cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Youth: A Critical Review of the Cognitive and Behavioral Treatment Outcome Literature.

What treatments work for children who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? Perhaps more important, what else do clinicians need to learn? In this article, the authors focus on treatment research in the area of trauma and PTSD in youth, in an attempt to highlight the clinical implications of such work and to identify the areas in which additional research is needed. Overall, there is emerging evidence that a variety of cognitive and behavioral programs are effective in treating youth with PTSD. In spite of such evidence, additional research is needed to shore up the scientific base for effective clinical practice with these youth. Psychologists working with traumatized youth will find this article a useful update on the state of evidence for cognitive-behavioral interventions in the treatment of PTSD.
Cone beam X-ray microtomography for three-dimensional liberation analysis in the 21st century

A new method based on cone-beam X-ray microtomography is described for direct determination of the three-dimensional liberation spectrum of multiphase particles 100 microns in size or less. Such a technique may provide the basis for more detailed and accurate liberation analysis in the 21st century. Previous research had demonstrated the ability to use traditional medical X-ray CT scanners to determine the liberation spectrum of coarse coal particles of 1 cm in size (washability analysis). Rather than stacking a series of two-dimensional slices for volumetric imaging as is commonly done in traditional medical computed tomography, a three-dimensional reconstruction image array is prepared directly from the two-dimensional projections for cone beam geometry. The advantage of high spatial resolution (approximately 15 μm) with a microfocus X-ray generator combined with the benefit of direct processing of three-dimensional data, provide an excellent opportunity to overcome many of the limitations of current polished section techniques being used for the liberation analysis of multiphase particles.
Volumetric Analysis of Regional Cerebral Development in Preterm Children

Preterm birth is frequently associated with both neuropathologic and cognitive sequelae. This study examined cortical lobe, subcortical, and lateral ventricle development in association with perinatal variables and cognitive outcome. High-resolution volumetric magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired and quantified using advanced image processing techniques. Seventy-three preterm and 33 term control children ages 7.3-11.4 years were included in the study. Results indicated disproportionately enlarged parietal and frontal gray matter, occipital horn, and ventricular body, as well as reduced temporal and subcortical gray volumes in preterm children compared with control subjects. Birth weight was negatively correlated with parietal and frontal gray, as well as occipital horn volumes. Intraventricular hemorrhage was associated with reduced subcortical gray matter. Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid was negatively correlated with subcortical gray matter volumes but not with white matter volumes. Maternal education was the strongest predictor of cognitive function in the preterm group. Preterm birth appears to be associated with disorganized cortical development, possibly involving disrupted synaptic pruning and neural migration. Lower birth weight and the presence of intraventricular hemorrhage may increase the risk for neuroanatomic abnormality.
Treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

In the olden days, the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was important in clinical neurology. Those were also the early days of neuroradiology, then characterized as the test that cost the most, and told us the least. Practically every patient admitted on the neurology service of the Boston City Hospital (BCH) had both tests performed for there was little else besides clinical acumen. Air encephalography was available. There was no arteriography or isotope scanning and, of course, none of the modern imaging techniques. There was beginning contrast study of the spinal canal and an occasional air myelogram. In the early 1930s, H. Houston Merritt and Frank Fremont-Smith of the neurology staff of the BCH were collecting statistical data for their book about the CSF. Following my first year in neurology there, and before my chief residency, I transferred to child neurology at the Boston Children's Hospital with Bronson Crothers and
Identification of fluchloralin in imported dried fruit.

Identification par chromatographie en phase gazeuse/spectrometrie de masse de cet herbicide a activite insecticide dans des fruits seches (papaye) importes d'Asie. Comparaison des voies de fragmentation de masse de la fluchloraline et de la trifluraline
Cancer of the nasopharynx. Factors influencing prognosis.

The characteristics of 79 patients with malignant tumors of the nasopharynx are correlated with their survival. A modification to the TNM classification is presented, as well as a definition of the different pathologic types of tumors. Twenty-four out of 70 patients survived 5 years tumor free (34%). However, 4 of these surviving patients developed recurrent tumor and/or distant metastasis at a later date. Early lesions, without neurologic findings, bony destruction, or large metastatic lymph nodes, had a better prognosis. This was true also for the lymphoepithelioma and the well-differentiated squamous carcinoma. Over 40% of the patients that failed developed local recurrence, even with doses in the range of 6000 rads. Small fields used before 1958 were found to correlate with a higher local failure rate, probably due to geographical miss resulting in marginal recurrences. Elective irradiation of the neck resulted in a high degree of sterilization of metastatic tumor in die lymph nodes. From the experience in 7 patients, it was concluded that radical neck dissection, after a full course of radiation therapy, adds nothing to the treatment of these patients and is associated with a significant number of complications.
A 'GEM' of a cell

A third population of human T lymphocytes that express αβ T cell antigen receptors with restricted α-chain diversity has been identified. These cells recognize the lipid glucose monomycolate from Mycobacterium tuberculosis presented by CD1b.
Resonant excitation of internal gravity waves in cluster cooling flows

Orbital motions of galaxies in X-ray clusters will resonantly excite internal gravity waves (g-waves) that propagate in the plasma. The resonance corresponds to a match between the local Brunt-Vaisala oscillation frequency in the plasma and the appropriate Fourier component of the galactic gravitational potential. Radiated internal waves have an inward group velocity that carries them to the central region of the flow where they become tightly wrapped, geometrically amplified, and eventually dissipated. Waves transport energy and angular momentum, but probably not in amounts large enough to grossly alter the structure of a cooling flow, should one be present. All physical flow variables are finite at the resonance, and all energy and angular momentum deposited by a galaxy is carried inward by the waves. Nonlinear density and velocity fluctuations are likely to result from wave amplitude growth in the central regions of the flow, and a connection with the formation of emission-line filaments is a possibility.
Differential winter stemflow generation under contrasting storm conditions in a southern New England broad-leaved deciduous forest

Despite the importance of stemflow as a hydroecological process, differential winter stemflow generation among and within precipitation types (e.g. snow, rain-to-snow) is poorly understood. The purpose of the present study is to understand winter stemflow generation better under contrasting meteorological conditions in a leafless deciduous forest. It is hypothesized that stemflow volume and production, expressed as a funnelling ratio, will differ significantly among and within precipitation event types. Acceptance of this hypothesis would mean that intra-event meteorological conditions have a significant and discernible effect on stemflow production in deciduous forests, differentially affecting soil moisture, groundwater recharge, soil solution chemistry, and nutrient cycling. Stemflow volumes generated from seven canopy trees were monitored in a leafless deciduous forest of southern New England on a precipitation event basis over two successive winter seasons. Stemflow volume was found to differ significantly among different and same-type precipitation events. A rain event that occurred on 8 December 1998 and snow-to-rain event on 18 January 1999 were of similar duration, magnitude, and intensity, yet produced stemflow volumes that differed by a factor of 4. For two snow-to-rain events, stemflow volumes differed by a factor of 11. Stemflow production even varies widely within a discrete precipitation event as a function of meteorological conditions. Significant differential stemflow yield under contrasting storm conditions obviates generalizations concerning stemflow production as a function of precipitation event type and necessitates a deeper, process-level understanding of winter stemflow generation before modelling exercises are undertaken.
A new method for translating the asymmetric Ni/Cr-mediated coupling reactions from stoichiometric to catalytic.

A new method has been developed for effectively translating the degree of asymmetric induction and the chemical yield achieved in the stoichiometric asymmetric Ni/Cr-mediated coupling to a catalytic asymmetric process via a chiral sulfonamide ligand. It has also been shown that the Ni catalyst plays a central role. Among a number of the Ni catalysts, the 2,9-dimethylphenanthroline/NiCl2 complex (7) has been found to be the most effective.
Sclerotherapy: It Is Back and Better

With the recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of polidocanol in the United States, there has been a resurgence of interest in sclerotherapy. Despite the popularity of laser therapy, sclerotherapy remains the gold standard for treating spider and reticular veins. Although this traditional method of treatment has been around for more than 100 years, better sclerosing agents and newer techniques have made sclerotherapy safer and more efficacious than ever before. This article is a primer for physicians interested in updating their skills in sclerotherapy. It reviews common sclerosants, sclerotherapy techniques, patient evaluation, complications, and recent advancements in sclerotherapy.
Ultrafast cooling reveals microsecond-scale biomolecular dynamics

Temperature jump technique is widely used to probe the fast dynamics of protein and DNA folding, but constrained to modest temperature control. Here, the authors use a microfluidic device combined with an infrared laser to heat or cool DNA hairpins up to 70 °C on a microsecond time scale.
Fitting In: Newcomer Adaptation in a Corporate Research Setting

This ethnographic study of a corporate research department expands our understanding of the difficulties encountered by new employees in learning the cultural rules of the workplace. Particular attention is focused on the process by which newcomers become affiliated with their initial projects. The results suggest that newcomers tend to identify with other employees on the basis of job classification, gender, age, and tenure in the department. Such information is useful in sensitizing all individuals in a given organizational setting to the culturally relevant learning which newcomers must acquire and in providing criteria for the re-evaluation of existing newcomer orientation programs.
Design of diaphragm actuator based on ferromagnetic shape memory alloy composite

A new diaphragm actuator based on the ferromagnetic shape memory alloy (FSMA) composite is designed where the FSMA composite is composed of ferromagnetic soft iron and superelastic grade of NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA). The actuation mechanism for the FSMA composite plate of the actuator is the hybrid mechanism that we proposed previously. This diaphragm actuator is the first design toward designing a new synthetic jet actuator that will be used for active flow control technology on airplane wings. The design of the FSMA composite diaphragm actuator was established first by using both mechanical and ferromagnetic finite element analyses with an aim of optimization of the actuator components. Based on the FEM results, the first generation diaphragm actuator system was assembled and its static and dynamic performance was experimentally evaluated.
Reproducing human arm motion using a kinematically coupled humanoid shoulder--elbow complex

A challenge that is gaining interest in robotics is the development of humanoids, which are robots that assume an anthropomorphic form. A difficulty with humanoid design is the kinematic interpretation of human joints and the development of mechanisms that can mimic human motion. The focus of this work is the development of a kinematic description of the shoulder--elbow complex. A mechanism capable of reproducing voluntary human reaching motions is introduced along with the procedural method of implementing the coupled motions that exist within the human shoulder complex and shoulder--elbow complex. Experimental results are presented highlighting the accuracy of this mechanism along with the similarities to human configurations.
Calcium‐binding proteins and GABA reveal spatial segregation of cell types within the developing lateral superior olivary nucleus of the ferret

Chemical characteristics of developing neurons in the superior olivary complex of the ferret were analyzed using immunohistochemical methods. The present report of calcium-binding proteins in the developing and adult superior olivary complex shows distinct distribution patterns for parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin in the lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO) of the developing ferret that correspond to distribution patterns for different projection cell types and neurotransmitters. In the neonate, there was an initial complementary distribution of calcium-binding proteins between the shell and core of the body of the developing LSO. Parvalbumin and calbindin-immunoreactive cells were present in the shell, whereas calretinin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the core of the LSO. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), but not glycine, immunoreactive cells were distributed similarly in the shell of the LSO in the neonate. There were, in addition, reciprocal medial-to-lateral gradients of parvalbumin and calbindin-immunoreactive cells in the LSO shell of the neonate. These complementary patterns in the LSO were transient, however, and by the end of the second postnatal week, each calcium-binding protein differed markedly in its cellular distribution in the superior olive, including the LSO. GABA-immunoreactive cells also were restricted transiently to the shell of the LSO in neonates. The radial segregation of transient calcium-binding expression in LSO cells was orthogonal to the medial-to-lateral axis in the LSO and, therefore, parallels fibrodendritic layers and presumed isofrequency planes of the LSO. The early postnatal segregation of calcium-binding proteins in the isofrequency axis was congruent with the gradients of contralateral and ipsilateral projection cell types in adult LSO. It seems likely that developmental mechanisms regulate expression of calcium-binding protein and neurotransmitter phenotypes and that these mechanisms operate in development within the isofrequency axis as well as along the tonotopic axis of this auditory nucleus.
Relationship of platelet MAO activity to characteristics of major depressive illness

Sixty-seven patients (greater than or equal to 55 years of age) with major depressive disorder had pretreatment assays of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity. As in previous studies, women had higher MAO activity than men, and MAO activity was positively correlated with age. Patients with melancholia (DSM-III) had significantly higher MAO activity than those without melancholia. This finding may reflect the higher MAO activity associated with the symptoms of anhedonia and mood autonomy. Anxiety also was correlated with higher MAO activity, as was a positive family history of depression. In addition, postdexamethasone cortisol levels were correlated with platelet MAO activity.
Anion radical [2 + 2] cycloaddition as a mechanistic probe: stoichiometry- and concentration-dependent partitioning of electron-transfer and alkylation pathways in the reaction of the Gilman reagent Me2CuLi.LiI with bis(enones).

Exposure of easily reduced aromatic bis(enones) 1a−1e to the methyl Gilman reagent Me2CuLi·LiI at 0 °C in tetrahydrofuran solvent provides the products of tandem conjugate addition−Michael cyclization, 2a−2e, along with the products of [2 + 2] cycloaddition, 3a−3e. Complete partitioning of the Gilman alkylation and [2 + 2] cycloaddition pathways may be achieved by adjusting the loading of the Gilman reagent, the rate of addition of the Gilman reagent, and the concentration of the reaction mixture. The Gilman alkylation manifold is favored by the rapid addition of excess Gilman reagent at higher substrate concentrations, while the [2 + 2] cycloaddition manifold is favored by slow addition of the same Gilman reagent at lower concentrations and loadings. Notably, [2 + 2] cycloaddition to form 3a−3e is catalytic in Gilman reagent. Kinetic data reveal that the ratio of 2a and 3a changes such that the cycloaddition pathway becomes dominant upon increased consumption of Gilman reagent. These data suggest a conce...
Tetravalent and Pentavalent Uranium Acetylide Complexes Prepared by Oxidative Functionalization with CuC≡CPh

Oxidation of (C5Me5)2U(NPh2)(THF) and (C5Me5)2U(═N-2,6-iPr2-C6H3)(THF) with CuC≡CPh yields the corresponding UIV and UV acetylide complexes (C5Me5)2U(NPh2)(C≡CPh) and (C5Me5)2U(═N-2,6-iPr2-C6H3)(C≡CPh), respectively. The complexes were characterized using a combination of 1H NMR, X-ray crystallography, UV−visible−near-IR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry.
Velocity Analysis in Archaeological Ground‐Penetrating Radar Studies

In ground-penetrating radar (GPR) investigations of archeological sites, the accurate conversion of two-way travel times to distance or depth can be made only if radar wave velocities are known. Because radar data are typically collected in a manner that does not facilitate the determination of velocity, special efforts must be given to measure the speed of radar waves in the subsurface. Field tests can be performed on objects at known depths where radar wave travel times can be measured directly. These tests can be integrated with the correlation of known stratigraphic units to radar reflections in order to confirm the velocity measurements and map subsurface interfaces. Transillumination tests can be performed in adjoining excavations in order to determine velocity variations with depth. Common mid-point type tests are helpful in estimating near-surface velocity changes but are less valuable in determining velocity at greater depth. Data from these tests can be used to derive velocity gradient curves and identify possible buried reflection surfaces. The integration of many velocity tests can assure accurate conversions of travel time to depth over a large study area. Mapping of surfaces or features in true depth as opposed to radar travel time can confirm the correlations of GPR reflections to known subsurface units and enhance the understanding of an archaeological site.
Estrogen modulation of K(+) channel activity in hypothalamic neurons involved in the control of the reproductive axis.

Here we report on the progress we have made in elucidating the mechanisms through which estrogen alters synaptic responses in hypothalamic neurons. We examined the modulation by estrogen of the coupling of various receptor systems to inwardly rectifying and small conductance, Ca 2+ -activated K' (SK) channels. We used intracellular sharp-electrode and whole-cell recordings in hypothalamic slices from ovariectomized female guinea pigs. Estrogen rapidly uncouples μ-opioid receptors from G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K + (GIRK) channels in β-endorphin neurons, manifest by a reduction in the potency of μ-opioid receptor agonists to hyperpolarize these cells. This effect is blocked by inhibitors of protein kinase A and protein kinase C. Estrogen also uncouples γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptors from the same population of GIRK channels coupled to μ-opioid receptors. At 24 h after steroid administration, the GABA B /GIRK channel uncoupling observed in GABAergic neurons of the preoptic area (POA) is associated with reduced agonist efficacy. Conversely, estrogen enhances the efficacy of α 1 -adrenergic receptor agonists to inhibit apamin-sensitive SK currents in these POA GABAergic neurons, and does so in both a rapid and sustained fashion. Finally, we observed a direct, steroid-induced hyperpolarization of both arcuate and POA neurons, among which gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are particularly sensitive. These findings indicate a richly complex yet coordinated steroid modulation of K + channel activity that serves to control the excitability of hypothalamic neurons involved in regulating the reproductive axis.
The effect of intravenous aminophylline on the capacity for effort without pain in patients with angina of effort

Abstract 1. 1. An intravenous injection of 0.24 Gm. aminophylline increases the capacity for effort without pain in patients with angina of effort. There are fairly marked individual variations in this response. 2. 2. The increased capacity for effort without pain lasts longer than one hour.
A quantitative analysis of ventricular size on computed tomographic scans

Abstract In the daily practice of radiology the occasional problem of defining the range of normal ventricular size arises. In a previous communication the investigators reported originally on frontal ventricular dimensions as seen on computed tomographic (CT) scans of 200 patients considered to be neurologically normal (1). Recently, similar studies have also been reported by other investigators, one dealing with 35 patients (2), one with 44 normal adults (3), and another one with 62 patients (4). In order to establish a broader statistical base for the quantitative criteria, an additional 188 normal CT scans were reviewed and combined with the previous 200 scans for a total population of 388 cases. Results were correlated with sex and distributed in three broad age groups. In addition, a quantitative criterion for the normal bithalamic index is based on the analysis of 100 normal CT scans.
A simple, sensitive and reliable assay for serotonin and 5-HIAA in brain tissue using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

Abstract An extremely sensitive and simple method for simultaneously measuring both serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) has been developed using liquid chromatography (LC) and electrochemical detection. Assay conditions are described which resolve and measure as little as 22 picograms of serotonin and its deaminated metabolite in deproteinated brain samples.
Thermally-induced nonlinearity and optical bistability in Si 3 N 4 microring resonators

We report on the nonlinear response and optical bistability in the transmitted and reflected signals of Si 3 N 4 microrings. Micro-second temporal dynamics of the response suggest that the nonlinear behavior is due to the thermo-optic effect.
Directed evolution of a single-chain class II MHC product by yeast display

Many autoimmune diseases have been linked to the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The linkage is thought to be a result of autoreactive T cells that recognize self-peptides bound to a product of this locus. For example, T cells from non-obese diabetic mice recognize specific 'diabetogenic' peptides bound to a class II MHC allele called I-A(g7). The I-A(g7) molecule is noted for being unstable and difficult to work with, especially in soluble form. In this work, yeast surface display combined with fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used as a means of directed evolution to engineer stabilized variants of a single-chain form of I-A(g7). A library containing mutations at two residues (positions 56 and 57 of the I-A(g7) beta-chain) that are important in the class II disease associations yielded stabilized mutants with preferences for a glutamic acid at residue 56 and a leucine at residue 57. Random mutation of I-A(g7) followed by selection with an anti-I-A(g7) antibody also yielded stabilized variants with mutations in other residues. The methods described here allow the discovery of novel MHC complexes that could facilitate structural studies and provide new opportunities in the development of diagnostics or antagonists of class II MHC-associated diseases.
Application of Operations Research Methods To Correctional Problems

The paper discusses basic operations research techniques to build models for optimization problems and some of the difficulties encountered in applying these techniques to address correctional problems, and indicates some possible areas in the criminal justice system that can be explored using these methods. It briefly reviews four different correctional projects that are currently being undertaken by the Pennsylvania Bureau of Correction. Most of these projects use linear programming and integer linear programming methods.
On the observability of linear systems from random, compressive measurements

Recovering or estimating the initial state of a high-dimensional system can require a potentially large number of measurements. In this paper, we explain how this burden can be significantly reduced for certain linear systems when randomized measurement operators are employed. Our work builds upon recent results from the field of Compressive Sensing (CS), in which a high-dimensional signal containing few nonzero entries can be efficiently recovered from a small number of random measurements. In particular, we develop concentration of measure bounds for the observability matrix and explain circumstances under which this matrix can satisfy the Restricted Isometry Property (RIP), which is central to much analysis in CS. We also illustrate our results with a simple case study of a diffusion system. Aside from permitting recovery of sparse initial states, our analysis has potential applications in solving inference problems such as detection and classification of more general initial states.
Computer model for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) with CVT

A complete dynamic vehicle model for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) equipped with a continuously variable transmission (CVT) is developed and presented. The PHEV has a post-transmission electric motor. The model is intended to represent the dominant dynamics relating to the control of the overall system. Both analytical and empirical techniques are used in developing the model. The modeled components include: internal combustion engine, engine clutch, CVT, electric motor, lead-acid battery, vehicle driveline, hydraulic brakes, and vehicle longitudinal and tire dynamics. A vehicle computer control module as well as component controllers, sensors and control mechanisms are also modeled. The model is implemented in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The simulation results are presented.
Temple and Sacrifice

So many times in the course of writing this book I have felt like one of those disciples, peering intently at a blank blue sky. I look for some sign of Jesus, some visual clue . . . Like the disciplesO eyes, mine ache for a pure glimpse of the One who ascended. Why, I ask again, did he have to leave? . . . I have concluded, in fact, that the Ascension represents my greatest struggle of faithNnot whether it happened, but why. It challenges me more than the problem of pain, more than the difficulty of harmonizing science and the Bible, more than belief in the Resurrection and other miracles. (Yancey 1995: 227,229).
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Mx Protein Expression in Canine Encephalitides

Mx proteins are a group of interferon-induced GTPases whose expression has been demonstrated in a number of human viral infections and in some idiopathic inflammatory diseases. In this study, the expression of Mx protein was evaluated in known viral, nonviral, and idiopathic encephalitides in the dog via immunohistochemistry using an antibody against human MxA. All 12 cases of confirmed viral encephalitis, including 7 cases of canine distemper, 4 cases of canine herpesvirus, and 1 case of rabies, were Mx positive. In canine distemper cases, staining was particularly strong and a variety of cell types were positive, including astrocytes, macrophages/microglia, and neurons. Immunoreactivity for Mx protein was evident in a few cases of nonviral infectious encephalitis, including neosporosis (1/1), Chagas disease (2/3), aspergillosis (1/2), and encephalitozoonosis (1/1). Consistent staining was observed in most cases of idiopathic encephalitis, including granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (7/7), necrotizing meningoencephalitis of pug dogs (6/7), and necrotizing encephalitis of the Yorkshire Terrier (3/3) and Maltese (1/1) breeds. Mx staining was negative in 5 normal dog brains; 3 cases of cryptococcosis; and single cases of blastomycosis, protothecosis, and bacterial meningitis.
Staged percutaneous coronary intervention and minimally invasive valve surgery: results of a hybrid approach to concomitant coronary and valvular disease.

Results:Therewere no in-hospital deaths in the hybrid group, compared with 2 (3.8 %) observed in the matched group (P ¼.11). Death, renalfailure, or stroke occurred in 1(1.5 %)in the hybrid group versus15(28.8 %)in the conventional group (P ¼ .001). The median number of days between PCI and surgery was 24 (interquartile range,2.5-37).Atsurgery,23hybridpatients werereceivingbothaspirinandclopidogrel;,18,clopidogrel alone; 4, aspirin alone; and 22 stopped the antiplatelet agents 5 days before the operation. Intensive care unit hours and total hospital length of stay, including PCI stay for the hybrid group, were less in the hybrid group ( P ¼ .001 for both comparisons). In the hybrid group, average blood use was 1.6 " 1.6 U per patient versus 1.9 " 2.4 U per patient with conventional surgery (P ¼ .35. There were no reoperations for postoperative bleeding in the hybrid group compared with 2 (3.8 %) in the conventional group ( P ¼ .43). Conclusions: Staged PCI with minimally invasive valve surgery may offer an alternative to coronary bypass grafting with concurrent valve surgery and should be tested prospectively. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012;144:634-9)
Technical context and cultural consequences of XML

The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is an open standard for creating domain- and industry-specific markup vocabularies. XML has become the predominant mechanism for electronic data interchange between information systems and can be described as a universally applicable, durable "Code of Integration." As we celebrate its tenth anniversary, it is appropriate to reflect on the role XML has played and the technical ecosystem in which it functions. In this paper, we discuss both the environment from which XML arose and its technical underpinnings, and we relate these topics to companion papers in this issue of the IBM Systems Journal. We discuss the broad consequences of XML and argue that XML will take its place among the technical standards having the greatest impact on the world in which we live. We conclude with some reflections on the significant technical, economic, and societal consequences that XML is likely to have in the future.
The Effects of Recession on the Rural-Farm Economy

This paper consists of two parts. The first is a general view of the consequences of recession, with reference to historical U.S. business downturns. The second considers more specifically the effect of rural industrialization on the sensitivity of the rural economy to general business conditions. Attempts are made to estimate effects of rural industrialization during the 1974-75 recession.
Understanding Resiliency of Internet Topology against Prefix Hijack Attacks

A prefix hijack attack involves an attacker announcing victim networks' IP prefixes into the global routing system. As a result, data traffic from portions of the Internet can be diverted to attacker networks. Prefix hijack attacks are a serious security threat in the Internet and it is important to understand the factors that affect the resiliency of victim networks against these attacks. In this paper, we conducted a systematic study to gauge the effectiveness of prefix hijacks launched at different locations in the Internet topology. Our study shows that direct customers of multiple tier-1 networks are the most resilient, even more than the tier-1 networks themselves. Conversely, if these customer networks are used to launch prefix hijacks, they would also be the most effective launching pads for attacks. We verified our results through case studies using real prefix hijack incidents that had occurred in the Internet.
Nectin-2-mediated entry of a syncytial strain of herpes simplex virus via pH-independent fusion with the plasma membrane of Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Background Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can utilize multiple pathways to enter host cells. The factors that determine which route is taken are not clear. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that express glycoprotein D (gD)-binding receptors are model cells that support a pH-dependent, endocytic entry pathway for all HSV strains tested to date. Fusion-from-without (FFWO) is the induction of target cell fusion by addition of intact virions to cell monolayers in the absence of viral protein expression. The receptor requirements for HSV-induced FFWO are not known. We used the syncytial HSV-1 strain ANG path as a tool to evaluate the complex interplay between receptor usage, membrane fusion, and selection of entry pathway.
Welfare Measurements Using Contingent Valuation: A Comparison of Techniques

Three commonly used techniques of asking contingent valuation questions are compared: iterative bidding, payment cards, and dichotomous choice. The results reveal that no single contingent valuation technique is neutral in the elicitation of hicksian surplus and each technique has its strengths and weaknesses. The iterative bidding estimates contain a starting point bias, while the payment card and dichotomous choice estimates were influenced by the interviewers soliciting the contingent values. Finally, the analysis of dichotomous choice responses involves unresolved issues that warrant further investigation. On the other hand, dichotomous choice is the easiest technique to administer in a survey setting.
Methods and Findings in the Study of Suicide Terrorism

Scott Ashworth, Joshua Clinton, Adam Meirowitz, and Kristopher Ramsay (2008) allege that I have committed the sin of sampling on the dependent variable by considering only the universe of suicide terrorist attacks rather than the universe of all imaginable instances when potential or actual terrorists might have committed suicide attacks, and so cannot measure the effects of any independent variables. They go on to describe a method that they say I should have used, which is not of interest because the accusation that is supposed to motivate this discussion is inaccurate.The main claim—that my work on suicide terrorism samples on the dependent variable—is simply wrong. Indeed, the authors paid no attention to the large portions of my recent book that explain what we know about factors that make resort to suicide terrorist campaigns more or less likely, and how we know it. Hence, this letter is mainly devoted to updating Ashworth, Clinton, Meirowitz, and Ramsay on my work. I also make a few comments about the general question of whether concerns about “sample bias” should carry significant weight when dealing with the complete universe of a phenomenon, as is the case in my work on suicide terrorism.
Computerized neurocognitive testing within 1 week of sport-related concussion: meta-analytic review and analysis of moderating factors.

The purpose of this study is to perform a meta-analysis assessing the effects of sport-related concussion as measured by computerized neurocognitive tests (NCT) 1-week post injury. Thirty-seven studies involving 3960 participants between 2000 and 2011 were included. Hedge's g provides an adjusted effect size for smaller sample sizes and was calculated for overall and cognitive task effects, and subgroup analyses were conducted for age, type of NCT, and sport. Concussions had a low negative effect (g = -0.16; p Language: en
Frequency and bases of abnormal performance by healthy adults on neuropsychological testing.

The frequency and determinants of abnormal test performance by normal individuals are critically important to clinical inference. Here we compare two approaches to predicting rates of abnormal test performance among healthy individuals with the rates actually shown by 327 neurologically normal adults aged 18–92 years. We counted how many participants produced abnormal scores, defined by three different cutoffs with test batteries of varied length, and the number of abnormal scores they produced. Observed rates generally were closer to predictions based on a series of Monte Carlo simulations than on the binomial model. They increased with the number of tests administered, decreased as more stringent cutoffs were used to identify abnormality, varied with the degree of correlation among test scores, and depended on individual differences in age, education, race, sex, and estimated premorbid IQ. Adjusting scores for demographic variables and premorbid IQ did not reduce rates of abnormal performance. However, it eliminated the contribution of these variables to rates of abnormal test performance. These findings raise fundamental questions about the nature and interpretation of abnormal test performance by normal, healthy adults. (JINS, 2008, 14, 436–445.)
Guest Editors' Introduction: Special Issue on Security and Privacy in Mobile Platforms

The articles in this special issue focus on the use of computer security and privacy applications in mobile communication platforms.
A comparative study of precipitation behavior of Heusler phase (Ni2TiAl) from B2-TiNi in Ni–Ti–Al and Ni–Ti–Al–X (X=Hf, Pd, Pt, Zr) alloys

Abstract In support of the design of high strength TiNi-based shape-memory alloys, the precipitation of L21–Ni2TiAl phase from a supersaturated B2–TiNi matrix at 600 and 800 °C is studied using transmission and analytical electron microscopy (TEM/AEM), and 3D atom-probe microscopy (3DAP) in Ni–Ti–Al and Ni–Ti–Al–X (X=Hf, Pd, Pt, Zr) alloys. A B2/L21 fully coherent two-phase microstructure is confirmed to be analogous to the classical γ/γ′ system in terms of precipitate shape, spatial distribution and a minimum distance of separation between L21 precipitates as dictated by the interplay between strain and interfacial energies. The effects are also confirmed to disappear with loss of coherency. These results lend further support, at least qualitatively, to the theoretical predictions of microstructural dynamics of coherent aggregates. Selected cohesive properties of stable and virtual B2 compounds are calculated by an ab initio method, showing good agreement with measured site occupancy and lattice parameters. A simple analysis of the L21 precipitate size evolution suggests that in the case of alloys with Al, Zr or Hf substitution for Ti, the precipitates follow coarsening kinetics at 600 °C and growth kinetics at 800 °C, while for alloys with Pd or Pt substitution for Ni, precipitates follow one kinetic behavior at both temperatures. The temperature-dependent partitioning behaviors of Hf, Pd, Pt and Zr are established by quantitative microanalysis using AEM and nanoscale analysis using 3DAP. Both Hf and Zr prefer to partition to the B2 phase at 800 °C while they exhibit reverse behavior at 600°C. Pt also partitions to B2 at 800 °C, while Pd partitions to the L21 phase at both 600 and 800 °C. To describe the composition dependence of the lattice parameter of multicomponent B2 and L21 phases, the atomic volumes of Al, Hf, Ni, Ti and Zr in B2 and L21 phases are determined, providing a model for the control of interphase misfit in alloy design.
Special session - Constructive Academic Controversy: The art of arguing to enhance learning

This special session provides an opportunity for participants to learn about a cooperative learning strategy through actively engaging in that strategy. Participants will experience Constructive Academic Controversy from the learner perspective and will have an opportunity to reflect on this experience. The combination of experience and reflection will help participants identify how Constructive Academic Controversy (and related pedagogies) could be used in their own classrooms to enhance students' learning, critical thinking, and learning experiences. Further, through the shared experience of practicing Constructive Academic Controversy in a special session, participants will identify a group of peers from whom they can seek guidance in the future.
Agrarianism in Israel's Party System *

The agricultural sector of Israel's Jewish population is not very large; nevertheless the role of agriculture in the political life of the country is of the utmost importance. Seven of the sixteen members of the present cabinet (July, 1956) are members of kibbutzim (collective agricultural settlements). Twenty-six of the seventy-five Jewish members who support the government coalition in the 120-member Knesset (Israel Parliament) are members of kibbutzim or of moshvei-ovdim (co-operative agricultural settlements). David Ben-Gurion, Israel's outstanding leader, who is the Prime Minister and Minister of Defence, retains his affiliation with a kibbutz and declares himself to be an agricultural labourer. Recently, for example, he relinquished all his official positions and left for a year and a half to do agricultural work in a kibbutz in Israel's pioneering frontier area, the Negev. The Minister of Finance, the Director General of the Ministry of Defence, and the Secretary General of the Histadrut (Federation of Labour)–three of Israel's key positions–consider themselves members of kibbutzim and take pride in their past as agricultural labourers. The Chief of Staff of the Israel Defence Forces, a most popular figure with the youth of the country, was born and raised in a co-operative agricultural settlement, and his father, himself a farmer, is a member of the Knesset.
Mineralogical Composition of Structural Clay Products

When clay materials are tempered with water to produce the plasticity necessary for proper workability, it is the clay minerals that are responsible for these properties. To understand the interaction between clay minerals and water, it is necessary to know the crystal structures of the various clay minerals. In addition, many of the disilicate minerals other than those of clays are often found in, or added to, the raw materials for structural clay products. These other disilicate minerals are of more concern in the firing operation than in the development of plasticity, but the crystal structures of these minerals, as well as the clays, is important in following the progress of the high-temperature reactions. The structural clay products engineer and scientist cannot solve the technical problems that arise without a good foundation in the crystal structures of the disilicate minerals.
AN EVALUATION OF PHYSIOTHERAPY IN THE EARLY TREATMENT OF ANTERIOR POLIOMYELITIS

The results in this series of 160 cases of recent anterior poliomyelitis extending over a four-year period seem to indicate that the type of early treatment has little or no effect on the course of the disease and alters little, if any, the degree of residual paralysis which is seen. Clinical evidence shows that the amount of residual involvement is primarily dependent on the degree of initial paralysis and the amount of actual destruction which has taken place in the anterior horn cells. There is no way of accurately determining this during the acute illness, but it is at this time that the die for the final picture is cast, and orthopaedic measures probably alter little, if any, the course of the disease. Immobilization and protection are indicated for three reasons: (1) the comfort of the patient during the acute stage, (2) the prevention of deformities, and (3) the prevention of stretch paralysis in the involved muscles. Therefore, the early orthopaedic measures actually employed are of little importance in restoring power to the paralyzed muscles, but may be used so long as they are not actually harmful to the involved muscles.
Commentary on: Use of nape and peri-auricular hair by follicular unit extraction to create soft hairlines and temples: My experience with 128 patients

For many professionals, as well as the lay public, the results of hair transplantation still evoke images of a pluggy or doll's hair appearance. However, the standard of care today is to create a hairline that appears completely natural and not surgically created. Advances which have led to this current expected level include improved instrumentation, clinical observation of normal hairlines, and recognition of the different qualities of hair that reside in the safe donor area (SDA). Another recent advance in the field of hair restoration surgery is the donor harvest technique known as follicular unit transplantation (FUE).1-4 The primary advantage of FUE is the absence of a donor site scar following traditional strip excision. While there are several additional advantages to the FUE technique, the ability of a patient to wear a short hair style without a concern for donor scar visibility is the major reason patients choose this approach. Another important concept of hair restoration surgery which is germane to this article is the “variable” permanence of the most inferior aspect of the SDA. The concept of donor dominance, which is the principle reason transplants work, was originally described by Oreintreich,5 who demonstrated the “permanence” of occipital and temporal hair (ie, the donor fringe or SDA) when transplanted into areas of alopecia. Not recognized at the time of Orentreich's original description, but addressed by Unger and Cole6 and recognized by others subsequently, is the often progressive nature of hair loss in the SDA from the bottom up. Dr Umar7 has focused this article on the use of nape and …
Abstract 301: Cytochrome P450 1b1 is Essential for the Development of Aortic Aneurysm in ApoE Knockout Mice

Previously we have shown that the development of hypertension and neointimal growth is dependent on cytochrome P450 (CYP)1B1 activity. This study was conducted to address the role of CYP1B1 in the development of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced aortic aneurysms and associated pathogenesis. Sixteen week old male ApoE-/-/Cyp1b1+/+ and ApoE-/-/Cyp1b1-/- mice were administered Ang II (750 ng/min/Kg) or its vehicle for one month using micro-osmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously. A separate group of ApoE-/-/Cyp1b1+/+ mice receiving Ang II were injected twice weekly with the selective inhibitor of CYP1B1 2,3',4,5'-tetramethoxystilbene (TMS) (300 μg/Kg) or its vehicle DMSO (i.p.). Ultrasound studies showed that Ang II infusion produced abdominal aortic aneurysms in the ApoE-/-/Cyp1b1+/+ mice that were prevented by simultaneous treatment of these mice with TMS, and in ApoE-/-/Cyp1b1-/- mice. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of aortic aneurysms revealed that Ang II increased degradation of collagen, el...