cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wide-Band High-Frequency Antennas for Military Vehicles: Design and testing low-profile half-loop, inverted-L, and umbrella NVIS antennas.

The design of low-profile, wide-band (WB), high-frequency (HF), vehicular, on-the-move (OTM) antennas is associated with a number of challenges, including their small electrical size, mounting constraints, and the diverse environment in the near field, to name a few. This article considers antennas for near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) operation from 2 to 15 MHz with a wide tunable bandwidth of at least 24 kHz. The minimum gain at the zenith of -25 dBi is comparable to that of state-of-the-art 3-kHz channel OTM NVIS antennas. The baseline configuration is a two-arm half loop operating in NVIS mode, designed such that it can be easily reconfigured into either an inverted-L or an umbrella-loaded monopole. Each arrangement has its own advantages in terms of radiation patterns, impedance, and practicality. Two arms are used to satisfy the performance requirements and keep the overall profile under 1 m. A full-scale prototype is fabricated and integrated with a specific military vehicle. The stand-alone measurements confirm the expected impedance behavior, whereas the tests with an experimental WB HF radio prove the validity of the design approach. Because of the diverse operation modes, the antenna is flexible and can readily adapt to various communication conditions.
Abstract A84: Rural residence and late staging at breast cancer diagnosis

Rural residing residents in the United States are medically under-served which may contribute to the late stage presentation of breast cancer, a major determinant of prognosis in breast cancer. We sought to determine if women from more rural residing communities presented to an academic medical center with later stage cancers than those women who live in more urbanized areas. We also determined if the cancers from the two communities were biologically similar by comparing the distribution of estrogen receptors (ER + vs. ER-). From the cancer registry at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center we identified newly diagnosed female breast cancer cases between 1999-2013 (N = 3,372) who lived in the Piedmont and Appalachian Mountain regions of North Carolina and Virginia. These cases were characterized by urban-rural status at diagnosis to the level of ZIP code. Using both a linear model and a Cochran-Armitage trend test , women from rural areas presented with a more advanced clinical stage (stage 3 incidence 17.8% vs 15.6%, p 0.051). This trend remained roughly significant when we controlled for age at diagnosis (p 0.04), ER status (0.05), insurance status (0.06), and healthcare access (p 0.06). However, the difference became insignificant when we controlled for local poverty (p 0.12) and unemployment (p 0.13) levels within the individual ZIP-defined communities. Overall, we did not find large differences in the stage of presentation between urban and rural residing women. However, the trend that was found could be largely accounted for by measures of local poverty and unemployment, suggesting that communities may be identified for tailored educational or outreach efforts. Citation Format: Thomas W. Lycan, Jr., Scott Isom, Julia Lawrence. Rural residence and late staging at breast cancer diagnosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Seventh AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 9-12, 2014; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015;24(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A84.
Association of Quadriceps Strength and Psychosocial Factors With Single-Leg Hop Performance in Patients With Meniscectomy.

Background:Clinicians use the single-leg hop test to assess readiness for return to sports after knee injury. Few studies have reported the results of single-leg hop testing after meniscectomy. Add...
Systemic injection of AAV9-GDNF provides modest functional improvements in the SOD1G93A ALS rat but has adverse side effects.

Systemic injection of AAV9-GDNF provides modest functional improvements in the SOD1 G93A ALS rat but has adverse side effects
Intranasal dexmedetomidine for adrenergic crisis in familial dysautonomia.

To report the use of intranasal dexmedetomidine, an α2-adrenergic agonist for the acute treatment of refractory adrenergic crisis in patients with familial dysautonomia. Case series. Three patients with genetically confirmed familial dysautonomia (case 1: 20-year-old male; case 2: 43-year-old male; case 3: 26-year-old female) received intranasal dexmedetomidine 2 mcg/kg, half of the dose in each nostril, for the acute treatment of adrenergic crisis. Within 8–17 min of administering the intranasal dose, the adrenergic crisis symptoms abated, and blood pressure and heart rate returned to pre-crises values. Adrenergic crises eventually resumed, and all three patients required hospitalization for investigation of the cause of the crises. Intranasal dexmedetomidine is a feasible and safe acute treatment for adrenergic crisis in patients with familial dysautonomia. Further controlled studies are required to confirm the safety and efficacy in this population.
Middle school students’ learning of mechanics concepts through engagement in different sequences of physical and virtual experiments

ABSTRACTPhysical and virtual experimentation are thought to have different affordances for supporting students’ learning. Research investigating the use of physical and virtual experiments to support students’ learning has identified a variety of, sometimes conflicting, outcomes. Unanswered questions remain about how physical and virtual experiments may impact students’ learning and for which contexts and content areas they may be most effective. Using a quasi-experimental design, we examined eighth grade students’ (N = 100) learning of physics concepts related to pulleys depending on the sequence of physical and virtual labs they engaged in. Five classes of students were assigned to either the: physical first condition (PF) (n = 55), where students performed a physical pulley experiment and then performed the same experiment virtually, or virtual first condition (VF) (n = 45), with the opposite sequence. Repeated measures ANOVA’s were conducted to examine how physical and virtual labs impacted students’ ...
Gastrointestinal Etiologies of Abdominal Pain in Pregnancy

While the etiologies of acute abdomen in pregnancy are varied and manifold, among the most common include disorders of the gastroenteric and hepatopancreatobiliary systems. This chapter systematically reviews both the common and uncommon causes of acute abdomen in the gravid patient due to intra-abdominal etiologies typically evaluated by gastroenterologists and general, colorectal, and hepatobiliary surgeons. Unique considerations in the pregnant patient are explored with respect to diagnosis and management options to provide optimal care to both mother and fetus.
Shape coexistence in 132Ba.

Rotational states have been populated in {gamma}-soft {sup 132}Ba following the {sup 122}Sn({sup 13}C,3{ital n}{gamma}) reaction. The ground state of this nucleus is predicted to possess maximal triaxiality {gamma}{similar to}{minus}30{degree}. Two {Delta}{ital I}=2 bands were established, based on quasineutron configurations with large negative {gamma} deformations close to the collective oblate shape {gamma}={minus}60{degree}. The bandhead of one of these bands, associated with a ({nu}{ital h}{sub 11/2}){sup 2} configuration, was found to be isomeric with a mean lifetime {tau}=12.5{plus minus}0.3 ns. A third {Delta}{ital I}=2 band was observed, built on a two-quasiproton configuration with a near-prolate shape ({gamma}{similar to}0{degree}). In addition, two {Delta}{ital I}=1 bands, built on mixed proton-neutron four-quasiparticle configurations with oblate shapes ({gamma}{similar to}{minus}60{degree}), were established.
ANALISIS METODE PENYUSUTAN AKTIVA TETAP (PAJAK) PERUSAHAAN MENGGUNAKAN MS. EXCEL

One each company must have tangible fixed asset and also one abstracts since asset constitute medium for corporate deep going operational activity, as building or building as office, machine and equipment to get production, vehicle as tool for transportation, etc. as it who can back up all corporate activity. Fixed asset usually have using up term that so long, so is expected gets to give benefit for corporate for many years. But such, benefit that given by fixed asset by and large getting long time gets menurun its using up continually, and causes depreciation happening. Depreciation is process allocation a portion asset derived price become cost (cost allocation) . Depreciation will ascendant to outgrow its unrealized little that acquired of arithmetic fiscal (taxes). Noted depreciation and is reported by use of depreciation methods for example taxation terminological methods
MHC polymorphism: Coping with the allele explosion

Abstract Definition of alleles of genes within the human major histocompatibility complex is ongoing with more than 1400 alleles currently recognized. Clinically, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is performed primarily for solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Typing is becoming increasingly complex as the number of recognized alleles increases. Molecular typing techniques are sensitive, accurate and reproducible, but are also compromised by inconsistencies with serological reactivity and ambiguous allele assignments. Inconsistent correlation of some alleles with the antigenic reactivity of their broad allele group can result from sharing of an antigenic motif with another allele group, as well as by null or low expression alleles. Typing ambiguities can result from two or more alleles sharing identical sequences in the regions of the HLA genes amplified, probed or sequenced. Ambiguities also occur in sequencing based typing when heterozygous typing results could be accounted for by two or more combinations of different alleles. It is vital for the histocompatibility specialist to be aware of these problems. Failure to recognize alleles with inconsistent antigen specificity could result in potentially serious mismatches in a transplant recipient. The histocompatibility specialist must also know how to resolve typing ambiguities and recognize the clinical situations for which resolution is critical. A phased approach to typing, from low to high, or allele level, resolution permits use of different techniques, maximizing typing information that may be helpful in resolving ambiguities, while minimizing costs.
Identification, Histological Characterization, and Dissection of Mouse Prostate Lobes for In Vitro 3D Spheroid Culture Models

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) serve as effective pre-clinical models for investigating most types of human cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). Understanding the anatomy and histology of the mouse prostate is important for the efficient use and proper characterization of such animal models. The mouse prostate has four distinct pairs of lobes, each with their own characteristics. This article demonstrates the proper method of dissection and identification of mouse prostate lobes for disease analysis. Post-dissection, the prostate cells can be further cultured in vitro for mechanistic understanding. Since mouse prostate primary cells tend to lose their normal characteristics when cultured in vitro, we outline here a method for isolating the cells and growing them as 3D spheroid cultures, which is effective for preserving the physiological characteristics of the cells. These 3D cultures can be used for analyzing cell morphology and behavior in near-physiological conditions, investigating altered levels and localizations of key proteins and pathways involved in the development and progression of a disease, and looking at responses to drug treatments.
Quantitative Measurements of Polymer Hydrophobicity Based on Functional Group Identity and Oligomer Length

A combined experimental and computational investigation revealed a hydrophobicity trend for oxygen-containing functional groups commonly encountered in monomers and polymers. Based on solvatochroma...
Catalytic Ammonia Oxidation to Dinitrogen by Hydrogen Atom Abstraction

Catalysts for the oxidation of NH3 are critical for the utilization of NH3 as a large-scale energy carrier. Molecular catalysts capable of oxidizing NH3 to N2 are rare. This report describes the use of [Cp*Ru(PtBu2 NPh2 )(15 NH3 )][BArF4 ], (PtBu2 NPh2 =1,5-di(phenylaza)-3,7-di(tert-butylphospha)cyclooctane; ArF =3,5-(CF3 )2 C6 H3 ), to catalytically oxidize NH3 to dinitrogen under ambient conditions. The cleavage of six N-H bonds and the formation of an N≡N bond was achieved by coupling H+ and e- transfers as net hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) steps using the 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenoxyl radical (t Bu3 ArO. ) as the H atom acceptor. Employing an excess of t Bu3 ArO. under 1 atm of NH3 gas at 23 °C resulted in up to ten turnovers. Nitrogen isotopic (15 N) labeling studies provide initial mechanistic information suggesting a monometallic pathway during the N⋅⋅⋅N bond-forming step in the catalytic cycle.
Ibrutinib and venetoclax for first-line treatment of CLL

Abstract Background Ibrutinib, an inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase, and venetoclax, an inhibitor of B-cell lymphoma 2 protein, have been approved for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia...
A Comprehensive Review of Cross-Sectional Imaging of the Nasolacrimal Drainage Apparatus: What Radiologists Need to Know.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the radiographic anatomy and cross-sectional imaging findings of the full gamut of nasolacrimal drainage apparatus disea...
A Missing Link between Urban Mobility and Wellbeing

Urban social and built environments collectively contribute to the health and wellbeing of citizens. Despite considerable efforts toward achieving the UN sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to improve the sustainability of the urban built environment and to create a more sustainable urban social environment, both physiological and psychological distress are still among high risk factors in cities. This may in part be due to overlooked effects from the built infrastructure on the wellbeing of citizens. Here, we present an experimental pilot study to examine this condition and explore whether human-infrastructure interactions directly or indirectly contribute to the distress experienced by the citizens. We use wearable physiological sensors to measure, record, and analyze this internal experience in response to various multimodal mobility choices in a neighborhood. Understanding how wellbeing of the citizens is spatiotemporally impacted by their interactions with the built infrastructure is of utmost importance in achieving the UN SDGs and enhancing the quality of urban life.
An integrated computational and experimental study to investigate Staphylococcus aureus metabolism

Staphylococcus aureus is a metabolically versatile pathogen that colonizes nearly all organs of the human body. A detailed and comprehensive knowledge of staphylococcal metabolism is essential to understand its pathogenesis. To this end, we have reconstructed and experimentally validated an updated and enhanced genome-scale metabolic model of S. aureus USA300_FPR3757. The model combined genome annotation data, reaction stoichiometry, and regulation information from biochemical databases and previous strain-specific models. Reactions in the model were checked and fixed to ensure chemical balance and thermodynamic consistency. To further refine the model, growth assessment of 1920 nonessential mutants from the Nebraska Transposon Mutant Library was performed, and metabolite excretion profiles of important mutants in carbon and nitrogen metabolism were determined. The growth and no-growth inconsistencies between the model predictions and in vivo essentiality data were resolved using extensive manual curation based on optimization-based reconciliation algorithms. Upon intensive curation and refinements, the model contains 863 metabolic genes, 1379 metabolites (including 1159 unique metabolites), and 1545 reactions including transport and exchange reactions. To improve the accuracy and predictability of the model to environmental changes, condition-specific regulation information curated from the existing knowledgebase was incorporated. These critical additions improved the model performance significantly in capturing gene essentiality, substrate utilization, and metabolite production capabilities and increased the ability to generate model-based discoveries of therapeutic significance. Use of this highly curated model will enhance the functional utility of omics data, and therefore, serve as a resource to support future investigations of S. aureus and to augment staphylococcal research worldwide.
Explaining the RouthnHurwitz Criterion: A Tutorial Presentation [Focus on Education]

Routh's treatise [1] was a landmark in the analysis of the stability of dynamic systems and became a core foundation of control theory. The remarkable simplicity of the result was in stark contrast to the challenge of the proof. Many researchers devoted much effort to extend the result to singular cases, with some of the earlier techniques shown to be inadequate [2]. Together with the extensions to singular cases, shorter proofs were also proposed. The proof of [3] is noteworthy, which followed the root locus arguments of [4]. A key feature of the proof is a continuity argument used in an earlier derivation [5]. In [6], the more conventional approach using Cauchy?s principle of the argument is followed. A relatively simple proof is proposed, considering the extension to complex polynomials and singular cases.
Dislocated: Early Modern Christian Women in Asia and Asian American Women in the United States

The tsunami waves of Early Modern European colonial expansion and Christianization reached the shores of the East Indies under the Treaty of Tordesillas (1493), causing the dislocation of numerous women. The three Christian women of this chapter had to relocate from Ethiopia to Portuguese Goa; Tokugawa Japan to Spanish Manila; and Korea to Nagasaki. They testified to their Christian faith even while facing oppression, enslavement, misogyny, persecution, torture, and expulsion from colonial and xenophobic regimes. They became community leaders, preachers, evangelists, visionaries, and martyrs. Close reading of the Jesuit sources offers historians an insight into these women’s embodied understanding of the Christian gospel and mandate. These insights also guide historians to rewrite the history of Reformations in Europe and their contemporary Christian missions in Africa, Asia, and the Americas, integrating voices of these dislocated Asian women, so that they might empower Asian American women in their frequent experiences of displacement today.
Metabolic trait diversity shapes marine biogeography.

Climate and physiology shape biogeography, yet the range limits of species can rarely be ascribed to the quantitative traits of organisms1–3. Here we evaluate whether the geographical range boundaries of species coincide with ecophysiological limits to acquisition of aerobic energy4 for a global cross-section of the biodiversity of marine animals. We observe a tight correlation between the metabolic rate and the efficacy of oxygen supply, and between the temperature sensitivities of these traits, which suggests that marine animals are under strong selection for the tolerance of low O2 (hypoxia)5. The breadth of the resulting physiological tolerances of marine animals predicts a variety of geographical niches—from the tropics to high latitudes and from shallow to deep water—which better align with species distributions than do models based on either temperature or oxygen alone. For all studied species, thermal and hypoxic limits are substantially reduced by the energetic demands of ecological activity, a trait that varies similarly among marine and terrestrial taxa. Active temperature-dependent hypoxia thus links the biogeography of diverse marine species to fundamental energetic requirements that are shared across the animal kingdom. A tight coupling between metabolic rate, efficacy of oxygen supply and the temperature sensitivities of marine animals predicts a variety of geographical niches that better aligns with the distributions of species than models of either temperature or oxygen alone.
Race, Income, and the Timeliness of Cleft Palate Repair in the United States

Objective To determine if differences exist in the timing of cleft palate repair with respect to sex, race, income, and geographical location within the United States. Design Retrospective cross-sectional study using the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) from 1997 to 2009. Setting Inpatient. Patients Children with cleft palate with or without cleft lip undergoing inpatient cleft palate repair. Main outcome measures Age at the time of palatoplasty (in months) by sex, race, income quartile, and geographic location. Results A total of 7,218 children with cleft palate underwent repair at a mean age of 12.1 months (95% CI 12.0-12.3). Females underwent palatoplasty at an older age (13.6 months) than males (13.2 months), a difference of 0.47 months (SE: 0.19, p=0.015). White children underwent surgery at an earlier age (12.1 months) than Black (12.9 months) (difference: 0.73 months, SE: 0.37, p=0.045), Hispanic (12.7 months) (difference: 0.57 months, SE 0.25, p=0.025), and Asian children (15.7 months) (difference: 3.60 months, SE 0.49, p<0.0001). Asian children were also found to undergo repair later than Hispanic (difference 3.03 months, SE 0.51, p<0.0001) and Black (difference: 2.87 months, SE 0.59, p<0.0001) children. Patients born into the highest income brackets were repaired 0.75 months earlier than those in the lowest bracket (SE: 0.26, p=0.005). Patients in the Midwest underwent palatoplasty later (14.3 months) than in the Northeast (12.9 months) (difference: 1.36 months, SE: 0.31, p<0.0001), South (13.2 months) (difference: 1.05 months, SE: 0.36, p=0.004), and West (13.2 months) (difference: 1.09 months, SE: 0.32, p=0.0007). Conclusions After controlling for confounding factors, our results suggest that in recent history, Black, Hispanic, and Asian children with cleft palate were repaired later than their White counterparts. In addition, children of affluent families were repaired earliest, and economically disadvantaged children were repaired later than their peers.
Understanding the emotional aspects of infertility: implications for nursing practice

Approximately 10% to 15% of childbearing-age couples experience infertility. Infertility has multiple aspects, including physical, emotional, financial, social, and psychological effects. Although most health care professionals are more aware of problems related to physical aspects of infertility, the difficulties and needs that arise from the emotional aspects are often more significant for couples. Thus, it is crucial that health care professionals, particularly nurses, understand these needs. This article provides some practical information to help nurses do just that.
Parkinson's disease: interpretations of transplantation study are erroneous.

The recent publication by Freed and colleagues1 of the first double-blind trial of fetal transplantation for Parkinson's disease (PD) has generated controversy in both the scientific and popular press. The results have been widely interpreted as disappointing, but we believe that many of the criticisms are misplaced. Here we present a meta-analysis of several published studies, from which we conclude that the results are in fact quite promising. We also suggest a plausible explanation for the side effects that were seen in the Freed study.
When Extraordinary Means Illegal: International Law and European Reaction to the United States Rendition Program

The article deals with the legality of the so-called “Extraordinary Rendition Program” (ERP). The ERP consists of the systematic kidnapping of people suspected of having acted or being involved in terrorist plans. According to the U.S. Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, ERP actions “save lives” and are justified under international law. Moreover, come scholars and officers of the Bush Administration have argued so far that ERP is legal, because its actions are carried out with the assistance and consent of the States concerned. Such a kidnapping is called “abduction” under international law, and entails violations of sovereignty, human rights and international criminal law. Moreover, since the ERP results in a transfer of the kidnapped person to a country in which he is tortured, a violation of the international law norms concerning torture occurs. I breafly face the legal framework and justifications for the expansions of CIA powers, that is a preliminary issue with regard to the ERP itself. In this article, I argue that the ERP is patently illegal. I take two points of view. In the first part of the article (especially par. 3), I deepen the issues concerning the ban on torture, progressively criticizing the ERP supporters’ claims that ERP could entail room for legality, even when, in the prospect of a quick expulsion of dangerous individuals, the expelling State is facing conflicting obligations under international law. In the second part, I take the point that the European reactions to the ERP – namely: the judicial ascertainments of CIA agents’ criminal responsibilities; the national parliamentary commissions of inquiry; the European Parliament Committee report and the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly efforts to declare that ERP violates international law, human rights and jus cogens – could undermine the relations between European countries who participate in the ERP and the United States. Is actually the price paid for kidnapping innocent people worthy for fighting efficiently and effectively against terrorism? In dealing with this question, I basically argue that the ERP negatively affects overseas relations. WHEN ‘EXTRAORDINARY’ MEANS ILLEGAL: INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE EUROPEAN REACTIONS TO THE UNITED STATES RENDITION PROGRAM
An application of graph pebbling to zero-sum sequences in abelian groups

A sequence of elements of a finite group G is called a zero-sum sequence if it sums to the identity of G. The study of zero-sum sequences has a long history with many important applications in number theory and group theory. In 1989 Kleitman and Lemke, and independently Chung, proved a strengthening of a number theoretic conjecture of Erdos and Lemke. Kleitman and Lemke then made more general conjectures for finite groups, strengthening the requirements of zero-sum sequences. In this paper we prove their conjecture in the case of abelian groups. Namely, we use graph pebbling to prove that for every sequence (g_k)_{k=1}^{|G|} of |G| elements of a finite abelian group G there is a nonempty subsequence (g_k)_{k in K} such that sum_{k in K}g_k=0_G and sum_{k in K}1/|g_k|\le 1, where |g| is the order of the element g in G.
Recent Results from N* Electroproduction Studies with CLAS

During the last eight years a large amount of data on single and two pion electroproduction have been collected using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) at Jefferson Lab. The large kinematical coverage of the detector allowed us to perform isobar model fits to extract the transition form factors for the excited states in the second and third resonance regions. The preliminary results for the photocoupling amplitudes from these analyses were presented in this report.
Inferring the prevalence and function of finger hyperextension in Archosauria from finger-joint range of motion in the American alligator

Quadrupedal dinosaurs and other archosaurs are hypothesized to alleviate differences in height between shorter forelimbs and longer hindlimbs via digitigrady (standing on fingers). An alternative hypothesis suggests that they trend toward metacarpogrady (vertical, columnar palms with finger reduction and loss) to abandon semi-pronated (mechanically misaligned) wrist and finger joints. Range of motion (ROM) studies provide support for the latter hypothesis by showing that some dinosaurian fingers were held hyperextended away from the palm at metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints. However, recent studies dispute traditional MCP hyperextension characters. Moreover, in vivo ROM is assumed to be less than fossil ROM because of the constraining influence of lost soft tissues, further implying that reports of MCP hyperextension in fossil archosaurs may be overstated. Because crocodilian fingers reportedly hyperextend during the high walk, a ROM study of their MCP joints could clarify these issues. Here a repeated-measures analysis was used to gather ex vivo finger joint ROM data in degrees from fully fleshed to skeletonized conditions in digit III of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis. Results verify that MCP joints hyperextend, and show that soft tissues significantly affect ex vivo ROM. Skeletal ROMs were greater than fleshed ROMs in the three interphalangeal joints; however the MCP joint had the opposite result after losing curved articular cartilages. These results suggest that studies of flattened metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints in fossil archosaurs may underestimate in vivo hyperextension. A comparison of characters in Alligator mississippiensis and the rauisuchid Postosuchus suggests that Postosuchus metacarpal adaptations represent a transitional stage toward vertical quadrupedal support with hyperextended MCP joints. This information provides support for the preexisting hypothesis that quadrupedal archosaurs tend to transform their wrist + palm into a rigid stilt-like extension of the forearm, which implies that locomotor abandonment of semi-pronated wrist/finger joints and alleviation of limb disparity evolve synchronously.
There's Nothing Wrong With Clopper–Pearson Binomial Confidence Limits

Schilling, M., and Doi, J. (2014), “A Coverage Probability Approach to Finding an Optimal Binomial Confidence Procedure,” The American Statistician, 68, 133–145: Comment by Easterling and Reply.For...
Global economic crisis and trade: the role of trade facilitation

The onset of the global economic crisis has led to a slump in global demand. However, the extent to which major trading powers have reduced their imports has differed by trading partner. Like financial contagion, could it be the case that countries that are better integrated in the global trading system via efficient trade facilitation environment suffered the most because of their interconnectedness? Using recent data from the US census bureau, this study finds that the efficiency of the trade facilitation environment actually helped to mitigate the effects of the global slump in demand. Other countries with a better trade facilitation environment suffered less of a drop in their exports to the United States compared to those with a weaker trade facilitation environment. Specifically, an extra day's delay in the exporting country accounted for about a 0.5% more fall in import demand from the United States.
Strategic voting and the borda method

It is more likely that strategic voting will occur when the number of voters is small, such as in a committee, and outcomes more directly affect them. As the number of electors and candidates increases, however, the correct strategy becomes less clear. Opinion polls can indicate preference patterns and voting strength, however, and this can be used by campaign managers to discover the best strategy. It may be expected that they will tell the supporters of their candidate how best to use their votes. Thus, even in situations where there are many voters and more than two candidates, it can be expected that voters will tend to vote strategically because of the activities of political managers. Given this model, voters tend not to vote their preferences, even though it is possible for them to do so. The best outcome which might occur is for the plurality candidate to be elected, as would be the case in a one-vote election. It has been shown, however, that rational action by the voters could result in the second preferred, or least preferred, candidate being elected. In no case was it shown that the best action was to vote one's preference if it is other than the best vote for the first choice and the worst vote for all other candidates. It has not been demonstrated that a rank-preference voting system, such as the one used in the model, will never result in the preferences of the electorate producing the most preferred candidate. What has been demonstrated is that not only will such preference voting systems not always produce this result, but that rational action by voters will not tend to result in the preferences of the electorate being used to determine the most preferred candidate. The implications of this analysis are that remedies for the defects of a single-vote election method based upon preference revelation are not without operational defects themselves. Operationally, they depend upon voters revealing their preferences even if there are incentives to misrepresent them. If the one-vote election method is to be replaced with one that is better able to select the “most preferred” candidate, preference ranking methods may be found operationally wanting.
Fiber Optic Shape Sensing For Flexible Structures

An optical-time-domain-reflectometry based shape sensor is presented. Fibers with air-gap splices at certain known positions are attached to the exterior of a flexible structure. The strain induced in each fiber section due to the bending of the structure is detected by the Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) as shifts in the pulses reflected at the splices. The approximate shape of the structure is then determined using the strain information from each fiber section. Experimental results for simple shapes are given, and future directions for determining complex shapes are discussed.
Characterizations of Pulsed Chemical Vapor Deposited-Tungsten Thin Films for Ultrahigh Aspect Ratio W-Plug Process

Tungsten (W) thin films were deposited using a modified chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, called pulsed CVD, and the film properties were characterized as nucleation layers for a W-plug fill process. In this study,the deposition stage is composed of four steps, resulting in one deposition cycle: (i) reaction of WF 6 with SiH 4 , (ii) inert gas purge, (iii) SiH 4 exposure, and (iv) inert gas purge. The W growth per cycle was extremely linear with a growth rate of ∼ 1.32 nm/cycle at 400°C. The growth rate was further enhanced to 1.5-1.9 nm/cycle by increasing the SiH 4 flow rate in the first step and/or by adding H 2 in the first and the third steps. The W film deposited by pulsed CVD showed a much lower roughness (∼0.7 nm) and a better conformality at the contact holes with an aspect ratio of 14, compared to W films deposited by conventional CVD using WF 6 and SiH 4 . The film resistivity was closely related with its phase (body-centered cubic α-W or primitive cubic β-W) and microstructure characterized by grain size as well as the film thickness (the "size effect"). Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that H 2 addition into the first and third steps increased the grain size from ∼7 to ∼13 nm and prevented the film from forming a β-W phase with high resistivity, resulting in a lower resistivity of 100 Ω-cm compared to that of the W film deposited without H 2 addition (210 μΩ-cm). H 2 addition was also effective in reducing the F and Si impurities in the films. Finally, the film resistivity was discussed on the basis of impurity, roughness, microstructure, and film phase.
Glycoprotein biosynthesis: The solubilization of glycosyl transferases from membranes of hela cells and bovine submaxillary glycoproteins

Abstract Two glycosyl transferases, the polypeptidyl: N -acetylgalactosaminyl and glycoprotein: galactosyl transferase, which participate in the assembly of the carbohydrate units of glycoproteins, were purified from both HeLa cells and submaxillary glands. In the case of HeLa cells these enzymes are intimately associated with the smooth internal membranes where they form part of the multienzyme group of transferases synthesizing membrane glycoproteins; in submaxillary tissues, however, these enzymes are involved in synthesis of secreted submaxillary glycoproteins and are strongly bound to membranes, possibly plasma membranes, which sediment to the 35–45% sucrose interface. In preparing the respective membranes, the glycosyl transferases were purified from 10–40-fold over the cellular homogenate. It was found that from 80–95% of the total enzyme activities are masked in the isolated membranes; disruption of the membranous structure with nonionic detergents or with phospholipase A liberated the transferases. The largest increase in activity was obtained with the polyoxyethylene octylphenol type. The linear alcohol polyoxy-ethylene types were slightly less effective; less than 50% of the maximum activity was obtained. These results, together with the effect of phospholipase A, emphasize the significance of nonpolar forces in membrane substructure, particularly with regard to the interaction of the transferases with their membranous environment. By contrast, negatively charged detergents, such as sodium deoxycholate and sodium dodecyl sulfate, led to strong inhibition of enzymes. A positively charged detergent, cetylpyridinium bromide, also produced strong inhibition. It was concluded that the influence of detergents on the activity of membrane-bound transferases appears to depend on two factors, solubilization and inhibition.
The effects of cytoplasmic extracts on DNA synthesis in vitro.

Abstract When cytoplasmic extracts prepared from tumor cells actively synthesizing DNA were added to an in vitro DNA-synthesizing system the rate of DNA synthesis increased 5–10-fold. The addition of cytoplasm from normal cells (inactive in DNA synthesis) to an in vitro system caused little or no change in the rate of synthesis. The stimulatory effect was dominant when both types of cytoplasm were added simultaneously. The factor causing the stimulation was partially purified from cytoplasmic extracts of Taper mouse hepatoma and was shown to be a heat-stable cation of low molecular weight. For stimulation to be observed DNA polymerase, template and the cytoplasmic factor must be present simultaneously.
Concept modeling of tapered thin-walled tubes

This paper presents a method to create concept models for the tapered thin-walled tubes using beam elements and spring elements. Developed concept tapered beam models with different taper angles and cross sections are compared with those detailed models through impact analyses. Important crash results are recorded and compared, and the relatively good agreement is achieved between these analyses. Concept modeling steps are illustrated in detail, and a general concept modeling method for such thin-walled tubes is summarized and presented.
XC. Theory of electromagnetic and electrostatic induction in electrodeless discharges

The electrodeless discharge has been investigated in two parts. In the first part the effect of the magnetic field has been studied on the basis of the theory of Sir J. J. Thomson. It has been show...
Global Migration Dynamics Underlie Evolution and Persistence of Human Influenza A (H3N2)

The global migration patterns of influenza viruses have profound implications for the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of the disease. We developed a novel approach to reconstruct the genetic history of human influenza A (H3N2) collected worldwide over 1998 to 2009 and used it to infer the global network of influenza transmission. Consistent with previous models, we find that China and Southeast Asia lie at the center of this global network. However, we also find that strains of influenza circulate outside of Asia for multiple seasons, persisting through dynamic migration between northern and southern regions. The USA acts as the primary hub of temperate transmission and, together with China and Southeast Asia, forms the trunk of influenza's evolutionary tree. These findings suggest that antiviral use outside of China and Southeast Asia may lead to the evolution of long-term local and potentially global antiviral resistance. Our results might also aid the design of surveillance efforts and of vaccines better tailored to different geographic regions.
Piroximone (MDL 19,205) in the treatment of unstable and stable chronic cardiac failure

Abstract The hemodynamic and clinical response to oral and intravenous piroximone was examined in 25 patients with chronic cardiac failure secondary to ischemic or myopathic heart disease: 14 with severe failure, who were clinically unstable (group I), and 11 with stable failure of mild to moderate severity (group II) in whom maximal O 2 uptake (VO 2 max) to treadmill exercise could be monitored serially. Intravenous (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg) and oral (0.7 to 4.9 mg/kg) piroximone significantly ( p 2 uptake was not altered acutely or subacutely after piroximone, and myocardial lactate production was not observed. The salutary hemodynamic response to oral piroximone was sustained for 5 hours and there was no evidence of tolerance to the third and fourth doses. In group II, VO 2 max was increased ( p
What every physician should know about the National Practitioner Data Bank.

In response to the deepening medical malpractice crisis, the US Congress passed the Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986. 1 In the act, Congress clearly stated that the malpractice problem could be remedied through effective professional peer review and further noted a national need to restrict the ability of incompetent physicians to move from state to state without discovery of their previous damaging and/or incompetent performance. To foster these two objectives (professional peer review and the restriction of the mobility of incompetent physicians), the act authorizes the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to establish a National Practitioner Data Bank (the Data Bank) to serve as a national repository of information regarding the professional competence and conduct of primarily doctors of medicine, doctors of osteopathy, and dentists. Unisys was awarded by the Secretary of DHHS a 5-year, $15.9 million contract, commencing January 1, 1989, to establish
Interhaplotype Fertility and Effects of Host Plant on Reproductive Traits of Three Haplotypes of Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae).

Potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), is a serious pest of solanaceous crops in North and Central America and New Zealand. This insect vectors the bacterium that causes zebra chip disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Four distinct genetic populations, or haplotypes, of B. cockerelli have been identified. Three of the haplotypes may co-occur in potato fields in the Pacific Northwest of United States. Solanaceous weeds, including the perennial Solanum dulcamara (bittersweet nightshade), may provide refuge for psyllid populations which then migrate to potato crops. This study tested whether fecundity, fertility (% egg hatch), and adult longevity of potato psyllid were affected by host plant (S. dulcamara or potato) and whether these reproductive traits were similar among the three haplotypes that are most common in the Pacfic Northwest: Northwestern, Central, and Western. We hypothesized that the locally resident haplotype (Northwestern), which is known to overwinter extensively on S. dulcamara, would show relatively higher fitness on nightshade than the other two haplotypes. Fecundity differed significantly among haplotypes, with an average lifetime fecundity of 1050, 877, and 629 eggs for Northwestern, Western, and Central females, respectively. Egg hatch was significantly reduced in psyllids reared on bittersweet nightshade (61.9%) versus potato (81.3%). Adult psyllids lived longer on nightshade than on potato, averaging 113.9 and 108.4 d on nightshade and 79.0 and 85.5 d on potato for males and females, respectively. However, the longer life span of psyllids on nightshade than potato failed to lead to higher fecundity, because females on nightshade often ended egglaying well before death, unlike those on potato. There was no evidence for any of the fitness traits to suggest that the locally resident haplotype (Northwestern) performed relatively better on nightshade than the other two haplotypes. Lastly, we examined whether mating between psyllids of different haplotypes affected sperm transfer and egg hatch rates. Females of the Northwestern haplotype failed to produce viable eggs when mated by males of either the Western or Central haplotypes.
Occurrence of zinc in granitic biotites

37 granitic plutons in Great Britain and the United States were sampled and biotite separates prepared. These biotites were analysed for zinc and iron and a modal (point-count) analysis was conducted on the granitic samples. The results of these analyses were examined for differences that would characterise mineralised and non-mineralised granites, and for differences between biotites coexisting with muscovite and those coexisting with hornblende. The possibility of differentiating between mineralised and non-mineralised granites on the basis of the zinc content of biotites is rejected, but significant differences in composition are found between biotites from muscovite-biotite-granites and those from hornblende-biotite-granites. Muscovite-bearing granites have low biotite contents, these biotites having high iron and low zinc concentrations; hornblende-bearing granites have high biotite contents but these biotites, in contrast, have comparitively low iron and high zinc concentrations.
Mutagen treatment of single Chinese hamster ovary cells produces colonies mosaic for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity.

When populations of single Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to the mutagen ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), allowed to grow into colonies, and stained for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity, two types of unstained colonies were observed at a frequency of about one per thousand stained colonies. These negative-staining colonies consisted of (I) colonies uniformly deficient in staining activity (pure); and (2) colonies containing both stained and unstained sectors (mosaic) in various relative sizes and patterns. Unstained cells isolated from mosaic colonies were genetically stable and had significantly reduced or absent G6PD activity. Random cell aggregation or chromosome segregation from tetraploid cells is not a significant cause of the sectoring phenomenon. Also, mosaic colonies are not principally caused by mutation at one of two replicated G6PD genes and their subsequent segregation during division. The simplest explanation for this phenomenon is that EMS induces a mutational change in one of the two DNA strands and DNA replication then produces normal and mutant double-stranded DNAs which segregate into wild-type and G6PD-deficient cell types, producing a mosaic colony.
What Will States Really Do For Us? The Human Rights Enterprise and Pressure from Below

International human rights standards and treaties have been plagued with disputes over the relevance and power of international law with regard to state sovereignty. ! ese disputes commonly result in states’ failure to realize the rights and standards outlined by such human rights instruments. What if states cannot or will not provide fundamental dignities to their people? Moreover, how does global restructuring a" ect states’ ability to implement human rights? We explore these questions through what we call the “human rights enterprise,” which includes confl icts between rulers and the ruled over the realization of human rights practice. As such, human rights are often developed through the struggles of grassroots organizations and non-elites from below, not simply from the compassionate actions of states to respect their international agreements.