cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stiffness properties and geometry of lumbar spine posterior elements

Abstract This paper reports measurements made in five fresh cadaver lumbar spine motion segments of the load-deformation properties of the posterior element soft tissues. These properties were measured and the stiffnesses corresponding to them were calculated for loading in anterior, posterior and lateral shear; in longitudinal tension and compression; and in flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial torsion. In addition, measurements were made in six motion segments of the positions of the inferior facet joint centers relative to the vertebral body centers, and of the orientations of the facet joint surfaces.
Parallel superposition of small- and large-amplitude oscillations upon steady shear flow of polymer fluids

The orthogonal superposition of small and large amplitude oscillations upon steady shear flow of elastic fluids has been considered. Theoretical results, obtained by numerical methods, are based on the Leonov viscoelastic constitutive equation. Steady-state components, amplitudes and phase angles of the oscillatory components of the shear stress, the first and second normal stress differences as functions of shear rate, deformation amplitude and frequency have been calculated. These oscillatory components include the first and third harmonic of the shear stresses and the second harmonic of the normal stresses. In the case of small amplitude superposition, the effect of the steady shear flow upon the frequency-dependent storage modulus and dynamic viscosity has been determined and compared with experimental data available in literature for polymeric solutions. The predicted results have been found to be in fair agreement with the experimental data at low shear rates and only in qualitative agreement at high shear rates and low frequencies. A comparison of the present theoretical results has also been made with the predictions of other theories.
Opiate-induced hypernociception and chemokine receptors

Opiates, such as morphine, are typically employed to alleviate acute or chronic pain states. However, there are a myriad of side effects including constipation, nausea, respiratory depression, cough suppression, vomiting, sedation, addiction and tolerance. It has also been reported experimentally and clinically that exposure to opiate can elicit paradoxical pain (opiate-induced tactile hyperalgesia; OIH) in regions of the body unrelated to the initial pain complaint. Several mechanisms have been suggested to be responsible for OIH such as sensitization of peripheral nociceptors, enhanced production/release of glutamate and neuropeptides in the spinal cord, protein kinase C γ-induced signaling, and/or enhanced descending facilitation of nociceptive pathways from the rostral ventromedial medulla; however signaling pathways known to lead to directly to OIH remain undiscovered. Recent publications from our laboratory and others have discovered a potentially important link to OIH that involves the chemokine (chemotactic cytokine), stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF1 also known as CXCL12) and its cognate receptor CXCR4.
REPRESSIBLE CATION-PHOSPHATE SYMPORTERS IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA

Abstract The filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa possesses two nonhomologous high-affinity phosphate permeases, PHO-4 and PHO-5. We have isolated separate null mutants of these permeases, allowing us to study the remaining active transporter in vivo in terms of phosphate uptake and sensitivity to inhibitors. The specificity for the cotransported cation differs for PHO-4 and PHO-5, suggesting that these permeases employ different mechanisms for phosphate translocation. Phosphate uptake by PHO-4 is stimulated 85-fold by the addition of Na+, which supports the idea that PHO-4 is a Na(+)-phosphate symporter. PHO-5 is unaffected by Na+ concentration but is much more sensitive to elevated pH than is PHO-4. Presumably, PHO-5 is a H(+)-phosphate symporter. Na(+)-coupled symport is usually associated with animal cells. The finding of such a system in a filamentous fungus is in harmony with the idea that the fungal and animal kingdoms are more closely related to each other than either is to the plant kingdom.
The Surge in Online Gambling on College Campuses.

This chapter focuses on the issues surrounding the growth of online gambling on college and university campuses.
The vacuum UV photolysis of methyl-substituted tetrahydrofurans

Abstract Product distributions from the gas and solid phase (77 K) 147 nm photolyses of tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 3-methyltetrahydrofuran and 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran are reported. The mechanisms are similar to those proposed previously, and all involve the fragmentation of diradicals produced from initial carbon—oxygen bond cleavage. There is a pronounced preference for cleavage of the bond to the least substituted α-carbon. The products form from subsequent β cleavage of the initially formed diradicals. There is a pronounced preference for these β cleavages to produce a carbon—oxygen π bond and a trimethylene diradical, rather than a carbon—carbon π bond and the companion dimethylene oxide diradical. The hydrocarbon diradicals react further in a manner entirely consistent with predictions. The simplicity of the results from the solid phase photolyses suggests either that secondary decomposition dominates product distributions from gas phase vacuum UV photolyses, or that the excited states involved have lifetimes sufficiently long to permit quenching and intersystem crossing.
Visible Array Waveguide Gratings for Applications of Optical Neural Probes

In this paper we propose using Array Waveguide Gratings (AWGs), working in the visible range, in order to implement the technique of Wavelength-Division-(de)Multiplexing for multi-point stimulation of deep-brain neurons. We've developed a CMOS compatible fabrication process and fabricated two sets of AWGs, working in the red and blue wavelengths. Experimental data demonstrating the functionality of these AWGs is presented.
Investigation of Task Illumination for Surface Coal Mining Equipment Operators

(1991). Investigation of Task Illumination for Surface Coal Mining Equipment Operators. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 2-18.
Our Relationship with the Ecosystem and Its Impact on Sustainable Agriculture

Out relationship with the ecosystem affects out treatment of it and out perception of sustainable agriculture. If we are honest with ourselves and live according to out espoused philosophy-or religion-we exalt one of four entities : the ecosystem (geocentrism), everything as essentially equal (acentrism), self and/or out species (anthropocentrism), or God (theocentrism). We must each ask ourselves if out individual philosophy leads to sustainability. Geocentrists believe that human life and welfare are less important than the rest of the ecosystem. Acentrists believe everything is one and part of one essence. Self, others, and the ecosystem are equally extolled. Anthropocentrists believe that people are above the ecosystem with no authority to hold them accountable for their treatment of the ecosystem. The ecosystem is something to be conquered since human interests are put above all other interests. Theocentrists believe that God is in charge and that we were.created in part as faithful stewards of the rest of the ecosystem. The geocentric view is not sustainable from a human perspective because geocentrists, in valuing themselves below the ecosystem, would ultimately remove themselves from it to conserve resources. Although the acentric view could be sustainable if believers indeed put everything on the same level as themselves, it does not happen in practice. As people think of themselves more humbly, they begin to think of the ecosystem even more humbly and abuse it. The tragedy of the commons illustrates that the anthropocentric view is not sustainable. The theocentric position is sustainable if believers follow the God-mandated plan of putting God and others above self and seeing themselves as faithful stewards of creation. Regardless of out beliefs, if we put self first, all creation (people as well as the ecosystem) will suffer.
Quantum mechanical calculation of aqueuous uranium complexes: carbonate, phosphate, organic and biomolecular species

Quantum mechanical calculations were performed on a variety of uranium species representing U(VI), U(V), U(IV), U-carbonates, U-phosphates, U-oxalates, U-catecholates, U-phosphodiesters, U-phosphorylated N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG), and U-2-Keto-3-doxyoctanoate (KDO) with explicit solvation by H2O molecules. These models represent major U species in natural waters and complexes on bacterial surfaces. The model results are compared to observed EXAFS, IR, Raman and NMR spectra. Agreement between experiment and theory is acceptable in most cases, and the reasons for discrepancies are discussed. Calculated Gibbs free energies are used to constrain which configurations are most likely to be stable under circumneutral pH conditions. Reduction of U(VI) to U(IV) is examined for the U-carbonate and U-catechol complexes. Results on the potential energy differences between U(V)- and U(IV)-carbonate complexes suggest that the cause of slower disproportionation in this system is electrostatic repulsion between UO2 [CO3]35- ions that must approach one another to form U(VI) and U(IV) rather than a change in thermodynamic stability. Calculations on U-catechol species are consistent with the observation that UO22+ can oxidize catechol and form quinone-like species. In addition, outer-sphere complexation is predicted to be the most stable for U-catechol interactions based on calculated energies and comparison to 13C NMR spectra. Outer-sphere complexes (i.e., ion pairs bridged by water molecules) are predicted to be comparable in Gibbs free energy to inner-sphere complexes for a model carboxylic acid. Complexation of uranyl to phosphorus-containing groups in extracellular polymeric substances is predicted to favor phosphonate groups, such as that found in phosphorylated NAG, rather than phosphodiesters, such as those in nucleic acids.
A difficulty in the theory of p+-n junction diode noise

Abstract It is shown that the usual theory of p + - n junction diode noise leads to the following difficulty. The spectrum of the open-circuit noise voltage of the diode does not go to zero fast enough at sufficiently high frequencies, so that the spectrum cannot be integrated from 0 to ∞. The difficulty is removed when the effect of the capacitance C j of the junction space charge region is taken into account. This is a particular example of a more general result.
Fluoroquinolone susceptibility, resistance, and pharmacodynamics versus clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Indiana.

Abstract The in vitro activity and pharmacodynamics (AUC 0–24 /MIC) of levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gemifloxacin were evaluated against 307 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Indianapolis, Indiana. Organisms were collected between January 1999 and April 2000, and MICs were determined by broth microdilution. Serum concentration-time profiles were simulated for the following oral regimens administered once daily: levofloxacin 500 mg and 750 mg; gatifloxacin 400 mg; moxifloxacin 400 mg; gemifloxacin 320 mg. Free 24 h area under the serum concentration-time curves (AUC 0–24 ) were calculated, and the average AUC 0–24 /MIC was calculated for each regimen. Differences in AUC 0–24 /MIC among agents were determined by analysis of variance (Scheffe post-hoc test, p 0–24 /MIC was significantly greater than all other regimens ( p 0–24 /MIC ≥ 30–50 can be achieved is similar for gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, and levofloxacin 750 mg. Large comparative studies are needed to determine if the differences in AUC 0–24 /MIC among fluoroquinolones are clinically significant.
Differential expression of isoflavone biosynthetic genes in soybean during water deficits.

Numerous environmental factors infl uence isofl avone accumulation and have long hampered their genetic dissection. Temperature and water regimes are two of the most signifi cant abiotic factors. However, while the effects of temperature have been widely studied, little is known about how water scarcity might affect isofl avone concentration in seeds. Studies have shown that accumulation of isofl avones is promoted by well-watered conditions, but the molecular basis remains elusive. The length and severity of the water stress required to induce changes are also still unknown. In the present work, several intensities of water stress were evaluated at various critical stages for soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed development, in both fi eld and controlled environments. The results suggested that only long-term progressive drought, spanning most of the seed developmental stages, signifi cantly decreased isofl avone content in seeds. The reduction is proportional to the intensity of the stress and appears to occur in a genotype-dependent manner. However, regardless of water regime, isofl avone compounds were mainly accumulated in the later seed developmental stages. Transcripts of the most important genes for isofl avone biosynthesis were also quantifi ed from samples collected at key seed developmental stages under well-watered and long-term water defi cit conditions. Expression of CHS7 , CHS8 and IFS2 correlated with isofl avone accumulation under well-watered conditions. Interestingly, we found that the two isofl avone synthase genes in soybean ( IFS1 and IFS2 ) showed different patterns of expression. The abundance of IFS1 transcripts was maintained at a constant rate, whereas IFS2 was down-regulated and highly correlated with isofl avone accumulation under both water defi cit and well-watered conditions, suggesting IFS2 as a main contributor to isofl avone diminution under drought.
The Wavenumber–Frequency Spectrum of Vortical and Internal-Wave Shear in the Western Arctic Ocean

Abstract Upper-ocean velocity and shear data were obtained from Doppler sonars operated at the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) ice camp during the camp’s year-long drift across the western Arctic Ocean. These are used to estimate wavenumber–frequency spectra of shear E(κz, σ) during three selected time intervals. The Arctic shear spectra are similar in form to typical oceanic spectra, except that they have roughly an order-of-magnitude less variance. The slope of the frequency dependence is also steeper (σ−3–σ−4 for σ 10 m and time scales > 1 h are deemed significant. At subinertial frequencies, a vortical (quasigeostrophic) contribution to the shear spectrum is seen. The vertical wavenumber depe...
Representation of interrelationships among binary variables under dempster–shafer theory of belief functions

This paper presents an algorithm for developing models under Dempster–Shafer theory of belief functions for categorical and “uncertain” logical relationships among binary variables. We illustrate the use of the algorithm by developing belief-function representations of the following categorical relationships: “AND,” “OR,” “exclusive OR (EOR)” and “not exclusive OR (NEOR),” and “AND-NEOR” and of the following uncertain relationships: “discounted AND,” “conditional OR,” and “weighted average.” Such representations are needed to fully model and analyze a problem with a network of interrelated variables under Dempster–Shafer theory of belief functions. In addition, we compare our belief-function representation of the “weighted average” relationship with the “weighted average” representation developed and used by Shenoy and Shenoy (in Belief Functions in Business Decisions, edited by R. P. Srivastava and T. Mock; Heidelberg, Germany: Physica-Verlag; 2002; pp 316–332). We find that Shenoy and Shenoy representation of the weighted average relationship is an approximation and yields significantly different values under certain conditions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The exact variance of weighted kappa with multiple raters.

Summary Weighted kappa described by Cohen in 1968 is widely used in psychological research to measure agreement between two independent raters. Everitt then provided the exact variance for weighted kappa for two raters. In this paper, Everitt's exact variance is extended to three or more raters.
MPEG audio-video synchronization

The MPEG audio-video synchronization algorithms and a couple of implementation approaches are presented. This paper discusses sources which cause the audio-video out of synchronization apparatus of synchronization status settling, mechanisms and risk of resynchronization. MPEG and AC3 audio formatting, video-on-demand (VOD), digital-video- disc (DVD) and CD-ROM features and applications are discussed. An area reduced scalable megacell handling the synchronization status settling is proposed.
Fixed point theorems on partially ordered topological vector spaces and their applications to equilibrium problems with incomplete preferences

In this paper, we examine some properties of chain-complete posets and introduce the concept of universally inductive posets. By applying these properties, we provide several extensions of Abian-Brown fixed point theorem from single-valued mappings to set-valued mappings on chain-complete posets and on compact subsets of partially ordered topological spaces. As applications of these fixed point theorems, we explore the existence of generalized Nash equilibrium for strategic games with partially ordered preferences.
Egomotion estimation with optic flow and air velocity sensors

We develop a method that allows a flyer to estimate its own motion (egomotion), the wind velocity, ground slope, and flight height using only inputs from onboard optic flow and air velocity sensors. Our artificial algorithm demonstrates how it could be possible for flying insects to determine their absolute egomotion using their available sensors, namely their eyes and wind sensitive hairs and antennae. Although many behaviors can be performed by only knowing the direction of travel, behavioral experiments indicate that odor tracking insects are able to estimate the wind direction and control their absolute egomotion (i.e., groundspeed). The egomotion estimation method that we have developed, which we call the opto-aeronautic algorithm, is tested in a variety of wind and ground slope conditions using a video recorded flight of a moth tracking a pheromone plume. Over all test cases that we examined, the algorithm achieved a mean absolute error in height of 7% or less. Furthermore, our algorithm is suitable for the navigation of aerial vehicles in environments where signals from the Global Positioning System are unavailable.
Managing supply chain complexities and integration issues for competitive advantage: a comparative analysis

The basic decisions inherently important to SCM were showcased in an inspection of four relatively large manufacturing and/or firms headquartered in the metropolitan area of Pittsburgh, PA in terms of the supply complexities and integration issues associates with successful SCM included a publicly traded manufacturer of underground coal mining equipment and the associated aftermarket products, a diversified industrial manufacturer that operates in the truck, automotive, fluid power, and electrical segments, an over-the-road motor carrier specialising in the service of the steel and building materials industry, and a consulting and service provider of innovative business techniques and advances to reduce costs and streamline operations of its customers.
Norovirus distribution within an estuarine environment.

Human norovirus (NoV) has been studied extensively as an important cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. While oysters are a primary vehicle for infection, few studies have examined the wider distribution of NoV in the estuarine environment. Active shellfish-harvesting areas in Georgia were examined for the prevalence, genotype diversity, and concentrations of NoV in a variety of estuarine sample types over the course of 1 year. Of the 225 samples (9 oyster, 72 water, 72 63- to 200-μm plankton, and 72 >200-μm plankton) collected from 12 stations across two estuaries, 21 samples (9.3%) tested positive for NoV. By sample type, 55.0% (5/9) of oysters, 8.3% (6/72) of water samples, 11.1% (8/72) of 63- to 200-μm plankton samples, and 2.8% (2/72) of >200-μm plankton samples were positive for human NoV. The two NoV-positive >200-μm plankton samples, which contained mainly zooplankton, had the greatest quantity of NoV genomes (3.5 × 1013 and 1.7 × 1015 genomes g−1) of any sample tested. The majority, 90.5% (19/21), of the samples tested positive for genogroup I NoV, and only 9.5% (2/21) of the samples tested positive for genogroup II. The high concentrations of NoV in plankton samples compared to water and oyster samples were unexpected and provide new insights into the presence and distribution of human NoV in the water environment.
Identification of seasonal short-term load forecasting models using statistical decision functions

A hierarchical classification algorithm is applied to hourly temperature readings to divide the historical database into seasonal subsets. These subsets are used to statistically identify and fit a response function for each season. These functional models constitute a library of models useful to the power scheduler. For a particular day, the appropriate model is selected by performing discriminant analysis. This approach is illustrated using data from a summer peaking utility. This application demonstrates that an entire procedure for specifying forecasting models can be formed with currently available statistical software. Furthermore, the models can be implemented on a microcomputer spreadsheet. >
Efficient Dependence Analysis for Java Arrays

This paper studies dependence analysis for Java arrays, emphasizing efficient solutions that avoid a large compile-time overhead. We present a new approach for dependence analysis based on sparse congruence partitioning representations in SSA form. Since arrays in Java are dynamically allocated, our approach takes pointer-induced aliasing of array objects into account in conjunction with analysis of index values. We present experimental results to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, and outline directions for further improvements.
Inflame On!: Mitochondrial Escape Provokes Cytokine Storms That Doom the Heart

Mitochondria are derived from primordial bacterial endosymbionts and retain partial genomes. In mammalian cells, damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria are recognized, targeted for elimination, then neatly packaged and eliminated via mitophagy. A recent paper from Oka et al describes how interrupting normal mitophagic mitochondrial DNA degradation after pressure overload can activate Toll-like receptor-9 mediated innate immunity, causing myocardial inflammation that contributes to cardiomyopathic decompensation.
Solutions to logic problems in APL2

Logic problems are traditionally solved using notations invented for their solution. APL provides a different way to look at logic problems.This paper looks at some logic problems and shows how they can be solved, at least conceptually, in parallel using APL. The solutions are contrasted with solutions to the same problems in PROLOG. Thus, it is shown that APL has logic programming capabilities in addition to its well known computational abilities.
SAME‐SEX RELATIONS AND THE LAW

Decisions of individuals relating to homosexual conduct have been subject to state intervention throughout the history of Western Civilization. Condemnation of those practices is firmly rooted in Judeo-Christian moral and ethical standards˜. Blackstone described ‘the infamous crime against nature’ as an offense of ‘deeper malignity than rape’…
Evidence for the electrolysis of water by atmospheric-pressure plasmas formed at the surface of aqueous solutions

The formation of atmospheric-pressure plasmas with liquid electrodes holds great importance for a number of emerging technologies and applications, yet fundamental questions remain about the nature of the interactions at the plasma/liquid interface. In particular, when the liquid serves as the anode, the plasma supplies gas-phase electrons to the liquid surface, and how these electrons interact with the liquid has not been fully explained. In this work, we present experimental evidence that in the case of water, plasma electrons are involved in electrolytic reactions leading to the conversion of protons (H + ) to hydrogen gas. Reactions associated with water electrolysis are indirectly characterized by pH measurements that show qualitatively and quantitatively that the liquid at the plasma interface increases in basicity, consistent with the reduction of protons by plasma electrons. Mass spectrometry measurements confirm the evolution of hydrogen gas, directly providing evidence of water electrolysis. This work highlights the critical role that plasma electrons can play in plasma/liquid interactions with broad implications for any plasma system involving an aqueous electrode, including emerging applications in plasma medicine and plasma‐liquid materials synthesis.
The Satellite-Derived Northern Hemisphere Snowcover Record for the Winter of 1977–78

Abstract NOAA satellite-derived snowcover data for the winter of 1977–78 are presented. Comparison with the 12-year satellite snowcover record shows 1) a record-high North American winter snowcover, exceeding the expected variability. 2) a record-high Eurasian winter snowcover, within the expected variability; and 3) a record-high Northern Hemisphere winter snowcover, exceeding the expected variability. The satellite data provides timely monitoring of continental snowcover, which may in turn serve as an index of winter severity and climatic fluctuation.
Detection of gunshots using microphone array mounted on a moving platform

Detection of gunshots on a moving platform such as a vehicle is subjected to platform and flow-noise. Hence, detection of muzzle blast signal in the noise is extremely difficult. The received signal at a microphone consists of two parts: one due to direct path and other due to multipath. The signals due to multipath ride the noise and appear as fine fluctuations. In this paper we present a technique to detect the whereabouts of muzzle blast signal (due to direct path) buried in noise by first detecting the signals due to multipath. Once the muzzle blast is detected, the time difference of arrival (TDOA) at several pairs of microphones can be used to localize the origin of the gunshot.
Fighting AIDS in Africa: A Principal-Agent Analysis

The use of a lottery by the World Bank Development Research Group to incentivize safer sexual behavior as a part of an AIDS prevention strategy in Lesotho provides an example of a novel yet real-world application of a textbook principal-agent model where the agent is risk-preferring instead of the more usual risk averse. Consideration of the model leads to the conclusion that research to understand the incentives to which risk-preferring agents respond is long overdue.
On the Products of Three Theta Functions

In this paper, we re-examine several beautiful identities of Ramanujan from the perspective of the products of three theta functions.
Mentor career support and protégé career planning and self-defeating job search behavior

We hypothesized and tested a model where mentor career support is positively related to protege career planning and negatively related to protege self-defeating job search behavior via protege career self-efficacy. We also tested protege gender as a moderator of the indirect effect of career support on the outcomes via career self-efficacy. Results showed that mentor career support related more strongly and positively to female than to male protege career self-efficacy, career planning, and self-defeating job search behavior. In addition, the indirect effect of mentor career support on the outcomes via career self-efficacy was stronger for female versus male proteges. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Thickness Measurements and Optical Characterization of Thin Polymer Films

Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) films have been investigated as protective coatings and as selective inhibitors to permeants.1,2,3 These films have been shown to be passivating materials and therefore are potentially interesting for a variety of applications. It Is important for further applications to be able to measure the thickness of thin films by nondestructive techniques, which is the subject of this report. In this study PPO films of various thicknesses were electrodeposited on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) electrodes and examined by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). These techniques are combined to yield the thickness of the polymer film and the optical properties of the HOPG substrate and the PPO overlayer in the visible and near ultraviolet spectral region.
Cerebral Vascular Resistance following Platelet and Leukocyte Removal from Perfusate

The rapid increases in cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) frequently observed during extracorporeal perfusion of isolated organs with whole or diluted blood have been investigated using the isolated canine brain preparation. Our data strongly suggest that these increases are caused by a vasoconstrictor that is present in the buffy coat. Plasma serotonin levels were measured and found to be insignificant after conditioning and storage. Conditioning the blood reduced the platelets and the potential for thromboxane A2 production to ∼40% of normal. However, there was no correlation between thromboxane B2 levels and increases in CVR. Removal of the buffy coat effectively removed all of the leukocytes. Thus, one of the leukotrienes may have been responsible for the buffy coat-induced vasoconstriction.
Assessing the Value of Large-Group Simulation in the Classroom

Abstract Background Evidence suggests that human patient simulation can dramatically enhance nursing education; however, educators face substantial time barriers to facilitate multiple simulation experiences into their curriculum. Method Using quasi-experimental design, the intervention group (n = 29) received eight large-group simulations in place of lecture, whereas the control group (n = 31) received traditional teaching strategies. Results A one-way between-group multivariate analysis of covariance revealed statistically significant differences, whereby students who received the intervention performed significantly better (p = .01) on knowledge retention–related simulation content, whereas there were no differences in knowledge retention between intervention and control groups on nonsimulation content. Within the intervention group, differences in participants' and observers' knowledge retention levels were not statistically significant. Conclusions The results of this pilot study support large-group simulation as an effective alternative to lecture. This may allow for increased integration of simulation within nursing curricula.
Sequence Analysis and Construction of Infectious cDNA Clone of Beet Black Scorch Virus Xinjiang Isolate

Two isolates of Beet black scorch virus,BBSV-X and BBSV-N,were isolated from Xinjiang and Ningxia respectively,of which BBSV-X contains a satellite RNA component.To compare their sequence differentiation,full-length cDNA clone of BBSV-X was obtained by RT-PCR.Sequence analysis showed that the genome RNA of BBSV-X consists of 3644 nucleotides in length,same as that of BBSV-N reported previously.It shares 99.45% identity in terms of nucleotide sequence with BBSV-N.Nucleotide differences mainly appeared in ORF_1-RT and ORF_6,while the variation of amino acids only in ORF_1-RT.By inoculation with in vitro transcripts of the cDNAs,the results revealed different pathogenicity between BBSV-X and BBSV-N on Chenopodium amaranticolor and Vigna sinensis.
The seven habits of highly effective usability people

A few years ago, I needed to integrate a batch of new hires into our existing usability group. I wanted to start these new employees off successfully and make our now larger group work most effectively. With apologies to Stephen Covey, I drafted my advice to those new hires as a riff on his "Seven Habits" concept. Based on my years in the industry, and what I'd learned from many skilled colleagues, these were the skills that I'd seen serve usability professionals well in a variety of situations.
Compensatory growth following metabolizable protein or energy restrictions in beef steers.

One hundred sixty crossbred steers were used to compare the effects of metabolizable protein and energy restrictions on subsequent compensatory growth. Diets were formulated to impose severe or mild growth restrictions for periods of 77 to 154 d. Steers were realimented on a high-concentrate diet and fed to achieve approximately 1 cm s.c. fat thickness. Finishing performance and carcass characteristics were evaluated relative to unrestricted control animals. All restricted animals, with the exception of those on the mild, brief energy restriction, exhibited compensatory growth relative to controls. A single direct comparison of energy and protein restriction treatments indicated that finishing performance during realimentation was similar for these two groups. Evaluation of the relative effects of protein and energy restriction by multiple linear regression indicated that compensatory growth was influenced by differences in duration or severity of nutrient deprivation to a greater extent for energy-restricted than for protein-restricted steers. Linear contrasts and regression estimates indicated that compensatory growth was influenced more by differences in severity of restriction than by duration of the restriction period.
The Ewing family of tumors. Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors

There has been an explosion of new knowledge regarding the Ewing family of tumors over the past 5 to 10 years. Classical Ewing's sarcoma and PNET are now known to be the same tumor with variable differentiation, defined by a translocation between the EWS gene on chromosome 22 with one of three ETS-like genes, especially the FLI-1 gene on chromosome 11. Molecular techniques used to identify this translocation along with the knowledge that the protein product of the MIC2 gene is highly expressed on the cell surface have greatly improved our diagnostic abilities in this family of tumors. Controversy still exists as to whether surgery improves event-free survival when compared with radiotherapy in Ewing's sarcoma. The high second tumor rate, if nothing else, has started moving many physicians to preferentially use surgery when the functional results are predicted to be reasonable. The addition of ifosfamide and etoposide to standard therapy in Ewing's sarcoma has improved survival for patients without metastases at presentation. However, outcome for patients with metastases or who develop metastases while on therapy or shortly thereafter remains poor. Preliminary reports of better outcome with megatherapy are interesting but not yet definitive. The decades ahead will probably see marked changes in therapy for Ewing's sarcoma. The unique translocation seen in virtually all of these tumors is a potential target for a "magic bullet" therapy, because the protein product of this translocation is present only in the malignant cells. Hopefully either immune modulation against this unique protein or further knowledge of how to use antisense genes will move us toward exquisitely targeted therapy in the Ewing family of tumors.
Depicting Family Trouble: A Micro-Political Analysis of the Therapeutic Interview

A meta-view of interviewing is presented. “Trouble” is defined only in relation to social context. Emphasis is placed on social interactions as solutions instead of social rules standardized by socially powerful groups.
The Five Creatures Lesson: How Students Learn to Relate Animals to Industry

Greyser (1997) noted that marketing has “migrated” from being treated as a functional discipline towards being regarded as a concept that informs how organizations should operate. Today’s marketing students must be prepared for creating value in especially dynamic and hypercompetitive times defined by unrelenting innovations, rivalries driven by ideas and agility, co-creation paradigms, consolidation of industries, and much more. Essentially, these marketing students must show that grasp the basic theories of our discipline and demonstrate firm understanding of what competition and strategy really mean for the entire organization. Although marketing is concerned particularly with activities that yield profitable exchanges between companies and customers, these activities are best understood within the context of competition.
Peasant Revolts as Anti-Authoritarian Archetypes for Radical Buddhism in Modern Japan

The late Meiji period (1868–1912) witnessed the birth of various forms of “progressive” and “radical” Buddhism both within and beyond traditional Japanese Buddhist institutions. This paper examines several historical precedents for “Buddhist revolution” in East Asian—and particularly Japanese—peasant rebellions of the early modern period. I argue that these rebellions, or at least the received narratives of such, provided significant “root paradigms” for the thought and practice of early Buddhist socialists and radical Buddhists of early twentieth century Japan. Even if these narratives ended in “failure”—as, indeed, they often did—they can be understood as examples of what James White calls “expressionistic action,” in which figures act out of interests or on the basis of principle without concern for “success.” Although White argues that: “Such expressionistic action was not a significant component of popular contention in Tokugawa Japan”—that does not mean that the received tales were not interpreted in such a fashion by later Meiji, Taishō and Shōwa-era sympathizers.
Expression of neutral amino acid transporter ASCT2 in human prostate

The neutral amino acid transporter ASCT2 has been associated with increased metabolism in malignant tumors. Its biological significance in tumor proliferation, progression, and its impact on cancer patients' survival remains largely unknown. Tissue microarray (TMA) technology was used to build arrays from 640 cases of radical prostatectomies (triplicate normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa)). Slides were immunostained with an antibody to ASCT2 and scored using a 0-3+ semi-quantitation scoring system for both intensity and percentage. Correlation of ASCT2 expression with patients' clinical and pathological variables was analyzed by the Spearman correlation test. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log rank test were used to determine the probability of disease recurrence. Cox regression model was also used for multivariate analysis. 497 PCa had accessible data. ASCT2 was localized in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of normal prostate, BPH and PCa. High-level expression of ASCT2 was significantly higher in normal tissues (49%) as compared to BPH (25.8%) or cancer (25.3%) (p < 0.001). ASCT2 expression was weakly but significantly correlated with preoperative PSA (Pre-PSA), Gleason score (GS), lymph node status (LN) (p = 0.019). ASCT2 expression was significantly associated with shorter time to biochemical recurrence only on univariate analysis (p = 0.046). ASCT2 appears to be required for the glutamine metabolism in both nonmalignant and malignant prostate. ASCT2-positive PCa seems to be related to a more aggressive biological behavior. ASCT 2 seems to be involved in tumor progression.
Energy Dissipation of a System with Foam to Metal Interfaces

The physical mechanisms of energy dissipation in foam to metal interfaces must be understood in order to develop predictive models of systems with foam packaging common to many aerospace and aeronautical applications. Experimental data was obtained from hardware termed “Ministack”, which has large, unbonded interfaces held under compressive preload. This setup has a solid aluminum mass placed into two foam cups which are then inserted into an aluminum can and fastened with a known preload. Ministack was tested on a shaker using upward sine sweep base acceleration excitations to estimate the linearized natural frequency and energy dissipation of the first axial mode. The experimental system was disassembled and reassembled before each series of tests in order to observe the effects of the assembly to assembly variability on the dynamics. There are some important findings in the measured data: there is significant assembly to assembly variability, the order in which the sine sweeps are performed influence the dynamic response, and the system exhibits nontrivial damping and stiffness nonlinearities that must be accounted for in modeling efforts. A Craig-Bampton model connected with a four-parameter Iwan element and piecewise linear springs is developed and calibrated using test data with the intention of capturing the nonlinear energy dissipation and loss of stiffness observed in experiment.
Rapid Identification of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O Serogroups from Fresh Produce and Raw Milk Enrichment Cultures by Luminex Bead-Based Suspension Array.

ABSTRACT The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Chapter 4a describes a Luminex microbead–based suspension array used to screen colonies for 11 clinically relevant Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups: O26, O45, O91, O103, O104, O111, O113, O121, O128, O145, and O157. We evaluated the usefulness of this method to identify STEC-positive enrichment samples before agar plating. Twelve E. coli strains were added to three types of fresh produce (bagged baby spinach, alfalfa sprouts, and cilantro) at levels near the detection limit of the test. A subset of these strains (six O serogroups) was similarly evaluated in raw milk. For comparison, portions of each of the 168 enrichment cultures were analyzed for serogroup by a real-time PCR assay and a Bio-Plex 200 assay with the bead-based suspensions. No false-positive results were obtained. Of the 112 samples with a reported cycle threshold (CT) value, 101 undiluted, diluted, or extracted enrichment cultur...
Expanding Analytical Perspectives on Children's Picturebook Apps.

Research on the nature and impact of book apps or e-reading in general is still limited and informed by diverse assumptions about the nature of these new “texts,” the varied forms of engagement and meaning-making associated with them, and their implications for understanding literacy and learning in the digital age. The purpose of this article is to explore the affordances and constraints inherent in an examination of children’s picturebook apps through multiple analytical frameworks—in this case drawn from social semiotics, film analysis, and game studies. After outlining these frameworks in the context of our evolving new media landscape, we move on to more detailed analyses of the children’s picturebook app The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore from each of these perspectives. We conclude with lessons that might be learned from juxtaposing these analytical frameworks and suggest implications for literacy education, research, and practice.
Novel Anti-CD19/Idiotype Bispecific Diabody Vaccine for B-Cell Lymphoma.

Abstract Abstract 2712 Poster Board II-688 The unique immunoglobulin idiotype (Id) on B-cell lymphoma is an excellent target for a “custom-made” vaccine therapy for individual patients. Previous studies have shown that vaccine-induced anti-Id humoral responses are effective in protecting mice from the aggressive 38C13 lymphoma. Therefore, we explore a novel strategy of direct activation of Id-specific B cells using a bispecific diabody containing the Id variable fragments (Fv) of 38C13, and those of an anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody. This molecule is designed to cross-link the Id-specific B cell receptor to the CD19/CD21/CD81 co-stimulatory complex, an interaction that has been shown to lower the activation threshold of B cells and result in a dramatic increase in antibody production. The αCD19/Id diabody is a 52 kDa heterodimer of two single chain Fv's (scFv), αCD19VH-38C13VL and 38C13VH -αCD19VL, held together by non-covalent interactions between the cognate VH and VL domains. It was produced in an E. coli extract-based Cell-Free Protein Synthesis (CFPS) System developed by our group, which has been used successfully to rapidly produce cytokine-Id fusion vaccines in previous studies. Within 2 hours, the two diabody scFv's were co-expressed and self-assembled in vitro. The heterodimer product was purified by metal affinity chromatography. Correct folding was confirmed by a flow cytometry assay in which the diabody bound simultaneously to the CD19 on the surface of B cells and also to an anti-38C13 Id antibody labeled with FITC. Most importantly, as a vaccine the αCD19/Id diabody generated a robust anti-Id IgG response comparable to that induced by 38C13 IgM conjugated to the carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Diabody vaccinated mice also showed improved survival compared to control groups when both were challenged with a lethal dose of tumor. Further optimization of the therapeutic efficacy and the development of improved methods for the rapid and economical production of αCD19/Id diabody by the CFPS technology may make it possible to use individualized diabody-based therapy as a frontline treatment, before the use of toxic chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Determination of foreign broadening coefficients for Methane Lines Targeted by the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) on the Mars Curiosity Rover

Molecular line parameters of foreign- broadening by air, carbon dioxide, and helium gas have been experimentally determined for infrared ro-vibrational spectral lines of methane isotopologues (^(12)CH_4 and ^(13)CH_4) at 3057 cm^(−1) targeted by the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) in the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover. From multi-spectrum analyses with the speed-dependent Voigt line profile with Rosenkrantz line-mixing, speed-dependence and line-mixing effects were quantified for methane spectra at total pressures up to 200 mbar. The fitted air-broadening coefficients deviated from 8–25% to those reported in the HITRAN-2012 database.
Feasibility of using RH795 dye for photoacoustic imaging of neuro-electrical activity

Currently, the most researched noninvasive approach for monitoring neuro-electrical activity involves opticalfluorescence imaging, which suffers from limited imaging penetration. We propose an alternative approach, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) of biopotentials, that relies on transient absorption of light by voltage-sensitive probes and subsequent generation/detection of ultrasound. PAI-based voltage imaging approach can offer the same advantages as the fluorescence imaging in terms of sensitivity and molecular specificity, but it also can significantly extend the imaging depth. In this pilot study we are investigating the feasibility of photoacoustically visualizing biopotentials in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells tagged with voltage-sensitive styrylpyridinium dye, RH795. A change in the intramembrane potential was induced in PC12 cells by adding tetraphenylborate (TPB) to the cell culture. A custommade absorption spectrophotometer was used to verify the change in optical absorption of RH795 dye as a result of TPBinduced electrical fields. Absorption spectra recorded before and after the addition of 100 μM TPB exhibited a wavelength shift of the absorption peak (approximately 510 nm to 550 nm) as well as an increase in the overall magnitude of absorption in the wavelength range of 500-1000 nm. The absorption spectral measurements indicated that RH795 is a good candidate as a voltage-sensitive dye for photoacoustically tracking changes in cell-membrane potential.