cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Build to sustain: collaborative partnerships between university researchers and criminal justice practitioners

Sustainable, collaborative partnerships provide a dynamic and fluid environment for studying and implementing policy and practice in justice agencies. However, these relationships take work to develop, grow, maintain, and sustain. Bridging the gap between academics and criminal justice practitioners requires solid partnerships built on access, agreement, goal setting, feedback, and relationship maintenance. When these components merge, both groups benefit from a resilient partnership with the potential for dramatically improving outcomes. A researcher–practitioner partnership is a challenging and complex process requiring careful attention to detail and an endless supply of energy and determination. This paper highlights some of the many successful researcher–practitioner partnerships our research team at the Center for Advancing Correctional Excellence (ACE!) has with criminal justice agencies. We detail four specific partnerships with federal, state, and county criminal justice organizations spanning fr...
Phenomenological Discussion of Magnetic Ordering in the Heavy Rare-Earth Metals

The rare-earth metals Gd-Tm have similar crystal structures and their magnetic properties have been partially evaluated by a number of techniques. The magnetic order is complicated, showing several phases in some cases and differing considerably in the various elements. These various orderings can be explained on a molecular field (Bragg-Williams) model if a long-range oscillatory exchange interaction whose minimum Fourier component $J(\mathrm{q})$ is at $q\ensuremath{\ne}0$, small quadrupole-quadrupole interaction, and anisotropy are included. A crystal field calculation gives axial and hexagonal anisotropies which vary along the series in a way which accounts for the observed structures. In Tb, Dy, and Ho the moment is forced into the basal plane and the order is a spiral at high $T$, becoming ferromagnetic at low $T$ because of the hexagonal anisotropy. The quadrupole-quadrupole interaction determines the change of pitch with $T$. In Er and Tm the moment is forced along the $c$ axis and the observed order, with sinusoidal variation of this moment, is found to have lowest free energy at high $T$. As $T$ is lowered, transitions to an anti-phase domain structure and then to ferromagnetism are predicted.
Immunogens related to the synthetic tetrasaccharide side chain of the Bacillus anthracis exosporium

The known methyl 2-O-acetyl-3,4-di-O-benzyl-1-thio-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (3) was converted to the corresponding 5-methoxycarbonylpentyl glycoside 4 which was deacetylated. The product 5 was used as the initial glycosyl acceptor to construct two trirhamnoside glycosyl acceptors having HO-3III flanked by either benzoyl or benzyl groups, compounds 10 and 29, respectively [fully protected, except HO-3III, α-l-Rha-(1 → 3)-α-l-Rha-(1 → 2)-α-l-Rha-1-O-(CH2)5COOCH3]. When these were glycosylated with ethyl 4-azido-3-O-benzyl-4,6-dideoxy-2-O-bromoacetyl-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (18), only the benzylated glycosyl acceptor 29 gave good yield of the desired tetrasaccharide 30. The α- and β-linked products, together with the corresponding orthoester 23, were formed in almost equal amount when glycosylation of 10 was performed with the glycosyl donor carrying the 2-O-bromoacetyl protecting group. Deprotection at O-2 of 30, followed by further functionalization of the molecule and global deprotection, gave the 5-methoxycarbonylpentyl glycoside of the title tetrasaccharide, β-Ant-(1 → 3)-α-l-Rha-(1 → 3)-α-l-Rha-(1 → 2)-α-l-Rha (35). Except for differences due to presence of the anomeric 5-methoxycarbonylpentyl group, the fully assigned NMR spectra of glycoside 35 were found to be virtually identical to those reported for the parent tetrasaccharide isolated from Bacillus anthracis exosporium, thus proving the correct structure assigned to the naturally occurring substance. All theoretically possible structural fragments of 35, as well as analog of 35 lacking the 2-O-methyl group at the terminal 4,6-dideoxyglucosyl residue, compound 40, were also synthesized. Tetrasaccharide 35, its β-linked and non-methylated analogs 2 and 40, respectively, as well as the trirhamnoside fragment of 35, glycoside 12, were further functionalized and conjugated to BSA using squaric acid chemistry, to give neoglycoconjugates with a predetermined carbohydrate–protein ratio of ∼3 and ∼6.
Inhibition of UV-B induced apoptosis in corneal epithelial cells by potassium channel modulators.

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine whether prevention of K + loss can protect human corneal-limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells from UV-B induced apoptosis. Immunostaining for activated caspase-3 of HCLE cells exposed to 150–200 mJ/cm 2 UV-B demonstrated induction of apoptosis 6 h after exposure. The number of apoptotic cells was decreased by incubation in medium with 25 or 100 mM K + . If this protection is due to a reduction of UV-induced K + loss then K + channel blockers should also protect HCLE cells from UV-B. Caspase-8 activity induced by exposure to UV-B at 150 mJ/cm 2 was significantly reduced when the cells were incubated in 0.3 μM BDS-I or 0.05–1 mM quinidine. Caspase-3 was also activated by UV-B and a reduction in activity was observed after incubation in 0.1–0.3 μM BDS-I and 0.1–1 mM quinidine. Induction of DNA fragmentation, as measured by the TUNEL assay, was decreased by treatment with 0.3 μM BDS-I and 0.01–0.05 mM quinidine. Patch-clamp recording showed activation of K + channels after exposure to UV-B and a decrease in outward K + current was observed following application of BDS-I. Quinidine did not block K + currents in HCLE cells, suggesting that the protective effect of quinidine occurs by a mechanism other than via K + channels. The effect of the K + channel blocker BDS-1 on HCLE cells exposed to UV-B confirms that preventing K + efflux protects corneal epithelial cells from apoptosis. This suggests the elevated [K + ] in tears may protect the corneal epithelium from effects of ambient UV-B.
Philanthropic Motivations of Community College Donors

This descriptive study surveyed current, lapsed, and major gift donors to explore the impact of college communications on donors' decisions to contribute to the college, the likelihood of donor financial support for various college projects, and the philanthropic motivation profiles of the donors of a midsized, multicampus community college in Virginia. Findings suggest both the impact of college communications and financial support of various fundraising projects differ significantly by donor profile.
Interbehavioral field systems assessment: Examining its utility in preservice teacher education

Behavior analytic evaluation instruments should benefit teacher education programs in assessing: (a) teacher and student interactions in practice teaching settings, and (b) the immediate and long range effects of the teacher training received. Though empirical substantiation remains scarce, such instruments may be designed to foster teacher trainee sensitivity to, and better control of, complex stimulus and response mechanisms which either impede or facilitate learning. This study analyzed one technologically driven Behavior Analysis Strategy and Taxonomy (BEST) and related Temporal Analysis System (TAS) (Hawkins, Sharpe, & Ray, 1994) currently used within one preservice teacher education program. A multiple probe design with experimental and control groups demonstrated the instruments' effects when used as an instructional feedback tool with teachers in training. Findings supported the instruments' use in terms of teacher and student behavior changes demonstrated for the experimental group as compared to a control group not exposed to the instrument. Implications of this technology when applied to teacher education are last described.
Short-term effects of a simulated acid rain upon the growth and nutrient relations of Pinus strobus , L.

Acidified precipitation may affect the productivity of forests by altering the availability of plant nutrients of by affecting the ability of trees to absorb and assimilate those nutrients. In this study, the short-term effects of simulated acid rain (pH range 5.6 - 2.3) upon the growth and nutrient relations of Eastern White Pine seedlings (Pinus strobus, L.) grown in a sandy loam soil were examined. Soil chemistry, soil leachate chemistry, seedling tissue chemistry, and seedling productivity were monitored. In spite of increased leaching of cations from the soil, resulting in near depletion of available K+1, Mg+2, and Ca+2 at pH 2.3, seedling productivity increased with acidity through the 20-week experimental period. Foliar nitrogen concentrations indicate that fertilization with NO3-1, added to the rain as HNO3, may have caused the growth increase. Implications of cation losses and NO3-1 fertilization are discussed.
Multiscale responses of soil stability and invasive plants to removal of non-native grazers from an arid conservation reserve

Disturbances and ecosystem recovery from disturbance both involve numerous processes that operate on multiple spatial and temporal scales. Few studies have investigated how gradients of disturbance intensity and ecosystem responses are distributed across multiple spatial resolutions and also how this relationship changes through time during recovery. We investigated how cover of non-native species and soil-aggregate stability (a measure of vulnerability to erosion by water) in surface and subsurface soils varied spatially during grazing by burros and cattle and whether patterns in these variables changed after grazer removal from Mojave National Preserve, California, USA. We compared distance from water and number of ungulate defecations — metrics of longer-term and recent grazing intensity, respectively, — as predictors of our response variables. We used information-theoretic analyses to compare hierarchical linear models that accounted for important covariates and allowed for interannual variation in the disturbance‐response relationship at local and landscape scales. Soil stability was greater under perennial vegetation than in bare interspaces, and surface soil stability decreased with increasing numbers of ungulate defecations. Stability of surface samples was more affected by time since removal of grazers than was stability of subsurface samples, and subsurface soil stability in bare spaces was not related to grazing intensity, time since removal, or any of our other predictors. In the high rainfall year (2003) after cattle had been removed for 1‐2 years, cover of all non-native plants averaged nine times higher than in the low-rainfall year (2002). Given the heterogeneity in distribution of large-herbivore impacts that we observed at several resolutions, hierarchical analyses provided a more complete understanding of the spatial and temporal complexities of disturbance and recovery processes in arid ecosystems.
Vagueness and semantic indiscriminability

I argue, pace Timothy Williamson, that one cannot provide an adequate account of what it is for a case to be borderline by appealing to facts about our inability to discriminate our actual situation from nearby counterfactual situations in which our language use differs in subtle ways. I consider the two most natural ways of using such resources to provide an account of what it is for a case to be borderline and argue that both face crippling defects. I argue that the problems faced by these two accounts point to more general reasons to be skeptical of the claim that facts about semantic indiscriminability provide sufficient resources for an analysis of what it is for a case to be borderline.
Induction of B cell responsiveness to growth factors by Epstein-Barr virus conversion: comparison of endogenous factors and interleukin-1.

Immortalized B lymphocytes produce a factor(s) that stimulates growth of B cell lines carrying Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Stimulatory supernatants derived from B cells also exhibit interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity in costimulator assays with the D10.G4.1 helper T cell line. Experiments with purified macrophage-derived IL-1 and recombinant IL-1 beta demonstrate that IL-1 stimulates proliferation of the cell lines that respond to the factors from B lymphocyte lines. One B cell line, Ramos, an EBV-Burkitt's lymphoma, contrasts with other B cell lines in that it is refractory to the growth enhancing effects of B cell conditioned medium and macrophage-derived IL-1. When EBV was introduced into Ramos cells, growth was enhanced by the factor(s) in B cell conditioned medium (six out of seven lines); growth of EBV-converted Ramos lines (six out of seven lines) also was enhanced by IL-1. These findings demonstrate that infection of a non-responsive transformed B lymphocyte by EBV induces cellular responsiveness to factor-mediated growth stimulation.
Magnetic relaxation and flux pinning in zone melt textured YBa2Cu3O6+x

Abstract The zero field cooled magnetic relaxation and the remnant magnetization as a function of applied magnetic field were studied for zero melt textured YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+ x . The pinning potential was calculated from the flux creep rate of the zero field cooled magnetization. It was found that there is a strong correlation between the field dependency of the pinning potential and the critical current which essentially supports the line pinning model of Smith et al. [1].
ARBITRAGE PRICING MODELS: THE SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF FACTORS AND EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS

The typical methodology for estimating an Arbitrage Pricing Model is inadequate with respect to two issues. First, the statistical tests used to determine the sufficient number of factors are inappropriate and may actually overstate the relevant number of factors. Second, the methodology fails to determine whether the estimated model satisfies equilibrium conditions. A simple test that corrects both deficiencies is developed in this paper.
Tarnish and corrosion behaviour of dental gold alloys

For many years the specification of alloy composition, particularly high gold and platinum contents, was considered sufficient to guarantee the stability of dental prostheses in the oral environment. This article reveals a considerably more complex situation and stresses the need for extensive laboratory and clinical testing of new alloy formulations before these may be unreservedly recommended to practitioners.
White and black adolescent females differ in profiles and longitudinal patterns of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use.

Emerging research suggests that White youth are more likely to show continuity of alcohol use in the year following drinking onset, compared to Black youth. Little is known, however, regarding racial differences in year-to-year continuity of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use during adolescence, particularly among females, who are at greater risk for certain substance-related harm than males. This study used latent class/transition analysis to identify profiles of past year alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use at ages 13–17 in a community sample of 1076 adolescent females (57% Black, 43% White). Three profiles of past year substance use were identified in separate analyses by race: “no use,” “alcohol only,” and “polydrug use.” Although similar labels describe the profiles, the probability of endorsing use of a particular substance for a given profile differed by race, precluding direct comparison. Latent transition analyses of five annual waves covering ages 13–17 indicated that an intermittent pattern of use (e.g., use in one year, but not the next) was relatively low at all ages among White girls, but among Black girls, an intermittent pattern of use began to decline at age 15. Among Black girls, conduct problems at age 12 predicted substance using profiles at age 13, whereas among White girls, intentions to use alcohol and cigarettes at age 12 predicted substance using profiles at age 13. Racial differences in girls’ substance use profiles suggest the potential utility of culturally-tailored interventions that focus on differences in risk for specific substances and relatively distinct early patterns of use.
Mitigation of the heat island effect in urban New Jersey

Abstract Implementation of urban heat island (UHI) mitigation strategies such as increased vegetative cover and higher-albedo surface materials can reduce the impacts of biophysical hazards in cities, including heat stress related to elevated temperatures, air pollution and associated public health effects. Such strategies also can lower the demand for air-conditioning-related energy production. Since local impacts of global climate change may be intensified in areas with UHIs, mitigation strategies could play an increasingly important role as individuals and communities adapt to climate change. We use CITYgreen, a GIS-based modeling application, to estimate the potential benefits of urban vegetation and reflective roofs as UHI mitigation strategies for case study sites in and around Newark and Camden, New Jersey. The analysis showed that urban vegetation can reduce health hazards associated with the UHI effect by removing pollutants from the air. Less affluent, inner-city neighborhoods are the ones in wh...
Operational characteristics of the thermally choked ram accelerator

Operational characteristics of the thermally choked ram accelerator, a ramjet-in-tube device for accelerating projectiles to ultrahigh velocities, are investigated theoretically and experimentally. The projectile resembles the centerbody of a conventional ramjet and travels through a stationary tube filled with premixed gaseous fuel and oxidizer at high pressure. The combustion process travels with the projectile, its thermal choking producing a pressure field which results in thrust on the projectile. The results of experiments with 45-75 gm projectiles in a 12.2 m long, 38 mm bore accelerator, using methane-based propellant mixtures, are presented in the velocity range of 1150-2350 m/s. Acceleration of projectiles with staged propellants and transitions between different mixtures are investigated and the velocity limits in several propellant mixtures are explored. Agreement between theory and experiment is found to be very good.
Intraarterial digital subtraction angiography: A comparative view

Intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (IA DSA) was performed in 122 patients undergoing a variety of diagnostic and interventional angiographic procedures. Owing to the increased contrast resolution of DSA, diluted contrast material in concentrations of from 12–19% could be employed, thereby significantly reducing contrast material doses compared to doses used with conventional film-screen angiography or intravenous DSA. Patient discomfort was convincingly reduced due to the injection of dilute contrast material. Subtracted digital images could be viewed immediately on a cathode ray tube (CRT) resulting in faster procedures with less catheter time. Savings in film costs relative to conventional angiography were also achieved.
The crying of newly born babies

Summary A study of the crying in the nursery for newly born babies at one of the hospitals in Rochester, Minnesota, was done after making more nursing care available and individualizing the babies' care. The study was based on data obtained from continuous observation for eight days. The average amount of crying for each baby was 55 minutes each day incontrast to 113.2 minutes during the study in 1944. The average number of times each baby cried daily was eighteen, of which 5.7 were prolonged spells, that is, crying lasted more than 3 minutes. Hunger led the list of causes for crying, but unknown reasons was closebehind. Wet diaper, soiled diaper, and vomiting remain in that order as minor causes of crying. The actual amount of nursing care given each baby daily was 1.9 hours in contrast to 0.7 hours during the study in 1944. This was 43.1 per cent of the available nursing time.
Severe gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin.

Severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage of obscure origin is an uncommon but clinically significant problem for adults in North America today. These patients may present with overt gastrointestinal bleeding, recurrent episodesof bleeding, transfusion dependence, or the need for repeated hospitalization, but have no source of bleeding identified on upper panendoscopy or colonoscopy. This article is a descriptive review of current diagnostic strategies used by endoscopists caring for patients with this condition that combines a focused literature review with expert opinion. Special emphasis is given to the emerging role of wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) in diagnosis and subsequent management of patients in 2003. The authors recommend that evaluation begin with push enteroscopy followed, if necessary, by enteroclysis, WCE, and intraoperative enteroscopy.
Associative Detachment of O − with CO, H 2 , and O 2

The associative detachment reactions of ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ with CO, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ are studied experimentally using an ion beam (0-10 eV) impinging on a gas-filled chamber. The resultant electrons are energy analyzed using retarding potentials. At low ion energy, cross sections for total electron detachment for the reactions of ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ with CO and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ vary as the inverse of the relative velocity. At higher energies, the cross sections show a broad peak. We interpret this shape in terms of the potential-energy curves of the compound states. The energy distributions for the electrons resulting from the reactions of ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ with CO and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ exhibit peaks at low energy corresponding to the excitation of high vibrational and rotational states of the resultant triatomic molecules (C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O). Progressions observed in these distributions have spacings corresponding to the preferential excitation of the bending modes of the triatomic molecules. The cross section for total electron detachment for the reaction of ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ with ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ exhibits a threshold near 0.7 eV and rises linearly at higher energy.
Prospective study of vitamin D supplementation and rickets in China

To determine whether amounts of vitamin D lower than recommended doses are effective in preventing rickets, 256 term infants from two northern and two southern cities in China were studied in a randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation (100, 200, or 400 IU/day) during the first 6 months of life. Cord blood and 6-month blood samples were collected and radiographs were obtained at 3 to 5 days and at 6 months of age. Cord serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were lower in the north than in the south (5 vs 14 ng/ml (12.5 vs 35.0 nmol/L); p less than 0.01). Wrist ossification centers were less likely to be present at birth in the northern children than in the southern children (p = 0.009) and were more likely to be present in infants born in the fall who had higher cord serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (p = 0.04). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were lower in northern children 6 months of age than in southern children (p = 0.005) and were higher with an increasing supplemental dosage of vitamin D (p less than 0.001), particularly in infants in the north. None of the infants had rickets at 6 months of age. Because of the low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, especially among infants in the north, it may be prudent to supplement the diet with vitamin D at a dose of 400 IU/day.
Post‐communist transition of local government in Hungary: Managing emergency social aid

Tensions are embedded in post-communist transitions. Public policies exhibit the disharmony between two different and often competing objectives: (1) developing a fully operational market economy within a democratic context and (2) maintaining social protections in the form of a wide array of social benefits. One challenge for post-communist regimes is the management of this tradeoff. This challenge is observed through an analysis of the administration of emergency social aid in Hungary. The analysis shows that post-communist transitions, as exemplified by the efforts to build local government capacity in Hungary, experience problems of sequencing. In particular, equity decisions are difficult to manage not only because they have their roots in socialist ideology and the policies of the former regime, but also because the increasing number of vulnerable populations makes welfare considerations a politically sensitive task now more than ever before. Meanwhile, the institutional processes needed to manage tensions are fluid and immature. Ultimately the success of the post-communist transition in Hungary (and elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe) will be measured by the ability to build institutions that can manage and consolidate political pressures.
Identification of neutral mutants surrounding two naturally occurring variants of Potato spindle tuber viroid.

Single point mutations in the pathogenicity domain of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) can have a dramatic effect on disease expression, and only three substitutions are required for the spontaneous conversion of the type strain PSTVd-Intermediate to the rapidly replicating, highly pathogenic variant RG1 (Gruner et al., Virology 209, 60–69, 1995) . To identify available evolutionary pathways linking these two variants, we mutagenized five positions in an infectious cDNA copy of PSTVd-Intermediate and screened the resulting mixture of 768 sequences for neutral or near-neutral mutants. Numerical simulations based on the bioassay data indicate that the 23 variants recovered represent >80 % of all such sequences. RG1 was the only naturally occurring variant recovered, and the overall pattern of sequence changes observed indicates that PSTVd-Int occupies a comparatively steep peak within the fitness landscape.
DNA synthesis by an insoluble chromatin fraction associated with the nuclear membrane of animal cells.

Summary An insoluble chromatin fraction prepared from Chinese hamster, HeLa, and baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells is capable of DNA synthesis in the absence of added primer. The DNA in the insoluble chromatin hybridizes with the RNA of Rous sarcoma virus to a substantially greater degree than does the DNA of the soluble chromatin fraction. Studies of the DNA produced in vitro suggest that the insoluble fraction may be a DNA-synthesizing rather than a terminal-repairing system.
Detection of Mie scattering using a resonance fluorescence monochromator

The use of a resonance fluorescence monochromator (RFM) is described as a method for detecting Mie scatter. The detector has a spectral resolution limited by the atomic vapor used in the system (400 MHz for cesium). The RFM is used to detect Mie scatter from a particulate suspension, and deconvolution methods are used to extract the Mie scatter spectrum from the instrument response. The Mie scattering linewidth (140 MHz) is close to the literature value (100 MHz for air). Methods to reduce the linewidth of atomic vapor filters are briefly described.
Reversal of anisomycin-induced amnesia by the ergot derivative Hydergine

The ergot alkaloid Hydergine was tested for its ability to reverse an amnesia for approach-avoidance training. Thirsty mice were trained to drink in a test chamber and then punished with brief electric shocks for drinking. Those mice injected with the protein-synthesis inhibitor anisomycin immediately after training were amnesic for the shock when tested 48 h later. Pre-test injection of 10.0 or 1.0 mg/kg of Hydergine effectively reversed the amnesia while 0.1 mg/kg was ineffective. Non-contingent shock control groups ruled out the possibility that the effect was due to non-specific effects of the drug or training stimuli.
Local structural modeling for implementation of optimal active damping

Local controllers are good candidates for active control of flexible structures. Local control generally consists of low order, frequency benign compensators using collocated hardware. Positive real compensators and plant transfer functions ensure that stability margins and performance robustness are high. The typical design consists of an experimentally chosen gain on a fixed form controller such as rate feedback. The resulting compensator performs some combination of damping (dissipating energy) and structural modification (changing the energy flow paths). Recent research into structural impedance matching has shown how to optimize dissipation based on the local behavior of the structure. This paper investigates the possibility of improving performance by influencing global energy flow, using local controllers designed using a global performance metric.
Area detectors capable of recording X-ray diffraction patterns at high count-rates☆

Abstract The Princeton SIT X-ray detector is an electro-optical system designed for recording X-ray diffraction patterns from biological structures. The detector, based on a silicon intensified-target vidicon (SIT), can measure X-ray intensities over an 80 mm diameter area without the count-rate limit characteristic of a photon counting system. Over a wide range of intensities, the accuracy of measurement approaches the quantum limit. Several versions of the device have been constructed, tested and applied to important biophysical problems. The SIT detector has proved particularly useful for the study of dynamic systems with the aid of the intense synchrotron radiation X-ray beams available at EMBL/DESY and SSRL/SLAC. The detectors used in such experiments at future synchrotron radiation sources are likely to be similar to the SIT detector, but based instead on a newer electro-optical device, the solid state imager (e.g. CCD).
The first variation of the scattering matrix: An addendum

In the case that A 3 I and a = 1 it has been known for some time that when D is starlike there is a 6 > 0 such that S(x) is holomorphic for Im z < 6. This is a consequence of work of Morawetz, Lax and Phillips (see [3]). Moreover, in [8] Morawetz showed that one may take S = (6~))~ (the value 6 = 24(ep)-l given in [7] resulted from a computational error; the methods of [7] do yield 6 = (6ep)-l). The significance of the theorem above is that the bound Im z < p-l is sometimes sharp: If D is a sphere of radius p in R3 (or R5), S(z) has a simple pole at z = ip-l. Theorem 1 is proved and generalized in Section 1. In Section 2 we discuss three unsolved problems more or less related to Theorem 1. For further results on pole-free regions the reader should see Beale [l], and Lax and Phillips [5]. In [5] it is shown that if one takes A(x) = I, u(x) = 1 but drops the hypothesis that D is starlike S(Z) is still holomorphic in a disk of radius (2~))~ centered-at x = i(2p)-l. The results of [l] show that if one drops the hypothesis that D is
Host-Feeding Patterns of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) at a Temperate North American Site

Precipitin tests and ELISA were used to investigate host-feeding patterns of 172 blood-fed Aedes albopictus (Skuse) collected at Potosi, MO, during the summers of 1989 and 1990. One hundred ten (64.0%) mosquitoes had fed on mammals, 29 (16.9%) on birds, and none on turtles or snakes. Thirty-three (19.2%) mosquitoes failed to react in all tests. Eighty-six (78.2%) of the 110 mammalian feeds were positive for lower taxa as follows: rabbit, 24.5%; deer, 14.5%; dog, 13.6%; human, 8.2%; squirrel, 7.3%; opossum, 4.5%; myomorph rodents other than Rattus, 3.6%; raccoon, 0.9%; and bovine, 0.9%. Positive feeds were not detected for the following mammals: cat (n = 99); horse (n = 95); Rattus (n = 84); and swine (n = 84). Fourteen (48.3%) of the 29 avian feeds were positive for lower taxa as follows: Passeriformes, 24.1%; Columbiformes, 17.2%; Ciconiiformes, 3.4%; and quail, 3.4%. These data, the first on host-feeding patterns for Ae. albopictus populations in the New World, indicate that Ae. albopictus is an opportunistic feeder that utilizes a wide variety of hosts and, therefore, has the potential to become involved in the transmission cycles of indigenous arboviruses.
The Validity of Social Control Critiques: Psychiatric Medication, Side Effects and Outpatient Commitment

Abstract Much controversy exists over the treatment of mental illness and many critics argue that the exercise of medical authority results in the social control of the mentally ill. This paper examines the validity of these social control critiques utilizing data collected on 115 patients court ordered to outpatient commitment and from interviews with their primary clinicians. The three expectations which guide the investigation were supported. First, clinicians tended to hold a biomedical view of mental illness and believed in the efficacy of forced treatment. Second, individuals seen by clinicians were likely to be diagnosed as severely mentally ill, and the majority received psychiatric medication while fewer received alternative treatments. Third, while 90 percent of the patients experienced problems with side effects, clinicians did not always acknowledge these problems. These data clearly support the validity of social control critiques and implications are drawn for the long-term treatment of the ...
Computation of Storage Requirements for Multi-Dimensional Signal Processing Applications

Many integrated circuit systems, particularly in the multimedia and telecom domains, are inherently data dominant. For this class of systems, a large part of the power consumption is due to the data storage and data transfer. Moreover, a significant part of the chip area is occupied by memory. The computation of the memory size is an important step in the system-level exploration, in the early stage of designing an optimized (for area and/or power) memory architecture for this class of systems. This paper presents a novel nonscalar approach for computing exactly the minimum size of the data memory for high-level procedural specifications of multidimensional signal processing applications. In contrast with all the previous works which are estimation methods, this approach can perform exact memory computations even for applications with numerous and complex array references, and also with large numbers of scalars
Comparative analysis of ABCB1 reveals novel structural and functional conservation between monocots and dicots

Phytohormone auxin plays a critical role in modulating plant architecture by creating a gradient regulated via its transporters such as ATP-binding cassette (ABC) B1. Except for Arabidopsis and maize, where it was shown to interrupt auxin transport, ABCB1’s presence, structure and function in crop species is not known. Here we describe the structural and putative functional organization of ABCB1 among monocots relative to that of dicots. Identified from various plant species following specific and stringent criteria, ZmABCB1’s ‘true’ orthologs sequence identity ranged from 56-90% at the DNA and 75-91% at the predicted amino acid (aa) level. Relative to ZmABCB1, the size of genomic copies ranged from -27 to +1.5% and aa from -7.7 to +0.6%. With the average gene size being similar (5.8 kb in monocots and 5.7 kb in dicots), dicots have about triple the number of introns with an average size of 194 bp (total 1743 bp) compared to 556 bp (total 1667 bp) in monocots. The intron-exon junctions across species were however conserved. N-termini of the predicted proteins were highly variable: in monocots due to mismatches and small deletions of 1-13 aa compared to large, species-specific deletions of up to 77 aa in dicots. The species- family-, and group- specific conserved motifs were identified in the N-terminus and linker regions of protein, possibly responsible for the specific functions. The near-identical conserved motifs of Nucleotide Binding Domains (NBDs) in two halves of the protein showed subtle aa changes possibly favoring ATP binding to the N-terminus. Predicted 3-D protein structures showed remarkable similarity with each other and for the residues involved in auxin binding.
Long-term follow-up of patients with primary immunodeficiencies

As an example of the need for long-term follow-up by specialty health care to adequately manage immunodeficient patients, we report the case of a patient with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome who was lost to follow-up for 4 years to the immunology clinic and came back with a neck mass that was diagnosed as B-cell lymphoma. Patients with immunodeficiency are at high risk for the development of malignancy and autoimmune diseases and should be evaluated by a trained specialist with a frequency of not less than every 6 months.
A Martingale Study of the Beurling–Ahlfors Transform inRn

Abstract We apply the theory of martingale transforms to study the Beurling–Ahlfors transform, S , in dimensions n ⩾2. This operator reveals a rich structure through its representation as a martingale, and we obtain new results concerning the operator norm of S acting on the class of differential forms having L p coefficients. In particular, we show that its norm is independent of the dimension when restricted to k -forms and we present new “Essen-type” norm inequalities related to this martingale structure. Finally, we suggest a purely analytic method to further investigate these norms which up to now has been lacking.
Barack Obama and the Public Administration of Faith

Abstract For American presidents, spiritual faith and religion have been an important vehicle for expressing national vision for the future as well as understanding the collective past. As President Barack Obama advances into his term in office, the question posed is this: to what degree will spiritual faith play in his leadership and resulting public policies? This question is addressed by examining the President's inaugural address and by taking a preliminary look at the White House Office of Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships. Indications are that religion and faith will maintain a customary role, but President Obama will most likely find ways to remind the American people of the diversity of beliefs in the American political community. He will welcome such diversity into the mainstream of political and policy life.
Resolving Water Conflicts: A Comparative Analysis of Interstate River Compacts

This paper examines compacts used by U.S. western states to engage in shared governance of interstate rivers. Compacts are viewed as inflexible, rigid governance structures incapable of responding to changing environmental and institutional settings because of the use of unanimity rules and the inability to directly regulate water users. Using data from a study of 14 western interstate river compacts we examine this claim. In particular, we explore the response of compacts to water conflicts. We find that members of compacts, closely related water agencies, and compact governments are capable of responding to conflicts. To better understand this finding, we identify the conditions under which compacts are likely to address conflicts, as well as the types of conflict solutions compact governments adopted.
Lectin binding to injured corneal endothelium mimics patterns observed during development

Fluorochrome conjugated lectins were used to observe cell surface changes in the corneal endothelium during wound repair in the adult rat and during normal fetal development. Fluorescence microscopy of non-injured adult corneal endothelia incubated in wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA), Concanavalin A (Con A), and Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA), revealed that these lectins bound to cell surfaces. Conversely, binding was not observed for either Griffonia simplicifolia I (GS-I), soybean agglutinin (SBA) or Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA). Twenty-four hours after a circular freeze injury, endothelial cells surrounding the wound demonstrated decreased binding for WGA and Con A, whereas, RCA binding appeared reduced but centrally clustered on the apical cell surface. Furthermore, SBA now bound to endothelial cells adjacent to the wound area, but not to cells near the tissue periphery. Neither GS-I nor UEA exhibited any binding to injured tissue. By 48 h post-injury, the wound area repopulates and endothelial cells begin reestablishing the monolayer. These cells now exhibit increased binding for WGA, especially along regions of cell-to-cell contact, whereas, Con A, RCA and SBA binding patterns remain unchanged. Seventy-two hours after injury, the monolayer is well organized with WGA, Con A and RCA binding patterns becoming similar to those observed for non-injured tissue. However, at this time, SBA binding decreases dramatically. By 1 week post-injury, binding patterns for WGA, ConA and RCA closely resemble their non-injured counterparts while SBA continues to demonstrate low levels of binding. In early stages of its development, the endothelium actively proliferates and morphologically resembles adult tissue during wound repair. The 16-day fetal tissue is mitotically active, does not exhibit a well defined monolayer, and demonstrates weak fluorescence binding for WGA, Con A and RCA. Conversely, SBA binding is readily detected on many cell surfaces. By 19 days in utero, the endothelial monolayers becomes organized and cell proliferation greatly diminishes. WGA, Con A and RCA now exhibit binding similar to that seen in the adult tissue. SBA binding is not detected at this time. Thus, changes in lectin binding during wound repair of the adult rat corneal endothelium mimic changes in lectin binding seen during the development of the tissue.
Methylmercury developmental neurotoxicity: A comparison of effects in humans and animals

A qualitative and quantitative comparison of the neuropathological and neurobehavioral effects of early methylmercury (MeHg) exposure is presented. The focus of the qualitative comparison is the examination of how specific end-points (and categories of behavioral functions) compare across species. The focus of the quantitative comparison is the investigation of the relationship between MeHg exposure, target-organ dose and effects in humans and animals. The results of the comparisons are discussed in the context of the adequacy of the proposed EPA neurotoxicity battery to characterize the risk of MeHg to humans. The comparisons reveal several qualitative and quantitative similarities in the neuropathological effects of MeHg on humans and animals at high levels of exposure. Reports of neuropathological effects at lower levels are available for animals only, precluding any comparison. At high levels of exposure, specific neurobehavioral end-points affected across species are also similar. Effects at lower levels of exposure are similar if categories of neurobehavioral functioning are compared. Changes in the EPA test battery consistent with the results of the comparisons are discussed.
Decreased plasma membrane calcium transport activity in aging brain

We have assessed the functional properties of both calmodulin (CaM) and the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase in brains of young, middle aged, and old Fisher 344 rats. Under optimal conditions of saturating Ca2+ and ATP, the CaM-activated Ca2+-ATPase activity was decreased with increasing age, particularly when CaM isolated from the brains of aged rats was used to stimulate the enzyme. In the case of CaM, structural modifications within the primary sequence of the protein from aged brains were identified. We found that during normal biological aging approximately 6 methionine residues were modified to their corresonding sulfoxide per CaM, and no other amino acids were modified. Some aspects of the age-related decline in the effectiveness of CaM as an activator of Ca2+-ATPase could be simulated using a range of reactive oxygen species (including hydrogen peroxide and oxoperoxynitrite) and, in the latter case, the extent of oxidative modification of specific methionine residues was directly related to their surface accessibility. The pattern of oxidative modification of the methionines in the aged CaM was less straightforward, though both in vitro oxidation of CaM and aging within the brain markedly decreased the functional properties of this important Ca2+-regulating protein.
COLLAPSE OF LEFT LUNG INDUCED BY ARTIFICIAL AIRWAY

Abstract In eighteen months ten cases of collapse of the left lung induced by an artificial airway were observed in a single hospital. Onset of this complication may declare itself dramatically by tachypnœa, hypotension, and cyanosis; but symptoms may be absent. Accordingly all patients in whom a tracheostomy has been instituted or an endotracheal tube has been inserted should be repeatedly examined. Withdrawal of the artificial airway from the right main-stem bronchus, in which it occludes the left main-stem bronchus, leads to prompt recovery.
Low urine calcium excretion in African American patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of low urine calcium excretion in African American patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), a common disorder associated with bone and renal complications, and to assess the distinction between PHPT and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH), a rare benign genetic disease.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on a cohort of 1,297 patients in whom a 24-hour urine study was performed for measurement of urine calcium and creatinine. PHPT was diagnosed if the serum calcium concentration was ≥10.5 mg/dL and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) was ≥40 pg/mL. Patients receiving medications that affect urine calcium or with glomerular filtration rate ≤30 mL/min were excluded.Results: Ninety-six patients satisfied the diagnostic criteria for PHPT. The African American (n = 70) and non-African American (n = 26) patients did not differ in their mean age, body mass index, glomerular filtration rate, serum PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, and 24-hour urine creatini...
Interaction-free All-optical Switches for Quantum Applications

We present a realization of all-optical switching in whispering-gallery-mode microcavities. Operating without the control and probe light beams overlapping in the cavity (in the asymptotic limit), such switches are ideal for use with quantum signals.
Bicultural stress, identity formation, and alcohol expectancies and misuse in Hispanic adolescents: a developmental approach.

Hispanic immigrant youth engage in increased health risk behaviors, such as alcohol misuse, due in part to being confronted with acculturative stress in addition to facing major normative developmental challenges, such as identity consolidation (Berry et al. in Appl Psychol 55:303–332, 2006). Using a developmental psychopathology framework, in the present study we examined the effect of bicultural stress on alcohol misuse among immigrated Hispanic adolescents, indirectly through trajectories of identity formation and alcohol expectancies. Our sample consisted of 302 recently immigrated Hispanic adolescents (53 % male; Mage = 14.5 at baseline) who were interviewed every 6 months for 3 years. Bivariate growth curve modeling was used to examine the influence of initial early bicultural stress on later alcohol misuse via change in identity development (i.e., coherence and confusion) and subsequent growth in cognitive alcohol expectancies. Findings revealed that initial levels and growth of identity coherence were not significantly associated with either bicultural stress or tension reduction (TR) alcohol expectancies. Multiple mediation analyses indicated that the effect of bicultural stress at time 1 on the frequency of being drunk at time 6 was mediated via high initial levels of identity confusion, followed by growth in risky TR expectancies (T4–T6). A developmental approach to the genesis of alcohol use problems in immigrant youth is discussed.