cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilization of a hubbard U model to understand the valence band photoelectron data for the high-temperature superconductors

The valence-band photoelectron spectra are interpreted within a Hubbard model. The 9.5-eV "mystery" peak in the photoelectron spectra for Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ is identified as arising from a state with two holes localized on nearest-neighbor oxygen atoms. Hubbard $U$ parameters are obtained from the data and found to be larger than expected for metallic systems.
Dominance, cortisol and stress in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)

Field studies of endocrine function in a range of social mammals suggest that high dominance rank is commonly associated with elevated glucocorticoid production. This is puzzling, because in stable dominance hierarchies, high status is normally associated with social control and predictability, key predictors of low psychological stress. One solution to this problem may be that high rank is commonly associated with elevated energetic expenditure, leading to increased metabolic stress and glucocorticoid secretion. We conducted behavioural observations and non-invasive hormone sampling of male chimpanzees in Kibale National Park, Uganda, to examine the relationship between cortisol, dominance and stress in wild chimpanzees. Results indicate that male dominance rank positively correlated with urinary cortisol excretion in a stable dominance hierarchy. Cortisol excretion also correlated positively with rates of male aggression. We suggest that the relationship between cortisol and rank in chimpanzees may be driven by energetic factors rather than psychosocial ones. This interpretation is supported by the observation that urinary cortisol levels correlated negatively with food availability. These findings suggest that dominant chimpanzees experience significant metabolic costs that must be set against the presumed reproductive benefits of high rank. Metabolic stress may mediate the relationship between rank and cortisol in other social mammals.
Irradiation-induced amorphization in β-SiC

Abstract Single-crystal (001) β-SiC (3C) films have been irradiated with 360 keV Ar 2+ ions at 175, 310 and 375 K and the damage accumulation after each incremental fluence has been measured in situ by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy in channeling geometry (RBS/C) along the [011] direction using the dual beam facilities within the Ion Beam Materials Laboratory at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The relative rate of disordering along [011] decreases with increasing temperature. The critical dose for the relative disorder to reach the random level along [011] is 0.35 dpa (17.5 eV/atom), 0.44 dpa (22.0 eV/atom) and 0.61 dpa (30.5 eV/atom) at 175, 310 and 375 K, respectively. The sigmoidal increase in relative disorder with dose is consistent with defect accumulation processes. Although RBS/C along [011] indicates a fully random layer at the highest dose for each temperature, ex situ RBS/C and XTEM along [001] indicate some residual crystallinity remains near the surface and the end of range.
Optical and Magnetic Properties of a Magnetite Suspension

A suspension of magnetite powder in oil acts in a limited way as a light shutter. When a magnetic field is parallel to the light direction more light is transmitted than when the light is transverse. Microscopic examination shows that the particles form elongated groups. Each particle is probably a single magnetic domain, magnetized to saturation, and hence it attracts neighboring particles. The theory of the phenomenon, assuming the groups to be uniform and cylindrical, gives an equation for the amount of transmitted light in terms of magnetic field strength. This equation is subjected to experimental test and is not well verified. The magnetization curve of a dense suspension is determined experimentally and found to fit the Langevin curve fairly well. The group of particles, constituting the magnetic element, has an intensity of magnetization considerably less than the saturation value, although the individual particles are probably single, saturated domains.
Random nearest neighbor and influence graphs on Z d

Random nearest neighbor and influence graphs with vertex set Zd are defined and their percolation properties are studied. The nearest neighbor graph has (with probability 1) only finite connected components and a superexponentially decaying connectivity function. Influence graphs (which are related to energy minimization searches in disordered Ising models) have a percolation transition. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 15, 262–278, 1999
A practical plan for prevention and intervention: Florida’s new Model Policy on officer-involved domestic violence

This article describes the development and innovative dissemination of Florida’s new Model Policy on officer-involved domestic violence and explains its expanded focus on training, employee assistance programs, and victims, as well as its application to a much broader group of officers than any other related policy in the USA. The article also presents data from research surveys taken by the first group of officers who viewed the Model Policy online. An analysis of the data reflects the promise of the Model Policy’s potential impact and the broader impact of the Law Enforcement Families Partnership.
An interactive decision support system for energy policy analysis

Une application unique des concepts SSD (systeme de support de decision) en analyse de la politique de l'energie, EPLAN (ou plan d'energie) modelise la demande d'energie U.S. en utilisant les donnees economiques et d'ingenierie stockees et les valeurs des parametres fournis par l'utilisateur
Optical distance measurements to recover the material approach missed by optical velocimetry

Optical velocimetry is limited to measuring the component of the target velocity along the axis of the optical beam, thereby allowing a laterally moving tilted surface to approach a probe undetected. We are not discussing the detection of the lateral motion, but rather the detection of material approaching the probe due to lateral motion of a surface that is not perpendicular to the beam. This motion is not measured in optical velocimetry, and consequentially, integrating the velocity will in general give an incorrect position. We will present three approaches to overcome this limitation: Tilted wave-front interferometry, which maps time of flight into fringe displacement; pulse bursts for which we measure the change in the average arrival time of a burst, and amplitude modulation interferometry, in which a change in path length shows up as a change in the phase of the modulation. All three of these have the potential to be integrated with existing velocimetry probes for simultaneous velocity and displacement measurements. We will also report on initial tests of these approaches.
Skeleton-based three-dimensional geometric morphing

Abstract In this paper, we describe a method for generating geometric morphs between general 3D solid models. The method is based on the Euclidean skeleton and is capable of generating morphs between shapes that possess different feature sets and different topology. The essential concept that enables the morphing method is utilization of the trimmed skeleton of the symmetric difference as an intermediate shape. The intermediate shape is a valid solid model whose boundary does not self-intersect and is everywhere equidistant from the boundaries of the source shapes. We apply the skeleton-based intermediate shape generation procedure recursively to produce a sequence of shapes, referred to as a morph history, that gradually transform between the initial and target shapes. The method is sufficiently robust to handle significant changes in geometry and topology, such as the creation and annihilation of protrusions, indentations, internal holes and handles, and produces intuitive morph histories. The skeleton also establishes a correspondence between points on the boundaries of the source and target objects. Interpolation between corresponding points is performed to enable fast generation of a morph history consisting of a sequence of valid solid models. For source and target models that are sufficiently close, this interpolative morphing scheme generates results comparable to those obtained by the recursive skeletonization procedure, but with improved computational efficiency. The boundary point correspondence generated by the skeleton enables morphing with surface attributes (e.g., color, texture, surface roughness, and transparency). The skeleton-based procedure also allows for morphing between open curves or surfaces. A modification of the basic procedure allows the user to control the morph by specifying corresponding feature sets on the initial and final objects. Examples are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the methods described.
The relation between motivational concordance and response expectancy

Response expectancy is a well-established theoretical mechanism by which placebo effects are thought to be generated [1–3]. The theory posits that the key factor involved in the placebo effect is the response expected by the patient as a result of treatment. Response expectancy is thus principally a cognitive theory—what matters most is what a person thinks, not what he or she does. Recently, a competing theory was developed by Hyland et al. [4] called “motivational concordance.” Motivational concordance differs from response expectancy in that it claims that expectancies do not have a direct influence on the placebo effect. Instead, it posits that it is behavior rather than cognition that is most important in driving placebo responses. In addition, motivational concordance theory holds that, if a particular treatment regimen is in accord with the patient's own preferences and motivations, then the patient will be more likely to engage in that treatment, and it is the behavior itself (i.e., the degree of engagement in treatment) that leads to symptom reduction. In the present issue of this journal, Hyland andWhalley [5] present empirical data in support of motivational concordance as an alternative to response expectancy theory. However, instead of pitting the two against one other, it seems to me that the theories should be integrated. According to Hyland and Whalley, the major divergence between the theories is the centrality of behavior in motivational concordance theory and
UOK 262 cell line, fumarate hydratase deficient (FH-/FH-) hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell carcinoma: in vitro and in vivo model of an aberrant energy metabolic pathway in human cancer.

Energy deregulation and abnormalities of tumor cell metabolism are critical issues in understanding cancer. Hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is an aggressive form of RCC characterized by germline mutation of the Krebs cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase (FH), and one known to be highly metastatic and unusually lethal. There is considerable utility in establishing preclinical cell and xenograft models for study of disorders of energy metabolism, as well as in development of new therapeutic approaches targeting of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzy- meedeficient human cancers. Here we describe a new immortalized cell line, UOK 262, derived from a patient having aggressive HLRCC-associated recurring kidney cancer. We investigated gene expression, chromosome profiles, efflux bioenergetic analysis, mitochondrial ultrastructure, FH catabolic activity, invasiveness, and optimal glucose requirements for in vitro growth. UOK 262 cells have an isochromosome 1q recurring chromosome abnormality, i(1)(q10), and exhibit compro- mised oxidative phosphorylation and in vitro dependence on anaerobic glycolysis consistent with the clinical manifestation of HLRCC. The cells also display glucose-dependent growth, an elevated rate of lactate efflux, and overexpression of the glucose transporter GLUT1 and of lactate dehydro- genase A (LDHA). Mutant FH protein was present primarily in edematous mitochondria, but with catalytic activity nearly undetectable. UOK 262 xenografts retain the characteristics of HLRCC histopathology. Our findings indicate that the severe compromise of oxidative phosphorylation and rapid glycolytic flux in UOK 262 are an essential feature of this TCA cycle enzyme-deficient form of kidney cancer. This tumor model is the embodiment of the Warburg effect. UOK 262 provides a unique in vitro and in vivo preclinical model for studying the bioenergetics of the
Palliative care education for surgeons

B A s t o c e t w d s t r m he Principles Guiding Care at the End of Life (oppoite page) and the expanded Principles of Palliative Care roposed by the Surgical Palliative Care Task Force exmplify all aspects of the competent physician. This aricle will discuss the need for palliative care education at ll levels of training and practice, barriers to providing ducation in surgical palliative care, and current opporunities for surgeons to provide or obtain education in alliative care.
Insulin Resistance as a Predictor of Gains in Body Fat, Weight, and Abdominal Fat in Nondiabetic Women: A Prospective Study

The purpose was to determine the relationship between insulin resistance (IR) and risk of gaining body fat percentage (BF%), body weight, and abdominal fat over 18 months. A prospective cohort study was conducted using a sample of 226 women. IR was assessed using fasting blood insulin and glucose levels to calculate homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Participants were divided into High (4th quartile) Moderate (2nd and 3rd quartiles), and Low (1st quartile) HOMA categories. BF% was estimated using plethysmography (Bod Pod), weight was measured in a standard swimsuit, and abdominal fat was indexed using the average of two circumferences taken at the umbilicus. Participants wore accelerometers and completed weighed food logs for 7 consecutive days to control for the effect of physical activity (PA) and energy intake, respectively. On average, women in the High HOMA group decreased in BF% (-0.48 ± 3.60), whereas those in the Moderate (0.40 ± 3.66) and Low HOMA (1.17 ± 3.15) groups gained BF% (F = 5.4, P = 0.0211). Changes in body weight showed a similar dose-response relationship (F = 4.7, P = 0.0317). However, baseline IR was not predictive of changes in abdominal fat (F = 0.8, P = 0.3635). Controlling for several covariates had little effect on gains in BF% and weight, but adjusting for initial BF% and/or initial weight nullified changes in BF% and weight across the IR groups. In conclusion, women with High HOMA tend to gain significantly less BF% and weight than women with low or moderate HOMA. The decreased risk appears unrelated to several covariates, except initial BF% and weight levels, which seem to play key roles in the relationships.
Electroreflectance at a Semiconductor-Electrolyte Interface

The electroreflectance spectra of Si, Ge, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Sn, AlSb, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, InAs, InSb, ZnO, ZnTe, CdS, CdSe, and CdTe are reported. The measurements were performed by the electrolyte technique in the 1-to 6-eV photon energy range. The data were processed by the Kramers-Kronig technique and the variation in ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ induced by the applied electric field obtained. Several sharp peaks were observed in all these spectra and interpreted in terms of critical points in the joint density of states for optical transitions. As a result, a large number of direct interband energy gaps and spin-orbit splittings is obtained. These spin-orbit splittings are interpreted and correlated by using the k. p method: Enough experimental information is available to determine the effects of spin-orbit interaction on the valence bands of most of these materials at any point in k space.
THE CARBOHYDRATE OF γ-GLOBULIN AND MYELOMA PROTEINS

Various preparations of gamma-globulin homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge showed a similar content of hexose, hexosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. Subfractionation of Fr. II gamma-globulin by zone electrophoresis revealed multiple components of different mean mobilities but containing similar amounts of carbohydrate. Gamma globulin isolated directly from normal serum by zone electrophoresis showed a heavy component in addition to the usual 7 S material. The heavy component (s(20, w) = 19 S) concentrated by preparative ultracentrifugation was found to be considerably richer in carbohydrate than the rest of the gamma-globulin and accounted for small differences in carbohydrate content between different preparations of gamma-globulin. Pathological sera with marked elevation in gamma-globulin showed a carbohydrate-protein ratio for the gamma-globulin similar to that found for the corresponding 7 S fraction in normal serum. This was only partially true of the myeloma proteins with a mobility in the gamma-globulin region. Certain of these proteins showed slight but significant differences. The myeloma proteins of faster mobility (beta-myelomas) contained considerably more carbohydrate. The possible role of these carbohydrates in accounting for some of the mobility and immunological differences in the myeloma proteins is discussed. The pathological proteins found in two cases of macroglobulinemia showed a high carbohydrate content similar to but slightly lower than the normal 19 S component of gamma-globulin.
Early Cambrian age for synrift deposits of the Chilhowee Group of southwestern Virginia

A newly discovered shelly fossil (hyolithid?) and trace fossil ( Rusophycus ) were found within synrift and postrift sediments of the Chilhowee Group in southwestern Virginia. These specimens indicate that the Chilhowee Group may be entirely of Cambrian age and that rifting in the central and southern Appalachians extended into the Early Cambrian.
A Newton Method for Linear Programming

A fast Newton method is proposed for solving linear programs with a very large (ź106) number of constraints and a moderate (ź102) number of variables. Such linear programs occur in data mining and machine learning. The proposed method is based on the apparently overlooked fact that the dual of an asymptotic exterior penalty formulation of a linear program provides an exact least 2-norm solution to the dual of the linear program for finite values of the penalty parameter but not for the primal linear program. Solving the dual problem for a finite value of the penalty parameter yields an exact least 2-norm solution to the dual, but not a primal solution unless the parameter approaches zero. However, the exact least 2-norm solution to the dual problem can be used to generate an accurate primal solution if mźn and the primal solution is unique. Utilizing these facts, a fast globally convergent finitely terminating Newton method is proposed. A simple prototype of the method is given in eleven lines of MATLAB code. Encouraging computational results are presented such as the solution of a linear program with two million constraints that could not be solved by CPLEX 6.5 on the same machine.
Clinical presentation of patients with eosinophilic inflammation of the esophagus

Background Allergic eosinophilic esophagitis (AEE) is defined by a dense infiltrate of eosinophils within the esophageal mucosa and the absence of pathological gastroesophageal reflux. Objective To characterize a pediatric population with AEE to determine if AEE can be diagnosed based on history; to compare patients with varying degrees of esophageal eosinophilic inflammation to determine if moderate esophageal inflammation is part of a continuum of AEE. Design Medical records of 112 patients with eosinophils on esophageal biopsy specimens were reviewed. Patients were grouped according to eosinophils per high power field (eos/hpf): group 1 (1-5 eos/hpf, n=31), group 2 (6-14 eos/hpf, n=13), and group 3 (≥15 eos/hpf, n=68) and compared. Setting University Children's Hospital. Patients Children and adolescents with eosinophils on esophageal mucosal biopsy specimens. Interventions Analysis of clinical information. Main Outcome Measurements Clinical characterization of patients with esophageal eosinophilia. Results There was no significant difference in patient demographics. Patients in groups 2 and 3 had multiple food allergens identified. Patients in group 3 with a positive type I allergic response were significantly younger than those with a negative response (mean, 4.6 years old vs mean, 8.5 years old; P = .0065). In group 2, 3 of 13 patients responded histologically to acid-suppressive therapy, whereas 6 patients had improved histology with corticosteroids; 4 of these 6 patients had not responded histologically to acid-suppression. Limitations Retrospective study. Conclusions History and clinical presentation were not useful in predicting the severity of histologic esophageal inflammation in this cohort. Patients with moderate esophageal eosinophilia (group 2) exhibited a variable response to medical therapy.
La desconsideración de los animales no humanos en la bioética

This paper defends two claims. The first is that, despite the extensive use of nonhuman animals in research, this issue has not been really taken seriously in the field of bioethics. This claim is supported by a survey of recent literature in bioethics. The second claim is that this lack of attention is unwarranted. It is commonly assumed that the interests of nonhuman animals are not morally significant, or at least not as significant as those of humans. However, none of the arguments that have been advanced in defense of this view succeeds. Thus, current studies in bioethics display what may be described as a speciesist bias. Moreover, this also means that the very use of nonhuman animals as resources is questionable.
On the combination of logical and probabilistic models for information analysis

Formal logical tools are able to provide some amount of reasoning support for information analysis, but are unable to represent uncertainty. Bayesian network tools represent probabilistic and causal information, but in the worst case scale as poorly as some formal logical systems and require specialized expertise to use effectively. We describe a framework for systems that incorporate the advantages of both Bayesian and logical systems. We define a formalism for the conversion of automatically generated natural deduction proof trees into Bayesian networks. We then demonstrate that the merging of such networks with domain-specific causal models forms a consistent Bayesian network with correct values for the formulas derived in the proof. In particular, we show that hard evidential updates in which the premises of a proof are found to be true force the conclusions of the proof to be true with probability one, regardless of any dependencies and prior probability values assumed for the causal model. We provide several examples that demonstrate the generality of the natural deduction system by using inference schemes not supportable directly in Horn clause logic. We compare our approach to other ones, including some that use non-standard logics.
Does CDP-choline modulate phospholipase activities after transient forebrain ischemia?

Abstract Ten min forebrain ischemia/1-day reperfusion resulted in significant decreases in total phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), and cardiolipin in gerbil hippocampus. CDP-choline restored cardiolipin levels, arachidonic acid content of PtdCho, partially but significantly restored total PtdCho, and had no effect on PtdIns. These data suggest that CDP-choline prevented the activation of phospholipase A2 (rather than inhibiting phospholipase A2 activity) but did not affect activities of PtdCho-phospholipases C and/or D, or phosphoinositide-phospholipase C. CDP-choline also provided significant protection for hippocampal CA1 neurons.
Observations of the plasma flow in comet P/Swift‐Tuttle

We present direct ground based observations of the plasma flow sunward and tailward of the nucleus of comet P/Swift‐Tuttle. The observations are long‐slit high resolution spectra of the H_2O^+ emission centered at 6199A with a velocity resolution of about 7 km s^(−1) (FWHM) and a spatial resolution of about 10^4 km at the comet. Emission is visible from just inside the predicted position of the cometopause on the sunward side of the nucleus out to 5 × 10^5 km on the tailward side. The deceleration of the solar plasma on the sunward side is clearly observed as is the acceleration of cometary ions into the tail. These observations show the effectiveness of ground based methods for the systematic study of cometary plasmas and point to the need for a better theoretical understanding of their acceleration mechanisms.
Numerical algorithms and material models for high-velocity impact computations

This article is the written version of a keynote presentation given at the Hypervelocity Impact Symposium in Williamsburg VA in September 2007, in response to accepting the Distinguished Scientist Award from the Hypervelocity Impact Society. As is the tradition, this article is a summary of the technical work performed throughout the career of the award recipient. It covers a range of numerical algorithms and computational material models for high-velocity impact and other intense impulsive loading conditions.
Prospects for de-automatization

Research by Raz and his associates has repeatedly found that suggestions for hypnotic agnosia, administered to highly hypnotizable subjects, reduce or even eliminate Stroop interference. The present paper sought unsuccessfully to extend these findings to negative priming in the Stroop task. Nevertheless, the reduction of Stroop interference has broad theoretical implications, both for our understanding of automaticity and for the prospect of de-automatizing cognition in meditation and other altered states of consciousness.
Evaluation of glycoprotein Ib expression on feline platelets.

Objective—To determine whether platelets obtained from cats expressed glycoprotein Ib (GPIb). Sample Population—Platelets obtained from 11 specific-pathogen-free cats. Procedure—Platelets were analyzed by use of immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western immunoblot analysis, and immunoprecipitation. Results—Immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry revealed the protein on the surface of feline platelets. Biochemical studies (western immunoblot analysis and immunoprecipitation) revealed a 140-kd membrane glycoprotein. Additional biochemical studies revealed that feline GPIb was sensitive to proteolysis, because platelet cytoskeletons prepared with low concentrations of a calpain inhibitor (ie, leupeptin; 100 µg/ml) had substantial proteolysis, and there was an association of protein fragments with the actin cytoskeleton. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of these results indicate that feline platelets express a 140-kd m...
Intraventricular kainic acid preferentially destroys hippocampal pyramidal cells.

THE hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to a variety of conditions, such as anoxia, status epilepticus and senile dementia, in which central neurones are lost1,2. Most commonly, the lesion involves only the Sommer sector (h1) and the endfolium (h3–h5), sparing area h2, the fascia dentata and most regions outside the hippocampal formation. The consequences for hippocampal connections are unknown. Studies on the rat hippocampus suggest that connections made by the affected neurones could be replaced by axons of other neurones which project to the same areas3,4. These anomalous synapses might either compensate in part for the loss of cells or contribute to whatever functional deficits may derive from the lesion. Since a good deal is known about afferent and efferent hippocampal connections in the rat, this animal might serve as a model for studies of hippocampal damage. However, the selective pathology seen clinically cannot be reproduced by conventional lesioning techniques. Ideally, one would like to use a toxin relatively specific for the neurones in question. Kainic acid, a potent excitatory analogue of glutamic acid5–7, has been used to destroy neurones in the arcuate nucleus8 and striatum,9–11 while sparing fibres which pass to or through these regions. Previous workers have also briefly noted lesions in the hippocampus,8,11 but these were not described. Accordingly, we injected kainic acid intraventricularly into the rat brain and studied its effect on hippocampal neurones. We now report the unusual sensitivity of CA3–CA4, and to a lesser extent CA1, pyramidal cells to this agent. Our results suggest that kainic acid lesions can provide a model of hippocampal damage in man.
Expenditure Patterns and Interactions among Local Governments in Metropolitan Areas

The purpose of this study is to compare expenditure patterns of central-city, county, and suburban-city governments in metropolitan areas and to explore service-and-expenditure interactions among these local governments. An analysis of expenditures of local governments in 52 of the largest metropolitan areas indicates that the determinants of expenditures by central-city, county, and suburban-city governments are different and that some degree of service-and-expenditure interactions among these governments exists. For example, in solid-waste and police policy areas, local governments spend more if their neighboring governments spend more, whereas in welfare policy areas, they spend less if their neighboring governments spend more.
Dynamical mass generation in continuum quantum chromodynamics

We study the formation of a mass gap, or effective gluon mass (and consequent dimensionful parameters such as the string tension, glueball mass, $〈\mathrm{Tr}{{G}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}}^{2}〉$, correlation lengths) in continuum QCD, using a special set of Schwinger-Dyson equations. These equations are derived from a resummation of the Feynman graphs which represent certain gauge-invariant color-singlet Green's functions, and are themselves essentially gauge invariant. This resummation is essential to the multiplicative renormalizability of QCD in the light-cone gauge, which we adopt for technical reasons. We close the dynamical equations by "solving" a Ward identity, a procedure which, while exact in the infrared regime, is subject to ambiguities and corrections in the ultraviolet regime which are beyond the scope of the present work. (These ambiguities are less prominent for QCD in three dimensions, which we discuss also.) As discussed in an earlier work, quark confinement arises from a vortex condensate supported by the mass gap. Numerical calculations of the mass gap are presented, suggesting an effective gluon mass of 500\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}200 MeV and a ${0}^{+}$ glueball mass of about twice this value.
High pressure within corpus cavernosum in man during erection its probable mechanism

Corpus cavernosum pressure in man during erection has not been measured previously with a noninvasive technique. Using such a technique it has been shown that during erection in young men intracavernosal pressure has peaks of at least ten times higher than the systemic systolic pressure. These findings indicate that during erection the intracavernosal circulation is contained, at least partially, within a closed system, separated from the general circulation. Also erection cannot be the result of circulatory function only.
Unambiguous fermionic-string amplitudes.

We show how to treat boundary divergences in heterotic string theory covariantly and unambiguously. The method applies even to theories with nonvanishing tadpoles; in this case the Fischler-Susskind mechanism sufficies to ensure well defined answers. Also n-point functions are well defined with no special string-tension renormalizations. As an example we find the loop corrections to the linearized background equations of motion for the O(16)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}O(16) string needed to give unambiguous, finite scattering amplitudes. No splitting or projection of supermoduli space is needed.
Humorous communication: Finding a place for humor in communication research.

Humor literature can be split into two broad categories: (a) why individuals use humor (motivationally/psychologically) and (b) the function humor has within a social setting on society (sociologically). This paper argues that a communicative approach can be used as a connection between the psychological and sociological studies of humor. A new model is put forth as an area for future research in organizational communication that expands the humor process originally proposed in the sociological case study literature.
Hourly variation in total serum cholesterol.

Evidence is presented to indicate that the level of serum cholesterol in certain individuals may vary widely within a matter of hours. The data suggest also that a rapid fluctuation of the serum cholesterol level may be induced in some persons by modifying certain aspects of their environment. Varying lability of the level of serum cholesterol and the differing response of individuals to certain environmental factors require that careful attention be given to the sampling methods used in research.
Economic Development, Racialization, and Privilege: “Yes in My Backyard” Prison Politics and the Reinvention of Madras, Oregon

This article draws from geographic engagements with theories of racialization and NIMBYism to explore connections between economic development and the relational construction of racial identities. I investigate the discourses of local white leadership surrounding two interconnected economic agendas crafted with the goal of remaking the central Oregon town of Madras into an upscale, white community, including (1) entrepreneurial prison development, and (2) an urban renewal project emphasizing high-income residential construction and the removal of “blighted” housing. Community leaders framed these developments as essential to changing perceptions of Madras based on its racial makeup and entrenched poverty. White officials promoted prison recruitment and upscale housing development through a normative racial framework that reaffirmed the privileged status of whites, stigmatized Latinos and Native Americans, and (re)produced unequal spaces. Through this empirical focus, I call attention to the centrality of ...
Clinical practice. Idiopathic short stature.

A healthy, active 12-year-old boy is in the first percentile for height (133.0 cm [52.4 in.]; −2.25 SD) and the third percentile for weight (29 kg [64 lb]). His physical examination is unremarkable, with normal proportions and no signs of puberty. His bone age is 10 years. His midparental height is 164.5 cm (64.8 in.), and his predicted height is 163.8 cm (64.5 in.). Is growth hormone therapy indicated?
PRELIMINARY NOTE ON SEASONAL PRODUCTION OF PLANARIAN PHEROMONE

A seasonal, reproductive pheromone is reported which significantly influences planarian aggregation behavior.
Characterizing transcription factor binding sites using formaldehyde crosslinking and immunoprecipitation.

In their article, A.S. Weinmann and P.J. Farnham (2002, Methods 26) described new techniques for isolating in vivo binding sites for any DNA-binding protein. In this article, we describe complementary methods for detailed in vivo characterizations of such identified protein-DNA interactions. First, we describe how formaldehyde crosslinking and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), in conjunction with transient transfections or the use of cell lines containing stably integrated constructs or episomes, can be employed to identify which specific nucleotides of a region of DNA are required for recruitment of a particular transcription factor. In contrast to in vivo footprinting, this method not only specifies which nucleotides are bound, but also identifies the protein(s) involved in binding. Next, we discuss the use of the ChIP assay to study how binding of a transcription factor is altered by passage through the cell cycle, by overexpression or deletion of another factor, or during tumorigenesis. Finally, a look toward the future suggests that the ChIP assay may be combined with Western blot analysis or mass spectrometry to identify additional proteins that interact with a transcription factor of interest.
Use of graphic displays of process capability data to facilitate producibility analyses

To specify realistic tolerances and ensure acceptable product yields, a product development team must take into account the current process capability of the factory. Using historical process capability data in product development is frequently discussed in academic and industry literature. However, while many organizations have databases, the use of historical data in design is limited. This paper addresses the technical challenges of implementing a producibility analysis tool. First, a description of how data is currently collected and recorded is given. Second, the infeasibility of a “just-press-a-button” system for checking producibility is described. Finally, a new paradigm for data access is proposed, implemented in software, and tested on data used by industry.
Successful implementation of a unit-based quality nurse to reduce central line-associated bloodstream infections.

Background Central line (CL)-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) are an important cause of patient morbidity and mortality. Novel strategies to prevent CLABSI are needed. Methods We described a quasiexperimental study to examine the effect of the presence of a unit-based quality nurse (UQN) dedicated to perform patient safety and infection control activities with a focus on CLABSI prevention in a surgical intensive care unit (SICU). Results From July 2008 to March 2012, there were 3,257 SICU admissions; CL utilization ratio was 0.74 (18,193 CL-days/24,576 patient-days). The UQN program began in July 2010; the nurse was present for 30% (193/518) of the days of the intervention period of July 2010 to March 2012. The average CLABSI rate was 5.0 per 1,000 CL-days before the intervention and 1.5 after the intervention and decreased by 5.1% ( P = .005) for each additional 1% of days of the month that the UQN was present, even after adjusting for CLABSI rates in other adult intensive care units, time, severity of illness, and Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program participation (5.1%, P = .004). Approximately 11.4 CLABSIs were prevented. Conclusion The presence of a UQN dedicated to perform infection control activities may be an effective strategy for CLABSI reduction.
A Theoretical Framework for Teaching Statistics

Summary This article explores a theoretical framework to consider when teaching statistics. It is discussed and illustrated using one innovative approach to teaching using computer simulation methods. This framework can be considered across many different disciplines and age levels.
Long-term security-constrained unit commitment for reliability analyses

This presentation discusses a model for calculating the cost of power system reliability based on the stochastic optimization of long-term security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC). Random outages of generating units and transmission lines as well as load forecasting inaccuracy are modeled as scenario trees in the Monte Carlo simulation. The presentation considers uncertainties when calculating the optimal reserve in the unit commitment solution as a tradeoff between minimizing operating costs and satisfying power system reliability requirements. The probabilistic reliability criteria, i.e. LOLE as a constraint and EENS cost are introduced in the objective function of the SCUC problem. The optimal operating point of power systems is based on the minimum total cost which includes operating and EENS costs. This optimal point is influenced by power system characteristics, generating unit and transmission line constraints, fuel prices, and load shedding costs. The optimal reserve level is implicitly determined by this optimal point which indicates that the marginal cost of additional reserves at the optimal point is equal to the marginal cost of reducing EENS at that point. The study can be used for the scheduling of fuel contracts as well the maintenance outage of components in a vertically integrated utility. The same formulation applies to long-term applications in an ISO while satisfying short term constraints in electricity markets. The proposed model can be used by a vertically integrated utility or an ISO. In the first case, the utility considers the impact of long-term fuel and emission scheduling on power system reliability studies. In the second case, fuel and emission constraints of individual generating companies are submitted as energy constraints when solving the ISO's reliability problem. Numerical simulations indicate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for minimizing the cost of reliability in stochastic power systems [1].
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Regulates Gonadotropin β-Subunit and Chromogranin-B Messenger Ribonucleic Acids in Cultured Chromogranin-A-Positive Pituitary Adenomas*

Chromogranin-A-positive pituitary adenomas include glycoprotein hormone-producing adenomas, null cell adenomas, and a few other pituitary adenomas. We studied the effects of GnRH, CRF, dexamethasone, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate on FSH and LH secretion and on FSHβ and chromogranin-A and -B mRNA expression in 10 chromogranin-A-positive adenomas in vitro to analyze the regulation of FSH and chromogranin-A and -B expression in these neoplasms. Most adenomas responded to GnRH stimulation during 7 days in culture with a 2- to 10-fold increase in FSH and LH secretion and a 2- to 7-fold increase in FSHβ mRNA compared to control values. CRF and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate also stimulated FSH and LH secretion 2- to 5-fold in five of seven and three of three cases, respectively, during 7 days in culture. Dexamethasone stimulated both FSH and LH secretion in two of three cases as well as FSHβ mRNA in vitro in the one case examined. GnRH treatment consistently produced a 2-fold increase in chromogranin-B m...
A METHOD FOR RADIOLIGAND BINDING ASSAYS USING A ROBOTIC WORKSTATION

AbstractRadioligand binding assays provide a powerful tool for screening drug candidates at many receptors. We present a method utilizing a robotic workstation, the Biomek® 1000, which automates the tedious and repetitive tasks of these assays. First, the robot handles the serial dilution of up to 8 drugs with 11 concentrations per drug. The sequential addition of diluting buffer, non-radioactively labeled ligand, radioactive ligand, and finally the tissue homogenate or membrane preparation, is fully automated. A novel rack design allows the use of tubes with a maximum capacity of 2 ml, providing a total assay volume of 1 ml. Final filtration on a Brandel cell harvester outfitted with a uniquely designed head allows for processing of 48 samples simultaneously from the rack holder. We have employed this method for the determination of equilibrium dissociation constants (Kds) for drugs at the 5 human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes expressed in cultured cells, as well as histamine H1, dopamine D2...
An in vitro Study of Functional Maturation of Murine Thymus Cells

Critical time of onset of thymus cell functions in ontogeny was studied in vitro. Collaborative function in an antibody response and ability to induce a graft-versus-host (GvH) response by murine thymocytes from different stages of ontogeny were investigated. Thymocytes from as early as 16-day mouse embryos were capable of collaborating in the antibody response to sheep-erythrocyte-antigen in vitro following 24 h of pretreatment with concanavalin A (con A). By contrast, maturation of thymus cell function as measured by competence to induce a graft-versus-host reaction, was first manifested by newborn thymus cells, and pretreatment with con A did not facilitate the maturation of this thymus cell function. Experiments to understand the effect of con A on the expression of cell surface antigens have also been reported. Con A-treated thymus cells of different ontogenic stages tested were less susceptible to killing by anti-θ serum than nontreated thymus cells; reverse was true with anti-H-2 serum. The significance of the differential susceptibility of con A-treated thymus cells to anti-sera treatment and the finding that mouse thymocytes can provide helper function as early as the 16th day of gestation have been discussed.
Opportunistic Cooperation for Quality of Service Provisionings Over Wireless Relay Networks

We propose the QoS-driven opportunistic cooperation schemes for the wireless relay networks. By integrating information theory with the concept of effective capacity, our schemes aim at maximizing the relay network throughput subject to a given delay QoS constraint. Applying the time division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiple access (FDMA) techniques to the relay networks, we derive a set of optimal static and dynamic time/bandwidth allocation strategies under either constant or dynamic power control. When the power allocation is constant, we prove that the FDMA based schemes outperform the TDMA based schemes. On the other hand, when the power allocation is dynamically adjusted, we observe that the TDMA based schemes offer the same effective-capacity performance as the FDMA based schemes. We also analytically characterize the impact of the wireless-relay-network topologies and QoS requirements on the effective-capacity performances of our proposed strategies. The extensive simulation experiments show that our proposed strategies significantly outperform the existing equal-time or equal-bandwidth allocation strategies in terms of the effective capacity.
Dependence of trabecular damage on mechanical strain.

Trabecular damage may play a role in hip fracture, bone remodeling, and prosthesis loosening. We hypothesized that when trabecular bone is loaded beyond its elastic range, both the type and the amount of damage depend on the applied strains. Thirty specimens of trabecular bone from the bovine tibia underwent compression tests to one of three levels of strain (0.4,1.0, and 2.5%) (n = 10 per group). The 0.4% level was a mechanically nondestructive control group that accounted for any systematic errors. Optical microscopy at magnifications as high as × 200 was then used to quantify the trabecular damage for each group. The amount of damage in the yield group (1.0% strain) did not differ from that in the control group (p = 0.66), whereas damage in the post-ultimate strain group (2.5% strain) increased more than 3-fold (p < 0.0008). Four types of damage were observed: transverse cracks, shear bands, parallel cracks, and complete fractures, of which the first two were dominant. These findings therefore indicate that damage occurs within trabeculae at yield. By comparison with our previous work, it can also be concluded that substantial modulus reductions in trabecular bone (as much as 60%) are caused by damage primarily within trabeculae. The ability to detect such damage clinically may improve in vivo estimates of whole-bone strength by identifying regions of densito metrically normal but mechanically compromised trabecular bone.
Relative Lysine Potencies of Eight Analogues in Diets of Young Turkeys

Three experiments were conducted to determine the biological potencies of eight lysine analogues in diets of young turkeys. Diets containing increasing levels of added L-lysine or a lysine analogue were fed to 9-day-old male poults for periods of 12 or 14 days. Multiple regression analyses of body weight gains on levels of supplemental L-lysine or analogue were computed. Relative potencies of the lysine analogues were calculated using the slope-ratio technique. Relative potencies of 6-N-N-dimethylamino-2-hydroxyhexan-N,N-dimethylamide, 6-N-acetylamino-2-hydroxyhexanamide, 6-N-propionylamino-2-hydroxyhexanamide. 6-N-butyrylamino-2-hydroxyhexanamide, 6-N-methylamino-2-hydroxyhexan-N-methylamide and alpha-keto-epsilon-acetylamino-caproic acid were not significantly different from 0%. Mono-hydroxymethyl-L-lysine-calcium and bis-hydroxymethyl-L-lysine-calcium had relative potencies of 62 +/- 6 and 52 +/- 7%, respectively, on a molar basis.