cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow cytometric analysis of micronucleated reticulocytes in mouse bone marrow.

This laboratory has previously reported a flow cytometric procedure for quantitatively analyzing mouse peripheral blood reticulocytes for micronucleus content. The current study extends this line of investigation by evaluating whether these same flow cytometric scoring procedures can be applied to the analysis of mouse bone marrow samples. To validate the method, three groups of male BALB/c mice were treated with 100 mg/kg b.wt. methyl methanesulfonate. Bone marrow samples were collected 20, 40 or 60 h after administration. A set of 5 untreated animals was included to provide an indication of spontaneous micronucleus frequencies. The cells were fixed with ultracold methanol, treated with ribonuclease, and labeled with anti-CD71 antibody (FITC conjugate) and propidium iodide. This fixing and labeling procedure resulted in the resolution of the micronucleated reticulocyte population and facilitated high-speed acquisition and enumeration via flow cytometry. The number of micronucleated reticulocytes was determined flow cytometrically by the analysis of 10,000 total reticulocytes per bone marrow sample. In addition to these automated measurements, slides stained with acridine orange were prepared and the number of micronuclei per 1000 reticulocytes was determined microscopically for each sample. The resulting data demonstrate that flow cytometry can effectively enumerate micronucleated reticulocytes in mouse bone marrow. The advantages associated with an objective, high throughput scoring methodology are also clearly indicated.
Engineering plastics from lignin. XV. Polyurethane films from chain-extended hydroxypropyl lignin

A series of polyurethane (PU) films was prepared from chain-extended hydroxypropyl lignins (CEHPL). In appearance, these films ranged from brittle and dark brown to rubbery and bronze. The thermal, mechanical, and network properties of these PUs were investigated by DMTA and DSC analysis. All films exhibited single Tg's which varied between −53° and 101°C, depending on lignin content. From swelling experiments, molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc) was determined and found to vary over 2.5 orders of magnitude. The Mc's were related to the change in Tg that accompanied network formation. Stress–strain experiments showed a variation in Young's modulus between 7 and 1300 MPa. Most of the variation in material properties was related to lignin content and to a lesser extent to diisocyanate type, hexamethylene diisocyanate, or toluene diisocyanate. The source of the CEHPL had no effect on the observed properties. From these results it was concluded that the properties of PUs can be controlled and engineered for a wide variety of practical uses.
Effect of Mat Movement on Soil Salinity Fluctuations in Some Coastal Louisiana Marshes

Abstract We studied patterns of interstitial soil salinities in relation to adjacent surface-water salinity fluctuations in two floating marshes (in which the upper 50 cm of substrate move vertically in response to water level fluctuations) and one firmly rooted marsh occurring in close proximity to each other in a low-salinity (0·5-5) region of coastal Louisiana. Soil salinities were measured 1 and 50 m inland from the adjacent canal at 5-25 cm (mat) depth in 5-cm intervals, and at 50, 75 and 100 cm depth (sludge). Under the fresh (salinity 1-2 g) conditions prevailing during most of the 3-year study, mean salinities in the firmly anchored marsh were considerably higher than adjacent surface waters and also higher than in the two floating marshes. The highest single-point concentrations during the study were also measured in the firmly rooted marsh. In the floating marshes soil salinities were relatively fresh, higher than but tracking open-water salinity fluctuations closely throughout the study. At all three sites salinities increased with depth as well as distance from the adjacent canal except at the freely floating site, where the deeper salinities at the edge of the creek and 50 m inland were not significantly different. Soil salinities were more homogeneously distributed in the floating marshes than in the firmly anchored marsh. Vertical and lateral salinity gradients in the firmly anchored marsh were steeper and showed greater seasonal variability. From the observed patterns of soil salinity fluctuations in the two marsh types it is possible to infer greater below-ground exchange of water between marsh and adjacent surface water in the floating marsh type than in the rooted marsh type. The differing response of the two marsh types to forcing from the same external source of salt, with resultant differing soil salt distributions, may allow plants with varying degrees of salt tolerance to coexist in the same general area.
Can we fix nuclear energy

A 1 million kW pressurized water reactor contains 15 billion Ci radioactivity. This is about equal to the natural radioactivity in all the oceans; radioactivity that accompanies the decay of the 4 billion tons of uranium and its daughters dissolved in the seas. Nothing except time can turn radioactivity off. The radiation from an X-ray machine ceases when the technician turns the machine off. By contrast, the radioactivity in a reactor decays only .slowly after the reactor is shut off; it contributes about 200,000 kW heat while the reactor is running and, depending upon how long the reactor has been running before shutdown, is still generating 8500 kW a week later from the remaining 2 billion Ci. A large chain reactor must therefore be cooled even after the reaction has ceased or the fuel will melt. If it melts, radioactivity will excape from the fuel. From the beginning in 1942, all of us at Arthur Compton's Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago where the first chain reaction was established sensed that mankind was crossing a threshold when he learned howqo create at will radioactivity on an enormous scale. Up until then radioactivity was measured in pCi or mCi--I g radium, costing $50,000, was equal to I Ci. Enrico Fermi, the developer of the chain reactor and our scientific leader, on occasion would remind us of this. It was not only the bomb that changed things--it was also the creation of unimaginably large amounts o.f radioactivity. It is no wonder that from the very beginning safety was an obsession among the developers of nuclear energy. My first job at Chicago was to help Edward Teller estimate how much radioactive carbon would be spewed into the atmosphere from a small aircooled reactor we were planning to build at Oak Ridge. And it was Edward Teller, more than anyone else, who insisted that the safety of reactors must predominate. He was the founder, and first chairman in 1948, of what is now called the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safety (ACRS). No reactor could be built
Soteriological dimensions in the work of Heinz Kohut

A framework of theological inquiry is utilized to illuminate soteriological dimensions implicit in Heinz Kohut's psychology of the self as expressed in his most recent work,The Restoration of the Self. Kohut's new formulations involve the unfolding of a saving approach that through its broad application seeks to overcome “the psychological danger that puts the psychological survival of modern Western man into the greatest jeopardy.” The theological inquiry employed asks: What is the essential nature of man? How has man fallen away from his essential self? By what means is he to be saved from his broken condition? Kohut's implicit and explicit “answers” are summarized by dealing with four cardinal issues in his book: definitions of the self: the relationship of a psychology of the self to other psychologies; theory concerning the selfs structure, development, and restoration; and the centrality of the empathic response.
Chemical Trends across Cretaceous Batholithic Rocks of Southern California

Nine major and minor chemical elements and specific gravity have been determined for composite samples from 542 localities in Cretaceous batholithic rocks of southern California. The rocks range from gabbro to quartz monzonite. Chemical variations reflect the strong petrographic zonation of the region from abundant low-silica rocks near the continental margin to abundant high-silica rocks inland 100 to 150 km. The rocks are mostly quartz plutonites, and within each quartz plutonite group, most chemical variations are opposite those of the batholith as a whole; potassium, however, increases consistently inland. The variation of K cannot be correlated with the variation of any other major or minor element of the batholithic rocks in any of the rock types except gabbro. Though field relations and radiometric ages prove that the gabbroic rocks belong to the batholith, their magmatic origins appear to be separate from those of the intermediate- and high-silica rocks.
Using measurable physical characteristics to forecast beef heifer maturity: The identification of a maturity index

A target BW is often used to estimate sexual maturity in beef heifers. The target BW, a percentage of mature BW, is generally an average for the breed, herd, or both. Heifer development is done in groups or herds, and not all heifers respond similarly to the same development regimen. Generally, heifers fed at a higher plane of nutrition gain more BW and tend to have increased pregnancy rates, but this usually increases feed costs. Therefore, determining when increased feed costs exceed the economic gains resulting from greater conception rates is critical and requires the inclusion of economic information and relationships. This research focused on the individual heifer as the decision point, and identification of the individual heifer target BW was based on clearly defined biological relationships observed before breeding. These relationships were captured in a maturity index (MI) identified through a series of steps and guided by current, accepted knowledge of heifer growth and development. Using an in-sample mean absolute percent error comparison, it was determined the MI was more accurate than the current group or herd methods in forecasting actual maturity and target BW. Maturity index demonstrated the flexibility in achieving similar maturities with beef heifers of varying characteristics using alternative nutritional programs. The MI was also the only significant predictor of first pregnancy. These results allow for more precision in determining sexual maturity and probability of first pregnancy in beef heifers and serve as the basis for future studies in determining profit differences among heifers.
The Empire City: New York and Its People, 1624-1996

Preface From Trading Post to Commercial City, 1624-1824 Growth and Change in the Commercial City, 1825-1870 A New Metropolis: New York and Its People, 1870-1920 Boom Times, Bad Times: New York and Its People, 1920-1945 Postwar New York: Bright City, Dark City, 1945-1970 Roller Coaster Years: New York and Its People, 1970-1995 Bibliographical Essay Index
A report on the use of HyperTalk in CS1 within a liberal arts setting

The choice of which formal (programming) language to use in CS1 has occupied or preoccupied computer science educators for some time now. Some have even dubbed the debate as the "language wars." We do not intend for this report to be is another salvo in this war. Instead, we wish to report on why one institution has decided on an unconventional choice--HyperTalk--and the successful results obtained from using it in CS1 for the past five semesters.
Introduction of nucleophiles and spectroscopic probes into antibody combining sites.

A general chemical strategy has been developed whereby antibody combining sites can be selectively derivatized with natural or synthetic molecules, such as catalytic groups, drugs, metals, or reporter molecules. Cleavable affinity labels were used to selectively introduce a thiol into the combining site of the immunoglobulin A MOPC 315. This thiol acted both as a nucleophile to accelerate ester thiolysis 60,000-fold and as a handle for selectively derivatizing the antibody with additional functional groups. For example, derivatization of the antibody with a fluorophore made possible a direct spectroscopic assay of antibody-ligand complexation. This chemistry should not only extend our ability to exploit antibody specificity in chemical catalysis, diagnostics, and therapeutics, but may also prove generally applicable to the functional modification of other proteins for which detailed structural information is unavailable.
WOMEN'S AND MEN'S SCRIPTS FOR INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT

Two studies are reported in which women's and men's mental representations of interpersonal conflict were compared. In the first, exploratory study, undergraduate women and men wrote scripts for a conflict between two friends over broken promises. In the second, they created scripts for five different types of interpersonal conflicts by selecting from among previously written responses that depict alternative beginnings, middles, and ends to each conflict. Results from both studies suggest few differences in general types of responses selected by women and men but consistent differences in contingencies of their responses. Development of the men's scripts depended more on the offended party's initiation of conflict, whereas development of women's scripts depended more on whether the offending party apologized. Results suggest that men may use more personal or independent criteria in representing the management of conflict, whereas women may use more interpersonal or interdependent criteria.
Histopathology of Lung Disease in the Connective Tissue Diseases

The pathologic correlates of interstitial lung disease (ILD) secondary to connective tissue disease (CTD) comprise a diverse group of histologic patterns. Lung biopsies in patients with CTD-associated ILD tend to demonstrate simultaneous involvement of multiple anatomic compartments of the lung. Certain histologic patterns tend to predominate in each defined CTD, and it is possible in many cases to confirm connective tissue-associated lung disease and guide patient management using surgical lung biopsy. This article will cover the pulmonary pathologies seen in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, myositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, and mixed CTD.
Effect of feeding limited roughage and a comparison between loose and pelleted pineapple hay on milk production, milk constituents, and fatty acid composition of milk fat.

Abstract Twelve lactating Holstein cows were used to evaluate limited roughage feeding and to compare the feeding value of loose and pelleted pineapple hay in terms of milk production, milk constituents, and fatty acid composition of milk fat. An incomplete block switchback design consisting of 6-wk periods (3-wk changeover and 3-wk comparison periods) was used. Treatments were 1) high concentrate-low roughage (10lb of pineapple bran), 2) medium concentrate-medium roughage (10lb of pineapple bran and up to 14lb of loose pineapple hay), and 3) medium concentrate-medium roughage (10lb of pineapple bran and up to 14lb of pelleted pineapple hay). Data from cows on Treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively, were: milk production 31.8 a , 30.2 b , and 29.0 c lb; 4% FCM 27.8 a , 31.6 b , and 30.4 b lb; milk fat 3.2 a , 4.3 b , and 4.3 b %; total solids 11.9 a , 12.9 b , and 12.8 b %; SNF 8.7 a , 8.7 a and 8.7 a %; protein 3.5 a , 3.6 a , and 3.6 a %. Values in the same categories with different superscripts are significantly different when measured by Duncan's multiple range test. The fatty acid composition of milk fat was determined using gas chromatography. Significant differences between the limited-roughage and mediumroughage treatments were observed in the C 14 , C 16 , C 18 , C 18 =1 , and C 18 =2 fatty acid portions.
Granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (filgrastim) may overcome imatinib‐induced neutropenia in patients with chronic‐phase chronic myelogenous leukemia

BACKGROUND Imatinib mesylate administration has become standard treatment for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Although the safety profile of imatinib is favorable, Grade ≥ 3 neutropenia (according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria) occurs in 35–45% of patients with CML in chronic phase who receive standard-dose imatinib. Myelosuppression results in treatment interruptions, which may compromise responses to imatinib. The authors investigated the ability of granulocyte–colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) to reverse imatinib-associated neutropenia, thereby allowing for more continuous imatinib administration. METHODS Thirteen patients with chronic-phase CML and Grade ≥ 3, imatinib-induced neutropenia were treated with filgrastim. Treatment with filgrastim was initiated after a median of 22 months from the start of imatinib. Eleven patients received filgrastim 5 μg/kg 1–3 times weekly, and 2 patients received filgrastim 5 μg/kg daily; doses were titrated to maintain an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 109/L. RESULTS Seven of 11 patients (64%) who began treatment with an ANC < 1.5 × 109/L had responses (i.e., their ANC improved to ≥ 2 × 109/L within 21 days); the other 4 patients experienced slower recovery but were able to continue receiving imatinib uninterrupted. Before filgrastim administration was initiated, patients did not receive imatinib (due to neutropenia-related treatment interruptions) for an average of 21% of the total time since the start of imatinib. This figure decreased to 6% after the start of filgrastim treatment (P = 0.0008). Before filgrastim treatment was initiated, only one patient had achieved a major (partial) cytogenetic response. After the start of filgrastim treatment, five patients had major cytogenetic responses (including two complete responses). CONCLUSIONS The authors concluded that filgrastim may overcome imatinib-associated neutropenia and allow improved delivery of imatinib. Some patients may experience improvements in their responses to therapy as a result. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Coming to Our Senses: Feeling and Knowledge in Theology and Ministry

This essays returns to a question I explored years ago as a pregnant and nursing mother: What is the nature of tactile knowledge and how might the construction of theology take such knowledge into greater consideration? Feeling as a source and site for knowledge has been derided for centuries despite efforts of modern psychologists to rehabilitate its role and of feminist theorists to challenge its sexist stereotypes. This essay explores the relationship between feeling, bodies, and knowledge in theology, reviewing negative perceptions and viable avenues for positive reconstruction. It argues that the repression of feeling has troubling consequences for theological education and that theological studies has much to gain from the “affective revolution” in the sciences.
A Single-Frequency, 2-cm, Yb-doped Silica Fiber Laser

A single-frequency, 2-cm, ytterbium-doped silica fiber laser has been demonstrated with an output power of 35 mW and side-mode suppression ratio greater than 25 dB. The optical signal-to-noise ratio is greater than 65 dB.
Imipramine-induced changes in the rapid eye movement sleep rebound and wet dog shakes of morphine-abstinent rats.

Abstract Rats were prepared with chronic cortical and temporalis muscle electrodes for the continuous recording of the electroencephalogram and electromyogram, and with chronic indwelling intravenous and intraperitoneal cannulas for morphine and imipramine administration, respectively. To induce dependence on morphine, progressively increasing doses were delivered automatically over a total period of 6 days. Chronic imipramine administration (1.67 mg/kg per hr) was then initiated on the fourth day after morphine withdrawal and was continued for 7 days. Imipramine treatment during this period completely abolished the rebound in the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep normally occurring at this time in abstinent rats and caused, in addition, a marked suppression of REM sleep. On four of the seven treatment days, however, the lowered values of REM sleep time were significantly greater than those of naive rats similarly treated. The incidence of wet dog shakes appearing during the course of morphine abstinence was also dramatically reduced by the introduction of the imipramine injections. Upon termination of the chronic treatment with imipramine, the frequency of wet dog shakes immediately increased and remained elevated for 4–5 days. A protracted rebound in REM sleep subsequently occurred, which extended over a period of 9 days. It is assumed that these changes in both the onset of a REM sleep rebound and the appearance of wet dog shakes during morphine abstinence in the rat are due to the interaction of imipramine with the altered central adrenergic and cholinergic activities reported to accompany the withdrawal of morphine.
Pressure Gradient Changes On The Trabecular Meshwork of Monkeys

The cellular lining of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal was anatomically different at different pressure levels. When the anterior chamber pressure rose above that of the canal, there was a marked increase in the number and size of the vacuoles present. At the same time the canal became smaller. When Schlemm's canal pressure exceeded that of the anterior chamber, the vacuoles decreased in size and number, and the canal enlarged. These findings were independent of postmortem artifacts.
Does the “Widowhood Effect” Precede Spousal Bereavement? Results from a Nationally Representative Sample of Older Adults

Objective Increased mortality risk following spousal bereavement (often called the "widowhood effect") is well documented, but little prior research has evaluated health deteriorations preceding spousal loss. Design Data are from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative sample of Americans over 50 years old. Method Individuals who were married in 2004 were considered for inclusion. Outcome data from 2006 on mobility (walking, climbing stairs), number of depressive symptoms, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) were used. Exposure was characterized based on marital status at the time of outcome measurement: "recent widows" (N = 396) were bereaved between 2004 and 2006, before outcomes were assessed; "near widows" (N = 380) were bereaved between 2006 and 2008, after outcomes were assessed; "married" individuals (N = 7,330) remained married from 2004 to 2010, the follow-up period for this analysis. Linear regression models predicting standardized mobility, depressive symptoms, and IADLs, were adjusted for age, race, gender, birthplace, socio-economic status, and health at baseline. Results Compared to married individuals, recent widows had worse depressive symptoms (β = 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): [0.57, 0.85]). Near widows had worse depressive symptoms (β = 0.21, 95% CI: [0.08, 0.34]), mobility (β = 0.14, 95%CI: [0.01, 0.26]), and word recall (β = −0.13, 95%CI: [−0.23, −0.02]) compared to married individuals. Conclusions Health declines before spousal death suggests some portion of the "widowhood effect" may be attributable to experiences that precede widowhood and interventions prior to bereavement might help preserve the health of the surviving spouse.
Cystic fibrosis gene mutation reduces epithelial cell acidification and injury in acid-perfused mouse duodenum

Background & Aims: Dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) is associated with diminished duodenal HCO3− secretion, despite a reported lack of clinical duodenal ulceration in affected subjects. We hypothesized that duodenal epithelial cells expressing a mutant CFTR have enhanced resistance to acid-induced injury. To test this hypothesis, we measured duodenal epithelial cell intracellular pH (pHi), injury, and acid back-diffusion in response to a luminal acid challenge in transgenic mice. Methods: A murine colony was established for the CFTR ΔF508 (ΔF) mutation. Epithelial cell pHi was measured by microscopy with a trapped, fluorescent pH-sensitive dye in living C57BL/6 and ΔF/ΔF, +/ΔF, and +/+ mice. In vivo confocal microscopy confirmed the localization of the dye in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. Epithelial injury was measured fluorometrically using propidium iodide. Duodenal epithelial bicarbonate secretion and proton permeability were measured by back-titration. Bicarbonate secretion and acid back-diffusion were measured in a perfused duodenal loop. Results: Basal and post-acid exposure bicarbonate secretion were reduced in ΔF/ΔF mice, although acid back-diffusion was similar to controls. Epithelial pHi of CFTR ΔF/ΔF mice during luminal acid exposure was significantly higher than pHi in +/ΔF, +/+, or C57BL/6 mice. Acid-related epithelial injury was markedly less in ΔF/ΔF mice in comparison with the other groups. Conclusions: Increased cellular buffering power of the epithelial cells of ΔF/ΔF mice likely protects against acidification and injury during acid exposure. We speculate that this protective mechanism partially underlies the perceived relative lack of peptic ulceration in patients affected by cystic fibrosis.
Imaging of extraosseous intracranial and intraspinal multiple myeloma, including central nervous system involvement

Involvement of the central nervous system by multiple myeloma is rare and has a very poor prognosis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head and spine plays an important role in diagnosing central nervous system involvement with multiple myeloma. We retrospectively analyzed the imaging features of pathology-proven extraosseous intracranial and intraspinal multiple myeloma from 2002 to 2013. The most common imaging manifestations were extraaxial nonosseous spinal lesions, cranial nerve involvement, and intracranial extraaxial nonosseous lesions. Different sites in the central nervous system may be affected by multiple myeloma, often simultaneously, producing a variety of imaging appearances.
Reactivity and toxicity of atracurium and its metabolites in vitro

Cytotoxicity of atracurium and of its metabolites was tested in vitro. Exposure of isolated rat hepatocytes to atracurium produced cellular damage evidenced by extrusion of an intracellular enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), into the incubation medium. Leakage of LDH was directly related to the concentration of atracurium in the medium (250 to 800 microM). If the spontaneous degradation of atracurium (presumably via Hofmann elimination) was first carried out in vitro and the degradation products subsequently added to the isolated hepatocytes, the leakage of LDH was also dose-dependent but larger than that observed after the addition of the parent drug. When l-cysteine was admixed to the products of the spontaneous degradation of atracurium prior to their addition to the liver cells, no leakage of LDH was observed. The results are compatible with the working hypothesis that atracurium itself and, even more so, acrylates formed in Hofmann elimination of atracurium, are reactive toward nucleophiles and damage the cells by alkylating nucleophiles present in cellular membranes. Antecedent covalent binding of acrylates to the nucleophile cysteine, i.e., the formation of acrylate-cysteine adducts, saturated the reactive capacity of acrylates for nucleophiles and thus prevented the reactive metabolites from alkylating the endogenous nucleophiles. Possible clinical consequences resulting from in vivo generation of reactive metabolites are not clear at the present time but are projected to be related to (a) the dose of atracurium administered, (b) the amount of acrylates generated, (c) the functional importance of the endogenous nucleophiles alkylated, and (d) the pathway and the speed of detoxification of atracurium and its metabolites.
Wetting transparency of graphene in water.

Measurements of contact angle on graphene sheets show a notable dependence on the nature of the underlying substrate, a phenomenon termed wetting transparency. Our molecular modeling studies reveal analogous transparency in case of submerged graphene fragments in water. A combined effect of attractive dispersion forces, angle correlations between aqueous dipoles, and repulsion due to the hydrogen-bond-induced orientation bias in polarized hydration layers acting across graphene sheet, enhances apparent adhesion of water to graphene. We show wetting free energy of a fully wetted graphene platelet to be about 8 mNm−1 lower than for graphene wetted only on one side, which gives close to 10° reduction in contact angle. This difference has potential implications for predictions of water absorption vs. desorption, phase behavior of water in aqueous nanoconfinements, solvent-induced interactions among graphitic nanoparticle and concomitant stability in aqueous dispersions, and can influence permeability of porous materials such as carbon nanotubes by water and aqueous solutions.
Semantic Naturalization via Interactive Perceptual Causality

A novel semantic naturalization program is proposed. Its three main differences from informational semantics approaches are as follows. First, it makes use of a perceptually based, four-factor interactive causal relation in place of a simple nomic covariance relation. Second, it does not attempt to globally naturalize all semantic concepts, but instead it appeals to a broadly realist interpretation of natural science, in which the concept of propositional truth is off-limits to naturalization attempts. And third, it treats all semantic concepts as being purely abstract, so that concrete cognitive states are only indexed by them rather than instantiating them.
Heliospheric filtration of interstellar heavy atoms: Sensitivity to hydrogen background

[1] Heavy elements including He, C, N, O, Ne, and Ar are present in the interstellar medium surrounding the heliosphere. They form the most important source for heavy pickup ions and anomalous cosmic rays in the heliosphere. Kinetic numerical models are used to study the entrance and the heliospheric distribution of neutrals and singly charged ions of these six heavy element species as they interact through charge exchange with the neutral and ionized hydrogen of the heliosphere. Since the interstellar hydrogen parameters are not known precisely, three different representative hydrogen heliospheric models are used to study the heavy element distribution, and the sensitivity of key results, including filtration ratios of heavy elements and increased heavy neutral densities (walls), to the different hydrogen backgrounds is established. The key neutral heavy element results are largely insensitive to the specifics of the hydrogen background. The location and extent of neutral element features depends sensitively on the hydrogen background, as do all the heavy ion results.
Histopathological study of renal transplant artery stenosis: role of rejection and cold ischaemia time in the pathogenesis of intimal hyperplasia in an arterial allograft.

Introduction: Intimal hyperplasia of renal allograft arteries is a cause of hypertension and graft loss and the predisposing factors are poorly understood. We performed a histopathological study focusing on cold ischaemiatime and immunological factors and their effect on the donor artery. Methods: Primary renal artery branches were obtained from patients undergoing transplant nephrectomy for chronic rejection. Non-transplant patients undergoing nephrectomy served as controls. Clinical information including immunosuppression and rejection episodes, cold ischaemia time and graft survival were collected from the patients' charts. Collagen. smooth muscle cells, T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils were quantified using immunohisttlchemistry. The intima to media ratio was also calculated using imaging software. Statistical analysis was perforated using linear regression and the Mann- Whitney test with P < 0.05 significant. Results: Nine transplant patients and five controls were included. All transplant patients received maximum immunosuppression according to clinical standards. The median number of acute rejection episodes was 1 (range 0-5). Cold ischaemia time was 24.3 ′ 9.6 h (mean ′ SD). Mean allograft longeviy was 87.4 ′ 72.9 months (mean ′ SD). The intima/ media ratio in the transplant group was higher as compared with the control (P = 0.002). The same was true for intima collagen content (P = 0.001) and intima smooth muscle content (P = 0.036). Cold ischaemia time was 19.6 ′ 11.1 h (mean ′ SD) and did not correlate with intima/media ratio. Also the number of rejection episodes did not correlate with the intima/ media ratio. Conclusion: Intimal hyperplasia in the allograft artery has a multifactorial aetiology. We were not able to establish an association between intimal hyperplasia and acute rejection episodes or length of cold ischaemia time. It appears that immunosuppression does not prevent the development of intimal hyperplasia.
Performance analysis of on-the-fly garbage collection

Le propos de cet article est d'estimer l'efficacite des systemes d'ensemble d'informations parasites, dans un domaine qui peut etre utilise par un systeme d'exploitation pour allouer efficacement de la memoire et des ressources processeur
Soot particle temperatures in axisymmetric laminar ethylene-air diffusion flames at pressures up to 0.7 MPa☆

Abstract Soot particle temperatures have been determined as a function of axial position in axisymmetric laminar diffusion flames at pressures up to 0.7 MPa (7 atm). The temperature measurments are based on line-of-sight measurements of the emission and absorption of near-infrared radiation by soot particles and thus represent average particle temperatures across the diameter of the flame, weighted by the local soot volume fraction. Such temperature measurements in atmospheric-pressure flames were found to be in excellent agreement with previous CARS measurements of the gas temperature in the region where most of the soot is located. Other than in the immediate vicinity of the burner tube, particle temperature is relatively constant at early times. The temperature in this early region is lower for flames at higher pressures and fuel flowrates, for which the soot volume fractions are greater. At late times, the cooling rate for heavily sooting flames at pressures of 0.2 MPa and above reaches a constant value of −22 K/ms, independent of either fuel flowrate or pressure. The onset of the region of constant-rate cooling occurs late in the soot-formation region of the flames, and, for a given fuel flowrate, the onset of constant-rate cooling occurs earlier for flames at higher pressure. At all pressures and fuel flowrates, oxidation of soot ceases close to the location where temperature first falls below 1400 K. As pressure is increased for fixed fuel flowrate, a decreasing fraction of the peak soot volume is oxidized before the cessation of soot oxidation.
A Meta-Analysis of Neuropsychological Functioning in Patients with Early Onset Schizophrenia and Pediatric Bipolar Disorder.

Despite the nosological distinction between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, there is increasing evidence that these conditions share phenomenological characteristics. To examine the similarities in their patterns of cognitive impairment, we conducted a meta-analysis from 12 studies of Early Onset Schizophrenia (EOS) and 12 studies of Pediatric Bipolar Disorder (PBD). We found that individuals with PBD suffer from cognitive deficits (e.g., verbal learning and memory, processing speed, or executive control) that are milder but similar in nature to those of patients with EOS. Qualitative similarities between the neuropsychological profiles produced by these groups of patients might represent a "continuum of psychosis" or reflect some degree of genetic biological overlap.
Evidence for the presence of a benzodiazepine receptor binding substance in cerebrospinal fluid of a rabbit model of hepatic encephalopathy.

Based on the reversal of hepatic encephalopathy in animal models with administration of specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonists, it has been postulated that this syndrome may be mediated by an endogenous benzodiazepine-like compound. In this study using a radioreceptor assay, evidence for the existence of this substance has been demonstrated in cerebrospinal fluid but not sera of rabbits with hepatic encephalopathy due to galactosamine induced hepature failure. Cerebrospinal fluid from rabbits with hepatic encephalopathy caused 36.1 ± 5.03% displacement of3H-Ro 15-1788 specific binding to cortical benzodiazepine receptors, compared to 11.7 ± 0.76% in control animals (P < 0.01). The benzodiazepine receptor binding activity has been shown to behave as a competitive inhibitor of radiolabeled benzodiazepine receptor binding. The finding of endogenous benzodiazepine binding activity affords a potential explanation for the amelioration of hepatic encephalopathy in this model with the administration of benzodiazepine receptor antagonists.
Mesoporous carbon amperometric glucose sensors using inexpensive, commercial methacrylate-based binders.

Abstract Two ordered, soft-templated mesoporous carbon powders with cubic and hexagonal framework structure and four different commercial, low cost methacrylate-based polymer binders with widely varying physical properties are investigated as screen printed electrodes for glucose sensors using glucose oxidase and ferricyanide as the mediator. Both the chemistry and concentration of the binder in the electrode formulation can significantly impact the performance. Poly(hydroxybutyl methacrylate) as the binder provides hydrophilicity to enable transport of species in the aqueous phase to the carbon surface, but yet is sufficiently hydrophobic to provide mechanical robustness to the sensor. The current from the mesoporous carbon electrodes can be more than an order of magnitude greater than for a commercial printed carbon electrode (Zensor) with improved sensitivity for model glucose solutions. Even when applying these sensors to rabbit whole blood, the performance of these glucose sensors compares favorably to a standard commercial glucose meter with the lower detection limit of the mesoporous electrode being approximately 20 mg dL−1 despite the lack of a separation membrane to prevent non-specific events; these results suggest that the small pore sizes and high surface areas associated with ordered mesoporous carbons may effectively decrease some non-specific inferences for electrochemical sensing.
Deflection of atoms by standing-wave radiation

We have observed momentum transfer from a standing-wave light field to an atomic beam. The atomic beam is split symmetrically into two peaks whose separation increases with field strength. The short interaction time ensures that this deflection is due to induced forces; these are described using a semiclassical dressed-atom treatment, which gives good agreement with the data. In addition to the splitting, we have observed diffraction of the atomic beam due to the exchange of even numbers of photons with the field.
Nanocrystalline Ge filaments in the pores of a mesosilicate

Direct imaging showing pore filling of a mesopore (MCM-41) by a semiconductor has been achieved by transmission-electron microscopy (TEM). Ge was deposited using vapor-phase epitaxy where the mesopore wall hydroxyls acted as anchor points to seed the nucleation of semiconductor clusters in the mesosilicate channels. Dark-field TEM micrographs with diffraction contrast originating exclusively from germanium show sections of Ge crystallites taking the shape and periodicity of the mesosilicate, indicating that the deposited semiconductor can fill the hexagonal pores. This result shows promise for the use of mesopores as hosts for semiconductor quantum wire structures.
Nitrification and degradation of halogenated hydrocarbons - a tenuous balance for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.

The process of nitrification has the potential for the in situ bioremediation of halogenated compounds provided a number of challenges can be overcome. In nitrification, the microbial process where ammonia is oxidized to nitrate, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are key players and are capable of carrying out the biodegradation of recalcitrant halogenated compounds. Through industrial uses, halogenated compounds often find their way into wastewater, contaminating the environment and bodies of water that supply drinking water. In the reclamation of wastewater, halogenated compounds can be degraded by AOB but can also be detrimental to the process of nitrification. This minireview considers the ability of AOB to carry out cometabolism of halogenated compounds and the consequent inhibition of nitrification. Possible cometabolism monitoring methods that were derived from current information about AOB genomes are also discussed. AOB expression microarrays have detected mRNA of genes that are expressed at higher levels during stress and are deemed “sentinel” genes. Promoters of selected “sentinel” genes have been cloned and used to drive the expression of gene-reporter constructs. The latter are being tested as early warning biosensors of cometabolism-induced damage in Nitrosomonas europaea with promising results. These and other biosensors may help to preserve the tenuous balance that exists when nitrification occurs in waste streams containing alternative AOB substrates such as halogenated hydrocarbons.
An identity for symmetric bilinear forms

Abstract We prove an identity for symmetric bilinear forms, and give a simple geometric interpretation.
The Effects of Amyloid Precursor Protein on Postsynaptic Composition and Activity

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is cleaved to produce the Alzheimer disease-associated peptide Aβ, but the normal functions of uncleaved APP in the brain are unknown. We found that APP was present in the postsynaptic density of central excitatory synapses and coimmunoprecipitated with N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). The presence of APP in the postsynaptic density was supported by the observation that NMDARs regulated trafficking and processing of APP; overexpression of the NR1 subunit increased surface levels of APP, whereas activation of NMDARs decreased surface APP and promoted production of Aβ. We transfected APP or APP RNA interference into primary neurons and used electrophysiological techniques to explore the effects of APP on postsynaptic function. Reduction of APP decreased (and overexpression of APP increased) NMDAR whole cell current density and peak amplitude of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. The increase in NMDAR current by APP was due to specific recruitment of additional NR2B-containing receptors. Consistent with these findings, immunohistochemical experiments demonstrated that APP increased the surface levels and decreased internalization of NR2B subunits. These results demonstrate a novel physiological role of postsynaptic APP in enhancing NMDAR function.
Correlates of Staying Safe Behaviors Among Long-Term Injection Drug Users: Psychometric Evaluation of the Staying Safe Questionnaire

We report on psychometric properties of a new questionnaire to study long-term strategies, practices and tactics that may help injection drug users (IDUs) avoid infection with HIV and hepatitis C. Sixty-two long-term IDUs were interviewed in New York City in 2009. Five scales based on a total of 47 items were formed covering the following domains: stigma avoidance, withdrawal prevention, homeless safety, embedding safety within a network of users, and access to resources/social support. All scales (α ≥ .79) except one (α = .61) were highly internally consistent. Seven single-item measures related to drug use reduction and injection practices were also analyzed. All variables were classified as either belonging to a group of symbiotic processes that are not directly focused upon disease prevention but nonetheless lead to risk reduction indirectly or as variables describing prevention tactics in risky situations. Symbiotic processes can be conceived of as unintentional facilitators of safe behaviors. Associations among variables offer suggestions for potential interventions. These Staying Safe variables can be used as predictors of risk behaviors and/or biological outcomes.
Force measurements on the fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon to applied loads

Background: Little information is known about the forces seen on the main individual structures of the posterolateral knee to applied loads. This information is needed to determine which structures should be reconstructed and also the relative strengths needed for reconstruction grafts.Purpose: To determine in vitro forces in the fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon for various posterolateral knee loading conditions.Study Design: Cadaveric study.Results: The fibular collateral ligament was loaded in varus, internal rotation, and external rotation. The highest amount of force seen on the fibular collateral ligament was at 0° of knee flexion with external rotation, with the mean load response to external rotation significantly less at 90°. Fibular collateral ligament varus load response at 0°, 30°, and 60° was fairly constant, with a significant decrease at 90° compared to 30° of knee flexion. The popliteus tendon and popliteofibular ligament were loaded with an extern...
Polymerization of methyl methacrylate by metallocene imido complexes and tris(pentafluorophenyl)alane

The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was investigated with tris(pentafluorophenyl)alane [Al(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ] and four metallocene imido complexes that varied in the complex symmetry/chirality, metal, and R group in the =NR moiety, as well as a zirconocene enolate preformed from the imido zirconocene and MMA. This study examined four aspects of MMA polymerization: the effects of the metallocene imido complex structure on the polymerization activity and polymer tacticity, the degree of polymerization control, the elementary reactions of the imido complex with Al(C 6 F 5 ) 3 and MMA, and the polymerization kinetics and mechanism. There was no effect of the imido complex symmetry/chirality on the polymerization stereochemistry; the polymerization followed Bernoullian statistics, producing syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate)s with moderate (∼70% [rr]) to high (∼91% [rr]) syndiotacticity, depending on the polymerization temperature. Polymerization control was demonstrated by the number-average molecular weight, which increased linearly with an increase in the monomer conversion to 100%, and the relatively small and insensitive polydispersity indices (from 1.21 to 1.17) to conversion. The reactions of the zirconocene imido complex with Al(C 6 F 5 ) 3 and MMA produced the parent base-free imido complex and the [2 + 4] cycloaddition product (i.e., zirconocene enolate), respectively; the latter product reacted with Al(C 6 F 5 ) 3 to generate the active zirconocenium enolaluminate. The MMA polymerization with the metallocene imido complex and the alane proceeded via intermolecular Michael addition of the enolaluminate to the alane-activated MMA involved in the propagation step
Net optical rotation of hydrolyzates of alkali-treated soy flour

Net optical rotations of the hydrolyzates of precipitates from alkali-treated soy flour were measured and compared to those of non-alkali-treated controls. Soy flour was exposed to NaOH at pH 9.0 or 12.0 for 10, 30, 60, or 120 min at 60°C. Control samples were treated similarly with distilled water at an unadjusted pH of 6.7. Acid precipitates from the treatment mixtures were hydrolyzed, and the optical rotations of hydrolyzate solutions were measured. Higher pH and longer time of treatment resulted in decreased optical rotation; significant decreases occurred after 60 min or more at pH 9.0, and 10 min or more at pH 12.0. The results are consistent with L- to D-isomerization of amino acids.