cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survey of human milk for volatile N-nitrosamines and the influence of diet on their formation

Abstract Human milk was analysed for volatile N -nitrosamines and the influence of diet on their possible presence and formation was assessed. 175 samples were obtained from 16 different nursing women. Analysis of samples collected at random, to ascertain baseline levels, indicated that 76.5% of the human milk samples contained less than 0.2 ppb N -nitrosodimethylamine (minimum level of reliable measurement). No other volatile nitrosamines were detected. Expressed milk was collected from volunteers over a 6-hr period after eating meals which included bacon (a source of preformed nitrosamines) and at times a vegetable high in nitrate. Eating a meal containing bacon did not result in increased nitrosamine levels in milk. In certain individuals, eating a meal of bacon and a vegetable high in nitrate occasionally resulted in higher levels of N -nitrosodimethylamine in their milk.
Adrenal insufficiency and testicular failure secondary to megestrol acetate therapy in a patient with cystic fibrosis

We present a case report of adrenal insufficiency and testicular failure in an adult cystic fibrosis (CF) patient due to megestrol acetate therapy. This is followed by a review of the literature on the use of megestrol acetate in the treatment of weight loss in CF, AIDS, and cancer, with particular emphasis on the adverse effects that should be looked for in CF patients.
Presynaptic elements formed on polylysine-coated beads contain synaptic vesicle antigens.

Cell cultures of the rat cerebellum were immunostained with antibodies to synaptic vesicle antigens, Synapsin I and SV48. Light microscopic immunocytochemistry showed that the initial appearance of demonstrable SV48 and Synapsin I immunoreactivity occurred at different times. Synapsin I immunostaining, unlike SV48 immunostaining, was first seen at 3 daysin vitro as occasional punctate immunofluorescence in neurites, while SV48 immunostaining was first seen at 5 daysin vitro. Both SV48 and Synapsin I punctate immunostaining became frequent at 7 daysin vitro. Double labelling experiments showed coexistence of the above proteins in punctate swellings and growth cones. Using the electron microscope, either SV48 or Synapsin I immunostaining was demonstrated within presynaptic elements in the neuropil. When cultures were incubated with polylysine-coated beads, both types of immunostaining were found in the vesicle containing presynaptic elements formed on the bead surface. It is concluded that Synapsin I and SV48 are (1) co-localized in the same populations of presynaptic elements, (2) co-localized in some growth cones and (3) found in presynaptic elements on beads.
Entry of R5X4 and X4 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains is mediated by negatively charged and tyrosine residues in the amino-terminal domain and the second extracellular loop of CXCR4.

CXCR4 mediates the fusion and entry of X4 and R5X4 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The residues involved in CXCR4 coreceptor function have not all yet been identified, but tyrosine and negatively charged residues in the amino-terminal domain of CCR5 were shown to be indispensable for gp120 binding and entry of R5 and R5X4 strains. We therefore evaluated the role of such residues in CXCR4 coreceptor function by replacing tyrosines (Y), aspartic acids (D), and glutamic acids (E) with alanines (A) and testing the ability of these mutants to mediate the entry of X4 and R5X4 HIV-1 isolates. Our results show that viral entry depends on YDE-rich clusters in both the amino-terminus and the second extracellular loop of CXCR4. Different viral isolates vary in their dependence on residues in one or the other domain. The determinants of CXCR4 coreceptor function are, therefore, more diffuse and isolate-dependent than those of CCR5.
Tobacco Use, Heavy Use, and Dependence Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States

Tobacco involvement among US youth was investigated in a national survey conducted in 2005–2007 of 2,274 respondents aged 14–21, including those not in school. Logistic regressions predicted tobacco involvement. Males had higher rates of tobacco use than females, but males and females had equal rates of heavy use and dependence. Tobacco involvement increased with age. Whites were more tobacco involved than minorities. Tobacco involvement declined with increasing socioeconomic status. Reduced tobacco use was associated with being married and with being a student. Smokeless tobacco use was associated with being male, older, white, and lower socioeconomic status. The implications of these results are discussed.
Providing ranked relevant results for web database queries

Often Web database users experience difficulty in articulating their needs using a precise query. Providing ranked set of possible answers would benefit such users. We propose to provide ranked answers to user queries by identifying a set of queries from the query log whose answers are relevant to the given user query. The relevance detection is done using a domain and end-user independent content similarity estimation technique.
The computational self.

: Your brain is never at rest. Shifting patterns of activity course through your brain at night as you review the events of the day and plan the next day before falling asleep. Rumination is a reflection of the Self that is not directly driven by sensory stimuli. When we record from single neurons in the brain, we discover that even in the absence of sensory stimulation, neurons are continuously active. This is called maintained, or spontaneous, activity, and although it is well documented, it has not been as well studied. Most experiments are designed to look for signals that are elicited by sensory stimuli above the background, without mentioning whether the background has changed too, as it often does. New methods have been developed recently that allow us to study the brain's spontaneous activity and to explore how it might provide clues to the origin and nature of the Self.
Optical Freedericksz Transitions and Associated Effects in Liquid Crystals

Liquid crystals have extraordinary nonlinear optical properties.1 The nonlinearity arises from a high degree of electron derealization in the molecules, the large anisotropy of the molecular structure, and the strong correlation of molecular motion under the influence of light. Propagation of laser beams in liquid crystals can lead to very unusual, but interesting, nonlinear optical effects.2 The effects are often so strong that perturbation theories are no longer applicable. In this respect, liquid crystals as nonlinear optical media are rather unique for studies of some very highly nonlinear optical phenomena. Among these, the optical-field-induced orientational structural transitions, usually known as the optical Freedericksz transitions, are probably the most interesting. Thus, in view of the page limitation, we shall focus our discussion on the optical Freedericksz transitions in this paper.
STEEL: a technique for stress-enhanced standard cell library design

Mobility degradation and device scaling limitations have led process engineers to develop new techniques that introduce mechanical stress in MOSFET channels, which results in enhanced carrier transport. New fabrication steps strive to increase carrier mobility which, consequently, increases both Ion and Ioff in CMOS devices. However, most stress-enhancement techniques are dependent on layout parameters and their effects can be exploited within standard cell library design. In this work, we propose a new standard cell library design methodology that shares VDD and VSS source/drain connections across standard cell boundaries. Such sharing allows for increased channel stress in both the corresponding device as well as its neighboring devices. Using an industrial 65 nm process and standard cell library, we show that our standard cell design methodology can be seamlessly integrated into current, state-of-the-art digital IC design flows. The new shared source/ drain technique improves critical path delay by 11% on average over a number of benchmarks for only a ~35% increase in leakage. Furthermore, stress-enhanced standard cell libraries offer a superior power/ delay tradeoff compared to dual-Vth across a wide range of operating points with reduced manufacturing costs. Specifically, our stress-enhanced library (with a single Vth) consumes ~2.5X less leakage than its dual-Vth counterpart.
Distinct Cell Surface Appendages Produced by Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257 and S. fredii USDA191, Cultivar-Specific and Nonspecific Symbionts of Soybean†

Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257 and S. fredii USDA191 are fast-growing rhizobia that form nitrogen-fixing nodules on soybean roots. In contrast to USDA191, USDA257 exhibits cultivar specificity and can form nodules only on primitive soybean cultivars. In response to flavonoids released from soybean roots, these two rhizobia secrete nodulation outer proteins (Nop) to the extracellular milieu through a type III secretion system. In spite of the fact that Nops are known to regulate legume nodulation in a host-specific manner, very little is known about the differences in the compositions of Nops and surface appendages elaborated by USDA191 and USDA257. In this study we compared the Nop profiles of USDA191 and USDA257 by one-dimensional (1D) and 2D gel electrophoresis and identified several of these proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization‐ time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem MS (LC-MS/MS). Examination of the surface appendages elaborated by these two strains of soybean symbionts by transmission electron microscopy revealed distinct differences in their morphologies. Even though the flagella produced by USDA191 and USDA257 were similar in their morphologies, they differed in their flagellin composition. USDA257 pili resembled long thin filaments, while USDA191 pili were short, rod shaped, and much thinner than the flagella. 2D gel electrophoresis of pilus-like appendages of USDA191 and USDA257 followed by mass spectrometry resulted in the identification of several of the Nops along with some proteins previously undetected in these strains. Some of the newly identified proteins show homology to putative zinc protease and a LabA-like protein from Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS278, fimbrial type 4 assembly proteins from Ralstonia solanacearum, and the type III effector Hrp-dependent protein from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii.
How Viruses Use the Endoplasmic Reticulum for Entry, Replication, and Assembly

To cause infection, a virus enters a host cell, replicates, and assembles, with the resulting new viral progeny typically released into the extracellular environment to initiate a new infection round. Virus entry, replication, and assembly are dynamic and coordinated processes that require precise interactions with host components, often within and surrounding a defined subcellular compartment. Accumulating evidence pinpoints the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a crucial organelle supporting viral entry, replication, and assembly. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism by which different viruses co-opt the ER to accomplish these crucial infection steps. Certain bacterial toxins also hijack the ER for entry. An interdisciplinary approach, using rigorous biochemical and cell biological assays coupled with advanced microscopy strategies, will push to the next level our understanding of the virus-ER interaction during infection.
Commentary: Progress and Challenges of Adaptive Ecosystem Management at Military Installations: A Case Study of Fort Huachuca, Arizona

The United States Department of Defense has promoted adaptive ecosystem management principles in their land management practices. This application of adaptive ecosystem management in a military environment presents special problems that the author analyzes through a case study of the efforts at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. The evaluation reveals the progress and challenges of applying adaptive ecosystem management at military installations. The main areas of progress have been the employment of a multiscalar ecological focus in land management and the development of open dialog with local stakeholders. The primary challenge is the specification of democratic processes and decision rules that meaningfully consider stakeholder input. This challenge reflects the major tension of employing adaptive ecosystem management in the military: the integration of bureaucratic and democratic decision processes. Military installations can alleviate this tension by vertically integrating decision making such that all military...
A Coevolutionary Arms Race Causes Ecological Speciation in Crossbills

Abstract: We examined three ecological factors potentially causing premating reproductive isolation to determine whether divergent selection as a result of coevolution between South Hills crossbills (Loxia curvirostra complex) and Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta latifolia) promotes ecological speciation. One factor was habitat isolation arising because of enhanced seed defenses of lodgepole pine in the South Hills. This caused the crossbill call types (morphologically and vocally differentiated forms) adapted to alternative resources to be rare. Another occurred when crossbills of other call types moved into the South Hills late in the breeding season and feeding conditions were deteriorating so that relatively few non–South Hills crossbills bred (“immigrant infecundity”). Finally, among those crossbills that bred, pairing was strongly assortative by call type (behavioral isolation). Total reproductive isolation between South Hills crossbills and the two other crossbills most common in the S...
Optimal Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Forcing of North American Drought

Abstract The optimal anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) pattern for forcing North American drought is identified through atmospheric general circulation model integrations in which the response of the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) is determined for each of 43 prescribed localized SST anomaly “patches” in a regular array over the tropical oceans. The robustness and relevance of the optimal pattern are established through the consistency of results obtained using two different models, and also by the good correspondence of the projection time series of historical tropical SST anomaly fields on the optimal pattern with the time series of the simulated PDSI in separate model integrations with prescribed time-varying observed global SST fields for 1920–2005. It is noteworthy that this optimal drought forcing pattern differs markedly in the Pacific Ocean from the dominant SST pattern associated with El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and also shows a large sensitivity of North American drought to ...
Overcoming Barriers to Better Regulation

IAN AYRES & JOHN BRAITHWAITE, Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Pp. viii+205. $39.95. When the Reagan administration took over Washington in 1981, "deregulation" was one of its major themes. Twelve years later, as the Democrats reoccupy the corner offices of federal buildings, they are demanding strong federal enforcement of health, safety, and environmental laws. One way to view Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate by Ian Ayres and John Braithwaite (henceforth "AB") is as a potential guide to the new administration about how to proceed. But it is really addressed to both businesses and public interest groups (PIGs in the jargon of the trade) in the hope that they will explore and discover more mutually satisfactory regulatory options.' AB's analysis builds upon two generations of regulatory critiques. The first emphasized the prospect that regulated firms would capture the regulatory agencies-with the result that levels of enforcement and protection would be inadequate.2 AB's review of regulatory experience does incline them to believe that capture is the "predominant regulatory problem" (p.
A comparison of paravertebral nerve block catheters and thoracic epidural catheters for postoperative analgesia following the Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum repair

SummaryIntroduction Thoracic epidurals (TE) have been advocated as a superior method for controlling postoperative pain after repair of pectus excavatum with a Nuss procedure. However, three recent reports of permanent neurologic injury after the Nuss procedure with concurrent TE analgesia have raised concerns about the safety of this combination. Paravertebral nerve blocks (PVNB) are used successfully for analgesia of the chest, but no studies are available comparing TE and PVNB catheters for postoperative analgesia in this patient population. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of PVNB catheters with TE catheters for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing the Nuss procedure. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 20 adolescent males undergoing a thoracoscopic Nuss procedure with either bilateral PVNB catheters (n = 10) or TE catheter (n = 10) and compared postoperative opiate consumption and pain scores. Results There were no statistically significant differences between the groups with respect to demographics, opiate consumption measured in morphine equivalents, and pain scores. Discussion In this small series, bilateral PVNB catheters resulted in equivalent opioid consumption and pain scores when compared to TE for postoperative pain management in pediatric patients undergoing the Nuss procedure. Large prospective studies are needed to further compare the efficacy, incidence of side effects, and complications of TE and PVNB catheters for postoperative analgesia in this pediatric population.
The Future of Double‐Blind Review in Management

The double-blind review process – where authors do not know the identity of theirreviewers and reviewers do not know the identity of authors – has been viewed as criticalto the peer review process in top-tier management journals. This two-way anonymityhelps to facilitate objectivity by both reviewers and authors and to reduce the effects ofbias – either positive or negative – that may accompany known identities or afﬁliations.For example, several studies have documented bias in the review process in favour ofauthors from prestigious universities (Peters and Ceci, 1982), particularly when reviewerscome from similarly prestigious universities (Gordon, 1980). In addition, Broder (1993)found evidence of bias by female reviewers against female authors independent of paperquality and reviewer afﬁliation and experience.Preserving the anonymity of authors and reviewers can also reduce tendencies forreviewers to attempt to ingratiate themselves with prestigious authors or to be morecritical of the work of unknown scholars. Without anonymity, junior reviewers maybecome hesitant to offer critical evaluations for fear of career reprisals (McCook, 2006).Given these ﬁndings, it is hardly surprising that journals with double-blind reviewprocesses tend to have lower acceptance rates, even for articles from authors afﬁliatedwith high-prestige universities (Blank, 1991). Proponents of double-blind review suggestthat ‘. . . any factors that increase the probability of particularistic decisions or increasetheir consequences are not likely to beneﬁt the majority of scientists. A relatively smallproportion of such decisions spread over time may serve to give some groups andindividuals substantial cumulative advantage, because publication itself is convertibleinto the “scarce” evidence of competence that makes future selection for further advan-tage then based on competence, and therefore universalistic. Thus, a particularisticadvantage can soon be transformed into a universalistic one’ (Beyer, 1978, p. 75). Therapidly escalating cumulative advantages to ‘those that have’ have also been described byMerton (1968, p. 58), who calls it the Matthew effect: ‘The Matthew effect consists in theaccruing of greater increments of recognition for particular scientiﬁc contributions to
Critical Resources for Hospital Surge Capacity: An Expert Consensus Panel

Background Hospital surge capacity (HSC) is dependent on the ability to increase or conserve resources. The hospital surge model put forth by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) estimates the resources needed by hospitals to treat casualties resulting from 13 national planning scenarios. However, emergency planners need to know which hospital resource are most critical in order to develop a more accurate plan for HSC in the event of a disaster. Objective To identify critical hospital resources required in four specific catastrophic scenarios; namely, pandemic influenza, radiation, explosive, and nerve gas. Methods We convened an expert consensus panel comprised of 23 participants representing health providers (i.e., nurses and physicians), administrators, emergency planners, and specialists. Four disaster scenarios were examined by the panel. Participants were divided into 4 groups of five or six members, each of which were assigned two of four scenarios. They were asked to consider 132 hospital patient care resources- extracted from the AHRQ's hospital surge model- in order to identify the ones that would be critical in their opinion to patient care. The definition for a critical hospital resource was the following: absence of the resource is likely to have a major impact on patient outcomes, i.e., high likelihood of untoward event, possibly death. For items with any disagreement in ranking, we conducted a facilitated discussion (modified Delphi technique) until consensus was reached, which was defined as more than 50% agreement. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) were calculated for each scenario, and across all scenarios as a measure of participant agreement on critical resources. For the critical resources common to all scenarios, Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to measure the distribution of scores across all scenarios. Results Of the 132 hospital resources, 25 were considered critical for all four scenarios by more than 50% of the participants. The number of hospital resources considered to be critical by consensus varied from one scenario to another; 58 for the pandemic influenza scenario, 51 for radiation exposure, 41 for explosives, and 35 for nerve gas scenario. Intravenous crystalloid solution was the only resource ranked by all participants as critical across all scenarios. The agreement in ranking was strong in nerve agent and pandemic influenza (ICC= 0.7 in both), and moderate in explosives (ICC= 0.6) and radiation (ICC= 0.5). Conclusion In four disaster scenarios, namely, radiation, pandemic influenza, explosives, and nerve gas scenarios; supply of as few as 25 common resources may be considered critical to hospital surge capacity. The absence of any these resources may compromise patient care. More studies are needed to identify critical hospital resources in other disaster scenarios.
The chiral specificity of sum-frequency generation in solutions

Sum-frequency generation in isotropic media is in the electric-dipole approximation the only symmetry allowed for chiral systems. We demonstrate that the sum-frequency intensity from an optically active liquid depends quadratically on the difference in concentration of the two enantiomers. The dominant contribution to the signal is found to be due to the chirality specific electric-dipolar three-wave mixing nonlinearity. Selecting the polarization of all fields allows the chiral electric-dipolar contributions to the bulk sum-frequency signal to be discerned from any achiral magnetic-dipolar and electric-quadrupolar contributions.
Saline Amnioinfusion in the Pregnant Ewe: Fetal Responses, Uterine Compliance, and Amniotic Fluid Index

The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of saline amnioinfusion on the fetus, amniotic pressure, and amniotic fluid index (AFI). Eleven chronically catheterized fetal sheep at 137 ± 1 (SE) days gestation received intraamniotically 6 liters of warmed NaCl solution adjusted to be iso-osmotic to amniotic fluid in 1-liter increments at 30-min intervals. Decreases occurred in fetal arterial pressure (4.1 ± 1.0 mmHg, P < 0.01), arterial pH (0.06 ± 0.02, P < 0.001) and p02 (2.7 ± 0.8 mmHg, P < 0.01), whereas pC02 increased (1.9 ± 0.7 mmHg, P < 0.01). Increases occurred in plasma sodium (2.1 ± 0.5 mEq/L, P < 0.001) and chloride (3.1 ± 0.8 mEq/L, P < 0.001), while potassium decreased (0.3 ± 0.1 mEq/L, P < 0.001). Uterine compliance was 946 ±181 ml/mmHg. The AFI correlated with volume infused (R = 0.85, P < 0.00001). These findings suggest that saline amnioinfusion, although producing minor if any cardiovascular effects in the ovine fetus, significantly alters fetal plasma composition, possibly due to ...
The Role of Mitochondria in Apoptosis

Mitochondria play key roles in activating apoptosis in mammalian cells. Bcl-2 family members regulate the release of proteins from the space between the mitochondrial inner and outer membrane that, once in the cytosol, activate caspase proteases that dismantle cells and signal efficient phagocytosis of cell corpses. Here we review the extensive literature on proteins released from the intermembrane space and consider genetic evidence for and against their roles in apoptosis activation. We also compare and contrast apoptosis pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and mammals that indicate major mysteries remaining to be solved.
An Examination of the Perceived Social Support Levels of Women in Methadone Maintenance Treatment Programs Who Experience Various Forms of Intimate Partner Violence

Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) has emerged as a serious problem among women in drug treatment programs. Research has underscored the importance of social support for abused women as well as women who use substances. Objectives The main objectives of this study were to describe the perceived social support levels and examine the associations between various forms of IPV and perceived levels of available social support perceived levels among a sample of women in drug treatment programs. Methods Face-to-face, structured interviews were conducted with randomly selected 416 women on methadone. Results The prevalence of physical, sexual, and injurious IPV in the sample was 39%, 31%, and 16% respectively, and the combined IPV prevalence was 44.5%. Findings from multiple linear regression models revealed that lower levels of perceived social support were significantly associated with physical aggression (β = −4.71; p = .0001), sexual assaults (β = −4.10; p = .003), and injurious attacks (β = −4.03; p = .022). Respondents perceived highest levels of social support from their “significant others” (mean = 5.64; standard deviation [SD] = 1.27) and lowest levels of social support from friends (mean = 4.20; SD = 1.48). The average network size was 2.7 individuals. Implications Findings from this study highlighted significantly lower levels of perceived social support levels for drug-using women in the context of IPV experiences. Interventions with these women should focus on strengthening social support networks that enable help seeking for both IPV and substance abuse issues.
The Research Flavor

Research should be made a significant part of undergraduate engineering education in order to orient the student toward the solving of new problems. He should learn of the frontiers of his field of study, and should know of the people who are pushing back these frontiers. An increase is needed in the number of courses designed for guiding a student to define problems, to make assumptions, to search for his own methods of solving them, and to develop a way to report his findings. Almost as a dividend, new ideas and the exercise of originality provide a strong motivation to learning.
SNR1 (INI1/SNF5) Mediates Important Cell Growth Functions of the Drosophila Brahma (SWI/SNF) Chromatin Remodeling Complex

SNR1 is an essential subunit of the Drosophila Brahma (Brm) ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex, with counterparts in yeast (SNF5) and mammals (INI1). Increased cell growth and wing patterning defects are associated with a conditional snr1 mutant, while loss of INI1 function is directly linked with aggressive cancers, suggesting important roles in development and growth control. The Brm complex is known to function during G1 phase, where it appears to assist in restricting entry into S phase. In Drosophila, the activity of DmcycE/CDK2 is rate limiting for entry into S phase and we previously found that the Brm complex can suppress a reduced growth phenotype associated with a hypomorphic DmcycE mutant. Our results reveal that SNR1 helps mediate associations between the Brm complex and DmcycE/CDK2 both in vitro and in vivo. Further, disrupting snr1 function suppressed DmcycEJP phenotypes, and increased cell growth defects associated with the conditional snr1E1 mutant were suppressed by reducing DmcycE levels. While the snr1E1-dependent increased cell growth did not appear to be directly associated with altered expression of G1 or G2 cyclins, transcription of the G2-M regulator string/cdc25 was reduced. Thus, in addition to important functions of the Brm complex in G1-S control, the complex also appears to be important for transcription of genes required for cell cycle progression.
Wittgenstein on Logical Form and Kantian Geometry

That Wittgenstein in the Tractatus likens logic to geometry has been noticed; however, the extent and force of the analogy he develops between logical form and a broadly Kantian account of geometry has not been sufficiently appreciated. In this paper, I trace Wittgenstein's analogy in detail by looking closely at the relevant texts. I then suggest that we regard the fact that Wittgenstein develops his account of logical form by analogy with a Kantian account of geometry as evidence for the bold thesis that Wittgenstein belongs within a Kantian epistemological tradition. Finally, I supply two small pieces of the interpretive puzzle needed to support the larger thesis: first, evidence that Wittgenstein's concern with logical form involves a crucial epistemological component; second, a sketch of how Wittgenstein's account of logical and mathematical knowledge can be viewed as continuing a Kantian tradition.
Common Problems: Common Solutions

Because change occurs within, between, and without therapy sessions, the keys to common factors are not likely to be discovered by focusing just on the 1% of the week that clients spend in therapy. By studying how people change on their own as well as in therapy, we have identified common stages and processes of change. Matching processes to stages has produced a viable integration that is having considerably more impact in health psychology and the addictions than in the traditional mental health arena. Research with this integrative approach is demonstrating how intervention programs can reach more people, retain more people, and help many more people recover from self-defeating or self-destructive behaviors.
Reanalysis of large mammal body part transport among the Hadza

Abstract Data on 54 cases of large mammal body part transport among the Hadza are reanalysed. Results are consistent with those previously reported. Within species, parts are ranked on a uni-dimensional scale for transport: high ranked parts are more likely to be moved from kill sites to base camps, low ranked parts less likely. For most species in the sample, rank order is inconsistent with that described in the widely cited White/Perkins and Daly model. Archaeological interpretations based on this aspect of the model are therefore suspect. The number of parts moved from Hadza kills varies with transport costs, measured by carcass size and/or kill site-base camp distance. This result fits predictions from the White/Perkins and Daly model. Further application of these results to archaeological problems requires that the Hadza pattern be explained in general terms. The potential relevance of a transport model recently formulated by Metcalfe is noted.
Reversing the Extraverted Leadership Advantage: The Role of Employee Proactivity

Extraversion predicts leadership emergence and effectiveness, but do groups perform more effectively under extraverted leadership? Drawing on dominance complementarity theory, we propose that although extraverted leadership enhances group performance when employees are passive, this effect reverses when employees are proactive, because extraverted leaders are less receptive to proactivity. In Study 1, pizza stores with leaders rated high (low) in extraversion achieved higher profits when employees were passive (proactive). Study 2 constructively replicates these findings in the laboratory: passive (proactive) groups achieved higher performance when leaders acted high (low) in extraversion. We discuss theoretical and practical implications for leadership and proactivity.
MIP reformulations of the probabilistic set covering problem

In this paper, we address the following probabilistic version (PSC) of the set covering problem: $${\min\{cx\,|\,{\mathbb P}(Ax \ge \xi) \ge p, x \in \{0, 1\}^N\}}$$where A is a 0-1 matrix, $${\xi}$$is a random 0-1 vector and $${p \in (0,1]}$$is the threshold probability level. We introduce the concepts of p-inefficiency and polarity cuts. While the former is aimed at deriving an equivalent MIP reformulation of (PSC), the latter is used as a strengthening device to obtain a stronger formulation. Simplifications of the MIP model which result when one of the following conditions hold are briefly discussed: A is a balanced matrix, A has the circular ones property, the components of $${\xi}$$are pairwise independent, the distribution function of $${\xi}$$is a stationary distribution or has the disjunctive shattering property. We corroborate our theoretical findings by an extensive computational experiment on a test-bed consisting of almost 10,000 probabilistic instances. This test-bed was created using deterministic instances from the literature and consists of probabilistic variants of the set covering model and capacitated versions of facility location, warehouse location and k-median models. Our computational results show that our procedure is orders of magnitude faster than any of the existing approaches to solve (PSC), and in many cases can reduce hours of computing time to a fraction of a second.
Gastric and Colonic Zinc Transporter ZIP11 (Slc39a11) in Mice Responds to Dietary Zinc and Exhibits Nuclear Localization

Zinc transporters have been characterized to further understand the absorption and metabolism of dietary zinc. Our goal was to characterize zinc transporter Slc39a11 (ZIP11) expression and its subcellular localization within cells of the murine gastrointestinal tract of mice and to determine if dietary zinc regulates ZIP11. The greatest ZIP11 expression was in the stomach, cecum, and colon. Both Zip11 mRNA and ZIP11 protein were shown to be downregulated during dietary zinc restriction (<1 mg Zn/kg) in the murine stomach tissue but were unaffected in the colon. Acute repletion with zinc did not restore Zip11 mRNA levels in the stomach. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed high ZIP11 levels in the lower regions of gastric glands and parietal cells of the stomach. IHC analysis of the colon showed a marked ZIP11 abundance within the cytoplasm of the colonic epithelial cells. IHC also showed an increase in ZIP11 expression in the colon during zinc restriction. There is a robust abundance of ZIP11 in the nuclei of cells of both stomach and colon. Our experiments suggest that when dietary zinc intake is compromised, the colon may increase zinc transporter expression to improve the efficiency for absorption via increased expression of specific zinc transporters, including ZIP11 and also zinc transporter Slc39a4. In conclusion, ZIP11 is highly expressed within the murine stomach and colon and appears to be partially regulated by dietary zinc intake within these tissues. ZIP11 may play a specialized role in zinc homeostasis within these tissues, helping to maintain mucosal integrity and function.
Abstract 130: Do Safety-Net Patients have Access to Cardiovascular Risk Factors Control?

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor control is critical to reducing CVD risk and adverse outcomes. Recent studies from CDC revealed that American adults who smoke decreased from 20.9% in 2005 to 19.3% in 2010.In addition, prevalence of obesity appears to be slowing or leveling off. However,minority and low-income populations face barriers of literacy and poverty blocking access to the benefits of efficacious strategies to control these risk factors for CVD. Federally Qualified Health centers (FQHCs {Safety-Net Clinics}) provide care for low income and medically underserved populations. Objectives: 1) Determine if obese diabetic/ CVD patients in FQHCs have access to community resources for weight loss. 2) Determine smoking rates and accessibility to smoking cessation programs for these populations. Methods: This study is part of the Office- Guidelines Applied to Practice (Office-GAP) project, designed to improve secondary prevention of heart disease for diabetic and CVD patients in FQHCs in Michigan. We analyzed 242 patients that participated in Office-GAP group visits (September 2010-December 2012). Patients completed a health survey at baseline that included demographic characteristics, comorbidity, smoking status, weight, having access to weight loss programs and nutrition counseling, and access to smoking cessation programs. Chart abstraction was performed for relevant data by trained research assistants. Descriptive analysis was performed on the cross sectional data that was obtained. Results: Among the enrolled patients 53.71% (130 of 242) were obese (BMI > 30). Mean age=53.69; male=33.07% (43 of 130); white=47.69% (62 of 130). Analysis revealed that 55.85% (105 of 188) diabetics, 57.06% (109 of 191) hypertensives and 57.57% (19 of 33) MI patients were obese. Only 57.42% (58 of 101) and 62.5% (40 of 64) patients said they have access to weight loss programs and nutrition counseling respectively. Furthermore, 78.46% (102 of 130) and 61.54% (80 of 130) patients stated having a problem getting into weight loss and nutrition counseling programs respectively. Current smokers were 31.4% (76 of 242) with {(blacks=35.29% (30 of 85), whites=41.75% (38 of 91) and other races=12.12% (8 of 66)}. Further analysis revealed 63.64% (21 of 33) patients with history of myocardial infarction, 28.19% (53 of 188) diabetics and 48.65% (18 of 37) of asthmatics were smokers with 69.74% (53 of 76) stating they have problems accessing smoking cessation programs. Conclusion: Very high proportions of diabetic and CVD patients are obese in FQHCs. Many lack access to programs that can assist with weight loss. Smoking rates remain high, with many patients reporting difficulty in accessing smoking cessation programs in FQHCs. There is an urgent need for strategies to improve access to smoking cessation and weight loss programs in FQHCs to decrease cardiovascular risk, morbidity and mortality.
On Form and Function

A great deal has been written on this subject, and you are probably familiar with the expression “Form follows Function”—meaning, structure is designed for the use to which it is put. Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), quite possibly the most creative genius of his day, referring to the relationship between muscle size and function, concluded: “In all the parts where man has to work with greater effort nature has made the muscles and tendons of greater thickness and breadth” (Dell’ Anatomica Fogli A, Royal Library, Windsor). The musculoskeletal anatomy of the limbs is particularly well suited to illustrate and illuminate the anatomical basis of function, for both upper and lower extremities are structurally adapted for maximal effectiveness: the former to be used as a prehensile organ, and the latter to provide the means of support for upright posture and locomotion. Crucial to an understanding of their functional capacities is a knowledge of their bony infrastructure.
A Mechanism for Allocating Objects in a Network of Symmetric Caches

In this paper, we analyze object allocation in a network of caches that share web content to exploit network externality benefits. The analysis is presented for both centralized and decentralized scenarios, and is carried out using operations research and game-theoretic tools. The optimal allocation is found for each case, and cache incentives are aligned with the socially optimal welfare by devising appropriate pricing mechanisms.
Phase equilibria at 550 °C in the Al-Cu-Fe system: 50 to 70 at.% A1, 0 to 9 at.% Fe

Isothermal sections of the Al-Cu-Fe phase diagram in the region of 50 to 75 at % Al, 0 to 25 at. % Fe were recently reported for temperatures from 680 to 800 °C. A determination of the 550 °C isothermal section was unsuccessful due to prohibitively long equilibration times; however, a new phase was found at 550 °C. The present note describes this new phase and proposes a 550 °C isothermal section in the low Fe (0 to 9 at.%) region to correct previous subsolidus diagrams.
Comparison of True Triaxial and Hollow Cylinder Tests on Cross-Anisotropic Sand Specimens

Experiments have been performed in true triaxial equipment and in hollow cylinder equipment on dense Fine Nevada sand to study and compare the influence of the intermediate principal stress on the behavior observed in the two types of apparatuses. By suitable application of outside and inside pressures in hollow cylinder tests performed on cross-anisotropic sand deposits with horizontal bedding planes (without application of shear stresses), generated stress states are comparable with those applied in true triaxial tests on oriented specimens in Sector I and III of the octahedral plane. Stress non-uniformities occur in the hollow cylinder specimens and they may affect the results of these tests. The experiments showed good comparison in Sector I, but those in Sector III were not comparable because the hollow cylinder tests showed effects of buckling instability, failure in the σ2-direction, and effects of stiff versus flexible boundaries through which the pressures were applied.
To Solve Single Airports Ground-holding Problem with Genetic Algorithm

With the air traffic congest problem becomingmore and more heavy,to study the flow optimization has become eager.When the number of the aircraft is more,the same unit delay cost for every aircraft is used to simplify the calculation.As different aircraft has different delay cost,a new event-driven single airports ground-holding model was proposed.The genetic algorithm was devised to solve this combination problem based on the characteristic of problem.The true data of Shanghai Pudong Airport was used to test the model and algorithm.The results validate the feasibility of the proposed model and algorithm.
Profits and Pragmatism: The Commercial Lives of Market Universities in Kenya and Uganda

The increased commercialization of higher education is a theme that has attracted considerable global attention. In response to changes in traditional sources of funding, many universities, public and private, have opted to source revenue from the marketplace. This article delves into the complexities of the entry into the marketplace by Kenyan and Ugandan universities. The local and international impetus for this movement in both countries and not in Tanzania are discussed, the perverseness and limits of commercialization delineated, and the positive and negative consequences of commercialization chronicled, all within the shifting global paradigm of higher education development. The Kenyan and Ugandan context cautions that ensuring a healthy mix between entry into the marketplace and the retention of the core mission of universities remains a critical challenge for governments and university administrators.
Grain Outflows: Advantage Rich, Disadvantage Poor

This chapter is about the pattern and significance of grain outflows from peasant households. The previous chapter examined some of the cornmercial diversity of rural South Asia. This chapter describes the transactional forms and seasonal patterns of grain outflows and asks: what is the pattern of class and seasonal differences in grain outflows?
Reevaluating Peacekeeping Effectiveness: Does Gender Neutrality Inhibit Progress?

ABSTRACTSince the adoption of UNSCR 1325, more female peacekeepers are participating in peacekeeping missions than ever before. Nevertheless, the current literature on peacekeeping effectiveness is largely gender neutral, discounting the unique role female peacekeepers may play in peacekeeping operations. This article addresses this missing piece in the literature by assessing how female peacekeepers and locals view the role of women in peacekeeping operations. Using interviews and focus groups conducted with peacekeepers in the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) and original surveys conducted in Liberian communities, it finds that there is an “access gap” that prevents female peacekeepers from fully contributing to the mission’s operations and therefore prevents the peacekeeping mission from reaching its full potential. The findings have broader implications for how to improve peacekeeping missions’ effectiveness moving forward.
Day-ahead solar forecasting using time series stationarization and feed-forward neural network

Solar forecasting is a pivotal factor in a viable solar energy deployment to support reliable and cost-effective grid operation and control. This paper proposes a new approach to overcome one of the most significant challenges in solar generation forecasting, i.e., the limited availability of the stationary data sets. This challenge is addressed by converting the non-stationary historical solar irradiance data into a stationary set, which will be further validated using an ADF test. This conversion will be followed by a neural network-based forecasting and proper post-processing steps. Numerical simulations exhibit the performance of the proposed method, which has achieved a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of less than 1% under different weather conditions.
The Use of Focus Groups in Design Science Research

Focus groups to investigate new ideas are widely used in many research fields. The use of focus groups in design science research poses interesting opportunities and challenges. Traditional focus group methods must be adapted to meet two specific goals of design research. For the evaluation of an artifact design, exploratory focus groups (EFGs) study the artifact to propose improvements in the design. The results of the evaluation are used to refine the design and the cycle of build and evaluate using EFGs continues until the artifact is released for field test in the application environment. Then, the field test of the design artifact may employ confirmatory focus groups (CFGs) to establish the utility of the artifact in field use. Rigorous investigation of the artifact requires multiple CFGs to be run with opportunities for quantitative and qualitative data collection and analyses across the multiple CFGs. In this chapter, we discuss the adaptation of focus groups to design science research projects. We demonstrate the use of both EFGs and CFGs in a design research doctoral thesis in the health-care field.
Application of Conjugate Gradient Method and FFT to Electromagnetics and Signal Processing Problems

The conjugate gradient method (CGM) has found a wide variety of applications in electromagnetics and in signal processing as an efficient method for solving matrix equations. In addition, CGM when used in conjunction with FFT (CGFFT) is extremely efficient for solving Hankel and Teoplitz or block Toeplitz matrix systems which frequently arise in both electromagnetics and signal processing applications. The FFT may be utilized because of the convolutional nature of the matrix. CGM has also been used in adaptive spectral estimation. The objective of this paper is the describe CGM and CGFFT, outline some applications and compare their performance with other existing techniques.
Tailor-made T cells for cancer therapy

Investigators from two teams have created personalized vaccines for the treatment of melanoma by identifying tumor-specific neoantigens.