cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Language and Fluency in Children With Developmental Language Disorders

The present investigation addresses two primary hypotheses: (a) that a subset of children with developmental language disorders exhibits significantly more disfluencies than other children with language disorders and (b) that differences between the disfluent and nondisfluent groups observed in fluency may be related to differences in language deficits. Spontaneous language samples from 60 preschool children with developmental language disorders were analyzed for frequency and type of disfluencies. Comparisons of the frequency of disfluencies across subjects revealed that a subset of 10 subjects exhibited significantly more disfluencies than the other subjects with language disorders. Demographic, intelligence, and language variables were compared across the two groups to determine whether such factors could account for the differences in fluency. The subjects with greater percentages of disfluencies were found to be significantly older and demonstrated significantly higher scores on two standard measures of vocabulary. These findings were interpreted in light of two models of disfluencies: the neuropsycholinguistic (Perkins, Kent, & Curlee, 1991) and Demands and Capacities (Adams, 1990; Starkweather, 1987). This suggests that some children with language disorders are at risk for fluency breakdown because of dysynchronies in the development of lexical and syntactic aspects of language or as a result of mismathces between speaking demands and capacities.
The Role of the Registered Dietitian in Achieving Diabetic Control Through a Performance Improvement Initiative at a New Children's Teaching Hospital

Abstract The need for a multi-disciplinary Performance Improvement Initiative for the treatment of pediatric patients with diabetes (DM) was identified based on observations of clinicians and confirmed by negative comments on patient satisfaction surveys. Inconsistency among disciplines was the apparent cause of the dissatisfaction. A multi-disciplinary team (MDT) consisting of two Pediatric Endocrinologists (PEs), two Registered Dietitians (RDs), a Nurse Manager, and a Nurse Educator was organized for the purpose of improving consistency and quality of care. The MDT focused on developing a pediatric diabetic menu, teaching diet therapy, and documenting outcomes. Because this was a new hospital, the MDT brought a diversity of approaches to the management of DM. For example, instead of counting exchanges or carbohydrates, the PEs advocated eliminating fruit juices and graham crackers, as well as controlled portions of more concentrated carbohydrates. At our initial meeting, we preUrninarily agreed on a menu and teaching strategy. At subsequent meetings, an RD, who was also a Certified Diabetes Educator, was added to the MDT. The PEs have agreed to expand the menu to include other carbohydrate selections, as well as to modify our teaching strategy. The role of the RDs on the MDT is primarily one of education. The RDs were challenged to educate themselves by reviewing the current literature. They remain challenged to communicate this to the MDT, and thereby to educate them. One RD developed a patient educational tool that is now uniformly used. Also, an appointment with the RD is now scheduled with the first outpatient visit and is available for all patients. Outcomes of inpatient RD teaching effectiveness are documented on an "Interdisciplinary Diabetes Teaching Plan" developed by the MDT. Outcomes include patient/family verbalization of major concepts of diet and meal pattern, and selection of appropriate food choices while in the hospital. Outcomes of outpatient RD and MDT effectiveness are evaluated by glucose control, as documented in patient logs, and quarterly glycosylated hemoglobin values.
Electroweak couplings of the τ lepton

The tau lepton is the heaviest known lepton and studies of its production and decay allow measurements of its couplings to the electroweak gauge bosons. In particular, sensitive tests of the idea of lepton universality are possible, with the hope that some light will be shed on not just the nature of the origin of mass, but also on why there seem to be three generations. The recent LEP results provide most of this experimental data, and very recently measurements of the anomalous magnetic and electric dipole moments of the tau have been performed. I present an overview of all these results, and discuss what this means in the framework of the Standard Model and attempts to go beyond it.
New Nanoscale Insights into the Internal Structure of Tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl) Porphyrin Nanorods

Nanorods produced from the sodium salt of tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin, dissolved in acidic aqueous solutions, were deposited onto Au(111) substrates and imaged by atomic force microscopy ...
Social Roles and Processes of Socialization in the Prison Community

Studies of socialization in prison communities have utilized two temporal frames of reference within which to describe and interpret changes that occur on the part of inmates as they move through institutions. First, the usual method of treating the time variable has been to consider length of exposure to the new situation or length of time served in prison. This framework was used by Clemmer in his early study where he observed that most inmates, upon commitment, gradually assimilated aspects of the prison culture. He called this assimilation the process of prisonization which refers to “the taking on in greater or less degree of the folkways, mores, customs, and general culture of the penitentiary” (Clemmer, 1958: 299). The emphasis on duration of exposure to prison and its culture led Clemmer to hypothesize a direct relationship between prisonization and length of time served.
The U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry: Why Major Growth In Times Of Cost Containment?

Growth in utilization rather than price, particularly since 1994, has been the primary driver of increased pharmaceutical spending. In this paper I focus on four factors that have increased utilization, even as cost containment efforts have flourished: (1) “the importance of being unimportant”; (2) increased third-party prescription drug coverage; (3) the introduction of successful new products; and (4) aggressive technology transfer and marketing efforts by pharmaceutical firms. I also consider the roles that these four factors are likely to play in the future.
Buried voices: Mexican migrants’ views on the question of illegality

How do immigrant Mexican workers perceive the policies and social discourses that regulate their insertion into American society as noncitizens and illegals? Using ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth interviews, evidence is presented that unauthorized Mexican migrants do not consider themselves lawbreakers but rather moral actors responding to difficult socioeconomic conditions. Informed by a keen understanding of the social forces oppressing them, these migrants articulate a discourse of social justice that works as a powerful counterpoint to the hegemonic ideas of citizenship, belonging, and illegality. A careful analysis of migrant social reflexivity offers a much-needed corrective to the prevailing top-down perspective typically offered among contemporary scholars. By looking at the ways in which migrants make sense of immigration policies and articulate their right to have rights, this examination departs from the widespread tendency among scholars and policy makers of analyzing the migrant’s social ...
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation using stem cells fractionated by lectins: VI, in vitro analysis of human and monkey bone marrow cells fractionated by sheep red blood cells and soybean agglutinin

A procedure was developed for the isolation from human bone marrow of a cell fraction enriched for haematopoietic precursors and depleted of T lymphocytes. T cells are eliminated from bone marrow by rosetting with sheep red blood cells, followed by differential agglutination of residual T lymphocytes in the non-rosetting population by the lectin, soybean agglutinin. The fraction unagglutinated by the lectin contains a high proportion of colony-forming cells and non detectable T cell alloreactivity in vitro. Similar results were obtained with monkey bone-marrow cells, suggesting that monkeys can be used for evaluation of this fractionation technique for bone-marrow transplantation across histocompatibility barriers.
Questions raised about benefits of artificial reefs

Twenty-seven subway cars lined on a barge awaited their fate off the coast of Delaware, about 26 kilometers east of the Indian River Inlet, on August 22. A priest blessed the dark-red cars donated by the New York City Transit Authority, and prayed for the safety of all creatures using them. The song, “Sidewalks of New York” filled the festivities: “East side, west side, all around the town…” A woman tossed tokens from those subway lines into the sea. Then, down went the cars, having first been scrubbed clean, with windows removed for better circulation. Shoved by a bulldozer, the cars were deployed in 35 minutes to join a heap of military vehicles, old tires, and other used materials already accumulated at Reef Site 11, a 1.3-square-nautical-mile artificial reef.
The Magnetic Rotation Spectra of S O 2 and C S 2 in the Ultraviolet

The apparatus previously used for the study of magnetic rotation spectra in the visible and infra-red has been modified for use in the ultraviolet. The object was to see whether the simplification often found in magnetic rotation spectra will help in the analysis of the complicated spectra associated with electronic transitions of polyatomic molecules, most of which occur in the ultraviolet. The spectra of this type which have been found are those of C${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, S${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and formaldehyde. In each case the band spectrum is replaced by sharp lines which may readily be correlated to band heads. These spectra occur for only limited regions of the absorption spectrum, in which the band heads are rather sharp and present a regular appearance. In the region where the band heads are irregular and confused in appearance, no effect occurs. In no case is the magnetic rotation spectrum sufficiently extensive to permit a vibrational analysis of the band system to be made, nor to give any material aid in its analysis.
A two-stage model of category construction ☆

The current consensus is thot most notural categories are not organized around strict definitions (a list of singly necessary ond jointly sufficient features) but rather according t.a a fomily resemblance (FR) principle: Objects belong to the same category because they are similor to each other and dissimilar to obfects in contrast categories. A number of computational models of category construction hove been developed to provide an’account of how and why people create FR categories (Anderson. 1990; Fisher, 1987). Surprisingly, however, only o few experiments on category construction or free sorting have been run and they suggest that people do not sort examptes by the FR principle. We report several new experiments and a two-stage model for category construction. This model is contrasted with a variety of other models with respect to their ability to account for when FR sorting will and will not occur. The experiments serve to identify one basis for FR sorting and to support the two-stage model. The distinctive property of the two-stage model is that it assumes that people impose more structure than the examples support in the first stage and thot the second stage adjusts for this difference between preferred and perceived structure. We speculate that people do not simply ossimilate probabilistic structures but rather organize them in terms of discrete structures plus noise.
Current perspectives on the regulation of whole-plant carbohydrate partitioning

Whole-plant carbohydrate partitioning is the process whereby carbon assimilated through photosynthesis is distributed from the leaves to the rest of the plant by transport through the phloem. Allocation of carbohydrates underlies all aspects of plant growth and crop yield. Yet, in spite of the extremely critical role this process has on plant function and development, very little is known about the genetic and molecular mechanisms that control carbohydrate partitioning. Plants employ different strategies for importing photoassimilates into the phloem. Recent findings have uncovered plasticity both in the modes of phloem loading and carbohydrates translocated. Sugar transporters play essential roles in phloem loading in many plant species, but it is not known how they are regulated. Studies into the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of sugar transporters provide insights into the cellular mechanisms governing their expression and functions. Recent exciting potential breakthroughs include the observations that sucrose transporter multimerization, subcellular localization and activity are regulated by reduction/oxidation (redox) potentials, and the identification of a protein that physically interacts with multiple sugar transporters, modulating their activities. In addition, redox-regulation influences starch synthesis in both source and sink tissues. Tantalizing clues are emerging relating to redox-regulation of phloem function and of long-distance carbohydrate partitioning.
Influence of learning on taste preferences in the rat: reply to P. T. Young.

Univerrity of Massachrrserrs Summary.-A recent article by Young presented data from two experiments on rhe preference behavior of rats given a choice berween distilled water and tap water. His interpretation of these results and the resuln of prior published reports is critically examined.
Nanoparticle Effects on Structure and Properties of Polypropylene Meltblown Webs

The effect of nanoclay additive on the structure, morphology, and mechanical properties of poly- propylene meltblown webs is reported here for the first time. Effect of nanoclay on the meltblown processing, resultant fiber web structure, and properties are discussed. Combination of wide-angle x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron micros- copy were used to determine the nature of clay dispersion in the polypropylene fiber matrix and resultant morphol- ogy. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs revealed nanolevel dispersion of the additive in the fiber web. Clay additive did not offer any benefit as far as the mechanical properties of the meltblown web are con- cerned. Meltblown web samples with nanoclay had higher variability in web structure, high air permeability, high stiffness, and lower mechanical properties. V C 2009 Wiley
Characterizing the Achievement Motivation Orientation of Children From Low- and Middle-Income Families

Research Findings: The current study examined achievement motivation orientation in preschool-age children from low- and middle-income families. Participants were 126 children who were attending an urban Head Start site or a private preschool. Children's motivation orientation was assessed as being performance oriented or mastery oriented using a challenging puzzle task (Smiley & Dweck, 1994). Children's verbalizations during the task were coded into performance concern, disengaged, and negative self-evaluation categories. Logistic regression and Mann-Whitney U analyses were conducted to examine differences between income groups in motivation orientation and verbalizations. Patterns of motivation orientation in preschool-age children from low- and middle-income families did not differ after controlling for differences in age and puzzle-solving ability. However, children from low-income families made a significantly higher proportion of performance-related verbalizations while working on the task. Practice...
Contemporary Medical Management of Systolic Heart Failure

Pharmacological therapy of systolic left ventricular dysfunction has evolved over the past 3 decades. Current therapy is focused primarily on the regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and sympathetic nervous system. Additional targets of pharmacotherapy include vasoconstriction, impaired nitric oxide metabolism, inflammation and improving myocardial function. As therapies in chronic systolic heart failure have evolved beyond diuretics and digoxin, so too has mortality improved. Future directions in the management of heart failure include cell-based and genetic therapy, and further refinement of current therapy through genetics.
Osteosarcoma of the hard palate

We present the appearances of a primary osteosarcoma of the maxilla in a 26-year-old man. The role of computed tomography--specifically, sagittal and 3-D reconstructions--and the differential diagnosis of bone lesions occurring at this site are discussed.
Body energy homeostasis

Evidence for the regulation of body energy is reviewed from the homeostatic perspective of Claude Bernard and Walter Cannon. The complementary roles of food intake and energy expenditure in the maintenance and defense of energy balance are considered. Particular attention is paid to the roles adjustments in energy expenditure play in this process and to recent investigations identifying their metabolic underpinnings. This is followed by a consideration of the many newly identified signals of body energy status and the pathways and feedback loops they utilize to inform the central regulating system. Finally, various naturally occurring and experimentally induced alterations in the regulated level of body energy are described and discussed. It is concluded that, though early investigators did not expressly consider energy a regulated feature of the milieu interieur, more recent research has provided a sound basis for judging the regulation of body energy to be another homeostatic process.
Recovery patterns are observable, predictable and reflect therapist-measured assessments of how well a person is able to perform specific tasks.

We thank Dr van Middendorp and colleagues for their comments because it provides us the opportunity to clarify important issues and include additional information.
Structure and dynamics of fullerenes adsorbed on the Au(111) surface

Scanning tunneling microscopy was used to characterize the structure of partial monolayers of C60 and C70 on the Au(111) surface. Both 2√3 × 2√3 R30° and 7 × 7 lattice symmetries were observed for C60 monolayers, in accordance with previous results. For C70 monolayers, structures are observed with rotation angles of 0°, 30°, and 14° with respect to the underlying substrate; we propose a previously unreported √13 × √13 R13.9° lattice structure to explain this last observation. Time sequences of STM images show that while fullerene monolayers are largely stable, molecular motion can be observed on the timescale of minutes or hours. For C60, thermal diffusion is the predominant cause of this motion, and STM perturbation of the sample is negligible. In contrast, C70 is observed to diffuse far more slowly; under normal scanning conditions, tip-induced motion is the major effect.
Impaired Formation of Stimulus–Response, But Not Action–Outcome, Associations in Rats with Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity

Methamphetamine (METH) induces neurotoxic changes, including partial striatal dopamine depletions, which are thought to contribute to cognitive dysfunction in rodents and humans. The dorsal striatum is implicated in action–outcome (A–O) and stimulus–response (S–R) associations underlying instrumental learning. Thus, the present study examined the long-term consequences of METH-induced neurotoxicity on A–O and S–R associations underlying appetitive instrumental behavior. Rats were pretreated with saline or a neurotoxic regimen of METH (4 × 7.5–10 mg/kg). Rats trained on random ratio (RR) or random interval (RI) schedules of reinforcement were then subjected to outcome devaluation or contingency degradation, followed by an extinction test. All rats then were killed, and brains removed for determination of striatal dopamine loss. The results show that: (1) METH pretreatment induced a partial 45–50% decrease in striatal dopamine tissue content in dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum; (2) METH-induced neurotoxicity did not alter acquisition of instrumental behavior on either RR or RI schedules; (3) outcome devaluation and contingency degradation similarly decreased responding in saline- and METH-pretreated rats trained on the RR schedule, suggesting intact A–O associations guiding behavior; (4) outcome devaluation after training on the RI schedule decreased extinction responding only in METH-pretreated rats, suggesting impaired S–R associations. Overall, these data suggest that METH-induced neurotoxicity, possibly due to impairment of the function of dorsolateral striatal circuitry, may decrease cognitive flexibility by impairing the ability to automatize behavioral patterns.
Infectious and healing complications after elective orthopaedic foot and ankle surgery during tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition therapy.

Background:Biologic response modifiers are assuming a larger role in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors etanercept and inflixim...
Tuning the VSIDS decision heuristic for bounded model checking

Bounded model checking (BMC) techniques have been used for formal hardware verification, with the help of tools such as GRASP (generic search algorithm for satisfiability problem) and more recently zchaff. In order to cope with very large hardware designs, our work exploited the unique characteristics of bounded model checking to enhance the SAT algorithms used to solve our problems. In our work, we tuned the VSIDS (variable state independent decaying sum) decision heuristics embedded in zchaff (M.W. Moskewicz et al., 2001), in order to improve the efficiency of the DPLL SAT algorithm, which is especially effective for BMC problems. We also checked whether the conclusions reached by Strichman (2000) regarding the tuning of GRASP, are also appropriate and hold true for zchaff. Our experimental results on actual hardware designs prove, with a few exceptions, that there is no real improvement when the existing tuned algorithms are applied to zchaff. However, our further modifications to the tuning proved to significantly increase SAT efficiency for BMC problems.
Perturbation of 14q32 miRNAs-cMYC gene network in osteosarcoma

Abstract Osteosarcoma (OS) is the common histological form of primary bone cancer and one of the leading aggressive cancers in children under age fifteen. Although several genetic predisposing conditions have been associated with OS the understanding of its molecular etiology is limited. Here, we show that microRNAs (miRNAs) at the chr.14q32 locus are significantly downregulated in osteosarcoma compared to normal bone tissues. Bioinformatic predictions identified that a subset of 14q32 miRNAs (miR-382, miR-369-3p, miR-544 and miR-134) could potentially target cMYC transcript. The physical interaction between these 14q32 miRNAs and cMYC was validated using reporter assays. Further, restoring expression of these four 14q32 miRNAs decreased cMYC levels and induced apoptosis in Saos2 cells. We also show that exogenous expression of 14q32 miRNAs in Saos2 cells significantly downregulated miR-17–92, a transcriptional target of cMYC. The pro-apoptotic effect of 14q32 miRNAs in Saos2 cells was rescued either by overexpression of cMYC cDNA without the 3′UTR or with miR-17–92 cluster. Further, array comparative genomic hybridization studies showed no DNA copy number changes at 14q32 locus in OS patient samples suggesting that downregulation of 14q32 miRNAs are not due to deletion at this locus. Together, our data support a model where the deregulation of a network involving 14q32 miRNAs, cMYC and miR-17–92 miRNAs could contribute to osteosarcoma pathogenesis.
The Thin Line Between Gut Commensal and Pathogen

Are gut microbes man9s best friend? They certainly seem to be, as the bacterial flora of the human gut benefit us by breaking down the complex carbohydrates in our food. However, sometimes certain bacterial strains acquire new traits, including antibiotic resistance and turn against us, resulting in serious infections. In their Perspective, Gilmore and Ferretti discuss the genome sequences of two important gut bacteria, a commensal and a "commensal turned bad" and the secrets they hold about the lifestyles of these two important species ( Xu et al ., Paulsen et al .).
Glyphosate induces transient male sterility in Ipomoea purpurea

Plant death is the most common effect resulting from the application of glyphosate, the active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup 1 . Individual seedlings of the morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth, however, have been shown to exhibit tolerance to glyphosate, surviving after what should have been a lethal dose. Those that grow and reach reproduc- tive maturity often exhibit deformed anthers within what appear to be normally developed flowers. Ipomoea purpurea has a mixed mating system and normally has hermaphroditic flowers that are capable of both selfing and outcrossing. The de- formed anthers do not produce pollen, essentially converting a hermaphroditic flower to a female. Here we describe this morphological change and investigate the reproductive consequences of anther deformation. First, there is phenotypic var- iation for the propensity of an individual to exhibit male sterility through deformed anthers in response to treatment, but a series of field and greenhouse studies suggest that this variation is not genetic. The male sterility is also transient; within an individual, the frequency of flowers with deformed anthers declines over time. Although flowers with deformed anthers do not produce pollen, we observed mixed effects on female function of such flowers. In the greenhouse, flowers with de- formed anthers that were hand-pollinated produced as many seeds as flowers with normal anthers, suggesting no effect on female fertility. In the field, however, plants with a higher proportion of anther deformation set significantly fewer seeds than those untreated, suggesting either reduced female fertility, or a reproductive penalty in flowers with deformed anthers due to the inability to self pollinate. Thus, the presence of this trait could alter the selfing to outcrossing ratio in popula- tions that are sprayed with the herbicide. Individuals that exhibited a higher proportion of anther deformation also produce fewer total flowers than untreated plants, suggesting that anther deformation is part of a suite of responses to damage by glyphosate.
Measuring and computing natural generators for homology groups

We develop a method for measuring homology classes. This involves two problems. First, we define the size of a homology class, using ideas from relative homology. Second, we define an optimal basis of a homology group to be the basis whose elements' size have the minimal sum. We provide a greedy algorithm to compute the optimal basis and measure classes in it. The algorithm runs in O(@bn^3log^2n) time, where n is the size of the simplicial complex and @b is the Betti number of the homology group. Finally, we prove the stability of our result. The algorithm can be adapted to measure any given class.
Kindergarten students’ social studies and content literacy learning from interactive read-alouds

Abstract Research suggests that although many elementary teachers integrate social studies with the language arts, this instruction tends to be poorly designed with little emphasis on social studies learning. This study examined an instructional method rarely used as a form of integration at the primary-grade level—interactive read-alouds of informational text—in order to determine the degree that this intervention might simultaneously build kindergarten students’ knowledge of economic concepts and content literacy in low-SES settings. As evidenced by students’ responses during one-on-one assessments before and following the interactive read-alouds, students made statistically significant learning gains in both social studies and content literacy. Implications of the findings and areas for further research are discussed.
Physiologic response to two endotracheal suctioning techniques in newborn lambs with and without acute pulmonary hypertension.

BACKGROUND Endotracheal suctioning may cause sudden increases in pulmonary arterial pressure, which can result in hypoxia secondary to right ventricular failure and/or increased right-to-left shunting. An adaptor that allows suctioning without disconnecting the ventilator has been proposed to prevent these problems; however, its efficacy has not been rigorously studied. OBJECTIVE To examine the physiologic responses to two endotracheal suctioning techniques in newborn lambs with and without acute pulmonary hypertension. METHODS A repeated-measures design was used to compare two endotracheal suctioning techniques in seven newborn lambs with and without acute pulmonary hypertension. An adaptor was used in the ventilator-controlled technique, making disconnection of the ventilator during suctioning unnecessary. In the bag-controlled technique, the ventilator was disconnected and ventilation was done with a manual resuscitation bag. Physiologic variables, pulmonary and mean arterial pressure, peak inspiratory pressure, mixed venous oxygen saturation, cardiac index, and arterial blood gas values were recorded before, during, and after endotracheal suctioning. RESULTS Endotracheal suctioning caused a statistically significant systemic hypertensive response in lambs with and without acute pulmonary hypertension, regardless of which suctioning technique was used. No statistically significant changes occurred in pulmonary arterial pressure using either technique. CONCLUSIONS Use of an adaptor resulted in no differences in the physiologic responses to endotracheal suctioning. However, endotracheal suctioning was easier to perform using an adaptor because no extra equipment or person was needed.
Students Who Demonstrate Strong Talent and Interest in STEM Are Initially Attracted to STEM through Extracurricular Experiences

What early experiences attract students to pursue an education and career in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)? Does hands-on research influence them to persevere and complete a major course of academic study in STEM? We evaluated survey responses from 149 high school and undergraduate students who gained hands-on research experience in the 2007–2013 Aspiring Scientists Summer Internship Programs (ASSIP) at George Mason University. Participants demonstrated their strong interest in STEM by volunteering to participate in ASSIP and completing 300 h of summer research. The survey queried extracurricular experiences, classroom factors, and hands-on projects that first cultivated students’ interest in the STEM fields, and separately evaluated experiences that sustained their interest in pursuing a STEM degree. The majority of students (65.5%, p < 0.0001) reported extracurricular encounters, such as the influence of a relative or family member and childhood experiences, as the most significant factors that initially ignited their interest in STEM, while hands-on lab work was stated as sustaining their interest in STEM (92.6%). Based on these findings collected from a cohort of students who demonstrated a strong talent and interest in STEM, community-based programs that create awareness about STEM for both children and their family members may be key components for igniting long-term academic interest in STEM.
Learning the futility of the thought suppression enterprise in normal experience and in obsessive compulsive disorder.

Background: The belief that we can control our thoughts is not inevitably adaptive, particularly when it fuels mental control activities that have ironic unintended consequences. The conviction that the mind can and should be controlled can prompt people to suppress unwanted thoughts, and so can set the stage for the intrusive return of those very thoughts. An important question is whether or not these beliefs about the control of thoughts can be reduced experimentally. One possibility is that behavioral experiments aimed at revealing the ironic return of suppressed thoughts might create a lesson that could reduce unrealistic beliefs about the control of thoughts. Aims: The present research assessed the influence of the thought suppression demonstration on beliefs about the control of thoughts in a non-clinical sample, and among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Method: In Study 1, we assessed the effect of the thought suppression demonstration on beliefs about the control of thoughts among low and high obsessive individuals in the non-clinical population (N = 62). In Study 2, we conducted a similar study with individuals with OCD (N = 29). Results: Results suggest that high obsessive individuals in the non-clinical population are able to learn the futility of suppression through the thought suppression demonstration and to alter their faulty beliefs about the control of thoughts; however, for individuals with OCD, the demonstration may be insufficient for altering underlying beliefs. Conclusions: For individuals with OCD, the connection between suppressing a neutral thought in the suppression demonstration and suppressing a personally relevant obsession may need to be stated explicitly in order to affect their obsessive beliefs.
Effects of oil and gas well-drilling fluids on the biomass and community structure of microbiota that colonize sands in running seawater.

Well-drilling fluid and a number of the known components (barite, clay, Aldacide®, Surflo®, and Dowicide®, were tested for effects on the biomass and community structure of the microbiota that colonize marine sands exposed for eight weeks to running ambient seawater. Shading the microbiota from light depressed the microflora without a significant effect on the biomass, while well-drilling fluids layered on the surface or mixed with the sand significantly increased a component of the bacteria and the microfauna as reflected in changes in the fatty acid composition. There were some shading effects from the surface layering of well-drilling fluids as reflected in the fatty acids from the microflora when compared to the sands mixed with well-drilling fluids. Barite had essentially no effect on the biomass or community structure while clays increased nearly all of the biomass indicators for the bacteria as well as the microfauna; the clay overlay mirrors the effect of the drilling fluids. Aldacide shifted the bacterial composition, depressing the proportions of microbes containing the cyclopropane fatty acids and the anaerobic pathways of desaturation. Concentrations of 1 and 15μg/L increased the bacterial biomass as reflected in the total lipid (16∶0) and extractable lipid phosphate coupled with a decrease in the total microeukaryotes. Surflo increased the biomass and shifted the bacterial community structure at concentrations between 4 and 800μg/L. The lowest level also stimulated the microfauna. Dowicide at 100μg/L increased the bacteria forming cisvaccenic acid and the microfauna similar to low concentrations of Surflo.
Scale invariance without scale selection

In this work we construct scale invariant descriptors (SIDs) without requiring the estimation of image scale; we thereby avoid scale selection which is often unreliable. Our starting point is a combination of log-polar sampling and spatially-varying smoothing that converts image scalings and rotations into translations. Scale invariance can then be guaranteed by estimating the Fourier transform modulus (FTM) of the formed signal as the FTM is translation invariant. We build our descriptors using phase, orientation and amplitude features that compactly capture the local image structure. Our results show that the constructed SIDs outperform state-of-the-art descriptors on standard datasets. A main advantage of SIDs is that they are applicable to a broader range of image structures, such as edges, for which scale selection is unreliable. We demonstrate this by combining SIDs with contour segments and show that the performance of a boundary-based model is systematically improved on an object detection task.
SCFT Study of Nonfrustrated ABC Triblock Copolymer Melts

The phase behavior of ABC triblock copolymer melts is studied by self-consistent-field theory (SCFT). We focus on “nonfrustrated” triblocks, in which the Flory−Huggins interaction parameter χAC between the end blocks is significantly larger than that between the middle and either end block, i.e., χAC ≫ χAB ∼ χBC. Such systems tend to form ordered structures with no AC interface. Complete phase triangles at fixed values of the products χijN are presented for a model with χAB = χBC ≪ χAC and for a model with parameters chosen to represent poly(isoprene-b-styrene-b-ethylene oxide) copolymers that have recently been studied experimentally. Particular attention is paid to the structure of the orthorhombic O70 network phase and the reasons for its existence as well as to the sensitivity of the predicted phase behavior to changes in the χ parameters.
Numerical analysis of compression and expansion binary gas-mixture flows

Diffusion effects in the flows of compression and expansion were studied using the direct-simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) technique and numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. The range of applicability of these techniques was identified using the comparison of the results with experimental data. Similarity analysis was used to study the flow structure of Ar-He, N2-H2, and O2-N2 mixtures. Diffusive effects are becoming significant in the area of the shock wave, near the stagnation point, and in the area of high pressure. The effects have major influence on the shock-wave width, adiabatic temperature, pressure at the stagnation point, and on the effectiveness of species separation and ambient gas penetration in compression and expansion flows. Comparison of the DSMC results, the Navier-Stokes solutions, and experimental data indicates the areas of applicability of the continuum concept for studying diffusive effects in low-density gas mixtures. (Author)
Particle morphology characterization of quasi-statically compacted sucrose powder

Abstract The quasi-static compaction behaviors of commercial-grade sucrose and a narrow sieve cut of sucrose, having essentially the same average particle size, were investigated in some detail for a substantial range in compacting pressure. The two materials exhibited similar behaviors. The compacted sieve cut samples were analyzed for changes in particle size distribution at various stages throughout the consolidation process, prior to the point of being recovered intact. Each sample was pressed to a specified compaction state (applied stress, density). The resultant loosely packed samples were recovered from the mold and quantitatively analyzed for their morphological characteristics. The data indicated that widespread fracture and fragment relocation occur at average solid stress levels as low as 4.5 MPa. Because of the narrow initial size distribution, particle fracture was detected by a shift in the mean and standard deviation of the compacted sample size distribution. Size analysis of the recovered samples was performed using an air-feed, light-blockage system. Scanning electron microscopy provided additional information on the surface features of the crystals and the fracture mechanism.
Communication training improves patient-centered provider behavior and screening for soldiers' mental health concerns.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of patient-centered communication training for military providers who conduct post-deployment health screening. The half-day interactive workshop included simulated Soldier patients using video technology. Methods Using a quasi-experimental design, all health care providers at four military treatment facilities were recruited for data collection during a four- to nine-day site visit (23 trained providers, 28 providers in the control group, and one provider declined to participate). All Soldiers were eligible to participate and were blinded to provider training status. Immediately after screening encounters, providers reported on their identification of mental health concerns and Soldiers reported on provider communication behaviors resulting in 1,400 matched pairs. Electronic health records were also available for 26,005 Soldiers. Results The workshop was found to increase (1) providers’ patient-centered communication behaviors as evaluated by Soldiers; (2) provider identification of Soldier mental health concerns; and (3), related health outcomes including provision of education and referral to a confidential counseling resource. Conclusion Results are promising, but with small effect sizes and study limitations, further research is warranted. Practice implications A brief intensive workshop on patient-centered communication tailored to the military screening context is feasible and may improve key outcomes.
KVZone and the search for a write-optimized key-value store

Key-value stores are becoming a popular choice for persistent data storage for a wide variety of applications, and multiple implementations are currently available. Deciding which one to use for a specific application requires comparing performance, a daunting task due to the lack of benchmarking tools for such purpose. We present KVZone, a tool specifically designed to evaluate key-value store performance. We used KVZone to search for a key-value store suitable for implementing a low-latency content-addressable store that supports write-intensive workloads. We present a comparative evaluation of three popular key-value stores: Berkeley DB, Tokyo Cabinet, and SQLite, and find that none is capable of approaching the IO rate of our persistent device (a high-throughput SSD). Finally, we present the Alphard key-value store which is optimized for such workloads and devices.
Induction of male copulatory behavior in the brown Leghorn hen.

SummaryThree cases are described from 4 experimental groups totaling 24 birds, some observed for more than 4 years, in which single comb brown Leghorn hens displayed male copulatory behavior following successive implants of testosterone propionate pellets. Implantations were begun when birds were 4 days, and 1, 3, and 5 months old. These results contrast with earlier negative findings following single daily injections of this hormone. Induction of copulatory behavior in such a small percentage of cases indicates the desirability for further study of factors controlling this behavior pattern.
US Disaster Aid and Bilateral Trade Growth

Previous research demonstrates that the decision to issue international disaster aid depends in part on the political relationship between donor and recipient countries. However, the reverse case—the impact of disaster aid on subsequent relationships—remains largely unexamined. In this paper, I argue that disaster aid promotes reconstruction, reduces investors’ risk perception, and improves disaster victims’ perceptions of the donor state. Together, these factors suggest a subsequent increase in trade between donors and disaster victims. I use error correction models (ECMs) to assess the short- and long-term influence of US disaster aid on trade growth over the 1973–2008 period. My results suggest that an increase in disaster aid often leads to a subsequent increase in bilateral trade considerably larger than the initial aid commitment. I also find, controlling for other determinants of disaster aid, that preexisting trade with the United States is not associated with a victim’s likelihood of receiving US aid. My findings are important for policymakers, suggesting the presence of a material incentive to complement humanitarian imperatives to grant disaster assistance.
Altered binding site for Ca2+ in the ryanodine receptor of human malignant hyperthermia.

The binding properties of [3H]ryanodine, a specific ligand of the receptor complex that forms the Ca2+ release channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum, were studied in normal (N) and malignant hypertherm...
Five Principles for Supporting Design Activity

When educators have access to highly supported and field-tested design activities, the act of planning for implementation itself is a creative design process in need of support. Five principles for supporting well-established design activities are presented in this chapter. The central focus of the principles is to maintain students’ engagement in the foundational design process: cycles of expressing, testing and revising the object under design. The type of design activity selected to illustrate the meaning and application of the principles is model design, due to its importance in the disciplines of science and mathematics and its current emphasis in the Next Generation Science Standards and the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics. Selected model-eliciting activities (MEAs) are used for illustration of the five principles because the core design activity for each has been developed using rigorous design principles and each involves a substantive science problem that requires students to mathematize some construct (i.e., design a model) to meet a client’s need. Further, given the selected MEAs have been utilized in a wide variety of settings (e.g., urban, rural, suburban, gifted, support programs) at levels ranging in from middle school to college, they provide a context in which to exemplify the usefulness of the five principles for adapting core design activities to a variety of settings and levels.
Accommodation and Recalcitrance (1968–88)

The chronological parameters of this chapter are the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia and the replacement of Janos Kadar as Party leader in May 1988. In this period the initially cautious shift away from the Soviet line that originated in the late 1960s gained a great deal of strength. By the mid-1980s, Hungary’s domestic, foreign, and military policies became increasingly attentive to national desiderata.
Power Electronics Packaging

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Semiconductor Power Device Technology Commercially Available Power Packages Power Packaging Design Methodology Summary This chapter contains sections titled: References Exercises ]]>
THE MODUS OPERANDI OF A GASTRO-ENTEROSTOMY

The best place for the stoma appears to be at the most dependent point on the greater curvature opposite the incisura. An anterior gastro-enterostomy, if properly made, will often work well. It is not wise to close off the pylorus when performing gastro-enterostomy because the incidence of jejunal ulcer is then high. Anything that interferes with the passage of duodenal contents over the jejunal mucosa near the stoma is likely to leave this region unprotected from the injurious effects of gastric juice and therefore, subject to ulceration. The closing of the pylorus probably interferes with the maintenance of a good downward current in the duodenum, and the absence of the normal stimulus of food and gastric juice in the duodenum lessens the outflow of the protective bile and pancreatic juice. Ordinarily, after gastro-enterostomy, the stomach empties normally enough. Occasionally the stomach “dumps” too rapidly and then the patient may suffer from discomfort and diarrhea.
Fungal Evolution: Mucor and Phycomyces See Double

Newly available genome sequences of two Mucoralean fungi, Phycomyces blakesleeanus and Mucor circinelloides, provide evidence for an ancient whole-genome duplication that contributed to the generation of expanded gene families. These fungi have robust responses to light that can be correlated with the expansion of gene networks involved in light sensing and signaling.