cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of deforestation and afforestation on water availability for dry bean production in Haiti

Abstract Haitian watersheds suffer from a lack of environmental management and the absence of conservation practices, which impairs natural resources and agricultural productivity. This is aggravated by harvesting trees to compensate for reduced crop production and income. Deforestation can further deteriorate the natural and agricultural systems by increasing the temporal variability of water availability, often realized in the forms of floods and droughts. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of both deforestation and afforestation on water resources and agricultural productivity. We selected the Courjolle River watershed and its downstream irrigation districts because they represent the linkage between the upstream forest and downstream agricultural areas. Watershed hydrology and dry bean growth were simulated with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and the CSM-CROPGRO–Dry bean model of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT). The parameters for both models were calibrated to streamflow and dry bean growth measurements that were made in the study areas. Deforestation and afforestation scenarios were developed based on an understanding of the local landscape. The modeling experiment showed that deforestation could decrease water availability and stability, causing a decrease in dry bean production, while afforestation had the opposite effect. An increase of the afforested areas from 25% to 100% of the watershed increased the streamflow by 2–7%, compared to the current land cover, during dry periods. On the other hand, an increase in deforested areas decreased the amount of available water for downstream agricultural areas by 6–24%. Potential changes in the water availability due to the land cover changes then affected the yield of dry bean grown in the downstream irrigation areas, from −42–24% under the deforestation and afforestation scenarios. The study demonstrated how improved hydrologic stability due to an increase in tree cover could promote agricultural production. It also showed that afforestation could be an effective way to manage both the natural and agricultural resources in Haiti, improving the environmental sustainability of the watershed and the economic sustainability of local smallholder farmers.
Patterns of Nodule Development and Nodulin Gene Expression in Alfalfa and Afghanistan Pea

Several investigators have shown a correlation between the morphological events observed during nodule development and the patterns of nodulin gene expression in nodules arrested at different stages of development. We have studied the expression of the early nodulins ENOD2 and ENOD12, and the late nodulin leghemo globin in nitrogen-fixing alfalfa and Afghanistan pea nodules and in Rhizobium meliloti mutant-induced alfalfa nodules. Our goal is to use nodulins as molecular markers to track the stages of nodule development. We have also examined the responses of alfalfa and Afghanistan pea to treatment with N-1-(naphthyl)phthalamic acid (NPA), a known auxin transport inhibitor. NPA-induced alfalfa nodules differ from wild type R. meliloti-induced nodules in their morphology and pattern of gene expression. Only MsENOD2 and Nms30 transcripts are detected; MsENOD12 and leghemoglobin are not expressed. However, the NPA-induced nodule-like structures developed on Afghanistan pea roots contain transcripts for both PsENOD2 and PsENOD12; late nodulin genes are not expressed. We have also determined that certain flavonoids induce alfalfa roots to develop nodule-like structures, which contain transcripts for ENOD2. These flavonoid-induced nodules more closely resemble wild type R. meliloti nodules in structure than the nodules induced by R. meliloti exo mutants or by NPA.
Communicating Social Change: Structure, Culture, and Agency

Communicating Social Change: Structure, Culture, and Agency explores the use of communication to transform global, national, and local structures of power that create and sustain oppressive conditions. Author Mohan J. Dutta describes the social challenges that exist in current globalization politics, and examines the communicative processes, strategies, and tactics through which social change interventions are constituted in response to the challenges. Using empirical evidence and case studies, he documents the ways through which those in power create conditions at the margins, and he provides a theoretical base for discussing the ways in which these positions of power are resisted through communication processes, strategies, and tactics. The interplay of power and control with resistance is woven through each of the chapters in the book. This exceptional volume highlights the points of intersection between the theory and praxis of social change communication, creating theoretical entry points for the praxis of social change. It is intended for communication scholars and students studying activism, social movements, and communication for social change, and it will also resonate in such disciplines such as development, sociology, and social work, with those who are studying social transformations.
A procedural semantics for stratified database updates

This paper investigates efficient evaluation of database updates and presents a procedural semantics for stratified update programs that extend stratified logic programs with bulk updates and hypothetical reasoning. Bulk rules with universal quantification in the body allow an arbitrary update to be applied simultaneously for every answer of an arbitrary query. Hypothetical reasoning is supported by testing the success or failure of an update. The procedural semantics offers efficient goaldoriented tabled evaluation of database updates. It guarantees termination for functiondfree stratified update programs and avoids repeated computation of identical subgoals.
Mutant BMPR2 expression in cardiomyocytes results in an altered hypertrophic response (1090.2)

Background: End-stage pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, failure and death. We have shown BMPR2 mutation is associated with impaired RV hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte lipid deposition in both heritable PAH patients and a murine model of mutant BMPR2 expression. Hypothesis: BMPR2 mutation alters hypertrophic response and fatty acid transport in RV cardiomyocytes. Methods: Stable mouse embryonic stem cell lines (ESC) were engineered to express BMPR2 mutation using pCI-Neo-BMPR2 plasmids with mutation in either cytoplasmic (CD) or kinase domain (KD) or a linearized pCI-Neo vector (Control) and gene expression confirmed by RT-PCR. Directed differentiation of the ESC to cardiac myocytes (ESC CM) performed using noggin. ESC CM treated with phenylephrine for 72 hours to induce hypertrophy. Western analysis performed for proteins: CD36 (a fatty acid transporter molecule), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and corin (a serine peptidase which cleaves pro-BNP)....
Effectively knowledge techniques: Knowledge management for the 21st century

Organizations are realizing how important it is to “know what they know” and be able to make maximum use of it. In an economy where the only certainty is uncertainty, one sure source of lasting competitive advantage is knowledge. Success in an increasingly competitive marketplace depends critically on the quality and effective management of knowledge which organizations apply to their key business processes. This paper discusses how to manage knowledge effectively. In its introduction part, it discusses the need and importance of knowledge, an intellectual capital, in today's information age. It starts with discussing the main component that is knowledge and its different types and continues with sections defining knowledge management, its objectives and activities to give a good insight of purpose, need and importance of knowledge management. Then follows the main part that is how this intellectual capital can be managed effectively. For effective management of knowledge, a knowledge management infrastructure has been proposed which is based on three components which are Culture, Strategy, and Technology and, it is discussed how we can manage knowledge effectively through these components
Technological choices within competitive strategy types: a conceptual integration

This paper links technology strategy, competitive strategy and company performance. It first derives six major dimensions of technology strategy and identifies their components. The paper then addresses the theoretical distinctiveness of technology and competitive strategies, adopting a strategic choice perspective. It shows possible links between competitive and technology strategies, using a hybrid typology that combines previous classifications. The paper concludes by identifying future research questions for both theoretical and empirical research in this area.
Evaluation of the Silanization/Hydrosilation Process for the Synthesis of Chiral Stationary Phases

The silanization/hydrosilation bonding method is used to attach four different chiral olefins to a silica hydride surface. Three of these olefins ((R)-(+)-limonene, (R)-(+)-acroyloxy-β,β-dimethyl-λ-butyrolactone and 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) are successfully bonded to the hydride intermediate as confirmed by DRIFT and solid state NMR spectroscopy. Chromatographic evaluation of these three chiral stationary phases using a number of test solutes resulted in no separations of enantiomers for the limonene phase, two marginal resolutions for the lactone phase and six successful separations for the β-cyclodextrin material. Among the types of compounds that were resolved on the β-cyclodextrin column were benzodiazepines, danysl amino acids and a novel selenium compound.
Personality characteristics of father/perpetrators and nonoffending mothers in incest families: individual and dyadic analyses

Clinical reports suggest that mothers and fathers in incestuous families exhibit characteristic personality traits. Typically the father/perpetrator is described as powerful and domineering, the mother weak and submissive. The present study examined individual personality characteristics of 65 nonoffending mothers and 94 father/perpetrators, and used canonical correlations and multiple regression analyses to examine patterns of personality traits occurring in 63 pairs of fathers and mothers in which there was acknowledged child sexual abuse by the fathers. At the individual level, a minority of both mothers and offenders differed from norms on traits reflecting social inadequacy, but no personality deviations were prototypical in either group. At the dyadic level, no evidence for a pervasive "dominant-submissive" pairing was found. Results indicated that father/perpetrator traits tended to be similar to traits of nonoffending mothers. Forensic, clinical, and research implications of the findings are discussed.
Effects of a nonrigidly supported ballast on the dynamics of a slender body descending through the atmosphere

Nonrigidly supported ballast effects on dynamics of slender body descending through atmosphere
Fringe spacing in white-light interferometry

Interference microscopes use quasi-monochromatic, broad band, and white light illumination for surface topography measurement. Fringe spacing for quasi-monochromatic illumination changes with the numerical aperture of system, and these changes have been previously examined by others. In this article we compare changes in fringe spacing for white light and broad band illumination for objectives with a numerical aperture of 0.13 and 0.55. We find that white light fringe spacing changes with tilt of the object much faster than for monochromatic illumination. We also investigate the influence of reference mirror tilt on changes in white light fringe spacing.
Lens volume regulation in hypertonic medium

Abstract The lens behaves like certain isolated cells when placed in an anisotonic medium. The osmotic equilibration is countered by a volume equilibration that returns the volume toward its original level. ‘Volume regulation’ is brought about by a change in the content of lens solute. In hypotonic media there is a volume regulatory decrease (VRD) and in hypertonic media a volume regulatory increase (VRI) of solute. Rat lenses were preincubated for 22hr in 185 or 365 mosmol TC-199 media and then transferred to media with osmolarities of 185, 245, 305 or 365 for 2 hr of additional incubation to study changes associated with VRD and VRI. Water, sodium and potassium content, cation concentrations, 86 Rb influx and efflux, chloride ratios, and the effects of ouabain were determined. The findings in VRD were similar to those previously reported. The changes associated with VRI were more marked and could be explained on the basis of a increase in sodium influx. The findings include an increase in sodium concentration and content, a constant [Cl] o /[Cl] i and p.d. and an increase in 86 Rb influx and efflux. The initial volume equilibration is the same in the presence and absence of ouabain. The changes in solute content during VRD and VRI are in the direction of the electrochemical gradient.
The melanin-concentrating hormone system of the rat brain: an immuno- and hybridization histochemical characterization.

In addition to a nonadecapeptide homologous to the teleost melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), the amino acid sequence predicted from a rat prepro-MCH (ppMCH) cDNA suggested that at least one (neuropeptide EI, or NEI), and possibly a second (NGE), additional neuropeptide may be encoded by this precursor. Cross-reactivity with epitopes of NEI or NGE can account for reported localization of α-MSH, rat CRF, and human GRF in rat dorsolateral hypothalamic neurons. We have used antisera raised against rat MCH and NEI in immunohistochemical studies at the light and electron microscopic levels, along with hybridization histochemical localization of ppMCH mRNA, to define the organization of this system. As expected, ppMCH mRNA is prominently expressed in cells in the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta. The MCH and NEI peptides were extensively colocalized in neurons in both of these areas. In addition, smaller cell groups in the olfactory tubercle and pontine tegmentum were also positively hybridized for ppMCH mRNA and immunostained for MCH and NEI. Fibers stained for MCH and NEI were similarly, and very broadly, distributed throughout the central nervous system in patterns that generally conformed with known projection fields of the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta. A differential distribution was seen in at least one region, the interanterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, which contained a prominent terminal field stained for MCH but not NEI. At the electron microscopic level, MCH-stained perikarya displayed a prominent staining associated with the Golgi apparatus; this was not encountered in NEI-stained cells. Both peptides were distributed similarly in terminals in the lateral hypothalamic area and median eminence, with staining associated principally with dense-cored vesicles. The results suggest that ppMCH-derived peptides may serve as neurotransmitters or modulators of prominence in a surprisingly expansive projection field of incerto-hypothalamic neurons. The terminal distributions of this system seem most compatible with functional roles in generalized arousal and sensorimotor integration, processes previously implicated as being subject to modulation by the lateral hypothalamic area. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: significance of associated intracardiac defects

Two patients with anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from the pulmonary artery had an associated defect (one, critical pulmonary stenosis; the other, ventricular septal defect). They presented with signs and symptoms of the associated defect and the coronary anomaly was unrecognized. Both cases at autopsy lacked the usual large right coronary artery seen with this anomaly. The pathophysiologic features of the combined defects are described, their differences from the isolated anomaly are noted and their relation to surgery is discussed.
Oxygen Transport Properties of Thiol−Ene Networks

Oxygen transport characteristics, i.e., permeability, diffusivity, and solubility, have been determined for a variety of photopolymerized thiol−ene networks. Despite the abundance of thiol−ene research and the importance of such information, it is until now absent from the literature. One model network, which showed high oxygen barrier properties, was selected for further modification. Covalent bonding of functional groups to the network was enabled by an interesting approach: thio-Michael addition of various functionalized acrylates to a tetrathiol monomer. Cyano, hydroxyl, amide, and alkyl functional groups were explored. These new modified thiols were subsequently copolymerized with an isocyanurate-based multifunctional ene. This modification technique enabled a study on how different functional groups embedded in a uniform network affect Tg and oxygen barrier properties. All studied networks exhibited oxygen diffusivity and permeability which both spanned nearly 3 orders of magnitude. Correlation of b...
A rose by any other name: rebranding campaigns that work

This article explores the rebranding boom in the USA and around the world, citing numerous examples of strategies that worked as well as some famous attempts that missed the mark. The authors have two main objectives: to analyze the pitfalls of rebranding campaigns and to present six strategic options for implementing a rebranding campaign that meets expectations.
Comparison of rigid and adaptive methods of propagating gross tumor volume through respiratory phases of four-dimensional computed tomography image data set.

Purpose To compare three different methods of propagating the gross tumor volume (GTV) through the respiratory phases that constitute a four-dimensional computed tomography image data set. Methods and Materials Four-dimensional computed tomography data sets of 20 patients who had undergone definitive hypofractionated radiotherapy to the lung were acquired. The GTV regions of interest (ROIs) were manually delineated on each phase of the four-dimensional computed tomography data set. The ROI from the end-expiration phase was propagated to the remaining nine phases of respiration using the following three techniques: (1) rigid-image registration using in-house software, (2) rigid image registration using research software from a commercial radiotherapy planning system vendor, and (3) rigid-image registration followed by deformable adaptation originally intended for organ-at-risk delineation using the same software. The internal GTVs generated from the various propagation methods were compared with the manual internal GTV using the normalized Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) index. Results The normalized DSC index of 1.01 ± 0.06 (SD) for rigid propagation using the in-house software program was identical to the normalized DSC index of 1.01 ± 0.06 for rigid propagation achieved with the vendor's research software. Adaptive propagation yielded poorer results, with a normalized DSC index of 0.89 ± 0.10 (paired t test, p Conclusion Propagation of the GTV ROIs through the respiratory phases using rigid- body registration is an acceptable method within a 1-mm margin of uncertainty. The adaptive organ-at-risk propagation method was not applicable to propagating GTV ROIs, resulting in an unacceptable reduction of the volume and distortion of the ROIs.
Interfacial thermal conductance of transfer-printed metal films.

IO N Deterministic assembly of microdevices by transfer-printing is an advanced manufacturing technology that enables the heterogeneous integration of disparate materials on largearea substrates.[1–5] All active electronic devices generate heat as a byproduct of their operation and thermal management of transfer-printed assemblies must be a consideration whenever the heat flux is large. While the thermal conductivities of most materials used in microelectronics are well known, the thermal conductance of interfaces formed by transfer-printing is unknown. We report studies of the thermal conductance of interfaces formed by transfer-printing of Au and Au(Pd) alloy thin films, 100 μm × 100 μm in area and 100 nm thick, on amorphous SiO2 , hydrogen-terminated Si(001), and singlecrystal Al2O3 substrates. We find that the thermal conductance Gt of transfer-printed interfaces spans a relatively small range, 10 10 kW cm−2. The thermal conductance G of interfaces formed by physical vapor deposition of metal films on dielectric substrates has been studied extensively. G is the transport coefficient that relates the heat flux JQ to the temperature drop ΔT at an interface, JQ = GT . The observed values span a large range, from a low conductance of G ≈ 10 MWm−2K−1 for Bi deposited on hydrogen-terminated diamond[6] to a high conductance[7] of G ≈ 700 MWm−2K−1 for epitaxial TiN/MgO. Often,
FOUR APPROACHES TO THE CLASSIFICATION PROBLEM IN DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY*

Four discriminant models were compared in a simulation study: Fisher's linear discriminant function [14], Smith's quadratic discriminant function [34], the logistic discriminant model, and a model based on linear programming [17]. The study was conducted to estimate expected rates of misclassification for these four procedures when observations were sampled from a variety of normal and nonnormal distributions. In contrast to previous research, data were taken from four types of Kurtotic population distributions. The results indicate the four discriminant procedures are robust toward data from many types of distributions. The misclassification rates for both the logistic discriminant model and the formulation based on linear programming consistently decreased as the kurtosis in the data increased. The decreases, however, were of small magnitude. None of these procedures yielded statistically significant lower rates of misclassification under nonnormality. The quadratic discriminant function produced significantly lower error rates when the variances across groups were heterogeneous.
Heat treatment driven surface segregation in Pd77Ag23 membranes and the effect on hydrogen permeability

Abstract We applied different heat treatment to commercial Pd77Ag23 membranes to promote surface segregation and measured the influence of surface segregation on hydrogen permeability. We report X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the surface elemental composition of the membranes. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to observe the surface roughness and area change. We found that surface composition varied with the method of heat treatment. The surface area of all membranes increased after heat treatment. We found that the higher the surface Pd/(Pd + Ag) ratio, the higher the hydrogen permeability. We demonstrate that surface carbon removal and surface area increase do not explain the observed permeability differences. The vacuum level during the heat treatment is crucial to promote Ag surface segregation of membranes. After exposure to hydrogen, we observed reverse segregation (Pd segregation).
Prolactin and systemic malignancies: a close association.

To the editor: I read with great interest the recent article by Hietala et al. [1] about the relationship of prolactin levels and the risk of breast cancer. The results of the study by Hietala et al. clearly confirms the close association between high prolactin levels and an increased risk for breast cancer. What is often forgotten is the fact that prolactin also increases the risk for other systemic malignancies such as leukemias. For instance, Dagvadorj et al. [2] in a recent study have demonstrated that prolactin is expressed in nearly 62% of prostate cancer metastasis. In the study they also demonstrated that prolactin promotes the same proliferation of prostate cancer cells through the Jak2-Stat5a/b pathway. Endogenous cannabinoids inhibit prolactin activity and have been demonstrated to be potent inhibitors of proliferation of prostate cancer cells secondary to prolactin [3]. Similarly, in another recent study by Hatfill et al. [4], elevated prolactin levels were found in 57% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Prolactin has also been demonstrated to increase proliferation in T cell lymphomas [5]. Altered expression of bcl-2 and bax in lymphoma cells stimulated by prolactin may be involved in the rapid progression of these tumors [6]. Recent studies also suggest that tyrosine kinase may be involved in the transduction pathway used by prolactin for stimulation of cellular proliferation in lymphoma cells [7]. Recently, a prolactin receptor antagonist S179D prolactin has been identified that may play a major role in the near future in the management of the above mentioned tumors [8]. Wu et al. [9] in a recent study have also shown that S179D prolactin sensitizes prostate cancer cells so that even physiological concentrations of 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 result in significant apoptosis and the potent inhibition of proliferation in prostate tumors. Further studies are needed to further expand the knowledge about the role of prolactin in the etiopathogenesis of nonmammary tumors and to further identify inhibitors that may be safely and effectively employed in the management of these malignancies.
Computational Model for the Transition From Peristaltic to Pulsatile Flow in the Embryonic Heart Tube

Early in development, the heart is a single muscle-wrapped tube without formed valves. Yet survival of the embryo depends on the ability of this tube to pump blood at steadily increasing rates and pressures. Developmental biologists historically have speculated that the heart tube pumps via a peristaltic mechanism, with a wave of contraction propagating from the inflow to the outflow end. Physiological measurements, however, have shown that the flow becomes pulsatile in character quite early in development, before the valves form. Here, we use a computational model for flow though the embryonic heart to explore the pumping mechanism. Results from the model show that endocardial cushions, which are valve primordia arising near the ends of the tube, induce a transition from peristaltic to pulsatile flow. Comparison of numerical results with published experimental data shows reasonably good agreement for various pressure and flow parameters. This study illustrates the interrelationship between form and function in the early embryonic heart.
Scopolamine effects on forced exercise to exhaustion

Three days after training, scopolamine-injected animals were found to exhaust sooner than similarly trained saline-injected and control groups. No differences in running times were found among groups 1 week after training. It is suggested that recently trained animals show greater reliance on a cholinergic system.
The Use of Technologies to Support Human Milk & Breastfeeding

The application of lactation technologies is not limited to the NICU or the hospital setting. These technologies can be implemented within the home or hospital setting to promote the use of human milk and protect the breastfeeding relationship. Through the use of breast pumps, scales, and nipple shields, women can be supported to achieve their personal breastfeeding and lactation goals.
Recurrent genital ulcers in an adolescent as a manifestation of Behcet's disease

Abstract An adolescent with a history of recurrent ulcers had a negative evalution for sexually transmitttd diseases. A clinical suspicion of Behcet's disease was supported by a biopsy of one lesion. The condition may be more frequent than suspected as the signs (arthritis, mouth ulcers, neurologic abnormalities) may be so mild or separate in time they could be easily overlooked.
Characterization of a modified leucyl-tRNA of Escherichia coli after bacteriophage T2 infection.

Abstract T-even phage-specific modification of leucyl-tRNA of Escherichia coli has been established. Leucyl-tRNA F is a modified tRNA which appears one to two minutes after infection and can be detected on a methylated albumin kieselguhr column elution profile as a distinct new peak in front of all leueyl-tRNA's. Leucyl-tRNA F isolated by MAK † column fractionation can not be deacylated enzymically, nor can leucine from Leu-tRNA F be exchanged with other components of tRNA Leu . Re-acylation of Leu-tRNA F can not be achieved following deacylation. This is true when either bulk tRNA containing Leu-tRNA F or isolated Leu-tRNA F is used. The results indicate that once tRNA F Leu is charged with leucine, it can not be recognized by the synthetase. A comparison of hyperchromicity, the sedimentation coefficient and Sephadex G100 column fractionation of isolated Leu-tRNA F and bulk tRNA shows that Leu-tRNA F is approximately half the size of normal tRNA. tRNA F Leu (before aminoacylation) is an unstable molecule and the conditions which weaken the hydrogen-bonded structure destroy its chargeability. Sucrose density-gradient centrifugation of bulk tRNA containing tRNA F Leu indicates that tRNA F Leu sediments at the same rate as bulk tRNA, whereas Leu-tRNA F (after aminoacylation) sediments much slower than bulk tRNA. All the results obtained indicate that tRNA F Leu (before aminoacylation) has an intact size. However, it is broken by aminoacylation or by treatments which weaken the hydrogen-bonded structure. It is suggested that tRNA F Leu is derived from tRNA F Leu by the introduction of a nick or nicks within the molecule as the result of T-even phage infection.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules of the frog's sartorius

The sarcoplasmic reticulum of the frog's sartorius muscle was examined by electron microscopy following sequential fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and embedding in Epon. The earlier results of Porter and Palade on Ambystoma muscle were confirmed in the sartorius. In addition, the transverse tubules were observed to be continuous across the width of the fiber, a set of flat intermediate cisternae was seen to connect the terminal cisternae to the longitudinal tubules in the A band, and the continuous reticulum collar at the center of the A band was found to be perforated by circular and elongated pores (the fenestrated collar). The transverse tubules have a volume about 0.3 per cent of the fiber volume, and a surface area about 7 times the outer cylindrical surface area for a fiber 100 micro in diameter. The terminal cisternae, the intermediate cisternae, and the longitudinal tubules together with the fenestrated collar each have a volume of 4 to 5 per cent of the fiber volume and a surface area 40 to 50 times the outer surface area of a fiber 100 micro in diameter. Some evidence for continuity of the transverse tubules with the fiber surface is presented, but this is thought to be not so convincing as evidence presented by others. The results are discussed in terms of a possible mechanism for a role of the transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum in excitation-contraction coupling, as suggested by their morphology and a variety of physiological studies. In this scheme, the transverse tubules are thought to be electrically coupled to the terminal cisternae, so that depolarization of the fiber surface spreads inward along the transverse tubules and to the terminal cisternae, initiating the release of a contraction-activating substance.
Detection and recognition of auditory patterns.

The detection/recognition theorem (Starr, Metz, Lusted, & Goodenough, 1975) provides a signal detection theory prediction of an observer’s ability to identify one of a set of possible signals on the basis of the observer’s ability to detect whether any signal is presented. The present findings show that the theorem can be applied to complex auditory stimuli in a fashion that is not merely a trivial extension of the results obtained with simple auditory stimuli.
Altered Sumoylation of p63α Contributes to the Split-Hand/Foot Malformation Phenotype

p63 mutations have been identified in several developmental abnormalities, including splithand/foot malformation (SHFM). In this study, we demonstrate that the C-terminal domain of p63αassociates with the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, Ubc9. A p63α mutation, Q634X, whichnaturally occurs in SHFM modulated the interaction of p63α with Ubc9 in yeast genetic assay.Furthermore, Ubc9 catalyzed the conjugation of p63α with small ubiquitin modifier-1 (SUMO-1),which covalently modified p63α in vitro and in vivo at two positions (K549E and K637E), eachsituated in a SUMO-1 modification consensus site (?KXD/E). In addition, p63? mutations (K549Eand K637E) abolished sumoylation of p63α, dramatically activated transactivation properties ofTAp63α, and inhibited the dominant-negative effect of ΔNp63α. These p63? mutations also affectedthe transcriptional regulation of gene targets involved in bone and tooth development (e.g., RUNX2and MINT) and therefore might contr...
Mega‐Disasters and Federalism

Measured in dollar terms, Hurricane Katrina was the worst natural disaster in American history. Mega-disaster response recovery and mitigation put federalism to an especially difficult test because they require speed, efficiency, decisiveness, and effective coordination. This essay focuses on the response to and recovery from Katrina in order to probe the implications of mega-disasters for federalism. It understands federalism as being composed of four dimensions: the three levels of government and the civic realm. It tests key defenses of federalism against civic and government performance during Katrina. It offers examples of successes and failures involving all four dimensions and provides specific recommendations for improving mega-disaster mitigation, response, and recovery while maintaining an appropriate constitutional balance among the three levels of government and between the civilian government and the military.
Toll-like receptor expression in the human nasopharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) and palantine tonsils: a preliminary report.

Summary Objective The Waldeyer's ring, comprised of the nasopharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), the paired tubal tonsils, the paired palantine tonsils, and the lingual tonsil, is arranged in a circular orientation around the wall of the throat. This orientation allows direct contact between the tissues of the Waldeyer's ring and inhaled or ingested material, which may contain potential antigenic substances. Previous studies involving the tissues of the Waldeyer's ring have been focused on the adaptive immune system, with little consideration toward the innate immune system. Since studies have demonstrated that the adenoids and tonsils are capable of producing proinflammatory cytokines, we postulate that toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize components of pathogenic organisms, may be involved in the immune response in these tissues. TLRs are innate pattern recognition receptors, which produce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines upon ligation. In this pilot study, we address expression of TLRs, which are vital components of the innate immune system, in adenoid and tonsil tissue. Methods To determine whether TLRs are expressed in the human adenoid and palantine tonsils, we utilized endpoint RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR. Endpoint PCR was performed on all tissue obtained from adenotonsillectomy patients. Real time RT-PCR was performed only on adenoid tissue. Results All of the ten TLRs examined are expressed in the adenoid and tonsil tissue with varying band intensities. TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 expression is highly variable between patients. Conclusions TLRs are expressed in human adenoid and tonsil tissue, and may play a vital role in the immunological outcomes of these tissues.
Characterization of Marek's disease virus BamHI-A-specific cDNA clones obtained from a Marek's disease lymphoblastoid cell line.

Abstract A cDNA library was constructed from poly(A) + RNA fractions obtained from a Marek's disease (MD) lymphoblastoid cell line, MDCC-CU41, in which viral gene expression is very limited. Three independent groups (1, 2, and 3) of MD virus (MDV)-specific clones were obtained, which were mapped in the inverted repeat region of the Bam HI-A fragment of the MDV genome. Northern blot analysis showed that probes prepared from these cDNA clones hybridized with several transcripts of different sizes in poly(A) + RNA of MDCC-CU41, although the amounts of these transcripts were relatively small compared to those in MDV lytically infected cells. Moreover, a small open reading frame, which can encode a 94-amino-acid protein, was identified in the A41 cDNA clone (Group 3). By RNase protection assays, the 1.2-kb Group 3 transcriptional unit has been defined. In indirect immunofluorescent antibody assays, antiserum against the bacterially expressed fusion protein, glutathione S -transferase-A41, reacted specifically with the cytoplasmic regions of MDV (strain RB1B)-infected chick kidney cells. However, MDCC-CU41 did not contain a detectable lever of the protein determined by these methods.
Lipoproteins and liver lipids in copper-deficient rats

Abstract The influence of dietary copper deficiency on plasma lipoproteins and liver lipids was examined in rats using cholesterol free, semi-purified diets in two separate experiments. In Experiment 1, copper deficiency was associated with a 91% elevation in plasma cholesterol and a 13% decrease in HDL cholesterol. The normal HDL/(VLDL+LDL) cholesterol ratio of 2:1 in copper-adequate rats was essentially reversed by copper deficiency. Aortic cholesterol concentration was increased by 15% in copper-deficient rats. In Experiment 2 copper deficiency produced very similar changes in plasma lipoproteins as observed in Experiment 1. In addition, copper deficiency was associated with an increase in HDL free cholesterol, a decrease in HDL cholesteryl esters, a marked increase in (VLDL+LDL) cholesteryl esters with a smaller increase in free cholesterol of (VLDL+LDL). Copper deficiency was associated with a decrease in liver cholesteryl ester concentrations, but no changes in liver free cholesterol. Liver triglycerides were also decreased by copper deficiency and plasma triglycerides were markedly increased. Possible effects of dietary copper deficiency on lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism are discussed.
Using discrete-element simulation to evaluate laboratory instrumentation needs

Strategic planning for laboratory operations capital investment involves predicting the usage of equipment used in daily operations. Development laboratories are particularly difficult to model equipment usage, due to the large variation in the types of projects or tests conducted and complex equipment needs. Discrete-element simulation can be used to effectively model the use of equipment inventory in this highly variable environment. This presentation demonstrates the use of a WITNESS discrete-element simulation model to optimize capital investment in data acquisition equipment for an NVH laboratory. The model is used to evaluate the effect of increasing investment in data acquisition chassis units versus component cards to maximize the efficiency of the instrumentation process. The model was also adjusted to reflect future laboratory demand conditions to increase the accuracy of the prediction. The study resulted in a recommendation of the most cost-efficient combination of chassis units and component cards for the laboratory.
CERENKOV RADIATION FROM PROTONS AND THE MEASUREMENT OF PROTON VELOCITY AND KINETIC ENERGY

High velocity protons ($\ensuremath{\beta}=0.68$) from the electrically deflected external beam of the 184-in. cyclotron were sent through materials of high index of refraction (crystalline silver chloride and extra dense flint glass), and light was detected photographically with the intensity and angular distribution characteristics of \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov radiation as predicted by Frank and Tamm. This is the first observation of this radiation from particles other than electrons and proves that the radiation is not a function of the mass of the particle. The heavier particle suffers less scattering and change of energy in the material and allows the highly directional character of the radiation to be observed. By removing the effects of chromatic disperion with a suitable prism, the angular intensity distribution was reduced to a bell-shaped distribution about the predicted angle with a standard deviation of around fourteen minutes of arc. This approaches the delta-function distribution derived by Frank and Tamm. The light was shown to be totally plane polarized in the direction predicted by Frank and Tamm.The possibility that the angular distribution of \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov radiation could be used as an absolute measure of the velocity of the proton, and hence its energy, has been exploited and a device of great accuracy and simplicity has been developed for this measurement. The various effects which lower the resolution are discussed. An estimate of the accuracy with which the mean energy of the 340-Mev proton beam has been measured is \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8 Mev.
Intensity noise in long-wavelength superluminescent sources

Noise in broadband 1.3- mu m superluminescent diodes (SLDs) is investigated experimentally, using a balanced detector arrangement to determine the excess noise factor as a function of photodetector current. Measurements were made in both the low-frequency 1/f, regime ( >
Non-touch thermal air-bearing shaping of x-ray telescope optics

Molding glass by using air bearings is a promising procedure for inexpensive and high precision glass shaping. Thin glass sheets are sandwiched between air bearings and pushed flat while being thermally cycled. In this study, a novel device for shaping glass is created and tested using 0.5 mm thick, 100 mm round, Schott D263 wafers. Numerous samples were shaped with varying values for bearing-to-glass gap and maximum temperature, and were measured with a Shack Hartmann metrology tool. Glass was shaped with bearing-to-glass gaps of >50 μm, 36±2.5 μm, and 30.5±2.5 μm. The best peak-to-valley (P-V) flatness achieved is 6.7/3.6±0.5 μm for front/back of the glass sheet, using a gap of 36±2.5 μm. The average steady-state P-V achieved is 12 μm. Using the same device parameters, the best repeatability achieved over the whole 100 mm wafer is 2.7±0.5 μm P-V and 9.5 arcseconds RMS slope error. When looking at 60 mm sections, the repeatability improves to <1 μm P-V and 5±0.5 arcsec.
Investigation of Stability of a Suspension of Motile Microorganisms Subjected to a High-Frequency Vibration

This paper investigates the effect of vertical vibration on the stability of a dilute suspension of negatively geotactic microorganisms in a fluid layer of finite depth. The case of high-frequency vibration is considered. Solutions of governing equations are decomposed into two components: one which varies slowly with time and a second which varies rapidly with time. An averaging method is utilized to derive the equations describing the mean flow. Linear stability analysis is used to investigate stability of the obtained averaged equations.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Robert I. Watson and the founding of division 26 of the American psychological association

Robert I. Watson was instrumental in the founding of Division 26 of the American Psychological Association (the Division of the History of Psychology). This article traces Watson's involvement in the prehistory of the division and describes his installation as its first president in 1966.
Nativism, empiricism, and the origins of knowledge

What aspects of knowledge emerge in children prior to their first contacts with the objects of their knowledge, and what aspects emerge through the shaping effects of experience with those objects? What aspects of knowledge are constant over human development from the moment that infants begin to make sense of the world, and what aspects change as children grow and learn? What aspects of knowledge are universal, and what aspects vary across people in different cultures or with different educational backgrounds? Finally, what aspects of knowledge can people change in themselves or their children with sufficient insight or effort, and what aspects are invariant? These questions are central to a dialogue that has spanned more than 2000 years of intellectual history. Contributors to the dialogue have raised the questions in order to shed light on larger concerns about human nature, child development, education, science, and society. Although contributors have tended to be labeled “nativists” or “empiricists” according to the kinds of answers they thought most plausible, most have viewed these questions as empirical matters to be resolved not by ideology but by studies of the origins and development of knowledge. Research on cognition in infancy remained a dormant enterprise throughout most of the history of the nativist-empiricist dialogue, however, because the tools then used to probe human knowledge were not appropriate for young children. Today, the study of early cognitive development has overcome this longstanding barrier to progress. A number of tools have been developed over this century for investigating human cognitive states and processes, and some of these tools have been adapted for studies of preverbal children. New tools of enormous promise are appearing, moreover, with the rapid development of cognitive neuroscience. For the first time, these tools allow
Electronic spectroscopy of KF:Cu +

Abstract A KF:Cu + crystal was grown and studied to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the spectral properties of the Cu + -doped alkali halides. Excitation, emission, vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectra, and emission lifetimes were obtained in order to examine the properties of the electronic transitions of the Cu + impurity. The ground state of Cu + was determined to be on-center in KF, although the 3 E g excited state may be off-center. The spin-orbit split levels of the 3 E g state were found to be separated by 46 cm -1 , and the 3d→4s and 3d→4p transitions were observed at 38 000 cm -1 and 53 000 cm -1 , respectively.
Modulating immunometabolism of tumor specific CD8 T cells to enhance T cell based therapy for cancer

Meeting abstracts The ability of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells to eradicate tumors following adoptive transfer of autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes correlates with their capacity to proliferate and persist for long periods of time. These qualities are found predominantly in naive and less
Ultrasensitive characterization of site-specific glycosylation of affinity-purified haptoglobin from lung cancer patient plasma using 10 μm i.d. porous layer open tubular liquid chromatography-linear ion trap collision-induced dissociation/electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry.

Site-specific analysis of protein glycosylation is important for biochemical and clinical research efforts. Glycopeptide analysis using liquid chromatography−collision-induced dissociation/electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry (LC−CID/ETD-MS) allows simultaneous characterization of the glycan structure and attached peptide site. However, due to the low ionization efficiency of glycopeptides during electrospray ionization, 200−500 fmol of sample per injection is needed for a single LC−MS run, which makes it challenging for the analysis of limited amounts of glycoprotein purified from biological matrixes. To improve the sensitivity of LC−MS analysis for glycopeptides, an ultranarrow porous layer open tubular (PLOT) LC column (2.5 m × 10 μm i.d.) was coupled to a linear ion trap (LTQ) collision-induced dissociation/electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometer to provide sensitive analysis of N-linked protein glycosylation heterogeneity. The potential of the developed method is demonstrated by ...