cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algorithms for matrix groups and the Tits alternative

J. Tits (1972) has shown that a finitely generated linear group either contains a nonabelian free group or has a solvable subgroup of finite index. We give a polynomial time algorithm for deciding which of these two conditions holds for a given finitely generated matrix group over an algebraic number field. Noting that many computational problems are undecidable for groups with nonabelian free subgroups, we investigate the complexity of problems relating to linear groups with solvable subgroups of finite index. For such a group G, we are able in polynomial time to compute a homomorphism /spl phi/ such that /spl phi/(G) is a finite matrix group and the kernel of /spl phi/ is solvable. If in addition G has a nilpotent subgroup of finite index, we obtain much stronger results. These include an effective encoding of elements of G such that the encoding length of an element obtained as a product of length /spl les/l over the generators is O(logl) times a polynomial in the input length. This result is the best possible. For groups with abelian subgroups of finite index, we obtain a Las Vegas algorithm for several basic computational tasks including membership testing and computing a presentation. This generalizes recent work of R. Beals and L. Babai (1993), who give a Las Vegas algorithm for the case of finite groups.
EVALUATION OF NUCLEAR ACTIVATION OF TUNGSTEN PLATES FOR FUTURE MODELING OF A MEDICAL ACCELERATOR

High-energy photons from medical accelerators are used to treat tumors in cancer patients. One consequence is the production of neutrons from photonuclear interactions in the high-Z accelerator components. The release and capture of neutrons produce radioactive nuclei that can irradiate patients and medical personnel. The goal of this study is to develop a method for quantifying the activation of accelerator components using MCNPX. To benchmark this method, we took activation measurements from the irradiation of a series of zinc plates using a 55-MeV electron beam and compared them with MCNPX calculations. The measured cumulative photon-induced activity from 68 Zn(γ,p ) 67 Cu interactions in all of the plates was 10.8 MBq, which is in 5.4% agreement with the calculated value of 10.2 ± 1.1 MBq. Based on these results, a series of simulations were performed in order to optimize the photon- and neutron-induced activity in tungsten for subsequent experiments. The radioactivity from activated short-lived isotopes and subsequent buildup can be significant from repeated accelerator operations during a day. The approach described in this paper is useful in quantifying the origin and the amount of nuclear activation and the buildup of radioactivity.
Groups with all subgroups permutable or soluble

In this paper‎, ‎we consider locally graded groups in which every non-permutable subgroup is soluble of bounded derived length‎.
Upscaling key ecosystem functions across the conterminous United States by a water‐centric ecosystem model

[1] We developed a water-centric monthly scale simulation model (WaSSI-C) by integrating empirical water and carbon flux measurements from the FLUXNET network and an existing water supply and demand accounting model (WaSSI). The WaSSI-C model was evaluated with basin-scale evapotranspiration (ET), gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) estimates by multiple independent methods across 2103 eight-digit Hydrologic Unit Code watersheds in the conterminous United States from 2001 to 2006. Our results indicate that WaSSI-C captured the spatial and temporal variability and the effects of large droughts on key ecosystem fluxes. Our modeled mean (±standard deviation in space) ET (556 ± 228 mm yr−1) compared well to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) based (527 ± 251 mm yr−1) and watershed water balance based ET (571 ± 242 mm yr−1). Our mean annual GEP estimates (1362 ± 688 g C m−2 yr−1) compared well (R2 = 0.83) to estimates (1194 ± 649 g C m−2 yr−1) by eddy flux-based EC-MOD model, but both methods led significantly higher (25–30%) values than the standard MODIS product (904 ± 467 g C m−2 yr−1). Among the 18 water resource regions, the southeast ranked the highest in terms of its water yield and carbon sequestration capacity. When all ecosystems were considered, the mean NEE (−353 ± 298 g C m−2 yr−1) predicted by this study was 60% higher than EC-MOD's estimate (−220 ± 225 g C m−2 yr−1) in absolute magnitude, suggesting overall high uncertainty in quantifying NEE at a large scale. Our water-centric model offers a new tool for examining the trade-offs between regional water and carbon resources under a changing environment.
Short Chain Fatty Acids Increase Prolactin and Growth Hormone Production and Alter Cell Morphology in the GH3 Strain of Rat Pituitary Cells

Treatment of GH3 cells for 24-72 h with sodium valerate (1 mM) increased 2- to 4-fold the production of both PRL and GH. There was a concomitant change in the morphology of the cells that resembled that produced by TRH and epidermal growth factor. The increases in hormone production and changes in morphology were reversible. The sodium salts of butyric, hexanoic, caprylic, nonanoic, and dodecanoic acids also increased hormone production and altered cell morphology, whereas the salts of formic, acetic, and isobutyric acids did not. Acute (1-h) treatment with the fatty acids, unlike the effects of TRH and epidermal growth factor, did not increase the release of PRL from the cells.
De novo telomere addition by Tetrahymena telomerase in vitro

Previous molecular genetic studies have shown that during programmed chromosomal healing, telomerase adds telomeric repeats directly to non-telomeric sequences in Tetrahymena, forming de novo telomeres. However, the biochemical mechanism underlying this process is not well understood. Here, we show for the first time that telomerase activity is capable in vitro of efficiently elongating completely non-telomeric DNA oligonucleotide primers, consisting of natural telomere-adjacent or random sequences, at low primer concentrations. Telomerase activity isolated from mated or vegetative cells had indistinguishable specificities for nontelomeric and telomeric primers. Consistent with in vivo results, the sequence GGGGT... was the predominant initial DNA sequence added by telomerase in vitro onto the 3' end of the non-telomeric primers. The 3' and 5' sequences of the primer both influenced the efficiency and pattern of de novo telomeric DNA addition. Priming of telomerase by double-stranded primers with overhangs of various lengths showed a requirement for a minimal 3' overhang of 20 nucleotides. With fully single-stranded non-telomeric primers, primer length up to approximately 30 nucleotides strongly affected the efficiency of telomeric DNA addition. We propose a model for the primer binding site of telomerase for non-telomeric primers to account for these length and structural requirements. We also propose that programmed de novo telomere addition in vivo is achieved through a hitherto undetected intrinsic ability of telomerase to elongate completely non-telomeric sequences.
Galactolipids rather than phlorotannins as herbivore deterrents in the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus

The first investigation of seaweed chemical defense against herbivores involved the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus and suggested defense via phlorotannins. The first demonstration of seaweed induction of secondary metabolites in response to herbivory also involved the genus Fucus and assumed a defensive function for phlorotannins. Many other investigations correlate herbivore feeding preference with changing levels of phlorotannins in this genus and others, but few directly test the effects of phlorotannins. No studies have assessed Fucus chemical defenses using bioassay-guided separation to investigate the complete complement of compounds deterring herbivores. We investigated the deterrence of F. vesiculosus chemical extracts using herbivore bioassays to guide our chemical investigations. Although crude extracts from F. vesiculosus strongly deterred feeding by the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata, phlorotannins from this extract did not deter feeding at 2x or 4x natural concentration by dry mass. Feeding deterrence was due to: (1) a polar galactolipid in the ethyl acetate-soluble extract, and (2) a non-phenolic compound, or compounds, in the water-soluble extract. Although this is the first evidence of galactolipids deterring herbivores, such defenses could be geographically and taxonomically widespread. The galactolipid we discovered in Fucus occurs in marine dinoflagellates, and a related metabolite that deters herbivory has recently been discovered in a tropical green seaweed. We were unable to identify the second deterrent compound, but deterrence occurred in a fraction containing carbohydrates, including sulfated sugars, but no phlorotannins. Given the polarity of these chemical deterrents, they could co-occur with and confound bioassays of phlorotannins if investigators test phlorotannin-containing algal extracts without further purification.
Modeling the Effects of Microgravity on Oxidation in Mitochondria: A Protein Damage Assessment across a Diverse Set of Life Forms

Exposure to microgravity conditions is detrimental to animal and human protein tissue and is linked to ailments associated with aging, disease and other disorders originating at the protein level. With exposure, dangerously low blood pressure results from diminished blood production forces the heart to beat at abnormal rates and causes damage. The heart, like the other muscles of the body, risk developing muscular atrophy from the reduced dependence on muscle-use. Oxidative carbonylation, the addition of a CO to an amino acid chain, is a natural process used by the cell to degrade and remove proteins. This reaction may also cause many of the diseases associated with protein dysfunction (Alzheimer's, muscular atrophy, Parkinsons, sepsis, etc.). Although aging has been associated with similar ailments from protein degradation, the stress from weightlessness is thought to increase the rates of oxidative processes impacting general health by upsetting protein function and its structure. Carbonylation is an oxidative reaction for which, motifs high in R, K, P, T, E and S residues can be used to explore its composition in protein data. Since mitochondria also apply oxidative processes to make energy, we hypothesize that this reaction is highly contained so as to minimize local oxidative damage. In this paper, we evaluate the coverage of motifs which are likely attractors of oxidative activity across mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial protein data of fourteen diverse organisms. Here we show that mitochondrial proteins have generally reduced amounts of the same oxidative carbonylation content which we found in abundance in the organism's nuclear proteins. Furthermore, we show that this general finding is similar between two major profiling systems: oxidative carbonylation (RKPT enriched sequences) and protein degradation (PEST sequences). We suggest an mitochondrial intolerance for motifs that may attract forms of oxidation.
Design of an Impedance Spectrometer for the Development of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Generator for Medical Applications

Emerging fuel cell technology has the potential to power implantable medical devices. A key component in these devices is the proton exchange membrane (PEM). New membrane technology is being developed to improve the efficiency of these fuels cells, such that they can be implanted in medical devices. The purpose of this work is to develop a methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of experimental PEMs. The method employed in this study to evaluate PEMs utilizes electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). An electrochemical cell fixture was also developed in this work.
Reducing the “killer turn” in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Abstract Purpose: Graft abrasion caused by sharp graft angulation at the graft-tunnel margin of the proximal tibia (the "killer turn") may cause graft failure after posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction using the traditional anteromedial route tibial tunnel. One method to reduce the graft angulation is to use the anterolateral route tibial tunnel. However, less acute graft angulation may increase joint translation because of a decrease in graft compressive force. The purpose of this study was to compare the graft angulation and joint translation between anteromedial and anterolateral route tibial tunnels. Type of Study: Biomechanical study. Methods: Twelve above-the-knee amputation specimens were used in this study. Anteromedial and anterolateral tibial tunnels were made at the desired locations, and the same femoral tunnel was used. Graft angulation was measured by inserting a malleable pin into the tibial and femoral tunnels. Measurements of graft angulation were performed with the knee in extension and in 90° of flexion. The joint translation was measured by the posterior translation of the tibia on the femur at 90° of flexion with a 15-lb posterior force applied to the anterior proximal tibia after PCL reconstruction through the respective tunnels. Results: The difference in graft angulation between anterolateral and anteromedial route tibial tunnels was statistically significant ( P Conclusions: The anterolateral route tibial tunnel significantly reduced the sharp graft angulation ("killer turn") at the graft tunnel margin of the proximal tibia, but it did not increase the joint translation as compared with the traditional anteromedial route tibial tunnel. The anterolateral route tibial tunnel is thought to be a better choice when arthroscopic PCL reconstruction is performed with the tunnel technique.
An investigation of the impact of abusive supervision on technology end-users

Although they are likely to occur in many organizations, few research efforts have examined the impact of negative supervisor behaviors on technology end-users. In this study we investigate abusive supervision, and the effects it has on perceptions about the work and psychological, attitudinal, and behavioral intention outcomes. Our sample consisted of 225 technology end-users from a large variety of organizations. Results revealed that abusive supervision has a positive impact on perceived pressure to produce, time pressure, and work overload, and a negative impact on liking computer work, and ultimately these variables impact job strain, frustration, turnover intentions, and job satisfaction.
Nitric Oxide Does Not Initiate but Potentiates Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic Beta-Cells

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in glucose-induced insulin secretion was studied in pancreatic beta-cells, HIT-T15. A role for NO is suggested since glucose stimulated NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, a potent inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, significantly inhibited glucose-induced nitric oxide production as well as insulin release in HIT-T15. Furthermore, this inhibitory effect can be reversed by sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a well known NO donor. While SNP alone did not stimulate insulin release, it potentiated the secretory response of HIT-T15 cells to glucose by approximately two-fold. Potentiation by SNP appears to be mediated by NO, since (i) the potentiation was completely abolished by 10 microM hemoglobin, a scavenger of NO; and (ii) was not affected by rhodanese plus sodium thiosulphate. Neither hemoglobin alone nor the combination of rhodanese and sodium thiosulphate had any effect on glucose induced insulin release. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that glucose-induced formation of NO may potentiate the effect of glucose by a positive feedback mechanism.
Roll-performance criteria for high augmented aircraft

Highly augmented fly-by-wire aircraft have shown a degradation in roll performance during compensatory tasks such as tracking, similar to the ones observed for the pitch axis. Gibson's method, which involves a combination of time-domain and frequency-domain techniques, has been shown to provide excellent handlingqualities criteria for the pitch axis, especially in identifying pilot-induced oscillations. The present work extends Gibson's method to develop similar handling-qualities criteria for the roll-axis control system. The effects of parameters such as roll damping, transport delay, system gain, and corresponding pilot ratings are studied for developing handling-qualities criteria and to evaluate the flight-control system performance. Flying-qualities levels are obtained in both the time and the frequency domain. In addition, frequency-domain analysis is used to identify pilot-induced oscillation-prone configurations and the presence of roll ratcheting. The analysis is performed and validated using an existing experimental data base on lateral flying qualities of highly augmented class IV aircraft.
Ingroup romantic preferences among Jewish and non-Jewish White undergraduates

Abstract We hypothesized that ingroup romantic preferences positively relate to group ties (e.g., ingroup identity and approval from friends and family) among ethnic minority groups particularly compared to ethnic majority groups. In Study 1, Jewish undergraduates completed items regarding ingroup identity and ratings of Jewish and non-Jewish partners. Students rated ingroup members more positively than outgroup members, ratings positively correlated with identity, and identity positively predicted ingroup preferences while similarity did not. Study 2 included both White Jewish and White non-Jewish students. Social network approval and collectivism positively predicted preferences among Jewish students, while social network approval and similarity positively predicted preferences among non-Jewish students. We discuss ingroup identity's differential role in attraction between ethnic minority group members and ethnic majority group members.
Intramolecular isotopic order in biologically produced acetic acid.

Acetic acid isolated from cider vinegar and inorganically synthesized glacial acetic acid have markedly different intramolecular isotopic distributions of the stable carbon isotopes. Carbon-12 is concentrated in the methyl group relative to the carboxyl group in the biologically produced acid. The reverse distribution is observed in the particular sample of glacial acetic acid examined here.
Estimating the intensity of male-driven evolution in rodents by using X-linked and Y-linked Ube 1 genes and pseudogenes.

Using sequence data from the last introns of ZFX and ZFY genes, we previously estimated the male-to-female ratio (α) of mutation rate to be close to 6 in higher primates and 1.8 in rodents. As the mutation rate may vary among different regions of the mammalian genome, it is interesting to see whether sequence data from other regions will give similar estimates. In this study, we have determined the partial genomic sequences of the ubiquitin-activating enzyme El genes (Ube 1x and Ube 1y for the X-linked and Y-linked homologues, respectively) of mice and rats and two mouse Ube 1y pseudogenes. From the intron sequences of the Ube 1 genes, we calculated the divergence of the Y-linked genes (Y = 0.161) and that of the X-linked genes (X = 0.107) between mouse and rat, and found the Y/X ratio to be 1.50. This ratio led to an estimate of α = 2.0 with a 95% confidence interval of (1.0, 3.9). Similar estimates of α were obtained if mouse Ube 1y pseudogenes were used instead of the mouse Ube 1y functional gene. These estimates are consistent with our previous estimate for rodents and suggest that the sex ratio of mutation rate in rodents is approximately only one-third of that in higher primates. Our estimate of the divergence time between Ube 1x and Ube 1y supports the view that the two genes separated before the eutherian radiation.
Deep-sea spherules from Pacific clay: mass distribution and influx rate

From 411 kg of Pacific clay, 22 mg of stony spherules and 50 mg of iron spherules larger than 150 microns were concentrated. The extraterrestrial origin of these particles was evaluated with the aid of optical and electron microscopy and atomic absorption elemental analysis. An expression for the integral number of stony particles from this sediment in the mass range 20-300 micrograms was derived. The world-wide influx rate of stony particles in the mass range which survive atmospheric heating and ocean sediment storage is calculated to be 90 tons/yr. The relative contributions of ablation debris vs fused interplanetary dust to the influx of stony spherules is discussed, but no conclusions could be made.
Measurements of velocity-changing collision kernels.

Measurements of velocity-changing collision (VCC) kernels are obtained using velocity-selective optical pumping. This is the first measurement of the shape of an elastic vce kernel over the full thermal range of velocity changes. Since ground-state collisions are studied (5s 1/2 Rb and He, Ne, Ar, Kr, or Xe), very low buffer-gas pressures can be used, and therefore pressure broadening (dephasing collisions) does not obscure the effects of VCC's. The data are deconvolved to eliminate the effects of the natural linewidth and are then extrapolated with respect to buffer-gas pressure to determine the single-collision limit. For small initial velocities, the measured kernels are consistent with a hard-sphere model for large velocity changes, but differ significantly for small velocity changes. The measured VCC kernels for large initial velocities and large velocity changes do not exhibit this agreement with the hard-sphere kernel. This implies that information about the interatomic potential can be obtained from a measurement of VCC kernels. We also show the inadequacy of the much-used Keilson-Storer kernel [J. Appl. Math. 10,243 (1952)].
The “post” phase of deviant careers: Reintegrating drug traffickers

Although social scientists have examined the entry, intermediate, and exit phases of deviant careers, few have analyzed the reintegration of former occupational deviants into the conventional society and legitimate economy. For this follow‐up study, 10 years after conducting a longitudinal ethnographic study of upper level drug dealers and smugglers, I returned to the field to see what had become of my former subjects. I describe the directions they have ventured and analyze the social and occupational effects of their years in the drug world on their subsequent lives. For drug dealers, whose careers follow a roughly patterned evolution through ascension, peak, and decline, reintegration serves as the postdealing phase of their deviant careers.
Tracking beverage nutrition information in the news: an evaluation of beverage-related health reports on television news.

News media are a primary source of nutrition information for the general public. Beverages are a key product category implicated in the obesity epidemic, but it is unclear how recommendations for healthy beverage consumption patterns are communicated by the news media. This study evaluated the health content of beverage-related news reports on national television newscasts from 2000 to 2008. News reports were coded to assess topic, source attribution, and confusion. Analysis revealed that beverage nutrition messages focused primarily on educating consumers or reports of prevalence. Conflicting or confusing nutrition recommendations were discussed in nearly one in three reports (29%). News reports most often discussed beverage consumption in terms of individual health decision-making, indicating a significant lack of emphasis on public health policy. The findings provide important insights into health-related beverage messages being disseminated by television news outlets and suggest avenues for nutrition ...
Redeeming Adam's Curse: The Bible and Enlightenment Science in Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia

Abstract Thomas Jefferson, in his Notes on the State of Virginia, first published and distributed to the American public in 1787, presented his mature thoughts on politics, amid a vast array of themes reflective of his own encyclopedic studies. The diverse contents and unusual form of the work have often led modern readers to neglect its overarching political purpose. We argue that when read as a unified whole shaped by an explicit literary structure and rational method, Jefferson's Notes lays the foundation for a new science of republican politics. By engaging and revising key aspects of both the Bible and Enlightenment science, whenever either asserts authoritative claims beyond rational scrutiny that obscure or distort nature, Jefferson overturns false idols that impede our inquiry into natural laws and natural right, and the proper grounds of republican government.
Navigating the Landscape of Assessment

Assessment of student learning in chemistry means grading tests, problem sets, and lab reports. Now more than ever, however, chemistry faculty find themselves being held accountable for learning outcomes in each course, competencies across the major, and designing assessment plans for program review. Reaching decisions about what to assess and how means mastering a dizzying lexicon and balancing several tensions inherent in the development of any assessment plan.
Stimulation of rat heart ornithine decarboxylase by isoproterenol evidence for post-translational control of enzyme activity?

Abstract The activity of rat heart ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the enzyme involved in the initial step of polyamine biosynthesis, was markedly stimulated after isoproterenol treatment, reaching a maximum of about four times the basal value four hours after administration. At all times after isoproterenol, kinetic studies revealed only two forms of the enzyme with K m values for ornithine of 35–50 μM and 190 μM, compared to only one form (190 μM) in the controls. At no time was a form of ODC with an intermediate K m orn detected, nor did dialysis reverse stimulation of activity of enzyme from isoproterenol-treated rats, or increase activity in control preparations; it is therefore unlikely that small molecular activators or inhibitors participate in the stimulation. The time course of V max values for the high-affinity component of the enzyme coincided with that of net enzyme activity, indicating that increases of ODC activity in response to isoproterenol might result from a shift of enzyme from its low-affinity state to the high-affinity form, rather than from appearance of additional enzyme molecules. In support of this hypothesis, α-difluoromethylornithine, an irreversible ODC inhibitor, displayed identical ID 50 values in control and isoproterenol-treated animals, a situation which would not occur if more enzyme were present. These data are consistent with the view that post-translational control mechanisms involving macromolecular factors could operate in regulating cardiac ODC activity.
Reversible Cardiopulmonary Syndrome with Extreme Obesity

A syndrome consisting of obesity, somnolence, cyanosis, periodic breathing, and polycythemia, with congestive heart failure has been observed in 6 patients. The effect of weight reduction and the mechanisms responsible for the symptoms and signs are discussed.
Resource separation analysis with moose indicates threats to caribou in human altered landscapes

Species recovery is often impeded by inadequate knowledge on mechanisms of community interactions that cause and exacerbate species endangerment. Caribou and wild reindeer Rangifer tarandus are declining in many regions of their circumpolar range likely because of human-induced landscape changes. In general, their niche specialization enables Rangifer to survive in nutrient-poor habitats spatially separated from other ungulates and their shared predators. Research has indicated that shifts in primary prey distribution following human landscape alteration may result in spatial overlap with Rangifer. We studied overlap relationships of woodland caribou R. t. caribou and moose Alces alces, quantified by their differential use of environmental resources, and evaluated the role of human landscape alteration in spatial separation in south-western Canada. Anthropogenic conversion of old-growth forests to early seral stands is hypothesized to decrease the spatial separation between caribou and moose, the dominant prey for wolves Canis lupus, contributing to increased caribou mortality. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was first used to examine coarse scale resource separation across our study area. Second, at a finer spatial scale, we used logistic regression to compare resource- and spatial separation of sympatric pairs of 17 moose and 17 caribou. Finally, we tested if the frequency of predator-caused caribou mortalities was higher in regions with higher moose resource use. Although environmental resource separation was strong at the coarser scale, we observed substantial spatial overlap (>50%) at the finer scale. In summer we reported a significant positive relationship between spatial overlap of moose and caribou and the degree of human landscape alteration. Most importantly, locations of caribou mortalities corresponded with areas of high resource use by moose in summer. Thus, consistent with the spatial separation hypothesis, our research suggests that early successional forest stages may decrease spatial separation between caribou and moose, resulting in increased mortality risk for threatened caribou.
Utilitarian deontic logic

Demontrant que les systemes de logique deontique developpes dans la cadre general de l'utilitarisme ou du consequentialisme negligent l'importance de la probabilite et de la valeur, l'A. propose une alternative au modele utilitariste qui rend compte du poids probabiliste de la valeur dans l'enonce definissant ce que doit faire une personne (ought to do)
New Magnetoelectric Effect: Evidence for Spin-Dependent Electrical Polarizabilities from Magnetocapacitance Measurements on n -type Silicon

Magnetocapacitance measurements on a nonpolar paramagnetic system of antiferromagnetically exchange-coupled neutral donors in the temperature range 4.2 to 1.1 K reveal a strongly temperature-dependent coefficient of the ${H}^{2}$ term much larger in magnitude than the usual weak diamagnetic effect. The new effect arises from the Zeeman effect of the excited triplet spin state of donor pairs and is proportional to the difference between the singlet- and triplet-state polarizabilities. The temperature dependence is like that of the Schottky specific-heat anomaly.
Querying contract databases based on temporal behavior

Considering a broad definition for service contracts (beyond web services and software, e.g. airline tickets and insurance policies), we tackle the challenges of building a high performance broker in which contracts are both specified and queried through their temporal behavior. The temporal dimension, in conjunction with traditional relational attributes, enables our system to better address difficulties arising from the great deal of information regarding the temporal interaction of the various events cited in contracts (e.g. "No refunds are allowed after a reschedule of the flight, which can be requested only before any flight leg has been used"). On the other hand, querying large repositories of temporal specifications poses an interesting indexing challenge. In this paper, we introduce two distinct and complementary indexing techniques that enable our system to scale the evaluation of a novel and theoretically sound notion of permission of a temporal query by a service contract. Our notion of permission is inspired by previous work on model checking but, given the specific characteristic of our problem, does not reduce to it. We evaluate experimentally our implementation, showing that it scales well with both the number and the complexity of the contracts.
GENERALIZATION IN STATISTICAL MAPPING

(1963). GENERALIZATION IN STATISTICAL MAPPING. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 15-26.
1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3, a steroid hormone that produces biologic effects via both genomic and nongenomic pathways

The hormonally active form of vitamin D is 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. This seco-steroid is the key mediator of the vitamin D endocrine system which produces biological effects in over 28 target tissues. In these target tissues, the biological responses may be generated both by a signal transduction mechanism which involves a nuclear receptor for 1,25(OH)2D3 that modulates gene transcription or a signal transduction pathway which involves rapid opening of Ca2+ channels which are externally located on the plasma membrane. This paper reviews the evidence in support of the pleiotropic effects of this steroid hormone and presents evidence that the receptor of the genomic effects is likely to be separate from the receptor/membrane recognition element which initiates the rapid nongenomic biological effects.
Micro-computed tomography of fatigue microdamage in cortical bone using a barium sulfate contrast agent.

Abstract Accumulation of microdamage during fatigue can lead to increased fracture susceptibility in bone. Current techniques for imaging microdamage in bone are inherently destructive and two-dimensional. Therefore, the objective of this study was to image the accumulation of fatigue microdamage in cortical bone using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) with a barium sulfate (BaSO4) contrast agent. Two symmetric notches were machined on the tensile surface of bovine cortical bone beams in order to generate damage ahead of the stress concentrations during four-point bending fatigue. Specimens were loaded to a specified number of cycles or until one notch fractured, such that the other notch exhibited the accumulation of microdamage prior to fracture. Microdamage ahead of the notch was stained in vitro by precipitation of BaSO4 and imaged using micro-CT. Reconstructed images showed a distinct region of bright voxels around the notch tip or along propagating cracks due to the presence of BaSO4, which was verified by backscattered electron imaging and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The shape of the stained region ahead of the notch tip was consistent with principal strain contours calculated by finite element analysis. The relative volume of the stained region was correlated with the number of loading cycles by non-linear regression using a power law. This study demonstrates new methods for the non-destructive and three-dimensional detection of fatigue microdamage accumulation in cortical bone in vitro, which may be useful to gain further understanding into the role of microdamage in bone fragility.
Intermarriage Patterns among the Children of Hispanic Immigrants

Utilising data from the 2005–07 American Community Survey Public Use Micro Sample (ACS-PUMS), this study investigates the intermarriage patterns of Mexican, Cuban and Dominican Americans who were born in the United States or came to the country as immigrant children. Using intermarriage patterns as an indicator of social relations, I examine how cultural and structural assimilation factors affect the marital assimilation process among the children of Hispanic immigrants. One of the major contributions of this study is the examination of diversity within the US census categorisation of ‘Hispanic’. Results from multinomial logistic regression analyses suggest that the marital assimilation process of Mexicans, Cubans and Dominicans varies across and within the groups according to their different individual characteristics and metropolitan context. My study is novel because it recognises that broad-sweep analyses of intermarriage patterns are overly simplistic renderings of racial/ethnic assimilation because ...
Detection and cloning of new HTLV-related endogenous sequences in man

Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type I-related endogenous sequences (HRES) have been cloned from a human genomic library. HRES-1/1 is present in DNA of all normal donors examined. By nucleotide sequence analysis, HRES-1/1 contains two potential open reading frames capable of encoding a p25 and a p15. A 684 bp flanking region 5' from the first ATG codon of p25 contains a TATA-box, a poly-adenylation signal, a putative tRNA primer binding site, and inverted repeats at locations which are typical of a retroviral long terminal repeat. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that HRES-1/1 entered the genome in primates, presumably as an exogenous retrovirus. From the deduced amino acid sequence of HRES-1/1 p25, residues 6-36 show a sequence homology of 32% and 39% to gag region segments of HTLV-I and HTLV-II, while residues 104-139 display a sequence homology of 33% and 28% to the gag regions of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and feline sarcoma virus (FSV), respectively. This suggests that the original exogenous virus infecting primate may be chimeric in structure. The HRES-1/1 genomic locus is transcriptionally active in lymphoid cells, melanoma cells, and embryonic tissues.
The natural hybrid between Coulter and Jeffrey Pines.

During recent years, biologists have developed an increasing interest in hybrids among trees. This interest has been shared equally by the practical forester and by those biologists interested mainly in the genetics involved and in the evolutionary significance that might be attached to these hybrids. In order to study satisfactorily tree hybrids from both points of view, the extent and type of hybridization that has taken place under natural conditions must be determined. The objective of the present investigation was to determine this for two species of hard pines, Pinus coulteri Lamb. and Pinus jeffreyi Grev. and Balf., which were considered to be distantly related on the basis of morphological characters. Previous to this study, these two pine species, whose ranges overlap only in central and southern California, were known to hybridize naturally, one hybrid tree having been found in the San Bernardino Mountains (this tree died recently) and several having been located in the mountains of southern San Benito County. In addition, a number of artificial first generation crosses and back-crosses have been produced at the Instituteof Forest Genetics at Placerville, California. In order to study this particular natural hybrid, three independent studies were made: one of the Coulter pine parent in all parts of its range, one of the Jeff rey pine parent throughout its range, and the other of the hybrid wherever it was found. Although the primary interest was in the actual problem of the hybridization and how it was taking place, it was also necessary to study the parental populations, since individual trees of the same species, as well as whole populations within a species, may vary. Therefore, it was essential to determine if one was dealing with the results of hybridization, or merely with inherent variation of the parental species.
Monitoring the dynamics of land cover in the Lake Kivu region using multi-temporal Landsat imagery

The objective of this paper is to access land cover change patterns in the Lake Kivu region located in Central Africa using historical multispectral Landsat imagery over past 25 years. A supervised or knowledge based characterization method was developed to quantify the land cover in the region by compositing multi-year Landsat imagery for three periods 1987, 2001 and 2010. Pixel based post classification method was used to access the land cover change pattern over the years. The region underwent rapid deforestation with 168,601 hectares of forest and 220,541 hectares of woodlands being cleared over the years. The areas were converted to farmlands for subsistence farming. Urbanization is increasing slowly over the years and mining and armed conflicts remain major challenge for forest protection in the region.
Complex fractionated electrogram distribution and temporal stability in patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation.

Background: Targeting of complex fractionated electrograms (CFEs) has been described as an approach for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF); however, the distribution and temporal stability of CFE regions remain poorly defined. Methods: In patients with persistent AF referred for ablation, we performed two consecutive left atrial (LA) CFE maps prior to AF ablation. Bipolar electrograms were acquired during AF, and the mean AF cycle length and electrogram voltage were automatically determined at each point. Sites with mean CL ≤120 ms were considered CFE positive. The two maps were then compared qualitatively and quantitatively. Results: A total of 15 patients (93% male, age 56.1 ± 9.0 years) undergoing AF ablation were studied. The two maps were separated in time by 31 ± 10 minutes. There was no significant difference in the number of CFE-positive regions (12.3 ± 5.2 vs 11.3 ± 4.7; P = 0.06) between the maps. While CFEs were widely distributed within the LA, the PV/left atrial junction (73%) and left atrial appendage (77%) were most often CFE positive. The presence of CFEs at each region was concordant 78% of the time. There was a significant correlation between the two maps (r = 0.35 ± 0.21, range 0.1–0.84; P < 0.001) with a percent difference of 17.5 ± 9.4%. Conclusions: During persistent AF, most CFE regions are found in the vicinity of the PVs. There is a significant correlation between two CFE maps constructed 31 minutes apart, with 78% concordance of CFE sites.
A New Law: The Covenant Speech of Barbara Jordan

When Barbara Jordan stepped to the podium at the 1976 Democratic National Convention, she made history as the first African American keynote speaker at a major political party's nominating convention. Rather than giving a traditional keynote address, Jordan played the part of an Old Testament prophet with a new commandment to give to the people. This study analyzes Jordan's address as a modern covenant speech to better understand her speech and this new rhetorical form. As utilized by Jordan, this unique type of prophetic discourse includes the praising of a blessed people, the giving of a new command, and the calling on the people to obey. Implications concerning Jordan's address and the covenant speech rhetorical form are discussed.
Deglycobleomycin A6 analogues modified in the methylvalerate moiety

Abstract Previous studies have indicated that the methylvalerate subunit of bleomycin (BLM) plays an important role in facilitating DNA cleavage by BLM and deglycoBLM. Eleven methylvalerate analogues have been synthesized and incorporated into deglycoBLM congeners by the use of solid-phase synthesis. The effect of the valerate moiety in the deglycoBLM analogues has been studied by comparison with the parent deglycoBLM A 5 using supercoiled DNA relaxation and sequence-selective DNA cleavage assays. All of the deglycoBLM analogues were found to effect the relaxation of the plasmid DNA. Those analogues having aromatic C4-substituents exhibited cleavage efficiency comparable to that of deglycoBLM A 5 . Some, but not all, of the deglycoBLM analogues were also capable of mediating sequence-selective DNA cleavage.
Chemical Modification of Egg White with 3, 3‐Dimethylglutaric Anhydride

SUMMARY— Egg white, near its normal concentration, was reacted at 25°C, pH 9.0, with levels of 3,3-dimethylglutaric anhydride (DMGA) from 0 to 60 mol/mol egg white protein (EWP) (assuming egg white to have an average mol wt of 50,000). Analysis for amino acids and functional groups showed about 26% of the lysine residues reacted at 15 mol DMGA/mol EWP. Sulfhydryls are more resistant to reaction with 60% unreacted at 150 mol DMGA/mol EWP. Electrophoresis indicates significant changes in net charges on the protein, particularly on lysozyme which migrates anodically in six separate bands at higher DMGA levels. Ultracentrifugation sedimentation data suggest no hydrolysis or aggregation changes. Foam formation is not seriously altered, but the heat coagulation properties, as evidenced by angel cake failures, are changed. As measured by viscosity, light transmission and aerating ability, DMGA exerts a protective action against the effect of heat on these properties.
Green Management Matters Only if it Yieds More Green: An Economic/Strategic Perspective

Executive Overview This essay was written in response to the theme of this year's Academy of Management meeting, “Green Management Matters.” I assert that firms should adopt “green management” practices only if such activities complement the organization's business- and corporate-level strategies and ultimately enhance profitability or shareholder wealth. To illustrate this I outline an economic/strategic perspective on green management practices, focusing on the strategic benefits and competitive dynamics associated with this activity. I also identify specific tactics firms can employ to achieve such strategic goals as well as the functional areas affected by these decisions.
Cell cycle reentry of ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes and cells within the epicardium following amputation of the ventricular apex in the axolotl, Amblystoma mexicanum: confocal microscopic immunofluorescent image analysis of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled nuclei.

To understand how to reinitiate cell division in adult human myocardium, a heart regeneration model was examined in the amphibian axolotl salamander, Amblystoma mexicanum. The ventricular apex was surgically amputated and resected for 3 weeks. At 14 days of recovery, the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected intraperitoneally to identify cell types undergoing S-phase by indirect immunofluorescence using primary anti-BrdU antibodies. This is the first report showing a concentrated area of cell division in the ventricle and cells throughout the atrial epicardium by confocal microscopic image analysis in response to wounding of the ventricle. Tissues coimmunostained with anti-BrdU and sarcomeric myosin-specific MF20 antibodies showed 12.8 ± 4.10% of myocytes contained BrdU+ nuclei in a 75 µm to 750 µm zone in the ventricular myocardium subjacent to the amputation plane. BrdU+ nuclei also were present in newly formed ventricular epicardium that surround dividing myocytes, and in epicardial mesothelium (74.3 ± 6.36 %) and connective tissue (44.9 ± 13.31%) cells distal to the wound. Unexpectedly, immunofluorescent BrdU+ nuclei were observed in isolated atrial myocytes (13.9 ± 1.45%) and in uninjured atrial epicardial mesothelium (64.3 ± 1.55%) and connective tissue (29.4 ± 5.50%). No BrdU+ nuclei were present in cardiomyocytes or epicardium from sham-operated and BrdU-treated controls. These results suggest that renewed cell division is a specific response to wounding of the ventricle. Additionally, release of a growth factor may be responsible for the specific localized mitotic ventricular cardiomyocyte response adjacent to the wound, and the more generalized atrial proliferative response distal to the amputation.