cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating knowledge acquisition and language acquisition

Very large knowledge bases (KB's) constitute an important step for artificial intelligence and will have significant effects on the field of natural language processing. This thesis addresses the problem of effectively acquiring two large bodies of formalized knowledge: knowledge about the world (a KB), and knowledge about words (a lexicon). The central observation is that these two bodies of knowledge are highly redundant. For example, the syntactic behavior of a noun (or a verb) is highly correlated with certain physical properties of the object (or event) to which it refers. It should be possible to take advantage of this type of redundancy in order to greatly reduce both the time and expertise required to build large KB's and lexicons. This thesis describes LUKE, a software tool that allows a knowledge base builder to create an English language interface by associating words and phrases with KB entities. LUKE assumes no linguistic expertise on the part of the user, because that expertise is built directly into the tool itself. LUKE draws its power from a large set of heuristics about how words are typically used to describe the world. These heuristics exploit the redundancy between linguistic and world knowledge. When a word or phrase is associated with some KB entity, LUKE is able to accurately guess features of the word based on features of the KB entity. LUKE can also hypothesize new words and word senses based on the existence of others. All of LUKE's hypotheses are displayed to the user for verification, using a format designed to tap the user's basic linguistic intuitions. LUKE stores its lexicon in the KB. Truth maintenance links ensure that changes in the KB are automatically propagated to the lexicon. LUKE compiles lexical entries into data structures convenient for natural language parsing and generation programs. Lexicons acquired by LUKE have been used by KBNL, a knowledge-based natural language system, for applications in information retrieval, machine translation, and KB navigation. This work identifies several dozen heuristics that encode redundancies between linguistic representations and representations of world knowledge. It also demonstrates the usefulness of these heuristics in a working lexical acquisition system.
Let the audience see your presentation

A speaker owes it to his audience to make his presentation as interesting and as understandable as possible. One way a talk can be improved is through the use of visual aids. However, poorly planned aids can be worse than none at all. The values and pitfalls of audiovisual presentation are discussed and eight tips are offered for imparting information quickly and effectively with good visual aids. A short bibliography is included.
Paternity After Adolescent Varicocele Repair

Objective Varicocelectomy has long been a therapeutic modality used in the treatment of male infertility. In the past decade, adolescent varicocelectomy has become a frequent procedure to preserve testicular growth and to help prevent future infertility. Because our clinical population includes a large portion of orthodox Jews who traditionally marry early and are forbidden to use birth control by religious law, we thought that by studying our patients, we might be able to accelerate our follow-up regarding paternity. In addition, we wanted to learn whether adolescent varicocelectomy might have any negative impact. Methods Questionnaires inquiring as to the marital and paternity status, postoperative course, and complications were sent to 50 patients who had undergone a unilateral or bilateral varicocele repair during adolescence and who were at least 21 years old at the time of this review. In addition, a careful chart review was performed to examine the perioperative and postoperative parameters of each respondent. Results Of the 43 responses (86% response rate), 18 of 18 patients who had attempted to father a child were successful. The remaining 25 were not married or had never attempted to father a child. In the paternity group, 10 of the fathers had undergone an Ivanissevich repair; the remaining 8 had a Palomo repair. Sixteen of the 18 had unilateral varicocelectomies, and 2 underwent bilateral repairs. Of those with a unilateral varicocele, the indication for surgery in 10 was a grade 2 to 3 varicocele associated with a >20% volume difference when compared with the right testicle. Three had 10% to 20% volume loss, whereas the remaining three had unusually large grade 3 varicoceles without concurrent volume difference. Conclusions Varicocelectomy in the adolescent population has been proposed as a therapeutic intervention to preserve both fertility and testicular growth. Although not showing a cause-and-effect relationship, it is our contention that varicocelectomy in adolescence at worst does no harm and at best preserves fertility.
Cigarettes and cinema: does parental restriction of R-rated movie viewing reduce adolescent smoking susceptibility?

Abstract Purpose To examine the relationship between exposure to pro-smoking messages in media and susceptibility to smoking adoption among middle school students. The hypothesis that parental restriction of R-rated movie viewing is associated with lower adolescent smoking susceptibility was tested. Methods A sample of 1687 6th-, 7th-, and 8th-grade students from four Wisconsin middle schools were surveyed about their use of cigarettes, exposure to smoking in media, their views of smoking, and peer smoking behaviors. Results An index of smoking susceptibility was created using measures of cigarette use and future intention to smoke. A zero-order correlation for parental restriction of R-rated movie viewing and smoking susceptibility showed a strong association (r = −.36, p Conclusions Parental restriction of R-rated movie viewing is associated with both lower adolescent smoking susceptibility and lower smoking rates.
Efficiency improvement opportunities for personal computer monitors: implications for market transformation programs

Displays account for a significant portion of electricity consumed in personal computer (PC) use, and global PC monitor shipments are expected to continue to increase. We assess the market trends in the energy efficiency of PC monitors that are likely to occur without any additional policy intervention and estimate that PC monitor efficiency will likely improve by over 40 % by 2015 with saving potential of 4.5 TWh per year in 2015, compared to today's technology. We discuss various energy-efficiency improvement options and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of three of them, at least one of which improves efficiency by at least 20 % cost effectively beyond the ongoing market trends. We assess the potential for further improving efficiency taking into account the recent development of universal serial bus-powered liquid crystal display monitors and find that the current technology available and deployed in them has the potential to deeply and cost effectively reduce energy consumption by as much as 50 %. We provide insights for policies and programs that can be used to accelerate the adoption of efficient technologies to further capture global energy saving potential from PC monitors which we estimate to be 9.2 TWh per year in 2015.
ILLUSTRATION OF SOME MOMENT IDENTITIES FOR ORDER STATISTICS

Abstract This paper discusses some identities for the marginal distribution functions and marginal moments of the order statistics X (1) ⩽ … ⩽ X ( n ) of n random variables X 1 , …, X n . These identities express the distribution function or moments of X (1) as linear combinations of the distribution functions or moments of minima or maxima of subsets of the X i . Two applications to waiting time problems in urn sampling illustrate the value of the moment identities. These applications rely on embedding the urn models in Poisson and uniform stochastic processes.
Religion and dual-process cognition: a continuum of styles or distinct types?

Over the last two decades, various lines of research within cognitive science and social psychology have converged to create dual-process theory. The received view of this theory suggests two distinct cognitive processes: one is intuitive and the other reflective. But the defining features of these two types have been called into question by recent critiques. In response, new constraints have refined the distinctive features of each type, and distinguished between distinct types of processes and differing modes of the same type. This reformulation of dual-process theory bears upon the cognitive science of religion by reorganizing our understanding of religious cognition in relation to these two types of processes. Religious belief has been traditionally associated with type 1, intuitive, processes. This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on dual-process theory and religion in order to suggest that while these basic intuitive processes may support religious beliefs, we must also expand ...
Low-Latency Sequential and Overlapped Architectures for Successive Cancellation Polar Decoder

Polar codes have recently emerged as one of the most favorable capacityachieving error correction codes due to their low encoding and decoding complexity. However, because of the large code length required by practical applications, the few existing successive cancellation (SC) decoder implementations still suffer from not only high hardware cost but also long decoding latency. In this paper, a data-flow graph (DFG) for the SC decoder is derived. A complete hardware architecture is first derived for the conventional tree SC decoder and the feedback part is presented next. Precomputation look-ahead technique is exploited to reduce the achievable minimum decoding latency. Substructure sharing is used to design a merged processing element (PE) for higher hardware utilization. In order to meet throughput requirements for a diverse set of application scenarios, a systematic approach to construct different overlapped SC polar decoder architectures is also presented. Compared with a conventional $N$ -bit tree SC decoder, the proposed overlapped architectures can achieve as high as $(N-1)$ times speedup with only $({N}\log_{2}{N})/2$ merged PEs. The proposed pre-computation approach leads to a 50% reduction in latency for ${N} > 2^{7}$ , and 40% reduction for $N \leq 2^{7}$ .
Window flow control in computer communication networks

Abstract Computer communication networks are basically resource sharing systems and are used for an efficient exchange of information among remote users. Performance (throughput, delay and power) of a computer network depends upon the intensity of data and/or information traffic. If a network's traffic is allowed to increase beyond certain limits, its performance rapidly degrades. In order to keep data traffic under control, some restrictions are applied at various levels of computer communication networks. These restrictions are usually referred to as flow control techniques. This paper deals with window (also called end-to-end or entry-to-exit) flow control in computer communication networks. In this method, a source node is allowed to have only a limited number of unacknowledged messages, usually termed as “window size”, at a time. Flow control, in this paper, is discussed in the context of three computer communication switching techniques: packet switching, virtual cut-through switching and quasi cut-through switching. The analysis of window flow control is based upon simulation of a typical store-and-forward computer network. Several simulation results are presented to illustrate the effects of window flow control on various computer communication switching techniques.
Murine models of inflammatory, neuropathic and cancer pain each generates a unique set of neurochemical changes in the spinal cord and sensory neurons.

The aim of this investigation was to determine whether murine models of inflammatory, neuropathic and cancer pain are each characterized by a unique set of neurochemical changes in the spinal cord and sensory neurons. All models were generated in C3H/HeJ mice and hyperalgesia and allodynia behaviorally characterized. A variety of neurochemical markers that have been implicated in the generation and maintenance of chronic pain were then examined in spinal cord and primary afferent neurons.Three days after injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into the hindpaw (a model of persistent inflammatory pain) increases in substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, protein kinase C gamma, and substance P receptor were observed in the spinal cord. Following sciatic nerve transection or L5 spinal nerve ligation (a model of persistent neuropathic pain) significant decreases in substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide and increases in galanin and neuropeptide Y were observed in both primary afferent neurons and the spinal cord. In contrast, in a model of cancer pain induced by injection of osteolytic sarcoma cells into the femur, there were no detectable changes in any of these markers in either primary afferent neurons or the spinal cord. However, in this cancer-pain model, changes including massive astrocyte hypertrophy without neuronal loss, increase in the neuronal expression of c-Fos, and increase in the number of dynorphin-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the spinal cord, ipsilateral to the limb with cancer. These results indicate that a unique set of neurochemical changes occur with inflammatory, neuropathic and cancer pain in C3H/HeJ mice and further suggest that cancer induces a unique persistent pain state. Determining whether these neurochemical changes are involved in the generation and maintenance of each type of persistent pain may provide insight into the mechanisms that underlie each of these pain states.
Oxidative metabolism in neuronal and non-neuronal mitochondria.

Methodological advances have allowed the isolation of two populations of synaptic (SM and SM2) and two populations of nonsynaptic (A and B) mitochondria from rat forebrain. All four populations of brain mitochondria are metabolically active and essentially free from nonmitochondrial contaminants. They (SM, SM2, A, and B) can oxidize a variety of substrates; the best substrate is pyruvate. With pyruvate as the substrate, the respiratory control ratios (i.e., state 3/state 4) in all four populations are routinely > 6. Results from numerous enzyme activity measurements provide strong support for the hypothesis that brain mitochondria are very heterogeneous with respect to their enzyme contents and that the enzymatic activities in a particular population of mitochondria, be they synaptic or nonsynaptic, differ from those in another population of mitochondria derived from either the same or another brain region. The major methodological advances in brain mitochondrial isolation greatly facilitate metabolic studies. For example, we have demonstrated that the K+ stimulation of brain mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation is mediated through a K(+)-induced elevation of the activation state of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the K+ stimulation of the flux through the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Our previous and ongoing studies using primary cultures of hypothalamic neurons and astrocytes are consistent with the proposal that brain cells are heterogeneous with respect to their capabilities in energy metabolism. I can envisage that in the no-so-distant future, one could adapt these preparations of cells as the starting material for the isolation of mitochondria of known cellular origin for metabolic studies.
Stresses in diamond-like carbon films

Abstract Internal stresses have been measured in diamond-like carbon (DLC) films deposited by d.c. plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition from methane, acetylene, or cyclohexane, and in nitrogen containing DLC films deposited from acetylene, or cyclohexane and nitrogen. The total hydrogen content in the films and the fraction of bound hydrogen have been analyzed by forward recoil elastic scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy respectively. It was found that in pure DLC films the stresses increase with increasing fraction of unbound hydrogen. The highest compressive stresses were obtained in the films deposited from methane and the lowest stresses in films deposited from cyclohexane. In the nitrogen containing DLC films the stresses decrease with increasing nitrogen content in the films. Stresses as low as 0.22 GPa were obtained in the films deposited from cyclohexane and nitrogen at a ratio of 1 15 in the plasma.
Integrating sibship data for mapping quantitative trait loci

Sibship methods have been shown to be more powerful than traditional sib-pair methods in mapping quantative trait loci. We propose a statistical procedure which integrates data on sibships into a so-called 'contrast function', a natural extension of the classical squared sib-pair trait difference proposed by Haseman & Elston (1972). We also develop a combined mean and contrast function which provides more information on linkage compared to the contrast function. Our method is extended to multiple, epistatically interacting trait loci. Monte-Carlo simulations are included to compare the efficiencies of the proposed procedures with some currently used methods. An application of our proposed method is presented using data on alcohol dependence.
Reply to Comment on “A Universal Approach to Solvation Modeling”

In a recent Account, we discussed a universal approach to solvation modeling. We included examples from various SMx models and compared the SM8 method with default versions of continuum solvation models implemented in widely available quantum chemistry programs. In that Account, the SM8 model was found to lead to “considerably smaller errors for aqueous and nonaqueous free energies of solvation for neutrals, cations, and anions, with particularly good performance for nonaqueous data.” Herein, we emphasize that alternative methods for electrostatic modeling can be employed instead of the electrostatics algorithm we employed in SM8: the key issue is not the electrostatics algorithm, but−as discussed in the Account−is rather the consistent treatment of electrostatic and nonelectrostatic contributions. We also discuss a number of other issues relevant to (i) understanding the solvent effect on the properties of molecules and chemical processes and (ii) evaluating solvation models based on a continuum represen...
On the complexity of inductive definitions

We study the complexity of computable and $\Sigma^0_1$ inductive definitions of sets of natural numbers. For example, we show how to assign natural indices to monotone $\Sigma^0_1$-definitions and then use these to calculate the complexity of the set of all indices of monotone $\Sigma^0_1$-definitions that are computable. We also examine the complexity of a new type of inductive definition, which we call weakly finitary monotone inductive definitions. Applications are given in proof theory and in logic programming.
On-line measurement of culture fluorescence during cultivation of Methylomonas mucosa

This paper reports on the measurement of NAD(P)H dependent culture fluorescence during the batch culture of Methylomonas mucosa, a potential polysaccharide producer. The results obtained reveal that there is a high correlation between the fluorescence level and the cell concentration. The logistic equation was also found to be applicable for representing the biomass concentration data during the course of fermentation. A model was then presented for predicting both the biomass concentration and the culture fluorescence with high fidelity.
Reconsidering Adoption Behavior: Models Beyond Diffusion

Classic diffusion theory is effective and useful at describing adoption of innovative technologies. However, innovation adoption is not the only kind of adoptive behavior. Communication specialists encourage the adoption of brands, fads, political positions, and behaviors that are not necessarily innovative. Although rooted in prior research, this article discusses an alternative model for the adoption called resonance that is designed to be more inclusive. Resonance proposes two forces at work: a motivating force and a receptive mass. The two work together to create the adoption event. The motivating force provokes the event and the receptive mass supplies the energy.
FDEOD: a software framework for downloading earth observation data

In this paper, we describe FDEOD, a framework for downloading earth observation data. FDEOD supports the dynamic selection of suitable download methods and allows the changes of download parameters without requiring changes to the code. This paper illustrates the design and implementation of FDEOD and uses the EASTWeb system as a case study to show how an application can be extended from it.
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread) for the treatment of HIV infection.

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread®) is the first nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of HIV infection. It is a potent agent with a long intracellular half-life that allows for once-daily dosing. It has been well-tolerated in clinical trials to date, without evidence of long term toxicity, including the mitochondrial toxicity that has been associated with some nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Since its approval in October 2001, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate has quickly become a widely used component of antiretroviral regimens for both treatment-naive and -experienced patients.
Time-Resolved Spectra of Sonoluminescence

Time-correlated single-photon counting reveals that the width of flashes of sonoluminescence ranges from under 40 to over 350 ps for mixtures of various gases in water. Flash widths and emission times are independent of wavelength from the ultraviolet to the infrared. These measurements suggest that sonoluminescence originates in a plasma which quenches as its temperature drops below the ionization potential. For helium bubbles this model implies peak temperatures $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}20\mathrm{eV}$.
Kinetics of an Acid‐Base Catalyzed Reaction (Aspartame Degradation) as Affected by Polyol‐Induced Changes in Buffer pH and pKa Values

ABSTRACT: The kinetics of an acid-base catalyzed reaction, aspartame degradation, were examined as affected by the changes in pH and pKa values caused by adding polyols (sucrose, glycerol) to phosphate buffer. Sucrose-containing phosphate buffer solutions had a lower pH than that of phosphate buffer alone, which contributed, in part, to reduced aspartame reactivity. A kinetic model was introduced for aspartame degradation that encompassed pH and buffer salt concentrations, both of which change with a shift in the apparent pKa value. Aspartame degradation rate constants in sucrose-containing solutions were successfully predicted using this model when corrections (that is, lower pH, lower apparent pKa value, buffer dilution from the polyol) were applied. The change in buffer properties (pH, pKa) from adding sucrose to phosphate buffer does impact food chemical stability. These effects can be successfully incorporated into predictive kinetic models. Therefore, pH and pKa changes from adding polyols to buffer should be considered during food product development.
Viral kinetics in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.

Summary. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis, and chronic infection can frequently progress to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment with pegylated interferons (INFs) plus ribavirin has been shown to be more effective than pegylated INFs alone or standard INFs with or without ribavirin. The early response of HCV to treatment with peg-INF has been used to predict treatment outcomes in infected patients, emphasizing the importance of viral kinetics and genotyping in their treatment. Mathematic modelling of viral dynamics has shown the importance of optimal doses of drug, with early virologic response at week 12 predictive of sustained virologic response. Maintaining INF concentration above a therapeutically effective level is necessary to prevent viral rebound and subsequent treatment failure. Once-weekly dosing with peg-INF-α2a, which has a longer half-life than other forms of INF, plus daily dosing with ribavirin, has been shown to be effective in reducing viral load.
Photoinstability of S-Nitrosothiols during Sampling of Whole Blood: A Likely Source of Error and Variability in S-Nitrosothiol Measurements

Background: The determination of reference intervals for the concentration of total S -nitrosothiols (RSNOs) in blood is a highly controversial topic, likely because of the inherent instability of these species. Most currently available techniques to quantify RSNOs in blood require considerable sample handling and multiple pretreatment steps during which light exposure is difficult to completely eliminate. We investigated the effect of brief light exposure on the stability of RSNO species in blood during the initial sampling process. Methods: A novel amperometric RSNO sensor, based on an immobilized organoselenium catalyst at the distal tip of an electrochemical nitric oxide detector, was used to determine RSNO species in diluted whole blood without centrifugation or pretreatment. Porcine blood was collected into aluminum foil–wrapped syringes via a 12-inch butterfly needle tube assembly. Two blood samples were collected from the same animal—one with the butterfly needle tubing wrapped in aluminum foil and one with the tubing exposed to ambient room light. The RSNO concentrations in these sequential blood samples were determined by a standard addition procedure. Results: Eight sets of measurements were made in 6 animals. Samples exposed to light yielded RSNO concentrations only 23.6% (7.2%) [mean (SD)] of the RSNO concentrations determined in samples that were shielded from light and obtained from the same animals. Conclusions: These results suggest significant photoinstablity of RSNOs in whole blood and indicate the critical importance of proper light protection during sampling and processing of blood samples for the accurate determinations of endogenous RSNO concentrations.
Serendipitous findings from an Illinois ED nursing educational survey reflect a crisis in emergency nursing (CE)

Abstract Introduction: A survey conducted by the Research Council Of Illinois ENA was intended to assess educational needs, but it revealed some very important serendipitous findings. This survey gave a voice to the frustrations of emergency nurses. Method: A 31-question survey was distributed to 900 Illinois ENA members requesting information about their educational needs. The last question, which formed the basis of this report, asked respondents to list the 3 biggest challenges they face on a daily basis. Results: In addition to the information regarding educational offerings, the survey revealed that ED nurses were overburdened and frustrated in their jobs. Specifically, the nurses identified 7 areas of greatest concern: (1) insufficient and inexperienced staff; (2) increased responsibilities; (3) lack of administrative support; (4) lack of rewards or incentives to stay; (5) low morale among staff; (6) difficulty balancing work and family; and (7) increasing violence in the emergency department. Discussion: The first step toward addressing a growing crisis in emergency nursing is to listen to the voices of emergency nurses themselves and let their frustrations be heard. The spontaneous comments of emergency nurses point to serious, pervasive, systemic problems in emergency nursing. Such problems will not be solved by "quick fixes" such as sign on bonuses, but rather by listening carefully to the concerns of experienced nurses.
On the optimal choice of a wavelet for signal representation

Two techniques for finding the discrete orthogonal wavelet of support less than or equal to some given integer that leads to the best approximation to a given finite support signal up to a desired scale are presented. The techniques are based on optimizing certain cost functions. The first technique consists of minimizing an upper bound that is derived on the L/sub 2/ norm of error in approximating the signal up to the desired scale. It is shown that a solution to the problem of minimizing that bound does exist and it is explained how the constrained minimization over the parameters that define discrete finite support orthogonal wavelets can be turned into an unconstrained one. The second technique is based on maximizing an approximation to the norm of the projection of the signal on the space spanned by translates and dilates of the analyzing discrete orthogonal wavelet up to the desired scale. Both techniques can be implemented much faster than the optimization of the L/sub 2/ norm of either the approximation to the given signal up to the desired scale or that of the error in that approximation. >
Design and materials selection for low power laterally actuating nanoelectromechanical relays

This paper reports the design optimization of lateral nanoelectromechanical (NEM) relays for sub 1V actuation by COMSOL simulation with various materials and structures. Measured actuation voltages from fabricated relays showed good matching with simulation.
The prevalence and virulence characteristics of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli at an urgent- care clinic in the USA: a case-control study

This case-control study examined the prevalence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), its genes and elicited inflammatory response, and the stool characteristics of adult patients with and without acute diarrhoeal illness presenting to an urgent-care clinic in the USA. A total of 1004 individual stool specimens (253 from patients with acute diarrhoeal illness and 751 from patients without diarrhoeal illness) were collected between 1 June 2003 and 30 June 2008. EAEC was identified as the sole cause of acute diarrhoeal illness in 6 % (n=15) of patients and in 2 % (n=15) without diarrhoeal illness. Control patients (n=15) were similar to case patients (n=15) for age, gender and co-morbidities. The EAEC genes aggR, aap, aat, astA and/or set1A were identified more frequently in case patients compared with control patients (P <0.05). aggR-positive EAEC elicited higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1ra, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha compared with aggR-negative EAEC during co-incubation with HCT-8 cells. Patients with EAEC diarrhoea and isolates with the genes aggR, aap, aatA, astA or set1A had stools characterized by gross mucus and the presence of faecal leukocytes (P <0.05). These results indicate that EAEC is a potential cause of acute diarrhoeal illness affecting patients presenting to an acute-care clinic in the USA and suggest that aggR, aap, aatA, astA and set1A may be markers for virulence.
SIR-C analysis of desert sabkha

Sabkhas are systems which play hydrogeologic roles in desert or coastal environments. Active sabkhas are topographically flat areas of excessive saline evaporation characterized by rough surface residual evaporite deposits and a shallow water table (0.5-1 m). SAR is ideally suited to sabkha study due to its dependence on surface roughness and surface and sub-surface dielectrics. Three active sabkhas in the Middle East and North America imaged by SIR-C are selected for this study. Backscatter values from sabkha areas and the surrounding desert environment show high backscatter values at L-band and C-band compared to the surrounding desert environment. For two sabkhas, SAR backscatter is average 5-6 dB higher. Future work involves SAR-derived sabkha classification and development of a backscatter model.
Allostasis and the development of internalizing and externalizing problems: Changing relations with physiological systems across adolescence

Allostasis, or the maintenance of stability through physiological change, refers to the process by which individuals adjust to the continually changing demands that are put upon somatic activity by salient events. Bauer and colleagues proposed that allostasis could be detected through patterns of the joint reactivity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis system under stressful conditions. We examined the associations between ANS and HPA reactivity and the development of externalizing and internalizing problems over 2 years in a sample of 215 adolescents. The interactions of ANS and HPA reactivity were contemporaneously associated with, and longitudinally predictive of, adolescents' emotional and behavioral problems. Adolescents with symmetrical high reactivity across systems had more internalizing and fewer externalizing problems initially. Over time, both symmetrical and asymmetrical reactivity predicted increasing internalizing problems in girls, depending on the measure of ANS activity that was examined, heart rate, or blood pressure reactivity. Implications for the understanding of allostasis and the dynamic nature of the relations between multiple physiological regulatory systems and adolescents' developing psychopathology are discussed.
Developmental Regression in Autism Spectrum Disorders.

The occurrence of developmental regression in autism is one of the more puzzling features of this disorder. Although several studies have documented the validity of parental reports of regression using home videos, accumulating data suggest that most children who demonstrate regression also demonstrated previous, subtle, developmental differences. Counter to clinical intuition, the earlier development of social, language, and attachment behaviors followed by regression does not seem to support later recovery of skills or better developmental outcomes compared to children who never had speech or typical social responsivity. In fact, this regressive group may have somewhat greater developmental impairment than the nonregressive group, though the two groups do not appear to present different behavioral phenotypes. Although autism is not the only condition in which regression occurs, it appears to be the most frequent condition. Other disorders that demonstrate an early regression with no known etiology include total blindness from birth and childhood disintegrative disorder, both of which demonstrate behavioral relations to autism. In addition, two biological conditions with known etiologies also involve regression with some behaviors resembling autism behavioral phenotype: Rett syndrome (a genetic disorder; see Glaze, this issue) and Landau-Kleffner syndrome (see McVicar and Shinnar, this issue), which involves a seizure disorder.
Vocational Education as General Education

It is argued that vocational education belongs in the common core of school knowledge. Distinction is made between vocational education for jobs and vocational education about work. It is the latter aspect of the subject that allows the general education claim to be made. The former aspect, it is argued, belongs beyond the secondary school. The resilience of the liberal/vocational divide is reflected upon. So is the “new vocationalism,” which seeks to narrow the divide. The ideas of those who, consistent with Deweyan ideals, have imagined a unitary curriculum that includes vocational knowledge are examined. A three-part rationale for vocational education as general education is then discussed, namely, meaning of work, practical knowledge as knowledge, and situated cognition.
Primary Colonic -Type Adenocarcinoma of the Base of the Tongue: a Previously Unreported Phenotype

Primary lingual adenocarcinomas are rare and typically of salivary or seromucinous glands origin. Similarly, metastatic adenocarcinoma from distant primary sites to the tongue is an uncommon event, with only 3 cases from a colonic primary site reported. We present, for the first time, 2 primary colonic-type adenocarcinomas of the base of the tongue and discuss their putative origin and the clinicopathologic characteristics.
T cell receptor transgenic lymphocytes infiltrating murine tumors are not induced to express foxp3.

Regulatory T cells (Treg) that express the transcription factor Foxp3 are enriched within a broad range of murine and human solid tumors. The ontogeny of these Foxp3 Tregs - selective accumulation or proliferation of natural thymus-derived Treg (nTreg) or induced Treg (iTreg) converted in the periphery from naive T cells - is not known. We used several strains of mice in which Foxp3 and EGFP are coordinately expressed to address this issue. We confirmed that Foxp3-positive CD4 T cells are enriched among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and splenocytes (SPL) in B16 murine melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 Foxp3EGFP mice. OT-II Foxp3EGFP mice are essentially devoid of nTreg, having transgenic CD4 T cells that recognize a class II-restricted epitope derived from ovalbumin; Foxp3 expression could not be detected in TIL or SPL in these mice when implanted with ovalbumin-transfected B16 tumor (B16-OVA). Likewise, TIL isolated from B16 tumors implanted in Pmel-1 Foxp3EGFP mice, whose CD8 T cells recognize a class I-restricted gp100 epitope, were not induced to express Foxp3. All of these T cell populations - wild-type CD4, pmel CD8 and OTII CD4 - could be induced in vitro to express Foxp3 by engagement of their T cell receptor (TCR) and exposure to transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). B16 melanoma produces TGFβ and both pmel CD8 and OTII CD4 express TCR that should be engaged within B16 and B16-OVA respectively. Thus, CD8 and CD4 transgenic T cells in these animal models failed to undergo peripheral induction of Foxp3 in a tumor microenvironment.
A microstrip-based unit cell for quasi-optical amplifier arrays

A microwave scale model of an amplifying element suitable for millimeter-wave quasi-optical arrays is presented. Power is guided into the amplifier by short sections of waveguide and then fed into a microstrip based MESFET amplifier with an E-field probe. A second E-field probe couples the output signal into a similar waveguide feed on the back-side of the element. The output waveguide is orthogonal to the input to achieve isolation. >
Structural Relations Between Marfa, Marathon, Val Verde, and Delaware Basins of West Texas: ABSTRACT

The Marfa, Marathon, Val Verde, and Delaware basins and related uplifts formed the major structural elements of the southwestern continental margin of North America during the Paleozoic. In contrast with the relatively simple relationships where the southern Oklahoma aulacogen intersects the Ouachita orogenic belt, structural relationships in the area of these basins are very complex. Various geologic evidence points to an allochthonous Marathon basin. However, a prominent gravity anomaly is associated with the Ouachita system as it extends from western Arkansas through Oklahoma and Texas into northern Mexico. If this anomaly is the signature of the early Paleozoic continental margin, then the location of the Marathon basin with respect to this anomaly suggests lateral di placements have been only on the scale of tens of kilometers. The Delaware basin seems clearly analogous to the Anadarko basin in that it formed as a result of reactivation of a major crustal flaw (not necessarily a rift). This reactivation was a result of the Ouachita orogeny. The Marfa basin is also flanked by a linear gravity high and basement uplift. The relationship of this anomaly to the gravity high associated with the Ouachita system suggests that the Marfa basin may be more analogous to the Delaware basin than foreland basins such as the Ft. Worth and Arkoma. A prominent gravity high that extends into northern Mexico is associated with the Devil's River uplift, and the relationships between this feature, the Val Verde basin, and adjacent structures suggest major deformation on a crustal scale. End_of_Article - Last_Page 272------------
Exploring revictimization risk in a community sample of sexual assault survivors.

Previous research points to links between risk detection (the ability to detect danger cues in various situations) and sexual revictimization in college women. Given important differences between college and community samples that may be relevant to revictimization risk (e.g., the complexity of trauma histories), the current study explored the link between risk detection and revictimization in a community sample of women. Community-recruited women (N = 94) reported on their trauma histories in a semistructured interview. In a laboratory session, participants listened to a dating scenario involving a woman and a man that culminated in sexual assault. Participants were instructed to press a button “when the man had gone too far.” Unlike in college samples, revictimized community women (n = 47) did not differ in terms of risk detection response times from women with histories of no victimization (n = 10) or single victimization (n = 15). Data from this study point to the importance of examining revictimizati...
Reliability methodology for prediction of micromachined accelerometer stiction

The accurate prediction of known failure mechanisms is required for success in the integrated circuit marketplace. This study reports an empirically-generated stiction field prediction model methodology for accelerometers prone to stiction failure. A probability distribution function was generated as a function of shock level in g's. Although the population was all very stiction prone, the failure mode is probabilistic and parts have a high survival rate.
Integration in finite terms with elementary functions and dilogarithms

In this thesis, we report on a new theorem that generalizes Liouville's theorem on integration in finite terms. The new theorem allows dilogarithms to occur in the integral in addition to elementary functions. The proof is based on two identities for the dilogarithm, that characterize all the possible algebraic relations among dilogarithms of functions that are built up from the rational functions by taking transcendental exponentials, dilogarithms, and logarithms. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Application of peer-instruction concepts to engineering education

This paper describes exploitation of Mazur's Peer Instruction ideas in the context of engineering education, specifically introductory subjects in linear circuit analysis and design. Mazur's approach to teaching introductory undergraduate physics emphasizes: (1) use of the textbook as the primary method of introducing new material, and (2) understanding of concepts in addition to the ability to find numeric answers to problems. Retained from the peer-instruction approach are the use of reading quizzes and concept tests; added are active learning team-based problem-solving and design exercises.
Individual Income Tax Planning with a FLP/LLC

Family Limited Partnerships (FLPs) and Limited Liability Companies (LLCs) are commonly used by individuals with large estates to transfer securities and real estate to members of their family with reduced gift or estate tax consequences due to valuation discounting. The valuation discounting associated with the FLP/LLC technique results from the lack of control and lack of an established market for the limited partner (LP) interests or nonvoting membership interests. The reductions to the value of the interests in the FLP or LLC may range from 15% to over 50%, depending on the specific facts and circumstances. However, FLPs and LLCs may not be as attractive as they once were for transfer tax purposes because of recent successes that the IRS has had in challenging these structures. But, despite unfavorable case law, the use of a FLP or an LLC as an income tax planning tool should not be overlooked. This article presents a planning idea that uses a FLP or an LLC structured to defer or shift the recognition of imminent gains from the sale of partnership property. This deferral or shift, coupled with an estate tax deduction under Section 691(c) or additional estate tax deductions resulting from the increased income tax liability of the decedent, can result in significant savings. While the idea is not free from risk, if structured properly, significant income tax deferral can be achieved with very little downside risk. The suggestion contained herein was derived from a particular client engagement. At least since 1997, taxpayers and the IRS have warred over the estate and gift tax consequences of FLPs and LLCs. The application of Section 743(b) to tiered partnerships and its use in individual income tax planning is an area that could use more study in light of the significant income tax advantages available. Finally, it could be argued that while the use of FLPs and LLCs in gift and estate planning could be coming to an end or at least greatly curtailed, their greater use in federal income tax planning might be just beginning.
Berkeley or Bust? Estimating the Causal Effect of College Selectivity on Bachelor’s Degree Completion

Many students enroll in less selective colleges than they are qualified to attend, despite low graduation rates at these institutions. Some scholars have argued that qualified students should enroll in the most selective colleges because they have greater resources to support student success. However, selective college attendance is endogenous, so student outcomes could be due to individual ability, not institutional characteristics. Previous work on college selectivity has focused on the earnings effects of attending elite private universities, overlooking both college graduation impacts and the public institutions that educate most students. I estimate the effect of selective colleges on the probability of bachelor’s degree completion using a restricted-access national dataset and an instrumental variables approach to address the endogeneity of college choice. I find that a 100-point increase in the average SAT score for admitted students is associated with an increase in the probability of graduation by 13 percentage points. In addition, I find suggestive evidence that enrolling in a selective public college has a positive effect on degree completion. The results are robust to a series of sensitivity tests and alternate specifications. The findings suggest strong benefits to enrolling in the most selective colleges that students are qualified to attend and have important implications for decisions to pursue postsecondary education in the face of high student loan debt.
The Interaction between Vortex Rings and Oblique Shocks by the MVG Controlled Ramp Flow at M=2.5

In this paper, the implicitly implemented LES method and fifth order bandwidthoptimized WENO scheme are used to make comprehensive studies on the interaction of vortex rings and shock waves of the MVG controlled flow at M=2.5 and Reθ θ θ θ=5760. The kinetic information of the vortex rings is carefully studied and provided. The interaction of the streamwise vortices and vortex rings are investigated using vorticity and three stages of evolution are found. The study between the oblique shock and vortex rings is made on 2-D section analyses, 3-D shock surface investigation and the relation between vortex ring structure and the interaction. The multilayer shock structure, different shock reflection type, etc are investigated, and characteristics are obtained about the 3-D hump shape of the distorting shock caused by the vortex ring.