cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional formal methods

Some functional programming languages are also mathematical logics. One can reason formally, traditionally, and directly about programs in such languages. This is driving a new application area for functional programming: modeling microarchitectures, hardware design languages, and imperative programming languages. Such models serve the dual purposes of simulation and formal analysis.ACL2, "A Computational Logic for Applicative Common Lisp," is a functional programming language that is also a first-order mathematical logic supported by a Boyer-Moore style mechanical theorem prover [5]. It is being used to model and verify artifacts of commercial and industrial interest. The register-transfer level circuit descriptions for the elementary floating-point arithmetic on the AMD Athlon microprocessor were modeled in ACL2. These models were tested on millions of floating-point test vectors as part of the Athlon validation. In addition, the models were mechanically proved to satisfy the IEEE floating-point specifications. Bugs were found before fabrication. The Athlon that you buy has verified floating-point circuitry in it [7].Avionics microprocessors produced by Rockwell Collins have been modeled in ACL2. Those models have been used as pre-fabrication simulation test benches. In addition, theorems relating various microprocessor models have been proved mechanically [3].An executable pipeline-level model of the Motorola CAP digital signal processor was proved to implement a sequential microcode engine and microcoded DSP programs were verified [2].An executable model of the Java Virtual Machine has been used to prove functional correctness of some simple Java classes, including a safety property for a multi-threaded class [6]..Other examples are reported in [4].Execution efficiency for industrial-scale simulators, in combination with adherence to an axiomatic semantics, has forced some novel implementation features [1]. In addition, the ACL2 theorem prover is coded in ACL2 and so represents a significant application of functional programming.
HADRON PHYSICS WITH THE CRYSTAL BALL AT MAMI

The physics program of the Crystal Ball spectrometer at MAMI-C began in early 2007. Experiments utilize the upgraded electron accelerator that provides high intensity beams of circularly and linearly polarized real photons with maximum energy of 1.5 GeV. The highly segmented nearly 4π acceptance detection system consists of the Crystal Ball, particle identification detector and versatile endcap TAPS. A wide range of physics topics is under study including the production and decay of η, ω, and η' mesons, the investigation of coherent meson photoproduction on nuclei, measurements of polarization and double polarization observables in meson photoproduction on proton and neutron. The current status of the experiment and some preliminary results are reported.
Nucleation characteristics and stability considerations during flow boiling in microchannels

Flow boiling in microchannels and minichannels has received considerable attention in the past decade. The interest stems from the possibility of achieving the extremely high heat fluxes, over 1 kW/cm 2 , needed for future generation electronics cooling application. The attention has been focused on obtaining experimental heat transfer and pressure drop data, but the fundamental aspects of nucleation have been largely overlooked. In the present paper, the local wall superheat and bulk liquid subcooling prevailing in the channel at the onset of nucleation are identified as critical in the flow boiling stability. To understand the role of local conditions on nucleation, the available literature on onset of nucleate boiling is critically reviewed and the relationships between the local bulk subcooling and local wall superheat as a function of nucleation cavity diameters are presented. The unique flow characteristics in microchannels and minichannels are further analyzed and their influence on flow boiling stability is investigated experimentally using visual images generated with a high-speed camera.
Time-Dependent System Reliability Analysis Using Random Field Discretization

This paper proposes a novel and efficient methodology for time-dependent system reliability analysis of systems with multiple limit-state functions of random variables, stochastic processes, and time. Since there are correlations and variations between components and over time, the overall system is formulated as a random field with two dimensions: component index and time. To overcome the difficulties in modeling the two-dimensional random field, an equivalent Gaussian random field is constructed based on the probability equivalency between the two random fields. The first-order reliability method (FORM) is employed to obtain important features of the equivalent random field. By generating samples from the equivalent random field, the time-dependent system reliability is estimated from Boolean functions defined according to the system topology. Using one system reliability analysis, the proposed method can get not only the entire time-dependent system probability of failure curve up to a time interval of interest but also two other important outputs, namely, the time-dependent probability of failure of individual components and dominant failure sequences. Three examples featuring series, parallel, and combined systems are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Expression of microRNA and their gene targets are dysregulated in preinvasive breast cancer.

Introduction: microRNA (miRNA) are short, noncoding RNA that negatively regulate gene expression and may play a causal role in invasive breast cancer. Since many genetic aberrations of invasive disease are detectable in early stages, we hypothesized that miRNA expression dysregulation and the predicted changes in gene expression might also be found in early breast neoplasias. Methods: Expression profiling of 365 miRNA by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay was combined with laser capture microdissection to obtain an epithelium-specific miRNA expression signature of normal breast epithelium from reduction mammoplasty (RM) (n = 9) and of paired samples of histologically normal epithelium (HN) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (n = 16). To determine how miRNA may control the expression of codysregulated mRNA, we also performed gene expression microarray analysis in the same paired HN and DCIS samples and integrated this with miRNA target prediction. We further validated several target pairs by modulating the expression levels of miRNA in MCF7 cells and measured the expression of target mRNA and proteins. Results: Thirty-five miRNA were aberrantly expressed between RM, HN and DCIS. Twenty-nine miRNA and 420 mRNA were aberrantly expressed between HN and DCIS. Combining these two data sets with miRNA target prediction, we identified two established target pairs (miR-195:CCND1 and miR-21:NFIB) and tested several novel miRNA:mRNA target pairs. Overexpression of the putative tumor suppressor miR-125b, which is underexpressed in DCIS, repressed the expression of MEMO1, which is required for ErbB2-driven cell motility (also a target of miR125b), and NRIP1/RIP140, which modulates the transcriptional activity of the estrogen receptor. Knockdown of the putative oncogenic miRNA miR-182 and miR-183, both highly overexpressed in DCIS, increased the expression of chromobox homolog 7 (CBX7) (which regulates E-cadherin expression), DOK4, NMT2 and EGR1. Augmentation of CBX7 by knockdown of miR-182 expression, in turn, positively regulated the expression of E-cadherin, a key protein involved in maintaining normal epithelial cell morphology, which is commonly lost during neoplastic progression. Conclusions: These data provide the first miRNA expression profile of normal breast epithelium and of preinvasive breast carcinoma. Further, we demonstrate that altered miRNA expression can modulate gene expression changes that characterize these early cancers. We conclude that miRNA dysregulation likely plays a substantial role in early breast cancer development.
Are Free Trade Areas Good for Multilateralism? Evidence from the European Free Trade Association

Do free trade agreements (FTAs) help or hinder multilateral trade liberalization? This question, though much debated, remains unanswered because (1) there has been scant attention to the conditions under which FTAs have either effect, and (2) extant hypotheses have not been rigorously tested. In this article I identify conditions under which FTAs help and hinder broader trade liberalization: they do the former when members' intra- and extra-FTA comparative advantages are similar and the latter when the opposite is true. I test these hypotheses using trade, output, and tariff data from the European Free Trade Association. The trade data indicate that members with similar intra- and extra-FTA comparative advantages liberalized trade more rapidly than those with dissimilar comparative advantages. The output and tariff data suggest that these differences among members reflect hypothesized economic and political processes. My research implies that scholars should abandon universalistic arguments concerning the effects of regional arrangements and devote more attention to the conditions governing the relationship between regionalism and multilateralism.
Mast Cell-Derived Mediators: Structural and Functional Diversity and Regulation of Expression

Since the mast cell is the only cell type possessing a specific recognition unit, IgE, for a foreign substance and located in the tissues in general rather than in a circulation, hematogenous or lymphatic, the physiologic role of this cell in host defense may be to recruit proteins and cells from the circulation in the absence of appreciable local tissue injury. After immunologic activation the mast cell elaborates mediators that alter the microenvironment so as to achieve the influx of plasma proteins, including immunoglobulins and complement components, and the ingress of phagocytic tissue and peripheral blood cells to the locus of the reaction.
Exploring the dimensionality of morphological knowledge for adolescent readers

This study examined the dimensionality of morphological knowledge. The performance of 371 seventh- and eighth-graders on seven morphological knowledge tasks was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis. Results suggested that morphological knowledge was best fit by a bifactor model with a general factor of morphological knowledge and seven specific factors, representing tasks that tap different facets of morphological knowledge. Next, structural equation modelling was used to explore links to literacy outcomes. Results indicated the general factor and the specific factor of morphological meaning processing showed significant positive associations with reading comprehension and vocabulary. Also, the specific factor of generating morphologically related words showed significant positive associations with vocabulary, while specific factors of morphological word reading and spelling processing showed small negative relationships to reading comprehension and vocabulary. Findings highlight the complexity of morphological knowledge and suggest the importance of being cognizant of the nature of morphology when designing and interpreting studies.
Unintended consequences in central-remote office arrangement: a study coupling laboratory experiments with multi-agent modeling

In studies about the central-remote office arrangement, researchers usually hypothesize advantages for collocated workers and disadvantages for the remote. However, empirical findings have not shown consistent support for the hypothesis. We suspect that there are unintended consequences in the central-remote office arrangement, which can offset advantages of being collocated. In order to explain these unintended consequences, we developed a multi-agent model to complement our laboratory-based organizational simulations. In the lab, collocated participants did not perform better than the remote even though collocators had lower communication cost and in-group favor towards each other. The performance outcomes varied in interesting patterns depending on the asymmetric resource arrangement. We employed multi-agent modeling to isolate and evaluate conjectured mechanisms behind the lab observation. The multi-agent model was designed and validated on the basis of the lab data. By implementing a series of simulations in the multi-agent model, we tested the individual and combined effects of in-group favoritism and communication delay. Results from the multi-agent model simulations suggested that in-group favoritism among collocators hindered their opportunity to obtain scarce resources while communication delay of remote subjects helped them avoid some pitfalls in resource exchange. The two unintended consequences might offset the advantage of being collocated and diminish performance difference between collocators and the remote. Moreover, the asymmetric resource arrangement across collocated and remote office sites could induce collocators' false perception of value of resources. Consequently, the false perception might amplify the unintended consequences on collocated owners of locally surplus resources and diminish the unintended consequence on collocated owners of locally scarce resources. Results of this dissertation help researchers recognize the relevance of social network and economic theories to studies about central-remote office work. They also demonstrate the value of coupling lab experiments with multi-agent modeling. According to the results of this dissertation, practitioners can enhance the effectiveness of central-remote office work by avoiding formation of collocation in-group, facilitating the flow of information and deploying resources strategically across central and remote office sites.
Intraocular Inflammation Following Intravitreal Injection of Anti-VEGF Medications for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents has become routine in the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), diabetic macular edema, ...
Citrus Mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae): Behavior of Males in Response to Sex Pheromone in Laboratory and Field

The copulatory behavior of the male citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso), encompasses a complex hierarchy of responses elicited by sex pheromone and possibly other cues. The male is an early morning flier with a flight range of at least 183 m. The male's morning activity is influenced by a scotophase period; flight and response to females were curtailed when exposed to 6 h of light before testing. The response of males to females was partially resumed when kept in constant light for > 24 h. In the field, male phenology was restricted to periods when monthly mean temperatures exceeded 5°C.
Invasion of Personal Space as a Function of Age and of Race

Four male confederates (black—one aged 20 yr., one aged 30 yr.; white—one aged 20 yr., one aged 30 yr.) were positioned in front of a bubble gum machine so Ss would have to invade their personal space to perform an act of turning a knob to receive free bubble gum. Significantly more black Ss invaded the personal space of black confederates. Consistent with findings in previous studies, females were more cautious about invading personal space. These findings do not support an aversive effect on Ss invading personal space but indicate that race and sex of confederates influence invasion.
Abstract 2366: Impact of EWS-FLI induced changes in gene expression and cell behavior on metastatic potential

Ewing9s sarcoma (ES) is frequently metastatic at presentation, a condition that is associated with poor prognosis. ES is caused by the oncogenic fusion of the EWSR1 and FLI1 genes to encode a chimeric EWS/FLI protein product that results in an altered transcriptional program. Because the metastatic potential of ES appears to develop at an early stage, we have explored whether the oncogene-driven misregulation of gene expression might contribute directly to promotion of metastasis. Metastasis is a complex process involving sequential and interrelated steps. In this study, we have examined the impact of EWS/FLI expression on cell migration, cell adhesion, and cytoarchitecture of ES cells by comparing the behavior of A673 ES cells with that of A673 cells in which we knocked down expression of EWS/FLI by RNA-interference. In contrast with what one might expect for a critical oncogene, we found that EWS/FLI expression reduced in vitro migration and Matrigel invasion. Consistent with these findings, expression of EWS/FLI abrogated cell adhesion and spreading. An in vivo mouse lung colonization assay revealed that ES cells treated with EWS/FLI RNAi adhere and colonize better in the lung tissue compared to ES cells, further supporting the in vitro adhesion results. At the cellular level, adhesion strength is correlated with the capacity of cells to form focal contacts and stress fibers. Knockdown of EWS/FLI expression in ES cells resulted in a striking remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, with establishment of robust stress fibers and focal adhesions. Gene expression profiles, Western immunoblot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining confirmed that EWS/FLI expression is associated with reduced levels of focal adhesion proteins, including zyxin, a key regulator of actin assembly. Introduction of a zyxin cDNA expression construct into A673 ES cells was sufficient to restore the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions, and to partially restore cell adhesion, both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating a central role for zyxin in regulation of ES phenotype. Since release of cells from the primary tumor site is a critical initial step in metastasis, the profound impact of EWS/FLI expression on cytoarchitecture and cell adhesion may contribute to the metastatic phenotype in a unique, yet fundamental, way. Based on these data, we hypothesize that EWS/FLI-induced changes in gene expression simultaneously promotes both oncogenic transformation and tumor cell dissemination. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2366. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2366
The impact of on-site educational outreach on recreational users’ perceptions of aquatic invasive species and their management

AbstractAquatic invasive species (AIS) present a great challenge to ecosystems around the globe, and controlling AIS becomes increasingly difficult when the potential vectors are related to recreational activities. An approach combining education and outreach efforts to control AIS may be the best course of action. A survey was designed to measure public perceptions, knowledge of, and attitudes towards AIS, as well as public support for various management actions. Surveys were administered during the summer of 2013 at two boat launches where one launch had active outreach the previous summer and one that did not. A total of 400 surveys were completed with a response rate of 89%. There was support for most proposed management options, and respondents understood the urgency of managing AIS. There was a difference between the launches in how people responded, highlighting that educational programming may need to be tailored for specific recreational uses and recreational settings.
Declining recruitment of Gunnison Sage-Grouse highlights the need to monitor juvenile survival

ABSTRACT Recruitment of juveniles is an important vital rate that influences population growth and is fundamental to understanding trends in population size. Estimates of recruitment are often focused on the period just after hatching (prefledgling stage), which is typically the lowest survival period and often the most variable. Few studies examine true recruitment—survival from hatching to entering the breeding population—although this information is more relevant to understanding population trends. We studied the recruitment of Gunnison Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus minimus), a federally threatened species in the U.S., to examine the relative importance of chick and juvenile survival to recruitment patterns. We evaluated recruitment from 2005 to 2010 by combining separate estimates of chick survival (hatching to 30 days of age) and juvenile survival (31 days of age to the start of the first breeding season). To explain variation in these survival rates, we examined the effects of population, individual (i....
The significance of coronary arterial stenosis during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Myocardial infarction may develop during an uneventful open-heart operation. In order to better understand this complication, we undertook an experimental study. The left circumflex coronary artery of 20 dogs was narrowed to 50 per cent of its area by a metal screw clamp to produce a localized coronary stenosis. Regional myocardial perfusion in the distribution of both the stenotic circumflex and normal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries was measured by injection of a radioactive-labeled microsphere (15 ± 5 μ). Circumflex coronary artery flow was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe. An epicardial electrogram was recorded in the distribution of the left circumflex. Measurements of regional myocardial perfusion, circumflex flow, and the epicardial electrogram were performed in each animal during the control (prebypass) state and during cardiopulmonary bypass with a beating and fibrillating ventricle. Half the animals had cardiopulmonary bypass performed at 50 mm. Hg perfusion pressure and half at 100 mm. Hg. The animals were put to death at the end of the study, and the hearts were sectioned, weighed, and counted. A cast was made of the stenotic circumflex coronary artery, the degree of stenosis is measured, and the per cent area stenosis calculated. The study showed that the effect of a 50 per cent coronary stenosis in reducing distal flow is apparent only during cardiopulmonary bypass at reduced pressure. The mechanism whereby a myocardial infarction develops during cardiopulmonary bypass could evolve from the development of a “critical” stenosis out of a mild-moderate one at a reduced perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Bronchial Rupture as a Complication of Response to Combination Chemotherapy in Metastatic Testicular Carcinoma

Chemotherapy for a metastatic germ cell tumor of the testis was complicated by a life-threatening bronchial rupture secondary to lysis of an endobronchial tumor. Subsequent chemotherapy was delayed because of this complication. Other pulmonary complications of chemotherapy-induced tumor lysis, including abscess formation, empyema and pneumothorax, are discussed.
Growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Modified Atmosphere.

This study was conducted to determine the influence of temperature and modified atmosphere appropriate for use with fresh produce on growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7. None of the gas mixtures tested (CO2/O2/N2: 0/5/95, 0/10/90, 5/10/85, 5/20/75, 10/5/85, and 10/20/70) significantly affected growth of this bacterium at 5, 10, and 20°C. Similarly, modified atmosphere did not significantly affect the tolerance of E. coli O157:H7 to 3% NaCl. E. coli grew at 10 and 20°C and survived at 5°C.
Impaired regeneration in aged nerves: Clearing out the old to make way for the new

Although many observational studies have shown that peripheral nerve regeneration is impaired with aging, underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms have remained obscure until recently. A series of recent genetic, live imaging and heterochronic parabiosis experiments are providing new insights into the underlying mechanisms of reduced regenerative capacity with aging. These studies show that Schwann cells pose a primary impediment to axon regeneration in older animals as they fail to support regenerating axons, while the contribution from macrophages remains an unresolved issue. Neurons do not appear to have an intrinsic defect of axonal elongation with aging but are impaired when they encounter an inhibitory environment, suggesting that therapeutic approaches to improve intrinsic neuronal regeneration capacity across inhibitory environments, as it is being done in central nervous system regeneration, can improve peripheral nerve regeneration as well. As in many aspects of neuroscience therapeutics development, a combinatorial approach may yield the best outcomes for nerve regeneration in aged individuals.
Natural History of Wild-Type Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis and Risk Stratification Using a Novel Staging System

Abstract Background Wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTRwt) is increasingly recognized as an important cause of heart failure. Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the natural history of ATTRwt and the predictors of survival. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients diagnosed with ATTRwt at the Mayo Clinic through 2013 and recorded clinical data and survival data. Factors affecting overall survival (OS) were identified, and a prognostic staging system was developed. Results The median age of the 360 patients diagnosed before death was 75 years (range: 47 to 94 years), and 91% were male. Presenting signs and symptoms included dyspnea or heart failure in 67% and atrial arrhythmias in 62%. Median OS from diagnosis was 3.6 years and did not change over time. Multivariate predictors of mortality included age, ejection fraction, pericardial effusion, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide, and troponin T. A staging system was developed that used thresholds of troponin T (0.05 ng/ml) and N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (3,000 pg/ml). The respective 4-year OS estimates were 57%, 42%, and 18% for stage I (both values below cutoff), stage II (one above), and stage III (both above), respectively. Stage III patients were at an increased risk of mortality after adjustment for age and sex compared with stage I patients (hazard ratio: 3.6; p Conclusions The natural history of ATTRwt is poor. We report a novel cardiac biomarker staging system that enables risk stratification in an era of emerging treatment strategies.
Review of Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis

We survey key concepts of weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), also known as weighted correlation network analysis, and related data analysis strategies. We describe the construction of a weighted gene coexpression network from gene expression data, identification of network modules and integration of external data such as gene ontology information and clinical phenotype data. We review Differential Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis (DWGCNA), a method for comparing and contrasting networks constructed from qualitatively different groups of samples. DWGCNA provides a means for measuring not only differential expression but also differential connectivity. Further, we show how to incorporate genetic marker data with expression data via Integrated Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis (IWGCNA). Lastly, we describe R software implementing WGCNA methods.
Access to Enantiopure α-Hydrazino Acids for N-Amino Peptide Synthesis

Backbone N-methylation of α-peptides has been widely employed to enhance the bioavailability and bioactivity of parent sequences. Heteroatomic peptide amide substituents have received less attention due, in part, to the lack of practical synthetic strategies. Here, we report the synthesis of α-hydrazino acids derived from 19 out of the 20 canonical proteinogenic amino acids and demonstrate their use in the solid-phase synthesis of N-amino peptide derivatives.
Association of Patient-Physician Language Concordance and Glycemic Control for Limited-English Proficiency Latinos With Type 2 Diabetes.

Importance Providing culturally competent care to the growing number of limited–English proficiency (LEP) Latinos with diabetes in the United States is challenging. Objective To evaluate changes in risk factor control among LEP Latinos with diabetes who switched from language-discordant (English-only) primary care physicians (PCPs) to language-concordant (Spanish-speaking) PCPs or vice versa. Design, Setting, and Participants This pre-post, difference-in-differences study selected 1605 adult patients with diabetes who self-identified as Latino, whose preferred language was Spanish, and who switched PCPs between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2013. Study participants were members of the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health care system (an integrated health care delivery system with access to bilingual PCPs and/or professional interpreter services). Spanish-speaking and English-only PCPs were identified by self-report or utilization data. Exposures Change in patient-PCP language concordance after switching PCPs. Main Outcomes and Measures Glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin [HbA 1c ] 1c > 9%), low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) control (LDL Results Overall, 1605 LEP Latino adults with diabetes (mean [SD] age, 60.5 [13.1] years) were included in this study, and there was a significant net improvement in glycemic and LDL control among patients who switched from language-discordant PCPs to concordant PCPs relative to those who switched from one discordant PCP to another discordant PCP. After adjustment and accounting for secular trends, the prevalence of glycemic control increased by 10% (95% CI, 2% to 17%; P = .01), poor glycemic control decreased by 4% (95% CI, −10% to 2%; P = .16) and LDL control increased by 9% (95% CI, 1% to 17%; P = .03). No significant changes were observed in SBP control. Prevalence of LDL control increased 15% (95% CI, 7% to 24%; P Conclusions and Relevance We observed significant improvements in glycemic control among LEP Latino patients with diabetes who switched from language-discordant to concordant PCPs. Facilitating language-concordant care may be a strategy for diabetes management among LEP Latinos.
Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in Goose Feces from State Parks in Northeast Ohio

Staphylococcus aureus can colonize a range of species. Although numerous studies have isolated pathogenic bacteria from wild birds, very little is known regarding S. aureus and their potential to spread methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains. The objective of this study was to determine the presence and molecular characteristics of S. aureus in geese fecal samples collected from ten state parks across Northeast Ohio (NEO). A total of 182 fecal samples from Canada geese (Branta canadensis) were collected in April 2015. Isolates were characterized using multi-locus sequence (MLST) and spa typing, as well as PCR to detect the presence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), mecA, and scn genes. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done via Vitek-2 system. The overall contamination by S. aureus in fecal samples was 7.1% (13/182); 7/182 (3.8%) were MRSA and 6/182 (3.3%) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). One isolate was positive for PVL. A total of eight different spa types were observed. MLST included ST5, ST8, ST291, ST298, and ST2111. One (7.7%) MSSA isolate was multi-drug resistant. The S. aureus contamination in NEO state parks ranged from 0% (park 1, 4, 8, 9) to 35% (7/20) (park 5). Parks 2, 3, 6, and 7 had 5% (1/20) positive. The results of this study indicate that the feces of geese collected at various state parks in NEO may harbor S. aureus.
The Costs of Settlement: The Impact of Scarcity of Adjudication on Litigating Lawyers

This Article, by comparison, focuses on the implications of lack of trial experience for litigating lawyers. Does lack of trial experience affect the way lawyers function in litigation? Does it influence their performance as advocates? As negotiators settling cases? Does it affect adherence to existing ethical standards such as those regarding competence and conflict of interest? Can one expect lawyers to understand, respect, and adhere to the values of an ethical and legal system premised, as ours is, upon a process of adjudication lawyers seldom, if ever, experience? Do the answers to these questions yield any insight for guiding reform of our adjudicatory process and the creation and use of alternatives to that process? This Article concludes that lack of trial experience in a legal and ethical system premised on adjudication threatens the effective functioning and ethical conformity of litigating lawyers. Lack of such experience may already impair that functioning and contribute to some of the current practical and ethical problems in litigation, such as frivolous filings and discovery abuse. Contrary to many critiques of our present legal system, this Article suggests that we should worry about having too little rather than too much adjudication. Lawyers frequently speak of clients deserving their "day in court." This Article suggests that litigating lawyers need their "day in court" as well.
Abstract WP15: Rates of Successful First-pass Recanalization During Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke are Higher in the Absence of a Hyper-dense Vessel Sign

Background and Purpose: Rates of high quality recanalization after endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke are excellent, but not all vessels are easily or quickly recanalized. Physical ...
Superhydrophobic diving flies (Ephydra hians) and the hypersaline waters of Mono Lake.

The remarkable alkali fly, Ephydra hians , deliberately crawls into the alkaline waters of Mono Lake to feed and lay eggs. These diving flies are protected by an air bubble that forms around their superhydrophobic cuticle upon entering the lake. To study the physical mechanisms underlying this process we measured the work required for flies to enter and leave various aqueous solutions. Our measurements show that it is more difficult for the flies to escape from Mono Lake water than from fresh water, due to the high concentration of Na 2 CO 3 which causes water to penetrate and thus wet their setose cuticle. Other less kosmotropic salts do not have this effect, suggesting that the phenomenon is governed by Hofmeister effects as well as specific interactions between ion pairs. These effects likely create a small negative charge at the air–water interface, generating an electric double layer that facilitates wetting. Compared with six other species of flies, alkali flies are better able to resist wetting in a 0.5 M Na 2 CO 3 solution. This trait arises from a combination of factors including a denser layer of setae on their cuticle and the prevalence of smaller cuticular hydrocarbons compared with other species. Although superbly adapted to resisting wetting, alkali flies are vulnerable to getting stuck in natural and artificial oils, including dimethicone, a common ingredient in sunscreen and other cosmetics. Mono Lake’s alkali flies are a compelling example of how the evolution of picoscale physical and chemical changes can allow an animal to occupy an entirely new ecological niche.
Aging Voice Index (AVI): Reliability and Validity of a Voice Quality of Life Scale for Older Adults.

Summary Changes in voice in aging adults impact their ability to use their voice to communicate in all situations and can lead to decreased quality of life (QOL). The primary objective of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Aging Voice Index (AVI)—a tool specifically designed for aging adults with voice disorders. A total of 92 older adults were asked to complete the Voice-Related Quality of Life Scale (VRQOL) and the AVI as well as provide their self-perceived voice severity rating of their voice problem and demographic information. Intraclass correlation for test-retest reliability was 0.952. The AVI was highly correlated to the VRQOL (P
Parametric investigation of film boiling heat transfer on the quenching of vertical rods in water pool

Abstract The present study explores the effects of liquid subcooling, material properties and surface conditions on the film pool boiling heat transfer using stainless steel (SS), zirconium (Zr), and Inconel-600 rods. Vertical quenching experiments were performed in subcooled and saturated distilled water pool at atmospheric pressure. Surface characterization results (microscope images, surface roughness, and water contact angle) were obtained to characterize the morphology of the substrate surface of the test samples. A visualization study was carried out using a high-speed camera to observe the phenomenon of quench front axial propagation in addition to the instability of the vapor-liquid interface. Embedded thermocouples are used to measure the change in temperature of the test samples with time. An inverse heat conduction code was used to determine the surface temperature and the corresponding heat flux curves. The effects of liquid subcooling, thermal properties of the substrate, and surface conditions on the minimum film boiling temperature ( T min ) were investigated. The lower k ρ c p and the porous surface of the Zr test sample disturb the flow of the vapor during film boiling. This along with the lower contact angle of the Zr surface resulted in a higher T min value compared to the other two test samples. A generalized correlation was developed and compared to various existing correlations. The effects of liquid subcooling, surface roughness, and thermal properties of the substrate materials were taken into account in developing the correlation. The average error estimated for the generalized correlation is 1.5 % and the root-mean-square error is 9.3 % .
Bone Health and Survival in Women With Multiple Myeloma.

Abstract Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disease of aging adults resulting in osteolytic and/or osteoporotic bone disease. Primary osteoporosis is also highly prevalent in aging adults and is associated with increased mortality. It is unknown how concurrent osteoporosis is associated with outcomes in patients who develop MM. Patients and Methods We identified 362 women with MM of the 161,808 enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) dataset and evaluated bone health using the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) to identify clinical factors that affect overall MM survival in post-menopausal women, as measured from the time of diagnosis. Results Of the 362 participants who developed incident MM, with an average 10.5 years of follow-up, 226 died, including 71 with high FRAX scores and 155 with low FRAX scores. On average, women with high FRAX scores were 8.3 years older at enrollment (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2-9.3 years) and 8.0 years older at time of MM diagnosis (95% CI, 7.0-9.2 years) compared with those with low FRAX scores. MM mortality for women with high FRAX scores was greater (covariate-adjusted hazard ratio scores [aHR] 1.51; 95% CI, 1.01-2.25; P = .044) compared with those with low FRAX scores. Conclusion Higher fracture risk, measured by FRAX, was associated with higher MM mortality in post-menopausal women, independent of many other clinical factors.
Robust Uncapacitated Network Design and International Sourcing Problems

In Chapter 2, Examples 15, we introduced the robust uncapacitated network design problem. This problem, as introduced in Chapter 2, addresses the way of configuring a network accounting for the fixed costs of arcs chosen to be in the network as well as the cost of routing goods through the network defined by the arcs. The main uncertainties to this problem are routing costs for the various commodities and the volumes of these commodities to be transported through the network.
Calculations of the Room-Temperature Shapes of Unsymmetric Laminatestwo

A theory explaining the characteristics of the cured shapes of unsymmetric laminates is presented. The theory is based on an extension of classical lamination theory which accounts for geometric nonlinearities. A Rayleigh-Ritz approach to minimizing the total potential energy is used to obtain quantitative information regarding the room temperature shapes of square T300/5208 (0(2)/90(2))T and (0(4)/90(4))T graphite-epoxy laminates. It is shown that, depending on the thickness of the laminate and the length of the side the square, the saddle shape configuration is actually unstable. For values of length and thickness that render the saddle shape unstable, it is shown that two stable cylindrical shapes exist. The predictions of the theory are compared with existing experimental data.
IS MULTI-JOINT OR SINGLE JOINT STRENGTHENING MORE EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING PAIN AND IMPROVING FUNCTION IN WOMEN WITH PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS.

Background Patellofemoral pain syndrome is one of the most common causes of knee pain, especially in the female population. Conflicting evidence exists on whether a multi-joint strengthening program produces a greater outcome when compared to a single joint approach. Purpose The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effectiveness of a multi-joint strengthening program compared to a traditional single joint strengthening program in reducing pain and improving function in females diagnosed with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Study design Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Methods A computer-based search (population: women with patellofemoral pain syndrome, intervention: multi-joint strengthening exercises, comparator: single joint strengthening exercises, outcome: pain and function) was performed. Databases including PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane, PEDro, and Scopus were searched up to May 23, 2017 for randomized clinical trials published since 2004. A hand search of relevant articles and exploration of Grey Literature (including clinical trials.gov, Grey Literature Report, and Open Grey) was also completed. Data was extracted for the following information: exercises prescribed, outcome measures, and overall results from the study. Results Five studies, each of high quality based on the PEDro scale, met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Statistically different outcomes were found that favored the multi-joint intervention group for short-term and long-term self-reported pain and functional pain, short-term functional performance, and long-term self-reported function. Conclusion The results of this review show that statistically significant data are available that favor implementing a multi-joint exercise program in comparison to a single joint program for the reduction of pain in females with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Limited statistical evidence, however, is available to support a multi-joint program over a single joint program in the improvement of short-term functional performance and long-term self-reported function in females with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Level of evidence 1a.
Netco: Cache and I/O Management for Analytics over Disaggregated Stores

We consider a common setting where storage is disaggregated from the compute in data-parallel systems. Colocating caching tiers with the compute machines can reduce load on the interconnect but doing so leads to new resource management challenges. We design a system Netco, which prefetches data into the cache (based on workload predictability), and appropriately divides the cache space and network bandwidth between the prefetches and serving ongoing jobs. Netco makes various decisions (what content to cache, when to cache and how to apportion bandwidth) to support end-to-end optimization goals such as maximizing the number of jobs that meet their service-level objectives (e.g., deadlines). Our implementation of these ideas is available within the open-source Apache HDFS project. Experiments on a public cloud, with production-trace inspired workloads, show that Netco uses up to 5x less remote I/O compared to existing techniques and increases the number of jobs that meet their deadlines up to 80%.
A comparison of common practices for identifying substance use during pregnancy in obstetric clinics.

Background Substance use during pregnancy has been linked to adverse birth and other outcomes. Screening and intervention in the prenatal clinic are recommended, and reliance on patient reports or selective urine drug screening is inadequate. The aim of this prospective project was to determine substance use identification rates associated with common screening practices, compared to universal screening, among pregnant women seeking care at an urban, academic obstetric clinic. Methods Women attending their first prenatal visit (N = 275) completed a self-report questionnaire on lifetime and current substance use. A urine drug screening was also conducted, the results of which were not reported to providers. Participants' charts were reviewed to obtain the results of provider-ordered screens. Results The sample was primarily African-American and Latino, with Medicaid insurance. Ten women (4.6%) reported current marijuana use, while more than double that number (n = 27; 11.6%) screened positive for marijuana via universal screening. The majority of women who screened positive via universal screening did not have a provider-ordered urine drug screening, and less than one-third (29.3%) of clinician-ordered screens were positive for at least one substance. Finally, 90% of women who reported they were using marijuana were not selected by providers for a screen. Discussion Data demonstrate the high proportion of women using marijuana and the limitations of patient self-report and selective, nonroutine screening to identify substance use during pregnancy. Effective, standardized, clinic-wide strategies are needed to support providers in identifying pregnant women who use substances in order to increase the frequency of education and intervention.
Selective Reductions of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-2-pyridone

We have explored the reactions of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2-pyridone (5) with various reducing agents in an effort to develop synthetic approaches to specifically deuterium-labeled 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,...
Accuracy of ICD-10 codes for identifying hospitalizations for acute anticoagulation therapy-related bleeding events.

Abstract Introduction Administratively coded data are frequently used in observational research to identify outcome events. With the transition to the new International Classification of Diseases coding system's 10th version (ICD-10), information is needed about the coding accuracy for bleeding events in anticoagulated patients. We aimed to determine ICD-10 code accuracy for bleeding events in anticoagulated patients admitted to the hospital. Methods This cross-sectional study retrospectively examined charts of anticoagulated patients who were admitted to the University of Utah Hospital between October 1, 2017 and December 31, 2017. Two trained chart abstractors blinded to ICD-10 code status independently reviewed medical charts to determine the presence or absence of bleeding events. ICD-10 code status in any diagnosis position was unblinded and code accuracy was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive values (NPV) along with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Out of 661 admissions, 487 unique patients and 71 bleeding events were identified. Gastrointestinal tract bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage comprised 32.4% and 19.7% of bleeding events respectively. ICD-10 code sensitivity was 91.4% (95% CI, 82.3–96.8), specificity was 90.2% (87.5–92.5), PPV was 52.5% (43.2–61.6) and NPV 98.9% (97.6–99.6). Individual codes for intracranial hemorrhages and gastrointestinal tract bleeding had similar accuracy as the overall set of bleeding codes. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that ICD-10 codes can reliably rule-out hospitalizations for bleeding events in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy. Due to unacceptable false positive rates ICD-10 codes should not be used for identifying bleeding complications without confirmatory chart review.