cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4-Aminobenzyl-Substituted Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid Pentamethyl Ester: A Convenient Intermediate for Attachment of a DTPA Moiety to Amine-Containing Target Molecules

Abstract 4-Aminobenzyl-substituted DTPA pentamethyl ester 2 is a versatile reagent for the attachment of a DTPA moiety to amine-containing target molecules.
Numerically efficient spectral representations for guided ocean acoustics

Abstract Spectral representations play an important role in the mathematical modeling of ocean acoustic propagation. Such representations, usually employed for range-independent oceans, can take the form of spectral integrals, of normal mode expansions with or (approximately) without continuous spectra, and of generalized ray expansions or their asymptotic high-frequency approximations (ART). None of these representations individually provides a satisfactory computational option at high frequencies and over broad range intervals extending from near the source to long distances. Here, one may employ hybrid representations that combine self-consistently a more desirable mix of ray fields and normal mode fields, with any integrals that remain taken over contours whereon the integrands decay and are only weakly oscillatory. Hybrid formulations can also repair deficiencies in complicated transitional domains of ART, and they can overcome the proliferation of ray species, due to ray splitting at boundaries and interfaces, when the model incorporates elastic layers. For weakly range-dependent models, spectral integrals can be devised that track the sound field uniformly through cutoff regions of local modes. Examples are shown to illustrate these concepts and their numerical implementation for time-harmonic and time-dependent propagation in various model environments.
Effects of meteorological parameters on adequate evaluation of the thermal environment

Abstract 1. 1.|Field measurements of the thermal environment were made during an outdoor study of eight subjects conducted at Fort Bliss, TX, U.S.A. 2. 2.|Meteorological parameters measured were temperatures, solar radiation, wind speed and humidity. 3. 3.|On two consecutive days, the rise in rectal temperatures for subjects wearing comparable chemical protective garments and carrying 22 kg loads averaged 0.5°Ch −1 vs 0.2°Ch −1 . 4. 4.|The difference may be attributable to differences of 2.7°C in dewpoint temperature and 1.2 ms −1 in wind speed, indicating that a small difference in meterological parameters can have an impact on individuals' thermal responses.
Correlations between mouse 3T3 cell spreading and serum fibronectin adsorption on glass and hydroxyethylmethacrylate–ethylmethacrylate copolymers

The interaction of cells with solid surfaces is important in many settings, including the response of tissue to implanted materials. Protein adsorption to the surface plays a critical role in controlling cell interactions with surfaces. However, few comprehensive studies of both cell behavior and protein adsorption in complex protein mixtures (e.g., serum) have been done so the connection between these events is not well understood. In particular, methods to systematically perturb both protein adsorption and cell behavior in order to understand their relationship have been lacking. To induce changes in cell and protein behavior, the effects of serum dilution and substrate surface chemistry were studied. Surface chemistry was varied by using a series of polymers and copolymers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and ethylmethacrylate (EMA) varying in their hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance. Large changes in cell spreading and fibronectin adsorption were observed when either serum concentration or polymer type was varied. The spreading of 3T3 cells in serum was found to be well correlated with the amount of fibronectin adsorption to the substrates. Attachment was not correlated with fibronectin adsorption, especially on glass preadsorbed with diluted serum. For 3T3 cells and perhaps other cells that have a receptor for a protein which is present in the medium, the amount of adsorption of this protein to the substrate appears to be a critical factor controlling cell interactions with the substrate.
The state-space realization of a certain class of two-dimensional systems with applications to image processing

Abstract A minimal state-space realization for 2-D systems characterized by separable point spread functions (PSFs) is described. An attractive feature of this realization is that it is given in terms of the readily availabl 1-D realizations of the two separable components of the PSF. A procedure for extending the realization to strip filtering of images is also described.
Deterministic and time-reversal invariant description of Brownian motion

Abstract An alternative to the Langevin description of Brownian motion is presented. The equations of motion are deterministic and time-reversal invariant. The friction and random forces appearing in the Langevin equation are replaced by pseudo-friction terms, which emulate the energy and momentum exchange between the Brownian particle and the medium.
Comparison of various methods for the extraction of total lipids, fatty acids, cholesterol, and other sterols from food products

Seven methods were used to compare the efficiency of total lipid extraction from 13 samples of eight different food products. The methyl esters of fatty acids and the butyrate esters of sterols were prepared and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. On the basis of total lipid recovered and amounts of fatty acids and sterols present, a chloroform: methanol procedure was selected as the most effective method.
Sexually antagonistic "zygotic drive" of the sex chromosomes.

Genomic conflict is perplexing because it causes the fitness of a species to decline rather than improve. Many diverse forms of genomic conflict have been identified, but this extant tally may be incomplete. Here, we show that the unusual characteristics of the sex chromosomes can, in principle, lead to a previously unappreciated form of sexual genomic conflict. The phenomenon occurs because there is selection in the heterogametic sex for sex-linked mutations that harm the sex of offspring that does not carry them, whenever there is competition among siblings. This harmful phenotype can be expressed as an antagonistic green-beard effect that is mediated by epigenetic parental effects, parental investment, and/or interactions among siblings. We call this form of genomic conflict sexually antagonistic “zygotic drive”, because it is functionally equivalent to meiotic drive, except that it operates during the zygotic and postzygotic stages of the life cycle rather than the meiotic and gametic stages. A combination of mathematical modeling and a survey of empirical studies is used to show that sexually antagonistic zygotic drive is feasible, likely to be widespread in nature, and that it can promote a genetic “arms race” between the homo- and heteromorphic sex chromosomes. This new category of genomic conflict has the potential to strongly influence other fundamental evolutionary processes, such as speciation and the degeneration of the Y and W sex chromosomes. It also fosters a new genetic hypothesis for the evolution of enigmatic fitness-reducing traits like the high frequency of spontaneous abortion, sterility, and homosexuality observed in humans.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment and risk of fractures: a meta-analysis of cohort and case–control studies

Studies on use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and risk of fracture have yielded inconsistent results. This meta-analysis, which pooled results from 13 qualifying cohort and case–control studies, found that SSRIs were associated with a significantly increased risk of fractures. This study was conducted to assess whether people who take SSRIs are at an increased risk of fracture. We conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies. Relevant studies published by February 2010 were identified through literature searches using MEDLINE (from 1966), EMBASE (from 1988), PsycINFO (from 1806), and manual searching of reference lists. Only cohort or case–control studies that examined the association of SSRIs and risk of fracture and bone loss were included. Data were abstracted independently by two investigators using a standardized protocol; disagreements were resolved by consensus. Random effects models were used for pooled analysis due to heterogeneity in the studies. Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria. Overall, SSRI use was associated with a significantly increased risk of fracture (relative risk, RR, 1.72; 95% CI [1.51, 1.95]; P < 0.001). An increased fracture risk associated with SSRIs also was observed in the three studies that adjusted for bone mineral density (RR, 1.70; 95% CI [1.28, 2.25]; P < 0.001) and in the four studies that adjusted for depression (RR 1.74; 95% CI [1.28, 2.36]; P < 0.001). SSRI use was not associated with bone loss in the two cohort studies of women (P = 0.29). The overall association between SSRI use and fracture risk was weaker (RR, 1.40; 95% CI [1.22, 1.61]), though still significant (P < 0.001) in analyses that accounted for apparent publication bias. Use of SSRIs is associated with increased risk of fracture. The SSRIs may exert an increased risk of fracture independent of depression and bone mineral density.
Steroids from hog adrenal glands.

Abstract From an extract of hog adrenal tissue prepared from glands frozen with solid carbon dioxide as soon as practical after removal from the animal, the following steroids were isolated: hydrocortisone, cortisone, corticosterone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone, and 11-desoxycortisone. A tentative identification of four other compounds present in trace amount was made.
Eminently Visible: The Role of T-Shirts in Gay and Lesbian Public Advocacy and Community Building

Beginning with coded statements of identity in the early days of the gay rights struggle and moving on to more upfront public declarations of visibility, T-shirts have offered a way for gays and lesbians and their allies to quite literally announce their presence on the political stage for the purposes of both enhancing solidarity and advancing public rhetoric. By visibly marking the bodies of wearers and publicly identifying their sexual identities or political views, T-shirts contribute to a broader project of gay and lesbian public visibility that has held a central place in attempts to transform the social and political world. This study draws upon both archival materials and interviews with contemporary wearers of gay- and lesbian-themed T-shirts in order to document the meaningful role that this pervasive yet often-ignored popular medium of visual communication has played and continues to play for gay and lesbian public advocacy and community building.
Hydrodynamic similarity in an oscillating body viscometer

Hydrodynamic similarity can be used to calibrate simply and accurately an oscillating-body viscometer of arbitrarily complicated geometry. Usually, an explicit hydrodynamic model based on a simple geometry is required to deduce viscosity from the transfer function of an oscillating body such as a vibrating wire or a quartz torsion crystal. However, at low Reynolds numbers the transfer function of any immersed oscillator depends on the fluid's viscosity only through the viscous penetration depthδ≡(2η/ρω)1/2. (Hereη andρ are the fluid's viscosity and density andω/2π is the oscillator's frequency.) This hydrodynamic similarity can be exploited if the oscillator is overdamped and thus is sensitive to viscosity in a broad frequency range. Even an oscillator of poorly known geometry can be characterized over a range of penetration depths by measurements in a fluid of knownη andρ over the corresponding range of frequencies. The viscosity of another fluid can then be compared to that of the calibrating fluid with high accuracy by varying the frequency so that the penetration depth falls within the characterized range. In the present work, hydrodynamic similarity was demonstrated with a highly damped viscometer comprised of an oscillating screen immersed in carbon dioxide. The fluid's density was varied between 2 and 295 kg·m−3 and the fluid's temperature was varied between 25 and 60°C. The corresponding variation of the viscosity was 50%.
Using online discussion boards with large and small groups to enhance learning of assistive technology

There is a need for further research to understand the potential uses of asynchronous electronic discussions in higher education courses. Electronic discussion boards were conducted with two different graduate speech-language pathology student cohorts to supplement in-class instruction regarding assistive technology. One year’s discussions were done as a single large group while the second year’s were done in multiple-small groups. These discussion boards were analyzed for emerging themes. Students’ opinions of the discussion board, along with their suggestions for improvement, were also requested and analyzed. Results indicated that the discussion boards were a successful tool in maximizing the potential for knowledge acquisition outside the classroom and that several enhancements could be added to improve the overall experience. In particular, instructor involvement was more easily incorporated into large groups and small groups had fewer students reporting about redundancy of posts. Practical applications and future research directions are discussed.
Electrokinetic effects on the dielectric response of colloidal particles: Dielectrophoresis and electrorotation

Abstract Electrokinetic effects on a.c. field dielectrophoretic and electrotational phenomena have been examined. Asymptotic methods have been used to carry out computations on the net electric force and torque acting on a spherical colloidal particle and its attending electric double layer. The dielectrophoretic force and the electrorotational torque are shown to depend on the real and imaginary parts of the (complex) particle dipole coefficient respectively. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the dipole coefficient that appears in the force and torque expressions is equivalent to that manifested by the particle in a uniform a.c. field. Thus the force and torque calculations reduce to a problem that has been solved previously in connection with dielectric dispersions in colloidal suspensions. The results for aqueous KCl solutions indicate that at modest ζ potentials (around 25 mV), the dielectrophoretic and electrorotational spectra are influenced strongly by ϵPϵ, the ratio of the particle and solution dielectric constants. At higher ζ potentials (100 mV), the spectra of particles with very thin double layers are affected by Stern layer ion transport below forcing frequencies of 1 MHz.
Studies on the Etiology of “Ruptured Yolk”

Abstract FOR a number of years losses have occurred among laying pullets and hens in California from a condition which results the rupture of egg yolks in at least a part of the birds affected. During the course of several months, numerous cases of this type have been presented for autopsy. † The history and the pathological and cultural findings of these cases pointed strongly to a bacterial infection. Because of the prevalence of the disease and the lack of any satisfactory method for its control, a more detailed study was undertaken. This paper is a preliminary report of the gross pathology and the cultural findings. Work of this nature is incidental to the diagnostic activities of the laboratory, and because of this limitation many phases of the subject have not been completed. A review of the available literature on poultry diseases failed to reveal a very careful study of the condition. . . .
Gradual Reduction of Chronic Fracture Dislocation of the Ankle Using Ilizarov/Taylor Spatial Frame

With the advances in trauma care, chronic fracture dislocation of the ankle is not a condition commonly seen in modern clinical practice. When encountered, it can be difficult to preserve the ankle joint. We present a case of a 65-year-old female, with a chronic fracture dislocation of the ankle. The ankle joint was subluxated with posterior translation of the talus, displacement of the posterior malleolus fragment, and a distal fibula fracture. A minimally traumatic approach was devised to treat this complex fracture dislocation which included gradual reduction of the ankle with a Taylor spatial frame, followed by stabilization with internal fixation and removal of the frame. Bony union and restoration of the ankle joint congruency was achieved.
Chemical surface characterization and depth profiling of automotive coating systems

Abstract Today's high performance automotive multi-layer coating systems, including original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and refinish system components, require very specific surface, interface and depth profile characteristics. The various system components (i.e. clearcoat, basecoat, primer, and electrocoat with steel substrate or adhesion promoter with plastic substrate) must be durable, compatible and integrate with each other to create systems that possess adequate service life performance. This review focuses on the various measurement technologies that have been applied in surface/near-surface and depth profiling study of these systems. Knowledge of composition as a function of locus enables one to more fully understand the relationship of chemical functionality, material distribution, and network architecture to product performance (i.e. chemical resistance, physical properties, mechanical performance and appearance characteristics). Some of the measurement technologies detailed herein are broadly available and some involve expertise/equipment that is available to only a few. Each of these analytical tools will be covered from the applications viewpoint. Hopefully, this will provide researchers insight into application of these tools in addressing their own characterization needs.
Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-x based edge junctions with Y0.1Ca0.3Ba2Cu3O7-x barriers

Abstract High-temperature superconductor YBa 2 cU 3 O 7- x (YBCO) Josephson junctions were fabricated in an edge junction geometry using Y 0.7 Ca 0.3 Ba 2 O 7- x as a barrier material. The films were deposited by pulsed-laser deposition and patterned by argon ion milling. The edge morphology of the bottom electrode after ion milling was investigated by atomic force microscopy. The yield of devices in terms of supercurrent continuity is nearly 100%. Critical current densities exceeding 10 6 A/cm 2 at 75 K were obtained through crossovers of YBCO/YBCO under our processing conditions. Resistively shunted junction current-voltage characteristics and microwave-induced Shapiro steps were observed in a wide temperature range from 75 K to 84 K for the junctions.
Phase-space structure of the Dirac vacuum

We study the phase-space correlation function for the Dirac vacuum in the presence of simple field configurations. Our formalism rests on the Wigner transform of the Dirac-Heisenberg correlation function of the Dirac field coupled to the electromagnetic field. A self-consistent set of equations obeyed by the 16 components of the phase-space correlation function and by the electric and magnetic field is derived. Our approach is manifestly gauge invariant. A closed system of integro-differential equations is obtained neglecting the quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field as should be appropriate for strong fields. These equations are an extension of the Vlasov equations used in the description of plasma. Our first applications address the production of particles in strong external fields. We set a framework for the inclusion of the back reaction of produced particles and for the description of the local changes of the vacuum state.
A millidyne film balance for measuring intermolecular energies in lipid films

Abstract A film balance with sufficient sensitivity to evaluate intermolecular energies and the thermodynamics of mixing in monolayers is described. This instrument will measure surface pressures from 0.005 to 0.250 dynes/cm with a reproducibility of ±0.001 dynes/cm. The problems of artifacts due to contamination, spreading solvents, and nonequilibrium have been found not to be significant. A comparison of the free energy of mixing of oleic and stearic acids has been made using the complete isotherms of the pure components and the mixture and using just the high pressure region of the isotherms. Significant errors result for the energies of mixing if the expanded region of the isotherms is ignored.
Branching processes in quantum electronics

Noise and random fluctuations play an important role in quantum electronic devices and systems. Such fluctuations reside, for example, in the random creation of photons in optical amplifying media and in the generation of electron-hole pairs in ionizing regions of semiconductor devices. We provide an overview of the fundamental random branching processes that underlie optical and electronic gain. We describe branching processes as concatenations of basic elements that comprise filtered Poisson processes (shot noise) driving secondary Poisson processes. In the presence of feedback, these elementary processes become self-exciting in nature; they are then suitable for characterizing squeezed light and sub-Poisson photon emissions.
A Modular Synthesis of the Bis-Tetrahydrofuran Core of Rolliniastatin from Pyranoside Precursors

Abstract The iodoetherification of C6 allyllated 2,3-dideoxypyranosides has been shown to give cis -2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans in high stereoselectivity. This result is applied to a modular synthesis of the bis-THF core of the acetogenin, rolliniastatin.
Fast excitation variable period wiggler

The design of an easily stackable, variable period length, fast excitation driven wiggler, making use of geometrically alternating substacks of vanadium permendur ferromagnetic laminations, interspaced with conductive, nonmagnetic laminations which act as eddy current induced field reflectors, is discussed. Experimental results obtained with short wiggler models are presented. >
Effective, nonsensitizing vaccination with culture filtrate proteins against virulent Mycobacterium bovis infections in mice

Vaccination of mice with Mycobacterium bovis culture filtrate proteins (CFP), prepared in a variety of adjuvants (aluminum hydroxide, Quil-A, and dimethyldioctyldecyl ammonium bromide [DDA]), provided significant protection against an aerosol challenge of virulent M. bovis. Additionally, vaccination with CFP in DDA or Quil-A did not sensitize mice to M. bovis purified protein derivative.
UNICORN: Misuse Detection for UNICOS&#8482;

An effective method for detecting computer misuse is the automatic auditing and analysis of on-line user activity. This activity is reflected in the system audit record, by changes in the vulnerability posture of the system configuration, and in other evidence found through active testing of the system. In 1989 we started developing an automatic misuse detection system for the Integrated Computing Network (ICN) at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Since 1990 this system has been operational, monitoring a variety of network systems and services. We call it the Network Anomaly Detection and Intrusion Reporter, or NADIR. During the last year and a half, we expanded NADIR to include processing of audit and activity records for the Cray UNICOS operating system. This new component is called the UNICOS Real-time NADIR, or UNICORN. UNICORN summarizes user activity and system configuration information in statistical profiles. In near real-time, it can compare current activity to historical profiles and test activity against expert rules that express our security policy and define improper or suspicious behavior. It reports suspicious behavior to security auditors and provides tools to aid in follow-up investigations. UNICORN is currently operational on four Crays in Los Alamos' main computing network, the ICN.
A multiversion transaction scheduler for centralized multilevel secure database systems

Transactions are vital for multilevel secure database management systems (MLS/DBMSs) because they provide transparency to concurrency and failure. Concurrent execution of transactions may lead to contention among subjects for access to data. In MLS/DBMSs this can lead to covert channels. Multiversion schedulers reduce the contention for access to data by maintaining multiple versions. We propose a secure multiversion scheduling protocol and demonstrate its correctness, i.e., demonstrate that it produces only serializable schedules. We develop an abstract model of a scheduler that implements the protocol and show that it is secure, i.e., satisfies the MLS noninterference assertions. Thus, an implementation which adheres to the assumptions of the abstract model will be both secure and correct. In addition, we consider a method for generating timestamps.
Beyond Common Sense in Educational Restructuring: The Issues of Content and Linkage

Common sense proposals for restructuring schools suggest promising directions, but in order for this potential to be fulfilled, two major issues must be addressed: What content is needed to give educational direction to the structures, and how can the many factors that influence this content be linked? This article proposes an agenda of content for teacher commitment and competence, and it identifies four problems of systemic linkage that restructuring "theory" has yet to address. Solutions to each of these issues will require resolution of persisting conflict over education goals.
Frequency of stromal lineage colony forming units in bone marrow of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α-null mice

Abstract The bone marrow stroma, consisting of adipocytes, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts, develops from a multipotent mesenchymal progenitor. The recently described nuclear hormone receptors, known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), regulate transcription of genes involved in adipogenesis. Consistent with this is the observation that PPARα-null mice exhibit greater extramedullary adipose stores compared with their wild-type controls. To determine if the status of the PPARα protein also influenced bone marrow stromal cell differentiation, this study compared the frequency of colony forming units for bone marrow adipocytes (CFU-A), alkaline phosphatase-positive fibroblasts (CFU-F/ALP + ), and osteoblasts (CFU-O) between wild-type and PPARα-null mice. The CFU frequencies for all lineages were not significantly different in either gender at age 3 weeks, independent of the PPARα background. However, histologic analysis showed that the cross-sectional area of the femur in male PPARα null mice was significantly greater than that of PPARα-null female mice and of both wild-type genders. This was due to an increased marrow cavity space rather than an increased cortical bone area. In addition, while the percentage area of cortical bone occupied by lacunae was equivalent in the PPARα and wild-type males, this value was significantly greater in PPARα-null female mice compared with wild-type females. At age 3–6 months, no significant difference was observed in the CFU-A frequencies, based on either PPARα status or gender. The wild-type male CFU-F/ALP + frequency was significantly greater than the CFU-F/ALP + in all other groups. Although the PPARα status had no influence on the CFU-O frequency, the number of CFU-O was greater in male than in female mice. Sequential incubation of stromal cells in either adipogenic- orosteoblastic-inducing media did not alter the number of CFU-A or CFU-O. These results indicate that the PPARα-null genotype does not influence bone marrow stromal cell numbers.
Chronic Kidney Disease and Bleeding Complications After Intravenous Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background—The safety of intravenous thrombolysis in ischemic stroke (IS) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is uncertain. We assessed whether CKD is associated with bleeding complications after intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator administration to patients with IS. Methods and Results—Data were analyzed from 44 410 patients with IS treated with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator in the Get With The Guidelines-Stroke Program. Glomerular filtration rate based on admission serum creatinine was categorized as dichotomous (presence of CKD as <60) or as distinct categories: normal (≥90), mild (≥60–<90), moderate (≥30–< 60), severe (≥15–<30), and kidney failure (<15 or dialysis). Primary outcomes evaluated were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and serious systemic hemorrhage; secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, independent functional status. There were 15 191 of 44 410 (34%) intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator-treated IS patients with CKD. Presence of CKD (ve...
R Factor Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Chromosomeless Progeny of Escherichia coli

The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of resistance (R) factor 222 carried by Escherichia coli strain P678-54 was found in the normally chromosomeless progeny (minicells) of that strain. The entry of the R222 DNA into minicells appears to be via segregation at the time of their formation from normal cells. The R222 DNA can replicate in minicells although the extent of its replication appears to be limited. An analysis of the R222 DNA structure indicates that it exists in minicells as double-stranded linear, open circular, and twisted circular monomers (molecular weight, about 6.2 × 10 7 daltons). The monomers visualized by electron microscopy are 31.0 ± 0.5 μm in length. An examination of the effect of acridine orange on the replication of R222 and colicin E1 DNA indicates the dye intereferes with plasmid DNA replication. Images
Folacin content of alfalfa and mung bean sprouts: The effect of extraction procedures and maturity

The folacin content of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprouts was determined by Lactobacillus casei. Several variations of extraction procedures were tested. The optimum conditions for extraction were autoclaving mung bean and alfalfa sprouts in phosphate buffer containing 0.3% and 0.4% ascorbate, respectively, before homogenisation in a blender. The optimum blending time for folacin extraction was 120s for mung bean and 15s for alfalfa sprouts. Folacin content on dry weight basis increased several times in both types of sprouts during germination. Mature alfalfa and mung bean sprouts were found to contain 186 and 178 μg folacin per 100 g fresh weight, respectively.
Effect of Seeding on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of α-SiAlON: III, Comparison of Modifying Cations

Single-phase in situ toughened SiAlON ceramics containing various modifying cations and single-crystal seeds were studied. The modifying cations include rare-earth cations from the smallest to the largest allowed in the α-SiAlON structure (Yb to Y, to Nd), and from monovalent to trivalent (Li to Ca, to rare earths). At low seeding levels, the aspect ratio of grains increases with the size of modifying cations, giving rise to rather different appearances of the microstructure in different SiAlONs. A one-to-one correspondence between seed crystals and large grains at low seeding levels is also observed. An optimal amount of seeds is required to maximize the fracture toughness, which is controlled by grain pullout with the fracture energy that scales with the fraction of elongated grains, their width, and their aspect ratio. The optimal amount of seeds required to reach maximal toughening increases with the aspect ratio of grains and is the lowest (1%) in Y- and Yb-SiAlONs.
A method for evaluating MPSK performance using a (M/2)PSK signal set

As data rate demands on existing satellite systems increase, the need to evaluate more bandwidth efficient modulation schemes such as M-ary phase Shift Keying (MPSK) becomes important. However, the unavailability of higher order modems operational at higher data rates and the construction of such a complex device for testing purposes can make evaluation difficult. In support of NASA grant NAG 5-1491, New Mexico State University has developed a method of evaluating the performance of 8PSK in a satellite channel using a QPSK signal set. The paper discusses this technique and generalizes the results to the use of any (M/2)PSK signal set to evaluate MPSK modulation. Verification by both computer simulation and hardware implementation are also discussed. >
Globalizing queer? AIDS, homophobia and the politics of sexual identity in India

Queerness is now global. Many emerging economies of the global South are experiencing queer mobilization and sexual identity politics raising fundamental questions of citizenship and human rights on the one hand; and discourses of nationalism, cultural identity, imperialism, tradition and family-values on the other. While some researchers argue that with economic globalization in the developing world, a Western, hegemonic notion of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) identity has been exported to traditional societies thereby destroying indigenous sexual cultures and diversities, other scholars do not consider globalization as a significant factor in global queer mobilization and sexual identity politics. This paper aims at exploring the debate around globalization and contemporary queer politics in developing world with special reference to India. After briefly tracing the history of sexual identity politics, this paper examines the process of queer mobilization in relation to emergence of HIV/AIDS epidemic and forces of neoliberal globalization. I argue that the twin-process of globalization and AIDS epidemic has significantly influenced the mobilization of queer communities, while simultaneously strengthening right wing "homophobic" discourses of heterosexist nationalism in India.
Erosive Arthritis and Hepatic Granuloma Formation Induced by Peptidoglycan Polysaccharide in Rats Is Aggravated by Prasugrel Treatment

Administration of the thienopyridine P2Y12 receptor antagonist, clopidogrel, increased the erosive arthritis induced by peptidoglycan polysaccharide (PG-PS) in rats or by injection of the arthritogenic K/BxN serum in mice. To determine if the detrimental effects are caused exclusively by clopidogrel, we evaluated prasugrel, a third-generation thienopyridine pro-drug, that contrary to clopidogrel is mostly metabolized into its active metabolite in the intestine. Prasugrel effects were examined on the PG-PS-induced arthritis rat model. Erosive arthritis was induced in Lewis rats followed by treatment with prasugrel for 21 days. Prasugrel treated arthritic animals showed a significant increase in the inflammatory response, compared with untreated arthritic rats, in terms of augmented macroscopic joint diameter associated with significant signs of inflammation, histomorphometric measurements of the hind joints and elevated platelet number. Moreover, fibrosis at the pannus, assessed by immunofluorescence of connective tissue growth factor, was increased in arthritic rats treated with prasugrel. In addition to the arthritic manifestations, hepatomegaly, liver granulomas and giant cell formation were observed after PG-PS induction and even more after prasugrel exposure. Cytokine plasma levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, MIP1 alpha, MCP1, IL-17 and RANTES were increased in arthritis-induced animals. IL-10 plasma levels were significantly decreased in animals treated with prasugrel. Overall, prasugrel enhances inflammation in joints and liver of this animal model. Since prasugrel metabolites inhibit neutrophil function ex-vivo and the effects of both clopidogrel and prasugrel metabolites on platelets are identical, we conclude that the thienopyridines metabolites might exert non-platelet effects on other immune cells to aggravate inflammation.
Implementing Sustainable Forest Management Using Six Concepts in an Adaptive Management Framework

Certification and principles, criteria and indicators (PCI) describe desired ends for sustainable forest management (SFM) but do not address potential means to achieve those ends. As a result, forest owners and managers participating in certification and employing PCI as tools to achieving SFM may be doing so inefficiently: achieving results by trial-and-error rather than by targeted management practices; dispersing resources away from priority objectives; and passively monitoring outcomes rather than actively establishing quantitative goals. In this literature review, we propose six concepts to guide SFM implementation. These concepts include: Best Management Practices (BMPs)/Reduced Impact Logging (RIL), biodiversity conservation, forest protection, multi-scale planning, participatory forestry, and sustained forest production. We place these concepts within an iterative decision-making framework of planning, implementation, and assessment, and provide brief definitions of and practices delimited by each concept. A case study describing SFM in the neo-tropics illustrates a potential application of our six concepts. Overall our paper offers an approach that will help forest owners and managers implement the ambiguous SFM concept.
Exploring the role of the pharmacist in global health

Abstract Objective The objective of this commentary is to explore the potential role of the pharmacist in the field of global health by understanding the definition of global health and how it can be applied to the profession of pharmacy. Summary While the role of the pharmacist in public health has been defined, the literature is limited with respect to the role of the pharmacist in global health. It is suggested that the “global” in global health should refer to the scope of a problem and not necessarily the geographic location. Through this lens, pharmacists have the opportunity to play an important role in both public health and global health. In particular, pharmacists can look at the varied global health careers established in medicine and use this as a framework to understand the potential role of the pharmacist within global health practice and program delivery, research, and policy. Conclusions To further define the role of the pharmacist in global health, pharmacists may have to change their perception of what services they can provide and where these services can be applied.
Differences to Determinants: Elevating the Discourse on Health Disparities

Two papers in this issue of Pediatrics highlight key aspects of racial/ethnic disparities in health care. The study by Edmonds and colleagues demonstrates higher utilization of neonatal intubation for periviable neonates born to Black and Hispanic women compared with Whites. The authors postulate that these differences may reflect underlying racial/ethnic differences in preferences and decision-making regarding end-of-life care in addition to socioeconomic status and institutional practices. The study by Nembhard and colleagues reports that Blacks and Hispanics have higher early childhood mortality for a number of congenital heart defects (CHD). The authors assert that these differences may be due to underlying biological differences, limited access to care, and differences in cultural preferences. The urgent need for a richer discourse on health disparities is underscored by these two studies. For over a decade, the medical literature has been inundated with studies documenting racial/ethnic health disparities in the U.S. health care system.1 This prolific body of work has influenced clinical care, fostered innovations in health care delivery, stimulated a new field of research, and informed health care policy.2,– … Address correspondence to Contact: Jean L. Raphael, MD, MPH, Clinical Care Center, Suite D.1540.00, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, Tele: (832) 822-1791, Fax #: (832) 825-3435, E-mail: Raphael{at}bcm.edu
Aquatic fulvic acids in algal-rich antarctic ponds

We isolated fulvic acids from two antarctic coastal ponds by means of preparative scale column chromatography with XAD-8 resin. Both ponds are on Ross Island. Pony Lake at Cape Royds has abundant phytoplankton populations, and Feather Pond at Cape Bird has a luxuriant benthic algal mat. Neither site has higher plants in the watershed. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in Pony Lake was very high, but the percentage of DOC accounted for by fulvic acid was low, as has been observed for other lakes with algal-derived DOC sources. Fulvic acid from Pony Lake was more enriched in nitrogen than fulvic acid from Feather Pond, with a C: N atomic ratio of 13 in Pony Lake and a C: N ratio of 24 in Feather Pond. The [ 13 C] NMR spectra for the coastal pond samples showed that the content of sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms (aromatic or olefinic) was only 16.5% of the total spectral area for Pony Lake and only 20.1% for Feather Pond
Evolution of Antennapedia-Class Homeobox Genes

Antennapedia (Antp)-class homeobox genes are involved in the determination of pattern formation along the anterior-posterior axis of the animal embryo. A phylogenetic analysis of Antp-class homeodomains of the nematode, Drosophila, amphioxus, mouse, and human indicates that the 13 cognate group genes of this gene family can be divided into two major groups, i.e., groups I and II. Group I genes can further be divided into subgroups A (cognate groups 1-2), B (cognate group 3), and C (cognate groups 4-8), and group II genes can be divided into subgroups D (cognate groups 9-10) and E (cognate groups 11-13), though this classification is somewhat ambiguous. Evolutionary distances among different amino acid sequences suggest that the divergence between group I and group II genes occurred approximately 1000 million years (MY) ago, and the five different subgroups were formed by approximately 600 MY ago, probably before the divergence of Pseudocoelomates (e.g., nematodes) and Coelomates (e.g., insects and chordates). Our results show that the genes that are phylogenetically close are also closely located in the chromosome, suggesting that the colinearity between the gene expression and gene arrangement was generated by successive tandem gene duplications and that the gene arrangement has been maintained by some sort of selection.
Phase diagram of nondegenerate twisted mass fermions

We determine the phase diagram and pion spectrum for Wilson and twisted-mass fermions in the presence of non-degeneracy between the up and down quark and discretization errors, using Wilson and twisted-mass chiral perturbation theory. We find that the CP-violating phase of the continuum theory (which occurs for sufficiently large non-degeneracy) is continuously connected to the Aoki-phase of the lattice theory with degenerate quarks. We show that discretization effects can, in some cases, push simulations with physical masses closer to either the CP-violating phase or another phase not present in the continuum, so that at sufficiently large lattice spacings physical-point simulations could lie in one of these phases.
Soldier of the Fork: How Nathaniel Newnham-Davis Democratized Dining

From Solider of the Infantry to Soldier of the Fork: that's how Lieutenant-Colonel Nathaniel Newnham-Davis described himself to Britons who liked a good dinner, but who nonetheless struggled in “the spider web of a carte de jour .” His 1899 restaurant guide, Dinners and Diners: Where and How to Dine in London , was so successful that he updated it in 1901. By 1914, when Davis published Gourmet's Guide to London , he had launched a restaurant revolution. Unlike gastronomes before him, Davis systematically demystified the protocol of restaurant dining for hundreds of middle-class people who had been too intimidated to step inside one of them or to visit locales where less-expensive restaurant meals were available. Newnham-Davis recognized that his target audience—“the Respectable Classes,” as he referred to them—had little experience with the notion of eating for pleasure or leaving the security of home to venture out to a restaurant. Understanding their inhibitions, Newnham-Davis created a guidebook genre that offered a great deal more than the bare facts and lists that characterized typical guidebooks of the era, such as Baedeker's London and Its Environs .
ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE NEUTRINO

In this note we make a detailed survey of the experimental information on the neutrino charge, charge radius, and magnetic moment. Both weak-interaction data and astrophysical results can be used to give precise limits to these quantities, independent of the supposition that the weak interactions are charge conserving.
GLOBALIZATION AND TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES: EVOLVING HYBRID FAMILIES

Globalization has given rise to hybridization processes within families as emerging families of today are being challenged by the complexity of blending different transnational cultural beliefs and practices. The concept of hybridization within the biological sciences describes the process and blending of two unique entities. Hybridization also pertains to the unique combination of rearing children by blending of different socio-cultural practices and traditions. We propose that (1) Children in families with parents of dissimilar cultural families of origins represent the first generation (F1) of hybridization, (2) Children reared in these families will manifest cognitive flexibility in psycho-social and cultural dimensions. This is a study of 5 transnational couples whose affiliation to a nation/state differed from the other partner. Separately asked, open ended interview questions about family relationships revealed five primary and eight secondary themes. Depending on their cultural backgrounds, decision making and conflict resolutions required negotiation, compromise, and discourse in raising children. There is evidence that children reared in transnational families are exposed to multiple cultures and will most likely reflect their hybrid identification. This study provided a picture of the hybridization process in families.
Emotional Support from Parents and In-Laws: the Roles of Gender and Contact

After the birth of a child, new mothers and fathers commonly have a substantial amount of contact with their parents and in-laws. However, this contact may not always result in emotional support. We tested if contact, rather than geographical distance, influenced emotional support received from parents and in-laws and whether there were gender differences in these associations. Online questionnaire data were collected in 2008 from a community sample of U.S. first-time mothers (n = 93) and fathers (n = 93) who were in a heterosexual relationship and living together. Results indicated that for new mothers, greater contact with own parents and in-laws was related to receiving more emotional support. However, for mothers, greater contact with parents also was related to less emotional support from in-laws. For new fathers, contact was not related to emotional support from either parents or in-laws. These findings suggest that receiving support as a result of contact with family members may be gendered, particularly for new mothers’ and fathers’ relationships with their in-laws. The current study highlights the importance of reducing stigmas about men and their emotional needs and of encouraging new fathers to seek and receive support from family during the transition to parenthood.