cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A newly found angiotensin II receptor subtype mediates cyclic GMP formation in differentiated Neuro-2A cells

Abstract In search of the functional role of the newly angiotensin II (Ang II) binding site which is expressed in differentiated Neuro-2A cells, we found that Ang II causes a marked stimulation of cGMP formation dose-dependently. The stimulation was blocked by the nonselective Ang II receptor antagonist [Sar 1 , Ile 8 ]Ang II but not by the AT 1 antagonist DuP 753 or the AT 2 antagonist PD 123319. These results suggest that Ang II increased cGMP level via a new Ang II receptor subtype in differentiated Neuro-2A cells.
The Combined Effects of Zafirlukast, Prednisone, and Inhaled Budesonide on IL-13 and IFN-γ Secretion

Therapy for asthma often includes the combined use of glucocorticoids and leukotriene receptor antagonists. The short-term, combined effects of these drugs on cytokine secretion and lymphocyte proliferation are ill-defined. The aim of this study was to analyze allergen and mitogen-induced cytokine secretion and lymphocyte proliferation in asthmatics and to determine the effect of combined therapy on these immune responses. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from mild, persistent adult asthmatics (n = 28) and analyzed for cat allergen (Fel d 1) and mitogen (phytohemagglutinin) induced IL-13 and IFN-γ secretion and lymphocyte proliferation. Samples were analyzed before and after 10 days of therapy with oral zafirlukast, prednisone (0.5 mg/kg/day), and inhaled budesonide (1600 mcg/day). Both Fel d 1 and mitogen stimulation resulted in IL-13 and IFN-γ secretion. Combination drug therapy resulted in a significant decrease in allergen-induced IFN-γ secretion (p = 0.018) and allergen-specific lymphocyte proliferation (p = 0.02), while IL-13 secretion was unchanged (p = 0.109). This study indicates a role for Th1 cytokines as well as Th2 cytokines in the allergic response.
Marketing visitor attractions: a segmentation study

This research revisits issues related to the travel behaviours of first-time versus repeat visitors to a destination, with a special focus on the impact that the repeat visitor segment has upon the paid-attraction sector. Healthy attractions are critically important to the success of a destination, but as this research notes, attractions have difficulty drawing guests in a repeat visitors-dominated market. Implications that should be of value to marketers and attraction management in any maturing tourism destination are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Test of the Agency Hypothesis in Women’s Cosmetic Surgery Usage

Women’s agency—their ability to make conscious choices and to act on them—is a central consideration in feminist theories of cosmetic surgery. Several key issues in this longstanding debate are how much external or coercive influence women experience (or acknowledge) in their choice to pursue surgery, whether they are aware of sexist ideology more so than non-recipients, and whether their choice to pursue surgery exemplifies a strong sense of self worth. To test this agency hypothesis, we draw on survey data from a volunteer sample of 202 adult women ages 19–86 years from the southern California region in the U.S. to compare cosmetic surgery recipients to non-recipients across these key socio-cultural and personal domains. Results reveal that cosmetic surgery recipients were more likely to have friends who had undergone cosmetic surgery, endorsed more covert sexist beliefs, exhibited greater media usage, and had higher household incomes, than non-recipients. Recipients also evidenced lower ratings in global self-esteem than non-recipients. These findings challenge some of the notions attendant to agency claims, and engage with conceptions of autonomy introduced in the feminist philosophical literature.
Optical and system design for THz medical imaging using spatially resolved hydration mapping

THz medical imaging has made significant advances in the years since the first results were published in the late 1990s. The field has benefited significantly from advances in source/detector technology, room temperature component operation, and extensive spectroscopic studies of the THz properties of tissue. Additionally, clinical translation of THz medical imaging technology in the US has been aided by the establishment of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) in 2000. While progress has been promising, wide scale clinical translation of THz technology has not yet materialized.
A version of a nuclear optical model code for small computers designed to run on a PDP-15

Abstract Title of program : OPTIX KSU 1 Catalogue number : ACRR Program obtainable from : CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. Ireland (see application form in this issue). Computer : PDP-15; Installation : Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA. Operating system : BF Programming language used : Fortran IV High speed storage required : 14K words No. of bits in a word : 18 for integer variable. 2 words per floating-point variable. Overlay structure : Overlaid No. of magnetic tapes required : 2 PDP DEC tapes Other peripherals used : Lineprinter, typewriter, storage oscilloscope images No. of card images in combined program and test deck : 3660 Card punching code : ASCII Reference to other published version of this program : Catalogue no.: Title: Ref. in CPC: ABOU OPTICS 5 (1973) 69
Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents with motor vehicle-related injuries.

ISSUES AND PURPOSE: Motor vehicle crashes account for the greatest number of childhood injuries, but there has been little study of the psychological responses. DESIGN AND METHODS: This longitudinal, descriptive study included 143 children 7 to 15 years of age who experienced a motor vehicle-related injury. Parents/guardians completed the Child Behavior Checklist Behavioral Problem Scale. Each child and parent completed the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) section of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents at 2 and 6 months postinjury. RESULTS: Twenty-two percent of the children met criteria for PTSD. There were no associations for presence or absence of PTSD with age, gender, race, injury, or cause of injury. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Children who are injured in motor vehicle crashes are at risk for PTSD. Anticipatory guidance about behavioral distress symptoms should be provided to parents of children who experience motor vehicle related injuries. Language: en
Cortical thinning in patients with late-life minor depression.

Objectives Clinically significant minor depression is among the most common mental disorders in the elderly individuals and is associated with considerable medical and psychosocial morbidity. Despite its clinical impact, the biological basis of minor depression in the elderly individuals remains poorly understood. The purpose of our current study was to examine cortical thickness in a sample of patients with late-life minor depression and non-depressed comparison subjects using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Design Cross-sectional analysis. Setting Community. Participants Patients (n = 16; mean age = 76.2 ± 7.5) met modified DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) criteria for minor depression and were free of other brain diseases. Healthy comparison subjects (HC; n = 16) were of comparable age and gender distribution. Measurements All subjects were scanned on a 1.5-Tesla GE scanner and brain regions were outlined using Freesurfer Image Analysis. Results Results show that patients with minor depression have cortical thinning in the right cingulate cortex compared to HC. Conclusions These findings indicate that abnormalities in specific structures and associated neural circuitry may underlie minor and major depression in the elderly individuals and the pathophysiological abnormalities are comparable in major and less severe forms of the disorder.
Characterization of organophosphorus hydrolases and the genetic manipulation of the phosphotriesterase from Pseudomonas diminuta.

There are a variety of enzymes which are specifically capable of hydrolyzing organophosphorus esters with different phosphoryl bonds from the typical phosphotriester bonds of common insecticidal neurotoxins (e.g. paraoxon or coumaphos) to the phosphonate-fluoride bonds of chemical warfare agents (e.g. soman or sarin). These enzymes comprise a diverse set of enzymes whose basic architecture and substrate specificities vary dramatically, yet they appear to be ubiquitous throughout nature. The most thoroughly studied of these enzymes is the organophosphate hydrolase (opd gene product) of Pseudomonas diminuta and Flavobacterium sp. ATCC 27551, and the heterologous expression, post-translational modification, and genetic engineering studies undertaken with this enzyme are described.
Role of Ocean in Global Warming

Based upon the results obtained from coupled ocean-atmosphere models of various complexities, this review explores the role of ocean in global warming. It shows that ocean can play a major role in delaying global warming and shaping its geographical distribution. It is very encouraging that many features of simulated change of the climate system have begun to agree with observation. However, it has been difficult to confirm the apparent agreement because the density and frequency of the observation are insufficient in many oceanic region of the world, in particular, in the Circumpolar Ocean of the Southern Hemisphere. It is therefore essential to intensify our effort to monitor not only at the surface but also in the subsurface layers of oceans.
Enhancing Terpene Yield from Sugars via Novel Routes to 1-Deoxy-d-Xylulose 5-Phosphate

Terpene synthesis in the majority of bacterial species, together with plant plastids, takes place via the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) pathway. The first step of this pathway involves the condensation of pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by DXP synthase (Dxs), with one-sixth of the carbon lost as CO2. A hypothetical novel route from a pentose phosphate to DXP (nDXP) could enable a more direct pathway from C5 sugars to terpenes and also circumvent regulatory mechanisms that control Dxs, but there is no enzyme known that can convert a sugar into its 1-deoxy equivalent. Employing a selection for complementation of a dxs deletion in Escherichia coli grown on xylose as the sole carbon source, we uncovered two candidate nDXP genes. Complementation was achieved either via overexpression of the wild-type E. coli yajO gene, annotated as a putative xylose reductase, or via various mutations in the native ribB gene. In vitro analysis performed with purified YajO and mutant RibB proteins revealed that DXP was synthesized in both cases from ribulose 5-phosphate (Ru5P). We demonstrate the utility of these genes for microbial terpene biosynthesis by engineering the DXP pathway in E. coli for production of the sesquiterpene bisabolene, a candidate biodiesel. To further improve flux into the pathway from Ru5P, nDXP enzymes were expressed as fusions to DXP reductase (Dxr), the second enzyme in the DXP pathway. Expression of a Dxr-RibB(G108S) fusion improved bisabolene titers more than 4-fold and alleviated accumulation of intracellular DXP.
Operators for recursion

Recursion is frequently used in functional programming languages. In LISP, it is the primary means of traversing data structures, and, along with COND, is instrumental in controlling program flow. In APL2, the generalization of arrays to include arrays of arrays encourages the use of recursion. This usage is enhanced by the generalization of, and extensions to, operators. In particular, the ability to define operators allows us to create operators which simplify the coding of recursive logic.This paper studies the use of operators to provide program control for solutions to problems which involve recursion. For the most part, iteration on the elements of a list is used to replace recursive function calls.The program control methods used in this paper are introduced in a companion paper, Operators for Program Control (Eusebi[3]). The reader is encouraged to read that paper first.
Koul-DeWet-type estimation in censored regression using the conditional empirical process

Abstract Assume that the random variables of interest obey a linear regression model and are randomly censored by independent censoring variables. We consider some minimum distance estimators of the slope parameter. These estimators are asymptotically normal at the assumed regression model and are also qualitatively robust against small Kolmogorov distance deviation from the model. They are adapted from the Koul-DeWet (Ann. Statist. 11 (1983), 921–932) estimators via a conditioning argument. As a result the conditions on the censoring distributions are very mild.
Origin of the ZnCl2 Effect on CH3ReO3/γ-Al2O3 in Olefin Metathesis

The origin of the promoting effect of ZnCl2 on CH3ReO3 supported on γ-Al2O3, resulting in a dramatic increase in its olefin metathesis activity, was investigated by elemental analysis, IR, NMR, EXAFS, and active site counting. Dispersed ZnCl2 enables the formation of more numerous Re active sites, which themselves have higher per-site activities. These sites also possess Re–Cl interactions.
Evidence-Based Medicine in Podiatric Residency Training

Evidence-based medicine--the use of "current best evidence" in making medical decisions--is becoming the standard system for health care delivery. In applying evidence-based medicine, the podiatric profession lags behind in several key ways. Major problems include a scarcity of high-level evidence for most podiatric issues and a lack of database resources that summarize the evidence for easy access. This lack of resources complicates the use of evidenced-based medicine as a teaching tool in podiatric residencies. Other complicating factors include high patient volumes, the need for multiple training sites, and limited control over faculty who are mostly volunteers with little or no formal training in educational methods.
SOA from methylglyoxal in clouds and wet aerosols: Measurement and prediction of key products

Abstract Aqueous OH radical oxidation of methylglyoxal in clouds and wet aerosols is a potentially important global and regional source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We quantify organic acid products of the aqueous reaction of methylglyoxal (30–3000 μM) and OH radical (approx. 4 × 10 −12 M), model their formation in the reaction vessel and investigate how the starting concentrations of precursors and the presence of acidic sulfate (0–840 μM) affect product formation. Predicted products were observed. The predicted temporal evolution of oxalic acid, pyruvic acid and total organic carbon matched observations at cloud relevant concentrations (30 μM), validating this methylglyoxal cloud chemistry, which is currently being implemented in some atmospheric models of SOA formation. The addition of sulfuric acid at cloud relevant concentrations had little effect on oxalic acid yields. At higher concentrations (3000 μM), predictions deviate from observations. Larger carboxylic acids (≥C 4 ) and other high molecular weight products become increasingly important as concentration increases, suggesting that small carboxylic acids are the major products in clouds while larger carboxylic acids and oligomers are important products in wet aerosols.
The Black Hawk War of 1832 – By Patrick J. Jung

In this book, the author provides a comprehensive analysis of the causes, the confrontations, and the aftermath of one of the last Native American wars fought east of the Mississippi River. The aut...
Loewen v. United States: The Burial of an Investor-State Arbitration Claim

THE ARBITRATION award rendered in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) arbitration Loewen Group International v. United States is remarkable in the contrasting reception it has received in the small community of arbitration practitioners and the American public at large. While the case was going on, non-governmental organizations, the media and political figures appeared acutely aware of the proceedings, mostly ranting that the case represented an ‘end run around the Constitution’ and a betrayal of American sovereignty to foreign corporate interests. Now that the award has been rendered and the case dismissed, such attention is conspicuously absent. There appears to be little jubilation, expressions of satisfaction, not even a short notice in the New York Times or other national press. Within the community of arbitration practitioners around the world, however, many quickly expressed disappointment and disagreement with the Laewen tribunal’s decision. Many wondered how a complaint that the arbitrators themselves recognized was substantively well founded, arising out of government measures that were clearly egregious, could be wholly dismissed. Prima facie , it seemed to some unlikely that the outcome of the case would have been the same had Mexico or Congo been the respondent rather than the United States. From this perception arose the question: if the United States managed to escape liability under an applicable investment treaty even in so extreme a case as Laewen , do arbitral tribunals hold capital exporting states to the same standards of investment protection as they do developing countries? In light of growing dissatisfaction in some quarters about the reasoning and consistency of international arbitral awards, the Laewen decision added a new note of cynicism into the debate. It would be ludicrous to suggest that such eminent arbitrators as Sir Anthony Mason and Lord Mustill are somehow dependent on the United States; …
Part 8: A review of good statistical practices☆

I T IS TIME to bring closure to this series of commentaries. It has been both an education and a pleasure for me to write this column. As I read through all of the issues of Journal of Rena/ Nutrition (JRN), I gained a great appreciation of the challenges that face professionals who work in the area of renal nutrition. I also read about the many serious health and economic problems faced by patients with renal disease. It has been rewarding to have a forum in which to urge investigators to adopt good statistical practices in such an important clinical area. Parts 1 through 7 contain several recurring themes: the importance of good planning, the need to link clinical significance with statistical significance, and the emphasis on reliability and validity in design and measurement. In part 1, “Involving a Statistician in Your Research Study,“’ investigators were encouraged to work with a statistician at the early planning stages of a study. A statistician can help to make the best use of limited resources. Some suggestions about how to locate a statistician and set up a good collaborative relationship were provided. In part 2, “How Many Subjects Should Be Enrolled in a Study?“* the important connection between results that have clinical significance and results that have statistical signifi-
Subsurface optical stimulation of the rat prostate nerves using continuous-wave near-infrared laser radiation

Successful identification and preservation of the cavernous nerves (CN), which are responsible for sexual function, during prostate cancer surgery, will require subsurface detection of the CN beneath a thin fascia layer. This study explores optical nerve stimulation (ONS) in the rat with a fascia layer placed over the CN. Two near-IR diode lasers (1455 nm and 1550 nm lasers) were used to stimulate the CN in CW mode with a 1-mm-diameter spot in 8 rats. The 1455 nm wavelength provides an optical penetration depth (OPD) of ~350 μm, while 1550 nm provides an OPD of ~1000 μm (~3 times deeper than 1455 nm and 1870 nm wavelengths previously tested). Fascia layers with thicknesses of 85 - 600 μm were placed over the CN. Successful ONS was confirmed by an intracavernous pressure (ICP) response in the rat penis at 1455 nm through fascia 110 μm thick and at 1550 nm through fascia 450 μm thick. Higher incident laser power was necessary and weaker and slower ICP responses were observed as fascia thickness was increased. Subsurface ONS of the rat CN at a depth of 450 μm using a 1550 nm laser is feasible.
Relationship between carbohydrate movement and the symbiosis in lichens with green algae

When isolated in pure culture, four genera of lichen algae were able to produce the polyol which is known to move from the alga to the fungus in lichens with these algae. This conclusion corrects earlier suggestions that the mobile polyol is only formed by the alga in the lichen thallus. Stichococcus produced sorbitol and it is therefore suggested that, in lichens with this alga, sorbitol moves between the symbionts. Hyalococcus and Stichococcus had a similar pattern of incorporation of H14CO 3 - in the light, suggesting a close relationship between these algae which are only separated now on morphological grounds.
Evolving on purpose: Results of a qualitative study to explore how public youth system reform advocates apply anti-oppressive practice frameworks in a collaborative training and action process:

The anti-oppressive practice (AOP) framework focuses on structural inequity and power relations, employing liberatory methods toward social justice goals. This article reports on a national trainin...
POLYNOMIALS THAT KILL EACH ELEMENT OF A FINITE RING

Given a finite (associative, unital) ring R, let K(R) denote the set of polynomials in R[x] that send each element of R to 0 under evaluation. We study K(R) and its elements. We conjecture that K(R) is a two-sided ideal of R[x] for any finite ring R, and prove the conjecture for several classes of finite rings (including commutative rings, semisimple rings, local rings, and all finite rings of odd order). We also examine a connection to sets of integer-valued polynomials.
EFFECT OF PERCEIVED BRIGHTNESS ON PERCEIVED TIME

When light intensity demarcating a 1-sec. interval was increased, there was an increase in the perceived duration of the interval. The increase in perceived duration occurred whether the light intensity was physically increased or perceptually increased through brightness enhancement.
Differential glucocorticoid responses of CYP3A23 and CYP3A2 are mediated by selective binding of orphan nuclear receptors.

Abstract CYP3A2 and CYP3A23 are two cytochrome P450 genes in rat that are differentially regulated in both their constitutive activities and their responsiveness to glucocorticoids, the prototypic CYP3A inducers. CYP3A2 displays 20–25% of the response to glucocorticoids as CYP3A23 despite extensive sequence homology in their 5′-regulatory regions. Promoter deletion analyses revealed that the CYP3A2 -57 to -168 region, homologous to the CYP3A23 dexamethasone-responsive region, mediated its low level activation. When this region was analyzed by DNase I footprinting, three binding sites were shown to correspond to the functional elements described for CYP3A23: DexRE-1, DexRE-2, and Site A (J. M. Huss and C. B. Kasper (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273: 16155–16162). The CYP3A2 DexRE-2 and Site A elements bear two mismatches each from the CYP3A23 elements but displayed similar binding patterns in footprinting and gel-shift analyses as their CYP3A23 counterparts. The region containing 3A2DexRE-1 has six mismatches and displayed unique footprinting and gel-shift patterns compared to 3A23DexRE-1. Functional assays revealed that four mismatches within the DexRE-1 and DexRE-2 elements accounted for the differential inducibility of the two isoforms. We propose that the reduced responsiveness of CYP3A2 is the result of preferential binding of COUP-TF at the CYP3A2 DexRE-1 site. In contrast, CYP3A23 DexRE-1 associates with an accessory factor(s) that acts in concert with downstream sites to mediate the strong glucocorticoid induction response observed for CYP3A23. Site A mismatches did not influence induction magnitude but were responsible for basal activity differences. Higher CYP3A23 basal activity appears to be due to an E-box in 3A23SiteA that interacts with USF1, a ubiquitous bHLH/leucine zipper transcription factor. This site is disrupted in the corresponding 3A2SiteA. Hence, 4 nucleotide mismatches within two elements account for the difference in glucocorticoid induction, and a single mismatch is responsible for the fivefold difference in the basal activities of CYP3A2 and CYP3A23.
Saccharin derivatives v. Synthesis of 5‐aminosaccharin and related compounds

The synthesis of the following compounds is reported: 5-nitrosaccharin, 5-aminosaccharin, 5-acetamidosaccharin, 2-methyl-5-nitrosaccharin, and 2-ethyl-5-nitrosaccharin. These substances lacked a sweet taste, being either bitter or tasteless.
The Lichtenstein Open "Tension-Free" Mesh Repair of Inguinal Hernias

All standard methods of hernia repair involve suturing together tissues which are not normally in apposition. This violates the basic surgical principle that tissue must never be approximated under tension and thus accounts for an unacceptable number of failures. A total reinforcement of the inguinal floor with a sheet of suitable biomaterial and the employment of a “tension-free” technique is a more effective approach. Since June 1984, 4,000 primary inguinal hernias have been repaired on an outpatient basis and under local anesthesia at the Lichtenstein Hernia Institute by the open “tension-free” technique using Marlex mesh. The patients were followed from 1 to 11 years by physician examination. The follow-up rate was 87%. There were four recurrences. The causes of recurrence and how to avoid them are herein discussed. Three of the recurrences occurred at the public tubercle and were caused by placing the mesh in juxtaposition to the tubercle. This error has since been corrected by overlapping the mesh at the public bone. One recurrence was caused by a disruption of the lower edge of the mesh from the shelving margin of Poupart's ligament. The error here was the utilization of a patch that was too narrow and therefore under tension. It became apparent that a wider patch, fixed in place with an appropriate degree of laxity, was required.
Self-Reported Leadership Styles of Deans of Baccalaureate and Higher Degree Nursing Programs in the United States

Over the past decade there has been a lack of attention in the discipline paid to developing strong academic leaders. It is widely acknowledged that the role of the dean has shifted dramatically over the past two decades, with an increasing emphasis on interaction with and accountability to external constituencies at the university, community, and national levels. The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the self-reported leadership styles, behaviors, and experiences of deans of schools of nursing in the United States. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was sent to 655 deans who were members of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing; 344 returned completed surveys for a return rate of 52.5%. Scores on the transformational scale ( n = 321; 20 items) ranged from 2.75 to 4.0, with a mean of 3.79; transactional scores ranged from 1.3 to 4.0, with a mean of 3.3 and mode of 3.5. The passive leadership component was lowest, with a range of 0 to 3.75, mean of 1.1, and mode of 1.0. The highest scores for each dean were then examined and compared across the three components. Seventy-seven percent of the deans' highest scores fell on the transformational, 21% on the transactional, and 2% on the passive–avoidant scale. There were no significant differences in the most commonly reported leadership behaviors by gender, ethnicity, or terminal degree. Deans of nursing, compared with over 3,000 other leaders who have completed the MLQ, ranked in the 80th percentile for self-reported transformative behaviors and outcomes effectiveness. The findings from this sample, who were predominantly female, are congruent with previous research on women leaders. Recommendations for future research leadership development programs are presented.
An electrochemical study of corrosive wear of phosphate grinding mill

The corrosion of metallic grinding media and mill liner is a very significant problem, particularly under acidic conditions as encountered in the Florida phosphate fertilizer industry. Approximately half of grinding media wear results from corrosion or oxidation dissolution of metal surfaces. An electrochemical cathodic protection process based on impressed current was investigated to reduce wear rates of metals by reducing their electrochemical potentials with excess electrons. The polarization potential and current density required to minimize corrosion were determined using a specially designed ball mill whose electrochemical potential can be controlled. Phosphate grinding tests under controlled electrochemical conditions show that the corrosive wear can be reduced by more than 90% and the overall wear rate by more than 50%. SEM, EDS, and XRD studies were conducted to understand process fundamentals.
Abstract A66: A Comparison of Helical Tomotherapy with Standard Radiotherapy Treatment Planning (AP/PA) in Patients with Wilms' Tumor and Ewing's Sarcoma

Purpose/Objective: Radiation carries the risk of inducing complications directly linked to the amount absorbed by tissues. In this initial study, we compare the helical tomotherapy with standard(AP/PA) radiotherapy treatment for pediatric patients with lung metastasis associated with Wilms' tumor and Ewing's sarcoma. We hypothesize that helical tomotherapy will allow for more effective tumoricidal irradiation while minimizing harmful radiation to proximate sensitive structures. Methods/Materials: The full body CT-scans from pediatrics patients were used to compare two radiotherapy techniques. Treatment plans were designed using HiArt- Tomotherapy and Eclipse planning systems for AP/PA traditional external beam radiotherapy with 12Gy/10x to PTV lung. Optimization was pushed for higher avoidance and data extracted for paired t–test analysis. Results: The volume prescription dose (V12) in both plans showed no significant differences. However, doses of the lung and spinal column were more homogenous in the helical tomotherapy than the AP/PA. There was a statistical significance (p<0.05) at V10 for the esophagus, breast buds, heart, l. kidney, spinal column and thyroid but no significance for r. kidney and spinal cord. At V5 there were no significance for r. kidney, l. kidney and esophagus but all other avoidant structures were statistically significant. The long term effects of these dose volumes is presently little studied. Conclusion: Overall, it was observed that the helical tomotherapy is better for treating volumes that minimize dose to normal tissues and supply uniform doses when needed. As treatment techniques are refined, there is an increased need to understand the effects of lower doses on pediatric tissue. Citation Format: Kofi Sarfo-Kantanka, Richard Crilly, Logan Moll. A comparison of helical tomotherapy with standard radiotherapy treatment planning (AP/PA) in patients with Wilms' tumor and Ewing's sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A66.
Light acclimation optimizes leaf functional traits despite height-related constraints in a canopy shading experiment

Within-canopy gradients of leaf functional traits have been linked to both light availability and vertical gradients in leaf water potential. While observational studies can reveal patterns in leaf traits, within-canopy experimental manipulations can provide mechanistic insight to tease apart multiple interacting drivers. Our objectives were to disentangle effects of height and light environment on leaf functional traits by experimentally shading branches along vertical gradients within a sugar maple (Acer saccharum) forest. Shading reduced leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf density, area-based leaf nitrogen (N(area)), and carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio, and increased mass-based leaf nitrogen (N(mass)), highlighting the importance of light availability on leaf morphology and chemistry. Early in the growing season, midday leaf water potential (Ψ(mid)), LMA, and N(area) were driven primarily by height; later in the growing season, light became the most important driver for LMA and Narea. Carbon isotope composition (δ(13)C) displayed strong, linear correlations with height throughout the growing season, but did not change with shading, implying that height is more influential than light on water use efficiency and stomatal behavior. LMA, leaf density, N(mass), C:N ratio, and δ(13)C all changed seasonally, suggesting that leaf ageing effects on leaf functional traits are equally as important as microclimatic conditions. Overall, our results indicate that: (1) stomatal sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit or Ψ(mid) constrains the supply of CO2 to leaves at higher heights, independent of light environment, and (2) LMA and N(area) distributions become functionally optimized through morphological acclimation to light with increasing leaf age despite height-related constraints.
TAMO: a flexible, object-oriented framework for analyzing transcriptional regulation using DNA-sequence motifs

Summary: TAMO (Tools for Analysis of MOtifs) is an object-oriented computational framework for interpreting transcriptional regulation using DNA-sequence motifs. To simplify the application of multiple motif discovery programs to genome-wide data, TAMO provides a sophisticated motif object with interfaces to several popular programs. In addition, TAMO provides modules for integrating motif analysis with diverse data sources including genomic sequences, microarrays and various databases. Finally, TAMO includes tools for sequence analysis, algorithms for scoring, comparing and clustering motifs, and several useful statistical tests. Recently, we have applied these tools to analyze tens of thousands of motifs derived from hundreds of microarray experiments. Availability: TAMO is a Python/C++ package and requires Python 2.3 or higher. Source code and documentation are available at http://web.wi.mit.edu/fraenkel/TAMO/ Contact: efraenkel@wi.mit.edu
Looking at digital library usability from a reuse perspective

The need for information systems to support the dissemination and reus e of educational resources has sparked a number of large-scale digital library efforts. This article describes usability findings from one such project - the Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE) - focusing on its role in the process of educational resource reuse. Drawing upon a reuse model developed in the domain of software engineering, the reuse cycle is broken down into five stages: formulation of a reuse intention, location, comprehension, modification, and sharing. Using this model to analyze user studies in the DLESE project, several implications for library system design and library outreach activities are highlighted. One finding is that resource reuse occurs at different stages in the educational design process, and each stage imposes different and possibly conflicting requirements on digital library design. Another finding is that reuse is a distributed process across several artifacts, both within and outside of the library itself. In order for reuse to be successful, a usability line cannot be drawn at the library boundary, but instead must encompass both the library system and the educational resources themselves.
Tracking Economic Change with Ambiguous Tools: Soviet Planning, 1928–1991

The articles by Harrison and Allen that follow deal with a major episode in economic history, one that offers both rich empirical evidence and challenging theoretic problems. It is now possible to conduct an economic post mortem on seven turbulent decades in the experience of the very large economy that made up the Soviet Union, and these articles examine some key operational issues lying at the heart of that experience. Readers will find the best introduction to these issues in Paul Gregory's masterly monograph, Before Command . My task here is limited to identifying the context for the intellectual action on the stage.
On the Syntax of Sentences-in-Progress.

This article describes how it could be possible for two participants engaged in conversation to jointly produce a single syntactic unit such as a sentence. From an inspection of sentence types that are achieved through such joint production, it was determined that participants have available a single utterance construction format. This format, the compound turn-constructional unit format, may be a component of a socially construed syntax-for-conversation. It can be constituted by a wide range of interactionally relevant features of talk in interaction that reveal an emerging utterance as a multiple component turn-constructional unit. The compound turn-constructional unit format is primarily a resource for turn-taking. It can be used to project the next proper place for speaker change. However, it concomitantly provides the resources needed to complete the utterance-in-progress of another participant, thus allowing for the construction of a single sentence across the talk of two speakers. (Conversation, interaction, recognizable activity)
Interference between object-based attention and object-based memory.

Research has shown that there are at least two kinds of visual selective attention: location based and object based. In the present study, we sought to determine the locus of spatially invariant object-based selection using a dual-task paradigm. In four experiments, observers performed an attention task (object feature report or visual search) with a concurrent memory task (object memory or spatial memory). Object memory was interfered with more by a concurrent object-based attention task than by a concurrent location-based attention task. However, this interference pattern was reversed for spatial memory, with greater interference by a location-based attention task than by an object-based attention task. These findings suggest that object-based attention and locationbased attention are functionally dissociable and that some forms of object-based selection operate within visual short-term memory.
Temperature-mediated processes in teleost immunity: in vitro immunosuppression induced by in vivo low temperature in channel catfish.

Abstract In an attempt to understand the interrelationships between environmental temperature and immune competence, channel catfish in the laboratory were subjected to a rapid change in water temperature in order to mimic conditions which might be encountered in commercial ponds during the winter months and subsequently examined for a variety of immune parameters. The results indicated that lowering the water temperature from 23 to 11°C over a 24 h period suppressed both B and T cell functions for 3–5 weeks as assessed by in vitro responses. Furthermore, this form of suppression was not a typical stress-induced response, i.e. blood serum chemistry and lymphocyte and neutrophil compositions did not change in a manner reminiscent of transport-induced stress. Collectively these results indicate that channel catfish are probably immunocompromized during the winter months and consequently it seems plausible that many of the fish losses associated with the syndrome termed “winter kill” may be attributable, at least in part, to a low temperature-induced immuno-deficient state.
Cloning and characterization of a single-chain fragment of monoclonal antibody to ACE suitable for lung endothelial targeting

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) 9B9 to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) demonstrates selective accumulation in lung tissue of the rat, hamster, cat, monkey and human after systemic injection. It has also been demonstrated that mAb 9B9 is the useful tool for targeting therapeutic agents or genes to lung endothelium. In this study, we describe the generation and characterization of a single-chain derivative (scFv) of mAb9B9 (scFv 9B9). In vitro, scFv9B9 retains the ability of the parental antibody to recognize human and rat ACE when expressed both on the surface of phage and as a soluble protein in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems. The ability of scFv 9B9 presented by phage or the soluble protein labeled with I(125) to recognize ACE in the pulmonary circulation was also confirmed in an in vivo rat model. Sequence analysis revealed a putative glycosylation site in close proximity to the complementarity determining region 2 (CDR2) of the scFv 9B9 heavy chain. Mutation of Asn68 to Gln in the heavy chain of scFv 9B9 eliminated the glycosylation site and significantly improved the binding affinity of scFv 9B9 to human ACE as determined by cell ELISA and Western Blot. Moreover, Asn68Gln scFv 9B9 showed a greater rate of secretion at 30°C than wild type scFv 9B9, but had a decreased thermal stability at 37°C. The development of a stable and functional single-chain format of mAb 9B9 which specifically recognizes human and rat ACE represents a novel antibody-based reagent suitable for targeted delivery of drugs/genes to the pulmonary circulation.
The Effect of Changes in Physical Activity on Sedentary Behavior: Results From a Randomized Lifestyle Intervention Trial.

Abstract Purpose. To investigate whether changes in physical activity (PA) have an impact on sedentary behavior (SB) during a lifestyle intervention. Design. Study design was a randomized trial. Setting/Subjects. Participants (n = 204) were individuals with low PA and high sedentary leisure screen time from the Chicago area. Intervention. Participants were randomized to either increase PA (iPA) or decrease sedentary leisure (dSED). The intervention consisted of decision support, coaching, and financial incentives. For iPA participants, the goal was at least 60 min/d of self-reported moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA). For dSED participants the goal was less than 90 min/d of sedentary leisure screen time. Measures. Daily accelerometer-based measures of SB and bout-corrected MVPA were obtained. Analysis. Linear mixed-effects models were fit to estimate the effect of the intervention on MVPA and total SB and to estimate the effect of daily changes in MVPA on daily SB. Results. The iPA participants incr...
Development and industrial application of catalyzer for low-temperature hydrogenation hydrolysis of Claus tail gas

Abstract With the implementation of more strict national environmental protection laws, energy conservation, emission reduction and clean production will present higher requirements for sulfur recovery tail gas processing techniques and catalyzers. As for Claus tail gas, conventional hydrogenation catalyzers are gradually being replaced by low-temperature hydrogenation catalyzers. This paper concentrates on the development of technologies for low-temperature hydrogenation hydrolysis catalyzers, preparation of such catalyzers and their industrial application. In view of the specific features of SO 2 hydrogenation and organic sulfur hydrolysis during low-temperature hydrogenation, a new technical process involving joint application of hydrogenation catalyzers and hydrolysis catalyzers was proposed. In addition, low-temperature hydrogenation catalyzers and low-temperature hydrolysis catalyzers suitable for low-temperature conditions were developed. Joint application of these two kinds of catalyzers may reduce the inlet temperatures in the conventional hydrogenation reactors from 280 °C to 220 °C, at the same time, hydrogenation conversion rates of SO 2 can be enhanced to over 99%. To further accelerate the hydrolysis rate of organic sulfur, the catalyzers for hydrolysis of low-temperature organic sulfur were developed. In lab tests, the volume ratio of the total sulfur content in tail gas can be as low as 131 × 10 −6 when these two kinds of catalyzers were used in a proportion of 5:5 in volumes. Industrial application of these catalyzers was implemented in 17 sulfur recovery tail gas processing facilities of 15 companies. As a result, Sinopec Jinling Petrochemical Company had outstanding application performances with a tail gas discharging rate lower than 77.9 mg/m 3 and a total sulfur recovery of 99.97%.
Police Killings and Police Deaths Are Public Health Data and Can Be Counted

Nancy Krieger and colleagues argue that law-enforcement-related deaths in the United States should be treated as notifiable conditions, which would allow public health departments to report these data in real-time.
Gender differences in associations between neurocognitive impairment and cocaine use among high-risk cocaine-dependent methadone-maintained patients

reuptake, the potential for misuse and abuse should be considered. This exploratory study assessed CTN’s abuse potential in recreational stimulant users. Methods: In this double-blind, randomized 5-way crossover study, 36 recreational stimulant users received single oral doses of CTN (400 and 800mg), damphetamine (d-AMP 40mg), lisdexamfetamine (LDX 150mg) and placebo. Eligible subjects passed a qualification session to ensure they could discriminate and like the effects of dAMP. In the treatment phase, subjective effects (visual analog scales [VAS], Addiction Research Center Inventory [ARCI] scales) and safety measures were assessed up to 24h after each dose. Results:Maximum Drug Liking VAS (DL Emax) was significantly higher for d-AMP and LDX vs. placebo (p<0.05), confirming study validity. DL Emax for CTNwas higher than placebo and numerically, but not statistically lower than dAMP and LDX. MinimumDL (Emin) for CTN was significantly lower compared to placebo, dAMP and LDX, indicating significant disliking. Bad Effects and Nausea VAS scores revealed distinct aversive effects of CTN compared with dAMP, LDX and placebo. CTN had significantly lower Emax scores on ARCI Amphetamine and ARCI Benzedrine Group scales compared with d-AMP and LDX. CTN was associated with a higher incidence of nausea (e.g., 56.3% at 800mg) and emesis (59.4%) vs. d-AMP, LDX and placebo (0–3%). Conclusions: These exploratory results indicate that CTN’s subjective effects profile is distinct from that of dAMP and LDX, and suggest a lower abuse potential compared with these typical stimulants. Financial support: Neurovance, Inc.
Changing concepts in management of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma: the 2003 J. Howard Stokes Lecture, Part 1.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To review trends in the management of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH) and to propose treatment guidelines based on review of recent literature and the authors' personal experience with more than 250 METHOD The English-language literature on the management of CCH was reviewed, with emphasis on changing concepts in recent years. RESULTS Xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation and thermotherapy have been used to treat CCH with localized retinal detachment, but there has recently been enthusiasm for photodynamic therapy (PDT) using fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography to monitor subretinal fluid and cystoid retinal edema before and after treatment. Tumors with extensive retinal detachment have been managed by surgical attempts at retinal reattachment followed by photocoagulation or cryotherapy, and more recently by radiotherapy. Management currently includes observation, argon laser photocoagulation, transpupillary thermotherapy, PDT, and radiotherapy. Enucleation may be necessary in rare cases. The goal of treatment should be to induce resolution of existing retinal detachment and to improve or stabilize visual loss. CONCLUSIONS There is increasing use of PDT for CCH with localized retinal detachment and radiotherapy for CCH with more extensive detachment. Although follow-up is short, current methods may achieve better tumor control and better visual outcome. However, caution is advised because long-term follow-up is still not available.