cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On efficient solution of large-scale Newton-Raphson-based flowsheeting problems in limited core

Abstract A strategy is presented for solving in limited core the very large sparse linear equation systems that arise in the Newton-Raphson approach to large-scale flowsheeting problems. Such systems may be too large to handle in core all at once and thus must be decomposed. The strategy employs a bordered-block-triangular decomposition and solves the system by block elimination. This prevents loss of sparsity in off-diagonal blocks and facilitiates the efficient use of core and mass storage. Results indicate the strategy to be more effective in this regard than strategies based on a bordered-block-diagonal decomposition.
776 NEAR MISS SIDS INFANTS - A CLINICAL AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY CORRELATION

Home monitoring of infants with a history of apparent life threatening episode is often used in an attempt to prevent sudden infant death. In the absence of specific tests to identify infants at risk, recommendations for home monitoring are based on parental-clinical observations, and exclusion of other diseases. Inspite of the widespread use of monitors little objective data is available to support such parental clinical observations. This study was carried out in order to validate objectively the value of parental clinical observations. 20 of 118 infants considered to be high risk for SIDS were provided with special monitors capable of recording hard copy electrocardiograms (ECGs) with each alarm. The patient population consisted of 14 infants who were seen because of apparent near miss SIDS episodes, 3 because of apneic episodes of prematurity and 3 because they were sibling of SIDS infants. Monitoring ranged from 2 to 49 weeks (mean = 19 weeks). In spite of many reported clinical frightening episodes by parents none of the hard copy ECGs showed a rhythm considered as life threatening. Further, parental-clinical impressions of life threatening episodes were almost always associated with a perfectly normal ECG. Thus, it is concluded that no correlation exists between parental impressions and ECGs showing increased risk to life. Further, the study raises serious doubts regarding previously published data based solely on parental observations as basis for designation to high risk group or indication for therapy.
Differentiability, rigidity and Godbillon-Vey classes for Anosov flows

The central geometric objects associated with an Anosov dynamical system on a compact manifold are the invariant stable and unstable foliations. While each stable and unstable manifold is as smooth as the system itself, the foliations that they form are believed to have only a moderate degree of regularity for most systems. We will analyze the exact degree of regularity of codimension-one stable and unstable foliations for low dimensional systems. Our main results relate the regularity of these foliations to cohomology classes associated to the system: the Anosov class, a new invariant of the flow which we introduce in this paper, and the Godbillon-Vey class of the weak-stable foliations, which we show is a well-defined invariant of the system
Development of a solid-phase assay for measurement of proteolytic enzyme activity.

Abstract A solid-phase, plate assay was developed for the measurement of proteolytic enzyme activity. In this assay procedure, radiolabeled substrates were dried onto the surface of microtiter wells. Following drying, the wells were washed two times with saline to remove the nonadherent substrate. When proteolytic enzymes were added to the wells, protein hydrolysis occurred, releasing radioactivity into the supernatant fluid. The amount of protein hydrolysis that occurred was reflected by the amount of radioactivity in the supernatant fluid. When 125I-hemoglobin was used as the substrate, it was as susceptible to hydrolysis by trypsin in the solid-phase assay as it was in solution in a standard assay procedure. Protease activity from a variety of sources (including from viable cells as well as from extracellular sources) were also able to hydrolyze the hemoglobin on the plate. 125I-Labeled serum albumen, fibrinogen, and rat pulmonary basement membrane were also susceptible to hydrolysis by trypsin in the solid phase. When [14C]elastin was dried onto the plate, it behaved in a similar manner to elastin in solution. It was resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin but was highly susceptible to hydrolysis by elastase. The solid-phase plate assay has several features which recommend it for routine use. It is as sensitive as standard tube assays (and much more sensitive than routinely used colormetric assays). It is quick and convenient; there are no precipitation, centrifugation, or filtration steps. In addition, very small volumes of radioactive wastes are generated. Another advantage of the solid-phase plate assay is the resistance of the dried substrates to spontaneous breakdown and to microbial contamination. Finally, this assay is suitable for use with viable cells (where the cells and the substrate come into intimate contact on the surface of the plate) as well as for extracellular proteases.
Improved techniques for measuringin vitro the geometry and pressure distribution in the human acetabulum—II. Instrumented endoprosthesis measurement of articular surface pressure distribution

Abstract A technique to measure in vitro the distribution of pressure on the cartilage surface of the human acetabulum using a modified endoprosthesis with fourteen integral pressure transducers is described. Under a constant load vector pressure contour maps are generated for times from shortly after loading until 20 min into cartilage consolidation. The peak pressure decreases with time as the area of contact increases. The pressure distribution is neither uniform nor even axisymmetric about the load vector. We believe that the highly irregular pressure profiles observed are due primarily to cartilage thickness distribution and irregularities at the calcified cartilage interface as described in Part I.
Comment on the transfer channel correction to the heavy ion subbarrier fusion cross section

We examine the penetrability (or fusion cross section) in the influence of a favorable Q value transfer channel. We found that the formula for the cross section cannot be expressed as that given by Broglia et al. Our result does support their idea that the transfer channel gives rise to a large enhancement to the sub-Coulomb heavy ion fusion cross section.
Expression of ORF-69 of turnip yellow mosaic virus is necessary for viral spread in plants.

Abstract Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) RNA has two extensively overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) encoding noncapsid proteins. The longest of these, ORF-206, is essential for RNA replication. We have investigated the expression and role of ORF-69 (encoding a protein with a MW of 69K) using specific antiserum and mutant genomic RNAs designed to interrupt ORF-69 expression. TYC69 antiserum immunoprecipitated a protein with an apparent MW of 75K (p69) from in vitro translations of TYMV RNA. Mutant RNAs with stop codons inserted at nucleotides 139, 178, and 178/224 in ORF-69 expressed ORF-69 at very low levels in vitro . These mutants replicated to wild-type levels in turnip or Chinese cabbage protoplasts, but were not recovered from any leaves of inoculated plants. These results suggest that ORF-69 products are dispensible for replication, but are required for viral spread. Revenant and pseudorevertant viruses with uninterrupted ORF-69 were recovered from plants showing delayed onset of symptoms after inoculation with two of the above mutants, indicating the importance of ORF-69 expression in establishing a systemic infection in plants. ORF-69 expression could be detected using Western blots in extracts from young, symptomatic leaves of infected plants. A single band with an apparent MW of 75–80K was detected in leaves infected with cDNA-derived viral RNAs, while a doublet was detected after infection with type strain viral RNA, suggesting the presence of two ORF-69 alleles or differential post-translational modification.
Laser sintering of conductive carbon paste on plastic substrate

This work investigates fabrication of functional conductive carbon paste onto a plastic substrate using a laser. The method allows simultaneous sintering, patterning, and functionalization of the carbon paste. Experiments are carried out to optimize the laser processing parameters. It is shown that sheet resistance values obtained by laser sintering are close to the one specified by the manufacturer using conventional sintering method. Additionally, a heat transfer analysis using numerical methods is conducted to understand the relationship between the temperature during sintering and the sheet resistance values of sintered carbon wires. The process developed in this work has the potential of producing carbon-based electronic components on low cost plastic substrates.
Inhibition of Cytochromes P450 and the Hydroxylation of 4-Monochlorobiphenyl in Whole Poplar

Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are potential enzymes responsible for hydroxylation of many xenobiotics and endogenous chemicals in living organisms. It has been found that 4-monochlorobiphenyl (PCB3), mai...
Management of the stiff shoulder.

Shoulder stiffness occurs as a result of (1) contractures of the intraarticular capsule or muscle–tendon units or (2) adhesions within the extraarticular humeroscapular or scapulothoracic motion interface. These contractures or adhesions may occur independently or in combination. A thorough history and physical examination usually reveal the diagnosis (idiopathic frozen shoulder or posttraumatic stiff shoulder) and the anatomical locations of fibrosis that is causing stiffness, and identifies other treatable conditions associated with shoulder stiffness (such as diabetes). A gentle home program of passive stretching is effective in most patients. When the home program is not effective, a manipulation or surgical release may be indicated. If manipulation is not effective, capsular contractures are best released arthroscopically as this allows circumferential release without damaging the rotator cuff and thus allows rehabilitation without the need to protect the rotator cuff. The humeroscapular motion interface adhesions can be released either open or arthroscopically, but we believe that an open release combined with an arthroscopic capsular release is quicker and does not interfere with rehabilitation. When necessary, operative management coupled with an aggressive rehabilitation program can provide significant relief of pain and restoration of shoulder motion. Approximately 90% of patients can expect a good result with this treatment algorithm.
Perspectivity and cancellation in regular rings

Let R be a (von Neumann) regular ring, and L(R) the compIemented modular lattice of principal right ideals of R. In [6], it is shown that for suitable regular rings, and suitable modules A, B, C, z4@BzA@C implies B N C. This is a type of cancellation law that works e.g., for finitely generated projective modules over a “finite” self-injective regular ring. It turns out that for finitely generated projective modules over regular rings this cancellation law holds precisely when the ring is unit regular [definitions follow). A related problem is the transitivity of perspectivity on L(R). We show that transitivity holds on a two by two matrix ring over R if and only if R is unit regular. An example of Bergman’s is included to show that transitivity on L(R) itself is not sufficient for unit regularity. Along the way, we obtain the following result for arbitrary complemented lattices: If perspectivity is cancellative (in the sense above), it is transitive; if perspectivity is transitive, it is additive (in the obvious sense). Another example, also due to Bergman, is included. I am also indebted to George Bergman for many ideas and results, in particular the concept of a von Neumann module. All rings are associative and possess I. A ring is regular if all finitely generated right (or left) modules are generated by an idempotent. Equivalently, every element a of R possesses a quasi-inverse; that is, an element h with aba = b. The collection of principal right ideals is then a complemented modular lattice, which we denote by L(R). We use either of two notations: eR (for e = es in R) or JEL(R) to denote a principal right ideal If
Glutamatergic and Purinergic Receptor-Mediated Calcium Transients in Bergmann Glial Cells

Astrocytes respond to neuronal activity with [Ca2+]i increases after activation of specific receptors. Bergmann glial cells (BGs), astrocytes of the cerebellar molecular layer (ML), express various receptors that can mobilize internal Ca2+. BGs also express Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptors that may be important for maintaining the extensive coverage of Purkinje cell (PC) excitatory synapses by BG processes. Here, we examined Ca2+ signals in single BGs evoked by synaptic activity in cerebellar slices. Short bursts of high-frequency stimulation of the ML elicited Ca2+ transients composed of a small-amplitude fast rising phase, followed by a larger and slower rising phase. The first phase resulted from Ca2+ influx through AMPA receptors, whereas the second phase required release of Ca2+ from internal stores initiated by P2 purinergic receptor activation. We found that such Ca2+ responses could be evoked by direct activation of neurons releasing ATP onto BGs or after activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 on these neurons. Moreover, examination of BG and PC responses to various synaptic stimulation protocols suggested that ML interneurons are likely the cellular source of ATP.
Quantifying dynamic mechanical properties of human placenta tissue using optimization techniques with specimen-specific finite-element models

Motor-vehicle crashes are the leading cause of fetal deaths resulting from maternal trauma in the United States, and placental abruption is the most common cause of these deaths. To minimize this injury, new assessment tools, such as crash-test dummies and computational models of pregnant women, are needed to evaluate vehicle restraint systems with respect to reducing the risk of placental abruption. Developing these models requires accurate material properties for tissues in the pregnant abdomen under dynamic loading conditions that can occur in crashes. A method has been developed for determining dynamic material properties of human soft tissues that combines results from uniaxial tensile tests, specimen-specific finite-element models based on laser scans that accurately capture non-uniform tissue-specimen geometry, and optimization techniques. The current study applies this method to characterizing material properties of placental tissue. For 21 placenta specimens tested at a strain rate of 12/s, the mean failure strain is 0.472+/-0.097 and the mean failure stress is 34.80+/-12.62 kPa. A first-order Ogden material model with ground-state shear modulus (mu) of 23.97+/-5.52 kPa and exponent (alpha(1)) of 3.66+/-1.90 best fits the test results. The new method provides a nearly 40% error reduction (p<0.001) compared to traditional curve-fitting methods by considering detailed specimen geometry, loading conditions, and dynamic effects from high-speed loading. The proposed method can be applied to determine mechanical properties of other soft biological tissues.
Understanding Aqueous Electrolyte Stability through Combined Computational and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Case Study on Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes

The investigation of the vanadium electrolyte stability issue on the molecular-level solvation structure and the dynamics has led to the successful designing of mixed acid-based vanadium electrolytes. This new mixed-acid based electrolyte system render approximately 70 % increase in energy density (≈40 Wh L−1) and approximately 80 % increase in stable temperature window (−10 to +50 °C) compared with conventional sulfuric acid-based vanadium electrolyte. Through a comprehensive study by density functional theory and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, the improved stability is attributed to the hydrochloric acid as optimal cosolvent providing chloride anions for a ligand-exchange process in the vanadium solvation structure. The role of the chloride counteranion in the solvation structure and dynamics of vanadium species was studied using combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy and DFT-based theoretical methods. The solvation phenomenon of multiple vanadium species and their impact on vanadium redox flow battery electrolyte chemical stability are discussed.
Infanticide as an alternative male reproductive strategy in langurs: A mathematical model

Abstract This paper makes explicit some of the assumptions underlying the view that infanticide is one of two (or more) alternative reproductive strategies utilized by adult male langur monkeys (genus Presbytis ). A mathematical model has been developed from these assumptions, and formulae derived which give the equilibrium proportion of infanticidal males expected in langur populations under any given set of reproductive and demographic conditions. Together with estimates of adult male reproductive success obtained from a previous analysis of langur infanticide, these formulae were then used to calculate the precise proportion of infanticidal males expected in natural populations of langurs characterized by specific average male tenures. Further, the number of generations required for such populations to reach their predicted equilibrium was estimated using a simple computer model of langur population dynamics. The present work has thus produced several quantitative predictions which are directly falsifiable with observational data obtainable from wild populations of langur monkeys. With only slight modification, the present model may also be applied to the numerous other primate and non-primate species whose mating systems include many of the same general features as that of langurs.
Towards a Kohn-Sham potential via the optimized effective-potential method

The optimized effective-potential (OEP) method is applied to a self-interaction-corrected local-spin-density (SIC-LSD) energy functional. The local potential which results has the useful properties of being both self-interaction free and orbital independent, and it can thus be regarded as a good approximation to the exact Kohn-Sham potential. A number of atomic systems are examined in the exchange-only and in the Ceperley-Alder exchange-correlation approximations. The resulting total energies are very close to those obtained by previous applications of the LSD-SIC functional. The resultant potentials are structurally similar to those derived by applying the OEP method to a Hartree-Fock Hamiltonian: showing much improved behavior over the local-spin-density approximation in both large- and small-$r$ regions as well as the characteristic intershell cusplike structure. The eigenvalues have less formal significance than the more standard approaches, especially those for unoccupied orbitals which seem to have no significance whatsoever. Nonetheless, the highest occupied eigenvalue agrees closely with the conventional LSD-SIC value. However, for the deeper levels, each eigenvalue lies higher than the comparable eigenvalue of the conventional SIC, although lower than the eigenvalue of the LSD potential\char22{}the deeper the level, the larger the difference. This property follows from the nonvariational character of the eigenvalues, and it is shown that one can obtain realistic excitation spectra from this formalism by utilizing the appropriate variational quantity. The results obtained illustrate some of the less understood issues in the application of the Kohn-Sham procedure within density-functional theory. Based on observations made here using atomic calculations, we can offer a plausible explanation of the underestimation by LSD calculations of the experimental band gaps in insulators.
The identification and origin of amide group overtone and combination bands in the near-i.r. spectra of cis-configured lactams

Abstract Overtone and combination bands assignable to amide group vibrational modes in the near-i.r. spectra of γ-butyrolactam, δ-valerolactam, and ϵ-caprolactam have been elucidated. Establishment of the frequencies of the relevant fundamental i.r. amide group absorptions of the cis lactams in CHCl 3 and CCl 4 solution has permitted assignment of a 2ν NH overtone mode and of (ν NH +amide II), (ν NH +amide III) and (2ν CO +amide III) combination modes to absorption bands in the 7000-4550 cm −1 region of the near-i.r. In addition, a (ν NH +ν CO ) combination mode is established for a prominent band near 5100 cm −1 not observed in the spectra of trans open-chain secondary amides. The five assignments were corroborated with the aid of deuteration, methylation, and solvent shift studies and account for all of the amide group absorptions observed in this region of the near-i.r. spectra of the lactams. A comparison of the mechanical anharmonicity constants for the NH stretching vibration of the cis lactams with those for trans -configured secondary amides demonstrates that the magnitude of this constant is not affected by a change in the configuration of the amide group.
Characterization of the early pulmonary inflammatory response associated with PTFE fume exposure

Heating of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been described to release fumes containing ultrafine particles (approximately 18 nm diam). These fumes can be highly toxic in the respiratory tract inducing extensive pulmonary edema with hemorrhagic inflammation. Fischer-344 rats were exposed to PTFE fumes generated by temperatures ranging from 450 to 460 degrees C for 15 min at an exposure concentration of 5 x 10(5) particles/cm3, equivalent to approximately 50 micrograms/m3. Responses were examined 4 hr post-treatment when these rats demonstrated 60-85% neutrophils (PMNs) in their lung lavage. Increases in abundance for messages encoding the antioxidants manganese superoxide dismutase and metallothionein (MT) increased 15- and 40-fold, respectively. For messages encoding the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines: inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin 1 alpha, 1 beta, and 6 (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6), macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) increases of 5-, 5-, 10-, 40-, 40-, and 15-fold were present. Vascular endothelial growth factor, which may play a role in the integrity of the endothelial barrier, was decreased to 20% of controls. In situ sections were hybridized with 33P cRNA probes encoding IL-6, MT, surfactant protein C, and TNF alpha. Increased mRNA abundance for MT and IL-6 was expressed around all airways and interstitial regions with MT and IL-6 demonstrating similar spatial distribution. Large numbers of activated PMNs expressed IL-6, MT, and TNF alpha. Additionally, pulmonary macrophages and epithelial cells were actively involved. These observations support the notion that PTFE fumes containing ultrafine particles initiate a severe inflammatory response at low inhaled particle mass concentrations, which is suggestive of an oxidative injury. Furthermore, PMNs may actively regulate the inflammatory process through cytokine and antioxidant expression.
Using Scenarios to Construct Models of Identity in Multiethnic Settings

The task of inferring cultural models from lengthy texts or transcripts of intensive interviews is highly dependent on the representativeness of the sample of consultants, the researcher’s command of the language, and his or her ability to detect themes through iterative analysis. We recommend using scenarios and systematic interviewing to verify and refine those inferred themes, schema, or cultural models. Scenarios are brief narratives derived from observed or reported events. A set of scenarios can be used to elicit judgments concerning key themes of inferred cultural models. This technique is illustrated with a battery of twenty-one scenarios used, along with consensus analysis, to describe identity profiles for samples from Wales, Scotland, and Northeast England. Scenarios can be used to document claimed identity (what we are like) and attributed identity (what group X is like) and to discover similarities and differences across ethnic or national group boundaries. In cognitive and psychological anthropology, researchers often infer cultural models from detailed texts or transcripts obtained from extended periods of participant observation or from long, intensive interviews (e.g., Strauss and Quinn 1997). The analysis of these texts is highly dependent on a detailed knowledge of the language and its metaphors, an iterative process of identifying themes, or both (Bernard and Ryan 1998:604–11). We propose a
Molecular structure of the uvrC gene of Escherichia coli: identification of DNA sequences required for transcription of the uvrC gene

Abstract We have carried out experiments to identify the regulatory regions of the uvrC gene of Escherichia coli. A uvrC+ plasmid, pUV7, containing the intact transcriptional unit for the uvrC gene, was used to subclone either the structural gene or combinations of the structural gene and 5'-flanking sequences. The plasmids so constructed were tested for ability to restore UV-resistant phenotype to uvrC- cells as an indication of expression of the uvrC gene. The chromosomal DNA in plasmid pUV7 was probed for strong binding with E. coli RNA polymerase in an attempt to identify a restriction fragment which bears the regulatory sequences for the uvrC transcriptional unit. The results indicate that DNA sequences at least 0.9 Kb upstream from the structural gene, but not the 5'-proximal sequences, regulate expression of the uvrC gene. Analysis of protein synthesis encoded by plasmid pUV7 and its derivatives suggest that there may be another gene that lies between the promoter and the uvrC gene and codes for a 27,000-Mr protein. The relation of this gene to uvrC function is not clear.
Specification of ion transport cells in the Xenopus larval skin.

Specialized epithelial cells in the amphibian skin play important roles in ion transport, but how they arise developmentally is largely unknown. Here we show that proton-secreting cells (PSCs) differentiate in the X. laevis larval skin soon after gastrulation, based on the expression of a `kidney-specific' form of the H+v-ATPase that localizes to the plasma membrane, orthologs of the Cl–/HCO –3 antiporters ae1 and pendrin, and two isoforms of carbonic anhydrase. Like PSCs in other species, we show that the expression of these genes is likely to be driven by an ortholog of foxi1, which is also sufficient to promote the formation of PSC precursors. Strikingly, the PSCs form in the skin as two distinct subtypes that resemble the alpha- and beta-intercalated cells of the kidney. The alpha-subtype expresses ae1 and localizes H+v-ATPases to the apical plasma membrane, whereas the beta-subtype expresses pendrin and localizes the H+v-ATPase cytosolically or basolaterally. These two subtypes are specified during early PSC differentiation by a binary switch that can be regulated by Notch signaling and by the expression of ubp1, a transcription factor of the grainyhead family. These results have implications for how PSCs are specified in vertebrates and become functionally heterogeneous.
Upstream sample processing facilitates PCR detection of Listeria monocytogenes in mayonnaise-based ready-to-eat (RTE) salads

Abstract Sample pretreatment to reduce volume and concentrate cells of the target organism(s) prior to molecular detection offers a useful supplement or alternative to cultural enrichment. The purpose of this study was to develop an upstream processing method to facilitate the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (RTE) salads by PCR. Potato salad, a model RTE commodity, was seeded with L. monocytogenes and processed by two alternative upstream sample processing methods (designated one-step and two-step centrifugation), followed by DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and Southern hybridization. The two-step method resulted in 1000-fold improvements in the PCR detection limit, from 10 6 Cfu/g (no sample processing) to 10 3 Cfu/g. The two-step method was applied for upstream sample processing of four representative deli salad items artificially inoculated with L. monocytogenes at levels ranging from 10 1 –10 6 Cfu/g. Following DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and Southern hybridization, detection was achieved at input levels of 10 5 Cfu/g for chicken salad, 10 4 Cfu/g for macaroni salad, and 10 3 Cfu/g for potato and seafood salads. The two-step method reported here facilitates the production of a final sample concentrate of reduced volume and improved purity which was compatible with PCR amplification. This approach offers further progress in our efforts to reduce or eliminate cultural enrichment in an effort to speed time to results when applying molecular methods to the detection of pathogens in foods.
TREATMENT OF SENILE CATARACT WITH THYROID EXTRACT

The medical treatment of senile cataract has interested ophthalmologists for at least a hundred years. A voluminous literature has accumulated and, in spite of much empiricism in treatment, a few noteworthy observations have been recorded. Aside from a small group of cases in which cataracts develop upon the basis of physical agents, such as intense light and heat, and trauma to the lens or adjacent structures, it is apparent that the common type of cataract is more intimately associated with general bodily disturbances. This disturbance is apparently related to metabolic changes as noted in the juvenile with tetany with probable alterations of the calcium balance, especially noted in endemic goitrogenous regions. Whether the parathyroid or thyroid glands are at fault is not clearly understood. Then we find a group of cases where the changes in the lens, and other structures of the eye, are associated with diabetes and frequently improve as the diabetes is brought under control. By far the largest group o...
Effect of temperature on the separation of DNA restriction fragments in capillary gel electrophoresis

Abstract Two different separation modes were used in high-performance capillary gel electrophoresis to study the effect of temperature on the separation of DNA restriction fragments, isoelectrostatic (use of constant applied electric field) and isorheic (use of constant current). In both instances, the migration properties and resolution of the DNA molecules were studied as a function of column temperature between 20 and 50°C. In the isoelectrostatic separation mode, the migration time and resolution decrease as temperature increases. In the isorheic separation mode, increasing the column temperature results in a maximum migration time for all of the DNA fragments and shows a maximum resolution for the lower molecular weight fragments (
Explanation of XPS core-level angular distributions for single-crystal copper by two-beam Kikuchi-band theory

Abstract The azimuthal variation of core-level X-ray photoelectron peak intensities from a Cu(001) single crystal has been measured. Data were obtained for both eV) and Cu 3 p (KE = 1420 eV) over the full 2π azimuthal range for polar angles of 35.3 and 45° measured with respect to the specimen surface. T theoretical calculations based on a simplified two-beam model of Kikuchi-band effects, carried out by summing rectangular-shaped bands for the ten lowe in width, to be centered on the ( hkl ) planes, and to have a height proportional to the hkl Fourier-coefficient of the crystal potential multipl approach is justified by comparison to two-beam and multiple-beam dynamical diffraction calculations performed previously for the channeling of high-en to make relatively accurate predictions of the observed fine structure in the azimuthal data for Cu 2 p 3 2 and Cu 3 p . The results of predictions of a more accurate model based upon single scattering from a cluster of atoms.
Behavioral inferences from the Skhul/Qafzeh early modern human hand remains

Two groups of humans are found in the Near East ≈100,000 years ago, the late archaic Neanderthals and the early modern Skhul/Qafzeh humans. Observations that Neanderthals were more heavily muscled, had stronger upper-limb bones, and possessed unusual shapes and orientations of some upper-limb joint complexes relative to the Skhul/Qafzeh hominids, have led some researchers to conclude that significant between-group upper-limb-related behavioral differences must have been present, despite the association of the two groups with similar Middle Paleolithic archeological complexes. A three-dimensional morphometric analysis of the hand remains of the Skhul/Qafzeh hominids, Neanderthals, early and late Upper Paleolithic humans, and Holocene humans supports the dichotomy. The Skhul/Qafzeh carpometacarpal remains do not have any unique morphologies relative to the other fossil samples remains examined. However, in the functionally significant metacarpal 1 and 3 bases they resemble Upper Paleolithic humans, not Neanderthals. Furthermore, the Skhul/Qafzeh sample differs significantly from the Neanderthals in many other aspects of hand functional anatomy. Given the correlations between changes in tool technologies and functional adaptations seen in the hands of Upper Paleolithic humans, it is concluded that the Skhul/Qafzeh hand remains were adapted to Upper Paleolithic-like manipulative repertoires. These results support the inference of significant behavioral differences between Neanderthals and the Skhul/Qafzeh hominids and indicate that a significant shift in human manipulative behaviors was associated with the earliest stages of the emergence of modern humans.
Cyclopalladated ferrocenyl amines as enantioselective catalysts for the rearrangement of allylic imidates to allylic amides

Abstract The first examples of the use of cyclopalladated complexes in enantioselective catalysis are reported. Cyclopalladated ferrocenyl amine 6f promotes the rearrangement of some 2-alkenyl imidates to allylically transposed amides in excellent yield and moderate enantioselectivity.
Watching people talk about their emotions : inferences in response to full-face vs. profile expressions

Young adults talked to an experimenter about their emotional reactions to video episodes intended to evoke either negative or positive affect. Facial behavior was simultaneously videotaped from three perspectives (full-face, a 90° right profile, and a 90° left profile) without their awareness. Judges viewed a subset of dynamic expressions in one of the three facial perspectives in either normal or mirror-reversed orientation. While subjects talked about a negative affect elicitor, the left hemiface and the full-face were perceived as more expressive than the right hemiface. The left hemiface, in reversed orientation, was perceived to display more emotion than the same expression in original orientation for positive or negative affect. These results are discussed in the context of the literature exploring hemifacial differences in emotional expression and mouth asymmetry during propositional speech.
The Abilene paradox: The management of agreement

JERRY B. HARVEY is professor of management science at the George Washington University in Washington, D.C. He is a graduate of the University of Texas in Austin, where he earned an undergraduate degree in business administration and a Ph.D. in social psychology. A member of the International Consultant’s Foundation, a Diplomate of the American Board of Professional Psychology, and a member of the O.D. Network, he has served as a consultant to a wide variety of industrial, governmental, religious, and voluntary organizations. He has written a number of articles in the fields of organizational behavior and education and currently is involved in the exploration of moral, ethical, and spiritual issues of work. In the pursuit of that interest, his book, The Abilene Paradox and Other Meditations on Management, was published by Lexington Books in 1988.
Characterization of poly(ester‐sulfonic acid)‐coated microvoltammetric electrodes

Coating microvoltammetric electrodes with a poly(ester-sulfonic acid) film offers substantial improvements in their selectivity toward cationic neurotransmitters. This charged film tends to exclude anionic interferences, such as ascorbic acid or anionic biogenic amine metabolites. The temporal response of polyester-ionomer-coated microelectrodes is evaluated under dynamic flow-injection conditions. Chro-noamperometry and cyclic voltammetry are used to explore the discriminative properties of these microelectrodes under quiescent conditions. The attractive permselective, ion-exchange, antifouling, and dynamic properties of the polyester ionomer, coupled with its low cost and strong adherence to surfaces, could be very valuable for in vivo brain electrochemistry.
A Risk-Benefit Assessment of Agents Used in the Treatment of Scabies

Permethrin is probably the most effective topical treatment for scabies. There is little microbial resistance to the drug, and it is highly effective. Toxicity is limited to occasional contact dermatitis. Similarly, oral ivermectin 200 micrograms/kg is extremely effective. Oral administration eliminates the need to be certain that medication has been applied properly. Toxicity has been very limited. It is not available in the US for human use in scabies at this time. The toxicity of most of other treatments that are available has not been studied carefully. Sulphur 6% in petrolatum is recommended as safe, but there are no good studies to confirm this. Sulphur is probably the medication of choice when cost is the overriding concern. Crotamiton and benzyl benzoate are probably safe, but are not as effective as permethrin. Lindane has some potential CNS toxicity if used incorrectly, and must be used carefully on damaged skin to avoid excessive absorption. It is important to stress that all household and sexual contacts must be treated, whether or not they have symptoms. Proper application of topical medications must be achieved, including under the fingernails, and up to the edge of all body orifices.
Participant Tracking in Maya Hieroglyphic Texts: Who Was That Masked Man?

Advances in the decipherment of Classic Period (A.D. 300–900) Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions have made it possible to use discourse analysis to investigate the literary style of Maya monuments. This article discusses the identification of protagonists whose names have been deleted from key passages for dramatic effect, using current knowledge of Classic Maya discourse, including verb morphology, syntax, episodic structure of narrative texts, the rhetorical devices of foregrounding and backgrounding, and the elaboration of linguistic structures surrounding peak events.
The social psychological status of reward

Two experiments investigated the effect of reward on forced compliance attitude change in relation to two supposedly crucial interactive variables. The results of these experiments indicated that previous analyses of these effects are open to serious question.
Excitotoxic index--a biochemical marker of selective vulnerability.

We have previously demonstrated that elevated intraischemic glutamate levels are insufficient, of themselves, to engender ischemic damage. Glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which modulate glutamatergic activity, may also play a significant role. We compared ischemia-induced changes in glutamate, glycine, and GABA release in a selectively vulnerable region (dorsolateral striatum) to the changes occurring in a region, although rendered ischemic, is usually spared with 20 min ischemia (anterior thalamus). Regional extracellular neurotransmitter levels were measured by microdialysis before, during, and after 20 min of global ischemia induced by 2-vessel occlusion plus systemic hypotension in the rat (n = 5). Similar ischemia-induced increases in glutamate, GABA, and glycine were observed in both striatum and thalamus (19–25 fold, 43–52 fold, and 3–4 fold, respectively). During recirculation, both glutamate and GABA returned to baseline in both regions by 30 min of reperfusion. Glycine levels remained two-fold higher than baseline in the striatum but fell to baseline in the thalamus. To derive a quantitative descriptor reflecting the composite magnitude of aminoacid neurotransmitter changes with ischemia, we defined the ‘excitotoxic index’ as: [glutamate] × [glycine]/[GABA]. While increases in the excitotoxic index during ischemia were similar for striatum and thalamus, a marked and highly significant increase was found in the striatum compared to the thalamus at early (1 h = 91.5 ± 27.4 and 25.1 ± 6.3, P < 0.01, ANOVA) as well as later recirculation times (2 h = 111.3 ± 30.9 and 20.9 ± 3.6, P < 0.01). Thus, the excitotoxic index, which reflects the composite neurotransmitter response, appears to be a reliable biochemical marker of selective neuronal vulnerability.
Spontaneous Whole Brain Slow Potential Changes during Recovery from Experimental Neurosurgery

Prolonged, nonlocalized brain slow potential changes, frequently associated with cortical spreading depression, occur spontaneously during 5 days following brain implant surgery in rats. These potentials are accompanied by reductions in multiple nerve cell activity and reductions in behavioral motility. The method used in this study provides a tool for evaluating recovery from neurosurgical trauma or other brain injuries, and for testing procedures that facilitate or impede this process.
Representing information need with semantic relations

Information retrieval systems can be made more effective by providing more expressive query languages for users to specify their information need. This paper argues that this can be achieved through the use of semantic relations as query primitives, and describes a new technique for extracting semantic relations from an online dictionary. In contrast to existing research, this technique involves the composition of basic semantic relations, a process akin to constrained spreading activation in semantic networks. The proposed technique is evaluated in the context of extracting semantic relations that are relevant for retrieval from a corpus of pictures.
Racial Disparities in Juvenile Court Outcomes: A Test of the Liberation Hypothesis

After decades of research, the exact impact of race on juvenile court outcomes is still a complex matter. The focus of this study is to address the liberation hypothesis as a potential explanation for racial disparities in juvenile court outcomes. This perspective has not previously been applied to juvenile court outcomes. Results from the analyses demonstrate the differential effect of legal and extralegal factors on serious and less serious cases. The results of this study indicate that legal factors such as crime seriousness or prior criminal record and extralegal factors such as race have a varying influence on juvenile court outcomes, and this influence varies depending on the outcome examined and the race of the youth.
Shape-recognition accuracy and response latency in a bilateral tactile task

Abstract Right-handed, ambidextrous, and left-handed subjects felt two unfamiliar shapes simultaneously, one with each hand, then visually recognized one, responding by pointing with the left or right hand or by saying the number of the chosen shape. In Manual Response Conditions accuracy was greater for shapes felt with the left hand. Accuracy was also greater and response latencies shorter when the same hemisphere received the information and directed the response. It is suggested that the right hemisphere is the primary but not exclusive processor of spatial-form information, and that cross-hemispheric information retrieval decreases accuracy.
Auriculotemporal syndrome following the preauricular approach to temporomandibular joint surgery

Forty-seven joints in 28 patients were examined 4 months to 10 years after temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgery via a modified preauricular approach. Many patients had undergone multiple procedures. None of the patients had any subjective or objective evidence of auriculotemporal syndrome (ATS), although patients in previous studies with more extensive incisions have demonstrated ATS. It was concluded that ATS is an unlikely complication following TMJ surgery. A small incision without an oblique superior extension may further reduce the risk.
A computer-aided bridge for impedance measurements in biological tissues

The paper describes the design and application of an active impedance bridge adapted to measure the impedances of the membranes of excitable biological cells. The unique features of this bridge are a 4-phase generator that replaces the variable impedances of conventional impedance bridges and eliminates the ‘sliding null’; a computer program that reduces data derived from the bridge; and operation of the bridge at the low voltages (3 mV) and low currents (less than 0·1 μA) required for biological-tissue measurements.
Effectiveness in the Laboratory of Corexit 9527 and 9500 in Dispersing Fresh, Weathered, and Emulsion of Alaska North Slope Crude Oil under Subarctic Conditions

Abstract The effect of various states of weathering (no weathering, 20% evaporatively weathered, and emulsification) on the effectiveness of oil dispersants Corexit 9527 and 9500 in dispersing Alaska North Slope crude oil into the water column was tested under laboratory conditions at a combination of realistic subarctic salinities and temperatures. A modified version of the swirling flask effectiveness test was conducted at temperatures of 3, 10 and 22 °C with salinities of 22‰ and 32‰. Petroleum dispersed into the water column following application of dispersant was measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Based on comparison of unresolved complex mixtures, dispersants dispersed less than 40% of the fresh oil and less than 10% of the weathered oil and were most effective (25–75%) when used to disperse a stable oil/water emulsion at 10 °C. At the combinations of temperature and salinity most common in the estuaries and marine waters of Alaska, dispersants effectiveness was less than 10%, the detection limits of the tests. The results indicate that oil weathering state, seawater salinity and temperature are important factors affecting dispersant performance, however because our laboratory tests were conducted at low mixing energy, considerable caution should be used in extrapolating these laboratory studies to field conditions.
Information Technology Project Outcomes: An Exploratory Study of Project Managers' Viewpoints

Enterprise IT projects can end up costing much more than initial estimations, taking much longer time than expected or delivering benefits below expectations. The success or failure of IT projects, however, depends on the project managers. Many reasons are attributed to the success or failure of an IT project. The major stakeholders who are involved in IT projects are the right people to provide these reasons. This study was conducted among IT project managers in the Washington-Baltimore Metropolitan area to find out the most important reasons that projects succeed or fail. Washington-Baltimore metropolitan is a major hub of IT activities because of the location of the U.S. Federal Government, several government agencies and the presence of many IT contactors in the area. The study provides metric for comparing reasons for success or failure of IT projects with those projects not located in the area.
Centres of Excellence in Management Development

Some of the unique changes impacting on management development throughout the world are explored and some of the creative responses which have been developed by several centres of management in reaction to these changes. Articles are briefly summarised and the reasons for their inclusion explained.