cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxaloacetate-to-malate conversion by mineral photoelectrochemistry: implications for the viability of the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle in prebiotic chemistry

The carboxylic acids produced by the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle are possibly a biosynthetic core of initial life, although several steps such as the reductive kinetics of oxaloacetate (OAA) to malate (MA) are problematic by conventional chemical routes. In this context, we studied the kinetics of this reaction as promoted by ZnS mineral photoelectrochemistry. The quantum efficiency φMA of MA production from the photoelectrochemical reduction of OAA followed φMA=0.13 [OAA] (2.1×10−3+[OAA])−1 and was independent of temperature (5 to 50°C). To evaluate the importance of this forward rate under a prebiotic scenario, we also studied the temperature-dependent rate of the backward thermal decarboxylation of OAA to pyruvate (PA), which followed an Arrhenius behavior as log (k−2)=11.74–4956/T, where k−2 is in units of s−1. These measured rates were employed in conjunction with the indirectly estimated carboxylation rate of PA to OAA to assess the possible importance of mineral photoelectrochemistry in the conversion of OAA to MA under several scenarios of prebiotic conditions on early Earth. As an example, our analysis shows that there is 90% efficiency with a forward velocity of 3 yr/cycle for the OAA→MA step of the rTCA cycle at 280 K. Efficiency and velocity both decrease for increasing temperature. These results suggest high viability for mineral photoelectrochemistry as an enzyme-free engine to drive the rTCA cycle through the early aeons of early Earth, at least for the investigated OAA→MA step.
Social and technical challenges in parenting teens' social media use

With millions of teenagers on the Internet, millions of parents are trying to understand what their teens are doing and why. Understanding how technology use impacts teens' learning, growth, and social development is critical for their health and wellbeing and for the welfare of the family. Yet, balancing parent authority with teen privacy and autonomy is difficult. We conducted an interview study with 16 parents to examine challenges in "technoparenting" - parenting teens' technology use. Parents said they wanted more transparency in their teens' use of cell phones and the Internet and they struggled with their own unfamiliarity with technology. Technoparenting is a distributed problem and, surprisingly, parents wanted support and collaboration from the broader community. We conclude with design implications for a socially translucent "digital window".
Experience with ileal augmentation cystoplasty using a short Pfannenstiel incision

AbstractPurpose: Our study was done to evaluate the efficacy of performing ileal augmentation cystoplasty through a short Pfannenstiel incision.Materials and Methods: From December 1986 to June 1988, 7 patients with neurovesical dysfunction secondary to myelodysplasia underwent ileal augmentation cystoplasty via a lower abdominal incision. From July 1989 to July 1993, 12 similar patients underwent ileal augmentation cystoplasty via a short Pfannenstiel incision.Results: Operative time was slightly shorter and mean recovery time, as measured by the return of gastrointestinal function and hospital stay, was shorter in the Pfannenstiel incision group.Conclusions: In select patients a short Pfannenstiel incision is the incision of choice for ileal augmentation cystoplasty.
Effect of ventricular size and patch stiffness in surgical anterior ventricular restoration: a finite element model study.

Background Surgical anterior ventricular restoration (SAVER) has been proposed for dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy with an akinetic distal anterior left ventricular wall. We tested the hypothesis that SAVER increases stroke volume, reduces mean myofiber stress and achieves optimal results without a patch. Methods A finite element model of the left ventricle (LV) with an akinetic but contractile anteroapical LV wall segment was used. Separate versions of the model with normal and dilated LV sizes were developed and used to simulate the SAVER operation with and without a patch of varying stiffness from 10 to 100 kilopascals. Results The SAVER operation reduced myofiber stress in the akinetic infarct and infarct borderzone, but caused a reduction in the Starling relationship. In all cases, stroke volume decreased while ejection fraction increased after SAVER. The SAVER operation was more beneficial in dilated ventricles, and the reduction in stroke volume after SAVER without patch was minimal. The effect of patch stiffness was mixed as stiffer material causes a greater reduction in stress yet has the greatest negative effect on stroke volume. Conclusions These simulations support the use of SAVER in dilated hearts without a patch.
Randomization in clinical trials of titrated therapies: unintended consequences of using fixed treatment protocols

Objective: Clinical trial designs that randomize patients to fixed treatment regimens may disrupt preexisting relationships between illness severity and level of therapy. The practice misalignments created by such designs may have unintended effects on trial results and safety. Methods: To illustrate this problem, the Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care (TRICC) trial and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network low tidal volume (ARMA) trial were analyzed. Results: Publications before TRICC indicated that clinicians used higher transfusion thresholds in patients with ischemic heart disease compared with younger, healthier patients (p = .001). The trial, however, randomized patients (n = 838) to liberal (10 g/dL hemoglobin) or restrictive (7 g/dL) transfusion thresholds. Thirty-day mortality was different and opposite in the liberal compared with the restrictive arm depending on presence (21 vs. 26%) or absence (25 vs. 16%) of ischemic heart disease (p = .03). At baseline in ARMA, consistent with prior publications, physicians set ventilator volumes lower in patients with high airway pressures and poor compliance (8.4-10.6 mL/kg interquartile range) than patients with less severe abnormalities (9.6-12 mL/kg) (p = .0001). In the trial, however, patients (n = 861) were randomized to low (6 mL/kg) or high (12 mL/kg) tidal volumes. In patients with low compliance (<0.6 mL/kg), 28-day mortality was higher when tidal volumes were raised rather than lowered (42 vs. 29%), but this effect was reversed in patients with higher compliance (21 vs. 37%; p =.003). Conclusions: In TRICC and ARMA, randomization to fixed treatment regimens disrupted preexisting relationships between illness severity and therapy level. This created noncomparable subgroups in both study arms that received care different and opposite from titrated care, that is, practice misalignments. These subgroups reduced the interpretability and safety of each trial. Characterizing current practice, incorporating current practice controls, and using alternative trial designs to minimize practice misalignments should improve trial safety and interpretability.
Elbow arthroscopy in a mostly athletic population

The effectiveness of elbow arthroscopy was assessed in 35 consecutive patients (primarily weight lifters and baseball players) treated by one surgeon. The most commonly treated lesions were loose bodies and impinging spurs. Most elbow problems resulted from repetitive or acute athletic trauma. Repetitive stress injuries usually involved the athlete's dominant arm (91%). A standardized rating system demonstrated significant improvement at 24 months' average follow-up. Flexion and extension improved an average of 9 and 6 degrees, respectively. Elbow arthroscopy appears to be a safe and effective treatment for athletes, allowing most a full return to participation in sports.
Synthesis of the α-methyl ketoside of 5-amino neuraminic acid methyl ester and its corresponding 5-myristoyl and 5-cyclopropanoyl derivative

This communication describes the first synthesis of the α-methyl ketoside of an N-unprotected neuraminic acid in the form of its methyl ester (Neu5NH21Me-α-2Me) (5a). This compound is a valuable intermediate for the synthesis of unnatural N-substituted sialic acids. Syntheses of Neusmyristoyl1me-α-2Me (5b) and Neuscyclopropanoyl1me-α-2Me (5c) are presented.
IBM BASIC Tachistoscope Program for Classroom Demonstration

This article describes a BASIC program for the IBM Personal Computer (PC) that simulates a tachistoscope. T h e program utilizes data files created by the user or sample files created by the authors. The program is useful for classroom demonstration of classic experiments in cognitive psychology.
On stage ordering in staged computation

A staged computation is a computation organized in a cascade of stages: each stage produces code for its successive stage; the final stage produces the desired output. An off-line procedure called binding time analysis (BTA) is often used to pre-convert unstaged code into staged code, i.e., code annotated with stage labels, which can guide online staged computation. For dynamic re-optimization purposes, it is advantageous for the order of stages in the cascade to change during runtime; however, the staged code may not support all permutations of stage sequences. Thus, it is both a and practical question to efficiently decide whether a specific stage sequence is valid for a staged code.Our approach is to encode the set of valid stage sequences for a staged code off-line in a stage ordering language (SOL) to facilitate fast online decision. Contrary to the intuition that we only need a single generic SOL (such as the language of posets of stage labels) to sufficiently and efficiently encode the set of valid stage sequences for any staged code in any staged language, we may need different SOLs for different staged languages. We analyze several staged languages and then present a metatheory on validating a SOL for a given staged language. Our result reveals the relationship between SOLs and semantic properties of staged languages, and can influence the design of staged languages and BTA.
Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy improves the outcome of selected patients undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer

Abstract Background: Risk factors for contralateral breast cancer (CBC) may indicate a benefit for contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) at the time of unilateral mastectomy for breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of CPM in preventing CBC. Methods: sixty-four patients undergoing CPM and a control group of 182 patients not undergoing CPM and matched for age, stage, surgery, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy were retrospectively compared for CBC rate, disease-free survival, and overall survival. Results: Thirty-six CBCs occurred in the control group. In the CPM group, 3 CBCs were found at the time of prophylactic mastectomy, but none occurred subsequently (P = 0.005). Disease-free survival at 15 years in the CPM group was 55% (95% confidence interval [CI] 38% to 69%) versus 28% (95% CI 19% to 36%) in the control group (P = 0.01). Overall survival at 15 years was 64% (95% CI 45% to 78%) CPM versus 48% (95% CI 39% to 58%) in controls (P = 0.26). Conclusions: CPM prevented CBC and significantly prolonged disease-free survival. Future studies will need to address risk assessment and contralateral breast cancer prevention in patients treated for early breast cancer.
Social Media Tools for Teaching and Learning

A ccording to Wikipedia, “social media is the media designed to be disseminated through social interaction, created using highly accessible scalable techniques. Social media is the use of web-based and mobile technologies to turn communication into interactive dialogue.”1 Social networks, such as Facebook and Twitter, contain millions of members who interact to create social media. The ubiquitous nature of Facebook and Twitter has the attention of educators. In this column I will present tips on using Facebook and Twitter for teaching and learning.
The Role of Evaluation in Reimagining the Art Museum

In late 2006, the Columbus Museum of Art adopted a new framework that established creativity as the lens for learning and visitor experiences. The purpose of our article is to critically examine the role of evaluation in CMA's reinvention, and in particular to highlight three features of evaluation at CMA that we believe contributed to the museum's transformation: (1) the role of the evaluator; (2) thinking evaluatively; and (3) changing institutional culture by leading from one department.
Macro- and micro-behaviors of granular materials under different sample preparation methods and stress paths

Abstract A series of numerical drained tests have been performed to study the macroscopic and microscopic behaviors of granular materials prepared by three different techniques (isotropic compression, tamping, and dry pluviation). The samples consist of two kinds of ellipsoids with 1170 particles. The two kinds are equal by weight. The aspect ratios (major axis length/minor axis length) of these two kinds are 1.2 and 1.5, respectively. All samples were subjected to an isotropic confining pressure of 100 kPa before loaded along 11 different stress paths. The shear strengths of these drained tests were compared with two published yield models. Good agreement was found in general. One model showed an error of less than 5% for 90% of the time. Two microscopic parameters, the unit contact normal and the contact normal force, were examined for all specimens during axial compression loading. The principal stress ratio was found to correlate better with the contact normal force than the unit contact normal. The evolution of this microscopic descriptor was further investigated for all drained tests. The result showed a unique relationship between the strength descriptor of the contact normal force and the principal stress ratio. Excellent correlations were found for the drained tests with various intermediate stresses.
Discovery of climate indices using clustering

To analyze the effect of the oceans and atmosphere on land climate, Earth Scientists have developed climate indices, which are time series that summarize the behavior of selected regions of the Earth's oceans and atmosphere. In the past, Earth scientists have used observation and, more recently, eigenvalue analysis techniques, such as principal components analysis (PCA) and singular value decomposition (SVD), to discover climate indices. However, eigenvalue techniques are only useful for finding a few of the strongest signals. Furthermore, they impose a condition that all discovered signals must be orthogonal to each other, making it difficult to attach a physical interpretation to them. This paper presents an alternative clustering-based methodology for the discovery of climate indices that overcomes these limitiations and is based on clusters that represent regions with relatively homogeneous behavior. The centroids of these clusters are time series that summarize the behavior of the ocean or atmosphere in those regions. Some of these centroids correspond to known climate indices and provide a validation of our methodology; other centroids are variants of known indices that may provide better predictive power for some land areas; and still other indices may represent potentially new Earth science phenomena. Finally, we show that cluster based indices generally outperform SVD derived indices, both in terms of area weighted correlation and direct correlation with the known indices.
LC notch filter for image-reject applications using on-chip inductors

An LC notch filter using on-chip spiral inductors for image-reject applications is described. The filter is designed to allow direct automatic frequency and Q-tuning schemes. The excessive noise generation and linearity degradation of bandpass filters are avoided due to the absence of high-Q poles.
Associations of wintering birds with habitat in semidesert and plains grasslands in Arizona

Abstract We studied associations with winter habitat for seven species of birds, one species-group (eastern and western meadowlarks combined), and total sparrows at seven sites in the semidesert and plains grasslands of southeastern Arizona from 1999–2001, sampling with mist-nets and survey-transects. We measured structure and composition of vegetation, assessing vegetative differences among sites, and modeled associations between indices of avian abundance and six vegetative variables using generalized linear models. For all vegetative variables, there were significant differences among sites. Numbers of northern harriers (Circus cyaneus) were positively associated with total number of sparrows. Indices of abundance for individual species of birds were statistically correlated with various measures of structure and composition of vegetation. In particular, grasshopper (Ammodramus savannarum) and vesper (Pooecetes gramineus) sparrows were negatively associated with amount of bare ground; horned larks (Ere...
Lymphatic mapping in solid neoplasms: state of the art.

Background: Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy is an established technique for the staging and treatment of melanoma. The success of lymphatic mapping in this realm has broadened its application to other solid neoplasms. This update reviews the status of sentinel lymph node biopsy in its most widely cited applications. Methods: Seminal manuscripts on lymphatic mapping in melanoma, breast, colon, vulvar, cervical, lung, gastric, and head and neck cancers are reviewed. Results: Studies suggest that the application of lymphatic mapping as a staging tool in breast cancer and melanoma is justified when applied by trained surgeons. Additional validation is necessary before sentinel node biopsy is advocated in gynecologic, colon, lung, and head and neck cancer. Conclusions: As in breast cancer and melanoma, validation of the sentinel node concept in other solid tumors must occur in institutions other than those in which the technique is being developed before it is generally applied to other neoplasms.
The Integrated Active and Reserve Division: Background, Legal Foundation, and the Role of Judge Advocates

On June 4 and 5 1999, the Army activated its first integrated Active and Reserve Component combat divisions: the 7th Infantry Division, and the 24th Infantry Division. There are unique legal issues concerning the National Guard members of the integrated units who have dual classifications under federal and state laws. National Guard members that are not mobilized but engaged in military training are treated as state militia governed by state authorities such as the governor under Title 32 of the United States Code. When mobilized, Title 10 allows the active component military brigade commanders to have jurisdiction and authority over the command, training, and discipline of National Guard members.This dual classification of soldiers leads to issues in multiple areas of the law for National Guard and Active component members serving in integrated units including jurisdiction, discipline, fiscal law, administrative issues, and statutory limitation of active component powers. The brigade legal sections must be competent in the full spectrum of Army issues as well as the state law issues that will affect their brigades. This article discusses the history and legal basis for the integrated divisions, outlines their organization and structure, and analyzes the role of judge advocates in these new units.
Social and Economic Aspects of the Shadow Economy in the Republic of Macedonia: A Study

It is a notorious fact that the GDP of the Republic of Macedonia would have noted significantly higher amounts and rates of real growth if the transitional development cycle and the numerous shocks that the national economy had in the past 15-16 years would not have caused big structural disorders in the economy. This has led to permanent growth of the number of unemployed people in the Republic of Macedonia. Those people had to provide their existence in different possible manners, primarily in the informal sector, through their active participation in different channels of the so-called shadow economy. The shadow economy is a pervasive phenomenon in the national economy, creating vicious cycle that consists of several malignant points, the first and foremost being the severe structural unemployment rate. This paper tries to ponder into the main causes and consequences of the shadow economy, giving an overview of its main socio-cultural and economic aspects. The research is based on primary data gathered through a survey conducted over 1200 respondents, on a representative example by: gender, ethnicity, age and regional distribution of the population in the Republic of Macedonia. The survey was conducted directly with the respondents based on the “door-to-door” system.
Varicocele and Male Infertility

Varicocele is the most common treatable issue in male factor infertility. Although varicocele is also detected in the general population, it is more prevalent in the infertile male, and treatment may be of benefit for some infertile couples. Corrective techniques that optimize testicular function and minimize potential morbidities are important. Future research endeavors should focus on elucidating the mechanism of varicocele effects on spermatogenesis to better identify men who will benefit from treatment and to refine treatment approaches.
Phosphate Removal: Summary of Papers

Summaries of 16 papers are presented with references to the authors of the original papers which were presented at a Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Conference on Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater at Chicago in June, 1968. These summaries are of processes comprising chemical precipitation, employing lime or alum and various means for solids separation; activated sludge removal; reverse osmosis; metallic salts and polyelectrolytes; activated Bentonite compound; and activated algae. This paper has been prepared as an activity of the Committee on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment for presenting summaries and abstracts of significant information on waste treatment, inclusive of subjects of research and demonstration projects.
THE REACTION OF ENAMINES WITH β‐KETO ESTERS‐ A ROUTE TO Γ‐PYRONES

β-Ketoesters and enamines are found to react at elevated temperatures to give γ-pyrones in yields of 10 to 50%.
Cercospora cf. flagellaris and Cercospora cf. sigesbeckiae Are Associated with Cercospora Leaf Blight and Purple Seed Stain on Soybean in North America

Cercospora kikuchii has long been considered the causal agent of Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) and purple seed stain (PSS) on soybean, but a recent study found C. cf. flagellaris associated with CLB and PSS in Arkansas (United States) and Argentina. Here, we provide a broader perspective on the distribution of C. cf. flagellaris on soybean and alternate hosts within the United States (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Kansas). We used a multilocus phylogenetic approach with data from actin, calmodulin, translation elongation factor 1-α, histone 3, the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA and the mating-type locus to determine that two species, C. cf. flagellaris (200 of 205 isolates) and C. cf. sigesbeckiae (five of 205 isolates), are associated with CLB and PSS in the United States. In our phylogenetic analyses, species-level lineages were generally well-supported, though deeper-level evolutionary relationships remained unresolved, indicating that these genes do not possess sufficient phylogenetic signal to resolve the evolutionary history of Cercospora. We also investigated the potential for sexual reproduction in C. cf. flagellaris in Louisiana by determining the frequency of MAT1-1/MAT1-2 mating-type idiomorphs within the Louisiana population of C. cf. flagellaris. Though the MAT 1-2 idiomorph was significantly more common in our collection, the presence of both mating types suggests the potential for sexual reproduction exists.
A Post-Naturalist Field Kit: Tools For The Embodied Exploration Of Social Ecologies

For nearly two hundred years, the figure of the naturalist—the enthusiastic observer of birds, soils, insects, plants, and animals—set the bar for dedicated, non-professional scholarship of the non-human world. With his sketchbook, butterfly net, binoculars, and field guides, the naturalist went “into the field” to learn nature’s secrets through patient observation. But recent scholarship in the sciences and humanities has revealed that “the field” cannot be considered apart from the human world that shapes and imagines it. Taking its cue from the study of social nature, A Post-Naturalist Field Kit is an art project that updates the figure of the naturalist for the exploration of post-natural urban landscapes. The project includes artifacts for exploring environmental issues in the city—from specimen jars to do-it-yourself air quality monitors and lead contamination tests—along with activity cards that refuse to draw lines between social, economic, and environmental issues. Drawing on Fluxus game kits and recent environmental art, “A Post-Naturalist Field Kit” offers tools for the embodied exploration of urban social ecologies. This article describes and contextualizes the project in light of relevant areas of creative practice and geographical thought.
L-band RFI in Japan

In recent years, three instruments have been launched into orbit with the aim of producing global maps of sea surface salinity and soil moisture using the 1400–1427 MHz band: SMOS, Aquarius and SMAP. Although this frequency band is allocated to passive measurements only, RFI (Radio-Frequency Interference) is present in the data of all three missions. On a global scale, the three sensors have observed approximately the same distribution of RFI. Japan is an important exception that has implications for the design of RFI detection algorithms. RFI in Japan is caused by a large number of emitters belonging to the same system (TV receivers) and for this reason some traditional RFI detection strategies detect little to no RFI over Japan. The study of this case has led to an improvement of the approach to detect RFI in Aquarius data.
Examples of Analyse S of Gas Cloud Explosion Hazards

In normal risk assessments of rather large engineered systems significant simplifications are made. In particular, for dispersion calculations the ground surface is mostly assumed to be a flat plane with a certain roughness. Specific topographical features are neglected because the models for rapid calculations of dispersion which include topography are not readily available. In addition, it is difficult to estimate the extent of the errors that are introduced by simplifications without making detailed calculations.
Bladder Surface Glycosaminoglycan Layer: Efficient Mechanism of Environmental Adaptation

A series of experiments has indicated that the bladder surface is lined with a sulfated polysaccharide that is capable of acting as a nonspecific antiadherence factor. It is capable of preventing the interaction of the transitional cells with many substances in urine, including bacteria, calcium, protein, and potential carcinogens. This interface of urine and transitional epithelium may be clinically important in many urologic disease states, since a malfunction of this layer could be involved in a spectrum of urologic diseases that includes irritable bladder syndromes (e.g., detrusor instability, interstitial cystitis, urethritis, radiation cystitis, cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis), carcinoma in situ, calculus disease, infections, and even carcinogenesis. It is important to point out that these investigations have shown that the natural surface mucus can be replaced by any of several substitutes that are as capable of preventing adherence as the natural glycosaminoglycans. One such substance, pentosanpolysulfate, is available in an oral form that is excreted in urine. To date, it has been used to successfully treat one disease of the urinary bladder, interstitial cystitis.
T1-refBlochi: high resolution 3D post-contrast T1 myocardial mapping based on a single 3D late gadolinium enhancement volume, Bloch equations, and a reference T1.

High resolution 3D T1 mapping is important for assessment of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in left atrium or other thin-walled structures. In this work, we investigated a fast single-TI 3D high resolution T1 mapping method that directly transforms a 3D late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) volume to a 3D T1 map. The proposed method, T1-refBlochi, is based on Bloch equation modeling of the LGE signal, a single-point calibration, and assumptions that proton density and T2* are relatively uniform in the heart. Several sources of error of this method were analyzed mathematically and with simulations. Imaging was performed in phantoms, eight swine and five patients, comparing T1-refBlochi to a standard spin-echo T1 mapping, 3D multi-TI T1 mapping, and 2D ShMOLLI, respectively. The method has a good accuracy and adequate precision, even considering various sources of error. In phantoms, over a range of protocols, heart-rates and T1 s, the bias ±1SD was -3 ms ± 9 ms. The porcine studies showed excellent agreement between T1-refBlochi and the multi-TI method (bias ±1SD = −6 ± 22 ms). The proton density and T2* weightings yielded ratios for scar/blood of 0.94 ± 0.01 and for myocardium/blood of 1.03 ± 0.02 in the eight swine, confirming that sufficient uniformity of proton density and T2* weightings exists among heterogeneous tissues of the heart. In the patients, the mean T1 bias ±1SD in myocardium and blood between T1-refBlochi and ShMOLLI was -9 ms ± 21 ms. T1-refBlochi provides a fast single-TI high resolution 3D T1 map of the heart with good accuracy and adequate precision.
Laughing Whitefish: A Tale of Justice and Anishinaabe Custom

Laughing Whitefish, a novel by Robert Traver, the pen name of former Michigan Supreme Court Justice John Voelker, is the fictionalized story of a case that reached the Michigan Supreme Court three times, culminating in Kobogum v. Jackson Iron Co., 43 N.W. 602 (Mich. 1889). The petitioner, Charlotte Kobogum, an Ojibwe Indian from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, brought suit to recover under a note issued to her father, Marji Gesick, by the mining company in the 1840s. The company had promised a share in the company because he had led them to one of the largest iron ore deposits in the country, the famed Jackson Mine. Despite the company's defense that Mr. Gesick was a polygamist and therefore Ms. Kobogum could not be his legitimate heir, the Michigan Supreme Court held that state courts had no right to interfere with internal, domestic relations of reservation Indians, and upheld the claim. Justice Voelker's tale is a powerful defense of the decision, and offers insights into why state courts should recognize the judgments of tribal courts even today.
Hemodialyses and Schizophrenia Effects of Hemodialyses on Schizophrenic Symptoms and Dialysate Endorphin Levels

The use of hemodialyses in schizophrenia can be traced back to 1960 when a group of researchers in Switzerland noted improvement in three of five acute schizophrenic patients following hemodialyses (Thoelen et al., 1960; Feer et al.,1960). In 1977, Wagemaker and Cade in a preliminary study reported remission in chronic schizophrenic patients following weekly hemodialyses (Wagemaker and Cade, 1977). The encouraging results of these uncontrolled studies have generated much speculation among some psychiatrists, and the effect of hemodialyses on schizophrenia has become a controversial issue. The notion that schizophrenic patients may benefit from hemodialyses is intriguing and has prompted several groups of researchers to embark on controlled studies to assess the effects of hemodialyses on schizophrenic patients.
Attention Deficit/hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Driving Safety

This chapter reviews the diagnosis and symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), the extent to which the occurrence of ADHD is related to elevated risk of driving mishaps, a theoretical model concerning how these symptoms and their appropriate medical management impact on driving safety, and both the advantages and disadvantages of ADHD medication management.
Achievement of Optimal Medical Therapy Goals for U.S. Adults With Coronary Artery Disease : Results From the REGARDS Study (REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke)

Objectives In a nonclinical trial setting, we sought to determine the proportion of individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD) with optimal risk factor levels based on the COURAGE (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive DruG Evaluation) trial. Background In the COURAGE trial, the addition of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to optimal medical therapy did not reduce the risk of death or myocardial infarction in stable CAD patients but resulted in more revascularization procedures. Methods The REGARDS (REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke) study is a national prospective cohort study of 30,239 African-American and white community-dwelling individuals older than 45 years of age who enrolled in 2003 through 2007. We calculated the proportion of 3,167 participants with self-reported CAD meeting 7 risk factor goals based on the COURAGE trial: 1) aspirin use; 2) systolic blood pressure 40 mg/dl, and triglycerides Results The mean age of participants was 69 ± 9 years; 33% were African American and 35% were female. Overall, the median number of goals met was 4. Less than one-fourth met ≥5 of the 7 goals, and 16% met all 3 goals for aspirin, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Older age, white race, higher income, more education, and higher physical functioning were independently associated with meeting more goals. Conclusions There is substantial room for improvement in risk factor reduction among U.S. individuals with CAD.
A strength-based mirror effect persists even when criterion shifts are unlikely

In single-item recognition, the strength-based mirror effect (SBME) is reliably obtained when encoding strength is manipulated between lists or participants. Debate surrounds the degree to which this effect is due to differentiation (e.g., Criss Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 461–478, 2006) or criterion shifts (e.g., Hicks & Starns Memory & Cognition, 42, 742–754, 2014). Problematically, differing underlying control processes may be equally capable of producing an SBME. The ability of criterion shifts to produce an SBME has been shown in prior work where differentiation was unlikely. The present work likewise produces an SBME under conditions where criterion shifts are unlikely. Specifically, we demonstrate that an SBME can be elicited without the typical number of trials needed to adjust one’s decision criterion (Experiments 1, 2, and 5) and using encoding manipulations that do not explicitly alert participants that their memory quality has changed (Experiments 3 and 4). When taken in the context of the broader literature, these results demonstrate the need to prioritize memory models that can predict SBMEs via multiple underlying processes.
The Acutely III Child

Evaluation of a very ill child in a busy pediatric practice can be challenging; illnesses in a pediatric office can vary from a simple viral infection to a life-threatening event; index of suspicious with children must be maintained high all the time regardless the large number of children seen in the office with mild to moderate health problems.
Photodriven quantum teleportation of an electron spin state in a covalent donor–acceptor–radical system

Quantum teleportation transfers the quantum state of a system over an arbitrary distance from one location to another through the agency of quantum entanglement. Because quantum teleportation is essential to many aspects of quantum information science, it is important to establish this phenomenon in molecular systems whose structures and properties can be tailored by synthesis. Here, we demonstrate electron spin state teleportation in an ensemble of covalent organic donor–acceptor–stable radical (D–A–R•) molecules. Following preparation of a specific electron spin state on R• in a magnetic field using a microwave pulse, photoexcitation of A results in the formation of an entangled electron spin pair D•+–A•−. The spontaneous ultrafast chemical reaction D•+–A•−–R• → D•+–A–R− constitutes the Bell state measurement step necessary to carry out spin state teleportation. Quantum state tomography of the R• and D•+ spin states using pulse electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy shows that the spin state of R• is teleported to D•+ with high fidelity. Quantum teleportation moves the quantum state of a system between physical locations without losing its coherence, an essential criterion for emerging quantum information applications. Now, electron-spin-state teleportation in covalent organic electron donor–acceptor–stable radical molecules is demonstrated using entangled electron spins produced by photo-induced electron transfer.
Radial buckle delamination around 2D material tents

Abstract Microscale tents, formed when transferring two-dimensional (2D) materials over nanoparticles or nanopillars, or when indenting a suspended 2D material drumhead with an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip, emerge to be a useful structure for the strain engineering of 2D materials. In the periphery of the tents, where the 2D materials are supported by the substrate, radial buckle delamination can often be observed, yet the formation mechanism and the profile characteristics remain unclear. Here, we suggest that the tent-induced buckles result from the 2D material-substrate interface sliding radially inward, and their profiles and extent are controlled by the interface adhesion and friction. We experimentally characterized that the crest curvature of the buckles is proportional to a characteristic length that compares the elastic bending energy of the 2D material with its adhesion energy to the substrate. We then obtain theoretical predictions for the extent of those buckles by exact closed-form solutions to Foppl–von Karman (FvK) equations under both near-threshold and far-from-threshold conditions. Our results are highly analytical, provide a direct means to estimate the interfacial shear and adhesive properties of the 2D material-substrate system based on simple topological characterizations of buckles. Our theoretical understandings also establish a fundamental base for the rational design of 2D material tents.
What are the chances you’re right about everything? An epistemic challenge for modern partisanship:

The American political landscape exhibits significant polarization. People’s political beliefs cluster around two main camps. However, many of the issues with respect to which these two camps disag...
Non-Thyroidal Complications of Graves’ Disease: Perspective On Pathogenesis And Treatment

A substantial number of patients with Graves’ disease have significant and sometimes disabling abnormalities in sites anatomically remote from the thyroid, such as in orbital tissues (ophthalmopathy), pretibial skin (dermopathy), and bones of the extremities (acropachy).
Transvaginal Repair of a Peritoneal-Vaginal Fistula.

Abstract OBJECTIVE Pelvic organ prolapse is an increasingly reported complication following anterior pelvic exenteration and usually consists of an anterior enterocele. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 We present the surgical management of a peritoneal-vaginal fistula in a woman who presented with an acute enterocele 16 months following vaginal sparing, robot-assisted laparoscopic anterior pelvic exenteration. METHODS Our patient is an 85-year-old female with history of upper tract urothelial carcinoma who underwent a left nephroureterectomy in 2008, and vaginal sparing robot-assisted laparoscopic anterior pelvic exenteration for BCG-refractory carcinoma in situ of the bladder in August 2016. She presented in November 2017 with new onset vaginal bleeding and discharge. On physical examination, she had a dehisced vaginal cuff apex with a bulging enterocele. There were no signs of active evisceration or strangulation. The patient was no longer sexually active and desired surgical treatment. At the time of surgery, a mature peritoneal-vaginal fistula was identified, and the fistula and prolapse were surgically managed with colpectomy and colpocleisis. RESULTS Intraoperatively found to have a partial vaginal cuff dehiscence covered with granulation tissue, resulting in a 5 mm peritoneal-vaginal fistula. The granulation-covered enterocele sac was trimmed, dissected free, closed, and reduced with serial purse-string sutures. In this fashion, the sutures were used to not only reduce the fistula, but to also perform a colpocleisis and colpectomy. The colpocleisis and colpectomy were performed due to lack of supportive apical vaginal structures and patient desire. The serial purse-string sutures not only provided additional apical support, but also reduced the likelihood of fistula recurrence by covering the peritoneum. CONCLUSION Transvaginal peritoneal-vaginal fistula repair with serial purse-string sutures and partial colpectomy provides a technique for repair in patients who do not have supportive apical tissue following exenterative surgery. The ideal prevention of this problem at the time of cystectomy and management for when it occurs remains unclear.
The Death of Neoliberal Realism

Post-punk theorist Mark Fisher (d. 2017) shows how neoliberalism relies on a “reflexive impudence” imposed on politics and culture by the necessity of “realism.” Neoliberalism puts fixed limits on how we can imagine the future, and what degree of deviation can be expected from participating in the political process. This paper takes seriously Fisher's perspective, analyzing recent political events in the U.S. as they relate to the use of neoliberalism as a deflationary political tactic. My analysis expands on how two different figures, Trump and Sanders, politicize discourse and develop consciousness outside of this pre-approved realism enforced by neoliberalism. Figures like Trump and Sanders represent, not a new kind of politics, but a willingness to be political—that is, they reintroduce contestability to a political discourse of disciplined rationality that prefigures policy according to a continuation of neoliberalism. This practice of "being political" is integral to a conceptually informed and critical understanding of neoliberalism—it is not only a political-economic project, but also an ideological and sociocultural apparatus, that relies on the dissolution of certain forms of consciousness, and the abolition of transformative thought. Foregrounding this apparatus, and its relevance to the 2016 election, can help clarify the abnormalities that have shaped political events since then. My analysis observes that the seemingly improbable political world in which we find ourselves is the result of neoliberalism’s decline (and perhaps, even dissolution) as an authoritative force for defining a clear and rational center to politics. ‘Capitalist realism’, as Fisher characterized it, is dissipating. Furthermore, I explore the great peril and promise of this moment, asserting that political actors must acknowledge these conditions and recognize that the future will ultimately be shaped by whichever forces—from the left or right—are able to take advantage of this aporia. This analysis foregrounds Trump’s victory in 2016 to show how effectively a far-right project can flourish under these conditions, especially if the opposition refuses to recognize the failures of neoliberalism and the subsequent character of our political moment.
Four Colonial Cultures

This chapter adds to, and coalesces, material to clarify the distinctive regional culture embodied in each colony. Henretta (1973) provides excellent data about the colonies, quite similar to that of Baltzell (1979) and Fischer (1989), and additional details that help us understand more about colonial life. He states that despite allegiance to, and origin in, England, with similarities in language and political institutions, the colonies in British North America diverged markedly in social development. The economic base, population composition, value systems, and character structure of the colonists varied from one colony to the next.
Diagnosis-Related Group Weight and Derived Case Mix Index to Assess the Complexity among Twins.

Objective Diagnosis-related groups (DRG) are used to summarize hospital morbidity and mortality. Each DRG has a weight which is important in calculating the case mix index (CMI), a numeric summary of disease complexity in a population of patients. We utilized DRG weight and resultant CMI to compare postnatal outcomes among singletons versus monochorionic and monoamniotic, monochorionic diamniotic, and dichorionic diamniotic twins. Study Design This single-center and retrospective cohort study evaluated DRGs assigned by the investigators, birth weight, gestational age, length of stay (LOS), NICU admission rate, and mortality in twin births between 2014 and 2016. Twins were analyzed depending on chorionicity and amnionicity. Overall, 3 months of singleton births served as the control. The CMI derived from DRG weights were compared across groups. Results Twins (n = 288) had lower gestational ages and birth weights and higher mortality, LOS, NICU admission rates and DRG weights/CMI compared with singletons (n = 327; p Conclusion DRG weight and CMI values summarize in-hospital complexity and can be a useful tool to evaluate differences in care complexity among groups of patients. Key Points
Xenon implantation of nanodiamond films for targeted color center emission at sub-nanosecond time scales

In this work, the lifetime of nitrogen-vacancy color centers within nanodiamonds is reduced from 550±13 ps to 297±10 ps through the implantation of xenon. Coupled-mode analysis is employed to characterize the mechanism responsible for the reduction in emission lifetime. The observed spectral lineshape is found to be consistent with a Voigt profile consisting of two Lorentzian resonant peaks at 637 nm and 811 nm that are inhomogeneously broadened by a Gaussian distribution. A convolution of the frequency-domain Lorentzian output, with linewidths less than 1 nm, from the coupled-mode system of equations with a Gaussian with standard deviation of 85 nm is performed to generate the Voigt profile. The shortened emission lifetime is found to be consistent with a coupled mode theory model incorporating coupling between nitrogen-vacancy and xenon-vacancy color centers.
Medical-Financial Partnerships - Beyond Traditional Boundaries.

Medical–Financial Partnerships By directly addressing patients’ financial status, including income, assets, and financial empowerment, clinicians can promote individual and community health. This i...
A Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis of 17 Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Positive Psychosocial Constructs in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Cancer.

Introduction: Children, adolescents, and young adults (AYAs) with cancer are a special population who are subjected to a number of unique challenges, stressors, and barriers to high-quality psychol...