cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single molecule tracking of AMPA receptors shows the role of synaptic insertion during maintenance of chemical LTP

Abstract Long term potentiation (LTP) likely contributes to memory formation. Early expression of LTP involves insertion of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) to the extrasynaptic membrane followed by their lateral diffusion into the synaptic membrane. However, whether a similar mechanism mediates the maintenance of LTP is unclear. Using single-molecule microscopy, we quantified that 6 GluA1- and 11 GluA2-containing endogenous AMPARs were added per synapse in cultured hippocampal neurons at 20 min following chemical LTP (cLTP) induction for 10 min, resulting in a 54% increase for both subunits. Single molecular tracking of transfected subunits revealed that the number of exocytosed subunits at the synapse increased by 15-18% from 5 to 20 min following cLTP induction, but their lateral exchange between synaptic and extrasynaptic membranes was minimal. These findings suggest that cLTP maintenance is contributed largely by synaptic insertion of AMPARs rather than the surface diffusion of exocytosed AMPARs from extrasynaptic to synaptic regions.
Factors associated with moderate sedation attendance at a university-based pediatric dental clinic.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To evaluate patient attendance for moderate sedation (MS) at a university-based pediatric dental clinic; to identify factors with negative impact on MS being completed and to assess for associations between no-show appointments and patient variables METHODS: The electronic health records of patients scheduled for MS appointments in a 22-month period were assessed by a single investigator. Demographic and clinical data related to appointment attendance and MS procedure performance were collected and statistically analyzed using chi-square, Spearman's rho correlation tests, and logistic regression (p < 0.05) RESULTS: A total of 618 scheduled MS appointments were included. The MS appointment no-show-rate was 17.1 percent. Appointment confirmation (p = 0.001) and dmft score ≥ 9 (p = 0.039) had positive correlation with attendance, while "no-shows" history (p = 0.024) and longer waiting time (p = 0.040) had negative impact on attendance. About 20% of attended MS were not completed, with main reasons of airway risk (32.3%), ongoing illness (28.4%), and violation of NPO guidelines (21.5%). Race, ethnicity, language spoken, child's behavior, and distance traveled had no significant impact on attendance CONCLUSION: Interventions to decrease non-attendance rates should target patients who are unconfirmed, have a history of no-show appointments, and are scheduled well before the sedation appointment.
Jesuits and Jews, and the way we dare to think: A Jesuit’s reflections on James Bernauer’s Jesuit Kaddish:

This essay explores James Bernauer’s Jesuit Kaddish as an extended reflection on the centuries-long troubled relationship between Jesuits and Jews, with attention to egregious instances of moral fa...
The primacy of communality in humanization

Abstract Ascribing and denying humanity has profound consequences, often leading to devastating outcomes (e.g., violence, genocide). As such, understanding what, exactly, makes “someone human” becomes imperative. In this paper, we leverage the ubiquitous Big Two dimensions of social perception (agency and communality) to examine the process of humanization. In five studies (N = 1900), we find that the “Big Two” dimensions—agency (assertiveness, competence) and communality (warmth, kindness)—predict humanization, and critically, we show the primacy of communality in this process. We find that communality takes primacy in humanization when anthropomorphizing, describing an alien species, or ascribing humanness to real-world social targets (Studies 1–3); it is only for contexts where, or targets for whom, agency is particularly relevant that agency predicts humanization (Studies 4–5). We conclude with implications for research on (de)humanization, mind-perception, and social-perception.
Systemic artery--pulmonary vein fistulas, congenital and acquired left to left shunt.

Abstract Fistulas from systemic arteries to the pulmonary vein may be congenital or acquired. Hemodynamically significant left to left shunts are associated with a continuous murmur, bounding peripheral pulses and left ventricular enlargement. Clinically they may be indistinguishable from left to right shunts into the pulmonary artery. Atypical location of the continuous murmur, lack of evidence of increased pulmonary flow and evidence of localized lesions in pulmonary parenchyma should lead to a suspicion that a left to left shunt is present. At cardiac catheterization left to left shunts are not associated with increased oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery and may be clearly outlined with the use of arteriography. Two cases are presented, 1 representing a congenital and the other an acquired left to left shunt.
Protein-sulfenic acid stabilization and function in enzyme catalysis and gene regulation

Sulfenic acids (R-SOH) result from the stoichiometric oxidations of thiols with mild oxidants such as H2O2; in solution, however, these derivatives accumulate only transiently due to rapid self-condensation reactions, further oxidations to the sulfinic and/or sulfonic acids, and reactions with nucleophiles such as R-SH. In contrast, oxidations of cysteinyl side chains in proteins, where disulfide bond formation can be prevented and where the reactivity of the nascent cysteine-sulfenic acid (Cys-SOH) can be controlled, have previously been shown to yield stable active-site Cys-SOH derivatives of papain and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. More recently, however, functional Cys-SOH residues have been identified in the native oxidized forms of the FAD-containing NADH peroxidase and NADH oxidase from Streptococcus faecalis; these two proteins constitute a new class within the flavoprotein disulfide reductase family. In addition, Cys-SOH derivatives have been suggested to play important roles in redox regulation of the DNA-binding activities of transcription factors such as Fos and Jun, OxyR, and bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 protein. Structural inferences for the stabilization of protein-sulfenic acids, drawn from the refined 2.16-A structure of the streptococcal NADH peroxidase, provide a molecular basis for understanding the proposed redox functions of these novel cofactors in both enzyme catalysis and transcriptional regulation.
Economic Policy Uncertainty and Exchange Rate Volatility

This paper investigates the impact of general economic and economic policy uncertainty on exchange rate volatility for ten industrial and emerging economies since 1990. The results in this paper suggest that home and US economic policy uncertainty directly increase exchange rate volatility for some of the currencies examined. For the more integrated industrial economies, there is strong evidence that both home-country and US economic policy uncertainty increase currency volatility during bad economic times. For the less integrated emerging economies, only home-country economic policy uncertainty increases exchange rate volatility during bad economic times. General economic uncertainty also increases exchange rate volatility, but its impact is generally smaller than that of economic policy uncertainty. Given that previous research has found a negative relationship between exchange rate volatility and economic activity, these results suggest that economic policy uncertainty can negatively affect economic performance.
From Farming to Development: Urban Coalitions in Pune, India

In an increasingly global India, an agricultural community in Pune, Maharashtra wasfaced with losing farmland to urbanization and devised an unusual solution. Poolingtheir land together, these farmers leveraged their social and political networks to takeadvantage of the changing economic climate in Pune and built a mixed-use township ontheir 400 acres of farmland. They formed alliances with other stakeholders, bothinternally within the agricultural community and externally at the city and state levels.This case study highlights the significance of ad-hoc coalitions in the power and politicsof urban processes in an Indian city. These coalitions have emerged as a result of apolitical power and leadership vacuum in Indian cities in the face of the changing focusand priorities of national and regional governments as well as a growing gap in urbanservice provision
Microbiological Treatment of Radioactive Wastes

A major national concern is the remediation of contaminated materials, soils, and water as well as disposal of wastes containing radionuclides and toxic metals safely and economically. Large volumes of wastes containing toxic metals and radionuclides are generated by nuclear- and/or fossil-fueled power plants, the metal fabrication industries, and by facilities producing nuclear weapons. New innovative treatment and remediation technologies are needed because the problem is pervasive. Options for microbiological treatment include stabilization, or the removal and recovery of the contaminants. Stabilization means that the radionuclides and toxic metals are converted chemically or biologically to an insoluble form which is stable in the environment. For decontamination, both metal and radionuclide must be removed and recovered from the contaminated site, so that the site is restored. Stabilizing and reducing the mass of the radionuclides and toxic metals contained in such wastes would facilitate their disposal.
Immunohistochemistry of Melanocytic Proliferations

Abstract Context.—Histologic analysis allows accurate classification of most melanocytic lesions as benign or malignant. Only in a minority of lesions is it necessary to use other techniques as an aid in the diagnosis. Among them, most authors recommend immunohistochemistry. Objective.—To describe how to apply immunohistochemistry to particular differential diagnoses and the potential pitfalls. Data Sources.—Personal experience and review of literature. Conclusions.—here is no single marker, or combination thereof, that establishes an unequivocal diagnosis of melanoma or nevus. Thus it is necessary to carefully analyze the pattern of expression (patchy versus diffuse) and localization (maturation) in the context of morphologic standard features.
FULL-TERM TWIN PREGNANCY FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF ENDOMETRIAL TUBERCULOSIS.

and Brack reported 3 cases of solid “lymphoma” of the vulvourethral area collected in 20 years. In the same period there were 4 cases of sarcoma, 5 cases of malignant melanomas, and 50 cases of carcinoma of the vulva.lO In 1955 Buckingham and McClure? reported a case of vulvar reticulum cell sarcoma and referred to one other case. In 1958 Hahn4 reported a case of Hodgkin’s disease, which presented as a solid tumor and apparently originated in a Bartholin gland. He refers to Tat&g’@ case, reported in 1937, as the only other case of vulvar Hodgkin’s disease in the world literature. However, in the original report by Taussig that tumor was classified as a lymphosarcoma. We have found no reports of ulcerating cutaneous Hodgkin’s disease of the vulva. A case of ulcerating cutaneous Hodgkin’s granuloma of the vulva has been presented. This was the only skin lesion in a patient whose disease was in almost complete remission at the time of its appearance. It responded minimally to x-ray therapy. I wish to thank Drs. J. Shanberge, H. Lopas, and F. Rubovits for their assistance in the preparation of this report.
Hamiltonian mean field model: Effect of network structure on synchronization dynamics

The Hamiltonian mean field model of coupled inertial Hamiltonian rotors is a prototype for conservative dynamics in systems with long-range interactions. We consider the case where the interactions between the rotors are governed by a network described by a weighted adjacency matrix. By studying the linear stability of the incoherent state, we find that the transition to synchrony begins when the coupling constant $K$ is inversely proportional to the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix. We derive a closed system of equations for a set of local order parameters to study the effect of network heterogeneity on the synchronization of the rotors. When $K$ is just beyond the transition to synchronization, we find that the degree of synchronization is highly dependent on the network's heterogeneity, but that for large $K$ the degree of synchronization is robust to changes in the degree distribution. Our results are illustrated with numerical simulations on Erd\"os-Renyi networks and networks with power-law degree distributions.
Synthesis and characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid mesoporous silica materials with new templates

1-Hexadecane-3-methylimidazolium bromide and 1-hexadecane-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide were used as new templates for the syntheses of periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) materials; using these new templates, ethane-bridged PMO materials were successfully synthesized and characterized under basic conditions.
Catalytic Antibodies (Abzymes), Synthetic

Catalytic antibodies have emerged as powerful tools for the chemical biologist, enabling the design and realization of specific catalysis for a wide range of chemical reactions. Catalytic antibodies are grounded upon transition state theory and envisioned as programmable mimics of enzyme catalysis. Affinity maturation of the immune response for a small-molecule hapten elicits binding site complementarity within an antibody that facilitates chemical catalysis. The evolution of hapten design strategies for chemical catalysis is presented, including the transition state analog approach, strain-induced hapten design, “bait-and-switch,” and “reactive immunization.” The range and scope of antibody catalysis is examined by reaction class, highlighting structural and mechanistic investigations to explore the roots of chemical catalysis by these designer biocatalysts. Recently, antibodies, regardless of disposition or origin, have been shown to catalyze the oxidation of water, equipping the antibody with a mechanism for antigen decomposition. These recent developments are presented along with the utilization of this pathway in the oxidative degradation of a commonly abused drug. The achievements in antibody catalysis have enriched our scientific understanding of chemical catalysis, particularly by biological molecules in aqueous systems. However, realizing more operative rate enhancements on the same order as natural enzymes remains as the “holy grail” of this field.
Thymidylate synthetase from Diplococcus pneumoniae properties and inhibition by folate analogs

Thymidilate synthetase (methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase in crude extract from Diplococcus pneumoniae exhibits a partial but variable requirement for Mg2+ depending upon the buffer. Optimum Mg2+ concentration is between 0.014 and 0.02 M. The optimum pH for activity in a variety of buffers occurred as a broad peak between 7.0 and 7.7. In Tris/acetate buffer, but not in potassium phosphate buffer, the pH optimum was different in the presence and absence of Mg2+. Methylation of uridylate, cytidylate and deoxycytidylate could not be demonstrated over a pH range of 5.0–8.0. The enzyme exhibited an apparent Km for deoxyuridylate of 3.08 · 10−5 M and an apparent Km for l-(+)(−)-5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate of 2.66 · 10−4 M. During molecular-sieve chromatogrpahy and sucrose density-gradient centrifugation, the enzyme was detectable only as a single catalytically active form of Mr 34 000–38 000. 2,4-Diamino quinazoline antifolates were better competitive inhibitors (Ki = 3–8 · 10−6 M) of thymidylate synthetase than 2,4-diamino pteridines (Ki = 3 · 10−5 M). 2-Amino-4-hydroxy-quinazolines were the best inhibitors (Ki = 1.3–2.9 · 10−6 M). All of the 2,4-diamino quinazolines and pteridines inhibited dihydrofolate reductase from D. pneumoniae in a nearly stoichiometric fashion (Ki = < 10−10 M). The 2-amino-4-hydroxy-quinazolines were poor inhibitors of this enzyme (Ki = 10−5 M).
The lipooligosaccharides of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria

Lipooligosaccharides (LOSs) are the major glycolipids expressed on mucosal Gram-negative bacteria, including members of the genera Neisseria, Haemophilus, Bordetella, and Branhamella. They can also be expressed on some enteric bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains. LOS is analogous to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in other Gram-negative families. LOSs share similar lipid A structures with an identical array of functional activities as LPSs. LOSs lack O-antigen units with the LOS oligosaccharide structures limited to 10 saccharide units. The LOS species of pathogenic Neisseria can play a major role in pathogenesis through enhancing the resistance of the organism to killing by normal human serum. Other distinguishing characteristics of LOS are the structural and antigenic similarity of some LOS species to human glycolipids and the potential for certain LOSs to be modified in vivo by host substances or secretions. These modifications of LOS in different environments of the host result in synthesis of new LOS structures that probably benefit the survival of the pathogen. The LOS of N. gonorrhoeae can act as a ligand of human receptors, promoting invasion of host cells. It is becoming clearer that LOSs are crucial factors in the pathogenesis of bacteria that express them.
Morphology, mineralogy and chemistry of hydrothermal deposits from the TAG area, 26°N Mid-Atlantic Ridge☆

Abstract Metalliferous hydrothermal deposits have been observed and sampled by submersible from the TAG Hydrothermal Field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 26°N. The deposits include surficial metal-rich staining on the surface of carbonate ooze deposits over considerable areas of the sea floor as well as discrete massive layered deposits. The latter include hydrothermal precipitates of Fe-silicate (nontronite), Mn-oxide (birnessite) and Fe-oxide (amorphous). The deposits range in size from less than 1 m to ∼ 15 m × 20 m. The composition and morphology of individual deposits varies from thick laminated crystalline birnessite precipitates, through Fe-rich tubular vents, to loose earthy birnessite, nontronite or amorphous Fe-oxide interlayered deposits. Fractionation and crystallinity are presumably controlled by local Eh conditions and the hydrodynamics of circulation in the upper crust. They are presumed to represent deposition from low-temperature hydrothermal solutions which had originally reacted with basaltic oceanic crust at depth at high temperature and had precipitated metal-rich sulfides within the crust. Occasional short-duration high-temperature black-smoker-type venting is inferred to have occurred based upon CuFeZn-rich layers in the sediments and observations of clam shells in bottom photographs.
Leukocyte Adhesion: What's the Catch?

A recent study shows that the leukocyte adhesion molecules known as selectins form 'catch' bonds, the dissociation rate of which decreases with increasing applied force. The ability of selectins to switch between catch and slip bonds, where dissociation increases with force, can explain the shear threshold effect, in which leukocyte adhesion goes through a maximum with increasing shear rate.
Crossover from dynamic towards static line broadening in the classical mechanical vibrational photon echo

Abstract The vibrational echo measurement probes the time scales of dephasing processes that underlie a linear infrared absorption spectrum. We present calculations of the classical mechanical vibrational echo signal for a solvated anharmonic oscillator. The classical mechanical echo observable is shown to reveal the crossover towards static line broadening with the increase of solute anharmonicity, solvent time scale, or solute–solvent coupling strength.
Lagwise dynamic analysis of a variable speed rotor

Abstract An aeroelastic simulation of a variable speed rotor in forward flight is conducted to investigate its dynamic characteristics in steady and transient states. The system equations of motion are derived based on the generalized force formulation by using Hamiltonʼs principle. The periodic and transient aeroelastic responses of a four bladed stiff in-plane rotor are analyzed to investigate the loads transfer phenomenon in the lagwise direction. The transient lagwise moment increases sharply during the 2/rev resonance crossing. This high transient load in rotating frame is not transferred to the fixed frame. Flap motion has vital contribution to the periodic and transient lagwise loads. The 1/rev flapping motion in the rotating frame can excite the 4/rev rotor torque in the fixed frame due to the Coriolis force. The faster the blade crosses the resonance area, the smaller the transient lagwise loads and the higher the rotor torque. For the dissimilar rotor with 5% reduction of one blade mass at 60% to 70% rotor radius, the unbalanced 2/rev lag moment in the rotating frame is transferred to the fixed frame as the 2/rev rotor torque. Increasing blade lag critical damping from 1% to 5% can reduce the peak–peak lagwise root bending moment by 64.9%, and the rotor torque is reduced to the level without dissimilarity. The dynamics of a stiffer rotor during the 4/rev resonance crossing is also addressed.
Techniques for determining the efficacy of treatment of osteoporosis

Each of the presently available noninvasive methods used to determine the nature and degree of changes in skeletal mass has significant advantages and limitations. Dual photon absorptiometric techniques generally have a very low radiation dose. They are also less expensive to construct than other systems. However, they provide information only on a highly localized portion of the axial skeleton. Computed tomography offers significant potential advantages over other techniques, but requires further work for the solution of inherent technical problems. Similarly, considerable additional work is required for the Compton scattering technique; the technical problems associated with this are even more formidable. Neutron activation analysis permits the direct in vivo measurement of total calcium content of the body and hence, skeletal mass. However, while there is vast clinical and research experience with partial body and total body neutron activation, the techniques are generally not routinely available for application in clinical centers. The question as to whether DPA of the spine, or total body calcium measurement best reflects changes in bone mass after therapy has not been resolved.
Anderson localization with correlated disorder

Abstract We consider a tight-binding Hamiltonian on a three-dimensional simple cubic lattice with constant nearest-neighbor hopping matrix elements and short-range correlated diagonal disorder. Using numerical finite-size scaling techniques we show that the localization threshold is independent of the amount of correlation.
Stimulation of mitotic activity in rat bone marrow and thymus by exogenous adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP).

Abstract The intraperitoneal injection of adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), or its dibutyryl derivative, into rats increased the number of bone marrow and thymus cells which entered mitosis during the first 6 h following administration. This stimulatory action was observed both in the presence and absence of the mitotic blocking agent, Colcemid. However, the mitogenic activity of these nucleotides was limited to doses between 4 and 6 mg/kg; 5 mg/kg was the most effective dose. The ability of cyclic AMP to increase the flow of cells into mitosis supports the view that this cyclic nucleotide is an intracellular initiator of cell proliferation in lymphoid and haematopoietic tissue.
Recent developments in chemical characterization with MeV ion beams

A multitude of ion-atom interactions are induced with projectiles of E≥0.1 MeV/nucleon. Analytical techniques derived from these include particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), charged particle activation analysis (CPAA), prompt nuclear reactions (PNR), and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). Among their features are broad elemental coverage (PIXE), subnanogram sensitivity (PIXE, CPAA), isotopic specificity (CPAA, PNR), and depth resolution (RBS, PNR). A limiting requirement with each technique is the need for high intensity ion beams. Novel approaches seek now to obtain analytical information with very small numbers of bombarding ions. Sample integrity is then maintained; moreover, they can be delivered in a microbeam (diameter ≤ 5 mm). A phenomenon which under these conditions provides useful analytical information is the particle induced desorption of molecular fragments. Thus, microscopic chemical analysis can be achieved with a small number ( 50%); (b) mass spectrometry on microspots (diameter of a few μm) is feasible; (c) < 106 atoms can be detected. Further capabilities of ion beams for minute, detailed, and comprehensive chemical characterization remain to be explored.
The impact of physical and economic abuse on maternal mental health and parenting

Abstract Using the first four waves of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), this article examined the long-term impact of intimate partner violence (IPV) on maternal depression and parenting. Findings from multivariate logistic regressions demonstrated that economic and psychological abuse at Year 1 had significant effects on the likelihood of mothers experiencing depression and spanking their children at Year 5. Psychological abuse experiences at Year 1 had a significant effect on the level of engagement with their children at Year 5. However, experiences of physical violence at Year 1 did not significantly impact mothers' depression or parenting. In addition, the results indicated that both the level and change of economic abuse increased the odds of mothers experiencing depression at Year 5. Similarly, both the level and change of psychological abuse decreased the odds of mothers engaging with their children at Year 5. Finally, the level of economic and psychological abuse at Year 1 increased the odds of the use of spanking in Year 5. These results suggest that there are long-term effects of economic and psychological abuse on mothers' depression and parenting and that more research is needed to understand the impact of abuse, specifically of economic abuse, among families that are victims of interpersonal violence.
Subjective pictorial information and visual search

Color pictures were subdivided into 70 I1/4” square “jig-saw” sections. The individual sections were rated by observers in terms of their apparent informational contribution to the entire picture. The concept of apparent information must have some basis in our culture because large differences in ratings were assigned to the sections. The sections were then employed in visual search tests. Errors and search times tended to be lowest for pictorial segments of the highest-rated apparent information.
Text extraction from scene images by character appearance and structure modeling

In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm to detect text information from natural scene images. Scene text classification and detection are still open research topics. Our proposed algorithm is able to model both character appearance and structure to generate representative and discriminative text descriptors. The contributions of this paper include three aspects: (1) a new character appearance model by a structure correlation algorithm which extracts discriminative appearance features from detected interest points of character samples; (2) a new text descriptor based on structons and correlatons, which model character structure by structure differences among character samples and structure component co-occurrence; and (3) a new text region localization method by combining color decomposition, character contour refinement, and string line alignment to localize character candidates and refine detected text regions. We perform three groups of experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm, including text classification, text detection, and character identification. The evaluation results on benchmark datasets demonstrate that our algorithm achieves the state-of-the-art performance on scene text classification and detection, and significantly outperforms the existing algorithms for character identification.
Stability, Energetics, and Magnetic States of Cobalt Adatoms on Graphene

We investigate the stability and electronic properties of single Co atoms on graphene with near-exact many-body calculations. A frozen-orbital embedding scheme was combined with auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo calculations to increase the reach in system sizes. Several energy minima are found as a function of the distance $h$ between Co and graphene. Energetics only permit the Co atom to occupy the top site at $h=2.2\text{ }\text{ }\AA{}$ in a high-spin $3{d}^{8}4{s}^{1}$ state, and the van der Waals region at $h=3.3\text{ }\text{ }\AA{}$ in a high-spin $3{d}^{7}4{s}^{2}$ state. The findings provide an explanation for recent experimental results with Co on free-standing graphene.
Is adjuvant hypofractionated radiotherapy appropriate for elderly patients with breast cancer

Is adjuvant hypofractionated radiotherapy appropriate for elderly patients with breast cancer?
Relapse of anterior open bites treated with orthodontic appliances with and without orofacial myofunctional therapy.

Introduction Closure and long-term retention of anterior open bites are significant concerns for orthodontists and their patients. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) for maintaining closure of open bites in conjunction with orthodontic treatment. Methods The sample included 76 subjects with dental anterior open bites referred for OMT before, during, or after relapse of orthodontic treatment. The experimental cohort consisted of 27 subjects who received OMT and orthodontic treatment or retreatment. The control cohort comprised 49 subjects who had a history of orthodontic treatment with open-bite relapse. Overbite was evaluated by an OMT professional or orthodontist 2 months to 23 years after removal of the fixed appliances. Measurements were compared with t tests. Results Overbite relapse means were 0.5 mm (range, 0.0-4.0 mm) in the experimental group and 3.4 mm (range, 1.0-7.0 mm) in the control group, a difference that was clinically and statistically significant ( P Conclusions This study demonstrated that OMT in conjunction with orthodontic treatment was highly effective in maintaining closure of anterior open bites compared with orthodontic treatment alone.
EOSN - A new TOUGH2 module for simulating transport of noble gases in the subsurface

Noble gases widely exist in nature, and except for radon, they are stable. Modern techniques can detect noble gases to relatively low concentrations and with great precision. These factors suggest that noble gases can be useful tracers for subsurface characterization. Their applications, however, require an appropriate transport model for data analyses. A new fluid property module, EOSN, was developed for TOUGH2 to simulate transport of noble gases in the subsurface. Currently any of five different noble gases (except radon) as well as CO{sub 2} can be selected, two at a time. For the two selected gas components, the Crovetto et al. (1982) model is used to calculate the Henry's law coefficients; and the Reid et al. (1987) correlation is used to calculate the gas phase diffusivities. Like most other sister modules, TOUGH2/EOSN can simulate nonisothermal multiphase flow and fully coupled transport in fractured porous media. Potential applications of the new module include, but are not limited to: (a) study of different reservoir processes such as recharge, boiling, condensation, and fracture-matrix fluid exchange; (b) characterization of reservoir geometry such as fracture spacing; and (c) analysis of CO{sub 2} sequestration.
Generic Bifurcation of Steady-State Solutions

Brunovsky and Chow [ 1 ] have recently proved that for a generic C2 function with the Whitney topology, the “time map” r(.,f) (see [4]) associated with the differential equation U” +f(u) = 0 with homogeneous Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions, is a Morse function. In this note we give a simpler proof of this result as well as some new applications. Our method of proof is quite elementary, uses only Sard’s theorem and the implicit function theorem for functions in C’(lF?‘, R), and avoids the use of transversality in function spaces. An annoying difficulty that one has to face is that the domain of T varies with f: We get around this by constructing a continuous function H(f) which, if positive, implies that T is a Morse function. Thus our task is to prove that the set off with H(f) > 0 is generic. Of course, openness is trivial. To prove the denseness, we take anyf, perturb it by a monomial CU”, and consider the map 8: (u, c) + T’(u,p), wherej(u) =f(u) + CU”. We show that 0 is a regular value of 0 by checking explicitly that the relevant derivative has the form ~ln + b, where a # 0, and b is bounded. Thus for large n, the linear term dominates and this yields the density statement. One consequence of this result is that iff(u) M, then there are a finite number of (positive) stationary solutions of the equation U, = u,, +f(u), with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions and, generically, we can completely describe all solutions of this partial differential equation.
Superfluid 3 He-B in a realistic thin film. Gap and critical current

We examine3He-B confined to a thin film on a rough substrate with a freestanding upper surface by using quasiclassical techniques. First, the dependence of the gap on surface roughness, film width, and boundary condition formulation is examined in detail for the current-free state. The evaluation is conducted using both the “Randomly Rippled Wall” and the “Thin Dirty Layer” surface models in order to compare them. Second, the current bearing state for a submicron film resting on a rough substrate is calculated using the “Thin Dirty Layer” surface model. Several unusual and previously unreported features appear in both cases. Numerical estimates of the critical current densities are in favorable agreement with corresponding experiments.
Intercellular Communication and the Control of Tissue Growth: Lack of Communication between Cancer Cells

EVIDENCE for direct cell-to-cell communication is now available for a wide variety of epithelial tissues1–4. At the surfaces of cell contact (junctional surfaces), the cell membranes in these tissues are normally so permeable that many cellular ions and molecules may diffuse rather freely from one cell interior to the next. This report deals with the question of whether cellular communication of this kind is involved in the control of tissue growth.
Foxp3 expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphocytic infiltrates.

Background: The primary function of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) is to regulate the function and proliferation of immunologically responsive T cells; the transcription factor Foxp3 is expressed by this cell populace and is held to be the standard marker for Treg cells. Design: A variety of cutaneous T-cell lymphocytic infiltrates were evaluated for Foxp3 expression. Results: Of the 95 cases, 33 (35%) were reactive, 40 (42%) were prelymphomatous cutaneous T-cell dyscrasia and 22 were (23%) T-cell lymphoma. The reactive category included dermatomyositis, lupus erythematosus, hypersensitivity reactions and graft-vs.-host disease. The prelymphomatous dyscrasia category was represented chiefly by pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC) and pigmented purpuric dermatosis (PPD). The Foxp3 reactivity was less than 10% for cases of dermatomyositis and lupus erythematosus, 23% for hypersensitivity cases, 0% for graft-vs.-host disease, 16% for the dyscrasias and 11% for the lymphomas. Intermediate grade and aggressive lymphomas had very few Foxp3+ cells (< 5%). There were fewer numbers of Foxp3+ T cells in the monoclonal variants of PLC and PPD. Conclusions: T-reg cells may play a role in controlling the extent of T-cell proliferations in the skin with a lack of T-regulatory function permissive to the development of various T-cell disorders.
Suppression of sprouting at the neuromuscular junction by immune sera

Injury of afferent motor axons or pathological loss of motoneurones from the spinal cord causes the remaining axons within a muscle to sprout and to reinnervate the denervated muscle fibres. Sprouting occurs at two sites along intramuscular axons, at nodes of Ranvier (nodal sprouting) and at the neuromuscular junction (terminal sprouting)1,2. Terminal sprouting is also produced by treatment with botulinum toxin and by other agents that render muscle inactive3–7. The muscle probably provides a signal for terminal sprouting as restoration of muscle activity by direct electrical stimulation prevents sprouting8–10. Such a signal might be a local change on the muscle fibre surface or a ‘soluble’ sprouting factor2,4, although the failure to induce terminal sprouting in one muscle by denervating adjacent muscles argues against the latter hypothesis11–13. I now report that rabbit antisera against a 56,000 (56K)-molecular weight protein secreted by denervated rat muscle suppress botulinum toxin-induced terminal sprouting in the mouse gluteus muscle. An immune response against this protein has also been detected in serum of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a disease in which loss of motoneurones from the spinal cord is not accompanied by the degree of sprouting and reinnervation seen in other motoneurone diseases14.
Grading the Severity of Obstruction in Mixed Obstructive-Restrictive Lung Disease

Background The severity of obstructive pulmonary disease is determined by the FEV1 % predicted based on the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) guidelines. In patients with coexisting restrictive lung disease, the decrease in FEV1 can overestimate the degree of obstruction. We hypothesize that adjusting the FEV1 for the decrease in total lung capacity (TLC) results in a more appropriate grading of the severity of obstruction. Methods We examined a large pulmonary function test database and identified patients with both restrictive (TLC Results We identified 199 patients with coexisting restrictive and obstructive lung disease. By ATS/ERS grading, the unadjusted data categorized 76% of patients as having severe or very severe obstruction and 11% as having mild or moderate obstruction. The adjusted data classified 33% with severe or very severe obstruction and 44% with mild or moderate obstruction. Of the corrected values, 83% resulted in a change to less severe obstruction by ATS/ERS guidelines, and 44% and 70% of patients, respectively, would be reclassified as having less severe obstruction by current asthma and COPD guidelines. Conclusions This method results in a more appropriate distribution of severity of obstruction, which should lead to more accurate treatment of obstruction in these patients.
Examining the North American Free Trade Agreement at 20: Foundations, Appraisal, and Future

On January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) united the economies of Canada, the United States, and Mexico, creating what has become a $19 trillion regional market with around 470 million consumers by today's standards. The distinction of NAFTA from other international pacts and trade agreements centers on its uniqueness as the first comprehensive free trade agreement, joining the economies of two developed nations to a developing one, ultimately achieving broader and deeper market inroads than any other international trade agreement before. Over the past two decades, however, NAFTA has been equally lauded and criticized. This research performs a qualitative analysis of objective formal reports and publications, as well as informal writings, to produce a work that reviews the strengths and weaknesses of NAFTA at 20 with a strong emphasis on the geographical implications of the free trade agreement, such as NAFTA's impact on the U.S. border regions with Mexico and Canada. The article...
Metrology using differential phase contrast microscopy

Abstract By the use of simple algorithms and measurement techniques, we attempt to demonstrate the use of two differential phase contrast techniques for measurement of micron and sub-micronfeatures in several different structures representative of those used in the semiconductor industry. The technique makes use of a scanning laser interference microscope (SLIM) operating in one of two modes. The first mode uses a segmented detector placed in the Fourier plane of the microscope objective. The second mode is a differential detector scheme using a Nomarski-like optical system. Both offer the benefits of high speed video rate scanning and highly automated operation with near shot noise limited detection.
Posttraumatic growth in Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.

Abstract Objective A growing body of research has examined the prevalence and correlates of psychopathology, mild traumatic brain injury, and related problems in Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF-OIF). While these studies help characterize the deleterious effects of combat, no known study has examined factors that may enhance posttraumatic growth or positive changes experienced as a result of combat in this population. Method A total of 272 predominantly older Reservist/National Guard OEF-OIF Veterans completed an anonymous mail survey that assessed combat exposure, psychopathology, psychosocial functioning, social support, and posttraumatic growth. Results Seventy-two percent of the sample endorsed a significant degree of posttraumatic growth in at least one of the areas assessed, the most common of which were changing priorities about what is important in life (52.2%), being able to better appreciate each day (51.1%), and being better able to handle difficulties (48.5%). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that younger age, greater posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and increased perceptions of unit member support and effort/perseverance were significantly associated with posttraumatic growth. Respondents with PTSD scored higher on an overall measure of posttraumatic growth and on items reflecting appreciation of life and personal strength. Limitations This study is limited by a relatively low survey return rate and employment of an abbreviated measure of posttraumatic growth. Conclusions Results of this study suggest that interventions to bolster unit member support and to enhance perceptions of effort and perseverance may help promote posttraumatic growth in OEF-OIF Veterans.
Irving Page Lecture: 5-HT2A serotonin receptor biology: Interacting proteins, kinases and paradoxical regulation

Abstract 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT 2A ) serotonin receptors are important pharmacological targets for a large number of central nervous system and peripheral serotonergic medications. In this review article I summarize work mainly from my lab regarding serotonin receptor anatomy, pharmacology, signaling and regulation. I highlight the role of serotonin receptor interacting proteins and the emerging paradigm of G-protein coupled receptor functional selectivity.
Computational Methods for Identification and Feedback Control in Structures with Piezoceramic Actuators and Sensors

In this article we present fundamental existence, uniqueness, and continuous de pendence results (well-posedness) for a variational formulation of a class of damped second order partial differential equations with unbounded input or control coefficients. Included as special cases in this class are structures with piezoceramic actuators. We then consider approximation techniques leading to computational methods in the context of both parameter estimation and feedback control problems for these systems. Rigorous convergence results for parameter estimates and feedback gains are presented along with computational examples illustrating these methods.
Energy Migration and Isotopic Effects in Irradiated Solids at Low Temperature

Energy migration to impurity molecules of hydrogen and methane trapped in solid matrices of argon and krypton at low temperature is shown to occur. The solid containing the impurity molecules in minute quantities was irradiated at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from ${\mathrm{Co}}^{60}$, and the free radicals produced by dissociation of impurity molecules were measured from the intensity of their electron spin resonance signals. For concentrations of 0.001 mole fraction of C${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ in A or Kr, over 500 times as many molecules of C${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ were dissociated as would be expected from the same quantity of pure C${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ given the same exposure dose. It is concluded that the dissociation of the dilute impurity is produced almost wholly by the energy absorbed by the matrix and transferred to the impurity molecules. In the mixed isotopic species---HC${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$C${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$CD---it is shown from the relative strength of the ESR signals of H and D atoms that the C-H bond has about 5 times greater probability of being broken by the migrating energy than has a given C-D in the same molecule. This large isotopic effect is attributed to the more rapid escape of H over D from the parent molecule within the lattice.
Pharmacological evaluation of a novel cannabinoid 2 (CB2) ligand, PF-03550096, in vitro and in vivo by using a rat model of visceral hypersensitivity

Previous studies have shown that cannabinoid 2 (CB(2))-receptor agonists might have analgesic effects on visceral hypersensitivity. To extend these results, we have determined the pharmacological characteristics of a newly designed CB(2) ligand, N-[(1S)-1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]-3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazole-1-carboxamide (PF-03550096), in vitro and in vivo. PF-03550096 showed high affinity to human (K(i) = 7.9 +/- 1.7 nM) and rat CB(2) receptors (K(i) = 47 +/- 5.6 nM). In a cell-based functional assay, PF-03550096 behaved as a full agonist and showed high selectivity for human CB(2) receptors. Orally administered PF-03550096 (3, 10 mg/kg) inhibited the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced decrease in colonic pain threshold with statistical significance. The inhibitory effect of PF-03550096 (10 mg/kg) was significantly reversed by a selective CB(2) antagonist, N-(1S)-endo-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl-5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1(4-methylbenzyl)-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR144528), while SR144528 itself did not modify colonic pain threshold. These results indicate that PF-03550096 is a potent CB(2) agonist and possesses efficacy in a rat model of visceral hypersensitivity.
Computer diagnosis of electrocardiograms. IV. A computer program for contour analysis with clinical results of rhythm and contour interpretation

Abstract The logic for the contour analysis programs and the results of a comparison of computer and physician diagnosis for over two thousand cases are described. A detailed breakdown of the patient population and nature of the errors made by the program is given. The effectiveness of the program as a screening tool is also considered.
Direct solid sample analysis using pressure regulated electrothermal atomization with atomic absorption spectrometry

The elements Ag, Cd, Cu, and V in coal fly ash have been analyzed directly using pressure regulated electrothermal atomization with atomic absorption spectrometry with a relative standard deviation of about 10%. One to four mg of fly ash were added directly to the furnace. A small amount of water was added on top of the sample before drying to prevent expulsion of the very fine particles during chamber evacuation. The methodologies have been verified using standard coal fly-ash (NIST 1633a), and results within the certified concentration range have been obtained. Standard curves from aqueous solutions can be used for the determination of volatile and moderately volatile elements, while the standard additions method was needed for refractory elements due to the analyte expulsion by the fly ash matrix.