cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hematopoietic Cell Transplant for Severe Aplastic Anemia

Aplastic anemia (AA) is a blood disorder characterized by pancytopenia, bone marrow hypoplasia/aplasia, and the absence of underlying malignancy. AA pathophysiology reflects the decrease in the cellularity of bone marrow and the decrease in the pool of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) below a threshold that could maintain mature blood cell production, ultimately leading to peripheral pancytopenia. Most patients have no identified underlying cause and are classified as idiopathic, but other etiologies include direct injury to HSCs, inherited genetic disorders, or an immune-mediated process. Treatment strategies include immunosuppressive therapy and/or allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Matched related donor (MRD) transplant is considered first-line therapy for young patients (<40 years) and elderly patients without significant comorbidities although improvements in matched unrelated donor (M-URD) transplants have been observed recently. These innovations have resulted in outcomes similar to MRD transplants in younger patients. Additionally, availability of alternative donors, in particular, haploidentical-related (haploID) donors, and the use of reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens have expanded the availability of allogeneic transplants to older patients.
Treatment Contraindications Based on Comorbidity Status in Patients With Melanoma in the United States.

BACKGROUND/AIM Melanoma incidence has increased in the United States over the past few decades, and disparities in patient treatment have been described. Although most patients with melanoma are good candidates for curative treatment, some are considered poor candidates for treatment because of comorbid conditions. We examined whether patient demographics influence treatment contraindication in melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was used to identify patients with melanoma from 2004 through 2015. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine independent associations, adjusted for confounders. We excluded patients who did not receive treatment for reasons and patients with unknown treatment status. RESULTS A total of 499,092 patients met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 525 (0.1%) had Treatment contraindicated because of comorbid conditions (TCBC) and 498,567 (99.9%) received treatment. Multivariate logistic regression showed higher odds of TCBC in patients with government insurance (OR=1.34, 95%CI=03-1.73; p=0.03) and patients without insurance (OR=2.75, 95%CI=1.76-4.29; p<0.001) than patients with private insurance. CONCLUSION Demographic disparities affects treatment decision in oncological patients. Our study demonstrated a significantly higher likelihood of "nontreatment because of comorbid conditions" among melanoma patients with government insurance or without insurance. Greater efforts are needed to address inequalities in melanoma treatment in the United States.
Perfusion and permeability as diagnostic biomarkers of cavernous angioma with symptomatic hemorrhage

Cavernous angiomas with symptomatic hemorrhage (CASH) have a high risk of rebleeding, and hence an accurate diagnosis is needed. With blood flow and vascular leak as established mechanisms, we anal...
Minimally invasive mitral valve replacement after transcatheter edge-to-edge repair

Percutaneous transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair is available for treatment of both functional and degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR). This technique may be unsuccessful resulting in significant residual or recurrent MR. We described a successful minimally invasive mitral valve replacement in a patient with severe functional MR due to left ventricular dysfunction who previously underwent a transcatheter edge-to-edge repair.
Analytical model for damping behaviour of an orthotropic cantilever hollow member with polygonal perforations

Abstract This work presents a mathematical framework for analysing damping behavior of an orthotropic cantilever hollow member containing polygonal perforations while subjected to base excitation. Amplitude and strain rate depending damping models are considered in the framework. A generalized formulation of stress functions for different shapes of the polygonal perforations is derived using the complex variable approach. For this study, five different shapes of the perforations i.e., circular, triangular, diamond, pentagonal and hexagonal are considered. The final expression of the damping ratio is evaluated in terms of the excitation amplitude, perforation-based stress functions, number of perforations and material dependent damping coefficients. The damping ratio obtained through the proposed approach is validated by comparing with experimental results available in previous study for circular perforations. From results, the amplitude dependent damping behaviour is observed. Later, the damping ratio is obtained for different shapes of perforations. The damping ratio is significantly enhanced when the tube is perforated with triangular perforations along its length, which is increased for more number of perforations in the tube.
The Role of Information Disclosure in Corporate Bankruptcy

Bankruptcy is an important mechanism for resolving insolvency and reallocating resources in the economy. Despite the common belief that transparency is central to the bankruptcy system, there is little evidence on how it affects bankruptcy outcomes. In this paper, I exploit two sources of plausibly exogenous variation in disclosure during a bankruptcy: the random assignment of bankruptcy judges who may differ in interpreting the disclosure requirements of the law, and a significant change in regulation that increased the disclosure by certain creditors but not others. I show that more information disclosure improves recovery rates and other outcome variables by alleviating inefficiencies stemming from stakeholders’ conflicting interests. I also identify the potential costs and distributional effects of disclosure, as well as the underlying mechanisms for the efficiency gains. My findings provide some of the first evidence on the role of information disclosure within the corporate bankruptcy process and offer new insights to the broader accounting literature on disclosure.
Database Design for Decision Support Systems

Adequate information is the prerequisite of decision making. Modern decision makers need internal operational data and external intelligence in their decision-making process. Current information-producing mechanisms, however, basically aim at providing static and operational information which are only fit for structured tasks. According to Refs. 34, 3 and 56, the typical tasks for decision makers are either semistructured or unstructured. Therefore, a new approach is required to face this new challenge.(11)
Estimation of the Absolute Density of Glass Following the Sink/Float Technique

Following the sink/float technique for the determination of comparative density, the refractive index of a bromoform/bromobenzene mixture may be determined by means of an Abbe refractometer. Reference to a calibration curve of the density and refractive index of bromoform/bromobenzene mixtures will then permit an estimation to be made of the density of the liquid, and by extension, the glass. This represents an alternative to the pycnometer method for the determination of the absolute value of the density. An estimation of the density will permit an opinion to be reached concerning how common or unusual the sample is by reference to a scatter-gram of an extended set of glass density and refractive index data.
Fuzzy soliding mode control for maximum power point tracking of wind power generation system

To tackle maximum wind power tracking problems, a fuzzy sliding mode control strategy was developed in this paper. This method established sliding mode surface based on state variable of generator rotational speed and electromagnetic torque, and equivalent control law and switch control law were obtained. Meanwhile, fuzzy rule inference method was proposed based on state of sliding surface to flexible on-off component in order to weaken sliding mode control chattering, and then fuzzy sliding mode control law was gained. Furthermore, optimal operating region of wind turbine was introduced and maximum wind power capture control of a 1.5MW wind power generator unit was studied. The simulation results show that the improved fuzzy sliding mode control can adjust wind turbine rotational speed to follow wind speed accurately, and make wind turbine output power in optimal operating region, with maintaining optimal tip-speed ratio and maximum power coefficient, and reduce mechanical load of the unit under the capture of maximum wind energy.
Influence of dielectric environment on the role of spin–orbit interaction for image potentials

We present a formalism for calculating the image potential for a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) with Rashba spin–orbit interaction (SOI) as well as for a 2D topological insulator (TI). The formalism is further generalized for including the Coulomb coupled multiple layers. Roles of broken inversion symmetry near the surface and the dielectric environment are investigated by using a surface-response function. The insignificant role of SOI in 2DEG is dramatically enhanced in TI by selecting a small relative permittivity for the dielectric environment. Manipulating is proven to provide an efficient way to drive electrons with opposite spins into two different integral quantum Hall states. The prediction made in this paper is expected to be experimentally observable for a 2DTI system, such as Bi2 Se3, with a helical spin behavior and a dominant linear Rashba SOI-like term in the energy dispersion.
One Trilogy That Should Go Without a Sequel: Why the Baseball Antitrust Exemption Should Be Repealed

On May 29, 1922, Justice Holmes delivered an opinion that would change the world of baseball for decades to come. In Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore, Inc. v. National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, Holmes concluded that the business of professional baseball was not interstate commerce and, therefore, did not come within the reach of federal antitrust laws.1 Hence, the baseball antitrust exemption was born, and even though it has been limited over the past eighty-eight years by other monumental decisions and congressional action, the fact remains today that Major League Baseball (MLB) is exempt from antitrust regulation.2 Justice Holmes’s decision was based upon a separation of the actual exhibition of the baseball game itself and the business side of the sport.3 In the years since the Federal Baseball decision, technology has developed, and the exhibition side of baseball has become increasingly dependent on the business side, often bringing the antitrust exemption under attack.4 Nonetheless, Holmes’s decision has been upheld every time.5 However, the door does appear to have been left open just a crack, despite the exemption being upheld. In Gardella v. Chandler6 and Henderson Broadcasting Corp. v.
Centers for excellence in engineering education: a case study

In 2000, Mercer University established a Center for Excellence in engineering education (CE/sup 3/) to promote excellence in teaching and to support engineering faculty in their efforts to use technology to improve student learning of engineering and science. This paper reports the results of various CE/sup 3/ initiatives, such as workshops, biweekly faculty brown-bag lunch sessions (LunchBytes), individualized technical support, a center Website with technology tips, an electronic newsletter, a digital library, instruction in technology use, creation of on-line faculty home pages and course templates, instructional design, and online math labs. The efficacy of these various initiatives are discussed.
Fluorescence Enhancement of Eu3+ in POCl3:SnCl4 and of Sm3+ in POCl3:ZrCl4

Abstract The fluorescence efficiency of the rare-earth ions in organic solvents depends strongly upon the solvent molecules in the primary solvation sphere and to a lesser extent upon the molecules located in the secondary solvation sphere of the ion(1-4). The fluorescence efficiency of the rare-earth ions in many organic solvents is relatively low probably due to an efficient electronic excitation energy transfer from the lowest excited state of the rare-earth ion to the organic solvent, via some high overtones of certain vibrational modes associated with the solvent under consideration. Contrary to this behavior, solutions of the rare-earth ions in solvents associated with very low-energy vibrational modes, “aprotic” solvents, like POCl3:SnCl4, POCl3:ZrCl4, POCl3:SbCl5 etc., exhibit a remarkable enhancement in both the fluorescence efficiencies and lifetimes of the rare-earth ions(5). Neither the organic nor the “aprotic” solvents used absorb light in the excitation region i.e., 370 mμ to 410 mμ. Since ...
Developing effective social structures using information technologies

The social architecture within the organization is best described as a university of shared realities, which contributes to a uniqueness of behavior expectations. People, who make up this structure, collectively provide value systems that help self and other organizational members understand what the organization holds as important. It also provides a basis for personal decision-making and behavior. Establishing knowledge processes in this regard would help to teach members of the organizations about what they should expect from others and what is likely expected from them. Sustaining this type of shared belief system requires the unconditional dissemination of information. One of the barriers in developing such knowledge processes for this type of system is that the social architecture in most organizations does not accommodate the unconditional dissemination of information. Since the implementation of modern information technology is changing the workplace and the nature of work itself, alternative social structures guided by these information technologies are needed. Using the classroom as a laboratory for addressing organizational social structure development, technology, and knowledge processes, students taking a course addressing behavioral issues for engineers provided a scenario-some true, some perceived of what they face in the organization and what they believe needs attention by everyone affected.
Corporate Holiness: Pulpit Preaching and the Church of England Missionary Societies, 1760–1870: Institutionalizing the History of Christian Missions

The history of Christian missions in Britain has proven itself to be an exceptionally problematic field of inquiry. In one respect it is complicated by missiological research conducted by organizat...
Declarations of dependence: labour, personhood, and welfare in southern Africa

Dependence on others has often figured, in liberal thought, as the opposite of freedom. But the political anthropology of southern Africa has long recognized relations of social dependence as the very foundation of polities and persons alike. Reflecting on a long regional history of dependence ‘as a mode of action’ allows a new perspective on certain contemporary practices that appear to what we may call ‘the emancipatory liberal mind’ simply as lamentable manifestations of a reactionary and retrograde yearning for paternalism and inequality. Instead, this article argues that such practices are an entirely contemporary response to the historically novel emergence of a social world where people, long understood (under both pre-capitalist and early capitalist social systems) as scarce and valuable, have instead become seen as lacking value, and in surplus. Implications are drawn for contemporary politics and policy, in a world where both labour and forms of social membership based upon it are of diminishing value, and where social assistance and the various cash transfers associated with it are of increasing significance.
Prolonged neuromuscular blockade following suxamethonium in a patient with a normal genotype

A patient is described who developed prolonged apnoea following a single normal dose of suxamethonium which was shown by nerve stimulation to be due to persistent neuromuscular blockade. The plasma cholinesterase profile demonstrated a normal genotype.
A novel ultra-low loss hollow-core waveguide using subwavelength high-contrast gratings

We propose a novel ultra-low loss single-mode hollow-core waveguide using subwavelength high-contrast grating (HCG). We analyzed and simulated the propagation loss of the waveguide and show it can be as low as 0.006dB/m, three orders of magnitude lower than the lowest loss of the state-of-art chip-scale hollow waveguides. This novel HCG hollow-core waveguide design will serve as a basic building block in many chip-scale integrated photonic circuits enabling system-level applications including optical interconnects, optical delay lines, and optical sensors.
Presence of Left-to-Right Atrial Frequency Gradient in Paroxysmal but Not Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in Humans

Background— Recent studies have demonstrated spatiotemporal organization in atrial fibrillation (AF), with a left-to-right atrial frequency gradient during AF in isolated sheep hearts. We hypothesized that human AF would also manifest a left-to-right atrial frequency gradient. Methods and Results— Thirty-one patients aged 56.7±10.5 years with a history of paroxysmal or persistent (>1 month) AF were included. Recordings were made at each pulmonary vein (PV) ostium and simultaneously from the coronary sinus (CS) and posterior right atrium (RA) during AF. Sequential fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) were performed. FFT profiles were analyzed to determine the dominant frequency (DF). There were 18 patients with paroxysmal AF and 13 with persistent AF. In the paroxysmal group, there was a significant left-to-right atrial DF gradient, with DF highest at the PV/left atrial (LA) junction, intermediate at the CS, and lowest in the RA (6.2±0.8, 5.5±0.7, and 5.1±0.6 Hz, respectively; P<0.001). There were no patients in...
The incorporation of tritiated arginine by chromosomal proteins of the human lymphocyte.

Abstract Human lymphocyte chromosomes were labeled in vitro with 3 H-arginine. Several types of statistical analysis suggest that the distribution of isotope was uniform throughout the chromosome complement and within single chromosomes. Cultures incubated with isotope 4–6 h before chromosome preparation were studied for sequence of incorporation, but all chromosomes apparently completed labeling simultaneously.
Multiple Effects of Aspartate Mutant Presenilin 1 on the Processing and Trafficking of Amyloid Precursor Protein

PS1 deficiency and expression of PS1 with substitutions of two conserved transmembrane aspartate residues ("PS1 aspartate variants") leads to the reduction of Abeta peptide secretion and the accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) C-terminal fragments. To define the nature of the "dominant negative" effect of the PS1 aspartate variants, we stably expressed PS1 harboring aspartate to alanine substitutions at codons 257 (D257A) or 385 (D385A), singly or in combination (D257A/D385A), in mouse neuroblastoma, N2a cells. Expression of the PS1 aspartate variants resulted in marked accumulation of intracellular and cell surface APP C-terminal fragments. While expression of the D385A PS1 variant reduced the levels of secreted Abeta peptides, we now show that neither the PS1 D257A nor D257A/D385A variants impair Abeta production. Surprisingly, the stability of both immature and mature forms of APP is dramatically elevated in cells expressing PS1 aspartate variants, commensurate with an increase in the cell surface levels of APP. These findings lead us to conclude that the stability and trafficking of APP can be profoundly modulated by coexpression of PS1 with mutations at aspartate 257 and aspartate 385.
The hypsography of the ocean floor

Abstract The hypsographic curve for the ocean floor is compared to a theoretical one which would be produced by sea floor spreading. Various models of ocean depth as a function of crustal age are used to generate models of ocean floor hypsography, to compare with the observed curve. The theoretical curves are adjusted for sedimentation and the presence of oceanic plateaus and other anomalous regions before comparison with the observed curve. The best agreement is obtained for a model which is close to PSM (Parsons & Sclater, 1977) but with significant changes. The temperature of the hot material intruding the ridge crest has to be less, and the thickness of the lithosphere has to be greater than for PSM. A cooling half space model fits the data statistically worse than a cooling plate of finite thickness. The larger question concerning the elevation difference between the two modes in the hypsographic curve is also discussed. This is equivalent to explaining the isostatic balance between continent and ocean basins. It is shown that a very good match is obtained between a typical shield area and a section of old oceanic crust, using reasonable crustal and mantle densities.
Science buddies: An authentic context for developing preservice teachers’ understandings of learning, teaching, and scientific inquiry

Methods courses in teacher education programs have made a transition in the last years toward field-based experiences as part of the preparation for teaching science in the elementary school. However, little conclusive evidence exists as to any desirable influence field experiences are having on science teaching attitudes and learning. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the process, discuss the effectiveness and impacts, and highlight the implications of an extended field experience—the Science Buddy Program — on elementary pre-service teachers’ learning and conceptualization in the context of science teaching. Results indicate that participation in this field experience that included pre-service teachers facilitating science learning with elementary children was beneficicial in the construction of the pedagogical content knowledge of the pre-service teachers. This experience also fostered positive attitudes toward science and science teaching and offered an excellent opportunity for future educators to observe science learning in progress.
Quantum Control of Rydberg Wavepackets in One- and Two-Electron Atoms

The ability to characterize and manipulate Rydberg electron wavepackets is a key capability for exploiting their exaggerated properties to investigate a variety of problems, from time-dependent electron-electron correlation in atoms to quantum decoherence suppression. Article not available.
Caveolin-1 Expression Enhances Endothelial Capillary Tubule Formation

The level of caveolin-1 expression closely correlates with the oncogenic transformation of NIH 3T3 cells, the proliferation of human cancer cells, and the differentiation of adipocytes and muscle cells. However, the role of caveolin-1 in endothelial cell proliferation and differentiation remains unknown. Here, we have shown that angiogenic growth factors that stimulate endothelial cell proliferation lead to dramatic reductions in caveolin-1 expression. In addition, using an in vitro Matrigel assay system, we studied the potential role of caveolin-1 in capillary-like tubule formation (i.e. endothelial cell differentiation) using human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). We showed that the level of endogenous caveolin-1 expression increased in a time-dependent manner when endothelial cells underwent differentiation and that the maximum level of caveolin-1 expression occurred just prior to the formation of capillary-like tubules. Interestingly, overexpression of caveolin-1, via an adenoviral gene delivery system, clearly accelerated endothelial cell differentiation/tubule formation and led to a dramatic approximately 3-fold increase in the number of capillary-like tubular structures. Conversely, down-regulation of caveolin-1 expression, via an antisense adenoviral approach, reduced the number of capillary-like tubules formed by >10-fold. Consistent with the unique function of caveolin-1 in interacting with key signaling molecules, delivery of the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain into the cytoplasm of living endothelial cells was also sufficient to enhance capillary-like tubule formation. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that caveolin-1 and the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain play an important positive role in the regulation of endothelial cell differentiation, a prerequisite step in the process of angiogenesis.
Tax Rules and the Sale and Leaseback of Corporate Real Estate

This study examines the effect of the sale and leaseback of corporate real estate on the stock prices of the selling firms. We ask whether the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA 1986) had a negative impact on the market valuation effects of corporate sale and leasebacks. The results of the comparative statics analysis predict that the net present value of the lessee should be negatively related to the tax depreciation recovery life for the lessor and to the marginal ordinary income tax rate of the marginal holder of commercial mortgage debt. However, it should be positively related to the marginal tax rate of the equityholder of the corporate lessee. Changes in the marginal ordinary income tax rates of the lessor and the corporate lessee have an ambiguous effect on the equity value of the corporate lessee. Nevertheless, results of simulation analyses suggest that the relationship between the net present value of the lessee and each of the tax rates of the lessor and corporate lessee is negative. The empirical evidence suggests that subsequent to TRA 1986, the lessee's benefits associated with sale and leaseback transactions have decreased.
de Broglie’s wave hypothesis from Fisher information

Abstract Seeking the unknown dynamics obeyed by a particle gives rise to the de Broglie wave representation, without the need for physical assumptions specific to quantum mechanics. The only required physical assumption is conservation of momentum μ . The particle, of mass m , moves through free space from an unknown source-plane position a to an unknown coordinate x in an aperture plane of unknown probability density p X ( x ) , and then to an output plane of observed position y = a + z . There is no prior knowledge of the probability laws p ( a , M ) , p ( a ) or p ( M ) , with M the particle momentum at the source. It is desired to (i) optimally estimate a , in the sense of a maximum likelihood (ML) estimate. The estimate is further optimized, by minimizing its error through (ii) maximizing the Fisher information about a that is received at y . Forming the ML estimate requires (iii) estimation of the likelihood law p Z ( z ) , which (iv) must obey positivity. The relation p Z ( z ) ≡ | u ( z ) | 2 ≥ 0 satisfies this. The same u ( z ) conveniently defines the Fisher channel capacity, a concept central to the principle of Extreme physical information (EPI). Its output u ( z ) achieves aims (i)–(iv). The output is parametrized by a free parameter K . For a choice K = 0 , the result is u ( z ) = δ ( z ) , indicating classical motion. Or, for a finite, empirical choice K = ħ (Planck’s constant), u ( z ) obeys the familiar de Broglie representation as the Fourier transform of the particle’s probability amplitude function P ( μ ) on momentum μ . For a definite momentum μ , u ( z ) becomes a sinusoid of wavelength λ = h / μ , the de Broglie result.
Tentative correlations of plant usage and esophageal cancer zones

Reports on the geographical distribution of cancer show an abnormally high incidence of cancer of the esophagus in zones or strips widely scattered across the world (19, 20, 39, 47). Analyses of epidemiological studies in the high-risk areas show no convincing correlation between the disease and consumption of alcohol and tobacco, or the intake of food or beverages at high temperatures. Though these have been repeatedly put forward as causative factors (7, 10, 13, 22, 38, 71), there is good evidence to the contrary. For instance, in the Province of Honan, in northern China, where the prevalence of esophageal cancer is highest of all, there is hardly any imbibing of alcohol (37). In a survey of 11 Latin American cities and San Francisco, there was found no correlation between "mortality from this cancer and from all forms of alcoholism" (51). In Bombay (16) and elsewhere, there are numerous victims who have never smoked. In Central Asia, the area ranking second in esophageal cancer incidence, scalding-tea drinking by the Kazaks has proved to be almost equal among victims and controls. Alcohol, not consumed by females, was found to play no essential role (6). Further, the high rate of esophageal cancer among sheep in the Cape Province, drenched and grazed on grassland, as against those similarly drenched and grazed in scrub (57); and the common occurrence of neoplasia of the esophagus and rumen in Zebu cattle grazed in a remote valley of the Masai reserve in Kenya (49), indicate that plants, intrinsically carcinogenic or rendered so by soil and water conditions, offer better suspects than smoking, alcohol and hot beverages. It is inconceivable that carcinogens specific to the esophagus should be largely limited to the high-risk zones of the world.
Relationship between hardness and dislocation processes in a nanocrystalline metal at the atomic scale

(Received 18 February 2011; revised manuscript received 25 March 2011; published 9 June 2011)By combining atomic force microscopy (AFM) and large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, weexamineatcomparablescalestheatomisticprocessesgoverningnanohardnessinelectrodepositednanocrystallineNi with a mean grain diameter of 18.6 nm under conﬁned contact deformation. Notably, this mean graindiameter represents the “strongest” size for Ni and other nanocrystalline materials where both crystal slipand grain-boundary deformation processes are intertwined to accommodate plastic ﬂow. Accurate hardnessmeasurements were obtained from shallow nanoindentations, less than 10 nm in depth, using an AFM diamondtip.Weshowevidencethatthecontrollingyieldingmechanisminthepeakofhardnessasafunctionofpenetrationdepth corresponds to the emission of partial dislocations from grain boundaries. However, MD simulations alsoreveal for this grain size that the crystalline interfaces must undergo signiﬁcant sliding at small penetrationdepths in order to initiate crystal slip. The strong interplay between intergranular and intragranular deformationprocesses found in this model nanocrystalline metal is discussed and shown to considerably reduce the localdependenceofnanohardnessontheinitialmicrostructureatthisscale,unlikepastobservationsofnanoindentationinNielectrodepositswithlargergrainsizes.Thesenewﬁndingsthereforeconstituteanimportantstepforwardtounderstanding the contribution of nanoscale grain-boundary networks on permanent deformation and hardnessrelevant for nanoscale materials and structures.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.224101 PACS number(s): 62
Improved functionality and control in the isomerization of a calix[4]arene-capped azobenzene

Abstract An improved azobenzene core capped by two calix[4]arene units isomerizes readily between trans and cis configurations via photochemical and/or thermal means. In addition, the presence of acid (particularly HCl) increases the rate of thermal cis→trans conversion. These enhancements to the functional response, control, and understanding of calixarene-capped azobenzene isomerization are important for future application in the dynamic encapsulation of small chemical species.
The 13C NMR spectrum of abietic acid and its methyl ester

The assignment of lines in the 13C NMR spectrum of abietic acid and its methyl ester have been made using carbon T1 values and lanthanide induced shift effects. Structure–NMR parameter values are briefly discussed.
Attitudes of police officers toward their professional ethics

Abstract Professions are guided by codes of ethics to aid them in performance of their duties and to ensure maintenance of high standards of conduct. Police officers are faced with a maze of obligations in the performance of their official duties. The “Law Enforcement Code of Ethics” and “Canons of Police Ethics” were created to make explicit the conduct considered appropriate for police officers and to guide them in the performance of their duties. This study investigates how police officers in several police agencies view their professional ethics. Some of the broader questions examined in the study are the following: Do police officers have a clear understanding of the “Law Enforcement Code of Ethics” and the “Canons of Police Ethics?” Do they feel constrained by agency, societal, or other factors from behaving professionally? Do they consider their ethics adequate to guide professional conduct, and are they willing to abide by the principles? The responses indicate reliance on personal ethics in situations where standard police ethics are not clear, and suggest the need for further research in police ethics.
Ridge collision at convergent margins: implications for Archean and post-Archean crustal growth

Abstract Growth of continental crust today occurs dominantly at convergent plate margins through magmatic addition and tectonic accretion (lateral and vertical) related to 1. (1) steady-state subduction, 2. (2) non-steady-state, episodic, processes. Ridge-forearc collision is one episodic process that can cause significant, highly diachronous, thermal and tectonic effects when a buoyant, bathymetrically-high and thermally-active oceanic spreading ridge approaches, collides with and potentially subducts below a continental margin. Near-field effects (within ~ 100 km of collision site) in the forearc may include anomalous heat, anomalous magmatism, ophiolite obduction, forearc deformation and tectonic erosion of the base of the forearc. Far-field effects generally postdate collision and may include changes in the thermal structure of the continent, changes in the composition of arc magmas, a reduction or hiatus in arc magmatism, uplift and/or subsidence of the continental margin, marginal basin formation, underplating of subducted slabs and intraplate deformation. Effects of ridge collision can vary depending on the triple junction geometry. The Chile margin triple junction (CMTJ), where the actively spreading Chile ridge is colliding with the South American forearc, is the best modern example of ridge collision. Near-field effects of Pliocene-Recent ridge collisions near the CMTJ include: 1. (1) emplacement of the Pliocene Taitao ophiolite less than 15 km from the trench 2. (2) intrusion of Pliocene granitic plutons and 3. (3) forearc deformation (formation of a pull-apart basin on the continental shelf, and late Tertiary (?)-Recent movement on a major fault along the arc-forearc boundary). Far field effects include reduction in subduction-related seismicity and volcanism, chemical changes in arc magmatism, and possibly uplift and/or subsidence. Ridge-collison features in southern Chile are similar to features of Archean greenstone belts, suggesting that some greenstone sequences may have formed in a ridge-collision setting and that ridge collision may have been an important process in Archean crustal growth. These features include granitic rocks closely associated with ophiolitic rocks formed near a continental margin (mafic-ultramafic section overlain by basaltic to andesitic volcanic rocks of mixed calc-alkaline and MORB character, intercalated with volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks). Differences between Archean and Phanerozoic tectonic processes, mainly related to higher heat production in the past, probably have affected the nature and importance of ridge collision in Archean crustal growth. During the Archean, greater ridge length and smaller plates probably resulted in more ridge collisions and related processes, contributing to a higher continental growth rate. In particular, underplating of subducted slabs, and direct slab melting may have been important processes in Archean continental growth, but are of relatively minor importance today.
A fetus with upper limb amelia, “caudal regression” and Dandy-Walker defect with an insulin-depedent diabetic mother

We describe the fetus delivered to an insulin-dependent diabetic woman who had had a previous large, stillborn, non-malformed male infant and a normal female infant. The present fetus had a most unusual combination of malformations which to date had not been described in diabetic embryopathy. The anomalies include: upper limb amelia; “caudal regression” with bilateral absence of the fibulae, unilateral absence of a femur and ipsilateral oligodactyly; undescended testes; atrial septal defect; multiple vertebral and rib anomalies with cervical scoliosis and right webbed neck; left cleft lip and cleft palate; severe micrognathia; left microtia with atresia of the ear canal; and central nervous system defects including hydrocephalus with the Dandy-Walker malformation, asymmetry of the lateral ventricles, abnormal frontal gyral formation, and ependymal and ganglion cell heterotopias of the spinal cord. The pathogenesis of diabetic embryopathy is discussed.
Regional Sex Differences in Cell Nuclear Estrogen-Binding Capacity in the Rat Hypothalamus and Preoptic Area*

Estrogen binding was compared in cell nuclear KCl extracts from microdissected brain regions of gonadectomized-adrenalectomized male and female rats treated with a near-saturating dose of 17 beta-estradiol. Injection of 3.6 or 36.0 micrograms 17 beta-estradiol/kg BW, iv, 1 h before death resulted in a higher level of estrogen binding in the periventricular preoptic area (PVPOA), medial preoptic area, and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) of the female than in comparable tissue samples from the male. No significant sex differences in nuclear estrogen binding were observed in the arcuate-median eminence region, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, or corticomedial amygdala. Scatchard analysis of saturation binding data revealed that the sex differences in cell nuclear estrogen binding in the PVPOA, medial preoptic area, and VMN reflect a difference in binding capacity rather than binding affinity. These in vitro biochemical findings were confirmed by autoradiographic studies. Gonadectomized-adrenalectomized animals were injected with 125I-labeled 11 beta-methoxy-16 alpha-iodoestradiol (2.0 micrograms/kg BW). Thin frozen sections (10 microns) through the preoptic area and hypothalamus were thaw-mounted onto microscope slides, then exposed against LKB Ultrofilm for 21 days. The autoradiographic images exhibited similar silver distributions and densities in males and females in the arcuate-median eminence region bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and amygdala. However, 11 beta-[125I]methoxy-16 alpha-iodoestradiol uptake was lower in males than in females in the PVPOA and VMN. These results suggest that sex differences in responsiveness to estrogen stimulation in the rat may be due in part to sex differences in estrogen-binding capacity in specific regions of the hypothalamus that play important roles in the control of pituitary function and reproductive behaviors.
Synkinematic contact metasomatism: implications for the timing of pluton emplacement and regional deformation in the Scanlon shear zone, south‐eastern California

Structures in rocks altered by the infiltration of magmatic fluids provide key constraints on the relative timing of plutonism and regional deformation in the central Old Woman Mountains, south-eastern California. In this well-exposed area the Scanlon shear zone, a belt of attenuated, shallowly dipping, amphibolite facies Palaeozoic strata, is in contact with two tabular, Late Cretaceous (∼74 Ma) granitoid plutons. The shear zone contains massive wollastonite-bearing skarns ∼40 m above the contact with the Old Woman granodiorite. Field evidence, petrological data and stable isotope compositions indicate that the mineral assemblages in these skarns formed when the granodiorite crystallized and exsolved water-rich, magmatic fluids. Structural features in the skarns, which include transposed wollastonite foliations, syntectonic vesuvianite and garnet porphyroblasts, and quartz ± wollastonite veins, afford an opportunity to monitor the regional strain at the time of pluton crystallization. These structures yield a broad range of timing relationships that indicate synkinematic mineral growth with deformation ending first, at c. 74 Ma. The metasomatic structures are kinematically compatible with the regional deformation observed in other lithologies and no post-tectonic features overprint the fabrics in the skarns. Observations of isoclinally folded and boudinaged dykes and pegmatites, granodiorite saddle reefs in isoclinal fold hinges, and undeformed, locally pegmatitic dykes also yield a broad range of timing relationships indicative of synkinematic plutonism, with deformation ending first. Our results show that coupling petrological and stable isotope data with structural analysis is effective for unravelling the relative timing of heat and mass transfer processes in pluton-wallrock systems.
A Systematic Supervisory Procedure for Child Care Training.

In recent years there has been a substantial increase in the child care services. This growth has been particularly noticeable in the rapid expansion of child development programs such as day care, Head Start, and group homes. A high percentage of direct child care services are being provided by personnel with little or no formal training in child development knowledge and methods. To upgrade staff performance and the quality of child care, staff training programs have been developed. These programs generally emphasize field-based training. For instance, Head Start (A Guide for Training, 1973) has proposed that "approximately 50% or more of the trainee's total training time must be spent in supervised field work" (p. 41). Similarly, residential child care is also developing on-the-job training methods and materials (Sebring, 1974). The field-based approach relies heavily on the competence of the trainers or supervisors to ensure adequate training. Generally, the criteria employed to select supervisors are a substantative knowledge of normal and abnormal child development and extensive experience in the application of child care methods. Supervisors frequently rely on their own interpersonal skills and theoretical orientation as well as on the behaviors they have observed in their supervisors and colleagues to formulate a "s ty le" of supervision. Programs have been designed to improve supervisors' skills (Young & Young, 1971; Dussault, 1970). However, according to Goldstein and Sorcher (1974) the majority of these programs "are not based
Hippocampal pathology in schizophrenia: magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy studies.

The hippocampus is a site of previously reported structural and functional abnormalities in schizophrenia. We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure gray matter volumes, the neuronal marker N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and the combination of glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), designated Glx. Measurements were obtained of the medial temporal lobe, centered on the hippocampus, in 10 male patients with schizophrenia (3 neuroleptic-medicated and 7 medication-free), and 10 matched normal volunteers. MRI volumetric measurements and MRS data obtained with short echo time (TE=20 ms) one-dimensional STEAM chemical shift imaging (CSI) on a GE 1.5 Tesla Signa system were analyzed. A laterality index ?(L-R)/(L+R) was generated from the ratio of Glx to choline-containing compounds (Cho) to test asymmetry changes. Reliability of the MRS measures was assessed with five test-retest studies of healthy volunteers and showed coefficients of variation (CV) in the range of 36-44% for the MRS ratios and standard deviations (S.D.) of 0.15-0.17 for the laterality indices. The Glx/Cho laterality index showed a relative right-sided excess in this region in the patients (-0.23+/-0.20) compared to the controls (+0.06+/-0.20), which was not confounded by tissue composition or placement variability of the MRS voxels. Hippocampal volume deficit and asymmetry were not significant, and other MRS measures showed no differences between patients and controls. The preliminary finding of a lateralized abnormality in Glx is consistent with postmortem findings of asymmetric neurochemical temporal lobe abnormalities in schizophrenia.
Aqueous Geochemistry and the Exchangeable Cation Composition of Glauconite in the Aquia Aquifer, Maryland

The cation composition of water in the Aquia aquifer of southern Maryland changes systematically in the direction of ground-water flow. In the upgradient parts of the aquifer, calcium is the dominant cation in solution. Between 10 and 20 miles downgradient, calcium and magnesium are dominant. Between 20 and 35 miles downgradient, magnesium and potassium are dominant, and, beyond 40 miles downgradient, sodium is the most abundant cation in solution. The exchangeable cation composition of glauconite in the Aquia aquifer changes systematically in the direction of flow in a manner similar to the changes in water chemistry. These observations are interpreted as evidence that cation exchange reactions are processes that simultaneously alter water composition and glauconite composition along the flowpath. Exchange parameters K’and n for glauconite in the Aquia aquifer were determined for the reactions: The exchange parameters for each reaction were tested by an indirect method. Molar ratios of exchangeable cations or glauconite were calculated from water chemistry data using the derived k’and n values. In each case, the trend of calculated molar ratios compared favorably with measured molar ratios. The calculated exchange parameters demonstrate that the exchange process is not linear for the Ca2+ -Na+ and Mg2+ -Na+ ion pairs. The sum of exchangeable cations on glauconite samples is significantly lower in the outcrop area than downgradient. Corresponding to this, the concentration of dissolved silica and dissolved oxygen in Aquia water is high near the outcrop area and decreases downgradient. This pattern suggests that incongruent dissolution of glauconite is an additional process that modifies glauconite composition near the outcrop area but is less important downgradient.
A memory defect in uremic encephalopathy.

Abstract It has been demonstrated that anesthesia primarily affects the reticular activating system and psychological studies on patients undergoing anesthesia demonstrated a verbal memory defect. This study was performed in order to determine whether metabolic (uremic) encephalopathy follows the Jacksonian dissolution hypothesis and disrupts cortical function or whether it acts like an anesthetic, causes dysfunction in phylogenetically older systems and thereby produces a memory defect. Twenty-four uremic subjects were tested for memory function, language function, and intellectual function, and compared to 12 control subjects. The greatest difference between the groups was in immediate memory function suggesting that uremia probably acts in a manner similar to anesthesia (by causing dysfunction in the reticular activating system). It is postulated that poor arousal interferes with rehearsal and rehearsal is probably an important component of immediate memory.
A distributed data-parallel framework for analysis and visualization algorithm development

The coming generation of supercomputing architectures will require fundamental changes in programming models to effectively make use of the expected million to billion way concurrency and thousand-fold reduction in per-core memory. Most current parallel analysis and visualization tools achieve scalability by partitioning the data, either spatially or temporally, and running serial computational kernels on each data partition, using message passing as needed. These techniques lack the necessary level of data parallelism to execute effectively on the underlying hardware. This paper introduces a framework that enables the expression of analysis and visualization algorithms with memory-efficient execution in a hybrid distributed and data parallel manner on both multi-core and many-core processors. We demonstrate results on scientific data using CPUs and GPUs in scalable heterogeneous systems.