cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Event Likelihood Judgments Revisited

Affect control theory shows how cultural meanings for identities and behaviors are used to form impressions of events and guide social action. The theory’s impression formation equations are the en...
Genetic expression of 4E-BP1 in juvenile mice alleviates mTOR-induced neuronal dysfunction and epilepsy

Hyperactivation of mTOR signaling during fetal neurodevelopment alters neuron structure and function, leading to focal malformation of cortical development (FMCD) and intractable epilepsy. Recent evidence suggests increased cap-dependent translation downstream of mTOR contributes to FMCD formation and seizures. However, whether reducing overactive translation once the developmental pathologies are established reverses neuronal abnormalities and seizures is unknown. Here, we found that the translational repressor 4E-BP1, which is inactivated by mTOR-mediated phosphorylation, is hyperphosphorylated in patient FMCD tissue and in a mouse model of FMCD. Expressing constitutive active 4E-BP1 to repress aberrant translation in juvenile mice with FMCD reduced neuronal cytomegaly and corrected several electrophysiological alterations, including depolarized resting membrane potential, irregular firing pattern, and aberrant HCN4 channel expression. This was accompanied by improved cortical spectral activity and decreased seizures. Although mTOR controls multiple pathways, our study shows that targeting 4E-BP1-mediated translation alone is sufficient to alleviate neuronal dysfunction and ongoing epilepsy.
Estimation of Excess Mortality Rates Among US Assisted Living Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This cohort study examines rates of mortality among US assisted living residents during the COVID-19 pandemic in comparison with the same period in 2019.
Remarks on the Design of Flexible High-Temperature Polymer Dielectrics for Emerging Grand Electrification - Exemplified by Poly(oxa)norbornenes

Polymer dielectrics essentially revolutionized the electrical power system, pervasively used in nearly all the key electronic and electrical devices, due mainly to their suitably large bandgaps. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the bandgap in the design of new polymer dielectrics for high temperatures. In this paper, we present a unified principle for the design of flexible, high temperature polymer dielectrics. As exemplified by our recently discovered poly(oxa)norbornenes (POFNB), saturated bicyclics with varying carbonyl and ether groups in the bicyclic repeat units, connected by unconjugated alkenes and freely rotatable single bonds in conjunction with freely rotating fluorinated benzene ring side-groups, can impart flexibility yet retain thermal stability while providing large bandgaps to olefinic polymers. The results indicate that POFNB has stably low conduction current under concurrent high electric field and elevated temperatures beneficial from its large band gap of ∼5 eV and high glass transition temperature of 186 °C.
Neural substrates of negativity bias in women with and without major depression

Abstract Background The functional localization of negativity bias, an influential index of emotion information processing, has yet to be identified. Method Depressed (n = 47) and healthy participants (n = 58) completed a clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders, symptom checklists, a behavioral task to measure negativity bias, and then viewed positive and negative images of social and nonsocial scenes during an event-related fMRI task. Two subsamples of participants with high (i.e., 75%; n = 26) and low (i.e., 25%; n = 26) negativity bias scores were as included in subsequent analyses to examine neural differences. Results Depressed participants with a higher, relative to lower, negative bias showed significantly greater neural activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Conclusion High negativity bias evokes a distinctive pattern of brain activation in the frontal cortex of depressed participants. Increased activation occurred in the left inferior frontal gyrus, related to Brodmann area 44, which is associated with language and semantic processing, response inhibition, and cognitive reappraisal. This finding may reflect an abnormality in integrative emotional processing rather than processing of individual emotional dimensions in depressed participants with negativity bias.
Test Items and Standards Related to Muscle Strength and Endurance on the Brockport Physical Fitness Test

This manuscript provides information on the rationale for the selection of the muscular strength and endurance test items associated with the Brockport Physical Fitness Test for youngsters with mental retardation and mild limitations in fitness, visual impairment (blindness), cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, or congenital anomalies or amputations. Information on the validity, attainability, and reliability of the 16 tests and their criterion-referenced standards is provided. Suggestions are made for future research.
DURKHEIM ON CRIME AND SOCIETAL DEVELOPMENT: THE DURKHEIMIAN SCHOOL OF COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY RECONSIDERED

The assumption that crime is associated with urbanization and industrialization has had a strong influence on the development of criminology and especially comparative criminology. Indeed, the idea of a crime-development link guided much empirical study in comparative criminology beginning in the 1960s. The source of the assumption is often attributed to Emile Durkheim, although careful readers recall that Durkheim's original writings on crime and societal development stressed the functionality of crime and its universality as opposed to its socially dysfunctional causes and effects. Thus there is reason to question whether Durkheim was the original source. The purpose of this paper is to review what Durkheim had to say about the link between crime and societal development and then to look at the theoretical arguments of the Durkheim-inspired comparative criminologists to see if the latter's ideas were based upon Durkheim's original works. The analysis shows that the theoretical root of Durkheimian comparative criminology is traced to Modernization theory and to various reinterpretations of Durkheim's classic works. The implication of these findings is discussed as it relates to the formal education of professional sociologists in the new millennium.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Layered Security for Protecting the Aviation System Against Adaptive Adversaries

The idea of layering of protective measures is integral to aviation security doctrine. It is intuitive that one layer could compensate for limitations of another, and that multiple layers will create sequential obstacles to successful attack. Though this certainly can be the case, layers in a multi-layer security system will not always combine as straightforwardly as intuition would suggest, making the evaluation of a layered security effort difficult. Insights from other fields – including the analysis of safety systems – have identified effects that can cause layers to undermine one another. Other mechanisms can produce mutual reinforcement where layers provide greater protection together than the sum of their individual effects. When behavior of adaptive attackers is considered, how the effects of multiple layers combine to influence the net performance of the security system overall becomes more complex. The paper explores both of these classes of effects and their implications for both security evaluation and decisionmaking.
Development of pre-clinical and clinical models to predict the efficacy and safety of vaginal microbicides

HIV, genital herpes, and other sexually transmitted infections are a critical national and global health priority requiring the rapid development of safe and effective control methods. While condoms prevent HIV transmission, social acceptance is a major barrier and consistent use is difficult to achieve. Although there have been great strides in vaccine development, a fully protective vaccine unlikely to be available in the near future Thus, the development of vaginal microbicides has emerged as a priority in the effort to control the AIDS epidemic. An optimal microbicide should protect against infection but must also be safe, without adversely affecting the mucosal environment, including mediators of host defense. Over sixty candidate microbicides are in development and several are currently being tested in Phase III clinical trials. However, critical gaps in the preclinical and clinical development of microbicides include the identification of optimal assays to predict efficacy and safety. Identification of in vitro, animal model or pilot clinical assays that could serve as surrogate markers to predict the extent of antimicrobial activity and the safety of microbicides prior to embarking on large-scale clinical trials are urgently needed. This will require a greater understanding of mucosal immunity and the viral and host factors that contribute to infection in the female genital tract.
An investigation of the intellectual capabilities of juvenile offenders

One hundred two cases were drawn randomly from the Bronx Family Court Mental Health Clinic's active files. Clients were given a Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised, Bender Gestalt, and Wide-Range Achievement Test Reading. Results indicated that approximately one third were functioning the mentally defective range, one third in the borderline mentally retarded range, and one third in the low average to average range. Almost half showed perceptual deficits correlated with minimal brain dysfunction. Results were highly significant, suggesting that delinquents apprehended and seen in our clinic are likely to be of borderline intelligence or below, showing evidence of minimal brain dysfunction. Hypotheses are discussed, as is the need for appropriate treatment facilities.
Uncoupling of mitochondria activates protein phosphatases and inactivates MBP protein kinases

Dephosphorylation of PHF-tau was observed in carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP)-treated, but not in oligomycin-treated undifferentiated PC12 cells. FCCP depletes ATP levels by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and increases cytosolic calcium levels, while oligomycin inhibits the ATP synthase. We also observed inactivation of several myelin basic protein (MBP) kinases in FCCP-treated PC12 cells, using an in-gel kinase assay. In addition, several phosphotyrosine proteins were dephosphorylated following FCCP-treatment. These studies suggest that MBP kinases and tyrosine phosphatase may be regulated by mitochondrial activity and they may regulate the phosphorylation state of tau. Since mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in Alzheimer disease, such changes in protein phosphorylation may well be relevant to the disease.
Gastric Emptying Procedure After Esophagectomy

A systematic review of the literature was performed to assess the necessity of a pyloric drainage procedure during an esophagectomy. Fourteen individual studies were identified from the past decade that published patient outcome after undergoing an esophagectomy either with or without a pyloric drainage procedure. Careful analysis demonstrated that pyloric drainage procedure was associated with a non-significant trend for delayed gastric emptying and biliary reflux, while not affecting the incidence of dumping. No correlation was identified between a pyloric drainage procedure and anastomotic leaks, postoperative pulmonary complications, length of hospital stay, and overall perioperative morbidity.
In Situ Core-Electron Spectroscopy of Carbon Monoxide Adsorbed on High-Area Platinum in an Acid Electrolyte

Modifications in the electronic density of states of small Pt particles (4−5 nm diameter) dispersed in high-area carbon (XC72-R) induced by the presence of adsorbed CO were examined by in situ Pt-LIII-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) in a 1.0 M H3PO4 solution. An increase in the intensity of the in situ Pt-LIII-edge XANES was observed at energies a few electronvolts positive of the white line maximum (11 567 eV), after CO was bubbled in the solution, with the electrode polarized at potentials in the range in which CO undergoes irreversible adsorption on Pt. A well-defined peak centered at 11 570 eV could be clearly identified upon subtracting these spectra from those acquired in that same potential region prior to CO adsorption. This feature has been ascribed to transitions from the Pt 2p3/2 orbital to unoccupied states above the Fermi level localized predominantly on CO.
Chromate conversion coating: Iridite 14-2 thermal/optical characterization

Chromate Conversion Coating (CCC) BOL and EOL thermal properties (absorptance and emittance) have been unspecified throughout the industry and throughout its use here at GSFC. Being key values essential for thermal engineers to assess thermal space conditions, this study focuses on the current application process, its outputted properties and assess whether these properties can in turn be classified under proper documentation. The results show that wide variations in the process overcome any possibility in thermally classifying this coating. A new set of samples were fabricated (in preparation for space environmental studies) in which a more controlled approach to applying the CCC was made. The resulting thermal values continued to show variations indicating lack of bath agitation existing within the bath. From this study you can conclude that witness samples may not best represent the flight hardware for this coating. The study then turns to space environmental study testing samples to high temperature (80°C), high vacuum, and combination of both, and UV radiation totaling 1625 ESH. The results showed an extremely dynamic coating sensitive to every environmental condition it was exposed to. Though the initial changes to the coating are drastic, post initial changes appear to be minuscule making EOL predictions more attainable. These results show that the worst case alpha/emittance values are likely after ground processing and before space exposure. From the data obtained in this study greater understanding and more informed decisions can be made with respect to this coating.
Contrast Media and Mechanical Power Injection

Over 10 million radiological exams requiring intravenous (IV) injection of contrast media are performed in the United States each year, and the number is growing. Iodinated contrast media are commonly used to assess venous patency, assist in vascular access, and determine access device position and function. The majority of these procedures are completed without incident; however, IV injection of contrast media is not without risk. Power injection of contrast may accelerate or amplify some adverse effects. The American College of Radiology has published standards and guidelines for intravenous injection of contrast media. Poiseuille's law of laminar flow was addressed as an important concept in understanding the fluid mechanics involved in contrast media injection. The benefits and potential risks of mechanical power injectors were presented. Published studies of power injection through central venous access devices were summarized and discussed, including risks of "off label" use.
Clusters, correlations and transverse momenta

Abstract We discuss the short range part of two-particle correlations as it results from the phase space available in cluster decay. In such an approach, certain variables emerge which should be useful to organize the data and extract interesting information. We are in particular concerned with tests of large transverse motion of clusters.
Image processing on the Cloud: Characterizing edge detection on biomedical images

In order to analyze and deduce valuable information from big image data, we have developed a framework for distributed image processing in Hadoop MapReduce. A vast amount of scientific data is now represented in the form of images from sources like medical tomography. Applying algorithms on these images has been continually limited by the processing capacity of a single machine. MapReduce created by Google presents a potential solution. MapReduce efficiently parallelizes computation by distributing tasks and data across multiple machines. Hadoop, an open source implementation of MapReduce, is gaining a widespread popularity due to features such as scalability and fault tolerance. Hadoop is primarily used with text-based input data. Its ability to process image data and its performance behavior with image processing have not been fully explored. We propose a framework that efficiently enables image processing on Hadoop and characterizes its behavior using a state-of-the-art image processing algorithm, Edge Detection. Existing approaches in distributed image processing suffer from two main problems: (1) input images need to be converted to a custom file format and (2) image processing algorithms require adherence to a specific API that might impose some restrictions on applying some algorithms to Hadoop. Our framework avoids these problems by: (1) bundling all small images into one large file that can be seamlessly parsed by Hadoop and (2) relaxing any restriction by allowing a direct porting of any image processing algorithm to Hadoop. A R educe-less job is then launched where the code for processing images and a mechanism to write the images back individually to HDFS are included in Mappers. We have tested the framework using Edge Detection on a dataset of 3760 biomedical images. Besides, we characterized Edge Detection along several dimensions, such as degree of parallelism and network traffic patterns. We observed that varying the number of map tasks has a significant impact on Hadoop's performance. The best performance was obtained when the number of map tasks equals the number of available slots as long as the application resource demand is satisfied. Compared to the default Hadoop configuration, a speedup of 2.1X was achieved.
Sesquiterpenoids minor constituents ofPinus parviflora. On the relationship between (−)-δ-cadinol, (+)-δ-cadinol, sesquigoyol, torreyol, and brown alga cadinol

1-Dokosanol, Sesquigoyol,β-Sitosterin und 3,5-Dimethoxystilben wurden ausP. formosana isoliert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Sesquigoyol der optische Antipode von (−)-δ-Cadinol ist.
Efficient floating double-sampling integrator for DS ADCs

A novel double-sampling integrator is proposed, which is insensitive to path mismatch, and does not require bilinear integration. It allows the use of efficient design methods for ΔΣ ADCs.
Dose-dependent elevation of Ah receptor binding by TCDD in rat liver

Abstract Changes in [ 3 H]TCDD binding to unoccupied liver Ah receptor were examined following chronic or acute administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) to adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Chronic biweekly administration of TCDD equivalent to 0, 10, 30, or 100 ng/kg/day TCDD for 22 weeks caused dose-dependent increases in liver TCDD concentration, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) induction, and [ 3 H]TCDD binding to unoccupied cytosolic Ah receptor sites. Maximal increases (twofold) of cytosolic receptor binding occurred at an estimated dose of slightly greater than 30 ng/kg/day. The increase in [ 3 H]TCDD binding was half-maximal at an estimated dose of approximately 17 ng/kg/day which produced a liver concentration of 1.5 ppb TCDD. Cytosolic [ 3 H]TCDD binding in control and treated animals sedimented mainly in the 8–9 S region of sucrose density gradients with a minor peak sedimenting in the 4–5 S region. Binding was markedly elevated in the 8–9 S region of cytosols from the TCDD-induced rats; however, TCDD treatment had no affect on [ 3 H]TCDD binding in the 4–5 S region. Saturation and Scatchard analyses of Ah receptor binding showed no apparent changes in K d following chronic TCDD treatment; however, a twofold increase in the number of unoccupied Ah receptor binding sites was observed. Neither aging nor ovariectomy significantly changed measurable cytosolic Ah receptor binding in control animals. When adult female rats were administered a single dose of TCDD (6 μg/kg) an initial drop (∼40%) in cytosolic receptor binding was observed at 30 and 60 min, followed by a steady increase in binding up to 250% of controls 9 days after TCDD treatment.
Stability Analysis in Face Milling Operations, Part 1: Theory of Stability Lobe Prediction

This paper involves development of an algorithm to predict stability lobes in face milling operation. The modeling is based on frequency domain analysis and is an extension of Budak and Altintas to a three dimensional case. It considers the effects of insert and cutter geometry, cutting conditions, process nonlinearity, entry and exit angles and the fully dimensional structural dynamics of both the machine tool and workpiece, including axial dynamics which are often neglected by many researchers. In addition, the predictive capability of stability lobes by the presented models is compared with those results obtained by time domain simulations.
Obtaining and using financial reports of foreign companies

The international business researcher in the United States faces considerable barriers to obtaining and understanding firm‐level data about foreign companies. Although the Internal Revenue Service, the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the Bureau of the Census, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and other government agencies collect detailed data on foreign companies doing business in the U.S., most of these data are readily obtainable only as aggregate figures. The SEC alone releases company‐specific reports for public companies trading on U.S. stock exchanges. International bodies like the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations (UNCTC), the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD), the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank follow the practice of individual governments in suppressing and protecting any firm‐level data, publishing only aggregate figures where those figures will not reveal the workings of individual firms. Therefore, most of the sources of data on the company level truly available to U.S. researchers are published by private information companies.
The Kinetic Energy of Polyatomic Molecules

The Lagrangian and Hamiltonian expressions for the kinetic energy of a system of $N$ particles are obtained in such a form that the rotational, vibrational and coupling terms may be distinguished. The principal axes of inertia are used to define rotation. The ordinary moments of inertia appear in the Lagrangian kinetic energy but these are replaced by other functions of the radii of gyration in the Hamiltonian. This throws doubt upon all molecular configurations assigned on the basis of empirical values of the moments of inertia.
Mössbauer Study of the Magnetic Field Dependence of the Spin Flop in α-Fe 2 O 3 near the Morin Transition

It is found that an external magnetic field applied in the basal (111) plane of a single crystal of $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ causes the Morin transition temperature to be depressed. The detection of the transition was accomplished by observing the appearance of one of the two $\ensuremath{\Delta}m=0$ lines in the M\"ossbauer spectrum of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$ as the crystal warmed through the transition region. From the measurements, the temperature dependence of the antiferromagnetic anisotropy energy can be determined and compared with that predicted on the basis of the Dzyaloshinsky treatment of the weak ferromagnetism in $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
The kinetic depth effect and optic flow--II. First- and second-order motion.

Atahsct-We use a difficult shape identification task to analyze how humans extract 3D surface structure from dynamic 2D stimuli--the kinetic depth effect (KDE). Stimuli composed of luminous tokens moving on a less luminous background yield accurate 3D shape identification regardless of the particular token used (either dots, lines. or disks). These displays stimulate both the 1st.order (Fourier-energy) motion detectors and Znd-order (nonFourier) motion detectors. To determine which system supports KDE. we employ stimulus manipulations that weaken or distort Ist-order motion energy (e.g. frame-to-frame alternation of the contrast polarity of tokens) and manipulations that create microbu/mced stimuli which have no useful Is&order motion energy. All manipulations that impair ist-order motion energy correspondingly impair 3D shape identification. In certain cases, 2nd-order motion could support limited KDE. but it was not robust and was of low spatial resolution. We conclude that tst-order motion detectors are the primary input to the kinetic depth system. To determine minimal conditions for KDE. we use a two frame display. Under optimal conditions. KDE supports shape identi~~tion performance at 63-94% of full-rotation displays (where baseline is 5%). Increasing the amount of 3D rotation portrayed or introducing a blank inter-stimulus interval impairs performance. Together. our results confirm that the human KDE computation of surface shape uxs a global optic flow computed primarily by lsl-order motion dctccton with minor ?nd-order inputs. Accurate 3D shape identification rcquircs only two views and thcrcforc dots not rcquirc knowlcdgc of accclcration.
Chemically-induced resistance against multiple pests in cotton

Plants can be treated with natural elicitors to induce resistance to herbivores. The effects of induced resistance to cotton aphids Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), two-spotted spider mites Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), and western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in cotton plants were investigated using applications of the natural plant inducer, jasmonic acid (JA). Preference was reduced by more than 60% for aphids and spider mites, and more than 90% for thrips on JA-induced leaves compared with control leaves. Survival of aphid nymphs was reduced by two-fold and percentage of nymphs attaining the adult stage was reduced by about eight-fold on induced leaves compared with controls. Induction reduced survival and reproduction of adult aphids by about 40% and 75%, respectively. Induction did not affect survival in spider mites or thrips. However, induction reduced egg production in spider mites by more than 75% and feeding in thri...
Reading in the dark: effects of age and contrast on reading speed and comprehension.

Objective: To explore the effects of contrast reduction on younger and older adults' reading behavior and to examine whether readers rely on word predictability to compensate for poor contrast. Background: Poor contrast can degrade text and may influence reading behavior. Readers may compensate for visual degradation of text by taking advantage of word predictability. Method: In Experiment 1, 5 younger and 5 older adults read sentences presented with 10 levels of contrast. In Experiment 2, 40 younger and 40 older adults read high-, medium-, and low-contrast sentences that varied in target word predictability (high vs. low). Results: Relative to those of younger adults, older adults' reading rates were more slowed by low contrast; comprehension was less influenced by contrast (i.e., not significantly). Older adults read high-predictability words faster and comprehended them better than low-predictability words, significantly so for high- and medium-contrast sentences. Younger adults comprehended high-predi...
Transforming growth factor β inhibits steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression in human ovarian thecal cells

Abstract In this study, we investigated the effects of TGFβ1 on steroidogensis and expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein which regulates an important early step in the steroidogenic pathway. We utilized a human ovarian thecal like tumor (HOTT) cell model and investigated the effects of activin-A, inhibin-A, or TGFβ1 in the presence of forskolin and the effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) on steroid accumulation in the culture medium. Cells were also treated with different concentration of TGFβ1 in the presence of forskolin, combined steroid production was measured at the end of 48 h and after 3 h incubation with 22R-hydroxycholesterol. In the presence of TGFβ1 there was a dose-dependent inhibition of androstenedione production. Inhibition in combined steroid production was apparent at the highest concentration of TGFβ1 tested. In the presence of 22R-hydroxycholesterol, combined steroid production was significantly inhibited at lower concentrations. TGFβ1 inhibited StAR protein expression in a concentration dependent manner. There was also a similar inhibition in StAR mRNA. These results suggest that the effect of TGFβ1 on steroid production and possibly follicular development may be in part due to its effects on StAR expression.
Coronary responses to cold air inhalation following afferent and efferent blockade

Cardiac ischemia and angina pectoris are commonly experienced during exertion in a cold environment. In the current study we tested the hypotheses that oropharyngeal afferent blockade (i.e., local anesthesia of the upper airway with lidocaine) as well as systemic β-adrenergic receptor blockade (i.e., intravenous propranolol) would improve the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand in response to the combined stimulus of cold air inhalation (−15 to −30°C) and isometric handgrip exercise (Cold + Grip). Young healthy subjects underwent Cold + Grip following lidocaine, propranolol, and control (no drug). Heart rate, blood pressure, and coronary blood flow velocity (CBV, from Doppler echocardiography) were continuously measured. Rate-pressure product (RPP) was calculated, and changes from baseline were compared between treatments. The change in RPP at the end of Cold + Grip was not different between lidocaine (2,441 ± 376) and control conditions (3,159 ± 626); CBV responses were also not different between treatments. With propranolol, heart rate (8 ± 1 vs. 14 ± 3 beats/min) and RPP responses to Cold + Grip were significantly attenuated. However, at peak exercise propranolol also resulted in a smaller ΔCBV (1.4 ± 0.8 vs. 5.3 ± 1.4 cm/s, P = 0.035), such that the relationship between coronary flow and cardiac metabolism was impaired under propranolol (0.43 ± 0.37 vs. 2.1 ± 0.63 arbitrary units). These data suggest that cold air breathing and isometric exercise significantly influence efferent control of coronary blood flow. Additionally, β-adrenergic vasodilation may play a significant role in coronary regulation during exercise.
Metadata to support long-term preservation of digital assets: PREMIS and its use with METS

This paper explores the PREMIS Data Dictionary for Preservation Metadata and its use as a standard for providing metadata in support of preservation of digital assets. The paper provides an introduction to the PREMIS Data Dictionary in terms of its principles, development and implementation. In addition it introduces the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) as a packaging format that may be used to associate metadata (particularly for preservation) with content files. How PREMIS integrates with METS and the development of best practice guidelines to facilitate use of these standards together is also discussed. The paper considers future directions for PREMIS.
Cellulose degradation by Lulworthia floridana and other lignicolous marine fungi

Gravimetric analyses of cellulose (Solka Floc) utilization by representative marine Ascomycetes, including Lulworthia floridana, Lindra sp., Torpedospora sp. and Halosphaeria mediosetigera, have shown noteworthy activity based on loss of weight of cellulose by the various fungi. Particularly striking activity is evidenced by L. floridana and Torpedospora sp., with >50% cellulose degradation after 3 weeks of fungal growth. Comparable studies with the deuteromycete, Dendryphiella salina, showed >50% loss within 6 days. Dissimilar responses by various L. floridana isolates are noted. Intensive degradative activity at pH's of 6 to 8 is common along with negligible amounts of cellulase (Cx units). Adsorption of the enzyme to the mycelia or to the cellulose particles in the medium is suggested. Earlier laboratory analyses of fungal degradation of Manila cordage compare favorably with present gravimetric studies and support field observations on the significance of fungal infestation of wood, particularly that incited by the Lulworthia floridana group.
Mechanisms of mutation: policy mobilities and the Gulf Opportunity (GO) Zone

In this article I trace the mutation of the enterprise zone model into a post-disaster recovery tool, using a case of the implementation of the Gulf Opportunity (GO) Zone in Louisiana. From 2006 to 2011, the GO Zone program provided tax incentives to individuals and businesses in the United States Gulf Coast area affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Drawing on government reports and analyses, I show that the implementation of GO Zone tax incentives was fraught with intense conflict and ignited political battles over the spatial delineation of policy. In analyzing a range of mutation activities, I show that GO Zone program implementation pitted less-damaged areas against more severely damaged cities—biasing the allocation of bonds and incentives toward wealthy economic sectors, thereby effectively bypassing heavily damaged areas such as New Orleans. Overall, I find that competition and emulation were the dominant mechanisms of policy mutation, both of which operated through a confluence of political st...
Control of protein synthesis by hemin. An association between the formation of the hemin-controlled translational repressor and the phosphorylation of a 100 000 molecular weight protein.

Abstract The control of protein synthesis by hemin in rabbit reticulocytes is mediated by the formation of a high molecular weight protein inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation, termed the hemin-controlled translational repressor, from a presynthesized prorepressor. The prorepressor, purified approx. 600-fold, was used to study the mechanism of hemin-controlled translational repressor formation. When the prorepressor is converted to the hemin-controlled translational repressor, either by prolonged warming in the absence of hemin or by incubation with N-ethylmaleimide for 5 min, and then incubated briefly with [γ-32P]-ATP and Mg2+, a protein that migrates as a 100 000 molecular weight component on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels becomes phosphorylated. The extent of phosphorylation of this component is directly proportional to the amount of prorepressor converted to the hemin-controlled translational repressor. In addition, the 100 000 molecular weight protein is not labeled when phosphorylation is attempted with the prorepressor or prorepressor warmed in the presence of hemin, indicating that the protein kinase responsible is probably the hemin-controlled translational repressor. Since the 100 000 molecular protein copurifies with the prorepressor and since the phosphorylation reaction is very rapid (50% complete within 30 s at 34° C), relatively insensitive to dilution, and behaves like an intramolecular reaction, the data suggest that the hemin-controlled translational repressor, once activated, may autophosphorylate a 100 000 molecular weight subunit of itself. Approx. 5 mol phosphate are incorporated per mol of 100 000 molecular weight protein, when the prorepressor is completely converted to the hemin-controlled translational repressor by N-ethylmaleimide. Neither the rate of conversion of prorepressor to the hemin-controlled translational repressor nor the subsequent phosphorylation of the 100 000 molecular weight protein is enhanced by cyclic AMP or reduced by incubation with 3′:5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, indicating that cyclic AMP plays no role in hemin-controlled translational repressor formation.
Gene amplification in non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma

Among 426 consecutively ascertained and karyotypically abnormal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) tumours, cytological evidence for gene amplification in the form of homogeneously staining regions (HSRs) was encountered in nine cases of large cell diffuse lymphoma (LC-DL). The mean age of patients with HSRs was 62.9 years and four died within a year of diagnosis. To identify candidate gene(s) amplified in these tumours, we performed a Southern blot analysis of tumour DNA using probes for 23 known protooncogenes and the multidrug resistance gene, PGY1. Besides a two-fold amplification of the BCL2 gene in two cases, no evidence for overt amplification of any of the genes assayed was found. To confirm DNA amplification in these specimens we performed the DNA in-gel renaturation assay. Evidence for presence of amplified DNA fragments was obtained in four of seven specimens. These results suggest amplification of a novel gene(s). To our knowledge, this is the first formal study of gene amplification in a large consecutively ascertained series of fresh lymphoma biopsies.
Adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy presenting with REM sleep behavior disorder

Adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD) is a slowly progressive hereditary disease of the white matter caused by duplication of the nuclear lamina protein lamin B1 on chromosome 5q23.2.1 Patients usually present in the 4th–5th decade with autonomic symptoms followed by pyramidal and cerebellar dysfunction.2 In ADLD, MRI head reveals symmetric T2-signal hyperintensities in the subcortical white matter, brainstem, and middle cerebellar peduncles.2 REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by dream enactment behavior and REM sleep without atonia.3 It has been reported most commonly with synucleinopathies such as Parkinson disease and may precede the diagnosis by decades.3 To our knowledge, RBD has not been reported with leukodystrophies. Herein we report a case of ADLD presenting with RBD as the initial symptom.
Colonial Writing and the New World, 1583–1671: Allegories of Desire

Most scholars of Anglo-American colonial history have treated colonialism either as an exclusively American phenomenon or, conversely, as a European one. Colonial Writing and the New World 1583–1671 argues for a reading of the colonial period that attempts to render an account of both the European origins of colonial expansion and its specifically American consequences. The author offers an account of the simultaneous emergence of colonialism and nationalism during the early modern period, and of the role that English interactions with native populations played in attempts to articulate a coherent English identity. He draws on a wide variety of texts ranging from travel narratives and accounts of the colony in Virginia to sermons, conversion tracts and writings about the Algonquin language.
A New German Course for Science Students

This course, known at Union College as German 5, occupies one hour a week throughout the four years as follows: Freshman year: German grammar, simple scientific readings, “Grundzuge der Naturlehre“; Sophomore year: “Grundzuge” finished, “Introduction to Chemical German” begun; Junior year: “Chemical German” finished; Senior year: Seminar course, students credited for German references consulted in their research work, colloquial German
Long-term safety and effectiveness of etanercept in children with selected categories of juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Objective This study was undertaken to evaluate the long-term safety and effectiveness of etanercept alone or in combination with methotrexate (MTX) in children with selected categories of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Methods Patients ages 2–18 years with rheumatoid factor (RF)–positive or RF-negative polyarthritis, systemic JIA, or extended oligoarthritis were eligible for the study. Patients received MTX alone (≥10 mg/m2/week [∼0.3 mg/kg/week], maximum dosage 1 mg/kg/week), etanercept alone (0.8 mg/kg/week, maximum dose 50 mg), or etanercept plus MTX for 3 years in an open-label, nonrandomized study. Safety was assessed by measuring rates of adverse events, and effectiveness was assessed using the physician's global assessment of disease activity and the pediatric total joint assessment. Results A total of 197, 103, and 294 patients were enrolled in the MTX, etanercept, and etanercept plus MTX groups, respectively. Exposure-adjusted rates of adverse events were similar among the 3 treatment groups (18.3, 18.7, and 21.6 per 100 patient-years in the MTX, etanercept, and etanercept plus MTX groups, respectively). Respective rates per 100 patient-years of serious adverse events (4.6, 7.1, and 6.0) and medically important infections (1.3, 1.8, and 2.1) were also similar among the 3 treatment groups. Scores for physician's global assessment and total active joints improved from baseline, and improvement was maintained for the duration of the study. Conclusion These data confirm the findings of other long-term studies and suggest that etanercept or etanercept plus MTX has an acceptable safety and effectiveness profile in children with selected categories of JIA. Improvement was maintained for 3 years in those continuing to receive medication.
Edges from projections

A line sketch of a 3-dimensional scene provides important information about objects in the scene and about their spatial relationships. Considerable effort has been reported in the literature describing methods of extracting line sketches from 2-dimensional projected images of scenes. In this paper a projection based approach is described for detecting boundaries in an image having linear segments. This method can be utilized for the recognition of polyhedral objects or for the identification of familiar objects for mobile robot location. The computational performance of this algorithm is greatly enhanced by operating directly on the gray-scale image and by starting with a coarse (low resolution) image and moving successively to higher resolutions at regions of interest (i.e., brightness discontinuities). A complete circular projection of the higher level image is computed and the discontinuities in this projection are located using the derivatives of the projection at fixed angles. Peaks in this function correspond to lines in the original image. A vertex extraction algorithm has been developed to establish the edge extent in the image. These methods have been implemented and tested with real and synthetic images and are believed to be better than methods that use edge enhancement/thresholding and then employ the Hough transform to isolate lines in the image.
Comments on a paper by Kiya et al. on the numerical simulation of pseudo-elliptical vortex rings using the vortex particle method

Abstract A paper by Kiya et al. (1992, Fluid Dyn. Res. 10 , 117–131) on the numerical simulation of pseudo-elliptical vortex ring using the viscous version of the 3-D vortex particle method (Winckelmans 1989 (Ph.D. Thesis); Winckelmans and Leonard 1989 ( Proc. Workshop SIAM , 1988), 1992a (to appear in J. Comput. Phys. )) was recently published in this journal. The blame for the poor quality of the numerical results was put on the “Winckelmans-Leonard viscous scheme” (actually, the credit for the viscous method by exchange of particle strengths should go to Degond and Mas-Gallic (1989, Math. Comput. 53, 485–526)). It is the author's hope that this short note will convince the reader that the method is perfectly sound as long as it is used with care.
Ontogeny of a Miocene pelecypod

Relative growth of the Miocene pelecypod Glycymeris parilis (Conrad) was examined using allometric equations and principal components. Different parts of the shell showed contrasting growth strategies that were dictated by functional morphology and basic shell geometry. Despite the divergent developmental strategies, 93 percent of the correlation matrix variance is accounted for by overall size increase. The remaining variance mainly represents growth of the teeth, which differed considerably from other variables.
Prospective Client Driven Technology Recommendation

Helping locate the patents of the right technologies for licensing to prospective clients is more than one billion USD business annually to IBM. However, searching for right technologies from multiple massive data sources for a value presentation to customers is a typical human labor intensive task in the past. In this paper, we design a prospective client driven technology recommendation system to enable the automatic search of technologies for patent licensing. The idea has been to make use of knowledges from the large-scale encyclopedia Wikipedia in conjunction with 11 millions patent documents to develop an online technology recommendation system for prospective clients of IBM. The live system demands not only the fast response time but also a set of highly relevant patent documents which are technically interesting to a query prospective client.
German Grammar in the Students' Words: The Essentialization of German Grammar by American College‐Level Learners

This study of 134 college-level learners of German, enrolled in four years of instruction, showed them to essentialize German grammar when asked to describe it to a hypothetical friend. Kubota defined the term essentialization to capture learners' views of the target culture. Its main characteristic is the presupposition of “essential, stable, and objective traits” that distinguish one culture from the other. Indeed, analysis indicated that students construct essential differences between the grammars of German and English, thus reducing especially German to features that appear important to the learners but do not do justice to the functional realities of German as a living, organic language. Moreover, many students' descriptions of German grammar marked a strong affective response. The paper concludes with a discussion of these results in terms of (a) students' inability to perceive German as “real”; (b) students' and novice teachers' disorientation vis-a-vis systemic and socio-culturally connoted views of German; (c) a call for not just curricular but also “mind” reform; (d) appropriate objectives for language learning, such as those discussed by Byrnes, Kramsch, Kramsch and Whiteside, Maxim, and Schulz; and (e) the need for graduate programs to make the most of their role as training grounds for future teachers of language and culture.
On the Origin and Interpretation of OAS

OAS, or “option-adjusted spread,” a commonly quoted statistic in the mortgage-backed securities market, is a mathematical construct used to ensure that a mortgage9s estimated equivalent martingale mode price is equal to is quoted market price. Absent any OAS adjustment, common risk-neutral mortgage pricing models fail to accurately predict mortgage market prices. As such. OAS is a particular approach to error correction. Pitfalls arise in the interpretation and use of OAS in portfolio management. A common but flawed interpretation holds that OAS measures the expected risk premium compensation for bearing prepayment risk. Our interpretation suggests that the existence of OAS is symptomatic of a misspecified prepayment model; OAS is not an estimate of an expected risk premium. The analysis shows that prepayment model error - a mean zero random innovation in prepayments - is also not a source of OAS, nor is OAS an estimate of the expected compensation for bearing the risk of prepayment model error.