cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A PLANAR ALGEBRA CONSTRUCTION OF THE HAAGERUP SUBFACTOR

Most known examples of subfactors occur in families, coming from algebraic objects such as groups, quantum groups and rational conformal field theories. The Haagerup subfactor is the smallest index finite depth subfactor which does not occur in one of these families. In this paper we construct the planar algebra associated to the Haagerup subfactor, which provides a new proof of the existence of the Haagerup subfactor. Our technique is to find the Haagerup planar algebra as a singly generated subfactor planar algebra, that is contained inside a graph planar algebra.
Corporate Governance in an International Context: legal systems, financing patterns and cultural variables*

Corporate governance systems develop as a result of cultural underpinnings, legal structures and different forms of financing business. This paper describes these factors in the US and UK, two examples of strong shareholder ownership patterns of financing, and Germany, a country with a tradition of strong creditor financing. Recommendations are made for best practices in governance. Although enhanced governance mechanisms is a sound goal to pursue, the results may be meaningless unless internal controls are strengthened and top management and the board of directors establish an ethical tone at the top.
Progress of Solid State Lighting Technology in Taiwan

This paper reviews the current status of the solid state lighting technology development at the Opto-Electronics & Systems Labs. (OES), Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) and recent industrial activities in the related areas in Taiwan.
Stress-corrosion fatigue–crack growth in a Zr-based bulk amorphous metal

Electrochemical and mechanical experiments were conducted to analyze the environmentally-influenced cracking behavior of a bulk amorphous metal, Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5. This study was motivated by a scientific interest in mechanisms of fatigue-crack propagation in an amorphous metal, and by a practical interest in the use of this amorphous metal in applications that take advantage of its unique properties, including high specific strength, large elastic strains and low damping. The objective of the work was to determine the rate and mechanisms of subcritical crack growth in this metallic glass in an aggressive environment. Specifically, fatigue-crack propagation behavior was investigated at a range of stress intensities in air and aqueous salt solutions by examining the effects of loading cycle, stress-intensity range, solution concentration, anion identity, solution de-aeration, and bulk electrochemical potential. Results indicate that crack growth in aqueous solution in this alloy is driven by a stress-assisted anodic reaction at the crack tip. Rate-determining steps for such behavior are reasoned to be electrochemical, stress-dependent reaction at near-threshold levels, and mass transport at higher (steady-state) growth rates.
Performance of differenced range data types in Voyager navigation

Voyager radio navigation made use of a differenced rage data type for both Saturn encounters because of the low declination singularity of Doppler data. Nearly simultaneous two-way range from two-station baselines was explicitly differenced to produce this data type. Concurrently, a differential VLBI data type (DDOR), utilizing doubly differenced quasar-spacecraft delays, with potentially higher precision was demonstrated. Performance of these data types is investigated on the Jupiter-to-Saturn leg of Voyager 2. The statistics of performance are presented in terms of actual data noise comparisons and sample orbit estimates. Use of DDOR as a primary data type for navigation to Uranus is discussed.
Lattice dilation near a single hydrogen molecule in an interstitial channel within a nanotube bundle

We explore the ground state of a single hydrogen molecule within an interstitial channel (IC) of a bundle of carbon nanotubes. A previous (variational) study found that when many molecules are present, comprising a dense fluid, the nanotube lattice is slightly dilated, with a 1% relative increase of lattice constant. Although small, that dilation doubled the binding energy per molecule inside the ICs. Here, in the case of a single particle, the result is an even smaller dilation, localized near the particle, and a much smaller increase of the binding energy.
An unusual formation of a novel spiroisoquinolone ring

Abstract A new spiro[napthalene-2(1H)-1′(2′H)-isoquinol-3-one] 2 was obtained after treatment of amidoalcohol 4 with polyphosphoric acid.
Superfluid density of high-Tc cuprate systems: implication on condensation mechanisms, heterogeneity and phase diagram

Abstract Extensive muon spin relaxation (μSR) measurements have been performed to determine the magnetic field penetration depth λ in high Tc cuprate superconductors with simple hole doping, Zn-doping, overdoping, and formation of static SDW nano-islands. System dependence of n s /m ∗ (superconducting carrier density/effective mass) reveals universal correlations between Tc and n s /m ∗ in all these cases with/without perturbation. Evidence for spontaneous and microscopic phase separation into normal and superconducting regions was obtained in the cases with strong perturbation, i.e. Zn-doping (swiss cheese model), overdoping, and coexisting magnetic and superconducting states (SDW nano-islands). The length scale of this heterogeneity is shown to be comparable to the in-plane coherence length. We discuss implication of these results on condensation mechanisms of HTSC systems, resorting to an analogy with pure 4He and 4He/3He mixture films on regular and porous media, reminding essential features of Bose–Einstein, BCS and Kosterlitz–Thouless condensation/transition in 3-d and 2-d systems, and comparing models of BE–BCS crossover and phase fluctuations. Combining the μSR results on n s /m ∗ and the pseudo-gap behavior, we propose a new phase diagram for HTSC, characterized by: (1) the T∗ line that represents pair formation; (2) disappearance of this line above the critical hole concentration x=xc; (3) in the underdoped region between Tc and T∗, there exists another line Tdyn which corresponds to the onset of dynamic superconductivity with superconducting phase fluctuations; and (4) the overdoped region being phase separated between hole-poor superfluid and hole-rich normal fermion metal regions. Finally, we elucidate anomalous reduction of superfluid spectral weight in the crossover from superconducting to metallic ground states found not only in overdoped HTSC cuprates but also in pressurized organic BEDT and A3C60 fulleride superconductors.
Convenient Synthesis of Stable Aldimine−Borane Complexes, Chiral δ-Amino Alcohols, and γ-Substituted GABA Analogues from Nitriles

A one-pot synthesis of stable aldimine−trialkylborane adducts, the first synthesis of C- and N-deuterated imine−borane complexes, and their application for a highly enantioselective (84−99% ee) synthesis of δ-amino alcohols and γ-substituted γ-aminobutyric acids, including deuterated amino acids from nitriles, are described.
Maps and inverse maps in open quantum dynamics

Abstract Two kinds of maps that describe evolution of states of a subsystem coming from dynamics described by a unitary operator for a larger system, maps defined for fixed mean values and maps defined for fixed correlations, are found to be quite different for the same unitary dynamics in the same situation in the larger system. An affine form is used for both kinds of maps to find necessary and sufficient conditions for inverse maps. All the different maps with the same homogeneous part in their affine forms have inverses if and only if the homogeneous part does. Some of these maps are completely positive; others are not, but the homogeneous part is always completely positive. The conditions for an inverse are the same for maps that are not completely positive as for maps that are. For maps defined for fixed mean values, the homogeneous part depends only on the unitary operator for the dynamics of the larger system, not on any state or mean values or correlations. Necessary and sufficient conditions for an inverse are stated several different ways: in terms of the maps of matrices, basis matrices, density matrices, or mean values. The inverse maps are generally not tied to the dynamics the way the maps forward are. A trace-preserving completely positive map that is unital cannot have an inverse that is obtained from any dynamics described by any unitary operator for any states of a larger system.
The Solar Wind Power from Magnetic Flux

Observations of the fast, high-latitude solar wind throughout Ulysses' three orbits show that solar wind power correlates remarkably well with the Sun's total open magnetic flux. These observations support a recent model of the solar wind energy and particle sources, where magnetic flux emergence naturally leads to an energy flux proportional to the strength of the large-scale magnetic field. This model has also been shown to be consistent with X-ray observations of the Sun and a variety of other stars over 12 decades of magnetic flux. The observations reported here show that the Sun delivers ~600 kW Wb−1 to power the solar wind, and that this power to magnetic flux relation has been extremely stable over the last 15 years. Thus, the same law that governs energy released in the corona and from other stars also applies to the total energy in the solar wind.
Information processing and jury decisionmaking

Abstract We develop a model to explore the information processing function that jury deliberation and its analogues perform. The central question we ask is: How much better could a jury possibly perform if it optimally used the collective information available to it than if it decides cases by a simple majority vote before any deliberation or information sharing occurs? It is shown how the answer depends on a number of considerations, including the correlation among jurors' observations, the jurors' assessments of the relative importance of type I and type II errors compared with society's assessment of those errors, and differences in jurors' abilities.
Photometry of the asteroid 1976 AA at 0.56 and 2.2 μm

Abstract We report observations at 0.56 and 2.2 μm of the Apollo asteroid 1976 AA made during its discovery apparition. We derive a 2.2-μm relative spectral reflectance (scaled to unity at 0.56 μm) of R (2.2 μ m) = 1.5 ± 0.3. This 2.2-μm reflectance is not compatible with a carbonaceous surface composition. However, it is compatible with a wide variety of meteoritic types including ordinary chondrites, stony irons, and mesosiderites. Thus, 1976 AA may have a silicate surface similar to other Apollo-Amor objects.
Holography and phenomenology

We examine various aspects of the conjectured duality between warped AdS5 geometries with boundary branes and strongly coupled (broken) conformal field theories coupled to dynamical gravity. We also examine compactifications with 5-d gauge fields, in which case the holographic dual is a broken CFT weakly coupled to dynamical gauge fields in addition to gravity. The holographic picture is used to clarify a number of important phenomenological issues in these and related models, including the questions of black hole production, radius stabilization, early universe cosmology, and gauge coupling unification.
Stability of renormalization group trajectories and the fermion flavor problem

Abstract A long-standing puzzle of the current standard model for particle physics is that both leptons and quarks arise in replicated patterns. Our work suggests that the number of fermion flavors may be directly derived from the dynamics of coupling flow equations. Specifically, we argue that the number of flavors results from demanding stability of the coupling flow about its fixed-point solution.
Fairness-Trust-Loyalty Relationship Under Varying Conditions of Supplier-Buyer Interdependence

Relationship marketing plays a significant role in supply chain practice and academic studies. Using the resource advantage theory within the relationship marketing framework, we studied the mediating role of trust as a governance mechanism in the fairness-loyalty relationship under different types of interdependence structure between suppliers (wholesalers) and buyers (retailers). Our findings, based on data from retail pharmacies, demonstrate that only under conditions of symmetric independence, trust, as a governance mechanism, completely mediate the relationship between fairness and loyalty. Under conditions of both perceived independence (i.e., lack of interdependence) and asymmetric buyer dependence, however, trust does not mediate but fairness directly influences loyalty. Thus, fairness and trust influence loyalty, strengthening relationships in different ways under different conditions of interdependence. The implications for research and practice are discussed.
ECHO: a community video streaming system with interactive visual overlays

We describe a networked video application where personalized avatars, controlled by a group of "hecklers", are overlaid on top of a real-time encoded video stream of an Internet game for multicast consumption. Rather than passively observing the streamed content individually, the interactivity of the controllable avatars, along with heckling voice exchange, engenders a sense of community during group viewing. We first describe how the system splits video into independent regions with and without avatars for processing in order to minimize complexity. Observing that the region with avatars is more delay-sensitive due to their interactivity, we then show that the regions can be logically packetized into separable sub-streams, and be transported and buffered with different delay requirements, so that the interactivity of the avatars can be maximized. The utility of our system extends beyond Internet game watching to general community streaming of live or pre-encoded video with visual overlays.
Toric vector bundles, branched covers of fans, and the resolution property

We associate to each toric vector bundle on a toric variety X(∆) a “branched cover” of the fan ∆ together with a piecewise-linear function on the branched cover. This construction generalizes the usual correspondence between toric Cartier divisors and piecewise-linear functions. We apply this combinatorial geometric technique to investigate the existence of resolutions of coherent sheaves by vector bundles, using singular nonquasiprojective toric threefolds as a testing ground. Our main new result is the construction of complete toric threefolds that have no nontrivial toric vector bundles of rank less than or equal to three. The combinatorial geometric sections of the paper, which develop a theory of cone complexes and their branched covers, can be read independently.
A Novel Design for a Hodoscope with 1 MM Granularity

A scintillation counter hodoscope with 1 mm granularity using fiber optic light guides was designed for use in a 200-GeV secondary hadron beam. Special care was taken to position the scintillators withhigh accuracy. The efficiency in a beam of 2.5? 106 particles/sec is 98%.
Shock-wave equation-of-state studies at Los Alamos

A history of the shock-wave equation-of-state (EOS) studies at Los Alamos is given. Particular emphasis is placed on the pioneering research in the 1950s where many of the experimental techniques and methods of analysis were developed, which we now take for granted. A brief review of shock-wave physics is given, which illustrates important hydrodynamic and thermodynamic concepts. Recent studies on the EOS of Ti are presented with emphasis on theα-to-ω phase transition. VISAR wave profiles for polycrystalline Ni and singlecrystal Ni are presented to determine the strengths of these materials under pressure. Low-density polystyrene foam Hugoniot experiments are described and results analyzed.
Theoretical study of the folded waveguide

A three-dimensional (3-D) algorithm for solving Maxwell's equations is applied to the analysis of folded waveguides used for fusion plasma heating at the ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF). In this method a finite-difference method is used with a successive overrelaxation (SOR) convergence scheme and a method of treating boundaries that allows the cavity to have an arbitrary shape. A rigorous analysis of the magnetic-field structure in the folded waveguide is presented. The results are compared with experimental measurements in vacuum. To study breakdown problems, a much simpler two-dimensional (2-D) model is adopted. It is found from the 2-D analysis that the geometry, shape, and thickness of the vanes play an important role in avoiding voltage breakdown problems. >
Antiplatelet agents and arterial thrombosis.

There is an increase in arterial thrombotic events in the elderly. Elderly patients are more likely to have associated diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, and when age is confounded by these other predisposing factors, the risk of an arterial ischemic event increases disproportionately. Antithrombotic therapy for geriatric patients is underused, even when one adjusts for potential drug contraindications. This article focuses on the action of the currently available antiplatelet agents—aspirin, clopidogrel, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) receptor antagonists, and assesses their effects in different disease states, with special attention to data that examine the geriatric population.
Search for second and third generation leptoquarks at CDF

The authors report the results of a search for second and third generation leptoquarks using 88 pb{sup {minus}1} of data recorded by the Collider Detector at Fermilab. Color triplet technipions, which play the role of scalar leptoquarks, are investigated due to their potential production in decays of strongly coupled color octet technirhos. Events with a signature of two heavy flavor jets and missing energy may indicate the decay of a second (third) generation leptoquark to a charm (bottom) quark and a neutrino. As the data is found to be consistent with Standard Model expectations, mass limits are determined.
Topological Jordan decompositions

Abstract The notion of a topological Jordan decomposition of a compact element of a reductive p -adic group has proven useful in many contexts. In this paper, we generalise it to groups defined over fairly general discretely valued fields and prove the usual existence and uniqueness properties, as well as an analogue of a fixed-point result of Prasad and Yu.
Combinatorics, complexity, and randomness

The 1985 Turing Award winner presents his perspective on the development of the field that has come to be called theoretical computer science.
Internal Capital Markets and Firm-Level Compensation Incentives for Division Managers

Do multidivisional firms structure compensation contracts for division managers to mitigate incentive problems in their internal capital markets? I find evidence that compensation and investment incentives are substitutes: firms providing a stronger link to firm performance in incentive compensation for division managers also provide weaker investment incentives through the capital budgeting process. Specifically, as the proportion of incentive pay for division managers that is based on firm performance increases, division investment is less responsive to division profitability. These findings are generally consistent with a model of influence activities by division managers in interdivisional capital allocation decisions.
Superimposed hemifields in primary visual cortex of achiasmic individuals.

In the rare condition of achiasma, the visual cortex in each hemisphere receives information from both halves of the visual field. How is this "doubling" of information accommodated in V1? In this issue of Neuron, Hoffmann et al. (2012) investigate the cortical consequences of this anomaly.
The urge to merge: When cellular service providers pool capacity

As cellular networks are turning into a platform for ubiquitous data access, cellular operators are facing a severe data capacity crisis due to the exponential growth of traffic generated by mobile users. In this work, we investigate the benefits of sharing infrastructure and spectrum among two cellular operators. Specifically, we provide a multi-cell analytical model using stochastic geometry to identify the performance gain under different sharing strategies, which gives tractable and accurate results. To validate the performance using a realistic setting, we conduct extensive simulations for a multi-cell OFDMA system using real base station locations. Both analytical and simulation results show that even a simple cooperation strategy between two similar operators, where they share spectrum and base stations, roughly quadruples capacity as compared to the capacity of a single operator. This is equivalent to doubling the capacity per customer, providing a strong incentive for operators to cooperate, if not actually merge.
Synthesis and structure of Ba2Zr6Cl17B, the missing link in cluster stoichiometries and structures

Abstract The title compound is obtained in high yield from the reaction of appropriate proportions of ZrCl 4 , zirconium powder, amorphous boron, and BaCl 2 in sealed tantalum tubing for about 2 weeks at 800 °C. The isostructural BaSrZr 6 Cl 17 B and Ba 2 Zr 6 Cl 17 Mn are obtained in a similar manner, but not analogues containing smaller cations, iron or carbon. An X-ray diffraction study of a single crystal prepared at a higher temperature (about 1000 °C) has identified the new structure type and composition Ba 2 Zr 6 Cl 17 B (space group, I 4/ m ; Z = 2; a = 11.4735(4) A , c = 9.8812(5) A ; R R w = ( 1.7 2.5 )% for 1247 independent reflections; 2 θ (Zr 6 Cl 12 B)Cl 2 2 a-a Cl 4 a ] 4− with Ba 2+ in sites of S 4 symmetry binding these together in a parallel staggered ar/rangement. Small cluster distortions are noted that apparently arise because of the higher field cations. This cluster network completes the stoichiometric series (Zr 6 Cl 12 Z)Cl n for 0 ⩽ n ⩽ 6 and exhibits the expected connectivity.
On Muckenhoupt–Wheeden Conjecture☆

Abstract Let M denote the dyadic Maximal Function. We show that there is a weight w, and Haar multiplier T for which the following weak-type inequality fails sup t > 0 t w ( { x ∈ R : | T f ( x ) | > t } ) ⩽ C ∫ R | f | M w ( x ) d x . (With T replaced by M, this is a well-known fact.) This shows that a dyadic version of the so-called Muckenhoupt–Wheeden Conjecture is false. This accomplished by using current techniques in weighted inequalities to show that a particular L 2 consequence of the inequality above does not hold.
The Limiting Spectra of Girko’s Block-Matrix

To analyze the limiting spectral distribution of some random block-matrices, Girko (Random Oper. Stoch. Equ. 8(2), 189–194, 2000) uses a system of canonical equations from (An Introduction to Statistical Analysis of Random Arrays. VSP, Utrecht, 1998). In this paper, we use the method of moments to give an integral form for the almost sure limiting spectral distribution of such matrices.
Catalytic Asymmetric Cyclopropanation of Heteroaryldiazoacetates

Rh2(S-DOSP)4-catalyzed decomposition of heteroaryldiazoacetates in the presence of styrene results in highly diastereoselective and enantioselective cyclopropanations. Heteroaryldiazoacetates containing both electron-rich and electron-deficient heterocycles, such as thiophene, furan, pyridine, indole, oxazole, isoxazole, and benzoxazole, are effective in this chemistry. These studies broaden the range of diazo compounds containing both electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups, which undergo highly diastereoselective cyclopropanations.
Orion: A system for modeling, transformation and visualization of multidimensional heterogeneous networks:

The study of complex activities such as scientific production and software development often requires modeling connections among heterogeneous entities including people, institutions, and artifacts...
Aeroelastic scaling for rotary-wing aircraft with applications

This paper presents a new treatment of the aeroelastic scaling problem for rotary wing vehicles (i.e. helicopters and tiltrotors). It is shown that the offset hinged spring restrained blade model is the rotary wing equivalent of the typical cross-section that has been used during the last 50 years to obtain aeroelastic scaling laws for fixed wing vehicles. A new two-pronged approach for developing refined aeroelastic scaling laws for rotary-wing aeroelastic and aeroservoelastic applications is presented. It combines the classical approach with computer simulations to obtain new refined aeroelastic scaling relations. The rotary wing scaling laws are applied to the vibration reduction problem in helicopter rotors using an actively controlled, partial span, trailing edge flap. The results obtained for a Mach scaled rotor are compared with those obtained for a Proude scaled rotor. The results indicate that the Mach scaled rotor is needed so as to obtain the correct actuation requirements for vibration reduction.
The formation of hybrid DNA molecules and their use in studies of DNA homologies.

Heavy-isotope-labeled DNA has been used to study strand separation and recombination. The rate at which 14 N− 15 N biologically half-labeled DNA can be made to separate into subunits corresponds very closely to what has been predicted for the rate of unwinding of the strands of a double helix. The use of a phosphodiesterase from E. coli ( Lehman, 1960 ) which selectively attacks single-stranded DNA has made it possible to remove unmatched single chain ends from renatured DNA and reduce the remaining differences between renatured and native DNA. A mixture of heavy-isotope-labeled and normal bacterial DNA was taken through a heating and annealing cycle, treated with the phosphodiesterase and examined by cesium chloride density-gradient centrifugation. Three bands were observed, corresponding to heavy renatured, hybrid, and light renatured DNA. As would be expected for random pairing of complementary strands, the amount of the hybrid was double that of either the heavy or the light component. It has thus been demonstrated that the strands which unite in renaturation are not the same strands that were united in the native DNA but instead are complementary strands originating in different bacterial cells. The formation of hybrids has been possible only where the heavy and normal DNA samples have a similar overall base composition. It has also been shown for DNA samples isolated from bacteria of different genera in a case where genetic exchange by conjugation has been demonstrated. The evidence for the parallelism between genetic compatibility and the formation of DNA hybrids in vitro has led to the proposal that organisms yielding DNA which forms hybrid molecules are genetically and taxonomically related.
Women in health care.

Abstract The occupational, class, and sex structure of the United States health labor force is similar to the competitive sector of the economy (i.e., it is predominantly female, poorly paid and poorly unionized). Upper-middle-class men compose the great majority of medical professionals, whereas lower-middle and working-class women form the greatest proportion of all middle-level, clerical and service workers. This division of labor is due to the role of women both in the family and as a reserve of labor for the economy. There is a virtual absence of the majority of producers —lower-middle-class and working-class women — in the decision-making bodies of the health institutions. The political strategy for change is to introduce institutional democracy in the health sector, with control of the institutions by those who work in them — the majority of whom are women — and those who are served by them. (N Engl J Med 292:398–402, 1975)
QED: chiral transition and the issue of triviality

Abstract I give a review and progress report on studies of lattice QED. I emphasize analytical results and methods that are applied in data analysis. Also, I derive some bounds for the critical exponents and establish their connection with scaling violations. Triviality, as realized in φ 4 theory, is ruled out on theoretical grounds. I show that the present data, if analyzed correctly, all lead to the same conclusions. They are compatible with power law scaling with nongaussian exponents.
Novel clomiphene “stair-step” protocol reduces time to ovulation in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

Objective The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of a novel “stair-step” clomiphene protocol in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) who do not respond to 50 mg clomiphene. Study Design This was a retrospective analysis at an academic fertility center. The stair-step protocol is performed as follows: 50 mg clomiphene for 5 days, ultrasonography on days 11-14. If unresponsive, immediately begin 100 mg clomiphene for 5 days and repeat ultrasound in 1 week. If still unresponsive, begin 150 mg clomiphene for 5 days and repeat the ultrasound in 1 week. Stair-step cycles were compared with published historical clomiphene outcomes for women who were nonresponsive. Results The time to ovulation was 32-53 days less with the stair-step protocol compared with a traditional regimen. The dose-dependent ovulation rate was 64% at 100 mg with the stair-step protocol compared with 22% with a traditional regimen. Conclusion It is not necessary to induce menses before increasing clomiphene doses in nonresponsive PCOS patients.
Accounting for Intangibles in a Present Worth Comparison of Advanced Power Generation Alternatives

A methodology is described which considers both tangible and intangible attributes of advanced electric power generation cycles. It enables an assessment to be made of the costs and benefits to be derived from developing each of the cycles.
Alleviating extreme poverty in Chile: the short term effects of Chile Solidario

This paper evaluated the effect of an anti-poverty program, Chile Solidario, during its frits two years of operation. We find that the program tends to incre...
A two-dimensional model for the transport of pollutants in an urban basin

The distribution of an inert chemical species, carbon monoxide (CO), emitted mainly from automobile exhaust is investigated. The transport model, in analogy with the shallow water theory in fluid dynamics, considers variation of all physical quantities in the horizontal direction below the temperature inversion layer. Pollutants are found to be carried primarily by the wind; turbulent diffusion in a normal day plays only a minor role. The concentration of CO predicted by the present model for the entire Los Angeles basin is compared with observed data at nine stations. Accuracy of four different numerical schemes, the effect of turbulent diffusivity, and the source strengths are examined.
Strongly polynomial algorithm for a class of minimum-cost flow problems with separable convex objectives

A well-studied nonlinear extension of the minimum-cost flow problem is to minimize the objective ∑ij∈E Cij(fij) over feasible flows f, where on every arc ij of the network, Cij is a convex function. We give a strongly polynomial algorithm for finding an exact optimal solution for a broad class of such problems. The key characteristic of this class is that an optimal solution can be computed exactly provided its support. This includes separable convex quadratic objectives and also certain market equilibria problems: Fisher's market with linear and with spending constraint utilities. We thereby give the first strongly polynomial algorithms for separable quadratic minimum-cost flows and for Fisher's market with spending constraint utilities, settling open questions posed e.g. in [15] and in [35], respectively. The running time is O(m4 log m) for quadratic costs, O(n4+n2(m+n log n) log n) for Fisher's markets with linear utilities and O(mn3 +m2(m+n log n) log m) for spending constraint utilities.
High-Resolution Ultraviolet Spectra of the Dwarf Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 4395: Evidence for Intrinsic Absorption*

We present ultraviolet spectra of the dwarf Seyfert 1 nucleus of NGC 4395, obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) and the Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph at velocity resolutions of 7-15 km s-1. We confirm our earlier claim of C IV absorption in low-resolution UV spectra and detect a number of other absorption lines with lower ionization potentials. In addition to the Galactic lines, we identify two kinematic components of absorption that are likely to be intrinsic to NGC 4395. We consider possible origins of the absorption, including the interstellar medium (ISM) of NGC 4395, the narrow-line region, the outflowing UV absorbers, and the X-ray "warm absorbers." Component 1, at a radial velocity of -770 km s-1 with respect to the nucleus, is only identified in the C IV λ1548.2 line. It most likely represents an outflowing UV absorber, similar to those seen in a majority of Seyfert 1 galaxies, although additional observations are needed to confirm the reality of this feature. Component 2, at -114 km s-1, most likely arises in the ISM of NGC 4395; its ionic column densities cannot be matched by photoionization models with a power-law continuum. Our models of the highly ionized X-ray absorbers claimed for this active galactic nucleus indicate that they would have undetectable C IV absorption, but large O VI and H I columns should be present. We attribute our lack of detection of the O VI and Lyβ absorption from the X-ray absorbers to a combination of noise and dilution of the nuclear spectrum by hot stars in the large FUSE aperture.
Homogenization of the oscillating Dirichlet boundary condition in general domains

Abstract We prove the homogenization of the Dirichlet problem for fully nonlinear uniformly elliptic operators with periodic oscillation in the operator and in the boundary condition for a general class of smooth bounded domains. This extends the previous results of Barles and Mironescu (2012) [4] in half spaces. We show that homogenization holds despite a possible lack of continuity in the homogenized boundary data. The proof is based on a comparison principle with partial Dirichlet boundary data which is of independent interest.
The Transition from Internet to Mobile Mapping

Although the wireless Internet is a natural and inevitable progression from the wired Internet, the two developed much differently. The wired Internet was based on existing personal computer and workstation technology that had begun in the early 1980s. Over 1.3 billion computers were already in use when the World Wide Web was introduced a decade later. The browser software was free and no additional hardware was required — beside the use of a modem for connection purposes. The Web was quickly applied for all sorts of information delivery and its use expanded rapidly. In contrast, the development of the mobile Internet is hindered by a number of factors, not the least of which was the development of a wireless infrastructure. To fund its development, commercial companies devised new services that would generate revenue. One such revenue scheme was Location Based Services (LBS), a model for informing the mobile phone user where they are currently located and what services are available in the surrounding area. For a variety of reasons, LBS has not grown as quickly as had been predicted. While one might blame the small display, there are many reasons examined here why the wireless Internet and LBS have not expanded more rapidly.
Monetary policy indicators after deregulation

Abstract This paper investigates the role of the monetary aggregates after deregulation as well as an alternative credit view of the monetary transmission mechanism. The credit view, based on the assumptions that not all financial assets are perfect substitutes and not all agents are identical, suggests that the spread between the commercial paper and Treasury bill rates may serve as an indicator of monetary policy. Other interest rate spreads which might be useful are a term-structure spread and a private-public risk spread. Johansen 's multivariate tests for cointegration are used to determine whether a set of variables including the federal funds rate, an indicator variable, a monetary aggregate, output and the price level are linked in a single cointegration relationship. Empirical results strongly support the hypothesis of cointegration when M1 is included as an intermediate target. The commercial paper-Treasury bill and term structure spreads serve as monetary policy indicators, but the private-public risk spread responds to changes in output rather than serving as an indicator.
The quiet period has something to say

Recent studies suggest that analyst ratings have become less biased following the Global Settlement and National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) and New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Rules implemented in 2002. Assuming analyst ratings are more reliable due to the decline in positive bias, we investigate the existence of excess returns for various holding periods based on the strength of ratings issued around the expiration of the Initial Public Offering (IPO) quiet period. We also control for the impact of analyst affiliation and sanctions against investment banks on returns up to 1 year after quiet period expiration. Overall, we find that the strength of analyst coverage can indeed predict future returns, and several factors impact these returns. In addition, we find that only firms which receive positive coverage from a bank sanctioned in the Global Settlement earn positive risk-adjusted returns.
A direction-based geographic routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks

In an intermittently connected mobile network, a complete routing path from a source to a destination cannot be guaranteed most of the time. Therefore, traditional routing methods for mobile ad hoc networks are not applicable in such a network. Current approaches for intermittently connected mobile networks are primarily based on redundant transmission and single-copy opportunistic routing. However, they incur either high overhead due to excessive transmissions, or long delay due to incorrect path choices during forwarding. In this paper, we propose a direction-based geographic DIG routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks. Relying on geographic location information, the packets are routed in a path approximately to the shortest path from the source node to the destination, which significantly reduces the overhead in redundant transmission and decreases the transmission delay in the single-copy opportunistic routing. Theoretical analysis and trace-driven experimental results show that DIG provides low transmission delay with low overhead in comparison with the schemes in the redundant transmission and single-copy opportunistic routing.
Predictability of long-term creep and rupture in a nozzle-to-sphere vessel model

The results of a long-term, high-temperature failure test of a pressurized nozzle-to-spherical-shell model made of a well-characterized heat of type 304 stainless steel are presented and compared with inelastic deformation and failure predictions. The model, which was tested at 593{degrees}C (1100{degrees}F), was instrumented with capacitive strain gages in key locations. In addition to recording strains, the surface of the model in the junction region was periodically examined throughout the test for the formation and progression of the creep cracking that ultimately led to a leakage failure. The inelastic analysis predictions were based on guidelines developed and used for design of elevated-temperature nuclear components. Likewise, the failure model used was that upon which the ASME elevated-temperature Code Case N-47 for nuclear components is based. Thus, the reasonable agreement observed between experimental results and predictions adds confidence in the overall design methodology for elevated-temperature components. 7 refs.
More maple leaf, less CO2: Canada and a global geo-engineering regime

While US-led unipolarity may still be the guiding frame for post-Cold War international economic, political, and military relations, we argue that its applicability to global science and environmen...
Radicals Containing Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen Atoms

There is much new information available on radicals containing C, H and O atoms. Indeed, most of the data discussed in this review did not exist twenty years ago. New, more powerful laser and microwave experimental techniques have greatly expanded our knowledge of the energetics, spectra, reactions and decomposition processes of these radicals. This review attempts to give a unified discussion of the radicals.
CH Cygni. I. Observational Evidence for a Disk-Jet Connection

We investigate the role of accretion in the production of jets in the symbiotic star CH Cygni. Assuming that the rapid stochastic optical variations in CH Cygni come from the accretion disk, as in cataclysmic variables, we use changes in this flickering to diagnose the state of the disk in 1997. At that time, CH Cygni dropped to a very low optical state, and Karovska et al. report that a radio jet was produced. For approximately 1 yr after the jet production, the amplitude of the fastest (timescale of minutes) variations was significantly reduced, although smooth, hour-timescale variations were still present. This light-curve evolution indicates that the inner disk may have been disrupted, or emission from this region suppressed, in association with the mass ejection event. We describe optical spectra that support this interpretation of the flickering changes. The simultaneous state change, jet ejection, and disk disruption suggest a comparison between CH Cygni and some black hole candidate X-ray binaries that show changes in the inner-disk radius in conjunction with discrete ejection events on a wide range of timescales (e.g., the microquasar GRS 1915+105 and XTE J1550� 564). Subject headings: accretion, accretion disks — binaries: symbiotic — instabilities — stars: winds, outflows — techniques: photometric
The Sensitivity of Findings of Expected Bookmaker Profitability

Levitt demonstrates that, contrary to conventional wisdom, sports books may not try to balance the money wagered on the sides of a game but instead exploit preferences of bettors in order to maximi...
Cu-Catalyzed Arylation of Phenols: Synthesis of Sterically Hindered and Heteroaryl Diaryl Ethers

Cu-catalyzed O-arylation of phenols with aryl iodides and bromides can be performed under mild condition in DMSO/K3PO4 with use of picolinic acid as the ligand for copper. This method tolerates a variety of functional groups and is effective in the synthesis of hindered diaryl ethers and heteroaryl ethers.
Quandles and Linking Number

We study the quandle counting invariant for a certain family of finite quandles with trivial orbit subquandles. We show how these invariants determine the linking number of classical two-component links up to sign.
Moral Concerns and the Willingness to Donate to a Research Biobank

Research biobanks are increasing in number and importance, with great potential for advancing knowledge of human health, disease, and treatment.1 Recruitment of donors is vital to their success and relies largely on blanket consent, in which donors give one-time permission for any future research uses of their coded specimen. This approach to consent has been endorsed recently in proposed changes to federal regulations.2 Previous studies suggest that donors may have moral, religious, and cultural concerns about the use to which their specimens are put, which may affect their willingness to give blanket consent.3,4 These earlier studies, however, used convenience samples unrepresentative of the US population.
DYNAMICS OF LINE-DRIVEN DISK WINDS IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI. II. EFFECTS OF DISK RADIATION

We explore consequences of a radiation-driven disk wind model for mass outflows from active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We performed axisymmetric time-dependent hydrodynamic calculations using the same computational technique as Proga, Stone, and Kallman. We test the robustness of radiation launching and acceleration of the wind for relatively unfavorable conditions. In particular, we take into account the central engine radiation as a source of ionizing photons but neglect its contribution to the radiation force. In addition, we account for the attenuation of the X-ray radiation by computing the X-ray optical depth in the radial direction assuming that only electron scattering contributes to the opacity. Our new simulations confirm the main result from our previous work: the disk atmosphere can shield itself from external X-rays so that the local disk radiation can launch gas off the disk photosphere. We also find that the local disk force suffices to accelerate the disk wind to high velocities in the radial direction. This is true provided the wind does not significantly change the geometry of the disk radiation by continuum scattering and absorption processes; we discuss plausibility of this requirement. Synthetic profiles of a typical resonance ultraviolet line predicted by our models are consistent with observations of broad absorption line (BAL) QSOs.
Using lotteries to evaluate schools of choice: Evidence from a national study of charter schools

Abstract This paper draws on data and experiences observing and analyzing school lotteries from the National Evaluation of Charter School Impacts ( Gleason et al., 2010 ) to describe the challenges associated with lottery-based research. In that study, covering 36 charter middle schools in 15 states, we found that charter schools did not affect student achievement or behavior on average, although there was substantial variation across schools. In this paper, we discuss the prevalence of oversubscribed charter schools at the time the study was conducted (the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 school years), which was lower than commonly reported. We then describe how the sample of schools that participated in the study compared to all other charter middle schools nationwide, to provide some insight into the generalizabilty of findings from lottery-based studies. In general, oversubscribed charter schools were more likely to be located in urban areas and serve a higher-achieving population of students than those without excess demand. We also describe common features of school lotteries and waitlists, and examine implications of these features for a school's ability to support a lottery-based study. Finally, we summarize lessons learned for conducting lottery-based research on charter schools, drawing on our observations of the schools’ lotteries and analysis of the data from these lotteries.
Differentiability as convergence to perfectly competitive equilibrium

Abstract A concept of convergence to perfectly competitive equilibrium, called asymptotically no-surplus , is demonstrated for a sequence of exchange economies in which both the number of agents and the number of commodities is increasing. The no-surplus criterion for perfect competition represents an ordinal extension of the marginal productivity theory of distribution. Its asymptotic definition resembles a Frechet derivative.
Definite quantum measurements

Abstract The “quantum measurement problem” deals with the reconciliation of the microscopic with the macroscopic . In this article (which has a review component) we describe a theory that effects that reconciliation through a radical revision of (experimentally unverified aspects of) the fundamental hypotheses of statistical mechanics, the latter discipline being the traditional arena for the study of the micro-macro interface. Quantum mechanics is left entirely intact. Wave functions represent individual systems and there is only the usual and deterministic evolution in Hilbert space. Essential components in this reconciliation are the concepts of “special” states, two-time boundary conditions, Cauchy distributed fluctuations, and fully quantum models of measurement apparatus. An experimental test is also proposed in which the predictions of this theory are distinguished from those of the Copenhagen interpretation.