cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An investigation of the impact of dispatchable power routers on electricity markets and market participants

Power routers are novel power electronic devices capable of distributing the flow of power across a meshed electricity network, with potentially enormous benefits for the power system. In order to model the impact of power routers on electricity markets, power router control must be incorporated into electricity market algorithms such as the security-constrained optimal power flow. Once power router control is incorporated into these tools, its impact on markets and market participants can be investigated through observation of its affect on locational marginal prices. This paper investigates the impact of a dispatchable power router paradigm on electricity markets and market participants through incorporation of power router control into the security-constrained optimal power flow algorithm.
The Boston Naming Test: Norm data and cue utilization in a sample of normal 6- and 7-year-old children

Abstract The object-naming abilities of 83 normal children were examined using the Boston Naming Test developed by E. Kaplan, H. Goodglass, and S. Weintraub (1976, The Boston Naming Test (experimental edition), unpublished test, Veterans Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts). There is currently a lack of available norms for this instrument, especially for populations of younger children. Cue utilization in this sample is explored and attention is focused upon possible gender differences in naming performance and cue strategies. Seven summary scores derived from the test are presented in this report. Results indicate that the Boston Naming Test can discriminate within a normal population sample of young children and provides a relatively normal distribution for six of seven derived scores. Boys were found to have a significantly greater number of items correctly named but no gender differences in cue utilization were evident. A major proportion of the children in this sample of 6- and 7-year-olds used phonological cues almost exclusively, rather than semantic cues also provided. Cue use was not related to age or spontaneously given responses, and none of the children were found to be highly proficient at using both types of cues.
Component to compound stimulus transfer

Electrodermal responses to pairs of visual stimuli were tested after differential conditioning of the single or component stimuli. On the first test trial, magnitudes tended to be ordered according to principles of response summation. On later trials, extinction variation interacted significantly with transfer variation.
Improvisation and agile project management: a comparative consideration

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine two aspects of the increasing body of research in the field of project management, namely improvisational working and agile project management (APM).Design/methodology/approach – This is a comparative paper, considering the extant literature on improvisational working within projects and APM. The paper is essentially conceptual, and concludes with a comparative table of constructs, and their segregation into components and outputs. The growth in the recognition of improvisation as a useful addition to the armoury of the project manager stems from the shift that is taking place within the body of project knowledge generally, in that historically the greater proportion of the project management literature has been the epitome of planning in the prescriptive mode, but that a shift has taken place over the last decade or so towards a more behavioural, and as a result of this, a less structured and more improvisational focus. The second area of scrutiny within ...
An investigation of the possible interaction mechanisms for Si(Li) and Ge detector response functions by Monte Carlo simulation

Abstract Simple physical mechanisms implemented by either analog Monte Carlo simulations or analytical models have been used to investigate the Si(Li) and Ge detector response functions for X- and gamma rays, respectively. The mechanisms investigated include the various possible combinations of partial losses of photoelectric and Auger electrons from the detector surfaces and complete losses of the various photons involved such as the Si K X-ray, the 0.511 MeV annihilation photons, and single or multiple Compton scattered photons. The most probable interaction mechanisms for each detector response function feature are identified and the simple analytical functions that have been used in the past are justified.
On adaptive linear regression

Ordinary least squares (OLS) is omnipresent in regression modeling. Occasionally, least absolute deviations (LAD) or other methods are used as an alternative when there are outliers. Although some data adaptive estimators have been proposed, they are typically difficult to implement. In this paper, we propose an easy to compute adaptive estimator which is simply a linear combination of OLS and LAD. We demonstrate large sample normality of our estimator and show that its performance is close to best for both light-tailed (e.g. normal and uniform) and heavy-tailed (e.g. double exponential and t 3) error distributions. We demonstrate this through three simulation studies and illustrate our method on state public expenditures and lutenizing hormone data sets. We conclude that our method is general and easy to use, which gives good efficiency across a wide range of error distributions.
Sex Differences in Mechanisms and Outcome of Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in Rodent Models: Implications for Sex-Specific Neuroprotection in Clinical Neonatal Practice

Clinical findings show that male infants with hypoxic-ischemic injury (HI) fare more poorly than matched females on cognitive outcomes. Rodent models of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia support this difference, with data showing that perinatal brain injury leads to long-term behavioral deficits primarily in male rodents and in female rodents treated with early androgens. Results support the idea that sex-specific gonadal hormones may modulate developmental response to injury and dovetail with overwhelming evidence of developmental androgen effects on typical brain morphology and behavior. However, mechanisms underlying sex differences in response to early brain injury may be more complicated. Specifically, activation of cell death pathways in response to HI may also differ by sex. In females, the preferential activation of the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway may actually afford greater protection, potentially due to the actions of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) within this pathway. This contrasts the pattern of preferential activation of the caspase-independent pathway in males. While an integrated model of sex-specific hormonal and genetic modulation of response to early injury remains to be fully elucidated, these findings suggest that infants might benefit from sex-specific neuroprotection following HI injury.
Quantum electrodynamics at small distances

Abstract The validity of quantum electrodynamics (Q.E.D.) at small distances is discussed in the light of present experimental information. Large angle pair production in hydrogen, together with elastic electron-proton scattering, is analyzed as a means of obtaining further information on the small distance behavior of Q.E.D.
A double-recessed Al/sub 0.24/GaAs/In/sub 0.16/GaAs pseudomorphic HEMT for Ka- and Q-band power applications

A double-recessed 0.2- mu m-gate-length pseudomorphic HEMT (PHEMT) has been demonstrated with 500 mW of output power (833 mW/mm of gate periphery), 6-dB gain, and 35% power-added efficiency (PAE) at 32 GHz. At 44 GHz, the device exhibited 494 mW of output power (823 mW/mm), 4.3-dB gain, and 30% PAE. This level of performance is attributed to excellent MBE material, optimized epitaxial layer design, and the use of individual source vias and of double recess with tight channel dimensions. Excellent 3-in-wafer uniformity was also observed: DC yield was greater than 95% and the interquartile range for all DC parameters was less than 20% of the median value (most are significantly lower). >
Adenosine and opioid receptor-mediated cardioprotection in the rat: evidence for cross-talk between receptors

The relative roles of free-radical production, mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ (mitoKATP) channels and possible receptor cross-talk in both opioid and adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) mediated protectio...
Autotransfusion Following Cardiac Operations: A Randomized, Prospective Study

To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the collection and retransfusion of postoperatively shed mediastinal blood as part of a multifaceted approach to blood conservation following cardiac operation, 113 patients were randomized into either an autotransfusion group (54 patients) or a control group (59 patients). Intraoperative and postoperative hemodilution was practiced in all patients. The clinical safety of this technique was confirmed by the lack of septic, hematological, pulmonary, renal, or hepatic complications. However, in this setting where blood conservation is already aggressively practiced, the ability of the technique to further reduce the use of banked blood following cardiac surgical procedures was not demonstrated.
Kinetics of the Reactions of Isoprene-Derived Epoxides in Model Tropospheric Aerosol Solutions

Polyols and organic sulfates have recently been identified in the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed in the photooxidation of isoprene in both the laboratory and under ambient atmospheric conditions. Nuclear magnetic resonance methods were used to monitor the bulk reaction kinetics of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions for isoprene- and 1,3-butadiene-derived epoxides in order to determine the rates for such reactions in aerosols under the previously studied laboratory conditions and under ambient atmospheric conditions. The measured rate constants were found to vary over 7 orders of magnitude. For the fast case of the hydrolysis of 1,2-epoxyisoprene, the lifetime at neutral pH was found to be only 3 min. On the other hand, for the relatively slow reaction of 1,2-epoxy-3,4-hydroxybutane, the lifetime at the most acidic conditions commonly observed in tropospheric aerosols (pH 1.5) was found to be 7.7 h, a value that is still less than the several day lifetime of tropospheric aerosols. Therefore, the p...
Response to Letter by Weidemann et al Regarding Article, “Global Diastolic Strain Rate for the Assessment of Left Ventricular Relaxation and Filling Pressure”

We thank Weidemann et al for their interest in our study.1 We hereby address their comments. They mistakenly state that we “had some difficulties in patients with wall motion abnormalities”. We are surprised at this comment, as we clearly show that the ratio of E to strain rate in the isovolumetric relaxation period (SRIVR) was significantly related to mean wedge pressure in patients with regional dysfunction ( r =0.83, P <0.01) and performed better than the E/Ea ratio ( r =0.63, P <0.01).1 The ratio of E/SRIVR accurately identified patients with regional …
‘‘γ-α’’ Phase Transition of Monolayer Ce on W(110)

As Ce is adsorbed on a W(110) substrate at 300 K an epitaxial layer develops at a coverage of 0.5 monolayer. LEED patterns indicate a hexagonal pattern consistent with Ce(111). As Ce is added, the lattice parameter shrinks continuously from 9% larger than that for {gamma}-Ce to 3% smaller than that for {alpha}-Ce. 4{ital f} photoelectron spectra reveal two peaks similar to those of {gamma}-Ce, changing relative intensity with increasing coverage to resemble those of {alpha}-Ce.
An interference-aware perspective on decoding power

Traditionally, coding has been seen as a way of saving transmit power: capacity-approaching codes require minimal transmitted energy-per-bit given the bandwidth available. But because transmit power is often smaller than decoding power at short distances, many recent wireless system designs continue to use uncoded transmission! We first observe that in wireless systems that both generate and face interference, coding serves another purpose (assuming interference is treated as noise): it allows a system to support a higher density of transmitter-receiver pairs. Bringing decoding power into the picture, we propose an approach to investigate which code/decoder to use and whether to use any coding at all. It turns out that the code's gap to capacity determines how high the maximum supportable link density can be when power is plentiful, whereas the code's decoding complexity governs what link densities can be supported at low power.
Measurement of photothermally induced distortion of thin films using an external cavity laser diode sensor

The thermal distortion of a 2.5 μm thick gold film on a glass plate, produced by a modulated Ar ion laser beam, was measured using a simple external cavity laser diode configuration. Experimental results agree well with calculations. We anticipate that the results of these measurements will help elucidate the photoinductive effect, the photothermally induced change in the inductance of a coil placed over the gold film.
An equilibrium analysis of linear, proportional and uniform allocation of scarce capacity

In many industries a supplier's total demand from the retailers she supplies frequently exceeds her capacity. In these situations, the supplier must allocate her capacity in some manner. We consider three allocation schemes: proportional, linear and uniform. With either proportional or linear allocation a retailer receives less than his order whenever capacity binds. Hence, each retailer has the incentive to order strategically; retailers order more than they desire in an attempt to ensure that their ultimate allocation is close to what they truly want. Of course, they will receive too much if capacity does not bind. In the capacity allocation game, each retailer must form expectations on how much other retailers actually desire (which is uncertain) and how much each will actually order, knowing that all retailers face the same problem. We present methods to find Nash equilibria in the capacity allocation game with either proportional or linear allocation. We find that behavior in this game with either of those allocation rules can be quite unpredictable, primarily because there may not exist a Nash equilibrium. In those situations any order above one's desired quantity can be justified, no matter how large. Consequently, a retailer with a high need may be allocated less than a retailer with a low need; clearly an ex post inefficient allocation. However, we demonstrate that with uniform allocation there always exists a unique Nash equilibrium. Further, in that equilibrium the retailers order their desired amounts, i.e., there is no order inflation. We compare supply chain profits across the three allocation schemes.
Dynamics of Social Capital of Prisoners and Community Reentry: Ties That Bind?

This paper focuses on the social capital of prisoners and the impact of criminal behavior and incarceration on its formation and mobilization. Emphasis is on the time-varying nature of four attribu...
Understanding the working alliance between persons with substance abuse problems and strengths-based case managers.

A substantial body of literature has examined the importance of the working alliance in psychotherapy; few works have examined it in the context of case management. Qualitative methods were used to examine how 26 persons with substance abuse problems perceived the working alliance with case managers who practice from the strengths perspective. Clients' narratives emphasized the personal qualities of the case manager and the nature of the client-case manager relationship. Their narratives also reflected two guiding principles of strengths-based case management: personal control over goal-setting, and an emphasis on strengths. Most clients concluded that a positive working alliance helped them to build trust, self-worth, and self-esteem.
Initial effectiveness and residual toxicity of several insecticides against the southern potato wireworm.

Seventeen of 18 insecticides tested at Charleston, S. C., during the fall-winter seasons of 1962-65 reduced populations of Conoderus falli Lane to less than 1 larva per square foot in 1 or more experiments. Kepone® (decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta [cd] pentalen-2-one) bait was erratic in its control of the larvae, probably because of deterioration of the bait before larvae had a chance to feed. Therefore, maximum mortality was not obtained. Stauffer N-2788 ( O -ethyl S-p-tolyl ethyl-phosphonodithioate), Dyfonate® ( O -ethyl S-phenyl ethyl-phosphonodithioate), and 2 slow-release formulations of parathion remained toxic to larvae even after they had weathered in the soil for 90 or more days.
Structure and physical properties of the noncentrosymmetric superconductor Mo 3 Al 2 C

We have synthesized polycrystalline samples of the noncentrosymmetric superconductor ${\text{Mo}}_{3}{\text{Al}}_{2}\text{C}$ by arc and RF melting, measured its transport, magnetic and thermodynamic properties, and computed its band structure. Experimental results indicate a bulk superconducting transition at ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}9.2\text{ }\text{K}$ while the density of states at the Fermi surface is found to be dominated by $\text{Mo}\text{ }d$ orbitals. Using the measured values for the lower critical field ${H}_{c1}$, upper critical field ${H}_{c2}$, and the specific heat $C$, we estimated the thermodynamic critical field ${H}_{c}(0)$, coherence length $\ensuremath{\xi}(0)$, penetration depth $\ensuremath{\lambda}(0)$, and the Ginzburg-Landau parameter $\ensuremath{\kappa}(0)$. The specific-heat jump at ${T}_{c}$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}C/\ensuremath{\gamma}{T}_{c}=2.14$, suggests that ${\text{Mo}}_{3}{\text{Al}}_{2}\text{C}$ is moderately to strongly coupled, consistent with the fast opening of the gap, as evidenced by the rapid release of entropy below ${T}_{c}$ from our electronic specific-heat measurements. Above 2 K the electronic specific heat exhibits the power-law behavior, suggesting that synthesis of single crystals and measurements at lower temperature are needed to establish whether the gap is anisotropic. The estimated value of the upper critical field ${H}_{c2}(0)$ is close to the calculated Pauli limit, therefore further studies are needed to determine whether the absence of an inversion center results in a significant admixture of the triplet component of the order parameter.
Taxonomic and Environmental Stability in the Paleozoic

Available paleontological data show no relationship between environmental stress ( proximity to the ancient shoreline ) and duration of marine benthic macroinvertebrate genera in the Paleozoic. This is contrary to inferences from fossil community lineages, but in accord with genetic and physiological data on living taxa.
Fluorometric methods employing low concentrations of ethidium bromide for DNA topoisomerase and endonuclease assays.

Abstract DNA topoisomerase activity can be rapidly assayed by measuring the change in ethidium bromide fluorescence intensity after treatment of closed duplex DNA with enzyme. The sensitivity of the fluorometric assay has been enhanced 3-fold by a 10-fold reduction in ethidium bromide concentration to 0.1 μg/ml. The results of the fluorometric assays are in close agreement with agarose gel electrophoretic analyses of reacted DNA. A sensitive fluorometric method using 0.1 μg/ml ethidium bromide has also been developed to determine the fraction of nicked and linear DNAs in a mixture containing closed duplex DNA by measuring the fluorescence intensities of ethidium-DNA complexes at pH 7.0 and pH 12.0. These methods make possible very rapid and sensitive measurements of DNA topoisomerase and endonuclease activities.
Initial characterization of the proteins of keratinized epithelium of rat oral mucosa.

Abstract Rat cheek and palate epithelium, representing the least and most keratinized portions of the oral mucosa, were compared by biochemical and immunologic methods. Immunofluorescence using antibody to the epidermal fibrous proteins showed a positive reaction in the keratohyalin granules in cheek, palate and epidermis. A mild reaction was detectable in the stratum corneum of cheek and palate in contrast to the intense reaction of the epidermal stratum corneum, suggesting that antigenic sites in the oral epithelium differ or are blocked in situ . Proteins were extracted from the stratum corneum by detergent, urea and reducing agents and were compared to those of stratum corneum of newborn rat epidermis by sodium dodecyl sulphate (NaDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amino acid compositions of partially purified proteins of the stratum corneum of cheek and palate epithelium were very similar and to the fibrous proteins of epidermis. All these oral proteins cross-reacted with antibody to epidermal fibrous protein. The third major protein from rat epidermis which had a high content of arginine and histidine was not detected in extracts of the oral stratum corneum.
Sparse sensing DNA microarray-based biosensor: Is it feasible?

Conventional microarray-based biosensors can only detect a limited number of organisms, and adding sensor capabilities requires re-engineering of reagents and devices to detect the presence of a novel microbial organism. To overcome these limitations, the size of the microarray may need to be prohibitively large, an impractical proposition, cost-wise, using current technology. We hypothesized that a relatively small number of oligomers is sufficient to design a microarray capable of differentiating between the genomic signatures of multiple organisms. To test this hypothesis, we designed a sparse, pseudo-random prototype microarray-based biosensor by generating 12,600 25bp oligomer probes derived from a mathematical model based on random selection of DNA sequences from seven pathogenic prokaryotic genomes. To enable identification of novel organisms, a reference library of pure genomic DNA was generated from three simulant organisms that are known to be phylogenetically distant from the seven base species used to generate the probes. These simulants were combined to produce complex DNA samples meant to mimic the uncertainty and complexity of an unknown environmental genomic background. A mathematical model was then developed to capture the signature of each simulant organism. The model detected the presence of all three simulant organisms in the mixed DNA samples with high accuracy.
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) increases glucagon immunoreactivity in jejunal cells during intestinal adaptation

Introduction: The administration of HGF during intestinal adaptation is known to enhance intestinal adaptation. Glucagon has been implicated as a potential mediator of intestinal adaptation. Previous studies have shown that HGF and glucagon synergistically increase the proliferation of hepatocytes. This study was designed to determine if HGF stimulation influenced glucagon expression in the small intestine during intestinal adaptation. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to either a 70% massive small bowel resection group (MSBR) or an HGF treated MSBR group (MSBR-HGF). Seven days after surgery HGF was administered intravenously at 150ug/kg/day for 14 days. At day 21 ileal and jejunal mucosa was harvested. The RAE 230A GeneChip and MAS5 software were used to determine alterations in gene expression in the small intestine mucosa. Glucagon immunoreactivity was semiquantified in the ileum and jejunum using rabbit antiglucagon antibody. Results: The MSBR-HGF group had significantly greater protein and DNA content (p < 0.05) than the MSBR group. However, glucagon gene expression in the MSBR-HGF group was decreased. Immunohistostaining for glucagon in the ileum revealed no difference in intensity between the two groups. However, the MSBR-HGF group demonstrated significantly greater jejunal glucagon immunoreactivity. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the HGF induced increase in glucagon availability is disassociated from glucagon gene up-regulation. Thus, HGF may not only enhance intestinal adaptation directly, but also indirectly by increasing the “local” availability of other growth factors in the absence of their gene up-regulation.
Role of Sodium in Fluid Homeostasis with Exercise

This paper provides a review of recent literature concerning the interactive effects of sodium and fluid ingestion in maintaining fluid homeostasis during and following exposure to heat and exercise. Heavy sweating during exercise combined with heat exposure commonly produces fluid deficits corresponding to 1-8% loss in body mass. Thus, a great deal of attention has been focused on developing fluid replacement guidelines and products for active people. Recently, there have been reports of more frequent cases of hyponatremia among individuals who tend to over-ingest water during exercise lasting more than four hours, and inclusion of sodium chloride in the fluid replacement beverage is often suggested as a potential means of reducing risk of hyponatremia. Although hyponatremia is not likely to be a major risk factor for the general population, ultra-endurance athletes and people with occupational physical activity and heat exposure may benefit from these recommendations. Replacement of fluid deficits after exercise and heat exposure is another area that has received considerable attention. Studies in this area suggest that if water is consumed, the volume ingested needs to exceed the fluid deficit by approximately 150% to compensate for the urinary losses that will occur with water ingestion. Inclusion of sodium chloride and other solutes in the rehydration beverage reduces urinary water loss, leading to more rapid recovery of the fluid balance. Data are presented in this paper that suggest a quantifiable interactive relationship between sodium content and fluid volume in promoting rapid recovery of fluid balance after exercise and thermal-induced dehydration.
Photonic Control of a Free-Floating Parabolic Membrane Shell

Communication antennas, optical mirrors, solar/optical reflectors, etc. often have the shape of parabolic shells or shells of revolution, due to their required focusing, aiming, or reflecting performance. In this paper, the wireless control of free-floating flexible parabolic shells using discrete photostrictive actuators is investigated. Parabolic shell of revolution is considered to be one of the most difficult geometry among all shell and non-shell structures. Because of this, an approximate way to estimate the dynamic behavior and light-induced control forces of a photostrictive coupled parabolic shell is presented. Based on the approximate spherical model, the effects of actuator locations as well as membrane and bending components on the control action are analyzed. The results obtained indicate that the control forces are location dependent. It is also shown by analysis that the membrane control action is much more significant than the bending control action. The validation of the approximate model is done by comparing the light-induced control forces of the photostrictive coupled shells obtained by the approximate equivalent spherical shell model and those obtained by the parabolic shell model. From the comparison, it can be concluded that there is only a slight difference between a spherical shell and a parabola for surface with an F/D (focal length to diameter ratio) of 1.00 or larger.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Improvements in aluminum adhesion and breakdown voltages of polyvinylidene fluoride films following exposure to gas plasmas

Abstract : Changes in water wettability, improvement in adhesion of vapor- deposited aluminum, and increases in dielectric breakdown voltage in thin, 12- micron Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films were observed following their brief exposure to low-temperature gas plasmas.... Polyvinylidene fluoride, Breakdown voltage, Aluminum adhesion.
Improving the mental health of black Americans: Lessons from the community mental health movement

The ideology of the community mental health movement in the 1960s--that psychological distress among black Americans could be prevented if policies moved away from clinical models to a focus on social-structural change--still has much to offer. Agendas for both epidemiologic and intervention research will have to address the antecedents of psychopathology and assess the strategies of adjustment to social mobility and expectancy problems. Long-term preventive programs aimed at preschool and elementary school and at job training offer the greatest promise.
Studies in the mechanism of phenylethylamine uptake by rabbit erythrocytes.

1. 1. The mechanism of phenylethylamine (PEA) uptake by in vitro rabbit erythrocyte preparations involve both a larger component of passive diffusion and an Na +-dependent facilitated transport system. 2. 2. This is reflected by the fast rate and lack of saturation of PEA erythrocyte uptake, and by the decrease in PEA tissue/medium ratio when the amine was incubated in an Na +-free medium or in the presence of ouabain. 3. 3. Results obtained after the addition of iodoacetamide or by the use of glucose-free medium suggest the Na +-K+ gradient as the driving force responsible for operation of the carrier mechanism. 4. Preliminary results indicate that amphetamine PEA share a similar mechanism for their uptake by rabbit erythrocytes. 4. 5. At the levels normally present in rabbit blood (c. 1 × 10 −8M), about one-third of the PEA is found in the serum and only a very small portion of it (< 1%) is present as the “biologically active” non-ionized amine. Most of the remaining phenylethylamine is bound to plasma protein or inside the erythrocytes.
Divertor ‘death-ray’ explained: An artifact of a Langmuir probe operating at negative bias in a high-recycling divertor

Abstract The divertor ‘death-ray’, enhanced plasma pressure near the outer strike-point relative to ‘upstream’ values, was thought to correspond to axisymmetric increased divertor heat flux. Recent measurements on Alcator C-Mod show that the ‘death-ray’ is localized to biased Langmuir probes. Heat fluxes deduced from plasma-sheath theory and surface thermocouples agree in sheath-limited and moderate-recycling regimes. They diverge in high-recycling and detached regimes; surface thermocouples measure reduced heat flux while a ‘death-ray’ appears on Langmuir probes. The ‘death-ray’ is caused by the probe’s negative bias affecting the local flux tube. With the bias, electron heat flux to the probe surface is reduced. Thus, the local electron temperature is raised, enhancing neutral ionization and increasing the ion flux to the probe. The plasma fluid code UEDGE is used to simulate and reproduce many of the features of this integrated biased probe/divertor system.
A Late Quaternary canyon/channel system, northwest Gulf of Mexico continental slope

Abstract A late Quaternary submarine canyon and channel system, mapped on the north-west slope (long. 94–95°W) of the Gulf of Mexico with high-resolution (3.5 kHz) seismic reflection profiling and sidescan sonar, can be divided into two types of units: (1) leveed, aggradational, intrabasinal channels which cross intraslope basins on the upper slope, and (2) erosional interbasinal canyons which connect the intraslope basins. A main valley crosses three filled sedimentary basins on the upper slope and ends in a midslope, silled bathymetric basin. This suggests a scenario of successive downslope basin filling by channelized turbidity currents. However, turbidites occur farther downslope without a known submarine valley delivery system. Preservation quality of the system decreases downslope into fragmented canyon/channel remnants on the mid-lower slope. This trend is believed to be controlled by distance from sediment source and magnitude of salt tectonism. It is surmised that during lowstands and the initial rises in sea level, a continuous downslope canyon/channel network might have been active but subsequently deteriorated from a lack of sediment and increased, relative salt tectonism during sea-level highstands.
Dense radar networks for low-flyer surveillance

The present inability to detect low-flying aircraft over international borders renders governments and citizens vulnerable to problems such as drug trafficking and illegal immigration. This paper describes an approach to comprehensive low-altitude surveillance based on networks of small radars being developed by the NSF Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere. We examine how low-cost networked radar technology might be applied to the public safety/security problem of detecting weather hazards while simultaneously supporting the border security mission of detecting and intercepting low-flying aircraft.
Pharmacokinetics of liposomal aerosolized cyclosporine A for pulmonary immunosuppression

Abstract Background . The results of pulmonary transplantation are compromised by acute and chronic rejection. We hypothesized that a liposomal form of aerosolized cyclosporine A (CsA) would be selectively deposited and concentrated in the lungs. The theoretical advantage of this therapy is selective pulmonary immunosuppression with prolonged utilization. Methods . Eighteen dogs were endotracheally intubated; aerosolized liposomal CsA was administered for 15 min. CsA levels were measured in whole blood, lung, trachea, heart, kidney, liver, and spleen at various times after treatment. Results . The lung rapidly absorbs aerosolized liposomal CsA; other organs have much lower concentrations. The retention of pulmonary CsA delivered by liposome aerosol is approximately 120 min in this model. Conclusions . Aerosolized liposomal CsA is selectively deposited and concentrated in the lungs; other organs absorb less CsA.
Pharmacologic Induction of Fetal Hemoglobin Production

Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) expression is an important therapeutic option in adult patients with hemoglobin disorders. The understanding of the developmental regulation of γ-globin gene expression was followed by the identification of a number of chemical compounds that can reactivate HbF synthesis in vitro and in vivo in patients with hemoglobin disorders. These HbF inducers can be grouped in several classes based on their mechanisms of action. This article focuses on pharmacologic agents that were tested in humans and discusses current knowledge about the mechanisms by which they induce HbF.
Differential left hemisphere activation during the voluntary control of skin resistance level

Sixteen dextral subjects were presented auditory feedback (FBK) in the form of clicks, the frequency of which was inversely proportional to the surn of the skin resistance levels (SRLs) of the two hands. The FBK was presented in a two-ear changeover paradigm: FBK was presented for 10 minutes to one ear while a white noise masking stimulus was presented to the other; the ears of FBK and masking stimulus presentation were then reversed. Subjects were instructed to decrease the frequency of the clicking. An increase in the SRL of each hand was used as a measure of the activation of the contralateral hemisphere. Significant increases in right-hand SRL (on the order of 40% of baseline) were seen following FBK and obtained regardless of the ear to which FBK was presented, the order of FBK presentation, or the sex of the subjects. Also seen were small-magnitude changes in left-hand SRL, which were not statistically significant. These findings indicate that the left hemisphere was differentially active during acquisition of inhibitory control of SRL in dextrals receiving auditory FBK. Clinical implications of this finding are discussed.
Analysis of Nested Case-Control Study Designs: Revisiting the Inverse Probability Weighting Method

In nested case-control studies, the most common way to make inference under a proportional hazards model is the conditional logistic approach of Thomas (1977). Inclusion probability methods are more efficient than the conditional logistic approach of Thomas; however, the epidemiology research community has not accepted the methods as a replacement of the Thomas' method. This paper promotes the inverse probability weighting method originally proposed by Samuelsen (1997) in combination with an approximate jackknife standard error that can be easily computed using existing software. Simulation studies demonstrate that this approach yields valid type 1 errors and greater powers than the conditional logistic approach in nested case-control designs across various sample sizes and magnitudes of the hazard ratios. A generalization of the method is also made to incorporate additional matching and the stratified Cox model. The proposed method is illustrated with data from a cohort of children with Wilm's tumor to study the association between histological signatures and relapses.
A meta-analytic assessment of Wechsler's P>V sign in antisocial populations.

Abstract The dichotomy between Verbal IQ and Performance IQ was a hallmark of the Wechsler scales for over 60 years. Wechsler noted that adolescent delinquents tend to score higher on the Performance tests than the Verbal tests (P > V). A plethora of studies have examined the clinical utility of the P > V sign in juvenile delinquents. However, there have been few attempts to systematically quantify the size of this discrepancy in antisocial children and adults. A meta-analysis of 131 studies was conducted to examine whether the PIQ–VIQ discrepancy is found across different age groups as well as sex, race, and test instrument. Results indicated that the discrepancy is characteristic of antisocial females as well as males. The discrepancy is largest in adolescents (6 points), smaller in adults (3 points), and negligible in young children. Furthermore, the effect is moderated by race and instrument, such that the PIQ–VIQ discrepancy is smallest for African-Americans and for subjects administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Among adolescents administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, the poorest subtests are Vocabulary and Information. It is argued that delinquency is intertwined with school failure, and that verbal-educational deficits accumulate over the course of childhood, eventually manifesting as P > V.
Religious Regimes in Peru: Religion and State Development in a Long-Term Perspective and the Effects in the Andean Village of Zurite

This inquiry deals with religion and politics in Peru from the beginning of agrarisation, c. 8000 B.C. up until AD 1991. Of central importance for the analysis are state formation and development, the relations between church and state, the internal and external relations within and among the various religious groupings. These national themes are illustrated at a local level by the examination of the history of the Andean village of Zurite, situated near the regional centre Cusco.
Paths of random evolutions

We study the paths of general random evolution processes obtained by piecing together deterministic evolution functions according to the dictates of a regular step process. If the state space is metrizable we show that such processes are strong Markov; and they are even standard under a certain continuity condition on paths. We apply this result to solutions of stochastic delayed differential equations, and we make a connection between our processes and random evolutions associated with classes of semigroups.
Inhibition of glucose metabolism in pancreatic cancer induces cytotoxicty via metabolic oxidative stress

Abstract Introduction: Glucose metabolism as assessed by of 18FDG PET imaging provides prognostic information in patients with pancreatic cancer (J. Gastro. Surg. 7:953, 2003). Based on previous studies (Cancer Res. 63:3413, 2003), we hypothesized that inhibition of glucose metabolism in pancreatic cancer cells would increase cell killing via oxidative stress resulting in profound disruptions in thiol metabolism. 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) is a relatively non-toxic analog of glucose that competes with glucose for most metabolic pathways resulting in a chemically induced state of glucose deprivation. Methods: MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cells were exposed to 2DG (2–10 mM) with and without the thiol antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 20 mM) and survival determined by clonogenic cell survival assay. Cells were assayed for total glutathione, reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), while cysteine and NAC were determined by HPLC. Results: 2DG decreased cell survival (71–84%) in a dose-dependent fashion. Treatment with 2DG also caused a 2-fold increase in metabolic oxidative stress as measured by GSSG accumulation. Simultaneous administration of NAC protected MIA PaCa-2 cells against the cytotoxic effects of 2DG as well as reversing 2DG-induced decreases in glutathione content, and augmenting intracellular cysteine. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that 2DG exposure causes cytotoxicity in human pancreatic cancer cells via disruptions in thiol metabolism resulting from metabolic oxidative stress. Support: DK60618, CA66081.
Organometallic Conjugated Polymer Networks

Despite the diverse research activities focused on the chemistry, material science and physics of conjugated polymers, the feature of conjugated cross-links, which can provide electronic communication between chains, has received little attention. This situation may reflect the challenge to introduce such cross-links and retain adequate processability. On the basis of selected recent examples, the present review attempts to give a concise overview of the synthesis, processing and electronic properties of the important class of organometallic networks, which are formed through coordination bonds between ligand sites comprised in the organic semiconductor and metallic cross-links. These metallopolymers are also intractable but are often readily accessible via either ligand-exchange reactions or, alternatively, the polymerization of pre-fabricated metal–ligand complexes. If the electronic potentials of the cross-links are tailored to match those of the linear segments, these moieties allow for adequate electronic coupling.
Adenosine: Tipping the balance towards hepatic steatosis and fibrosis

COMMENTARY ON: Adenosine signaling contributes to ethanol induced fatty liver in mice. Zhongsheng Peng et al. J Clin Invest 9 2009; 119:582–94. doi: 10.1172/7CI37409. Copyright 2009 by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL INVESTIGATION. Reproduced with permission of AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL INVESTIGATION in the format Journal via Copyright Clearance Center. Abstract: Fatty liver is commonly associated with alcohol ingestion and abuse. While the molecular pathogenesis of these fatty changes is well understood, the histochemical and pharmacological mechanisms by which ethanol stimulates these molecular changes remain unknown. During ethanol metabolism, adenosine is generated by the enzyme ecto-5′-nucleotidase, and adenosine production and adenosine receptor activation are known to play critical roles in the development of hepatic fibrosis. We therefore investigated whether adenosine and its receptors play a role in the development of alcohol-induced fatty liver. WT mice fed ethanol on the Lieber–DeCarli diet developed hepatic steatosis, including increased hepatic triglyceride content, while mice lacking ecto-5-nucleotidase or adenosine A1 or A2B receptors were protected from developing fatty liver. Similar protection was also seen in WT mice treated with either an adenosine A1 or A2B receptor antagonist. Steatotic livers demonstrated increased expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis, which was prevented by blockade of adenosine A1 receptors, and decreased expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, which was prevented by blockade of adenosine A2B receptors. In vitro studies supported roles for adenosine A1 receptors in promoting fatty acid synthesis and for A2B receptors in decreasing fatty acid metabolism. These results indicate that adenosine generated by ethanol metabolism plays an important role in ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis via both A1 and A2B receptors and suggest that targeting adenosine receptors may be effective in the prevention of alcohol-induced fatty liver.
Simplified steady-state modeling for hermetic compressors with focus on extrapolation

A simplified physical model for hermetic scroll and reciprocating compressors was developed based on thermodynamic principles and was calibrated with experimental data from publication. The model is able to calculate mass flow rate, power and discharge temperature. The extrapolation capability of the proposed model was investigated by extending to rotary compressor and extrapolating the achieved model to predict the mass flow rate, power and discharge temperature at the conditions outside the given data range. In an addition, the model was studied by predicting mass flow rate, power and discharge temperature for other refrigerants while experimental data of one refrigerant is used for calibration to get fitting parameters. The model exhibited very good extrapolation capability.
Mesomorphism of Homologous Series. II. Odd-Even Effect

Abstract The determination of mesomorphic behavior was extended to cover the first sixteen members of the cholesteryl w-phenylakanoates. Microscopy and scanning calorimetry were used to identify the mesophases and to measure transition temperatures and associated latent heats. The clearing temperatures fall on two distinct curves: a high temperature branch occurring for odd number of C-atoms of the acid chain and a low temperature branch occurring for even numbers of C-atoms. The difference in clearing points of neighboring homologues decreases from about 100°C for low members to a few degrees for high members of the series. Contrary to this, the smectic-cholesteric transition temperatures show no such odd-even effect, although their enthalpies and entropies do exhibit a pronounced odd-even behavior. The enthalpies and entropies do exhibit a pronounced odd-even behavior. The enthalpies and entropies of the cholesteric-isotropic transitions show an odd-even effect where the odd chain length branch has the ...
A problem in morganucodontid taxonomy (Mammalia)

During the past three decades knowledge of the earliest mammals has greatly increased through study of specimens of morganucodontids of Late Triassic and Early Jurassic age discovered in Africa, Asia and Europe. Communication of the results of diis research has been and continues to be impaired by disputes over the validity or content of the genera Eozostrodon Parrington and Morganucodon Kiihne. On the basis of the limited data available and in the interest of stability of nomenclature, Eozostrodon parvus is the appropriate name for the morganucodontid represented in the fauna preserved in fissure fillings in Holwell Quarry, England. Its diagnostic dental morphology is not duplicated in the extensive samples of the most abundant morganucodontid known from Wales for which the name Morganucodon watsoni is appropriate. Although generic reference of these species is a moot point, recognition of separate species is warranted and, with other data, points to a diverse assemblage of morganucodontids forming part of the base of a prototherian radiation.
Story and promise in pastoral care

The writer describes the pastoral office and considers the difference his theological orientation makes in understanding its work. The gospel is described as narrative and as promise. As narrative it concerns a particular person, Jesus, and especially his passion and resurrection. Becoming Christian means allowing one's own story and that of one's communities to be shaped and reshaped by Jesus. As promise, the gospel comments on the final outcome of the human enterprise. Ministers are those to whom the community grants the burden of tending the life of the gospel in the church. Their temptation in pastoral care is to lose the specificity of the gospel in slogans that are temporary and partial, e.g., identifying health care with the liberation of the gospel. Pastoral care is described as sacramental and as eschatological.