cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Analysis of Magnetic Gear Dynamics Using Superposition and Conservation of Energy

This paper presents an analytical approach to the nonlinear dynamics of magnetic gears. Without compromising the system's nonlinearity, a magnetic gear's motion can be separated into rigid body motion and motion about a fixed center. Then, neglecting losses, the behavior of the torque angle can be evaluated using the conservation of energy principle. This approach shows excellent agreement with a Simulink model and a transient finite element analysis (FEA) model of a magnetic gear with sinusoidal torque angle curves. However, there are some discrepancies in the predicted velocities and oscillation frequencies compared to results produced by FEA models of designs with significant torque ripples, but the proposed approach still agrees with each of the FEA models about whether the gear will slip for over 98.5% of the cases. Also, cases with viscous friction are considered, but this has a limited effect on the system's dynamic behavior immediately after a change in the applied torques. With viscous friction, the proposed approach still agrees with each of the FEA models about whether the gear will slip for at least 93.5% of the cases. This analysis also demonstrates the significant impact of the effective inertia ratio on the system's dynamic performance.
An information theory approach to assess acoustic-environmental significance

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) rely heavily on the acoustic environment for tasks related to sensing, navigation, and communication. In advanced applications of these vehicles, such as those involving hazardous or highly dynamic regions, their internal representation of the oceanic environment can prove essential to the mission success. Our current method is a virtual ocean simulator described by environmental empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), a pre-determined set of sound speed perturbations; and corresponding recombination coefficients, weights assigned to recreate a specific sound speed profile that can be updated via acoustic communication. Given the limited bandwidth of acoustic communications, it is necessary to transmit the most vital information to update the virtual ocean representation—the minimum necessary to most effectively capture the real-time variability. Here we present the framework for determining the acoustic significance and uncertainty of an environmental coefficient-EOF pair, using an upcoming experiment in the Beaufort Sea as a case study. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) rely heavily on the acoustic environment for tasks related to sensing, navigation, and communication. In advanced applications of these vehicles, such as those involving hazardous or highly dynamic regions, their internal representation of the oceanic environment can prove essential to the mission success. Our current method is a virtual ocean simulator described by environmental empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), a pre-determined set of sound speed perturbations; and corresponding recombination coefficients, weights assigned to recreate a specific sound speed profile that can be updated via acoustic communication. Given the limited bandwidth of acoustic communications, it is necessary to transmit the most vital information to update the virtual ocean representation—the minimum necessary to most effectively capture the real-time variability. Here we present the framework for determining the acoustic significance and uncertainty of an environmental coefficient-EOF ...
Depressive symptoms and parental support-seeking in Latinx adolescents: Analyzing variation based on LGBT identity

Adolescents experiencing depressive symptoms tend to withdraw from social interaction, but patterns among Latinx LGBT youth (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) are unclear. Latinx adolescen...
Cervical Cancer Screening in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Who Should Be Screening?

Background Immunosuppressed women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at elevated risk of cervical cancer yet have lower screening rates. The objective of this study was to assess the familiarity with cervical cancer screening recommendations, and the perceived responsibility for implementing screening among three physician groups involved in the clinical care of women with IBD: primary care physicians (PCP), gastroenterologists (GI) and gynecologists (GYN). Methods We anonymously surveyed a sample of 117 PCP, 52 GYN and 35 GI physicians affiliated with Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA, from April 2018 to January 2019. The physicians completed a questionnaire adressing essential aspects of cervical cancer screening such as screening age, screening frequency, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, comfort level in performing Papanicolaou (Pap) smears, perception of physician responsibility in terms of which physicians should perform Pap smears. Results A total of 2.6% of PCPs, 37% of GIs and 29% of GYNs reported familiarity with cervical cancer screening recommendations. In addition, PCP and GI had no definite opinions regarding which physicians should be in charge of cervical cancer screening and performing Pap smears. However, 94% of GYNs felt that they should be in charge of cervical cancer screening and performing Pap smears. Conclusions An apparent lack of familiarity exists among all three physician groups regarding cervical cancer screening recommendations in immunosuppressed patients with IBD. Similarly, there is no consensus regarding which specialty should be responsible for cervical cancer screening in this patient population.
Effects of carbonaceous susceptors on microwave pretreatment of waste activated sludge and subsequent anaerobic digestion

Abstract Pretreatment of waste activated sludge is an accepted approach to improve the anaerobic digestion performance by accelerating hydrolysis. Recently, microwave irradiation has been gaining attention as a pretreatment method because it accomplishes remote, rapid, and targeted heating of sludge and assists the release of soluble organic constituents. This study demonstrates the effect of hyper-reactive dielectric carbon nanofiber additives on amplified microwave pretreatment and subsequent anaerobic digestion and compares to traditional activated carbons for the first time. Our findings show that when carbon nanofibers are used, microwave pretreatment increases the soluble chemical oxygen demand from 73 to 924 mg L−1. This increase in sCOD corresponds to 25% improvement when compared to microwave pretreatment alone. Moreover, carbon nanofibers facilitate more biogas production (i.e., 24%) with higher methane content (i.e., 46%) when compared to no pretreatment. Our findings also provide engineering insights within a techno-economic framework for carbon nanomaterial-augmented microwave pretreatment.
Learning-based Compression for Material and Texture Recognition.

Learning-based image compression was shown to achieve a competitive performance with state-of-the-art transform-based codecs. This motivated the development of new learning-based visual compression standards such as JPEG-AI. Of particular interest to these emerging standards is the development of learning-based image compression systems targeting both humans and machines. This paper is concerned with learning-based compression schemes whose compressed-domain representations can be utilized to perform visual processing and computer vision tasks directly in the compressed domain. Such a characteristic has been incorporated as part of the scope and requirements of the new emerging JPEG-AI standard. In our work, we adopt the learning-based JPEG-AI framework for performing material and texture recognition using the compressed-domain latent representation at varing bit-rates. For comparison, performance results are presented using compressed but fully decoded images in the pixel domain as well as original uncompressed images. The obtained performance results show that even though decoded images can degrade the classification performance of the model trained with original images, retraining the model with decoded images will largely reduce the performance gap for the adopted texture dataset. It is also shown that the compressed-domain classification can yield a competitive performance in terms of Top-1 and Top-5 accuracy while using a smaller reduced-complexity classification model.
The Ventral and Dorsal Default Mode Networks Are Dissociably Modulated by the Vividness and Valence of Imagined Events.

Recent work has shown that the brain’s default mode network (DMN) is active when people imagine the future. Here we test in human participants (both sexes) whether future imagination can be decomposed into two dissociable psychological processes linked to different subcomponents of the DMN. While measuring brain activity with fMRI as subjects imagine future events, we manipulate the vividness of these events to modulate the demands for event construction, and we manipulate the valence of these events to modulate the demands for event evaluation. We found that one subcomponent of the DMN, the ventral DMN or medial temporal lobe subsystem, responds to the vividness but not the valence of imagined events. In contrast, another subcomponent, the dorsal or core DMN, responds to the valence but not the vividness of imagined events. This separate modifiability of different subcomponents of the DMN by vividness and valence provides strong evidence for a neurocognitive dissociation between (1) the construction of novel, imagined events from individual components from memory and (2) the evaluation of these constructed events as desirable or undesirable. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previous work has suggested that imagination may depend on separate neural networks involved in the construction and evaluation of imagined future events. This study provides strong neural evidence for this dissociation by demonstrating that two components of the brain’s default mode network (DMN) uniquely and specifically respond to different aspects of imagination. The vividness of imagined events modulates the ventral DMN, but not the dorsal DMN, while the valence of imagined events modulates the dorsal DMN, but not the ventral DMN. This supports the dissociable engagement of these sub-networks in constructing and evaluating imagined future events.
Code-related literacy profiles of kindergarten students with autism.

Difficulties with reading development have been well documented in samples of children with autism spectrum disorders. This study utilized a state-level early literacy dataset of kindergarten stude...
A genetic screen for behavioral mutations that perturb dopaminergic homeostasis in mice

Disruption of dopaminergic (DA) systems is thought to play a central role in the addictive process and in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Although inheritance plays an important role in the predisposition to these disorders, the genetic basis of this is not well understood. To provide additional insight, we have performed a modifier screen in mice designed to identify mutations that perturb DA homeostasis. With a genetic background sensitized by a mutation in the dopamine transporter (DAT), we used random chemical mutagenesis and screened for mutant mice with locomotor abnormalities. Four mutant lines were identified with quantitatively elevated levels of locomotor activity. Mapping of mutations in these lines identified two loci that alter activity only when dopamine levels are elevated by a DAT mutation and thus would only have been uncovered by this type of approach. One of these quantitative trait loci behaves as an enhancer of DA neurotransmission, whereas the other may act as a suppressor. In addition, we also identified three loci which are not dependent on the sensitized background but which also contribute to the overall locomotor phenotype.
Synaptic-vesicle fusion: a need for speed

Two new studies reveal mechanistic insights into how neurons control the assembly of SNARE complexes and the rapid fusion of synaptic vesicles. Structural, biophysical and functional experiments are combined to elucidate the roles of two critical regulators: Munc13 and synaptotagmin.
One hop reputations for peer to peer file sharing workloads

An emerging paradigm in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks is to explicitly consider incentives as part of the protocol design in order to promote good (or discourage bad) behavior. However, effective incentives are hampered by the challenges of a P2P environment, e.g. transient users and no central authority. In this paper, we quantify these challenges, reporting the results of a month-long measurement of millions of users of the BitTorrent file sharing system. Surprisingly, given BitTorrent's popularity, we identify widespread performance and availability problems. These measurements motivate the design and implementation of a new, one hop reputation protocol for P2P networks. Unlike digital currency systems, where contribution information is globally visible, or tit-for-tat, where no propagation occurs, one hop reputations limit propagation to at most one intermediary. Through trace-driven analysis and measurements of a deployment on PlanetLab, we find that limited propagation improves performance and incentives relative to BitTorrent.
Pulsed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Techniques for Structure Determination

Over the past several decades pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has advanced to provide a unique and useful set of tools for structural determination in systems that contain paramagnetic centers. Pulsed EPR methods use sequences of resonant microwave pulses to excite and manipulate paramagnetic centers subjected to an external magnetic field. The signals generated through these magnetic resonance methods are analyzed to provide information about the electronic and geometric structure near the paramagnetic centers. This article provides a general overview of the theory and common experimental methods of pulsed EPR including electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM), double electron–electron resonance (DEER), and hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy (HYSCORE). Electron–nuclear and electron–electron interactions are discussed in detail, as well as how measurement of these interactions can be used to obtain structural insight for a range of important systems. Selected applications are presented to illustrate the utility of pulsed EPR methods for structure determination in real and model systems, with specific examples from materials science, astrogeology, and bioinorganic chemistry. The use of density functional theory (DFT) calculations to enhance experimental data analysis and interpretation is discussed. Keywords: pulsed EPR; ESEEM; DEER; PELDOR; HYSCORE; structural determination; DFT hyperfine calculations
Declining Oil Revenues and Regime Stability in the Long-Term

Though a large body of literature details how oil wealth is thought to affect regime stability and transition, much of this literature implies but does not fully consider the implications of a long-term decline in oil revenues. By drawing on theories of political transitions that hinge on the distribution of economic assets, I argue that while a prolonged decline in oil wealth should be associated with increasing taxes in democracies and a decrease in pro-majoritarian spending in authoritarian regimes, declining oil revenues would not affect regime stability in either case. Rather, a long term decline in oil wealth should push governments toward the extremes of the political spectrum, making authoritarian regimes more authoritarian and democratic regimes more democratic.
Cost of lower NOx emissions: Increased CO2 emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines

Abstract This paper highlights the effect of emissions regulations on in-use emissions from heavy-duty vehicles powered by different model year engines. More importantly, fuel economy data for pre- and post-consent decree engines are compared. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in brake-specific emissions of NO x as a result of emission regulations, and to highlight the effect these have had on brake-specific CO 2 emission; hence, fuel consumption. For this study, in-use, on-road emission measurements were collected. Test vehicles were instrumented with a portable on-board tailpipe emissions measurement system, WVU's Mobile Emissions Measurement System, and were tested on specific routes, which included a mix of highway and city driving patterns, in order to collect engine operating conditions, vehicle speed, and in-use emission rates of CO 2 and NO x . Comparison of on-road in-use emissions data suggests NO x reductions as high as 80% and 45% compared to the US Federal Test Procedure and Not-to-Exceed standards for model year 1995–2002. However, the results indicate that the fuel consumption; hence, CO 2 emissions increased by approximately 10% over the same period, when the engines were operating in the Not-to-Exceed region.
A distributed approach to passive localization for sensor networks

Sensors that know their location, from microphones to vibration sensors, can support a wider arena of applications than their location unaware counterparts. We offer a method for sensors to determine their own location relative to one another by using only exogenous sounds and the differences in the arrivals of these sounds at different sensors. We present a distributed and computationally efficient solution that offers accuracy on par with more active and computationally intense methods.
Plaque Assay for Measuring Serum Bactericidal Activity Against Gonococci

A new semiquantitative plaque assay was developed to measure killing of gonococci by serum. Results compare well with an established quantitative method, but the plaque assay is faster, simpler, and less expensive.
Enhanced granuloma angiotensin I converting enzyme activity associated with modulation in murine schistosomiasis

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity was detected in serum and in isolated granulomas from liver, colon, and ileum of CBA/J mice infected with schistosomiasis. Murine schistosomiasis mansoni is a cell-mediated granulomatous disease associated with a spontaneous decrease in the size of the granulomatous inflammation at the chronic stage of the infection (modulation). Associated with modulation of the granulomatous response, enhanced angiotensin-converting enzyme activity was measured in serum and in isolated liver and colon granulomas. Ileal granulomas, which do not modulate size, did not show a change in this activity. Isolated synchronous lung granulomas, induced by the pulmonary embolization of schistosome eggs into normal and sensitized mice, demonstrated increasing angiotensin-converting enzyme activity during involution. Prior sensitization resulted in enhanced granuloma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and a peak serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity corresponding with the maximal size of the inflammatory response. Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity was associated with the granuloma macrophage/epithelioid cell which secreted angiotensin-converting enzymes when cultured in vitro. Granuloma cells depleted of macrophages had no angiotensin-converting enzymes activity. These studies suggest that angiotensin-converting enzymes activity in schistosome egg-induced granulomas is associated with the macrophage and increases with modulation and involution of the granulomatous response. This enzyme may participate in regulation of this inflammatory lesion. Murine schistosomiasis appears to be a good model to study the relationship of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity to granulomatous inflammation.
Medical Management of Sinusitis

Sinusitis is both prevalent and costly, affecting more than 14% of the population and costing more than $3.5 billion. The signs and symptoms of sinusitis can be subtle: a night cough, chronic nasal congestion, postnasal drip, or recurring headaches. Diagnosis requires a comprehensive understanding of nasal physiology, anatomy, and allergic and immunologic abnormalities, and sinonasal microbiology. The most common events leading to sinusitis are colds, allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, and anatomic defects which interfere with the sinus outflow tracks. Treatment involves drainage of the congested sinuses and elimination of the pathogenic bacteria. Drainage can be accomplished medically by opening the sinus ostia through the use of decongestants and topical corticosteroids; bacteria are effectively eliminated by washing the sinuses with saline and through use of appropriate antibiotics. In patients with recurrent disease, it may be appropriate to continue nasal washing and topical corticosteroids for extended periods of time, or even permanently. With proper medical treatments, most patients do extremely well and do not require surgery. Surgery is aimed at facilitating sinus drainage by widening the outflow tracks and removing anatomic obstructions to adequate drainage. Although we now understand some of the dynamics of sinusitis, more research is needed to clarify our unanswered questions.
Regulation of protein traffic in polarized epithelial cells

The plasma membrane of polarized epithelial cells is divided into apical and basolateral surfaces, with different compositions. Proteins can be sent directly from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to either surface, or can be sent first to one surface and then transcytosed to the other. The glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor is a signal for apical targeting. Signals in the cytoplasmic domain containing a beta-turn determine basolateral targeting and retrieval, and are related to other sorting signals. Transcytosed proteins, such as the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), are endocytosed from the basolateral surface and then accumulate in a tubular compartment concentrated underneath the apical surface. This compartment, tentatively termed the apical recycling compartment, may be a central sorting station, as it apparently receives material from both surfaces and sorts them for delivery to the correct surface. Delivery to the apical surface from both the TGN and the apical recycling compartment appears to be regulated by protein kinases A and C, and endocytosis from the apical surface is also regulated by kinases. Transcytosis of the pIgR is additionally regulated by phosphorylation of the pIgR and by ligand binding to the pIgR. Regulation of traffic in polarized epithelial cells plays a central role in cellular homeostasis, response to external signals and differentiation.
Protocol for suspected pediatric appendicitis limits computed tomography utilization.

Abstract Background Despite radiation concerns, computed tomography (CT) remains the favored imaging modality at many children's hospitals for appendicitis. We sought to reduce CT utilization for appendicitis in a children's hospital with an algorithm relying on 24-h ultrasound (US) as the primary imaging study. Materials and methods An US-based protocol for suspected appendicitis was adopted at the end of the fiscal year (FY) 2011. Data were collected for 12 mo before and 24 mo after implementation. Imaging test usage and charges were adjusted per annual number of appendectomies. Training of emergency department staff continued over 1 y after protocol implementation. Results For FY 2011, 644 abdominal CT and 1088 appendix US were ordered, and 249 laparoscopic appendectomies (LAs) were performed. After protocol implementation, FY 2012: 535 CT, 1285 US, and 265 LA were performed; and FY 2013: 330 CT, 1235 US, and 236 LA were performed. Length of stay decreased from before to after protocol (2.57 ± 0.29 versus 2.15 ± 0.11 d), P versus 1.40, P versus 1.70, P versus 5.20 US/appendectomy, P = 0.004) occurred. CT and US charges decreased $2253 and $6633 per appendectomy for FY 2012 and 2013, respectively. Conclusions Protocol-driven workup with US significantly reduced CT utilization, radiation exposure, and imaging-related charges in children with suspected appendicitis. Ongoing training of emergency department staff is required to ensure protocol compliance.
Primary care spatial density and nonurgent emergency department utilization: a new methodology for evaluating access to care.

Abstract Objective To determine the spatial and demographic characteristics of pediatric patients who make nonurgent visits (NUVs) to an urban pediatric emergency department (ED). We hypothesized that the rate of NUVs would be inversely associated with the spatial density of primary care providers (PCPs). Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis was conducted for all visits to Washington, DC's principal pediatric ED between 2003 and 2006. NUVs were defined by a unique algorithm combining resource allocation, ambulatory-sensitive diagnoses, and billing data. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine the association of PCP density and demographic variables on the spatial rate of NUVs. Results Over the 4-year period, 35.1% (52,110) of the 148,314 ED visits by Washington, DC, residents were nonurgent. NUVs were most associated with neighborhood median household income Conclusions Low spatial density of primary care is strongly associated with nonurgent ED utilization. Improving spatial distribution of primary care may decrease ED misuse and improve access to the medical home.
Excess occurrence of cancer of the oral cavity, lung, and bladder following cancer of the cervix

The risk of developing a second cancer among white and black females with an initial cancer of the uterine cervix or corpus has been estimated based on the experience of the Charity Hospital of Louisiana Tumor Registry, a participant of the End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute. Observed second primary cancers were compared to expected numbers in order to obtain a direct estimate of risk. White females having an initial cancer of the cervix had a 5-to-6-fold excess risk of developing a subsequent cancer of the oral pharynx, lung, or bladder during the first 5 years following their initial cancer with no excess risk during subsequent years. Black females with cervical cancer had a 3.5-fold excess risk for developing oral cavity and lung cancer. There was no excess risk for developing subsequent cancer of the breast or large intestine, but a slight excess risk for developing subsequent cancer of the ano-rectum. There was a 7% excess risk among both whites and blacks with initial cancer of the corpus uteri of subsequently developing another cancer.
Sensorimotor performance of the hand during peripheral nerve regeneration.

Abstract Conventional neurological testing procedures outline the sensory and motor incapacities which occur following peripheral nerve injury, but they provide little practical information on the ability of the patient to use the injured part in daily life activities. In the present study functional tests are introduced which lend themselves to statistical analysis and can be routinely and universally applied. The tests did also permit a study of the role of sensation in motor performance. The tests were able to distinguish between nerve-damaged and normal hands; with all differences being statistically significant. Rating scales were devised to indicate how much a motor or sensory performance deviated from normal: function was assessed as poor, satisfactory, or good. No correlation could be established between the results obtained from functional and routine neurological tests nor between sensorimotor performance and the response behavior of single afferents recorded in the same patients. The results indicate that the functional tests are useful and promising for a more general application. The results do also underline the need for sensation in the successful execution of a sequence of coordinated, skillful movements.
Photoemission studies of the reactions of ammonia and N atoms with Si(100)-(2×1) and Si(111)-(7×7) surfaces

We present results of detailed x-ray photoemission and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopic studies of the reactions of silicon with ammonia and atomic nitrogen. We show that both Si(100)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) and Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7) surfaces are very reactive towards ammonia, which adsorbs dissociatively even at 100 K. The extent of dissociation and the dissociation products are different on the two surfaces. On Si(100) the ammonia dissociates to NH while on Si(111) it dissociates to ${\mathrm{NH}}_{2}$. On the Si(100) surface the NH species has a lower thermal stability, starting to dissociate at around 500 K. The ${\mathrm{NH}}_{2}$ species on Si(111) is stable up to \ensuremath{\sim}700 K. We explain the above general features in terms of the dangling-bond structure of Si(100)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) and Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7) surfaces.
Racial and ethnic disparity in oral cancer awareness and examination: 2003 New york state BRFSS.

Objectives: This study documents the level of oral cancer awareness and examination among New York State adults and evaluates the determinants of disparities in oral cancer detection. Methods: The 2003 New York State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System gathered information on current awareness of oral cancer and receipt of oral cancer examination from 5,544 adults. To assess whether the racial/ethnic factor remains important for the awareness, receipt, and source of oral cancer examination after controlling for other socioeconomic and health care access variables, bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted using SAS and SUDAAN. Results: Even though a majority of State adults (80.4 percent) had heard about oral cancer, about three-quarters of these adults (74.3 percent) had never heard about an oral cancer test or examination. Only 35 percent of the adults reportedly received an oral cancer examination in their lifetime. Adults with Hispanic origin were less likely to have heard about and received an oral cancer examination. Regarding the source of the examination, some 72 percent of the examinations were conducted by a dental professional; the remaining 28 percent were performed by a physician, nurse, or nurse practitioner. Non-Hispanic Blacks were more likely to have received an oral cancer examination from health care providers other than a dentist or dental hygienist. Conclusions: These data suggest the need to improve the oral cancer awareness and examination rate in New York State. Routine examination of the mouth by primary care providers as part of a physical examination would provide the best opportunity for improving the low oral cancer examination rates in minority populations.
Intracellular potassium requirement for protein synthesis and mitotic apparatus formation in sea urchin eggs

Abstract A 16% diminution of intracellular potassium in fertilized sea urchin eggs results in blockage of cell division and depression of 14 C-valine incorporation into proteins. Phase microscopy of these cells reveals that they do not form a mitotic apparatus, yet the chromosomes go through a normal division cycle. Liquid scintillation assay of gel slices following disc electrophoresis of egg proteins obtained from pulse-labeled cells reveals that several different proteins are synthesized at different times in the division cycle. These proteins are not made at detectable levels by potassium-deficient cells. Electrophoresis of proteins extracted by KCl from mitotic apparatus isolated from eggs that had been pulse-labeled indicates the presence of at least three protein components. Potassium deficient cells are unable to synthesize a protein which corresponds in electrophoretic mobility to one of the three proteins extracted from mitotic apparatus.
United States - China external imbalance and the global financial crisis

This paper advances an alternative explanation of the large external imbalance between the United States and China, and its linkages to the current global financial crisis. We show that US current account deficits dated back long before the emergence of China's recent large trade surpluses, with China accounting at its peak for at most one-third of this deficit. The relative rise in China's savings in recent years can be attributed to an increase in its corporate savings, a trend that reflects distortions arising from the transition process from a planned to a market economy. These distortions exacerbate China's income inequality, causing domestic consumption to remain a small share of GDP. Large recent current account deficits in the United States, on the other hand, can be attributed to public sector disserving and perverse incentives generated by housing and equity bubbles, made possible by loose monetary policy and by “innovative” financial derivatives arising from the financial deregulation in the ea...
Chemical differentiation of the Cordillera Paine granite (southern Chile) by in situ fractional crystallization

Geochemical and field data for the Cordillera Paine (CP) pluton of southern Chile, indicate that differentiation took place by closed system in situ fractional crystallization. Minor, local and irregular separation of liquids from crystals led to the formation of evolved granites and aplites which are encountered mostly at the plutons roof and margins. Chemical trends show strong depletions of Sr, Ba, Mg less intense depletions of Ca, La, Ce, Nd, Fe, Ti, Al and enrichment of Nb, Y, Th, Rb and Si with differentiation. Pronounced crystal zoning of Ca, Sr and Ba in plagioclase, Ba in orthoclase and LREE, Y and Th in allanite closely correspond to the whole rock chemical variation. The crystal zoning data suggest that surface equilibrium only was maintained for the zoned elements during crystallization. Thus, continuous separation of liquids from crystals was not necessary to generate the kind highly evolved differentiates whose character reflects fractional crystallization. The schedule of liquid-crystal separation affects mainly the location, degree of dispersion and relative abundance of the differentiates. The homogeneity of the CP pluton and the intense crystal zoning suggest that crystal-liquid separation was inefficient, and that whole rock compositions approach liquid compositions. Assumption of a closed system during crystallization allows estimation of mineral/melt partition coefficients (K d s) using crystal core and whole rock compositions. Crystal zoning and whole rock chemical trends are consistent with models constructed using the K d s thus obtained along with modal abundances from petrographic estimates.
PROTESTANT THOUGHT AND REPUBLICAN SPIRIT: HOW LUTHER ENCHANTED THE WORLD

Arguments about the emergence of modern political theory often claim that Protestantism's significance was that it evacuated the political world, that a more properly political ethic took its place, a “disenchanted” one. I shall consider Luther's understanding of biblical history, thoughts on the Christian prince, and view of the “bonds of union” between Christians in order to understand the relationship between the political and spiritual realms. I suggest that even though Luther argues for the separation of the two realms, his political realm is by no means disenchanted. His politics can only be understood in light of his claims about the purview of God the Father and God the Son. “Political vacuum theories,” I suggest, misconstrue the relationship between politics and religion in Protestant thought.
Cell Identity Regulators Link Development and Stress Responses in the Arabidopsis Root

Stress responses in plants are tightly coordinated with developmental processes, but interaction of these pathways is poorly understood. We used genome-wide assays at high spatiotemporal resolution to understand the processes that link development and stress in the Arabidopsis root. Our meta-analysis finds little evidence for a universal stress response. However, common stress responses appear to exist with many showing cell type specificity. Common stress responses may be mediated by cell identity regulators because mutations in these genes resulted in altered responses to stress. Evidence for a direct role for cell identity regulators came from genome-wide binding profiling of the key regulator SCARECROW, which showed binding to regulatory regions of stress-responsive genes. Coexpression in response to stress was used to identify genes involved in specific developmental processes. These results reveal surprising linkages between stress and development at cellular resolution, and show the power of multiple genome-wide data sets to elucidate biological processes.
The setting of accounting standards in the United States: A historical perspective

Abstract Students need to learn in an environment that asks them to question, rather than simply accepting what is given. This perspective is essential for them if they are going to participate fully in a self-regulated profession. Self-regulation requires that we continuously improve our profession and seek acceptability for the standards we set. Students need to embrace this environment by understanding the pros and cons of competing positions, and the importance of these positions to various stakeholders. We believe that students' ability to critically evaluate accounting theory can be improved if they are exposed to various stakeholders' positions from a historical perspective. In light of this, the purpose of this paper is to present the instructor and/or student with materials that supplement those generally found in Intermediate Accounting texts. Tables are included which provide specific discussion questions for the articles as well as general discussion questions. Based on this paper, an instructor could select, from the articles and questions included, a set of readings which would enhance their students' overall understanding of the development of accounting standard setting.
Interstitial nephritis, hepatic failure, and systemic eosinophilia after minocycline treatment★

This report describes a 15-year-old white boy who presented with fever, back pain, a disseminated exanthematous rash, renal failure, and hepatopathy 3 weeks after the initiation of oral minocycline therapy for facial acne. Marked peripheral and urine eosinophilia were noted. A bone marrow aspiration showed more than 50% eosinophils without any evidence of malignancy, and a simultaneous kidney biopsy showed acute interstitial nephritis (AIN). The patient's symptoms and laboratory findings improved after high-dose steroid therapy was initiated, worsened when it was withheld, and improved again after it was reinitiated in view of the biopsy findings. The patient recovered completely, and steroids were tapered to discontinuation over 3 months. Over a year later, the patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured for 2 weeks in the presence or absence of minocycline ex vivo, and minocycline was found to induce the emergence of CD4(+) cells after 1 week in culture. In conclusion, this article shows for the first time several new aspects of minocycline-induced morbidity: renal and hepatic failure can occur together, and AIN and elevated blood eosinophil counts can be accompanied by marked bone marrow eosinophilia, suggesting a systemic allergic response as the underlying pathomechanism. Furthermore, the initial phase of such a response appears to involve CD4(+) T cells detectable ex vivo. Lastly, high-dose treatment with corticosteroids appears to be beneficial in this setting.
Shear wave velocity as function of standard penetration test resistance and vertical effective stress at California bridge sites

Abstract Shear wave velocity, Vs, is defined as a statistical function of SPT blow count, N60, and vertical effective stress, σ ′ v , using a data set collected at various California bridge sites. At each site, Vs measurements were recorded by suspension logging in the same borehole in which N60 was measured. Regression analysis was used to derive statistical relations for sand, silt, and clay soil types. The relation between Vs and N60 is shown to depend strongly on σ ′ v since Vs and N60 normalize differently with overburden, which has been mostly omitted in previously published correlations. A random effects regression model is used to separate the error into intra- and inter-boring terms. Inter-boring errors are shown to depend weakly on geologic age. The average shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m, Vs30, is computed directly from the suspension logs and compared with V s 30 ¯ computed from the statistical relations. The relations are shown to provide unbiased estimates of Vs30, with standard deviation of the error equal to the standard deviation of the inter-boring error term. Ground motion prediction equations require Vs30 as an input parameter, and the statistical relations may be useful for estimating Vs30 at sites where only penetration resistance data are available. The proposed relations should not substitute for more accurate geophysical measurements when predicted ground motions are sensitive to the uncertainty in Vs30, but may be useful for identifying whether geophysical measurements should be performed to better refine the Vs30 estimate.
Thermal Inactivation of a Single Strain Each of Serotype O26:H11, O45:H2, O103:H2, O104:H4, O111:H−, O121:H19, O145:NM, and O157:H7 Cells of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli in Wafers of Ground Beef†

For each of two trials, freshly ground beef of variable fat content (higher: 70:30 %lean:%fat; lower: 93:7 %lean:%fat) was separately inoculated with ca. 7.0 log CFU/g of a single strain of Escherichia coli serotypes O26:H11, O45:H2, O103:H2, O104:H4, O111:H⁻, O121:H19, O145:NM, and O157:H7. Next, ca. 3-g samples of inoculated beef were transferred into sterile filter bags and then flattened (ca. 1.0 mm thick) and vacuum sealed. For each temperature and sampling time, three bags of the inoculated wafers of beef were submerged in a thermostatically controlled water bath and heated to an internal temperature of 54.4°C (130°F) for up to 90 min, to 60°C (140°F) for up to 4 min, or to 65.6°C (150°F) for up to 0.26 min. In lower fat wafers, D-values ranged from 13.5 to 23.6 min, 0.6 to 1.2 min, and 0.05 to 0.08 min at 54.4, 60.0, and 65.6°C, respectively. Heating higher fat wafers to 54.4, 60.0, and 65.6°C generated D-values of 18.7 to 32.6, 0.7 to 1.1, and 0.05 to 0.2 min, respectively. In addition, we observed reductions of ca. 0.7 to 6.7 log CFU/g at 54.4°C after 90 min, ca. 1.1 to 6.1 log CFU/g at 60.0°C after 4 min, and 0.8 to 5.8 log CFU/g at 65.6°C after 0.26 min. Thus, cooking times and temperatures effective for inactivating a serotype O157:H7 strain of E. coli in ground beef were equally effective against the seven non-O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing strains investigated herein.
Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions as Influenced by Inert Gases at High Pressures

SUMMARY —The activities of tyrosinase, invertase, trypsin and chymotrypsin were studied after exposure to one or more of the following high-pressure inert gases: N2O at 600 psig or N2 or Ar each at 5000 psig. Exposure to high-pressure nitrogen or argon failed to significantly inhibit the rate of tyrosinase activity in fluid systems. However, the rates of tyrosinase-catalyzed reactions in shell-cast gelatin gels were significantly depressed by exposure to high-pressure nitrogen, and even more so by high-pressure nitrous oxide. This inhibition proved to be oxygen dependent and reversible. Pressurization experiments with invertase, trypsin and chymotrypsin indicated that high-pressure N2O did not significantly inhibit these enzymes. This lends support to the hypothesis that high-pressure inert gases inhibited tyrosinase activity in nonfluid systems by decreasing the availability of oxygen, rather than by physically altering the enzyme. It must be concluded that there is little hope that the enzymes in food systems can be effectively inhibited by brief exposure to inert gases at pressures of 5000 psig or less.
Polarization studies of interferences in two-photon excitation of sodium atoms.

Two independently tunable, linearly polarized dye lasers are counterpropagated through a heat pipe containing sodium vapor. The frequency of the first laser {omega}{sub 1} is incremented through both 3{ital p}{sup 2}P{sub 1/2,3/2} fine-structure levels while the second laser {omega}{sub 2} is scanned through the energy increment necessary to reach {ital ns} {sup 2}S{sub 1/2} and {ital nd}{sup 2}D{sub 3/2,5/2} levels ({ital n}=5--35). Following excitation, ionization occurs through chemi-ionizing collisions. The polarization (defined as the ionization intensity measured when the two planes of polarization of the laser beams are parallel minus the intensity when perpendicular divided by the sum of the intensities) {ital P}=({ital I}{sub {parallel}}{minus}I{sub {perpendicular}})/(I{sub {parallel}}+I{sub {perpendicular}}) goes from +1 to {minus}1 as {omega}{sub 1} is tuned between the 3{ital p}{sup 2}P{sub 1/2,3/2} fine-structure levels. This novel polarization effect is shown to be due to an interference between the two pathways to the {ital ns} {sup 2}S{sub 1/2} levels. Upon exciting the {ital unresolved} {ital nd} {sup 2}D{sub 3/2,5/2} levels, the polarization is very close to zero when {omega}{sub 1} is at or near the 3{ital p} {sup 2}P{sub 3/2,1/2} levels. A simple few-level atom theory reproduces the experimental observations except for the case when both lasers are inmore » resonance.« less
Social History, Psychohistory, and the Prehistory of Swiss Anabaptism

In 1974, James Stayer and Martin Haas chanced to meet in the reading room of the Institut fur schweizerische Reformationsgeschichte in Zurich. Both Stayer and Haas had been preparing papers for a volume scheduled to commemorate the 450th anniversary of the first Anabaptist baptisms. As they talked of their respective contributions, Stayer confided that he was trying to prove that the Swiss Anabaptists "were not at first sectarians," whereupon Haas promptly responded that he was working toward the same conclusion. From that time, what Stayer subsequently dubbed "the contextualist approach" to Anabaptist origins and Anabaptist history has been associated with the revisionist thesis that has dramatically altered ideas formulated and perpetuated by those exploring the theological approaches to radical Swiss religious dissent.' The contextualists' thesis, to put it simply, is that Anabaptists' separatism and sectarian identity were reactions to several years of frustration. Swiss radicals did not begin by taking a principled stand against the political compromises made by several leading reformers. The articulation of principles followed years of intermittent agitation against tithes and clerical indolence. Contextualists are reluctant to track the origins of sectarian religious dissent to reformation biblicism or to the moral earnestness of several outspoken dissidents. They sense that they have found the origins of reformation radicalism in the social and economic dissent that spread through south Germany and Switzerland by 1525. Separatism surfaced only after militant action failed. Two years after "the peasants' revolution" was suppressed and five years after the initial expressions of dissatisfaction in and around Zurich, Anabaptists in Schleitheim made something