cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mothering Tongues: Anthropological Perspectives on Language and the Mother-Infant Nexus

While early-life experiences shape and influence the health and well-being of individuals over the course of their lifetimes (and even that of generations to come), the experiences of children and childhood also can be quite diverse. Ethnographies of parenting remind us there is no single correct or even optimal way to raise children. In studies of children and language, it is clear that children—raised in diverse contexts and conditions according to the various practices and ideas of their communities—all become competently and even successfully linguistic, cognitive, cultural, and social beings. This point seems to be missed currently in so much of the popular advice, policy, and research on language and children, even though it is understood that infancy and even pregnancy, as well as early childhood, are critical periods of human development. To this end, the focus in this chapter will be on the concerns that have been raised in recent years in the United States about language and the mother–infant nexus. Drawing from ethnographic research on pregnancy and parenting in the U.S., I consider the claims that have been made about the practices currently prescribed to parents for cultivating their children’s engagements with language and literacy. I suggest these must be recognised as particular to the context and condition of American middle-class pregnancy and parenting.
Cannabidiol Regulates Gene Expression in Encephalitogenic T cells Using Histone Methylation and noncoding RNA during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Cannabidiol (CBD) has been shown by our laboratory to attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we used microarray and next generation sequencing (NGS)-based approaches to determine whether CBD would alter genome-wide histone modification and gene expression in MOG sensitized lymphocytes. We compared H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 marks in CD4+ T cells from naive, EAE and CBD treated EAE mice by ChIP-seq. Although the overall methylation level of these two histone marks did not change significantly, the signal intensity and coverage differed in individual genes, suggesting that CBD may modulate gene expression by altering histone methylation. Further analysis showed that these histone methylation signals were differentially enriched in the binding sites of certain transcription factors, such as ZNF143 and FoxA1, suggesting that these transcription factors may play important roles in CBD mediated immune modulation. Using microarray analysis, we found that the expression pattern of many EAE-induced genes was reversed by CBD treatment which was consistent with its effect on attenuating the clinical symptoms of EAE. A unique finding of this study was that the expression of many miRNAs and lncRNAs was dramatically affected by CBD. In summary, this study demonstrates that CBD suppresses inflammation through multiple mechanisms, from histone methylation to miRNA to lncRNA.
Deep Diffusive Neural Network based Fake News Detection from Heterogeneous Social Networks

In recent years, due to the booming development of online social networks, fake news for various commercial and political purposes has been appearing in large numbers and widespread in the online world. With deceptive words, online social network users can get infected by these online fake news easily, which has brought about tremendous effects on the offline society already. An important goal in improving the trustworthiness of information in online social networks is to identify the fake news timely. This paper aims at investigating the principles, methodologies and algorithms for detecting fake news articles, creators and subjects from online social networks and evaluating the corresponding performance. This paper addresses the challenges introduced by the unknown characteristics of fake news and diverse connections among news articles, creators and subjects. This paper introduces a novel automatic fake news credibility inference model, namely FakeDetector. Based on a set of explicit and latent features extracted from the textual information, FakeDetector builds a deep diffusive network model to learn the representations of news articles, creators and subjects simultaneously. Extensive experiments have been done on a real-world fake news dataset to compare FakeDetector with several state-of-the-art models, and the experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Using Hydrogen Blends as Fuel in a Swirl Burner

Lean premixed combustion using hydrogen fuel blends is important for reducing carbon emissions to the environment in the forthcoming technology of gas turbine combustors. In relative terms, pure hydrogen shows promise as a likely upcoming fuel for use in power generation. This is achieved by new burner designs that use a low fuel equivalence ratio (having a great calorific value of hydrogen) and burn to release relatively low NOx emissions. This article explains extensively the experimental results of the swirl burner model using pure hydrogen and hydrogen-enriched methane blends. In addition, the paper discusses the problems of flashback and blowoff and the ability to switch fuels. However, fuel blends that use a high hydrogen percentage give significantly less working operational area between flashback and blowoff when compared to CH4. Safety problems are one of the challenges in using hydrogen blends, and there is a potential for serious danger because of the high rates of burning of the fuel mixture, the propensity for flashback, and the high degree of combustion instability sometimes caused in quenching the flame. Coke oven gas (COG) has a high hydrogen percentage and provides less operational area. Blowoff limits were found to improve as the outlet velocity increased and can be further mitigated with flame confinement.
Robotic minor hepatectomy: optimizing outcomes and cost of care.

Abstract Background The advantages of robotic liver surgery are strongest for minor resections, where incision size drives recovery time, but cost remains a concern. We hypothesized that patients who underwent robotic minor liver resections would have superior peri-operative outcomes resulting in decreased cost. Methods We queried the medical record and cost data for patients who underwent open or robotic minor (1–2 segment) liver resection from 1/2016–8/2019. Financial data were normalized to Medicare reimbursements. Results There were 87 patients who underwent minor liver resections (robotic n = 46, open n = 41). Specimen size (173 ± 203 vs 257 ± 481 cm3), surgical duration (233 ± 87 vs 227 ± 83 min), estimated blood loss (187 ± 236 vs 194 ± 165 mL), and margin status (89% vs 93% R0) were similar for robotic and open resections respectively, yet complications (3/46, 7% vs 10/41, 24%, p = 0.02) and length of stay (2.2 ± 2.2 vs 6.2 ± 2.9, p Conclusion Patients undergoing robotic minor hepatectomy had superior peri-operative outcomes resulting in lower total cost of care when compared to open minor hepatectomy. Financial considerations should not adversely influence selection of a robotic approach for minor hepatectomy.
Dual-Arm Needle Manipulation with the da Vinci ® Surgical Robot

This paper presents a method of planning and performing dual-arm needle grasp and regrasp manipulations using the da Vinci®Robotic Surgical System. This method implements a hybrid-object-based state-space Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm to manage needle regrasps. Previous methods have attempted to pick up a loose surgical needle in the environment and then use the same grasp to begin suturing; however, the initial needle grasp is not always ideal in terms of the needle pose with respect to the gripper or the workspace of the arm. Thus, it is advantageous to regrasp the needle in a more optimal manner before suturing proper begins. To solve the problem, a hybrid-object state space (HySS) planner is implemented under the RRT – Connect motion planning framework. This planner is able to find a collision-free handoff manipulation path connected by a series of intermediate hybrid states. We show that this algorithm produces trajectories which can be successfully executed by a simulated da Vinci® robot and result in grasps that are optimal as defined by [1].
Family-centered empowerment for perioperative stress and pain management – using novel design thinking approaches

Spine fusion (scoliosis) and Nuss procedure (pectus) are among the most painful surgeries healthy adolescents undergo. Pain experience depends on family interactions and preexisting psychosocial factors. Thus, focusing on perioperative pain protocols is not sufficient to optimize pain experience. We applied design thinking approaches in conjunction with Livewell Collaborative to design family-centered empowerment tools focused on personalized, interactive pain management solutions. The design thinking modality employed was based on Vogel and Cagan's 4-phase integrated new product development process. The project was conducted in 2 stages each over 24 weeks. Both stages consisted of design research (focus groups with all key stakeholders to define the problem and processes from a patient perspective and identify opportunities), concept ideation (benchmarking and co-creation of new solutions) and concept refinement phases. During 1st stage, we identified 5 opportunities (key drivers), positive and negative influencers of pain experiences and visual tools used to map anxiety peaks. Using a non-weighting matrix, current tools were evaluated, 4 parent-child engagement dynamic spectrums and solution themes identified – empowering, road map, clear/consistent communications, technology based AIM system and vision of Hero's journey. During the second stage, patient and parent personas were identified via thematic analyses. Existing stress management tools (sensorial, thinking, relaxation, activity) were evaluated, and an interactive tool kit was built (including binder, booklet, card set and interactive site) to empower patients and caregivers with the flexibility to find the right tools suiting their needs. Interactive tools/video were co-created with Generation Z's perspectives. Our findings are driving the implementation of solutions tailored to family units to address key periods of increased stress. Changes implemented/ready to test include preoperative psychologic screening within surgical workflows and addressing anxiety, an app for medication management, empowerment binder, booklet, card set and Hero's journey storyboarding using videos.
Refocusing the timeline of tuberculosis through the lens of BCG.

An estimated 1.7 billion people—23% of the world’s population—have been infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis .1 It has been known for over five decades that, once someone has been infected with M. tuberculosis for more than 2–5 years, the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) disease—barring a second infection or immunosuppressive condition—is small.2 Nevertheless, numerous publications and textbooks continue to cite a ‘rule of thumb’ that 5% of people with latent TB infection will develop reactivation TB disease after this initial high-risk period. Multiple recent analyses have reaffirmed that this 5% figure is a substantial overestimate.3 4 In this issue of Thorax , Trauer et al reanalyse data from 21 clinical trials of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination.5 Their comprehensive analysis provides yet another piece of evidence that the traditional conceptualisation of latent TB infection—as a static state in which people experience a constant, reasonably high risk of reactivation for many years, if not decades—should be abandoned. Prior analyses have estimated that BCG-derived protection against TB disease may wane after about 10 years,6 though long-term follow-up data are scant. Trauer et al updated a prior meta-analysis of BCG vaccine trials7 to explore whether this waning of protection more likely reflects …
Light depolarization by Mie scatterers

Light depolarization by Mie scatterers of arbitrary size and refractive index is studied analytically. The isotropization length l/sub p/ responsible for light linear depolarization is presented. Linear and circular depolarization by Mie scatterers is addressed quantitatively.
The Intervention Design Seminar

ABSTRACT This paper examines a graduate social work course designed to demonstrate to students the practice research process required to increase innovation in human services and/or to improve social work practice. Students plan a research and development project in a social problem area of their own choosing that meets explicit research standards and is consistent with their professional mission. The authors discuss the purpose of the course; its structure and content; the process of course delivery; and the outcomes it produces. Implications for professional social work education are also considered by the authors.
Ultrahigh Reliability Prediction for Fault-Tolerant Computer Systems

A review and a critical evaluation of a representative class of state-of-the-art models for ultrahigh reliability prediction is presented. This evaluation naturally leads us to a new model for ultrahigh reliability prediction now under development. The new model combines the flexibility and accuracy of simulation with the speed of analytic models.
Research Spotlight: Observing Jupiter's polar flares

[1] Jupiter's aurora often emits dramatic flares of ultraviolet light lasting several tens of seconds. Bonfond et al. captured high-time-resolution image sequences of the flares using the Space Telescope Image Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope. The scientists found that these flares occur quasiperiodically, with a time scale of about 2–3 minutes. They also identified the magnetospheric region that corresponds to these emissions, and by analogy with similar flares on Earth, they determined that the flares are probably related to pulsed reconnections of the magnetic field at the planet's dayside magnetopause. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2010GL045981, 2011)
Enhancement of Toxaphene Solubility by Ternary Mixtures

Research examined solubility of toxaphene by partially miscible organic solvents (PMOSs) in water solutions. Longer-chain and straight-chain alcohols displayed greater toxaphene cosolvency in cosolvent-water solutions than their shorter and branched counterparts. Higher molecular weight PMOSs formed ternary systems that enhanced solubility of toxaphene beyond lone completely miscible organic solvents (CMOSs). An effective first-order bi-continuum model was developed to simulate non-equilibrium sorption in miscible displacement of toxaphene from soil with varied cosolvent solutions. Overall, results showed that cosolvents increase solubility and removal efficiency of toxaphene from soil; which may be applicable for improved cosolvency and remediation of other complex chlorinated organics.
The effectiveness of prophylactic inferior vena cava filters in trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Importance Trauma is known to be one of the strongest risk factors for pulmonary embolism (PE). Current guidelines recommend low-molecular-weight heparin therapy for prevention of PE, but trauma places some patients at risk of excess bleeding. Experts are divided on the role of prophylactic inferior vena cava (IVC) filters to prevent PE. Objective To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the comparative effectiveness of prophylactic IVC filters in trauma patients, particularly in preventing PE, fatal PE, and mortality. Data Sources We searched the following databases for primary studies: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, clinicaltrial.gov, and the Cochrane Library (all through July 31, 2012). We developed a search strategy using medical subject headings terms and text words of key articles that we identified a priori. We reviewed the references of all included articles, relevant review articles, and related systematic reviews to identify articles the database searches might have missed. Study Selection We reviewed titles followed by abstracts to identify randomized clinical trials or observational studies with comparison groups reporting on the effectiveness and/or safety of IVC filters for prevention of venous thromboembolism in trauma patients. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two investigators independently reviewed abstracts and abstracted data. For studies amenable to pooling with meta-analysis, we pooled using the random-effects model to analyze the relative risks. We graded the quantity, quality, and consistency of the evidence by adapting an evidence-grading scheme recommended by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Results Eight controlled studies compared the effectiveness of no IVC filter vs IVC filter on PE, fatal PE, deep vein thrombosis, and/or mortality in trauma patients. Evidence showed a consistent reduction of PE (relative risk, 0.20 [95% CI, 0.06-0.70]; I 2 = 0%) and fatal PE (0.09 [0.01-0.81]; I 2 = 0%) with IVC filter placement, without any statistical heterogeneity. We found no significant difference in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (relative risk, 1.76 [95% CI, 0.50-6.19]; P = .38; I 2 = 56.8%) or mortality (0.70 [0.40-1.23]; I 2 = 6.7%). The number needed to treat to prevent 1 additional PE with IVC filters is estimated to range from 109 (95% CI, 93-190) to 962 (819-2565), depending on the baseline PE risk. Conclusions and Relevance The strength of evidence is low but supports the association of IVC filter placement with a lower incidence of PE and fatal PE in trauma patients. Which patients experience benefit enough to outweigh the harms associated with IVC filter placement remains unclear. Additional well-designed observational or prospective cohort studies may be informative.
Control of anterodorsal thalamic head direction cells by environmental boundaries: comparison with conflicting distal landmarks.

Experiments were conducted to determine whether envi- ronmental boundaries exert preferential control over the tuning of head direction (HD) cells. In each experiment, HD cells were recorded in the rat anterodorsal thalamus while they foraged for randomly scattered food in trapezoid- and rectangle-shaped environments. After an initial record- ing session, each environment was rotated 908, and changes in the pre- ferred firing directions of HD cells were monitored. Rats were disoriented before each test session to prevent the use of self-movement cues to main- tain orientation from one session to the next. In Experiment 1, we demon- strate that HD cell tuning consistently shifted in register with the trape- zoid shaped enclosure, but was more variable in the rectangle shaped environment. In Experiments 2 and 3, we show that the strong control by the trapezoid persists in the presence of one clearly visible distal land- mark, but not when three or more distal landmarks, including view of the recording room, are present. Together, the results indicate that distinct environmental boundaries exert strong stimulus control over HD cell ori- entation. However, this geometric control can be overridden with a suffi- cient number of salient distal landmarks. These results stand in contrast to the view that information from geometric cues usually takes precedence over information from landmark cues. V C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microwave spectrum, structure, dipole moment and barrier to internal rotation of methyltrifluorosilane

Abstract The rotational spectrum of methyltrifluorosilane in the ground and the first three excited states of the torsional mode have been investigated in the region of 12.5–40.0 GHz. The rotational transitions for the 13 C isotopic species have also been measured. The following structural parameters have been determined: r (CH) = 1.081 ± 0.004 A, ∠ HCSi = 111°1' ± 30', r (CSi) = 1.812±0.014 A, r (SiF) = 1.574 ± 0.007 A, ∠ FSiC = 112°20'± 1°6'. The structural parameters are compared to the corresponding ones for similar molecules. The dipole moment was determined to be 2.33 ± 0.10 D. From relative intensity measurements, the barrier to internal rotation was found to be 0.93 ± 0.09 kcal mol −1 ; this value is consistent with the values obtained for other methylfluorosilanes.
National study of information seeking behavior of academic researchers in the United States

As new technologies and information delivery systems emerge, the way in which individuals search for information to support research, teaching, and creative activities is changing. To understand different aspects of researchers' information-seeking behavior, this article surveyed 2,063 academic researchers in natural science, engineering, and medical science from five research universities in the United States. A Web-based, in-depth questionnaire was designed to quantify researchers' information searching, information use, and information storage behaviors. Descriptive statistics are reported. Additionally, analysis of results is broken out by institutions to compare differences among universities. Significant findings are reported, with the biggest changes because of increased utilization of electronic methods for searching, sharing, and storing scholarly content, as well as for utilizing library services. Generally speaking, researchers in the five universities had similar information-seeking behavior, with small differences because of varying academic unit structures and myriad library services provided at the individual institutions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The approximate determination of lead vectors and the Burger triangle in normal human subjects.

Abstract 1. 1. The Einthoven lead connections of six human subjects were energized with square wave impulses of 1 Ma. of direct current, and the body surface traces of the lead fields were mapped. 2. 2. Methods are described for calculating lead vectors and Burger triangles from the lead fields, and the data thus computed are given in tabular form. 3. 3. The Lead III field approximates the ideal lead configuration. The Lead II field and especially the Lead I field deviate significantly from the ideal configuration. 4. 4. A theoretical analysis of lead distortions due to the intracardiac mass of blood shows that tangential components of current dipoles in the myocardium contribute relatively little to the deflections of extremity electrocardiograms. Despite lead distortions due to intracavitary blood, the electromotive forces of the heart are probably recorded in a quasi-vectorial manner.
NMR Verification of Diastereoselective Reduction of Substituted Cyclohexanones

This experiment provides an ideal opportunity to integrate NMR spectroscopy, stereochemical principles, and the use of enzymes in the sophomore-level organic chemistry laboratory. Students work in teams and reduce either 2-methylcyclohexanone or 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone using common baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) and sodium borohydride. The stereochemistry and diastereomeric ratios of alcohols produced are determined using proton NMR. The students are asked to rationalize the contrast in stereoselectivity observed with the different reducing agents. This experiment has an advantage over other baker’s yeast reduction experiments [1–4] in that the diastereoselectivity can be directly determined by NMR.
Extraordinary Stability of Domain 1 of Neural-Cadherin

Cadherins are transmembrane proteins responsible for calcium dependent cell-cell adhesion. Classical cadherins have a common structure with five extracellular domains, connected by a 7-residue sequence linker region. Cadherins mediate adhesion via Adherens Junctions by forming a strand-swapped structure between identical protomers from apposing cells. The adhesive interface has been characterized structurally, and biophysical studies have been used to elucidate the forces that stabilize the strand-swapped structure. Upon calcium binding, the swapping of the N-terminal strands between protomers allows for the symmetrical docking of a tryptophan residue required for adhesion. Fundamental questions still remain regarding the striking difference in the calcium-dependent kinetics of dimerization between N- and E-cadherin. This study compares the first extracellular domain of N-cadherin (NCAD1) and E-cadherin (ECAD1). With NCAD1, the binding pocket for calcium is not complete, so dimerization was not expected. However, we observed a dimeric form that was not in exchange with monomer. This dimer was reversibly converted to monomer by heating the protein. Noticeably, NCAD1 was found to unfold at an uncharacteristically high temperature. Results for NCAD1 construct were similar to results for domain 1 in studies of the two-domain construct, NCAD12. Similar studies of ECAD1 show that it is significantly lower stability. In summary, our results indicate that the difference in kinetics of dimerization may be due to a difference in the intrinsic stability of domain 1.GAANN P200A120046
Mechanics of aerosols in nuclear reactor safety: A review

Abstract Although the estimated public risks from the nuclear reactors are not high, a significant fraction of these arises from the accident sequences that lead to severe core damage. Calculation of release fractions of the core radioactive inventories for such accidents requires an understanding of the evolution of aerosols in primary coolant systems and reactor containment. There have been considerable advances in aerosol mechanics as applied to the safety of nuclear reactors. In this paper, the state-of-the-art in the mechanics of a single aerosol particle is first reviewed and then available work on coagulation of two aerosol particles is discussed. Progress in kinetic theory descriptions and experimental works is described and directions of future work are noted. Next the General Dynamic Equation for the aerosol distribution is considered, and several forms of this for conditions of interest are noted. Methods of solution that are discussed include analytical techniques, similarity transforms, moments methods and numerical techniques. Computer programs that have been developed in the past few years are also discussed, and their capabilities and limitations are noted. Finally, the comparison of computed results with the available experimental data is discussed, and needs for future research are emphasized.
The relation between child maltreatment and adolescent suicidal behavior: a systematic review and critical examination of the literature.

A large body of research suggests that child maltreatment (CM) is associated with adolescent suicidal ideation and attempts. These studies, however, have not been critically examined and summarized in a manner that allows us to draw firm conclusions and make recommendations for future research and clinical work in this area. In this review, we evaluated all of the research literature to date examining the relationship between CM and adolescent suicidal ideation and attempts. Results generally suggest that childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect are associated with adolescent suicidal ideation and attempts across community, clinical, and high-risk samples, using cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs. In most studies, these associations remain significant when controlling for covariates such as youth demographics, mental health, family, and peer-related variables. When different forms of CM are examined in the same multivariate analysis, most research suggests that each form of CM maintains an independent association with adolescent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. However, a subset of studies yielded evidence to suggest that sexual abuse and emotional abuse may be relatively more important in explaining suicidal behavior than physical abuse or neglect. Research also suggests an additive effect—each form of CM contributes unique variance to adolescent suicide attempts. We discuss the current limitations of this literature and offer recommendations for future research. We conclude with an overview of the clinical implications of this research, including careful, detailed screening of CM history, past suicidal behavior, and current suicidal ideation, as well as the need for integrated treatment approaches that effectively address both CM and adolescent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.
Can Glucocorticoid Homeostasis Explain the Antiatherogenic Effect of Peripheral Adiposity

To the Editor: Tanko et al1 observed that peripheral adiposity in elderly women may be associated with a relatively reduced risk of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and vascular calcification. They suggested that this benefit reflects an antiatherogenic effect of peripheral fat. However, we believe their findings support the concept that subtly increased glucocorticoid activity may exert dysmetabolic and atherogenic effects. It is well known, for example, that supraphysiologic levels of glucocorticoids, as seen in Cushing syndrome, increase central adiposity at the expense of peripheral adiposity and muscle mass. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that connects physiologically elevated endogenous glucocorticoid activity with visceral obesity—a phenomenon that may be mediated at the central level …
Development of a kinetic warhead hardware-in-the-loop simulation

The Guidance System Evaluation Laboratory (GSEL) at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) has developed a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HWIL) Kinetic Warhead (KW) test capability to support the STANDARD Missile-3 (SM-3) program. The capability is designed to assess KW functionality in the laboratory using complex IR scene stimulus for pre-flight testing and modeling validation. Key components are a 6-DOF body dynamics simulation computer, a Matra BAe IR scene rendering computer, and a BAe Systems resistive heater IR display. This paper examines some of the unique issues encountered in testing a strapdown IR seeker interceptor using a resistive heater display and their resulting impact on the design of 6-DOF simulation software and supporting test computer architecture. We discuss architecture and software implementation issues along with the complimentary use of high-fidelity all-digital and HWIL simulations to provide a broad test capability.
Co-occurring graminoid and forb species do not differ in their root morphological response to soil heterogeneity

We measured the proliferation of roots into experimental nutrient patches in a grassland community, distinguishing roots of graminoids and forbs.
Prediction and prevention of recurrent preeclampsia

Women with a history of previous preeclampsia are at increased risk of preeclampsia and other adverse pregnancy outcomes in subsequent pregnancies. The magnitude of this risk is dependent on gestational age at time of disease onset, severity of disease, and presence or absence of preexisting medical disorders. The objective in the management of these patients is to reduce risk factors by optimizing maternal health before conception and to detect obstetric complications as early as possible. This objective can be achieved by formulating a rational approach that includes preconception evaluation and counseling, early antenatal care, frequent monitoring of maternal and fetal well-being, and timely delivery. First-trimester ultrasound examination is essential for accurate dating and establishing fetal number. Laboratory studies are obtained to assess the function of different organ systems that are likely to be affected by preeclampsia and to establish a baseline for future assessment. Recent studies have confirmed that there is no single biomarker that can be clinically useful for the prediction of recurrent preeclampsia. Combinations of biomarkers and biophysical parameters appear promising, but more data are needed to confirm their use in clinical practice. Supplementation with fish oil, calcium, or vitamin C and E and the use of antihypertensives have been shown to be ineffective in the prevention of recurrent preeclampsia and are not recommended. Supplementation with low-dose aspirin may be offered on an individualized basis. Because women with previous preeclampsia are at increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes (preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction, abruptio placentae, and fetal death) in subsequent pregnancies, we recommend more frequent monitoring for signs and symptoms of severe hypertension or preeclampsia than that recommended for normal pregnancy. This monitoring may include more frequent prenatal visits, home blood pressure monitoring, or nursing contacts. For patients with a prior pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia with fetal growth restriction, we recommend serial ultrasound evaluation of fetal growth and amniotic fluid volume. The development of severe gestational hypertension, fetal growth restriction, or recurrent preeclampsia requires maternal hospitalization.
Socioeconomics of back pain.

Chronic back pain has a huge impact on health-care systems and governments globally, being responsible for millions of days of lost work and disability. In this Viewpoint, Dr Hadler discusses how improved patient management and workplace policies can help reduce the escalating costs that are associated with this condition.
Finite element approach for the numerical analysis and modeling of diffractive and scattering objects

A Finite Element Method (FEM) for open region scattering problems with arbitrarily shaped outer boundary is considered to model diffractive objects. In open region problems it is necessary to introduce an artificial boundary to limit the area of computation. Therefore, boundary conditions are implemented to absorb the outgoing waves with as little reflection as possible. It is desirable to use Absorbing Boundary condition (ABC) which can truncate the region conformal to the geometry of the scatterer. Thus, a smaller computational domain and a more efficient numerical solution are achieved. In this talk a local ABC for arbitrarily shaped outer boundaries is used which preserves the sparsity of the resulting matrix after discretization. The second order ABCs are implemented to solve the Helmholtz equation numerically in the frequency domain. Different two-dimensional scatterers are considered. First, a study of Fresnel zone plates is conducted. The intensity and distribution of the focal points for different orders and thicknesses is discussed. Next some reflection gratings are studied and verified by comparing the results to theoretical derivations. Last a two-dimensional hologram is modeled.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impact of radiance variations on satellite sensor calibration

The intercalibration of digital data from different sensors depends on systematic and random variations in factors controlling recorded radiance. Theoretical expressions are presented which describe the impact of random variations in those factors which control radiance incident on the sensor. Means of measuring or estimating the impact of random variations on intercalibration factors are discussed. Means of detecting and calibrating for systematic effects are also discussed. We consider the optical-reflective, middle-infrared, and thermal infrared regions of the spectrum. An example is presented whereby NOAA-7 and NOAA-8 advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) radiance data, obtained over the same test fields, are shown to depend on the differences in view angles used by the two satellites.
Interleukin‐7 Influences Osteoclast Function In Vivo but Is Not a Critical Factor in Ovariectomy‐Induced Bone Loss

IL-7 is produced by stromal cells in bone marrow and is a major regulator of B and T lymphopoiesis. It is also a direct inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis in vitro. In this study we show that IL-7–deficient mice have increased OC and decreased trabecular bone volume compared with WT mice but mimic WT mice in the amount of trabecular but not cortical bone lost after ovariectomy. Introduction: Interleukin (IL)-7 is a potent regulator of lymphocyte development, which has significant effects on bone. Bone marrow cell cultures from IL-7 deficient (IL-7KO) mice produced significantly more TRACP+ osteoclasts (OCs) than did cells from wildtype (WT) mice. A previous study found that treatment of mice with a neutralizing antibody to IL-7 blocked ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss. We examined if differences exist between the bones of WT and IL-7KO mice and if OVX altered bone mass in IL-7KO mice. Materials and Methods: Studies were in 2-month-old sham-operated (SHAM) and OVX female mice that were killed 4 weeks after surgery. IL-7KO mice and WT controls were in a C57BL/6 background. Both vertebrae (L1) and femora were evaluated by DXA, μCT, and histomorphometry. IL-7KO mice were confirmed as IL-7 deficient by their almost total lack of mature B cells in their bone marrow. Results: There was significantly less trabecular bone volume in the vertebrae of IL-7KO mice than in WT mice. In addition, IL-7KO mice had significantly decreased (p < 0.05) trabecular number (13%) and increased trabecular spacing (15%). OVX decreased vertebral trabecular bone volume (TBV) by 21% (p < 0.05) in WT mice and by 22% (p < 0.05) in IL-7KO mice compared with SHAM. IL-7KO SHAM mice also had significantly less (30%) TBV (TA/TTA) in their femurs, as measured histomorphometrically, than did WT SHAM mice. Femurs from IL-7KO SHAM mice had significantly increased percent OC surface (23%) compared with WT SHAM. As in the vertebrae, OVX significantly decreased femoral TBV in both WT and IL-7KO mice by similar amounts (47% and 48%, respectively, p < 0.05 for both) compared with SHAM. However, OVX decreased cortical bone mass in WT but not in IL-7KO bones. We also examined bone marrow cells from WT and IL-7KO mice. Bone marrow cells from IL-7KO animals showed a significant increase in the number of TRACP+ osteoclast-like cells (OCLs), which formed in cultures that were stimulated with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and RANKL (both at 30 ng/ml). However, there was no significant difference in the number of OCLs that formed in B lymphocyte–depleted (B220−) bone marrow cell cultures from WT and IL-7KO mice. Conclusions: IL-7 deficiency in mice caused increased OC number in bone and decreased bone mass. OVX-induced bone loss in IL-7–deficient mice was selective and occurred in trabecular but not cortical bone.
Derivatization, stabilization and detection of biogenic amines by cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence detection.

o-Phthalaldehyde (OPA) derivatives of eight biogenic amines were stabilized at 5°C by forming inclusion complexes with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD). The derivatives were separated and detected by cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis (CE) with UV or laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. Using a borate buffer, pH 9.0 consisting of ethanol and a mixture of negatively charged sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin and neutral MBCD, baseline separation of the eight OPA derivatives was achieved within 25 min with high separation efficiencies. The detection limits (S/N=3) obtained by UV and LIF detection were determined to be 10 μM and 0.250 μM, respectively. Glutamic acid was added after the initial derivatization step to neutralize residual OPA which otherwise caused a significant interference, particularly when analysis was performed around the detection limit of the OPA derivatives. Important biogenic amines in fish, wine and urine were then derivatized and determined by CE–LIF. In the case of sole and rainbow trout, the results obtained were validated by an enzymatic assay using putrescine oxidase.
Acoustic analysis of young stutterers' fluency: Preliminary observations

Abstract The purpose of this study was to provide a preliminary description and comparison of the temporal parameters of speech production of young stutterers and normally fluent peers as represented within the acoustic waveform (for example, frication and aspiration durations) for word-initial /p/ and /b/. Subjects were 11 young stutterers (mean age = 4 yr, 5 mo) and a like number of sex- and age-matched (plus or minus 4 mo) normally fluent youngsters (mean age = 4 yr, 8 mo). Measured acoustic variables consisted of vowel-consonant transition duration (msec) and rate (Hz/msec), stop-gap, frication, and aspiration durations, voice onset time (VOT), consonant-vowel transition duration and rate, and vowel duration. Results indicated no significant differences between young stutterers and their normally fluent peers for any of the temporal measures for either /b/ or /p/, although differences in frication duration approached but did not reach significance. Correlational analyses did indicate differences between the two talker groups in that the normally fluent youngsters exhibited an inverse relation between stop-gap and aspiration durations while the young stutterers demonstrated a lack of any clear relation between these two temporal variables. Findings seem to suggest that young stutterers exhibit some difficulties effecting the relatively smooth, coordinated “compensatory” relations between laryngeal and supralaryngeal behaviors which would allow the system to remain within the “time limits” necessary for optimally smooth, ongoing, fluent speech production.
Towards Precision Medicine: Advances in Computational Approaches for the Analysis of Human Variants

Variations and similarities in our individual genomes are part of our history, our heritage, and our identity. Some human genomic variants are associated with common traits such as hair and eye color, while others are associated with susceptibility to disease or response to drug treatment. Identifying the human variations producing clinically relevant phenotypic changes is critical for providing accurate and personalized diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment for diseases. Furthermore, a better understanding of the molecular underpinning of disease can lead to development of new drug targets for precision medicine. Several resources have been designed for collecting and storing human genomic variations in highly structured, easily accessible databases. Unfortunately, a vast amount of information about these genetic variants and their functional and phenotypic associations is currently buried in the literature, only accessible by manual curation or sophisticated text text-mining technology to extract the relevant information. In addition, the low cost of sequencing technologies coupled with increasing computational power has enabled the development of numerous computational methodologies to predict the pathogenicity of human variants. This review provides a detailed comparison of current human variant resources, including HGMD, OMIM, ClinVar, and UniProt/Swiss-Prot, followed by an overview of the computational methods and techniques used to leverage the available data to predict novel deleterious variants. We expect these resources and tools to become the foundation for understanding the molecular details of genomic variants leading to disease, which in turn will enable the promise of precision medicine.
Advanced Components for PEMFC Stacks

Currently, fuel cell cost reduction and long life are major priorities for fuel cells to be commercially successful for vehicle, stationary, or portable power applications. In the last five years, Gas Technology Institute (GTI) has formulated and developed a low cost, long lifetime, high conductivity proton exchange membrane (PEM) yielding state-of-the-art fuel cell performance. Additionally, a non-coated, corrosion-resistant metal alloy bipolar separator plate has been patented and tested for both hydrogen-fueled and direct methanol fueled PEMFC applications. Tests in fuel cells plus out-of-cell ASTM corrosion tests have shown very low corrosion rates under fuel cell operating conditions. Metal alloy separator plates have run for over 23,000 hours in cells with corrosion rates an order of magnitude less than the DOE target of 1 μA/cm2 . GTI’s fuel cell polymer membrane research focused on three criteria: (1) use of low cost materials; (2) polymer structures stable under fuel cell operating conditions; and (3) performance equal or better than current Nafion membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). Fluorine-containing polymers were eliminated due to cost issues, environmental factors, and the negative influence fluorine ion loss has on metallic separator plates. The polymer membrane material was synthesized and cast into films, then fabricated into MEAs. The cost of the membrane (raw materials plus film processing materials) is estimated to be less than $10/m2 — or less than 10% of available technology. A variety of out-of-cell testing showed the membrane has sufficient strength, flexibility, and conductivity to serve as an ion conducting membrane for fuel cells. A series of 60 cm2 active area single cells and short stacks were operated over a wide range of fuel cell conditions, showing state-of-the-art MEA performance with long-term polymer stability.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Analyzing the Power Spectrum of the Little Bangs

Abstract In this talk we discuss the analogy between data from heavy-ion collisions and the Cosmic Microwave Background. We identify p T correlations data as the heavy-ion analogy to the CMB and extract a power-spectrum from the heavy-ion data. We define the ratio of the final state power-spectrum to the initial coordinate-space eccentricity as the transfer-function. From the transfer-function we find that higher n terms are suppressed and we argue that the suppression provides information on length scales like the mean-free-path. We make a rough estimate of the mean-free-path and find that it is larger than estimates based on the centrality dependence of ν 2 .
Synthesis, characterization and reactivity of a trinuclear copper(II) thiocyanurate complex: A spin-frustrated molecular propeller

Abstract 1,3-bis{2-(4-methylpyridyl)imino}isoindoline (4-MeInH) reacts with copper(II) acetate and 2,4,6-trimercaptotriazine (H3TMTA) to yield [Cu(4-MeIn)]3(TMTA), a trinuclear propeller complex composed of three Cu(4-MeIn) “blades” coordinated to a 2,4,6-trimercaptotriazine (TMTA) “hub”. Each copper(II) center is coordinated via a exocyclic sulfur and a ring nitrogen from TMTA. Although the trimer is infinitely stable in the solid state, dark green solutions fade over time to produce a mixture of dinuclear products which are a result of both hydrolysis and desulfurization reactions. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements on [Cu(4-MeIn)]3(TMTA) are consistent with a spin-frustrated doublet ground state and show the presence of moderate antiferromagnetic coupling (−2J = 38.14 cm−1) between the copper(II) centers.
Seismic Interaction of Interconnected Electrical Substation Equipment

This paper investigates experimentally the dynamic interaction between components of electrical substation equipment interconnected by rigid bus conductors. Specific tests conducted in this study were (1) quasi-static tests of three different types of rigid bus with spring connectors; (2) quasi-static tests of one rigid bus slider; and (3) shake table tests of five different pairs of generic substation equipment specimens interconnected by three different rigid bus assemblies. All connectors tested exhibit stable hysteretic behavior with various degrees of energy dissipation capacity. The spring connectors dissipate energy through yielding and generated the highest forces among the connector tested and generally caused an amplification of the dynamic response of one of the interconnected equipment components. The bus slider dissipated energy through friction and generated lower forces than those of the spring connectors. Its high damping capacity, however, systematically reduced the dynamic response of interconnected equipment components. Finally, a special seismic connector that incorporates three flexural vertical aluminum cables generated the lowest forces. Its minimal damping capacity, however, resulted in higher equipment dynamic response than with the bus slider.