cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pseudoabuse of Children: A Matter of Sensitivity and Specificity

ABSTRACTMuch has been done to educate physicians regarding the recognition, reporting, and treatment of child abuse, with the result that medical personnel are universally more sensitive to recognizing abused children than in the past. Conversely, also of primary importance is the recognition of natural and iatrogenic disease processes that mimic abuse. The authors present the case of a 5 month old infant, first thought by clinicians to be a victim of child abuse. Only through the benefit of a thorough autopsy, scene investigation, and cooperation with law enforcement officials was the true sequence of events, complications of natural intra-abdominal disease, delineated.
A caudal flank approach for the collection of oviductal-stage bovine embryos

Oviductal-stage embryos were surgically collected from 27 superovulated adult cows of various breeds, ages, and parity. A total of 88 surgeries was performed via a caudal flank grid approach, with the animals in lateral recumbency and the reproductive tract irrigated with sterile glycerol solution prior to surgical closure. Eight cows were operated on twice and five cows were operated on three or more times. The maximum number of surgeries for a single cow was five. Successful ova collection was accomplished in each surgical attempt, and all cows submitted to this procedure subsequently became pregnant following return to the breeding herd. This technique provided greater exposure of the ovary, uterine tube, and uterine horn, with less adhesion formation than traditional ventral midline techniques.
Automated explanation for educational applications

THE ACTIVITY OF EXPLAINING has been studied and modeled by Artificial Intelligence researchers for almost two decades. While no stand-alone educational applications have resulted, a number of techniques have been developed that, when combined in the right way, can support automated explanation facilities capable of playing a useful role as one educational resource amongst others. In this paper, I will briefly survey the available techniques and evaluate their utility in generating explanations. I then show how these techniques are combined in the design of a computer program that provides explanations in response to questions in physical science domains and discuss the contribution such a facility could make to the computer-based educational environments of the future.
A comparison of buoyancy sorting with the behavior of air in two cumuli

Airborne measurements and observations of the behavior of cloud base air in two cumuli are compared with the results from the Raymond-Blyth buoyancy sorting model. The cloud base air was tagged with a tracer (sulfur hexafluoride) and followed by real-time measurements of the tracer from a research aircraft. The tracer was carried to the top of one cloud and to the midlevels of the other. The model indicated that in the first case parcels of greater than 60% cloud base air were able to rise to the cloud top, while in the second case only parcels with greater than 80% cloud base air would have been able to rise to the top. Frequency distributions of total mixing ratio and wet equivalent potential temperature in the cloud were similar to those predicted by the model in the first 100 mb above cloud base, but diverged at higher levels.
The feasibility and safety of immunotherapy with dendritic cells loaded with CEA mRNA following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and resection of pancreatic cancer.

Background. Resected pancreatic cancer has a high risk of recurrence and mortality despite the the use of chemoradiotherapy. Because pancreatic cancers express tumor antigens such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), it may be possible to immunize patients to induce tumor antigen-specific immune responses. We hypothesize that high-frequency tumor antigen-specific immune responses will reduce recurrence and increase survival. Autologous dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with tumor antigens are particularly potent at inducing tumor antigen-specific immune responses. Methods. Three patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy received autologous, monocyte-derived DCs loaded with the mRNA encoding CEA monthly for 6 mo. Results. It was feasible to generate an adequate number of DC from these patients and to cryopreserve them for repeated use. The DC demonstrated the typical immature phenotype. The immunizations were well-tolerated without evidence of adverse events. All three developed injection site reactivity. All three are alive without evidence of disease at more than 21/2 yr from the original diagnosis. Conclusion. The postoperative period following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and pancreaticoduo-denectomy for pancreatic cancer is an ideal environment to test novel immune-based therapies. DC-based immunotherapy in this setting is safe and feasible and may lead to prolonged survival.
Murder and capital punishment in the nation's capital

In this investigation we examine the relationship between the certainty of execution and murder in the District of Columbia, 1890–1970. By examining a small political/geographic unit like the District, we avoid the aggregation problems of previous time-series analyses at the national level, and time-series and cross-sectional investigations of states as the unit of analysis. At odds with the deterrence argument, we find no evidence of a substantial and/or statistically significant inverse relationship between the certainty of execution and murder rates when multiple execution and murder rate variables are considered, when various time lags are examined, and when five time periods are examined between 1890 and 1970. In contrast, there is some suggestion that the immediate effect of executions may be to increase, not decrease, murders. This possible effect is extremely slight and short-term, however, with murder and executions being largely independent factors in the District.
Progress in secondary stroke prevention

Objectives There are about 200,000 recurrent strokes each year in the United States. In addition, a large proportion of strokes are preceded by a transient ischemic attack. Therefore, secondary stroke prevention strategies are of great importance. Methods Select ongoing and recently completed studies were reviewed, with emphasis on those completed since the publication of secondary prevention guidelines. Ongoing studies that have the potential to modify existing recommendations are also mentioned. Results This review discusses recently completed and ongoing studies that have the potential to impact clinical practice. The topics discussed include hypertension, dyslipidemia, extracranial carotid and intracranial atherosclerotic disease, and antithrombotic therapy. Interpretation Recent studies have provided evidence that impact secondary stroke prevention. Ann Neurol 2008;63:418–427
Acute Renal Failure Due to Sulfinpyrazone

A case of sulfinpyrazone-associated acute renal failure is reported. Sulfinpyrazone can cause reversible acute renal failure from acute tubular necrosis in patients with volume depletion. Brown tubular casts on urine microscopy and a fractional excretion of sodium greater than 1 are helpful in the diagnosis. Uric acid nephropathy and allergic interstitial nephritis should be included in the differential diagnosis of sulfinpyrazone-associated acute renal failure. Acute reduction of renal blood flow due to inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis and kallikrein activity by the drug is a possible mechanism. Treatment of sulfinpyrazone-induced acute tubular necrosis consists of intravascular hydration, supportive care, and withholding sulfinpyrazone. The patients at risk for acute renal failure due to sulfinpyrazone are those who have intravascular volume depletion as sensed by the kidneys.
Tool spare management for a single manufacturing cell

Abstract This paper uses an L 18 orthogonal array design to study and analyze the tool spare management of a single manufacturing cell. The single manufacturing cell operates with two dissimilar workheads. A polynomial regression metamodel approach is developed for machine availability (average equipment utilization) and for the average server utilization. The models presented for these two performance measures are implemented in a decision framework to determine the optimum combinations of spare tools and repair levels. A numerical example is used to illustrate this important concept.
Distribution patterns of firearm discharge residues as revealed by neutron activation analysis

A systematic investigation using a variety of handguns has revealed the existence of distinguishable distribution patterns of firearm discharge residues on surfaces below the flight path of a bullet. The residues are identifiable even at distances of 12 meters from the gun using nondestructive neutron activation analysis. The results of these investigations show that the distribution pattern for a gun is reproducible using similar ammunition and that there exist two distinct regions to the patterns developed between the firearm and the target—one with respect to the position of the gun and the other in the vicinity of the target. The judicious applications of these findings could be of significant value in criminal investigations.
Single-Point Tanker Mooring Measurements In The North Sea

Single-point mooring forces and tanker motion data were recorded aboard the 45-Mdwt tanker THEOTOKOS at Ekofisk in the North Sea. The measurement program was conducted by EPR personnel under the terms of a cooperative agreement with Phillips Petroleum Company - Norway. Measurements made intermittently from November 1971 through April 1972 generally confirm what had been expected from model test data. The maximum forces in the bow hawser attaching the THEOTOKOS to the single-point mooring buoy were chiefly a function of wave height. The THEOTOKOS experienced long period yaw cycles while moored which exceeded in magnitude those observed in model tests. The model test results tend to overestimate the bow hawser forces observed on the THEOTOKOS and tend to underestimate the pitch and roll motions observed.
Preparation and characterization of UTD-12/ZSM-48 thin films via pulsed-laser deposition

Abstract UTD-12/ZSM-48 films have been produced utilizing pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) onto stainless steel foil and stainless steel frits. Attempts to reorganize the PLD film using, bis(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt(III) ion (Cp 2 Co + ) resulted in a nonasil film. However, laser ablation of UTD-12 onto stainless steel foil followed by a hydrothermal treatment utilizing a ZSM-48 polymorph A template solution (1,6-hexanediamine) resulted in partially oriented, crystalline UTD-12 membranes (polymorph B). This suggests the UTD-12 PLD film acts as nuclei or seeds in the reorganization to a UTD-12 film even though the organic structure directing agent should have produced a different ZSM-48 polymorph (A). A hydrothermal treatment process utilizing a mixture of templates, bis(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt(III) ion/1,6-hexanediamine also produced UTD-12 films but with some nonasil contamination.
Calculation of anharmonic phonon couplings in C, Si, and Ge

Frozen-phonon total-energy calculations are used to extract anharmonic phonon couplings for the tetrahedral elements C, Si, and Ge. The local-density approximation is employed, with a localized-orbital basis used for C and a plane-wave expansion used for Si and Ge. The bare interactions between optical phonons are completely determined through fourth order at the Brillouin-zone center. These are used to compute renormalized couplings, in which a vertex is screened by virtual phonons. The renormalized couplings are found to have the wrong sign to allow formation of a proposed two-phonon bound state in diamond.
Elastic/plastic deformation behavior in a continuous ball indentation test

Abstract Continuous indentation tests are now commonly used to measure the elastic moduli of materials in accordance with the unloading response of a plastic indentation. However, a previous technique utilizing a Hertzian ball indentation test, applied to the initial loading behavior, is shown to be equally useful provided that sufficient sensitivity is available for the loading curve measurements. Continuous loading measurements for the indentation of lignin are used to demonstrate the possibility of using the loading curve for computing the elastic modulus, and the analysis is carried over to test results on solid and porous aluminum materials. The test results show that the elastic modulus for solid aluminum has a value of 67.8±6.6 GPa , in reasonable agreement with the handbook value. The introduction of few percent porosity reduces the elastic modulus approximately by one-third to 22.6±4.5 GPa .
Evidence-based medicine: Unilateral cleft lip and nose repair.

Learning objectives After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe the anatomical malformations found in unilateral cleft lip deformity. 2. Discuss current methods of measuring the deformity and subsequent outcomes. 3. Discuss preoperative assessments, workup, and the use of early interventions before definitive cheiloplasty (e.g., preoperative orthopedics, lip adhesion). 4. Discuss the different techniques used for cheiloplasty and nasal repair. 5. Discuss the use of postoperative splints, taping, or molding. 6. Discuss the outcomes and evidence of cleft lip repairs and identify areas for future research. Summary The Maintenance of Certification module series is designed to help clinicians structure their individualized course of study to specific areas appropriate to their clinical practice. This article was prepared to accompany practice-based assessment of preoperative evaluation, anesthesia, surgical treatment plan, perioperative management, and outcomes. In this format, the clinician is invited to compare his or her methods of patient assessment and treatment, outcomes, and complications, with authoritative, information-based references. This information base is then used for self-assessment and benchmarking in parts II and IV of the Maintenance of Certification process of the American Board of Plastic Surgery. This article is not intended to be an exhaustive treatise on the subject. Rather, it is designed to serve as a reference point for further in-depth study by review of the reference articles presented.
Underlying mechanisms of hematologic malignancies revealed by gene expression profiling

Gene expression profiling is transforming the classification of hematologic malignancies by defining disease entities based on shared genetic lesions. Surprising findings have come from these studies. First, gene expression profiles in samples at diagnosis predict drug resistance and clinical outcome, indicating that the response to treatment is an intrinsic characteristic of the malignancy. Secondly, quantitative differences in gene expression can accurately measure complex cellular functions such as proliferation or tumor–host interactions and identify more aggressive disease even within diagnostically homogeneous groups.
Can you standardize international marketing strategy

The intent of this paper is to examine the possibilities for standardization of marketing elements within a multinational marketing strategy. A majority view among international marketers is that each national is unique, and thus each must be treated as a separate and independent operation. This “localized” strategy view is examined first. A growing number of international marketers however, are finding that by standardizing various elements oftheir marketing strategy across national borders, cost savings and/or increased revenues to be realized can yield greater profits. The second, and major, part of the paper examines the opportunities for and potential benefits of standardization of product, packaging, advertisting, and pricing.
Laser Accelerated Plasma Propulsion System (LAPPS)

Recently conducted experiments at the University of Michigan and elsewhere have shown that ultrashort pulse (ultrafast) lasers could accelerate charged particles to relativistic speeds. For example a picosecond laser pulse with only one joule of energy can accelerate an electron to MeV energy in just a few microns distance. This takes place through the high gradient potential that manifests itself in an electric field of a gigavolt per cm which in turn accelerates the electron to a megavolt energy over a distance of 10 microns. Current achievable laser peak power of 10 watts has been utilized in the study of relativistic non-linear optics in plasmas, and it is expected that laser power values will be reached in the near future that will accelerate protons to energies equal to their rest mass energy. That readily means that when such particles are ejected from a system at 0.866 the speed of light they will produce a specific impulse of 26 million seconds. Current experiments have also demonstrated that a beam of one MeV protons containing more than 10 particles has been accelerated by an electric field of 10 GeV/cm corresponding to a laser power of about 100 TW. On the basis of these accomplishments it is reasonable to project that accelerating 100 MeV proton beams containing 10 particles will be quite achievable in the near future. If utilized as a propulsion device such a system will make distant planets in the solar system and some Copyright © 2001 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. interstellar missions reachable in relatively short times.
Tetrahydrobiopterin induced neonatal tyrosinaemia

Sir: Transient neonatal tyrosinaemia is thought to be caused by late maturation of the hepatic enzymes 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase and tyrosine aminotransferase [4]. In addition to prematurity, high protein intake and ascorbate deficiency are suggested as risk factors [2]. Although transient tyrosinaemia is a benign condition, lethargy and reduced motor activity have been reported in some cases [3]. We recently identified two female preterm newborns who presented with hyperphenylalaninaemia. One was identified at 4 days of age with a plasma phenylalanine level of 545 gmol/1 and the other at 14 days with a phenylalanine level of 1210 btmol/1. Both infants developed transient tyrosinaemia after a challenge with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) (20 mg/kg body weight). Phenylalanine concentration in plasma decreased within 4-8 h in response to the challenge (Table 1). Simulta neously, however, plasma tyrosine rose in almost equimolar amounts. A lower dose of BH 4 (5 mg/kg per day) restored plasma tyrosine and phenylalanine to normal levels in both infants. Tyrosine metabolites in urine were increased after administration of 20 mg tetrahydrobiopterin/kg body weight (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid: 90-120 mmol/mol creatinine, 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid: 210-1100 mmol/mol creatinine, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid: 50-190 mmol/mol creatinine), suggesting immature 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase in our patients. However, low tyrosine aminotransferase activity cannot be excluded. Both infants were later diagnosed to be deficient in 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase, the second enzyme in the biosynthesis of the cofactor BH4 [1]. Very high urinary and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neopterin, absent or very low urinary and CSF biopterin, and absent 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase activity in erythrocytes were determined in both infants. The patients are now 2 months, and 3 years 4 months old, on regular diets with supplements of BH4 (5 mg/kg body weight day) in combination with the neurotransmitter precursors L-dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan. BH 4 challenges are commonly used in the differential diagnosis of hyperphenylalaninaemia. Plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations in normal and phenylketonuric term infants are not affected after administration of BH4. In contrast, patients with inherited BH 4 deficiencies respond to BH 4 administration by normalizing plasma phenylalanine concentrations usually within 4 h after a challenge and there is only a marginal increase of tyrosine which normalizes in 4 h. In normal premature newborns the initial enzymes in the tyrosine catabolic pathway usually tolerate a protein intake of up to 5 g/kg per day. However, in premature hyperphenylalaninaemic patients, tyrusine tolerance is markedly reduced and therapy with relatively high doses of BH4 seems warranted.
APBSmem: A Tool for the Analysis of Membrane Protein Electrostatics

Electrostatic forces orchestrate the folding of proteins, increase the binding of one protein to another and facilitate protein-DNA and protein-ligand binding. A popular means for computing the electrostatic properties of biological systems is to numerically solve the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation, and there are several easy-to-use software packages available for carrying out these calculations on soluble proteins. We have developed a tool called APBSmem that performs these calculations in the presence of a membrane. Adaptive Poisson-Boltzmann Solver (APBS) is used as a back-end for solving the PB equation, and a graphical user interface (GUI) coordinates a set of routines that introduce the influence of the membrane, determine its placement and shape relative to the protein, and set the membrane potential. The software Jmol is embedded in the GUI to visualize the protein inserted in the membrane and the resulting electrostatic potential. We demonstrate the use of our software with three examples involving the calculation of the protein transfer free energy from water to membrane, solvation energy required to move an ion into a channel, and the gating charge of a molecular motion. We expect that the ease with which the GUI allows one to carry out these calculations will make this software a useful resource for experimenters and computational researchers alike. In particular, our built-in protocols should be appealing to researchers studying ion channel and transporter function.
Effects of hydrogen on deformation and fracture processes in high-ourity aluminium

Abstract The effect of hydrogen on the deformation and fracture processes in high-purity aluminum has been investigated by an in-situ environmental-cell TEM technique. The response of dislocations and cracks to high-fugacity hydrogen atmospheres was monitored by video recording of dynamic events. Hydrogen was found to enhance dislocation mobility and decrease the flow stress. The fracture mode was not changed by the presence of hydrogen, but crack growth occurred at lower stresses because of the enhanced dislocation mobility. Highly localized ductile fracture resulted from the concentration of hydrogen in the stress field ahead of the crack tip.
Deletion of the Distal C Terminus of CaV1.2 Channels Leads to Loss of β-Adrenergic Regulation and Heart Failure in Vivo

L-type calcium currents conducted by CaV1.2 channels initiate excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. In the heart, the distal portion of the C terminus (DCT) is proteolytically processed in vivo and serves as a noncovalently associated autoinhibitor of CaV1.2 channel activity. This autoinhibitory complex, with A-kinase anchoring protein-15 (AKAP15) bound to the DCT, is hypothesized to serve as the substrate for β-adrenergic regulation in the fight-or-flight response. Mice expressing CaV1.2 channels with the distal C terminus deleted (DCT−/−) develop cardiac hypertrophy and die prematurely after E15. Cardiac hypertrophy and survival rate were improved by drug treatments that reduce peripheral vascular resistance and hypertension, consistent with the hypothesis that CaV1.2 hyperactivity in vascular smooth muscle causes hypertension, hypertrophy, and premature death. However, in contrast to expectation, L-type Ca2+ currents in cardiac myocytes from DCT−/− mice were dramatically reduced due to decreased cell-surface expression of CaV1.2 protein, and the voltage dependence of activation and the kinetics of inactivation were altered. CaV1.2 channels in DCT−/− myocytes fail to respond to activation of adenylyl cyclase by forskolin, and the localized expression of AKAP15 is reduced. Therefore, we conclude that the DCT of CaV1.2 channels is required in vivo for normal vascular regulation, cell-surface expression of CaV1.2 channels in cardiac myocytes, and β-adrenergic stimulation of L-type Ca2+ currents in the heart.
On Tiku's robust procedure — a Bayesian insight☆

Abstract Tiku's robust procedure for testing mean and variance from nonnormal universe is examined from the Bayesian viewpoint. The posterior distribution of the scale parameter is derived and then approximated by a Laguerre polynomial expansion while the posterior distribution of the location parameter is approximated by a linear combination of t-distributions. For the example with Darwin's data, the approximations appear to be extremely good.
How big is the crowd?: event and location based population modeling in social media

In this paper, we address the challenge of modeling the size, duration, and temporal dynamics of short-lived crowds that manifest in social media. Successful population modeling for crowds is critical for many services including location recommendation, traffic prediction, and advertising. However, crowd modeling is challenging since 1) user-contributed data in social media is noisy and oftentimes incomplete, in the sense that users only reveal when they join a crowd through posts but not when they depart; and 2) the size of short-lived crowds typically changes rapidly, growing and shrinking in sharp bursts. Toward robust population modeling, we first propose a duration model to predict the time users spend in a particular crowd. We propose a time-evolving population model for estimating the number of people departing a crowd, which enables the prediction of the total population remaining in a crowd. Based on these population models, we further describe an approach that allows us to predict the number of posts generated from a crowd. We validate the crowd models through extensive experiments over 22 million geo-location based check-ins and 120,000 event-related tweets.
Selenium intakes, absorption, retention, and status in adolescent girls.

Abstract Objectives To assess selenium intakes, absorption, retention, and status in healthy adolescent girls and the effect of calcium supplementation on selenium parameters. Design Annual 2-week study conducted each year for 3 consecutive years in which yearly selenium intakes, absorption, and retention and blood selenium status were measured. Setting A metabolic unit in a large metropolitan hospital located in Columbus, Ohio—a low selenium region of the United States. Subjects Healthy white girls aged 11 to 14 years (n=16) enrolled in a calcium balance study and randomly assigned to receive a placebo of methylcellulose (n=9) or a calcium supplement containing 1,000mg supplemental calcium as calcium citrate malate (n=7). Interventions Each subject consumed a diet with ∼100μg selenium/day during the yearly 2-week balance studies. Results Selenium status measurements (serum and erythrocyte selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity) were all within normal ranges for adults during the study. Apparent selenium absorption averaged 71%, 76%, and 74% for years 1,2, and 3 of the study, respectively, and did not vary significantly ( P >.05). Average daily selenium retention did not differ among the years of the study ( P >.05) and indicated that the usual selenium intake was ∼100μg daily. Measurements of selenium status and retention did not differ between calcium-supplemented and placebo groups. Conclusions An intake of ∼100μg selenium/day is the typical intake of the mineral among the subjects and appeared adequate to maintain selenium status in these healthy adolescent girls; in addition, calcium supplementation of 1,000mg daily does not have a negative impact on selenium parameters. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:1082-1087.
E-009 Treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms is increasingly occurring in high volume centers in the USA

Purpose Although there is no formal system for regionalization of care for subarachnoid hemorrhage, evidence of better outcomes at higher volume centers might be expected to result in more of these patients being referred to high volume centers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the US National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2001 to 2008 for trends in patient admissions for treatment of ruptured aneurysms at high and low volume centers. Methods We evaluated the numbers of ruptured aneurysms treated with clipping and coiling annually at low (≤20 patients/year) and high volume (>20 patients/year) centers, and also counted the number of high and low volume centers for each treatment. Hospitalizations for clipping or coiling of ruptured aneurysms were identified by cross-matching International Classification of Disease Codes for diagnosis of ruptured aneurysm (430.0) with procedure codes for clipping (39.51) or coiling (39.52, 39.79, or 39.72) of cerebral aneurysms. Results (Abstract E-009 figure 1) In 2001, 31% (435/1392) of patients clipped and 0% (0/122) of patients coiled were treated at high volume centers, whereas in 2008 these numbers increased to 62% (627/1016) of patients clipped and 68% (917/1351) of patients coiled, respectively. For clipping, the number of low volume centers significantly declined from 177 centers in 2001 to 85 centers in 2008, while the number of high volume centers has remained constant at 13 to 15. For coiling procedures, the number of low volume centers decreased from 62 centers in 2001 to 54 centers in 2008, while the number of high volume centers substantially increased from 0 centers in 2001 to 16 centers in 2005 and remained constant thereafter. Conclusion Treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms is increasingly occurring in high volume centers in the USA. This is a favorable trend in that better outcomes are associated with care for these patients at a high volume center.
Noncovalent character in the chemical bonds of the lanthanide(III)and the actinide(III) tricyclopentadienides

Abstract The absorption and UV-excited emission spectra of several micro-crystals of 248 Cm(C 5 H 5 ) 3 have been measured throughout the visible region of the spectrum. One line-group in each spectrum can be clearly assigned to the transition: J = 72/(first-excited state) ↔ J = 72/(ground state). This group shows a large (∼ 1680 cm −1 ) ligand-field splitting and a baricenter of intensity at 15,920 cm −1 . By comparing the latter with the corresponding value for Cm III aq , the nephelauxectic parameter dβ for Cm III in Cm(C 5 H 5 ) 3 is estimated to be 0.050±0.004; this corresponds to a covalency in these organometallic bonds of about 2.5±0.2% relative to the corresponding bonds of Cm III aq . Similar considerations based on the published absorption spectrum of Am(C 5 H 5 ) 3 lead to an organometallic bond covalency in the latter of about 2.8 ±0.2% relative to the corresponding bonds of Am III aq . The above covalencies for Am(C 5 H 5 ) 3 and Cm( 5 H 5 ) 3 , representative of the actinide series, are compared with those for Pr(C 5 H 5 ) 3 , Nd(C 5 H 5 ) 3 , and Er(C 5 H 5 ) 3 , representative of the lanthanide series; and it is concluded that although the actinides are more covalent than the lanthanides, as expected, all of these compounds are highly ionic in their organometallic chemical bonding. They should, therefore, be designated as lanthanide or actinide tricyclopentadienides, rather than as tricyclopentadienyls as has been the practice among various authors in recent publications.
Gastric Bypass Increases Ethanol and Water Consumption in Diet-Induced Obese Rats

Background Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) is an effective treatment for morbid obesity. Increased alcohol abuse after RYGB resulted in recommendations to exclude patients with alcohol abuse histories from RYGB. The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of a RYGB on ethanol intake in diet-induced obese rats (high-fat diet). Methods The animals underwent RYGB and were habituated along with their sham-operated obese controls and with lean rats to increasing concentrations of ethanol in a twobottle choice paradigm. Results RYGB rats' daily consumption of ethanol averaged 2 g/kg at 2 % habituation and 3.8 g/kg at 4 % habituation, twice as much as sham-operated obese controls and 50 % more than normal-diet lean controls. Obese controls drank on average 1 g/kg of ethanol (2 and 4 %), significantly less (50 %) than lean controls did. RYGB rats when given higher ethanol concentrations (6 and 8 %) or no ethanol drank significantly more water than lean and obese controls did (66 and 100 %, respectively), and their enhanced total fluid intake was associated with increased food intake, which was significantly higher than in lean (66 % more calories; food + alcohol) and obese controls (44 % more calories). The lower alcohol intake in the obese controls than in the lean rats suggests that obesity may interfere with alcohol's rewarding effects and RYGB may remove this protective effect. Conclusions The overall enhancement of consummatory behaviors (both ethanol and water) suggests that RYGB may facilitate alcohol consumption, which in vulnerable individuals could lead to abuse and addiction.
A spectroscopic view of electron-phonon coupling at metal surfaces

It is now possible to extract from high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission data the Eliashberg function α2F(ω) for electron-phonon coupling (EPC). At the same time, first-principles calculations of the EPC for surface states are appearing in the literature presenting an exquisite picture of the origin of the Eliashberg function. The advances in this field will be illustrated with new data from surface states on two faces of berylium and a direct comparisin to theory for Be(0001). (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Saphenous vein coronary bypass graft revieited

Abstract To establish a benchmark for the clinical efficacy of PTCA and the IMA graft in our institution, the data from 79 patients who underwent isolated SVBG to the LAD between July, 1971, and December, 1984, were analyzed. Follow-up averaged 96.16 months/patient. Actuarial freedom from reoperation was 100% at 12 months, 95% at 60 months, and 89.4% at 120 months. Actuarial freedom from cardiac death was 100% at 12 months, 94% at 60 months, and 87% at 120 months. Actuarial freedom from an LAD graft failure myocardial event was 100% at 12 month, 94% at 60 months, and 77% at 120 months. Our SVBG failure rate did increase from 1.2%/year during the first 5 years to 3.4%/year during the second 5 years. We are presently selectively employing IMA grafts to the LAD. Our results with the SVBG and the palliative nature of all coronary artery bypass graft procedures remove the imperative to always use the IMA. Individual patient considerations such as age, clinical stability, IMA flow, and the residual anatomy for the potential reoperation are important considerations.
Simulation of coherent risk measures

In financial risk management, a coherent risk measure equals the maximum expected loss under several different probability measures, which are analogous to systems in ranking and selection. Here it is the best system's expected value and not identity that is of interest. We explore the correctness and computational efficiency of simulated confidence intervals for a maximum of several expectations.
The Human DEK Proto-Oncogene Is a Senescence Inhibitor and an Upregulated Target of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus E7

The human DEK proto-oncogene is a nucleic acid binding protein with suspected roles in human carcinogenesis, autoimmune disease, and viral infection. Intracellular DEK functions, however, are poorly understood. In papillomavirus-positive cervical cancer cells, downregulation of viral E6/E7 oncogene expression results in cellular senescence. We report here the specific repression of DEK message and protein levels in senescing human papillomavirus type 16- (HPV16-) and HPV18-positive cancer cell lines as well as in primary cells undergoing replicative senescence. Cervical cancer cell senescence was partially overcome by DEK overexpression, and DEK overexpression was sufficient for extending the life span of primary keratinocytes, supporting critical roles for this molecule as a senescence regulator. In order to determine whether DEK is a bona fide HPV oncogene target in primary cells, DEK expression was monitored in human keratinocytes transduced with HPV E6 and/or E7. The results identify high-risk HPV E7 as a positive DEK regulator, an activity that is not shared by low-risk HPV E7 protein. Experiments in mouse embryo fibroblasts recapitulated the observed E7-mediated DEK induction and demonstrated that both basal and E7-induced regulation of DEK expression are controlled by the retinoblastoma protein family. Taken together, our results suggest that DEK upregulation may be a common event in human carcinogenesis and may reflect its senescence inhibitory function.
Electronic damping of microphonics in superconducting cavities

In previous applications of high-velocity superconducting cavities, the accelerated beam currents were sufficiently high that the microphonics-induced frequency excursions were significantly less than the loaded bandwidth, and the power absorbed by the beam dominated the total power requirement. In new applications (CEBAF Upgrade, RIA) the beam currents will be sufficiently low that the rf power requirements will be dominated by the control of the cavity fields in the presence of microphonics. Active electronic damping of microphonics by modulation of the cavity field amplitude has been occasionally used in the past in small, low-velocity, low-gradient superconducting structures; its application to much larger, high-velocity, high-gradient structures could result in a substantial reduction of the rf power requirements. This paper presents an analytical study of various schemes for electronic damping and presents formulae to quantify the reduction of microphonics as a function of rf field modulation.
Does Emotion Directly Tune the Scope of Attention

Considerable research supports a fixed link between affect and attentional scope, with positive affect producing a focus on the forest, so to speak, and negative affect producing a focus on the trees. New research, however, reveals greater flexibility in this link than is commonly assumed. Research consistent with the idea that affective feelings merely influence whether people act on briefly dominant tendencies to focus broadly or narrowly is presented. Implications of these new findings for research on affect and attention are discussed.
Runtime Checking of Datatype Signatures in MPI

The MPI standard provides a way to send and receive complex combinations of datatypes (e.g., integers and doubles) with a single communication operation. The MPI standard specifies that the type signature, that is, the basic datatypes (language-defined types such as int or DOUBLE PRECISION), must match in communication operations such as send/receive or broadcast. Because datatypes may be defined by the user in MPI, there is a limitless collection of possible type signatures. Detecting the programmer error of mismatched datatypes is difficult in this case; detecting all errors essentially requires sending a complete description of the type signature with a message. This paper discusses an alternative: send the value of a function of the type signature so that (a) identical type signatures always give the same function value, (b) different type signatures often give different values, and (c) common cases (e.g., predefined datatypes) are handled exactly. Thus, erroneous programs are often (but not always) detected; correct programs never are flagged as erroneous. The method described is relatively inexpensive to compute and uses a small (and fixed, independent of the complexity of the datatype) amount of space in the message envelope.
Real-time edge-aware image processing with the bilateral grid

We present a new data structure---the bilateral grid, that enables fast edge-aware image processing. By working in the bilateral grid, algorithms such as bilateral filtering, edge-aware painting, and local histogram equalization become simple manipulations that are both local and independent. We parallelize our algorithms on modern GPUs to achieve real-time frame rates on high-definition video. We demonstrate our method on a variety of applications such as image editing, transfer of photographic look, and contrast enhancement of medical images.
The relationship between gender and clinical management after exercise stress testing

Background Controversy remains regarding whether gender differences exist in clinical management after exercise treadmill testing (ETT). Methods We studied 7,506 patients (49.8% women) without documented coronary heart disease referred for ETT from July 2001 to June 2004 in a community-based setting. We assessed the relationship between gender and subsequent diagnostic testing (secondary stress testing or coronary angiography) within 6 months after ETT. Secondary outcomes included subsequent stress testing, coronary angiography, and new cardiology visits in the 6-month interval. Multivariable analyses assessed the relationship between gender and these outcomes adjusting for demographic, clinical, and stress test characteristics. In subsequent analyses, patients were stratified by Duke Treadmill Scores (Duke University, Durham, NC). Results Compared with men, women referred for ETT were older, had a higher prevalence of some cardiac risk factors, achieved lower peak workloads, and, more often, experienced chest pain or ST-segment changes. After accounting for differences in clinical and ETT parameters, gender was not associated with any subsequent diagnostic testing in the 6 months after ETT (OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.85-1.18). In secondary analyses, women were less likely to undergo angiography (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.47-0.83) with a trend toward more subsequent stress testing. Stratified analyses revealed less subsequent testing in high-to-intermediate Duke Treadmill Score women compared with men (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48-0.79). Women and men were equally likely to die (hazards ratio 0.93, 95% CI 0.61-1.44) in the adjusted survival analysis. Conclusions Overall, women and men equally underwent subsequent diagnostic testing after ETT. Although women were less likely to undergo angiography and higher-risk women were less likely to undergo subsequent testing, adverse events were not higher in women. Given these findings, assumptions regarding gender disparities in clinical management after ETT should be reevaluated in other settings.
Turning a blind eye to double blind line‐ups

SUMMARY Although psychologists have urgedpolice officers to use double blind line-up procedures during their investigations, police officers state that these would be difficult to administer and most have been reluctant to implement this change. Four studies examine whether lay people’s judgements about the guilt of a suspect vary according to whether a brief written summary of a case described the identification procedure as double blind or non-double blind. The effects were all small (and almost all non-significant). Most people do not treat double blind line-ups differently from non-double blind line-ups when assessing the guilt of a defendant. Either police investigators should stop using this biased method or police investigators and others in the judicial system (e.g. jurors, judges) should be informed of this bias when evaluating results from any line-up. Copyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CT for suspected appendicitis in children: an analysis of diagnostic errors

Mistakes have been made by the use of CT in diagnosing children with suspected appendicitis. Although others have reported the frequency of diagnostic errors, we were unable to find any studies that addressed the specific situations in which diagnostic errors occurred in children with suspected appendicitis. To investigate the frequency and type of diagnostic errors resulting from CT of children with suspected appendicitis when compared to surgical and pathological diagnosis. We reviewed imaging, clinical and pathological data on 1,207 consecutive pediatric patients who underwent CT examination for suspected appendicitis. Imaging findings were categorized as false-positive, false-negative, or indeterminate. Errors were classified as interpretative, technical or unavoidable. Concordance between surgical and pathological findings was also evaluated. The imaging findings of 34 patients (2.8%) were discrepant with the pathological examination or clinical follow-up. The errors in 23 cases were classified as interpretive (68%) and 11 as unavoidable (32%), and no errors were classified as technical. There were 23 false-positive errors (68%), 6 false-negative errors (18%), and 5 indeterminate imaging studies (15%). Isolated CT findings of an enlarged (greater than 6 mm) appendix, fat stranding, thickened bowel or non-visualization of the distal appendix were the most common false-positive CT findings. Of these 34 patients, 22 underwent appendectomy, with 10 (45%) having discordant surgical and pathological findings. Isolated CT findings of an appendicolith, an enlarged appendix, or minimal fat stranding are not sufficient signs for the diagnosis of appendicitis. Pathological diagnosis rather than surgical findings should be used as the reference standard of true-positive imaging findings.
Direct Observations of Nursing Home Care Quality: Does Care Change When Observed?

Objectives Recent research demonstrates that care recorded by nursing home (NH) staff is often inaccurate. Direct observations of care may therefore be of critical importance in assessing and improving care in this setting. Unfortunately, despite their apparent use in several types of quality assurance activities, there is little written information about the reliability or accuracy of observational procedures in NHs. This paper provides information about one important measurement issue (reactivity) that is often cited as a limitation of observational procedures in measuring usual care practices accurately. Design Descriptive. Setting Seven nursing homes. Participants Staff and residents. Measurements Direct observational time in bed; repositioning and feeding assistance. Results Observational measures of care quality were stable over multiple observation periods and consistently detected quality problems even on the first and last days of observation. Conclusion Direct observations of care provided to residents do not appear to change provider behavior.
Polymorphic Membrane Protein H Has Evolved in Parallel with the Three Disease-Causing Groups of Chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydia trachomatis is a human pathogen causing trachoma, urogenital disease, and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). A family of nine polymorphic membrane protein genes (pmpA to pmpI), resembling autotransporter proteins, has recently been discovered in C. trachomatis. pmp genes are large and predicted to be outer membrane proteins. We hypothesized that they would contain useful nucleotide sequence variability for epidemiologic studies. Since sequence information is available only for serovars D and L2, we sought to determine the amount of diversity within an individual pmp gene among serovars. We used restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis as a primary screen to assess the amount of sequence divergence among the pmp genes for serovars A to L3 of C. trachomatis. RFLP analysis showed little variation for some of the genes, such as pmpA, but substantial variation in others, such as pmpI. pmpH and pmpE yielded RFLP patterns that clustered the 15 serovars into ocular, urogenital, and LGV groups, and both proteins have been localized to the outer membrane. Therefore, we chose to sequence pmpE, pmpH, and pmpI from each of the 15 serovars. Evolutionary analysis showed three distinct divergence patterns. PmpI was least variable, resulting in an ambiguous evolutionary pattern. PmpE showed a high degree of diversity in the ocular strains compared to the other strains. Finally, the evolution of PmpH shows three groups that reflect disease groups, suggesting this protein may play a role in pathogenesis.