cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment: The Science of Positive Emotion: You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby/There’s Still a Long Way to Go:

After decades of neglect, positive emotion is now the focus of a rich, diverse, and rapidly growing field. Basic research has advanced understanding of positive emotions’ neural mechanisms, nonverbal expression, and implications for cognition and motivation, with increasing appreciation of positive emotion differentiation, as well as cultural and contextual moderators of positive emotions’ effects. Much research has also addressed ways positive emotions can be leveraged to improve the human condition, and the mechanisms by which interventions have beneficial effects. As always, new knowledge raises more questions, and we still have a long way to go before the promise of this field can be fully realized. This comment reviews major developments in positive emotion science and offers recommendations for the future.
Films of bacteria at interfaces

Bacteria are often discussed as active colloids, self-propelled organisms whose collective motion can be studied in the context of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. In such studies, the behavior of bacteria confined to interfaces or in the proximity of an interface plays an important role. For instance, many studies have probed collective behavior of bacteria in quasi two-dimensional systems such as soap films. Since fluid interfaces can adsorb surfactants and other materials, the stress and velocity boundary conditions at interfaces can alter bacteria motion; hydrodynamic studies of interfaces with differing boundary conditions are reviewed. Also, bacteria in bulk can become trapped at or near fluid interfaces, where they colonize and form structures comprising secretions like exopolysaccharides, surfactants, living and dead bacteria, thereby creating Films of Bacteria at Interfaces (FBI). The formation of FBI is discussed at air-water, oil-water, and water-water interfaces, with an emphasis on film mechanics, and with some allusion to genetic functions guiding bacteria to restructure fluid interfaces. At air-water interfaces, bacteria form pellicles or interfacial biofilms. Studies are reviewed that reveal that pellicle material properties differ for different strains of bacteria, and that pellicle physicochemistry can act as a feedback mechanism to regulate film formation. At oil-water interfaces, a range of FBI form, depending on bacteria strain. Some bacteria-laden interfaces age from an initial active film, with dynamics dominated by motile bacteria, through viscoelastic states, to form an elastic film. Others remain active with no evidence of elastic film formation even at significant interface ages. Finally, bacteria can adhere to and colonize ultra-low surface tension interfaces such as aqueous-aqueous systems common in food industries. Relevant literature is reviewed, and areas of interest for potential application are discussed, ranging from health to bioremediation.
Barriers to Improved Immunization Rates and Ways to Overcome Them

Infectious diseases have great impact on the health and welfare of the United States population. The reduction of vaccine-preventable diseases is ranked by public health experts as one of the top ten public health achievements in the twenty-first century. There are many barriers encountered to improving immunization rates. This article identifies several common barriers to improved immunization rates and explores ways to overcome them. The barriers explored and discussed include a lack of community demand for vaccination, poor patient access to vaccinations, and patient misinformation about vaccinations leading to vaccine hesitancy. Lack of physician knowledge of vaccine recommendations, complex vaccination schedules, arbitrary state laws, and limited use of electronic records and tools also create barriers to improved immunization rates. Additionally, the lack of regular assessment of vaccine status, poor healthcare system and financial incentives to vaccinate, and missed opportunities for vaccination lead to less than optimal vaccination rates. Perhaps one of the biggest barriers to improved vaccination rates is poor clinician communication, especially with vaccine-hesitant patients. Poor communication regarding what to say when recommending vaccines and how to recommend vaccines reduces immunization rates. Some barriers to improved immunization rates require the development and implementation of clinical protocols into healthcare systems to overcome them. Other barriers require education of the public as well as physicians and other professionals. With improved understanding of these barriers, immunization rates of United States citizens can be improved.
Saviors, Scandal, and Representation: Dominant Media Narratives Around Human Trafficking in International Adoption

According to a story in the San Francisco Chronicle, the 2013 spike in underage child migrants entering the United States was caused in large part by the ban preventing American citizens from adopt...
A new approach to initial traces in nonlinear filtration

For weak solutions of equations of the type of nonlinear filtration in RN × (0, T), 0 < T < ∞, we prove precise sup-estimates and local and global Harnack type inequalities. These estimations permit to identify the initial traces and describe the behavior of such solutions as |x| → ∞. The main point is to introduce a new approach, free of the specific features of the porous medium equation such as homogeneity, scaling, quasi-convexity, etc. This approach on one hand allows generalizations to a large variety of equations and on other yields new results on gradient averages.
Working toward Optimal Pair Programming Management and Environment

The success of the Agile Development Methodologies largely lies on its driver, humans. The pair programming which is the popular unorthodox programming practice, continues to establish itself and being the emerging topic in the software community. Along with its well published benefits, there appears to be a room for improvement. A field survey with a group of experienced professional pair programmers was undertaken. The survey result generated an array of vivid first-hand pair programming encounters that are uncommonly found in many pre-designed lab-controlled empirical studies. The survey result points to the personality variable as the most influencing variable, and also raised few questions on today’s pair programming management and environment. Through the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Big-Five Model of personality profile assessments, the role and impact of personality variable is presented and discussed with the respect to the pair programming and other similar dyad team collaboration environments with cognitively conflicting tasks. This effort to better manage the pair programming session and optimize the pair programming environment to high fidelity, and other significant agile methodologies studies must continue in order to sustain and embrace the values of Agile Manifesto.
Effect of Chronic Ischemia on Bladder Structure and Function

Dysfunction of the lower urinary tract is an important cause of morbidity and even mortality. Severe bladder dysfunction may lead to infection, sepsis, renal failure, and even death. Less dramatic presentations include urinary incontinence, frequency, urgency, nocturia, and enuresis. The etiology of bladder dysfunction is poorly understood. In the male, bladder outlet obstruction due to an enlarged prostate has long been blamed. However, it has been shown that in one third to more than one half of cases, symptoms of “prostatism” are not associated with bladder outlet obstruction.24,25 Interestingly, when women are asked to complete symptom questionnaires designed to document lower urinary tract symptoms, they yield identical scores to their age-matched male counterparts.6,18 Similarly, urodynamic studies have demonstrated that there are age-specific changes in the bladder function affecting both genders. Madersbacher et al20 have shown that there are significant urodynamic changes with age that are similar in both sexes, including decreased maximum flow rate, voided volume and bladder capacity, and an increase in post-void residual volume. Therefore, it seems reasonable to ask whether, in many cases of bladder dysfunction, more global, sex-independent mechanisms may play an important role.
The EDAM Project: Exploratory Data Analysis and Management at Wisconsin.

Data mining has been a very active area of research in the database, machine learning, and mathematical programming communities in recent years. EDAM (Exploratory Data Analysis and Management) is a joint project between researchers in Atmospheric Chemistry and Computer Science at Carleton College and the University of Wisconsin-Madison that aims to develop data mining techniques for advancing the state of the art in analyzing atmospheric aerosol datasets. There is a great need to better understand the sources, dynamics, and compositions of atmospheric aerosols. The traditional approach for particle measurement, which is the collection of bulk samples of particulates on filters, is not adequate for studying particle dynamics and real-time correlations. This has led to the development of a new generation of real-time instruments that provide continuous or semi-continuous streams of data about certain aerosol properties. However, these instruments have added a significant level of complexity to atmospheric aerosol data, and dramatically increased the amounts of data to be collected, managed, and analyzed. Our ability to integrate the data from all of these new and complex instruments now lags far behind our data-collection capabilities, and severely limits our ability to understand the data and act upon it in a timely manner. In this paper, we present an overview of the EDAM project, which is a collaboration between researchers in Atmospheric Chemistry and Computer Science at Carleton College and the University of Wisconsin-Madison that aims to develop data mining techniques for advancing the state of the art in analyzing atmospheric aerosol datasets. While atmospheric aerosol analysis is an important and challenging domain that motivates us with real problems and serves as a concrete test of our results, our objective is to develop techniques that have broader applicability, and to explore some fundamental challenges in data mining that are not specific to any given application domain.
Gastrointestinal Microbiology in the Normal Host

In spite of the enormous importance of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract microflora in the physiology and pathophysiology of the host and in specific infections and diseases, we are not yet very knowledgeable about the makeup of this flora and its activities. This is related to the extreme diversity and complexity of the GI flora and the fact that most of this flora is either entirely unknown to us or cannot yet be cultured on artificial media. The advent of molecular methods to detect and characterize the GI microflora has led to an explosion of knowledge in this field. We had thought until relatively recently, for example, that the esophagus and stomach were essentially sterile except for a transient flora descending from the oral cavity. Some of the newer techniques available permit high-throughput analysis of the flora, and of its metabolic and other activities, so that our knowledge of this field is expanding rapidly. It is an exciting time; impressive and significant discoveries are reported each year.
Influence of Insulin and Glucagon on Ketogenesis by Isolated Rat Hepatocytes

The quantitative roles of insulin and glucagon in the regulation of hepatic ketogenesis are still not defined adequately. Glucagon added in vitro has been reported by certain workers to stimulate ketogenesis in perfused livers from normal-fed rats (Heimberg, Weinstein, and Kohout, 1969; Weinstein, Klausner, and Heimberg, 1973). However, other workers did not observe a ketogenic effect of the hormone under similar conditions (McGarry and Foster, 1978; McGarry, Wright, and Foster, 1975).
Vertical Habitat Stratification in Sympatric and Allopatric Populations of Aedes hendersoni and Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Vertical habitat stratification in populations of Aedes hendersoni Cockerell (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes triseriatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) has been observed to varying degrees throughout the lspecies' sympatric range, and potential causes of the phenomenon, including species competition and interaction, have been debated extensively. Stratification patterns in oviposition in allopatric, sympatric, and marginally sympatric populations of both species were investigated and compared in this research to detect any pattern differences related to species composition. Expected patterns were observed in sympatric populations, with Ae. hendersoni preferentially ovipositing in canopy habitats, whereas Ae. triseriatus preferred basal habitats. Allopatric populations presented a strong shift toward basal preference in the former and a slighter but significant shift toward canopy in the latter. Marginal populations of Ae. hendersoni showed intermediate height preferences, whereas preferences of marginal and sympatric Ae. triseriatus did not differ. The convergence of habitat selection in allopatric populations and corresponding divergence in sympatric populations support interspecific competition-based hypotheses regarding the origin of the stratification phenomenon, although plausible alternative or contributing explanations are numerous and warrant further study.
Functional super-resolution microscopy of the cell

Recent advances in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy have led to ∼10 nm spatial resolution and profound impact on cell biology and beyond. Here we discuss emerging possibilities to encode functional information of intracellular microenvironments, for example, local pH, small-molecule concentrations, chemical polarity (hydrophobicity), and protein activity, into diverse dimensions of the super-resolution signal, hence a class of approaches we collectively refer to as functional super-resolution microscopy. By adding remarkably rich functional information to the already powerful super-resolution arsenal, functional super-resolution microscopy transcends the structural information provided by existing methods, and opens up new ways to unveil fascinating local heterogeneities in live cells with nanometer-scale spatial resolution and ultimate sensitivity down to the single-molecule level.
Passivation of Germanium by Graphene for Stable Graphene/GermaniumHeterostructure Devices

Graphene grown directly on Ge via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) can passivate the underlying Ge surface, preventing its oxidation in ambient air for at least months. However, the factors that gov...
Extraction of the heavy-quark potential from bottomonium observables in heavy-ion collisions

Abstract The in-medium color potential is a fundamental quantity for understanding the properties of the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma (sQGP). Open and hidden heavy-flavor (HF) production in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions (URHICs) has been found to be a sensitive probe of this potential. Here we utilize a previously developed quarkonium transport approach in combination with insights from open HF diffusion to extract the color-singlet potential from experimental results on ϒ production in URHICs. Starting from a parameterized trial potential, we evaluate the ϒ transport parameters and conduct systematic fits to available data for the centrality dependence of ground and excited states at RHIC and the LHC. The best fits and their statistical significance are converted into a temperature dependent potential. Including nonperturbative effects in the dissociation rate guided from open HF phenomenology, we extract a rather strongly coupled potential with substantial remnants of the long-range confining force in the QGP.
Corroding consensus-building: how self-centered public diplomacy is damaging diplomacy and what can be done about it

Public diplomacy (PD) is an activity which has become central to the analysis of modern diplomacy. Yet while there are common definitions of PD widely used internationally, practice between states has come to diverge more and more. There is disagreement in the academic literature about what should be included in PD activities, the actors, and boundaries. But there is little analysis of the effects of PD on mainstream diplomacy. This paper, written by a diplomat and sometime practitioner of PD, argues that PD is losing its connection with wider diplomacy which is based on reciprocity and consensus-building. The digital revolution has enabled PD self-promotion which diminishes the necessity for diplomatic partnering. Global rivalries are played out daily for global publics with little room for quiet reflection and compromise. Such self-centered PD has immersed itself in the confusing and divisive nature of online engagement. While the Internet has brought massive benefits and opportunities to both diplomacy and PD, the consensus-building part of true diplomatic engagement is receding. The activities of ISIS and Russia were just the first major collective challenges to diplomacy through new PD techniques. In the past, diplomacy has responded to crises and conflicts and rebuilt its options. Now PD’s chaotic and troubling evolution needs a new response. This should include partners in the non-state sector and the owners of technology platforms. The article takes a practitioner’s perspective and proposes a forum where state and non-state experts could discuss appropriate collective responses by diplomacy so it can reassert options available for consensus-building.
Abnormal Left Ventricular Flow Organization Following Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot

Abstract Background Left ventricular intracavitary flow (LVICF) characteristics reflect diastolic function. Right ventricular (RV) volume overload due to pulmonary regurgitation (PR) adversely impacts interventricular interactions and left ventricular (LV) function. This aimed to determine whether patients with PR and mild to moderate RV dilation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair have abnormal LVICF, and to determine whether RV dilation and biventricular function correlate with LVICF abnormalities. Methods Patients with repaired TOF with PR (n = 11) and controls (n = 11) underwent LVICF analysis. LV end-diastolic volume was partitioned into 4 flow components: direct flow, retained inflow, delayed ejection flow, and residual volume. Flow components were correlated with indexed biventricular size, function, and LV strain. Results The TOF patients had reduced direct flow (35% vs 25%; P = .004) and increased residual volume (15% vs 24%; P = .026) compared with controls. Retained inflow and delayed ejection flow did not differ. Reduced direct flow correlated with increased RV end-diastolic volume index (R = 0.44; P = .042), RV end-systolic volume index (R = −0.46; P = .032), reduced RV ejection fraction (R = 0.45; P = .036), and reduced LV circumferential strain (R = 0.52; P = .014). Increased residual volume correlated with increased RV end-systolic volume index (R = 0.52; P = .013), reduced LV ejection fraction (R = −0.54; P = .010), and reduced LV circumferential strain (R = −0.44; P = .040). Conclusions Patients with repaired TOF with mild to moderate RV dilation have abnormal LV diastolic direct flow and increased recirculating residual volume. These changes correlate with the degree of RV dilation and impaired LV function.
Multi-year occupancy of the hops blue butterfly (Celastrina humulus): habitat patch colonization and extinction

The hops azure (Celastrina humulus) is a locally-abundant, rare butterfly in Colorado and Montana, that uses wild hops (Humulus lupulus) as a host plant. Because of the patchy distribution of wild hops and current land use changes, the butterfly is a species of conservation concern. The hops azure is abundant along the riparian systems of the U.S. Air Force Academy (Academy) because wild hops is readily available and most land-use impacts have not reached much of the Academy. However, the riparian systems of the Academy are experiencing increased flooding from off-base, hard-surface development, making it harder for riparian vegetation, like wild hops, to thrive. To describe the prevalence and persistence of the hops azure, we conducted multi-year occupancy sampling to understand habitat-patch occupancy changes, such as patch extinction and colonization, and to identify factors that impact detectability. Wind speed, the area of wild hops, and the amount of cloud cover and solar exposure influenced probability of hops azure detection. Patch occupancy and extinction are influenced by the area of wild hops, suggesting that as host plant patch sizes get smaller, patch extinction increases and occupancy decreases. Detectability and occupancy were higher than expected, and the probability of patch extinction and colonization were extremely low. Management efforts to expand wild hops growth within the hops azure’s range, increase continuity of wild hops expanses, and retain the hydrology that supports wild hops should increase the stability of azure populations.
Age- and Sex-Specific Risk Factors for Youth Suicide: A Mixed Methods Review

BACKGROUND Suicide is the second-leading cause of death for individuals ages 10 through 34, and rates are rising. This study seeks to broaden the understanding of suicide in youths ages 10-17. STUDY AIMS Use a mixed-methods approach to investigate the different characteristics leading to youth suicide by 2 distinct youth age subgroups (pre-high school and high school) and by sex. METHODS A retrospective review and analysis of the Wisconsin Violent Death Reporting System data on Wisconsin resident suicides was conducted for 146 individuals ages 10 through 17 who died by suicide from 2012 through 2016. RESULTS A total of 20 common characteristics were extrapolated from the narratives. Among the 10- to 13-year-old age group, 4 age-specific characteristics emerged: estrangement, exposure to suicide, school issues, and adversity. Six age-specific characteristics emerged among the 14- to 17-year-old age group: history of abuse (P <0.01), history of self-harm (P < 0.01), and history of suicide attempt (P < 0.01) were highly associated with female sex. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that there are unique age and sex-specific characteristics for teenage suicide. This information can be leveraged to plan focused prevention strategies relevant to youth in 2 distinct age groups.
The dynamic neural code of the retina for natural scenes

Abstract Understanding how the visual system encodes natural scenes is a fundamental goal of sensory neuroscience. We show here that a three-layer network model predicts the retinal response to natural scenes with an accuracy nearing the fundamental limits of predictability. The model’s internal structure is interpretable, in that model units are highly correlated with interneurons recorded separately and not used to fit the model. We further show the ethological relevance to natural visual processing of a diverse set of phenomena of complex motion encoding, adaptation and predictive coding. Our analysis uncovers a fast timescale of visual processing that is inaccessible directly from experimental data, showing unexpectedly that ganglion cells signal in distinct modes by rapidly (
Improved Ultraviolet Radiation Film Dosimetry Using OrthoChromic OC-1 Film†.

There is growing interest in far-UVC lighting, defined as wavelengths from 200 to 230 nm, because research has demonstrated these wavelengths to be an effective antimicrobial technology while posing a minimal hazard to human health. Far-UVC lighting is now being installed to directly irradiate spaces where humans are present, and it will be important to perform measurements to verify far-UVC lighting installations are operating within widely accepted exposure guidelines. In this work, we explore the use of a commercially available film, known as OrthoChromic OC-1, to measure ultraviolet radiation exposure. The film was tested with a variety of ultraviolet wavelengths and irradiance conditions, and the color change of the film was analyzed for increasing levels of radiant exposure. The film response extended over a dynamic range that was greater than the recommended exposure limits for far-UVC radiation so it can potentially be useful for health hazard monitoring. The spectrum of the incident ultraviolet radiation strongly affected the response of the film; therefore, for accurate measurements we recommend the measured spectrum match the spectrum used for calibration. Overall, dosimetry with this film provides a simple, accurate, and inexpensive method of quantifying ultraviolet radiation exposure that is suitable for far-UVC measurements.
ICE comes to Tennessee: violence work and abolition in the Appalachian South

By way of a case study of a key Trump-era Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) workplace raid amidst the arrival of 287(g) programs in Eastern Tennessee, this article places the violence of th...
Could the Greatest Illusion of the Modern Synthesis Be Practical

According to Denis Noble, one of the greatest illusions of the Modern Synthesis is embodied in the Central Dogma, a principle first formulated by Francis Crick in 1958. The principle (roughly) holds that DNA makes protein, not the other way around. For Noble, the Dogma has contributed to the illusion that genes alone are responsible for the development and evolution of an organism’s phenotype. Though I am largely sympathetic to Noble’s critique, I argue that there may be alternative grounds for accepting the plausibility of the Central Dogma and also the illusion it perpetuates.
Elective Implant Removal and Replacement in Asymptomatic Aesthetic Patients with Textured Devices.

SUMMARY The management of patients with breast implants requires secondary procedures through the life of the implant, sometimes in the early postoperative period and more commonly many years after the initial surgery. In performing revisional procedures, removal and replacement of the implants is often required for a variety of reasons. With growing concerns of implant safety, implant exchange or removal with or without a capsulectomy has been increasingly requested by patients. In particular, textured breast implants have been under increased scrutiny secondary to their association with breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Unfortunately, to date, there are no data and very little guidance as to the appropriate management of patients currently with textured implants as well as patients with a history of having had textured implants placed in the past. The surgeon must not only consider the appropriate management of patients with uncomplicated, asymptomatic textured devices but also consider the appropriate management when faced with another indication for revisional surgery and the need determine the appropriate course of action. An algorithm for the management of the explantation patient in general will be introduced in this review with a focus on the rationale, planning, and management of patients with an uncomplicated, asymptomatic textured implants.
True antiglide fixation of Danis-Weber B fibula fractures has lower rates of removal of hardware.

Abstract Introduction Plating of unstable OTA/AO 44-B2 equivalent lateral malleolus (Danis-Weber B) fractures has been associated with pain, peroneal irritation, and the need for subsequent hardware removal (ROH). The purpose of this study is to retrospectively compare the rates of ROH in unstable Weber B fractures fixed with a posterior, true antiglide plate with no screws in the distal segment versus those that were fixed with a similarly placed posterior, neutralization construct that included screws in the distal fragment. Thus, evaluating the role of the distal screws in rates of ROH. Methods Skeletally mature patients that were treated for an unstable, isolated Weber B fracture at a single level-1 trauma center over a ten-year period were reviewed. Fractures treated with a single posterior plate with at least six months of follow-up were included and those fixed with a direct lateral plate were excluded. The primary outcome of this study was hardware removal defined as entire plate removal; isolated syndesmotic screw removal was not included. Results Ninety-six patients were included in the study with average age of 46 years (range 17-83) and mean length of follow-up of 24.5 months (range 6.1-140.3). There were 33 patients in the antiglide group (mean follow-up 25.5 months) and 63 in the neutralization plate group (mean follow-up 24 months, p=0.81). Fractures fixed with or without distal screws had equivalent excellent results related to bony union and alignment. However, there was a statistically significant decrease in ROH rates in the antiglide group (antiglide ROH rate 15.2%; neutralization ROH rate 38.1%; p=0.02). Relative risk of ROH with antiglide plate was 0.4 (95% CI 0.17 – 0.95; p=0.04). Conclusions Antiglide plating shows a significant risk reduction in the rate of ROH when compared to posterior based neutralization plating. A true antiglide plating construct should be considered as a safe and effective way of managing Weber B fractures with a lower relative risk of a second operation for hardware removal. Level of evidence Therapeutic level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
13 Twelve-year-old girl with a gunshot wound to the head

A 12-year-old girl presented to the emergency department after being shot with a .177 (4.5 mm) air gun stuffed diabolo pellet. The pellet shot the girl’s left infraorbital. The entry wound in a size of 3 mm was barely noticeable, located 0.9 cm below the lower eyelid and 3.6 cm laterally to the nasal sidewall. Before the accident, her ocular history included diplopia (anamnestically, the girl’s mother said that the girl had diplopia before but she was never referred to an ophthalmologist). At the first examination, the mydriasis and ptosis on the left eye were noticed. The left pupil did not react to the light. The right eye status was normal. After an emergency craniogram was performed, a foreign body was verified in the projection of the left orbit. Upon the arrival of an ophthalmologist, the eye status was as follows: visus oculi dextri (VOD) sine correctione (sc) 1.0, visus oculi sinistri (VOS) sine correctione (sc) 0.5, left bulbus in exodeviation of 10 PD with convergence insufficiency, double vision in the direction of looking straight, occasionally in elevation and depression, with no double vision in the terminal abduction right and left. The girl did not notice the pain. The pupil was in the mydriasis with a very slow motion in the light. Other status of the anterior eye segment as well as of the eye fundus was normal. A computed tomography scan showed a metallic foreign body in the left orbital conus, without fractures or intracranial intrusion. Immediate tetanus prophylaxis, antimicrobial therapy (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, metronidazole), neuroprotective therapy (methylprednisolone) and local therapy (tobramycinum) were introduced. Given the high risk of surgical treatment, the girl was conservatively treated and monitored. The girl was relieved of physical activity at school due to the possibility of moving the foreign body. Three years after the injury, the girl has only a pupil in semi mydriasis and a slower reaction to direct light. The visual acuity is as follows: VOD sc 1.0, VOS sc 0.9. Other eye status is normal.
Intermittent environment-assisted crack growth during slow constant extension rate testing

The slow constant extension rate (CER) test using fatigue precracked fracture specimens offers advantages over the conventional static (fixed displacement and constant load) tests. It generally requires fewer specimens and shorter test times to determine the threshold for crack initiation. However, apparent anomalies in the subcritical crack growth kinetics have been observed, which complicate the interpretation of the CER test measurements. Oscillations in the crack velocity occur resulting in macroscopic intermittent crack growth and periodic fluctuations in the applied load. An analysis of the CER test applied to environment-assisted cracking (EAC) is made and a phenomenological model is proposed to describe the mechanics of macroscopic intermittent crack growth. As a result of the analysis, the oscillations in the crack velocity are found to depend on the elastic behavior of the specimen and loading system and the aggressiveness and activity of the environment at the crack tip.
Prioritizing travel time reports in peer-to-peer traffic dissemination

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) is a promising approach to the dissemination of spatio-temporal information such as the current traffic condition of a road segment or the availability of a parking space. Due to the constraint of the communication bandwidth, only a limited number of information items may be transmitted upon a vehicle-to-vehicle communication opportunity. Ranking becomes critical in this situation, by enabling the most important information to be transmitted under the bandwidth constraint. In this paper we propose a method for online learning of spatio-temporal information ranking for a travel time dissemination application within a VANET. In this method, vehicles judge the relevance of incoming information items and use them as training examples for Naive Bayesian learning. Additionally, a separate machine learning algorithm is used to estimate the probability of a duplicate item being transmitted. The method is used in place of commonly used heuristics, and is shown to be superior in the application of travel time dissemination.
Head and neck PET/CT: Therapy response interpretation criteria ('Hopkins criteria')

344 Objectives There has been no established qualitative interpretation system for therapy response assessment using PET/CT for head and neck cancers. The objective of this study is to validate the Hopkins criteria to assess therapy response and survival outcome in head and neck squamous cell cancer patients (HNSCC). Methods The study included 214 biopsy-proven HNSCC patients who had a post therapy PET/CT study, 5-24 weeks after completion of treatment. The median follow-up was 27 months. PET/CT studies were interpreted, by two board certified nuclear medicine physicians, independently. The studies were scored based on a qualitative five-point scale, for the primary tumor, right and left neck and for overall assessment. Cohen’s kappa coefficient (k) was calculated to measure inter-reader agreement. Overall and progression free survival were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier plots with Mantel-Cox log-rank test for comparisons. Results Of the 214 patients, 175 were men and 39 were women. There was 89.9%, 97.2%, 94.9% and 91.3% agreement between the readers for overall, left neck, right neck and primary tumor site response scores, respectively. The corresponding Kappa coefficients were, 0.70, 0.81, 0.69, and 0.67, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of therapy assessment was 65.8%, 88.6%, 55.6% and 92.3%, respectively. HPV status and PET/CT interpretation are the only factors associated with progression free and overall survival. There were significant differences in overall survival (HR 0.056; P Conclusions The Hopkins interpretation criteria for head and neck PET/CT has substantial inter-reader agreement, excellent negative predictive value and predicts overall survival and progression free survival in patients with HNSCC.
Mobile robot self-localization from range data using view-invariant regions

The problem of mobile robot self-localization given a polygonal map and a set of range readings from a ring of sonar sensors is addressed. It is assumed that straight-line edge segments can be extracted from the contour defined by the sensed range data. Previous approaches used a tree search complemented by a number of good pruning heuristics to match observations to map edges. The approach here is to modify this search by decomposing the map into view-invariant regions and searching only for the edges that are visible from a point in the constructed regions. The view-invariant regions are computed offline as part of map construction. The goal of this map preprocessing is to better organize the nodes in the search tree in order to improve the efficiency of the search task. >
Solubilization of rehydrated frozen highly concentrated micellar casein for use in liquid food applications.

Highly concentrated micellar casein concentrate (HC-MCC), a potential ingredient of protein-fortified food, is a gel at cold temperature. It contains ~17 to 21% casein, with most serum proteins and lactose removed by microfiltration and diafiltration, and it is then further concentrated using vacuum evaporation. The HC-MCC can be stored frozen, and our objective was to determine the conditions needed to obtain complete solubility of thawed HC-MCC in water and to understand its gelation upon cooling. Dispersibility (ability to pass through a 250-μm mesh sieve), suspendability (percentage of protein not sedimented at 80 × g within 5 min), and solubility (percentage of protein not sedimented at 20,000 × g within 5 min) were measured at 4, 12, or 20°C after various mixing conditions. Gelation upon cooling from 50 to 5°C was monitored based on storage (Gc) and loss (Gcc) moduli. The gelled HC-MCC was also examined by transmission electron microscopy. Thawed HC-MCC was added to water to reach a protein concentration of 3% and mixed using high shear (7,500 rpm) for 1 min or low shear (800 rpm) for 30 min at 4, 12, 20, or 50°C and at pH 6.4 to 7.2. The HC-MCC completely dispersed at 50°C, or at ≤20°C followed by overnight storage at 4°C. Suspendability at 50°C was ~90% whereas mixing at ≤20°C followed by overnight storage resulted in only ~57% suspendability. Solubility followed a similar trend with ~83% at 50°C and only ~29% at ≤20°C. Mixing HC-MCC with 60 mM trisodium citrate increased dispersibility to 99% and suspendability and solubility to 81% at 20°C. Cold-gelling temperature, defined as the temperature at which Gc = Gcc when cooling from 50 to 5°C, was positively correlated with protein level in HC-MCC. Gelation occurred at 38, 28, and 7°C with 23, 20, and 17% of protein, respectively. Gelation was reversible upon heating, although after a second cooling cycle the HC-MCC gel had lower Gc. In micrographs of gelled HC-MCC, the casein micelles were observed to be within the normal size range but packed very closely together, with only ~20 to 50 nm of space between them. We proposed that cold-gelation of HC-MCC occurs when the kinetic energy of the casein micelles is sufficiently reduced to inhibit their mobility in relation to adjacent casein micelles. Understanding solubilization of rehydrated frozen HC-MCC and its rheological properties can help in designing process systems for using HC-MCC as a potential ingredient in liquid food.
Suicide and Infantile Fixations

Infantile fixations upon primary parental figures and relationships is one of several factors central to the suicidal situation. The association of infantile fixations to suicidal behavior relates not only to their presence or degree but to their traumatic quality and to the occurrence of patterns of relationship with others who are similarly fixated. Other significant features of such infantile fixations are their rigid and repetitive character. Case illustrations highlight both the infantile fixation phenomenon and efforts to change by forming new or different attachments, and the conflict between the two. Lastly, implications for psychotherapy include the needs to reduce the anxiety and self hatred associated with infantile ties; to provide a temporary regression as a first step towards transformation of fixation and mastery; and to accept, rather than to attack, the suicidal patient's infantile attachments and patterns.
Data-Oriented Incremental Programming Environments

As programming environments begin to mature researchers recognize the need to improve both their user interface and performance. The traditional command and batch oriented systems represent a poor match for the human cognitive system, which is very visually oriented and “computes” incrementally. This paper explores these latter two important aspects in the context of programming environments. A data-oriented system is a system in which users interact directly with system data (view and manipulate), instead of using a complex set of commands. Incremental systems are designed to improve performance by limiting computation to a restricted set of system data in response to a small — incremental — modification to this data.
Heredity 2.0: the epigenetics effect

The reasons for a special issue of New Genetics and Society dedicated to epigenetics seem so obvious as to not to deserve a long explanation from a guest editor.Epigenetics, the “collective heritab...
VARIATIONS IN AGONIST ACTIVITY AMONG ANTIGLUCOCORTICOID STEROIDS AND ITS RELATION TO GLUCOCORTICOID REGULATED GENES

Steroid hormones are usually classified as agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, or inactive steroids on the basis of their biological activity in a single test system (1–3). This practice derives from the tenet that the type of activity displayed by a particular steroid is an intrinsic property of that steroid and is independent of the target cell. The potency of a given steroid, e.g., the concentration at which 50% of the maximal effect is elicited (= EC50), is also thought to be an invariant characteristic of that steroid. With time, however, exceptions have been discovered. Thus the activity of tamoxifen not only changes from a full antiestrogen in chickens to a partial antiestrogen in rats to a full estrogen in mice (4,5 and references therein) but also is dependent on the schedule of administration (6). These activity modifications are not limited to whole animal studies but have also been observed in tissue culture cells. Progesterone is a full antiglucocorticoid in HTC cells (1) and a partial antagonist in L929 mouse fibroblasts (7) and W7TB mouse lymphoid cells (8). Similarly, the affinity labeling steroid cortisol 21-mesylate is a full antagonist in rat HTC (9) and human stromal cells (10 and C.R. Mendelson, personal communication) but is a full agonist in rat mammary (11) and murine splenic B cells (M.F. Ruh, personnal communication).
Temperature effects on neuronal membrane potentials and inward currents in rat hypothalamic tissue slices

Preoptic–anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) neurones sense and regulate body temperature. Although controversial, it has been postulated that warm-induced depolarization determines neuronal thermosensitivity. Supporting this hypothesis, recent studies suggest that temperature-sensitive cationic channels (e.g. vanilloid receptor TRP channels) constitute the underlying mechanism of neuronal thermosensitivity. Moreover, earlier studies indicated that PO/AH neuronal warm sensitivity is due to depolarizing sodium currents that are sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX). To test these possibilities, intracellular recordings were made in rat hypothalamic tissue slices. Thermal effects on membrane potentials and currents were compared in PO/AH warm-sensitive, temperature-insensitive and silent neurones. All three types of neurones displayed slight depolarization during warming and hyperpolarization during cooling. There were no significant differences in membrane potential thermosensitivity for the different neuronal types. Voltage clamp recordings (at −92 mV) measured the thermal effects on persistent inward cationic currents. In all neurones, resting holding currents decreased during cooling and increased during warming, and there was no correlation between firing rate thermosensitivity and current thermosensitivity. To determine the thermosensitive contribution of persistent, TTX-sensitive currents, voltage clamp recordings were conducted in the presence of 0.5 μm TTX. TTX decreased the current thermosensitivity in most neurones, but there were no resulting differences between the different neuronal types. The present study found no evidence of a resting ionic current that is unique to warm-sensitive neurones. This supports studies suggesting that neuronal thermosensitivity is controlled, not by resting currents, but rather by currents that determine rapid changes in membrane potential between successive action potentials.
Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life by Monahan, T. Illusions of Seurity: Global Surveillance and Democracy in the Post-9/11 World by Webb, M

Monahan, T. (2006). Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life. New York: Routledge. Webb, M. (2007). Illusions of Security: Global Surveillance and Democracy in t...
Fighting Men of the Indian Wars: A Biographical Encyclopedia of the Mountain Men, Soldiers, Cowboys, and Pioneers Who Took Up Arms During America's Westward Expansion

This book "is a compendium of America's Indian Wars and the mountain men, soldiers, cowboys and pioneers who took part in them" (dust-jacket). It includes information about all the major American Indian battles, the lives of notable men who fought in the battles, and the combat techniques employed. The index begins on page 247.
Alternative technologies for superconductor fabrication

Superconductor fabrication for large magnetic devices has largely been accomplished by continuous multifilamentary fibre methods based on extrusion of composite billets followed by wire drawing. This paper reviews other methods aimed at achieving the same superconducting properties, but with other advantages. The "in situ" technologies are really older than the mechanical methods, which in fact were developed as a result of questions raised by early "in situ" research. The technical possibilities of the "in situ" approach were shown by Tsuei, who used rapidly cooled Nb-Cu and Nb-Cu-Sn alloys which were subsequently drawn into wire. High current densities are attainable in these alloys due to percolation through a contiguous structure of superconducting phase. By careful microstructural control the critical current densities can approach in magnitude those of continuous fibre bronze-matrix composites. Similar microstructures may be developed from powder composites, either of mixed powders or liquid infiltrated powder or fibre structures. Controlled directional solidification results in highly regular, oriented multiphase structures which may be processed to form superconducting wire composites. All of these methods are capable of high current densities, and at least some offer superior mechanical properties. In general, the use of phase transformations or powder methods to produce composition modulations on a fine scale has resulted in a class of materials with potentially superior technical properties.