cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning cause identifiers from annotator rationales

In the aviation safety research domain, cause identification refers to the task of identifying the possible causes responsible for the incident described in an aviation safety incident report. This task presents a number of challenges, including the scarcity of labeled data and the difficulties in finding the relevant portions of the text. We investigate the use of annotator rationales to overcome these challenges, proposing several new ways of utilizing rationales and showing that through judicious use of the rationales, it is possible to achieve significant improvement over a unigram SVM baseline.
Holy Cow! (“I’m Bloodless”)

A 59-year-old female, a self-described homemaker, and a mother to three children presents to the emergency department (ED) with acute-on-chronic anemia secondary to lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (the patient is known to have a history of colonic diverticular bleeding) and iron deficiency. The patient takes iron and vitamin supplements at home. She additionally takes warfarin due to a history of atrial fibrillation. The patient’s hemoglobin (Hgb) level is 6.4 g/dL in the ED, and the patient appears pale with tachycardia (heart rate 110 beats/min) though her blood pressure is stable at 130/80 mmHg and her oxygen saturation is normal (98%) on room air. A type and screen sample (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA] anticoagulant) is submitted to the blood bank along with a request for crossmatch of two units of red blood cells (RBCs).
On the accuracy of two-dimensional photoelastic experiments in which uniform edge loading is obtained by the inflatable-tubing technique: Technical note presents a comparison of theoretical and experimental solutions for hollow hexagons under external pressure

Good agreement is reported between newly acquired numerical solutions and previously obtained photoelastic solutions for hollow hexagons under external pressure on three and six sides. A procedure is discussed for calibration of pressure by means of shear-stress measurements directly on the model being analyzed.
Hyers-Ulam Stability of Linear Differential Equations

In this paper, we investigate the approximate solution of the homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear differential equations of second order and nth order, where n is even, in the sense of Hyers-Ulam. Also, some illustrative examples are given.
Temporal Trends and Characteristics of Reportable Health Data Breaches, 2010-2017.

This study uses public data to examine the nature and extent of health data confidentiality breaches from 2010 through 2017
Abstract # 3108 Combined exposure to air pollution and maternal stress induces sex-specific, autism-like social behavior deficits and gut dysbiosis in mice

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, engagement in repetitive behaviors, and a sex bias in prevalence (higher in males). Importantly, recent epidemiological studies suggest that maternal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy may increase ASD risk. Furthermore, studies have shown that maternal stress during pregnancy increases the severity of ASD symptoms. Our lab has developed a novel mouse model of combined diesel exhaust particle (DEP) and maternal stress (MS) exposure. We hypothesized that this DEP/MS exposure would induce ASD-like behavioral deficits in male offspring only. In males only, we observed a significantly lower preference for social vs. non-social stimuli in DEP/MS-exposed mice as compared to controls. Moreover, while control males preferred to interact with a novel peer over their cage mate, DEP/MS-exposed males showed the opposite preference. DEP/MS exposure had no effect on repetitive behavior (marble-burying) or on anxiety-like behavior (as measured in an open field) in either sex. Finally, given the high comorbidity of ASD with gastrointestinal issues, we asked whether DEP/MS exposure would alter the composition of the gut microbiome. Our results suggest that DEP/MS exposure alters both alpha and beta diversity in the gut microbiome of male but not female offspring. We are currently using this model to investigating the neuro-immune mechanisms by which DEP/MS exposure induces sex-specific deficits in social behavior.
E-080 Acquisition of DWI burden in early subarachnoid hemorrhage

Purpose To determine the natural history of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) abnormalities in early acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods Patients with diffuse SAH at our institution were offered enrollment in a prospective study in which serial MRI, including DWI, FLAIR, PWI, and ASL sequences, was performed at admission, 7 days, 30 days, and upon the development of signs/symptoms of vasospasm. Patient demographics, Hunt-Hess grade, modified Fisher score, and underlying lesion and treatment technique were recorded. Results Between November 2013 and August 2017, 50 patients were enrolled, 37 women, mean age 58, 20 current smokers. Hunt-Hess grade mean was 3.0. Modified Fisher score mean was 3.5. All underlying vascular lesions were treated endovascularly: 17 ACA aneurysms, 14 ICA aneurysms (including PCOM), 10 MCA aneurysms, 3 basilar tip aneurysms, 1 vertebral aneurysm, 1 posterior fossa AVM, and 4 angiographically-negative SAHs. 31 patients (62%) had DWI abnormalities on their admission scan; all had undergone a catheter angiogram or endovascular treatment of the underlying lesion prior to the MRI. The total number of DWI abnormalities amongst these patients was 250 (214 At 7 days, the total number of DWI abnormalities was 267 (224 Conclusion The acquisition of additional multifocal ischemic injury to the brain is common in early SAH. This phenomenon is independent of cerebral perfusion and large-vessel vasospasm. Disclosures Y. Kayan: 2; C; Medtronic, Penumbra. J. Delgado Almandoz: 2; C; Medtronic, MicroVention, Penumbra. J. Fease: None. A. Wallace: None. J. Scholz: None. A. Milner: None. N. Banerji: None. M. Mulder: None.
Ecumenism, Evangelism, and Religious Liberty

Les progres oecumeniques qui avaient ete constates parmi les trois grandes courants du christianisme, orthodoxe, catholique et protestant, ainsi que la cooperation specifique avec les organismes oecumeniques comme les conciles nationaux, europeens et mondiaux, ont ete compromis par le mouvement de liberte qui a suivi la disparition du bloc de l'Est. Trois domaines sont en danger: l'oecumenisme, l'evangelisation et la liberte religieuse. Tout ceci contribue a alimenter le scandale de l'attitude chretienne et l'incapacite pour les Eglises de gerer la situation chaotique dans les anciens pays socialistes
Three-Stage Evolution from Nonscalable to Scalable Optical Properties of Thiolate-Protected Gold Nanoclusters

The evolution of the optical properties of gold nanoclusters (NCs) versus size is of great importance because it not only reveals the nature of quantum confinement in NCs, but also helps to understand how the molecular-like Au NCs transit to plasmonic nanoparticles. While some work has been done in studying the optical properties of NCs of certain individual sizes, the global picture remains unclear, such as the detailed relationship between size/structure and properties. Here, we investigate the grand evolution of the optical properties by comparing the steady-state absorption, bandgap, transient absorption, as well as carrier dynamics of a series of thiolate-protected gold NCs ranging from tens to hundreds of gold atoms. We find that, on the basis of their optical behaviors, gold NCs can be classified into three groups: (i) ultrasmall NCs (ca. 100 Au atoms) exhibit optical properties solely dependent on size, and the structure effect fades out. Unraveling the grand evolution from nonscalable to scalable optical properties and their mechanisms will greatly deepen scientific understanding of the nature of quantum-sized gold NCs and will also provide implications for plasmonic NPs.
Review of Writing Your Journal Article in Twelve Weeks: A Guide to Academic Publishing Success

Publishing is a necessary part of academia. Students from the undergraduate level to doctoral study are introduced to this idea either overtly by their professors’ encouragement or opinions or cove...
Practical Fast Gradient Sign Attack against Mammographic Image Classifier

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been a topic of major research for many years. Especially, with the emergence of deep neural network (DNN), these studies have been tremendously successful. Today machines are capable of making faster, more accurate decision than human. Thanks to the great development of machine learning (ML) techniques, ML have been used many different fields such as education, medicine, malware detection, autonomous car etc. In spite of having this degree of interest and much successful research, ML models are still vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Attackers can manipulate clean data in order to fool the ML classifiers to achieve their desire target. For instance; a benign sample can be modified as a malicious sample or a malicious one can be altered as benign while this modification can not be recognized by human observer. This can lead to many financial losses, or serious injuries, even deaths. The motivation behind this paper is that we emphasize this issue and want to raise awareness. Therefore, the security gap of mammographic image classifier against adversarial attack is demonstrated. We use mamographic images to train our model then evaluate our model performance in terms of accuracy. Later on, we poison original dataset and generate adversarial samples that missclassified by the model. We then using structural similarity index (SSIM) analyze similarity between clean images and adversarial images. Finally, we show how successful we are to misuse by using different poisoning factors.
The DendroEcological Network: A cyberinfrastructure for the storage, discovery and sharing of tree-ring and associated ecological data

The DendroEcological Network (DEN; https://www.uvm.edu/femc/dendro) is an opensource repository of high quality dendrochronological and associated ecological data. Launched in 2018, the mission of the DEN is to provide a centralized, standards-driven cyberinfrastructure for data storage, exploration and sharing. Specifically, the objectives of the DEN are to, 1) act as an integrator of dendrochronological and ecological data, 2) facilitate synthetic investigation and analyses of these data, 3) uphold the scientific community’s goals of data transparency and reproducibility of results, 4) serve as a long-term data archiving platform for use by individuals, laboratories and the greater scientific, management and conservation communities and, 5) leverage and extend previous and future research. The DEN facilitates the gathering of individual studies into a larger network, expanding the scale of inquiry to address pressing ecological questions that no single study can answer alone.
The energy release in earthquakes, and subduction zone seismicity and stress in slabs

Energy release in earthquakes is discussed. Dynamic energy from source time function, a simplified procedure for modeling deep focus events, static energy estimates, near source energy studies, and energy and magnitude are addressed. Subduction zone seismicity and stress in slabs are also discussed.
Rain-induced planar collapse of eolian dune slipfaces

Abstract Decameter-scale eolian dunes were observed following a burst of intense rainfall in the sand sea of eastern Saudi Arabia. Planar, translational collapse structures developed over large areas of the dune slipfaces and were observed in pristine condition hours after their formation. Individual slipped blocks were approximately 10 cm deep over areas up to one hundred square meters. Observed geometries indicate a sequence of deformation beginning with downslope creep progressing to propagation of updip tensile fractures, finally thrust ramps developed at the downdip limits. Movement halted in all cases after about 10% displacement. A mechanical model is developed here based in part on snow avalanches and landslides to account for the observed deformation sequence. Rainwater loading increases differential stress in the dry internal parts of the dune. Rainwater infiltration also forms an impermeable wetting front below which air increases in pressure bringing the effective stress state towards the frictional sliding criterion, triggering downslope creep of the cohesive wet slab above. The wet slab has cohesion and tensile strength via proliferation of intergranular rainwater fluid bridges. Downslope creep led to updip tensile cracks releasing the slab, promoting slip and leading to downdip compressional failure with thrust structures. Exposure of the overpressured substrate in between the opening tensile cracks enabled pressure to bleed off ensuring the mechanism is self-limiting and therefore less hazardous than snow avalanches. The preservation potential of these structures is reasonably high due to their scale and likelihood of rapid burial by dune migration, but the distribution is patchy due to pre-existing moisture content of the dunes inhibiting the process, and the footprint of intense rainstorms usually being relatively small compared with the sand seas.
A novel target enrichment strategy in next-generation sequencing through 7-deaza-dGTP-resistant enzymatic digestion

Owing to the overwhelming dominance of human and commensal microbe sequences, low efficiency is a major concern in clinical viral sequencing using next-generation sequencing. DNA composed of 7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate (c7dGTP), an analog of deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), is resistant to selective restriction enzymes. This characteristic has been utilized to develop a novel strategy for target enrichment in next-generation sequencing. The new enrichment strategy is named target enrichment via enzymatic digestion in next-generation sequencing (TEEDseq). It combined 7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate (c7dGTP)-involved primer extension, splinter-assisted intracellular cyclization, c7dGTP)-resistant enzymatic digestion, and two-phase rolling cycle amplification. We first estimated c7dGTP for its efficiency in PCR amplification and its resistance to three restriction enzymes, AluI, HaeIII, and HpyCH4V. We then evaluated TEEDseq using a serum sample spiked with a 1311-bp hepatitis B virus (HBV) fragment. TEEDseq achieved an HBV on-target rate of 3.31 ± 0.39%, which was equivalent to 454× the enrichment of direct Illumina sequencing. Therefore, the current study has provided a concept proof for TEEDseq as an alternative option for clinical viral sequencing that requires an enrichment in next-generation sequencing.
A nonspatial sound modulates processing of visual distractors in a flanker task

Successful navigation of information-rich, multimodal environments involves processing both auditory and visual information. The extent to which information within each modality is processed varies because of many factors, but the influence of auditory stimuli on the processing of visual stimuli in these multimodal environments is not well understood. Previous research has shown that a preceding sound leads to decreased reaction times in visual tasks (Bertelson, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 19(3), 272-279, 1967). The current study examines whether a nonspatial, task-irrelevant sound additionally alters processing of visual distractors that flank a central target. We used a version of a flanker task in which participants responded to a central letter surrounded by two irrelevant flanker letters. When these flankers are associated with a conflicting response, a congruency effect occurs such that reaction time to the target is slowed (Eriksen & Eriksen, Perception & Psychophysics, 16(1), 143-149, 1974). In two experiments using this task, results showed that a preceding tone caused general speeding of reaction time across flanker types, consistent with alerting. The tone also caused decreased variation in response time. Critically, the tone modulated the congruency effect, with a greater speeding for congruent flankers than for incongruent flankers. This suggests that the influence of flanker identity was more intense after tone presentation, consistent with a nonspatial sound increasing perceptual and/or response-association processing of flanking stimuli.
Obesity Increases Risk of Failure to Achieve the 1-Year PROMIS PF-10a Minimal Clinically Important Difference Following Total Joint Arthroplasty.

Abstract Introduction The aims of this study were to determine if increasing body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for failure to attain the 1-year Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function (PROMIS PF-10a) minimal clinically important difference (MCID) following total joint arthroplasty (TJA) and to determine a possible BMI threshold beyond which this risk increases significantly. Methods This retrospective study was performed using 3506 TJAs sourced from a regional-based registry. An anchor-based MCID threshold of 7.9 was chosen. PROMIS PF-10a scores were collected at the preoperative and 1-year postoperative timepoints, and the change was used to determine failure to achieve the 1-year MCID. Demographic and surgical variables were also collected. The association between BMI and failure to achieve 1-year PROMIS PF-10 MCID was then evaluated using logistic regression. A BMI threshold was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results Increasing BMI assessed continuously was a significant risk factor for failure to achieve the MCID (P 40 kg/m2) subgroups compared to “Normal BMI” ( Conclusion Our study showed that increasing BMI is a risk factor for failure to achieve the 1-year PROMIS PF-10a MCID following TJA. Among our patients, an increase in 1 kg/m2 increased the risk of failure to achieve the MCID by 2%. With these findings, surgeons will be better equipped to preoperatively advise patients with elevated BMIs considering TJA.
Molecular characterization of the interacting and reacting systems formed by α-lactalbumin and sugar beet pectin

Abstract We investigated the molecular properties of interacting complexes and conjugates formed between α-lactalbumin (αLA) and SBP using a multi-detection (UV, dRI, MALLS, and DPV) HPSEC. Dry-heating reactions were conducted at the mass ratios 1:0, 5:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, and 0:1 αLA:SBP under controlled conditions (60 °C, 79% RH, 72 h). The in-depth physicochemical analysis showed that the association levels were 32, 37, 47, and 61% αLA and 18, 24, 30, and 42% SBP for 5:1, 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1 αLA:SBP, respectively. The stoichiometry was estimated to be 233, 121, 90, and 45 αLA per SBP. Studies of the solution mixtures (3:1) demonstrated that αLA formed complexes with all sized SBP at pH ~ 6.50 through local charge-charge and hydrophobic interactions with stoichiometry ~110:1. Furthermore, the complexes and conjugates did not change the conformation of SBP considerably, i.e., compact spheres, random coils, and rigid rods but increased the molecular chains' stiffness.
Geometric transitions with Spin(7) holonomy via a dynamical system

We clarify the global geometry of two 1-parameter families of cohomogeneity one Spin(7) holonomy metrics with generic orbit the Aloff--Wallach space $N(1,-1) \cong \mathrm{SU}(3)/\mathrm{U}(1)$ and singular orbits $S^5$ and $\mathbb{C}P^2$, which at short distance were shown to exist by Reidegeld. The two families fit into the geography of previously known families of cohomogeneity one metrics with exceptional holonomy and provide a Spin(7) analogue of the well-known conifold transition in the setting of Calabi--Yau 3-folds. Furthermore, we discover that there is another transition to families of Spin(7) holonomy metrics which have a similar asymptotic behaviour on one end, but are singular on the other end. We obtain our results by relating the Spin(7)-equations to a simple dynamical system on a 3-dimensional cube.
Precision Medicine for Obesity

Obesity is a multifactorial disease with a variable and underwhelming weight loss response to current treatment approaches. Precision medicine proposes a new paradigm to improve disease classification based on the premise of human heterogeneity, with the ultimate goal of maximizing treatment effectiveness, tolerability, and safety. Recent advances in high-throughput biochemical assays have contributed to the partial characterization of obesity's pathophysiology, as well as to the understanding of the role that intrinsic and environmental factors, and their interaction, play in its development and progression. These data have led to the development of biological markers that either are being or will be incorporated into strategies to develop personalized lines of treatment for obesity. There are currently many ongoing initiatives aimed at this; however, much needs to be resolved before precision obesity medicine becomes common practice. This review aims to provide a perspective on the currently available data of high-throughput technologies to treat obesity.
Variational fracture with boundary loads

Abstract Variational fracture has been viewed as incompatible with boundary loads, due to a straightforward non-existence argument. We introduce a different variational formulation that includes loads, and we illustrate a method for showing existence.
Lorlatinib in a Child with ALK -Fusion-Positive High-Grade Glioma.

Lorlatinib Response in ALK-Fusion–Positive Glioma A child near death with an ALK-fusion–positive high-grade glioma refractory to standard treatment had a dramatic response when treatment with lorla...
Effects of chemical cues from two piscine predators, natal predator regime, and time since cue introduction, on the movements of aquatic isopods (Caecidotea communis)

The ability to detect predators at a distance through chemical cues is often essential for prey, but spatial variation in predator presence and species may promote variability in the reactions of prey subpopulations. We collected isopods (Caecidotea communis) from three ponds: two with fish (sunfish in one, shiners in the other), and one without. We exposed individuals from these three subpopulations to kairomones and diet cues released by sunfish (Lepomis spp.) or golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas). We used time-lapse photography to calculate the rate of movement and proportion of time isopods spent moving, both soon after cue introduction and twenty-five minutes later. Thus, we tested for reactions to cues, for rapid cue degradation or short-term habituation, and for effects of natal pond. The isopods from all subpopulations did not alter their rate of movement nor their percent of time moving when exposed to dechlorinated tap water or cues from sunfish. The isopods from the pond containing shiners significantly increased their proportion of time moving, and showed a not significant tendency to move more rapidly, when exposed to cues from shiners as opposed to dechlorinated tap water. Our results are the first to demonstrate that isopods may lack a behavioral response to chemicals indicating likely imminent danger from the same species of fish as occur in their natal pond.
Phase II Trial of Suramin in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

This study was conducted to assess the efficacy and toxicity of suramin administered using a fixed dose schedule in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Fourteen eligible patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma were enrolled and treated on a fixed dose schedule of suramin administered over 12 weeks. Suramin was administered by intravenous infusions over 1 hour. None of the 13 evaluable patients demonstrated an objective response. Only 3 patients completed the 12-week therapy course, with the majority developing progressive disease on therapy. The fixed dosage schedule was well tolerated with minimal to moderate toxicity. Suramin in this fixed dose schedule is well tolerated but has no activity in advanced renal cell carcinoma.
Efficient Group Coordination in Multicast Trees

The majority of today's Internet applications relies on point-to-point communication. In recent years, however, multipoint communication support has become the foundation for such applications as multiparty video conferencing, distributed interactive simulations, and collaborative systems. We describe a novel protocol to coordinate multipoint groupwork within the IP-multicast framework. The protocol supports Internet-wide coordination for large and highly-interactive groupwork, relying on the dissemination of coordination directives among group members across a shared end-to-end multicast tree. We also describe how addressing extensions to IP multicast can be used for our multisite coordination mechanism.
The amino acid sequence of peptide (1-24) of rat and human serum albumins.

Abstract The amino-terminal fragment, comprising the first 24 residues, has been isolated from rat and human serum albumins after limited peptic digestion. The complete sequence of each fragment has been deduced from the tryptic peptides alone by taking advantage of overlapping peptides resulting from incomplete cleavage. A comparison of the structure of the (1–24) peptides of rat and human albumins with that obtained from bovine serum albumin (J. Biol. Chem., 242, 5451 (1967)) indicates a high degree of similarity. The rat fragment differs from the bovine at three sites, whereas the human fragment differs at four sites. There is a single replacement at Residue 2 common to the rat and human peptides. Because production of this fragment by limited proteolysis must be indicative of certain conformational parameters in the region of Residue 24, it may be concluded that the rat, human, and bovine serum albumin molecules are closely homologous in primary and three-dimensional structure in the amino-terminal region.
A fermionic quantum computer with ultracold atoms

I will discuss how state-of-the-art experiments with ultracold atoms in optical lattices can be extended to realize fermionic quantum computations for chemistry, achieved by engineering arbitrary hoping and specific many-body interactions of fermions.
Maxima of degree of polymerization in equilibrium systems

Plots of the degree of polymerization vs. temperature may show maxima in systems polymerizing under equilibrium conditions. It is shown that an equation correlating the temperature at which the maximum occurs with the thermodynamic constants of the polymerizing system, which was previously developed for the autoinitiated polymerization of sulfur can also be applied to the most general case of polymerization subject to external initiation. It is pointed out that such maxima are to be expected when the enthalpies of initiation and propagation are positive, and when the former greatly exceeds the latter. In Systemen, die unter Gleichgewichtsbedingungen polymerisieren, kann der Polymerisationsgrad als Funktion der Temperatur ein Maximum aufweisen. Fur den Fall der selbststartenden Schwefelpolymerisation wurde in einer fruheren Arbeit eine Beziehung zwischen der Temperatur des Polymerisationsgradmaximums und thermodynamischen Grosen des Systems abgeleitet. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, das diese Gleichung auch fur den Fall der durch Initiatoren gestarteten Polymerisation gultig ist. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, das diese Maxima dann zu erwarten sind, wenn die Enthalpien des Initiator- und des Polymergleichgewichts positiv sind, wobei die erstere groser sein mus als die letztere.
Hydrogen and nitrogen broadening of the lines of C2H2 at 14 μm

Abstract Collision broadening of 14 μm acetylene transitions was studied using a diode laser spectrometer. Fifteen P(J) and Q(J) transitions in the v5 fundamental band, broadened by hydrogen and nitrogen, were used in the study. The reduced Lorentz-widths per unit pressure obtained from the observed Voigt-widths were fitted to a model quadratic in J, i.e. γ0L = a + bJ + cJ2. The results for the nitrogen-broadened lines are 0.0853 cm-1-atm-1 for the collision broadening coefficient a at J = 0, b = -1.63 x 10-3, and c = 3.92 x 10-5 cm-1-atm-1. The results for the hydrogen broadened lines in cm-1-atm-1 are 0.0812, -1.16 x 10-3, and 2.93 x 10-5, respectively.
Re-Defining Political Participation through Item Response Theory

A common approach for creating a dependent variable of political participation is simply to aggregate a series of binary questions that measure engagement - the more actions an individual conducts indicates a higher probability for that individual to participate. Two assumptions are implicit in this approach: (1) The levels of difficulty for engaging in any of the actions are equivalent and (2) each act tells us the same amount of information about an individual’s likelihood to participate. Unfortunately, however, all acts are not the same. This paper attempts to deviate from this classical approach and account for differences among citizens’ actions. Using insight from Item Response Theory, I implement a two-parameter logistic model to obtain a new dependent variable for participation, 0, which is conditional on a discrimination and difficult parameter. This new approach offers a more accurate measure of behavior and reshapes our understanding of the factors that influence participation.
Computational Modeling of Turbulent Flows

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that in many situations of practical importance, “second-order modeling” technique makes possible computations that often agree with what data is available. Inevitably, the technique is also applied in many situations in which data does not exist, which must be regarded as a dangerous practice as the limitations of the technique are not known with any precision. It is primarily the possibility of practical computation that has been responsible for the great interest in this method. Even in its most stripped-down form, it results in general in the simultaneous solution of four partial differential equations in the domain of interest; more elaborate models in a three-dimensional situation might require the simultaneous solution of as many as 36 partial differential equations to obtain the mechanical field only. This is within the capabilities of present computers at a reasonable price, which cannot be said of any other technique. The chapter explores that direct simulation is not an alternative for practical computation. The various sophisticated closures suffer from essentially the same problems as the direct simulations and therefore, are limited to homogeneous situations. Thus, the second-order modeling is the only possibility for practical computation.
Gender differences in high-achieving students in math and science.

The research described in this article examined gender differences between high-achieving students in math and science with respect to their achievement, self-concept, locus of control, number of math and science courses taken, and the important people who contributed to their decisions to enroll in advanced courses in high school. The study utilized data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS: 88; National Center for Education Statistics, 1994), with two subsamples selected that represent the highest achieving students in math and in science. The results of this study indicated that there were more males than females in both subsamples of high-achieving students in math and science. The results also suggested that the best predictor for distinguishing between mathematically high-achieving males and females was locus of control. High-achieving males had both higher self-concept and higher standardized math test scores than high-achieving females.
The use of computer-drawn faces as an educational aid for the presentation of statistical concepts

Abstract A description of a vector-graphics facility for coordinated computation and display of faces is presented. It is suggested that such faces are suitable as visual supplements in the presentation of statistical concepts, particularly distribution theory, to individuals inexperienced in mathematics and with no prior knowledge of the methods of statistical evaluation.
Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact

This is a detailed study of nationalism in Argentina, a fundamentalist movement pledged to violence and dictatorship that came to a head in the notorious "disappearances" of the 1970s. This radical, right-wing movement has had a profound impact on almost all aspects of Argentinian life - art and literature, journalism, education, the church, and, of course, politics. The text attempts to understand the politics and ideology behind the military-led repression of the 1970s and the resistance to democracy among extreme right-wing groups that led to several attempted coups between 1987 and 1990. It examines the origins of the nationalist movement, linking its contemporary manifestations to the authoritarian ideologies that prevailed in the 19th and early 20th centuries in Spain, Portugal, Mexico and Brazil.
Potential involvement of Aspergillus flavus laccases in peanut invasion at low water potential

Aspergillus flavus accumulates carcinogenic aflatoxins in peanuts, mainly in immature kernels during drought. Aspergillus flavus invasion induces accumulation of phytoalexins, mostly stilbenoids in peanut, as a plant defence mechanism. Because fungal laccases are often related to pathogenicity and can degrade stilbenoids, this study reports for the first time the expression of A. flavus laccases in the presence of kernels, hulls and low water potential in relation to the accumulation of phytoalexins in peanut kernels. Packed-cell volume (PCV) of A. flavus biomass was significantly higher (P ≤ 0·01) in the presence of mature kernels, dead kernels, and mature and immature peanut hulls than the control. The presence of kernels and hulls lowered the level of expression of three A. flavus laccases by 4–6-fold (P < 0·01), whereas 3% sucrose up-regulated them by 35–304-fold, and low water potential (−1·1 MPa) up-regulated them by 85–248-fold (P < 0·01). Phytoalexins that accumulated in peanut kernels in the presence of A. flavus and were quantified by HPLC-DAD-MS were primarily the stilbenoids: 3′-isopentadienyl-3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene (IPD), chiricanine-A, arachidin-2, arachidin-3 and arahypin-1. Apparent degradation of phytoalexins was observed when using a priori induction of phytoalexins in seeds in combination with a priori induction of laccases in A. flavus. The up-regulation of laccase expression observed at −1·1 MPa and at high sucrose concentration could be contributing to peanut invasion in immature kernels under drought conditions.
Neuron Array With Plastic Synapses and Programmable Dendrites

We describe a novel neuromorphic chip architecture that models neurons for efficient computation. Traditional architectures of neuron array chips consist of large scale systems that are interfaced with AER for implementing intra- or inter-chip connectivity. We present a chip that uses AER for inter-chip communication but uses fast, reconfigurable FPGA-style routing with local memory for intra-chip connectivity. We model neurons with biologically realistic channel models, synapses and dendrites. This chip is suitable for small-scale network simulations and can also be used for sequence detection, utilizing directional selectivity properties of dendrites, ultimately for use in word recognition.
Grain boundary loops in graphene

Topological defects can affect the physical properties of graphene in unexpected ways. Harnessing their influence may lead to enhanced control of both material strength and electrical properties. Here we present a class of topological defects in graphene composed of a rotating sequence of dislocations that close on themselves, forming grain boundary loops that either conserve the number of atoms in the hexagonal lattice or accommodate vacancy or interstitial reconstruction, while leaving no unsatisfied bonds. One grain boundary loop is observed as a ``flower'' pattern in scanning tunneling microscopy studies of epitaxial graphene grown on SiC(0001). We show that the flower defect has the lowest energy per dislocation core of any known topological defect in graphene, providing a natural explanation for its growth via the coalescence of mobile dislocations.
Biosynthesis of cell wall protein: Sequential hydroxylation of proline, glycosylation of hydroxyproline and secretion of the glycoprotein☆

Abstract The biosynthesis of the hydroxyproline-rich cell wall protein involves several discrete cytoplasmic steps: the assembly of the polypeptide chain; the modification of this polypeptide through the hydroxylation of proline residues; the glycosylation of most of these hydroxyproline residues with arabinose. The glycoprotein is then transported to the cell wall.
The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims.

Abstract Study Objective: We sought to compare the use of anoscopy and colposcopy in examinations of male sexual assault victims and to characterize the demographics of male sexual assault victims. Methods: This is a case series of 67 male sexual assault victims evaluated over an 8-year period by the Sexual Assault Forensic Examination team. The setting is a university-based emergency department serving as the primary site for examination of sexual assault victims by trained nurse practitioners and physician's assistants. Police and victims' advocates are available at the time of the examination. Anoscopy was done routinely over the entire study period in all patients with any anal penetration or involvement. Colposcopy use started in 1994 to magnify and take pictures. Patients were categorized into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of subjects receiving only anoscopy, and group 2 consisted of subjects receiving initial colposcopy. Anoscopy in group 1 and colposcopy in group 2 were compared for positive results. A positive result was defined as an additional finding to those obtained by means of gross examination by using the test being evaluated (anoscopy versus colposcopy). Colposcopy and anoscopy were also compared among the subjects receiving both tests. Groups were compared by using a Pearson χ 2 test. Results: Sixty-seven male sexual assault victims were evaluated between 1991 and 1998. The average age was 26±8 years, and the distribution of races was 30% black, 62% white, and 8% Hispanic. Results of gross examination were positive in 42 (63%) subjects. Four patients did not receive either anoscopy or colposcopy. Of the remaining 63, 25 patients had anoscopy only (group 1), and 38 patients had initial colposcopy (group 2). There were no significant differences in age, race, or rate of positive gross examination results between groups. Findings in addition to those obtained by means of gross examination were revealed by means of anoscopy in 8 (32%) of 25 subjects in group 1 and colposcopy in 3 (8%) of 38 subjects in group 2 ( P =.03, difference 24%, 95% confidence interval 4% to 44%). In the 36 subjects who had both examinations, the gross examination revealed at least one finding in 22 (61%). The combination of anoscopy and colposcopy yielded positive findings in 17 subjects, including 4 subjects who had no findings on gross examination (increasing the positive rate to 26/36 [72%]). Conclusion: In male sexual assault victims with anal penetration, anoscopy is significantly better for gathering evidence than is colposcopy. The addition of colposcopy and anoscopy increased the rate of cases with positive findings from 61% to 72%. These 2 methods together may be a valuable adjunct in gathering evidence of damage. [Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. November 2000;36:432-437.]
Neurochemical phenotype of corticocortical connections in the macaque monkey: Quantitative analysis of a subset of neurofilament protein-immunoreactive projection neurons in frontal, parietal, temporal, and cingulate cortices

The neurochemical characteristics of the neuronal subsets that furnish different types of corticocortical connections have been only partially determined. In recent years, several cytoskeletal proteins have emerged as reliable markers to distinguish subsets of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex of primates. In particular, previous studies using an antibody to nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI-32) have revealed a consistent degree of regional and laminar specificity in the distribution of a subpopulation of pyramidal cells in the primate cerebral cortex. The density of neurofilament protein-immunoreactive neurons was shown to vary across corticocortical pathways in macaque monkeys. In the present study, we have used the antibody SMI-32 to examine further and to quantify the distribution of a subset of corticocortically projecting neurons in a series of long ipsilateral corticocortical pathways in comparison to short corticocortical, commissural, and limbic connections. The results demonstrate that the long association pathways interconnecting the frontal, parietal, and temporal neocortex have a high representation of neurofilament protein-enriched pyramidal neurons (45-90%), whereas short corticocortical, callosal, and limbic pathways are characterized by much lower numbers of such neurons (4-35%). These data suggest that different types of corticocortical connections have differential representation of highly specific neuronal subsets that share common neurochemical characteristics, thereby determining regional and laminar cortical patterns of morphological and molecular heterogeneity. These differences in neuronal neurochemical phenotype among corticocortical circuits may have considerable influence on cortical processing and may be directly related to the type of integrative function subserved by each cortical pathway. Finally, it is worth noting that neurofilament protein-immunoreactive neurons are dramatically affected in the course of Alzheimer's disease. The present results support the hypothesis that neurofilament protein may be crucially linked to the development of selective neuronal vulnerability and subsequent disruption of corticocortical pathways that lead to the severe impairment of cognitive function commonly observed in age-related dementing disorders.
Solvable Real Space Renormalization Group for the Kinetic Ising Chain

A real-space renormalization group for the one-dimensional kinetic Ising model is established. The parameter space of the model must be enlarged to include non-Markovian kernels in the equation of motion. The recursion relations for these kernels can be iterated analytically so that the global flow under the renormalization group can be traced exactly. The resulting fixed-point equation is non-Markovian.
Specific localisation of neurotensin to the N cell in human intestine by radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry.

NEUROTENSIN, originally isolated from bovine hypothalamus1, was shown to be a peptide of 13 amino acids2. It has been synthesised3 and its pharmacological actions shown to include effects on small intestine motility, blood vessel tone, enhancement of glycogenolysis, release of glucagon and inhibition of insulin release5–7. Immunoreactive neurotensin has been detected in mammalian hypothalamus and a few other areas of the brain8–10 but much larger quantities occur in the intestine11. Neurotensin has been shown in discrete cells in the ileal mucosa of various birds and mammals including man12–15. The cell type has recently been fully characterised and its identity internationally accepted (see ref. 16). The distribution of the peptide in man is unknown. Using a combination of radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunocytochemistry (IC) we have found large amounts of neurotensin-like reactivity in human ileum with less in the jejunum. The immunoreactive cells are restricted to the mucosa. Neurotensin thus joins the growing group of peptides which are common to brain and gut17. The effect of such peptides may differ according to their location. Neurotensin has been reported in rat blood11 and may therefore act as a circulating hormone. In addition, its location in the brain suggests a possible role as a peptidergic neuro-transmitter.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE NEW RHINOVIRUS SEROTYPES.

Discussion and summaryThree new rhinoviruses isolated from young adults have been shown to be serologically distinct from each other and from 33 previously described rhinoviruses, 62 enteroviruses, and reovirus type 1. These new viruses are small RNA viruses (18-23 mμ) that are ether stable and acid labile, thereby fulfilling the criteria necessary for classification as belonging to the rhinovirus subgroup of the picornaviruses(1,2). They are nonpathogenic for mice. Rhinoviruses Baylor 1 and 2 appear to be group “H” rhinoviruses since all strains of these serotypes grow only in tissue culture cells of human origin (A-39 and WI-38) while Baylor 3 seems to be a group “M” rhinovirus since strains of this serotype could be passed in tissue culture cells of monkey kidney. Several passages of Baylor 3 strains in A-39 and WI-38 were necessary, however, before successful passage in monkey kidney could be made. Eight of 9 strains were isolated in A-39 cells, which have proved to be very useful in working with the ...
Receptor interacting protein 140 as a thyroid hormone-dependent, negative co-regulator for the induction of cellular retinoic acid binding protein I gene

Over-expression of receptor interacting protein 140 (RIP140) suppressed thyroid hormone (T3) induction of cellular retinoic acid binding I protein (CRABPI) gene in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. CRABPI induction by T3 is mediated by a direct-repeat four-element bound by T3 receptor (T3R) and retinoid receptor X (RXR). Three receptor-interacting domains (RIDs) in RIP140 mediate its interaction with T3R: one constitutive RID within the amino terminus, and two T3-dependent RIDs in the central portion and the carboxyl terminus. In co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, RIP140 formed complexes with T3R/RXR in solution and on the endogenous target, the CRABPI promoter. T3 treatment resulted in elevated histone acetylation of the endogenous CRABPI gene promoter, but simultaneous expression of RIP140 resulted in significantly reduced histone acetylation of this promoter, primarily through the recruitment of HDAC4. This study presents the first evidence that over-expressed RIP140 acts as a T3-dependent negative co-regulator for T3 induction of the endogenous CRABPI gene in P19 cells.
Electronic states of Al2

Abstract Ab initio multi-configuration self-consistent field and first-order configuration interaction (FOCI) calculations in an extended basis set have been carried out for the lower energy electronic states of Al 2 . The ten core electrons of each Al atom were replaced by an accurate compact effective core potential. The FOCI calculated T o value for the 3 Σ g − - 3 Σ u − transition agrees with the experimentally observed emission band to within 90 cm −1 . 3 Π u is calculated to be the electronic ground state of Al 2 . Based on FOCI energies and qualitative intensity arguments, the reported optical absorption spectrum of matrix isolated Al 2 also agrees best with a 3 Π u ground state. The 3 Σ g −1 state is calculated ( T e ) at only 324 cm −1 above the 3 Π u state, and the 1 ΣE g + state is predicted to lie higher.