cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concentration and civilisation: producing the attentive child in the age of Enlightenment

The problem of how best to capture, direct, and enhance children’s abilities to pay attention has been a central feature of educational thought and practices over a long duration. And, while having students pay attention in class has been a concern of teachers across the ages, beginning in the Enlightenment we find a significant shift in educational literature and practice where the child’s attention appears less and less as a simple passing reference and is no longer merely seen as an aid to instruction but becomes central to numerous educational projects. This article examines the educational writings of John Locke (1632–1704), Jean‐Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), and Maria Edgeworth (1767–1849) as a tactic for illuminating the categories that were embedded in theory and practice around the child’s attention in the “long” eighteenth century. These three popular advice‐giving writers allow us to track changes and continuities in pedagogic conceptualisations of children’s attentiveness. The article’s examin...
Polymer Chain Alignment in Shape Memory Polymer

Since their development, shape memory polymers, urethanes, styrenes, and the like, have been of increasing interest in advanced material and structure design. The following is an experimental investigation into the effect polymer chain alignment has on the mechanical properties of a particular styrene shape memory polymer, Veriflex®. Aligning the polymer chains results in several material anisotropies; giving rise to the possibility of controllable, directional shape memory and modulus behavior and a basis for a multitude of prospective design concepts.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Accuracy of colonoscopy for the detection of colorectal polyps

The findings at colonoscopy were compared with the pathologic findings of the surgical specimen in 235 patients who underwent a colon resection for a primary colorectal neoplasm from January 1980 to December 1987 at Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Seven patients (3 percent) were found to have synchronous primary colon carcinomas, and 100 patients (43 percent) were found to have synchronous adenomatous polyps identified by colonoscopy and/or pathology. In patients with polyps 10 mm or greater in diameter, the findings on colonoscopy agreed with the pathology report 96 percent of the time. When polyps of all sizes were included, with many less than 5 mm in diameter, colonoscopy agreed with the pathology in 89 percent of patients. When only the area of the colon resected was used to determine the ability of colonoscopy to locate polyps, 58 percent of polyps of all sizes were located. The majority of the missed polyps were adjacent to a carcinoma. One cecal carcinoma was not seen by colonoscopy because of technical inabilities to reach the cecum. A second carcinoma (20 mm x 17 mm) was not seen at the splenic flexure.
Reactions of dimethyl sulfoxide with sulfonate esters of fatty alcohols. I. Synthesis of higher saturated and unsaturated fatty aldehydes.

Long-chain saturated fatty aldehydes (C10 to C18), as well as the C18 unsaturated aldehydes (oleyl, linoleyl, and linolenyl), were synthesized in good yields by the selective oxidation of the sulfonate esters of the corresponding alcohols with dimethyl sulfoxide in the presence of sodium bicarbonate. Chromatographic procedures for the isolation of the pure aldehydes from the reaction mixtures are described. The purity of the aldehydes was ascertained by thin-layer chromatography, melting points of their 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazones, infrared spectra and other physical methods.
Dermatology at the movies.

Skin diseases frequently are portrayed in cinema, perhaps second only to movies, including psychological and psychiatric subject matter. Plots involving issues of the mind and skin may be attractive to film makers due to the seeming ease of depiction in film. Viewers cannot, of course, directly see the thoughts of film characters, but character speech, behavior, and interactions with other characters allow the audience to vicariously experience portrayals of psychological and psychiatric conditions. Psychologists and psychiatrists have analyzed films with behavioral content that contain topics about which they are expert, critiquing artistic depictions of mental disorders for accuracy and using movies to teach others about the profound personal and societal impact of mental illness.1 Dermatologists also can benefit from exposure to popular films that include skin diseases in their plot, enabling them to expand their “dermatology literacy” in the context of public perceptions about cutaneous diseases in an evolving contemporary society. Just as dermatologists have broadened their understanding about the historical and societal impact of skin disease from fine art and literary works, they also can expand their perceptions about skin diseases by studying dermatology in classic and current movies.2 Oscar Wilde astutely observed that “...Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates Life...” The public impact of fictional cinematic portrayals of skin diseases or even the inclusion of actual skin diseases based on historical fact in film, when rendered through the nondermatologist eyes of movie directors, is wide-ranging and may seriously impact dermatology practice and patients' perceptions about skin health and disease. Dermatologists should heed Marshall McLuhan's keen insight that “The
G74 In the age of the rapid diagnostic test, are three routine blood films necessary to exclude imported malaria in children presenting to the emergency department?

Aims The number of children returning from areas endemic for malaria is increasing. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria has evolved with the advent of reliable rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). 1 We aimed to evaluate the reliability of RDTs at one of the UK’s busiest children’s EDs and to assess whether this might have implications for serial testing for malaria which can be distressing to children, inconvenient for families and costly to the NHS. Methods We audited the use of malaria RDTs (Table 1) ( Carestart-Malaria, Apacor ) requested in the ED over a 12-month period (October 2013–October 2014), and compared their performance against the gold standard of microscopy. Results Population (n = 104), 48% female (n = 50), with a median age of 2.5 years. Two children were excluded from the analysis as an RDT had not been performed alongside microscopy. Most children had returned from South Asia (58%), with 18% from Sub Saharan Africa. There were no negative RDT results on preliminary testing with a positive diagnosis on microscopy. Overall, a first RDT had sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 97.8%. Of the children tested, 82% had only one RDT and blood film performed. Conclusion In this series, a single RDT combined with one film excluded malaria in returning travellers, and this is common practice within the ED and the wider Trust. However, other studies have reported that RDTs and preliminary microscopy can rarely miss infections. 2 A larger study needs to confirm the safety of a single RDT and film. References Abba K, Deeks JJ, Olliaro PL, et al . Rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosing uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in endemic countries. Cochrane Library 2011. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD008122.pub2 Pasricha JM, Juneja S, Manitta J, et al . Is serial testing required to diagnose imported malaria in the era of rapid diagnostic tests? Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88(1):20–23
Attempted insertion of a recessive autosomal gene into a semi-isolated population of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae).

A total of 158,957 adult Culex tarsalis mosquitoes carrying a recessive autosomal eye-pigment mutant, carmine eye (car) , were released in the spring of 1982 at a semi-isolated area in the arid foothills of Kern County, California, USA. The persistence of the released genotype was monitored by examining the progeny of field-mated females from the target population, backcrossing field males to homozygous car laboratory females and examining their progeny, and by inspecting field-collected immatures for homozygous car larvae. In addition, males reared from field-collected and phenotypically wild-type larvae were backcrossed to car females during the spring of 1983. Carmine eye phenotypic frequencies declined rapidly following the vernal rise of the target population; however, males heterozygous for car were recovered throughout the summer of 1982 and during the spring of 1983. Assortative swarming and mating behavior among the released genotype may have impeded the insertion of the released gene into the target population gene pool. Reduced larval fitness and a high immigration rate may have contributed to the failure of the released genome to be maintained at a high level.
Distribution of connective tissue proteins in chick muscle spindles as revealed by monoclonal antibodies: a unique distribution of brachionectin/tenascin.

The distribution in chick muscle spindles of eight connective tissue proteins (collagen types I, IV, V, and VI, laminin, heparan sulfate, fibronectin, and brachionectin/tenascin) was examined by immunofluorescent histochemistry. Intrafusal fibers were surrounded by layers of collagen type VI and fibronectin, and by an external lamina containing collagen type IV, laminin, and heppran sulfate. Most of these layers displayed a different pattern of staining at the sensory region of the equator than at the polar region. The crescent-like sheath that caps each intrafusal fiber and sensory terminal at the equator was strongly positive for collagen type I and weakly positive for collagen type V. The outer spindle capsule contained laminin, heparan sulfate, collagen types IV and VI, brachionectin/tenascin, fibronectin, and to a lesser degree also collagen types I and V. Brachionectin/tenascin had the narrowest distribution of any of the connective tissue macromolecules studied. It was found only in the outer capsule and in the coverings of blood vessels and nerves associated with the outer capsule.
Brain-Immune Interactions: the role of cytokines in depression and substance use disorders

The role of the immune system in the neurobiological and pathophysiological mechanisms mediating psychiatric symptomotology and cognitive functioning has attracted increasing attention in recent years. This role is exemplified in the case of patients with chronic viral infections secondary to substance use disorders and in the use of cytokines as antiviral therapies [e.g., interferon-alpha therapy for hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection]. In particular, the recent methamphetamine epidemic in the United States has highlighted the risk of contracting human immunodeficiency viral (HIV) and HCV infections. Not only do substance use disorders increase the risk of contracting HIV or HCV, they have also been associated with decreased antiviral therapy utilization and virological suppression.
Core curriculum revision at TCU: How faculty created and are maintaining the TCU core curriculum

The initiative to revise Texas Christian University’s (TCU) general education curriculum was one of the outcomes of an institutional strategic planning process in 2000, the Commission on the Future of TCU. Coincident with this planning process, TCU developed a new institutional mission statement that focused on preparing students for becoming responsible citizens and ethical leaders in the global community. The institution was then faced with the problem of designing a curriculum that would be consistent with the new mission statement and would facilitate assessment within the framework of the already existing academic structure of the university. To design such a curriculum would entail addressing the issues of how to match the goals of general education with the institution’s mission and values, and how to meld general education with the students’ major fields of study. The first efforts to revise the core resulted in a faculty assembly meeting in January 2002, at which faculty expressed discontent with the proposed revision. The discontent came from problems with the process as much as with the proposed revision. Several committees had worked on the revision, and the resulting design was presented as a fait accompli. After listening to the comments at the faculty assembly, the chancellor asked the faculty senate to take over the process of designing a new core curriculum. The senate held a number of meetings throughout the spring semester to talk
Educational Multiwavelength Atomic Emission Spectrometer

A simple multiwavelength emission instrument utilizing a commercial grating monochromator, a fiber optic sensor to collect radiation from an acetylene-air flame, and a CCD detector, has been evaluated for pedagogical value in the undergraduate curriculum. Simultaneous determination of Na, Li, K, Rb at ppb level, and Ca, Sr, Ba at ppm level was achieved. The instrument is affordable, yet suitable for solving real analytical problems. High quality visualization makes the spectrometer a useful educational tool.
Schizophrenic Subgroups with Normal and Abnormal Cognitive Functioning on the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery

A new set of decision rules for identification of brain dysfunction among schizophrenic or schizoaffective disorder patients were tested with the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. In a sample of 100 patients from these categories with normal neurological examination findings, three groups of patients were identified. These patients respectively were identified as cognitively normal, borderline, or abnormal. These groups were subjected to a series of multivariate and univariate analyses that showed them to be associated with significantly different profiles on the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. Different functional systems were postulated to account for the differences in impaired scores across normal, borderline, and abnormal cognitive functioning groups. Further research with external validation criteria was encouraged.
Healthcare information on YouTube: A systematic review

This article reviews the peer-reviewed literature addressing the healthcare information available on YouTube. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined, and the online databases PubMed and Web of Knowledge were searched using the search phrases: (1) YouTube* AND Health* and (2) YouTube* AND Healthcare*. In all, 18 articles were reviewed, with the results suggesting that (1) YouTube is increasingly being used as a platform for disseminating health information; (2) content and frame analysis were the primary techniques employed by researchers to analyze the characteristics of this information; (3) YouTube contains misleading information, primarily anecdotal, that contradicts the reference standards and the probability of a lay user finding such content is relatively high; (4) the retrieval of relevant videos is dependent on the search term used; and (5) videos from government organizations and professional associations contained trustworthy and high-quality information. YouTube is used as a medium for promoting unscientific therapies and drugs that are yet to be approved by the appropriate agencies and has the potential to change the beliefs of patients concerning controversial topics such as vaccinations. This review recognizes the need to design interventions to enable consumers to critically assimilate the information posted on YouTube with more authoritative information sources to make effective healthcare decisions.
Effects of Type of Coping Response, Setting, and Social Context on Reactions to Sexual Harassment

Male and female undergraduates from a multicultural university (MU) and an historically Black University (HBU) read a scenario in which a student was sexually harassed either by a professor or a workplace supervisor. The student victim's coping response was also varied. Participants rated the victim's behavior as most effective and appropriate when she confronted the harasser directly or reported the harasser's behavior. HBU students judged the harasser as not guilty significantly more often than MU students, but believed that the harasser was less trustworthy than multicultural students did. Women responded significantly more negatively to the blatant sexual harassment scenario than men did. Implications for prevention and interventions are discussed.
Influenza-associated global amnesia and hippocampal imaging abnormality

The acute phase of influenza infection is rarely associated with significant cognitive dysfunction. We describe a case of a 24 year-old man who developed global amnesia in the acute phase of influenza A infection. His deficits resolved over the course of several weeks. Transient abnormalities of diffusion and T2-weighted imaging were seen in the bilateral hippocampi. We review cerebral complications of influenza and discuss the possible role of previously proposed mechanisms in our patient’s case.
Experimental study of data merging techniques for workspace modeling with uncertainty

The vast majority of sensors used in autonomous robotic systems are submitted to uncertainty sources that often generate contradictory data that must be interpreted in order to optimize the reliability of the information extracted from the models that are built from those measurements. When certainty occupancy maps are used to represent the workspace of a robot, the estimation of the uncertainty level becomes a critical issue as it must become an active part of the model. Numerous techniques such as the Bayesian theory, the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence and fuzzy logic inference schemes have beet; proposed to achieve data fusion of uncertain measurements. However, the performance of these approaches has not been; extensively investigated and compared in the specific context of certainty occupancy maps construction. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation that has been conducted to adapt, implement and evaluate these three data merging techniques to achieve smooth progressive refinement in the construction of occupancy grids based on cumulative uncertain range measurements. The context of the application considered is that of collision-free path planning for mobile robots.
Has Afirma gene expression classifier testing refined the indeterminate thyroid category in cytology

BACKGROUND Thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) plays a pivotal role in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. Up to 30% of cases are diagnosed as indeterminate by FNA, including atypia of undetermined significance, follicular lesion of undetermined significance, suspicious for a follicular neoplasm, and follicular neoplasm, with approximately two-thirds having a benign outcome. The gene expression classifier (GEC) test is a molecular test for cases with indeterminate cytology. The purpose of the current study was to examine the refining role of the GEC test within a single institution. METHODS Retrospective analysis of all thyroid FNAs during a 20-month period after implementation of GEC was performed. Cases of indeterminate cytology with concomitant GEC testing were selected and divided further in 4 subgroups. Correlation with surgical follow-up, when available, was performed. The results were compared with previously published data from the study institution before the implementation of GEC testing. RESULTS Among the 217 cases, there were 189 with indeterminate cytology, 42% of which were benign and 50% of which were suspicious by GEC. The excisional rate of atypia of undetermined significance-follicular lesion of undetermined significance in the pre-GEC category was 63%, which decreased to 35% in the post-GEC category, whereas the malignancy rate in the excised thyroids increased from 35% in the pre-GEC category to 47% in the post-GEC category. Similar findings also were obtained for suspicious for a follicular neoplasm-follicular neoplasm lesions. CONCLUSIONS The strength of the GEC test appears to lie in its ability to reclassify 42% of indeterminate cytology cases as benign, thereby decreasing the number of unnecessary surgical procedures. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2016;124:100–109. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
The Expanding Role of Managed Care in the Medicaid Program Implications for Health Care Access, Use, and Expenditures for Nonelderly Adults

States increasingly use managed care for Medicaid enrollees, yet evidence of its impact on health care outcomes is mixed. This research studies county-level Medicaid managed care (MMC) penetration and health care outcomes among nonelderly disabled and nondisabled enrollees. Results for nondisabled adults show that increased penetration is associated with increased probability of an emergency department visit, difficulty seeing a specialist, and unmet need for prescription drugs, and is not associated with reduced expenditures. We find no association between penetration and health care outcomes for disabled adults. This suggests that the primary gains from MMC may be administrative simplicity and budget predictability for states rather than reduced expenditures or improved access for individuals.
Evaluation and management of atrial fibrillation.

A patient with atrial fibrillation frequently presents difficult challenges to the clinician. This arrhythmia is associated with sequelae ranging from the troublesome to the catastrophic. An understanding of the mechanisms of atrial fibrillation has led to rapidly evolving therapeutic strategies using pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic modalities. This article provides an understanding of pathophysiology, clinical course, and management of this common arrhythmia.
Kinetics of thermal decay in NiMn and PtMn spin valve devices

The thermal stability of NiMn and PtMn exchange-biased spin valves is studied in fully integrated magnetic recording heads. Constant temperature and voltage are applied to simulate stress conditions, and magnetic transfer curves are measured in situ to follow the magnetization kinetics. For both types of spin valves, the amplitude of the magnetoresistance changes as the square root of time, and the lifetimes are distributed as a lognormal function. Linear scaling of the lifetime distributions strongly suggests the same mechanism in both NiMn and PtMn structures. However PtMn spin valves with a synthetic antiferromagnetic pinned layer are more stable than NiMn structures with a simple pinned layer.
The Nuts and Bolts and Results of Fluorine Bomb Calorimetry

The technique of fluorine bomb calorimetry is outlined with special emphasis on the experimental methods, including the construction of the reaction vessel and manifold for operations with F2. A detailed description is included of a determination of the massic energy of reaction and calculation of the enthalpy of formation, Δf H m ° (298.15 K). Safety aspects of operations with F2 are outlined. An appendix lists values of Δf H m ° (GeaXb), most of which were determined by fluorine bomb calorimetry, as well as the mean enthalpies of dissociation of bonds in those compounds. (Here, X denotes O, S, Se, or Te).
CXCR4 activation mediates resistance to mTOR-directed therapy via regulation of VHL

A197 The molecular determinants of resistance to mTOR targeted therapies remain unspecified. A human explant xenograft model of pancreatic cancer was used to demonstrate that CXCR4 activation promotes resistance to temsirolimus via von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) mediated events. Methods: A human explant pancreatic cancer xenograft model was used to test the antitumor effects of temsirolimus and the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3465. Subsequently rt-PCR and western blotting techniques were used to assess gene and protein expression in treated tumors and pancreatic cancer cell lines exposed to the CXCR4 ligand Stromal derived factor -1 alpha (SDF-1α). Results: Treatment of 17 patient-derived pancreatic cancer xenografts with temsirolimus demonstrated the efficacy of mTOR inhibition. However, a variety of temsirolimus antitumor effects were observed amongst these pancreas xenografts. Interestingly, high levels of baseline SDF-1α gene expression were associated with temsirolimus resistance. The co-administration of AMD3465 and temsirolimus synergistically inhibited tumor growth in a temsirolimus resistant xenograft. This effect was associated with the inhibition of p70/S6kinase phosphorylation as well as cyclin D and c-Myc expression. Conversely, exogenous rhSDF-1α induced a resistant phenotype in a CXCR4+/SDF-1α- temsirolimus sensitive xenograft, which was reversed by AMD3465. In both scenarios, inhibition of CXCR4 activation by AMD3465 was associated with the abrogation of VHL expression. Furthermore, a similar pattern of clusterin expression to that of VHL was observed in tumors treated with temsirolimus and AMD3465. Sequence analysis of all 17 patient-derived tumors failed to demonstrate the presence of any SNPs resulting in the expression of mutant VHL. HIF-1α gene expression was reduced by 50% in temsirolimus sensitive tumors compared to its expression in control tumors; whereas, HIF-1α gene expression was maintained at the level of control tumors in temsirolimus resistant tumors. However, there was no observed change in HIF-1α protein levels in the temsirolimus resistant tumors relative to control. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that CXCR4 activation mediates resistance to mTOR-directed therapy in part by the regulation of VHL. The presence of wild-type VHL in these patient-derived pancreas xenografts combined with the clustering of VHL expression with that of clusterin suggest that CXCR4 may promote resistance to mTOR inhibitors in part by HIF-1α independent VHL mediated intracellular events.
Fluorescence potentiometric depth-specific imaging of neural systems

We describe the development of depth-specific imaging devices for imaging neural activity in vivo using voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes. Results from phantom fluorescent object tests show that gradient index (GRIN) lens devices demonstrate promise for imaging scattered light fluoresence signals from deep (up to 150 pm below the surface) cortical layers.
Integrating congestion pricing and transit investment planning

This paper develops a mathematical model and solution procedure to identify an optimal zonal pricing scheme for automobile traffic to incentivize the expanded use of transit as a mechanism to stem congestion and the social costs that arise from that congestion. The optimization model assumes that there is a homogenous collection of users whose behavior can be described as utility maximizers and for which their utility function is driven by monetary costs. These monetary costs are assumed to be the tolls in place, the per mile cost to drive, and the value of their time. We assume that there is a system owner who sets the toll prices, collects the proceeds from the tolls, and invests those funds in transit system improvements in the form of headway reductions. This yields a bi-level optimization model which we solve using an iterative procedure that is an integration of a genetic algorithm and the Frank–Wolfe method. The method and solution procedure is applied to an illustrative example.
Textured Superconducting Thin Films of Bismuth Cuprate by Laser Ablation Method

We have prepared highly textured superconducting thin films from Bi1.5pb0.5Ca3Sr2Cu4Ox (2324) on (100) YS-ZrO2 (Yttria stabilized zirconia) and Bi1.5Pb0.5Ca2Sr2Cu3°x (2223) on LaAlC-3 (100) and MgO (100) substrates at 650°C by pulsed laser ablation method.These films showed 2212 type of phase of the (BiPb)2(Ca,Sr)n+1CunO2n+4+5 family with onset transition temperature ( Tc ) ~ 110 K, confirming our earlier observations of 110 K superconductivity in a n = 2 bulk material. Thin films deposited from 2324 bulk target on YS-Z1O2 showed zero resistance temperature (Tco ) of 68 K but post annealing for one hour at 400°C in oxygen improved Tco from 68 K to 82 K. Thin films from 2223 target on LaAlO3 ( 100 ) and MgO ( 100 ) exhibited a Tco of 65 K and 74 K respectively while onset remained the same at 110 K. Further annealing at 400°C for one hour in oxygen did not show any improvement in Tco. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) channeling studies were performed on these films for correlation between crystal structure, microstructure and superconducting properties. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated 2212 type phase with a= 5.39 A and c=30.76 A; preferential orientation of c-axis perpendicular to the substrate was observed. The lattice parameter and x-ray diffraction patterns were found to be invariant with annealing treatments.
Differential effects of chronic nicotine and tobacco smoke administration on iliac vascular resistance in the rat.

SummaryIn summary these studies have demonstrated that chronic nicotine consumption by oral administration elicits a reduction in vascular resistance within the iliac circulation of the rat. The mechanism appears to involve a change in the vascular architecture as opposed to modification of vascular tone. By contrast long-term consumption of an equivalent amount of nicotine via tobacco smoke had no significant effect.
Equivalence of Mobile and Fixed Lithotriptors for Upper Tract Stones

AbstractAlthough mobile renal lithotripsy appears to be a cost-efficient method for a urologist to treat patients at the local hospital the quality issue has been raised with occasional use of a mobile lithotriptor. We reviewed 4,278 kidneys in 3,900 patients treated by 129 urologists using a mobile Dornier HM3 and a mobile Medstone lithotriptor at 21 mobile sites in 6 upper midwest states during 3½ years. These results were compared with those in 524 kidneys in 480 patients treated by our fixed Medstone lithotriptor. After the procedure auxiliary treatments were needed in 3% of the patients treated with the mobile units and 2% of those treated with the fixed unit. The rate in 2 large published series was approximately 9%. The retreatment rates were 5% with the mobile lithotriptors and 6% with the fixed unit (reported average 16%), and the over-all stone-free rates at 3 months were 69% and 68% (versus 66%). Of note, the mobile units were as effective as the fixed unit against difficult stones. A mobile li...
The Role of Crop Rotation Systems on Non-Cyst Nematodes Affecting Potatoes in the Temperate Zones

Plant-parasitic nematodes have a significant economic impact on potato production in the temperate zones. The most damaging nematodes on potatoes are the potato cyst nematodes, Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis. Of the non-cyst nematodes (NCN), the potato rot (Ditylenchus destructor), root-lesion (Pratylenahus penetrans), root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.) and stubby-root (Paratriehodorus and Trichodorus spp.) nematodes are most important. Literature on NCN problems in potato production, of which the occurrence or effect depends on crop rotation systems or cropping frequency, is limited. This is due to the wide host range of NCN, which makes crop rotation impractical. Thus, the most common means to control NCN on potatoes is by the use of nematicides. However, in the USSR crop rotation with adequate weed control, use of clean seed, and planting potatoes every 3 or 4 years had been reported to satisfactorily control D. destructor. In the northwestern United States, a three-year crop rotation along with nematicides is used to control M. chitwoodi and M. hapla on potatoes. Monoculture with potatoes has been shown to reduce the efficacy of soil fumigants in controlling M. chitwoodi. Crops commonly grown in rotation with potatoes in the northwestern United States are alfalfa and cereals. The cereals are used to suppress M. hapla populations but are good hosts for M. chitwoodi. Alfalfa is a good host for M. hapla and M. chitwoodi race 2 but unsuitable for race 1. Thus, a major part of the problems encountered with M. chitwoodi on potatoes is due to an inadequate crop rotation system.
Clarifying the prospective relationships between social anxiety and eating disorder symptoms and underlying vulnerabilities

Social anxiety and eating disorders are highly comorbid. Several explanations for these high levels of comorbidity have been theorized. First, social anxiety might be a vulnerability factor for eating disorders. Second, eating disorders might be a vulnerability factor for social anxiety. Third, the two kinds of disorders may have common, shared psychological vulnerabilities. The current study (N = 300 undergraduate women) investigates a model of social anxiety and eating disorder symptoms that examines each of these possibilities across two time points (Time 1 and six months later). We do not find support for either social anxiety or eating disorder symptoms per se predicting each other across time. Instead, we find that some underlying vulnerabilities prospectively predict symptoms of both disorders, whereas other vulnerabilities are specific to symptoms of one disorder. Specifically we find that maladaptive perfectionism is a shared prospective vulnerability for social anxiety and eating disorder symptoms. Alternatively, we find that social appearance anxiety is specific for eating disorder symptoms, whereas high standards is specific for social anxiety symptoms. These data help clarify our understanding of how and why social anxiety and eating disorder symptoms frequently co-occur.
Taxonomic review of New World Tachyina (Coleoptera, Carabidae): descriptions of new genera, subgenera, and species, with an updated key to the subtribe in the Americas.

The classification of the carabid subtribe Tachyina (Trechitae: Bembidiini) is reviewed in light of newly discovered diversity from Central and South America. Described herein are three new genera (Tachyxystagen. n., Stigmatachysgen. n., Nothoderisgen. n.), two new subgenera of Meotachys (Scolistichussubgen. n., Hylotachyssubgen. n.), and two new subgenera of Elaphropus (Ammotachyssubgen. n., Idiotachyssubgen. n.). Two names previously synonymized under Polyderis (Polyderidius Jeannel, 1962) and Elaphropus (Nototachys Alluaud, 1930) are elevated to generic and subgeneric status, respectively. Eight new species are recognized: Tachyxysta howdenorum (type locality: Mexico: Chiapas: El Aguacero, 680m); Elaphropus marchantarius (type locality: Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Solimoes, Ilha de Marchantaria), Elaphropus acutifrons (type locality: Brazil: Para, Santarem) and Elaphropus occidentalis (type locality: Peru: Loreto, Pithecia, 74°45'W 05°28'S); Stigmatachys uvea (type locality: Peru: Loreto: Campamento San Jacinto, 2°18.75'S, 75°51.77'W, 175-215m); and Meotachys riparius (type locality: Colombia: Amazonas: Leticia, 700 ft), Meotachys ballorum (type locality: Brazil: Amazonas, Rio Negro Cucui), and Meotachys rubrum (type locality: Peru: Madre de Dios: Rio Manu, Pakitza, 11°56°47'S 071°17°00'W, 356m). An updated key to the genera and subgenera of Tachyina occurring in the New World is provided, with accompanying illustrations.
Deeply degenerate p-type GaN grown by metal modulated epitaxy

Metal Modulation Epitaxy (MME) [1] was introduced as a new growth technique wherein only the metal fluxes (Al, Ga, In, Si, and Mg) are modulated in a short periodic fashion in a plasma-assisted MBE system, while maintaining a continuous nitrogen plasma flux. This initially lead to dramatic improvements in grain size and demonstrated hole concentrations in excess of 4.5×1018 cm3 [1, 2, 3] for Mg-doped GaN grown on c-plane sapphire, eventually leading to p-type GaN with hole concentrations of ~1.5×1019 cm−3[4] and >4e19 cm3 [5]. Herein, we report the MME growth and characterization of deeply degenerately doped p-GaN with hole concentrations of ~7.9× 1019 cm3.
Immunization of Swine for Production of Antibody Against Zearalenone.

Production of antisera specific for zearalenone was investigated in swine for potential use in prophylaxis against zearalenone hyperestrogenism. Swine were immunized with zearalenone-6′-carboxymethyloxime bovine serum albumin conjugate by four different protocols. For detection of antizearalenone antibody, a simple indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was devised whereby porcine antiserum was incubated over a zearalenone-6′-carboxymethyloxime poly-L-lysine solid phase and total bound antibodies were detected with peroxidase-labeled anti-swine serum. The optimal immunization protocol consisted of an initial injection of 5 mg of conjugate followed by a 2-mg boost at 4 wk and was sufficient to obtain anti-zearalenone titers of 1:5120 in 8 wk. Competitive indirect ELISA for zearalenone using this antiserum had an assay detection limit of 10 ng/ml for the toxin. Cross-reactivity of the antiserum with α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol were 33, 25, 6, and 10%, respectively.
Flowering and fruiting morphology of hardy kiwifruit, Actinidia arguta

Morphology of Actinidia arguta ‘Ananasnaya’ vines was studied in 1998 and 1999 in Oregon, USA. Vines were three years old (1998) and trained on a pergola trellis. The origination of one-year-old fruiting wood had no effect on percent fruitful shoots or the number of clusters or fruit per meter of cane. One-year-old canes produced fruitful shoots along their entire length, but were most productive from nodes 6 to 26. In 1999, of 2085 nodes/vine left after winter pruning, bud break was 47%, 85% of the shoots continued to grow past 15cm long, and 83% of these were fruitful. The most productive flowering zone on shoots was from nodes 6 to 12. There was no relationship between yield per vine and return bloom the following year. Fruit set was 74%. There was a significant linear relationship between fresh fruit weight and seed number.
Rate of renal function decline, race and referral to nephrology in a large cohort of primary care patients.

Introduction Late nephrology referral is associated with adverse outcomes especially among minorities. Research on the association of the rate of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression with nephrology referral in white versus black patients is lacking. Objectives Compute the odds of nephrology referral in primary care and their associations with race and the rate of CKD progression. Methods Electronic health record data were obtained from 2170 patients in primary care clinics in the Saint Louis metropolitan area with at least two estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values over a 7-year observation period. Fast CKD progression was defined as a decline in eGFR of ≥5 ml/min/1.73 m2/year. Logistic regression models were computed to measure the associations between eGFR progression, race and nephrology referral before and after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results Nephrology referrals were significantly more prevalent among those with fast compared to slow progression (5.6 versus 2.0%, P < 0.0001), however, a majority of fast progressors were not referred. Fast CKD progression and black race were associated with increased odds of nephrology referral (OR = 2.74; 95% CI: 1.60-4.72 and OR = 2.42; 95% CI: 1.28-4.56, respectively). The interaction of race and eGFR progression in nephrology referral was found to be non-significant. Conclusion Nephrology referrals are more common in fast CKD progression, but referrals are underutilized. Nephrology referral is more common among blacks but its' association with rate of decline does not differ by race. Further studies are required to investigate the benefit of early referral of patients at risk of fast CKD progression.
Scheduling and Sequencing

The purpose of solving scheduling problems is to find the optimal order of processing different tasks on a set of different processors while effectively utilizing the limited available resources. Effective schedules result not only in improved utilization of resources but also customer satisfaction. For example, in manufacturing, different scheduling of products will result in a different utilization of machines and completion times. Scheduling allows production to be accomplished efficiently while optimizing the utilization of resources and satisfying the due dates. Data processing by computers is another example of scheduling in which data are processed, stored, and/or retrieved. Each computer has several devices and processors that need to be properly scheduled to perform the needed tasks. The most important objectives of scheduling are listed below; these objectives are usually in conflict, and therefore MCDM approaches can be used to find a satisfactory solution. 1. Minimize the total time to complete all jobs (to maximize productivity). 2. Maximize meeting due dates (to maximize customer satisfaction). 3. Maximize utilization of resources (to minimize operational cost). 4. Minimize the average number of jobs waiting in the system (to minimize queues).
Unitarized impulse approximation: KD elastic scattering

Abstract An effort is made to incorporate unitarity into the dispersive impulse approximation for KD elastic scattering. It is argued that elastic unitarity suffices since there exist no inelastic two-body states of any kind (involving stable or unstable particles) coupled to the KD system at low energy. The impact parameter representation is used and an approximate unitarity relation is obtained. Correct threshold behavior for the partial waves is built in and a unitarized version of the impulse approximation is constructed. The cross sections are calculated at 230 MeV/ c . Little data is avaiable for comparison with the computed angular distribution; the total cross section is in excellent agreement with experiment.
Identifying Factors Associated With Low Maternal Health Care Seeking Behavior in Bangladesh: Does Women's Autonomy Matter?

ABSTRACTMaternal health care seeking behavior (HSB) is a vital determinant of the overall maternal and child health of a country. The present study, which focused on women's autonomy as an important factor in the care-seeking behavior of women, is based on data from BDHS 2014, a nationally representative survey in Bangladesh. A total of 17,863 ever-married women (age 15 years and older) were enrolled in the study. Results showed that, after we controlled for all other predictive variables, higher autonomy status of women remained significantly associated with HSB (OR 1.31, CI 1.025, 1.674). Eliminating disparities in social class and stigma and challenging traditional and religious beliefs through mass media may help to alleviate the unmet health seeking.
Energy Conservation and State-Space Characterization of Adaptive Filter Performance

This article provides an overview of an energy-based approach to the study of the steady-state and transient performances of adaptive filters. The analysis employs energy-conservation arguments and is based on studying the energy flow through each iteration of an adaptive filter. Among other results, the approach characterizes the transient behavior of adaptive filters in terms of a linear time-invariant state-space model. The stability and steady-state behavior of the model then translate into stability and mean-square performance results for the adaptive filter. In addition to deriving earlier results in a unified manner, the approach does not restrict the regression data to being Gaussian or white.
Anomalous variations in the viscous activation energy of suspensions induced by fractal structuring.

Abstract Hypothesis In suspensions, the activation energy of viscous flow is an important property that controls the temperature dependence of the viscosity. However, the differentiated roles of the properties of the liquid phase and the structure of the solid particles in controlling the activation energy remain unclear. We propose here that particle fractal structuring yields an anomalous behavior in the activation energy of viscous flow. Experiments The rheology of two series of suspensions consisting of glass beads suspended in poly(1-decene) was investigated over a wide range of solid volume fractions (0.00 ≤ φ ≤ 0.55). These suspensions were characterized by their viscosity ( η , Pa∙s) via shear rate sweeps and by their yield stress (Pa) via oscillatory amplitude sweeps. Findings Interestingly, for suspensions consisting of nominally smaller particles ( d 50 ≈ 5 µm), we observe an anomalous decrease in the activation energy ( E a , kJ/mol) of viscous flow with increasing solid fraction. Based on oscillatory rheology analyses, it is suggested that such anomalous behavior arises due to entropic effects that result from the formation of fractally-architected cooperatively rearranging regions (i.e., agglomerates) in the suspension.
Unveiling conformational changes of biological molecules using multiscale modeling and multiresolution experiments

Characterization of the structure and functional states of large biological complexes is of great interest as those complexes perform many vital cellular functions, such as replication, transcription, protein synthesis or regulation of cellular transport, and dysfunctions of those results in severe diseases.
Agronomic productivity of conventional and low-external-input cropping systems and their effect on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) population dynamics

Low-external-input (LEI) cropping systems that include forage legumes and small grains in addition to corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] can achieve similar or higher crop productivity and economic return than conventional corn-soybean rotations. We hypothesized that this rotation effect occurs regardless of the crop genotype planted and the herbicide and cultivation regime selected for weed management. To test this hypothesis, we compared over a 3-year period three cropping systems: a conventional 2-year corn-soybean rotation, a 3-year corn-soybean-oat (Avena sativa L.)/red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) rotation, and a 4-year corn-soybeanoat/alfalfa-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) rotation. Within each cropping system, two management strategies were contrasted: (i) genetically engineered (GE) corn with resistance to European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner) and corn rootworms (Diabrotica spp.) plus the broadcast application of preemergence herbicides (PRE), followed in the rotation by a genetically engineered soybean variety with resistance to the herbicide glyphosate plus the postemergence broadcast application of glyphosate
Computerized nutrient data bases: I. Comparison of nutrient analysis systems.

For the science of nutrition to maintain its credibility in the future, comparative food consumption studies must produce reliable findings that will provide a sound basis for nutritional guidance and the drafting of national health policy.
Time-structural controllability and observability of a class of deterministic discrete event system

Abstract In reference[1], definitions of controllability and observability of finite-dimensional deterministic discrete event system (FDDES) are proposed. We call them those of time-structural controllability and observability, as those definitions are based entirely on timed event graph[3]. They are not ready to be used in the study of time-structural properties of FDDES desbcribed by the pseudolinear “state space” model[2]. In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions are given that are equivalent to those in [1], but based on the linear “state space” model hence the readiness of being used by means of computer in the study of time-structural property of FDDES.