cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The composition of asteroid 2 Pallas and its relation to primitive meteorites

High resolution spectroscopic observations of asteroid 2 Pallas from 1.7-3.5 microns are reported. These data are combined with previous measurements from 0.4-1.7 microns to interpret Pallas' surface mineralogy. Evidence is found for low-Fe(2+) hydrated silicates, opaque components, and low Fe(2+) anhydrous silicates. This assemblage is very similar to carbonaceous chondrite matrix material such as is found in type CI and CM meteorites, but it has been subjected to substantial aqueous alteration and there is a major extraneous anhydrous silicate component. This composition is compared to that of asteroid 1 Ceres. Although there are substantial differences in their broad band spectral reflectances it appears that both asteroids are genetically related to know carbonaceous chondrites.
Proposed microwave transponders for early lunar robotic landers

Abstract The possibility of placing Ka-band microwave transponders on the Moon with early robotic landers is being explored. For measurements from a single observatory on Earth to transponders at two or more well-separated lunar sites, the atmospheric correction uncertainty for the range difference would be about 0.05 mm. With the carrier phase difference as the observable, the overall accuracy goal for the range difference is about 0.2 mm, except for a constant bias. The factor 100 accuracy improvement compared with current lunar laser range measurements would givemuch more definitive information on the existence and size of a fluid core, as well as highly accurate measurements of the lunar tidal distortion and possibly information on turbulent motions in the core. The estimated maximum power, average power, and mass for a transponder plus broad beam antenna are 10 W, 0.2 W, and 10 kg.
Characterization of several phospholipase activities and diacylglycerol/2-monoacylglycerol lipases in rat alveolar macrophages.

Abstract We measured phospholipase activities in both the microsomal and the cytosolic enriched fractions of rat alveolar macrophages by using exogenous arachidinic acid-labeled phospholipids. The microsomal fractions contain a neutral calcium-independent phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) which acts on substrates phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), a calcium-independent PLA 2 acting on phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and a neutral calcium-dependent PI-specific PLC. The cytosolic fractions contain calcium-dependent phospholipases: PLA 2 that hydrolyses PC at alkaline pH, and a neutral PI-specific phospholipase C (PLC). The largest release of arachidonic acid from PI occurred with the cytosolic fractions at pH 6 in the presence of calcium. That hydrolysis involved a PLA 2 , and a PLC followed by the action of a diacyglycerol and 2-monoacylglycerol lipases. The cytosol also contains a calcium-independent PLA 2 acting on PE. Our investigation shows that rat alveolar macrophages possess a number of phospholipases, as well as diacylglycerol and 2-monoacylglycerol lipases. The above enzymes could play an essential role in the remodeling of membrane phospholipids in resting cevls, and the generation of physiologically active lipids in activated cells.
Does a government web presence reduce perceptions of corruption

Researchers have found that corruption severely affects a country's development because it takes resources away from the economy, leads to uncertainty and impairs investment. The purpose of this study is, thus, to determine if a government's web presence can help to reduce perceptions of corruption. There is some empirical evidence that it helps, but there is also skepticism from some scholars who argue that technology is simply another tool that can be exploited for purposes of corruption. The statistical model we use in this article looks at governance factors, specifically government effectiveness and accountability, as well as the focus variable of government web portals. Using data from a six-year panel 2002–2005 and 2008 for 208 countries, our analysis finds that governments' web presence has reduced perceptions of corruption around the world. We also provide case evidence from governments that have used Internet portals that have reduced perceptions of corruption. The author recommends that international agencies support and promote the use of the Internet by governments to supplement other anti-corruption measures that rely on improvements in governance alone.
Energy, Adhesion, and the Elastic Foundation

A theory for elastic contact adhesion between a rigid sphere and an elastic foundation is developed. The theory derives relationships between the contact deformation and the externally applied force. The derivation is based on elastic contact between a sphere and a thin linear-elastic foundation in which the strain energies are balanced by the work of indentation and the change in surface energy. Contacting regimes where there is either compressive strain energy or only tensile strain energy (pull-off regime) are both treated. The model is non-dimensionalized and an order of magnitude analysis is performed in order to develop simplified closed form solutions; the simplified model is then evaluated and compared to the full solution. This theory finds that the adhesion force is significantly larger for an elastic foundation in which the surface elements act independently as compared to more traditional solutions for elastic solids. The theory gives an adhesion force of $$ F_{\text{adh}} \cong 7\pi R\Updelta \gamma . $$
Concentrated Poverty and Urban School Reform: "The Choice Is Yours" in Minneapolis.

The subject of urban schools has received extensive scholarly and popular attention in recent years, and a wide variety of policies to address the problem of low educational achievement has been suggested. This article, based on an analysis of documents and reports, in-depth interviews, and a variety of secondary sources, examines the first several years of the implementation of a 2000 legal settlement between the Minneapolis Branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the State of Minnesota regarding the Minneapolis schools. Influenced by the Sheff v. O'Neill (1996) case in Hartford, Connecticut, the Minneapolis NAACP's lawsuit challenged the State's oversight of the Minneapolis schools under the Minnesota Constitution. The settlement created two new programs intended to provide low-income Minneapolis students more options in selecting schools. This article focuses on the more wide-ranging of these two programs, which buses up to 2,000 low-income urban students an...
MIT Middeck Active Control Experiment (MACE): noncollocated payload pointing control

The Middeck Active Control Experiment is a space shuttle flight experiment intended to demonstrate high authority active structural control in zero gravity conditions. The prediction of on-orbit closed-loop dynamics is based on analysis and ground testing. The MACE test article is representative of multiple payload platforms, and includes two 2-axis gimballing payloads connected by a flexible bus. The goal of active control is to maintain pointing accuracy of one payload, while the remaining payload is moving independently. Current control results on the ground test article are presented. Multiple input, multiple output controllers are designed based on high order measurement based models. Linear Quadratic Gaussian controllers yield reasonable performance. At high authority, however, these controllers destabilize the actual structure, due to parametric errors in the control design model. A robust control design procedure is required to yield high performance in the presence of these errors.
Structural Studies of Clean and Overlayered Surfaces with an Application to Xe Adsorption on Ag

Abstract Low-energy electrons have a particularly important role in many of the techniques of surface science. In some experiments, such as low-energy electron diffraction and characteristic loss spectroscopy, they are scattered either elastically or inelastically; in others, such as electron-stimulated desorption, they are used to produce excitations of the surface; and in still others, the resident electrons are excited to energies where they may escape from the material, as in photoemission, Auger, and ion neutralization spectroscopy. The reason for this central role is that, of all the physical probes, the electron is the simplest one that interacts strongly enough to be sensitive to the last few layers of atoms.
Impedance inversion from transmission data for the wave equation

Abstract We study the problem of determining an unknown impedance η(x) in the wave equation η(x)utt − (η(x)ux)x = 0 using transmission data u(X, t) for X ≤ t ≤ 3X. Here u(x, t) is an impulse response function, satisfying u(x, t) = 0 for t ≤ 0 and −ux(0, t) = δ(t), the Dirac delta function. We prove a uniqueness result, and discuss a numerical solution method. A central ingredient in the analysis is that we can relate the transmission inverse problem to an inverse problem for reflection data (X = 0) whose theory is quite well understood.
GEE ET AL. RESPOND

Many studies use self-reported language measures.1–3 We cautioned against conflating English proficiency and language preference.4 We thank Ayers for confirming that English proficiency is related to self-rated health, regardless of whether proficiency is measured via self-report or interviewer assessment. Ayers’ main point is that objective indicators of proficiency are more accurate than self-report indicators,2 a point we made in our paper.4(p568) Ayers argues that interviewer assessments should have been used as the measure of English proficiency because it is “objective” and face valid. As members of the team who collected the data, however, we caution against overstating these assessments. National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS) interviewers were well-trained, but they were not trained to assess English proficiency for research purposes. Hence, interviewer assessments have unknown biases. Ayers’ analysis of language preference differs from ours. We find that preference is inconsistently associated with self-rated health. Ayers claims this inconsistency is spurious, resulting from our inclusion of survey language. After removing survey language, he finds that preference measures are associated with self-rated health. He assumes that survey language measures preference. We made a different assumption. We included survey language to control for instrumentation bias related to translation. Although NLAAS uses state-of-the-art translation methods, translations may still be nonequivalent. There is no “correct” assumption here, although if anything, our assumption made our analyses too conservative. Nevertheless, our conclusions were derived after modeling binary and ordinal measures of self-rated health; Ayers considers only the latter. Table 1 replicates our study by modeling binary and ordinal measures of self-rated health, omitting survey language. Our ordinal analyses are consistent with Ayers’, yet the binary analysis show that preference is not consistently related to self-rated health. Accordingly, a complete replication supports our original findings. TABLE 1 Reanalysis of English Proficiency and Language Preference Measures: National Latino and Asian American Study, 2002–2003 Moreover, one must not just analyze data, but also interpret it. The “unilinear” acculturation perspective predicts a gradient, with bilingual respondents falling intermediate between English and Asian speakers. In Ayers’ Figure 1, the finding for language preference with friends is consistent with the unilinear perspective, but language of thinking or with friends is not. English speakers are not significantly different from non-English speakers. The only difference is between bilingual and non-English speakers. Ayers does not provide a substantive interpretation for these inconsistencies, but very similar results are discussed in our original article.4(p567) We hope that researchers evaluate the central question of whether proficiency is equivalent to preference. Adding alternative measures does not resolve the larger theoretical issues.
A Search for an Emission‐Line Region in the Hydrogen‐deficient Carbon Star HD 182040

ABSTRACT A long‐exposure short‐wavelength IUE spectrum of the hydrogen‐deficient carbon (HdC) star HD 182040 does not show any detectable emission in the C ii λ1335 line. It is not certain whether this absence of emission is intrinsic or due to the large uncertainties in the distance, absolute luminosity, and reddening toward HD 182040. If intrinsic, this absence of emission along with the absence of an IR excess from circumstellar dust imply that little or no mass loss is occurring at present from this star even though it is very similar spectroscopically to the R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars. This result also suggests that the emission‐line gas and the circumstellar dust may result from the same mass‐loss mechanism in the RCB stars.
Structure and biochemistry of normal and mutant (hubhub) mouse mammary tissue during gestation and lactation

Mammary gland structure and function in mutant hubhub (hyper-unconjugated bilirubinemia) mice were compared to controls (+/hub). Pups from normal and mutant mice have decreased weight gain when suckled by mutant dams. Samples examined by light microscopy showed no apparent differences when excised at mid- (day 9–11) and late- (day 17–18) gestation, and early (day 3–4) lactation. There was some evidence that early involution may be occurring in the hub mice at midlactation (day 10–11). Total DNA was greater (33%) when sampled at midgestation in the normal mice but lower (20%) at late gestation when compared to the hub mice. Total protein concentration was higher (132%) during late gestation in hub mice but was lower (34%) by early lactation when compared to normal mice. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) in normal mice was 79% and 71% higher in early and midlactation, respectively, than in mutant mice. There were no differences in serum concentrations of progesterone between strains at any stage. From these results, there is a suggestion of premature production of proteins, possibly followed by early involution in hub mice. Milk yield was less in mutant mice than in normal mice. Low concentrations of EGF during lactation in mutant mice may partially account for the decreased growth observed in mutant and normal pups suckling mutant dams.
A Novel Appearance Model and Adaptive Condensation Algorithm for Human Face Tracking

We present an adaptive framework for condensation algorithms in the context of human face tracking. We attack the face tracking problem by making factored sampling more efficient and the appearance update more effective. An adaptive affine cascade factored sampling strategy is introduced to sample the parameter space such that coarse face locations are located first followed by a fine factored sampling with a small number of particles. In addition, local linearity of an appearance manifold is used in conjunction with a new criterion to select a tangent plane for updating an appearance in face tracking. Our proposed method seeks the best linear variety from the selected tangent plane to form a reference image. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method on four challenging videos. These test video sequences show that our method is robust to illumination, appearance, and pose changes, as well as temporary occlusions.
Transcription of the amylin gene in newborn dogs.

Abstract To understand the role of amylin, the novel pancreatic hormone, in fuel metabolism of neonatal mammals, the transcription of the amylin gene in newborn dogs was studied under different conditions, such as fasting, hyperinsulinemia, and hyper IGF-1. Our results showed (1) The amylin mRNA level decreased during a 24-h fasting period after birth, 59.1 ± 4.5% at 4 h, 80.1 ± 7.9% at 10 h, and 44.5 ± 3.0% at 24 h, compared to 0-h-fasted controls, respectively. In this period, the decreased mRNA level of the amylin gene and the increased mRNA levels of the gluconeogenic genes showed an inverse ratio relationship. (2) Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp did not alter the amylin mRNA level, 39.6 ± 1.2% (hyperinsulinemia) vs 41.4 ± 3.1% (controls), in newborn dogs, but lowered the amylin mRNA by 35.3%, 64.7 ± 12.5% vs 100.0 ± 12.0%, in adult dogs. (3) Euglycemic hyper-IGF-1 clamp had no effect on the amylin mRNA levels of either newborn or adult dogs, 52.4 ± 9.1% (hyper IGF-1) vs 47.9 ± 4.3% (controls) in newborns and 95.2 ± 12.6% (hyper IGF-1) vs 100.0 ± 14.0% (controls) in adults. The data from the present study showed that amylin may be involved in carbohydrate homeostasis, but may not be able to stimulate gluconeogenesis in newborn dogs during a 24-h fasting period after birth. Whether amylin action may be another mechanism for neonatal hyperglycemia by inducing insulin resistance in peripheral tissues needs further investigation.
Effect of Dietary Supplemental Pyridoxine Levels on the Hatchability of Turkey Eggs

Abstract Two identical experiments were conducted each with 120 Large White turkey hens in individual cages to determine the value of dietary pyridoxine supplementation for increasing hatchability. The hens were fed a basal corn and soybean meal diet. Weekly data responses were averaged across 5- to 6-wk timespans and recorded in three grouped time periods over the reproduction cycles. The hens were photostimulated at 31 wk of age and at 33 wk of age were assigned to dietary treatments containing 0, 6, 12, and 18 mg of supplemented pyridoxine/kg of diet. Thirty hens were fed each dietary treatment. In Experiment 1, eggs were collected for 4 days in the middle of each time period and egg yolk and albumen were assayed separately for vitamin B6. Although the vitamin B6 concentration in egg yolk was stable (1.9 μg/g dried basis), concentrations of vitamin B6 in egg albumen increased with incremental dietary pyridoxine levels; however, the average level of vitamin B6 in egg albumen was only 4% of the average level in egg yolk. About 37 μg of vitamin B6 per egg (82 g) was assayed in eggs from all treatments in the production periods. Incremental dietary levels of supplemented pyridoxine above the basal (unsupplemented pyridoxine) diet level did not result in increasing hatchability or egg vitamin B6 levels. Differences were not observed for 7-day or 28-day embryo deaths among treatments within the three 5- or 6-wk production periods of both experiments.
Comparative performance study of diesel and electric face-haulage vehicles

Results of a performance study of diesel ram-dump cars and electric cable-reel shuttle cars, conducted at an underground coal mine in the Warrior Basin of Alabama, are presented. Time-study data, obtained over a one-year period, show that the average load and discharge times of the diesel cars are slightly less than those of the electric cars, while the average travel-loaded, travel-empty, in, and out speeds of the diesel cars are slightly greater.
Getting specific about nonspecifics

While the popular term nonspecific has been employed in criticism of the effects of therapy, the term has no conceptual or operational definition. The term's negative form creates difficulty in conceptualizing and communicating about what is and is not a nonspecific event. “Nonspecific” can pose as an interpretive artifact only as long as it remains undefined. As a consequence, it is not an empirically meaningful task to attempt to demonstrate the effects of therapy independent of nonspecific events. More viable directions for therapy research and theory include the elimination of the term nonspecific from statements summarizing the effects of therapy, positive descriptions and operations of the multitude of events currently classed as nonspecifics, and research efforts designed to circumvent legitimate interpretive artifacts rather than nonspecific events.
Basic optical law in the interpretation of moiré patterns applied to the analysis of strains—part 1

The objective of this paper is to generalize the optical law that relates the displacement field to the fringes of moire patterns. Until now, a discontinuous relationship has been applied. Displacements that are equal to an integral number of times the master grid pitch or half the master grid pitch are related to the points of maximum and minimum light intensity, respectively.
Exploiting the tumor microenvironment for theranostic imaging

The integration of chemistry and molecular biology with imaging is providing some of the most exciting opportunities in the treatment of cancer. The field of theranostic imaging, where diagnosis is combined with therapy, is particularly suitable for a disease as complex as cancer, especially now that genomic and proteomic profiling can provide an extensive `fingerprint' of each tumor. Using this information, theranostic agents can be shaped for personalized treatment to target specific compartments, such as the tumor microenvironment (TME), whilst minimizing damage to normal tissue. These theranostic agents can also be used to target multiple pathways or networks by incorporating multiple small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) within a single agent. A decade ago genetic alterations were the primary focus in cancer research. Now it is apparent that the tumor physiological microenvironment, interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells, such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts and macrophages, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and a host of secreted factors and cytokines, influence progression to metastatic disease, aggressiveness and the response of the disease to treatment. In this review, we outline some of the characteristics of the TME, describe the theranostic agents currently available to target the TME and discuss the unique opportunities the TME provides for the design of novel theranostic agents for cancer therapy.
Understanding Tutor Learning: Knowledge-Building and Knowledge-Telling in Peer Tutors’ Explanations and Questions:

Prior research has established that peer tutors can benefit academically from their tutoring experiences. However, although tutor learning has been observed across diverse settings, the magnitude of these gains is often underwhelming. In this review, the authors consider how analyses of tutors’ actual behaviors may help to account for variation in learning outcomes and how typical tutoring behaviors may create or undermine opportunities for learning. The authors examine two tutoring activities that are commonly hypothesized to support tutor learning: explaining and questioning. These activities are hypothesized to support peer tutors’ learning via reflective knowledge-building, which includes self-monitoring of comprehension, integration of new and prior knowledge, and elaboration and construction of knowledge. The review supports these hypotheses but also finds that peer tutors tend to exhibit a pervasive knowledge-telling bias. Peer tutors, even when trained, focus more on delivering knowledge rather th...
Evolutionary approach to hardware/software partitioning

The authors present an approach to hardware/software codesign of real-time embedded systems. Two of the difficulties associated with codesign are handling tradeoffs among multiple attributes and exploring a large design space. They use a combination of techniques from the evolutionary computation and utility theory fields to address these problem areas. A real-time microcontroller-based design example is presented to illustrate this approach.
Genomic-based targeted therapy and management of advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Protocol for a qualitative study of oncologists' perceptions and behaviors regarding genomic-based targeted therapy

Background: Pilot data revealed gaps in knowledge and utilization of genomic-based targeted therapy among oncologists. We report these findings, and offer a protocol for a qualitative research project aimed to elicit oncologists’ perceptions regarding use of genomic-based targeted therapy for Veterans with lung cancer at the VHA. Using the Cabana et al. theoretical framework, a model of behavior change among providers, the study will identify how oncologists’ perceptions and facility characteristics potentially affect implementation of genomic-based targeted therapy in routine care. Methods and results: We will conduct a minimum of 40 and up to 60 semi-structured interviews with oncologists to elicit perceptions of genomic-based targeted therapy in four domains: 1) knowledge; 2) attitudes; 3) intent; and 4) barriers and facilitators for practicing genomic-based targeted therapy. Conclusion: This study is the first to examine decision-making surrounding the use of genomic based targeted therapy in lung cancer management. Findings will lay the foundation to design and implement effective strategies centering on integrating genomic medicine with routine practice, and will shed light on the decision-making processes of oncologists regarding selection of genomic-based and non-genomic-based treatment plans in managing lung cancer in veterans. This research is part of a larger study that will examine the utilization, clinical effectiveness, and cost effectiveness of genomic-based therapies in the treatment of advanced lung cancer.
Noninvasive and localized blood-brain barrier disruption using focused ultrasound can be achieved at short pulse lengths and low pulse repetition frequencies

Ultrasound methods in conjunction with microbubbles have been used for brain drug delivery, treatment of stroke, and imaging of cerebral blood flow. Despite advances in these areas, questions remain regarding the range of ultrasound parameters that disrupt the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In this study, several conditions were investigated to either enhance or reduce the likelihood of BBB disruption. Pulsed focused ultrasound (frequency: 1.5 MHz, pressure: 0.46 MPa, pulse repetition frequency (PRF): 0.1 to 25 Hz, pulse length (PL): 0.03 to 30 milliseconds) was noninvasively and locally administered to a predetermined region in the left hemisphere in the presence of circulating preformed microbubbles (Definity, Lantheus Medical Imaging, N. Billerica, MA, USA; 0.01, 0.05, 0.25 μL/g). Trans-BBB delivery of 3-kDa dextran was observed at PRFs as low as 1 Hz, whereas consistent delivery was observed at 5 Hz and above. Delivery was demonstrated at a PL as low as 33 microseconds. Although the delivered dextran concentration increased with the PL, this also increased the heterogeneity of the resulting distribution. In conclusion, key parameters that disrupt the BBB were identified out of a wide range of conditions. Reducing the total number of emitted acoustic cycles by shortening the PL, or decreasing the PRF, was also found to facilitate a more spatially uniform distribution of delivered dextran.
Necrotizing enterocolitis: diagnosis with CT examination of urine after enteral administration of iodinated water-soluble contrast material.

PURPOSE: To develop a new method for diagnosing necrotizing enterocolitis with use of computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urine specimens from 22 neonates were obtained 8-12 hours after iohexol was administered enterally. Twelve neonates had suspected (n = 5) or definite (n = 7) necrotizing enterocolitis, and 10 neonates without necrotizing enterocolitis underwent routine upper gastrointestinal study. Urine from another 13 neonates without necrotizing enterocolitis who did not receive iohexol was collected. The attenuation coefficient of each urine specimen was determined with CT. RESULTS: The mean CT attenuation coefficient of urine from neonates who did not receive iohexol was 5.6 HU +/- 3.9, and that from neonates without necrotizing enterocolitis who underwent upper gastrointestinal study was 6.7 HU +/- 3.2. The mean CT attenuation coefficient of urine from patients with suspected necrotizing enterocolitis was 26.0 HU +/- 3.4, and that in patients with definite necrotizing enterocolitis w...
Today's Reference Librarian Needs E-Book Skills

As an academic library administrator, my reference desk time is limited. For the academic year that ended in May 2008, I logged 2 hours a week. Not much for sure, but more than enough to realize th...
Effective anticoagulation for a percutaneous ventricular assist device using a heparin-based purge solution.

Objective: To report on a series of patients who were successfully anticoagulated with a novel protocol including a heparin-based purge solution. Case Summary: Four patients were supported for a total of 300 hours on the new Impella anticoagulation protocol, which was based on our current nurse-driven cardiology heparin protocol. Three patients were in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction, and 1 patient was in shock from severe aortic valvular disease. Despite prolonged cardiogenic shock, none of the patients developed significant renal or liver dysfunction while on device support. All 4 patients survived to hospital discharge, and there were no significant bleeding or thromboembolic events. Furthermore, there were no device malfunctions or clotting events within with pump motors. Despite frequent changes to the purge solution flow rate by the Automated Impella Controller, the patients in our cohort had relatively stable activated partial thromboplastin time values. Discussion: Our novel an...
Effect of intravenous administration of testosterone and progesterone on the plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid level in man.

During a study of the effect of testosterone on nitrogen balance (1), it became apparent that a drop in the plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) level regularly ensued following the administration of a large dose of testosterone (240 mg.) dissolved in human serum albumin. Subsequently, it became clear that this drop had two components, an immediate and profound effect associated with the testosterone infusion and a more gradual decline which was the result of the known diurnal variation of the plasma 17-OHCS levels (2). The studies which led to this conclusion are reported here.
Innovative Conference Curriculum: Maximizing Learning and Professionalism

This action research study evaluated the potential of an innovative curriculum to move 73 graduate students toward professional development. The curriculum was grounded in the professional conference and utilized the motivation and expertise of conference presenters. This innovation required students to be more independent, act as a critical friend, and be a part of a professional learning community. Faculty assumed the role of faculty guide, which altered both the faculty and student course experience. Student professional development findings are discussed. Results indicate that this type of curriculum can be highly effective for a graduate course. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
Responses of plant vascular systems to auxin transport inhibition

To assess the role of auxin flows in plant vascular patterning, the development of vascular systems under conditions of inhibited auxin transport was analyzed. In Arabidopsis, nearly identical responses evoked by three auxin transport inhibitor substances revealed an enormous plasticity of the vascular pattern and suggest an involvement of auxin flows in determining the sites of vascular differentiation and in promoting vascular tissue continuity. Organs formed under conditions of reduced auxin transport contained increased numbers of vascular strands and cells within those strands were improperly aligned. In leaves, vascular tissues became progressively confined towards the leaf margin as the concentration of auxin transport inhibitor was increased, suggesting that the leaf vascular system depends on inductive signals from the margin of the leaf. Staged application of auxin transport inhibitor demonstrated that primary, secondary and tertiary veins became unresponsive to further modulations of auxin transport at successive stages of early leaf development. Correlation of these stages to anatomical features in early leaf primordia indicated that the pattern of primary and secondary strands becomes fixed at the onset of lamina expansion. Similar alterations in the leaf vascular responses of alyssum, snapdragon and tobacco plants suggest common functions of auxin flows in vascular patterning in dicots, while two types of vascular pattern alterations in Arabidopsis auxin transport mutants suggest that at least two distinct primary defects can result in impaired auxin flow. We discuss these observations with regard to the relative contributions of auxin transport, auxin sensitivity and the cellular organisation of the developing organ on the vascular pattern.
Vocabularies of Motive for Illicit Drug Use: An Application of the Accounts Framework*

The importance of motives in the career of the user of illicit drugs has been stressed by researchers from the interactionist school. Users' “vocabularies of motive” or explanations for their behav...
The p53 Protein Does Not Facilitate Adenovirus Type 5 Replication in Normal Human Cells

Although several adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) proteins prevent deleterious consequences of activation of p53, it has been reported that viral replication proceeds more efficiently when human tumor cells produce wild-type compared to mutant p53. We have now exploited RNA interference and lentiviral vectors to achieve essentially complete knockdown of p53 in normal human cells: no effects on the kinetics or efficiency of viral gene expression or production of infectious particles were observed.
Erratum to "Generalizations of the Poincare-Birkhoff theorem"

Other results of [1] which rely on Theorem (2.1) are correct as stated and follow from the result above. A disk U in the covering space A is called positively returning for f if f(U)∩U = ∅ and fn(U)∩T k(U) = ∅ for some n, k > 0, where T is the generator of the infinite cyclic group of covering translations. Negatively returning disks are defined similarly. The difference in the statement of the theorem above and the statement of Theorem (2.1) of [1] is the additional requirement in item 3 that the positively and negatively returning disks in the covering space are lifts of disks in the annulus. Equivalently the positively and negatively returning disks in the covering space must be disjoint from their image under T k, k = 0 (standard arguments show it suffices that T (U) ∩ U = ∅). This additional hypothesis is satisfied in other results from [1] which use Theorem (2.1). I do not know whether Theorem (2.1) of [1], as originally stated, is true or not.
Gender Differences in Reported Dental Fear and Fear of Dental Pain

Objectives: Gender differences in dental fear have been of increasing interest among clinicians and researchers. The objectives of this study were to assess: (i) gender differences in reports of global dental fear, global fear of dental pain, and specific fear of dental pain; (ii) how the wording of questions about specific fear of dental pain influences a subjective report, and (iii) the interactions between gender differences and wording effects in the reports of specific fear of dental pain. Methods: A telephonic survey of 504 adult Floridians was conducted in 2004. Data collected included six measures of specific fear of dental pain, one measure of global fear of dental pain, one measure of global dental fear, and demographic information. Results: Women were more likely to report global dental fear, global fear of dental pain, and specific fear of dental pain than men, and both women and men were more likely to report ‘dread’ of dental pain than ‘fear’ of dental pain. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that: (i) there are gender differences in reports of dental fear and fear of dental pain; and (ii) both men and women are more willing to express their fearful feelings regarding dentistry using a more socially acceptable term.
The “Arab Spring” as Seen through the Prism of the 1979 Iranian Revolution

Revolutions are by nature unpredictable and unsettling. That the wave of revolutions in North Africa and the Arab Middle East began so unexpectedly and spread with such speed, leading to the fall of the governments of Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya, has added to the concern regarding the “new order” that is to come after the initial euphoria. From the outset, the fear has been that these revolutions will follow the same trajectory as Iran did in 1979—in other words, that they will marginalize those who launched the revolutions and provide the grounds for the rise to power of the most savvy, purposeful, and best organized of the opposition groups, namely, the Islamists. Yet when one considers the recent uprisings in the Arab world through the prism of Iran's experiences in 1979, the parallels are not so evident. Mindful of the variations and distinctions between each of the revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya, it would appear that in broad terms, and beyond superficial similarities, there is little in common between the events of Iran in 1979 and what has happened in the past year in the Arab world.
Ovine fetal swallowing responses to polyhydramnios

Abstract Swallowing of amniotic fluid by late gestation fetuses increases when amniotic fluid volume (AFV) is elevated. Our objectives were to quantitatively characterize fetal swallowing when AFV is elevated above normal to polyhydramniotic levels and to explore the mechanisms that mediate these changes. Late gestation fetal sheep were studied under basal conditions and during intra-amniotic infusion of lactated Ringer's solution. Control AFV averaged 631 ± 214 mL (SE, n = 6), swallowed volume was 299 ± 94 mL/day, and there were 5.7 ± 1.8 bouts/day of rapid swallowing. During intra-amniotic infusion, AFV (3065 ± 894 mL) and daily swallowed volume (699 ± 148 mL/day) increased (P < 0.05) and the number of bouts reached a maximum of 13.7 ± 2.0 bouts/day when AFV exceeded 1500 mL. Unexpectedly, the volume swallowed per bout (57.3 ± 5.8 mL, n = 102) did not vary with AFV (r = 0.023, P = 0.81). Neither the number of swallows/day nor the volume/swallow changed consistently with elevated AFV. Daily swallowed volume increases and reaches a maximum of twice normal as AFV approaches polyhydramniotic levels. Mechanistically, the increase in swallowing was achieved primarily by an increase in the number of bouts of swallowing per day rather than the expected passive increase in volume per bout. This implies changes in fetal behavior as AFV was elevated. Furthermore, swallowed volume was four times more sensitive to increases in AFV than reported previously.
Institutionalization, Policy Adaptation and European Foreign Policy Cooperation

The expansion of European Union (EU) foreign policy cooperation since 1970 presents a number of puzzles for theorists of regional integration and International Relations. It is not directed by supranational organizations, does not involve bargaining over policy alternatives, and is not dominated by the largest EU states. Nor do the EU’s common foreign policy decisions reflect ‘lowest common denominator’ preferences. Instead, cooperation has been achieved through decentralized institutional mechanisms, involving processes associated with both intergovernmental and social constructivist theories. This article first explains how changes in institutional context — in terms of intergovernmental, transgovernmental and supranational procedures — affect the propensity for cooperation. It then links processes of institutionalization to an expansion of foreign policy cooperation among EU member states. Finally, it explores three policy areas (the Middle East, South Africa and nuclear non-proliferation) where EU states have adjusted their national foreign policies in line with EU foreign policy norms.
Subungual leukemia cutis.

: A 79-year-old man had generalized humping of the nails and subungual tumors involving several fingers and the left big toe. Findings on histologic study of the tumor, together with the pattern on the peripheral blood smear, established the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia involving the subungual area. The authors' observation emphasizes the importance of taking a biopsy specimen in the differential diagnosis of subungual tumors.
High-Gd-Payload P22 protein cage nanoparticles for imaging vascular inflammation

Methods 1) P22: The P22 protein cage (60 nm) is bioengineered with an internal polymer network with amine functional groups allowing incorporation of ~9100 Gd-DTPA molecules per cage via the amine groups (Figure 1: [1]). This provides a per cage relaxivity of 70000 mMs, superior to Gd-DTPA for the equivalent Gd concentration. 2) Atherosclerosis Models: Both ApoE-deficient (ApoE) and FVB mice were used. ApoE mice develop atherosclerosis enhanced by high-fat diet. FVB mice develop macrophage-rich carotid lesions with carotid ligation in combination with high-fat diet and diabetes induction [2]. 3) P22-polymer-Gd in vivo MR imaging: Mice were injected intravenously with P22-polymer-Gd (N=5, 20 μmol Gd/kg, one-fifth the typical clinical dose) or Magnevist (N=1, 20 μmol Gd/kg). Vascular MRA at 1T was performed (Aspect M2, 500 mT/m, 2500 T/m/s) using 3D-SPGR (TR/TE=12 ms/2.1 ms, slice thickness=1 mm, FOV=5 cm, matrix=128x128, FA=45). Vessel wall MRI at 3T was performed (Signa HDx, GE Healthcare, 50mT/m, 150 T/m/s) with a phased-array mouse coil (RAPID MR International), using a double inversion recovery fast spin echo sequence (TR/TE= 400 ms/15 ms, slice thickness=1mm, FOV=3 cm, matrix= 256x256) up to 24 hours after injection. 4) RGD-targeted P22 ex vivo fluorescence imaging: Molecular targeting of P22 was evaluated by attaching RGD peptides externally, which targets the aVb3 integrin, upregulated on activated macrophages. ApoE mice (N=4) were injected intravenously with RGDP22 or RGD P22 (labeled with Cy5.5, 4 nmol/mouse). Forty-eight hours later, ex vivo fluorescence imaging was performed using Maestro imaging system (Cri, Woburn, MA). Maximum plaque signal intensities were measured and compared.
Norepinephrine turnover in peripheral tissues of rats with heart failure

Experiments were performed to determine if there is regional heterogeneity in sympathetic neural activation of peripheral tissues in rats with chronic heart failure (HF; 6-8 wk after coronary artery ligation). Norepinephrine (NE) turnover, an index of sympathetic activation, was determined on the basis of the decline in tissue NE levels that occurs during the 8-h after tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition (alpha-methyl-DL-p-tyrosine, 300 mg/kg ip at 4-h intervals). Compared with sham-operated rats, NE turnover was increased in the cardiac left ventricle, skeletal muscle, duodenum, and kidney of rats with HF, but was unaltered in liver and spleen. The increased renal NE turnover in HF was largely a reflection of increased turnover in the cortex, with no change evident in the medulla. Blockade of sympathetic ganglionic traffic (hexamethonium, 2 mg/kg sc at 2-h intervals) eliminated the tissue-specific effects of HF on tissue NE levels measured 8-h after tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition. These data support the contention that chronic HF evokes a central nervous system-mediated increase in basal sympathetic tone that exhibits regional heterogeneity (both between and within organs), a phenomenon that likely contributes to the functional consequences of this pathophysiological state.
Distance as an explanatory factor in urban growth rates: a test for Moscow Oblast.

The hypothesis that urban growth rates are geographically biased in favor of cities situated close to large centers of the USSR is tested in the case of Moscow Oblast, which offers a large central city and a large sample size of surrounding cities. Testing for this subset of cities confirms the significance of distance as an explanatory factor in urban growth. This situation resembles trends in large urban agglomerations elsewhere in the world, where suburbanization is an important factor. In the Soviet case, the attractiveness of central cities and the priority given to investment in proximity to such centers appear to be the crucial elements. Further cross-cultural studies of urban agglomeration trends are proposed. (Portions of this research were supported by a City University of New York Grant-in-Aid, PSC-BHE Research Award (11522), and by a Shuster–National Science Foundation Grant.)
Cytogenetics of the Hessian Fly: I. Mitotic Karyotype Analysis and Polytene Chromosome Correlations

The somatic haploid chromosome set of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say),consists of two autosomes and two sex chromosomes. Female somatic cells have pairs of each of these chromosomes (2n = 8). Male somatic cells have two pairs of autosomes and two monosomic sex chromosomes. C-banding revealed pericentromeric heterochromatin on one arm of each chromosome. Mitotic chromosomes were karyotyped using relative lengths, centromeric positions, presence of secondary constrictions, and position and length of C-positive regions. Silver nitrate stained pericentromeric, heterochromatic regions on all four chromosomes but did not stain the entire C-positive regions. In female larvae, four distinct polytene chromosomes were found in the basal region cells of the salivary glands. In male larvae, two distinct and two diffuse polytene chromosomes were found in basal region cells. Differential polytene chromosome morphology in male and female larvae, polytene chromosome indexes, and the position of the nucleolus were used to establish correlations between mitotic and polytene chromosomes. The diffuse morphology of the polytene sex chromosomes in male larvae was probably related to dosage compensation. The number of sex chromosomes in male and female larvae is discussed in relation to sex determination and the production of monogenous progenies.
Assessment of a Brief Oral Presentation Assignment in Biopsychology.

This study examined the suitability of a brief oral presentation exercise as an assessment method in biopsychology. Undergraduate students researched and presented a five-minute, self-selected fact...
A CAUTI Bundle with a Twist

World Health Organization, 5 Moments, to characterize the types and frequency of HH opportunities and tomonitor adherence to HH by various care givers. Clinical care givers were defined as physicians, nurses, nurse aides and respiratory, physical or occupational therapists and non-clinical care givers were defined as teachers, teachers aides, recreational support staff, environmental service workers, social workers, volunteers and adult visitors. Data analyses were descriptive. Comparisons of categorical data were performed using Pearson test. Results:Weobserved 865 HH opportunities of which amean of 108 HH opportunities (range, 60 196) occurred per child during the 16 hours of observation. Prior to patient contact (39%) and prior to aseptic technique (1%) were the most and least common HH opportunities, respectively. Nurses and nurse aides had the highest number of HH opportunities (50%), while visitors; therapists; school staff; other staff and physicians were associated with 22%, 9%, 9%, 8% and 1% of HH opportunities, respectively. Overall HH adherence was 43% (27-65% per facility) and was significantly higher among clinical care providers than among non-clinical individuals (61% and 14%, respectively, P < 0.01). Adherence was highest after exposure to body fluids (66%) and lowest before patient contact (36%).
Model Coordination Design Between Digital Substations and Control Center Based on UCIM

A new software system based on the uniform common information model(UCIM) and substation configuration descriptive language(SCL) has been developed.The power grid model used by the control center is automatically built from the model of digital substations,and real-time data is retrieved through the Abstract communication service interface(ASCI).The static model and real-time data between the digital substations and the control center are seamlessly integrated.
Separation and Isolation of Peptides or Oligosaccharides by High-Voltage Paper Electrophoresis

Sometimes the use of high-voltage paper electrophoresis (HPE), which was developed by Michl (1951), is more advantageous for the isolation of partially hydrolyzed natural products than Chromatographic procedures. In this Exercise the separation of peptides and Oligosaccharides will be demonstrated. A similar procedure has been used by Simmons, Luderitz and Westphal (1965) in the studies of bacterial O-antigens.