we experiment with the use of ensemble methods to enhance our predictors' accuracies and explaining powers. We showed the synergy of approaches from computational intelligence and biophysics is powerful. This work has particular relevance for the study of ion-channels, ligand binding sites, and alternative splicing
LATE QUATERNARY GEOMORPHIC HISTORY OF LOWER HIGHLAND CREEK, WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH DAKOTA

Mapping of late Quaternary geomorphic surfaces, and analysis of the soils and sediments buried within them, provides evidence for the history of a small study area within the Red Valley physiographic zone, Black Hills, South Dakota. Geomorphic thresholds for this grassland system are correlated with periods of major climatic change. Well-developed soils dating to the late Pleistocene and early Holocene (14,000 to 9000 yr B.P.) suggest more mesic conditions and geomorphic stability. A mid-Holocene Altithermal (ca. 8000 to 4500 yr B.P.) denudation almost completely stripped the landscape of earlier Holocene sediments and soils. A prolonged, mid-Holocene (ca. 4500 to 3600 yr B.P.) mesic period of landscape stability and soil development followed, but was abruptly terminated around 3600 yr BP. Late Holocene conditions approached stability about 1200 yr BP. After this time, alluvial terrace surfaces remained stable, while alluvial fans experienced periods of stability punctuated by midslope aggradation.
Revisiting Hohokam Paleodemography

Archaeological evidence documents apparent depopulation of the Hohokam region of Southern Arizona at the end of the Classic period (A.D. 1150-1450). Major population centers were no longer occupied, and many distinctive material culture traits associated with the Hohokam tradition seem to disappear. Proposed explanations include migration, dispersion of the population into less archaeologically visible settlements, and wholesale population decline. The latter hypothesis is attractive partly because of a seminal study of paleodemography and health at the Classic-period site of Pueblo Grande in the Phoenix Basin. That study suggested that the population was not sustainable due to very low life expectancy, a very high dependency ratio of juveniles to adults, and other indicators of biological stress. A hazards analysis of the published demographic data reveals life expectancy at birth in the expected range for prehistoric populations with no evidence of a dependency crisis. Population decline at the end of the Classic period is more likely explained by reduced fertility than by increased mortality. Birth rates are sensitive to cultural and economic forces, and we should look beyond health factors in trying to account for the disappearance of Hohokam traditions.
Crime Victims' Rights -- A Legislative Perspective

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/plr Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Law and Society Commons, Law Enforcement and Corrections Commons, Legal History, Theory and Process Commons, Legislation Commons, Organizations Commons, Public Law and Legal Theory Commons, Remedies Commons, and the State and Local Government Law Commons
LAND DISPUTES AND COMMUNAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS

The unique nature of land and its so many uses has made land a highly essential commodity in every society and as such it has been a commodity of very high dispute , this study adopted interview and documentary methods of investigation and its findings reveal, that conflicts and related disputes is a very common and regular phenomenon but with the study findings and recommendation of alternative dispute resolution as a technique for a peaceful co-existence among the peoples of igbo-ukwu in other to avoid escalation of tension and to enable the community achieve greater potential.
Morphologic Analysis of Coronary Stenoses by Coronary Angiography: Subjective Variability and Accuracy

Coronary angiography remains the standard technique to evaluate the significance of coronary arterial lesions. It allows identification of severe stenoses that cause ischemia, helps to determine prognosis, to define optimal therapy and the feasibility of angioplasty or bypass surgery. Early studies of coronary angiography demonstrated a link between the number of vessels with severe narrowings and the likelihood of long-term survival (1,2). Concomitantly, a series of experiments, typified by the classic studies of Gould et al (3,4) and Gregg (5) established the relationship between coronary stenosis and the limitation of flow. These findings, coupled historically with the ability of non-invasive testing to detect arterial stenoses, and the advent of coronary artery bypass surgery, further tied interpretations of coronary arteriograms to estimating the severity of stenoses and counting the number of trunks with severe disease. The ultimate impact of these important developments was to increase the appreciation of the relationship between the extent of disease and clinical prognosis, however, an unfortunate result was to obscure other important information about lesion morphology and its pathophysiologic implications.