cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The rat B cell system: The anatomical localization of flow cytometry-defined B cell subpopulations

Two-color flow cytometrical (FCM) analysis of rat peripheral lymphoid organs shows two distinct IgM/IgD-defined B cell subpopulations, similar to those of the mouse: a major population of cells expressing little IgM and high levels of IgD (population I) and a minor population of cells expressing high levels of IgM but little IgD (population III). In peripheral lymphoid organs population III cells are mainly found in spleen where they represent about 25% of the B cells; population III cells are almost absent from lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. In adult bone marrow and in neonatal spleen the majority of IgM/IgD-defined B cells (greater than 70%) are population III cells, similar to what is observed in the mouse. In contrast with mice, only a low proportion of the cells (1%) recovered from the peritoneal cavity are B cells, and most of them belong to population I. Previously defined monoclonal antibodies (HIS22 and HIS24) to B cell forms of the leukocyte common antigen (CD45R) in combination with staining for surface IgM and surface IgD demonstrates a further heterogeneity of rat B cells by three-color FCM analyses. HIS22 labels most population I cells; population III cells and a small subset (about one third) of population I express only very low levels of the HIS22 determinant. HIS24 reacts with population I cells and subdivides population III into two subsets: about one third of splenic population III cells are brightly stained with this antibody whereas fluorescence of the remaining two-thirds is lower. The HIS24bright population III cells likely are newly formed B cells since cells with this phenotype are the predominant surface Ig population found in adult bone marrow and neonatal spleen. In tissue sections of lymphoid organs, HIS22- and HIS24-positive cells are mainly found in lymphoid follicles; splenic marginal zones are almost unstained. Combining immunohistological analysis with the FCM data, we therefore conclude that the small follicular B cells are in population I and marginal zone B cells are found in the HIS24dull population III. The in situ localization of HIS24bright population III cells and the HIS22dull population I cells is not clear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Model analysis of effect of canagliflozin (Invokana), a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, to alter plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol.

Abstract Background Renal reabsorption of 1,5-anhydroglucitol (AG) is competitively inhibited by elevated glucose and leads to depleted plasma AG in diabetes. Plasma AG recovery in diabetes normally correlates with improved glycemic control. However, use of sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (e.g., canagliflozin) to treat diabetes by inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption can negate this correlation, via an indirect effect (increase of renal filtrate glucose concentration) to inhibit AG reabsorption by sodium–glucose co-transporter 4 (SGLT4). Conversely, then, AG measurement might be useful as an independent marker for SGLT2 inhibitor activity. Methods Using an AG mass balance model, we analyzed literature data on plasma AG before and after initiation of canagliflozin therapy (CT) to quantitatively characterize the effect of CT on AG reabsorption. Results According to model calculations, modest decreases ( Conclusion CT negates the usual premise of AG measurement (that [AG] should increase with improved glycemic control). However, according to model calculations, a substantial and likely rapid effect of CT on [AG] means that AG measurement might provide an early marker for CT activity.
Incomplete Endothelialization and Late Development of Acute Bacterial Endocarditis After Implantation of an Amplatzer Septal Occluder Device

A 4-year-old girl with a history of a moderate-sized secundum atrial septal defect and mild mitral valve prolapse underwent transcatheter closure with a 22-mm Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) (AGA Medical Corporation, Golden Valley, Minn) device. Approximately 12 months later, she presented to the emergency department in septic shock with a 5-day history of fevers up to 105°F and was transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit. Her blood and urine cultures grew methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus within 24 hours. Multiple septic emboli were found on a brain magnetic resonance imaging scan. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed vegetations on the mitral and tricuspid valves (Figures 1 and 2⇓ and Movies I and II), with a perforation in the mitral valve and severe mitral insufficiency. The patient was taken to the cardiovascular operating room, and severe mitral and tricuspid valve endocarditis was …
Preserving and accessing the history of ASIST and information science

Panel members discuss ongoing efforts to preserve and access four different types of historical resources useful to anyone interested in doing research and publication on the history of ASIST and the field of information science and technology generally. Each presenter will conclude with a discussion of areas of weakness/neglect in these resources, and recommendations for improvement. These resources are: (1) the archives of ASIST; (2) the foundational and developmental histories of ASIST Special Interest Groups (SIGs) and Chapters; (3) the photographic/visual record of ASIST; (4) the oral history record of ASIST and information science leaders. This progression will facilitate the panelists' discussion of opportunities for engaging with ASIST resources at the national, regional, and individual levels. Each panel member has extensive experience in working with the resources discussed and was a member of the 75th Anniversary Task Force.
A Strategyproof Mechanism for Scheduling Divisible Loads in Linear Networks

The underlying assumption of Divisible Load Scheduling is that the processors composing the network are obedient, i.e., they do not "cheat" the algorithm. This assumption is unrealistic if the processors are owned by autonomous, self-interested organizations that have no a priori motivation for cooperation and they will manipulate the algorithm if it is beneficial to do so. In this paper we propose the strategyproof mechanism DLS-TL for scheduling divisible loads in tree networks. Our proposal augments Divisible Load Theory (DLT) with incentives such that it is beneficial for processors to report their true processing capacity and compute their assignments at full processing capacity. Additionally, incentives are provided for processors to report algorithm deviants. Deviants are penalized which abates the processors' willingness to deviate.
A Model Approach to the Electrochemical Cell: An Inquiry Activity

In an attempt to address some student misconceptions in electrochemistry, this guided-inquiry laboratory was devised to give students an opportunity to use a manipulative that simulates the particulate-level activity within an electrochemical cell, in addition to using an actual electrochemical cell. Students are led through a review of expected prior knowledge relating to oxidation and reduction half-reactions. Then, the students examine the macroscopic level by constructing and using an electrochemical cell. Finally, students use the manipulative and make connections between the two levels through class discussion. The misconceptions involve the movement of electrons and ions through solution and the salt bridge, the resulting charges of the half-cells, and the charge sign given to the anode and cathode on electrochemical and electrolytic cells. Additionally, the activity covers oxidation and reduction reactions in electrochemical cells and provides practice drawing and labeling parts of an electrochemi...
An Observational Study of the Evolution of Horizontal Convective Rolls

Abstract A comprehensive observational dataset encompassing the entire temporal evolution of horizontal convective rolls was obtained for the first time. Florida, Illinois, and Kansas measurements from preroll conditions through the development of well-defined rolls to their dissipation were utilized to determine the factors influencing roll evolution. When the buoyancy flux reached a critical value of 35–50 W m−2, the first form of boundary layer convection resolved by radar was rolls. It was noted that two-dimensional convective rolls can evolve in a convective boundary layer in the absence of significant wind speed and shear. In fact, the value of wind speed or shear in itself did not seem to determine when or if rolls would form, although it did influence roll evolution. Well-defined, two-dimensional rolls only occurred while −zi/L, where zi is the convective boundary layer depth and L is the Monin–Obukhov length, was less than ∼25, which is consistent with previous studies. As −zi/L increased through...
Modernization, Islam, or Social Capital: What Explains Attitudes Toward Democracy in the Muslim World?:

This article explains the determinants of individual support for democracy in 10 Muslim-majority countries. Starting with economic and cultural interpretations of modernization theory, the author advances an argument exploring cross-linkages between macro- and micro-level implications of this theory as they relate to attitudes toward democracy. The author also provides a test of two alternative explanations: social capital and Islamic values. A series of cross-national and ordinary least squares regressions utilizing the fourth wave of the World Values Survey demonstrates that, 50 years later, modernization theory is still a powerful tool for explaining democratic attitudes. Particularly, perceptions of gender equality show strong associations with democratic orientations. Although some support is found for the positive effect of political trust, religiosity and Islamic values poorly predict support for democracy in the Muslim world.
Data density and trend reversals in auditory graphs: Effects on point-estimation and trend-identification tasks

Auditory graphs—displays that represent quantitative information with sound—have the potential to make data (and therefore science) more accessible for diverse user populations. No research to date, however, has systematically addressed the attributes of data that contribute to the complexity (the ease or difficulty of comprehension) of auditory graphs. A pair of studies examined the role of data density (i.e., the number of discrete data points presented per second) and the number of trend reversals for both point-estimation and trend-identification tasks with auditory graphs. For the point-estimation task, more trend reversals led to performance decrements. For the trend-identification task, a large main effect was again observed for trend reversals, but an interaction suggested that the effect of the number of trend reversals was different across lower data densities (i.e., as density increased from 1 to 2 data points per second). Results are discussed in terms of data sonification applications and rhythmic theories of auditory pattern perception.
Clinical allogeneic and autologous islet cell transplantation: update.

Islet cell transplantation is categorized as a β-cell replacement therapy for diabetic patients who lack the ability to secrete insulin. Allogeneic islet cell transplantation is for the treatment of type 1 diabetes, and autologous islet cell transplantation is for the prevention of surgical diabetes after a total pancreatectomy. The issues of allogeneic islet cell transplantation include poor efficacy of islet isolation, the need for multiple donor pancreata, difficulty maintaining insulin independence and undesirable side effects of immunosuppressive drugs. Those issues have been solved step by step and allogeneic islet cell transplantation is almost ready to be the standard therapy. The donor shortage will be the next issue and marginal and/or living donor islet cell transplantation might alleviate the issue. Xeno-islet cell transplantation, β-cell regeneration from human stem cells and gene induction of the naive pancreas represent the next generation of β-cell replacement therapy. Autologous islet cell transplantation after total pancreatectomy for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis with severe abdominal pain is the standard therapy, even though only limited centers are able to perform this treatment. Remote center autologous islet cell transplantation is an attractive option for hospitals performing total pancreatectomies without the proper islet isolation facilities.
Early Oligocene ice-sheet expansion on Antarctica: Stable isotope and sedimentological evidence from Kerguelen Plateau, southern Indian Ocean

Sedimentological and stable isotope data from a pelagic sequence recovered from the southern Indian Ocean provide the most convincing evidence to date for short-term expansion of a large ice sheet on Antarctica during the earliest Oligocene (∼36 Ma). Terrigenous debris identified as ice-rafted in origin on the basis of textural, compositional, and size criteria is present at the same stratigraphic level as the ubiquitous early Oligocene oxygen isotope shift. The highest benthic foraminiferal δ18O values (>3.0‰) of the Paleogene occur in samples from within the ice-rafted debris interval. These values are similar to those recorded by Holocene benthic foraminifera, implying that the ice sheet may have attained a volume similar to that of the present-day ice sheet on Antarctica. The stratigraphic distribution of ice-rafted debris and high oxygen isotope values indicate that these conditions persisted for roughly 100 ka.
Genome-wide linkage analyses and candidate gene fine mapping for HDL3 cholesterol: the Framingham Study

High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is inversely associated with coronary heart disease and has a genetic component; however, linkage to HDL-C is not conclusive. Subfractions of HDL, such as HDL3-C, may be better phenotypes for linkage studies. Using HDL3-C levels measured on 907 Framingham Heart Study subjects from 330 families around 1987, we conducted a genome-wide variance components linkage analysis with 401 microsatellite markers spaced ∼10 centimorgan (cM) apart. Nine candidate genes were identified and annotated using a bioinformatics approach in the region of the highest linkage peak. Twenty-eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected from these candidate genes, and linkage and family-based association fine mapping were conducted using these SNPs. The highest multipoint log-of-the-odds (LOD) score from the initial linkage analysis was 3.7 at 133 cM on chromosome 6. Linkage analyses with additional SNPs yielded the highest LOD score of 4.0 at 129 cM on chromosome 6. Family-based association analysis revealed that SNP rs2257104 in PLAGL1 at ∼143 cM was associated with multivariable adjusted HDL3 (P = 0.03). Further study of the linkage region and exploration of other variants in PLAGL1 are warranted to define the potential functional variants of HDL-C metabolism.
Phase IB clinical trial of anti-CD3 followed by high-dose bolus interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic melanoma and advanced renal cell carcinoma: clinical and immunologic effects.

PURPOSETo determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of an anti-CD3 antibody, OKT3, in combination with high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2), and to determine whether OKT3 can enhance the expansion of CD3+, CD25+ (IL-2 receptor alpha [IL-2R alpha])-expressing T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with advanced melanoma and renal cell carcinoma receiving high-dose IL-2.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe performed a phase IB trial of a murine monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody (OKT3) with high-dose IL-2 in patients with advanced melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Fifty-four patients were enrolled, with cohorts of 10 or more patients receiving escalating doses of OKT3 at 75, 200, 400, and 600 micrograms/m2 on day 1 followed by IL-2 at an initial dose 0.45 and then 1.33 mg/m2 every 8 hours on days 2 through 6 and 16 through 20 (maximum, 28 doses). An additional cohort of 14 patients received high-dose IL-2 (1.33 mg/m2 per dose) alone. Circulating CD3+, CD25+ cells were monitored before therapy and following the initial week of...
Nationalities Factor in the Activities of Intelligence Agencies in Switzerland during World War I

In the course of the First World War, ‘the nationalities question’ exploded in Eastern Europe.By the fall of 1918, the Eastern Europe of the three empires had collapsed, and national stateswere rising. During the war, the nationalities question as perceived in Switzerland, a neutralcountry, had developed from an initial concern about the loyalty of the minorities in the borderlandsof the three East European empires into a battle royal for recognition as individualstates. The article focuses on the activities of the German ambassador in Bern who was themost active force in the development, and he gave special support for the nationalities onRussia’s western border. Poland’s future quickly became the major issue but this threatenedGermany’s own ambitions in Eastern Europe. The Lithuanians and the Ukrainians particularlyopposed Polish dreams of establishing a large state. The Germans, however, considered thefuture of Ukraine to lie mostly in the hands of the Austrian Empire, and therefore Lithuaniaappeared to be the more promising force to limit any new Polish state. Key Words: First World War, intelligence, Switzerland, Polish Question, national minorities. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ahuk.v31i0.1201
How Sustained Engagement in Game Design and Social Media Use Among Diverse Students Can Mitigate Effects of the Digital Divide

Important cultural and political activity occurs in online environments, and participation requires digital skill and knowledge. This study investigates how socio-economic factors that have been indicators of digital inequality among youth in prior research, can be mitigated through sustained student engagement in game design and social media use. Findings from the Globaloria project indicate that participation wipes out parent education effects in home computer engagement, a measure of transfer of learned skills to the out-of-school context. Further, students from schools with lower parent education evidence greater extents of increase in frequency of school technology engagement. It appears that effects of traditional prior school achievement are also ameliorated by Globaloria participation among advanced technology activities. Results hold digital-divide research implications.
Cervical Adenitis Due to Mycobacteriumfortuitum in Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Abstract Rapidly growing mycobacteria,an infrequent cause of human disease, are increasingly being recognized as human pathogensrather than mere colonizers. Rapidly growing mycobacteria infrequently cause disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is unclear whether patients with AIDS are more predisposed than others to infection by these organisms. The optimal regimen and duration of treatment is similarly uncertain. Mycobacterium fortuitum is a rare cause of lymphadenitis or neck abscess.We report two cases of M fortuitum neck abscesses in patients with AIDS which were successfully treated with antibiotics after initial drainage. In one of these patients, M fortuitum neck abscess was the AIDS-defining illness. We also present a review of the cases reported in literature. It appears that such infections may be treated with a combination of ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin after incision and drainage of the abscess.
How many schools adopt interviews during the student admission process across the health professions in the United States of America

Health profession schools use interviews during the admissions process to identify certain non-cognitive skills that are needed for success in diverse, inter-professional settings. This study aimed to assess the use of interviews during the student admissions process across health disciplines at schools in the United States of America in 2014. The type and frequency of non-cognitive skills assessed were also evaluated. Descriptive methods were used to analyze a sample of interview rubrics collected as part of a national survey on admissions in the health professions, which surveyed 228 schools of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, nursing, and public health. Of the 228 schools, 130 used interviews. The most desirable non-cognitive skills from 34 schools were identified as follows: communication skills (30), motivation (22), readiness for the profession (17), service (12), and problem-solving (12). Ten schools reported using the multiple mini-interview format, which may indicate potential for expanding this practice. Disparities in the use of interviewing across health professions should be verified to help schools adopt interviews during student admissions processes.
Optimized Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Intermetallic Au3Fe1−x, Au3Co1−x, and Au3Ni1−x Nanoparticles

Au and the 3d transition metals are immiscible under equilibrium conditions, but nonequilibrium alloys and intermetallic compounds of these elements are of interest for their potential multifunctional optical, catalytic, and magnetic properties. Here we report an optimized synthesis of intermetallic compounds with nominal compositions of Au3Fe1−x, Au3Co1−x, and Au3Ni1−x as nanoparticles. Identification and optimization of the key synthetic variables (solvent, order of reagent addition, stabilizer, heating rate) led to the generation of nanoparticles with high phase purity and sample sizes of >30 mg, which is an order of magnitude larger than what was previously achievable. These intermetallic nanoparticles, which have diffraction patterns consistent with the L12 structure type, were characterized by powder XRD, TEM, EDS, electron diffraction, UV−visible spectroscopy, and SQUID magnetometry. Aliquot studies showed that Au3Fe1−x formed through the initial nucleation of Au nanoparticles, followed by subseque...
Phytochemical composition and effects of commercial enzymes on the hydrolysis of gallic acid glycosides in mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. 'Keitt') pulp.

A detailed characterization of mango pulp polyphenols and other minor phytochemicals was accomplished for the first time in the cultivar ‘Keitt’ whereby the identification and semiquantification of five hydroxybenzoic acids, four cinnamic acids, two flavonoids, and six apocarotenoids was accomplished. Among the most abundant compounds were two monogalloyl glucosides (MGG) identified as having an ester- or ether-linked glucose, with the ester-linked moiety present in the highest concentration among nontannin polyphenolics. Additionally, the impact of side activities of three commercial cell-wall degrading enzymes during ‘Keitt’ mango pulp processing was evaluated to determine their role on the hydrolysis of ester- and ether-linked phenolic acids. The use of Crystalzyme 200XL reduced the concentration of ester-linked MGG by 66%, and the use of Rapidase AR 2000 and Validase TRL completely hydrolyzed ether-linked MGG after 4 h of treatment at 50 °C. Fruit quality, in vivo absorption rate, and bioactivity of m...
H17 Huntington’s Disease And Forensic Risk Factors In Females

Background The following case series documents three females admitted to an in-patient unit. All three females had positive HD gene tests and all three had diverse forensic histories. It is recognised that males with HD have an increased forensic risk but these three cases highlight that HD may also be a forensic risk factor in females. Case history ‘A’ presented with multiple episodes of self-harm, threats to self-harm and serious suicide attempts. She also developed morbid obesity, deliberately over-eating as a means of comfort to relieve anxiety. She was convicted of arson after deliberately setting fire to her house to kill herself. ‘B’ had numerous domestic violence incidents on record, culminating in ABH. On examination she had no motor signs indicative of HD and mental state examination was unremarkable. Full scale IQ of 89 was in marked comparison with estimated premorbid IQ of 105 and there was a discrepancy between verbal and performance IQ (VIQ= 97, PIQ= 79). She had slowed processing speed, poor matrix reasoning, poor planning and her auditory verbal learning was affected by distractors and intrusions. ‘C’ presented with psychotic depression and suicidal intent. She had a history of alcohol dependency leading to social problems and homelessness. Her string of convictions surrounded drunk and disorderly behaviour leading to assault and driving related offences. She was also a victim of physical abuse and financial exploitation. Conclusions ‘A’ responded well to the neurobehavioural approach, if utilised earlier this may have limited the severity of self-harm. The aggression and violence displayed by B and C was contained within a structured hospital environment. Forensic risk and high levels of aggression/violence can occur even in those presymptomatic for HD and cognitive deficits alone can predispose to an increased forensic risk and recidivist offending behaviours.
42 DEVELOPMENT OF MATERNAL AND PATERNAL VOICE RECOGNITION MEMORY IN NEWBORN INFANTS.

Objective Further understanding of memory development in newborn infants is important because brain structures critical for memory are vulnerable to perinatal injury. Although newborns can recognize their mothers9 voices, there is a high degree of prenatal and postnatal experience, and it is not clear whether lesser degrees of experience will result in memory formation. Our purpose was to further evaluate the role of experience in neonatal auditory recognition memory by comparing how newborns respond to the mother9s voice (high degree of experience) or the father9s voice (less experience) versus a stranger9s voice using event-related potentials (ERPs), a technique commonly used in cognitive neuroscience. Methods Subjects (N = 30) were healthy, term newborns ≤ 4 days of age. ERPs were recorded from 16 standard scalp electrodes during active sleep while listening to recordings of the word “baby” in the mother9s voice alternating with a female stranger9s voice or father9s voice alternating with a male stranger9s voice. Results Of the 15 mothers, 80% spoke specifically to the fetus in utero on a daily basis and all spoke frequently to the infant after birth. Of the 15 fathers, 66% reported talking specifically to the fetus daily (33%) or weekly (33%). Postnatally, 73% of the fathers spent 12 to 24 hours per day rooming-in and 93% spoke frequently to the baby. Infants9 ERPs demonstrated recognition of both mothers9 and fathers9 voices, evidenced by increased negativity to the stranger9s voice from 400 to 1200 msec over the midline frontal electrode (Fz) (mean amplitude for parent9s voice: 2.2 ± 1.8 μv; stranger9s voice: −2.0 ± 1.3 μv; p = .0216), with similar amplitudes for fathers9 and mothers9 voices. There was a significant difference between male and female voices over the right hemisphere, most notable over the posterior right temporal area (T6) from 1,200 to 2,000 msec, with amplitudes for male voices (father and stranger, 1.4 ± 1.4 μv) significantly greater than those elicited by female voices (mother and stranger, −2.0 ± 1.1 μv; p = .045). Conclusion Although pre- and postnatal exposure to the fathers9 voices was less than to the mothers9 voices, the exposures to the fathers9 voices reported in this study were sufficient to elicit ERP patterns associated with recognition memory. Differences in responses between male and female voices over the right hemisphere may indicate the development of specialization within the auditory cortex. Further investigation to quantify the amount of experience required for auditory encoding will be useful in developing assessments for infants at risk of perinatal brain injury.
Engineering anisotropic biphasic Janus-type polymer nanofiber scaffold networks via centrifugal jet spinning.

Biphasic materials, comprised of an ordered arrangement of two different material phases within a material, have the potential for a wide variety of applications including filtration, protective clothing and tissue engineering. This study reports for the first time, a process for engineering biphasic Janus-type polymeric nanofiber (BJPNF) networks via the centrifugal jet spinning technique. BJPNF alignment and fiber diameter was dependent on fabrication rotational speed as well as solution composition. The biphasic character of these BJPNFs, which was controlled via the rotational speed of fabrication, was confirmed at the individual nanofiber scale using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and at the bulk, macro-scale using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biphasic character was also demonstrated at the functional level via differing affinities on either side of the BJPNF for cell attachment. Our work thus presents a method for fabricating BJPNF scaffold networks where there might be a need for different properties on either side of a material. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2016.
Abstract # 1772 Microglia-mediated dendritic remodeling is associated with alterations in neuron-derived signals after chronic unpredictable stress

Major depressive disorder is a recurring neuropsychiatric illness that affects up to 17% of the population and causes significant social and economic burden. Clinical and basic research show that depressive symptoms stem from neuroplasticity deficits in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HPC). Moreover, recent studies indicate that microglia, resident immune cells in the brain, play an important role in neuroplasticity. The primary objective of the current studies is to determine the role of microglia in neuroplasticity deficits and development of depressive-like behavior in male and female mice exposed to 14 days of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Initial immunohistology showed that microglia in male mice displayed an activated morphological phenotype in the mPFC, but appeared dystrophic in the HPC after CUS. In contrast, female mice showed no morphological changes in the mPFC or HPC. Consistent with these results, mRNA levels of colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) were increased in the mPFC, but reduced in the HPC after CUS. Furthermore, CUS increased CSF1 receptor expression in enriched microglia from male mice. To further examine neuron-microglia interactions transgenic Thy-1 (GFP) mice were used. Immunohistology analyses showed that CUS increased phagocytosis of pyramidal neuron elements in the mPFC of male mice. These findings suggest that stress-induced alterations in neuron-derived signals lead to microglia dysfunction and may contribute to microglia-mediated dendritic remodeling of pyramidal neurons in the mPFC.
An Artificial-Gravity Space-Settlement Ground-Analogue Design Concept

The design concept of a modular and extensible hypergravity facility is presented. Several benefits of this facility are described including that the facility is suitable as a full-scale artificial-gravity space-settlement ground analogue for humans, animals, and plants for indefinite durations. The design is applicable as an analogue for on-orbit settlements as well as those on moons, asteroids, and Mars. The design creates an extremely long-arm centrifuge using a multi-car hypergravity vehicle travelling on one or more concentric circular tracks. This design supports the simultaneous generation of multiple-gravity levels to explore the feasibility and value of and requirements for such space-settlement designs. The design synergizes a variety of existing technologies including centrifuges, tilting trains, roller coasters, and optionally magnetic levitation. The design can be incrementally implemented such that the facility can be operational for a small fraction of the cost and time required for a full implementation. Brief concept of operation examples are also presented.
Does longer incarceration deter or incapacitate crime? Evidence from Truth-in-Sentencing reform

This article evaluates how Truth-in-Sentencing (TIS) laws impact both violent and property crimes through mandating violent offenders to serve a substantial proportion of sentenced terms before bei...
Enhancing design education for engineering students: supporting planning, tracking, and reflection

In my research, I am concerned with the issue of enhancing the learning that arises out of project experiences, specifically the learning of engineering design from term-long, group project experiences. Within this context, I have two goals. My first goal is to understand the types of problems which arise in learning engineering design in such contexts and to develop a framework for describing these problems. My second goal is to design, develop and evaluate activity structures and associated technology resources that address the problems that arise with respect to learning in these contexts. In particular, I am exploring how the activities of planning and tracking, performed within a specially designed environment, can be incorporated into the project experiences in order to help learners recognize and capitalize on learning opportunities that arise naturally from the project experience.
Home or hospital-your medical board is watching.

State medical boards, which work to protect the public through careful issuing, suspension, and revocation of medical licenses, have been criticized for both over- and underdisciplining physicians.
Numerical implementation of anisotropic damage mechanics

Summary This paper describes implementation of anisotropic damage mechanics in the material point method (MPM). The approach was based on previously-proposed, fourth-rank anisotropic damage tenors. For implementation, it was convenient to recast the stress update using a new damage strain partitioning tensor. This new tensor simplifies numerical implementation (a detailed algorithm is provided) and clarifies the connection between cracking strain and an implied physical crack with crack opening displacements. By using two softening laws and three damage parameters corresponding to one normal and two shear cracking strains, damage evolution can be directly connected to mixed tensile and shear fracture mechanics. Several examples illustrate interesting properties of robust anisotropic damage mechanics such as modeling of necking, multiple cracking in coatings, and compression failure. Direct comparisons between explicit crack modeling and damage mechanics in the same MPM code show that damage mechanics can quantitatively reproduce many features of explicit crack modeling. A caveat is that strengths and energies assigned to damage mechanics materials must be changed from measured material properties to apparent properties before damage mechanics can agree with fracture mechanics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Mdivi-1 induced acute changes in the angiogenic profile after ischemia-reperfusion injury in female mice.

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1), the mitochondrial fission inhibitor, on the angiogenic profiles after the ischemia reperfusion injury (IR injury) in female mice. Female mice were treated with Mdivi-1 inhibitor, 2 days prior, on the day of IR injury and 2 days after IR injury, for a period of 5 days. Both control and treatment groups underwent 30 min of ischemia and 72 h of reperfusion. On the day 3, mice were sacrificed and the ischemic and nonischemic portions of heart tissue were collected. Relative levels of 53 angiogenesis-related proteins were quantified simultaneously using Angiogenic arrays. Heart function was evaluated before and after 72 h of IR injury. Mdivi-1 treatment ameliorated IR induced functional deterioration with positive angiogenic profile. The seminal changes include suppression of Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP3), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases (TIMP1) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10) levels and prevention of connexin 43 (Cx43) loss and downregulation in the antioxidant enzyme levels. These changes are correlated with enhanced endothelial progenitor cell marker (cluster of differentiation (CD31), endothelial-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (Tek), fMS-like tyrosine kinase 4 (Flt4) and kinase insert domain protein receptor (Kdr)) presence. Our study is the first to report the role of mitochondrial dynamics in regulation of myocardial IR-induced angiogenic responses. Inhibition of excessive mitochondrial fission after IR injury ameliorated heart dysfunction and conferred positive angiogenic response. In addition, there were improvements in the preservation of Cx43 levels and oxidative stress handling along with suppression of apoptosis activation. The findings will aid in shaping the rational drug development process for the prevention of ischemic heart disease, especially in females.
Characterization of Anisotropic and Shape-Selective Nanomaterials: Methods and Challenges

Research into shape-selective and anisotropic nanoparticles is generally motivated by the desire to create better materials for a specific application, and therefore, it is critical to understand how and why shape affects nanoscale properties. Such information can be revealed through analytical experimentation, and this chapter describes characterization methods and challenges associated with analyzing anisotropic and shape-selective nanoparticles. Researchers can typically employ commonly available techniques used in materials characterization. However, in the case of anisotropic and shape-selective nanoparticles, greater concern for orientational and/or shape effects and artifacts should be shown during analyses.
Dense Hydrogen at High and Low Temperatures

Hydrogen, at near 9-fold compression and at low temperatures, conforms to a time-averaged state of crystalline symmetry. By shock methods it can be transiently taken into a state of continuous symmetry which, at approximately the same compression, is at a temperature equivalent to about 0.27 eV. Here it is reported to be significantly conducting, and an appraisal of this state via band-theory suggests that it is not inconsistent either with the electronic character typical of a significantly excited narrow gap semiconductor or, with less certainty, a band-overlap semimetallic state. These states develop from low temperature phases representable by a Landau theory formulated in terms of the order associated with three principal domains, one a crystalline but rotational state, the second a crystalline but highly librating phase, and the third a self-sustaining crystalline assembly of dipoles augmented with significant dynamic polarization.
Embodied social justice

This book offers something new and important to everyone in psychology, psychotherapy, education, politics, anthropology, counselling, social work and all kinds of social activism who care about so...
The Power of Self-Skepticism in Astrobiology

Any claims for evidence of life on other worlds have the potential to be transformative events in human history. Accordingly, any such claims will be met with intense scrutiny from the scientific community. This will be particularly true for claims for evidence of life on exoplanets--planets around other stars--for which we will only have remote-sensing data and no ability to grab a piece of that world and put it under both literal and figurative microscopes. The data upon which these claims will be made will be the integrated product of the entire careers of some of the world's greatest scientists and engineers, paid for by considerable taxpayer expense. This presents astrobiologists with a paradox: How can such investments be justified if the end goal is destined to be a highly scrutinized discovery?
Operations with Whole Numbers and Decimals

This chapter discusses operations with whole numbers and decimals. The system that is used for writing numbers originated in India over two thousand years ago and is called the Hindu-Arabic system of numeration. The pencil-and-paper methods for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division evolved out of the Hindu-Arabic system, whose significant feature is place value. The value of each digit in place value depends on its location. Other versions of the Hindu-Arabic system are used on computers, namely, the binary system in which all numbers are expressed using the set of two digits {0, 1} and the hexadecimal system in which all numbers are expressed using the set of 16 digits {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}, where A, B, C, D, E, and F represent 10 through 15, respectively. The place value property of the decimal system extends to numbers that are not whole numbers.
Distribution of cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors by county type and health insurance status: results from the 2008 Ohio Family Health Survey.

Objectives.Epidemiologic studies have documented a disproportionate burden of chronic diseases in Appalachia, showing the area to be underserved by the health-care system. Nothing is known about how the health status of the Appalachian population compares with other rural or non-rural populations in the same state. We examined the associations among county type, health insurance category, and health outcomes in poorer adult Ohioans.Methods.We obtained data from the 2008 Ohio Family Health Survey, a complex landline- and cell phone-based survey of 50,944 noninstitutionalized households. We constructed bivariate analyses examining health status measures across various insurance categories and metropolitan, suburban, rural, and Appalachian counties in Ohio.Results.Medicaid enrollees living in Appalachian and rural counties tended to be in poorer health and have a greater prevalence of smoking than non-Medicaid enrollees. Within rural and Appalachian regions, Medicaid enrollees were more likely than non-Medic...
Identification of a maize (Zea mays L.) inbred line adapted to low-P conditions via analyses of phosphorus utilization, root acidification, and calcium influx.

Phosphorus (P) fertilizers are essential for achieving high crop productivity, but declining soil P reserves and cost of fertilizers suggest that improving crop varieties for improved use efficiency of P be important for sustainability. To explore the possibility of selecting crops suitable for low P conditions, two maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines, i.e., W22 and W23 were compared for growth, root morphology, and electrophysiological parameters, under hydroponic conditions with either insoluble P source (LP) or soluble P source (HP) in a factorial completely randomized design. Relative shoot biomass of W23 was significantly (38%) greater than that of W22 with LP, while relative root biomass of the two inbred lines did not differ. With LP, the P stress factor was the lowest (25%) and P dissolution in hydroponic solution was the greatest for W23. Root electrophysiological analysis revealed that W23 had 89% greater H⁺ efflux and 225% greater Ca²⁺ influx than W22 with LP. The distant elongation zone (DEZ) of W23 root was significantly longer and more shoot‐ward than W22 with LP. Thus, W23, having significantly greater relative shoot biomass, lower P stress factor, greater P dissolution, greater H⁺ efflux and Ca²⁺ influx, longer and more shoot‐ward DEZ, was better adapted to low‐P condition compared to W22. In the future, the W23 inbred line can be used for developing low‐P stress resistant varieties to utilize native insoluble soil P efficiently or to produce commercially acceptable yields using lower rates of soluble P fertilizers.
Psychological Issues in Patients with Hematological Malignancies

The past two decades have witnessed major advances in the treament and supportive care (newer antibiotics, Broviac catheters, total parenteral nutrition) of hematological malignancies, resulting in longer survival and potential cure by conventional and innovative (bone marrow transplantation) treatment regimens. With this improved survival, greater attention has been given to the normal and abnormal emotional reactions patients have to their diagnosis, its treatment, and survivorship. Likewise, quality of life issues are extremely important for patient and family when treatment can only be palliative.
Die Zellen des proximalen Tubulus contortus

Nach Verlassen des Kapselraumes der Bowmanschen Kapsel gelangt das glomerulare Filtrat in das Lumen des proximalen Tubulus contortus. Hier werden eine Anzahl von wichtigen Stoffwechselprodukten und betrachtliche Mengen von Wasser ruckresorbiert, um so das innere Milieu konstant zu halten. Der Transport dieser Stoffe aus dem Lumen des Nephrons durch das Tubulusepithel hindurch ist ein aktiver Prozes, das heist, die Zelle mus dazu Energie liefern.
Treatment of Incompetent Perforating Veins

Perforating veins are valved venous conduits that, with rare exception, direct blood to travel from the superficial to the deep venous system. There are 100–150 perforating veins in the lower extremities. Direct perforators connect to the deep axial veins and are more predictable in their locations. Indirect perforating veins that connect with intramuscular veins are more variable in location.
The Development of Pyrethroid Resistance in the Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus

Mosquito-borne diseases are the number-one killers of humans worldwide. A major obstacle in controlling these diseases is that mosquitoes have developed resistance to insecticides, including pyrethroids, which are currently the most widely used insecticides for the indoor control of mosquitoes and are the only chemicals recommended for the treatment of mosquito nets, the main tool for preventing malaria in Africa. A large number of studies have shown that multiple, complex resistance mechanisms or genes are likely to be responsible for insecticide resistance and gene overexpression, amplification, and structural mutations have frequently been linked to insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Among them, the two major mechanisms involved in the development of insecticide resistance are: (1) increased metabolic detoxification of the insecticides and (2) decreased sensitivity of the target sites to the insecticides (i.e., target site insensitivity). In this chapter, we will summarize our current research and knowledge on the molecular mechanisms governing insecticide resistance development in mosquitoes.
Promising New Treatments for Chronic Pain

There is general agreement among researchers, clinicians and patients that we need better treatments for chronic neuropathic pain. With the rapid advances in our understanding of genetics and molecular biology in the last 25 years there is renewed enthusiasm that better treatments can be developed. Considering the complexity of pain transmission at the molecular level described earlier in this book, not surprisingly, there are a large number of potential targets for the development of new drugs. It is not the goal of this chapter to provide a complete list of potential new drugs for treating chronic pain but rather to provide examples of the process of new drug development and of several promising new drugs.
EGR-mediated control of STIM expression and function.

Abstract Ca2+ is a ubiquitous, dynamic and pluripotent second messenger with highly context-dependent roles in complex cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, and cell death. These Ca2+ signals are generated by Ca2+-permeable channels located on the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and shaped by PM- and ER-localized pumps and transporters. Differences in the expression of these Ca2+ homeostasis proteins contribute to cell and context-dependent differences in the spatiotemporal organization of Ca2+ signals and, ultimately, cell fate. This review focuses on the Early Growth Response (EGR) family of zinc finger transcription factors and their role in the transcriptional regulation of Stromal Interaction Molecule (STIM1), a critical regulator of Ca2+ entry in both excitable and non-excitable cells.