cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cuphea growth, yield, and oil characteristics as influenced by climate and soil environments across the upper Midwest USA

Abstract Cuphea is a potential new oilseed crop rich in medium-chain fatty acids (C8:0 to C14:0) that may serve as a renewable, biodegradable source of oil for lubricants, motor oil, and aircraft fuel. Impacts of climate and soil environment on cuphea growth and development are not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of climate and soil on growth, seed yield, and seed oil characteristics of two semi-domesticated cuphea genotypes [PSR23 and HC-10 ( Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton)] and three wild species [ Cuphea wrightii , Cuphea lutea , and C. viscosissima (VS-6-CPR-1)] that show potential for domestication. The study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 at field sites in North Dakota (ND), Minnesota (MN), Iowa (IA), and Illinois (IL). Cuphea PSR23 and HC-10 were direct seeded in the field, while the three wild species were transplanted. The two plantings were treated as separate experiments. Plant growth, seed yield and oil content for the two direct-seeded lines tended to be distinctly greater in MN and ND than IL and IA, which was related more to growth temperature than soil environment. The three wild species generally performed similarly across the four different environments. C. wrightii had the greatest oil content, ranging from 320 to 360 g kg −1 , which was comprised of 59–64% lauric acid. For each genotype, the content of its most prominent saturated medium-chain fatty acid (e.g., C10:0 or C12:0) increased with decreasing latitude of field site. Seed yields for C. w rightii and C. lutea were as high as 1116 kg ha −1 . Combined with relatively high seed oil contents (280–350 g kg −1 ) these species may be good candidates for domestication. Results indicate that PSR23 and HC-10 are more regionally adapted than the wild species studied, which tended to exhibit a greater range of adaptability to climate and soil conditions.
Intravenous nicardipine for the treatment of severe hypertension

Abstract Purpose: Severe hypertension responds to treatment with nifedipine given orally or sublingually. Nicardipine hydrochloride, a water soluble dihydropyridine analogue similar to nifedipine, has less of a negative ionotropic effect and produces less reflex tachycardia than nifedipine. Our purpose was to assess the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of intravenous nicardipine in a group of patients with severe hypertension (defined as a supine diastolic blood pressure of more than 120 mm Hg). Patients and methods: Eighteen patients with severe hypertension received treatment with intravenous nicardipine. Nicardipine titration was performed using doses of 4 to 15 mg/hour to achieve therapeutic goal (diastolic blood pressure 95 mm Hg or less or decrease in diastolic blood pressure of more than 25 mm Hg). After this therapeutic endpoint was reached, patients received maintainence therapy with nicardipine for varying lengths of time: one hour (Group I), six hours (Group II), or 24 hours. When blood pressure control was lost, patients in Groups I and II entered a second maintenance period lasting a maximum of 24 hours. Onset and offset of action of nicardipine at various infusion rates and times of infusion were measured. Results: Onset time to achieve therapeutic response was rapid at 15 mg/hour (0.31 ± 0.13 hours) when compared with lower doses (1.11 ± 0.36 hours at 4 mg/hour; 0.54 ± 0.09 hours at 5 mg/hour; 0.52 ± 0.09 hours at 7 to 7.5 mg/hour). Those who showed a therapeutic response received maintenance infusions with nicardipine for one (n = 7), six (n = 6), or 24 (n = 5) hours. Sustained blood pressure control at a constant rate of nicardipine infusion was seen in all patients during the maintenance period. After discontinuation of nicardipine, the time for offset of action (increase in diastolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg or more) was independent of duration of infusion. Decreases in both systolic and diastolic pressures correlated well with plasma nicardipine levels. Heart rate increased by about 10 beats/minute, but this increase did not correlate with plasma nicardipine levels. Side effects were minimal, consisting of headache and flushing. In seven patients, local phlebitis developed at the site of infusion. This occurred after at least 14 hours of infusion at a single site, and the incidence can probably be reduced by shortening the infusion time at a single site. Conclusion: Nicardipine appears to be a safe and effective drug for intravenous use in the treatment of severe hypertension.
Considering Quality of Life

“Doctor, you look surprised that I’m asking if Inez’s respirator can be turned off. Look, what kind of life does she have? She’s 5 years old and has been in the hospital most of the time. She can’t eat normally, and because of the dysfunctional bowel problem, even tube feedings don’t work. So, she needs a central line, and it keeps coming out and has to be replaced surgically. She can’t breathe properly, so she has that tracheostomy, which needs aspiration several times a day, and she struggles against that. Even though her mental age is only 2 or 3 months, I know she feels things. Sometimes I think I see her smile a little bit, but most of the time I think she’s feeling pain.”
Remembering a great man

Over the course of my 72 years I’ve met a lot of people. Most of them I’ve probably completely forgotten. Others come to mind when a particular occasion stirs a particular memory. Others remain clo...
Modeling Time-Bounded Prefix Kolmogorov Complexity

In the literature, prefix Kolmogorov complexity is defined either in terms of self-delimiting Turing machines or in terms of partial recursive prefix functions. These notions of prefix Kolmogorov complexity are equivalent because, as Chaitin showed, every partial recursive prefix function can be simulated by a self-delimiting Turing machine. However, the simulation given by Chaitin's construction is not efficient, and so questions regarding the time-bounded equivalence of these notions remained unresolved. Here we closely examine these questions. As our main result, we show that every partial recursive prefix function can be simulated with polynomial efficiency by a self-delimiting Turing machine if and only if P = NP. Thus, it is unlikely that Chaitin's construction can be used to show the polynomial-time equivalence of these notions of prefix Kolmogorov complexity. Here we further examine the relationships between these notions of time-bounded prefix Kolmogorov complexity.
Variational-cumulant expansion in lattice gauge theory at finite temperature

A variational-cumulant expansion method in lattice gauge theory at finite temperature is developed as a systematic analytical method. As an example, the order-parameter Polyakov line for the SU(2) gauge system is calculated to fourth order. The result is encouraging and the possibility of a second-order phase transition is clearly seen.
Somatostatin analog RC-160 inhibits growth of CFPAC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and intracellular production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate

The effect of somatostatin analog RC-160 on the growth of CFPAC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro was investigated. RC-160 effectively inhibited the proliferation of CFPAC-1 cells in culture, inducing a time- and dose-dependent decrease in the number of treated cells. A significant suppression of cell growth was observed after 48 and 72 hr of the exposure to (1 microM) RC-160, the cell number being decreased by 38% and 46%, respectively. RC-160 was more potent than SS-14 or SMS201-995 in inhibiting the growth of CFPAC-1 cells, and after 48-hr treatment the cell number decreased by 49% for RC-160 compared with 12% for SS-14 and 27% for SMS201-995. Binding experiments demonstrated that specific receptors for somatostatin were present on CFPAC-1 cells. SS-14 showed a high binding affinity for [125I]-Tyr11-SS-14 receptors on CFPAC-1 cells. Scatchard analysis indicated the presence of 2 classes of somatostatin binding sites on the cells, one with high binding affinity and low capacity and the other with low binding affinity and high capacity. RC-160 could bind to somatostatin receptors on these cells with an affinity similar to SS-14 but significantly higher than that of SMS201-995. Radioimmunoassay of intracellular cAMP showed that RC-160 could powerfully inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in CFPAC-1 cells. Addition of forskolin to the cultures increased cAMP concentrations in the cellular lysate of treated cells. RC-160 attenuated or nullified in a dose-dependent manner the cAMP production stimulated by forskolin. Our observations indicate that somatostatin analog RC-160 inhibits the proliferation of CFPAC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and that this effect may involve the intracellular cAMP pathway.
Amnioinfusion and the intrauterine prevention of meconium aspiration.

Abstract Objective: We evaluated the published literature on the effectiveness of amnioinfusion in reducing meconium below the vocal cords and meconium aspiration syndrome among infants born to women presenting with more than trace meconium-stained fluid. Study design: A literature search was conducted to evaluate clinical trials of amnioinfusion and meconium aspiration. Trials meeting certain basic design criteria ( n = 5), which included a prospective study design and blinded assessment of newborn outcome, were selected for statistical analyses estimating the average effect's size and direction. In total, 247 women with meconium-stained fluid receiving amnioinfusion and 260 women with meconium-stained fluid not receiving amnioinfusion were represented by these trials. Results: Infants born to women with meconium-stained fluid receiving amnioinfusion were less likely to have meconium below the vocal cords (odds ratio 0.13, 95% confidence interval 0.08 to 0.20) and were less likely to have meconium aspiration syndrome (odds ratio 0.20, 95% confidence interval 0.08 to 0.48) than were infants born to women with meconium-stained fluid not receiving amnioinfusion. Discussion: Amnioinfusion appears to he an effective intrauterine intervention for the prevention of meconium aspiration. Clinicians should consider implementing amnioinfusion in women presenting with thick meconium to prevent intrapartal meconium aspiration in newborns.
Review article: 5-hydroxytryptamine agonists and antagonists in the modulation of gastrointestinal motility and sensation: clinical implications.

SUMMARY Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is found in the enteric nervous system where it has been implicated in controlling gastrointestinal motor function. A number of receptor or recognition sites have been identified in the gut, but recently most attention has focused on the 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors. The functional role of the 5-HT3 receptor remains incompletely understood, but it is probably involved in the modulation of colonic motility and visceral pain in the gut. A number of selective 5-HT3 antagonists have been developed including ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron renzapride and zacopride. While the substituted benzamide prokinetics (for example, metoclopramide, cisapride) also block 5-HT3 receptors in high concentrations, their prokinetic action is believed to be on the basis of their agonist effects on the putative 5-HT4 receptor. Some 5-HT3 antagonists have 5-HT4 agonist activity (for example, renzapride, zacopride) and others do not (for example, ondansetron, granisetron), while tropisetron in high concentrations is a 5-HT3 antagonist. Based on the pharmacological data, it has been suggested that specific 5-HT antagonists and agonists may prove to be beneficial in a number of gastrointestinal disorders including the irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, non-cardiac chest pain, gastrooesophageal reflux and refractory nausea. In this review, the rationale for the use of these compounds is discussed, and the available experimental evidence is summarized.
A Practical Approach to Identifying Storage and Timing Channels

Recognizing and dealing with storage and timing channels when performing the security analysis of a computer system is an elusive task. Methods of discovering and dealing with these channels for the most part have been ad hoc, and those that are not are restricted to a particular specification language. This paper outlines a practical methodology for discovering storage and timing channels that can be used through all phases of the software life cycle to increase the assurance that all channels have been identified. The methodology is presented and its application to three different descriptions (English, formal specification, and high order language implementation) are discussed.
Injection- Seeded Optoplasmonic Amplifier in the Visible

A hybrid optoplasmonic amplifier, injection-seeded by an internally-generated Raman signal and operating in the visible (563–675 nm), is proposed and evidence for amplification is presented. Comprising a gain medium tethered to a whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonator with a protein, and a plasmonic surface, the optical system described here selectively amplifies a single (or a few) Raman line(s) produced within the WGM resonator and is well-suited for routing narrowband optical power on-a-chip. Over the past five decades, optical oscillators and amplifiers have typically been based on the buildup of the field from the spontaneous emission background. Doing so limits the temporal coherence of the output, lengthens the time required for the optical field intensity to reach saturation, and often is responsible for complex, multiline spectra. In addition to the spectral control afforded by injection-locking, the effective Q of the amplifier can be specified by the bandwidth of the injected Raman signal. This characteristic contrasts with previous WGM-based lasers and amplifiers for which the Q is determined solely by the WGM resonator.
Patterns of Diagnostic Comorbidity in a Community Sample of Children Aged 9 through 16 Years

Secondary analyses of the data from the Puerto Rico Child Psychiatry Epidemiologic Study were done to provide information on the comorbidity of four major diagnostic domains (attention deficit disorders, conduct/oppositional disorders, depression and anxiety disorders). A high level of comorbidity was found among these four domains of child and adolescent psychopathology. In general the patterns of comorbidity were not affected by whether the data was put together by a clinician or by means of a computer algorithm scoring a structured interview. The patterns were not affected in any major way by who the informants were in the diagnostic process. Minor differences were found in certain comorbidity patterns depending on the sex and age of the subjects. Comorbidity was associated with level of impairment and to service utilization.
The role of public health in mental and behavioral health in children and families following disasters.

OBJECTIVES: Children and youth have been shown to be vulnerable to negative mental and behavioral health consequences following mass disasters and terrorist attacks. The purpose of this article was to identify the primary roles and responsibilities of public health agencies and systems that both promote resiliency and reduce the mental health risks to children and their families following disastrous events. METHODS: The authors conducted a review and synthesis of public and mental health research literatures, resources, and policies focused on mental and behavioral health outcomes in children and families in the aftermath of disasters. RESULTS: The available research evidence supported the contention that children experience heightened psychosocial vulnerabilities and lasting psychosocial burdens following disasters. The major roles that public health organizations and systems can play to both prevent and deter such harmful mental and behavioral health impacts of disasters during all phases of the disaster cycle were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The roles identified that public health organizations and systems can undertake included coordination and collaboration with various local and federal agencies, advocacy and promotion of community resilience, deterring harmful effects of disastrous events by assessment, screening, case finding and education, training of personnel, guiding interventions, formulating policy, and conducting research investigations. Language: en
Cost-Benefit Analysis in Information Systems Development and Operation

Cost-benefit analysis of computer-based mformatmn systems is a major concern of managers in pubhc and private orgamzatlons using computers. This paper introduces and reviews basic elements of cost-benefit analysis as applied to computerized informatmn systems, and provides dmcussmn of the major problems to be avoided.
Relationship Between Insulin Resistance, Insulin Secretion, Very Low Density Lipoprotein Kinetics, and Plasma Triglyceride Levels in Normotriglyceridemic Man

Abstract We have previously postulated that resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake was the basic metabolic abnormality in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. In this situation, glucose tolerance would tend to deteriorate, and could only be maintained by the increased secretion of insulin. Although the ensuing hyperinsulinemia might prevent the development of glucose intolerance, we suggested that it would also lead to increased hepatic very low density (VLDL) triglyceride (TG) synthesis and secretion. In the current study we have quantified these four metabolic variables in 16 nonobese human subjects with plasma TG concentrations insulin response to food VLDL-TG secretion rate plasma TG concentration. These data indicate that nonobese subjects with normal TG levels have the same relationship between degree of insulin sensitivity, insulin response to food, VLDL-TG secretion, and TG concentration previously described in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia.
Characterization of Environmental Stability of Pulsed Laser Deposited Oxide Ceramic Coatings

A systematic investigation of candidate hydrogen permeation materials deposited on various substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has been performed. The investigation focused on application of leading permeation-resistant material types on stainless steel substrates and evaluation of the stability of the deposited coatings. Type 304L stainless steel substrates were coated with aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, and aluminum. Characterization of the coating-substrate system adhesion was performed using scratch adhesion testing. Coating stability and environmental susceptibility were evaluated for two conditions—air at 350°C and Ar-H2 at 350°C for up to 100 h. Results from this study have shown these coatings to be robust and the pulsed laser deposition process to be an extremely versatile technology.
Exploring causes for declining prostate cancer mortality rates in the United States

Abstract Objectives Prostate cancer mortality rates in the U.S.A. increased in the late 1980s and declined from 1993 until 2003. The purpose of this study is to compare declining prostate cancer mortality rates among states with independent variables that may have an association to explore causes for the decline. Methods and materials Annual rates of prostate cancer mortality for men over 50 were obtained from the National Vital Statistic System public use data file for states for individual years from 1993 to 2003. The annual rate of prostate cancer mortality decline for each state was calculated by the Joinpoint Regression Program (Statistical Research and Applications Branch of NCI). Annual rates of prostate cancer decline were cross-correlated to state levels of PSA screening, health insurance coverage, obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, and high cholesterol for males from 45 to 64. Results Declining prostate cancer mortality rates for white males correlated with high cholesterol levels (R = −0.42, P = 0.002) and PSA screening levels (R = −0.28, P = 0.05). Declining prostate cancer mortality rates for black males correlated with health insurance coverage (R = −0.43, P = 0.03). Conclusions Declining prostate cancer mortality rates are weakly associated with increased PSA screening for white males but there was no association for black males, possibly because blacks have less access to medical care. The strong inverse correlation between declining prostate cancer mortality rates and levels of white males with high cholesterol levels was unexpected but may be associated with the widespread use of cholesterol reducing medications (statins), which are hypothesized to reduce prostate cancer risk.
Streamlining the US Army network incident reporting system

Every day unauthorized users from around the world probe and infiltrate the army data network. In response to this growing threat, the Army implemented a system of computer emergency response teams (CERTs) to address network security concerns. Located in six secure facilities around the world, Regional Computer Emergency Response Teams (RCERTs) protect the hundreds of thousands of computers on the Army network from malicious attacks. The RCERTs are responsible for reporting their findings, in a format called an dasiaincident reportpsila, to the Army CERT (ACERT), where they collect and organize them into a database for further analysis. While highly effective, a problem exists in that each of the six regional CERTs reports its findings in a different manner, creating an inefficient system requiring weekly maintenance. In search of a solution for these issues, the Army asked four cadets from the United States Military Academy to analyze the problem as their senior capstone project. The team of cadets used West Pointpsilas Systems Decision Process (SDP) to define the problem, create alternatives, and implement what the decision maker referred to as ldquophases of the operation.rdquo A diagram of the SDP can be found in Appendix A. As a result of this project, the recommended solution will streamline the incident reporting process by standardizing not only the incoming data, but also the reporting medium and time frame that each CERT was using. The implementation of the solution should have a positive impact upon the global Army computer network and national security.
Changing patterns of health and health care on a small Bahamian island.

Abstract As part of a wider epidemiological investigation of a small island in the Bahamas, the present study focuses upon the biocultural, demographic and ecological variables that are shaping the rapidly changing profile of health and disease in this unique community. The administration of a census questionnaire and health survey to 85% of the 1450 island residents and the examination of religious and vital statistics records dating from 1886 have produced extensive anthropological data relevant to a number of important medical and clinical findings. Patterns of population growth and regulation, population structure and movement, fertility, mortality, mate selection and economic activities are all closely related to morbidity and health on the island. The three major health problems discovered on the island—hypertension, hemoglobinopathies and excessive infant mortality—are influenced by a diverse assortment of biosocial factors including economic behaviors, mate selection. sanitation, dietary habits and the usage of local medicinal plants. The gradual availability of improved drinking water supplies and the increased use of contraceptive devices in recent years have likewise contributed to the ongoing epidemiologic transition of the population. The introduction of “orthodox” primary health care in 1970 has also had a wide-ranging and positive impact on the health of the island. “Traditional” and “new” medical systems have effectively interacted in both approach and method. The data reveal a complex and dynamic picture of health and disease affected by multiple biocultural and ecological forces.
Calcium, cyclic AMP, and MAP kinases: Dysregulation in polycystic kidney disease

Low intracellular calcium, present in untreated polycystic kidney epithelia, results in a proliferative response to cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Treatment with a calcium channel blocker (CCB) caused exacerbation of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in rats. Data regarding use of CCBs in human polycystic kidney disease (PKD) are limited and mixed. Thus, it is premature to extrapolate these findings to human PKD.
Models for predicting the index of refraction of compounds at 193 and 589 nm

A simple empirical model is presented that predicts the index of refraction at 589 nm (D-line) and 193 nm for molecules based solely on chemical structure. The model was built by comparing literature values of refractive indices (sodium D-line 589 nm) of compounds with representative functionalities and has 18 adjustable parameters. Published values for nD and n193 were used to extrapolate the predictions from values of nD to values of n193. These simple, accessible models can be run using only Excel software on a laptop computer.
What's there to talk about?: a multi-modal model of referring behavior in the presence of shared visual information

This paper describes the development of a rule-based computational model that describes how a feature-based representation of shared visual information combines with linguistic cues to enable effective reference resolution. This work explores a language-only model, a visual-only model, and an integrated model of reference resolution and applies them to a corpus of transcribed task-oriented spoken dialogues. Preliminary results from a corpus-based analysis suggest that integrating information from a shared visual environment can improve the performance and quality of existing discourse-based models of reference resolution.
Reanalysis of Some Free Recall Data Using a New Version of the Shine Combined Analysis of Variance

This short note presents results of a reanalysis of some free recall data gathered by Shine, Wiant, and Da Polito (1972). The data were obtained by tachistoscopically presenting on 90 trials four letters under three conditions. The conditions were left visual field, right visual field, and both visual fields, respectively. The original analysis was a Shine combined analysis of variance on the first 72 trials only. The last 18 trials were reserved for obtaining an entirely independent error term for testing subject sources of variation. Recent developments by Shine (in press a, in press b) permit reanalysis of all 90 trials. Except for certain modifications for testing the trials-by-subjects interaction, the same error term as before may be used to test effects of subjects. On the basis of a new test by Shine (in press b ) , only one subject is, however, excluded from this error term. The results of the reanalysis are presented in Table 1.
Low Activation Energy Pathway for the Catalyzed Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides to N2 by Ammonia

A low activation energy pathway for the catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides to N2, with reductants other than ammonia, consists of two sets of reaction steps. In the first set, part of the NO x is reduced to NH3; in the second set ammonium nitrite, NH4NO2 is formed from this NH3 and NO + NO2. The NH4NO2 thus formed decomposes at ~100 °C to N2 + H2O, even on an inert support, whereas ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, which is also formed from NH3 and NO2 + O2, (or HNO3), decomposes only at 312 °C yielding mainly N2O. Upon applying Redhead's equations for a first order desorption to the decomposition of ammonium nitrite, an activation energiy of 22.4 is calculated which is consistent with literature data. For the reaction path via ammonium nitrite a consumption ratio of 1/1 for NO and NO2 is predicted and confirmed experimentally by injecting NO into a mixture of NH3 + NO2 flowing over a BaNa/Y catalyst. This leads to a yield increase of one N2 molecule per added molecule of NO. Little N2 is produced from NH3 + NO in the absence of NO2.
Aberrations of flat lenses and aplanatic metasurfaces

A study of optical aberrations for flat lenses based on phase discontinuities is reported. The wave aberration function and the analytical expression of the aberrations up to the 4th order are derived to describe the performance of both ideal and practical flat lenses. We find that aberration-free focusing is possible under axial illumination but off-axis aberrations appear when the excitation is not normal to the interface. An alternative design for an aplanatic metasurface on a curved substrate is proposed to focus light without coma and spherical aberrations.
A metallurgical evaluation of a new tungsten product

An experimental program was conducted to evaluate a new form of granule tungsten produced via the hydrogen reduction of tungsten hexafluoride. The as-produced granule tungsten is characterized by both an unusually high purity and a very fine grain size. These characteristics can be retained in massive forms of the metal by consolidation of the granules with a gas-pressure bonding process. Consolidation by this method also offers close control over both dimensional tolerances and the degree of densification. Sheet bars thus prepared were rolled to sheet using practices commensurate with those being applied to current commercial materials. Sheet evaluation studies in comparison with commercial tungsten sheet included softening and recrystallization behavior, bend transition temperature, and intermediateto high-temperature tensile properties. The granule sheet showed superior resistance to recrystallization and lower transition temperatures; it also showed improved tensile strength, especially after high-temperature thermal cycling.
A polynomial time algorithm for determining zero Euler---Petrie genus of an Eulerian graph

A dual-Eulerian graph is a plane graph which has an ordering defined on its edge set which forms simultaneously an Euler circuit in the graph and an Euler circuit in the dual graph. Dual-Eulerian graphs were defined and studied in the context of silicon optimization of cmos layouts. They are necessarily of low connectivity, hence may have many planar embeddings. We give a polynomial time algorithm to answer the question whether or not a planar multigraph admits an embedding which is dual-Eulerian and construct such an embedding, if it exists.
THE SESQUICENTENNIAL OF PRIESTLY V. FOWLER AND THE CONFLICT OVER WORK AND HEALTH

Generally industrialists are interested only in the net product of their operations and aim to maximise this product by turning the private costs of doing business into social costs, to be borne by others, usually the employees in the form of hazards. The objective of protective labour legislation has been abatement of this avoidance of private costs at the expense of third parties. But the goal of minimising enterprise costs is at odds with this goal of public policy. 1986 marks the 150th anniversary of the case of Priestly v. Fowler in which a suit for damages was brought against an employer by an employee. The present examination of class conflict over work and health begins with this case. The Union Carbide (India) Ltd disaster in Bhopal is also examined. Although laws are enacted, conflict between employers and employees is simply transferred to the courts or enforcement agencies. Workers' compensation and the implications of deregulation in the 1980s is examined.
Linkage of congenital isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency to the corticotropin releasing hormone locus using simple sequence repeat polymorphisms

Genetic screening techniques using simple sequence repeat polymorphisms were applied to investigate the molecular nature of congenital isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency. We hypothesize that this rare cause of hypocortisolism shared by a brother and sister with two unaffected sibs and unaffected parents is inherited as an autosomal recessive single gene mutation. Genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis controlling cortisol sufficiency were investigated for a causal role in this disorder. Southern blotting showed no detectable mutations of the gene encoding pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), the ACTH precursor. Other candidate genes subsequently considered were those encoding neuroendocrine convertase-1, and neuroendocrine convertase-2 (NEC-1, NEC-2), and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). Tests for linkage were performed using polymorphic di- and tetranucleotide simple sequence repeat markers flanking the reported map locations for POMC, NEC-1, NEC-2, and CRH. The chromosomal haplotypes determined by the markers flanking the loci for POMC, NEC-1, and NEC-2 were not compatible with linkage. However, 22 individual markers defining the chromosomal haplotypes flanking CRH were compatible with linkage of the disorder to the immediate area of this gene on chromosome 8. Based on these data, we hypothesize that the ACTH deficiency in this family is due to an abnormality of CRH gene structure or expression. These results illustrate the useful application of high density genetic maps constructed with simple sequence repeat markers for inclusion/exclusion studies of candidate genes in even very small nuclear families segregating for unusual phenotypes.
Financial derivatives, opacity, and crash risk: Evidence from large US banks

Abstract We test how the use of financial derivatives affects banks’ informational structure and future stock performance based on a sample of large bank holding companies in the US. Using banks’ use of financial derivatives as a proxy for opacity, we find that high level use of interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives are associated with an increase in the synchronicity ( R 2 ) of stock price movements with the market index, which indicates less revelation of bank-specific information to the market. This finding is consistent with the prediction of the model developed by Wagner (2007) . We document that superior corporate governance tempers these effects. Finally, we find that an increase in the opacity is significantly and positively related to an increase in banks’ future stock price crash risk.
Indoor radon: prediction from aeroradioactivity generated by surficial materials

Abstract A survey of over 1000 homes in Fairfax County, Virginia shows that a significant proportion of homes in the county have dangerous levels of indoor radon air pollution. Theoretical considerations and soil chemistry show that this can be attributed to retention of significant quantities of Rn-222 progenitors in the earth's regolith. Comparison of survey home locations with a published total-gamma aeroradiometric map shows that aeroradioactivity data can very successfully discriminate between areas of different radon source potential. The aeroradioactivity map was more successful than a method which incorporates a factor for soil permeability through the use of soil maps. It was also more successful than a method of characterizing areas based on geologic mapping units. Data from a portable gamma ray spectrometer indicate that an aerial spectrometric survey would be better than a total-count survey. Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry is likely the best method for regional radon source potential assessment because it is quick, simple, and accurate.
Grammar of the Uncanny

Inspired by the contemporary intersection between hermeneutics, phenomenology, and psychoanalysis on the one hand, and poetics on the other, this article is a study in the peculiar manifestation of strangeness that obtains within the self. It is a descriptive and autobiographical account of a disclosure that, though common, is irreducible to traditional categories of mimesis and ontology: the experience of displacement in self-consciousness and embodiment. Drawing upon insights by Sigmund Freud and Martin Heidegger, and in dialogue with the poetics of Jules Renard, the essay seeks to appreciate a certain grammar of ipseity that is formative of subjectivity and constitutive of the poetic vocation. Emphasis is placed on the productive quality of the “between” ( Zwischen ) as it obtains both geographically and internally, and the concentration potentially resulting from the “between” as one grapples to configure in language the experience of playing “host” to one’s own self.
Sociotropy and bulimic symptoms in clinical and nonclinical samples.

Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between sociotropy and bulimic symptoms. Studies of interpersonal functioning among individuals with bulimia nervosa consistently reveal issues of social dependency, need for approval, and fear of rejection. These themes are conceptually related to sociotropy, a cognitive-personality factor that has been implicated in the development and maintenance of depression. Individuals high in sociotropy are keenly invested in attaining others' approval and avoiding social rejection. Methods The relationship between sociotropy and bulimic symptoms was examined in two samples of women: undergraduate women and community women seeking treatment at a private eating disorder facility. Results In both samples, sociotropy was significantly associated with bulimic symptoms beyond the shared relation with depressed mood. Discussion Findings are discussed in terms of the maintenance and treatment of bulimia nervosa. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 172–176, 2003.
Effects of prenatal stress on defensive withdrawal behavior and corticotropin releasing factor systems in rat brain.

Abstract Exposure of pregnant rats to stress results in offspring that exhibit abnormally fearful behavior and have elevated neuroendocrine responses to novelty and aversive stimuli. This study examined the effects of prenatal stress on plasma corticosterone, adrenal weight, defensive withdrawal behavior, and the density of receptors for corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in the amygdala. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were stressed by daily handling and saline injection (s.c., 0.9%, 0.1 mL) during the last week of gestation. Male offspring were studied at adulthood (60–120 days of age). Adrenal hypertrophy and increased plasma corticosterone were observed in the prenatally stressed offspring. Defensive withdrawal, an ethological measure of the conflict between exploratory behavior and retreat, was quantified in naive offspring, and in offspring exposed to restraint stress (2 h). Restraint stress increased defensive withdrawal in both control and prenatally stressed offspring. Both naive and restraint-stressed prenatally stressed offspring exhibited increased defensive withdrawal compared to control offspring. There was a significant interaction between prenatal stress and restraint stress, suggesting increased vulnerability of prenatally stressed offspring. The effects of restraint in the defensive withdrawal test were reduced by intracerebroventricular administration of the CRF antagonists, α-helical CRF9-41 (20 μg every hour) or D-phe12, Nle21,38, Cα-MeLeu37]-CRF(12–41) (5 μg every hour) during the restraint period. The difference between control and prenatally stressed offspring was abolished by the CRF antagonists, suggesting that increased activation of CRF receptors may be a factor in the behavioral abnormalities of prenatally stressed rats. Measurement of CRF receptors in amygdala revealed a 2.5-fold increase in binding in prenatally stressed offspring. In light of previous work from this laboratory demonstrating increased content and release of CRF in amygdala from prenatally stressed offspring, the present study suggests that the increased fearfulness of prenatally stressed rats may be a consequence of increased activity of CRFergic systems in the amygdala.
Simple Relationship between the Properties of Isotopic Water

In an earlier paper on this subject, it was conjectured that if temperatures of H2O and D2O are scaled according to their temperatures of maximum density, then the structural properties of these two liquids should be very closely the same. In this paper it is found that the idea is valid for the densities within the four decimal point experimental precision of the D2O data. If this structural effect is not taken into account, a comparison of properties, such as viscosities or self-diffusion coefficients, of isotopic liquid water would have a reduced meaning. Comparing data at the same temperature, as has traditionally been done, simply gives rise to misleading isotope effects.
OHSUMED: an interactive retrieval evaluation and new large test collection for research

A series of information retrieval experiments was carried out with a computer installed in a medical practice setting for relatively inexperienced physician end-users. Using a commercial MEDLINE product based on the vector space model, these physicians searched just as effectively as more experienced searchers using Boolean searching. The results of this experiment were subsequently used to create a new large medical test collection, which was used in experiments with the SMART retrieval system to obtain baseline performance data as well as compare SMART with the other searchers.
An Experimental Study Using Opt-in Internet Panel Surveys for Behavioral Health Surveillance

We present results from a collaborative pilot project designed to assess the accuracy of Internet panel surveys for behavioral health surveillance. Data were collected using three sampling methods that differ with respect to recruitment strategy, sample selection and sample matching to the US adult population in four states and Metropolitan Statistical Areas. We present comparative analyses that assess the advantages and disadvantages of these methods with respect to cost, geography, timeliness, usability, and ease of use for technology transfer to states and local communities. Recommendations for future efforts in behavioral health surveillance are given based on these results.
Self-folding immunoprotective cell encapsulation devices

Abstract Cell encapsulation therapy (CET) provides an attractive means to transplant cells without the need for immunosuppression. The cells are immunoisolated by surrounding them with a synthetic, semipermeable nanoporous membrane that allows selective permeation of nutrients and therapeutics while isolating the cells from hostile immune components. This communication describes the fabrication and in vitro characterization of lithographically structured and self-folded containers for immunoprotective cell encapsulation. Lithographic patterning ensured identical shapes, sizes, tunable porosity, and precise volumetric control, whereas self-folding enabled transformation of two-dimensional porous membranes into cubes, ensuring that pores were present in all three dimensions for adequate diffusion of O2 and other nutrients to encapsulated cells. We fabricated containers with varying pore sizes and observed that pores sizes of approximately 78 nm were sufficient to significantly inhibit diffusion of IgG (the smallest antibody) and permit adequate diffusion of insulin, highlighting the possibility to utilize these containers to develop a lithographically structured bioartificial pancreas. From the Clinical Editor In this paper, a novel immunoisolation technique is presented to enable cell transplant survival by surrounding them with a synthetic, semipermeable nanoporous membrane that allows selective permeation of nutrients and therapeutics while isolating the cells from hostile immune components. This method may pave the way to effective pancreatic islet cell transplantation.
Quantitative damage evolution in dynamic incipiently failed Ti-6Al -4V

Incipient and full failure tests were performed using a momentum-trapped tensile Hopkinson split pressure bar at strain rates of ∼2000 /s. Aerospace grade Ti-6Al-4V is used in this study as a two-phase model material. The sample geometries used included cylindrical uniaxial stress tension specimens and the Hancock and Mackenzie E-notch geometry [1] to explore stress states from 1/6 ≤ -P/2τ ≤ 1/3. The momentum trapping [2] resulted in single stress pulse loading. The recovered samples were sectioned, and metallographically analyzed. The resulting damage was quantified using image analysis. Voids were found in all of the arrested tensile specimens of ≤ 20μm in diameter. The maximum porosity was found to increase with plastic strain to approximately 1.1% at 85% of the energy required to fail the specimen.
Adaptive Integration of Sub-regional Coastal Ocean Observing Systems: A Case Study of the Coastal Ocean Research and Monitoring Program (CORMP) and the Carolinas Coastal Ocean Observing and Prediction System (Caro-COOPS)

The Coastal Ocean Research and Monitoring Program (CORMP) and the Carolinas Coastal Ocean Observing and Prediction System (Caro-COOPS) were established in the South Atlantic Bight in 2000 and 2001, respectively, as distinct sub-regional coastal ocean observing programs. They have since developed and co-evolved to become fully cooperative efforts that together span the coastal region from southeastern North Carolina to the South Carolina/Georgia border. Both programs incorporate observations subsystems, data management infrastructure, predictive modeling components, and extensive outreach activities. As Caro-COOPS and CORMP have been implemented, opportunities have been identified for sharing resources, coordinating activities, sharing expertise and problem-solving capacities, and cooperating on user-targeted activities. Currently, field operations are fully coordinated, information management operations are mutually supportive, modeling efforts are synergistic and complementary, and specific outreach activities have been mounted as fully cooperative efforts. At the same time, each program has individual components of specialized expertise or product applications. As we learn how best to leverage our respective resources, these lessons are being applied more broadly to build efficiencies and productive coordination with other sub-regional programs and national efforts.
Friedrich Nietzsche's Twilight of the Idols

This review essay of Nietzsche’s “Twilight of the Idols” (1888) is part of the journal TOPOI’s “Untimely Reviews” series of classic works of philosophy. Themes dealt with are Nietzsche’s attacks on morality, on free will, on mental causation, on Socrates, and on Kant. Connections are drawn with contemporary work by Mark Johnston, David Rosenthal, and Daniel Wegner, among others.
Noncovalent Functionalization of Boron Nitride Nanotubes with Poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene)s and Polythiophene

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are functionalized and solubilized in organic solvents such as chloroform, methylene chloride, and tetrahydrofuran by using conjugated poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)s (PPEs) (polymers A and B) and polythiophene (polymer C) via a noncovalent functionalization approach through strong pi-pi stacking interactions between the conjugated polymers and BNNTs. The functionalization of BNNTs with PPEs enhanced planarization of PPEs with red shifts in both absorbance and emission of the composite materials with reference to free PPEs, whereas the functionalization of BNNTs with polythiophene disrupts the pi-conjugation, resulting in blue shifts in both the absorption and emission of the composite material.
Integration, Concentration, and Profits in Manufacturing Industries

Introduction, 278. — I. Comparisons of sizes and operating characteristics within industries among different types of establishments, 279. — II. Inter-industry differentials in multi-unit operations; multi-unit operations and other industry characteristics, 283.