cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fetch-limited self-organization of elongate water bodies

Naturally occurring elongate bodies that are segmented or appear to be in the process of segmentation occur in a variety of environments and scales. A simple, process-based numerical model of planform shoreline evolution demonstrates that fetch controls on alongshore sediment transport can result in the segmentation of an elongate water body into smaller, rounded lakes or ponds. The shape of elongate water bodies leaves their long coasts prone to a high-angle-wave instability in shoreline shape that results in the formation of capes that grow through interactions with one another along the same coast. In a numerical model, as capes extend farther offshore, a new behavior emerges, whereby capes on opposing coasts attract one another laterally as they grow, suggesting a novel mechanism for large-scale shoreline self-organization through fetch-limiting interactions. We demonstrate these interactions through analysis of local net sediment flux and coastline stability. Ensemble model runs suggest that, for a symmetric wind distribution, the initial segmentation of a water body requires four lengths per initial width, yet water bodies with higher initial aspect ratios segment to one final round water body per factor of two of the initial aspect ratio. Wave-dominated elongate water bodies with coasts consisting of clastic sediment (and a lack of vegetation) are most likely to undergo this predicted segmentation.
Role of echocardiography to determine candidacy for cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Purpose of review Cardiac resynchronization therapy is a great benefit to many patients with severe symptomatic heart failure, wide QRS duration, and depressed left ventricular ejection fraction. Although the widened QRS is a surrogate for delayed mechanical activation, known as dyssynchrony, imaging techniques have identified a subset of patients with widened QRS who do not have dyssynchrony and accordingly do not respond to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Recent findings Many echocardiographic techniques have emerged to quantify regional dyssynchrony, in hopes of improving patient selection and response rate to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Principal methods include M-mode septal to posterior wall motion delay, pulsed Doppler measures of left ventricular ejection in relation to right ventricular ejection, diastolic filling time as a ratio of cycle length, and several tissue Doppler imaging techniques to assess intraventricular opposing wall delay or dispersion of time to peak velocities. Although the simple and straightforward methods are easy to reproduce, they are modest in predictive value. In contrast, tissue Doppler imaging and other more recent techniques have higher predictive value, but are technically much more complex and require training and experience. Summary This field continues to evolve and further data are needed to precisely define the appropriate role of echocardiographic dyssynchrony information in patient selection for cardiac resynchronization therapy.
Bedtime Stories From the Viral Universe

Review of : Planet of Viruses; Carl Zimmer; (2011). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. Hardcover, 128 pages. ISBN-10: 0226983358.
Simultaneous and Successive Processing in University Students: Contribution to Academic Performance

Seventy undergraduate subjects were tested individually on a battery of tests designed to assess simultaneous and successive processing. Changes made from the commonly administered batteries included individual administration, generous time limits on most tests, more difficult items, and more verbal tests. These changes were made in order to test the limits of university students and to increase the verbal content of both processing modes. The expected factor structure emerged and was found to correlate significantly and differentially with other measures of academic performance: scores on the simultaneous processing factor correlated significantly with Scholastic Aptitute Test (SAT) Math scores, while scores on the successive processing factor correlated significantly with grades from the university's introductory English composition course.
Pyrazolopyrimidine nucleosides. Part VIII† The synthesis of certain 4-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine nucleosides

1-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrimidine-4-thione (6), obtained by a three-step synthesis from allopurinol riboside (3), was treated with certain alkyl and aryl halides to provide the corresponding 4-alkylthio derivatives. The nucleoside 4-methylthio-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)pyra-zolo[3,4-d]pyritnidine (7) has served as the precursor for the preparation of the 4-methylamino (11), 4-dimethylamino (12), 4-hydrazino (13), and the 4-hydroxylamino (14) analogs.
Bibliographies on radiation chemistry: VII. Triplet-triplet absorption spectra Part B (1976 – April, 1982)

Abstract We have compiled a bibliography of papers dealing with triplet-triplet absorption spectroscopy which we hope is reasonably complete through April 1982. The number of references (about 800) has mandated the separation of this list into two parts. Part A 1 included work published before 1976; Part B from then until the above cutoff date. The initial set of references for the current period was obtained as a subset of a profile on transient spectra matched against our current awareness procedures. This was augmented by various keyword searches of the RCDC bibliographic data base. 2 The keywords (and logic) chosen were (triplet state and absorption spectra) or triplet-triplet absorption or triplet-triplet transition. Further references were secured from the biologically oriented review of Bensasson et al. 3 and from the inspection of the reference lists of a large number of papers targeted by our search strategy. We have included only those papers providing quantitative spectral information such as peak locations and extinction coefficients. Studies in which the observation of a known triplet-triplet absorption is used simply as a kinetic tool have generally been omitted. Work in the gas phase has been excluded and we have not covered the theoretical aspects of the phenomenon. The exact identity of the metastable absorber in coordination compounds is generally uncertain and these have also been excluded from consideration although studies on chlorophylls and porphyrins have been retained. As before internal laboratory reports and conference proceedings have usually been discarded. The resulting list of references has been printed in roughly chronological order.
Distinct electric potentials in soma and neurite membranes

Structurally similar voltage-dependent ion channels may behave differently in different locations along the surface of a neuron. A possible reason could be that channels experience nonuniform electrical potentials along the plasmalemma. Here, we map the electrical potentials along the membrane of differentiated N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells with a potential-sensitive dye. We find that the intramembrane potential gradient is indeed more positive in the membranes of neurites than in the membranes of somata. This is not attributable to differences in ion conductances or surface charge densities between the membranes of neurites and somata; instead, it can be explained by differences in lipid composition. The spatial variation in intramembrane electrical potential may help account for electrophysiological and functional differences between neurites and somata.
Nutrient and surfactant enhancement for the biodegradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the wastewater from a Louisiana Superfund site

Abstract Surfactant based soil washing and flushing is an emerging technology for Superfund site remediation in the United States. The presence of surfactants in the wastewater, however, poses challenging problems for subsequent biological or physical–chemical processes. The objective of this research is to evaluate the potential effects of selected surfactants on the biodegradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the wastewater from the Petro Processors (PPI) Superfund site north of Baton Rouge, LA. Results from this study showed that biodegradation of a real world waste containing a broad array of hazardous contaminants was significantly enhanced by the amendment of mineral nutrients and surfactants, especially a nonionic surfactant Witconol. The enhancement based on TOC reduction was 49% higher for the mixture of PPI wastewater with Witconol than the combined biodegradation of PPI wastewater and Witconol alone, whereas a similar enhancement was observed with an anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). The addition of mineral nutrients was also shown to further enhance the biodegradation of PPI wastewater, with a 13% increase in TOC reduction as compared to the nutrient limited controls. Nutrient addition significantly increased microbial growth, biodegradation, and foam degradation of surfactant-laden PPI wastewater.
Neural network technology for automatic target recognition

A brief review is presented of neural network tools for Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) . These tools include collective computation for implementing a variety of computational-vision techniques learning and adaptation for pattern recognition knowledge integration for expert-system capabilities and beyondsupercomputer- level hardware. As a specific example neural networks for stereo vision are introduced as a potentially fruitful approach to ATR. Preliminary results are presented which show substantial performance improvements over previous stereo algorithms for producing accurate dense displacement maps. These maps can be used in turn to derive accurate geometrical shape information that can result in improved recognition performance. 1.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE EDENTULOUS PATIENT. II. XEROSTOMIA AND THE BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

Sixty-seven edentulous patients with complete dentures were studied during 153 visits. Xerostomia was reported during 37 of the 153 visits, but usually it was mild and intermittent; it was constant in only 5 cases, and never severe. The blood sugar data indicated hypoglycemia during 6 per cent of the visits and hyperglycemia during 16 per cent; 3 out of 4 values were normal. In relation to xerostomia, statistical analysis showed that the blood sugar level was higher in patients with dry mouth.
Loss of estrus in human evolution: Too many answers, too few questions

Abstract Models addressing the importance of "loss of estrus" in human evolution assume that, as part of a general trend among higher primates, endogenous hormonal fluctuations have less influence on human female sexuality than cognitive and socioenvironmental factors. The diversity of reproductive patterns among primate species is not satisfactorily explained as the outcome of evolutionary trends along dimensions such as brain enlargement, behavioral flexibility, or relative independence of behavior from physiology. Rather, the role of hormones and other factors must be viewed in the context of species' life history and ecological constraints. Human studies on the relationship between the menstrual cycle and sexual behavior have been limited to Western women in industrialized societies, which may not reveal evolved behavioral-physiological patterns. Furthermore, available studies have yielded inconsistent results. No single pattern emerges that can be said to characterize the human female, and no conclusion can be reached regarding the relationship between cyclic hormonal fluctuations and sexual behavior and, thus, whether human ovulation is concealed. Future studies are needed that are methodologically improved and systematically document the interaction among ecological, subsistence, social, and physiological variables.
Allylic Oxidation of Cyclohexene and Indene by cis-[RuIV(bpy)2(py)(O)]2+

The kinetics of oxidation of cyclohexene, cyclohexen-1-ol, and indene by cis-[RuIV(bpy)2(py)(O)]2+ (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine and py = pyridine) have been studied in CH3CN. The reactions are first-orde...
GABAergic modulation of binge-like ethanol intake in C57BL/6J mice

GABA receptor systems have long been implicated in alcoholism, and GABAergic drugs have demonstrated efficacy in altering alcohol intake in some rodent models. The present study was designed to assess the effects of baclofen, muscimol, and gaboxadol (THIP) in a variation on a new mouse model of binge-like ethanol intake. Three hours into their dark cycle, male and female C57BL/6J mice were given access to a 20% unsweetened ethanol solution for 2 h each day, for four days. On day five, mice received varying doses of baclofen, muscimol or THIP and were allowed access to 20% ethanol for 60 min. Baclofen dose-dependently increased binge-like ethanol intake, while both muscimol and THIP reduced ethanol intake. Subsequent studies testing the effect of baclofen, muscimol and THIP on water intake using the same procedure revealed that whereas baclofen had no significant effect, muscimol and THIP both reduced the measure. These results add to the growing literature suggesting a role for GABA receptor systems in the modulation of ethanol intake. However, whereas the role of GABAB receptor systems seems selective in the modulation of binge-like ethanol intake, the role for GABAA receptor systems appears to also extend to general fluid intake.
Using the framework of a SWOT analysis to revisit first mover profitability in the 'new economy': the case of the US apparel retailing industry

This paper plans to investigate, while using the framework of a SWOT analysis, the respective contributions of entry timing and existing US apparel retailers' capabilities to the profitability of such retailers after they expand into the internet as a new market. Hypotheses are developed and tested under the specific context to explain the role of entry timing after controlling for the confounding effect of three types of capabilities. It has been found that only marketing and operations capability play critical roles, while First Mover Advantage (FMA) disappears as expected in this study when such advantage is viewed from profitability instead of market share perspective.
Quantitative morphology of the normal human tricuspid valve: Autopsy study of 24 cases

Objective: To describe thoroughly and quantitatively the morphologic features of the human tricuspid valve, to define and classify classify certain prominent normal variations, and to offer a clear and concise terminology for describing its morphology. Background. In recent years there has been growing interest in the tricuspid valve. Noninvasive imaging is now commonplace and remarkably detailed. Surgical interventions involving the tricuspid valve have become increasingly common. These factors underscore the need variations. Methods. Quantitative and anatomic features of the tricuspid valve were studied in 24 normal hearts at autopsy from subject evenly distributed by age and sex. Leaflet length, surface area, chordal number, and leaflet morphology were recorded. Results. Valves demonstrated some degree of leaflet subdivision in 92% of cases. Mean tricuspid valve length was 11.3 ± 0.1 cm and the surface area was 21.0 ± 1.1 cm2. Mean lengths and surface areas were similar for the anterior, posterior, and septal leaflets (38–42 mm and 5.9–7.8 cm2, respectively). However, for a given valve, the longest leaflet could be twice the length and three times the area of the smallest. Calculated valvular diameter was 2.13 ± 0.03 cm/m2. The tricuspid valve was served by and average of 170 ± 36 chordae tendineae, 49% inserted on the free edge of the valve, 44% on the undersurface, and 7% on the basal regions. Chordal density (number of chordae/cm2) was greater in women than men (9.9 ± 0.5 vs. 7.3 ± 0.7 chordae/cm2, P < 0.02). The septal leaflet had the greatest chordal density and the anterior leaflet the lowest (12.7 ± 0.9 vs. 5.9 ± chordae/cm2). Conclusions. The concept of chordal density for the tricuspid valve has not been previously described and may be clinically relevant in the pathogensis of valvular prolapse. Modifications of existing tricuspid valve nomenclature are suggested. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Note on the sampling error of the difference between correlated proportions or percentages.

Two formulas are presented for judging the significance of the difference between correlated proportions. The chi square equivalent of one of the developed formulas is pointed out.
Timing of Egf Treatment Differentially Affects Tgf-β2 Induced Cranial Suture Closure:

Premature suture obliteration results in an inability of cranial and facial bones to grow, with craniofacial dysmorphology requiring surgical correction as a consequence. Understanding signaling pa...
Universal Design Curves for Effects of Dispersion in Phased Array Radars

Wide bandwidth waveforms, providing high range resolution, are becoming increasingly prevalent with the advent of diminiscing costs for signal processing. However, phased array radars that do not incorporate time-delay steering suffer dispersion loss and pulse broadening effects from wide bandwidth waveforms. This paper presents universal design curves for quantifying the effects of dispersion in corporate-fed (equal line length) phased arrays. These curves are applicable to all shapes of aperture (linear, rectangular, oval, or circular) and to all types of waveforms (unmodulated pulses, frequency modulated, and phased coded). Conversion factors are presented to convert physical aperture size to effective aperture size for different aperture shapes and illumination functions. Similarly, conversion factors are presented for determining effective pulse length for the radar pulses whether the pulses are unmodulated, phase coded, or frequency modulated with a large spread of time-sidelobe design levels.
An Attribution Theory Perspective on Alcohol-Impaired Driving

Attribution theory is offered as a theoretical framework for generating and testing hypotheses about how people perceive and respond to the behavior of impaired driving. Recent work on the attribution of responsibility for alcohol-impaired driving indicates that the perceived seriousness of this behavior varies with the consequences and circumstances associated with it. In some instances, impaired driving is not considered to be particularly blameworthy, while in other instances, relatively minor variations in the event sequence have pronounced effects on the assignment of responsibility and punishment. In general, the seriousness of impaired driving is related to the consequences produced. Impaired driving is not perceived as being particularly negligent as long as it does not result in harm to others. Other findings suggest that people are likely to deny the personal relevancy of situations involving impaired driving. The final section of the article discusses the program implications of this research. Specific attention is given to sources of attributional "error" and to how these inaccuracies might be identified and corrected within a prevention/intervention program context.
Analysis of functional outcomes in patients discharged from an acute burn center.

Burn patients require careful consideration of their post-discharge needs to maximize their recovery. Patient-specific variables or a combination of variables that might allow clinicians to develop pathways and objective endpoints for appropriate discharge would assist in expediting the patient's post-discharge care. While there have been numerous studies examining a single variable and its ability to predict outcomes, these studies may not be directly applicable to burn patients. A burn clinician must incorporate a number of variables into their prediction of discharge disposition and outcomes. Our study included 202 burn patients aged 16 and older discharged from the acute burn unit from February 2004 to June 2005. Descriptive data collection included age, total body surface area, location of burn, presence/ absence of inhalation injury, gender, length of stay, discharge disposition, insurance status, and presence/absence of social support. The analysis that also incorporated data containing functional status consisted of FIM scores for locomotion, transfers, dressing, and feeding. The classification tree analysis was utilized to demonstrate what variables could predict discharge disposition. The only variable that could strongly predict those patients that went home versus another setting was the FIM locomotion score. Of the patients who went home, 87.2% were at or above a supervision level for locomotion, whereas 85.2% of the patients not discharged to home were at or below a maximal assist level. The level of functional independence at the time of a patient's discharge as assessed by the patient's ability to walk was the most powerful identifier of their ongoing needs.
Conceptual aspects of combining rituximab and Campath-1H in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Monoclonal antibody-based therapy has emerged as a novel approach in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. The safety and tolerability of monoclonal antibodies make these compounds attractive and easy to administer, even in elderly, heavily pretreated patients. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is an incurable disease with few therapeutic options once patients fail purine analogue-based therapy. Two monoclonal antibodies have shown activity in this disease. The first is rituximab (Rituxan; Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, and IDEC Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA), a chimeric human-mouse anti-CD20 antibody. The second is Campath-1H, a humanized form of a rat antibody active against CD52. We hypothesize that combining both antibodies in patients who have failed conventional therapies and express both CD20 and CD52 might have enhanced efficacy and therapeutic benefit. This concept is being explored at our institution in the context of a phase I/II clinical trial. The outcome and feasibility of this combination opens the way for future combination therapies using novel biologic agents. Semin Oncol 29 (suppl 2):75-80. Copyright © 2002 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Triplet gestation outcomes in relation to maternal prepregnancy body mass index and weight gain.

Objective. To study prepregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI) and overall maternal weight gain in triplet gestations in relation to maternal and newborn outcomes.Study design. This was a retrospective study of birth certificate data of all live-born triplet gestations occurring between 1999 and 2003 in an eight-county region in New York. An analysis of computerized birth certificate data for variables related to pregnancy and newborn outcomes was conducted, looking at neonatal birth weight, neonatal gestational age, and the occurrence of the maternal pregnancy complications of gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia.Results. In 56 triplet gestations studied, the prepregnancy BMI was not associated with mean newborn birth weights and gestational age at delivery. The total maternal weight gain was associated with increasing mean birth weight and higher gestational age at delivery. Pregnancy complications in triplet pregnancies of gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension w...
Non-Stoichiometry and Structure of SrCe1-xYbxO3 Perovskite-Type Oxides

The structural and electrical properties of SrCe1-xYbxO3 ceramics have been studied as a function of temperature and Yb-concentration using x-ray diffraction and impedance techniques. The influence of Yb-dopants on electrical transport and structural disorder has been studied. A correlation between the structural properties, electrical conductivity is observed and discussed. These measurements allow us to determine the mechanism of charge carrier compensation and also the concentration and mobility of the electrical species.
A comparison of the CG-FFT method and the recursive aggregate T-matrix algorithm (EM wave scattering)

A comparison of the computing performances of the conjugate-gradient fast Fourier transform (CG-FFT) method and the recursive aggregate T-matrix algorithm (RATMA) is presented. The advantages of each method are discussed. It is shown that, when the biconjugate CG-FET (BiCG-FFT) works, even for lossless cases, its CPU time performance is quite comparable with RATMA. Since the FFT is a highly vectorizable scheme, implementation of CG-FET or BiCG-FFT on a parallel processing machine will increase the efficiency and save much computing time. However, that this is only for a single incidence angle. If different incident fields are considered, one needs to go through the whole process again for CGM or BiCGM. However, RATMA is valid for any incident field from any angle. >
Prelocalization in semimetals

The Fermi energy close to a band edge provides a conventional localization only when a one-dimensional residual resistance is large compared to $\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\hbar}}{{e}^{2}}$. Prior to the localization, the resistance increases first quadratically and then oscillates (between large and small values) with the length ("prelocalization"). There are several temperature regions, where the resistance may increase and decrease with temperature.
Phosphorus Concentrations and Flow in Maize Wet‐Milling Streams

ABSTRACT Marketing of coproducts such as corn gluten meal (CGM) and corn gluten feed (CGF) is important to the maize wet-milling industry. High phosphorus concentrations could lead to limited markets for CGF due to its potential to increase phosphorus in animal wastes. The objective was to measure the concentration and flow of phosphorus in the wet-milling process and identify streams that could be altered. Samples were taken from 21 process streams of three facilities and the phosphorus content of each was determined. Flow of phosphorus was simulated using a computer model for a 2,700 tonne/day (105,000 bu/day) wet-milling plant. Phosphorus concentrations of streams varied from 14,000 mg/kg. Phosphorus content of many streams differed significantly among facilities. Flow of phosphorus (kg/day) varied dramatically among streams. However light steepwater, light gluten, and process water streams (5,960, 3,080, and 970 kg/day, respectively) accounted for much of the phosphorus flow. Modificatio...
Informatics-assisted Protein Profiling in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

One of the causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is due to mutations in Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1). The mutant protein exhibits a toxic gain of function that adversely affects the function of neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem, and motor cortex. A proteomic analysis of protein expression in a widely used mouse model of ALS was undertaken to identify differences in protein expression in the spinal cords of mice expressing a mutant protein with the G93A mutation found in human ALS. Protein profiling was done on soluble and particulate fractions of spinal cord extracts using high throughput two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. An integrated proteomics-informatics platform was used to identify relevant differences in protein expression based upon the abundance of peptides identified by database searching of mass spectrometry data. Changes in the expression of proteins associated with mitochondria were particularly prevalent in spinal cord proteins from both mutant G93A-SOD1 and wild-type SOD1 transgenic mice. G93A-SOD1 mouse spinal cord also exhibited differences in proteins associated with metabolism, protein kinase regulation, antioxidant activity, and lysosomes. Using gene ontology analysis, we found an overlap of changes in mRNA expression in presymptomatic mice (from microarray analysis) in three different gene categories. These included selected protein kinase signaling systems, ATP-driven ion transport, and neurotransmission. Therefore, alterations in selected cellular processes are detectable before symptomatic onset in ALS mouse models. However, in late stage disease, mRNA expression analysis did not reveal significant changes in mitochondrial gene expression but did reveal concordant changes in lipid metabolism, lysosomes, and the regulation of neurotransmission. Thus, concordance of proteomic and mRNA expression data within multiple categories validates the use of gene ontology analysis to compare different types of "omic" data.
A NON-EQUILIBRIUM TRAFFIC MODEL DEVOID OF GAS-LIKE BEHAVIOR

Abstract The validity of existing higher-order continuum models has been seriously challenged in recent literature. A primary objection to these models is that they exhibit gas-like behavior, that is, they predict that vehicles from behind can influence the behavior of vehicles in front, as elucidated by Daganzo [Transp. Res. B 29 (1995) 277]. Considerable efforts devoted to remove this deficiency (del Castillo et al. [In: C.-F. Daganzo (Ed.), Transportation and Traffic Theory, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1993, p. 387], Zhang [Transp. Res. B 32(7) (1998) 485; Transp. Res. B 33(6) (1999) 387; Transp. Res. B 34 (2000) 583]) have met with only partial success. In this paper we present a non-equilibrium traffic model shown to be devoid of the gas-like behavior that plagues other higher-order models. The system of partial differential equations that describes this model is hyperbolic and has two characteristic fields: one is genuinely nonlinear and the other is linearly degenerate. The first field gives rise to shock and rarefaction waves that are similar to those of the Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) model, while the second field produces contact discontinuities. All these waves travel no faster than traffic; thus the trajectory of a vehicle cannot be influenced by what happens behind it. The model is also shown to exhibit correct queue-end behavior and is able to explain some of the observed traffic phenomena that challenge old models.
Rapid method for preparing cell-free extracts of Aspergillus ochraceus.

A rapid method for preparing cell-free extracts of Aspergillus ochraceus was developed. Mycelial mats were prefrozen in liquid nitrogen, ground to a fine powder in a cold mortar, and homogenized in an all-glass mechanical homogenizer. This method provided preparations averaging 43.0 mg of protein per g of mycelium (wet weight). The method was fast, efficient, and did not subject the extract to temperatures above 1 C or to heavy metals. The preparation method was suitable for studying a variety of in vitro fungal enzyme systems. Amylase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase, fatty acid synthetase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, beta-glucosidase, beta fructofuranosidase, and trehalase activities were measurable in the preparations.
Visual monitoring of threatening objects by captive tamarins (Saguinus labiatus)

Captive social groups of red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus) were observed in the presence of threatening, inanimate objects. The tamarins monitored the stimuli over the course of the 20-minute trials by conducting brief, periodic visual checks of the objects. The average number of checks per subject per trial was stable both across trials and between groups, and individual differences in rates varied relatively little around the group means. These data generate the hypothesis that there is a species-typical execution of vigilance in the presence of mildly threatening objects. This execution takes the form of brief visual inspections of the stimulus, usually by one tamarin at a time, at a fairly consistent rate. The discussion of the data takes place in the context of the behavioral ecology of callitrichid species.
Influence of organic Crotalaria juncea hay and ammonium nitrate fertilizers on soil nematode communities

Comparisonsoforganicandinorganicfertilizereffectsonnematodecommunitiesdependonthespecificorganicfertilizerused. Fieldexperimentswereconductedduring2001and2002inasquash(Cucurbitapepo)agroecosystemtodetermineifapplyingsunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) hayas an organicfertilizer improved nematode communities involved insoil nutrientcycling compared toanequivalentNrate(100 kg N/ha)ofammoniumnitrate.Fertilizersourcehadminimaleffectonnematodecommunitiesin2001 when treatments were applied after a winter cover crop of oats (Avena sativa), but differences (P � 0.05) between the fertilizer sourcesoccurredin2002whennowintercovercroppingprecededsquash.Fertilizationwithsunnhemphayincreasedabundanceof the bacterivore guilds Ba1 and Ba2, and increased fungivores at the end of the experiment. Compared to ammonium nitrate, fertilization with sunn hemp hay resulted in a community with lower maturity index, higher enrichment index, and lower channel index, consistent with a disturbed and nutrient-enriched soil food web undergoing bacterial decomposition. Sunn hemp hay occasionally stimulated omnivorous nematodes, but suppressed plant-parasitic nematodes relative to ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Increasing the sunn hemp hay rate to 200 kg N/ha increased the abundance of bacterivores, fungivores, and predatory nematodes, and total nematode abundance compared to hay at 100 kg N/ha. Fertilization with ammonium nitrate increased the percentage of herbivores,butreducedpercentageandabundanceofomnivores.Inconclusion,sunnhempfertilizermaintainedgreaternumbersof nematodes involved in nutrient cycling as compared to ammonium nitrate. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Morphological Analysis and Generation for Arabic Dialects

We present Magead, a morphological analyzer and generator for the Arabic language family. Our work is novel in that it explicitly addresses the need for processing the morphology of the dialects. Magead provides an analysis to a root+pattern representation, it has separate phonological and orthographic representations, and it allows for combining morphemes from different dialects.
Virtue, Personal Worth, and the Interests of Others

In addressing questions about the relevance of other-interested considerations to moral appraisals of actions and refrainings, I have been concerned with how the moral status of acts depends on certain of their other-interested features--on their being beneficent or anti-maleficent in particular. In this chapter, I will examine the relevance of other-interested considerat ons to moral appraisals of persons. The other-interested considerations whose relevance will now be examined include acts affecting the interests of others, as well as various attitudes towards those interests. Beneficent and anti-maleficent acts quite plainly belong in the former category; and concern for the welfare and happiness of others belongs in the latter. Hence, the following question exemplifies those to be addressed in the discussion which follows: How (if at all) is acting in or being concerned about the interests of others relevant to the moral status of those who perform such acts or have such concerns?
Physician assistant attitude and expressed intent to work with geriatric patients.

Abstract This study evaluated the attitudes of physician assistant students (PAS) and practicing physician assistants (PA) toward geriatric patients and the expressed intent of PAS and practicing PAs toward practicing in the specialized field of geriatric medicine using a cross-sectional study design. The 233 participants each completed a questionnaire composed of a 17-item geriatrics attitude scale, a 4-item assessment of likelihood to practice in geriatric medicine, and three demographic questions. Students and alumni born before 1959 scored higher in their likelihood to practice in geriatric medicine than those born between 1970 and 1979. Participants born between 1970 and 1979 scored higher than those born after 1980. No difference was found in attitude toward elderly either by age or gender. Age appeared to be the most important factor in determining a PA's likelihood to practice in geriatric medicine. Thus, as age is not a variable that is able to be practically controlled for in the selection of PA...
Induction of TAK (Cyclin T1/P-TEFb) in Purified Resting CD4+ T Lymphocytes by Combination of Cytokines

Combinations of cytokines are known to reactivate transcription and replication of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviruses in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes isolated from infected individuals. Transcription of the HIV-1 provirus by RNA polymerase II is strongly stimulated by the viral Tat protein. Tat function is mediated by a cellular protein kinase known as TAK (cyclin T1/P-TEFb) that is composed of Cdk9 and cyclin T1. We have found that treatment of peripheral blood lymphocytes and purified resting CD4+ T lymphocytes with the combination of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha resulted in an increase in Cdk9 and cyclin T1 protein levels and an increase in TAK enzymatic activity. The cytokine induction of TAK in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes did not appear to require proliferation of lymphocytes. These results suggest that induction of TAK by cytokines secreted in the microenvironment of lymphoid tissue may be involved in the reactivation of HIV-1 in CD4+ T lymphocytes harboring a latent provirus.
Banking crises yesterday and today

Financial crises appear to be a common and fairly constant feature of the economic cycle. Banking crises, a distinct subset of financial crises, consist either of panics, moments of temporary confusion about the unobservable incidence across the financial system of observable aggregate shocks, or severe waves of bank failures which result in aggregate negative net worth of failed banks in excess of one percent of GDP. Unlike financial crises, however, historical evidence suggests that banking crises cannot be seen as an inevitable result of human nature or the liquidity transforming structure of bank balance sheets, and adverse macroeconomic circumstances alone are not sufficient to produce banking crises.
Crafting Urban Partnerships Implementing Neighborhood Assistance Programs

Neighborhood Assistance Programs (NAPs) have become popular policies among the states as an alternative way to fund community-based organizations and as a way to provide various social services in ...
Analysis of anatomic factors and age in patients undergoing carotid angioplasty and stenting.

Recent data suggest that patient age >80 years may be associated with increased risk of periprocedural complications from carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS). In this study, we analyzed anatomic risk factors in patients undergoing CAS based on age >80 or 80 would have more challenging anatomy. Between February 2003 and August 2004, 82 patients underwent CAS. Images for 57 lesions were available for review. Eighteen patients were ≥80 years old and 39 were 80 years old. Complex arterial anatomy is more often present in patients >80 years and may explain the increased complication rates associated with CAS. Pre- or intraoperative consideration of these characteristics may help provide better risk assessment in candidates for CAS.
Evaluating Lepidopteran Defoliation Resistance in Soybean Breeding Lines Containing the Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Resistance IAC-100 Cultivar in Their Pedigrees

Abstract Sixty-five soybean,Glycine max (L.) Merrill, breeding lines containing ‘IAC-100′ in their pedigrees were evaluated for their resistance to lepidopteran defoliation in replicated field trials during 2001–2005. Three soybean cultivars, IAC-100 (with resistance to stink bug [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae] feeding), ‘Dillon’, and ‘Hutcheson’, also were included in the evaluations. The percentage defoliation among these 68 entries ranged from 4.3 to 28.3% in 2001 and from 35.0 to 99.0% in 2002. Lepidopteran caterpillars, primarilyAnticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, but also somePseudoplusia includens (Walker) andHypena scabra (F.), peaked at 14.3 per row-meter on 11 September 2001 and at 39.7 per row-meter on 22 August 2002. Twenty-six entries with better resistance potential, plus two cultivars, were selected for continued evaluations in 2003 and 2004. Defoliation ranged from 23.3 to 56.7% among the 28 entries in 2003 and from 16.3 to 42.5% in 2004, with peak caterpillar densities of 20.3 per row-meter on 17 Sep...
Hierarchical scale dependence associated with the extension of the nonlinear feedback loop in a seven-dimensional Lorenz model

Abstract. In this study, we construct a seven-dimensional Lorenz model (7DLM) to discuss the impact of an extended nonlinear feedback loop on solutions' stability and illustrate the hierarchical scale dependence of chaotic solutions. Compared to the 5DLM, the 7DLM includes two additional high wavenumber modes that are selected based on an analysis of the nonlinear temperature advection term, a Jacobian term (J(ψ, θ)), where, ψ and θ represent the streamfunction and temperature perturbations, respectively. Fourier modes that represent temperature in the 7DLM can be categorized into three major scales as the primary (the largest scale), secondary, and tertiary (the smallest scale) modes. Further extension of the nonlinear feedback loop within the 7DLM can provide negative nonlinear feedback to stabilize solutions, thus leading to a much larger critical value for the Rayleigh parameter (rc ∼ 116.9) for the onset of chaos, as compared to an rc of 42.9 for the 5DLM as well as an rc of 24.74 for the 3DLM. The rc is determined by an analysis of ensemble Lyapunov exponents (eLEs) with a Prandtl number (σ) of 10. To examine the dependence of rc on the value of the Prandtl number, a linear stability analysis is performed near the nontrivial critical point using a wide range of the Rayleigh parameter (40 ≤ r ≤ 195) and the Prandtl number (5 ≤ σ ≤ 25). Then an eLE analysis is conducted using selected values of the Prandtl number. The linear stability analysis is done by solving for the analytical solutions of the critical points, by linearizing the 7DLM with respect to the analytical solutions, and by calculating the eigenvalues of the linearized system. Within the range of (5 ≤ σ ≤ 25), the 7DLM requires a larger rc for the onset of chaos than the 5DLM. In addition to the negative nonlinear feedback illustrated and emulated by the quasi-equilibrium state solutions for high wavenumber modes, the 7DLM reveals the hierarchical scale dependence of chaotic solutions. For chaotic solutions with r = 120, the Pearson correlation coefficients (PCCs) between the primary and secondary modes (i.e., Z and Z1) and between the secondary and tertiary modes (i.e., Z1 and Z2) are 0.988 and 0.998, respectively. Here, Z, Z1, and Z2 represent the time-varying amplitudes of the primary, secondary, and tertiary modes, respectively. High PCCs indicate a strong linear relationship among the modes at various scales and a hierarchy of scale dependence. Future work will be undertaken to examine how higher-dimensional LMs may produce a larger critical value for the Rayleigh parameter for the onset of chaos and reveal stronger hierarchical scale dependence.
Geotechnical Characterization of Drainage Basin Stability with Respect to Debris Avalanches in Central Virginia

Many drainage basins in central Virginia experienced extensive debris avalanche activity during the heavy rainfall associated with Hurricane Camille in 1969. Forty three first-order drainage basins were randomly selected in Nelson County and classified as stable or unstable based on their values of horizontal curvature and gradient. Soils from these basins were tested for their geotechnieal properties including natural water content, grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, and in situ densities. The geotechnieal properties were then statistically analyzed to ascertain if a significant difference existed between stable and unstable basins at the 95 percent confidence level. Results indicate that the soils in stable basins generally are low plasticity silts while the soils in unstable basins predominantly are silty sands. The unstable basins are further characterized by significantly thinner soils, lower soil moisture values, lower plasticity indices, lower field densities, higher porosities, and higher void ratios. The dissimilarity in debris avalanche potential of the two basin types can be related to these differences in geotechnieal properties.
A List of the Pyrenomycetes of Porto Rico Collected By H. H. Whetzel and E. W. Olive

The following list of Pyrenomycetes of Porto Rico is based on material collected by Prof. H. H. Whetzel and Dr. E. W. Olive during a brief stay at the Island in the spring of 1916. A detailed account of their expedition need not be given here, since it has been previously published.2 Their attention was directed mainly towards the rusts, but fungi belonging to other groups were also collected. The Pyrenomycetes stand in second place from the standpoint of the number of species collected. The Uredinales have been studied by Dr. J. C. Arthur,3 and recently several papers have appeared dealing with some of the Pyreno mycetes4 5 6. However, a detailed list of the members of this group has not been published, and since many of them are discussed in the papers of Prof. F. L. Stevens and his students, it has been relatively easy to identify most of the specimens, in as far as they are known. All doubtful determinations have been excluded. Specimens representing what are believed to be new species have been set aside for further study. During the preparation of the list, help has been received from a number of mycologists. I wish especially to acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. F. L. Stevens of the University of Illinois, Prof. C. R. Orton of Pennsylvania College, Mr. C. G. Lloyd of Cincinnati, Ohio, Prof. F. S. Earle of the Insular Experiment Station at Rio Piedras, P. R., and Dr. F. J. Seaver of the New
Accuracy of volume measurement of rabbit left ventricle by balloon method.

Although the intraventricular balloon method has been commonly used to measure left ventricular volume of the isolated heart preparation of various animals, the accuracy of the method has not been ...
Abstract 3660: ATF4 is a putative tumor suppressor gene in medullary thyroid cancer

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is derived from the calcitonin-producing C-cells of the thyroid gland. Oncogenic mutations of the RET proto-oncogene are found in all hereditary MTC and ∼45% of the sporadic cases. However, it is clear that additional genetic lesions contribute to the development of both RET-dependent and RET independent MTC. We analyzed 30 primary medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) tumors by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) arrays (Agilent 244K) and a subset of those tumors by ultra-high-resolution SNP arrays (Affymetrix SNP6.0). A consistent finding with both arrays was a loss localized to 22q13.1 in 40% of tumors. This region contains the ATF4 gene and loss of this gene was validated by real time PCR. ATF4 is a central mediator of integrated stress response pathway and activates expression of a cohort of downstream target genes known to be involved in cell survival, apoptosis, autophagy and senescence. We hypothesize that the loss of ATF4 expression contributes to MTC progression through mechanisms involving aberrant proliferation and escape from apoptosis. We present several findings to support this. First, ATF4 protein levels were found downregulated in 50% MTC tumor tissues (n = 43) and low ATF4 expression was associated with poor overall survival in MTC patients (HR = 5.015, 95% CI: 1.38-10.64), P = 0.013). A negative correlation was observed between RET and ATF4 protein expression in MTC tumors (r = -0.89, R square = 0.799, p Citation Format: Rozita Bagheri-Yarmand, Gilbert J. Cote, Elizabeth G. Grubbs, Michelle D. Williams, Steven I. Sherman, Robert F. Gagel. ATF4 is a putative tumor suppressor gene in medullary thyroid cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3660.