cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactivity and Selectivity of Charged Phenyl Radicals toward Amino Acids in a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer

The reactivity of 10 charged phenyl radicals toward several amino acids was examined in the gas phase in a dual-cell Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. All radicals abstract a hydrogen atom from the amino acids, as expected. The most electrophilic radicals (with the greatest calculated vertical electron affinities (EA) at the radical site) also react with these amino acids via NH2 abstraction (a nonradical nucleophilic addition–elimination reaction). Both the radical (hydrogen atom abstraction) and nonradical (NH2 abstraction) reaction efficiencies were found to increase with the electrophilicity (EA) of the radical. However, NH2 abstraction is more strongly influenced by EA. In contrast to an earlier report, the ionization energies of the amino acids do not appear to play a general reactivity-controlling role. Studies using several partially deuterium-labeled amino acids revealed that abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the α-carbon is only preferred for glycine; for the other a...
Seasonal Occurrence of Virally Induced Skin Tumors in Wild Fish

Abstract Seasonal trends in the prevalence of virally induced skin tumors are reviewed for a variety of wild fish with emphasis on neoplasms in the walleye Stizostedion vitreum. The relationship of temperature to mechanisms of virally induced tumorigenesis and regression in fish is also summarized. Particular emphasis is placed on teleost physiological parameters such as the immune response and endocrinological levels. Other elements of a multifactorial hypothesis for seasonal tumor fluctuations in fish are also discussed.
Erratum to: Enrollment and Attendance in a Parent Training Prevention Program for Conduct Problems

In the introduction of our manuscript (“Enrollment and Attendance in a Parent Training Prevention Program for Conduct Problems”) we wrote that: “the constructs of enrollment and attendance are often blended into one continuous measure, which washes out important distinctions between the constructs (e.g., Garvey et al. 2006; Gross et al. 2001).” The cited studies are examples of research that demonstrated the importance of separating these constructs by doing so; these were groundbreaking studies that were among the first to disentangle the two constructs. However, our wording was ambiguous, and could be interpreted as meaning the opposite. We feel badly that we potentially implied the reverse of what this important research accomplished.
Measurements of the effects of x-ray film-screen characteristics on threshold detectability of small low-contrast objects

Experiments were performed to test threshold detectability of a small nylon bead radiographed with two different image receptors and under different scattering conditions. In another paper, the present authors predicted, on theoretical grounds, the visibility of small low‐contrast objects radiographed in the presence of scattered radiation. The experiments discussed in this paper tested these predictions using an observer‐testing method resulting in Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. In addition to the rigidly controlled experiments from which the ROC curves were obtained, another experiment was performed in which a human phantom was used and the radiographs rated as to the visibility of small artificial lesions. By and large, the experiments confirmed the predictions made from the theoretical analysis, using visual contrast as a measure of detectability.
The American Marathon

The American Marathon is the first in-depth study of the marathon as a cultural performance that has as much power to unite communities across lines of race, ethnicity, class, and gender as it does to empower individuals. This book encompasses more than a century, from the fledgling days of the footrace in the 1890s to the popular contemporary marathons that have become corporate-sponsored institutions. Besides examining the ethnic influence on marathoning, Cooper also explores the impact of the Cold War on this sport, when fitness and endurance became matters of national pride. She shows how the Road Runners Club of America first brought women and large numbers of participant runners into long-distance footraces and, finally, how corporate sponsorship and direct payments to athletes profoundly changed the nature of this once-amateur sport.
Analysis of the positions of substitution of acetate and propionate groups in cellulose acetate–propionate by the reductive-cleavage method

Abstract The degree of substitution (ds) and the distribution pattern of the two ester substituents in commercial samples of cellulose acetate–propionate (CAP) were determined by sequential neutral methylation, direct reductive cleavage, and in situ acetylation. When the reductive-cleavage reaction was conducted with 35 equiv (per anhydroglucose unit) of Et3SiH, 70 equiv of MeSO3SiMe3, and 14 equiv of BF3·OEt2 at room temperature for seven days, the O-acetyl groups were converted to O-ethyl groups, and the O-propionyl groups were converted to O-propyl groups concurrent with reductive cleavage of the glycosidic linkages. Acetylation of the products gave 27 partially methylated, ethylated, and propylated 4-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro- d -glucitol derivatives that were identified by GLC–CIMS (NH3) and GLC–EIMS. Integration of the GLC profile and correction for molar response gave the mole percent of each product. From these data, the fractional degree of substitution for each ester at each position of the anhydroglucose unit was determined. The combined fractional degree of substitution of both esters at each position and the overall ds were also determined by sequential neutral methylation, acyl–ethyl exchange, and reductive cleavage, and the values so obtained were in good agreement with those derived by sequential neutral methylation and direct reductive cleavage.
Poikilotherm vertebrate cell lines and viruses: A current listing for fishes

A survey of the literature and of work being done in vertebrate cell culture shows that there are currently in existence and available to investigators some 61 cell lines representing 17 families and 36 species of fish. The literature of fish virology shows that at least 17 fish viruses have been isolated and that at least 15 others have been visualized by electron microscopy. A minimum of four major virus groups—rhabdovirus, orthomyxovirus, iridovirus and herpesvirus—are known from fish. Original references, key reviews and sources of cell lines are given.
Effect of bonded lubricant films on the tribological performance of magnetic thin-film rigid disks

Abstract Polar perfluoropolyether lubricants are widely used for topical lubrication of thin-film rigid disks. However, little is known about the role of bonded lubricant on tribological performance. In this study, as-applied lubricant films, after thermal treatment and after thermal treatment and washing to remove unbonded fraction, have been studied. The bonded fraction of lubricant films on coated disks made with AlMg and glass substrates was measured at various applied lubricant thicknesses, soaking times and thermal treatments, with silicon wafer as a reference. Friction and wear performance of lubricated disks against Al 2 O 3 TiC microsliders was measured. Results show that bonded lubricants thickness increases initially with increasing soaking time, baking temperature and baking time, and then levels off. Bonded lubricant thickness also increases initially with increasing applied lubricant thickness and levels off above a certain film thickness. A critical lubricant thickness exists above which coefficients of static and kinetic friction increase rapidly and durability decreases rapidly, and this thickness increases with disk roughness. A rise in static and kinetic friction above a critical value of film thickness is associated with meniscus forces. The drop in the disk durability above a critical level may result from the observed stick/slip phenomena and erratic friction at lubricant thicknesses which is thick as compared to disk surface roughness. It is further noted that lubricant film with mobile and immobile fractions is important for the disk to have a long life.
An Assessment of the Psychometric Adequacy of the British Adaptation of the Career Development Inventory

Abstract The concept of ‘vocational maturity’ is defined, and the development of methods for assessing it is briefly outlined. The adaptation of one such measure - Super's Career Development Inventory - is described, and some results are reported from a study designed to assess the psychometric adequacy of this adaptation. These showed the measure to be reliable enough for use with groups but not with individuals. Scores were found to be more highly related to concomitant variables than to direct measures of vocational maturity, though this may have been due to the poor quality of some of the latter. The convergent validity of the measure was supported, but the discriminant validity was not. The implications of these results for using the measure, and particularly the need for further development work, are briefly considered. It is suggested that such work will also need to address the utility of the construct itself for Britain in the 1980s.
Study on the Surface Quality of Al 2 O 3 Nano-Films by Ion Beam Sputtering Deposition

The Al2O3 nano-films of different thicknesses (1~100nm) were successfully deposited on the monocrystalline Si surface by using ion beam sputtering deposition. The surface topography and the component of nano-films with different thickness were analyzed. The quality of the surface of nano-films was systematically studied. When the films’ thickness increase, the studies by atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectrum（XPS） show that the gathering grain continually grows up and transits from acerose cellula by two-dimensional growth to globularity by three-dimensional growth. The elements O, Al and Si were found on the surface of Al2O3 nano-films. With the thickness of the films increasing, the content of Al gradually increases and the intensity peak of Si wears off, the surface quality of the deposited films is ceaselessly improved
Functional Consequences of the RNase H2A Subunit Mutations That Cause Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome

Mutations in the three genes encoding the heterotrimeric RNase H2 complex cause Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome (AGS). Our mouse RNase H2 structure revealed that the catalytic RNase H2A subunit interfaces mostly with the RNase H2C subunit that is intricately interwoven with the RNase H2B subunit. We mapped the positions of AGS-causing RNase H2A mutations using the mouse RNase H2 structure and proposed that these mutations cause varied effects on catalytic potential. To determine the functional consequences of these mutations, heterotrimeric human RNase H2 complexes containing the RNase H2A subunit mutations were prepared, and catalytic efficiencies and nucleic acid binding properties were compared with the wild-type (WT) complex. These analyses reveal a dramatic range of effects with mutations at conserved positions G37S, R186W, and R235Q, reducing enzymatic activities and substrate binding affinities by as much as a 1000-fold, whereas mutations at non-conserved positions R108W, N212I, F230L, T240M, and R291H reduced activities and binding modestly or not at all. All mutants purify as three-subunit complexes, further supporting the required heterotrimeric structure in eukaryotic RNase H2. These kinetic properties reveal varied functional consequences of AGS-causing mutations in the catalytic RNase H2A subunit and reflect the complex mechanisms of nuclease dysfunction that include catalytic deficiencies and altered protein-nucleic acid interactions relevant in AGS.
Productivity Comparison of Horizontal and Vertical Ground Water Remediation Well Scenarios

A productivity parameter was developed to compare vertical and horizontal ground water remediation scenarios. The parameter was determined by dividing the cumulative mass of contaminant removed from an aquifer in a specified time by the total volume of ground water extracted to remove the mass. This was compared to two other methods of assessing remediation effectiveness: (1) the mass of contaminant removed at specified times; and (2) the volume of aquifer containing contaminants above a specified concentration limit as a function of time. A finite-difference flow and a contaminant mass transport model were used to simulate a hypothetical contaminated aquifer. Productivity indices were calculated for the remediation scenarios developed in this paper. It is shown that these indices can be used as an additional tool in choosing among possible remediation scenarios. It was demonstrated that a ranking can be obtained for the various remediation scenarios, using each of our three methods for assessing remediation effectiveness. The ranking of a scenario depended on which method was used, and the selection of one particular remediation scenario over the other can be made taking the three methods into account. The relative importance of the three methods depended on the goal of the remediation. In an actual design, these methods can be used as part of the overall feasibility study that includes cost considerations.
Predicting Citizen Support of Tax Increases for Education: A Comparison of Two Social Psychological Perspectives

A survey of citizen support of a proposal to increase property taxes for public education was conducted in a school district in Illinois. Two social psychological perspectives predicting support were tested. One perspective, derived from social exchange theory, predicted that citizens would base their support of or opposition to a tax increase primarily on perceived self-interested economic gain or loss. A second perspective predicted that non-self-interested concerns, such as attitudes toward the schools, would determine support of or opposition to a tax increase. Although both models received support, the strongest and mat consistent predictors of tax support among those most likely to be voters were the non-self-interested factors. Implications of these findings for public policy and for understanding political behavior are discussed.
A Patient-Oriented Smoking Cessation Program Conducted in a Dental School Clinical Setting

This patient-oriented smoking cessation program is a viable, positive, and constructive addition to the overall, preventive IUSD program. Because dental schools will be required to teach chemical dependency topics (including smoking cessation) in the future, it is appropriate and timely to launch this project now. During the past year, we have observed numerous patients, students, faculty members, and staff employees who have quit smoking, either directly or indirectly, as a result of these organized efforts. As the roles of all dental health professionals continue to expand, leaders in dental education face additional challenges. The IUSD is presently meeting this challenge by training dentists and auxiliaries to provide patients with comprehensive, lifesaving smoking cessation information and therapy. Members of the IUSD dental faculty are also engaged in other health promotion and disease prevention efforts. In the future, many health-oriented activities will become an important and integral part of the daily dental practice. Thus, dental health educators must train dental students and auxiliaries to successfully blend these adjunctive services into routine dental care.
Intracerebral injections of isotonic saline prevent behavioral deficits from brain damage

Abstract Isotonic saline has been widely used as a “vehicle” (placebo) in pharmacological studies. However, a review of the literature and our own findings demonstrate that physiologic, isotonic saline may, under certain conditions, have both behavioral as well as physiological effects when applied to the central nervous system. Evidence is presented that intracerebral injections of 10 μl isotonic saline prevent behavioral deficits from bilateral caudate nucleus damage in adult rats, and reduce neuronal death and reactive gliosis in areas adjacent to the lesion site. The assumption that isotonic saline is a “neutral” substance with no effects on morphology and behavior may have to be reconsidered.
Comparing methods for maintaining the safety of a child with pica

Pica, a potentially life-threatening behavior problem exhibited among persons with mental retardation is sometimes addressed by methods such as application of restraints to reduce or eliminate associated risks (Rojahn, Schroeder, & Mulick, 1980). However, restraints may be associated with decreases in social interaction and negative impact on quality of life. We evaluated two methods (restraint vs. no restraint) for maintaining the safety of a client with pica on three dimensions: (a) level of pica, (b) therapist effort, and (c) impact on quality of life. Both methods prevented pica, however, the no restraint condition required less therapist effort and had less negative impact on quality of life. All three dimensions were included in a clinical decision-making model to determine the least restrictive, safe level of restraint for a 4-year-old girl while assessment and treatment procedures were conducted. The clinical utility of this multifactor decision-making model is discussed.
How effective is automobile safety regulation

Loeb(1989) questions the results of recent work on automobile safety inspection (Garbacz and Kelly, 1987) in which the results of a paper by Leob and Gilad (1984) were questioned. Specifically, their time series model, using New Jersey data, is missing a key economic variable (accident price) as well as some well-known variables associated with traffic accidents (yothful drivers and a proxy for drunk driving). An estimate of their model, with US data, results in no statistical effect for automobile inspection variables (Garbacz and Kelly, 1987).
An Excess-Calcium-Binding-Site Model Predicts Neurotransmitter Release at the Neuromuscular Junction

Despite decades of intense experimental studies, we still lack a detailed understanding of synaptic function. Fortunately, using computational approaches, we can obtain important new insights into the inner workings of these important neural systems. Here, we report the development of a spatially realistic computational model of an entire frog active zone in which we constrained model parameters with experimental data, and then used Monte Carlo simulation methods to predict the Ca2+-binding stoichiometry and dynamics that underlie neurotransmitter release. Our model reveals that 20–40 independent Ca2+-binding sites on synaptic vesicles, only a fraction of which need to bind Ca2+ to trigger fusion, are sufficient to predict physiological release. Our excess-Ca2+-binding-site model has many functional advantages, agrees with recent data on synaptotagmin copy number, and is the first (to our knowledge) to link detailed physiological observations with the molecular machinery of Ca2+-triggered exocytosis. In addition, our model provides detailed microscopic insight into the underlying Ca2+ dynamics during synapse activation.
Continuum-source graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with photodiode array detection

Abstract A recently developed graphite-furnace continuum-source atomic absorption spectrometer is described and evaluated. For single-element determinations, the system provides detection limits equal to or better than those reported for commercial hollow cathode lamp instruments employing Zeeman background correction at wavelengths as low as 213 nm (Zn). Furthermore, using a fixed atomization cycle and constant detector parameters, simultaneous multielement determinations can be performed for metals having absorption lines falling within a 10 nm spectral window. Detection limits in this case are within a factor of 2 of those reported for single-element determinations. For most metals, detection limits are at least a factor of 2 times better than those previously reported for continuum-source atomic absorption spectrometers. The limiting source of noise for the system is detector readout noise at wavelengths below 240 nm, and signal shot noise at wavelengths above 250 nm.
Developmentally modulated cardiac conduction failure in transgenic mice with fetal or postnatal overexpression of DNA nonbinding mutant Nkx2.5.

Conduction Failure in Mutant Nkx2.5 Overexpression Mice.Introduction: Nkx2.5 is a conserved homeodomain (HD) containing transcription factor essential for early cardiac development. We generated a DNA nonbinding missense mutation, I183P in the HD, similar to the missense HD mutation found in patients. Transgenic mice expressing this mutation under β-MHC promoter [β-MHC(I183P)] showed a postnatal lethal phenotype with heart failure. In contrast, mice expressing the mutation under α-MHC promoter [α-MHC(I183P)] survive, with later onset heart failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the interrelationship between lethal cardiac failure and the electrophysiologic (EP) phenotypes using cardiac-specific promoters with mutant gene expression at different stages of development and maturation. Methods and Results: In-MHC(I183P) and wild-type littermates, six-lead ECG and in vivo endocardial EP studies were performed at 2.5, 3, 4, and 5 weeks of age. In α-MHC(I183P) and their wild-type controls, ECGs were acquired at 3, 19, 31, and 64 weeks and in vivo EP studies assssed at 19 ± 4 weeks of age. β-MHC(I183P) mice display AV nodal, atrial, and ventricular EP dysfunction by 3 weeks of age. Bradycardia and PR prolongation were evident on telemetered ambulatory ECG of β-MHC(I183P) mice. In contrast, α-MHC(I183P) mice had no abnormalities on serial ECG through 31 weeks or EP findings at 19 weeks, except increased myocardial tissue refractoriness. However, by 64 weeks, PR intervals lengthened in α-MHC(I183P) mice. Conclusion: Both prenatal and postnatal overexpression of DNA nonbinding mutant Nkx2.5 are associated with AV conduction malfunction and heart failure; however, more profound progressive EP defects are seen when this mutation expresses during fetal and neonatal periods. These conduction abnormalities may contribute to the lethal heart failure and early mortality evident in DNA nonbinding mutant Nkx2.5 mice.
Molecular imaging of tissue with high-contrast multispectral photosensitizing polarimetric imaging techniques

Backscattered laser beam contributions from biological fluids doped with optically active molecules were measured utilizing single-detection autobalanced polarimetric detection principles. The outcome of this study indicates that both the Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) and the Degree of Linear polarization (DOLP) of backscattered optical signals increase with increasing the concentrations of molecular optically active dopants. This translates to enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and contrast.
Sleep and fatigue in mice infected with murine gammaherpesvirus 68

Abstract Fatigue, a common symptom of many acute and chronic medical conditions, reduces both quality of life and workplace productivity and can be disabling. However, the pathophysiologic mechanisms that underlie fatigue can be difficult to study in human populations due to the patient heterogeneity, the variety of underlying causes and potential triggering events, and an inability to collect samples that may be essential to elucidation of mechanisms (e.g., brain). Although the etiology of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) remains elusive, some studies have implicated viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human gammaherpesvirus, as a potential factor in the pathogenesis of CFS. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) is a mouse pathogen that shares many similarities with human γHVs, including EBV. In this study, we use γHV68-infected C57BL/6J mice as a model system for studying the impact of chronic viral infection on sleep–wake behavior, activity patterns, and body temperature profiles. Our data show that γHV68 alters sleep, activity, and temperature in a manner suggestive of fatigue. In mice infected with the highest dose used in this study (40,000 plaque forming units), food intake, body weight, wheel running, body temperature, and sleep were normal until approximately 7 days after infection. These parameters were significantly altered during days 7 through 11, returned to baseline levels at day 12 after infection, and remained within the normal range for the remainder of the 30-day period after inoculation. At that time, both infected and uninfected mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and their responses monitored. Uninfected mice given LPS developed a modest and transient febrile response during the initial light phase (hours 12 through 24) after injection. In contrast, infected mice developed changes in core body temperatures that persisted for at least 5 days. Infected mice showed an initial hypothermia that lasted for approximately 12 h, followed by a modest fever that persisted for several hours. For the remainder of the 5-day recording period, they showed mild hypothermia during the dark phase. Running wheel activity of infected mice was reduced for at least 5 days after injection of LPS, but for only 12 h in uninfected mice. Collectively, these observations indicate that (1) physiologic and behavioral processes in mice are altered and recover during an early phase of infection, and (2) mice with latent γHV68 infection have an exacerbated response to challenge with LPS. These findings indicate that laboratory mice with γHV68 infections may provide a useful model for the study of fatigue and other physiologic and behavioral perturbations that may occur during acute and chronic infection with gammaherpesviruses.
Relaxation of Interband Disturbances. A Phenomenological Theory

A recent phenomenological theory of Garik and Ashcroft (GA) is generalized to permit interband electron–hole pairs to couple to intraband pairs. The enlarged theory differs in important respects from GA theory and corresponds closely to the microscopic theory of Chakraborty and Allen. The theory is explicitly solved for σ(ω), and the corrections to Boltzmann dc transport are discussed. The new theory has an additional parameter, the phase of the interband–intraband coupling constant η, which cannot be eliminated a priori. Eine kurzlich entwickelte phenomenologische Theorie von Garik und Ashcroft (GA) wird verallgemeinert, um die Kopplung von Interband-Elektron–Loch-Paaren zu Intraband-Paaren zuzulassen. Die erweiterte Theorie unterscheidet sich in wichtigen Punkten von der GA-Theorie und ist der mikroskopischen Theorie von Chakraborty und Allen eng verwandt. Die Theorie wird explizit fur σ(ω) gelost, und die Korrekturen zum Boltzmann-Gleichspannungs-Transport werden diskutiert. Die neue Theorie besitzt als zusatzlichen Parameter die Phase der Interband–Intraband-Kopplungskonstante ηwelche a priori nicht eliminiert werden kann.
Spatial Patterns of Glaciers in Response to Spatial Patterns in Regional Climate

Abstract Glaciers are direct recorders of climate history and have come to be regarded as emblematic of climate change. They respond to variations in both accumulation and ablation, which can have separate atmospheric controls, leading to some ambiguity in interpreting the causes of glacier changes. Both climate change and climate variability have characteristic spatial patterns and time scales. The focus of this study is the regional-scale response of glaciers to natural patterns of climate variability. Using the Pacific Northwest of North America as the setting, the authors employ a simple linear glacier model to study how the combination of patterns of melt-season temperature and patterns of annual accumulation produce patterns of glacier length variations. Regional-scale spatial correlations in glacier length variations reflect three factors: the spatial correlations in precipitation and melt-season temperature, the geometry of a glacier and how it determines the relative importance of temperature and...
Compaction of nano-structured SmCo/Fe magnets

Nanostructured SmCo/Fe magnets are prepared by cold isostatic pressing method at 35 MPa followed by combustion driven compaction at 2 GPa at room temperature. The direction of compaction parallel and perpendicular to c-axis alignment of the green compact is investigated using X-ray pole figures. For the sample compacted perpendicular to the c-axis, an elongation of the intensity pattern is observed for the [002] pole indicating a partial orientation in that direction. On the other hand, no preferential orientation is observed for the sample compacted parallel to the alignment axis. Texture analysis is then used to quantify the degree of alignment.
Vulnerability and resilience in women with arthritis: Test of a two-factor model.

The purpose of this study was to test a 2-factor model of affective health in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA; n = 82) or osteoarthritis (OA; n = 88). Positive and negative social interactions and affect were assessed for 11 consecutive weeks. For each participant, Vulnerability and Resilience factors were created from factor analyses of positive and negative personal characteristics, respectively. Multilevel analyses tested the hypothesis that weekly changes in social interactions or affect would only be predicted by the factor of the same valence. The Vulnerability (and not the Resilience) factor predicted changes in negative interactions. The Resilience (and not the Vulnerability) factor predicted changes in positive interactions. The Vulnerability (and not the Resilience) factor predicted changes in current and next-week negative affect. The Resilience and Vulnerability factors each predicted changes in current and next-week positive affect, although the effects for Vulnerability were smaller than for Resilience. Finally, the Vulnerability factor interacted with pain to predict more future negative affect. The main implication is that both Vulnerability and Resilience should be considered in theory, research, and interventions.
Designing by Degrees: Flexibility and Cost-Effectiveness in Climate Policy

Substantially reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from electricity production will require a transformation of the resources used to produce power. This paper analyzes the economic consequences of a suite of different flexible and comprehensive policies to reduce CO2 emissions from the power sector, including a carbon tax, a tradable emissions rate performance standard, and two versions of a clean energy standard (CES). A technology-based CES can bring about substantial reductions in CO2 emissions but would neglect to harvest some economic reductions because it fails to affect decisions at three margins: emissions rate heterogeneity in the natural gas and coal generation fleets and electricity demand reductions. Natural gas emissions rate heterogeneity can be addressed by crediting clean generation based on emissions rates instead of technology. Coal emissions rate heterogeneity can be addressed by altering the policy to credit all generators instead of just a subset. Demand reductions can be harvested by removing the subsidy component of the policy and allowing retail electricity prices to rise. Harvesting emissions abatement on all three margins saves about 40 percent of the discounted cumulative economic welfare costs of a technology-based CES through 2035, although the distributional implications are different. All of the policies result in substantial increases in social welfare.
Improving the Quality of Field Research Training

Can apprentice field workers be trained to be sensitive to their individual observational biases? Can these observational biases be altered to result in significantly higher data quality, reliability and validity? Results of an apprentice field worker training program using pre-training and post-training measures of field worker observational skills measured by responses to ethnographic documentary films indicates encouraging improvements in ethnographic reliability and validity skills of student trainees.
High-resolution preparative separation of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Separation of milligram amounts of heparin oligosaccharides ranging in degree of polymerization from 4 to 32 is achieved within 6 h using continuous elution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (CE–PAGE) on commercially available equipment. The purity and structural integrity of CE–PAGE-separated oligosaccharides are confirmed by strong anion exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The described method is straightforward and time-efficient, affording size-homogeneous oligosaccharides that can be used in sequencing, protein binding, and other structure–function relationship studies.
Improved boundary scan design

This paper describes work regarding improvements in boundary scan cell design. The results of this work provide an innovative way to implement boundary scan cells (BSCs) on IC input, output, and input/output (I/O) pins. The new cell designs provide; (1) reduced cell size, (2) reduced signalling delay, (3) support for I/sub DDQ/ testing, (4) protection of output buffers in the presence of shorts, and (5) a method of safely testing newly assembled boards.
Suppressive and enhancing effect of T-2 toxin on murine lymphocyte activation and interleukin 2 production

AbstractT-2 toxin, a fungal metabolite shown previously to exert potent immunosuppressive effects, was examined for its effects on activation and interleukin 2 (IL 2) production by murine and rat splenocytes. Splenocytes (1 × 106 cells/well) were incubated with 1 μg Concanavalin A (Con A) for 48h at which time cellular protein and DNA synthesis by these cells were ascertained using radiolabeled precursors. IL 2 synthesis was determined from the cell supernatant using the IL 2-requiring cell line CTLL. Spleen cells from mice treated for 4 consecutive days with 2 mg/kg toxin exhibited a 50% reduction in in vitro Con A activation but the supernatant IL 2 levels from these cells was 4-fold higher than cells from control mice. In vitro exposure of Con A-activated normal spleen cells to various toxin doses for 48h resulted in diminished protein and DNA synthesis at 0.4 ng toxin with maximum inhibition at 1 ng (50% inhibition (TC1D50) - 0.5 ng). Enhanced synthesis of both products was observed at lower toxin con...
Parents’ criticisms and attributions about their adult children with high functioning autism or schizophrenia:

The current study examined the criticism component of expressed emotion (EE) and attributions in parents of adults diagnosed with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (S/SA) or high functioning autism/Asperger’s. Consistent with study hypotheses, parents of adults diagnosed with autism/Asperger’s disorder exhibited lower levels of high EE-criticism than parents of adults diagnosed with S/SA. Moderate trends suggested that parents of adults diagnosed with autism/Asperger’s disorder tended to make less blameworthy attributions towards patients than did parents of adults diagnosed with S/SA. A content analysis of parents’ causal attributions was also conducted.The most common cause cited by both groups of parents was biological factors, suggesting that parents may be becoming more aware of scientific findings implicating biological factors, in conjunction with psychosocial factors, as a major cause of mental illness.
Leaving Money on the Table: Learning from Recent Refusals of Federal Grants in the American States

Recent years have been marked by high-profile refusals of federal grant aid by state governments. These refusals raise several questions. First, is there anything new here? Second, does partisanship alone explain these decisions? And finally, do the explanations for recent decisions provide insights into state behavior over the longer term? This article reviews state refusals of federal money over the past fifty years, explores the degree to which partisanship can explain recent grant refusals, and uses those insights to predict state-level applications to three very different grant programs. The results suggest that there is little novelty in recent events and that the interaction of partisan and electoral pressures has been influencing state-level applications for grants-in-aid for decades.
Fuzzy logic in the arts: applications in audiovisual composition and sound synthesis

Nowadays, fuzzy logic applications can be found in a variety of fields, specially engineering and scientific areas. However, applications of fuzzy logic in the artistic fields are not abundant. This is highly surprising if we consider the fact that other related techniques such as neural networks and genetic algorithms have been widely used for artistic and creative purposes. Two applications of fuzzy logic in the artistic domain are presented here: a fuzzy logic-based mapping strategy for audiovisual composition and a novel audio synthesis technique based on sound particles and fuzzy logic.
Lactose Synthetase: Structure and Function

In many respects, lactose is a unique disaccharide in living things. It is synthesized only in an adult, female mammal and has not been found as such in plants or lower animal forms. The ability of animals to synthesize lactose appears to be, therefore, a rather recent event in animal evolution and may have occurred some 200 million years ago as mammals evolved. Lactose synthesis is also a tissue specific reaction since it occurs only in the mammary gland, and then but for the short periods of lactation during adult life. Although it should be evident from these considerations that the synthesis of lactose must be strictly controlled, it is only recently that some insight has been obtained into its regulation. It is the purpose of this report to discuss recent developments in our knowledge of the regulation of lactose synthesis and to consider the properties of the components of the regulatory system.
REVERSIBLE INACTIVATION OF TYPHUS RICKETTSIAE : I. INACTIVATION BY FREEZING

Rickettsiae that have been frozen and thawed in isotonic salt solutions show greatly decreased toxicity for mice, hemolytic activity, respiration, and infectivity for eggs. All these properties can be partially restored by incubation of the rickettsiae in the presence of DPN and coenzyme A for 2 hours at 34°C. The extent of both inactivation and of subsequent reactivation is markedly affected by the presence of low concentrations of sucrose during the process of freezing and thawing. It has been shown that DPN is present in rickettsial suspensions and that in preparations that have not been frozen, the DPN sediments with the rickettsiae. After freezing in isotonic salt solution the DPN becomes non-sedimentable.
Biased accumulation of T lymphocytes with "memory"-type CD45 leukocyte common antigen gene expression on the epithelial surface of the human lung.

Expression of alternatively spliced products of the CD45 leukocyte common antigen gene identifies two populations of blood T cells: "naive" T cells (containing CD45R-IV mRNA transcripts, CD45 220, 205 kD surface proteins detected with antibody 2H4) that respond poorly to recall antigens, and "memory" T cells (containing CD45R-0 mRNA transcripts, expressing CD45 180 kD protein, detected with antibody UCHL1) that respond promptly to recall antigens. While blood contains approximately equal numbers of "naive" and "memory" T cells, it is known that UCHL1+ "memory" T cells accumulate at sites of chronic inflammation. To test the concept that "memory" T cells are a feature of the T lymphocyte populations present in tissues chronically exposed to antigens in normals as well as in individuals with chronic inflammation, we evaluated T lymphocytes obtained from blood and the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract of normal individuals for the expression of specific CD45 surface protein isoforms and corresponding mRNA transcripts. Flow cytometric analysis of CD45 220, 205, and 180 kD surface proteins demonstrated that lung T cells of normals are dominated by UCHL1+ "memory" cells (86 +/- 2%) while autologous blood T cells have equal proportions of "memory" UCHL1+ and "naive" 2H4+ T cells. In addition, polymerase chain reaction analysis of CD45 mRNA transcripts revealed that the lung cells expressed CD45R-0 mRNA transcripts but 17-fold fewer CD45R-IV mRNA transcripts than autologous blood T cells (p less than 0.01). The pattern of lung T cells being dominated by CD45R-0 mRNA+, UCHL1+ "memory" T cells was also observed in individuals with chronic beryllium disease, an example of a chronic inflammatory disease in which antigen-specific T cells accumulate on the pulmonary epithelial surface. Like the normals, the lung T cells of the beryllium disease patients were dominated by CD45R-0 mRNA transcript+, UCHL1+, T cells. However, on a quantitative basis, the beryllium patients contained far greater numbers of T cells, i.e., the T cell populations on the surface of the normal and inflamed lung are similar in character ("memory" T cells) but differ in numbers (there are far more in the chronic inflammatory state). Thus, T cell populations on the epithelial surface of the normal lung likely reflect the chronic exposure to a diverse set of antigens, with a pattern that is qualitatively similar to that observed among T cells accumulating in response to a single antigen.
Design of robust controllers for uncertain dynamical systems

The general design approach for robust controllers of uncertain dynamical systems is considered. The design approach, utilizing only the bound of uncertainty, can be used to construct various classes of controllers which render the systems practically stable. No statistical information of the uncertainty is required, and the system performance is described in a deterministic manner. >
A method to retrieve super-thin cloud optical depth over ocean background with polarized sunlight

Abstract. In this work, an algorithm that uses the polarization angle of the backscattered solar radiation to detect clouds with optical depth (OD)
Photocatalytic degradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) films using titania nanotubes

Abstract Polyethylene (PE) waste disposal is a major issue now a days that poses serious threats to human and environmental health. Among the methods of dealing with problem, photocatalytic degradation in the visible light is an alternative option that has received attention recently. The photo catalyst, generally used, is titania in the nanoparticle form. In the current study, complexity of employing a larger surface area nanomaterial in the form of titania nanotubes has been investigated. Prepared nanostructures were characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, BET surface area measurements and UV-visible spectroscopy. Taking a lead from the work done for the development of dye sensitized solar cells, blue green dye was used to sensitize the TNTs with very encouraging results. The degradation of pure and composite PE films was measured in terms of photo-induced weight loss and was confirmed by FTIR, SEM, surface roughness and tensile strength testing. Thus, polyethylene films with 10% dye sensitized titania nanotubes showed a degradation of around 50% under visible light over a short period of 45 days.
An Irvingtonian species of Brachylagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) from Porcupine Cave, Park County, Colorado

Brachylagus is currently a monotypic genus of uncertain origins and known only from Holocene and late Rancholabrean. A new species of leporid is described from the early and middle Pleistocene (Irvingtonian) deposits of Porcupine Cave, Park County, Colorado. Stratified deposits of the Pit and the Velvet Room, 2 localities within Porcupine Cave, have been dated biochronologically and paleomagnetically fro the middle Irvingtonian and early to middle Irvingtonian, respectively. Brachylagus coloradoensis sp. nov., is characterized by its conserved p3 enamel patterns which are intermediate between B. idahoensis and Hypolagus, and its size which is slightly larger than that of B. idahoensis . This suggest a possible ancestral relationship between Hypolagus and Brachylagus .
A Molecular Rebonding Bistable Defect in Silicon: the Interstitial Carbon-Substitutional Carbon Pair

A new type of bistable center is observed in electron-irradiated Si and identified as an interstitial carbon-substitutional carbon pair by combining several spectroscopic techniques. In the positive and negative charge states, the stable configuration of the defect involves a carbon-silicon interstitialcy (each atom 3-fold coordinated) next to a 4-fold coordinated substitutional C atom. In the neutral state, the defect rearranges its bonds so that both C atoms are substitutional (4-fold coordinated) with a 2- fold coordinated Si atom nestled between. Configurational coordinate energy surfaces are determined for each of the three charge states.
Transient Holographic Detection of Surface Displacement using Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation

We extend the use of Gabor Holography with Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation to study surface deformations on ultrafast timescales. The use of EUV light allows surface sensitive probing with sub-Angstrom displacement resolution and sub-100fs time resolution.
The Impact of Item Dependency on the Efficiency of Testing and Reliability of Student Scores from a Computer Adaptive Assessment of Reading Comprehension.

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the extent to which students who took a computer adaptive test of reading comprehension accounting for testlet effects were administered fewer passages and had a more precise estimate of their reading comprehension ability compared to students in the control condition. A randomized controlled trial was used whereby 529 students in Grades 4–8 and 10 were randomly assigned to one of two conditions, both of whom took a computerized adaptive assessment of reading comprehension. Participants in the experimental condition had ability scores estimated as a function of an item response model, which accounted for item-dependence effects in the reading assessment, whereas control students took a version where item-dependence effects were not controlled. Results indicated that examinees in the experimental condition took fewer passages (average Hedges' g = 0.97) and had more reliable estimates of their reading comprehension ability (average Hedges' g = 0.60)...
Survey of noise exposure and individual protection among drilling workers of an oilfield

[Objective]To investigate the management and use of protective equipment among drilling workers of an oilfield,and provide scientific evidence for the implementation of labor protection measures.[Methods]Cross-sectional survey method was adopted to perform field investigation and noise monitoring,as well as questionnaire survey on workers.[Results]The wear rate of ear protector(earplugs and earmuffs) was 82.7%.The wear rate of ear protector was related with noise exposure intensity(P0.01),it increased with the increasing of noise exposure intensity(Z=138.681,P0.01).While the wear rate of ear protector was not related with the change of service length and consciously hearing(both P0.05).[Conclusion]The oilfield drilling workers are lack of active protection awareness.The enterprise should strengthen education,training,supervision and management so as to correct use of protective equipment.