cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Allocation of functions in a far-term air traffic control environment

A human-in-the-loop exploration of a ground-based automated separation assurance concept was conducted that involved the allocation of certain functions between humans and automation. This exploration included operations that were sustained for prolonged periods of time with high levels of traffic in the presence of convective weather and scheduling constraints. In this environment, the automation was allocated the functions of detecting separation conflicts, resolving strategic and tactical conflicts, providing trajectory trial planning assistance, and alerting the controller to urgent problems. The controller was responsible for supervising the automation, resolving conflicts deferred by the automation, resolving convective weather conflicts, monitoring and maintaining schedule compliance, and placing free track aircraft back onto their trajectory. An investigation into the acceptability of these roles and performance of tasks was conducted where it was found that the participants rated the concept and allocation of functions with a high level of acceptability. However, issues were encountered with the automation related to the detection of and response to tactical conflicts. Lower ratings were given on account of these concerns, and it was found that a key contributor to the underlying problems was transitioning aircraft and the uncertainty of their trajectories. Stemming from those results, participants responded that they would rather have direct control over aircraft transitions as well as more control over the tactical conflict resolution automation. In contrast, participants responded that they would rather have the automation place aircraft back on trajectory, and perform weather avoidance and scheduling tasks.
DP9: an OAI gateway service for web crawlers

Many libraries and databases are closed to general-purpose Web crawlers, and they expose their content only through their own search engines. At the same time many researchers attempt to locate technical papers through general-purpose Web search engines. DP9 is an open source gateway service that allows general search engines, (e.g. Google, Inktomi) to index OAI-compliant archives. DP9 does this by providing consistent URLs for repository records, and converting them to OAI queries against the appropriate repository when the URL is requested. This allows search engines that do not support the OAI protocol to index the "deep Web" contained within OAI compliant repositories.
Investigation of the Phase Diagrams of Small Superconducting Squares of Al

An isolated superconductor with its size comparable to or smaller than its zero temperature superconducting coherence length should not host Abrikosov vortices, but may in principle still feature spatial variation in the superconducting order parameter. We report low-temperature electrical transport measurements on simply connected filled Al squares prepared by e-beam lithography featuring a lateral sample size ranging from 126 nm to 616 nm, with their zero-temperature superconducting coherence lengths, ξ(0), ranging from ∼88–111 nm. We found that phase diagrams for these samples in the magnetic field and temperature space exhibit the expected features for vortex admission in large devices, but no vortex admission when the size becomes comparable to ξ(0). In the smallest samples we observe steps in the phase diagram that may be attributable to the effects of the measurement leads.
Synthesis of phosphorylated tripeptides representing poisoned acetylcholinesterase

Abstract Tripeptide sequences bearing dimethyl phosphate, dimethylphosphorothionate, and O,S-dimethylphosphorothiolate groups at the serine residue were synthesized to serve as active site models of organophosphate-poisoned acetylcholinesterase.
A way to deal with image enhancement.

The problems raised in the News Focus article “Don't pretty up that picture just yet” (J. Couzin, 22 Dec. 2006, p. [1866][1]) on image editing in scientific publications can be ameliorated in the near term. For every published image, authors should be required to add the original, unaltered image to their supporting online data. First, this will allow the authors to gussy up their images for clarity and emphasis of specific points without being disingenuous. If they wish, aficionados in the field and other interested readers will be able to view the “raw data” and judge scientific validity. Second, by imposing the requirement for all images, regardless of the amount or type of editing, ambiguity as regards “literary license” is removed. Duplicity is not addressed, but unintentional missteps would be minimized. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.314.5807.1866
Energy-minimal finite deformations of a symmetrically loaded elastic sheet

Etude des deformations finies homogenes d'une feuille rectangulaire de materiau de Mooney-Rivlin soumise a des charges permanentes de traction egales
Fine‐scale phylogeography reveals cryptic biodiversity in Pederson's cleaner shrimp, Ancylomenes pedersoni (Crustacea: Caridea: Palaemonidae), along the Florida Reef Tract

Populations of continuously distributed marine organisms that disperse via pelagic larvae are often assumed to exist in a state of genetic panmixia because of their potential ability for long-distance dispersal. However, obligate symbionts may have more restricted gene flow due to recruitment limitations, making host specificity an important potential driver of biodiversity. To explore the tension between broad dispersal ability and limited recruitment potential, we used sequences of mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) to assess the fine-scale phylogeography of the cleaner shrimp, Ancylomenes pedersoni, an obligate symbiont of sea anemones, along 300 km of the Florida Reef Tract (FRT). The results indicate high genetic diversity within A. pedersoni populations along the FRT. Pair-wise ϕST values indicate significant genetic structuring between northern (Fort Lauderdale and Upper Keys) and southwestern (Lower Keys) populations, with significant isolation by distance. Two divergent COI haplotype lineages were detected through statistical parsimony analysis: one evenly distributed across the entire FRT (Clade 1) and one found primarily in two sample localities in the Lower Keys (Clade 2). Phylogenetic analyses using 16S-rDNA indicates that this genetic diversity is of paraphyletic origin, and possibly the result of multiple colonization events. These results reveal a complex demographic and evolutionary history for A. pedersoni populations and provide the first evidence of highly divergent intra-specific lineages independently colonizing the FRT. Because the FRT is a highly impacted coral reef system, understanding phylogeographic patterns along it has value beyond documentation of the factors that generate genetic diversity in tropical reef systems: these data are critical for creating scientifically based management strategies.
The effect of aging on prolactin secretion in rat pituitary monolayer culture.

A high basal rate of prolactin (PRL) secretion (.16±.03 μg/well/hr) was produced for over four weeks by pre-confluent male rat pituitary monolayer cell cultures. When the media was changed, a rapid release of microgram quantities of PRL occurred followed by a return to the basal PRL secretory rate by seven hours. Theophylline (3.8×10−3M), but not dibutyrl cAMP (1×10−3M), produced a significant (p<.02) increase in PRL secretion, and simultaneous addition of these agents potentiated the PRL secretory rate. TRH (2×10−8M) had no effect on PRL release by six hours, whereas dopamine (4.9×10−5M) produced a significant suppression (p<.002) of PRL secretion. In addition, the effects of theophylline, TRH, and dopamine on PRL secretion were similar in cultures of various ages. Ovine prolactin in concentrations up to 50 μg per ml produced no change in PRL secretion during 72 hours of incubation suggesting that PRL feedback control of its own secretion may be transmitted via the hypothalamus. These studies show that a high rate of PRL secretion can be maintained by pre-confluent monolayer cultures for extended periods of time, permitting repeated experimentation on the same wells.
The stacking-fault energy of the hexagonal ζ-phase in the silveraluminum system II. An experimental determination

Abstract Attempts were made to determine the stacking-fault energy γ of the h.c.p. ζ-phase in the silveraluminum system at room temperature using electron transmission microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Because no dislocation nodes could be observed in any of the specimens, it was not possible to obtain absolute values of γ by means of electron transmission microscopy. Line-breadth X-ray measurements showed that the stacking-fault probability α decreased from α = 0.073 in the low aluminum alloys to α = 0.018 in the high aluminum alloys. This variation of α with aluminum content agrees with previous theoretical calculations of γ which showed that γ increases with increasing aluminum content. The microstrains parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis were found to be nearly isotropic, decreasing in magnitude with increasing aluminum content. By contrast, the domain sizes parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis were found to be anisotropic, with the greatest deviation from isotropy occurring in the low aluminum alloys.
Restorative justice responses to post–September 11 hate crimes: Potential and challenges

This article focuses on the extent to which victim-offender mediation was utilized by restorative justice practitioners in response to anti-Arab and anti-Muslim harassment and other September 11–related hate crimes. Specific attention was given to the disparity between the advocacy for victim-offender mediation in these incidents and its actual use, and the lessons to be learned from restorative justice efforts after September 11.
Correlation of potassium extracted by different methods with vegetative growth of teff

Abstract Very little or no information exists on the correlation of teff [Eragrostis teff (Zucc)] with available potassium (K) extracted by any method. Three soils; a Hiwassee loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Rhodudults), a Vaiden clay (very fine, montmorillonitic, thermic, Vertic Hapiudalfs), and a Marvyn sand (fine, siliceous, thermic, Typic Hapludults) from unfertilized either forest or pasture lands of Alabama were used in this study. Potassium rates ranging from 0 to 240 (mg/kg soil) were applied to these soils and teff was grown in the greenhouse. Plant available K was extracted by Mehlich I, Mehlich III, modified Mississippi, Bray PI and neutral normal ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) methods and the K in each extract was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Available K determined by each method, relative yield, and K uptake of teff were all highly correlated with the applied K rate. Available K determined by each method was significantly correlated with relative yield of teff on the H...
Accurate nucleic acid concentrations by nuclear magnetic resonance

Determination of the concentration of biochemical samples often yields values with uncertainties of 10-20% or more. This paper details a protocol for use with 500- to 600-MHz NMR spectrometers to measure approximately 1mM concentrations within +/-1-3% accuracy. With suitable precautions, all compounds have equal NMR "absorption coefficients" for protons. About 2mg of sample are needed for proteins and nucleic acids with MW=5000, although less accurate determinations could be made with smaller amounts. The technique utilizes standardized internal reference reagent compounds, cacodylic acid or 3-(trimethylsilyl)propionic-2,2,3,3-d(4) acid sodium salt. Spectra were signal-averaged using long interpulse delays so that integrals of nonexchangeable protons could be quantified relative to the reference standard. Accurate determinations require careful optimization of the homogeneity of the magnetic field and meticulous attention to sample preparation and spectral processing. The main source of error is usually the accuracy of micropipets. If sample preparation errors could be eliminated, the lower limit of accuracy with the current generation of NMR spectrometers is probably near 0.4%. However, this would require >99.5% sample purity. Methods are described to establish the concentration of the standards, and applications are illustrated with DNA mono- and oligonucleotides. Similar procedures should apply to proteins, polysaccharides, and other biomolecules, with about the same accuracy and precision.
CT evaluation of intervertebral foramina lesions with normal or non-diagnostic myelograms. Report of ten cases

Ten patients with radicular leg pain are reported in whom good quality myelograms were either normal or non-diagnostic of a disc or tumor. Subsequent CT examination demonstrated herniated discs (eight patients) or tumors (two patients) in the intervertebral foramen, all located too far laterally to be seen with myelography.
CONTROL OF AZOTEMIC HYPERPARATHYROIDISM BY PARATHYROID AUTOTRANSPLANTATION AND 1,25-DIHYDROXYCHOLE-CALCIFEROL (1,25-DHCC)

A 10-year-old male with congenital bilateral renal hypoplasia, chronic renal failure, and secondary hyperparathyroidism, developed bone pain and inability to walk. He was azotemlc (BUN, 117 mg/dl) and had characteristic blood biochemical alterations (serum calcium, 6.5 mg/dl, phosphorus, 8.4 mg/dl, and alkaline phosphatase, 1215 units). Immunoreactive serum parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was markedly elevated, 1900 μlEq/ml (normal range, undetectable to 40 μlEq/ml). Four months later a total parathyroidectomy was done with autotransplant of a 1/8 remnant of parathyroid tissue into a sternocleldomastoid muscle. The immediate postoperative period was attended by hypocalcemia requiring sustained intravenous infusion of calcium. The iPTH declined to 520μlEq/ml on the first postop day (preop level, 1500 μlEq/ml) and to 130 μlEq/ml on third postop day. Subsequently iPTH oscillated between 80 and 130 μEq/ml. Two months postoperatively, hemodialysis was begun. At this time iPTH was still elevated (110 μlEq/ml) and treatment with 1.25-DHCC. 0.5 mcg/day was begun. Muscle strength improved dramatically accompanied by ability to walk. Radiologically evident bone lesions regressed and iPTH further declined to less than 40 μlEq/ml and alkaline phosphatase returned to normal. We conclude that 1,25-DHCC adequately suppressed the parathyroid remnant, by promoting adequate intestinal absorption of calcium, preventing re-emergence of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Surveillance Sensor Test Chamber: System Design Concepts Of Internal Calibrator And Of Calibration Sources

The internal calibration system of a newly designed surveillance sensor test chamber and a novel approach of generating a multitude of identical thermal point sources are described and discussed.
Clinical evaluation of anisotropine methyl bromide (valpin), an anticholinergic drug.

The administration of anisotropine methyl bromide to patients with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, most of which were functional gastroenteropathies, brought symptomatic relief only to a minority. These disappointing results were reflected further in the outcome of a double-blind study in 100 patients in whom, when the randomized drug numbers were decoded, therapeutic responses and side effects were not significantly different from those of patients receiving a placebo.
RNA‐DNA ratios in white muscle tissue biopsies reflect recent growth rates of adult brown trout

Recently developed fluorescence techniques were used to quantify RNA-DNA ratios in white epaxial muscle tissue biopsies taken from live adult brown trout. RNA-DNA ratios from small biopsies (4–24 mg wet weight) were measured concurrently with growth over 5 weeks in two groups of brown trout fed different rations, 5% BW day– 1 (reference) and 1% BW week– 1(treatment). Reduced rations had significant effects on RNA-DNA ratios in muscle tissue biopsies. The treatment group had significantly lower mean RNA–DNA ratios than the reference group after the first week. After 5 weeks of treatment the mean RNA–DNA ratios of the treatment and reference groups were 1–98 and 4–31, respectively. RNA-DNA ratios from muscle tissue biopsies reflected recent growth rates in the two groups of fish. This technique allows a biochemical measurement of growth rates in adult fish without mortality.
Imaging the Central Conducting Lymphatics: Initial Experience with Dynamic MR Lymphangiography

Our study describes the feasibility of a minimally invasive technique to visualize dynamic contrast material transit within the central conducting lymphatics with percutaneous intranodal injection of gadolinium-based contrast material and time-resolved three-dimensional MR imaging of the body.
Structural Analysis of Off-Axis SiC Planes for the Growth of SiC and AlGaN Films

An orientation relationship between the cubic 3C and nH hexagonal structures was developed to identify low surface energy, close packed, conducive to growth hexagonal semi-polar planes. This was done to identify planes on which micropipe free SiC crystals, and/or hetero-epitaxial AlGaN structures with a reduced piezoelectric field and a smaller lattice mismatch could be grown. The nH (33 0 2n)H and (33 0 n )H hexagonal planes, which correspond to the (100)C and (111)C cubic planes are identified, and equations are developed to determine their planar structure and packing density to assess whether there is a reasonable chance that high quality material can be grown on these surfaces and whether it is likely that stacking faults will be formed. It is shown that stacking faults will likely form in SiC crystals; it is also shown that good epitaxy of AlGaN films should be possible on these planes although it is likely stacking faults will be formed.
The hemodynamic effect of slowing the heart rate by paired or coupled stimulation of the atria

Abstract The effect on cardiac output and arterial pressure of slowing the heart rate below the sinus rate by paired and coupled stimulation of the atria, and of increasing the heart rate above the sinus rate by single pacing of the atria, was tested in 11 patients. When the heart rate was slowed by coupled or paired stimulation of the atria, the second of each of a pair of atrial impulses was blocked at the A-V node and ventricular activation was unaltered. In patients with sinus rhythm, coupled and paired stimulation of the atria is a safe method for slowing the heart rate. There was no significant change in the external work performed by the heart when the heart rate was decreased below the sinus rate as much as 45 per cent or increased above the sinus rate as much as 50 per cent.
Scattering properties of an open quantum system

We study the scattering properties of an open quantum system, in terms of the complex poles of the analytically continued energy Green's function. We use a model for which many dynamical properties can be expressed analytically. We first study particle wave scattering and compute the Wigner delay times. Then, using perturbation theory, we compute the photodetachment rate due to a weak time-periodic electric field. In addition, we show that the model we use qualitatively reproduces several features of the experimentally obtained photodetachment cross section of H- ions and gives interesting insight into the mechanism underlying the photodetachment of H- ions.
Treatment of “Trash-Hand” Following Intraarterial Injection of Drugs in Addicts Case Studies

As intravenous drug abusers grow older, they develop a paucity of superficial veins for access, which compels them to guess at the location of deeper veins for access. On occasion, the drug is injected into an artery, resulting in limb-threatening ischemia. Five patients (3 men/2 women) with an average age of 35.6 years (range twenty-eight to forty-three years) who inadvertently injected illicit drugs into an upper extremity artery developed a «trash-hand.» The injected drugs include crushed meperidine (2), crushed codeine (2), and crushed haloperidol (1). The patients initially treated with heparin alone (2) or dextran-40 alone (1) had progressive ischemia resulting in amputation of their hand. Patients initially treated with a combination of heparin and dextran-40 had limb salvage. This small group of patients demonstrates that the combination of heparin and dextran-40 may be advantageous for treatment of patients with «trash-hand»
Parenting Attributions and Attitudes in Cross-Cultural Perspective.

SYNOPSIS Objective. This article used the Parenting Across Cultures Project to evaluate similarities and differences in mean levels and relative agreement between mothers' and fathers' attributions and attitudes in parenting in 9 countries. Design. Mothers and fathers reported their perceptions of causes of successes and failures in caregiving and their progressive versus authoritarian childrearing attitudes. Gender and cultural similarities and differences in parents' attributions and attitudes in 9 countries were analyzed: China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States. Results. Although mothers and fathers did not differ in any attribution, mothers reported more progressive parenting attitudes and modernity of childrearing attitudes than did fathers, and fathers reported more authoritarian attitudes than did mothers. Country differences also emerged in all attributions and attitudes that were examined. Mothers' and fathers' attributions and their attitud...
Genetic Testing and Counseling in the Diagnosis and Management of Young-Onset Dementias

Young-onset dementia is hereditary, multifactorial, or sporadic. The most common hereditary dementias include Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal degeneration, Huntington disease, prion diseases, and cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Careful attainment of family history assists with diagnosis and determining the likelihood of a genetic cause, and can direct genetic testing. The type of genetic testing depends on confidence of the diagnosis, patient's and affected relatives' symptoms, and the number of disease genes. Single gene, disease-specific gene panels, and large dementia panels are available. Genetic counseling should be given and informed consent obtained. Predictive testing follows the Huntington disease protocol.
23 PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO NON-ORGANIC FAILURE-TO-THRIVE (NOFT)

A 40 minute standarized interview (INT) based on factors previously associated with child neglect and abuse, was given to 1400 consecutive low income prenatal patients after informed consent. Using arbitrary criteria, 273 were selected as high risk (HR). NOFT ( .05).
Understanding the Implications of HIV Disease in Women

Recently, greater attention has been focused on the implications of HIV disease for women. This is coupled with a greater awareness that women are impacted in different ways physically, psychologically, and socially by HIV infection or AIDS in comparison to men. In this article, counselors are urged to become knowledgeable about the many issues and stressors that women with HIV disease face. This article provides an overview of such concerns, including disease characteristics, progression, and symptoms. In addition, psychological, social, and relationship concerns are identified in relation to parenting, intimate relations with partners, and family and friendship support.
Corrosion of ferrous alloys in eutectic lead-lithium environment

Abstract Corrosion data have been obtained on austenitic prime candidate alloy (PCA) and Type 316 stainless steel and ferritic HT-9 and Fe-9Cr-1Mo steels in a flowing Pb-17 at. % Li environment at 727 and 700 K (454 and 427°C). The results indicate that the dissolution rates for both austenitic and ferritic steels in Pb-17Li are an order of magnitude greater than in flowing lithium. The influence of time, temperature, and alloy composition on the corrosion behavior in Pb-17Li is similar to that in lithium. The weight losses for the austenitic steels are an order of magnitude greater than for the ferritic steels. The rate of weight loss for the ferritic steels is constant, whereas the dissolution rates for the austenitic steels decrease with time. After exposure to Pb-17Li, the austenitic steels develop a very weak and porous ferrite layer which easily spalls from the specimen surface.
A prospective analysis of stress and fatigue in recurrent low back pain

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine whether patients with recurrent low back pain display a different pattern of mood fluctuations across days than matched healthy controls and whether these mood states are related to pain occurrence and/or magnitude using a prospective design. The questions addressed are whether mood states prior to a pain episode are associated with the episode or whether mood relates to pain as a secondary reaction. Similarly, the relationship between mood state recorded prior to, during or following pain and magnitude of pain experienced was investigated. Thirty-three ambulatory chronic low pack pain patients and an equivalent group of asymptomatic controls matched for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and reported activity level monitored mood state (anxiety, tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, confusion) and pain before breakfast, at 4 p.m. and at bedtime for 14 consecutive days. Groups were successfully matched. Analyses revealed significantly higher levels of tension, anxiety and fatigue and lower levels of vigor in the pain cases. No mood state was predictive of pain onset but fatigue was associated with pain 24 h following pain, indicating fatigue as secondary to pain. While mood state recorded prior to or following pain was unable to predict magnitude of pain, fatigue was associated with the level of pain experienced during the pain episode itself. The findings reveal a pattern of anxiety, tension and fatigue where fatigue is associated with increased pain during the pain episode and is increased 24 h following pain. This fatigue-pain relationship is superimposed upon a continuous elevation of anxiety and tension. These findings suggest the importance of pain management efforts directed at decreasing patients' fatigue levels, and increasing functional endurance while simultaneously reducing anxiety. The results also question the role of negative mood states in the initiation or exacerbation of pain and highlights the influence of physical mood states such as fatigue on pain in low back pain.
Relationship Between Adolescent Bunions and Flatfeet

Pes planus has been suggested as a factor in the development of bunions in adolescents. This study objectively evaluated the radiographs of 36 adolescents with 66 hallux valgus deformities for the presence of associated flatfeet. The bunion deformity in these adolescents was also characterized. Only 26.6% of these adolescents had an increased intermetatarsal angle and 8.1% an abnormal metatarsus varus angle as compared with the published norms. Measurements of pes planus including talar pitch, calcaneal plantar angle, dorsoplantar talonavicular angle, and lateral talocalcaneal angle showed an incidence of flatfeet in adolescents with bunions that was 8 to 24 times greater than expected.
Structure of the ferrous form of (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate dioxygenase from Streptomyces avermitilis in complex with the therapeutic herbicide, NTBC.

Di- and triketone inhibitors of (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) are both effective herbicides and therapeutics. The inhibitory activity is used to halt the production of lipophilic redox cofactors in plants and also in humans to prevent accumulation of toxic metabolic byproducts that arise from specific inborn defects of tyrosine catabolism. The three-dimensional structure of the FeII form of HPPD from Streptomyces avermitilis in complex with the inhibitor 2-[2-nitro-4-(triflouromethyl)benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC) has been determined at a resolution of 2.5 A. NTBC coordinates to the active site metal ion, located at the bottom of a wide solvent-accessible cavity in the C-terminal domain of the protein. The iron is liganded in a predominantly five-coordinate, distorted square-pyramidal arrangement in which Glu349, His187, and His270 are protein-derived ligands and two other ligands are from the 5‘ and 7‘ oxygens of NTBC. There is a low-occupancy water molecule in the sixth coordination...
Capacity and reliability function per fourth moment cost for WSSUS fading channels

This paper addresses the capacity of wide sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) fading channels. Associated with a given input signal we define a quantity called the "fourthegy" of the signal, relative to a given WUSSUS channel. The name is inspired by the fact that the measure is fourth order in the input signal amplitude. The fourthegy depends on the signal through its ambiguity function, and on the channel through a simple channel response function. The maximum possible mutual information for the channel per unit fourthegy is found. Roughly speaking, the fourthegy is a sum over time and frequency bins of the local signal energy squared. The fourthegy-to-energy ratio of direct-sequence spread spectrum signals is inversely proportional to the bandwidth. Therefore, for such signals, the capacity per unit energy (or the capacity per unit time for fixed power) tends to zero as the bandwidth increases. This does not happen to signals that are more bursty in time-frequency space, such as frequency-hopped signals or M-ary frequency shift keyed signals. A similar result was found by Gallager and Medard (see Proc. International Symposium on Information Theory'97 (ISIT), Ulm, Germany, p.471, 1997) for a less conventional channel model. Numerical evaluation of the bound shows it to be informative only for rather large bandwidths.
Encounter Rates From Road‐Based Surveys of Rio Grande Wild Turkeys in Texas

Abstract Traditional index-based techniques have indicated declines in Rio Grande wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia; hereafter, wild turkey) populations across much of Texas, USA. However, population indices can be unreliable. Research has indicated that road-based surveys may be an efficacious technique for monitoring wild turkey populations on an ecoregion level. Therefore, our goal was to evaluate applicability of road-based distance sampling in the Cross Timbers, Edwards Plateau, Rolling Plains, and South Texas ecoregions of Texas. We conducted road-based surveys in each ecoregion during December 2007–March 2008 to estimate wild turkey flock encounter rates and to determine survey effort (i.e., km of roads) required to obtain adequate sample sizes for distance sampling in each ecoregion. With simulations using inflatable turkey decoys, we also evaluated effects of distance to a flock, flock size, and vegetative cover on turkey flock detectability. Encounter rates of wild turkey flocks from r...
Psychometric properties of a MOVE!23 subscale: Perceived Contributors to Weight Change in a national sample of veterans.

The MOVE!23, a questionnaire to assess weight-related domains in veterans, was examined. Factor analysis of Perceived Contributors to Weight Change revealed three factors (psychosocial, eating behavior, and medical) that were positively correlated with body mass index, and psychiatric and medical comorbidity (p’s < 0.001). Multivariable cumulative logit models modeling the factor scores indicated that women were more likely than men to endorse psychosocial (odds ratio = 2.15, confidence interval = 2.04–2.27) and medical (odds ratio = 1.69, confidence interval = 1.59–1.79) items. The MOVE!23 Perceived Contributors to Weight Change subscale is a reliable and valid measure that is associated with body mass index and may assist in tailoring treatments according to gender and comorbidity.
An in vivo canine model for testing treatment effects in laryngeal hyperadduction disorders

Adductor spastic dysphonia is a voice disorder characterized by a strained, squeezed, effortful voice produced by true and false cord hyperadduction. An in vivo canine model has been developed to simulate hyperadduction of the true cords. Using this model, the thyroarytenoid muscle was found to have a greater effect on intraglottic and subglottic pressure than cricothyroid muscle contraction. The intraglottic and subglottic pressure was reduced after simulated recurrent laryngeal paralysis. This model can be used in future studies to compare laryngeal treatment modalities for disorders that have a component of vocal cord hyperadduction, such as spastic dysphonia.
On the Scheduling of Hyperperiodic Tasks

A comn model for the study of real-time systems has been the periodic task. However, only some of the realtime processing is truly periodic in nature. The repetitive behavior is mainly intended to monitor the environment and detect any changes promptly. In this paper, we propose a new model for real-time tasks called hyperperiodic tasks. A hyperperiodic task is one that can be scheduled more frequently when there is "no load on the system, but always recurs at least as frequently as a given hyperperiod. The hyperperiod thus represents the maximum time interval behveen two successive completions of execution. Afer comparing this new tasking model with the classical models, we also discuss conditions for the schedulability of hyperperiodic tasks. In particular, we derive necessary and suficient conditions for a hyperperiodic task set to be feasible by exhibiting a preemptive scheduling algorithm that we believe to be optimal.
Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) (α/β)8 barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)8 structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E T and active E R . These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E T and active E R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.
Pearls, pitfalls, and updates in toxicology.

Advances in clinical toxicology are occurring rapidly, such as defining new approaches to clinical problem-solving, elucidating basic mechanisms of drug-induced toxicity, and developing new therapies. The pearls in this article are approaches to clinical problem-solving pertaining to the following: the role of the laboratory in the evaluation of the poisoned patient, the assessment and treatment of a hemodynamically compromised patient, and the psychologic injuries that may occur as a result of hazardous materials incidents. Several adverse effects of poisoning and drug interactions are described as pitfalls: complications of poisoning, recognition of adverse drug reactions, and the serotonin syndrome. Updates in therapeutic advances are also described regarding the emerging role of N -acetylcysteine, the new psychotropic medications, and new antidotes.
Global Optimization of 2-Dimensional Nanoscale Structures: A Brief Review

In the cluster structure community, global optimization methods are common tools for arriving at the atomic structure of molecular and atomic clusters. The large number of local minima of the potential energy surface (PES) of these clusters, and the fact that these local minima proliferate exponentially with the number of atoms in the cluster simply demands the use of fast stochastic methods to find the optimum atomic configuration. Therefore, most of the development work has come from (and mostly stayed within) the cluster structure community. Partly due to wide availability and landmark successes of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and other high resolution microscopy techniques, finding the structure of periodically reconstructed semiconductor surfaces was not posed as a problem of stochastic optimization until recently, when it was shown that high-index semiconductor surfaces can posses a rather large number of local minima with such low surface energies that the identification of the global minimum becomes problematic. We have therefore set out to develop global optimization methods for systems other than clusters, focusing on periodic systems in two dimensions (2-D) as such systems currently occupy a central place in the field of nanoscience. In this article, we review some of our recent theoretical work on finding the atomic structure of surfaces, with emphasis the global optimization methods. While focused mainly on atomic structure, our account will show examples of how these development efforts contributed to elucidating several physical problems, and we will attempt to make a case for widespread use of these methods for structural problems in one and two dimensions.
Spontaneous mutation in the Escherichia coli lacI gene.

To gain more detailed insight into the nature and mechanisms of spontaneous mutations, we undertook a DNA sequence analysis of a large collection of spontaneous mutations in the N-terminal region of the Escherichia coli lacI gene. This region of circa 210 base pairs is the target for dominant lacI mutations (i-d) and is suitable for studies of mutational specificity since it contains a relatively high density of detectable mutable sites. Among 414 independent i-d mutants, 70.8% were base substitutions, 17.2% deletions, 7.7% additions and 4.3% single-base frameshifts. The base substitutions were both transitions (60%) and transversions (40%), the largest single group being G.C----A.T (47% of base substitutions). All four transversions were observed. Among the 71 deletions, a hotspot (37 mutants) was present: an 87-bp deletion presumably directed by an 8-bp repeated sequence at its endpoints. The remaining 34 deletions were distributed among 29 different mutations, either flanked (13/34) or not flanked (21/34) by repeated sequences. The 32 additions comprised 29 different events, with only two containing a direct repeat at the endpoints. The single-base frameshifts were the loss of a single base from either repeated (67%) or nonrepeated (33%) bases. A comparison with the spectrum obtained previously in strains defective in DNA mismatch correction (mutH, mutL, mutS strains) yielded information about the apparent efficiency of mismatch repair. The overall effect was 260-fold but varied substantially among different classes of mutations. An interesting asymmetry was uncovered for the two types of transitions, A.T----G.C and G.C----A.T being reduced by mismatch repair 1340- and 190-fold, respectively. Explanations for this asymmetry and its possible implications for the origins of spontaneous mutations are discussed.
A synthetic electric force acting on neutral atoms

In electromagnetism, the vector potential generates magnetic fields through its spatial variation and electric fields through its time dependence. Now, it is demonstrated that, by engineering a time-varying vector potential acting on an atomic Bose–Einstein condensate, a synthetic gauge field can be generated that has the effect of an electric field on the atoms, even if these are neutral.
Probabilistic evaluation of the effect of maintenance parameters on reliability and cost

Preventive maintenance is performed to extend the equipment lifetime or at least the mean time between failures. Cost-effective maintenance scheduling is important due to budget constraints in the current situation where reduction of the operating and capital cost is the focus of the power industry. In order to establish a cost-effective maintenance, quantitative evaluation of maintenance parameters is critical. In this paper, a probabilistic model to achieve cost-effective maintenance strategies is presented. Reliability indices such as mean duration, state probability and visit frequency of each state, are computed using Monte Carlo simulation and demonstrated using a numerical example. Further, cost analysis is performed by computing all associated costs including inspection, maintenance and failure costs based on the reliability indices.
Performance evaluation of multi-operand fast decimal adders

A renewed interest in decimal arithmetic has introduced several new designs for multi-operand decimal addition. For performance evaluation, this work implements, synthesizes, and compares four unsigned and four signed-digit multi-operand decimal adders on 0.18µm CMOS VLSI technology. Furthermore, a new architecture for signed-digit decimal adders with fast implementation is proposed. Synthesis results for 2, 4, 8, and 16 operands and 8 decimal digits provide useful statistics in determining each adder's performance and scalability. The results unambiguously highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
Raters and Ratings

The rating process involves transforming a candidate's written or spoken performance into a score, usually with reference to a set of rating criteria. This chapter provides an overview of the practicalities and theory of the rating process in language assessment. It discusses practical considerations for the test designer, including the training of raters, conducting rating during an assessment, and analysis of ratings to investigate reliability. Theoretical frameworks are presented that illustrate why two different raters might assign different scores to the same performance. Following this, statistical techniques are introduced that analyze the raters' scores and reveal possible sources of inconsistency. Examples from recent studies show how language testers have attempted to improve the reliability of ratings by, for example, training raters or refining the rating criteria. The chapter ends with suggestions for how to validate a set of rating criteria and how ratings might be combined or weighted to produce a final score. Keywords: Assessment evaluation; Speaking; Writing
Sparse matrix factorization on massively parallel computers

Direct methods for solving sparse systems of linear equations have a high asymptotic computational and memory requirements relative to iterative methods. However, systems arising in some applications, such as structural analysis, can often be too ill-conditioned for iterative solvers to be effective. We cite real applications where this is indeed the case, and using matrices extracted from these applications to conduct experiments on three different massively parallel architectures, show that a well designed sparse factorization algorithm can attain very high levels of performance and scalability. We present strong scalability results for test data from real applications on up to 8,192 cores, along with both analytical and experimental weak scalability results for a model problem on up to 16,384 cores---an unprecedented number for sparse factorization. For the model problem, we also compare experimental results with multiple analytical scaling metrics and distinguish between some commonly used weak scaling methods.
Seasonal Abundance of Stable Flies and Filth Fly Pupal Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at Florida Equine Facilities

Beginning in November 2007 and continuing until December 2009, weekly stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), surveillance was conducted at four equine facilities near Ocala, FL, by using alsynite sticky traps for adults and by searching immature developmental sites for pupae. Adult stable fly trap captures were highly variable throughout the year, ranging from 0 to 1,400 flies per trap per farm. The greatest adult stable fly activity was observed during the spring months of March and April, with weekly three-trap means of 121 and 136 flies per farm, respectively. The importance of cultural control measures was most apparent on the only farm with no reported insecticide use and the lowest stable fly trap captures, where an intense daily sanitation and composting program was conducted. A survey of on-site filth fly pupae revealed that 99.9% of all parasitoids recovered were Spalangia spp., consisting of Spalangia cameroni Perkins (56.5%), Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis (34.0%), Spalangia endius Walker (5.8%), and Spalangia nigra Latreille (3.7%). The implications of these findings are discussed.
INDICATIONS, TECHNIQuES AND RESuLTS OF TOTAL HIp REpLACEMENT IN THE uNITED STATES

SuMMARY Sir John Charnley ushered in the era of total hip replacement over 50 years ago. His innovations of polymethylmethacrylate fixation of implants, polyethylene/metal bearing surfaces, standardized instrumentation, and clean air operating rooms revolutionized previous attempts to replace arthritic hips. In the United States, Charnley’s principles and implants were adopted, investigated, and modified as they have been in most countries. His basic concepts and techniques remain valid, however, and total hip replacement is widely regarded as one of the most successful procedures in orthopaedic surgery. Over 400,000 hip replacements are now performed annually in the United States.
Life in Extreme Environments

Each recent report of liquid water existing elsewhere in the Solar System has reverberated through the international press and excited the imagination of humankind. Why? Because in the past few decades we have come to realize that where there is liquid water on Earth, virtually no matter what the physical conditions, there is life. What we previously thought of as insurmountable physical and chemical barriers to life, we now see as yet another niche harbouring 'extremophiles'. This realization, coupled with new data on the survival of microbes in the space environment and modelling of the potential for transfer of life between celestial bodies, suggests that life could be more common than previously thought. Here we examine critically what it means to be an extremophile, and the implications of this for evolution, biotechnology and especially the search for life in the Universe.
Heat of denaturation of lysozyme

The enthalpy of denaturation of lysozyme was determined by measuring the heat, capacity of an aqueous solution of this protein in the vicinity of the transition temperature, 46 °C at pH 1. Within experimental error the calorimetric, heat (56 ± 8 kcal/mole) was found to agree with the van't Hoff transition enthalpy (63 ± 6 kcal/mole) determined from optical rotation measurements as a function of temperature. This indicates that denaturation of this protein can be interpreted in terms of a two-state model. Successive measurements of the same sample showed, from several lines of evidence, that the transition was about 80% reversible for the particular environmental conditions and thermal history involved in the study.