cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple paternity and competition in sympatric congeneric reef fishes, Embiotoca jacksoni and E. lateralis

The black surfperch Embiotoca jacksoni and the striped surfperch E. lateralis (Embiotocidae, Perciformes) are livebearing temperate reef fishes that live sympatrically over a large portion of their distribution range, where they exhibit strong ecological competition. In order to assess whether mating strategies reflect competition, we investigated multiple paternity in these two species in an area of sympatry. We sampled 24 pregnant females (12 for each species) in Monterey Bay, California, used microsatellite analysis and assessed paternity with the COLONY software. While broods are relatively small (12 to 36 offspring), they were always sired by multiple fathers (2 to 9), with no correlation between the size of a brood and the number of fathers. The number of sires for each brood was not significantly different between the two species (approximately 3.5 sires per brood). We tested the deviation from stochasticity of fathered offspring for each father in one brood. Results showed a significant deviation for both E. jacksoni and E. lateralis. However, this deviation was not found to be significant between species. The striking similarity in the dynamics of multiple paternity in these species, when sampled in sympatry, may result from several alternative scenarios, including phylogenetic inertia, reproductive behaviour, and ecological competition.
Naming latencies as evidence for two modes of lexical retrieval

Data are reported for response latencies to naming pictures of objects which show a systematic relationship between naming latency and two measures of item difficulty. Of primary interest was a reanalysis of full latency distributions on a picture-by-picture basis to explore the possibility that overall mean latencies could in actuality be composed of multiple independent latency populations. Results are discussed in terms of “automatic” versus “voluntary search” modes of word retrieval.
Simultaneous lidar and airglow temperature measurements in the mesopause region

A scientific flight over Fort Collins CO (40.6°N, 105°W) was conducted on the night of April 15-16, 1990, during the ALOHA-90 campaign. In this Colorado mission, a direct comparison between measured mesospheric O 2 and OH rotational temperatures with the airglow instruments on board the Electra and simultaneously measured Na temperatures by a ground-based narrowband Na lidar has been made. This first comparison resulted in general agreement in measured temperatures between different instruments
Response of a cylindrical invisibility cloak to electromagnetic waves

Based on electromagnetic wave scattering theory, we demonstrate that magnetic and electric surface currents are induced at the inner boundary of a cylindrical cloak by incoming waves. These surface currents have no counterparts in the coordinate transform theory. In addition, electromagnetic fields can penetrate into the concealed region under specified conditions, but carry no power. The field distribution can be unsymmetrical when a circularly polarized wave is obliquely incident onto the cloak. The far-field scattering for a nonideal cylindrical cloak is also theoretically addressed.
Solvation and excited-state proton transfer of 7-azaindole in alcohols

Abstract Fluorescence lifetime measurements of purified 7-azaindole in methanol and butanol as a function of temperature are performed. The results indicate that in alcohols there exists a population of 7-azaindole that is solvated in such a way that excited-state tautomerization is no longer a viable mode of nonradiative decay, that is, in a way that has been observed for water but to a lesser extent. Solvation by alcohols or by water is thus more similar than has been previously proposed. An excellent correlation is demonstrated between the time constant for double-proton transfer and pKauto, where Kauto is the autoprotolysis constant of the solvent. This correlation, along with earlier results, suggests that the actual proton-transfer event, and not the solvation step forming the necessary cyclic hydrogen-bonded complex, is the rate-limiting step in dilute solutions of 7-azaindole.
Nicotine Interventions with Comorbid Populations

This article reviews and comments on studies of treatment and prevention of cigarette smoking in individuals with comorbid psychiatric and non-nicotine substance abuse disorders. Despite a high prevalence of cigarette smoking in these populations and interest in quitting, treatment interventions and studies of these interventions are sparse. Multiple barriers to implementation of interventions exist. Existing data suggest that provision of cigarette-smoking interventions in substance abuse treatment patients is efficacious and does not appear to interfere with abstinence from alcohol or illicit drugs, but more research is needed. There are few studies in populations with psychiatric disorders, with the exception of studies of individuals with a history of major depressive disorder. The available data suggest at least moderate efficacy and little evidence of exacerbation of these disorders. Integration of interventions into existing treatment clinics appears desirable. Despite the identification of subgroups that are especially likely to adopt cigarette smoking, there have been no targeted prevention efforts. Further research is recommended in both the treatment and prevention of cigarette smoking in individuals with psychiatric and substance abuse disorders. It is reasonable to offer existing treatments to these subgroups of smokers, since there is some evidence of efficacy and little evidence of harm.
Waxy and normal grain sorghums with varying tannin contents in diets for young pigs

Abstract A 2 × 3 factorial experiment involving 108 crossbred pigs (9 kg) was conducted to evaluate the effects of endosperm starch type (waxy vs. normal) and tannin concentration in dietary grain sorghum on performance of young pigs. Grain from six F 8 F 9 sorghum breeding sub-lines, which were selected as isolines for two starch types, waxy or normal, within each of three tannin levels, high, medium or low, were used. The endosperm starch type of the grain had no influence on pigs' daily weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, or daily feed intake. Tannin content of grain sorghum detrimentally influenced daily gain and feed conversion efficiency, but not daily feed intake. Thus tannin level, but not endosperm starch type, was found to influence the feeding value of grain sorghum for young pigs.
Fibrinolytic activity of oral anaerobic bacteria

Abstract We assayed 13 species of anaerobic microorganisms found in the human oral cavity for fibrinolytic activity. Activity was detected in 6 of 6 strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. asaccharolyticus , 3 of 3 strains of Bacteroides oralis , and 11 of 12 strains of Treponema denticola . The activity observed in Bact. oralis was variable and was the only species that required plasminogen. The fibrinolytic activity of T. denticola was extracellular. The culture supernatant was concentrated by ultrafiltration, fractionated with ammonium sulphate, then applied to a column of 2 per cent agarose. This resulted in a 1750-fold purification. The purified T. denticola fibrinolysin had only one major band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and an apparent molecular weight near 1,000,000. It was not inactivated by heating at 75 °C for 10 min and was stable from pH 5.5 to 9.5. The enzyme appeared to be an aggregation of smaller molecules. The fibrinolytic enzyme of Bact. melaninogenicus subsp. asacch . was bound to the cell membrane and shared many properties with the collagenase reported by others. The activity of this enzyme was enhanced by treatment with SDS.
Hypoperfusion after arterial bypass grafting

awasuji and colleagues [l] have conducted an elegant K and provocative investigation of internal thoracic artery flow capacity. Patients with documented bypass conduit patency and no complications were grouped by type of grafts: those having multiple arterial grafts with or without vein grafts, a combination of a single arterial graft with vein grafts, or vein grafts only. Preoperative and postoperative exercise testing included continuous ventricular monitoring, with radionuclide ejection fraction calculated at 20-second intervals. Decline in left ventricular function during exercise defined ischemia. Deterioration in serially measured ejection fraction occurred either after an initial increase in ejection fraction or as a continuous decline in ejection fraction during exercise. Preoperative exercise-induced ischemia was eliminated by bypass grafting in about three-fourths of the patients. However, despite complete revascularization, 8 of 21 (38%) patients with multiple arterial grafts and 13 of 61 (21%) patients with combined arterial and vein grafts showed ischemia near the end of the exercise period. Kawasuji and colleagues concluded that arterial grafts to left coronary arteries may have flow capacity sufficient to meet moderate but not maximal exercise demand.
Sensory modality interdependence in the octaval system of an elasmobranch.

Vibration-sensitive units with labyrinth input are studied in the medullary magnocellular region, and in the mesencephalic torus semicircularis and oculomotor nucleus of the thornback ray. Neuronal activity is recorded during delivery of vibratory and acoustic stimuli, and during presentation of static tilt and sinusoidal pitch movement. These stimulation procedures are subsequently combined in order to gain some insight into the potential biological function of these units.
Personality Correlates of a Test of Honesty

The goal of this study is to assess the construct validity of a preemployment test of honesty, the Phase II Profile, in relation to the personality traits measured by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Of the four predetermined criteria, only the relationship to emotional stability was significant. Two of the 12 relationships expected to be nonsignificant were significant. The correlations obtained in this study and in two others were so low that the construct validity for the tests of honesty in relation to the chosen personality traits could not be confirmed.
Group formation of female pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina).

Human epidemiological studies have suggested that social variables can modulate the effects of stress on the immune system, and this concept has been gaining increasing attention with positive results emerging from empirical studies using nonhuman primates over the last two decades. Results from a previous study in rhesus monkeys suggested that receiving grooming positively affected recovery of T-helper and T-suppressor cells following the initial stress associated with group formation, and this co-varied with high dominance rank. Thus, the present study was undertaken in order to determine: (1) if the stress effect of formation could be replicated in another species and (2) if social behaviors or dominance rank, given that formation is a stressor, might independently correlate with physiological recovery from the stressor. Eight adult female pigtail macaques were moved from individual cages and simultaneously introduced into an outdoor enclosure along with an adult male, while eight weight-matched controls remained in individual caging. Behavioral data were collected during the introduction and over 4 weeks thereafter. Blood samples were collected prior to and at intervals for 4 weeks following formation. Compared to control subjects, the test subjects showed an increase in basal cortisol secretion (+28.9%) and a significant decrease in T-helper cells (-33.6%), T-suppressor cells (-30.8%), and B cells (-22.5%), while there was a significant increase in white blood cells (+29.5%) 24 hr following formation. When dominance rank and seven behavioral categories were analyzed, only the frequency of receiving grooming significantly predicted change, with animals who received a greater frequency of grooms showing a lesser negative percent change from baseline in the absolute number of T-helper cells 1 week following formation. The establishment of a dominance hierarchy, apparent within 1 week, was accomplished with no serious fighting and a complete absence of wounding or trauma, suggesting that psychosocial stress was responsible for the physiological changes observed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In obese individuals, adipose tissue releases increased amounts of non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol, hormones, pro-inflammatory cytokines and other factors that are involved in the development of insulin resistance. When insulin resistance is accompanied by dysfunction of pancreatic islet beta-cells - the cells that release insulin - failure to control blood glucose levels results. Abnormalities in beta-cell function are therefore critical in defining the risk and development of type 2 diabetes. This knowledge is fostering exploration of the molecular and genetic basis of the disease and new approaches to its treatment and prevention.
Bicyclomycin synthetic studies: utilization of bridgehead carbanions

Abstract The synthesis of a bicyclomycin model compound ( 19 ) has been achieved utilizing an efficient hydroxylation of a simple bicyclic bridgehead carbanion.
Scaling laws for fractional Brownian motion with power-law clock

We study the mean first passage time (MFPT) for fractional Brownian motion (fBm) in a finite interval with absorbing boundaries at each end. Analytical arguments are used to suggest a simple scaling law for the MFPT and numerical experiments are performed to verify its accuracy. The same approach is used to derive a scaling law for fBm with a power-law clock (fBm-plc). The MFPT scaling laws are employed to develop scaling laws for the finite-size Lyapunov exponent (FSLE) of fBm and fBm-plc. We apply these results to diffusion of a large polymer in a region with absorbing boundaries.
Hodgkin lymphoma therapy with interleukin-4 receptor-directed cytotoxin in an infiltrating animal model.

Hodgkin lymphoma represents unique clinicopathologic features because Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (H-RS) cells produce a variety of cytokines, express a variety of cytokine receptors, and are surrounded by numerous nonmalignant immunoreactive cells. We found that receptors for interleukin-4 (IL-4R) are highly expressed in H-RS cells. To target interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R), we used a recombinant protein fusing circularly permuted human IL-4 and Pseudomonas exotoxin termed IL438-37-PE38KDEL, or IL-4 cytotoxin. The cytotoxic effect of IL-4 cytotoxin on H-RS cell lines was determined to be moderate to high in vitro. We developed an infiltrating model of Hodgkin disease (HD) by injecting an adherent population of HD-MyZ cells subcutaneously into the flanks of beige/nude/X-linked immunodeficient mice. The animal model exhibited spontaneous metastasis of H-RS cells to lymph nodes and dissemination to vital organs, including the lungs. Intraperitoneal or intratumoral treatment of these mice with IL-4 cytotoxin resulted in regression of the primary tumor mass and a decrease in the incidence of lymph node metastasis. Mice injected with HD-MyZ cells demonstrated 203% prolonged survival (mean survival, 63 days) compared with control (mean survival, 31 days) when they received systemic IL-4 cytotoxin treatment. Because numerous H-RS cell lines express receptors for IL-4, IL-4 cytotoxin may be a unique agent for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma.
Terahertz pulse measurement with an optical streak camera

Incorporating an electro-optic modulator with a conventional optical streak camera extends the spectral range of the streak camera from the optical region (UV, visible, and near-IR) to the terahertz region (far-IR and millimeter-wave) with a minimum modification. We demonstrate the temporal measurement of freely propagating terahertz pulses with single-shot capability.
Structure theory of reciprocal pairs of linear transformations

Abstract The general theory of a pair of linear transformations, acting between two finite dimensional complex vector spaces in opposite directions, is elucidated. A complete classification from a geometric point of view is obtained. With respect to suitable bases in the two spaces, the two transformations appear as matrices having certain special form, analogues of the Jordan canonical form for one linear transformation.
Endothelial nitric oxide release in isolated perfused ovine uterine arteries: effect of pregnancy

The present study was designed to determine the release of endothelial nitric oxide, measured as combined nitric oxide, nitrite and nitrate (NOx), in isolated perfused uterine arteries obtained from nonpregnant and pregnant sheep. Noradrenaline produced concentration-dependent increases in perfusion pressure in both nonpregnant and pregnant uterine arteries with pD2 values of 5.1+/-0.07 and 4.6+/-0.04, respectively. The maximum responses were 300.8+/-8.8 mmHg for nonpregnant arteries and 86.9+/-1.3 mmHg for pregnant ones. N(G)-nitro-L-arginine increased noradrenaline-mediated maximum response in the pregnant (86.9+/-1.3 to 144.6+/-5.1 mmHg), but not in the nonpregnant, uterine arteries. The basal level of NOx was significantly higher in pregnant than in nonpregnant uterine arteries (346.1+/-63.2 vs. 86.0+/-20.6 pmol/ml). The calcium ionophore A23187 and adenosine triphosphate produced concentration-dependent increases in NOx release in both nonpregnant and pregnant arteries. Compared to the nonpregnant tissue, the agonist-induced increase in NOx release was significantly enhanced in the pregnant uterine artery. In accordance, endothelial NO synthase protein expression in pregnant uterine artery was 197% of that in nonpregnant artery. These data indicate that in the uterine artery, pregnancy increases both basal and agonist-induced release of endothelial nitric oxide, which is likely to play a key role in attenuated vascular reactivity of the uterine artery to vasoconstrictors during the course of pregnancy.
Vernacular Culture and Urban Economic Development: Thinking Outside the (Big) Box

Problem: This article addresses the increasing homogeneity of urban commercial areas and the loss of local culture associated with this trend. It seeks to identify strategies that build effectively on vernacular culture as an asset in neighborhood development. Purpose: We aim to identify tools that advance the cultural preservation approach to urban economic development and to describe instances in which planners and neighborhood groups have applied these tools successfully. Methods: We completed a wide-ranging literature review to identify the characteristics of places that have employed cultural preservation approaches and conducted six case studies involving 43 interviews in five cities. Results and conclusions: Our interviews and case studies showed us that there are at least three types of anchors in neighborhoods with strong vernacular culture: 1) markets; 2) ethnic areas and heritage sites; 3) and arts-and-culture venues and districts. Although the balance between preservation and development will ...
Fibrillin binds calcium and is coded by cdnas that reveal a multidomain structure and alternatively spliced exons at the 5′ end

Fibrillin is an important structural protein of the extracellular matrix. It is a large cysteine-rich glycoprotein with extensive intrachain disulfide bonds, likely contributed by multiple EGF-like repeats. We have previously published 6.9 kb of FBN1 cDNA sequence. FBN1 cDNA clones that extend the sequence 3089 bp in the 5' direction are described in this report. The deduced primary structure suggests that fibrillin is composed of multiple domains. The most predominant feature is the presence of 43 calcium binding EGF-like repeats. We demonstrate here that fibrillin molecules bind calcium. In addition, three alternatively spliced exons at the 5' end are described. Analysis of 5.8 kb of surrounding genomic sequence revealed a 1.8-kb CpG island spanning the alternatively spliced exons and the next downstream exon. Since FBN1 is the gene responsible for Marfan syndrome, the information presented here will be useful in identifying new mutations and in understanding the function of fibrillin in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Energetically consistent bond graph models in electromechanical energy conversion

Abstract Linear and rotary motors using permanent magnet field excitation can often be modeled using power-conservative gyrator elements based on the Lorentz force law and Faraday's voltage law. A common extension of such models using modulated gyrators is shown to be inconsistent with storage field models based on a stored energy state function. Although the modulated gyrator models have intuitive appeal and are useful in certain restricted circumstances, the storage field models are preferable energetically.
Immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin and vasotocin in the brain of the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti

The brain of the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, was studied immunocytochemically using antisera against somatostatin (SRIH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). SRIH-immunoreactive perikarya were distributed bilaterally in the postoptic nucleus and in the hypothalamic nucleus. Although several short, stained fibers were observed in the vicinity of the perikarya, SRIH-immunoreactivity was not found in the neurohypophysis, nor in other parts of the brain. On the other hand, presumed arginine vasotocin (AVT) perikarya were distributed in an arc-shaped region extending from the posterior part of the preoptic nucleus to the anterior-most end of the hypothalamic nucleus and projected their fibers to the neurohypophysis. Most presumptive AVT perikarya were located close to the paired prehypophysial arteries near the anterior end of the postoptic nucleus. In the neurohypophysis, abundant presumptive AVT-fibers terminated in the posterior dorsal wall, although some fibers terminated in the anterior dorsal wall and only a few fiber endings were found in the ventral wall. No ACTH-positive cells were detected in the hagfish brain or in the pituitary gland.
Evaluating the Dissemination of Body & Soul, an Evidence-based Fruit and Vegetable Intake Intervention: Challenges for Dissemination and Implementation Research

Abstract Objective To evaluate whether the evidence-based Body & Soul program, when disseminated and implemented without researcher or agency involvement and support, would achieve results similar to those of earlier efficacy and effectiveness trials. Design Prospective group randomized trial. Setting Churches with predominantly African American membership. Participants A total of 1,033 members from the 15 churches completed baseline surveys. Of these participants, 562 (54.4%) completed the follow-up survey 6 months later. Intervention Church-based nutrition program for African Americans that included pastoral involvement, educational activities, church environmental changes, and peer counseling. Main Outcome Measure Daily fruit and vegetable (FV) intake was assessed at pre- and posttest. Analysis Mixed-effects linear models. Results At posttest, there was no statistically significant difference in daily servings of FVs between the early intervention group participants compared to control group participants (4.7 vs 4.4, P = .38). Process evaluation suggested that added resources such as technical assistance could improve program implementation. Conclusions and Implications The disseminated program may not produce improvements in FV intake equal to those in the earlier efficacy and effectiveness trials, primarily because of a lack of program implementation. Program dissemination may not achieve public health impact unless support systems are strengthened for adequate implementation at the church level.
Pediatric Mass Casualty: Triage and Planning for the Prehospital Provider

Infants and children are common victims of disaster or mass casualty situations. Prehospital providers provide the initial care and stabilization at the scene of a mass casualty event. There are a number of challenges the prehospital provider faces when caring for children in a mass casualty event, among them are the following: the physiology of children differs from adults, children are particularly vulnerable in a disaster, separation from parents or caregivers may occur, and protocols developed for adults may not work well for children. This article reviews the planning and triage considerations for prehospital providers caring for children in a mass casualty event.
Scream-embrace displays in wild black-horned capuchin monkeys.

Reintroduction of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) into their social group in captivity can elicit sirena screams and embraces. Captive scream–embrace displays are male biased, and females never perform sirena screams. One hypothesis is that scream–embrace displays serve a tension-reduction or reconciliatory function between males with conflicting interests. Alternatively, these displays may function to maintain strong affiliative bonds between friendly male dyads. Scream and/or embrace displays in wild Brazilian black-horned capuchins were analyzed for social and ecological contexts, behavioral components, and individuals involved. Seventy-two displays were observed during the 199-day study period. Among the 66 displays for which both members could be identified by sex, there were 42 occurrences of male–male dyads, 17 of male–female dyads, and seven of female–female dyads. Scream–embrace dyads were male–male pairs significantly more often than expected from group membership, and the α male was the only male to engage in scream–embrace displays with females. Female–female pairs did embrace, but never emitted sirena screams. Displays most commonly occurred in “reunion” contexts, primarily the reuniting of subgroups after hours or days out of contact, but also after intergroup encounters, and across groups in “intergroup” displays. Displays were rare, but socially contagious, and subgroup reunions could elicit multiple displays in rapid succession. Although the occurrence of screams and embraces was positively correlated, both behaviors also occurred independently, and their functions may be different. Male sirena screams may be honest advertisements of united alliances, directed toward a third party, whereas the embrace may be a risky affiliative signal, directed primarily within the dyad. Am. J. Primatol. 70:551–559, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analysis on the Pressure Fluctuation of a 660MW Supercritical Boiler

This paper presents the analysis on the periodic fluctuation of pressure in flue and air system of a 660MW supercritical boiler, firing high sulfur coal. The analysis shows that the fluctuation is resulted from a blockage in its air pre-heater, especially in winter. Just as the temperature of flue gas lower than its acid dew point, corrosion occurs and induces the blockage furthermore. This paper exhibits a typical case in boiler firing high sulfur coal.
New and Improved?: A Case Study of Nonprofit Policy Governance

This study examines the adoption of policy governance, a business-oriented governance model, by a women's human service nonprofit organization: a process that many of the volunteer directors blame for the organization's financial decline. One of several business-like models that are becoming increasingly popular in the nonprofit sector, policy governance, is part of the "totalizing ideology" of the market with its own language, logic, set of rules, and moral claims. The management literature conceptualizes such business-like models narrowly, as rational and neutral instruments, which can only improve organizational effectiveness. Though there is no empirical evidence substantiating the model's effectiveness over traditional governance methods, when the model fails, users are encouraged by the management culture to blame faulty execution. Analysis of the model's implementation shows that while the volunteers embraced its ideology, spoke its language, and upheld its ceremonial requirements, they resisted ad...
Maternal function of a retroviral‐type zinc‐finger protein is essential for Drosophila development

Previous studies have shown that zygotic expression of the Drosophila lark gene, which encodes an RNA-binding protein, is essential for embryogenesis. We now show that lark mRNA is abundant in preblastoderm (0–2 h) embryos, prior to zygotic transcription, indicative of maternal inheritance. Lark can also be detected within the nurse cells of developing egg chambers, suggesting a function for the protein during oogenesis. To test the hypothesis that the maternal inheritance of lark is required for oogenesis or early development, we employed the “FLP-DFS” technique to eliminate the lark maternal component within the germ line. Unfertilized and fertilized eggs lacking the lark maternal component exhibit a “fragile” phenotype, indicating that the protein functions during oogenesis. Furthermore, differentiation of the fertilized eggs is abnormal—most embryos arrest prior to blastoderm formation and exhibit morphological phenotypes that might reflect underlying defects in syncytial nuclear cycling or cellularization. Mutational analysis of a retroviral-type zinc finger within the lark protein indicates that it is required for the maternal function of the protein: females are completely sterile when their only source of lark protein contains a zinc-finger mutation. The aggregate of our studies shows that the germ-line expression of lark is essential for development, and suggests that the retroviral-type zinc finger mediates important RNA-binding functions during oogenesis and/or early development. Dev. Genet. 25:387–396, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stratigraphic and dynamic effects of sediment reworking by Great Lakes zoobenthos

Recent sediments of the North American Great Lakes are inhabited by numerous species of macrobenthos which alter the physical and chemical properties of sediments and modify interface transport characteristics. Distributions of such radionuclides as cesium-137, lead-210, and isotopes of plutonium exhibit a zone of constant activity extending down from the sediment-water interface from 1 to 15 cm. Recent studies have confirmed that radiometrically determined mixed depths are consistent with the vertical distribution of oligochaete worms and the amphipod, Pontoporeia hoyi. Generally, 90% of the benthos are contained within the radiometrically defined mixed zone. Where comparisons are possible, rates of sediment reworking by ‘conveyor belt’ species are comparable to or exceed sedimentation rates. Systematic variations in the mixed depth occur within depositional basins with greatest depths tending to be associated with least consolidated, organically rich materials.
Porosity of the melting zone and variations in the solid mantle upwelling rate beneath Hawaii: inferences from 238U-230Th-226Ra and 235U-231Pa disequilibria

Abstract Measurements of 238U-230Th-226Ra and 235U-231Pa disequilibria in a suite of tholeiitic-to-basanitic lavas provide estimates of porosity, solid mantle upwelling rate and melt transport times beneath Hawaii. The observation that (230Th/238U) > 1 indicates that garnet is required as a residual phase in the magma sources for all of the lavas. Both chromatographic porous flow and dynamic melting of a garnet peridotite source can adequately explain the combined U-Th-Ra and U-Pa data for these Hawaiian basalts. For chromatographic porous flow, the calculated maximum porosity in the melting zone ranges from 0.3–3% for tholeiites and 0.1–1% for alkali basalts and basanites, and solid mantle upwelling rates range from 40 to 100 cm yr−1 for tholeiites and from 1 to 3 cm yr−1 for basanites. For dynamic melting, the escape or threshold porosity is 0.5–2% for tholeiites and 0.1–0.8% for alkali basalts and basanites, and solid mantle upwelling rates range from 10 to 30 cm yr−1 for tholeiites and from 0.1 to 1 cm yr−1 for basanites. Assuming a constant melt productivity, calculated total melt fractions range from 15% for the tholeiitic basalts to 3% for alkali basalts and basanites.
The file: agency, authority, and autography in an Islamabad bureaucracy

Abstract This article develops an approach to contemporary governance as a communicative practice fundamentally organized by “graphic artifacts”—materials such as files, maps, letters, reports, and office manuals. The empirical focus is the role of graphic artifacts in bureaucratic institutions in Islamabad, Pakistan. Departing from functionalist accounts of bureaucracy and from approaches to governmental writing centered on reference and predication, the article describes the use of graphic artifacts, particularly files, in the ritual construction of collective bureaucratic authority and agents. This authority protects individuals and allows particular projects to be collectivized. The article highlights the relationship between, on one hand, the material qualities and dispositions of artifacts and, on the other hand, the semiotic processes they mediate.
An Examination of Conflict in Emerging Adulthood Between College Students and Their Parents

Abstract Two hundred seventy-three college students between the ages of 18 and 22 years, and in the midst of what some researchers would refer to as Emerging Adulthood, reported the most common topics of conflict that they experience with their mothers and fathers and provided their perceptions of these conflicts. Female and male emerging adults reported similar topics of conflict with their mothers and fathers. The sex of the emerging adults and that of their parents who were involved in the conflict appeared to play an important role in the complex dynamic related to their perceptions of their parents following the conflict, especially for positive perceptions of fathers and perceptions of fathers' emotional availability and acceptance. The results of this study further the understanding of conflicts that occur between emerging adults and their parents.
Surface and Subsurface Deformation of Wear-Resistant Steels Exposed to Impact Wear

The impact wear resistance of four different wear-resistant steel grades was investigated using different impact bodies. Post-test evaluation of the impact tested samples was performed by different techniques including 3D surface profilometry, microhardness indentation, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The tribological response of the steel plates during the impact is strongly dependent on the properties of the impacting body. The subsurface deformation was found to increase with increasing impact energy and/or impact velocity and decreasing steel hardness. On a microscopic scale, a number of interesting mechanisms were revealed within the deformed impact sites. Besides an overall plastic deformation, localized deformation resulting in narrow adiabatic shear bands with an ultra-fine microstructure was observed. Within these shear bands, showing intense shearing strain, nucleation of microvoids was frequently observed. Growth and linkage of these voids lead in crack formation along the shear bands and eventually flake-like wear fragments are detached when these cracks reach the surface.
Computerized Detection Of Lung Nodules In Digital Chest Radiographs

Detection of cancerous lung nodules in chest radiographs is one of the more important tasks performed by a radiologist. In addition, the "miss rate" associated with the radiographic detection of lung nodules is approximately 30%. A computerized scheme that alerts the radiologist to possible locations of lung nodules should allow this number of false-negative diagnoses to be reduced. We are developing a computer-aided nodule detection scheme based on a difference image approach. We attempt to eliminate the camouflaging background structure of the normal lung anatomy by creating, from a single-projection chest image, two images: one in which the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the nodule is maximized and another in which that SNR is suppressed while the processed background remains essentially the same. Thus, the difference between these two processed images should consist of the nodule superimposed on a relatively uniform background in which the detection task may be simplified. This difference image approach is fundamentally different from conventional subtraction techniques (e.g., temporal or dual-energy subtraction) in that the two images which are subtracted arise from the same single-projection chest radiograph. Once the difference image is obtained, thresholding is performed along with tests for circularity, size and growth in order to extract the nodules. It should be noted that once an original chest image is input to the computer the nodule detection process is totally automated.
Aspects of Spanish deictic expressions in Barcelona: A quantitative examination

This sociolinguistic investigation analyzes an innovative usage of Spanish motion verbs, demonstratives, and locatives in Barcelona that involves crosslinguistic pragmatic transfer. Speakers in the two social networks examined (N = 58) use these Spanish deictics following pragmatic rules that generally correspond to the rules for their Catalan counterparts. Quantitative analysis demonstrates that this innovative usage of the Spanish deictics is not predictable from the lexical form of the deictic systems in both languages. Multiple regression analysis (SPSS) demonstrates that as relative exposure to Catalan increases so does the amount of innovative usage observed, although degree of integration into a Catalan social network and degree of Catalanist ideology do not affect such usage. Qualitatively, this innovative usage is a linguistic marker of a unique contact variety of Spanish spoken in Catalonia (i.e., Catalan Spanish). In this variety, such usage represents a potential resource for performing Catalan identity.
Situation Awareness and Workload in Aviation

A pilot faces special challenges imposed by the need to control a multivariate lagged system in a heterogeneous multitask environment. The time lags between critical variables require prediction in an uncertain world. The interrelated concepts of situation awareness and workload are central to aviation psychology. Three components of situation awareness are spatial awareness, system awareness, and task awareness. Each of these components has real–world implications, spatial awareness for instrument displays, system awareness for keeping the operator informed about actions that have been taken by automated systems, and task awareness for attention and task management. Task management is directly related to mental workload, as the competing demands of tasks for attention exceed the operator's limited resources.
Antecedents of implementation success: a comprehensive framework

This paper reports on an extensive effort to categorize existing quantitative research on information systems implementation. By examining approximately 5000 articles from five highly ranked journals, 359 different independent variables were found and analyzed according to the principle of the hermeneutic circle. The paper ends with a presentation of the resulting framework and suggested definitions for a set of 69 focal variables.
Microbial diversity in hot synthetic compost as revealed by PCR-amplified rRNA sequences from cultivated isolates and extracted DNA.

High-temperature (≥60°C) synthetic food waste compost was examined by cultivation-dependent and -independent methods to determine predominant microbial populations. Fluorescent direct counts totaled 6.4 (±2.5)×1010 cells gdw−1 in a freeze-dried 74°C compost sample, while plate counts for thermophilic heterotrophic aerobes averaged 2.6 (±1.0)×108 CFU gdw−1. A pre-lysis cell fractionation method was developed to obtain community DNA and a suite of 16S and 18S rDNA-targeted PCR primers was used to examine the presence of Bacteria, Archaea and fungi. Bacterial 16S rDNA, including a domain-specific 1500-bp fragment and a 300-bp fragment specific for Actinobacteria, was amplified by PCR from all compost samples tested. Archaeal rDNA was not amplified in any sample. Fungal 18S rDNA was only amplified from a separate dairy manure compost that reached a peak temperature of 50°C. Amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) was used to screen isolated thermophilic bacteria and a clone library of full-length rDNA fragments. ARDRA screening revealed 14 unique patterns among 63 isolates, with one pattern accounting for 31 of the isolates. In the clone library, 52 unique patterns were detected among 70 clones, indicating high diversity of uncultivated bacteria in hot compost. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two most abundant isolates belonged in the genera Aneurinibacillus and Brevibacillus, which are not commonly associated with hot compost. With the exception of one Lactobacillus-type sequence, the clone library contained only sequences that clustered within the genus Bacillus. None of the isolates or cloned sequences could be assigned to the group of obligate thermophilic Bacillus spp. represented by B. stearothermophilus, commonly believed to dominate high-temperature compost. Amplified partial fragments from Actinobacteria, spanning the V3 variable region (Neefs et al. (1990) Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 2237–2242), included sequences related to the genera Saccharomonospora, Gordonia, Rhodococcus and Corynebacterium, although none of these organisms were detected among the isolates or full-length cloned rDNA sequences. All of the thermophilic isolates and sequenced rDNA fragments examined in this study were from Gram-positive organisms.
Unigeniture in an uncertain world

We present a new theory and quantitative evidence on the incidence of unigeniture. Existing theories hypothesize some sort of indivisibility or increasing returns to scale in wealth to overcome the testator’s inclination toward equal sharing among heirs. Examining a micro-level data set of seventeenth-century English wills, we find that even after controlling for land and other presumed sources of increasing returns to scale and indivisibility, other variables such as financial wealth still correlate with the incidence of unigeniture. This leads us to propose a model where unigeniture is an efficient way to provide insurance against income shocks. An important implication of the theory is that observed unequal bequests are partially counteracted by ex post transfers. Therefore, inequality of bequests cannot be taken as evidence of inequality of consumption between heirs.
The application of immunoperoxidase methodology for the visualization of prolactin binding sites in human prostate tissue

In previous studies the immunoperoxidase method was used to detect intracellular prolactin binding sites in epithelial cells of normal and neoplastic rat prostate. As an extension of this work, the same approach was used to test for and to localize prolactin binding sites in autopsy and biopsy specimens of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded human prostate. Rehydrated tissue sections were exposed to varying concentrations of human placental lactogen or human prolactin and then to human placental lactogen or human prolactin antisera. The loci of hormone binding were visualized by an immunoperoxidase staining sequence. Hormone pretreatment produced immunospecific, dose related staining inside epithelial cells of normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic human prostate indicative of intracellular prolactin binding. The patterns of intracellular hormone binding in human prostate were similar to those seen previously in rat prostate tissue. The possible involvement of prolactin in prostatic cancer and the potential diagnostic value of the immunoperoxidase approach to hormone binding are discussed.
RIFLE is alive: long live RIFLE

Diagnosis and classification of acute kidney injury was addressed systematically only 8 years ago when the classification called RIFLE (acronym of Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of function and End stage Kidney disease describing progressive severity of renal damage) was created. Since then, several studies have tried to apply, validate, criticize and modify this initial scheme: as a matter of fact, RIFLE is today one of the most appreciated and utilized medical classification systems worldwide. After an initial period of epidemiological research, it is acceptable to apply it now at the bedside, following both urine output and creatinine criteria, with the purpose of routinely monitoring renal function of critically ill patients.
Body Composition Methods: Comparisons and Interpretation:

The incidence of obesity in the United States and other developed countries is epidemic. Because the prevalence of comorbidities to obesity, such as type 2 diabetes, has also increased, it is clear there is a great need to monitor and treat obesity and its comorbidities. Body composition assessments vary in precision and in the target tissue of interest. The most common assessments are anthropometric and include weight, stature, abdominal circumference, and skinfold measurements. More complex methods include bioelectrical impedance, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, body density, and total body water estimates. There is no single universally recommended method for body composition assessment in the obese, but each modality has benefits and drawbacks. We present here the most common methods and provide guidelines by way of examples to assist the clinician/researcher in choosing methods appropriate to their situation.
Mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis of aspirin, warfarin, and new anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

Abstract Background Warfarin and aspirin are used to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). There are inherent challenges with both treatments, including variable and inconsistent benefit and increased bleeding risks. The availability of new anticoagulants offers some alternatives. Objective A mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis to evaluate direct and indirect treatment data including aspirin, warfarin apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban for the prevention of primary or secondary stroke in patients with AF. Methods A comprehensive, systematic literature search was conducted to identify randomized trials comparing aspirin, warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban in patients with AF requiring treatment for stroke prevention. Open-label and blinded designs were included if they evaluated any stroke or any bleeding event. Data on stroke and bleeding events were abstracted, verified, evaluated, scored, and entered into Aggregate Data Drug Information System version 1.16 to generate a mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis. Direct and indirect comparisons were evaluated, and we looked for inconsistency in closed loop structures. Data are reported as rate ratios with 95% credible intervals. In addition, we reviewed variance statistics and explored variance with node-splitting models. Results Our literature search yielded 30 articles, 21 of which were included. All treatments except aspirin reduced the risk of any stroke compared with placebo. Warfarin (0.43 [0.33–0.57]), apixaban (0.37 [0.27–0.54]), dabigatran (0.34 [0.21–0.57]), rivaroxaban (0.36 [0.22–0.60]), and aspirin with clopidogrel (0.73 [0.53–0.99]) were more protective than aspirin alone. Warfarin and the new anticoagulants were similar in the reduction of stroke, vascular death, and mortality. There was no difference in major bleeding between any treatment group. There were more nonmajor bleeding events when comparing warfarin and apixaban (1.83 [1.05–4.03]); no other differences between warfarin and the other new anticoagulants were found. Conclusions This mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis found similarity between warfarin and the new anticoagulants with the exception of one comparison, in which warfarin was associated with more non-major bleeding than apixaban. Thus, the new anticoagulants are therapeutically comparable when warfarin is inappropriate.