cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two molecular pathways of human T cell adhesion: establishment of receptor-ligand relationship

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) identify a variety of cell surface molecules, in addition to the antigen-specific T cell receptor, which are involved in T cell recognition. Such molecules are often designated ‘accessory molecules’. One function for such accessory molecules is initiating or stabilizing adhesion between T cells and the cells with which they are interacting. Two molecular pathways have been identified which play a prominent role in T cell adhesion to a variety of other cell types: T cell cluster designation (CD) 2 interacting with its ligand lymphocyte ftmction-associated molecule (LFA)-3 on the opposing cell and T cell LFA-1 interacting with intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-l and other putative ligands on the opposing cell (Fig. 1).
Modeling input processes

Computer models for various applications are closely scrutinized both from the standpoint of questioning the correctness of the underlying mathematical model with respect to the process it is attempting to model, and from the standpoint of verifying that the computer model correctly implements the underlying mathematical model. A process that receives less scrutiny, but is none the less of equal importance, concerns the individual and joint modeling of the inputs. This modeling effort clearly has a great impact on the credibility of results obtained from simulation studies. Model characteristics are reviewed that have a direct bearing on the model input process and reasons are given for using probabilistic based modeling with the inputs. Discussions are presented on how to model distributions for individual inputs and how to model multivariate input structures when dependence and other constraints may be present.
Interindustry Analysis of the Impact of Federal Support for Academic Science on the Economy of New York State.

An interindustry model is used to estimate the impact of federal expenditures for academic R&D on the economy of New York State. Resulting economic activity through the multiplier process is estimated to be 3.7 times the level of the original federal spending. This impact on the state economy generates national and state tax revenues sufficient to offset the original outlay of taxpayers' money by the federal government, thereby supporting the case for continued support of higher education in periods of fiscal crisis.
Metal chelates of some simple diamides

Abstract A series of metal chelates of tetramethyloxalamide, and tetramethylsuccinamide, have been prepared and characterized. The properties of these complexes are compared with those found previous for the tetramethylmalonamide, ligand. The trends observed for the several compounds formed are rationalized in terms of steric interactions, metal ion size and size of chelate ring formed.
Immunological cross-reactivity between thyroglobulins of mammals and reptiles.

Abstract Purified thyroglobulins of four mammalian species (pig, sheep, horse, rabbit), two reptilian species (python, crocodile), and one avian species (duck) were tested for immunological cross-reactivity in two test systems. One was the double diffusion in agar immunoprecipitation technique of Ouchterlony. In the other test system (immunoassay) the various thyroglobulins were permitted to compete with, or inhibit a homologous radioactive thyroglobulin reacting with its specific antibody. The second technique enabled measurement of the degree of inhibition. In the immunoprecipitation the mammalian thyroglobulins (TG) cross-reacted to various degrees, but a nonmammalian thyroglobulin never precipitated with an antisheep TG or antipig TG antibody. In the radioimmunoassay the two reptilian thyroglobulins inhibited the homologous antigen-antibody reaction as well as several mammalian thyroglobulins. Duck thyroglobulin never cross-reacted in this way. It appears from these initial experiments that there is some degree of molecular or immunochemical resemblance between mammalian and reptilian thyroglobulins. Thyroglobulin of the one avian species tested (duck) showed no such resemblance.
SPEED AND TIME-ENERGY BUDGET FOR LOCOMOTION IN GOLDEN-MANTLED GROUND SQUIRRELS'

To determine the impact of locomotion on the total energy budget of a small mammal, we measured the frequency distribution of speeds and the time budget for lo- comotion in a population of Spermophilus saturatus, golden-mantled ground squirrels. Using these data together with laboratory-measured rates of energy expenditure for the walking and running gaits, we computed energy costs of locomotion in the field and com- pared these to field measurements of total daily energy expenditure. The animals moved in two distinct modes: walking, with mean speed 0.21 m/s (all values: <0.7 m/s), and running, with mean speed 3.63 m/s (range: 2-6 m/s). Of total daily time above ground (mean: 7.37 h), 26.9% (_2 h) was spent walking and 3.6% (1/4 h) was running. The average daily movement distance (DMD) of 5 km/d consisted of 1.50 km walking and 3.53 km running. Walking required more time and net energy than running, yet walking resulted in less than half the distance covered by running. The net added energy cost of all moving around was 28.75 kJ/d. This net locomotion cost represents a 29% increase above basal metabolic rate (BMR) and comprises 13% of total daily energy expenditure (DEE). Our observation that this "ecological cost of transport" (ECT), being 13% of DEE, is so sub- stantial suggests that energetic efficiencies should play an important role in determining speeds of locomotion. Our measurements suggest that the squirrels run when "commuting" around the home range rather than walking because it conserves both time and energy. We also suggest that the squirrels run at their maximum aerobic speed (3.6 m/s) rather than at their less physiologically demanding minimum speed for the running gait (2 m/s) to reduce exposure to predation. Our determination of ECT for golden-mantled ground squirrels is 15 times as great as an allometric prediction of ECT, due largely to a DMD that is 8 times as great as predicted. Daily movement distance should vary among species in relation to behavior. In S. saturatus the great magnitude of DMD is apparently a reflection of the dietary dependence of this species on hypogeous fungus. This food is distributed in patches and has low digestible energy and nitrogen content, necessitating that a large volume of the food be obtained, over a large area.
Stochastic epidemic outbreaks: why epidemics are like lasers

Many diseases, such as childhood diseases, dengue fever, and West Nile virus, appear to oscillate randomly as a function of seasonal environmental or social changes. Such oscillations appear to have a chaotic bursting character, although it is still uncertain how much is due to random fluctuations. Such bursting in the presence of noise is also observed in driven lasers. In this talk, I will show how noise can excite random outbreaks in simple models of seasonally driven outbreaks, as well as lasers. The models for both population dynamics will be shown to share the same class of underlying topology, which plays a major role in the cause of observed stochastic bursting.
“Reduction of the C191-C220 disulfide of α-chymotrypsinogen A reduces nucleation barriers for aggregation”

Proper disulfide formation can be essential for the conformational stability of natively folded proteins. For proteins that must unfold in order to aggregate, disruption of native disulfides may therefore promote aggregation. This study characterizes differences in the aggregation process for wild-type (WT) α-chymostrypsinogen A (aCgn) and the same molecule with one of its native disulfides (C191-C220) reduced to free thiols (aCgnSH) at acidic pH, where WT aCgn forms semi-flexible amyloid polymers. Loss of the disulfide leads to no discernable differences in folded monomer secondary or tertiary structure based on circular dichroism (CD) or intrinsic fluorescence (FL), and causes a small decrease in the free energy change upon unfolding. After unfolding-mediated aggregation, the resulting amyloid morphology and structure are similar or indistinguishable for aCgn and aCgnSH by CD, FL, ThT binding, multi-angle laser light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Aggregates of aCgn and aCgnSH are also able to cross-seed with monomers of the other species. However, aggregates of aCgnSH are more resistive than aCgn aggregates to urea-mediated dissociation, suggesting some degree of structural differences in the aggregated species that was not resolvable in detail without higher resolution methods. Mechanistic analyses of aggregation kinetics indicate that the initiation or nucleation of new aggregates from aCgnSH involves a mono-molecular rate limiting step, possibly the unfolding step. In contrast, that for aCgn involves an oligomeric intermediate, suggesting native disulfide linkages help to hinder non-native protein aggregation by providing conformational barriers to key nucleation event(s).
A One-Dimensional Reaction/Diffusion System with a Fast Reaction☆

Abstract We consider a system of second-order ordinary differential equations describing steady state for a three-component chemical system (with diffusion) in the case when one of the reactions is fast. We discuss the existence of solutions and the existence, uniqueness, and characterization of a limit as the rate of the fast reaction approaches infinity.
Is the use of unfractionated heparin in acute coronary syndrome outmoded

Because of the key role of thrombin in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the appropriate selection of antithrombotic therapy is important. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) has been the agent of choice for decades. Unfortunately, UFH has a number of limitations related to its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are attractive alternatives to UFH for several reasons, including predictable anticoagulation and ease of administration. Two LMWHs (dalteparin and enoxaparin) have been approved as alternatives to UFH in patients presenting with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Randomized, controlled trials, in addition to open-label series, indicate that LMWH can safely be the agent of choice with or without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in the medical and upstream management of patients with ACS. Although the data are not definitive, several trials suggest that given intravenously, enoxaparin is safe as the sole antithrombotic agent in the catheterization laboratory.
An investigation of vocal vibrato for synthesis

Abstract High-fidelity singing synthesis requires careful consideration of the properties and character of natural vibrato. The research reported here evaluates some of the characteristics of vocal vibrato and presents a new panned-wavetable synthesis method. The singing tone 'a' was recorded digitally and analyzed for bass, tenor, alto and soprano voices, providing time-variant measurements of amplitude; frequency and phase for each of the voice partials. Formant 'tracings' provide a novel method for examining vocal spectra during vibrato. The significance of vibrato waveform parameters and the role of spectrum modulation (due to partial amplitude fluctuations) during the vibrato cycle was investigated by resynthesis of the singing tones from modified analysis data. Informal listeing to examples produced by the panned-wavetable synthesis model indicated that inclusion of typical random fluctuations of vibrato rate, vibrato depth and nominal sung frequency resulted in no quality preference over examples with constant values. Inclusion of vibrato-induced spectrum modulation resulted in a substantial improvement over examples having constant spectra.
SU-E-J-56: Localization Error in Gamma Radiosurgery with 3T MR Due to Fiducial Box Chemical Shift from Incorrect Liquid Filling Materials.

Purpose: Use of a 3D MAGIC (Methacrylic and Ascorbic acid in Gelatin Initiated by Copper)polymergel dosimeter to evaluate potential localization and positioning errors due to the use of incorrect liquid filling material (baby oil instead of copper sulfate) for a gamma radiosurgery (GSR) MRI fiducial box. Method and Materials: Two phantoms were used to evaluate geometric errors due to chemical shift for ‘baby oil’ fiducial markers: 1) a cylindrical grid phantom with Teflon rod insert; 2) a human skull phantom with a MAGIC (Gelatin 9%; Methacrylic acid 4%; CuSO4 0.1mM; Ascorbic acid 2mM; Glucose 10%) gel capsule to simulate an intracranial target. Both phantoms were stereotactically MR and CT scanned for GSR treatment planning using a ‘baby oil’ GSR MRI fiducial box and a standard CT fiducial box. The gel capsule was given 15Gy @ 50% isodose line using the 4mmcollimator based on ‘baby oil’ fiducial box MR images. Then, the skull phantom with capsule was scanned in 3T GE Signa® EXCITETM clinical scanner (Spin Echo pulse sequence) for 3D dose distribution read‐out. Dose distribution errors were analyzed based on gel results for the combined MR and CT plans. For comparison, deviation of grid phantom teflon rods were directly measured from MR and CT stereotactic images.Results:Gel dose profile measurements indicate a 3.8mm shift in the phase encoding direction for the ‘baby oil’ fiducial marker for 3T MRI based GSR treatment planning. A 3.7mm shift in Teflon rod position was also confirmed through direct comparison of CT and MR images.Conclusion: Both results showsignificant target localization and positioning errors can be caused if inappropriate filling materials are used for GSR MRI fiducial boxes. Thisstudy also indicates that MAGIC polymergel can be used as a versatile toolfor GSR 3D quality assurance.
The value of using top-down and bottom-up approaches for building trust and transparency in biobanking

With the domestic and international proliferation of biobanks and their associated connections to health information databases, scholarly attention has been turning from the ethical issues arising from the construction of biobanks to the ethical issues that emerge in their operation and management. Calls for greater transparency in governance structures, coupled with stern reminders of the value of maintaining public trust, are seen as critical components in the success of these resources. Two different approaches have been adopted for addressing these types of ethical issues: the first is a ‘top-down’ approach which focuses on developing policy, procedures, regulations and guidelines to aid decision-makers. The second is a ‘bottom-up’ approach, which begins with those who are most affected by the issues and attempts to inductively develop consensus recommendations and policy. While both approaches have merit, I argue that more work needs to be done on ‘bottom-up’ strategies if trust and transparency are to be more than mere slogans. Using 2 case examples from Indiana, the paper summarizes data from a set of surveys we recently conducted that address issues arising from biobanks that provide some insight into issues associated with trust and transparency.
Effect of Surfactant Structure on the Orientation of Liquid Crystals at Aqueous−Liquid Crystal Interfaces†

It is known that the orientations assumed by thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs) in contact with water are sensitive to the types and concentrations of surfactants and/or polymers present in the aqu...
Maintenance of Chorda Tympani Salt Taste Responses After Nerve Transection in Rats

To determine whether neurophysiological responses to salts change differentially or in parallel during long recording sessions after nerve transection, we recorded from the cut chorda tympani nerve in rats while stimulating the anterior tongue with NaCl, LiCl, NH4Cl and KCl. In nerve preparations that were not disturbed once recording began, responses were maintained at or above initial magnitudes for an average of 10 h and declined to 50% by 15 h. If the cut end of the nerve was redissected when responses began to decline, stable responses were maintained for an average of 12 h, and did not decline to 50% until 21-24 h. In all rats, responses to the 4 salts altered in parallel for at least 19 h. However in two animals, after 23 h the responses to NaCl and LiCl declined disproportionately, relative to NH4Cl and KCl. Therefore in the course of a typical recording session, i.e. 10-12 h, stable taste responses are obtained and even when responses begin to decline after longer periods, response magnitudes to 4 salts alter in parallel. This indicates that receptor membrane components interacting with specific monochloride salts do not degenerate differentially during the first 19 h after nerve cut.
Improved procedure for determining tellurium with Bismuthiol II

An improved procedure for the determination of tellurium with Bismuthiol II is described. Ammonium sulphate is found to increase the rate of complex formation and to enhance the sensitivity of the reaction by about 20%.
THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL ELECTRON BEAMS AS PROBES OF THE DISTANT MAGNETOSPHERE

The use of artificial electron beams as probes of the distant magnetosphere is discussed. The accelerators, the method of injecting and analyzing the beams using television techniques and particle counters, and how the beams simulate the natural trapped electrons are summarized. It is found that when an electron beam is injected from a sounding rocket in the ionosphere, the rocket potential rises to a positive value and collects a current of ionospheric plasma electrons. It is proposed to use optical methods on the Space Shuttle to analyze electron beams injected in orbit, and in view of the results of the ECHO 5 experiments, such optical techniques may prove ineffective due to background luminosity from the ground and other sensitivity limitations.
Assessment of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome audiovisual materials designed for grades 7 through 12

Nurses are often involved in formulating and implementing HIV/AIDS education programs in the public schools. A tool was developed to assess the inclusion of components that deal with factual information, social implications of HIV/AIDS, abstinence, condom usage, and attitudes in audiovisual materials. This information, in checklist format, can assist nurses in evaluating audiovisual materials and in selecting the most appropriate materials dealing with HIV/AIDS for groups of adolescents. Twenty-four audiovisual materials from a rural education agency were evaluated using this checklist; the tool provided a method to analyze and convey information regarding the components of the HIV/AIDS audiovisual materials, which can assist nurses in choosing or recommending educational resources appropriate in programs for teaching adolescents about sexuality and HIV/AIDS prevention.
The Changing Role of Fatherhood: The Father as a Provider of Selfobject Functions

Fatherhood is evolving. The way that men carry out their paternal role is reflective of the historical time era in which they live, social and cultural forces, both the mother and the father's expectations for fathering behaviors, as well as the father's own innate capabilities, wishes, and desires. Fatherhood is also greatly influenced by men's relationships with their own fathers, the quality of that relationship, and the extent to which the father was emotionally available. The ever-changing role of fathers has been a challenge for the psychoanalytic literature. There is no comprehensive theoretical body of knowledge about fatherhood that takes into account the changing nature of fathering, especially considering men's desires to be emotionally responsive and nurturing parents. This article examines the changing role of the father and suggests a model of paternal involvement that expands the nurturing and available father role to include the father as a selfobject. It discusses the importance of unders...
Post-treatment T1 shortening in primary CNS lymphoma

The incidence of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) has increased over the past two decades. The MR imaging appearance of PCNSL plays a central role in the initial diagnosis, management and follow-up of patients. The purpose of this study was to describe the presence and frequency of the pre-contrast T1 hyperintensity (T1h) that is sometimes identified in the region of enhancing neoplastic disease following treatment of PCNSL. We also explored possible causes for this phenomenon that, to the best of our knowledge, has not been previously described. The MR imaging and relevant medical records of 221 patients with pathologically confirmed PCNSL were retrospectively reviewed. Only patients with both treatment and follow-up imaging at our institution were eligible for inclusion in the study. Patients with evidence of post-procedural blood products (pre-contrast bright T1 lesions) prior to the initiation of therapy were excluded. Out of 221 patients, 119 met the eligibility criteria and were included in this investigation. Following treatment, 75 patients (63 %) developed pre-contrast T1h not attributable to blood products. All patients with this finding had been treated with methotrexate chemotherapy. The development of pre-contrast T1h following treatment for PCNSL is common. The hyperintense T1 signal in these patients may be caused by the biochemical response of tumor cells to treatment. To assess the prognostic significance of this novel finding, additional studies focusing on disease recurrence and patient survival are warranted.
Topographical alterations in proteins I of Neisseria gonorrhoeae correlated with lipooligosaccharide variation.

Summary Four transformant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were generated, two of which (WS3 and WS5) had protein I subclass A (P.IA) and two which (WS2 and WS4) had protein I subclass B (P.IB). Analysis of the strains demonstrated that the two P.IA-bearing strains differed in lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and H.8 antigen, as assessed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immuno-blotting. The WS5 strain had slow-migrating LOS and H.8 antigen, and the WS3 strain had fast-migrating LOS and H.8 antigen. The P.IB-bearing strains also had either slow-migrating LOS and H.8 antigen (WS4) or fast-migrating LOS and H.8 antigen (WS2). Structural and exposure analysis revealed that although the P.IAs were identical in the WS3 and WS5 strains, there was a slight alteration of the exposure of the proteins which correlated with altered LOS and/or H.8 antigen. The P.IBs were also shown to be structurally identical, but the LOS and/or H.8 antigen variation in these strains correlated with a more pronounced alteration in the exposure of the P.IB molecules. The differences in protein I (P.I) exposure were generally found in highly negatively charged regions of the molecule, suggesting that the immunogenicity and/or antigenicity of the P.I molecules may vary as a result of LOS and/or H.8 antigen alterations.
Extreme ultraviolet photoionization of aldoses and ketoses

Gas phase monosaccharides (2-deoxyribose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose, glucose galactose, fructose, and tagatose), generated by laser desorption of solid sample pellets, are ionized with extreme ultraviolet photons (EUV, 46.9 nm, 26.44 eV). The resulting fragment ions are analyzed using a time of flight mass spectrometer. All aldoses yield identical fragment ions regardless of size, and ketoses, while also generating same ions as aldoses, yields additional features. Extensive fragmentation of the monosaccharides is the result the EUV photons ionizing various inner valence orbitals. The observed fragmentation patterns are not dependent upon hydrogen bonding structure or OH group orientation.
Advances in Artificial Impedance Surface Conformal Antennas

Previously we reported on demonstrations of directive radiation from a dipole source located on a flat artificial impedance surface, radiation into the "shadow region" of a cylinder from a dipole feed, and a higher order surface impedance design approach using an iterative procedure. In this work we discuss our recent demonstrations of controlled surface wave radiation with the modulated scalar artificial impedance surface approach. The demonstrations discussed include a waveguide feed tapered modulation impedance surface antenna with 58% aperture efficiency, the redirection of plane waves around solid objects with reradiation at a prescribed angle and the realization of an impedance surface on a structure with two dimensions of curvature. Our other work on the development of tensor artificial impedance surfaces for polarization control is reported separately.
Structural Basis for the Interaction between the Growth Factor-binding Protein GRB10 and the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase NEDD4

In addition to inhibiting insulin receptor and IGF1R kinase activity by directly binding to the receptors, GRB10 can also negatively regulate insulin and IGF1 signaling by mediating insulin receptor and IGF1R degradation through ubiquitination. It has been shown that GRB10 can interact with the C2 domain of the E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 through its Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. Therefore, GRB10 might act as a connector, bringing NEDD4 close to IGF1R to facilitate the ubiquitination of IGF1R by NEDD4. This is the first case in which it has been found that an SH2 domain could colocalize a ubiquitin ligase and its substrate. Here we report the crystal structure of the NEDD4 C2-GRB10 SH2 complex at 2.0 Å. The structure shows that there are three interaction interfaces between NEDD4 C2 and GRB10 SH2. The main interface centers on an antiparallel β-sheet composed of the F β-strand of GRB10 SH2 and the C β-strand of NEDD4 C2. NEDD4 C2 binds at nonclassical sites on the SH2 domain surface, far from the classical phosphotyrosine-binding pocket. Hence, this interaction is phosphotyrosine-independent, and GRB10 SH2 can bind the C2 domain of NEDD4 and the kinase domain of IGF1R simultaneously. Based on these results, a model of how NEDD4 interacts with IGF1R through GRB10 has been proposed. This report provides further evidence that SH2 domains can participate in important signaling interactions beyond the classical recognition of phosphotyrosine.
Analysis of plasma-mediated ablation in aqueous tissue

Plasma-mediated ablation using ultrafast lasers in transparent media such as aqueous tissues is studied. It is postulated that a critical seed free electron density exists due to the multiphoton ionization in order to trigger the avalanche ionization which causes ablation and during the avalanche ionization process the contribution of laser-induced photon ionization is negligible. Based on this assumption, the ablation process can be treated as two separate processes – the multiphoton and avalanche ionizations – at different time stages; so that an analytical solution to the evolution of plasma formation is obtained for the first time. The analysis is applied to plasma-mediated ablation in corneal epithelium and validated via comparison with experimental data available in the literature. The critical seed free-electron density and the time to initiate the avalanche ionization for sub-picosecond laser pulses are analyzed. It is found that the critical seed free-electron density decreases as the pulse width increases, obeying a tp−5.65 rule. This model is further extended to the estimation of crater size in the ablation of tissue-mimic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The results match well with the available experimental measurements.
Energy Stable Flux Reconstruction Schemes for Advection---Diffusion Problems on Tetrahedra

The flux reconstruction (FR) methodology provides a unifying description of many high-order schemes, including a particular discontinuous Galerkin (DG) scheme and several spectral difference (SD) schemes. In addition, the FR methodology has been used to generate new classes of high-order schemes, including the recently discovered `energy stable' FR schemes. These schemes, which are often referred to as VCJH (Vincent---Castonguay---Jameson---Huynh) schemes, are provably stable for linear advection---diffusion problems in 1D and on triangular elements. The VCJH schemes have been successfully applied to a wide variety of problems in 1D and 2D, ranging from linear advection---diffusion problems, to fluid mechanics problems requiring the solution of the compressible Navier---Stokes equations. Based on the results of these numerical experiments, it has been shown that certain VCJH schemes maintain the expected order of spatial accuracy and possess explicit time-step limits which rival those of the collocation-based nodal DG scheme. However, it remained to be seen whether the VCJH schemes could be extended to 3D on tetrahedral elements, enabling their convenient application to the complex geometries that arise in many real-world problems. For the first time, this article presents an extension of the VCJH schemes to tetrahedral elements. This work provides a formal proof of the stability of the new schemes and assesses their performance via numerical experiments on model problems.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Without Cirrhosis Presenting With Hypercalcemia: Case Report and Literature Review.

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in non-cirrhotic livers is an uncommon finding and can present insidiously in patients. Another uncommon finding in HCC, and one of poor prognosis, is the presence of paraneoplastic diseases such as hypercalcemia. We report a case of a 66-year-old previous healthy Filipina woman who after routine laboratory evaluation was discovered to have hypercalcemia as the first sign of an advanced HCC without underlying cirrhosis. Because of the patient's relative lack of symptoms, healthy liver function, lack of classical HCC risk factors, and unexpected hypercalcemia, the diagnosis of a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by a noncirrhotic HCC was unanticipated. Methods Case Analysis with Pubmed literature review. Results It is unknown how often hypercalcemia is found in association with HCC in a non-cirrhotic liver. However, paraneoplastic manifestations of HCC, particularly hypercalcemia, can be correlated with poor prognosis. For this patient, initial management included attempts to lower calcium levels via zoledronate, which wasn't completely effective. Tumor resection was then attempted however the patient expired due to complications from advanced tumor size. Conclusions Hypercalcemia of malignancy can be found in association with non-cirrhotic HCC and should be considered on the differential diagnosis during clinical work-up.
Structural Survey of Carbonate-Containing Antacids

Abstract A series of carbonate-containing antacids was examined by IR and X-ray analysis to establish the role of carbonate and to compare the structure of the antacids to naturally occurring carbonate minerals. Based on IR analysis, the relative degree of perturbation of carbonate increases in the order calcium carbonate, carbonate-containing aluminum hydroxide gel, and dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate. The crystalline carbonate-containing antacids were poorly organized forms of the minerals calcite, CaCO 3 ; dawsonite, NaAI(OH) 2 CO 3 ; and hydrotalcite, Mg 6 Al 2 CO 3 (OH) 16 .4H 2 O. Amorphous carbonate-containing aluminum hydroxide gel can be classified mineralogically as amorphous aluminum hydroxycarbonate. IR and X-ray evidence indicates that magaldrate has a hydrotalcite-like structure with sulfate as the major interlayer anion and carbonate also present in the interlayer space.
Selenium from High Selenium Broccoli Protects Rats from Colon Cancer

Colon cancer is the third most common newly diagnosed cancer in the United States and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Previous supplementation studies have demonstrated the efficacy of selenium (Se) for prevention of colon cancer in humans. The metabolism of Se depends on its chemical form, and studies have shown that the chemical form of Se in broccoli does not accumulate in the body as fast as other forms of Se and may be especially beneficial for prevention of cancer. In the first experiment of the present study, Fisher F-344 rats (n = 45) were allotted randomly to torula yeast-based diets supplemented with the following: 1) no Se; 2) 0.1 microg Se/g diet as selenate; 3) 1.0 microg Se/g diet as selenate; 4) 0.1 microg Se/g diet as selenized broccoli (Se concentration of approximately 500 microg/g); or 5) 1.0 microg Se/g diet as selenized broccoli. In Experiment 2, rats (n = 80) were allotted randomly to the same basal diet supplemented with the following: 1) no added Se; 2) 2.0 microg Se/g diet as selenite; 3) 2. 0 microg Se/g diet as selenite + low Se broccoli; and 4) 2.0 microg Se/g diet as selenized broccoli. Rats were fed the diets for 2 wk and injected with a chemical carcinogen (3,2 dimethyl 4-amino biphenyl or dimethyl-hydrazine in Experiment 1 or dimethyl hydrazine in Experiment 2; 2 rats/treatment were used as vehicle controls). Supranutritional amounts of Se supplied as high Se broccoli significantly decreased (P: < 0.05) the incidence of aberrant crypts (AC) and aberrant crypt foci (ACF; preneoplastic lesions indicative of colon cancer) compared with other dietary treatments. Diets were controlled for the presence or absence of broccoli and for the total amount of Se. The reduction in AC and ACF was a function of Se in high Se broccoli and not a result of broccoli alone or Se alone. Adequate dietary Se supplied as high Se broccoli did not accumulate in tissues or increase glutathione peroxidase activity as well as other forms and amounts of Se. Thus, Se from high Se broccoli may be metabolized in a manner that diverts much of the Se into a pool that provides protection against colon cancer.
The Provision of Benefits by Interest Groups in the United States

With a sample of nearly 900 voluntary associations, we give a detailed account of what membership benefits are provided by interest groups, and we place these results in the context of a typology of groups. Using a multivariate analysis of membership inducements, we show that the pursuit of collective goods by groups is not always a mere "by-product" made possible by the provision of selective material incentives, as Olson (1965) contended. Three things help groups overcome the collective goods dilemma: (1) members representing institutions are more likely than autonomous individuals to value the pursuit of collective goods; (2) group patrons and large donors who subsidize associations place a high value upon representation before government and are not interested in paying for benefits that are distributed to individual group members; and (3) once a threatening environment of policy conflict emerges, autonomous individuals are more likely to realize that cherished rights, programs, or group goals are thr...
Biliary glutathione secretion in male single comb white leghorn chickens after inhibition of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase

The amount of hepatic export of glutathione into bile and the importance of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gammaGT) activity for catabolizing glutathione in the bile duct, have not been reported previously for domestic fowl. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to establish baseline values of biliary glutathione, and a secondary objective was to investigate the effect of acivicin (AT-125; a gammaGT inhibitor) on biliary glutathione in the chicken. Cannulae were placed in the carotid artery (to measure blood pressure) and into the left bile duct of anesthetized male Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) chickens (n = 5; 17 to 18 wk). The right bile duct was clamped between the liver and gall bladder. Bile samples were collected at 15-min intervals into microcentrifuge tubes (on ice) containing serine borate and iodoacetic acid to prevent glutathione oxidation. After two samples were obtained to establish baseline values, retrograde infusion of AT-125 (30 microLmol/kg BW) was given to inhibit gammaGT activity in the biliary tree. Systemic blood pressure of the birds remained above 100 mm Hg throughout each experiment (90 to 120 min). Bile flow did not change significantly during the experiment and ranged between 0.15+/-0.03 and 0.20+/-0.07 mL/15 min per kg BW. Baseline biliary secretion values of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and total glutathione (TGSH) were 4.6, 5.9, and 17 nmol/min per kg BW. After AT-125 infusion, biliary GSH levels increased from 15 to 31 nmol/min per kg BW, indicating that considerable gammaGT-mediated catabolism of GSH occurred in the biliary tree of SCWL males. These results indicate that considerable turnover of GSH in the livers of domestic chickens is due to biliary excretion and that substantial recovery of GSH occurs through activity of gammaGT in the biliary tree.
Expression of junctional proteins in choroid plexus epithelial cell lines: a comparative study.

There is an increasing interest in using choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cell lines to study the properties of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Currently, there are three major CP-derived cell lines available. Z310 and TR-CSFB3, two immortalized cell lines carrying the simian virus 40 large T-antigen gene, were derived from rat CP epithelium, whereas the CPC-2 cell line was derived from human CP carcinoma. Although these cell lines have previously been used in various functional studies, the expression of adherens junction (AJ) and tight junction (TJ) proteins in these epithelial cells has not been systematically studied. Accordingly, in the present study, we sought to characterize the expression of these junctional proteins in these three cell lines. The cells were grown in six-well cell culture plates. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry were used to characterize the expression of AJ and TJ proteins in the CP cell lines. Z310 and TR-CSFB3 cells expressed a TJ protein, occludin, and its cytosolic binding partner, zonula occludens 1, as well as an AJ protein, E-cadherin, and β-catenin, a cytoplasmic protein that interacts with E-cadherin. However, the expression of occludin and E-cadherin in TR-CSFB3 cells at both the mRNA and protein level was weaker than that found in Z301 cells. The immunocytochemical analysis also demonstrated that the staining pattern for these junctional proteins in TR-CSFB3 cells was discontinuous and the staining intensity was weaker than that observed in Z310 cells. The message for claudin 1 and claudin 2 was expressed at low levels in TR-CSFB3 cells and these cells were weakly immunopositive for claudin 1. In comparison, the message for these TJ proteins could not be detected in Z310 cells. CPC-2 cells expressed occludin, which was localized to areas of cell-cell contact, but the staining pattern for this TJ protein was found to be variable and irregular. Although CPC-2 cells expressed mRNA for claudin 1, claudin 2, and claudin 11, only claudin 1 was expressed at the protein level and it was localized to the nuclei rather than to areas of cell-cell contact. An AJ protein, E-cadherin, was also found to be mislocalized in CPC-2 cells, even though its cytosolic binding partner, β-catenin, was restricted to areas of cell-cell contact, as in normal CP. The three CP cell lines analyzed in this study vary considerably with regard to the expression of AJ and TJ proteins, which is likely reflected by different barrier properties of these in vitro models of BCSFB.
Online Identification of Power Required for Self-Sustainability of the Battery in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hybrid electric vehicles have shown great potential for enhancing fuel economy and reducing emissions. Deriving a power management control policy to distribute the power demanded by the driver optimally to the available subsystems (e.g., the internal combustion engine, motor, generator, and battery) has been a challenging control problem. One of the main aspects of the power management control algorithms is concerned with the self-sustainability of the electrical path, which must be guaranteed for the entire driving cycle. This paper considers the problem of identifying online the power required by the battery to maintain the state of charge within a range of the target value. An algorithm is presented that realizes how much power the engine needs to provide to the battery so that self-sustainability of the electrical path is maintained.
Growing a training system and culture for the Ares I Upper Stage project

In roughly two years' time, Marshall Space Flight Center's (MSFC) Mission Operations Laboratory (MOL) has incubated a personnel training and certification program for about 1000 learners and multiple phases of the Ares I Upper Stage (US) project. Previous MOL-developed training programs focused on about 100 learners with a focus on operations, and had enough full-time training staff to develop courseware and provide training administration. This paper discusses 1) the basics of MOL's training philosophy, 2) how creation of a broad, structured training program unfolded as feedback from more narrowly defined tasks, 3) how training philosophy, development methods, and administration are being simplified and tailored so that many Upper Stage organizations can “grow their own” training yet maintain consistency, accountability, and traceability across the project, 4) interfacing with the production contractor's training system and staff, and 5) reaping training value from existing materials and events.
Embracing and Building Culturally Responsive Practices

Individual teacher excellence can only become collective tradition when the contexts in which teachers practice and learn are able to support, sustain, and expect culturally competent practice. Culturally responsive systems require the development of individual and collective discourse and practice focused on exploring how cultural perspectives, experiences, and histories shape and divide members of the system. This article provides an approach to building culturally responsive practices that focuses on practitioners' understandings about their own roles in renewing and reforming school and classroom cultures and practices. The authors examine current trends in professional development for culturally responsive practices and suggest a systems model for creating the discourse between practitioners necessary for improving culturally responsive practices.
On the Validity of Janak’s Theorem and Ground State Energies of Ensembles of Interacting Quantum N-Particle Systems

It is established that for finite number of electrons, N ∞, and in the limit T = 0, the line of reasoning leading to the proof of Janak’s theorem is flawed, based on the incorrect treatment of a mixed state as a pure state. The derivative discontinuity at integral values of N of the total ground state energy, Ev[N], of an interacting N-particle system under an external single-particle potential, v(r), is shown to follow from general quantum principles governing the behavior of ensembles of systems with varying particle number, and its presence is shown to be independent of the particular approximation used in determining the total ground-state energy of an ensemble.
Access path selection in a relational database management system

In a high level query and data manipulation language such as SQL, requests are stated non-procedurally, without reference to access paths. This paper describes how System R chooses access paths for both simple (single relation) and complex queries (such as joins), given a user specification of desired data as a boolean expression of predicates. System R is an experimental database management system developed to carry out research on the relational model of data. System R was designed and built by members of the IBM San Jose Research Laboratory.
Numerical simulation of tape dynamics in helical-scan recording

The magnetic recording tape of a helical scan application is modeled as a circumferentially moving cylindrical shell. The model is solved numerically. Critical load speed of a point load is identified by investigating the flexural waves in the tape. This critical load speed is proportional to tape tension, tape thickness, and tape transport speed. >
ErbB-4 and TNF-α Converting Enzyme Localization to Membrane Microdomains

Sequential proteolytic processing of ErbB-4 occurs in response to ligand addition. Here, we assess the localization of cleavable and non-cleavable ErbB-4 isoforms to membrane microdomains using three methodologies: (1) Triton X-100-insolubility, (2) Brij98-insolubility, and (3) detergent-free density gradient centrifugation. Whereas ErbB-4 translocated to a Triton X-100-insoluble fraction upon treatment of T47D cells with heregulin, it constitutively associated with a Brij98-insoluble fraction and a lipid raft fraction isolated using detergent-free methodology. Comparison of cleavable and non-cleavable isoforms of ErbB-4 revealed that both ErbB-4 isoforms are constitutively localized to either a Triton X-100-soluble or Brij98-insoluble fraction. In contrast, addition of heregulin resulted in translocation of the cleavable isoform to a detergent-free lipid raft. Tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE), the ectodomain secretase for ErbB-4, was present predominantly in its mature active form in most microdomains analyzed. These data suggest the assembly of ErbB-4 ectodomain cleavage apparatus in a membrane microdomain.
Technology and development requirements of the solar power satellite

This paper discusses three major technology and development issues (energy conversion, microwave power transmission system and ground receiver, and construction) which must be addressed to achieve solar power satellite (SPS) operational capability. The technology and development issues center about economical operation of the SPS and identify requirements for such a program from the near term to the mid-1980's. For each of the issues, current status is described and critical considerations which must be addressed are identified. Hardwares under development and their evolution/utilization are also described. A timetable for an SPS program, together with a key technology and development step, the power technology module (PTM), are detailed. Based on the identified requirements, a three-step technology and development program, consisting of a ground technology phase, a Shuttle sortie mission phase, and a PTM phase, is recommended.
The Rebirth of Bioethics : A tribute to Van Rensselaer Potter

(2001). The Rebirth of Bioethics: A Tribute to Van Rensselaer Potter. Global Bioethics: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 37-45.
Prediction the variation of shark scale's attack angles in swimming

Shark is the fast swimming animal in the ocean, and it is well-known for sharkskin effect. Sharkskin is covered by the tiny and rigid scales, which can stick out of the viscous sublayer and effectively inhibit the occurrence of turbulence and reduce the wall resistance. The longitudinal sections of the scale surface are not parallel to the flowing direction, but at a particular attack angle, which could be considered as a supplement to the mechanism of sharkskin effect. At present, it is almost impossible to observe the variation of scales’ attack angles during the biological shark's swimming. Although the real sharkskin surfaces with original sizes have been fabricated by the bio-replicated method, the attack angles cannot be exactly controlled, the result of which is that the drag-reducing efficiency of sharkskin with different attack angles cannot be obtained by the experimental methods. In this paper, the highly accurate three dimensional digital model is exactly built through the high-accurate scanning the biological sharkskin, and the micro flow field is investigated comprehensively and deeply, especially that, the influence of scales’ attack angles on drag-reducing efficiency is analyzed, which has the important significance on exploring the sharkskin effect.