cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EVOLUTIONARY STRATEGY OF THE EQUIDAE AND THE ORIGINS OF RUMEN AND CECAL DIGESTION.

There are two main groups of ungulates or hoofed mammals living today, perissodactyls and artiodactyls. They are distinguished by a basic difference in foot morphology, which indicates that the two groups arose independently from a basal "proto-ungulate" stock (the order Condylarthra) in the early Tertiary. This difference involves the axis of symmetry of the foot. In perissodactyls it passes through the third metapodial, while in artiodactyls it passes between the third and fourth metapodials. The perissodactyls surviving today are horses, rhinos and tapirs. The recent artiodactyls are a much larger and more diverse group, broadly covering all "cloven-hoofed" animals such as pigs, hippos, camels, deer, giraffes, antelope, cattle and sheep. The perissodactyls must have evolved by the late Paleocene, as by the early Eocene four out of five of the known superfamilies are already distinguishable (Romer, 1966). Artiodactyls are also seen in the early Eocene (Romer, 1966), but the two major groups of ruminant artiodactyls, the tylopods and the pecorans, do not appear in the fossil record until the late Eocene (Gazin, 1955) (see Fig. 1). The perissodactyls were the dominant medium to largesized herbivores during the Eocene, and in the early Oligocene a reduction in their diversity coincided with the beginning radiations of the ruminant groups of artiodactyls. These latter animals were the dominant medium-sized herbivores throughout the remainder of the Tertiary, at least in terms of species diversity. The perissodactyls originated in North America; the origin of the artiodactyls, whether in North America or in Eurasia, is still in question (Olson, 1971). As the rise of the artiodactyls at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary coincides with the decrease in the diversity of the perissodactyls, theories have been advanced to explain this coincidence in terms of perissodactyls being competitively inferior to artiodactyls. One obvious difference between the two groups is the difference in limb morphology. Although the axis of symmetry of the foot seems an unlikely candidate for conferring a selective advantage, artiodactyls do possess a unique double trochleared tarsal or ankle joint. This structure has been regarded as a key feature of the group and contributory to their evolutionary success, on the grounds that it has enabled artiodactyls to achieve rapid acceleration for predator escape (e.g., Schaeffer, 1947; Romer, 1968; Colbert, 1969). While there is little doubt that this particular adaptation was of value to the artiodactyls themselves, I do not think, however, that it had a great deal to do with the relative competitive efficiencies of these two ungulate groups. For a start, this tarsus appeared in a highly advanced condition in the first artiodactyls in the early Eocene (Schaeffer, 1947) long before their radiation and diversification, and is found in noncursorial as well as cursorial forms. In addition, modern ecological work demonstrates that predation is not necessarily detrimental
Prolonged neurophysiologic effects of levetiracetam after oral administration in humans.

Summary Purpose: To determine whether neurophysiological effects of levetiracetam (LEV) outlast its serum half-life of approximately 7 h. Demonstration of prolonged effects would help to explain the efficacy of LEV at conventional dosing intervals that are longer than the serum half-life. Methods: Following an oral dose of LEV 3 g in 12 normal volunteers, we compared transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures of motor threshold (MT) and recruitment with LEV serum levels and subjective ratings of toxicity over 48 h. Subjects used a two-dimensional visual-analog scale to estimate the time course of any side effects. Results: LEV serum levels and subjective toxicity both peaked around 1 h after oral administration. MT elevation was delayed in comparison to peak serum levels and subjective toxicity. MT was maximally elevated at 6–9 h, and recruitment maximally reduced at 0.6–9 h. Changes in both measures had recovered by approximately 50% at 24 h. Despite the time difference between toxicity and TMS changes, toxicity estimates correlated with the maximum increase in MT. Conclusion: There is a substantial time lag between LEV serum levels and TMS measures of neuronal effects, and a similar temporal dissociation between subjective toxicity and maximum TMS change. The time course of neurophysiological effects, as measured by TMS, may help to explain the sustained clinical efficacy of LEV despite a short peripheral half-life.
Di(alkylamido)zirconium dichlorides and tri(arylamido)zirconium monochlorides having hemilabile N, O ligands and their methyl derivatives

Abstract For their potential use in the polymerization of α-olefins, secondary amides with pendent N-tert- butyoxydimethylsilyl groups and some of their zirconium complexes were synthesized. Treatment of cis-ZrCl4(THF)2 with LiLtBu, where LtBu is the anion of the mixed N, O-donor ligand Me2Si(OtBu) (NHtBu), gave cis-(LtBu)2ZrCl2. A single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed a pseudo-octahedral zirconium center with two chlorides and two chelating N, O ligands. Substitution of tert-butylamine with p-toluidine or p-anisidine furnished the sterically smaller Me2Si(OtBu) (NH-p-C6H4Me) = HLpTol and Me2Si(OtBu) (NH-p-C6H4OMe) = HLpAnis, respectively. Reactions of cis-ZrCl4(THF)2 with two equivalents of either LiLpTol or LiLpAnis invariably gave only the triamido–monochlorido complexes (LpTol)3ZrCl and (LpAnis)3ZrCl, respectively. Alkylation of these monochlorides with MeMgBr furnished the corresponding methyl complexes (LpTol)3ZrMe and (LpAnis)3ZrMe. The dichloride cis-(LtBu)2ZrCl2, when activated with MAO, showed low activity for the polymerization of ethylene.
Measuring value dimensions of IT occupational culture: an exploratory analysis

Culture in information systems (IS) research has been an important area of study for over twenty-five years but has focused on two levels of analysis: national and organizational. However, research at the level of IT occupational culture has been minimal. Shared values are the core element of any cultural group and the IS literature has repeatedly called for measurable dimensions of IT culture. This study is an exploratory positivist investigation into scale creation and proposes a set of six value dimensions specific to the context of IT occupational culture based on a review of the relevant IS literature culture as well as interviews with IT professionals. These six dimensions are: Structure of Power, Control, Open Communication, Risk, Reverence for Knowledge, and Enjoyment (abbreviated as SCORRE). A preliminary instrument was prepared and tested with an empirical study. The instrument was found to have both high reliability and construct validity and is ready for further use in ongoing research. There was further evidence that SCORRE represents many core values that form the foundation of IT occupational culture.
Computer-assisted estimates of lesion sizes and shrinkage in denervated areas from receptor autoradiograms using a digitizing tablet.

Abstract Area measurements taken from receptor autoradiograms were employed to estimate the size of striatal kainate lesions and the amount of shrinkage in deafferented projection areas. There was no significant difference in the size of substantia nigra (SN) on the denervated side as compared to the intact side one week and one month after unilateral striatal lesions. Although there was no change in the size of globus pallidus (GP) on the lesioned side one week after the lesion, there was a 17% shrinkage one month after the lesion. At 3–4 months after the lesion, the amount of shrinkage was 19% in SN and 16% in GP.
MODERN LANGUAGES ACROSS THE CURRICULUM

MODERN LANGUAGES ACROSS THE CURRICULUM. Michael Grenfell (Ed.) . New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2002. Pp. 222. $39.95 paper. The European Union has succeeded in breaking down monetary and legal barriers among its members. This volume presents a program for breaking down linguistic barriers by teaching European languages in primary and secondary schools using the approach of Modern Languages Across the Curriculum (MLAC), what is essentially called content-based instruction in the United States.
Comparative effects of sediment versus aqueous polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure on benthic and planktonic invertebrates

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are an environmental concern because of their adverse effects on humans and wildlife, and understanding the contribution of various matrices (i.e., sediment and water) to PCB exposure on aquatic communities is critical for successful remediation of impacted sites. The present study examined the toxicity of different routes of PCB exposure in aquatic invertebrates. In complementary laboratory and field experiments, the authors compared the effects of aqueous versus sedimentary exposure of PCBs on invertebrates. In laboratory bioassays, the planktonic Daphnia pulex and benthic Chironomus dilutus exhibited significant mortality when exposed to PCB-contaminated (1100 µg/g) sediment (p = 0.03 and p < 0.01, respectively). In field experiments, adult Dreissena bugensis were placed in cages along a depth gradient at a reference site and a PCB-impacted site in St. Clair Shores, Michigan, USA. Mussels experienced significantly greater mortality (p < 0.001) when placed in close proximity to impacted-site sediments compared with reference sediments. After 7 d, 94% of D. bugensis survived at the reference site compared with only 57% surviving at the impacted site. In addition, D. bugensis at the impacted site experienced significantly less mortality at the water surface (p < 0.001) compared to those near the sediment. The present study demonstrates the importance of evaluating toxicity at the sediment-water interface.
Genetic Diversity and Potential Function of Microbial Symbionts Associated with Newly Discovered Species of Osedax Polychaete Worms

We investigated the genetic diversity of symbiotic bacteria associated with two newly discovered species of Osedax from Monterey Canyon, CA, at 1,017-m (Osedax Monterey Bay sp. 3 "rosy" [Osedax sp. MB3]) and 381-m (Osedax Monterey Bay sp. 4 "yellow collar") depths. Quantitative PCR and clone libraries of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified differences in the compositions and abundances of bacterial phylotypes associated with the newly discovered host species and permitted comparisons between adult Osedax frankpressi and juveniles that had recently colonized whalebones implanted at 2,891 m. The newly discovered Osedax species hosted Oceanospirillales symbionts that are related to Gammaproteobacteria associated with the previously described O. frankpressi and Osedax rubiplumus (S. K. Goffredi, V. J. Orphan, G. W. Rouse, L. Jahnke, T. Embaye, K. Turk, R. Lee, and R. C. Vrijenhoek, Environ. Microbiol. 7:1369-1378, 2005). In addition, Osedax sp. MB3 hosts a diverse and abundant population of additional bacteria dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria. Ultrastructural analysis of symbiont-bearing root tissues verified the enhanced microbial diversity of Osedax sp. MB3. Root tissues from the newly described host species and O. frankpressi all exhibited collagenolytic enzyme activity, which covaried positively with the abundance of symbiont DNA and negatively with mean adult size of the host species. Members of this unusual genus of bone-eating worms may form variable associations with symbiotic bacteria that allow for the observed differences in colonization and success in whale fall environments throughout the world's oceans.
Size of the vomeronasal organ in wild microtus with different mating strategies

Most studies on mammalian vomeronasal organ (VNO) have been on laboratory-bred animals. Our present study examines the VNO in wild-caught meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus; n=16) and prairie voles (M. ochrogaster; n=15). These species vary in their mating strategies and degree of parental care by males. M. ochrogaster exhibits pair bonding and more paternal care compared to M. pennsylvanicus, a promiscuous species. We hypothesize that sexual dimorphism will occur in the promiscuous species based on previous studies which suggest that those who exhibit more aggressive or masculine behavior have larger VNOs. Our results support our original finding that VNOs are not different in size in wild Microtus spp. that vary in male parental tendencies. However, the present study also indicates that M. pennsylvanicus, the species exhibiting more disparate parental tendencies, exhibited larger VNOs in females than males. This is the reverse of previous findings on rats, and we hypothesize that this difference may be due to mate selectivity and/or maternal aggression.
Reciprocal functions of the Drosophila yellow and ebony proteins in the development and evolution of pigment patterns

Body coloration affects how animals interact with the environment. In insects, the rapid evolution of black and brown melanin patterns suggests that these are adaptive traits. The developmental and molecular mechanisms that generate these pigment patterns are largely unknown. We demonstrate that the regulation and function of the yellow and ebony genes in Drosophila melanogaster play crucial roles in this process. The Yellow protein is required to produce black melanin, and is expressed in a pattern that correlates with the distribution of this pigment. Conversely, Ebony is required to suppress some melanin formation, and is expressed in cells that will produce both melanized and non-melanized cuticle. Ectopic expression of Ebony inhibits melanin formation, but increasing Yellow expression can overcome this effect. In addition, ectopic expression of Yellow is sufficient to induce melanin formation, but only in the absence of Ebony. These results suggest that the patterns and levels of Yellow and Ebony expression together determine the pattern and intensity of melanization. Based on their functions in Drosophila melanogaster, we propose that changes in the expression of Yellow and/or Ebony may have evolved with melanin patterns. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that Yellow and Ebony are expressed in complementary spatial patterns that correlate with the formation of an evolutionary novel, male-specific pigment pattern in Drosophila biarmipes wings. These findings provide a developmental and genetic framework for understanding the evolution of melanin patterns.
Long-term Prognosis for Children With Nephrotic Syndrome

Follow-up survival and health information were obtained, after a median of 27.5 years, from 132 patients who had been seen originally as children with nephrotic syndrome between 1951 and 1967. Ninety seven patients were alive. Recurring edema or proteinuria, or both, persisted in 15 percent of those still alive. Eight of 11 parous women reported relapses during pregnancy. There was no apparent increase in malignancies, atopic diseases, clinical defects in cell-mediated immunity, or cardiovascular diseases. Twenty two patients (17%) died of renal causes between 3 months and 8 years after the onset of nephrotic syndrome. Steroid resistance was the presenting feature universally predictive of a poor outcome; nine of the 11 such patients died and the other two are now receiving hemodialysis. Hematuria was present initially in 41 percent of the patients who died of renal causes, compared with 14 percent of those still alive. Hypertension was noted on the first examination in 22 percent of those who died of renal causes, compared with 10 percent of those alive.
Strategic Management in Public and Private Organizations: Implications of Distinctive Contexts and Constraints

Public and private sector strategic managers operate in different contexts that generate distinctive constraints on their behaviors and choices. Key constraints on public sector managers are identified in five propositions. Implications for the evaluation of public sector management and for the behavior of public managers are drawn. It is argued that application of private sector models to the public sector is problematic; that general models of strategic management are needed.
Role of electron physics in the development of turbulent magnetic reconnection in collisionless plasmas

Magnetic reconnection is important to the dynamics of many astrophysical and fusion plasmas but our understanding of it is incomplete. Petaflop-scale simulations of the evolution of turbulent magnetic reconnection in a three-dimensional plasma indicate that it proceeds in a way that is dramatically different from classical theory.
Web-based dynamic information visualization using exact-time animation

The World Wide Web provides a new medium for distributing interactive animated visualizations to a broad audience. This type of visualization is important for applications which have complex spatial and temporal behavior. Animations of extracted visual models in these applications can give insight into the nature of motion and the relationships of objects during the motion. This paper addresses several issues that arise in using interactive animation to visualize complex motions. Timing information is critical and must be preserved independently of the platform on which the animation is running. The animations built in this study are based on the JOTSA exacttime animation system that runs over Java. The system allows animations to run in a time-consistent, platform-independent manner. The web-based execution model allows remote user interaction and easy dissemination.
The B-Vitamin Content of Eggs as Influenced by Antibiotics in the Laying Ration

Abstract IT IS well established that diet influences the intestinal flora of certain species of animals, that certain vitamins of the B complex are synthesized by microorganisms in the digestive tract, and that variations in the diet can have a significant effect on this vitamin synthesis (Mannering et al., 1944; Teply et al., 1947; Couch et al., 1948; Stokstad et al., 1953). Studies of these phenomena have been made with various mammals, including humans, by measuring vitamin excretion (Najjar and Holt, 1943; Denko et al., 1946; Hathaway and Lobb, 1946; Teeri et al., 1950). It has been shown also that the laying hen is a desirable animal for studying intestinal synthesis since determination of the vitamin content of the egg offers a convient means of evaluating the extent of synthesis and subsequent absorption of vitamins from the intestinal tract (Waibel et al., 1952). While much has been reported in the literature …
Presidential address: Knowledge, know-how, and vascular surgeons

Abstract Vascular surgeons know vascular disease and its treatment, yet uncertainties about the future of their specialty require an examination of its two basic components: knowledge and know-how. Knowledge, or understanding, flows from research efforts, and expands the scientific basis of our medical knowledge. It is imperative that new knowledge through funded research continues so that vascular surgical science progresses. Know-how, or skill, is a crucial component of the vascular surgeon's armamentarium and has been recognized through our history as a criterion of a surgeon's proficiency. The vascular fellowship program provides the vascular surgical trainee with the knowledge and know-how necessary to become accomplished and qualified for certification in this specialty. Future progress in vascular surgery depends on new knowledge and know-how and their innovative application to human vascular disease. This may involve a formal cooperative relationship between the two national vascular societies and our colleagues in interventional radiology to develop a comprehensive vascular health care program. The societies together must continually evaluate the forces for change that are prevalent in the health care environment to expand this program. This will ensure a healthy forecast for our dynamic specialty in the twenty-first century. (J VASC SURG 1995;21:169-73)
Total testosterone and neuropsychiatric symptoms in elderly men with Alzheimer’s disease

Introduction There has been a significant increase in the use of testosterone in aging men, but little investigation into its impact on men with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The findings of the few studies that have been done are inconsistent. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between total testosterone (TT) and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in a well-characterized sample of elderly men with mild to moderate AD.
Ability of pharmacy clinical decision-support software to alert users about clinically important drug—drug interactions

Objective Pharmacy clinical decision-support (CDS) software that contains drugedrug interaction (DDI) information may augment pharmacists’ ability to detect clinically significant interactions. However, studies indicate these systems may miss some important interactions. The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of pharmacy CDS programs to detect clinically important DDIs. Design Researchers made on-site visits to 64 participating Arizona pharmacies between December 2008 and November 2009 to analyze the ability of pharmacy information systems and associated CDS to detect DDIs. Software evaluation was conducted to determine whether DDI alerts arose from prescription orders entered into the pharmacy computer systems for a standardized fictitious patient. The fictitious patient’s orders consisted of 18 different medications including 19 drug pairsd13 of which were clinically significant DDIs, and six were non-interacting drug pairs. Measurements The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and percentage of correct responses were measured for each of the pharmacy CDS systems. Results Only 18 (28%) of the 64 pharmacies correctly identified eligible interactions and non-interactions. The median percentage of correct DDI responses was 89% (range 47e100%) for participating pharmacies. The median sensitivity to detect well-established interactions was 0.85 (range 0.23e1.0); median specificity was 1.0 (range 0.83e1.0); median positive predictive value was 1.0 (range 0.88e1.0); and median negative predictive value was 0.75 (range 0.38e1.0). Conclusions These study results indicate that many pharmacy clinical decision-support systems perform less than optimally with respect to identifying well-known, clinically relevant interactions. Comprehensive system improvements regarding the manner in which pharmacy information systems identify potential DDIs are warranted.
Frequency-offset, solid-state laser coherent Doppler velocity measurements of high-speed targets

Diode-pumped, single-frequency Nd:YAG lasers were used to measure velocities of laser-accelerated targets over a range of 0.1 to greater than 2 km/sec. A 1-GHz optical heterodyne receiver was used with a tunable, frequency-offset local oscillator to compensate for Doppler shifts of as much as 4 GHz.
Centers, Margins, and Women in South Asia

Women as Subjects: South Asian Histories. Nita Kumar. ed Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1994.239 pp. From the Margins of Hindu Marriage: Essays on Gender, Religion and Culture. Lindsey Harlan and Paul B. Courtright. eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.250 pp. The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia during the British Rule. Kumari Jayawardena New York: Routledge, 1995.310 pp.
Disseminated aspergillosis presenting with endophthalmitis: A case report and a review of the literature

A patient with idiopathic thrombocytosis developed sudden loss of vision in his left eye secondary to endophthalmitis caused by Aspergillus flavus. He subsequently manifested other symptoms and signs of disseminated infection, and eventually died despite prompt initiation of appropriate parenteral antifungal therapy. A period of profound, iatrogenic neutropenia preceded the development of his terminal infection. Previously reported cases of hematogenously acquired Aspergillus endophthalmitis are reviewed, and approaches to diagnosis and management are discussed. The frequency of eye involvement in cases of disseminated aspergillosis is unknown, but it may be greater than appreciated previously.
Guest Editor's Introduction: Content Repurposing

This special issue focuses on the challenges, architectures, technology, and tools for content repurposing.Typically, Web content comprises text, images, animations, and video. Since images,animations, and video are harder to handle, the early content repurposing efforts focused on delivering text. While this is useful for many applications such as stock quotes, weather conditions,traffic updates, and news headlines, users are accustomed to the Web experience and want to receive richer content. In many situations, such as when users are mobile or short of time, they find it easier to comprehend information presented as images and videos. The articles in this special issue focus on rich content only.
A Turning Point in Synoptic Criticism

Christianity as not only a world-religion, but pre-eminently the world-religion, can be rationally appreciated only in the light of its origins. The nineteenth century, therefore, to which nothing was understood that had not been understood genetically, devoted its newly won methods of historical criticism to a comparison of the contemporary documents, the Pauline Epistles, with Acts, the earliest embodiment of the tradition, that it might learn the facts of the great evolution of the Church from the Synagogue. But inquiry into the story of the second founder of our faith was, from the nature of the case, a mere preliminary to the deeper inquiry into the story of its first Founder.
Protein Therapeutics in Oncology

Protein therapeutics have become an integral component of the battle against cancer. This review seeks to provide a broad overview of the field, highlighting recent advances and describing the direction of ongoing research. The emphasis is on the mechanism-of-action of different classes of protein therapeutics and on the roles that their targets play in various sectors of cancer biology, rather than on specific types of cancer. Clinical-stage examples are provided for each class and novel protein-based therapeutic concepts are noted. A total of 78 specific therapeutics are described. Topics include: antibodies against cell-surface antigens; receptor tyrosine kinases; immunoconjugates; interferons, cytokines, and cancer vaccines; the TNF family; tumor microenvironment and angiogenesis; metastasis; integrins; and cancer stem cells. Recent relevant advances in antibody engineering, including bispecific antibodies, are also covered as separate topics.
New Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene, Fayum Depression, Egypt

Abstract Paleogene bats from Africa are rare with only scant records from Tunisia, Egypt, and Tanzania having been described in the past. Four new genera and six new species of microchiropteran bats are described here from the late Eocene (37–34 Ma) of the Fayum Depression in northern Egypt. Included among these new taxa are the first and only African record of a fossil rhinopomatid and the earliest African records of megadermatids, emballonurids, and vespertilionids. Additionally, a new genus and two new species of the Afro-Arabian bat family Philisidae are described. The new Fayum philisids are the oldest representatives of this family, are represented by the largest species thus far recorded for the group, and include one of the largest fossil bats known. Previous biogeographic reconstructions suggest that most Old World bat families had their origin in Laurasia but several modern bat families may have diversified only after their initial dispersal into Africa. Bats and primates may have entered Africa...
Prevalence of Chest Injury With the Presence of NEXUS Chest Criteria: Data to Inform Shared Decisionmaking About Imaging Use

Study objective The NEXUS chest decision instrument identifies a very-low-risk population of patients with blunt trauma for whom chest imaging can be avoided. However, it requires that all 7 National Emergency X-Ray Utilization Study (NEXUS) chest criteria be absent. To inform patient and physician shared decisionmaking about imaging, we describe the test characteristics of individual criteria of the NEXUS chest decision instrument and provide the prevalence of injuries when 1, 2, or 3 of the 7 criteria are present. Methods We conducted this secondary analysis of 2 prospectively collected cohorts of patients with blunt trauma who were older than 14 years and enrolled in NEXUS chest studies between December 2009 and January 2012. Physicians at 9 US Level I trauma centers recorded the presence or absence of the 7 NEXUS chest criteria. We calculated test characteristics of each criterion and combinations of criteria for the outcome measures of major clinical injuries and thoracic injury observed on chest imaging. Results We enrolled 21,382 patients, of whom 992 (4.6%) had major clinical injuries and 3,135 (14.7%) had thoracic injuries observed on chest imaging. Sensitivities of individual test characteristics ranged from 15% to 56% for major clinical injury and 14% to 53% for thoracic injury observed on chest imaging, with specificities varying from 71% to 84% for major clinical injury and 67% to 84% for thoracic injury observed on chest imaging. Individual criteria were associated with a prevalence of major clinical injury between 1.9% and 3.8% and of thoracic injury observed on chest imaging between 5.3% and 11.5%. Conclusion Patients with isolated NEXUS chest criteria have low rates of major clinical injury. The risk of major clinical injury for patients with 2 or 3 factors range from 1.7% to 16.6%, depending on the combination of criteria. Criteria-specific risks could be used to inform shared decisionmaking about the need for imaging by patients and their physicians.
Treatment of Cardiac Arrest with Automatic External Defibrillators

Sudden cardiac death is the leading cause of death in the US and most developed nations. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the most common initial rhythm in survivors of cardiac arrest. The most important factor in determining survival from VF is the time from collapse to administration of the first defibrillation shock. Automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) have been developed and widely deployed in an attempt to reduce the time to defibrillation. Data on early defibrillation using AEDs has led to a number of public access defibrillator placements in the US and ongoing studies of public access AED use. The safety of lay person AED use is clear. Clearly some concentrated captive populations (e. g. airports, airplanes) may benefit from public access AEDs. Therefore, widespread AED education as a means of increasing public acceptance of lay person AED use must be a priority. As technology evolves costs will decline, however, the current economic reality requires careful consideration of the cost effectiveness of specific AED placement.
Civil religious contention in Cairo, Illinois: priestly and prophetic ideologies in a “northern” civil rights struggle

We argue that analyses of civil religious ideologies in civil rights contention must include the interplay of both movement and countermovement ideologies and must recognize the ways in which such discourse amplifies conflict as well as serves as a basis for unity. Based on in-depth interviews, archival research, and content analysis of civil religious language, this article examines how priestly and prophetic civil religious discourses, and the infusion of Black power ideologies, provided significant and dynamic resources for both movement and countermovement ideologies during periods of civil rights contention in Cairo, Illinois, especially from 1969 to 1972. We compare the ways in which Cairo’s civil rights leaders mobilized prophetic versions of civil religion, and concomitantly, how white countermovement organizations used a priestly civil religion. On the prophetic side the themes of “equality,” “freedom,” “justice,” and the “right to revolt” against worldly socio-political arrangements were employed. On the priestly side, the theme of “law” and “order” was played up, with a secondary theme that connected religious acquiescence to worldly power with God’s will. The former rhetoric saw calls for economic and employment integration within God’s will and the nation’s destiny. The latter rhetoric contrasted civil rights claims as essentially “un-American.”
The propensity to attack others as a function of the distribution of resources in a three person game

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that an apparently “strong” person would be disadvantaged in a three person game in which coalitions are possible. The experiment used a modified version of a truel which permitted a close examination of the interpersonal process prior to the formation of a coalition. Three conditions were studied: (1) all male Ss and no monetary payoff, (2) all female Ss and no monetary payoff, and (3) all female Ss and a monetary payoff. The “Strength is Weakness” effect was found under all conditions.
Comparison of Detection of Influenza Viruses between real-time Quantitative Reverse Transcriotion-polymerase Chain Reaction(RT-PCR) and Cell Culture

Objective Comparison the difference detection of influenza viruses between real-time quantitative reverse transcriotion-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and cell culture.Methods Using real-time quantitative RT-PCR and classic MDCK cells virus isolation two ways,censorship influenza surveillance point 80 copies of suspected flu specimens of influenza virus simultaneously.Results Consequence The positive of virus isolation cells is 26 copies.The positive of real-time quantitative RTPCR is 36 copies,x~2=8.1,P0.005.Conclusion Through this experiment,verifying the real-time quantitative RT-PCR is really fast sensitive and suitable for rapid diagnostic laboratory.
Successes and Failures of Combined Modalities in Upper Gastrointestinal Malignancies: New Directions

Upper gastrointestinal malignancies generally have moderate to poor cure rates, even in the earliest stages, thereby implying that both local and systemic treatments have room for improvement. Therapeutic options are broadening, however, with the development of new immunotherapies and targeted agents, which can have synergistic effects with radiotherapy. Here we discuss the current state of combined modality therapy for upper gastrointestinal malignancies, specifically recent successes and setbacks in trials of radiation therapy with targeted therapies, vaccines, immunotherapies, and chemotherapies.
Retinal Findings and Characteristics in AIDS Patients With Systemic Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex and Toxoplasmic Encephalitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and characteristics of retinal and choroidal manifestations of toxoplasmosis and/or Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The authors analyzed their prospectively collected data and found 120 patients with new retinal lesions (group A) that were diagnosed 3 months or longer following the diagnosis of MAC and/or toxoplasmic encephalitis. The authors also performed a point prevalence study of retinal/choroidal findings in 25 consecutive AIDS patients (group B) without known eye disease who had been recently treated for toxoplasmic encephalitis and/or disseminated MAC infections. In addition, the characteristics of retinochoroidal toxoplasmosis scars in 5 AIDS patients were studied and compared with the characteristics of scars in 18 immunocompetent patients. RESULTS: In this study the incidence of ocular manifestations of MAC was zero (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.0% to 3.8%). Two of 25 patients (8%) (95% CI 1% to 26%) in group A and 2 of 1 1 patients (18.1%) (95% CI 3.3% to 51.8%) in group B had toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. CONCLUSION: In AIDS patients, ocular manifestations of toxoplasmosis are more common than ocular MAC. In addition, when compared with immunocompetent patients, AIDS patients tend to have retinochoroidal scars with less retinal pigment epithelium hyperplasia (1.8+ vs 3+) (P= .03).
The Roles of Sodium Transport and Anion Permeability in Generating Transepithelial Potential Differences in Larval Salamanders

1. Larval salamanders in pond water actively transport both Na + and Cl - inwards. The two fluxes can occur independently, indicating that they are not linked obligatorily through a single mechanism. Ammonia is excreted extrarenally at rates comparable with active Na + influx. 2. A potential difference exists across the body surface of larval salamanders under these conditions. Over the range 0.1-10 mM the transepithelial potential (TEP) varies approximately logarithmically with [NaCl]. Only Na + and Li + salts generate such a TEP, while K + , Rb + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and NH 4 + salts have little effect. Azide and dinitrophenol abolish the TEP, while strophanthin has no effect. When active Na + uptake is enhanced by salt-depletion, higher TEPs are generated. Conversely, animals with Na + transport depressed by salt-loading show significantly smaller TEPs. 3. The magnitude of the TEP is uneffected by replacing NaCl with Na 2 SO 4 . Permeability of the body surface to SO 4 2- is very low, and the similarity in electrical behaviour of the two anions suggests that Cl - penetration by diffusion is also small. This surmise is supported by two observations: (1) KCl generates no TEP over a wide range of concentrations; and (2) cupric ion has no effect on the TEP developed in dilute NaCl solution. 4. It is suggested that the TEP in salamanders is generated by active inward transport of Na + , but that in dilute solutions electrostatic neutrality is maintained by a cation-exchange system involving ammonium ion. Uptake of Cl - under these conditions appears to occur by an independent mechanism and is non-electrogenic.
Preoperative androgen-deprivation therapy for clinical stage T3 prostate cancer

The widespread availability of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues has renewed interest in androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) before radical prostatectomy. Neoadjuvant ADT in patients with clinically localized tumors has resulted in decreased margin-positive rates and increased rates of organ-confined disease. Unfortunately, the pathological effects of ADT in patients with locally advanced (cT3) prostate cancer have been less marked. This article reviews our experience with neoadjuvant hormonal therapy in patients with clinical stage T3 prostate cancer. In a case-control study of cT3 patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy between 1985 and 1992, 72 patients receiving preoperative ADT were compared with a matched group of 144 untreated patients in terms of pathological outcome and long-term disease-free survival. A local downstaging effect in hormonally treated patients was suggested by lower rates of extracapsular extension, but only 31% had organ-confined disease. Hormonally treated patients showed no benefit in survival or disease progression compared with patients who did not receive this therapy. Although preoperative ADT may decrease the incidence of extracapsular extension in clinical stage T3 prostate cancer, our data suggest that it has no significant effect on survival or disease progression in patients with locally advanced disease.
Grounding Visual Sociology Research in Shooting Scripts

This essay presents a method for integrating visual representations of social and cultural realities into sociological analysis. It unites strategies of documentary photography with those of grounded theory-based field research and demonstrates the consonant interactionist and interrogatory stance of the visual sociologist. The documentary photographic method of using “shooting scripts” to structure the visual field project is shown to have a complementary relationship to a grounded theory method, and both, together, offer the visual sociologist a structured way of initiating and sustaining photographic field work.
Design of a symmetric coupler for superconducting elliptical cavities

As kicks from fundamental power couplers become a concern for low emittance future accelerators, a design for a symmetric coupler for superconducting accelerating cavities has been started. In this coupler, a rectangular waveguide transforms into a coaxial line inside the beam pipe to feed the cavity. So far the RF design revealed an extremely low transversal kick on which we will elaborate. We will also address concerns about cooling and the thermal stability of the coaxial transition line. Therefore, we will calculate the heat, heat transfer and thermal stability of this coupler and evaluate the risk of quenching due to particle losses on the coupler.
A Floquet model for the many-body localization transition

The nature of the dynamical quantum phase transition between the many-body localized (MBL) phase and the thermal phase remains an open question, and one line of attack on this problem is to explore this transition numerically in finite-size systems. To maximize the contrast between the MBL phase and the thermal phase in such finite-size systems, we argue one should choose a Floquet model with no local conservation laws and rapid thermalization to ``infinite temperature'' in the thermal phase. Here we introduce and explore such a Floquet spin chain model and show that standard diagnostics of the MBL-to-thermal transition behave well in this model even at modest sizes. We also introduce a physically motivated space-time correlation function, which peaks at the transition in the Floquet model, but is strongly affected by conservation laws in Hamiltonian models.
Lexical Processing in Toddlers with ASD: Does Weak Central Coherence Play a Role?

This study investigated whether vocabulary delays in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) can be explained by a cognitive style that prioritizes processing of detailed, local features of input over global contextual integration—as claimed by the weak central coherence (WCC) theory. Thirty toddlers with ASD and 30 younger, cognition-matched typical controls participated in a looking-while-listening task that assessed whether perceptual or semantic similarities among named images disrupted word recognition relative to a neutral condition. Overlap of perceptual features invited local processing whereas semantic overlap invited global processing. With the possible exception of a subset of toddlers who had very low vocabulary skills, these results provide no evidence that WCC is characteristic of lexical processing in toddlers with ASD.
Uses of Portraiture: Lady Achtienhoven, the ‘Jonge Graeff van Hoorn’, and ‘Sieur’ Pieter vande Venne

ABSTRACTCriminal records from the Hof van Holland regarding the divorce suit brought in 1655 by Isaac Paauw, Lord of Achtienhoven, against Barbara van Hove for adultery involve two hitherto unrecorded portraits. The one was a miniature of Willem Adriaan, Count Hoorn. Designed as a Petrarchan love token, it was kept in a noteworthy fashion. The other was a portrait of Lady Barbara painted by her ‘cousin’ Vande Venne that she purloined from the Pauw residence after separation from her husband. There is some evidence that the artist was Pieter vande Venne, but certainty depends on proof of his being the paternal cousin in question.
The Experience of Ethical Dilemmas, Burnout, and Stress Among Practicing Counselors

The authors reported findings from a correlational investigation examining the relationship between counselors' (N = 140) experiences with ethical dilemmas and their reported levels of burnout and stress. Using structural equation modeling, the authors identified that a higher rate of encountering ethical dilemmas related to an increased level of counselor burnout and stress among the participants. However, higher rates of reflecting on the ethical dilemmas did not have a relationship with participants' burnout and stress. The authors present implications of these findings for counselors, along with future research directions.
High sigma statistical hold time analysis in FinFET sequential circuits

Accurate hold time analysis of sequential cells is crucial to high performance enterprise server microprocessor circuit design. Due to tight timing margins, process variation, and increased instance counts of latches and flops in a microprocessor, fast and accurate hold time analysis with process variation consideration is needed. In this article, we present a novel, high-sigma, SPICE-based analysis methodology that accurately characterizes hold time of a sequential cell with margin for multi-million instances on a chip. The methodology reduces the sample count significantly by using a distribution transform from Gaussian to Uniform, and derives the hold time within 0.5ps accuracy on a target functional yield. The methodology has been implemented in an automated flow and used in FinFET production library analysis. Analysis results demonstrate that corner-based hold time analysis can be up to 20ps more pessimistic than statistical analysis, resulting in over design. In some cases, corner-based hold time can be 5ps more optimistic than statistical results, indicates potential violation under process variation. It is important to perform statistical hold time margin analysis for sequential circuits in order to ensure the success of the high performance requirements of enterprise class of server microprocessors.
Bearing the cost to witness: the political economy of risk in contemporary conflict and war reporting:

As journalistic work has become increasingly precarious in recent decades, exposure to risk – that is, true bodily harm – has become a normalized condition for those reporting from conflict zones. ...
Individual Risk Management Decisions

The goal of applied risk assessment is usually more than just to identify hazards or to quantify health risks for individuals and populations from different exposures. A successful quantitative risk assessment (QRA) usually quantifies the probabilities of different consequences for various alternative decisions. It provides information to improve action. While QRA may also produce intermediate information, such as decision-to-exposure or exposure-to-response-probability relations, its main goal is to assess the risks (determined by consequence probabilities) and uncertainties for risk management decision alternatives that decision-makers must choose among. In this context, information from a QRA has value if it helps to identify or make decisions that increase the probabilities of more-preferred consequences and reduce the probabilities of less-preferred outcomes.
Forensic Anthropology: A Journal for our Discipline

Welcome to Forensic Anthropology , the only journal devoted to the advancement of the science and professional development of the fields of forensic anthropology and forensic archaeology. Forensic Anthropology is an inclusive venue created to foster professional discussions about research, policy, and the application of forensic anthropology globally. Issues will (at least initially) be published quarterly and available in electronic and print format. Subscription information, submission instructions, and other details can be found on the journal’s website: http://journals.upress.ufl.edu/fa. The following correction has been made to this article: Erratum: The impact factors for Forensic Science International and the Journal of the American Medical Association were incorrectly listed in the editors’ introduction. The correct impact factors for the journals, from the 2016 Journal Citation Reports © , are as follows: Forensic Science International: 1.989 Journal of the American Medical Association: 44.405
Environmental education professional development for teachers: A study of the impact and influence of mentoring

Rivers2Lake helps teachers learn to provide watershed educational experiences for students through a summer institute followed by mentoring. Teacher focus groups were conducted to investigate the i...