cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Framework for the Interaction of Active Audiences and Influencers on Twitter: The Case of Zika Virus

In this paper, we investigate communication among Twitter users in the context of the 2016 Zika crisis, to understand how influencers and audiences contribute to agenda setting in health crisis com...
Identifying manufacturability and machining processes using deep 3D convolutional networks

Abstract Today's manufacturing industry still requires human labor and knowledge for Machining Process Identification (MPI). Before manufacturing a part, engineers need to judge the manufacturability and identify the machining processes according to CAD model, and then the customer needs to source for qualified suppliers based on the identified machining processes. In order to realize an efficient automated industrial logistic system, developing a competent Machining Process Identification system becomes important. In this paper, a novel two-step MPI system is presented based on 3D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and transfer learning. The proposed system admits triangularly tessellated surface (STL) models as inputs and outputs the manufacturability of the CAD design and machining process labels (e.g., milling, turning) as the results of classification from the neural networks. Computer-synthesized workpiece models are utilized in training the networks. In addition to the MPI system, a pre-trained framework was developed for future applications in related fields. The MPI system shows more than 98% accuracy in identifying manufacturability of a part and about 98% accuracy in identifying the manufacturing processes of synthesized workpiece models which validates the robustness of the model.
Unfaithful: Love, Adultery, and Marriage Reform in Nineteenth-Century America: by Carol Faulkner, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019, Pp. 224, $49.95 (hbk), ISNB 9780812251555

Carol Faulkner’s Unfaithful details the evolution of nineteenth-century Americans’ understanding of marriage through an analysis of reformers’ debates and activism. Using novels, letters, speeches,...
Factors That Impact the Timing and Removal of Gastrostomy Placement/Nissen Fundoplication in Children with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

Objective The study aimed to identify factors that impact timing of gastrostomy placement/removal and Nissen fundoplication (NF) in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Study Design Clinical data were reviewed retrospectively from patients recruited from the Johns Hopkins Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Clinic (January 1, 2014–December 31, 2018). Results Patients with gastrostomy tubes (GTs) placed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were older at discharge (p Conclusion Patients with GT/NF were more medically complex than those with GT alone. Patients were more likely to be weaned from home respiratory support before GT removal. Key Points
Geometry of inter-areal interactions in mouse visual cortex

Abstract The response of a set of neurons in an area is the result of the sensory input, the interaction of the neurons within the area as well as the long range interactions between areas. We aimed to study the relation between interactions among multiple areas, and if they are fixed or dynamic. The structural connectivity provides a substrate for these interactions, but anatomical connectivity is not known in sufficient detail and it only gives us a static picture. Using the Allen Brain Observatory Visual Coding Neuropixels dataset, which includes simultaneous recordings of spiking activity from up to 6 hierarchically organized mouse cortical visual areas, we estimate the functional connectivity between neurons using a linear model of responses to flashed static grating stimuli. We characterize functional connectivity between populations via interaction subspaces. We find that distinct subspaces of a source area mediate interactions with distinct target areas, supporting the notion that cortical areas use distinct channels to communicate. Most importantly, using a piecewise linear model for activity within each trial, we find that these interactions evolve dynamically over tens of milliseconds following a stimulus presentation. Inter-areal subspaces become more aligned with the intra-areal subspaces during epochs in which a feedforward wave of activity propagates through visual cortical areas. When the short-term dynamics are averaged over, we find that the interaction subspaces are stable over multiple stimulus blocks. These findings have important implications for understanding how information flows through biological neural networks composed of interconnected modules, each of which may have a distinct functional specialization.
Atmospheric Aerosol Properties and Climate Impacts

This report critically reviews current knowledge about global distributions and properties of atmospheric aerosols, as they relate to aerosol impacts on climate. It assesses possible next steps aimed at substantially reducing uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing estimates. Current measurement techniques and modeling approaches are summarized, providing context. As a part of the Synthesis and Assessment Product in the Climate Change Science Program, this assessment builds upon recent related assessments, including the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4, 2007) and other Climate Change Science Program reports. The objectives of this report are (1) to promote a consensus about the knowledge base for climate change decision support, and (2) to provide a synthesis and integration of the current knowledge of the climate-relevant impacts of anthropogenic aerosols for policy makers, policy analysts, and general public, both within and outside the U.S government and worldwide.
Contracts, Necessity and Ex Ante Optimality

In this paper I return to the issue of incentives to justify a narrowing of the applicability of a “fair price” rule to contracts of necessity. It is argued that such contracts should be viewed as part of a set of ex ante choices, one of which will minimize the costs of dealing with the risks associated with a period of temporary necessity. The Pareto optimality of a contract of necessity depends on whether the contract price would be seen by a potential victim of necessity as optimal ex ante, relative to her other choices with which to deal with the risk. It is shown that in the special case of a discrete choice set a “fair price” rule of law may not lead to efficient behavior on the part of both agents.
The Multiplication of Influenza Viruses in the Fertile Egg. A Report to the Medical Research Council.

Hoyle & Fairbrother (1937) showed that tissues infected with influenza virus contained two distinct particles, the infective virus elementary body, and a smaller particle, the soluble antigen, which could be demonstrated by complement-fixation tests.
Effects of certain psychotropic drugs on immunologic pregnancy tests.

Abstract Certain psychiatric drugs cause false positive frog pregnancy tests, and some evidence exists that immunologic pregnancy tests may likewise be affected. This study examined the effects of various phenothiazine derivatives and several other psychiatric drugs on six different commercial immunologic pregnancy tests (Gravindex, Natatel, UCG, HCG, Pregslide, and DAP). One of the commercial techniques (HCG) consistently gave false positive reactions, which were not dose related or attributable to any particular psychotropic drug. Pregslide developed a much smaller, although significant, number of false positive results. The number of patients tested with Pregslide and DAP was too few to provide conclusive statistics on behavior with psychiatric medication. This study emphasizes the need for thorough evaluation of drug effects on any pregnancy test.
Fault attribution in ambiguous events

If one starts decision or risk analysis from the position of some negative event and then works to the present situation, it is possible to gain insight on how to better distribute resources. By combing research in the psychology of causality and network analysis the decision analyst has the added ability to determine the most probable location in a system that will receive fault if a ambiguous failure occurs. It has been shown in numerous studies that fault attribution generally follows the most direct path to the critical event. In other words, given a failure in an ambiguous situation, if two events are necessary but neither is sufficient, then the event that is going to garner the majority of fault will be the event that has the fewest possible alternative futures (assuming equal base rate probabilities).
Differential expression of Hox 3.1 protein in subregions of the embryonic and adult spinal cord

Synthetic oligopeptides derived from the predicted Hox 3.1 protein coding sequence were used for the production of antibodies (anti-aa2) that specifically recognize Hox 3.1 protein in tissue sections. These antibodies were applied in immunohistochemical studies to monitor the expression of Hox 3.1 protein within the central nervous system (CNS) of embryonic and adult mice. We demonstrate congruency between the distinct Hox 3.1 RNA and protein expression patterns in the developing spinal cord by direct comparison of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining in frozen sagittal sections from embryos of 12.5 days of gestation. A distinct pattern of spatially restricted expression of Hox 3.1 protein within the spinal cord was first detected at around 10.5 days of embryonic development. Within certain anteroposterior limits the geometries of this expression pattern change drastically during subsequent embryonic stages, concomitant with important cytoarchitectural changes in the developing spinal cord. Analyses on subcellular levels indicate predominant accumulation of Hox 3.1 protein within nuclei of neuronal cells. In addition to the nuclear localization in subsets of embryonic cells, persistent accumulation of Hox 3.1 protein was shown in nuclei of fully differentiated and mature neuronal cells of the adult CNS.
Evolution of the allosteric ligand sites of mammalian phosphofructo-1-kinase.

Mammalian phosphofructokinase (PFK) has evolved by a process of tandem gene duplication and fusion to yield a protein that is more than double the size of prokaryotic PFKs. On the basis of complete conservation of active site residues in the N-terminal half of the eukaryotic enzyme with those of the bacterial PFKs, one assumes that the active site of the eukaryotic PFK is located in the N-terminal half. Again using sequence comparisons, the four allosteric ligand sites of mammalian PFK have been thought to arise from the duplicated catalytic and regulatory sites of the ancestral PFK. Previous site-directed mutagenesis studies [Li et al. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 16407-16412; Chang and Kemp (2002) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 290, 670-675] have identified the origins of the citrate and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate sites. Here, site-directed mutagenesis of two arginine residues (Arg-433 and Arg-429) of mouse phosphofructokinase is used to identify the ATP inhibitory site, and, by inference, the AMP/ ADP site. Mutation of the residues to alanine reduced ATP inhibition in the case of Arg-429 and eliminated ATP inhibition in the instance of Arg-433. The Arg-433 mutant could be inhibited by citrate, and that inhibition could be reversed by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and cyclic AMP, a high-affinity ligand for the AMP/ADP binding site. It is concluded that the two inhibitors, ATP and citrate, of mammalian PFK interact with sites that have evolved from the duplicated phosphoenolpyruvate/ADP allosteric site of the ancestral PFK. The two sites for activators, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and AMP or ADP, have evolved from the catalytic site of the ancestral precursor.
Composition and abundance of phytoplankton in tributaries of the lower Colorado river, Grand Canyon region

Phytoplankton distribution and abundance in eleven tributaries of the Colorado River within the Grand Canyon were investigated from April, 1975 to June, 1976. During this period a total of 56 genera and 156 species of phytoplankton was identified. Phytoplankton species of the individual tributaries were quite distinct, with only four diatom species, Diatoma vulgare, Navicula tripunctata, Nitzschia linearis and Synedra ulna, common to all the tributaries. Bright Angel Creek, Shinumo Creek and Elves Chasm were the tributaries with the most diverse algal flora, whereas Vaseys Paradise, Tapeats Creek, Deer Creek and Havasu Creek showed the lowest species richness. Elves Chasm and Diamond Creek had the highest phytoplankton numbers. Phytoplankton abundance and species richness appeared to be influenced by high turbidity, current velocity, fluctuating water levels and age of the water. Some of the dominant algal species, Biddulphia laevis, Cocconeis pediculus, Cymbella ventricosa, Epithemia sorex, Gomphonema parvulum and Synedra ulna, showed significant correlations with specific physico-chemical characteristics of the tributaries.
Histology image analysis for carcinoma detection and grading

This paper presents an overview of the image analysis techniques in the domain of histopathology, specifically, for the objective of automated carcinoma detection and classification. As in other biomedical imaging areas such as radiology, many computer assisted diagnosis (CAD) systems have been implemented to aid histopathologists and clinicians in cancer diagnosis and research, which have been attempted to significantly reduce the labor and subjectivity of traditional manual intervention with histology images. The task of automated histology image analysis is usually not simple due to the unique characteristics of histology imaging, including the variability in image preparation techniques, clinical interpretation protocols, and the complex structures and very large size of the images themselves. In this paper we discuss those characteristics, provide relevant background information about slide preparation and interpretation, and review the application of digital image processing techniques to the field of histology image analysis. In particular, emphasis is given to state-of-the-art image segmentation methods for feature extraction and disease classification. Four major carcinomas of cervix, prostate, breast, and lung are selected to illustrate the functions and capabilities of existing CAD systems.
Dual mechanisms for repression of the monomeric orphan receptor liver receptor homologous protein-1 by the orphan small heterodimer partner

The orphan nuclear hormone receptor liver receptor homologous protein-1 (LRH-1; NR5A2, also known as FTF), an unusual receptor that binds DNA as a monomer, is an essential regulator of expression of a rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid formation, cholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase. In a classic negative feedback loop that is a crucial component of the complex regulation of cholesterol metabolism, cholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase expression is decreased when bile acid levels are high. This repression is thought to be based on the bile acid-dependent induction of expression of the orphan receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) NR0B2, which inhibits the activity of LRH-1. We have explored the molecular basis for this important regulatory effect by characterizing the mechanisms by which mouse and human SHP inhibit LRH-1-mediated transactivation. Both SHP proteins specifically interact with the AF-2 transactivation domain of LRH-1 both in vivo and in vitro. This domain is a common target for coactivator interaction, and the SHP proteins can compete with p160 coactivators for binding to LRH-1. In addition to the N-terminal receptor interaction domain, SHP includes a C-terminal domain with autonomous repression function. Neither a deletion nor a point mutation specifically affecting this domain blocked the ability to interact with LRH-1 to compete for coactivator binding or to repress LRH-1 transactivation. However, the relative ability of these mutants to inhibit LRH-1-mediated transactivation was markedly decreased. We conclude that the proposed central role of SHP in cholesterol metabolism is based on a two-step mechanism that is dependent on both coactivator competition and direct transcriptional repression.
Gene Expression Profiles of Reactive Astrocytes in Dopamine‐depleted Striatum

We have used cDNA array analysis to examine the expression of genes in reactive astrocytes of dopamine-depleted striatum of rats in vivo, an animal model for Parkinson disease, compared to those from control striatum. The striatum of both normal adult rats and rats whose substantia nigra had been lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine was removed one week following lesion. After fixing the tissue in RNAlater, individual astrocytes, isolated directly from dissociated striatum and confirmed to be astocytes by expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA using single cell RT-PCR, were used as the source of mRNA. Co-localization of GFAP with either of 2 antibodies known to label only reactive astrocytes in vivo confirmed that virtually all astrocytes in the lesioned striatum were reactive. The analysis has identified 29 genes whose expression is turned on or enhanced in dopamine-depleted striatal astrocytes and 2 whose expression is decreased. In situ hybridization was used to confirm the localization of 8 of these genes to astrocytes: these included GDNF, NGF, bFGF, TNF-alpha, MIP-1alpha, c-jun, Fra-1 and Fra-2. Understanding these gene differences that occur in astrocytes in response to dopamine depletion should enhance our ability to promote recovery from the injury.
Reactivity of carbon dioxide with quinones

Abstract A series of quinones were examined electrochemically in non-aqueous electrolyte for their reactivity with carbon dioxide. The quinones were shown to react with CO2via an ECE type mechanism at much more positive potentials than aromatic hydrocarbons such as anthracene and olefins. Second order rate constants for the reaction of CO2 with the quinones appear to reveal a strong correlation between nucleophilicity and reaction rate. Results of the electrochemical analysis of the reaction of benzoquinone (BQ), anthraquinone (AQ), naphthoquinone (NQ), duroquinone (DQ), and 2,6-dimethylbenzoquinone (DMQ) in DMSO (TBAP, 0.1 M) with CO2 are detailed in this manuscript.
Structure-assisted discovery of Variola major H1 phosphatase inhibitors.

Variola major virus, the causative agent of smallpox, encodes the dual-specificity H1 phosphatase. Because this enzyme is essential for the production of mature virus particles, it is an attractive molecular target for the development of therapeutic countermeasures for this potential agent of bioterrorism. As a first step in this direction, the crystal structure of H1 phosphatase has been determined at a resolution of 1.8 A˚ . In silico screening methods have led to the identification of several small molecules that inhibit Variola H1 phosphatase with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. These molecules provide novel leads for future drug development.
Charge-driven fragmentation processes in diacyl glycerophosphatidic acids upon low-energy collisional activation. A mechanistic proposal

A mechanistic study of diacyl glycerophosphatidic acid (GPA) under low energy collisionally activated decomposition (CAD) with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry is reported. The frag...
Cognitive Poetics and Common Ground in a Multicultural Context: The Poetry of Zehra Çirak1

This essay explores how a cognitive-literary approach offers valuable tools for interpreting multicultural poetry. By considering the poetry of Zehra Cirak through the lens of selected cognitive-poetic principles, it becomes clear that this approach allows for a balanced focus on both the universal and the culturally specific elements of her work. Rather than directly addressing the author's ethnicity, or issues of Turkish-German identity, many of Cirak's poems instead invite the reader to take on the role of outsider or Other, serving as a reminder that everyone and everything becomes “foreign” when placed in unfamiliar contexts. A cognitive-poetic examination of conceptual metaphors, image schemas and prototypes, deixis, and the construction of text worlds in her poetry sheds light on the ways in which Cirak creates common ground for readers of diverse backgrounds.
Fat pad triacylglycerol fatty acid loss and oxidation as indices of total body triacylglycerol fatty acid mobilization and oxidation in starving mice.

Abstract We tested our hypothesis that, kinetically, triacylglycerol fatty acids in heterogeneously labeled adipocytes behave similarly to the whole fat pad triacylglycerol fatty acid during starvation in mice. Adipose triacylglycerol fatty acids were labeled with [1-14C]palmitate (complexed to albumin) by injection of a small bolus (2–5μl) into either epididymal or inguinal fat pads. Both 14C-labeled triacylglycerol fatty acid spec. act. and breath 14CO2 spec. act. were monitored 30 min after tracer injection and after 24–72 h starvation. Adipose triacylglycerol fatty acid spec. act. remained approximately constant during fasting i.e., tracer and mass disappeared at similar rates. Negligible translocation of labeled triacylglycerol fatty acid from the injection site to other parts of the same fat pad or to distant fat pads occurred. Triacylglycerol fatty acid was mobilized more slowly from epididymal than from inguinal fat pads in two of three studies. Triacylglycerol fatty acid disappearance (loss) from inguinal fat pads was more replicable than from epididymal fat pads and more closely reflected the fall in whole body total lipid during starvation. The estimated percent of breath CO2-carbon derived from adipose triacylglycerol fatty acid increased from an average of approx. 32% in the postabsorptive state to about 77% after 48 h starvation. The data help to validate the direct tracer injection technique as a means of studying adipose triacylglycerol fatty acid turnover and oxidation. This approach should be particularly useful for studying the fate of adipose triacylglycerol fatty acid when it is mobilized, e.g., during states of inanition and starvation and in response to hormones and cancer-induced cachexia.
De-confusing the THOG problem: the Pythagorean solution.

Sources of facilitation for Needham and Amado's (1995) Pythagoras version of Wason's THOG problem were systematically examined in three experiments with 174 participants. Although both the narrative structure and figural notation used in the Pythagoras problem independently led to significant facilitation (40–50% correct), pairing hypothesis generation with either factor or pairing the two factors together was found to be necessary to obtain substantial facilitation (> 50% correct). Needham and Amado's original finding for the complete Pythagoras problem was also replicated. These results are discussed in terms of the “confusion theory” explanation for performance on the standard THOG problem. The possible role of labelling as a de-confusing factor in other versions of the THOG problem and the implications of the present findings for human reasoning are also considered.
More than Talk: Co-Rumination among College Students.

Most of us, and our students, share our problems with our closest friends. But what happens when rehashing problems is all that we do with them? Juliette Landphair and Teri Preddy explain that this is co-rumination, and though it can feel comforting, it exacts high emotional costs.
Photoelectron diffraction and holography: Present status and future prospects

Abstract Photoelectron diffraction and photoelectron holography, a newly developed variant of it, can provide a rich range of information concerning surface structure. These methods are sensitive to atomic type, chemical state, and spin state. The theoretical prediction of diffraction patterns is also well developed at both the single scattering and multiple scattering levels, and quantitative fits of experiment to theory can lead to structures with accuracies in the ±0.03 A range. Direct structural information can also be derived from forward scattering in scanned-angle measurements at higher energies, from path length differences contained in scanned-energy data at lower energies, and from holographic inversions of data sets spanning some region in angle and energy space. Diffraction can also affect average photoelectron emission depths. Circular dichroism in core-level emission can be fruitfully interpreted in terms of photoelectron diffraction theory, as can measurements with spin-resolved core-spectra, and studies of surface magnetic structures and phase transitions should be possible with these methods. Synchrotron radiation is a key element of fully utilizing these techniques.
Base sequences of polypurine regions of the RNA's of bacteriophages R17 and M12.

Abstract Most of the large oligonucleotides arising from pancreatic ribonuclease digestion of R17 and M12 RNA's have been isolated and sequenced. The majority of the R17 and M12 RNA sequences are identical or similar and some are also identical with reported MS2 RNA sequences. The data strongly imply that these three RNA's are almost identical.
Spread of non-native grasses into grazed versus ungrazed desert grasslands.

Abstract Livestock grazing may or may not be an exogenous disturbance facilitating the spread of exotic grasses, perhaps depending on the historical importance of native ungulates in a particular grassland. We compared canopy cover of native grasses and two African lovegrasses (Eragrostis spp.) over 22 years in ungrazed versus livestock grazed desert grasslands in southeastern Arizona. The exotics comprised 1 % of the total grass canopy in either treatment in 1984, but by 2006 this number had risen to 24% in grasslands ungrazed since 1968, and to 65% on adjacent cattle ranches. The exotics increased from 79% to 99% canopy over the same time period in ungrazed areas where they had been planted. Results indicate that: (1) protection from grazing reduced the rate of exotic invasions into native grasslands; (2) areas deliberately planted with the exotics developed into near monocultures even under livestock exclusion, and (3) livestock grazing is an exogenous disturbance in southeastern Arizona, to which exotics are better adapted than most native grasses. It remains to be determined whether ungrazed native desert grasslands will resist further incursions by the African species.
Automated modular fixture planning: Accuracy, clamping, and accessibility analyses

Abstract Automated fixture design has become a research focus in process planning and CAD/CAM integration. An automated fixture configuration design system has been developed where when fixturing surfaces and points are specified, modular fixture components can be automatically selected to generate fixture units and placed into position with satisfying assemble conditions. A geometric analysis has been conducted to determine the fixturing surfaces and points which provide feasible geometric constraints and assembly relationships with modular fixtures. This paper presents an analysis on fixturing accuracy, clamp planning, fixturing accessibility, and clamping stability. When a fixture planning is determined, the analysis results can be applied to verify the performance of the fixture design.
Formation and Characterization of Homogeneous and Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayers of Peptides and Alkanethiols on Indium Phosphide Surfaces

This report describes the detailed characterization of alkanethiol and cysteine-terminated peptide layers on InP(100). Contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ellipsometry were performed. The surface characterization techniques showed that the composition of the mixed monolyers can be controlled through the concentration of each adsorbate solution. The surface coverage of the adsorbates on the InP(100) surface was lower than that of similar self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold. The tilt angles for all adsorbates were higher than those of similar adsorbates on metal surfaces. The data from this report is important for the successful chemical functionalization of III−V semiconductor surfaces that are part of biosensor platforms such as light-emitting diodes.
Salty taste acceptance by infants and young children is related to birth weight: longitudinal analysis of infants within the normal birth weight range.

Salty taste acceptance by infants and young children is related to birth weight: longitudinal analysis of infants within the normal birth weight range
Characterization of a single group I intron in the 18S rRNA gene of the pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum.

A 425-bp insertion in Histoplasma capsulatum strain G186B, denoted as Hc.SSU.1, was identified as a group I intron, basedon the presence of the conserved sequence elements P, Q, R andS and a predicted secondary structure consistent for group I introns. The Hc.SSU.1 sequence from strain G186B was identical to strain G184B but differed from strain FLs1 by five nucleotides. Hc.SSU.1 was most similar to the group I intron from the black mould Exophiala castellanii. Southern blot analysis suggests that the intron is not dispersed in the genome and that most, if not all 18S rRNA genes harbour the intron. Northern blots demonstrated absence of the intron from mature 18S rRNA. A Hc.SSU.1-specific PCR assay detected the intron in six of 37 isolates of Histoplasma. Hc.SSU.1-containing strains exhibited no significant differences in antimicrobial susceptibilities when compared to isolates not containing Hc.SSU.1. This investigation demonstrates the existence of group I intron sequences in the H. capsulatum genome an...
Long-term impact of the life goals group therapy program for bipolar patients

Psychoeducation added to biological treatment enhances overall effectiveness in bipolar disorders. Here, we evaluated the long-term impact of a 2-phase structured psycho-educative group program (Life Goals Program or LGP) for bipolar patients, on parameters such as number and length of hospitalizations, mood stability, relapse prevention and social relationships.
Evaluating Enhanced Hydrological Representations in Noah LSM over Transition Zones: Implications for Model Development

Abstract The authors introduce and compare the performance of the unified Noah land surface model (LSM) and its augments with physically based, more conceptually realistic hydrologic parameterizations. Forty-five days of 30-min data collected over nine sites in transition zones are used to evaluate (i) their benchmark, the standard Noah LSM release 2.7 (STD); (ii) a version equipped with a short-term phenology module (DV); and (iii) one that couples a lumped, unconfined aquifer model to the model soil column (GW). Their model intercomparison, enhanced by multiobjective calibration and model sensitivity analysis, shows that, under the evaluation conditions, the current set of enhancements to Noah fails to yield significant improvement in the accuracy of simulated, high-frequency, warm-season turbulent fluxes, and near-surface states across these sites. Qualitatively, the versions of DV and GW implemented degrade model robustness, as defined by the sensitivity of model performance to uncertain parameters. Q...
Effect of functional group structure and exchange capacity on the selectivity of anion exchangers for divalent anions

Abstract A number of macroreticular anion-exchange resins of low capacity were prepared by chloromethylation of Rohm and Haas XAD-1 under mild conditions and reaction with the appropriate tertiary amine. The resins prepared contain a variety of substituents on the quaternary ammonium group and have varying exchange capacities. These resins are evaluated for their selectivity both for monovalent and divalent anions and for practical use in ion chromatography. Explanations are offered to help understand some of the significant changes that are observed. Several chromatograms are shown to demonstrate the advantages of some of the new resins for practical separation of anion mixtures.
Application design for configurable computing

Configurable computing systems enhance traditional computing systems through the addition of programmable hardware. Configurable computing offers the opportunity to change the partition at run-time by re-programming the hardware. Recent research has shifted to CAD and application development tools. Almost all existing configurable computing systems are based on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). These devices implement reasonably arbitrary digital circuits, and the flexibility allows us to think of configurable computing systems based on FPGAs as netlist computers. The configurable computing approach integrates FPGAs as an intimate and fundamental component of the computing system, rather than relegating them to their earlier role of supporting system prototyping and low-volume production. However, the author believes that automated approaches to the design of configurable computing systems are premature because they do not pay enough attention to performance.
Comparison of various soil drying techniques on extractable nutrients

Abstract Changes that take place in soil samples as they are dried and stored may pose serious problems in predicting plant responses compared to moist soils under field conditions. The effects of drying and storage techniques (air, microwave, oven‐drying, and frozen) on the levels of Mehlich‐I‐extractable nutrients were evaluated in six diverse soils. The use of microwave‐drying as a rapid soil drying method prior to chemical analysis was also evaluated. Drying and freezing caused large changes in the levels of extractable nutrients in all soils. The effects of drying were dependent on drying intensity and the initial physical and chemical properties of the soil. Many of the changes in the levels of extractable nutrients resulting from drying the soil appear to be associated with the oxidation of organic matter (OM) and changes in hydration state and redox status of different soil components. Results from this study also indicate that microwave drying of soils has potential for rapid drying of soil sampl...
Construal level and temporal judgments of the past: the moderating role of knowledge

The vast majority of work in construal level theory has found a robust relationship between construal level and temporal judgments for future events: Distance is associated with the abstract, and nearness is associated with the concrete. Our work looks at the past and proposes a critical moderator that reverses this relationship: knowledge. Through experiments involving real news events, we demonstrate that people with less knowledge about events felt nearer to them when recalling them in a concrete mindset versus an abstract one. However, this relationship reverses for those with greater knowledge: They feel closer to past events when recalling them in an abstract mindset versus a concrete one. We provide evidence that this reversal stems from feelings of metacognitive ease that inform temporal judgments when knowledge (which drives what information is held available and accessible in memory) and construal mindset (which drives what information is sought from memory) coincide. Our findings suggest that in memory, there are instances where the abstract seems near and the concrete seems distant.
Inversion and accumulation layer formation at elevated temperatures in n-type GaAs-anodic oxide MIS devices

Abstract At room temperature n-type GaAs (n-GaAs)-anodic oxide MIS devices typically exhibit some form of deep depletion mode operation which is characteristic of a low thermal generation rate for minority carriers in the semiconductor. In addition, for accumulation mode bias voltages the small signal capacitance often does not approach the oxide capacitance and instead exhibits a dispersion in which this capacitance varies with the frequency of the a.c. signal and the sweep rate of the d.c. bias voltage. In this paper, capacitance-voltage measurements taken at elevated temperatures with varying d.c. bias voltage sweep rates are reported for n-GaAs-anodic oxide MIS devices. The data indicate that a stable inversion layer is formed even at high sweep rates, and no accumulation mode capacitance dispersion is observed for a capacitance-voltage measurement frequency of up to 1 MHz at temperatures above room temperature. At high temperatures and slow sweep rates, considerable mobile ion motion in the oxide is observed. A discussion of this observation based on recently developed theories for oxide growth is presented.
Temperature-dependent resistivity from phonons in cuprate superconductors

The temperature dependence of the resistivity of the cuprate superconductors arising from phonon scattering is considered within standard Bloch-Gruneisen theory allowing for several different shapes of transport spectral functionsα tr 2 F(ω). In contrast to often made comments that linear resistivity is not characteristic of electron-phonon scattering, it is shown rather that it is more difficult to get muchnonlinearity from this theory except below 50–100 K, and in this low-T regime better solutions to the Boltzmann equation might be required. The reasons for the linear behavior are clarified, and the variations to be expected from possible coupling functions are explored. Possible origins of the nonlinear resistivity seen in YBa2Cu4O8 and recently in YBa2Cu3O7 are suggested, and effects not included specifically in these calculations are discussed. It is also pointed out that phonon contributions to the energy (e) dependence of quasiparticles, which is a closely related consequence of electron-phonon coupling, will differ significantly from the simplee2 Fermi liquid behavior that is commonly assumed.
Gizzard Formation and the Role of Bapx1

The anterior-posterior gut pattern is formed from three broad domains: fore-, mid-, and hindgut that have distinct functional, morphological, and molecular boundaries. The stomach demarcates the posterior boundary of the foregut. Avian stomachs are composed of two chambers: the anterior chamber (proventriculus) and the thick muscular posterior chamber (gizzard). Expression of candidate pattern formation control factors are restricted in the chick stomach regions such that Bmp4 and Wnt5a are not expressed in the gizzard. We previously implicated Bmp4 as controlling growth and differentiation of the gut musculature. Bmp4 is not expressed in the developing gizzard but is expressed in the rest of the gut including the adjacent proventriculus and midgut. Bapx1 (Nkx3.2) is expressed in the gizzard musculature but not in the proventriculus or midgut. We show ectopic expression of Bapx1 in the proventriculus results in a gizzard-like morphology and inhibits the normal proventricular expression of Bmp4 and Wnt5a. Overexpression of a reverse-function Bapx1 construct can result in a small stomach and ectopic extension of Bmp4 and Wnt5a expression into the gizzard. We suggest the role of Bapx1 is to regulate the expression of Bmp4 and Wnt5a to pattern the avian stomach.
Gonadotropin (LH and FSH) response after submaximal GnRH stimulation in depressed premenopausal women and healthy controls

Abstract Although hormonal response abnormalities in depression have been demonstrated in several hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ axes after a variety of neuroendocrine challenge tests, studies of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function have been inconsistent in their findings. The use of maximal or supramaximal doses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in early studies (150–600 μg) may have masked the presence of more subtle disturbances in luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) responsiveness in depression. We hypothesized that submaximal doses of GnRH might reveal a more subtle dysregulation in gonadotropin responsiveness in depression, and therefore measured LH and FSH responses after GnRH 10 μg and 90 μg doses in nine premenopausal depressed women and six healthy controls. There were no statistically significant differences between subject groups for mean basal LH, FSH, and estradiol concentrations, nor for any of the LH and FSH response values after either GnRH stimulation dose. The present observations of an intact HPG axis in depression contrast with findings of disturbances in most other hypothalamic-pituitary axes, and suggest that neuroendocrine dysregulation in depression might not represent a generalized limbic system-hypothalamic-pituitary abnormality, but rather a more restricted lesion sparing the medial preoptic and/or arcuate region of the hypothalamus which regulates gonadotropin secretion.
Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of adjunctive devices in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention of native vessels

Background During percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), dislodgement of atherothrombotic material from coronary lesions can result in distal embolization, and may lead to increased major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and mortality. We sought to systematically review the comparative effectiveness of adjunctive devices to remove thrombi or protect against distal embolization in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing PCI of native vessels.
Fruitful progress to fertility: Preserving oocytes from chemodestruction

Chemotherapy can save the lives of many individuals with cancer. Unfortunately, it usually causes infertility after treatment, posing a concern for these people who will face a lifetime condition that considerably limits the quality of their lives. Advances in the field of oncofertility have brought hope to cancer survivors who long to plan a family; however, standard approaches only rely on cryopreservation of sperms and eggs before treatment and do not prevent infertility. In 'Bedside to Bench', Min Xu, Mary Ellen Pavone and Teresa Woodruff examine a study where individuals treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists before cancer therapy showed a decreased risk of infertility. How these agonists work to suppress and protect ovarian function and increase fertility in women after treatment is still unclear and begs further investigation at the bench. In 'Bench to Bedside', Amander Clark, Bart Phillips and Kyle Orwig discuss potential experimental options to preserve and restore male fertility after chemotherapy. These approaches will shed light into mechanisms of male fertility and spermatogenesis and may be the alternative to sperm freezing, which is not suitable for prepubertal boys and men unable to make sperm.
Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Hetero-core Structured Fiber Optic

Abstract Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensor is constructed by immobilizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the surface of hetero-core structured fiber optic and characterized as a refractive index sensor. According to increasing of dipping time of the aminated sensing part in the AuNPs suspension, the propagating light intensity near 545 nm decreased. According to increasing of the sensor length, in addition, the propagating light intensity at 540 nm decreased. The sensor showed that the propagating loss at 545 nm increased according to increasing of ethanol concentration in water, derived from the refractive index increase of the mixture.
Comparison of venom constituents from four tiger snake (Notechis) subspecies.

Abstract Venoms from Notechis scutatus scutatus, Notechis ater serventyi, Notechis ater humphreysi and Notechis ater ater were compared using gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and western blotting. All venoms gave slightly different elution profiles on a Superose 12 gel filtration column. When examined by SDS-PAGE and western blotting, all venoms appeared to have notexin-like proteins except for N. a. serventyi. N. a. serventyi lacked proteins migrating in the notexin molecular weight range, showed no reactivity toward a monoclonal antibody that reacted strongly with notexin in western blot analysis, and had twice the ld 50-value of the other three venoms.
Metal cluster topology—IX. Mercury vertices in transition metal clusters and alkali metal amalgams☆

Abstract Mercury vertices in metal clusters use a seven-orbital spd 5 bonding manifold with linear sp hybrids for strong primary bonding and d π → p π * and/or d σ → p σ * interactions for weaker secondary bonding. Transition metal clusters containing mercury vertices can be classified into two types: two-dimensional clusters in which the mercury atoms form a polygon such as a triangle in [HgOS 3 (CO) 11 ] 3 or a square in [HgMn(CO) 2 C 5 H 4 Me] 4 and three-dimensional clusters in which the mercury atoms form a polyhedron such as an octahedron in Hg 6 [Rh(PMe 3 ) 3 ] 4 or a tricapped trigonal prism in Hg 9 [CO(CO) 3 ] 6 . The structures of such clusters consist of a mercury polygon or polyhedron having secondary HgHg interactions inside a transition metal macropolygon or macropolyhedron with MHGM edges having primary HgM interactions. These clusters thus all exhibit edge-localized chemical bonding topology. Alkali metal amalgam structures are constructed from mercury quadrilaterals of which the prototypical species is square Hg 6− 4 , found in discrete units in the structure of Na 3 Hg 2 . This homonuclear mercury cluster anion may be regarded as a globally delocalized two-dimensional planar polygonal aromatic system with an aromatic sextet like benzene but with no σ-bonding between adjacent mercury atoms in the Hg 6− 4 square.
Thermal Conductivity of Ultem™/Carbon Nanofiller Blends

In an effort to improve polymer thermal conductivity (TC), Ultem™ 1000 was compounded with nano-fillers of carbon allotropes. As-received and modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), vapor grown carbon nanofibers (CNF) and expanded graphite (EG) were investigated. Functionalization of MWCNTs was performed to improve the TC compatibility between the resin and MWCNTs. It was postulated that this may provide an improved interface between the MWCNT and the polymer which would result in enhanced TC. The nano-fillers were mixed with Ultem™ 1000 in the melt and in solution at concentrations ranging from 5 to 40 wt%. Ribbons were extruded from the blends to form samples where the nano-fillers were aligned to some degree in the extrusion direction. Samples were also fabricated by compression molding resulting in random orientation of the nano-fillers. Thermal properties of the samples were evaluated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA). Tensile properties of aligned samples were determined at room temperature. As expected, increased filler loading led to increased modulus and decreased elongation with respect to the neat polymer. The degree of dispersion and alignment of the nanofillers was determined by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). HRSEM of the ribbons revealed that the MWCNTs and CNFs were predominantly aligned in the flow direction. The TC of the samples was measured using a Nanoflash™ instrument. Since the MWCNTs and CNF are anisotropic, the TC was expected to be different in the longitudinal (parallel to the nanotube and fiber axis) and transverse (perpendicular to the nanotube and fiber axis) directions. The largest TC improvement was achieved for aligned samples when the measurement was performed in the direction of MWCNT and CNF alignment (i.e. longitudinal axis). Unaligned samples also showed a significant improvement in TC and may be potentially useful in applications when it is not possible to align the nano-filler. The results of this study will be presented.