cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teacher Careers and Inhabited Institutions: Sense‐Making and Arsenals of Teaching Practice in Educational Institutions

This article advances emerging scholarship that emphasizes the benefits to new institutional theories of organizational functioning offered by empirical research rooted in the tradition of symbolic interactionism. I present evidence from in-depth interviews with teachers from three high schools to show how individuals' perspectives about pursuing institutional goals are filtered through their accumulated experience working within those institutions. Findings show teachers develop what I call “arsenals of teaching practice” as they accumulate work experience, and this process creates a key source of difference by career stage among teachers that shapes their instructional decisions. I discuss implications for understanding the relationship between policy and practice, and extend existing theory of inhabited institutions by identifying a key way that people's sense-making through experience drives institutional functioning.
Photoaffinity labels for insect juvenile hormone binding proteins. Synthesis and evaluation in vitro

Abstract The interactions of insect juvenile hormones (JH) with proteins are critically important to titer regulation, transport, and hormone action at a molecular level. We have synthesized several JH analogs bearing photolabile diazocarbonyl groups as potential photoaffinity labels for JH binding proteins (JHBP). The most promising compound, 10, 11-epoxyfarnesyl diazoacetate ( 2 ) (EFDA) competes with JH III for The JH binding site of JHBP from Leucophaea hemolymph and ovaries and from cultured Drosophila cells . Moreover, irradiation of protein solutions containing micromolar amounts of EFDA gave irreversible loss of [ 3 H]-JH III binding capacity with no change in binding affinity of the unlabelled protein. The protein could be protected against photoinactivation by the presence of equimolar JH III during irradiation. High specific activity [10- 3 H]-EFDA was prepared and used to demonstrate specific, finite binding of EFDA to the JH III receptor site of the binding protein. Further applications of photoaffinity labelling technique to characterization and cellular localization of the JHBP are discussed.
Eicosanoids and lung inflammation.

asthma, and the effect of corticosteroid treatment. Thorax 1976; 31:724-9. 193. Barnes PJ, Ind PW, Brown M J. Plasma histamine and catecholamines in stable asthmatic subjects. Clin Sci 1982; 62:661-5. 194. Nathan RA, Segali N, Schocket AL. A comparison of the actions of HI and H2 antihistamines on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction and cutaneous wheal response in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1981; 67:171-7. 195. Tashkin DR, Ungeter R, Wolfe R, Mendoza G, Calvarese B. Effect of orally administered cimetidine on histamineand antigen-induced bronchospasm in subjects with asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 125:691-5. 196. Schachter EN, Brown S, Lach E, Gerstenhaber B. Histamine blocking agents in healthy and asthmatic subjects. Chest 1982; 82:143-7. 197. Thomson NC. H2-receptors in exerciseinduced asthma. Lancet Sept. 1984; 748. 198. Bergstrand H, Hegardt B, Lowhagen O, Strannegard O, Svedmyr N. Effects of long-term treatment with low dose cimetidine on allergeninduced airway responses and selected immunological parameters in atopic asthmatics. Allergy 1985; 40:187-97. 199. Nogrady SG, Hahn AG. H2-receptor blockade and exercise-induced asthma. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 18:795-7. 200. Schuller DE. Adverse effects of brompheniramine on pulmonary function in a subset of asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983; 72:175-9. 201. Lewiston NJ, Johnson S, Sloan E. Effect of antihistamine on pulmonary function of children with asthma. J Pediatr 1982; 101:458-60. 202. Nogrady SG, Hartley JPR, Handslip PDJ, Hurst NP. Bronchodilation after inhalation of the antihistamine clemastine. Thorax 1978; 33:479-82. 203. Dorward AJ, Patel KR. A comparison of ketotifen with clemastine, ipratropium bromide and sodium cromoglycate in exercise-induced asthma. Clin Allergy 1982; 12:355-61. 204. Phillips MJ, Oilier S, Gould C, Davies RJ. Effect of antihistamines and antiallergic drugs on responses to allergen and histamine provocation tests in asthma. Thorax 1984; 39:345-51. 205. Gobel PP. The protective effect of ketotifen in bronchial asthma. J Int Med Res 1978; 6:79-85. 206. Henry RL, Hodges IG, Milner AD, Stokes GM. Bronchodilator effects of the Hi receptor antagonist-clemastine. Arch Dis Child 1983; 58:304-5. 207. Hodges IG, Milner AD, Stokes GM. Bronchodilator effects of two inhaled Hl-receptor antagonists, clemastine and chlorpheniramine, in wheezy school children. Br J Dis Chest 1983; 77:270-5. 208. O'Byrne PM, Thomson NC, Morris M, Roberts RS, Daniel EE, Hargreave FE. The protective effect of inhaled chlorpheniramine and atropine on bronchoconstriction stimulated by airway cooling. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 126:611-17. 209. Holgate ST, Emanuel MB, Howarth PH. Astemizole and other Hi-antihistaminic drug treatment of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985; 76:375-80. 210. Patel KR. Terfenadine in exercise-induced asthma. Br Med J 1984; 288:1496-7. 211. Clee MD, Ingram CG, Reid PC, Robertson AS. The effect of astemizole on exercise-induced asthma. Br J Dis Chest 1984; 78:180-3. 212. Gilman AG, Goodman AS, Gilman A, eds. The Pharmacologic basis of therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan, 1980; 618.
A Power Efficient Video Encoder Using Reconfigurable Approximate Arithmetic Units

The field of approximate computing has received significant attention from the research community in the past few years, especially in the context of various signal processing applications. Image and video compression algorithms such as JPEG, MPEG, etc., are particularly attractive candidates for approximate computing since they are tolerant of computing imprecision due to human imperceptibility, which can be exploited to realize highly power-efficient implementations of these algorithms. However, existing approximate architectures typically fix the level of hardware approximation statically and are not adaptive to input data. For example, if a fixed approximate hardware configuration is used for an MPEG encoder (i.e., a fixed level of approximation), the output quality varies greatly for different input videos. This paper addresses this issue by proposing a reconfigurable approximate architecture for MPEG encoders that optimizes power consumption while maintaining a particular PSNR threshold for any video. Experimental results show that our approach of dynamically adjusting the degree of hardware approximation based on the input video respects the given quality bound (PSNR degradation of 5-20%) across different videos while achieving a power savings of 13-18% over a conventional non-approximated MPEG encoder architecture. Although the proposed reconfigurable approximate architecture is presented for the specific case of an MPEG encoder, it can be easily extended to other DSP applications.
Characterisation of friction reduction with tangential ultrasonic vibrations using a SDOF model

Active control of friction between sliding surfaces is of fundamental and practical interest in automotive applications. It has been shown that the friction force between sliding surfaces decreases when ultrasonic vibration is superimposed on the sliding motion. This principle can be applied to systems in which solid state lubrication or friction modulation is advantageous. The ultrasonic vibration may be applied longitudinally or normal to the direction of motion. A number of friction models have been considered in order to analyse this phenomenon. The degree of friction reduction has been shown to depend on the ratio of the sliding velocity to the vibration velocity. Since friction is a system response, it is necessary to include system dynamics in the analysis of ultrasonic lubrication. A nonlinear single-degree-offreedom-model is formulated and numerically approximated to quantify the effect on friction reduction of control force, intrinsic coefﬁcient of friction, mass load, tangential contact stiffness at the sliding interface, and system stiffness. Model results are in close agreement with experimental measurements.
Complex sounds and critical bands.

Studies of the responses of human observers to bands of noise and other complex sounds have led to the measure of what appears to be a basic unit of hearing, the critical band. When the frequency spectrum of a stimulating sound is narrower than the critical band, the ear reacts one way; when the spectrum is wider, it reacts another way. For example, experiments show that at values less than the critical bandwidth, both loudness and absolute threshold are independent of bandwidth; only when the critical bandwidth is exceeded do the loudness and the absolute threshold increase with the width (Gassier, 1954; Zwicker & Feldtkel
Honorific possession: Power and language in Pohnpei, Micronesia

Mental categorization schemes, such as noun classification systems, can be productive sites for examining how experience is meaningfully and culturally structured through metaphorical and metonymic associations. Pohnpeian possessive classifiers not only constitute cultural categories of rank and power relations, but dynamically re-sort or re-classify these categories through honorific speech. Linguistic and interactional data are here combined with ethnographic data about Pohnpeian society and cultural beliefs, particularly notions about the meaning and construction of ranked social relationships, to show how micro-interactions which index status are linked both to larger cultural ideologies about power and, metaphorically, to the experiential domain. (Pohnpei, Micronesia, honorifics, status, metaphor, possessive constructions)
Erratum to: Identification of novel rice low phytic acid mutations via TILLING by sequencing

Phytic acid (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate or InsP6) accounts for 75–85 % of the total phosphorus in seeds. Low phytic acid (lpa) mutants exhibit decreases in seed InsP6 with corresponding increases in inorganic P which, unlike phytic acid P, is readily utilized by humans and monogastric animals. Since InsP6 may also reduce the bioavailability of essential mineral cations, development of lpa seed crops for animal feeds and whole-grain consumers is of significant interest and requires better understanding of the metabolism of InsP6 and the role it plays in other plant processes. To date, well over 20 lpa mutants have been reported in a number of species, most of which have been identified through forward genetic screens. In this study, we used a publicly available rice Targeting of Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) resource to identify four novel lpa mutations, two in one member of the inositol(1,3,4)P3 5/6-kinase (ITPK) gene family (LOC_Os09g34300) and two in a multi-drug resistance-associated protein (MRP) gene (LOC_Os03g04920). The mutations in the ITPK gene resulted in significant reductions in InsP6 (46 and 68 %), while those found in MRP gene were more modest (20 and 30 %). Evaluation of these lines indicates that one of the ITPK mutants (46 % InsP6 reduction) and both MRP mutants are similar to wild-type plants in seed weight, germination, and seedling growth. The four mutants identified here represent new resources for the genetic dissection of phytic acid metabolism in rice and the development of germplasm and strategies for breeding lpa rice varieties.
PERSISTENT QUANTUM-SIZE EFFECT IN ALUMINUM FILMS UP TO TWELVE ATOMS THICK

Total energies and work functions have been calculated for unrelaxed, free-standing Al(111) films, 1--12 layers thick, using the all-electron, full-potential linear combination of Gaussian-type orbitals--fitting-function technique. The work function exhibits a significant quantum-size effect (at least 0.1 eV) over the entire range of thickness considered. This result contradicts an old prediction that the work function of an Al(111) N-layer film will converge to within a few hundredths of an eV by N=6. The present result, which is consistent with earlier jellium calculations, demonstrates the risk of mistaking an accidental coincidence of work functions for two films, differing in thickness by one layer, for a true convergence with respect to thickness. The implications for thin-film calculations of surface properties are discussed. A linear fit to the film binding energy vs thickness is used to extract the Al(111) surface energy (0.45 eV) and the binding energy of bulk Al (4.06 eV). \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Multimodality postoperative imaging of liver transplantation

Liver transplantation is the only effective and definitive treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease. The shortage of cadaveric livers has lead to the increasing use of split-liver transplantation and living-donor liver transplantation, but the expansion of the donor pool has increased the risk for postoperative vascular and biliary complications. Early recognition of the imaging appearances of the various postoperative complications of liver transplantation is crucial for both graft and patient survival. This review describes the imaging findings of normal and abnormal transplanted liver parenchyma and of vascular and biliary post-transplantation complications.
Yeast Kinetochore Microtubule Dynamics Analyzed by High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Microscopy

We have probed single kinetochore microtubule (k-MT) dynamics in budding yeast in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by automated tracking of a green fluorescent protein tag placed proximal to the centromere on chromosome IV and of a green fluorescent protein tag fused to the spindle pole body protein Spc42p. Our method reliably distinguishes between different dynamics in wild-type and mutant strains and under different experimental conditions. Using our methods we established that in budding yeast, unlike in metazoans, chromosomes make dynamic attachments to microtubules in G1. This makes it possible to interpret measurements of centromere tag dynamics as reflecting k-MT dynamics. We have examined the sensitivity of our assay by studying the effect of temperature, exposure to benomyl, and a tubulin mutation on k-MT dynamics. We have found that lowering the temperature and exposing cells to benomyl attenuate k-MT dynamics in a similar manner. We further observe that, in contrast to previous reports, the mutant tub2-150 forms k-MTs that depolymerize faster than wild type. Based on these findings, we propose high-resolution light microscopy of centromere dynamics in G1 yeast cells as a sensitive assay for the regulation of single k-MT dynamics.
Excited states and photochemistry of saturated molecules. The vibrational structure in the electronic spectrum of ethane

Abstract Ab initio wavefunctions including single excitation CI are used to analyze the origin of the vibrational structure in the low-energy band of the electronic spectrum of ethane. The calculations suggest that the vibrational structure appears to be due to the overlapping progressions from two vertical states (1 E u and 1 A 2 u ), both of which are unstable to distortion to C 2 h symmetry, wherein they are characterized by significantly lengthened CC bonds.
A new approach to measuring pH in brines and other concentrated electrolytes

Abstract We propose an operational and theoretical approach to dealing with pH in brines and other concentrated aqueous solutions. The operational method is analogous to the standard procedure for measuring pH in dilute solutions, but uses a liquid-junction-free cell consisting of an ion specific electrode (ISE) for H+ and another for a different ion, such as Cl−. The latter ISE replaces the standard reference electrode used in the usual procedure. The potential measured is proportional to pHCl = pH + pCl , or any corresponding quantity, such as pH/Na = pH − pNa , depending on the type of second ISE. The procedure also requires the separate measurement of the total concentration of the ion to which the second ISE responds, and input of these and other solution data to a geochemical modeling code (EQ3NR), which uses the Pitzer equations (Pitzer, 1973) to compute a thermodynamic model of the solution. High ionic strength standard solutions, whose compositions are calculated using the same code, are used to calibrate the liquid-junction-free cell. A pH scale convention is then used to decouple pH from pCl, pNa, pBr, etc. We investigated ISE couples pairing cations (K+ and Na+) as well as anions (Br−) against H+ to demonstrate the general applicability of this approach to measuring pH. The effects of these and other potentially interfering ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, BO3−3, SO2−4, and HCO−3) on the various ISE couples were studied. By making a HCl measurements in sample solutions equilibrated with calcite we have used the solubility of calcite in high ionic strength solutions (determined using the Harvie et al., 1984, derived thermodynamic data consistent with the Pitzer formulation) as an independent verification of the method.
Internal hernia of the small bowel around infrarenal arterial conduits after liver transplantation.

Nishida S, Pinna AG, Nery JR, Levi D, Kato T, Madariaga J, Tzakis AG. Internal hernia of the small bowel around infrarenal arterial conduits after liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2002: 16: 334–338. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2002 Internal hernia of the small bowel is an uncommon but fatal complication of liver transplantation. The placement of infrarenal arterial conduits for arterial revascularization is an important technique for arterial reconstruction after liver transplantation. We report three cases of internal hernia with volvulus of the small bowel caused by the use of infrarenal arterial conduits. We reviewed the records of 1066 consecutive patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation between June 1994 and April 2000 at the University of Miami. In 271 of these patients, grafts were revascularized by anastomosing the donor iliac artery to the infrarenal aorta (an infrarenal arterial conduit). Two patients died after the surgery. One patient died of multiple organ failure because of sepsis 1 month after the surgery that involved reduction of the internal hernia and biliary reconstruction. Another patient died of multiple organ failure because of sepsis 8 days after the surgery that involved reduction of the internal hernia and adhesiolysis. One patient survived after the surgery that involved thrombectomy of the arterial graft and reduction of the internal hernia. Although there was ischemic damage to the liver after the surgery, the patient recovered. However, he died of liver failure because of recurrent infection with the hepatitis C virus 18 months after the surgery. Transplant surgeons should be aware that this complication causes not only bowel obstruction but also hepatic arterial thrombosis and ischemic liver damage. In order to prevent this complication, the arterial conduit should be retroperitonealized at the time of transplantation.
Common-volume measurements of mesospheric winds using radar and optical instruments: 1. Comparison of observations

Abstract The Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar (42.6°N, 71.5°W) and the nearby Durham meteor wind radar (43.1°N, 70.9°W) have been used to study the structure of the winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and to investigate the propagation of tidal components from the mesosphere into the lower thermosphere. In general, good agreement is found between the tidal wind amplitudes and phases determined by the two radars, but occasionally, some discontinuities have been observed in the vertical structure of the tidal components in the 90–110 km region. In order to validate the accuracy of the two techniques and the methodologies used in determining neutral winds, two common-volume experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 in which the two radar beams were overlayed at an altitude of 100 km. The horizontal components of the measured radar line-of-sight velocities during day-time periods were then compared at the overlapping altitudes of 95–100 km. Night-time measurements were also made using a Fabry–Perot Interferometer co-located with the radar at Millstone Hill which observed the Doppler shift of the atomic oxygen green line emission in the mesosphere. Good overall agreement is found between the instruments within the statistical uncertainties of the measurement techniques, although some differences have been found that are explained by consideration of the data statistics, the exact overlap of common volume within the different beam sizes, and the presence of altitude gradients and small scale irregularities in the sampled volumes of the atmosphere.
Parallel pathways for transport in ZSM-5 zeolite membranes

Changes in ZSM-5 zeolite membranes during preparation were studied by characterizing the gas permeation properties as the zeolite synthesis template was removed by calcination for 4 h at progressively higher temperatures or for longer times at 573 K. Both zeolite and intercrystalline pores appear to be present; the nonzeolitic pores are larger and have lower ideal selectivities, but these pores are small enough and/or in low enough concentrations that high ideal and mixture selectivities are obtained for the final membranes. The tetrapropylammonium hydroxide template is removed from the larger intercrystalline pores first, and thus ideal selectivities changed significantly with calcination temperature or time. The N2/SF6 ideal selectivities also depend on the measurement method; they were higher for a pressure drop across the membrane than when a sweep gas was used, apparently because of the change in driving force for SF6, which adsorbs more strongly than N2. Permeances continue to increase as membranes ...
Microorganisms seen by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in Legionnaires' disease from human lung

In addition to several anomalous structures, other general forms of definitely rod-shaped microorganisms have been found by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in the lung tissue taken at autopsy from a patient who succumbed to confirmed Legionnaires' disease with extensive necrotizing lobar pneumonia. The microorganisms were greatly varied in size and shape. They were micrographed in the act of fission. These forms have been found to some extent throughout the tissue. No nickel was demonstrated, either in the lung tissue or in the microorganisms.
Spiral Instabilities in N-body Simulations I: Emergence from Noise

The origin of spiral patterns in galaxies is still not fully understood. Similar features also develop readily in N-body simulations of isolated cool, collisionless disks, yet even here the mechanism has yet to be explained. In this series of papers, I present a detailed study of the origin of spiral activity in simulations in the hope that the mechanism that causes the patterns is also responsible for some of these features galaxies. In this first paper, I use a suite of highly idealized simulations of a linearly stable disk that employ increasing numbers of particles. While the amplitudes of initial non-axisymmetric features scale as the inverse square root of the number of particles employed, the final amplitude of the patterns is independent of the particle number. I find that the amplitudes of non-axisymmetric disturbances grow in two distinct phases: slow growth occurs when the relative overdensity is below ~2%, but above this level the amplitude rises more rapidly. I show that all features, even of very low amplitude, scatter particles at the inner Lindblad resonance, changing the distribution of particles in the disk in such a way as to foster continued growth. Stronger scattering by larger amplitude waves provokes a vigorous instability that is a true linear mode of the modified disk.
A Feminist Defense of the Unity of the Virtues

In The Impossibility of Perfection, Michael Slote tries to show that the traditional Aristotelian doctrine of the unity of the virtues is mistaken. His argumentative strategy is to provide counterexamples to this doctrine, by showing that there are what he calls “partial virtues”—pairs of virtues that conflict with one another but both of which are ethically indispensible. Slote offers two lines of argument for the existence of partial virtues. The first is an argument for the partiality of a particular pair of virtues: frankness and tact. The second is a kind of feminist critique. I argue that both of these lines of argument fail. In both cases, Slote fails to ask whether the apparent conflict between putatively partial virtues has arisen from a misunderstanding of the demands of those virtues. From this error I suggest we can learn an important lesson: whether in our studies thinking about the virtues or in our everyday lives trying to practice them, it is a serious mistake to focus on the relationships among virtues without considering precisely what each of these virtues demands.
Heterophyllous Shoots in Betula papyrifera

LEAVES of two morphological types occur on long shoots of tree crowns in many species of Betula. Those at the shoot base frequently differ from leaves closer to the shoot tip in venation, size, toothing and other characteristics. The first group of leaves (early leaves) appears at or shortly after bud opening, and the second (late leaves) later in the growing season after the first leaves are well expanded. Early leaves are also found on short shoots, that is, shoots the internodes of which fail to elongate more than a few mm. Late leaves are lacking on short shoots. In a report on leaf dimorphism in Populus trichocarpa, Critchfield1 stated that differences in leaf form were due to differences in ontogeny between early and late leaves. Early leaves formed in the growing season preceding their expansion. Their development was arrested and they over-wintered as embryonic leaves, continuing development the following spring. Late leaves over-wintered as leaf primordia or were not initiated until the growing season in which they expanded. Consequently their formation was not interrupted in the embryonic stage and their form differed from that of early leaves. These investigations have now been extended to an evaluation of bud contents, shoot growth, and heterophylly in Betula papyrifera Marsh. growing in north central Wisconsin (U.S.A.).
Fabrication of Gallium Nitride Films in a Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor

A numerical study has been carried out on the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process for the fabrication of gallium nitride (GaN) thin films, which range from a few nanometers to micrometers in thickness. The numerical study is also coupled with an experimental study on the flow and thermal transport processes in the system. Of particular interest in this study is the dependence of the growth rate of GaN and of the uniformity of the film on the flow, resulting from the choice of various design and operating parameters involved in the MOCVD process. Based on an impingement type rotating-disk reactor, three-dimensional simulations have been preformed to indicate the deposition rate increases with reactor pressure, inlet velocity, and wafer rotating speed, while decreases with the precursor concentration ratio. Additionally, a better film uniformity is caused by reducing the reactor pressure, inlet velocity and wafer rotating speed, and increasing precursor concentration ratio. With the impact of wafer temperature included in this study as well, these results are expected to provide a quantitative basis for the prediction, design, and optimization of the process for the fabrication of GaN devices. The flow and the associated transport processes are discussed in detail on the basis of the results obtained to suggest approaches to improve the uniformity of thin film, minimize fluid loss, and reduce flow recirculation that could affect growth rate and uniformity.
A model for exploring particle size and temperature dependence of excess heat capacities of nanocrystalline substances

Abstract Einstein and Debye vibration modes are considered to be different in surface atoms and in interior atoms of fine solid particles. A model is constructed to predict particle size and temperature dependence of excess heat capacities of nanocrystalline substances. It is shown that excess heat capacity is not proportional to specific surface area. However, when specific surface area is far less than a characteristic area of a sample, the specific excess heat capacity can be viewed as independent of particle size. Several types of temperature dependence of excess heat capacity are predicted, including monotonous increase with increase in temperature, one-peak and two-peaks excess heat capacity vs. temperature curves. The proposed model has been used to fit experimental data of nanostructured silver and rutile
A temperature-sensitive lesion affecting levels of transformation-specific viral RNA in a mutant of avian sarcoma virus PRCII

Abstract LA46 is a mutant of avian sarcoma virus PRCII that is temperature sensitive ( ts ) in the maintenance of oncogenic transformation and in the production of infectious virus. These ts properties are independent of the helper virus. At the nonpermissive temperature LA46 -infected cells also fail to produce significant quantities of the transformation-specific protein, and the amount of intracellular transformation-specific viral RNA is reduced at least 100-fold. The probable primary defect of LA46 , a temperature sensitivity in transformation-specific viral RNA, can account for the phenotype of the mutant. The molecular mechanism of this defect is currently investigated.
Overview of advanced urothelial cancer trials of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

Advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium is an aggressive malignancy characterized by a median survival period of less than 1 year. Although this disease is moderately chemotherapy-sensitive, to the authors' knowledge the impact of therapy reported to date on survival has been minimal. The authors presented an overview of the results from a series of clinical trials conducted over a 25-year period under the auspices of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. They reviewed a series of antineoplastic agents identified by these studies with activity in advanced urothelial cancer and discussed current and future investigational goals and directions.
Regulating how we die: The ethical, medical, and legal issues surrounding physician‐assisted suicide

Regulating how we die: The ethical, medical, and legal issues surrounding physician‐assisted suicide. Linda L. Emanuel, ed. (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1998), 304 pages, $39.95.
The chemistry and catalysis of the water gas shift reaction: 1. The kinetics over supported metal catalysts

The water gas shift (WGS) reaction (CO + H2O → CO2 + H2) is catalyzed by many metals and metal oxides as well as recently reported homogeneous catalysts. In this present paper the kinetics of the WGS reaction as catalyzed by alumina-supported Group VIIB, VIII, and IB metals are examined. For several metals a strong effect of support on metal activity is observed. For example, the turnover number (rate per surface metal atom) of Pt supported on Al2O3 is an order of magnitude higher than the turnover number of Pt on SiO2. The turnover numbers (at 300 °C) of the various alumina-supported metals studied for WGS decrease in the order Cu, Re, Co, Ru, Ni, Pt, Os, Au, Fe, Pd, Rh, and Ir. For these metals the range of activity varies by more than three orders of magnitude. It is shown that a volcano-shaped correlation exists between the activities of these metals and their respective CO heats of adsorption. The partial pressure dependencies of the reactants on these metals are reported for the first time. Over most metals the CO order of reaction is near zero and the H2O order of reaction is near 12. A reaction sequence including formic acid as an intermediate is proposed in order to account for the apparent bifunctionality of the supported catalyst systems. This approach leads to a power rate law, r = kPCOXPH2OZ(1 − X)2, an expression shown to be consistent with the experimental parameters obtained in these kinetic studies.
Reply to "Comment on 'Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in the two-dimensional quantum XY model' "

The scaling in the critical region found in the Monte Carlo simulation constitutes clear evidence for the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. The third dimension in the spin space does not affect universality. Further numerical results at and below the transition provide more evidence. Sznajd's analysis is questioned because his same analysis incorrectly predicts a phase transition in a very similar model, the Heisenberg model.
Immobilization of a Quinonoid Rhodium Catalyst on Silica Gel by the Surface Sol−Gel Process and Catalytic Activity for Phenylacetylene Polymerization

A metal alkoxide monolayer was formed on the surface of silica gel by the SSG process (surface sol−gel). Quinonoid rhodium complexes possessing an acidic −OH group were immobilized on the alkoxide layer by deprotonation and subsequent formation of strong M−O (quinonoid) bonds (M = Ti, Zr). The silica-gel-supported rhodium catalyst shows a high reactivity for the stereospecific polymerization of phenylacetylene to cis-transoidal polyphenylacetylene.
Rigorous perimeter law upper bound on Wilson loops

Abstract We present a proof that in an arbitrary lattice gauge theory, the expectation value of a Wilson loop decays at least as fast as the exponential of the perimeter.
Inactivation and reactivation of mitochondrial respiration by charged detergents.

Abstract Respiration of submitochondrial preparations can be inhibited by the cationic detergent cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate in the range of 0.3–2 μmol of detergent per mg of mitochondrial membrane protein depending on the substrate and detergent used. This inhibition can be rapidly reversed by neutralizing a given detergent by the detergent of the opposite charge. At higher levels of the inhibiting detergent, no such reactivation was observed. Spin labeling assays of membrane structure were used to correlate structural effects with the loss and recovery of respiratory functions. Because the detergents progressively disrupt membrane structure, mitochondria were cross-linked with bifunctional imidoesters to an extent that osmotic properties and detergent lysis were gone, but respiration remained. Such fixed respiring mitochondria also show inhibition reactivation phenomena.
Efficient post-silicon validation via segmentation of process variation envelope — Global vs local variations

In this paper, we propose an efficient method for generating validation vectors for identifying delay marginalities under increasing levels of process-variations-across die, across wafers, across wafer lots. With the goal of significantly reducing the number of vectors required for validation, we propose an approach for segmenting the full global plus local process variation envelope into sub-envelopes, where each sub-envelope is guaranteed to capture worst-case full local-only (worst case on-die) and partial global-only (worst case of across die, across wafers, and across wafer lots) variations, and where all sub-envelopes collectively capture the worst-case full global plus local variations. We then use our recent variability aware approach for generating multiple vectors (captured as vector-spaces) in a segment-by-segment manner to guarantee the invocation of the worst-case delay of the chips in the first-silicon batch. We present extensive experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, especially in the context of increasing process variations.
Ethnic differences in affect intensity, emotion judgments, display rule attitudes, and self-reported emotional expression in an American sample

Research of the past two decades has shown that cultures exert considerable influence over emotion. Most, if not all, of the cross-cultural research reported to date have been on samples obtained in different countries. Although it is important to address questions of cross-cultural similarities and differences via the testing of between-country differences, we need to be concerned with possible cultural differenceswithin countries as well. The assessment of cultural differences within countries would have implications for not only our conceptual understanding of cultural influences on emotion, but also our empirical methods and procedures. In this study, American subjects were self-classified into one of four ethnic groups, and provided us with data concerning affect intensity, display rule attitudes, self-reported emotional expression, emotion labeling, and intensity ratings. The results indicated considerable differences in emotion judgments, display rules, and self-reported emotional expressions as a function of ethnicity within an American sample. The differences are discussed in terms of the need to search for psychologically meaningful and relevant definitions of culture which would cut across ethnicity or country.
Thrombin Stimulation of the Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Promoter in Endothelial Cells Is Mediated by Tandem Nuclear Factor-κB and GATA Motifs

The goal of this study was to delineate the transcriptional mechanisms underlying thrombin-mediated induction of vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with thrombin resulted in a 3.3-fold increase in VCAM-1 promoter activity. The upstream promoter region of VCAM-1 contains a thrombin response element, two nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) motifs, and a tandem GATA motif. In transient transfection assays, mutation of the thrombin response element had no effect on thrombin induction. In contrast, mutation of either NF-kappaB site resulted in a complete loss of induction, whereas a mutation of the two GATA motifs resulted in a significant reduction in thrombin stimulation. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, nuclear extracts from thrombin-treated endothelial cells displayed markedly increased binding to the tandem NF-kappaB and GATA motifs. The NF-kappaB complex was supershifted with anti-p65 antibodies, but not with antibodies to RelB, c-Rel, p50, or p52. The GATA complex was supershifted with antibodies to GATA-2, but not GATA-3 or GATA-6. A construct containing tandem copies of the VCAM-1 GATA motifs linked to a minimal thymidine kinase promoter was induced 2.4-fold by thrombin. Taken together, these results suggest that thrombin stimulation of VCAM-1 in endothelial cells is mediated by the coordinate action of NF-kappaB and GATA transcription factors.
Multi-Project Scheduling: Analysis of Project Performance

Abstract Application of heuristic solution procedures to the resource-constrained, multi-project scheduling problem is analyzed under equal and unequal penalties. The performance of ten scheduling rules is categorized with respect to four project summary measures, namely, resource-constrainedness, location of the peak requirements, and problem size. It is shown that the choice of a scheduling rule can be based upon the resource-constrainedness, problem size, and penalty. These results are based on scheduling, in detail, over 3000 multi-project scheduling problems, each containing three projects and from 24 to 66 activities.
Diet selection following a chronic morphine and naloxone regimen.

Abstract Total caloric intake and patterns of dietary self-selection of the three macronutrients, protein, carbohydrate and fat, were examined in adult male rats maintained on a 6-hr feeding schedule following daily injections of morphine (10 mg/kg), naloxone (1 mg/kg), the two drugs together, and saline. Animas received drug injections for 10 consecutive days. All animals received saline injections for the 5 days preceding and 5 days following the experimental period. Naloxone injections led to a significant reduction in total caloric intake. Neither morphine nor morphine and naloxone together significantly affected total caloric intake. Each of the drugs had a distinct effect on macronutrient selection. Morphine produced a significant increase in fat intake and decrease in carbohydrate intake, while naloxone led to a slight reduction in fat intake. When the two drugs were given together, a significant elevation in carbohydrate intake and reduction in fat intake were observed. Protein intake was not affected by any of the drugs. These results are discussed with respect to the hypothesized role of the endogenous opioid system in the regulation of energy balance.
Effect of a modified spectrum on aperture averaging of optical scintillation

The aperture-averaging factor associated with optical scintilations of unbounded plane and spherical waves is calculated for the weak fluctuation regime using a modified spectrum of refractive-index fluctuations that features a high wave number bump. Previous analyses were based on more conventional spectral models and the results were limited to asymptotic regimes depending on the ratio of the first Fresnel zone size (L/k) 1/2 to inner scale l 0 . Simple interpolation formulas are developed here for all such ratios, and comparisons of results with numerical integration values and experimental data show excellent agreement.
Individual differences in the delayed execution of prospective memories

Working memory processes play a critical role in actively maintaining, rehearsing, and retrieving goal-relevant information during cognitively engaging tasks. In the current study, we examined individual differences in prospective memory between young adults with high versus low working memory capacity (WMC) when they had to momentarily delay their intentions for either 6 or 42 s. In Experiments 1 and 2, high-WMC individuals performed significantly better at both delay intervals than did low-WMC individuals under standard ongoing task conditions. In Experiment 2, we included an interrupting task during the longer delay that decreased performance in the low-WMC relative to the high-WMC individuals. These results suggest that prospective memory performance is generally impaired across all retention intervals in low-WMC individuals, and that high-WMC individuals may be better able to retrieve the intention from long-term memory even when attention is interrupted by intervening activities.
Aplanatism and nonimaging optics

We show that an aplanatic imaging system can approach theoretical maximum concentration limit following a brief review of Abbe Sine condition and aplanatism. We use a two-mirror case to demonstrate how to construct such aplanatic systems using Luneburg method. The result is useful in designing high-performance concentrators.
Isolated all-polyethylene patellar revisions for metal-backed patellar failure.

The outcome of isolated patellar component revisions after metal-backed patellar failure is variable with satisfactory results reported from 78% to 100%. To supplement information in the literature we determined the failure rate and the functional outcome based on the Knee Society clinical and roentgenographic evaluation systems of isolated patellar component revisions after metal-backed patellar component failure. We retrospectively reviewed 27 patients with 28 isolated patellar component revisions for metal-backed patellar component failure performed between 1988 and 2005. Twenty-five knees in 24 patients were available for review with a minimum followup of 24 months (mean, 90 months; range, 24–210 months). All knees were revised with a cemented all-polyethylene patellar component and all tibial polyethylene components were routinely exchanged. One failure (4%) occurred 122.6 months after the isolated patellar component revision secondary to femoral and tibial component loosening. The average Knee Society knee score improved from 73 to 89 points, whereas the average Knee Society function score improved from 56 to 65. Our data confirm those in the literature suggesting a successful outcome can be achieved with an isolated patellar component revision for metal-backed patellar component failure.
“We never thought of a vasectomy”: a qualitative study of men and women's counseling around sterilization

Abstract Background Sterilization is the most commonly used method of contraception in the United States; however, little is known about how providers counsel about these procedures or the information patients desire. In this study, we explore male and female experiences of sterilization counseling and their perspectives on ideal sterilization counseling. Study design In-depth individual and group interviews were conducted with 37 heterosexual couples between the ages of 25 and 55 years. Each couple had reached their desired family size. Interviews were recorded and transcribed using NVivo software and analyzed using modified grounded theory. Results Men and women differed in their experiences of sterilization counseling. Women commonly received counseling on female sterilization but not vasectomy, while men rarely discussed either form of sterilization with their providers. Both men and women desired more information about sterilization. Conclusions Contraceptive counseling of couples who have completed childbearing does not routinely include men or the option of vasectomy, despite the advantages of this method with respect to safety, efficacy and cost. Family planning and primary care providers have an important role in ensuring that couples are aware of all their options and can make an informed decision about their contraception.
Spectrum of the sound produced by a jet impinging on the gas-water interface of a supercavity

Abstract An analysis is made of the sound generated by the impingement of an air jet on the gas–water interface of a supercavity. The water is in uniform low Mach number motion over the interface. The interface is rippled by the jet, which produces an unsteady surface force on the water that behaves as a dipole or monopole acoustic source, respectively, at high and low frequencies. In a first approximation the very large difference in the gas density and that of water implies that the surface force is similar to that occurring when a jet impinges on a rigid wall. Data from recent measurements by Foley (2009, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University) of the frequency spectrum of the surface force produced by the impact of a turbulent jet on a wall are used to formulate an analytical representation of the spectrum and thence to predict the sound produced in water when the same jet impinges on the cavity interface. The prediction is used to estimate the characteristics of gas jet impingement noise for an experimental supercavitating vehicle in use at the Applied Research Laboratory of Penn State University.
BOX DIMENSION OF COLORED NOISE AND DETERMINISTIC TIME SERIES IN HIGH DIMENSIONAL EUCLIDEAN SPACES

We investigate the box dimension of a time series having an inverse power-law spectra in a high dimensional Euclidean space. The time series can be random (colored noise) or deterministic. Both isotropic and anisotropic cases are included in our investigation. We study both the graph dimension and trail dimension of the time series. We show that with the same inverse power-law spectra, the deterministic series has a lower graph dimension than that of the colored noise, though they both can have fractal dimensions. We also derive a sharp upper bound on the trial dimension of the time series.
Time in the United States

IN your issue of January 23 the statement (p. 277) that “ local time throughout the United States, as opposed to railway time, has been abolished,” is not quite accurate. At the introduction of the “ standard ” time an attempt was made in many places to do this, but it has proved impracticable, except near the meridians of time. At other places the local time still governs all the daily business, except what involves travelling. For this the difference, a constant quantity, is remembered, and the proper allowance made. For example, here we allow thirty-three minutes, being west of the meridian of eastern time to that amount.