cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The somatic-visceral subdivision of the embryonic mesoderm is initiated by dorsal gradient thresholds in Drosophila.

The maternal dorsal regulatory gradient initiates the differentiation of the mesoderm, neuroectoderm and dorsal ectoderm in the early Drosophila embryo. Two primary dorsal target genes, snail (sna) and decapentaplegic (dpp), define the limits of the presumptive mesoderm and dorsal ectoderm, respectively. Normally, the sna expression pattern encompasses 18–20 cells in ventral and ventrolateral regions. Here we show that narrowing the sna pattern results in fewer invaginated cells. As a result, the mesoderm fails to extend into lateral regions so that fewer cells come into contact with dpp-expressing regions of the dorsal ectoderm. This leads to a substantial reduction in visceral and cardiac tissues, consistent with recent studies suggesting that dpp induces lateral mesoderm. These results also suggest that the dorsal regulatory gradient defines the limits of inductive interactions between germ layers after gastrulation. We discuss the parallels between the subdivision of the mesoderm and dorsal ectoderm.
The design, implementation, and acceptance of a primary care-based intervention to prevent depression relapse.

Objective:This article describes the conceptual underpinnings, implementation, and participation rates of a twelve-month low-intensity primary care-based intervention to prevent depression relapse. The intervention was designed to address the inherent problems in delivery of effective maintenance treatment in a population based sample of primary care patients.Methods:Patients at high risk of relapse based on psychiatric history who recovered from depression six to eight weeks after initiation of pharmacotherapy by their primary care physician were eligible; 194 were randomized to receive the intervention. The intervention combined education about depression, motivation-enhancing shared decision-making regarding the use of maintenance pharmacotherapy, and cognitive-behavioral strategies. The program included two visits with a Depression Prevention Specialist working in tandem with the primary care physician at the primary care clinic, with supervision and back up from a consulting psychiatrist, proactive f...
The 1988-89 Taulbee survey report (education)

Significant findings from the 1988-9 Taulbee report, which is based on a December 1989 survey of the Forsythe list of computing departments, are summarized. The survey focuses on the production and employment of PhDs who graduated in 1988-89 and the faculty of PhD-granting computing departments during the 1989-90 academic year. Among the findings is an 8% increase in PhDs granted. Of the 625 new PhDs, none are black, six are Hispanic, and 87 are women. The 129 CS departments have 2550 faculty members (an increase of 123, or nearly one per department) and reported hiring 204 faculty and losing 161. >
The Role of Problem Solving in Complex Intraverbal Repertoires.

We examined whether typically developing preschoolers could learn to use a problem-solving strategy that involved self-prompting with intraverbal chains to provide multiple responses to intraverbal categorization questions. Teaching the children to use the problem-solving strategy did not produce significant increases in target responses until problem solving was modeled and prompted. Following the model and prompts, all participants showed immediate significant increases in intraverbal categorization, and all prompts were quickly eliminated. Use of audible self-prompts was evident initially for all participants, but declined over time for 3 of the 4 children. Within-session response patterns remained consistent with use of the problem-solving strategy even when self-prompts were not audible. These findings suggest that teaching and prompting a problem-solving strategy can be an effective way to produce intraverbal categorization responses.
Justice and organizational citizenship behavior intentions: Fair rewards versus fair treatment.

In a sample of 114 employees from various industries, organizations, and positions, the likelihood of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) increased when employee perceptions of fair treatment by supervisors became more positive. Perceptions of fair rewards and fair formal procedures were not predictors of OCB intentions. After the authors controlled for established patterns of OCB and demographic characteristics, interactional justice perceptions were significantly related to the intention of performing specific organizationally beneficial activities.
Emerging Adults With Psychiatric Disabilities Involved With the Criminal Justice System

Experiencing serious psychiatric problems during the transition from adolescence to adulthood intensifies the perils emerging adults confront. Emerging adults whose childhood and adolescent experiences include significant contact with the public mental health or criminal justice systems have numerous additional hurdles to overcome. Disruptions in education, few opportunities for involvement with nonpsychiatrically involved peers, and limited life experiences reflect difficulties developing normative social control, skills, and networks. This article examines the impact of age and multiple stigmatized statuses by comparing an emerging adult and older cohort of psychiatrically disabled offenders. It explores whether there are features (demographic, clinical, and criminal ) that distinguish emerging adults that should be considered in creating appropriate community services for treatment and prevention and subsequent desistance from continued criminal involvement.
The rise of the opposition party in Taiwan: explaining Chen Shui-bian’s victory in the 2000 Presidential election

Abstract The 2000 Taiwan presidential election drastically changed Taiwan’s political landscape. For the first time in Taiwan, an opposition party candidate, Chen Shui-bian, won the presidential race, receiving 39.3% of the popular vote. To understand the factors that determined the election’s outcome, we analyze survey data from the 2000 presidential election. First, we study whether a divided ruling party was the cause of the opposition party candidate’s victory. That is, would the ruling party have lost if one of the trailing candidates had opted not to run? Second, there were charges following the election that the Kuomintang misled people into believing their candidate was still leading in the polls, when he was really running third, and this misinformation led people to vote differently than they would have otherwise, possibly giving the election to the opposition party candidate. We examine the validity of this claim by measuring the degree to which strategic voting could have influenced the outcome. Third, to understand the underlying dimensions of the electoral competition in Taiwan and to understand each candidate’s electoral support, we run a multivariate statistical model to study how strategic voting, candidate personalities, party identification, and issues influenced respondents’ vote choices. Finally, we discuss the effects of election polling data on election outcomes.
Physiological Performance of Andropogon gerardii, Panicum virgatum, and Sorghastrum nutans on Reclaimed Mine Spoil

Physiological and vegetative performances of three prairie grasses were investigated to assess their adaptation to soil conditions at two strip mine sites and a nearby railroad prairie. Additionally, rhizomes of the species were transplanted to a pot experiment and grown in both field soil and greenhouse potting medium to investigate the extent to which plants are limited under field conditions. Field measurements of photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance to water vapor were made on the three species monthly from May to late August. Gas exchange measurements on potted plants were made biweekly from early May to mid-July. In September, vegetative and flowering characteristics were measured on both field and potted plants. Field gas exchange rates were highest at one of the mines. Sorghastrum nutans had the highest rates at the mine sites, whereas Panicum virgatum had the highest rates at the prairie site. Potted plants from the prairie site usually exhibited the highest gas exchange rates, and Sorghastrum nutans had higher rates than Panicum virgatum and Andropogon gerardii. Potted plants in field soil generally had higher gas-exchange rates than plants growing in greenhouse potting medium, and potted plants had higher gas-exchange rates than field-grown plants. Vegetative and reproductive performance of field plants was highest at one of the mine sites. Potted plants in greenhouse medium had up to twice the vegetative and reproductive output as potted plants in field soil or plants growing in the field. The physiological and vegetative performance of these species indicates that they are well adapted to the soil conditions at these strip mine sites, and that they are a viable alternative to nonnative plantings for restoration.
Preconception Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Birth Outcomes in Adolescent Girls.

Abstract Study Objective Recommendations for preconception care usually include optimal nutrition and physical activity, but these have not been tested extensively for their relationship with birth outcomes such as low birth weight and preterm birth. Design Data from Waves I, II, and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) contractual dataset were used. Methods In Wave I in-home interview, participants were asked to recall their frequency of having 5 types of food on the previous day, including milk, fruit, vegetables, grains, and sweets. At Wave II, participants reported the previous day's intake of 55 items, and results were categorized into high-calorie sweet, high-calorie nonsweet, and low-calorie food. At Wave I in-home interview, participants were also asked how many times in a week or during the past week they were involved in types of physical activity. At Wave IV, female participants reported pregnancies and birth outcomes. Multivariable linear regression analysis with survey weighting was used to predict birth weight and gestational age. Results There were no associations between reported food intake and birth outcomes. Girls who engaged in more episodes of active behavior had higher birth weights ( P P for quadratic term = .01). Conclusion Adolescents who are more physically active before pregnancy have more positive birth outcomes as represented by birth weight.
Acoustic Positioning and Tracking in Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire

Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire, is frequently used as a testing area for multibeam and sidescan sonars, and is the location of numerous ground-truthing studies. Having the ability to accurately position underwater sensors is an important aspect of this type of work. However, underwater positioning in Portsmouth Harbor is challenging. It is relatively shallow, approximately one kilometer wide with depths of less than 25 meters. There is mixing between fresh river water and seawater, which is intensified by high currents and strong tides. This causes a very complicated spatial and temporal sound speed structure. Solutions that use the time-of-arrival of an acoustic pulse to estimate range will require very precise knowledge of the travel paths of the signal in order to separate out issues of multipath arrivals. An alternative solution is to use the phase measurements between closely spaced hydrophones to measure the bearing of an acoustic pinger. By using two bearing measurement devices that are widely separated, the intersection of the two bearings can be used to position the pinger. The advantage of this approach is that the sound speed only needs to be known at the location of the phase measurements. Both time-of-arrival and phase difference systems may encounter difficulties arising from horizontal refraction due to spatially varying sound speed. To ascertain which solution would be optimal in Portsmouth Harbor, the time-of-arrival and phase measurement approaches are being examined individually. Initial field tests have been conducted using a 40 kHz signal to look at bearing accuracy. Using hydrophones that are spaced 2/3 wavelengths apart, the bearing accuracy was found to be 1.25deg for angles up to 20deg from broadside with signal to noise ratios (SNR) greater than 15 dB. The results from the closely spaced hydrophones were used to resolve phase ambiguities, allowing finer bearing measurements to be made between hydrophones spaced 5 wavelengths apart. The fine bearing measurements resulted in a bearing accuracy of 0.3deg for angles up to 20deg from broadside with SNR greater than 15 dB. Field tests planned for summer 2007 will include a more detailed investigation of how the environmental influences affect each of the measurement types including range, signal to noise ratio, currents, and sound speed structure.
Large-signal two-terminal device model for nanoelectronic circuit analysis

As the nanoelectronics field reaches the maturity needed for circuit-level integration, modeling approaches are needed that can capture nonclassical behaviors in a compact manner. This paper proposes a universal device model (UDM) for two-terminal devices that addresses the challenge of correctly balancing accuracy, complexity, and flexibility. The UDM qualitatively captures fundamental classical and quantum phenomena and enables nanoelectronic circuit design and simulation. We discuss the motivation behind this modeling approach as well as the underlying details of the model. Furthermore, we present a circuit example of the model in action.
Reflections on September 11: Lessons From Four Psychological Perspectives

Several of the major theoretical perspectives within psychology can contribute to our understanding of the September 11 attacks and their aftermath. An argument derived from the psychodynamic approach suggests that terrorism may be a product of ambivalence rather than anger. From an evolutionary standpoint, the resentment that breeds terrorism, and the altruism that has arisen in its wake, may be seen as two sides of the same coin. The decision theoretic approach suggests that in the attempt to prevent future terrorist attacks, we face a seeming tradeoff between civil rights and civil liberties. Finally, the personality development approach suggests that difficult times can help forge new moral leaders.
Diabetes-associated impairment of hepatic insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity: a study of mechanisms.

Insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity solubilized from liver of control and streptozotocin diabetic rats was studied using histone H2b and poly-Glu-Tyr (4:1) as phosphoacceptors. Both substrates inhibited autophosphorylation and exogenous kinase activity when added before, but not after, receptor activation with ATP. When H2b was added before ATP, insulin stimulated exogenous kinase activity of diabetic-derived receptors was significantly higher (-50%) than control values at low H2b concentrations, but significantly lower (-50%) than control values at high H2b concentrations, suggesting a decrease in the apparent Km and maximal velocity of the diabetic receptor tyrosine kinase toward H2b. When receptors were allowed to maximally autophosphorylate before the addition of H2b, the maximal H2b kinase activity of diabetic-derived receptors was only -25% lower than that of controls. These effects were not attributable to altered ATP kinetics. Insulin receptor kinase activity toward the substrate poly-Glu-Ty...
Q&A: repeat-containing proteins.

Polyglutamine (polyGln) expansions induce protein misfolding and aggregation into fibrillar deposits, which are believed to underlie forms of neurodegeneration through a mechanism involving gain of toxic function. Polyalalanine expansions are now shown to differ from polyGln in kinetics of aggregation, morphology of aggregates and mechanism of toxicity.
Stress and Illness

As discussed in Chapter 5, stress is a complex construct. Despite problems with a commonly accepted definition and model of stress, researchers and clinicians in a variety of fields have attempted to relate stress to the development, exacerbation, and maintenance of a number of health problems. The following article was excerpted from the Manchester Guardian to provide an example of the type of reasoning that characterizes some of the work in this controversial field.
Federalism and the Spending Power from Dole to Birmingham Board of Education

This chapter in a forthcoming collection of essays to be published by Cambridge University Press (THE REHNQUIST LEGACY, C. Bradley, ed., forthcoming 2006) discusses Chief Justice Rehnquist's legacy for federalism with particular reference to the spending power. After describing the opinion in Dole and tracing the apparent origins of the five-prong test that Rehnquist set out there and that the Court has never suggested altering, I discuss three later cases: Davis v. Monroe County School Board (1999), Pierce County v. Guillen (2003), and Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education (2005). Of these, Guillen is the most intriguing. In 2001, the Supreme Court of Washington in Guillen became the first state or federal court to hold a federal statute to exceed Congress's spending power. When the U.S. Supreme Court heard the case, however, Chief Justice Rehnquist (and the rest of the "States' Rights Five") seemed aggressively to avoid reaching the spending power issue even though Guillen arguably presented a relatively easy case of a statute that exceeded Congress's powers under both the Spending Clause and the Commerce Clause. My tentative thesis is that Guillen can be reconciled with Rehnquist's other Commerce Clause and spending power decisions to date if one acknowledges that what drives his jurisprudence in both areas is a (sometimes) unstated inquiry into whether the congressional statute would regulate an area "where states historically have been sovereign," or whether it instead involves a traditional and appropriate federal function. That is, Rehnquist's legacy in the area of federalism and the spending power may be a quiet, and to date only partially successful, revival of the doctrine he set forth in 1976 in National League of Cities v. Usery, and that the Court in 1985, over his dissent, declared "unsound in principle and unworkable in practice," in Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority.
Compositional and pH effects on the interfacial tension between complex tar mixtures and aqueous solutions.

Tars at former manufactured gas plants (FMGPs) are a major environmental concern and present a number of challenges to remediators. This experimental study investigates the relationship between com...
Earth Systems Science and the Evolution (Revolution?) of Seismology

“Seismology as a profession?” asked my industry lunch host, his eyes widening in disbelief as we discussed the plans for the university department where I work to become part of a new professional school focused on the environment. My host, a former geophysics professor and now owner of a very successful environmental contracting firm, knows well some of the pressures driving such plans and, even more to the point, knows well the current job market for environmental professionals—at least of the geophysical type. His surprise reflected that the seismology we were taught, and now practice and teach, had always fit into the category of Science, and occasionally even Art, but rarely Profession. A Master's degree in Professional Seismology, a Doctorate in the Practice of Seismology? “Who will hire these students?” he earnestly asked me, stealing the question I was intending to ask him next, albeit in a much more hopeful...
Indigenous Paradigm Research

This chapter explores indigenous paradigm research, highlighting the ways in which indigenous peoples have been negatively impacted by Western research paradigms and methodologies. It then describes, how a number of indigenous scholars are resisting imposed research strategies and creating spaces for fuller expression of research based in indigenous paradigms. The chapter illuminates the epistemic violence perpetuated by unreflective imposition of Western paradigms on indigenous people, exploring the work of scholars who are addressing that violence by re-centering indigenous people and their paradigms. It explains a number of ways of collaborating with integrity when engaging with indigenous people in research, including symmetrical worldviewing, inter-paradigmatic dialogue and respectful engagement with principles of indigenous research. I share examples from my own research, the research of a number of other indigenous scholars and that of emergent paradigm scholars whose epistemologies have significant resonances with indigenous paradigms.
Determination of Vancomycin in Human Serum by HPLC

OBJECTIVE: To establish an HPLC method for the determination of the concentration of vancomycin in human serum. METHODS: Serum samples were centrifuged after serum protein was precipitated by 20% metaphosphoric acid. The separation was performed on Hypersil C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.012 5 mol·L-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (10 ∶ 90) at flow rate of 0.8 mL·min-1. The detection wavelength was set at 236 nm and column temperature was set at 25 ℃. RESULTS: The average relative recovery rate of vancomycin in low, medium and high concentrations (2.5,30.8,150.4 mg·L-1) were 99.8%, 101.1% and 98.9% respectively. The inter-day and intra-day RSD were less than 2.5%(n=5). The limit detection of vancomycin in serum was 2.0 mg·L-1. The linear range was within 2.0～170.0 mg·L-1(r=0.999 8). CONCLUSION: The method is simple, accurate, and rapid for the monitoring and phamacokinetic studies of vancomycin in human serum.
Application Prospect of Optical Fiber Quantum Key Distribution Technology in Power Grid

High-speed and large-capacity optical fiber communication plays an important role in power system communication.With the development of optical fiber communication network tapping technology,optical fiber communication security faces new challenges.This paper analyzes the vulnerability of optical fiber communication network,introduces the fiber quantum key distribution technology,and summarizes the features of three QKD networks.Finally,the paper proposes the prospect of fiber QKD in power system and future research directions.
A Book Review of Laura Ellingson's Engaging Crystallization in Qualitative Research: An Introduction

Ellingson (2009) might be the first qualitative researcher to contextualize “crystallization” as a formalized sub-methodology for conducting qualitative research using a nontraditional approach. For Ellingson “crystallization depends upon including, interweaving, blending, or otherwise drawing upon more than one genre of expressing data” (p. 11). Epistemologically, Ellingson’s feminist and social constructivist approach moves her notion of crystallization past positivism on one end and radical interpretivism on the other end of the qualitative research continuum. She looks beyond the established focus of traditional qualitative research to present crystallization as a holistic approach and “radical way of knowing” (Ellis & Ellingson, 2000, p. 30, as cited in Ellingson, 2009) by using the metaphors of a crystal and a quilt to frame her inquiry process. She advocates for researchers to interpret meaning of the participants’ personal experiences through poetry, film, theater, dialogue, song, and dance.
Prostate cancer: Urology journals recommend new prostate cancer grade groups.

A new grading system for prostate cancer — which categorizes tumours from grade group 1 (least aggressive) to grade group 5 (most aggressive) — has been endorsed by the editors of five major urology journals.
Influence of nutritional deprivation on insulin-like growth factor I, somatotropin, and metabolic hormones in swine.

Although growth hormone (GH) is a primary stimulus for the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), other factors such as nutritional status, insulin, and thyroid hormones are important modulators of circulating IGF-I levels. Thus, the effects of feed restriction and subsequent refeeding on plasma levels of IGF-I, GH, insulin, and thyroid hormones were studied in swine. Despite an elevation in plasma GH levels after 48 h of feed restriction, circulating IGF-I levels were decreased by 53% (P less than .05). Plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and insulin were lower (P less than .05) within 24 h after the feed restriction began, whereas thyroxine (T4) did not decrease until 48 h after removal of feed. Blood glucose levels remained unchanged throughout the experiment. Refeeding after the 48-h fast was associated with a decline (P less than .05) in circulating GH levels within 2 h, concomitant with an elevation (P less than .05) in plasma insulin and T3. Refeeding fasted pigs was associated with an increase (P less than .05) in plasma IGF-I; however, levels still had not returned to prefast concentrations within 24 h after refeeding. These data indicate that the GH-IGF-I axis becomes uncoupled during nutritional restriction in swine and that inadequate nutrient supply may limit the expression of the anabolic effects of GH.
Management of Vesicoureteral Reflux

AbstractThe retrospective analysis of 210 patients between 1 month and 17 years old with 314 primary vesicoureteral units with reflux was reviewed. Our results show that there was a direct correlation between the grade of reflux and the per cent of abnormal ureteral orifices. Medical management of low grade reflux produced successful results in 60 per cent of the cases. Operation was highly successful in grades I, II and III reflux as opposed to grade IV. The distal tunnel (Glenn-Anderson) and Politano-Leadbetter procedures were equally effective in curing reflux. Postoperative urinary infection occurred equally in all grades and usually was confined to the bladder.
Laboratory Investigation of Salmonella enterica serovar Poona Outbreak in California: Comparison of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) Results.

INTRODUCTION Recently, Salmonella enterica serovar Poona caused a multistate outbreak, with 245 out of 907 cases occurring in California. We report a comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) results with whole genome sequencing (WGS) for genotyping of Salmonella Poona isolates. METHODS CA Salmonella Poona isolates, collected from July to August 2015, were genotyped by PFGE using XbaI restriction enzyme. WGS was done using Nextera XT library kit with 2x300 bp or 2x250 bp sequencing chemistry on the Illumina MiSeq Sequencer. Reads were mapped to the de novo assembled serovar Poona draft genome (48 contigs, N50= 223,917) from the outbreak using CLCbio GW 8.0.2. The phylogenetic tree was generated based on hqSNPs calling. Genomes were annotated with CGE and PHAST online tools. In silico MLST was performed using the CGE online tool. RESULTS Human (14) and cucumber (2) Salmonella Poona isolates exhibited 3 possibly related PFGE patterns (JL6X01.0018 [predominant], JL6X01.0375, JL6X01.0778). All isolates that were related by PFGE also clustered together according to the WGS. One isolate with a divergent PFGE pattern (JL6X01.0776) served as an outlier in the phylogenetic analysis and substantially differed from the outbreak clade by WGS. All outbreak isolates were assigned to MLST sequence type 447. The majority of the outbreak-related isolates possessed the same set of Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands with few variations. One outbreak isolate was sequenced and analyzed independently by CDC and CDPH laboratories; there was 0 SNP difference in results. Additional two isolates were sequenced by CDC and the raw data was processed through CDPH and CDC analysis pipelines. Both data analysis pipelines also generated concordant results. Discussion: PFGE and WGS results for the recent CA Salmonella enterica serovar Poona outbreak provided concordant assignment of the isolates to the outbreak cluster. WGS allowed more robust determination of genetic relatedness, provided information regarding MLST-type, pathogenicity genes, and bacteriophage content. WGS data obtained independently at two laboratories showed complete agreement.
Particulate material fabric characterization by rotational haar wavelet transform

Abstract A Rotational Haar Wavelet Transform (RHWT) method is developed to characterize the fabric of particulate assemblies from two-dimensional images. A Maximum Energy Ratio Ψ reveals the fabric direction and its intensity. The method is implemented on 12 sand and 3 rice specimens of various shapes. It was shown that Ψ may be expressed in terms of a material's aspect ratio and relative density. A material fabric classification system based on Ψ is proposed. The parameter also defines the fabric tensor for cross anisotropic material. Scanning electron microscope images of kaolinite clay and several rock images are also analyzed.
State And Federal Coverage For Pregnant Immigrants: Prenatal Care Increased, No Change Detected For Infant Health

Expanded health insurance coverage for pregnant immigrant women who are in the United States lawfully as well as those who are in the country without documentation may address barriers in access to pregnancy-related care. We present new evidence on the impact of states’ public health insurance expansions for pregnant immigrant women (both state-funded and expansions under the Children’s Health Insurance Program) on their prenatal care use, mode of delivery, and infant health. Our quasi-experimental design compared changes in immigrant women’s outcomes in states expanding coverage to changes in outcomes for nonimmigrant women in the same state and to women in nonexpanding states. We found that prenatal care use increased among all immigrant women following coverage expansion and that cesarean section increased among immigrant women with less than a high school diploma. We found no effects on the incidence of low birthweight, preterm birth, being small for gestational age, or infant death. State public insu...
Pharmacological therapeutics in Friedreich ataxia: the present state.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a progressive, inherited, neurodegenerative disease for which there is currently no cure or approved treatment. FRDA is caused by deficits in the production and expression of frataxin, a protein found in the mitochondria that is most likely responsible for regulating iron-sulfur cluster enzymes within the cell. A decrease in frataxin causes dysfunction of adenosine triphosphate synthesis, accumulation of mitochondrial iron, and other events leading to downstream cellular dysfunction.Areas covered: Therapeutic development for FRDA currently focuses on improving mitochondrial function and finding ways to increase frataxin expression. Additionally, the authors will review potential approaches aimed at iron modulation and genetic modulation. Finally, gene therapy is progressing rapidly and is being explored as a treatment for FRDA.Expert commentary: The collection of multiple therapeutic approaches provides many possible ways to treat FRDA. Although the mitoch...
Femtosecond optical metrology applied to asteroid redirection

We consider the feasibility of optically based redirection of an object such as an asteroid in space. Excellent recent terrestrial work has demonstrated record capabilities for high resolution metrology using multiple trains of femtosecond optical pulses [1]. The extension of this current work to redirection from, e.g., 50 m distance, of an asteroid in space will not be trivial, but is arguably possible. We consider some model systems and calculate possible performance.
Physical Activity as a Weight Management Strategy

Overweight and obesity have been linked to numerous negative health outcomes and to increased healthcare costs. Therefore, there is a need to develop and implement effective and sustainable interventions for the treatment of overweight and obesity. Lifestyle interventions that reduce energy intake and increase energy expenditure are the foundation of effective treatment for overweight and obesity. A cornerstone of these interventions is physical activity, which can contribute to both initial weight loss, and more important, sustained long-term weight loss and prevention of weight regain. Engagement in sufficient amounts of physical activity may also facilitate engagement in dietary behaviors that also enhance weight loss. Thus, it is important for healthcare professionals to understand the role of physical activity in body weight regulation and to promote engagement in sufficient amounts of physical activity to assist in weight loss efforts.
The geography of solar energy in the United States: Market definition, industry structure, and choice in solar PV adoption

Abstract The solar photovoltaic (PV) installation industry comprises thousands of firms around the world who collectively installed nearly 200 million panels in 2015. Spatial analysis of the emerging industry has received considerable attention from the literature, especially on the demand side concerning peer effects and adopter clustering. However this research area does not include similarly sophisticated spatial analysis on the supply side of the installation industry. The lack of understanding of the spatial structure of the PV installation industry leaves PV market research to rely on jurisdictional lines, such as counties, to define geographic PV markets. We develop an approach that uses the spatial distribution of installers’ activity to define geographic boundaries for PV markets. Our method is useful for PV market research and applicable in the contexts of other industries. We use our approach to demonstrate that the PV industry in the United States is spatially heterogeneous. Despite the emergence of some national-scale PV installers, installers are largely local and installer communities are unique from one region to the next. The social implications of the spatial heterogeneity of the emerging PV industry involve improving understanding of issues such as market power, industry consolidation, and how much choice potential adopters have.
The White House Vice Presidency: The Path to Significance, Mondale to Biden. By Joel K. Goldstein. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2016. Pp. x, 427. $34.95.)

In 1982, in his The Modern American Vice Presidency: The Transformation of a Political Institution, the author of this book explored the importance of the vice presidency of Walter Mondale and posi...
Assessment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression in Children Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objective To assess liver disease progression using paired magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of liver fat fraction (FF) and stiffness. Study design Retrospective cohort study including patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease who had undergone repeat MRI studies. Descriptive statistics were used, as well as Pearson or Spearman correlation when appropriate. Mixed model analyses were used to determine relationships between liver FF/stiffness and predictor variables. Results Sixty-five patients (80% non-Hispanic, mean age 14 ± 3 years) were included. Time from first to last MRI was 27 ± 14 months. Over time, body mass index z score remained stable, and there were no significant differences in mean serum aminotransferases, insulin, glucose, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. However, the proportion of patients with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) Conclusions MRI-determined hepatic FF and stiffness improved in a minority of patients overtime. ALT levels were not reflective of the change in FF or stiffness. MRI-based imaging is complementary in the assessment of NAFLD progression.
Psychosocial Influences in the Etiology, Diagnosis, and Prognosis of Nonorganic Failure to Thrive

Failure to thrive (FTT) has a long history in pediatric research and practice. In addition, professionals from a variety of professional disciplines who work with maltreated children and children with emotional and developmental problems encounter FTT children in their practices (Drotar, 1988). Initially used to describe infants who were not thriving in institutions (Chapin, 1908) and later in family settings (Patton & Gardner, 1962; Talbot et al., 1947), FTT is a general term that refers to children with severe growth deficiency, defined as weight for age less than the 5th percentile based on national norms (Hammill et al., 1979). Three heterogeneous categories of FTT are recognized: (1) nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFT), in which the child’s growth deficit is primarily influenced by environmental factors; (2) organic failure to thrive (OFT), in which growth is primarily affected by a physical or organic disorder such as malabsorption; and (3) mixed FTT, in which both organic and environmental influences are present (Homer & Ludwig, 1980).
9.2 – Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

This chapter begins with a description of the anatomic location of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, drawing distinctions between the adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary, and the neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary. It describes the secretions of the posterior pituitary, ADH and oxytocin, their stimuli for secretion and their main physiological functions. It then discusses the overall plan of anterior pituitary hormone secretion under the control of releasing factors released by neurons into the portal circulation of the anterior pituitary. These releasing factors are discussed. Only one system—growth hormone—is described in detail in the rest of the chapter, because the other systems are described in their own chapters. The control of growth hormone secretion is described, as well as its mode of action on peripheral tissues.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma With Striking Intrasinusoidal Pseudoglandular Growth Pattern as a Diagnostic Dilemma Mimicking Metastatic Poorly Differentiated Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma in an Intraabdominal Lymph Node

We report an unusual intrasinusoidal growth pattern of an intraabdominal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma both clinically and histologically mimicking a metastatic adenocarcinoma. A 66-year-old woman presented with a high-grade distal biliary stricture with multiple enlarged abdominal lymph nodes. Frozen section at the time of pancreatoduodenectomy ("Whipple") demonstrated cohesive nests of large atypical cells within a totally effaced lymph node presenting a diagnostic challenge. Immunohistochemistry proved this to be a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma extensively involving the sinusoids.
Bayesian inference of hydraulic properties in and around a white fir using a process-based ecohydrologic model

Abstract We present a parameter estimation study of the Soil-Tree-Atmosphere Continuum (STAC) model, a process-based model that simulates water flow through an individual tree and its surrounding root zone. Parameters are estimated to optimize the model fit to observations of sap flux, stem water potential, and soil water storage made for a white fir (Abies concolor) in the Sierra Nevada, California. Bayesian inference is applied with a likelihood function that considers temporal correlation of the model errors. Key vegetation properties are estimated, such as the tree's root distribution, tolerance to drought, and hydraulic conductivity and retention functions. We find the model parameters are relatively non-identifiable when considering just soil water storage. Overall, by utilizing multiple processes (e.g. sap flow, stem water potential, and soil water storage) during the parameter estimation, we find the simulations of the soil and tree water properties to be more accurate when compared to observed data.
Dynamics of ambipolarity

The ambipolar electric field in a tokamak with a magnetic field ripple, in the superbanana regime of collision frequency, is studied dynamically. Gauss's law, charge conservation, and a known formula from neoclassical theory reveal the relaxation of the radial electric field to its ambipolar value, with a time constant that is nearly independent of the magnetic field. The relaxation rate is close to the frequency of various drift instabilities.
Ontogenetic allometry and architectural properties of the paravertebral and hindlimb musculature in Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus): functional implications for developmental changes in locomotor performance.

Due to small body size, an immature musculoskeletal system, and other growth-related limits on performance, juvenile mammals frequently experience a greater risk of predation than their adult counterparts. As a result, behaviorally precocious juveniles are hypothesized to exhibit musculoskeletal advantages that permit them to accelerate rapidly and evade predation. This hypothesis was tested through detailed quantitative evaluation of muscle growth in wild Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus). Cottontail rabbits experience high rates of mortality during the first year of life, suggesting that selection might act to improve performance in growing juveniles. Therefore, it was predicted that muscle properties associated with force and power capacity should be enhanced in juvenile rabbits to facilitate enhanced locomotor performance. We quantified muscle architecture from 24 paravertebral and hindlimb muscles across ontogeny in a sample of n = 29 rabbits and evaluated the body mass scaling of muscle mass (MM), physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), isometric force (Fmax ), and instantaneous power (Pinst ), along with several dimensionless architectural indices. In contrast to our hypothesis, MM and PCSA for most muscles change with positive allometry during growth by scaling at Mb1.3 and Mb1.1 , respectively, whereas Fmax and Pinst generally scale indistinguishably from isometry, as do the architectural indices tested. However, scaling patterns indicate that the digital flexors and ankle extensors of juvenile S. floridanus have greater capacities for force and power, respectively, than those in adults, suggesting these muscle properties may be a part of several compensatory features that promote enhanced acceleration performance in young rabbits. Overall, our study implies that body size constraints place larger, more mature rabbits at a disadvantage during acceleration, and that adults must develop hypertrophied muscles in order to maintain mechanical similarity in force and power capacities across development. These findings challenge the accepted understanding that juvenile animals are at a performance detriment relative to adults. Instead, for prey-predator interactions necessitating short intervals of high force and power generation relative to body mass, as demonstrated by rapid acceleration of cottontail rabbits fleeing predators, it may be the adults that struggle to keep pace with juveniles.
Catalog of the Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). 1758 to the End of the Second Millennium.II. Tachyporine Group

This catalog (published in seven parts, all released on the same day) is based on only the published literature for the Staphylinidae. Of the 32 subfamilies, the following 28 are included herein: Apateticinae, Dasycerinae, Empelinae, Euaesthetinae, Glypholomatinae, Habrocerinae, Leptotyphlinae, Megalopsidiinae, Micropeplinae, Microsilphinae, Neophoninae, Olisthaerinae, Omaliinae, Osoriinae, Oxyporinae, Oxytelinae, Phloeocharinae, Piestinae, Protactinae†, Proteininae, Protopselaphinae, Pseudopsinae, Solieriinae, Staphylininae, Steninae, Tachyporinae, Trichophyinae, and Trigonurinae. The Aleocharinae, Paederinae, Pselphinae, and Scaphidiinae are excluded from this edition of the catalog. References to the original citation or description are given for available family-group, genus-group, and species-group names of both extant and extinct forms. The type genus is cited for each family-group name, the type species for each genus-group name, and the type locality for each species-group name. Where appropriate, all subgenera, subspecies, or synonyms are listed for each valid name. Annotated subsequent references are presented for all names. Distributional summaries are given for each valid taxon. Full bibliographic citations are in Part VII. A short historical review, coauthored with Ales Smetana, follows the Introduction (Part I), with the main focus on biographical sketches that include many photographs. The goal of this catalog is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the family and to stimulate worldwide monographic studies.
Combining Bifurcation Analysis and Population Heterogeneity to Ask Meaningful Questions

Classical approaches to analyzing dynamical systems, such as bifurcation analysis, can provide invaluable insights into underlying structure of a mathematical model and the spectrum of all possible dynamical behaviors. However, these models frequently fail to take into account population heterogeneity, which, while critically important to understanding and predicting the behavior of any evolving system, is a common simplification that is made in the analysis of many mathematical models of ecological systems. Attempts to include population heterogeneity frequently result in expanding system dimensionality, effectively preventing qualitative analysis. Reduction theorem, or hidden keystone variable (HKV) method, allows incorporating population heterogeneity while still permitting the use of classical bifurcation analysis. A combination of these methods allows visualizing evolutionary trajectories and making meaningful predictions about system dynamics of evolving populations. Here, we discuss three examples of combination of these methods to augment understanding of evolving ecological systems. We demonstrate what new meaningful questions can be asked through this approach, and propose that application of the HKV method to the large existing literature of fully analyzed models can reveal new and meaningful dynamical behaviors, if the right questions are asked.
Treatment in transition: The rapidly evolving landscape of transgender and gender non-binary care

AbstractThis article summarizes the proceedings of a symposium co-sponsored by the American Psychiatric Association and the Association of Lesbian and Gay Psychiatrists. This presentation was deliv...
Emerging Adult Siblings of Individuals with Schizophrenia: Experiences with Family Crisis:

The developmental process of siblings of individuals with schizophrenia can be complicated due to crises, as well as numerous individual and familial changes. This qualitative study uses grounded t...
Optimal Trajectory Planning and Control of Buoyancy Control Device Enabled by Water Electrolyzer

Buoyancy control device (BCD) is an essential component for the underwater vehicle to achieve its vertical maneuvering. Previously, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller was developed for a buoyancy device enabled by ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) water electrolyzer. With the help of a fluid pressure sensor, the buoyancy device can be stabilized at a specific depth. However, due to the slow gas generation rate, a transition period had to be added into the depth control in order to avoid saturating the control input to the IPMC electrolyzer. In this paper, to systematically obtain the transition period, an optimal trajectory planning is developed for the BCD with consideration of slow gas generation rate. An optimal trajectory is obtained by solving a bang-off-bang minimum time optimal control problem with the control input and velocity constraints. Then a state feedback tracking control is developed to track the optimal trajectory. Simulation results have shown that the BCD is stable during the tracking and the control input and velocity are always bounded within the allowable ranges.