cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of spinal cord injuries: A review

With technological advances in basic research, the intricate mechanism of secondary delayed spinal cord injury (SCI) continues to unravel at a rapid pace. However, despite our deeper understanding of the molecular changes occurring after initial insult to the spinal cord, the cure for paralysis remains elusive. Current treatment of SCI is limited to early administration of high dose steroids to mitigate the harmful effect of cord edema that occurs after SCI and to reduce the cascade of secondary delayed SCI. Recent evident-based clinical studies have cast doubt on the clinical benefit of steroids in SCI and intense focus on stem cell-based therapy has yielded some encouraging results. An array of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from various sources with novel and promising strategies are being developed to improve function after SCI. In this review, we briefly discuss the pathophysiology of spinal cord injuries and characteristics and the potential sources of MSCs that can be used in the treatment of SCI. We will discuss the progress of MSCs application in research, focusing on the neuroprotective properties of MSCs. Finally, we will discuss the results from preclinical and clinical trials involving stem cell-based therapy in SCI.
CFD Study of Bubble Carry-Under in Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone Separators

The Gas Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC) is an attractive compact separator alternative to the conventional vessel-type separator. Thus, it is important to develop predictive tools for design and to be able to improve the technology of the GLCC. Previous studies on the GLCC have focused on mechanistic models capable of predicting the operational envelope for liquid carry-over and on the understanding of the flow field in the GLCC. The main objective of this work is to investigate the behavior of small gas bubbles in the lower part of the GLCC, below the inlet, and the related gas carry-under phenomena. This investigation was performed by flow visualization and by utilizing a commercially available computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. Simulations of single-phase and two-phase flow were carried out and bubble trajectories were obtained in an axisymmetric geometry that represents the GLCC configuration. Flow visualization experiments and CFD simulations indicate that the flow field in the GLCC below the inlet is very complex. Bubble trajectory analysis was used to quantify the effects of the important parameters on bubble carry-under. These include bubble size, ratio of the GLCC length to diameter, viscosity, Reynolds number, and inlet tangential velocity.
Preconditioning is hormesis part II: How the conditioning dose mediates protection: Dose optimization within temporal and mechanistic frameworks

In Part I, hormetic doses of a variety of agents stimulated adaptive responses that conditioned and protected cells against the subsequent toxicity resulting from a second, higher dose (called a challenging dose) of the same or different agents. Herein (Part II), the optimal conditioning (hormetic) doses of many agents are documented, cellular mechanisms and temporal profiles are examined from which the conditioning (hormetic) responses are elicited, and the optimal conditioning doses are compared to the levels at which optimal protection occurs in response to the toxic challenge dose. Entry criteria for study evaluation required a conditioning mechanism-induced endpoint response, an hormetic/biphasic dose response for the protective response following the challenging dose, and a mechanistic assessment of how the conditioning dose afforded protection against a toxic challenging dose. The conditioning dose that demonstrated the largest increase in a mechanism-related conditioning (hormetic) response (i.e., prior to administration of the challenging dose) was the same dose that was optimally protective following the challenging dose. Specific receptor antagonists and/or inhibitors of cell signaling pathways which blocked the induction of conditioning (hormetic) effects during the conditioning period abolished the protective effects following the application of a challenge dose, thus identifying a specific and essential component of the hormetic mechanism. Conditioning responses often had sufficient doses to assess the nature of the dose response. In each of the cases these mechanism-based endpoints displayed an hormetic dose response. The present analysis reveals that hormetic biphasic dose responses were associated with both the conditioning process and the protective effects elicited following the challenging dose. Furthermore, based on optimal dosage, temporal relationships and the known mediating actions of receptor-based and/or cell signaling-based mechanisms, the protective effects were shown to be directly linked to the actions of the conditioning (hormetic) doses. These findings indicate that the biological/biomedical effects induced by conditioning represent a specific type of hormetic dose response and thereby contribute significantly to a generalization of the hormetic concept.
In Extremis Leadership as Liberal Art

The United States’ service academies train cadets and midshipmen to serve as in extremis leaders in the military, each using a liberal arts education as the foundation of their educational and training program. This paper takes the position that a liberal arts education is a strong base for leader development at these academies. By examining the nature of a liberal arts education, differences between leadership and management, and the role of the liberal arts in authentic leader development, this paper shows that the liberal arts make a solid foundation for in extremis leaders.
Automatic Segmentation Method for Segmenting PBGA Package and PWB Regions during Warpage Measurement of Unpainted PWB Assembly

Among the various warpage measurement techniques, digital fringe projection (DFP) technique is recent trend because of its noncontact, full-field, and high-resolution measurement capabilities for measuring the warpage of chip packages, printed wiring boards (PWBs), and PWB assemblies (PWBAs). When using the DFP technique, reflective painting is generally sprayed on a sample surface to ensure uniform surface reflectance and to obtain better image contrast for the measurement process. However, because painted samples may no longer be reused, and the spray-painting process is not suitable inline, warpage measurement of unpainted chip packages, PWBs, and PWBAs using the DFP technique is required. One of the important tasks for measuring the warpage of unpainted PWBAs is segmentation of the chip package and PWB regions in unpainted PWBA images so that separate warpage of the chip packages and the PWBs can be determined. This paper presents a novel automatic segmentation method, region-growing method (RGM), whi...
Self-esteem: its application to eating disorders and athletes

Self-esteem, a hierarchical and multifactorial perception, can be described as the extent to which a person feels positive about himself or herself. Social factors such as life satisfaction, sex, age, and strongly held values can affect self-esteem. Low self-esteem Is a well-recognized trait of those with eating disorders and may be associated with a heightened self-awareness. Body dissatisfaction, common among women in Western society, may enhance this awareness. Athletes, especially those with eating disorders, are perfectionists and have acute body awareness and a sense of loss of control Control is a crucial issue with these athletes. Before any nutrition counseling starts, readiness to listen should be assessed in conjunction with a mental health professional. Various tools are available to assess the eating disordered athlete's self-esteem, body image, and eating behavior. Nutrition counseling can help the athlete overcome an eating disorder by clarifying misconceptions and focusing on the role of n...
Reconstructed Ribbon Edges in Thermally Reduced Graphene Nanoribbons

Graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs) with a high aspect ratio and high gravimetric density of their edges relative to those of graphene flakes are promising platforms for graphene-based devices. Since the edge chemistry of GONRs determines their final electronic and transport properties, it is important to understand the interactions of oxygen with the edges of the ribbons. Although oxidative unzipping of carbon nanotubes has been studied by Dai’s(1) and Tour’s(2) groups for GONR production, the role of oxygen concentration, the nature of edge oxygen groups, and their effect on the ribbon-edge geometry is still not well understood. We have therefore studied thermal annealing of GONRs, obtained by unzipping few-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes, focusing on the reduction process. For this purpose, in situ infrared absorption spectroscopy is used to monitor the edge reconstruction during the thermal reduction process. The ribbon edges of reduced graphene nanoribbons (rGNRs), initially functionalized wit...
86 88 Sr(d, 3 He) 85 87 Rb reactions and a possible Z = 38 magic number

The $^{86,88}\mathrm{Sr}(d,^{3}\mathrm{He})^{85,87}\mathrm{Rb}$ reactions were studied at a bombarding energy of 28 MeV and angular distributions were obtained for all observed states. Spectroscopic factors were extracted from distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations of the cross sections. These spectroscopic factors, and those from the $^{86,88}\mathrm{Sr}(^{3}\mathrm{He},d)^{87,89}\mathrm{Y}$ reactions, were renormalized to satisfy sum-rule constraints. Some configuration mixing in the ground state of $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$ is inferred. The two ${g}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ neutron holes in $^{86}\mathrm{Sr}$ produce very sizable rearrangements of the proton orbital populations in $^{86}\mathrm{Sr}$.
Assessment of Different Bioassay Techniques for Resistance Monitoring in the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Topical application, leaf residue, and filter paper residue bioassay methods were used to assess the toxicity of permethrin and methomyl to larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). The objective was to develop an on-farm insecticide resistance monitoring technique for diamondback moth that required only simple, inexpensive equipment and was easy to use. The results of tests using the three bioassay methods led to similar resistance ratios for three diamondback moth strains. Leaf residue and filter paper residue tests using discriminating concentrations could detect the relative susceptibility to permethrin and methomyl in three strains, indicating that both techniques were practical for on-farm resistance monitoring. Third instars were more suitable for the detection of resistance than fourth instars. A monitoring system incorporating concentrations f both the LC90 for susceptible diamondback moth and the recommended field concentration of insecticide is suggested to detect resistance at low levels and to help choose insecticides for the control of diamondback moth strains with higher resistance levels.
7 PREVALENCE OF AEROALLERGEN SENSITIZATION AMONG MIDDLE- AND LOW-INCOME AFRICAN AMERICAN (AA) AND NON-AA ASTHMATICS IN THE INNER CITY OF CHICAGO.

Rationale The prevalence of asthma is increasing, especially among inner-city populations; aeroallergen sensitization may be a contributing factor. Our objective is to compare the prevalence of aeroallergen sensitization between low- and moderate-income, African American (AA) and non-AA asthmatics living in Chicago9s inner city. Methods The study sample is derived from the ongoing CHIRAH study: Chicago Health Initiative to Raise Asthma Health Equity. Participants are identified through the Chicago public and archdiocesan elementary schools. There were 37 middle-income (> $30,000 annual household income) and 52 low-income ( Alternaria , cat, cockroach, dog, dust mite, mouse, oak, ragweed, rat, and rye grass. Results Using Fisher9s exact statistics to compare the rate of allergen sensitization between low-income AAs and the other groups combined, a greater proportion of low-income AAs were sensitized to rat compared with other groups ( p = .045). There was a trend for a greater proportion of low-income AAs to be sensitized to mouse ( p = .057). Conclusion Sensitization to rat and mouse is more frequent in low-income AA asthmatics than in middle-income AAs or non-AAs, irrespective of income. Grant support: NHLBI UO1HL72478 and the Ernest S Bazley Trust.
Finite Element Analysis of Four-Bundle Conductor Shrinkage Phenomenon in DC-based Deicing Experiment

In order to prevent the danger of conductor conglutination,DC-based deicing experiment has been conducted to study the shrinkage phenomenon of the four-bundle conductors in a typical 500 kV transmission line.The threedimension finite element method(FEM) was applied to model on four-bundle LGJ-4 × 400 /35 conductors and square 450 mm × 450 mm spacer-dampers.The magnetic field distributions of the conductors and spacer-dampers were researched, and the electromagnetic force of conductor per unit length was calculated(with-5℃ weather temperature, 5 m/s wind speed,10 mm ice thickness,and 1 000,2 000,3 000,4 000 A DC-based ice-melting current respectively).ANSYS-based catenary model was established and the vertical displacement and strain of the ice-coated transmission line were calculated within the 500 m span.The conductor shrinkage displacements under the interaction of ice-coating and electromagnetic forces were calculated within the maximal 60 m sub-span.Finally,simulation results verify that four-bundle conductor shrinkage phenomenon in 500 kV transmission line occurs obviously when the DC-based ice-melting current ranges from 3 000 A to 4 000 A.
Sparse cliques trump scale-free networks in coordination and competition.

Cooperative behavior, a natural, pervasive and yet puzzling phenomenon, can be significantly enhanced by networks. Many studies have shown how global network characteristics affect cooperation; however, it is difficult to understand how this occurs based on global factors alone, low-level network building blocks, or motifs are necessary. In this work, we systematically alter the structure of scale-free and clique networks and show, through a stochastic evolutionary game theory model, that cooperation on cliques increases linearly with community motif count. We further show that, for reactive stochastic strategies, network modularity improves cooperation in the anti-coordination Snowdrift game and the Prisoner’s Dilemma game but not in the Stag Hunt coordination game. We also confirm the negative effect of the scale-free graph on cooperation when effective payoffs are used. On the flip side, clique graphs are highly cooperative across social environments. Adding cycles to the acyclic scale-free graph increases cooperation when multiple games are considered; however, cycles have the opposite effect on how forgiving agents are when playing the Prisoner’s Dilemma game.
W/V-band reconfigurable array using highly anisotropic liquid crystals

A Liquid Crystal (LC) based reconfigurable antenna array design at W/V-band is presented in this paper. The array exhibits both frequency tuning and beam steering due to the dielectric anisotropy of the LC at microwave frequencies. The design of the array is optimized to ensure reconfiguration while having the least number of connections to DC sources. The array is fed using a Grounded Coplanar Waveguide (GCPW) feed.
Agent-based modeling

The Santa Fe Artificial Stock Market (ASM) is a well-known agent-based model. A new revision of the code (ASM-2.2) is now available. This article describes some of the changes that were made in the code base and also presents some important lessons for agent-based modelers that can be illustrated with the code. Because the code is available on the Internet, it is hoped that this discussion and the code base it represents will be helpful to people who are planning projects in the field of agent-based modeling.
Abstract 176: Door to Needle Targets in the Real World: A Dynamic Statistical Tool for Institutional Stroke Code Metrics

Background: The benefit of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke is time-dependent. AHA/ASA guidelines recommend a goal door-to-needle (DTN) time of 60 minutes or less. In practice, medically complicated patients can pose challenges leading to prolonged treatment times that skew institutional mean DTN values. We aimed to produce a simple statistical tool to calculate individualized DTN targets while accounting for outliers to help institutions achieve a mean DTN Methods: An IRB approved, single-center, retrospective analysis of consecutive acute stroke code case data from Duke University Hospital (Durham, NC) between January 2014 and July 2016 was conducted. We devised a formula (Figure 1) to calculate the goal DTN time (t g ) necessary to achieve an overall mean DTN of m ), and outlier DTN average (t m ) over a pre-defined time period. As proof of concept, the formula was tested using an outlier definition of ≥100 minutes. The formula was modeled using both real-world institutional data and a simulated sample of 200 patients. Results: In 1069 consecutive stroke codes, tPA was administered in 135 cases with mean DTN 68.2 minutes (range 15-205). Of these, 18 cases (13.3%) met our definition of outlier, with t m of 134 minutes. Using the developed formula with institutional data resulted in a target DTN of 48.6 minutes for non-outlier cases to achieve overall mean DTN Conclusions: This simple statistical tool is a novel solution for generating an institution-specific goal DTN based on unique organizational data, experiences, and nuances in order to meet the recommended mean DTN. Additionally, these individualized goals may further motivate stroke teams to carry out more efficient clinical care rather than consistently aiming for DTN values
Techniques and Methods of Metal Thieves

This chapter discusses the factors surrounding the built environment (place), including identifying places to steal metal, casing, and planning, and finds that thieves tend to steal from places with low guardianship, with significant amounts of high-quality metal, and in locations they are familiar with. Thefts occur during all hours of the day and usually when the thief has financial needs. Thieves often return to the same place for repeat thefts and may impersonate or use a ruse as a legitimate employee to gain access to metals without suspicion. Almost no scrap yards were aware of the thieves’ actions, and most thieves take surreptitious steps to obscure their activities, including damaging metal, changing jurisdictions, or using a fence. Some scrap yards have unwittingly trusted thieves due to their employment status (e.g., plumbers).
Massively Multiplayer Online Roleplaying Games and Virtual Reality Combine for Learning

The places where Virtual Reality (VR) can really make a difference in learning are those in which the VR can bring a truly unique experience to students. The simulated online world of games is an ideal way to take advantage of the capabilities of this new technology. Games provide a set of structures that not only scaffold learners in solving complex problems but also provide a great deal of freedom to explore personally interesting pathways. In particular, Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMOs) offer an environment that supports social learning and exploration around increasingly challenging problems. VR can greatly enhance MMOs through opportunities for more natural and expressive communication and collaboration as well as ways to visualize the complex information resulting from interactions in this space. When this approach is applied in an educational context, learners can be presented with challenging problems, requiring participation from multiple players around realistic scientific concepts. As this genre moves forward it can explore interesting hybrid approaches that combine VR with Augmented Reality (AR) and traditional displays to meet the needs of schools, teachers, and learners.
Microheater Array Powder Sintering: A Novel Additive Manufacturing Process

Abstract One of the most versatile additive manufacturing (AM) processes is selective laser sintering (SLS), which scans a powder bed with a laser beam to fuse powder particles layer by layer to build 3D objects for prototypes and end products with a wide range of materials. However, it suffers from slow printing speed due to the pointwise scanning and high energy consumption due to the requirement of a high-power laser. In this paper, we propose a novel method of additive manufacturing which replaces the laser beam with an array of microheaters as an energy source to sinter powder particles. This method, referred to as Microheater Array Powder Sintering (MAPS), has the potential to significantly increase the printing speed by layer-wise sintering and reduce the power consumption due to the lower power requirements of the microheater array. This paper is to provide a proof-of-concept for this proposed new method. First, a thin-film microheater was designed and simulated with an experimentally validated numerical model to demonstrate that it can be used as an alternative energy source to sinter powder particles by reaching a target temperature of 600 °C within milliseconds at a power consumption of 1.2 Watts. The numerical model was used to simulate the MAPS process by placing the heater in close proximity to the powder particles. Simulation results showed that heat can be effectively transferred over an airgap to raise the temperature of the powder particles to their sintering temperature. Different process parameters (e.g., airgap, material properties, time, printing resolution, etc.) are discussed. An experimental MAPS system was then implemented to provide a proof-of-concept with the designed microheater and a custom airgap control apparatus. A straight line was successfully printed on thermal paper using the experimental MAPS system, which suggests the proposed MAPS process is feasible.
Civil Integrated Management: Empirical study of digital practices in highway project delivery and asset management

Abstract Principal technologies and practices contributing to the workflow of highway infrastructure projects are undergoing significant changes due to Civil Integrated Management (CIM). CIM encapsulates key digital technologies that provide managers with opportunities to use accurate data and information throughout the life cycle of a transportation asset. Despite the potential of CIM tools, the extent to which State Transportation Agencies (STAs) across the U.S. make use of CIM and the factors enhancing the utilization of CIM have not been studied sufficiently. This paper presents the principal findings of a national survey of forty-two STAs on CIM usage. Results show that while thirty-two STAs use the CIM tool of 3D design for terrain modeling, only sixteen reported using it for structures and advanced visualization. The research also analyzed the influence of key agency policies such as contract specifications, project delivery methods, and STA budget on the use of CIM. While the budget does not have a statistically significant effect on increased CIM usage, results indicate contract specifications and various procedural guidelines for CIM do affect CIM usage. STAs also appear to use CIM more when they have alternative delivery methods available, with a statistically significant positive impact being shown by the Public-Private Partnerships model. This study provides both a benchmark of current practices as well as suggestions that may expedite beneficial implementation and future research in this area.
Behavioral Characteristics of Individuals with Down Syndrome

Introduction: Children and young adults with Down syndrome can demonstrate increased behavior problems compared to their typically developing peers through childhood and adolescence. Though current...
Quantum Groups and Homology of Local Systems

In this paper we “quantize” results of [SV2], Part II. We establish and study the connection between (co)homology of local systems introduced in [SV1], [SV2] and homology of nilpotent subalgebras of certain Hopf algebras very close to Drinfeld-Jimbo q-analogues of Kac-Moody algebras.
Conception of a Novel Open Source Environmental Management Information System Design to Assess the Availability of Resources: Status Quo and Directions for Future Research

Resources for new technologies are vitally important and limited in their availability. The reasons for the limited availability are political tension, supply concentrations or restricted potential for substitution and recycling. The consideration of information on the availability requires the mapping of this information in business information systems. Science and practice lack holistic and integrated solutions whose use supports the availability and evaluation of sustainable developments. Taking account of open source software, a concept of environmental management information systems is under development, in order to measure sustainable availability. The integration of existing IT systems and data sources provides an improved assessment of risks. The article shows a concept of IT architecture which can be used as open source software in the regulatory framework of environmental management information systems in order to evaluate the availability of resources and course of action.
Critical Incident Technique

Many human resource development (HRD) professionals, not to mention many managers, may wonder how it might be possible to analyze work that is mostly cognitive in nature. That is, work that expressly requires thinking as the major part of completing the task. Can work analysis actually be used to document what occurs inside your mind? For many, work analysis techniques are believed to be better suited for work that is more straightforward and observable in nature, simply because that is the way most techniques have been used in the past. But as has been pointed out in this book, work has undergone much change, becoming more complex and requiring greater demands on individuals doing the work. In response, work analysis techniques should be available to respond to those changes. This chapter focuses on the critical incident technique, a technique that was first introduced in the 1950s by John C. Flanagan, a well-known and respected researcher and consultant in the field of industrial psychology. Now the critical incident technique seems even more important as a means to document the behaviors required to perform certain complex, knowledge-based, units of work.
The Earth Is Weeping: The Epic Story of the Indian Wars for the American West. By Peter Cozzens. (New York, NY: Vintage Books, 2016. Pp. 467. $20.00.)

Peter Cozzens's sweeping narrative covers conflicts that spanned decades and ranged from the Dakotas to the Pacific Northwest, and from the desert southwest to the southern plains. While historians...
An efficient preparation of optically pure C2-symmetric aromatic diols by the asymmetric reduction of diacylaromatic compounds with B-chlorodiisopinocampheylborane☆

Abstract Asymmetric reduction of diacylaromatic compounds with B-chlorodiisopinocampheylborane provides the product diols in excellent diastereomeric and enantiomeric purity.
D.C. Central Kitchen: Peer mentoring, structure and self-empowerment play a critical role in desistance

AbstractAbundant research examines the effectiveness of reentry programs designed to promote successful reintegration of formerly incarcerated individuals. However, most research focuses on the qua...
Existence and stability of a limit cycle in the model of a planar passive biped walking down a slope

We consider the simplest model of a passive biped walking down a slope given by the equations of switched coupled pendula (McGeer, 1990). Following the fundamental work by Garcia et al (1998), we view the slope of the ground as a small parameter $\gamma\ge 0$. When $\gamma=0$ the system can be solved in closed form and the existence of a family of limit cycles (i.e. potential walking cycles) can be established explicitly. As observed in Garcia et al (1998), the family of limit cycles disappears when $\gamma$ increases and only isolated asymptotically stable cycles (walking cycles) persist. However, no rigorous proofs of such a bifurcation (often referred to as Melnikov bifurcation) have ever been reported. The present paper fills in this gap in the field and offers the required proof.
SAFETY AND COMPLICATIONS OF CATHETER ABLATION FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN THE UNITED STATES: AN UPDATED ANALYSIS FROM THE NATIONAL INPATIENT SAMPLE DATABASE

Safety profile of catheter ablation (CA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the real world setting is not well reported. Patients were identified based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes from National Inpatient Sample Database. Complications were defined as per the Agency for
Analysis of full-length hepatitis A virus genome isolated from a patient with acute hepatitis A in Beijing

Objective To identify the complete nucleotide sequence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) extracted from serum of an acute hepatitis A patient in 2007 (B J73) in Beijing.Methods The full genomic sequence was sequenced and subjected to the phylogenetic analysis using Bioedit 7.0,MEGA5 and HyPhy.Results The genome of BJ73 consisted of 7477 nucleotides,encoding a polyprotein of 2227 amino acids.Sequence comparison showed that B J73 shared the highest identities of 99.1％ for nucleotide and 99.7％ for amino acid with LU38.Amino acid change was not observed in reference to published neutralizing antigenic sites in VP3-VP1 regions.Phylogenetic analysis included the B J73 sequence in subgenotype IA,either considering different fragments or the full length nucleotide sequence; negative selection was found in coding regions.Conclusion This article provides new data on the distribution of genotype and virus evolution of HAV isolated from China. Key words: Hepatitis A virus; Genes; Sequence analysis
Longitudinal Inter-relations between School Cultural Socialization and School Engagement among Urban Early Adolescents

Culturally relevant practices are valuable assets for ethnically-racially diverse schools, but few studies examine whether such practices promote students’ engagement in school longitudinally and whether ethnicity-race moderates the effects of such practices on students’ engagement. To address this gap, the present study examined whether schools that acknowledge and promote positive messages about youth’s ethnicity-race (i.e., school cultural socialization practices) promoted multiple dimensions of students’ school engagement and whether these links differed between African American and European American students. Data were collected in four waves during a two-year period from 403 fifth graders (55.1% males; 63% African American, 37% European American). The results revealed that African American youth who perceived more school cultural socialization reported greater behavioral and affective engagement (but not cognitive engagement) six months later. European Americans’ perceived school cultural socialization was unrelated to their levels of engagement in later months. Across groups, neither type of engagement predicted subsequent school cultural socialization, supporting the direction of effects in the results. Implications are discussed regarding how educators can leverage cultural socialization to promote school engagement among African American youth.
The effect of a textured insole on anticipatory postural adjustments.

To obtain preliminary data on the effect of a textured insole on postural control.Nine healthy subjects were exposed to external perturbations applied to their shoulders while standing with or with...
Single-cell genomics reveals region-specific developmental trajectories underlying neuronal diversity in the prenatal human hypothalamus

Abstract The hypothalamus is critically important for regulating most autonomic, metabolic, and behavioral functions essential for life and species propagation, yet a comprehensive understanding of neuronal subtypes and their development in the human brain is lacking. Here, we characterized the prenatal human hypothalamus by sequencing the transcriptomes of 45,574 single-cells from 12 embryos, spanning gestational weeks 4 through 25. These cells describe a temporal trajectory from proliferative stem cell populations to maturing neurons and glia, including 38 distinct excitatory and inhibitory neuronal subtypes. Merging these data with paired samples from the cortex and ganglionic eminences (GE) revealed two distinct neurogenesis pathways, one shared between GE and hypothalamus and a second unique to cortex. Gene regulatory network modeling predicted that these distinct maturation trajectories involve the activation of region- and cell type-specific transcription factor networks. These results provide the first comprehensive transcriptomic view of human hypothalamus development at cellular resolution.
UWB Networking Analysis

This chapter investigates the network-wide effects of UWB synchronization in globally duty cycled IR-UWB networks where a reference clock is transmitted and the periods are subdivided into time bins. We assume in this network that there are two major error mechanisms: the missed detection of the pulse due to inadequate signal energy, and a synchronization error, causing the RF-ON window to be turned on at the wrong time. We assume that these mechanisms are present for both the SYNC and DATA pulses. We denote the probability of failure due to those two mechanisms BER and SER respectively.
Treatment of Facial Paralysis in Humans by Neural Methods

Human facial nerve regeneration was compared in three repair systems: autologous neural cable grafts (N = 56), direct end-to-end anastomosis (N = 34), and VII–XII anastomosis (N = 26). The data were analyzed based on the following criteria: facial symmetry and muscle tone at rest, degree of total facial reinnervation, voluntary motion, synkinesis, and electrophysiological testing. Facial tone and symmetry at rest and electrophysiologic tests were similar, while voluntary motion and facial reinnervation were decreased and synkinesis increased in the autologous cable graft repairs and VII–XII anastomosis. Electrophysiologic tests of the innervated muscles failed to distinguish between the three repair methods in successful regenerates. Neural cable grafts and VII–XII anastomosis were associated with more mass movement less fine precise emotive facial movement and more synkinesis. Excellent results, especially cable graft repairs, diminish with time because of continual progressive synkinesis, which may take up to 4 years to develop.
The News Interview: The panel interview: discussion and debate among interviewees

Thus far we have concentrated on the dynamics of interplay between interviewers and interviewees, which is the essence of the news interview in its classic form. However, the contemporary form frequently involves a panel of participating interviewees offering a variety of perspectives on some newsworthy topic. Often such panels are comprised of just two ideologically opposed interviewees who informally debate the issue. In the panel interview format, there is interplay not only between interviewers and interviewees, but also – directly or indirectly – between the interviewees themselves. The typical panel interview attracts a less distinguished cadre of participants. While presidents, prime ministers, and senior cabinet officials are periodically interviewed solo, they rarely participate in panel discussions or debates. This selectivity is not difficult to understand. If one is sufficiently newsworthy to be the exclusive focus of attention in an interview (or better yet in a press conference involving dozens of reporters), then why share the spotlight with – and by implication lower oneself to the level of – one's political opponents? Thus, legislators, certified experts of various stripes, and representatives of advocacy groups are the mainstay of the panel interview. Consequently, rather than featuring the first-hand reflections of prominent movers and shakers, such interviews often consist of expert analysis and commentary on current events.
Chinese Sociologies: An Anthropological Account of the Role of Alienation in Social Reproduction.

Chinese Sociologies: An Anthropological Account of the Role of Alienation in Social Reproduction. P. Steven Sangren. London: Athlone, 2000. 328 pp.
A stochastic interacting field

An interacting scalar quantum field formalism is examined in which a kinematical dependence on stochastically averaged space-time co-ordinates is required. A necessary condition that the interacting field satisfy canonical equal-time commutation relations is derived. Since a unitary connection between free and interacting fields is not forbidden in stochastic theory, a prescription for the time-translation operatorV(t) is obtained.
Asset-Liability Management Problems in the Life Insurance Industry: Lessons from the Past

In the 1980’s, life insurers sold guaranteed investment contracts (GICs) to pension plan sponsors, then backed these contracts with portfolios heavily weighted with higher risk assets such as common stocks and junk bonds. Ultimately this caused considerable loss, and history has repeated itself in many respects in recent years via holdings of equities and mortgage-backed securities. We evaluate the risky asset substitution in the life insurance industry from a historical perspective to determine if organizational form or other factors might be rationale for managerial decisions to engage in asset substitution. We find evidence that stock insurer managers are more likely than their mutual counterparts to engage in this type of risky asset substitution. Our findings provide rich ground for future research as the subprime mortgage and credit default swap debacles unfold, as well as public policy implications for insurance regulators concerned with the fiscal health of the insurance industry.
Testing: A Systemic Functional View of High Stakes Test Preparation Materials

Educators of English language learners (ELLs) frequently use test preparation materials to help ELLs prepare for high stakes language exams. This study uses tools of systemic functional linguistics (SFL) to examine how academic language is used to construct meaning within these test preparation materials. While the test preparation materials and available test excerpts contain a range of genres, this study focuses particularly on informational texts with scientific topics, designed for upper elementary students. The results highlight pedagogical advantages of using SFL to develop genre awareness in ELLs by attending to the linguistic features evident in the genre.
Collagen Triple Helix: Stability

Collagens are the most abundant extracellular matrix proteins in multicellular animals. They all contain a name-giving collagen triple helix, which connects their three chains and varying amounts of other noncollagenous protein domains. To form the triple helix a repeated sequence of -Gly-Xaa-Yaa- is required, where Xaa and Yaa can be any residue. Each chain forms a polyproline-II like left-handed helix. The three chains are staggered by one residue from each other, and form a right-handed helix. Twenty eight types of collagen molecules have been identified in mammals. The stability of the collagen triple helix is based on the length and the amino acid sequence of each polypeptide chain, and also by the presence of interchain cross-links and/or trimerization domains. The 4(R)-hydroxylation of proline residues in the Yaa position significantly increases the stability of the collagen triple helix.
THE INFLUENCE OF DRUGS ON BIOELECTRICAL RESPONSES EVOKED BY INTERACTING LIGHT FLASH AND TOOTH PULP STIMULI.

Abstract Electrical responses to tooth pulp stimulation (TPS) and to a flashing light have been recorded from acute cats having electrodes in the dorsal tegmentum of the mesencephalon, centrum medianum, the lateral geniculate and the lateral gyrus. The effects of morphine, chlorpromazine, pentobarbital and meprobamate upon these responses were determined in three types of experimental situations: (a) those in which only TPS was given (b) those in which light plus TPS were given, and (c) those in which only the light flashes were given. In general, the presentation of the TPS did not alter the evoked responses to the light nor the drug effect upon these responses. In contrast, the responses in centrum medianum to TPS were differentially affected depending upon whether or not the light flashes had been delivered. Morphine significantly depressed these responses only in situation (b). Pentobarbital and meprobamate depressed the responses in both situations but were less effective in situation (b). No consistent effect was observed with chlorpromazine. It was concluded that these experiments present a method which may be useful in disclosing neurophysiological changes which otherwise may not be apparent and/or detecting subtle differences between neuropharmacological agents.
Evaluation of NIMBUS 7 THIR/CLE and Air Force three‐dimensional nephanalysis estimates of cloud amount

Three different estimates of the percent of fixed geographical regions (160 x 160 km) either free of cloud (clear) or covered by low, middle, and high (opaque) cloud have been intercompared. The estimates were derived by analysts interpreting geosynchronous satellite images, with concurrent meteorological observations; from Nimbus 7 temperature humidity infrared radiometer (THIR) CLOUD ERB (CLE) data; and from Air Force three dimensional nephanalysis (3DN) data. Air Force 3DN agrees better with the analyst than THIR/CLE, except for high cloud amount; the CLE and 3DN results tend to overestimate clear amount when clear amount is large and underestimate it when clear amount is small, by 10-20 percent for CLE and by 5-10 percent for 3DN, and both agree well with the analyst in the mean. Systematic and random errors for 3DN and CLE are specified. CLE estimates of cloud amount over land at night should not be used for scientific purposes unless restricted to high cloud amount. It is believed that the CLR and 3DN are the only two digitized, global cloud type and amount data sets in existence.
Apparent Dough Stickiness of Selected 1BL/1RS Translocated Soft Wheat Flours

ABSTRACT A new method, called the Schwarzlaff-Shephard Dough Stripping Method, was used to determine apparent dough stickiness in seven 1BL/1RS translocated soft, red, winter wheat (SRWW) lines and five SRWW lines without the translocation. Pairwise comparisons of all 1BL/1RS versus all non-1BL/1RS lines indicated that doughs made from the 1BL/1RS lines were significantly stickier, on average, than doughs made from the non-1BL/1RS lines. However, there was no significant difference in the apparent dough stickiness of one set of sister lines that shared a similar pedigree, 1BL/1RS line VA 93-54-18 versus its non-1BL/1RS sister line VA 94-54-21. Another 1BL/1RS line, VA 92-52-22, ranked last in apparent dough stickiness and was significantly less sticky than two non-1BL/1RS lines. VA 92-52-22 has a distinctly different pedigree from the other 1BL/1RS lines that we evaluated. These findings suggest that there are strong genotypic effects on dough stickiness, making it possible to develop non-sticky cultivars...
Quantum magnetotransport of a periodically modulated two-dimensional electron gas.

The magnetoresistance of two-dimensional electrons in a periodic potential is studied. The Landau levels are broadened by one-dimensional modulation, and are further split into a Hofstadter-like spectrum by two-dimensional modulation. The recently observed Weiss oscillation manifests the oscillatory bandwidth of broadened Landau levels, where the minima appear at the flat-band condition (zero bandwidth) for one-dimensional modulation. However the flat bands seem to give the maxima for two-dimensional modulation. In this paper, the conductivity for both one- and two-dimensional modulations has been obtained analytically. It is shown that the decrease of the scattering conductivity is enhanced by the band splitting, while the band conductivity is reduced significantly. Consequently, the scattering conductivity decreases faster than the increase of the band conductivity as the Landau level is broadened from the flat band. Therefore the total conductivity shows maximum at flat bands, in contrast to the one-dimensional case. Moreover a numerical study has been made by using the Thouless number method. A dramatic difference is observed between one- and two-dimensional modulations. This can be explained in the same way as the result of band splitting.
MOLECULAR BEAM MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTRA OF TlCl$sup 35$ AND TlCl$sup 37$ AT ZERO FIELD

The molecular beam magnetic resonance method has been used to investigate the spectra of Tl${\mathrm{Cl}}^{35}$ and Tl${\mathrm{Cl}}^{37}$ at zero field. A splitting of the quadrupole line for both isotopes is observed and is attributed to a cosine coupling of the form ${c}_{a}\mathbf{I}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathbf{J}$, between the chlorine spin ${\mathbf{I}}_{a}$ and the rotational angular momentum of the molecule J.
THE STOPPING POWER OF K-ELECTRONS

The stopping power of $K$-shell electrons for large incident particle energies is calculated in this paper, adding to and correcting previous work on the subject. A definition is given for the average ionization potential of an atom independent of the energy of the incident particle. An integral representation is derived for Bethe's term ${C}_{K}$ which corrects the simple $K$-shell stopping number expression. Finally, asymptotic formulas, applicable at large incident particle energies, are given for use with any element.
Identification of Human Chromosomes by Using Integrated Density Profiles

The discovery of new stains for chromosome preparations has made useful automated chromosome analysis possible. Appropriate descriptors for use in this process must be found and tested. Data compression using integrated intensity and density profiles has already proven valuable.
Os isotope systematics in ocean island basalts

New ReOs isotopic results for Os-poor basalts from St. Helena, the Comores, Samoa, Pitcairn and Kerguelen dramatically expand the known range of initial 186Os/187Os ratios in OIBs to values as high as 1.7. In contrast to the Os isotopic uniformity of Os-rich basalts from the HIMU islands of Tubuai and Mangaia found by Hauri and Hart [1], our values for St. Helena span most of the known range of Os isotopic variability in oceanic basalts (initial 187Os/186Os ranges from 1.2 to 1.7). Generation of such radiogenic Os in the mantle requires melting of source materials that contain large proportions of recycled oceanic crust. The very low Os concentrations of most of the basalts analyzed here, however, leave them susceptible to modification via interaction with materials containing radiogenic Os in the near-surface environment. Thus the high 186Os/187Os ratios may result from assimilation of radiogenic Os-rich marine sediments, such as Mn oxides, within the volcanic piles traversed by these magmas en route to the surface. Furthermore, the Os isotopic signatures of Os-rich, olivine-laden OIBs may reflect the accumulation of lithospheric olivine, rather than simply their mantle source characteristics. The extent to which these processes alter the view of the mantle obtained via study of ReOs systematics in oceanic basalts is uncertain. These effects must be quantified before ReOs systematics in OIBs can be used with confidence to investigate the nature of mantle heterogeneity and its causes.