cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of two crystal forms in MDI/BDO-based polyurethanes

Abstract Solution-cast films of a polyurethane based on 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as the hard segment and poly(propylene oxide) endcapped with poly(ethylene oxide) (PPO-EO) as the soft segment were examined by optical and electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and wide-angle x-ray scattering. Hard segment content was 77 % by weight. The soft segment is atactic so all crystallinity is isolated to the hard segment phase. Two crystal forms of the hard segment have been observed, with their associated spherulites. Type I crystals are intrinsically disordered and exhibit only a few diffuse diffraction rings. Type I crystals also form nonbirefringent spherulites. Type II crystals form negative spherulites. Darkfield electron microscopy indicates that type II crystals are lath shaped and average about 12 nm in width by about 50-70 nm in length. Type I crystals were not able to be resolved by dark-field or bright-field transmission electron microscopy, indicating that th...
Passive sky angle mapping for unmanned ground vehicles

We utilize a hemispherical camera to develop a passive mapping algorithm that exploits visibility to the sky. We use this visibility to derive a measure of occupancy to build a wide area volumetric map. This process produces a 3D representation of the environment derived solely from video. The resolution of this map is further refined by active motion of the vehicle. Because this method visually exploits the energy of the sky, its effective range is potentially much higher than an active energy sensor. That is, all the space between the sensor and the far horizon can be effectively cleared. Moreover, since this approach is completely passive (it does not emit energy) it is ideal for missions that require stealth. We present initial results from testing this concept on an autonomous vehicle circumnavigating a series of outdoor buildings.
Photolysis of Hexafluoro-2-butyne/Ozone Mixtures in Cryogenic Matrices

Matrix studies on the photolytic reaction between ozone and hexafluoro-2-butyne have been performed at 11 K in argon and nitrogen matrices. The matrices were photolyzed with 640 and 642 nm light from a laser source, and with 254 nm light from a Hg arc lamp. The final products of the reaction are perfluorobutanedione and bis(trifluoromethyl)ketene. An intermediate species was also observed. It has been identified as perfluoroacetylmethylmethylene, a ketocarbene. The ketocarbene was also trapped as trifluoromethyl trifluoroacetylketene, a ketoketene, when the matrix was doped with CO. Photolysis of the ketocarbene with 427 nm light results in the direct formation of the ketene. The ketocarbene and ketene form as a result of O atom addition to the butyne, whereas the butanedione appears to be predominantly produced by a reaction between the ketocarbene and O2. Product distribution was found to depend greatly on both matrix material and ozone concentration. This is the first direct evidence of a ketocarbene a...
Abeta1-15 is less immunogenic than Abeta1-40/42 for intranasal immunization of wild-type mice but may be effective for "boosting".

Abstract Immunizing mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) against β-amyloid (Aβ) leads to a decrease in cerebral Aβ burden as well as an improvement in behavioral deficits. Circulating Aβ-antibodies may be responsible for interfering with Aβ deposition. In the present study, we attempted to initiate more robust antibody production in wild type (WT) mice. Three immunization strategies were examined: intranasal (i.n.) immunization with Aβl-15 or full-length Aβ1-40/42, i.n. administration of Aβ combined with mucosal adjuvants, native labile enterotoxin (LT) or its non-toxic form, LT(R192G), and prime-boost regimes. Using Aβ1-15 as the primary immunogen for intranasal immunization did not initiate strong antibody production. When Aβ1-15 or Aβ1-40/42 was combined with native LT or LT(R192G), antibody production was significantly increased. Nasal immunization with Aβ1-15 and native LT successfully “boosted” an immune response “primed” by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Aβ1-40/42, producing moderately high Aβ titers that remained stable for at least 6 months. Serum anti-Aβ antibodies, regardless of the length of the Aβ immunogen, consistently detected human AD plaques, had epitopes within Aβ1-15, and were predominantly of the IgG2b, IgG1, and IgG2a isotypes. The adjuvants were well-tolerated in the mice. Thus, Aβ1-15 may have potential as a safer, more cost-effective “boosting” immunogen than the full-length Aβ peptide for chronic, active Aβ immunization.
Research Grants and School Ranking of PhD Granting Institutions: A Simultaneous Equations Model

Using data for 143 PhD granting institutions in the US, this study tests the hypothesis that in addition to other variables, the amount of research grants given to an institution is a function of the level of the institution's academic ranking. However, the level of ranking depends upon the amount of research grants. We apply a simultaneous equation model in which there is an interdependence of grants and ranking. Data for this study pertain to the 1990–1991 academic year. Statistical results suggest that a simultaneous relationship exists among grants per full-time equivalent enrolment (FTE), ranking of the institution and graduate students as a percentage of total enrolment. In addition to the ranking, the grants are influenced by the percentage of total students who are of graduate rank, the amount of endowment money per FTE that the institution can spend, the percentage of faculty with a PhD degree and public versus private institutions.
Who will teach the next generation of information professionals? Sponsored by ALISE, SIG ED

Graduate schools of library and information science have grown increasingly multidisciplinary with faculty drawn from such wide-ranging fields as computer science, communication studies, information systems, public administration, and cognitive science as well as library and information science. Deans, directors, and chairs of these programs are engaged in a critical dialogue about the changing landscape of information and the skills, knowledge, and values that information professionals will need to have in order to flourish there. This panel discussion reflects the expanding boundaries of the field by inviting deans from education, communication, and information systems to present their vision of education for information professionals.
The manager's role and the high mobility of technical specialists in the Santa Clara Valley

One hundred locally employed engineers, programmers, and scientists enrolled in engineering management courses at Santa Clara, responded to a survey asking why technical specialists are frequently changing jobs. While escalating salaries trigger the change, the reasons advanced for staying with an organization, or the improved conditions sought by changing jobs, is of interest to those managers who wish to retain their key people, and of equal interest to those managers who seek to spirit people to their own organizations.
An experimental and ab initio reexamination of the infrared spectrum of sulfine, H2CSO

Abstract The infrared spectrum of sulfine (H 2 CSO) has been reexamined both experimentally and theoretically. Ab initio predictions of the wavenumbers and intensities of the fundamentals show that previously reported argon matrix spectra were misinterpreted. A set of consistent reassignments has been suggested. Gas phase spectra of H 2 CSO and D 2 CSO obtained by pyrolysis of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and DMSO- d 6 show bands whose wavenumbers, relative intensities and isotope effects are consistent with the ab initio predictions.
Applying a cloud computing approach to storage architectures for spacecraft

As sensor technologies, processor speeds, and memory densities increase, spacecraft command, control, processing, and data storage systems have grown in complexity to take advantage of these improvements and expand the possible missions of spacecraft. Spacecraft systems engineers are increasingly looking for novel ways to address this growth in complexity and mitigate associated risks. Looking to conventional computing, many solutions have been executed to solve both the problem of complexity and heterogeneity in systems. In particular, the cloud-based paradigm provides a solution for distributing applications and storage capabilities across multiple platforms. In this paper, we propose utilizing a cloud-like architecture to provide a scalable mechanism for providing mass storage in spacecraft networks that can be reused on multiple spacecraft systems. By presenting a consistent interface to applications and devices that request data to be stored, complex systems designed by multiple organizations may be more readily integrated. Behind the abstraction, the cloud storage capability would manage wear-leveling, power consumption, and other attributes related to the physical memory devices, critical components in any mass storage solution for spacecraft. Our approach employs SpaceWire networks and SpaceWire-capable devices, although the concept could easily be extended to non-heterogeneous networks consisting of multiple spacecraft and potentially the ground segment.
Imaging epidermal growth factor receptor expression in vivo: pharmacokinetic and biodistribution characterization of a bioconjugated quantum dot nanoprobe.

Purpose: To develop and validate an optical imaging nanoprobe for the discrimination of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR)–overexpressing tumors from surrounding normal tissues that also expresses EGFR. Experimental Design: Near-infrared (NIR) quantum dots (QD) were coupled to EGF using thiol-maleimide conjugation to create EGF-QD nanoprobes. In vitro binding affinity of these nanoprobes and unconjugated QDs was evaluated in a panel of cell lines, with and without anti-EGFR antibody pretreatment. Serial optical imaging of HCT116 xenograft tumors was done after systemic injection of QD and EGF-QD. Results: EGF-QD showed EGFR-specific binding in vitro. In vivo imaging showed three distinct phases, tumor influx (∼3 min), clearance (∼60 min), and accumulation (1-6 h), of EGF-QD nanoprobes. Both QD and EGF-QD showed comparable nonspecific rapid tumor influx and clearance followed by attainment of an apparent dynamic equilibrium at ∼60 min. Subsequently (1-6 h), whereas QD concentration gradually decreased in tumors, EGF-QDs progressively accumulated in tumors. On delayed imaging at 24 h, tumor fluorescence decreased to near-baseline levels for both QD and EGF-QD. Ex vivo whole-organ fluorescence, tissue homogenate fluorescence, and confocal microscopic analyses confirmed tumor-specific accumulation of EGF-QD at 4 h. Immunofluorescence images showed diffuse colocalization of EGF-QD fluorescence within EGFR-expressing tumor parenchyma compared with patchy perivascular sequestration of QD. Conclusion: These results represent the first pharmacokinetic characterization of a robust EGFR imaging nanoprobe. The measurable contrast enhancement of tumors 4 h after systemic administration of EGF-QD and its subsequent normalization at 24 h imply that this nanoprobe may permit quantifiable and repetitive imaging of EGFR expression.
THE NEW LOGISTICS IN LATIN AMERICA: AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENT STATUS AND OPPORTUNITIES /

Latin America is undergoing significant changes in its business environment. As a general rule, trade is liberalized, inflation is significantly reduced, and firms are free to import technology. As a result, competition among firms in most industries has become intense. The initial objective of this paper is to review the notable impact of these environmental changes on the logistics function of firms competing in Latin America. Second, seven rules designed to help firms making logistics related decisions in the current Latin American environment are distilled from the review. The third objective is to present five logistics strategies representing growth opportunities for the near future. These strategies were chosen because the economic and technological foundations needed for their development are now in place.
Implementing a computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) system to increase colorectal cancer screening: A process evaluation

Abstract Objective : Computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) systems used by telephone counselors (TCs) may be efficient mechanisms to counsel patients on cancer and recommended preventive screening tests in order to extend a primary care provider's reach to his/her patients. The implementation process of such a system for promoting colorectal (CRC) cancer screening using a computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) system is reported in this paper. Methods : The process evaluation assessed three components of the intervention: message production, program implementation and audience reception. Results Of 1181 potentially eligible patients, 1025 (87%) patients were reached by the TCs and 725 of those patients (71%) were eligible to receive counseling. Five hundred eighty-two (80%) patients agreed to counseling. Conclusions : It is feasible to design and use CATI systems for prevention counseling of patients in primary care practices. Practice Implications : CATI systems have the potential of being used as a referral service by primary care providers and health care organizations for patient education.
HIV: Practical implications for the practicing allergist–immunologist

Objectives To review the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) on allergic diseases and discuss the clinical, pathophysiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges unique to HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Data sources The MEDLINE and OVID databases were searched to identify pertinent articles using the following keywords: HIV, AIDS, IgE, allergic rhinitis, adverse drug reaction, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, food allergy, and immunization. References from the chosen articles were also examined. Study Selection Articles were selected based on their relevance to the subject matter and currency. Results Human immunodeficiency virus infection causes immunologic alterations that ultimately lead to cell-mediated immune deficiency. In addition, the immune dysfunction caused by HIV also increases the likelihood of developing allergic and other immune-mediated diseases in many patients. HAART is associated with reconstitution of immune system function. While offering protection against infection, immune reconstitution also can provoke immunopathologic conditions. Patients infected with HIV show an increased prevalence of allergic rhinitis, adverse drug reactions, and noninfectious pulmonary complications. The pathophysiology of HIV infection is associated with unique clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations when treating allergic diseases in HIV-infected patients. Conclusions With the use of HAART and the subsequent decrease in infectious complications, HIV-infected patients now live longer and experience common chronic diseases. Evaluation of HIV-infected patients with rhinitis, asthma, and adverse drug reactions may become more frequent as HAART continues to extend the life expectancy of patients living with HIV. Understanding the interactions between HIV and these conditions can facilitate a knowledgeable approach to treating an HIV-infected patient.
Effect of MRI on the management of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast.

Introduction The accuracy of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detection of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has prompted recommendations for its routine preoperative use, but its clinical benefit is debated. We reviewed our experience with MRI in DCIS patients to assess the utility of MRI for surgical planning.
Studies on the infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis.

A total of 29 rheumatoid patients and 19 non-rheumatoid patients were tested for evidence of present or past infection by M pneumoniae, M hominis, M fermentans, M arthritidis, M pulmonis, and M hyorhinis. The techniques of lymphocyte transformation, metabolic-inhibiting antibody test, and mycoplasmacidal antibody test indicated no significant difference in the response of rheumatoid as opposed to non-rheumatoid patients.
The effect of certain nitre-herbicides on the growth of some soil-inhabiting fungi

Summary The effect of 10, 100 and 1000 ppm of seven different nitre-herbicides, namely DNOC,dinoseb, nitrofen, fluorodifen, trifluralin, nitralin, and “cobex” on the growth of Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum var. vasinfectum, Sclerotium bataticola, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger was studied. Nitrofen and fluorodifen were in general the most effective herbicides, especially at the lowest concentration used. as well as at the higher concentration. Trifluralin and “cobex” gave only moderate action at the lowest concentration, and a significant inhibition when used in higher concentrations (100-1000 ppm). Dinitrophenols, i.e., DNOC and dinoseb, gave an inhibitory effect only at high concentrations. The weakest inhibition, in general, was observed when nitralin was used. As for the fungi, Rhizoctonia solani seems to be the most affected fungus by the herbicides used. Fusarium oxysporum var. vasinfectum and Sclerotium bataticola were moderately susceptible to the herbicides tested, while Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flaves were completely resistant, except in rare cases.
Spatio-temporal environmental data tide corrections for reconnaissance operations

Dynamic, accurate near-real time environmental data is critical to the success of the mine countermeasures operations. Bathymetric data acquired from the AQS-20 mine hunting sensor should be adjusted for local tide variations related to the specific geographic area and time interval. This problem can be overcome by a spatio-temporal estimate of tide corrections provided for the area and time of interest by the Naval Research Laboratory tide prediction code PCTides. For each geographic position of the AQS-20 sonar, a tide height relative to mean sea level is computed by interpolating the tidal information from the K - nearest neighbored stations for the corresponding time. The value is used to correct the measured depth generated by the AQS-20 sonar in that location to mean sea level for fusion with other bathymetric data products. It is argued that this paper provides a useful tool to the MCM decision factors during Mine Warfare operations.
Photodynamic therapy of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus-induced papillomas in a severe combined immunodeficient mouse xenograft system.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 for treating an animal model of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). Methods: Rabbit skin was grafted onto the dorsum of severe combined immunodeficient mice, two xenografts per animal. After the graft healed, it was inoculated with cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV). When papillomas developed, Pc 4 (0.6 or 1.0 mg/kg) was administered systemically, and 48 hours later, one papilloma of the two on each animal was exposed to 675-nm photoactivating light at either 100 or 150 J/cm 2 . In addition to the contralateral tumors, which received Pc 4 but no light, other controls included animals receiving light only or neither agent. Response was assessed by measuring papilloma size with a caliper. Some papillomas and residual skin were harvested for histological assessment. Results: For the lower-dose PDT regimens, papilloma growth rates were not significantly different from the controls. In contrast, 13 of 15 papillomas receiving the higher Pc 4 dose (1.0 mg/kg) and the higher light fluence (150 J/cm 2 ) regressed completely and did not regrow within the observation period of up to 79 days. The response of these papillomas was significantly different from the controls (P < .001). Histological analysis confirmed the absence of residual tumor following complete response and replacement with near-normal epithelium. Conclusions: Pc 4-PDT is highly effective in treating virally induced (CRPV) papillomas in a murine model of RRP, and thus warrants further study as a treatment for HPV-induced papillomas.
A mapping method for the gravitational few-body problem with dissipation

Recently a new class of numerical integration methods — “mixed variable symplectic integrators” — has been introduced for studying long-term evolution in the conservative gravitational few-body problem. These integrators are an order of magnitude faster than conventional ODE integration methods. Here we present a simple modification of this method to include small non-gravitational forces. The new scheme provides a similar advantage of computational speed for a larger class of problems in Solar System dynamics.
Helly-type theorems for pseudoline arrangements in P2

Abstract We prove duals of Radon's theorem, Helly's theorem, Caratheodory's theorem, and Kirchberger's theorem for arrangements of pseudolines in the real projective plane, which generalize the original versions of those theorems for plane configurations of points. We also prove a topological generalization of the pseudoline-dual of Helly's theorem.
Developing Long-Term Physical Activity Participation: A Grounded Theory Study With African American Women

Regular physical activity is linked to a reduced risk of obesity and chronic disease. African American women bear a disproportionate burden from these conditions and many do not get the recommended amount of physical activity. Long-term success of interventions to initiate and maintain a physically active lifestyle among African American women has not been realized. By clearly elucidating the process of physical activity adoption and maintenance, effective programming could be implemented to reduce African American women's burden from chronic conditions. In-depth interviews were conducted with physically active African American women. Grounded theory, a rigorous qualitative research method used to develop theoretical explanation of human behavior grounded in data collected from those exhibiting that behavior, was used to guide the data collection and analysis process. Data derived inductively from the interviews and focus groups guided the development of a behavioral framework explaining the process of physical activity evolution.
Evidence for the absence of 24-hour rhythms in cholinesterase activities of brain regions.

1. 1. Two hundred fifty-seven male rats (Berkeley S1 strain) were used in four experiments testing regional brain levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (E.C. 3.1.1.7) and cholinesterase (ChE) (E.C. 3.1.1.8) at different times, during days 24 hours long and with a set artificial daily photoperiod 14 hours long. 2. 2. Only in the first experiment (with 2 animals per cage) and only in the hypothalamus and cerebellum were rhythmic differences in AChE suggested at a statistically significant level (P<0.02-0.01). In the three subsequent experiments (with 1 animal per cage) replication of such differences did not occur. 3. 3. Differences in regional ChE according to time of day were variable and contradictory. 4. 4. Factors other than 24-hour rhythmicity appear to dominate these enzyme levels under carefully controlled conditions. Possible accessory factors and interpretations are noted.
International Cooperation – The Ben-Gurion University and the University of California, Los Angeles: A Case Study

This paper discusses economic development and the large differences existing among and within different countries. Social and human factors are playing an important role and focus on the need and value of education. Academic co-operation between universities is valuable generally, and can serve and encourage development in particular.
Constant Retreat: The American Civil Liberties Union and the Debate Over the Meaning of Free Speech for Radio Broadcasting in the 1930s

(1987). Constant Retreat: The American Civil Liberties Union and the Debate Over the Meaning of Free Speech for Radio Broadcasting in the 1930s. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 40-59.
What happens to unplaced internship applicants in psychology

Placement outcomes of students who did not secure internship offers on Uniform Notification Day 1997 were examined. An initial survey of unplaced students (n = 168) suggested mixed outcomes for students in obtaining sites after notification day, including negative emotional effects as a result of nonplacement. A follow-up survey completed by 77 students (43 who had not been placed during the original survey and 34 who had) suggested generally high satisfaction and optimism with internship and employment outlook despite their experiences with the internship application process. Accreditation concerns, emotional, time, and financial expenditures, and potential courses of action are discussed. Concrete suggestions for improving the selection system are provided.
Antibody localization of extensin in cell walls of carrot storage roots

The accumulation and cross-linking of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) in cell walls of dicotyledonous plants has been correlated with a number of wall-strengthening phenomena. Polyclonal antibodies raised against glycosylated extensin-1, the most abundant HRGP in carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell walls, recognize this antigen on gel and dot blots and on thin sections of epoxy-embedded carrot-root cell walls. Since wall labeling can be largely reduced by preincubating the antibodies with purified extensin-1, most labeling can be attributed to recognition of this antigen. The remaining label may be the result of recognition of extensin-2, a second carrot HRGP, or other wall components (cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin are not recognized). Extensin-1 label was distributed quite uniformly across the cell wall but was absent from the expanded middle lamella at the intersection of three or more cells and was reduced in the narrow middle lamella between two cells. This distribution is essentially the same as that of cellulose. Because of limitations of this labeling technique, it is not possible to construct a complete model of the structure of the cross-linked extensin matrix. Nonetheless, short, linear arrays of gold particles may represent small portions of the extensin matrix or of individual extensin molecules as they are exposed on the surface of sections. These and other results presented here indicate that: a) newly synthesized extensin is added to the wall by intussusception; b) extensin cannot cross the middle lamella separating the walls of adjacent cells; and c) incorporation of extensin is a late event in the development of phloem-parenchyma cell walls in carrot.
Mississippian Chiefdoms: How Complex?

▪ Abstract During the Mississippian period (a.d. 1000–1500) the southeastern United States witnessed a broadscale fluorescence of polities characterized by impressive earthwork construction, rich mortuary offerings, and intensified agriculture. Research on the nature of complexity in these so-called chiefdoms has been an enduring issue in North American archaeology, even as this research has undergone several paradigmatic shifts. This study focuses on the primary dimensions of the archaeological record used to describe and explain variation in Mississippian complexity—polity scale, settlement and landscape, the organization of labor, mortuary ritual and ideology, and tribute and feasting. Changing perspectives toward the organization of complexity and power have become increasingly pronounced in each of these categories.
A higher order parallelized multilevel fast multipole algorithm for 3-D scattering

A higher order multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is presented for solving integral equations of electromagnetic wave scattering by three-dimensional (3-D) conducting objects. This method employs higher order parametric elements to provide accurate modeling of the scatterer's geometry and higher order interpolatory vector basis functions for an accurate representation of the electric current density on the scatterer's surface. This higher order scheme leads to a significant reduction in the mesh density, thus the number of unknowns, without compromising the accuracy of geometry modeling. It is applied to the electric field integral equation (EFIE), the magnetic field integral equation (MFIE), and the combined field integral equation (CFIE), using Galerkin's testing approach. The resultant numerical system of equations is then solved using the MLFMA. Appropriate preconditioning techniques are employed to speedup the MLFMA solution. The proposed method is further implemented on distributed-memory parallel computers to harness the maximum power from presently available machines. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method as well as the convergence of the higher order scheme.
Mercury and C 2 B 10 Icosahedra Interaction

We contrast the interaction of mercury with adsorbed orthocarborane films and semiconducting (dehydrogenated) boron carbide. Photoemission spectra reveal small shifts in orthocarborane (C2B10H12) molecular orbital binding energies as well as the shift in mercury 5d5/2 shallow core level binding energies, suggesting only small interaction between mercury and the molecular film. Mercury does, however, interact with decomposed orthocarboranes i.e. semiconducting boron carbide.
Differential Heart Rate Changes to Equally Intense White Noise and Tone

The psychophysiological literature has often ignored possible differences in the effects of white noise and tone stimulation. Twelve undergraduate Ss presented with 10 white noise and 12 Ss presented with 10 tone stimuli of 5-sec duration, uncontrolled, fast rise time, and equal SPL (85 dB re 0.0002 microbars) showed large differences in heart rate (HR) response. Noise elicited a diphasic response of marked acceleration followed by deceleration and tone a triphasic response of deceleration-acceleration-deceleration. The short-latency acceleration following noise habituated rapidly although some acceleration persisted throughout the 10 trials. With stimulus repetition, the response to tone showed lessened deceleration and an insignificant increase in long-latency acceleration. It was suggested that stimulus onset characteristics determine the short-latency HR response and steady-state characteristics the longer-latency phases. The relationship to fast and slow components of startle was discussed as well as possible mechanisms that may account for the differing effects of noise and tone.
Optimal Dietary Calcium Intake in Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether dietary calcium intake in primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with differences in bone mineral density and biochemical parameters, and to determine whether these observations are related to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Dietary calcium intake was determined from diet records in 71 unselected patients enrolled in an ongoing longitudinal study on the natural history of primary hyperparathyroidism. Subjects were placed into one of three dietary calcium groups based on their mean dietary calcium intake: very low ( 800 mg/day; mean=1023 ± 73). Biochemical indices were indicative of patients with modern day primary hyperparathyroidism, showing mild hypercalcemia (2.79 ± 0.02 mmol/L), low normal serum phosphorus (0.90 ± 0.03 mmol/L), elevated parathyroid hormone levels by mid-molecule (764 ± 69 pg/mL) and immunoradiometric (118 ± 8 pg/mL) assays, and high normal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (60 ± 3 pg/mL) and urinary calcium excretion (6.3 ± 0.4 mmol/day). Bone mineral density was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine, right femoral neck and distal third of the nondominant radius for each subject. RESULTS: Over the entire range, there was no significant effect of dietary calcium on serum parathyroid hormone levels, calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, urinary calcium excretion, or bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, femoral neck or distal one-third radius. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was elevated in 37 patients (52%). Despite similarly low dietary calcium intake among patients with normal and elevated levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (477 ± 50 mg/day vs. 533 ± 40 mg/day), patients with elevated levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D had higher parathyroid hormone levels by immunoradiometric assay (136 ± 11 pg/mL vs. 97 ± 10 pg/mL; P P P CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that patients with normal levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can liberalize their calcium intake without adverse consequences. However those with elevated levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D are advised to be more restrictive in order to prevent hypercalciuria.
Removal of abdominal sources of caudal mediastinal node lymph in anesthetized sheep

We investigated the conditions for and the quantity of abdominal contributions to caudal mediastinal node (CMN) efferent lymph in 15 anesthetized sheep with open thorax and lung lymph fistulas. Contractions of the diaphragm by phrenic nerve stimulation increased lymph flow by 29%. Adding large volumes (10 ml/kg) of 5% albumin solution to the peritoneal cavity increased lymph flow by 19 and 28% during diaphragm contraction. Tracer albumin specific activity in lymph indicated that about half the lymph flow increment came from the peritoneal liquid. Raising hepatic vein pressure 19 cmH2O increased CMN lymph flow 178%. Lymph protein concentration also increased markedly, from 0.72 to 0.91 of the plasma concentration. We devised a simple procedure to cauterize across the pleural surface of the diaphragm to destroy the aberrant lymphatics. This procedure markedly diminished both abdominal cavity and portal system contributions.
Solid State Storage, Limits of Flash Memory

Flash memory technology has followed Moore's Law for nine generations and with the introduction of 90 nm tech-nology, moved into the nanotechnology age. Scaling is ex-pected to continue but with increasingly difficulty. In order to meet technology scaling, the mainstream transistor based flash technologies will start evolving to incorporate material and structural innovations. Based on the introduction of ma-terial innovations, it is expected that flash memory cell can scale through at least the end of the decade (2010) using techniques that are available today or projected to be available in the near future.
Practical training for postgraduate year 1 surgery residents.

Background: Surgical interns accept significant patient care responsibilities with minimal orientation. We have developed a multifaceted training program for incoming surgical interns in which learning in a simulated environment plays a key role. The purpose of this study was to evaluate resident perceptions of simulated clinical calls as an educational modality and to measure the effect on self-ratings of confidence. Methods: A multidisciplinary team compiled 15 clinical scenarios. Simulated nurse-to-resident clinical call sessions were held on 3 separate days. Daily course evaluation surveys and identical precourse and postcourse confidence surveys were completed. Results: The resident confidence measure increased significantly postcourse (6.73 versus 8.35, P <0.03). The evaluation survey score averaged 4.35 out of 5. Conclusions: Simulated clinical call sessions were well received and resulted in a significant increase in resident confidence levels. Based on this modality’s apparent efficacy and ease of implementation, we offer it as a useful educational tool for incoming postgraduate year-1 surgical residents.
Slavery in eighteenth‐century Rhode Island: Evidence from the census of 1774

(1985). Slavery in eighteenth‐century Rhode Island: Evidence from the census of 1774. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 139-150.
Melodrama, mimicry, and menace: Reinventing Hollywood in Indian science fiction films

In the last 10 years science fiction (sf) movies have seen a perceptible increase in the Indian film industries. Although this rise in the number of sf films reflects Indian society's changing concepts of science, technology and rationality in the context of the country's rapid development in the industrial and scientific sectors, an undeniable cause is the influence of Hollywood blockbusters, through direct and indirect borrowing and reinventing of plots, themes, and images. These borrowings, though, are more like extracted skeletons than proper remakes, because Bollywood cannot use Hollywood's socio-cultural values. Consequently, in sf movies the Indian viewer is presented with a curious amalgam of Western techno-science and a traditional, often anti-modern, values system: a blend of Western technological imagery and Indian melodrama. Even if an Indian film directly copies from a Hollywood movie, it alters the purpose, effect, and associations that the original work emphasizes. Such a process of modific...
HIV Breakthroughs and Risky Sexual Behavior

Recent HIV treatment breakthroughs have lowered HIV mortality in the United States, but have also coincided with increased HIV incidence. The authors argue that these trends are causally linked, because new treatments have improved health and survival for the HIV+, increased their sexual activity, and thus facilitated HIV's spread.
Alveolar bias in the final consonant deletion patterns of African American children.

Purpose The variable deletion of word-final consonants is a well-known feature of African American English (AAE). This study aimed to show whether African American children exhibit an alveolar bias...
The Fractional Meta-Trigonometry Based on the R-Function: Part II—Parity Function Graphics, Laplace Transforms, Fractional Derivatives, Meta-Properties

The current fractional trigonometries and hyperboletry are based on three forms of the fractional exponential R-function, Rq,v (a,t), Rq,v (ai,t), and Rq,v (a,it). The fractional meta-trigonometry extends this to an infinite number of bases using the form Rq,v (aiα ,iβ t). Meta-definitions, meta-Laplace transforms, and meta-identities are developed for these generalized fractional trigonometric functions. Graphic results are presented. Extensions of the fractional trigonometries to the negative time domain and complementary fractional trigonometries are considered. Part II continues from the definition set and graphics given in Part I. It provides a minimal set of graphic results for the parity meta-fractional trigonometry and develops the meta-properties described above.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Evolution of vertebrate forebrain development: how many different mechanisms?

Over the past 50 years and more, many models have been proposed to explain how the nervous system is initially induced and how it becomes subdivided into gross regions such as forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord. Among these models is the 2-signal model of Nieuwkoop & Nigtevecht (1954), who suggested that an initial signal ('activation') from the organiser both neuralises and specifies the forebrain, while later signals ('transformation') from the same region progressively caudalise portions of this initial territory. An opposing idea emerged from the work of Otto Mangold (1933) and other members of the Spemann laboratory: 2 or more distinct organisers, emitting different signals, were proposed to be responsible for inducing the head, trunk and tail regions. Since then, evidence has accumulated that supports one or the other model, but it has been very difficult to distinguish between them. Recently, a considerable body of work from mouse embryos has been interpreted as favouring the latter model, and as suggesting that a 'head organiser', required for the induction of the forebrain, is spatially separate from the classic organiser (Hensen's node). An extraembryonic tissue, the 'anterior visceral endoderm' (AVE), was proposed to be the source of forebrain-inducing signals. It is difficult to find tissues that are directly equivalent embryologically or functionally to the AVE in other vertebrates, which led some (e.g. Kessel, 1998) to propose that mammals have evolved a new way of patterning the head. We will present evidence from the chick embryo showing that the hypoblast is embryologically and functionally equivalent to the mouse AVE. Like the latter, the hypoblast also plays a role in head development. However, it does not act like a true organiser. It induces pre-neural and pre-forebrain markers, but only transiently. Further development of neural and forebrain phenotypes requires additional signals not provided by the hypoblast. In addition, the hypoblast plays a role in directing cell movements in the adjacent epiblast. These movements distance the future forebrain territory from the developing organiser (Hensen's node), and we suggest that this is a mechanism to protect the forebrain from caudalising signals from the node. These mechanisms are consistent with all the findings obtained from the mouse to date. We conclude that the mechanisms responsible for setting up the forebrain and more caudal regions of the nervous system are probably similar among different classes of higher vertebrates. Moreover, while reconciling the two main models, our findings provide stronger support for Nieuwkoop's ideas than for the concept of multiple organisers, each inducing a distinct region of the CNS.
Mars Pathfider Rarefied Aerodynamics: Computations and Measurements

On July 4, 1997, after traveling close to 500 million km, the Pathfinder spacecraft successfully completed entry, descent, and landing at Mars. In the present paper, the focus is on the hypersonic rarefied portion of Pathfinder's atmospheric entry where the synergy of flight measurements, aerodynamic calculations, and atmospheric modeling tools are used to extract Pathfinder's attitude and the freestream density. Accuracy of the capsule aerodynamics directly impacts the inferred atmospheric properties extracted from deceleration measurements made by on-board accelerometers. The range of rarefaction considered in this study extends from the free molecular to continuum conditions and angles of attack from O to 30 deg. The aerodynamic computations are made with free-molecular and direct simulation Monte Carlo codes. The calculations show that Pathfinder is statically unstable for much of the transitional rarefied regime. Due to the relatively modest forces and the gyroscopic motion of the spacecraft, the angle of attack excursions were less than 5 deg as inferred from force measurements for the rarefied portion of entry and approached a nominal zero degree trim angle near hypersonic continuum conditions.
Challenging the Dichotomy Between “Urban” and “Suburban” in Educational Discourse and Policy

AbstractThis article builds a case for nuanced conceptualizations of “urban” and “-suburban” educational contexts and issues. The author analyzes data across two studies—one of upper-middle-class White parents with children in Chicago public schools, and the other of Black low-income and working-class parents who moved from Chicago to a Wisconsin suburb. The findings suggest that monolithic framings of urban and suburban educational issues and populations can mask patterns of inequality within and across particular locales.
A review of Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua) life history in its native versus non-native range

Invasive Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua) has caused substantial ecological damage in North America, parts of Western Europe, Scandinavian countries, and the United Kingdom. The objectives of this review are to define Ruffe’s native and non-native range, examine life history requirements, explore the life cycle, and differentiate between life stages. We compare data from its native and non-native ranges to determine if there are any differences in habitat, size, age, genotype, or seasonal migration. Literature from both the native and non-native ranges of Ruffe, with some rare, translated literature, is used. In each life stage, Ruffe exhibit plasticity with regard to chemical, physical, biological, and habitat requirements. Adult Ruffe has characteristics that allow them to adapt to a range of environments, including rapid maturation, relatively long life and large size (allowing them to reproduce many times in large batches), batch spawning, genotype and phenotype (having plasticity in their genetic expression), tolerance to a wide range of water quality, broad diet, and multiple dispersal periods. There is, however, variability among these characteristics between the native, non-native North American, and European non-native populations, which presents a challenge to managing populations based on life history characteristics. Monitoring and preventative strategies are important because, based on Ruffe’s variable life history strategies and its recent range expansion, all of the Laurentian Great Lakes and many other water bodies in the UK, Europe, and Norway are vulnerable to Ruffe establishment.
DEGRADATION GROWTH IN POLYMERIC COMPOSITES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE

Degradation mechanisms of thermoset bismaleimide (5260) and thermo-plastic aromatic polymide (K3B) were investigated for isothermal aging effects. Specimens with open hole, l/4 inch and l/8 inch in diameter, were aged at 3OOoF, 350°F, and 400°F for up to 13 months. Discoloration was found around an open hole and near the specimen edge where the surface was exposed to elevated temperature. The results showed that the shape and size of the discolored region was dependent upon aging time, temperature, and fiber orientation. The distributions of discoloration into specimen interior were also determined.
Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Frequency and Intensity of Invasion of Fresh Cattle Droppings

The frequency and intensity with which the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, invaded fresh cattle droppings was studied from March to November 1982 at a study site in Burleson Co., Tex. A total of 465 droppings were collected and 307 were infested with varying numbers of fire ants. Large aggregates of S. invicta were observed on the droppings and they appeared to discourage oviposition attempts by various fly species. Observations of cattle droppings revealed that S. invicta was an active predator of larvae of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), and eggs and larvae of Orthellia caesarion (Meigen).