cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of intracellular calcium and NADPH oxidase NOX5-S in acid-induced DNA damage in Barrett's cells and Barrett's esophageal adenocarcinoma cells.

Mechanisms whereby acid reflux may accelerate the progression from Barrett's esophagus (BE) to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) are not fully understood. Acid and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported to cause DNA damage in Barrett's cells. We have previously shown that NADPH oxidase NOX5-S is responsible for acid-induced H2O2 production in Barrett's cells and in EA cells. In this study we examined the role of intracellular calcium and NADPH oxidase NOX5-S in acid-induced DNA damage in a Barrett's EA cell line FLO and a Barrett's cell line CP-A. We found that pulsed acid treatment significantly increased tail moment in FLO and CP-A cells and histone H2AX phosphorylation in FLO cells. In addition, acid treatment significantly increased intracellular Ca2+ in FLO cells, an increase that is blocked by Ca2+-free medium with EGTA and thapsigargin. Acid-induced increase in tail moment was significantly decreased by NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium in FLO cells, and by blockade of intracellular Ca2+ increase or knockdown of NOX5-S with NOX5 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) in FLO and CP-A cells. Acid-induced increase in histone H2AX phosphorylation was significantly decreased by NOX5 siRNA in FLO cells. Conversely, overexpression of NOX5-S significantly increased tail moment and histone H2AX phosphorylation in FLO cells. We conclude that pulsed acid treatment causes DNA damage via increase of intracellular calcium and activation of NOX5-S. It is possible that in BE acid reflux increases intracellular calcium, activates NOX5-S, and increases ROS production, which causes DNA damage, thereby contributing to the progression from BE to EA.
Kangerlussuaq: evolution and maturation of a cultural landscape in Greenland

The cultural landscape reflects the composite influences of the regional physical, cultural, and technological environments. It is a dynamic entity which evolves over time and the perceptions of its human inhabitants is influential in the process. This paper is a descriptive analysis of Kangerlussuaq, a young but maturing settlement located in west Greenland near the inland ice. The site's natural resource base did not attract permanent settlement by the Inuit or Scandinavian colonists, but in the early days of the World War II, the American military took advantage of the exceptional flying conditions here and established an air base. In time, civilian functions developed as Kangerlussuaq became the hub for air travel in Greenland. A transitory utilitarian settlement was eventually transformed into a more permanent settlement. In recent years there seems to be a growing sense of community and place attachment as the cultural landscape begins to exhibit more of the components of a real 'town'.
Historiography as a form of political thought

This article seeks to combine two lines of thought that have been little studied: a model history of early modern historiography, and a theory of the impact of historiography on a political society. Under the former heading, it traces the growth of a narrative of European history as a series of sequels to the Roman empire, and a history of historiography as passing from classical narrative to antiquarian study and Enlightened philosophy. Under the latter, it considers the effect on political life of being narrated in a plurality of contexts, and asks whether a modern society can survive if deprived of the capacity for debating its history.
Deconstructing Plagiarism: International Students and Textual Borrowing Practices

This article reviews studies from various disciplines on plagiarism as a cross-cultural issue and examines cultural, educational, and linguistic factors that may influence the textual borrowing practices of international students. The reasons international students may employ inappropriate source use are complex and attempts to address and combat plagiarism in higher education must take into account multiple factors. Recommendations are made for ways in which academic libraries can assist international students with understanding plagiarism through orientations, instruction, reference service, and web-based guides and tutorials.
Synaptic response patterns of neurons in the cortex of rat inferior colliculus.

Abstract The present study examined synaptic potentials of neurons in inferior colliculus (IC) cortex slice and the roles of GABA and glutamate receptors in generating these potentials. Multipolar (82%) and elongated (18%) cells were observed with intracellular biocytin staining. Electrical stimulation of the IC commissure (CoIC) elicited only inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) (10% of cells), only excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) (51%), or both (38%). IPSPs were elicited at lower thresholds and shorter latencies than EPSPs (mean: 1.6±1.2 ms) and IPSPs were observed in all neurons following membrane depolarization. Short-latency EPSPs were blocked by non-NMDA receptor antagonists, and longer-latency EPSPs were blocked by NMDA antagonists. CoIC stimulation evoked short-latency IPSPs (mean: 0.55±0.33 ms) in 48% of neurons, and the IPSPs persisted despite glutamate receptor blockade, which implies monosynaptic inhibitory input. A GABA A antagonist blocked IPSPs and paired pulse inhibition of EPSPs, suggesting GABA A receptor mediation. A GABA B antagonist reduced paired pulse inhibition of IPSPs, suggesting GABA B receptor modulation. Thus, GABA-mediated inhibition plays a critical role in shaping synaptic responses of IC cortex neurons. Normal GABAergic function in IC has been shown to be important in acoustic coding, and reduced efficacy of GABA function in IC neurons is critical in IC pathophysiology in presbycusis, tinnitus and audiogenic seizures.
Polarization beam splitter based on a photonic crystal heterostructure

The design and characterization of a photonic crystal (PC) polarization beam splitter (PBS) that operates with an extinction ratio of greater than 15 dB for both polarizations are presented. The PBS is fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer where the input and output ports consist of 5 μm wide ridge waveguides. A large spectral shift is observed in the dispersion plots of the lowest-order even (TE-like) and odd (TM-like) modes due to the SOI confinement. Because of this shift, the TE-like mode is close to a directional gap at the top of the band, and the TM-like mode is in a low-frequency regime where the dispersion surface is almost isotropic. We show that the TE-like mode has very high reflection at the interface between the two PCs, whereas the TM-like mode exhibits a very high transmission.
Simulating the moderating effect of a lake on downwind temperatures

A steady-state, two-dimensional numerical model is used to simulate air temperatures and humidity downwind of a lake at night. Thermal effects of the lake were modelled for the case of moderate and low surface winds under the cold-air advective conditions that occur following the passage of a cold front. Surface temperatures were found to be in good agreement with observations. A comparison of model results with thermal imagery indicated the model successfully predicts the downwind distance for which thermal effects due to the lake are significant.
The nuclear pairing problem: new perspectives

The overview of the Exact Pairing technique based on the quasispin symmetry is presented. Extensions of this method are discussed in relation to mean field, quadrupole collectivity, electromagnetic transitions, and many-body level density. Realistic calculations compared with experimental data are used to support the methods as well as to emphasize the manifestations of pairing correlations in nuclear many-body systems.
Origin of the Tc-depression in ultrathin YBCO

ABSTRACT Conductance measurements on YBa2Cu3O7_6 (YBCO) between layers of Yi_PrBa2Cu3O7_ [(Y-Pr)BCO] show a transition from a bulk regime in the interior of the YBCO to a surface regime near the interfaces. The depression of the zero-resistance transition temperature in ultrathin YBCO is correlated with the depressed con- ductance in the surface layer. 'Ihe results indicate that the changes are related to the presence of the interfaces, primarily to charge transfer between the layers, with little, if any, indication of a change in the intrinsic propertiesof the YBCO from bulk down to the thickness of a single unit cell.Ultrathin films of high-Ta superconductors down to thicknesses of one unit cell (N=1) have been the object ofstudy ever since it was realized that the superconducting properties in these materials depend primarily on theircopper-oxide planes.' Experiments on such films have the potential of showing to what extent the two-dimensionalstructure is essential for the observed superconductivity.In the most-studied system the superconductor is YBa2Cu3O7_c (YBCO) with alternating layers of its insulatinganalog PrBCO in trilayers or multilayers. Previous studies indicate that ultrathin films are superconducting, butwith reduced values of the zero-resistance temperature T4, and the mean-field transition temperature Tmj •2—6
Weak momentum scattering and the conductivity of graphene

Electrical transport in graphene offers a fascinating parallel to spin transport in semiconductors including the spin-Hall effect. In the weak momentum scattering regime the steady-state density matrix contains two contributions: one is linear in the carrier number density $n$ and characteristic scattering time $\ensuremath{\tau}$, and the other is independent of either. In this paper we take the Liouville equation as our starting point and demonstrate that these two contributions can be identified with pseudospin conservation and nonconservation, respectively, and are connected in a nontrivial manner by scattering processes. The scattering term has a distinct form, which is peculiar to graphene and has important consequences in transport. The contribution linear in $\ensuremath{\tau}$ is analogous to the part of the spin-density matrix which yields a steady-state spin density, while the contribution independent of $\ensuremath{\tau}$ is analogous to the part of the spin-density matrix which yields a steady-state spin current. Unlike in systems with spin-orbit interactions, the $n$- and $\ensuremath{\tau}$-independent part of the conductivity is reinforced in the weak momentum scattering regime by scattering between the conserved and nonconserved pseudospin distributions.
New method for vapor pressure measurement applicable to potassium over coal slag

Abstract A constant-temperature graphite furnace for vapor pressure measurements at high temperatures is described. The capability of the furnace for measurements of potassium vapor pressures over coal slags is evaluated, and a series of measurements are presented and analyzed. Vapor loss mechanisms which are of general interest for graphite furnace spectroscopy are discussed.
Organization of projection from the thalamic relay nuclei to the motor cortex in the cat

Abstract Characteristics of neurons in the thalamic nuclei and projecting to the motor cortex were studied and the following results were obtained: (1) There were two types of projection fibers from the nucleus ventralis lateralis (VL) to the motor cortex. One type projected to a limited area of the cortex, the other arborized extensively and projected to a wide area of the cortex. (2) The widely arborizing projection fibers formed a special terminal bush which was different from that of specific projection fibers of VPL and spread as wide as 1.0 sq.mm within the depth of the motor cortex. (3) Both of these fibers did not carry specific information from the periphery but carried non-specific information arising from joints and periosts. (4) In addition, neurons located lateral to VL, probably in VPL, also projected to the motor cortex and they transferred specific peripheral inputs to the cortex.
Reversal of Step Roughness on Ge-Covered Vicinal Si(001).

The influence of Ge on the equilibrium step morphologies of vicinal Si(001) has been investigated quantitatively using scanning tunneling microscopy. As the Ge coverage ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{Ge}}$ increases, the relative roughness of the two types of steps on the surface reverses. Physically, the accompanying evolving ($2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}n$) reconstruction modifies the kink energetics by introducing a new type of kink, and confines step meandering. The energies associated with these new kinks and the dependence of the step energies on ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{Ge}}$ are extracted.
AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES ON INTERVENTION AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY

Intervention which violates state sovereignty is often justified by its humanitarian goals. In Africa, the debate goes beyond humanitarian objectives and considers intervention when collapsed state authority threatens regional security. Poorly planned interventions can do more harm than good while also weakening the norm of non-intervention in international relations. The brutal and often degrading history of colonization and neo-colonialism still influences African thinking on intervention. Africa's relative geopolitical weakness has compelled it to rely strongly on the international rules. African state's view on intervention should be rethought in the light of failed states, the spill-over of conflicts, threats to the democratic process and an abject failure to act in the face of hummanitarian catastrophe. Military intervention should be an exceptional action of last resort but it will remain an option while states are unwilling or unable to protect their own populations. The objective should be preven...
Adapting scan architectures for low power operation

Scan architectures are commonly used to test digital circuitry in integrated circuits. This paper describes a method of adapting conventional scan architectures such that they operate in a low power mode during test. The adapted scan architectures maintain the test times of the pre-adapted scan architectures. Also, the adaptation occurs in a manner that enables the test patterns of the pre-adapted scan architecture to be directly reusable in the adapted scan architecture.
Unsteady facilitated transport of oxygen in hemoglobin-containing membranes and red cells

Abstract The unsteady transport of a reacting permeant diffusing through thin membranes and modeled red cells is investigated with a new nonlinear analysis of the reaction-diffusion equations. Implicit finite difference methods and a matrix formulation are used to study the deviation from equilibrium-based theories and the transient behavior of facilitated oxygen transport. The loading and unloading of oxygen from an erythrocyte model is computed and contrasted with the diffusion of oxygen across hemoglobin-saturated membranes.
Evaluation of a novel approach for peptide sequencing: Laser-induced acoustic desorption combined with P(OCH3)2+ chemical ionization and collision-activated dissociation in a fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer

A novel mass spectrometric method has been developed for obtaining sequence information on small peptides. The peptides are desorbed as intact neutral molecules into a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR) by means of laser-induced acoustic desorption (LIAD). Reactions of the neutral peptides with the dimethoxyphosphenium ion, P(OCH3)2+, occur predominantly by addition of the peptide to P(OCH3)2+ followed by the loss of two methanol molecules, thus yielding product ions with the composition (peptide+P−2H)+. Upon sustained off-resonance irradiation for collision-activated dissociation (SORI-CAD), the (peptide+P−2H)+ ions undergo successive losses of CO and NH=CHR or H2O, CO, and NH=CHR to yield sequence-related fragment ions in addition to the regular an- and bn-type ions. Under the same conditions, SORI-CAD of the analogous protonated peptides predominantly yields the regular an- and bn-type ions. The mechanisms of the reactions of peptides with P(OCH3)2+ and the dissociation of the (peptide+P−2H)+ ions were examined by using model peptides and molecular orbital calculations.
Human endothelial cells express NOD2/CARD15 and increase IL-6 secretion in response to muramyl dipeptide

Abstract Mutations in the human NOD2 / CARD15 gene cause Blau syndrome, an autoinflammatory disorder involving the joints, skin and eyes. Insights into the mechanism of this association may be gained by a further understanding of where NOD2 is expressed. The objective of this study was to analyze ocular endothelial cells for NOD2 expression. Human ocular tissue was analyzed by immunohistology using anti-NOD2 antisera. RNA isolated from iris, choroid and endothelial cell lines was analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR and real-time quantitative PCR. Gene regulation was studied by treating endothelial cells with TNF-α and IFN-γ. Functional responses were assessed by measuring IL-6 release from endothelial cells treated with muramyl dipeptide (MDP), synthetic lipopeptide (Pam3CSK4) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Immunohistological analysis revealed staining of endothelial cells in the uveal tract. NOD2 expression was detected in primary ocular endothelial cell cultures, and levels increased in response to inflammatory cytokines. Endothelial cells from choroid demonstrated enhanced release of IL-6 in response to MDP, and synergy was observed following treatment with MDP and either Pam3CSK4 or LPS. The observations that endothelial cells express NOD2, upregulate NOD2 in response to stimuli known to promote NOD2 expression and show synergistic cytokine responses to MDP and TLR ligands previously shown to be mediated by NOD2 are informative since they may be relevant to pathogenic mechanisms leading to the spectrum of inflammation seen in Blau syndrome.
Inhibition of tryptophan pyrrolase by some naturally occurring pteridines

Abstract Pteridines of the biopterin type, but not some closely related compounds, inhibit the activity of tryptophan pyrrolase in preparations from rat liver and from Drosophila melanogaster ; this suggests an in vivo control over the activity of the enzyme which may at least partially account for the phenotype in white mutants of Drosophila .
Dehydrogenation of glucose and xylose catalyzed by rat and sheep liver microsomal and soluble fractions

Abstract The soluble fraction (homogenates from which nuclei, mitochondria, and the microsomal fraction have been removed) of rat and sheep liver catalyze the formation of NADH and NADPH in the presence of a glucose substrate. The activity is obtained reproducibly from sheep liver preparations, but in rat liver soluble fractions it is extremely variable (0–3.8 μmoles NAD(P)H formed per hour per gram liver). The activity of the rat liver soluble fraction is stimulated by the presence of the bicarbonate anion. A comparison of the substrate specificity of purified microsomal glucose dehydrogenase and that of the rat liver soluble fraction, together with a study of the effect of glucose-6-P and the bicarbonate anion on the activity of the two preparations, shows that the glucose-dependent NAD(P)H formation catalyzed by the rat liver soluble fraction is not due to the presence of glucose dehydrogenase. Sheep liver soluble fractions may contain some glucose dehydrogenase activity, but 10-fold more activity is found in the sheep hepatic microsomal fraction. Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase, partially purified from the rat liver soluble fraction, catalyzes a slow oxidation of D-glucose. This activity is stimulated by the bicarbonate anion. However, the observed glucose oxidation catalyzed by glucose-6-P dehydrogenase is probably too low to account for the occurrence of glucose oxidative activity in the soluble fraction. A D-xylose dehydrogenase activity has been found in the soluble fraction of rate liver. This activity was formerly believed to be associated with microsomal glucose dehydrogenase alone. Data are reported which suggest that microsomal glucose dehydrogenase may play a metabolic role under conditions where glucokinase activity is low or absent. A role for the activity of the soluble fraction catalysis of glucose oxidation, at least in rat liver, is less likely.
Recovery of ornithine decarboxylase activity after inhibition with α-difluoromethylornithine

Summary α-Difluoromethylornithine is an effective inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis because of its specificity for ornithine decarboxylase and the fact that its attachment to this enzyme is considered to be irreversible. We have found, however, that ornithine decarboxylase inactivated with this inhibitor in intact cells, as well as purified enzyme inactivated in vitro , both are capable of releasing this inhibitor and recovering enzyme activity. This reactivation can be initiated by freezing of inactivated enzyme samples in the presence of reducing agents at −7 or −20°C and can be partially induced at 37°C. These results reveal an unexpected lability of this enzyme-inhibitor complex that needs to be considered in future experimental designs.
A data envelopment analytic model for assessing the relative efficiency of the selling function

Abstract This paper presents a data envelopment analytic model for assessing the relative efficieny of sales units that simultaneously incorporates multiple sales outcomes, controllable and uncontrollable resources, and environmental factors. The model enables comparisons among a reference set of sales units engaged in selling the same product/service by deriving a single summary measure of relative sales efficiency. In addition, it provides insights into modifications that are necessary in order to enhance relative efficiency of an individual sales unit. Conditions when the sales unit has additional control over resources are explored and the effects on relative efficiency are examined. An illustration of the model in the context of sales units from a sample of insurance companies demonstrates the critical features of the model.
Protein adsorption on polymer surfaces: calculation of adsorption energies.

In an attempt to understand the mechanisms of protein adsorption at the solid-liquid interface, we have calculated the interaction potential energy between the protein and the polymer surface by a computer simulation approach. The adsorption of four proteins-lysozyme, trypsin, immunoglobulin Fab, and hemoglobin-on five polymer surfaces was examined. The model polymers used for the calculation were polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), and poly(vinyl alcohol). All possible orientations of the protein on the polymer surfaces were simulated and the corresponding interaction energies for the initial contact stage of protein adsorption were calculated. In the calculation of interaction energies, the hydrophobic interaction was not treated explicitly owing to the difficulty in the theoretical treatment. The results showed that the interaction energy was dependent on the orientation of the protein on the polymer surfaces. The energy varied from - 850 to + 600 kJ/mol with an a...
Facilitating Long-Term Changes in Student Approaches to Learning Science

Undergraduates entering science curricula differ greatly in individual starting points and learning needs. The fast pace, high enrollment, and high stakes of introductory science courses, however, limit students’ opportunities to self-assess and modify learning strategies. The University of Washington's Biology Fellows Program (BFP) intervenes through a 20-session, premajors course that introduces students to the rigor expected of bioscience majors and assists their development as science learners. This study uses quantitative and qualitative approaches to assess whether the 2007–2009 BFP achieved its desired short- and long-term impacts on student learning. Adjusting for differences in students’ high school grade point average and Scholastic Aptitude Test scores, we found that participation in the BFP was associated with higher grades in two subsequent gateway biology courses, across multiple quarters and instructors. Two to 4 yr after participating in the program, students attributed changes in how they approached learning science to BFP participation. They reported having learned to “think like a scientist” and to value active-learning strategies and learning communities. In addition, they reported having developed a sense of belonging in bioscience communities. The achievement of long-term impacts for a short-term instructional investment suggests a practical means to prepare diverse students for the rigors of science curricula.
The Use of a Dynamic Screening of Phonological Awareness to Predict Risk for Reading Disabilities in Kindergarten Children

This study examined the usefulness and predictive validity of a dynamic screening of phonological awareness in two samples of kindergarten children. In one sample (n = 90), the predictive validity of the dynamic assessment was compared to a static version of the same screening measure. In the second sample (n = 96), the dynamic screening measure was compared to a commonly used screening tool, Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills Initial Sound Fluency. Results showed that the dynamic screening measure uniquely predicted end-of-year reading achievement and outcomes in both samples. These results provide preliminary support for the usefulness of a dynamic screening measure of phonological awareness for kindergarten students.
Nonprehensile manipulation for orienting parts in the plane

The authors previously (1996) presented a model of nonprehensile manipulation, using two one-degree-of-freedom palms. Under the assumptions of low friction and quasistatic motion, we developed a planning method for part reorientation with our model, starting from a known initial state. Our method finds feasible paths through the space of equivalent state configurations of the object in the palms, without requiring that the palms maintain stable support of the object over the entire path. We have shown that such a device can reliably orient parts in the plane. In this paper we extend our method to the case of reorienting a part to a desired goal from an unknown initial state. In addition to the all sliding contacts case which the model is based upon, we look at extensions to rolling contacts. We include the results of tests with example plans.
Degrees as kinds

This paper argues that a variety of constructions in a variety of languages suggest a deep connection between kinds, manners, and degrees. We articulate a way of thinking about degrees on which this connection is less surprising, rooted in the idea that degrees are kinds of Davidsonian states. This enables us to provide a cross-categorial compositional semantics for a class of expressions that can serve as anaphors to kinds, manners, and degrees, or introduce clauses that further characterize them. A consequence of this is that equatives emerge as a special case of a more general cross-categorial phenomenon. The analysis is undergirded by independently motivated assumptions about free relatives and type shifting. It provides evidence for a view of degrees on which they are significantly more ontologically complex than is typically thought.
Modification and control of currents on monopole antennas using magnetic bead loading

Several methods to modify the currents on electrically long monopole antennas are investigated. The radiation pattern, input impedance, and resonant frequency are calculated for several configurations of monopoles loaded with magnetic materials, both as coatings and as small beads. Proper application of such loading is shown to cause the radiated fields and resonant frequency to mimic a shorter quarter-wave monopole.
The impact of body site, topical melatonin and brushing on hair regrowth after clipping normal Siberian Husky dogs

The aims of this study were to determine the impact of body site, vigorous brushing and topical melatonin treatment on hair regrowth after clipping normal dogs. Siberian Husky dogs were randomly assigned to three groups of eight dogs each. All dogs had the lumbosacral region and both lateral thighs clipped. The left thigh and lumbosacral area received no treatment and were compared in all 24 dogs. Eight dogs had the right thigh treated with 0.1% melatonin twice daily for 2 months, and hair regrowth was compared with the left thigh. Eight dogs had the right thigh brushed twice daily for 2 months, and hair regrowth was compared with the left thigh. Eight dogs had neither thigh treated. Hairs were plucked before and 2 months postclipping, and the proportion of hair growth from the original length was calculated and compared as described above. Biopsy samples were collected before and after treatment to determine if brushing induced dermal inflammation and melatonin increased the proportion of anagen follicles. Proportionally, left thigh hairs were significantly longer compared to lumbosacral hairs 2 months postclipping. No significant differences in hair regrowth were noted between the nontreated thigh and the thigh treated with melatonin or brushed. No significant difference in dermal inflammation was noted before and after brushing. No significant differences were observed in the proportion of anagen follicles before and after topical melatonin treatment. Our results showed that the hairs in the lumbosacral region were proportionally shorter than lateral thigh hairs 2 months postclipping. Moreover, topical melatonin and brushing had no impact on hair regrowth after clipping normal dogs.
Single Ion Occupancy and Steady-state Gating of Na Channels in Squid Giant Axon

The properties of the small fraction of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive Na channels that remain open in the steady state were studied in internally dialyzed voltage clamped squid giant axons. The observed Ussing flux ratio exponent (n′) of 0.97 ± 0.03 (calculated from simultaneous measurements of TTX-sensitive current and 22Na efflux) and nonindependent behavior of Na current at high internal [Na] are explained by a one-site (“1s”) permeation model characterized by a single effective binding site within the channel pore in equilibrium with internal Na ions (apparent equilibrium dissociation constant KNai(0) = 0.61 ± 0.08 M). Steady-state open probability of the TTX-sensitive channels can be modeled by the product pap∞, where pa represents voltage-dependent activation described by a Boltzmann distribution with midpoint Va = −7 mV and effective valence za = 3.2 (Vandenberg, C.A., and F. Bezanilla. 1991. Biophys. J. 60:1499–1510) coupled to voltage-independent inactivation by an equilibrium constant (Bezanilla, F., and C.M. Armstrong. 1977. J. Gen. Physiol. 70:549–566) Keq = 770. The factor p∞ represents voltage-dependent inactivation with empirical midpoint V∞= −83 ± 5 mV and effective valence z∞ = 0.55 ± 0.03. The composite pap∞1s model describes the steady-state voltage dependence of the persistent TTX-sensitive current well.
Ciudad Guayana: From Growth Pole to Metropolis, Central Planning to Participation

Ciudad Guayana in Venezuela is one of the leading examples in the world of a city planned in accordance with the principles of comprehensive rational planning. It was started in the 1960s as a “gro...
The accuracy of the Root ZX electronic apex locator using stainless-steel and nickel-titanium files.

Numerous apex locator studies have been performed. Generally, they use only stainless-steel hand files for testing purposes. Today many clinicians use both stainless-steel and nickel-titanium files during the treatment of a case. Given the widespread use of nickel-titanium files, a comparison of the accuracy in determining length with an apex locator using stainless-steel and nickel-titanium files seems clinically relevant. Campbell et al. (1) published a study where only nickel-titanium files were used. A literature search failed to reveal any studies that directly compared stainlesssteel and nickel-titanium files when used with an apex locator to determine length measurements in the same tooth. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a measurable difference in accuracy of length determination when stainless-steel and nickeltitanium files were used for this purpose in the same tooth.
Tissue-engineered Rabbit Cranial Suture from Autologous Fibroblasts and BMP2:

Craniosynostosis is a congenital disorder of premature ossification of cranial sutures, occurring in one of approximately every 2500 live human births. This work addressed a hypothesis that a cranial suture can be tissue-engineered from autologous cells. Dermal fibroblasts were isolated subcutaneously from growing rabbits, culture-expanded, and seeded in a gelatin scaffold. We fabricated a composite tissue construct by sandwiching the fibroblast-seeded gelatin scaffold between two collagen sponges loaded with recombinant human BMP2. Surgically created, full-thickness parietal defects were filled with the composite tissue construct in the same rabbits from which dermal fibroblasts had been obtained. After four-week in vivo implantation, there was de novo formation of tissue-engineered cranial suture, microscopically reminiscent of the adjacent natural cranial suture. The tissue-engineered cranial suture showed radiolucency on radiographic images, in contrast to radio-opacity of microscopically ossified calvarial defects filled with fibroblast-free, BMP2-loaded constructs. This approach may be refined for tissue engineering of cranial sutures for craniosynostosis patients.
Sociodemographic predictors of delayed- versus early-stage cervical cancer in California.

Abstract Purpose We sought to evaluate and distinguish roles of sociodemographic predictors for delayed- versus early-stage cervical cancer. Methods Demographic variables for 13,624 cervical cancers having complete data for age at diagnosis (4 categories), race and ethnicity (4 categories), socioeconomic status (SES) quintiles, and marital status (3 categories) were extracted from the California Cancer Registry database for the period 1996 to 2005 and analyzed using multiple logistic regression as predictors of delayed- versus early-stage diagnosis. Results Fifty-eight percent of cervical cancers were among women younger than 50 years, compared with 46% of delayed-stage cases. Independent odds of delayed- versus early-stage cervical cancer were higher for older age categories within each race and ethnic group. Declining odds of delayed- versus early-stage diagnosis were evident for increasing SES quintiles among Asian or other (trend P = .015), non-Hispanic black ( P = .024), Hispanic ( P = .001), and non-Hispanic white ( P = .001) women. Odds of delayed- versus early-stage cervical cancer were highest among unmarried compared with married women. Conclusions Our findings support evidence that older age, low SES, and unmarried status predict delayed-stage cervical cancer diagnosis in each of the four major race and ethic groups. The two lowest SES quintiles independently identified larger percentages of delayed-stage cervical cancers in each of the race and ethnicity groups assessed, particularly among Hispanic and non-Hispanic black women.
Developmental Plasticity of Life-Cycle Length in Thirteen-Year Periodical Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

ABSTRACT Speciation in periodical cicadas (Magicicada Davis) is closely tied to changes in life-cycle length, which presents a paradox because these organisms depend on emergence synchrony for survival. Recently proposed speciation models invoke developmental plasticity as a possible solution: Environmentally triggered “4-yr accelerations” occur in 17-yr cicadas, suggesting that canalization of induced plasticity could change 17-yr populations into temporally isolated 13-yr populations. However, the reverse shift, 13-yr cicadas emerging in 17 yr, has never been documented. We searched 4 yr after the normal emergence of a 13-yr brood (and in a year with no expected periodical cicada emergences anywhere) and found periodical cicadas active at 26 of 92 sites, with examples of all four 13-yr species. At one location, we found evidence of at least 1,724 cicadas per ha emerging. Few males were heard singing at most sites, so these off-schedule cicadas apparently did not survive long in the face of predation. We...
Automatic object-based video analysis and interpretation: A step toward systematic video understanding

In this paper, we present a novel scheme for object-based video analysis and interpretation based on automatic video object extraction, video object abstraction, and semantic event modeling. In this scheme video objects (VOs) are first automatically extracted, followed by a video object abstraction algorithm for identifying key frames to reduce data redundancy and provide reliable feature data for next stage of the algorithm. After the semantic objects, which are VOs that dominate the semantics in a video shot, a:re identified (automatically or selected by users), all the other objects in the video shot are considered as background. Semantic feature modeling scheme is based on temporal variation of low-level features in semantic object area. More specifically, the general Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) is used to characterize the spatial-temporal nature of the semantic objects. Experimental results that demonstrate the effective performance of the proposed approach are also presented.
Fabrication and Characterization of Nanoscale NiO Resistance Change Memory (RRAM) Cells With Confined Conduction Paths

This paper introduces a novel structure for filamentary-conduction-type resistance change memory. The new structure utilizes the fringing field from the top metal electrode to effectively confine the position of the filaments in the cell. Nanoscale (100-50 nm) memory cells are fabricated using nickel oxide (NiO) thin film as the resistance-switching layer to demonstrate the feasibility and functionality of the new structure. The fabricated nanoscale memory cells achieved low reset current (100-200 μA), narrower distribution in low-resistance states, and higher on/off ratio than those of the standard structure. In addition, good scalability down to 50 nm was demonstrated.
Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nested case-control study

Summary Background Controversy has surrounded the question about whether high-dose rofecoxib increases or naproxen decreases the risk of serious coronary heart disease. We sought to establish if risk was enhanced with rofecoxib at either high or standard doses compared with remote non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use or celecoxib use, because celecoxib was the most common alternative to rofecoxib. Methods We used data from Kaiser Permanente in California to assemble a cohort of all patients age 18–84 years treated with a NSAID between Jan 1, 1999, and Dec 31, 2001, within which we did a nested case-control study. Cases of serious coronary heart disease (acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death) were risk-set matched with four controls for age, sex, and health plan region. Current exposure to cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective NSAIDs was compared with remote exposure to any NSAID, and rofecoxib was compared with celecoxib. Findings During 2 302 029 person-years of follow-up, 8143 cases of serious coronary heart disease occurred, of which 2210 (27·1%) were fatal. Multivariate adjusted odds ratios versus celecoxib were: for rofecoxib (all doses), 1·59 (95% CI 1·10–2·32, p=0·015); for rofecoxib 25 mg/day or less, 1·47 (0·99–2·17, p=0·054); and for rofecoxib greater than 25 mg/day, 3·58 (1·27–10·11, p=0·016). For naproxen versus remote NSAID use the adjusted odds ratio was 1·14 (1·00–1·30, p=0·05). Interpretation Rofecoxib use increases the risk of serious coronary heart disease compared with celecoxib use. Naproxen use does not protect against serious coronary heart disease.
Heterogeneous electrographic myocardial response during ischemia

Introduction: Myocardial ischemia is a pathological condition initiated by supply and demand imbalance of the blood to the heart. Electrocardiographic ST-segment shifts are often used as markers for ischemia. Literature suggests that the progression of ischemia occurs from the endocardium, which has the highest metabolic demand, and spreads toward the epicardium, eventually becoming transmural. Our study with animal models has found the progression of ischemia to be more complex and heterogeneous in its distribution. Methods: We used in situ canine preparation, wherein the animals were subjected to demand ischemia by reducing coronary flow and increasing the heart rate through atrial pacing. Epicardial and transmural electrograms were recorded using a 247-electrode sock and up to 400 transmural needle electrodes. Results: At reduced coronary flow, increasing heart rates caused pockets of ischemic regions, characterized by ST-potential elevations to appear variously distributed in the epicardial, midmyocardial, and subendocardial regions. Further reduction in coronary flow and simultaneously increasing the heart rates increased the extent and the magnitude of the ischemic regions that eventually became transmural. Conclusion: The electrographic response of the heart to myocardial ischemia, contrary to earlier belief, is a much more complex phenomenon characterized by heterogeneous distribution and progression of ischemic regions.
Experimental Study of Intermediates from OH-Initiated Reactions of Toluene

Aromatic hydrocarbons constitute a significant fraction of the total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban and regional atmospheres. The primary source is emission from automobiles and other fuel-based vehicles as well as from various industrial activities. Their atmospheric oxidation is largely initiated by attack from the hydroxyl radical, OH. The toluene-OH reaction results in OH addition to the aromatic ring approximately 90% of the time and H-atom abstraction from the methyl group about 10% of the time. This work presented the first laboratory study to monitor directly with mass spectrometry the aromatic intermediate radicals formed in the OH-initiated reactions of toluene. The authors also report ion-molecule reaction rate constants for these radicals using various positive and negative reagent ions.
Bile salts increase epithelial cell proliferation through HuR-induced c-Myc expression.

Abstract Background Bile salts increase intestinal mucosal proliferation through an increase in c-Myc, a transcription factor that controls the expression of numerous translation regulatory proteins. HuR is an RNA-binding protein that regulates translation of target mRNAs. RNA-binding proteins can control mRNA stability by binding to AU- and U-rich elements located in the 3ʹ-untranslated regions (3ʹ-UTRs) of target mRNAs. Aim To determine how bile salt–induced c-Myc stimulates enterocyte proliferation. Methods Enterocyte proliferation was measured both in vivo using C57Bl6 mice and in vitro using IEC-6 cells after taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) supplementation. HuR and c-Myc protein expression was determined by immunoblot. c-Myc mRNA expression was determined by PCR. HuR expression was inhibited using specific small interfering RNA. HuR binding to c-Myc mRNA was determined by immunoprecipitation. Results TDCA increased enterocyte proliferation in vivo and in vitro . TDCA stimulates translocation of HuR from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic HuR regulates c-Myc translation by HuR binding to the 3ʹ-UTR of c-Myc mRNA. Increased TDCA-induced c-Myc increases enterocyte proliferation. Conclusions Bile salts have beneficial effects on the intestinal epithelial mucosa, which are important in maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity and function. These data further support an important beneficial role of bile salts in regulation of mucosal growth and repair. Decreased enterocyte exposure to luminal bile salts, as occurs during critical illness, liver failure, starvation, and intestinal injury, may have a detrimental effect on mucosal integrity.
One of These is Not Like the Others

A Mycobacterium tuberculosis metA mutant that is auxotrophic for methionine is unlike other auxotrophic mutants of this important species as methionine starvation results in rapid death instead of cessation of growth. Evidence suggests that this phenotype results from starvation affecting essential pathways that utilize S-adenosylmethionine in addition to methionine.
Abstract W P40: Assessing Criteria for Intra-Arterial Therapy: Inter-Rater Reliability of Clinical-Diffusion Mismatch Among Stroke Clinicians

Background: Optimal patient selection strategy for intra-arterial therapy (IAT) in acute ischemic stroke remains uncertain. Clinical-diffusion mismatch (CDM) and perfusion-diffusion mismatch (PDM) on MRI are two selection methods used in practice. PDM can be radiologically defined and its analysis automated but this requires additional time and contrast administration. CDM is less technically challenging, however, there is variation in its definition and its inter-rater reliability has not been reported. Hypothesis: CDM has a higher inter-rater variability than PDM among vascular neurologists. Methods: Fellowship-trained vascular neurologists from our high-volume stroke center were surveyed on ten cases. For each case, they were first shown diffusion-weighted and apparent diffusion coefficient imaging and NIHSS score components and were asked if they felt a CDM existed. Based on the CDM alone, they were next asked if they would pursue IAT in the presence of a persistent large vessel occlusion. A perfusion image was then shown and the participants were asked if they felt a PDM existed. A final slide was shown giving the age, co-morbidities and pre-morbid disability, and location of arterial occlusion, after which they were again asked if they would pursue IAT. Kappa statistics were used to assess agreement. Results: Ten vascular neurologists participated in this study. The average inter-rater kappa for CDM was 0.35, 95% CI (0.28, 0.43) across the 10 cases. The average inter-rater kappa to take a patient for IAT based on CDM alone was 0.37, 95% CI (0.28, 0.46). The average inter-rater kappa for PDM was 0.61, 95% CI (0.53, 0.69). The average inter-rater kappa for final decision to take the patient to IAT was 0.30, 95% CI(0.22,0.37). The rate of IAT over the 10 cases varied from 10% to 70% among the vascular neurologists. Conclusions: This study suggests that vascular neurologists have a marginal inter-rater reliability for determining CDM. Inter-rater reliability for PDM was good although this did not have an effect on the reliability of final decision to take a patient for IAT. Further multi-center studies are needed to assess the variability of decision making for IA therapy.
Ghost Stories: Transgenerational Trauma and Witnessing in Analyst and Analysand

This paper discusses psychoanalytic psychotherapy with a prodigious artist presenting with a unique form of dissociation involving compulsive nearly continuous travel. Symptoms of insomnia, restless work, and flight originated in traumatic experience from his childhood past and his inherited paternal childhood past in Occupied French North Africa. Faimberg’s “telescoping of generations” and Abraham’s “phantom” describe disavowed trauma in earlier generations, often grandparents, transmitted unconsciously to children and grandchildren. Family trauma and attendant-buried secrets evade consciousness and resist analytic attention. By recognizing and witnessing his own traumatic inheritance, the analyst successfully negotiated a significant impasse with an approach different from his relatively classical training. A more relational approach, co-constructed by patient and analyst, enhanced the patient’s experience of being understood. Alternative communication including alterations in the frame, mutual enactmen...