cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constellation Program Lessons Learned in the Quantification and Use of Aerodynamic Uncertainty

The NASA Constellation Program has worked for the past five years to develop a re- placement for the current Space Transportation System. Of the elements that form the Constellation Program, only two require databases that define aerodynamic environments and their respective uncertainty: the Ares launch vehicles and the Orion crew and launch abort vehicles. Teams were established within the Ares and Orion projects to provide repre- sentative aerodynamic models including both baseline values and quantified uncertainties. A technical team was also formed within the Constellation Program to facilitate integra- tion among the project elements. This paper is a summary of the collective experience of the three teams working with the quantification and use of uncertainty in aerodynamic environments: the Ares and Orion project teams as well as the Constellation integration team. Not all of the lessons learned discussed in this paper could be applied during the course of the program, but they are included in the hope of benefiting future projects.
A task-oriented system simulator for telerobotic environments

Abstract This paper discusses a task-oriented simulator known as TOTSS, T ask- O riented T elerobotic S ystem S imulator, developed by Robotic and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (RAIL) at North Carolina A&T State University. TOTSS is a knowledge-based simulator for planning and scheduling activities in a telerobotic environment.
Clozapine attenuates cocaine conditioned place preference

Abstract Clozapine, an atypical neuroleptic, has dopamine and serotonin antagonist actions that suggest its potential as a cocaine abuse pharmacotherapy. Yet, self-administration and discriminative stimulus studies in animals have reported both an enhancement and a partial blockade of cocaine's behavioral effects with clozapine. The present study examines further the effects of clozapine on cocaine conditioned place preference. Clozapine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) treatment significantly attenuated the development of cocaine (10mg/kg, i.p.) conditioned place preference. These results, coupled with research that shows clozapine has limited extrapyramidal side effects, suggest that it should be considered as a pharmacotherapy for cocaine abuse.
Interactive 3D model extraction from a single image

Abstract We present a system at the junction between Computer Vision and Computer Graphics, to produce a three-dimensional (3D) model of an object as observed in a single image, with a minimum of high-level interaction from a user. The input to our system is a single image. First, the user points, coarsely, at image features (edges) that are subsequently automatically and reproducibly extracted in real-time. The user then performs a high level labeling of the curves (e.g. limb edge, cross-section) and specifies relations between edges (e.g. symmetry, surface or part). NURBS are used as working representation of image edges. The objects described by the user specified, qualitative relationships are then reconstructed either as a set of connected parts modeled as Generalized Cylinders, or as a set of 3D surfaces for 3D bilateral symmetric objects. In both cases, the texture is also extracted from the image. Our system runs in real-time on a PC.
FACTORS INFLUENCING HEMATOPOIETIC SPLEEN COLONY FORMATION IN IRRADIATED MICE : II. THE EFFECT OF FOREIGN MATERIALS

Normal dog plasma and serum, human, rat, and Swiss-Webster mouse plasma, phytohemagglutinin, sheep red cells, mumps and influenza vaccine, fibrinogen, and endotoxin injected before irradiation led to an increased number of endogenously derived spleen colonies in irradiated mice. Spleen weight and uptake of radioactive iron and iododeoxyuridine into such spleens were also increased. The relationship between these parameters of splenic hematopoiesis was unchanged by plasma injection suggesting that, while the number of colonies was increased, the composition of individual colonies was unchanged. This conclusion was supported by studies on plethoric mice in which splenic erythropoiesis is abolished. Increased splenic hematopoiesis was accompanied by an increase in the volume of packed red blood cells 10 days after irradiation. The total volume of plasma injected, the number of days of plasma injection preceding irradiation, and the route of administration were all important variables influencing the effect of plasma injections. Crude fractions of human albumin and gamma globulin, cortisol, C57BL (maternal) and DBA (paternal) mouse plasma, and isogeneic plasma were without effect. The ineffectiveness of isogeneic and closely related allogeneic plasma rendered unlikely the hypothesis that this effect represented the presence of homeostatic hematopoietic regulating factors in plasma. The increased hematopoiesis induced with plasma appeared to be limited to the spleen, for increased bone marrow hematopoiesis was not detected. Certain observations suggested that the effect of plasma may not be due to an antigenic or an inflammatory effect. From current observations, it was unclear whether the increased colonies induced by plasma were representative of expansion of the colony-forming cell pool or of increased efficiency of growth of the fraction surviving irradiation.
Assembling cell ensembles.

The way the hippocampus processes information and encodes memories in the form of "cell assemblies" is likely determined in part by how its circuits are wired up during development. In this issue, Xu et al. now provide new insight into how neurons arising from a single common precursor migrate to their final destination and form functionally synchronous ensembles.
Dogmatism and Systems Development Personnel Performance

This research explores the relationship between the personal variable, dogmatism, and the performance evaluations of systems analysts within a Fortune 500 company. The Rokeach Dogmatism Scale was used to measure the analysts’ level of dogmatism. The analysts’ performance measurement was the product of the company's annual evaluation process. The results of the research indicate that personnel with the highest dogmatism scores generally receive the extreme performance ratings. The results of this study provide further support to consider dogmatism as an important personal variable influencing systems analyst job performance.
Preparation of highly conductive polymer nanocomposites by low temperature sintering of silver nanoparticles

Highly conductive polymer nanocomposites with very low resistivity (4.8 × 10−5 Ω cm) were prepared by thermal sintering of silver nanoparticles with silver flakes dispersed in a polymer matrix at 180 °C. By comparative studies of thermal behavior of Ag nanoparticles, the critical processing temperature required to obtain very low resistivity of polymer nanocomposites has been identified for Ag nanoparticles with different surface properties. The results indicate that the decomposition temperature of surface residues on Ag nanoparticles plays a key role in the sintering of Ag nanoparticles and thus the electrical resistivity of the polymer nanocomposites. Electrical measurements of the polymer nanocomposites showed that morphological changes induced by sintering of Ag nanoparticle with Ag flakes considerably contribute to the reduction of the contact resistance between conductive fillers, increasing the nanocomposite conductivity.
Physiatric subspecialization: Elements of time

As the 1993 Walter J. Zeiter Lecturer, I am humbled as I follow to this lectern the distinguished Zeiter Lecturers of previous years. Time is not measured by seconds, minutes, hours, not by days or weeks or years. but by people, places, and events. They are the elements of persistent memories and visions that light the path. Sagely, the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Academy) founded a lectureship that permits the blending of yesterday with today and tomorrow. The Walter J. Zeiter Lectureship was established in 1961 to honor a man who cherished the rich history of physiatry. The first lecture was given by Frank Krusen, MD, in 1968’. Dr. Zeiter earned his medical degree from the University of Illinois in 1934 and trained in physiatry at Northwestern University in Chicago under the tutelage of John Coulter, MD. He began practice at the Cleveland Clinic in 1938; in 1947 he became one of the 11 founding members of the American Board of Physical Medicine (Board). He received the Board’s certificate number 11, succeeded Dr. Krusen as chairman of the Board in 1949. and served in the position until 19.53.>.’ Physiatry was fortunate that 55 years ago Dr. Zeiter was available to be the first executive director of a newly-founded organization that was to become the Academy. His tenure as executive director extended from 1938 until 1960. His judgment on financing, his talent for management, and his genial capacity for diplomacy were widely recognized and he put them to immediate use on behalf of the Academy. These same characteristics define today’s leaders in our field.
Synergistic interaction of 3 M KCl-extracted donor antigens (e-HAg) with cyclosporine or cyclosporine/sirolimus for prolongation of rat heart allograft survival

Extracted donor histocompatibility antigens (e-HAg) may potentiate the effects of drugs to protect organ allografts from rejection. We examined the capacity of e-HAg when combined with cyclosporine (CsA) alone, sirolimus (rapamycin, RAPA) alone, or CsA/RAPA combinations to prolong heart allograft survival in rats. Wistar-Furth (WF: RT1u) rats that received CsA (10 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for 3 (days 0, 1 and 2) or 7 (days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) consecutive days displayed modest prolongation of Brown Norway (BN; RT1n) heart allograft survival from a mean survival time of 7.2 ± 0.8 days in untreated controls to 12.2 ± 1.1 days and 18.6 ± 2.7 days, respectively (p 1 antagonistic, interactions). In contrast, e-HAg failed to affect the immunosuppressive effect of RAPA. However, e-HAg (5.0 mg/kg × 3 days) significantly potentiated the effects of a 7-day or 14-day course of RAPA (0.01 mg/kg)/CsA (0.5 mg/kg) combination therapy, namely from 26.0 ± 4.8 days with a 7-day treatment of CsA/RAPA alone to 32.6 ± 3.6 days (p < 0.01) and from 28.2 ± 2.7 days with a 14-day course of CsA/RAPA alone to 42.0 ± 4.9 days (p < 0.05), respectively (CI = 0.2–0.5). Thus, e-HAg potentiates the immunosuppressive effects of CsA alone and of the CsA/RAPA combination, but not of sirolimus alone.
A review of some recent applications of small-angle scattering in studies of polydisperse systems and porous materials

Determination de la dimension des pores dans les materiaux poreux et des interactions interparticulaires dans les suspensions de particules, par des mesures de diffusion des rayons X
UNSTEADY CFD MODELING OF AERODYNAMIC FLOW CONTROL OVER A SPINNING BODY WITH SYNTHETIC JET

This paper describes a computational study undertaken to consider the aerodynamic effect of synthetic jets as a means to provide the control authority needed to maneuver a projectile at a low subsonic speed. A time -accurate Navier-Stokes computational technique has been used to obtain numerical solutions for the unsteady jet-interaction flow field for a spinning projectile at a subsonic speed, Mach = 0.24, and angle of attack, 0°. Numerical solutions have been obtained using both Renolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and a hybrid RANS/Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence models. Unsteady numerical results show the effect of the jet on the flow field and the aerodynamic coefficients, in particular the lift force. These numerical results are being used to assess if synthetic jets can be used to provide the control authority needed for maneuvering munitions to hit the targets with precision.
Detection of obstacles on runways using ego-motion compensation and tracking of significant features ☆

Abstract This paper describes a method for obstacle detection on a runway for autonomous navigation and landing of an aircraft, in presence of extraneous features, such as tire-marks. An obstacle is defined as an object, which has a significant motion or height relative to the runway. Suitable features are extracted from the image and warping is performed, using approximately known camera and plane parameters, to compensate the ego-motion as far as possible. Residual disparity after warping is estimated using an optical flow algorithm. Features are tracked from frame to frame to obtain more reliable estimates of their motion. The residual disparities are used to correct the motion parameters with a robust method, where features having large residual disparities are signaled as obstacles. Nelson's optical flow constraint is proposed to separate moving obstacles from stationary ones. A Bayesian framework is used at every stage so that the confidence in the estimates can be determined.
Three different rearrangements in a single intron truncate sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 and produce sterol-resistant phenotype in three cell lines. Role of introns in protein evolution.

The cholesterol analogue 25-hydroxycholesterol kills animal cells by blocking the proteolytic activation of two sterol-regulated transcription factors designated sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 and −2 (SREBP-1 and SREBP-2). These proteins, each ~1150 amino acids in length, are embedded in the membranes of the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum by virtue of hydrophobic COOH-terminal segments. In cholesterol-depleted cells the proteins are cleaved to release soluble NH2-terminal fragments of ~480 amino acids that enter the nucleus and activate genes encoding the low density lipoprotein receptor and enzymes of cholesterol synthesis. 25-Hydroxycholesterol blocks this cleavage, and cells die of cholesterol deprivation. We previously described a mutant 25-hydroxycholesterol-resistant hamster cell line (SRD-1 cells) in which the SREBP-2 gene had undergone a recombination between the intron following codon 460 and an intron in an unrelated gene. The SREBP-2 sequence terminated at residue 460, eliminating the membrane attachment domain and producing a constitutively active factor that no longer required proteolysis and thus was not inhibited by 25-hydroxycholesterol. Here, we report that two additional sterol-resistant cell lines (SRD-2 and SRD-3) have also undergone genomic rearrangements in the intron following codon 460 of the SREBP-2 gene. Although the molecular rearrangements differ in the three mutant lines, each leads to the production of a constitutively active transcription factor whose SREBP-2 sequence terminates at residue 460. These findings provide a dramatic illustration of the advantage that introns provide in allowing proteins to gain new functions in response to new environmental challenges.
Serum Insulin Response to Slow-rise Glucose Infusion in “Genetic Prediabetics” (Offspring of Two Diabetic Parents)

The insulin response to a programed slow-rise glucose infusion designed to mimic the postprandial rise in glucose was studied in five offspring of two diabetic parents (ODP) and seven normal subjects. The ODP had higher mean blood glucose levels towards the end of the infusion and during the postinfusion period. The rates of glucose disappearance calculated during the postinfusion period were comparable in the two groups. Despite the apparent similarity of serum insulin levels of ODP and normal subjects, the amount of insulin secreted per unit of glycemie stimulus was lower in the ODP group. When the glucose infusion test was preceded by an acute load of glucose, similar findings in the insulin secretory dynamics were found in the ODP group. These data suggest that an impairment in insulin secretion exists in ODP when they are challenged by the slow rise of blood glucose achieved by this type of an intravenous glucose infusion.
Software engineering education: on the right track with Ada

An introductory undergraduate course in real-time embedded software development should acquaint students with the fundamental scientific issues of real-time computing and practical skills in software development. While the theoretical issues can be covered without a laboratory, real-time embedded programming skills require the experiences that a laboratory provides. A major problem is finding equipment suitable for teaching these skills. For over a decade I have used a computer controlled model railroad in my real-time embedded systems course
Discrete Element Modeling of Pavement-wheel Frictional Force

Frictional force is a primary force on the pavement surface in the horizontal direction and its value may be impacted by many factors such as properties or characteristics of pavement and tires, speeds, acceleration, and deceleration of running vehicles, and damping properties at the interaction surface. This paper presents a numerical approach to quantify impacts of vehicle motion features (acceleration, steadily moving, and deceleration) on pavement fractional force. In order to minimize impacts from the other factors, an idealized discrete element model was used. The idealized model consisted of three parts: a smooth surface simulated the pavement surface, while the truck was modeled with a wheel and a mass. Three contact models were employed to simulate the mechanical behaviors at the interaction surface, namely an elastic contact model, a slip model, and a viscous contact damping model. A vertical force and a torsion moment were applied at its center and the wheel was rotated forward to simulate the wheel-pavement interaction. Through this study, it was found that 1) during the wheel moving, the frictional force was not constant but vibrating around its average value; 2) the average frictional force was close to zero during the wheel steadily moving, while it was non-zero during its acceleration and deceleration; 3) damping coefficient and peak rational velocities gave various effects on simulation results.
Using Design Projects for Program Assessment

Engineering education is undergoing an assessment of its own. Organizations responsible for engineering education are looking at themselves in an attempt to improve their total quality as well as the quality of the programs they assess. The reasons for these changes include issues relating to cost, efficiency and quality of engineering education programs, and the increased demand for accountability by constituencies (state legislatures, students, employers). The ability to work in a group and to acquire and assimilate new knowledge effectively is another key requirement of graduate engineers and is difficult to assess. This article describes the national and local forces for more definitive outcome assessment and how we have responded to those forces. The article in particular describes how we have used senior design projects as an important part of undergraduate program assessment.
Attractant to Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acarina) present in the housefly, Musca domestica☆

Abstract Adult houseflies possess a water-soluble compound that is highly attractive to the predator mite, Macrocheles muscaedomesticae , at very low concentrations. The compound is present in larger amounts in 5- to 7-day-old flies than in newly emerged flies and it is not sex related. It is unstable at 28°C and it is apparently related to an amino derivative of a carbohydrate. A number of sugars and N-glycosides are attractive or repellent to the mite, depending on the concentration being tested. The chemical and biological properties of N-phenyl-N-glucoside and N-phenyl-N-mannoside more closely resembled that of the fly wash than any of the other compounds tested.
Comparison of dihydrotestosterone levels in prostatic cancer metastases and primary prostate cancer.

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentration, a marker for biochemical differentiation and possible clonal origin of prostate tumors, was measured in cancer present in lymph nodes (LN) from patients with untreated metastatic prostate cancer and compared to levels in untreated primary prostate cancer. The mean DHT of 2.23 ng/g in LN (S.E. = 0.28, N = 22) was significantly less (P less than .001) than the mean DHT of 4.8 ng/g in primary cancer (S.E. = 0.52, N = 20). Since primary prostate cancer may be admixed with stromal tissue, while lymph node represents pure epithelial cell tumor, we chose for this comparison only the 20 prostate cancer tissues that were judged by our pathologist to contain 90% or more epithelial cell tumor. Using this selection criteria, we found that prostate stroma, which has an average DHT concentration 1.18 times higher than prostate epithelia, would have an insignificant effect on primary prostate tumor DHT concentration. These data suggest that the decreased DHT in prostate tumor cells present in LN metastases may be a marker for a clone of cells with metastatic potential. These findings are consistent with previous reports from this laboratory indicating that DHT concentration less than 2.4 ng/g in primary prostate cancer is a predictor of a reduced disease-free interval following androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer.
Nucleotide Sequence of the Salmonella typhimurium trpR gene

The sequence of the Salmonella typhimurium trpR gene and flanking DNA was determined on both strands. The DNA sequence predicts a polypeptide product of 108 amino acids with a molecular weight of 12,274 daltons. The TrpR protein of S. typhimurium differs by three amino acid residues from that of E. coli. The promoter/operator region of trpR is completely conserved between E. coli and S. typhimurium. The nucleotide sequence of the trpR sector of the S. typhimurium genome was 87. 4% identical to the corresponding region of the E. coli genome. Within the protein coding segments of the two organisms, 94. 4% of the amino acid residues were identical. In S. typhimurium, as in E. coli, there is a Palindromic Unit element (PU) between the translation termination triplet of trpR and that of a divergently oriented unidentified reading frame (URF-143). However, the PU segment of S. typhimurium is 85 nucleotides shorter than its E. coli counterpart.
SYNOVIAL FLUID: DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES AND METHODS FOR EXAMINATION

: The functions of synovial membrane and synovial fluid are described, as well as the changes that occur during inflammation, particularly in gout and rheumatoid arthritis. Methods for examination of the synovial fluid are given in detail, involving the gross appearance of the fluid, the collection of the specimen, the cytology, fibrin clot formation, mucin clot formation, viscosity, detection of crystals, and simultaneous determination of blood and synovial fluid glucose. Interpretations are discussed. A fairly complete examination of synovial fluid is possible with a minimum of equipment and within a reasonable time. The significance of the findings outweighs the effort of the analysis. Proper interpretation of synovianalysis will greatly aid in diagnosis, offer some insight concerning prognosis, provide a measure of the therapeutic response and add to understanding of the pathogenesis of synovial-tissue inflammation.
Serum enzymes: a guide to the aetiology of burn injury

PATIENTS are often admitted to the burns treatment centre with little recollection of the circumstances of their injury. This is particularly true of elderly patients who may suffer burn injury following a syncopal attack. For patient management it may be helpful to investigate the circumstances of the injury to ascertain if cardiac ischaemia or electrical burn injury has occurred. In this situation measurement of the levels of selected serum enzymes may be helpful. In this paper we have investigated the levels of the enzymes creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (HBD) in the serum of 6 patients who suffered either flame or electrical burn injury. From this it was possible to determine how much muscle damage occurred as a result of the injury or whether a myocardial infarct was a causative factor in the accident. Enzymes found in the serum are usually present as a result of leakage from damaged or diseased tissues. They may also arise from erythrocytes should significant intravascular haemolysis occur. CK occurs both in skeletal and heart muscle, while HBD occurs predominantly in heart muscle. ASAT is found in many tissues including erythrocytes, muscle, heart and liver but elevation in serum activity is highest following liver damage. Thus, the finding of elevated ASAT levels in serum with relatively normal CK levels is an indication of acute or chronic liver damage. Heart and skeletal muscle damage may be differentiated by measuring the levels of CK and HBD in the serum. Damage to skeletal muscle is seen as raised levels of CK with little or no elevation of HBD, whereas damage to cardiac muscle results in elevation of both enzymes. These enzymes can only be used as indicators of acute muscle damage since the slow breakdown of muscles associated with wasting does not result in marked elevation of serum CK levels. The results presented, consisting of 6 Case Reports on pairs of patients sustaining burns of comparable severity but different aetiology, suggest that a laboratory request for a ‘cardiac enzyme investigation’ on days 2-4 after injury (the day of injury being day 0) may well be of value in indicating hitherto unsuspected cardiac involvement and muscle damage caused by equivocal electrical injuries such as radiant electric fire burns.
Definition of metabolic syndrome in preadolescent girls

Objective To compare and contrast proposed definitions of metabolic syndrome in pediatrics, and to determine prevalence of metabolic syndrome in preadolescent females when applying different criteria. Study design A literature review on definitions of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular “risk factor clustering” in children and adolescents published in the past decade. Pediatric definitions of metabolic syndrome were then applied to a community-based study of 261 black preadolescent females (Girls Health Enrichment MultiSite studies [GEMS]) and a school-based, cross-sectional study of 240 ethnically-diverse preadolescent females (Girls Activity, Movement and Environmental Strategy [GAMES]) who had a baseline physical examination and fasting morning blood sample. Results Agreement among pediatric definitions of metabolic syndrome was poor. The prevalence of MS and cardiovascular risk factor clustering ranged from 0.4% to 23.0% for GEMS and 2.0% to 24.6% for GAMES with definitions adapted from the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III, and 0% to 15.3% for GEMS and 0.4% to15.8% for GAMES using modified criteria from the World Health Organization. Conclusions The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in preadolescent girls varies widely because of disagreement among proposed definitions of metabolic syndrome in pediatrics. Further investigation is needed to determine which metabolic factors and their respective cut points should be used to identify children at risk for development of clinical disease.
Progress report on the development of bubble chambers

Today I would like to report on the present s tate of development of a new ins t rument fox' the s tudy of high energy nuclear physics. This new device, which has been (.ailed a (( bubble chamber ,), makes it possible to record the paths of charged particles flying through a liquid absorber by photographing the strings of bubbles which mark the tracks when the liquid is highly superheated. Bubble (.hambers have characteristics somewhat intermediate between those of conventional cloud chambers and nuclear enmlsions since the specific gravi ty of the liqmd is about one, the dimensions are of the order of a few centimeters , and counter-(,,ontrolled pictures can be taken.
The Vitamin D Status in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Context There is no consensus on the vitamin D status of children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Emergence of Scaffold-Free Approaches for Tissue Engineering Musculoskeletal Cartilages

This review explores scaffold-free methods as an additional paradigm for tissue engineering. Musculoskeletal cartilages-for example articular cartilage, meniscus, temporomandibular joint disc, and intervertebral disc-are characterized by low vascularity and cellularity, and are amenable to scaffold-free tissue engineering approaches. Scaffold-free approaches, particularly the self-assembling process, mimic elements of developmental processes underlying these tissues. Discussed are various scaffold-free approaches for musculoskeletal cartilage tissue engineering, such as cell sheet engineering, aggregation, and the self-assembling process, as well as the availability and variety of cells used. Immunological considerations are of particular importance as engineered tissues are frequently of allogeneic, if not xenogeneic, origin. Factors that enhance the matrix production and mechanical properties of these engineered cartilages are also reviewed, as the fabrication of biomimetically suitable tissues is necessary to replicate function and ensure graft survival in vivo. The concept of combining scaffold-free and scaffold-based tissue engineering methods to address clinical needs is also discussed. Inasmuch as scaffold-based musculoskeletal tissue engineering approaches have been employed as a paradigm to generate engineered cartilages with appropriate functional properties, scaffold-free approaches are emerging as promising elements of a translational pathway not only for musculoskeletal cartilages but for other tissues as well.
Demonstration of a polarizing signal that reverses future retinotectal patterns across Nuclepore filter barriers, in Xenopus embryonic eye

Abstract We have studied the interactions which occur in surgically disarranged eye rudiments by recombining a left anterior half-eye graft from a donor Xenopus embryo with a right host posterior half eye, across a variety of physical barriers, at embryonic stages 31 or 32. The anterior half-eye graft and barrier were removed 18 h later at stage 38, and the host posterior half-eye was allowed to reconstitute a whole eye whose visuotectal projection could be mapped electrophysiologically after metamorphosis. Anteroposteriorly reversed maps and double-anterior twinned maps that are characteristic of anterior half-eyes, were found in 50–65% of cases in each of the experimental series using no barrier ( N = 16), or using Nuclepore filter barriers ( N = 47), including 5 of 8 cases when a filter of 0.015 micrometer pore diameter was used. The latter cases are especially interesting, because the filter pores were much smaller than the minimum size known to permit cell-cell contact through the pores. No animals showed AP-reversed retinotectal maps or double-anterior twinned maps when the graft and host half-eyes were separated by a tantalum or plastic barrier ( N = 21). Only a single case of AP-reversed mapping was found in 115 control animals including simple posterior half-eye preparations at stage 32 or 38 ( N = 13), sham fusions (30 min) across Nuclepore filters ( N = 35), or chronic application of a filter (or plastic or tantalum) barrier from stages 32–38 ( N = 55) without a left anterior half-eye graft. We conclude that signals from an anterior half-eye can act to repolarize a posterior half-eye in the absence of cell transfer and under conditions which permit little or no direct cell-cell contact.
Elasticity Solutions for Sandwich Orthotropic Cylindrical Shells Under External/Internal Pressure or Axial Force

The elasticity solution is constructed for a cylindrical sandwich shell under external and/or internal pressure and for the same shell under axial load. The solution is an extension of the one for a homogeneous, monolithic shell and is provided in closed form. All three phases, that is, the two face sheets and the core, are assumed to be orthotropic. Moreover, there are no restrictions as far as the individual thicknesses of the face sheets and the sandwich construction may be asymmetric. These solutions can be used as benchmarks for assessing the performance of various sandwich shell theories. Illustrative results are provided in comparison to the sandwich shell theory. HE need for lightweight yet stiff and durable aerospace structures has made the sandwich composite cone guration a leading-edge technology with promise for innovative high-perfor- mance structural designs. Sandwich construction is indeed increas- ingly employed in sections of rotorcraft and e xed-wing aircraft fuselages. A typical sandwich structure is composed of two thin composite laminated faces and a thick soft core made of foam or low-strength honeycomb. The majority of the literature in sandwich composites is on the plate cone guration. 1;2 Among the smaller number of studies on the sandwich shell geometry, we mention the papers by Reissner, 3 BienekandFreudenthal, 4 BakerandHerrmann, 5 Kollar, 6 Greenberg et al., 7 Birman and Simonyan, 8 and Frostig. 9 Sandwich shell theo- ries are extensions of the well-known shell theories for monolithic structuressuch as Reissner' s 3 orLove's 10 orSanders' s 11;12 shellthe- ory, with a set of additional assumptions imposed, usually that the corecarries only shearstressesand thatthe facesheetscarry thenor- mal stresses. Therefore, the extensional and bending stiffnesses of the shell are calculated exclusively from the face-sheet stiffnesses, whereas the transverse shear stress resultants are based exclusively on the shear stiffnesses of the core. Elasticity solutions are signie cant because they provide a bench- mark for assessing the performance of the various shell theories. To thisextent,thegeometry of acircular cylindricalshellisparticularly attractive for constructing elasticity solutions due to the axisymme- try that simplie es the analysis. Elasticity solutions for monolithic orthotropic cylindrical shells have been provided by Lekhnitskii. 13 However,elasticitysolutionsforsandwichcylindricalshellcone gu- rations are essentially nonexistant. Like the sandwich shell theories, elasticity solutions for sandwich shells can be obtained by properly extending the solutions for monolithic structures. (This implies, among others, enforcing the proper conditions at the interface of the constituent phases, that is, face sheets and core. )
Seasonal Variations in the Emission of Volatiles by Cotton Plants Growing in the Field

The volatiles emitted by growing cotton, Gossypium sp. in the open field were collected daily during June to September 1957 by pulling an air stream through a porous polymer and then desorption with pentane. From analysis by GLC and GLC-MS, a total of 70 compounds was identified, only 15 of which were also found in cotton bud essential oil. The amount of total volatiles collected reached a maximum in late July and early August when the cotton plant squaring and flowering was highest. Then production decreased, to some degree with continued fruit set and more rapidly with approaching senescence. Although the sex pheromone of the boll weevil is a more powerful attractant than the plant for this insect, the plant may play some role in its migration.
Albumen Quality and Shell Thickness as Affected by Time of Egg Gathering

Abstract Two experiments were conducted using 1600 pullets each. Four light regimes were used, with each providing a total of 14 hours of light in a period of 24 hours. In three treatments the 14 hours of light and 10 hours of darkness were divided into shorter intervals. A study of albumen quality, based on Haugh units, and shell quality, based on thickness, was made on eggs from different gatherings to determine if the light regimes had any effects on the eggs. There were four pens of 400 hens each on each light regime for each of the experiments. Data were combined for each of the groups of four pens and the two experiments. In all four regimes the eggs after the first gathering in the a.m. had significantly (P
Temperature Dependence of Morphologies of Aligned Silicon Oxide Nanowire Assemblies Catalyzed by Molten Gallium

Silicon oxide nanowire assemblies with fishbonelike, gourdlike, spindlelike, badmintonlike, and octopuslike morphologies were synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition of silane at 1150 °C with molten gallium as the catalyst via a vapor−liquid−solid process. The morphologies of the nanowire assemblies were temperature-dependent so that within a specific temperature range nanowire assemblies with a specific morphology were formed. Although the nanowire assemblies formed in different temperature ranges have different morphologies, they all are composed of a spherical liquid-gallium ball (3 to 5 μm in diameter) and a silicon oxide nanowire bunch that grows out from the lower-hemisphere surface of the gallium ball. Branching-growth and batch-growth phenomena were observed in the samples and were believed to be responsible for the formation of the unique morphologies described here. The growth mechanism of the nanowire assemblies is discussed.
Pressure and temperature dependence of the OH radical reaction with acetylene

Abstract Absolute rate constants for the reaction of OH with acetylene were determined at 297 and 429 K for the total pressures of 20–403 Torr using a flash photolysis—resonance fluorescence technique. The rate coefficient k was found to be pressure dependent below 200 Torr at both 297 and 429 K, but was in the high-pressure kinetic region above a total pressure of 200 Torr. The best fit to the data over the pressure and temperature range studied was given by the expression k ( T , p ) bi = 1.18 × 10 −12 exp[(−327 = 400)/ RT ]/(30/ p + 1), where p is the pressure in Torr.
On the endemic Sri Lankan genus Pettalus (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi, Pettalidae) with a description of a new species and a discussion of its diversity

Abstract A new species of Cyphophthalmi (Opiliones) belonging to the Sri Lankan endemic genus Pettalus is described and illustrated. Represented in a recent phylogeny of the family Pettalidae, this species was designated Pettalus cf. brevicauda, but subsequent examination of its morphology and of the type material of P. brevicauda indicates that it is a separate species. Characterization of male genitalia and SEM illustrations are included. Information on other morphospecies recently collected in Sri Lanka indicates that the number of species on the island is higher than previously thought.
Study of Light-Induced Volatile Compounds in Goat's Milk Cheese

Light-induced volatile compounds in goat cheese were studied by a combination of solid phase microextraction (SPME)-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS), headspace oxygen depletion, and sensory evaluation. Samples stored under fluorescent light for 2 days at 30 degrees C had 90% more volatile compounds and 4 times more headspace oxygen depletion than samples stored in the dark at 30 degrees C. The volatiles 1-heptanol, heptanal, nonanal, and 2-decenal were formed and increased only in the light-stored samples, which may be formed from singlet oxygen oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Sensory evaluation showed that samples stored under light had significantly more off-flavor than samples stored in the dark at 30 degrees C (P < 0.05), and 1-heptanol, heptanal, nonanal, and 2-decenal increased the goat cheese off-flavor significantly (P < 0.05).
Ophthalmic combat injuries in the German Sector of Northern Afghanistan 2003 ‐ 2013

During the last decade the German Armed Forces (Bundeswehr) were needed in various missions. Especially in Afghanistan the German Army found their greatest challenge on military medicine. The medical treatment of injured soldiers of all nations, who were on missions, with the highest possible quality, relies to a great extent on the unbroken chain at emergency and trauma therapy from the theater of deployment up to the following medical care and rehabilitation in the homeland. In this talk we will tell the story how to manage the mass of casualities in ophthalmology or how to deal with difficult cases we have seen during our mission. So mostly we have to deal with simple irritations of the cornea by constructions in the camp, but on the other hand blunt trauma by IED (improvised explosive devices) play a key role in case of emergency We report about our experience in Field Hospitals (Role 3) which provide in-patient and out-patient specialist medical care. In severe ophtalmic casualities patients were stabilised for direct evacuation back to Germany by StratAIRMedEvac. So we could give you a follow up of the further treatment of patients and casualities who have been evacuated from the area of deployment.
Longitudinal Analysis of Nortriptyline Side Effects in Elderly Depressed Patients

Forty-five depressed elderly patients were closely monitored in a research setting during treatment with nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy for 7 consecutive months of acute and continuation treatment. Overall, nortriptyline was efficacious and well tolerated in this group. The frequency of somatic complaints measured by the Rating Scale for Side Effects declined by 50% during the acute phase of treatment, suggesting that many somatic complaints that may be attributed to side effects of nortriptyline are actually somatic symptoms of depression. The authors discuss the implications of these findings and offer practical advice for the treating clinician.
The spine problem: finding a function for dendritic spines.

Why do neurons have dendritic spines? This question— the heart of what Yuste calls “the spine problem”— presupposes that why-questions of this sort have scientific answers: that empirical findings can favor or count against claims about why neurons have spines. Here we show how such questions can receive empirical answers. We construe such why-questions as questions about how spines make a difference to the behavior of some mechanism that we take to be significant. Why-questions are driven fundamentally by the effort to understand how some item, such as the dendritic spine, is situated in the causal structure of the world (the causal nexus). They ask for a filter on that busy world that allows us to see a part’s individual contribution to a mechanism, independent of everything else going on. So understood, answers to why-questions can be assessed by testing the claims these answers make about the causal structure of a mechanism. We distinguish four ways of making a difference to a mechanism (necessary, modulatory, component, background condition), and we sketch their evidential requirements. One consequence of our analysis is that there are many spine problems and that any given spine problem might have many acceptable answers.
QuizCram: A Question-Driven Video Studying Interface

QuizCram is a question-focused format for navigating and reviewing lecture videos. QuizCram shows users a question to answer, with an associated video segment. Users navigate through the video segments by answering questions. We also allow users to review using a timeline of previously answered questions and videos. To encourage users to review questions, QuizCram keeps track of their question-answering and video-watching history and recommends users to review questions they have not fully mastered. QuizCram-format courses can be generated automatically from lectures with in-video quizzes, though the format is flexible enough to accommodate multiple questions per video segment. Our user study comparing QuizCram to in-video quizzes found that users practice answering and reviewing questions more when using QuizCram, and are better able to remember answers to questions they encountered.
Hierarchical complexity in ecology: a noneuclidean conception of the data space

Vegetation is the consequence of the interaction of a series of widely differing processes, each uniquely scaled. Extensive slow processes pertain to high levels of organization, while fast local processes pertain to lower levels. Curvature in ordination gradients is often not artefact, but the result of interference between different levels. As straight gradients are lengthened by the inclusion of more heterogeneity in the data, the nature of relationships change between species and their environment and each other at distant places in environmental space. With change in these relationships, movement down the gradient does not always mean the same thing, and this causes curvature. In plotting a noneuclidean space onto a euclidean reference, the change in metrics causes apparent curvature. The technical causes of curvature (bimodality, double zeros, beta diversity) fit this model. Data transformations scale the analyses so that different levels are reflected in results. Between levels, when the processes of the lower level are not local enough to be trivial, the pattern from new upper level processes cannot assert a new straight gradient with coarser grained criteria. Thus transformation and the emergence of curvature followed eventually by new straight gradients allow the linking of different levels in an orderly fashion.
Elasticity, strength, and toughness of single crystal silicon carbide, ultrananocrystalline diamond, and hydrogen-free tetrahedral amorphous carbon

In this work, the authors report the mechanical properties of three emerging materials in thin film form: single crystal silicon carbide (3C-SiC), ultrananocrystalline diamond, and hydrogen-free tetrahedral amorphous carbon. The materials are being employed in micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems. Several reports addressed some of the mechanical properties of these materials but they are based in different experimental approaches. Here, they use a single testing method, the membrane deflection experiment, to compare these materials’ Young’s moduli, characteristic strengths, fracture toughnesses, and theoretical strengths. Furthermore, they analyze the applicability of Weibull theory [Proc. Royal Swedish Inst. Eng. Res. 153, 1 (1939); ASME J. Appl. Mech. 18, 293 (1951)] in the prediction of these materials’ failure and document the volume- or surface-initiated failure modes by fractographic analysis. The findings are of particular relevance to the selection of micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems m...
The integration of next-generation sequencing panels in the clinical cancer genetics practice: an institutional experience

The advent of next-generation sequencing for cancer susceptibility genes holds promise for clinical genetics application, but the practical issues surrounding integration of this testing into the clinical setting have not been well addressed. This article describes the clinical experience of genetic counselors in an academic and community setting with next-generation sequencing cancer panels. Between April 2012 and January 2013, 60 next-generation sequencing panels were ordered. A retrospective review was conducted to determine the indication for ordering the results of the tests and the patient management based on the results. Ten tests were canceled due to out-of-pocket costs or previously identified mutations. Among the 50 tests, 5 (10%) showed a positive result. Moreover, 15 of the 50 (30%) panels detected variant(s) of uncertain significance or variant(s) suspected benign. We propose clinical guidelines for identifying high-risk patients who should be offered this testing. Our data support the National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommendations that next-generation sequencing be ordered as a second-tier test for high-risk individuals with cancer by trained cancer genetics providers. Literature review and expert knowledge should be used to create management plans for the identification of both positive and variants of uncertain significance results. Providers should be aware of limitations regarding reimbursement for testing and recommended management strategies. Genet Med 16 5, 407–412.
Quantum Communication Using Entangled Photon Holes

Entangled photon holes have been shown to be relatively insensitive to photon loss and amplification. This makes them ideally suited for quantum key distribution and other applications in quantum communications.