cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFLAMMATORY DIETARY PATTERN AND INCIDENCE OF PERIODONTITIS.

The long-term inflammatory impact of diet could potentially elevate the risk of periodontal disease through modification of systemic inflammation. The aim of the present study was to prospectively investigate the associations between a food based, reduced rank regression (RRR) derived, empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) and incidence of periodontitis. The study population was composed of 34,940 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, who were free of periodontal disease and major illnesses at baseline (1986). Participants provided medical and dental history through mailed questionnaires every 2 years, and dietary data through validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires every 4 years. We used Cox proportional hazard models to examine the associations between EDIP scores and validated self-reported incidence of periodontal disease over a 24-year follow-up period. No overall association between EDIP and the risk of periodontitis was observed; the hazard ratio comparing the highest EDIP quintile (most proinflammatory diet) to the lowest quintile was 0.99 (95% confidence interval: 0.89 -1.10, p-value for trend = 0.97). A secondary analysis showed that among obese non-smokers (i.e. never and former smokers at baseline), the hazard ratio for periodontitis comparing the highest EDIP quintile to the lowest was 1.39 (95% confidence interval: 0.98 -1.96, p-value for trend = 0.03). In conclusion, no overall association was detected between EDIP and incidence of self-reported periodontitis in the study population. From the subgroups evaluated EDIP was significantly associated with increased risk of periodontitis only among nonsmokers who were obese. Hence, this association must be interpreted with caution.
Currents in contemporary ethics. Should health care providers get treatment priority in an influenza pandemic

The 2009 pandemic of influenza A (H1N1) was relatively mild, but a subsequent outbreak of pandemic influenza could be much worse. According to projections from the Department of Health and Human Services, the potential health consequences of a severe (1918-like) influenza pandemic in the United States could be literally overwhelming: up to 1.9 million deaths; 90 million people sick; 45 million people needing outpatient care; 9.9 million people hospitalized, of whom 1.485 million would need treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU); and 742,500 patients needing mechanical ventilators.1 Even a less cataclysmic, “moderate” pandemic (like 1958 or 1968) would result in 209,000 deaths; 90 million people sick; 45 million people needing outpatient care; 865,000 people hospitalized, of whom 128,750 would need treatment in an ICU; and 64,875 patients needing mechanical ventilators.2 The United States health care system would be unable to meet these needs because it simply does not have the resources (e.g., health providers, facilities, supplies) to provide care for all of these very sick people.3 For example, there are only 951,045 hospital beds,4 including 71,524 ICU beds,5 and 105,000 mechanical ventilators in the United States,6 and a very high percentage of beds and ventilators are already in use.7 In the event of a severe event of pandemic influenza there would need to be rationing or allocation of limited health care resources. On what basis should these life and death decisions be made? There are numerous possible allocation schemes, such as a lottery, “first-come-first-served,” or giving priority to one or more of the following groups: health care providers; all health care workers; police, firefighters, and first responders; providers of essential services; young people; healthy and productive adults; or those most likely to benefit from medical treatment. These are agonizing decisions to contemplate, and their implementation by overburdened public health officials and front-line health care providers during a period of significant morbidity and mortality will be extremely difficult. It is essential to establish an allocation framework in advance of a pandemic, and the criteria used must be ethically compelling, widely understood, supported by the public, and easily implemented. This article considers one aspect of the allocation of scarce health care resources: whether health care providers should receive treatment priority in an influenza pandemic. In addressing this narrow issue, the article uses distributive justice principles and practical considerations to conclude that health care providers should not get priority and that medical utility should be the sole criterion in determining treatment priority.
A Pragmatic Assessment of Google Translate for Emergency Department Instructions.

Because many hospitals have no mechanism for written translation, ED providers resort to the use of automated translation software, such as Google Translate (GT) for patient instructions. A recent study of discharge instructions in Spanish and Chinese suggested that accuracy rates of Google Translate (GT) were high. To perform a pragmatic assessment of GT for the written translation of commonly used ED discharge instructions in seven commonly spoken languages. A prospective assessment of the accuracy of GT for 20 commonly used ED discharge instruction phrases, as evaluated by a convenience sample of native speakers of seven commonly spoken languages (Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Tagalog, Korean, Armenian, and Farsi). Translations were evaluated using a previously validated matrix for scoring machine translation, containing 5-point Likert scales for fluency, adequacy, meaning, and severity, in addition to a dichotomous assessment of retention of the overall meaning. Twenty volunteers evaluated 400 google translated discharge statements. Volunteers were 50% female and spoke Spanish (5), Armenian (2), Chinese (3), Tagalog (4), Korean (2), and Farsi (2). The overall meaning was retained for 82.5% (330/400) of the translations. Spanish had the highest accuracy rate (94%), followed by Tagalog (90%), Korean (82.5%), Chinese (81.7%), Farsi (67.5%), and Armenian (55%). Mean Likert scores (on a 5-point scale) were high for fluency (4.2), adequacy (4.4), meaning (4.3), and severity (4.3) but also varied. GT for discharge instructions in the ED is inconsistent between languages and should not be relied on for patient instructions.
Framing a Decolonial Future: Hurricane María in Independent Puerto Rican Comics

This article examines graphic narratives of Hurricane Maria in independent comics published both in Puerto Rico and its US diaspora. Focusing on Maria (Rosa Colon and Carla Rodriguez 2018), Temporada (Rosaura Rodriguez 2019), and La Borinquena (Edgardo Miranda-Rodriguez 2016, 2018), it analyzes the ways these works bear witness to the ‘foreshocks and aftershocks’ of the hurricane while delineating a decolonial future for Puerto Rico (Bonilla and LeBron). The analysis begins by reflecting on the comics’ form, such as frames, text, and the space of the gutter, to explore the interactions between their structure and content and the ways in which they situate the reader in a generative process of memorializing. It then turns to questions of sustainability, particularly Rosaura Rodriguez’s use of watercolors, and how these titles seek to overcome the current environmental and political crises the archipelago is facing by foregrounding a close, community-oriented relationship with the natural environment. In Miranda-Rodriguez’s comics, this is framed within Indigenous and Afrodiasporic spiritualities and the need to reexamine Puerto Rican history in order to interrogate its experience of coloniality. Though distinct in their form and genre, these comics–alongside complementary short comics from Puerto Rico and the diaspora–critique the extractivist, colonial relationship with the US and invite readers to imagine sustainable futures drawn through a Boricua-centered, decolonial lens.
Targeting resident macrophages in cancer.

Tissue-resident alveolar macrophages promote early tumor invasiveness and induction of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in non-small cell lung carcinoma.
Transformer fault caused by structure defect of resin impregnated fiberglass bushing

Two faults of 550kV transformer bushing are introduced and the fault phenomenon is discussed. The failure bushing is resin impregnated fiberglass type with compound filled. In order to find the fault cause, the electric field design of bushing is examined by 2D and 3D finite element simulation. The influence of nearby earthing objects on the electric field inside the bushing is studied. Based on the simulation results, it can be concluded that the unreasonable design of the bushing internal shielding pipe is the direct cause of the fault.
Addressing Contemporary Criminal Justice Issues as Interpretive Outcomes at a Prison Museum

Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site (ESP) is a venue for public education and dialogue on contemporary as well as historical criminal justice issues. Since visitors to prison museums typically...
Bayesian Optimization in High-Dimensional Spaces: A Brief Survey

Bayesian optimization (BO) has been widely applied to several modern science and engineering applications such as machine learning, neural networks, robotics, aerospace engineering, experimental design. BO has emerged as the modus operandi for global optimization of an arbitrary expensive to evaluate black box function f. Although BO has been very successful in low dimensions, scaling it to high dimensional spaces has been significantly challenging due to its exponentially increasing statistical and computational complexity with increasing dimensions. In this era of high dimensional data where the input features are of million dimensions scaling BO to higher dimensions is one of the important goals in the field. There has been a lot of work in recent years to scale BO to higher dimensions, in many of these methods some underlying structure on the objective function is exploited. In this paper, we review recent efforts in this area. In particular, we focus on the methods that exploit different underlying structures on the objective function to scale BO to high dimensions.
Science, medicine and ethics during COVID-19 pandemic.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a devastating impact across the world, and healthcare facilities have been badly affected despite working at supra-optimal levels. Control measures such as the use of masks, physical distancing, testing of exposed or symptomatic persons, contact tracing, and a series of national and regional "lockdowns" have helped limit transmission where they have been rigorously applied, but did not impede the spread of the disease across the world.
Political Women and American Democracy

1. Introduction: what we saw at the Revolution: women in American politics and political science Christina Wolbrecht 2. Gender as a category of political analysis in American political development Gretchen Ritter 3. Gender, public opinion, and political reasoning Leonie Huddy, Erin Cassese, and Mary-Kate Lizotte 4. Gender in the aggregate, gender in the individual, gender and political action Nancy Burns 5. What revolution? Incorporating intersectionality in women and politics Jane Junn and Nadia Brown 6. Women's movements and women in movements: influencing American democracy from the 'outside'? Lee Ann Banaszak 7. Representation by gender and parties Kira Sanbonmatsu 8. Women as candidates in American politics: the continuing impact of sex and gender Kathleen Dolan 9. Women as office holders: linking descriptive and substantive representation Beth Reingold 10. Theorizing women's representation in the United States Suzanne Dovi 11. Political women in comparative democracies: a primer for Americanists Lisa Baldez Conclusion: between participation and representation: political women and democracy in the United States Karen Beckwith.
A Personalized Offer Presentation Scheme for Retail In-Store Applications

Retailers are constantly seeking new innovations to improve people’s shopping experience in order to deliver greater consumer and business values. One key objective is to keep the shoppers internet-connected for seamless and informed shopping, and be offered with timely and relevant shopping ideas. Complementing the existing Point-Of-Sale (POS) system, a new retail in-store server supporting personal mobile devices or kiosks is emerging in the retail chains towards the objective. This paper introduces such an in-store server and its role in the overall retail architecture, with the main focus placed on the in-store offer presentation scheme for personalizable service. A lightweight keyword-based rule engine is proposed for selecting offers. A detailed rule processing flow and an efficient implementation for the engine are described. For the ease of reviewing presented offers on a limited display space of a wireless shopping device, an offers layout method which organizes presented offers with individual items is also suggested. The in-store server can lead to seamless multi- channel collaborative shopping.
Long-term follow-up of patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for large, extremity soft tissue sarcomas

BACKGROUND: Patients with large, high-grade, extremity soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are at significant risk for distant recurrence and death. A regimen of preoperative chemotherapy consisting of mesna, Adriamycin (doxorubicin), ifosfamide, and dacarbazine (MAID), interdigitated with radiotherapy (RT) and followed by resection and postoperative chemotherapy with or without RT, has demonstrated high rates of local and distant control. We report the long-term follow-up data on 48 patients treated with this regimen compared to an historical matched-control patient population. METHODS: Adult patients with high-grade extremity STS ≥ 8 cm were treated with 3 cycles of preoperative chemotherapy combined with 44 Gy of RT followed by surgery. Three cycles of postoperative MAID were planned. For patients with positive surgical margins, 16 Gy of RT was delivered postoperatively. RESULTS: Patients received the MAID/RT regimen from 1989 through 1999. After a median follow-up of 9.3 years in surviving patients in the MAID group and 13.2 years in surviving patients in the control group, the 7-year disease-specific and overall survival rates were 81% and 50% (P = .004) and 79% and 45% (P = .003) for the MAID and control patients, respectively. Five of 11 patients in the MAID group and 7 of 25 control patients died of sarcoma ≥5 years after treatment. One patient in the MAID group developed a fatal myelodysplasia at 53 months. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with high-risk, extremity STS, the significant survival benefits conferred by an intense regimen of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery are sustained even with long-term follow-up. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Seizure-induced neurogenesis: are more new neurons good for an adult brain?

The idea that neural stem cells may play a role in the pathophysiology or potential treatment of specific epilepsy syndromes is relatively new. This notion relates directly to advances in the field of stem cell biology over the past decade, which have confirmed prior theories that both neural stem cells and neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons, persist in specific regions of the adult mammalian brain. The physiological role of persistent neurogenesis is not known, although recent work implicates this process in specific learning and memory tasks. Knowledge of the normal neurogenic pathways in the mature brain has led to recent studies of neurogenesis in rodent models of acute seizures or epileptogenesis. Most of these studies have examined neurogenesis in the adult rodent dentate gyrus, and current evidence indicates that single brief or prolonged seizures, as well as repeated kindled seizures, increase dentate granule cell (DGC) neurogenesis. The models studied to date include pilocarpine and kainic acid models of temporal lobe epilepsy, limbic kindling, and intermittent perforant path stimulation. Recent work also suggests that pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus increases rostral forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis and caudal SVZ gliogenesis. Several lines of evidence implicate newly generated neurons in structural and functional network abnormalities in the epileptic hippocampal formation of adult rodents. These abnormalities include aberrant mossy fiber reorganization, persistence of immature DGC structure (e.g. basal dendrites), and the abnormal migration of newborn neurons to ectopic sites in the dentate gyrus. Taken together, these findings suggest a pro-epileptogenic role of seizure- or injury-induced neurogenesis in the epileptic hippocampal formation. However, the induction of forebrain SVZ neurogenesis and directed migration to injury after seizures and other brain insults underscores the potential therapeutic use of neural stem cells as a source for neuronal replacement after injury.
Farming the Genetically Modified Seas— The Perils and Promise of Transgenic Salmon

Fisheries are in crisis. Most experts agree that capture fisheries around the world have reached or exceeded sustainable limits. In 2002, the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that 75% of the world’s fisheries were overfished, threatened or fully exploited. By 2006, research suggested that overfishing might drive ocean ecosystems into collapse within the next few decades. Aquaculture has been proposed as the solution to this Gordian knot - a means for increasing seafood production while conserving wild fish stocks. By replacing capture fisheries with fish farming, aquaculture would mirror the land-based, historical shift from animal capture regimes (hunting) to animal husbandry. Developing fish husbandry methods could, in theory, reduce fishing pressures on wild populations, thereby protecting endangered marine ecosystems. And, aquaculture seems to offer a level of state control and commercial predictability that is simply not possible from unpredictable capture fisheries. Some view aquaculture as the best hope for food security for a world population expected to reach nine billion people by 2050. Indeed aquaculture features prominently in plans to achieve the Millennium Development Goals of halving poverty by 2015. Among the most of the controversial advances associated with aquaculture is the potential for increased production offered by transgenic fish. The possibility of faster growing fish seems like a food windfall in a world where almost one in five people suffer from starvation or malnutrition. So too, the hope that aquaculture of transgenic fish will reduce environmental pressures associated with capture fisheries and conventional aquaculture. Transgenic fish aquaculture might assist in achieving the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) goal of returning world fish stocks to sustainable levels by 2015. This is the promise referred to in this chapter’s title. Any exploration of these tantalizing possibilities must begin with the recognition of the social and environmental problems currently associated with conventional aquaculture, as well as the fears that transgenic fish will be unsafe to eat or unsafe for the environment. One particular area of concern is the burgeoning industry cultivating carnivorous fish, particularly salmon, through open-pen marine aquaculture. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) caution that current salmon aquaculture practices are already unsustainable. Aquaculture of transgenic salmon might have many or all of the risks and drawbacks associated with existing industrial aquaculture practices, plus an additional layer of hazards uniquely created by the genetic modifications being proposed. These are the perils in the chapter’s title. This chapter explores both the promise and the perils of transgenic fish and makes some recommendations for how to most safely develop its promise, while minimizing the perils.
Fourteen years of mapped, permanent quadrats in a northern mixed prairie, USA

This historical data set consists of 44 permanent 1-m2 quadrats located on northern mixed prairie in Miles City, Montana, USA. Individual plants in these quadrats were identified and mapped annually from 1932 through 1945. Quadrats were located in six pastures assigned to cattle grazing treatments with light, moderate, and heavy stocking rates of 1.24, 0.92, and 0.76 ha/animal-unit-month (two pastures in each). These data provide unique opportunities to test the interactive effects of grazing and climate variables on demographic rates, plant–plant interactions, and population and community dynamics. We provide the following data and data formats: (1) the digitized maps in shapefile format; (2) a tabular version of the entire data set [a table that replaces the full spatial data with one (x, y) coordinate for each individual perennial plant record]; (3) grazing treatment information; (4) an inventory of the years each quadrat was sampled; (5) a species list, containing information on plant growth forms and shapefile geometry type (e.g., points or polygons); (6) a record of changes in species names; (7) daily precipitation and temperature records; and (8) counts of annual plants in the quadrats (annuals were counted, not mapped, by the original mappers). The complete data sets corresponding to abstracts published in the Data Papers section of the journal are published electronically in Ecological Archives at 〈http://esapubs.org/archive〉. (The accession number for each Data Paper is given directly beneath the title.)
A novel hollow-fibre membrane biofilm reactor for autohydrogenotrophic denitrification of drinking water

A novel hollow-fiber membrane biofilm reactor (HFMBR) was developed to remove nitrate from contaminated drinking water using molecular hydrogen as a clean electron-donor substrate. The hollow fibers were sealed on one end and were pressurized with hydrogen on the other end. The counter-diffusion transfer of nitrate and hydrogen allowed 100% hydrogen transfer efficiency into the biofilm and achieved up to 99.9% hydrogen-utilization efficiency for denitrification. Partial denitrification met regulatory standards for nitrate and nitrite at the same time that relatively high steady-state nitrate fluxes (0.08 and 0.1 mg N/cm 2 -d) were achieved with liquid-phase hydrogen concentrations (0.009 and 0.07 mg H 2 /l) magnitudes lower than in previous studies. The low frequency of fiber-to-fiber contact in the upflowing liquid established good biofilm accumulation. The specific biofilm detachment rates were between 0.015 and 0.017 day -1 , which attained biofilm thickness up to 179 μm. Finally, DOC and BDOC analyses showed that the DOC was increased, while the effluent BDOC was 0.5 mg/l.
Increased cancer risk of augmentation cystoplasty: Possible role for hyperosmolal microenvironment on DNA damage recognition

Patients who have had surgical bladder augmentation have an increased risk of bladder malignancy, though the mechanism for this increased risk is unknown. Hyperosmolal microenvironments such as the bladder may impair DNA damage signaling and repair; this effect may be more pronounced in tissues not normally exposed to such conditions. Comparing gastric and colon epithelial cell lines to transitional epithelial cell lines gradually adapted to an osmolality of 600 mOsm/kg with either sodium chloride or urea, cell lines of gastrointestinal origin were inhibited in their ability to activate ATM and downstream effectors of DNA damage signaling and repair such as p53, Nbs1, replication protein A (RPA), and gammaH2AX following the induction of DNA damage with etoposide. In contrast, bladder cell lines demonstrated a preserved ability to phosphorylate ATM and its effectors under conditions of hyperosmolal urea, and to a lesser extent with sodium chloride. The bladder cell lines' ability to respond to DNA damage under hyperosmolal conditions may be due in part to protective mechanisms such as the accumulation of intracellular organic osmolytes and the uroplakin-containing asymmetric unit membrane as found in transitional epithelial cells, but not in gastrointestinal cells. Failure of such protective adaptations in the tissues used for augmentation cystoplasties may place these tissues at increased risk for malignancy.
A simple electronic device for the measurement of the gross bodily activity of small animals.

(1946). A Simple Electronic Device for the Measurement of the Gross Bodily Activity of Small Animals. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 227-236.
Suspended‐sediment rating curve response to urbanization and wildfire, Santa Ana River, California

[1] River suspended-sediment concentrations provide insights to the erosion and transport of materials from a landscape, and changes in concentrations with time may result from landscape processes or human disturbance. Here we show that suspended-sediment concentrations in the Santa Ana River, California, decreased 20-fold with respect to discharge during a 34-year period (1968−2001). These decreases cannot be attributed to changes in sampling technique or timing, nor to event or seasonal hysteresis. Annual peak and total discharge, however, reveal sixfold increases over the 34-year record, which largely explain the decreases in sediment concentration by a nonlinear dilution process. The hydrological changes were related to the widespread urbanization of the watershed, which resulted in increases in storm water discharge without detectable alteration of sediment discharge, thus reducing suspended-sediment concentrations. Periodic upland wildfire significantly increased water discharge, sediment discharge, and suspended-sediment concentrations and thus further altered the rating curve with time. Our results suggest that previous inventories of southern California sediment flux, which assume time-constant rating curves and extend these curves beyond the sampling history, may have substantially overestimated loads during the most recent decades.
One-year results of simultaneous laser in situ keratomileusis and small-aperture corneal inlay implantation for hyperopic presbyopia: Comparison by age

Purpose To compare by age the safety, efficacy, and patient satisfaction after simultaneous laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and small-aperture corneal inlay implantation (Kamra) for hyperopic presbyopia. Setting Shinagawa LASIK Center, Tokyo, Japan. Design Retrospective comparative cohort study. Methods Simultaneous LASIK and small-aperture corneal inlay implantation were performed in the nondominant eye of hyperopic presbyopic patients with astigmatism. Patients were divided into groups by age as follows: Group 1 (40 to 49 years), Group 2 (50 to 59 years), and Group 3 (60 to 65 years). The uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), and patient questionnaire results were compared. Results The study evaluated 277 eyes of 277 patients. All groups achieved a mean UDVA of 20/20, with Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 gaining 1 line, 2 lines, and 3 lines, respectively. The mean UNVA was J2 with 4 lines gained in Group 1 and J3 with 5 lines gained in Group 2 and Group 3. The mean CDVA and corrected near visual acuity remained the same as at baseline. Conclusions Simultaneous LASIK and small-aperture corneal inlay implantation for hyperopic presbyopia was a safe and effective treatment option. Although the outcomes were comparable between groups, Group 3 had the largest gain in UDVA and UNVA and the highest patient satisfaction, despite having the lowest reduction in dependence on reading glasses. Taking age into account might help achieve optimum postoperative outcomes and improved patient satisfaction. Financial Disclosure Dr. Tomita is a consultant to Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG, Acufocus, Inc., and Schwind eye-tech-solutions GmbH and Co. KG. Dr. Waring is a consultant to Acufocus, Inc.
Penetration depth measurements of the high-Tc superconductors via electron paramagnetic resonance

Abstract Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) has been found to be a quick and easily accessible method for measuring the London penetration depth, λ, for the high-Tc superconductors. The method utilizes the broadening of the EPR signal of a spin-probe compound adsorbed to the surface of the superconductor. The broadening of the EPR signal is due to the formation of the magnetic flux lattice below Tc and is measured as the second moment, . is fitted to the Brandt equation for a simple triangular lattice: = 0.00371λ0[1-(T/Tc)4]−1/2. This method yields λ0 = 2700 ± 100 A with a Tc of 84 K for Bi2Sr2CaCu2 Ox and 2520 ± 100 A with a Tc of 119 K for Tl2Ba2Ca2Ca2Cu3Ox. The precision of ±100 A or better compares well with those of the more traditional techniques of μ+SR, neutron diffraction, and magnetic susceptibility.
Regions of Correlated Fluctuations in Membrane Lipid Concentrations as a Consequence of Charged Cytoplasmic Lipids

The cytoplasmic leaflet of the mammalian plasma membrane is characterized by charged lipids such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol and its phosphorylated derivatives PIP and PIP2. Their concentrations vary from about ten to less than one percent. The charges are balanced by counter ions in the cytosol. As a consequence there are electric dipole moments in the cytoplasmic leaflet. The extra-cellular leaflet has essentially no charged lipids. In contrast to the electric dipole moments of the lipid head groups in both leaves which, due to their opposite orientation, essentially cancel one another at large distances, the dipole moments of the charged lipids in the cytoplasmic leaf interact via a long-ranged force. As a consequence, the fluctuations in density of these dipole moments are characterized by a non-zero length which depends upon the dipole density and temperature. Because the tails of these lipids couple them to the lipids of the extra-cellular leaflet, composition fluctuations in the outer leaflet will also display characteristic sizes. Thus the presence of charged lipids in the cytoplasmic leaflet results in coupled fluctuations in both leaves of a characteristic size. Such coupled regions could be important in the signaling processes which are associated with the charged lipids.
Sediment type distribution in reservoirs: sediment source versus morphometry

Bottom sediments were collected from seven Texas reservoirs to assess the spatial distribution of sediment types in reservoirs. The sediment samples were analyzed for water content, organic content, and grain-size distributions. The reservoirs are characterized by distinct water content patterns (referred to in this paper as Types I, II, and III) that reflect the lithologic units comprising their drainage area. The water content, organic content, and percent mud decreases from Type I (shale, marl) through Type II (limestone-marl-sandstone) to Type III (granite-gneiss-schist-sandstone) reservoirs. Reported elemental concentrations in the reservoir sediments are consistent with concentrations in the dominant rocks within their drainage area. While water depth accounts for part of the spatial distribution, sediment source explains the overall distribution of sediment types. Coarse-grained source rocks, multiple source rocks, and multiple tributaries which input sediment at different points contribute to an inconsistent sediment type distribution. Depending on the sediment source, sand and gravel-size sediments are present in the deeper regions of some reservoirs. This disrupts the classical morphometry (water depth, slope) controlled sediment distribution pattern (coarser sediments in shallower regions and finer sediments in deeper regions) of natural lakes. Thus, the location of tributaries and the type of sediments they carry are the dominant factors that control the sediment type distribution in reservoirs.
DECOMPOSITION RATE OF A PHENOLIC RESIN.

A test procedure and method of analysis is presented, whereby the overall decomposition rate of the phenolic binder in a silica-phenolic ablator may be separated into its component reactions. The Arrhenius rate equations for these separate reactions are then determined and a reaction mechanism is postulated which predicts the decomposition rate of the phenolic for both constant and varying test temperatures. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first theory which accurately describes the decomposition rate of phenolic resin, and the method should be applicable to other highly cross-linked polymers.
Perceptions of University Staff About Disordered Eating Behaviors in College Students

Abstract The prevalence of overt eating disorders, as well as more obscure disordered eating behaviors, on college campuses is well documented. However, the ability of staff to identify students with eating disorders, and therefore enable referral for treatment, is questionable; it is theorized that part of this difficulty may be due to perceptions that disordered behaviors and attitudes are, in fact, normal. The purposes of this project were to determine (1) the frequency with which university employees observe unhealthy attitudes and behaviors in students and (2) employees' attitudes about behaviors related to diet, exercise, and body image. A survey instrument mailed to university faculty, administrators, and selected staff was returned by 213 employees. In addition to demographic information, respondents were asked how frequently they observed students displaying eight symptoms associated with eating disorders and to rate their own perceptions of six related behaviors on a five point scale. Over one third of the subjects responded that at least monthly they observed students obsessed with their appearance, making negative comments about their size/shape, or wearing loose clothing suspected of concealing weight loss. The majority of respondents indicated that very low body weight, repeated loss and regain, and excessive concern with shape and size were either unhealthy. However, a large proportion of subjects felt that limiting food consumption (45%), exercising two or more hours per day (30%), and eating a low- or no-fat diet (28%) were healthy behaviors. No differences were related to college, sex, or employment category. Results suggest that employees did observe behaviors that could be associated with an eating disorder in significant numbers of students and supports the possibility that individual acceptance of disordered behavior as normal prevents observing disordered behaviors in others.
Effect of yeast culture in the diets of early lactation dairy cows on ruminal fermentation and passage of nitrogen fractions and amino acids to the small intestine.

Abstract Eight early lactation, primiparous Holstein cows were fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas. The cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design to test the effects of yeast culture (0 vs. 10 g/d) and dietary crude protein (CP) (16.1 vs.18.8% of dry matter) in 44% forage diets. Dietary CP differed primarily in ruminally degradable CP (9.1 vs.11.4% of dry matter). Dry matter intake tended to increase as amount of yeast culture increased. However, yeast culture had no effect on ruminal pH, concentrations of NH 3 and volatile fatty acids in ruminal fluid, or ruminal digestibility. Yeast culture increased the ruminal concentration of isobutyrate in cows fed the low CP diet and decreased the concentration of isobutyrate in cows fed the high CP diet. The higher CP diets increased microbial N passage to the duodenum and had no effect on passage of nonmicrobial nonammonia N. Flows to the duodenum of nonmicrobial nonammonia N tended to be higher for cows fed yeast culture. Flows of essential amino acids to the duodenum and the essential amino acid profiles of duodenal digesta and of mixed ruminal bacteria were not altered by yeast culture. Yields of fat and 4% fat-corrected milk were increased by yeast culture supplementation of the low CP diet. Similar tendencies were noted for yields of milk and milk protein.
Finite amplitude, periodic motion of a body supported by arbitrary isotropic, elastic shear mountings

The undamped, finite amplitude, periodic motion of a load supported symmetrically by arbitrary isotropic, elastic shear mountings is investigated. Conditions on the shear response function sufficient to guarantee periodic motions for finite shearing with arbitrary initial data are provided. Some general results applicable for all simple shearing oscillators in the class are derived and illustrated graphically. The mechanical response of the general nonlinear shearing oscillator is compared with the response of a certain linear oscillator of comparable design. As consequence, certain static and dynamic aspects of the motion of an arbitrary nonlinear oscillator supported by shear springs are compared with those of a simple, linear oscillator for which the response is well-known and readily determined for the same initial data. The effect of a finite static shear deformation on the frequency equation for superimposed, small amplitude vibrations of the load is examined. The general analysis is applied to a class of hyperelastic biological tissues; and the frequency relation for finite amplitude oscillations of a load supported by soft tissue is derived. The finite amplitude oscillatory shearing of a general isotropic elastic continuum is described; and three universal relations connecting the stress and the oscillatory shearing deformation for every isotropic elastic material are presented.
Angle of attack and lateral rate for nearly circular re-entry motion

experimental results: vf = 3650 in./sec yielded best agreement and was chosen for use in the first numerical example, and then applied to the other two numerical examples. The resulting comparisons are shown in Fig. 4. Two calculations are indicated for SRM3. In the first calculation the Initial pressure rise occurred too soon. To investigate this, a pressure-time trace was calculated in which only the igniter furnished pressurization to the SRM. This trace was identical to the test trace for the first 16 msec. An adjusted trace was then computed in which the grain was first ignited after 16 msec. The "adjusted" curve in Fig. 4 agrees well with the test trace. The transient ignition problem as studied herein can be divided into two phases: flame-spreading and chamberfilling. The flame-spreading portion of the Pc(t) trace begins with zero slope and arcs upward to a position where the slope is approximately a maximum. The chamber-filling interval is the interval between complete ignition of the propellant surface and the time at which essentially steady chamber conditions are reached; it occupies the larger part of the ignition transient time. It is notable that (c?Pc/^)max and Pcmax, which are the most important factors to be determined, are predicted quite well for all three motors, apparently because the chamber-filling phase is more important than the flame-spreading phase. Also, even for SRM 3, the analysis yields at least a first estimate of the transients during the initial phase. Refinements to this analysis are possible. The variation of gaseous properties throughout the grain length could be more accurately determined by dividing the grain into short segments and solving the momentum, energy, and state equations in turn for each segment by an iterative technique until an over-all mass balance is achieved. An erosive burning law could also be included.
Prefrontal–striatal pathway underlies cognitive regulation of craving

The ability to control craving for substances that offer immediate rewards but whose long-term consumption may pose serious risks lies at the root of substance use disorders and is critical for mental and physical health. Despite its importance, the neural systems supporting this ability remain unclear. Here, we investigated this issue using functional imaging to examine neural activity in cigarette smokers, the most prevalent substance-dependent population in the United States, as they used cognitive strategies to regulate craving for cigarettes and food. We found that the cognitive down-regulation of craving was associated with (i) activity in regions previously associated with regulating emotion in particular and cognitive control in general, including dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices, and (ii) decreased activity in regions previously associated with craving, including the ventral striatum, subgenual cingulate, amygdala, and ventral tegmental area. Decreases in craving correlated with decreases in ventral striatum activity and increases in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity, with ventral striatal activity fully mediating the relationship between lateral prefrontal cortex and reported craving. These results provide insight into the mechanisms that enable cognitive strategies to effectively regulate craving, suggesting that it involves neural dynamics parallel to those involved in regulating other emotions. In so doing, this study provides a methodological tool and conceptual foundation for studying this ability across substance using populations and developing more effective treatments for substance use disorders.
The neurotoxic effects of manganese on the dopaminergic innervation of the gill of the bivalve mollusc, Crassostrea virginica

Abstract We examined effects of manganese on the nervous system and innervation of lateral cilia of Crassostrea virginica. While essential in trace amounts, tissue manganese accumulation is neurotoxic, inducing Manganism, a Parkinson's-like disease in humans. Lateral cilia of the gill of C. virginica are controlled by a reciprocal serotonergic–dopaminergic innervation from their ganglia. Oysters were incubated 3 days in the presence of up to 1 mM manganese, followed by superfusion of the cerebral ganglia, visceral ganglia or gill with dopamine or serotonin. Beating rates of cilia were measured by stroboscopic microscopy of isolated gill preparations or gill preparations with the ipsilateral cerebral and/or visceral ganglia attached. Acute manganese treatments impaired the dopaminergic, cilio-inhibitory system, while having no effect on the serotonergic, cilio-excitatory system, which is in agreement with the proposed mechanism of manganese toxicity in humans. Manganese treatments also decreased endogenous dopamine levels in the cerebral and visceral ganglia, and gills, but not serotonin levels. We demonstrated that manganese disrupts the animal's dopaminergic system, and also that this preparation can be used to investigate mechanisms that underlie manganese neurotoxicity. It also may serve as a model in pharmacological studies of drugs to treat or prevent Manganism and other dopaminergic cell disorders.
Mixed-chain phospholipids and interdigitated bilayer systems.

The lipid bilayer is a fundamental structural component for all biological membranes. The function of lipid bilayers may be considered not only to serve as a permeability barrier preventing the free flows of ions and polar molecules between the cell interior and its external environment, but also to modulate the activity of bilayer-spanning proteins or glycoproteins in biological membranes. Based on the location of the terminal methyl groups of the two hydrocarbon chains in phospholipids or glycosphingolipids, two broad categories of lipid bilayers have been recognized: (1) the non-interdigitated and (2) the interdigitated bilayers. Depending on the chain-length difference between the two hydrocarbon chains, three different types of packing models for interdigitated bilayer systems have been identified. Among the three types, the mixed interdigitated bilayer is perhaps unique, since the hydrocarbon chains in the bilayer core are observed to be interdigitated in both the gel and the liquid-crystalline states. In this communication, various experimental data supporting the chain packing characteristics of the mixed interdigitated bilayer for a large number of mixed-chain phospholipid species are considered. In addition, two types of phase diagrams for binary phospholipid mixtures obtained with mixed-chain phospholipids are also presented. These studies may be of great importance in understanding the functional control of bilayer-spanning proteins in biological membranes, and for providing basic information explaining the dynamic regulation of membrane activities in general.
Note on wave propagation in linearly viscoelastic media

Die analytischen Mittel der Theorie der sich fortpflanzenden Diskontinuitatsflachen werden verwendet, um die vollstandige Losung eines eindimensionalen linearen Problems der Wellenfortpflanzung aufzustellen. Diese Losung wird erhalten als eine Entwicklung in eine Taylor-Reihe um die Zeit des Antreffens der Wellenfront. Die Entwicklungskoeffizienten sind Losungen von gewohnlichen Differentialgleichungen erster Ordnung.
Stretch coding and block coding: Two new strategies to represent questionably aligned DNA sequences

Most coding strategies that address the problem of questionable alignment (elision, case sensitive, missing, polymorphic, gaps as presence/absence matrix) conflict with phylogenetic principles, particularly those relating to the concept of homology (shared similiarity explained by common ancestry). In some cases, the test of conjunction is failed. In other cases, characters that are coded ambiguously can lead to character-state optimization in the terminal taxa that conflicts with the original observations. Only data exclusion and contraction avoid these pitfalls. In highly dissimilar sequences additional character states can represent the available information. Two new methods that accomplish this—block and stretch coding—are introduced here. These two new coding strategies are not in conflict with the test of conjunction and do not contradict the original observations. They are comparable to coding practices with morphological data once the intrinsic differences due to character-state identity and topographical identity have been taken into account. It is suggested that, of the three recoding methods, the one is selected that preserves the maximum potential phylogenetic information as measured with the minimum number of steps required for the particular part of the data matrix.
Melt generation, crystallization, and extraction beneath segmented oceanic transform faults

[1] We examine mantle melting, fractional crystallization, and melt extraction beneath fast slipping, segmented oceanic transform fault systems. Three-dimensional mantle flow and thermal structures are calculated using a temperature-dependent rheology that incorporates a viscoplastic approximation for brittle deformation in the lithosphere. Thermal solutions are combined with the near-fractional, polybaric melting model of Kinzler and Grove (1992a, 1992b, 1993) to determine extents of melting, the shape of the melting regime, and major element melt composition. We investigate the mantle source region of intratransform spreading centers (ITSCs) using the melt migration approach of Sparks and Parmentier (1991) for two end-member pooling models: (1) a wide pooling region that incorporates all of the melt focused to the ITSC and (2) a narrow pooling region that assumes melt will not migrate across a transform fault or fracture zone. Assuming wide melt pooling, our model predictions can explain both the systematic crustal thickness excesses observed at intermediate and fast slipping transform faults as well as the deeper and lower extents of melting observed in the vicinity of several transform systems. Applying these techniques to the Siqueiros transform on the East Pacific Rise we find that both the viscoplastic rheology and wide melt pooling are required to explain the observed variations in gravity inferred crustal thickness. Finally, we show that mantle potential temperature Tp = 1350°C and fractional crystallization at depths of 9–15.5 km fit the majority of the major element geochemical data from the Siqueiros transform fault system.