cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Space-Time-Frequency Adaptive Processor Design for Ultra-Sparse Apertures

This paper addresses the problem of designing an adaptive processor to cancel multiple interference sources using an ultra-sparse, very large array of distributed sensors. Specifically, we will address the case where the array has sufficient dispersive properties such that sufficient degrees-of-freedom required by a standard "dense tap" space-time adaptive processor to cover the delay spread of all the potential interference sources would result in an infeasible solution. We propose a "sparse tap" architecture, where we derive the minimum dimensionality of a STAP processor required to cancel a given interference environment. We then look at the case were the interference sources may have non-zero velocity, and derive an extension of the processor to cover this environment.
Electrothermal behavior of deep submicron nMOS transistors under high current snapback (ESD/EOS) conditions

We present the underlying mechanisms of second breakdown in deep submicron nMOS transistors under high current snapback conditions. The onset of second breakdown is shown to be determined by a rapid increase in the thermally generated component of the substrate (base) current. Simplified simulation methodologies for evaluating high current robustness using isothermal device simulations are demonstrated and good correlations with experimental data have been obtained. >
Recent Emergence of a Chytrid Fungal Pathogen in California Cascades Frogs (Rana cascadae)

The pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been associated with global amphibian declines, but it is often difficult to discern the relative importance of Bd as a causal agent in declines that have already occurred. Retrospective analyses of museum specimens have allowed researchers to associate the timing of Bd arrival with the timing of past amphibian declines. Cascades frogs (Rana cascadae) have experienced dramatic declines in northern California, but it is not clear whether the onset of these declines corresponds to the arrival of Bd. We used quantitative real-time PCR assays of samples collected from museum specimens to determine historical Bd prevalence in the northern California range of Cascades frogs. We detected Bd in 13 of 364 (3.5%) Cascades frog specimens collected between 1907 and 2003, with the first positive result from 1978. A Bayesian analysis suggested that Bd arrived in the region between 1973 and 1978, which corresponds well with the first observations of declines in the 1980s.
National Institutes of Health Funding to Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery at U.S. Medical Schools

Background: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the largest supporter of biomedical research in the U.S., yet its contribution to orthopaedic research is poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the portfolio of NIH funding to departments of orthopaedic surgery at U.S. medical schools. Methods: The NIH RePORT (Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools) database was queried for NIH grants awarded to departments of orthopaedic surgery in 2014. Funding totals were determined for award mechanisms and NIH institutes. Trends in NIH funding were determined for 2005 to 2014 and compared with total NIH extramural research funding. Funding awarded to orthopaedic surgery departments was compared with that awarded to departments of other surgical specialties in 2014. Characteristics of NIH-funded principal investigators were obtained from department web sites. Results: In 2014, 183 grants were awarded to 132 investigators at 44 departments of orthopaedic surgery. From 2005 to 2014, NIH funding increased 24.3%, to $54,608,264 (p = 0.030), but the rates of increase seen did not differ significantly from those of NIH extramural research funding as a whole (p = 0.141). Most (72.6%) of the NIH funding was awarded through the R01 mechanism, with a median annual award of $343,980 (interquartile range [IQR], $38,372). The majority (51.1%) of the total funds supported basic science research, followed by translational (33.0%), clinical (10.0%), and educational (5.9%) research. NIH-funded orthopaedic principal investigators were predominately scientists whose degree was a PhD (71.1%) and who were male (79.5%). Eleven NIH institutes were represented, with the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) providing the preponderance (74.2%) of the funding. In 2014, orthopaedic surgery ranked below the surgical departments of general surgery, ophthalmology, obstetrics and gynecology, otolaryngology, and urology in terms of NIH funding received. Conclusions: The percentage increase of NIH funding to departments of orthopaedic surgery from 2005 to 2014 was not significantly greater than that of total NIH extramural research funding. Funding levels to orthopaedic surgery departments lag behind funding to departments of other surgical disciplines. Funding levels may not match the academic potential of orthopaedic faculty, and interventions may be needed to increase NIH grant procurement.
Audiovisual Distraction Increases Prefrontal Cortical Neuronal Activity and Impairs Attentional Performance in the Rat

Involvement of attentional processes is generally evidenced by disruption of behavior in the presence of distracting stimuli. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) seems to play a role in fine-tuning activity during attentional tasks. A novel titration variant of the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-choice serial reaction time titration variant [5CTV]) that adjusts task difficulty based on subject performance was used to evaluate the effects of audiovisual distraction (DSTR) on performance and mPFC single spike activity and local field potential (LFP). Attention was impaired in the 5CTV from DSTR, and mPFC spike activity was increased, whereas LFP was reduced. The increased spike activity in the mPFC in conjunction with DSTR suggests that conflicting attentional demands may contribute to the reduced task performance. As both hypo- and hyperactivation of the mPFC may contribute to attentional disruption, further studies using the 5CTV are needed to understand mPFC activity changes in real time during disruption of performance by other types of behavioral or neurobiological manipulations.
Knowledge of healthy foods does not translate to healthy snack consumption among exercise science undergraduates.

This cross-sectional survey study compared the on- and off-campus snack choices and related correlates of convenience samples of exercise science (ES) (n = 165, M = 45%, F = 55%) and non-exercise science (NES) (n =160, M = 43%, F = 57%) undergraduates. The hypothesis posed was that knowledge of healthy foods will not translate to healthier snack consumption by the ES students, and that the snack choices and related correlates of ES and NES students will be similar. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires completed in classrooms (ES sample) and at high-traffic locations on-campus (NES sample). Chi-square and t-test analyses compared ES and NES students on snack correlates. Snacks consumed most often by the ES and NES students on-campus were health bars/squares (n = 56 vs. n = 48) and savory snacks (n = 55 vs. n = 71), and off-campus were savory snacks (n = 60 vs. n = 71) and fruits (n = 41 vs. n = 34). Over half of both samples believed their snack choices were a mix of unhealthy and hea...
Parents learning language together: The case of a bilingual parent group

ABSTRACTDialogos is an English/Spanish parent group at a bilingual school in California that offers language classes to parents of varying socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. Situated within Yosso’s (2005) model of community cultural wealth, this case study argues that parents positively evaluate Dialogos as a space that builds community through language learning, promotes bilingualism, and leverages Latino immigrant parents’ existing linguistic and social capital. As such, Dialogos challenges dominant discourses of English-only and deficit theorizing. The positive outcomes of this grassroots parent group has implications for bilingual education and parental involvement at schools.
Coronary flow reserve is predictive of the risk of cardiovascular death regardless of chronic kidney disease stage

Microvascular rarefaction is found in experimental uremia, but data from patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are limited. We therefore quantified absolute myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve (the ratio of peak to resting flow) from myocardial perfusion positron emission tomography scans at a single institution. Individuals were classified into standard CKD categories based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Associations of coronary flow reserve with CKD stage and cardiovascular mortality were analyzed in models adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors. The coronary flow reserve was significantly associated with CKD stage, declining in early CKD, but it did not differ significantly among individuals with stage 4, 5, and dialysis-dependent CKD. Flow reserve with preserved kidney function was 2.01, 2.06 in stage 1 CKD, 1.91 in stage 2, 1.68 in stage 3, 1.54 in stage 4, 1.66 in stage 5, and 1.55 in dialysis-dependent CKD. Coronary flow reserve was significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality in adjusted models (hazard ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval: 0.63-0.92 per tertile of coronary flow reserve) without evidence of effect modification by CKD. Thus, coronary flow reserve is strongly associated with cardiovascular risk regardless of CKD severity and is low in early stage CKD without further decrement in stage 5 or dialysis-dependent CKD. This suggests that CKD physiology rather than the effects of dialysis is the primary driver of microvascular disease. Our findings highlight the potential contribution of microvascular dysfunction to cardiovascular risk in CKD and the need to define mechanisms linking low coronary flow reserve to mortality.
RunningCoach: cadence training system for long-distance runners

Long-distance running is a category of sports that is injury-prone. Half of the injuries sustained in long-distance running are at the knee and are attributed to the inability of the lower extremity joints to sufficiently handle the load applied during initial stance. Furthermore, cadence (steps per minute) has been identified as a factor that is strongly associated with running-related injuries. Increasing cadence results in reduced energy absorption at the hip and the knee, thus reducing the risk of some common running injuries. Therefore, it is vital for runners to run at an appropriate running cadence in order to minimize risk of injury. In this paper, we present an mHealth system that remotely monitors running cadence levels of runners in a continuous fashion, among other variables, and provides immediate feedback to runners in an effort to help them optimize their running cadence. We also present some initial findings based on a feasibility study we are currently conducting using this system.
Cdc42 Regulates Neuronal Polarity during Cerebellar Axon Formation and Glial-Guided Migration

CNS cortical histogenesis depends on polarity signaling pathways that regulate cell adhesion and motility. Here we report that conditional deletion of the Rho GTPase Cdc42 in cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs) results in abnormalities in cerebellar foliation revealed by iDISCO clearing methodology, a loss of columnar organization of proliferating GCPs in the external germinal layer (EGL), disordered parallel fiber organization in the molecular layer (ML), and a failure to extend a leading process and form a neuron-glial junction during migration along Bergmann glia (BG). Notably, GCPs lacking Cdc42 had a multi-polar morphology and slowed migration rate. In addition, secondary defects occurred in BG development and organization, especially in the lateral cerebellar hemispheres. By phosphoproteomic analysis, affected Cdc42 targets included regulators of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and polarity. Thus, Cdc42 signaling pathways are critical regulators of GCP polarity and the formation of neuron-glial junctions during cerebellar development.
Moving Forward in the Study of Temperament and Early Education Outcomes: Mediating and Moderating Factors

As the importance of socioemotional development for educational outcomes is increasingly recognized as a crucial aspect of children’s success in the classroom, the role of temperament in children’s...
Autonomy Support as Acceptance for Disclosing and Developing a Healthy Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual or Transgendered Identity

Disclosing a lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) identity to others, or coming out, yields mental health benefits, but it can carry the risk of stigmatization, rejection and even violence. We use a self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan RM, Deci EL. Am Psychol 55:68–78, 2000) framework to understand how relationships impact coming out and identity-development processes. We review evidence that autonomy support, or interpersonal acceptance and encouragement for authentic self-expression, conveys acceptance and safety in relationships, and fosters self-disclosure and acceptance of oneself as LGBT. We conclude by proposing some future directions for this line of inquiry, highlighting the importance of furthering research in this area.
Ectrostatic Potentials in Crystals

In an X-ray diffraction experiment, the integrated Bragg intensities can be reduced to structure factor amplitudes, \(\left| {{F_{\vec H}}} \right|\), which may be accurate to a few percent. Data reduction models include deviations from kinematic scattering conditions (extinction models), inelastic scattering due to phonons in the crystal (thermal diffuse scattering) and current density contributions (anomalous scattering). The relative success of the correction terms can be improved on occasion with controlled experimental parameters such as reduced crystal size, reduced temperatures or higher-frequency X-rays. The phases of \(\left| {{F_{\vec H}}} \right|\) are determined exclusively by model calculations and are generally more reliable for centric crystal structures than acentric ones. If the crystallographer has pursued these sundry steps from the measured, scattered X-ray photons to a set of \({F_{\vec H}}\) with success, then these data may be used to map out a crystal structure at atomic resolution. The \({F_{\vec H}}\), in principle, are the Fourier components of the thermal average electron density in the crystallographic unit cell. If, in addition, the mean thermal nuclear distribution is known (as from a neutron diffraction experiment) then the total charge density distribution can be determined to within the resolution of the experiment, which is restricted to the finite size of the Ewald sphere with radius 1/λ where λ is the wavelength of the X-ray.
PROGNOSIS OF LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY (LVH) IN BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA (BPD)

Cor pulmonale or right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is a recognized complication of BPD, while LVH has been reported mainly at autopsy. Serial cardiac evaluations were performed on 19 infants with BPD during a 2 year period. RVH was documented by EKG and EHCO (RVH=RV wall thickness >2SD above mean predicted) in 13/19 infants; 6/19 had an ↑ RV dimension and 9/19 had abnormal RV systolic time intervals on at least 1 occasion, suggesting ↑ pulmonary artery pressure. ↑ LV wall thickness (>2SD above mean) was documented by ECHO in a sub-group of 10 infants. Six of these 10 also had LVH by EKG, and in 7/10 LVH was associated with septal hypertrophy. The LVH was present early and resolved in 2, but persisted or increased in 8 over 4 to 24 months followup. The characteristics for the 2 groups are summarized: All babies required mechanical ventilation from birth; no significant differences were found in maximum FiO2, peak pressure, or in the mean PaO2 achieved during 1st 2 weeks for the 2 groups. Concentric hypertrophy of the LV, documented in a subgroup of BPD infants was associated with a more complicated clinical course, prolonged hospitalization, and a poorer prognosis.
The Relationship between Ciliary Muscle Contraction and Accommodative Response in the Presbyopic Eye

Donders (1864) described presbyopia as a farsightedness with age that was unrelated to the hyperopia caused by corneal refractive error. Donders, like Hess (1901), was in agreement with the Helm-holtz theory of accommodation, which has been described as a “dual” (there are lenticular and extra-lenticular components), “indirect” (the ciliary muscle acts through the suspensory ligaments), and “active” (contraction of the ciliary muscle produces increased accommodation) theory (Stark, 1987). Hess was able to demonstrate several consequences of the Helmholtz theory such as the lack of tension in the suspensory ligaments when the lens was fully accommodated. He also demonstrated the lack of vitreous support during accommodation when he observed a vitreous bulge produced by an accident and found no change during accommodation.
Molecular Diagnostics in Lung Cytology

Cytology specimens obtained by minimally invasive procedures have become an increasingly important player for both the diagnosis and ancillary molecular testing in the work-up of patients with lung cancer. The identification of targetable genomic alterations is necessary to guide optimal therapy selection, and tumor PD-L1 testing has also emerged as a promising biomarker for selection of patients most likely to benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Given the ever-evolving landscape of ancillary molecular and biomarker testing in lung cancer, multiple guideline statements on the topic have been published over the past 5 years. Recognition of what specimens to test, how the testing should be performed, and which targets to test for will help both the cytopathologist and molecular pathologist to best utilize the limited cellular materials present in lung cancer cytology specimens.
Selective Alkane C–H Bond Oxidation Catalyzed by a Non-Heme Iron Complex Featuring a Robust Tetradentate Ligand

An iron complex, [FeII(BpyPY2Me)(CH3CN)2](OTf)2 (1-Fe, where BpyPY2Me is 6-(1,1-di(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine and OTf is triflate), supported by an oxidatively rugged tetradentate ligand is reported for the catalytic oxidation of unactivated C–H bonds in cyclohexane and adamantane. With the use of m-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) as the terminal oxidant, the iron catalyst shows an alcohol-to-ketone (A/K) ratio of 7.5 for cyclohexane oxidation with conversion percentages as high as 90% with respect to oxidant. Moreover, catalysis toward adamantane oxidation shows high regioselectivity (3°/2° = 45) favoring tertiary C–H bonds with yields up to 87%. Results, including electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and UV–vis spectroscopy, indicate that a molecular non-heme iron(IV)-oxo intermediate is the catalytically active species.
Implementation of the NIH Sex-Inclusion Policy: Attitudes and Opinions of Study Section Members.

Abstract Objective: On January 25th, 2016, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) implemented a policy requiring investigators to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) within their grant su...
On the necessity of money in an exchange-constituted economy: the cases of Smith and Marx

The debate over theories of the nature of money has recently been revisited in this Journal. This paper shifts the focus from the stuff that is being positioned as money to the social totality. Credit theorists claim that commodity theories of money imply monetary neutrality and a primacy of real analysis. In contrast, this paper argues based on Marx and Smith that independently of whether money is a commodity or credit the necessity of money depends on the constitution of the economy in terms of the relation between production and circulation. If social production is constituted through the exchange between private specialised producers, money is not neutral but essential. For Smith, real analysis is nevertheless meaningful in that he treats the spheres of exchange and production separately. By contrast, Marx exposes real analysis as commodity fetishism and stresses the mutually constitutive social relations between money, commodity exchange and capitalist production.
Analyzing CNN Model Performance Sensitivity to the Ordering of Non-Natural Data

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have had significant success in identifying and classifying image datasets. CNNs have also been used effectively in classifying non-visual datasets such as malware and gene expression. In all of these applications, CNNs require data to be organized in a certain order. In the case of images, this order is naturally presented. However, in the case of non-visual data, this order is sometimes not naturally defined and hence requires an artificially defined order. The sensitivity of a CNN model’s performance to various artificial orders of non-natural datasets is not well-understood. In this paper, we investigate this problem by experimenting with various orders of a dataset derived from malware behavior in a cloud auto-scaling environment. We show that the ordering can have a major impact on the performance of the CNN and offer some insights on how to derive one or more orderings that could provide better performance.
Variations in Engineering Design Projects Used in Secondary Education

The inclusion of engineering elements in the Next Generation Science Standards and the importance of preparing students for future challenges promoted the integration of science and engineering concepts in K-12 education. As a result, educators had taken different approaches to integrate engineering projects in their classrooms. However, few studies focused on exploring these approaches. The purpose of this study is to examine how engineering is represented differently in K-12 classrooms. This study reviewed 74 peer-reviewed practitioner articles from NSTA’s Science Scope and The Science Teacher journals. The results of our thematic analysis indicated six different ways used to integrate science and engineering: Design-build-test, experimentation in engineering, contextualized problem solving, innovation projects, reverse engineering, and optimization. The variations in the integration approaches reflect the multi-faceted nature of engineering. Future research can explore how students understand the engineering practices when engaged in different modes of engineering.
Chemical protective clothing field evaluation methods

This is a concept paper. The reasons for conducting field evaluations as well as chemical resistance field test methods are discussed. The field tests methods include chemical resistance of protective clothing to degradation, penetration, or permeation by a liquid chemical.
Elucidation of Mechanisms of Topotecan-Induced Cell Death in Human Breast MCF-7 Cancer Cells by Gene Expression Analysis

Topotecan is a clinically active anticancer agent for the management of various human tumors. While the principal mechanism of tumor cell killing by topotecan is due to its interactions with topoisomerase I and formation of DNA double-strand breaks, recent studies suggest that mechanisms involving generation of reactive free radicals and induction of oxidative stress may play a significant role in topotecan-dependent tumor cell death. We have shown that topotecan generates a topotecan radical following one-electron oxidation by a peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide system which reacts with reduced glutathione and cysteine, forming the glutathiyl and cysteinyl radicals, respectively. While little is known how these events are involved in topotecan-induced tumor cell death, we have now examined the effects of topotecan short (1 h) and long (24 h) exposure on global gene expression patterns using gene expression microarray analysis in human breast MCF-7 cancer cells, a wild-type p53 containing cell line. We show here that topotecan treatment significantly down-regulated estrogen receptor alpha (ERα/ESR1) and antiapoptotic BCL2 genes in addition to many other p53-regulated genes. Furthermore, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), ferredoxin reductase (FDXR), methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR), glutathione peroxidases (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GSR) genes were also differentially expressed by topotecan treatment. The differential expression of these genes was observed in a wild-type p53-containing breast ZR-75-1 tumor cell line following topotecan treatment. The involvement of reactive oxygen free radical sensor genes, the oxidative DNA damage (OGG1) repair gene and induction of pro-apoptotic genes suggest that reactive free radical species play a role in topotecan-induced tumor cell death.
A Compact Reconfigurable N-Path Low-Pass Filter Based on Negative Trans-Resistance with 21dB Out-of-Band Rejection

In the past, N-path circuits have been used to implement high-quality tunable band-pass and notch filters with just switches and capacitors. Recently, non-reciprocal circuits such as circulators and isolators have also been reported as other applications of linear periodically time-varying circuits. To date, however, low-pass filters (LPFs) based on N-path structures have not been reported. Traditionally, low-pass filters are implemented using passive LC implementations or active G m - C/OTA-C structures. Poor quality factor and large size of inductors (and transmission lines) at lower frequencies limit the design of an integrated passive low-pass filter. Active low-pass filters on the other hand usually offer poor noise and linearity performance with high power consumption. In this work, for the first time we report a tunable N-path quasi-elliptic low-pass filter. Since there is no inductor in the design, the filter is compact with loss of 0.9dB and 250MHz 3dB bandwidth (BW). The out-of-band rejection is greater than 20dB and the in-band PldB is +5dBm. The in-band and out-of-band IIP3 are +15dBm and +16.5dBm respectively, and the noise figure (NF) is as low as 2.1dB.
Deep learning‐based T1‐enhanced selection of linear attenuation coefficients (DL‐TESLA) for PET/MR attenuation correction in dementia neuroimaging

PURPOSE The accuracy of existing PET/MR attenuation correction (AC) has been limited by a lack of correlation between MR signal and tissue electron density. Based on our finding that longitudinal relaxation rate, or R1 , is associated with CT Hounsfield unit in bone and soft tissues in the brain, we propose a deep learning T1 -enhanced selection of linear attenuation coefficients (DL-TESLA) method to incorporate quantitative R1 for PET/MR AC and evaluate its accuracy and longitudinal test-retest repeatability in brain PET/MR imaging. METHODS DL-TESLA uses a 3D residual UNet (ResUNet) for pseudo-CT (pCT) estimation. With a total of 174 participants, we compared PET AC accuracy of DL-TESLA to 3 other methods adopting similar 3D ResUNet structures but using UTE R2∗ , or Dixon, or T1 -MPRAGE as input. With images from 23 additional participants repeatedly scanned, the test-retest differences and within-subject coefficient of variation of standardized uptake value ratios (SUVR) were compared between PET images reconstructed using either DL-TESLA or CT for AC. RESULTS DL-TESLA had (1) significantly lower mean absolute error in pCT, (2) the highest Dice coefficients in both bone and air, (3) significantly lower PET relative absolute error in whole brain and various brain regions, (4) the highest percentage of voxels with a PET relative error within both ±3% and ±5%, (5) similar to CT test-retest differences in SUVRs from the cerebrum and mean cortical (MC) region, and (6) similar to CT within-subject coefficient of variation in cerebrum and MC. CONCLUSION DL-TESLA demonstrates excellent PET/MR AC accuracy and test-retest repeatability.
World-Making in the Academy: Transnational Scholars Seeking “Home” in Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies:

In this roundtable discussion, faculty of color associated with a Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies program reflect on our experiences within the academy. As faculty of color connected to the ...
Applied Linear Regression Models

(1983). Applied Linear Regression Models. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 201-202.
Study on Chronic Pain Management in Roman Coloniae

The presented study discusses the use of analgesics by medical personnel in the colonies and at field hospitals located in the urban capitals of the colonies was an important aspect of providing immediate care to Roman veterans after injuries or other causes of chronic pain. Upon completion of twenty years or more of active military service, Roman legionnaires received financial benefits from the Roman State and free plots of land in Italy or Roman conquered lands. These outposts in Roman conquered territory served as a buffer between the Roman State and potential Roman enemies, helped to suppress insurrections in the territories they occupied and helped to Romanize these territories. The coloniae varied in size and population from a few hundred to several thousand people. Adequate medical care is indispensable to the survival and prosperity of any community of people. The larger coloniae had hospitals and health care professionals to support the colonists living there. Smaller colonies had a medical clinic with a smaller staff. Managing chronic pain suffered by ranchers and farmers was a major concern for the medici (physicians) who lived and worked in the coloniae. The veterans and their families sometimes required pain management for their functionality and quality of life.
Forms and Functions of Affective Synchrony

The reproduction of another individual’s emotions in the self—the embodiment of perceived emotions—has been demonstrated to constitute one mechanism for emotional information processing. That is, seeing someone’s emotional expressions and using one’s own face to make the same expression helps the perceiver represent the emotion of the other. When members of a dyad mimic each other’s emotional expressions and by consequence converge in their underlying physiology over time, we say that the dyad has reached a state of affective synchrony. The present chapter brings together recent theorizing and research on physiological and expressive affective synchrony. We propose that affective synchrony serves three interrelated functions: it enables efficient information exchange, allows for interpersonal emotion regulation, and builds social bonds. We review evidence for the contexts in which affective synchrony arises, propose, and evaluate the benefits and costs of achieving these states, and end by suggesting paths for future research in this area.
The Roles of Phonology in Silent Reading: A Selective Review

This chapter presents a selective review of evidence about how phonological representations are involved in silent reading. Knowledge of the mapping of orthography onto phonology appears to be important in skilled reading, and this knowledge is applied very early in the process of recognizing words in isolation. The same is true when one is reading sentences and texts, and the creation of a phonological representation of a text appears to play a critical role in guiding the movement of the eyes during reading. Phonological representations beyond the level of the individual word, including prosodic representations, also seem to play an important role in guiding parsing and in integrating discourse.
Models for RC Frames with Degrading Stiffness

Analytical models for representing the hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete members are reviewed. Based on results of exterior connection tests, two degrading trilinear models are suggested, one of which considers the effect of the connection. The inelastic dynamic response of a 10-story single-bay frame to earthquake excitation is evaluated using the two proposed models. For purposes of comparison, the response using a bilinear model and degrading bilinear model is also considered. Results show that inclusion of the degrading concrete stiffness and reduced connection stiffness has a significant effect on the response.
An artificial diet for cottonwood and imported willow leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and comparative performance on poplar foliage.

An artificial diet was developed for labortory rearing of the cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta F., and the imported willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolira (Laicharting). To reduce microbial contamination of the media, procedures were developed for the separating egg masses and sterilizing egg surfaces. Cottonwood leaf beetle larvae reared from neonate to adult on this artificial diet had greater mortality, took longer to develop, and were smaller than larvae reared on fresh poplar foliage. Adult longeviety was similar for both diet-and foliage-reared larave. Survival and adult fresh weight of imported williow leaf beetle larave reared on the artificial diet were similiar to those of the cohorts reared on fresh poplar foliage. However, individuals reared on artificial diet took longer to develop and produced shorter-lived adults than cohorts reared on the foliage. Larvae of both species would not eat fresh foliage after being fed on the artificial diet. Adults of both species maintained on the artificial diet laid few eggs but resumed normal oviposition when fed fresh foliage. This artificial diet proved useful for rearing larvae and maintaining adults during perios when fresh foliage was limited.
Linear Quadratic Gaussian Control of a Nonlinear Drive System

The application of Linear Quadratic Gaussian control theory to a highly nonlinear turret system is investigated. Key objectives are tolerance to very large geartrain backlash and to base motion disturbances. A design consisting of a Linear Quadratic Regulator for control, coupled with an extended Kalman filter for base motion rejection, and a backlash estimation scheme is developed and evaluated via simulation. Significant accuracy and settling time improvements are attained. Excessive backlash, however, can limit the ability to reject base motion disturbances.
The impact of hazardous drinking on suicide among working-age Russian males: an individual-level analysis.

AIMS: To estimate the association between hazardous drinking and suicide among working-age Russian males. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, MEASUREMENTS: Data are from the Izhevsk Family Study (IFS), a population-based case-control study of premature mortality among working-age Russian men. The present study used two sets of cases: all men aged 25-54 years living in Izhevsk who during October 2003-October 2005 (1) died of suicide (n=120) or (2) died of suicide or of injuries of undetermined intent (n=231). Controls were selected at random from a city population register. Drinking data were obtained from proxy informants living in the same household as cases and controls. Drinking exposures were defined by liters of ethanol consumed as a continuous variable, liters of ethanol as a categorical variable, frequency of consumption of non-beverage alcohol (e.g., colognes, medicines, cleaning fluids), and a measure of problem drinking based on behavioral indicators. The association between hazardous drinking and suicide was estimated by mortality odds ratios, adjusting for age, marital status, education, and smoking status. RESULTS: 57% of cases and 20% of controls were problem drinkers. Men who drank 20+ liters of ethanol in the prior year were 2.7 times more likely (95% CI, 1.5-5.0) to die from suicide than moderate drinkers. Men who drank non-beverage alcohols 1-2 times/week were 3.9 times more likely (95% CI, 1.3-11.0) to die from suicide than men who rarely or never drank them. Problem drinkers were 3.7 times more likely (95% CI, 2.5-5.6) to die from suicide relative to non-problem drinkers. 43% of suicides were attributed to hazardous drinking (problem drinking or consuming non-beverage alcohol at least once/week or both). CONCLUSIONS: Hazardous drinking substantially increases the risk of suicide among working-age Russian males, with nearly half of all suicides attributed to this drinking pattern. Language: en
Ecohydrological interactions in a degraded two-phase mosaic dryland: Implications for regime shifts, resilience, and restoration

In the semi-arid rangelands of north central Kenya, the abundance of grasses has declined over recent decades. Concomitantly, the native succulent herb Sansevieria volkensii has greatly proliferated in many areas. Landscape structure has thus shifted from contiguous herbaceous cover to large, dense stands of S. volkensii with interpatches of bare or sparsely vegetated ground. Local pastoralists view this transition as highly undesirable; understanding the mechanisms and reversibility of the transition is necessary to develop management options. Because water availability is a key driver in this dryland ecosystem, we assessed the ecohydrological dynamics that may govern the vegetative spread of S. volkensii patches in a communal landholding in Laikipia District, Kenya. We assessed surface water flow patterns, soil moisture, S. volkensii proliferation, and adjacent vegetation density along the margins of dense patches of S. volkensii. We found that run-on zones along patch margins had greater soil moisture than runoff zones following a rain event. These run-on zones also had significantly higher S. volkensii ramet density, more new ramets, and greater leaf water content. New ramet density was negatively affected by the density of adjacent interpatch vegetation. We interpret these findings in the context of scale-dependent feedbacks and the cusp catastrophe model of ecosystem transitions. We hypothesize that the amount and spatial heterogeneity of plant available moisture governs the reversibility of transitions in this system and discuss the implications of this finding for management and restoration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Platelet thrombin receptor antagonism with vorapaxar: pharmacology and clinical trial development

Oral antiplatelet therapies for secondary prevention of ischemic recurrences in patients with atherosclerotic disease manifestations include aspirin and P2Y12 receptor antagonists. Despite the use of these therapies, patients remain at risk for recurrent ischemic events, which may be attributed to other platelet signaling pathways which continue to be activated. More intense antithrombotic strategies have been investigated, including identifying additional targets to modulate platelet activation. Among these, thrombin-mediated platelet activation through PAR-1 has been subject to broad clinical investigation. Vorapaxar is the only PAR-1 receptor antagonists that completed large-scale clinical investigations and is approved for clinical use. This manuscript provides an overview of the pharmacology and clinical trial development of vorapaxar as well as its role in clinical practice.
Compensating the loss in the plasmonic waveguides and feasibility of sub-wavelength plasmonic lasers

We show that full compensation of loss in plasmonic waveguides with significantly sub-wavelength light confinement (less than λ/4n) requires current density in excess of 100 kA/cm2 making sub-wavelength in all three dimensions laser (spaser) impractical.
Inhibition of the activation pathway of the T-type calcium channel CaV3.1 by ProTxII

Toxins have been used extensively to probe the gating mechanisms of voltage-gated ion channels. Relatively few such tools are available to study the low-voltage activated T-type Ca channels, which underlie thalamic neuron firing and affect sleep, resistance to seizures, and weight gain. Here we show that ProTxII, a peptide toxin recently isolated from the venom of the tarantula spider Thrixopelma pruriens, dose-dependently inhibited Ca(V)3.1 causing a decrease in current (81.6% +/- 3.1% at -30 mV in 5 microM toxin) and a positive shift in the voltage range of activation (+34.5 mV +/- 4.4 mV). Toxin-modified currents were slower to activate and faster to deactivate and they displayed a longer lag in the onset of current, i.e. the Cole-Moore shift, consistent with the inhibition of gating transitions along the activation pathway, particularly the final opening transition. Single-channel current amplitude and total gating charge were unaffected by toxin, ruling out a change in ion flux or channel dropout as mechanisms for the decrease in macroscopic conductance. A positive shift in the voltage range of gating charge movement (+30.6 mV +/- 2.6 mV shift in the voltage of half maximal charge movement in the presence of 5 microM toxin) confirmed that ProTxII-induced gating perturbations in this channel occur at the level of the voltage sensors, and kinetic modeling based on these findings suggested that reductions in current magnitude could be largely accounted for by kinetic perturbations of activation.
A provenance-based access control model for dynamic separation of duties

Dynamic Separation of Duties (DSOD) is a well-known and important concept in cyber security, which has been extensively studied in the literature. The published literature mostly assumes that necessary information for enabling DSOD constraints is readily available. As such, there has been little discussion on the tasks of capturing, storing, extracting, and utilizing necessary historical information. Since this information is often in the form of system events history, provenance data is naturally suitable as the source for DSOD-related information. Recently the notion of provenance-based access control (PBAC) has been formulated and a base PBAC model (PBACB) together with an underlying provenance data model has been formally specified [19], [22]. Unlike Role-based Access Control where DSOD is modeled as a constraint, PBACB directly maintains and utilizes the necessary information for DSOD enforcement. In this paper, we propose an enhanced model, PBACc, by extending both the provenance data model and the PBACB model to enforce various DSOD policy classes identified in the literature, and go beyond these to specify novel DSOD policy classes. A proof-of-concept prototype is implemented and evaluated to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.
Solving the mysteries of the diffuse interstellar medium with high-resolution UV spectroscopy

Understanding the complex structure, dynamics, and ionization of gas in the nearby interstellar medium is required before one can realistically model interstellar gas in other galaxies. High-resolution ultraviolet spectra provide the essential data for such studies because the resonance lines of most important atoms, ions, and molecules are located in the ultraviolet, and high spectral resolution is needed to resolve line profiles and determine the velocity structure along a line of sight. I list ten important physical questions concerning interstellar gas that require a more sensitive spectrometer than STIS and the desired spectral resolution to answer these questions.
The hydrolysis of proteins

Proteins hydrolysis, investigating temperature effect on reaction, determining optimum conditions for maximum amino acids yields
Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Reconstruction in Ross Patients: Does the Homograft Fare Better?

Background In the Ross aortic valve replacement (AVR) procedure, the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) conduit is inserted in an orthotopic position. In complex congenital RVOT obstruction, the right ventricular-pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduit is placed in a more heterotopic position. We hypothesized that durability of homograft RVOT reconstruction in the Ross AVR is improved secondary to orthotopic positioning and the ability to oversize the RV-PA homograft conduit in the Ross AVR. Methods Between June 1993 and May 2007, 183 consecutive patients (mean age, 23.3 ± 15.2; median, 22; range, 1 month to 61 years) underwent Ross AVR with RVOT reconstruction using a cryopreserved pulmonary homograft (n = 156), decellularized pulmonary homograft (n = 22), and bovine jugular vein conduit (n = 5). Results Three patients died (2 early, 1 late; mean follow-up, 5.7 ± 3.3 years). Twenty-four patients (13%) had a peak systolic RVOT gradient exceeding 20 mm Hg, 5 (3%) had a gradient exceeding 40 mm Hg, and 7 (4%) had more than 2+ RVOT insufficiency. Eight patients (4%) underwent conduit replacement for RV dysfunction. Freedom from RVOT reoperation at 10 years is 96%. Freedom from RV failure and dysfunction are 98% and 96% at 5 years and 96% and 93% at 10 years, respectively. Independent predictors of pulmonary homograft RV-PA conduit dysfunction are smaller ( p = 0.03) and follow-up exceeding 5 years ( p = 0.05). Conclusions Stenosis and regurgitation of the RV-PA conduit in adults and children following Ross AVR is infrequent. The most logical reasons for the superior performance of the homograft in Ross patients are: (1) orthotopic positioning, (2) older age of implant, and (3) the ability to significantly oversize the homograft in Ross patients.
Using Electrofishing Catch Rates to Estimate the Density of Largemouth Bass

AbstractCatch rates are commonly used to indirectly index population density, e.g., nighttime electrofishing to survey Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides populations. However, the relationship between catch rate and population density must be known in order for catch rate to serve as an accurate index. We sought to determine if Largemouth Bass electrofishing catch rate was linearly or nonlinearly correlated to population density in high density populations using measurement-error models and Monte Carlo simulations. Previous studies of the relationship between Largemouth Bass electrofishing catch rate and density have occurred in low-density populations (<50/ha). We hypothesized that high-density Largemouth Bass populations may result in gear saturation during electrofishing sampling, i.e., too many fish for dipnetters to capture resulting in missed captures. This would therefore underrepresent the population's density. The nighttime electrofishing catch rate of 66–294 Largemouth Bass/h was linearly rel...
Twelve-Month Client Outcomes and Service Use in a Multisite Project for Chronically Homelessness Adults

Collaborative Initiative to Help End Chronic Homelessness clients (N = 734) were enrolled into an evaluation wherein assessments at program entry and quarterly thereafter addressed sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and a wide range of service use and outcomes data. Mixed linear regression analysis was used to test for significant changes over time. The average number of days housed during the previous 3 months increased dramatically from 18 at baseline to 83 by year's end. Significant improvements of more modest magnitude were also observed in overall quality of life, mental health functioning, and reduced psychological distress. Alcohol and drug problems remained largely unchanged over time, among clients overall. However, among baseline drug users crack, cocaine, and marijuana use decreased by 28-50% over the follow-up period. Total quarterly health cost estimates declined by 50%, as well, from $6,832 to $3,376. These findings suggest that adults who have experienced chronic homelessness may be successfully housed and can maintain their housing, when provided with comprehensive services.