cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Congenital and Acquired Neuromuscular Disease of Young Dogs and Cats

Neuromuscular disorders in small animals include a diverse group of congenital and acquired diseases. The prognosis will vary according to the disorder and the portion of the motor unit affected. A number of diseases might be satisfactorily treated (for example, myasthenia gravis, congenital myotonia), whereas others may be self-limiting (for example, hereditary myopathy of Labrador Retrievers). Accurate diagnosis is necessary for establishing a prognosis and treatment plan suitable to the patient and client. Specific diagnosis in the absence of specialized tests is difficult, although not always impossible (for example, congenital myotonia in the Chow Chow). A knowledge of the neuromuscular diseases that might affect small animals, a detailed history, and a thorough physical examination will help in the presumptive diagnosis. Specialized laboratory examinations may need to be applied (for example, antiacetylcholine receptor antibody titer for acquired myasthenia gravis). Referral may be necessary for more detailed diagnostic workup (for example, electromyographic examination, nerve or muscle biopsy examination). In the case of inherited neuromuscular disorders, a knowledge of inheritance patterns will allow genetic counseling to avoid future problem breedings.
Factors determining proconvulsant and anticonvulsant effects of inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase in rodents

Although a majority of studies suggest that inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are proconvulsant, a substantial minority indicate the opposite (i.e. that inhibitors of NOS are anticonvulsant). As a consequence, the role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in the expression of seizures is unclear. In the present series of experiments, we therefore assessed factors governing pro- and anticonvulsant effects of inhibitors of NOS. In mice receiving systemic injections of kainate or picrotoxin, we confirmed the hypothesis that the effects of inhibitors of NOS vary with the model of seizure: Whereas 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) reduced the latency and increased the severity of kainate-induced convulsions (Expt. 1), both 7-NI and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) slightly delayed clonus following the systemic administration of picrotoxin at doses > or = 3.5 mg/kg but not at doses < or = 3.0 mg/kg (Expts. 2-5). Paradoxically, L-NAME but not 7-NI significantly reduced the CD50 of picrotoxin, which was approximately 2 mg/kg in control mice (Expt. 4), revealing inhibitor-specific interactions with the dose of the convulsant. Finally, we determined in rats that the effects of L-NAME on kainate-induced seizures vary as a function of genetic factors: L-NAME significantly potentiated kainate-induced convulsions in Sprague-Dawley rats but not in Wistar rats (Expt. 6).
Construal based marketing tactics for high quality versus low price market segments

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to propose differential marketing tactics for high-quality products versus low-price products by building on construal level theory. Design/methodology/approach – Two studies were conducted, one using students and another using data collected from more than 7,000 online auctions. Findings – When consumers consider high-quality products, they use more abstract mental models, and when they consider low-price products, they use more concrete mental models. Differentiation based on primary features product is more effective for products that are positioned on quality, while differentiation based on the secondary features is more effective for products that are positioned on price. Also, marketing efforts to attract attention are more effective for products positioned on quality than those positioned on price. Research limitations/implications – This research focused on how consumers use different mental models for considering high-quality versus low-price product offerin...
Planning teacher professional development: the struggles and successes of an inter‐organizational collaboration

Inter‐organizational collaboration is often seen as a means of increasing the potential for bringing about outcomes that none of the organizations could achieve alone. For example, funding agencies that provide grants for teacher professional development often encourage or require collaboration between institutions of higher education and schools. However, little research has been done on the complexities of working in these inter‐organizational groups. In this qualitative study, we examined the experiences of an inter‐organizational mathematics professional development planning group as it evolved over time and became a community of practice. Organizational psychology research was used as a lens to understand the challenges and changes that occurred for the group. Particular focus was given to the way inter‐organizational effort can be affected by role ambiguity and can lead to collaborative advantage or inertia. The results of the study suggest ways in which professional development providers might incr...
Tertiary trisomy due to a reciprocal translocation of chromosomes 5 and 21 in a four-generation family.

Tertiary trisomy, or double trisomy, is a rare occurrence. We present two individuals with a previously unreported tertiary trisomy for chromosomes 5p and 21q in an eight-generation pedigree. Their phenotypes are compared with other partial trisomies of either 5p or 21q from the literature. The propositus was diagnosed with trisomy 21 at 2 years of age after a karyotype study for short stature and developmental delay. His phenotype was described as atypical for Down syndrome. He presented at 9 years of age because of pervasive behavioral problems and obesity. He was brachycephalic with a flattened nasal bridge, but he lacked other characteristics of trisomy 21. Because of lack of phenotypic evidence of Down syndrome, a repeat karyotype was obtained and showed 47,XY, +der(21)t(5;21)(p15.1; q22.1), incorporating partial trisomies of both chromosomes 5 and 21. Mother had a balanced translocation, 46, XX,t(5;21)(p15.1; q22.1); 8 other relatives were examined. The translocation originated from the maternal great-grandmother, but only the propositus and his mentally retarded aunt had a similar phenotye and the derivative chromosome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed absence of band 21q22.2 in the derivative chromosome of the propositus and his aunt, indicating that neither had trisomy for the Down syndrome critical region. These cases represent a unique double partial trisomy of chromosome arms 5p and 21q that occurred because of 3:1 malsegregation of a reciprocal translocation. These cases further demonstrate that phenotypic discordance with cytogenetic results dictate further investigation using advanced cytogenetic hybridization.
A 1-D multigroup diffusion equation nodal model using the orthogonal collocation method

Abstract A 1- D nodal model is developed for solving the multigroup diffusion equation. The neutron flux is calculated at certain collocation points within a given node using an iterative process. The partial currents are used at the nodal interfaces. The location of the collocation points within a node is determined from the roots of the transformed Legendre polynomials. Two sample problems, using two and four internal collocation points, were used to test the accuracy of the model. In both sample problems, the results of the nodal model matched the results of the fine-mesh finite-difference calculations. The model presented here has been developed in a general format and the necessary equations for any number of collocation points can be obtained with great ease.
Wangiella dermatitidis endocarditis in an intravenous drug user

Abstract Wangiella dermatitidis is an infrequently encountered dematiacious fungus that usually causes localized infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. This report presents the first well-documented case of natural valve infection caused by this organism as it occurred in an intravenous drug abuser. His course has been complicated by relapsing infection of two aortic prostheses and dissemination to the vertebral spine. Treatment with a combination of amphotericin B, rifampin, and ketoconazole has arrested the progression of his infection. The microbiologic features and existing clinical Information regarding this fungus are reviewed and in vitro susceptibility data for the present isolate are presented.
Optical Magnification for Subnormal Vision: Historical Survey*†

Early attempts to provide optical magnification to compensate for subnormal visual acuity used small galilean telescopes, mounted in spectacle frames, giving magnifications ranging from 1.3 to 3×. They were seldom helpful in distance vision because of the restricted field, change of apparent distance, and inadequate magnification. Many used them only for reading, and obtained additional magnification from a reading cap of high dioptric power which permitted a close viewing distance. After about 1955, the interest in telescopic magnifiers was almost entirely replaced by two other developments. One emphasized the use of simple reading spectacles of high power. A second involved the search for inexpensive optical aids such as jeweller’s loupes, thread counters, magnifiers for inspection of coins or stamps, and similar devices developed for the normal eye. Trial-and-error prescription of these devices as reading aids was later superseded by more-systematic procedures based on measurement and classification of the available aids as to magnifying power and type. This led to the development of new optical aids to supplement those already available. Examination procedures were also devised to assist in selection of aids of the required power and type for each user.
Reaction Mechanism of (6-4) Photolyase

Abstract The (6-4) photolyase catalyzes the photoreversal of the (6-4) dipyrimidine photoproducts induced in DNA by ultraviolet light. Using the cloned Drosophila melanogaster (6-4) photolyase gene, we overproduced and purified the recombinant enzyme. The binding and catalytic properties of the enzyme were investigated using natural substrates, T[6-4]T and T[6-4]C, and the Dewar isomer of (6-4) photoproduct and substrate analogs s5T[6-4]T/thietane, mes5T[6-4]T, and theN-methyl-3′T thietane analog of the oxetane intermediate. The enzyme binds to the natural substrates and to mes5T[6-4]T with high affinity (K D∼10−9-10−10 m) and produces a DNase I footprint of about 20 base pairs around the photolesion. Several lines of evidence suggest that upon binding by the enzyme, the photoproduct flips out of the duplex. Of the four substrates that bind with high affinity to the enzyme, T[6-4]T and T[6-4]C are repaired with relatively high quantum yields compared with the Dewar isomer and the mes5T[6-4]T which are repaired with 300–400-fold lower quantum yield than the former two photoproducts. Reduction of the FAD cofactor with dithionite increases the quantum yield of repair. Taken together, the data are consistent with photoinduced electron transfer from reduced FAD to substrate, in a manner analogous to the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase.
Persistence of 2, 4, 5-T in grasslands of Texas.

The herbicide 2,4,5-T is relatively short lived in Texas grassland ecosystems and does not produce significant residues that persist from one year to the next at the rates and locations studied.
Cross-sectional comparison of extended anteroposterior and posteroanterior fixed flexion positioning to assess radiographic osteoarthritis at the knee: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project.

Objective To compare values for Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) scale grade, joint space narrowing (JSN), and osteophytes in anteroposterior (AP) extended and fixed flexion posteroanterior (PA) radiographs obtained during a single clinic visit (the first followup of the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project). Methods All films (n = 1,664 bilateral knees) were read by an experienced musculoskeletal radiologist. For each subject, AP and PA fixed flexion films were read in one sitting. K/L scale grades (range 0–4) and JSN and osteophytes (ranges 0–3) were assessed using standard atlases. Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic and clinical variables. AP and PA fixed flexion results were compared by contingency table methods to obtain frequencies for K/L scale, JSN, and osteophyte grades using percent agreement and kappa coefficients. Results from the right and left knees were similar; data for the right knee are presented. Results There was substantial agreement between AP and PA fixed flexion reads for radiographic osteoarthritis, defined as a K/L scale grade ≥2 (89% agreement; κ = 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.69–0.76). Substantial agreement was also seen for tibial osteophytes and medial JSN; slightly lower kappa values were observed for femoral osteophytes and lateral JSN. Conclusion The requirements of large observational cohort studies are different than those of clinical trials, and sensitivity is less of an issue because of longer followup times. In cohort studies such as the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, there is substantial agreement by K/L scale grade for AP and PA fixed flexion radiographs, allowing incorporation of older films in longitudinal analyses.
Quasi-static MHD processes in Earth's magnetosphere

An attempt is made to use the MHD equilibrium theory to describe the global magnetic field configuration of earth's magnetosphere and its time evolution under the influence of magnetospheric convection. To circumvent the difficulties inherent in today's MHD codes, use is made of a restriction to slowly time-dependent convection processes with convective velocities well below the typical Alfven speed. This restriction leads to a quasi-static MHD theory. The two-dimensional theory is outlined, and it is shown how sequences of two-dimensional equilibria evolve into a steady state configuration that is likely to become tearing mode unstable. It is then concluded that magnetospheric substorms occur periodically in earth's magnetosphere, thus being an integral part of the entire convection cycle.
The gravitational potential of a homogeneous polyhedron or don't cut corners

A polyhedron can model irregularly shaped objects such as asteroids, comet nuclei, and small planetary satellites. With minor effort, such a model can incorporate important surface features such as large craters. Here we develop closed-form expressions for the exterior gravitational potential and acceleration components due to a constant-density polyhedron. An equipotential surface of Phobos is illustrated.
Convergent and Divergent Validity of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale

A modified multitrait multimethod validation matrix was generated to evaluate the construct validity of the newly revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). For both males (N = 49) and females (N = 37) a pattern of results occurred that was generally consistent with the use of the RCMAS as a measure of chronic, manifest anxiety levels in children. Large correlations occurred with other trait measures of anxiety but not with state anxiety measures or IQ. Smaller but consistently positive correlations occurred between children's ratings of their anxiety and teacher observations of behavior problems.
Fetoplacental and Uteroplacental Doppler Blood Flow Velocity Analysis in Premature Rupture of Membranes

The value of Doppler velocimetry in predicting fetal distress or perinatal infection was investigated in 60 patients with premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) between 25 and 38 weeks of gestation. Studies were performed in the umbilical and uterine arteries after admission to the hospital and repeated every 24 to 76 hours until delivery. Results of the last study, performed less than 24 hours before delivery and comparison between longitudinal studies in the same patient, failed to disclose statistical differences between patients who did or did not develop the perinatal complications under study. We conclude that Doppler velocimetry is not a sensitive enough means of predicting fetal distress or infection in PROM.
Introduction: Organ Transplantation—A Challenge for Global Ethics

A social scientific interpretation of the development of global ethics is offered. Both spontaneous and intended mechanisms of the construction of such an ethics within the broader processes of globalization are analyzed, and possible theoretical foundations are suggested. The scientific and technological achievements that gave rise to the medical procedure of organ transplantation generated new questions and challenges that theologians, scholars of religion, natural scientists, and social scientists are now trying to resolve.
The Growth of Stability: Postural Control from a Developmental Perspective

This study compared central nervous system organizational processes underlying balance in children of three age groups: 15-31 months, 4-6 years, and 7-10 years, using a movable platform capable of antero-posterior (A-P) displacements or dorsi-plantar flexing rotations of the ankle joint. A servo system capable of linking platform rotations to A-P sway angle allowed disruption of ankle joint inputs, to test the effects of incongruent sensory inputs on response patterns. Surface electromyography was used to quantify latency and amplitude of the gastrocnemius, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, and quadriceps muscle responses. Cinematography provided biomechanical analysis of the sway motion.Results demonstrated that while directionally specific response synergies are present in children under the age of six, structured organization of the synergies is not yet fully developed since variability in timing and amplitude relationships between proximal and distal muscles is high. Transition from immature to mature re...
Development of stable supports consisting of SiCSi composite for high temperature combustion catalysts

Abstract SiC-Si composite, that is stable in oxidizing atmosphere at 1300°C and has thermal shock resistance, was prepared from a powder mixture of porous β-SiC, which was prepared from rice hulls, and Si metal. To use an SiC-Si composite as a structural support for a high temperature combustion catalyst, the foaming SiC-Si composite form with continuous bubbles was prepared from foaming SiC form and the mixture of the porous β-SiC and Si metal. The foaming SiC form was prepared from the foaming polyurethane form and a β-SiC fine particles. The β-SiC fine particles having an average diameter of 0.3 μm was coated on the foaming polyurethane form. The polyurethane part of the form was burned out and the coating β-SiC was sintered to form the foaming SiC form. The SiC form was coated on the porous SiC and Si metal powder mixtures and was heated at 1500°C in argon to prepare the foaming SiC-Si composite. The foaming composite was stable in an oxidizing atmosphere at 1300°C and was highly resistance to thermal shock. The compression stress of the foaming SiC-Si composite form (175 kg/cm2was about twice that of the a-axis of honeycomb-shaped cordierite (> 85 kg/cm2).
The Structure of the Resolvent of Elliptic Pseudodifferential Operators

Abstract We show that the resolvent kernel of an elliptic b -pseudodifferential operator on a compact manifold with corners (of arbitrary codimension) is a polyhomogeneous, or classical, function on a certain manifold with corners. The singularities of the resolvent kernel are shown to localize near the diagonal as the resolvent parameter goes to infinity. Explicit descriptions of the expansions, including logarithmic terms, are given. In particular, the asymptotics of the resolvent restricted to the diagonal follows as a corollary. Applications to the asymptotic behavior of the heat kernel and to the analysis of the poles of complex powers are also given.
Electrolyte Management Considerations in Modern Nickel Hydrogen and Nickel Cadmium Cell and Battery Designs

In the early 1980's the NASA Lewis group addressed the topic of designing nickel hydrogen cells for LEO applications. As published in 1984, the design addressed the topics of gas management, liquid management, plate expansion, and the recombination of oxygen during overcharge. This design effort followed principles set forth in an earlier Lewis paper that addressed the topic of pore size engineering. At about that same time, the beneficial effect on cycle life of lower electrolyte concentrations was verified by Hughes Aircraft as part of a Lewis funded study. A succession of life cycle tests of these concepts have been carried out that essentially verified all of this earlier work. During these past two decades, some of the mysteries involved in the active material of the nickel electrode have been resolved by careful research efforts carried out at several laboratories. At The Aerospace Corporation, Dr. Zimmerman has been developing a sophisticated model of an operating nickel hydrogen cell which will be used to model certain mechanisms that have contributed to premature failures in nickel hydrogen and nickel cadmium cells. During the course of trying to understand and model abnormal nickel hydrogen cell behaviors, we have noted that not enough attention has been paid to the potassium ion content in these cells, and more recently batteries. Several of these phenomenon have been well known in the area of alkaline fuel cells, but only recently have they been examined as they might impact alkaline cell designs. This paper will review three general areas where the potassium ion content can impact the performance and life of nickel hydrogen and nickel cadmium devices, Once these phenomenon are understood conceptually, the impact of potassium content on a potential cell design can be evaluated with the aid of an accurate model of an operating cell or battery. All three of these areas are directly related to the volume tolerance and pore size engineering aspects of the components used in the cell or battery design: (1) The gamma phase uptake of potassium ion can result in a lowering of the electrolyte concentration. This leads to a higher electrolyte resistance as well as electrolyte diffusional limitations on the discharge rate. This phenomenon will also impact the response of the cell to a reconditioning cycle. (2) The impact of low level shunt currents in multi-cell con figurations will result in the movement of potassium ion from one part of the battery to another. This will impact the electrolyte volume/vapor pressure relationships within the cell or battery. (3) The transport of water vapor from place to place under the driving force of a tempetature gradient has already impacted cells for the case where water vapor is condensed on a colder cell wall. The paper will explore the convective and diffusive movement of gases saturated with water vapor from a warmer plate pack to a cooler one - both with and without liquid communication.
Really programming in public

Once online, code multiplies. One programmer asks a programming question, another person answers it with a snippet of code, and then the snippet is pasted into countless projects, adapted, tweaked, and tucked away. Some of those improved versions make it back online where they can be refined again by the next wave of scavengers, but often they're simply forgotten because putting code online takes effort.
A general equilibrium analysis of financial regulation

Abstract This paper utilizes a general equilibrium approach to investigate the factor returns and output effects on a regulated and unregulated sector from imposition of a rate of return on investment regulatory constraint. The results differ from those of the ‘traditional’ partial equilibrium model of the regulated firm as originally developed by Averch and Johnson (AJ). The differences are explained by the fact that the general equilibrium approach assumes the existence of efficient capital markets whereas the AJ approach does not. Introduction of the competitive capital market framework in the study of financial regulation through the general equilibrium methodology is this paper's major contribution.
Early axonal contacts during development of an identified dendrite in the brain of the zebrafish

Abstract We have identified the initial synaptic contacts made onto the Mauthner (M) cell, an identified neuron that arises during early development of the zebrafish hind-brain. The contacts are made by a small bundle of pioneering trigeminal sensory axons onto the M cell soma before it forms dendrites. The sensory bundle is then partially enveloped by the M cell. The lateral dendrite appears at about the site of the contact, and eventually the trigeminal inputs are shifted to its trunk. As the dendrite elongates, other sensory contacts are made on its distal regions, sequentially from the acoustico-vestibular nerve and the lateral line nerves. To learn whether the earliest inputs induce the initial outgrowth of the M cell dendrite, we ablated the trigeminal neurons by laser irradiation before they contacted the M cell. Morphogenesis of the M cell, including its dendrite, appeared normal.
Chemical processing and applications for nanostructured materials

Abstract This paper presents an overview of recent research performed at Rutgers University and the University of Connecticut on the synthesis and processing of nanostructured materials. Highlights of this collaborative research program include: (1) synthesis of carbide strengthened steel and hard cermet powders from aqueous solution precursors, (2) synthesis of ceramic powders and ceramic matrix composites from metalorganic precursors, (3) densification of powder compacts by liquid phase sintering, (4) formation of high quality coatings by thermal spraying, and (6) demonstration of superior hardness and wear resistance in bulk materials and coatings.
Parapharyngeal space lymphadenopathy

Parapharyngeal space masses are rare in the pediatric population and have a higher incidence of malignancy than those in adults, although the differential diagnosis is similar. We present the work-up and treatment of a child with a parapharyngeal space mass discovered incidentally on CT imaging.
Early gastric cancer

Early gastric cancer comprises more than 30 per cent of gastric carcinomas treated in Japan but remains an uncommon entity in the western hemisphere. A retrospective review of 48 patients with early gastric cancer undergoing operative treatment between 1965 and 1984 was carried out. The mean patient age was 70 years, in 31 men and 17 women. Preoperative diagnosis was made in 88 per cent of patients undergoing oesophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy but upper gastrointestinal radiography was diagnostic in only 20 per cent. Surgical management consisted of subtotal gastrectomy (86 per cent), total gastrectomy (10 per cent) and wide local excision (4 per cent). The operative mortality and morbidity rates were 0 and 38 per cent, respectively. Mean follow-up was 7.7 years, with 44 per cent of patients still alive. Multivariate analysis disclosed only a healthy Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score (P = 0.002) and a diploid DNA tumour pattern (P = 0.05) as significant prognostic variables of survival. The overall survival rate of patients with early gastric cancer (70 per cent at 5 years) was equivalent to that of an age- and sex-matched control population.
RELATIONSHIP OF ADMISSION TEST SCORES TO WRITING PERFORMANCE OF NATIVE AND NONNATIVE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH

Four writing samples were obtained from 638 applicants for admission to U.S. institutions as undergraduates or as graduate students in business, engineering, or social science. The applicants represented three major foreign language groups (Arabic, Chinese, and Spanish), plus a small sample of native English speakers. Two of the writing topics were of the compare and contrast type and the other two involved chart and graph interpretation. The writing samples were scored by 23 readers who are English as a second language specialists and 23 readers who are English writing experts. Each of the four writing samples was scored holistically, and during a separate rating session two of the samples from each student were assigned separate scores for sentence-level and discourse-level skills. Representative subsamples of the papers also were scored descriptively with the Writer's Workbench computer program and by graduate-level subject matter professors in engineering and the social sciences. In addition to the writing sample scores, TOEFL scores were obtained for all students in the foreign sample. GRE General Test scores were obtained for students in the U.S. sample and for a subsample of students in the foreign sample. Students in the U.S. sample also took a multiple-choice measure of writing ability. Among the key findings were the following: 1) holistic scores, discourse-level scores, and sentence-level scores were so closely related that the holistic score alone should be sufficient; 2) correlations among topics were as high across topic types as within topic types; 3) scores of ESL raters, English raters, and subject matter raters were all highly correlated, suggesting substantial agreement in the standards used; correlations and factor analyses indicated that scores on the writing samples and TOEFL were highly related, but that each also was reliably measuring some aspect of English language proficiency that was not assessed by the other; and (5) correlations of holistic writing sample scores with scores on item types within the sections of the GRE General Test yielded a pattern of relationships that was consistent with the relationships reported in other GRE studies.
Boundary element methods for transient convective diffusion. Part I: General formulation and 1D implementation

A general formulation of higher-order boundary element methods (BEM) is presented for time-dependent convective diffusion problems in one- and multi-dimensions. Free-space time-dependent convective diffusion fundamental solutions originally proposed by Carslaw and Jaeger are used to obtain the boundary integral formulation. Linear, quadratic and quartic time interpolation functions are introduced in this paper for approximate representation of time-dependent boundary temperatures and normal fluxes. Closed form time integration of the kernels is mandatory to attain both accuracy and efficiency of the numerical approach. A complete set of time integrals for the one-dimensional formulation is presented here for the first time in the literature.
Fundamental Thermodynamics Since Carathéodory

The uneasiness prevailing in thermodynamics is the inevitable result of the absence of clearly understood basic concepts. Since thermodynamics, the doctrine of equilibrium, encompasses parts of all branches of the physical sciences, its basic concepts must be explained in ordinary language, free from all references to a specific branch. Moreover, the general applicability of the concepts must be demonstrated.Carath\'eodory has introduced new ideas of fundamental importance. But his shortcomings concerning basic concepts have been repeated and intensified by his successors in axiomatics.A properly constructed basis of thermodynamics elucidates the fundamental distinction of generalized coordinates and generalized forces from each other and from other properties. As an accessorial result one notices a unique quality of the generalized forces (and the temperature): They can be measured only if equilibrium has been established.The so-called "zeroth law" is neither a law nor a generalized observation. The clarification of its significance contributes to the epistemological understanding of thermodynamics.
Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the Emergency Department

Diabetic ketoacidosis results from deficient insulin action and increased action of hormones such as catecholamines, glucagon, glucocorticoids, and growth hormone, which are produced during stress and which antagonize insulin's actions. Diabetic ketoacidosis is associated with a relatively high mortality rate. Treatment consists of appropriate fluid resuscitation, insulin infusion, adjustments of electrolytes and phosphate, and careful monitoring. The most common serious complication is cerebral edema.
Performance of cooperative learning groups in a postgraduate education research methodology course The role of social interdependence

This study investigated the degree that social interdependence predicted the achievement of 26 cooperative learning groups. Social interdependence was assessed in terms of postgraduate students’ individual orientation (that is, cooperative, competitive, and individualistic). Participants were 84 postgraduate students enrolled in an introductory-level education research methodology course. An all possible subsets multiple regression was used to identify a combination of social interdependence variables that predict achievement. Results indicate that postgraduate students’ levels of individualism predict achievement in a research methodology course. Specifically, groups consisting of students with the greatest individualistic orientation tend to produce the article critiques receiving a high evaluation, regardless of how heterogeneous the group is with respect to levels of individualism. This finding adds validity to the theories of active and cooperative learning and to the incremental support towards usin...
Innervation of the human glans penis.

AbstractPurpose: We demonstrate the innervation of the glans penis through nerve blockade and electrophysiological tests.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 14 healthy, sexually potent volunteers. The dorsal nerves of the penis were anesthetized bilaterally with lidocaine. Electrophysiological testing was performed by stimulating the dorsal nerve of the penis at the penile base distal to the block and recording action potentials at the glans.Results: Dorsal nerve of the penis block resulted in anesthesia of the dorsal, lateral and glanular aspects of the penis. The ventral surface, including the frenulum, was intact to pinprick sensation. Dorsal nerve of the penis stimulation resulted in responses from the corona, dorsal and ventral mid glans, and penile shaft. Frenular responses were less consistently obtained. The most common recorded pattern was a monophasic waveform representing the arrival of a standing potential at a nerve terminal. Latencies were progressively longer with increasing d...
Assessment of ST segment depression in patients with cardiac disease after local anesthesia

This study found that dental treatment with 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine did not provoke myocardial ischemia, as assessed by ≥ 1 mm of ST segment depression. Although in some cases systolic and diastolic blood pressure and rate pressure product increased slightly after local anesthetic administration, these changes were not statistically significant. Because these patients were medically supervised and compliant with cardiac therapy, this study suggests that such patients are not at great risk while receiving local anesthesia with 1:100,000 epinephrine for routine dental care.
Self-aligned GaAs MISFET's with a low-temperature-grown GaAs gate insulator

GaAs MISFET's with a low-temperature-grown (LTG) GaAs gate insulator and ion-implanted self-aligned source and drain n/sup +/ regions are demonstrated. The resistivity and breakdown field of the LTG GaAs insulator were not changed appreciably by implantation and 800/spl deg/C activation annealing. The gate leakage current remained very low at a value of approximately 1 /spl mu/A per /spl mu/m/sup 2/ of gate area at 3 V forward gate bias. Because of the reduced source and drain resistance, the drain saturation current and the transconductance of self-aligned MISFET's increased more than twofold after ion implantation. >
MANIFEST ANXIETY, AMPHETAMINE, AND PERFORMANCE.

Abstract : The major purpose of this research was to determine whether administration of amphetamine, a drug assumed to increase drive level, alters performance in ways consonant with drive theory. The results obtained support earlier findings that high the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS) subjects perform better than low MAS subjects on noncompetitive paired-associates lists, whereas the low MAS subjects are superior on competitive lists. High MAS subjects tended to be superior on the simple and inferior on the difficult coding test, but these effects were not statistically significant. Amphetamine significantly improved performance on the noncompetitive paired-associates list and the simple coding test. The failure of amphetamine to produce a significant effect on either the competitive pairedassociates list or the difficult coding test does not support expectations based on drive theory, but does add to the accumulating evidence that relatively high level intellectual functions are not influenced by amphetamine. The significant improvement in performance on the pursuit rotor test, due to amphetamine, and the progressively greater discrepancy between amphetamine and placebo performance, over time, are both consistent with earlier literature.
Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman Equations and Approximate Dynamic Programming on Time Scales

The time scales calculus is a key emerging area of mathematics due to its potential use in a wide variety of multidisciplinary applications. We extend this calculus to approximate dynamic programming (ADP). The core backward induction algorithm of dynamic programming is extended from its traditional discrete case to all isolated time scales. Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations, the solution of which is the fundamental problem in the field of dynamic programming, are motivated and proven on time scales. By drawing together the calculus of time scales and the applied area of stochastic control via ADP, we have connected two major fields of research.
Canonical-Dissipative Nonequilibrium Energy Distributions: Parameter Estimation via Implicit Moment Method, Implementation and Application

Canonical-dissipative nonequilibrium energy distributions play an important role in the life sciences. In one of the most fundamental forms, such energy distributions correspond to two-parametric normal distributions truncated to the left. We present an implicit moment method involving the first and second energy moments to estimate the distribution parameters. It is shown that the method is consistent with Cohen's 1949 formula. The implementation of the algorithm is discussed and the range of admissible parameter values is identified. In addition, an application to an earlier study on human oscillatory hand movements is presented. In this earlier study, energy was conceptualized as the energy of a Hamiltonian oscillator model. The canonical-dissipative approach allows for studying the systematic change of the model parameters with oscillation frequency. It is shown that the results obtained with the implicit moment method are consistent with those derived in the earlier study by other means.
An immobilized alpha-galactosidase continuous flow reactor.

An α-galactosidase which will hydrolyze the oligosaccharides melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose has been immobilized on nylon microfibrils suitable for use in large flow-through reactors. This catalyst system is stable for many months, both under use and storage conditions. The immobilized enzyme behaves similarly to the enzyme in solution, characteristically exhibiting both product and substrate inhibition. The catalyst is prepared in situ and a large, 8-liter reactor has been made. The catalyst has been used to reduce the raffinose concentration in beet sugar molasses.
High-Throughput Metabolic Engineering: Advances in Small-Molecule Screening and Selection

Metabolic engineering for the overproduction of high-value small molecules is dependent upon techniques in directed evolution to improve production titers. The majority of small molecules targeted for overproduction are inconspicuous and cannot be readily obtained by screening. We provide a review on the development of high-throughput colorimetric, fluorescent, and growth-coupled screening techniques, enabling inconspicuous small-molecule detection. We first outline constraints on throughput imposed during the standard directed evolution workflow (library construction, transformation, and screening) and establish a screening and selection ladder on the basis of small-molecule assay throughput and sensitivity. An in-depth analysis of demonstrated screening and selection approaches for small-molecule detection is provided. Particular focus is placed on in vivo biosensor-based detection methods that reduce or eliminate in vitro assay manipulations and increase throughput. We conclude by providing our prospectus for the future, focusing on transcription factor-based detection systems as a natural microbial mode of small-molecule detection.
PLANT AND LEAF RESISTANCE TO GASEOUS AIR POLLUTION STRESS

SUMMARY Levitt's (1972) revision of stress phenomena in plants provides a scheme for analysing the response of vegetation to gaseous air pollution. Total plant resistance is a consequence of two general mechanisms, (i) pollution stress avoidance and (ii) stress tolerance. Stress tolerance is subdivided further into strain avoidance and strain tolerance. Many of the environmental, physiological and morphological factors known to influence the susceptibility of plants to air pollution are discussed using this format. The value of this approach is the systematic framework it provides for analysing, relating and interpreting the factors affecting variable leaf and plant resistance to gaseous air pollution stress.
Regional variation in the mechanical properties of the vertebral column during lateral bending in Morone saxatilis

Unlike mammalian, disc-shaped intervertebral joints (IVJs), the IVJs in fishes are biconid structures, filled with fluid and thought to act as hydrostatic hinge joints during swimming. However, it remains unclear which IVJ structures are dominant in mechanical resistance to forces in fishes, and whether variation in these tissues might impact the function of the vertebral column along its length. Here, we measured the dynamic mechanical behaviour of IVJs from striped bass, Morone saxatilis. During lateral bending, angular stiffness was significantly lower in the caudal and cervical regions, relative to the abdominal region. The neutral zone, defined as the range of motion (ROM) at bending moments less than 0.001 Nm, was longer in the caudal relative to the abdominal IVJs. Hysteresis was 30-40% in all regions, suggesting that IVJs may play a role in energy dissipation during swimming. Cutting the vertical septum had no statistically significant effect, but cutting the encapsulating tissues caused a sharp decline in angular stiffness and a substantial increase in ROM and hysteresis. We conclude that stiffness decreases and ROM increases from cranial to caudal in striped bass, and that the encapsulating tissues play a prominent role in mechanical variation along the length of the vertebral column.
On stability analysis of active disturbance rejection control for nonlinear time-varying plants with unknown dynamics

This paper concerns with stability characteristics of active disturbance rejection control for nonlinear time-varying plants that are largely unknown. In particular, asymptotic stability is established where the plant dynamics is completely known. In the face of large dynamic uncertainties, estimation and tracking errors are shown to be bounded, with their bounds monotonously decreasing with their respective bandwidths.
Carnal technologies and the double life of the body in Gabon

There is enormous reluctance in the West today to envision the body as a mere organic entity. The reduction of the flesh to reified matter – and its corollary, potential circulation in the market – is usually interpreted as a major threat to the core principles of social life. Scholars of many disciplines have documented how people across the world continue to resist emptying out the body, dead or alive, from sacred animacy and personal or social significance. In this exploratory essay, I take seriously the remarkable ability of the human body to retain these qualities in congruent fashion, and to combine them with market value. I propose to use the heuristic device of carnal technologies to explore how people invest such diverse forms of agency and value in human flesh. To ground the notion in empirical facts, I explore the long-standing spiritual and technical processes that used the body for making charms and medicine in Gabon (Equatorial Africa). After the 1880s, French colonialists both altered and confirmed local technologies. While trying to trivialize Gabonese bodies, the French re-sacralized their own as the fetish of colonial rule. The penal system helped to detach the mystical value of Gabonese body parts from the personal and social significance of the person, and encouraged the appraising of the person and her body in cash. As a result, the sacred agency of the body became increasingly predicated on its very organic existence, and on its ability to hold commodity value. The final section of the essay discusses the notion of carnal technology in comparison with biopolitics, biotechnology and biovalue.
Graduate Students’ Experiences, Interests, and Attitudes Toward Correctional/Forensic Psychology

This study investigated the availability of correctional and forensic psychology training as well as graduate students’ experiences and attitudes toward working with offender populations. Using survey data gathered from 175 graduate students representing 30 clinical and 29 counseling psychology programs, results indicate the availability of specialized training in correctional and/or forensic psychology for approximately one half of the participants. Furthermore, correctional and forensic practicum experiences appear to be as commonly available as other specialty practicum experiences, and participants report general case loads with clients who have a history of criminal and antisocial behavior. Finally, it is noted that graduate students, regardless of prior practicum or work experiences, maintain positive attitudes toward inmates and perceive work with offenders as interesting, challenging, and meaningful.
Vezys et al. reply

Replying to: R. M. Welsh and L. K. Selin , 10.1038/nature08091 (2009) We reported that it is possible to increase the total number of memory CD8 T cells within an organism, and to establish preternatural numbers of vaccine-specific effector memory CD8 T cells while preserving naive CD8 T cells and most pre-existing memory CD8 T cells specific for a previously encountered infection https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08091 1. These findings raise new questions regarding the regulation and limits of generating CD8 T cell immunity. Our discussion highlighted three points related to the issue of attrition. First, that it is possible to over-estimate perceived attrition by only examining percentages (see Fig. 1 of ref. 1)2. Second, our vaccine regimen resulted predominantly in the generation of effector memory CD8 T cells located outside of lymph nodes. It remains possible that the number of lymph node central memory T cells remains tightly regulated. Third, we noted that our data did not refute that attrition could happen under a variety of circumstances. However, our data demonstrate that attrition is not an axiomatic property of immunization, mandated by stringent regulation of the size of the total memory CD8 T-cell compartment. Indeed, we saw no evidence of attrition after single infections with a virus (vaccinia), an intracellular bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes) and a parasite that induces massive splenomegaly (Plasmodium yoelii), and observed comparatively little attrition after a heterologous prime–boost regimen involving successive immunization with three viruses1.