cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substance P release from knee joint afferent terminals: modulation by opioids.

Perfusate obtained from the intra-articular space of the knee (100 μl/min) in the halothane-anesthetized cat under resting conditions shows no detectable substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI: <2pg/20min). Antidromic activation by electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve at stimulus intensities which evoke activity in Aβ/Aδ/C but not Aβ fibers or the local administration of capsaicin (10−4 M) into the intra-articular perfusate results in a stimulus-dependent increase in the levels of SP-LI in the perfusate. This release is diminished in a naloxone- (1 mg/kg, i.v.) reversible fashion by sufentanil, d-Ala2-d-Leu5-enkephalin, and d-Pen2-d-Pen5- enkephalin, but not by U50488H (10−4 M) added to the intra-articular perfusate. These observations thus suggest that the peripheral stores of SP-LI in small primary afferents are subject to release by antidromic activity and this release is subject to modulation by μ/Δ receptors on these peripheral terminals.
Cell Type- and Developmental Stage-specific Activation of NF-κB by fMet-Leu-Phe in Myeloid Cells

Abstract Chemoattractants induce a variety of phagocytic functions including transendothelial migration, degranulation, and the generation of superoxide anions. We report here that the prototypic chemotactic peptide fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLF) stimulates the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a transcription factor that is central to the regulation of proinflammatory immediate-early gene expression. In freshly prepared peripheral blood mononuclear cells, fMLF (1-100 nM) induced a κB binding activity that was receptor-dependent and involved the p50 and p65 subunits of the NF-κB/Rel family of proteins. The activation of NF-κB by fMLF appeared to be cell-specific and different from the activation of NF-κB by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Neutrophil preparations that responded to fMLF, TNFα, and lipopolysaccharides with interleukin-8 secretion did not show NF-κB activation, whereas N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR)-transfected HL-60 cells were responsive to TNFα but not fMLF for NF-κB activation. Differentiation of FPR-transfected HL-60 cells with dimethyl sulfoxide for 3-5 days conferred the capability of the cells to activate NF-κB in response to fMLF without a significant increase in the amount of FPR. These results identify NF-κB as a transcription factor that can be activated by the prototypic chemotactic peptide and demonstrate that this function is both highly regulated and dependent on signaling components specifically expressed during myeloid differentiation.
Determining the Dark Matter Relic Density in the Minimal Supergravity Stau-Neutralino Coannihilation Region at the Large Hadron Collider

We examine the stau-neutralino coannihilation (CA) mechanism of the early Universe. We use the minimal supergravity (mSUGRA) model and show that from measurements at the CERN Large Hadron Collider one can predict the dark matter relic density with an uncertainty of 6% with 30 fb(-1) of data, which is comparable to the direct measurement by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe. This is done by measuring four mSUGRA parameters m(0), m(1/2), A(0), and tanbeta without requiring direct measurements of the top squark and bottom squark masses. We also provide precision measurements of the gaugino, squark, and lighter stau masses in this CA region without assuming gaugino universality.
An instrumented cylinder for the measurement of instantaneous local heat flux in high temperature fluidized beds

Abstract An instrumented cylinder which contains an abrasion resistant, fast responding (settling time of approximately 2 ms) heat flux transducer, along with associated analog signal conditioning equipment, is developed for the measurement of instantaneous local heat transfer rates to an immersed horizontal cylinder in a high temperature fluidized bed. Analog signal conditioning is used to provide a d.c. voltage which is linearly related to the instantaneous local heat flux. This voltage is suitable for direct oscillographic recording or digital data acquisition. Instantaneous local heat transfer coefficient data obtained in a 30 × 60 cm cross section high temperature fluidized bed of 0.9 mm mean diameter particles at 562°C are presented. Spatially-averaged heat transfer coefficient data, obtained using the instrumented cylinder in fluidized beds with temperatures up to 743°C, are in very good agreement with published correlations.
Multiple PKCε-dependent mechanisms mediating mechanical hyperalgesia

We have recently implicated mitochondrial mechanisms in models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain, in some of which a role of protein kinase Cepsilon (PKCepsilon) has also been implicated. Since mitochondria contain several proteins that are targets of PKCepsilon, we evaluated the role of mitochondrial mechanisms in mechanical hyperalgesia induced by proinflammatory cytokines that induce PKCepsilon-dependent nociceptor sensitization, and by a direct activator of PKCepsilon (psiepsilonRACK), in the rat. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2))-induced hyperalgesia is short lived in naive rats, while it is prolonged in psiepsilonRACK pre-treated rats, a phenomenon referred to as priming. Inhibitors of two closely related mitochondrial functions, electron transport (complexes I-V) and oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species), attenuated mechanical hyperalgesia induced by intradermal injection of psiepsilonRACK. In marked contrast, in a PKCepsilon-dependent form of mechanical hyperalgesia induced by prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), inhibitors of mitochondrial function failed to attenuate hyperalgesia. These studies support the suggestion that at least two downstream signaling pathways can mediate the hyperalgesia induced by activating PKCepsilon.
Microscopic Theory of Dielectric Screening and Lattice Dynamics in the Wannier Representation. I. Theory

The microscopic quantum-mechanical expressions for the dielectric screening matrix and for the electronic contribution to lattice dynamics are derived in terms of generalized Wannier functions. The Wannier representation makes practical an inversion of the dielectric matrix within the random-phase approximation and thus allows for an explicit calculation of local field effects in the dielectric response. This result leads, with the help of the dynamical matrix of an electron-nucleus system, to a multipole model of lattice dynamics. The formalism can be applied to conducting as well as to nonconducting crystals, and in this way provides a possibility to examine the relationship between the various methods and models used to describe lattice vibrations in all these solids.
The mediating effect of perceived burdensomeness on the relation between depressive symptoms and suicide ideation in a community sample of older adults

Objectives: Suicide is a prevalent problem in older adults. One of the best predictors of suicide in older adults is suicide ideation; suicide ideation has been frequently associated with depression. However, suicide ideation is not always present when an older adult is depressed and is sometimes present when an older adult is not depressed. Perceived burdensomeness, a recently proposed risk factor [Joiner Jr, T.E. (2005)], has been linked to suicide ideation in depressed samples and in older adults. Thus, perceived burdensomeness may be the necessary risk factor for suicide ideation. Method: The Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale (GSIS; [Heisel et al. (2006)]), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D; [Radloff, L.S. (1977)]) scale, and Suicide Cognitions Scale (SCS; [Rudd, M.D., Schmitz, B., McClenen, R., Joiner, T., Elkins, G., & Claassen, C.A. (n.d.)]) were completed by a community sample of older adults recruited from primary care clinics (n = 106). A regression analysis was conducted followi...
Necessity of Singularities in the Solution of the Field Equations of General Relativity

The Friedmann solution of the field equations of general relativity predict the expansion of the universe from a singular instant in time. This paper considers the behavior of universes which are less symmetric than the Friedmann model, and which have more general fields that carry stress and energy and produce gravitation. We treat the nonsymmetric problem as one treats the symmetric problem, via a "co-moving coordinate system" such that in it free infinitesimal test particles once at rest remain at rest. In such a coordinate system and with standard assumptions about the stress energy tensor we establish that the solutions of the field equations of the general theory of relativity necessarily have singularities at finite time. The considerations are independent of the symmetry, topology or boundary conditions assumed for the space-like three-dimensional hypersurfaces.
Design Considerations for a Migma Advanced Fuel Fusion Reactor

The migma concept is being pursued at Fusion Energy Corporation as a means of achieving controlled fusion.1-4 The features which distinguish this concept from other controlled fusion concepts may be summarized as: 1. High energy 2. Ordered motion 3. Use of advanced fuels 4. Small physical size Beams of ions are injected into the field of a superconducting magnet at MeV energies. The resulting motions of trapped ions have a high degree of order in phase space compared with a thermalized gas. At MeV energies the two major ion loss mechanisms, charge transfer and multiple Coulomb scattering, are greatly suppressed compared with thermonuclear energies (1-100 keV), because the cross section for multiple Coulomb scattering falls off as T1-5 and that for charge transfer approximately as T-5. Because ions are injected at nearly the average energy of the migma, it may also be said that, as a practical matter, the use of ordered motions facilitates the attainment of colliding energies in the MeV range. The ion motion is essentially that of precessing orbits which all intersect within a central core that is small compared with a gyrodiameter. Motion along the magnetic field lines is confined by a non-adiabatic focusing. The high collision energies obtainable enable the use of what are called "Advanced Fuels," that is, fuels other than the deuteriumtritium (D-T) mixture planned for, e.g., the tokamak fusion reactor. These fuels require higher collision energies for useful reaction rates.
Treating sexually abused children: issues of blame and responsibility.

It is proposed that clinicians refrain from telling sexually abused children that the experience of abuse was "not their fault," since such well-intentioned assurances can diminish the sense of power and control that the children may feel in addition to their guilt. Affirming children's sense of power rather than their status as victims may have future benefits for them and for their own children. Language: en
DROPLET-GAS INTERACTION IN COUNTER-CURRENT SPRAY DRYERS

ABSTRACT The mass, momentum and energy exchange between the droplets and particles and the drying medium in a spray dryer is a complex process. One approach to modeling this process is to apply the particle-sourcein- cell model in which the droplets and particles are regarded as sources of mass, momentum and energy to the conveying gas flow. This mode1 is app1ied to a counter-current spray dryer. The results show the strong interaction between the droplet/particle and gas flow fields. The calculations show the inadequacy of predictions in which the exchange between phases is ignored.
To Win the Peace: The Food and Agriculture Organization, Sir John Boyd Orr, and the World Food Board Proposals

Sir John Boyd Orr, who became the first director-general of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN) in 1945, sought a peace centered on the idea of achieving “freedom from want.” This idea led to the World Food Board proposals he developed and presented to the international community in 1946. However, his plan for a massive international campaign to boost global agricultural productivity as well as an ambitious commodity storage program to stabilize world prices were largely rejected by the U.S. State Department and the British Foreign Office. Orr's vision of the postwar world—of how to win the peace—differed markedly from their own, which was based on the ideas of free trade and military strength aimed at the emerging Soviet bloc. This article raises questions about alternatives to the Cold War as well as the role of the new UN's specialized agencies in developing the postwar world.
Thermal conductivity measurements of particulate materials: 3. Natural samples and mixtures of particle sizes

[1] A line-heat source apparatus was used to measure thermal conductivities of natural fluvial and eolian particulate sediments under low pressures of a carbon dioxide atmosphere. These measurements were compared to a previous compilation of the dependence of thermal conductivity on particle size to determine a thermal conductivity-derived particle size for each sample. Actual particle-size distributions were determined via physical separation through brass sieves. Comparison of the two analyses indicates that the thermal conductivity reflects the larger particles within the samples. In each sample at least 85–95% of the particles by weight are smaller than or equal to the thermal conductivity-derived particle size. At atmospheric pressures less than about 2–3 torr, samples that contain a large amount of small particles (≤125 μm or 4 Φ) exhibit lower thermal conductivities relative to those for the larger particles within the sample. Nonetheless, 90% of the sample by weight still consists of particles that are smaller than or equal to this lower thermal conductivity-derived particle size. These results allow further refinement in the interpretation of geomorphologic processes acting on the Martian surface. High-energy fluvial environments should produce poorer-sorted and coarser-grained deposits than lower energy eolian environments. Hence these results will provide additional information that may help identify coarser-grained fluvial deposits and may help differentiate whether channel dunes are original fluvial sediments that are at most reworked by wind or whether they represent a later overprint of sediment with a separate origin.
Modafinil and Cocaine Interactions

This Phase I trial evaluated the interaction between modafinil steady-state and cocaine. Twelve non-treatment seeking, cocaine dependent volunteers received four sets of randomized blinded infusions of saline, 20 mg IV cocaine, and 40 mg IV cocaine. Modafinil was given open label at 0 mg, 400 mg, or 800 mg. Modafinil combined with IV cocaine did not result in any significant hemodynamic interactions. Modafinil significantly dampened scores on Visual Analog Scale measures as compared to baseline cocaine conditions. No significant alterations in labs occurred. Further outpatient trials of modafinil appear to be warranted.
Primers for 10 polymorphic microsatellites from Caulanthus amplexicaulis var. barbarae, and cross-amplification in other species within the Streptanthoid Complex (Brassicaceae)

Ten microsatellite primer pairs, developed from Caulanthus amplexicaulis var. barbarae (J. Howell) Munz, specifically amplified target loci across a diverse range of taxa from the Streptanthoid Complex, Brassicaceae. All primer pairs produced amplification products from at least 22 of the 23 accessions tested. Product size variation and observable heterozygosity were consistent with what would be expected from the amplification of polymorphic microsatellites across the complex. Our findings demonstrate that microsatellites developed for C. amplexicaulis var. barbarae will be useful for population-genetic studies in taxa throughout the Streptanthoid Complex.
Evaluation of the Micro-Angiographic Fluoroscope as a High-Resolution, Single-Photon Counting and Energy-Integrating Imager for Transmission and Emission Imaging

X-ray and radionuclide imaging are widely popular medical imaging modalities. The requirements for each imaging modality are different, and different detectors are normally used. For this paper, we demonstrate our new detector capable of both fluoroscopy and angiography, to be used as an imager for both single-photon and integral-energy imaging and applied to the dual modalities of radionuclide imaging and X-ray imaging. This newly developed micro-angiographic fluoroscope (MAF) has 1024 × 1024 pixels of 35 μm effective size and is capable of real-time imaging at 30 fps. The large variable gain of its light image intensifier (LII) provides quantum-limited operation with essentially no additive instrumentation noise. We demonstrate that the MAF can be operated in single-photon counting (SPC) mode for X-ray imaging with substantially better resolution than in energy integration (EI) mode. We may use high LII gain with very low exposure (less than 1 X-ray photon/pixel) per frame for SPC mode (with X-ray and radionuclide) and higher exposure with lower gain for EI mode (transmission imaging with X-rays). For a demonstration of the operation in both EI and SPC mode, a heavily K-edge filtered X-ray beam (average energy of 31 keV) was used to provide a nearly monochromatic spectrum. The MTF measured using a standard slit method showed a dramatic improvement for the SPC mode over the EI mode at all spatial frequencies. Images of a line-pair phantom also showed improved spatial resolution in SPC mode compared to EI mode. In SPC mode, images of human distal and middle phalanges showed the trabecular structures of the bone with far better contrast and detail. We also show MAF operation in SPC mode for radionuclide imaging using a custom-built phantom filled with I-125. A 1-mm-diameter parallel hole, medium-energy gamma camera collimator was placed between the phantom, and the MAF and was moved multiple times at equal intervals in random directions to eliminate the pattern corresponding to the collimator septa. Data was acquired at 20 fps, and multiple signal-thresholded frames were summed in SPC mode to provide an integrated frame. The sharpness of the emission image is limited by the collimator resolution and could be improved by optimized collimator design. We demonstrate that the same MAF is capable of operating in both SPC and EI modes and can be used in both X-ray transmission imaging and radionuclide emission imaging.
On the mathematical treatment of time reversal

We present a mathematical treatment of time reversal. Two mathematical models describing approximately the propagation of the time-reversed field are proposed and discussed. Zero initial conditions are exploited in the first model, whereas the method of quasi-reversibility is adopted when constructing the second model. Since computer simulation of time reversal requires knowledge of material properties of a propagating medium, such as the sound speed or electrical conductivity, the general problem of time reversal is nonlinear and ill posed. The ill-posedness is due to the nonuniqueness and instability. To treat this problem, a two-stage procedure is proposed and justified. In the first stage, the unknown material properties of a propagating inhomogeneous medium are approximately determined. Since weak scattering is not assumed, the convexification approach is adopted to estimate such properties. In the second stage, the time-reversed field is approximately determined from the solution of the Cauchy problem for a hyperbolic equation with the lateral data by the method of quasi-reversibility.
The Transformation of North American Railroading: Matching Perceptions to Reality

U.S. railroads are experiencing a period of almost unprecedented prosperity and success. Both privately owned freight railroads and publicly operated passenger rail systems are experiencing growth, yet the public’s perception of the role of rail in the nation’s transportation system remains rooted in past. This article examines the nature of the perception problem and suggests a number of steps to be taken to more fully engage the public on the importance of rail transport. These recommendations range from better communications with the public regarding rail operations to the creation of public/private partnerships and enhanced public investment in rail infrastructure and security measures.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa suppresses host immunity by activating the DAF-2 insulin-like signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Some pathogens have evolved mechanisms to overcome host immune defenses by inhibiting host defense signaling pathways and suppressing the expression of host defense effectors. We present evidence that Pseudomonas aeruginosa is able to suppress the expression of a subset of immune defense genes in the animal host Caenorhabditis elegans by activating the DAF-2/DAF-16 insulin-like signaling pathway. The DAF-2/DAF-16 pathway is important for the regulation of many aspects of organismal physiology, including metabolism, stress response, longevity, and immune function. We show that intestinal expression of DAF-16 is required for resistance to P. aeruginosa and that the suppression of immune defense genes is dependent on the insulin-like receptor DAF-2 and the FOXO transcription factor DAF-16. By visualizing the subcellular localization of DAF-16::GFP fusion protein in live animals during infection, we show that P. aeruginosa–mediated downregulation of a subset of immune genes is associated with the ability to translocate DAF-16 from the nuclei of intestinal cells. Suppression of DAF-16 is mediated by an insulin-like peptide, INS-7, which functions upstream of DAF-2. Both the inhibition of DAF-16 and downregulation of DAF-16–regulated genes, such as thn-2, lys-7, and spp-1, require the P. aeruginosa two-component response regulator GacA and the quorum-sensing regulators LasR and RhlR and are not observed during infection with Salmonella typhimurium or Enterococcus faecalis. Our results reveal a new mechanism by which P. aeruginosa suppresses host immune defense.
Subtyping first-episode non-affective psychosis using four early-course features: potentially useful prognostic information at initial presentation

Aim Heterogeneity of symptoms, course and outcomes in primary psychotic disorders complicates prognosis, treatment and diverse aspects of research. This study aimed to identify interpretable subtypes of first-episode non-affective psychosis based on four early-course features (premorbid academic functioning, premorbid social functioning, duration of the prodrome and age at onset of psychosis). Methods Data from 200 well-characterized patients hospitalized in public-sector inpatient units for first-episode non-affective psychosis were used in latent profile analyses. Derived subtypes were then compared along a number of clinical dimensions using analyses of variance. Results Using four early-course features, three classes were derived. A good premorbid/short prodrome subtype was characterized by a lower severity of positive symptoms, better social/occupational/global functioning, and a shorter duration of untreated psychosis; a poor premorbid/early onset subtype demonstrated greater negative and preoccupation symptoms, as well as greater psychosocial problems; and a long prodrome/late onset subtype was characterized by greater dysphoric symptoms. Conclusions Findings indicate a need for further research with first-episode samples on the utility of subtyping based on early-course (premorbid, prodromal and onset-related) characteristics. Such efforts could enhance the parsing of heterogeneity, thereby advancing clinical practice and research.
Preface to the Jim Papike special issue

Everyone has a Jim Papike story. Okay, this is a slight exaggeration—but only slight. In the course of his career Jim has been a major presence at six institutions and has influenced the research community through participation and leadership in over 40 national committees spanning everything from Apollo Site Selection and Continental Scientific Drilling to DOE working groups on geologic disposal of nuclear waste. He is active in and has been an officer or councilor in the Mineralogical Society of America (president), the American Geophysical Union, the Geochemical Society (president), the Society of Economic Geologists, the National Academy of Sciences, the Universities Space Research Association, and numerous other professional organizations. In sum, he has been a presence at institutions of amazing diversity across the breadth and depth of this country and overseas. More than this, Jim has a prominent physical and intellectual presence that leaves an impression not just on the scientists he interacts with, but also the public. In his travels, Jim is famous for escapades as well as research. If you don’t have a Jim Papike story and want to know what one might be like, read some of his papers but then rent the movie Big Fish and picture the protagonist as a cowboy/geologist. So, everyone (just about) does have a Jim Papike story. Depending on who is telling the story, Jim is a mineralogist, a petrologist, a geochemist, a geological engineer, a specialist in planetary regoliths, a meteoriticist, a hockey player, an ice fisherman extraordinaire, or a ranger to name a few. Take your pick, …
Steered molecular dynamics simulations of force‐induced protein domain unfolding

Steered molecular dynamics (SMD), a computer simulation method for studying force-induced reactions in biopolymers, has been applied to investigate the response of protein domains to stretching apart of their terminal ends. The simulations mimic atomic force microscopy and optical tweezer experiments, but proceed on much shorter time scales. The simulations on different domains for 0.6 nanosecond each reveal two types of protein responses: the first type, arising in certain beta-sandwich domains, exhibits nanosecond unfolding only after a force above 1,500 pN is applied; the second type, arising in a wider class of protein domain structures, requires significantly weaker forces for nanosecond unfolding. In the first case, strong forces are needed to concertedly break a set of interstrand hydrogen bonds which protect the domains against unfolding through stretching; in the second case, stretching breaks backbone hydrogen bonds one by one, and does not require strong forces for this purpose. Stretching of beta-sandwich (immunoglobulin) domains has been investigated further revealing a specific relationship between response to mechanical strain and the architecture of beta-sandwich domains.
The discursive construction of lower-tracked students: Ideologies of meritocracy and the politics of education

This study considers the discursive construction of a particular type of student in Singapore - the lowest-tracked, Normal Technical (NT), secondary school student. Shaped by meritocratic policies, educational practices, and ideologies common to many late-modern societies, students in the NT track are institutionally and individually constructed through the results of high-stakes testing regimes and essentialist views of ability. This article extends an understanding of the NT student as a widely held, deficit construction in Singapore by considering its use as an ideological label in interpersonal and institutional discourse. I consider how school leaders’ and government commentaries about NT students’ abilities, opportunities, and supposed characteristics provide insights about the processes through which students are recruited into institutional categories of deficit and risk¾i.e. differentiated instruction, ascribed ability, and these processes’ translation into educational structures and practice in the name of meritocracy. While the illustration of this phenomenon is uniquely Singaporean, implications include concerns about equity, constructions of ability, and ideologies of merit common to late modern society.
Review: Jane Speedy (2015). Staring at the Park: A Poetic Autoethnographic Inquiry

In "Staring at the Park: A Poetic Autoethnographic Inquiry" (2015), Jane SPEEDY uses poetry, drawings, and prose to offer an insider account of a stroke and post-stroke experience. In this review, I use both form and content to convey key ideas from Jane SPEEDY's book, as well as to represent my experience of reading her text. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1503122
Mid-infrared and near-infrared calibrations for nutritional parameters of Triticale (Triticosecale) and pea (Pisum sativum).

The objective of this study was to develop Fourier transformed mid-infrared (MidIR) and near-infrared (NIR) calibrations for acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total nitrogen in triticale, peas, and triticale/pea mixtures. Heterogeneous calibration−validation combinations were also tested for calibration quality. The forage samples were collected from forage plots grown following millet or wheat. Other factors included population density, forage mixtures, and nitrogen fertilizer rate. Total N always achieved a better validation R2 than ADF and NDF, regardless of the sample set or spectral range. The ADF and NDF could not be predicted well with heterogeneous calibration/validation sets, with the exception of ADF predicted by the pea/triticale mixture in the MidIR. Using whole sample sets resulted in better predictive calibrations for the fiber analytes for both the MidIR and the NIR. This study shows that MidIR compares well with NIR for the development of ADF and total N calibr...
A Cycle of Economic Change in Imperial China: Coal and Iron in Northeast China, 750-1350

The phrases ttraditional Chinese economyt, ttraditional agrarian economyt, and tpre-modem Chinese economyt have been used to categorize the economic system of two millenia of Imperial Chinese history. These concepts seem to refer to an agrarian based society characterized by tax-farming merchants engaged in the sale of government monopolized staples, the diversion of business profits to noneconomicuses, the absence of an acquisitive and capitalistic spirit, a non-development of rational business methods, the low status of the merchant, and bureaucratic interference in the running of commercial establishments. This chapter shows that the origin, rapid growth and subsequent decline of the Northeastern Chinese iron and coal industries can be more adequately explained by economic forces and unique historical circumstances than by those features commonly ascribed to the ttraditional Chinese economyt. Keywords: capitalistic spirit; coal industries; iron industries; Northeastern Chinese; pre-modern Chinese economy; traditional agrarian economy; traditional Chinese economy
Sunlight, water, and ice: Extreme Arctic sea ice melt during the summer of 2007

[1] The summer extent of the Arctic sea ice cover, widely recognized as an indicator of climate change, has been declining for the past few decades reaching a record minimum in September 2007. The causes of the dramatic loss have implications for the future trajectory of the Arctic sea ice cover. Ice mass balance observations demonstrate that there was an extraordinarily large amount of melting on the bottom of the ice in the Beaufort Sea in the summer of 2007. Calculations indicate that solar heating of the upper ocean was the primary source of heat for this observed enhanced Beaufort Sea bottom melting. An increase in the open water fraction resulted in a 500% positive anomaly in solar heat input to the upper ocean, triggering an ice–albedo feedback and contributing to the accelerating ice retreat.
Acute phase phospholipids related to the cardiolipin of mitochondria in the sera of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), chronic ciguatera fish poisoning (CCFP), and other diseases attributed to chemicals, Gulf War, and marine toxins

This study examined 328 CFS sera in a study with 17 CCFP, 8 Gulf War Veterans (GWV), 24 Prostate Cancer (PC), and 52 normal sera in the modified Membrane Immunobead Assay (MIA) procedure for CTX. Three hundred and twenty-eight CFS patients' sera were examined by the modified MIA with purified MAb-CTX and 91.2% gave a titre > or =1:40. 76% of the 17 CCFP sera samples and 100% of the 8 GWV sera samples also had a titre > or =1:40. 92.3% of 52 normal sera showed titres of 1:20 or less, while 4 gave titres of > or =1:40. In addition, 41 sera were examined for Anti-Cardiolipin (aCL) by a commercial ELISA procedure with 87.8% demonstrating IgM, IgM+IgA, or IgM+IgG aCL antibodies. These results showed mostly the IgM aCL antibody alone in the sera samples. In addition, 41 serum samples were examined for aCL, with 37 showing positive for aCL, representing 90.2% positive for the three disease categories examined: CFS, CCFP and GWV. Examination for antiMitochondrial-M2 autoantibody (aM-M2) in 28 patients (CFS (18), CCFP (5), and GWV (5)) was negative for aM-M2. Inhibition analysis with antigens, CTX, CFS "Acute Phase Lipids", commercial Cardiolipin (CL) and 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-Glycero-3-[Phospho-L-Serine] (PS) and antibodies, MAb-CTX and aCL from patients' serum show that the phospholipids in CL and CTX are antigenically indistinguishable with antibodies MAb-CTX and CFS-aCL. Preliminary chemical analyses have shown the lipids to be phospholipids associated with CL of the mitochondria. We designate this "Acute Phase Lipid" comparable to "Acute Phase Proteins" (C-reactive protein (CRP) and Serum Amyloid A (SAA)) in inflammatory conditions.
Islamicising Motifs in Byzantine Lead Seals: Exoticising Style and the Expression of Identity

Among a relatively small number of ninth- to eleventh-century Byzantine lead seals with animal motifs, scholars have long recognised that some show Islamicising stylistic and iconographic features. Building from a recently completed catalogue of the 140 middle Byzantine (c. 843–1204) lead seals decorated with animal devices in the collections of Dumbarton Oaks and the Harvard University Art Museums, this article establishes criteria for distinguishing Islamicising animal seals and offers some possible explanations for why the owners of these seals chose to represent themselves via these motifs. It is proposed that exotic stylistic and iconographic attributes helped express the seal owners’ social identities and aspirations.
Self-Induced Repair: a New Concept in Chemical Microprocessing

Self-induced repair (SIR) is a new concept in chemical microfabrication of microelectronic interconnections. It is based on local chemical processes (deposition or etching) induced by certain local electrical phenomena at defect sites (Joule heat, concentration of electrical field or current density, etc.). It has been demonstrated on four types of defects: near-opens, small opens, near-shorts, and thin shorts. The example of the SIR of near opens, or constrictions in interconnections, is discussed in detail.
When to transfuse preterm babies.

The physiological anaemia experienced by preterm babies is exacerbated by common care practices such as early clamping of the umbilical cord at birth and gradual exsanguination by phlebotomy for laboratory monitoring. The need for subsequent transfusion with red blood cells can be reduced by delaying cord clamping for 30–60 s in infants who do not require immediate resuscitation. The need for transfusions can be further reduced by limiting phlebotomy losses, providing good nutrition, and using standard guidelines for transfusion based on haemoglobin or haematocrit. What those guidelines should be is not clear. Analysis of two recent large clinical trials comparing restrictive and liberal transfusion guidelines leads to several conclusions. Restrictive transfusion guidelines may reduce the number of transfusions given, but there is no reduction in donor exposures if a single-donor transfusion programme is used. There is some evidence that more liberal transfusion guidelines may help to prevent brain injury, but information on the impact of transfusion practice on long-term outcome is lacking. Until further guidance emerges, transfusion thresholds lower than those used in the two trials should not be used, as there is no evidence that lower thresholds are safe.
An Example of a Repeated Partnership Game with Discounting and with Uniformly Inefficient Equilibria

In this note we present an example of a repeated partnership game with imperfect monitoring in which all supergame equilibria with positive discount rates are bounded away from full efficiency uniformly in the discount rate, provided the latter is strictly positive. On the other hand, if the players do not discount the future, then every efficient one-period payoff vector that dominates the one-period equilibrium payoff vector can be attained by an equilibrium of the repeated game. Thus the correspondence that maps the players' discount rate into the corresponding set of repeated-game equilibrium payoff vectors is discontinuous at the point at which the discount rate is zero.
Cation radicals of xanthophylls

Carotenes and xanthophylls are well known to act as electron donors in redox processes. This ability is thought to be associated with the inhibition of oxidative reactions in reaction centers and light-harvesting pigment–protein complexes of photosystem II (PSII). In this work, cation radicals of neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene were generated in solution using ferric chloride as an oxidant and then studied by absorption spectroscopy. The investigation provides a view toward understanding the molecular features that determine the spectral properties of cation radicals of carotenoids. The absorption spectral data reveal a shift to longer wavelength with increasing π-chain length. However, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin exhibit cation radical spectra blue-shifted compared to that of β-carotene, despite all of these molecules having 11 conjugated carbon–carbon double bonds. CIS molecular orbital theory quantum computations interpret this effect as due to the hydroxyl groups in the terminal rings selectively stabilizing the highest occupied molecular orbitals of preferentially populated s-trans-isomers. The data are expected to be useful in the analysis of spectral results from PSII pigment–protein complexes seeking to understand the role of carotene and xanthophyll cation radicals in regulating excited state energy flow, in protecting PSII reaction centers against photoinhibition, and in dissipating excess light energy absorbed by photosynthetic organisms but not used for photosynthesis.
The lone ranger as a metaphor for the psychoanalytic movement from conscious to unconscious experience.

The two subjects we are taught to avoid if we expect conversations to remain polite are politics and religion. In political discussions, not only do we advocate our own positions while usually knocking another, our own self-esteem is often also on the line as an extension of the position we take. In addition, we argue strongly in order to gain as many adherents as we can, and try to dissuade people from supporting the other side. To be political is to be keenly aware of ourselves in relation to the issue or side we are taking, the opposing position, and where others stand on the matter. Such awareness is the domain of conscious functioning, an expression of what Wolstein (1974) termed our ego-interpersonal selves, though he also included preconscious experience within this self’s functioning as well. In contrast, I present the position in this article, through the subjects of psychoanalytic practice and the fictional character of the Lone Ranger, that in unconscious functioning, a person is, in essence, one with what he or she may be expressing. Operating unconsciously, one is not aware of one’s own self, the issue one is espousing, or of where others may stand in relation to it. While one may unconsciously strongly express something that may fall to one side of an issue or another, one is not, as is the case with conscious functioning, aware of doing so. Conscious and unconscious functioning are not mutually exclusive, but unconscious expression itself is apolitical. However, in proposing what I have, the act of actually asserting this position is in itself tantamount to assuming a political position on this issue. Any assertion that one makes is political, including the pres
Population Genetic Assignment of Confiscated Gopher Tortoises

As gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) increasingly become threatened throughout their range in Florida, USA, the need for management and conservation will intensify. Here we evaluate the forensic applicability of genetic assignment tests based on microsatellite genotypic data to 1) accurately assign individuals in our genetic database to the sample location or population of origin and 2) determine the origin of 6 confiscated tortoises. Overall, we could correctly assign 90% of the individuals in the database to their population of origin, but we were unable to determine the source of the confiscated tortoises. However, these individuals are unlikely to have come from any of our sampled sites and all 6 may have come from the same population. This approach can be used by law enforcement personnel to identify the origin of confiscated tortoises as well as by developers and wildlife managers to determine the genetic appropriateness of potential recipient populations when it is necessary to relocate individuals.
Caribbean transnational migration behaviour: reconceptualising its ‘strategic flexibility’

Building on a considerable body of extant literature, and critically assessing its strong and weak (or overlooked) conceptual explanations and observations, this reconceptualisation of Caribbean transnational migrant behaviour updates the theoretical account of what is now an increasingly prevalent mobility process in the region. Utilising a structuration construct in which a key conceptual base is a behavioural (agency) notion of strategic flexibility, transnational migrants operating within Caribbean family networks are situated in their multi-local transnational social fields and resultant distant-but-linked community structures. A ‘moorings’ construct (first offered by Moon in 1995) further enables the portrayal of transnational migrants' personal interactions and migration behaviours in multicultural contexts. It allows the examination of their aggregate outcomes in relation to the micro- and mesostructural contexts of institutional/familial/communal decision-making and action as they play themselves out in continuous time. ‘Homes’ and ‘homes away from home’ provide the microgeographical ‘roots’ of migrants' transnational existence, of their experiences, identities, and degrees of national and transnational consciousness. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long noncoding RNAs in innate and adaptive immunity

The differentiation and activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells is highly dependent on a coordinated set of transcriptional and post-transcriptional events. Chromatin-modifiers and transcription factors regulate the accessibility and transcription of immune genes, respectively. Immune cells also express miRNA and RNA-binding proteins that provide an additional layer of regulation at the mRNA level. However, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have been primarily studied in the context of genomic imprinting, cancer, and cell differentiation, are now emerging as important regulators of immune cell differentiation and activation. In this review, we provide a brief overview of lncRNAs, their known functions in immunity, and discuss their potential to be more broadly involved in other aspects of the immune response.
NMR technique for determining the depth of shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Quantum-Assisted Sensing and Readout Program
A Smartphone App Reveals Erratic Diurnal Eating Patterns in Humans that Can Be Modulated for Health Benefits

A diurnal rhythm of eating-fasting promotes health, but the eating pattern of humans is rarely assessed. Using a mobile app, we monitored ingestion events in healthy adults with no shift-work for several days. Most subjects ate frequently and erratically throughout wakeful hours, and overnight fasting duration paralleled time in bed. There was a bias toward eating late, with an estimated 35% after 6 p.m. "Metabolic jetlag" resulting from weekday/weekend variation in eating pattern akin to travel across time zones was prevalent. The daily intake duration (95% interval) exceeded 14.75 hr for half of the cohort. When overweight individuals with >14 hr eating duration ate for only 10-11 hr daily for 16 weeks assisted by a data visualization (raster plot of dietary intake pattern, "feedogram") that we developed, they reduced body weight, reported being energetic, and improved sleep. Benefits persisted for a year.
Upper tails and independence polynomials in random graphs

Abstract The upper tail problem in the Erdős–Renyi random graph G ∼ G n , p asks to estimate the probability that the number of copies of a graph H in G exceeds its expectation by a factor 1 + δ . Chatterjee and Dembo showed that in the sparse regime of p → 0 as n → ∞ with p ≥ n − α for an explicit α = α H > 0 , this problem reduces to a natural variational problem on weighted graphs, which was thereafter asymptotically solved by two of the authors in the case where H is a clique. Here we extend the latter work to any fixed graph H and determine a function c H ( δ ) such that, for p as above and any fixed δ > 0 , the upper tail probability is exp ⁡ [ − ( c H ( δ ) + o ( 1 ) ) n 2 p Δ log ⁡ ( 1 / p ) ] , where Δ is the maximum degree of H. As it turns out, the leading order constant in the large deviation rate function, c H ( δ ) , is governed by the independence polynomial of H, defined as P H ( x ) = ∑ i H ( k ) x k where i H ( k ) is the number of independent sets of size k in H. For instance, if H is a regular graph on m vertices, then c H ( δ ) is the minimum between 1 2 δ 2 / m and the unique positive solution of P H ( x ) = 1 + δ .
Orphanin FQ/nociceptin inhibits synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation in rat dentate gyrus through postsynaptic mechanisms.

Yu, Tzu-Ping and Cui-Wei Xie. Orphanin FQ/nociceptin inhibits synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation in the rat dentate gyrus through postsynaptic mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1277–12...
Three Problems for Richard's Theory of Belief Ascription

Some contemporary Russellians, defenders of the view that the semantic content of a proper name, demonstrative or indexical is simply its referent, are prepared to accept that view’s most infamous apparent consequence: that coreferential names, demonstratives, indexicals, etc. are intersubstitutable salva veritate, even in intentional contexts. Nathan Salmon and Scott Soames argue that our recalcitrant intuitions with respect to the famous apparent counterexamples are not semantic intuitions, but rather pragmatic intuitions. Strictly and literally speaking, Lois Lane believes, and even knows that Clark Kent is identical to Superman, since she believes and knows that Superman is identical to Superman. Salmon and Soames attempt to soften our reaction to this shocker by allowing that it is typically misleading to utter the sentence ‘Lois Lane knows that Clark Kent is identical to Superman’, since it pragmatically implicates, without semantically entailing, that Lois Lane would accept the sentence ‘Clark Kent is identical to Superman’. Our compulsive tendency to claim that ‘Lois Lane knows that Clark Kent is Superman’ is false, rather than merely misleading, is due to a confusion between semantics and pragmatics, between truth conditions and conditions of appropriateness of utterance. 1 It is probably fair to say that the common reaction to this move in defense of Russellianism is negative. Mark Richard says the following: 2
Quantification of hydrogen fluoride-based reagents using a bifunctional NMR internal standard

Abstract A new procedure for quantifying the composition of hydrogen fluoride-based reagents by a combination of 1H and 19F NMR titration has been developed. An aliquot of a hydrogen fluoride reagent sample and a bifunctional internal standard⿿ethyl trifluoroacetate, were digested with excess KOH in D2O; and subjected to quantitative NMR analysis. This procedure provides a more convenient operation and more accurate results than traditional volumetric titration.