cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Congenital lung disease: a plea for clear thinking and clear nomenclature.

Antenatal ultrasound has allowed the discovery of abnormalities which in the past often escaped detection. It may be unclear what advice to offer. Many large lung malformations seen at the routine 20-weeks gestation scan have largely disappeared at term. There is now even more confusion in terms of how these malformations should be described. The nomenclature of congenital lung disease was never very clear, with terms such as sequestrated segment, cystic adenomatoid malformation, hypoplastic lung, and malinosculation being used to describe often overlapping abnormalities. However, today these terms are used inconsistently in the ante- and postnatal periods. For example, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is used prenatally to describe a lesion which may well disappear before birth, but is used postnatally to describe an abnormality which may require lobectomy. CCAM may have a pulmonary arterial supply, or be supplied like a sequestration from the aorta, and histological features of both lesions may coexist. Thus, a complete reappraisal of the nomenclature of congenital lung disease is timely; this review does not discuss treatment options.
First report of Durangan dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. durangense, on Pinus cooperi and P. engelmannii in Mexico.

The Durangan dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. durangense Hawksw. & Wiens, Viscaceae) parasitizes several species of pines (Pinus spp., Pinaceae) in the Mexican states of Durango, Sina...
The Limulus Lysate Endotoxin Assay as a Test of Microbial Quality of Ground Beef

The Limulus lysate test (LLT) for endotoxin assay has been found to be an excellent, simple and rapid test of microbial quality of refrigerated ground beef. In fresh ground beef held at 5°C for 7–12 d, LLT titres increased from 102–105 and correlated very highly with extract-release volume (ERV) data and total viable Gram negative counts at both 5° and 30°C. The LLT was negative for fresh beef containing low numbers of bacteria and on aged beef in the absence of increasing numbers of Gram negative bacteria. Of 14 Gram negative meat isolates, all gave a positive LLT while none of eight miscellaneous Gram positive bacteria did. The use of this test provides objective information on the microbial quality of fresh refrigerated ground meats in 1 h. Based upon this study, it is suggested that a 0·1 ml inoculum from a 103 dilution of good quality ground beef should produce a negative lysate test and thus serve as an additional rapid screening test of meat microbial quality.
The rise and fall of pineal N-acetyltransferase in vitro: the influence of age.

Abstract Pineal glands of 4-day-old rats had a spontaneous rise and fall in N -acetyltransferase activity (NAT) in organ culture lasting 12–17 hr. Peak NAT increased until the pups were 10 days old, then gradually declined. Pineal glands of 28-day-old animals and of adult rats had no spontaneous rise and fall in 12–17 hr of culture. Thus, immature rat pineal glands have the capacity in vitro for the rise and fall of N -acetyltransferase in the absence of added norepinephrine.
Subjective and Objective Assessment of Image Quality~ A Comparison

Forced-choice just noticeable difference (JND) studies are extremely sensitive to image quality variations that are below the threshold at which the differences are apparent to or definable by the observer. Paired comparisons of 4K and 2K laser-printed posteroanterior chest images consistently demonstrated that although images are viewed as comparable by radiologists, when forced to choose the better (“sharper”) image, they actually select the higher-resolution images in 83% of the paired observations. We conclude that small differences in image quality may be detectable even in image sets which are considered to be comparable by subjective assessments.
Accuracy of self-monitoring on a variable ratio schedule of observer verification

Clean-up and self-monitoring behaviors of eight nonpsychotic, behaviorally disturbed 10, 11, and 12 year old boys were studied. The study consisted of four phases, including a Pre-baseline measure of cleaning, the self-monitoring of cleaning, a continual accuracy check (in which a reinforcer was contingent upon criterion self-monitoring accuracy and cleaning), and finally a variable ratio accuracy check (in which the contingencies of the previous phase were placed on a variable ratio schedule). It was found that (a) self-monitoring alone did not maintain an increase in clean-up behaviors, that (b) simultaneous reinforcement of both clean-up and accurate self-monitoring on a continuous schedule significantly increased both, and that (c) a variable schedule of reinforcement maintained high levels of both clean-up and accurate self-monitoring. The theoretical and applied implications of the results were discussed, with emphasis upon the effectiveness of the variable schedule upon self-monitoring accuracy.
Tuberculosis pharmacotherapy: strategies to optimize patient care.

Introduction: The treatment of tuberculosis (TB) is a mature discipline, with more than 60 years of clinical experience accrued across the globe. The requisite Multi-drug treatment of drug-susceptible TB, however, lasts 6 months and has never been optimized according to current standards. Multi-drug resistant TB and TB in individuals coinfected with HIV present additional treatment challenges. Objective: This article reviews the role that existing drugs and new compounds could have in shortening or improving treatment for TB. The key to treatment shortening seems to be sterilizing activity, or the ability of drugs to kill mycobacteria that persist after the initial days of multi-drug treatment. Results: Among existing anti-TB drugs, the rifamycins hold the greatest potential for shortening treatment and improving outcomes, in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected populations, without dramatic increases in toxicity. Clinical studies underway or being planned, are supported by in vitro , animal and human evi...
Spin effects on the luminescence yield of organic light emitting diodes

The influence of the excitation spectrum on the quantum yield is investigated for organic molecules used in light emitting diodes (LEDs). The significance of the competition between radiative and nonradiative recombination channels is pointed out. A system of master equations is proposed to describe the relaxation of lower levels of the excited molecule, and the solution for the fluorescence yield is obtained assuming relatively weak vibronic coupling. The results are used to interpret the experimental data in oligothiophenes, and general approaches are proposed to increase the relative weight of the radiative decay channel and correspondingly enhance the working properties of organic light emitting diodes. In particular, the fluorescence quantum yield can exceed the simple estimate of 0.25.
Indocilis privata loqui: the characterization of Lucan's Caesar

In Bellum Civile V Caesar forces the poor fisherman Amyclas to take him across the Adriatic on a stormy night. Caesar is contrasted with Amyclas as being indocilis privata loqui. The present paper shows that Caesar is indocilis privata loqui both in this episode and in the entire epic because he consistently uses the linguistic register of the military, imperatives and violent vocabulary.
Nineteen-Electron Radicals of the Type (η6-C6Me6)Co(η4-diolefin): Electrochemistry and ESR Results

A series of 18e cationic complexes of the type [(HMB)Co(η4-diolefin)]+ (HMB = η6-C6Me6), in which diolefin = 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1,3-cycloheptadiene, norbornadiene, and 1,5-cyclooctadiene, have been electrochemically reduced in nonaqueous solvents. Each complex has a reversible one-electron reduction to a persistent 19e radical with a formal reduction potential between −1.7 and −1.9 V vs Fc/Fc+. ESR results suggest that the electronic ground states of the radicals have 60−70% metal character. The fact that the singly occupied MOs (SOMOs) of the radicals are virtually identical with those of 19e [CpCo(diolefin)]- analogues suggests that the arene retains η6 coordination in the 19e radicals.
Technology in Evolutionary and Ecological Perspective: Theory and Measurement at the Societal Level

Despite the fact that technology has long been considered a key explanatory factor in understanding social behavior, particularly in the formulations of macro-theorists, few scholars have made a systematic effort to give operational substance to this basic concept. This analysis makes available a multivariate, societal-level indicator of the level of technology that can be shown to satisfy conventional standards of reliability and validity. Measurement of the concept derives from the convergence of two major sociological perspectives: human ecology and neoevolutionary theory-a convergence which arises out of a common interest in thefundamental question of how populations survive and adapt to their environments. Technology has long been prominent in the history of social thought, and the level of technological advance continues to be a key explanatory factor, especially in the formulations of macro-theorists. Leslie White typifies the
Paleolimnological evidence of the response of the central Canadian treeline zone to radiative forcing and hemispheric patterns of temperature change over the past 2000 years

Instrumental climate records from the central Canadian treeline zone display a pattern of variation similar to general Northern Hemisphere temperature trends. To examine whether this general correspondence extends back beyond the instrumental record, we obtained a sediment core from Lake S41, a small lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada at 63°43.11′ N, 109°19.07′ W. A radiocarbon-based chronology was developed for the core. The sediments were analyzed for organic-matter content by loss-on-ignition (LOI), biogenic-silica content (BSi), and chironomid community composition to reconstruct July air temperature and summer water temperature. The paleolimnological records were compared with records of atmospheric CO2 concentration, solar variability, and hemispheric temperature variations over the past 2000 years. The results of the analyses suggest that widely-documented long-term variations in Northern Hemisphere temperature associated with radiative forcing, namely the cooling following the medieval period during the Little Ice Age (LIA), and twentieth century warming, are represented in the central Canadian treeline zone. There is also evidence of a brief episode of warming during the eighteenth century. As evidenced by LOI and BSi, the twentieth century warming is typified by increased lake productivity relative to the LIA. Depending upon the measure, the increased productivity of the twentieth century nearly equals or exceeds that of any other period in the past 2000 years. In contrast, the rate of chironomid head capsule accumulation decreased and remained low during the twentieth century. Although the chironomid-inferred temperature reconstructions indicate cooling during the LIA, they present no evidence of greatly increased temperatures during the twentieth century. Warming during the twentieth century might have enhanced lake stratification, and the response of the chironomid fauna to warming was attenuated by decreased oxygen and lower temperatures in the hypolimnion of the more stratification-prone lake.
Repeated Passage of Wild-Type Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus in Lymphoid Cells Does Not Generate Cell Type-Specific Variants or Alter Virus Infectivity

Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), which is closely related to human hepatitis B virus, infects the liver but also invariably establishes persistent infection in the lymphatic system. Although the dose of invading virus appears to be the main factor in determining whether WHV infection is restricted to the lymphatic system or also engages the liver, the nature of WHV lymphotropism remains unclear and a role for a specific lymphotropic variant was not excluded. The availability of woodchuck lymphocyte and hepatocyte cultures susceptible to WHV infection allows investigation of this issue in vitro. We hypothesized that repeated passage of wild-type WHV in lymphoid cells should lead to enrichment of a lymphotropic virus variant, if in fact such a variant exists. For this purpose, wild-type WHV with a homogeneous sequence was used as the inoculum, while lymphoid cells from a single healthy woodchuck donor and a normal woodchuck WCM-260 hepatocyte line served as infection targets. The serial passage of the wild-type virus repeated up to 13 times for both cell types did not lead to the emergence of cell type-specific WHV variants, as revealed by sequence analysis of the virus envelope and the core and X gene sequences. Moreover, the virus passaged in both cell types remained infectious for naive woodchucks, produced infection profiles that depended upon virus dose but not on virus cellular origin, and retained its initial DNA sequence. These results imply that WHV lymphotropism is a natural propensity of the wild-type virus and is not a consequence of infection with a viral variant.
A Review of “Housing policy in the United States, 3rd edition”, By Alex Schwartz

As an instructor of US housing policy, I have consistently assigned previous editions of Alex Schwartz's Housing Policy in the United States for my graduate and upper level undergraduate classes. T...
The heritability of antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies.

In this paper, we describe a quantitative summary of 12 twin (n=3795 twin pairs and 3 adoption studies=338 adoptees) published since 1975 which provided 21 estimates of the heritability of antisocial behavior. Medium to large effect sizes were found for genetic influences across studies, with approximately 50% of the variance in measures of antisocial behavior attributable to genetic effects. Although effect sizes did not vary across different definitions of antisocial behavior (criminality, aggression, or antisocial personality), significantly larger estimates of genetic effect were found for severe manifestations of antisocial behavior. The importance of severity was further underscored by the significantly larger effects obtained in studies using clinic-referred samples compared to the effects obtained in studies using volunteer samples. Demographic characteristics of the samples did not influence effect sizes, although studies using more stringent methodology tended to find larger effects. These results must be interpreted in light of the small literature that was suitable for the meta-analysis due to numerous methodological limitations in existing studies.
THE LATENT PERIOD OF PEA-ENATION MOSAIC VIRUS IN THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARRIS)--AN APPROACH TO ITS ESTIMATION.

Abstract A log-probit transformation was used to estimate the time when 50% of the pea aphid nymphs, Acrythosiphon pisum (Harris), that eventually would have transmitted the pea-enation mosaic virus, had completed their latent period. This median latent period (LP50) is believed to be a better way of expressing the latent period than either the arithmetic mean of untransformed data or an experimentally determined minimum. The value of the LP50 varied with the temperature of the environment at which the insects were kept after the acquisition access period, and it also varied with the number of inoculative insects obtained with a given acquisition access period. It was found useful to determine the LP50 by using a standardized acquisition access period and a fixed number of equally spaced serial transfers to healthy test plants. The experimental data gave N individuals out of a sample of a possible (N + X) individuals that potentially would have transmitted virus. The value of (N + X) was estimated by making a log-probit plot of the cumulative percentage of the N individuals beginning to transmit virus at each successive test interval, and then adjusting the value of X as required until the plotted points approximated a straight line.
Structure–property-processing investigations of the tenter-frame process for making biaxially oriented HDPE film. I. Base sheet and draw along the MD

Abstract We discuss here the first two stages of the tenter-frame film manufacturing process for HDPE, viz. (a) the extrusion of the polymer onto a cooled cast roll (base sheet) and (b) drawing along the machine direction (MD) using several sets of rolls (referred to as machine draw orientation (MDO) sheet). The structure–property relationships are analyzed for a single resin when the cast-roll temperature, MDO temperature and MD draw ratio are systematically varied. The thick base sheets were made by extrusion onto a cast roll at three different temperatures of Tb, Tb−11°C and Tb+11°C (Tb being a reference temperature for the base-sheet draw). While the WAXD indicated an unoriented system, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed spherulites of ca. 3–5 μm diameter across the thickness of this base sheet. DSC indicated that the base sheet possessed a broad distribution of lamellar thickness and had a degree of crystallinity (Xc) of ca. 75%. After drawing 6X along the MD at three different drawing temperatures, of TMDO, TMDO−8°C and TMDO+8°C (TMDO being a reference temperature for the MDO-sheet draw), both AFM and TEM revealed a complete change in morphology to well-developed lamellar stacks oriented perpendicular to the MD. The MD draw ratio was then systematically varied from 1.5X, 2.25X, 3X, 4.5X to 6X, while keeping the other processing variables constant to understand how transformation of the spherulites to a stacked lamellar morphology took place. A very systematic change in morphology and orientation of the MDO sheet was observed with changing draw ratios, while the degree of crystallinity did not change. For the conditions utilized, the draw ratio of 2.25X was enough to destroy the general features of the bulk spherulitic superstructure although the broken and deformed lamellar remnants of the spherulites remained. With higher draw ratios, well-stacked lamellar structures oriented perpendicular to MD were gradually introduced at the expense of the deformed lamellae. At a draw ratio of 6X, only stacked lamellar structures were present. We discuss the causes of this transformation from primarily three standpoints: (a) localized melting and recrystallization followed by microfibrillation, (b) bulk melting followed by row nucleation and (c) a combination of the above two mechanisms. Interestingly, both X-ray and refractive index measurements revealed that the MDO process resulted in some level of biaxial orientation of the crystal phase. This arises due to the nature of the MDO process, which places constraints on the narrowing of the transverse dimensions during drawing.
Biogenic caliches in Texas: The role of organisms and effect of climate

Abstract Biogenic constituents are ubiquitous and abundant in the caliches of Texas. Investigation of 51 caliche profiles on various host strata (alluvium, limestone, igneous rocks, etc.) across approximately 900 km of Texas from subhumid east to arid west has shown that 43 of these profiles exhibit prominent biogenic constituents. These profiles exhibit significant differences in thickness (varying from centimeters to meters) and maturity (varying from I to VI). All of the different caliche facies are composed of low-Mg calcite. Biogenic features generally occur in the upper part of the profiles, including the uppermost portion of massive caliche horizons, platy horizons, laminar crusts, and pisoids. The main biogenic caliche facies include rhizoliths (calcified root structures), stromatolite-like laminar crusts, and coated grains. Compared to the abiogenic massive micritic to microsparitic calcite groundmass, biogenic constituents are morphologically distinct. These biogenic constituents are composed of several microscopic mineral components, including calcified filaments, needle fiber calcite (e.g., single crystalline needles and needle pairs, triangular crystals, and polycrystalline chains of rhombohedrons), spherulites, micro-rods, and nano-spheres. A large number of calcified root cellular structures and micro-organisms, e.g., fungal filaments, actinomycetes, and rod-like bacteria, are also present. Plant roots as well as soil biota produce distinctive structures and also enhance lithification by inducing calcite precipitation in the caliches, i.e., biologically controlled or influenced processes. Host strata did not significantly influence the abundance nor type of biogenic features in the caliches. In contrast, climate had an evident effect on the development of biogenic constituents in these caliches in terms of the amount as well as type. The thickness of laminar crusts and grain coatings and the abundance of biotic constituents within those facies decrease as the climate shifts from subhumid and subarid, in southeast and central areas, to subarid and arid, in west and northwest Texas. In addition, root structures and micro-rods diminish significantly from the subhumid east to the arid west.
Playing in the Dark, on the Left, and Out of Bounds: Nelson Algren, World War II, and the Cross-Racial Imagination of Blackness

How do we evaluate the representation and figurative appropriation of racial blackness by nonblack writers? This essay addresses the work blackness accomplishes in texts authored by nonblack writers pursuing radical projects defined at least in part as anti-racist and anti-imperialist. Do such texts necessarily silence African American voices and thus inadvertently reinforce the racist distortion and caricature of African American subjectivity? Or can they sometimes, under certain circumstances, articulate valuable sociopolitical analyses and utopian hopes that depend on their imaginative constructions of blackness and the black subject? This essay considers the potentials of what Toni Morrison calls “playing in the dark,” the cross-racial literary construction of blackness, by examining a little-known yet richly instructive text that approaches playing in the dark with surprising self-reflexivity and historical awareness: Jewish American Communist writer Nelson Algren’s World War II short story “He Couldn’t Boogie-Woogie Worth a Damn.” 1 The story appears in Algren’s 1947 collection The Neon Wilderness ,p ublished following his return from military service in Europe. “He Couldn’t Boogie-Woogie Worth a Damn” is based on Algren’s own wartime experiences, but the story’s protagonist is an African American GI who, after deserting the US Army at the end of World War II, hides out in Marseilles and survives by trading on the city’s black market. The story is important to recover for multiple reasons. In the first place, Algren’s marginal status in current US literary studies can be traced to his postwar reputation as a sentimental writer of dated protest fiction. Citing what he saw as the “technical conservatism” and melodramatic, Depression-style political “platitudes” of Algren’s work, Leslie A. Fiedler dubbed him “the Last of the Proletarian Writers” (43). 2 But “He Couldn’t Boogie-Woogie Worth a Damn” testifies to Algren’s continued relevance, informing concerns about the fates of
Systematics of Silicide Formation by High Dose Miplantation of Transition Metals into Si

We have systematically studied the formation of transition-metal thin films by high dose (up to 1018 ions/cm2) implantation of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Nb at room temperature and 350°C into Si . For implantation at 350°C, our results, as obtained by Rutherford backscattering, X-ray diffractometry and Read Camera measurements, indicate that one can categorize these metals into two groups: 1. a chromium group which includes V, Cr, Nb, Ti and Mn. Metals V, Cr and Nb form compounds (VSi2, CrSi2. NbSi2) with a hexagonal structure of the CrSi2 type whereas Ti and Mn both form compounds (Ti5Si3, Mn5Si3) with a hexagonal structure of the Mn5Si2 type. 2. an iron group which includes Fe, Co and Ni. These metals form compounds (FeSi, CoSi, NiSi) with a cubic structure of the FeSi type. In this paper the experimental results for Cr and Fe implantation at room temperature and 350°C will be discussed.
“Memes” as Infectious Agents in Psychosomatic Illness

Can a mere idea cause medical pathology? Some disease conceptions appear to induce illness in the absence of any classic pathogen. These psychosomatic memes induce biological, psychological, and so...
On Anholonomic Deformation, Geometry, and Differentiation

Abstract : In geometrically nonlinear theories of inelasticity of solids, the deformation gradient is typically split multiplicatively into two (or more terms), none of which need be integrable to a motion or displacement field. Such terms, when not integrable, are termed anholonomic, and can be associated with intermediate configuration(s) of a deformed material element. In this work, aspects of tensor calculus associated with anholonomic deformation are analyzed in general curvilinear coordinates. Various linear connection coefficients for intermediate configurations are posited or derived; of particular interest are those mapped coefficients corresponding to the choice of identical basis vectors in multiple configurations. It is shown that torsion and curvature associated with such mapped coefficients do not necessarily vanish, even though torsion and curvature tensors of the original connections vanish by definition in reference or current configurations. Intermediate connection coefficients defined in this way exhibit vanishing covariant derivatives of corresponding metric tensors, but are time dependent even when reference (current) configuration connections are fixed in time at a given material (spatial) location. Formulae are derived for total covariant derivatives of two- and three point tensors with one or more components referred to the intermediate configuration. It is shown that in intermediate coordinates, neither the divergence of the curl of a vector field nor the curl of the gradient of a scalar field need always vanish. The balance of linear momentum for a hyperelastic plastic material is examined in the context of curvilinear intermediate coordinates.
Masochism as escape from self

Recent theoretical advances from social psychology, especially self‐awareness theory and action identification theory, are here applied to masochism. It is possible to consider mashochism as neither a form of self‐destruction nor a derivative of sadism. Instead, masochism may be a means of escaping from high‐level awareness of self as a symbolically mediated, temporally extended identity. Such awareness is replaced by focus on the immediate present and on bodily sensations, and sometimes by a low‐level awareness of self as an object. Evidence is reviewed indicating that the principal features of masochism (pain, bondage, and humiliation) help accomplish this hypothesized escape from high‐level self‐awareness. Historical evidence suggests that sexual masochism proliferated when Western culture became highly individualistic. This could mean that cultural emphasis on the autonomous, individual self increased the burdensome pressure of selfhood, leading to greater desires to escape from self masochistically.
Image processing and analysis of Saturn's rings

Processing of Voyager image data of Saturn's rings at JPL's Image Processing Laboratory is described. A software system to navigate the flight images, facilitate feature tracking, and to project the rings has been developed. This system has been used to make measurements of ring radii and to measure the velocities of the spoke features in the B-Ring. A projected ring movie to study the development of these spoke features has been generated. Finally, processing to facilitate comparison of the photometric properties of Saturn's rings at various phase angles is described.
Technical Section: Quadratic curve and surface fitting via squared distance minimization

Quadratic curve and surface fitting to a set of data points are fundamental problems in reverse engineering and many other application areas. We develop the fitting methods for quadratic curves and surfaces based on the squared distance minimization technology. The basic idea of squared distance minimization for curve and surface fitting is first presented. Then we devise the corresponding squared distance term for each quadratic curve and surface, and minimize it to obtain its parameters. We repeat the squared distance minimization and update the parameters of the quadratic curve and surface by iterations until convergency. Consequently, the final fitting result is achieved. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the fitting method.
Three-year follow-up of survivors of a mass shooting episode.

This report describes a 3-year follow-up study of survivors of a mass shooting incident. Acute-phase and 1-year follow-up data from this incident have been previously reported. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule/Disaster Supplement was used to assess 116 survivors at 1–2 months and again 1 and 3 years later, with an 85% reinterview rate. Examining the course of postdisaster posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression in individuals allowed detailed consideration of remissions and delayed detection of disorders not possible from data presenting overall rates across different time frames. Only about one half of the PTSD cases identified at any time over 3 years were in remission at the 3-year follow-up. Those who did not recover from PTSD diverged from those who recovered at 3 years by reporting increased numbers of symptoms over time, especially avoidance and numbing symptoms. Although women and people with preexisting disorders were at greater risk for the development of PTSD, these variables did not predict chronicity. Chronicity of PTSD was predicted by functional impairment and seeking mental health treatment at baseline. Chronicity of major depression was predicted by report of family history of depression and treatment for paternal alcohol problems. No delayed cases of PTSD were identified. Studies are needed to compare these characteristics of the course of PTSD with other populations, using consistent methodology to allow valid comparison.
Information redundancy across metadata collections

Metadata records made available by content providers often lack the implicit information of their original use environment. Metadata aggregators therefore tend to emphasize completeness as a primary quality for shareable metadata. However, when adding implicit information to item-level records, data providers increase the redundancy of information contained in records from the same collection. The present paper reports on an effort to assess the extent and potential impact of information redundancy in metadata collections aggregated using the Open Archives Protocol for Metadata Harvesting. The first experiment quantifies the resemblance of metadata records on a collection-by-collection basis across 176 metadata collections aggregated for the CIC metadata portal. A second experiment measures the tendency of items from the same collection to appear together in results lists generated for a set of user queries. Results of the analyses correlate and suggest that within some collections item-level metadata records are not sufficiently differentiated to support certain digital library functions well. Metadata collections have a distinct role when included in larger aggregations, and in that role a minimum level of descriptive granularity is required to support digital library functions implemented by service providers. The experiments suggest possible ways to deal simultaneously with metadata record completeness, consistency, and redundancy.
Wolbachia pipientis: Bacterial Density and Unidirectional Cytoplasmic Incompatibility between Infected Populations of Aedes albopictus

Unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility is seen when certain Wolbachia-infected insect populations are crossed. Two hypotheses might explain this phenomenon: superinfections with mutually incompatible strains of Wolbachia producing incompatibility when crossed to individuals infected with only a single bacterial strain or, alternatively, a bacterial dosage model, with differences in Wolbachia densities responsible for the incompatibility. A quantitative PCR assay was set up as a general method to compare Wolbachia densities between populations. Using this assay in unidirectionally incompatible stocks of the mosquito Aedes albopictus, we have determined that densities are significantly higher in Houston than in the Mauritius and Koh Samui stocks. This is consistent with a dosage model for the observed crossing patterns, but does not rule out the possibility that superinfection is the primary cause of the incompatibility.
DELAYED FLUORESCENCE FROM CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA: EFFECT OF BACKGROUND ILLUMINATION*

— –With background illumination the delayed fluorescence intensity from Chlorella pyrenoidosa observed at 1 msec following a flash of light is greatly increased. It is shown that the background illumination makes a photosystem II product that increases the delayed fluorescence yield and decays in the dark with second order kinetics. The delayed fluorescence observed at 1 msec appears to be more closely related to the primary energy conversion act than delayed fluorescence observed at longer times which is more indicative of electron transport chemical activity.
Cooperative advertising, pricing strategy and firm performance in the e-marketing age

Cooperative advertising plays a strategically important role in marketing programs. In this paper, we use a game theoretical model to study not only cooperative advertising but also pricing strategy in a manufacturer—e-retailer supply chain with the consideration of product categories. First, two cooperative advertising models (the leader-follower Stackelberg and the strategic alliance) are established and analyzed. We then compare the two models to develop some important theories and managerial insights. Furthermore, we utilize a bargaining model to implement profit sharing and determine the manufacturer’s participation rate for cooperative advertising in the channel coordination of strategic alliance. Based on our results, we derive optimal market strategies and identify probable paths of future research.
Talin2 is induced during striated muscle differentiation and is targeted to stable adhesion complexes in mature muscle.

The cytoskeletal protein talin serves as an essential link between integrins and the actin cytoskeleton in several similar, but functionally distinct, adhesion complexes, including focal adhesions, costameres, and intercalated disks. Vertebrates contain two talin genes, TLN1 and TLN2, but the different roles of Talin1 and Talin2 in cell adhesion are unclear. In this report we have analyzed Talin1 and Talin2 in striated muscle. Using isoform-specific antibodies, we found that Talin2 is highly expressed in mature striated muscle. Using mouse C2C12 cells and primary human skeletal muscle myoblasts as models of muscle differentiation, we show that Talin1 is expressed in undifferentiated myoblasts and that Talin2 expression is upregulated during muscle differentiation at both the mRNA and protein levels. We have also identified regulatory sequences that may be responsible for the differential expression of Talin1 and Talin2. Using GFP-tagged Talin1 and Talin2 constructs, we found that GFP-Talin1 targets to focal adhesions while GFP-Talin2 targets to abnormally large adhesions in myoblasts. We also found that ectopic expression of Talin2 in myoblasts, which do not contain appreciable levels of Talin2, dysregulates the actin cytoskeleton. Finally we demonstrate that Talin2, but not Talin1, localizes to costameres and intercalated disks, which are stable adhesions required for the assembly of mature striated muscle. Our results suggest that Talin1 is the primary link between integrins and actin in dynamic focal adhesions in undifferentiated, motile cells, but that Talin2 may serve as the link between integrins and the sarcomeric cytoskeletonin stable adhesion complexes in mature striated muscle. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Submerged Combustion Melting of Glass

Advances in tank melter, refractory, controls, and heat source technology have paralleled progress in glass chemistry, quality, and production scale for decades. These same advances have also led to a revival of the 75-year-old concept of bottom heating for glass melting. To create high-intensity heat transfer and rapid melt homogenization, bottom heating, or submerged combustion melting, uses forced convection and direct contact heat transfer. The work of European, American, and Ukranian scientists has demonstrated that bottom heating offers energy savings, emissions reductions, and cost savings relative to conventional melting. Recent work by the Gas Technology Institute of the United States, in partnership with a consortium of glass companies, has advanced the bottom heating technology for a number of glass products to the brink of commercialization. With ongoing work a practical, rapid refining process could be developed to enable bottom melting as an alternative melting approach for a broad range of commercial glasses.
Polarization And Particle Motion of the Flexural Waves In an Anisotropic Borehole Model

Two modes of flexural waves can be generated by a dipole source in an anisotropic borehole. Their velocities are related to those of the fast and slow shear waves in the formation. The particle motions and the polarization diagrams of the fast and slow flexural waves are measured in a borehole model made of phenolite material with transverse isotropy or orthorhombic anisotropy. The experimental results show that the particle motion of the fast Aexural wave is linear and is in the same direction as that of the fast shear wave in the formation. The polarization direction of the fast flexural wave coincides with that of the fast shear wave and is independent of the direction of the dipole source. The particle motion of the slow flexural wave is nonlinear and elliptic. Its polarization direction and the variation are dependent on the anisotropic material and the source direction. This means that the slow flexural wave is a more complicated wave mode rather than the simple mode where the particle motion generated by a dipole source is in the direction of the slow shear wave. The polarization characteristics of the fast flexural wave can be applied to determine the principal axis of an anisotropic formation by in-line and cross-line logging data.
Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the vibrational properties and the structure of SrWO4 and PbMoO4

Raman spectra of SrW04 are measured up to 35 kbar at 300 K. At (21 ± 2) kbar the doubly-degenerate Eg modes are observed to split which indicates a structural transformation to a lower symmetry. The high pressure Raman spectra are similar to spectra of the structure of ZnW04. Raman spectra of PbMoO4 are also measured up to 35 kbar at both 300 and 80 K, but no evidence of a structural change is observed. The pressure dependence of the phonon spectra suggests the presence of harmonic phonon-phonon interaction in this system. The possible origins of the different high pressure form of the scheelites are discussed on the basis of lattice phonon-phonon interaction. On a mesure les spectres Raman de SrW04 jusqu′ a 35 kbar a 300 K. A (21 ± 2) kbar, on a observe que les modes Eg a doublement degeneres se separent, ce qui indique un passage a une structure de symetrie inferieure. Les spectres Raman obtenues a haute pression sont semblables aux spectres de la structure de ZnW04. On a aussi mesure les spectres Raman de PbMoO4 jusqu′ a 35 kbar a 300 et a 80 K, mais aucune indication d′une transformation de structure n′ a ete observee. Le fait que les spectres de phonons dependent de la pression suggere la presence d′une interaction harmonique phonon-phonon dans ce systeme. Les origines possibles des differentes formes de scheelites obtenues sous haute pression sont examinees sur la base d′une interaction „reseau phonon-phonon”.
Philatelic Programs on Early North American Radio

Using scripts, publications, and philatelic press descriptions, this study investigates programs for stamp collectors in the early years of radio. NBC's Ivory Stamp Club of the Air was the most prominent of these. Syndicated and locally originated philatelic programming was widespread in the late 1930s and continued into the 1960s in Canada and the USA. Some programs appealed to kids but others were targeted at adults and sophisticated collectors. A strong male bias pervaded the programming. Culturally, appeals to patriotic and nationalistic pride were common, with programs providing stories behind why stamps commemorated certain events in the issuing nations' histories.
Texting as a channel for personalized youth support: participatory design research by city youth and teachers

Most school districts are out to regulate and restrict student texting and fear student–teacher texting as particularly inappropriate. But might this youth-dominated channel in fact be a twenty-first century portal to personalized support for youth struggling in school? This article shares first findings from participatory design research on texting, conducted by youth and teachers in the diverse, immigrant-heavy city of Somerville, MA. In a design research project welcomed by Somerville district and school administration, teachers and students at the district's alternative high and middle school have been testing how one-to-one texting might support students, teachers, and mentors to communicate rapidly about students' personal and academic needs. Their work raises deep questions for city schools considering how to forge supportive student–teacher relationships in the digital age.
The global, the local, and the hybrid: A native ethnography of glocalization

International communication processes have been alternately understood as part of an overriding world process of globalization, or in terms of a polarity, between local audiences and global media, whose terms are disputed by the cultural imperialism and active audience formations. Departing from an interdisciplinary literature coalescing on cultural hybridity, I argue that hybridity is a pervasive but evasive cultural condition. I then theorize and utilize native ethnography to empirically examine how Maronite youth in Lebanon articulate local practices and global discourses to enact hybridity. Hybridity is construed as a space of oblique signification where power relations are dialogically reinscribed. Demonstrating that hybridity is not the negation of identity but its quotidian and inevitable condition, I advocate native ethnography as an epistemological approach and cultural hybridity as an ontological grounding for the ongoing internationalization of media and cultural studies. Finally, the concept o...
Negotiating and Practicing Performance: An Ethnographic Study of a Musical Open Mic in Brooklyn, New York

This qualitative study explores amateur musicians and their performance negotiations at a weekly “open mic” in Brooklyn, New York. These musicians and their performance negotiations are juxtaposed against the larger cultural structures of musical scenes and musical art worlds. Opportunities and pathways are few for amateur musicians to practice and negotiate the craft of performance. This study examines the negotiation of the presumed boundaries between musical practice and performance within an open mic scene constructed by and for amateur musicians who are marginal to the larger musical art world.
Common-garden studies on adaptive radiation of photosynthetic physiology among Hawaiian lobeliads

Species in an adaptive radiation often occupy different habitats so that individuals of each species develop under different conditions. Showing that a radiation is adaptive thus requires evidence that taxa have diverged genetically and that each has an ecological advantage in using particular habitats or resources, taking into account both phenotypic plasticity and phylogenetic relationships among species. Here, we use a common-garden experiment to show that representative species of Hawaiian lobeliads have diverged adaptively in their leaf-level photosynthetic light responses. Across species, plants genetically shifted their photosynthetic physiology with native light regime in accord with theoretical predictions and exhibited adaptive crossover in net carbon gain—that is, species native to a given light regime outperformed others only under conditions similar to those they occupy in the field, with the rank order of species based on photosynthesis per unit leaf mass changing with light level. These findings make a powerful case for adaptation of photosynthetic light responses to native light regimes and, combined with our earlier field studies, provide the strongest demonstration to date for the evolution of divergent adaptations for energy capture in any group of closely related plants.
A scalable assistant librarian: hierarchical subject classification of books

In this paper, we discuss our work in progress towards a scalable hierarchical classification system for books using the Library of Congress subject hierarchy. We examine the characteristics of this domain which make the problem very challenging, and we look at several appropriate performance measurements. We show that both Hieron and Hierarchical Support Vector Machines perform moderately well.
Notch‐Sensitivity of Fiber‐Reinforced Ceramic‐Matrix Composites: Effects of Inelastic Straining and Volume‐Dependent Strength

The effects of circular holes and sharp notches on the tensile strength of two Nicalon-reinforced ceramic composites have been investigated. The influence of inelastic straining on the redistribution of stress has been elucidated through measurements of the local strains in the regions of high stress concentration, coupled with finite element simulations of the test geometries, using a nonlinear constitutive law appropriate to ceramic composites. The scale dependence of strength has been inferred from tests performed on specimens of varying size. The utility of two failure models that incorporate both the inelastic straining and the scale dependence has been assessed: one based on the point stress failure criterion and the other on weakest-link fracture statistics. Both approaches provide a reasonably consistent description of the experimental measurements. Some of the implications and limitations associated with the failure models are discussed.
Mechanisms of Organic Matter Utilization by Marine Bacterioplankton

Recent work indicates that bacteria in the sea may consume 10-50% of the primary production (Hagstrom et al., 1979; Fuhrman and Azam, 1980, 1982; Williams, 1981), and the resulting bacterial secondary production is presumably channelled into a dynamic microbial foodweb (Azam et al., 1983). These observations have generated much interest in the coupling between the production of organic matter and its utilization by heterotrophic bacterioplankton, since this coupling may determine how the primary production is partitioned between the classical grazing food chain and the emergent microheterotrophic foodweb.