cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resilient or Fragile? The Black Metropolis Versus the Great Depression

Past research suggests that ethnic minority economies can be surprisingly resilient, possessing internal strengths that mitigate negative effects of macroeconomic downturns. Applying this argument, the present study investigates urban black communities during the Great Depression, analyzing measures of the resilience of blacks’ employment in occupations reflecting key professional, entrepreneurial, and cultural media institutions of the Black Metropolis. Census data for New York, Chicago, and Washington, DC, indicate that blacks’ employment was resilient in only a few pursuits, most of which were professions that depended on a segregated black clientele. The findings challenge assumptions about the importance of urban centers, protected markets, and occupational niches for the resilience of ethnic minority economies.
Abstract 13532: Diastolic Function at Presentation Has Independent Prognostic Value in Patients With Peripartum Cardiomyopathy

Background: Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare disease with variable but potentially devastating consequences. The prognostic importance of alterations in LV diastolic function is unclear. Methods: Pregnancy Associated Cardiomyopathy cohort was a prospective study of 100 PPCM women from 30 centers presenting with LV ejection fraction (EF) < 45% within 2 months of delivery. Baseline data were mitral inflow E-wave, A-wave, E/A ratio, E deceleration time (DT), tissue Doppler septal and lateral annular velocities and biplane LA volume index. There were 90 PPCM patients and 21 female controls (8 healthy postpartum and 13 non-pregnant) with diastolic data. LV recovery was defined as LVEF ≥ 50% at 1 year. Outcome events were predefined as death, heart transplant or LV assist device (LVAD). Results: PPCM patients were aged 30±6 years with EF 35±9% at presentation. At 1 year, 84 patients had follow-up data: 63 patients (75%) had LV recovery (EF ≥50%) and 11 patients (13%) had either LVEF ≤35% or a major event (4 LVADs and 2 deaths). Elevated filling pressures (E/A≥2 and DT<150ms) were present in 57% at baseline and persisted in 11% at last echo, p<0.0001. Abnormalities in baseline diastolic function were associated with clinical outcomes and lack of LV recovery: area under the ROC curve (AUC) for E/A 0.78, p=0.0002, AUC for DT 0.82, p<0.0001, AUC for LA volume index 0.79, p<0.0001. Diastolic measures were also predictive of persistent severe LV dysfunction (EF ≤35%) or unfavorable events: E/A, p<0.0001; DT, p<0.0001, and LA volume index, p=0.0001. By multivariate analysis, baseline diastolic function was independently associated with subsequent lack of LV recovery or unfavorable events (Table). Conclusions: In PPCM patients, echo-Doppler measures of diastolic function at presentation provide important prognostic information regarding LV recovery and clinical outcomes. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Unstable angina pectoris: National cooperative study group to compare surgical and medical therapy: III. Results in patients with S-T segment elevation during pain

Abstract A prospective randomized study comparing intensive medical therapy with urgent coronary bypass surgery for the acute management of patients with unstable angina pectoris was carried out by nine cooperating medical centers under the auspices of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Between 1972 and 1976, a total of 288 patients were entered into the study; 79 of these (27 percent of the total study group) with 70 percent or more fixed obstruction in one or more coronary arteries had episodes of pain at rest associated with transient S-T segment elevation. Forty-two were randomized to medical and 37 to surgical therapy. The hospital mortality rate was 4.8 percent for the medical and 5.4 percent for the surgical group (difference not significant). The rate Of in-hospital myocardial infarction was 12 percent in the medical and 14 percent in the surgical group (difference not significant). During the 1st and 2nd years of follow-up, 25 percent in the medical and 15 percent in the surgical group complained of New York Heart Association class III or IV angina (difference not significant). During an average follow-up period of 42 months 45 percent of the medically treated patients later underwent surgery to relieve unacceptable angina. In the medical group 65 percent were working full- or part-time at the end of 1 year and 61 percent at the end of 2 years of follow-up; comparable figures for the surgically treated group were 63 and 68 percent. The results indicate that patients with unstable angina pectoris with transient S-T segment elevation during pain at rest with fixed obstruction of 70 percent or more in one or more coronary arteries do not differ significantly from patients with pain at rest associated with transient S-T segment depression or T wave inversion. The condition of such patients can be stabilized, and they can be managed with a maximal medical program including propranolol and long-acting nitrates in pharmacologic doses with good control of pain in most and no increase in rate of early mortality or myocardial infarction. Later, elective surgery can be performed with a lower risk and good clinical results if the patient's angina fails to respond to intensive medical therapy.
Locating sources of forced oscillations using transfer functions

This paper proposes a transfer function method to locate sources of forced oscillations using phasor measurement unit (PMU) data. Forced oscillations herald problematic controls and device failure. They also incur stability concerns of power grid operators. To mitigate the negative impacts of forced oscillations, it is essential to locate their sources in time. This paper proposes a method to locate oscillation sources by building transfer functions between bus frequencies using PMU data. It is shown through analytical and simulation studies that the relative location of an oscillation source with respect to measurement points can be determined using the magnitude responses and phase responses of transfer functions. The proposed method does not heavily rely on a dynamic model and therefore is easy to implement and apply.
Considerations in Thyrotropin-Stimulating Hormone Suppression in Individuals with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common endocrine cancer and has an overall excellent prognosis in most patients with an overall survival rate at 5 years of 97.9%. Most commonly, DTC is first treated primarily by surgical resection of either the total thyroid or partial thyroid. In patients who have undergone a total thyroidectomy, thyroxine replacement therapy will be required for the rest of their lives and may be required in those receiving partial thyroidectomy. Thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression is often a cornerstone to therapy to prevent recurrence in most patients, particularly those at higher risk or in those with persistent or recurrent disease either locoregionally or with distant metastatic disease. It is critical for the clinician to risk stratify patients as well as weight the risks and benefits to determine their appropriate level of needed TSH suppression. Subsequently, patients need to be followed long term to look for risks of suppression including bone loss, atrial fibrillation, and quality of life detriments and consistently weigh these risks to the benefits of TSH suppression for their thyroid cancer. Newer guidelines suggest that not all patients require a high degree of suppression, and this chapter will discuss which patients’ need to be suppressed, for how long, and what are the goals. Additionally, this chapter will address the evidence behind the risks and benefits of TSH suppression.
Image Capture Systems and Algorithms

This chapter considers the design of cameras and all the processes that are required to capture perform the initial processing an image. We will concentrate in this chapter on algorithms that provide traditional photos, such as sharpening and compression. Imaging chain algorithms must be designed for efficiency. We measure efficiency along several axes: Execution time. Cameras—both still and video—are real-time systems. We care about the rate at which we can capture, process, and store images. Algorithms must be designed to run fast. We are also concerned about variations in their execution time, which can require additional buffer memory that imposes other costs and limitations. Energy and power consumption. Energy and power are related but distinct concerns. Energy is important because most cameras are battery-powered; lower energy per consumption per image results in more images per battery charge. Energy-efficient algorithms and systems must avoid unnecessary or duplicative work. Power consumption—energy per unit time—is important in large part because of thermal requirements. Power consumption results in heat. Thermal power dissipation is the primary limitation on performance in high-performance computer systems [Wol17]. Heat generated in a camera can also affect sensor performance—most device and circuit noise increases with temperature, typically exponentially. Memory bandwidth and capacity. Multimedia algorithms are memory-intensive. Memory and mass storage devices can absorb and produce data at limited rates. High memory access rates can limit system performance; it can also drive up energy and power consumption. We are also concerned with the total memory usage of an algorithm. Certain parts of the imaging pipeline, particularly those near the image sensor, provide only constrained amounts of memory. Sloppy use of buffer memory can, for example, limit the number of images in a burst.
High-Tech Versus High-Touch: Components of Hospital Costs Vary Widely.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The recent release by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services of hospital charge and payment data to the public has renewed a national dialogue on hospital costs and prices. However, to better understand the driving force of hospital pricing and to develop strategies for controlling expenditures, it is important to understand the underlying costs of providing hospital services. We use Medicare Provider and Analysis Review inpatient claims data and Medicare cost report data for fiscal years 2008 and 2012 to examine variations in the contribution of "high-tech" resources (i.e., technology/medical device-intensive resources) versus "high-touch" resources (i.e., labor-intensive resources) to the total costs of providing two common services, as well as assess how these costs have changed over time. We found that high-tech inputs accounted for a greater proportion of the total costs of surgical service, whereas medical service costs were primarily attributable to high-touch inputs. Although the total costs of services did not change significantly over time, the distribution of high-tech, high-touch, and other costs for each service varied considerably across hospitals. Understanding resource inputs and the varying contribution of these inputs by clinical condition is an important first step in developing effective cost control strategies.
Clipping the Ring: Transcatheter Edge-to-Ring Mitral Valve Repair in a Patient With Prior Mitral Annuloplasty Ring

A 68-year-old man and observant Jehovah’s Witness was referred for transcatheter mitral valve repair for recurrent severe (4+) symptomatic (New York Heart Association functional class III) mitral regurgitation (MR) after previous surgical mitral valve repair. Two years before, he underwent
Lewis and Cavell on Ordinary Language and Academic Philosophy

Stanley Cavell and David Lewis agree on the conditions under which philosophical argument can reveal truth, and on the type of truth that can be revealed. Neverthelss, they disagree on whether the academy is a good site for philosophy.
Roads Taken: The Great Jewish Migration to the New World and the Peddlers Who Forged the Way, Hasia R. Diner, Yale University Press, New Haven (2015), 247 pp.

This book presents stimulating insights into the fascinating world of American Jewish peddlers. As a transnational study, this work also details how peddling operated in many different places. More...
Stress-point method for stabilizing zero-energy modes in non-ordinary state-based peridynamics

Abstract Non-ordinary state–based peridynamics is a promising continuum mechanics theory that combines non-local dynamics with conventional material models. Within this theory, the correspondence principle can be invoked to compute deformation gradients from the computed displacement fields. However, correspondence based models are prone to a zero-energy mode. This paper proposes the use of stress points to resolve this issue in the peridynamic family with nearest-neighbor discretizations. Each particle horizon is assigned with stress points at which derivatives of field variables are computed. The method is first demonstrated in a simple 1D problem and is compared with the analytical solution and other control methods. 2D and 3D examples are compared with the finite-element method. Zero-energy modes are shown to be completely damped in all cases. The computation efficiency of the explicit stress-point based peridynamic model is analyzed in the end.
Application of intestinal xenografts to the study of enteropathogenic infectious disease.

We have developed, characterized and utilized paired segments of fetal intestine subcutaneously transplanted into heterogeneic nude or SCID mice as a model system for the study of viral, bacterial and protozoal pathogens. The xenografted intestine matures in the recipient mouse and is biochemically and anatomically comparable to intestine from age-matched, whole-animal controls. The grafted tissue is free of ingesta, intestinal flora, extra-intestinal secretions and host immune functions. The transplanted intestine is long-lived and easily accessible to manipulation and harvest. Tissue from a single fetal donor can be used to create numerous xenografts allowing for tightly controlled experiments. Xenografts enable the study of species-specific intestinal pathogens in the homologous intestinal tissue thus preserving biological applicability of results. Xenografts can be used to study pathogenesis, pathophysiology and therapeutics of enteric disease in situations where such study might otherwise be prohibitively expensive or confounded by intercurrent variables inherent to whole animals. Xenografts have important advantages over in vitro models that may not approximate the in vivo biology of the intestine in the disease process.
Detailed modeling of the reaction of C2H5 + O2.

Modeling of low-temperature ethane oxidation requires an accurate description of the reaction of C2H5 + O2, because its multiple reaction channels either accelerate the oxidation process via chain ...
Earth and Ocean Physics Applications Program (EOPAP)

This paper describes, in abbreviated form, NASA’s proposed Earth and Ocean Physics Applications Program (EOPAP).
European elections 2014 and the USA

The European Parliament (EP) is of tremendous importance to European Union (EU) – United States (US) relations. Since the coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009, the EP has had the power to veto treaties negotiated between the EU and non-member countries, including the US. Despite this, the American media coverage of the EP elections on May 25, 2014 was reactionary and sensationalist. Before the election, American coverage tended to be cursory with most references to the EP elections being side comments in the contexts of broader stories about European affairs. Aft er the election, coverage increased dramatically but focused overwhelmingly on the high profile electoral gains of the French Front National (FN) and the British United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP). The persistent dominance of the EP by the same Christian Democrats, Social Democrats and Liberals may mean that ignoring the EP elections entirely is justified. However, the sensationalist emphasis of the relatively minor successes of the far right and eurosceptics distracts from the political consequences of the election.
Survival rates of tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae exposed to transgenic cottons expressing insecticidal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner.

The insecticidal activity of transgenic cottons expressing endotoxin protein of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt cotton) was quantified by measuring survival of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), larvae caged on different plant structures for varying lengths of exposure. Percentages of larvae surviving were measured on Bt cottons expressing Cry1Ab and CrylAc protein. Plant structure (terminal, leaf, square or boll) did not affect larval survival, and survival did not differ significantly between CrylAb and CrylAc cottons. Larvae exposed to Bt cotton for only 24 h had higher initial survival than larvae exposed for 48, 72 and 96 h. Larvae first exposed to Bt cotton at 4 d of age had higher survival than those first exposed as neonate or 2-d-old larvae. Survivorship of neonate and 4-d-old larvae exposed to CrylAc cotton was significantly reduced with only 48 h of exposure to the insecticidal plants. Seven-day-old larvae exhibited no significant reduction in survivorship with exposure to CrylAc co...
An Activity for Predicting Performances in the 1984 Summer Olympics.

As the 1984 summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles approach, predictions in the media about possible record-breaking performances will abound. In addition, the current increase in interest in women's ath letics will focus attention on the question of whether the performance of women is ap proaching that of men in specific events. Although any extrapolations must be made cautiously, certain techniques do exist that students can use to make prelimi nary predictions about performances in the Olympics this year. This article presents an example of a method called point esti mation that is used to estimate a single value using a set of data. More able stu dents can be encouraged to study confi dence intervals and statistical tests using any basic statistics book. Regression analysis is a tool used by statisticians to study the relationship be tween two or more variables and to predict values for one of the variables. Although higher order relationships often exist be tween the variables, an adequate linear model is often preferred over a more exact complex model for ease of use and under standability by nonmathematicians. The goal of this activity is to predict data for 1984 Olympic championships in specific events, which can be modeled with a linear function. Basically, the functional form of the equation has been defined by Netter and Wasserman (1974, pp. 30-40).
Improved diagnostic accuracy of pathology with the implementation of a perioperative point-of-care ultrasound service: quality improvement initiative.

Introduction The utility of perioperative point-of-care ultrasound (P-POCUS) is rapidly growing. The successful implementation of a comprehensive P-POCUS curriculum, Focused PeriOperative Risk Evaluation Sonography Involving Gastro-abdominal, Hemodynamic, and Trans-thoracic Ultrasound (FORESIGHT), has been demonstrated. This project sought to further evaluate the utility of P-POCUS with the following aims: (1) to assess the ability to train the FORESIGHT curriculum via a free, open-access, online platform; (2) to launch a P-POCUS clinical service as a quality improvement (QI) initiative; (3) to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the P-POCUS examinations to formal diagnostic studies; and (4) to compare the P-POCUS diagnostic accuracy with the diagnostic accuracy of traditional assessment (TA). Methods This study was launched as a QI project for the implementation of a P-POCUS service. A group of attending and resident anesthesiologists completed P-POCUS training supported by an online curriculum. After training, a P-POCUS service was launched. The P-POCUS service was available for any perioperative event, and specific triggers were also identified. All examinations were documented on a validated datasheet. The diagnostic accuracy of the two index tests, P-POCUS and TA, were compared with formal diagnostic testing. TA was defined as a combination of the anesthesiologist’s bedside assessment and physical examination. The primary outcome marker was a comparison in the accuracy of new diagnosis detected by P-POCUS service versus the TA performed by the primary anesthesiologist. Results A total of 686 P-POCUS examinations were performed with 466 examinations having formal diagnostic studies for comparison. Of these, 92 examinations were detected as having new diagnoses. Performance for detection of a new diagnosis demonstrated a statistically higher sensitivity for the P-POCUS examinations (p Conclusion A P-POCUS service can be developed after training facilitated by an online curriculum. P-POCUS examinations can be performed by anesthesiologists with a high degree of accuracy to formal studies, which is superior to TA.
Palliative care in hematologic malignancies: a multidisciplinary approach

Introduction: Palliative care is specialized health care focused on improving the quality of life amid serious illness. Patients with hematologic malignancies have significant needs that could be a...
2′,3′-Cyclic Mononucleotide Metabolism and Possible Roles in Bacterial Physiology

Novel intracellular small molecules, 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (2′,3′-cNMPs), have recently been discovered within both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Within plants and mammals, wounding has been found to increase levels of 2′,3′-cNMPs. Initial studies in prokaryotes have identified both intra- and extracellular 2′,3′-cNMPs within bacterial culture, with recent work demonstrating that 2′,3′-cNMP levels affect bacterial gene expression to impact phenotypes such as biofilm formation. The enzyme responsible for 2′,3′-cNMP production in Escherichia coli has been identified and proteins potentially involved in 2′,3′-cNMP hydrolysis are currently under investigation. Furthermore, the development of tools to modulate 2′,3′-cNMP levels in bacteria now allows for directly probing the effects of altered 2′,3′-cNMP concentrations in bacteria. Controlled perturbation of 2′,3′-cNMP pools in tandem with gene expression analyses highlighted potential signaling pathways and identify other proteins involved in 2′,3′-cNMP metabolism and sensing. By dissecting the cellular roles of 2′,3′-cNMPs within bacteria, these ongoing studies highlight novel pathways within prokaryotes which potentially can be engineered to control bacterial proliferation.
Secure Electronic Medical Records Storage and Sharing Using Blockchain Technology

Abstract Electronic medical records (EMRs) are electronically-stored highly sensitive and private information related to the diagnosis and treatment of patient, and needs to be frequently shared among peers. Sharing of medical records between participants is very challenging because the data might be revealed or tampered during the operational process. To address these challenges, a blockchain-based electronic medical records system is the key solution. In this research, we have discussed how blockchain technology can help in better healthcare data management. We have proposed a blockchain-based records management system for efficient management and sharing of electronic medical records (EMRs). We have implemented a prototype of Electronic Medical Records Management System using permissioned blockchain platform “Hyperledger”. This system ensures privacy, security and easy accessibility and availability of medical records.
A Deadly Triple Threat: Three Layers of U.S. Racial Inequity in COVID Infections and Deaths (updated)

COVID infections and deaths in the United States have affected racial groups differentially. Until now, there has been no analysis of the role that structural racism plays in those health outcomes. We use three models of ascending complexity to quantify the state-level impacts of reporting bias, socioeconomic difference, and endogenous policy choices in a treatment model. Even after controlling for confounding factors like Black Lives Matter and other public demonstrations, multivariate regressions conclude that all three explain the phenomenon. We estimate massive avoidable costs of over 870,000 infections and 39,000 deaths due to unequal health outcomes by race.
Fur, Wings, and Flowers: Development and Progress on Nectarivorous Bat Research in the Last 50 Years

Nectarivory or the habit of feeding on nectar and pollen from flowers occurs in nearly 5% of all bat species. Nectarivorous bats are found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world and possess a suit of adaptations to find flowers, extract nectar, metabolize sugars and nutrients from nectar and pollen, and fly long distances to find enough food to meet their high metabolic demands. Quick assimilation of ingested sugars allows for fast, powered, and hovering flight. With their long-specialized tongues, bats can rapidly probe flowers and extract nectar efficiently. To find flowers in dark environments, bats rely on their elaborate echolocation system, keen sense of smell, and good vision, which is even sensitive to ultraviolet light in some cases. Some species frequently fly long-distances in agricultural landscapes or following regular migration routes, thus promoting gene flow between plant populations. In addition, nectarivorous bats provide pollination services for hundreds of economically important plant species. The intricate relationships between bats and flowers also provide educational opportunities to raise awareness about the value of bats to our diverse societies and ecosystems, fostering solutions to the conservation challenges faced by bat populations. The North American Society for Bat Research has been an important forum where much of this body of work has been presented during the last five decades, and we hope that it will continue to play this role in the future.
Postconvalescent SARS-CoV-2 IgG and Neutralizing Antibodies are Elevated in Individuals with Poor Metabolic Health.

PURPOSE: Comorbidities making up metabolic syndrome (MetS), such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and chronic cardiovascular disease can lead to increased risk of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) with a higher morbidity and mortality. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are higher in severely or critically ill COVID-19 patients, but studies have not focused on levels in convalescent patients with MetS, which this study aimed to assess. METHODS: This retrospective study focused on adult convalescent outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 positive serology during the COVID-19 pandemic at NewYork Presbyterian/Weill Cornell. Data collected for descriptive and correlative analysis included SARS-COV-2 immunoglobin G (IgG) levels and history of MetS comorbidities from April 17, 2020 to May 20, 2020. Additional data, including SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lipid levels were collected and analyzed for a second cohort from May 21, 2020 to June 21, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies were measured in a subset of the study cohort. RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels were significantly higher in convalescent individuals with MetS comorbidities. When adjusted for age, sex, race, and time duration from symptom onset to testing, increased SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels remained significantly associated with obesity (P < 0.0001). SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels were significantly higher in patients with HbA1c ≥6.5% compared to those with HbA1c <5.7% (P = 0.0197) and remained significant on multivariable analysis (P = 0.0104). A positive correlation was noted between BMI and antibody levels [95% confidence interval: 0.37 (0.20-0.52) P < 0.0001]. Neutralizing antibody titers were higher in COVID-19 individuals with BMI ≥ 30 (P = 0.0055). CONCLUSION: Postconvalescent SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralizing antibodies are elevated in obese patients, and a positive correlation exists between BMI and antibody levels.
Medical Management of Blepharitis

Medical management of blepharitis aims to relieve symptoms and reduce inflammation. The mainstay of treatment of both anterior and posterior blepharitis is daily eyelid hygiene including warm compresses, eyelid scrubs, and artificial tears. Acute exacerbations or refractory cases may require treatment with topical steroids, topical antibiotics, topical steroid/antibiotic combination therapy, topical calcineurin inhibitors, or oral antibiotics.
Learn your ABCs: Approximate Bijective Correspondence for isolating factors of variation

Representational learning forms the backbone of most deep learning applications, and the value of a learned representation is intimately tied to its information content regarding different factors of variation. Finding good representations depends on the nature of supervision and the learning algorithm. We propose a novel algorithm that relies on a weak form of supervision where the data is partitioned into sets according to certain inactive factors of variation. Our key insight is that by seeking approximate correspondence between elements of different sets, we learn strong representations that exclude the inactive factors of variation and isolate the active factors which vary within all sets. We demonstrate that the method can work in a semi-supervised scenario, and that a portion of the unsupervised data can belong to a different domain entirely. Further control over the content of the learned representations is possible by folding in data augmentation to suppress nuisance factors. We outperform competing baselines on the challenging problem of synthetic-to-real object pose transfer.
Underactive Bladder

Underactive bladder (UAB) is a very common condition leading to disabling lower urinary tract symptoms. There has been an increasing interest in this condition as there is no effective treatment currently available. UAB has been described in many ways, but there is no agreed upon consensus on its terminology. The prevalence of UAB may be underestimated. This review focuses on the terminology, pathophysiology, common causes, its treatment, and future areas of research.
Who was J. B. S. Haldane?: Samanth Subramanian: A Dominant Character: The Radical Science and Restless Politics of J. B. S. Haldane; W. W. Norton, New York, 2020, 400 pp, $40 hbk, ISBN 978-0-393-63424-2

Subramanian has produced a new biography of Haldane taking into account archival material that has only become public during the last decade. He has been able to provide a more complete picture of Haldane’s personal life than earlier biographers, such as his difficult schooldays at Eton and the deterioration of his first marriage. He has also highlighted the extent to which Haldane was kept under constant secret surveillance by British intelligence services because of his politics. However, the book is less successful in its account of Haldane’s scientific work including what he contributed to modern evolutionary theory, the Fisher–Haldane relationship, Haldane’s role in the Lysenko controversy, and what he achieved after emigration to India in 1957.
A 25–50 GHz Phase Change Material (PCM) 5-Bit True Time Delay Phase Shifter in a Production SiGe BiCMOS Process

This paper presents the implementation and measurement results of a wideband (DC-67 GHz) phase change material (PCM) switch and a miniature 5-bit true time delay (TTD) phase shifter. A series-shunt single pole double throw (SPDT) switch is implemented based on the 4-terminal PCM switch integrated in the back-end-of-line (BEOL) of Tower Semiconductor SBC18H3 0.18 µm SiGe BiCMOS process. The PCM Switch core has a nominal $R_{ON}$ of 3 Ω and a $C_{OFF}$ of 4 fF leading to a FoM of 12 fs. This core performance leads to a wideband SPDT IL of 0.9 dB at 30 GHz and to 45 dB of isolation. Using the SPDT switch, a 5-bit 0–124 ps TTD unit with a transmission line based implementation is presented. It exhibits an RMS group delay error of less than 2 ps from 25–50 GHz and less than 3 ps from 6–55 GHz.
Efferocytosis induces macrophage proliferation to help resolve tissue injury.

Summary Apoptotic cell clearance by macrophages (efferocytosis) promotes resolution signaling pathways, which can be triggered by molecules derived from the phagolysosomal degradation of apoptotic cells. We show here that nucleotides derived from the hydrolysis of apoptotic cell DNA by phagolysosomal DNase2a activate a DNA−PKcs−mTORC2/Rictor pathway that increases Myc to promote non-inflammatory macrophage proliferation. Efferocytosis-induced proliferation expands the pool of resolving macrophages in vitro and in mice, including zymosan-induced peritonitis, dexamethasone-induced thymocyte apoptosis, and atherosclerosis regression. In the dexamethasone-thymus model, hematopoietic Rictor deletion blocked efferocytosing macrophage proliferation, apoptotic cell clearance, and tissue resolution. In atherosclerosis regression, silencing macrophage Rictor or DNase2a blocked efferocyte proliferation, apoptotic cell clearance, and plaque stabilization. In view of previous work showing that other types of apoptotic cell cargo can promote resolution in individual efferocytosing macrophages, the findings here suggest that signaling-triggered apoptotic cell-derived nucleotides can amplify this benefit by increasing the number of these macrophages.
Genesis of the Issue of Culture: The Cultural Fever and Avant-Garde of the 1980s

It is reasonable to say that we may read cultural meaning from most art works directly or indirectly, since art is always a product of a specific cultural context . It is different, however, to have cultural meaning in an artwork and to concentrate cultural issues in his/her art intentionally by the artist. When the former may focus on any issues beyond cultural concern , the latter may consider cultural issues pivotal and critical and comment on the issue one way or another. In other words, cultural meaning or message might or might not be read from the art in the first case, since the artist might or might not be interested in such issues; while in the second case, the artist knowingly injects his cultural concern into his art or comments on cultural issue in his works, so that the reading of a cultural meaning from such works would be “natural.”
Evaluating Dynamic Ontologies

Ontology evaluation poses a number of difficult challenges requiring different evaluation methodologies, particularly for a “dynamic ontology” generated by a combination of automatic and semi-automatic methods. We review evaluation methods that focus solely on syntactic (formal) correctness, on the preservation of semantic structure, or on pragmatic utility. We propose two novel methods for dynamic ontology evaluation and describe the use of these methods for evaluating the different taxonomic representations that are generated at different times or with different amounts of expert feedback. These methods are then applied to the Indiana Philosophy Ontology (InPhO), and used to guide the ontology enrichment process.
Horticultural Therapy in the Skilled Nursing Facility

A description of the skilled nursing facility (SNF) and the impacts and demands of managed care on therapies are included. The horticultural therapy contribution in rehabilitation therapies is outlined. Two case studies describe the patient base. Two SNF programs are departments in the hospital setting where horticultural therapy is delivered as a co-treatment with occupational therapy, physical therapy and speech and language pathology staff or by the horticultural therapist alone. A variety of horticultural therapy services are provided as part of recreation therapy programming. Indoor, year-round programming is outlined along with outdoor activities. Success oriented projects for the short stay rehabilitation patient are noted. The treatment session format provides a consistent structure to optimize rehabilitation progress.
Rights in the Balance: Free Press, Fair Trial, and Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart

Review of: "Rights in the Balance: Free Press, Fair Trial, and Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart," by Mark R. Scherer.
Connection Management in High-Speed Interconnection Systems

High-speed interconnection systems for linking high-performance computers with each other and with their intelligent peripheral devices have gained great importance in recent years. The HIPPI standard which governs the interfaces to most of today's high-speed interconnection systems is a representative, standardized interconnection solution and its control and performance issues are consequently of particular interest. This paper examines the issue of connection management control for these interconnection systems. It describes the interconnection system environment, the characteristics of the traffic being carried, and the ensuing problem of efficient connection management. Different management policies are described, ranging from policies that require a complete knowledge of the whole interconnection system's state for their operation, to policies operating with only local client state knowledge. Considerations relevant to performance and switch implementation complexity trade-offs of the different policies are presented. Finally, priority access supporting connection management policies using preemptive and non-preemptive disciplines are described, and for the first time compared, using an analytic model introduced in this paper. Comparison of the two disciplines gives insights useful in choosing the preferred connection management policy and priority discipline, as a function of implementation objectives, the system's particular traffic characterization and its performance requirements.
Professional Development Programs for Elementary Science Teachers: An Analysis of Teacher Self-Efficacy Beliefs and a Professional Development Model

(2002). Professional Development Programs for Elementary Science Teachers: An Analysis of Teacher Self-Efficacy Beliefs and a Professional Development Model. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 189-220.
Clausewitz's theory of war: An alternative view

Abstract In On War Clausewitz is dealing with the theoretical relationship between the political object and the military aim in war. War as a political act is a contention with force between political entities in which each has the object of restoring peace under favorable conditions, whether by dictate or by negotiation. The act of armed force to counter armed force, on the other hand, is a confrontation between military forces in which each has the aim of disarming the other in battle, actual or implied. Since the political object and the military aim are not the same and may or may not converge, the problem for theory is to reconcile the two in war as an act of policy. This is the strategic problem, the universal element in war with which the military theorist in every age ought above all to be concerned.
The morphology of physiologically identified GABAergic neurons in the somatic sensory part of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the cat

Neurons with somatic sensory receptive fields were examined electrophysiologically in the thalamic reticular nucleus of the cat. All cells had receptive fields much larger than those of neurons in the ventral posterior nucleus and were driven by less readily defined somesthetic stimuli. Response latencies to peripheral or medial lemniscal stimulation were, on average, longer than in the ventral posterior nucleus and suggested activation of the reticular nucleus cells by collaterals of thalamocortical relay cell axons arising in the ventral posterior nucleus. When injected intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase, reticular nucleus cells displayed thin axons with intrareticular collaterals and diffuse branches through much of the ventral posterior and posterior thalamic nuclei. Dendrites ended in processes resembling synaptic terminals. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of the same part of the reticular nucleus revealed processes immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase and identifiable as both collateral axon terminals and presynaptic dendrites of GABAergic reticular nucleus cells. These synaptically linked reticular nucleus cells and, in addition, immunoreactive somata and presynaptic dendrites received synapses from at least three varieties of nonimmunoreactive profiles.
Continuous norethindrone 0.35 mg. as an oral contraceptive agent.

Abstract Norethindrone 0.35 mg. was taken daily by 154 women for a total of 1,888 months in a study of continuous low-dosage progestin as an oral contraceptive method. Pregnancy rates of 0.6 per 100 woman-years for correct use and 1.3 per 100 woman-years for total use were obtained. A high incidence of menstrual irregularity and/or amenorrhea was noted but the incidence of nausea and weight gain was low. There was no significant difference in oral glucose tolerance tests done in 18 women before and after taking norethindrone for 6+ months, and other serum determinations done in 19 women showed a significant rise in alkaline phosphatase and albumin along with a significant decrease in SGOT.
Basic Physical Chemistry for the Atmospheric Sciences

Modern studies of the atmosphere, oceans, and Earth and planetary systems demand a sound knowledge of the basic chemical principles. This book provides a clear, concise review of these principles, particularly relating to the atmosphere. Students with little formal training in chemistry can work through the chapters and numerous exercises within this book before accessing the higher-level texts. The book covers the fundamental concepts of chemical equilibria, chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, solution chemistry, acid and base chemistry, oxidation-reduction reactions and photochemistry. Over 160 exercises are contained within the text; they include 50 numerical problems solved in the text and 112 exercises for the reader to work on with hints and solutions provided in an appendix. Whether used in an introductory class in chemistry or for self instruction as a supplementary work book, this will be an invaluable resource for a broad range of students.
Immunology. End game for B cells.

Plasma cells are a key part of the immune system, secreting antibodies to ward off invaders. The discovery of a protein required for the production of plasma cells will give immunologists a better idea of how they develop.
Continuum regularization of quantum field theory

As a complement to our earlier study of renormalization at the Langevin regularized level, we report here on equivalent renormalization programs for regularized Schwinger-Dyson systems. Both one-loop and iterated loop renormalizations of the Green functions of QCD4 are given, and are shown to be equivalent to the Langevin results. The optional apparent ℏ-renormalization discussed in IV is shown to apply as well to Schwinger-Dyson systems as to Langevin systems.
Domain -independent detection, extraction, and labeling of Atomic Events

The notion of an “event” has been widely used in the computational linguistics literature as well as in information retrieval and various NLP applications, although with significant variance in what exactly an event is. We describe an empirical study aimed at developing an operational definition of an event at the atomic (sentence or predicate) level, and use our observations to create a system for detecting and prioritizing the atomic events described in a collection of texts. We report results from testing our system on several sets of related texts, including human assessments of the system’s output and a comparison with information extraction techniques. We discuss how event detection at this level can be used for indexing, summarization, and question-answering.
Feature-based manufacturing process planning for integrated product and process development

Integrate product and process development attempts to consider all aspects of a product during the early stage of design. Feature-based manufacturing process planning is the bridge between design and manufacturing. This paper discusses the roles of feature based manufacturing process planning in product design and process development and the research on the development of a prototype feature-based automated process planning (FBAPP) system for integrated product and process development. >
Optimization of Combined Rocket and Ramjet/Scramjet Ballistic Missile Designs

A preliminary design optimization of a revolutionary concept involving integrated airbreathing propulsive assist is presented. The conceptual design for the proposed airbreathing thrust augmenter is an annular ramjet/scramjet integrated into a liquid-oxygen-rocket propellant rocket core. The airbreathing engine makes use of the same tankage and turbopump hardware as the rocket engine for supplying fuel. The aeropropulsive environment is simulated using an axisymmetric Euler solver with a decoupled semiempirical viscous model. The flight performance is simulated using a seventh- to eight-order Runge–Kutta integrator for the six-degree-of-freedom dynamics. The optimizer used for design iterations is a binary-encoded genetic algorithm with a proven track record for addressing complex flight vehicle design problems. Results show the marked improvement in performance achieved by the use of such thrust augmenters on a military-dominated niche of the overall spectrum of missile designs.
The MHO-Carrier Relaying Scheme A Simplified Carrier Scheme for Long or Heavily Loaded Transmission Lines

BECAUSE of the wartime problems of increased loads and shortage of materials, it is often necessary to put heavy loads on existing transmission lines rather than build new ones.
Physiological mechanisms in the control of bioluminescent countershading in a midwater shrimp

In the oceanic midwater environment, most animals have evolved an extraordinary anti‐predation behavior using bioluminescent countershading (counterillumination) to help them remain cryptic to visual predators. For the midwater penaeid shrimp, Sergestes similis, the interaction of both hormonal and neural systems may be involved in the control of counterillumination. S. similis responds to downward‐directed illumination, detected by the eyes, with light emission from five hepatic light organs. Dark‐adapted specimens undergo a slow induction process prior to production of the conventional counterillumination response. The induction of bio‐luminescence may involve a hormonal pathway mediated by the light‐adapting retinal distal pigment dispersing hormone. Once induced, the rapid control of counterillumination may involve a neural pathway. Because counterilluminating animals directly respond to their optical environment, an understanding of the control of bioluminescence provides an insight into the poorly u...
Compression of pre-scan-converted echocardiographic video using wavelet packet and integer wavelet transforms

Abstract An efficient compression strategy is indispensable for digital echocardiography, which is very important for clinical practice of cardiology. In this study, we investigated a new compression strategy applied to pre-scan-converted polar format echocardiographic video instead of scan-converted raster format video. A lossy compression strategy, using modified SPIHT based on wavelet packet transform, is used to compress tissue data; while a lossless compression strategy based on integer wavelet transform, is used to compress Doppler data. The proposed algorithm can achieve very high compression ratio while retaining excellent image quality. Furthermore, the modified SPIHT surpasses the original SPIHT for the compression of tissue data.