cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pandemic emotions: the extent, correlates, and mental health consequences of fear of COVID-19

COVID-19 has had unprecedented effects on populations around the world Given the political context of the pandemic and the nation’s response to it, this study sought to assess the extent of Americans’ personal fear about the virus as well as their fear for others (altruistic fear), identify potential predictors of these fears, and examine the mental health impact of heightened COVID-19 fears Overall, a majority of respondents worried about various aspects of the virus, from being exposed to dying, and reported often worrying about others, including family, the elderly, and healthcare professionals Building on the fear of crime literature, we find that certain individuals, including those who believe they are at a high risk of dying from the virus, non-Whites, and those who closely follow news coverage of the pandemic, are likely to experience elevated fear and, possibly, its consequences [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Sociological Spectrum is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
Improving Quality of Life in Heart Failure

Purpose of review Heart failure has substantial effects on health-related quality of life. Maintaining or improving quality of life is an important goal of heart failure therapy, and many patients value better quality of life over greater longevity. Recent findings The symptoms and functional severity of heart failure, medical comorbidities, and depression are the strongest predictors of poor quality of life. Guideline-recommended medical and behavioral interventions for HF, including exercise training and cardiac rehabilitation, self-care interventions, and treatment of depression, can help to improve quality of life. Heart failure is, in most cases, a progressive condition with a poor prognosis. However, poor quality of life is not inevitable, and a variety of medical, surgical, and nonpharmacological interventions can help to maintain or improve quality of life in patients with heart failure.
Fear of an Undeterrable Other

America is presently fighting a war on terror and a war on sex offenders. In each, the government openly detains hundreds of individuals not for what they have done, but for what they might do. Some warn that this greatest restriction on liberty may expand to other types of people. This Article examines the risk of such expansion by putting our current wars in historical perspective. The two main conclusions are: (1) some categories of people detained in prior periods are not being detained today; and (2) the risk of expansion is real but lower than previously suggested.
Numerical computation of discrete differential scattering cross sections for Monte Carlo charged particle transport

Abstract We investigate a method for numerically generating discrete scattering cross sections for use in charged particle transport simulations. We describe the cross section generation procedure and compare it to existing methods used to obtain discrete cross sections. The numerical approach presented here is generalized to allow greater flexibility in choosing a cross section model from which to derive discrete values. Cross section data computed with this method compare favorably with discrete data generated with an existing method. Additionally, a charged particle transport capability is demonstrated in the time-dependent Implicit Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, Milagro. We verify the implementation of charged particle transport in Milagro with analytic test problems and we compare calculated electron depth–dose profiles with another particle transport code that has a validated electron transport capability. Finally, we investigate the integration of the new discrete cross section generation method with the charged particle transport capability in Milagro.
Health-related quality of life measures for women with urinary incontinence: the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire and the Urogenital Distress Inventory. Continence Program in Women (CPW) Research Group.

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a relatively common condition in middle-aged and older women. Traditional measures of symptoms do not adequately capture the impact that UI has on individuals' lives. Further, severe morbidity and mortality are not associated with this condition. Rather, Ul's impact is primarily on the health status and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of women. Generic measures of HRQOL inadequately address the impact of the condition on the day-to-day lives of women with UI. The current paper presents data on two new condition-specific instruments designed to assess the HRQOL of UI in women: the Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI) and the Incontinence Impact Questionaire (IIQ). Used in conjunction with one another, these two measures provide detailed information on how UI affects the lives of women. The measures provide data on the more traditional view of HRQOL by assessing the impact of UI on various activities, roles and emotional states (IIQ), as well as data on the less traditional but critical issue of the degree to which symptoms associated with UI are troubling to women (UDI). Data on the reliability, validity and sensitivity to change of these measures demonstrate that they are psychometrically strong. Further, they have been developed for simple, self-administration.
Identification of Heart Failure Events in Medicare Claims: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Abstract Background We examined the accuracy of Medicare heart failure (HF) diagnostic codes in the identification of acute decompensated (ADHF and chronic stable (CSHF) HF. Methods and Results Hospitalizations were identified from medical discharge records for Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study participants with linked Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MedPAR) files for the years 2005–2009. The ARIC study classification of ADHF and CSHF, based on adjudicated review of medical records, was considered to be the criterion standard. A total 8,239 ARIC medical records and MedPAR records meeting fee-for-service (FFS) criteria matched on unique participant ID and date of discharge (68.5% match). Agreement between HF diagnostic codes from the 2 data sources found in the matched records for codes in any position (κ > 0.9) was attenuated for primary diagnostic codes (κ Conclusion Matching of hospitalizations from Medicare claims with those obtained from abstracted medical records is incomplete, even for hospitalizations meeting FFS criteria. Within matched records, HF diagnostic codes from Medicare show excellent agreement with HF diagnostic codes obtained from medical record abstraction. The Medicare data may, however, overestimate the occurrence of hospitalized ADHF or CSHF.
Active Control of Flexible Beams Subjected to External Moving Forces

Modern microdrilling machines and flexible robot manipulators require high-speed, light-weight and high-precision to increase quality and productivity. Because of these demands, vibration control of flexible structures subject to external moving force becomes a very important issue for high performance mechanical system. In this paper, arbitrary n critical vibration modes of elastic structures produced by moving loads are actively suppressed by an independent modal-space controller. Therefore, vibrational amplitude of the flexible beams is minimized and the performance of the dynamic systems can be improved. In order to assure that dynamic equations can be solved for more comprehensive situations, finite element analysis is employed to formulate the open-loop governing equations. A laboratory experiment has been designed to demonstrate the performance of the controlled dynamic system. Experimental results are compared with numerical simulations in both open-loop and closed-loop systems. Good agreement is achieved between experimental measurements and theoretical prediction.
Entrepreneurship for the Public Good Summer Institute Syllabus

Course Overview Entrepreneurship is part of the American dream. According to the Appalachian Regional Commission, the best hope for stabilizing and diversifying Appalachia's economy lies in the creation and expansion of businesses that provide jobs, build local wealth and contribute broadly to economic and community development. The need to expand and support entrepreneurial activity as a means for revitalizing Appalachian communities led to the creation of Berea College's Entrepreneurship for the Public Good (EPG) program. By developing leadership and business skills, students will be empowered with the tools necessary to make a difference in their communities. There is a need for entrepreneurs with creative business concepts and the courage to turn these concepts into sustainable enterprises that create jobs and produce value for customers. The theme for the 2006 Summer Institute is Gandhi's Be the Change you Wish to See with the end goal to produce service-oriented leaders for Appalachia and beyond. The course is organized into three major components pursued in parallel. First, to gain an understanding of Appalachia, students, in classroom presentations, will discuss the history, culture, development and other issues facing the region. In addition, they will complement their classroom discussions with first-hand experience as they work closely with local community-partner teams to assess community needs and formulate projects to address these. In the second component, students will be exposed to entrepreneurship and work to develop their own entrepreneurial mindset. According to Ian MacMillian, the entrepreneurial mindset is a powerful way to stop thinking and acting by the old rules and start thinking with the discipline of a habitual entrepreneur. Whether a student pursues a career in a nonprofit organization, for-profit business, or starts a venture, the entrepreneurial mindset is a valuable tool used to see opportunity and create positive change. Students will be challenged to create a new business opportunity and complete a feasibility study on the potential of the business. Finally, students will increase awareness of and build their own leadership skills. In addition to classroom sessions, discussions, experiential learning opportunities and self assessments students will apply leadership lessons to their work in student teams and with community partners. To help facilitate students' learning, the EPG program has teamed with a number of faculty members from Berea College and notable guest speakers/authors to help teach the components of entrepreneurship, leadership, community development and Appalachia. The goal is to create an active learning environment where we can share our own experiences and learn from the experience of others.
Heat dissipation in wearable computers aided by thermal coupling with the user

Wearable computers and PDA's are physically close to, or are in contact with, the user during most of the day. This proximity would seemingly limit the amount of heat such a device may generate, conflicting with user demands for increasing processor speeds and wireless capabilities. However, this paper explores significantly increasing the heat dissipation capability per unit surface area of a mobile computer by thermally coupling it to the user. In particular, a heat dissipation model of a forearm-mounted wearable computer is developed, and the model is verified experimentally. In the process, this paper also provides tools and novel suggestions for heat dissipation that may influence the design of a wearable computer.
On the elimination of numerical Cerenkov radiation

Summary form only given, as follows. Particle in cell (PIC) simulations are a useful tool in modeling plasma in physical devices. The Yee finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is commonly used in PIC simulations to model the electromagnetic fields. However, in the Yee FDTD method, poorly resolved waves, at frequencies near the grid's cut off frequency, travel slower than the physical speed of light. These slowly traveling poorly resolved waves are not a problem in many simulations because the physics of interest are at much lower frequencies. However, when high-energy particles are present, the particles may travel faster than the numerical speed of their own radiation, leading to non-physical, numerical Cerenkov radiation. Due to non-linear interaction between the particles and the fields, the numerical Cerenkov radiation couples into the frequency band of physical interest and corrupts the PIC simulation. There are two methods of mitigating the effects of the numerical Cerenkov radiation. The computational stencil used to approximate the curl operator can be altered to improve the high frequency physics, or a filtering scheme can be introduced to attenuate the waves that cause the numerical Cerenkov radiation. Altering the computational stencil is more physically accurate but is difficult to implement while maintaining charge conservation in the code. Thus, filtering is more commonly used. Two previously published filters by Godfrey and Friedman are analyzed and compared to ideally desired filter properties.
Qualitative Political Communication| Managing the Digital News Cyclone: Power, Participation, and Political Production Strategies

This research investigates the perspectives and practices of political consultants dealing with the information abundance, speed, and participatory culture of today’s communication environment. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with 38 elite operatives, this article illuminates their roles in and strategies for managing news cycles, designing campaign output, and utilizing social media opportunities. It charts their thinking and demonstrates how they have adapted and evolved in their designs on communication power as older media logics persist and inform their tactics for political production in newer media spaces.
GISolve: a grid-based problem solving environment for computationally intensive geographic information analysis

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the design and implementation of GISolve - a grid-based problem solving environment for computationally intensive geographic information analysis based on geo-middleware. The geo-middleware resides between existing grid middleware and geographic information analysis applications to manage heterogeneous and dynamic resources on behalf of analysis applications. At the same time, GISolve provides adaptive domain decomposition solutions to parallel geographic information analysis applications. Based on these domain decomposition solutions, GISolve also schedules distributed tasks and manages data transfers. In GISolve, these capabilities are designed as grid services that are compliant with the open grid service architecture (OGSA) and are implemented using grid portal technologies. The GISolve implementation is illustrated based on a case study of a computationally intensive spatial statistic - [G*/sub i/(d)] that is used to assess spatial dependence among geographically distributional observations.
Second-law efficiency of solar-thermal cavity receivers

Properly quantified performance of a solar-thermal cavity receiver must not only account for the energy gains and losses as dictated by the First Law of thermodynamics, but it must also account for the quality of that energy. However, energy quality can only be determined from the Second Law. An equation for the Second Law efficiency of a cavity receiver is derived from the definition of available energy, which is a thermodynamic property that measures the maximum amount of work obtainable when a system is allowed to come into unrestrained equilibrium with the surrounding environment. The fundamental concepts of the entropy and availability of radiation were explored from which a workable relationship among the reflected cone half-angle, the insolation, and the concentrator geometric characteristics was developed as part of the derivation of the Second Law efficiency. First and Second Law efficiencies were compared for data collected from two receivers that were designed for different purposes. A Second Law approach to quantifying the performance of a solar-thermal cavity receiver lends greater insight into the total performance than does the conventional First Law method.
Human immune system inspired architecture for self-healing digital systems

This paper proposes an architecture for implementing self-healing digital systems. The adopted self-healing mechanism is inspired by the human immune system. A digital system based on the proposed architecture is composed of a number of functional cells that are interconnected to perform a desired function. As in the immune system, the error detection in the cell based digital system is done without using any centralized fault detection mechanism. Once a faulty cell is identified a spare cell replaces it; the spare cells are distributed throughout the system.
A 16 × 16 Cellular Neural Network UniversalChip: The First Complete Single-Chip Dynamic Computer Array withDistributed Memory and with Gray-Scale Input-Output

This paper presents a 16 × 16 Cellular Neural Network Universal Chip with analog input and output ports, which can read in and process gray-scale images in the analog domain. The chip contains about 5,000 analog multipliers and has been fabricated in a 0.8 µm CMOS process.
Revisiting the file drawer problem in meta‐analysis: An assessment of published and nonpublished correlation matrices.

The file drawer problem rests on the assumption that statistically non-significant results are less likely to be published in primary-level studies and less likely to be included in meta-analytic reviews, thereby resulting in upwardly biased meta-analytically derived effect sizes. We conducted 5 studies to assess the extent of the file drawer problem in nonexperimental research. In Study 1, we examined 37,970 correlations included in 403 matrices published in Academy of Management Journal (AMJ), Journal of Applied Psychology (JAP), and Personnel Psychology (PPsych) between 1985 and 2009 and found that 46.81% of those correlations are not statistically significant. In Study 2, we examined 6,935 correlations used as input in 51 meta-analyses published in AMJ, JAP, PPsych, and elsewhere between 1982 and 2009 and found that 44.31% of those correlations are not statistically significant. In Study 3, we examined 13,943 correlations reported in 167 matrices in nonpublished manuscripts and found that 45.45% of those correlations are not statistically significant. In Study 4, we examined 20,860 correlations reported in 217 matrices in doctoral dissertations and found that 50.78% of those correlations are not statistically significant. In Study 5, we compared the average magnitude of a sample of 1,002 correlations from Study 1 (published articles) versus 1,224 from Study 4 (dissertations) and found that they were virtually identical (i.e., .2270 and .2279, respectively). In sum, our 5 studies provide consistent empirical evidence that the file drawer problem does not produce an inflation bias and does not pose a serious threat to the validity of meta-analytically derived conclusions as is currently believed.
On the age of KREEP

It is noted that the variable Rb-Sr model ages of lunar highland rocks containing a significant amount of KREEP basalt may be best explained by some fractionation of Rb from Sr during metamorphism 3.9 billion years ago, but the uniformity of the KREEP-type trace-element pattern in different highland samples indicates that elements such as the rare earth were hardly fractionated at all during the metamorphic event. Data are presented which show that the Rb/Sr fractionation 3.9 billion years ago was due to Rb mobilization alone in most cases and that this fractionation can be accounted for by coupling of Rb to other, less volatile incompatible elements. Variations of Rb in lunar highland rocks are analyzed, a correction method is applied for the Rb/Sr fractionation, and results are evaluated separately for Apollo 16 VHA and KREEP basalts, Apollo 17 noritic breccias, Apollo 14 KREEP breccias, Apollo 15 KREEP basalts, and Apollo 15-KREEP-enriched breccias. Evidence for volatilization of alkalis from glasses of impact origin is summarized, and an apparent correlation is discussed between meteoritic component (as given by the Ir/Au ratio) and rock type (as given by the U or Rb content) for many lunar highland samples.
Visualizing SNVs to quantify allele-specific expression in single cells

We present a FISH-based method for detecting single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in exons and introns on individual RNA transcripts with high efficiency. We used this method to quantify allelic expression in cell populations and in single cells, and also to distinguish maternal from paternal chromosomes in single cells.
Cultural Differences in Color Preferences

Ten Munsell hues were selected and each hue was represented by nine combinations of lightness and saturation. Two neutral backgrounds were used. Random sets of 12 colors were exposed and subjects were required to rate on a scale of nine categories ranging from one for very, very unpleasant, to nine for very, very pleasant. Eighteen subjects from America (USA), ten from India, and seven from Nigeria participated in the experiment. It was found that the results obtained for Americans closely correlated with Helson and Lansford findings. Lightness contrast was the single most important factor in determining the pleasantness of object colors. The most important contrast was that Indians and Nigerians preferred high lightness to high saturation whereas Americans preferred highly saturated colors. Hue preference was the same for Americans and Indians, purples and blues, but Nigerians liked colors with red components also.
Anomalous polarization of an electron in a finite quantum well

Abstract We study the behavior of an electron in a finite potential well in the presence of a static and homogenous electric field. As the electric field is increased, the ground state polarization of the electron increases monotonically but for large fields it shows a broad maximum. The excited states polarization is shown to be negative for weak fields and have a minimum as a function of the strength of the applied field.
Something's fishy here—rethinking cell movements and cell fate in the zebrafish embryo

A recent paper has challenged the prevailing view that zebrafish blastomeres undergo extensive cell mixing and are unrestricted in their cell fates during early development. Here, we offer a model that resolves apparent contradictions between studies that have examined the origins of cell fate in the zebrafish embryo. The model reconsiders cell movements during epiboly, and how cell mixing, or the lack of it, can affect the predictability of cell fate.
Cytoprotection of Human Dermal Fibroblasts against Silver Sulfadiazine Using Recombinant Growth Factors

Topical antimicrobial agents, silver sulfadiazine (SSD) and mafenide acetate (MA), have been associated with delayed wound healing. Previous in vitro studies with human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) have shown progressive cellular cytotoxicity with increasing concentrations of SSD and MA. However, preexposure of HDF to epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, or platelet-derived growth factor has resulted in cytoprotection of HDF against 0.01 and 0.03% concentrations of SSD as determined by phase-contrast microscopy (PCM), hemocytometer cell counts, and total cellular protein content. PCM, however, showed slower destruction of HDF at the 0.05% concentration of SSD. These data suggest that cells activated by growth factors either take up less SSD or are more resistant to the direct cytotoxic effects of this drug.
After assessment: application of the results of an acquisitions teams survey

This paper will briefly discuss the team structure at the Pennsylvania State University Libraries, and the reasoning behind a recently completed teams assessment survey. It is extremely important to act on information gathered from surveys, and not just file it away. The focus of the paper, therefore, will be on the process we developed to implement and act upon the results of the assessment survey. The work with the University’s Human Resources Development Center to develop a tool to guide the staff through the process will be examined and discussed at length.
Reliability and Stability of Various Hearing-Aid Outcome Measures in a Group of Elderly Hearing-Aid Wearers

Twenty elderly persons with hearing impairment were fit with binaural in-the-ear hearing aids and followed for a 6-month period post-fit. Several hearing-aid outcome measures were obtained at 0, 7,...
Mutagenic DNA polymerase.

Abstract An experiment will be described which shows that DNA polymerase helps select the base in DNA replication. After elucidating the structure of DNA (1953a), Watson and Crick proposed a template mechanism for the replication of DNA (1953b). This hypothesis invokes the same hydrogen bonds which hold the finished DNA strands together as the agents for the selection of precursor nucleotides to complement those of the parental DNA strand. The enzyme for this polymerization process was subsequently discovered, Kornberg (1960) , and was not previously known to play a selective role. Nor was it implicated in mutagenesis. In another selective polymerization directed by a nucleic acid, protein synthesis, the ribosomes-which may be considered as enzymes-affect the specificity of the process, Gorini and Kataja (1964) . This suggested that the enzymes involved in nucleic acid synthesis might also affect the specificity. Since enzymes may change their substrate specificity when their gene is mutated, Hotchkiss and Evans (1960) , a mutant DNA polymerase might therefore cause errors in DNA synthesis. These errors can be detected as an increase in the frequency of mutations. When a mutant DNA polymerase was discovered a direct test became possible. This discovery was made by Epstein and Edgar and their colleagues (1963) who mapped the genes of coliphage T4. They have found about 70 genes, of which several are involved in DNA replication. One of these, gene 43, (Edgar et al , 1964) has been identified as a structural gene of DNA polymerase by de Waard et al (1965) . Dr. Edgar generously gave us thirteen temperature sensitive mutants of this gene. We have studied the effect of two ts alleles of this gene on mutagenesis.
NEUTRON-EMBRITTLEMENT OF STEELS IN NUCLEAR PRESSURE VESSELS

The paper reports Charpy impact test measurements of the fracture toughness of nuclear pressure vessel material subjected to various neutron fluences The results indicate that the weld material is the weakest part of this vessel, but it should maintain adequate strength to permit operation to the end of the design life.
Chlorite and Illite Compositions from Upper Silurian Rock Salts, Retsof, New York

Chlorite and illite are the major clay minerals in silicate assemblages from a rock salt bed in the Vernon Formation (Upper Silurian) at Retsof, New York. Textural features and Br content of the salt indicate precipitation from shallow marine brine with no subsequent postdepositional recrystallization. Sample mounting procedure for electron microprobe analysis involves clay particle dispersion, sedimentation, and transferral to a planar silver print surface. The 001 face of the flake, rather than the conventional polished plane, constitutes the analyzed surface. Microprobe analysis of the chlorite (80 grains from four samples) yields a mean aggregate Mg-rich clinochlore composition of $$(M{g_{4.51}}Fe_{0.23}^ + A{l_{1.21}})(A{l_{1.09}}S{i_{2.91}}){O_{10}}{(OH)_{8,}}$$ which is relatively uniform among grains and among samples. Its unique composition when compared with normal shale chlorites suggests an authigenic origin in the marine evaporite environment. Illite (106 grains from five samples) has a mean aggregate composition of $${{\rm{K}}_{0.85}}(A{l_{1.61}}Fe_{0.20}^{3 + }M{g_{0.23}})(A{l_{0.76}}S{i_{3.24}}){O_{10}}{(OH)_2}$$ with little variation among samples. The illite is distinctly less degraded than normal shale illite suggesting some recrystallization occurred in the hypersaline environment. Extensive compositional variation among illite flakes within each sample may reflect alteration of several different detrital micaceous minerals. The term hyperhalmyrolysis is introduced to denote mineral reactions which occur in the marine hypersaline environment. Diagenesis effected improved crystallinity and undoubtedly involved isochemical recrystallization of the bulk silicate assemblage. Metasomatism of the assemblage during diagenesis, however, appears to be negligible.
Augmentation of Kv4.2-encoded Currents by Accessory Dipeptidyl Peptidase 6 and 10 Subunits Reflects Selective Cell Surface Kv4.2 Protein Stabilization

Rapidly activating and inactivating somatodendritic voltage-gated K+ (Kv) currents, IA, play critical roles in the regulation of neuronal excitability. Considerable evidence suggests that native neuronal IA channels function in macromolecular protein complexes comprising pore-forming (α) subunits of the Kv4 subfamily together with cytosolic, K+ channel interacting proteins (KChIPs) and transmembrane, dipeptidyl peptidase 6 and 10 (DPP6/10) accessory subunits, as well as other accessory and regulatory proteins. Several recent studies have demonstrated a critical role for the KChIP subunits in the generation of native Kv4.2-encoded channels and that Kv4.2-KChIP complex formation results in mutual (Kv4.2-KChIP) protein stabilization. The results of the experiments here, however, demonstrate that expression of DPP6 in the mouse cortex is unaffected by the targeted deletion of Kv4.2 and/or Kv4.3. Further experiments revealed that heterologously expressed DPP6 and DPP10 localize to the cell surface in the absence of Kv4.2, and that co-expression with Kv4.2 does not affect total or cell surface DPP6 or DPP10 protein levels. In the presence of DPP6 or DPP10, however, cell surface Kv4.2 protein expression is selectively increased. Further addition of KChIP3 in the presence of DPP10 markedly increases total and cell surface Kv4.2 protein levels, compared with cells expressing only Kv4.2 and DPP10. Taken together, the results presented here demonstrate that the expression and localization of the DPP accessory subunits are independent of Kv4 α subunits and further that the DPP6/10 and KChIP accessory subunits independently stabilize the surface expression of Kv4.2.
Stem cell potential: Can anything make anything?

Recent results suggest that stem cells from one tissue can give rise to cells from developmentally unrelated tissues. These results strongly support the idea that certain progenitors retain much broader developmental potentials than expected, and other progenitors may be able to acquire broader potentials in culture.
Investigation of Control Strategy Development Using an Integrated Model of a SOFC Based APU Under Transient Conditions

A typical approach to the synthesis/design optimization of energy systems is to only use steady state operation and high efficiency (or low total life cycle cost) at full load as the basis for the synthesis/design. Transient operation as reflected by changes in power demand, shut-down, and start-up are left as secondary tasks to be solved by system and control engineers once the synthesis/design is fixed. However, start-up and shut-down may be events that happen quite often and, thus, may be quite important in the creative process of developing the system. This is especially true for small power units used in transportation applications or for domestic energy supplies, where the load demand changes frequently and peaks in load of short duration are common. The duration of start-up is, of course, a major factor which must be considered since rapid system response is an important factor in determining the feasibility of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) based auxiliary power units (APUs). Start-up and shut-down may also significantly affect the life span of the system due to thermal stresses on all system components. Therefore, a proper balance must be struck between a fast response and the costs of owning and operating the system so that start-up or any other transient process can be accomplished in as short a time as possible yet with a minimum in fuel consumption. In this research work we have been studying the effects of control laws and strategies and transients on system performance. The results presented in this paper are based on a set of transient models developed and implemented for the components of a 5 kW net power SOFC based APU and for the high-fidelity system which results from their integration. The simulation results given below are for two different start-up approaches: one with steam recirculation and component preheating and the second without either. These start-up simulations were performed for fixed values of a number of system-level parameters (e.g., fuel utilization, steam to methane ratio, etc.) and were used to generate sufficient information to permit the development of appropriate control strategies for this critical operating point. These strategies are based on a balance between fuel consumption and response time. In addition, energy buffering hardware was added to the system configuration in order to minimize the effect of transients on fuel cell stack performance and lifetime.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Immunogold Localization of Porcine Oviductal Secretory Proteins within the Zona Pellucida, Perivitelline Space, and Plasma Membrane of Oviductal and Uterine Oocytes and Early Embryos

The objectives of the present study were to develop an antibody probe to the porcine estrogen-dependent oviductal glycoproteins and to determine, by use of immunogold electron microscopy, whether these glycoproteins become associated with oviductal and uterine oocytes and early embryos. Polyclonal antibody, prepared using the M(r) 75,000-85,000 glycoprotein, separated from other proteins by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE, specifically recognized all three estrogen-dependent glycoproteins (acidic 75,000-85,000 M(r); acidic 100,000 M(r); basic 100,000 M(r)). In ampullary tissue collected from ovariectomized and estrogen-treated gilts and from gilts at Day 1 of estrus, gold particles were clustered over putative secretory granules restricted to the apical region of secretory epithelial cells. While follicular oocytes did not react with immunoreactive colloidal gold, oviductal and uterine unfertilized oocytes were found to be densely and uniformly labeled by colloidal gold throughout the zona pellucida, associated with flocculent material in the perivitelline space, and associated with microvilli and vitelline membrane. Similarly, in oviductal (1-4-cell) and unhatched uterine (4-cell/blastocyst) embryos, colloidal gold particles were distributed throughout the zona pellucida, heavily associated with flocculent material in the perivitelline space, and associated with the plasma membrane of the blastomeres. Immunoreactive colloidal gold remained detectable within Day 7 hatched uterine embryos, but not with embryos from later days. These results further support the proposal that porcine estrogen-dependent oviductal glycoproteins are released into the oviductal lumen, become associated with oviductal and uterine oocytes and early embryos, and are retained by oocytes and early embryos in the uterus.
Detection of chemical species using ultraviolet microdisk lasers

We have utilized hybrid zinc oxide∕silica microdisk lasers to sense volatile organic compounds, such as toluene and nitrobenzene. Nonspecific adsorption of these organic molecules onto the microdisk surface causes an increase in the disk refractive index, ultimately resulting in a redshift of the observed lasing wavelengths. The monitoring of these shifts provides the sensing modality. Microdisk lasers were found to respond rapidly and reversibly to the investigated chemicals demonstrating, in principal, the chemical and biological sensing capabilities of such devices.
Romantic Nationalism and the British State

Even as critics emphasize the transnational contexts of British identities during the Romantic era, the nation-state remains an important context for understanding both political movements and identity formation in the period. In this paper, I set the arguments of my British State Romanticism: Authorship, Agency, and Bureaucratic Nationalism in the context of recent work on British nationalism. I argue that accounts of Romantic-era nationalism need to pay greater attention to the role of state administration in developing national identity. I contend that late Romantic authors reconceived their own aesthetic models to allow themselves to carry the message of the British state and participate in its work of spreading British identity to the populace.
Pharmacotherapies for lipid modification: beyond the statins.

Statins are the first-line therapy for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease; however, various other lipid-lowering agents can provide additional beneficial effects when to statin therapy or alternatives for patients who are intolerant to statins. In this Review, Antonio Gotto Jr and Jennifer Moon discuss the mechanisms of action, indications, and clinical data for existing pharmacotherapies for lipid modification, as well as trials of investigational agents that are being developed for cardiovascular risk reduction.
On-the-Fly rendering of losslessly compressed irregular volume data

Very large irregular-grid data sets are represented as tetrahedral meshes and may incur significant disk I/O access overhead in the rendering process. An effective way to alleviate the disk I/O overhead associated with rendering a large tetrahedral mesh is to reduce the I/O bandwidth requirement through compression. Existing tetrahedral mesh compression algorithms focus only on compression efficiency and cannot be readily integrated into the mesh rendering process, and thus demand that a compressed tetrahedral mesh be decompressed before it can be rendered into a 2D image. This paper presents an integrated tetrahedral mesh compression and rendering algorithm called Gatun, which allows compressed tetrahedral meshes to be rendered incrementally as they are being decompressed, thus leading to an efficient irregular grid rendering pipeline. Both compression and rendering algorithms in Gatun exploit the same local connectivity information among adjacent tetrahedra, and thus can be tightly integrated into a unified implementation framework. Our tetrahedral compression algorithm is specifically designed to facilitate the integration with an irregular grid renderer without any compromise in compression efficiency. A unique performance advantage of Gatun is its ability to reduce the runtime memory footprint requirement by releasing memory allocated to tetrahedra as early as possible.
Different preferences for oils with similar fatty acid profiles

While preference for fat can be influenced by concentration and physical form, the influence of fatty acid composition on relative preference for oils has not been systematically investigated. Therefore, the purpose of the present investigation was to assess the relative preference for oils rich in oleic (Extra Light Olive Oil and Extra Virgin Olive Oil) and linoleic (Safflower Oil) acid. Male Fischer rats (n = 10) were used to determine preference in a two-choice testing procedure in which three pairs of oils were each tested twice. Preference testing occurred at dark onset at which time the rodent diet and water were removed and each rat was allowed 2-h access to his assigned pair of oils. There was a main effect of oil type (p<0.01), but no significant effect of oil pairing and no interaction between oil pairing and oil type. Rats preferred the Extra Light Olive Oil to the Extra Virgin Olive Oil (p<0.05). This is the first report of preference testing in which two oils with similar fatty acid profiles were included. The present data indicate that the fats with similar fatty acid profiles were not equally preferred, suggesting that a property other than the fatty acid composition of the oils accounts for the demonstrated preference.
Minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty: surgical implications for recovery.

Background Despite growing interest in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques for total knee arthroplasty (TKA), few randomized controlled trials have compared MIS and conventional TKA using a combination of functional performance, knee pain, knee range of motion (ROM), and surgical and radiographic outcomes. Methods A prospective, randomized investigation comparing early outcomes of TKA using conventional or MIS approaches ( n = 44). Patients were assessed preoperatively, 48 hours, 4 and 12 weeks postoperatively by blinded evaluators. Outcome measures included timed-up-and-go, 100-ft walk, knee pain, passive knee ROM, Knee Society Score, blood loss, tourniquet time, hospital length of stay, surgical complications, and radiographic outcomes. Results No significant differences in functional performance, knee pain, knee ROM, surgical, or radiographic outcomes were observed between groups at 48 hours, 4 or 12 weeks postoperatively. Conclusion While surgical and radiographic outcomes were not compromised with MIS surgery, there were also no improvements in pain, ROM, or functional performance with MIS TKA.
Elevation of brain GABA levels with vigabatrin (gamma-vinylGABA) differentially affects GAD65 and GAD67 expression in various regions of rat brain.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression of one of the isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase, GAD67, is selectively reduced in cultured cortical neurons and in rat cerebral cortex when the concentration of GABA is elevated. We asked whether the expression of GAD67 was similarly affected by elevated GABA throughout the brain. The concentration of GABA in rat brain was increased by inhibiting GABA transaminase (GABA-T) with vigabatrin (γ-vinylGABA, GVG), an antiepileptic drug and selective inhibitor of GABA-T. Rats were injected with saline or vigabatrin (150 mg/kg) daily for 5 days, and the effects of accumulated GABA on total GAD activity and the expression of GAD65 and GAD67 proteins were determined in twelve brain regions. The GABA concentration was significantly elevated in all regions except amygdala and olfactory bulb after vigabatrin treatment. Total GAD activity was significantly lower than controls in six regions: cerebellum, frontal cortex, thalamus, substantia nigra, ventral tegmentum, and the remaining midbrain. The decrease in GAD activity was largest in cerebellum and thalamus (33% and 29%), while the changes in the other four areas were 15–18%. Vigabatrin treatment significantly reduced GAD67 protein in all regions except olfactory bulb, whereas GAD65 protein decreased significantly only in cerebellum. The failure to detect significant changes in GAD activity in regions having a significant change in GAD67 levels is attributable to the small contribution of GAD67 to total GAD in those regions. It is evident that there are marked regional differences in the effects of tissue GABA levels on the expression of GAD67. J. Neurosci. Res. 52:736–741, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the use of Cherenkov Telescopes for outer Solar system body occultations

Imaging Atmosphere Cherenkov Telescopes (IACT) are arrays of very large optical telescopes that are well-suited for rapid photometry of bright sources. I investigate their potential in observing stellar occultations by small objects in the outer Solar System, Transjovian Objects (TJOs). These occultations cast diffraction patterns on the Earth. Current IACT arrays are capable of detecting objects smaller than 100 metres in radius in the Kuiper Belt and 1 km radius out to 5000 AU. The future Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will have even greater capabilities. Because the arrays include several telescopes, they can potentially measure the speeds of TJOs without degeneracies, and the sizes of the TJOs and background stars. I estimate the achievable precision using a Fisher matrix analysis. With CTA, the precisions of these parameter estimations will be as good as a few percent. I consider how often detectable occultations occur by members of different TJO populations, including Centaurs, Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs), Oort cloud objects, and satellites and Trojans of Uranus and Neptune. The great sensitivity of IACT arrays means that they likely detect KBO occultations once every O(10) hours when looking near the ecliptic. IACTs can also set useful limits on many other TJO populations.
Information search and retrieval in microblogs

Modern information retrieval (IR) has come to terms with numerous new media in efforts to help people find information in increasingly diverse settings. Among these new media are so-called microblogs. A microblog is a stream of text that is written by an author over time. It comprises many very brief updates that are presented to the microblog's readers in reverse-chronological order. Today, the service called Twitter is the most popular microblogging platform. Although microblogging is increasingly popular, methods for organizing and providing access to microblog data are still new. This review offers an introduction to the problems that face researchers and developers of IR systems in microblog settings. After an overview of microblogs and the behavior surrounding them, the review describes established problems in microblog retrieval, such as entity search and sentiment analysis, and modeling abstractions, such as authority and quality. The review also treats user-created metadata that often appear in microblogs. Because the problem of microblog search is so new, the review concludes with a discussion of particularly pressing research issues yet to be studied in the field. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Atmospheric concentration of ammonia in Massachusetts and deposition on vegetation

Ammonia has an important role in atmospheric chemistry and the soil nitrogen cycle, and it has long been suggested that terrestrial ecosystems may be important sources and sinks for atmospheric ammonia in both gaseous and particulate form1–4. But there is relatively little information on the average atmospheric concentrations of NH3 gas and particulate NH+4 and their fluxes to and from ecosystems. Furthermore, much existing data are unreliable because of difficulties in separating gaseous NH3 from particulate NH+4 (refs 1, 5). We have used a new method5,6 which overcomes these difficulties and have made continuous measurements for a 1-yr period at a rural location in Massachusetts. From these data and from measurements of the rate of deposition of ammonium on plastic and natural leaves, we conclude that particulate NH+4 can be a significant nitrogen source for ecosystems, especially pine forests. In contrast, gaseous NH3 is probably of little importance as its concentration is very low.
Complementary thin-layer chromatographic separations of some polyhedral borane anions and their derivatives

Abstract Anionic borane derivatives have been separated using ion-exchange and partition thin-layer chromatographic systems. The R F order of the borane compounds in the ion-exchange systems was approximately the inverse of that for the partition systems. Derivatives of B 10 H 10 2− and B 12 H 12 2− with similar substituents showed excellent separation, and there is evidence that these systems can resolve some geometrical isomers of disubstituted B 10 H 10 2− .