cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multidimensional signal detection decision models of the uncertainty task: Application to face perception

Abstract The uncertainty paradigm has been used in vision research to evaluate whether stimulus components are processed independently or not. The paradigm consists of several experimental conditions from which sensitivity indices are estimated and combined to provide evidence for or against the independence of stimulus components in perception. In typical applications, a multicomponent stimulus differs in one of its components from a standard value and the observer needs to decide if the change is an increment or decrement. In the certainty condition, the observer knows which component will contain the change; in the uncertainty condition, the component that differs from standard is unknown. Performance across the two conditions can be compared to that which is predicted by independence of components. The mathematical foundations upon which performance indices are related to component independence have been inadequately examined in previous applications and we clarify many of these concepts here. We derive predictions for observer sensitivity in the uncertainty condition and a relative measure, root-mean-square (RMS) that incorporates both uncertainty and certainty performance for three major decision models using a signal detection theory framework: a distance-classifier, the optimal decision model, and a decisionally separable (“independent” decisions) strategy. We also consider, using these decision models, implications for sensitivity and RMS when stimulus components are perceptually correlated. We present data from an experiment involving the perception of facial features in order to demonstrate how to apply the theoretical results.
Induction of micronuclei in maize root-tip cells and a correlation with forward mutation at the yg2 locus

A standard protocol for a micronucleus assay in root tips of Zea mays was developed and calibrated using 137Cs gamma radiation, ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS), and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). The root tips were sampled 1, 3, and 5 days after the treatment period. Primary root tips (sampled 1 day after treatment) were the most responsive with the highest frequencies of micronuclei. The frequencies then decreased to control values after 3 days. By treating the same kernels for this assay and the yellow-green-2 (yg2) forward mutation assay, it was possible to analyze and compare the induction kinetics of micronuclei formation in root-tip cells and forward mutation at the yg2 locus in leaf primordial cells. Forward mutation at the yg2 locus by gamma rays, EMS, or ENU exhibited one hit kinetics. The induction of micronuclei demonstrated nonlinear kinetics with a significant increase over controls above 200 rads gamma rays, 10 mM EMS, or 250 microM ENU. ENU induced a higher frequency of micronuclei at all treatment concentrations than did gamma radiation or EMS. The data suggest that a higher relative proportion of yg2 mutant sectors induced by ENU may be due to chromosome aberrations than those induced by gamma radiation or EMS.
Dicationic Palladium(II) Complexes as Active Lewis Acid Catalysts for Polarized Nazarov Cyclization

Two new bidentate phosphonamidite ligands − 1,2-bis((3αS)-3,3-diphenyltetrahydro-2-oxa-6α-aza-1-phosphapentaleno)ethane, L1, and 1,2-bis((3αS)-3,3-diphenyltetrahydro-2-oxa-6α-aza-1-phosphapentaleno)benzene, L2 − were prepared from (S)-α,α-diphenylprolinol and either 1,2-bis(dichlorophosphino)ethane or 1,2-bis(dichlorophosphino)benzene, respectively. Reactions of L1 and L2 with one equivalent of Pd(PhCN)2Cl2 in dichloromethane result in the formation of the neutral complexes Pd(L1-P,P)Cl2, 2, and Pd(L2-P,P)Cl2, 3, in good yields (85% and 92%, respectively). Complexes 2 and 3 were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, and X-ray crystallography. Chloride abstraction from 1 and 2 using two equivalents of AgSbF6 in the presence of excess diethylisopropylidene malonate (DIM) leads to the formation of the respective dicationic palladium complexes [Pd(L1-P,P)(DIM)][SbF6]2, 4, and [Pd(L2-P,P)(DIM)][SbF6]2, 5. As a result of the cationic nature of 4 and 5 and the labile coordination of DIM, t...
Confinement Effects On The Scattering Of Electrons By Polar Optical Phonons In Semiconductor Quantum Wells

The non-commutation relationship between the Hamiltonian of the system and the electron momentum operator in the confinement z-direction was taken into account using random variables in the calculation of electron scattering by polar optical phonons in quantum wells. The rate at the onset of phonon emission is found to be 3 times smaller than previously reported. Furthermore, this rate becomes an increasing function of initial electron energy instead of a decreasing function.
Epidemiology of Fragility Fractures

As the world population of older adults-in particular those over age 85-increases, the incidence of fragility fractures will also increase. It is predicted that the worldwide incidence of hip fractures will grow to 6.3 million yearly by 2050. Fractures result in significant financial and personal costs. Older adults who sustain fractures are at risk for functional decline and mortality, both as a function of fractures and their complications and of the frailty of the patients who sustain fractures. Identifying individuals at high risk provides an opportunity for both primary and secondary prevention.
Application of strong permittivity fluctuation theory for isotropic, cubically nonlinear, composite mediums

A simple formula derived from the strong permittivity fluctuation theory (SPFT) is shown to provide a correction to the Bruggeman formalism for isotropic, cubically nonlinear, composite mediums by making use of the correlation length, a second-order statistic of the distribution of the two component material phases. The larger the correlation length, the larger are the differences between the estimates of the linear and the nonlinear dielectric properties of the homogenized composite medium provided by the two formalisms. The SPFT predicts attenuation and downgrades the possibility of nonlinearity enhancement, relative to the Bruggeman formalism.
The detection of murine autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease using real-time ultrasound

Using currently available ultrasound equipment, 38 BPK and CPK mice were evaluated at 7 days of age for the presence of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). The kidneys were less echogenic than adjacent soft tissues and measured between 5.1 and 6.3 mm from pole to pole in 32 unaffected mice and 1 with ARPKD. In 5 mice with ARPKD, the kidneys were similar in echogenicity to adjacent soft tissues and measured between 6.9 and 8.4 mm from pole to pole. Renal sonography is able to identify most mice with polycystic kidney disease prior to the development of abdominal enlargement and laboratory abnormalities, and shows promise for future applications in animal research.
Can Diversification be Learned

We investigate the role of financial education in household portfolio allocation decisions using data from a survey of 1,382 professors at universities across the United States. The results suggest that knowledge of diversification increases the likelihood that investors will efficiently allocate their investments across the major asset classes as well as invest in foreign assets. However, we find that investors with advanced knowledge of finance still tend to hold undiversified equity portfolios.
Management of pulmonary

There are an increasing number of patients with moderate to severe pulmonary regurgitation who develop right ventricle dysfunction, with associated symptoms of fatigue and exercise intolerance, after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Critical longitudinal follow-up of these patients is needed, with assessment by clinical and laboratory studies of right ventricular size, function, and exercise capability. Pulmonary valve replacement is recommended before significant right ventricular dysfunction occurs. The search for an ideal valve to use in this condition continues.
The Upshur inquiry: Lost lessons of the great experiment

Lost for almost 160 years, a misplaced American consular report recently discovered among private manuscripts held by the College of William and Mary's Earl Gregg Swem Library sheds valuable light on a chapter of Atlantic history long dimly lit. Here excerpted at length, the report comprises a meticulous analysis of the West Indian free-labor experiment implemented by Britain's Slavery Abolition Act of 1833. Compiled at the instruction of a high-ranking American officeholder with influential ties in the slaveholding American South, the report was meant to pinpoint economic rationale of British antislavery policies at the precise moment Americans moved to annex the Republic of Texas. Not by coincidence, the report spoke also to the future of American slavery.
cAMP‐Dependent protein kinase modulates expression and subcellular localization of Dolichos biflorus agglutinin binding sites in renal epithelial cells

Previous studies demonstrated that, upon attaining confluence, a clone of the renal epithelial cell, LLC-PK1, expressed progressively binding sites for the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) at the apical cell surface. Activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase enhanced surface expression dramatically. The goal of this study was to define the process leading to surface expression of DBA binding sites and to investigate further the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in modulating surface expression. Both subconfluent and confluent cells exhibited intracellular DBA binding sites (50-70% of total cellular binding sites) in a perinuclear vesicular compartment which was disrupted by Brefeldin A treatment. Both total cellular content and the proportion of DBA binding sites at the cell surface increased modestly after confluence was attained. A 48 h treatment of cells with 1-methyl-3-isobutyl xanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, dramatically increased the level of cellular DBA binding sites as well as the proportion of DBA binding sites at the cell surface. Analysis of two mutants of this cell line suggests that the effect of 1-methyl-3-isobutyl xanthine requires cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity but is not due to cAMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated activation of gene transcription.
Interactions of canine leukocytes with a liposome carrier vehicle for triiodothryonine

Abstract The interactions of canine mononuclear cells with a triiodothryonine liposome carrier composed of Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine:Cholesterol:Dicetylphosphate (molar ratio 7:2:1) indicate that the delivery vehicle is non-toxic. Results demonstrate no measurable non-specific delivery to non-phagocytosing cells and a 26% uptake by phagocytosing cells with no decrease in cell viability. Results also demonstrate that the liposome carrier containing triiodothryonine does not cause immunosuppression of canine lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin.
The Social Construction of the 'At-risk' Child

Abstract The ‘at‐risk’ child has become a topic of increasing concern to American educators. It has been estimated that fully one‐third of all school‐age children are currently at risk for academic failure, and a recent report on pre‐school‐age children suggests that all are at risk to some degree. This article explores contemporary constructions and constructions over time in an effort to deconstruct the notion of the ‘at‐risk’ child and to examine how meaning is produced and to what end. The theoretical and historical material provide a framework in which data from a statewide survey of school administrators, regarding their preferences for pre‐kindergarten programs, are interpreted.
Myelin lipids in Wallerian degeneration of the rabbit optic nerve

Wallerian degeneration of the rabbit optic nerve was produced by enucleation and the myelin output as well as its lipid composition were studied. In spite of the marked drop in the myelin mass, occurring very soon after enucleation the lipid composition of the corresponding myelin fractions did not change appreciably, phosphatidylcholine being the most resistant lipid species. However, from the very beginning of the degenerating process there appeared in the myelin lipid spectrum marked amounts of cholesteryl esters and phosphatidic acids and in the later period elevated amounts of lysophosphatidylcholine. Enhanced esterification of cholesterol could function as an early primary factor injuring the myelin membrane, the lysocompounds may be involved at a later stage in the pathomechanism of myelin decomposition in the central nervous system.
Global Television and the Transformation of the Olympics: The 1984 Los Angeles Games

The 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles witnessed a transformation in the economic, political and cultural dynamics of the modern Olympic movement. By the 1980s many observers worried that the Olympics tottered on the verge of extinction. Plagued by boycotts, terrorism and intractable national rivalries and beset by financial shortfalls, cost overruns and the expenditure of vast sums for ‘white elephant’ facilities, the list of potential suitors for hosting the games dwindled until only Los Angeles remained. The world had seemingly abandoned the Olympics as too costly and too controversial. Indeed, some forecasters predicted that Los Angeles would signal the death-knell of the modern games. Instead, the organisers of the Los Angeles Olympics transformed the economic, political and cultural dynamics of the games. Fuelled by television broadcasting funds and the billions of viewers that the medium brought to the spectacle, the Olympics in 1984 became a fundamental element in the emergence in the second half of the...
A Note on Optimization of Deviated Well Drilling Angles

A simple illustration is employed to show that the optimal angle one should use to drill an exploration well is dependent on two major factors: (i) the depth distribution anticipated for hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs in a particular exploration setting; (ii) whether the borelength, L, approved for drilling is long enough to more than encompass the depth, H, at which the anticipated reservoir distribution reaches its average value. If both conditions are estimated to be satisfied, then one should drill a deviated hole at an angle θ with respect to the vertical given by cosθ =H/L, This angle minimizes the probability that one will not encounter a hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir. If the second condition is not expected to be satisfied, then a vertical borehole represents the best chance of minimizing the probability of not encountering a reservoir. Using the general procedure illustrated here, historical databases in analogous geological settings can be used to sharpen the estimate of optimized drilling angle.
Noninductive plasma initiation and startup in the DIII-D tokamak

Noninductive plasma startup with second harmonic electron cyclotron heating has been studied in DIII-D. Plasma currents up to 33 kA have been obtained in this phase. The maximum current obtained was primarily limited by the experimental time and does not necessarily represent the highest achievable current. The dominant physical mechanism for the observed current is the Pfirsch–Schluter current on open field lines. Closed flux surfaces have been observed, but in a rather limited region, compared with previous experiments in spherical tokamaks. This method of plasma initiation and initial current ramp might be used in future burning plasma devices in conjunction with other current drive techniques to provide a fully noninductive startup.
Irreversible inhibition of thymidylate synthetase by 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridylic acid.

Summary The thymidylate synthetases from E. coli B and L. casei are rapidly and irreversibly inactivated upon incubation with 5-formyl-2′-deoxyuridylic acid. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that the inactivation proceeds via initial complexation of the inhibitor at the active site. From chemical considerations, it is suggested that a Schiff base is formed between the inhibitor and a primary amino group of the enzyme. Implications with regard to catalysis are discussed.
Instructional design for advanced learners: training recognition skills to hasten expertise

Expertise in domains ranging from sports to surgery involves a process of recognition-primed decision-making (RPD) in which experts make rapid, intuitive decisions based on recognizing critical features of dynamic performance situations. While the development of expert RPD is assumed to require years of domain experience, the transition from competence to expertise may potentially be hastened by training that specifically targets the recognition aspect of RPD. This article describes a recognition training approach that is based on expertise theories, research findings, and laboratory measurement techniques. This approach repurposes laboratory research tasks as deliberate practice training tasks. Although pioneered in sports expertise research, this approach is appropriate for pre-service and in-service professionals in a wide range of domains that involve rapid, recognition-primed decision-making.
South Asian English: Structure, Use, Users

This volumes examines selected formal and functional characteristics of English in South Asia, where English was introduced in the sixteenth century and now has over fifty million users. An integrative and interdisciplinary collection, the books brings together invited papers by acclaimed creative writers from India and Pakistan and by international linguists and English educators. The five major facets of South Asian English discussed are context and uses: structure and contact; functions and innovations; the curriculum; and the multilingual's creativity. The volume provides current perspectives on complex issues of concern to teachers and students of world Englishes.
The effect of finite electrical conductivity on the angular-momentum loss of the sun due to the solar wind

In general the solutions to the azimuthal equations of motion of the solar wind possess a singularity at the radial Alfvenic critical point if the fluid is non-viscous and has an infinite electrical conductivity. This singularity can only be removed by a proper choice of boundary conditions. If a plasma with a large but finite conductivity is considered, the singularity is removed in the mathematical sense. However, it is shown that for this latter case the actual solution does not differ significantly from the former model and that the boundary condition is still determined from the behavior of the solution at or near the Alfvenic critical point.
Explorations of studio-based learning in computing education

While the demand for professionals in software engineering continues to grow, the output of postsecondary degree programs in computing has declined by 50% over the past seven years, and retention rates have remained below 30%. Moreover, with their traditional emphasis on individual problem-solving and skeptical stance toward student collaboration, these degree programs may not be adequately preparing students for careers in the computing profession, in which "soft skills" such as collaboration, teamwork, and communication are becoming increasingly important. How can computing educators respond to this state of affairs? One intriguing possibility is to adapt the studio-based learning (SBL) model--the centerpiece of architecture and fine arts education for over a century--for computing education. Rooted in social constructivist learning theory, the SBL model consists of two key components: the design studio, a shared physical space in which students work on solutions to assigned problems; and design crits, in which students present their evolving solutions to peers and experts for critical review. Over the past decade, my colleagues and I have been empirically exploring adaptations of SBL design crits in computing education. In this talk, I will begin by presenting two strands of this work: (a) pedagogical code reviews--an adaptation of the code inspection commonly used in the software industry; and (b) the use of prototype walkthroughs--a pedagogical version of early prototyping studies commonly used in the user-centered design process. Both of these strands of research provide evidence that SBL design crits can fruitfully be used in computing education in order to develop critical thinking and analysis skills, to effect positive attitudinal shifts, and to provide rich opportunities for participation in authentic practices. However, because of the logistical constraints of computing education, the design studio component of SBL proves challenging to adapt. My talk will conclude with a futuristic vision that leverages contemporary trends in online social networking in order to create "virtual" design studios that bring together communities of computing students, mentors, instructors, and industry professionals in unprecedented ways..
The role of olfactory cues in position learning in the gerbil

Four groups of mature male gerbils were trained to position in a Y maze. Two groups (1 and 2) ran in a uniformly gray maze. Color was added to the start- and goalboxes for the other two groups (3 and 4). The walls and doors of the startbox were washed prior to each trial for Groups 1 and 3, so as to remove the possible deposit of chemical cues. The elimination of olfactory stimuli in the start had a devastating effect on the first group, which ran in the uniform maze. When color was added (Group 3), there was a marked increment in performance. These data indicated that stimuli in the start are used to cognitively structure a maze. When preferred olfactory cues are omitted, the gerbil utilizes visual stimuli.
Neck Dissection: Nomenclature, Classification, and Technique

Lymph node status is the single most important prognostic factor in head and neck cancer because lymph node involvement decreases overall survival by 50%. Appropriate management of the regional lymphatics, therefore, plays a central role in the treatment of the head and neck cancer patients. Performing an appropriate neck dissection results in minimal morbidity to the patient, provides invaluable data to accurately stage the patient, and guides the need for further therapy. The purposes of this article are to present the history and evolution of neck dissections, including an update on the current state of nomenclature and current neck dissection classification, describe the technique of the most common neck dissection applicable to oral cavity cancers, and discuss some of the complications associated with neck dissection. Finally, a brief review of sentinel lymph node biopsy will be presented.
The early charismatic movement in the Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church

The Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church (KHC), which is an outgrowth of the Evangelical SIM missionaries, has the largest following of Evangelical Christians in Ethiopia, comprising over 7 million members. For the most part of its history, the Church has kept the doctrinal identity of its forebears and remained closed to the influences of Pentecostalism. Today, the picture has changed as most of the churches under its umbrella – both in the rural and urban areas – have become vibrantly Charismatic. What has transpired to bring about this change? This paper is an attempt towards offering an explanation. In doing so, it seeks to locate the primary impulse of the spread of the Charismatic movement in the KHC at a Christian fellowship called Hebret Amba (HA), which was established by students from Haile Selassie I University. Contributing to the spread of the Charismatic movement in KHC are the youthful and progressive nature of HA’s leadership (and its congregation), and the unique role that pastor Gosaye played in bringing his Pentecostal experiences from his Full Gospel Believers’ Church (FGBC, or Mulu Wongel) background to the Church. I seek to capture the bigger idea of the diffusion of Pentecostalism in the KHC within the framework of two interrelated concepts; namely, “nekekit” (literally, touch-touching), conceptually translated as interactionism/ intersectionism, and the “Mulu Wongel repertoire”.
The Morphology and Periodic Structures of the Otolith of the Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and Temperature-dependent Variation in Otolith Microscopic Growth Increment Width

The otolith (sagitta) of the chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) has a variable external crystalline morphology which is related to differences in the growth rate of crystals in different parts of the otolith. The internal crystal structure of the otolith is complex with different mineral phases in different growth fields of the otolith and a well-defined series of microscopic growth increments in both the dorsal and the ventral parts (orientation in situ) of the otolith. The period of the microscopic growth increments was shown, by both a rearing experiment and interpolation from fish of known age, to be daily. By rearing sibling chinook salmon at different temperatures (while still maintaining them on the same diet) it was shown that the width of the daily growth increment varies with temperature, but neither multi- nor sub-daily increments appear in the area of regular, daily growth incrementation. Inclusions of the vaterite morph of calcium carbonate crystallizing in the botryoidal habit occur in the otherwise aragonitic otolith. Regularly spaced check rings in the sulcul part of the otolith are homologous with those occurring in the dorsal and ventral growth axis and are. on average, separated by about 28 microincrements.
Electrode Resistance Effects in Interdigital Transducers

A distributed RC circuit model is used to describe an interdigital electrode transducer (IDT) having finite conduction in the electrode stripes. The distributed circuit is described by a set of differential equations whose solutions yield the current and voltage distributions along the aperture of the IDT. It is found that the electrode resistance causes a distortion of the excited wave amplitude and phase due to the nonuniform voltage and current distribution. An equivalent circuit for the terminal properties is also derived which illustrates the effects of conduction loss. The theory is also used to predict electrode efficiency, effective aperture weighting, and phase shift in weighted arrays.
Nephrocalcinosis complicating medical treatment of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus.

Abstract Furosemide and acetazolamide are often used concurrently to treat posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in premature infants with intraventricular hemorrhage. Eleven premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus were monitored for the development of hypercalciuria during treatment using urine calcium/creatinine (Ca/Cr) ratios (normal: ≤ 0.21). Seven of 11 infants (64%) developed hypercalciuria; 5 of those 7 infants had nephrocalcinosis on renal ultrasonography. Infants who developed nephrocalcinosis had urine Ca/Cr ratios of 0.5–4.0. In all 5 infants with nephrocalcinosis, renal calculi decreased and urine Ca/Cr improved after drug therapy was discontinued. The combined use of acetazolamide and furosemide as therapy for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus places premature infants at high risk for nephrocalcinosis. It is suggested that urine Ca/Cr be monitored closely in infants receiving these drugs and that other treatment modalities be considered when the urine Ca/Cr ratio exceeds 0.21.
Evidence that CH(a 4Σ) is the precursor of chemi-ionization in hydrocarbon oxidations

Abstract The reaction responsible for chemi-ion formation in hydrocarbon flames, CH + O→HCO + + e−, may require that the CH be in its metastable a 4 Σ state. Recently measured rate constants for reactions of ground state CH(X 2 Π) with various molecules are incompatible with the empirical rate law for chemi-ionization in the acetylene-oxygen atom system. Participation of CH (a 4 Σ) in chemi-ion formation could explain several unusual features observed previously.
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Dementia: Relationship of Perfusion to Cognitive Deficits

Sixteen patients with dementia (nine with Alzheimer's disease and seven with multi-infarct dementia) were studied with xenon-133 and hexamethyl-propyleneamine-oxime single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Quantification of cerebral blood flow was determined in 16 hemispheric regions of interest. Neuropsychological deficits were assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Neurobehavior Cognitive Status Examination. Alzheimer's disease patients had symmetric reduction of parietal lobe perfusion; multi-infarct dementia patients had multifocal perfusion deficits. Correlations were demonstrated between cerebral blood flow in the posterior brain regions and performance on tests of language, memory, attention, figure copying, judgment, and similarities. Alzheimer's disease patients exhibited more language impairment than multi-infarct dementia patients. SPECT promises to provide diagnostic information and data relevant to interpretation of neuropsychological deficits.
Arginine biosynthesis and metabolism in terrestrial snails.

Abstract 1. 1. Arginine synthesis was studied by the incorporation in vivo of [C14]-labeled precursors into protein arginine in Otala (= Helix) lactea, Helix aspersa and Bulimulus alternatus. The pattern of incorporation and the specific conversions obtained with these precursors were consistent with the pathway for arginine biosynthesis as it is known in other organisms. 2. 2. A comparison of the incorporation of [C14]bicarbonate into protein arginine, aspartate and glutamate indicated that the rate of arginine synthesis in vivo is significant in supplying arginine for protein synthesis. 3. 3. Arginine degradation in O. lactea and H. aspersa tissues was shown to be due to the combined action of arginase, urease and δ-ornithine transaminase. Because of the action in vivo of urease, there is a rapid turnover of urea in these two species. Urease is absent from B. alternatus hepatopancreas and the urea formed from arginine in this tissue accumulates.
P02-249 Publishing as resident education: The ASCP model psychopharmacology curriculum

The ACGME has defined six core competencies for residents, including medical knowledge, practice-based learning and improvement, professionalism, and interpersonal and communication skills. While clinical learning and experience contribute to improving interpersonal skills, professionalism, and general medical knowledge, residents and training programs struggle with educational models that help address more rigorous education in evidence-based medicine and scholarly projects. In this regard, we developed a collaborative academic project for a resident and faculty member that exemplifies these ACGME requirements in a practical and purposeful manner. This project was aimed to enhance the resident's psychopharmacology knowledge, learn evidence based child psychiatry, and develop writing and editing skills; a means to improve clinical as well as academic abilities. One senior faculty member and one child psychiatry resident were invited to become section editors for the child and adolescent section of the American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology Model Psychopharmacology Curriculum for psychiatry residents. Authors from various university programs nationally, prepared or revised lectures based on their expertise and areas of interest. The authors were provided with as much support and assistance as they desired from the section editors. The resident author/editor met in person with the faculty to plan the project and routinely throughout the process, with frequent e-mail communication throughout the writing and editorial work. After submission of lectures, the section was reviewed and revised by the resident and faculty editors, and submitted for publication. This mentorship experience with psychopharmacology curriculum is an exciting tool that will continue through biennial revisions.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel substituted 8-amino, 8-thio, and 1,8-pyrazole congeners of antitubercular rifamycin S and rifampin.

Abstract A series of rifamycin S and rifampin analogues incorporating substituted 8-amino, 8-thio, and 1,8-pyrazole substituents has been synthesized. The compounds were made by activation of the C-8 phenol as a sulfonate ester, followed by displacement with selected nitrogen and sulfur nucleophiles. The analogues were screened in assays to quantify their antitubercular activity under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and for inhibition of wild-type Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) RNAP and rifamycin-resistant MTB RNAP (S450L) via an in vitro rolling circle transcription assay. Additionally, the MIC 90 values were determined for these analogues against Escherichia coli strains. Although none of the analogues displayed superior enzymatic or microbiological activity to their parent scaffolds, the results are consistent with the Rif C-8 hydroxyl acting as a hydrogen bond acceptor with S450 and that Rif resistance in the S450L mutant is due to loss of this hydrogen bond. Representative analogues were also evaluated in the human pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation assay.
Quality function deployment’s impact on product development

Posits that advocates of quality function deployment (QFD) claim that it leads to better product designs, lower product costs, and shorter development times. Presents a study which aims to learn if organizations that apply QFD to product development achieve these benefits. Data from a survey of 80 QFD projects undertaken by 40 firms are used to examine these critical relationships. When leaders from these project teams were asked to compare results from product development efforts without QFD to results with QFD, they claimed that product designs and customer satisfaction improved significantly with QFD. Product costs and time‐to‐market showed only modest improvements. Benefits in time and costs may increase as QFD teams get better training and more experience. Describes the development and costing of a model of QFD implementation issues, product development outcomes, and customer satisfaction. Concludes that QFD’s implementation issues, specifically the organizational dimensions, have a significant impact on product design outcomes and resource consumption.
Into the hourglass: Reflections on the forces acting on a granular material

The storage and flow of granular materials is common to many industries. For example, coal is stored in large bunkers at electric generating plants, to be used later in fueling the plant furnaces. A very different kind of material storage occurs at cereal manufacturing facilities; here the corn flakes are baked, stored in large bins temporarily, and then packaged. A natural question to ask is How strong do the storage bins have to be? Engineers would like to be sure that the coal bunkers do not collapse under the weight of the coal (as sometimes happens, often with loss of life). At the same time, the cereal manufacturer wants to be sure that he doesn't crush the corn flakes into tiny bits before packaging. How does one model the forces acting in a granular medium? What kind of pressures build up inside a vessel storing granular materials? These are the questions we address in this article. It would be natural to examine each particle individually, resolve all the forces acting on each particle, and then solve Newton's law Force = Mass Acceleration for each particle. Needless to say, with perhaps 108 or more particles in a bin, such a procedure would be prohibitively difficult to carry out. We make a simplification here. In trying to determine forces inside the bin, we forget the particle nature of the material and treat it as a continuum. Once we make this simplification, we are faced with the issue of describing the forces in a continuum, in particular of describing the constitutive behavior of the material [that is, explaining the stressstrain relationship which models the continuum]. We examine a simple constitutive model later on. Before looking at the pressures inside a bin of granular material, it would be useful to recall the analogous question for fluids. How much pressure is there at the bottom of a tall water tower? A look at your basic physics textbook will tell you that the pressure at a point at the bottom of a water tower equals the weight of all the water above that point. The density of water is 1 gram/cm3; you should calculate the pressure at the base of a water tower comprised of a cylindrical tower, perhaps 20 meters in diameter and 30 meters high, with a spherical top of perhaps 20 meters radius. In order to estimate the pressure inside a bin of granular material, such as illustrated in FIGURE 2, we need to introduce the concept of stress; this is the subject of the next section. We then introduce a generalization of sliding friction laws as a constitutive model for granular material. Finally we look at the forces inside a cylindrical bin and a converging hopper. In the sections to follow, we restrict attention to two dimensions; an analysis can be carried out in three dimensions, but the 2-D case is a little easier to work out.
Phospho-specific antibodies: more valuable than originally thought

the kidney succeeds in determining body composition not only because of the complex arrangement of transporters along the nephron but also because these transporters are regulated by extracellular signals so that the kidney can respond appropriately to a range of physiological conditions. Protein
Dual-Screen Monitors: A Qualitative Analysis of Their Use in an Academic Library

The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the effects of the use of dual-screen monitors by library staff in an academic library. A self-administered survey questionnaire was used to gather information from library staff to examine the positive and negative effects of utilizing dual-screen monitors.
REALISTIC QTDA CALCULATIONS IN THE ODD-MASS N = 82 ISOTONES.

Abstract The quasiparticle Tamm-Dancoff approximation (QTDA) has been applied to a calculation of the low-lying states of the odd-mass N = 82 isotones 137 Cs, 139 La, 141 Pr, 143 Pm and 145 Eu. The realistic Elliott interaction is diagonalized exactly in a space of one and three quasi-particles from which spurious components have been removed. Single-particle energies have been determined through use of Gambhir's modification of the inverse-gap-equation method. Results are presented for level schemes, selected eigenvectors, electromagnetic moments and transition rates, and spectroscopic factors for ( 3 He, d) stripping reactions.
Differential effects of ethanol on prostaglandin responses of arterial and venous smooth muscle

The present results, using isolated rat aortic strips and portal vein segments, demonstrate that ethanol, depending upon concentration, can either enhance or attenuate the contractile actions of PGF2α on at least 2 different types of vascular smooth muscle. At the very least, the present findings question the use of ethanol as a solvent when investigating the contractile actions of PG molecules on smooth muscles.
Ultra-low power radios for ad-hoc networks

In this paper, we present the design of an ultra-low power impulse radio for an ad-hoc sensor network. This radio is designed to meet the 802.15.4a standard for UWB impulse radio while achieving low power operation by aggressively duty cycling both the transmitter and receiver with nearly the same “on-time”. The key advance that enables aggressive receiver duty cycling is a new approach to establishing a robust, low jitter global network clock using a pulse coupled oscillator (PCO) algorithm. In this paper we describe how PCO based synchronization is used to design a radio transceiver capable of balanced two way communication and ad-hoc networking for under 30uW average power in continuous operation.
Algorithmic Challenges in Computational Molecular Biophysics

A perspective of biomolecular simulations today is given, with illustrative applications and an emphasis on algorithmic challenges, as reflected by the work of a multidisciplinary team of investigators from five institutions. Included are overviews and recent descriptions of algorithmic work in long-time integration for molecular dynamics; fast electrostatic evaluation; crystallographic refinement approaches; and implementation of large, computation-intensive programs on modern architectures. Expected future developments of the field are also discussed.
Flexibility of bacterial flagella in external shear results in complex swimming trajectories

Many bacteria use rotating helical flagella in swimming motility. In the search for food or migration towards a new habitat, bacteria occasionally unbundle their flagellar filaments and tumble, leading to an abrupt change in direction. Flexible flagella can also be easily deformed by external shear flow, leading to complex bacterial trajectories. Here, we examine the effects of flagella flexibility on the navigation of bacteria in two fundamental shear flows: planar shear and Poiseuille flow realized in long channels. On the basis of slender body elastodynamics and numerical analysis, we discovered a variety of non-trivial effects stemming from the interplay of self-propulsion, elasticity and shear-induced flagellar bending. We show that in planar shear flow the bacteria execute periodic motion, whereas in Poiseuille flow, they migrate towards the centre of the channel or converge towards a limit cycle. We also find that even a small amount of random reorientation can induce a strong response of bacteria, leading to overall non-periodic trajectories. Our findings exemplify the sensitive role of flagellar flexibility and shed new light on the navigation of bacteria in complex shear flows.
Steiner Trees and 3-D Macromolecular Conformation

One of the key issues in biochemistry and molecular modelling is the determination of 3-D minimum-energy configurations (MECs) for macromolecular structures such as proteins and DNA. Steiner minimal trees are seen as a useful algorithmic paradigm for modelling these structures. In this paper, we examine how Steiner minimal trees (SMTs) and the Steiner ratio value comparing minimum spanning trees (MSTs) are correlated with MEC energies in a physically meaningful manner. We conclude that the carbon and nitrogen atoms are Steiner points in the Steiner minimal tree of the proteins.
Arizona hinshawii Meningitis in a Neonate

A 3-day-old infant presented with Arizona hinshawii sepsis and meningitis. Despite parenteral chloramphenicol, A. hinshawii persisted in the cerebro spinal fluid and blood until trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was added. Three weeks following discharge the infant returned and A. hinshawii was re- cultured from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Chloramphenicol and tri methoprim-sulfamethoxazole was re-instituted and the infant recovered. This report demonstrates the potentially serious consequences of A. hinshawii infections in the neonate and emphasizes the need for proper identifica tion of this organism with appropriate biochemical tests and individualization of antimicrobial therapy.
Cattle and Conservation at Bharatpur: A Case Study in Science and Advocacy

For generations of ecologists and park managers throughout the world the de­structive nature of livestock grazing on natural systems was so apparent that it never even needed to be discussed. Based on this insight, a ban on livestock grazing was put into practice in US national parks, and written into law in India. At Keoladeo Ghana National Park in Bharatpur, this received wisdom did not have the desired effect of improving the health of the ecosystem. When cattle were banned in 1982, the park's habitat began a slow decline. Through a discussion of debates about grazing in national parks in India in the 1960s, and focusing specifically upon Keoladeo Ghana National Park, this case study challenges the attempt to search for universal conservation truths to be imposed throughout the world. This article does not deny that ecology is a valuable tool for making con­servation decisions, but rather claims that the attempt to apply ecological insights as universal conservation truths is highly problematic, fraught with risks, easily politicised and frequently ineffective.
Hepatic Catabolism of Remnant Lipoproteins: Where the Action Is

Brown and Goldstein described the classical pathway of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) catabolism in human fibroblasts, initiated by LDL-binding to the LDL receptor (LDLR) and followed by endocytosis and lysosomal catabolism of its components.1 The initial steps in the hepatic catabolism of chylomicron remnants and large very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) remnants have turned out to be more complex, involving initial binding to other cell surface molecules, including heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), apo E, and hepatic lipase (HL), followed by transfer to endocytic receptors (LDLR and LDLR-related protein [LRP]).2 Apo E was first demonstrated on hepatocyte surfaces in rat liver.3 At the light microscopic level, the bulk of hepatic apo E was in the space of Disse. At the electron microscopic level, this apo E was found exclusively on microvilli, occasionally associated with an evident lipoprotein particle. Virtually no apo E was in the electron-lucent matrix. HL is also associated mainly with basolateral microvilli of hepatocytes in rat liver4 and in rabbit liver transfected with human HL.5 Apo E-deficient mice are dysbetalipoproteinemic, with massive accumulation of remnants in the blood.6 In mice doubly deficient in apo E and HL, accumulation of lipoproteins in the blood is even greater and includes vesicular lipoproteins, suggesting further impairment of endocytosis, together with selective uptake of cholesteryl esters, presumably by scavenger receptor B1.7 See page 91 and cover The location of the primary binding sites for remnants on microvilli makes sense because these tiny finger-like projections are the first cellular structures that remnants encounter after they enter the space of Disse via the fenestrae (≈100 to 200 nm diameter) of endothelial cells that line hepatic sinusoids. Wisse et al have postulated a dynamically active space of Disse undergoing forced sieving of lipoprotein particles through a process of sinusoidal “endothelial massage” …
Influence of CNT on the Crystallization Behavior of P(VDF-CTFE) Copolymers

P(VDF-CTFE) based nanocomposites were prepared by mixing the polymer with carbon nanotube (CNT) or C60 using solution cast method. The volume fraction of the CNT or C60 was from 0.1 % to 1.0%. The influence of CNT and C60 on the crystallization behavior of P(VDF-CTFE) was determined using XRD and DSC as well as the P-E loop. It is found that the CNT or C60 enhances the β-phase and the crystallinity. The crystallinity process in the composites was studied using DSC.
Identification of peptide mimotopes of gp96 using single-chain antibody library

Heat shock proteins such as gp96 are immunogenic and are widely used as vaccines in immunotherapy of cancers. The present study focuses on the use of peptide mimotopes as immunotherapeutic vaccines for prostate cancer. To this end, we developed a 15-mer gp96 peptide mimotope specifically reactive to MAT-LyLu gp96–peptide complex using combinatorial single-chain antibody and peptide phage display library. The immunogenicity of the synthesized gp96 mimotope was analyzed initially in normal BALB/c mice in combination with various adjuvants such as complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), aluminum salts (ALUM), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and liposome, of which CFA served as a positive control. The antibody response was determined and found that the gp96 mimotope with ALUM showed a significant increase in antibody titer, followed by GM-CSF and liposomes. Further, the T cell (CD4+ and CD8+) populations from splenocytes, as well as IgG isotypes, interleukin-4, and interleukin-5 of gp96 mimotope with ALUM-immunized animals, were analyzed. The results suggest that the gp96 mimotope may elicit a potent and effective antitumor antibody response. Further, the study identifies ALUM and GM-CSF as adjuvant options to drive an appropriate protective immune response as these adjuvants have prior use in humans.