cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Procedure for operant conditioning of the dog.

Most reports arising from operant conditioning procedures have little or no emphasis on the actual behavior shaping or acquisition phase of the responses which are the cumulative frequency of the well-practiced act. There is a need for more detail for beginners or those desiring a clearer understanding of procedures leading to the finally reported data. The procedure reported here is typically used to compare animal subjects or conditions, such as drugs, both in the acquisition and final phases of behavior. Beginning with an unconditional response (e.g. feeding) a bridging stimulus is paired in classical conditioning fashion. From that point on the bridging stimulus and UCS (feeding—or shock) are used immediately as reward or reinforcement only for responses “in the direction of the final desired behavior. The number of timed standardized behavior shaping sessions to criterion is the best index of acquisition phase performance and the total number bar presses or the rate of bar pressing (slope) is the usual index of operant responding. With timid animals it is often necessary to administer tranquilizers.
Rupture of the uterus at New Orleans Charity Hospital

Part I of this continuing study consisted of the cases managed during a period of 37½ years and those in Part II embraced 18½ years. The incidence in the former was 1:1,328 deliveries and in the latter 1:1,951. During the last decade the ratio has been 1:2,531 deliveries. In Series A the maternal and fetal mortality rates were 47.9 and 79.6 per cent, respectively, while in Series B these figures were reduced to 8.9 and 52.4 per cent. Hemorrhage and shock claimed the lives of 22 mothers in the first group and 8 in the latter. Infection was the cause of death of 19 mothers in Series A but was not responsible for any in Series B. Emphasis is again placed on prevention, early recognition, and prompt individualized treatment.
Ceteris Paribus in the Global Village: A Research Agenda for Intercultural Communication Theory Building

Critics from outside the field noted that nothing significantly new happened if one merely added the word culture to communication, without demonstrating that such interactions differed significantly from interpersonal, group, or media communication within the culture.—Casmir and Asuncion-Lande (this volume)It commonly is accepted that cultural variability in peoples’ backgrounds influences their communication behavior. This “fact” leads many scholars studying intercultural communication to view it as a unique form of communication differing in kind from other forms of communication (e.g., communication between people from the same culture). This point of view, however, is not widely accepted.—Gudykunst and Kim (1984, p. 19)
Suprachoroidal hemorrhage during femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery

Abstract Purpose To describe a case of suprachoroidal hemorrhage that occurred during femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery (FLACS). Observations A 67-year-old woman with high myopia underwent FLACS. Following two unsuccessful attempts at docking due to interface air bubbles, the third attempt was successful. Laser treatment and cataract surgery proceeded uneventfully until intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. While positioning the IOL within the capsular bag, the anterior chamber began to shallow, intraocular pressure became high by palpation, and the optic of the IOL prolapsed partially out of the bag. A segmental suprachoroidal hemorrhage was identified in the superior peripheral retina by intraoperative indirect ophthalmoscopy. Following an hour of waiting in the recovery room, the anterior chamber deepened and the intraocular pressure was low enough to position the IOL centrally within the bag. Her subsequent postoperative course was uneventful. Conclusions and Importance To our knowledge, this is the first report of suprachoroidal hemorrhage during FLACS. We speculate that repeated sudden drops in intraocular pressure associated with multiple undockings triggered the suprachoroidal hemorrhage in this case.
Optimal Mixed Strategy Play: Professionals Can, Students Cannot, But What About the in Between Case?

Using penalty kicks in collegiate soccer matches, we test whether kickers choose where to place shots, and whether goalies choose where to dive in a way that is consistent with optimal mixed strategy play. The previous literature, studying professional soccer players, provides evidence of mixed strategy play in penalty kick scenarios. These results contrast with the evidence obtained in a lab, studying subjects who only play a game a few times and have insignificant monetary payoffs. These lab results find no evidence of mixed strategy play. The contrast between the results obtained from these very different environments makes it unclear which result generalizes to other settings. By studying college athletes, we analyze the middle ground, which is where most strategic decisions will be made. We find that college players employ optimal strategic play in some respects, but not in other respects.
Affirmation effects on math scores: The importance of high school track

Stereotype threat has been shown to affect academic performance of minority racial groups. Minority girls may experience the burdens of both race and gender - a "double bind" theorized to affect the underrepresentation of women in STEM fields. A randomized controlled trial focused on alleviating stereotype threat in three high schools in a large U.S. metro demonstrates the effects of affirmative writing interventions, which have previously shown positive effects for minority and female students. Results indicate effects for these groups were insignificant. However, results also show that student track is highly significant at p < 0.001, and interactive analyses suggest that the intervention may help alleviate threat for higher-achieving students.
The Practical Example Case of Active RFID

RFIDs are an interesting approach to accessing anything through the network. The most commonly mentioned variant is the passive RFID, but it has several serious problems. This paper focuses on the "active" RFID to realize "Ubiquitous communication." First, the principle of active tags is mentioned, and the problem of readout rate is considered. Several actual applications using active RFIDs are introduced.
MicroRNAs Modulate Pathogenesis Resulting from Chlamydial Infection in Mice.

ABSTRACT Not all women infected with chlamydiae develop upper genital tract disease, but the reason(s) for this remains undefined. Host genetics and hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle are possible explanations for variable infection outcomes. It is also possible that disease severity depends on the virulence of the chlamydial inoculum. It is likely that the inoculum contains multiple genetic variants, differing in virulence. If the virulent variants dominate, then the individual is more likely to develop severe disease. Based on our previous studies, we hypothesized that the relative degree of virulence of a chlamydial population dictates the microRNA (miRNA) expression profile of the host, which, in turn, through regulation of the host inflammatory response, determines disease severity. Thus, we infected C57BL/6 mice with two populations of Chlamydia muridarum, each comprised of multiple genetic variants and differing in virulence: an attenuated strain (NiggA) and a virulent strain (NiggV). NiggA and NiggV elicited upper tract pathology in 54% and 91% of mice, respectively. miRNA expression analysis in NiggV-infected mice showed significant downregulation of miRNAs involved in dampening fibrosis (miR-200b, miR-200b-5p, and 200b-3p miR-200a-3p) and in transcriptional regulation of cytokine responses (miR-148a-3p, miR-152-3p, miR-132, and miR-212) and upregulation of profibrotic miRNAs (miR-142, and miR-147). Downregulated miRNAs were associated with increased expression of interleukin 8 (IL-8), CXCL2, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-6. Infection with NiggV but not NiggA led to decreased expression of Dicer and Ago 2, suggesting that NiggV interaction with host cells inhibits expression of the miRNA biogenesis machinery, leading to increased cytokine expression and pathology.
Review: House Housing: An Untimely History of Architecture and Real Estate in Thirty-One Episodes

House Housing: An Untimely History of Architecture and Real Estate in Thirty-One Episodes MAK Center for Art and Architecture at Schindler House, West Hollywood, California 9 April–8 May 2016 If architecture is a complicated phenomenon, housing is its most complex manifestation. At once personal shelter, aesthetic expression, social indicator, cultural artifact, economic engine, and ideological cauldron, housing influences (and is influenced by) multiple forms of organized and individual activity. Historians of housing are familiar with this diversity as they work to identify and then explain causes and effects, relationships and contingencies. Due diligence means uncovering and examining a vast array of sources, often in multiple media. In an inventive presentation, House Housing , sponsored by the Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture, explored this topical thicket. This was the exhibition component of a larger project titled The Art of Inequality undertaken by a team of researchers at Columbia University. Their task here was to sample a wide variety of sources that illustrate discrete component events, or episodes, that add up (states the catalogue) to “locate housing at the center of the current, neoliberal economic regime, with the United States as an influential node in a transnational network [that] designs and produces the inequalities that are lived everywhere today.”1 Real estate here is used as shorthand to capture the subject of money or wealth in its many forms and processes relating to residential architecture. …
A comparison of furfural hydrodeoxygenation over Pt-Co and Ni-Fe catalysts at high and low H2 pressures

Abstract The hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of furfural to 2-methylfuran (MF) was investigated in a continuous flow reactor over carbon-supported, PtCo 3 nano-crystals (NCs) and NiFe bimetallic catalysts, along with their monometallic counterparts, at 1 and 33 bar, respectively. At 1 bar, the decarbonylation reaction to furan was a major non-selective pathway on both Pt/C and Ni/C; but this pathway was almost eliminated on the bimetallic catalysts. At 33 bar, decarbonylation is not observed on any of the catalysts and the major non-selective reaction pathway on both Ni and Pt catalysts is the over-hydrogenation of MF. Catalysts based on both PtCo 3 NCs and NiFe bimetallics also suppress the over-hydrogenation reactions and are able to achieve significantly better MF yields under these conditions as well. The implications of these results for understanding HDO reactions on bimetallic catalysts are discussed.
Nuclear magnetic resonance surface relaxation mechanisms of kerogen

ABSTRACT Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry is an excellent tool for probing the interactions between solid pore surface and pore fluids in porous media. Surface relaxation is a key component of NMR relaxation. It is well-known that in conventional rocks, paramagnetic centers contribute most to the surface relaxation phenomenon. However, the interactions between organic pore surfaces and pore fluids, and the mechanism of surface relaxation in organic shale pores, are not well-understood. We tackle the issue using deuterated compounds to adjust the proton density in the liquid phase and monitoring the transverse relaxation rate changes of kerogen-fluid mixtures. With the Barnett and Eagle Ford kerogen isolates, we found that for alkanes, it is intramolecular dipolar coupling that dominates among the magnetic interactions. As a result, the transverse relaxation rate of alkane proton spins is more likely to be dependent on the concentration of active adsorption sites on the kerogen surface, rather ...
PRONE BRIDGE VARIATIONS WITH AND WITHOUT INSTABILITY DEVICES: AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHICAL COMPARISON

Core muscle endurance training is an important component of overall health and fitness as well as sports performance. Increasing core endurance aids in a reduction of spinal injuries, increases in power transfer from the extremities, and spinal stability. Performing exercises designed to increase core muscular activity using commercial instability devices have been gaining in popularity; however research is limited on these trending apparatuses. Therefore the objective of this research was to examine the superficial abdominal wall musculature when performing plank variations with and without instability devices. To complete this study, 12 healthy males (n = 6) and females (n = 6), mean age = 23 ± 3 years, volunteered to participate. Participants performed five prone bridge, or plank, variations using a suspension device, Swissball, or stable surface in a counter-balanced design. The five exercises are as follows: traditional plank (REG), planks with either the hands (HB) or feet (FB) placed on the Swissball (HB), and planks with either the hands (HSD) or feet (FSD) placed within a suspension device. Each plank was performed twice with the arms fully extended and was held for a 5-second isometric contraction. The electromyographical (EMG) activity of the rectus abdominis (RA), external obliques (EO), and lumbo-sacral erector spinae (LSES) was recorded for each exercise. The results indicated that significant differences existed within each of the muscles examined. HB resulted in significantly greater (p < 0.05) activation of the RA (105.03 ± 50.93 %MVC) when compared to all remaining exercises. In terms of the external obliques, the FB provided significantly greater muscle activity (84.46 ± 43.73 %MVC; p < 0.05) compared to the REG, HB, and FSD. Additionally, LSES activity was demonstrated to be significantly greater (p < 0.05) than the traditional method in both variations of the Swissball planks (i.e., HB and FB). The results of the study demonstrate that planks performed with the aid of instability devices can increase muscular activation of the core musculature. Both Swissball and suspension device planks provided a significantly greater challenge when compared to the traditional method for both the RA and EO. Therefore, instability devices may be used as a progressive challenge in rehabilitation and fitness settings to increase core muscle endurance.
Liquid Biopsy in Prostate Cancer: A Case for Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells

Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs)3 has proven to be a reliable test for monitoring disease progression in metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) patients. The next logical step would be to perform comprehensive molecular profiling of CTCs that could provide crucial insights for developing rational drug therapies against metastatic cancer cells in general and in CTCs in particular. However, progress in this aspect has been generally slow, largely because the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared CellSearch® CTC enumeration platform uses a proprietary fixative that degrades RNA, rendering it unusable for downstream transcriptomic analyses. As reported in this issue of Clinical Chemistry , Markou et al. (1) have overcome this problem by using the CellCollector® (Gilupi) platform to study multiplex gene expression patterns in epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive (EpCAM) CTCs isolated from high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients. In addition to marked interpatient variability in baseline expression of epithelial, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and stem cell-related genes, the authors also detected a 55% increase in the expression level of EMT-related markers, along with a 41% decrease in the expression of epithelial markers in CTCs after therapy. A comparison of CTC detection rates between the CellCollector and CellSearch/PSA-EPISPOT/Immuno-fluorescence platforms showed that CellCollector was superior for identifying PCa patients with CTCs in their peripheral blood, arguably owing to its ability to identify and isolate a larger pool of EpCAM-positive CTCs. The CellCollector platform is unique, in that it captures CTCs directly from the patient's peripheral blood. The process involves the introduction of an anti-EpCAM antibody-coated functionalized tip into the patient's peripheral vein through a standard IV cannula and leaving it in situ to expose it to the patient's peripheral blood (30 min). During this time, CTCs expressing EpCAM are captured within the antibody-coated hydrogel surface of the tip and retrieved for downstream …
Metalloporphyrin Films on Solid Electrodes: Reflectance Spectroscopy and AC Impedance Studies in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Media

In recent years, much attention has been focused on electrochemical studies of metalloporphyrins, not only as mimetic compounds of the iron porphyrin unit in heme proteins but also as potential electrocatalysts1–8. Metalloporphyrins have been found to be applicable in both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis9–11; and, because oxygen can be reduced directly through a 4-electron pathway on some transition metal porphyrins, catalysis in the heterogeneous electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction has received particular attention3, 7, 8, 12. The application of metalloporphyrins to heterogeneous electrocatalysis requires their attachment to solid electrodes which can be realized based on chemisorption, chemical reactions with previously functionalized electrodes, chemical reactions with a functionalized polymer, incorporation of the porphyrin with the polymer film and electrochemical polymerization.
Contribution to the Debate: Heidegger on Rhetoric

Professor Erickson offers a comparison of pragmatism and phenomenology so that he can “examine some methodological implications of two positions claiming for themselves an empirical temper which is ontologically neutral.” Not wanting to obscure “important points of comparison” by risking what he terms “detailed specificity,” and at the same time realizing that such specificity should not be totally sacrificed, Erickson seeks a “middle ground” that can accommodate these needed features of analysis. Erickson finds this middle ground by examining the “question of truth” as formulated in Charles Peirce‘s pragmatism and Martin Heidegger‘s phenomenology. To add specificity to his examination Erickson offers a series of questions relating to the topic. The questions “all… involve presuppositions of method” and delineate four areas of inquiry which are used for comparing the two philosophies. These areas are: (1) the man-world relationship out of which the problem of truth arises; (2) the affect of this relationship on the generation of truth; (3) the occurrence of error when attempting to reveal the truth; and (4) the way the “question of Being” must be approached given the directives regarding truth offered by each philosophy.
Number of Measurements Needed to Obtain a Reliable Estimate of Home Blood Pressure: Results From the Improving the Detection of Hypertension Study.

Background Obtaining out‐of‐clinic blood pressure (BP) measurements to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension is recommended before initiating treatment. There are few empiric data available on the nu...
Antifouling Membranes for Bioelectrochemistry Applications

Abstract State-of-the-art bioelectrochemical systems for water and wastewater treatment that employ membrane separators are exposed to foulants that degrade membrane and process performance. Here we review potential foulants, including inorganics, humic substances, colloids, microbes, and microbially generated foulants such as extracellular polymer substances, microbial debris, and proteins. We introduce major fouling mechanisms, including pore blockage, pore constriction, cake formation, and biofouling. We discuss antifouling strategies, critical to maintain performance of membrane-based systems, including module design with an emphasis on the importance of surface shear, and membrane selection with an emphasis on promoting interactions with water. Membrane surface modification is discussed as a way to optimize surface chemistry, via physical adsorption, bulk modification, polymer blending, interfacial polymerization, and graft polymerization, including photoinitiated and atom transfer radical polymerization. Finally, we present a case study on the use of UV-irradiated graft polymerization for obtaining energy-efficient membranes in an integrated microbial fuel cell/ultrafiltration process used for recycling municipal wastewater.
Food Sources of Dietary Copper

Large scale surveys of nutrient intakes of human populations groups generally have not included estimations of dietary copper intakes. Because of a lack of accurate tables of copper contents of foods, until recently, this could not be accomplished. Copper intakes of Americans are thought to be lower than in the past because of a rise in popularity of consumption of highly processed foods but this conclusion may be the result of over-estimation due to less sensitive methods of copper analyses which were used in the past.
Controlling Sugar Deoxygenation Products from Biomass by Choice of Fluoroarylborane Catalyst

The feedstocks from biomass are defined and limited by nature, but through the choice of catalyst, one may change the deoxygenation outcome. We report divergent but selective deoxygenation of sugar...
A framework for assessment of predictive capability maturity and its application in nuclear thermal hydraulics

Abstract This work presents a formalized and computerized framework for the assessment of decision regarding the adequacy of a simulation tool for a nuclear reactor application. The decision regarding a code’s adequacy for an application is dependent on the assessment of different attributes that govern verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification of the code. In this work, the focus is on code validation. Therefore, the framework is developed and illustrated from the perspective of decision regarding the validation assessment of a code. Code validation assessment is performed based on the validation test results, data applicability, and process quality assurance factors. The process quality assurance factors warrant the trustworthiness of the evidence and help in checking people and process compliance with respect to the standard requirements. The proposed framework is developed using an argument modeling technique called Goal Structuring Notation (GSN). Goal structuring notation facilitates structural knowledge representation, information abstraction, evidence incorporation, and provides a skeletal structure for quantitative maturity assessment. The decision schema for the development of the decision model is based on the Predictive Capability Maturity Model (PCMM) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and formalized using Goal structuring notation. Each decision attribute is formulated as a claim, where the degree of validity of the claim (attribute’s assessment) is expressed using different maturity levels. The GSN representation of the decision model is transformed into a confidence network to provide evidence-based quantitative maturity assessment using the Bayesian network. A metric based on the expected utility of maturity levels, called expected distance metric, is proposed to measure the distance between target maturity and achieved maturity on a scale of zero to one. Expected distance metric helps in comparing the assessment of different attributes and identification of major areas of concern in terms of modeling capability, data needs, and quality of assessment process. The practical application of the framework is demonstrated by a case study on validation assessment of a thermal-hydraulic code for a challenge problem called Departure from Nucleate Boiling (DNB).
Impact of Intravascular Ultrasound on Outcomes Following PErcutaneous Coronary InterventioN in Complex Lesions (iOPEN Complex).

Background Clinical data support the use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)–guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as being associated with improved outcomes. Nonetheless, global utilization of IVUS remains low. We hypothesize that, in the revascularization of complex lesions, IVUS use is associated with improved outcomes. Methods All patients with complex lesions treated with PCI at a single center from 2003 to 2016 were stratified by use of IVUS. Complex lesions were defined as follows: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association type C lesions, in-stent restenosis, long lesions, bifurcations, severe calcification, left main lesions, and chronic total occlusions. The primary end point was the rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 1-year follow-up, defined as the composite of all-cause mortality, Q-wave myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization. Inverse probability weighting was used in the adjusted analysis. Results A total of 6,855 patients were included in the final analysis, of whom 67.3% had IVUS and 32.7% had angiography alone. The primary end point occurred in 13.4% of patients treated with IVUS and 18.3% of patients treated with angiography alone (P Conclusions Among patients with complex lesions, the use of IVUS was associated with lower MACE 1 year after PCI than angiography alone was. Because of the increased procedural risk in complex lesions, routine utilization of IVUS-guided PCI should be considered in this subset of patients.
Quantum Computing and Spin Physics

I give a brief summary of the recent work on quantum computing, and give pointers to the most interesting recent literature.
Randomized phase I trial to evaluate Concurrent or Sequential Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, and stereotactic body Radiotherapy in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (COSINR Study).

9616Background: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) provides high rates of treated metastasis control, stimulates innate and adaptive immune pathways, and is safe in patients treated with anti-PD...
Polygenic score for sleep duration. Association with cognition.

Abstract Study objectives Age-related changes in sleep include a reduction in total sleep time and a greater incidence of sleep disorders, and are also an integral part of neurodegenerations. In the present study, we aimed to: a) identify common genetic variants that may influence self-reported sleep duration, and b) examine the association between the identified genetic variants and performance in different cognitive domains. Methods A sample of 197 cognitively healthy participants, aged 20–80 years, mostly non-Hispanic Whites (69%), were selected from the Reference Abilities Neural Network and the Cognitive Reserve study. Each participant underwent an evaluation of sleep function and assessment of neuropsychological performance on global cognition and four different domains (memory, speed of processing, fluid reasoning, language). Published GWAS summary statistics from a Polygenic Score (PS) for sleep duration in a large European ancestry cohort (N = 30,251) were used to derive a PS in our study sample. Multivariate linear models were used to test the associations between the PS and sleep duration and cognitive performance. Age, sex, and education were used as covariates. Secondary analyses were conducted in three age-groups (young, middle, old). Results Higher PS was linked to longer sleep duration and was also associated with better performance in global cognition, fluid reasoning, speed of processing, and language, but not memory. Results especially for fluid reasoning, language, and global cognition were driven mostly by the young group. Conclusions Our study replicated the previously reported association between sleep-PS and longer sleep duration. We additionally found a significant association between the sleep-PS and cognitive function. Our results suggest that common genetic variants may influence the link between sleep duration and cognitive health.
The Russian-Peasant Algorithm: Rediscovery and Extension.

JL he opening words of the old adage, "Something old, something new ..." oftentimes sum up the objectives of those of us who subscribe to a heuristic approach to the teaching of mathematics. We welcome the opportunity to rediscover methods of problem solving with almost the same verve that we welcome the prospect of extending these existing methods. Take, for example, the case for teaching the Russian-peasant algorithm (hereinafter RPA) in the elementary school. Here is a topic that many educators contend would be included as a special-interest topic in the middle-grade educational program, either because of its historical value or
Benzo(a)pyrene-induced cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, DNA damage, and altered gene expression profiles in HT-29 human colon cancer cells.

In the US alone, around 60,000 lives/year are lost to colon cancer. In order to study the mechanisms of colon carcinogenesis, in vitro model systems are required in addition to in vivo models. Towards this end, we have used the HT-29 colon cancer cells, cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), which were exposed to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a ubiquitous and prototypical environmental and dietary toxicant at 1, 10, 100 nM and 1, 5, 10, and 25 μM concentrations for 96 h. Post-BaP exposure, growth, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell cycle changes were determined. The BaP metabolite concentrations in colon cells were identified and measured. Furthermore, the BaP biotransformation enzymes were studied at the protein and mRNA levels. The BaP exposure–induced damage to DNA was assessed by measuring the oxidative damage to DNA and the concentrations of BaP-DNA adducts. To determine the whole repertoire of genes that are up- or downregulated by BaP exposure, mRNA transcriptome analysis was conducted. There was a BaP exposure concentration (dose)-dependent decrease in cell growth, cytotoxicity, and modulation of the cell cycle in the treatment groups compared to untreated or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO: vehicle for BaP)-treated categories. The phase I biotransformation enzymes, CYP1A1 and 1B1, showed BaP concentration-dependent expression. On the other hand, phase II enzymes did not exhibit any marked variation. Consistent with the expression of phase I enzymes, elevated concentrations of BaP metabolites were generated, contributing to the formation of DNA lesions and stable DNA adducts, which were also BaP concentration-dependent. In summary, our studies established that biotransformation of BaP contributes to cytotoxicity, proliferation of tumor cells, and alteration of gene expression by BaP.
The Berkeley Para-Clerical Approach

Recently, the Galileo affair has been studied by several scholars whom I label “Berkeley para-clericals,” chiefly philosopher Paul Feyerabend and historian John Heilbron. Their approach is distinctive: it views controversial topics involving the relationship between science and religion from a perspective that is secular-minded, but appreciative of religion, and yet conducted in the belief that such topics are too important to leave to religious believers. This approach also characterizes the work of other Berkeley para-clericals, such as Ronald Numbers on the controversy over creationism and evolutionism; they stress such attitudes as impartiality, judiciousness, and even-handedness. This approach is also followed by the present author.
C3d Enhancement of Anti-Env Immunity Using Modified HIV-1 Envelopes

Results DNA vaccines expressing a fusion protein of the soluble human CD4 (sCD4) and the Envgp120 enhanced the immunogenicity of the expressed fusion protein only when conjugated to mC3d3. Monoclonal antibodies that recognize CD4-induced epitopes on Envgp120 efficiently bound to sCD4-gp120 or sCD4-gp120-mC3d3. In addition, both molecules bound to cells expressing appropriate coreceptors in the absence of cell surface hCD4. Mice vaccinated with DNA plasmids expressing either gp120mC3d3 or sCD4-gp120-mC3d3 elicited antibodies that neutralized homologous virus infection. However, the use of sCD4-gp120-mC3d3-DNA elicited the highest titers of neutralizing antibodies that persisted after depletion of anti-hCD4 antibodies. Interestingly, only mice vaccinated with DNA expressing sCD4-gp120-mC3d3 had antibodies that elicited cross-protective neutralizing antibodies. In a separate set of experiments, the unique sequence found in the crown of the V3 loop of the envelope from the CD4independent isolate, HIV-1R2, was used to elicit crossclade neutralizing antibodies. The codons encoding for the V3 loop amino acids, Pro-Met, were introduced into the sequences encoding the gp120ADA (R5) or gp12089.6 (R5X4). Mice vaccinated with gp120ADA-mC3d3-DNA with the Pro-Met mutation had antibodies that neutralized HIV-1 infection, but not the gp12089.6-mC3d3-DNA.
Deromanticizing anticipated death : Denial, disbelief and disconnection in bereaved spouses

Interviews from a community study of 30 bereaved spouses were used to explore the extent to which spouses take advantage of their partner's terminal illness for cognitive, emotional, practical, and interpersonal accommodation to impending death. Emphasis is placed on the strains of terminal illness, including ruptures in spousal intimacy, separation anxiety, the undermining of the world as a safe place, and the traumatic helplessness of watching a loved one die. In contrast to the literature on anticipatory grief, which emphasizes the advantages of forewarning in cushioning postmortem adjustment, the authors found that terminal illness presents spouses with stressors that outweigh the benefits of, and often preclude the undertaking of, anticipatory tasks.
Protein-DNA interactions associated with the onset of testis-specific expression of the mammalian Pgk-2 gene.

Abstract We have identified difference in protein-DNA interactions associated with the promoter of the mammalian spermatogenesis-specific Pgk-2 gene in expressing and nonexpressing cells, using a band shift assay. We compared DNA-binding activities in nuclear protein extracts from expressing adult testis cells versus nonexpressing prepuberal testis cells and nonexpressing somatic cells. One or two DNA-binding activities were found to be uniquely associated with the expressed state of Pgk-2, while a third appears to be associated with the nonexpressed state. All three of these activities map to a region within the first 40 bp upstream from the core promoter of this gene. The Pgk-2 core promoter lacks a TATA box but contain a GC box and a CAAT box. We show that the GC box binds the ubiquitous transcription factor Sp1 and that the CAAT box binds CTF-1, both of which are present in extracts from all three tissue types tested. These results suggest that tissue-specific transcription of the Pgk-2 gene is associated with changes in protein-DNA interactions occurring within a 40-bp enhancer region and that different arrays of protein-DNA interactions in this region are associated with the actively expressed state of the Pgk-2 gene in spermatocytes and spermatids and with the terminally repressed state of Pgk-2 in somatic cells.
The Characterization of Rat Intestinal Amylase

An intestinal amylase has been separated and identified in the rat. Intestinal amylase is located on the brush border and is identical with one or both of the heat-stable maltases. Intestinal amylase is particularly active against oligosaccharides, slightly active against soluble starch, inactive against oligosaccharides, slightly active against soluble starch, and inactive against insoluble starch. This amylase may be important in the digestion of small oligosaccharides derived from starch. Pancreatic contamination of intestinal mucosa was extremely difficult to eliminate. Biliary or pancreatic diversion removed most of the contamination; washing procedures alone were not adequate. Pancreatic amylase was adherent to intestinal mucosa in vitro. Thus, when studying intestinal enzymes, pancreatic contamination must be carefully excluded as a source of enzymatic activity.
Boundedness and oscillation for nonlinear dynamic equations on a time scale

We obtain some boundedness and oscillation criteria for solutions to the nonlinear dynamic equation (p(t)x Δ (t)) Δ + q(t)(f o x σ ) = 0, on time scales. In particular, no explicit sign assumptions are made with respect to the coefficient q(t). We illustrate the results by several examples, including a nonlinear Emden-Fowler dynamic equation.
A radiance-based method for estimating uncertainties in the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) land surface temperature product

[1] Land Surface Temperature (LST) has been identified by NASA and other international organizations as an important Earth System Data Record (ESDR). An ESDR is defined as a long-term, well calibrated and validated data set. Identifying uncertainties in LST products with coarse spatial resolutions (>10 km) such as those from hyperspectral infrared sounders is notoriously difficult due to the challenges of making reliable in situ measurements representative of the spatial scales of the output products. In this study we utilize a Radiance-based (R-based) LST method for estimating uncertainties in the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) v5 LST product. The R-based method provides estimates of the true LST using a radiative closure simulation without the need for in situ measurements, and requires input air temperature, relative humidity profiles and emissivity data. The R-based method was employed at three validation sites over the Namib Desert, Gran Desierto, and Redwood National Park for all AIRS observations from 2002 to 2010. Results showed daytime LST root-mean square errors (RMSE) of 2–3 K at the Namib and Desierto sites, and 1.5 K at the Redwood site. Nighttime LST RMSEs at the two desert sites were a factor of two less when compared to daytime results. Positive daytime LST biases were found at each site due to an underestimation of the daytime AIRS v5 longwave spectral emissivity, while the reverse occurred at nighttime. In the AIRS v6 product (release 2012), LST biases and RMSEs will be reduced significantly due to improved methodologies for the surface retrieval and emissivity first guess.
The Kidney During Development

The sections in this article are: 1 Historical Perspective 2 Standards of Reference for Comparison of Renal Function Between Infants and Adults 3 Morphogenesis of the Kidney 3.1 Embryologic Origin of the Kidney 3.2 Subsequent Development of the Kidney 3.3 Glomerulus 3.4 Renal Tubule 4 Renal Blood Flow and its Control During Development 4.1 Total Renal Blood Flow 4.2 Intrarenal Distribution of Blood Flow 4.3 Renal Microvasculature 4.4 Control of Renal Circulation 5 Glomerular Filtration 5.1 Net Ultrafiltration Pressure 5.2 Hydraulic Conductivity and Ultrafiltration Coefficient 5.3 Glomerular Capillary Surface Area 5.4 Factors That Affect GFR during Development 5.5 Autoregulation of GFR 6 Renal Energy Metabolism 6.1 Development of Renal Cortical Metabolic Pathways 7 Tubular Functions 7.1 Renal Reabsorption of Sodium 7.2 Reabsorption of Bicarbonate and Excretion of Hydrogen Ions 7.3 Glucose Transport 7.4 Transport of Amino Acids 7.5 Transport of Organic Acids 7.6 Phosphate Transport 7.7 Control of Renal Transport during Development 7.8 Calcium Transport 7.9 Magnesium Transport 7.10 Potassium Transport 7.11 Concentration of Urine 8 Developmental Renal Physiology as A Tool for Understanding the Emergence and Integration of Renal Transport Systems
Postprandial Plasma Carotenoid Responses Following Consumption of Strawberries, Red Wine, Vitamin C or Spinach by Elderly Women

Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
Imaging of the Retroperitoneum

The retroperitoneum is the compartmentalized space bounded anteriorly by the posterior parietal peritoneum and posteriorly by the transversalis fascia. It extends from the diaphragm superiorly to the pelvic brim inferiorly. This article discusses clinically relevant anatomy of the abdominal retroperitoneal spaces, their cross-sectional imaging evaluation with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and the imaging features of common retroperitoneal pathologic processes.
Use of Finite Element Methods in Frequency Domain Aeroacoustics

The linearized Euler equations are used widely in many aerodynamic noise prediction schemes. The linearized Euler equations also support instability waves, which can obscure the acoustic solution. An approach to suppress the instability waves is to solve the linearized Euler equations in the frequency domain. Also, the frequency domain approach is far less expensive compared to the time domain approach in terms of the computational time though only a single frequency can be computed at one time. The application and comparison of two unstructured grid methods for the solution of aeroacoustic problems in the frequency domain are presented. Algorithms are developed using the discontinuous Galerkin and the streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin finite element methods in two spatial dimensions on conforming triangular meshes using nodal polynomial basis sets. Unlike other existing frequency domain solvers, no assumption is made regarding the nature of the mean flow. The application of the two methods to a two-dimensional benchmark problem involving the suppression of instability waves is presented. The two methods are compared in terms of the computational cost. It is concluded that the discontinuous Galerkin method is prohibitively more expensive compared to the streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin method for aeroacoustic applications in the frequency domain using conforming meshes and nodal polynomials.
New theorems on the parity of partition functions

Working in the ring A of formal power series in one variable over the field of two elements, we have recently established lower bounds for both the number of even values and the number of odd values for a wide variety of partition functions. Here, we introduce two further ideas, differential equations in A and finite perturbations, to prove theorems on the parity of a considerably larger class of partition functions.
On the evolutionary origins of executive functions.

Abstract In this paper it is proposed that the prefrontal lobe participates in two closely related but different executive function abilities: (1) “metacognitive executive functions”: problem solving, planning, concept formation, strategy development and implementation, controlling attention, working memory, and the like; that is, executive functions as they are usually understood in contemporary neuroscience; and (2) “emotional/motivational executive functions”: coordinating cognition and emotion/motivation (that is, fulfilling biological needs according to some existing conditions). The first one depends on the dorsolateral prefrontal areas, whereas the second one is associated with orbitofrontal and medial frontal areas. Current tests of executive functions basically tap the first ability (metacognitive). Solving everyday problems (functional application of executive functions), however, mostly requires the second ability (emotional/motivational); therefore, these tests have limited ecological validity. Contrary to the traditional points of view, recent evidence suggests that the human prefrontal lobe is similar to other primates and hominids. Other primates and hominids may possess the second (emotional executive functions) prefrontal ability, -but not the first (metacognitive executive functions) one. It is argued that metacognitive executive functions are significantly dependent on culture and cultural instruments. They probably are the result of the development and evolution of some “conceptualization instruments”; language (and written language as an extension of oral language) may represent the most important one. The second executive function ability (emotional/motivational) probably is the result of a biological evolution shared by other primates.
Renal Erythropoietic Factor: Role of Ions and Vasoactive Agents in Erythropoietin Formation

Evidence is provided for the existence of a renal erythropoietic factor, devoid of vasopressor activity, which upon interaction in vitro with normal serum yields erythropoietin. When undialyzed serum is used, erythropoietin inactivation develops in the incubation mixtures, and this inactivation appears to be dependent on an enzymatic component in preparations of the factor and on ions in serum.
Synchronous reluctance machines―a viable alternative for AC drives?

ABSTRACT Although design of the variable reluctance (switched reluctance( type of synchronous machine has experienced intense activity in recent years, relatively little effort has been expended on improving the torque capability of the synchronous reluctance type of motor drive. Based on the analysis presented in this paper, it appears that substantial improvements can be made in the design of such motor drives resulting in performance characteristics which match or, indeed, perhaps even exceed that of the induction machine.
Conflicting analysis of a ‘Conflicting commons’: Reply

Dwight Lee ' s commen t on my art icle raises an issue which he and I have discussed in fo rma l ly in ano the r context . Perhaps , I now see the assumpt ions of his mode l and can br idge the appa ren t gul f that separa tes our two analyses . Firs t , I will poin t out that ren t -maximiz ing diversi ty wherein basic proper ty rights are pro tec ted can a rguab ly conta in less f reedom in an abs t rac t sense the absence o f external ly imposed cons t ra in ts than where some m o d i c u m of law and order exists. Cons ider , for example , the typical family ' s rules regarding meal t imes and child behavior . Also , cons ider the typical f irm and the many rules and p rocedures designed to maximize weal th. Now, expand those thoughts to a larger society. I suggest that l iberty expands , though uncons t ra ined f reedom may cont rac t . I do not see this as a 'h igh ly implaus ib le resul t , ' a po in t Lee himself , in a way, denies in his discussion o f his Figure 1 where he shows ren t -maximiz ing f reedom at F2, an a m o u n t less than F 3. S imply put , when o p p o r t u n i t y cost is cons idered in his model , a lesser a m o u n t of f reedom is der ived. But this is a mino r difference, I believe. The m a j o r d i f ference between us lies in the s tar t ing poin t o f our analyses , a poin t that was not made clear in my article. Lee ' s Figure 2, for example , starts at F 3, the l imit o f the ' t r agedy t r a p ' in his Figure 1. Once a society is p lagued with to ta l ana rchy unl imi ted f reedom bow will they move f rom the t rap? As Lee points out correct ly I believe, a dedica ted rentmaximiz ing gove rnmen t walk ing on the scene at that poin t , somehow having power to act, would take steps to reduce the scope o f ind iv idua l act ion only so long as the gains at the marg in were greater than the costs. In his analysis , he shows marg ina l mon i to r ing costs to be zero at F 3. In my
New Zygnemataceae collected in China

IN THE course of the writer's study of the freshwater algae collected for or by him in China, a great number of undescribed forms have been observed in the collections, of which the following belong to the Zygnemataceae. These new species were collected in various localities in China, mostly by his sisters, the Misses Chun .Jao and Tu Jao, from the vicinities of Chungking and Kiangpei, Szechwan, West China, 1930 to 1933, and several species by Mr. C. Huang, from Poatin, Hopei, North China, 1928; by Messrs. Y. Y. Pei and T. C. Yu, from West Lake, Hangehow, Chekiang, East China, 1928; and by the writer, from Peiping, 1927.2 This study was made while the author was Fellow of the China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture. He wishes to express his deep appreciation to Professors W. R. Taylor and H. H. Bartlett for their direction and assistance in the preparation of this paper. He also wishes to thank Professor E. N. Transeau for his valuable suggestions, and his friends and sisters for their help in collecting samples.