cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catastrophic consequences of internal mammary artery hypoperfusion.

Inappropriate use of the internal mammary artery for complex coronary artery bypass operations may have disastrous yet avoidable consequences. In 712 consecutive coronary artery bypass operations performed between January 1985 and September 1986, five patients had an intraoperative course suggesting internal mammary artery hypoperfusion. In three, coronary artery bypass was performed as a reoperative procedure. The following similarities were noted in all five patients: a technically satisfactory internal mammary artery anastomosis, a left anterior descending coronary artery having critical proximal stenosis (≥90%), a distal artery at least 2.0 mm diameter free of disease, satisfactory left ventricular function, a catastrophic clinical outcome (death in three, cardiac transplantation in one, 3-month hospitalization in one), and all patients could be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass only after insertion of a saphenous vein graft distal to the internal mammary artery graft. Bilateral internal mammary grafts were used in four of five patients. In both patients without prior coronary artery bypass, there was a discrepancy in internal mammary artery flow and myocardial demand: cardiac hypertrophy, large (2.5 mm) distal left anterior descending supplied by a small ( 2.0 mm) was replaced with a small left internal mammary artery. Internal mammary artery hypoperfusion typically occurred 30 to 40 minutes after discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass but was also seen in the intensive care unit. The condition may be confused with internal mammary artery or coronary artery spasm. It may be avoided by careful prebypass planning of the operation, intraoperative assessment of internal mammary artery flow and size with prudent use of sequential internal mammary artery grafting, avoiding use of the terminal left anterior descending (unless large), retaining nonobstructed saphenous vein grafts when the internal mammary artery has marginal flow or size, and placement of a saphenous vein graft distal to the left internal mammary artery when size or flow in the latter is small.
A Comparison of $\Delta$ Coefficients and the $\delta$ Parameterization, Part II: Signal Growth

The multinotch was introduced in [1] as a way to parameterize digital filters so as to preserve numerical fidelity of the filter while providing precalculation to reduce computational latency. Still, as the sample rate got large relative to the frequencies being filtered, the biquad coefficients in the multinotch got sensitive. A coefficient adjustment called $\Delta$ coefficients introduced in [2] worked extremely well on coefficient sensitivity, but did not address potential signal overflow problems. The $\delta$ parameterization [3], [4] is another method of adjusting digital filter coefficients to compensate for relatively high sample rates. A comparison of the two was made in [5]. The $\delta$ operator also is reputed to have the advantage of generating a differential form of the filter [6]. This paper will examine that, in the context of signal growth. Finally, we will propose an alternative, differential form of the biquad cascade and examine that.
Mega Terrorist Attacks and Contingency Plan for Law Enforcement

This research presents Istanbul, Turkey and its law enforcement as a case study for the design of a contingency plan to increase efficiency of counterterrorism efforts and coordination among the agencies. This contingency plan involves the implementation of techniques and strategies based on situational crime prevention, moral panic and crisis theories on predetermined terror targets in the city of Istanbul to reduce the impact of a mega terrorist attack. The research applies the EVIL DONE and CARVER concepts to assess current terrorism risks and threats for critical targets. In assessing risks and threat conditions, this research proposes a contingency plan for law enforcement in Istanbul. The purpose of the contingency plan is to reduce target vulnerabilities and enhance target resilience as well as control moral panic conditions during large-scale terror incidents.
Integral Education within Metamodernism

Current directions in education reflect an integral movement within a metamodern philosophy. According to Bunnell (2015), metamodernism as a term first appeared as early as the 1970s, but it was Du...
Combining carfilzomib and panobinostat to treat relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: results of a Multiple Myeloma Research Consortium Phase I Study

Proteasome (PIs) and hystone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) have previously shown synergistic activity in the treatment of relapesed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) patients. In this phase 1 study, we combined carfilzomib, a second generation PI, with panobinostat, a HDACi, to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the combination (CarPan) and assess safety and efficacy among RRMM patients. Thirty-two patients (median of 4 prior lines of therapy) were enrolled. The MTD was carfilzomib 36 mg/m2 (on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16) and panobinostat 20 mg (TIW, 3 weeks on/1 week off, every 28 days), administered until progression. At the MTD, the most common grade 3/4, treatment-related adverse events were thrombocytopenia (41%), fatigue (17%), and nausea/vomiting (12%). The objective response rate (ORR) and clinical benefit rate were 63% and 68%, respectively. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for the entire population were 8 and 23 months, respectively. No differences in terms of ORR (55% vs. 57%), median PFS (months 8 vs. 7 months) and OS (24 vs. 22 months) were observed between bortezomib-sensitive and -refractory patients. CarPan proved to be a safe and effective steroid-sparing regimen in a heavily pre-treated population of MM patients. (Trial registered at ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT01549431).
Development and applications of a concentrating membrane osmometer for colloid solutions

The membrane concentration osmometer coupled with multiple sample preparations has been used for over a century to determine a number of colloidal properties. At the dilute region, this method has been used to determine solute molecular mass. When the solution is proteinaceous, in the intermediate region, the osmotic pressure profile provides the second virial coefficient, useful for estimating protein crystallization and salting out. At the most crowded concentrations, it provides insight into protein hydration and protein-ion interaction. One of the most critical factors in generating the osmotic pressure profile is minimizing the quantity of protein used and reducing the error in preparing samples. Here, we introduce a membrane concentrating osmometer that allows one to measure osmotic pressure over a wide concentration range from a single sample. A test study was performed using the osmotic pressure profile of self-crowded bovine serum albumin solutions. The resulting profile was in good agreement with previous data in the literature obtained from multiple sample studies. The osmotic pressure profile was further used with a free solvent-based osmotic pressure model to determine protein hydration and ion binding. These results were in excellent agreement with literature values. This concentrating osmometer has several advantages over a conventional concentration osmometer for obtaining the osmotic pressure profile for proteinaceous solutions: (1) the amount of protein required is significantly decreased, (2) the potential for experimental error in sample preparation diminishes, and (3) the time for generating the osmotic pressure profile is substantially reduced.
The Impact of a Donor Milk Program on Breast Milk Consumption, Infection Rates, and Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Hospitalized Neonates

Purpose: Expressed mother’s own colostrum and transitional preterm milk (EMOM), produced during early lactation, contain high amounts of protective bioactive proteins and growth factors which imbue significant gut barrier protection and affect immunomodulatory and nutritional programming. Commensal bacteria specific to the mother are prevalent in EMOM. Donor breast milk (DBM), although recommended as a safe alternative to EMOM, contains lower amounts of protective factors and non-specific commensal bacteria due to pasteurization and processing. Our Donor Breast Milk Program (DBMP) was implemented August 2014 to increase neonates’ consumption of human milk and optimize health outcomes. DBM was provided to neonates < 35 weeks gestational age (GA) as a substitute for formula, and with education …
Weights of uniform spanning forests on nonunimodular transitive graphs

Considering the wired uniform spanning forest on a nonunimodular transitive graph, we show that almost surely each tree of the wired uniform spanning forest is light. More generally we study the tilted volumes for the trees in the wired uniform spanning forest. Regarding the free uniform spanning forest, we consider several families of nonunimodular transitive graphs. We show that the free uniform spanning forest is the same as the wired one on Diestel--Leader graphs. For grandparent graphs, we show that the free uniform spanning forest is connected and has branching number bigger than one. We also show that each tree of the free uniform spanning forest is heavy and has branching number bigger than one on a free product of a nonunimodular transitive graph with one edge when the free uniform spanning forest is not the same as the wired.
Atrial Fibrillation Detection from Wrist Photoplethysmography Signals Using Smartwatches

Detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) from a wrist watch photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal is important because the wrist watch form factor enables long term continuous monitoring of arrhythmia in an easy and non-invasive manner. We have developed a novel method not only to detect AF from a smart wrist watch PPG signal, but also to determine whether the recorded PPG signal is corrupted by motion artifacts or not. We detect motion and noise artifacts based on the accelerometer signal and variable frequency complex demodulation based time-frequency analysis of the PPG signal. After that, we use the root mean square of successive differences and sample entropy, calculated from the beat-to-beat intervals of the PPG signal, to distinguish AF from normal rhythm. We then use a premature atrial contraction detection algorithm to have more accurate AF identification and to reduce false alarms. Two separate datasets have been used in this study to test the efficacy of the proposed method, which shows a combined sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 98.18%, 97.43% and 97.54% across the datasets.
The Permissibility of Deception in Riskier Research

The use of deception is typically prohibited in studies that pose greater than minimal risk overall. This approach prevents researchers from using deception to conceal significant risks or to deceive participants about the purpose, potential benefits, or other aspects of a study that are relevant to deciding whether to accept such risks. Yet this approach also mistakenly blocks appropriate research. In particular, it keeps researchers from using deception in studies that pose greater than minimal risk, even when participants are informed accurately about the risks and other aspects of the study that are relevant to deciding whether to participate. Rather than prohibiting deception when the overall study poses greater than minimal risk, policies should prohibit deception when the aspect of the study about which participants are deceived poses greater than minimal risk.
The Importance of Nonhuman Primates in Waorani Communities of the Ecuadorian Amazon

This chapter considers the importance of nonhuman primates in the subsistence and sharing behavior of the Waorani, an indigenous hunter–gatherer–horticulturalist group living in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Primate meat is commonly consumed in Waorani households, and primates are the species most often kept as pets. The large-bodied primates, as well as the peccary species, are shared between households with high frequency and contribute more than other prey species to the maintenance of consistent exchanges within the community. Frequent sharing of meat between households likely signals cooperative intent and reduces the risk of individuals not having meat to consume on a given day. The peccary species seem to be equally important to primates in regard to subsistence and sharing behavior. However, hunts recorded from a community that was recently established in an area of unhunted forest suggest that large-bodied primates might be the most important prey species when primate populations remain intact. The large harvest of spider monkeys from this area, and the conspicuous absence of spider monkeys from the harvests of some longer-established communities, suggests that the relative vulnerability of this species deserves further consideration.
Contact Tracing for Native Americans in Rural Arizona.

Contact Tracing for Native Americans in Rural Arizona On a reservation in eastern Arizona, most of the Native Americans with Covid-19 live with others who are at high risk. Identifying patients who...
Adjustments to pharmacologic therapies for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis while on extracorporeal support

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an immune dysregulatory syndrome characterized by severe inflammation and end-organ damage. Due to significant organ dysfunction, patients often require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). In this report, we describe consideration for adjusting treatment in the context of extracorporeal organ support. We describe agents commonly used and dosing adjustments made in light of extracorporeal organ support. We report six cases that illustrate the feasibility of initiating standard HLH therapies in patients requiring these modalities.
Role of Knowledge Management Processing in Improving Quality of Educational Services 'Applied Study of Sample Views From Faculty Members in a Number of Faculties of the University of Thi-Qar'

This study discussed the knowledge management processes of acquisition, storage, transfer and application of knowledge in one of Iraqi universities, University of ThiQar, Where token a sample Consisting of (120) Teaching for different levels of (6) faculties, which represents research community, the relationship and impact of these processes on the quality and educational services were analyzed and their dimensions (tangibility, Reliability, Response, guarantee and empathy), Provided by these colleges, The analysis of the data that resulted from the questionnaire, Number of her questions (41) question, showed that there was a correlation and impact between the two variables. The sample was concerned with the documentation of knowledge which is describe by excellence in performance and application of ideas in practice and is concerned with the good appearance and provide good service, despite its lack of knowledge of steps to simplify important methods In the provision of educational services, which, although presented but still need to develop the modernization of the methods used.
Inheritance Hierarchies and Hierarchical Construction

This chapter introduces the concept of inheritance in object-oriented programming and design. Inheritance is an essential and powerful mechanism that enables new classes to be constructed on the basis of existing classes. Inheritance also helps to organize large software systems into manageable pieces through inheritance hierarchies. We also discuss a related concept, hierarchical construction often called aggregation in database contexts, that allows software modules to be connected together to form larger systems.
Film and video lighting terms and concepts

Filmmakers and videographers must know and understand hundreds of terms to survive in the competitive world of motion picture and television production. This invaluable reference clearly defines and illustrates more than 1000 of the most commonly used terms and phrases. Explained are instruments and accessories such as the C-stand, brute, silver bullet, and bazooka; techniques such as the 'right-hand rule' and the blue-screen process; technical concepts such as the inverse square law and light colour temperature;colourful phrases such as 'beach it', 'shake 'em up', and 'martini shot'; and other popular neologisms often devised by bored grips waiting for the next shot - terms such as sputnik, quacker, branchaloris, and flying moon. Various lighting fixtures and accessories are featured in 70 photographs and illustrations. Far more accessible and readable than most technical books devoted to lighting, Lighting Terms and Concepts contains all of the terms that cinematographers, lighting directors, camera operators and assistants, gaffers, electricians, and grips may encounter during a typical day on the set.
Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Esophagectomy with Side-Side Thoracic Anastomosis

Over the past few decades, there has been a constant increase in the number of patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer in the United States. There were 17,990 newly diagnosed patients with esophageal cancer in 2013, and 15,210 patients died from this malignancy. Although squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the esophagus worldwide, adenocarcinoma is considerably more prevalent in the United States. Regardless of histologic character, this malignancy has a reported overall 5-year survival rate of 13–18 % since most patients have advance disease at initial presentation.
Targeted Elimination of PCDH-PC Expressing Prostate Cancer Cells for Control of Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Abstract : Protocadherin-PC (PCDH-PC or PCDH11Y) is a human-, male-specific gene product that is upregulated in prostate cancer cells by androgen deprivation therapy. Silencing of this gene product with PCDH-PC-specific siRNA drastically induced the death of prostate cancer cells cultured in the absence of androgens and we have proposed that PCDH-PC expression knockout by shRNAs or antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) might be useful in preventing the development of castration-recurrent prostate cancer in prostate cancer patients. To this end, we have created functional shRNA vectors and ASOs capable of suppressing PCDH-PC expression and we have also created a monoclonal antibody that allows us to detect PCDH-PC protein in cell extracts or tissues. The antibody preferentially recognizes prostate cancer cells in human prostate specimens. Knockdown of PCDH-PC expression by the shRNA vectors is more efficient than with siRNA and is apparently sufficient to kill prostate cancer cells even under conditions where androgen is available and this further supports the idea that PCDH-PC contributes to the biological properties and survival of prostate cancer cells.
Survey Responses to the Baldrige Quality Model and Implementing a College of Education Strategic Plan

The process of ensuring that a College of Education is equipped to address the challenging requirements of educating students for the twenty-first century is one that connects leadership with student achievement and faculty development. All three must work together in order to invigorate education programs. A regional southeastern university collected data using a survey published by The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the Baldrige program titled “Are We Ready” and “Are We Ready as Leaders.” The objectives of the Baldrige quality model are to identify and recognize role-model institutions, establish criteria for evaluating improvement efforts, and to disseminate and share best practices. This study analyzed the perceptions of faculty and administrators in the college on the following seven organizational factors: Leadership, Strategic Planning, Customer Focus, Measurement, Analysis and Knowledge Management, Workforce Focus, Operations Focus and Results. The data provided a reference base for comparisons with responses from replicated future surveys, and would enable the institution to make necessary adjustments for improvement. In addition, information derived from the Baldrige survey would help the institution to revise and implement its strategic plans. This study provided relevant information that would enable the College of education to improve its overall operation and mission.
UAV-based laser spectrometer to quantify methane from agricultural and petrochemical activities

A lightweight (1.8 kg) UAV-based methane sensor using a 3.27 μm GaSb DFB laser has been developed. Small UAVs can quantify very localized methane emissions but severely constrain sensor mass/volume while still requiring high-sensitivity detection.
Toward the settlement of the fairness issues in ultimatum games

Abstract It has been suggested that modest demands by first movers in ultimatum games are motivated by fairness. Here we present a bargaining framework in which the main characteristic of the ultimatum game is embedded in an infinite horizon fixed-cost bargaining game where a quit move is a legitimate response. We show that the threat of quitting which in theory is empty, has nonetheless a significant attenuating effect on the demands of strong players. The fairness argument is therefore invalid since no moderation of demands is seen when the quit move is forbidden.
Case–Control Study of Posttreatment Regression of Urinary Tract Morbidity Among Adults in Schistosoma haematobium–Endemic Communities in Kwale County, Kenya

Previous population-based studies have examined treatment impact on Schistosoma-associated urinary tract disease among children, but much less is known about longer-term treatment benefits for affected adult populations in areas where risk of recurrent infection is high. In communities in Msambweni, along the Kenya coast, we identified, using a portable ultrasound, 77 adults (aged 17-85) with moderate-to-severe obstructive uropathy or bladder disease due to Schistosoma haematobium. Treatment response was assessed by repeat ultrasound 1-2 years after praziquantel (PZQ) therapy and compared with interval changes among age- and sex-matched infected/treated control subjects who did not have urinary tract abnormalities at the time of initial examination. Of the 77 affected adults, 62 (81%) had improvement in bladder and/or kidney scores after treatment, 14 (18%) had no change, and one (1.3%) had progression of disease. Of the 77 controls, 75 (97%) remained disease free by ultrasound, while two (3%) had apparent progression with abnormal findings on follow-up examination. We conclude that PZQ therapy for S. haematobium is effective in significantly reducing urinary tract morbidity from urogenital schistosomiasis among adult age groups, and affected adults stand to benefit from inclusion in mass treatment campaigns.
Humoral immune response to human aortic valve homografts.

The humoral response to homograft valves in humans is largely unknown. The anti-human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) antibody production, specificity, and immunoglobulin class were examined sequentially in 73 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. In addition, the long-term production of antibodies was examined in a cross-sectional study of 160 patients at periods varying from 1 to 15 years postoperatively. Human lymphocyte antigen antibodies were produced in 17 of 30 antibioticsterilized homografts (56%) and in 15 of 15 "homovital" homograft recipients, compared with 6 of the 28 control xenograft recipients (21%) ( p p = 0.00003). We conclude that homografts appear to stimulate a strong donor HLA-specific antibody response, particularly of the immunoglobulin G class. This is most common in homovital valve recipients. These antibodies can persist for 15 years after operation. The clinical significance of this response requires further investigation.
Morphology of Model A/B/(C-block-D) Ternary Blends and Compatibilization of Two Immiscible Homopolymers A and B with a C-block-D Copolymer

The morphology of A/B/(C-block-D) ternary blends was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and its implications in the compatibilization of two immiscible homopolymers A and B with a C-block-D copolymer are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the thermodynamic requirements and the role of order−disorder transition temperature (TODT) of block copolymer for compatibilization. For the investigation, the following model ternary blends were prepared: (i) 63/27/10 PS/PB/(PαMS-block-PI) with PS denoting polystyrene, PB denoting polybutadiene, PαMS denoting poly(α-methylstyrene), and PI denoting polyisoprene; (ii) 63/27/10 PPO/PP/(PS-block-PEB) with PPO denoting poly(phenylene oxide), PP denoting polypropylene, and PEB denoting poly(ethylene-co-1-butene); and (iii) 63/27/10 PMMA/PP/(PαMS-block-PI) with PMMA denoting poly(methyl methacrylate). Blend specimens were prepared by melt blending in a Mini-Max mixer at temperatures above and below the TODT of block copolymer. The TEM images of ternary ble...
Measurement and Interpretation Issues in Civic Integration Studies: A Rejoinder

I thank Ines Michalowski and Ricky van Oers for their reply to my original article (Goodman 2010a). Their response provides helpful descriptive updating to my coding of civic integration policies, ...
Genus sets and SNT sets of certain connective covering spaces

We study the genus and SNT sets of connective covering spaces of familiar finite CW-complexes, both of rationally elliptic type (e.g. quaternionic projective spaces) and of rationally hyperbolic type (e.g. one-point union of a pair of spheres). In connection with the latter situation, we are led to an independently interesting question in group theory: if f is a homomorphism from Gl(�,A) to Gl(n,A), � < n, A = Z, resp. Zp, does the image of f have infinite, resp. uncountably infinite, index in Gl(n,A)? 1. Introduction and statement of results. In this paper, we study the genus sets and SNT sets of certain m-connective covering spaces Xh mi , following the work initiated by McGibbon and Moller ((16)), and continued by McGibbon and Roitberg ((17)). Before stating our main results, we recall the basic notions; in the following definitions, X and Y are assumed to be spaces of the homotopy type of nilpotent, finite type CW-complexes.
On diffusion of a single‐phase, slightly compressible fluid through a randomly fissured medium

In this paper, the Douglas–Peszynska–Showalter model of diffusion through a partially fissured medium is given a stochastic formulation using the framework for problems in random media as set forth by Jikov, Kozlov and Oleinik. The concept of stochastic two-scale convergence in the mean is then used to homogenize the randomized micromodels which result. As a consequence of this homogenization procedure, exact stochastic generalizations of results obtained by Clark and Showalter on diffusion through periodically fissured media are derived. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amphioxus tails: source and fate of larval fin rays and the metamorphic transition from an ectodermal to a predominantly mesodermal tail

It was previously discovered that tail fin rays of larval amphioxus are long ciliary rootlets in posterior epidermal cells. This work describes the heretofore unknown origin and fate of these organelles in the Florida amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae). In late embryos, epidermal cells at the posterior end of the body increase in height, thus producing a tail fin. One ciliary rootlet in each cell elongates and also rotates through about 90°, soon becoming oriented parallel to the long axis of the cell and running continuously from the apical to the basal plasma membrane. During the subsequent growth of the larval tail, the rootlets and epidermal cells housing them reach lengths up to 120 μm. At metamorphosis, the rootlets become vacuolated and rapidly decrease in length along with the height of the tail epidermis. Contemporaneously, abundant extracellular dermal matrix accumulates in the sagittal plane of the body to produce a predominantly dermal tail fin. Throughout postmetamorphic life, the posterior epidermal cells, now without ciliary rootlets, thinly cover a largely dermal tail flange. Thus, the specialized morphology of the amphioxus tail fin is generated by two different cellular mechanisms, involving different cell populations (ectodermal and mesodermal), at different life-history stages.
Using observed structured teaching exercises (OSTE) to enhance hospitalist teaching during family centered rounds.

BACKGROUND: “Rounds” are the organizing structure for academic hospitalist-trainee teams. Family centered rounds (FCR) are endorsed by the Institute of Medicine and by the American Academy of Pediatrics, however, rounds are often conducted in the privacy of the conference room where patients and families are not privy to the decision-making process used to determine their diagnosis and management. Less than half of pediatric hospitalists reported conducting FCR, citing concerns about inefficiency and diminished teaching. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to design and implement a faculty development program to address the need of hospitalists to efficiently teach during FCR. DESIGN: Scoring templates were developed to measure evidence-based teaching behaviors to optimize orientation, feedback, clinical reasoning, assessing physical exam findings, and promoting resident leadership during FCR. Hospitalists were scored by Standardized Learners and Standardized Parents during 4 Observed Structured Teaching Exercises (OSTEs) before and after focused workshops. RESULTS: Fourteen of 14 hospitalist participants had 17 months ± 14 months of experience; 71% were female; none had previous training in the areas proposed in the study. The differences between pre- and post-OSTEs for the 4 stations were statistically significant (P < .0001). Particular improvements were noted in the correction of incorrect clinical reasoning (new patient diagnosis) (56% pre, 86% post) and orientation (65% pre, 95% post). CONCLUSIONS: We found incorporating OSTEs into a FCR faculty development program to be an effective strategy for improving faculty teaching behavior. Additional study is needed to determine if this strategy results in sustained improvements in conducting FCRs in real inpatient settings. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Identical motion in relativistic quantum and classical mechanics

The Klein-Gordon equation for the stationary state of a charged particle in a spherically symmetric scalar field is partitioned into a continuity equation and an equation similar to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. There exists a class of potentials for which the Hamilton-Jacobi equation is exactly obtained and examples of these potentials are given. The partitionAnsatz is then applied to the Dirac equation, where an exact partition into a continuity equation and a Hamilton-Jacobi equation is obtained.
Plessy v. Ferguson: Race and Inequality in Jim Crow America. By Williamjames Hull Hoffer. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2012. Pp. ix, 219. $34.95.)

This new book on Plessy v. Ferguson has a number of admirable qualities. In about two hundred pages, it covers a remarkable amount of ground. Williamjames Hull Hoffer offers a thorough account of t...
JCE Classroom Activity #107. And the Oscar Goes to...A Chemist!

A hands-on activity and demonstration, both applicable to the 2010 National Chemistry Week theme of Behind the Scenes with Chemistry, are presented. In the activity, students compare and contrast the properties of heat conductors and heat insulators. During the demonstration, students learn that water absorbed by a superabsorbent polymer can insulate material from a burning flame. Students also learn about Gary Zeller, a chemist who won an Academy Award for scientific achievement in 1988 for his invention of Zel Jel. Zel Jel is a mixture of water and polymers that is used in the special effects industry to protect actors from being burned when they are set on fire during filming.
Phase diagram of carbon dioxide: update and challenges

We present the phase diagram of carbon dioxide with the most recent finding of coesite-like carbon dioxide, a missing analog to SiO2, address several controversies on phase VII and phase IV in terms of the phase metastabilities and thermal path-dependent phase transitions, and discuss the implications to the generalized phase diagram of simple molecular solids.
Apoptotic Effects of LPS on Fibroblasts are Indirectly Mediated through TNFR1

During periods of periodontal attachment loss, one of the most significant cellular changes is a decrease in the number of fibroblasts. We previously demonstrated that LPS induces apoptosis of fibroblastic cells in vivo, largely through TNF-α. We conducted in vivo experiments by subcutaneous inoculation of LPS in wild-type, TNFR1−/−R2−/−, TNFR1−/−, and TNFR2−/− mice to identify which TNF receptors are involved and the specific caspase pathway activated. LPS stimulated apoptosis through TNFR1 but not TNFR2, which was accompanied by the induced expression of 12 apoptotic genes. Fluorometric studies demonstrated that LPS in vivo significantly increased caspase-8 and caspase-3 activity, which was also dependent on TNF receptor signaling. By the use of specific caspase inhibitors, caspases-3 and -8 were shown to play an important role in LPS-induced apoptosis in vivo. Thus, LPS acts through TNFR1 to modulate the expression of apoptotic genes and activate caspases-3 and -8.
Emissions optimization of a biodiesel fired gas turbine

Abstract This study investigates the operation of a 30 kW gas turbine engine operated on biodiesel. Atomization, vaporization, combustion, and emissions are compared for operation of the gas turbine on biodiesel and, as a reference, diesel fuel distillate #2. The role of liquid properties on fuel preparation and subsequent engine performance, injector operation on the resulting droplet sizes, and fuel vaporization characteristics are examined. Results show that while compositionally simple, biodiesel’s fluid properties result in inferior atomization, longer evaporation times compared to diesel. Theoretical and experimental findings indicate that optimizing the fuel injection process will improve NO x emissions for biodiesel. The minimum emission levels achieved for biodiesel still exceed the minimum attained for diesel. It is apparent that factors in addition to atomization contribute to the generally higher NO x emissions observed for biodiesel.
Neonatal brain infections

Infections of the brain in the neonatal period differ considerably from infections in the older child, due to a variety of age-specific factors that are related not only to the child, but also to the mother, and to specific pathogenic organisms. It has been recognized that clinical and neurological signs are often non-specific, sometimes scarce, and seldom correlate with the extent of neuroimaging findings, thus warranting early imaging to ensure timely therapy and improved outcome.
A pulse polarographic measurement of the kinetics of dissociation of the [RuIII(edta)]2 dimer

Abstract The dimeric edta complex of ruthenium(III) generated by the one-electron reduction of dimeric RuIII 1 2 (edta)]2 at mercury electrodes dissociates into the well characterized, monomeric RuIII(edta)OH2 complex at a rate that increases with the proton concentration. Normal and reverse pulse polarography were combined to measure the rate of the dissociation reaction. At pH 4.8 a rate constant of 0.7 s−1 was obtained, in good agreement with an estimate reported in a previous study by Sato and co-workers. (Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 55 (1982) 797).
A mod-ℓ vanishing theorem of Beilinson–Soulé type

Abstract Let L be a field containing an algebraically closed field and X an equidimensional quasiprojective scheme over L . We prove that CH i ( X , n ; Z / l ) = 0 when n > 2 i and l ≠ 0 ; this was known previously when i ≥ dim X and L is itself algebraically closed. This “mod- l ” version of the Beilinson–Soule conjecture implies the equivalence of the rational and integral versions of the conjecture for varieties over fields of this type and can be used to prove the vanishing of the (integral) groups CH i ( X , n ) (for n > 2 i ) in certain cases.
EXAMINING THE ROLE OF CUTTING FLUIDS IN MACHINING AND EFFORTS TO ADDRESS ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL/HEALTH CONCERNS

ABSTRACT Cutting fluids have seen extensive use and have commonly been viewed as a required addition to high productivity and high quality machining operations. Cutting fluid related costs and health concerns associated with exposure to cutting fluid mist and a growing desire to achieve environmental sustainability in manufacturing have caused industry and academia to re-examine the role of these fluids and quantify their benefits. This work summarizes the traditional purposes of cutting fluids and reports on recent analytical and experimental research to critically examine these functions. To minimize or even eliminate the concerns associated with cutting fluid usage, several recent and novel approaches have been proposed and are examined.
Real-time dynamics of nitric oxide shifts within the esophageal wall.

Currently, indirect evidence suggests that the neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in the genesis of aboral propagation of esophageal peristalses during swallowing. However, direct evidence in this regard currently is lacking. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of using NO-selective microprobes to detect real-time NO changes within the esophageal wall of North American opossums (Didelphis virginiana) during normal progressive esophageal peristalsis and induced esophageal dysmotility. Six adult opossums of both sexes (mean weight, 2.28 ± 0.41 kg) were included in the study. All had normal esophageal motility, as documented by water-perfused esophageal manometry. A calibrated carbon fiber NO-selective microelectrode (ISNOP30, ISNOP100) was placed within the smooth muscle portion of the esophageal wall, and changes in NO levels were measured as redox current in pico-amperes (pA) with the Apollo-4000 NO meter. The dynamics of NO in response to reflexive deglutition were assessed during both normal propagative peristalsis and abnormal esophageal contractions induced by intravenous (IV) administration of the neural NO synthase inhibitor L-nitro L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and banding of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) for 4-weeks. During normal propagative esophageal peristalsis, a mean change of 2,158.85 ± 715.93 pA was measured by the NO meter. Intravenous administration of L-NAME and chronic banding of the GEJ induced achalasia-like esophageal contractions. A significantly smaller change in levels of NO was detected within the esophageal wall during dysfunctional motility (331.94 ± 188.17 pA; p < 0.001) than during normal propagative peristalsis (579 ± 385 pA; p < 0.001). The results of this study indicate that carbon fiber NO-selective microprobes can successfully measure changes in the concentration of NO, an important inhibitory neurotransmitter, within the esophageal wall and that these preliminary data support the involvement of this crucial neurotransmitter in programming normal propagation of peristaltic waves within the esophagus.
Study of the intermediate mixed-valence superconductor CeRu3Si2 under pressure

Abstract We have measured the resistance of CeRu3.5Si2 under pressures up to 18 kbar down to 1 K. The extra Ru was introduced to stabilize the desired CeRu3Si2 phase. Under pressure, the resistance of CeRu3Si2 varies as R(T) = R0 + αT2 at low temperature and both R0 and α change drastically. The residual resistance R0 decreases rapidly but linearly with pressure increase. On the other hand, the superconducting transition temperature Tc increases with pressure at a rate of 3.7 × 10−5 K bar−1. These observations can be explained consistently in terms of a 4f-density of states reduction under pressure.
Iridium complexes bearing a PNP ligand, favoring facile C(sp3)–H bond cleavage

Hydrogen iodide is lost upon reaction of PNP with IrI3, where PNP = 2,6-bis-(di-t-butylphosphinomethyl)pyridine to give crystallographically characterized Ir(PNP)*(I)2, which reacts with H2 to give Ir(PNP)(H)(I)2. Ir(PNP)(Cl)3 is relatively inert towards the intramolecular C–H activation of the tert-butyl's of the PNP ligand.
Maintenance of fluid volume in the starfish water vascular system

LOCOMOTION in the starfish Asterias forbesi involves many tube feet, each functioning independently as a hydrostatic skeleton; the circular muscles of the ampulla acting antagonistically to the longitudinal muscles of the tube foot itself through the constant volume of fluid contained in the ampulla–foot unit1. The fluid for each tube foot comes from the water vascular system to which each foot is connected through its own lateral canal. The water vascular system in Asterias consists of three interconnecting series of canals: (1) radial canals running the length of each arm; (2) a circular canal running around the gut at the base of the arms, and (3) the stone canal which runs from the radial canal up to the aboral (“dorsal”) surface, terminating in the madreporite. The madreporite, an orange disk, is porous and associated with several sets of cilia. For some time it has been presumed, and is still presented or indicated in some textbooks, that the fluid contained within the starfish water vascular system is pumped by ciliary activity through the madreporite into the canal system, although it has been pointed out that no experimental evidence supports this assumption2. lonically, the fluid within the water vascular system is nearly identical to the external seawater with the exception of internal K+, which is present in a concentration up to 60% higher than that of the seawater3,4. On the basis of this difference, it was suggested that K+ accumulation by the water vascular system is responsible for water uptake by this system, either by creating a slight osmotic gradient within the tube feet or by direct movement of water with hydrated K+ ions, as opposed to direct uptake of seawater through the madreporite5. We have investigated the generation of the fluid in the water vascular system more thoroughly by determining the osmotic and ionic characteristics of the fluid within the tube feet and the ionic transport characteristics of the isolated tube foot epithelium.
Pet ownership and sex as determinants of stated affect toward others and estimates of others' regard of self.

To search for personality correlates of pet ownership 176 Ss were administered a questionnaire which elicited estimates of one's liking of others and others' liking of self. Results suggest that pet owners and males like people-in-general less than non-owners and females.
Use of evolutionary computation techniques for exploration and prediction of helicopter loads

The development of accurate load spectra for helicopters is necessary for life cycle management and life extension efforts. This paper explores continued efforts to utilize evolutionary computation (EC) methods and machine learning techniques to estimate several helicopter dynamic loads. Estimates for the main rotor normal bending (MRNBX) on the Australian Black Hawk helicopter were generated from an input set that included thirty standard flight state and control system parameters under several flight conditions (full speed forward level flight, rolling left pullout at 1.5g, and steady 45° left turn at full speed). Multi-objective genetic algorithms (MOGA) used in combination with the Gamma test found reduced subsets of predictor variables with modeling potential. These subsets were used to estimate MRNBX using Cartesian genetic programming and neural network models trained by deterministic and evolutionary computation techniques, including particle swarm optimization (PSO), differential evolution (DE), and MOGA. PSO and DE were used alone or in combination with deterministic methods. Different error measures were explored including a fuzzy-based asymmetric error function. EC techniques played an important role in both the exploratory and modeling phase of the investigation. The results of this work show that the addition of EC techniques in the modeling stage generated more accurate and correlated models than could be obtained using only deterministic optimization.
Neural correlates of the impact of control on decision making in pathological gambling.

Abstract Perceived control over a gambling outcome leads individuals to accept more and larger bets, increased risk-taking. Pathological gamblers, however, do not diminish risk-taking when control is absent, suggesting an illusion of control. To evaluate neural correlates of perceived control in gamblers, this study compared magnetoencephalography responses of 36 pathological (PG) and 36 non-pathological gamblers (NPG) during the Georgia Gambling Task. PGs exhibited greater activity in bilateral primary sensory regions. An interaction between pathology and control over the gambling task was observed bilaterally throughout dorsal and ventral visual processing streams, and lateral PFC. NPGs showed decreased activity when control was absent. Groups did not differ in response to potential bet cost. These findings provide neurophysiological evidence that PGs suffer from the pattern of risk-taking associated with perceived control, even when no control exists. They suggest that gambling pathology contributes to differential processing of gambling stimuli other than potential costs or rewards.
The impact of differential promotion systems on careers

Two promotion systems are shown to differ in two steps of procedure: noticeability and merit. In one system the scientist must depend completely on being noticeable to be recommended and worthy to be promoted. In the other system these two steps are buttressed by periodic consideration and routine promotion for length of service. The general impact of this difference is that the former system results in more discrepancies between rank and responsibility or competence and is appraised as less satisfactory. The impact on careers shows less satisfaction with promotion chances and job security and a longer wait for promotion in the former system. Professional recognition is shown to be a way of coping with the system demands of being both noticeable and worthy. Some practical implications of this type analysis of reward systems are discussed.
Measurement of the α-secondary kinetic isotope effect for the reaction catalyzed by mammalian protein farnesyltransferase

Protein farnesytransferase (FTase) catalyzes the transfer of a 15-carbon prenyl group from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to the cysteine residue of target proteins and is a member of the newest class of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze sulfur alkylation. Common substrates of FTase include oncogenic Ras proteins, and therefore inhibitors are under development for the treatment of various cancers. An increased understanding of the salient features of the chemical transition state of FTase may aid in the design of potent inhibitors and enhance our understanding of the mechanism of this class of zinc enzymes. To investigate the transition state of FTase we have used transient kinetics to measure the α-secondary 3H kinetic isotope effect at the sensitive C1 position of FPP. The isotope effect for the FTase single turnover reaction using a peptide substrate that is farnesylated rapidly is near unity, indicating that a conformational change, rather than farnesylation, is the rate-limiting step. To look at the chem...