cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of Spatial Autocorrelation Analyses for Marine Aquaculture Siting

Interest and growth in marine aquaculture is increasing around the world, and with it, advanced spatial planning approaches are needed to find suitable locations in an increasingly crowded ocean. Standard spatial planning approaches, such as a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), may be challenging and time consuming to interpret in heavily utilized ocean spaces. Spatial autocorrelation, a statistical measure of spatial dependence, may be incorporated into the planning framework, which provides objectivity and assistance with the interpretation of spatial analysis results. Here, two case studies highlighting applications of spatial autocorrelation analyses in the northeast region of the United States of America are presented. The first case study demonstrates the use of a Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) analysis within a relative site suitability analysis—a variant of a MCDA—for siting a mussel longline farm. This case study statistically identified 17% of the area as highly suitable for a mussel longline farm, relative to other locations in the area of interest. Use of a clear, objective, and efficient analysis provides improved confidence for industry, coastal managers, and stakeholders planning marine aquaculture. The second case study presents an incremental spatial autocorrelation analysis with Moran’s I that is performed on modeled and remotely sensed oceanographic data sets (e.g., chlorophyll a, sea surface temperature, and current speed). The results are used to establish a maximum area threshold for each oceanographic variable within the online decision support tool, OceanReports, which performs automated spatial analysis for a user-selected area (i.e., drawn polygon) of ocean space. These thresholds provide users guidance and summary statistics of relevant oceanographic information for aquaculture planning. These two case studies highlight practical uses and the value of spatial autocorrelation analyses to improve the siting process for marine aquaculture.
Glycaemic status during pregnancy and longitudinal measures of fetal growth in a multi-racial US population: a prospective cohort study

Summary Background The timepoint at which fetal growth begins to differ by maternal glycaemic status is not well understood. To address this lack of data, we examined gestational diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and early pregnancy glucose concentrations in relation to fetal growth trajectories. Methods This cohort study included 2458 pregnant women from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons study, which took place between 2009 and 2013. Women were recruited from 12 clinical centres in the USA. Women aged 18–40 years without major chronic conditions when entering pregnancy were included and those with records of neither glucose screening test or glucose tolerance test were excluded from the study. Women were enrolled at gestational weeks 8–13 and randomly assigned to four ultrasonogram schedules (Group A; weeks 16, 24, 30, 34; Group B: weeks 18, 26, 31, 35, 39; Group C: weeks 20, 28, 32, 36; Group D: weeks 22, 29, 33, 37, 41) to capture weekly fetal growth. Gestational diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and normal glucose tolerance were defined by medical record review. Glucose was measured in a subsample of women at weeks 10–14. We modelled fetal growth trajectories using linear mixed models with cubic splines. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT00912132 . Findings Of the 2458 women included in this study, 107 (4·4%) had gestational diabetes, 118 (4·8%) had impaired glucose tolerance, and 2020 (82·2%) had NGT. 213 women were excluded from the main analysis. The cohort with gestational diabetes was associated with a larger estimated fetal weight that started at week 20 and was significant at week 28–40 (at week 37: 3061 g [95% CI 2967–3164] for women with gestational diabetes vs 2943 g [2924–2962] for women with normal glucose tolerance, adjusted p=0·02). In addition, glucose levels at weeks 10–14 were positively associated with estimated fetal weight starting at week 23 and the association became significant at week 27 (at week 37: 3073 g [2983–3167] in the highest tertile vs 2853 g [2755–2955] in the lowest tertile, adjusted p=0·0009. Interpretation Gestational diabetes was associated with a larger fetal size that started at week 20 and became significant at gestational week 28. Efforts to mitigate gestational diabetes-related fetal overgrowth should start before 24–28 gestational weeks, when gestational diabetes is typically screened for in the USA. Funding National Institutes of Health.
Inherent Alienation of Labor and Work

In this chapter, I argue that alienation is inherently caused by labor and work, rather than their economic organization. To address alienation, people should move away from labor and work, including even creative work.
Muonium-antimuonium oscillations in effective field theory

Flavor violating processes in the lepton sector have highly suppressed branching ratios in the standard model, mainly due to the tiny neutrino mass. This means that observing a lepton flavor violation (LFV) in the next round of experiments would constitute a clear indication of physics beyond the standard model (BSM). We revisit a discussion of one possible way to search for LFV, muonium-antimuonium oscillations. This process violates the muon lepton number by two units and could be sensitive to the types of BSM physics that are not probed by other types of LFV processes. Using techniques of effective field theory, we calculate the mass and width differences of the mass eigenstates of muonium. We argue that its invisible decays give the parametrically leading contribution to the lifetime difference and put constraints on the scales of new physics probed by effective operators in muonium oscillations.
Effects of particle size reduction, pelleting, and extrusion on the nutritional value of ingredients and diets fed to pigs: A review

Abstract Particle size reduction, pelleting, and extrusion are feed processing technologies used to improve nutrient digestibility and achieve maximum pig growth performance. Particle size reduction may improve the digestibility of energy and nutrients. Digestibility of gross energy may be improved when the particle size is reduced in lupins, corn, soybean meal (SBM), field peas, barley, wheat, and sorghum. Reducing particle size in corn, sorghum, and wheat may also improve growth performance due to increased digestibility of nutrients. Particle size reduction may also reduce the production of short-chain fatty acids and improve dressing percentage. It has, however, been demonstrated that particle size reduction may result in development of ulcers and gastric keratinization. Pelleting is a hydrothermal technique that may improve palatability, reduce feed wastage, and modify structures of starch. Pelleting may improve the digestibility of gross energy in diets containing corn, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), sorghum, barley, wheat, and SBM. Digestibility of amino acids and pig growth performance may also be increased in diets containing corn, SBM, and DDGS. Extrusion may improve the digestibility of nutrients from diets containing peas, SBM, barley, corn, DDGS, sorghum, wheat, wheat bran, and potato starch. Growth performance was improved in weanling and growing-finishing pigs upon extrusion of diets containing chickpeas, wheat, or barley. However, extrusion of ingredients resulted in inconsistent effects on growth performance. Thus, more research is needed to address the impact of feed processing technologies on different diets. Optimum temperature and pressure for pelleting and extrusion of feed ingredients must also be addressed to maximize the beneficial effect of thermal treatments.
Thromboembolism risk of COVID-19 is high and associated with a higher risk of mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Background Studies have suggested that there is increased risk of thromboembolism (TE) associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, overall arterial and venous TE rates of COVID-19 and effect of TE on COVID-19 mortality is unknown. Methods We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating TE in COVID-19. We searched PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase for studies published up to June 12, 2020. Random effects models were used to produce summary TE rates and odds ratios (OR) of mortality in COVID-19 patients with TE compared to those without TE. Heterogeneity was quantified with I2. Findings Of 425 studies identified, 42 studies enrolling 8271 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Overall venous TE rate was 21% (95% CI:17–26%): ICU, 31% (95% CI: 23–39%). Overall deep vein thrombosis rate was 20% (95% CI: 13–28%): ICU, 28% (95% CI: 16–41%); postmortem, 35% (95% CI:15–57%). Overall pulmonary embolism rate was 13% (95% CI: 11–16%): ICU, 19% (95% CI:14–25%); postmortem, 22% (95% CI:16–28%). Overall arterial TE rate was 2% (95% CI: 1–4%): ICU, 5% (95%CI: 3–7%). Pooled mortality rate among patients with TE was 23% (95%CI:14–32%) and 13% (95% CI:6–22%) among patients without TE. The pooled odds of mortality were 74% higher among patients who developed TE compared to those who did not (OR, 1.74; 95%CI, 1.01–2.98; P = 0.04). Interpretation TE rates of COVID-19 are high and associated with higher risk of death. Robust evidence from ongoing clinical trials is needed to determine the impact of thromboprophylaxis on TE and mortality risk of COVID-19. Funding None.
Early Conversion to Aflibercept for Persistent Diabetic Macular Edema Results in Better Visual Outcomes and Lower Treatment Costs

Purpose To evaluate the functional and anatomic outcomes, as well as cost-effectiveness, of the timing of conversion to intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) in patients with treatment-resistant diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods Thirty consecutive eyes (25 patients) were identified that were treated with ≥3 intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) and/or ranibizumab (IVR) injections prior to treatment with ≥3 IVA injections. Eyes that received ≤6 IVB and/or IVR injections (early-switch) were compared to those that received ≥7 injections (late-switch) prior to conversion to IVA. Treatment effectiveness was measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). A micro-simulation model examined the impact of treatment duration on outcomes. Results Early- (n=18) and late- (n=12) switch eyes had similar vision prior to conversion to IVA. Despite improvements in retinal thickness, only the early-switch eyes maintained vision gains after conversion to IVA through the end of follow-up (p=0.027). Early switch saved $22,884/eye and produced an additional 0.027 QALYs. Conclusion Early conversion to IVA optimizes vision outcomes and results in lower overall treatment expenditures.
Pharmacokinetics and Dialytic Clearance of Apixaban During In Vitro Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

To evaluate the transmembrane clearance (CLTM) of apixaban during modeled in vitro continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), assess protein binding and circuit adsorption, and provide initial dosing recommendations. Apixaban was added to the CRRT circuit and serial pre-filter bovine blood samples were collected along with post-filter blood and effluent samples. All experiments were performed in duplicate using continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) and hemodialysis (CVVHD) modes, with varying filter types, flow rates, and point of CVVH replacement fluid dilution. Concentrations of apixaban and urea were quantified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for apixaban were estimated via noncompartmental analysis. CLTM was calculated via the estimated area under the curve (AUC) and by the product of the sieving/saturation coefficient (SC/SA) and flow rate. Two and three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) models were built to assess the effects of mode, filter type, flow rate, and point of dilution on CLTM by each method. Optimal doses were suggested by matching the AUC observed in vitro to the systemic exposure demonstrated in Phase 2/3 studies of apixaban. Linear regression was utilized to provide dosing estimations for flow rates from 0.5–5 L/h. Mean adsorption to the HF1400 and M150 filters differed significantly at 38 and 13%, respectively, while mean (± standard deviation, SD) percent protein binding was 70.81 ± 0.01%. Effect of CVVH point of dilution did not differ across filter types, although CLTM was consistently significantly higher during CRRT with the HF1400 filter compared to the M150. The three-way ANOVA demonstrated improved fit when CLTM values calculated by AUC were used (adjusted R2 0.87 vs. 0.52), and therefore, these values were used to generate optimal dosing recommendations. Linear regression revealed significant effects of filter type and flow rate on CLTM by AUC, suggesting doses of 2.5–7.5 mg twice daily (BID) may be needed for flow rates ranging from 0.5–5 L/h, respectively. For CRRT flow rates most commonly employed in clinical practice, the standard labeled 5 mg BID dose of apixaban is predicted to achieve target systemic exposure thresholds. The safety and efficacy of these proposed dosing regimens warrants further investigation in clinical studies.
Evaluation of the Thermodynamic Performance of Pulse Tubes

The thermodynamic performance of pulse tubes (PT) has been studied with emphasis on second law efficiencies and volume effects. The various pulse tube data of operation are compared to small Stirling coolers, characterized by a parameter set similar to the PT specifications. A modified “thermal shunt” model (modified “Bejan model”) is utilized for the comparison. The model predicts a small refrigeration load asymptote of the efficiency proportional to the load itself in partial agreement with pulse tube data.
Informing Adaptation under Booms and Busts

Leading employees to adapt to changing market conditions – e.g., increased competition or technological change – is an important concern for managers in many business situations. Insufficient adaptation may arise either because employees do not have the information necessary to adapt or because they are not sufficiently incentivized. This paper considers a contracting problem in which a principal is privately informed of market conditions and wants to induce an agent to choose the adaptive project that best fits these conditions. The contract plays a dual role in both motivating and informing the agent. Here, the principal faces a trade-off: A contract that reveals the market conditions fosters adaptation, but it may demotivate the agent. In a dynamic setting, the equilibrium contracts never fully reveal the market conditions, ultimately resulting in insufficient adaptation. My model predicts that adaptation will be ineffi- ciently delayed in booms but happen early in busts. Both cases exhibit organizational inertia and path-dependence: There is a tendency toward continuing old projects.
Modeling Volatility in Dynamic Term Structure Models

We propose no-arbitrage term structure models in which the volatility factors follow GARCH processes. The models’ tractability is similar to that of canonical affine term structure models, but they capture the conditional variances of yields much more accurately. We estimate a model with one volatility factor using Treasury yield data for 1971-2019. Relative to standard affine term structure models with stochastic volatility, the model improves the fit of yield volatility substantially, especially for long-maturity yields. This improvement does not come at the expense of a deterioration in yield fit. We conclude that the ability of no-arbitrage term structure models to extract and model conditional volatility critically depends on the specification of the volatility factors. Modeling volatility as a function of (lagged) squared innovations to factors improves on models where volatility is a linear function of the factors.
Computational sustainability meets materials science

Computational sustainability harnesses computing and artificial intelligence for human well-being and the protection of our planet. Materials science is central to many sustainability challenges. Exploiting synergies between computational sustainability and materials science advances both fields, furthering the ultimate goal of establishing a sustainable future.
The Chain-link Actuator: Exploiting the Bending Stiffness of McKibben Artificial Muscles to Achieve Larger Contraction Ratios

McKibben artificial muscles, comprised of an expandable bladder wrapped in a double-helix-braided sheath, have the ability to generate forces without restricting motion to occur exclusively along the direction of actuation. This makes them attractive for a variety of applications including soft, wearable, and biomimetic robots. Despite their advantages, the theoretical maximum contraction ratio of McKibben muscles is only 36.3\%, which restricts the range of motion of the systems they actuate. This work introduces a novel ‘chain-link actuator’ that exploits the bending stiffness of McKibben muscles to achieve contraction ratios of more than 50\%. A static model that captures the relationship between pressure, displacement, and force is presented and validated on several real chain-link actuator systems.
Do Democracy Clauses Matter? The Effects of Regional Integration Associations on Political Stability and Democratic Consolidation

This paper examines the mechanisms by which democracy clauses promote democracy and domestic political stability. It begins by noting that political instability in one country can have a negative spillover and impede the economic success of regional integration. Domestic political instability may also hinder cooperation among member states. Thus, domestic political stability is a collective good for regional integration organization (RIO) member states. Legalizing democratic conditionality helps member states to overcome collective action problems and equips RIOs with the necessary credibility, justification, and tools for intervention in member states’ domestic political affairs. In addition, RIOs deepen economic integration among member states, which in turn raises the stakes for the member states to collectively defend democratic institutions and inflates the costs of sanctions for countries under threat. We test the main arguments using data gathered for 40 RIOs in the world. The econometric analyses of RIO coup rates and democratic backsliding rates demonstrate that democracy clauses are indeed effective in preventing coups and backsliding within countries that are members of RIOs with such clauses. Moreover, an analysis of democratic gains indicates that democracy clauses are also effective in the promotion of democracy within RIO member states.
Bounding tandem queuing system performance with variational theory

Abstract Queuing models are often used for traffic analysis, but analytical results concerning a system of queues are rare, thanks to the interdependence between queues. In this paper, we present an analysis of queuing systems to obtain bounds of their performance without studying the details of individual queues. Queuing dynamics is formulated in continuous-time, subject to variations of demands and bottleneck capacities. Our analysis develops new techniques built on the closed-form solution to a generalized queuing model for a single bottleneck. Taking advantage of its variational structure, we derive the upper and lower bounds for the total queue length in a tandem bottleneck system and discuss its implication for the kinematic wave counterpart. Numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the appropriateness of the derived upper and lower bounds as approximations in a stochastic setting.
A quantitative method for measuring library user journal needs: a pilot study using CD plus MEDLINE usage statistics.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To develop a quantitative method for measuring library user journal needs based on an analysis of bibliographic search results. DESIGN: Retrospective bibliometric comparison of citation selections generated by users in the library. MEASURES: Number of times each journal was identified by library users during multiple bibliographic search sessions. RESULTS: Library users identified 4907 journal titles. The top 200 journal titles accounted for 55% of the library user journal needs. Of the 1380 unique titles identified, 652 were selected once. CONCLUSION: Our pilot study demonstrated that analysis of bibliographic search results can be used to identify library user journal needs. Such a method could also be used to estimate user requirements for online, full-text scientific journals.
An electrostatic MHD theory for helical instabilities of arc discharges

Summary form only given. An analytic linear study for "slow" magnetic helical instabilities of arc discharges in a cylindrical plasma is developed in this paper. Based on a set of electrostatic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations, we investigate "slow" m=1 helical modes with an external axial magnetic field. The stability analysis by the criterion obtained in this paper shows that the "slow" resistive-viscous helical instabilities are linearly stable in both long wave-length and short wave-length limits. These results are in agreement with numerical results. To the most dangerous instabilities with a wave-length of order of the length of a discharge arc, the helical mode are marginally stable. The theory shows that an external axial magnetic field can destabilize those helical modes. This result contradicts to ideal MHD "fast" kink mode theory with a growth rate much faster than the resistive viscous dissipation, such as the ideal MHD kink mode theory for tokamaks where a strong axial field stabilizes the mode, and the previous theory for electric furnace arc discharges. However helical instabilities generated by an axial external field are indeed observed in recent experiments.
Hot Electron Terahertz Oscillations in Graphene: Crater and Terraces in the Carrier Distribution Function

In graphene, after the electric field is turned-on, the ballistic acceleration of charge carriers up to the monochromatic optic phonon energy generates a back-and-forth motion of the whole distribution function between the zero point energy and the phonon energy. This effect is predicted to manifest in damped terahertz oscillations of the carrier drift velocity and average energy. The most dramatic feature of this transient phenomenon is the onset of momentum-free areas surrounded by high momentum probability in phase space, and smooth steps or terraces in the distribution function. This dynamical effect that only takes place within a voltage and sample length window, is the direct consequence of the interplay between the electric force and the randomizing nature of deformation potential optic phonons in the linear band structure of graphene.
Expression of Apoptosis-Related Genes in Human Oocytes and Embryos

Purpose: The objective was to study whether apoptosis occurs in human embryogenesis. Methods: Human viable, arrested, and nonviable embryos and immature, and nonfertilized oocytes donated by our patients were used to detect apoptosis by Tunel labeling, annexin staining, and single-cell reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: DNA fragmentation and phosphotidylserine translocation, the two markers for apoptosis, were detected frequently in fragmented human embryos derived from in vitro fertilization–embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Using RT-PCR, apoptotic genes also were detected in these embryos. The frequencies of gene expression in viable embryos, arrested embryos, nonviable embryos, immature oocytes, and nonfertilized oocytes were: 7/8, 5/5, 5/6, 0/6, 0/3, for Bax; 8/8, 5/5, 7/7, 0/4, 0/5 for Fas; 2/8, 0/2, 0/3, 0/5, 0/3 for BCL-2; 0/8, 1/3, 0/2, 0/3, 0/2 for Fas-ligand; and 8/8, 17/17, 21/21, 24/24, 15/15 for actin, respectively. Conclusions: Our preliminary data did not show a significant difference in the expression frequency of all studied genes between viable embryos and nonviable or arrested embryos. However, the expression of Bax and Fas was noticeably higher in nonviable embryos than in viable embryos as judged by the intensities of amplicons visualized after ethidium bromide staining. In addition, BCL-2 was only detected in viable embryos. Whether embryos quality is related to the regulation of BCL-2, Bax, and Fas expressions requires further study.
Partner Pressure, Victimization History, and Alcohol: Women’s Condom-Decision Abdication Mediated by Mood and Anticipated Negative Partner Reaction

Highly intoxicated versus sober women were evaluated using multi-group path analyses to test the hypothesis that sexual victimization history would interact with partner pressure to forgo condom use, resulting in greater condom-decision abdication—letting the man decide whether or not to use a condom. After beverage administration, community women (n = 408) projected themselves into a scenario depicting a male partner exerting high or low pressure for unprotected sex. Mood, anticipated negative reactions from the partner, and condom-decision abdication were assessed. In both control and alcohol models, high pressure increased anticipated negative partner reaction, and positive mood was associated with increased abdication. In the alcohol model, victimization predicted abdication via anticipated negative partner reaction, and pressure decreased positive mood and abdication. In the control model, under high pressure, victimization history severity was positively associated with abdication. Findings implicate condom-decision abdication as an important construct in understanding how women’s sexual victimization histories may exert sustained impact on sexual interactions.
Why is it difficult to take a census in Nigeria? The problem of indigenous conceptions of households.

The author discusses problems encountered by those attempting to count the Nigerian population using a Western-based conception of what constitutes a household. "I present some examples of household composition among the Ijo of the Western Delta in Nigeria and illustrate the difficulties in understanding these households when not applying the informants criteria in defining them....A culturally appropriate indigenous concept--which is clearly central to the Ijos (and presumably to the other ethnic groups) own conceptualization of their society--may be turned into an important tool in trying to understand the shifting nature of the residential units and in tracing individuals for enumeration." (EXCERPT)
RF transmitter architectures and circuits

This paper describes the design of RF transmitters for wireless applications. Following a review of constant- and variable-envelope modulation, general issues regarding the baseband/RF interface and the power amplifier/antenna interface are introduced. Various transmitter architectures are then presented and the design of upconversion mixers and power amplifiers is studied. Examples of state of the art are also described.
Autoradiographic evidence for the selective enhancement of nucleolar ribonucleic acid synthesis in prostatic nuclei by testosterone.

RNA synthesis from 3H-nucleoside triphosphates by isolated prostatic nuclei of control and testosterone-treated castrated rats was analyzed by autoradiographic technique. RNA synthesis by nuclei of control castrates was found to localize all over the nuclear chromatin regions except nucleolar regions, where RNA synthesis appeared feeble. In the nuclei of testosterone- injected animals, there was vigorous synthesis of RNA at nucleoli and their immediate vicinity. The androgen manipulation of animals did not significantly alter the RNA synthesizing activity at non-nucleolar chromatin regions. AdditionAddition of a low concentration of actinomycin D to the RNA synthesizing system in vitro can selectively suppress the androgen effect on the nucleolar RNA synthesis without any dramatic effect on the RNA synthesis at non-nucleolar chromatin regions. These findings strongly support the earlier proposition that androgens exert a discriminatory action on RNA formation by prostatic nuclei and selectively enhance th...
Rearrangement of mammalian chromatin structure following excision repair

Repair of DNA damage in eukaryotic cells involves local disruption of chromatin structure such that repair-incorporated nucleotides are transiently highly sensitive to digestion by staphylococcal nuclease (SN)1–4. We have examined the dependence of this phenomenon on the initial distribution in chromatin of DNA damage by comparing the repair of pyrimidine dimers, which are distributed randomly in chromatin5, with the repair of angelicin photoadducts, which are formed primarily in linker regions of nucleosomes6,7. We find that the transient nuclease sensitivity of repair patches is independent of the initial distribution of DNA damage in chromatin. In addition, our observation that repair patches produced in response to a linker-specific damaging agent become distributed randomly in chromatin implies that nucleosome cores do not necessarily return to their original sites along a DNA strand after the DNA is repaired.
The strength of weak programs in cultural sociology: A critique of Alexander's critique of Bourdieu

Jeffrey Alexander's recent book on cultural sociology argues that sociologists must grant the realm of ideas autonomy to determine behavior, unencumbered by interference from instrumental or material factors. He criticizes the sociology of Pierre Bourdieu as "weak" for failing to give autonomy to culture by reducing it to self-interested behavior that immediately reflects class position. However, Alexander's arguments seriously distort and misstate Bourdieu's theory, which provides for the relative autonomy of culture through the concepts of habitus and field. Because habitus is a set of durable dispositions conditioned by past structures, it may contradict the changed structures of the present. Further, the influence of the habitus is always mediated by the structure and strategies of the field of contest in which it is deployed, so that the same habitus may motivate different actions in different circumstances. However, Alexander is correct to argue that in Bourdieu's theory culture generally serves to reproduce, not contradict social structures. Yet Bourdieu addresses this and other problems in his later work, in which he argues for the existence of certain cultural universals transcending particular structures.
The conjunctival flap in ophthalmic surgery

Abstract A conjunctival flap provides a safeguard against exogenous infection and is almost universally used in the cataract surgery of today. In rupture of the wound after extraction of the lens, the use of an apron flap of conjunctiva combined with enlargement of the wound is suggested. A lateralized conjunctival bridge is suggested by Elliott when a cataract operation is necessary in an eye with a filtering bleb. An apron flap combined with scarification of a crescent of cornea is useful to correct excessive hypotony. A sliding flap may be sutured to the conjunctiva and episclera. To insure adhesion and prevent premature cutting out of the sutures, the ends of the flap may be buried under a small tunnel of conjunctiva. The corneal implant in keratoplasty is most frequently stabilized by some type of conjunctival flap. A bridge flap has been found useful in progressive ulceration of the cornea. Rodent ulcer may be covered with a flap which must be larger than the size of the lesion. A shrunken blind eye with intact cornea may sometimes be used as the basis for an artificial eye by covering the denuded cornea with a complete conjunctival flap. Complete coverage of the cornea has been found to prevent ulceration in acute gonococcal ophthalmia.
Loss of MHC class II inducibility in hyperplastic tissue in Rb-defective mice.

Abstract Retinoblastoma gene (Rb) defects occur frequently in human tumors. Studies of Rb-defective human tumor cell lines and Rb−/− murine embryonic fibroblasts demonstrate that Rb is required for interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) induced major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression. MHC class II expressing tumors generate anti-tumor immune responses associated with tumor-specific infiltrating lymphocytes. The role of Rb in IFN-γ induced MHC class II expression on an endogenous tumor was examined by immunohistochemical staining for IAβ and Rb on tissues from Rb+/− mice. MHC class II IAβ is not induced by IFN-γ in Rb-deficient neoplastic cells, but remains inducible in related normal tissue.
Seeding of equatorial plasma depletions by polarization electric fields from middle latitudes: Experimental evidence

[1] It is well-known that large wedges of depleted plasma often form in the equatorial ionosphere after sunset. Irregularities in and around these depletions cause scintillation on trans-ionospheric radio paths, as well as strong VHF backscatter. The ultimate stage of depletion growth is controlled by a collisional interchange instability. However, the initiation stages remain the subject of debate. Depletions formed in the first 1–3 hours after sunset are probably seeded by instability processes operating in the valley region from 150–250 km. However, depletions that form later in the evening do not benefit from the rapid pre-reversal enhancement of the zonal electric field nor the sheared flow of the evening vortex. We investigate evidence from airglow images and VHF coherent backscatter that a polarization electric field associated with an ionospheric instability process at middle latitudes may induce the formation of post-midnight depletions at the geomagnetic equator during geomagnetically-quiet periods.
Wolbachia infections that reduce immature insect survival: Predicted impacts on population replacement

The evolutionary success of Wolbachia bacteria, infections of which are widespread in invertebrates, is largely attributed to an ability to manipulate host reproduction without imposing substantial fitness costs. Here, we describe a stage-structured model with deterministic immature lifestages and a stochastic adult female lifestage. Simulations were conducted to better understand Wolbachia invasions into uninfected host populations. The model includes conventional Wolbachia parameters (the level of cytoplasmic incompatibility, maternal inheritance, the relative fecundity of infected females, and the initial Wolbachia infection frequency) and a new parameter termed relative larval viability (RLV), which is the survival of infected larvae relative to uninfected larvae. The results predict the RLV parameter to be the most important determinant for Wolbachia invasion and establishment. Specifically, the fitness of infected immature hosts must be close to equal to that of uninfected hosts before population replacement can occur. Furthermore, minute decreases in RLV inhibit the invasion of Wolbachia despite high levels of cytoplasmic incompatibility, maternal inheritance, and low adult fitness costs. The model described here takes a novel approach to understanding the spread of Wolbachia through a population with explicit dynamics. By combining a stochastic female adult lifestage and deterministic immature/adult male lifestages, the model predicts that even those Wolbachia infections that cause minor decreases in immature survival are unlikely to invade and spread within the host population. The results are discussed in relation to recent theoretical and empirical studies of natural population replacement events and proposed applied research, which would use Wolbachia as a tool to manipulate insect populations.
Consumer Opinions about Genetically Engineered Salmon and Information Effect on Opinions A Qualitative Approach

American consumers remain uninformed about genetically engineered (GE) foods, raising the prospect of their rejection based on outrage rather than risk. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is co...
Acute toxicity of refined oil on the catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Teugels, 1984) (Pisces: Clariidae)

Laboratory static bioassays were conducted to determine the 24-, 48-, and 96 -hour LC50 and the lethal levels of concentrations of oil-in-water dispersions (OWD) of used and fresh fuel oil for embryo, fry and fingerlings of the catfish Clarias gariepinus(Teugels, 1984). The most sensitive was the embryonic stage while the fingerlings were most resilient. The LC50 values obtained for treatment with fresh fuel oil were as follows: Embryos (24- and 48 -hour LC50) 0.034 ml/l and 0.042 ml/l respectively. For the fry (24-, 48-, 72- and 96-hour) the LC50 values were 1.22ml/l, 0.85ml/l, 0.83ml/l and 0.70ml/l respectively. The fingerlings had 48-, 72 and 96-hour LC50 values of 5.00 ml/l, 2.30 ml/l and l.78ml/l respectively. The LC50 values for treatment with used fuel oil were as follows: Embryos (24 - and 48 -hour LC50) 0.032 ml/l and 0.04 ml/l respectively. For the fry (24-, 48-, 72-and 96-hour LC50) values were 1.59 ml/l, 1.14 ml/l, and 1.12 ml/1 while the fingerlings had 0.82 ml/l, 1 .37 ml/l and 1.02 ml/l as their 48-, 72- and 96-hour LC50 values respectively. Loss of skin pigmentation was observed in fish exposed to fresh fuel oil and darker pigmentation in fish exposed to used oil. Activity generally decreased with increased concentration of toxicant and longer duration of exposure. A similar trend was observed for hatchability of the embryos. Increased mouth and opercular breathing were also observed. Tropical Freshwater Biology VOL. 8 1999, pp. 17-26 KEY WORDS: Petroleum-Refined Oil-Toxicity-Behaviour-Clarias gariepinus, Nigeria.
Miniature fuel-cell system complete with on-demand fuel and oxidant supply

© 2014 Elsevier B.V. The size of a functioning system rather than the individual components determines the success of many miniaturization efforts. While most of the existing micro fuel-cell research has been focusing on the fuel-cell stack, our approach has been to systematically eliminate all the ancillary components with the goal of miniaturizing the full system. In this paper, we present a miniature fuel-cell system that combines the self-pumping of fuel and self-generation of oxidant altogether in a box-shape device of a few centimeters. Since the fuel is pumped on demand inside the system without requiring any external assistance, the device is self-sufficient and portable. Furthermore, the oxygen is generated on demand inside the system without requiring the ambient air, so that the device can be stacked in multiple. Constructed simply as liquids in a solid container, this active fuel-cell system resembles a battery to the user.
Dynamics of human circulating antigen reactive cells following secondary immunization with tetanus toxoid

Abstract The dynamics of circulating tetanus toxoid (TT) antigen reactive B and T cells were studied in two donors for a period of 14 days following booster immunization with TT. A limiting dilution analysis was used to assess the number of T cells that proliferate in response to antigen. Binding of radiolabeled antigen was used to assess the number of antigen reactive B cells. The frequencies of circulating TT reactive T and B cells dropped sharply 24–48 hr postimmunization and remained low for 24–48 hr then rose by 5 days postimmunization to twice and three times their preimmunization levels, respectively, and remained at this high level for the rest of the 14-day study period. In contrast, there was no change in the frequencies of T and B cells reactive to control antigens such as monilia and diphtheria antigen. Studies of the in vitro synthesis of IgG anti-TT revealed the presence in the circulation, from Days 5 to 11, of B cells that were spontaneously secreting IgG anti-TT. This transient burst of circulating activated B cells was followed by a sustained increase (through Day 14) in the capacity of the circulating B cells to synthesize IgG anti-TT in response to PWM stimulation. These studies indicate that a negative selection of TT reactive T and B cells occurs shortly after immunization with TT, possibly because of sequestration of these cells in lymphoid tissue. This is followed by a sustained increase in the number of circulating memory T and B cells and in the case of B cells by transient activation into the secretion of TT-specific antibody.
Programming monads operationally with Unimo

Monads are widely used in Haskell for modeling computational effects, but defining monads remains a daunting challenge. Since every part of a monad's definition depends on its computational effects, programmers cannot leverage the common behavior of all monads easily and thus must build from scratch each monad that models a new computational effect.I propose the Unimo framework which allows programmers to define monads and monad transformers in a modular manner. Unimo contains a heavily parameterized observer function which enforces the monad laws, and programmers define a monad by invoking the observer function with arguments that specify the computational effects of the monad. Since Unimo provides the common behavior of all monads in a reusable form, programmers no longer need to rebuild the semantic boilerplate for each monad and can instead focus on the more interesting and rewarding task of modeling the desired computational effects.
Input-output relationships for multisampled-loop systems

A general gain expression for a multisampled-loop sampled-data system is proposed, and an extended table of systems (Table I) to which this gain expression has been applied is presented.
Provenance, detrital zircon U-Pb geochronometry, and tectonic significance of Permian to Lower Triassic sandstone in southeastern Quesnellia, British Columbia and Washington

U-Pb ages of Permian detrital zircons within eastern Quesnellia are similar to ages of western and southwestern Laurentian basement provinces, suggesting sedimentologic ties between the Quesnellian arc terrane and the Laurentian continental margin. The Permian to Lower Triassic Mount Roberts Formation forms the easternmost exposures of the Harper Ranch subterrane of Quesnellia. The formation consists of interbedded lithic graywacke, argillite, limestone, and volcanic rocks deposited within an ensimatic arc environment. Petrology of Mount Roberts Formation sandstones indicate derivation from lithologically diverse sources that consisted predominantly of volcanic rocks but also included significant amounts of sedimentary, metamorphic, and plutonic rocks. U-Pb ages of 27 individual detrital zircons from a single Permian to lower Triassic sandstone of the Mount Roberts Formation indicate that detritus was derived from source terranes with ages of approximately 0.37–0.40 Ga, 1.0–1.3 Ga, 1.50 Ga, 1.61–1.66 Ga, 1.8–2.1 Ga, 2.36 Ga, 2.48 Ga, and 2.5–2.7 Ga. Devonian zircons are interpreted to represent first-cycle detritus derived from an igneous source terrane that may make up local basement to the Mount Roberts Formation. Most Precambrian zircons are well rounded by sedimentary abrasion and thus were probably derived from older sedimentary rocks. The ultimate sources of 1.0–1.66 Ga detrital zircons are unknown, but it is unlikely that they were derived from the presently adjacent craton. Zircons 1.0–1.66 Ga may represent detritus ultimately derived from southwestern Laurentia. Zircons 1.8–2.7 Ga are similar in age to geologic provinces within western Laurentia, suggesting presently adjacent provinces within the Laurentian craton as ultimate sources of some Precambrian detritus within the Mount Roberts Formation. Although Laurentia may have been the ultimate source of Precambrian detritus within the Mount Roberts Formation, sedimentologic and petrologic data and regional geologic considerations strongly suggest that most of this detritus was recycled from craton-derived sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks that composed part of Quesnellia.
Fluctuations and thermodynamic response functions in a Lennard-Jones solid.

Thermodynamic response functions of a nearest-neighbor Lennard-Jones solid\char21{}heat capacity, thermal-expansion coefficient, compressibility, and elastic constants\char21{}are calculated directly from fluctuations using molecular-dynamics simulations. The algorithm used is the earlier Parrinello-Rahman molecular dynamics modified to take into account symmetry and rotation invariance of the system under investigation. The convergence is very fast and results are in good agreement with existing Monte Carlo and molecular-dynamics results.
Remote detection and geochemical studies for finding hydrocarbon-induced alterations in Lisbon Valley, Utah

Abstract Long-term hydrocarbon microseepages develop diverse arrays of chemical and mineralogical changes in rocks and soils. Alterations that are reported to have affected the Wingate Sandstone, Lisbon Valley, Utah, include bleaching of red beds, precipitation of high limonite and carbonate concentrations, anomalous weathering patterns, and high clay content. To investigate sandstone color alteration patterns, spectroscopy, ASTER multispectral remote sensing and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data were used as well as geochemical analyses of selected samples. Using ASTER satellite images and SAR data, the altered areas of the Wingate Sandstone were identified and mapped at the northwest and southwest part of the Lisbon Valley anticline. Based on sandstone color alteration patterns three different zones were identified in the Wingate Sandstone; the southwest zone is the most altered, the middle part is unaltered, and the northwest part shows minor alteration. Spectroscopy and thin section studies revealed higher content of clay minerals in altered than in unaltered zones. Major elemental concentrations suggest removal of iron cement and addition of calcite during diagenesis. Trace elemental concentrations in selected altered sandstone samples are characteristic of geochemical halos forming over oil fields. The methodology being developed in this work can provide a completely new technique for petroleum exploration in remote regions of the world where field work is difficult.
Effects of Nitrendipine on Cocaine-Induced Toxicity Evaluated in Primary Myocardial Cell Cultures

Currently, there is no uniform treatment for abnormal cardiac events precipitated by cocaine use. However, clinical strategies include use of calcium channel antagonists for cardiovascular emergencies. In experimental situations using rats, simultaneous administration of nitrendipine (NIT) with cocaine to the whole animal (1.46 x 10(-3) mg/kg/min of NIT; 2 mg/kg/min of cocaine) and isolated retrograde perfused hearts (Langendorff; 1 x 10(-7) M NIT; 1 x 10(-7) to 1 x 10(-4) M cocaine) normalized cocaine-induced abnormalities in heart rhythm and provided protection from acute cocaine-induced morphological lesions. Using similar concentrations of NIT and cocaine, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the direct cardiac cellular effects of NIT on cocaine-induced alterations in beating activity, morphology, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in a controlled in vitro system of primary myocardial cell cultures. Cultures were established from hearts of 3-5-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. After the cells had been maintained in culture for 4 days, evaluation of drug effects were made with exposure to 1 x 10(-3) and 1 x 10(-5) M cocaine alone and combinations of these two concentrations of cocaine with simultaneous exposure to 1 x 10(-7) M NIT for 1 to 24 h. Those cells exposed to 1 x 10(-5) M cocaine alone maintained some beating activity after 1, 4, and 24 h. Beating activity was significantly depressed after treatment with 1 x 10(-3) M cocaine alone and with both combinations of cocaine and NIT. Morphological integrity was maintained in all treatment groups for 1 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Rethinking the Bar on Standards of Evidence for Social Work Intervention Research

The research reports by Boyd et al. and Herman et al. provide insights about intervention research with vulnerable populations that highlight often-neglected standards of evidence. This commentary describes linkages of nonspecific therapeutic factors critical to these outcome studies as illustrative of research to practice standards we must continually promote. Embedding intervention research with iterative links to service system and implementation research provides a framework for social work to chart future contributions toward closing critical translational gaps.