cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auto-Suggest: Learning-to-Recommend Data Preparation Steps Using Data Science Notebooks

Data preparation is widely recognized as the most time-consuming process in modern business intelligence (BI) and machine learning (ML) projects. Automating complex data preparation steps (e.g., Pivot, Unpivot, Normalize-JSON, etc.)holds the potential to greatly improve user productivity, and has therefore become a central focus of research. We propose a novel approach to "auto-suggest" contextualized data preparation steps, by "learning" from how data scientists would manipulate data, which are documented by data science notebooks widely available today. Specifically, we crawled over 4M Jupyter notebooks on GitHub, and replayed them step-by-step, to observe not only full input/output tables (data-frames) at each step, but also the exact data-preparation choices data scientists make that they believe are best suited to the input data (e.g., how input tables are Joined/Pivoted/Unpivoted, etc.). By essentially "logging" how data scientists interact with diverse tables, and using the resulting logs as a proxy of "ground truth", we can learn-to-recommend data preparation steps best suited to given user data, just like how search engines (Google or Bing) leverage their click-through logs to learn-to-rank documents. This data-driven and log-driven approach leverages the "collective wisdom" of data scientists embodied in the notebooks, and is shown to significantly outperform strong baselines including commercial systems in terms of accuracy.
"I Like to Try My Hardest to Keep My Small Family Together": Housing as a Key Resource for Academic Success of Pregnant and Parenting College-Aged Students

Pregnant and/or parenting students (PPS) face unique challenges to attending college. The prevalence of housing insecurity may be higher among college PPS. Adding to the limited research in this area, our study explores how housing could be a barrier to attending and maintaining academic success in college for PPS. We partnered with a Midwestern community college (CC) to conduct the study, which consisted of (1) an environmental scan of in-state collegiate housing programs available to PPS, (2) an online survey among PPS attending the partner CC, and (3) key informant interviews with providers at agencies serving PPS and high school PPS planning to attend college. Eight of the 18 institutions we identified from our environmental scan offered family housing. Populations most often addressed were married students (56%), families (39%), and single parents (28%). Out of 22 responses from our online survey, about a third of PPS disagreed or strongly disagreed that they felt satisfied with housing support provided by the partnering CC and that housing options offered were family friendly. PPS perceived affordability, proximity to campus and to their children's school, on-site day care, and amenities as important aspects of housing. Key informant participants (n = 9 interviews) described social support, PPS-specific housing, and access to services as important to college attendance. Community college efforts to meet the needs of PPS must consider the unique barriers PPS face to finding affordable and stable housing. Collaborating with local agencies that offer services for PPS is one approach to ensuring their academic success.
Effects of Dexamethasone and Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor in NT2 Cells

Stress is a major risk factor that can evoke neuropathological changes within the cortico-limbic system in neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders. Many of these disorders implicate the regulation of glucocorticoids (GCs) and neurotrophins, such as the brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). GCs are steroidal hormones that have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They are widely used to treat allergy, inflammation and autoimmune diseases. GCs’ roles and functions in the central nervous system (CNS) is varied and not well understood at this time. BDNF is commonly known to play important roles in the survival, growth-promoting and synaptic plasticity of the CNS. However, it has also been reported that continuous exposure to BDNF results in widespread neuronal death. While several studies have shown functional interactions between BDNF and GCs in neural events, the relationship between these interactions has not been clearly defined. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) and BDNF in Ntera-2 (NT2) cells. Our results show a decline in cell viability and proliferation in a time and dose dependent manner when NT2 cells were treated with DEX alone. Treatment with BDNF did not affect NT2 cell viability. Interestingly, when NT2 cells were treated with a combination of DEX and BDNF, there appeared to be greater loss of cell viability and cell proliferation compared to the treatment with DEX alone. This synergistic effect possibly occurred via the co-activation of the BDNF receptor p75 and glucocorticoid receptor common pathways that may be responsible for apoptosis and cellular death.
Shaking-Induced Sublayer Vertical Strains of Saturated Sands Estimated from Partially Drained Dynamic Centrifuge Tests

Earthquake-induced free-field settlement of coarse-grained soils has historically been assessed using laboratory element tests under drained or undrained conditions. However, in saturated sands, dynamic centrifuge and 1g shaking table tests illustrate that excess porewater pressure generation/dissipation and settlement occur simultaneously during shaking under partially drained conditions. The average vertical strains computed from measured surface settlements in these tests neglect (1) the impact of effective stress on compressibility and (2) settlements that occur in denser and potentially nonliquefiable sands present in the centrifuge models. Here, the authors employ a simple procedure that uses measured porewater pressure and surface settlement time histories from partially drained centrifuge and 1g shaking table tests to properly distribute vertical strain throughout the coarse-grained soil profiles, thereby incorporating variations of effective stress and relative density on vertical strain. The vertical strains are resolved into a shaking-induced component and a post-shaking reconsolidation component, and the procedure yields computed surface settlement time histories that reasonably match the rate and magnitude of measured settlements both during and after shaking. Using this procedure, we interpreted 151 individual (sublayer) estimates of vertical strain from 34 shaking events applied in dynamic centrifuge and 1g shaking table tests. Combined with the sublayer shaking intensities, the 151 vertical strain values constitute a new database that can be used to develop shaking-induced settlement correlations for realistic partially drained conditions.
Cultivating Critical Interculturality in Adult ESOL

Although the treatment of culture is often central to ESOL education for adult immigrants, the concept of interculturality is absent almost entirely from adult ESOL literature. This chapter recommends that adult educators integrate the theory and language of critical interculturality. Critical interculturality incorporates insights from critical pedagogy and the decolonial turn, which force us to problematise the assumption that culture is a thing to be taught and learnt. In order to establish a baseline of how culture is approached in the adult ESOL classroom, this chapter examines the treatment of culture in popular coursebooks. It then discusses some of the theoretical implications that interculturality has for adult ESOL. A final section shares some practices to cultivate critical interculturality in the adult ESOL classroom.
Promoting Food Equity in the Context of Residential Segregation

Inequitable access to healthy food has been associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes. In the United States, prior studies have suggested that low-income and racial minorities are more l...
Integrated Power Signature Generation Circuit for IoT Abnormality Detection

This work presents a methodology to monitor the power signature of IoT devices for detecting operation abnormality. It does not require bulky measurement equipment thanks to the proposed power sign...
On Unsteady Nonlinearized Conical Flow

It is shown that the equations of unsteady, nonlinear, nonviscous, nonheat-conducting flow may be put in a conical form. The problem of a shock striking an infinite wedge is considered. An invariance relation is established, and certain properties of the reflected shock are examined. These include a discussion of a possible form of reciprocal flows; a calculation indicating the impossibility of a certain reflected shock shape for air; and, based upon an analysis of the characteristics of the flow, a nonexistence proof for certain combinations of shock strengths and wedge angles.
Automotive Gas Turbine Power System-Performance Analysis Code

An open cycle gas turbine numerical modelling code suitable for thermodynamic performance analysis (i.e. thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, cycle state points, working fluid flowrates etc.) of automotive and aircraft powerplant applications has been generated at the NASA Lewis Research Center's Power Technology Division. The use this code can be made available to automotive gas turbine preliminary design efforts, either in its present version, or, assuming that resources can be obtained to incorporate empirical models for component weight and packaging volume, in later version that includes the weight-volume estimator feature. The paper contains a brief discussion of the capabilities of the presently operational version of the code, including a listing of input and output parameters and actual sample output listings.
Chapter 30. Vitamin D and its Metabolites

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses vitamin D 3 and its metabolites. There are two natural sources of vitamin, D 3 -diet and endogenous synthesis. In mammals, intestinal absorption of cholecalciferol (D 3 ) and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) is a facile process, whereas ergocalciferol (D2) is only poorly absorbed. 7-DHC is also an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, and thus occurs in all tissues, which synthesize cholesterol. Mammalian tissue cannot dehydrogenate cholesterol to 7-DHC. In the epidermis, 7-DHC is irradiated to D3. Epidermis synthesizes 7-DHC, but the predominant source of this sterol is most likely liver and gastrointestinal tract tissues that are the major sites of cholesterogenesis. The 25-hydroxylation of D 3 occurs in hepatic microsomes and it is catalyzed by an enzyme, which requires molecular oxygen and NADPH, but inhibitor studies failed to demonstrate that this mixed-function oxidase is cytochrome P-450 dependent. The D3-25-hydroxylase is stimulated by a specific cytoplasmic protein, which probably protects D3 from oxidative degradation by non-specific peroxidases. This supposition is supported by the observation that the antioxidant diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine promotes 25-hydroxylation in the absence of cytoplasmic protein.
The Intellectual Pedigree of the Virtue of Magnanimity in the Jesuit Constitutions

The article traces the development of the virtue of magnanimity in Aristotle, Cicero, and Thomas Aquinas in order to assess John O’Malley’s claim that Section 728 of the Constitutions of the Society of Jesus represents a paraphrase of section i.66 of Cicero’s On Duties. For Aristotle, the virtue represents individual’s striving for greater virtue and honor. In Cicero, the virtue takes on Stoic characteristics and is tempered with justice and concern for the common good. Thomas Aquinas links the virtue to hope in initiating great enterprises and accomplishing great virtue in accord with God’s will. Ignatius uses magnanimity to indicate a virtue that synthesizes Cicero’s attention to the common good and Aquinas’s notion of hope in God’s providence. Ignatius combines this synthesis with his own inclination to take that which is excellent in others and generously incorporate it into the Society’s work in magnifying God’s glory.
The Murals of a Village Temple: Heaven, Earth, and People

The village temples in northern Shaanxi feature beautiful murals, painted by local artisans, which visualize deities in their exercise of power to help people. This study of murals in the village temple of Dang jia shan reveals that the heavenly world of the deities is closely related to the human world where a modest harvest on the arid loess plateau very much depends on the mercy of the deities who give orders of precipitation.
Cable length measuring device

An instrument used for measuring the length of cable as it passes form one reel to another is described. The optical portion of the instrument comprises two distinct components a beam delivery unit and a collector assembly. The package is capable of performing length measurements on cables having an assortment of shapes, including those with corrugations.
The proteolytic enzymes of the K-1 strain of Streptomyces griseus obtained from a commercial preparation (Pronase). II. The activity of a serine enzyme in 6 M guanidinium chloride.

Abstract A homogeneous serine protease, homologous with bovine chymotrypsin, purified from a commercial preparation (Pronase) of the K-1 strain of Streptomyces griseus demonstrated marked stability in the presence of 6 m guanidinium chloride. In this solvent the enzyme was active against N-α-acetyl-l-tyrosine ethyl ester showing a slight increase in Km but a significant decrease in Vmax as compared to results of studies in the absence of denaturant. The rate of hydrolysis of casein was enhanced in the presence of 6 m guanidinium chloride. Ovalbumin, which was minimally hydrolyzed in the absence of denaturant was extensively hydrolyzed by the enzyme in the presence of denaturant. These results probably reflect the selective unfolding of the substrate proteins by denaturant. The enzyme revealed no difference in circular dichroism spectra in the presence or absence of 6 m guanidinium chloride. Sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate in the presence of denaturant caused a sustained irreversible loss of activity associated with a change in the circular dichroism spectrum. In the absence of guanidine, minimal effects of the chelating agent were seen. These results suggest the probable stabilizing effect of a cation. We believe this is the first demonstration of conservation of enzymatic activity in the presence of 6 m guanidinium chloride. This protease may be useful for structural studies of polypeptides which are, in the native state, resistant to proteolysis.
Physical and Chemical Factors Controlling Gaseous Deposition of SO2 to Snow

Dry deposition of SO2 to snow was studied under well-controlled laboratory conditions and described using a diffusion and aqueous-phase reaction model. The amount of sulfur uptake depended strongly on the liquid-water content of the snow, the time scale considered, the SO2 concentration and the S(IV) to S(VI) oxidation rate. The average deposition velocity in 48 experiments of 6–12 hr duration each was 0.06 cm s-1, with lower values for subzero snow (0.02–0.05 cm s-1) and higher values for snow at 0°C (> 0.07 cm s-1). Average penetration of sulfur into the snowpack was 4–7 cm.
Diurnal And Seasonal Wriations In The Microwave Dielectric Constant Of Selected Trees

In situ dielectric probes were used to monitor the L-band dielectric constant of several tree species as a function of time. Observation sequences included both diurnal and seasonal sampling strategies applied to arrays of coaxial probes inserted to various depths in the bole of the tree. The magnitude of the dielectric constant is not uniform throughout the bole, but forms concentric shells related to the wet and dry density of the media. Furthermore, for certain tree varieties and at certain times of year, the observed diurnal change in relative permittivity can be up to an order of magnitude. In addition, the relative permittivity can be radially asymmetric at certain times of day. The implications of these dielectric properties with respect to microwave scattering by the tree trunks are discussed.
The Effect of Peer and Online Sources on Student Course Selections and Impressions of Prospective Teachers

Students may learn about prospective teachers and obtain information about them by communicating with peers and/or conferring with online teacher rating systems such as RateMyProfessors.com. Drawing on media richness theory, artificial scenarios (Study 1) and recall prompts (Study 2) compared the effects of these information sources on how students select courses and form teacher impressions. The results showed that the valence of the information students received affected their course selection decisions and impressions about the prospective teacher. However, the two sources did not differ in their effects. Study 3 found that using multiple sources of information affected students above and beyond any single source alone. The results highlight and draw implications regarding the effect of these information sources in the higher education environment.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in residential air of ten Chicago area homes: Concentrations and influencing factors

Abstract Indoor and outdoor air samples at 10 non-smoker homes in the Chicago area were concurrently collected once per month for a 14-month period starting June 2000. During each sampling event, temperature, humidity, CO2, and CO were recorded. Questionnaires were used to register household activities. For each sample, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured using gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The total concentration of the 16 PAHs (ΣPAHs) ranged from 13 to 2454 ng m−3 in the indoor air and from 13 to 1865 ng m−3 in the outdoor air. In most cases, the concentrations were found to be log-normally distributed. The sum of PAHs with molecular mass ⩽202 (ΣLight-PAHs, excluding naphthalene and anthracene) were found to behave differently than the sum of those with molecular mass ⩾228 (ΣHeavy-PAHs). Variations among seasons were significant for indoor ΣLight-PAHs, and temperature was found to positively correlate with indoor ΣLight-PAHs for nine of the 10 homes. For ΣHeavy-PAHs, the outdoor concentrations were found to be significantly higher in the fall and winter seasons than in the summer. The correlations of indoor and outdoor concentrations appear to be weak for light PAHs, but reasonably strong for heavy PAHs. The medians of indoor-to-outdoor ratio (I/O) are less than or very close to 1 for all PAHs except anthracene. The indoor concentrations of ΣPAHs tend to be higher as the age of the houses increases, and the surrounding industrial pollution was found to have impact on outdoor ΣHeavy-PAHs. For light PAHs indoors, comparison among homes indicates that the impact of house characteristics and indoor activities tends to be greater than the influence of the penetrating outdoor air.
Oxidation of 21-dehydrocorticosteroids to steroid al 20-oxo-21-oic acids by ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase of sheep liver

21-Dehydrocorticosteroids were converted to steroidal 20-oxo-21-oic acids by α-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase of sheep liver. The NAD +-dependent reaction oxidized only 17 α-deoxycorti costeroids; NADP+ also oxidized some 17α-hydroxycorticosteroids. Prior addition of 21-dehydrocorticosterone but not NAD+ partially protected the enzyme from inactivation by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The conversion did not involve an intermediate hydroxy acid.
Aging, re-dispersion, and catalytic oxidation characteristics of model Pd/Al2O3 automotive three-way catalysts

Abstract Thermal aging characteristics of model automotive Pd/Al 2 O 3 catalyst materials were examined under simulated aging and light-off conditions as a function of aging temperature (up to 1000 °C) in both reducing and oxidizing gas mixtures, and in the presence and absence of steam. The catalysts were characterized by static H 2 chemisorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and both CO as well as propylene light-off experiments. Aging-induced changes in the Al 2 O 3 support were modest and limited to slight loss of BET area and transition from predominantly γ-phase (as received) to θ -phase (after 1000 °C aging). The main deactivation mode of aging was loss of Pd surface area via metallic Pd sintering, especially above the PdO decomposition temperature, as evidenced by higher light-off temperatures. Aging gas composition also impacted the Pd particle size, with more pronounced growth in rich gas (H 2 ) mixtures. In contrast, particle growth was minimal in lean (O 2 ) gas mixtures below the PdO decomposition temperature, and sintered Pd particles could be modestly re-dispersed by treating below the PdO decomposition temperatures in O 2 and in the absence of steam. The study suggests strategies for operating vehicles in ways that mitigate or reverse aging effects related to Pd particle growth.
The role of occlusion in reducing multistability in moving point-light displays.

Two experiments examined the role of occlusion in reducing perceived multistability in computergenerated point-light walker displays. In Experiment 1, it was found that point-light walker displays lacking occlusion were perceived as multistable and that the addition of occlusion served to reduce this perceived ambiguity. In Experiment 2, it was found that occlusion served two functions in the perception of point-light walker displays: specifying depth order and indicating the presence of implicit occluding forms. These results are discussed in relation to contemporary motion information processing models. All existing models rely solely on the motion and topographical information present in our nonoccluding display; in so doing, these models prove inadequate, since they seek to derive unique perceptions from information seen by observers as being multistable. The findings from the present experiments demonstrate that observers utilize occlusion to reduce multistability, and, thus, rules for processing this information, and/or other forms of constraining information, need to be added to existing motion information processing models.
Optimization of glenoid fixation in reverse shoulder arthroplasty using 3-dimensional modeling.

Background Reverse shoulder fixation complications may be related to how much glenoid bone is removed and how the fixation screws are located in the glenoid. The purpose of this study was to determine how much bone volume and surface area are lost with incremental reaming and to evaluate screw fixation. Methods A contemporary reverse shoulder implant was virtually implanted into models of 6 different shoulders following initial and then after additional incremental reaming was performed. Changes in the glenoid bone surface area and volume available for fixation were statistically evaluated using repeated measures ANOVAs. Results The total bone volume, the amount of reamed glenoid surface area available for an implant baseplate, and the actual amount of the glenoid in contact with a baseplate decreased with increasing amounts of reaming. With 5 mm of reaming, the total volume decreased by 2810 mm 3 , the reamed glenoid surface area decreased by 28%, and the amount of the glenoid in contact with the baseplate decreased by 27%. The amount of engagement of anterior and posterior screws was much less than that of the superior and inferior screws. Conclusion Careful reaming of the glenoid surface is critical, because as little as 1 extra millimeter of bone removal decreases the amount of bone available for implant fixation. After reaming there may not be enough bone to accommodate anterior and posterior screws with the design used in this study.
The bonding in some bis(arene)chromium compounds as indicated by U.V. photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract He(I) ultraviolet photoelectron (UV-PES) spectra are reported for several bis(arene)chromium compounds. The arenes concerned are m -trifluoromethylbenzotrifluoride, p -fluorobenzotrifluoride, p -difluorobenzene, m -dichlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, methylbenzoate, p -chlorotoluene, diphenyl ether, toluene, o -xylene, trimethylsilylbenzene, isobutylbenzene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene. The spectra have been interpreted using a qualitative perturbation molecular orbital model. The two major findings of the work are: (i) the ionizations from the metal-localized a 1g and e 2g molecular orbitals are governed primarily by ligand electronegativity, but there is some evidence for the operation of conjugative effects, and (ii) the ionization energies of the free and coordinated arenes are quite similar.
Proparathyroid Hormone: Biosynthesis by Human Parathyroid Adenomas

Biosynthesis of a precursor (proparathyroid hormone) to human parathyroid hormone was demonstrated during incubation of tissue from parathyroid adenomas. The proparathyroid hormone is labeled more rapidly than parathyroid hormone during incubation with amino acids labeled with carbon-14 and is progressively converted to the hormone. Apparent differences in the relative rate of conversion of precursor to hormone found in different tumors suggest that proparathyroid hormone may accumulate in some of the tumors and be secreted into the circulation.
The pragmatics of legal language

The purpose of this essay is to explore some of the main pragmatic aspects of communication within the legal context. It will be argued that in some crucial respects, the pragmatics of legal language is unique, involving considerations that are not typically present in ordinary conversational contexts. In particular, certain normative considerations that are typically settled in a regular conversational context are unresolved and potentially contentious in the legal case. On the other hand, the essay also argues that a careful distinction between various pragmatic aspects of language use enables us to offer some generalizations about types of pragmatic enrichment that could be taken to form, or not to form, part of what is actually determined by legal expressions.
Carcinoid tumor of the colon in a child

Abstract This is a case report of a 9 yr old boy with a primary carcinoid tumor of the transverse colon.
Using announce–listen with global events to develop distributed control systems

We specify an abstract model for dynamic distributed control systems in which the component objects make local decisions based on system-wide constraints and approximate global state. We focus on the issue of distributed resource management, exploring a solution that is both compositional and scalable because it builds global events into the Java infrastructure by exploiting its multicast facilities. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictions of individual-tree and whole-stand attributes for loblolly pine plantations

Abstract In this study, a new approach was developed for constraining an individual-tree model such that it provides reasonable tree- and stand-level predictions of survival and growth. Data from 100 plots randomly selected from the Southwide Seed Source Study of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were used to fit the equations. Another 100 plots, randomly selected from the remaining plots, were used for validation. Results showed that the new approach produced results that were comparable to those from the same tree model constrained with number of trees and basal area in each diameter-class. Both of these two constrained tree models were slightly better than the unconstrained tree model in predicting tree and stand attributes. All of the above methods, however, were outperformed by the disaggregative model, in which outputs from the individual-tree model were adjusted with stand growth predictions from a whole-stand model. The disaggregative approach provided the best predictions of tree- and stand-level survival and growth. It bridges the gaps between individual-tree models and whole-stand models and should be seriously considered as an alternative to the constrained modeling approach.
Early Functional and Ultrastructural Recovery of Canine Cadaver Hearts

Simulation of sudden death in a potential heart graft donor was accomplished by producing acute anoxic arrest in canine hearts that were then maintained at cadaver temperature for periods of from 15 to 60 minutes prior to reperfusion with oxygenated blood. Functional recovery of reperfused hearts measured by contractile force was more rapid for hearts that had undergone shorter periods of anoxic arrest. The rates of recovery were nearly identical within the group for 15 to 25 minutes and for 30 to 45 minutes of anoxic arrest, but not for the 60-minute anoxic arrest group in which two of four hearts made no recovery at all. Ultrastructural reactions to anoxic arrest were evident at 15 minutes and found to progress in a predictable manner as the duration of anoxia increased. Changes occurring during anoxic periods of up to 30 minutes were for the most part reversed within 1 hour of perfusion during which time characteristic nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial "recovery patterns" were encountered. With a "pump-dog" preparation, these reperfused hearts were well kept for up to 7 hours. Anoxic arrest of 45 minutes or more produced ultrastructural changes that were less consistently reversed by reperfusion of 1 hour. The sensitivity of mitochondrial structure to anoxic arrest and reperfusion was demonstrated, and suggested that irreversible cell damage (i.e., cell death) in anoxia is due to mitochondrial failure. The techniques of perfusion and ultrastructural sampling employed in these experiments should prove useful in studying the effects of hypothermia, drug application and other measures in the preservation and restoration of isolated hearts.
Determination of multiple atmospheric diffusion coefficients using the carbon hollow tube gas chromatography method

Gaseous organic species were collected by carbon hollow tube pairs. Diffusion coefficients (D{sub a}) of anhydrous and hydrated organic species were then determined by measuring the ratio of each component that adsorbed in the collection tubes. In controlled experiments, the precision and accuracy of D{sub a} determinations were 12 percent and 9.1 percent respectively. Ternary mixtures of airborne compounds were separated and quantified using gas chromatography. Observed D{sub a}S for each component of these mixtures were similar to those obtained for individual components. This method was applied to volatile organic species in marine air, soil air, and cigarette effluents.
A historical perspective on pharmacological studies of gentamicin for therapy of neonatal meningitis.

Address correspondence to: George H. McCracken, Jr., MD, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., F3-202, Dallas, TX 75390-9063, email: george.mccracken@utsouthwestern.edu © 2006 Pediatric Pharmacy Advocacy Group ABBREVIATIONS CSF, cerebral spinal fluid; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration; PPRU, Pediatric Pharmacology Research Unit Much of my early career in Pediatric Infectious Disease was devoted to defining the optimal management of neonatal meningitis caused by Gram negative enteric bacteria. To accomplish this required an understanding of clinical pharmacology of antibiotics in newborn infants, an area rarely explored in the period before the late 1960s when I started my investigative career. Indeed, in 1968 Dr. Harry Shirkey, a pharmacist-turned-pediatrician, lamented the fact that infants and children were often denied use of many drugs because of the lack of data on their pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy.1 He termed these patients “therapeutic orphans” and encouraged the development of active programs of clinical pharmacology and drug testing in pediatric patients, especially in infants and young children. It was in this setting that I launched my investigations of the clinical pharmacology of antibiotics in newborn and young infants, particularly as they pertained to treatment of bacterial meningitis. Now, 38 years later, I am thrilled to receive the Sumner J. Yaffe Lifetime Achievement Award in Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics from the Pediatric Pharmacy Advocacy Group in recognition of these and other studies that helped to clarify the safe and effective use of antibiotics in infants and children. I am honored to receive this award named for Dr. Yaffe, who was as instrumental as anyone in promoting the critical impor-
Prenatal diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis by ultrasound.

Neonatal portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a rare condition seen in the setting of thrombophilia or after umbilical vein catheterization. We report a case of fetal PVT with abnormal antenatal ultrasound findings at 27 weeks of gestation. This presented initially as dilation of the intrahepatic umbilical vein. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case evaluated prenatally. Color Doppler ultrasound was valuable in detecting constriction of the vessel with a high-velocity jet seen past the obstruction site. A discussion of this condition and differential diagnosis is presented.
Pressure dependence of micelle size by photon correlation spectroscopy

Abstract The effective hydrodynamic radii of micelles of myristyltrimethylammonium bromide have been measured as a function of pressure using the technique of laser light scattering spectroscopy. Micellar size in high salt concentrations is observed to shrink or grow markedly in the pressure range 1–3000 bar and at temperatures between 12 and 41°C.
A Model of Nitric Oxide Capillary Exchange

Objective:Our aim was to develop a mathematical model that describes the nitric oxide (NO) transport in and around capillaries. The model is used to make quantitative predictions for (1) the contribution of capillary endothelium to the nitric oxide flux into the parenchymal tissue cells; (2) the scavenging of arteriolar endothelium-derived NO by capillaries in the surrounding tissue; and (3) the role of myoglobin in tissue cells and plasma-based hemoglobin on NO diffusion in and around capillaries. Methods:We used a finite element model of a capillary and surrounding tissue with discrete parachute-shape red blood cells (RBCs) moving inside the capillary to obtain the NO concentration distribution. An intravascular mass transfer coefficient is estimated as a function of RBC membrane permeability and capillary hematocrit. A continuum model of the capillary is also formulated, in which blood is treated as a homogeneous fluid; it uses the mass transfer coefficient and provides a closed-form analytic solution ...
Historical photometric evidence for volatile migration on Triton

Analysis of CCD images of Triton obtained with the 1.5-m telescope on Palomar Mountain shows that in the time period surrounding the Voyager 2 encounter with the satellite (1985-1990), no changes in the satellite's visual albedo or color occurred. The published observations of Triton in the 0.35- to 0.60-micrometer spectral region obtained between 1950 and 1990 were reanalyzed to detect historical variability in both its albedo and visual color. Analysis of the photometry indicates that there is little, if any, change in Triton's visual geometric albedo. This result is consistent with the albedo pattern observed by Voyager and the change in sub-Earth latitude. Two distinct types of color changes are evident: a significant secular increase in the blue region of the visual spectrum since at least the 1950s, and the reported dramatic reddening of Triton's spectrum in the late 1970s. The latter change can be explained only by a short-lived geological phenomenon. Triton's changing pole orientation with respect to a terrestrial observer cannot explain the secular color changes. These changes imply volatile transport on a global scale on Triton's surface during the past 4 decades. We present two models which show that either removal of a red volatile from Triton's polar cap or deposition of a blue volatile in the equatorial regions can explain the secular color changes. A third possibility is that the changes are the result of the alpha-beta phase transition of nitrogen and subsequent fracturing of the polar cap region (N. S. Duxbury and R. H. Brown (1993).
Vanadium-Based, Extended Catalytic Lifetime Catechol Dioxygenases: Evidence for a Common Catalyst

In 1999, a catechol dioxygenase derived from a V-polyoxometalate was reported which was able to perform a record >100 000 total turnovers of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol oxygenation using O2 as the oxidant (Weiner, H.; Finke, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9831). An important goal is to better understand this and other vanadium-based catechol dioxygenases. Scrutiny of 11 literature reports of vanadium-based catechol dioxygenases yielded the insight that they all proceed with closely similar selectivities. This, in turn, led to a “common catalyst hypothesis” for the broad range of vanadium based catechol dioxygenase precatalysts presently known. The following three classes of V-based compounds, 10 complexes total, have been explored to test the common catalyst hypothesis: (i) six vanadium-based polyoxometalate precatalysts, (n-Bu4N)4H5PV14O42, (n-Bu4N)7SiW9V3O40, (n-Bu4N)5[(CH3CN)xFeII·SiW9V3O40], (n-Bu4N)9P2W15V3O62, (n-Bu4N)5Na2[(CH3CN)xFeII·P2W15V3O62], and (n-Bu4N)4H2-γ-SiW10V2O40; (ii) three vanadiu...
Discovery of nonpeptide, peptidomimetic peptidase inhibitors that target alternate enzyme active site conformations.

Structure-generating programs provide rational methods to rapidly design novel scaffolds targeting the biologic receptor of choice. Recent research has demonstrated proteins equilibrate between families of conformations (ensembles) for which drug design may target. New methods are currently being developed utilizing structure-generating programs to target alternate enzyme conformations in an attempt to overcome the challenge of developing therapeutically useful molecules. These new methods provide the potential to overcome bioavailability problems encountered with peptide and peptide-like molecules by identifying novel small molecule scaffolds.
Relationships between adsorption and wetting of surfactant solutions

Abstract Advancing contact angles, Θ, for aqueous solutions of the nonionic surfactants, penta(oxyethylene) dodecyl monoether, C12E5, and penta(oxyethylene) decyl monoether, C10E5, have been measured on surfaces prepared from polystyrene, PS, and poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, latex particles, as well as on paraffin. Whereas with paraffin, wetting of surfactant solutions is the same as with pure liquids at the same surface tension, wetting is increasingly less efficient relative to pure liquids for PS and PMMA. From adhesion tension plots of γLV cos Θ vs γLV and application of the Gibbs and Young equations it appears, for paraffin, that ΓSL, the amount adsorbed to the solid—liquid interface, is essentially equal to ΓLV, the amount adsorbed to the vapor—liquid interface over the entire concentration range, whereas for PS and PMMA, the ratio of ΓSL to ΓLV becomes increasingly less than 1, indicative of increasingly less efficient wetting as the solid becomes more polar. Experimental determinations of ΓSL and ΓLV and application of the Gibbs and Young equations allowed calculation of γLV cos Θ and the construction of “estimated” adhesion tension plots. Excellent agreement between plots using contact angle and adsorption data was obtained up to concentrations of surfactant corresponding to surface tensions of about 40 mN/m, thus confirming the important role of ΓSL relative to ΓLV to this point in affecting wetting efficiency. At higher surfactant concentrations, but still below the cmc, ratios of ΓSL to ΓLV exceed 1, predicting significantly lower contact angles than are actually measured. Such differences are much greater for the more polar solid surface of PMMA than of PS. These latter results are discussed in the context of possible changes in the structure of the adsorbed monolayer at the solid—liquid interface at higher surfactant concentrations.
Methodological Review: Annotating temporal information in clinical narratives

Temporal information in clinical narratives plays an important role in patients' diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. In order to represent narrative information accurately, medical natural language processing (MLP) systems need to correctly identify and interpret temporal information. To promote research in this area, the Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside (i2b2) project developed a temporally annotated corpus of clinical narratives. This corpus contains 310 de-identified discharge summaries, with annotations of clinical events, temporal expressions and temporal relations. This paper describes the process followed for the development of this corpus and discusses annotation guideline development, annotation methodology, and corpus quality.
Facilitating the career development of gifted young women

Despite social messages implying substantial change, the majority of today's social realities are that gifted young women of the 1990's will encounter many of the same barriers to the realization of their potential that existed two decades ago. While the internal and external barriers remain relatively unchanged, our understanding of gifted and talented female adolescents has increased. New theories, research and, perhaps most importantly, new perspectives on traditional concepts and viewpoints have significant implications for working with gifted women. Drawing upon these sources, the present article focuses on the diverse characteristics and unique needs of this gifted population and specific intervention strategies for facilitating their career development. Implications for those working with gifted young women are also examined.
Selective migration as a bias in modernization studies: Premigration differences in morphology and blood pressure among 15-30 year-old American Samoans.

Pre-migration differences in anthropometry and blood pressure are examined for evidence of selective migration for biological characteristics. The authors conducted a 5-year follow-up of the migration status of 99 American Samoans 15-30 years old who had been previously examined in 1981 and found that 33 had migrated. Analysis of covariance of the baseline anthropometry and blood pressures of the nonmigrants (n=58) and those who subsequently migrated (n=29) indicates that selective migration does occur among young American Samoan adults. Migrants of both sexes tend to be younger and leaner and have significantly lower mean blood pressures than nonmigrants even before migration. Selective migration of lean individuals with lower blood pressures may contribute to the lower blood pressures of migrants from American Samoa living in Hawaii or to the heterogeneity in other Samoan populations. These results are 1 of the few examples of biological selectivity demonstrated to date and illustrate the dangers of assuming that the effects of selective migration are negligible in studies of migration and health. (authors)
The Possibility of Liminal Colonial Subjecthood: Yayutz Bleyh and the Search for Subaltern Histories in the Japanese Empire

ABSTRACTThis article examines whether writing histories of colonial subjects is possible. Traditional colonial histories subsume the colonial subject's individual history under a larger narrative of subjugation, which often does not allow room for people to exist outside the dichotomized role of collaborator/resister. This approach has left a gap in the scholarship for histories of colonial subjects whose lives do not easily fit either category. This article addresses this gap by detailing the life of Yayutz Bleyh, an Atayal woman who became one of the most important participants in the Japanese colonial administration of Aboriginal Affairs in Taiwan. For over six years, the author gathered fragmented pieces of information regarding Yayutz from a multitude of sources – visuals, as well as oral and written materials from inside and outside the colonial archive – in order to sketch the contours of an extraordinary woman and her life. Through the process of filtering these disparate sources, it was the silen...
Smectic Ordering in Main-Chain Siloxane Polymers and Elastomers Containing p-Phenylene Terephthalate Mesogens

Main-chain liquid crystalline polymers that form low-temperature smectic mesophases are prepared by linking terephthalic acid, bis(4-allyloxyphenyl) ester (PPT) mesogens with 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane (F3) spacers via Pt-catalyzed hydrosilylation. Significant differences in thermal behavior and mesomorphic ordering are found between the polymer having unsubstituted PPT mesogens (F3-PPT-H) and the polymer having methyl substituents on the terminal rings of the mesogens (F3-PPT-CH3). Combined evidence from polarized light optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction reveals SCA ordering in both polymers. Smectic elastomers are prepared by nonlinear polymerization of PPT-H or PPT-CH3 mesogens with F3 spacers and a tetrafunctional cross-linker, tetrakis(dimethylsiloxy)silane (A4). The dynamic mechanical response of unoriented, polydomain elastomers is characterized in small-strain, oscillatory shear. A prominent peak in tan δ (≡ G‘ ‘(ω)/G‘(ω)) associated with the smecti...
Cingulum fasciculus study by evoked potentials.

Abstract Cats and monkeys were used to study the evoked potentials of the cingulum. Depth electrodes were placed within the cingulum fasciculus and anterior thalamic area with surface electrodes on the medial frontal lobe and hippocampus. Stimulation of the area of the medial frontal lobe inferior to the crucial sulcus created a fast evoked response in the cingulum bundle. Stimulation of the cingulum produced a slow evoked response within the hippocampus which was completely blocked by cingulum bundle transection between the stimulus point and the hippocampus. Hippocampus stimulation produced a fast and slow response within the cingulum which was probably conducted through the anterior thalamic nuclei rather than the cingulum. Anterior thalamic stimulation including the anterior thalamic nuclei and anterior periventricular system of nuclei produced a characteristic fast and slow response within the cingulum and hippocampus which could not be completely blocked by cingulum section. This indicated a possible second pathway through the fornix. These electrical findings are consistent with the known anatomy of the cingulum, hippocampal formation, and the association pathways to the anterior thalamus.
A comparative evaluation of the effect of internet-based CME delivery format on satisfaction, knowledge and confidence

Background Internet-based instruction in continuing medical education (CME) has been associated with favorable outcomes. However, more direct comparative studies of different Internet-based interventions, instructional methods, presentation formats, and approaches to implementation are needed. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative evaluation of two Internet-based CME delivery formats and the effect on satisfaction, knowledge and confidence outcomes.