cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Declaration of Taking Twice: The Fazendeville Community of the Lower Ninth Ward

The Fazendeville Village was a residential community founded during the Reconstruction era in 1867 on the land where the Battle of New Orleans (1815) was fought during the War of 1812 in what is now Chalmette, LA. The entire community was displaced and their homes were razed in 1964 to provide more land for the National Historical Park to commemorate the battle. Most of the residents moved to the Lower Ninth Ward in New Orleans and now, 42 years later, they are displaced again and their homes (those that are still standing) will be razed because of the devastation of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the floods. Previous research has proven that vernacular networks affect the exodus, return, recovery, and rebuilding of certain communities after traumatic situations. In this study, I suggest that in the Fazendeville community during past trauma, the maintenance of cultural livelihood was caused by communality, spirituality, and traditionality. In addition, I propose that these are also the vernacular networks that are catalyst for community renewal and empowerment—after hurricanes, floods, and historic displacement by the federal government. My ultimate goal is to transform ethnographies into a praxis capable of making the community present and not marginalized or excluded from history and the strategic plan for rebuilding New Orleans.
Effect of Stable Flies on Feed Intake and Milk Production of Dairy Cows

Lactating dairy cows stanchioned in controlled environment chambers were exposed to 650-1600 Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) per cow for periods of 5-8 days. Although the cows were noticeably bothered by the flies, milk production significantly decreased in only one trial. In another trial, the flies appeared to slightly increase milk production. It is concluded, however, that the tested populations of stable flies did not have an adverse effect on the milk-production response of stanchioned dairy cows with free access to a high-energy ration.
Child Care in the Black Community

The caring for and rearing of children typically take place within the nuclear and extended family. However, as the number of two-working parent, single-parent, and teenage-parent families increases, the demand for extrafamily child care will also expand. These trends are clearly visible with the tremendous rise in utilization of some form of extrafamily care over the last ten years. For example, in March 1976, 54% of all married women with school-age children were employed, compared with 26% in 1948 (Keniston, 1977). Between the years 1970 and 1976, the proportion of preschool-age children of mothers who either worked or looked for work rose from 29% to 37%, despite a sharp drop in birth rates since 1970 (Day Care and Child Development Reports, 1977). Over 6,500,000 children under the age of six have mothers in the labor force (Fraiberg, 1977), and one million school-age children have no formal care between the hours after school closes and their parents return home from work (Advisory Committee on Child Development,
A Comparative Study of Nitroglycerin and Propranolol

The action of sublingual nitroglycerin (0.6 mg) and intravenous propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) on shortening of right ventricular fibers was investigated in patients with and without coronary artery disease. This was accomplished with a newly devised strain gauge catheter. Hemodynamic parameters and changes in the oxidation-reduction potential of heart muscle were determined. Nitroglycerin results in decrease in shortening and velocity of shortening of ventricular fibers, heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic and systemic pressure, dp/dt, tension-time index, stroke index, peripheral resistance, and left ventricular minute work in normal and arteriosclerotic subjects. Intravenous propranolol leads to a fall in velocity of shortening of myocardial fibers, heart rate, dp/dt, stroke index, and left ventricular minute work. However, there is an increase in tension-time index and peripheral resistance with no change in systemic pressure. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure rises significantly in arteriosclero...
The evolution of the Encyclopaedia Britannica: from the Macropaedia to Britannica Online

For over 200 years the Encyclopaedia Britannica has been the standard against which all other English language encyclopedias are measured. Although universally acknowledged as an outstanding reference work, it has endured a series of financial crises, questionable editorial decisions, and a difficult transition into the computer age. This article will examine the most controversial of the Britannica’s moves, the decision to divide the encyclopedia into the Micropaedia and Macropaedia. The many intellectual improvements that were introduced into the Britannica at this time were overshadowed by attention given to the unusual, sometimes frustrating, new arrangement of the set. An even greater threat to the Britannica’s livelihood has come from the electronic age. Ironically, it was only after the Britannica came online that many of the problems that were inherent in the printed version have been resolved.
Full-spectrum CSE prototype for sensor analysis

The emerging Common Synthetic Environment (CSE) soon will contain specialized models for sensor performance covering the Infrared and Visual and the tactical RF bandwidths. Sufficient GFE models exist to cover the full exploited electromagnetic spectrum, supporting systems from long wavelengths (thousands of meters wavelength), to Ultraviolet (10 nanometers). The CSE can easily be expanded to cover the full spectrum since it is our premise the available government models overlap and cover completely. The issues of consistent representation of environmental effects, correlated behavior of effects toward sensors, and "fair fight," all point toward maximizing the use of a centralized Environment Server, containing in one place the air, space, terrain, and ocean data needed to support effects models, and use of a broad range of models covering various frequencies, levels of detail, and application domains. The beginnings of such servers already exist in the JWARS Environment Server and the emerging CSE. Careful management of the populating of such a server will assure that all models in a JSB federation are compatible both with the basic environment data and the correlated effects models each federate will use.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Use of GOES thermal infrared imagery for eruption scale measurements, Soufrière hills, Montserrat

GOES two-band IR data are used to estimate the magnitude of small eruption clouds (<107 metric tonnes of total ash; <∼105 tonnes of fine [1–25 µm in diameter] ash, and 5–15 km asl). The method is demonstrated on clouds from Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat in 1997–99. The clouds in early 1999 were much smaller, were generally emplaced lower in the atmosphere and contained an order of magnitude less fine ash than 1997 clouds generated during the most intense phase of the eruption to date. Although GOES has an excellent capability for large eruption clouds, its use for smaller eruptions like Montserrat highlights several shortcomings, including atmospheric water vapor and instrument noise. In spite of these shortcomings, GOES time series data can measure differences in intensity of eruptions, and be of particular value in monitoring where ground-based observations are sparse.
Measuring the success of combined intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide and triamcinolone for treatment of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis

The purpose of this study was to investigate change in bladder capacity as a measure of response to combined intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and triamcinolone instillations for the treatment of newly diagnosed bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC). 141 newly diagnosed women were identified retrospectively. 79 were treated with weekly DMSO/triamcinolone instillations. Change in bladder capacity with bladder retrofill, daytime urinary frequency, nocturia episodes per night, and Likert scale symptom scores were reviewed. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, Spearman’s rank correlations, COX regression analysis, and a Kaplan-Meier survival curve were performed. Significant changes (median (25th-percentile to 75th-percentile) were noted for bladder capacity (75 mL (25 to 130 mL), p < 0.0001), inter-void interval (0 hrs (0 to 1 hour), p < 0.0001), nocturia episodes per night (−1 (−2 to 0), p < 0.0001), and aggregate Likert symptom scores (−2 points (−5 to 0), p < 0.0001). Percent change in bladder capacity correlated positively with percent change in inter-void interval (p = 0.03) and negatively with percent changes in nocturia (p = 0.17) and symptom scores (p = 0.01). Women without detrusor overactivity (DO) had greater percent changes in capacity than women with DO (62.5 % vs. 16.5 %, p = 0.02). 61.3 % of patients were retreated with a 36 weeks median time to retreatment and no difference in time to retreatment based upon DO. Greater capacity was protective against retreatment (hazard ratio = 0.997 [95 % CI 0.994,0.999], p = 0.02). Percent change in bladder capacity is a useful objective measure of response to intravesical DMSO/triamcinolone for newly diagnosed BPS/IC. Clinical outcomes do not differ based upon presence of DO.
Intravenous drug abuse and one academic health center.

Increasing reports of management problems involving intravenous drug abuse patients prompted our study. From 1983 to 1988, the recorded inpatient prevalence of diagnoses consistent with drug abuse/dependence, other than alcohol or nicotine, rose hospitalwide from 0.6% to 3.5%. Disruptive behavior was documented in the records of 38 of 71 active cocaine or heroin users admitted during 1988 vs 12 of 64 matched control subjects. Care and teaching focused principally on secondary complications of intravenous drug use. Study recommendations included (1) establishment of a comprehensive substance abuse treatment, education, and research program with a dedicated inpatient unit; (2) use of an explicit social contract between patients and care givers; and (3) staff education about legal limits in managing disruptive patients and searching for illegal substances. Primary and secondary prevention, including combating societal enabling of substance abuse, should be the institution's long-term goals. ( JAMA . 1990;263:3173-3176)
Vapor pressures of aqueous melts: LiNO3 + KNO3 melts containing water or deuterium oxide

Abstract Vapor pressures of LiNO3 + KNO3 + H2O and LiNO3 + KNO3 + D2O were measured over the temperature range 383 to 423 K by a differential transpiration method. The mole ratio n (H 2 O or D 2 O) n (NO) 3 − was varied from approximately 0.15 to 0.7. The mole ratio n (Li + ) n (K + ) was 1.00. The vapor pressures of both water and deuterium oxide melts obey Henry's law over the composition range studied. The temperature dependence of the Henry's law constants yields an enthalpy of vaporization of (10.6 ± 0.1) kcalth mol−1 for melts containing D2O and (10.5 ± 0.1) kcalth mol−1 for melts containing H2O.
Rediscovering Value: The Second Lives of Secondhand Goods

(2012). Rediscovering Value: The Second Lives of Secondhand Goods. Design and Culture: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 221-226.
The return ofPhytophthora infestans, a potato pathogen that just won't quit

Since the early 1980s and continuing through the end of the 20th century, potato late blight caused byPhytophthora infestans has become noticeably more problematic throughout the world. Exotic strains of the pathogen are largely responsible for the increased problems. The new strains were initially detected in Europe, but subsequently they have been detected in Asia, the Middle East, South America and North America. Populations in the Middle East and South America may represent secondary migrations from Europe. Several independent migrations have occurred such that migrant populations in North America are very different from those in Europe. Also, population structures ofP. infestans are different in different worldwide locations. In some locations the migrant strains are resistant to metalaxyl, but in other locations either migrant or indigenous strains may be resistant. In most locations, the migrant strains are more aggressive than the previous indigenous strains.
Investigation of argon-ethylene mixtures for drift chambers

Abstract We used various argon-ethylene mixtures to study the effects of drift velocity saturation, comparing them to a previously published model. We report on the range of usefulness for drift chamber applications.
Small- Δ 2 Behavior in π − p → ρ 0 n at 8 GeV/ c ; Chew-Low Extrapolation and Conspiracy Effects

${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ production and decay are examined, particularly for ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{2}l{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}$. The implications of the results regarding Chew-Low extrapolation procedure, and regarding a conspiracy interpretation, are discussed.
The effects of intravenous prostacyclin in a model of microsurgical thrombosis

Numerous agents have been administered in an attempt to achieve specific biochemical antiplatelet activity. A model of microsurgical trauma was utilized to create a nonocclusive thrombus, similar to what occurs in the postoperative period. Prostacyclin (PGI2) was given in a high intravenous dose which caused in vitro inhibition of platelet aggregation in rats and rabbits. Although hematological and cardiovascular side effects of PGI2 were tolerated, in vivo platelet thrombus formation persisted and constituted 25-75% of the postoperative thrombus. Even though platelets were inhibited by PGI2, other significant stimuli remained at the site of injury for activation and participation of platelets in the formation of a thrombus.
Ulcerative Colitis: What is the Optimal Treatment Goal and How Do We Achieve It?

The treatment paradigms and therapeutic options for ulcerative colitis (UC) have rapidly evolved during the past decade. Traditionally, the treatment target has focused on achieving successful induction and maintenance of steroid-free clinical remission. This has been shown to provide a better quality of life and a reduction in complications, hospitalizations, and surgery. Recent studies, however, suggest that achieving “mucosal healing” or endoscopic remission may be the optimal treatment endpoint. In this review, we will examine the treatment goals for UC and the efficacy of each therapy to reach these targets. We will also review the therapeutic options available for UC: mesalamines, steroids, immunomodulators, and biologics, including the first anti-integrin inhibitor, approved in May 2014, for the treatment of UC. Therapeutic drug monitoring, which measures serum drug level and anti-drug antibody concentrations, is emerging as an important clinical decision tool in patients on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-antagonists. These evolving treatment strategies allow gastroenterologists to optimize control of the disease and offer patients a better quality of life.
Preliminary determination of mycotoxin binding to soil when leaching through soil with water

Abstract Mycotoxin-contaminated crops that are left in the field are potential contaminants of groundwater. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) distribution in soil-water systems and the comparative response of aflatoxin-contaminated corn and pure aflatoxin when leached through soil were investigated using columns. Each experiment was repeated once. Eluates and soil extracts were analyzed for AFB1 and its metabolites and FB1 along with different amounts of pure FB1 and water mixtures. AFB1 was detected in water samples from columns containing 10% and 20% silty clay loam soil and aflatoxin-contaminated corn mixtures and in the upper (top) 2.5 cm of soil from the 10 cm soil column. Aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) was detected in eluates from the column containing 10% soil and aflatoxin-contaminated corn mixture and from the column containing aflatoxin-contaminated corn alone. No AFB2 was detected in eluates from the column containing 20% soil and aflatoxin-contaminated corn mixture. No detectable amount of aflatoxin was observed in eluates from the containing 50% silty clay loam soil and aflatoxin contaminated corn. No detectable amount of FB1 was observed in eluates or soil extracts, but FB1 was detected in the mixtures of pure FB1 and water.
Age-related differences in impulsivity among adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats

Adolescence is an ontogenetic period characterized by numerous hormonal, neural, and behavioral changes. In animal models, adolescents exhibit greater levels of novelty-seeking behavior and risk-taking relative to adults, behaviors associated in humans with increases in impulsivity and elevated propensities to engage in drug and alcohol seeking behaviors. The current series of experiments sought to explore possible age-related differences in impulsivity when indexed using delay discounting in adolescent (postnatal day [P] 25-27) and adult (P68-71) female (Experiment 1) and male (Experiment 2) Sprague-Dawley rats. In both experiments, adolescents exhibited significantly greater levels of impulsive-like behavior in this test relative to adults-even when data were adjusted to account for baseline differences in activity levels (i.e., general nose-poking behavior) across age. Taken together, these results extend to both sexes previous findings of adolescent-associated elevations in impulsivity observed among male mice using delay discounting, as well as among male rats using other procedures to index impulsivity. That these age differences were observed among both male and female rats suggests that impulsivity may be a pervasive feature of adolescence, and contributes to the expression of risky behaviors during this ontogenetic period.
The Axial Channel of the Proteasome Core Particle Is Gated by the Rpt2 ATPase and Controls Both Substrate Entry and Product Release

Substrates enter the proteasome core particle (CP) through a channel that opens upon association with the regulatory particle (RP). Using yeast mutants, we show that channel opening is mediated by the ATPase domain of Rpt2, one of six ATPases in the RP. To test whether degradation products exit through this channel, we analyzed their size distribution. Their median length from an open-channel CP mutant was 40% greater than that from the wild-type. Thus, channel opening may enhance the yield of peptides long enough to function in antigen presentation. These experiments demonstrate that gating of the RP channel controls both substrate entry and product release, and is specifically regulated by an ATPase in the base of the RP.
The Small Chaperone Protein p23 and Its Cleaved Product p19 in Cellular Stress

The presence of misfolded proteins elicits cellular responses including an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response that may protect cells against the toxic buildup of misfolded proteins. Accumulation of these proteins in excessive amounts, however, overwhelms the “cellular quality control” system and impairs the protective mechanisms designed to promote correct folding and degrade misfolded proteins, ultimately leading to organelle dysfunction and cell death. Studies from multiple laboratories have identified the roles of several ER stress-induced cell death modulators and effectors. Earlier, we reported the role of the small co-chaperone protein p23 in preventing ER stress-induced cell death. p23 undergoes caspase-dependent cleavage to yield a 19-kD product (p19), and mutation of this caspase cleavage site not only blocks the formation of the 19-kD product but also attenuates the ER stress-induced cell death process triggered by various stressors. Thus, a critical question is whether p23 and/or p19 could serve as an in vivo marker for neurodegenerative diseases featuring misfolded proteins and cellular stress. In the present study, we used an antibody that recognizes both p23 and p19 as well as a specific neo-epitope antibody that detects only the p19 fragment. These antibodies were used to detect the presence of both these proteins in cells, primary neurons, brain samples from a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and fixed human AD brain samples. While patients with severe AD did display a consistent reduction in p23 levels, our inability to observe p19 in mouse or human AD brain samples suggests that the usefulness of the p23 neo-epitope antibody is restricted to cells and primary neurons undergoing cellular stress.
Abstract 5618: Tumor suppressor genes? The status of genes PAX 5&6 in primary and secondary gliomas and glioblastoma multiforme tumors

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Background: Gliomas are the most common brain tumors, and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors have the poorest prognosis, and due to their molecular heterogeneity, these tumors remain incurable and highly resistant to treatments, in most cases. The PAX (paired box) family of genes is comprised of are nine members that are subdivided based on the products of their protein domain structures. PAX5 and PAX6 are developmental genes that are vital during embryonic stages of development, and their transcription factors have supportive, if not, key functions in tumorigenesis. Interestingly, gene PAX6 has been reported to be over and under expressed in high grade gliomas, GBMs, and glioma cell lines. However, these results could be an effect of upstream or downstream manipulation of other transcription factor(s), the origin of the tissue (PAX6 expression is restricted to the forebrain, optic cup, hindbrain, and spinal cord, lens placode, and nasal epithelium), and the epigenetic regulation of some other gene. In addition, there are no reported mutations in either gene PAX5 or PAX6 in the cells from GBMs. Therefore, confusion exists as to role these genes have in tumorigenesis, and whether either gene has the properties or characteristics of a tumor suppressor gene. Study Objective: The overall study objective was to determine if either PAX5 or PAX6 are tumor suppressor genes, and can be silenced or over-expressed to inhibit the progression of cultured human adult primary glioma tissue samples, by employing small interfering RNA (siRNA) methodology. Methods: Primary cell cultures were incubated in reduced serum conditions for at least 1 month prior to transfections and cells were passed every 7 to 10 days or when flask was 90% confluent. To investigate and measure true inhibition of cell proliferation or progression of the cells, several techniques were used, such as, real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and immunohistochemistry. Results: The high grade (IV) primary glioma tissue samples and their respective cell cultures showed relatively high expression levels for the gene PAX6 and lower levels of expression for gene PAX5 when compared to GAPDH gene and standard controls. Our initial transfections for knocking down of PAX6 using siRNA (TriFECTA, IDT) showed 90% of control samples were transfected, and our primary cells were knockdown by 82%, 70%, and 65% for each of PAX6 isoforms (N000280.21.1-S, 2-S, and 3-S) respectively. We are currently analyzing the rest of the PAX6 data and all of the PAX5 data. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5618. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5618
Anthracnose of Sunflower Sprouts Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in California.

In California, sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is commercially grown and marketed as edible, germinated sprouts. Sunflower seeds are soaked overnight in water, drained, and seeded into a compost-based medium in flats. The flats are incubated for 3 days in low-light conditions until roots develop. Flats are then moved under filtered shade, with air circulation provided by fans, for 3 to 5 days. The germinated seedlings are finally grown in full sunlight for another 3 to 7 days and are then ready for market. Such sprouts can be consumed raw or cooked. In 2009, in Placer County, CA, a previously undescribed disease occurred on commercial organic sunflower sprouts. Symptoms were dark brown, irregularly shaped lesions on seedling cotyledons and stems. Fungal fruiting structures were not observed in diseased tissues. Isolations were carried out on symptomatic seedlings that were surface sanitized in 1.2% NaOCl and then rinsed in sterile distilled water (SDW). When placed on acidified potato dextrose agar (A-PDA),...
Why "mouthless" medical schools?

There was a time when the mouth, relatively speaking, was considered a scientific "no-man's land." That was when dental education fell between academic chairs — literally between the eyes, ears, no...
Ultrasonic characteristics of bilomas

The ultrasonic characteristics of bilomas are reviewed in five patients, one of whom was also studied with computed x-ray tomography. Certain features not previously reported should aid in differentiating bilomas from other intra-abdominal fluid collections.
SEGMENTING THE POPULATION OF ENTREPRENEURS: A CLUSTER ANALYSIS STUDY

This paper contributes to our understanding of minority entrepreneurs in the US by showing that ethnicity alone should not be used to describe or categorize small business owners. We examine a sample of 508 entrepreneurs from three minority groups (African, Mexican, and Korean Americans) and a white group using cluster analysis to explore a categorization pattern that best describes the differences among these entrepreneurs. Our findings suggest that minority entrepreneurs are in fact a very heterogeneous group on a multitude of dimensions such as motivations for entry, satisfaction with the business, nature of problems experienced, and demographics of the business such as its size and gross income. Based on our findings, we recommend that educational and support programs targeting minority entrepreneurs should consider other variables rather than focusing on ethnicity alone.
Effects of animal behavior on sediment trap collections: implications for the calculation of aragonite fluxes

Abstract Collection of living organisms can seriously bias the results of sediment trap collections, and the behavior of planktonic animals may cause certain species to be collected preferentially. We studied the effects of the escape response of one genus of pteropod on the rates of its collection by sediment traps. This model system was chosen because a great deal is known about the field behavior of pteropods, and because a recent paper ( BeTZER et al., 1984, Science, 226, 1074–1076) has proposed that the dissolution of sinking pteropod shells could almost balance the alkalinity budget of the Pacific Ocean. In three sediment trap deployments off the coast of Greenland, we found that large numbers of living Limacina spp., in contrast to copepods and larvaceans, were rapidly collected in a few hours. Since this artifact leads to a gross overestimate of aragonite flux, we conclude that the assertion of BETZER et al. (1984) is not proved. There are likely to be a number of other planktonic organisms whose behavior can bias sediment trap collections. Therefore, the results of short-term flux measurements made with shallow sediment traps should not be interpreted without proper controls and more knowledge of the behavior of planktonic animals.
A comparison of multifocal ERG and frequency domain OCT changes in patients with abnormalities of the retina

To compare the ability of the multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) and frequency domain optical coherence tomography (fdOCT) to detect retinal abnormalities. A total of 198 eyes (100 patients) were referred by neuro-ophthalmologists to rule out a retinal etiology of visual impairment. All patients were evaluated with static automated perimetry (SAP) (Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer; Zeiss Meditec), mfERG (Veris, EDI) and fdOCT (3D-OCT 1000, Topcon). The mfERG was performed with 103 scaled hexagons and procedures conforming to ISCEV standards (Hood DC et al. (2008) Doc Ophthalmol 116(1):1-11). The fdOCT imaging included horizontal and vertical line scans through the fovea. Local mfERG and fdOCT abnormalities were compared to local regions of visual field sensitivity loss measured with SAP and categorized as normal/inconclusive or abnormal. 146 eyes were categorized as normal retina on both fdOCT and mfERG. The retina of 52 eyes (36 patients) was categorized as abnormal based upon mfERG and/or fdOCT. Of this group, 25 eyes (20 patients) were abnormal on both tests. However, 20 eyes (13 patients) were abnormal on mfERG, while the fdOCT was normal/inconclusive; and 7 eyes (7 patients) had normal or inconclusive mfERG, but abnormal fdOCT. Considerable disagreement exists between these two methods for detection of retinal abnormalities. The mfERG tends to miss small local abnormalities that are detectable on the fdOCT. On the other hand, the fdOCT can appear normal in the face of clearly abnormal mfERG and SAP results. While improved imaging and analysis may show fdOCT abnormalities in some cases, in others early damage may not appear on structural tests.
Rigid structural requirement of the 5' terminus of mRNA for translational activity.

Abstract Oxidation by sodium periodate of the ribose cis-diol of the 5′ terminal of liver mRNA to the corresponding dialdehyde virtually destroyed its template activity in the wheat germ translation system. The rigid structural requirement for the ribose cis-diol is indicated by the failure of reduction of the dialdehyde to the corresponding primary alcohols to restore the template activity of the mRNA. Sodium periodate alone inhibited the translational system at concentrations above 0.25 mM. Purification of the periodate oxidized mRNA by sucrose density gradient centrifugation or exclusion on Sephadex G-100 did not increase its template activity. Periodate oxidized mRNA was not inhibitory to translation of untreated mRNA.
Relationships between serum osteocalcin, leptin and the effect of weight loss by pharmacological treatment in healthy, nonsmoking Korean obese adults.

Abstract Background Recent studies have reported a relationship between osteocalcin (OC) levels and factors associated with energy metabolism and insulin resistance. As any detailed understanding of OC mechanisms still remains elusive, this study aimed at revealing a correlation between serum OC levels and obesity in healthy, nonsmoking, Korean obese adults who had undergone weight loss through pharmacological treatment. Methods 119 healthy, nonsmoking, Korean obese adults were investigated at 3 months following weight loss through pharmacological treatment. Serum OC, leptin, HOMA score, ghrelin, visceral fat mass, total body fat, and BMI were measured. Results Increase in serum OC was significantly associated with decreases in: BMI (and weight change %) (r = − 0.209, p = 0.023), visceral fat mass (r = − 0.189, p = 0.049), HOMA (r = − 0.203 p = 0.027), and leptin (r = − 0.253 p = 0.006), but not with changes in adiponectin (r = + 0.029, p = NS), and Ghrelin (r = + 0.019, p = NS). Decrease in leptin (β = − 0.280, p = 0.002) was significantly associated with an increase in serum OC, after pharmacological weight loss treatment was adjusted for age, sex, drug type, and BMI (or visceral fat mass). Conclusions Serum OC was significantly increased at 3 months after pharmacological weight loss. We further found that leptin levels were associated with changes in serum OC. These findings suggest a relationship between bone and adipose tissue.
The functional anatomy of single-digit arithmetic in children with developmental dyslexia

article i nfo Article history: Accepted 16 July 2014 Available online xxxx Some arithmetic procedures, such as addition of small numbers, rely on fact retrieval mechanisms supported by left hemisphere perisylvian language areas, while others, such as subtraction, rely on procedural-based mecha- nisms subservedbybilateralparietal cortices.Previous work suggests thatdevelopmental dyslexia,a reading dis- ability, is accompanied by subtle deficits in retrieval-based arithmetic, possibly because of compromised left hemisphere function. To test this prediction, we compared brain activity underlying arithmetic problem solving in children with and without dyslexia during addition and subtraction operations using a factorial design. The main effect of arithmetic operation (addition versus subtraction) for both groups combined revealed activity during addition in the left superior temporal gyrus and activity during subtraction in the bilateral intraparietal sulcus,therightsupramarginalgyrus andtheanterior cingulate,consistent with priorstudies.For themaineffect of diagnostic group (dyslexics versus controls), we found less activity in dyslexic children in the left supramarginal gyrus. Finally, the interaction analysis revealed that while the control group showed a strong response in the right supramarginal gyrus for subtraction but not for addition, the dyslexic group engaged this region for both operations. This provides physiological evidence in support of the theory that children with dyslexia, because of disruption to left hemisphere language areas, use a less optimal route for retrieval-based ar- ithmetic, engaging right hemisphere parietal regions typically used by good readers for procedural-based arith- metic. Our results highlight the importance of language processing for mathematical processing and illustrate that children with dyslexia have impairments that extend beyond reading.
BONDING OF MOLYBDENUM(V) TO POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-METHACRYLIC ACID) IONOMERS FROM X- AND W-BAND ESR AND IR SPECTROSCOPIES

The bonding of MoV dispersed in poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA) ionomers was deduced from ESR measurements at X (9.5 GHz) and W (95 GHz) frequencies, spectral simulations, and FTIR spectr...
Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism: A Commentary on the Global Realities

The extent of organ sales from commercial living donors (CLDs) or vendors has now become evident. At the Second Global Consultation on Human Transplantation of the World Health Organization's (WHO) in March 2007, it was estimated that organ trafficking accounts for 5-10% of the kidney transplants performed annually throughout the world. Patients with sufficient resources in need of organs may travel from one country to another to purchase a kidney (or liver) mainly from a poor person. Transplant centers in 'destination' countries have been well known to encourage the sale of organs to 'tourist' recipients from the 'client' countries.
Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is defined by hyperglycemia, which is the result of an inability of the pancreas to make enough insulin for an individual's insulin resistance. Once this relative deficienc...
Lipoyl synthase requires two equivalents of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to synthesize one equivalent of lipoic acid.

Lipoyl synthase (LipA) catalyzes the formation of the lipoyl cofactor, which is employed by several multienzyme complexes for the oxidative decarboxylation of various α-keto acids, as well as the cleavage of glycine into CO2 and NH3, with concomitant transfer of its α-carbon to tetrahydrofolate, generating N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. In each case, the lipoyl cofactor is tethered covalently in an amide linkage to a conserved lysine residue located on a designated lipoyl-bearing subunit of the complex. Genetic and biochemical studies suggest that lipoyl synthase is a member of a newly established class of metalloenzymes that use S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet) as a source of a 5‘-deoxyadenosyl radical (5‘-dA•), which is an obligate intermediate in each reaction. These enzymes contain iron−sulfur clusters, which provide an electron during the cleavage of AdoMet, forming l-methionine in addition to the primary radical. Recently, one substrate for lipoyl synthase has been shown to be the octanoylated de...
The crystallization behavior of blends of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers

Abstract This work was concerned with how the crystallization temperature of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) was lowered when blended with a second TLCP, with both TLCPs believed to be composed of various ratios of terephthalic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), hydroquinone, and hydroquinone derivatives. Specifically, HX6000, with a melting temperature of 332°C, was melt blended with HX8000, with a melting temperature of 272°C. Measuring the complex viscosities of the melt blends as they were cooled showed that a linear relationship between composition and solidification temperature existed. Studying the blends using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated that the crystallization temperature was lowered by addition of HX8000, as well as by using faster cooling rates. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the storage and loss moduli decreased with the addition of HX8000 and the moduli declined sharply at lower temperatures relative to neat HX6000. Additional testing was performed to help understand this behavior, with the results suggesting that the TLCPs reacted with one another when the test samples were injection molded.
Chameleon Halo Modeling in f(R) Gravity

We model the chameleon effect on cosmological statistics for the modified gravity $f(R)$ model of cosmic acceleration. The chameleon effect, required to make the model compatible with local tests of gravity, reduces force enhancement as a function of the depth of the gravitational potential wells of collapsed structure and so is readily incorporated into a halo model by including parameters for the chameleon mass threshold and rapidity of transition. We show that the abundance of halos around the chameleon mass threshold is enhanced by both the merging from below and the lack of merging to larger masses. This property also controls the power spectrum in the nonlinear regime and we provide a description of the transition to the linear regime that is valid for a wide range of $f(R)$ models.
The evaluation of double series

A nonlinear transformation whose domain is the class of Pringsheim convergent double series is introduced, defined, and studied for the purpose of accelerating the convergence of a double series. A number of theorems are established which enable one to make effective use of the transformation. In particular, special attention is given to the case in which the transformed series converges uniformly better than the original double series. Finally, several examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the transform.
Behavior of agreement measures in the presence of zero cells and biased marginal distributions

Abstract Kappa and B assess agreement between two observers independently classifying N units into k categories. We study their behavior under zero cells in the contingency table and unbalanced asymmetric marginal distributions. Zero cells arise when a cross-classification is never endorsed by both observers; biased marginal distributions occur when some categories are preferred differently between the observers. Simulations studied the distributions of the unweighted and weighted statistics for k=4, under fixed proportions of diagonal agreement and different patterns off-diagonal, with various sample sizes, and under various zero cell count scenarios. Marginal distributions were first uniform and homogeneous, and then unbalanced asymmetric distributions. Results for unweighted kappa and B statistics were comparable to work of Munoz and Bangdiwala, even with zero cells. A slight increased variation was observed as the sample size decreased. Weighted statistics did show greater variation as the number of z...
Pharmacophore modeling using Site-Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation (SILCS) with multiple probe molecules

Receptor-based pharmacophore modeling is an efficient computer-aided drug design technique that uses the structure of the target protein to identify novel leads. However, most methods consider protein flexibility and desolvation effects in a very approximate way, which may limit their use in practice. The Site-Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation (SILCS) assisted pharmacophore modeling protocol (SILCS-Pharm) was introduced recently to address these issues, as SILCS naturally takes both protein flexibility and desolvation effects into account by using full molecular dynamics simulations to determine 3D maps of the functional group-affinity patterns on a target receptor. In the present work, the SILCS-Pharm protocol is extended to use a wider range of probe molecules including benzene, propane, methanol, formamide, acetaldehyde, methylammonium, acetate and water. This approach removes the previous ambiguity brought by using water as both the hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor probe molecule. The new SILCS-Pharm protocol is shown to yield improved screening results, as compared to the previous approach based on three target proteins. Further validation of the new protocol using five additional protein targets showed improved screening compared to those using common docking methods, further indicating improvements brought by the explicit inclusion of additional feature types associated with the wider collection of probe molecules in the SILCS simulations. The advantage of using complementary features and volume constraints, based on exclusion maps of the protein defined from the SILCS simulations, is presented. In addition, reranking using SILCS-based ligand grid free energies is shown to enhance the diversity of identified ligands for the majority of targets. These results suggest that the SILCS-Pharm protocol will be of utility in rational drug design.
Development of a scalable synthesis of a common eastern tricyclic lactone for construction of the nodulisporic acids

A scalable, second-generation synthesis of the densely functionalized eastern tricyclic lactone (+)-6, a common intermediate, for construction of the nodulisporic acids has been achieved. Modifications to the first-generation route now permit access to (+)-6 in 17 steps with an overall 16.5% yield. Key carbon−carbon bond constructions include a Kirk−Petrow (phenylthio)methylation, a Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed hydroxymethylation, a Stille carbonylation, and a Koga three-component, conjugate addition−alkylation sequence.
Timed-Shared Program Control of Two Product Pipelines

In the past few years pipeline operations have become more complex and are demanding that more complex functions and operations be performed by supervisory control systems. This in turn means that the system must become very flexible. The author shows where a special-purpose computer can fill the gap between the regular hardwired master and a general-purpose computer. There are many systems that need varying degrees of flexibility yet do not warrant using a general-purpose computer which would be prohibitive pricewise. This is a perfect situation for the special-purpose computer. The primary advantage of a special-purpose computer, also called a storage programmed system over a hardwired system, is flexibility that allows the internal process and output to be changed through programming rather than through a physical modification of the equipment, such as going in and changing wires.
The Evolution of Endocrine Surgery as a Subspecialty of General Surgery: Fragmentation or Enhancement?

It IS DIFFICULT to adequately express to you how privileged and honored I feel to have served as your president during this past year. The Western Surgical Association has always been very special to me because of its membership, consisting of outstanding individuals from both the private and academic spheres; the warmth of its fellowship; its continuing contributions to American surgery; and its rich heritage. The most difficult task for any president is the selection of a topic and presentation of an address that might prove meaningful and of interest to the membership. As you have heard, I have been purported to know something about endocrine surgery, and it is the evolution of this field and its current status as a subspecialty that I will make the subject of my remarks today. In 1891, when the Western Surgical Association held its first meeting, endocrine surgery as a defined entity was
The Future of the Certified Internal Auditor and the Internal Auditing Profession

Abstract Within the internal auditing profession, the certified internal auditor (CIA) credential has become a symbol of professionalism and credibility. Evidence suggests that current internal auditing professionals view the CIA favorably; however, whether future professionals (students) appreciate the importance and value of the CIA and the opportunities the designation provides is unclear. In this study, students at seven universities were surveyed about their awareness and perceptions of obtaining the CIA designation. The results indicate that perceptions of the advantages of the CIA are lagging behind other certification programs. Suggestions for improving the image of the CIA and promoting it within accounting programs are offered.
Culture and R2.

Abstract Consistent with predictions from the psychology literature, we find that stock prices co-move more (less) in culturally tight (loose) and collectivistic (individualistic) countries. Culture influences stock price synchronicity by affecting correlations in investors׳ trading activities and a country׳s information environment. Both market-wide and firm-specific variations are lower in tighter cultures. Individualism is mostly associated with higher firm-specific variations. Trade and financial openness weakens the effect of domestic culture on stock price comovements. These results hold for various robustness checks. Our study suggests that culture is an important omitted variable in the literature that investigates cross-country differences in stock price comovements.
Is Caregiving a Risk Factor for Illness

This article focuses on the physical health of persons who provide care to family members and friends with dementia. Such caregivers are under extended chronic stress because of the particular demands that this illness places on them. Caregiver research has made important contributions in two areas of health psychology. First, this research has increased understanding of the impact of chronic illness in families. Second, it has explored the complex relationships between stress and human responses (psychological and physiological) in the context of aging, using caregiving as a prototypic chronic stressor. This article discusses the relationship between distress, health habits, physiological changes, and, ultimately, health risks. There is evidence for greater health risks in caregivers than in noncaregivers. In addition, vulnerabilities and resources influence the relationship between caregiver stressors and health. One of the greatest methodological challenges of research on caregiver health is that the s...
The NCEP–NCAR, NCEP–DOE, and TRMM Tropical Atmosphere Hydrologic Cycles

Abstract Estimates for the tropical atmospheric hydrologic cycle from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis I (RI), the NCEP–Department of Energy (NCEP–DOE) reanalysis II (RII), and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation are provided herein for the period 1998–99. From 40°N to 40°S, the TRMM-based evaporation, precipitation, and reanalyses moisture convergence have values of (2.9, 2.5, −0.44) mm day−1. Corresponding evaporation, precipitation, precipitation minus evaporation, and analysis errors from the RI and RII, respectively, are (3.4, 3.0, −0.42, 0.021) mm day−1 and (3.7, 3.4, −0.31, 0.13) mm day−1. These large differences among the analyses as well as their differences with TRMM indicate the uncertainty in estimating the tropical hydrologic cycle with reanalyses, which can have errors in precipitation and evaporation as well as moisture convergence. In addition, the RI and RII precipitation, evaporation...