cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In operando signature and quantification of lithium plating

Lithium plating is a critical challenge for lithium intercalation battery chemistry, especially at high charge rates and high states of charge leading to reduced cycle life, capacity loss, and safety concerns. The anode-centric process of metallic lithium deposition can be identified by monitoring the anode potential in a full cell. In this study an in operando, three-electrode Li-ion pouch cell construct is proposed to probe and quantify lithium plating over a gamut of operational variability, combined with a comprehensive analysis including electrochemical, microscopy and spectroscopy signatures. Different regimes of capacity fade over cycling are identified with respect to the relative extent of lithium plating based on the plating energy as a descriptor. This study reveals the existence of a critical rate where the degradation due to lithium plating is minimal, which is a manifestation of the synergy between the kinetic processes and heat generation signatures. Different morphologies of lithium plating were observed, such as, localized agglomeration predominantly at rates exhibiting higher extent of plating, while diffuse characteristics at rates with lower amount of plating. The propensity for lithium plating and plating induced failure are found to increase with aging even at lower charge rates. This study comprehensively proffers the stochastic nature of the lithium plating process with operational variability.
Active Cellular and Subcellular Targeting of Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery.

Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery (NMDD) for active targeting of diseases is a primary goal of nanomedicine. NPs have much to offer in overcoming the limitations of traditional drug delivery approaches, including off-target drug toxicity and the need for the administration of repetitive doses. In the last decade, one of the main foci in NMDD has been the realization of NP-mediated drug formulations for active targeted delivery to diseased tissues, with an emphasis on cellular and subcellular targeting. Advances on this front have included the intricate design of targeted NP-drug constructs to navigate through biological barriers, overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), decrease side effects, and improve overall drug efficacy. In this review, we survey advancements in NP-mediated drug targeting over the last five years, highlighting how various NP-drug constructs have been designed to achieve active targeted delivery and improved therapeutic outcomes for critical diseases including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer’s disease. We conclude with a survey of the current clinical trial landscape for active targeted NP-drug delivery and how we envision this field will progress in the near future.
Muscle Insulin Resistance in Youth with Obesity and Normoglycemia is Associated with Altered Fat Metabolism.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to phenotype and compare adipose, hepatic, and muscle insulin sensitivity (IS) in a diet- and physical activity-controlled cohort of normoglycemic youth with obesity with that of participants without obesity (controls) to distinguish early metabolic abnormalities in pediatric obesity. METHODS Thirty-eight participants (17 in the control group [BMI < 85th percentile] and 21 youth with obesity [BMI ≥ 95th percentile]; age: 12-21 years; 76% female; Tanner stage 4-5; sedentary) were enrolled. Tissue-specific IS was measured using a four-phase hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with glucose and glycerol isotope tracers to assess suppression of endogenous glucose release and lipolysis by insulin. Intramyocellular lipid content was assessed by 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) and visceral fat were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Calf-muscle mitochondrial activity was measured with exercise-stimulated 31 P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Youth with obesity had higher HFF (P < 0.001), visceral fat (P = 0.024), and intramyocellular lipid content (P = 0.017) and lower muscle (glucose clearance rate [P < 0.001]), adipose (P < 0.0001), and hepatic IS (P < 0.003). Mitochondria postexercise response was not different. In participants with obesity, muscle IS inversely correlated with HFF (r = 0.700, P = 0.002) and suppressed free fatty acid concentrations (r = -0.65, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Inactive normoglycemic youth with obesity had decreased muscle, adipose, and hepatic IS. Free fatty acids and liver fat were inversely associated with muscle IS, which argues for lipid-targeted interventions.
The H-alpha Emission Line Variations of HR 6819

The star system HR 6819 was recently proposed by Rivinius et al. as the site of the nearest example of a stellar mass black hole. Their spectra show evidence of two components: a B3 III star in a 40 d orbit and a stationary B-emission line star. Based upon the orbital mass function and the lack of evidence of a spectral component with reflex orbital motion, Rivinius et al. suggested that HR 6819 is a triple system consisting of an inner B3 III star plus black hole binary orbited by a distant Be star. Here we present an alternative model based upon an examination of the H-alpha emission line in their spectra. We show that the emission line displays the small reflex motion expected for the companion in the inner orbit and shows variations in profile shape related to orbital phase. This indicates that HR 6819 is a binary system consisting of a massive Be star and a low mass companion that is the stripped down remnant of a former mass donor star in a mass transfer binary.
Precision medicine considerations for the management of heart disease and stroke in East Asians

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in Asian Americans. Importantly, people of East Asian descent are more likely to carry a loss-of-function point mutation in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), ALDH2*2, which reduces ALDH2 enzymatic activity by at least 40% relative to wild type ALDH2. Given the role of ALDH2 in removing toxic aldehydes from the cell, ALDH2 is intimately involved in the cardioprotective mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning and the pathophysiology of ischemia reperfusion injury. The ALDH2*2 variant is associated with an increased incidence of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Furthermore, this variant is associated with insensitivity to nitroglycerin, which is commonly prescribed in patients with cardiovascular disease. In this review, we discuss the genetic susceptibility and pathophysiology associated with the ALDH2*2 variant in regards to cardiovascular disease. We also present the considerations for the management of heart disease and stroke specific to East Asians carrying the ALDH2*2 genetic variant.
Wearable RF Near-Field Cough Monitoring by Frequency-Time Deep Learning

Coughing is a common symptom for many respiratory disorders, and can spread droplets of various sizes containing bacterial and viral pathogens. Mild coughs are usually overlooked in the early stage, not only because they are barely noticeable by the person and the people around, but also because the present recording method is not comfortable, private, or reliable for long-term monitoring. In this paper, a wearable radio-frequency (RF) sensor is presented to recognize the mild cough signal directly from the local trachea vibration characteristics, and can isolate interferences from nearby people. The sensor operates at the ultra-high-frequency band, and can couple the RF energy to the upper respiratory track by the near field of the sensing antenna. The retrieved tissue vibration caused by the cough airflow burst can then be analyzed by a convolutional neural network trained on the frequency-time spectra. The sensing antenna design is analyzed for performance improvement. During the human study of 5 participants over 100 minutes of prescribed routines, the overall recognition ratio is above 90% and the false positive ratio during other routines is below 2.09%.
Mathematics and Molecular Neurobiology

Advances in mathematics and computer technology, together with advances in structural biology, are opening the way to detailed modeling of biology at the molecular and cellular levels. One objective of such studies is the development of a more complete understanding of biological systems, including the emergence of behavior at the cellular level from that at the molecular level. Another objective is the development of more sophisticated models for structure-aided discovery of new pharmaceuticals.
Vertebrate Predation and Food-Sharing in Cebus and Pan

Capuchins and chimpanzees are the only nonhuman primates apart from baboons known to prey systematically upon relatively large vertebrates. Vertebrate predation is common and well documented in Pan troglodytes, rare in Pan paniscus, and commonly reported but infrequently studied in Cebus. Food-sharing is common in both Pan species but rarely reported for wild capuchins. I present data on vertebrate predation and food-sharing by white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) from ongoing field studies at Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. We have observed 106 successful predation events resulting in the capture of 156 prey items during 2929 observation hr (5.35 prey per 100 hr). Squirrels and nestling coatis comprised half of the prey taken; the remainder were mainly nestling birds and eggs. Adult males took 52% of all prey and 67% of squirrels. Squirrels are actively hunted and about 65% of them are adults. I estimated that the average capuchin group kills 43–50 squirrels annually, mostly during the dry season. Capuchins hunt squirrels in groups 81% of the time, and 17% of hunts are successful. There is no evidence for cooperative hunting, but occasional collaboration is suggested. Rates of food-sharing were low (1.7 per 100 hr), and meat was the only food shared between adults. I compare predation and food-sharing in C. capucinus with published data for Pan troglodytes, primarily in Gombe and Tai National Parks. I discuss sex differences, hunting strategies, the relationship between hunting and food-sharing, and various ecological and social factors that may promote vertebrate predation in Pan and Cebus.
Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase THE EFFECTS OF BIOTIN DEFICIENCY ON ENZYME IN RAT LIVER AND ADIPOSE TISSUE

Abstract Feeding a low fat, biotin-deficient diet to young rats for 1 to 2 weeks leads to a decrease in acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase levels in epididymal adipose tissue with accumulation of the apoenzyme. These changes occur prior to changes in hepatic propionyl coenzyme A carboxylase levels. Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase levels in liver decrease minimally with biotin deficiency, and little apoenzyme accumulates. The presence of apoenzyme in adipose tissue of deficient rats was initially suggested by the rapid rise in acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase activity which occurred within minutes of biotin injection. Further evidence for the presence of apoenzyme in deficient adipose tissue came from equivalence point determinations with the use of an antibody against acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase. These experiments indicated that adipose tissue from deficient rats contains immunologically reactive but catalytically inactive protein which is presumably acetyl coenzyme A apocarboxylase. Biotin-deficient and control rats were injected with 3H-biotin, and subsequently acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase was isolated from liver and adipose tissue by immunological precipitation. There was increased 3H-biotin incorporation into deficient adipose tissue enzyme compared with control adipose tissue enzyme but only minimally increased incorporation into liver enzyme, again demonstrating the marked difference in the metabolism of the enzyme in these tissues. The conversion of acetyl coenzyme A apocarboxylase to holoenzyme was demonstrated in vitro with the use of a 105,000 x g supernatant fraction from adipose tissue of deficient animals.
Melanogenesis in cultures of peripheral nervous tissue: I. The origin and prospective fate of cells giving rise to melanocytes

Abstract Chick embryo spinal ganglia, peripheral nerves, and connective tissue usually associated with ganglia were cultured separately using several combinations of media and substrata. Melanocytes appear in cultures of both ganglia and peripheral nerves. The only cell type common to both the ganglion and peripheral nerve that could account for the observed pigment cells was the population of small cells with intensely staining nuclei that normally associates closely with nerve cell bodies and fibers. These cells could be distinguished morphologically from fibroblastic cells, which originated in the connective tissue capsule and did not undergo melanogenesis. We conclude that these small cells are supportive (Schwann, satellite, and perineurial) cell precursors and are one source of melanocytes in cultured peripheral nervous tissue.
Imaging mass spectrometry: a new technology for the analysis of protein expression in mammalian tissues.

1and has been initially targeted for the analysis of peptides and proteins present on or near the surface of tissue sections 2 . Imaging MS brings a new tool to bear on the problem of unraveling and understanding the molecular complexities of cells. It joins techniques such as immunochemistry and fluorescence microscopy for the study of the spatial arrangement of molecules within biological tissues. Many previous experiments using MS to image samples have focused on the measurement of the distribution of elements and small molecules in biological specimens, including tissue slices and individual cells 3‐5 . An extensive review on imaging by MS can be found in the article by Pacholski and Winograd 6
The Invisible Catholicism

Recent developments in Latin America, the Philippines, Haiti, etc., indicate that the traditional image of a monolithic Catholicism is eroding. Data from a French survey and three other surveys show strong correlations on traditional items characteristic of the preVatican II sub-culture. It is this model of a visible, institutional church that is rejected in the French sample. Social involvement and the rejection of the traditional doctrine of the two realms seem the major characteristics of the "invisible Catholicism. "
Characterization and identification of aquifer heterogeneity with generalized parameterization and Bayesian estimation

[1] This research proposes a generalized parameterization method (referred to as GP) and Bayesian estimation for parameter heterogeneity characterization and identification in groundwater modeling. GP unifies zonation and interpolation through a set of weighting coefficients and is capable of creating a zonation structure, a continuous distribution, or a mixed structure. GP shows greater flexibility not only in manipulating the highly complex spatial distribution but also in identifying the parameter structure. With GP, parameter structure identification seeks to identify the parameter dimension, parameter pattern, parameter values, as well as the values of the weighting coefficients simultaneously through a set of basis points. Additionally, this study develops an embedded genetic algorithm (GA) for solving the structure identification problem. A Bayesian estimator that estimates the basis point values as well as the values of the weighing coefficients is embedded in the GA, which searches for the best basis point locations. We demonstrate the inverse methodology by a numerical example in which the distributed transmissivity in a two-dimensional confined aquifer is identified. We calculate the Jacobian matrix by the adjoint state method. With GP we have successfully identified the transmissivity structure with four basis points that results in a good fitting in groundwater heads and captures the nonsmooth characteristic as well as the trend of the true transmissivity field. We compare GP with Voronoi tessellation (zonation) and natural neighbor interpolation. Results show that GP outperforms the other two parameterization methods in that GP identified the transmissivity field with a smaller parameter uncertainty along with a sufficiently small fitting residual and without over-parameterization.
Zinc transport into endothelial cells is a facilitated process

The kinetics of zinc transport were examined by measuring the uptake of 65Zn into cultured endothelial cells. This served as a suitable model for characterizing the transport of zinc across a biological membrane (i.e., the plasma membrane). The transport process was saturable under physiological conditions, which indicates a facilitating transport mechanism. Within the physiological range of zinc concentrations, the maximum zinc transport rate was 27 pmoles zinc/(min × mg protein) and it was half maximal at 4.1 μM zinc. Cadmium competitively inhibited zinc transport (Ki = 6.5 μM), while equimolar concentrations of copper and manganese were ineffectual. The rate of zinc transport was substantially reduced at lower temperatures and in the presence of sulfhydryl blockers (sodium iodoacetate and N-ethylmaleimide). Inhibitors of energy metabolism (2,4-dinitrophenol and sodium azide) failed to disrupt zinc transport. These results demonstrate that zinc transport into endothelial cells is a facilitated process (i.e., it is carrier mediated and energy-independent). © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The specific detection of collagenous proteins after electrophoresis using enzyme-conjugated collagen-binding fibronectin fragments.

Abstract A method to detect collagenous proteins within a mixture of proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been devised. Proteins on the gels were transferred to nitrocellulose filters. They were stained on the filters by incubating with horseradish peroxidase conjugates and then providing a substrate and chromogen for the enzymatic reaction. A novel enzyme conjugate was prepared using a chymotryptic fragment of fibronectin which has been shown to contain the collagen-binding site. The conjugate was used to stain polypeptide chains of pepsinized human collagens of types I, II, III, IV, and V. It also stained some cyanogen bromide fragments of collagens and all three polypeptide chains of the complement subcomponent C1q. This procedure will be useful in the detection of collagenous proteins in heterogeneous mixtures and in the identification and characterization of collagens and collagenlike proteins.
Studies of Sulfate Utilization by Algae. 5. Identification of Thiosulfate as a Major Acid-Volatile Product Formed by a Cell-Free Sulfate-Reducing System From Chlorella

Separation of the products formed from sulfate-(35)S by cell-free extracts of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Emerson Strain 3) has permitted the identification of thiosulfate as a major product which yields acid-volatile radioactivity. The products formed, as separated by Dowex-1-nitrate chromatography, are qualitatively the same whether extracts at pH 7.0 (using TPNH as the reductant) or extracts at pH 9 [using 2,3-dimercaptopropan-1-ol, (BAL) as reductant] are employed. While thiosulfate can be separated without the addition of carrier, the inclusion of carrier improves the recovery. High concentrations of ATP which have been shown previously to inhibit the formation of acid-volatile radioactivity from radioactive sulfate, inhibit the formation of thiosulfate almost completely. Degradation of the thiosulfate formed at normal ATP concentrations reveals that most of the radioactivity is in the SO(3)-sulfur of the molecule suggesting that the SH-sulfur is derived from the enzyme extracts. If carrier sulfite is present during thiosulfate formation from sulfate-(35)S, radioactive sulfite is recovered at the expense of radioactive thiosulfate. Reconstruction experiments utilizing specifically-labeled thiosulfates indicate that radioactive sulfite formation is probably not the result of trapping a normal intermediate, but can be attributed to non-enzymatic exchange between labeled thiosulfate formed from sulfate and the non-radioactive sulfite added, suggesting that free sulfite is not an intermediate in thiosulfate formation from sulfate.
Thermally Activated Conduction in Molecular Junctions

We report temperature dependence measurements on the conductance of individual molecular wires. The results show for the first time in a molecular junction the theoretically predicted transition from coherent superexchange tunneling conductance to an activated hopping mechanism as temperature is increased.
Positional strategies for mean payoff games

We study some games of perfect information in which two players move alternately along the edges of a finite directed graph with weights attached to its edges. One of them wants to maximize and the other to minimize some means of the encountered weights.
Optimal position of solute for simulations

It is shown that, by optimizing the placement of a solute in a solvent droplet or in a periodic simulation cell, the number of solvent molecules can be reduced without affecting the quality of the simulation. Q 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 18: 812]815, 1997
A Burkitt-lymphoma variant translocation (2p-; 8q+) in a patient with ALL, L3 (Burkitt type).

A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) whose cells had L3 (Burkitt-type) morphology was found to have a variant translocation t(2;8)(p13;q24), that has been reported only in Burkitt lymphomas. This observation provides additional evidence for a close association of particular karyotypic abnormalities with both Burkitt-type ALL and Burkitt lymphoma.
Design of novel charge balancing networks in battery packs

Abstract In a modern battery pack, the charge in the individual cells can diverge in time, leading to decreased capacity and reduced operating life of the pack. Charge balancing systems can be introduced to equalize the state of charge across the multiple cells, therefore increasing the performance of the battery pack. This work considers the dynamic performance of charge balancing systems, and through simulation explores how their ability to equalize the state of charge depends on the design of the underlying charge balancing network. The performance of the charge balancing system is described in terms of the rate at which the individual cells converge and the maximum cell voltage deviation in the pack. Specifically the performance of the charge balancing system is shown to correlate with graph theoretic properties of the underlying charge balancing network, including the diameter and spectral gap. Several different underlying charge balancing networks are considered, applied to an 8-cell pack, with two parallel strings of four cells in series.
Mechanism and Prediction of Laser Wet Cleaning of Marble Encrustation

During the removal of encrustation from marble with 355 nm laser pulses, the effects of the thin liquid layer covering the encrustation are experimentally and numerically investigated. The working mechanism of the liquid layer is analyzed. A two-dimensional axial symmetric model is proposed to simulate the changes in the temperature, liquid volumetric fraction, and vapor pressure in the irradiated encrustation. To model the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, three coupled nonlinear partial differential equations are numerically solved. The measured porosity of the encrustation is incorporated into the model. Marble cleaning with three different liquids having different thermodynamic properties, distilled water, ethanol, and acetone, are compared in terms of the cleaning efficiency at different fluence levels. With the liquid layer, the surface color of cleaned marble is also studied. In addition, surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy and a chromameter are used to identify the chemical constituents and measure the color of the cleaned marble, respectively.
Differential migration and an endocrine response to stress in wintering dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis).

The dark-eyed junco (junco hyemalis) exhibits differential migration in autumn that, in general, results in females overwintering south of males, and young within each sex overwintering north of older birds. Individuals overwintering at higher latitudes face less predictable and more challenging environmental conditions. Rapid increases in circulating levels of the energy-regulating glucocorticosteroid, corticosterone, occur in response to environmental stressors. To establish whether the strength of acute corticosterone secretion was correlated with the probability of encountering poor environmental conditions, we compared the corticosterone stress response (e.g. initial plasma concentrations at the time of capture and 30 min later) in dark-eyed juncos overwintering in Mississippi (MS), USA, near the southern limit of their wintering range, with juncos overwintering in New York (NY), USA, near the northern limit of their wintering range. During two winters, 22 males and one female were sampled in NY; 13 males, 12 females and one bird of undetermined sex were sampled in MS. Not unexpectedly, NY birds carried greater fat reserves that resulted in a significantly higher value of energetic condition (mass corrected for wing cord cubed). There was no difference between the two winters sampled at either site, nor was there an effect of sex on patterns of corticosterone secretion in MS birds. With sexes pooled, MS and NY birds had similar baseline corticosterone levels. However, as predicted, NY birds exhibited significantly higher corticosterone concentrations 30 min after capture. These results support the hypothesis that birds wintering in less predictable, more extreme environments show a higher amplitude corticosterone response, which may enable them to adjust their behaviour and physiology more rapidly in response to environmental stressors such as storms. Adrenocortical sensitivity may be a part of the physiological milieu associated with differential migration in juncos; whether it results from endogenous differences in the migratory programmes of individuals or from acclimatization to local environmental conditions remains to be determined.
APAWSAN: Actor positioning for aerial wireless sensor and actor networks

The node mobility is a natural element of many wireless sensor and actor network (WSAN) applications. Recent advances in the development of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with built in sensors made it possible to deploy aerial sensor and actor networks. An aerial network composed of small UAVs enables high quality observation for events while reducing the number of personnel and the risk for the operators. In order to have an effective data collection, the positioning of actors plays a critical role in aerial WSANs. In this paper we propose an actor positioning strategy for aerial WSANs considering the scenario of toxic plume observation after a volcanic eruption, which is one of the emerging applications of aerial UAV networks. Measuring the composition of volcanic plumes allows the computation of volcanogenic fluxes and provides insights into volatile degassing mechanisms. The actors in the proposed approach use a lightweight and distributed algorithm to form a self organizing network around the central UAV, which has the role of the sink in the WSAN. Our algorithm makes use of the Valence Shell Electron Pair (VSEPR) theory of chemistry, which is based on the correlation between molecular geometry and the number of atoms in a molecule. The performance of the proposed practical positioning algorithm is presented through extensive simulations.
Quantitative Evaluation of Annuloplasty on Mitral Valve Chordae Tendineae Forces to Supplement Surgical Planning Model Development

Computational models of the heart’s mitral valve (MV) exhibit potential for preoperative surgical planning in ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR). However challenges exist in defining boundary conditions to accurately model the function and response of the chordae tendineae to both IMR and surgical annuloplasty repair. Towards this goal, a ground-truth data set was generated by quantifying the isolated effects of IMR and mitral annuloplasty on leaflet coaptation, regurgitation, and tethering forces of the anterior strut and posterior intermediary chordae tendineae. MVs were excised from ovine hearts (N = 15) and mounted in a pulsatile heart simulator which has been demonstrated to mimic the systolic MV geometry and coaptation of healthy and chronic IMR sheep. Strut and intermediary chordae from both MV leaflets (N = 4) were instrumented with force transducers. Tested conditions included a healthy control, IMR, oversized annuloplasty, true-sized annuloplasty, and undersized mitral annuloplasty. A2-P2 leaflet coaptation length, regurgitation, and chordal tethering were quantified and statistically compared across experimental conditions. MR was successfully simulated with significant increases in MR, tethering forces for each of the chordae, and decrease in leaflet coaptation (p < .05). Compared to the IMR condition, increasing levels of downsized annuloplasty significantly reduced regurgitation, increased coaptation, reduced posteromedial papillary muscle strut chordal forces, and reduced intermediary chordal forces from the anterolateral papillary muscle (p < .05). These results provide for the first time a novel comprehensive data set for refining the ability of computational MV models to simulate IMR and varying sizes of complete rigid ring annuloplasty.
Impact of GDL structure and wettability on water management in polymer electrolyte fuel cells

A key performance limitation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC), called the mass transport loss, originates from liquid water transport and resulting flooding phenomena in the constituent components. The cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) is a primary contributor to mass transport loss owing to the blockage of available pore space by liquid water thereby rendering hindered oxygen transport to the active reaction sites in the electrode. The GDL, typically a fibrous non-woven carbon paper or a woven carbon cloth, thus plays an important role in the water management of a PEFC. This Feature Article provides a systematic description of the development of pore-scale models coupled with realistic microstructural delineation as well as micron-resolution imaging techniques to study the profound influence of the underlying structure and surface wettability on liquid water transport and interfacial dynamics in the fuel cell GDL. A pore-network model and a two-phase lattice Boltzmann model coupled with stochastic generation of GDL microstructures are elaborated. Concurrently, optical diagnostics of water dynamics at GDL interfaces and X-ray micro-tomographic imaging of liquid water distribution inside the GDL of an operating fuel cell are discussed.
Synthesis and structural characterization of a triply- bridged binuclear diazenido-complex of rhenium, (HNEt3)[Re2(NNC6H5)2(SC6H5)7]

(HNEt 3 ) [Re 2 (NNC 6 H 5 ) 2 (SPh) 2 ] cristallise dans P2 1 /n avec Z=4; affinement jusqu'a R=0,056
Impact of iterative reconstruction on image quality and radiation dose in multidetector CT of large body size adults

Objective To compare image quality and radiation dose using Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASiR) and Filtered Back Projection (FBP) in patients weighing ≥91 kg.
Taking a Fresh Perspective on Middleware for Resource Sharing

Secure distribution of resources has grown increasingly complex. As a result, developers add layers to existing middleware to force existing technologies to solve problems they were not designed to solve. This paper looks at the actual requirements behind grid building to help improve the next generation of middleware. Our goal is to create transparent, secure, scalable access to resources. The resource owner should not have to be concerned with remote user, and should have a simple method for introducing resources to the infrastructure, while strictly enforcing federation, regional, enterprise, local, and device level policies. This should be transparent to the user, who should be able to sign on once and make the desired set of user attributes available to all resources required during the session.
The English Spelling Strategies of Spanish-Speaking Bilingual Children.

0 Although there is a large and growing number of native Spanishspeaking children in U.S. school systems, there has been little basic research examining how these children learn to read and write in Spanish, the similarities and differences in reading and writing in Spanish and English, and the cognitive processes and unique problems of bilingual children as they learn to read and write in both languages. This study addresses the need for basic research by investigating one aspect of literacy learning-learning to spell-through the examination of the English spelling strategies of second-, third-, and fourth-grade Spanishspeaking children in a transitional bilingual program. The aim of the study was to discover what effect Spanish pronunciation and spelling have on children's English spelling strategies.
Development and Testing of a Nitrogen Model for Onondaga Lake

ABSTRACT A dynamic two-layer mass balance model for total nitrogen (N) and various species of N is developed and tested for Onondaga Lake, NY, a system in which high concentrations of total ammonia (T-NH3) prevail. The model simulates concentrations of T-NH3, nitrate plus nitrite, particulate organic N (PON), dissolved organic N, total Kjeldahl N, and total N. Processes of the N cycle accommodated include net phytoplankton growth, nitrification, denitrification, ammonification, decay of PON, volatilization of free ammonia, sediment release of T-NH3, settling of PON, and vertical mixing-based exchange between the layers. Model testing is supported by a comprehensive monitoring database of lake concentrations of the N species, and tributary and waste discharge concentrations for calculation of loads. Model credibility is enhanced by the independent determination of several important model coefficients based on field and laboratory experiments, which greatly reduces the role of calibration. Model verificatio...
78 RELATIONSHIP OF PERINATAL EVENTS TO DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME

It is commonly accepted that an association exists between perinatal complications and neonatal morbidity. Infants who survive these complications are thought to be at greater risk for subsequent developmental handicaps. The ability to predict developmental outcome based on perinatal events might influence medical management in some neonates requiring continued intensive care. Twenty-seven infants weighing ≤1000 gms. at birth with known developmental outcome were evaluated at 1 to 3 years of age corrected for prematurity. A modified version of the high risk scoring system of Hobel was employed retrospectively. The score consists of prenatal, intrapartum and neonatal factors which are assigned weighted values according to assumed risk. Regression analysis of the neonatal score and developmental quotient (DQ) revealed a correlation coefficient of -0.55 (p<0.01). Prenatal and intrapartum factors had no significant association with subsequent developmental outcome (r=+0.08). A significant association was demonstrated between the neonatal high risk score and DQ. However, its predictive value requires further study. Multivariant analysis of the factors used in this scoring system and perhaps other factors may provide physicians and parents with more accurate prognostic information in assessing continuation of intensive support of the critically ill neonate.
‘Bradfordizing’ search output: how it would help online users

A new option in resequencing output from online searches of journal literatures is proposed: computerized sorting of hits by the journals in which they appear, and then of journals, high to low, by the number of hits appearing in each. This two‐step operation is called ‘Bradfordizing’ since it ranks journals in order of their yields of hits, in the manner used by S. C. Bradford in formulating his much‐studied law. Benefits envisioned from Bradfordizing output include (1) an online summary report that would show, before hits were printed out, the journals involved in the retrieval and their respective yields; (2) capability to retrieve hits selectively by journal, based on the report; (3) capability to display certain statistics to help in making retrieval decisions, or in the interest of bibliometric research; and (4) printouts of hits arranged in a way that corresponds to journal runs on shelves, thereby helping librarians provide copies of desired items.
Influence of spatial arrangements of maize on performance of an associated soybean intercrop

Abstract Various spatial arrangements of maize ( Zea mays L.) were tried in attempt to improve grain yield of a soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] intercrop, sown in the same row, without substantially reducing the maize yield. The experiment was conducted in 1980 and 1981 in Iowa, U.S.A. Intercropping delayed maize tasseling and silking by up to 2 days, but did not influence rate of soybean development. Intercropping reduced soybean yields by 87% compared with sole cropping, principally because of reduced plant growth and pod set. Harvest index of soybeans was not altered. Compared with a 70 cm × 30 cm (row × intra-row) plant arrangement, grouping maize plants two or three to a hill in wider intra-row spacings (70 cm × 60 cm, 70 cm × 90 cm) improved soybean growth and pod set, reduced its lodging, and allowed greater seed yield. Widening rows to 87 and 105 cm did not improve soybean performance. Improved maize growth, as a consequence of a 135 kg/ha N application, reduced intercropped soybean growth and yield. Intercropping without applied N did not reduce maize yield compared with monocropping without N. Hence, the additional soybean yield from intercropping was supplemental. When 135 kg/ha N was applied, however, intercropping tended to reduce maize yield slightly, though not significantly, resulting in a total maize plus soybean yield about the same as for maize monocropping with N. Thus, when N was applied, there was no supplementary legume yield from intercropping.
Agewise: Fighting the New Ageism in America by Margaret Morganroth Gullette

Agewise: Fighting the New Ageism in America is an interesting, informative, and important work by the distinguished age critic Margaret M. Gullette. In the Introduction, Gullette sets the context o...
Decomposition in salt marsh ecosystems: The phases and major factors affecting disappearance of above-ground organic matter

Decay of litter of salt marsh grasses occurs in three phases. First there is an early phase lasting less than a month, with fast rates of weight loss, during which 5 to 40% of the litter is lost, probably by leaching of soluble compounds. A second slower phase lasts up to a year. In this second phase, microbial degradation of organic matter and subsequent leaching of hydrolyzed substances remove an additional 40 to 70% of the original material. A third phase may last an additional year; in this phase decay is very slow because only relatively refractory materials remain. By this third stage as little as 10% of the original material may remain. Differences in the chemical makeup of litter are the major factors affecting the amount of decay during the leaching and decomposer phases. Such chemical differences may be due to differences in the chemistry of the plant species producing the litter or in nutrient supply. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl., for example, produces litter that decays more slowly than that of S. alterniflora Loisel. Increases in internal nitrogen content of litter increase loss of weight during the leaching and decomposer phases, while the external supply of nitrogen increases decay rates only during the decomposer phase. Temperature increases decay rates to some extent during the decomposer phase. The feeding activity of large detritus-feeding invertebrates produces a small but significant increase in decay rate during the decomposer phase. Decay rate in litterbags mimics decay of litter in the field, and makes possible estimates of litter turnover. The turnover of litter of S. alterniflora was 1.1–1.4 · yr−1. Litter of S. patens turns over more slowly, 2.1 · yr−1. Nutrient enrichment accelerates turnover of litter up to 24% compared to control litter. Since eutrophication of salt marshes both enriches litter and changes species of plants, it has broad consequences for ecological processes dependent on decomposition of organic matter.
Simultaneous pseudo confidence regions for ratios of the discriminant coefficients

We consider simultaneous confidence regions for some hypotheses on ratios of the discriminant coefficients of the linear discriminant function when the population means and common covariance matrix are unknown. This problem, involving hypotheses on ratios, yields the so-called ‘pseudo’ confidence regions valid conditionally in subsets of the parameter space. We obtain the explicit formulae of the regions and give further discussion on the validity of these regions. Illustrations of the pseudo confidence regions are given.
Evaluation of a device for the measurement of the evoked tensions of the rectus abdominis muscle

Summary A device was developed to measure the evoked tensions of the rectus abdominis muscle which consisted of a fluid-filled reservoir wedged between the rectus abdominis muscle and a self-retaining retractor. The evoked contractions of the rectus muscle were compared with that of the tibialis anterior muscle in twelve dogs anaesthetised with pentobarbitone. Significantly greater amounts of tubocurarine were required to depress the response to train-of-four stimuli and the twitch tensions of the rectus muscle than the tibialis. The tibialis recovered faster, spontaneously or after neostigmine, than the rectus in eight of the animals; the opposite occurred in the other four. The present device can be useful during surgery for the evaluation of abdominal muscle tension.
A Multi-Site Case Study of Successful Classroom Practices for High Ability Students:

A multi-site case study was conducted to describe 10 elementary schools and classrooms with a reputation for implementing differentiated practices to meet the needs of high ability students. The re...
On the Role of Physics and Evolution in Dictating Protein Structure and Function

How many of the structural and functional properties of proteins are inherent? Computer simulations provide a powerful tool to address this question. A series of studies on QS, quasi-spherical, compact polypeptides which lack any secondary structure; ART, artificial, proteins comprised of compact homopolypeptides with protein-like secondary structure; and PDB, native, single domain proteins shows that essentially all native global folds, pockets and protein-protein interfaces are in the ART library. This suggests that many protein properties are inherent and that evolution is involved in fine-tuning. The completeness of the space of ligand binding pockets and protein-protein interfaces suggests that promiscuous interactions are intrinsic to proteins and that the capacity to perform the biochemistry of life at low level does not require evolution. If so, this has profound consequences for the origin of life.
Explaining the dynamic structure and behavior of Java programs using a visual debugger (abstract only)

An important challenge in teaching object-oriented (OO) programming and methodology in introductory Computer Science courses is explaining the run-time of OO programs. This is largely due to the OO methodology, which encourages the use of features such as polymorphism and design patterns, resulting in object interactions and control flow that are hard to grasp, especially for novice programmers. We present an approach to program comprehension in which students use storyboards and visual debugging to build a clear mental model of the dynamic behavior of OO programs. In this context, a storyboard consists of a sequence of figures representing run-time aspects of interest (e.g. states or interactions) and an explanatory narrative in terms of OO concepts and source elements. The selected visual debugger must render execution histories and run-time states using visual notations consistent with the OO methodology (e.g., objects, member fields, method calls within object contexts). Instructors create storyboards using figures exported from the debugger and incorporate them in course materials. Further, storyboards included in specifications of programming assignments alongside test cases provide students with a detailed account of their programs' run-time at interesting points in execution. By executing their programs under the visual debugger, students can compare the observed run-time states with those illustrated in the storyboards and effectively assess the behavioral correctness of their programs. Hence, the combined use of storyboards and visual debugging can benefit students during the coding phase by guiding them towards writing code that closely adheres to the OO methodology from the outset.
Vascular endothelial growth factor in breast cancer: biologic and therapeutic aspects.

Angiogenesis, or new blood vessel formation, is known to be an important part of the malignant phenotype in most cancers, including breast cancer. Recent years have seen the discovery of many regulators of the angiogenic process. Foremost among these is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the ligand for a family of specific transmembrane receptors that regulate the angiogenic process. This article describes the role of VEGF and its receptors in angiogenesis (both physiologic and pathologic), and describes efforts to target VEGF and its receptor. It discusses the outcome of some early trials involving VEGF-targeting agents, and reviews future therapeutic trials involving VEGF in breast cancer.
Vibrational free energy in the Ni-Cr system

Abstract The vibrational free energy of formation in the Ni-Cr system is estimated using first principles calculations and available experimental data. It is shown that the vibrational contribution to the total free energy of formation is of the same order of magnitude as the configurational entropy contribution. The large effect of vibrational modes in the Ni-Cr system is related to softening in the C′ = (c 11 –c 12 ) 2 elastic constant on alloying.
Why the Low-Pressure Glaucoma Treatment Study makes sense

“While the frequency of disc hemorrhange in the Low-Pressure Glaucoma Treatment Study was not reported, we suspect the study is enriched with patients who demonstrated retinal vascular dysregulation and that brimonidine use favorably altered the retinal hemodynamic profile in a manner that translated into less visual field loss when compared with the timolol-treated group.” Expert Review of Ophthalmology