cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sea level rise or shallow-water midden deposition? Archaeopedology at the Seminole Rest archaeological site, coastal East-Central Florida

Abstract Sedimentological and faunal studies at the Seminole Rest archaeological site on the Atlantic coast of Volusia County, FL, addressed the question of whether construction of the large shell mound at the site began on dry land or in the shallow waters of Mosquito Lagoon. Particle-size analysis defined a sand body beneath the hardshell clam mound, which is bordered by mucky tidal marsh and the shallow, silty lagoon. Weathered kaolinite, hydroxy-interlayer vermiculite, and gibbsite clays in the sub-mound sediments, identified by X-ray diffraction, contrasted with the ‘shrink-swell’ smectite clays of the tidal marsh and mound periphery and corroborated the particle-size evidence of a sand bar or bank. The presence in the sub-mound sediments of articulated valves of the diminutive Brown Gem Clam ( Parastarte triquetra , Family Veneridae), and their absence in the silty marsh sediments, presented another line of evidence for a sand body beneath the mound. Parastarte is a common inhabitant of shallowly submerged sand bars. The existence of articulated valves of all size classes below the mound argues for a thriving population of the clams in their preferred habitat at the onset of mound deposition, which would have begun in the shallow water adjacent to the shore and not on dry land.
Political Deliberation and E-Participation in Policy-Making

In her paper, "Political Deliberation and E-Participation in Policy-Making," Rebecca J. Romsdahl proposes that the internet has now become a valuable medium for information dissemination and long distance communication; it is also gaining attention as a potential tool for political deliberation. Public participation has been a long-standing tradition in American democracy but most scholars today believe it needs a revival. Some of these scholars believe that e-participation in policy-making could help revitalize political discussion between citizens and government and promote greater participation by disenfranchised groups. Whether this would lead to greater opportunities for true deliberation on political issues and not just add to the prolific exchange of conversation on the internet, however, is a more difficult question. Romsdahl argues that despite the internet's ability to reduce the transaction costs of participation, true deliberation will be more difficult to develop. The internet poses great challenges for the essential components of deliberation, such as ensuring access for all interested individuals, fair and equal involvement for all participants, development of interpersonal trust, and the ability to produce effective dialogue on complex, value-laden issues. Rebecca J. Romsdahl, "Political Deliberation and E-Participation in Policy-Making" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 7.2 (2005):
Poisson-distributed cluster models for multiparticle production

The high-energy multiplicity distributions arising from Poisson-distributed cluster models, a class of models which includes the negative-binomial distribution, are studied. It is shown that a family of different cluster models can give rise to the same overall distribution. Inequalities for the moments of the multiplicity distributions arising in cluster models are obtained, and it is found that available high-energy data respect, and come close to saturating, these inequalities. An example of a cluster model is presented in which the clusters decay according to a geometric (Bose-Einstein) distribution; it is found to give reasonable agreement with measured distributions.
A new subband/wavelet framework for AVC/H.264 intra-frame coding and performance comparison with Motion-JPEG2000

This paper develops a new intraframe scalable coding framework based on a subband/wavelet coding approach for MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 scalable video coding (SVC). It attempts to join the subband filter banks with the traditional macroblock and DCT based video coding system. We demonstrate that the current H.264 coding system can be efficiently integrated with the traditional subband filter banks for providing the improved efficiency for intraframe scalable coding. More importantly, unlike the classical wavelet coding, the proposed framework still allows the downsampling filter to be flexibly designed to generate the ideal low resolution video for target applications. Under a wavelet critical sampling setting, the proposed system can perform similar to a conventional single-layer (non-scalable) coder without any performance overhead. Thus, by just reuse of the existing H.264 coding tools to work together with the added subband filter banks, we can provide the H.264 standard with an alternative intraframe coding scheme that is primarily based on the transform coding approach with the additional spatial scalability and other attractive benefits and useful for both scalable and conventional single-layer intraframe coding applications. The proposed algorithm has been thoroughly evaluated against the current SVC test model JSVM, Motion-JPEG2000, and H.264 high-profile intra coding through extensive coding experiments for both scalable coding and single-layer coding. The simulation results show the proposed algorithm consistently outperforms JSVM and is competitive to Motion-JPEG2000 in PSNR performance. As such, the efficient and highly scalable wavelet image/video compression, as demonstrated by JPEG2000, can be additionally accommodated by the slightly modified MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 standard with low extra implementation costs. Image and video coding applications, traditionally serviced by separate coders, can be efficiently provided by an integrated coding system.
Factors associated with American Indian and white adolescent drug selling in rural communities

Abstract Relatively few studies have examined the correlates of adolescent drug selling in America, with most of these studies focusing on urban settings. The present study examines the risk and protective factors associated with drug selling among American Indian and white adolescents residing in a rural Northwestern state in the United States. Using survey data collected in 2010–2012, we conduct logistic regression analyses exploring the correlates of drug selling (n = 568). Generally, we found support for prior explanations of drug selling, but identified some important race-specific differences. Specifically, we found that stress exposure was a risk factor for American Indians, but not whites. Conversely, academic achievement served as a protective factor for white adolescents but not American Indians. Our findings suggest that the race gap in rural drug selling can be explained by considering differences in social bonds, stress exposure, and exposure to substance using family and friends.
Calorimetric, photometric and lifetime determinations of fluorescence yields of fluorescein dyes.

Abstract— The fluorescence yields and lifetimes of fluorescein and nine brominated derivatives in basic ethanol are reported. Calorimetric. photometric, and lifetime methods are used independently to measure the yields. A new and simple calorimetric method is presented for this purpose, and the accuracy of the techniques is assessed. There is good agreement between the calorimetric and photometric results. The importance of parameters such as purity, pH, and fluoresence reabsorption is illustrated. The theoretical determination of the natural radiative lifetime from the absorption spectrum is shown to have inherent ambiguities, so that only calorimetric methods provide a reliable, independent check for photometric yield measurements.
Protein–Protein Interactions between Epstein–Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen-LP and Cellular Gene Products: Binding of 70-Kilodalton Heat Shock Proteins

Abstract The EBNA-LP protein encoded by the open reading frame in the leader exons of the Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen messages is essential for efficient immortalization of B lymphocytes. Protein–protein interaction studies using affinity precipitation of proteins from [ 35 S]methionine-labeled cell lysates and bacterially expressed maltose binding protein EBNA-LP fusions were performed. A cellular 68/72-kDa doublet protein was detected. This banding pattern was shown to be identical to that obtained in affinity precipitations with fusions of glutathione–S-transferase and Sp1 (a basal transcription factor). For both EBNA-LP and Sp1 the specific interacting cellular proteins have been identified as heat shock proteins (HSP) 72/73. Affinity precipitation of HSP 72/73 with deletion mutants of EBNA-LP maps the interaction domain on EBNA-LP to exon Y2 which is required for immortalization. Immunoprecipitation of EBNA-LP from EBV-positive lymphoblastoid cell lines coprecipitated the HSP 72/73 proteins, indicating that the interaction occurs in vivo as well as in vitro. The association of HSPs with a widening range of nuclear proteins involved in gene expression and proliferation control now includes Sp1 and EBNA-LP and suggests that there is a central role for molecular chaperones in these processes.
MICHAEL WALZER'S SECULAR JEWISH THOUGHT

Although he has never assumed the mantle of a “Jewish thinker,” Michael Walzer has over a period of several decades articulated a comprehensive teaching rooted in philosophical reflection on the sources of Judaism and focused on the most important issues facing both Israel and the diaspora. At the core of his teaching lies a reiteration of what he takes to be the Jewish idea of justice, which he derives from the Bible and other ancient and medieval texts. He also places strong emphasis on liberalism, which he sees not as a product of the Jews' ancient heritage but as “a product of emancipation,” yet no less authentically Jewish for that. On a practical level, his writings are concerned with the implementation of justice and liberal values in both Jewish communities and the Jewish state, in their internal affairs as well as in their relations with others. He has devoted special efforts to showing that a Jewish state is, as such, fully compatible with the promotion of both justice and liberalism, properly u...
The Topical Vocabulary of the Nineteenth Century

Since Leonard Ratner's initial introduction of topoi in Classic Music: Expression, Form, and Style, topical analysis has slowly gained acceptance, due largely to the writings of such noted authors ...
Role in diuresis of a calcitonin receptor (GPRCAL1) expressed in a distal-proximal gradient in renal organs of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.).

Evolution of anthropophilic hematophagy in insects resulted in the coordination of various physiological processes for survival. In female mosquitoes, a large blood meal provides proteins for egg production and as a trade-off, rapid elimination of the excess water and solutes (Na+, Cl−) is critical for maintaining homeostasis and removing excess weight to resume flight and avoid predation. This post-prandial excretion is achieved by the concerted action of multiple hormones. Diuresis and natriuresis elicited by the calcitonin-like diuretic hormone 31 (DH31) are believed to be mediated by a yet uncharacterized calcitonin receptor (GPRCAL) in the mosquito Malpighian tubules (MTs), the renal organs. To contribute knowledge on endocrinology of mosquito diuresis we cloned GPRCAL1 from MT cDNA. This receptor is the ortholog of the DH31 receptor from Drosophila melanogaster that is expressed in principal cells of the fruit fly MT. Immunofluorescence similarly showed AaegGPRCAL1 is present in MT principal cells in A. aegypti, however, exhibiting an overall gradient-like pattern along the tubule novel for a GPCR in insects. Variegated, cell-specific receptor expression revealed a subpopulation of otherwise phenotypically similar principal cells. To investigate the receptor contribution to fluid elimination, RNAi was followed by urine measurement assays. In vitro, MTs from females that underwent AaegGPRcal1 knock-down exhibited up to 57% decrease in the rate of fluid secretion in response to DH31. Live females treated with AaegGPRcal1 dsRNA exhibited 30% reduction in fluid excreted after a blood meal. The RNAi-induced phenotype demonstrates the critical contribution of this single secretin-like family B GPCR to fluid excretion in invertebrates and highlights its relevance for the blood feeding adaptation. Our results with the mosquito AaegGPRCAL1 imply that the regulatory function of calcitonin-like receptors for ion and fluid transport in renal organs arose early in evolution.
Seasonal variation in haemodynamics and blood pressure-regulating hormones

Seasonal variation in blood pressure (BP) has been described in some people, although the variation is small for both systolic and diastolic BPs. The aim of this study was to elucidate underlying haemodynamic and hormonal mechanisms that may occur to defend seasonal changes in BP. Participants were 27 men and 7 women with either normal BP or early hypertension. Measurements of haemodynamics (cardiac output by dual-gas rebreathing) and hormones (resting catecholamines, renin activity, and aldosterone by radioenzymatic assay or radioimmunoassay) were performed during the summer, fall, winter, and spring seasons. Student's paired t-test with Bonferroni modification and regression analyses were used to examine the data with a significance level of P<0.05. Systolic and diastolic BP remained relatively constant across seasons. Cardiac output and stroke volume significantly decreased 10 and 15%, respectively, from summer to winter, whereas heart rate and systemic vascular resistance significantly increased 5 and 11%, respectively. Plasma aldosterone (PA) significantly increased 59% from summer to winter, whereas plasma norepinephrine (PNE), plasma epinephrine, and plasma renin activity (PRA) increased 19, 2, and 17%, respectively (pNS for each). Across the four seasons, mean arterial pressure significantly correlated with PRA and PA, whereas systemic vascular resistance significantly correlated with PNE and PRA. There are dramatic counterregulatory haemodynamic and hormonal adaptations to maintain a relatively constant BP. Norepinephrine, PRA, and aldosterone have a function in mediating the changes in haemodynamics.
The Analysis of Longitudinal Ordinal Response Data in Continuous Time

Abstract A simple Markov model is developed for assessing the predictive effect of time-dependent covariates on an intermittently observed ordinal response in continuous time. This is accomplished by reparameterizing an ergodic intensity matrix in terms of its equilibrium distribution and a parametrically independent component that assesses the rate of movement between ordinal categories. The effect of covariates on the equilibrium distribution can then be modeled using any link appropriate for ordinal data. A robust maximum likelihood estimator based on this model that is consistent and asymptotically normal is constructed. Practical data analysis issues are discussed, and a simple diagnostic tool for assessing model adequacy is developed. The utility of these methods is demonstrated with several analyses of visual acuity data, including a comparison analysis based on generalized estimating equation (GEE) methods.
Photo Stream Alignment and Summarization for Collaborative Photo Collection and Sharing

With the popularity of digital cameras and camera phones, it is common for different people, who may or may not know each other, to attend the same event and take pictures and videos from different spatial or personal perspectives. Within the realm of social media, it is desirable to enable these people to select and share their pictures and videos in order to enrich memories and facilitate social networking. However, it is cumbersome to manually manage these photos from different cameras, of which the clocks settings are often not calibrated. In this paper, we propose automatic algorithms to address the above problems. First, we accurately align different photo streams or sequences from different photographers for the same event in chronological order on a common timeline, while respecting the time constraints within each photo stream. Given the preferred similarity measures (e.g., visual, and spatial similarities), our algorithm performs photo stream alignment via matching on a bipartite kernel sparse representation graph that forces the data connections to be sparse in an explicit fashion. Furthermore, we can produce a summary master stream from the aligned super stream of photos for efficient sharing by removing those redundant photos in the super stream while accounting for the temporal integrity. Based on a similar kernel sparse representation graph, our master stream summarization algorithm performs greedy backward selection to drop redundant photos without affecting the integrity of remaining photos for the entire event. We evaluate our algorithms on real-world personal online albums for 36 events and demonstrate its efficacy in automatically facilitating collaborative photo collection and sharing.
Determination of skeletal age in children with Osgood-Schlatter disease by using radiographs of the knee.

We determined the skeletal age in 26 children (12 girls, 14 boys) with Osgood-Schlatter disease using knee radiographs. The average chronological age was 13.2 ± 2.2 years, and the average bone age was 13.1 ± 2.3 years (p > 0.01). All but one of the skeletal ages fell within the normal range. Skeletal maturation in children with Osgood-Schlatter disease is thus normal. With normal skeletal maturation and normal physes histologically (previously shown), it is unlikely that an abnormality of physeal development or structure is the etiology of Osgood-Schlatter disease. Rather, it is most likely a result of tensile stresses on the tibial tuberosity. This is in contrast to slipped capital femoral epiphysis, another common disorder affecting children of the same ages as those with Osgood-Schlatter disease, in which physeal abnormalities and skeletal maturation anomalies do occur
A comparison of two phonological assessment tools for monolingual Spanish-speaking children

This study compared two phonological assessment tools for use with young Spanish-speaking children in the American Southwest, FON and STAR. Each was administered to 27 1-, 2- and 3-year-old monolingual Spanish-speaking children in the greater Phoenix area. Analyses compared the children's rate of response, complexity of the children's productions, as measured by the Phonological Mean Length of Utterance (pMLU), and the proximities of the child's productions to the adult target words, as measured by the Proportion of Whole-Word Proximity (Proximity). Response rates increased with age, and were similar for both FON and STAR. Two-year-olds had higher pMLU scores on the STAR than the FON, but no difference was found for 3-year-olds. The children overall had significantly higher Proximity scores on the STAR words. Positive correlations between vocabulary size and phonological whole-word measures on both the FON and the STAR were found. Recommendations are that language sampling be used for children under age 2, the STAR word list for 2-year-olds, and either word list for 3-year-olds.
Identification of regulatory properties of metabolic networks by graph theoretical modeling.

An earlier graph theoretical model of metabolic and gene-expression networks has been modified and extended to include the effect of electrical potentials on binding constants, representation of uncatalyzed processes, and treatment of parallel reactions catalyzed by a single enzyme. Formal operations on the graph, which are facilitated by a set of standardized guidelines, identify the feedback signals in the network and rank them according to their influence. The technique was applied to a model of glycolysis in ascites tumor cells in the absence and presence of 12·5 mM exogenous glucose. Feedback regulation was widely distributed and mostly due to binding of adenine nucleotide cofactors to the enzymes of the network. The major changes in feedback regulation on adding glucose is the relief of inhibition of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase and the activation of pyruvate kinase. We conclude that regulation of tumor cell glycolysis is not restricted to hexokinase or to (Na + , K + )-ATPase as was previously suggested by others.
Liquid-liquid equilibrium of the acetonitrile-water system for protein purification

Liquid-Liquid Equilibria (LLE) were measured at atmospheric pressure for the binary acetonitrile-water system at temperatures ranging from −1.3 to −18.6°C. Data points were taken using two methods, the cloud point method and the analysis of phase compositions using gas chromatography. Both methods show excellent agreement in their representation of the phase envelope. Temperature dependent NRTL (non-random two liquid) parameters were calculated from the binary data. The parameters calculated were τ12 = 355.7−31.49T(°C) and τ21 = 967.2−26.59T(°C) with the a value held constant 0.3.
Women's Publics and the Search for New Democracies

The article examines the intersections between gender, racism, global capitalism and corporate multiculturalism. The notion of nation and nationalism for the twenty-first century is explored. Women's voices from Beijing provide a possible imaginary for transnation discourse.
Epiphytes preferentially colonize high-phosphorus host trees in unfertilized Hawaiian montane forests

Abstract Previous research in phosphorus-fertilized Hawaiian montane forests has demonstrated that cyanolichens respond to elevated canopy phosphorus (P) availability by increasing in abundance and diversity; a similar but more muted response is seen for chlorolichens and mosses. In this study, I ask whether P also controls cyanolichen abundance in five unfertilized Hawaiian forests, four on the island of Kauai and one on Hawaii. In three of the four Kauai sites, trees which hosted abundant cyanolichens had significantly higher foliar P content than trees with sparse cyanolichen growth. In the Hawaii site, both foliar P and bark P content were significantly higher on high-cyanolichen cover trees (0.074% vs. 0.053% for leaves, p < 0.001, and 0.085% vs. 0.035% for bark, p < 0.001). Chlorolichen and bryophyte abundance were best predicted by cyanolichen abundance at three out of four of the Kauai sites. These results suggest that host tree P content may be an important factor controlling the abundance of cya...
ABRAHAM'S FAMILY IN CHILDREN OF GEBELAAWI

What vision of the ‘Abrahamic faiths’ best allows Jews, Christians and Muslims to discuss with each other their historically and theologically linked projects? The medieval ‘three rings’ story says nothing about the different commitments of the three faiths, and Rozenweig's Star of Redemption says too much. More promisingly, Mahfouz's allegorical novel Children of GebelaauH positions the Abrahamic faiths (along with modern science) in a shared struggle with injustice and misery. Although they exhibit different strengths and weaknesses, the faiths are united by the hope of realizing an inheritance from God and by grievous disappointment. GebelaauH is a call of Abrahamic conscience, tellingly inflected according to religious realities yet evocatively sketchy and open.
Large 2 P 3 -free graphs with bounded degree

Abstract Let ex ∗ ( D ; H ) be the maximum number of edges in a connected graph with maximum degree D and no induced subgraph H ; this is finite if and only if H is a disjoint union of paths. If the largest component of such an H has order m , then ex ∗ (D; H) = O (D 2 ex ∗ (D; P m )) . Constructively, ex ∗ (D;qP m ) = Θ( g D 2 ex ∗ (D;P m )) if q >1 and m > 2( Θ ( gD 2 ) if m = 2). For H = 2 P 3 (and D ⩾ 8), the maximum number of edges is 1 8 [D 4 + D 3 + D 2 + 6D] if D is even and 1 8 [D 4 + D 3 + 2D 2 + 3D + 1 ] if D is odd, achieved by a unique extremal graph.
Thought Question—Discussion Technique in Teaching Introductory Poultry Husbandry

Abstract THE introductory course in poultry husbandry at the University of Georgia is required of all freshman students in the College of Agriculture. It is an intensive course which meets five days a week foreleven weeks (one quarter). Since this is the first and last poultry course that many students will take, it must be primarily a survey of poultry production; and, since most of the students have not had much background in biology, this course must also present sufficient information in poultry biology to give the student an insight into the fowl as a living organism. The objective of this course, then, is to develop some of the most important aspects of poultry culture together with some of the fundamental biological principles which are necessary in order to understand the reasoning behind recommended poultry practices. In the past the traditional approach to this problem has been used. A group of . . .
Cell Migration: Katanin Gives Microtubules a Trim

New evidence suggests that katanin - best known for severing microtubules in their more stable regions - localizes at the leading edge of migratory cells and trims microtubules at their dynamic plus ends.
Investigations of Threonine Requirements of Broiler Chicks Fed Diets Based on Grain Sorghum and Soybean Meal

Abstract Three trials were conducted to estimate the threonine (Thr) requirement of male broiler chicks. Chicks 7 days of age were fed a grain sorghum-soybean meal diet containing .59% Thr, supplemented with 0, .05, .09, .15, .22, .27, or .28% L-Thr. Levels of basal and supplemental amino acids were confirmed by ion-exchange chromatography. Diets were fed for 18 or 20 days, depending upon the trial. A corn-soybean meal diet analyzed to contain .90% Thr was used for comparison. Results of the three trials were pooled for determination of Thr requirements. A significant improvement in gain was observed when the basal grain sorghum-soybean meal diet was supplemented with .09% supplemental Thr (total .68% Thr). No further improvements in gain were observed at higher levels of Thr supplementation. Body weight gain of chicks fed the Thr-supplemented diets did not differ significantly from that of chicks fed the corn-soybean meal control diet. For maximum feed utilization, the Thr requirement was .79%, as estimated by regression analysis. This is in agreement with the .80% requirement suggested by the National Research Council in 1984. Feed utilization of chicks fed the corn-soybean meal diet was significantly better than that of chicks fed any of the grain sorghum-soybean meal diets regardless of the level of Thr supplementation.
Helium release from 19-year-old palladium tritide

Abstract Eleven nineteen-year-old samples of palladium deuteride-tritide originally placed under 100 kPa of tritium have been monitored for pressure during their lifetimes. A model has been constructed, which relates the pressure to the tritium and 3He concentrations inside the solid samples. Two tritide samples replenished with 2100 kPa of tritium throughout their lifetime started to copiously outgas 3He at a helium/palladium atom ratio of 0.50 to 0.55. Four other samples were originally reacted with pure tritium and never replenished. These started to outgas mainly 3He at a helium/palladium ratio of 0.36 to 0.37 at about one-eighth the rate of the replenished samples. All six samples started their outgassing at 6000 days. Two samples were made with D-T and replenished with tritium. Neither outgassed although the helium/palladium ratio is presently about 0.4. Three samples were also made with D-T and never replenished, and no outgassing was seen up to a helium/palladium ratio of 0.24. From the change in the volumes of two samples, we have calculated a helium bubble gas density of 1.8 × 105mol/m3, in agreement with nuclear magnetic resonance data.
J SCALE MODELS FOR PREFERENCE BEHAVIOR

Three models for preference behavior are developed within the framework of Coombs' theory of data, an absolute difference model, a ratio model, and a two-stage model. Each of these models describes a mechanism by which unilateral preferences may be determined on a unidimensionalJ scale. Differential implications of the models for response latencies are derived, and some early data employing an application of the unfolding technique are presented in support of the two-stage model.
Faculty Perceptions of Web-Based Resources in Higher Education.

Recent increases in the use of Web-based resources by faculty in higher education appear to be reaching a plateau. To better understand how to encourage the use of Web resources a survey was designed to examine faculty perceptions about the navigability and content of a specific Web-based resource and their attitudes about the instructional use of Web-based resources in general. Results of the survey indicated that faculty with more years of experience and those teaching at research and doctoral institutions expressed the most favorable attitudes toward the provided Web resource. In addition, gender differences were found pertaining to the factors most likely to influence the use of Web resources. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for increasing the use of Web-based resources in higher education.
Circles and Squares, Spheres and Cubes: What's the Deal with Circumplex Models?

Abstract A distinction is made between data description and representational space in the context of circumplex models. The representational space provides the language in which data are described, and different languages have their advantages and disadvantages. For instance, points in a two-dimensional Cartesian grid can form a circle. Such a circular pattern corresponds to a description of the data pattern. However, the same data can also be represented in a polar coordinate system, which is a different representational space than the Cartesian grid. I claim that additional theory advancement in applied areas can occur if more attention is given to the particular representational space in which the circumplex is used. I also present three diagnostic properties that all perfect circumplex models must satisfy.
Freezing of Bovine Semen. II. Effect of Milk Solids Level, Glycerol Level, and Fructose on Freezability of Bull Spermatozoa in Reconstituted and Fresh Skimmilk Diluents, ,

This investigation revealed that the level of glycerol required for optimum spermatozoan freezability was related to the total solids content of skimmilk diluents, and that 1.25% added fructose improved the post-thawing motility of spermatozoa frozen in reconstituted skimmilk. Reconstituted skimmilk gave optimum spermatozoan survival when the glycerol percentage by volume equalled the total solids l~ercentage by weight, and when both were 9 or 11%. In fresh skimmilk containing 9% solids, 11% glycerol was significantly better than 9 or 13%, Editor. A recent report from this station (8) cited levels of glycerol found by various workers to give optimum freezability of bovine spermatozoa in heated fresh skimmilk diluent. In egg yolk-citrate diluent, the optinmm glycerol level for freezing bull semen has been found to be dependent both upon the concentration of egg yolk (10) and upon the concentration of sodium citrate (3) in the diluent. Saaeke and Almquist (9) observed that altering the total solids content of skimmilk from 9 to 11% resulted in significantly decreased spermatozoan livability at +5 ° C. The fortification of skimmilk used for human consumption to approximately 10.5% total solids is a common commercial practice. Tlms, it appears that the level of glycerol required for optimum spermatozoan freezability in skimmilk diluent may be influenced by the total solids content of the milk. The inclusion of fructose in heated skimmilk and egg yolk-citrate diluents has been found to improve spermatozoan freezability (1, 7, 8). Reconstituted (Instant Pet) nonfat dry milk solids were found by Johnson et al. (4) to provide a satisfactory diluent for storing bovine spermatozoa at +5 ° C. Use of powdered milk diluent for freezing semen would be especially advantageous in areas where good-quality fresh milk is difficult, or impossible, to obtain. The present study was undertaken to determine, (a) if the level of glycerol required for optimum spermatozoan freezability is related to the total solids
Quantum shot noise spectrum of a point contact

We have obtained a complete analytical expression for a fluctuation-dissipation relation which determines the current noise spectrum of a point contact where the transmission coefficient can be large. We infer from this result that the junction I(V) characteristic can be used to find the noise current spectrum. It is also shown explicitly that the suppression of the quantum shot noise for large transmission probability is a consequence of the fact that for fermions the fluctuations of the occupancy number of a level is small when the average occupancy is close to one.
Blind carrier frequency estimation for SSB-SC signals

This paper presents an effective carrier frequency estimation algorithm for adaptive demodulation of SSB-SC signals based on software defined radios. Higher-order moments are used for accurate carrier frequency estimation without a priori physical layer knowledge or a pilot tone associated with the received signal. Experiment results demonstrate the good performance of the algorithm.
Using Behavioral Theories of Choice to Predict Drinking Outcomes Following a Brief Intervention.

Behavioral theories of choice predict that substance use is partly a function of the relative value of drugs in relation to other available reinforcers. This study evaluated this hypothesis in the context of predicting drinking outcomes following an alcohol abuse intervention. Participants (N = 54, 69% female, 31% male) were college student heavy drinkers who completed a single-session motivational intervention. Students completed a baseline measure of substance-related and substance-free activity participation and enjoyment. Only women showed a significant reduction in drinking at the 6-month follow-up, and the ratio of substance-related to substance-free reinforcement accounted for unique variance in their drinking outcomes. Women who at baseline derived a smaller proportion of their total reinforcement from substance use showed lower levels of follow-up drinking, even after the authors controlled for baseline drinking level. Male and female participants who reduced their drinking showed increased proportional reinforcement from substance-free activities.
An Operational Approach to Welfare Considerations in Applied Public-Facility-Location Models

The paper discusses several criteria by which locational alternatives for public facilities should be evaluated, and suggests metrics for quantifying these criteria in terms of the decision variables of the models that are often used in applied public-facility-location problems. Subsequently, multiobjective programming is considered as an important tool in locational analysis, and several applications of vector optimization techniques in that context are demonstrated.
Field simulation of wet and dry years in the Chihuahuan desert: soil moisture, N mineralization and ion-exchange resin bags

Irrigation and rain-out shelters were used to simulate precipitation patterns of wet and dry years in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Irrigation provided approximately double the long-term average monthly precipitation. Rain was excluded during the wet season, July-October, to simulate a dry year. N net mineralization in laboratory incubations was undectable at calculated water potentials less than -1 MPa. Witb increasing moisture, mineralization gradually rose to the highest observed rates near field capacity. There was no mineralization maximum at moisture contents below field capacity. Irrigation significantly increased the water potential and rainfall exclusion reduced water potentials to less than-8 MPa. The general absence of important irrigation effects may have resulted from the high natural precipitation during the experiment or because irrigation inputs were insufficient to increase microbial activity during very dry periods. Precipitation exclusion reduced ion capture during the warm-wet season. After allowing precipitation inputs to resume, NH4+-N capture was increased in the cool-dry seasons of both 1987–1988 and 1988–1989. NH4+-N capture more than doubled that predicted from the overall covariance of moisture input and ion capture, suggesting increased availability of N. An unusually hot, dry period in May and June 1989 was followed by a threeto fourfold increase in the warm-wet season NO3−+NO2−N capture compared to 1988. These data suggest that short droughts of about 3 months in length (both simulated and natural) increased N availability relative to moisture availability.
An International Comparison of Absolute Radiant Power Measurement Capabilities.

We report the results of an intercomparison of monochromatic radiant power measurement capabilities recently completed by 11 national laboratories. The intercomparison radiometers, distributed in pairs, included an amplifier with six decades of precision gain and one of two types of silicon photodiode (pn or np-type construction). Eleven of the laboratories measured the absolute responsivity of the radiometers at 633 nm and nine at 488 nm. The standard deviation of the overall difference was 0.36% at both wavelengths. The agreement between the various participating laboratories and NIST was within the measurement accuracy stated by the participants.
Characterization of a bovine synovial fluid lubricating factor. III. The interaction with hyaluronic acid.

Although hyaluronate is not a boundary lubricant in cartilaginous and latex:glass bearings, a distinct interaction with purified synovial lubricating factor (PSLF) was demonstrated by three means: 1) enhancement of lubricating ability in an artificial test system; 2) viscometry; 3) electron microscopy. The interaction was of a physical rather than a specific chemical type; it varied with the degree of purification of PSLF and of hyaluronate. The interaction accounts for retention of the relatively small PSLF molecule (∼280 kDa) with the synovial mucin on a 0.22 μm filter. The data provide evidence that hyaluronate and PSLF act synergistically in the boundary lubricating activity of animal joints.
Implementation of STARNET: a WDM computer communications network

STARNET is a broadband backbone optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) local area network (LAN). Based on a physical passive star topology, STARNET offers all users two logical subnetworks: a high-speed reconfigurable packet-switched data subnetwork and a moderate-speed fix-tuned packet-switched control subnetwork. Thus, STARNET supports traffic with a wide range of speed and continuity characteristics. We report the analysis and implementation of an entire STARNET two-node network, from the optical to the computer layer, at the Optical Communications Research Laboratory (OCRL) of Stanford University. To implement the two logical subnetworks, we designed and implemented two different techniques: combined modulation and multichannel subcarrier multiplexing (MSCM). OCRL has already demonstrated several combined modulation techniques such as phase shift-keyed and amplitude shift-keyed (PSK/ASK), and differential phase shift-keyed and amplitude shift-keyed (DPSK/ASK), yielding combined ASK/DPSK modulation receiver sensitivities better than -32 dBm. OCRL has designed and implemented a high-speed high-performance packet-switched STARNET computer interface which enables high-throughput transfer to/from host computer, low latency switching, traffic prioritization, and capability of multicasting and broadcasting. With this interface board, OCRL has achieved average transmit and receive throughputs of 685 Mb/s and 571 Mb/s, respectively, out of the 800 Mb/s theoretical maximum of the host computer bus. The incurred packet latency due to the interface for a specified multihop network configuration has been simulated to be 24 /spl mu/s. Using simulation and experimental results, it is shown that STARNET is highly suitable for high-speed multimedia network applications.
Movements of Fledgling Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla) and Worm-Eating Warblers (Helmitheros vermivorum) within and Beyond the Natal Home Range

ABSTRACT. Although postfledging movement patterns have been described for several species, the factors that influence these movements remain unclear. We quantified natal home-range size and dispersal patterns of two songbird species and evaluated the relative importance of nestling condition, brood size, predation risk, and habitat structure on postfledging movements. We radiotagged and tracked 51 Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla) and 60 Worm-eating Warblers (Helmitheros vermivorum) between 2004 and 2007. For each radiotagged bird, we calculated distances from daily locations to the original nest, successive distances between daily locations, mean dispersal distance from the natal area, number of days before dispersal, and natal home-range size. We built and ranked alternative models to represent mechanisms that potentially influence movements 2 days after fledging. The natal home-range size of Worm-eating Warblers (10.4 ha ± 1.50 [SE]) was twice that of Ovenbirds (5.0 ha ± 0.56). Fledgling age was positive...
Resident Confidence Addressing Social History Is It Influenced by Availability of Social and Legal Resources

BackgroundPediatric residency clinics caring for underserved populations are often staffed with varying levels of social and legal resources, though their effects on residents’ knowledge and practice have not been studied.AimTo examine the effects of clinic-based social and legal resources on resident knowledge and screening patterns for social determinants of health.MethodsA cross-sectional study of residents from 3 continuity clinics with different social and legal resources was performed. Resident surveys assessing their knowledge and screening practices, and direct observation of social history taking was compared.ResultsForty resident surveys revealed that those from clinics with more social and legal resources had greater confidence in their knowledge, screened more frequently, and spent more time taking social histories as assessed on direct observation.ConclusionsResidents who practiced in continuity clinics with increased social and legal resources were more confident in their knowledge and scree...
Ferrite tuned millimeter wave bandpass filters with high off resonance isolation

By combining four hexagonal ferrite spheres under the same magnet structure, magnetically tunable bandpass filters were built in waveguide yielding increased off-resonance isolation (ORI), while keeping insertion loss (IL) to a reasonable value. Examples of these filters for the 26.5-40-GHz, 33-50-GHz, 40-60-GHz, and 50-75-GHz ranges are presented with typical ORI above 70 dB and IL less than 13 dB for full band tuning. A performance summary for these four sphere waveguide filters is given showing the similar performance obtained in the different bands. >
Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: a review of underlying processes

Impulsive behaviors are closely linked to drug use and abuse, both as contributors to use and as consequences of use. Trait impulsivity is an important determinant of drug use during development, and in adults momentary ‘state’ increases in impulsive behavior may increase the likelihood of drug use, especially in individuals attempting to abstain. Conversely, acute and chronic effects of drug use may increase impulsive behaviors, which may in turn facilitate further drug use. However, these effects depend on the behavioral measure used to assess impulsivity. This article reviews data from controlled studies investigating different measures of impulsive behaviors, including delay discounting, behavioral inhibition and a newly proposed measure of inattention. Our findings support the hypothesis that drugs of abuse alter performance across independent behavioral measures of impulsivity. The findings lay the groundwork for studying the cognitive and neurobiological substrates of impulsivity, and for future studies on the role of impulsive behavior as both facilitator and a result of drug use.
Parametric level set reconstruction methods for hyperspectral diffuse optical tomography

A parametric level set method (PaLS) is implemented for image reconstruction for hyperspectral diffuse optical tomography (DOT). Chromophore concentrations and diffusion amplitude are recovered using a linearized Born approximation model and employing data from over 100 wavelengths. The images to be recovered are taken to be piecewise constant and a newly introduced, shape-based model is used as the foundation for reconstruction. The PaLS method significantly reduces the number of unknowns relative to more traditional level-set reconstruction methods and has been show to be particularly well suited for ill-posed inverse problems such as the one of interest here. We report on reconstructions for multiple chromophores from simulated and experimental data where the PaLS method provides a more accurate estimation of chromophore concentrations compared to a pixel-based method.
Performance analysis and tradeoffs for dual-pulse PPM on optical communication channels with direct detection

The performance and tradeoffs of multipulse position modulation (MPPM) are investigated and compared with that of the traditional (single) pulse position modulation (PPM) scheme typically employed on the optical direct-detection channel. While the primary motivation for the consideration of the problem is to provide performance improvement for deep-space optical communications where narrow high-peak-power transmitted pulses offer significant advantages in terms of detection probabilities and background suppression capabilities at the receiver, the results obtained are sufficiently generic as to apply to other applications.
Imitation in Infancy The Development of Mimicry

Parents of 162 infants ages 6 to 20 months modeled subsets of four of the same set of eight behaviors, each for a maximum of 3 min, and encouraged their infants to imitate. Proportions of infants producing each behavior (a) when it was modeled and (b) during modeling of a different behavior were compared to estimate the age at which infants mimicked each kind of behavior. No reproduction of these motor acts--that is, no mimicry--was observed at 6 months. Mimicry appeared to develop slowly through most of the 2nd year, emerging at different ages for different behaviors. The findings suggest that newborns' behavioral matching may not be continuous with mimicry later in infancy. Imitation is probably not one behavioral competency with one underlying mechanism. It is more likely a category of different ways of combining and using different types of knowledge, some of which develop across the first 2 years of life.
Rapid glacial erosion at 1.8 Ma revealed by 4He/3He thermochronometry.

Alpine glaciation and river incision control the topography of mountain ranges, but their relative contributions have been debated for years. Apatite ^(4)He/^(3)He thermochronometry tightly constrains the timing and rate of glacial erosion within one of the largest valleys in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. Five proximate samples require accelerated denudation of the Klinaklini Valley initiating 1.8 ± 0.2 million years ago (Ma). At least 2 kilometers of overlying rock were removed from the valley at ≥5 millimeters per year, indicating that glacial valley deepening proceeded ≥6 times as fast as erosion rates before ∼1.8 Ma. This intense erosion may be related to a global transition to enhanced climate instability ∼1.9 Ma.
Ecoclimatic Zones of the Earth

The effects of latitude, continental position, and elevation, together with other climatic factors, combine to form the world’s ecoclimatic zones, herein referred to as an ecosystem region, or ecoregion. Figure 5.17 shows the climatic zones where we might expect distinct ecosystem assemblages to occur. This map shows climatic units that are important to the climatologist and can be used to help determine ecosystem boundaries at the macroscale. Criteria for refining and delineating these zones, or ecoregions, at several levels of detail are presented below.