cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep‐seated downslope slip during strong seismic shaking

[1] Strong seismic waves cause frictional failure within regolith on hillslopes. The material responds anelastically to the combined oscillating dynamic and static gravitational stresses. Gravity drives preferential downslope movement of the transiently weakened material. The net effect over many earthquake cycles is a tens of meter thick slow landslide, that is a sackung. The classical approach to hillside failure involves downslope dynamic accelerations or equivalently downslope dynamic shear tractions. Rate and state friction quantifies that the starting coefficient of friction is a few tenths higher that the apparent long-term coefficient of friction from the angle of repose, 0.96–1.25 in the calculations, retaining an extra digit. Furthermore, the dynamic Coulomb stress ratio for dynamic to lithostatic stress for S-waves refracted toward vertical paths is the dynamic acceleration in g's above the scale depth 1/k, the inverse of the wave number. In more detail, a dynamic acceleration of 0.13–0.35 g destabilizes slopes near the angle of repose. Seismologists expect such acceleration near active major faults, compatible with the widespread occurrence of sackungen on steep slopes. Accelerations of 0.96–1.25 = ∼1 g destabilize shallow slopes, leading to net downhill movement, analogous to the movement of an object down a vibrating ramp. However, sackungen are rare or even absent on shallow slopes in California indicating the rarity of sustained 1 g accelerations. A second mechanism may drive downhill movement on modest ∼19° slopes as observed in the San Gabriel Mountains of California near the San Andreas Fault. The near-field velocity pulse on strike-slip faults produces only a few tenths g acceleration but particle velocities of over 1 m s−1 persisting over >1 s. Dynamic stresses and strains scale with this velocity and extend all the way to the free surface. Coulomb failure criteria are exceeded at shallow depths. Failure greatly weakens the regolith allowing it to move downhill in response to gravity. This mechanism appears capable of producing prehistoric 1 m per event slip on modest slopes observed in the San Gabriel Mountains.
Effect of dietary plant and animal protein intake on sperm quality in monkeys.

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of animal and plant protein diets on sperm quality indices over 120 days, using the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops), as a model. These experiments were divided into a 60-day period of high-protein consumption (+/-17% crude protein), followed by a 60-day term of sustainable protein intake (+/-9% crude protein). All the diets were designed to be similar, except for the source of dietary protein that the animals consumed. High-protein diets containing milk solids or maize + legumes had no significant effect on sperm quality parameters over the first 60 days. During the next 60 days of the investigation, sustainable plant and animal protein diets had differential effects on a number of sperm quality indices. When compared to the plant-based diet, the monkeys that were given the animal protein diet containing milk solids had lower sperm counts (p < .04), reduced sperm motility (p = .04), higher sperm midpiece abnormalities (p < .05), and a trend (p = .10) towards increased sperm head defects. These findings shed some light on the impact of variable dietary proteins on sperm quality, but should be followed by longer-term investigations around this important reproductive health issue.
Cooperative control of multi-vehicle systems using cost graphs and optimization

We introduce a class of triangulated graphs for algebraic representation of formations that allows one to specify a mission cost for a group of vehicles. This representation plus the navigational information allows one to formally specify and solve tracking problems for groups of vehicles in formations using an optimization-based approach. The approach is illustrated using a collection of six underactuated vehicles that track a desired trajectory in formation.
Geographic diversification strategy and the implications of global market integration in table grapes

The geographic diversification mode for U.S. agribusinesses to establish an international presence is examined, using the example of table grapes. This study extends the analytical work on geographic diversification strategy in a firm-level application that considers how longer marketing seasons might affect early-season premium prices. The method draws on market integration tests from the industrial organization literature. The extent of market integration is examined using a probabilistic measure. Then, a simulation of profit incorporates the probability that markets are integrated. Tests on the market for table grapes indicate high probability that markets for domestic grapes and imports from Chile are not integrated (0.81 and 0.91). Long distances and the lack of overlap in production seasons play key roles in this finding. The simulation that makes operational the findings of limited integration suggests that geographic diversification is more profitable and of lower risk than production in California alone. [JEL Classification: Q130, Q170, F140] © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patient-Based Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Rupture Risk Prediction with Fluid Structure Interaction Modeling

Elective repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is warranted when the risk of rupture exceeds that of surgery, and is mostly based on the AAA size as a crude rupture predictor. A methodology based on biomechanical considerations for a reliable patient-specific prediction of AAA risk of rupture is presented. Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations conducted in models reconstructed from CT scans of patients who had contained ruptured AAA (rAAA) predicted the rupture location based on mapping of the stresses developing within the aneurysmal wall, additionally showing that a smaller rAAA presented a higher rupture risk. By providing refined means to estimate the risk of rupture, the methodology may have a major impact on diagnostics and treatment of AAA patients.
Vasoreactivity in pre- and postmenopausal women : Evaluation by pharmacodynamic modeling

Postmenopausal women experience an increase in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity compared with their premenopausal counterparts. This study was undertaken to develop a pharmacodynamic model to determine whether vascular reactivity in postmenopausal women differed from that in premenopausal women. Eleven subjects in each group were recruited. Graded doses of norepinephrine and insulin were infused via the dorsal hand vein. Venous diameter was measured by ultrasound. Dosage and venous diameter were fit to a Hill-type pharmacodynamic model in which norepinephrine acts as a vasoconstrictor and insulin counteracts varying fractions of norepinephrine constriction. Fitted pharmacodynamic parameters for norepinephrine did not differ uniformly between groups, but at norepinephrine infusion rates between 14 and 46 ng/mL, postmenopausal women demonstrated increased norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction. Also, the modeled maximal response to insulin (Emaxi) was greater in premenopausal women. By stepwise linear regression, maximal response to insulin was found to be related to menopausal status and diastolic blood pressure. Postmenopausal women showed differences in vasoreactivity that may have important implications in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Comparison of Three Whole Blood Creatinine Methods for Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate Before Radiographic Contrast Administration

We compared the clinical concordance of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on 3 whole blood creatinine assays with the eGFR calculated from a reference plasma creatinine assay. Whole blood creatinine on the Radiometer ABL800 FLEX (Radiometer A/S, Bronshoj, Denmark) demonstrated the best correlation and concordance to plasma creatinine/eGFR compared with the i-STAT (i-STAT, East Windsor, NJ) and StatSensor (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA). The i-STAT had better sensitivity (compared with Radiometer) but poorer specificity for prediction of plasma eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). The StatSensor demonstrated lower concordance of whole blood to plasma eGFR but offered a slope and an intercept offset feature that partially compensates for this effect. The optimal device for use in rapid determination of eGFR from whole blood creatinine may depend on whether it is more important in a given practice to optimize sensitivity, specificity, or overall concordance for determining plasma eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2).
Is It Time for (Survivorship Care) Plan B

between docetaxel and gemcitabine in human gastric cancer cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 9:900-905, 2003 15. Hirth J, Watkins PB, Strawderman M, et al: The effect of an individual’s cytochrome CYP3A4 activity on docetaxel clearance. Clin Cancer Res 6:12551258, 2000 16. Hertz DL, Dees EC, Motsinger-Reif AA, et al: Breast cancer patients carrying the CYP2C8*3 variant are more likely to achieve clinical complete response from neoadjuvant paclitaxel treatment. Presented at the 33rd Annual San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, San Antonio, TX, December 8-12, 2010 (abstr PD07-10) 17. Berry DA: Adaptive clinical trials: The promise and the caution. J Clin Oncol 29:606-609, 2011 18. Woodcock J, Griffin JP, Behrman RE: Development of novel combination therapies. N Engl J Med 364:985-987, 2011
Chattels of Society Domestic Violence in India

This article discusses the issue of domestic violence in India. It highlights how patriarchy, in the name of “family values” and “tradition,” is reflected in the recent parliamentary act and the legal system pertaining to domestic violence. Male privilege as a cause in the perpetuation of domestic violence is discussed through both men’s and women’s life cycles. The article highlights possible solutions to the crisis of domestic violence with reference to men’s organizations in some countries that are trying innovative approaches to counter the crisis, and where India can culturally create the space for sensitizing men to the current crisis
Aspects of Deconstruction: The Failure of the Word "Bird"

Lawyers and judges often become impatient with those who dispute what they regard as the clear meaning of words. The meaning of words derives from the contexts in which they are employed, and we can never be certain of the context because we cannot enter into the minds of other persons to see the contexts to which their minds are adverting.
Both-edges representation of letter position in reading.

The representations that underlie our ability to read must encode not only the identities of the letters in a word, but also their relative positions. In recent years, many new proposals have been advanced concerning the representation of letter position in reading, but the available data do not distinguish among the competing proposals; multiple theories, each positing a different letter position representation scheme, are compatible with the evidence. In this article, we report two experiments that used the illusory word paradigm (e.g., Davis & Bowers, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30: 923–941, 2004) to distinguish among alternative schemes for representing letter position in reading. The results support a scheme that uses both the beginning and the end of a word as anchoring points. This both-edges scheme has been implicated in letter position representation in spelling (Fischer-Baum, McCloskey, & Rapp, Cognition, 115: 466–490, 2010), as well as in position representation in verbal working memory (Henson, Memory & Cognition, 27: 915–927, 1999), suggesting that it may be a domain-general scheme for representing position in a sequence.
A MANOMETRIC ASSAY OF INSULIN AND SOME RESULTS OF THE APPLICATION OF THE METHOD TO SERA AND ISLETCONTAINING TISSUES1

The use of the manometric measurement of the net gas exchange of rat adipose tissue to quantitate small amounts of insulin is described. The method is simple, does not require that insulin standards be run concomitantly and is capable of measuring quantities of insulin of the order of 0.01 μg. In addition, the method permits the response of the tissue to be observed throughout the time course of the procedure. The importance of this in the measurement of the insulin-like activity of certain biological materials is illustrated. Examples of the application of the technique to the measurement of the insulin-like activity of toad fish islet tissue, human insulinomas, and human sera are given. The interpretation of the results in the case of sera is complicated by the unusual behavior in activity that it exhibits upon dilution and upon storage in the frozen state.
Growth of the Southern Greenland Ice Sheet

The principal conclusion of C. H. Davis et al . ([1][1]), that the elevation of the Southern Greenland ice sheet increased at a smaller rate than the 23 cm/year we previously reported ([2][2], [3][3]), is in qualitative agreement with our new analysis. Their statement, however, that “surface
Laminar flame spread over PMMA surfaces

A study is made of the mechanisms by which laminar flames spread over flat surfaces of polymethylmethacrylate, in directions ranging from downward to horizontal. Measurements of spread rates, temperature fields and velocity fields are reported. Techniques employed include thermocouple probing, photography, interferometry, radiometer measurements, sampling followed by gas chromatography, and particle-track photography. A simplified theoretical model of the spread process is developed, involving forward heat conduction through the solid as the major mode of the energy transfer and thermal runaway of a gas-phase ignition reaction of methylmethacrylate vapor in a boundary layer just upstream from the point of flame attachment. The extent to which this physical model applies to other materials will depend on the thermal and chemical-kinetic properties of those materials.
Light harvesting and the package effect in the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König and Zostera marina L.: optical constraints on photoacclimation

Although seagrasses possess numerous adaptations for life underwater, they lack the specialized accessory pigments for the efficient harvesting of green light that dominates many aquatic environments. Without these specialized pigments, photoacclimation by seagrasses is likely to result in a severe package effect, i.e. the loss of linearity between light harvesting efficiency and pigment loading. Here, we investigated the optical constraints imposed by the package effect on photoacclimation in seagrass leaves. Pigment concentrations and optical properties (absorptances, absorption coefficients and optical cross-sections) of turtlegrass ( Thalassia testudium) leaves from Lee Stocking Island (LSI; Bahamas) and eelgrass (Zostera marina) leaves from Monterey Bay, CL, USA were measured at different times of the year. Chlorophyll concentrations and optical cross-sections differed by a factor of five across sampling dates and populations. Increases in leaf-specific absorption among seagrass leaves were greatest in the green (500–600 nm), while the package effect, as measured by a decrease in leaf optical cross-section, was most severe in the blue (400–500 nm) and red (600–700 nm). Consequently, the five-fold range in pigment concentration resulted in similar photosynthetic light harvest efficiencies ( φL ≈ 50% of incident PAR) for intact seagrass leaves in their native light environments. Although the package effect has significant impacts on the optical properties of seagrass leaves, chlorophyll use efficiency does not appear to play a strong role in the ecology or evolution of seagrasses. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Cupric hydroxide-treated containers affect growth and flowering of annual and perennial bedding plants.

Four annual cultivars, Celosia cristata L. 'Castle Pink', Impatiens Wallerana Hook. 'Super Elfin Red', Pelargonium x domesticum L.H. Bailey 'Ringo Scarlet' and Tagetes patu{a L. 'Discovery Yellow', and two perennial cultivars, Chrysanthemum x superbum Bergmans ex J. Ingram' Alaska' and Coreopsis lanceolata L. 'Early Sunrise', of bedding plants were grown in a greenhouse for about 40 days in 0.3-1 (3.5 in.) containers treated with 25, 50, or 100 g Cu(OHh/1 (approximately 1.8,3.5, and 7% (wt/wt), respectively) formulated as Spin Out™ or in non-treated containers. Following greenhouse production and a 4-day acclimation period in a shade-house, the plants were transplal\l<;;\J to a field plot. Cupric hydroxide concentrations that resulted in practical levels of control and/or elimination of root deformation (circled, kinked, and matted roots at container wall-media interfaces) were species dependent, varying between 25 and 100 gil (1.8 and 7%). During greenhouse production Cu(OHh treatments of 50 or 100 gil (3.5 or 7%) increased the vegetative growth of C. cristata and increased the number of flowers on I. Wallerana compared to plants in non-treated containers. After field planting, P. x domesticum grown in 50 or 100 g Cu(OHh/i (3.5 or 7%) and I. Wallerana in 100 g Cu(OHh/i treated containers had increased vegetative growth. The flowering potential of I. Wallerana was increased by the 50 g Cu(OHh/i (3.5%) treatment following field planting. Index words: Greenhouse production, postharvest quality, root morphology, transplant establishment, flowering potential Species used in this study: Cockscomb 'Castle Pink' (Celosia cristata L. 'Castle Pink'); Coreopsis 'Early Sunrise' (Coreopsis lanceolata L. 'Early Sunrise'); Impatiens 'Super Elfin Red' (Impatiens Wallerana Hook. f. 'Super Elfin Red'); Geranium 'Ringo Scarlet' (Pelargonium x domesticum L. 'Ringo Scarlet'); Marigold 'Discovery Yellow' (Tagetes patula L. 'Discovery Yellow'); Chrysanthemum 'Alaska' (Chrysanthemum x superbum Bergmans ex. 1. Ingram 'Alaska')
Assessment of wetland condition: An example from the Upper Juniata watershed in Pennsylvania, USA

The requirement of Section 305(b) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) that all waters of the U.S. be assessed every two years has been historically ignored for wetlands, even though they are included in the definition of “waters of the U.S.” This paper presents the use of a landscape and rapid assessment to describe the wetland resource and assess wetland condition in the Upper Juniata watershed in central Pennsylvania, USA. A Floristic Quality Assessment Index (FQAI) is used to calibrate and refine the landscape and rapid assessments. The landscape assessment defined ecological condition of sites in terms of the degree of departure from reference standard condition (i.e., wetlands in predominantly forested settings). Criteria for condition categories were based on the literature or best professional judgment and resulted in more than half of the area of the resource being rated in high or the highest condition, while about 12% was rated in low condition. The rapid assessment adjusts the landscape assessment by accounting for the presence of Stressors and the ameliorating effects of a buffer. This resulted in a 38% decrease in the proportion of wetland area in the highest and high condition categories and almost quadrupled the area in low condition. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis was used to evaluate 1) whether the results of the landscape and rapid assessments correspond to those from the more quantitative data in FQAI and 2) whether the condition categories established for the landscape and rapid assessments agree with those established using FQAI. CART results indicate that our initial delineation of condition categories for the landscape and rapid assessments should be more stringent. However, it appears that the rapid assessment does a better job of gauging the factors important to wetland condition, as measured by FQAI, than the landscape assessment. This work can serve as a template for wetland monitoring and assessment and reporting as required by the U.S. Clean Water Act. Overall, such monitoring provides information that can be used to target areas for attention or protection, prioritize sites for restoration, design restoration projects, and choose best management practices.
Preface to the National Lawyers Guild, 69-3

Introduces: 1. An Exchange: The Bahrain 'Spring': The Revolution That Wasn't Televised by Corinna Mullin & Asadeh Shahshahani. 2. Defending Bahrain from Criticism: A Response by Ebtisam Khalifa Bahar. 3. Bahrain: A Response to the President's Office by Corinna Mullin and Azadeh Shahshahani. 4. Nowhere to Turn: Obstacles for Immigrants Seeking Government Disaster Assistance by Laura Horton. 5. Is Qualified Immunity an Affirmative Defense in Name Alone? Why Courts Should Shift Away from Placing the Burden to Refute Qualified Immunity on 1983 Plaintiffs by Elinor R. Jordan. 6. The Bradley Manning Case: Executive Power vs. Citizen's Rights by David Gespass. 7. Book Review: Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong by Brett DeGroff.
“I’ll be bound”: John Clare’s “Don Juan,” Literary Annuals, and the Commodification of Authorship

Lindsey Eckert, “‘I’ll be bound’: John Clare’s ‘Don Juan,’ Literary Annuals, and the Commodification of Authorship” (pp. 427–454) From 1826 to 1844, at least forty-seven of John Clare’s poems appeared in British literary annuals. Though these poems represent his most commercial work, Clare’s engagement with the annuals has remained largely neglected by scholars. This essay addresses this gap, and the intervention I make is twofold. First, I argue for the centrality of the literary annuals to Clare’s authorial career. Second, I suggest that Clare’s simultaneous dependence on and disdain for the annuals is essential to interpreting his invectives in “Don Juan” (composed 1841) against “poet whores” and the bad taste of female readers. I argue that annuals shaped Clare’s understanding of commerciality and, by extension, his asylum poem “Don Juan.” My focus sheds new light on our understanding of Clare’s authorship and his interactions with the literary marketplace.
Correlation between myocardial contractile force and cytosolic inorganic phosphate during early ischemia

To test the role of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in downregulation of myocardial contractile force at the onset of ischemia, Pi of rat hearts was determined with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Forty cycles of brief hypoperfusion (30% of baseline flow for 33 s) were used to achieve a time resolution of 0.512 s for comparing dynamic changes in Pi and contractile force. Initial control values of left ventricular developed pressure (LVP), heart rate, and oxygen consumption were 136 +/- 11 mmHg, 236 +/- 4 beats/min, and 95 +/- 3 microl O2 x min(-1) x g(-1); these values were unchanged at the end of the experiment. During the first 10 s of hypoperfusion, Pi increased at a rate (percentage of the total observed change) faster than the decrease in LVP; Pi and LVP then changed at the same rate during the remainder of the hypoperfusion. ADP did not change in advance of LVP. Intracellular pH did not change. The results indicate that Pi plays an important role in initiating the downregulation of myocardial contractile force at the onset of ischemia. Perfusion pressure also declined faster than LVP at the onset of ischemia, indicating potential importance of vascular collapse in contractile downregulation during early ischemia.
Type II alveolar pneumonocytes in vitro.

Publisher Summary Differentiated type II alveolar epithelial cells can be maintained in several culture systems for extended periods. Each system possesses unique characteristics, which are considered in its application to the studies of type II cell function. Clone L-2 derived from adult rat lung undergoes spontaneous transformation between population doubling level (PDL) 35 and 40. Growth studies and karyological analysis indicate that beyond this PDL, L-2 cells no longer possess a normal diploid karyotype and exhibit the proliferative capacity of a cell line with infinite life span. The basic methodology and culture characteristics of fetal rat lung organotypic cultures are described in this chapter. This system is a highly enriched type II cell population in which histotypic alveolar-like structures are formed through cellular reaggregation from a single-cell suspension of late gestation fetal rat lung. This is a differentiating cell population in which presumptive alveolar epithelial cells develop type II cell morphological characteristics and pulmonary surfactant system functions.
Al1-x ScxN Thin Film Structures for Pyroelectric Sensing Applications

AlN thin film structures have many useful and practical piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties. The potential enhancement of the AlN piezo- and pyroelectric constants allows it to compete with more commonly used materials. For example, combination of AlN with ScN leads to new structural, electronic, and mechanical characteristics, which have been reported to substantially enhance the piezoelectric coefficients in solid-solution AlN-ScN compounds, compared to a pure AlN-phase material. In our work, we demonstrate that an analogous alloying approach results in considerable enhancement of the pyroelectric properties of AlN - ScN composites. Thin films of ScN, AlN and Al1-x ScxN (x = 0 – 1.0) were deposited on silicon (004) substrates using dual reactive sputtering in Ar/N2 atmosphere from Sc and Al targets. The deposited films were studied and compared using x-ray diffraction, XPS, SEM, and pyroelectric characterization. An up to 25% enhancement was observed in the pyroelectric coefficient (Pc = 0.9 μC /m2K) for Sc1-xAlxN thin films structures in comparison to pure AlN thin films (Pc = 0.71 μC/m2K). The obtained results suggest that Al1-x ScxN films could be a promising novel pyroelectric material and might be suitable for use in uncooled IR detectors.
Generation rate and particle size distribution of wood dust by handheld sanding operation

Objectives The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH) classified wood dust as a human carcinogen. Former studies have suggested that sanding with a portable sander is one of the processes that are liable to cause highest exposure to wood dust. However, the wood dust by sanding operation has not been investigated sufficiently. In this study, the generation rate and the particle size distribution of the wood dust produced by handheld sanding operation were observed by laboratory experiments. Methods Beech and cypress were taken as typical hard and soft wood specimen respectively, and sanded with a portable sander. Three grades of sand paper (coarse, medium, fine) were attached to the sander in turn to be tested. The quantity of the wood dust produced by the sander was measured by weighing the specimen before and after the sanding and then the generation rate of the dust was calculated. Results Soft wood generated more dust than hard wood due to the difference in abrasion durability. A coarse sand paper produced more dust than a fine sand paper. The particles of less than 1 μm diameter were scarcely observed in the wood dust. When the specimens were sanded with a fine sand paper, the mass median aerodynamic diameters of beech dust and cypress dust were 9.0 μm and 9.8 μm, respectively. Conclusions Respirable wood dust is able to be controlled by general ventilation with more than 0.7-4.2 m3/min ventilation rate.
The effect of scatter on quantitation in positron volume imaging of the thorax

In positron volume imaging (PVI) a high percentage of detected coincidences are scatter events. The authors performed a series of phantom and simulation studies of scatter contamination in thorax imaging. Scatter fractions of 50 to 70% were measured for a torso phantom in a General Electric Advance positron emission tomograph with the septa retracted. The authors also measured scatter contribution from outside the field-of-view (FOV) using a small cylindrical source (1 cm long, 0.5 cm diameter) at various axial and transaxial positions in a solid Lucite cylinder (43 cm long, 20 cm diameter). A source 9 cm outside the FOV contributed approximately 30% the scatter that the same source would contribute if placed near the center of the FOV. To isolate the effect of scatter from outside the FOV in realistic imaging situations the authors performed Monte Carlo simulations of PVI for heart studies. Organs outside the FOV can contribute significantly to detected scatter. For instance, with equal activity concentrations the liver and heart contributions to scatter were virtually identical even though 90% of the liver was outside the FOV. >
EM scattering by electrically large inhomogeneous dielectric objects — MOM/Power series solution approach

In this work, we extend the recently developed method of moments/power series solution (MOM-PS) procedure to obtain radar cross section (RCS) of an inhomogeneous dielectric body due to a plane wave incidence. The procedure involves modeling the body using tetrahedron cells, assigning material parameters to each cell and employing Shaubert-Wilton-Glisson (SWG) functions to approximate the unknown flux density induced in the body. Next, we apply the recently developed MOM-PS procedure to solve for the unknowns. The new procedure is simple and yields accurate results for the material body problem.
Controlling Tuberculosis in the United States: Use of Isolation and Other Measures Throughout the Country.

OBJECTIVES We sought to better understand the tools used by public health officials in the control of tuberculosis (TB). METHODS We conducted a series of in-depth interviews with public health officials at the local, state, and federal levels to better understand how health departments around the country use isolation measures to control TB. RESULTS State and local public health officials' use of social distancing tools in infection control varies widely, particularly in response to handling noncompliant patients. Judicial and community support, in addition to financial resources, impacted the incentives and enablers used to maintain isolation of infectious TB patients. CONCLUSIONS Instituting social distancing requires authorities and resources and can be impacted by evidentiary standards, risk assessments, political will, and community support. Awareness of these factors, as well as knowledge of state and local uses of social distancing measures, is essential to understanding what actions are most likely to be instituted during a public health emergency and to target interventions to better prepare health departments to utilize the best available tools necessary to control the spread of disease. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:337-342).
Theory of the quantum Hall effect at ν = 1 2 in a wide quantum well

In a monolayer system a composite (c) fermion with two flux quanta (fluxons) is known to be generated at the Landau level occupation number (filling factor) $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{1}{2}.$ In a bilayer system two c fermions are bound via the phonon exchange to form a pair (p) c boson with parallel electron spins and the system of condensed pc bosons generates a quantum Hall effect (QHE) state at $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{1}{2}.$ Similar pc bosons are formed more efficiently at $\ensuremath{\nu}=1,$ and the QHE state developed is stronger. These QHE states become weaker at a tilted magnetic field since the pc boson has a p-wave-type charge distribution with the preferred axis along [001].
Development of an innovative mHealth platform for remote physical activity monitoring and health coaching of cardiac rehabilitation patients

This article presents the main features and components of iCardia — an innovative mHealth platform designed to support remote monitoring and health coaching of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) patients, through Fitbit wearable sensor devices, smartphones, and personalized SMS textmessages. The design and development of iCardia were based on an iterative, user-centered design process and an open-service architecture to ensure rapid scalability and adherence to evidence-based guidelines for easier transition into clinical practice. iCardia has the potential to enable a paradigm shift towards a collaborative CR environment that utilizes mHealth technologies to engage patients to more effectively self-manage their cardiovascular disease.
Instrumentation receiver for medium frequency propagation and noise measurements

Recent interest in radio frequencies below 500 kHz has created a need for new small-signal measurement hardware to convert low-level RF signals to drive baseband digital signal processing hardware and software. The IQ Near-Zero-IF architecture receiver described here translates a 7 kHz bandwidth RF input channel to baseband, with 4 dB noise figure, 50 ohm input, 60 dB flat gain, and greater than 80 dB in-band dynamic range. Analog signal processing and cascaded selectivity result in an output signal band identical to the input band, except for frequency and gain. Analog IQ processing provides greater than 50 dB opposite sideband suppression. LO frequency stability supports coherent integration times of 4 seconds per bit.
Household food production is positively associated with dietary diversity and intake of nutrient-dense foods for older preschool children in poorer families: Results from a nationally-representative survey in Nepal.

Background Nutrition-sensitive interventions supporting enhanced household food production have potential to improve child dietary quality. However, heterogeneity in market access may cause systematic differences in program effectiveness depending on household wealth and child age. Identifying these effect modifiers can help development agencies specify and target their interventions. Objective This study investigates mediating effects of household wealth and child age on links between farm production and child diets, as measured by production and intake of nutrient-dense food groups. Methods Two rounds (2013 and 2014) of nationally representative survey data (n = 5,978 observations) were used to measure production and children’s dietary intake, as well as a household wealth index and control variables, including breastfeeding. Novel steps used include measuring production diversity in terms of both species grown and food groups grown, as well as testing for mediating effects of family wealth and age of child. Results We find significant associations between child dietary diversity and agricultural diversity in terms of diversity of food groups and of species grown, especially for older children in poorer households, and particularly for fruits and vegetables, dairy and eggs. With each additional food group produced, log-odds of meeting minimum dietary diversity score (≥4) increase by 0.25 (p = 0.01) for children aged 24–59 months. For younger children aged 18–23 months there is a similar effect size but only in the poorest two quintiles of household wealth, and for infants 6–18 months we find no correlation between production and intake in most models. Conclusions Child dietary intake is associated with the composition of farm production, most evident among older preschool children and in poorer households. To improve the nutrition of infants, other interventions are needed; and for relatively wealthier households, own farm production may displace market purchases, which could attenuate the impact of household production on child diets.
Room-Temperature Aluminum-Sulfur Batteries with a Lithium-Ion-Mediated Ionic Liquid Electrolyte

Summary Aluminum-sulfur (Al-S) chemistry is attractive for the development of future-generation electrochemical energy storage technologies. However, to date, only limited reversible Al-S chemistry has been demonstrated. This paper demonstrates a highly reversible room-temperature Al-S battery with a lithium-ion (Li + -ion)-mediated ionic liquid electrolyte. Mechanistic studies with electrochemical and spectroscopic methodologies revealed that the enhancement in reversibility by Li + -ion mediation is attributed to the chemical reactivation of aluminum polysulfides and/or sulfide by Li + during electrochemical cycling. The results obtained with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations suggest the presence of a Li 3 AlS 3 -like product with a mixture of Li 2 S- and Al 2 S 3 -like phases in the discharged sulfur cathode. With Li + -ion mediation, the cycle life of room-temperature Al-S batteries is greatly improved. The cell delivers an initial capacity of ∼1,000 mA hr g −1 and maintains a capacity of up to 600 mA hr g −1 after 50 cycles.
Evaluating the Symbiotic Potential of Indigenous Rhizobial Populations of Soils Using the Whole-Soil Inocula Technique

To estimate the N2-fixing capacity of a population of rhizobia in a specified soil, the usual approach is to make several rhizobial isolates from nodules, test them for effectiveness on a given legume, and then integrate the various measurements to obtain a single estimate for the whole population. An alternative estimate of the symbiotic potential of a rhizobial population can be made by using the soils as inocula. This experiment is designed to quantify the effectiveness of the indigenous soil rhizobial populations infective on a specific legume species or on several species in a cross-inoculation group.
Volterra Control Synthesis

This work presents a systematic method for deriving and realizing nonlinear controllers and nonlinear closed-loop systems. The nonlinear behavior is modeled using a finite number of the Volterra kernels of the plant and the desired input-output map of the closed-loop system. The control design takes place in the frequency domain and is realized as an interconnected set of linear systems. These linear systems enjoy a recursive structure that greatly simplifies realization, and a parallel structure that lends itself to distributed processing.
Numerical Modeling of Complex Structures: Shells and Biological Cells

This paper has a twofold objective: to present (a) a computational model for the finite deformation analysis of shell structures and (b) the development of mathematical model of biological cells based on homogenization techniques. In the first part, we present a finite element formulation which describes a refined shell theory in a natural and simple way using curvilinear coordinates. The first-order shell theory with seven parameters is derived with exact nonlinear deformations and under the framework of the Lagrangian description. This approach takes in-to account thickness changes and, therefore, 3D constitutive equations are utilized. In addition, we utilize the equal order, spectral/hp approximations for all variables in the finite element model to avoid membrane and shear. Numerical simulations and comparisons of the present results with those found in the literature for typical benchmark problems involving isotropic, laminated composites, as well as functionally graded shells are presented. In the second part, we present a mechanical model for a generalized biological cell, which includes the features of major cell types. The properties of biological materials are closely related to their internal molecular structure, and therefore require a micro-constituent based mathematical model to determine its macroscopic properties. In this work, the mathematical model is based on the actin fiber concentration, which could be used for the determination of mechanical properties of normal and diseased cells. Numerical results obtained with the present continuum model are compared with experimental results and a very good agreement is found.
The United Arab Emirates : Power, Politics and Policy-Making

Led by Dubai and Abu Dhabi, the UAE has become deeply embedded in the contemporary system of international power, politics, and policy-making. Only an independent state since 1971, the seven emirates that constitute the UAE represent not only the most successful Arab federal experiment but also the most durable. However, the 2008 financial crisis and its aftermath underscored the continuing imbalance between Abu Dhabi and Dubai and the five northern emirates. Meanwhile, the post-2011 security crackdown revealed the acute sensitivity of officials in Abu Dhabi to social inequalities and economic disparities across the federation. The United Arab Emirates: Power, Politics, and Policymaking charts the various processes of state formation and political and economic development that have enabled the UAE to emerge as a significant regional power and major player in the post Arab Spring reordering of Middle East and North African Politics, as well as the closest partner of the US in military and security affairs in the region. It also explores the seamier underside of that growth in terms of the condition of migrant workers, recent interventions in Libya and Yemen, and, latterly, one of the highest rates of political prisoners per capita in the world. The book concludes with a discussion of the likely policy challenges that the UAE will face in coming years, especially as it moves towards its fiftieth anniversary in 2021. Providing a comprehensive and accessible assessment of the UAE, this book will be a vital resource for students and scholars of International Relations and Middle East Studies, as well as non-specialists with an interest in the United Arab Emirates and its global position.
Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures in GaP

Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) in GaP with high and low spatial frequencies were systematically investigated. We fabricated these structures using a fs laser as a feasible alternative method to realize nonlinear photonic metasurfaces.
The Fourteenth Amendment Right of Conscience: Roe, Casey, and the Constitutional Right to Refuse

Supreme Court precedents in Roe and Casey establish a pregnant woman’s right to decide for herself whether to have an abortion. Do those same precedents also protect her doctor’s right to decide whether to perform abortions? The Fourteenth Amendment rights of various parties in the abortion context - the pregnant woman, the fetus, the fetus’ father, the state - have been discussed at length by commentators and the courts. Surprisingly, the Fourteenth Amendment rights of the physician asked to perform the abortion have rarely been explored. The Court’s substantive due process analysis typically looks for rights that are “deeply rooted” in our history and traditions. Accordingly, this article addresses the historical basis for finding that physicians do indeed have a Fourteenth Amendment right to refuse to perform abortions. Ultimately, this historical analysis shows that the right to refuse actually has better historical support, and better satisfies the Court’s stated tests, than the abortion right itself. A physician’s right to make this decision without government compulsion also fits squarely within the zone of individual decision-making protected by the Court’s opinions in Casey and Lawrence v. Texas, and protects physicians from the types of psychological harm that the Court recognized in Roe and Casey. For these reasons, under Roe and Casey, a physician has a Fourteenth Amendment right to refuse to perform abortions.
Spectrum Sensing: Analog (or Partially Analog) CMOS Real-Time Spectrum Sensing Techniques

Congestion of the radio spectrum, caused by licensed primary users and an increasing demand for new devices, has created a need for alternative methods of radio spectrum use in the future. Licensed primary users can be inactive for a specified time, leaving their allocated frequency band unoccupied so that secondary users can then use it. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allowed unlicensed users to operate under specified circumstances for specific frequency bands. Secondary users cannot interfere with primary users at any time, whether by detecting the presence of primary signals and avoiding the occupied bands or by having a very small transmission power density compared to primary users. Hence, they appear as noise in primary receivers.
Behavioral approaches to the treatment of hypertension.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses behavioral approaches to the treatment of hypertension. The non-pharmacological approaches have been considered under five major methodological headings. These are biofeedback techniques, relaxation techniques, psychotherapy,suggestion and placebo effects, and environmental modification. For each of the five methods, material and data reported are examined using the clinical pharmacological format developed for the study of other therapeutic agents in human. The results of this analysis indicate that most of the studies have been of the phase I type—that is, demonstration of effects in small numbers of subjects in acute (short term) treatment situations. Phase II studies—that is, controlled clinical trials, with comparison with known effective agents are sparse. Phase III studies—that is, the data derived when large scale clinical use of the new therapy, without controls, are undertaken, may be beginning, although phase II efficacy and safety have not been established. The information currently available from these phase I studies indicates the effects on blood pressure that are small (e.g., 5-25 mm Hg MBP) with minimal data about the duration of such effects. From current data, these methods are adjunctive and not alternative, particularly in patients with moderate to severe hypertension. The problem of compliance with therapy would seem to be similar with the non-pharmacological as with the pharmacological modalities.
A Competition Model with Age Structure

In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in modeling and analyzing the growth and interactions of populations with age structure. A large portion of the recent literature was stimulated by some seminal papers of Gurtin and MacCamy [7–9] in which the growth of a single age-structured population was modeled by a first order partial differential equation (which has come to be called “McKendrick’s equation) for the population density. More recently papers have appeared in which systems of such equations have been used to describe interactions between age-structured populations [2,4–6,11,12,15,16] nearly all of which have dealt with predator-prey interactions. As pointed out in [2,10] the presence of age structure within one or more of the interacting populations can significantly change the dynamics of the interaction and in fact can lead to violations of often held basic tenets in theoretical population dynamics.
ChemFate: A fate and transport modeling framework for evaluating radically different chemicals under comparable conditions

With the ever-increasing development on novel chemicals and materials, with radically different properties and environmental behavior, it is challenging to compare their environmental behavior under similar conditions. For example, pesticides may be non-ionizable organics, ionizable organics, metal ion-based, or nanomaterials. These very different chemicals behave very differently. To date, no single modeling platform can handle all adequately, in a dynamic framework that accounts for actual variability in meteorology, rates of release to the environment, and the actual characteristics of the region of interest. Here we present ChemFate, a framework to address this challenge, by incorporating four different fate and transport models, each to address these four classes of chemicals (non-ionizable organics, ionizable organics, metal ion-based, or nanomaterials). We build upon established models, but have incorporated a number of additional processes. After demonstrating that the individual models comparable favorably with observed data and the previous models, under similar conditions, we conducted a case study with four radically different fungicides, used in the Central Valley, California. We found that although the concentrations of the non-ionizable and ionizable organic fungicide spike after application and temporarily may exceed toxicity thresholds for Daphnia Magna, they do not accumulate over time, while the metal ion and metallic nanoparticle result in increasing accumulation of Cu2+, eventually exceeding the toxicity threshold during runoff events. This case study demonstrates the value of a framework that allows the comparison of different classes of chemicals under the same conditions.