cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forms of Mobility and Their Policy Implications: Thailand and China Compared

As part of their development efforts, many developing nations are concerned about their patterns of population distribution and migration; a number have instituted policies to change the situation. A growing body of research suggests that temporary population movement-circulation-may serve as an alternative means for populations to adjust to the changing economic situations. This paper assesses the impact of development efforts on the various forms of population mobility in Thailand and China. In Thailand, rural development efforts, more investment in small urban places, and improved transport and communication networks have all contributed to a decrease in rural-rural migration and an increase of movement between urban places. Evidence also suggests that circulation between rural and urban places has increased. In China, where permanent migration is tightly controlled, development policies have led to a vast increase in temporary movement. Especially important has been institution of the agricultural responsibility system and investment in small city and town development, but urban reforms have also fostered increased labor mobility. Although China's political system makes both development policies and control of population movement much easier to carry out than in most other countries, China's experiences can hold special interest for developing nations like Thailand that are also concerned about the impact of modernization on population redistribution and the quality of life in both urban and rural places.
Insomnia is associated with impaired quality of life among bariatric surgery candidates.

Summary Little is known about the prevalence or impact of insomnia symptoms in obese individuals pursuing bariatric surgery. The present study from the Rhode Island Bariatric Surgery (RIBS) project examined insomnia symptoms among 2300 individuals pursuing bariatric surgery. Patients were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (SCID), Schedule for Affective Disorders (SADS), Rhode Island Bariatric Surgery Interview (RIBSI), and the SF-36 as a measure of quality of life. The presence of insomnia symptoms was determined via ratings for the SCID items assessing initial, middle, and terminal insomnia symptoms, and the SADS insomnia item was used to measure severity of insomnia symptoms. Clinical and demographic variables were obtained from the SCID and self-report measures. Insomnia symptoms were endorsed by 25.8% of participants. Bariatric patients with insomnia symptoms were rated as having a more severe clinical presentation and lower functioning, and were more likely to have a history of psychiatric treatment and/or hospitalization, compared to bariatric patients without insomnia. Linear regression analyses demonstrated that insomnia severity was a significant predictor for scores on each of the 8 SF-36 subscales after accounting for age, gender, race, education level, BMI, depression severity, and sleep apnea. Additionally, a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) controlling for depression severity and sleep apnea demonstrated significantly poorer scores on 6 of the 8 SF-36 subscales for bariatric patients with current insomnia symptoms. Results revealed that insomnia symptoms are common among bariatric patients and are associated with reduced quality of life and poorer current functioning. This suggests that insomnia symptoms are an important clinical target in bariatric patients prior to surgery.
Evolution of Ideals for Women in Mormon Periodicals, 1897-1999

An important locus for mediation of a religious movement's self-defnition and relationship with secular society is found in its definition of gender roles, especially in definition of ideal roles for women. Content analysis of Mom=on periodicals reveals tension between accommodation and resistance to secular gender norms with a shift from advocation of women's participation in extra-domestic activities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to insistence upon women's primary, even exclusive, obligations as wives, mothers and homemakers in the 1970s and advocation of inconsistent ideals in the 1 980s and 1 990s. Findings are discussed with reference to Mormonism's changing response to its sociocultural environment. In the last three decades the Mormon Church has taken a public stand as a defender of "traditional family values." In its opposition to the proposed Equal Rights Amendment in the 1970s and 1980s, the excommunication of Sonia Johnson - president of Mormons for the ERA - and more recently, the excommunication of feminist scholars and intellectuals in the mid-1990s, publication of the Proclamation on the Family, and public support for proposition twenty-two in California, the Mormon Church has taken a position as protector of the "traditional" heterosexual nuclear family. Central to the Mormon articulation of the ideal family is definition of ideal gender roles. Recent scholarship on Mormon women indicates, however, that ideals for women have been far from monolithic over the course of the movement's history. Historical research demonstrates that in Mormonism's early decades women participated in expression of gifts of the spirit, most importantly healing and conferral of blessings by the laying on of hands - practices now reserved exclusively for male priesthood holders (Newell 1992a; Barber 1992) and participated in an autonomous Relief Society (the Church's women's organization) in which women elected leaders and controlled an independent budget (Newell 1992a, 1992b). Scholars and Church leaders disagree about whether Mormon women were ever allowed to "hold" (have conferred upon
Investigations Into The Chromatographic Optimization Of Combined GC/FTIR/MS

Even with the explosive growth and acceptance of GC/MS it has some analytical limitations. Several of these deficiencies can be overcome with information provided by GC/FTIR. Combining a GC/MS and a GC/FTIR into one system provides economies of sample, time, space, and money as well as a higher confidence qualitative result. The later results from the ability of the mass spectro -meter to give molecular fragment information with strength in homolog identification while the infrared spectrometer gives class specific-functional group and geometrical isomer data. Several configurations of the combined light pipe GC/FTIR/MS are evaluated looking toward ease of use, information content, and data evaluation. The combined system's sensitivity, chromatographic integrity, and gas chromatographic column choices and their operational parameters are discussed. The series arrangement with the GC column effluent passing through the FTIR light pipe and then serially to the MS is compared to the post column split of the column effluent to the FTIR and MS as well as to the configuration using two GC columns. Operational recommendations are given to maximize chromatographic resolution, detector sensitivity, and sample throughput. Examples are shown illustrating the combined systems operation. All parameters discussed apply to work done on the HP 5890A GC, the HP5965A IRD, and the HP 5970B MSD.
The unique clinical presentation of children with chronic arthritis: putting the pediatrics in pediatric rheumatology.

You have probably heard this dozens of times: “This might be an autoimmune disease. Order an ANA and a rheumatoid factor.” It is a common occurrence on adult medicine wards, and all too common in pediatrics as well. It probably stems from the fact that, until recently, very few medical schools had a pediatric rheumatologist; a third of the medical schools in the United States still do not have one. 1 Thus, pediatricians have had to undertake their evaluations of children with suspected rheumatic disease or musculoskeletal complaints using models derived from adult medicine. One of the most important advances in pediatric rheumatology over the past 15 years, and the one that has received the least attention, I think, has been the growing body of research that has shown just how inappropriate those models are for the evaluation of children with musculoskeletal complaints and/or suspected rheumatic disease. In this short article, I will summarize the most important findings from this research, inviting the reader to access the primary resources to better understand the significant differences between adult and pediatric rheumatology. Perhaps the most surprising finding has been the documentation that isolated musculoskeletal pain is almost never the complaint with which children with arthritis present to their primary care physicians. At the same time, evaluation of musculoskeletal pain is the single most common reason that primary care physicians refer children to pediatric rheumatologists. 2 In a retrospective study of 414 children evaluated at a university-based pediatric rheumatology clinic, McGhee and colleagues 3 reported that more that 75% of children referred for evaluation reported musculoskeletal pain as an isolated complaint or part of a complex complaint (eg, rash and pain). However, not a single child among 76 diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) presented with a chief complaint of isolated musculoskeletal pain. Indeed, only 16% of the children with arthritis included pain as one of their reasons for consulting their primary care physician. Rather, children with JRA invariably presented with joint swelling and/or gait disturbance as their primary complaint. The gait disturbance, when present, was typically better with activity and worse with rest, exactly the opposite of what one finds in mechanical musculoskeletal pain syndromes. The rarity with which children with chronic forms of arthritis verbalize pain probably accounts for the large number of children with arthritis (more than 60% in one
Dipolar interactions in acetonitrile

Abstract The dipolar correlation function for neat acetonitrile is constructed by inverse Fourier transformation of an expression involving the dielectric permittivity and loss from static frequency to the far infrared. The mathematical structure of the correlation function is evaluated using a statistical package due to Provencher which discriminates between models represented by sums of exponentials. The results are compared to a model due to Berne which accounts for the influence of long range dipole forces on the molecular reorientation. Two exponentials are found in accord with the functional form of Berne's model. However, the derived parameters satisfy only partly constraints imposed by his model. Although quantitative agreement is not found, the two exponential form is unambiguously preferred over a single exponential (Debye behavior). The role of cross correlation and molecular polarizability is considered.
Optimum Stimulation Level: Its Relationship to Personality, Demographics, and Exploratory Behavior

Two studies are reported that examine the relationships between optimum stimulation level (OSL), selected personality traits, demographic variables, and exploratory behavior in the consumer context. The results show several significant correlations between OSL and the other variables examined. Research and managerial implications of the results are outlined.
Neural network control of a pneumatic robot arm

A neural map algorithm has been employed to control a five-joint pneumatic robot arm and gripper through feedback from two video cameras. The pneumatically driven robot arm (SoftArm) employed in this investigation shares essential mechanical characteristics with skeletal muscle systems. To control the position of the arm, 200 neurons formed a network representing the three-dimensional workspace embedded in a four-dimensional system of coordinates from the two cameras, and learned a three-dimensional set of pressures corresponding to the end effector positions, as well as a set of 3/spl times/4 Jacobian matrices for interpolating between these positions. The gripper orientation was achieved through adaptation of a 1/spl times/4 Jacobian matrix for a fourth joint. Because of the properties of the rubber-tube actuators of the SoftArm, the position as a function of supplied pressure is nonlinear, nonseparable, and exhibits hysteresis. Nevertheless, through the neural network learning algorithm the position could be controlled to an accuracy of about one pixel (/spl sim/3 mm) after 200 learning steps and the orientation could be controlled to two pixels after 800 learning steps. This was achieved through employment of a linear correction algorithm using the Jacobian matrices mentioned above. Applications of repeated corrections in each positioning and grasping step leads to a very robust control algorithm since the Jacobians learned by the network have to satisfy the weak requirement that the Jacobian yields a reduction of the distance between gripper and target. The neural network employed in the control of the SoftArm bears close analogies to a network which successfully models visual brain maps. It is concluded, therefore, from this fact and from the close analogy between the SoftArm and natural muscle systems that the successful solution of the control problem has implications for biological visuo-motor control. >
Quasielastic light scattering microscope spectrometer

We have developed a quasielastic light scattering microscope spectrometer from a commercially available instrument. The coherence requirements of microscope spectrometers have been examined, and our system performs in agreement with theory. Microscopic scattering volumes can be studied while still minimizing spatial averaging effects on the intensity autocorrelation function.
The implementation and evaluation of fusion and contraction in array languages

Array languages such as Fortran 90, HPF and ZPL have many benefits in simplifying array-based computations and expressing data parallelism. However, they can suffer large performance penalties because they introduce intermediate arrays---both at the source level and during the compilation process---which increase memory usage and pollute the cache. Most compilers address this problem by simply scalarizing the array language and relying on a scalar language compiler to perform loop fusion and array contraction. We instead show that there are advantages to performing a form of loop fusion and array contraction at the array level. This paper describes this approach and explains its advantages. Experimental results show that our scheme typically yields runtime improvements of greater than 20% and sometimes up to 400%. In addition, it yields superior memory use when compared against commercial compilers and exhibits comparable memory use when compared with scalar languages. We also explore the interaction between these transformations and communication optimizations.
It's not what you can make - It's what you can test

Summary form only given, as follows. This talk takes the position that the art and science of semiconductor test is on an unalterable trajectory from technology gate-keeper to technology enabler. The SIA Roadmap states emphatically "Test for yield learning (is) critically essential for fabrication process and device learning... Screening for reliability (faces) implementation challenges... and erratic, non-deterministic, and intermittent device behavior." Additional test requirements cannot change the fact that detecting active or latent defects is a rare event. To meet the challenge of yield learning, reliability screening and improving defect detection requires separating the chance occurrence from the baseline factors of process and design. New materials and processes are possible only by the transformation of production test response into test information.
Development of a GFP reporter gene for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast

Reporter genes have been successfully used in chloroplasts of higher plants, and high levels of recombinant protein expression have been reported. Reporter genes have also been used in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, but in most cases the amounts of protein produced appeared to be very low. We hypothesized that the inability to achieve high levels of recombinant protein expression in the C. reinhardtii chloroplast was due to the codon bias seen in the C. reinhardtii chloroplast genome. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized a gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) de novo, optimizing its codon usage to reflect that of major C. reinhardtii chloroplast-encoded proteins. We monitored the accumulation of GFP in C. reinhardtii chloroplasts transformed with the codon-optimized GFP cassette (GFPct), under the control of the C. reinhardtii rbcL 5'- and 3'-UTRs. We compared this expression with the accumulation of GFP in C. reinhardtii transformed with a non-optimized GFP cassette (GFPncb), also under the control of the rbcL 5'- and 3'-UTRs. We demonstrate that C. reinhardtii chloroplasts transformed with the GFPct cassette accumulate approximately 80-fold more GFP than GFPncb-transformed strains. We further demonstrate that expression from the GFPct cassette, under control of the rbcL 5'- and 3'-UTRs, is sufficiently robust to report differences in protein synthesis based on subtle changes in environmental conditions, showing the utility of the GFPct gene as a reporter of C. reinhardtii chloroplast gene expression.
Industrial Structure and Occupational Health: The American Pottery Industry, 1897-1929

Beginning in 1897, the American ceramics industry entered a period of stability and collaboration that emerged from an agreement by several leading firms to fix prices and discounts, exchange cost and price information, and begin close contractual relations with its workers' union, the National Brotherhood of Operative Potters. One issue, however, remained trouble-some: how to deal with occupational health issues in this disease-ridden trade. Should firms rely on state or private inspection? Should they be bound to one standard? Significantly, the companies and unions opted for private inspection systems that allowed them to maintain trade stability, even at the cost of health improvements. This arrangement remained in place until 1923, when federal antitrust actions shattered the trade association. Employers then faced a shift to state inspection and enacted a range of new schemes and private welfare plans to suit their designs.
The Logic of Theory Assessment

This paper starts by indicating the analysis of Hempel’s conditions of adequacy for any relation of confirmation (Hempel, 1945) as presented in Huber (submitted). There I argue contra Carnap (1962, Section 87) that Hempel felt the need for two concepts of confirmation: one aiming at plausible theories and another aiming at informative theories. However, he also realized that these two concepts are conflicting, and he gave up the concept of confirmation aiming at informative theories. The main part of the paper consists in working out the claim that one can have Hempel’s cake and eat it too — in the sense that there is a logic of theory assessment that takes into account both of the two conflicting aspects of plausibility and informativeness. According to the semantics of this logic, α is an acceptable theory for evidence β if and only if α is both sufficiently plausible given β and sufficiently informative about β. This is spelt out in terms of ranking functions (Spohn, 1988) and shown to represent the syntactically specified notion of an assessment relation. The paper then compares these acceptability relations to explanatory and confirmatory consequence relations (Flach, 2000) as well as to nonmonotonic consequence relations (Kraus et al., 1990). It concludes by relating the plausibility-informativeness approach to Carnap’s positive relevance account, thereby shedding new light on Carnap’s analysis as well as solving another problem of confirmation theory.
The Continued Social Transformation of the Medical Profession

A pressing concern in contemporary health policy is whether the medical profession's mandate to take care of clients has been undermined by the influx of money into health care. We examine the medical profession's transformation over the past decades. First, we review how sociologists have viewed the medical profession over the past half-century as one stakeholder among other stakeholders vying for market share and power in the health care field. We then examine three recent challenges to the profession that exemplify the tension between self-interest and collective altruism to act in the best interest of patients: (1) the rise of patient consumerism, (2) the advent of evidence-based medicine, and (3) the increasing power of the pharmaceutical industry. We show the resilience of the medical profession as it adapts and transforms in response to these challenges. We conclude with implications to help inform policy makers' assessments of how the medical profession will react to policy initiatives.
Dielectric Properties of Polyimide Film. II. DC Properties

Dielectric properties have been measured, in the frequency range 100 to 100 kHz and in the temperature range -200 to +150°C, for as-received polyimide and for polyimide annealed at 240°C/24 hr. Three loss peaks were found. The structural motions which give rise to these peaks have been determined through a comparison with other data on polyimide, as well as with data on the structurally simi lar polyamides and polyurethanes.
Small States in Big Trouble: State Reorganization in Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, and Sweden in the 1980s

In Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, and Sweden in the 1980s, coalitions of politicians, fiscal bureaucrats, and capital and labor in sectors exposed to international competition allied to transform the largest single nontradables sector in their society: the state, particularly the welfare state. They exposed state personnel and agencies to market pressures and competition to reduce the cost of welfare and other state services. The impetus for change came from rising foreign public and private debt. Rising public debt levels and expensive welfare states interacted to create a tax wedge between employers' wage costs and workers' received wages. This undercut international competitiveness, worsening current account deficits and leading to more foreign debt accumulation. Two factors explain variation in the degree of reorganization in each country: differences in their electoral and constitutional regimes; and the willingness of left parties to risk splitting their core constituencies. Introduction of market pressures is an effort to go beyond the liberalization of the economy common in industrial countries during the 1980s, and both to institutionalize limits to welfare spending and to change the nature of statesociety relations, away from corporatist forms of interest intermediation. In short, not just less state, but a different state.
The Practice of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy in Mainland China

Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) is a strengths-based approach that was developed by American social workers and a team of interdisciplinary colleagues in the early 1980s. This article provides a review of SFBT in mainland China, showing the cross-cultural and transdisciplinary use of SFBT by diverse professionals within China. In particular, this article discusses how SFBT has spread from the United States to China and how the practice of SFBT has grown in mainland China. This is the first article in English to review the Chinese literature and further summarize the use of SFBT in mental health and health care fields within China. Practice implications for the future use of SFBT with Chinese people are also discussed.
Frequent clonal abnormalities of chromosome band 13q 14 in b-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Multiple clones, subclones, and nonclonal alterations in 82 midwestern patients

We performed cytogenetic analyses of peripheral blood lymphocytes from 82 Midwestern B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients. The cells were cultured with mitogens for 3-4 days. At least 15 metaphase cells were analyzed in 79 (96%) cases. Fifty (63%) of the 79 patients had clonal chromosomal alterations. Structural modifications of the long arm of chromosome 13 at or near band 13q14 were the most frequent abnormalities, identified in 23 (46%) of the patients with clonal abnormalities. In several patients, the abnormality involving band 13q14 was the sole chromosomal alteration. There was a high incidence of complex karyotypes. Nine patients had multiple subclones that appeared to result from clonal evolution; seven patients had cytogenetically unrelated clones; three patients had both subclones and cytogenetically unrelated clones. Nonclonal abnormalities were also prominent. Our study confirms the high incidence of clonal abnormalities involving chromosome arm 13q and documents the clustering of abnormalities at band 13q14 in B-CLL. The evidence for clonal evolution and the presence of multiple unrelated clones in these patients suggest that B-CLL may not be a karyotypically stable disease.
Preoperative prediction of spinal cord ischemia after thoracic endovascular aortic repair

Objective Spinal cord ischemia (SCI) is a devastating but potentially preventable complication of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). The purpose of this analysis was to determine what factors predict SCI after TEVAR. Methods All TEVAR procedures at a single institution were reviewed for patient characteristics, prior aortic repair history, aortic centerline of flow analysis, and procedural characteristics. SCI was defined as any lower extremity neurologic deficit that was not attributable to an intracranial process or peripheral neuropathy. Forty-three patient and procedural variables were evaluated individually for association with SCI. Those with the strongest relationships to SCI ( P Results From 2002 to 2013, 741 patients underwent TEVAR for various indications, and 68 (9.2%) developed SCI (permanent: n = 38; 5.1%). Because of the lack of adequate imaging for centerline analysis, 586 patients (any SCI, n = 43; 7.4%) were subsequently analyzed. Patients experiencing SCI after TEVAR were older (SCI, 72 ± 11 years; no SCI, 65 ± 15 years; P P = .06), aortic coverage length (OR multiplies by 1.3 per 5 cm; CI, 1.1-1.6; P = .002), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 1.9; CI, 0.9-4.1; P = .1), chronic renal insufficiency (creatinine concentration ≥ 1.6 mg/dL; OR, 1.9; CI, 0.8-4.2; P = .1), and hypertension (defined as chart history or medication; OR, 6.4; CI, 2.6-18; P χ 2 = 9.8; P = .28). Conclusions This analysis generated a simple model that reliably predicts SCI after TEVAR. This clinical tool can assist decision-making about when to proceed with TEVAR, guide discussions about intervention risk, and help determine when maneuvers to mitigate SCI risk should be implemented.
Inductance 101: modeling and extraction

Modeling magnetic interactions for on-chip interconnect has become an issue of great interest for integrated circuit design in recent years. This tutorial paper describes the basic concepts of magnetic interaction, loop and partial inductance, along with some of the high frequency effects such as the skin and proximity effect.
Single switch, unity power factor, lamp ballasts

Unity power factor, single active switch AC-to-AC power converter topologies based on proper integrations of automatic current shapers and single switch inverters such as Class E power converters are presented, which are suitable for lamp ballast applications. Descriptions of desirable mode of operations and the first order analysis are given. The proposed ballasts have the following salient features: unity input power factor and low crest factor lamp current; single active switch reducing circuit complexity; and lossless switching, all of which are verified by experimental results. >
Pen-based force display for precision manipulation in virtual environments

We describe the structure of a force display recently implemented for precision manipulation of scaled or virtual environments. We discuss the advantages of direct-drive parallel manipulators over geared serial manipulators for human-robot interaction application and introduce the serial-parallel structure we chose for our robot which interfaces with the human operator either at the fingertip or at the tip of a freely held pen-like instrument. We derive the statics and the dynamics, and then introduce the optimization criteria that allowed us to choose the dimensional parameters for the force display. Finally we show some of the potential application for this device.
Population differentiation for plasticity to light in an annual herb: Adaptation and cost.

Phenotypic plasticity allows plants to cope with environmental heterogeneity. Environmental variation among populations may select for differentiation in plasticity. To test this idea, we used the annual plant Geranium carolinianum, which inhabits old fields that are densely vegetated and lack canopy cover and wood margins with tree shade but less neighbor shade. Individuals from three populations of each habitat were planted in natural low and high light environments, and morphological traits important for light acquisition were measured. Old-field plants were more plastic, with greater elongation of petioles and internodes in low light than those from wood margins. This larger shade avoidance response suggests evolution of greater plasticity to neighbor shade than to the tree canopy. Fitness of old-field plants was high across both light environments, whereas fitness of wood-margin plants was reduced in low light. Selection favored longer internodes in low than high light. Finally, plasticity for internode length was nega tively associated with fitness in high light, suggesting a cost of plasticity for this trait. Together these results indicate that shade avoidance plasticity of petiole and internode length is adaptive. However, greater elongation of internode length may be constrained by the cost of plasticity expressed in high light. The evolution of plasticity appears to reflect a balance between its adaptive nature and its cost to fitness.
The Great Number Crunch

A hard look in the mirror, as they say, is good for fitness and vitality. The time seems ripe, then, fifty years after the birth of modern linguistics, to reexamine its foundations. Or rather, the rubble, as the editors of Probabilistic linguistics suggest : corpus statistics, Markov chains, information theory, and the very notion of probability that were supposedly buried by the Chomskyan landslide.
Radiolytic Gas Generation and Oxygen Depletion in Ion Exchange Materials

The process of ion exchange is used extensively throughout numerous industries where water of extremely high purity is required. Government and commercial nuclear power facilities are typical of this, and have applied ion exchange processes for the removal of radioactive ions from aqueous solutions. When water is decontaminated in this fashion the ion exchange medium becomes saturated with the radioactive ions from solutions, and is then stored as radioactive waste in standard burial facilities. During this indefinite storage period, the chemical changes which occur in the ion exchange medium may result in oxygen depletion and gas generation within the storage vessel, and subsequent loss of integrity. It is the object of this work to investigate the early phases of radiolytic oxygen depletion and gas evolution through experimental procedure and observation. The results of this work will then be analyzed with respect to applications for the storage of radioactive ion exchange waste.
Low-Pressure Turbine Separation Control— Comparison With Experimental Data

The present work details a computational study, using the Glenn HT code, that analyzes the use of vortex generator jets (VGJs) to control separation on a low-pressure turbine (LPT) blade at low Reynolds numbers. The computational results are also compared with the experimental data for steady VGJs. It is found that the code determines the proper location of the separation point on the suction surface of the baseline blade (without any VGJ) for Reynolds numbers of 50,000 or less. Also, the code finds that the separated region on the suction surface of the blade vanishes with the use of VGJs. However, the separated region and the wake characteristics are not well predicted. The wake width is generally over-predicted while the wake depth is under-predicted.
Risk of infection and death due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in long-term carriers.

Author(s): Datta, Rupak; Huang, Susan S | Abstract: BackgroundPatients with newly acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have significant risks of short-term morbidity and mortality due to this pathogen. We were interested in assessing whether long-term carriers have persistent risks of disease and whether all carriers, regardless of the duration of carriage, should be considered to be reasonable candidates for interventions to reduce the risk of infection.MethodsWe conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study to evaluate the risk of subsequent MRSA infection and death among patients known to have harbored MRSA for at least 1 year (i.e., prevalent carriers).ResultsAmong 281 prevalent carriers, 65 (23%) developed a total of 96 discrete and unrelated MRSA infections in the year after their identification as prevalent carriers. The most common infections were pneumonia (accounting for 39% of MRSA infections), soft-tissue infection (14%), and central venous catheter infection (14%). Twenty-four percent of all infections involved bacteremia. Thirty-eight MRSA infections occurred during a new hospitalization, and 32 (84%) of these infections were the reason for admission to the hospital. MRSA contributed to 14 deaths, with 6 of these deaths deemed to be attributable to MRSA. Harboring MRSA for l2 years and MRSA colonization at the time of detection as a prevalent carrier were predictive of subsequent infection with MRSA.ConclusionsIndividuals who are known to have harbored MRSA for g1 year are at high risk for subsequent MRSA morbidity and mortality and should be considered to be targets for intervention, in addition to individuals who have newly acquired this pathogen.
Network Duality for Multiuser MIMO Beamforming Networks and Applications

For any multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) network with linear beamformers, it is shown that there exists a dual network that attains the same signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) performance. This network duality concept is a generalization of the virtual uplink concept investigated by Rashid-Farrokhi . We first develop the dual relation using a generic duality theory in linear programming. This approach naturally leads to the construction of a dual network, and provides machinery for handling a generalized cost function. We then consider the joint MIMO beamforming and power control problem with individual SINR constraints. We apply the network duality to this problem and propose a high-performance iterative algorithm which, compared with past centralized approaches, has improved convergence behavior. Finally, we propose a simpler distributed version of the algorithm tailored for a cellular downlink. This algorithm can be readily implemented in a distributed fashion, since it does not require information exchange between base stations. The algorithm achieves performance close to that of centralized ones, and outperforms other decentralized approaches available in the literature
Acetylfentanyl: An Emerging Drug of Abuse

Abstract Background Opioid analgesics are widely used in health care, yet have significant potential for abuse. High doses are associated with potentially fatal respiratory depression, which caused 21,314 deaths in the United States in 2011. Acetylfentanyl, a synthetic opioid agonist closely related to fentanyl, recently emerged as a drug of abuse linked to numerous deaths in North America. Case Report A 36-year-old male developed the habit of using a propylene glycol electronic cigarette filled with acetylfentanyl to aid relaxation. He purchased the drug online in a manner that appeared legal to him, which compromised his insight about the danger of the substance. He had been using the e-cigarette with increasing frequency while on medical leave, and his wife reported finding him weakly responsive on more than one occasion. At approximately 3 am, the family activated 911 for altered mental status. His presentation included respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, hypoxemia, and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 6. He responded to serial doses of intravenous naloxone with improvement in his mental status and respiratory condition. Due to the need for repeated dosing, he was placed on a naloxone infusion and recovered uneventfully in intensive care. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Complications from emerging drugs of abuse, like acetylfentanyl, frequently present first to emergency departments. Prompt recognition and treatment can help avoid morbidity and mortality. Acetylfentanyl can be managed effectively with naloxone, although higher than conventional dosing may be required to achieve therapeutic effect.
Recent advances in calcium transport by the kidney.

In the normal adult human, net intestinal calcium absorption and renal calcium excretion are similar in steady-state conditions. 7 Approximately 15 mg/kg (1,000 mg) of calcium are ingested in food each day; 80% of ingested calcium or approximately 11 mg/kg appears in the feces (Fig 1). The fraction of calcium absorbed by the intestine is approximately 30 % to 40 % of amount present in the lumen. Some calcium (the endogenous fecal calcium) is excreted into the intestine via intestinal and pancreatic secretions. Thus, the net calcium absorbed is the difference between the total amount actually absorbed and the amount excreted via endogenous fecal calcium. The calcium absorbed (4 mg/kg) enters the plasma and extracellular fluid (ECF) space. It equilibrates between the ECF and labile and stable bone pools and, to a smaller extent, between ECF and intracellular calcium pools. In a state of calcium balance, the amounts of calcium entering via the intestinal absorption route and the amounts excreted via the kidney are the same. The amount of calcium filtered by the glomeruli is approximately 10 g/d. Because only a fraction of this (1% to 3 %) appears in the urine, it follows that a considerable amount of calcium is reabsorbed in the tubules. Calcium balance is maintained through the action of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-[OH],D,) acting on target tissues such as the intestine, bone and kidney.8,9 The interactions of parathyroid hormone and the vitamin D endocrine system in response to changes in serum calcium concentrations are shown in Fig 2. This review does not attempt to exhaustively cover all aspects of calcium handling by the kidney but will discuss some recent findings concerning the nature of calcium pumps (Ca2+-pump) and exchangers and their distribution in different parts of the nephron. For more exhaustive reviews of the renal handling of calcium by different parts of the kidney, the reader is referred to several excellent recent reviews.‘O-14
Eyes wide shut. The dangers of sleepy driving

Most Americans are chronically sleep-deprived. However, few people are aware of the extent to which sleep deprivation impairs cognitive functioning. In the United States, at least 56,000 motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) each year, resulting in 1,550 deaths and thousands more nonfatal injuries, are attributed to sleepiness behind the wheel. As lawsuits from fall-asleep MVCs mount, individuals, the transportation industry, public policymakers, and the legal profession are starting to take notice. Language: en
Prediction of tungsten CMP pad life using blanket removal rate data and endpoint data obtained from process temperature and carrier motor current measurements

Several techniques to predict pad failure during tungsten CMP were investigated for a specific consumable set. These techniques include blanket polish rate measurements and metrics derived from two endpoint detection schemes. Blanket polish rate decreased significantly near pad failure. Metrics from the thermal endpoint technique included change in peak temperature, change in the time to reach peak temperature, and the change in the slope of the temperature trace just prior to peak temperature all as a function of pad life. Average carrier motor current before endpoint was also investigated. Changes in these metrics were observed however these changes, excluding time to peak process temperature, were either not consistent between pads or too noisy to be reliable predictors of pad failure.
An On-Chip Disposable Salivary Glucose Sensor for Diabetes Control:

Background:Self-management of blood glucose (BG) is considered a norm for diabetes control. However, this invasive process is uncomfortable for patients, especially when intensive measurements with frequent finger pricks are required. Saliva, an alternative body fluid that is easily accessible and contains trace amount of glucose can be potentially used for the noninvasive monitoring of diabetes.Methods:As a solution for real-time glucose measurements using saliva for diabetic care, we have developed an on-chip disposable glucose nano-biosensor through a layer-by-layer assembly process. In this work, a clinical study of 10 healthy subjects was conducted to determine the potential usefulness of salivary glucose (SG) sensors for glycemic control.Results:Findings revealed (1) the individual BG/SG ratio at fasting was consistent over an entire year when there was no significant change of personal health; (2) the individual SG levels tracked closely with BG levels after meals; (3) a time difference of 15-30 mi...
Relation of sialic acid to Rho (D) antigen.

SummarySeveral crude preparations of sialic acid containing different derivatives of neuraminic acid, and 2 crystalline preparations. N-acetylneuraminic acid and bovine sialic acid (containing NANA and NGNA) were tested for their ability to inhibit agglutination of Rho (D) red blood cells by Rho (D) antibody. Two of the crude preparations showed slight inhibition, while no effect was observed with the crystalline preparations. Rho (D) positive erythrocytes were treated with neuraminidase, and sialic acid was shown to be liberated. The neura-minidase-treated cells were more readily agglutinated by Rho (D) antibody than non-treated control cells.
Early Detection of Virus Infection in Patients with Pediatric Leukemia Using Anti-MxA Monoclonal Antibody and Flow Cytometry

Objective To detect patients with viral infection in pediatric leukemia using anti-human MxA monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry.Methods Fluorescent label anti-MxA monoclonal antibo-dy was used for determination of specificity.Peripheral blood was collected from patients with pediatric leukemia with or without fever.Isolate mononuclear cells were separated and intracellular stain was performed and flow cytometry was used.Results Fluorescent labeled anti-MxA monoclonal antibody showing high specificity in detecting MxA expression in A549 cell line induced with type I interferon.Positive detection of MxA expression was correlated with viral infection and it was 7 days earlier than the clinical diagnosis.All the patients without fever and patients with fever,diagnosed as bacterial infection showed negative in the flow analysis.Conclusion Anti-human MxA monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry could be used for early detection of virus infection in pediatric leukemia patients with fever.The methods can be easily applied in the clinics.
Reforming the Reproduction Right: The Case for Personal Use Copies

The new realities of the digital age have rendered the 1976 Copyright Act inadequate for protecting reasonable personal copying and have created incentives for copyright holders to implement objectionable strategies to protect their rights. The Note explains that the only current shield to litigation for consumers is the fair use defense, which is inadequate due to the difficulty in proving that a personal copy is transformative. High costs of litigating, coupled with potentially ruinous penalties for losing, leaves little incentive for consumers not to settle even when the personal copy is clearly a fair use. The Note then explains that the Copyright Act also fails to protect copyright holders due to its focus on "copying" as the proxy for infringement. This is ineffective to prevent filesharing as it is hard to prove that "copying" has occurred, and it forces the holder to invade consumers' privacy by using programs that track their activities. This also incentivizes holders to litigate out of existence developing technologies that aid consumers in making personal copies in direct contravention of the constitutional purpose of copyright. The Note concludes that to better protect the rights of copyright holders in the digital age, legislation should be enacted that changes the proxy for infringement from "copying," to communicating works to the public, and that grants the copyright holder the exclusive right to authorize such communication. Furthermore, legislation that demarcates private use as non© 2009 Ashley M. Pavel. The author hereby permits the reproduction of this Note subject to the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, the full terms of which can be accessed at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode, and provided that the following notice be preserved: "Originally published in the Berkeley Technology Law Journal 24:4 (2010). t" Associate, O'Melveny & Myers LLP. I would like to thank Pamela Samuelson and the participants of the 2008 copyright reform seminar at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (Boalt Hall) for their comments on an earlier draft of this note. The views expressed in this note are those of the author, and do not reflect those of O'Melveny & Myers LLP. 1616 BERKELEY TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 24:4 infringement will ensure that private use copies for productive use and sharing between friends and family is protected.
Treatments of peptic ulcer.

From the late 19th century, Mount Sinai gastroenterologists declared their scepticism of the efficacy of all recommended treatments of peptic ulcer, and looked forward to trials which could distinguish between sequence and consequence, between association and causation. The rationale of all the early studies was to reduce gastric acidity, but it soon became clear that any neutralization by single doses of antacids was brief and ineffective. Winkelstein's demonstration that patients with duodenal ulcer had higher acidities not only before and after meals but also through the night hours led him to introduce a new treatment, the alkalinized intragastric milk drip together with atropine. One of the earliest controlled clinical trials at Mount Sinai compared different antacid regimes and showed that pH values above 3.5 were achieved in only about half of the patients on the various drips. When the new anticholinergic drugs were developed in the 1950s, they were found to produce sustained hypoacidity and were tried as maintenance treatment, as an alternative to acid-lowering operations. The third Mount Sinai approach was to attack the machinery of the acid-producing cell itself by an inhibitor of the enzyme producing hydrogen ions. In 1939, this enzyme had been thought to be carbonic anhydrase, but when Janowitz and Hollander tested its inhibitor, acetazolamide, and showed marked but very brief acid inhibition, they concluded that its action was too brief to be therapeutically useful. The problem was to be solved decades later by H 2 receptor blockers from Britain and H + K + ATPase inhibitors from Sweden.