cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleosynthesis in the MS and S Stars

Detailed abundance analyses of CNO, Fe-peak and heavy, s-pprocess elements have been carried out for 22 red giants spanning the spectral range K5 to M6 and including types MS and S. The M giants exhibit the signature of the first dredge-up on the red giant branch, in agreement with what has been observed in the G and K giants, while the MS and S stars show increasing C/O ratios relative to the M stars. In addition, the MS and S stars reveal a progressive enhancement of the s-process elements with increasing 12C-abundance resulting from the third dredge-up during the thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch phase of stellar evolution.
Measuring the Sun's internal rotation using solar p-mode oscillations.

2-dimensional velocity images of the Sun were obtained for 5 days in June, 1984. This time series of images has been analyzed to obtain frequencies of solar p-mode oscillations with degrees between 8 and 50, with all azimuthal orders for each degree. I describe the analysis of these observations in some detail. The principal results of the analysis are measurements of the frequency splitting between modes with the same degree and radial order; these are related to the latitudinal variation of solar rotation, averaged over a depth range that depends on the degree. The observed spittings suggest that for 0.3R⊙ ≤ r ≤ 0.7R⊙, the solar latitudinal differential rotation is much smaller than at the surface (i.e., the rotation is roughly constant on spheres), and moreover than the rotation rate is close to the surface equatorial value. A preliminary analysis of the data shows no significant variation in the average mode amplitude with azimuthal order, for all degrees less than 50.
Characterization of an M-like current modulated by thyrotropin- releasing hormone in normal rat lactotrophs

In rat pituitary lactotrophs, a component of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced prolactin secretion is dependent on extracellular calcium and is associated with an increase in action-potential firing. The mechanism underlying the TRH-induced increase in firing frequency was investigated using the perforated-patch variation of the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. TRH was found to inhibit a voltage-dependent, noninactivating K+ current that was similar to M-currents originally identified in neurons. The TRH-modulated M-like current started to activate at approximately -60 mV and had a V0 of -28 mV and thus would be active under the normal resting potentials of lactotrophs (-35 to - 45 mV). Exponential fits to deactivating tail currents revealed a fast and a slow component. The deactivation rates of the M-like current and the ratio of the fast to the slow component of deactivation were found to increase with more hyperpolarized potentials. In addition, increasing the duration of command potentials led to the conversion of the fast component to the slow component of deactivation. The M-like current in lactotrophs was partially sensitive to 4-aminopyridine and tetraethylammonium. TRH inhibition of this current was associated with acceleration of deactivation rates and a depolarizing shift in the voltage of activation (V0 = -17 mV). The effect of TRH on the M-like current was lost in whole-cell voltage-clamp conditions, suggesting the requirement of an important cytosolic component that mediates the effect of TRH.
Ultraviolet Surface Properties of the Icy Galilean Satellites from Phase Curve Analysis

In this study, we use ultraviolet observations from the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) and the Galileo Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) to compose the ultraviolet solar phase curves of the icy Galilean satellites. Broadband rotation phase curves from 0.26 to 0.32 microns are constructed in order to examine the rotational behavior of the icy Galilean satellites in the ultraviolet. After normalizing the rotational variations, modeling of the solar phase variations are compared to comparable studies in the visible.
Locating Gender in Environmental Sociology

Environmental sociology is premised on the inseparability of humans and nature and involves an analytical focus on the place of power and social inequality in shaping human/nonhuman interactions. Our purpose here is to conduct a broad overview of the place of gender in environmental sociology. We review gender-relevant scholarship within environmental sociology and argue that to date, critical gender theorizing in the sub-discipline is relatively undeveloped, as evidenced by theory that examines gender without considering power relations. We argue that this represents a shortcoming that should be addressed by future scholarship. In order to inform future critical gender–environment theorizing, we provide a brief review of ecofeminism and note promising examples of scholarship that takes power and inequality seriously when accounting for phenomena of relevance to women and the environment. It is likely that theorizing at the intersection of gender and the environment will become more prevalent given a growing consensus that social justice and equity are precursors to ecological sustainability; environmental sociologists could be the vanguard of critical gender–environment theory.
On optimal IFIR filter design

This paper presents an analytical method for the design of interpolated finite impulse response (IFIR) digital filters. The problem of determining the optimum "stretch factor" L is specifically addressed, as is the optimal determination of multiple stretch factors for generalized IFIR designs where the minimum number of multipliers is sought. Insight is also given into the preliminary assessment of whether a set of filter specifications is such that an IFIR approach is likely to be beneficial.
Supersymmetric Harmonic Maps into Lie Groups

We look at the supersymmetric generalization of harmonic maps into Lie groups, known to physicists as the chiral model. Explicit solutions to the equations are found and examined using Backlund transformations.
Subluxation and Dislocation of the Proximal Tibiofibular Joint

Four types of instability or disruption of the proximal tibiofibular joint were found in a compilation of forty-three cases. These were classified as subluxation, anterolateral dislocation, posteromedial dislocation, and superior dislocation. Idiopathic subluxation of the proximal end of the fibula appeared to be a self-limited condition of youth, with decreasing symptoms as the patient approached skeletal maturity. Anterolateral dislocation was the most common injury encountered. Unfortunately, the diagnosis was initially missed in about one-third of the cases. Most cases responded satisfactorily to closed reduction. Several of the dislocations developed into either a chronic subluxation or arthritis of the proximal tibiofibular joint. Two surgical approaches were used to alleviate these complications, arthrodesis of the joint and resection of the proximal end of the fibula. Arthrodesis of the proximal tibiofibular joint was complicated by a prolonged period for fusion, as well as by eventual development of pain and instability in the ankle. In contrast, resection of the proximal end of the fibula was associated with significantly more satisfactory results in long-term follow-up. Posteromedial dislocations proved more unstable after initial reduction.
Wispy and Orb cooperate in the cytoplasmic polyadenylation of localized gurken mRNA.

Background: In Drosophila, the dorsal-ventral (D-V) axis of the oocyte is dependent on Gurken (Grk) protein distribution. This is achieved through the cytoplasmic localization of grk mRNA and regulation of its translation. During mid-late stages of oogenesis, grk mRNA and protein are localized to the dorsal-anterior of the oocyte, while unlocalized grk transcripts are translationally silenced. As females carrying mutations in the gene encoding the CPEB protein Orb lay ventralized eggs due to insufficient Grk levels, it seemed likely that cytoplasmic polyadenylation of grk transcripts may play a role in their translational regulation. Results: We have found that grk is polyadenylated throughout oogenesis, with poly(A) tails of approximately 30–50 A residues. Hyperadenylated grk transcripts, with poly(A) tails of 50–90 As, are detected in late stage egg chambers, but they fail to accumulate in oocytes deficient in Orb or the poly(A) polymerase Wispy (Wisp). wisp females also lay weakly ventralized eggs, demonstrating that they produce inadequate amounts of Grk. Finally, unlocalized grk transcripts are also not appropriately hyperadenylated. Conclusions: Localized cytoplasmic polyadenylation of grk mRNA by Wisp and Orb is necessary to achieve appropriate Grk protein accumulation in the D/A corner of the oocyte during mid to late oogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 244:1276–1285, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the studentization of two-sample linear rank statistics

Abstract When testing hypotheses on the basis of two-sample linear rank statistics, the standard null hypothesis is that the two samples are from identical populations. In this paper, a method is given for modifying a class of linear rank statistics to obtain statistics appropriate for testing the hypothesis of equal medians when the populations are symmetric but do not necessarily have the same shape. The proposed procedures require consistent rank statistic estimates of the asymptotic variance of the statistics to be modified. These estimates are obtained and their almost sure convergence is established.
Structure And Properties Of Cesium-Coated Surfaces And The Effects Of Hydrogen And Oxygen Implantation

Cesium, hydrogen and oxygen adsorption on beryllium clusters are studied using restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) calculations and ab initio relativistic effective core potentials. The clusters are taken as cylindrical plugs from Be wafers. Cs-, H- and 0-to-substrate internuclear distances are optimized. For each system numerous low-lying electronic states are investigated, and the Mulliken electron populations are analyzed. The calculations are carried out in the context of an experimental study to determine the effects of various adsorbates on the work function of the substrate. Auger electron spectroscopy and experimental work function measurements indicate that H2 does not adsorb on polycrystalline Be, while photoemission and thick Cs overlayer measurements show a 2.3 eV lowering in the work function of Be metal upon Cs adsorption. The continuous oxidation of Cs has been studied using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and electron spectroscopy by deexcitation of metastable noble gas atoms. Results indicate that the work function of Cs is lowered upon exposure of the surface to small doses of oxygen. RHF calculations show that a 19 atom Be cluster, with three layers of atoms, is too small to adequately model the Be surface, while the 33 atom cluster, a five-layered system, and the 45 atom cluster, a seven-layered system, are more accurate representations of the bulk metal. The emitted electron is clearly seen as vacating a molecular orbital which is localized in the surface layer of the cluster, thereby giving further credence to the model.
Compliance with Patients' End-of-Life Wishes by Nursing Homes in New York City with Conscience Policies

Nursing home patients have a constitutional right to refuse treatment. The Patient Self-Determination Act confirmed that right. State laws address the obligations of health care providers and facilities to honor that right. The New York State law is more specific than those of many other states. It allows exemptions for “reasons of conscience” and imposes a number of requirements on nursing homes claiming such an exemption, including the transfer of a patient to a home that will honor an end-of-life wish. This study, conducted by FRIA,1 investigated the refusal of some nursing homes in New York City to carry out patients' end-of-life wishes because of conscience-based objections. The study also investigated the willingness of homes which did not have such policies to accept patients transferring from a home with a policy so that the patient's end-of-life wishes would be honored. Implications for administrators, policy makers, and regulators are discussed.
River depletion resulting from pumping a well near a river

A well adjacent to a river will take a portion of its supply from the river A theoretical formula is developed which permits the draft on the river to be computed in terms of the distance of the well from the river, the properties of the aquifer, and time. The formula applies where the river can be considered to flow in a straight course which extends for a considerable distance both upstream and downstream from the well location.
ON THE COMPLEX SPECTRA OF SECOND ORDER ELLIPTIC SYSTEMS

A basic problem in the theory of partial differential equations is that of describing the spectra of elliptic operators. If an operator is self-adjoint or symmetric in the appropriate sense, the spectrum is real; but general elliptic operators may have complex spectrum. The object of this article is to study the complex spectra of second order elliptic systems. If the elliptic system arises from linearization about a steady state of a reaction-diffusion system, information about the signs of the real parts of complex eigenvalues is relevant to questions of stability and bifurcation. We give bounds for the real parts of eigenvalues which prevent them from changing sign, and discuss some examples where complex eigenvalues may cross the imaginary axis as a parameter in the system varies. We also discuss briefly the extent to which the theory of positive operators can be used to give bounds for complex eigenvalues. For the case of a single second order elliptic operator of general form on a bounded domain, the fundamental bounds on the spectrum were obtained by Protter and Weinberger in [17]. They considered the problem n n (1.1 ) Cu == L a;j{x)uZiZ; + L b;{x)uz; + c{x)u = Am{x)u. ';,;=1 ;=1 in 0, u = ° on ao, with (a;j) positive definite and symmetric, c ~ 0, m > 0, and ° ~Rn bounded. They showed that for any smooth function w that is positive on n and any eigenvalue A,
Digraph Models of Bard-Type Algorithms for the Linear Complementarity Problem

For M ∈ En×n and q ∈ En, the linear complementarity problem is to find vectors w, z ∈ En such that w-Mz = q, w ≥ 0, z ≥ 0, wtz = 0. A family of algorithms based on complementary pivoting for solving this problem is modelled by digraphs. These digraphs show that such algorithms can cycle even for symmetric, positive deFinite M, and provide some insight into the algorithms' behavior. For a P-matrix M, it is proved that if the solution to the complementarity problem can be obtained by k principal pivots, then it can be obtained by k Bard-type pivots. Furthermore, the digraphs provide simple geometric proofs of some of Murty's algebraic results. The digraphs, apart from their use as models, also raise some interesting graph-theoretic questions.
Improving State Policies Prohibiting Public Employment Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation

While manyhave studied the occurrence of employment discrimination against gay men and lesbians, little has been done to evaluate the implementation and enforcement of policies that protect against...
Emerging science and therapies in non-small-cell lung cancer: targeting the MET pathway

During this enduring, learner-driven, interactive CME webseries, lung cancer specialists will address the science and targeted therapies for the MET pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Over the past decade, research has evolved in the science of identifying targeted biological changes in DNA and individual cancer cells. Along with the advanced understanding of lung cancer mutations, has come the development of specific targeted therapies that improve patient outcomes. The first step in treating a patient with lung cancer is proper diagnosis and staging, applying to the principles of personalize medicine. Our current understanding of lung cancer is that of a collection of diseases individualized through specific mutations. This CME activity reviews the role of the pulmonologist and pathologist in proper tissue acquisition and analysis. This new era of personalized medicine and clinical research advances has changed the way clinicians evaluate and treat patients with lung cancer. The data on lung cancer cell mutations and newer targeted therapies have improved the progression free survival and quality of life of lung cancer patients. This CME activity is designed to present a practical overview of recent evidenced based data of MET targeted therapies for patients with lung cancer. As research continues to evolve, we continue to advance our understanding in the science of lung cancers involving the MET pathway. Evidenced based data supporting newer targeted therapeutics provides insight on applying treatment for optimal outcomes. This CME activity will focus on the individualized treatment strategies using practical decision making for patients with MET expression. This activity has been designed to meet the educational needs of medical oncologists, pathologists, radiation oncologists, surgeons, pulmonologists, internists, and other healthcare clinicians responsible for the care of patients with lung cancer. Online access:http://www.elseviercme.com/516/.
Array magnetics modal analysis for the DIII-D tokamak based on localized time-series modelling

Time-series analysis of magnetics data in tokamaks is typically done using block-based fast Fourier transform methods. This work presents the development and deployment of a new set of algorithms for magnetic probe array analysis. The method is based on an estimation technique known as stochastic subspace identification (SSI). Compared with the standard coherence approach or the direct singular value decomposition approach, the new technique exhibits several beneficial properties. For example, the SSI method does not require that frequencies are orthogonal with respect to the timeframe used in the analysis. Frequencies are obtained directly as parameters of localized time-series models. The parameters are extracted by solving small-scale eigenvalue problems. Applications include maximum-likelihood regularized eigenmode pattern estimation, detection of neoclassical tearing modes, including locked mode precursors, and automatic clustering of modes, and magnetics-pattern characterization of sawtooth pre- and postcursors, edge harmonic oscillations and fishbones.
Improving system usability for business professionals

As businesses increase their emphasis on productivity, data processing departments face rising demand for computer services from people with no data processing training or background. To be effective, these services must be easy to use. This article discusses some usability considerations and how they were applied in developing an end user system. It relates experiences and observations in developing a system that is marketed in Canada under the name Interactive Extension Facilities. This system is an extension to VM/370 and CMS and was developed by the IBM Canada Limited Laboratory (Toronto) to enhance the ability of business professionals to do their work without becoming data processing specialists.
Ultrastructural analysis of the cristae ampullares in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

Type I hair cells outnumber type II hair cells (HCs) in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) cristae by a nearly 3:1 ratio. Associated with this type I HC preponderance, calyx fibers make up a much larger fraction of the afferent innervation than in rodents (Fernandez et al. (1995) J. Neurophysiol. 73:1253-1269). To study how this affects synaptic architecture, we used disector methods to estimate various features associated with type I and type II HCs in central (CZ) and peripheral (PZ) zones of monkey cristae. Each type I HC makes, on average, 5-10 ribbon synapses with the inner face of a calyx ending. Inner-face synapses outnumber those on calyx outer faces by a 40:1 ratio. Expressed per afferent, there are, on average, 15 inner-face ribbon synapses, 0.38 outer-face ribbons, and 2.6 efferent boutons on calyx-bearing endings. Calyceal invaginations per type I HC range from 19 in CZ to 3 in PZ. For type II HCs, there are many more ribbons and afferent boutons in PZ than in CZ, whereas efferent innervation is relatively uniform throughout the neuroepithelium. Despite outer-face ribbons being more numerous in chinchilla than in squirrel monkey, afferent discharge properties are similar (Lysakowski et al. (1995) J. Neurophysiol. 73:1270 -1281), reinforcing the importance of inner-face ribbons in synaptic transmission. Comparisons across mammalian species suggest that the prevalence of type I HCs is a primate characteristic, rather than an arboreal life-style adaptation. Unlike cristae, type II HCs predominate in monkey maculae. Differ- ences in hair-cell counts may reflect the stimulus magnitudes handled by semicircular canals and otolith organs. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:47- 64, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Advanced modeling of optimal low-thrust lunar pole-sitter trajectories

Abstract One immediate and cost-effective solution for lunar south pole coverage is a low-thrust pole-sitter spacecraft. When the spacecraft's fuel is nearly expended, it can also be used as part of a larger constellation that might require more time to deploy. This study examines the feasibility of the lunar pole-sitter from a dynamical standpoint. The model includes the effects of Earth oblateness, solar wind, gravity perturbations, and shadowing on a 500 kg spacecraft equipped with an NSTAR thruster. Lunar librations are also incorporated into path constraints on elevation angle and altitude from a potential ground station at the Shackleton crater. The solutions utilize multiple phases, including transfer-out from the International Space Station and spiral-down into a stable lunar orbit once the pole-sitting period is completed. Computation of the trajectory is based on a 12th-order collocation scheme. A direct transcription routine maximizes the time in the coverage phase, increasing the time span from 387 to 451 days. During this period, the minimum elevation angle relative to the Shackleton crater site is 6°.
Preliminary experience with a modified Tenckhoff catheter for intraperitoneal chemotherapy

This study reports our preliminary experience with a modified Tenckhoff catheter for intraperitoneal chemotherapy, primarily designed to be larger, longer, and have more perfusion holes. There were 137 catheters implanted in 125 ovarian cancer patients from June 1988 to December 1990, among which 116 were actually used for intraperitoneal chemotherapy. A total of 559 cycles of intraperitoneal chemotherapy was given with a range of 1 to 16 uses per catheter. There were seven infections (6.0%), four inflow obstructions (3.4%), three bowel perforations (2.6%), and one leakage (0.8%). Among patients with catheter infection, three had delayed bowel perforation. Although the incidence of inflow obstruction was reduced from 5.5 to 3.4%, the improvement did not reach statistical significance. The frequency of delayed bowel perforation and infection were similar to the literature experience of other catheters. An unused catheter should be removed to avoid this serious complication. Further study is needed to evaluate fully the performance of this catheter system. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
General surgery and fellowship training: Opinions of surgical intern applicants and fellowship directors ☆

Abstract Background: Given the pressures that exist today to modify surgical training programs, this study was undertaken to ascertain the opinions of surgical intern applicants and fellowship program directors with regard to the length of surgical training. Methods: Surveys were sent to fourth-year medical students who were applying for categorical surgical training during a 2-year period at a single university medical center and to fellowship program directors in 6 surgical subspecialties. Results: Ninety-three percent of the applicants planned to pursue fellowship training. Sixty-eight percent of the applicants did not feel that 5 years of general surgery are necessary before beginning a fellowship. Seventy-one percent of the applicants indicated that they would be willing to “short track” into a subspecialty to reduce training time. Virtually all fellowship directors in pediatric surgery (94%), transplantation surgery (94%), and oncologic surgery (100%) felt that 5 years of general surgery training are necessary before entering a fellowship. Significantly fewer fellowship directors in vascular surgery (53%), cardiothoracic surgery (30%), and plastic surgery (17%) felt that 5 years of general surgery are essential before beginning a fellowship (P ≤.001). Conclusions: For some general surgery subspecialties, a shortened, integrated training program may be desirable from the point of view of both trainees and fellowship directors. Vascular, cardiothoracic, and plastic surgery appear to be those subspecialties that are most amenable to such programs. (Surgery 2000:127:14-8.)
Frog PNKT‐4B cells express specific extracellular matrix‐degrading enzymes and cytokines correlated with an invasive phenotype

A temperature-dependent metastatic phenotype reported for a frog cell line, PNKT-4B, provided a means for studying potential mediators of cell-matrix interaction involved in metastatic invasion. Zymography revealed that these cells secreted enzyme species with properties and characteristics of mammalian metalloproteinases: collagenase, stromelysin, gelatinase A, and gelatinase B. These enzymes were produced by PNKT-4B cultures maintained at both invasive-permissive (28 degrees C), and invasion-restrictive (20 degrees C) temperatures. However, under the invasive-permissive culture condition cells produced more of the putative gelatinase B and A enzymes. In addition, an activated form of gelatinase A was produced only in invasion-permissive cultures. DNA synthesis bioassays (Mv1Lu cell line and mouse thymocytes) to detect growth promoting and/or inhibitory cytokines, revealed that PNKT-4B cultures kept at 28 degrees C released significantly higher levels of stimulatory (interleukin-1-like) and latent inhibitory (transforming growth factor-beta-like) substances into the medium compared to 20 degrees C cultures. Pre-absorption of media samples with heparin-sepharose indicated a second stimulatory cytokine as well. A corneal fibroblast bioassay that tests for mediators of collagenase synthesis, detected a stimulatory substance whose activity was greatly reduced in the presence of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein. Collagenase stimulatory activity present in 28 degrees C culture medium was significantly higher than equal samples from 20 degrees C cultures. These studies provide a molecular correlation between release of cytokines with properties of the metastatic phenotype seen in vivo. They further provide some of the first characterizations of frog MMPs and cytokines, which are likely to be involved in other tissue remodeling events.
Permanent prostate brachytherapy: pathologic implications as assessed on radical prostatectomy specimens of broadening selection criteria for monotherapy.

Abstract Objectives To assess the impact of clinical selection criteria on pathologic features among patients treated by radical retropubic prostatectomy and to evaluate the implications of broadening eligibility for permanent prostate brachytherapy monotherapy. Methods A consecutive series of 423 patients with prostate cancer, who underwent diagnostic biopsy and subsequent radical retropubic prostatectomy, were selected for this study. Four subgroups were defined using the American Brachytherapy Society selection criteria, including prostate size limits (group 1), no prostate size limits (group 2A), a modified set of criteria (group 2B), and clinical Stage T1-T2 (group 3). The rates of extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion, and lymph node involvement were compared. Results Adverse pathologic features at radical retropubic prostatectomy were noted in 8 (9.3%) of 86 patients in group 1, 11 (5.6%) of 195 patients in group 2A, 35 (12.0%) of 292 patients in group 2B, and 90 (21.8%) of 413 patients in group 3. The rates of extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion, and lymph node involvement appeared comparable among groups 1 (5.8%, 3.5%, and 0.0%, respectively), 2A (3.6%, 2.1%, and 0.0%, respectively), and 2B (6.9%, 3.8%, and 1.4%, respectively), but were greater in group 3 (9.7%, 7.8%, and 4.4%, respectively). Conclusions Judicious broadening of the clinical selection criteria may allow a greater number of patients to be eligible for permanent prostate brachytherapy monotherapy by including patients whose risk of having adverse pathologic features is comparable to that of patients currently deemed suitable for permanent prostate brachytherapy monotherapy. Prospective assessment of oncologic outcomes of such an approach is required.
Disease-modifying agents in multiple sclerosis

Since 1993, six disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) have been proven to be of benefit in rigorous phase III clinical trials. Other agents are also available and are used to treat MS, but definitive data on their efficacy is lacking. Currently, disease-modifying therapy is used for relapsing forms of MS. This includes clinically isolated syndrome/first-attack high-risk patients, relapsing patients, secondary progressive patients who are still experiencing relapses, and progressive relapsing patients. The choice of agent depends upon drug factors (including affordability, availability, convenience, efficacy, and side effects), disease factors (including clinical and neuroimaging prognostic indicators), and patient factors (including comorbidities, lifestyle, and personal preference). This review will discuss the disease-modifying agents used currently in MS, as well as available alternative agents.
A comparison of multistability in the electrocatalyzed oxidations of methanol and ethanol in acid and alkaline solutions

The non-linear responses of the electrochemical oxidations of methanol and ethanol are studied under constant current conditions. The response of each process in acid solution is compared with the response in NaOH solution. In acid solution, the oxidations of methanol and ethanol exhibit a tristable response in which three different stationary potential values exist under the same conditions. For ethanol, a different type of tristable response is also exhibited in a small current range and consists of an oscillatory response that coexists with stationary states. A bistable response is obtained for both oxidation processes in NaOH solution. Two types of bistability occur for ethanol oxidation: the coexistence of stationary states and the coexistence of an oscillatory state with a stationary state. Only stationary states exist in the oxidation of methanol. The results of the current-controlled experiments are explained in terms of known parts of the reaction mechanisms and models describing multistability and anodic oscillations. Simple relations are established between cyclic voltammograms (CVs) and the results of the current-controlled experiments. Although these relations appear obvious, their realization has been elusive in processes involving the oxidation of oxygenated organics. Examples of fundamental oxidation processes are given where these relations do not exist.
Incorporation of functional status into dose‐volume analysis

The dose-volume histogram (DVH) has gained wide acceptance as a mechanism for reducing the voluminous data of a three-dimensional dose distribution into a two-dimensional graph. These graphs are often converted to a single figure of merit. This data reduction technique is used both for clinical treatment plan evaluation and as part of proposed systems for estimating control and complication probabilities. It has long been recognized that a major shortcoming of the DVH as an analysis tool is that all spatial information is discarded. A subtler problem, which is addressed in this work, is that the DVH also implies homogeneity of biological consequence of irradiation in what may be a functionally heterogeneous volume of tissue. An extension to the DVH, the functional dose-volume histogram, or dose-function histogram (DFH), is proposed, that explicitly includes quantitative three-dimensional functional information. The concept is illustrated by the use of SPECT imaging to assess the functional status of irradiated lung.
Cell Density Modulates Protein-tyrosine Phosphorylation

The growth of normal cells is arrested at saturating cell density in a process termed contact inhibition. An understanding of how cells communicate their contact with one another is critical for determining how cancers develop and spread. Because the molecular details of how fibroblasts communicate density changes are unclear, we examined cell density itself as a source of signaling events rather than examine specific receptors. A technique was developed to measure tyrosine phosphorylation acutely as a function of cell density. The tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of proteins was found to be modified in response to cell density. Three of these proteins were identified as Src, paxillin, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), all of which show an increase in their tyrosine phosphate levels with increasing density. All of these proteins are found in focal adhesions, and both FAK and paxillin are believed to be localized exclusively in focal adhesions. Thus, changing cell density alters tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion components.
Influence of some processing variables on the properties of cellulose acetate membranes II. Desalination characteristics of unstretched and stretched membranes

Abstract The desalination characteristics of unstretched and stretched low flux cellulose acetate membranes (LFCAM) follow Fick's law. A time-temperature equivalence exists for the transport characteristics of non-asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes. The shift factors, In AT used for the time-temperature superposition, were obtained by horizontally shifting the ultimate elongation data reported in Part I. p]The desalinized water flux through oriented LFCAM shows a decrease with increasing rate of stretching and degree of orientation. p]The performance characteristics of unstretched and stretched membranes, treated in water or in glycerine-water, indicate that the membrane properties depend on the chemical nature of the treatment media, temperature, and in the case of stretched membranes, also on the degree of elongation and on the rate of stretching.
Assessment of Motor Balance and Coordination in Mice using the Balance Beam

Brain injury, genetic manipulations, and pharmacological treatments can result in alterations of motor skills in mice. Fine motor coordination and balance can be assessed by the beam walking assay. The goal of this test is for the mouse to stay upright and walk across an elevated narrow beam to a safe platform. This test takes place over 3 consecutive days: 2 days of training and 1 day of testing. Performance on the beam is quantified by measuring the time it takes for the mouse to traverse the beam and the number of paw slips that occur in the process. Here we report the protocol used in our laboratory, and representative results from a cohort of C57BL/6 mice. This task is particularly useful for detecting subtle deficits in motor skills and balance that may not be detected by other motor tests, such as the Rotarod.
Clinical and self breast examination remain important in the era of modern screening.

Breast cancer screening recommendations are in flux. We reviewed the methods of detecting newly diagnosed breast neoplasms at our institution. A retrospective review of patients stratified by age was performed to compare mammography with self- (SBE) and clinical (CBE) breast examination methods of cancer detection from 2005 to 2009. We identified 782 patients. Patients aged <50 years were more likely to present with palpable disease (P < 0.001). Overall, 75% of patients had a mammogram within 24 months. There was a higher incidence of Tis tumors and lower incidence of T1 tumors if patients had mammography performed within 12 months versus 13–24 months (P < 0.01); tumor size, hormonal status, and lymph node (LN) status were comparable between these two groups. Patients diagnosed by SBE/CBE who had mammography performed within 12 months versus 13–24 months did not differ statistically according to tumor characteristics. In the screened cohort (mammography within 24 months), the majority of patients (64%) were diagnosed by mammography. Cancers detected by SBE/CBE were larger tumors (2.4 vs. 1.3 cm), higher grade, more frequently ER- (29 vs. 16%), triple-negative (21 vs. 10%), and lymph node-positive (39 vs. 18%; all P ≤ 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in tumor size, T stage, or hormonal status in patients who had analog versus digital mammography. Whereas the majority of patients had image-detected breast cancer, a significant number of image-screened patients presented with palpable disease, which were more aggressive cancers. Until imaging techniques are refined, SBE and CBE remain important for breast cancer diagnosis.
Curriculum Policy Development for Secondary Gifted Programs: A Prescription for Reform Coherence

The need for coherent gifted programs calls for a curriculum policy that considers flexibility, differentiation, and articulation issues in plan ning and implementation. Support structures such as grouping and teacher education also must be considered. As the use of state stan dards and assessments intensifies, it is crucial that gifted programs at the secondary level use these approaches as the base for building a rich and complex set of options for gifted learners.
PREDICTORS OF FUNDING IN ACADEMIC FIELDS

This study assesses the relative salience of various predictors of funding in different academic fields. Predictors of funding include the various dimensions of past research performance: articles, articles in leading journals and books. Articles predict quite accurately funding decisions in chemistry (r=0.58; p<.001). Books, on the other hand, are not the dominant predictor of funding in either the social or physical sciences. The implications of these findings for higher education are discussed and elaborated.
Hydrogen-induced subsurface reconstruction of Cu(110).

Room-temperature adsorption of atomic hydrogen on Cu(110) initially yields a (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)* phase visible with low-energy electron diffraction but not with atom diffraction; this surprising observation suggests that H moves below the surface and induces a reconstruction in deeper layers. Upon further H uptake the (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) periodicity extends to the surface and also becomes visible with atom diffraction. Low-temperature phases, in which H adsorbs above the surface, transform at \ensuremath{\sim}240 K into the (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) reconstructed phases, proving that H subsurface movement requires thermal activation.
Decoherence by a nonlinear environment: Canonical versus microcanonical case

We compare decoherence induced in a simple quantum system (qubit) for two different initial states of the environment: canonical (fixed temperature) and microcanonical (fixed energy), for the general case of a fully interacting oscillator environment. We find that even a relatively compact oscillator bath (with the effective number of degrees of freedom of order ten), initially in a microcanonical state, will typically cause decoherence almost indistinguishable from that by a macroscopic, thermal environment, except possibly at singularities of the environment's specific heat (critical points). In the latter case, the precise magnitude of the difference between the canonical and microcanonical results depends on the critical behavior of the dissipative coefficient, characterizing the interaction of the qubit with the environment.
Asymptotic enumeration of generalized Latin rectangles

Abstract Stein's exchangeable perturbation technique is used to extend Yamamoto's Latin rectangle enumeration theorem to a class of rectangular arrays in which the proscription against matching within columns applies only to elements of a subset B of the set of positive integers. The allowable growth rate of the row-size of the array, as n → ∞, is determined by the growth rate of the number of elements in the set B ∩ {1, 2,…, n }, and the theorem holds so long as this latter rate exceeds n 1 2 .
Terms of the debate on the format and structure of visual memory.

Our ability to actively maintain information in visual memory is strikingly limited. There is considerable debate about why this is so. As with many questions in psychology, the debate is framed dichotomously: Is visual working memory limited because it is supported by only a small handful of discrete “slots” into which visual representations are placed, or is it because there is an insufficient supply of a “resource” that is flexibly shared among visual representations? Here, we argue that this dichotomous framing obscures a set of at least eight underlying questions. Separately considering each question reveals a rich hypothesis space that will be useful for building a comprehensive model of visual working memory. The questions regard (1) an upper limit on the number of represented items, (2) the quantization of the memory commodity, (3) the relationship between how many items are stored and how well they are stored, (4) whether the number of stored items completely determines the fidelity of a representation (vs. fidelity being stochastic or variable), (5) the flexibility with which the memory commodity can be assigned or reassigned to items, (6) the format of the memory representation, (7) how working memories are formed, and (8) how memory representations are used to make responses in behavioral tasks. We reframe the debate in terms of these eight underlying questions, placing slot and resource models as poles in a more expansive theoretical space.
Coalitions in the House

What kinds of districts do Latinos and African Americans represent? Are biracial coalitions forming to elect minority candidates in state legislatures? Is it easier for minorities to get elected in lower chamber districts? This article addresses these questions to assess whether Latinos are indeed becoming more alienated from African Americans. Using data from six diverse states and Congress, this article explains the conditions under which African Americans and Latinos are elected to some of the most important legislative institutions in the United States. Among the key findings are that biracial coalitions are not electing minority legislators in all of the states studied. That is, African American majority districts elect African Americans and Latino majority districts elect Latinos. In the U.S. House, however, African American members do benefit from Latino voters.
Response of laminated composite plates to low-speed impact by different impactors

An analytic procedure has been developed to determine the transient response of simply supported, retangular laminated composite plates subjected to impact loads from airgun-propelled or drop-weight impactors. A first-order shear deformation theory has been included in the analysis to represent properly any local short-wavelength transient bending response. The impact force has been modeled as a locally distributed load with cosine-cosine distribution. A double Fourier series expansion and the Timoshenko small increment method have been used to determine the contact force, out-of-plane deflections, and in-plane strains and stresses at any plate location due to an impact force at any plate location. The results of experimental and analytical studies are compared for quasi-isotropic laminates. The results indicate the importance of including transverse shear deformation effects in the analysis for predicting the response of laminated plates subjected to both airgun-propelled and dropped-weight impactors. The results also indicate that plate boundary conditions influence the axial strains more significantly than the contact force for a dropped-weight impactor. The results of parametric studies identify a scaling approach based on impactor momentum that may account for the differences in the responses of plates impacted by airgun-propelled or dropped-weight impactors.
Physical properties of strawboard as affected by processing parameters

Abstract Wheat straw has been recently considered as an alternative to wood fibers in manufacturing particle boards. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of processing parameters on straw particle board quality. Commercial ground wheat straw was used in a full factorial experimental design to examine the effects of three processing variables (initial straw moisture content (MC), resin binder content (BC), and press temperature) on strawboard physical and mechanical properties. The MC was tested between 2 and 12%, BC between 2 and 8%, and press temperature between 135 and 218°C. Strawboard density was held constant by controlling the gap in the press mold. Dimensional stability and water resistance was determined by a 24-h water-soak test, and mechanical properties by a three-point flexural test. In the tested parameter range, BC was the most significant factor affecting the strawboard dimensional stability, water resistance and mechanical properties. Initial straw MC was the second most significant factor influencing strawboard quality. MC had a more significant effect on board mechanical properties than on dimensional stability. Press temperature had a more significant effect on the strawboard dimensional stability than on mechanical properties.
Measurement of very low frequency vibrations

We have developed a number of instruments that are capable of measuring vibrations at very low frequencies (below 1 Hz). Two of these instruments are a laser strainmeter, which can respond to strains with frequencies ranging from 0 to about 100 Hz and a borehole tiltmeter which can respond to deflections of the vertical or horizontal accelerations in the frequency range from 0 to about 1 Hz. We have also modified commercial gravity meters (vertical accelerometers) and have used them to make measurements at comparable frequencies. Most of our work has been motivated by geophysical considerations including the dynamics of the earth in seismically active regions, but the instrumentation might also be useful in vibration monitoring for other purposes.
Multicomponent and adsorption calculations

Abstract A comprehensive treatment of incorporating multicomponent equilibrium theories into adsorption calculations is presented. The theories considered include the Langmuir, the Langmuir-Freundlich, the ideal adsorbed solution, and the potential theories. Procedures of calculating equilibrium concentrations under the three most common conditions based on these theories were given and sample calculation results presented to illustrate these procedures.
Erlotinib: Recent Clinical Results and Ongoing Studies in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

The epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib has shown to provide clinical benefit to patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after failure of front-line chemotherapy in a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. More importantly, because of its unique mechanism of action, erlotinib seems to provide higher clinical benefit to specific subgroups of patients. The continued development of erlotinib in NSCLC is focused on the following areas: ( a ) validating clinical and molecular markers of clinical benefit in front-line therapy, ( b ) developing therapies for acquired and naturally resistant tumors, ( c ) revisiting combinations with chemotherapy, ( d ) developing combinations with antiangiogenesis agents, and ( e ) understanding the biological significance of the skin toxicity and developing rational approaches for its treatment. Clinical studies addressing these five areas are ongoing and are briefly described in this review.