cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phases of Conflict in Africa

The contributions included in this volume revolve around the central and west African regional conflict zones, along with two essays that provide divergent perspectives on Africa’s role in the “war on terrorism.” They are organized chronologically by phase, thus providing insights into the complexities of conflict processes that follow similar trajectories, but that vary in time and space.
Suicidality in primary health care and national suicide rates.

The incidence of suicidal symptoms for primary health care patients did not predict national suicide rates in a sample of 10 nations. Language: en
Riboflavin-photosensitized singlet oxygen oxidation product of vitamin D2

The riboflavin-photosensitized singlet oxygen oxidation of vitamin D2 in a model system of 12% water and 88% acetone was studied to understand the possible oxidation of fortified vitamin D in milk. Only the samples containing vitamin D2 and riboflavin under light storage showed two new peaks in the HPLC chromatogram, indicating that singlet oxygen oxidation of vitamin D2 had occurred. UV analysis indicated that a new compound was formed from the reaction of the triene of vitamin D2 with oxygen. The mass spectrum showed that one of the two compounds had a molecular ion at m/z=412, which was an increase of the mass of vitamin D2 by the mass of exactly one oxygen. The IR spectrum suggested the presence of a hydroxyl group and no carbonyl group in the product. The combned information from UV, MS, and FTIR spectra and the chemical mechanisms of singlet oxygen oxidation of vitamin D2 indicated that a 5,6-epoxide of vitamin D2 was formed from vitamin D2 in the presence of riboflavin under light.
On the Origins of Clinical Psychology Faculty: Who Is Training the Trainers?

There exists little published research regarding the comparative performance of graduate programs in clinical psychology on relevant measures of program achievement. The present report thus aims to provide information about one such measure—program proficiency in training graduates to assume clinical psychology faculty positions. Degree-granting institution and year of degree completion were obtained for 1,529 individuals listed as core faculty at 150 university-based clinical psychology Ph.D. programs accredited by the American Psychological Association. On this basis, leading programs (i.e., those having trained numerous clinical faculty members) are identified. Proficiency in placing graduates in clinical faculty positions was moderately positively correlated with program reputational strength; it was not significantly associated with program size. A set of recommendations for the systematic investigation of factors germane to such proficiency, as well as to program achievement in other important (and heretofore unstudied) domains, is proffered. It is argued that no single measure is adequate as an overall gauge of program excellence.
Real Quadratic Fields with Class Numbers Divisible by n

Abstract In this note I prove that the class number of Q(√Δ(x)) is infinitely often divisible by n, where Δ(x) = x2n + 4.
Assessing Goodness-of-Fit of Generalized Logit Models Based on Case-Control Data

We consider testing the validity of the generalized logit model with I+1 categories based on case-control data. After reparametrization, the assumed logit model is equivalent to an (I+1)-sample semiparametric model in which the Ilog ratios of two unspecified density functions are linear in data. By identifying this (I+1)-sample semiparametric model, which is of intrinsic interest in general (I+1)-sample problems, with a biased sampling model, we propose a weighted Kolmogorov?Smirnov-type statistic to test the validity of the generalized logit model. We establish some asymptotic results associated with the proposed test statistic. We also propose a bootstrap procedure along with some results on simulation and on analysis of three real data sets.
Neopterin concentration as an index of disease activity in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND Neopterin, a pyrazino-[2,3-d]-pyrimidine compound, is a metabolite of cyclic guanosine monophosphate that is released by activated T lymphocytes and macrophages after induction by γ interferon. We sought to determine whether neopterin concentration in stool, serum, or urine is a useful marker of disease activity in patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. METHODS We prospectively studied 70 outpatients (33 M, 37 F, aged 39.2 ± 14.0 y) with Crohn's disease (33 clinically in remission, 37 active), 52 outpatients (29 M, 23 F, aged 39.8 ± 12.2 y) with ulcerative colitis (29 clinically in remission, 23 active), and 141 healthy control subjects. Fecal, serum, and urine samples were analyzed for neopterin concentration and other analytes of interest. The following clinical indices were calculated at enrollment: for Crohn's disease, the Capetown Index and Harvey Bradshaw Index; for ulcerative colitis, Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index, Disease Activity Index, and endoscopic disease severity (rated on a scale of 0 to 3). Crohn's disease was considered active if the Harvey Bradshaw Index was ≥ 5, and ulcerative colitis was considered active if the Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index was >3. RESULTS Among Crohn's disease patients, fecal neopterin was higher in those with either clinically active (96.0 ng/g) or inactive (87.2 ng/g) disease than in control subjects (12.0 ng/g; P<0.05; inactive or active disease vs. controls). For ulcerative colitis patients, fecal neopterin concentration was higher in those with active (135.2 ng/g) disease than in those with inactive disease (62.7 ng/g; P<0.05) or healthy controls (12.0 ng/g; P<0.05). Neither serum nor urine neopterin concentrations were increased in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease. Nonsignificant trends toward greater fecal neopterin concentration were observed with increased colonic disease involvement, although not with endoscopic severity or clinical disease activity indices. CONCLUSIONS Fecal neopterin concentration is increased in patients with clinically active or inactive Crohn's disease and in patients with clinically active ulcerative colitis when compared with controls, and therefore represents a new biomarker for disease activity.
Future Orientation and Health Among Older Adults: The Importance of Hope

Previous research has found links between older adults' future orientation—hope, optimism, and death anxiety—and their physical and mental health; however, these relationships may be confounded by other psychosocial variables such as locus of control and social support. The purpose of the present study was to isolate the effects of future orientation in order to determine which future orientation variable or variables predict physical and mental health among older adults. Older adults (n = 182) completed a survey. After controlling for the effects of sociodemographic and psychosocial variables, hope emerged as the sole predictor of both physical health and mental health. This indicates that hope is a reliable predictor of physical and mental health among older adults.
Multiple Purkinje Cell Recording in Rodent Cerebellar Cortex

The spatial and temporal organization of climbing fibre activation of Purkinje cells, the so-called complex spikes, were studied in the rat cerebellar Crus II folium utilizing a multiple microeletrode recording technique. As many as 32 Purkinje cells could be simultaneously recorded by using a custom-built electronic amplifier system and a special data storage device. Analysis of the auto-correlation activity of complex spikes in any given group of Purkinje cells indicated that activation occurs with a particular rhythmicity having a base firing of 10 Hz. Cross-correlation of spontaneous complex spikes demonstrated, in addition to a particular rhythmicity, an extraordinarily high degree of synchronicity within a particular spatial distribution of Purkinje cells. Thus, Purkinje cells organized in rostro-caudal rows tend to fire within 1 ms of each other for distances as far as 800 microm (the width of a folium) from the 'master' neuron. By contrast, Purkinje cells located medial or lateral to the master neuron showed almost no cross-correlation. Administration of harmaline to the animal increased the degree of auto- and cross-correlation but did not change the spatial order of the distribution of the cross-correlation. The results indicate that the olivo-cerebellar system is organized in such a way that climbing fibre afferents may be activated in a close-to-synchronous and rhythmic fashion. The spatial distribution of these afferents over the cortex is such as to activate rostro-caudal bands of Purkinje cells which tend to fire in a close-to-synchronous manner.
Raman modes of YBa2Cu3Ox with variable content

Abstract We have measured the Raman spectra of single crystals of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-gd as a function of oxygen concentration, that is Y123-O x , where x varies from approximately 7 (superconducting) to 6 (insulating). We have made similar measurements on single crystals of Sm123, Gd123, and Ho123. The experimental results from all of these single crystals are very similar. Our single crystal results are in distinct disagreement with experimental results on ceramic of these same materials. For x =7 the usual five, c -axis polarized modes are observed; mode #5 occurs at ∼ 500 cm -1 and is primarily due to motion of oxygen atoms in the four-coordinated Cu chain. At oxygen contents near the metal-insulator (M-I) phase transition, the intensity of mode #5 rapidly decreases and disappears, being replaced by a strongly ( zz ) polarized mode at ≈ 600 cm -1 . We assign the 600 cm -1 mode to oxygen atom vibration in the two-coordinated Cu “sticks”. At the oxygen content near the M-I phase transition, other weaker lower-energy modes appear and these are discussed. However, these modes disappear for oxygen content x ≈6, where the approxiate number of symmetry allowed modes (five) is again observed.
Design spectra for actively controlled structures based on convex models

Preliminary design of an actively controlled structure requires a simple procedure for analysis and performance evaluation. A response spectrum technique applied to simplified models of complex structures can provide such a procedure. The spectra required for preliminary evaluation of a controlled structure include, besides the usual response parameters (displacement, acceleration, base shear), the control resource parameters, such as the size and capacity of hydraulic actuators, power requirements and energy consumption. This paper presents an approach for the development of design spectra based on a classical optimal control law and convex models of uncertainty. Analytical expressions are derived at each step so that one can obtain the values of basic design parameters of the control system without the need for a response history analysis. Based on these parameter values, preliminary design can be initiated and system cost can be estimated.
Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with breast cancer: trends, predictors, and areas for future research

Recent studies have revealed increasing rates of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) among women with unilateral early stage breast cancer. This trend has raised concerns, given the lack of evidence for a survival benefit from CPM and the relatively low risk of contralateral breast cancer for most women in this setting. In this article, we review available data regarding the value of CPM, predictors, and outcomes related to CPM, and areas for future research and potential intervention.
Use of a SQUID device to measure bone vibration

The objective of this study was to determine if a SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) device can be used to detect the magnetic field produced by the flow of stress generated potential in a vibrating long bone. Vibration or stress wave propagation of human long bones was monitored by bonded strain gages and by a SQUID. The outcome of this study may prove useful in the treatment of osteoporosis, if we can show that small changes in the bone density and cortical thickness can be measured accurately by SQUIDs.
Parabrachial lesions in rats disrupt sodium appetite induced by furosemide but not by calcium deprivation.

An appetite for CaCl2 and NaCl occurs in young rats after they are fed a diet lacking Ca or Na, respectively. Bilateral lesions of the parabrachial nuclei (PBN) disrupt normal taste aversion learning and essentially eliminate the expression of sodium appetite. Here we tested whether similar lesions of the PBN would disrupt the calcium-deprivation-induced appetite for CaCl2 or NaCl. Controls and rats with PBN lesions failed to exhibit a calcium-deprivation-induced appetite for CaCl2. Nevertheless, both groups did exhibit a significant calcium-deprivation-induced appetite for 0.5 M NaCl. Thus, while damage to the second central gustatory relay in the PBN disrupts the appetite for 0.5 M NaCl induced by furosemide, deoxycorticosterone acetate, and polyethylene glycol, the sodium appetite induced by dietary CaCl2 depletion remains intact.
Forced Convection Heat Transfer Characteristics of Fluid Milk Products. A Review

Summary This paper summarizes pertinent information concerning the fundamental heat-transfer and fluid-flow characteristics of dairy products. Concepts of heat-transfer mechanisms are reviewed, expressions for describing them for water are given, and thermodynamic expressions for other fluids and slurries are presented to develop a better concept of heat-transfer problems in the dairy industry. The work on specific heats and thermal conductivities of fluid dairy products has been reviewed and summaries made of the findings of others who have studied specific heat-transfer problems for dairy products. The need for more information on the forced convection heat-transfer characteristics of dairy products and some of the factors which might affect these characteristics are discussed.
The Problem of Relating Mathematics to the Possibilities and Needs of Schools and Children

I am clearly the worst geometer — perhaps one should say the only non- geometer — here. Conceding that I can add nothing of a geometric nature to this conference, I nonetheless do suggest there is one important matter to which I can speak.
Cure for Urban Sprawl: Measuring the Ratio of Marginal Implicit Prices of Density-to-Lot-Size

S and local governments have long wrestled with sprawl, leading to the implementation of “smart growth” policies. The key principle underpinning smart growth policy is compact development to preserve open space, farmland, and critical ecological habitat. Many communities with commitments to controlling sprawl through smart growth policy are struggling with implementation. Their struggle emanates from lack of understanding about the causes of sprawl. Smart growth analysts increasingly emphasize higher-density housing as a possible cure for urban sprawl. Compact housing development may be a challenge because research suggests increasing preferences for lower density housing (Skaburskis; Gordon and Richardson). Higher-density housing could be achieved if communities could replicate the factors that increase the desirability of low-density housings. Burchell et al. suggest that typical single-family housing lots could be reduced in size by 20 to 25% if other qualities associated with a neighborhood were maintained. One popular strategy for the coexistence of compact lots and desirable neighborhood qualities is the implementation of a conservation subdivision ordinance. By clustering streets and homes closer together, developers of conservation subdivisions are able to set aside larger portions of the community, anywhere from 20 to 70%, as preserved open space (Arendt). As smart growth
Purification and binding properties of hemagglutinin from Biomphalaria glabrata

Abstract A hemagglutinin has been purified from Biomphalaria glabrata (PR-B) hemolymph, albumin glands, and egg masses using affinity chromatography with Sephadex gels. The purified material from any of the sources above demonstrated identical immunological properties during immunoelectrophoresis or immunodiffusion, and similar serological specificity for human A1 erythrocytes and to a lesser extent A2 erythrocytes. Hemagglutinin was able to bind in vitro to the tegumental surface of cultured Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts, cercariae, and miracidia. Sporocysts dissected from infected snails and shed cercariae were already found to have hemagglutinin on their tegumental surface as demonstrated by immunofluorescence. It is postulated that hemagglutinin binding to the surface of larval helminths may “mask” them from being recognized by the snail host's cellular defense system.
Nonparametric density estimation based on the truncated mean

Abstract Motivated by the optimality condition of a quantile loss minimization problem, a new family of closed-form density estimators based on truncated means is developed and found to achieve smaller mean squared errors in estimating the tails of the normal and gamma distributions when compared to the symmetric Rosenblatt–Parzen kernel estimator.
Nitrogen fertilizer applications to maize after alfalfa: grain yield, kernel composition, and plant mineral nutrients

Nitrogen (N) is often applied to first year maize (Zea mays L.) after alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) at rates greater than needed to attain maximum yields. This study explored other potential benefits of excess N fertilizer applications to maize after alfalfa. Effects of N fertilizer (no N fertilizer, 73, or 135 kg N ha−1) to maize after alfalfa on stalk dry weight, stalk mineral concentrations [N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)], grain yield, and kernel components (protein, oil, starch, P, and K) were investigated. Fertilizer N increased stalk N concentration but not stalk dry weight. Grain yields and yields of protein, oil, starch, P, and K kernel components, expressed on a kg ha−1 basis, were also unaffected by N fertilizer treatments. Thus, there appears to be no advantage, in terms of yield or kernel components, in applying N fertilizer to maize after alfalfa under the environments experienced during this two year field experiment.
Propagation of solitary waves in 2D granular media: A numerical study

Abstract The impact-induced wave propagation in a model granular material composed of closely packed linearly elastic spherical particles interacting through Hertzian contact is investigated numerically using a specially adapted molecular dynamics framework. Of particular interest is the effect of the stiffness and density mismatch between main and interstitial beads on the anisotropic nature and speed of propagation of the primary compressive wave generated by a localized impact event in an extended square-packed granular medium. Two propagation regimes are observed in the numerical simulations: the first one described by a solitary wave pattern emanating from the point of impact, and the other characterized by a directional propagation of the impact energy in the principal directions of the pack. A simple model is proposed to describe the bounds between these two propagation regimes in the parametric space defined by the mass and stiffness ratios between main and interstitial particles. Maps of the normalized maximum compressive force and wave speed are presented to quantify the anisotropy of the wave propagation response.
Cell-Wide Coordination of ROS-Induced ROS Release by Hydrogen Peroxide in Mitochondrial Networks

Mitochondrial depolarizations of membrane potential (ΔΨm) can decrease electrical excitability of the cardiomyocyte, and ultimately lead to cardiac arrhythmia. Mitochondrial reactive oxidative species (ROS) induced ROS release (RIRR), has been shown to be the mechanism behind cell wide mitochondrial oscillations of ΔΨm. While the superoxide production/scavenging system is a key component to this mechanism, the contribution of H2O2 production/scavenging to RIRR is unknown. Current mitochondrial models do not take into account the role of H2O2, which diffuses over a larger distance than superoxide, in modulating the vulnerability of the network to ΔΨm oscillation. The objective of this study was to characterize the interplay between the different ROS production/scavenging systems in a model of the mitochondrial network that reproduces the kinetics and synchronization of ΔΨm depolarization and repolarization. We hypothesized that accumulation of H2O2, which can easily diffuse into the mitochondrial matrix and inhibit superoxide scavenging, is responsible for increasing the oscillatory vulnerability of the mitochondrial network. We employed a 1D model of mitochondrial network dynamics that includes the RIRR mechanism via the superoxide-sensitive inner membrane anion channel, and diffusion of superoxide and H2O2 between mitochondria. Localized oxidative stress was simulated by increasing superoxide production. ΔΨm depolarization/repolarization wave patterns of the network, with and without H2O2 diffusion, were compared. H2O2 diffusion from the oxidatively-stressed mitochondrion, was found necessary to gradually extend the oscillatory region to the rest of the network, as observed over time in laser flash experiments. Thus, H2O2 is the key messenger molecule in bringing the mitochondrial network into the oscillatory state. The model results suggest that H2O2 diffusion is an important player in bringing the network close to criticality, both by depleting the antioxidant defenses and by accentuating the inhibition of superoxide scavenging in the matrix.
Velopharyngeal Closure Force and Levator Veli Palatini Activation Levels in Varying Phonetic Contexts

The purpose of this study was to measure velopharyngeal closure force in varying phonetic contexts for normal men and women subjects. Levator veli palatini muscle activity was measured as well. Pla...
Outsourcing and Audit Risk for Internal Audit Services

Some companies now outsource their internal audit function to public accountants. Internal auditors and accounting firms disagree about the merits of outsourcing. Each type of auditor claims to provide more cost-effective services and appears to claim superior expertise. This paper uses agency theory to examine outsourcing and reconciles the outsourcing debate without resorting to differential auditor expertise. Under the assumptions that public accountants' “deep pockets” provide incentives to outsource and their higher opportunity cost provides a disincentive, we characterize the optimal employment contract with each auditor. We find that public accountants provide higher levels of testing, but possibly for a higher expected fee. This result supports both the internal auditor's claim as the lower cost provider, and the public accountant's claim of higher quality. We also find that incentives to outsource generally increase in various measures of risk, including the risk that a control weakness exists and the size of the loss that can result from an undetected control weakness.
A novel receptor function for the heat shock protein Grp78: silencing of Grp78 gene expression attenuates α2M*-induced signalling

The activated proteinase inhibitor alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M*) binds to two receptors, the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP-1) and the alpha2M* signalling receptor (alpha2MSR). Silencing LRP-1 gene expression in macrophages by RNA interference does not block alpha2M* activation of signalling cascades. We now demonstrate that transfection of macrophages with a double-stranded RNA homologous in sequence to the Grp78 gene markedly decreased induction of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and subsequent IP3-dependent elevation of [Ca2+]i induced by alpha2M*. Concomitantly, alpha2M*-induced increase in [3H]thymidine uptake was abolished in these transfected cells. Insulin treatment significantly upregulates alpha2MSR and it also caused a marked increase in Grp78 expression which could be blocked by RNA interference. alpha2M* treatment of cells activates the Ras- and PI 3-kinase-dependent signalling pathways. Suppressing Grp78 expression leads to the loss of these activation events in transfected macrophages. We thus conclude that Grp78 is the alpha2M* signalling receptor.
Creating novel enzymes by applied molecular evolution

Recent molecular techniques have made it feasible to simulate evolutionary processes and apply in vitro selection to evolve enzymes with novel properties that may have potential benefits for medical and industrial applications. The characterization of such mutants has also provided new insights into how molecular structure determines enzyme function.
Proteolytic Activity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vpr- and Vpx-Protease Fusion Proteins

Abstract In addition to Gag, Pol, and Env, primate lentiviruses encode other virion-associated proteins, including Vpr, Vpx, and Vif. Vpr- and Vpx-staphylococcal nuclease and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion proteins incorporate into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virions and retain enzyme activity when expressed in trans with HIV proviruses (Wu et al., J. Virol. 69, 3389, 1995). To explore whether the viral protease (PR) could be expressed as a proteolytically active fusion protein, the HIV PR coding region was fused in-frame with the HIV-2 vpx and HIV-1 vpr genes. Using a vaccinia virus-T7 expression system, the Vpx-PR fusion protein was expressed and formed homodimers. Coexpression with Pr55 Gag demonstrated that Vpx-PR possessed Gag-specific proteolytic activity and inhibited the production of Gag virus-like particles. Trans -expression of a PR-Vpr fusion protein with HIV-1 provirus caused a profound reduction in viral protein expression and virion production. Importantly, the PR-Vpr fusion protein caused a similar level of inhibition and intracellular cleavage of Pr55 Gag precursor protein when coexpressed with protease defective HIV-1 provirus. The inhibitory effect of PR-Vpr expression on virion production was markedly greater than that of PR alone. These results indicate that Vpr augments the intracellular proteolytic activity of PR when expressed as a fusion protein and thus may be relevant for the expression of PR in intracellular immunization strategies against HIV infection. Moreover, the ability to express and package enzymatically active PR-Vpr fusion protein, independent of Gag/Pol, may provide a novel means to study enzyme function.
A Potent and Highly Selective Inhibitor of Human α-1,3-Fucosyltransferase via Click Chemistry

Potent inhibitors of fucosyltransferases, and glycosyltransferases in general, have been elusive due to the inherent barriers surrounding the family of glycosyltransfer reactions. The problems of weak substrate affinity and low catalytic proficiency of fucosyltransferase was offset by recruiting additional binding features, in this case hydrophobic interactions, to produce a high affinity inhibitor, 24, with Ki = 62 nM. The molecule was identified from a GDP-triazole library of 85 compounds, which was produced by the Cu(I)-catalyzed [2 + 3] cycloaddition reaction between azide and acetylene reactants, followed by in situ screening without product isolation.
Sensitivity of the common bile duct to acid peptic digestion.

Summary1. The glandular mucosa of common bile duct shows a sensitivity to acidpeptic digestion at least as great as that of the esophagus. 2. Admixture of bile and pancreatic juice incubated from 1/2 to 48 hours failed to demonstrate evidence of digestive injury to either the common bile duct or the esophagus during a 2-hour period of perfusion. 3. There would appear to be a possibility that acid-peptic erosion of the biliary papilla may play a role in the genesis of stricture of the bile duct in some disease states.
Using Quasi-Newton methods for kidney modelling equations

Abstract A method based on a convex combination of the Broyden and another quasi-Newton type update is described. Computational results exhibiting the relative efficiency of the proposed method for kidney models are given.
Accumulation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in cultured cerebellar astrocytes.

: Cultured cerebellar astrocytes rapidly accumulate 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) from the incubation medium, reaching a plateau within 10 min, whereas within that time negligible amounts of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) have entered the astrocytes. MPTP accumulation is essentially independent of temperature and is proportional to extracellular concentration at steady state: The steady-state concentration achieved within these cells is about 50-fold higher at relatively low extracellular concentrations. MPTP appears to accumulate intracellularly within lysosomes, because lysosomotropic agents such as ammonium chloride and chloroquine markedly diminish the accumulation. Moreover, a proton gradient is required, because MPTP accumulation is abolished by the hydrogen ion antiporter monensin. Over an interval of several days, MPTP is converted to MPP+ intracellularly, with a concomitant decrease in medium MPTP and increase in medium MPP+. A constant, small but significant amount of MPP+ is retained intracellularly over a 72-h interval. Increasing the medium MPTP concentrations results in increased conversion of MPTP and enhanced intracellular retention of MPTP and MPP+. Neither MPTP nor MPP+ is neurotoxic to cultured cerebellar astrocytes as determined by cell counts and rate of conversion of MPTP to MPP+.
Thermopowers and resistivities of silver-palladium and copper-nickel alloys

The absolute thermopowers and electrical resistivities of Ag-Pd and Cu-Ni have been measured as a function of temperature between 4.2 and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for concentrations up to 20 at.%. The two systems behave differently in many respects. Matthiessen's rule is obeyed well for Ag-Pd but very poorly for Cu-Ni alloys. The phonon-drag peak is completely suppressed by the addition of less than 1 at.% Ni to Cu but persists to greater than 6 at.% Pd in Ag. Nordheim-Gorter plots are curved for both alloys, but related plots for fixed concentrations are linear, indicating that any given concentration the thermopower can be considered as arising from two nearly independent scattering mechanisms, both of which have characteristic thermopowers proportional to temperature. The results in general are consistent with a rather rapid initial change in the Fermi surface up to about 0.5 at.% followed by a more gradual modification. No marked anomalies which might coincide with the departure of the Fermi surface from the zone boundary have been observed.
Behavioral and Physiological Responses to Child-Directed Speech as Predictors of Communication Outcomes in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Purpose To determine the extent to which behavioral and physiological responses during child-directed speech (CDS) correlate concurrently and predictively with communication skills in young childre...
Effective arterial elastance as index of arterial vascular load in humans.

BACKGROUNDThis study tested whether the simple ratio of ventricular end-systolic pressure to stroke volume, known as the effective arterial elastance (Ea), provides a valid measure of arterial load in humans with normal and aged hypertensive vasculatures.METHODS AND RESULTSVentricular pressure-volume and invasive aortic pressure and flow were simultaneously determined in 10 subjects (four young normotensive and six older hypertensive). Measurements were obtained at rest, during mechanically reduced preload, and after pharmacological interventions. Two measures of arterial load were compared: One was derived from aortic input impedance and arterial compliance data using an algebraic expression based on a three-element Windkessel model of the arterial system [Ea(Z)], and the other was more simply measured as the ratio of ventricular end-systolic pressure to stroke volume [Ea(PV)]. Although derived from completely different data sources and despite the simplifying assumptions of Ea(PV), both Ea(Z) and Ea(PV)...
Am I My Brother's Keeper?: A Case Study of the Responsibilities of Research

As a result of the AIDS epidemic, there has been considerable expansion in research targeted at inner-city drug-using populations. Anthropology has played an important role in the effort to better understand HIV risk behaviors among drug users and to develop empirically grounded interventions. However, the study of highly vulnerable and social stigmatized populations raises important ethical issues, including the full extent of researcher responsibility to the subjects of research. This paper uses a case study approach to explore these issues. The case in question is a research participant who was killed by police in what they describe as a "police-assisted suicide" not long after his last interaction with research staff. The paper seeks to initiate discussion among researchers, funders, providers, and policy makers concerning key ethical and responsibility issues in HIV/AIDS research.
Binary reducing agents containing dichloroindium hydride for the selective, partial, or tandem reductions of bifunctional compounds consisting of halo-nitriles, halo-esters and halo-carboxylic acids

The selective, partial, or tandem reductions of bifunctional compounds containing primary alkyl or benzyl bromides can generate a variety of different products using a mixture of dichloroindium hydride (HInCl2) and an additional hydride, such as borane–tetrahydrofuran (BH3 : THF) or diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL-H). Binary metal hydride systems, containing HInCl2 and BH3 : THF, are readily generated from anhydrous indium trichloride (InCl3) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in THF. Dichloroindium hydride can reduce primary halides and in the presence of another hydride, either generated in situ or added to the single-pot reaction, can perform tandem reductions of a variety of bifunctional bromides. Together, the hydrides reduce carbon–halogen bonds as well as an electrophilic group, such as a nitrile, an ester, or a carboxylic acid. The reduction of 4-(bromomethyl)benzonitrile using the HInCl2 and BH3 : THF binary metal hydride system affords 4-methylbenzylamine in an excellent yield under ambient conditions and short reaction times. By using the binary metal hydride system consisting of HInCl2 and DIBAL-H, the tandem reduction of 4-(bromomethyl)benzonitrile was achieved affording para-tolualdehyde in an excellent yield, also under ambient conditions. The reduction of 4-(bromomethyl)phenyl acetic acid by HInCl2 selectively reduced the carbon–halogen bond generating para-tolylacetic acid. When using either of the binary hydride systems, both functional groups were reduced generating 4-methylphenethyl alcohol. Methyl 4-(bromomethyl) benzoate underwent a selective or tandem reduction to generate [4-(bromomethyl)phenyl]methanol, methyl 4-methyl benzoate or para-tolylmethanol depending on the hydride system used. Consequently, a single bifunctional compound was transformed into a variety of different compounds by the simple manipulation of the binary hydride system used without the need for protecting groups, and in most cases, by a one-pot procedure.
Radiographic Appearance of a Myxosarcoma in a Rhesus Monkey: A Case Report

Abstract : The radiographic features of a spontaneous, connective-tissue neoplasm, a myxosarcoma of the ilial region, were described in a young male rhesus monkey. The clinical course of the neoplasm was followed from initial discovery until euthanasia of the monkey. Initial radiographs showed an aggressive and highly destructive lesion of the right ilium, acetabulum and proximal ischium which progressed to involve the proximal femur, pelvic canal, and surrounding soft tissue. Radiographic differential diagnosis was discussed.
The space-time distribution of sulfate deposition in the northeastern United States

Abstract The space-time semi-variograms of sulfate deposition data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey during the period 1965–1979 in New York State and during the winter of 1980–1981 over the north central and north eastern U.S. follow well-defined patterns. These patterns were estimated and used to produce sulfate deposition maps. The spatially and temporally weighted average level of sulfate deposition was about 50 kg ha−1 per year for 1965–1979. Individual yearly 80-km square block estimates had estimation standard deviations of about 6–9 kg ha −1 per year (or about 15 % relative). The space-time semi-variogram exhibited a well-defined seasonal component in time and an isotropic spatial component. Three-dimensional kriging allowed estimates to be based on data simultaneously dispersed in time and space. Sulfate deposition in the winter of 1980–1981 ranged from about 5 to 12 kg ha −1 per year for the more northern areas, 12 to 19 kg ha−1 per year for the central region and from 19 to 26 kg ha−1 per year for the more southern areas. The estimation standard deviations were roughly uniform within the bounds of the network and were about 2–4 kg ha−1 per year for 80-km square blocks. Replicate samples helped provide an improved estimate of spatial variability at short distances. The semi-variogram for the 1980–1981 data exhibited a strong anisotropy which indicated a drift in mean sulfate deposition in the north-south direction. This drift component was taken into account when estimating sulfate deposition by using the method of universal kriging. The reasonableness of extrapolation for sulfate deposition for blocks as far as 300–400 km outside the boundary of the network is discussed.
Detectability study for statistical monitoring of multivariate dynamic processes

Fault detection and diagnosis for dynamic processes is an intensively investigated area. However, the problem of determining whether or not system faults can be successfully detected based on the output measurements for a given dynamic process remains an open research topic. An intrinsic definition of fault detectability in multivariate dynamic processes is proposed in this paper. It defines the detectability in an intrinsic manner as a system property, without any reference to any specific fault detection algorithm. Furthermore, the relationship between system structure and the detectability for mean change faults and variability change faults are investigated. Analytical criteria for checking the system detectability are established. The results presented in this paper can provide guidelines on system design improvement for process monitoring and control. A case study is presented that illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Prothrombin complex concentrate for warfarin-induced bleeding in a patient with a mechanical aortic valve

Reversal of anticoagulation-induced bleeding in the perioperative period can be challenging, particularly with an unstable patient with a mechanical valve. We present a case of life-threatening bleeding successfully managed with a prothrombin complex concentrate as an alternative to fresh frozen plasma.
Russia and Soul

Russia and Soul. Dale Pesmen. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000. vii. 364 pp., bibliography
Systemic organizational change for the collaborative care approach to managing depressive disorders.

t v c The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening for depression in adults and adolescents in outpatient primary care settings hen adequate systems are in place for efficient diagnois, treatment, and follow-up of depressive disorders. The revention Practice Committee of the American College f Preventive Medicine subsequently suggested that all rimary care settings should have such systems in place, iven the prevalence and associated morbidity of depresive disorders. In addition to facilitating routine screening and establishing the diagnosis, the collaborative care model, discussed in articles in this issue of the American Journal of PreventiveMedicine, is designed to increase primary care providers’ use of evidence-based protocols inmanaging depressive disorders and to improve clinical and community support for patients’ active engagement in shared decision making and self-management. (Of note, I use the term patient herein for clarity and concision, although modern conceptions of recovery, which mphasize shared decision making and empowerment, ightly prefer terms like consumer, mental health service ser, or client.) As discussed in the articles from the Community Preentive Services Task Force (Task Force; with collaboraors from other institutions, agencies, and associations) n this issue of the Journal, the adoption of an interated, collaborative care model for the management of epressive disorders is a method of establishing adequate ystems to ensure diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of epressive disorders. Collaborative care models typically employ case managers to liaise among primary care providers, patients, and mental health professionals. Depressive disorders are highly prevalent, andmost patients with such disorders who are in treatment are seen in primary care settings (emphasis is added here to acknowledge the vast problem of lack of treatment and
Reconciliation ecology and the future of species diversity

Species-area relationships (SPARs) dictate a sea change in the strategies of biodiversity conservation. SPARs exist at three ecological scales: Sample-area SPARs (a larger area within a biogeographical province will tend to include more habitat types, and thus more species, than a smaller one), Archipelagic SPARs (the islands of an archipelago show SPARs that combine the habitat-sampling process with the problem of dispersal to an island), and Interprovincial SPARs (other things being equal, the speciation rates of larger biogeographical provinces are higher and their extinction rates are lower, leading to diversities in proportion to provincial area). SPARs are the products of steady-state dynamics in diversity, and such dynamics appears to have characterized the earth for most of the last 500 million years. As people reduce the area available to wild species, they impose a linear reduction of the earth's species diversity that will follow the largest of these scales, i.e. each 1% reduction of natural area will cost about 1% of steady-state diversity. Reserving small tracts of wild habitat can only delay these reductions. But we can stop most of them by redesigning anthropogenic habitats so that their use is compatible with use by a broad array of other species. That is reconciliation ecology. Many pilot projects, whether intentionally or inadvertently espousing reconciliation ecology, are demonstrating that it can be done.
Using facial images to diagnose fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

This paper proposes the methodology of classification architectures for FAS diagnosis tasks and shows their feasibility through experimental studies. We describe the automatic selection of features from an image training set using the theories of multidimensional discriminant analysis and the associated optimal linear projection. The method consists of two steps: projection of face image from the original vector space to a face subspace via PCA, and then use of LDA to obtain a linear classifier. This hybrid classifier using PCA and LDA provides an effective framework for classification of FAS images as FAS-positive and FAS-negative.
Control in childbirth: a concept analysis and synthesis

Aim. To report a concept analysis of control in childbirth. Background. Control has a variety of definitions from a wide range of disciplines. In childbirth, however, the concept is more tenuous and depends on the context. It can be viewed in relationship to a woman’s body and labour progression, pain, environment and the ability to request her method of birth. Data sources. Medline, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases were searched between 1970–2011 using the keywords, ‘control’, ‘childbirth’, ‘labour’ and ‘delivery’. Review methods. Walker and Avant’s method of concept analysis was used for this review. In addition, cases were placed before defining attributes as recommended by Risjord. Results. Four attributes of control were identified: decision-making, access to information, personal security and physical functioning. Antecedents include pregnancy and expectations of the birth. Consequences include childbirth satisfaction, childbirth experience, emotional well-being, fulfilment and the transition into motherhood. A model case, contrary case and borderline case are described. Conclusion. Clarifying the definition of control in childbirth and defining its attributes can help inform women and maternity providers throughout the world. This analysis provides clarity to a previously tenuous concept and allows practitioners to better understand the critical relationship between control in childbirth and satisfaction with the childbirth experience. It also has the potential to affect perinatal outcomes and subsequently healthcare costs.
Planning to play cricket: child training for citizenship work in a north Indian development initiative.

This article presents the data of an ethnographic case study of a non-governmental organisation’s development project in northern India, the creation of Children’s Committees for Village Development (CCVDs). Through this case study, we can examine how children are crafted into a child public that is constituted by global development ideologies and moulded by local social structures. CCVD tasks can be recognised as a form of ‘work’, with specific activities related to citizenship practices. A focus on the tasks in which the children are engaged illustrates the specific practices through which transnational development organisations contribute to expectations about national citizenship in India. While these practices are informed by transnational ideologies, local social relations shape the children’s implementation and adult reception of these ideologies. Understanding citizenship activities as work practices, highlights the role that the ascription of value to children’s work plays in this development pro...
Laramide exhumation of the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming: An apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology study

We report (U-Th)/He apatite ages from the crystalline core of the Bighorn Mountains and compare the exhumation history derived from those ages with the exhumation history determined from sedimentary rocks in the adjacent Powder River and Bighorn basins. Our (U-Th)/He apatite ages range from 62 to 369 Ma and represent a pre-Laramide He partial retention zone that was deformed and uplifted at ca. 65 ′ 5 Ma. The geometry of the He partial retention zone indicates that the basement in the Bighorn Mountains is deformed into a doubly plunging anticline. The preservation of a pre-Laramide partial retention zone in the upper few hundred meters of Precambrian basement indicates that in general, the temperature at the Cambrian unconformity did not exceed the apatite He closure temperature. This is difficult to reconcile with evidence from adjacent basins for thick sequences of sedimentary rocks (3-4 km) prior to 65 Ma, and normal modern geothermal gradients. Either the range was never deeply buried (<2-3 km), its geothermal gradient has been low (<20 °C) since at least the Mesozoic, or our apatites have higher (U-Th)/He closure temperatures (∼80-90 °C) than those measured for other apatites.
Historical and philosphical perspectives attainable in introductory physics courses

(1988). Historical and philosphical perspectives attainable in introductory physics courses. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 13-23.