cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised modeling of object categories using link analysis techniques

We propose an approach for learning visual models of object categories in an unsupervised manner in which we first build a large-scale complex network which captures the interactions of all unit visual features across the entire training set and we infer information, such as which features are in which categories, directly from the graph by using link analysis techniques. The link analysis techniques are based on well-established graph mining techniques used in diverse applications such as WWW, bioinformatics, and social networks. The techniques operate directly on the patterns of connections between features in the graph rather than on statistical properties, e.g., from clustering in feature space. We argue that the resulting techniques are simpler, and we show that they perform similarly or better compared to state of the art techniques on common data sets. We also show results on more challenging data sets than those that have been used in prior work on unsupervised modeling.
Thermal sensation and comfort models for non-uniform and transient environments, part II: Local comfort of individual body parts

Abstract A three-part series presents the development of models for predicting the local thermal sensation (Part I) and local comfort (Part II) of different parts of the human body, and also the whole-body sensation and comfort responses (Part III). The models predict these subjective responses to the environment from thermophysiological measurements or predictions (skin and core temperatures). The models apply to a range of environments: uniform and non-uniform, transient and stable. They are based on diverse results from literature and from body-part-specific human subject tests in a climate chamber. They were validated against a test of passengers in automobiles. This series is intended to present the rationale, structure, and coefficients for these models so that others can test them and develop them further as additional empirical data becomes available. The experimental methods and some measured results from the climate chamber tests have been published previously. Part II describes a thermal comfort model with coefficients representing 19 individual local body parts. For each part, its local comfort is predicted from local and whole-body thermal sensations. These inputs are obtained from the sensation models described in Part I and III, or from measurements.
Endovascular Therapy for Left Main Compression Syndrome: Case Report and Literature Review

Extrinsic compression of the left main coronary artery can occur in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension and enlarged pulmonary artery trunk. It has been usually described in the setting of congenital defects such as atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and, more rarely, isolated persistent ductus arteriosus. Functional and structural evaluation of such patients can currently be performed noninvasively with the use of cardiac CT scanning and/or MRI. The optimal management of symptomatic patients remains unknown. We report a case of extrinsic compression of the LMCA in a symptomatic patient with Eisenmenger syndrome who underwent unprotected LMCA stent implantation. We also performed a literature review of the reported cases concerning patients treated with LMCA stent implantation for the management of this condition.
Cognitive effects of treating obstructive sleep apnea in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) would result in improved cognitive function.
Metabolism of Ethanol in Rats with Cirrhosis

Summary Clearance of administered ethanol was studied in rats during and after the development of cirrhosis. Ethanol metabolism was progressively impaired as the rats developed cirrhosis until finally both oral and intravenous administration of ethanol was followed by significantly decreased rates of clearance in the cirrhotic rats. Rats with fatty livers and minimal cirrhotic changes maintained almost normal rates of ethanol decrements. Hepatic ethanol dehydrogenase activity was found decreased in cirrhotic rats. Enzyme changes coupled with circulatory disturbances appear to be implicated in the impaired metabolism of ethanol by the cirrhotic rat liver.
Setting Restructuring Goals and Reverse Engineering a Company

Restructuring will be more orderly and quicker if a new CEO or turnaround team designs large scale goals for a company before assigning more detailed and specific restructuring targets. A business model can be developed to help reverse engineer specific performance goals for elements of a company. Such goals can be used to allocate responsibility, evaluate success and allocate scares restructuring resources.
Lipid-Lowering Agents

One of the most important jobs as an anesthesiologist is to reduce the incidence of adverse perioperative outcome and reduce the incidence of morbidity and mortality associated with various surgeries. Historically, this has been done through applying various medical therapies perioperatively and even postoperatively. Searching for the best therapies is a constant, ongoing pursuit to better the field of anesthesiology. Two huge examples of this ongoing pursuit to find medical therapies to reduce morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period include the use of pre-incision prophylactic antibiotics and perioperative beta-blockade. Another huge modality that is gaining interest is the use of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, as well as other lipid-lowering drugs.
The Stabilization of Cation Binding and its Relation to Na+/K+-ATPase Structure and Function

During the transport cycle of the sodium pump, monovalent cations are somehow smuggled through the low dielectric medium of the plasma membrane as Na+ ions are expelled from the cell and K+ ions taken up. These ions also have specific and well-studied effects on the partial catalytic reactions of the Na+,K+-ATPase activity that accompanies transport. These two aspects of the roles of Na+ and K+ ions in active transport form the subject of the present article. It is an implicit assumption in most studies that the Na+ ions which activate phosphorylation from ATP are indeed the Na+ ions transported and the extracellular K+ ions which catalyze dephosphorylation are taken up by the cell. The central issues in these two aspects are which parts (amino acid residues) of the protein interact directly with the cation and how are the processes involved in ATP hydrolysis linked to transport. Obviously, this last feature also involves cation recognition by the protein but adds to this the question of “coupling” or “transduction”. These are terms used to connote information transfer between different regions of the protein which are directly involved in cation binding, ATP binding, and phosphorylation.
From the Editor—Sticks and Stones: Trigger Warnings, Microaggressions, and Political Correctness

In recent months a number of news stories with tantalizing headlines appearing in the Chronicle of Higher Education, New York Times, and the Atlantic, among others, caught my attention. “Sexual Par...
TFEB and TFE3: Linking Lysosomes to Cellular Adaptation to Stress*

In recent years, our vision of lysosomes has drastically changed. Formerly considered to be mere degradative compartments, they are now recognized as key players in many cellular processes. The ability of lysosomes to respond to different stimuli revealed a complex and coordinated regulation of lysosomal gene expression. This review discusses the participation of the transcription factors TFEB and TFE3 in the regulation of lysosomal function and biogenesis, as well as the role of the lysosomal pathway in cellular adaptation to a variety of stress conditions, including nutrient deprivation, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein misfolding, and pathogen infection. We also describe how cancer cells make use of TFEB and TFE3 to promote their own survival and highlight the potential of these transcription factors as therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurological and lysosomal diseases.
Kinetics of C-C and C-H bond cleavage in phenyl alkane radical cations generated by photoinduced electron transfer.

Employing nanosecond laser flash photolysis, we determined the relative importance of two fragmentation modes, namely, C–C bond cleavage and deprotonation, for the radical cation of 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethane photogenerated by electron transfer to cyanoaromatic singlet excited states in acetonitrile at room temperature. Analysis of the kinetic data for this phenyl alkane suggests that the C–C bond cleavage dominates over the deprotonation by a ratio of about 2:1. In addition, the deprotonation kinetics of diphenylmethane, 1,1-diphenylethane, triphenylmethane, and several phenyl-substituted alcohols have been investigated. To aid identification and characterization, experiments based on two laser pulses in tandem (308 and 337.1 nm) were performed to probe fluorescence and photochemistry of the transient radicals formed as products of radical ion fragmentation. The first-order rate constants for growth of transient absorptions due to fragmentation-derived radicals were measured to be ≥1 × 106 s–1. Activation...
Drug resistance of Escherichia coliand its production of extended spectrum β-lactamases

OBJECTIVE To explore the drug resistance of Escherichia coli and the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases so as to provide basis for the clinical reasonable use of antibiotics.METHODS A retrospective study was carried out to investigate the relevant data of the isolated E.coli from Jan 2010 to Dec 2011.RESULTS Totally 1043 E.coli isolates were mainly isolated from urine.The detection rates of ESBLs-producing E.coli in 2010 and 2011 were respectively 52.9% and 51.18%,the difference between the ESBLs-producing strains and non-ESBLs-producing strains was not statistically significant.The drug resistance rate of E.coli was 0 to imipenem,the drug resistance rate to piperacillin/tazobactam varied between 7.29% and 6.69%,ampicillin/sulbactam ranging from 38.56% to 34.84%,ampicillin and cefazolin higher than 87.0%.The drug resistance rate to aztreonam,ceftriaxone,sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim,cefotrximl,ciprofloxacin,and levofloxacin varied as high as from 60.00% to 77.00%.CONCLUSION E.coli is highly resistant to the most antibacterial agents.The rational use of antibacterial agents should be strengthened so as to achieve a good treatment effect.
Chocolate and Cardiovascular Health: The Kuna Case Reconsidered

Among numerous studies of the health benefits of chocolate, special attention has focused on the island Kuna, an indigenous population of Panama, who are said to drink home-grown chocolate exclusively and thus to enjoy excellent cardiovascular health. Anthropological research among the Kuna calls these claims into question. The Kuna consume a wide variety of homemade and commercial drinks, including store-bought cocoa. They do make heavy use of cacao beans, especially in curing and other ritual, but little comes from their own farms. Low blood-pressure levels and a low incidence of cardiovascular disease, also characteristic of other traditional populations, are likely due more to a low-fat diet and heavy physical labor than to consumption of chocolate. The erroneous results from the Kuna illustrate the dangers inherent in the search for miracle dietary cures.
Molding Process of Carbon Fiber Core Material of New Composite Cable

In recent years new carbon fiber composite core cable is an alternative to traditional steel core conductors in power transmission engineering,its core technology is the carbon fiber composite core molding process technology.The paper studies the affect of fiber volume content,fiber and resin interface performance on the carbon fiber composite core forming process,die-in non-steady-state temperature field and pultrusion die process requirements.
Empirical Experience: an Overview

As discussed in the first chapter, the reasons for the establishment of a state holding company can be various, and these need not be limited to, and need not include, the reasons for establishing a holding company in the private sector of a market economy. Differences in purpose and environment are closely associated with differences in structure and behaviour. Based primarily on differences in purpose, therefore, a broad categorization of holding companies from different groups of countries may be attempted. This section gives a general overview of these various forms in order to provide a perspective for the country case studies which follow. Additional notes on individual country experiences may be found in the Appendix.1
Early Detection of Infusion Set Failure During Insulin Pump Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes

Background:Insulin infusion set failure resulting in prolonged hyperglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis can occur with pump therapy in type 1 diabetes. Set failures are frequently characterized by va...
Transport in PEG‐Based Hydrogels: Role of Water Content at Synthesis and Crosslinker Molecular Weight

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels are hydrophilic, high water content, polymeric networks that represent excellent candidates as engineering biomaterials for a broad range of applications. A key challenge for many biomedical applications is the control of transport properties within the resulting 3D crosslinked gels. The effects of the water content at synthesis and crosslinker molecular weights on gel chemical structure and equilibrium volumetric swelling ratio, Q, are studied for a series of PEG hydrogels. In addition, the translational diffusion coefficients of a model probe molecule, Rhodamine 110, are determined directly within the hydrogels by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements. Increasing the water content at synthesis results in larger observed swelling behavior and faster particle transport within the formed PEG hydrogels for two different crosslinker molecular weights due to fewer physical crosslinks in the gels. Comparison of the particle translational diffusion coefficient to the swelling ratio shows a linear relationship for all crosslink densities examined.
Two crystal structures reveal design for repurposing the C-Ala domain of human AlaRS

The 20 aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) couple each amino acid to their cognate tRNAs. During evolution, 19 aaRSs expanded by acquiring novel noncatalytic appended domains, which are absent from bacteria and many lower eukaryotes but confer extracellular and nuclear functions in higher organisms. AlaRS is the single exception, with an appended C-terminal domain (C-Ala) that is conserved from prokaryotes to humans but with a wide sequence divergence. In human cells, C-Ala is also a splice variant of AlaRS. Crystal structures of two forms of human C-Ala, and small-angle X-ray scattering of AlaRS, showed that the large sequence divergence of human C-Ala reshaped C-Ala in a way that changed the global architecture of AlaRS. This reshaping removes the role of C-Ala in prokaryotes for docking tRNA and instead repurposes it to form a dimer interface presenting a DNA-binding groove. This groove cannot form with the bacterial ortholog. Direct DNA binding by human C-Ala, but not by bacterial C-Ala, was demonstrated. Thus, instead of acquiring a novel appended domain like other human aaRSs, which engendered novel functions, a new AlaRS architecture was created by diversifying a preexisting appended domain.
Investigation of Mycobacterium Pseudo-outbreak

Background A cluster of 8 Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) clinical acid-fast bacilli (AFB) cultures were identified in a 2-week period at an urban public university hospital system. A review of AFB cultures from the past year showed a surge of cases during the months of October to November from the typical 1-3 cases per month.
Experiments with Double Microwave Apertures

One of the significant characterizations of microwave imaging is the spatial resolution. The relative long wavelength of microwaves as compared to ultrasonic waves and x-rays necessarily means that aperture arrays (real-time or synthetic) are required for high-resolution microwave imaging. Certain limitations on resolution apply regardless of how the array is realized. Types of antenna arrays fall into two broad categories: Phased arrays which are usually operated in real time by scanning a beam past an object, and aperture synthesis in which data are collected with one or more antennas and later processed to produce an image. In NDE we are concerned with the linear resolution which we define as the product of the angular resolution and the range from the array phase center to the object of interest. For objects imaged in the far field of the array, the angular resolution is inversely proportional to the largest size of the array. We have conducted a series of experiments to study the practical and mathematical aspects of resolution when the object of interest is physically near the microwave apertures.
Emergent central sleep apnea during CPAP therapy-clinical implications

CPAP emergent central sleep apnea (CSA) (classified as treatment emergent CSA) is a well-recognized phenomenon that has been included in the current edition of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (1). It is defined as the presence of primarily obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on the diagnostic sleep study, significant resolution of obstructive events with CPAP titration but emergence or persistence of central events during PAP treatment with a central apnea index (CAI) ≥5/hr and greater than 50% of events being central and the results cannot be better explained by another CSA disorder. The European Respiratory Society has recently clarified the diagnostic criteria (2). It refines the definition to state that central events should be rare on the diagnostic study which I believe should be defined as a CAI less than 5/hr. If the CAI is greater than 5/hr on the diagnostic study then a CAI greater than 5/hr during the titration study is really CPAP resistant CSA (defined as treatment resistant CSA by the European Respiratory Society) and not true CPAP emergent CSA.
Incorporating light atoms into synthetic analogues of FeMoco.

Nitrogen is an essential element for all life on Earth. However, the elemental form of dinitrogen (N2) is typically inert, and must be converted to the more reactive and biologically accessible ammonia (NH3) before incorporation into proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules. In nature, the only enzymes capable of the multielectron reduction of N2 to NH3 are nitrogenases, whose complexity has captured the imagination of biochemists (1), synthetic chemists (2), and spectroscopists (3) alike. Their active sites are iron–sulfur clusters that are produced through elaborate biosynthetic pathways (4). One special aspect of the nitrogenase active-site clusters is the presence of molybdenum or vanadium heteroatoms in addition to iron: the cofactors are described as the iron–molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco) or the iron–vanadium cofactor (FeVco). Because of the unusual shape of these clusters, and the desire to systematically understand the influence of the Mo/V atom on an iron–sulfur cluster, chemists have long striven to synthesize simpler analogs (5). These synthetic analogs are influential because they can demonstrate feasible mechanistic steps and can enable correlation of specific structural features with spectroscopic signatures. In a relevant example, synthetic chemists have prepared eight-metal clusters with topological similarity to the FeMoco and FeVco (6⇓⇓–9). However, a newer challenge for synthetic chemists is presented by the light atom in the center of the FeMoco and FeVco, which has been identified as a carbide (C4-) that has no precedent in biology (Fig. 1) (10⇓–12). The discovery of an interstitial carbon in the cofactors raises fundamental questions about the bonding, reactivity, and role of a central carbide within an iron–sulfur cluster, and about the … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: patrick.holland{at}yale.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Polarographic reduction of aldehydes and ketones: Part XVIII1. Ethacrynic acid

Abstract Investigation of polarographic reduction of ethacrynic acid (I) in 2% and 60% ethanolic solutions showed that acid I is, similarly to other α,β-unsaturated ketones, reduced first on the CC bond. But the presence of acid-base equilibria for one two-electron reduction wave in the medium pH range, as well as the sensitivity of the reduction wave of the aryl alkyl ketone to the presence of borates and carbonates, makes this reduction process different. Ethacrynic acid proved to be a suitable model compound for the study of addition reactions to a CO-CC system. Preliminary examination of the reaction of ethylamine indicated that Schiff base rather than Mannich base is formed. A 60% ethanolic solution at pH 6–10 or with 1 M ethylamine half-titrated with hydrochloric acid, provided the most suitable conditions for analytical purposes.
When Did Euclid Live? An Answer Plus a Short History of Geometry.

entry. The history of geometry comes alive if pictures are also included. By using a copy machine to enlarge the pictures?sometimes repeating the process several times?and then making a transparency with the copy machine, I was able to use the overhead projector to show them. I hope other teachers will find this information useful and include a short history of geometry in their classes. The chronological table could also be used as a basis for a mathematics history time line constructed by your students (see Denson [1987]).
Belief-updating rule and sequential reciprocity

Abstract We revisit Dufwenberg and Kirchsteiger's (2004) model of reciprocity in sequential games. One important assumption they make is that players' perception of their opponents' kindness depends on their most updated beliefs at their decision nodes along the game. We argue that this is not always the case. We propose a modified belief-updating rule that categorizes beliefs by whether perceived kindness is calculated using their most updated forms. We use a simple example to demonstrate how equilibrium predictions differ for the new rule compared to the original one.
A Smooth Transition: A Phenomenological Approach to Understanding the Experiences of First-Time, Full-Time, Provisionally Accepted Black Male Students

This article is the result of research conducted provisionally admitted Black make students enrolled at four different public universities in the Southeast. The researcher sought to answer the following research question: What are the lived experiences of provisionally accepted first-time, full-time Black male students within their first year at a state college and state university? Participants were selected based on having the highest and lowest Expected Family Contribution scores of the eligible population. The researcher utilized a phenomenological approach and multiple methods of data collection. This resulted in rich data that has been categorized into themes. The article concludes with implications for college and university faculty and administrators, as well as for future research on provisionally admitted Black male college students.
Compensating for the Climate: Unemployment Insurance and Climate Change Votes:

Global climate change is a pressing political issue, yet some governments have done more to address it than others. Building on the “compensation hypothesis” from the international trade literature...
Chapter 7: Mathematics Learning Experiences: The Practice of Happiness and the Happiness of Practice

In this chapter, we present a framework for viewing happiness – both as a product and as a process – as a potentially desirable outcome in mathematics learning environments. Specifically, we explore how the components of engagement, meaningfulness, and pleasure may work together in the context of mathematics learners’ experiences to form happiness. We conclude by posing some questions for future directions, as well some recommendations for research tools that may be useful for continuing this line of inquiry.
Evaluation of Neurogenic Voice Disorders

There are a variety of techniques to identify neurolaryngeal pathway disruptions. This chapter addresses voice assessment of neurogenic voice disorders and their aural, aerodynamic, acoustic and endoscopic attributes. The clinician is provided with sample interview questions, self-rating scales, instrumental and noninstrumental assessment procedures. When common disease traits are not appreciated, time, trial voice therapy and collaborative care with neurology colleagues are advised. Developing multidisciplinary teams helps direct care to appropriate providers and is important for individuals with multisystem involvement.
MicroGMT: A Mutation Tracker for SARS-CoV-2 and Other Microbial Genome Sequences

With the continued spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus around the world, researchers often need to quickly identify novel mutations in newly sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes for studying the molecular evolution and epidemiology of the virus. We have developed a Python package, MicroGMT, which takes either raw sequence reads or assembled genome sequences as input and compares against database sequences to identify and characterize indels and point mutations. Although our default setting is optimized for SARS-CoV-2 virus, the package can be also applied to any other microbial genomes. The software is freely available at Github URL https://github.com/qunfengdong/MicroGMT.
Biologically Inspired Sleep Algorithm for Reducing Catastrophic Forgetting in Neural Networks

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are known to suffer from catastrophic forgetting: when learning multiple tasks, they perform well on the most recently learned task while failing to perform on previously learned tasks. In biological networks, sleep is known to play a role in memory consolidation and incremental learning. Motivated by the processes that are known to be involved in sleep generation in biological networks, we developed an algorithm that implements a sleep-like phase in ANNs. In an incremental learning framework, we demonstrate that sleep is able to recover older tasks that were otherwise forgotten. We show that sleep creates unique representations of each class of inputs and neurons that were relevant to previous tasks fire during sleep, simulating replay of previously learned memories.
Over Three Hundred Percent Increased Light Extraction from Emitters at Mid-Infrared Wavelengths Using Metalenses

Low extraction efficiencies continue to be a source of parasitic heating and decreased performance in infrared light-emitting diodes. Research into metasurfaces and the advance of methods used to f...
Dynamics Underlying Hydroxylation Selectivity of Cytochrome P450cam.

Abstract Structural heterogeneity and the dynamics of the complexes of enzymes with substrates can determine the selectivity of catalysis; however, fully characterizing how remains challenging as heterogeneity and dynamics can vary at the spatial level of an amino acid residue and involve rapid timescales. We demonstrate the nascent approach of site-specific two-dimensional infrared (IR) spectroscopy to investigate the archetypical cytochrome P450, P450cam, to better delineate the mechanism of the lower regioselectivity of hydroxylation of the substrate norcamphor in comparison to the native substrate camphor. Specific locations are targeted throughout the enzyme by selectively introducing cyano groups that have frequencies in a spectrally isolated region of the protein IR spectrum as local vibrational probes. Linear and two-dimensional IR spectroscopy were applied to measure the heterogeneity and dynamics at each probe and investigate how they differentiate camphor and norcamphor recognition. The IR data indicate that the norcamphor complex does not fully induce a large-scale conformational change to a closed state of the enzyme adopted in the camphor complex. Additionally, a probe directed at the bound substrate experiences rapidly interconverting states in the norcamphor complex that explain the hydroxylation product distribution. Altogether, the study reveals large- and small-scale structural heterogeneity and dynamics that could contribute to selectivity of a cytochrome P450 and illustrates the approach of site-selective IR spectroscopy to elucidate protein dynamics.
Adolescent Risk and Protective Factors for the Use of Electronic Cigarettes

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) by adolescents is a serious public health concern. The major aim of the current study is to conduct a comprehensive examination of adolescent e-cigar...
Rapid ATF4 Depletion Resets Synaptic Responsiveness after cLTP.

Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4/CREB2), in addition to its well-studied role in stress responses, is proposed to play important physiologic functions in regulating learning and memory. However, the nature of these functions has not been well defined and is subject to apparently disparate views. Here, we provide evidence that ATF4 is a regulator of excitability during synaptic plasticity. We evaluated ATF49s role in mature hippocampal cultures subjected to a brief chemical-LTP (cLTP) induction protocol that results in changes in mEPSC properties and synaptic AMPA receptor density one hour later, with return to baseline by 24 hours. We find that ATF4 protein, but not its mRNA, is rapidly depleted by about 50% in response to cLTP induction via NMDA receptor activation. Depletion is detectable in dendrites within 15 min and in cell bodies by 1 hour and returns to baseline by 8 hours. Such changes correlate with a parallel depletion of phospho-eIF2a, suggesting that ATF4 loss is driven by decreased translation. To probe the physiologic role of cLTP-induced ATF4 depletion, we constitutively overexpressed the protein. Reversing ATF4 depletion by over-expression blocked the recovery of synaptic activity and AMPA receptor density to baseline values that would otherwise occur 24 hours after cLTP induction. This reversal was not reproduced by a transcriptionally inactive ATF4 mutant. These findings support ATF49s role as a required element in resetting baseline synaptic responsiveness after cLTP. Significance The mechanism(s) by which synaptic responsiveness is reset after LTP are not well understood. Resetting avoids LTP "saturation" and uncontrolled feed-forward potentiation and may play a part in synaptic "scaling”. In the work reported here we have found that the transcription factor ATF4 is translationally down-regulated following cLTP induction and acts as a regulator of long-term synaptic plasticity, resetting the synapse to the de-potentiated state. Our findings may serve to begin to reconcile the conflicting views regarding the role of ATF4 in synaptic plasticity and further illuminate the role of ATF4 in learning and memory.
Multilayer ultraviolet reflective coating based on atomic layer deposited aluminum oxide and fluoride

Ultraviolet optical coatings employ wide bandgap dielectric materials due to their characteristic low absorption. High-reflectivity and antireflective coatings are essential for optical devices, which can be achieved by alternately depositing two dielectrics with different refractive indices. In this research, a multilayer high-reflectivity coating has been designed for middle UV wavelengths using Al2O3 and AlF3 layers on a sapphire (0001) substrate, and the initial two-layer structure has been fabricated by atomic layer deposition. The surface morphology and roughness of the coating was measured by atomic force microscopy after each deposition step. Ultraviolet spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry were used to characterize the optical performance of the single and multilayer coatings. Monochromatic x-ray photoemission spectroscopy was used to study the film composition, bonding, and impurities. A bilayer reflective coating was demonstrated, with a smooth surface (Rq < 1 nm) and peak reflectance of 25%−30% at a wavelength of 196 nm. The measured reflectance deviated from the simulations in the middle UV range, and an analysis of the AlF3 layer prepared by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition indicated the presence of Al-rich clusters, which were associated with the UV absorption. A thermal atomic layer deposition process for AlF3 deposition showed reduced absorption, which could be more effective for shorter wavelength designs.
Trends in Secondhand Smoke Exposure, 2011-2018: Impact and Implications of Expanding Serum Cotinine Range.

Introduction The impact of defining secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmokers using an expanded serum cotinine range is currently unknown. Methods This study assessed the trends in secondhand smoke exposure prevalence among a nationally representative sample of 23,753 U.S. nonsmokers aged ≥3 years. Serum cotinine ranges of 0.05–10 ng/mL (established) and of 0.015–10 ng/mL (expanded) were analyzed in 2021 using data from the 2011–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Results During 2011–2018, the percentage of people with a serum cotinine range of 0.05–10 ng/mL remained stable (25.3% to 24.6%) across most sociodemographic subgroups but declined significantly among adult Mexican Americans aged ≥20 years (23.9% to 14.1%). However, the percentage of people with serum cotinine range of 0.015–10 ng/mL significantly declined (58.3% to 52.3%) among male individuals (60.9% to 55.0%), among female individuals (56.2% to 50.0%), among adults aged ≥20 years (55.8% to 49.2%), among Mexican Americans (60.9% to 41.2%), among people with a college degree or higher (44.4% to 36.0%), among those who rented their housing (71.7% to 62.5%), among people not living with someone who smoked inside the home (56.1% to 50.0%), and among Mexican Americans aged ≥20 years (60.9% to 39.1%) (all p Conclusions Expanding the serum cotinine range to 0.015–10 ng/mL more than doubles the estimated proportion of U.S. nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke. In contrast to a serum cotinine range of 0.05–10 ng/mL, it suggests that progress has been made in reducing population-level secondhand smoke exposure during 2011–2018, especially among nonsmokers experiencing lower exposure levels.
Superselective embolization in management of remnant renal moiety and vessels after radical nephrectomy in horseshoe kidney.

Abstract Horseshoe kidney is a congenital disorder in which two kidneys are fused together in the isthmus. The anatomy could lead to increased risk of urinary tract infections and renal cancers. When performing a hemi-nephrectomy, it is important to identify all blood supply and ensure total excision of parenchyma and collecting system of the moiety operated upon. We present a case of left heminephrectomy complicated by urinoma secondary to residual tissue in the left moiety. We discuss the role of superselective embolization and other technologies in management of this complication and challenges faced due to aberrant vascularity and abnormal anatomy.
Extending XML web querying to heterogeneous geospatial information

This paper describes a Web-based query system for semantically heterogeneous geospatial data. Our goal is to provide DBMS type query capabilities to a proposed statewide land information system. One of the main problems in querying distributed local data sources is the difference in semantics describing the characteristics (attributes) of spatial objects between various jurisdictions. To address this problem, we developed a mapping technique and tool to resolve semantics at the value level. Semantic resolution is incorporated into an XML Web-based DBMS. Our method works for any heterogeneous set of values, but we use land use codes from multiple classification systems as an example.
Capacity and Solidarity: Foundational Elements in the Unionization Strategy for Immigrant Day Labourers

Recent scholarship has been reasonably optimistic about unionization as a mechanism of labour justice for immigrant workers in casual and contingent work. This optimism rests on two assumptions: (1) that unions have the capacity to absorb immigrant workers in nonstandard work and (2) that casual, immigrant labourers enjoy the kind of solidarity that underpins collective action. This paper examines these assumptions critically through a case study of construction unions and Latino immigrant day labourers in Denver, Colorado and Baltimore, Maryland. I use participant observation and in-depth interviews with nine labour unions, 19 Latino immigrant day labourers, and two (non-union) day labour organizing projects in the cities to examine questions of capacity and solidarity. I find that the existing foundations for unionizing day labourers may be weak in certain cities and communities. Union capacity is undermined by structural fragmentation and specialization in market segments that are inaccessible to day labourers. Strategically, in an age of de-unionization, unions also face pressures to “add value” for employers by sorting the workforce into high quality and low quality categories. Locals indicate day labourers would likely fall into the latter category, thus precluding membership. The foundations for solidarity are similarly weakened in the cases studied. Culturally, day labourers in Denver and Baltimore emphasize self-reliance and material well-being over collective action and the pursuit of justice. To work toward unionization, organizers should be prepared to confront deficits of capacity and solidarity in other cities as well, especially those where homelessness is prevalent among day labourers, where immigrant populations are newly arrived, or where local union cultures are unreformed. I suggest that union collaboration, a cooperative type of occupational unionism, and commitments to training day labourers may help boost union capacity to absorb day labourers, while the creative use of material incentives should figure prominently in organizing strategies.
Postoperative myocardial rupture. A complication of internal mammary artery implantation.

Abstract Rupture of the myocardium over or adjacent to the implant tunnel was encountered in 7 patients who had undergone internal mammary artery implantation combined with saphenous vein grafting. The ruptures occurred in the early postoperative period. All patients had excessive postoperative bleeding and hypotension. The correct diagnoses were made at the time of reoperation. All 7 patients were treated by withdrawal of the implant pedicle from the tunnel and ligation of the bleeding side branches. One patient had ligation of the pedicle for control of continued bleeding. There were no deaths. The internal mammary arteries were large and actively bleeding. The complication could have been prevented by electrocoagulation or ligation of actively bleeding side branches.
The Essential Rights and Liberties of Religion in the American Constitutional Experiment

This is an early Article outlining the main themes of the author’s later text, Religion and the American Constitutional Experiment (Westview Press, 2011; 3d ed. with Joel A. Nichols). Part I distills from the diverse theological and political traditions and experiences of the eighteenth century the most widely embraced first principles of the American constitutional experiment - liberty of conscience, free exercise of religion, confessional and structural pluralism, equality of religions before the law, separation of the institutions of church and state, and disestablishment of religion. Part II analyzes the American constitutional experience in light of these first principles, lifting these principles out of the familiar free exercise and establishment clause cases of the past half century. Part III considers the principles and practices of the American experiment against prevailing international norms of religious rights and liberties, finding much of the American experiment confirmed, but also finding portions of it in need of refinement.
Abstract W P199: Deficiency of Glia Maturation Factor Abrogates Brain Injury and Inflammation in a Murine Model of Stroke

Background and purpose: Glia maturation factor (GMF), a brain specific protein, discovered and characterized in our laboratory, induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines/ chemokines in the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, it has been demonstrated that deficiency of GMF mitigates neuronal damage in tissue culture cell and animal models of neurodegeneration. Since, GMF expression in brain enhances inflammation; we tested the hypothesis that deficiency of GMF abrogates the inflammatory responses in experimental model of ischemic stroke. Methods: Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 1 hour of occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCAO) with a 7.0 monofilament in GMF-containing wild type (Wt) and GMF-deficient (GMF-KO) mice. Mice were anesthetized with 1-1.5% isoflurane mixed with medical oxygen. Body temperature was maintained at 37°C ± 1.0 using a heating pad. At 23 hours after ischemia/reperfusion, mice were tested for neurological scores and were sacrificed for the infarct...
Enzymes of the carbon cycle of photosynthesis

Abstract Aldolase from spinach chloroplasts has been isolated and its properties have been investigated. A single aldolase enzyme was found in the chloroplasts which catalyzes the cleavage of both the carbon cycle intermediates fructose 1,6-diphosphate and sedoheptulose 1,7-diphosphate. The kinetic values of V max and K m for the enzymic cleavage of the two sugar diphosphates are of the same order of magnitude. The ratio of the rate of cleavage of fructose diphosphate to that of sedoheptulose diphosphate is 1.7. The plant enzyme resembles rabbit muscle aldolase in size and enzymic properties. Its activity is sensitive to carboxypeptidase digestion and it has no observed metal ion requirement for activity.
A Review of “The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Sarah Palin”

Corey Robin's ambitious effort to reassess the historical development of conservatism is a most unsatisfactory tome. Rather than offering an integrated study of conservatism as one would anticipate...
Outline of a fast hardware implementation of Winograd's DFT algorithm

Winograd's DFT algorithm is applied to the design of a fast DFT machine. The main feature of the proposed machine in comparison with alternative designs is a shift in hardware investment from computing elements to storage elements. There are indications that this could lead to significant cost reductions. A more detailed version of this paper [1] also describes a spectrum analyzer variant.
Fixing Public Sector Finances: The Accounting and Reporting Lever

The finances of many states, cities, and other localities are in dire straits. In this Article, we argue that partial responsibility for this situation lies with the outdated and ineffective financial reporting regime for public entities. Ineffective reporting has obscured and continues to obscure the extent of municipal financial problems, thus delaying or even preventing corrective actions. Worse, ineffective reporting has created incentives for accounting gimmicks that have directly contributed to the dramatic decline of public sector finances. Fixing the reporting regime is thus a necessary first step toward fiscal recovery. We provide concrete examples of advisable changes in accounting rules and advocate for institutional changes, particularly Securities and Exchange Commission involvement, that we hope will lead to better public accounting rules generally.
The evolution of pore pressure fields around standard and ball penetrometers: influence of penetration rate

SUMMARY Rate effects are examined in the steady pore pressure distribution induced as a result of penetration of standard and ball penetrometers. The incompressible flow field, which develops around the penetrometer is used to define the approximate soil velocity field local to the penetrometer tip. This prescribes the Lagrangian framework for the migration of the fluid saturated porous medium, defining the advection of induced pore pressures relative to the pressure-monitoring locations present on the probe face. In two separate approaches, different source functions are used to define the undrained pore fluid pressures developed either (i) on the face of the penetrometer or (ii) in the material comprising the failure zone surrounding the penetrometer tip. In the first, the sources applied at the tip face balance the volume of fluid mobilized by the piston displacement of the advancing penetrometer. Alternately, a fluid source distribution is evaluated from plasticity solutions and distributed throughout the tip process zone: for a standard penetrometer, the solution is for the expansion of a spherical cavity, and for the ball penetrometer, the solution is an elastic distribution of stresses conditioned by the limit load embedded within an infinite medium. For the standard penetrometer, the transition from drained to undrained behavior occurs over about two orders of magnitude in penetration rate for pore pressures recorded at the tip (U1) and about two-and-a-half orders of magnitude for the shoulder (U2). This response is strongly influenced by the rigidity of the soil and slightly influenced by the model linking induced total stresses to pore pressures. For the ball penetrometer, the transition from drained to undrained behavior also transits two-and-a-half orders of magnitude in penetration rate, although it is offset to higher dimensionless penetration rates than for standard penetration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tight-binding molecular dynamics for carbon systems: Fullerenes on surfaces

Abstract We review the applications of quantum molecular dynamics using linear scaling methods and Tight-binding Hamiltonians to carbon systems, in particular fullerenes on surfaces. We first discuss the results of C60 impacts on a semi-conducting substrate and then present two series of computer experiments assembling small fullerenes: the deposition of C28 clusters on a diamond surface, and the gas phase growth of a small fullerene solid.
Understanding Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder from Childhood to Adulthood

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common neurobehavioral disorders requiring treatment in children and adolescents. The disorder is often chronic, with prominent sym...
Dynamic NMR microscopy measurement of the dynamics and flow partitioning of colloidal particles in a bifurcation

The flow and distribution of Newtonian, polymeric and colloid suspension fluids at low Reynolds numbers in bifurcations has importance in a wide range of disciplines, including microvascular physiology and microfluidic devices. A bifurcation consisting of circular capillaries laser etched into a hard polymer with inlet diameter 2.50 ± 0.01 mm, bifurcating to a small diameter outlet of 0.76 ± 0.01 mm and a large diameter outlet of 1.25 ± 0.01 mm is examined. Four distinct fluids (water, 0.25%wt xanthan gum, 8 and 22%vol hard-sphere colloidal suspensions) are flowed at flow rates from 10 to 30 ml/h corresponding to Reynolds numbers based on the entry flow from 0.001 to 8. PGSE NMR techniques are applied to obtain dynamic images of the fluids inside the bifurcation with spatial resolution of 59 × 59 μm/pixel in plane over a 200-μm-thick slice. Velocity in all three spatial directions is examined to determine the impact of secondary flows and characterize the transport in the bifurcation. The velocity data provide direct measurement of the volumetric distribution of the flow between the two channels as a function of flow rate. Water and the 8% colloidal suspension show a constant distribution with increasing flow rate, the xanthan gum shows an increase in fluid going into the larger outlet with higher flow rate, and the 22% colloidal suspension shows a decrease in fluid entering the larger channel with higher flow rate. For the colloidal particle flow, the distribution of colloid particles down the capillary is determined by examining the spectrally resolved propagator for the oil inside the core–shell particles in a direction perpendicular to the axial flow. Using dynamic magnetic resonance microscopy, the potential for using magnetic resonance for “particle counting” in a microscale bifurcation is thus demonstrated.