cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress against cancer...

Data from the population based cancer registry in Alberta, Canada as well as from the National Canadian Cancer registry were used to evaluate the outcome of oncologic treatment over the past 25 years. Age standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined, and for most individual cancer sites separately, show a continuous increase over time. Overall, the mortality rates have been increasing as well. Age specific trends in incidence and mortality show that, despite an increase in incidence rate, only in childhood cancers does a decrease in mortality exist. However, in patients aged 50 years or more at the time of the cancer diagnosis an increase in mortality was noted which actually exceeded the increase in incidence. Site specific analysis showed a decreasing trend in mortality for Hodgkin's disease, testicular cancer, stomach cancer, and melanoma (in females). A disturbingly increasing trend, specifically in women, existed for lung cancer mortality. It is projected that in women in Alberta mortality from lung cancer will surpass breast cancer mortality to become the number one cancer killer in women within the next few years. The overall 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year relative survival for all cancers combined remained constant over the 25-year period covered in this study. In conclusion, when analyzing the three indicators (incidence, mortality, and survival rates) of success in the fight against cancer no objective signs of progress could be found. Exceptions are the childhood cancers and relatively infrequent tumors such as Hodgkin's disease and testicular cancer. A plea is made for a shift in funding towards an increased emphasis on applied prevention programs and research.
Associations of behavior-based measurements and clinical disease in preweaned, group-housed dairy calves

Producers report bovine respiratory disease and neonatal calf diarrhea as the 2 most common diseases in preweaned calves, both of which can affect calf performance and welfare. Housing calves in groups during the preweaning period has increased in popularity and has the potential to improve calf welfare, but only if producers can detect and treat disease efficiently. A health-screening tool is needed that allows producers to identify suspect animals but minimize the time spent examining healthy animals. The objective of this study was to determine if disease in preweaned, group-housed dairy calves was associated with behavioral measures of illness. This cross-sectional study included the evaluation of preweaned, group-housed calves (n=206) on 4 farms in Wisconsin, United States. Farm visits included the scoring of key behaviors (abnormal posture when lying or standing, isolation from the group, lethargy, and 2 approach tests that tested the willingness of calves to approach a stationary person) that were hypothesized to be components of sickness behavior. Following the behavior scoring, calves underwent an individual health assessment for bovine respiratory disease, neonatal calf diarrhea, and umbilical infections. Each behavior category was scored as normal (0 points) or abnormal (1 point), and then categories were summed to obtain a total behavior score for each calf. Behavior scores ranged from 0 (normal) to 5 (severely abnormal). A total behavior score of 3 or greater was considered positive for disease. The outcome of a positive or negative test on the behavior score were analyzed using PROC LOGISTIC (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) and the model controlled for calf age and farm. Bovine respiratory disease was significantly associated with a behavior score of 3 or greater. The use of a behavior score shows promise as a screening tool for disease in preweaned calves.
Endospores, Sporulation and Germination

Endospore-forming bacteria cause a range of important clinical infections. In this chapter, recent advances in endospore research are summarized. The function of endospore structures and their relation to resistance are discussed and the latest advances in understanding the biological pathways that lead to sporulation and endospore germination are reviewed. The targeting of endospore germination to prevent infections is emphasized. From a more clinical perspective, the most important endospore-borne diseases are highlighted. The need to develop new methods for endospore detection is discussed. Finally, practical applications for exploiting the inert properties of endospores as platform for probiotics, insecticides, food technology and protein display are discussed.
RUIN’S PROGENY: Race, Environment, and Appalachia’s Coal Camp Blacks

Extractive industries have long been a topic of study in environmental social science. These studies have focused on how extractive industries, as linked to global capitalism, degrade local communities and their environments, but have failed to consider their racialized effects. At the same time, when scholars have examined the intersection of race and the environment, their analyses tend towards the quantification and mapping of the disproportionate environmental burdens that weigh upon communities of color. Both literatures neglect to examine the intersection of race and the environment from a phenomenological perspective. Our research intervenes in the literature by asking: (1) How is the environment implicated in conditioning racialized subjectivities? And (2) How do landscapes and environment impact the formation of collective identity and sense of belonging for African Americans? In this article, we focus on the lived experience of a generation of Black coal miners and their families, who migrated throughout the central Appalachian region during the twentieth century Great Migration. This study offers an empirical investigation into the “landscapes of meaning” that can emerge from the experience of racialized displacement from land and environment. Further, in documenting the lived experience of this group of African Americans, this study also counters the otherwise dominant narrative that portrays Appalachian people as hopeless, helpless, and homeless; and White. Data for this study are drawn from the EKAAMP collection, a community-driven participatory archive aimed at documenting the lives of African American coal miners and their families. This work offers three contributions: It (1) reinserts agency into the analysis of communities affected by extractive economies; (2) invigorates the productive tensions that underlie considerations of the inextricable linkages between environment and the phenomenological experience of racialization; and (3) reconsiders the long-standing historical intersections between environment, community, and race.
3D Monte Carlo simulations of pixelated CdZnTe detectors under high photon fluxes

In this paper a direct approach for 3D simulation of pulse waveforms induced on CdZnTe detector with 11×11 pixelated anodes is presented. In high flux applications the signal induction from the drift of charge carriers and the variation of space charge can no longer be decoupled. Calculation of induced pulse waveforms on electrodes can be achieved by determining the charge induction from the Shockley-Ramo theorem and electron and hole transport from the continuity equations coupled with Poisson's equation. A complete 3D simulation code has been developed coupling Monte Carlo modeling of photon interactions with matter, electric field and weighting potential using the finite element method (FEM), electric field perturbations due to space charge carriers using the method of images (or mirror images), and electron and hole transport taking into account diffusion and trapping of both charge carriers. The entire calculation is carried out for a number of interaction positions in the detector in each time step, thus providing the overall field due to both space charge accumulation and external applied bias. A large number of finite cubes (136,803,300) within the detector volume of 15×15×10mm3 have been considered in these simulations under varying photon fluxes. Experimental studies using a Cs-137 irradiator and a digital waveform acquisition system in continuous mode will provide verification of simulation results.
Ion Pairing and Co-facial Stacking Drive High-Fidelity Bisulfate Assembly with Cyanostar Macrocyclic Hosts.

Hydroxyanions pair up inside CH H-bonding cyanostar macrocycles against Coulombic repulsions and solvation forces acting to separate them. The driving forces responsible for assembly of bisulfate (HSO4−) dimers are unclear. We investigate them using solvent quality to tune the contributing forces and we take advantage of characteristic NMR signatures to follow the species distributions. We show that apolar solvents enhance ion pairing to stabilize formation of a 2:2:2 complex composed of π-stacked cyanostars encapsulating the [HSO4***HSO4]2− dimer and endcapped by tetrabutylammonium cations. Without cations engaged, a third macrocycle can be recruited with the aid of solvophobic forces in more polar solvents. The third macrocycle generates a more potent electropositive pocket in which to stabilize the anti-electrostatic anion dimer as a 3:2 assembly. We also see unprecedented evidence for a water molecule bound to the complex in the acetonitrile solution. In methanol, OH H-bonding leads to formation of 2:1 complexes by bisulfate solvation inside the macrocycles inhibiting anion dimers. Knowledge of the driving forces for stabilization (strong OH***O H-bonding, CH H-bonding, ion pairs, π-stacking) competing with destabilization (Coulomb repulsion, solvation) allows high-fidelity selection of the assemblies. Thermodynamic stabilization of hyrdroxyanion dimers also demonstrates the ability to use macrocycles to control ion speciation and stoichiometry of the overall assemblies.
Microkinetic modeling of H2SO4 formation on Pt based diesel oxidation catalysts

Abstract The presence of water vapor and sulfur oxides in diesel engine exhaust leads to the formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which severely impacts the performance of Pt/Pd based emissions aftertreatment catalysts. In this study, a microkinetic model is developed to investigate the reaction pathways of H2SO4 formation on Pt based diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs). The microkinetic model consists of 14 elementary step reactions (7 reversible pairs) and yields prediction in excellent agreement with data obtained from experiments at practically relevant sulfur oxides environment in engine exhaust. The model simulation utilizing a steady-state plug flow reactor demonstrates that it matches experimental data in both kinetically and thermodynamically controlled regions. Results clearly show the negative impact of SO3 on the SO2 oxidation light-off temperature, consistent with experimental observations. A reaction pathway analysis shows that the primary pathway of sulfuric acid formation on Pt surface involves SO2* oxidation to form SO3* with the subsequent interaction of SO3* with H2O* to form H2SO4*.
A 3D-Random pore model for the oxidation of graphite with closed porosity

Abstract A 3D Random Pore Model (3D-RPM) has been derived to predict the growth of porosity for isothermal interface-controlled oxidation (gasification) reactions occurring in graphite with open porosity. Compared to previous 2D-RPMs based on overlapping parallel cylindrical pores, the 3D-RPM assumes pores are overlapping spheres, creating an isotropic pore microstructure. Both models predict a maximum in reaction rate over the course of reaction. It is shown that the pore volume fraction corresponding to the reaction rate maximum is independent of model parameters and is 0.39 and 0.49 for the 2D and 3D model, respectively. Furthermore, changing the pore size input parameter by an order of magnitude changes the reaction rates by an order of magnitude. Importantly, 2D versus 3D pore growth can be distinguished on a linearized plot of pore volume growth data, by whether the slope of the line is two or three, respectively. When compared with experimental oxidation data, the 3D model matched the measured 3D growth order and peak oxidation rates, but over-predicted the initial oxidation rates, presumably in part due to neglecting initially closed pores that become open during oxidation. Future publications will extend the model to include initial closed porosity that opens over time as well as sample size effects.
‘Let’s hope the Boston Marathon Bomber is a White American’: racialising Muslims and the politics of white identity

This paper examines public discourse on race, whiteness and Muslims through an in-depth exploration of an online media controversy following the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings. On 16 April, the day ...
The secrets to successful nurse bedside shift report implementation and sustainability

This literature review looks at articles on bedside shift report initiatives and offers strategies that may lead to sustained practice.
Sigmoid Colectomy and Left Hemicolectomy: Single-Port Laparoscopic Approach

Single-port laparoscopic techniques are utilized for various colorectal procedures. In this chapter, we will be describing the operative steps and differences to the multiport technique of a laparoscopic sigmoid resection and Hartmann`s reversal.
Nanotechnology: A Call for Policy Research

We briefly overview U.S. policy initiatives related to nanotechnology and to the systematic investment in research that the U.S. Congress has approved to advance it over the nearly past two decades. Then, we summarize these U.S. research investments in nanotechnology, and we compare dimensions of nanotechnology activity in the United States to activity in other countries. The body of this paper is a nontechnical annotated bibliography of the relevant social science and policy literature; this bibliography is intended to serve as a reference document. Finally, we suggest specific directions for future policy research with a focus on a methodology for evaluating the social benefits of publicly funded nanotechnology R&D investments.
Arresting Officers and Treating Physicians: When May a Witness Testify to What Others Told Him for the Purpose of Explaining His Conduct?

Under the hearsay rules, witnesses are frequently allowed to testify about a statement they heard someone else make, even if the statement might otherwise be inadmissible hearsay, if the testimony will properly enable the witness to explain to the jury why the witness formed certain beliefs or took certain actions on the basis of that statement. But just as often, in cases involving nearly identical circumstances, such testimony is not admissible for that purpose. As is so often the case with respect to the hearsay rules, everything depends on the context. The distinction is an important one for the trial lawyer, because lawyers invariably find themselves embroiled in arguments over this fine line at every trial. This article clearly lays out and explains the important but sometimes poorly understood law concerning the circumstances under which a lawyer may — or may not — properly respond to a hearsay objection by advising the judge: "This evidence about that statement is not being offered for its truth, but to allow the witness to explain to the jury the beliefs he formed, or the things he did, after he heard or read that statement."
Do smaller schools really reduce the "power rating" of poverty?

The percentage of variance in student achievement that is explained by student SES—“poverty’s power rating,” as some call it—tends to be less among smaller schools than among larger schools. Smaller schools, we are told, are able to somehow disrupt the association between SES and student achievement. Using eighth-grade data for 215 public schools in Maine, I explored the hypothesis that this finding is in part a statistical artifact of the lower reliability of school-aggregated student achievement in smaller schools. This hypothesis was supported for mathematics achievement but seemingly not for reading achievement. Implications are discussed.
Crystal reorientation in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite thin film with thermal annealing

While there has been rapid progress in the performance of perovskite solar cells, the details of film formation, effect of processing parameters and perovskite crystal structure are still under discussion. The details of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the tetragonal phase of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite existing at room temperature are often overlooked, with unresolved (002) (at 2θ = 13.99° for CuKα and q = 0.9927 A−1) and (110) (at 2θ = 14.14° and q = 1.003 A−1) peaks considered to be one peak at 14°, leading to an inaccurate estimation of lattice parameters. In this study, we use an electrospray deposition technique to prepare perovskite films at room temperature, oriented in (002) and (110) directions, with (002) as the preferred orientation. The results of a detailed study on the emergence of the two orientations during perovskite formation are reported. The effect of process parameters, such as substrate temperature during deposition and annealing temperature, on the grain orientation was established using XRD and grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). The study suggests that an irreversible crystal reorientation from (002) to (110) occurs at high temperature during rapid annealing, whereas a reversible crystal thermal expansion is seen during slow annealing. Finally, the results of the grain reorientation are correlated with the film properties, and it is shown that the film with the dominant (110) orientation has improved morphology and optoelectronic properties. The detailed structural investigation and characterization presented in this study are important for the precise determination of crystal orientation and achievement of desirable photovoltaic properties of the absorber material by carefully observing the adjacent crystal plane peaks in the XRD pattern of the perovskite thin films.
The Influence of Surgical Specialty on Oncoplastic Breast Reconstruction.

Background The integration of oncological surgery with reconstructive techniques has gained popularity in the treatment of breast cancer. oncoplastic reconstruction after partial mastectomy can be performed by the breast surgeon or in cooperation with a consulted plastic surgeon. This study aims to objectively assess the differences in outcomes for partial mastectomy and subsequent oncoplastic reconstruction performed by either general surgery alone or in combination with a plastic and reconstructive surgery team. Methods Unilateral oncoplastic breast reconstruction cases were extracted from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program databases from 2005 to 2017. Outcomes of cases performed by the general surgery team alone were compared with those in which the partial mastectomy was performed by the general surgeon with subsequent reconstruction performed by plastic surgeons. To account for cohort baseline differences, propensity score-matched analysis was performed. Results In total, 4,350 patients were included in this study; 3,759 procedures were performed by general surgery alone versus 591 combined with plastic surgery. The analysis of propensity score-matched cohorts, comprising 490 patients each, showed no statistical difference in the risk for postoperative complications when surgery was performed by either of the 2 specialty services. A longer operative time and length of stay were found in the group reconstructed by plastic surgeons. Conclusions This study found no significant differences in adverse postoperative outcomes for oncoplastic reconstructions after partial mastectomy between the 2 groups. The data may indicate collaboration between both surgical specialties in oncoplastic breast care was not associated with increased morbidity in these patients.
Thermal Aging and the Hall–Petch Relationship of PM-HIP and Wrought Alloy 625

Powder metallurgy with hot isostatic pressing (PM-HIP) is an advanced alloy processing method capable of fabricating complex nuclear reactor components near-net shape, reducing the need for machining and welding. For heat exchangers and steam generators, thermal aging of PM-HIP materials must be comparable or superior to conventional castings or forgings. This study compares thermal aging effects in PM-HIP and wrought alloy 625. Isothermal aging is carried out over 400–800°C for 100 h. Both PM-HIP and wrought materials have equiaxed grains with a uniform orientation distribution. The PM-HIP material has finer grains than the wrought material at all aging conditions. Both PM-HIP and wrought materials have a comparable hardness and modulus measured by nanoindentation. Hardness remains unchanged with aging except the wrought material aged at 800°C, which exhibits softening. Overall, PM-HIP alloy 625 responds comparably to wrought alloy 625 and is superior at 800°C. Results are used to calculate a Hall–Petch coefficient.
Investigating the Optical and Electrical Properties of Two-dimensional Organic-inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Multiple Quantum Wells via Electroabsorption Spectroscopy Studies

Two-dimensional (2D) organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) leading to the Rashba splitting effect. In this talk, we will explain how doping and structure affect exciton and free-carriers in 2D perovskite thin films.
Trophic and Metabolic Couplings Between Astroglia and Neurons

In the central and the peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS, respectively), as in all biological systems, regulation of neuronal performances is likely to reflect a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory influences. A role long assigned to astroglial cells has been to protect neurons against locally generated or blood-borne toxic materials (25). Hyden’s work with single isolated CNS neurons and astroglial cell clusters has pioneered the concept of a metabolic partnership between neurons and their neighboring glial cells (7). A trophic partnership has also been proposed between two classes of neural cells, in particular the potential of glial cells to produce, present at their surfaces and/or release into the extracellular microenvironment agents which promote the maintenance, functional performance, growth and/or repair processes of the neighboring nerve cells (16, 23, 24, 27). We shall review here some recent work which provides linkages between protective, metabolic and trophic contributions of astroglial cells to their partner neurons.
Pediatric Fatty Liver Disease.

Ajay Jain, MD, is in the Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri. Contact: ude.uls@3niaja Open in a separate window Disclosure None reported.
The national and global impact of "Women in Thoracic Surgery".

Women in thoracic surgery in the United States are a diverse group with a variety of backgrounds and important expertise. Although the presence of women thoracic surgeons is growing, there remains a large gap, with women making up just under 4% of all board-certified thoracic surgeons in the United States. Currently, 22% of thoracic surgery residents are women, while 3% of Department of Surgery Chairs are women. Significant strides have been made in recent decades to recruit and promote women in thoracic surgery, but clearly there remains more work to be done. The Women in Thoracic Surgery (WTS) organization was created in 1986 for the purpose of facilitating the mutual support and professional advancement of women in the field, and its development and influence as a society has grown exponentially since then. The WTS mission statement includes enhancing the care and education provided to our patients as well as focusing on the development of women thoracic surgeons through mentoring and educational programs. In addition, the WTS creates opportunities to promote the visibility of women, and documents these accomplishments to shape our identity in the world’s view. Here, we review some of the landmark achievements of the society and its members as well as goals for the future.
Chespa: Streamlining Expansive Chemical Space Evaluation of Molecular Sets

Thousands of chemical properties can be calculated for small molecules, which can be used to place the molecules within the context of a broader "chemical space." These definitions vary based on compounds of interest and the goals for the given chemical space definition. Here, we introduce a customizable Python module, chespa, built to easily assess different chemical space definitions through clustering of compounds in these spaces and visualizing trends of these clusters. To demonstrate this, chespa currently streamlines prediction of various molecular descriptors (predicted chemical properties, molecular substructures, AI-based chemical space, and chemical class ontology) in order to test six different chemical space definitions. Furthermore, we investigated how these varying definitions trend with mass spectrometry (MS)-based observability, that is, the ability of a molecule to be observed with MS (e.g., as a function of the molecule ionizability), using an example data set from the U.S. EPA's nontargeted analysis collaborative trial, where blinded samples had been analyzed previously, providing 1398 data points. Improved understanding of observability would offer many advantages in small-molecule identification, such as (i) a priori selection of experimental conditions based on suspected sample composition, (ii) the ability to reduce the number of candidate structures during compound identification by removing those less likely to ionize, and, in turn, (iii) a reduced false discovery rate and increased confidence in identifications. Factors controlling observability are not fully understood, making prediction of this property nontrivial and a prime candidate for chemical space analysis. Chespa is available at github.com/pnnl/chespa.
Layer spacing gradient (NaLi)1−xCoO2 for electrochemical Li extraction

Summary Designing materials with high Li to Na selectivity is the key for direct extraction of Li from unconventional sources, such as seawater, without complex separations. However, material discovery is hindered by an insufficient understanding on how a material's composition and structure relate to Li selectivity during electrochemical co-intercalation. Here, we synthesized a core-shell structured (NaLi)1−xCoO2 with a core Li phase (Li0.94CoO2), a shell Na phase (Na0.51CoO2), and a transition intermediate phase via Na ion-exchange of parent Li1−xCoO2. We reveal that the chemical compositions and spatial relation of these phases play critical roles in governing high Li to Na selectivity. The core Li phase restricts large layer spacing expansion and inhibits Na intercalation. The shell Na phase serves to maintain the electrode stability against further Na ion exchange. With the layer spacing gradient design, we achieved a high Li selectivity of 1.5 × 105 with a recovery of ∼7.6:1 Li to Na from 1:20,000 initial ratio.
Defining radical cystectomy using the ICD-10 procedure coding system.

Introduction The International Classification of Diseases-10-Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS) is markedly more complex than the preceding ICD-9 system, which has increased the difficulty of identifying radical cystectomy (RC) in administrative datasets. Given the absence of a consensus code definition for RC, we sought to develop and internally validate a list of ICD-10-PCS codes for RC. Materials and methods All RCs performed from January 2019 to December 2020 were identified from our prospectively maintained registries and split into training (2019) and validation (2020) cohorts. A list of candidate ICD-10-PCS codes to identify RC were compiled using an online ICD-9 to ICD-10 converter. Codes were used to identify RCs from hospital billing data and referenced against registry cases in the training cohort; when discrepancies were found, the working ICD-10 code definition was iteratively revised. Accuracy of the consensus code list was verified in the validation cohort. Results We identified 459 RCs over the study period, including 225 in 2019 and 234 in 2020. In the training cohort, our codes identified 241 procedures, including 222 of 225 (99%) RCs performed for bladder cancer. Misidentified cases included 15 (6.2%) RCs for benign disease or nonurologic cancers and 4 (1.7%) non-RC cases. In the validation cohort we identified 239 cases, including 227 of 234 (97%) RCs for bladder cancer and 12 (5%) RCs for benign disease or nonurologic cancers. Conclusion Given high fidelity to actual procedures performed, this list of ICD-10-PCS codes may be useful for researchers seeking to identify RC within administrative datasets.
Statistical Metamodeling and Sequential Design of Computer Experiments to Model Glyco-Altered Gating of Sodium Channels in Cardiac Myocytes

Glycan structures account for up to 35% of the mass of cardiac sodium ( ${\mathbf Na}_{\mathbf v} $ ) channels. To question whether and how reduced sialylation affects ${\mathbf Na}_{\mathbf v} $ activity and cardiac electrical signaling, we conducted a series of in vitro experiments on ventricular apex myocytes under two different glycosylation conditions, reduced protein sialylation (ST3Gal4-/-) and full glycosylation (control). Although aberrant electrical signaling is observed in reduced sialylation, realizing a better understanding of mechanistic details of pathological variations in ${\boldsymbol I}_{{\boldsymbol Na}} $ and AP is difficult without performing in silico studies. However, computer model of ${\mathbf Na}_{\mathbf v} $ channels and cardiac myocytes involves greater levels of complexity, e.g., high-dimensional parameter space, nonlinear and nonconvex equations. Traditional linear and nonlinear optimization methods have encountered many difficulties for model calibration. This paper presents a new statistical metamodeling approach for efficient computer experiments and optimization of ${\mathbf Na}_{\mathbf v} $ models. First, we utilize a fractional factorial design to identify control variables from the large set of model parameters, thereby reducing the dimensionality of parametric space. Further, we develop the Gaussian process model as a surrogate of expensive and time-consuming computer models and then identify the next best design point that yields the maximal probability of improvement. This process iterates until convergence, and the performance is evaluated and validated with real-world experimental data. Experimental results show the proposed algorithm achieves superior performance in modeling the kinetics of ${\mathbf Na}_{\mathbf v} $ channels under a variety of glycosylation conditions. As a result, in silico models provide a better understanding of glyco-altered mechanistic details in state transitions and distributions of ${\mathbf Na}_{\mathbf v} $ channels. Notably, ST3Gal4−/− myocytes are shown to have higher probabilities accumulated in intermediate inactivation during the repolarization and yield a shorter refractory period than WTs. The proposed statistical design of computer experiments is generally extensible to many other disciplines that involve large-scale and computationally expensive models.
Microstructure, Texture, and Deep Drawability Under Two Different Cold-Rolling Processes in Ferritic Stainless Steel

In the present study, the through-thickness texture evolution and grain colony distribution in ferritic stainless steel under two different cold-rolling processes have been investigated with the aim to enhance deep drawability. It was shown that in the case of conventional cold-rolling process, at the surface, mid-thickness between the surface and the center, and center layers, all the textures consisted of very sharp α-fiber and weak γ-fiber with a peak at {111}〈110〉 after cold rolling, and non-uniform γ-fiber recrystallization textures were formed after final annealing. In case of two-step cold-rolling process, by contrast, all the textures were dominated by sharp α-fiber and weak γ-fiber after cold rolling to 50% reduction, and {111}〈112〉 became the prominent component after subsequent annealing. The α-fiber and γ-fiber with a peak at {111}〈112〉 were intensified after cold rolling to 60% reduction, resulting in the formation of uniform γ-fiber recrystallization textures after final annealing. Furthermore, after two-step cold-rolling process, the final sheet exhibited a more homogeneous distribution of grain colonies. Therefore, the deep drawability of final sheet was significantly improved after two-step cold-rolling process. It was elucidated that the selective growth mechanism was responsible for the characteristics of γ-fiber recrystallization texture under conventional cold-rolling process, whereas γ-fiber recrystallization texture development was controlled by the oriented nucleation mechanism in the two-step cold-rolling process.
Global Climate Change due to Radiatively Active Gases

There are many factors, both natural and human related, that are influencing the Earth’s climate. Of these factors, there is particular concern about the potential changes to climate that may be occurring due to growing atmospheric concentrations of gases that absorb terrestrial infrared radiation, termed greenhouse gases. Much of this concern has centered around carbon dioxide (CO2) because of its importance as a greenhouse gas and also because of the rapid rate at which its atmospheric concentration has been increasing. However, in the last decade, it has been shown that other greenhouse gases are contributing to about half of the overall increase in the greenhouse effect on climate. In addition to these direct effects, research studies have shown that chemical interactions in the atmosphere can lead to additional ‘indirect’ effects on climate. As an example, changes in stratospheric ozone have received much attention because of concerns about ultraviolet radiation, but ozone is also a greenhouse gas, and changes in its distribution can affect climate.
The STEREO space weather broadcast

The NASA STEREO mission offers exciting possibilities for near-real-time transmission of important measurements for space weather. The STEREO pay-load will provide solar wind plasma, magnetic field, and energetic particle parameters, as well as optical and radio views of the Sun that cannot be obtained from groundbased observers or spacecraft near Earth. This space weather data will be transmitted continuously from each spacecraft over the X-band frequency (8.4 GHz) at a data rate of about 500 bps. Processing of the space weather broadcast data into useful online displays will be performed at the STEREO Science Center located at Goddard Space Flight Center. NASA will provide for partial coverage from each spacecraft through the Deep Space Network, and we are looking for partners who have ground stations to provide complementary coverage. We anticipate that these data will be very useful to forecasters of space environment conditions.
Thermal Anemometry: An Introduction and Special Topics

The basic principles and practices of thermal anemometry are presented and discussed. Modes of operation include constant temperature, constant current, and constant voltage. Models of the transfer function are considered for single and multiple hot-wire probes which include techniques to measure vorticity, rate of strain, and dissipation rate of kinetic energy in incompressible and compressible flows. The response of hot wires to pitch and yaw variations of the incoming velocity vector is also addressed. Owing to its high-frequency response, good spatial resolution, and relatively inexpensive hardware acquisition cost, thermal anemometry techniques appear to be widely used in the measurements of time-dependent flow velocity, mass flux, or temperature. Keywords: measurement techniques; hot-wire sensors; turbulence; spatial resolution; subsonic flows; supersonic flows
Spatial modelling and landscape‐level approaches for visualizing intra‐specific variation

Spatial analytical methods have been used by biologists for decades, but with new modelling approaches and data availability their application is accelerating. While early approaches were purely spatial in nature, it is now possible to explore the underlying causes of spatial heterogeneity of biological variation using a wealth of environmental data, especially from satellite remote sensing. Recent methods can not only make inferences regarding spatial relationships and the causes of spatial heterogeneity, but also create predictive maps of patterns of biological variation under changing environmental conditions. Here, we review the methods involved in making continuous spatial predictions from biological variation using spatial and environmental predictor variables, provide examples of their use and critically evaluate the advantages and limitations. In the final section, we discuss some of the key challenges and opportunities for future work.
Foreclosure and the Failures of Formality, Or Subprime Mortgage Conundrums and How to Fix Them

The subprime mortgage crisis was not only an economic disaster but posed challenges to traditional rules of property law. Banks helped create the crisis by marketing mortgages through unfair and deceptive practices. They induced many consumers to take out high-priced loans they could not afford and then passed the risk to investors who were fooled into thinking these were safe investments. These practices violate traditional norms underlying both consumer protection and securities regulation statutes. In addition, U.S. banks greased the wheels of the mortgage securitization process by creating a privatized mortgage registration system that has undermined the clarity and publicity of property titles. Because of securitization procedures and the lax record-keeping practices, the banks have undermined the property recording system; we no longer have clear public titles to real property in the United States. To fix the mess they left us, we must adopt norms to govern the mortgage market that will protect both homeowners and investors from predatory loans while promoting legitimate property transactions. We also need to fix the mortgage registration system so we have a legal infrastructure for property that both works well and reflects the norms of a free and democratic society.
Children's Thoughts about the Future: Comparing Gifted & Nongifted Students after 20 Years.

Twenty years after the original study comparing gifted and regular students' thoughts and concerns about the future, this study reexamines those same issues in the same school community. In 1975, g...
Decoupling of doublers and the phase diagram of lattice chiral fermions for strong Wilson-Yukawa coupling

Abstract A systematic expansion in 1 d around the mean field saddle point is used to calculate the critical value of the boson hopping parameter in a chiral fermion-Higgs model to two non-leading orders. The expansion is valid for strong Wilson-Yukawa coupling. The fermion propagator is also calculated in the broken phase, and the fermion doublers are seen to decouple as the critical line is approached, while one fermion species remains light.
Global Markets, Local Practice: Ottoman-period Clay Pipes and Smoking Paraphernalia from the Red Sea Shipwreck at Sadana Island, Egypt

Shipwreck archaeology provides unique evidence for trade, commercial relationships, and the day-to-day existence of occupational communities defined by residence and employment within the industrial space aboard a ship. These concerns are addressed particularly well by finds of utilitarian items such as a small assemblage of 21 clay pipes and three other smoking-related artifacts recently excavated from the ca. 1765 Sadana Island ship which sank at anchor while loaded with coffee, porcelain, qulal, and other goods. Analysis of the assemblage specifically contributes to questions of chronology and typology and presents new evidence for regionalism, style, and the impact of far-reaching trade routes on markets with a global perspective.
New features of electron diffusion regions observed at subsolar magnetic field reconnection sites

[1] Nineteen electron diffusion regions at magnetic field reconnection sites have been found in one hour of Cluster satellite data near the subsolar magnetopause. Investigations on previously unachieved spatial and temporal scales show the following for the first time: direct conversion of magnetic energy to electron energy (The resulting accelerated electrons, their field-aligned currents, and their post-acceleration fate were measured); the spatial dimensions of the large electric fields in the electron diffusion regions have an average thickness of 0.3 times the electron skin depth, in agreement with theory; and these electron diffusion regions were topological boundaries between open and closed magnetic field geometries that contained different plasma and magnetic field line flows. The electron diffusion regions were located at the magnetospheric separatrix where the magnetic field was large and the electron beta was less than one.
Flagellar elongation as a moving boundary problem

Movement of a proposed controlling factor along the growing flagellum is considered as a special case of one-dimensional diffusion with a moving boundary. Flagellar elongation, which involves polymerization of the building units at the distal tip, is viewed as taking place in a series of steps. The concentration of the controlling factor at the tip is computed as a function of the distance of the tip from the base, and the time between polymerization reactions. It is proposed that the concentration of this factor at the tip is responsible for regulating the flagellar growth rate and final length.
Right Ventricular Infarction: Recognition and Assessment of its Hemodynamic Significance by Two-dimensional Echocardiography

To evaluate the ability of two-dimensional echocardiographic indexes to determine the hemodynamic significance of the right ventricular infarction, 24 patients with electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular infarction were studied. Hemodynamic significance was defined as a jugular venous pressure > 17 cm H 2 O or a right atrial pressure > 13 mm Hg. Patients with hemodynamically significant right ventricular infarctions (group I, n = 9) had a 56% incidence of hypotension (blood pressure n = 15) had no hypotension and a mean systolic blood pressure of 121 ± 18 mm Hg ( p p p p p
The Molecularization of Race: Institutionalizing Human Difference in Pharmacogenetics Practice

In the contemporary United States an increasingly palpable scientific trend to individualize medicine has ushered in new debates on the biological basis of race. Medical researchers, consumers, and...
In the tradition of science: an interview with Victor Ambros.

I was on shaky footing with RNA interference (RNAi) and microRNAs (miRNAs), and I knew I had to do something about it. As the number of miRNAs in humans escalated and I tried to sort through the twists and turns of the compelling story of their discovery, I turned to a colleague for insight. “Interview Victor Ambros,” he said, and I took his advice.
High Density Array Matrices of Polymeric Structures by Ultrathin Interfacial Layer-Mediated Double Replication Approach

We demonstrate here rapid, efficient and reliable fabrication and replication of high density arrays of polymeric structures using ultrathin layer-mediated processes. Highly uniform polymeric structures with submicrometer to nanometer radius-of-curvatures and consistent vertical profiles could be achieved via sequential replication cycles. Highly controllable dry surface treatment has been used to create a chemically inert and stable interfacial zone between two polymers of the same chemical identities to allow simple replica molding and rapid intact release of highly flexible molded polymeric structures. The approach could, in principle, be extended to other systems with appropriate modification of interfacial surface properties.
Combinatorial Glycosylation of Glycopeptide Antibiotics

The glycosyltransferases GtfE and GtfD from the vancomycin producer Amycolatopsis orientalis have promiscuous substrate and NDP-sugar specificities. They have been used to generate novel glycopeptide antibiotics containing the heptapeptide scaffolds of vancomycin and teichoplanin.
CRITICAL DISTANCE: REPLACING THE PRACTICE OF CHINESE ART HISTORY

Using the approaches of contemporary critical theory, this article examines the construction of the art history of Bronze Age China. In doing so, it becomes evident that an adherence to normative definitions of art and writing has restricted access to the visual resources available from this period. Although there is evidence that significant ideological connections existed between these aspects of early Chinese representation, this relationship has been virtually ignored in Western disciplinary practice. The disconnection is maintained by the operation of universalizing assumptions: that Bronze Age writing functions in essentially the same way as phonetically-based systems and that ritual imagery can be articulated as an art form, extractable from its environment. Only after identifying the limitations imposed by such assumptions is it possible to reintegrate these expressive elements and create a more complete visual analysis.
“Your Way Cafe,”tm a New Pediatric Restaurant Style Hospital Menu–a Partnership Between Clinical Dietetics and an Executive Chef

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To demonstrate the development and marketing of a pediatric hospital-restaurant style menu by Clinical Dietetics and an Executive Chef. "Your Way Cafe,"™ a new pediatric hospital-restaurant style menu demonstrates the results of a partnership between clinical dietetics and an executive chef. It features Chefs Specials at all meals in addition to bread basket and dessert specials. For interest, a "Minnesota Fun Lunch" is served in a dinosaur bag. To promote good nutritional intake the daily choices offer familiar foods commonly requested by children and teens. The colorful pediatric hospital logo was the basis of the menu design. Multidisciplinary staff focus groups and pediatric patient/parent feedback were among the driving forces for this menu development. Issues of concern from these groups were: ease of menu selection, favorite pediatric food choices, appropriate portion sizes and visual menu appeal while providing nutritious foods in a cost effective manner. The committee was challenged with writing a menu which resolved issues specific to the pediatric population but also was compatible with the food service for the hospital in general. Nursing staff, Child Life Specialists, patients and parents were surveyed. Restaurant menus, grocery store items and menus from hospitals across the country were reviewed. Marketing and menu promotion plays an important part in the nursing, physician and other medical staff acceptance and support of a menu. Open houses provided the staff an opportunity to preview the menu and sample selections. They responded positively to the menu and foods tasted. Presentations of the menu were given to a parent advocate group, pediatric physician advisory board, multidisciplinary practice group, and medical center administrative staff. The menu has been enthusiastically received. Ongoing surveys and follow-up will continue to assess gains made from this quality improvement process.
Differential Effects of Apolipoprotein E Isoforms on Metal-Induced Aggregation of Aβ Using Physiological Concentrations†

The e4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) has been found to be a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). While the pathogenic mechanism of APOE in AD is not yet clear, APOE isoforms app...