cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential effects of alpha-recoil on uranium-series dating of calcrete

Abstract Evaluation of paleosol ages in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, at the time the site of a proposed high-level nuclear waste repository, is important for fault-displacement hazard assessment. Uranium-series isotope data were obtained for surface and subsurface calcrete samples from trenches and boreholes in Midway Valley, Nevada, adjacent to Yucca Mountain. 230Th/U ages of 33 surface samples range from 1.3 to 423 thousand years (ka) and the back-calculated 234U/238U initial activity ratios (AR) are relatively constant with a mean value of 1.54 ± 0.15 (1σ), which is consistent with the closed-system behavior. Subsurface calcrete samples are too old to be dated by the 230Th/U method. U-Pb data for post-pedogenic botryoidal opal from a subsurface calcrete sample show that these subsurface calcrete samples are older than ~ 1.65 million years (Ma), old enough to have attained secular equilibrium had their U-Th systems remained closed. However, subsurface calcrete samples show U-series disequilibrium indicating open-system behavior of 238U daughter isotopes, in contrast with the surface calcrete, where open-system behavior is not evident. Data for 21 subsurface calcrete samples yielded calculable 234U/238U model ages ranging from 130 to 1875 ka (assuming an initial AR of 1.54 ± 0.15, the mean value calculated for the surface calcrete samples). A simple model describing continuous α-recoil loss predicts that the 234U/238U and 230Th/238U ARs reach steady-state values ~ 2 Ma after calcrete formation. Potential effects of open-system behavior on 230Th/U ages and initial 234U/238U ARs for younger surface calcrete were estimated using data for old subsurface calcrete samples with the 234U loss and assuming that the total time of water-rock interaction is the only difference between these soils. The difference between the conventional closed-system and open-system ages may exceed errors of the calculated conventional ages for samples older than ~ 250 ka, but is negligible for younger soils.
ATP1AL1, a Member of the Non-gastric H,K-ATPase Family, Functions as a Sodium Pump

Abstract The human ATP1AL1-encoded protein (an α subunit of the human non-gastric H,K-ATPase) has previously been shown to assemble with the gastric H,K-ATPase β subunit (gH,Kβ) to form a functionally active ionic pump in HEK 293 cells. This pump has been found to be sensitive to both SCH 28080 and ouabain. However, the86Rb+-influx mediated by the ATP1AL1-gH,Kβ heterodimer in HEK 293 cells is at least 1 order of magnitude larger than the maximum ouabain-sensitive proton efflux detected in the same cells. In this study we find that the intracellular Na+ content in cells expressing ATP1AL1 and gH,Kβ is two times lower than that in control HEK 293 cells in response to incubation for 3 h in the presence of 1 μm ouabain. Moreover, analysis of net Na+efflux in HEK 293 expressing the ATP1AL1-gH,Kβ heterodimer reveals the presence of Na+ extrusion activity that is not sensitive to 1 μm ouabain but can be inhibited by 1 mm of this drug. In contrast, ouabain-inhibitable Na+ efflux in control HEK 293 cells is similarly sensitive to either 1 μm or 1 mm ouabain. Finally,86Rb+ influx through the ATP1AL1-gH,Kβ complex is comparable to the 1 mm ouabain-sensitive Na+ efflux in the same cells. The data presented here suggest that the enzyme formed by ATP1AL1 and the gastric H,K-ATPase β subunit in HEK 293 cells mediates primarily Na+,K+ rather than H+,K+ exchange.
Variability of diffusive leaf resistance and transpiration rates of various potato genotypes and its possible contribution to water economy

Diffusive leaf resistance and transpiration rate were assessed in various potato genotypes includingS. tuberosum cvs. Atlantic, Cara, Alpha and Desiree,S. phureja clone PP5, a hybrid of Atlantic X PP5, and two anther-derived tetraploids of PP5. Resistance and transpiration were assessed with an LI-1600 steady state porometer on well-watered plants and differences in leaf resistance and transpiration rate among genotypes were obtained. These results imply that water economy may be improved by genotypes exhibiting small water losses.
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and human papillomavirus: is there an association?

Background The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the induction and maintenance of cervical, anogenital, and some oropharyngeal carcinomas is well recognized, but its role in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) remains to be elucidated. HPV is thought to act as a possible cocarcinogen in the development of SCC. Objective To review the literature assessing the correlation between and possible causation of HPV and cutaneous SCC in immunocompetent and immunocompromised populations. Methods We reviewed HPV sampling and detection methods, epidemiologic studies examining HPV carriage in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals, and evidence asserting an association between HPV and cutaneous SCC. Results Although an abundant body of evidence points toward a link between HPV and cutaneous SCC, many studies indicate otherwise. Recent studies have focused on viral activity in addition to DNA presence. Conclusion The possibility exists that HPV may play a role in the induction but not maintenance of cutaneous SCC.
Advanced Hot-Carrier Injection Programming Scheme for Sub 20nm NAND Flash Cell and beyond

A novel hot-carrier programming method for 20-nm- node technology NAND Flash cell is presented. In order to suppress the program disturb and the large power consumption, we utilized the self-channel boosting techniques with floated WLn-1, switching SSL, and a sufficiently high local field to cause efficient hot-carrier injection in NAND string. This method has been successfully demonstrated in the 20-nm-node NAND Flash cells, along with comprehensive studies on various bias conditions and algorithm. It would be very attractive for further scaling in NAND Flash memories beyond 20-nm technology.
Abstract 4521: Discovery of novel small molecule inhibitors of the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 through high-throughput screening approach

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Myeloid cell leukemia (Mcl-1) is a multidomain, anti-apoptotic protein, member of the Bcl-2 family proteins, an important survival factor for many cancers. Mcl-1 has a critical and distinct role(s) in maintaining cell survival and emerging as an independent and promising therapeutic target. Through high throughout screening (HTS) of 53,300 structurally diverse synthetic organic compounds, we have discovered a number of novel inhibitors of Mcl-1. The hits identified by HTS were evaluated in a series of complementary biochemical, biophysical, functional and cellular assays to eliminate false positives and to determine the specificity and mechanism of action of these new compounds and 23 compounds were found to be inhibitors of Mcl-1. The most promising compounds, 59 and 62, have diverse chemical scaffolds. We have shown that these small molecule inhibitors bind to the BH3 binding site in Mcl-1 with IC50 values of 1,200 nM and 200 nM, respectively, and compete with BH3 peptides derived from Bid, Bim, or Noxa proteins. They bind to the Mcl-1 protein showing selectivity over two other Bcl-2 family members, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. NMR spectroscopy shows that 59 and 62 bind to the same BH3 domain of Mcl-1 as the Bim BH3 peptide. These initial lead compounds antagonize Mcl-1 on the functional level and they induce release of cytochrome c, inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in pancreatic and melanoma cancer cells with high levels of Mcl-1. We have tested several analogues of 59 and 62, both synthetic and commercially available, and established initial structure-activity relationships. One of the compounds tested (77), an analogue of 59, has improved binding affinity to Mcl-1 protein, as well as potent activity in inhibition of cell growth in cancer cells. Furthermore, by using murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), wild type and deficient in both Bax and Bak (double knock out), it was demonstrated that the cytotoxic activity and induction of apoptosis by several analogues of the lead compound 59, depend on Bax and/or Bak, suggesting that they function as BH3 mimetics. Collectively, these findings provide good promise for chemical modifications of the new identified lead compounds, 59 and 62, and their further optimization toward developing a new class of anticancer drugs, Mcl-1 inhibitors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4521.
Stability Criteria for Nonlinear RLC Networks

Abstract This paper presents a stability criterion for a class of nonlinear RLC networks for which the nonlinear characteristic curves lie in Popov sectors. The nonlinear elements considered are resistors, charge-controlled capacitors, and flux-controlled inductors. It is shown that if the only nonlinear elements are resistors, then for arbitrarily large sector boundaries the circuit is both asymptotically stable in the large and, for properly placed sources, bounded-input bounded-output stable. Furthermore, if the only nonlinear elements are inductors and capacitors, any set of linear inductors and capacitors which can make the circuit oscillate define the nonlinear sector boundaries. Conditions for asymptotic stability and bounded-input bounded-output stability for networks of nonlinear resistors, inductors, and capacitors are developed.
Antiplanning Undercurrents in US Planning Education: Antithesis or Ideology?

The schooling and the practice of planning remain two very distinct cultures, and this gap has seemingly widened in recent years. The author argues that what is driving the wedge between the schooling and the practice of planning today is a growing undercurrent of antiplanning sentiment in the US planning academia. The two streams of antiplanning thoughts discussed are not new as ideas, and flow out of two very distinctive intellectual traditions: Marxism and marketism. The antiplanning roots of marketism are deeper and are derived from the ideas of economic liberalism. Yet until recently, the marketist critique of planning had remained seemingly muted within the field of planning. In the wake of the Thatcher-Reagan era, however, the marketist critique of planning has become vocal and shrill, and has indeed continued to chip away at the very intellectual foundations on which the practice of planning is based. Comparatively speaking, the Marxist critique of planning, although potentially no less pernicious...
Fatal systemic fat embolism

Summary A case is presented of massive post-traumatic systemic fat embolism with significant embolic lesions demonstrated at autopsy in the brain, heart, and lungs. Attention is called to the need for consideration of the phenomenon of fat embolization in the post-trauma patient showing unexplained central nervous system, cardiac, and/or pulmonary symptoms, especially in the presence of skin petechiae.
Tectonics and evolution of the Juan Fernandez Microplate at the Pacific‐Nazca‐Antarctic Triple Junction

Magnetic and bathymetric profiles derived from the R/V Endeavor survey and focal mechanism studies for earthquakes on two of the Juan Fernandez microplate boundaries are analyzed. It is observed that the Nazca-Juan Fernandez pole is in the northern end of the microplate since the magnetic lineation along the East Ridge of the microplate fans to the south. The calculation of the relative motion of the Juan Fernandez-Pacific-Nazca-Antarctic four-plate system using the algorithm of Minster et al. (1974) is described. The development of tectonic and evolutionary models of the region is examined. The tectonic model reveals that the northern boundary of the Juan Fernandez microplate is a zone of compression and that the West Ridge and southwestern boundary are spreading obliquely; the evolutionary model relates the formation of the Juan Fernandez microplate to differential spreading rates at the triple junction.
Depression and Chronic Kidney Disease

Depression is the most common mental health disorder in patients with renal failure including those with pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD). The estimated prevalence of depression among patients with CKD is higher than in the general population and varies between 15 to 50% depending on the characteristics of the study sample and the instrument used to screen for depressive symptoms or diagnose a major depressive episode. In this patient population, depression has been associated with higher risk for hospitalization and shorter time to dialysis initiation. The role of screening, diagnosis and treatment for depression in patients with pre-dialysis CKD needs to be critically evaluated in prospective studies.
Keratoconus Diagnosis with Optical Coherence Tomography Pachymetry Mapping

Objective To detect abnormal corneal thinning in keratoconus using pachymetry maps measured by high-speed anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT). Design Cross-sectional observational study. Participants Thirty-seven keratoconic eyes from 21 subjects and 36 eyes from 18 normal subjects. Methods The OCT system operated at a 1.3 μm wavelength with a scan rate of 2000 axial scans per second. A pachymetry scan pattern (8 radials, 128 axial scans each; 10 mm diameter) centered at the corneal vertex was used to map the corneal thickness. The pachymetry map was divided into zones by octants and annular rings. Five pachymetric parameters were calculated from the region inside the 5 mm diameter: minimum, minimum–median, inferior–superior (I-S), inferotemporal–superonasal (IT-SN), and the vertical location of the thinnest cornea. The 1-percentile value of the normal group was used to define the diagnostic cutoff. Placido-ring–based corneal topography was obtained for comparison. Main Outcome Measures The OCT pachymetric parameters and a quantitative topographic keratoconus index (keratometry, I-S, astigmatism, and skew percentage [KISA%]) were used for keratoconus diagnosis. Diagnostic performance was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AROC) curve. Results Keratoconic corneas were thinner. The pachymetric minimum averaged 452.6±60.9 μm in keratoconic eyes versus 546±23.7 μm in normal eyes. The 1-percentile cutoff was 491.6 μm. The thinnest location was inferiorly displaced in keratoconus (−805±749 μm vs −118±260 μm; cutoff, −716 μm). The thinning was focal (minimum–median: −95.2±41.1 μm vs −45±7.7 μm; cutoff, −62.6 μm). Keratoconic maps were more asymmetric (I-S, −44.8±28.7 μm vs −9.9±9.3 μm; cutoff, −31.3 μm; and IT-SN, −63±35.7 μm vs −22±11.4 μm; cutoff, −48.2 μm). Keratoconic eyes had a higher KISA% index (2641±5024 vs 21±19). All differences were statistically significant ( t test, P P = .09) than the KISA% topographic index (AROC, 0.91). Conclusions Optical coherence tomography pachymetry maps accurately detected the characteristic abnormal corneal thinning in keratoconic eyes. This method was at least as sensitive and specific as the topographic KISA. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Simultaneous calculation of aircraft design loads and structural member sizes

A design process which accounts for the interaction between aerodynamic loads and changes in member sizes during sizing of aircraft structures is described. A simultaneous iteration procedure is used wherein both design loads and member sizes are updated during each cycle yielding converged, compatible loads and member sizes. A description is also given of a system of programs which incorporates this process using lifting surface theory to calculate aerodynamic pressure distributions, using a finite-element method for structural analysis, and using a fully stressed design technique to size structural members. This system is tailored to perform the entire process with computational efficiency in a single computer run so that it can be used effectively during preliminary design. Selected results, considering maneuver, taxi, and fatigue design conditions, are presented to illustrate convergence characteristics of this iterative procedure.
Delta-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photosensitization of prostate cell lines : Implication for photodynamic therapy of prostate cancer

BACKGROUND Delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) is currently being investigated for the treatment of prostate diseases. In this study, we evaluate 1) the in vitro production of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) (the active photosensitizing agent of ALA-mediated PDT) by two different prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3) and a benign, modified, prostatic cell line (TP-2), and 2) the extent of PDT-induced cell injury, as determined by electron microscopy (EM) and cell survival. METHODS The cell lines were assigned into four treatment groups: group 1, control, no ALA and no light irradiation; group 2, dark control, ALA only; group 3, light control, radiation only; and group 4, PDT, ALA followed by irradiation (630 nm, 3 joules/cm2). The experiments were performed in triplicate. ALA concentration was 50 μg/ml of media in all instances. RESULTS Following incubation with ALA, PPIX production was significantly increased in the three cell lines studied, and more notably in the PC-3 cell line. Compared to controls, EM and cell survival studies demonstrated significant mitochondrial damage and decreased survival, respectively, in the cells treated with PDT. This was also more evident in the PC-3 cell line. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that prostate cells differ in their response to ALA-mediated PDT. This response appears to depend on the intracellular production of PPIX and the cell type, i.e., on the functional and structural characteristics of the cell mitochondria. In addition, our results suggest that PDT might be effective at killing prostate cancer cells. Prostate 36:211–218, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differences Between Patient and Physician Perceptions of Predicted Compliance

One approach to improving patient compliance is for physicians to adapt their behaviour to fit patients' psychological characteristics. Previous university-based research has suggested that physician adaptation to patients' locus of control interferes with patient-physician congruence on expected compliance, but not with congruence on satisfaction with their relationship. This study was conducted in a community practice to clarify the relationship between the physician's adaptation to locus of control and likelihood of and commitment to compliance, and satisfaction with the doctor-patient match. One physician saw 148 patients with a variety of illnesses after they had completed the Health Locus of Control (HLC) questionnaire. The physician altered how he spoke with a patient based on whether the patient scored internally or externally on the HLC. After the encounter, both patient and physician rated the patient's likelihood of and commitment to complying with each of the three recommendations. The physician and each patient also rated their satisfaction with the match between them. Patients' ratings of commitment, likelihood, and satisfaction were significantly higher than those of the physician. Unlike earlier results, there were strong correlations between the patients' and physician's estimates of compliance (commitment and likelihood). Just as with the previous study, there was no correlation between the levels of physician and patient satisfaction with their match. This study indicates that physician adaptation to patients' locus of control does not interfere with compliance outcomes of doctor-patient encounters. Whether such adaptation will improve compliance outcomes is yet to be determined.
Penetration into ductile metal targets with rigid spherical-nose rods

We developed penetration equations for rigid spherical-nose rods that penetrate ductile metal targets. The spherical cavity-expansion approximation and incompressible and compressible elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive idealizations simplified the target analyses, so we obtained closed-form penetration equations. We compared predictions from our models with previously published penetration data and results from Lagrangian and Eulerian wavecodes.
Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) in a patient with chronic renal failure on haemodialysis.

SUMMARY Porphyria cutanea tarda, diagnosed by reduced levels of red cell uroporphyrin decarboxylase and raised plasma porphyrins, developed in a patient with chronic renal failure due to polycystic kidneys, treated with haemodialysis, who had normal total urinary and faecal porphyrins. Haemodialysis did not alter plasma porphyrin levels and we deduced that most of the plasma porphyrins were circulating in high molecular weight protein complexes.
Immunoregulation of Murine Plasmacytoma I. Generation of Anomalous Killer Cells in Vitro by Cocultivation with MOPC 104E

AbstractMurine plasmacytoma MOPC 104E-KI81 is a tissue culture cell line of MOPC 104E derived from BALB/c mice. MOPC 104E-KI81 implanted subcutaneously in syngeneic normal mice regresses spontaneously after an initial growth of about 10 mm. Mice that regressed tumors or mice immunized intraperitoneally with mitomycin C-treated MOPC 104E-KI81 myeloma could reject subsequent challenge of viable KI81 myeloma cells. In contrast to euthymic mice, T-cell-deficient athymic nude mice developed subcutaneous tumors after challenge and died from progressive tumor growth, suggesting the critical role of T cells in tumor regression. In vitro induction of cytotoxic cells was used to define the immunologic mechanism by which the host can suppress tumor growth. Spleen cells from immune mice did not show cytolytic activity in 51Cr release cytotoxicity assay, but showed inhibitory action of tumor proliferation in vitro at an effector cell to target cell ratio of 500:1 in a [3H]thymidine incorporation assay. To determine if...
Effect of Conditioning Randomly Heterogeneous Transmissivity on Temporal Hydraulic Head Measurements in Transient Two-Dimensional Aquifer Flow

We investigated the effect of conditioning transient, two-dimensional groundwater flow simulations, where the transmissivity was a spatial random field, on time dependent head data. The random fields, representing perturbations in log transmissivity, were generated using a known covariance function and then conditioned to match head data by iteratively cokriging and solving the flow model numerically. A new approximation to the cross-covariance of log transmissivity perturbations with time dependent head data and head data at different times, that greatly increased the computational efficiency, was introduced. The most noticeable effect of head data on the estimation of head and log transmissivity perturbations occurred from conditioning only on spatially distributed head measurements during steady flow. The additional improvement in the estimation of the log transmissivity and head perturbations obtained by conditioning on time dependent head data was fairly small. On the other hand, conditioning on temporal head data had a significant effect on particle tracks and reduced the lateral spreading around the center of the paths.
Diversity of calcium antagonists

Calcium antagonists (CAs) are widely used in the management of hypertension and chronic stable angina pectoris. Currently available CAs fall into three distinct structural classes--the dihydropyridines, the benzothiazepines, and the phenylalkylamines. The diversity of these agents, even among drugs within a structural group, is apparent in their pharmacology, physiologic effects, and therapeutic uses. Traditional CAs produce their effects through blockade of the L-type calcium channel. Recently, a new CA has been developed. Mibefradil, the first member of a new class of CAs, is a tetralol derivative. It is characterized by its selective blockade of T-type calcium channels. It differs from existing CAs and may offer important therapeutic advantages.
Backsliding Against Malnutrition

The Millennium Development Goals stated an ambition to cut severe poverty and hunger in half by the year 2015. The recent rise in staple food prices and global economic crisis make it clear that these goals will not be met and that recent gains in mitigating malnutrition are being erased. The number of malnourished people has increased to more than 1 billion, from approximately 800 million a few years ago. National responses have included restrictions on food exports and a rise in the practice of foreign investment in agriculture to ensure food security on the part of countries with limited land and/or water to feed their own populations. There are critical needs to increase production yet again and to protect the interests of the poor. The world's population will stabilize by mid-century but the quality of that half-century depends on political will, technological capacity, and commitment.
Incremental algorithms for closeness centrality

Centrality metrics have shown to be highly correlated with the importance and loads of the nodes within the network traffic. In this work, we provide fast incremental algorithms for closeness centrality computation. Our algorithms efficiently compute the closeness centrality values upon changes in network topology, i.e., edge insertions and deletions. We show that the proposed techniques are efficient on many real-life networks, especially on small-world networks, which have a small diameter and spike-shaped shortest distance distribution. We experimentally validate the efficiency of our algorithms on large-scale networks and show that they can update the closeness centrality values of 1.2 million authors in the temporal DBLP-coauthorship network 460 times faster than it would take to recompute them from scratch.
Collaborative workflow for crowdsourcing translation

In this paper we explore the challenges in crowdsourcing the task of translation over the web in which remotely located translators work on providing translations independent of each other. We then propose a collaborative workflow for crowdsourcing translation to address some of these challenges. In our pipeline model, the translators are working in phases where output from earlier phases can be enhanced in the subsequent phases. We also highlight some of the novel contributions of the pipeline model like assistive translation and translation synthesis that can leverage monolingual and bilingual speakers alike. We evaluate our approach by eliciting translations for both a minority-to-majority language pair and a minority-to-minority language pair. We observe that in both scenarios, our workflow produces better quality translations in a cost-effective manner, when compared to the traditional crowdsourcing workflow.
Relationship of Reproductive Factors with Interval and Rate of Conception

Abstract The relative importance of several reproductive traits on the variation in interval and rate of conception was determined. The average conception interval of all cows was 146 days, or 122 days excluding 49 open infertile cows that were assigned arbitrarily a maximum 308-day conception interval. Conception rate was 87%. Least squares models, including the fixed effects of season, parity, uterine involution grade, ovarian condition, retained placenta, dystocia, embryonic deaths, reproductive treatment, and times bred, explained 75% of the variation in conception interval and 71% of the variation in conception rate. More breedings, embryonic deaths, and reproductive examinations and poor uterine involution grades were associated with longer conception intervals. The occurrence of luteal cysts was associated with shorter conception intervals. Longer conception intervals and lower conception rates, characteristic of open infertile cows, were associated with lower milk production. In general, the significant correlations among the reproductive traits were positive, but most correlations involving conception rate or deviation milk with other reproductive traits were negative. Many traits, including conception interval, conception rate, calving assistance, 30-day reproductive treatment, 30-day uterine involution grades, cystic follicles, and reproductive exams had repeatabilities around .20.
TEACHING AND LEARNING CHINESE AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE , Janet Zhiqun Xing

TEACHING AND LEARNING CHINESE AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE. Janet Zhiqun Xing. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2006. Pp. x + 323. 24.95 paper.With the rapid increase in the number of people who are interested in learning Chinese as a foreign language (CFL), the demand has grown for research and knowledge on how to effectively teach and learn a language that appears intimidating to speakers of alphabetic languages. Xing's volume is the first attempt in English to comprehensively address CFL pedagogical and acquisition issues. An experienced language teacher and researcher, the author makes her work a valuable resource for Chinese language professionals and learners by integrating theoretical principles into the practice of teaching and learning Chinese.
Bone particles from gallium-treated rats are resistant to resorption in vivo.

Abstract Gallium nitrate is a clinically effective agent for the treatment of cancer related hypercalcemia. The mechanism of action of this agent was investigated following development of a quantitative in vivo bone resorption assay modified from the method of Glowacki. In a preliminary study, the time course of resorption of 50 mg subcutaneous implants of bone powder in growing rats was followed by chemical analysis of mineral (ash and Ca) contents, enzymatic and histochemical assay of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, and image analysis of changes in particle size using von Kossa stained sections. Day 21 was chosen as a single time point for the comparison of the extent of resorption of gallium-containing and control bone particles. Resorption of bone particles containing 0.39 μg Ga/mg bone was significantly inhibited relative to control particles. Mineral content (6.7 vs. 3.6 mg), Ca content (1.72 vs. 1.37 mg), and the percentage of the field covered by bone particles (12 vs. 9%) were greater in the animals which received gallium-containing bone particles. Similarly, the number of osteoclast-like cells and the TRAP activity in the gallium-containing bone particle implants at 21 days were increased relative to controls. These data indicate that gallium incorporation into bone matrix confers resistance to resorption.
Ion traps for radioactive beam manipulation and precision experiments

Ion traps have become important experimental tools in nuclear physics. They can be used for precise determination of nuclear binding energies, decay studies and radioactive ion beam manipulation. This article will summarize their basic features and how they are employed and will present new developments.
A Numerical Study of the Role of Wave-Wave Interactions during Sudden Stratospheric Warmings

Abstract In this study the role of nonlinear wave-wave interactions is investigated by performing two experiments using a numerical model adapted from that of Holton (1976). In the first experiment the model simulates a sudden stratospheric warming involving the interaction between the mean (zonally averaged) flow and a single zonal harmonic of wavenumber 1 which is forced at the lower boundary; presumably the tropopause level. In the second experiment the model includes an additional wave 2 which is not forced at the lower boundary but generated through nonlinear interaction between wave 1 and itself. This wave 2 interacts with both the mean flow and wave 1. However, zonal wavenumbers higher than 2 are all neglected. These two experiments are referred to as the linear and the nonlinear cases, respectively. The results are first described in an Eulerian framework. It is found that the simulated warming for the nonlinear case is more intense and rapid than that for the linear case. In order to describe how...
DNA repair inhibition: a possible mechanism of action of co-carcinogens.

Abstract Co-carcinogens with a wide diversity of chemical structure have the common property of inhibiting DNA repair replication in normal human lymphocytes. This evidence suggests that inhibition of DNA repair may be an important factor in the mechanism of action of co-carcinogens.
BECOMING ETHNIC OR BECOMING AMERICAN

As the new second generation comes of age in the twenty-first century, it is making an indelible imprint in cities across the country, compelling immigration scholars to turn their attention to this growing population. In this essay, we first review the extant literature on immigrant incorporation, with a particular focus on the mobility patterns of the new second generation. Second, we critically evaluate the existing assumptions about the definitions of and pathways to success and assimilation. We question the validity and reliability of key measures of social mobility, and also assess the discrepancy between the “objective” measures often used in social science research and the “subjective” measures presented by members of the second generation. Third, we examine the identity choices of the new second generation, focusing on how they choose to identify themselves, and the mechanisms that underlie their choice of identities. We illuminate our review with some preliminary findings from our ongoing qualitative study of 1.5- and second-generation Mexicans, Chinese, and Vietnamese in Los Angeles. In doing so, we attempt to dispel some myths about group-based cultures, stereotypes, and processes of assimilation.
Modelling of the hysteresis of ferroelectric thin films

Abstract A polarization reversal mechanism is proposed for ferroelectric ceramics, which is controlled by nucleation, growth, merging and shrinkage of ferroelectric domains. These domain phenomena are described by the nature of Barkhausen jumps, the internal electric field, the dielectric relaxation times of the dipoles, and the ferroelectric-electrode interface state. A quantitative model is developed, based on the proposed polarization reversal mechanism, for simulating hysteresis properties of lead zirconate titanate thin films. The simulated hysteresis loops show excellent agreement with experimental results.
The role of retinogeniculate afferents in the development of connections between visual cortex and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

The role of retinogeniculate afferents in the development of patterns of connections between visual cortex and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) was addressed by studying the effect of bilateral enucleation at birth on those patterns of connections in tree shrew. In normal adult tree shrews there are six LGN cell layers separated by cell-sparse interlaminar spaces. The reciprocal connections between the LGN and visual cortex are restricted to a column running across all six LGN layers; the geniculocortical projection arises from the cell layers while the corticogeniculate projection terminates primarily in the interlaminar spaces. At birth, when the experimental animals were bilaterally enucleated, the retinogeniculate fibers have begun to segregate by eye but neither the cytological characteristics of individual layers nor the interlaminar spaces have yet formed, and the corticogeniculate fibers have not entered the nucleus. Bilateral enucleation does not prevent the development of the cytological characteristics of individual layers but the interlaminar spaces do not develop. The results of [3H]proline/HRP injections into visual cortex in animals bilaterally enucleated at birth indicate that in the absence of retinogeniculate fibers, and thus interlaminar spaces, the corticogeniculate fibers do not concentrate at the laminar borders but instead spread across all six LGN cell layers. Despite the failure of this projection to concentrate at laminar borders, the corticogeniculate fibers do terminate within a restricted projection column.
Feline Progressive Histiocytosis

Histiocytic proliferative diseases include reactive and neoplastic proliferations of dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages. Various forms of DC proliferations have been documented in humans and dogs; their etiology is largely unknown. With the exception of a few case reports, histiocytic proliferations have not been characterized in cats. This study summarizes clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic features of a feline progressive histiocytosis (FPH) in 30 cats. There was no breed or age predilection. Females were more often affected than males. Solitary or multiple nonpruritic firm papules, nodules, and plaques had a predilection for feet, legs, and face. Lesions consisted of poorly circumscribed epitheliotropic (13/30) and nonepitheliotropic (17/30) histiocytic infiltrates of the superficial and deep dermis, with variable extension into the subcutis. The histiocytic population was relatively monomorphous early in the clinical course. With disease progression, cellular pleomorphism was more frequently encountered. Histiocytes expressed CD1a, CD1c, CD18, and major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. This immunophenotype suggests a DC origin of these lesions. Coexpression of E-cadherin, a feature of cutaneous Langerhans cells, was only observed in 3 cats. FPH followed a progressive clinical course; the lesions, however, were limited to the skin for an extended period of time. Terminal involvement of internal organs was documented in 7 cases. Treatment with chemotherapeutics or immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs was not successful. The etiology of FPH remains unknown. FPH is best considered an initially indolent cutaneous neoplasm, which is mostly slowly progressive and may spread beyond the skin in the terminal stage.
Toward a Network Theory of Alliance Formation

We propose a network-based theory of alliance formation. Our theory implies that, in addition to key state and dyad attributes already established in the literature, the evolution of the alliance network from any given point in time is largely determined by its structure. Specifically, we argue that closed triangles in the alliance network—where i is allied with j is allied with k is allied with i — produce synergy effects in which state-level utility is greater than the sum of its dyadic parts. This idea can be generalized to n-state closure, and, when considered along with factors that make dyadic alliance formation more attractive, such as military prowess and political compatibility, suggests that the network will evolve toward a state of several densely connected clusters of states with star-like groupings of states as an intermediary stage. To evaluate our theory, we use the temporal exponential random graph model and find that the roles of our network effects are robustly supported by the data, whe...
Synthesis of 5,7-disubstituted-4-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2, 3-d]pyrimidin-2-amines as microtubule inhibitors

Compounds 1-4 were previously reported as potent antimitotic and antitumor agents with Pgp modulatory effects. Compounds 5-18 have been synthesized in an attempt to optimize the various activities of 1-4. Compounds 5-10 explored the influence of methoxy substitutions on the 7-benzyl moiety in 1, while 11-18 investigated the influence of incorporation of a sulfur linker at C5 compared to 1-3. Compounds 5-10 demonstrated potent single-digit micromolar tumor cell cytotoxicity, Pgp modulation and microtubule inhibition. Compound 7 of this series was the most potent and showed GI50 values in the nanomolar range against several human tumor cell lines in the standard NCI preclinical in vitro screen. Antitumor activity and Pgp modulatory effects were found to decrease for the 5-phenylthio compounds 11-14 compared to their 5-phenylethyl analogs 2-4 and the standard compound Taxol. Incorporation of methoxy substitutions on the 7-benzyl moiety improved antitumor activity for the 5-phenylthio compounds 16 and 17. Compounds 16 and 17 demonstrated single to two-digit micromolar inhibition of tumor cells.
Elektrochemische oxydation von kohlenwasserstoffen in einer festelektrolytbrennstoffzelle bei temperaturen von 900–1000°C☆

Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzelle mit festem Elektrolyt als Experimentierzelle hergestellt. Als Elektrolyt mit reiner Sauerstoffionenleitung dienten Scheiben von etwa 1 mm Dicke aus kubisch stabilisiertem Zirkoncalciumoxid, die bei 1600°C gesintert worden waren. Als Gitterkonstante wurde a0 = 5,130 A gemessen. Die Zelle wurde mit Wasserstoff, Kohlenoxid, Propan und Hexan betrieben. Die Kohlenwasserstoffe mussten vorher mit Wasser oder/und Kohlendioxid in einem mit der Zelle integrierten Konverter zu Kohlenoxid und Wasserstoff konvertiert werden, wenn man ein Cracken vermeiden wollte. Fur die Kohlenwasserstoffe wurde die theoretische E.M.K. in Abhangigkeit von der Zahl der C-Atome je Molekul und der Gaszusammensetzung vor der Konvertierung berechnet. Unter Variation des Mischungsverhaltnisses Reaktand/Reaktionsprodukt wurden die Ruhespannungen in Abhangigkeit von der Temperatur gemessen. Sie wichen von den berechneten Werten um hochstens 1 Prozent ab. Ferner wurden die Klemmspannungen in Abhangigkeit von der Stromdichte bis zu etwa 100 mA/cm2 ermittelt. Bei kleiner Stromdichte wurde eine geringe Polarisation zusatzlich zum Ohmschen Spannungsabfall beobachtet. Bei grosser Stromdichte trat beim Betrieb mit Kohlenwasserstoffen, besonders aber mit Kohlenoxid, nicht jedoch mit Wasserstoff, zusatzlich zum Ohmschen Spannungsabfall eine Konzentrationspolarisation auf. Die aus dem gradlinigen Teil der Stromspannungskurven berechnete Leitfahigkeit des Elektrolyts stimmte mit dem aus einer Wechselstrom-Leitfahigkeitsmessung ermittelten Wert uberein. Die spezifische Leitfahigkeit bei 1000°C betrug 0,020 Ohm−1 cm−1.
Morality special: Infant origins of human kindness

Moral behaviour in babies tells us how much of our morality is hard-wired, says Paul Bloom
Identification of two regions in the cytoplasmic domain of CD44 through which PMA, calcium, and foskolin differentially regulate the binding of CD44 to hyaluronic acid.

Abstract CD44 contains two clustered basic residues of three arginines and three lysines in the membrane-proximal region of its cytoplasmic domain. These two clusters are conserved among different species and different splicing forms. The function of these two motifs is not known. We substituted either the three-arginine or the three-lysine motif with alanine (CD44.3R3A and CD44.3K3A) and established stable CD44 transfectants. The effects of these mutations on the binding of CD44 to one of its ligands, hyaluronic acid (HA), were studied. When stimulated with PMA, transfectants bearing CD44.3K3A and CD44.3R3A proteins have reduced HA-binding capacity. When stimulated with forskolin, an activator of cAMP-dependent PKC, CD44.3R3A transfectants were able to bind low but detectable level of fluorescent-conjugated HA (F-HA). In contrast, CD44.3K3A transfectants were unable to bind any F-HA. Elevation of intracellular calcium concentrations either by ionomycin or thapsigargin also induced binding of HA in CD44.3R3A but not in CD44.3K3A transfectants. These results provide evidence that both the arginine and the lysine motifs are important in the binding of CD44 to high levels of HA when stimulated with PMA. In contrast, when transfectants were stimulated with either forskolin or a Ca2+mobilizer to bind a low level of F-HA, the lysine cluster, but not the arginine cluster, is required. These two closely located basic clusters are, therefore, differentially involved in the binding of CD44 to HA, depending on the level of ligand binding and the nature of the stimulatory signals.
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN ANURAN LARVAE AFTER THYROID OR PITUITARY GLAND REMOVAL

This work is a part of a series of studies on the influence of the endocrine glands upon the development of larval amphibians. A general account of the brain of thyroidless R. pipiens larvae was given Allen ’17. It was shown that this organ seen in surface view retains its immature condition in a stage corresponding with the degree of development of the hind legs and general body form. Even in tadpoles that had lived many months beyond the usual time of metamorphosis and had attained a size much greater than normal, the brain was found to correspond closely with the general bodily development. This early paper did not go deeply into the subject because a detailed study was left for a later time. The importance of this line of work is readily inferred from the fact that cretinism in man is so notably attended by mental deficiency.
Association of redox-active iron bound to high molecular weight structures in nuclei with inhibition of cell growth by H2O2.

Abstract Perturbations to Fe species contributing to generation of DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) and inhibition of growth by H 2 O 2 were studied in HL-60 cells made Fe-deficient by 24 h pretreatment with 144 μM bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid and 400 μM ascorbic acid ( Free Radic. Biol. Med. 20: 399; 1996). The diffusion distance for SSB generation (d) in Fe-deficient cells, measured via inhibition with the 0 OH scavenger Me 2 SO using alkaline elution, was 6.5 nm. This is similar to the d for Fe-normal cells reported previously. After 1 and 3 h in fresh RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% serum, SSB generation increased from 29 to 56 and 93% of control Fe-normal cells, respectively. The d of the major contributor to SSB generation at these two treatment times was 1.9 nm. This d resembled the d for Fe-ATP as determined in isolated Ehrlich cell nuclei. The association of ATP with Fe 2+ was further supported by decreased SSB generation in cells in which ATP synthesis was inhibited. In contrast to SSB generation, H 2 O 2 -induced inhibition of growth of Fe-deficient cells treated immediately after placing in fresh medium was not appreciably different from Fe-normal cells. However, after 3 h, an approximately 70% greater concentration of H 2 O 2 than for control, Fe-normal cells was required to inhibit growth. This increase in H 2 O 2 concentration was associated with decreased generation of SSBs by H 2 O 2 in isolated HL-60 cell nuclei. Thus, Fe bound to nuclear structures is more closely associated with inhibition of cell growth than apparent Fe-ATP species. In parallel experiments, changes in total cellular Fe assayed by ashing and complexing with ferrozine were consistent with a non-transferrin mode of acquisition. These short-term changes appear due to processes accompanying reestablishment of the Fe content and distribution normally observed during long-term growth.
Revealing and enhancing engineering undergraduate students' motivation for the communication of professional practice through creation of communication preparedness portfolios in a studio setting

Effective communication and life-long learning skills have been identified as critical competencies for the engineering workplace in ABET's accreditation guidelines, in NAE's vision for the engineer of 2020, and by professionals working in the field. Engineering educators have responded with increased attention to communication instruction and the development of life-long learning skills; however, more work remains to be done to prepare students to communicate in today's increasingly complex engineering workplace. Research has shown that developing communication skills - particularly writing - involves sustained, and often solitary, intellectual effort that requires motivation. The work reported here explores motivation for professional communication, through the application of the pedagogical intervention, Preparedness Portfolios and Portfolio Studios (PPPS). The findings from this multiple-case study of ten engineering undergraduate students creating preparedness e-portfolios strongly suggest that the PPPS pedagogy provides a fruitful environment for revealing, and enhancing, students' motivation for developing professional communication skills for the engineering workplace. The findings align with various components of existing motivational frameworks.