cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fermions and loops on graphs: I. Loop calculus for determinants

This paper is the first in a series devoted to evaluation of the partition function in statistical models on graphs with loops in terms of the Berezin/fermion integrals. The paper focuses on a representation of the determinant of a square matrix in terms of a finite series, where each term corresponds to a loop on the graph. The representation is based on a fermion version of the loop calculus, previously introduced by the authors for graphical models with finite alphabets. Our construction contains two levels. First, we represent the determinant in terms of an integral over anti-commuting Grassmann variables, with some reparametrization/gauge freedom hidden in the formulation. Second, we show that a special choice of the gauge, called the BP (Bethe–Peierls or belief propagation) gauge, yields the desired loop representation. The set of gauge fixing BP conditions is equivalent to the Gaussian BP equations, discussed in the past as efficient (linear scaling) heuristics for estimating the covariance of a sparse positive matrix.
Keeping Pace with the Times: Exploring the Meaning of Limited Partner for Purposes of the Internal Revenue Code

This article explores the use of the term “limited partner” within the passive loss rules of Internal Revenue Code (Code) section 469 and the corresponding Treasury Regulations in light of the always changing business environment. The passive loss rules of Code section 469 turn on whether a taxpayer materially participated in the loss generating activity. The preferential nature of several Code provisions turns on whether a person is a limited partner, the majority of these references being codified within the Code prior to the creation of many new types of entities, including the Limited Liability Company (LLC), the Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), and the Limited Liability Limited Partnership (LLLP) (collectively referred to as a Limited Liability Entities). The term was placed in to the Code when the only entities taxed as partnerships were general partnerships and limited partnerships. At such time, a limited partner was essentially prohibited from participating if the limited partner wanted to maintain his limited liability status. However, this article asserts that in today’s business environment, a trend is developing where the distinctions between an individual’s ability to participate in Limited Liability Entities and maintain limited liability has become blurred. Under the special rule of Code section 469(h)(2), if a taxpayer is a limited partner, deducting certain losses is subject to more stringent rules. For almost twenty years, the Internal Revenue Service (the Service) has been asserting in audits that an interest in Limited Liability Entities should be treated as a limited partner for applying Code section 469. In late 2009, however, the United States Tax Court held that an LLC member and an LLP partner were not limited partners for purposes of the passive loss rules. Shortly thereafter, the United States Court of Federal Claims reaffirmed that for purposes of the passive losses rules LLC members were not limited partners. The Court of Federal Claims, nevertheless, did not address the application of Code section 469(h)(2) to an LLP. Accordingly, it is still unclear whether under Code section 469(h)(2) a partner in an LLP and/or an LLLP is considered a limited partner. Essentially, this has led to the belief by scholars and practitioners that the issue is resolved concerning an LLC. Yet, in December 2010, the Service commented that it would issue guidance in this area. Furthermore, both the United States Tax Court and the United States Court of Federal Claims hinted that the Service could amend the Treasury Regulations to explicitly include Limited Liability Entities as being subject to the more stringent rule of Code section 469(h)(2). This article proposes that the Service should not amend the regulation, but, instead Congress should revoke Code section 469(h)(2), as in today’s business world there has been a change of circumstances, and the Code must advance to keep pace with the times.
History and Future of School Safety Research.

This article summarizes the accomplishments of research on school safety in the past quarter century, identifies important gaps, and indicates promising directions for further progress. Although cl...
Shimura Varieties for Unitary Groups and the Doubling Method

The theory of Galois representations attached to automorphic representations of GL(n) is largely based on the study of the cohomology of Shimura varieties of PEL type attached to unitary similitude groups. The need to keep track of the similitude factor complicates notation while making no difference to the final result. It is more natural to work with Shimura varieties attached to the unitary groups themselves, which do not introduce these unnecessary complications; however, these are of abelian type, not of PEL type, and the Galois representations on their cohomology differ slightly from those obtained from the more familiar Shimura varieties.
Protocol for a hybrid type 3 cluster randomized trial of a technical assistance system supporting coalitions and evidence-based drug prevention programs.

Over 5000 community anti-drug coalitions operating in the USA serve as a cornerstone of federal drug prevention. These coalitions, however, have demonstrated effectiveness in preventing substance use only when they use technical assistance (TA) and implement evidence-based programs (EBPs). The absence of TA and EBP implementation by coalitions is a key research-to-practice gap. The Coalition Check-Up TA system is designed to fill this gap by supporting community coalition implementation of EBPs. Existing TA models for evidence-based coalition approaches are resource intensive and coalition model specific. The Coalition Check-Up is a lower cost strategy that works with a variety of types of coalitions to support sustainable implementation of EBPs. This study protocol describes a hybrid type 3 effectiveness-implementation trial applying Wandersman’s Interactive Systems Framework to test the effects of the Coalition Check-Up on coalition EBP implementation capacity and outcomes. The Interactive Systems Framework outlines how the prevention support system—especially TA—bolsters EBP dissemination and implementation. Using a cluster randomized controlled design, this trial will test the overall effectiveness of the Coalition Check-Up, including how it contributes to EBP implementation and prevention of youth substance use. The first aim is to estimate the impact of the Coalition Check-Up on coalitions’ capacity to do their work. We will recruit 68 anti-drug coalitions for random assignment to the Coalition Check-Up or “TA as usual” condition. We will evaluate whether the Coalition Check-Up improves coalition capacity using measures of coalition member responses about team processes, coalition network composition, and collaborative structure. Our second aim is to estimate the impact of the Coalition Check-Up on implementation of EBPs, and our third aim is to estimate the impact of the Coalition Check-Up on youth substance use. This project will clarify how the Coalition Check-Up, a scalable approach to TA due to its low cost, affects coalition capacity to support EBP implementation. Analyses also provide insight into causal pathways from the prevention support system to the prevention delivery system outlined by the Interactive Systems Framework. Results will build the evidence-base for how to support community coalitions’ sustainable implementation of evidence-based prevention programs and policies. Clinicaltrials.gov registration number NCT04592120 . Registered on October 19, 2020.
Listening to Mom in the NICU: effects of increased maternal speech exposure on language outcomes and white matter development in infants born very preterm

Infants born very preterm (< 32 weeks gestational age (GA)) are at risk for developmental language delays. Poor language outcomes in children born preterm have been linked to neurobiological factors, including impaired development of the brain’s structural connectivity (white matter), and environmental factors, including decreased exposure to maternal speech in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Interventions that enhance preterm infants’ exposure to maternal speech show promise as potential strategies for improving short-term health outcomes. Intervention studies have yet to establish whether increased exposure to maternal speech in the NICU offers benefits beyond the newborn period for brain and language outcomes. This randomized controlled trial assesses the long-term effects of increased maternal speech exposure on structural connectivity at 12 months of age (age adjusted for prematurity (AA)) and language outcomes between 12 and 18 months of age AA. Study participants (N = 42) will include infants born very preterm (24–31 weeks 6/7 days GA). Newborns are randomly assigned to the treatment (n = 21) or standard medical care (n = 21) group. Treatment consists of increased maternal speech exposure, accomplished by playing audio recordings of each baby’s own mother reading a children’s book via an iPod placed in their crib/incubator. Infants in the control group have the identical iPod setup but are not played recordings. The primary outcome will be measures of expressive and receptive language skills, obtained from a parent questionnaire collected at 12–18 months AA. The secondary outcome will be measures of white matter development, including the mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy derived from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging scans performed at around 36 weeks postmenstrual age during the infants’ routine brain imaging session before hospital discharge and 12 months AA. The proposed study is expected to establish the potential impact of increased maternal speech exposure on long-term language outcomes and white matter development in infants born very preterm. If successful, the findings of this study may help to guide NICU clinical practice for promoting language and brain development. This clinical trial has the potential to advance theoretical understanding of how early language exposure directly changes brain structure for later language learning. NIH Clinical Trials (ClinicalTrials.gov) NCT04193579 . Retrospectively registered on 10 December 2019.
Pretreatment Lung Function and Checkpoint Inhibitor Pneumonitis in NSCLC.

Abstract Introduction Checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP) is a serious toxicity of anti–programmed death-(ligand) 1 immunotherapy. Whether pretreatment differences in pulmonary function exist in patients who develop CIP is unknown. We analyzed the pulmonary function tests (PFTs) of patients with NSCLC treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to evaluate whether pretreatment lung function was associated with CIP development. Methods Patients were included if they completed greater than or equal to 1 PFT within 2 years preceding ICI initiation. CIP status (CIP+: developed CIP, CIP−: did not develop CIP) was determined clinically. Generalized estimating equation–based linear regression was used to evaluate the effects of time and CIP on lung function. Primary outcomes included the following: percent-predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1pp), percent-predicted forced vital capacity (FVCpp), and FEV1/FVC. Results A total of 43 patients (34 CIP−, 9 CIP+) with 79 PFTs (59 CIP−, 20 CIP+) were included. CIP+ patients had a 21.7% lower pretreatment FEV1pp compared with the CIP− group (95% confidence interval: −38.6 to −4.7). No statistically significant differences in FVCpp or FEV1/FVC were observed. The prevalence of obstructive lung disease was similar in both groups at 67% and 62% for the CIP+ and CIP− cohorts, as was the prevalence of current/former smoking at 100% and 93%, respectively. Conclusions Pretherapy differences in lung function were evident between patients who did and did not develop CIP, though the prevalence of obstructive lung disease was similar. Prospective studies are needed to validate these findings, inform potential risk factors for CIP, and investigate the effects of ICI treatment and CIP on pulmonary function in patients with NSCLC.
Non-Finitary Locally Finite Simple Groups

In this paper we prove and discuss consequences of the following theorem. Let G be a locally finite simple group. Then one of the following holds: (a) G is finitary. (b) G is of alternating type. (c) There exists a prime p and a Kegel cover {(H i ,M i ) | i ∊ I} such that G is of p-type and, for all i in I, H i /M i is a projective special linear group.
Early lesions in experimental bladder cancer: scanning electron microscopy of cell surface markers.

Summary The administration of N -[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) at a dose of 0.2% of the diet to male Fischer rats results in the appearance of urinary bladder epithelial lesions progressing from hyperplasia to invasive transitional cell carcinomas. These progressive epithelial alterations have been observed by scanning electron microscopy at 2-week intervals with special attention paid to cells covering the luminal surface. After 2 to 4 weeks of FANFT administration there is mild pleomorphism and moderate swelling of the surface cells giving a cobblestone appearance. The normal pattern of microridges of superficial transitional cells is still present, although occasional cells by 4 weeks of FANFT feeding are covered by small uniform microvilli. By 6 weeks these changes are more extensive and more cells are covered with uniform microvilli. By 8 weeks, cells covered with pleomorphic microvilli are found in discrete foci, and by 10 weeks nodular or papillary lesions are present. The 2- and 4-week lesions regress to normal within 2 to 4 weeks of discontinuing FANFT administration, and the 6- and 8-week lesions regress toward normal in 4 to 6 weeks of being fed control diet. The 6-week lesions have regressed entirely to normal 44 weeks after FANFT was stopped, but the 8-week lesions have progressed to moderate or marked hyperplastic lesions by 42 weeks of control diet with pleomorphic cells covered with pleomorphic microvilli. The results of this study suggest that lesions are reversible up to and including 6 weeks of 0.2% FANFT in the diet, and that, by 8 weeks of 0.2% FANFT, irreversible lesions result which do not revert to normal after 42 weeks of control diet.
Drug-Induced Alterations in Cochlear Blood Flow as Recorded by the Laser Doppler Flowmeter

A number of clinical entities may result from a decrease in inner ear blood flow. Investigators have attempted to determine a relationship between decreased blood flow and such entities. In this article, we shall relate the effects of administration of drugs in animal models on cochlear blood flow, using the laser Doppler flowmeter.
Birth Weight in an African-American Population Living under Moderate Ecologic Stress

The African-American population of McNary, Arizona, resides at an altitude of 2200 m. The lengthy winters are typically quite cold; the monthly mean temperature from November to April is 1.8 degrees C. Data from 318 singleton full-term births of African-American babies from 1949 to 1972 show a mean weight of 3095 g (s.d. = 427 g). At birth 1.9% of the babies weighed at least 4 kg; 9.7% weighed less than 2.5 kg. These data suggest that altitude may have influenced birth weight in this sample. Significant patterns in birth weight exist for sex, parity, mother's age, and severity of the winter preceding the year of birth. The birth weight of female babies born following warm winters is significantly lighter than those born during years following cold winters. There are relatively fewer high-birth-weight babies, in comparison to other African-American populations. Birth weight is also significantly lighter than three other African-American samples, even though African-American mothers of McNary had full-term professional care. Birth weight of African-American babies born in McNary is consistent with the overwhelming African ancestry of the African-American population of McNary. Sex differences in birth weight of babies born following cold winters can be ascribed to gender-related hereditary or physiologic factors at the level of the fetus. Maternal inactivity during particularly cold winters may be a contributing factor.
"Walking in the City": Performance of Strategies and Tactics in the 1985 Bus Accessibility Protests

In 1985, disability rights activists protested in Cleveland, Ohio. The story of this protest has been retold through performance to advocate making Cleveland more accessible to individuals with disabilities. This analysis explores the rhetorical performative work of the disability bus protest through interviews with a protest leader and examination of the intersections between these historical texts, and their retellings as appropriations oriented toward activist, educational, and aesthetic ends. Specifically, we emphasize the retellings and reenactments of these events as advocacy for altering public understandings of accessible transportation and of advocacy for individuals with and without disabilities. Using de Certeau's concepts of strategies, tactics, and walking in the city, we argue that the bus protest and its retelling recombine the rules and products that already exist in culture in a way that is influenced, but never wholly determined, by those rules and products. We offer implications for understanding activism by and on behalf of individuals with disabilities and for advocacy toward rewriting cities for accessibility. Key words: de Certeau, activism, The Dancing Wheels Company & School
An information-theoretic framework for optimization with application to supervised learning

The article develops a unified approach for hard optimization problems involving data association, i.e. the assignment of elements viewed as "data" {x/sub i/}, to one of a set of classes, (C/sub j/), so as to minimize the resulting cost. The diverse problems which fit this description include data clustering, statistical classifier design to minimize probability of error, piecewise regression, structured vector quantization, as well as optimization problems in graph theory, e.g. graph partitioning. Whereas standard descent-based methods are susceptible to finding poor local optima of the cost, the suggested approach provides some potential for avoiding local optima, yet without the computational complexity of stochastic annealing. The approach we develop is based on ideas from information theory and statistical physics, and builds on the work of Rose, Gurewitz, and Fox (see IEEE Trans. on Inform. Theory, vol.38, p.1249-58, 1992) for clustering and related problems.
An Investigation of School Administrators' Beliefs and the Relationship between HIV and Special Education

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the need for students with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) to have access to special education programs and related services as the handicapping condition dictates. Responses were sought from public school administrators (n = 72) across all levels on a 20-item survey instrument and demographic statements. A one-way ANOVA was conducted on four research questions to determine if there existed significant differences regarding the educational placements and accessibility of educational programs to pupils identified with HIV. The direction of future placements, acceptance of HIV, and awareness of educational service delivery to this population is discussed. Results of responses to this study indicated administrator differences on HIV as a handicapping condition, educational placements for children with HIV, the need for related services, and educational rights of children with HIV. School administrator responses indicated differences on HIV as a handica...
Amicus Curiae Brief of the Kentucky Association of Sexual Assault Programs, et al. On Behalf of Appellee in Ten Broeck Dupont v. Brooks, Court of Appeals of Kentucky File No. 2005-CA-000893-MR

This is an amicus brief that was submitted in a case before the Kentucky Supreme Court. The court rejected the brief without explanation. At issue was the applicability of Kentucky's rape shield statute in a civil case. The case involves a young woman who was an in patient at a medical facility where she was raped by a staff person. The brief provides the history of rape shields statutes and legislative intent, as well as policy arguments as to the importance of applying rape shield statutes in civil cases. The brief was authored by Professor Cheryl Hanna and Vermont Law School student Taylor Neff, in consultation with other advocacy groups.
Purification of a 31,000-dalton insulin-like growth factor binding protein from human amniotic fluid. Isolation of two forms with different biologic actions

Human amniotic fluid has been shown to contain a protein that binds insulin-like growth factor I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II). Partially purified preparations of this protein have been reported to inhibit the biologic actions of the IGFs. In these studies our laboratory has used a modified purification procedure to obtain a homogeneous preparation of this protein as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid sequence analysis. During purification the ion exchange chromatography step resulted in two peaks of material with IGF binding activity termed peaks B and C. Each peak was purified separately to homogeneity. Both peaks were estimated to be 31,000 daltons by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their amino acid compositions were nearly identical. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that both peaks had identical N-terminal sequences through the first 28 residues. Neither protein had detectable carbohydrate side chains and each had a similar affinity for radiolabeled IGF-I (1.7-2.2 x 10(10) liters/mol). In contrast, these two forms had marked differences in bioactivity. Concentrations of peak C material between 2 and 20 ng/ml inhibited IGF-I stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation into smooth muscle cell DNA. In contrast, when peak B (100 ng/ml) was incubated with IGF-I there was a 4.4-fold enhancement of stimulation of DNA synthesis. Additionally, pure peak B was shown to adhere to cell surfaces, whereas peak C was not adherent. The non-adherent peak C inhibited IGF-I binding to its receptor and to adherent peak B. We conclude that human amniotic fluid contains two forms of IGF binding protein that have very similar physiochemical characteristics but markedly different biologic actions. Since both have similar if not identical amino acid compositions, N-terminal sequences, and do not contain carbohydrate, we conclude that they differ in some other as yet undefined post-translational modification.
The behavior and concentration of CO2 in the suboceanic mantle: Inferences from undegassed ocean ridge and ocean island basalts

Abstract In order to better determine the behavior of CO2 relative to incompatible elements, and improve the accuracy of mantle CO2 concentration and flux estimates, we determined CO2 glass and vesicle concentrations, plus trace element contents for fifty-one ultradepleted mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) glasses from the global mid-ocean ridge system. Fifteen contained no vesicles and were volatile undersaturated for their depth of eruption. Thirty-six contained vesicles and/or were slightly oversaturated, and so may not have retained all of their CO2. If this latter group lost some bubbles during emplacement, then CO2/Ba calculated for the undersaturated group alone is the most reliable and uniform ratio at 98 ± 10, and CO2/Nb is 283 ± 32. If the oversaturated MORBs did not lose bubbles, then CO2/Nb is the most uniform ratio within the entire suite of ultradepleted MORBs at 291 ± 132, while CO2/Ba decreases with increasing incompatible element enrichment. Additional constraints on CO2/Ba and CO2/Nb ratios are provided by published estimates of CO2 contents in highly vesicular enriched basalts that may have retained their vesicles e.g., the Mid-Atlantic Ridge “popping rocks”, and from olivine-hosted melt inclusions in normal MORBs. As incompatible element enrichment increases, CO2/Nb increases progressively from 283 ± 32 in ultradepleted MORBs to 603 ± 69 in depleted melt inclusions to 936 ± 132 in enriched, vesicular basalts. In contrast, CO2/Ba is nearly uniform in these sample suites at 98 ± 10, 106 ± 24 and 111 ± 11 respectively. This suggests that Ba is the best proxy for estimating CO2 contents of MORBs, with an overall average CO2/Ba = 105 ± 9. Atlantic, Pacific and Indian basalts have similar values. Gakkel Ridge has lower CO2/Ba because of anomalously high Ba, and is not included in our global averages. Using the CO2/Ba ratio and published compilations of trace elements in average MORBs, the CO2 concentration of a primary, average MORB is 2085+ 473/− 427 ppm, while primary NMORB magmas (> 500 km from ocean island hotspots) have 1840 ppm CO2. The annual flux of CO2 from mid-ocean ridges is 1.25 ± 0.16 × 1014 g/yr, with possible values as low as 0.93 and as high as 1.61 × 1014 g/yr. This amount is equivalent to approximately 0.3% of the anthropogenic addition of CO2 to Earth's atmosphere. NMORB mantle has 183 ppm CO2 (50 ppm C) based on simple melting models and 13% melting. More realistic estimates of incompatible element concentrations in the depleted mantle that are consistent with complex melting models yield much lower estimates for CO2 in the depleted mantle: around 60–130 ppm CO2, with large uncertainties that are more related to melting models than to CO2/Ba. CO2/Ba is not correlated with isotopic or trace element ratios, but there may be systematic regional mantle variations. Iceland melt inclusions and Gakkel Ridge MORBs have lower CO2/Ba ratios, showing that these regional high Ba anomalies are not accompanied by correspondingly high CO2 concentrations.
Prolidase function in proline metabolism and its medical and biotechnological applications

Summary Prolidase is a multifunctional enzyme that possesses the unique ability to degrade imidodipeptides in which a proline or hydroxyproline residue is located at the C-terminal end. Prolidases have been isolated from archaea and bacteria, where they are thought to participate in proline recycling. In mammalian species, prolidases are found in the cytoplasm and function primarily to liberate proline in the final stage of protein catabolism, particularly during the biosynthesis and degradation of collagen. Collagen comprises nearly one-third of the total protein in the body, and it is essential in maintaining tissue structure and integrity. Prolidase deficiency (PD), a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which mutations in the PEPD gene affect prolidase functionality, tends to have serious and sometimes life-threatening clinical symptoms. Recombinant prolidases have many applications and have been investigated not only as a possible treatment for PD, but also as a part of anti-cancer strategies, a component of biodecontamination cocktails and in the dairy industry. This review will serve to discuss the many in vivo functions of procaryotic and eucaryotic prolidases, as well as the most recent advances in therapeutic and biotechnological application of prolidases.
The half-lives of 90mY and 97Ru

In an attempt to improve the accuracy of neutron activation analysis, gamma-ray spectrometry and least-squares methods developed for other nuclides have been applied to redetermine the decay constants of 90mY and 97Ru. Several irradiated samples of each pure element were counted continually through several half-lives, acquiring up to 100 spectra with good statistics. Photopeaks from each nuclide were evaluated with a region of interest integration routine, and each data point corrected for rate-related losses before fitting to an exponential function by a nonlinear least-squares procedure. The half-lives found are 3.204 ± 0.008 h for 90mY and 2.836 ± 0.014 days for 97Ru, where the uncertainty is an estimate of the 95 % confidence level. Although (by Chi squared criteria) the fits to the decay curves were very good and the uncertainty of the resulting half-lives an order of magnitude smaller than the previously published uncertainty, care is necessary before assigning a best value with a totally defensible uncertainty to the overall data set.
The Transport of Nonindigenous Microorganisms Into Caves by Human Visitation: A Case Study at Carlsbad Caverns National Park

A series of atmospheric investigations was conducted in Carlsbad Cavern to determine if human visitation is a possible cause for the contamination of the cave system with non-indigenous microorganisms. In 2004, site-specific culture-based data demonstrated that Staphylococcus spp. colony-forming units (CFUs) were the most prevalent members of the atmospheric community along the paved visitor trail (avg. 18.8% of CFU), while Knoellia spp. CFUs dominated off-trail locations (40.1% of CFU). Fungal culture data revealed that Penicillium and Aspergillus were prevalent in the Lunch Room where food is stored, sold, and consumed. Ubiquitous genera such as Cladosporium and Alternaria were prevalent near the Natural Entrance of the cave, and the general trend was a decrease in fungal CFUs with progression into the cave system, except for the area near the Lunch Room. Management practices such as prohibition of crumb-generating types of foods could be considered to protect cave health. In 2009, nonculture-based analyses demonstrated that Enterobacteriaceae were the dominant microbiota at sites along the descent trail and within the Lunch Room. Dominance of Enterobacteriaceae has not been previously demonstrated in caves. Either they are naturally occurring indigenous members, or their presence is a marker of anthropogenic contamination.
P-145: A Three-Spectrum White Organic Light Emitting Diode Base on a New Red Organometallic Iridium Complexes

We develop a three-spectrum white OLED (WOLED) made by a new red phosphorescent dopant material. The red dopant material is phenyl-qoinazoline framework organo-iridium complexes. The RGB peaks of WOLED are at a wavelength of 450nm, 512nm, and 633nm, respectively. However, The RGB peaks of WOLED are at a wavelength of 450nm, 512nm, and 572nm, respectively, when the red dopant material is replace by DCJTB. Therefore, The former WOLED of RGB spectra are the most distinct than the later one. The former WOLED has efficiencies of 10.62Cd/A, 6.07lm/W at 100 Cd/m2, and CIE coordinates of (0.28, 0.38). It is good suitability to use in OLED displays based on RGB color filters and full-color LCD backlights.
Fundamental criteria of Nobel Prizes.

The controversy concerning whether Oleh Hornykiewicz should have been among those awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology last year, discussed in the News Focus article “Researcher overlooked for 2000 Nobel” by L. Helmuth (26 Jan., p. [567][1]), is not surprising, given that basic
A perturbation theory of isoelectronic molecules - Application to CO based on N sub 2.

A perturbation theory of heteronuclear diatomic molecules based on the isoelectronic homonuclear molecules is developed for calculating the molecular energy, equilibrium internuclear distance, dissociation energy, and electric dipole moment. The theory is applied to the isoelectronic molecules CO and N2. The uncoupled Hartree-Fock approximation to the first-order perturbed wavefunction is determined by the variational method. The calculated molecular energy of CO is too low and the dipole moment is too large in magnitude. However, the calculated polarity is in agreement with the results of recent Hartree-Fock calculations at the equilibrium distance.
Reprint of: when peer-reviewed publications are not enough! delivering science for natural resource management.

Abstract Over the last century, natural resource management on forest lands has shifted from a singular focus on resource extraction to many foci, such as recreation, tourism, conservation, view-scapes, cultural and spiritual values, sustainability, and other values. As a result, the information needs of land managers must now include social and cultural values. In addition, the public's interest in having greater participation in land management decisions and in generating scientific knowledge has never been greater. The generation of scientific knowledge which is expressed primarily through conventional means – such as peer-reviewed publications targeting academics and technology transfer (e.g., patents, licenses, agreements) primarily for government and industry – does not always satisfy the needs of resource managers and public. In recent decades, there has been rapid growth of methods to help bridge this gap by better connecting new knowledge and knowledge generation with public needs. The U.S. Forest Service is making science delivery as important goal as science creation, including structural institutional changes at the interface among researchers, resource managers, and the public, allocating an appropriate portion of project funding specifically for delivery. The Forest Service is considering increasing its use of citizen science and participatory research – which brings resource managers, decision makers, and the public into the research process to varying extents – as part of the agency's science delivery efforts. Here we explore citizen science and participatory research as possible vehicles to augment existing science delivery efforts from the perspective of a federal land management agency. We found that these mechanisms facilitate public involvement in fundamentally different ways. Depending on the type of research and desired use of research outcomes, either citizen science or participatory research could enhance the use of science in some natural resource management discussions, possibly leading to supportable solutions.
Radiation Resistance of a Two-Wire Line

A general formula for the radiation resistance of a two-wire line is derived by means of a Poynting vector integration over a large sphere. The result is shown to be in agreement with that computed by other techniques. Formulas for the useful special cases of a lossless system and a nonresonant line are presented.
A New Approach to Atomic Force Microscopy

A highly sensitive and simple optical method for detecting the cantilever deflection in atomic force microscopy is described. The method was incorporated in an atomic force microscope and imaging and force measurements, in ultra-high vacuum and in air, were sucessfully performed.
On the governance of “not being governed”

The Art of Not Being Governed illustrates that the people of highland South East Asia were not primitive people “left behind” but instead chose their lifestyles in order to avoid the predation of lowland states. This raises the question of how these people who are ungoverned by nation states provide governance for themselves. We explore this question with two related case studies. One examines a nineteenth century Southern Indian banking caste that provided self-governance. The other examines modern-day stateless Somalia.
Hemodynamic effects of verapamil in left ventricular valvular volume overload.

Abstract The hemodynamic consequences of aortic and mitral insufficiency may be influenced by the high systemic vascular resistance often seen in these patients. Since the calcium antagonists have been shown to reduce systemic vascular resistance, we evaluated the effects of intravenous verapamil in 23 patients. In 11 patients with aortic insufficiency, verapamil resulted in a 20% increase in cardiac index ( p p p p = 0.004), and forward stroke volume index ( p p p
Multifocal electroretinogram: age-related changes for different luminance levels.

Background: Age-related changes in the first-order multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) responses were measured for two different luminance levels (200 and 700 cd.m–2). The relative contribution of optical and neural factors to senescent change in response was evaluated. Methods: Data were obtained from one eye of each of 71 normal phakic subjects, age 9–80 years. The mfERG responses were recorded with the 7" stimulus-refractor unit (EDI) and VERIS 4.3 using the following protocol: bipolar contact lens, 103 hexagons, consecutive stimulation with 200 and 700 cd.m–2, pupils ≥6 mm, amplification of 105, filter cut-offs at 10 and 300 Hz. Results: Age-correlated decreases in amplitude and response density and increases in P1 implicit time were found for both luminance levels. The mean response density (nV.deg–2) was higher for the 700 cd.m–2 stimulus, but the rate of change with age was not significantly different from that obtained with the 200 cd.m–2 stimulus. Implicit time was not significantly different for the two light levels, nor was the rate of change with age. The decrease in response density and the increase in implicit time with age were significant across all retinal regions, dividing the 50 deg stimulus into six concentric rings. Age-related change in response density was greatest for the central retina and decreased with increasing retinal eccentricity. Conclusion: Log mfERG response changes linearly as a function of age. Analyses of the effects of reduced ocular media transmission and increased stray light, along with ancillary data obtained from pseudophakes, imply that age-related changes in the mfERG are due to both optical and neural factors.
First and Third Person Perceptions on Anti-Drug Ads Among Adolescents

The perceived as well as actual (in) effectiveness of anti-drug ads has been prominent in public discourse and concern. Using the third person effect hypothesis, this study examined adolescents' perceptions on the effect of anti-drug ads and the perception's relationship to attitudes and intentions concerning drug use. The results suggested that adolescents estimated the anti-drug ad effect on the basis of their behavioral experience, the self-anchored expectancy of a pro-social media effect: Those who had used drugs anticipated the effect of anti-drug ads to be smaller than those who had not used drugs. The perceived informative realism of anti-drug ads influenced the perceived message quality, which in turn influenced the perceived effect on self. The perceived effect on self was positively associated with anti-drug attitudes and intentions. The implications on future third person perception research and anti-drug campaign efforts are discussed.
A power-electronics-based transmission line de-icing system

Ice accumulation on transmission lines can cause extensive damage to the lines and towers, as demonstrated during the ice storm of January 1998, which caused serious damage power systems in Eastern North America. The Canadian province of Quebec was worst affected, with over a million consumers losing their electricity supply for some period. To avoid a recurrence of such a situation, Hydro-Quebec TransEnergie is investing in a dedicated power electronic "de-icer" installation. The HVDC-based installation, located at the strategically important Levis substation, near Quebec city, will inject a high direct current into a selected transmission line in order to melt the ice on it. However, operation in this mode is expected to be very infrequent. In the normal situation when the installation is not being used as a de-icer, it operates as a static VAr compensator (SVC), using the HVDC valves as a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR). An innovative main circuit design is used, minimising the power losses of the valves in SVC mode. The principal ratings of the de-icer installation in both de-icer and SVC modes are described in the paper, along with descriptions of the principal equipments and the circuit topologies used in the two modes.
Casein Kinase I Is Anchored on Axonemal Doublet Microtubules and Regulates Flagellar Dynein Phosphorylation and Activity

Flagellar dynein activity is regulated by phosphorylation. One critical phosphoprotein substrate inChlamydomonas is the 138-kDa intermediate chain (IC138) of the inner arm dyneins (Habermacher, G., and Sale, W. S. (1997)J. Cell Biol. 136, 167–176). In this study, several approaches were used to determine that casein kinase I (CKI) is physically anchored in the flagellar axoneme and regulates IC138 phosphorylation and dynein activity. First, using a videomicroscopic motility assay, selective CKI inhibitors rescued dynein-driven microtubule sliding in axonemes isolated from paralyzed flagellar mutants lacking radial spokes. Rescue of dynein activity failed in axonemes isolated from these mutant cells lacking IC138. Second, CKI was unequivocally identified in salt extracts from isolated axonemes, whereas casein kinase II was excluded from the flagellar compartment. Third, Western blots indicate that within flagella, CKI is anchored exclusively to the axoneme. Analysis of multipleChlamydomonas motility mutants suggests that the axonemal CKI is located on the outer doublet microtubules. Finally, CKI inhibitors that rescued dynein activity blocked phosphorylation of IC138. We propose that CKI is anchored on the outer doublet microtubules in position to regulate flagellar dynein.
Intrapartum fever, epidural analgesia and histologic chorioamnionitis

Objective Our objective was to determine whether epidural analgesia and histologic chorioamnionitis were independent predictors of intrapartum fever. Study design This secondary analysis, retrospective cohort study included term parturients with placental examination during 2005. Logistic regression used fever (⩾38 °C) as the dependent variable. Significance was defined as P⩽0.05. Result There were 488 (76%) of 641 term parturients with placental examination and epidural. Independent predictors of intrapartum fever were epidural odds ratio (OR)=3.4, confidence interval (CI): 1.70, 6.81, histologic chorioamnionitis OR=3.18, 95% CI: 2.04, 4.95, birthweight OR=2.07, 95%CI: 1.38, 3.12, vaginal exams OR=1.15, 95% CI:1.06, 1.24, duration ruptured membranes OR=1.03, 95% CI: 1.01,1.05, parity⩾1 OR=0.44: 0.29, 0.66 and thick meconium OR=0.35: 95%CI: 0.24, 0.85. Conclusion Epidural analgesia and histologic chorioamnionitis were independent predictors of intrapartum fever. Modification of labor management may reduce the incidence of intrapartum fever.
Compression of Graphical Structures: Fundamental Limits, Algorithms, and Experiments

Information theory traditionally deals with “conventional data,” be it textual data, image, or video data. However, databases of various sorts have come into existence in recent years for storing “unconventional data” including biological data, social data, web data, topographical maps, and medical data. In compressing such data, one must consider two types of information: the information conveyed by the structure itself, and the information conveyed by the data labels implanted in the structure. In this paper, we attempt to address the former problem by studying information of graphical structures (i.e., unlabeled graphs). As the first step, we consider the Erdos-Renyi graphs G(n,p) over n vertices in which edges are added independently and randomly with probability p. We prove that the structural entropy of G(n,p) is (n;2)h(p)-logn!+o(1)=(n;2)h(p)-nlog+O(n), where h(p)=-plogp-(1-p)log(1-p) is the entropy rate of a conventional memoryless binary source. Then, we propose a two-stage compression algorithm that asymptotically achieves the structural entropy up to the nlog term (i.e., the first two leading terms) of the structural entropy. Our algorithm runs either in time O(n2) in the worst case for any graph or in time O(n+e) on average for graphs generated by G(n,p), where e is the average number of edges. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first provable (asymptotically) optimal graph compressor for Erdos-Renyi graph models. We use combinatorial and analytic techniques such as generating functions, Mellin transform, and poissonization to establish these findings. Our experiments confirm the theoretical results and also show the usefulness of our algorithm for some real-world graphs such as the Internet, biological networks, and social networks.
Feedforward control model for a twin-screw food extruder

Abstract Corn meal was puffed in a co-rotating twin-screw Baker-Perkins (50 mm) food extruder. Step tests were used to study the process dynamics. Dynamic models were developed using transfer functions. The die pressure appears to be the best controlled variable for a food extrusion automatic control strategy. Simulation studies showed that feedforward can be used to reduce the effect of feed rate and feed moisture content variation on the die pressure, and it is therefore recommended for food extrusion automation. In view of the complexity of the process (disturbances, non-linearities) adaptive control seems to be more suitable for food extruders than classical PID controllers.
Influence of four run-of-river dams on channel morphology and sediment characteristics in Illinois, USA

Dams are known to create discontinuities in river flow and sediment transport, with ensuing effects on the fluvial geomorphology of dammed systems. While the effects created by large impoundment dams are well documented, less is known about the influence of small run-of-river dams (common across the eastern United States) on river geomorphology. Recent emphasis on dam removal has focused on run-of-river structures, highlighting the need for improved understanding of the geomorphological effects of these types of dams. This research examines spatial variation in channel morphology and bed sediment character upstream and downstream of four run-of-river dams in Illinois. Results show that the four dams do not create major discontinuities in channel morphology or sediment character. Silt/clay content of bed material at the four sites is higher upstream of the dams than downstream, but this size fraction generally is a minor component by weight of the sediment samples collected. Although percentages of sand are generally higher upstream of the dams and gravel percentages are generally higher downstream, not all of these differences are statistically significant. Longitudinal profiles through the dams and changes in channel depth upstream and downstream of the dams indicate that no major accumulations of sediment have occurred behind the dams. Analysis of 137Cs in sediment cores at two sites shows no evidence of long-term fine sediment storage. Apparently, these dams are not acting as major sediment traps, nor do these structures produce substantial downstream channel erosion. Variability in spatial patterns of channel morphology and sediment characteristics among the sites suggests that local site-specific factors have an important influence on geomorphological responses. Because of this variability, the findings of this study indicate that information on site-specific conditions should be an important consideration in the removal planning process for run-of-river dams.
Towards a graphical notation to express the C++ template instantiation process (poster session)

C++ programmers who make intensive use of templates for developing applications get poor support from the compilers they use. Typical error reporting associated with template analysis ranges from long, nested, and therefore complex expressions, to short but cryptic messages. This poster introduces a graphical notation that can be used as an intermediate abstract medium on which the result of template analysis can be expressed. The motivation of our approach is to make template analysis and error reporting two orthogonal activities. If compiler implementors adopt a standard notation to express the result of template analysis, tools to help programmers visualize/understand errors can be independently developed, and used as compiler “plug-ins”, which will hopefully have a positive impact on issues such as programmer's productivity and product quality. We have used this notation to manually parse examples taken from the STL, and less known powerful uses of templates, such as expression templates, and template meta-programming. The preliminary stage we are reporting on has helped us to (a) identify elements that are needed in the notation, (b) identify limitations that are due to the instantiation model inherently associated with the language, and (d) have a sense of how useful the notation can be to pinpoint errors associated with the analysis of non-trivial cases such as expression templates.