cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating three types of artificial neural networks for classifying vehicles with multisensor data

A neural network methodology was developed and evaluated for performing vehicle classification with multisensor data collected from simulated unattended ground based sensors. A high fidelity computer simulation, called Sensor Evaluation Model (SENSEM), was used to create a battlefield scenario realistically simulating sensor-vehicle interactions consisting of three sensor types and four vehicle types. Data generated from sensor-vehicle interactions were preprocessed and used to train and test three types of neural networks. Backpropagation, probabilistic, and radial basis function networks were evaluated to determine differential performance effectiveness under various training conditions. Optimal network designs were experimentally determined for each network type for each training condition. An overall comparative analysis of classification accuracy and computational efficiency was then conducted to evaluate the performance between the network types' optimal network designs for each training condition. Results showed extremely high accuracy and rapid training and test times for all optimal network designs. Results also showed optimal network performance varied as a function of training conditions facilitating specification of the most effective neural network paradigm under certain conditions. The results of this research support the conclusion that neural network techniques can be applied successfully as part of an analysis subsystem for classifying vehicles with multisensor data obtained from unattended ground based sensors.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On Rotation of a Johnson Hierarchical Tree Structure

A strategy for reordering the hierarchical tree structure is presented. While the order of terminal nodes of Johnson's (1967) procedure is arbitrary, depending simply upon the order of input data, the present procedure will rearrange every triad of nodes under a common least upper node at all levels so that the node in the middle is always non-arbitrarily closest to the anchored node. Solutions for data from Miller and Nicely (1955) by Johnson and two rotational schemes are discussed.
Distribution of Calcitonin-Containing Cells in the Normal Adult Human Thyroid Gland: A Correlation of Morphology with Peptide Content

C-cells have been mapped in the thyroid glands of 6 human neonates by means of immunoperoxidase localization of calcitonin and tissue calcitonin content as measured by radioimmunoassay. The C-cells were concentrated in a zone in the upper two-thirds of the lateral lobes bilaterally, where they were identified individually and in small groups in both an intrafollicular and parafollicular distribution. In contrast to findings in the adult, C-cells were predominantly intrafollicular in the neonate. The relative numbers of C-cells counted per unit area of thyroid tissue correlated strongly with the calcitonin content of immediately adjacent tissue sections. In areas rich in C-cells, as many as 75 immunoperoxidase-stained cells per low-power field were counted, and the concentration of calcitonin was as high as 540 to 2100 mU/g fresh weight, values that were as great as 10 times those observed in the normal adult thyroid gland. The prominence of the C-cell population and increased tissue calcitonin content in the human neonatal thyroid gland may reflect an as yet undefined physiologic role for calcitonin in the newborn.
Reference wedge for Schlieren diagrams.

ONE necessity for the quantitative analysis of Schlieren diagrams, as obtained by the Thovert–Philpot–Svensson cylindrical lens method1, or the Longsworth Schlieren scanning method2, is the precise definition of the base-lines. Although it is common practice to photograph a base-line obtained through a by-pass simultaneously with the pattern, details near the base-line may easily be covered up, and furthermore an uncertainty in the position of the base-line may be introduced, since the patterns of base-lines obtained from two different places in the plane of the cell cannot be expected to appear in exactly the same position. Another accepted technique consists in superimposing the base-lines taken through the channels of the cell at the beginning of the run upon the tracings of the final patterns, so that those parts which do not show an elevation coincide. It is, however, a frequent occurrence, in electrophoresis experiments, for example, that a pattern spreads out to such an extent that no part of it can be considered to indicate the position of the true base-line. The device described here permits analysis in cases such as this, while in all others it provides a useful check.
New Analysis of Hydrogen and Deuterium Escape from Venus

This paper is concerned with the time required for escape of hydrogen and deuterium to produce the present D/H ratio in Venus water, the sizes of the original hydrogen reservoirs and their sensitivity to the magnitude of the present escape fluxes, the characteristics of exogenous and endogenous hydrogen sources, and the D/H ratio for primordial Venus hydrogen. The procedure followed allowed the H escape flux to vary over a large range, the ratio of input to escape flux to vary from 0 to 1, and the fractionation factor, which expresses the relative efficiency of D and H escape, to vary between 0.02 and 0.5. It was found that, unless deuterium escape is very efficient, the present H escape flux (averaged over a solar cycle) cannot be larger than about 107 cm−2 s−1 if today's water is to be the remnant of water deposited eons ago. On the other hand if the escape flux is as large as large as 3×107 cm−2 s−1, today's water would be the remnant of water outgassed only about 500 million years ago. These conclusions are relatively insensitive to factors other than the magnitude of the escape flux. Since recent analysis of escape fluxes indicates that the H escape fluxes may be in the neighborhood of 3×107 cm−2 s−1 and the fractionation factor may be 0.14 or larger, the suggestion of Grinspoon (1993, Nature 363, 1702–1704) that the water now on Venus was created during a recent massive resurfacing event is credible. However, since it is still possible that the average escape flux is as small as 7×106 cm−2 s−1, the choice between 4 and 0.5 Gyr must await a resolution of this conflict by reanalysis of Pioneer Venus Lyman α data (Paxton, L., D. E. Anderson, and A. I. F. Stewart 1988, J. Geophys. Res. 93, 1766–1772).
Sociological Literature in an Age of Computerized Texts

Although scholars have quickly adopted computers for word processing, new forms of interactive electronic texts pose important questions for the nature of scholarly literature in the social sciences. The social relationships constructed by interactive electronic texts devalue the authority of the writer and empower the reader. This is due in part to the phenomenology of electronic texts; in part to the social contexts governing the use of textual artifacts; and in part to the origin of electronic texts in the reading culture of computer technologists. Although narrative reading cultures empower the writer (as “author”) over readers, technical reading strategies construct the text as information which is given form by the reader. New information technologies thus challenge the scholarly concept of authorship, the status of scholarly writing as a “literature,” and the notion of copyright of texts.
Relative Efficacy of Melatonin and 5‐Methoxytryptamine in Terms of Their Antigonadotrophic and Counterantigonadotrophic Actions in Male Syrian Hamsters

Antigonadotrophic and counterantigonadotrophic activities of melatonin and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) were quantitatively compared in male Syrian hamsters. In long day conditions, the daily afternoon administration of either 5, 15, 25, 50, 100 or 200 micrograms melatonin induced testicular regression within 10 wk; under the same circumstances, only the 200-microgram dosage of 5-MT was able to suppress testicular weights. Thus, 5-MT appears to have about one-tenth the antigonadotrophic action of melatonin in the male Syrian hamster. In short days, the subcutaneous implantation of either 50 or 100 micrograms melatonin (every 2 wk in beeswax) prevented testicular regression whereas it required much larger doses of 5-MT (1 mg every 2 wk in beeswax) to achieve the same counterantigonadotrophic action. In terms of both their antigonadotrophic and counterantigonadotrophic effects, hamsters seem to be more sensitive to melatonin than to 5-MT.
Telomerase regulation and the intimate relationship with aging

Correspondence: Garrett Morgan Department of Physiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 420 Chipeta Way, Suite 1700, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA Tel +1 801 587 5800 Fax +1 801 581 3476 Email garrett.morgan@utah.edu Abstract: Advancing age in humans is associated with a decline in function of physiological systems, as well as the onset and progression of many chronic diseases. An ongoing focus of basic aging research is to identify biomarkers that could be used to assess the severity of age-related diseases or that could also be modulated to treat them. Telomerase is an enzyme with mechanistic links to telomere length homeostasis and cell viability. Human telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that consists of its catalytic subunit (hTERT) and ribonucleic acid template (hTERC). Telomerase adds de novo TTAGGG repeats to the ends of telomeres, which may prevent telomere shortening and subsequent dysfunction in certain cell compartments. Telomerase function within the cell represents a growing area of interest among biologists who study human aging, due to its potential use as a biomarker and therapeutic target for chronic disease. Here I review the basic biology of telomerase and the consequences of telomerase overexpression and deficiency in human cells and animal models. I discuss the putative role of telomerase in telomere-length homeostasis with advancing age in humans. Finally, I describe novel nontelomeric activities of telomerase related to cell viability and mitochondrial function.
Choice and chance in drug therapy of cardiac arrhythmias: technique versus drug-specific responses in evaluation of efficacy.

Numerous recent advances in pharmacotherapy for arrhythmia have necessitated a reorientation in terms of choice of specific agents, techniques for predicting drug effects, and the endpoints for judging therapeutic efficacy. For the management of ventricular arrhythmias and preventing mortality, several trends are becoming clear. It is unlikely that sodium channel blockers will continue to play a major role, except in patients with structurally normal hearts. Emphasis is shifting way from class I agents to those that act by prolonging repolarization without effect on conduction. These latter agents have been termed pure class III agents and have been developed because of the clinical experience with sotalol and amiodarone. On the other hand, there is compelling evidence that sympathetic inhibition per se (as exemplified by beta blockers) or as an integral component of more complex molecules (e.g., sotalol, amiodarone) is a critical feature of desirable antifibrillatory agents. Thus, compared with D,L-sotalol or amiodarone, pure class III agents are likely to be much less effective and may need to be used in combination with antiadrenergic compounds. Compared with amiodarone, they are likely to induce a higher incidence of torsades de pointes, especially in the case of concomitant diuretic therapy. Therapy guided by programmed electrical stimulation or Holter monitoring is likely to play a diminishing role in the development of antiarrhythmic drug regimens, and thus an antiarrhythmic agent's effectiveness may need to be evaluated against the background of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators or against amiodarone therapy. There is increasing evidence that "guided" therapy may simply identify responders from nonresponders and objective endpoints of therapy may be influenced more by drug-specific responses than by the techniques used for their selection. The data raise the issue whether in the future, therapy for ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation might be chosen empirically but from a limited range of compounds, such as beta blockers, amiodarone, sotalol, and possibly certain pure class III agents that are presently under development. Although it is reasonably certain that there is a need to shift from delaying conduction as a means for treating arrhythmias to one that entails prolongation of repolarization, it remains to be determined what might be the characteristics of an ideal antifibrillatory compound. The greatest promise is the area of complex molecules with a diversity of electrophysiologic actions, as exemplified by amiodarone and similar compounds that have the property of blunting sympathetic excitation. The complexity of their electrophysiologic and pharmacodynamic properties might provide a more favorable match with the vulnerable substrate for reducing electrical instability, thereby preventing ventricular fibrillation.
Measurement of free-free emission from low-energy-electron collisions with Ar

The production of free-free radiation in collisions of low-energy electrons with Ar atoms has been measured using the drift-tube technique. The excitation coefficients were obtained from measurements of the absolute intensity of continuum radiation at wavelengths of 500, 650, and 1300 nm. At 650 nm the electric-field---to---gas-density ratio $\frac{E}{N}$ was varied from 0.25\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}21}$ to 10\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}21}$ V ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ corresponding to mean electron energies from 1.2 to 5.4 eV. As expected, the emission was proportional to the argon density from 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{24}$ to 15\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{24}$ atoms/${\mathrm{m}}^{3}$. The experimental excitation coefficients are in good agreement with calculations using theoretical free-free emission cross sections and electron energy distributions and serve to demonstrate the usefulness of simple formulas relating the free-free emission cross section to measured momentum-transfer cross sections.
Gender Politics: The Focus on Women in the Memory Debates

ABSTRACT This commentary examines how the politics of gender have influenced and shaped the modern debates over sexual abuse and memory. It explores the level of scrutiny applied to women accusers, the language used to characterize women within the debate, and why the sexual abuse memories of women have become the specific and focused target of “false memory proponents and the media”. A comparison is made between tactically similar backlash movements against women and feminism.
Economic Impact/Forecast Model of Intelligent Transportation Systems in Michigan: An Input Output Analysis

This study aims to understand the impact that Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) may have on the state of Michigan's economy. Econometric aspects of ITS over other industries are sought because presently ITS is perceived as a contribution to transportation industry only. Leontief's Input-Output (I-O) model that establishes an economic measurement through industries is used to ascertain the ITS effects on Michigan. An aggregated industrial I-O model using RIMS II is utilized to compute the Michigan I-O table from the national I-O table. Savings in reduced time delays and fuel costs by employing full ITS products are forecasted to calculate an overall cost reduction factor pertaining to transportation industry. Impact of ITS on the intertwined industries in the I-O model is achieved by modifying the characteristics of Michigan I-O table and maximizing the effect on certain selected industries. Macroeconomic measures are then computed in terms of multipliers for all aggregated industries. These multipl...
The Public Values Failures of Climate Science in the US

This paper examines the broad social purpose of US climate science, which has benefitted from a public investment of more than $30 billion over the last 20 years. A public values analysis identifies five core public values that underpin the interagency program. Drawing from interviews, meeting observations, and document analysis, I examine the decision processes and institutional structures that lead to the implementation of climate science policy, and identify a variety of public values failures accommodated by this system. In contrast to other cases which find market values frameworks (the “profit as progress” assumption) at the root of public values failures, this case shows how “science values” (“knowledge as progress”) may serve as an inadequate or inappropriate basis for achieving broader public values. For both institutions and individual decision makers, the logic linking science to societal benefit is generally incomplete, incoherent, and tends to conflate intrinsic and instrumental values. I argue that to be successful with respect to its motivating public values, the US climate science enterprise must avoid the assumption that any advance in knowledge is inherently good, and offer a clearer account of the kinds of research and knowledge advance likely to generate desirable social outcomes.
The effects of electron beam quality on the free electron laser mechanism

Abstract A characteristic function, the Fourier transform of the electron phase-velocity distribution, is introduced to better understand how electron bunching decays over time due to poor beam quality. Plots of this characteristic function are presented for various types of electron distributions. The free electron laser (FEL) integral equation shows how the time dependence of the characteristic function competes with the laser field's inherent exponential growth rate.
Keeping the Psyche in Psychology

Editor's Note: We are presenting here for the first time the full and unedited transcript of the reading draft of Professor Ernest Keen's paper, which was presented as an Invited Address at the 109th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, which was held in San Francisco. Keen was being honored by the Division of Humanistic Psychology as recipient of the 2001 Rollo May Award, which is given to an individual who has made independent and outstanding pursuit of new frontiers in humanistic psychology.
Electrical properties of bone as a function of age, immobilization and vibration.

Abstract Changes in electrical characteristics of rat tibiae were investigated as a function of age, immobilization, and vibration and were related to compositional and structural changes in the femurs of these animals. The increase in cortical bone conductivity corresponds to the age-dependent increase in the inorganic portion of bone and bone density. This suggests that since physiological electric fields would be dissipated more quickly in older bone, bone growth responds to the electric fields rather than current. Conductivity is decreased following bone demineralization by immobilization. Since the bone is being adapted to the immobilization by decreasing growth in terms of bone weight, volume, and cortical area, the results indicate, as in bone growth with age, that the physiological electric fields are the important parameter in directing bone growth. Conductivity, as well as bone growth, is unaffected in rat limbs following prolonged exposure to vibration.
Intrasexual selection and male mating strategies in baboons and macaques

If baboon and macaque mating systems constitute a form of female defense polygyny, male mating strategies should be intrasexually selected and should vary in predictable ways with female defensibility, and demographic factors which affect the numbers of competing males per estrous female in populations. Substantial behavioral evidence exists for intrasexual selection of male mating strategies in baboons and macaques. Limited evidence also offers tentative support for theorybased predictions about the relationship between male mating strategy and female defensibility. Although male dominance rank generally predicts mating success, there are a number of factors which tend to increase the success of subordinate males above that expected from a simple dominance-based model of priority of access to mates.
Soil carbon, after 3 years, under short-rotation woody crops grown under varying nutrient and water availability

Soil carbon contents were measured on a short-rotation woody crop study located on the US Department of Energy's Savannah River Site outside Aiken, SC. This study included fertilization and irrigation treatments on five tree genotypes (sweetgum, loblolly pine, sycamore and two eastern cottonwood clones). Prior to study installation, the previous pine stand was harvested and the remaining slash and stumps were pulverized and incorporated 30 cm into the soil. One year after harvest soil carbon levels were consistent with pre-harvest levels but dropped in the third year below pre-harvest levels. Tillage increased soil carbon contents, after three years, as compared with adjacent plots that were not part of the study but where harvested, but not tilled, at the same time. When the soil response to the individual treatments for each genotype was examined, one cottonwood clone (ST66), when irrigated and fertilized, had higher total soil carbon and mineral associated carbon in the upper 30 cm compared with the other tree genotypes. This suggests that root development in ST66 may have been stimulated by the irrigation plus fertilization treatment.
Body composition and menstrual function in athletes.

The problem of menstrual dysfunction in athletes was recognised at about the same time as a theory was developed that a critical fat level was necessary for the onset and maintenance of menstrual function (17% and 22% of bodyweight, respectively). This theory was acceptable because of the frequency of leanness in athletes experiencing menstrual dysfunction and because of the role of adipose tissue in the intraconversion of hormones which could affect hypothalamic and pituitary regulatory centres. Research on this topic has been hampered by the extensive use of surveys, confining sampling to specific sports, use of inaccurate methods of body composition assessment, and lack of data on hormonal changes. Studies using appropriate body composition measures do not support the critical fat theory, but they do not exclude a role for body composition changes in the regulation of menstrual function. The probability of finding menstrual dysfunction in very lean athletes is high, but not absolute, and there is no assurance that dysfunction will improve merely by increasing body weight. Perhaps of more concern, however, is recent research on very lean, long term amenorrhoeic athletes who train intensely and show a loss of bone mineral, apparently related to low oestrogen levels. This mineral deficiency is apparently a factor in stress fractures. The bone mineral content of these athletes is similar to that of post-menopausal women susceptible to osteoporosis. Although the loss of bone due to short term amenorrhoea may be reversible, the prognosis for a long term deficiency is not presently known.
Using the RE-AIM Framework in Formative Evaluation and Program Planning for a Nutrition Intervention in the Lower Mississippi Delta

Abstract Objective Identification of prominent themes to be considered when planning a nutrition intervention using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework. Design Qualitative formative research. Setting Women's social and civic organizations in the Lower Mississippi Delta. Participants Thirty-seven (5 white and 32 black) women with a college degree or higher. Phenomenon of Interest Impact of dietary and contextual factors related to the Lower Mississippi Delta culture on intervention planning. Analysis Case analysis strategy using question-by-question coding. Results Major themes that emerged were “healthy eating focus” and “promoting a healthy lifestyle” when recruiting organizations (Reach); “positive health changes” as a result of the intervention (Effectiveness); “logistics: time commitment, location, and schedule” to initiate a program (Adoption); “expense of healthy foods” and “cooking and meal planning” as barriers to participation (Implementation); and “resources and training” and “motivation” as necessary for program continuation (Maintenance). The “health of the Delta” theme was found across all dimensions, which reflected participants' compassion for their community. Conclusions and Implications Results were used to develop an implementation plan promoting optimal reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of a nutrition intervention. This research emphasizes the benefits of formative research using a systematic process at organizational and individual levels.
Family mealtimes: A contextual approach to understanding childhood obesity

There has been a growing interest in the role that shared family mealtimes may play in promoting the health and well-being of children. Families that regularly eat their main meal together four or more times a week are more likely to have children who do better in school, are of average weight, less likely to use drugs and alcohol at an early age, and consume more fruits and vegetables. The mere fact that families eat together does not address the process by which shared family mealtimes may protect children from unhealthy weight gain. Just as there is no simple explanation for the rising rates of obesity, the link between shared family mealtimes and childhood obesity is a complex one including socioeconomic and cultural context. In this paper, we provide an overview of how shared family mealtimes are embedded in a socio-cultural context that may either support or derail healthy eating patterns for children and youth. Evidence from an observational study of 200 family mealtimes demonstrates the complex interplay between socio-economic factors, family mealtime behaviors, and child obesity status. Families who had a child of healthy weight spent more time engaged with each other during the meal, expressed more positive communication, and considered mealtimes more important and meaningful than families who had a child who was overweight or obese. Using a cumulative risk model, it was found that the combination of family level and neighborhood risk factors predicted child overweight status. Recommendations are made for future research directions and policies directed toward families living in diverse economic circumstances.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONCEPTUAL SYSTEMS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES

Summary.-137 college students were given the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and 0. J. Harvey's This I Believe test for conceptual systems. For ach of the four Myers-Briggs sales, the proportion of each rype classified in each of the four main conccprual systems was analyzed. It was hypothesized that sensing and intuitive types would be nonrandomly distributed across conceptual systems, such that the lower conceptual systems would contain higher proportions of sensing types while the higher conceptual systems would contain highec proporrions of intuitive types. This was confirmed. An additional unhypothesized tcend emerged in which feeling types were overrepresented among System I individuals. The main results were interpreted as supporting the construct validity of the Sensing-Intuition scale of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicaror. The purpose of this study was to test for relationships between conceptual systems as described by 0. J. Harvey1 (Harvey, Hunt, & Schroder, 1961) and psychological types, as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Myers, 1962) to add to the construct validity of the Myers-Briggs. While several researchers have found support for the validity of the instrument (Myers, 1962; Carlson & Levy, 1973), others (Mendelsohn, 1965; Ross, 1966) have suggested that while the scales of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator do provide useful measures of surface characteristics, they do not necessarily measure the intended psychological constructs, and thus uses of the scales must be empirically rather than theoretically derived. The present study was an attempt to add to the findings regarding the validity and correlates of the Myers-Briggs typology, using a measure which would be expected to be significantly related to MyersBriggs types if the Myers-Briggs measures what it purports to. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator attempts a psychometric representation of Carl Jung's (1923) theory of psychological types. Four scales measure preferences for extraversion or introversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, and judgment or perception. Although continuous scores can be generated for individuals on each scale, showing degree of preference between the two poles, the type preferences are conceptualized as being dichotomous in nature. Of particular interest for the present study was ,the Sensing-Intuition scale of the Myers-Briggs. According to Myers (1962, p. 51 ) sensing types prefer to perceive the world strictly through their five senses. They prefer not to go beyond objective, tangible, readily available data in dealing with the world and
Comparative recoveries of airborne fungus spores by viable and non-viable modes of volumetric collection

The suitability of viable and non-viable volumetric collectors as prevalence indicators for potentially allergenic airborne fungi was studied during 124 paired exposures of the Burkard (Hirst) spore trap and a modified, wind-oriented Andersen sampler. Overall, viable recoveries of several Cladosporium form species varied directly with microscopic spore counts (p less than or equal to 0.0001). However, as spore levels rose, culture plate data progressively underestimated prevailing concentrations (recoveries falling below 5% at levels above 500 spores/M3). Viable collections yielded low estimates of prevalence (20-40%) even at modest Cladosporium levels (less than 100 spores/M3) and substantially understated the abundance and regularity in air of several additional taxa. Spores typical of Penicillium and Aspergillus form species were not sought in spore trap deposits. Careful examination of these failed to reveal typical arthrospores or Fusarium macrospores despite substantial recoveries of corresponding growth in culture. Correlations in the occurrence patterns of arthrospore-forming and non-sporulating colonies with those of Coprinus and 'other basidiospores' (excluding Ganoderma) were noted.
Poly(p-benzamide): Magnetic field orientation, solvation, and crystal-crystal transformations

The morphological features of poly(p-benzamide) films cast in a magnetic field from solutions in N,N-dimethylacetamide containing LiCl are reported. Three crystal modifications are found, one solvated and the other two containing no solvent. The solvated crystal grown in a magnetic field is oriented with the molecules parallel to the field. It transforms to an oriented amorphous phase by loss of solvent, and this conversion is accelerated by the presence of moisture. Upon annealing at an elevated temperature, the crystalline solvate transforms to a second crystal form, while the amorphous sample is converted to a third crystalline modification. All three crystalline forms have almost the same fiber identity period, which corresponds to a nearly fully extended chain conformation.
Phase transition in a continuum classical system with finite interactions

Abstract Ruelle's proof of the existence of a phase transition in a classical continuum system composed of two kinds of particles with hard core repulsions between them (the Widom-Rowlinson model) is here extended to the case of soft potentials.
Signal-generated memory for different N-lengths: Effects on resistance to extinction

Three groups of rats (n = 4) received runway training in Phase 1 to establish, in each group, one stimulus as a signal for a single nonreinforced (N) trial and another stimulus as a signal for four consecutive N trials. All groups received consistent reinforcement (CR) in Phase 2, with Group N-4 receiving the signal for four N trials and Group N-1 receiving the signal for one N trial, twice each day. Group CR received no signal presentations in Phase 2. Phase 2 was followed by 20 unsignaled extinction trials, 5 trials per day. As predicted by the signal-generated memory hypothesis, Group N-4 was more resistant to extinction than Groups N-1 and CR.
Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy: Potential Mediators of Stress, Illness, and Utilization of Health Services in College Students

Although many studies examine the biological phenomena that mediate the relationship between stress and illness, more research is needed regarding psychological variables that may mediate this relationship. Thus, the current study investigates the mediating effects of locus of control and self-efficacy in the relationships among stress, illness, and the utilization of health services in a sample of 159 college students. Results suggest that participants who endorse higher levels of stress also endorse higher levels of illness, higher levels of external locus of control, and lower levels of self-efficacy. In addition, structural equation modeling suggests that there are direct relationships between stress and illness and between illness and the utilization of health services. Further, locus of control appears to be a partial mediator in the relationship between stress and illness. Given the link established between stress and illness and the individual differences associated with reactions to stressful situations, it is important for future examinations to continue to identify potential mediators of the stress-illness link.
Regulating the Boundaries of Dual-Use Research

A new U.S. policy for dual-use life science research defines what is permissible by scientists and the government. However, further negotiations will be needed as governments realize the consequences of such boundaries for research and society.
Mono- versus biarticular muscle function in relation to speed and gait changes: in vivo analysis of the goat triceps brachii.

The roles of muscles that span a single joint (monoarticular) versus those that span two (biarticular) or more joints have been suggested to differ. Monoarticular muscles are argued to perform work at a joint, whereas biarticular muscles are argued to transfer energy while resisting moments across adjacent joints. To test these predictions, in vivo patterns of muscle activation, strain, and strain rate were compared using electromyography and sonomicrometry in two major elbow extensors, the long and lateral heads of the triceps brachii of goats (Capra hircus), across a range of speed (1–5 m s–1) and gait. Muscle recordings were synchronized to limb kinematics using high-speed digital video imaging (250 Hz). Measurements obtained from four goats (25–45 kg) showed that the monoarticular lateral head exhibited a stretch-shortening pattern (6.8±0.6% stretch and –10.6±2.7% shortening; mean ± s.e.m. for all speeds and gaits) after being activated, which parallels the flexion–extension pattern of the elbow. By contrast, the biarticular long head shortened through most of stance (–16.4±3.4%), despite elbow flexion in the first half and shoulder extension in the last half of stance. The magnitude of elbow flexion and shoulder extension increased with increasing speed (ANCOVA, P<0.05 and P<0.001), as did the magnitude and rate of active stretch of fascicles in the lateral head (P<0.001 for both). In all individuals, shortening fascicle strain rates increased with speed in the long head (P<0.001), and, in three of the four individuals, strain magnitude increased. Few independent effects of gait were found. In contrast to its expected function, the biarticular long head appears to produce positive work throughout stance, whereas the monoarticular lateral head appears to absorb work at the elbow. The biarticular anatomy of the long head may mitigate increases in muscle strain with speed in this muscle, because strain magnitude in the second phase of stance (when the shoulder extends) decreased with speed (P<0.05).
The importance of disease induced changes in mammalian body temperature to mosquito blood feeding

Laboratory mice infected with rodent malaria (Plasmodium berghei or P. chabaudi) or St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE) were not hyperthermic during the infection period. However, all infected animals displayed pathogen-specific periods of hypothermia. Hamsters infected with P. berghei were hyperthermic on day 7 postinfection (PI) but became hypothermic on day 8 PI and remained so until death, approximately 20 days PI. Body temperatures of mice infected with P. yoelii were not significantly different from those of uninfected control mice. Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus) successfully engorged on restrained, uninfected mice, but were unable to engorge on unrestrained, uninfected mice due to the natural antimosquito behavior of the healthy rodents. Mosquitoes successfully engorged on unrestrained, malaria or SLE infected mice only during certain pathogen-specific periods of infection, but were able to engorge on all restrained, infected mice throughout the infection period regardless of the animal's body temperature. Daily activity patterns of malaria infected mice followed pathogen-specific profiles which closely conformed to the observed mosquito-engorgement profiles.
Scanning electron microscopy of the dog periodontium.

The periodc-ntium of premolar teeth of dogs has been examined by scanning electron microscopy. lighl microscopy and microradiography. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a highly developed plexus of indifferent fibers associated with the principal fibers, The indifferent fiber plexus may be important in accomodalion of the periodontal ligament to tooth movement through anastomotie relationships between the plexus and principal fibers. Principal fibers perforate alveolar bone as compact bundles of smaller fibers. Perforating fibers of cementum enter calcified matrix as coiled or straight fibers. The number of coiled fibers is greatest in acellular cementum and the straight fibers are largest in diameter at root apices.
Thermally degrading polyethylene studied by means of factor‐jump thermogravimetry

Degradation of polyethylene in both linear (NBS 1475) and branched (NBS 1476) form has been studied in the range 410–475°C using factor-jump thermogravimetry. In vacuum, the rate of weight loss was erratic because of bubbling in the sample. The apparent overall activation energy was determined to be 65.4 ± 0.5 kcal/mol (273 ± 2 kJ/mol). There was no distinguishable difference between linear and branched samples. In slowly flowing N2 at 8 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133 Pa), the overall activation energy was determined to be 64.8 ± 0.3 kcal/mol (271 ± 1 kJ/mol) for linear PE and 64.4 ± 0.2 kcal/mol (269 ± 1 kJ/mol) for a sample of PE with one percent branches. In N2 at 800 mmHg, the values were 62.6 ± 0.5 kcal/mol for linear PE and 61.2 ± 0.6 kcal/mol for the branched sample, the rate of weight loss being smooth in both cases. Changing the linear flow velocities over the range 1–4 mm/sec at 800 mmHg did not affect the results. From the insertion of typical values in the equation relating the overall activation energy for weight loss from linear polyethylene to the activation energies of the component steps, a degradation mechanism involving scission β to allyl groups, with rapid hydrogen abstraction, slower subsequent β scission, and bimolecular termination, is indicated. The activation energy of β scission for secondary alkyl radicals is estimated to be 33 kcal/mol. The reason for the lower activation energies in N2 is related to the effects of preformed molecules. The average molecular weights of the volatiles in vacuum and for 8 and 800 mmHg N2 have been shown to be in the ratios 1 to 1/4 to 1/10, respectively, at these imposed rates of weight loss. The activation energies to use for the initial stage of degradation are 70.6 kcal/mol (295 kJ/mol) in vacuum and 67.8 kcal/mol (284 kJ/mol) at atmospheric pressure.
Reproductive and Molt Cycles in the Xanthid Crab, Neopanope Sayi (Smith, 1869) 1)

[La femelle de Neopanope sayi pond de 0 a 5 fois pendant chaque cycle de mue. La premiere ponte suit de 12 jours environ l'ecdysis. Les femelles portent d'habitude moins de 7.000 oeufs, qui eclosent dans les 8 a 17 jours, selon la temperature. Proecdysis ou vitellogenese commencent apres la ponte. La mue ou la ponte surviennent habituellement dans les cinq jours de l'eclosion des oeufs. Il n'y a pas retention des spermatozoides entre les mues. Pendant l'accouplement, de la matiere gelatineuse provenant du vase deferent posterieur est deposee dans les spermatheques, et, plus tard, est expulsee des orifices genitaux, laissant une masse de sperme en forme d'entonnoir autour du revetement ventral des spermatheques., La femelle de Neopanope sayi pond de 0 a 5 fois pendant chaque cycle de mue. La premiere ponte suit de 12 jours environ l'ecdysis. Les femelles portent d'habitude moins de 7.000 oeufs, qui eclosent dans les 8 a 17 jours, selon la temperature. Proecdysis ou vitellogenese commencent apres la ponte. La mue ou la ponte surviennent habituellement dans les cinq jours de l'eclosion des oeufs. Il n'y a pas retention des spermatozoides entre les mues. Pendant l'accouplement, de la matiere gelatineuse provenant du vase deferent posterieur est deposee dans les spermatheques, et, plus tard, est expulsee des orifices genitaux, laissant une masse de sperme en forme d'entonnoir autour du revetement ventral des spermatheques.]
Salvage robotic assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: A single institution, 5-year experience

Purpose: Salvage robotic assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy is a treatment option for certain patients with recurrent prostate cancer after primary therapy. Data regarding patient selection, complication rates and cancer outcomes are scarce. We report the largest, single institution series to date, to our knowledge, of salvage robotic assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We reviewed our database of 4,234 patients treated with robotic assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy at Vanderbilt University and identified 34 men who had surgery after the failure of prior definitive ablative therapy. Each patient had biopsy proven recurrent prostate cancer and no evidence of metastases. The primary outcome measure was biochemical failure.Results: Median time from primary therapy to salvage robotic assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy was 48.5 months with a median preoperative prostate specific antigen of 3.86 ng/ml. Most patients had Gleason scores of 7 or greater on preoperative biopsy, although 1...
Frequency Assignments in Infra-red Spectrum of Water

ALTHOUGH the infra-red spectra of water and deuterium oxide vapour have been carefully mapped and satisfactorily analysed, the infra-red spectrum of water in the liquid state possesses many features that are still not clearly understood. As in the case of most liquids, the near-infra-red spectrum of the liquid is characterized by strong bands in the same spectral regions as those in which the strong vibration–rotation bands of the vapour occur. However, in the case of liquid water there are additional weaker near-infra-red bands that have no counterparts in the water-vapour spectrum. This communication offers a tentative assignment of these near-infra-red ‘associational bands’ in terms of monomeric vibrational modes and certain lattice modes reported recently by Draegert et al.1, who have investigated the far-infra-red spectrum of liquid water between 30 cm−1 and 1,200 cm−1.
A finite element model for tides and currents with field applications

A finite element model, based upon the shallow water equations, is used to calculate tidal amplitudes and currents for two field-scale test problems. Because tides are characterized by line spectra, the governing equations are subjected to harmonic decomposition. Thus the solution variables are the real and imaginary parts of the amplitude of sea level and velocity rather than a time series of these variables. The time series is recovered through synthesis. This scheme, coupled with a modified form of the governing equations, leads to high computational efficiency and freedom from excessive numerical noise. Two test-cases are presented. The first is a solution for eleven tidal constituents in the English Channel and southern North Sea, and three constituents are discussed. The second is an analysis of the frequency response and tidal harmonics for south San Francisco Bay.
Civic and Political Behavior in Mali: Constraints and Possibilities

In spite of Mali’s international recognition as a beacon of good governance in the region, decades of free and fair elections and extensive civil liberties failed to engender public support for democracy following the March 2012 coup d’etat. Demonstrations against the military junta were half as large as demonstrations in support of it. What looked to be strong democratic institutions from the outside were often hollow shells that privileged the elite class and marginalized everyone else – not a system ultimately worth fighting for. This essay discusses some of the constraints to democratic accountability in Mali and what can be done to mitigate them.
A proposed measurement of the Reverse Cherenkov Radiation effect in a metamaterial-loaded circular waveguide

We have recently proposed an experiment on verification of the Reverse Cherenkov Radiation (RCR) effect in a Left-Handed-Material-loaded waveguide [1]. Applications of the RCR effect may range from novel higher-order-mode suppressors in microwave and millimeter-wave sources to improved particle detectors for satellite non-proliferation missions. The experimental configuration includes a circular waveguide filled with an artificial metamaterial with simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability, in which the electromagnetic wave with a frequency of 95 GHz will interact with an electron beam. We have demonstrated that for certain values of effective permittivity and permeability only the backward-propagating mode can be exited by the electron beam. At the conference we will present some newly developed metamaterial designs, which we plan to employ for producing the proper effective medium parameters for this experiment.
Variation in oncologic opinion regarding management of metastatic bone pain with systemic radionuclide therapy.

The objective of this study was to determine whether there is consistency of opinion regarding the management of metastatic bone disease pain among medical oncologists who are given the option of using systemic radionuclide therapy (89Sr, 153Sm). Methods: One hundred board-certified medical oncologists were given a brief clinical summary of three patients with metastatic cancer. Management options included oral, parenteral and transdermal delivery forms of opioid analgesics; external beam irradiation; and systemic radionuclide therapy. The oncologists rated, in whole numbers from 1 (most appropriate) to 10 (least appropriate), their opinions on the appropriateness of each proposed intervention for each patient. Results: Systemic radionuclide therapy was perceived consistently as having low appropriateness for palliation of metastatic bony pain compared with opioid analgesics. A slight increase in appropriateness for systemic therapy was indicated for the patient with widespread metastatic disease, who, on the basis of literature reports, was unlikely to benefit from such therapy. The oncologists rated the appropriateness of systemic therapy as low in the patient with limited early disease, in which the literature indicates the greatest benefit will be derived from such intervention. Conclusion: Referring oncologists perceive the appropriateness of systemic radionuclide therapy as low. Their perception of its appropriateness increases with extent of disease. As a result, this palliative option is underutilized or used in less-than-optimal disease settings.