cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indoor Navigation for Assistive Robots using EEG Signals as Feedback

Assistive robots are used by various individuals with medical disabilities to help with tasks such as movement. A subset of these individuals are patients with the locked-in syndrome; these patients cannot communicate with a robot through traditional means, such as with a joystick. This work designs a navigation scheme which allows for an assistive robot to be controlled by patients suffering locked-in syndrome, thus allowing the patient to move about their environment. Navigation is accomplished using an algorithm that combines autonomous robot movement and communicated commands from the patient. To bridge the communication gap between the patient and robot, naturally occurring error-related potentials are used. These ERPs can be used to establish communication between the patient and robot without relying on the patient interacting with physical stimuli, such as a keyboard or joystick. The commands communicated to the robot comes in the form of a binary: correct or incorrect command in response to the movements of the robot at an intersection in a structured building. While more complicated commands can be classified from event-realted potentials (ERPs), such as directional movement, this simple command allows for fast reliable classifications and responses. To make up for the lack of complexity from patient commands, the robot is leveraged to handle tasks such as wall avoidance, while a navigation algorithm is designed to minimize the inputs required by the user when taking a commonly traveled path. The benefits of using a semi-controlled robot for navigation vs a fully autonomous robot is compared in terms of the time taken to discover and navigate an initial path to a destination. This work serves as a proof of concept for the proposed semi-autonomous navigation scheme to validate future work into the proposed design.
The Value and Institutional Impact of an In-System Laboratory Testing During the COVID-19 Pandemic

In-system clinical laboratories have proven themselves to be a fundamentally important resource to their institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic of the past year. The ability to provide SARS-CoV-2 molecular testing to our hospital system allowed us to offer the best possible care to our patients, and to support neighboring hospitals and nursing homes. In-house testing led to significant revenue enhancement to the laboratory and institution, and attracted new patients to the system. Timely testing of inpatients allowed the majority who did not have COVID-19 infection to be removed from respiratory and contact isolation, conserving valuable personal protective equipment and staff resources at a time that both were in short supply. As 2020 evolved and our institution restarted delivery of routine care, the availability of in-system laboratory testing to deliver both accurate and timely results was absolutely critical. In this article, we attempt to demonstrate the value and impact of an in-system laboratory during the COVID-19 pandemic. A strong in-house laboratory service was absolutely critical to institutional operational and financial success during 2020, and will ensure resiliency in the future as well.
Oocyte-secreted factors strongly stimulate sFRP4 expression in human cumulus cells

Secreted frizzled-related protein-4 (SFRP4) belongs to a family of soluble ovarian-expressed proteins that participate in female reproduction, particularly in rodents. In humans, SFRP4 is highly expressed in cumulus cells (CCs). However, the mechanisms that stimulate SFRP4 in CCs have not been examined. We hypothesise that oocyte-secreted factors such as growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) are involved in the regulation of SFRP4. Human CCs were collected from patients undergoing fertility treatments and treated with GDF9 or BMP15 or their combination in the presence of FSH or vehicle. FSH treatment significantly decreased SFRP4 mRNA levels when compared with nontreated cells. However, SFRP4 mRNA levels were increased significantly by GDF9 plus BMP15 in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence or absence of FSH. The combination of GDF9 plus BMP15 also increased SFRP4 protein levels and decreased the activity of the β-catenin/T cell factor-responsive promoter significantly. GDF9 plus BMP15 inhibited steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and LH/hCG receptor stimulation by FSH, while treatment with SFRP4 blocked the stimulatory effect of FSH on these genes. The evidence demonstrates that GDF9 and BMP15 act in coordination to stimulate SFRP4 expression and suggests that SFRP4 mediates the anti-luteinising effects of the oocyte in human CCs.
A Comparative Expected Cost Analysis Study on Dental Services and Products Used in the United States

The present comparative analysis study conducted expected cost analysis on 32 dental services and products used in the United States. The expected cost of the 32 products and services were determined by dividing cost with effectiveness. The products and services were then ranked in terms of value within each of the following categories: 1) nine teeth whitening products (whitening strips, on-line bleaching tray, dental office bleaching, dental office take home tray, baking soda toothpaste, lemon juice, whitening toothpaste, whitening mouthwash and charcoal toothpaste), 2) three teeth straightening products (Smile Direct Club, Invisalign and orthodontic braces), 3) four filling types (gold cast, ceramic, silver amalgam and composite resin), 4) four types of crowns (resin, porcelain, porcelain-fused metal and metal), 5) six tooth decay treatment options (root canal, extraction, dentures, traditional veneers, no prep veneers and implants and 6) six tooth decay prevention options (water fluoridation, fluoride mouth wash, fluoride toothpaste, silver diamine fluoride solution, professional flossing & cleaning with fluoride, professional flossing & cleaning) were evaluated.It was found that the hydrogen peroxide gel strips provided the most value in whitening teeth and Smile Direct Club provided the most value to straighten teeth. Community fluoridated waterprovided the most value reducing the prevalence of cavities anddental insurance did not provide value reducing overall patient dental costs. The present study did not find a significant difference between the cost to prevent a cavity and the cost to fill a cavity. The expected cost to prevent a cavity by community fluoridated water was $11 per year and the expected cost to prevent a cavity using fluoridated mouth rinse was found to be $16 per year, while the expected annual cost of an amalgam filling was $16.24.
Multimodality Imaging of Cardiac Sarcoidosis

In addition to aiding the diagnosis, the role of imaging for patients with known or suspected cardiac sarcoidosis includes estimating the risk of future adverse events (prognosis) as well as identifying individuals who are more likely to benefit from immunosuppressive therapies. When considering these goals, cardiac MRI and PET both visualize different attributes of cardiac sarcoidosis and often have a complementary role. While the absence of late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac MRI has a high negative predictive value for excluding cardiac involvement and identifying patients with an excellent prognosis, PET is better suited for detecting and quantifying the amount of active myocardial inflammation. Data comparing these techniques is limited; however, we recommend that unless contraindications exist, cardiac MRI should be the preferred imaging test for screening patients who have abnormalities that are concerning for cardiac sarcoidosis. However, once disease is identified, PET should be used to determine the response to therapy as well as the burden of active extra-cardiac disease. Notably, cardiac MRI and PET are more sensitive than echocardiography and clinical criteria, and there is often no reliable reference standard to establish the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. In cases where the diagnosis cannot be clearly established (i.e. clinical and imaging findings which support cardiac sarcoidosis despite the absence of a biopsy), these imaging tests remain useful for informing prognosis as well as guiding therapies.
Human chorionic gonadotropin. I. Purification and physicochemical properties.

A highly active preparation of human chorionic gonadotropin has been obtained by simple methods of column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl Sephadex and Sephadex G-100. The preparation appeared homogeneous by disc and immunoelectrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and end group analysis. It assayed at 12,000 i.u. per mg by the rat prostrate gland and accessory sex organ method. The s20, w value was found to be 2.89 S. A molecular weight of 59,000 ± 4,000 was determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. However, the sedimentation equilibrium method gave a value of 47,000 ± 3,000. The molecular weight of the reduced carboxamidomethylated human chorionic gonadotropin, determined by gel filtration, was 30,000 ± 2,000, indicating that human chorionic gonadotropin was probably composed of two polypeptide chains. The minimal molecular weight, computed from the chemical composition, was 27,000. The amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the hormone has been determined.
Potentiation of the T lymphocyte response to mitogens. III. Properties of the mediator(s) from adherent cells.

Abstract Thymus lymphocyte activating factor was obtained in supernatants from cultures of human leukocytes or mouse peritoneal cells and exhibited the following properties: A. Lymphocyte activating factor activity was stable for 2 hr at pH 5.5 or 10.5. A reduction in activity was noted at pH 3.0. B. Up to two thirds of the lymphocyte activity factor activity could be precipitated by ammonium sulfate and recovered in a pattern different from that of total serum proteins. Maximum activity was precipitated by 60% saturation. C. Lymphocyte activating factor is stable at temperatures up to 37 °C, but is partially destroyed by heating at 60 or 80 °C. In the presence of normal serum, heating at 80 °C completely suppresses lymphocyte activating factor activity, due to the formation of an inhibitory factor from the serum. D. Lymphocyte activating factor is not dialyzable. E. Chromatography of supernatants on columns of Sephadex G-50 or G-100 showed that lymphocyte activating factor activity localized in fractions containing molecules estimated at 5000 to 25,000 daltons with a peak at about 15,000 daltons. Similar fractionation patterns were obtained with lymphocyte activating factor activity from human or mouse cells, stimulated with various agents, E. Short incubation (1 hr) with lymphocyte activating factor was insufficient to stimulate thymocytes or to potentiate their response to phytohemagglutinin.
Systematic design of motion controller's digital filter parameters

A system that provides digital closed-loop position/velocity control for the DC motor, brushless DC motor, and stepper motor and is designed to operate under a host terminal, a host processor, or a prestored software command is described. The system consists of a controller, a motor driver, a motor, an encoder, and a built-in power supply. It is shown that the three parameters, gain, pole, and zero, of the filter can be computed as functions of the sampling period, motor, and load characteristics. >
Social Diversity, Arbitage, and Gains from Trade: A Unified Perspective on Resource Allocation

People trade because they are different. Gains from trade and the scope for mutually advantageous reallocation depend naturally on the diversity of the traders' preferences and endowments. The market owes its existence to the diversity of those who make up the economy.
Streptococcus mutans in a Wild, Sucrose-Eating Rat Population

Streptococcus mutans, an organism implicated in dental caries and not previously found outside of man and certain laboratory animals, was isolated from the mouths of wild rats which ate sugar cane. The strains isolated fermented mannitol and sorbitol, and failed to grow in 6.5% NaCl or at 45 C. They formed in vitro plaques on nichrome wires when grown in sucrose broth. They also stored intracellular polysaccharide which could be catabolized by washed, resting cells. Deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid reassociations revealed two genetic types. One type shared extensive deoxyribonucleic acid base sequences with S. mutans strains HS6 and OMZ61, two members of a genetic type found in man and laboratory hamsters. The other type seemed unrelated to any S. mutans genetic type previously encountered. It is concluded that the ecological triad of tooth-sucrose-S. mutans is not a phenomenon unique to man and experimental animals. Images
Glucocorticoid control of rat growth hormone gene expression: effect on cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleic acid production and degradation.

The effect of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone on the production and degradation of rat GH (rGH) cytoplasmic mRNA was studied in cultured rat pituitary tumor (GC) cells. The incorporation of [3H]uridine into both rGH cytoplasmic mRNA and the pyrimidine nucleotide precursor pool was determined in hormone-treated and control cells. From these measurements glucocorticoid effects on absolute production rates of rGH cytoplasmic mRNA were determined and compared to effects on rGH mRNA accumulation. Rat GH mRNA half-life was then calculated based on a first-order decay model. Rat GH mRNA half-life was also directly assayed by: 1) pulse-chase studies and 2) measuring the kinetics of decay of rGH mRNA in cells after transfer from serum-containing to hormone-deficient media. From these independent analyses rGH mRNA half-life estimates ranged from 28–55 h in different experiments. Within individual experiments there was little variability of rGH mRNA decay rates; glucocorticoids were found not to alter the stability...
Changes in the pattern of RNA synthesis in mouse limb cartilage during early development

Patterns of RNA synthesis using tritiated uridine were studied in organ cultures of mouse embryonic limb cartilage and epiphyseal cartilage from mice 5 days of age. The cold phenol-sodium dodecyl sulfate extracted RNA was characterized by methylated albumin kieselguhr chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The general pattern of synthesis indicates the persistence of primarily low molecular weight tRNA and a diminishing synthesis of rRNA in the older cartilage. Data show that the increased radioactivity in the low molecular weight fraction is not due to the accumulation of rRNA breakdown products. These findings are discussed in relation to other age-related studies on RNA biosynthesis.
Closing the gap in a subspace perturbation bound

Abstract This paper sharpens an operator inequality from perturbation theory. Suppose X and Y are self-adjoint operators on a Hilbert space, KX⊆σ(X) and KY⊆σ(Y) are two closed sets bounded apart by δ>0, E is the spectral projector for X belonging to KX, and F is the spectral projector for Y belonging to KY. It is known that (φ 2 ⦀ X − Y ⦀ ⩾ δ ⦀ EF ⦀ for all operators as described and for any unitary invariant norm. In this paper we show π/2 is best possible in this inequality. We then discuss an analogous bound which applies when X and Y are normal.
Air pollution modifies floral scent trails

Abstract Floral hydrocarbons provide essential signals to attract pollinators. As soon as they are emitted to the atmosphere, however, hydrocarbons are destroyed by chemical reactions involving pollutants such as ozone. It is therefore likely that increased air pollution interferes with pollinator attracting hydrocarbon signals. To test this hypothesis, a Lagrangian diffusion model was used to determine the position of air parcels away from hydrocarbon sources and to estimate the rate of chemical destruction of hydrocarbons as air parcels moved across the landscape. The hydrocarbon compounds linalool, β-myrcene, and β-ocimene were chosen because they are known to be common scents released from flowers. The suppressed ambient abundances of volatile organic compounds were determined in response to increased regional levels of ozone, hydroxyl, and nitrate radicals. The results indicate that the documented increases in air pollution concentrations, from pre-industrial to present times, can lead to reductions in volatile compound concentrations insects detect as they pollinate flowers. For highly reactive volatiles the maximum downwind distance from the source at which pollinators can detect the scents may have changed from kilometers during pre-industrial times to
Synthesis, redox, and amphiphilic properties of responsive salycilaldimine-copper(II) soft materials.

Hydrolysis of the asymmetric pyridine- and phenol-containing ligand HL1 (2-hydroxy-4-6-di-tert-butylbenzyl-2-pyridylmethyl)imine) led to the use of bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-phenolato-benzaldehyde)copper(II), [CuII(LSAL)2] (1) as a precursor for bis-(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-octadecyliminomethyl-phenolato)copper(II), [CuII(L2)2] (3), bis-(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-octadecyl aminomethyl-phenolato)copper(II), [CuII(L2A)2] (3′), and bis-(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-[(3,4,5-tris-dodecyloxy-phenylimino)-methyl]-phenolato)copper(II), [CuII(L3)2] (4). These complexes exhibit hydrophilic copper-containing head groups, hydrophobic alkyl and alkoxo tails, and present potential as precursors for redox-responsive Langmuir–Blodgett films. All systems were characterized by means of elemental, spectrometric, spectroscopic, and electrochemical techniques, and their amphiphilic properties were probed by means of compression isotherms and Brewster angle microscopy. Good redox activity was observed for 3 with two phenoxyl radical processes bet...
Cone structure and focusing of VLF and LF electromagnetic waves at high altitudes in the ionosphere

The frequency and angle dependencies of the electric field radiated by an electric dipole E = E(sub 0) cos omega(t) are studied through numerical calculations of absolute value of E in the VLF and LF frequency bands where F is less than or equal 0.02 to 0.05 f(sub b) in a model ionosphere over an altitude region of 800-6000 km where the wave frequency and electron gyrofrequency varies between F approximately 4-500 kHz and f(sub b) is approximately equal (1.1 to 0.2) MHz respectively. It is found that the amplitudes of the electric field have large maxima in four regions: close to the direction of the Earth magnetic field line B(sub 0) (it is called the axis field E(sub 0), in the Storey E(sub St), reversed Storey E(sub RevSt), and resonance E(sub Res) cones. The maximal values of E(sub 0), E(sub Res), and E(sub RevSt) are the most pronounced close to the lower hybrid frequency, F approximately F(sub L). The flux of the electric field is concentrated in very narrow regions, with the apex angles of the cones Delta-B is approximately (0.1-1) deg. The enhancement and focusing of the electric field increases with altitude starting at Z greater than 800 km. At Z greater than or equal to 1000 up to 6000 km, the relative value of absolute value of E, in comparison with its value at Z = 800 km is about (10(exp 2) to 10(exp 4)) times larger. Thus the flux of VLF and LF electromagnetic waves generated at high altitudes in the Earth's ionosphere are trapped into very narrow conical beams similar to laser beams.
58 Topical/Oral Nystatin for Prevention of Invasive Fungal Disease in Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW) Infants.

BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Studies have suggested that colonization with Candida species is an important risk factor for subsequent invasive fungal disease. Prophylactic treatment with fluconazole has shown to decrease the incidence of fungal sepsis in ELBW infants, but risk of toxicity and emergence of resistance are important concerns. The incidence of invasive fungal disease in ELBW infants reported in literature range from 3.8-12%.
Transient cavitation effects in fluid piping systems

Abstract An accurate prediction of pressure transients and associated loadings in nuclear power plant piping systems requires a treatment of cavitation. A technique for calculating this effect in a general fluid-hammer analysis by the method of characteristics is developed. Cavitation is treated by a modified column separation model and is assumed to be a local phenomenon occurring whenever the pressure drops below the vapor pressure of the fluid. While the model is a simplification of the actual phenomena it reproduces the essential features of transient cavitation. Computational results obtained for a variety of piping arrangements demonstrate the versatility of the approach, and clearly illustrate the fact that neglecting cavitation leads to erroneous pressure-time loadings in the piping systems. Comparisons of calculated results with available experimental data, for a simple piping arrangement, show good agreement and provide validation for the computational cavitation model.
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute bench to bassinet Program: a new paradigm for translational research.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect and is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in children. Despite considerable recent progress in the clinical arena, we have a lot yet to learn about the causes of CHD and the genetic modifiers of clinical outcome. It is our
General and smoking cessation weight concern in a Hispanic sample of light and intermittent smokers.

Abstract This study assessed general and cessation related weight concerns in a Hispanic sample of light (≤ 10 cigarettes per day) and intermittent (non-daily smoking) smokers (LITS) participating in a brief smoking cessation intervention. Three hundred and fifty-four Hispanic LITS ( M age = 34.2, SD = 14; 51.1% male; 57.9% Mexican American; 59.0% daily light, 41.0% intermittent) completed baseline measures assessing demographics, tobacco use/history, stage of change (SOC), general weight concern, and cessation related weight concern. Three multiple logistic regression models examined potential predictors (i.e., age, gender, SOC, cigarettes per month, smoking status [daily vs non-daily], weight, cessation related weight concern, general weight concern) of general weight concern, cessation related weight concern, and past 30 day abstinence (controlling for the intervention). Study results indicated that a majority of participants reported general weight concern (59.6%), and slightly more than a third (35.6%) reported post cessation weight gain concern (mean and median weight tolerated before relapse were within the 10–12 lb range). Lower weight and endorsing general weight concern were associated with cessation related weight concern. Female gender, higher weight, and endorsing cessation related weight concern were associated with general weight concern. Monthly cigarette use was associated with smoking cessation at the three-month follow-up. The results indicate a substantial prevalence of general weight concern and non-trivial rates of cessation related weight concern in Hispanic LITS attempting to quit, and greater success in quitting among those who reported lower rates of cigarettes smoked per month.
The function of protein carboxylmethyltransferase in eucaryotic cells.

Protein carboxylmethyltransferase (PCM) is an enzyme whose function in eucaryotic cells remains controversial. Early studies suggested that protein carboxylmethylation subserved a regulatory, post-translational role in such diverse processes as secretion, neuronal receptor function, chemotaxis, and cellular differentiation. Later work strongly supported a totally unrelated role for this enzyme, i.e., the repair of spontaneously altered aspartate residues in cellular proteins. More recent evidence, however, suggests that a distinct, membrane-associated PCM catalyzes the methylation of alpha-carboxyl groups of C-terminal cysteines on discrete proteins. In view of these recent investigations, the data supporting a regulatory role for PCM are critically discussed and re-evaluated. There now appears to be compelling evidence that PCM(s) subserves both repair and regulatory functions in eucaryotic cells, catalyzing post-translational modifications of proteins involved in cell division, hormonal secretion, calmodulin-associated events and the interaction of guanyl nucleotide-linked proteins with the cell membrane.
Stress concentrations in composites with interface sliding, matrix stiffness and uneven fiber spacing using shear lag theory

The stress concentrations near a single fiber break in a unidirectionally reinforced fiber composite are investigated using a shear lag theory within the framework of finite elements. A model for uniformly spaced, well bonded fibers embedded in a matrix that cannot carry axial loads that was formulated previously is first introduced. The solution of this problem involves Fourier transforms and requires only a two-dimensional numerical integration. The work described in the current paper characterizes the stress concentrations around a single fiber break in the presence of fiber/matrix interface sliding, axial matrix stiffness and uneven fiber spacing. Due to the introduction of these complicating factors, the model no longer lends itself to the simple Fourier transformation solution method. For the case of interface sliding a new method is developed to handle sliding in any shear lag system. For the cases of axial matrix stiffness and uneven fiber spacing a finite element code specifically written for this problem is used to determine the fiber stresses. The results are discussed in the context of global versus local load sharing, and the effects on composite failure.
Grating formation in diazo salt (sensitized) gelatin.

Diazo (sensitized) gelatins are photosensitive recording materials that, unlike dichromated gelatin, have a long shelf life. Because of their stability, the diazo emulsions have replaced the dichromated colloids used in the photolithographic field and enabled commercialization of presensitized printing plates. We have produced plane wave gratings with peak efficiencies near 67% at an exposure of 625 mJ/cm2 and a recording wavelength of 488.0 nm in one diazo recording material. Called diazo salt (sensitized) gelatin, the photosensitive material produces gratings in gelatin by a complex process that we found not to be a function of exposure. The methods used are described.
Facile analysis and sequencing of linear and branched peptide boronic acids by MALDI mass spectrometry.

Interest in peptides incorporating boronic acid moieties is increasing due to their potential as therapeutics/diagnostics for a variety of diseases such as cancer. The utility of peptide boronic acids may be expanded with access to vast libraries that can be deconvoluted rapidly and economically. Unfortunately, current detection protocols using mass spectrometry are laborious and confounded by boronic acid trimerization, which requires time-consuming analysis of dehydration products. These issues are exacerbated when the peptide sequence is unknown, as with de novo sequencing, and especially when multiple boronic acid moieties are present. Thus, a rapid, reliable, and simple method for peptide identification is of utmost importance. Herein, we report the identification and sequencing of linear and branched peptide boronic acids containing up to five boronic acid groups by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Protocols for preparation of pinacol boronic esters were adap...
Parent–child interaction, task-oriented regulation, and cognitive development in toddlers facing developmental risks

Abstract The importance of supportive parent–child interactions and the development of regulatory abilities with regard to growth in children's cognitive abilities has been established. This study investigated the longitudinal relations among parental supportiveness, child task-oriented regulation, and cognitive development for low-income children facing developmental risks. Interlocking growth models were fit to these variables based on measurements made when the children were 14, 24, and 36 months of age. Results showed that growth rates of child cognition were related to baseline (14 months) parental supportiveness and changes in child task-oriented regulation. We additionally found that baseline levels of cognition were related to the baseline levels of child task-oriented regulation. This study suggests that both parental supportiveness during infancy and the concurrent development of child task-oriented regulation are related to cognitive development among children facing developmental risks.
Studies on neutral esters of cyclic AMP.

Summary Methyl and ethyl esters of cyclic AMP were obtained by a straightforward triesterification procedure. Both compounds are resistant to enzymes and undergo slow chemical hydrolysis at physiological pH. P-O-Methyl diacetyl cyclic AMP was found more toxic than the parent compound on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells, and chick embryo fibroblasts in vitro . Both the methyl and ethyl esters, but not cyclic AMP, exhibited a significant inhibition of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vivo . It is proposed that triesters of cyclic AMP represent an ideal storage form of cyclic AMP and could be useful in a great variety of physiological studies.
Approximate Specification and the Choice of a k-Class Estimator

Abstract This paper carries on work in [2] and [4] on the asymptotic effects of small specification error in simultaneous equation estimation. The specification errors considered are inherent in the approximate nature of econometric models. It is shown that for any parameter and small enough specification error, the probability limits of two-stage least squares and limited-information maximum-likelihood, while different, lie on the same side of the true parameter value, the difference between them being of the second order of smalls relative to the effects of the specification error on either one of them. A method of consistently estimating the sign of the difference of the effects of specification error on the two estimators is given and a procedure suggested for choosing an estimator to reduce those effects. Two relatively simple examples are worked out.
Of mites and millipedes: Recent progress in resolving the base of the arthropod tree

Deep-level arthropod phylogeny has been in a state of upheaval ever since the emergence of molecular tree reconstruction approaches. While a consensus has settled in that hexapods are more closely related to crustaceans than to myriapods, the phylogenetic position of the latter has remained a matter of debate. Mitochondrial, nuclear, and genome-scale studies have proposed rejecting the long-standing superclade Mandibulata, which unites myriapods with insects and crustaceans, in favor of a clade that unites myriapods with chelicerates and has become known as Paradoxapoda or Myriochelata. Here we discuss the progress, problems, and prospects of arriving at the final arthropod tree.
The edge-orbit conjecture of Babai

Abstract This paper proves the Edge-Orbit Conjecture stated by L. Babai (1981, in "Combinatorics" (H. N. V. Temperley, Ed.), pp. 1-40, Cambridge Univ. Press, London). We say a graph X represents a group G if Aut( X ) ≅ G . Let m e ( G ) be the minimum number of edge orbits among all graphs K which represent G . The Edge-Orbit Conjecture was that m e ( G ) is unbounded when G ranges over all finite groups. We show this is true using p -groups of class two and exponent p . The proof uses a characterization theorem from a recent paper of L. Babai, A. J. Goodman, and L. Lovasz (1991, European J. Cambin. 12 ) to bound m e ( G ) from below when all subgroups of G are either "small" enough or "large" enough (so that there will be enough automorphisms leaving any small set of subgroups invariant). Then a probabilistic proof is used to show non-constructively that plenty of groups exist whose subgroups have this property. The proof shows that there is an infinite family of groups G for which m e ( G ) has a lower bound proportional to [formula].
S-Nitrosocysteine increases palmitate turnover on Ha-Ras in NIH 3T3 cells.

Ha-Ras is modified by isoprenoid on Cys186 and by reversibly attached palmitates at Cys181 and Cys184. Ha-Ras loses 90% of its transforming activity if Cys181 and Cys184 are changed to serines, implying that palmitates make important contributions to oncogenicity. However, study of dynamic acylation is hampered by an absence of methods for acutely manipulating Ha-Ras palmitoylation in living cells. S-nitrosocysteine (SNC) and, to a more modest extent, S-nitrosoglutathione were found to rapidly increase [3H]palmitate incorporation into cellular or oncogenic Ha-Ras in NIH 3T3 cells. In contrast, SNC decreased [3H]palmitate labeling of the transferrin receptor and caveolin. SNC accelerated loss of [3H]palmitate from Ha-Ras, implying that SNC stimulated deacylation and permitted subsequent reacylation of Ha-Ras. SNC also decreased Ha-Ras GTP binding and inhibited phosphorylation of the kinases ERK1 and ERK2 in NIH 3T3 cells. Thus, SNC altered two important properties of Ha-Ras activation state and lipidation. These results identify SNC as a new tool for manipulating palmitate turnover on Ha-Ras and for studying requirements of repalmitoylation and the relationship between palmitate cycling, membrane localization, and signaling by Ha-Ras.
Energy Eigenvalues and Periodic Orbits for the Circular Disk or Annular Infinite Well

We compute the Fourier transform [ρ(L)] of the quantum-mechanical energy level density for the problem of a particle in an annular infinite well (or circular disk) of outer (inner) radius Rmax=RRmin=fR. For various values of f=Rmin/R we then explicitly compare ρ(L) to the lengths of the classical periodic orbits. We also comment on the diffraction peak seen by Reimann et al. in this system, noting that at least one recurrence of that feature is present in the spectrum, and discussing the corresponding effective path lengths for these features.
Sports Injuries in the Pediatric and Adolescent Foot and Ankle: Common Overuse and Acute Presentations

Care of the youth athlete requires knowledge of developmental anatomy and specific injury patterns, which are acute or chronic in nature. We may expect that the incidence of overuse and acute foot and ankle injuries in this population is likely to increase in proportion to the number and intensity of competitive youth teams with demanding training schedules. We, as physicians, must exercise our best judgment in regard to recognizing these patterns early and instituting appropriate treatments. Return to play decisions should be based on objective criteria when available and always keeping the best interest of the athlete's future health in the forefront of our minds.
Exciton Spectrum of ZnO

The absorption and reflection spectra of ZnO crystals have been studied in the region of intrinsic absorption, and the data have been interpreted in terms of the wurtzite model given by Birman. Three intrinsic exciton transitions have been observed, one associated with each of the three valence bands. Several bound-exciton transitions have also been observed. The data have been analyzed, and a number of exciton parameters in ZnO are reported which are somewhat modified from those previously reported.
Stonewalling the senate: Elbert H. Gary's testimony on the open shop

After an acrimonious and unsuccessful strike attempting to unionize the steel industry in 1919, the Senate's Labor Committee held hearings to ascertain the causes. Elbert H. Gary, chief executive officer of the United States Steel Corporation, refused repeatedly to give the Senators an adequate explanation of his position on the open shop controversy. His testimony provides an example of the rhetorical strategy of “stonewalling.”
Biodiversity response to climate change in the Middle Pleistocene—the Porcupine Cave fauna from Colorado

Biodiversity response to climate change in the Middle Pleistocene—the Porcupine Cave fauna from Colorado. Anthony D. Barnosky (ed.). 2004. University of California Press, Berkeley, 385 p., cloth. ISBN 0-520-24082-0. Porcupine Cave (a series of 26 interconnected rooms and pits) is located in South Park in the Colorado rockies. It is an important site for at least three reasons: 1) it has the most faunal diversity of any Irvingtonian site; 2) its location, in a region with few Pleistocene sites and between the previously defined eastern and western faunal provinces, provides better insight into the biogeography and faunal provinces of the time; and 3) the analysis and interpretation of its fauna provides data as to how biodiversity may be affected by climatic change. This multidisciplinary work represents the collaboration of a number of institutions, scientists, and volunteers in the acquisition and interpretation of the data. A great deal of additional work remains; therefore, some of the conclusions and inferences may change with further study, but this report provides much for consideration. The book is divided into three parts. Part one, entitled “Discovery and Distribution of Fossils,” consists of nine chapters dealing with the nature, origin, and history of the cave, magnetostratigraphic data, the modern environment, protocol for collecting from the different sites, and taphonomy; part two consists of 12 chapters that provide the “Systematic Accounts of Taxa;” and part three consists of five chapters that deal with the “Effect of Environmental Change on the Cave Fauna.” My brief comments on the chapters are for the most part arranged by topic rather than sequence to avoid redundancy. Part one sets the stage. In the opening chapter the editor, A.D. Barnosky, briefly discusses the potential effect on biodiversity of global warming and human activities and how data from Porcupine Cave relate to the …
Project spirit: Placing partakers' emotions, attitudes and norms in the context of project vision, artifacts, leader values, contextual performance and success

Abstract Our model posits that leader building activities which support instilling a project vision, artifacts and are guided by this individual's values, affect partakers' emotions, attitudes and behavioral norms that are focused on expected project outcomes, termed project spirit. By partakers, we refer to project participants. Furthermore, spirit is proposed to affect partakers' contextual performance and, through contextual performance, to affect project success. The proposed mediational model is supported with empirical results from 200 partakers in 63 projects sampled across a variety of organizations. Results suggest that project leader building activities affected partakers' spirit, and contextual performance mediated this relationship with project success. Our empirical findings suggest that leaders can be trained to execute behaviors that generate a project's spirit, which in turn boosts contextual performance and enhances project outcomes.
Tutorial 2: Low Voltage Circuit Design Techniques for Sub-32nm Technologies

Summary form only given. In order to continue CMOS scaling towards the physical limit, care must be taken to account for each obstacle that is currently impeding our progress. Increased power consumption and faster current transients have deteriorated on-chip power supply integrity. Long term reliability issues such as negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) have become serious problems degrading the performance and yield of high performance systems. This talk will focus on circuit design techniques to deal with power supply noise and aging issues in sub-32nm technologies. First, modeling and design techniques are presented for reliable on-chip power supply delivery. Next, an overview of several reliability mechanisms will be given followed by some recent developments on monitoring techniques to accurately measure and model the circuit aging impact.
Fluid dynamics in channel reactors stirred by submerged gas injection

This work describes the fluid flow and associated local and longitudinal mixing phenomena which influence the behavior and characteristics of continuous flow reactors, such as the Noranda reactor and the Q-S process. In the present work, mixing in channel reactors agitated by submerged gas injection along the length has been studied using a water model. The effects of gas injector separation, gas flow rate, depth of water, lateral configuration of injectors, submersion depth of gas injectors, and width of the channel have been investigated. It has been found that the longitudinal mixing depended significantly on the locations of the gas injectors. For constant values of other variables, there existed an optimum injector separation at which maximum longitudinal mixing was found. Industrial applications of this study are described.
THE IRON(III) AND IRON(II) COMPLEXES OF NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID

Abstract Because of conflicting and incomplete reports of the ferric and ferrous nitrilotriacetate (NTA, H3L) equilibria in the literature, and uncertainties about the metal complex species present under various conditions, the system was investigated by potentiometric and spectrometric measurements, and the data were analyzed by simultaneous consideration of all species present. The new constants for the ferric complexes at 25.0°C and μ = 0.100 (KCl) are the stepwise formation constant log KML2 = 8.07, and the successive hydrolysis constants, log KM(OH)L = −4.36, log KM(OH)2L = −7.58, and log KM(OH)3L = −10.72. The first stepwise formation constant, log KML = 15.9, was not determined in the present work since the value of 15.9 was considered accurate. For the ferrous complexes under the same conditions, the constants reported are: log KML = 8.90, log KML2 = 3.08, and log KM(OH)L = −10.82. The log protonation constants of the ligand under these conditions are reported as 9.59, 2.52, and 1.47.
Immunochemical studies of proteins in epidermal cornified cells of human and newborn rat.

Abstract 1. 1. Proteins were extracted from cornified cells of newborn rats and human palm with 8 M urea containing 0.1 M β-mercaptoethanol. Two fractions, rat FIIIa and human F5.5 were obtained by acid precipitation for further study. 2. 2. Antibodies raised in rabbits by injection of rat FIIIa gave two precipitin lines by agarose diffusion against rat FIIIa, but only one line against human F5.5. One of the antigenic determinants of rat FIIIa was found to be a protein of approximately 66 000 daltons. The other seems to be formed with two polypeptides in the range of 60 000 and 66 000 daltons. The antigenic determinant of human F5.5 was a protein of approximately 64 000 daltons which immunologically cross-reacted only with the antiserum to a protein of 66 000 daltons in rat FIIIa. 3. 3. The antisera also cross-reacted with proteins extracted from epidermis of guinea pig, hamster, hairless mouse, dog ear, dog snout and dog foot pad, but did not react with the epidermis of either rabbit immunized with rat FIIIa or non-treated normal rabbit. 4. 4. Indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated a reaction of rabbit anti-rat FIIIa serum over cornified cells as well as over granular, spinous and basal cells of the epidermis of newborn rakw]abr|SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Poxvirus genome evolution by gene gain and loss.

Abstract The poxviruses (Poxviridae) are a family of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes and substantial numbers (often >200) of genes per genome. We studied the patterns of gene gain and loss over the evolutionary history of 17 poxvirus complete genomes. A phylogeny based on gene family presence/absence showed good agreement with families based on concatenated amino acid sequences of conserved single-copy genes. Gene duplications in poxviruses were often lineage specific, and the most extensively duplicated viral gene families were found in only a few of the genomes analyzed. A total of 34 gene families were found to include a member in at least one of the poxvirus genomes analyzed and at least one animal genome; in 16 (47%) of these families, there was evidence of recent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from host to virus. Gene families with evidence of HGT included several involved in host immune defense mechanisms (the MHC class I, interleukin-10, interleukin-24, interleukin-18, the interferon gamma receptor, and tumor necrosis factor receptor II) and others (glutaredoxin and glutathione peroxidase) involved in resistance of cells to oxidative stress. Thus “capture” of host genes by HGT has been a recurrent feature of poxvirus evolution and has played an important role in adapting the virus to survive host antiviral defense mechanisms.
Synthesis and characterization of functional methacrylate copolymers and their application in molecular imprinting

Novel molecularly imprinted polymer systems have been designed that incorporate in a preformed polymer both specific recognition functions and cross-linkable groups. Copolymers of 2-methacryloylethyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid P(MAEMA-co-MAA) with different compositions have been synthesized and characterized. The living free radical polymerization of 2-(trimethylsilyloxy)ethyl methacrylate (HEMA-TMS) and tert-butyl methacrylate (tBMA) with different monomer feed ratios gives a series of random copolymers. These materials can then be further functionalized by methacryloylation of the pendant hydroxyl group and acid hydrolysis of tert-butyl groups. The resultant copolymers were characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR, DSC, and TGA. These copolymers can then be imprinted with a variety of chemical templates possessing complementary functionalities, forming strong noncovalent and specific binding interactions. These polymer−template matrices can then be readily cross-linked by appropriate posttreatment, such a...
Heat transfer - a review of 1975 literature

THIS review surveys results that have been published in various fields of heat transfer during 1975. As in the past, the number ofpapers published during that period was such that only a selection can be included in this review. A more complete listing is available in the heattransfer bibliographies published periodically in this journal. will also be published in the Journul of Heat Transfer. The 1975 International Solar Energy Congress and Exposition was organized by the International Solar Energy Society from 28 July to 1 August at Los Angeles, California. Heat-transfer topics are found interwoven in many of the papers presented at the Conference.
Synthesis and Reactivity of the 13-Vertex Metallacarborane Anions [4,4,4-(CO)3-closo-4,1,6-MC2B10H12]- (M = Re, Mn)

Reaction of Na2[nido-7,9-C2B10H12] with either [ReBr(CO)3(THF)2] or [Mn(NCMe)3(CO)3][PF6] in THF (THF = tetrahydrofuran), followed by introduction of [N(PPh3)2]Cl, affords the 13-vertex monoanionic...
Parental Manipulation of Compliance and Noncompliance in Normal and Deviant Children

The purpose of the present study was to examine if parents can manipulate child compliance and, if they can, to determine what parental behavior changes occur in order to accomplish this child beha...