cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Varying the Terrain of Epigenetic Landscapes: Implications for Human Cancer

The journey from embryonic stem cell to a fully developed liver, heart or muscle cell requires not only having the right set of genes, but also having genes that are turned on and off at the right ...
Effects of withdrawals on tests involving censored data in toxicology experiments

Censoring can occur with some response variables that are frequently of interest in toxicology studies (for example, time to maturation or lifetime). This censoring can be in the form of fixed right censoring or a withdrawal, and its presence can have a major impact on the analysis of the data. In this paper we consider the effect of censoring on statistical procedures that are commonly used in toxicology experiments. The tests examined in this study are the Gehan and log rank tests which are available on the major statistical packages (SAS, SPSSX, and BMDP). The application of these tests for k ≥ 2 samples and for multiple comparisons is considered. The effect of withdrawals on the performance of these tests is found to be quite different than the effect of fixed right censored observations. Our study results indicate that these tests can lead to incorrect or misleading inferences when there is a high percentage of withdrawals. The tests may have very poor sensitivity to treatment differences, and the actual significance levels may be quite different from what the user specifies.
Chapter 3 Genes encoding the immunoglobulin variable regions

Publisher Summary Studies of antibody structure have shown that the great diversity of antigen combining sites is due to the highly variable amino-terminal protein sequences of both light and heavy chain polypeptides. The observation that antibody polypeptide sequences have variable and constant regions presented geneticists with a paradox: how did evolution introduce such sequence diversity in the variable region while keeping the constant region free from mutations? In the past ten years, the availability of recombinant DNA techniques has resulted in a tremendous wealth of information regarding the genetic structure and organization of immunoglobulin genes. This chapter focuses on the structure of the genes coding for the antibody variable regions, the number and organization of these genes, and the diversity of V genes within the germline of an individual or species.
Cobalt: separating content distribution from authorization in distributed file systems

How should a distributed file system manage access to protected content? On one hand, distributed storage should make data access pervasive: authorized users should be able to access their data from any location. On the other hand, content protection is designed to restrict access -- this is often accomplished by limiting the set of computers from which content can be accessed. In this paper, we propose a new method for storing content in distributed storage called Cobalt. Rather than grant access to data based on the computer that reads the data, Cobalt grants access based on the physical proximity of authorized users. Protected content is stored encrypted in the distributed Blue File System; files can only be decrypted through the cooperation of a personal, mobile device such as cell phone. The Cobalt device is verified by content providers: it acts as a proxy that protects their interests by only decrypting data when policies specified during content acquisition are satisfied. Wireless communication with the device is used to determine the physical proximity of its user; when the Cobalt device moves out of range, protected content is made inaccessible. Our results show that Cobalt adds only modest overhead to content acquisition and playback, yet it enables new forms of interaction such as the ability to access protected content on ad hoc media players and create playlists that adapt to the tastes of nearby users.
The ontology of phonology

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the ontology of phonology. Phonology is about concrete mental events and states that occur in real time; in real space; have causes, effects; are finite in number; in other words, are what metaphysicians would call “concrete particulars” closely linked to, but distinct from those described by traditional phoneticians. A certain species of abstract, causally impotent, nonspatio-temporal entities possibly infinite in number and distinct from real live utterances is explored in the chapter. Phonology, like the rest of linguistics, is normally expounded as if it were about types. Some technical notation is used in the chapter. Linguistics is in constant flux and full of controversies. The phonological representation of a token is described. Phonology provides overwhelming evidence that tokens cluster into scientifically significant types. That does not imply that there are types besides tokens. But it is sufficient to justify most of the practices mentioned in the chapter and to make sense of the demand that theories should neither overgenerate nor undergenerate.
Problems in Behavior Under Risk; Individual vs. Group Decision Making

This paper examines a number of “problems” in decision behavior under risk/uncertainty that have been discussed over the last thirty-five or so years, problems that have questioned either our ability to predict or understand actual choosing behavior or normatively to stipulate the character of rational behavior under risk/uncertainty. My purpose is entirely descriptive, however. I have chosen problems where it seems to make a real difference whether the decision-makers are individuals or groups. The analysis examines the respects in which the difficulties stem from the character of the decision-making units involved, and especially how they differ for individuals as opposed to group decision-makers.
Outpatient electroconvulsive therapy: a cost-saving alternative.

The case Mr. B, age 5 7 and married, runs a dry cleaning business and is active in his church and in his children’s school. He has become increasingly depressed over the past ten months. On the advice ofhis family physician, seven months earlier Mr. B began seeing a psychiatrist and attends psychotherapy sessions once or twice a week. Trials of various antidepressants have proved ineffective. Imipramine made him too sleepy to function. A trial of desipramine 250 mg for five weeks produced no change in symptoms. Nortriptyline 1 50 mg a day for four weeks also did not bring improvement despite a plasma level within the therapeutic range. Lithiurn carbonate 1200 mg a day was added to the nortriptyline, but alithiurn plasma level of .9 mEq/dl resulted in no improvement. Mr. B could tolerate only 450 mg a day of trazodone, which he received for six weeks with no effect.
Tunable nano bead arrays on film for controlling propogation of light

Periodic arrays of sub-wavelength structures have garnered significant interest for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF), and for anti-reflective coating properties. For SERS and MEF, coupling metal nanoparticles with nanometer scale spacing can induce strong local electromagnetic field enhancements at the plasmon resonance, significantly increasing the Raman signal or fluorescence of a molecule. Inspired by moth eyes, metal nanoparticle arrays can reduce the reflection of incident light, shown useful for improving the efficiency of solar cells. Here, we present fabrication of robust, tunable, inexpensive and quickly reproducible gold coated, nanopillar arrays for applications in enhancing Raman/fluorescence signals or antireflective surfaces for efficient solar cells. To create homogenous metallic nanostructures with controllable sizes and interparticle spacings, we have integrated conventional nanosphere lithography techniques with thermally responsive polyolefin (PO) films. Spin coating 500 nm PS beads onto PO substrates, followed by oxygen plasma etching, is used to vary the size and periodicity of the resulting PS nanopillar bead array. A 50 nm thick gold film can then be added using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Nanostructures were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. When heated from room temperature up to 115oC, structures on PO films undergo a reduction in feature size and interparticle spacing by up to 35 % in length and 50% in surface area.
The effect of nonlinear multi-contact coupling with gap between risers and guide frames on global spar motion analysis

Nonlinear multi-contact coupling between vertical risers and guide frames inside the spar moon-pool is studied. The existing numerical model for hull/mooring/riser coupled dynamics analysis treats riser as an elastic rod truncated at the keel (truncated riser model), and the risers are free to slide in vertical direction with constant tension, while restricted in horizontal direction. The truncated riser model neglects the portion of the riser inside the moon-pool and tends to overestimate the spar pitch motion. In the newly developed model, the risers are extended through the moon-pool with realistic boundary conditions at multiple guide frames, and thus additional contact forces and moments on the spar hull are considered. The gap effects between the riser buoyancy-cans and riser guide frames are also modeled using three different types of gap springs. Their different dynamic characteristics are extensively studied. The new riser model also considers the Coulomb damping between buoyancy-cans and riser guide frames and also allows the impact-like contact force calculation on risers for ensuring fatigue analysis.
Putnam on Reference and Constructive Sets

Refutation de l'argument anti-realiste de Putnam selon lequel l'axiome de la constructibilite peut etre sauve de la critique empirique par une reinterpretation des relations semantiques. L'A. montre que l'utilisation du paradoxe de Skolem n'est pas suffisamment motivee chez Putnam et que la reference a des ensembles constructibles repose sur la distinction entre les proprietes mathematiques et la realite empirique de ces ensembles
Folding and unfolding kinetics of DNA hairpins in flowing solution by multiparameter fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

Dynamic equilibrium between the folded and unfolded conformations of single stranded DNA hairpin molecules containing polythymine hairpin loops was investigated using simultaneous two-beam fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy and single beam autocorrelation spectroscopy. The hairpins were end-labeled with a fluorescent dye and a quencher, such that folding and unfolding of the DNA hairpin primary structure caused the dye fluorescence to fluctuate on the same characteristic time scale as the folding and unfolding reaction. These fluctuations were observed as the molecules flowed sequentially between two spatially offset, microscopic detection volumes. Cross-correlation analysis of fluorescence from the two detection volumes revealed the translational diffusion and flow properties of the hairpins, as well as the average molecular occupancy of the two volumes. Autocorrelation analysis of the fluorescence from the individual detection volumes revealed the kinetics of hairpin folding and unfolding, with...
The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the release of excitotoxic and other amino acids from the ischemic rat cerebral cortex.

OBJECTIVE Hyperglycemic stroke results in increased neuronal damage, the exact mechanism of which is unknown. Lactic acidosis has been implicated; however, increases in the excitotoxic amino acid glutamate, which correlate with increased neuronal damage, may be the cause for the increased damage seen in hyperglycemic stroke. METHODS Ten Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with streptozotocin (STZ; 50 mg/kg), and 12 normoglycemic rats were used as controls. Using a four-vessel occlusion model, global ischemia was assessed at 5 to 7 days after treatment in five animals (acute STZ group) or at 4 to 6 weeks after treatment in five animals (chronic STZ group). The cortical cup model was used to collect superfusates under basal, ischemic, and reperfusion conditions and analyzed for nine different amino acids using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Plasma glucose levels were significantly higher in the acute and chronic STZ groups as compared with the control group. Plasma lactate levels were higher in the acute STZ group as compared with the control or chronic STZ groups. Extracellular cortical glutamate levels were significantly reduced during reperfusion in the acute STZ group and during ischemia/reperfusion in the chronic STZ group as compared with the controls. Levels of extracellular gamma-aminobutyric acid were significantly reduced in the acute and chronic STZ groups as compared with the controls. CONCLUSION A chronic state of hyperglycemia results in reduction in extracellular brain glutamate levels during ischemia/reperfusion and therefore does not appear to be responsible for the increased neuronal damage seen in diabetic stroke. Chronic hyperglycemia also causes decreased extracellular gamma-aminobutyric acid levels, which, because of the loss of the inhibitory effects of this neurotransmitter, could contribute to the increased damage observed in hyperglycemic stroke.
Nonequilibrium random telegraph switching in quantum point contacts

Abstract We have investigated nonequilibrium transport through quantum point contact structures in high mobility GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure. For low source-drain bias the current-voltage characteristics show the expected conductance quantization. At biases above approximately 6 mV, conductance instabilities in the DC current-voltage characteristics are observed which depend on the thermal and light exposure history of the sample. Time-dependent measurements in the regions of instability reveal that random telegraph switching (RTS) between well-defined differential conductance states is occurring. The RTS has been studied as a function of source-drain and gate bias, as well as temperature. The average time in the low and high states is found to depend exponentially on the source-drain and gate bias around some critical bias point. This critical point appears to correspond to a transition when an extra quasi one-dimensional subband crosses the Fermi level. The origin of the switching is believed to be associated with the charging and discharging of shallow donor defects due to DX centers in the AlGaAs.
The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus

Strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which had been largely confined to hospitals and long-term care facilities, are emerging in the community. The changing epidemiology of MRSA bears striking similarity to the emergence of penicillinase-mediated resistance in S. aureus decades ago. Even though the origin (hospital or the community) of the emerging MRSA strains is not known, the prevalence of these strains in the community seems likely to increase substantially.
Bugs in the NRC's Doctoral Program Evaluation Data: From Mites to Hissing Cockroaches

n 1995, the National Research Council (NRC) released Research Doctorate Programs in the United States, Continuity and Change. This report was described as containing an "extensive, comprehensive, and systematic assessment of the quality, effectiveness (in training scholars), faculty productivity, and Ph.D. production of over 3,600 doctoral programs in 41 disciplines at 274 Universities" ("Departmental Rankings" 1996, 144). The study offers a rich array of objective and subjective data that its authors expected to be useful to policymakers, academic administrators, faculty, and prospective graduate students (NRC 1995). Scholars quickly took advantage of the data to examine sources of high reputational evaluations, or to compare reputational scores with objective measures (Katz and Eagles 1996; Jackman and Siverson 1996; Lowry and Silver 1996; Miller, Tien, and Peebler 1996). Early studies, however, relied on the data as published in the report. Any massive project of this nature is bound to suffer some problems related to data quality or interpretation-perhaps minor, perhaps severe. About a year ago, the NRC made available on CD-ROM the
A transmission electron microscopy examination of the interface between osteoblasts and metal biomaterials

Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the interface between metal implant materials and bone cells. Specifically, neonatal rat calvaria osteoblasts were cultured on CoCrMo alloy and on 316L stainless steel discs (mechanically polished to a 0.3 micron finish) in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 50 micrograms/mL ascorbic acid, and 10 mM beta-glycerophosphate) under standard, sterile, cell culture conditions for 14 to 28 days. At the end of the prescribed time periods, the cells were fixed and embedded in resin before removing the metal substrates using an electrolytic dissolution technique and a 7% NaCl solution. Transmission electron microscopic examination of stained, ultrathin sections of the biological samples revealed an intact interface with microscopic details characteristic to the cell line and similar to those reported in the literature for animal and explant studies. The osteoblasts exhibited continuous contact and intimate apposition to both the CoCrMo and stainless steel substrate surfaces and grew in multilayered structures; an electron dense layer (composed of mucopolysaccharides and proteins) was observed at the surface of both substrates; collagen fibrils and mineralized foci were observed in the extracellular matrix interspersed among the multilayered osteoblasts.
Flap-lag damping of an elastic rotor blade with torsion and dynamic inflow in hover from symbolically generated equations

A program written in FORTRAN IV and coded into subroutines for subsequent numerical study is used to derive symbolically the governing equations of motion of the elastic rotor blade and the dynamic inflow equations. By rearranging the coefficients of the equations, the blade and dynamic inflow equations are converted into equations in a multiblade coordinated system. The final multiblade equations can accommodate any number of elastic blade modes. It is noted that with a given data set, the entire process, from the derivation of the equations to the numerical calculations, is computerized and requires only limited user interface. To demonstrate the usefulness of the approach, damping data in hover with and without dynamic inflow effects are presented for various rotor blade models, including flap-lag, flap-lag-torsion, quasi-static torsion, and rigid blade lag-flap.
World's first demonstration of type-II superlattice dual band 640x512 LWIR focal plane array

ABSTRACT High resolution multi-band infrared detection of terrestrial objects is useful in applications such as long range and high altitude surveillance. In this paper, we pr esent a 640 by 512 type-II superlattice focal plane array (FPA) in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) suitable for such purposes, featuring 100% cutoff wavelengths at 9.5µm (blue channel) and 13µm (red). The dual band camera is single-bump hybridized to an Indigo 30µm pitch ISC0905 read-out integrated circuit. Test pixels revealed background limited behavior with specific detectivities as high as ~5x10 11 Jones at 7.9µm (blue) and ~1x10 11 Jones at 10.2µm (red) at 77K. Keywords: Third generation, Infrared imaging, Type-II superlattice, InAs/GaSb/AlSb, Photodetectors, LWIR, VLWIR, Large format, Two color, Dual band, Focal plane arrays INTRODUCTION Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices (T2SLs) is a very attractive quantum system for high performance infrared detection. Superlattices can be considered as an artificial bulk material with alternating heterojunctions at the atomic scale where electrons and holes are spatially separated into the InAs and GaSb wells respectively. The effective bandgaps are dependent on the constituent layer thicknesses and has been experimentally demonstrated to be between 40meV to 400meV (3 to 30 P m) [1]. With a high electron effective mass and energy bands that can be optimized for the suppression of Auger recombination [3], T2SLs has drawn consid erable interest in recent years and proves to be a prime candidate for third generation imaging with the results ac hieved recently. The progress with T2SLs has not been stagnant since its inception; the binary-binary superlattice has gone through much transformation over the years. Incorporating compounds lattice matched to the 6.1A family has invited more possibilities to band engineer the T2SL. Expanded tailorability of both the conduction and valence band while keeping the lattice matched conditions has been demonstrated in a number of T2SL variations [4, 5, 6]. The new family of superlattices has facilitated the design of novel optoelectroni c devices with more configurations yet to be explored. The ability to tune the bandgap and band-edges offers great benefits for electrical performance optimization [7]. Particularly in the LWIR regime where coherent tunneling often dominates the dark current, a high bandgap barrier can Corresponding author: email: razeghi@eecs.northwestern.edu Invited Paper
Prevalence of dental occlusal variables and intraarticular temporomandibular disorders: molar relationship, lateral guidance, and nonworking side contacts.

Abstract Statement of problem. The association between dental occlusion and the development of intraarticular temporomandibular disorders remains unclear. Purpose. This study evaluated the prevalence of molar relationship, lateral guidance and nonworking side contacts and intraarticular temporomandibular disorders. Material and methods. Eighty-two asymptomatic volunteers and 263 symptomatic temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients completed a subjective questionnaire that documented the absence of jaw pain, joint noise, locking, and a positive history for TMD. Participants also underwent clinical and dental examination for signs and symptoms commonly associated with TMD or internal derangements. Results. The most prevalent molar relationship was Class I. Symptomatic patients had a higher prevalence of Class II, Division 1 relationships on the left side compared with the asymptomatic volunteers with normal joints. There was a higher prevalence of canine guidance (52.04%; P P P Conclusion. This study suggests there are no systematic dental occlusal differences that clearly separate symptomatic from asymptomatic patients. Results indicate that it is unclear as to the relationship of the 3 analyzed factors and of intraarticular TMDs. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:410-5.)
Statistical Analysis of Environmental Space‐Time Processes edited by N. D. Le and J. V. Zidek

Statistical Analysis of Environmental Space-Time Processes (N. D. Le and J. V. Zidek) Jon Wakefield Computer-Intensive Methods of Data Analysis in Biology (D. A. Roff) A. W. Kemp Randomization, Bootstrap, and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology (3rd Edition) (B. F. J. Manly) A. W. Kemp Applied Mixed Models in Medicine, 2nd edition (H. Brown and R. Prescott) Matthew J. Gurka Stochastic Modeling for Systems Biology (D. J. Wilkinson) Olaf Wolkenhauer Knowledge Discovery in Proteomics (I. Jurisica and D. Wigle) Zhen Zhang Computational Genome Analysis: An Introduction (R. C. Deonier, S. Tavare, and M. S. Waterman) Marc Suling Stochastic Orders (M. Shaked and J. G. Shantikumar) Subhash Kochar Brief Reports by the Editor Measurement Error in Nonlinear Models: A Modern Perspective, 2nd edition (R. J. Carroll, D. Ruppert, L. A. Stefansky, and C. M. Crainiceanu) Basic Statistics and Pharmaceutical Statistical Applications, 2nd edition (J. E. De Muth) A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using Stata, 4th edition (S. Rabe-Hesketh and B. S. Everitt) Introduction to Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials, 2nd edition (J. N. S. Matthews) Survival and Event History Analysis (P. K. Andersen and N. Keiding, editors) A Pocket Guide to Epidemiology (D. G. Kleinbaum, K. M. Sullivan, and N. D. Barker)
Metformin and Sulfonylureas in Relation to Cancer Risk in Type II Diabetes Patients: A Meta-analysis using primary data of published studies

Abstract Introduction Accumulating evidence suggests that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hyperinsulinemia are at increased risk for developing malignancies. It remains to be fully elucidated whether use of metformin, an insulin sensitizer, and/or sulfonylureas, insulin secretagogues, affect cancer incidence in subjects with T2DM. Material & Methods We performed a meta-analysis using PubMed, of randomized control trials (RCTs), cohorts, and case–control studies published through July 2012 that assess effects of metformin and/or sulfonylurea sulfonylureas on cancer risk at any site, in subjects with T2DM. Fixed and random effects meta-analysis models were used, and the effect size was summarized as relative risk (RR) for RCTs/cohorts and as odds ratio (OR) for the case–control studies. Results Analysis of 24 metformin studies in subjects with T2DM showed that metformin use is associated with reduced risk for the development of cancer, in both cohort (RR = 0.70 [95% CI = 0.67–0.73]) and case–control studies (OR = 0.90 [95% CI = 0.84–0.98]), but this finding was not supported by RCTs (RR = 1.01[95% CI = 0.81–1.26]). Data from 18 sulfonylurea studies in subjects with T2DM showed that sulfonylurea use is associated with an increase in all-cancer risk, in cohort studies (RR = 1.55 [95% CI = 1.48 -1.63]), though data from RCTs (RR = 1.17 [95% CI = 0.95–1.45]) and case–control studies (OR = 1.02 [95% CI = 0.93–1.13]) failed to demonstrate a statistically significant effect. Conclusions This analysis using pooled primary data demonstrates that metformin use reduces, while sulfonylurea use may be associated with an increased cancer risk in subjects with T2DM. These findings need to be confirmed in large-scale RCTs before they are translated into clinical practice.
Geometrical Aspects of Solvable Two Dimensional Models

It was noted that there is a connection between the non-linear two-dimensional (2D) models and the scalar curvature r, i.e. when r = -2 the equations of motion of the Liouville and sine-Gordon models were obtained. Further, solutions of various classical nonlinear 2D models can be obtained from the condition that the appropriate curvature two form Ω = 0, which suggtests that these models are closely related. This relation is explored further in the classical version by obtaining the equations of motion from the evolution equations, the infinite number of conserved quantities, and the common central charge. The Poisson brackets of the solvable 2D models are specified by the Virasoro algebra.
Helmut Reich's Proposal

A form of logic called relational and contextual reasoning is put forward as an improvement over other, more familiar types of logic. Developmental ideas are used to show how maturity ordinarily leads people away from binary (true/false) logic to systems of reasoning that are more subtle and better suited to making decisions in the face of ambiguity.
Reversible inactivation of macaque dorsomedial frontal cortex: effects on saccades and fixations

Neural recording and electrical stimulation results suggest that the dorsomedial frontal cortex (DMFC) of macaque is involved in oculomotor behavior. We reversibly inactivated the DMFC using lidocaine and examined how saccadic eye movements and fixations were affected. The inactivation methods and monkeys were the same as those used in a previous study of the frontal eye field (FEF), another frontal oculomotor region. In the first stage of the present study, monkeys performed tasks that required the generation of single saccades and fixations. During 15 DMFC inactivations, we found only mild, infrequent deficits. This contrasts with our prior finding that FEF inactivation causes severe, reliable deficits in performance of these tasks. In the second stage of the study, we investigated whether DMFC inactivation affected behavior when a monkey was required to make more than one saccade and fixation. We used a double-step task: two targets were flashed in rapid succession and the monkey had to make two saccades to foveate the target locations. In each of five experiments, DMFC inactivation caused a moderate, significant deficit. Both ipsi- and contraversive saccades were disrupted. In two experiments, the first saccades were made to the wrong place and had increased latencies. In one experiment, first saccades were unaffected, but second saccades were made to the wrong place and had increased latencies. In the remaining two experiments, specific reasons for the deficit were not detected. Saline infusions into DMFC had no effect. Inactivation of FEF caused a larger double-step deficit than did inactivation of DMFC. The FEF inactivation impaired contraversive first or second saccades of the sequence. In conclusion, our results suggest that the DMFC makes an important contribution to generating sequential saccades and fixations but not single saccades and fixations. Compared with the FEF, the DMFC has a weaker, less directional, more task-dependent oculomotor influence.
Estimation of time difference of arrivals for multiple ARMA sources by a pole decomposition method

Time difference of arrivals (TDOAs) of emitter wavefronts to spatially distributed array of sensors can be used to determine the source location. In this paper, we suggest a new method of TDOA estimation for multiple unknown sources of ARMA type and additive noise that is correlated between the sensors. We first consider the appropriate model for non-integer delays, and then we derive a theoretical formula that needs only the receiver cross-spectra and the source poles for the TDOA determination. The poles are estimated by a least squares technique, and a sample correlation is applied to evaluate the receiver cross-spectra. Results from simulations illustrate the performance of the algorithm.
Developing Resource Consumption Insights From Campus-Scale Water Monitoring Infrastructures

Water consumption at many commercial campuses is a significant portion of resource expenditure, often with limited or no visibility into the individual branch or point of use locations, all of which summate to provide utility based reporting and invoicing, mostly on a monthly basis.In this paper, we present a case study where a commercial campus’ water distribution system is being instrumented to obtain a more granular measure of water usage. Measurement granularity is improved both in the time domain, transitioning from monthly to hourly or more frequent reporting, and in the spatial domain with all major end loads and significant branch loads being classified or monitored. Specifically, additional instrumentation is deployed in two distinct phases. The first phase added wireless transducers to the existing utility installed mechanical meters, enabling them to transmit consumption data every quarter hour. The second phase will instrument existing branch flow meters and also insert new flow meters to certain end-point loads and sub-branches. This will enable point or clustered data polling on the order of every few seconds. We also obtain additional information by polling an existing HVAC building management system for water related points of interest.We find that the collection and storage of granular water consumption information has the potential to create a detailed demand-side mapping of water usage on campus; providing data with significantly shortened time periods compared to the use of utility billing alone. We use this information to obtain hourly and daily consumption summaries at the site level and for specific end-load devices. From these results, we have created a hybrid consumption estimation of water consumption at the campus level, which contains a mixture of surveyed estimations and dynamic readings. This model provides improved accuracy and insights when compared to static site survey estimations. Due to the age and complexity of the site, primarily a result of numerous engineering changes over the site’s 60 year lifespan and a lack of detailed historical documentation, further work is ongoing to determine which additional endpoint loads or branched sub-sections we will instrument. We plan to use these additional data points to refine our water distribution model; hoping to accurately map individual buildings, floors and functional areas over time.At present, our site level instrumentation has been beneficial in revealing a number of insights regarding unexpected consumption events, most of which were attributed to scheduled maintenance activities. The ongoing monitoring of individual end-point loads has also highlighted areas of significant demand, which could be prioritized for conservation initiatives, and has shown where systemic adjustments could reduce demand peaking and flatten the flow requirements our campus places on the supplying utility.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Internal remodeling of periosteal new bone during fracture healing

A closed fracture model of the rat tibia was employed to study internal remodeling of periosteal new bone during fracture repair. Static histomorphometric parameters of osteoid surface (or perimeter) and eroded surface (resorption surface) were used as indicators of appositional bone formation and resorption of bone trabeculae, respectively. Intracortical remodeling at the fracture site was evaluated using quantitative tetracycline histology and microradiography. The extents of osteoid and eroded bone surfaces did not differ significantly in the periosteal woven new bone in the early phases of fracture healing. Later on, the periosteal new bone had significantly more osteoid surface than eroded surface (p less than 0.001). The number of osteoclasts also decreased significantly over time during fracture healing (p = 0.028). Cortical bone showed a continuous increase of porosity (p less than 0.01) between 1 and 6 weeks after fracture. These results suggest that there is a time-related change in the balance of periosteal bone formation and resorption during the progress of fracture repair. We hypothesize that this change was related to the restoration of bony continuity. Further studies are, however, needed to indicate the histomorphometric features of periosteal new bone in fracture nonunions.
Ice storm data base and ice severity maps

This paper describes the development of an ice storm data base and regional ice severity maps for the US using information from Storm Data, a National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) publication. This resource will provide convenient access to ice storm information for electric utility companies. Using this information, an engineer will be able to identify important characteristics of ice storms for a specific area when evaluating or designing a power line. Additionally, when developing local design ice load maps, the importance of correlating predicted icing events with historical ice storms makes this information even more valuable for utilities.
Routes of nonelectrolyte permeation across epithelial membranes.

Radioactive tracer techniques were used to study the permeability of three epithelial membranes, the toad urinary bladder, frog choroid plexus, and rabbit gallbladder, to 16 nonelectrolytes. The general patterns of nonelectrolyte permeation were similar for all three membranes, and similar to those in other biological membranes. The permeability of lipophilic solutes was roughly proportional to their bulk phase oil/water partition coefficients, but the slope was greater in the toad bladder than in the gallbladder and plexus. Branched nonelectrolytes were less permeable than their straight-chain isomers in both the urinary bladder and gallbladder, but not in the choroid plexus. Small polar solutes permeated more rapidly than expected, and in the urinary bladder and gallbladder the permeation of urea and acetamide, but not water was inhibited by phloretin. This agent also increased 1,7-heptanediol permeability in the urinary bladder but in the gallbladder there was a marked inhibition. In all three epithelia a separate pathway exists for the permeation of large polar solutes, but quantitatively this is least important in the toad bladder. It is concluded that variations in passive nonelectrolyte permeation across epithelia are due to (i) variations in the composition and configuration of membrane lipids, (ii) the presence or absence of pathways for small solutes, and (iii) the absence of presence of pathways for larger polar solutes. We also conclude that there are at least two effects of phloretin on the permeation of nonelectrolytes across biological membranes, and that there are variations in each effect from one membrane to another.
A solution for simultaneous turbulent heat and vapor transfer between a water surface and the atmosphere

Interaction between sensible heat and water vapor diffusion in the lower atmosphere leads to the necessity of solving two simultaneous turbulent diffusion equations. This solution is obtained by the construction of Green's function which when incorporated in the boundary conditions produces two integral equations. These are solved by transformation into two algebraic equations by means of the Laplace Transformation. The results show how for a simple steady-state case, sensible heat and water vapor transfer and also the water surface temperature depend on the meteorological conditions and the rate of change of energy content of the water body. Due to advection, the water surface temperature and the turbulent fluxes vary in the downwind direction. However, for practical calculations of the mean evaporation or heat transfer, the error introduced by the use of an average temperature is usually quite small and negligible.
The neuropsychology of adult obsessive–compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis

article i nfo A vast and heterogeneous body of literature on the neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has accumulated in recent decades, yielding inconsistent results. In an attempt to quantitatively summarize the literature, we conducted a meta-analysis of 115 studies (including 3452 patients), comparing adult OCD pa- tients with healthycontrols on testsof10neuropsychologicaldomains.Acrossstudies, medium meaneffectsizes were found for all executive function subdomains, processing speed, and sustained attention. Small effect sizes were found for visuospatial abilities and working memory. A large effect size was found for non-verbal memory whereas a smalleffect size was foundfor verbalmemory, whereonly theformer was found to be associated with impairments in executive functions. Moderators of effect sizes were also investigated. Results are discussed in terms of their clinical significance as well as their implications for current neurobiological models of OCD and methodological caveats.
The Capital Market and Income Distribution in Yugoslavia: A Theoretical and Empirical Note

In a recent article Vanek and Jovicic [1975] (VJ) have analyzed interindustry income differences in Yugoslavia. Their main argument is that in Yugoslavia worker-managed firms accumulate capital and grow mainly by means of their internal (collective) savings. This implies that the income per worker of any firm at any moment of time is composed of a "pure labor income" component and an implicit rental on capital previously accumulated. That is,
The Relationship Between Attitudes and Performance in Business Calculus

Undergraduate business curricula include coursework in both statistics and calculus, subjects that can be daunting to even capable students. This study examines undergraduate business students' attitudes toward and performance in both business statistics and calculus, and determines that after controlling for ability, attitudes play a significant role in performance. Although self-reported attitudes become more positive over the course of the semester, attitudes toward calculus are less positive than those toward statistics, and negative attitudes are related to lower exam scores. For students with no prior calculus background, this relationship between negative attitudes and poor exam performance appears to be particularly strong. The conclusions have implications for increasing learning by improving attitudes.
Modeling politics with economic tools : a critical survey of the literature

Whereas the economics discipline possesses a highly refined theoretical apparatus to analyze the effects of government behaviour on the economy, it has not (yet) managed to fully develop a positively formulated "economic theory of politics" that would permit the integration of the decision-making processes of voters, parties and governments with those of consumers and firms. Considerable recent advances notwithstanding, the large and heterogeneous body of literature has (so far) remained outside the economic mainstrain. The paper surveys the main approaches used to endogenize democratic elements and assesses the underlying reasons for researchers' renewed interest in this field.
The fate of radiocarbon-labeled propoxyphene in rat, dog, and human.

Abstract Propoxyphene N -demethylation is the primary initial metabolic step in the rat. Ester hydrolysis also occurs. A large number of metabolic end products of propoxyphene are formed. They are mainly excreted in bile as conjugates. Metabolism in the dog appears to be less complex than in the rat. Norpropoxyphene and one other metabolite predominate, although several minor metabolites are present. The human differs from the rat and dog in that propoxyphene metabolites are eliminated primarily in urine rather than bile. Only one major metabolite, unconjugated norpropoxyphene, is present. This is readily isolated and characterized as the alkaline rearrangement product norpropoxyphene amide. Norpropoxyphene concentrations in human plasma are higher than those of propoxyphene. The half-life of norpropoxyphene is also substantially longer than that of propoxyphene.
Pharmacological characterization of morphine-6-sulfate and codeine-6-sulfate

Morphine-6-sulfate (M6S) and codeine-6-sulfate (C6S) are mu-selective opiates which have been isolated from brain. M6S is an effective analgesic, with a 30-fold greater potency than morphine in the mouse radiant heat tailflick assay and similar to the active morphine metabolite morphine-6beta-glucuronide (M6G). M6S analgesia is reversed by 3-methoxynaltrexone at low antagonist doses which are inactive against morphine, suggesting that M6S may be acting through the same mechanisms as M6G. Consistent with this possibility, antisense mapping of the MOR-1 clone revealed that M6S analgesia was lowered by probes targeting exon 2 and not by targeting exon 1, a sensitivity profile similar to that of M6G and not morphine. C6S also has analgesic activity at doses approximately 10-fold greater than M6S. However, its characterization was impeded by the appearance of seizures at doses below full analgesic activity. Thus, M6S is a potent analgesic with pharmacological properties similar to M6G. C6S has limited utility due to its high level of toxicity.
Metalevel building blocks for modular systems

The formal definition of any namespace device found in a programming language can be given in terms of transformations on a semantic environment. It is worthwhile, therefore, to consider the implications of incorporating environments as bona fide data objects in a programming system.In this article, we propose a treatment of environments and the mechanism by which they are reified and manipulated, that addresses these concerns. The language described below (Rascal) permits environments to be reified into data structures, and data structures to be reflected into environments, but gives users great flexibility to constrain the extent and scope of these processes. We argue that the techniques and operators developed define a cohesive basis for building large-scale modular systems using reflective programming techniques.
Second-order time evolution of PN equations for radiation transport

Using polynomials to represent the angular variation of the radiation intensity is usually referred to as the PN or spherical harmonics method. For infinite order, the representation is an exact solution of the radiation transport solution. For finite N, in some physical situations there are oscillations in the solution that can make the radiation energy density be negative. For small N, the oscillations may be large enough to force the material temperature to numerically have non-physical negative values. The second-order time evolution algorithm presented here allows for more accurate solutions with larger time steps; however, it also can resolve the negativities that first-order time solutions smear out. Therefore, artificial scattering is studied to see how it can be used to decrease the oscillations in low-order solutions and prevent negativities. Small amounts of arbitrary, non-physical scattering can significantly improve the accuracy of the solution to test problems. Flux-limited diffusion solutions can also be improved by including artificial scattering. One- and two-dimensional test results are presented.
Infectious disease occurrence in forestry workers: a systematic review.

Abstract Forestry workers are a classic example of how environmental exposures put workers in some occupations at higher risk for infectious disease. Foresters are exposed to wild animals, arthropods, vegetation, and soil, all of which may harbor bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other eukaryotic parasites that are harmful to humans. Common routes of exposure to these pathogens include inhalation, direct contact, and vector-borne inoculation through the skin in injuries. A variety of vectors can transmit diseases of importance to foresters. They include ticks, flies, mosquitoes, and Reduviidae bugs. This is a systematic review of the scientific literature that details the risk forestry workers face.
Electrophysiological Mechanism of the Characteristic Electrocardiographic Morphology of Torsade de Pointes Tachyarrhythmias in the Long-QT Syndrome Detailed Analysis of Ventricular Tridimensional Activation Patterns

Background The long-QT syndrome (LQTS) is an electrophysiological (EP) entity characterized by prolongation of cardiac repolarization and the occurrence of polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTs), sometimes with a twisting QRS morphology, better known as torsade de pointes (TdP). In the present study, detailed analysis of ventricular tridimensional activation patterns during nonsustained TdP VT was performed to provide an EP mechanism of the periodic transition in QRS axis. Methods and Results The studies were conducted with the anthopleurin-A canine model of LQTS. Tridimensional isochronal maps of ventricular activation were constructed from 256 bipolar electrograms obtained from the use of 64 plunge needle electrodes. In 26 episodes of nonsustained TdP VT, detailed activation maps could be accurately constructed during QRS-axis transitions in surface ECGs. The initial beat of all VTs consistently arose as a subendocardial focal activity, whereas subsequent beats were due to reentrant excitation i...
Inhibition of implantation with antibodies against uterine fluid and blastocysts in the rat.

Abstract Daily injection of antiserum against rat uterine fluid and blastocysts from Days 2–6 of pregnancy effectively inhibited implantation in the rat. Animals receiving the same injection of normal rabbit serum carried on normal implantation. This result indicates that uterine secretion also plays an important role in the development of blastocysts in the rat.