cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rate of interfacial electron transfer through the 1,2,3-triazole linkage.

The rate of electron transfer is measured to two ferrocene and one iron tetraphenylporphyrin redox species coupled through terminal acetylenes to azide-terminated thiol monolayers by the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide−alkyne cycloaddition (a Sharpless “click” reaction) to form the 1,2,3-triazole linkage. The high yield, chemoselectivity, convenience, and broad applicability of this triazole formation reaction make such a modular assembly strategy very attractive. Electron-transfer rate constants from greater than 60,000 to 1 s-1 are obtained by varying the length and conjugation of the electron-transfer bridge and by varying the surrounding diluent thiols in the monolayer. Triazole and the triazole carbonyl linkages provide similar electronic coupling for electron transfer as esters. The ability to vary the rate of electron transfer to many different redox species over many orders of magnitude by using modular coupling chemistry provides a convenient way to study and control the delivery of electrons to multielect...
Increasing Cognitive Readiness Through Computer and Videogame–Based Training

In order to examine the cognitive readiness effects of training technologies, 123 participants watched emotional or tactical military training videos and then played a training videogame in a pre-post test between-subjects experiment. Emotional training video exposure reduced participants’ ability to suppress emotion and need to control one’s thoughts. After playing the videogame, participants exposed to the emotional video had higher metacognitive self-consciousness scores. Nationalism was negatively associated with emotion reappraisal for participants exposed to the emotional training video. However, patriotism was linked to higher emotion suppression scores. The results illustrate how media priming connects to short-term cognitive readiness outcomes and how trainee nationalism and patriotism modulate exposure effects.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Evaluation of Bleed Slot of Purdue Mach 6 Quiet Tunnel

Introduction T HE Purdue Mach 6 quiet tunnel is a Ludwieg tube that was designed to study boundary-layer transition at hypersonic speeds.1 For high-quality transition research, the noise level in the test section should be comparable to flight and an order of magnitude lower than in conventional wind tunnels.2 To achieve these low “quiet” noise levels, laminar boundary layers must be maintained on the nozzle walls. NASA Langley Research Center pioneered the development of such quiet tunnels, with features that include highly polished nozzles and a bleed slot to remove the contractionwall boundary layer upstream of the throat.3 However, the tunnel (Fig. 1a), which has been operational since 2001, has achieved quiet flow at high Reynolds numbers only very recently. The probable cause for the lack of quiet flow during 2001–2005 is thought to be fluctuations generated at the nozzle throat as a result of flawed bleed slot design (as in Benay et al.4). Klebanoff and Tidstrom5 showed experimentally that if the Reynolds number is sufficiently small, the presence of a separation bubble does not alter the stability characteristics of the boundary layer downstream of the bubble; however, for sufficiently high Reynolds number, the presence of a separation bubble destabilizes the boundary layer downstream of reattachment, leading to an earlier transition to turbulence. Thus, the original design of the bleed slot has been modified, and altogether eight different bleed slot designs have been built and tested using the highly polished electroformed throat.6 The objective of the study presented in this Note is to simulate the flow in the bleed slot of the Purdue Mach 6 quiet wind tunnel. In the course of this computational study, the bleed slot design
Release of Lysosomal Enzymes by Alveolar Mononuclear Cells

THE finding that individuals severely deficient in the circulating enzyme inhibitor α1-antitrypsin usually contract panlobular emphysema at an early age suggested that proteolytic enzymes were involved in the connective tissue destruction characteristic of pulmonary emphysema1. This idea was strengthened by reports that intratracheal administration of the relatively nonspecific enzyme, papain, or the more specific enzymes, elastase or collagenase, led to the development of emphysema-like lesions in a variety of animal species2,3. The origin of such proteolytic enzymes in vivo, and their mode of release has been the subject of much speculation, and two cell types, the polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte and the alveolar macrophage are implicated. Evidence favouring the PMNs include their sequestration in the basilar portions of the lung in the non-diseased person, their containing large numbers of lysosomes, and the high incidence of concurrent infection (with resultant leukocyte infiltration) associated with non α1-antitrypsin related emphysema. In addition human PMNs release approximately 25% of their lysosomal enzymes during phagocytosis of various particles such as zymosan, latex, and immune complexes4.
Transmission loss and direction of arrival observations from a source in shallow water

Signals generated by the source used in the reverberation studies of the Targets and Reverberation Experiment (TREX) were recorded by a receiving array located 4.7 km downrange. The bathymetry over this range is relatively flat, with water depth 20 m. The receiving system consists of a 7-channel vertical line array, a 4-channel horizontal line array, oriented perpendicular to the propagation direction, and a 4-channel vector sensor (3-component vector and one pressure), with all channels recorded coherently recorded Transmissions were made once every 30 seconds and over a two hour recording period, changes in the frequency content, amplitude and direction were observed. As both the source and receiving array are at a fixed position in the water column, these observations are assumed to be due to changes in the environment. Interpretation of the data is given in terms of the evolving sea-surface conditions, the presence of nearby scatterers such as fish, and reflection/refraction due to the sloping shoreline.
Solitary internal waves in continuously stratified fluids of great depth

Abstract This paper considers the existence of solitary internal waves moving with a constant speed in a continuously stratified fluid of great depth. The fluid is inviscid, incompressible, and bounded below by a rigid bottom only. The density of fluid decreases continuously upwards to a certain level and then the fluid above has a constant density and extends to the infinity vertically. It is rigorously shown that the exact governing equations of this flow have a solitary wave solution that decays algebraically to a uniform state at infinity when the wave speed is near its first critical value. The first-order approximation of the solution is the solution obtained from the Benjamin–Ono equation (time independent).
Structural requirements for binding of adenosine-5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS) to human neutrophils

Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) respond via pertussis toxin-sensitive pathways to extracellular nucleo- tides with an elevation in intracellular calcium ((Ca 2+ )i) and enhancement of the O~- generation induced by the chemotactic peptide N'-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP). Binding studies with adenosine 5'-O-(3-thio(aSS)triphosphate) ((35S)ATPyS) have recently identified at least two classes of receptors on intact human neutrophils. In this study, we further characterize nucleotide binding to this receptor with respect to its specific structural requirements. Utilizing (35S)ATP~,S as the primary ligand and various nucleotides and ATP analogues, competitive binding studies demonstrate that: (1)the triphosphate tail is essential for maximal receptor binding; (2) chemical modifications of the phosphate tail have profound effects on binding efficacy; (3) the base ring is recognized by the receptor, with purines being preferentially recognized; and (4) except for a spacing function, the ribose ring of nucleotides does not appear to be important for nucleotide binding. In addition, we demonstrate that the presence of divalent cations inhibits (35S)ATP yS binding, suggesting that the tetraanionic form of ATP (ATP 4- ) is the nucleotide species reactive with the receptor.
Development of a film thickness probe using capacitance for asymmetrical two phase flow with heat addition

A film thickness probe based on capacitance measurements has been developed which is used to measure the liquid film thickness on both the upper and lower surface of a horizontal tube containing a two‐phase mixture. Using appropriate nondimensionalization of the capacitance versus film thickness relationship, a new method has been developed in which the sensor may be used in temperature‐dependent flow fields. The liquid film thickness probe was calibrated at room temperature and tested in a refrigerant R113 flow boiling facility over a 60 °C temperature span. Measurements made over a film thickness range of 25 mm using the capacitance probe are in close agreement with optical measurements made with a charge coupled device camera. In addition, spectral analysis of the probe signal allows for a trace of the low‐frequency characteristics of the liquid film.
Republican Government and Judicial Restraint

In his article, "Epistemological Skepticism, Hobbesian Natural Right and Judicial Self-Restraint," Sotirios Barber develops his thesis that "a principle of judicial self-restraint has no place in any theory that takes the Constitution seriously as law" (Review of Politics 48 [1986]: 394). He does this by responding to two different sorts of arguments given to support judicial restraint, Hobbesian natural right as developed by Walter Berns and epistemological skepticism as developed in my criticism of Ronald Dworkin ("Reconsidering Dworkin's Case for Judicial Activism" Journal of Politics 46 [1984]: 503-519). I wish to respond to the latter argument. In my critique, I accepted Dworkin's point that fundamental constitutional concepts point to a reality that is separate from the various conceptions that framers of the document may have held. What is authoritative is the reality to which the concepts point, not the framers' particular conceptions of it. (To be sure, the opinions of the framers deserve to be honored, but that is because these opinions are wise, not just because they are old.) Dworkin took this point to support judicial activism, that is, judges should void laws that offend their "own sense of principles required by the broad constitutional doctrines" (Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously [Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977], p. 137). I argued that this point, when coupled with the Constitution's principle of republican government, better supports judicial restraint: A judge should uphold laws that offend his own sense of the Constitution, jfhe cannot be confident of his own sense f, that is, he would have to admit that his own sense of the Constitution's meaning just might be wrong and that of republican government, as manifest in the law, just might be right. (To the extent possible here and in my critique of Dworkin, I have tried to keep distinct the two questions of constitutional meaning and range of permissible judgment allowed to the political branches of government, maintaining that the question of activism and restraint should mostly concern the latter. See Brubaker, "Reconsidering Dworkin's Argument," pp. 504-505.) As Barber observes, this argument for restraint does not suffer (or more accurately stating his position, does not appear to suffer) the debilitating skepticism that affects many theories, but depends
Simulations of High-Strain Electrostrictive Chlorinated Terpolymers

Chlorinated poly(vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene) terpolymers are remarkable examples of high strain electrostrictive materials. These polymers are synthesized by copolymerizing vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene with small levels of a third chlorinated monomer. The electromechanical responses of these materials are believed to originate from the chlorine atom, which, by its presence in the polymer chains and by virtue of its large van der Waals radius, destroys the long-range crystalline polar macro-domains and transforms the polymer from a normal to a high-strain relaxor ferroelectric. To exploit the strain properties of the terpolymer, it is desirable to understand the structural implications resulting from the presence of the chlorinated monomer. To this end, computations have been performed on model superlattices of terpolymers using quantum-mechanical based force fields. The focus has been on determining the energetics and kinetics of crystallization of the various polymorphs that have been identified by x-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The chlorinated monomer is shown to act as a defect that can be incorporated into the lamellar structures of annealed terpolymer without a high cost in energy. The degree of incorporation of the chlorinated monomer into the crystal lattice is controlled by annealing conditions and ultimately determines the ferroelectric behavior of the terpolymers.
Diagnosability of stochastic discrete-event systems

We investigate diagnosability of stochastic discrete-event systems. We define the notions of A- and AA-diagnosability for stochastic automata; these notions are weaker than the corresponding notion of diagnosability for logical automata introduced by Sampath et al. Through the construction of a stochastic diagnoser, we determine offline conditions necessary and sufficient to guarantee A-diagnosability and sufficient to guarantee AA-diagnosability. We also show how the stochastic diagnoser can be used for on-line diagnosis of failure events. We illustrate the results through two examples from HVAC systems.
Reduced-Form Implementation

This paper studies resource-allocation mechanisms by using a reduced-form notion of mechanism. We formulate a mechanism by specifying the state space of the mechanism, the set of outcomes that agents can induce in a given state, and the set of admissible outcomes in each state. This notion of mechanism includes the Walrasian mechanism and majority voting as well as all game forms. With this notion, monotonicity is not only necessary but sufficient for a social choice correspondence to be implementable. Our main result is that in the context of exchange economies, if a mechanism implements a sub-correspondence of the Pareto correspondence and satisfies localness (one’s “budget set” in a given state is independent of other agents’ endowments), then the mechanism necessarily implements a sub-correspondence of the core correspondence. If the mechanism also satisfies anonymity, then it actually implements a sub-correspondence of the Walrasian equilibrium correspondence.
Examination of Chain Length Effects on the Solubility of Alkanes in Near-Critical and Supercritical Aqueous Solutions

Molecular dynamics simulations of infinitely dilute aqueous solutions of butane and octane were conducted in both the subcritical and supercritical regions. The free energy of hydration of each alkane species was calculated and compared with predictions from a recently proposed equation of state. The results suggest that near the critical temperature of water (along a given isobar), the trends in the free energy of hydration for a series of acyclic alkanes reverse with increasing temperature. This implies that larger chains (such as octane) have a greater solubility than smaller chains (such as butane). The effects of alternative combining rules other than the standard Lorentz-Berthelot relationships on the free energy of hydration were also examined.
Relation of arterial structure and function to left ventricular geometric patterns in hypertensive adults

Objectives. The present study sought to determine whether conduit artery structure and function vary according to the pattern of left ventricular adaptation to hypertension. Background. Although left ventricular geometric pattern has been shown to predict cardiovascular events in hypertension, the arterial status in patients with the different patterns is unknown. Methods. We evaluated arterial structure and function by carotid ultrasound and applanation tonometry in 271 unmedicated hypertensive patients classified by echocardiography as having normal ventricular geometry (n = 176), concentric remodeling (n = 54), concentric hypertrophy (n = 16) or eccentric hypertrophy (n = 25). Results. All groups were similar in age, gender distribution and body size. Patients with concentric and eccentric hypertrophy had similar blood pressures (mean 173/100 and 171/99 mm Hg, respectively) and left ventricular mass, but compared with patients with normal left ventricular geometry and concentric remodeling, only those with concentric hypertrophy had increased arterial wall thickness (0.96 ± 0.20 vs. 0.80 ± 0.18 mm, p< 0.05), end-diastolic diameter (6.38 ± 0.97 vs. 5.76 ± 0.87 mm, p < 0.05), cross-sectional area (22.1 ± 5.71 vs. 16.6 ± 5.4 mm2, p < 0.05) and elastic modulus (713 ± 265 vs. 471 ± 241 dynes/cm2 × 10−6, p < 0.05). Patients with concentric remodeling and eccentric hypertrophy had similar values for these measures (0.85 ± 0.22 and 0.89 ± 0.21 mm, 5.67 ± 0.77 and 6.04 ± 0.44 mm, 17.2 ± 5.4 and 19.7 ± 5.9 mm2, 558 ± 263 and 614 ± 257 dynes/cm2 × 10−6, respectively), despite lower systolic blood pressures in the former group (156/94 mm Hg, p < 0.001). The prevalence of plaque was comparable in patients with concentric (56%) and eccentric (42%) hypertrophy and significantly greater in those with normal geometry (21%). Conclusions. Among patients with generally mild, uncomplicated systemic hypertension, arterial structure and function are most abnormal when concentric left ventricular hypertrophy is present and may contribute to the more adverse outcome associated with this geometric pattern.
Lone AF - Etiologic Factors and Genetic Insights into Pathophysiolgy.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice, representing a growing epidemic with significant health consequences and affecting more than two million adults in the U.S. [1]. The mean age of individuals with AF is 75 years; disease prevalence increases with age (2.3% age > 40 years; 5.9% age > 65 years) and with the presence of structural heart disease such as ischemic, hypertensive, myocardial, or valvular disease. AF in young patients or so called “lone” or idiopathic AF is characterized by the presence of the arrhythmia in the absence of structural heart disease or other identifiable causes such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, hyperthyroidism, or alcohol use. Lone AF typically occurs in young and middle-aged adults (mean age at diagnosis ~ 44 years) [2]]. The prevalence of lone AF, depending on the age of the population under consideration, ranges from 2% to 11% [3, 4, 5]. Although novel risk factors for this arrhythmia have recently been described [6, 7], the etiology of an individual’s condition often remains unknown [8]. The term lone auricular fibrillation was first introduced by Evans and Swann [9] in 1953. Since then it has been suggested that a diagnosis of lone AF should be restricted to patients <60 years of age [10]; although there is no evidence of any threshold values by age for stroke risk in patients with AF [9]. Recently, several novel epidemiological associations with AF have emerged. Conditions such as obesity, sleep apnea, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, increased alcohol consumption, anger and hostility (in men), pulse pressure, and subclinical atherosclerosis (assessed by carotid intima–media thickness) have all been associated with AF [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Atrial and ventricular structural changes, increased atrial stretch, autonomic imbalance, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and others have been some of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms identified [14, 15, 17, 18]. Nevertheless, a cause–effect relationship has not clearly been established.
[3H]Dihydrorotenone Binding to NADH: Ubiquinone Reductase (Complex I) of the Electron Transport Chain: An Autoradiographic Study

Abnormalities of mitochondrial energy metabolism may play a role in normal aging and certain neurodegenerative disorders. In this regard, complex I of the electron transport chain has received substantial attention, especially in Parkinson's disease. The conventional method for studying complex I has been quantitation of enzyme activity in homogenized tissue samples. To enhance the anatomic precision with which complex I can be examined, we developed an autoradiographic assay for the rotenone site of this enzyme. [3H]dihydrorotenone ([3H]DHR) binding is saturable (KD = 15-55 nM) and specific, and Hill slopes of 1 suggest a single population of binding sites. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) enhances binding 4- to 80-fold in different brain regions (EC50 = 20-40 microM) by increasing the density of recognition sites (Bmax). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate also increases binding, but NAD+ does not. In skeletal muscle, heart, and kidney, binding was less affected by NADH. [3H]DHR binding is inhibited by rotenone (IC50 = 8-20 nM), meperidine (IC50 = 34-57 microM), amobarbitol (IC50 = 375-425 microM), and MPP+ (IC50 = 4-5 mM), consistent with the potencies of these compounds in inhibiting complex I activity. Binding is heterogeneously distributed in brain with the density in gray matter structures varying more than 10-fold. Lesion studies suggest that a substantial portion of binding is associated with nerve terminals. [3H]DHR autoradiography is the first quantitative method to examine complex I with a high degree of anatomic precision. This technique may help to clarify the potential role of complex I dysfunction in normal aging and disease.
Coupled turbulence and aerosol dynamics modeling of vehicle exhaust plumes using the CTAG model

This paper presents the development and evaluation of an environmental turbulent reacting flow model, the Comprehensive Turbulent Aerosol Dynamics and Gas Chemistry (CTAG) model. CTAG is designed to simulate transport and transformation of multiple air pollutants, e.g., from emission sources to ambient background. For the on-road and near-road applications, CTAG explicitly couples the major turbulent mixing processes, i.e., vehicle-induced turbulence (VIT), road-induced turbulence (RIT) and atmospheric boundary layer turbulence with gas-phase chemistry and aerosol dynamics. CTAG's transport model is referred to as CFD-VIT-RIT. This paper presents the evaluation of the CTAG model in simulating the dynamics of individual plumes in the “tailpipe-to-road” stage, i.e., VIT behind a moving van and aerosol dynamics in the wake of a diesel car by comparing the modeling results against the respective field measurements. Combined with sensitivity studies, we analyze the relative roles of VIT, sulfuric acid induced nucleation, condensation of organic compounds and presence of soot-mode particles in capturing the dynamics of exhaust plumes as well as their implications in vehicle emission controls.
The preparation effect in task switching: carryover of SOA.

A common finding in task-switching studies isswitch preparation (commonly known as the preparation effect), in which a longer interval between task cue and trial stimulus (i.e., a longer stimulus onset asynchrony, or SOA) reduces the cost of switching to a different task. Three experiments link switch preparation to within-subjects manipulations of SOA. In Experiment 1, SOA was randomized within subjects, producing switch preparation that was more pronounced when the SOA switched from the previous trial than when the SOA repeated. In Experiment 2, SOA was blocked within subjects, producing switch preparation but not on the first block of trials. In Experiment 3, SOA was manipulated between subjects with sufficient statistical power to detect switch preparation, but the effect was absent. The results favor an encoding view of cognitive control, but show that any putative switching mechanism reacts lazily when exposed to only one SOA.
The Loci of Cicero

Resume: Comme les plus premiers concepts grecs de topos rhetorique et dialectique, le concept de Ciceron du locus est dans son essence une metaphore qui est gouvernee par les sens divers de lieu. Ciceron utilise la metaphore centrale d9endroit dans une variete de sens pour relier etroitement des concepts rattaches. Je divise ces sens en le taxinomique, l9ideal, le mnemonique, et le logique. Nous pouvons deduire un cinquieme sens de locus comme un passage de formule ou cliche qui provient de l9utilisation d9arguments idealise quelquefois appele dans la litterature moderne un lieu commun litteraire ou simplement un lieu commun. Pour distinguer ce sens de l9utilisation de Ciceron de locus communis je l9appelle le sens affectif de locus .
A Unified Adaptive Cartesian Grid Method for Solid- Multiphase Fluid Dynamics with Moving Boundaries

Numerical simulations of flows involving moving boundaries are challenging as they need to address the location and the conditions of the interface that interacts with the flow field. We have developed a unified, marker-based approach, which can treat moving solid and multiphase fluid dynamics using adaptively refined Cartesian grids. The interfaces separating the fluid phases are modeled using a continuous interface method, while the noslip condition on solid interfaces is imposed by a sharp interface method. A smoothly varying Heaviside-like function is used for handling discontinuous material properties between fluids and for identifying the solid-fluid interface location. Furthermore, a distance-based formulation is adopted to treat solid-fluid interface intersections. A domain decomposition method via Hilbert space filling curves and preconditioned multigrid solvers are incorporated into the staggered grid arrangement for scalar and velocity variables. To highlight the performance of the present approach, case studies are conducted for (i) interface shapes, residual volumes, formation of sloshes and corresponding wave periods in draining tank with different control parameters and flow regimes, (ii) fluid dynamics around a flapping airfoil, and (iii) fluid flow around complex solid geometries.
Should an Anti-incontinence Procedure Be Routinely Performed at the Time of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Repair? An Evidence-based Review

The concept of prophylactic anti-incontinence surgery for women undergoing prolapse repair has been a popular and controversial debate in recent years. This article provides an evidence-based review of the current literature to determine the proper evaluation of the patient with prolapse, the predictive quality of preoperative urodynamics, and the selection of the appropriate anti-incontinence procedure. Based on this review, the midurethral sling predominates as the procedure of choice; however, there is poor evidence to suggest that routine usage of a prophylactic sling is warranted in treatment of the patient with pelvic organ prolapse.
Unscented Information Filtering for Distributed Estimation and Multiple Sensor Fusion

This paper represents distributed estimation and multiple sensor information fusion using an unscented information flltering algorithm. The proposed information fusion algorithm is developed by embedding the unscented transformation method used in the sigma point fllter into the extended information flltering architecture, and its algorithm is further extended for distributed estimation in hierarchical sensor networks. The new information fusion fllter achieves not only the accuracy and robustness of the sigma point fllter, but also the ∞exibility of the information fllter for multiple sensor estimation in distributed sensing networks. Performance comparison of the proposed sensor fusion fllter with the extended information fllter is demonstrated through a simple target-tracking simulation study.
Minimum rules for the protection of non-delinquent Detainees

Considering that, in application of universally recognized principles of human rights for all sorts and conditions of men, a body of minimum rules for the treatment of detained delinquents has been drawn up on the basis of resolutions and recommendations adopted by the Congress of the United Nations, which met for that purpose in Geneva from August 22 to September 3, 1955;
More than poverty: disruptive events among women having abortions in the USA

Background In the USA, abortion has become increasingly concentrated among poor women. For many, poverty represents difficulties meeting financial obligations, but the authors expect it is also associated with a range of potentially difficult life circumstances that may influence women9s pregnancy decisions. Methods This mixed methods study relied on two data sources. Quantitative data came from a national sample of 9493 women obtaining abortions in 2008 and examined exposure to 11 potentially disruptive events. The authors also examined associations between disruptive events, poverty status and contraceptive use. Qualitative information from 49 in-depth interviews was used to provide insights into patterns that emerged from the quantitative analysis. Results More than half (57%) of the women obtaining abortions experienced a potentially disruptive event within the last year, most commonly unemployment (20%), separation from a partner (16%), falling behind on rent/mortgage (14%) and/or moving multiple times (12%). Poverty status was significantly associated with several of the events, particularly those that could directly impact on a family9s economic circumstances, for example losing a job or having a baby. Information from the in-depth interviews suggested that disruptive events interfered with contraceptive use, but the quantitative survey found no difference in contraceptive use by exposure to disruptive life events, even after controlling for poverty status. Conclusion Many abortion patients make decisions about their pregnancies in the midst of complex life circumstances.
Radial Flows in Supergranules

We determine the radial component of the supergranular flow velocity by examining the center-to-limb variation of the Doppler velocity signal. We acquire individual Doppler images obtained with the MDI instrument on the SOHO spacecraft and process them to remove the p-mode oscillation signal, the axisymmetric flows, the convective blueshift signal, and instrumental artifacts. The remaining Doppler signal contains only non-axisymmetric flow structures. The Doppler signal from the horizontal flows in these structures varies like sin ρ, where ρ is the heliocentric angle from disk center. The Doppler signal from radial flows varies like cos ρ. We fit the center-to-limb variation of the mean squared velocity signal to a straight line in sin2 ρ over the central portion of the disk. The intercept of this line at disk center gives the amplitude of the radial component of the flow. The slope of the line gives the amplitude of the horizontal component. We find that the radial flows for typical supergranules have speeds about 10% that of their associated horizontal flows or about 30 m s−1. The ratio of the radial to horizontal flow speed increases from 9% to about 18% as the size of the structure decreases from > 60 Mm to ∼ 5 Mm. We use data simulations to check these results and find a ratio that increases from 5% to only about 12% over the same range of sizes. These smaller ratios are attributed to an underestimation of the horizontal flow speeds due to the fact that the transverse component of the horizontal flow is not detected by Doppler measurements.
A high-bandwidth electrical-waveform generator based on aperture-coupled striplines for OMEGA pulse-shaping applications

Pulsed laser systems emit optical pulses having a temporal pulse shape characteristic of the particular type of laser design. Recent advances in technology have produced laser-pulse shaping systems where the laser temporal profile can be specified in advance and controlled to a high degree of accuracy. The present pulse-shaping system at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory consists of many components to shape optical pulses. This paper will discuss a greatly simplified pulse-shaping system that offers cost and performance benefits over current systems The key component in this system is the aperture-coupled stripline (ACSL) that generates shaped electrical waveforms.
Efficient CW optical limiting in a nematic liquid crystal twist cell

Highly efficient optical limiting is observed in a nematic liquid crystal twist cell constructed with photoconducting alignment surfaces. Limiting at the submilliwatt level is obtained. The effective optical Kerr coefficient is approximately 10 cm2/W.
Comment on Narváez et al.: Lack of response to teriparatide therapy for bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw

Dear Editor, We read the recent report by Narvaez et al. [1] in Osteoporosis International regarding the ineffectiveness of 8 months of treatment with teriparatide in the management of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) with interest. The authors mention that impaired immune function secondary to treatment with rituximab and methotrexate might have confounded the results of the teriparatide treatment and hence correctly conclude that further studies are warranted to test the therapeutic effectiveness of teriparatide in ONJ. In addition, we would like to make the following comments:
Measurement of left ventricular volume in normal and volume-overloaded canine hearts

Serial studies of adaptation to aortic regurgitation (AR) were undertaken to determine whether sonomicrometry and echocardiography could be combined to measure changes in left ventricular (LV) cavitary volume (Vlv) and wall mass using the geometric formula [Vlv = K pi b2 alpha--wall volume], where K is a constant depending on the geometric model and a and be are epicardial major- and minor-axis diameters, respectively. Postmortem studies were performed in six normal dogs and in nine with AR; ultrasonic ventricular dimensions were measured as Vlv was varied with an intracavitary balloon. Three models were tested: 1) ellipsoid (model I; K = 1/6), 2) cylinder-ellipsoid (model II; K = 5/24), and 3) cylinder (model III; K = 1/4). The slope of the relationship between calculated Vlv and balloon volume varied between models (I, 0.71 +/- 0.11; II, 0.89 +/- 0.14; III, 1.07 +/- 0.17), and empiric determination of K to produce a slope of 1.0 resulted in a value of 0.26 +/- 0.04, not significantly different from the cylindrical model. Serial measurements of LV dimensions in 10 chronically instrumented conscious dogs revealed no significant change in end-diastolic or end-ejection LV shape after up to 16 wk of AR. Sonomicrometry and echocardiography can be integrated using a cylindrical geometric model to accurately estimate changes in end-diastolic or end-ejection Vlv during chronic volume overload.
Effects of bond-angle inversion on the statistical properties of poly(dimethylsiloxane)

Evidence of only a low barrier to inversion in SiOSi sequences could be important with regard to the interpretation of the statistical properties of silicone polymers. The effects are estimated for the temperature coefficients of the unperturbed dimensions, dipole moments, and optical-configuration parameter for poly(dimethylsiloxane).
Strategies for sat-based formal verification

Verification of digital hardware designs is becoming an increasingly complex task as the designs are incorporating more functionality, becoming complex and growing larger in size. Today, verification remains a bottleneck in meeting time-to-market requirements and consumes more than 70% of the overall design-costs. Traditionally, verification has been done using simulation-based approaches, where a set of appropriate test-stimuli is used by the designer. As the designs become more complex, however, simulation-based techniques often fail to capture corner-case errors. Furthermore, unless exhaustively tested, these approaches do not guarantee the correctness of a system with respect to its specifications. As a consequence, formal methods for design verification have been sought after. In formal verification, the conformance of a design to a given set of specifications is proven mathematically, thereby leaving no room for unexplored search spaces. Despite the exponential time/memory complexities often involved within the formal approaches, they have shown promise in capturing subtle bugs, which were missed otherwise. In this dissertation, we focus on Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) based formal verification, which has gained tremendous importance in the recent past. Importantly, SAT-based approaches often alleviate the memory explosion problem, which had been a bottleneck of the traditional symbolic (Binary Decision Diagram based) approaches. In SAT-based techniques, the set of verification tasks are converted into a set of Boolean formulae, which are checked for satisfiability using a SAT solver. These problems are often NP-complete and are prone to an explosion in the required run-time. To overcome this, we propose novel strategies which utilize both structural and logical information of a sequential circuit. In particular, we devise techniques to extract non-trivial invariants of a design, strengthen properties such that they can be proven faster and interleave bounded reachability analysis with bounded model checking. We provide the necessary algorithms and implementation details in order to automate the proposed techniques. Experiments conducted on a variety of benchmark circuits show that orders of magnitude improvement in overall run-times can be achieved via our techniques compared to the existing state-of-the-art SAT-based approaches.
Single Crystal ESR Studies of n-Tetrabutylammonium+Nickel(o-Benzene-Diselenolate)2 − and Related Transition Metal Complexes

Previously reported temperature dependent studies of the ESR spectral envelopes of polycrystalline samples of n-tetrabutylammonium salts of nickel(o-benzenediselenolate(bds))2 and nickel(o-benzenedithiolate(bdt)2 reveal that the g-tensors for the bds and bdt salts are axial and pseudo-axial, respectively1–5. However, there was concern that the g-tensor for the bds might actually be pseudo-axial because of the poorer resolution as a result of the increased ESR spectral linewidth in the selenium salt due to the enhanced spin lattice rate caused by the heavier selenium atom. In addition, an abrupt change in g|| was observed between 150 and 160 K for the Ni(bds)2− salt, which, based on preliminary low temperature X-ray diffraction studies, has been confirmed as a crystalline phase change6. ESR studies of single crystals of the n-tetrabutylammonium salts of nickel (bds)2− and nickel (bdt)2 which have been synthesized in our laboratory and which are large enough to allow single crystal ESR studies to test the above points are reported. An additional reason for this study is that these compounds may serve as the building blocks for the synthesis of a new series of conducting salts based on small cations\ (e.g., alkali metals) in analogy with the recent work of Underhill et al7 on the malonitrile complexes.
Who Asked the Attorney General His Opinion

Under Kentucky law, the written opinion of the attorney general concerning certain matters is considered to be a legal precedent that can be relied on in good faith until that opinion is overturned by a court. This article outlines the scope of attorney general's opinion writing power and describes how to research this unusual area of law.
On Hummel on Austrian Business Cycle Theory

Jeffrey Rogers Hummel criticizes Austrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT), and it is our intent in the present article to reply to his criticisms, defending this viewpoint against the difficulties he raises with it. Hummel sees six separate problems with the Austrian or praxeological analysis of the business cycle, and we shall comment on each of them. To wit, following Hummel’s outline, we devote Section 2 to Asymmetry, 3 to Definitions of the Money Stock, 4 to Net Investment, 5 to Deflation, 6 to the Constant Rate of Credit Expansion, and 7 to International Aspects of the ABCT. We conclude in Section 8. Since Hummel prefaces his remarks with his “fundamental assumption,” we shall follow him in that regard here.
Toxicity of Methyl Bromide to Acarus siro, a Cheese-Infesting Mite

Laboratory fumigations were conducted to determine the toxicity of methyl bromide (CH3Br) to the mite Acarus siro L. when exposed for 4, 8, 16, or 24 hours. All stages of the mite were fumigated in 12-liter round-bottomed flasks at 60±2°F and 85±15% RH, using a new type of exposure cage and fumigation chamber. The dosage (mg per liter) required for the LC95 varied from 16.77 for 4-hour exposure, to 8.08 for 8-hour. to 5.22 for 16-hour. to 3.36 for 24-hour exposure.
The Effects of Methodology and Level of Development on Children's Animistic Thought

Abstract The present study examined the effects of level of cognitive development and method of E investigation on children's degree of animistic thought. One hundred and eight second and third grade boys and girls were initially tested with two class inclusion tasks to determine their developmental level. Ss were all Caucasian, lower-middle class children from an elementary school in rural northeast Georgia. From this original testing, 30 Ss were randomly selected who functioned at the preoperational level and 30 who performed at the concrete operational level. Ss were then randomly assigned to one of two testing conditions—verbal interrogation or sorting. Results of the study suggest the following: (a) neither level of development nor method of investigation affect children's ability to distinguish animate from inanimate objects; (b) level of development does not affect the number and type of criteria children employ to ascribe life; (c) method of investigation does affect the number and type of criteri...
A Study on Land,Technical Progress and Food Security

The paper studies the grain self-sufficient rate of China from 1980 to 2007,and analyzes the factors which may influence the rate by using regression analysis.The result shows that China's grain self-sufficient rate has always been kept over 95%.This means China has fulfilled its promises to the world,and shows our responsibility as a large country.Besides,China's large country effect in grain is not obvious,which is mainly showed in the following aspects: the increment of grain yield can fully satisfy the need of population growth in China;the influence of land on the grain self-sufficient rate is not significant,which means that China's grain production increase mainly comes from the increase of per Mu grain yield due to the continual investment.Therefore,it is necessary to make more investment in agriculture through policies and improve farmers' activity in production,and only in this way,can we secure China's grain production,and ensure our grain self-sufficient rate.
Effect of the polishing degree of rice on higher alcohols content during the main fermentation of Chinese rice wine

Using four different polished rice as material and wheat Qu as saccharifying agent,the primary fermentation were conducted at 28℃ for 5d with Angel Yeast.The higher alcohols in rice wine were quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography.The results showed that during the primary fermentation,alcohol content,total acids,amino acid-state nitrogen content,number of yeast increased with fermentation time,while the contents of total sugar decreased.In the end of the main fermentation,Total contents of higher alcohols of rice wine with the four different polished rice were 311.04mg/L,391.14mg/L,311.41mg/L and 259.92mg/L,and the ratio of the higher alcohol and alcohol were respectively 5.20×10-5,4.43×10-5,3.89× 10-5and 3.60×10-5,respectively.The higher polishing degree of rice will lead the lower ratios of the higher alcohol to alcohol.
The Development of a Scale to Explore the Multidimensional Components of Good Student-Teacher Relationships.

The Student-Teacher Relationship Survey: Student Version was developed and assessed for factor structure using principal components analysis. No instruments measuring students' perceptions of student-teacher relationships have been developed for high school students, and scales that measure related constructs tend to view good student-teacher relationships as a unidimensional construct. Participants were 274 students in grades 9 through 12 attending large urban high schools in the northeastern United States. The principal components analysis identified a seven factor structure: (a) Providing Academic and Personal Support for Students, (b) Showing Concern For and Interest in Students, (c) Motivating Students and Attending to Their Personal Interests, (d) Treating Students with Respect, (e) Being Compassionate to Students, (f) Being Accessible to Students, and (g) Understanding and Valuing Students' Opinions and Feelings. The factors had internal reliabilities ranging from .74 to .94. The findings of this study indicate good student-teacher relationships have many components and should therefore be viewed as a multidimensional construct.
Nonfamiliarity and indefinite descriptions

Kehler & Ward (2006) argue for the existence of NONFAMILIARITY IMPLICATURES, including one that results from the use of English a/an rather than the. This implicature appears intended to subsume the scalar implicature of nonuniqueness postulated by Hawkins (1991). In this paper we try to clarify the nature of such a nonfamiliarity implicature, and we present evidence that such an implicature does not supplant Hawkins’ nonuniqueness implicature for indefinites.
The International Diplomacy of Israel's Founders: Deception at the United Nations in the Quest for Palestine

During the early to mid-twentieth century, the Zionist Organization secured a series of political victories on the international stage, leading to the foundation of a Jewish state and to its ability to expand its territorial control within Palestine. The International Diplomacy of Israel's Founders provides a revisionist account of the founding of Israel by exposing the misrepresentations and false assurances of Zionist diplomats during this formative period of Israeli history. By comparing diplomatic statements at the United Nations and elsewhere against the historical record, it sheds new light on the legacies of such leaders as Chaim Weizmann, David Ben Gurion, Abba Eban, and Shabtai Rosenne. Including coverage of little-discussed moments in early Israeli history, this book offers an important new perspective for anyone interested in the history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
At What Age Is the Occupational Accident Risk High? Analysis of the Occurrence Rate of Occupational Accidents by Age

This study aims to analyze changes in the annual occurrence rate of occupational accidents by industry and by accident type, and to clarify the risk of occupational accidents by age. Based on the published number of casualties and number of employees, the annual number of casualties per 1000 workers was calculated. Although the occurrence rate of occupational accidents in the manufacturing industry and in the construction industry exhibited similar tendencies, risk for construction workers in their late teens was extremely high. The distributions of risk of falls and of cuts and abrasions differed greatly by age. In the future, we plan to make use of these data for safety management of sites and for improvement of workers’ safety awareness.