cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid-phase synthesis of 1,5-substituted 2-(N-alkylamino)-imidazolidin-4-ones

The solid-phase synthesis of 1,5-substituted 2-(N-alkylamino)-imidazolidin-4-one from resin-bound amino acid is described. Using a guanidinylating reagent in solution to form the guanidine moiety instead of resin-bound carbodiimide, an N-alkyl substitution is introduced specifically onto the 2-amino position. Combined with an alkylation step of the resin-bound amino acid prior to guanidinylation, all desired substitutions of the final products are achieved without racemization at chiral centers. This reaction sequence is also compatible with a variety of protected amino acid side chains.
Reconciling Statistical and Systems Science Approaches to Public Health

Although systems science has emerged as a set of innovative approaches to study complex phenomena, many topically focused researchers including clinicians and scientists working in public health are somewhat befuddled by this methodology that at times appears to be radically different from analytic methods, such as statistical modeling, to which the researchers are accustomed. There also appears to be conflicts between complex systems approaches and traditional statistical methodologies, both in terms of their underlying strategies and the languages they use. We argue that the conflicts are resolvable, and the sooner the better for the field. In this article, we show how statistical and systems science approaches can be reconciled, and how together they can advance solutions to complex problems. We do this by comparing the methods within a theoretical framework based on the work of population biologist Richard Levins. We present different types of models as representing different tradeoffs among the four ...
Features associated with paranodal demyelination at a specialized site in the non-pathological nervous system☆

Abstract Experimental demyelination in the CNS and PNS have been shown in some cases to exhibit a paranodal distribution. The electric organ of the gymnotid Sternarchus is composed of specialized axons which generate external electric fields. The structure of the nodes of Ranvier changes characteristically along the course of these specialized non-pathological axons. The nodes of Ranvier in two locations along the fibers are markedly enlarged. At the enlarged nodes, but not at normal nodes from the same fibers, the paranodal myelin exhibits morphological features associated with paranodal demyelination. These features include termination of the innermost myelin lamellae at distances of up to 200 μm from the nodal gap. The results indicate that these morphological findings are not necessarily associated with pathological demyelination, and suggest that remodeling of the myelin sheath, including programmed demyelination, may play a role in the development of certain specialized neural systems.
Pathology of craniopharyngiomas: clinical import of pathological findings

Craniopharyngiomas are benign neoplasms, thought to be of maldevelopmental origin, which occur in both children and adults in the sella and suprasellar regions. There are two distinctive histologic pa
The Cellular Basis of Site-Specific Tumor Metastasis

THE year 1989 marked the 100th anniversary of the publication of a seminal paper in the study of the biology of human tumors. Stephen Paget, having collected the autopsy records of 735 patients who died of breast cancer, noted that the majority of the metastatic lesions were found in the liver and brain, whereas other organs, such as the kidney and spleen, were much less frequently involved. Paget inferred from this observation that certain tumors were predisposed to spread to particular tissues, on the basis of the tissue's ability to support the growth of these tumors.1 He likened this process . . .
Hyperfine field of 197Au in ferromagnetic Au4V

Abstract The temperature dependence of the Mossbauer resonance of 197 Au in ferromagnetic Au 4 V has been investigated. Below the Curie temperature, the magnetic hyperfine interaction gives rise to line broadening. The magnitude of the effective field indicates that the magnetic moment in Au 4 V is localized on the V atoms and little moment, if any, resides on the Au. The temperature dependence of the hyperfine field is observed to approximately follow the bulk magnetization.
Ultra Broadband Mid-IR Detectors Using Multilayer Anti-reflection Coupling

Ultra broadband mid-IR detector is demonstrated in the spectral region at 2-4 um. The light coupler is composed of multilayer dielectric layers. A 60 % enhancement of transmittance is achieved at light incident angles θ=0o-75o.
The debate within: a Sufi critique of religious law, tasawwuf and politics in Mughal India

This essay is an effort to understand the position taken by the celebrated seventeenth-century Chishtī Sufi ‘Abd al-Rahmān Chishtī in his Mir’āt al-Asrār, a hagiographical dictionary (tazkira) of past Sufi holy men. I have read this tazkira together with ‘Abd al-Rahmān’s other writings but focused in particular on his long preface to this work in which he elaborates his definition of tasawwuf and asks what the real religion of the Sufi should be. ‘Abd al-Rahmān also undertakes a far-reaching reassessment of key elements in the wider traditions of Indian Islam. Drawing on a range of Indian and Middle Eastern influences, he rejects the narrow law-centred formulation of the Naqshbandīs and offers a distinctive vision of Chishtī spiritual support at the heart of the Mughal political order. His work opens up for us the wider landscape of religious debate and contestation that characterized Indian Islam during the Mughal era, which later generations of historians have overlooked in their preoccupation with more...
Quantum and statistical mechanical methods in classical direct and inverse scattering

Phase space and functional (path) integral methods, so successfully applied today in quantum and statistical physics, are applied to both direct and inverse wave propagation problems in extended inhomogeneous environments. The modeling is provided by the n-dimensional scalar Helmholtz equation. Both solution representations and numerical algorithms are presented.
Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor is necessary but insufficient for production of metastasis

We determined whether overexpression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is necessary for enhanced growth and production of metastasis by murine K-1735 melanoma cells. The bFGF gene was transfected into three nonmetastatic clones (C-IO, C-19, and C-23) that do not express bFGF mRNA and protein and one metastatic clone that expresses high levels of bFGF mRNA and protein. Control cells were transfected with a dominant selectable marker neomycin resistance gene (neo). All bFGF-transduced cells expressed bFGF-specific mRNA transcripts and cellular bFGF protein and proliferated in culture with medium containing low concentrations of serum. Anchorage-independent growth in hard agarose was enhanced only in bFGF-transfected nonmetastatic C-10 cells which, subsequent to the transfection, also expressed high levels of collagenase IV/gelatinase A activity. The treatment of C-10, C-19, and C-23 cells with exogenous bFGF induced collagenase IV/gelatinase expression, as did the addition of lysates from C-10/bFGF and C-23/bFGF cells. C-10/bFGF cells (but not C-19/bFGF or C-23/bFGF) produced highly vascular and rapidly growing subcutaneous tumors as well as a high incidence of lung metastasis. These data suggest that overexpression of bFGF is necessary but in itself not sufficient to convert nonmetastatic K-1735 cells to the metastatic phenotype and that enhanced tumorigenicity and metastasis require at least concurrent expression of bFGF and collagenase type TV genes.
Changes in the Use of Do-not-resuscitate Orders After Implementation of the Patient Self-determination Act

OBJECTIVE: To determine changes in the use of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders and mortality rates following a DNR order after the Patient Self-determination Act (PSDA) was implemented in December 1991.
Experimental allergic neuritis in the SJL/J mouse: dysfunction of peripheral nerve without clinical signs.

Abstract Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) was studied in the SJL/J mouse and compared to EAN in the Lewis rat. The Lewis rat developed hind limb weakness and weight loss while the SJL/J mouse had no discernible clinical abnormalities. The SJL/J mouse, however, suffered subclinical damage to peripheral nerve (PN) myelin. Both species reproducibly developed electrophysiologic dysfunction of PN and histopathology confined to the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Understanding of autoimmune demyelination in the central nervous system was greatly enhanced by the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the SJL/J mouse. We believe that EAN in the SJL/J mouse could lead to a similar increase in our understanding of autoimmune demyelination in the PNS.
Deformable image registration of liver with consideration of lung sliding motion.

Purpose: A feature based deformable registration model with sliding transformation was developed in the upper abdominal region for livercancer. Methods: A two-step thin-plate spline (bi-TPS) algorithm was implemented to deformably register the liverorgan. The first TPS registration was performed to exclusively quantify the sliding displacement component. A manual segmentation of the thoracic and abdominal cavity was performed asa priori knowledge. Tissue feature points were automatically identified inside the segmented contour on the images. The scale invariant feature transform method was utilized to match feature points that served as landmarks for the subsequent TPS registration to derive the sliding displacement vector field. To a good approximation, only motion along superior/inferior (SI) direction of voxels on each slice was averaged to obtain the sliding displacement for each slice. A second TPS transformation, as the last step, was carried out to obtain the local deformation field. Manual identification of bifurcation on liver, together with the manual segmentation of liverorgan, was employed as a “ground truth” for assessing the algorithm’s performance. Results: The proposed two-step TPS was assessed with six liver patients. The average error of liverbifurcation between manual identification and calculation for these patients was less than 1.8 mm. The residual errors between manual contour and propagated contour of liverorgan using the algorithm fell in the range between 2.1 and 2.8 mm. An index of Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) between manual contour and calculated contour for livertumor was 93.6% compared with 71.2% from the conventional TPS calculation. Conclusions: A high accuracy (∼2 mm) of the two-step feature based TPS registration algorithm was achievable for registering the liverorgan. The discontinuous motion in the upper abdominal region was properly taken into consideration. Clinical implementation of the algorithm will find broad application in radiation therapy of livercancer.
Behavioral Profiles of Children with Different Levels of Achievement.

Abstract This study examines the relative importance of three behavioral dimensions to reading and mathematics achievement of elementary school children. Previous research on the dimensions which characterize the school behavior of children has shown that these dimensions can be understood as reflecting (a) an adaptation or learning problems dimension, (b) an interpersonal or a social problem dimension, and (c) an intrapersonal or personal adjustment dimension. Scores for each dimension were derived from a cluster analysis of the Pupil Behavior Rating Scale . Based on results of the cluster analysis, subjects were assigned to 12 behavioral typology groups. Analysis of variance showed that behavior typologies were related to both reading and mathematics achievement test scores. Post hoc contrasts revealed that levels of reading achievement are associated primarily with behaviors defined by attributes of the adaptation dimension, and that differences in measures of interpersonal and interpersonal dimensions do not contribute appreciably to group differences in reading and mathematics achievement.
Sperm competition and variation in zebra mating behavior

Data are presented on the breeding behavior of two zebra species to test whether intra- and interspecific variation in male reproductive behavior and physiology are correlated with differences in female promiscuity. In one species, plains zebra (Equus burchelli) females live in closed membership single male groups and mate monandrously. In the other species, the Grevy's zebra (E. grevyi) females live in groups whose membership is much more temporary. Typically, associations with individual males are brief and mating is polyandrous. However, some females - those having just given birth — reside with one male for long periods, mating monandrously. These differences in female mating behavior generate variability in the potential for sperm competition. We show that behavioral differences in male investment in reproductive activities correlate with the potential for sperm competition. When mating with promiscuous mares, Grevy's zebra stallions made a greater investment in reproductive behavior (calling, mounting, ejaculations) than did stallions of either species when mating with monandrous females. The evolution of large testes size in the Grevy's zebra, when compared to the congeneric plains zebra, horse, and mountain zebra, allows for this increased investment.
Chronic stress differentially regulates cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding in distinct hippocampal subfields.

Exposure to chronic stress has been found to decrease cannabinoid CB1 receptor expression in the hippocampus; however, the specificity of this phenomenon to specific subfields of the hippocampus has not been characterized. To this extent, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 21 days of restraint stress (6 h/day), after which autoradiographical analysis of cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding site densities were examined in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus subfields of the hippocampus. Chronic stress was found to produce a significant reduction in cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding in the dentate gyrus, while increasing cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding in the CA3. There was no effect of chronic stress on cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding in the CA1, or two other proximal regions, the retrosplenial cortical gyrus and the laterodorsal thalamus. Given the role of hippocampal cannabinoid CB1 receptor activity in the maintenance of synaptic integrity and neuroplasticity in the hippocampus, these data suggest that changes in cannabinoid CB1 receptor activity following stress may contribute to stress-induced modulation of these processes.
Solubilization and comparative analysis of mammalian erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins.

Abstract SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals the presence of a major glycoprotein in human, ox, horse, swine, and sheep erythrocyte membranes. Their apparent molecular weights differ among the various species. The major glycoproteins and additional minor glycoproteins can be recovered in the aqueous phase after extraction of the membranes with a mixture of CHCl3-CH3OH at room temperature. The extracted glycoproteins remain in the supernatant after centrifugation at 100,000 g for 60 min. in Tris-EDTA buffer. These glycoprotein preparations possess high activities for the phaseolus vulgaris phytohemagglutinin receptor, the infectious mononucleosis heterophile antigen, and the myxovirus receptor. Their specific activities and yields differ markedly from species to species.
Analytical and Numerical Analyses of Partially Submerged Membranes

AbstractThe presented work investigates the deformed shape and tensile state of inflated membranes partially submerged in fluid. The understanding of membrane behavior is of primary concern in marine-related problems, as well as other fields. This analysis is motivated by the flexible seals of surface effect ships and inflatable pontoons. A new exact solution for the governing differential equations and a new finite-element approach are developed. The stiffness influence coefficient method is used to derive the stiffness of the curved elements in which the end nodal displacements define the degrees of freedom. The methods of analysis are shown to provide two-dimensional results that are in excellent agreement in terms of both deformed geometry and membrane tension.
Affinity chromatography of β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase on NAD and hydrophobic chain derivatives of sepharose

Abstract Partially purified beef heart apo-β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, which requires phospholipids for catalytic activity, binds to NAD covalently linked to Sepharose through 6-aminocaproic acid. The apodehydrogenase is denatured by free carboxyl groups covalently linked to Sepharose so that it is not possible to ascertain if the apoenzyme binds specifically to affinity columns made from Sepharose derivatized with β-hydroxybutyrate analogs. The apoenzyme, because of its hydrophobicity, is retarded on Sepharose columns to which various aminoacylaminoalkanes have been covalently attached. Affinity chromatography of the apodehydrogenase on NAD-Sepahrose and a combination of NAD-Sepharose and hydrophobic chain-Sepharose have been utilized to purify the enzyme.
Large-eddy simulation of pulsed high-speed subsonic jets in a turbulent crossflow

The jet in crossflow problem has been extensively studied, mainly because of its application to film cooling and injector design. It has been established that in low-speed flow, pulsing the jet significantly enhances mixing and jet penetration. This work investigates the effects of pulsing of high-speed subsonic jets (Ma∼0.47−0.77) on mixing and jet trajectory in turbulent subsonic crossflows by using large-eddy simulation. Jets with different density and momentum ratios are pulsed from an injector into a crossflow for a range of Strouhal numbers. Results are compared with the earlier low-speed cases to determine the sensitivity of jet penetration scaling on the relatively high Reynolds and Mach numbers of the current pulsed jets. It is shown that the classical momentum-ratio-based scaling (which reduces to the velocity ratio scaling in equal density low-speed case) can still be used for these high Reynolds and jet Mach number cases, although the scaling constant is slightly different. However, when the j...
Schöpf-Schulz-Passarge syndrome with an unusual pattern of inheritance.

Schopf-Schulz-Passarge syndrome is a rare form of ectodermal dysplasia comprising hypotrichosis, hypodontia, unusual eyelid cysts, palmar-plantar keratosis, and nail dystrophy. To date, ten cases have been reported; all except one are compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance. We report on a family in which three full sibs and one half-sib have Schopf-Schulz-Passarge syndrome, yet there is no other evidence of dominant transmission in prior or subsequent generations. Possible explanations are discussed. Am. J. Med. Genet. 71:186–188, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Non-linear rotorcraft analysis

Abstract A limit cycle analysis for a fully non-linear modeling of a helicopter is presented and the results compared to numerical integrations of the equations of motion and to a restricted nonlinear analysis. The model is used to analyze the non-linear ground resonance behavior of a helicopter. Although a restricted analysis will give a qualitative idea of the system's response, it is shown that a fully non-linear analysis is necessary to obtain quantitative agreement with numerical integrations if the motions become large. A harmonic balance approach is utilized and symbolic manipulation is used to obtain the coefficients of the various harmonics of the system response. A single harmonic is shown to be sufficient to allow the amplitudes and frequencies of the limit cycle response to be accurately predicted.
Thermoregulatory Responses to Upper Body Exercise

The purpose of this study was to compare thermoregulatory responses between upper body and lower body exercise. Nine male subjects performed 60 min of arm crank (AC) and cycle (CY) exercise at the same absolute intensity (oxygen uptake = 1.61 X min-1) and at the same relative intensity (60% of ergometer specific peak oxygen uptake) in a temperate (24 degrees C, 20% rh) environment. During the absolute intensity experiments, rectal temperature and sweating rate responses were essentially the same for both modes of exercise. In addition, no differences were found for chest, back, arm, or thigh skin temperatures, but calf skin temperature was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower during arm crank than cycle exercise. During the relative intensity experiments, thermoregulatory responses were lower during arm crank than cycle exercise. In addition, we found no difference between esophageal and rectal temperature values elicited by arm crank exercise. These results indicate that the examined thermoregulatory responses are independent of the skeletal muscle mass employed and dependent upon the absolute metabolic intensity.
Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in patients with cancer: minimizing false-negative results.

Twenty large volume (20–24 mL) CSF specimens weretosis required lumbar punctures or CSF withdrawal obtained from 12 patients at different sittings, andfrom ventricular reservoirs to appropriately manage each was divided equally into 2 separate plastic con-their disease. Leptomeningeal tumor involvement was tainers. One of these two specimens was delivered im-documented in all cases by the presence of malignant mediately to the cytology laboratory and was pro-cells in the CSF. Tumor types represented by these 39 cessed. The second specimen was promptly placed inpatients included: lymphoma (13), glioblastoma (8), the laboratory refrigerator at 4 7C. After 48 hours ofbreast carcinoma (4), melanoma (4), small cell lung refrigeration, the specimen was brought to the cytol-carcinoma (1) nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (3), ana- ogy laboratory and processed immediately. Both spec-plastic astrocytoma (2), ovarian carcinoma (1), germ imens then were evaluated by the blinded study cyto-cell tumor (1), ependymoma (1), and medulloblastoma pathologist.(1). A total of 79 lumbar or ventricular taps were per- In a ﬁnal set of investigations, the relation of theformed by one of the investigators, using standard number of taps to the false-negative CSF cytology ratetechniques. For lumbar punctures, a 20-gauge spinal was examined. Twenty-seven patients underwent 2needle, 2% lidocaine anesthesia, the L3/L4 or L4/L5 identical, large volume CSF taps from the same site,interspace, and the lateral decubitus position were 1–6 days apart, without intervening treatment of anyemployed. In the case of ventricular reservoir taps, a sort. Each specimen was at least 10.5 mL in volume,25-gauge butterﬂy needle, without anesthesia, was was processed expeditiously, and was analyzed sepa-used, and the initial 2 mL of CSF were discarded. rately by the blinded study cytopathologist.Four studies were undertaken to test the four hy- In each of the four studies, the CSF specimenspothesized sources of false-negative results: volume were handled identically by the cytopathology labora-error, site error, handling error, and sampling fre- tory.
Terahertz tomography using quantum-cascade lasers.

The interfaces of a dielectric sample are resolved in reflection geometry using light from a frequency agile array of terahertz quantum-cascade lasers. The terahertz source is a 10-element linear array of third-order distributed-feedback QCLs emitting at discrete frequencies from 2.08 to 2.4 THz. Emission from the array is collimated and sent through a Michelson interferometer, with the sample placed in one of the arms. Interference signals collected at each frequency are used to reconstruct an interferogram and detect the interfaces in the sample. Because of the long coherence length of the source, the interferometer arms need not be adjusted to the zero-path delay. A depth resolution of 360 µm in the dielectric is achieved with further potential improvement through improved frequency coverage of the array. The entire experiment footprint is <1 m×1 m with the source operated in a compact, closed-cycle cryocooler.
Characteristics of Arctic Sea-Ice Thickness Variability in GCMs

AbstractSkillful Arctic sea ice forecasts may be possible for lead times of months or even years owing to the persistence of thickness anomalies. In this study sea ice thickness variability is characterized in fully coupled GCMs and sea ice–ocean-only models (IOMs) that are forced with an estimate of observations derived from atmospheric reanalysis and satellite measurements. Overall, variance in sea ice thickness is greatest along Arctic Ocean coastlines. Sea ice thickness anomalies have a typical time scale of about 6–20 months, a time scale that lengthens about a season when accounting for ice transport, and a typical length scale of about 500–1000 km. The range of these scales across GCMs implies that an estimate of the number of thickness monitoring locations needed to characterize the full Arctic basin sea ice thickness variability field is model dependent and would vary between 3 and 14. Models with a thinner mean ice state tend to have ice-thickness anomalies that are generally shorter lived and s...
Viral protein production in homogeneous and mixed infections of cytopathic and noncytopathic BVD virus.

Experiments were conducted to examine dual infection of cultured cells with cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Cell monolayers infected with a noncytopathic BVDV isolate and subsequently superinfected with a cytopathic BVDV isolate were refractive to the cytopathic effects of the cytopathic BVDV isolate, as reported in the literature. Immunofluorescence staining of superinfected cultures with monoclonal antibodies specific for the cytopathic or the noncytopathic viral isolate, demonstrated that cells in superinfected cultures contained both viral biotypes. Immunoprecipitation was used to compare the temporal detection of viral induced polypeptides in superinfected cultures to that of cultures infected with a single viral biotype. In single cytopathic viral infections, viral induced polypeptides of 80 kDa and 53–56 kDa are detected simultaneously, but in superinfections a 4 h gap occurred between detection of the 53–56 kDa polypeptide and detection of the 80 kDa polypeptide.
The Risø profiles: A study of wind and temperature data from the 123-m tower at Risø, Denmark

A new study has been made of the Riso profiles with the following conclusions: (i) roughness lengths determined from neutral wind profiles selected by gradient Richardson number are biased towards high roughness lengths. Selecting the profiles by using a bulk Richardson number criterion yields average profiles with lower roughness lengths. This roughness length is relatively independent of stability while that determined from profiles using a gradient Richardson number is greater than the roughness lengths for either stable or unstable cases; (ii) it is doubtful whether ‘double kinks’ in some of the Riso wind profiles are caused by local terrain inhomogeneities, as has previously been suggested; (iii) three-dimensionality and unknown mesoscale and baroclinic effects make it difficult if not impossible to compare current change-of-terrain theory with the Rio 123-m tower data.
OPERATIONALIZING IDENTITY IN ACTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIRECT VERSUS PROBABILISTIC MEASURES OF CURRICULAR ROLE IDENTITY FOR INQUIRY-BASED SCIENCE TEACHING

Teachers’ curricular role identities are those dimensions of their professional identities concerned with the use of curriculum materials. In a previous study, we developed and tested a survey instrument designed to measure preservice elementary teachers’ development of curricular role identity for science teaching through their use of science curriculum materials. In this follow-up study, a revised version of the survey was administered to a second group of preservice elementary teachers in the same science methods course, and data were analyzed within and across years. Results from this study suggest that preservice teachers articulated important similarities and differences between the curricular role identities for science teaching they attributed to themselves and to more experienced elementary teachers. Over time, they were often able to begin to appropriate the curricular role identities for science teaching that they attributed to more experienced elementary teachers. However, findings from the second survey administration also suggest that preservice teachers’ curricular role identities for science teaching are more stable when characterized by their actual curriculum design practices than when characterized by comparative, probabilistic means. These findings have important implications for science teacher education and curriculum development, as well as the operationalization of curricular role identity in education research.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SEXTANT AND AN EXTENDED 11-CORE MULTISITE DIRECTED BIOPSY STRATEGY

Purpose:: The 3 tumor locations unsampled by conventional sextant biopsies that have been identified on composite 3-dimensional reconstruction of 180 radical prostatectomy specimens are the anterior transition zone, midline peripheral zone and inferior portions of the anterior horn in the peripheral zone. We evaluated an 11-core multisite directed biopsy scheme incorporating these alternate areas and conventional sextant biopsies in 362 patients from 2 institutions.Materials and Methods:: Patients without a prior diagnosis of cancer underwent ultrasound guided 11-core biopsies which included conventional sextant and 3 alternate sites. All specimens were separated for specific location identification. Biopsy was performed in 183 patients at MD Anderson Cancer Center (group 1) and in 179 at Toronto General Hospital (group 2). All group 2 and 54% of group 1 patients (98 of 183) had a prior biopsy negative for cancer.Results:: Median prostate specific antigen was higher in group 2 than in group 1 patients (11...
Pulsed-microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography: filtered backprojection in a circular measurement configuration.

Our study on pulsed-microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography in biological tissues is presented. A filtered backprojection algorithm based on rigorous theory is used to reconstruct the cross-sectional image from a thermoacoustic measurement in a circular configuration that encloses the sample under study. Specific details describing the measurement of thermoacoustic waves and the implementation of the reconstruction algorithm are discussed. A two-dimensional (2D) phantom sample with 2 mm features can be imaged faithfully. Through numerical simulation, the full width half-maximum (FWHM) of the point-spread function (PSF) is calculated to estimate the spatial resolution. The results demonstrate that the circular measurement configuration combined with the filtered backprojection method is a promising technique for detecting small tumors buried in biological tissues by utilizing microwave absorption contrast and ultrasound spatial resolution (∼mm).
α1-Proteinase inhibitor mutants with specificity for plasma kallikrein and C1s but not C1

Coagulation and complement proteinases are activated in sepsis, and one approach to therapy is to develop proteinase inhibitors that will specifically inhibit these proteinases without inhibiting activated protein C, a proteinase that is beneficial to survival. In this study, we made mutants of the serpin α1-PI, designed to mimic the specificity of C1-inhibitor. The P3-P2-P1 residues of α1-PI were changed from IPM to LGR and PFR, sequences preferred by C1s and kallikrein, respectively. Inhibition of C1s, kallikrein, factor XIIa, and activated protein C was assessed by SDS-PAGE, and by determination of the kapp and SI. α1-PI-LGR inhibited C1s with a rate of 7790 M−1s−1, but only minimal inhibition of C1 in a hemolytic assay was observed. Kallikrein, factor XIIa, and activated protein C were inhibited with rates of 382,180 M−1s−1, 10,400 M−1s−1, and 3500 M−1s−1, respectively. α1-PI-PFR was a poor inhibitor of C1s, factor XIIa, and activated protein C, but had enhanced reactivity with kallikrein. Changing the P4′ residue of α1-PI-LGR Pro to Glu reduced the activity with C1s, consistent with the idea that C1s requires hydrophobic residues in this region of the serpin for optimal interaction. The data provide insight into the requirements for kallikrein and C1s inhibition necessary for designing inhibitors with appropriate properties for further investigation as therapeutic agents.
The effect of diet water content on energy expenditure by third-instar Manduca sexta larvae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

The total energy expenditure during the third instar of Manduca sexta larvae on a diet containing 65% water is substantially higher than that of larvae on a diet containing 82% water. The higher energy expenditure of larvae on the low-water diet is due to (1) a greater amount of time spent in the feeding stage of the instar and (2) to a higher respiration rate throughout the instar. We discuss problems in establishing causal links between diet, water content, growth and energy expenditure, and emphasize that the higher energy expenditure of larvae on a low-water diet is a consequence rather than a cause of reduced growth rate. Key Word Index: Tobacco homworm, Manduca sexta, water, respiration rates, metabolic costs, uric acid production
Assessing the Attractiveness and Vulnerability of Eco-Terrorism Targets: A Situational Crime Prevention Approach

This study assesses the vulnerability and attractiveness of eco-terrorism targets in the United States based on a Situational Crime Prevention approach. Data from the American Terrorism Study are extracted for eight different attributes of terrorism targets, including exposed, vital, iconic, legitimate, destructible, occupied, near, and easy. Descriptive findings generally support expectations that eco-terrorists select targets based on their vulnerability and attractiveness. The study concludes with several implications for homeland security policy and a call for further exploration into new and alternative operationalizations of eco-terrorism target attributes.
Hall Voltage Dependence on Inversion Layer Geometry in the Quantum Hall-Effect Regime

A calculation of the Hall voltage is presented within a model of a finite two-dimensional inversion layer. An explicit form for the electric field is obtained and this is found to have a power-law singularity in the corners of the inversion layer. This singularity is most pronounced in the quantum Hall-effect regime where the Hall angle approaches $\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{2}$. The error in measuring the Hall voltage in this regime due to the shorting effect of the source and drain is calculated. This is found to be negligible at the level required for a new determination of the fine-structure constant and development of a new resistance standard using inversion-layer measurements in the quantum Hall-effect regime. Limitations of the model and other possible sources of error are briefly discussed.
Development and characterization of twenty-three microsatellite markers for the freshwater minnow Santa Ana speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus spp., Cyprinidae) using paired-end Illumina shotgun sequencing

We isolated and characterized a total of 23 microsatellite loci from the Santa Ana speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus spp., a freshwater minnow restricted to southern California. Loci were screened in 24 individuals from five watersheds. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 7 to 25, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.409 to 0.875, and the probability of identity values ranged from 0.005 to 0.081. These new loci will provide tools for examining taxonomic status, population structure, and management strategies.
THE TREATMENT OF HAND FRACTURES BY THE APPLICATION OF CASTS AND SPLINTS

Abstract The most frequently used method to treat fractures involving the hand is closed reduction and application of a cast orsplint to hold the reduction until healing occurs. This method of fracture treatment is effective and efficient. It does, however, have associated complications from improper application of the casting material. This article reviews basic casting techniques and frequent complications as well as methods to prevent their occurrence.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms generated by genotyping by sequencing to characterize genome-wide diversity, linkage disequilibrium, and selective sweeps in cultivated watermelon

A large single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) dataset was used to analyze genome-wide diversity in a diverse collection of watermelon cultivars representing globally cultivated, watermelon genetic diversity. The marker density required for conducting successful association mapping depends on the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) within a population. Use of genotyping by sequencing reveals large numbers of SNPs that in turn generate opportunities in genome-wide association mapping and marker-assisted selection, even in crops such as watermelon for which few genomic resources are available. In this paper, we used genome-wide genetic diversity to study LD, selective sweeps, and pairwise F ST distributions among worldwide cultivated watermelons to track signals of domestication. We examined 183 Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus accessions representing domesticated watermelon and generated a set of 11,485 SNP markers using genotyping by sequencing. With a diverse panel of worldwide cultivated watermelons, we identified a set of 5,254 SNPs with a minor allele frequency of ≥ 0.05, distributed across the genome. All ancestries were traced to Africa and an admixture of various ancestries constituted secondary gene pools across various continents. A sliding window analysis using pairwise F ST values was used to resolve selective sweeps. We identified strong selection on chromosomes 3 and 9 that might have contributed to the domestication process. Pairwise analysis of adjacent SNPs within a chromosome as well as within a haplotype allowed us to estimate genome-wide LD decay. LD was also detected within individual genes on various chromosomes. Principal component and ancestry analyses were used to account for population structure in a genome-wide association study. We further mapped important genes for soluble solid content using a mixed linear model. Information concerning the SNP resources, population structure, and LD developed in this study will help in identifying agronomically important candidate genes from the genomic regions underlying selection and for mapping quantitative trait loci using a genome-wide association study in sweet watermelon.
The binding of 18S acetylcholinesterase to sphingomyelin and the role of the collagen-like tail.

Abstract The “native” forms of acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) from Electrophorus electricus have sedimentation coefficients of 18S, 14S, and 8.5S (1) and have been shown to possess a collagen-like tail structure thought to function in the immobilization of the enzyme on a membrane matrix. We report that collagenase treatment of the enzyme purified by affinity chromatography yields three products with sedimentation coefficients of 21.4S, 17.1S, and 11.8S. It is suggested that these species are tailless analogs of the 18S 14S, and 8.5S species, respectively. The 18S acetylcholinesterase species is shown to bind to sphingomyelin at high (μ=1.0) or low (μ=0.1) ionic strength, but not to phosphatidylcholine. The failure of the corresponding tailless analog, the 21.4S species, to bind to sphingomyelin suggests that the sphingomyelin binding site or sites reside on the tail structure.
Age Differences in Daily Predictors of Forgetting to Take Medication: The Importance of Context and Cognition

The present study examined age differences in the within-person daily associations of basic cognition, everyday cognition, and busyness with forgetting to take medication. The authors extend previous interindividual difference findings by conducting a daily diary study of a baseline assessment and 8 consecutive days of 40 older adults (age = 60–89 years, M = 74.86) and 31 younger adults (age = 18–20 years, M = 18.30) where basic cognition, everyday cognition, busyness, and forgetting medication were assessed each day and entered simultaneously into one model. Results from a logistic multilevel model indicated that performance on Letter Series was beneficial for both age groups, but the role of fluctuations in busyness on forgetting to take medications was opposite for younger and older adults. Younger adults remembered to take their medication the most on days when they had high everyday cognition and were busier. Older adults remembered to take their medication the most on days when they had high everyda...
Disciplinarity and Methodology in Intersectionality Theory and Research.

Thanks to Sanford Braver, Nancy Gonzales, Benjamin Gorvine, Douglas Kenrick, Yexin Jessica Li, Paul Rozin, Irwin Sandler, Azim Shariff, Melissa Williams, and the Arizona State University CAR:MA lab for feedback on this commentary. Correspondence concerning this comment should be addressed to Adam B. Cohen, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104. E-mail: adamcohen@asu.edu
Road network mix-zones for anonymous location based services

We present MobiMix, a road network based mix-zone framework to protect location privacy of mobile users traveling on road networks. An alternative and complementary approach to spatial cloaking based location privacy protection is to break the continuity of location exposure by introducing techniques, such as mix-zones, where no applications can trace user movements. However, existing mixzone proposals fail to provide effective mix-zone construction and placement algorithms that are resilient to timing and transition attacks. In MobiMix, mix-zones are constructed and placed by carefully taking into consideration of multiple factors, such as the geometry of the zones, the statistical behavior of the user population, the spatial constraints on movement patterns of the users, and the temporal and spatial resolution of the location exposure. In this demonstration, we first introduce a visualization of the location privacy risks of mobile users traveling on road networks and show how mixzone based anonymization breaks the continuity of location exposure to protect user location privacy. We demonstrate a suite of road network mix-zone construction and placement methods that provide higher level of resilience to timing and transition attacks on road networks. We show the effectiveness of the MobiMix approach through detailed visualization using traces produced by GTMobiSim on different scales of geographic maps.
Psychosocial Stress and Reactivity as Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease

The relationship of environmental stress to biobehavioral factors has gained recognition in the adult disorders of essential hypertension and coronary artery disease. The pathogenetic dissection of these cardiovascular diseases indicates an interrelationship of multiple biologic factors. It is now recognized that the process evolving into essential hypertension has its onset in the young. The paper discusses the interaction of biologic and psychosocial factors on the cardiovascular system in the young. The patterns of cardiovascular response to various central nervous system stressors in the young with established cardiac risk factors provide insight to the pathogenesis of essential hypertension and also establish a framework from which to develop future interventions.
Scaffold Proteins: Hubs for Controlling the Flow of Cellular Information

The spatial and temporal organization of molecules within a cell is critical for coordinating the many distinct activities carried out by the cell. In an increasing number of biological signaling processes, scaffold proteins have been found to play a central role in physically assembling the relevant molecular components. Although most scaffolds use a simple tethering mechanism to increase the efficiency of interaction between individual partner molecules, these proteins can also exert complex allosteric control over their partners and are themselves the target of regulation. Scaffold proteins offer a simple, flexible strategy for regulating selectivity in pathways, shaping output behaviors, and achieving new responses from preexisting signaling components. As a result, scaffold proteins have been exploited by evolution, pathogens, and cellular engineers to reshape cellular behavior.
Familial Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Syndrome: Phenotypic and Molecular Features in a Kindred

Purpose Members of a family with hereditary gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and a germline KIT oncogene mutation were evaluated for other potential syndrome manifestations. A tumor from the proband was analyzed to compare features with sporadic GISTs.
Towards overcoming human analyst fallibility in the requirements tracing process (NIER track)

Our research group recently discovered that human analysts, when asked to validate candidate traceability matrices, produce predictably imperfect results, in some cases less accurate than the starting candidate matrices. This discovery radically changes our understanding of how to design a fast, accurate and certifiable tracing process that can be implemented as part of software assurance activities. We present our vision for the new approach to achieving this goal. Further, we posit that human fallibility may impact other software engineering activities involving decision support tools.
AN INFINITE DIMENSIONAL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM FOR CORRELATED MARTINGALES

Abstract The paper derives a functional central limit theorem for the empirical distributions of a system of strongly correlated continuous martingales at the level of the full trajectory space. We provide a general class of functionals for which the weak convergence to a centered Gaussian random field takes place. An explicit formula for the covariance is established and a characterization of the limit is given in terms of an inductive system of SPDEs. We also show a density theorem for a Sobolev-type class of functionals on the space of continuous functions.
Locating a mobile robot using local observations and a global satellite map

A method for locating an autonomous mobile robot using local observations and a global satellite map is described. The satellite map provides approximate elevation data for an area within which the robot is known to be located. The map consists of a coarse grid of rectangular regions annotated with upper and lower bounds on the elevation within the region. In exploring its environment, the robot makes measurements to extract information about the relative position and orientation of local landmarks. These landmarks are integrated into a stochastic map, which is then matched with the satellite map to obtain an estimate of the robot's current location. The landmarks are not explicitly represented in the satellite map. The results of the proposed matching algorithm correspond to a probabilistic assessment of whether or not the robot is located within a given region of the satellite map. By assigning a probabilistic interpretation to the information stored in the satellite map, it is possible to provide a precise characterization of the results computed by the matching algorithm. >
Action!: codesigning interactive technology with immigrant teens

In the minds and hands of young people lie the capacity to change the world. Our work, InfoMe, is about understanding (a) how immigrant and refugee youth help others in everyday lifefielders, friends, complete strangersthrough information and technology, and (b) how these behaviors can be supported through youths? designs for interactive technologies and services. We reflect on our work developing the Teen Design Day methodology with youth from Africa and Asia, and consider our approach in relation to others for supporting interaction design with youth. Teen Design Days is a scalable, portable methodology used in situ that enables investigators to explore concepts, test ideas, and create designs with youth, while meeting their developmental needs in safe settings and in culturally and gender appropriate ways.