cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The biochemistry of low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets.

Purpose of review To summarize the underlying biochemical basis for low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets (LC/KD) and provide mechanisms to account for demonstrated effectiveness. Recent findings LC/KD continue to have success, to outperform other diets as well as most drugs for weight loss and diabetes treatment. In many cases, LC/KD can effect remission (absence of drugs) or reversal (only metformin or nondiabetes drugs) of type 2 diabetes and can provide a significant adjunct to pharmacology in type 1. Medication is reduced or eliminated in most cases. The results are consistent with the biochemical rationale which stresses the global effects of the glucose-insulin axis. Summary Evidence for the superior effectiveness of LC/KD for metabolic disease is now overwhelming. At the same time, the approach has received only limited support, and in many cases, persistence of the traditional opposition. Clinical practice or research must confront this crisis in order to bring practice in line with current science and to avoid continued harm to medicine and ultimately, the patient.
Where Platform Capitalism and Racial Capitalism Meet: The Sociology of Race and Racism in the Digital Society:

The study of race and racism in the digital society must produce theoretically distinct and robust formulations of Internet technologies as key characteristics of the political economy. The author ...
Social work the ‘white way’: Helping white students self-reflect on a culture of whiteness in the classroom and beyond

The continued dominance and perpetuation of white supremacy has created the need for the profession of social work to teach white students how to identity and to understand how a culture of ‘whiten...
Call for Consistency: the Need to Establish Gross Anatomy Learning Objectives for the Entry-Level Physical Therapist.

A need currently exists for the establishment of anatomy learning objectives for physical therapist education programs. Developing recommended anatomy objectives to serve as a curricular guide may foster more consistent student outcomes while preserving instructional autonomy. These objectives could serve as a vital resource when making decisions during curricular reform or prioritizing and emphasizing the curriculum’s anatomic content. We advocate for collaboration amongst anatomy faculty and clinicians to create specific and measurable anatomy learning objectives for the entry-level physical therapist. It is essential that the objectives be peer-reviewed and that they reflect a global consensus.
Vision for QCD to the 2030s and Beyond

In this closing talk of the DIS 2021 Workshop, I review some of the lessons we've learned about quantum chromodynamics, and reflect on what we may hope to learn in the coming years.
Atomistic simulations of dopamine diffusion dynamics on a pristine graphene surface

Carbon microelectrodes enable in vivo detection of neurotransmitters, and new electrodes are being developed to optimize the carbon surface. However, the work is mainly empirical and there have not been corresponding theoretical studies using molecular-level simulations of the diffusion and orientation of neurotransmitters near these surfaces. Here, we employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate in atomistic detail the surface diffusion of dopamine (DA), its oxidation product dopamine-o-quinone (DOQ), and their protonated forms on the pristine basal plane of flat graphene. All DA species rapidly adsorb to the surface and remain adsorbed for the full length of the equilibrium simulations, even without a holding potential or graphene surface defects. The diffusivities of the adsorbed and the fully solvated DA are similar, and all molecular diffusion on the surface is slower than that of an adatom of comparable molecular weight. The protonated species diffuse more slowly than their corresponding neutral forms, and the oxidized species diffuse more rapidly. The underlying hexagonal graphene structure has little influence over the molecular adsorbate's lateral position. The vertical placement of the amine group on dopamine is highly dependent upon its charge, and the protonated amine prefers to be above the surface near the solvating waters. Solvation has a large effect on surface diffusivities when diffusion is compared to that in a vacuum. These are the first results of molecular dynamics simulations of dopamine diffusion at the aqueous-graphene interface, and they show that dopamine diffuses quickly on graphene surfaces, even without an applied potential. These calculations provide a basis for future simulations to predict the behavior of neurotransmitter diffusion on advanced carbon materials electrodes.
The European Court and Civil Society: Litigation, Mobilization and Governance

1. Introduction: institutions, organizations and actors 2. Overview of institutionalization in the European Union Part I. Institutionalization Through Litigation: 3. The ECJ and the expansion of gender equality rights 4. Environmental protection, non-compliance and judicial politics Part II. Institutionalization Through Mobilization: 5. Women's rights activists: informal to formal organizing 6. Collective activism for the environment 7. Conclusion: litigation, mobilization and governance.
The Management Of Soybeans

Publisher Summary Soybean management is the application of the sciences of plant breeding, plant pathology, plant physiology, soil management, engineering, and economics to the growing of soybeans. The most profitable soybean culture comes from the use of all these sciences. For soybean management, this chapter discusses soil and climatic adaptation, time of planting and varietal adaptation, planting methods and equipment, rotation practices and erosion control, weed control, seed quality and seed treatment, nutrient requirements, water requirements and utilization, growth-regulating chemicals, harvesting, and seed storage. Soybean oil, classed as semidrying oil, is used for food purposes and also in several industrial products. Soybeans now supply about 35 per cent of the total fats and oils produced in the United States. The yield of oil per bushel increased from 9.7 pounds in 1950 to 11 pounds in 1960. This increase was due to the change in processing from the expeller method to the solvent method and also to the development of improved soybean varieties with higher oil content.
DNA Amplification by the Polymerase Chain Reaction: Molecular Biology Made Accessible

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method for amplifying (copying) small amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA). It can be used to isolate specific DNA fragments, end label DNA, clone complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) and genomic DNA, sequence DNA, mutate specific DNA sequences, alter promoters, quantitate the amount of RNA or DNA, and identify molecular markers for taxonomic or ecological studies. The PCR requires a DNA polymerase, deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), template DNA, and primers. Information about sequences at each end of the DNA to be amplified is needed in order to synthesize appropriate primers for a “standard” PCR. When two specific primers are used, amplification of DNA theoretically is geometric, producing large quantities of specific DNA suitable for sequencing, cloning, or probing. The PCR methods that use single primers, such as Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR), can also result in DNA amplification. RAPD-PCR uses short, randomly chosen primers to amplify multiple DNA segments in a genome. The resulting banding patterns (similar to bar codes) provide information about a genetic variation within the entire genome of insects. The power of PCR to amplify DNA is dramatic; theoretically even a single molecule can be amplified, although efficiency is usually lower. This power creates formidable problems with contamination, and requires careful organization of PCR experiments and the use of adequate controls. The relative ease with which PCR can be used by novices in molecular biology has made it possible for a diverse group of biologists to use PCR to study molecular systematics, evolution, ecology, behavior, and development.
Spacer Devices Used with Metered-Dose Inhalers: Breakthrough or Gimmick?

In an effort to improve the delivery of a drug to the lungs, to correct problems of hand-lung discoordination, and to reduce local side effects such as oral candidiasis, a number of spacer devices have been developed to attach to metered-dose inhalers. Administration of bronchodilator drugs to patients with faulty techniques of inhalation has been improved with the addition of spacers. In adults and older children with a correct technique of inhaling bronchodilators, the spacer devices do not seem to have any advantage over the simple metered-dose inhalers. Young children (two to five years) can benefit from inhaled bronchodilators or corticosteroids by use of spacer devices with one-way valves. Older children and especially adults who suffer from dysphonia or thrush from inhaled corticosteroids can also benefit from spacers. In patients whose condition is well controlled with the usual inhaled doses of corticosteroids with no local side effects, spacer devices show promise, but more studies are needed.
A splice variant of E2-2 basic helix-loop-helix protein represses the brain-specific fibroblast growth factor 1 promoter through the binding to an imperfect E-box.

We previously demonstrated that acis-element (−489 to −467) in the brain-specific fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 promoter (FGF-1.B) binds multiple nuclear factors, and this binding enhances transcriptional activity of this promoter. Here we report the isolation of three cDNA clones, VL1, VL2 and VL3, from a human brain stem cDNA expression library using four tandem repeats of the 26-base pair sequence (−492 to −467) as the probe. These cDNA clones represent the variant of bHLH protein E2–2/SEF2–1 in having 12 additional nucleotides encoding the amino acids RSRS. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins of VLl, VL2, and VL3 immunologically react with anti-E2–2 antibody and anti-GST-VL2 antibody. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and methylation interference assay revealed that the GST fusion proteins specifically bind to an imperfect E-box sequence (GACCTG) present in the 26-base pair sequence. Transient expression of the full-length E2–2 without RSRS in U1240MG glioblastoma cells resulted in repression of FGF-1.B promoter activity. We further showed a significant repression of promoter activity (>40 fold) by E2–2 (lacking the amino acid sequence RSRS) when the E47 reporter construct, containing a hexameric E-box site, was used. In contrast, the E2–2 variant containing the RSRS sequence has no significant effect on either the FGF-1 promoter or E47 promoter. These results suggest that the relative abundance of the two splice variants of E2–2 in brain could be an important determinant for the expression of FGF-1.
The basal as an aid to decision making: A senior author’s view

Basal readers must serve as a resource for teachers in making decisions about curricular goals, community expectations, and student needs. If readers are to be used as resources, teachers must decide what to include, what to exclude, and how to combine their options with personal, school, and community resources.
Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of transmembrane domain structure of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Abstract A three-dimensional model of the transmembrane domain of a neuronal-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), ( α 4) 2 ( β 2) 3 , was constructed from a homology structure of the muscle-type nAChR recently determined by cryo-electron microscopy. The neuronal channel model was embedded in a fully hydrated DMPC lipid bilayer, and molecular-dynamics simulations were performed for 5ns. A comparative analysis of the neuronal- versus muscle-type nAChR models revealed many conserved pore-lining residues, but an important difference was found near the periplasmic mouth of the pore. A flickering salt-bridge of α 4-E266 with its adjacent β 2-K260 was observed in the neuronal-type channel during the course of the molecular-dynamics simulations. The narrowest region, with a pore radius of ∼2A formed by the salt-bridges, does not seem to be the restriction site for a continuous water passage. Instead, two hydrophobic rings, formed by α 4-V259, α 4-L263, and the homologous residues in the β 2 -subunits, act as the gates for water flow, even though the region has a slightly larger pore radius. The model offers new insight into the water transport across the ( α 4) 2 ( β 2) 3 nAChR channel, and may lead to a better understanding of the structures, dynamics, and functions of this family of ion channels.
Constructing Minimum Connected Dominating Sets with Bounded Diameters in Wireless Networks

Connected Dominating Sets (CDSs) can serve as virtual backbones for wireless networks. A smaller virtual backbone incurs less maintenance overhead. Unfortunately, computing a minimum size CDS is NP-hard, and thus most researchers in this area concentrate on how to construct smaller CDSs. However, people neglected other important metrics of network, such as diameter and average hop distances between two communication parties. In this paper, we investigate the problem of constructing quality CDS in terms of size, diameter, and Average Backbone Path Length (ABPL). We present two centralized algorithms having constant performance ratios for its size and diameter of the constructed CDS. Especially, the size of CDS computed by the second algorithm is no more than 6.906 times of its optimal solution. Furthermore, we give its distributed version, which not only can be implemented in real situation easily but also considers energy to extend network lifetime. In our simulation, we show that in average the distributed algorithm not only generates a CDS with smaller diameter and ABPL than related work but also suppresses its size well. We also show that it is more energy efficient than others in prolonging network lifetime.
A comparison of fictional television crime and crime index statistics

This study uses content analysis to examine fictional television crime programs as compared to actual crime statistics from the FBI Uniform Crime Report. Issues of crime type, gender, age, and socio‐economic class were analyzed and results showed a statistical significance in all categories. This work contributes to cultivation theory; the culmination of similar messages on fictional television crime programs re‐enforces impressions that are not based on reality.
Immune response of guinea pigs to common enterobacterial antigen.

Common enterobacterial antigen (CA) extracted from cultures of Escherichia coli serogroups 014 and 0111 was administered with complete Freund's adjuvant to Hartley albino guinea pigs. Nine days after the initial immunization, serum samples were taken and the animals were tested for cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity to homologous and heterologous sources of CA. Analysis of the cutaneous reactions revealed significant differences (p<0.01) between immunized and control animals. Subsequent boosting 11 days later, followed by another skin test on day 30, revealed significant differences at the p<0.001 level. Serum samples taken at the time of the first skin test revealed minimal or no antibody titers to CA. Boosted animals demonstrated an increase in humoral CA antibody titers, but at very low levels. Further studies are needed to assess the role of cellular and humoral immunity engendered by CA.
Isolation of cDNA clones coding for rat isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase and assignment of the gene to human chromosome 15

Abstract Rat liver mRNA encoding the cytoplasmic precursor of mitochondrial isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase was highly enriched by polysome immunopurification using a polyclonal monospecific antibody. The purified mRNA was used to prepare a plasmid cDNA library which was screened with two oligonucleotide mixtures encoding two peptides in the amino-terminal portion of mature rat isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase. Thirty-one overlapping cDNA clones, spanning a region of 2.1 kbp, were isolated and characterized. The cDNA sequence of a 5′-end clone, rIVD-13 (155 bp), predicts a mitochondrial leader peptide of 30 amino acid residues and the first 18 amino acids of the mature protein. These consecutive 18 residues completely matched the amino-terminal peptide determined by automated Edman degradation of the rat enzyme. The leader peptide contains six arginines, has no acidic residues, and is particularly rich in leucine, alanine, and proline residues. Southern blot analysis of DNAs from human-rodent somatic cell hybrids with an isolated rat cDNA (2 kbp) assigned the isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase gene to the long arm of chromosome 15, region q14 → qter. The chromosomal assignment was confirmed and further refined to bands q14 → q15 by in situ hybridization of the probe to human metaphase cells. This location differs from that of the gene for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, a closely related enzyme, which has been previously assigned to chromosome 1.
Energy levels of a particle in a well with an arbitrary internal configuration of square potentials

Abstract Normalized analytical equations for eigenstates of an arbitrary one-dimensional configuration of square potentials in a well have been derived. The general formulation is used to evaluate the energy levels of a particle in a very deep potential well containing seven internal barriers. The results are shown in graphical forms as functions of the height and width of the potential barriers and as functions of the ratio of the effective mass in barrier to the mass in well. The formation of energy bands and surface eigenstates from eigenstates of a deep single well, the coming close of two energy bands and a surface state which are separate ordinarily, and mixing of the wavefunction of a surface state with the bulk energy bands is seen.
Deficiency of Pro-apoptotic Hrk Attenuates Programmed Cell Death in the Developing Murine Nervous System but Does Not Affect Bcl-x Deficiency-Induced Neuron Apoptosis

The BCL-2 family includes both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, which regulate programmed cell death during development and in response to various apoptotic stimuli. The BH3-only subgroup of pro-a...
Hemorrhagic complication of anticoagulation during pregnancy in a woman with lupus anticoagulant.

Background Lupus anticoagulant is an acquired antiphospholipid antibody that can increase greatly the risk of thromboembolism during pregnancy. Because a baseline elevated activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is associated frequently with this antibody, monitoring anticoagulant effect with activated PTT can be unreliable. Case A pregnant woman with lupus anticoagulant being treated with adjusted dose heparin experienced concurrent severe thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications. Conclusion This case illustrates the pitfall of activated PTT monitoring when administering anticoagulation therapy to a patient with a baseline elevated activated PTT. We propose that heparin levels be used to monitor anticoagulation in these patients.
Investment decisions: an integrated economic and strategic approach

Abstract The purpose of this research is to develop an integrated investment decision method in which both economic and strategic factors are included. The objectives are to provide the following: (a) strategic factors in the project selection, (b) a more complete and easy-to-use economic model, and (c) an investment selection procedure among the alternative manufacturing systems using the integrated investment decision method developed in this paper.
Total synthesis of gibbilimbols A-D.

Gibbilimbols A−D (1−4) were synthesized in 32−49% yield over four steps from commercially available starting materials. A copper-catalyzed coupling of 4-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide with various unsaturated alkyl bromides was the key step in assembling the (long-chain alkyl)phenol skeleton.
Pump-Probe Thermal Lensing Measurements of Binary Lead Silicate Glasses

We present thermal lensing measurements of several binary lead silicate glasses using a mode-mismatched pump-probe technique. The measured thermal diffusivity correlates with a structural transition that occurs within the glass system as lead concentration increases.
Tunneling time through resonant tunneling devices and quantum-mechanical bistability

Abstract Starting with a transmission line technique to solve the time-independent Schroedinger equation, an expression of the tunneling time is found in terms of the real part of the quantum-mechanical wave impedance which is valid even for a structure under bias. Two examples, including tunneling through a delta-scatterer and through a typical resonant tunneling device, are used to show that the quantum-mechanical tunneling time is an oscillating function of energy which strongly depends on the direction of incidence of the incoming electron. This could give rise to a general intrinsic bistability and to high-frequency (∼THz) current components in ultrasmall devices operating in the ballistic regime.
The evolved architecture of hazard management: Risk detection reasoning and the motivational computation of threat magnitudes

The architecture of the hazard management system underlying precautionary behavior makes functional sense, given the adaptive computational problems it evolved to solve. Many seeming infelicities in its outputs, such as behavior with apparent lack of rational motivation or disproportionality, are susceptibilities that derive from the sheer computational difficulty posed by the problem of cost-effectively deploying countermeasures to rare, harmful threats.
The Partitioning of Americium and the Lanthanides Using Tetrabutyldiglycolamide (TBDGA) in Octanol and in Ionic Liquid Solution

Separations among the lanthanides and the separation of Am from the lanthanides remain challenging, and research in this area continues to expand. The separation of adjacent lanthanides is of interest to high-tech industries because individual lanthanides have specialized uses and are in short supply. In nuclear fuel cycle applications Am would be incorporated into fast-reactor fuels, yet the lanthanides are not desired. In this work, the diglycolamide N,N,N′,N′-tetrabutyldiglycolamide (TBDGA) was investigated as a ligand for lanthanide and Am solvent extraction in both molecular and room-temperature-ionic-liquid (RTIL) diluents.The RTIL [C4MIM][Tf2N] showed very high extraction efficiency for these trivalent metals from low nitric acid concentrations, while the molecular diluent 1-octanol showed high extraction efficiency at high acid concentrations. This was attributed to the extraction of ionic nitrate complexes by the RTIL, whereas 1-octanol extracted neutral nitrate complexes. TBDGA in RTIL did not p...
The indigenous worldview of Yupiaq culture: Its scientific nature and relevance to the practice and teaching of science

Is science an invention of European thought, or have legitimate scientific bodies of knowledge and scientific ways of thinking emerged separately in other cultures? Can indigenous knowledge systems contribute to contemporary science teaching? Here we describe evidence from the Yupiaq culture in southwestern Alaska which demonstrates a body of scientific knowledge and epistemology that differs from that of Western science. We contend that drawing from Yupiaq culture, knowledge, and epistemology can provide not only a more culturally relevant frame of reference for teaching science concepts to Yupiaq students, but also a potentially valuable context for more effectively addressing many of the recommendations of U.S. science education reform initiatives. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 133–144, 1998.
Three-pion correlations in relativistic heavy ion collisions.

We report the results of three-pion interferometry for two streamer chamber data samples: 1.8 GeV/nucleon Ar on Pb and 1.5 GeV/nucleon Ar on KCl. The fitted pion source parameters are consistent with previously reported results of two-pion interferometry. The effect of three-pion interference on the pion source parameters obtained from two-pion interferometry is also studied. The distortion becomes a serious problem in the data analysis only when the pion source has a small radius and low temperature.
Criteria for selection of the research problem

(1942). Criteria for selection of the research problem. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 242-256.
Medicare-Medicaid Eligible Beneficiaries and Potentially Avoidable Hospitalizations

OBJECTIVE Potentially avoidable hospitalizations have been identified by experts as leading to poor health outcomes and costly care. Potentially avoidable hospitalizations are particularly common among full-benefit dual eligible beneficiaries. This paper examines potentially avoidable hospitalizations rates by setting, state, and medical condition, and the average cost of these events. METHODS This analysis identifies potentially avoidable hospitalizations using diagnosis codes identified by an expert panel. Settings of care are determined using a timeline file, which assigns an individual to a specific setting on a particular day. POPULATION/DATA SOURCE The analysis uses several different datasets from the Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse. The study population includes fee-for-service beneficiaries who were eligible for both Medicare and full Medicaid benefits for at least one month during the calendar year. The study years are 2007 to 2009. RESULTS In 2009, among our study population, 26 percent of hospitalizations were potentially avoidable; and the rate was 133 per 1,000 person-years. Potentially avoidable hospitalizations were much more likely for those beneficiaries who were in institutions--16 percent of beneficiaries in our study population were in an institution, yet comprised 45 percent of all potentially avoidable hospitalizations. The range in rates across the states was considerable, with more than a threefold difference across states. Five conditions were responsible for nearly 80 percent of potentially avoidable hospitalizations. From 2007 to 2009, the national and state rates were fairly consistent. DISCUSSION This analysis indicates that the potentially avoidable hospitalization rate among MME beneficiaries was consistently high from 2007 to 2009. This bears monitoring in the future to see if the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' various initiatives have led to a reduction in rates.
Damage control in trauma surgery.

The technique or approach of damage control surgery in trauma is not new; packing liver injuries has been an accepted treatment strategy for some time. What is new is the realization that an abbreviated laparotomy, or completion of only the essential portions of the operation, is often the best trea
Crystalline approximants to quasicrystalline Ti-Mn

Abstract Icosahedral-phase (i-phase) Ti62Mn36Si2 was transformed by annealing at temperatures between 700 and 1150 ° C for times ranging from 15min to 1 week to produce three new crystalline phases. We present the results of transmission electron microscopy of these phases using selected-area diffraction (SAD), convergent-beam electron diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Bravais lattices of all three phases are reported. Intense modulations in the SAD patterns of all three crystalline phases produce patterns that strongly resemble the i-phase SAD patterns. These modulations demonstrate the existence of local clusters of atoms with icosahedral symmetry within the crystallographic unit cells. We present structural models based on crystalline packings of icosahedral clusters of atoms that closely predict the observed SAD modulations, the experimentally determined Bravais lattices, the unit-cell sizes and the internal symmetries of two of the phases. Our model for the third phase is inco...
Geo-pathogenic zones as a social task outdoor and indoor cartography technology

Recent statistical accumulated data strongly indicate that long-term exposure to geo-pathogenic zones, GPZ, can result in serious impact on human health. The list of related diseases is broad, including cancer atop. Moreover, GPZs contribute to the road accidents due to their influence on the performance of the drivers. For this reason, cartography of regular and irregular GPZs is an important social mission, requiring indoor and outdoor mapping systems, both of them have GPZ detecting instrument like Spinning Electric Vector Analyzer, SEVA. The indoor mapping systems necessitate steady centimeter resolution due to the width of GPZ line count as order of 20-21 cm. They are intended to reveal inauspicious patterns inside a human dwelling. Limited size of the dwelling implies participation of a trained operator and a manual mode of mapping. In contrary to the indoor monitoring, the outdoor one is intended for big spaces like backyards, lawns, parks, highways as well as other public places. Different approaches to both methods, in particular - position sensors, GPS interaction and other details of both technologies are considered in this paper.
Transfer between chemical and electrical kindling in the septal-hippocampal system

Abstract We re-investigated the interaction between chemical and electrical kindling in two anatomical locations: the amygdaloid region and the septal-hippocampal complex. Amygdaloid animals were implanted with a chemitrode into the left basolateral amygdala, which could when be stimulated electrically (400 μA, 1 s, 60 Hz, AC) or chemically by injection of carbachol (1 μl, 2.7 nmol, sterile, isotonic). Septal-hippocampal animals were implanted with an electrode high in the medial septum, a cannula in the dorsal hippocampus. In both groups, half the animals were kindled electrically, and after one week of rest chemical kindling was begun. The other half were kindled chemically first, then electrically. The result differed with the anatomical location. With amygdaloid implants, no significant transfer was observed. In the septal-hippocampal group, by contrast, significant interactions were observed in both directions. These results suggest that chemical and electrical kindling involves similar mechanisms, and that the extent to which transfer occurs reflects the degree to which they share a common chemical anatomy.
Corporate Strategy, Structure and Control Methods in the United States During the 20th Century

My assignment is to review the United States’ experience in terms of organizational forms, strategies and control methods. Such organizational forms, strategies and control methods were responses to specific business challenges. As the papers that follow emphasize, responses to these challenges differed from nation to nation, reflecting different national business, economic, political and cultural environments.
Lung growth in health and disease

The subject oflung growth in health and disease can be discussed at several levels of anatomical and biochemical resolution. We can concentrate on the interaction between tissues-such as epithelium and mesenchyme: as the lung buds from the foregut, interaction between mesenchyme and epithelium is essential for their subsequent growth and differentiation (Alescio & Cassini 1962; Alescio 1974). Or we can discuss events of cell maturation exemplified by the development of the type II pneumocyte and surfactant system. Or our attention could be to the control mechanisms between cells and tissues. We are familiar with the endocrine system of blood-borne or circulating mediators. The paracrine system describes the cell-cell interaction whereby within a tissue messengers in tissue fluid and cell receptor provide local ‘triggers’ to multiplication and differentiation. Autocrine refers to the feedback between a single cell and its product. Currently it is the pattern ofparacrine control that is of special interest in relation to growth. On this occasion, I have chosen rather to deal with the lung as an organ, to dissect the airways, alveoli and blood vessels separately so that we can identify the nature of disturbed growth. Behind this lie biochemical events still to be elucidated. But as often happens the anatomical analysis of normal and diseased growth offers significant signposts to the biochemist and cell biologist.
Cognitive mechanisms in claustrophobia : An examination of Reiss and McNally's expectancy model and Bandura's self-efficacy theory

This paper reports on two studies that examined predictions derived from Reiss and McNally's (1985) expectancy model of fear behavior and Bandura's (1988) self-efficacy theory. In Study 1 of 138 participants displaying marked claustrophobic fears, scales were developed to measure Suffocation Concerns, Entrapment Concerns, and Coping Self-Efficacy. In Study 2 of 202 participants displaying marked claustrophobic fears, confirmatory factor and reliability analyses showed that these scales reliably tapped relatively discrete constructs. Predictions derived from the Reiss and McNally expectancy model and Bandura's self-efficacy theory were examined using behavioral, subjective, and physiological measures taken during a claustrophobic Behavioral Approach Test (BAT). Coping Self-Efficacy accounted for unique variance in subjective fear and heart-rate reactivity, but did not produce significantly better classification of participants' behavior beyond the expectancy model variable set. The expectancy model variable set meaningfully predicted behavioral approach, with the interaction between Expected Anxiety and Anxiety Sensitivity adding significantly to the classification beyond all other variables. These findings suggest that the expectancy model and self-efficacy theory provide meaningful and nonredundant accounts of phobic reactions.
Ample vector bundles on singular varieties II

Theorem 0 Let X be a n-dimensional smooth projective variety over complex number C and let E be an ample vector bundle on X o f rank n + 1 such that c l (X) = cl(E). Then (X, E) ~ (~n, Qn+16~,.(1))" This also had been proved independently by Peternell [P1]. The theorem gives us a characterization of the projective spaces via ample vector bundles. The methods we used in our proof depend heavily on Mori ' s theory of the extremal rays. In particular, a theorem of Lazarsfeld [L] played an important role: I f X is smooth and f : ~ ~ X is surjective, then X ~ 1~. However, this is no longer true if X has singularities as showed by the following example: Example. Let Y = ~2 and let ~: [x, y, z ] --, [ x , y , z] be an involution on Y. Then X = Y / has a rational double point. The quotient map Y --, X is of degree two which ramified along I? 1. In this paper, our aim is to generalize Mukai ' s conjecture to projective varieties having at most log-terminal singularities. The precise statements of our results are as follows:
MeV-Energy X Rays from Inverse Compton Scattering with Laser-Wakefield Accelerated Electrons

We report the generation of MeV x rays using an undulator and accelerator that are both driven by the same 100-terawatt laser system. The laser pulse driving the accelerator and the scattering laser pulse are independently optimized to generate a high energy electron beam ($g200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$) and maximize the output x-ray brightness. The total x-ray photon number was measured to be $\ensuremath{\sim}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}$, the source size was $5\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, and the beam divergence angle was $\ensuremath{\sim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mrad}$. The x-ray photon energy, peaked at 1 MeV (reaching up to 4 MeV), exceeds the thresholds of fundamental nuclear processes (e.g., pair production and photodisintegration).
The antinociceptive effects of α7 nicotinic agonists in an acute pain model

Abstract Nicotinic receptors have been found to play a role in modulating pain transmission in the CNS. Activation of cholinergic pathways by nicotine and nicotinic agonists has been shown to elicit antinociceptive effects in a variety of species and pain tests. The involvement of α 7 nicotinic receptors in nicotinic analgesia was assessed after spinal (i.t.) and intraventricular (i.c.v.) administration in mice. Dose-dependent antinociceptive effects were seen with the α 7 agonist choline after spinal and supraspinal injection using the tail-flick test. Furthermore, α 7 antagonists MLA and α-BGTX significantly blocked the effects of choline. Dihydro-β-erythroidine and mecamylamine failed to block choline-induced antinociception. These results strongly support the involvement of α 7 subunits in choline's antinociceptive effects. DMXB and 4-OH-DMXB, partial α 7 agonists, failed to elicit a significant antinociceptive effect. However, they blocked choline-induced antinociception in a dose-dependent manner following i.t. injection. This antagonism is probably related to their partial agonistic properties of the α 7 receptors. These studies suggest that activation of α 7 receptors in the CNS elicits antinociceptive effects in an acute thermal pain model.
Urinary excretion of 4-hydroxyamphetamine and amphetamine in male and female Sprague-Dawley and Dark Agouti rats following multiple doses of amphetamine.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the cytochrome P450 2D subfamily is involved in the 4-hydroxylation of amphetamine in the rat. These studies followed urinary levels of 4-hydroxyamphetamine and amphetamine after a single dose of amphetamine given with the P450 2D inhibitor quinidine or in P450 2D-deficient Dark Agouti (DA) rats. Multiple doses of amphetamine are used by humans and in experimental neurotoxicity studies of amphetamine. We hypothesized that the elimination of amphetamine (as opposed to 4-hydroxyamphetamine) will remain elevated in the DA rat after multiple doses, implying that no alternative pathway is induced to compensate for reduced 4-hydroxylation. Male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) and DA rats were given daily i.p. injections of 5 mg/kg amphetamine for 5 days. Urine was collected at 12-h intervals and analyzed by HPLC for the presence of amphetamine and 4-hydroxyamphetamine. The amount of amphetamine detected in the urine remained elevated with a corresponding reduction of 4-hydroxyamphetamine in the DA rats when compared to SD rats over the entire time course. This reduction in 4-hydroxyamphetamine was greater in female than male DA rats; no difference was found between male and female SD rats. At the dose used, amphetamine did not increase with time and total amphetamine and 4-hydroxyamphetamine excreted by all rats was not different, implying no accumulation of amphetamine. These results suggest that no alternative pathway is induced following multiple doses of amphetamine in normal SD or P450 2D deficient DA rats.
Copper-free Amalgams: Dimensional Change After Approximately Five Years at 60, 37, and 23°C

Two copper-free amalgams expanded excessively after storage in air at 60°C for about five yr. One expanded significantly at 37°C and slightly at 23°C. High silver content, absence of copper, and presence of small amounts of zinc, or all three, seemed to promote very high expansions at 60° C.
Status of LSND and possible dark matter implications

The combined 1993, 1994, and 1995 data from the LSND experiment shows a statistically compelling excess of events of the type expected for gn μ → gn e neutrino oscillations. An electron between 36 and 60 MeV is identified by Cherenkov and scintillation light from gn e p → e + n , and if a γ is tightly constrained to be correlated with it from np → dγ (2.2 MeV), then 22 such events are observed, but only 4.6 ± 0.6 are expected from backgrounds. If subsequent analysis shows a similar effect from the independent channel ν μ → ν e , then this would imply a neutrino mass difference which would contribute significantly to the dark matter of the universe. Explaining also the solar and atmospheric neutrino deficits results in a neutrino mass pattern which gives a cold + hot dark matter mix which fits the structure of the universe on all scales and requires a critical density universe and a universe age compatible with that of the oldest stars. Further evidence for this mass pattern comes from the production of heavy elements in supernovae.
Intracellular Potentials of Cortical Neurons during Focal Epileptogenic Discharges

Focal electroencephalographic discharges in lesions of cortex induced by freezing are associated with prolonged membrane depolarizations and hyperpolarizations in neurons located at various depths in the lesion sites. Transmembrane potential changes have properties similar to those of postsynaptic potentials. The temporal relationship between intracellular potentials and paroxysmal discharges indicates that the latter are extracellularly recorded summations of synchronously developing depolarizations and hyperpolarizations in complex synaptic organizations of neurons.
Androgen receptor functions in castration-resistant prostate cancer and mechanisms of resistance to new agents targeting the androgen axis

The metabolic functions of androgen receptor (AR) in normal prostate are circumvented in prostate cancer (PCa) to drive tumor growth, and the AR also can acquire new growth-promoting functions during PCa development and progression through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT, surgical or medical castration) is the standard treatment for metastatic PCa, but patients invariably relapse despite castrate androgen levels (castration-resistant PCa, CRPC). Early studies from many groups had shown that AR was highly expressed and transcriptionally active in CRPC, and indicated that steroids from the adrenal glands were contributing to this AR activity. More recent studies showed that CRPC cells had increased expression of enzymes mediating androgen synthesis from adrenal steroids, and could synthesize androgens de novo from cholesterol. Phase III clinical trials showing a survival advantage in CRPC for treatment with abiraterone (inhibitor of the enzyme CYP17A1 required for androgen synthesis that markedly reduces androgens and precursor steroids) and for enzalutamide (new AR antagonist) have now confirmed that AR activity driven by residual androgens makes a major contribution to CRPC, and led to the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of both agents. Unfortunately, patients treated with these agents for advanced CRPC generally relapse within a year and AR appears to be active in the relapsed tumors, but the molecular mechanisms mediating intrinsic or acquired resistance to these AR-targeted therapies remain to be defined. This review outlines AR functions that contribute to PCa development and progression, the roles of intratumoral androgen synthesis and AR structural alterations in driving AR activity in CRPC, mechanisms of action for abiraterone and enzalutamide, and possible mechanisms of resistance to these agents.
Undiagnosed Disease, Especially Diabetes, Casts Doubt on Some of Reported Health 'Advantage' of Recent Mexican Immigrants

Newly arrived Mexican immigrants in the United States generally report better health than do native-born Americans, but this health advantage erodes over time. At issue is whether the advantage is illusory—a product of disease that goes undiagnosed in Mexico but is discovered after immigration. Using results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we compared clinical to self-reported diagnosed disease prevalence and found that Mexican immigrants are not as healthy as previously thought when undiagnosed disease is taken into account, particularly with respect to diabetes. About half of recent immigrants with diabetes were unaware that they had the disease—an undiagnosed prevalence that was 2.3 times higher than that among Mexican Americans with similar characteristics. Diagnosed prevalence was 47 percent lower among recent Mexican immigrants than among native-born Americans for both diabetes and hypertension, but undiagnosed disease explained one-third of this recent immigrant advantage...
Calreticulin binding and other biological activities of survival peptide Y-P30 including effects of systemic treatment of rats.

Abstract Neuron survival-promoting peptide Y-P30, purified from oxidatively stressed neural cell lines, inhibits the appearance of microglia and rescues neurons 1 week after direct application to lesions of the rat cerebral cortex (7). Y-P30 affinity matrices treated with solubilized membranes from a variety of cell lines including human neuroblastoma SY5Y, mouse hippocampal cells HN 33.1, and human promonocytes HL-60, as well as with cerebral cortex tissue from both humans and rats, showed highly specific binding to calreticulin, a ubiquitous calcium binding protein that may be critical for integrin function. Treatment of cultures with 0.1 nM Y-P30 stabilized all these cell types whether differentiated or not, while 1 μM peptide also inhibited the morphological differentiation of the HL-60 cells into macrophages. Western analysis of the medium of SY5Y cell cultures suggested Y-P30-stimulated release of calreticulin, a result consistent with its other biological activities. Likewise, single dose systemic application of Y-P30 in unoperated rats and in rats with cerebral cortex lesions produced significant reductions in cerebral cortex membrane-associated calreticulin. Both direct and intravenous treatment with peptide also reduced cortical neuron atrophy 4 days after these lesions but only direct application consistently inhibited the appearance of ED-1+ monocyte derivatives. We suggest that in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of Y-P30 effects are similar and involve the targeting of calreticulin. The results also suggest that some of these activities are apparent in the cerebral cortex after systemic application of this peptide.
Safety and risk of using pediatric donor livers in adult liver transplantation

Pediatric donor (PD) livers have been allocated to adult transplant recipients in certain situations despite size discrepancies. We compared data on adults (age ≥ 19 years) who underwent primary liver transplantation using livers from either PDs (age < 13 years; n = 70) or adult donors (ADs; age ≥ 19 years; n = 1,051). We also investigated the risk factors and effect of prolonged cholestasis on survival in the PD group. In an attempt to determine the minimal graft volume requirement, we divided the PD group into 2 subgroups based on the ratio of donor liver weight (DLW) to estimated recipient liver weight (ERLW) at 2 different cutoff values: less than 0.4 (n = 5) versus 0.4 or greater (n = 56) and less than 0.5 (n = 21) versus 0.5 or greater (n = 40). The incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) was significantly greater in the PD group (12.9%) compared with the AD group (3.8%; P = .0003). Multivariate analysis showed that preoperative prothrombin time of 16 seconds or greater (relative risk, 3.206; P = .0115) and absence of FK506 use as a primary immunosuppressant (relative risk, 4.477; P = .0078) were independent risk factors affecting 1-year graft survival in the PD group. In the PD group, transplant recipients who developed cholestasis (total bilirubin level ≥ 5 mg/dL on postoperative day 7) had longer warm (WITs) and cold ischemic times (CITs). Transplant recipients with a DLW/ERLW less than 0.4 had a trend toward a greater incidence of HAT (40%; P < .06), septicemia (60%), and decreased 1- and 5-year graft survival rates (40% and 20%; P = .08 and .07 v DLW/ERLW of 0.4 or greater, respectively). In conclusion, the use of PD livers for adult recipients was associated with a greater risk for developing HAT. The outcome of small-for-size grafts is more likely to be adversely affected by longer WITs and CITs. The safe limit of graft volume appeared to be a DLW/ERLW of 0.4 or greater. (Liver Transpl 2001;7:41-47.)
Kinetics of the Mn(III)-mediated electrochemical synthesis of sorbic acid precursors from acetic acid and butadiene

The electrochemical synthesis of acetoxyhexenoic acids (precursors of sorbic acid) from acetic acid and butadiene was studied using the redox couple Mn(II)/Mn(III). The kinetics of the homogeneous solution reactions that consumed Mn(III) were studied separately and in conjunction with the simultaneous electrochemical regeneration of Mn(III).