cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recoverable and nonrecoverable deficits in conditioned responses after cerebellar cortical lesions

This study reexamined the effects of unilateral damage to cerebellar hemispheral lobule VI on the rabbit's conditioned nictitating membrane (NM) response. Extensive unilateral removal of hemispheral lobule VI in 11 rabbits impaired ipsilateral conditioned responses as reflected by reductions of 52% in mean frequency and 53% in mean amplitude during test trials on the first postoperative session. The decreases in the amplitude and frequency of conditioned responses were highly correlated (r = 0.82). The frequency of conditioned responses recovered to control levels but their amplitudes remained reduced such that the correlation between these two measures of responding was no longer significant by the 12th postoperative conditioning session. The decrease in the amplitude of conditioned responses was not accompanied by changes in onset latency or rise time. There was no significant impairment of conditioned responses in surgical controls and animals with only partial damage to hemispheral lobule VI. It was concluded that hemispheral lobule VI plays an important role in the regulation of motor centers in the brainstem so as to facilitate the initiation and optimum execution of the conditioned NM reflex. This cortical regulation of the conditioned NM response may contain learned elements; however, these cannot be resolved with lesion methods, nor has their existence been proven in this or other lesion studies. Nevertheless, the results of this study do demonstrate that the cerebellar cortex cannot be considered as the single locus necessary for NM conditioning.
The Dynamics of International Law: A new framework for analysis and a model for legal change

In the previous chapter, we reviewed a broad range of different frameworks over a long time period for the study of international law. Most, if not all, were static and descriptive, incapable of accounting for legal evolution and adaptation in the global arena. In this chapter, we develop our own theoretical framework for capturing this behavior and understanding international law. The heart of that approach is the bifurcation of international law into two subsystems, the operating and normative systems. The sections below describe those systems in detail as well as specifying their functions. We then briefly discuss how, and in what ways, those systems have expanded over the history of modern state relations, with an emphasis on more contemporary changes. Our theoretical framework specifying the operating and normative systems permits us and others to address questions of change. Yet the framework itself, and indeed any framework per se , does not provide the answers to those questions. To achieve this, we must spell out a theory of how the two systems interact. Thus, the second part of the chapter provides the theoretical conception of how these systems influence each other. This is the basis for the precise elucidation of the conditions and forms associated with system changes that are examined in Chapters 3–5. The operating system The dual character of international law results from its Westphalian legacy in which law functions between , rather than above , states and in which the states carry out the legislative, judicial, and executive functions that in domestic legal systems are performed by separate institutions.
Numerical Simulations in Cosmology III: Dark Matter Halos

Properties of dark matter halos are reviewed. Taken from different publications, we present results on (1) the mass and velocity functions, (2) density and velocity profiles, and (3) concentration of halos. In the range of radii r=(0.005-1)rvir the density profile for a quiet isolated halo is very accurately approximated by a fit suggested by Moore etal (1997): rho=1/x^1.5(1+x^1.5), where x=r/rs and rs is a characteristic radius. The fit suggested by Navarro et al (1995) rho= 1/x(1+x)^2, also gives a very satisfactory approximation with relative errors of about 10% for radii not smaller than 1% of the virial radius. The mass function of z=0 halos with mass below 10^{13}Msun/h is approximated by a power law with slope alpha =-1.85. The slope increases with the redshift. The velocity function of halos with Vmax< 500km/s is also a power law with the slope beta= -3.8-4. The power-law extends to halos at least down to 10km/s. It is also valid for halos inside larger virialized halos. The concentration of halos depends on mass (more massive halos are less concentrated) and environment, with isolated halos being less concentrated than halos of the same mass inside clusters. Halos have intrinsic scatter of concentration: at 1sigma level halos with the same mass have Delta(log{c_vir})=0.18 or, equivalently, DeltaVmax/Vmax =0.12. Velocity anisotropy for both subhalos and the dark matter is approximated by beta(r) =0.15+2x/[x^2+4], where x is radius in units of the virial radius.
Speed-sensitive radio controller for smart vehicles

The design and implementation of a speed-sensitive radio controller (SSRC) are presented in this paper. The SSRC can be embedded in automobile radios to control the sound volume automatically. This in turn will overcome background noises generated due to the higher speed of the vehicle and the winds. The SSRC is designed to read the speed of the vehicle from its speed sensor and adjust the radio's volume accordingly. >
Diffusing capacity and forced vital capacity in 5,003 asbestos‐exposed workers: Relationships to interstitial fibrosis (ILO profusion score) and pleural thickening

Background Asbestosis is an interstitial lung disease whose radiographic severity has long been graded by the International Labour Office (ILO) profusion score. Its effect on pulmonary function is further impacted by asbestos related pleural thickening. Objectives This report aims to describe the relationships between radiographic grading of interstitial and pleural fibrosis and a key test of pulmonary function, the diffusing capacity, which measures gas exchange and has rarely been assessed in large groups, and to confirm the relationship to an independent test of pulmonary function, the vital capacity, which measures a mechanical property of the lungs. Methods The data were derived from a survey during the period 1997–2004 of 5,003 workers (all white males) exposed to asbestos in various trades. Tests included chest radiographs read by a certified expert (“B”) reader, forced vital capacity (FVC), and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLco). Cigarette smoking was adjusted for in the predictive equation for DLCO. Workers were evaluated at a mobile facility at work sites in four southern states. Results Both diffusing capacity and vital capacity were negatively correlated with profusion score over the full spectrum of radiographic severity. ILO profusion scores 0/1 (conventionally classified as normal) and 1/0 (conventionally classified as abnormal) were associated with similar diffusing capacity and vital capacity values. The highest profusion scores were associated with a greater proportionate decrease in diffusing capacity than in FVC. Both tests showed an effect of pleural fibrosis. Conclusions Both radiographic severity graded by the profusion score and pleural thickening are correlated with two independent measures of pulmonary function. FVC (which had been reported in smaller work forces) and DLCO (which has not been reported). Both measures show a decrease from normal to intermediate (0/1, 1/0) scores and a further decrease with greater scores, demonstrating the consistency of radiographic and functional assessments. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:1383–1393, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lies, damn lies and statistics . . .: the use and abuse of business graphics

After a brief review of the history of graphing data for analysis the authors give a general overview of business graphics. It is noted how, on microcomputers, business graphics programs have evolved through three distinct generations and are presently entering a fourth. First-generation graphing programs tended to be single-purpose and produced dot-matrix results. Second-generation graphing features included a greater selection of chart types and more exact control over text treatment. Current third-generation business graphics, exemplified by Microsoft Excel, features transparent export of graphical data into a variety of desktop publishing and paint/drawing programs for embellishment. Fourth-generation products have even more options, including nearly identical match between screen and output resolution. Techniques for representing data graphically are briefly mentioned. >
Conceptual modeling with description logics

The purpose of the chapter is to help someone familiar with DLs to understand the issues involved in developing an ontology for some universe of discourse, which is to become a conceptual model or knowledge base represented and reasoned about using Description Logics.We briefly review the purposes and history of conceptual modeling, and then use the domain of a university library to illustrate an approach to conceptual modeling that combines general ideas of object-centered modeling with a look at special modeling/ontological problems, and DL-specific solutions to them.Among the ontological issues considered are the nature of individuals, concept specialization, non-binary relationships, materialization, aspects of part-whole relationships, and epistemic aspects of individual knowledge.
Vacuum Photocatalytic Oxidation of Trichloroethylene

The combination of physical removal methods such as soil vapor vacuum extraction or vacuum air stripping with gas-solid heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of the off-gases produced may be an effective remediation technology for a variety of soil and water contamination problems, particularly those involving chlorinated ethylenes. To test the hypothesis that reduced pressure operation of the photocatalytic unit could enhance reactor performance, a bench-scale annular photocatalytic reactor operating in the vacuum range was designed, built, and evaluated. The reactor inner wall was coated with sol-gel-derived titania to provide a uniform, adherent, photocatalytically active thin film. Photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in humid airstreams was employed as a model chemistry. Reduction of the operating pressure at fixed feed conditions and molar feed rate significantly enhanced PCO performance as measured by the observed TCE conversion. Higher conversions were obtained in spite of a reduction in the residence time accompanying the lower pressure operation. The greatest enhancements in the TCE destruction efficiency occurred for low TCE feed concentrations and high water vapor levels. The performance enhancement appears to be linked to reduction in the absolute water vapor concentration and competition between TCE and water vapor for adsorption sites on the catalyst.
Frequency of adverse events among users of talwin Nx

We used the automated data files at Group Health Cooperative to identify 1587 outpatient users of oral Talwin, Nx, a combination of pentazocine and naloxone. The clinical records of the Talwin users were reviewed to determine the occurrence of adverse events which were noted in the record in the four weeks after receipt of the drug. The overall rate of adverse events was 8.7 per cent with 6.7 per cent being directly attributed to the effect of Talwin Nx. Gastrointestinal effects were the most common adverse effect and were reported by 3.7 per cent of the patients. Hallucinations, the most serious effect, were experienced by 10 (0.6 per cent) recipients of the drug. None of the subjects in the study had any long-term effect. Among those who received higher doses, the rate of adverse events was higher than it was for those who received lower doses. Compared to our previous study of oral pentazocine in hospitalized patients, Talwin Nx had a similar rate of hallucinations and a higher rate of gastrointestinal side-effects.
Collaboration addresses information and education needs of an urban public health workforce

Addressing the health information needs of diverse, multiethnic, and multilingual communities can be both a challenge and an opportunity for libraries. The Vera P. Shiffman Medical Library at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, is the only academic medical library in the Detroit area open to the public. The library provides services to many communities in southeastern Michigan. The diverse geographic area served by the library includes the nation's highest concentration of Arab Americans [1]. A review of the literature reveals that limited research has addressed how libraries can meet the health information needs of this target community [2]. An understanding of the health information needs of Arab Americans in Michigan, and in the United States, will be increasingly important for libraries responsible for providing library services for and developing resources to meet the needs of Arab American health consumers and to improve the quality of information available to health professionals serving these communities. Chief among the concerns of the library was to increase the relevance and usability of information for health professionals providing health-related services to local Arab, Muslim, and Chaldean American communities in Michigan. A key strategy of this initiative was to establish relationships with organizations that served this target population. The Urban Health Partners program, begun in 2003 and continuing through the present, was launched by establishing partnerships with a health department and a community-based organization serving these communities. The program described here is an important building block for achieving a greater understanding of how information is needed and used in different settings and by different groups of people.
Engineering ethics and society

Abstract The engineering profession has a strong tradition of ethical standards for its members. However, the practice of engineering is changing in ways that raise ethical issues not previously considered. These “macro ethical” issues are ones for the profession as a whole rather than for individual engineers. This paper lays out some of the issues as a way of encouraging further discussion.
On the number of solutions of an elliptic boundary value problem with jumping nonlinearity

Soit Ω un domaine borne de R N (N>2) a frontiere lisse ∂Ω. On considere la determination du nombre de solutions du probleme aux valeurs limites −Δu=f(u)+h+τφ h dans Ω, u=0 sur ∂Ω quand τ varie
Variation of electrical conductivity in enstatite with oxygen partial pressure: Comparison of observed and predicted behavior

Abstract Oxygen partial pressure influences the electrical conductivity of enstatite because it affects the point-defect concentrations in enstatite. The behavior of the defect concentrations with P O 2 are obtained for open and partially closed conditions. On the basis of the defect variations, models for the effect of oxygen pressure on the conductivity can be constructed. The first-order models, which assume one defect type transporting all the charge, predict log( P O 2 ) vs. log(conductivity) slopes that are not in agreement with slopes derived from measurements on natural single crystals of enstatite. The disagreement could result from: (1) more defect species being present than the assumed charge-neutrality condition gives, or (2) the charge is transported by two or more defect types. The data suggesting the latter is the cause of the disagreement, and hence the experimentally derived activation energies must be treated carefully.
AhrdCyp1a2(−/−) mice show increased susceptibility to PCB-induced developmental neurotoxicity

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are developmental neurotoxicants that produce cognitive and behavioral changes in children exposed during gestation and lactation. Coplanar PCBs bind the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and can be sequestered in liver by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2). The AHR is a ligand-activated transcription factor which increases expression of the CYP1 family, including CYP1A2. Our previous work examining genetic susceptibility to developmental PCB neurotoxicity showed that AhrbCyp1a2(−/−) mice with the high-affinity Ahrb allele and lacking CYP1A2 were most susceptible while AhrbCyp1a2(+/+) and poor-affinity AhrdCyp1a2(+/+) mice were resistant. To follow up, a fourth line of mice was generated with the AhrdCyp1a2(−/−) genotype and compared with the background strain AhrbCyp1a2(+/+). Dams received a PCB mixture or the corn oil vehicle at gestational Day 10 (GD10) and postnatal Day 5 (PND5). Offspring were tested at PND60 in open field locomotor, acoustic startle with pre-pulse inhibition (PPI), novel object recognition and Morris water maze. Locomotor activity was increased in PCB-treated AhrbCyp1a2(+/+) mice, but no differences were seen in control vs. PCB-treated AhrdCyp1a2(−/−) mice. PCB-treated AhrdCyp1a2(−/−) mice had a higher baseline startle response and significantly reduced pre-pulse inhibition at the 74 dB level compared with corn oil-treated controls (P
Effects of mixed training and overtraining on recoveries from amnesias in rats with visual cortical ablations

This investigation was concerned with the question of whether amnesias for simple visual tasks which result from injuries to the visual cortex can be corrected via training on other visual tasks. Such effects were noted, but only when the problems shared a common mode of solution. It was also observed, in contradiction to a classical conclusion of Lashley, that extensive preoperative overtraining conveys some protection of postoperative performance of the black-white discrimination problem.
METHODS OF HEALING IN SOME ALGAL CELLS

At the present time very little is known regarding the method of healing in mature plant cells. The researches of Kite ('13), Chambers ('I7), and Seifriz ('i8) have been devoted principally to invertebrates and to ova. Their interest was directed to the study of the structure and character of the cell contents as revealed by dissection, rather than to the later reactions to the injury. The repair of the injury and subsequent growth of a few ova have been recorded, but these studies did not involve the rebuilding of plant cell walls. The difficulty of piercing plant cell walls seems to have prevented work along this line. Kite, in his initial work, dissected Spirogyra and found that
The Odes of Solomon as Apocalyptic Literature

AbstractThe Odes of Solomon is generally categorized as early Jewish-Christian apocrypha, particularly as a lyrics-book of early Christian worship songs. They give us a glimpse into earliest Christian worship and Christian understandings of the recent advent of the Messiah. As a matter of genre, they are easily discussed as liturgical texts, poetry, or musical lyrics. This examination reveals that the Odes are filled with themes of apocalyptic literature, far beyond the extent hitherto recognized. These apocalyptic themes situate the Odes in earliest Christian literature, revealing ties to the Johannine corpus, particularly to the Revelation, to “Two Ways” catechetical literature, and to merkabah mysticism. In the Odes, there is revealed a need for a wider understanding of apocalyptic literature. Such recognition of other expressions of an apocalyptic worldview, transcending the boundaries of the formal genre of the apocalypse, would illumine relations among a variety of early Christian texts.
TAPDANCE: an automated tool to identify and annotate transposon insertion CISs and associations between CISs from next generation sequence data.

Next generation sequencing approaches applied to the analyses of transposon insertion junction fragments generated in high throughput forward genetic screens has created the need for clear informatics and statistical approaches to deal with the massive amount of data currently being generated. Previous approaches utilized to 1) map junction fragments within the genome and 2) identify Common Insertion Sites (CISs) within the genome are not practical due to the volume of data generated by current sequencing technologies. Previous approaches applied to this problem also required significant manual annotation.
Endocrine Responses of Fast‐ and Slow‐Growing Families of Channel Catfish

Abstract Sixty-eight families of USDA303 channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were evaluated for growth performance for 30 d. The fastest- and slowest-growing catfish families were further evaluated to examine the hypothesis that genes or gene products associated with the growth regulatory and stress axes can be used to describe differences in growth performance. Research examined mRNA levels of genes involved in the growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor (GH–IGF) network in fast- (family A) and slow-growing (family H) USDA303 catfish. Fish (59.0 ± 2.4 g) were fed for 7 weeks, weighed, and had tissues for RNA extraction. The remaining fish were subjected to an acute 10-min dewatering stress. Insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA was higher in the muscle of fast-growing fish, while the levels of IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and IGF-II receptor (IGF-II) were similar. Muscle IGF-IIR mRNA was two-fold higher than muscle IGF-IR mRNA. There were no differences in liver and muscle IGF-I and GH receptor mRNA or pituita...
Emotions and Nationalism: The Case of Joan Maragall’s Compassionate Love of Country

AbstractThis essay explores the role of emotions in the constitution of nationalism. It takes as its case study the function of compassion in Joan Maragall’s writings about the events of the Tragic Week in Barcelona (26 July–1 August 1909). Drawing on current studies that interrogate the ongoing anti- nationalist scholarly consensus (; ; ), I look at cognitive theories of emotion () to trace the role of compassion in Maragall’s life and works, from his early poems such as ‘Paternal’ (1893) to his later writings on Barcelona’s social violence from 1909. I argue that in his later writings Maragall articulates a compassionate love of country that conflicted with the policies of the Lliga Regionalista, the hegemonic nationalist party at the time, but that was difficult to translate into public action. This essay demonstrates how emotions are essential to the historical constitution of nationalisms, and how such emotions cannot be reduced to hatred, the emotion that is conventionally identified with nationalis...
Deep Ecology as an Aesthetic Movement

Many deep ecologists call for a 'new ecological ethic' . If this ethic is meant to be a moral ethic, then deep ecology fails. However if deep ecology is interpreted as an aesthetic movement, then it is both philosophically coherent and practically adequate.
Ketone methylenation without epimerization: Total synthesis of (±) laurene

Abstract A total synthesis of the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon laurene, incorporating a non-epimerizing method of ketone methylenation, has been achieved. It is shown that both the phosphonic acid bis(dimethylamide) method of Corey and Kwiatkowski and the phosphite pyrolysis method of Kuwajima are non-epimerizing. For the present case however, the recently published method of Coates [ J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94, 4758 (1972)] is preferable.
Dual-Lumen Chest Port Infection Rates in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate dual-lumen chest port infection rates in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) compared to those with other malignancies (non-HNC).
Intensive semantic intervention in fluent aphasia: A pilot study with fMRI

Background : This pilot study presents a method of rehabilitation based on the assumption that there is a widely distributed neural network that supports semantic processing and that can be used to improve word retrieval without explicit naming. It employs functional imaging to help understand the neural basis of response to treatment. Aims : There are both behavioural and neural questions. First, this study investigates whether intensive therapy designed to reduce production errors by eliminating oral responses can yield improved naming of trained items. Second, it investigates whether changes in naming will be associated with changes in fMRI activation and whether the changes in activation pattern associated with recovery are primarily in the right hemisphere lpar;RH) or in perilesional tissue. Methods & Procedures : Four weeks of intensive semantic therapy designed to activate the semantic network and minimise errors was administered to AT, an individual with Wernicke's aphasia. Pre- and post-therapy b...
Variable intron/exon structure in the oligochaete lombricine kinase gene

Lombricine kinase is an annelid enzyme that belongs to the phosphagen kinase family of which creatine kinase and arginine kinase are the typical representatives. The enzymes play important roles in the cellular energy metabolism of animals. Biochemical, physiological and molecular information with respect to lombricine kinase is limited compared to other phosphagen kinases. This study presents data on the cDNA sequences of lombricine kinase from two smaller oligochaetes, Enchytraeus sp. and Stylaria sp. The deduced amino acid sequences are analyzed and compared with other selected phosphagen kinases. The intron/exon structure of the lombricine kinase gene was determined for these two species as well as two additional oligochaetes, Lumbriculus variegatus and Tubifex tubifex, and compared with available data for annelid phosphagen kinases. The data indicate the existence of a variable organization of the proposed 8-intron/9-exon gene structure. The results provide further insights in the evolution and position of these enzymes within the phosphagen kinase family.
U.S. storm season off to slow start

Just 11 tornadoes touched down in the United States through 15 March of this year, 6% of the average 178 tornadoes that have usually touched down by that time. An official with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) said that the position of the jet stream and resulting storm track suppressed tornado development this winter, but that the most active season for tornadoes has just started. The United States normally averages 1,200 tornadoes a year.
Evaluation of highway bridge strength considering parapets

This paper describes a study evaluating increase in design strength, performance and capacity when including bridge parapets in a bridge analytical model. Traditionally, concrete parapets are treated solely as superimposed dead load in an overall bridge structural design. Parapets are detailed from a safety standpoint to resist impact forces from vehicle loading. However, in the global design models, the inherent strength of the parapets is not considered as a contributing factor to the overall strength of the bridge structure as a system. As part of an evaluation of global performance of bridge structures, the authors have prepared a set of three-dimensional finite element models of a simple span, composite concrete – steel stringer bridge. These models evaluate the overall strength and deflections under standard traffic loadings, with and without the stiffness contribution of the concrete parapets. These models predict a substantial increase in strength when including the parapets as a structural elemen...
One-Dimensional Analysis of Combustion in a Spark-Ignition Engine

Abstract A theory based upon a concept of turbulent flame propagation has been developed and has resulted in the calculation of pressure versus crank angle and temperature versus both crank angle and chamber position as a function of various design parameters. Ultimately, the theory would result in the calculation of NO concentration. Turbulent mixing occurs to a significant extent throughout the chamber especially for larger turbulent eddy sizes. After burning is completed, the mixing tends to uniformize the temperature distribution somewhat.
Statistical analysis of dendritic spine distributions in rat hippocampal cultures

Dendritic spines serve as key computational structures in brain plasticity. Much remains to be learned about their spatial and temporal distribution among neurons. Our aim in this study was to perform exploratory analyses based on the population distributions of dendritic spines with regard to their morphological characteristics and period of growth in dissociated hippocampal neurons. We fit a log-linear model to the contingency table of spine features such as spine type and distance from the soma to first determine which features were important in modeling the spines, as well as the relationships between such features. A multinomial logistic regression was then used to predict the spine types using the features suggested by the log-linear model, along with neighboring spine information. Finally, an important variant of Ripley’s K-function applicable to linear networks was used to study the spatial distribution of spines along dendrites. Our study indicated that in the culture system, (i) dendritic spine densities were "completely spatially random", (ii) spine type and distance from the soma were independent quantities, and most importantly, (iii) spines had a tendency to cluster with other spines of the same type. Although these results may vary with other systems, our primary contribution is the set of statistical tools for morphological modeling of spines which can be used to assess neuronal cultures following gene manipulation such as RNAi, and to study induced pluripotent stem cells differentiated to neurons.
A prospective study of intraoperative pulse oximetry failure.

Since pulse oximetry is now an ASA standard for intraoperative monitoring, we sought to determine the intraoperative failure rate for this device. We prospectively evaluated the intraoperative failure rate of our pulse oximeters at the four University of Washington Hospitals (University of Washington Medical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center [VAMC], Children's Hospital and Medical Center, and Harborview Medical Center [HMC]) recorded from April 1989 to August 1989. We defined failure as the inability to obtain any oximetry reading for a cumulative period of more than 30 minutes during any anesthetic procedure after all equipment malfunctions had been eliminated. Our pulse oximeters failed in 124 of 11,046 cases studied; this is a failure rate of 1.12%, which ranged from 0.56% at HMC to 4.24% at VAMC. The failure rate at VAMC (4.24%) was significantly higher than the other hospitals (p<0.001). Those cases associated with the pulse oximeter failure had the following characteristics: (1) an ASA status of 3 or higher, (2) lengthy operations, and (3) elderly patients. When the device did fail in a patient, it did not function for 32% of the mean anesthesia time. We conclude that the intraoperative use of the pulse oximetry can provide information about blood oxygen saturation in most patients. However, in approximately 1% of the patients we studied in the operating room, mechanically functioning pulse oximeters failed to provide readings of blood oxygen saturations during routine operative use.
Ethics in nursing and health care reform: back to the future?

Reflection on the relationship of ethics in the nursing profession and current efforts to reform health care is a kaleidoscope of varied pieces and patterns. Current reform efforts at the federal and state levels point to nursing's social mandate--to help serve society's interests in the areas of health and sickness care. Because ethics in nursing has historically contained themes of reformation of institutional and professional values, responsibilities, relationships, and power with a goal of assuring patient welfare, the nursing profession can look to its past for the ethical resources it will require as it participates in the present moment of health care reform. Two major themes of nursing obligation return to the work of Florence Nightingale, administrator, statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale's foundational views of nursing included the development of healing environments as a nursing responsibility and nurses' obligations to protect patient confidentiality. Both themes point to an ethics of institutional and social obligations as well as obligations to individual patients. These themes are juxtaposed in current discussions of ethics in nursing and in today's debates about the value foundations of reforming the delivery of health care. Tensions in nursing among loyalty to patients, to physicians, to self, and to employing agencies provide a context for the development of ethics in nursing over the past century and nursing's participation in health care reform today. Early twentieth century nursing ethics texts contain a potpourri of topics under the rubric of ethics. Nursing virtues of loyalty and obedience, heavily influenced by religious and military traditions, were foundational to the development of nursing obligations. An uneasy tension was already evident in these early discussions of ethics in nursing between promoting patient welfare as a primary emphasis and promoting the welfare of nurses through adequate reimbursement, suggesting that the welfare of nurses and patients is interrelated. Ethics in practice focused primarily on loyalty to physicians and to employing institutions. Nursing was largely dependent in reality on the prevailing ethics and values of medicine and bureaucratic institutions such as hospitals, where most nurses' training took place. A separate ethics for the nursing profession was discouraged by influential physicians even as nursing leaders struggled to professionalize nursing. In the 1930s and 1940s broader humanistic themes emerged that pointed to nurses' obligations as citizens of the community and the world. Nursing leaders encouraged nurses to participate in politics in order to facilitate the achievement of nursing and health care goals. The theme of citizenship was explicit even in the first efforts by the American Nurses Association (ANA) to develop a nursing code of ethics in the late 1920s, although the first ethics code for nurses was not officially approved by the ANA until 1950. …
On the artifact behavior of simple liquids in the inversion-recovery experiments under mas conditions at high spinning rates

The inversion-recovery 1H, 2H time measurements in methanol, methanol-d4, and D2O, placed into standard 4 mm and 2.5 mm MAS NMR rotors show the strong spinning effects. The spin-lattice relaxation follows an exponential in the static samples and deviates from the exponential or transforms to a bi-exponential in the spinning samples. Fast relaxing components in spinning liquids are characterized by 1H, 2H T1 times between 0.1 and 0.2 s, while relaxation times of slowly relaxing domains are close to those (or higher) measured in static experiments. In the absence of oxygen, the relaxation is again exponential. This phenomenon is not artifact and explained by the centrifugal force resulting in accumulation of oxygen at an inverted conical liquid surface at spinning. The oxygen-enriched part of liquids relaxes by the paramagnetic mechanism to show the 1H, 2H T1(short) time components. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 40A: 186–191, 2012.
A novel computational approach for automatic dendrite spines detection in two-photon laser scan microscopy.

Abstract Background Recent research has shown that there is a strong correlation between the functional properties of a neuron and its morphologic structure. Current morphologic analyses typically involve a significant component of computer-assisted manual labor, which is very time-consuming and is susceptible to operator bias. The existing semi-automatic approaches largely reduce user efforts. However, some manual interventions, such as setting a global threshold for segmentation, are still needed during image processing. Methods We present an automated approach, which can greatly help neurobiologists obtain quantitative morphological information about a neuron and its spines. The automation includes an adaptive thresholding method, which can yield better segment results than the prevalent global thresholding method. It also introduces an efficient backbone extraction method, a SNR based, detached spine component detection method, and an attached spine component detection method based on the estimation of local dendrite morphology. Results The morphology information obtained both manually and automatically are compared in detail. Using the Kolmogov–Smirnov test, we find a 99.13% probability that the dendrite length distributions are the same for the automatic and manual processing methods. The spine detection results are also compared with other existing semi-automatic approaches. The comparison results show that our approach has 33% fewer false positives and 77% fewer false negatives on average. Conclusions Because the proposed detection algorithm requires less user input and performs better than existing algorithms, our approach can quickly and accurately process neuron images without user intervention.
The association of depressive symptoms with prediabetes versus diagnosed diabetes: is ignorance really bliss?

Practice PearlAlthough unrecognized prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) is not associated with concurrent depressive symptoms, screening for development of depression in individuals with treated/recognized type 2 diabetes remains important.
Mechanical energy input to the world oceans due to atmospheric loading

Mechanical energy input to the oceans is one of the most important factors controlling the oceanic general circulation. The atmosphere transports mechanical energy to the oceans primarily through wind stress, plus changes of the sea level pressure (the so-called atmospheric loading). The rate of mechanical energy transfer into the ocean due to atmospheric loading is calculated, based on TOPEX/POSEIDON data over ten-year period (1993–2002). The rate of total energy input for the world oceans is estimated at 0.04TW (1TW=1012Watt), and most of this energy input is concentrated in the Southern Oceans and the Storm Tracks in the Northern Hemisphere. This energy input varied greatly with time, and the amplitude of the interannual variability over the past ten years is about 15%.
TINT: A Microsoft BASIC t integration program

Ce programme, TINT, adresse a la fois des problemes et illustre le procede ayant un test significatif de taille 2 pour la distribution
Guidance or resonance conditions for strips or disks embedded in homogeneous and layered media

The authors illustrate how the guidance or resonance conditions of strips or disks embedded in layered media can be formulated easily using a new notation. It is shown that, once the reflection operator of a reflecting medium is known, one can also find the guidance or resonance condition of this structure quite easily. Guidance or resonance conditions can also be found when the reflecting medium is interacting with another strip or disk. This is illustrated with the calculations of the guidance of a microstrip line with an infinite ground plane and with a finite ground plane. The results for the infinite ground plane case agree very well with previous calculations on these problems, while the results for the finite ground plane case are new. >
Unusual Response of Subclavian In-Stent Restenosis to Balloon Angioplasty in a Patient with HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and use of protease inhibitors have been associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Increased rates of coronary in-stent restenosis are reported in these patients. There is limited data available on peripheral vascular disease interventions on these patients. Herein we report an aggressive subclavian in-stent restenosis with an unexpected response to balloon angioplasty treatment with a large, mobile tissue flap formation and its treatment with another stent.
Computerized predetermined motion-time systems in manufacturing industries

Abstract In recent years, a number of computerized work measurement systems have been developed. In particular, attempts have been made to computerize the manual versions of existing predetermined motion-time systems (PMTS). This can be attributed to the spread of computer technology in the last decade which may further the application of PMTS in manufacturing industries in terms of speed, ease of use, and minimization of degree of judgement on the part of the analyst in establishing time standards. The main objective of this paper is to survey the various computerized PMTS. In particular, this study will examine the computerized systems of Methods-Time Measurement (MTM), Modular Arrangement of Predetermined Time Standards (MODAPTS), and Maynard Operation Sequence Technique (MOST) due to their popular and worldwide support. The background and computer application of the aforementioned systems are discussed. Furthermore, comparative examples are given to illustrate the advantages and limitations of each system.
When She is Gone: Child Care Plans of Mozambican Mothers With Terminal Illnesses

This study explored the child welfare plans of 102 mothers with terminal illnesses (predominantly AIDS) in rural Mozambique. The majority of mothers assumed that after their death the extended family would care for the children, but none offered a clearly identified plan. Many hoped that the government would provide for the children’s education, food, and health care, although very little assistance is available currently. The vast majority of the women reported a preference for placement in an orphanage over other options, due to the perception that the children will be better fed and educated there. Ironically, all orphanages in Mozambique are at full capacity. The findings suggest an urgent need for collaboration at community, national, and international levels to meet the needs of orphans. Policy, practice, and research implications are explored.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF THE SEASONAL LIFE CYCLE OF ADALIA BIPUNCTATA (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)

Adalia bipunctata L. has low developmental thresholds ( t ) for postdiapause and nondiapause development that adapt it to activity early in the season. Postdiapause reproductive development leading to oviposition requires an accumulation of 87 degree-days ( K ) above a relatively low developmental threshold temperature ( t ) of 6.8°C. Overwintering adults disperse and initiate oviposition during early to mid-May. The linearly derived ( t ) and ( K ) values of 263 ± 9.0 degree-days above 9.0°C for preimaginal development and daily maximum-minimum temperatures from outdoors accurately predicted outdoor developmental rates. Preimaginal development outdoors during June and July required 269 ± 12 degree-days above 9.0°C under conditions of excess prey. In the field, there are two to three generations per year in the Ithaca, N.Y., area. The critical photoperiod for diapause induction in the Ithaca, N.Y., (~42°N) population lies between LD 13:11 and LD 14:10 (23°C). Short daylengths maintain diapause, and during autumn the duration of diapause is quantitatively related to photoperiod. Diapause completion does not require chilling: during winter-early spring. photoperiod may exert some influence on the timing of diapause termination.
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of esmolol, a short-acting beta-blocking agent, in children

Esmolol, a short-acting intravenous cardioselective beta-blocking agent, was evaluated for age-dependent pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic features in 17 young patients (6 months to 14 years). A loading dose (500 micrograms/kg/min) alternating with a maintenance dose (25-200 micrograms/kg/min, titrating by 25 micrograms/kg/min every 4 min) was infused until the heart rate or mean arterial pressure decreased 10%. Cardiac index, left ventricular shortening fraction, and systemic vascular resistance were measured at baseline, peak esmolol effect, and recovery. Serum esmolol concentrations were obtained to determine the half-life and the elimination rate constant. Esmolol reduced the heart rate, blood pressure, shortening fraction, and cardiac index in all patients, but it did not change systemic vascular resistance. Maintenance esmolol dose was 118 +/- 49 micrograms/kg/min, and the half-life was 2.88 +/- 2.67 min. Blood pressure and heart rate returned to normal within 2-16 min, but cardiac index and shortening fraction took longer to recover. There were no statistically significant age-dependent pharmacodynamic effects, but blood pressure decreased prior to heart rate and cardiac index took longer to recovery in patients who weighed < or = 15 kg. The pharmacokinetic profile in young patients was similar to that of older patients, but the half-life was shorter. The only side effect was transient nausea and vomiting in one patient. Esmolol is a safe and efficacious beta-blocking agent in young patients.
Agoraphobia: review and considerations in dental treatment

The nature of agoraphobia as well as problems that may be encountered during dental treatment of the patient with agoraphobia is discussed to aid dentists' recognition and understanding of the syndrome.
Osteoconductive Composite Grouts for Orthopedic Use

A composite of HA particulate and calcium sulfate hemihydrate has been developed. When this dry material is mixed with either sterile saline or water, the resulting mixture begins to gel. While in the gel or dough state, the composite can be manually inserted or injected under pressure into a bone defect where it sets in situ. The calcium sulfate acts as a binder to hold the HA particles in place. The subsequent resorption of the calcium sulfate leaves controlled porosity for bone ingrowth and attachment to the nonresorbable HA particulate. The combination of calcium sulfate and HA results in a composite with handling properties superior to those of HA alone. Calcium sulfate has a long history of medical use as an implant material. The biocompatibility of the material has been clearly established. The combination of HA and calcium sulfate is likewise extremely compatible as demonstrated in the present studies. Bone ingrowth concomitant with resorption occurs rapidly with efficient conduction of bone from particle to particle. Based on the experiments presented herein, the composite of HA and calcium sulfate may be a useful alternative or adjunct to autogenous bone grafting. Many questions, however, remain regarding long-term tissue response and bone remodeling as well as the efficacy of this material relative to bone grafting.
Metamaterial Huygens' surfaces from microwave to optical frequencies

Huygens' surfaces are two-dimensional metamaterials (metasurfaces) that impart arbitrary phase shifts on light passing through them. These reflectionless surfaces provide new beam shaping, steering, and focusing capabilities. They are realized with spatially varying, two-dimensional arrays of polarizable particles that provide both electric and magnetic polarization currents. If the surface is anisotropic, polarization control such as linear-to-circular polarizers are also possible. Huygens' surfaces at microwave, mm-wave, and optical frequencies are demonstrated.
The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in Tok Pisin and Sranan

According to Bickerton's “bioprogram,” creole grammars from the outset contain privative oppositions in the verbal system, where zeroes can be unambiguously interpreted as contrasting with verbs bearing the marked feature. A quantitative analysis of tense and aspect in narrative texts in Tok Pisin and Sranan indicates that this is not the case in either language. Zeroes freely occur with all tense categories. Verbs occurring with no tense markers are thus not “marked with zero,” but constitute the historical residue of an earlier stage of the languages in which tense marking of the superstrate languages had not been transmitted and the Creole markers had not yet evolved.