cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of neuroepithelial bodies: Correlations with mitogenesis and innervation

This paper summarizes current knowledge and advances speculation about the formation of the neuroendocrine system of mammalian lungs (comprising uninnervated solitary and clustered small-granule cells and innervated neuroepithelial bodies). It relates the initial appearance of neuroendocrine cells to regulation of mitotic activity in the epithelium during the development of the lung and pays special attention to the later ingrowth of nerves that converts some of them into neuroepithelial bodies, structures considered ideally adapted to function as chemoreceptors. A few original observations from ongoing immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and analytical studies have been included here and there to point the discussion. The neuroendocrine cells are derived from undifferentiated precursors present in the endodermal pulmonary epithelium. At an early pseudoglandular stage of lung development these precursors begin to differentiate into neuroendocrine small-granule cells, commencing in the larynx and upper trachea, and expanding centrifugally into pulmonary airways almost as rapidly as these are laid down. Subsequently many of the intrapulmonary small-granule cell clusters become innervated. This event, the delayed appearance of small-granule cells synthesizing other than the dominant peptides and amines (calcitonin gene-related peptide and serotonin in rodents, gastrin-releasing peptide and serotonin in human beings), and other regional adjustments yield the population distribution present in the lungs of adults. Neuroendocrine cell precursors normally differentiate into typical serotonin- or peptide-synthesizing small-granule cells without requiring direct contact by nerves, and dissociated cells from a previously innervated population continue to exhibit physiological characteristics of oxygen sensors despite the loss of contact with nerves. Development of the innervation occurs in stages. Small-granule cell clusters are reached first by ganglion cells derived from pulmonary neuroblasts and later on by processes of extrinsic sensory nerves. The latter not only convey information to the central nervous system but also serve in a variety of ways to extend the neuroepithelial bodies' sphere of influence within the lung itself. Microsc. Res. Tech. 37:43–61, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Theoretical reaction pathways for the formation of [Si(OH)5]1− and the deprotonation of orthosilicic acid in basic solution

The stability of (Si(OH)5)(1-) is predicted by means of molecular orbital calculations. Si is predicted to be as stable in basic aqueous solutions as hydrated (/OH/3SiO)(1-) and more stable than Si(OH)4 + (OH)(1-). Vibrational analysis of (Si(OH)5)(1-) predicts Raman and IR spectra that are not compatible with the presence of Si in some silicate glasses under ambient temperature compression.
Spectral Calibration Requirement for Earth-Looking Imaging Spectrometers in the Solar Reflected Spectrum

Earth-looking imaging spectrometers operating in the solar-reflected spectrum measure spectra of the total upwelling radiance for each spatial element in an image. These measurements are used to derive physical parameters of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere from the energy, molecular absorption, and constituent scattering characteristics expressed in each spectrum. To achieve these quantitative objectives, the measured spectra must be spectrally, radiometrically, and spatially calibrated. The ubiquitous presence of numerous, strong, narrow atmosphere and solar absorptions in the upwelling spectral radiance in conjunction with the narrow spectral channels of imaging spectrometers forms the basis for a general spectral calibration requirement. In order to determine the requirement for spectral calibration accuracy, a sensitivity analysis has been completed for imaging spectrometers with contiguously sampled spectral channel response functions of 5, 10, and 20 nm full width at half-maximum from 400 to 2500 nm. This sensitivity analysis shows that spectral calibration errors of 10% and 5% cause significant, spectrally distinct errors in the measured radiance throughout the solar-reflected spectrum. These errors result from the sensitivity of the measured radiance to the exact convolution of the narrow channels of imaging spectrometers with the upwelling spectral radiance that contains narrow atmosphere and solar absorptions. These errors are systematic and add directly to the radiometric calibration uncertainty for every spectrum in the image. This analysis establishes that a spectral calibration accuracy approaching 1% of the full width at half-maximum throughput of the spectral response function for both spectral channel position and shape is necessary to suppress these errors in the measured radiance spectrum.
Clinical Conversations About Health: The Impact of Confidentiality in Preventive Adolescent Care

Abstract Purpose To better understand how confidentiality impacts the delivery of preventive adolescent health care by examining adolescent and parent beliefs and the relationship between confidentiality and the number and subject matter of health topics discussed at the last visit. Methods This study represents a secondary analysis of nationally representative online survey data collected from adolescents aged 13–17 years (N = 504) and parents of adolescents aged 13–17 years (N = 500). Descriptive statistics were conducted on confidentiality variables of interest. Analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc tests were computed to determine whether the mean number of topics discussed varied by level of confidential consultation provided. Associations between confidential consultation and health topics discussed at the last visit were examined using multivariate logistic regression. Results Approximately, half of both samples reported provision of confidential consultation. Eighty-nine percent of parents believed adolescents should be able to speak with providers alone, yet 61% preferred to be in examination room for the entire visit. Nearly half of all adolescents believed parental presence impacted conversation. Mean number of topics discussed was significantly higher when a visit was partially confidential (4.11 ± 3.05; p = 0) versus when a visit was not confidential (2.76 ± 2.68; p = 0). There were significant associations between confidential consultation and discussions about 8 of 11 health topics. Conclusions Confidential consultation significantly impacts the number and subject matter of health topics discussed. A split-visit confidentiality model for adolescent preventive care visits may result in clinical conversations that address more topics. This arrangement may also appeal to parents who have mixed feelings about confidentiality.
Does alvimopan enhance return of bowel function in laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery? A meta-analysis.

Background Postoperative ileus (POI) remains a major impediment in patient recovery and leads to longer lengths of stay at the hospital, readmission rates, and hospital costs. Alvimopan, a mu-opioid receptor antagonist, lowers POI incidence following open gastrointestinal surgery, however, little is known about its role on POI prevention among patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery. Methods A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases was performed (December 2014). Meta-analysis was performed using the MantelHaenszel (fixed effects) model with odds ratio (OR) to assess prevention of POI and hospital readmission. Results Five studies were included in the final analysis. Pooling 4 of 5 studies, there was over a 75% relative risk reduction in POI development when patients were given alvimopan compared to placebo (OR 0.24, 95%CI 0.12-0.51, P=0.02). The number needed to treat with alvimopan to prevent one POI episode was 11 patients. There was a modest reduction in the length of hospitalization between 0.2 and 1.6 days. There did not appear to be a difference in frequency of 30-day readmission rate among the alvimopan group compared to placebo (OR 1.15, 95%CI 0.54-2.45, P=0.62). Conclusion Overall, there was a 75% relative risk reduction in POI development among patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery. However, there did not appear to be a significant reduction in all-cause 30-day readmission rate or length of hospitalization. Future studies will need to address which subset of patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery will benefit most from alvimopan.
How does elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) affect plant–herbivore interactions? A field experiment and meta-analysis of CO2-mediated changes on plant chemistry and herbivore performance

First, we report the results of the longest-known field study (9 years) to examine the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) on leaf miner densities in a scrub-oak community at Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Here, the densities of all leaf miner species (6) on all host species (3) were lower in every year in elevated CO2 than they were in ambient CO2. Second, meta-analyses were used to review the effects of elevated CO2 on both plants (n 5 59 studies) and herbivores (n 5 75 studies). The log of the response ratio was chosen as the metric to calculate effect sizes. Results showed that elevated CO2 significantly decreased herbivore abundance (21.6%), increased relative consumption rates (116.5%), development time (13.87%) and total consumption (19.2%), and significantly decreased relative growth rate (8.3%), conversion efficiency (19.9%) and pupal weight (5.03%). No significant differences were observed among herbivore guilds. Host plants growing under enriched CO2 environments exhibited significantly larger biomass (138.4%), increased C/N ratio (126.57%), and decreased nitrogen concentration (16.4%), as well as increased concentrations of tannins (129.9%) and other phenolics. Effects of changes on plant primary and secondary chemistry due to elevated CO2 and consequences for herbivore growth and development are discussed.
Data mining for big archives analysis: a case study

We present a case of archival analysis using a combination of data mining methods. The team of researchers, composed by archivists and computer scientists, used a collection of declassified Department of State Cables as a case study. The methods implemented included Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Association Rule Mining. Combined in an analysis workflow, the results of the different methods allowed the team to identify the different security classes, understand how they changed over time and generate descriptions for the cables in each class. The interpretation of results also allowed understanding contextual aspects of the collection. Until now, the use of data mining for archival analysis and processing has not been thoroughly explored by the archival community. This study constitutes a seminal roadmap to understand how to apply, interpret and integrate data mining with the archivists experience and judgment in collaboration with computer scientists. It proposes an inductive approach to archives analysis and the possibility of verifying processing decisions.
Monitoring cross-border trails using airborne digital multispectral imagery and interactive image analysis techniques

The objective of this study was to evaluate image-based procedures for monitoring cross-border foot trails in the US – Mexico border zone in eastern San Diego County using airborne remote sensing techniques. Specifically, digital multi-spectral and multi-temporal imagery from an airborne digital multi-spectral imaging system, digital image processing, and visual image analysis techniques were explored in the context of detecting and delineating new trail features and updating trail GIS layers. Three trail updating approaches: map-to-image (M-I) overlay, map and image-to-image (M/I-I) differencing, map and image-to-image (M/I-I) swiping and two types of spectral transform, PCA and NDVI, were tested and compared. The M-I overlay was found to be the most reliable trail updating approach. The optimal image enhancement method for the M-I overlay approach varied with vegetation structure. PCA imagery yielded better results than NDVI imagery in a highly disturbed area and NDVI imagery performed better in a dense...
An Exploratory Examination of Export Control Act Violations

This paper examines the impact of violations of export control policy from a multinational enterprise’s perspective. We describe the kinds of regulation in place in the U.S. over the past decade, and identify the characteristics of firms who have been caught and fined for violations of export restrictions. Furthermore, we investigate the response of shareholders to news regarding trade violations and find that they suffer a statistically significant -1.15% abnormal returns over the three day announcement window. Not surprisingly, we find that the reaction post 9–11 is worse as is the reaction when the export violations occur with countries perceived to be corrupt. We also find that systematic risk and total risk increase for violators following their investigations. Further, any penalty in terms of long run performance for ECA violations is limited to those violations with the “corrupt” countries.
Cingulum bundle white matter lesions influence antidepressant response in late-life depression: a pilot study.

Background Late-life depression is associated with white matter hyperintense lesions (WMLs) occurring in specific fiber tracts. In this study, we sought to determine if greater WML severity in the cingulum bundle or uncinate fasciculus was associated with poor short-term antidepressant response.
Predicting reach goal in a continuous workspace for command of a brain-controlled upper-limb neuroprosthesis

A controller for an upper-limb functional electrical stimulation system could use intended reach goal to generate a set of stimulation patterns that would move the hand to the desired location via a reasonably naturalistic velocity profile. Although discrete classifiers have been successfully used to predict movement goal from a fixed number of possible reach locations using neural activity recorded during movement planning, practical implementation of this paradigm for use in upper-limb neuroprostheses requires the ability to predict a reach goal anywhere within a person's workspace. Using neural data collected from monkeys during brain-controlled movements of a virtual cursor and robotic arm, we evaluated how well the direction versus magnitude of the final movement goal could be predicted from varying lengths of neural data collected after the target appeared. Although a majority of the channels were significantly modulated with intended movement direction, only 10-20% showed any significant modulation related to the magnitude of the movement goal. We propose a method of trajectory generation that could use the more reliably encoded directional information in the neural activity to control both magnitude and direction of a goal oriented reaching movement
Beyond Flood Detection: Alternative Applications Of Real-Time Data

This paper examines the rapidly evolving applications of real-time data for flash flood mitigation and for other purposes in the United States. Thousands of integrated stream gage and rain gage networks have been installed over the past 20 years. Emerging trends in reduced costs for equipment and increased speed of information transfer lead toward revolutionary opportunities for the applications of real-time data.
Computerized definitions showed high positive predictive values for identifying hospitalizations for congestive heart failure and selected infections in Medicaid enrollees with rheumatoid arthritis.

Purpose Computerized definitions are used to identify serious infections and congestive heart failure leading to hospitalizations in studies of medication safety. However, information on their accuracy is limited. We evaluated the ability of computerized definitions to identify these conditions as the reason for admission among patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Medical charts were randomly selected from a systematic sample of hospitalizations for selected conditions in a cohort of Medicaid patients with RA. We calculated positive predictive values (PPVs) for computerized definitions for community-acquired pneumonia, invasive pneumococcal disease, sepsis, opportunistic mycoses, and congestive heart failure using charts reviews as gold standard and computed inter-reviewer agreement statistics. Results From 2667 hospitalizations, 336 (13%) records were selected for review. A total of 277 charts (82%) were available. Based on any discharge diagnosis, PPVs for hospitalizations due to community-acquired pneumonia, invasive pneumococcal disease, sepsis, and opportunistic mycoses were 84, 100, 80, and 62%, respectively. Restricting definitions to principal diagnoses yielded higher PPVs, 95% for pneumonia and 100% for other diagnoses. The PPV of a principal diagnosis for congestive heart failure was 100%. Inter-reviewer agreement was at least 77% for all outcomes. Conclusion These findings suggest that computerized definitions can identify congestive heart failure and selected infections leading to hospitalization in Medicaid patients with RA. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grooming Patterns in the Primitively Eusocial Wasp Polistes dominulus

Grooming is a commonly observed behavior in many animals. One function of grooming is to clean the body of debris and parasites. An additional function may be to homogenize chemical cues present on the body. This latter purpose is especially likely in species in which contact-based chemical communication occurs, such as in eusocial insects. In this study we address the context, sequence, frequency and duration of 683 acts of self-grooming performed by the paper wasp, Polistes dominulus. In general, individuals groomed heads after cell inspections, and abdomens after sitting, suggesting that grooming serves to remove debris from the body. Although no differences were observed in the total amount of time spent grooming, foundresses groomed significantly more often than did workers. Wasps were equally likely to groom thoraces or abdomens following heads, but were more likely to groom abdomens after thoraces and heads after abdomens. Interestingly, the appendages used to groom individual body parts were highly specific (e.g. the prothoracic legs were used for the head), thus indicating that grooming is not used to homogenize chemical cues across the body surface of the wasp.
On the derivation of coseismic displacement fields using differential radar interferometry: The Landers earthquake

Presents a map of the coseismic displacement field resulting from the Landers, CA, June 28, 1992 earthquake derived using data acquired from an orbiting high resolution radar system. Data from the ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar instrument acquired in April, July, and August 1992 are used to generate a high resolution, wide area map of the displacements. The data represent the motion in the direction of the radar line of sight to cm level precision of each 30 m resolution element in a 113 by 00 km image. The coseismic displacement contour map gives a lobed pattern consistent with theoretical models of the displacement field from the earthquake. Comparison of these data with GPS and EDM survey data yield a correlation of 0.06, thus the radar measurements are a means to extend the point measurements acquired by traditional techniques to an area map format. The technique used is i) more automatic, ii) more precise, and iii) better validated than previous similar applications of differential radar interferometry. Since only remotely-sensed satellite data are required with no additional requirements for ancillary information, the technique is well suited for global seismic monitoring and analysis. >
Spin-Label EPR T1 Values Using Saturation Recovery from 2 to 35 GHz†

EPR saturation-recovery (SR) measurements of the electron spin-lattice relaxation time, T 1, of nitroxideradical spin probes have been made from 2 to 35 GHz. T1 values of small water-soluble spin probes increase linearly with microwave frequency throughout the full range of available frequencies. T1 values of four commonly used hydrophobic probes in lipid bilayers also increase with frequency, but the dependence is weaker and complex. Contributions of dissolved molecular oxygen to relaxation rates were independent of microwave frequency. T1 values of 15 N-containing labels are always somewhat longer than for 14 N labels. Details of the Q-band SR spectrometer, which is based on frequency translation technology, are provided. A new way to suppress free induction decay signals in SR experiments has been found: pump and observing frequencies time-locked and separated by about 1 kHz in frequency. A novel three-loop-two-gap resonator with a sample volume of 30 nl was used for the Q-band measurements. It is concluded that Q-band is a favorable frequency for SR spin-label oximetry studies.
Microstructure Evolution in Charged Particle Irradiated 316 SS Modified to Reduce Radiation Damage

The objective of this work is to investigate the addition of misfit elements in both size and mass on the evolution of irradiated microstructure in 316 SS. Alloys were modified by the addition of Pt and Hf to suppress the radiation damage. Pt and Hf were added as a lattice perturbation to catalyze defect recombination within the early stage of cascade formation and defect migration. Irradiations were conducted with 5 MeV Ni-ions at 500 °C to doses up to 50 dpa or with 3.2 MeV protons at 400 °C. Microstructures were characterized using transmission electron microscopy. While no beneficial effect was seen for Pt addition, Hf appears to effectively alter the microstructural response to irradiation.
On bounds for codes over Frobenius rings under homogeneous weights

Homogeneous weight functions were introduced by Heise and Constantinescu (Lineare Codes uber Restklassenringen ganzer Zahlen und ihre Automorphismen bezuglich einer verallgemeinerten Hamming-Metrik, Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universitat Munchen, 1995; Problemy Peredachi Informatsii 33(3) (1997) 22-28). They appear as a natural generalization of the Hamming weight on finite fields and the Lee weight on Z"4 and have proven to be important in further papers (J. Combin. Theory 92 (2000) 17-28). This article develops a Plotkin and an Elias bound for (not necessarily linear) block codes on finite Frobenius rings that are equipped with this weight.
Unveiling the Right Side: Oak Tree in Fog

Oak Tree in Fog. Photograph by Keith Matz, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Find additional amazing images at Keith Matz Photography at http://keithamatz.zenfolio.com/. …
Natural disturbances and the physiognomy of pine savannas : A phenomenological model

Question: The decline of the Pinus palustris ecosystems has resulted from anthropogenic influences, such as conversion to pine plantation forestry, agriculture and land development, all of which are closely related to increases in human populations. Other effects, however, have arisen from alterations in disturbance regimes that maintain the structure and function of these ecosystems. How have alterations of the disturbance regime altered the physiognomy of ‘old-growth’ stands, and what are the implications for ecosystem conservation and restoration? Methods: In contrast to models that emphasize close interactions among the vertically complex strata, we develop a conceptual phenomenological model for the physiognomic structure of Pinus palustris stands. We relate two natural disturbances (tropical storms and fire) that affect different stages of the life cycle to different aspects of the physiognomic structure. We then compare overstorey stand structure and ground cover composition of two old-growth longleaf stands near the extremes of different composite disturbance regimes: the Wade Tract (frequent hurricanes and fire) and the Boyd Tract (infrequent hurricanes and long-term fire exclusion). Results: We predict that tropical storms and fires have different effects on stand physiognomy. Tropical storms are periodic, and sometimes intense, whereas fires are more frequent and less intense. Hurricanes directly influence the overstorey via windcaused damage and mortality, and indirectly influence the herb layer by altering the spatial distribution of shading and litter accumulation. Fire exerts direct effects on juvenile stages and indirect effects on the herb layer via fine fuel consumption and selective mortality of potential competitors of P. palustris juveniles. These differences in effects of disturbances can result in widely different physiognomies for P. palustris stands. Finally, some global climate change scenarios have suggested that changes may occur in tropical storm and fire regimes, altering frequency and severity. Such changes may greatly affect pine stands, and ultimately entire pine savanna ecosystems. Conclusions: Our phenomenological model of disturbance regimes in Pinus palustris old-growth produces very different physiognomies for different disturbances regimes that reflect natural process and human management actions. This model can be used to derive restoration strategies for pine savannas that are linked to reinstitution of important ecological processes rather than specific physiognomic states.
Mango seed weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and premature fruit drop in mangoes.

The effect of infestations of mango seed weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (F.), on premature fruit drop of mangoes was investigated. Mango fruits (‘Haden’) of equal size were collected both off the ground and from the tree at four times during the season (June–August). If weevil-infested fruit were more prone to dropping than uninfested fruit, the prediction was that a higher infestation rate would be found in fruit on the ground compared with fruit on the tree. Average fruit weight was used as an indicator of fruit maturity. The seed infestation rate was significantly higher in fruit collected off the ground compared with fruit collected from the tree in 38 g and 79 g (early-season) fruit but not significantly different in 207 g (midseason) and 281 g (late season) fruit. The age distribution of weevils and the number of insects in infested fruits were similar for ground and tree fruits on all dates. Results suggest that mango seed weevil infestation can increase fruit drop during early fruit development.
An RNA motif advances transcription by preventing Rho-dependent termination

The transcription termination factor Rho associates with most nascent bacterial RNAs as they emerge from RNA polymerase. However, pharmacological inhibition of Rho derepresses only a small fraction of these transcripts. What, then, determines the specificity of Rho-dependent transcription termination? We now report the identification of a Rho-antagonizing RNA element (RARE) that hinders Rho-dependent transcription termination. We establish that RARE traps Rho in an inactive complex but does not prevent Rho binding to its recruitment sites. Although translating ribosomes normally block Rho access to an mRNA, inefficient translation of an open reading frame in the leader region of the Salmonella mgtCBR operon actually enables transcription of its associated coding region by favoring an RNA conformation that sequesters RARE. The discovery of an RNA element that inactivates Rho signifies that the specificity of nucleic-acid binding proteins is defined not only by the sequences that recruit these proteins but also by sequences that antagonize their activity.
A computationally efficient heart rate measurement system using video cameras

Video cameras are increasingly being used to measure human heart rates non-invasively, without contact. Such systems find applications in tele-medicine, remote monitoring of quarantined patients and premature neonates and are also useful for health conscious consumers. Several algorithms have been reported in the literature for measuring the heart rate from videos of human subjects. These algorithms use offline, computationally involved techniques such as Independent Component Analysis (ICA) or Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which render the algorithms unfeasible for implementation on real-time embedded systems. We conducted experiments to find an optimal colorspace for measuring the heart rate. We subsequently used a novel means of optical filtering of this colorspace to develop an accurate real-time algorithm, without the need for ICA or PCA, using ordinary standard definition (SD) web cameras. In this paper we present our algorithm and also compare it with existing state of the art algorithms.
Can surface imaging improve the patient setup for proton postmastectomy chest wall irradiation

Abstract Purposes/Objectives For postmastectomy radiation therapy by proton beams, the usual bony landmark based radiograph setup technique is indirect because the target volumes are generally superficial and far away from major bony structures. The surface imaging setup technique of matching chest wall surface directly to treatment planning computed tomography was evaluated and compared to the traditional radiograph-based technique. Methods and materials Fifteen postmastectomy radiation therapy patients were included, with the first 5 patients positioned by standard radiograph-based technique; radiopaque makers, however, were added on the patient's skin surface to improve the relevance of the setup. AlignRT was used to capture patient surface images at different time points along the process, with the calculated position corrections recorded but not applied. For the remaining 10 patients, the orthogonal x-ray imaging was replaced by the AlignRT setup procedure followed by a beamline radiograph at the treatment gantry angle only as confirmation. The position corrections recorded during all fractions for all patients (28-31 each) were analyzed to evaluate the setup accuracy. The time spent on patient setup and treatment delivery was also analyzed. Results The average position discrepancy over the treatment course relative to the planning computed tomography was significantly larger in the radiograph only group, particularly in translations (3.2 ± 2.0 mm in vertical, 3.1 ± 3.0 mm in longitudinal, 2.6 ± 2.5 mm in lateral), than AlignRT assisted group (1.3 ± 1.3 mm in vertical, 0.8 ± 1.2 mm in longitudinal, 1.5 ± 1.4 mm in lateral). The latter was well within the robustness limits (±3 mm) of the pencil beam scanning treatment established in our previous studies. The setup time decreased from an average of 11 minutes using orthogonal x-rays to an average of 6 minutes using AlignRT surface imaging. Conclusions The use of surface imaging allows postmastectomy chest wall patients to be positioned more accurately and substantially more efficiently than radiograph only–based techniques.
Role for SUMOylation in disturbed flow-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation

Although atherosclerosis is a multi-factorial disease, the focalization of atherosclerotic plaques on the vessel wall suggests that local factors such as patterns of local blood flow are critical in the progression of atherosclerosis. Blood flow creates various types of forces onto the surface of vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Among those various types of forces, fluid shear stress has a major influence on the structure and function of ECs. At the branch points and the lesser curvature of the aortic arch, blood flow is disturbed (dflow) and atherosclerotic plaques are frequently detected. At the straight parts of the arterial tree and the greater curvature of aortic arch, blood flow is steady (s-flow, high shear stress) and atherosclerotic plaques are rare. These two patterns of blood flow (d-flow and s-flow) affects EC structure and function differently. However, molecular mechanisms underline the difference remains unclear. To provide insights into this question, studies have suggested a number of theories with multiple proposed signaling pathways, and the role of post-translational modifications has emerged. Particularly, SUMOylation is highlighted based on its potentiality to regulate a wide range of cellular functions. EC dysfunction induced by SUMOylation is proposed to accelerate d-flowinduced atherosclerosis. In this review, we focus on SUMOylation and its role in regulating transcriptional networks and propose a mechanistic link between d-flow and EC dysfunction. Since a strong correlation exists between d-flow and atherosclerotic plaque formation, understanding the mechanism of d-flow-induced SUMOylation events may reveal new paths towards therapeutic interventions against EC dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
Value orientations of sensation-seekers.

The theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political, and religious value orientations of individuals varying on a personality dimension of stimulation or sensation-seeking were studied. 40 college students were given the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values and the Sensation-seeking Scale. “Sensation-seekers” tended to place importance on aesthetic values and deemphasized economic values, but no significant relationship of sensation-seeking to theoretical, social, political, and religious values was indicated
Store-Induced Limit-Cycle Oscillations Due to Nonlinear Wing-Store Attachment

Several high-performance fighter aircraft exhibit store-induced limit-cycle oscillations, leading to pilot discomfort, potential structural fatigue, and flight envelope restrictions. The roles of various aerodynamic and structural factors causing the limit-cycle oscillation are not sufficiently understood, and their numerical exploration via time marching is computationally expensive. In this paper, the effects of nonlinear stiffness and damping in the wing-store attachments of the F-16 aircraft are examined, in the presence of steady flow aerodynamic nonlinearity, using the computationally efficient harmonic balance method. Structural mechanisms including cubic restoring force of both softening and hardening types, freeplay, and Coulomb friction are systematically evaluated, and the most likely among these are identified by comparing the computed limit-cycle oscillation results to flight data. An extension of the harmonic balance method to handle nonlinear unsteady aerodynamics along with structural nonl...
Mom Work Versus Dad Work in Local Government

The work context reconstructs the feminine and the masculine, rendering public service a mirror of gender asymmetry. Nowhere is this clearer than in local government, where many face-to-face services are delivered. In cities and counties, the largest job categories are education and police work. Almost 90% of elementary school teachers are women and less than 12% of police officers are women. The sequelae to job segregation—overlooking the emotive component of jobs, pay inequity, and glass walls—will not change until organizational logic catches up with a more nuanced appreciation of gender.
Interim Report on the Optimization and Feasibility Studies for the Neutron Detection without Helium-3 Project

This report provides the status and results of the first year's effort in modeling and simulation to investigate alternatives to helium-3 for neutron detection in safeguards applications.
Raman mapping of intact biofilms on stainless steel surfaces

Many issues occur when microbial bacteria contaminates human food or water; it can be dangerous to the public. Determining how the microbial are growing, it can help experts determine how to prevent the outbreaks. Biofilms are a tightly group of microbial cells that grow on living surfaces or surrounding themselves. Though biofilms are not necessarily uniform; when there are more than one type of microbial bacteria that are grown, Raman mapping is performed to determine the growth patterns. Depending on the type of microbial bacteria, they can grow in various patterns such as symmetrical or scattered on the surface. The biofilms need to be intact in order to preclude and potentially figuring out the relative intensity of different components in a biofilm mixture. In addition, it is important to determine whether one biofilms is a substrate for another biofilm to be detected. For example, it is possible if layer B appears above layer A, but layer A doesn’t appear above layer B. In this case, three types of biofilms that are grown includes Listeria(L), Ralstonia(R), and a mixture of the two (LR). Since microbe deposits on metal surfaces are quite suitable, biofilms were grown on stainless steel surface slides. Each slide was viewed under a Raman Microscope at 100X and using a 532nm laser to provide great results and sharp peaks. The mapping of the laser helps determine how the bacteria growth, at which intensity the bacteria appeared in order to identify specific microbes to signature markers on biofilms.
Lung transplantation: Analysis of thirty-six consecutive procedures performed over a twelve-month period

A consecutive series of 36 lung transplant procedures in 35 patients, performed over a 12-month period, has been reviewed. There were 14 men and 21 women undergoing 23 single, 12 bilateral, and one en bloc double lung transplant. There were one hospital death and three late deaths in the series, giving a hospital survival rate of 97.2% and a 1-year actuarial survival figure of 91.7%. Airway complications occurred in six patients (17.2%), one of whom died. Cytomegalovirus infection was demonstrated in 18 patients (51 %), but no deaths have resulted. The most common cardiac complication was an atrial tachyarrhythmia (nine patients, 25.7%) and three patients had a cardiac arrest, but all were successfully resuscitated. Twelve patients required a further 25 surgical procedures after transplantation; however, renal and hematologic complications were uncommon. The prevalence and management of the other associated complications is discussed. (J T horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;103:329—40)
Air pollutants degrade floral scents and increase insect foraging times

Flowers emit mixtures of scents that mediate plant-insect interactions such as attracting insect pollinators. Because of their volatile nature, however, floral scents readily react with ozone, nitrate radical, and hydroxyl radical. The result of such reactions is the degradation and the chemical modification of scent plumes downwind of floral sources. Large Eddy Simulations (LES) are developed to investigate dispersion and chemical degradation and modification of floral scents due to reactions with ozone, hydroxyl radical, and nitrate radical within the atmospheric surface layer. Impacts on foraging insects are investigated by utilizing a random walk model to simulate insect search behavior. Results indicate that even moderate air pollutant levels (e.g., ozone mixing ratios greater than 60 parts per billion on a per volume basis, ppbv) substantially degrade floral volatiles and alter the chemical composition of released floral scents. As a result, insect success rates of locating plumes of floral scents were reduced and foraging times increased in polluted air masses due to considerable degradation and changes in the composition of floral scents. Results also indicate that plant-pollinator interactions could be sensitive to changes in floral scent composition, especially if insects are unable to adapt to the modified scentscape. The increase in foraging time could have severe cascading and pernicious impacts on the fitness of foraging insects by reducing the time devoted to other necessary tasks.
The Prevalence and Specificity of Depression Diagnosis in a Clinic-Based Population of Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Objective To estimate the crude prevalence of minor depressive disorder (MinD) in a clinic-based population of adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods We screened a clinical sample of 702 adults with type 2 diabetes for depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 and performed a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview on 52 screen-positive and a convenience sample of 51 screen-negative individuals. Depressive disorder diagnoses were made using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV) Text Revised criteria and categorized as MinD, major depressive disorder (MDD), or no depressive disorder. We estimated prevalence of MinD and MDD and derived 95% CIs. Results The crude prevalence of current, past, and current or past MinD was 4.3% (95% CI: 0.9–9.2%), 9.6% (95% CI: 3.9–15.9%), and 13.9% (95% CI: 7.7–21.2%), respectively. The crude prevalence of current, past, and current or past MDD was slightly higher—5.0% (95% CI: 1.9–9.4%), 12.0% (95% CI: 6.1–19.5%), and 17.0% (95% CI: 10.1–24.8%), respectively. There was a high prevalence of coexisting anxiety disorders in individuals with MinD (42.2%) and MDD (8.1%). Hemoglobin A1c levels were not significantly different in individuals with MinD or MDD compared to those without a depressive disorder. Conclusions MinD is comparably prevalent to MDD in patients with type 2 diabetes; both disorders are associated with concomitant anxiety disorders. MinD is not included in the DSM-5; however, our data support continuing to examine patients with chronic medical conditions for MinD.
Introduction: Designing and Implementing Interdisciplinary Programs

Interdisciplinary pedagogy and learning foster the cross-fertilization of ideas from different fields and disciplines, team collaboration across disciplines, the exploration of topics that reside at the boundaries and the edges of multiple disciplines, and the bringing of people together from various fields to explore issues and problems that have wide-ranging social impact. Chronicling the creation of an interdisciplinary Bachelor of Science in Professional and Technical Writing program at New York City College of Technology of The City University of New York, the chapter discusses practical matters of administration, such as choosing and integrating disciplines for a specialization. More conceptually, it examines the development of interdisciplinary programs through a focus on how technology, theory, and practice that connects STEM and non-STEM approaches in these programs.
Wandering spleen: as a differential diagnosis in pelvic masses

Wandering spleen is rare, particularly in children, and diagnosis is difficult. It usually occurs at 20 to 40 years of age, and most cases are seen in women. Diagnosis is difficult because of lack of symptoms, unless splenic torsion has occurred. Patients usually have an asymptomatic abdominal mass, an acute abdomen, or, most commonly, a mass associated with pain. Rarely may it present as hypersplenism. Treatment is operative because of complications associated with the condition. Splenopexy or splenectomy can be done. We report a rare case of wandering spleen in an old age women who was treated by splenectomy because of associated hypersplenism.
Accurate Unsupervised Joint Named-Entity Extraction from Unaligned Parallel Text

We present a new approach to named-entity recognition that jointly learns to identify named-entities in parallel text. The system generates seed candidates through local, cross-language edit likelihood and then bootstraps to make broad predictions across both languages, optimizing combined contextual, word-shape and alignment models. It is completely unsupervised, with no manually labeled items, no external resources, only using parallel text that does not need to be easily alignable. The results are strong, with F > 0.85 for purely unsupervised named-entity recognition across languages, compared to just F = 0.35 on the same data for supervised cross-domain named-entity recognition within a language. A combination of unsupervised and supervised methods increases the accuracy to F = 0.88. We conclude that we have found a viable new strategy for unsupervised named-entity recognition across low-resource languages and for domain-adaptation within high-resource languages.
Transactive Energy Systems [Viewpoint]

TESs are a scalable, flexible approach to designing and implementing efficient, reliable, and resilient electrification systems, both large and small scale. They can be implemented within a single building or home, across a campus, or across an entire region, as shown by previous demonstrations and current projects. Because of their ability to address both interoperability issues and optimization and management issues, they're an important technique for future electrification designs and will become even more practical as the process of understanding and assigning value to flexible DER and system objectives (both business and operational) matures. Ultimately, they should enable a broad range of operational, business, regulatory, and incentive models to be supported by future systems.
Neurobiology of Recognition Memory

Recognition memory supports the fundamental capacity to decide whether an item has been encountered previously. It has been studied extensively at the psychological and neurobiological levels in humans and experimental animals. The present chapter reviews this literature with an emphasis on the brain regions and processes thought to be essential for recognition memory. The hippocampus and entorhinal, perirhinal, parahippocampal, and prefrontal cortices all make important contributions to recognition memory judgments.
In-lab versus at-home activity recognition in ambulatory subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury.

Although commercially available activity trackers can aid in tracking therapy and recovery of patients, most devices perform poorly for patients with irregular movement patterns. Standard machine learning techniques can be applied on recorded accelerometer signals in order to classify the activities of ambulatory subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury in a way that is specific to this population and the location of the recording—at home or in the clinic. Subjects were instructed to perform a standardized set of movements while wearing a waist-worn accelerometer in the clinic and at-home. Activities included lying, sitting, standing, walking, wheeling, and stair climbing. Multiple classifiers and validation methods were used to quantify the ability of the machine learning techniques to distinguish the activities recorded in-lab or at-home. In the lab, classifiers trained and tested using within-subject cross-validation provided an accuracy of 91.6%. When the classifier was trained on data collected in the lab but tested on at home data, the accuracy fell to 54.6% indicating distinct movement patterns between locations. However, the accuracy of the at-home classifications, when training the classifier with at-home data, improved to 85.9%. Individuals with unique movement patterns can benefit from using tailored activity recognition algorithms easily implemented using modern machine learning methods on collected movement data.