cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stepwise up-regulation of microRNA expression levels from replicating to reversible and irreversible growth arrest states in WI-38 human fibroblasts.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate diverse genetic expression networks through their control of mRNA stability or translation. Their role in aging mechanisms has been proposed in various model systems. In this report, the expression profiling of 462 human miRNAs in the reversible growth arrest state of quiescence, and irreversible states of replicative senescence and hydrogen peroxide-induced premature senescence, are compared to young replicating lung fibroblasts. Greater numbers of up-regulated than down-regulated miRNAs are observed when cells stop proliferating, particularly in premature senescence, somewhat less in replicative senescence, and less still in quiescence. Several altered miRNA expressions are shared by the three growth arrest states, including the up-regulation of miR-34a, -624, -638 and miR-377, and the down-regulation of miR-365 and miR-512-5p. miRNAs up-regulated in both permanent growth arrest states but not in quiescence include let-7g, miR-26a, -136, -144, -195 and miR-200b. In each of the growth arrest states, miR-34a and let-7f have the most robust up-regulation in H2O2-induced premature senescence, followed by miR-638 and miR-663 in replicative senescence, and finally, miR-331-3p and miR-595 in quiescence. Our comprehensive evaluation of miRNA target correlations with known biomarkers for replicative senescence suggests that miRNAs may repress pathways controlling not only cell cycle traverse and proliferation, but also insulin-like signaling, DNA repair and apoptosis, all of which are cellular functions deficient in senescent human fibroblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 221: 109–119, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Re-engineering Grep and Diff for NERC CIP

The present and future smart grid has a large number of devices that produce an avalanche of data. Our research explores whether we can channel this avalanche to drive more efficient NERC CIP audits. The power industry has both high-level, natural-language NERC CIP policies and low-level data sources such as router configuration files, Windows registries, and PMU data. Utilities must use low-level data to demonstrate compliance at a high level and each utility does this in their own way. In this paper, we propose our two tools, Context-Free Grep and Hierarchical Diff, to help utilities and auditors generate reliable and reproducible evidence to support or refute NERC CIP compliance. Our tools are currently in the design phase, although we have prototyped Hierarchical Diff.
Thermal decomposition of acetate: III. Catalysis by mineral surfaces

Abstract The kinetics of thermal decarboxylation of aqueous solutions of acetic acid and sodium acetate were evaluated at 335 and 355°C in contact with various surfaces as potential catalysts. Quartz, fused quartz, calcite, natural pyrite, titanium oxide, and Au apparently do not catalyze aqueous decarboxylation reactions, in contrast to Pyrex, Ca-montmorillonite, Fe-bearing montmorillonite, hematite, synthetic pyrite, and magnetite. The dependence of the rate of acetic acid decarboxylation on the surface area of pyrite per unit solution volume was also studied. The results show that the decarboxylation of acetic acid and acetate is catalyzed heterogeneously, with the cleavage of the C-C bond occurring while the acetate molecule is adsorbed onto a surface. Entropies and enthalpies of activation obtained from these experiments are compatible with the isokinetic relationship established previously for acetic acid and acetate under similar experimental conditions, indicating the existence of a common rate-determining step. Experimental evidence indicates that oxidation of acetic acid can occur with hematite and defected magnetite. These oxidative decomposition reactions differ from the decarboxylation reaction in that CO2 and polycondensates are produced instead of CO2 and CH4.
Do amenities matter in attracting knowledge workers for regional economic development

. The productivity of knowledge workers (the “H people”) relative to that of unskilled workers (the “L people”) could warrant that a region formulate economic development policies in order to raise this ratio via the in-migration of skilled labour. This article presents a theoretical model which demonstrates the conditions that must be satisfied before an amenity based programme for economic development can succeed. The ratio of H to L turns out to play a crucial role as does the assumption that H’s are L averse. We also examine the possibility that an adverse amenity shock can push a region into an “L trap”.
THE SIXTEENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS

The Sixteenth International Congress of Americanists was held in the University building at Vienna, Austria, September 9 to 14, 19o8. The active and associate members in attendance numbered 376. In addition to Austria the following countries were represented by official delegates present: Argentina, German Burmeister; Belgium, J. Denuce; Brazil, Manuel de Oliveira Lima; Chile, Julio Montebruno; France, Professor L. Capitan; Holland, Jonkheer L. C. van Panhuys and Dr J. D. E. Schmeltz; Italy, Professor E. H. Giglioli; Japan, Professor Ryozaburo Sakaki; Mexico, Gilberto Crespo y Martinez; Paraguay, Leo Hirsch; Peru, Professor Max Uhle; Portugal, Jose Comte de Paraty; Prussia, Professor Eduard Seler; Spain, Professor Sanchez-Moguel; Sweden, Professor C. V. Hartman; United States of America, Professors Franz Boas and M. H. Saville, Dr George Grant MacCurdy and Dr Charles Peabody; Venezuela, Felix Stiassny. There were also in attendance delegates from seventeen learned societies and institutions from various parts of the world. The Congress was formally opened on Wednesday morning under the high patronage of Archduke Rainer, who, although not able to be present, sent a message which was read by the President of the Congress, Wilhelm Freiherr von Weckbecker, in his opening address. Later in the week Archduke Rainer held a reception in the Imperial Museum of Natural History. The Congress was also honored by the presence and faithful attendance of H. R. H. Princess Therese of Bavaria, who was one of the honorary presidents.
Improving the Robustness of Wireless Device Pairing Using Hyphen-Delimited Numeric Comparison

The operation of achieving authenticated key agreement between two human-operated mobile devices over a short range wireless communication channel, such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, is known as "pairing." The devices being paired are ad hoc in nature, i.e., they can not be assumed to have a prior context (such as pre-shared secrets) or a common trusted on- or off-line authority. However, the devices can generally be connected using auxiliary physical channel(s) (such as audio or visual) that can be authenticated by the user(s) of the devices. These authenticatable channels can thus be used to form a basis for pairing. One of the simplest pairing methods requires user to compare short (typically 4 digit long) numbers displayed on two devices. Prior usability studies investigating the numeric comparison method indicate that although users hardly ever reject matching numbers on two devices, a critical task of detecting non-matching numbers (and thus potential man-in-the-middle attacks) can be error-prone. In this paper, we propose a very simple and an intuitive method of employing "hyphen-delimited" numbers in device pairing. Our usability studies and analysis of test results show that the proposed method improves the robustness as well as usability of pairing based on numeric comparison.
Tenure-Track Science Faculty and the ‘Open Access Citation Effect’

INTRODUCTION The observation that open access (OA) articles receive more citations than subscription-based articles is known as the OA citation effect (OACE). Implicit in many OACE studies is the belief that authors are heavily invested in the number of citations their articles receive. This study seeks to determine what influence the OACE has on the decision-making process of tenure-track science faculty when they consider where to submit a manuscript for publication. METHODS Fifteen tenure-track faculty members in the Departments of Biology and Chemistry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill participated in semi-structured interviews employing a variation of the critical incident tecnique. RESULTS Seven of the fifteen faculty members said they would consider making a future article freely-available based on the OACE. Due to dramatically different expectations with respect to the size of the OACE, however, only one of them is likely to seriously consider the OACE when deciding where to submit their next manuscript for publication. DISCUSSION Journal reputation and audience, and the quality of the editorial and review process are the most important factors in deciding where to submit a manuscript for publication. Once a subset of journals has satisfied these criteria, financial and access issues compete with the OACE in making a final decision. CONCLUSION In order to increase the number of OA materials, librarians should continue to emphasize depositing pre- and post-prints in disciplinary and institutional repositories and retaining the author rights prior to publication in order to make it possible to do so.
Characterization of Two Subunits of Arabidopsis 19S Proteasome Regulatory Complex and its Possible Interaction with the COP9 Complex

The nuclear localized, multi-subunit COP9 complex (or COP9 signalosome) is a key developmental modulator involved in repression of photomorphogenesis. In an effort to further define the molecular actions of the COP9 complex, a yeast two hybrid interactive screen was undertaken to identify proteins that could directly interact with one subunit of this complex, namely FUS6/COP11. This screen identified one specific interactive protein, AtS9, that is likely the Arabidopsis non-ATPase S9 (subunit 9) of the 19S regulatory complex from the 26S proteasome. AtS9 specifically interacts with FUS6/COP11 via the C-terminal domain of FUS6/COP11, which is distinct from the N-terminal domain necessary for FUS6/COP11 to interact with itself. As anticipated, AtS9 is not a member of the COP9 complex, but tightly associates with an ATPase subunit of the Arabidopsis 19S proteasome regulatory complex, AtS6A. Since all three proteins, FUS6/COP11, AtS9, and AtS6A, are present as complexed forms in vivo, the observed interaction implies that the COP9 complex may directly interact with the 19S regulatory complex of the 26S proteasome or other potential AtS9-containing complex. This notion is consistent with the parallel tissue-specific expression patterns and the similar, predominantly nuclear localization of both the COP9 complex and the AtS9 protein.
A flexible eyetracker for psychological applications

We describe a practical method for measuring eye movements during psychological tests. This is an important class of applications including clinical evaluations and marketing studies. Existing methods in common use for psychological measurement, for example infrared reflection methods, are invasive involving head stabilization and special purpose lighting. In our experiments, we need to observe subjects for long periods, on the order of one hour. In addition, subjects must verbalize, which makes it difficult to stabilize their heads relative to the camera. We track the head using a lightweight spectacle framework worn by the subject. It has a set of easily visible colored balls. We segment each image into four characteristic colors, corresponding to iris, yellow ball, red ball, and background, which are obtained by sampling the images for each subject. The classification into colors is done by training a simple neural network for each characteristic color. We match a template to color-reduced image regions to find the balls and the two irises. We use a model-based object pose method, which uses a prior measurement of the relative positions of the balls, to calculate the spectacle framework pose (the head pose). A linear method is used for calibrating gaze position against head pose and iris positions. The subject's gaze position can be traded reliably for periods of more than an hour. The locations of image features are found with an accuracy of approximately one pixel of the image. In a 640/spl times/480 image of the whole face, the eyes are each about 80 pixels across. This gives a corresponding accuracy of calculated eye gaze position on a 17 inch monitor of about 1 cm horizontally and 2 cm vertically. This method has shown itself in practice to be very flexible for psychological measurement, giving sufficient accuracy and being noninvasive.
The Conceptualization and Operationalization of Diagnostic Testing in Second and Foreign Language Assessment

Diagnostic testing has long been valued by language testing researchers and practitioners for its ability to inform both teaching and learning. However, the number of well-developed diagnostic language tests is relatively low, most likely due to the difficulty in constructing a diagnostic test that incorporates a wide enough range of language skills. In recent years, the advancement of technologies has allowed for the development of several large-scale, computer-based diagnostic language tests, as well as more sophisticated measurement methods to conduct diagnosis. This article first provides the theoretical ground for how diagnosis has been conceptualized in language testing over the past 60 years. Then, several current approaches to operationalizing diagnosis in second and foreign language assessment, including both tests and methods, are reviewed. The article concludes with reflections on diagnostic testing in second and foreign language assessment at its current state, as well as recommendations for its future directions.
Ambient GABA Promotes Cortical Entry of Tangentially Migrating Cells Derived from the Medial Ganglionic Eminence

During corticogenesis, cells from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) migrate tangentially into the neocortical anlage. Here we report that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), via GABAA receptors, regulates tangential migration. In embryonic telencephalic slices, bicuculline produced an outward current in migrating MGE-derived cells in the neocortex, suggesting the presence of and tonic activation by ambient GABA. Ambient GABA was also present in the MGE, although this required demonstration using as bioassay HEK293 cells expressing high-affinity alpha6/beta2/gamma2s recombinant GABAA receptors. The concentration of ambient GABA was 0.5+/-0.1 microM in both regions. MGE-derived cells before the corticostriate juncture (CSJ) were less responsive to GABA than those in the neocortex, and profiling of GABAA receptor subunit transcripts revealed different expression patterns in the MGE vis-a-vis the neocortex. These findings suggest a dynamic expression of GABAA receptor number or isoform as MGE-derived cells enter the neocortex and become tonically influenced by ambient GABA. Treatment with bicuculline or antibody against GABA did not affect migration of MGE-derived cells before the CSJ but decreased "crossing index," reflecting impeded migration past the CSJ into the neocortex. Treatment with diazepam or addition of exogenous GABA increased crossing index. We conclude that ambient GABA promotes cortical entry of tangentially migrating MGE-derived cells.
A fast butterfly algorithm for generalized Radon transforms

ABSTRACTGeneralized Radon transforms, such as the hyperbolic Radon transform, cannot be implemented as efficiently in the frequency domain as convolutions, thus limiting their use in seismic data processing. We have devised a fast butterfly algorithm for the hyperbolic Radon transform. The basic idea is to reformulate the transform as an oscillatory integral operator and to construct a blockwise low-rank approximation of the kernel function. The overall structure follows the Fourier integral operator butterfly algorithm. For 2D data, the algorithm runs in complexity O(N2 log N), where N depends on the maximum frequency and offset in the data set and the range of parameters (intercept time and slowness) in the model space. From a series of studies, we found that this algorithm can be significantly more efficient than the conventional time-domain integration.
LED Lamp Flicker Caused by Interharmonics

The current IEC flickermeter standard only considers light flicker of incandescent lamps. Hence, the standard flicker-meter has limitations regarding assessing flicker of lamp types other than the incandescent lamp, particularly in the presence of interharmonics. In this paper, the flicker responses of various lamps (e.g., incandescent, compact fluorescent, and LED (light-emitting-diode) lamps) are investigated using a laboratory interharmonic flicker station and a photo detector. The experimental results demonstrate that LED lamps exhibit flicker response similar to that of compact fluorescent lamps, which are sensitive to high-frequency interharmonics located close to the odd order harmonics. Our analysis indicates that a diode bridge rectifier, which converts AC to DC for both compact fluorescent and LED lamps, is a source of flicker due to high-frequency interharmonics.
Formation of cloud droplets by multicomponent organic particles

[1] Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the atmosphere are usually composed of multiple inorganic and organic chemical species. Determining the ability of these multicomponent particles to activate into cloud droplets is necessary for understanding and quantifying the effect of aerosols on cloud formation and properties. Internally mixed, multicomponent particles as well as particles consisting of a core coated with hexadecane were used in the present study. Laboratory experiments were performed using combinations of sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, pinonic acid, pinic acid, norpinic acid, glutamic acid, leucine, and hexadecane. Activation diameters were determined combining a Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (TDMA) with a thermal diffusion Cloud Condensation Nucleus Counter (CCNC). Studies were performed at supersaturations of 0.3% and 1% with dry particle diameters ranging between 0.02 and 0.2 micrometers. The results were compared to a theory assuming additive behavior of the constituent species. This assumption was sufficient for the prediction of the CCN activation diameter of the mixed particles.
Effects of Craniofacial Structures on Mouse Palatal Closure In Vitro

Heads of Swiss-Webster mouse fetuses of four ages spanning days 12-13 of gestation, were partially dissected by removing the brain (B), tongue (T) and mandible (M) alone or in combination (BT, BM, BTM). Preparations were suspended in a gassed, circulating culture system such that palatal closure must take place against gravity. Closure occurred earlier than in vivo and required the posterior half of the mandible be intact and the tongue removed.
Health-based Provisional Advisory Levels (PALs) for homeland security

The Homeland Security Presidential Directive #8 (HSPD-8) for National Emergency Preparedness was issued to “ establish policies to strengthen the preparedness of the United States to prevent and re...
Heterogeneous catalysis at line defects II. Simple reactions

The ability of domain boundaries in adsorbed layers to act as effective catalysts is described. Some simple boundary-controlled reactions are analysed. Steady-state catalysis is discussed briefly in the context of catalytic mechanism.
Fiberoptic absorption/fluorescence combustion diagnostics

Abstract A new application of fiberoptics to spectroscopic measurement of minor species in combustion products is discussed. Fiberoptics could be applied to other optical combustion diagnostics as well. They provide optical access to enclosed combustion systems and allow sensitive equipment to be located remotely. Optical fibers and their use are dicussed in detail, as is probe design. The two most promising spectroscopic techniques for use with fiberoptics are absorption and fluorescence. Examples of both techniques are discussed in detail. We were able to detect 30 ppm of OH (at 310 nm) in a flow reactor using our fluorescence probe. Suggestions for improvement of the technique are given.
The basic leucine zipper transcription factor NFIL3 directs the development of a common innate lymphoid cell precursor

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are recently identified lymphocytes that limit infection and promote tissue repair at mucosal surfaces. However, the pathways underlying ILC development remain unclear. Here we show that the transcription factor NFIL3 directs the development of a committed bone marrow precursor that differentiates into all known ILC lineages. NFIL3 was required in the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP), and was essential for the differentiation of αLP, a bone marrow cell population that gives rise to all known ILC lineages. Clonal differentiation studies revealed that CXCR6(+) cells within the αLP population differentiate into all ILC lineages but not T- and B-cells. We further show that NFIL3 governs ILC development by directly regulating expression of the transcription factor TOX. These findings establish that NFIL3 directs the differentiation of a committed ILC precursor that gives rise to all ILC lineages and provide insight into the defining role of NFIL3 in ILC development.
Trends in Treatment of Advanced Ankle Arthropathy by Total Ankle Replacement or Ankle Fusion

Background:Total ankle replacement (TAR) and ankle fusion (AF) are the 2 major operative options for treatment of advanced ankle arthropathy; there is, however, no large epidemiologic study compari...
Archaeology, Language, and History: Essays on Culture and Ethnicity

Archaeology, Language, and History: Essays on Culture and Ethnicity. John E. Terrell. ed. Westport, CT and London: Bergin and Garvey, 2001. 317 pp.
Low temperature impact modification of injection molding PVC

To meet the stringent requirements of PVC compounds intended for use in injection molded cabinets, housings and other electrical applications, impact modifiers are required which permit good melt flow while processing and allow passage of falling ball impact at −20°C. Extensive testing is described as differentiating the low temperature toughness imported by two similar impact modifiers which give the same mold flow in modified PVC.
Differential regulation of ROMK (Kir1.1) in distal nephron segments by dietary potassium

ROMK channels are well-known to play a central role in renal K secretion, but the absence of highly specific and avid-ROMK antibodies has presented significant roadblocks toward mapping the extent of expression along the entire distal nephron and determining whether surface density of these channels is regulated in response to physiological stimuli. Here, we prepared new ROMK antibodies verified to be highly specific, using ROMK knockout mice as a control. Characterization with segmental markers revealed a more extensive pattern of ROMK expression along the entire distal nephron than previously thought, localizing to distal convoluted tubule regions, DCT1 and DCT2; the connecting tubule (CNT); and cortical collecting duct (CD). ROMK was diffusely distributed in intracellular compartments and at the apical membrane of each tubular region. Apical labeling was significantly increased by high-K diet in DCT2, CNT1, CNT2, and CD (P < 0.05) but not in DCT1. Consistent with the large increase in apical ROMK, dramatically increased mature glycosylation was observed following dietary potassium augmentation. We conclude 1) our new antibody provides a unique tool to characterize ROMK channel localization and expression and 2) high-K diet causes a large increase in apical expression of ROMK in DCT2, CNT, and CD but not in DCT1, indicating that different regulatory mechanisms are involved in K diet-regulated ROMK channel functions in the distal nephron.
The Effects of Strontium and Calcium on Mammalian Collagenases

Collagen is the major structural protein of skin, bone, cartilage, tendon, and teeth. It is, in fact, the most abundant protein in the body. The collagen molecule consists of three polypeptide chains, molecular weight approximately 95,000 each, which are coiled together in a triple helix. Chemically, the collagen molecule is unique in that every third amino acid residue is glycine, and in that it contains relatively large amounts of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine.
The Impact of Transportation Rate Structure on the Movement of Agricultural Commodities

ACHIEVING the ambitious aim suggested by the title of this paper would involve, first, defining what is meant by the term "rate structure"; second, developing some notion of priorities as to what types of effects are the most meaningful for discussion and analysis; and, finally, devising some way to trace the diffused effects of freight rates and rate changes throughout the economy in such a way that meaningful relationships may be identified net of forces other than those attributable to freight rates. Rather than attempt the impossible I shall follow a somewhat more modest approach which will include a brief examination of how the existing transport rate structure has evolved, some questions that might be raised as to assessing the impact of transport rates on the agricultural economy, and a concluding discussion of some speculative implications for agriculture of some current rate issues. In order to make sense out of a rate structure, it is necessary to reduce the transportation market ultimately to a series of pairs of geographic points. Specific rates can then be ascertained for specific routes for specific commodities for specified levels of service for all available transport modes under the entire array of relevant conditions confronting shippers. The resulting tabulation of information might then be referred to as a rate structure. We have yet to determine in quantitative terms relevant for economic analysis how to characterize the "general rate structure." The difficulty in making the transition from an identifiable rate for specific geographic points to a general rate structure, however, does not eliminate the fact that decision makers must, in fact, act as if it were possible to make such a transition. Individual rates can usually be identified; the problem is one of devising a relevant summary of rates. In this paper it will be necessary to refer to rate structure only in gen-
Research on the Construction Problems of Industrial Centralization Areas in Urban Belt along Yangtze River

Although some achievements have been made in the constructions of the two industrial centralization areas,there still have been some challenges ahead,especially in the problems of the function definition,the integration of infrastructure construction,coordination of all kinds of relationships,industry development of centralization areas,the financing and the management system and so on.So we need take many new specific measures to solve them: such as making sure the definition of production city integration,highlighting industry characteristics,establishing diverse channels of introduction and training of talents,broadening the multi-level financing channels and improving new model of management systems.
Image Cytometric Deoxyribonucleic Acid Analysis of Urine Specimens as an Adjunct to Visual Cytology in the Detection of Urothelial Cell Carcinoma

We evaluated image cytometric deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy analysis of urine sediments as an adjunct to visual cytology in the detection of urothelial cell carcinoma. Both procedures were performed on 384 specimens obtained from voided urine (78%), bladder washings or by catheterization. Of these specimens 235 came from patients with active urothelial cell carcinoma, 23 from patients with currently inactive urothelial cell carcinoma and 126 from patients with benign disorders of the urinary tract. Visual cytology classified 171 specimens as positive for urothelial cell carcinoma, 143 as negative and 70 as atypical but diagnostically ambiguous. Sensitivity was 72.3% (170 of 235) and specificity was 99.3% (148 of 149, with atypical and negative specimens grouped together). The slides were then restained for ploidy analysis. Each of the deoxyribonucleic acid histograms of the 170 true positive and the 129 true negative specimens was described by a set of order statistics. These sets were entered into a multivariate discriminant analysis. The discriminant function obtained was then applied to the 70 ambiguous specimens. As a result 27 of these specimens, all from patients with active urothelial cell carcinoma, were reclassified as positive. Sensitivity was increased to 83.8% (197 of 235), with no loss of specificity. Image cytometry is a useful adjunct to visual cytology for the detection of bladder cancer in urine sediments.
Biliary strictures in the liver transplant patient

Abstract Biliary complications are the most common adverse events following liver transplantation (LT). Living donor LT have a higher rate of biliary complications compared with deceased donor LT. Multiple risk factors have been implicated in the development of biliary strictures, which could be categorized into recipient, graft, operative factors, and postoperative factors. Bile duct strictures following LT are classified as biliary anastomotic strictures or nonanastomotic strictures. Nonanastomotic strictures have a less favorable response to endoscopic management. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography is the first-choice examination when a biliary complication is suspected following LT. For treating anastomotic strictures, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography directed balloon dilatation complemented with the placement of multiple plastic stents has become the standard of care and results in stricture resolution in over 90% of cases. Temporary placement of fully covered self-expanding metal stents (FCSEMSs) has not been demonstrated to be superior mostly because of the high migration rate of current FCSEMSs models. FCSEMS with special antimigratory design may be superior and cost-effective compared with multiple plastic stents, but need evaluation in prospective and randomized trials.
Chronological Disordering and the Absence of Correlations Between Infinitely Separated States

Recently we have presented some algebraic formulations of quantum mechanics which would incorporate nonlocality when small distances are involved but would be separable at large distances1,2,3,4. Such asymptotically separable theories are based on the thinking that there should be no correlations between infinitely separated states1,2. Consequently we should remove from the theory observables which could effect such correlations. In particular when infinitely separated in an EPR situation two particles should not be able to interact3. D.R.E. Timson and the present author recently proposed the following thought experiment to illustrate the above situation5.
The Network Behind ‘Tottel's’ Miscellany

AbstractSonges and Sonettes, written by the ryght honorable Lorde Henry Haward (1557), was a landmark volume in English printing history and literary culture. However, its origins are poorly unders...
AEROBIC MICROBIAL FLORA OF SMOKED SALMON1

Aerobic microbial flora, moisture, and NaCl contents of smoked salmon samples, obtained from retail outlets along the roast of the Pacific Northwest, were examined. The microbial loads ranged from 1.3 × 102 to 2.2 × 106. The moisture level were from 48 to 64%, and the water phase salts from 3.2 to 8.2. Regularly recoverable microorganisms in most samples were gram-positive cocci. They were either mostly staphylococci micrococci, depending on the sample. Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and yeasts were predominant in some samples. The gram-positive cocci were able to grow in 10 to 25% NaCl, but the majority of them did not multiply at 4 C and were readily inactivated by mild heat (D52C of 1.5 to 47.9 min).
Effective Moment of Inertia of a Riveted Plate Girder

The importance of the plate girder as a structural member has warranted many tests of its behavior under load. As an approach to the solution of this problem, a series of tests was planned to disco...
Intravenous Drug Use-Associated Endophthalmitis.

Purpose To characterize features and outcomes of intravenous drug use (IVDU)-associated endophthalmitis. Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods A retrospective chart review of all cases of endophthalmitis seen between September 2006 and November 2014 at a single academic referral center was performed. All cases of IVDU-associated endophthalmitis were identified and characterized. Main Outcome Measures Ophthalmic examination findings, microbial results, visual outcomes, and secondary ocular sequelae. Results Thirty patients (32 eyes) with IVDU-associated endophthalmitis were identified, which represented 9% of all endophthalmitis patients (n = 338) and 44% of all endogenous endophthalmitis patients (n = 68). Mean follow-up was 11 months. All eyes had vitritis, 6 had hypopyon, and 2 had subretinal abscesses. Twenty eyes had macular involvement, 8 eyes had no macular involvement, and media opacities precluded macular assessment in 4 eyes. Initial treatment was needle vitreous biopsy with intravitreal antibiotics (“tap and inject”) in 25 eyes (78%) and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in 6 eyes (19%); 1 patient refused ocular treatment. An organism was identified from at least 1 source in 75% of eyes (24/32): 59% fungal, 16% bacterial, 22% negative cultures, and 3% refused ocular cultures. Mean visual acuity improved significantly between initial examination and final follow-up (1.64 logMAR to 0.91 logMAR, P Conclusions This represents the largest series of IVDU-associated endophthalmitis. Bacterial etiologies constitute an important share of cases. A majority of patients eventually required PPV and there was frequent culture positivity even after tap and inject with appropriate antibiotics; therefore, early PPV may have an important role in management.
Linear configurations of complete graphs K4 and K5 in ℝ3, and higher dimensional analogs

We investigate the space C(X) of images of linearly embedded finite simplicial complexes in ℝn isomorphic to a given complex X, focusing on two special cases: X is the (n − 2)-skeleton K of an n-simplex, and X is the (n − 2)-skeleton L of an (n + 1)-simplex, so X has codimension 2 in ℝn, in both cases. The main result is that for n > 2, C(X) (for either X = K,L) deformation retracts to a subspace homeomorphic to the double mapping cylinder SO(n)/An+1 ←SO(n)/An →SO(n)/Sn, where An is the alternating group and Sn the symmetric group. The resulting fundamental group provides an example of a generalization of the braid group, which is the fundamental group of the configuration space of points in the plane.
Paper Sensor Coated with a Poly(carboxybetaine)-Multiple DOPA Conjugate via Dip-Coating for Biosensing in Complex Media

Cellulose paper is an ideal diagnostic platform for low-cost, easily disposable and lightweight implementation, but requires surface modification to achieve detection with high sensitivity and specificity in complex media. In this work, a polymer-catechol conjugate containing a superhydrophilic nonfouling poly(carboxylbetaine) (pCB) and four surface-binding l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) groups, pCB-(DOPA)4, were applied onto a paper-based sensor surface via a simple “graft-to” immersion process to render the surface with both nonfouling and protein functionalizable properties. This dip-coating technique is effective, convenient and robust as compared to the “graft-from” techniques reported previously with similar nonfouling properties. The coated paper sensor showed both increased analyte diffusion rate and improved sensitivity of glucose detection in human blood serum. The capability of pCB-(DOPA)4-modified paper sensor for specific antigen–antibody detection was demonstrated via the covalent immob...
Reoperative Indications in Vascular Disorders of the Hand

Fortunately in most cases of vascular or microvascular intervention, once the vessels have healed, the chances of needing repair are small. However, in some cases such as traumatic events, the vessels may thrombose or otherwise fail in the postoperative period. In these cases, reoperation is sometimes needed and is usually done in a very expeditious manner. Other cases relate to chronic vascular disease. In these cases, sympathetectomy sometimes may be of benefit. In other cases, a vascular access procedure may be stealing or shunting blood away from the hand resulting in ischemia. In these cases, revision options are sometimes needed in order to help the patient with their symptoms. Microvascular surgery requires not only a steady hand but also a steady mind, and these cases can be quite challenging.
Spiritual struggles and compassion: the positive side of moral concerns

ABSTRACTA large body of research has focused on the negative consequences associated with spiritual struggles, with little consideration to the potential positive aspects of these experiences. To fill this void in literature, we investigated the relationship between spiritual struggles and state compassion using film methodology. The results of this study show that the moral concerns component of spiritual struggles is the only one that predicted feelings of compassion, and this relation was not explained by other individual differences factors. The results demonstrated that one facet of spiritual struggles can predict positive outcomes, such as compassion.
The problem of obesity and dietary nudges

From a psychological perspective, Cass R. Sunstein's 2016 book The Ethics of Influence is an insightful examination of the ethics of using social and cognitive psychological principles to influence behavior and decision-making. The United States has been experiencing what can only be described as an obesity epidemic. Scientists know that this epidemic has been brought about in part by the prevailing choice architecture, which influences what we eat, how much we eat, and how little we exercise. From a public health perspective, the policy issue centers on how a democracy can employ a combination of bans, mandates, and nudges to reshape our dietary habits to combat obesity. In this article, I will address how policymakers must nudge and change the existing psychological and physical choice architecture to combat obesity. The obesity epidemic cannot be won solely by increasing taxes, mandates, and bans on certain food items as that infringes on the personal liberty, welfare, autonomy, and dignity of citizens.
CHAPTER 1 – Dose, Time, and Other Factors Influencing Toxicity

Toxicity (T) is a function of exposure (E), is function of dose (c) and time (t) [T = f (E (c, t))]. This chapter introduces toxicity of pesticides, discusses the methods for studying toxic reactions, and discusses the factors affecting toxicity. Consequences of interactions between a toxic agent and an organism at the molecular level propagate through toxicodynamic or toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic causality chains all the way to the manifestation of toxicity at the organismic level. If the recovery (consisting of adaptation, repair, and reversibility) half-life of an organism is longer than the half-life of the causative agent in the organism, then toxicodynamics becomes rate-determining (one-compartment model) or rate-limiting (multicompartment model). If the toxicokinetic half-life of the compound is longer than the recovery half-life, then toxicokinetics will be rate-determining (-limiting), in which case the toxicokinetic area under the curve (AUC) will be identical to the toxicodynamic AUC. Time relationships in toxicity often can be expressed best by recording the range and mean of time required to produce an observed effect. A median effective time (ET 50) or median lethal time (LT 50) gives a more precise estimate of time to be anticipated in repeated tests than can be expressed by a simple average. The logtime–logdose curve may be used to predict the proper dosages to be used in long-term studies. Modern toxicology determines, in a broader sense, exposure responses consisting of dose responses and time responses, thereby establishing practical thresholds which define the safety of chemicals.
The Prevalence of Unconscious Bias

Toni is a fund-raiser at a not-for-profit organization. She recently invited me to speak at a luncheon on the topic of Women and Philanthropy. During the Q&A, I had an opportunity to share some of the research about women and money. She came up to me after my talk and said that she was exactly the woman I had been speaking about. She had been a finance major. Working with numbers, money, and analysis was her passion. She wanted to work on Wall Street since she was thirteen. Her dream was answered when she got an internship in her senior year of college to work at Goldman Sachs.
Modified simultaneous motion estimation and image reconstruction (m-SMEIR) for 4D-CBCT

Motion estimation using four-dimensional (4D) X-ray cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is important to achieve a precise radiation therapy of lung cancer patients. If the conventional three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction methods were used, the radiation dose would be much higher to obtain satisfying 4D images. Previously, we developed a simultaneous motion estimation and image reconstruction (SMEIR) method to reconstruct high-quality images and to obtain the motion model using a regular 3D CBCT scan. Due to non-convexity of the problem, the solution of SMEIR depends on the initial deformation vector fields (DVFs) and could be trapped in local optima. In this study, we develop a practical approach to alleviate this problem: First, each phase image is reconstructed using SMEIR with initial DVFs estimated from 3D reconstruction with total variation (TV) minimization. Then, DVFs are updated by applying the demons registration method on all SMEIR reconstructed phase images and used as the initial DVFs for the second round SMEIR. This modified SMEIR (m-SMEIR) method was tested using a CBCT simulation study of 4D NCAT digital phantom. The results demonstrate that m-SMEIR can yield better image quality than the SMEIR method. More importantly, m-SMEIR can produce much improved motion fields compared to SMEIR (47% improvement measured by the mean deviation from the true tumor motion), likely due to m-SMEIR's capability of jumping out of the local optimum.
Heterogeneous γ′ microstructures in nickel-base superalloys and their influence on tensile and creep performance

Abstract Mechanical properties of nickel-base superalloys can be greatly influenced by spatial variation of γ′ microstructure, calling for models at mesoscale to study additional complexity in the underlying microstructure/property relationship. We combine a FFT-based elasto-viscoplasticity (FFT-EVP) model with a phase-field (PF) model to study plastic deformation of γ/γ′ superalloys. The model is applied to Haynes 282 (H282), where the low volume fraction ( 20 % ) of dispersed spherical γ′ particles results in a dislocation-particle interaction of either Orowan looping at tensile conditions or climb-bypass at creep conditions. The incorporation of these mechanisms is achieved through the framework of a dislocation density based constitutive model in FFT-EVP, together with the introduction of a location-dependent inter-particle spacing based on the k-nearest neighbor algorithm. Features of non-uniform γ′ microstructures, including γ′ volume fraction variation and non-uniform γ′ distribution due to element microsegregation observed in welded H282 samples, are modeled using the PF method and then passed to FFT-EVP to explore their influence on the tensile and creep properties in a parametric manner. It is found that if the particle distribution is uniform, γ′ volume fraction variation can exhibit a nonlinear effect on both the tensile strength and creep rate; for a given overall γ′ volume fraction, the degree of particle distribution non-uniformity can also exhibit nonlinear influence on the tensile strength and creep rate. It is also shown that the location-dependent inter-particle spacing serves as a better microstructure descriptor than the conventional analytical expression of the average inter-particle spacing in terms of establishing a homogenized but microstructure-sensitive constitutive microstructure-property relationship for fast-acting engineering applications.
Integration of IMRT and Brachytherapy

Integrated courses of IMRT-brachytherapy treatment offer many clinical advantages. These range from reducing the toxicity profile associated with standard combinations of external beam therapy and brachytherapy to achieving dose intensification or accelerated fractionation to an extent not possible by either modality alone. However, combined modality treatment presents several challenges that currently available brachytherapy and IMRT planning technology are ill equipped to manage. One challenge is evaluation of composite dose distributions derived from individual treatment plans that differ significantly in partial organ coverage and fractionation. Another challenge is significant differences in soft-tissue organ locations and shapes between the brachytherapy and IMRT treatment geometries. Clinical application of surrogate biological endpoints and non-rigid image registration techniques, currently active areas of research, are promising general solutions to these problems. In the absence of suitable planning and treatment verification tools, these sources of uncertainty should be considered in designing combined modality treatment protocols.
Chapter 12 – Gene Therapy for Hemoglobinopathies: Progress and Challenges

Hemoglobinopathies are inherited genetic conditions that originate from a lack or malfunction of the adult hemoglobin protein. Thalassemia and other diseases associated with β-globin abnormal amino acid sequences—such as sickle cell disease (SCD) and hemoglobin E (HbE)—are some of the most common hemoglobinopathies. Severe anemia combined with complications that arise in the most affected patients raises the necessity for a cure to restore hemoglobin function. The current routine therapies for these conditions, namely transfusion and iron chelation, have significantly improved the quality of life in patients over the years, but still fail to address the underlying cause of the diseases. A curative option, allogeneic bone marrow (BM) transplantation, is available, but is limited by the availability of suitable donors and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Gene therapy offers an alternative approach to cure patients with hemoglobinopathies and aims at the direct recovery of the hemoglobin function via globin gene transfer. In the last two decades, gene transfer tools based on lentiviral vector development have been significantly improved, and proven curative in several animal models for SCD and thalassemia. As a result, clinical trials are in progress and three patients have been successfully treated with this approach. However, there are still frontiers to explore that might improve this approach: the stoichiometry between the transgenic hemoglobin and endogenous hemoglobin with respect to the different globin genetic mutations; donor cell sourcing, such as the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); and the use of safer gene insertion methods to prevent oncogenesis. This review will provide insights into the different lentiviral gene therapy approaches in mouse models and human cells; current and planned clinical trials; hurdles to overcome for clinical trials, such as myeloablation toxicity, insertional oncogenesis, and high vector expression; and future perspectives for gene therapy, including safe harbors, reactivation of fetal hemoglobin, and iPSC technology.