cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of stereotactically guided laser interstitial thermotherapy of breast cancer: in situ measurement and analysis of the temperature field in ex vivo and in vivo adipose tissue.

Background and Objective The size (0.5–1.0 cm) of early nonpalpable breast tumors currently detected by mammography and confirmed by stereotactic core biopsy is of the order of the penetration depth of near infrared photons in breast tissue. In principle, stereotactically biopsied tumors, therefore, could be safely and efficiently treated with laser thermotherapy. The aim of the current study is to confirm the controlled heating produced by clinically relevant power levels delivered with an interstitial laser fiber optic probe adapted for use with stereotactic mammography and biopsy procedures. Study Design/Materials and Methods Temperature increases and the resultant thermal field produced by the irradiation of ex vivo (porcine and human) and in vivo (porcine) tissue models appropriate to the treatment of human breast tissue by using cw Nd:YAG laser radiation delivered with a interstitial fiber optic probe with a quartz diffusing tip, were recorded with an array of fifteen 23-gauge needle thermocouple probes connected to a laboratory computer-based data acquisition system. Results By using a stepwise decreasing power cycle to avoid tissue charring, acceptably symmetric thermal fields of repeatable volumetric dimensions were obtained. Reproducible thermal gradients and predictable tissue necrosis without carbonization could be induced in a 3-cm-diameter region around the fiber probe during a single treatment lasting only 3 minutes. The time-dependences of the temperature rise of the thermocouples surrounding the LITT probe were quantitatively modeled with simple linear functions during the applied laser heating cycles. Conclusion Analysis of our experimental results show that reproducible, symmetric and predictable volumetric temperature increases in time can be reliably produced by interstitial laser thermotherapy. Lasers Surg. Med. 26:67–75, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Integrated Indium Micromirrors for Optofluidics

Metallic mirrors are important components of optomicrofluidic systems for their good reflection properties. Their use, however, has remained challenging due to their difficult integration. We describe the integration of Indium (In) mirrors into microfluidic devices for optical detection using an approach that is fast, simple, and inexpensive.
Axonal numbers and sizes in the connectives and peripheral nerves of the leech.

The present study is an electron microscopic analysis of the numbers and sizes of axons in the connectives and nerves of the medicinal leech. In either the right or left connectives for ganglia 14-18, there are approximately 2860 (+/- 294 S.D.) axons. Ninety-seven percent of these axons are less than one micron in diameter. The median connective, Faivre's nerve, contains 97 (+/- 3 S.D.) axons, and 94% of these fibers are smaller than one micron. In the peripheral nerve roots for ganglia 14-18, there are approximately 2351 (+/- 311 S.D.) axons. Ninety-eight percent of the axons in the nerves are less than one micron in diameter. Thus, there are approximately 20,000 axons associated with each of the segmental ganglia 14-18 in the leech, and the vast majority of these fibers are less than one micron in diameter.
The S⋯N noncovalent interaction: Comparison with hydrogen and halogen bonds

Abstract When one of the H atoms of SH 2 is replaced by a halogen X, the S engages in a strong S⋯N interaction with the N of NH 3 , wherein X lies directly opposite the N. The binding energy varies from 8 kcal/mol for X = F down to 5 kcal/mol for Br. This FS⋯N geometry represents the global minimum on the HSF/NH 3 potential energy surface, more stable than minima containing either a SH⋯N or NH⋯F H-bond. It is equally stable with a SH⋯N structure for X = Cl, and slightly less stable than SH⋯N for X = Br. In all cases, the S⋯N minimum is more stable than geometries containing a halogen bond.
Rajput Ceremonial Interactions as a Mirror of a Dying Indian State System, 1820–1947

As the British Empire extended its power across the Indian subcontinent, the military and political pressures which it could bring to bear had proved to be its most significant assets. However, both to establish and to maintain an English political paramountcy which could guarantee economic dominance came over time to be revealed as two separate tasks, demanding very distinct skills. To maintain and secure this newfound power in India, the British were forced to come to know more about India. They had to grasp the ‘rules’ of India's preexisting political ‘game’ and, more frequently, to confront their need to rewrite these rules into a form which they could comprehend, in which they could compete, and where their dominance could be virtually assured.This process suggests the ‘gathering in of the threads of legitimacy’ towhich D. A. Low has to eloquently drawn our attention.
Earth and ocean tides from long-term analysis of satellite orbits.

Abstract Precision laser tracking data on three close-earth satellites (Geos 1, Geos 2, and Lageos) are analyzed to obtain measurements of ocean tides, core-mantle resonance, and other mass displacements. Mean elements are computed for 6.0 years for Geos 1, 4.9 years for Geos 2, and 2.1 years for Lageos. Ocean tides T2, S2, K2, P1, K1, and φ1 are measured, along with the core-mantle resonance at the K1 and P1 frequencies, as predicted by Molodensky. Also measured are the Sa and Ssa tides and radiation-pressure area-to-mass ratios.
Optimal vaccination schedules in a deterministic epidemic model

Abstract A deterministic epidemic model is modified to allow vaccination and a definition of preventing or controlling an epidemic is given. The question of finding an optimal vaccination strategy (a least cost vaccination program for a given cost functional) to prevent an epidemic is posed. The use of the dynamic programming technique to construct the optimal vaccination program is illustrated. Optimal vaccination schedules are given which were computed for some specific theoretical epidemics.
The response of cyclic 3',5'-AMP and cyclic 3',5'-GMP phosphodiesterases to experimental diabetes.

Alloxan diabetes caused a decrease in cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in all affected rat tissues. Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activity was, however, decreased in adipose and liver, but increased in heart and uterus.
Collagen of Marfan Syndrome is Abnormally Soluble

MARFAN syndrome, which is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable expressivity, results from a diffuse or generalized disorder of connective tissues. It is not known, however, whether the primary defect resides in elastic fibres, collagen or some other component of connective tissue1. When patients die of the disorder it is usually because of abnormality of the connective tissues of the large vessels leaving the heart2. We wish to present evidence that collagen produced by fibroblasts cultured from individuals with Marfan syndrome is more soluble than normal in solvents used to extract it. Such abnormality was first proposed by Macek et al.3.
Tryptic peptide analysis of nanogram quantities of proteins: radioiodination of proteins detected by silver staining in polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract The silver-staining procedure for detecting proteins in polyacrylamide gels has been modified so that the polypeptides remain suitable for subsequent radioiodination and tryptic peptide analysis. The procedure, which involves a silver-staining/destaining protocol that minimizes crosslinking, is more rapid than many other methods, and can detect as little as 1 ng of protein. Following elimination of silver, the proteins can be radioiodinated and digested with trypsin by a modification of the method described by J. H. Elder, R. A. Pickett, J. Hampton, and R. A. Lerner (1977, J. Biol. Chem. 252 , 6510–6515). Together, these improvements have increased the sensitivity of the tryptic peptide mapping technique by three orders of magnitude and thereby enabled us to perform reproducible structural analysis of femtomolar quantities of proteins.
Coulomb-only second-order perturbation theory in long-range-corrected hybrid density functionals

We have been investigating the combination of a short-range density functional approximation with long-range random phase approximation (RPA) correlation, where the direct RPA correlation is constructed using only Coulomb (i.e., not antisymmetrized) two-electron integrals. Our group’s recently demonstrated connection between RPA and coupled cluster theory suggests investigating a related method: second-order Moller–Plesset perturbation theory correlation (MP2) constructed using only Coulomb integrals. This new “JMP2” method is related to the scaled-opposite-spin SOS-MP2 approximation [Y. Jung, R. C. Lochan, A. D. Dutoi and M. Head-Gordon, J. Chem. Phys., 2004, 121, 9793], which is also constructed using only Coulomb integrals. While JMP2 and SOS-MP2 yield identical results for closed shell systems, they have important differences for open shells. We show here that both JMP2 and SOS-MP2 provide a reasonable treatment of long-range correlation when combined with a short-range exchange–correlation functional. Remarkably, JMP2’s explicit inclusion of (approximate) like-spin correlation effects provides significant improvements over SOS-MP2 for thermochemistry.
Generation and Evolution of a Cyclonic Ring at Drake Passage in Early 1979

Abstract An equatorward meander in the Antarctic Polar Front at Drake Passage was observed to amplify and pinch off during January and early February 1979, forming a cold-core. cyclonic current fins with a radius of ∼50 km. This ring appeared to move directly across the Passage parallel to a submarine ridge before turning northeastward upon reaching a gap between the ridge and the South American continental rise. Its net motion was across the Polar Frontal Zone and the ring was last observed to be pushing through the Subantarctic Front. Geostrophic surface speeds of up to 90 cm s−1 relative to 3500 m wore observed where the northern sector of the ring and the Subantarctic Front were In proximity. A stability analysis of the banded flow regime across Drake Passage suggests that necessary conditions for baroclinic instability exist everywhere within the zonal current and those for barotropic instability exist adjacent to the fronts. The beat and salt anomalies of this ring relative to the Polar Frontal Zone...
Role for ETS domain transcription factors Pea3/Erm in mouse lung development

During the development of the mouse lung, the expression of a number of genes, including those encoding growth factors and components of their downstream signaling pathways, is enriched in the epithelium and/or mesenchyme of the distal buds. In this location, they regulate processes such as cell proliferation, branching morphogenesis, and the differentiation of specialized cell types. Here, we report that the expression of Pea3 and Erm (or Etv5, Ets variant gene 5), which encode Pea3 subfamily ETS domain transcription factors, is initially restricted to the distal buds of the developing mouse lung. Erm is transcribed exclusively in the epithelium, while Pea3 is expressed in both epithelium and mesenchyme. Erm/Pea3 are downstream of FGF signaling from the mesenchyme, but their responses toward different FGFs are not the same. The functions of the two proteins were investigated by transgenic expression of a repressor form of Erm specifically in the embryonic lung epithelium. When examined at E18.5, the distal epithelium of transgenic lungs is composed predominantly of immature type II cells, while no mature type I cells are observed. In contrast, the differentiation of proximal epithelial cells, including ciliated cells and Clara cells, appears to be unaffected. A model is proposed for the role of Pea3/Erm during the dynamic process of lung bud outgrowth and proximal-distal differentiation, in response to FGF signaling. Our results provide the first functional evidence that Pea3 subfamily members play a role in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during lung organogenesis.
Conversation as Moral Education

Abstract This paper discusses three forms of conversation relevant to moral education: the highly formal conversation of discourse ethics, the so‐called “immortal conversation”, and a form of ordinary conversation between adults and children that seems to be central to moral education. The last has these special characteristics: the adults are reasonably good people; the adults show respect or loving regard for their child partners; the conversational partner is recognized to be more important than the topic, argument, or conclusions.
Corporate value changes arising from demonstrated sustainability

The importance of corporation attention to sustainability has grown over recent decades. We examine the magnitude of connections between sustainability and company worth. This paper provides insights and summarises mechanisms explaining how company value may be affected by a management decision to adopt steps recognised as sustainable strategies. We assess measurable effects relative to immediate market reactions to significant corporate communications in the realm of sustainability (namely with respect to being a component of Dow Jones Sustainability Index, DJSI). Longer terms connections between corporate sustainability and corporate value are also discussed. We find no significant short-term effect from disclosure of DJSI participation. We divide the potential benefit of a sustainability focus into five areas: investor relations, customer relationships, proximity to regulator, improvement of internal processes and impact on employees. The data suggest that the advantages of sustainable strategies may be significant but if so, are realised over a period of years and investors do not immediately realise benefits from announcements confirming DJSI membership.
Sex-role attitudes, curriculum choice, and career ambition: A comparison between women in typical and atypical college majors☆

Abstract This study of college women examines the relationship among sex-role attitudes, curriculum choice, and levels of educational and occupational aspirations and expectations. Data for analysis are from a 1977 survey of college students enrolled in home economics and agricultural curriculums in all southern land grant colleges and universities. Results show that sex-role ideology is only weakly associated with curriculum choice but is related to career ambitions for women in sex-typical and sex-atypical areas of study.
Displacement and Adolescent Suicide: Introduction to a Special Section

Empirical findings from previous studies indicate that the risk factors for adolescent suicide are multifaceted and likely the result of the interaction between individual and contextual risk factors. In this special section, we focus on one subdomain of risk factors for adolescent suicide, namely, displacement. During adolescence, experiences of displacement due to changes in family or peer relationships may be particularly important because these relationships play a key role in meeting developmental tasks. This special section brings together new findings from four empirical studies investigating how displacement affects risk for suicide across individuals in different contexts and across various domains of displacement. The findings suggest that (a) these risk factors are multifaceted and (b) they often represent an interaction between individual and contextual risk factors. At the same time, the articles in this special section indicate that the role of displacement is complex, and it may sometimes s...
Bureaucratic Politics and Decision-Making under Uncertainty in a National Security Crisis: Assessing the Effects of International Relations Theory and the Learning Impact of Role-Playing Simulation at the US Naval Academy

I use a role-playing simulation in two sections of my Introduction to International Relations course at the U.S. Naval Academy to test whether exposure to different theories on international relations and models of decision-making lead to different simulation outcome. I complement this testing with pre-/post-simulation questionnaire that seeks to illustrate the effects of active learning techniques such as role-playing simulation upon simulation outcomes. Using this assessment design, I show that students exposed to different theories of international relations perform differently in the same role-playing simulation and that their questionnaire responses indicate changes that result from their participation in an active learning technique. More importantly, their different responses to the pre- and post-simulation surveys in the quasi-experimental design of the two “different” sections illustrated the power of a carefully-constructed role-playing simulation to show how the impact upon students through active learning techniques such as a role-playing simulation. Not only does exposure to different decision-making theories have an effect on how students engage in the role-playing simulation, it also demonstrates the power of theory in affecting how the students thought about the role-playing simulation after having been exposed to different theories and how they went about playing in the role-playing simulation.
Low blood pressure among very-low-birth-weight infants with fetal vessel inflammation

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that fetal vessel inflammation (FVI: funisitis and/or fetal vasculitis) is associated with lower blood pressure (BP) over the first week of life and an increased risk of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) among premature infants. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 255 infants born at <1350 g to normotensive mothers were stratified by gestational age (GA) and grouped by presence/absence of FVI on placental pathology. Daily highest (Hi) and lowest (Lo) systolic BP (BPsys), mean BP (BPmn) and diastolic BP (BPdia) over first 7 days of life were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and regression analysis. Cranial ultrasounds were obtained at 2 weeks of life. RESULTS: Infants ≥30 weeks gestation with FVI had lower HiBPsys, HiBPmn, HiBPdia, LoBPsys, LoBPmn and LoBPdia (p<0.001) than did infants without FVI. Infants with PVL (all ≤27 weeks gestation) had lower LoBPmn and LoBPdia (p<0.01) than controls. FVI did not increase the risk of PVL in these infants. CONCLUSION: FVI and PVL are associated with reduced BP over the first week of life.
The density of the Earth and the inferences to be drawn from it

The first recorded estimate of the density of the Earth was made by Newton. It is to be described rather as a guess than as an estimate, as may be seen by reading Newton's original words (Principia, Book III, Prop. X, Theorem X): “But that our globe of Earth is of greater density than it would be if the whole consisted of water only, I thus make out. If the whole consisted of water only, whatever was of less density than water, because of its less specific gravity, would emerge and float above. And upon this account, if a globe of terrestrial matter, covered on all sides with water, was less dense than water, it would emerge somewhere; and the subsiding water falling back, would be gathered to the opposite side. And such is the condition of our Earth, which in a great measure is covered with seas. The Earth, if it was not for its greater density, would emerge from the seas, and, according to its degree of levity, would be raised more or less above their surface, the water of the seas flowing backwards to the opposite side. By the same argument, the spots of the Sun, which float upon the lucid matter thereof, are lighter than that matter. And however the planets have been formed, while they were yet in fluid masses, all the heavier matter subsided to the center. Since, therefore, the common matter of our Earth on the surface thereof is about twice as heavy as water, and a little lower, in mines, is found about three or four, or even five times more heavy, it is probable that the quantity of the whole matter of the Earth may be five or six times greater than if it consisted all of water; especially since I have before showed that the Earth is about four times more dense than Jupiter.”
Protein-arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) methylates Ash2L, a shared component of mammalian histone H3K4 methyltransferase complexes

Multiple enzymes and enzymatic complexes coordinately regulate the addition and removal of post-translational modifications on histone proteins. The oncoprotein Ash2L is a component of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) family members 1–4, Setd1A, and Setd1B mammalian histone H3K4 methyltransferase complexes and is essential to maintain global trimethylation of histone H3K4. However, regulation of these complexes at the level of expression and activity remains poorly understood. In this report, we demonstrate that Ash2L is methylated on arginine residues both in vitro and in cells. We found that both protein-arginine methyltransferases 1 and 5 methylate Arg-296 within Ash2L. These findings are the first to demonstrate that post-translational modifications occur on the Ash2L protein and provide a novel example of cross-talk between chromatin-modifying enzyme complexes.
Regulating Gender Performances: Power and Gender Norms in Faculty Work

Despite the steady increase of women in faculty positions over the last few decades and the research on gender norms in the academy, what remains unclear is why many female faculty continue to conf...
VOT in the babbling of French- and English-learning infants.

Abstract Different languages use voice onset time (VOT) in different ways to signal the voicing contrast, for example, short lag/long lag (English) vs. prevoiced/short lag (French). Also, VOT depends on place of articulation, with labial VOTs being shorter than velar and alveolar and, sometimes, alveolar being shorter than velar. Here we examine the VOT in babbled utterances of five French-learning and five English-learning infants at ages 9 and 12 months. There was little or no difference between the languages for duration of positive VOTs, which were usually in the “short-lag” range. The duration of prevoicing also did not differ between languages, but the proportion of prevoiced utterances did (French-learning infants: 44.2% prevoicing; English-learning: 14.3%). Labial, alveolar and velar stops differed in VOT, with alveolar longer than labial and velar longer than alveolar, suggesting a mechanical cause. The lack of long-lag VOT indicates that the English-learning infants have not mastered aspiration by 12 months. The different proportions of prevoicing, however, suggest that the French-learning infants attempt to imitate the prevoicing that is used frequently (and contrastively) in their native language environment. The results suggest that infants are sensitive to the voicing categories of the ambient language but that they may be able to control prevoicing more successfully than aspiration.
Galois theory for the family of partial differential equations? ? ?=0

The partial differential fields most suited for the purpose of construction of Galois theory for the family (1) are endowed with the symmetric bilinear form (2iv) and are called α-differential fields. In Section 1 are defined certain algebraic notions related to the symmetric bilinear form (2iv) and which are necessary for the construction of any Galois theory. Necessary and sufficient condition for the extension of the domain of the operator Δα (this operator is not a derivation although it commutes with the partial derivations of the α-differential field) from an α-differential fieldK to a finitely generated α-differential extension field is given in Theorem 1.
SV40‐induced transformation of human diploid cells: Crisis and recovery

Nineteen cultures of human embryonic or adult-tissue cells were exposed to SV40 as primary cultures or developed cell strains in Phase II of cultural life; 12 cultures were exposed to virus in Phase III, at the end of in vitro life. After the expected proliferative response, infected cultures exhibited morphological change, accelerated growth, and prolongation of propagability. After an average of 22.6 weeks for cultures infected as primary explants or in Phase II, the proliferative stage of transformation ended in a stage of “crisis.” Crisis was characterized by progressive decline in vigor of culture proliferation, increasingly abnormal cell division, and limitation in propagability of cells eventually resulting in diminution in cell number. Cytological features of crisis included detachment of cells and appearance of multinucleated and giant cells. Temporally and cytologically, crisis was similar for transformed cells whether of adult or embryonic origin, whether derived from skin, buccal mucosa or lung, whether in Phase II or III of culture life at the time of infection (the “older” cultures entering crisis sooner than the “younger”), and whether propagated continuously or with intervening periods of growth arrest or proliferation in vivo. After a variable time “recovery” of cultures from crisis occurred by repopulation from small groups of surviving but seemingly dormant cells. The new populations, always obtained with care of cultures in crisis, formed continuously propagable cell lines. Control uninfected cultures have always exhibited the finite life terminating in Phase III which is characteristic of human diploid cell strains. Passage of transformed cultures through crisis and recovery was accompanied by loss of capacity to release infectious SV40 and enhancement of production of SV40-induced complement-fixing antigen.
Design, characterization, and experimental use of the second generation MEMS acoustic emission device

We describe the design, fabrication, testing and application (in structural experiments) of our 2004 (second generation) MEMS device, designed for acoustic emission sensing based upon experiments with our 2002 (first generation) device. Both devices feature a suite of resonant-type transducers in the frequency range between 100 kHz and 1 MHz. The 2002 device was designed to operate in an evacuated housing because of high squeeze film damping, as confirmed in our earlier experiments. In additional studies involving the 2002 device, experimental simulation of acoustic emissions in a steel plate, using pencil lead break or ball impact loading, showed that the transducers in the frequency range of 100 kHz-500 kHz presented clearer output signals than the transducers with frequencies higher than 500 kHz. Using the knowledge gained from the 2002 device, we designed and fabricated our second generation device in 2004 using the multi-user polysilicon surface micromachining (MUMPs) process. The 2004 device has 7 independent capacitive type transducers, compared to 18 independent transducers in the 2002 device, including 6 piston type transducers in the frequency range of 100 kHz to 500 kHz and 1 piston type transducer at 1 MHz to capture high frequency information. Piston type transducers developed in our research have two uncoupled modes so that twofold information can be acquired from a single transducer. In addition, the piston shape helps to reduce residual stress effect of surface micromachining process. The center to center distance between etch holes in the vibrating plate was reduced from 30 μm to 13 μm, in order to reduce squeeze film damping. As a result, the Q factor under atmospheric pressure for the 100 kHz transducer was increased to 2.37 from 0.18, and therefore the vacuum housing has been eliminated from the 2004 device. Sensitivities of transducers were also increased, by enlarging transducer area, in order to capture significant small amplitude acoustic emission events. The average individual transducer area in the 2004 device was increased to 6.97 mm2 as compared to 2.51 mm2 in the 2002 device. In this paper, we report the new experimental results on the characterization of the 2004 device and compare them with analytical results. We show improvements in sensitivity as measured by capacitance and as measured by pencil lead break experiments. Improvement in damping is also evaluated by admittance measurement in atmosphere. Pencil lead break experiments also show that transducers can operate in atmospheric pressure. Finally, we apply the device to acoustic emission experiments on crack propagation in a steel beam specimen, precracked in fatigue, in a four-point bending test.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Before and after CASE adoption

Abstract Various authors and companies claim that the CASE technology increases both the quality and productivity of systems development. However, although the literature is replete with reports of successful adoption, many companies have not adopted it. This paper addresses the major reasons for companies' adoption of CASE and the major obstacles preventing the adoption. Furthermore, the authors investigated the changes in systems development practices in the light of the CASE technology. Finally, we determined the extent to which companies use and appreciate CASE. The authors analyzed 253 returned surveys to shed light on the questions: How do CASE users differ from non-users, and what are the differences between systems development practices before and after CASE adoption? They found that the CASE users spend more time during the front-end SDLC phases, use standard systems development techniques more often, and experience less difficulty during systems development.
Virtual photon theory in electrofission.

The process of nuclear fission induced by electrons or other charged leptons is analyzed using distorted electron wave functions and interpreted in terms of virtual photon exchange, thus relating electrofission to photofission. Comparison of cross sections and fission fragment angular distributions for photofission, electrofission, and positrofission is shown to lead to reasonable conclusions in terms of the contributions of different multipoles and intermediate states. The effects of electron distortion are found to be considerable. As a method of analysis of fission, especially near threshold, inclusive and exclusive electrofission experiments and also the ratio of electron to positron cross sections promise good results.
Observed Characteristics of the MJO Relative to Maximum Rainfall

Abstract This study examines various dynamical and thermodynamical processes that characterize the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Episodes of deep convection related to the MJO based on rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) are identified. Although broad convective envelopes are located utilizing spectrally filtered precipitation, analyses of the features within the envelopes are carried out using unfiltered rainfall and 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) fields. The events are composited and categorized based on geographic location and relative intensity. The composited fields illustrate that, prior to the onset of deep convection, shallow cumulus and cumulus congestus clouds are actively involved in vertical convective transport of heat and moisture. Drying, first accomplished immediately following deep convection in the lower troposphere, is associated with an enhanced horizontal (westerly) advective component...
Optimum nonlinear composite filter for distortion-tolerant pattern recognition

We describe a nonlinear distortion-tolerant filter for pattern recognition that is optimum in terms of tolerance to input noise and discrimination capability. This filter was derived by minimization of the output energy that is due to the overlapping additive noise and the input scene, and the output of the filter meets the design constraints obtained from the training data set. The performance of this filter was tested with an input scene containing one of the training data sets, a nontraining true target, and a false object in the presence of overlapping additive noise and nonoverlapping background noise. We carried out Monte Carlo runs to measure the statistical performance of the filter and obtained receiver operating characteristics curves to show the detection capabilities of the filter.
Structural transitions in hydrogen and deuterium at ultrahigh pressures

Abstract Raman measurements indicate that normal hydrogen and deuterium compressed in a diamond-anvil cell at 77 K undergo phase transformations at 145 (±l5) GPa and 190 (±l20) GPa, respectively. The new observations reported for deuterium indicate that the transition in both isotopes is a structural change not associated with a simple rotational ordering mechanism. The possibility of a structural transition driven by band-gap closure is discussed.
Thrombomodulin distribution during murine development.

Thrombomodulin is a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the regulation of clot formation. Previous work has shown that in the adult mouse, thrombomodulin expression is primarily located on the luminal surface of endothelial cells; whereas during development, thrombomodulin has been localized to the placental parietal endoderm, the neuroepithelium, head mesenchyme, lung bud, and atrium of Day 10.5 post coitum embryos. We examined the expression of thrombomodulin in the adult mouse and throughout murine development from Day 7.5 to Day. 18.5 post coitum. The high expression of thrombomodulin in the lung bud, developing gonads, leptomeninges, and the parietal endoderm in comparison to the expression levels in the adult organs suggest that thrombomodulin may play an important role in development.
Low levels of vitamin D and worsening of knee osteoarthritis - Results of two longitudinal studies

Objective To confirm reports that 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) deficiency is associated with an increased risk of joint space narrowing or cartilage loss in osteoarthritis (OA). Methods We measured 25(OH)D levels in subjects from 2 longitudinal cohort studies, the Framingham Osteoarthritis Study and the Boston Osteoarthritis of the Knee Study (BOKS). In the first, weight-bearing anteroposterior (AP) and lateral knee radiographs were obtained on subjects in 1993–1994 and again in 2002–2005 (mean interval 9 years); blood was drawn for measurement of vitamin D status in 1996–2000. In the second, subjects with symptomatic knee OA participating in a natural history study had fluoroscopically positioned semiflexed posteroanterior (PA) and lateral radiography of both knees and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the more symptomatic knee performed at baseline and at 15 and 30 months. Blood was drawn at all visits, and the baseline specimen was used when available. In both studies, we defined radiographic worsening based on joint space loss in the tibiofemoral joint on either AP/PA or lateral weight-bearing views, using a semiquantitative scale (worsening defined as increase by ≥1 on a 0–3 scale). In the BOKS, we evaluated cartilage loss semiquantitatively, using the Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score. In both studies, 25(OH)D levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Analyses focused on whether vitamin D levels, defined in tertiles or as deficient (25[OH]D <20 ng/ml) versus nondeficient, predicted worsening of OA. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, body mass index, sex, and baseline OA level was used. Results The 715 subjects in the Framingham Study had a mean 25(OH)D level of 20 ng/ml at baseline, and 20.3% of the knees showed worsening, during the course of the study, with most knees having had no evidence of OA at baseline. The 277 subjects with OA in the BOKS had a mean 25(OH)D level of 20 ng/ml at baseline with 23.6% of knees showing radiographic worsening. We found no association of baseline 25(OH)D levels with radiographic worsening in either cohort, and confidence limits in the analyses of vitamin D deficiency were narrow, suggesting that results were not based on insufficient power. In fact, the risk of worsening was slightly, but not significantly, lower in persons with low levels of vitamin D than in persons with higher levels. In the BOKS, vitamin D levels were unrelated to cartilage loss seen on MRI. Conclusion The findings indicate that vitamin D status is unrelated to the risk of joint space or cartilage loss in knee OA.
Peirce the logician

Abstract This paper traces the influence of the Boolean school, and more specifically of Peirce and his students, on the development of modern logic. In the 1890s it was Schroder's Algebra derLogik that represented the state of the art. This work mentions Frege, but the quantifier notation it adopts (a variant of the modern notation) is credited to Peirce and his students O. H. Mitchell and Christine Ladd-Franklin. This notation was widely adopted; both Zermelo and Lowenheim wrote famous papers in Peirce-Schroder notation. Even Whitehead (in 1908, in his Universal Algebra) fails to mention Frege, but cites the “suggestive papers” by Mitchell and Ladd-Franklin. (Russell credits Frege, with many things, but nowhere credits him with the quantifer; if the quantifiers in Principia were devised by Whitehead, they probably come from Peirce). The aim of this paper is not to detract from our appreciation of Frege's great work, but to emphasize that its influence came largely after 1900 (after Russell pointed out its significance). Although Frege discovered the quantifier in 1879 and Peirce's student Mitchell independently discovered it only in 1883, it was Mitchell's discovery (as modified and disseminated by Peirce) that made the quantifier part of logic. And neither Lowenheim's theorem nor Zermelo set-theory depended on Frege's work at all, but only on the work of the Boole-Peirce school.
Vocal disinhibition (grunting) does not increase dead lift force in college athletes or nonathletes.

31 17–35-yr.-old men (15 college athletes and 16 nonathletes) performed three dead-lifts with and three without grunting, the order of which was randomly assigned. No differences were found across ...
Telecommunications deregulation and rural consumers: the impact on decision‐making

Deregulation of the U.S. telecommunications industry has made a major impact on the consumer decisions of both urban and rural telephone consumers. This article focuses on rural consumers and examines their relative satisfaction with local and long-distance service, attitudes toward and knowledge about deregulation, and use of information in specific local service and equipment decisions. Implications for consumer educators are identified.
H1, H2, and H3 receptors contribute to drinking elicited by exogenous histamine and eating in rats

Roles for H1, H2, and H3 receptor subtypes for drinking elicited by exogenous histamine and drinking elicited by eating was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Drinking elicited by SC 5 mg/kg histamine was: (a) inhibited approximately 30% by H1 antagonism using IP 1 mg/kg dexbrompheniramine (DXB); (b) inhibited approximately 30% by H2 antagonism using IP 16 mg/kg cimetidine (C); (c) inhibited approximately 40% by H3 antagonism using SC 10 mg/kg thioperamide (Th); (d) inhibited approximately 80% by combined H1 and H2 antagonism using IP DXB plus IP C; (e) inhibited approximately 85% by combined H1 and H3 antagonism using IP DXB plus SC Th; (f) inhibited approximately 70% by combined H2 and H3 antagonism using IP C plus SC Th; and (g) abolished by combined H1, H2, and H3 antagonism using IP DXB plus IP C plus SC Th. For rats eating pellets and drinking after 24-h food deprivation: (a) systemic injections of DXB, C, and Th, sufficient to abolish drinking elicited by SC histamine, inhibited water/food ratio (W/F) by approximately 20%; (b) ICV injections (through a chronic cannula in a lateral ventricle) of 50 micrograms DXB plus 100 micrograms C plus 60 micrograms Th inhibited W/F by approximately 20%. For rats drinking after IG infusion (through a chronic gastric catheter) of 2 ml 1,800 mOsm/kg NaCl: (a) systemic injections of DXB, C, and Th, sufficient to abolish drinking elicited by SC histamine, inhibited water intake by approximately 70%; (b) IP DXB alone and IP C alone failed to inhibit water intake; (c) IP Th alone inhibited water intake by approximately 20%; (d) IP DXB combined with IP C inhibited water intake by approximately 55%. The results demonstrate the involvement of H1, H2, and H3 receptors for drinking elicited by exogenous histamine, and our findings extend the evidence for a role for endogenous histamine and H1, H2, and H3 receptor subtypes for drinking elicited by eating, including drinking elicited by gastrointestinal osmotic consequences of eating that can increase systemic plasma osmolality.
Interaction between zinc deficiency and boron toxicity on growth and mineral nutrition of sour orange seedlings

Abstract Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seedlings were grown for 3 months in diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA)‐buffered nutrient solutions to study the effect of Zn stress on the plants’ sensitivity to high boron concentration in the root environment. There were three zinc treatments: 21 μM Zn (LOW Zn‐DTPA), 69 μM Zn (NORMAL Zn‐DTPA) in the nutrient solution, or 12 weekly foliar sprays with ZnSO4 (FOLIAR‐Zn). In the FOLIAR‐Zn treatment, the nutrient solution contained 21 μM Zn. Zn activities calculated with a chemical equilibrium model, Geochem PC, and expressed as pZn=‐log(Zn+2), were 10.2 and 9.7 in the LOW Zn‐DTPA and NORMAL Zn‐DTPA nutrient solutions, respectively. One half of the plants in each Zn treatment were grown in 51 μM B (NORMAL‐B) and the other half in 200 μM B (HIGH‐B) nutrient solution. Seedlings grown in LOW Zn‐DTPA/NORMAL‐B nutrient solution developed Zn deficiency symptoms such as: reduced shoot growth, small and chlorotic leaves, and white roots with visibly shorter and thicker...
Molecular determinants of FGF‐21 activity—synergy and cross‐talk with PPARγ signaling

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 is a novel regulator of insulin-independent glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and has glucose and triglyceride lowering effects in rodent models of diabetes. The precise mechanisms whereby FGF-21 regulates metabolism remain to be determined. Here we describe the early signaling events triggered by FGF-21 treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and reveal a functional interplay between FGF-21 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) pathways that leads to a marked stimulation of glucose transport. While the early actions of FGF-21 on 3T3-L1 adipocytes involve rapid accumulation of intracellular calcium and phosphorylation of Akt, GSK-3, p70S6K, SHP-2, MEK1/2, and Stat3, continuous treatment for 72 h induces an increase in PPARγ protein expression. Moreover, chronic activation of the PPARγ pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes with the PPARγ agonist and anti-diabetic agent, rosiglitazone (BRL 49653), enhances FGF-21 action to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of FGF receptor-2. Strikingly, treatment of cells with FGF-21 and rosiglitazone in combination leads to a pronounced increase in expression of the GLUT1 glucose transporter and a marked synergy in stimulation of glucose transport. Together these results reveal a novel synergy between two regulators of glucose homeostasis, FGF-21 and PPARγ, and further define FGF-21 mechanism of action. J. Cell. Physiol. 210: 1–6, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nonneutralizing HIV-1 gp41 Envelope Cluster II Human Monoclonal Antibodies Show Polyreactivity for Binding to Phospholipids and Protein Autoantigens

HIV-1 gp41 envelope antibodies, which are frequently induced in HIV-1-infected individuals, are predominantly nonneutralizing. The rare and difficult-to-induce neutralizing antibodies (2F5 and 4E10) that target gp41 membrane-proximal epitopes (MPER) are polyspecific and require lipid binding for HIV-1 neutralization. These results raise the questions of how prevalent polyreactivity is among gp41 antibodies and how the binding properties of gp41-nonneutralizing antibodies differ from those of antibodies that are broadly neutralizing. In this study, we have characterized a panel of human gp41 antibodies with binding specificities within the immunodominant cluster I (gp41 amino acids [aa] 579 to 613) or cluster II (gp41 aa 644 to 667) for reactivity to autoantigens, to the gp140 protein, and with MPER peptide-lipid conjugates. We report that while none of the gp41 cluster I antibodies studied were polyspecific, all three gp41 cluster II antibodies bound either to lipids or autoantigens, thus showing the propensity of cluster II antibodies to manifest polyreactivity. All cluster II gp41 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), including those that were lipid reactive, failed to bind to gp41 MPER peptide-lipid complexes. Cluster II antibodies bound strongly with nanomolar binding affinity (dissociation constant [K(d)]) to oligomeric gp140 proteins, and thus, they recognize conformational epitopes on gp41 that are distinct from those of neutralizing gp41 antibodies. These results demonstrate that lipid-reactive gp41 cluster II antibodies are nonneutralizing due to their inability to bind to the relevant neutralizing epitopes on gp41.
Do Human Resource Departments Act as Strategic Partners? Strategic Human Capital Management Adoption by County Governments

Drawing on qualitative data from 40 counties in New York and North Carolina, this article examines the adoption of strategic human capital management (SHCM) principles and practices at the county level and presents a typology of five levels of SHCM adoption. The level of SHCM implementation in a county depends on the view of the HR function by executive county leadership, the capacity of the county to engage in strategic planning and management, and the capacity of the HR director to think strategically about the role of HR in the government. The article concludes with recommendations for practice, which focus on educating a diverse set of actors about SHCM, building executive-level support, developing HR skill and competencies, and applying basic change management practices.
Freeze! Movement, narrative and the disciplining of price in hyperinflationary Zimbabwe

In this paper, I discuss the imposition of economy‐wide price controls in Zimbabwe in June 2007. The government’s immediate intent in doing so was to stop the ‘mad’ movement of hyperinflationary prices by ‘disciplining’ it into visibility – and hence controllability. A combination of police force and ‘scientific’ prescription was deployed in an effort to eliminate post‐production profiteering and affect a return to legitimate, transparent price‐regimes. A third technique was used as well: the policing of national history. By fitting price rises into a narrative frame of revolution and autochthony, government sought to give a name and a history to economic developments that seemed inherently erratic and inchoate. In effect, this ritual alignment of police force, price prescription and national narrative was an attempt to heal the nation by ridding it of accumulated foreign influences.
The reaction of nucleophiles with [dicarbonyl(h5-cyclopentadienyl)(h2-acenaphthylene)(iron)]+[tetrafluoroborate]−

Abstract The reactions between (h5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2(h2-acenaphthylene)+ BF4− (I) and the nucleophiles methoxide, triphenylphosphine, trimethylamine, iodide, tertbutyl mercaptide and isobutyraldehyde pyrollidine enamine give products resulting from (1) nucleophilic addition to coordinated acenaphthylene and (2) displacement of acenaphthylene. The addition process occurs stereospecifically to produce trans adducts II. Mechanistic aspects of the reactions are discussed.