cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilizing spatial robustness measures for the optimization of a PZT-actuated flexible beam

ABSTRACT In this work, we revisit the problem of actuator placement within the context of spatial robustness. When oneoptimizes location-parameterized H 2 or H closed loop measures, arrives at actuator locations that provideperformance optimality. However, these measures assume an a priori given distribution of disturbances. Whenthe above measures include an additional optimization stage whereby one searches for the worst distribution ofdisturbances, then the resulting actuator location will result in both an improved performance and enhancedspatial robustness. Using an analytical bound approach that provides an explicit expression for an upper boundon the H norm of the system transfer function, the worst distribution of disturbances can be found thatmaximizes the open loop H bound. Subsequently, an optimal actuator location is found that minimizes theH bound of the closed loop transfer function. This method minimizes the optimization complexity and providesgreat computational advantages in large scale exible systems where the solution to H optimization problemsusing standard tools becomes computationally prohibitive.Keywords: Actuator placement, exible beam, distribution of disturbances, PZT actuators.
Interfacial thermal resistance in nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia

Abstract The grain-size dependent thermal conductivity of nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia from 6–480K is reported. The thermal conductivity for a grain size of 10 nm is reduced to approximately half that of coarse-grained or single-crystal material at all measured temperatures. A method for determining the interfacial resistance to thermal transport in polycrystalline materials from measurements of grain-size-dependent thermal conductivity is described and applied. The results suggest a new strategy for identifying improved thermal barrier materials by choosing materials with large interfacial thermal resistance and reduced dimensionality or grain size, rather than by focusing on minimization of bulk thermal conductivity alone.
Cell replacement in the human stratum corneum in old age.

SUMMARY. Staining of the human stratum corneum in vivo with fluorescent tetrachlorsalicylanilide has been used to measure the transit time of horny cells in the normal forearm skin of aged people. Stratum corneum thickness was estimated by counting the horny cell layers in biopsy specimens of epidermis, visualized by hydration in alkali. From the two parameters thus obtained, stratum corneum replacement rates were: calculated. In 6 aged men, transit times varied between 20 and 36 (mean 26) days, and replacement rates between 30 and 47 (mean 34) hr. per cell layer. These data suggest reduced epidermal mitotic activity compared with that of young men. In 5 aged women, transit times varied between 17 and 26 (mean 20) days and replacement rates between 16 and 31 (mean 24) hr. per cell layer. This faster replacement in old women compared with old men is not much slower than that observed in young adults.
Pseudovarieties of completely regular semigroups

We shall show that several results concerning the lattice of completely regular semigroup varieties find their analogues for the lattice of pseudovarieties of completely regular semigroups. We establish several complete idempotent endomorphisms and a subdirect decomposition of this lattice of pseudovarieties. These investigations culminate in Theorem 18 which is the analogue for pseudovarieties of Polak’s description [19] of the lattice of completely regular semigroup varieties. We shall in particular be able to describe the lattice of pseudovarieties of orthogroups in terms of the lattice of pseudovarieties of groups.
Science interviews: asymmetric or symmetric

Findings from a matched study of science writers and their scientist sources seem to portray two basic approaches to the science interview: 1) an asymmetric, carefully controlled interview that produces an overview or “wrap-up” of scientific inquiry within the context of an article generally known as interpretive or explanatory, written for readers of publications such as The New York Times, the Boston Globe, Wall Street Journal, the Chronicle of Higher Education, or Popular Science; and, 2) a symmetric, intense, less controlled interview situation that produces more technical articles of greater depth and breadth, perhaps of one scientist's research or of an important era in a scientific domain, written for readers of publications such as New Yorker, Psychology Today, Science, and Discover. The first type of interview emphasizes two language principles—singularity and parsimony—through use of items on a questionnaire representing tight organization, precise wording, unity, and others; the second type of ...
Relative effectiveness of bibliotherapy, individual and group self-control training in the treatment of problem drinkers.

Abstract The effectiveness of 4 alternative forms of behavioral self-control training (BSCT) designed to reduce alcohol consumption was evaluated. Forty-one problem drinkers were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment conditions: (a) bibliotherapy, in which clients were evaluated and then provided with a self-help manual (Miller & Munoz, 1976) and self-monitoring cards but were not given therapy sessions, (b) BSCT alone, consisting of 10 individual sessions following material presented in the manual, (c) BSCT plus relaxation training, being identical to (b) except that training in progressive deep muscle relaxation was added within the 10 sessions, and (d) group therapy identical in content to (c) but offered in a group rather than in individual format. Outcome data included information from client interviews, psychometric measures, self-monitoring cards, and interviews with significant others. All data sources indicated significant and substantial reduction in alcohol consumption, particularly in “alcoholismic” drinking patterns. No significant differences were found among the 4 treatment groups. The cost-effectiveness of a bibliotherapy approach was supported, consistent with prior research. Overall improvement rates were 84% and 69% at 3- and 12-month follow-up, respectively.
Tubular basement membrane changes in 2-amino-4,5-diphenylthiazole-induced polycystic disease

Tubular basement membrane changes in 2-amino-4,5-diphenylthiazole-induced polycystic disease. Polycystic renal disease was induced in rats by feeding 2-amino-4,5-diphenylthiazole. Tubular (TBM) and glomerular basement membranes (GBM) were purified and analyzed for possible structural changes that may be a factor in the development of the tubular dilations and cysts. Changes in the relative quantities of TBM polypeptides were detected by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An overall increase in the concentration of high molecular weight components and a decrease in concentration of those of low molecular weight components were observed. Changes which were particularly notable included a twofold increase in a component of M r = 380,000 and a decrease in one of M r = 55,000 as analyzed without reduction of disulfide bonds. With reduction of disulfide bonds, the M r = 380,000 component dissociates, whereas the M r = 55,000 polypeptide does not, and polypeptides of M r = 245,000 and 145,000 are observed to increase about twofold in concentration (approximate molecular weights were determined using globular protein standards). These changes take place most rapidly from 4 to 8 weeks of drug administration and remain relatively constant between 8 and 16 weeks. If feeding of the drug is discontinued, the distribution of TBM polypeptides returns to normal. These results indicate that tubular basement membrane from animals with 2-amino-4,5-diphenylthiazole-induced polycystic renal disease is abnormal, and this should be considered as a possible contributing factor in the formation of cysts.
Comparison of manual and automated palletizing of mixed size and weight box containers

Abstract In order to protect workers from injuries resulting from handling materials manually, it is frequently suggested that such activities should be automated wherever possible. For automation to be possible, it must meet two conditions: (1) automation should be technically feasible - that is proper equipment, grippers, material handling algorithms, etc. should be available and (2) it must be within the economic means of the company. Supporters of automation suggest that the cost of injuries is always higher than the cost of automation and the initial investment in equipment and support facilities can be recovered rather quickly. Such suggestions, however, ignore technical feasibility. The problem of palletizing boxes of mixed size and weight automatically is a rather difficult one and has, for a long time, lacked a practical solution. Recently, an expert system based algorithm was developed to palletize mixed weight and size boxes using industrial robots. This paper reports a case study undertaken to compare robotic palletizing, based on the proposed state of the art algorithm, with manual palletizing. Mixed weight and size boxes were used and performance and cost criteria were applied to evaluate the two alternatives.
Chromium depletion in the vicinity of carbides in sensitized austenitic stainless steels

The analytical electron microscope (AEM) was used to examine the microstructure of type 316LN stainless steel alloys which had been annealed for 50 to 300 hours in the temperature range 600 to 700 °C. The M23C6 carbide chemistry and distribution are described as a function of heat treatment.X-ray spectroscopy in the AEM revealed significant chromium depletion at grain boundaries in the vicinity of carbides for samples aged at 50 and 100 hours at 650 °C and 100 and 300 hours at 700 °C, with lower grain boundary chromium values observed at 650 °C than at 700 °C. The width of the chromium depleted zone normal to the grain boundaries increased with increasing annealing time and/or temperature. Measurements of chromium concentration along the grain boundaries away from a carbide were made after aging at 700 °C for 100 hours, and the chromium level rose steadily until the bulk value was reached at a distance of ~3μm from the carbide. The width of the chromium depleted zone normal to the boundaries in the same sample was an order of magnitude less. Some molybdenum depletion was also found at the grain boundaries, and the Mo-depletion profiles were in form and extent similar to the chromium results. Simple thermodynamic models were used to calculate the equilibrium value of chromium at the carbide-matrix interface, and the chromium distribution along and normal to the grain boundaries. The results of these models agreed well with the AEM results, and the agreement can be improved by considering the effect of electron probe configuration on the AEM measurements. The calculated thermodynamic data and the AEM results were related to the corrosion behavior of the alloys. The occurrence of severe asymmetries in some concentration profiles normal to the grain boundaries, which increased with increasing annealing temperature or time, was shown to be due to boundary movement during the discontinuous precipitation of M23C6 carbides.
The beast that shouldn't have been

How did a unique and now extinct wolf-like creature come to make its home in the Falkland Islands? New DNA evidence backs an unlikely explanation
Breastfeeding-related Onset, Flare, and Relapse of Rheumatoid Arthritis

The beneficial effects of pregnancy on rheumatoid arthritis have been known for decades. Only recently, however, have lactation and prolactin been targeted as predictors of onset, flare, or relapse of arthritis. Among genetically susceptible women, breastfeeding is associated with an increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis, particularly after the first pregnancy. Dietary interventions may reduce symptoms experienced by arthritic women.
Mass transfer studies on multiple emulsion as a controlled mass release system

A novel type of multiple emulsions which contain a microemulsion in macrodroplets, was prepared by a two-step emulsification procedure. Mineral oil was used as the oil phase with a mixture of Aerosol OT and Span 20 as primary emulsifiers. A water-in-oil microemulsion was prepared by gradual addition of water in oil containing both these emulsifiers. This microemulsion system, when dispersed in an aqueous solution containing secondary emulsifier, produces water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsions.
Second Solid Cancers After Radiation Therapy: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiologic Studies of the Radiation Dose-Response Relationship

Rapid innovations in radiation therapy techniques have resulted in an urgent need for risk projection models for second cancer risks from high-dose radiation exposure, because direct observation of the late effects of newer treatments will require patient follow-up for a decade or more. However, the patterns of cancer risk after fractionated high-dose radiation are much less well understood than those after lower-dose exposures (0.1-5 Gy). In particular, there is uncertainty about the shape of the dose-response curve at high doses and about the magnitude of the second cancer risk per unit dose. We reviewed the available evidence from epidemiologic studies of second solid cancers in organs that received high-dose exposure (>5 Gy) from radiation therapy where dose-response curves were estimated from individual organ-specific doses. We included 28 eligible studies with 3434 second cancer patients across 11 second solid cancers. Overall, there was little evidence that the dose-response curve was nonlinear in the direction of a downturn in risk, even at organ doses of ≥60 Gy. Thyroid cancer was the only exception, with evidence of a downturn after 20 Gy. Generally the excess relative risk per Gray, taking account of age and sex, was 5 to 10 times lower than the risk from acute exposures of <2 Gy among the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. However, the magnitude of the reduction in risk varied according to the second cancer. The results of our review provide insights into radiation carcinogenesis from fractionated high-dose exposures and are generally consistent with current theoretical models. The results can be used to refine the development of second solid cancer risk projection models for novel radiation therapy techniques.
Geometric tolerancing: 2. conditional tolerances

In a companion paper, we examined the representation of geometric tolerances in solid models from the perspective of certain functional requirements. We showed that assembly and material bulk requirements can be specified as virtual boundary requirements (VBRs). Here, we study the related issue of deriving equivalent alternative specifications. Specifically, we first explore the reasons for converting VBRs to another form of tolerances designated as conditional tolerances (CTs). We then develop a theoretical basis for converting VBRs to CTs and derive CTs for some common and practical VBRs. We thereby demonstrate the difficulties in finding a general-purpose algorithm for such conversions and also show that some of the CT formulas used in current practice are incorrect.
Overview of field-flow fractionation

Foremost among J.C. Gidding's many contributions to separation science is the invention and development of field-flow fractionation. This article is a nonmathematical overview of field-flow fractionation with a discussion of general principles and the basic subtechniques of this separation method. A brief review is given of some of the molecular and particle separations and characterizations which have been and are currently being used which illustrate the broad potential of this method. Since field-flow fractionation requires small samples for optimum performance, the use of SPLITT for obtaining sized materials in up to gram quantities is also discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep9: 151–162, 1997
F2-Isoprostanes as markers of oxidative stress in vivo: An overview

The isoprostanes are a unique series of prostaglandin-like compounds formed in vivo via a non-enzymatic mechanism involving the free radical-initiated peroxidation of arachidonic acid. This article summarizes selected aspects regarding current knowledge of these compounds and their value as markers of oxidative injury. Novel aspects related to the biochemistry of isoprostane formation are discussed and methods by which these compounds can be analysed and quantified are summarized. A considerable portion of this article examines the utility of F(2)-isoprostanes as markers of oxidant injury in vivo. Numerous studies carried out over the past decade have shown that these compounds are extremely accurate measures of lipid peroxidation and have illuminated the role of oxidant injury in a number of human diseases including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and pulmonary disorders.
Effect of growth temperature on the material properties of PLD-grown Bi 2 Te 3 and Sb 2 Te 3

Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Te3) and Antimony Telluride (Sb2Te3) are the preferable materials for building thermoelectric devices. Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) is one of the techniques used to grow these materials. To study the effect of temperature growth on the properties of the materials, thin films were PLD-deposited on n-type Silicon substrate in Argon (Ar) atmosphere. Substrate temperatures changed from 25 °C to 450 °C. The surface morphology of the films was studied using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and their crystal properties were studied using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The effect of the growth temperature on the material properties was investigated. AFM scans show how temperature affects the surface morphology. XRD results show that all the films are polycrystalline, and at higher temperatures both films have specific preferred orientations, namely along the (006) and (00 15) planes. Both Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 were found to have hexagonal crystal lattice structure with lattice constants a = 4.396 Å and c = 30.486 Å for Bi2Te3 and a = 5.075 Å and c = 30.451 Å for Sb2Te3. The grain sizes of all the films were calculated using Scherrer formula and plotted as a function of temperature for both the materials.
Parasitization of Lepidopterous Pests on Fresh Market Tomatoes in Southern California

Immature stages of the major lepidopterous pests of tomatoes were sampled from summer and fall plantings grown in the absence of insecticides and held in the laboratory to determine levels of parasitization and species of parasites associated with each host. Nine species of parasites were reared from Heliothis zea (Boddie), 13 from Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), 14 from Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), and 2 species from Manduca sexta (L.). Mean parasitization of H. zea larvae ranged from 72.5% in 1965 to 89.5% in 1967; that for T. ni from 51.4% in 1965 to 70.5% in 1966; that for S. exigua from 24.1% in 1979 to 83.9% in 1967; and that for M. sexta from 0.0% in 1967 to 14.1% in 1966. Parasitization of H. zea, T. ni . and M. sexta eggs ranged from 51.4, 24.6, and 41.9%, respectively, in 1967 to 55.7, 53.4, and 49.5% in ]966. Hyposoter exiguae Viereck and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley were the most common larval and egg parasite, respectively, reared from all four pest species.
Isolation and growth characteristics of cell lines from bovine venous endothelium.

Endothelial isolates from excised bovine vena cava were obtained following a 10 min incubation with versene (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). From 19 specimens, 14 cell lines with similar in vitro characteristics have been initiated and maintained in continuous culture for over 22 passages. The predominant cell type in these lines possesses morphologic characteristics similar to those of the tissue of origin. Attached to glass cover slips or plastic flasks the cells are polygonal-shaped and form a mosaic-patterned monolayer. When grown in continuous sheets, the shape and arrangement of the cell, as demonstrated by silver nitrate staining, resembles that of ndothelium. Scanning electron micrographs reveal the presence of numerous cytoplasmic projections on the surface of the bovine endothelial cells. Projections of similar morphology are seen on the surface of the cultured cells. That the in vitro lines actually represent endothelial cells or endothelial precursors is suggested but not proven by these morphologic observations. Evaluation of the functional capabilities of these cells is necessary to determine their true nature.
Assembly, alignment, and testing of a GHIS brassboard instrument

The GHIS FTIR spectrometer is designed to be a plug-in replacement for the low-resolution filter wheel spectrometer employed in current GOES sounders. State-of-the-art retrieval algorithms will be able to produce atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles with improved vertical resolution and smaller uncertainties as a results of the instrument's higher spectral resolution. MIT Lincoln Laboratory has designed, assembled, and performed visible- wavelength tests of a GHIS brassboard spectrometer. Details of the assembly procedure will be presented, showing how the optical components were individually tested, then pre- aligned and integrated into the instrument at room temperature for eventual operation at a nominal 220K.
Wound-regulation and tissue specificity of the tomato prosystemin promoter in transgenic tobacco plants

To investigate whether the systemic defense signaling pathway in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants may be regulated by a polypeptide signal related to tomato prosystemin, tobacco plants were transformed with a chimeric gene consisting of a 2200 bp fragment containing the promoter region of the tomato prosystemin gene fused to the β-glucuronidase coding region. Histochemical and enzymatic assays demonstrated a low constitutive expression of the reporter gene and a wound- and methyl jasmonate induction of the gene specifically in the vascular bundles of leaves and petioles. Synthesis of the prosystemin-GUS fusion protein in the vascular bundle, regulated by wounding and methyl jasmonate, is similar to the synthesis of prosystemin in tomato plants, from which the promoter was obtained. Although a prosystemin protein or mRNA has not been identified in tobacco using Northern and Western blotting with tomato prosystemin cDNA or antibodies, the transcriptional elements necessary to recognize the tomato prosystemin promoter to express methyl jasmonate-inducibility and tissue specificity are present in tobacco vascular bundle cells. This suggests that an analog related to tomato prosystemin gene may be present in tobacco leaves that is regulated in the same manner as the tomato prosystemin gene.
Analysis of human hemoglobin switching in MEL × human fetal erythroid cell hybrids

The switch from fetal to adult globin synthesis in man was studied using heterospecific cell hybrids between human fetal erythroblasts and mouse erythroleukemia cells. When erythroblasts from first trimester fetuses were used the hybrids expressed a fetal program of human globin expression. While in continuous culture, these hybrids switched from predominantly fetal to almost exclusively adult globin expression, providing direct evidence that switching can occur within a single cell lineage. Sequential studies of globin expression at a single cell level and subcloning experiments suggested that the switch reflects a progressive increase in the generation of beta + cells from gamma + cells. Hybrids formed with erythroblasts of second trimester fetuses switched faster than those produced with cells of first trimester fetuses. The findings suggest that the human gamma to beta switch is controlled by a developmental clock-like mechanism, which appears to be associated with chromosome 11.
Marxism and Secular Faith

It has been argued by Mancur Olson and others that Karl Marx's theory of revolution is logically defective in that front its premises one cannot draw Marx's conclusion that workers will unite to revolt against capitalism. Workers who might wish for large social changes are confronted with a collective action problem that Marx fails to appreciate—so runs the criticism. The critics are assuming that Marx is reasoning from a Hobbesian premise to the effect that insofar as they are rational, individuals act always to fulfill narrowly self-interested goals. This article denies the assumption. In particular it is urged that to make sense of Marx's optimistic hopes about the likely outcome of successful majoritarian working-class revolution, one must attribute to him a secular faith that most people are disposed to play fair with others. This disposition is relatively weak and only sporadically effective in determining behavior, but in the right revolutionary circumstances, Marx hopes, it might play a considerably greater role in this respect. (A circumstance on which Marx places great weight is material abundance.) Being optimistic about the future, Marx cannot be as cynical about human motivation in the present as commentators often take him to be.
On the distributions of optimized multiscale representations

Adapted wavelet analysis of signals is achieved by optimizing a selected criterion. We previously introduced a majorization framework for constructing selection functionals, which can be as well suited to compression as to entropy or other methods. We show how these functionals operate on the basis selection and their effect on the statistics of the resulting representation.
Hepatic gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to different hydrocarbon mixtures.

Traditional biomarkers for hydrocarbon exposure are not induced by all petroleum substances. The objective of this study was to determine if exposure to a crude oil and different refined oils would generate a common hydrocarbon-specific response in gene expression profiles that could be used as generic biomarkers of hydrocarbon exposure. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of either kerosene, gas oil, heavy fuel oil, or crude oil for 96 h. Tissue was collected for RNA extraction and microarray analysis. Exposure to each WAF resulted in a different list of differentially regulated genes, with few genes in common across treatments. Exposure to crude oil WAF changed the expression of genes including cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) with known roles in detoxification pathways. These gene expression profiles were compared to others from previous experiments that used a diverse suite of toxicants. Clustering algorithms successfully identified gene expression profiles resulting from hydrocarbon exposure. These preliminary analyses highlight the difficulties of using single genes as diagnostic of petroleum hydrocarbon exposures. Further work is needed to determine if multivariate transcriptomic-based biomarkers may be a more effective tool than single gene studies for exposure monitoring of different oils. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2034–2043. © 2010 SETAC
A Lust for Treasure and a Love of Gold…or Desperation? Global Facilitation of Piracy, Neoliberal Policies and the Control of the Somali Pirate

The issue of piracy is most often framed as being the product of dangerous individuals plundering and murdering for personal gain. What is less often discussed are the state, political, economic, and corporate interests that intersect with piracy (i.e. the corporate interest demand for protection of global shipping routes that are instrumental for capital accumulation in the world market). Here I utilize the concept of crimes of globalization to demonstrate that the motivations that undergird policies aimed at controlling piracy today are not dissimilar to those promoted through international financial institutions in their effort to advance the economic interests of highly empowered countries at the expense of addressing localized needs.
Ambivalent tales of HIV disclosure in San Francisco.

Abstract In light of rising levels of unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in San Francisco, we sought to understand disclosure practices, the calculus of risk and attitudes about HIV seroconversion. In 2000, 150 MSM participated in interviews pivoting around a detailed narrative of a recent incident of UAI. In order to understand the relationship between individual and community norms, we analyzed the narratives as accounts situated within the respondents’ experience of the HIV epidemic and the gay community in San Francisco. In justifying their risky sexual practices, MSM cited a community-wide shift toward non-disclosure and barebacking since the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Fearing rejection by HIV-positive partners who refuse to use condoms, HIV-negative men saw little advantage in disclosing to casual partners whom they perceived as overwhelmingly HIV-positive. By contrast, HIV-positive men appeared eager to disclose their positive status to release themselves from responsibility for transmission and facilitate “bareback” or unprotected sex. Disavowal of individual responsibility for safer sex in deference to community norms may contribute to the recent spiraling of risk behavior and HIV incidence. Implications for prevention policy are discussed.
Practical Study on 5.2MW PV System in Sharp's Kameyama Plant

Activities of large-scale dispersed power supply systems installed on Sharp's Kameyama Plant are introduced. This paper describes on energy delivery system, especially about the 5.2 MW PV system, and introduces specific technologies applied for the system, which is under study. The current operating data of energy delivery system in Kameyama Plant is also indicated.
Interference fringe analysis based on centroid detection

Phase measurement of interference fringes is an integral part of several fields in optics. Using simple straight sinusoidal fringe patterns, we describe the relationship between fringe position or phase to the centroid position when these fringes are incident on a position sensitive detector. With detailed descriptions and some experimental results, we show that a phenomenal sensitivity is possible in principle with what we believe is a new approach of phase measurement, and excellent sensitivity is readily achieved.
Intracellular Ca dynamics in ventricular fibrillation

In the heart, membrane voltage (Vm) and intracellular Ca (Cai) are bidirectionally coupled, so that ionic membrane currents regulate Cai cycling and Cai affects ionic currents regulating action potential duration (APD). Although Cai reliably and consistently tracks Vm at normal heart rates, it is possible that at very rapid rates, sarcoplasmic reticulum Cai cycling may exhibit intrinsic dynamics. Non-voltage-gated Cai release might cause local alternations in APD and refractoriness that influence wavebreak during ventricular fibrillation (VF). In this study, we tested this hypothesis by examining the extent to which Cai is associated with Vm during VF. Cai transients were mapped optically in isolated arterially perfused swine right ventricles using the fluorescent dye rhod 2 AM while intracellular membrane potential was simultaneously recorded either locally with a microelectrode (5 preparations) or globally with the voltage-sensitive dye RH-237 (5 preparations). Mutual information (MI) is a quantitative statistical measure of the extent to which knowledge of one variable (Vm) predicts the value of a second variable (Cai). MI was high during pacing and ventricular tachycardia (VT; 1.13 +/- 0.21 and 1.69 +/- 0.18, respectively) but fell dramatically during VF (0.28 +/- 0.06, P < 0.001). Cai at sites 4-6 mm apart also showed decreased MI during VF (0.63 +/- 0.13) compared with pacing (1.59 +/- 0.34, P < 0.001) or VT (2.05 +/- 0.67, P < 0.001). Spatially, Cai waves usually bore no relationship to membrane depolarization waves during nonreentrant fractionated waves typical of VF, whereas they tracked each other closely during pacing and VT. The dominant frequencies of Vm and Cai signals analyzed by fast Fourier transform were similar during VT but differed significantly during VF. Cai is closely associated with Vm closely during pacing and VT but not during VF. These findings suggest that during VF, non-voltage-gated Cai release events occur and may influence wavebreak by altering Vm and APD locally.
Telomerase in cancer: Clinical applications

The biology of telomeres and telomerase has been the subject of intensive investigative effort since it became evident that they play a significant role in two important biological processes, the loss of cellular replicative capacity inherent to organismal ageing and the unrestricted cell proliferation characteristic of carcinogenesis. Telomere shortening in normal cells is a result of DNA replication events, and reduction beyond a critical length is a signal for cellular senescence. One of the cellular mechanisms used to overcome proliferative restriction is the activation of the enzyme telomerase, which replaces the loss of telomeric DNA that occurs at each cell division. Studies have demonstrated that tumours have shorter telomeres than normal tissue and that telomerase is activated in up to 90% of all human cancers while it is present only in a limited range of normal adult tissues. The role of telomerase in the extension of the cellular replicative lifespan has recently been shown by ectopic expression of the enzyme, being consistent with the oncogenesis model whereby the acquisition of an 'immortal' phenotype is a requirement for advanced tumour progression. In this article we review the present knowledge of telomeres and telomerase in cancer and discuss the potential use of this enzyme as a diagnostic and prognostic tumour marker and as a target for cancer therapy.
Molecular electrostatic potentials and partial atomic charges from correlated wave functions: applications to the electronic ground and excited states of 3-methylindole

John D. Westbrook, Ronald M. Levy, and Karsten Krogh-Jespersen*Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903Received 13 December 1991; accepted 13 April 1992Procedures have been developed to generate molecular electrostatic potentials based on correlated wavefunctions from ab initio or semiempirical electronic structure programs. A new algorithm for point-wisesampling of the potential is described and used to obtain partial atomic charges via a linear, least squares fitbetween classical and quantum mechanical electrostatic potentials. The proposed sampling algorithm isefficient and promises to introduce less rotational variance in the potential derived partial charges thanalgorithms applied previously. Electrostatic potentials and fitted atomic charges from ab initio (HF/6-31G*and MP2/6-31G*) and semiempirical (INDO/S; HF, SECI, and SDCI) wave functions are presented for theelectronic ground (So) and excited
Preferential location of germanium in the UTL and IPC-2a zeolites

The preferential location of Ge in the double four-membered rings (D4R) of zeolite UTL has been examined with periodic density functional theory calculations. In silicate UTL, Ge atoms are preferentially sited at the T1 and T2 atoms in the D4R cages. The preference for siting Ge atoms at the D4R sites over other T atom sites in UTL increases as more Si atoms are replaced by Ge. Our calculations show that at least 3 Ge atoms can be located in the D4R cages before any appreciable occupancy at non-D4R sites. Comparison of Ge atom siting in UTL to zeolite IPC-2a shows that the single four-membered ring (S4R) sites in the latter are not the most favorable sites.
Interdependence through time: relationships in post-Keynesian thought and the care literature

Does Hyman Minsky's 'general interdependence through time' have anything to do with Carol Gilligan's 'narrative of relationships that extends over time'? Both post-Keynesian theory and the feminist 'care literature' embrace calendar time and fundamental uncertainty. Both investigate the properties of networks of wittingly-formed forward commitments between actors. If some prominent writers in the care literature are right, these networks merit their own social-ontological status, because they are reducible neither to individual behaviour nor structure.
A 70‐amino acid zinc‐binding polypeptide fragment from the regulatory chain of aspartate transcarbamoylase causes marked changes in the kinetic mechanism of the catalytic trimer

Interaction between a 70-amino acid and zinc-binding polypeptide from the regulatory chain and the catalytic (C) trimer of aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) leads to dramatic changes in enzyme activity and affinity for active site ligands. The hypothesis that the complex between a C trimer and 3 polypeptide fragments (zinc domain) is an analog of R state ATCase has been examined by steady-state kinetics, heavy-atom isotope effects, and isotope trapping experiments. Inhibition by the bisubstrate ligand, N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA), or the substrate analog, succinate, at varying concentrations of substrates, aspartate, or carbamoyl phosphate indicated a compulsory ordered kinetic mechanism with carbamoyl phosphate binding prior to aspartate. In contrast, inhibition studies on C trimer were consistent with a preferred order mechanism. Similarly, 13C kinetic isotope effects in carbamoyl phosphate at infinite aspartate indicated a partially random kinetic mechanism for C trimer, whereas results for the complex of C trimer and zinc domain were consistent with a compulsory ordered mechanism of substrate binding. The dependence of isotope effect on aspartate concentration observed for the Zn domain-C trimer complex was similar to that obtained earlier for intact ATCase. Isotope trapping experiments showed that the compulsory ordered mechanism for the complex was attributable to increased "stickiness" of carbamoyl phosphate to the Zn domain-C trimer complex as compared to C trimer alone. The rate of dissociation of carbamoyl phosphate from the Zn domain-C trimer complex was about 10(-2) that from C trimer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Social and Economic Determinants of Rehabilitation Strategies

The term rehabilitation presumes the loss of skill and efficiency. This may be due to “disuse atrophy” phenomenon occasioned by the lack of use of skillas a result of long illness with or without hospitalization. It may also be due to the nature of the illness. There is some evidence that patients who have been hospitalized for a long time require more time for rehabilitation than those who have been ill for an equal length of time but not hospitalized for as long — or not hospitalized at all.
The Environment of Warm-Season Elevated Thunderstorms Associated with Heavy Rainfall over the Central United States

Twenty-one warm-season heavy-rainfall events in the central United States produced by mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that developed above and north of a surface boundary are examined to define the environmental conditions and physical processes associated with these phenomena. Storm-relative composites of numerous kinematic and thermodynamic fields are computed by centering on the heavy-rain-producing region of the parent elevated MCS. Results reveal that the heavy-rain region of elevated MCSs is located on average about 160 km north of a quasi-stationary frontal zone, in a region of low-level moisture convergence that is elongated westward on the cool side of the boundary. The MCS is located within the left-exit region of a south-southwesterly lowlevel jet (LLJ) and the right-entrance region of an upper-level jet positioned well north of the MCS site. The LLJ is directed toward a divergence maximum at 250 hPa that is coincident with the MCS site. Near-surface winds are light and from the southeast within a boundary layer that is statically stable and cool. Winds veer considerably with height (about 1408) from 850 to 250 hPa, a layer associated with warm-air advection. The MCS is located in a maximum of positive equivalent potential temperature ue advection, moisture convergence, and positive thermal advection at 850 hPa. Composite fields at 500 hPa show that the MCS forms in a region of weak anticyclonic curvature in the height field with marginal positive vorticity advection. Even though surfacebased stability fields indicate stable low-level air, there is a layer of convectively unstable air with maximumue CAPE values of more than 1000 J kg21 in the vicinity of the MCS site and higher values upstream. Maximumue convective inhibition (CIN) values over the MCS centroid site are small (less than 40 J kg 21) while to the south convection is limited by large values of CIN (greater than 60 J kg 21). Surface-to-500-hPa composite average relative humidity values are about 70%, and composite precipitable water values average about 3.18 cm (1.25 in.). The representativeness of the composite analysis is also examined. Last, a schematic conceptual model based upon the composite fields is presented that depicts the typical environment favorable for the development of elevated thunderstorms that lead to heavy rainfall.
Explicit calculations of proton-proton scattering to all orders in the Glauber-Harrington-Pagnamenta model

We have calculated the high-energy proton-proton elastic-scattering cross-section dσ†/dl using the methods developed by Glauber, and Harrington and Pagnamenta. Quark-quark scattering processes from single scatter out to the ninth, the highest-order scatter, have been included. The results indicate a slight break at about 9 (GeV/c)2 where fourth and fifth scatters become significant.
Growth and Development

Summary We have investigated infant feeding practices among 388 Negro mothers and the relationship of these practices to various maternal factors (age, parity, prenatal and postnatal nutrition, socioeconomic status, and education). From the data presented, it was indicated that no great divergence in breast feeding practices was evident when this group was compared with similar studies appearing in the literature. For example, there were slight differences in the incidence of breast feeding among these mothers (55.7 per cent) as compared to averages typifying the Southeastern region of the country (43 per cent), and for Tennessee (62 per cent). Likewise, these findings are in agreement with Anderson's3 conclusion that, “...one-third to one-half of the mothers who do attempt breast feeding discontinue doing so in one month or less....” More than one half of the infants were breast-fed for some period, but breast feeding had been stopped with 35.1 per cent in one month or less, and with 44.4 per cent in 2 months or less. Further consideration of these data revealed that (1) of those mothers still breast feeding at the time of interview, 43 per cent planned to wean around 3 months, while only 3. 7 per cent expected to breast feed beyond 9 months; (2) an appreciable number (69 per cent) of the infants were receiving multivitamin supplements; and (3) the early addition of solid foods to the infant's diet was not practiced to any great degree by these mothers; 30.4 per cent of the infants were receiving cereal at the time of interview; 10.1 per cent, strained fruits; and 6.2 per cent, strained vegetables. Finally, the role of various maternal factors in the management of infant feeding by this group of mothers was explored. Results of this investigation indicated that maternal age and parity as well as the prenatal diet showed no particular influence upon the feeding practices employed for these infants. It was found, however, that certain other maternal factors considered in this study were significantly related to the findings characterizing infant feeding practices. These relationships indicated that: (1) mothers in the higher socioeconomic groups weaned earlier than mothers in the lower groups; (2) with advancement in socioeconomic status and education of the mother, a steady increase was noted, in most instances, in the percentage of mothers employing supplemental feeding; (3) mothers in the artificial feeding group had higher postnatal dietary ratings than those who were still breast feeding.
Rubber Chemicals from Cyclic Amines. III. Iminocarbodithioates as Accelerators and Curing Agents

Abstract Evaluations of cyclic iminocarbodithioates as accelerators and vulcanizing agents are described. The starting amines include morpholine and 3-azabicyclo-[3.2.2]nonane and vary in ring size from tetra- to octamethylenimine. The chemical structure of these compounds is correlated with their cure characteristics and the kinetics of vulcanization. Basicity and ring size of the amine moiety govern the activity of the iminocarbodithioates.
A direct measurement of wall shear stress in multiphase flow—Is it an important parameter in CO2 corrosion of carbon steel pipelines?

Abstract Wall shear stress produced by turbulent multiphase flow is considered an important parameter in CO2 corrosion as it has been claimed to be responsible for the removal of protective corrosion product layers and corrosion inhibitor films. In this study, a floating element wall probe was used to directly measure wall shear stress in multiphase flow; the highest measured values were of the order of 100 Pa. Findings suggest that the wall shear stress alone, produced in multiphase flow patterns covered in the present study, is insufficient to mechanically damage the protective corrosion product layers or corrosion inhibitor films.
J /ψ suppression in heavy ion collisions at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron

We reexamine the production of $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ and other charmonium states for a variety of target-projectile choices at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron, in particular for the interesting comparison between S+U at $200 \mathrm{GeV}/c$ and Pb+Pb at $158 \mathrm{GeV}/c$ as observed in the experiments NA38 and NA50, respectively. For this study we use a newly constructed cascade code LUCIFER II, which yields acceptable descriptions of both hard and soft processes, specifically Drell-Yan and meson production. This code divides the ion-ion collision into an initial phase involving hard interactions of the original nucleons and no soft energy loss, followed after the meson formation time by a ``normal'' low energy cascade among the secondary particles. The modeling of the charmonium states differs from that of earlier workers in its unified treatment of the hidden charm meson spectrum, which is introduced from the outset as a set of coupled states ${\ensuremath{\psi},{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{i},{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}.$ The result is a description of the NA38 and NA50 data in terms of a conventional, hadronic picture. The apparently anomalous suppression found in the most massive Pb+Pb system arises in the present simulation from three sources: destruction in the initial nucleon-nucleon cascade phase, use of coupled channels to exploit the larger breakup in the less bound ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{i}$ and ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ states, and comover interaction in the final low energy phase.
SEDIMENT THRESHOLD UNDER OSCILLATORY WAVES

As the velocity of the water motion near the bottom under oscillatory waves is increased, there comes a stage when the water exerts a stress on the particles sufficient to cause them to move. This study reviews data on threshold of sediment motion under wave action and compares the results with the established curves for threshold under a unidirectional current.
Research on Multi-transformers Synchronous Calibration System

With the establishment of the provincial measuring center,the quantity of transformer voltage(TV) calibration greatly increased.This paper introduces a new transformer voltage calibration system which can calibrate twelve transformer voltage synchronously,analyzes the errors of transformer voltage.The scheme of new system is also introduced.Compare with traditional calibration system,this system adopts high-end measuring method and simulation load with no need for relay switching circuit and multiple step-up and step-down voltage.The practicability of the scheme is verified by the experiment.