cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of dopamine, the frontal cortex and memory circuits in drug addiction: insight from imaging studies.

Drug addiction is characterized by a set of recurring processes (intoxication, withdrawal, craving) that lead to the relapsing nature of the disorder. We have used positron emission tomography to investigate in humans the role of dopamine (DA) and the brain circuits it regulates in these processes. We have shown that increases in DA are associated with the subjective reports of drug reinforcement corroborating the relevance of drug-induced DA increases in the rewarding effects of drugs in humans. During withdrawal we have shown in drug abusers significant reductions in DA D2 receptors and in DA release. We postulate that this hypodopaminergic state would result in a decreased sensitivity to natural reinforcers perpetuating the use of the drug as a means to compensate for this deficit and contributing to the anhedonia and dysphoria seen during withdrawal. Because the D2 reductions are associated with decreased activity in the anterior cingulate gyrus and in the orbitofrontal cortex we postulate that this is one of the mechanisms by which DA disruption leads to compulsive drug administration and the lack of control over drug intake in the drug-addicted individual. This is supported by studies showing that during craving these frontal regions become hyperactive in proportion to the intensity of the craving. Craving is also associated with activation of memory circuits including the amygdala (implicated in conditioned learning), hippocampus (implicated in declarative learning), and dorsal striatum (implicated in habit learning) all of which receive DA innervation. We therefore postulate that dopamine contributes to addiction by disrupting the frontal cortical circuits that regulate motivation, drive, and self-control and by memory circuits that increase the motivational salience of the drug and drug-associated stimuli.
Measuring Teacher Effectiveness in Gifted Education: Some Challenges and Suggestions

States and districts are under increasing pressure to evaluate the effectiveness of their teachers and to ensure that all students receive high-quality instruction. This article describes some of t...
Trigger, pathogen, or bystander: the complex nexus linking Epstein– Barr virus and multiple sclerosis

A causal role for virus infection in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been suggested and widely debated since the landmark epidemiologic studies of Kurtzke revealed a strong environmental determinant to MS susceptibility. Despite multiple efforts, no virus has been unequivocally associated with lesion formation in the brain either by direct isolation or by indirect methods of detection. In many infectious diseases of the central nervous system, oligoclonal IgG bands are the product of a robust and specific humoral response against the causative agent; yet in MS, immunoreactivity to a primary target has been elusive. In the absence of any infectious agent fulfilling Koch's Postulates, new concepts that could plausibly explain the epidemiology of MS have been postulated. The initiation or activation of a nascent autoimmune response in genetically susceptible individuals following exposure to one or more common infectious agents is now a leading hypothesis to explain MS pathogenesis. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a human herpes virus that infects B cells in ~95% of the human population and persists latently in the memory B cell pool throughout life, has received the most attention as a probable candidate; EBV has been implicated as both an environmental trigger and as a direct causative agent of CNS immunopathology. In this review, we will discuss the most salient features of EBV epidemiology, the immunological response to EBV in MS patients and whether EBV infection of the brain is a necessary prerequisite of MS pathology.
A physical explanation of electromagnetic surface wave formulas

The behavior of electromagnetic surface waves generated by both elevated and buried sources is explained with physical reasoning and described with mathematical formulas. All combinations of source and receiver orientations are considered. Applications of generalized surface wave formulas for mixed-path and spatially varying terrains are discussed. The generalized surface wave formulas for elevated and buried sources are validated with Sommerfeld integrals and are applicable over a wider range than previous approximate surface wave formulas.
Inactivation of Phytophthora and bacterial species in water by a potential energy-saving heat treatment

Plant pathogens, especially Phytophthora and bacterial species, in re-circulated irrigation water present a significant health risk to nursery and greenhouse crops. Heat treatment at 95°C for 30 s is one of the most reliable technologies for irrigation water decontamination. The primary objective here was to examine whether the water temperature required to inactivate major pathogens in re-circulated irrigation water can be lowered from 95°C to conserve energy and improve horticultural profitability while reducing environmental footprint. Specifically, we investigated the effect of water temperature on Phytophthora nicotianae zoospore survival in the laboratory and on annual vinca under greenhouse conditions. We also assessed the effect of water temperature on survival of chlamydospores of P. nicotianae, oospores of P. pini, six plant pathogenic bacterial species and Escherichia coli. The zoospores of P. nicotianae did not survive and cause any disease on annual vinca when exposed to 42°C for 12 h or 48°C for 6 h. No chlamydospores of P. nicotianae survived 42°C for 24 h or 48°C for 6 h, nor did the oospores of P. pini at 42°C for 12 h or 48°C for 6 h. In addition, none of the seven bacterial species survived 48°C for 24 h. These results indicate that the required water temperature to eliminate Phytophthora and bacterial species may be lowered substantially from 95°C by longer exposure time, improving the economics and environmental footprint, without sacrificing efficacy of heat treatment.
A direct digital modulation technique for GSM/PCS/DCS applications using a 24 bit multi-accumulator fractional-n synthesizer

This paper describes the implementation of a 0.5 μm BiCMOS Fractional-N synthesizer which incorporates a GMSK data filter which modulates the Fractional-N divider of the synthesizer. This IC (MC145211) also includes a DAC that provides a dual port modulation output to the VCO. This allows PLL loop bandwidth optimisation independent of the modulation performance. The charge pumps are dual-state to provide linearity and eliminate the wide area dead-zone caused by the 26 MHz reference used in the phase detector. Phase noise of -105 dBc/Hz is achievable within the loop Bandwidth for GSM. GSM Global Phase Error of less than 2° RMS is achievable. (11 pages)
Alteration of nucleolar ultrastructure in iris epithelial cells during initiation of Wolffian lens regeneration.

Morphological aspects of nucleoli of iris epithelial cells participating in Wolffian lens regeneration in the adult newt (Triturus viridescens) were studied with electron and phase-contrast microscopes at various times after lens removal. In normal condition, the nucleoli appear as small, compact bodies composed of fibrous elements. The granular element is often lacking, but when present, is sparse and located at the periphery of the organelle. Within two days after lens removal, the size of the nucleolus increases, and its shape becomes complex and diversified. The granular element increases in absolute as well as relative amount. Granular and fibrous components become intermingled and together form the fibrogranular region. Portions of this region often project from the nucleolus as coarse threadlike extensions that become a prominent feature. Morphogenesis of the organelle continues during the subsequent two days. In parallel with these structural changes, the number of nucleoli per nucleus and the frequency of nuclei containing nucleoli increases. All these changes start in the nondividing phase of the iris epithelium before induced cell division. These changes in nucleoli are the earliest so far observed in iris epithelial cells after lens removal, and coincide in time with the activation of ribosomal RNA synthesis previously observed in this system.
Randomizing the replacement attack

Billions of dollars allegedly lost to piracy of multimedia have recently triggered the industry to rethink the way music and movies are distributed. As encryption is vulnerable to re-recording, currently all copyright protection mechanisms tend to rely on watermarking. In order to analyze the security of such systems, a new breed of replacement attacks has recently been proposed that strongly affects most modern watermarking systems. A typical replacement attack relies upon the observation that multimedia content is often highly repetitive. Thus, the attack procedure replaces each signal block with another, perceptually similar block computed as a combination of other similar blocks found either within the same media clip or within a library of media clips. We demonstrate that by randomizing the attack algorithm, its performance can be improved in almost all aspects - attack efficacy, distortion, speed, and size of the look-up media library. We describe the logistics of the new attack and an exemplary implementation against a spread-spectrum data hiding technology for audio signals.
Eating dysfunction associated with oromandibular dystonia: clinical characteristics and treatment considerations

Background In oromandibular dystonia (OMD) abnormal repetitive contractions of masticatory, facial, and lingual muscles as well as the presence of orobuccolingual (OBL) dyskinesias may interfere with the appropriate performance of tasks such as chewing and swallowing leading to significant dysphagia and weight loss. We present here the clinical characteristics and treatment variables of a series of patients that developed an OMD-associated eating dysfunction.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Lymphocyte Egress from Lymphoid Organs

Much has been learned about how cells enter lymphoid tissues. But how do they leave? Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has emerged over the past decade as a central mediator of lymphocyte egress. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how S1P promotes exit from the secondary lymphoid organs and thymus. We review what is known about additional requirements for emigration and summarize the mostly distinct requirements for exit from the bone marrow. Egress from lymphoid organs is limited during immune responses, and we examine how this regulation works. There is accumulating evidence for roles of S1P in directing immune cell behavior within lymphoid tissues. How such actions can fit together with the egress-promoting role of S1P is discussed. Finally, we examine current understanding of how FTY720, a drug that targets S1P receptors and is approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, causes immune suppression.
Process-based snowmelt modeling: does it require more input data than temperature-index modeling?

Modeling snow hydrology for cold regions remains a problematic aspect of many hydro-environmental models. Temperature-index methods are commonly used and are routinely justified under the auspices that process-based models require too many input data. To test this claim, we used a physical, process-based model to simulate snowmelt at four locations across the conterminous US using energy components estimated from measured daily maximum and minimum temperature, i.e. using only the same data required for temperature-index models. The results showed good agreement between observed and predicted snow water equivalents, average R 2 . 0:9: We duplicated the simulations using a simple temperature-index model best fitted to the data and results were poorer, R 2 , 0:8: At one site we applied the process-based model without substantial parameter estimation, and there were no significant ða ¼ 0:05Þ differences between these results and those obtained using temperature-estimated parameters, despite relatively poorly predicted specific energy budget components ðR 2 , 0:8Þ: These results encourage the use of mechanistic snowmelt modeling approaches in hydrological models, especially in distributed hydrological models for which landscape snow distribution may be controlled by spatially distributed components of the environmental energy budget. q 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Siloxane-based biocatalytic films and paints for use as reactive coatings.

We have developed a new methodology for preparing films and paints suitable for use as biocatalytic coatings. The hydrolytic enzymes pronase and α-chymotrypsin were immobilized by either sol-gel entrapment or by covalent attachment into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix and cast into thin films or incorporated into an oil-based paint formulation. All of the coatings retained enzymatic activity and adhered to several different materials. The enzymatic films and paints also exhibited higher thermostability than enzyme free in solution or covalently attached to the outer surface of PDMS. A porous membrane based on a PDMS-immobilized enzyme was also prepared by an immersion precipitation process. Protein adsorption measurements showed that the enzyme-containing films and paints adsorbed less protein than enzyme-free controls, and that protein adsorption decreased with increasing proteolytic activity of the coating. These coatings thus provide the means to apply a stable enzymatic surface to a wide range of materials, and may be generally useful as biocatalytic paints and films. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 72: 475–482, 2001
Inactivation of Representative Species of Entomopathogenic Viruses, a Bacterium, Fungus, and Protozoan by an Ultraviolet Light Source

Four entomopathogenic viruses and one each of an entomopathogenic bacterium, fungus, and protozoan were inactivated when exposed to ultraviolet light; the half-life was less than 4 h in every instance. Relative ranking in stability of the entomopathogens was as follows: B. thuringiensis Berliner > Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson > entomopox Virus > nucleopolyhedrosis virus = cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus > Vairimorpha (= Nosema ) necatrix (Kramer) > granulosis virus.
Effect of Thiazide Diuretics on Plasma Volume, Body Electrolytes, and Excretion of Aldosterone in Hypertension

A study has been made at the Mayo Clinic of the results of treatment in 28 hypertensive patients receiving thiazide diuretics. The use of these agents produced a significant but very temporary reduction in plasma volume in most patients. The plasma volume reverted to or toward normal after the first week of treatment; therefore, hypovolemia could not explain the prolonged hypotensive effect of these drugs. Administration of thiazide diuretics did not deplete the body of its sodium stores, as measured by isotope studies in five patients on an unrestricted diet. Therapy with thiazides did not produce a persistent increase in urinary aldosterone excretion in the nine patients studied for this possibility.
The generation effect extended: memory enhancement for generation cues.

The generation effect is the greater memorability of a response that is actively produced (e.g., in answering a question from memory) than one that is more passively produced (as in reading the answer). The present three experiments addressed a question that is critical to the theoretical interpretation of the generation effect: Is memory enhanced for the cues that are used to elicit generated responses? Using incidental learning procedures, Experiments 1 and 2 gave an affirmative answer (although the effect was substantially weaker than the generation effect for responses). Enhancement of memory for generation cues was observed both in a within-subject/within-list design (reading and generation items within the same trial blocks; Experiment 1) and in a between-subjects design (reading and generation tasks for different groups of subjects; Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, memory enhancement for generation cues was used to produce a previously unobtained result--a generation effect for nonsense responses under incidental learning conditions. These findings provide critical evidence required by theories that interpret the generation effect in terms of enhanced processing of the cue-response item.
The wide-band ambiguity function and Altes' Q-distribution: constrained synthesis and time-scale filtering

Two problems of interest in wideband signal processing are addressed. The first problem concerns the synthesis of wideband radar/sonar signal waveforms given the desired shape (as a function of time delay and time scale) of the cross correlator (matched filter) output; this function is termed the wideband ambiguity function (WBAF). Constraints on the transmitted waveforms that are manifest as closed convex subsets in the delay-scale space can also be incorporated into the synthesis procedure. The alternating convex projection theorem is used to generate a (weakly) convergent iterative algorithm for waveform synthesis. The second problem addressed concerns the closely related problem of signal recovery from R.A. Altes' (IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Proc., vol.38, no.6, p.1005-12, June 1990) Q-distribution and modified versions thereof. The Q-distribution is intimately related to the WBAF via a unitary transformation. Admissible modifications include affine convolutions and other operators with closed convex range. The application in terms of filtering in a time-scale domain is considered. >
Synthesis, in vitro, and in vivo evaluation of novel functionalized quaternary ammonium curcuminoids as potential anti-cancer agents

Novel functionalized quaternary ammonium curcuminoids have been synthesized from piperazinyl curcuminoids and Baylis-Hillman reaction derived allyl bromides. These molecules are found to be highly water soluble with increased cytotoxicity compared to native curcumin against three cancer cell lines MIAPaCa-2, MDA-MB-231, and 4T1. Preliminary in vivo toxicity evaluation of a representative curcuminoid 5a in healthy mice indicates that this molecule is well tolerated based on normal body weight gains compared to control group. Furthermore, the efficacy of 5a has been tested in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model of MIAPaCa-2 and has been found to exhibit good tumor growth inhibition as a single agent and also in combination with clinical pancreatic cancer drug gemcitabine.
Digital Collections Are a Sprint, Not a Marathon: Adapting Scrum Project Management Techniques to Library Digital Initiatives

This article describes a case study in which a small team from the digital initiatives group and metadata services department at the University of Colorado Boulder (CU-Boulder) Libraries conducted a pilot of the Scrum project management framework. The pilot team organized digital initiatives work into short, fixed intervals called sprints—a key component of Scrum. Over a year of working in the modified framework yielded significant improvements to digital collection work, including increased production of digital objects and surrogate records, accelerated publication of digital collections, and an increase in the number of concurrent projects. Adoption of sprints has improved communication and cooperation among participants, reinforced teamwork, and enhanced their ability to adapt to shifting priorities .
Chemotherapy for Stage II Colon Cancer

The adjuvant treatment of patients with stage II colon cancer is an area of controversy in medical oncology. Adjuvant chemotherapy aims to eradicate micrometastatic disease present at the time of surgery, preventing the development of distant metastatic disease and thereby curing those patients of their cancer. National and international guidelines for the adjuvant treatment of stage II colon cancer recommend a range of treatment options from observation to chemotherapy with single-agent or combination regimens, depending on the presence or absence of high-risk features (poorly differentiated histology, presence of lymphovascular invasion, presence of perineural invasion, report of < 12 lymph nodes, bowel obstruction, localized perforation, or positive margins). In the one prospective study designed to address the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II colon cancer, a small but statistically significant benefit in overall survival was seen for those patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy; however, multiple meta-analyses and retrospective subgroup analyses have called these findings into question. Though there may be a role for adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with stage II colon cancer, its incremental benefit is small, at best, and comes with the risks of real and rarely fatal complications of chemotherapy.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor Extends Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span

Animal aging is characterized by progressive, degenerative changes in many organ systems. Because age-related degeneration is a major contributor to disability and death in humans, treatments that delay age-related degeneration are desirable. However, no drugs that delay normal human aging are currently available. To identify drugs that delay age-related degeneration, we used the powerful Caenorhabdtitis elegans model system to screen for FDA-approved drugs that can extend the adult lifespan of worms. Here we show that captopril extended mean lifespan. Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat high blood pressure in humans. To explore the mechanism of captopril, we analyzed the acn-1 gene that encodes the C. elegans homolog of ACE. Reducing the activity of acn-1 extended the mean life span. Furthermore, reducing the activity of acn-1 delayed age-related degenerative changes and increased stress resistance, indicating that acn-1 influences aging. Captopril could not further extend the lifespan of animals with reduced acn-1, suggesting they function in the same pathway; we propose that captopril inhibits acn-1 to extend lifespan. To define the relationship with previously characterized longevity pathways, we analyzed mutant animals. The lifespan extension caused by reducing the activity of acn-1 was additive with caloric restriction and mitochondrial insufficiency, and did not require sir-2.1, hsf-1 or rict-1, suggesting that acn-1 functions by a distinct mechanism. The interactions with the insulin/IGF-1 pathway were complex, since the lifespan extensions caused by captopril and reducing acn-1 activity were additive with daf-2 and age-1 but required daf-16. Captopril treatment and reducing acn-1 activity caused similar effects in a wide range of genetic backgrounds, consistent with the model that they act by the same mechanism. These results identify a new drug and a new gene that can extend the lifespan of worms and suggest new therapeutic strategies for addressing age-related degenerative changes.
Band-Structure Engineering in Novel Optoelectronic Devices

In this paper we show that unconventionally strained semiconductor heterostructures with unusual band structure exhibit novel and desirable electronic and optical properties not seen in the conventional strained materials. In addition to improving the performance of existing components, unconventional strain may be used to achieve greater functionality in novel optoelectronic devices. We give as examples three such devices that we have conceived and demonstrated, in the two areas of strain, lattice mismatch induced and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch induced. The higher performance and functionality in these devices demonstrate that strain engineered heterostructures are a very promising area for device research and development.
Comparison of immunoreactivity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B mutants for use as toxin surrogates.

The development and testing of detection methodologies for biothreat agents are by their very nature complicated by the necessity to handle hazardous materials. Toxoids prepared by thermal or chemical inactivation are often used in place of the native toxin; however, the process of detoxification can decrease the agent’s ability to be detected at similar concentrations. One method to overcome this limitation is the use of toxin mutants which have altered amino acid sequences sufficient to abrogate or greatly reduce their toxic activity. While this method of toxoid preparation is much more controlled, there is still no guarantee that the resulting product will be equal in detectability to the native toxin. In this work, we have evaluated the utility of two recombinantly expressed Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) mutants, a single point mutant (Y89A), and a mutant with three amino acids changed (L45R, Y89A, Y94A), to act as surrogates for SEB in immunoassays. We evaluated the affinity of a number of anti-...
S-Wave Velocity-Stress Power Relationship: Packing and Contact Behavior of Sand Specimens

The S-wave velocity in particulate materials depends on the state and history of the effective stresses, void ratio, degree of saturation, and type of particles. Based on experimental evidence and analytical studies, the velocity-effective stress relationship for granular materials is expressed as a power function having two physically-meaningful parameters: a coefficient α and an exponent β. These parameters represent the S-wave velocity at a given state of stress and its variation with stress changes. This experimental study presents velocity-stress power relationship for interpreting the packing and contact behavior of sand. Dry medium sand specimens were prepared by five methods of specimen preparation: (1) scooping, (2) tamping, (3) rodding, (4) vibrating, and (5) pluviating, representing five different packings. The S-wave velocities of these sand specimens were measured using bender elements under isotropic state of stress. Results indicate that the coefficient α correlates fairly well with the type of packing (i.e., void ratio or coordination number) and particles' physical properties and that the values of exponent β agree with the semi-empirical values predicted for rough particle contacts and are within the expected range for loose to dense sand.
Nutrition Management of Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasing in prevalence in children in the United States. This disease has been traditionally managed with medications, and behavioral management programs are available to help craft the home and school environments to help the child function better. Nutrition therapy can also be used to complement these management techniques. This article reviews research regarding specific food components in the management of behaviors associated with ADHD. Additionally, nutrition recommendations for registered dietitians and other health care providers who work with children with behavioral disorders such as ADHD are provided.
Age-Related Differences in Navigational Performance within an Immersive Virtual Environment

This paper presents an empirical investigation of the effects of aging on spatial performance in an immersive virtual environment. Adults (20 to 75 years of age) were taught a route through a six-room virtual house, while wearing a helmet mounted display (HMD) and using a joystick to navigate the virtual environment. Participants viewed the environment under monoscopic conditions with a display resolution of 640 pixels by 480 pixels, a field-of-view (FOV) of 30° H × 22° V, and a scene update rate of 15 Hz. Participants performed tasks designed to assess their spatial knowledge in terms of landmark knowledge, route knowledge, and configuration knowledge metrics. Locomotion efficiency and landmark knowledge did not significantly change with age. As age increased, route and configuration knowledge significantly decreased while the time needed to complete virtual environment spatial tasks increased (p < 0.05). The occurrence of side effects was also recorded; however, no significant differences with respect t...
Elucidation of conformer preferences for a hydrophobic antimicrobial peptide by vesicle capture-freeze-drying: a preparatory method coupled to ion mobility-mass spectrometry.

A novel sample preparation method to probe the solution phase structure of dimerized Gramicidin A (GA) inserted into lipid vesicle bilayers is described. This method, termed vesicle capture-freeze-drying (VCFD), when coupled with electrospray ionization-ion mobility-mass spectrometry (ESI-IM-MS), successfully demonstrates the first evidence for the preservation of membrane-bound structure in the analysis of solution phase conformers retained into the gas phase. The extremely hydrophobic character of GA ensures that only membrane-bound conformations are captured and subsequently monitored when samples are prepared using VCFD, removing a barrier that has prevented previous attempts at direct analysis using mass spectrometry. Solution-phase physicochemical interactions of GA influenced by lipid acyl chain length and extent of acyl chain unsaturation can now be probed by monitoring the conformer preferences using IM-MS. Increasing the acyl chain length from 12 to 22 carbons yields [2GA + 2Na]2+ IM-MS profiles...
Case 38-2008: A 58-Year-Old Man with Hemophilia, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, and Intractable Bleeding

A 58-year-old man was admitted to this hospital because of hepatitis C infection, hepatocellular carcinoma, and recurrent bleeding. Hemophilia had caused multiple hemarthroses, for which he had received blood products since infancy. Hepatocellular carcinoma was detected 8 months before admission; attempts at radiofrequency ablation had been complicated by hemorrhage and the failure to correct coagulation-test results with factor VIII. A surgical procedure was performed.
Carrying Status of HBV among Employees of Catering and Public Places in Nankai District of Tianjin City

[Objective]To analyze the carrying status and distribution of hepatitis B virus(HBV) among employees of catering units and public places in Nankai Ditrict of Tianjin City,and develop related control measures to reduce HBV transmission among people.[Methods]Preventive physical examination was performed on 34 323 employees in Nankai District of Tianjin City.ELISA was adopted to detect serum HBsAg and HBeAg.[Results]HBsAg positive rate of employees from catering units and public places was 2.67%,that for male and female was 3.37% and 2.10%,the difference was significant(P0.01).HBeAg positive rate of employees was 0.70%,that for male and female was 1.07% and 0.41%,the difference was significant(P0.01).The difference of HBsAg positive rate among 5 age groups was significant(P0.01),the maximum was in 20-year-old age group.The difference of HBsAg positive rate was not significant among employees from foods producing,catering business,and public places,but HBsAg positive rate of employees from hotels was significantly higher than that of employees from supermarkets(P0.01).[Conclusion] Relevant departments should strengthen the health education about hepatitis B to enhance the consciousness of the public,increase hepatitis B vaccination rate to protect people's health.The newly published "The Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China" should be put into practice,and it is suggested that the detection of HBsAg should be continued in the employees engaged in restaurants and hotels
The Formation of Papal Authority in Late Antique Italy: From Dominion to Dispensatio : Stewardship as an Elite Ideal

For there is not one of your slaves, male or female, for whom you may believe that you will not have to render an account before God. For to this end mortals were made masters over other mortals, that they might receive the care of the image of God during his sojourn in the world and might keep safe the riches destined for souls, which daily the plunderer of all that is good troubles himself to snatch away…By this exemplum you will secure your own salvation and that of those over whom you have been worthy to rule. During late antiquity, christian householders in italy were asked to reconceive their authority. Authors such as the anonymous writer of the Ad Gregoriam in palatio , a late fifth- or early sixth-century Christian conduct manual for matronae , exhorted householders to envision their administration in terms of dispensation rather than dominion. They were to behave not as earthly lords and property owners but as God's most trusted earthly agents. As stewards placed by God in supervisory roles over his property and people, they were to undertake household tasks with a view toward final judgment. Many Christian thinkers understood oikonomia as a form of stewardship, that is, as a discourse of salvation oriented around the earthly householder's temporary and solicitous oversight of God's land and people. Scholars have long discussed stewardship as a distinctly Judeo-Christian conception of wealth management that posited material property as God's possessions. The focus on material wealth is certainly warranted by the sources. As this passage from the Ad Gregoriam shows, Christian moralists emphasized the financial component of stewardship, especially regarding the use of riches to care for the poor. Stewardship and assistance to the socially dislocated (e.g., the poor, orphans, widows) were closely intertwined in late antique religious thought on oikonomia .
Protein Sequence Homologies between Portions of the L and M Subunits of Reaction Centers of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata and the 32 KD Herbicide-binding Polypeptide of Chloroplast Thylakoid Membranes and a Proposed Relation to Quinone-binding Sites

The sequences of the reaction center polypeptides of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata have been determined (D.C. Youvan, M. Alberti, H. Begusch, E.J. Bylina and J.E. Hearst, these proceedings, 1983). We have discovered that there is a highly conserved pattern of sequences of amino acids which is common to the L and M subunits of R. capsulata and the 32 kd herbicide-binding polypeptide of chloroplast thylakoid membranes in spinach and tobacco. This conservation of sequence has survived since the divergence of these organisms, which is estimated to have taken place 3 billion years ago (J.M. Olson, 1981). Such a striking conservation of amino acid sequence suggests that these portions of all three proteins, which are approximately 60% in from the amino terminus in each case, are at the functional centers of these proteins. Because the R. capsulata reaction centers are known to contain two bound quinones (J.R. Bowyer et al., 1979), because herbicide binding to the 32 kd thylakoid membrane protein is known to block quinone binding to photosystem 2 (B.R. Velthuys, 1981; C.A. Wraight, 1981), and because quinones are known to have unique importance to the primary chemical events in bacterial reaction centers as well as in photosystem 2 of chloroplasts, it is our hypothesis that this highly conserved sequence of amino acids is involved in quinone binding and function.
The Poor Widow’s Mites. A Contextual Reading of Mark 12:41-44

An intriguing point of disagreement is evident among recent commentators on Mark 12:41-44 as to how we should understand the poor widow’s offering, whether as a positive or negative image. The crucial issue, raised for the first time by Addison G. Wright, is a proper grasp of the immediate narrative context of the poor widow’s story, which in his case produced the lamentable reading of the widow’s “deed.” Nevertheless, by widening the immediate narrative context and reading the account within the larger Markan framework, the interpretative ambiguity disappears. The widow is presented to Jesus’ disciples, and to the readers of the Markan story, as a positive example of selfdenial motivated by faith, love and devotion toward God. Thus, she not only stands as a symbol of the faithful remnant of Israel, but, most importantly, presents a picture of Jesus’ own self-offering on the cross.
Who goes to Russia? Understanding gendered migration patterns

AbstractBecause of its relatively recent emergence as an international migrant destination, the Russian Federation provides an interesting context to examine when and how migrant flows “masculinize” or “feminize.” While recent migration to Russia appears to be male-dominated, the sex composition of registered migrant flows has varied substantially throughout the post-Soviet period, and there is significant variation in the sex composition of flows from different origin countries. I use multiple origin- and destination-based data-sets to identify gender differences in both the number and characteristics of migrants to Russia from Azerbaijan, Georgia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Vietnam. These data show that labor migration from Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, and probably Georgia is male-dominated, with women coming as tied migrants, while men and women are equally likely to be labor migrants coming from Ukraine and Vietnam. In addition, high levels of human capital are an important motivating factor for women’s migr...
Neutron Yield from a Small High Purity 238PuO2 Source

AbstractThe neutron yield from a small high purity 238PuO2 source has been measured to be 1.705 × 104 n/sec per gram of 238Pu with an accuracy of better than 1%.
Contributions of Maternal Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms to Parenting

Objective. The goal of the current study was to examine the impact of maternal attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms on several dimensions of parenting...
Ohio Perinatal Quality Collaborative Improves Care of Neonatal Narcotic Abstinence Syndrome

OBJECTIVES: Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) after an infant’s in-utero exposure to opioids has increased dramatically in incidence. No treatment standards exist, leading to substantial variations in practice, degree of opioid exposure, and hospital length of stay. METHODS: The Ohio Perinatal Quality Collaborative conducted an extensive multi-modal quality improvement initiative with the goal to (1) standardize identification, nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment in level-2 and 3 NICUs in Ohio, (2) reduce the use of and length of treatment with opioids, and (3) reduce hospital length of stay in pharmacologically treated newborns with NAS. RESULTS: Fifty-two of 54 (96%) Ohio NICUs participated in the collaborative. Compliance with the nonpharmacologic bundle improved from 37% to 59%, and the pharmacologic bundle improved from 59% to 68%. Forty-eight percent of the 3266 opioid-exposed infants received pharmacologic treatment of symptoms of NAS, and this rate did not change significantly across the time period. Regardless of the opioid used to pharmacologically treat infants with NAS, the length of treatment decreased from 13.4 to 12.0 days, and length of stay decreased from 18.3 to 17 days. CONCLUSIONS: Standardized approaches to the identification and nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic care were associated with a reduced length of opioid exposure and hospital stay in a large statewide collaborative. Other states and institutions treating opioid-exposed infants may benefit from the adoption of these practices.
Substrate-independent superliquiphobic coatings for water, oil, and surfactant repellency: An overview

Abstract Superliquiphobic surfaces that exhibit self-cleaning, antifouling, finger touch resistance, and low drag properties with high transparency are of interest in industrial applications including optical devices, solar panels, and self-cleaning windows. In this paper, an overview of coatings using a simple and scalable fabrication technique are presented that exhibit superoleophobic/philic properties, wear resistance, finger touch resistance, and transparency. The coating comprises hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticles with a binder of methylphenyl silicone resin. After ultraviolet-ozone treatment to the coating, an additional coating of fluorosilane or fluorosurfactant modifies the coated surface for superoleophobicity or superoleophilicity, respectively. Data for these coatings are presented showing substrate independency, the ability to repel surfactant-containing liquids such as shampoo and laundry detergent, oil–water separation, and the ability to survive up to 80 °C environments. The coatings were designed to have re-entrant geometry desirable for superoleophobicity with liquids with very low surface tension as well as surfactants.
Topographic distribution of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a hybrid physics- and agent-based model.

Objective: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal disease characterized by excessive deposition of collagen and associated stiffening of lung tissue. While it is known that inflammation and dysfunction of fibroblasts are involved in disease development, it remains poorly understood how cells and their microenvironment interact to produce a characteristic subpleural pattern of high and low tissue density variations, called honeycombing, on CT images of patients with IPF. Since the pleura is stiffer than the parenchyma, we hypothesized that local stiffness of the underlying extracellular matrix can influence fibroblast activation and consequently the deposition of collagen, which in turn influences tissue stiffness in a positive feedback loop. Approach: We tested this hypothesis by developing a hybrid physics-based/agent-based computational model in which aberrant fibroblast activation is induced when cells migrate on stiff tissue. This activation then feeds back on itself via the altered mechanical environment that it creates by depositing collagen. Main results: The model produces power law distributions of both low- and high-attenuation area clusters and predicts the development of honeycombing only when mechanical rupture is allowed to take place in highly strained normal tissue surrounded by stiff fibrotic tissue. These predictions compare well with histologic data computed from CT images of patients with IPF. Significance: We conclude that the clinical manifestation of subpleural honeycombing in IPF may result from fibroblasts entering into a positive feedback loop induced by the abnormally high tissue stiffness near the pleura.
From childhood emotional maltreatment to depressive symptoms in adulthood: The roles of self-compassion and shame

Abstract Background Emotional abuse is a form of maltreatment that most strongly predicts adult depressive symptoms in community samples. Introject theories suggest that some depressive symptoms stem from survivors having learned to treat themselves the way they were treated by their perpetrators. Objective Malevolent introjects may undermine self-compassion, which may subsequently maintain feelings of shame. Thus, we hypothesized that self-compassion and shame would mediate the path from retrospective reports of maltreatment to concurrent depressive symptoms in adulthood. Participants and Setting Participants were 244 adult community members and college students living in a Southwestern American metroplex. Method We ran a multiple mediator path model with emotional abuse as the independent variable. We specified four covariates: physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect, and held constant the variance they explained in self-compassion, shame, and depression. Results Our final model accounted for 53.1% of the variance in adult depressive symptoms. A significant indirect effect from emotional abuse passed through both mediators and ended in adult depressive symptoms. We also found an indirect path from emotional neglect to depression passing through both mediators. Conclusions It appears emotional abuse and emotional neglect can undermine the formation of self-compassion. Low self-compassion predicts greater shame and depressive symptoms. Our model suggests self-compassion may be a particularly effective intervention point for survivors of emotional maltreatment.
Risks and Interventions for the Parentally Bereaved Child

There are few other stressful events that occur in a child’s or adolescent’s life that have as potentially profound and lasting impact as the death of a parent. Yet, what evidence is there to support this statement? What, if any, kinds of mental health or adjustment problems might these children experience? And if the death of a parent does indeed put children or adolescents at risk, what are the important risk and protective factors that mediate or moderate the relationship between parental death and children’s adjustment? Finally, what kinds of preventive interventions have been or need to be developed for the parentally bereaved child? Some initial answers to these questions are provided in this chapter. We begin by discussing the epidemiology of parental death in children and adolescents. Next, we review the research literatures examining the risks of adjustment problems and other developmental outcomes in children and the mental health outcomes in adulthood. As part of these reviews, we use metaanalytic methods to begin to explore the strength of the findings across studies and at the same time offer critiques and point to some of the methodological limitations of these studies. We then turn to a review the literatures that have examined some of the factors associated with the effects of parental bereavement. We discuss the interventions that have been developed and experimentally evaluated for these children, and finally we conclude the chapter with some recommendations for further research in this area.
Interferon Therapy of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Viral Infections in Leukemia Patients

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a hematologic malignancy characterized by proliferation and accumulation of relatively mature appearing lymphocytes. Most cases involve a clonal proliferation of B-lymphocytes. The disease is usually stable over months to years and transformation to a more aggressive disease state only rarely occur. More typically the disease slowly evolves to a point where it suppresses the production of normal blood cells leading to complications of anemia and infection. In the later stages of the disease it is very resistant to therapy and new therapies are needed. Crude and purified alpha interferon preparations have not been active in patients with advanced forms of the disease. However, preliminary results do suggest that low-doses of interferon in early stages of the disease may be efficacious. Interferon alpha has not yet been shown to have a role in the treatment of viral infections associated with leukemia.
The subunit interactions of fumarase.

Abstract The subunit interactions of fumarase have been examined as a function of enzyme concentration, pH, and concentration of guanidine hydrochloride. Fumarase was found to dissociate, with loss of activity, either at low concentrations of the enzyme (l1 x 10-4 mg per ml), below pH 6, above pH 10, or in solutions of guanidine hydrochloride (g1 m). At pH 9 a species of enzyme was produced which was fully associated, but whose hydrodynamic structure was different from that of the native enzyme. Fumarase dissociated in dilute acid or alkali or by guanidine hydrochloride could be reassociated with nearly complete recovery of activity. The reassociation of the acid-dissociated fumarase was observed to follow first order kinetics with respect to enzyme concentration. l-Malate, citrate, phosphate, and ATP all reduced the rate of dissociation and increased the extent of recombination of the subunits. As judged by optical rotatory dispersion measurements, little change in polypeptide chain conformation was noted between native fumarase and the enzyme dissociated between pH 5 and 11. The thiol groups of the dissociated enzyme, however, were found to be more exposed to solvent than the same groups located in the tetrameric molecule.