cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hurdles to Lymphocyte Trafficking in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Effective Immunotherapy

An important consideration in the development of T cell-based cancer immunotherapy is that effector T cells must efficiently traffic to the tumor microenvironment in order to control malignant progression. T cell trafficking to target tissues is orchestrated by dynamic interactions between circulating lymphocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. It is informative, in this regard, to compare and contrast the molecular mechanisms governing lymphocyte extravasation at distinct vascular sites: (1) high endothelial venules (HEV) of secondary lymphoid organs, which are portals for efficient trafficking of naive and central memory T lymphocytes; (2) non-activated endothelium of normal tissues that mediate relatively low basal levels of trafficking but are rapidly transformed into HEV-like vessels in response to local inflammatory stimuli; and (3) vessels within the intratumoral region and the surrounding peritumoral areas. These vessels can be distinguished by differential expression of hallmark trafficking molecules that function as molecular beacons directing lymphocyte migration across vascular barriers. This article reviews evidence that recruitment of effector T cells to the intratumoral microenvironment is impeded by sub-threshold expression of trafficking molecules on tumor microvessels. Emerging data support the thesis that when considered from the perspective of extravasation, vessels embedded within the intratumoral microenvironment of established tumors do not exhibit stereotypical characteristics of a chronic inflammatory state. A major challenge will be to develop therapeutic approaches to improve trafficking of effector T lymphocytes to tumor sites without skewing the balance in favor of a chronic inflammatory milieu that facilitates tumor maintenance and progression.
Psychosocial predictors of adherence to risk-appropriate cervical cancer screening guidelines: A cross sectional study of women in Ohio Appalachia participating in the Community Awareness Resources and Education (CARE) project

Abstract Objective We describe factors, in the context of the Social Determinants of Health model, associated with receiving Pap smears within risk-appropriate guidelines (i.e., guidelines that specify screening intervals based upon a woman's individual risk of developing cervical cancer). Methods Completed in June 2006, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of women from 14 health clinics in Ohio Appalachia pertaining to psychosocial, demographic, biological, and health-related factors. A logistic regression model was constructed to predict whether or not a woman was within risk-appropriate cervical cancer screening guidelines. Results Of 562 women with a date of last Pap smear, 380 (68%) were within risk-appropriate guidelines. Logistic regression showed that, compared to women with low-level SES, women with middle- and high-level SES had 3.39 [1.85, 6.21] and 3.86 [2.03, 7.34] times the odds, respectively, of being within risk-appropriate guidelines. Odds of being within guidelines increased 1.09 [1.04, 1.15] fold for each decrease of one major life event. Additionally, women that were financially better off or financially worse off than their parents at the same age had lower odds (0.41 [0.23, 0.73] and 0.49 [0.24, 0.98], respectively) of being within guidelines than women who reported their finances were the same as their parents. Results also showed an interaction between marital status and age at first intercourse ( p = 0.001). Conclusion The results suggest an impact of psychosocial factors on Pap smear testing behaviors, and illustrate the need to examine risk-appropriate interventions to improve screening.
Unfolding Simulations Reveal the Mechanism of Extreme Unfolding Cooperativity in the Kinetically Stable α-Lytic Protease

Kinetically stable proteins, those whose stability is derived from their slow unfolding kinetics and not thermodynamics, are examples of evolution's best attempts at suppressing unfolding. Especially in highly proteolytic environments, both partially and fully unfolded proteins face potential inactivation through degradation and/or aggregation, hence, slowing unfolding can greatly extend a protein's functional lifetime. The prokaryotic serine protease alpha-lytic protease (alphaLP) has done just that, as its unfolding is both very slow (t(1/2) approximately 1 year) and so cooperative that partial unfolding is negligible, providing a functional advantage over its thermodynamically stable homologs, such as trypsin. Previous studies have identified regions of the domain interface as critical to alphaLP unfolding, though a complete description of the unfolding pathway is missing. In order to identify the alphaLP unfolding pathway and the mechanism for its extreme cooperativity, we performed high temperature molecular dynamics unfolding simulations of both alphaLP and trypsin. The simulated alphaLP unfolding pathway produces a robust transition state ensemble consistent with prior biochemical experiments and clearly shows that unfolding proceeds through a preferential disruption of the domain interface. Through a novel method of calculating unfolding cooperativity, we show that alphaLP unfolds extremely cooperatively while trypsin unfolds gradually. Finally, by examining the behavior of both domain interfaces, we propose a model for the differential unfolding cooperativity of alphaLP and trypsin involving three key regions that differ between the kinetically stable and thermodynamically stable classes of serine proteases.
Dry look at the CHARM (charged resolving agent migration) model of enantiomer separations by capillary electrophoresis

An analysis of the capillary electrophoretic separation of enantiomers using permanently charged cyclodextrins as resolving agents is presented. The charged resolving agent migration model (CHARM model) is based on the consideration of the simultaneous protonation and 1:1-type complexation equilibria that take place in such background electrolytes. Analytical expressions are derived that allow the calculation of the effective charge, effective mobility, separation selectivity and peak resolution values for various enantiomeric analyte classes: non-electrolytes, strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes. Analysis of the resulting surfaces as a function of the pH and the charged cyclodextrin concentration of the background electrolyte indicates that, in the absence of electroosmotic flow (e.g. in neutral-coated capillaries), only two series of measurements have to be carried out to locate the best separation conditions as a function of the concentration of the charged cyclodextrin: one in low-pH background electrolytes (e.g. pH 2.2) and one in high-pH background electrolytes (e.g. pH 9.5 or above). By taking advantage of the predictions of the CHARM model, the utility of a large number of charged cyclodextrins, each offering different intermolecular (enantioselective) interactions can be evaluated in a short period of time for any chiral analyte.
Experimental Production of Colloid Goiter in the Gebus Monkey.

SummaryFour Cebus monkeys, 2 males and 2 females, were maintained on a caseincorn oil diet containing 0.5% cholesterol for 86 weeks. For the greater part of this time the diet contained uracil (0.5-0.75%) and during 2 short feeding trials of 3 and 5 weeks duration orotic acid was also included in the diet (0.5%-l%). Uracil produced a further increment in serum cholesterol elevation beyond that due to dietary cholesterol alone as well as an elevation of serum urea. In one female concomitant feeding of orotic acid at the 1% level lowered the serum cholesterol. At autopsy the 2 females demonstrated large colloid goiters while the thyroids of the 2 males showed a mixed picture of both colloid goiter and that of colloid-poor hyperplasia. In one of the males this latter process was extreme and could not be distinguished from early carcinoma. It is assumed that these thyroid changes resulted from ingestion of uracil (or uracil and cholesterol), though the possible role of orotic acid cannot be completely exclude...
SERS Examination of Saccharin Adsorption on Ni Electrodes

The adsorption of saccharin on roughened nickel electrode has been studied with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy as well as complementary discrete Fourier transform calculations. CV measurements reveal a strong influence of both chloride concentration and pH of electrolyte on nickel surface and the inhibitory effect on nickel oxidation by the saccharin addition. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurements provide evidence for the strong interaction between the Ni surface and saccharin additives and dependence on the electrode potential. The overall behavior observed in SERS is explained based on the normal Raman spectra of saccharinate anion and its nickel-saccharinate complexes. Above the potential of zero charge (pzc) of the Ni surface, saccharinate-associated SERS peaks are dominant with 0-bound nickel-saccharinate characteristics. Below the pzc, the SERS profile experiences a huge intensity enhancement and spectral change as well as substantial Raman frequency shifts. These shifts are interpreted in terms of a saccharinate-Ni complex, with both O and N bonding to the Ni electrode surface.
Is convergence more than an analogy? Homoplasy and its implications for macroevolutionary predictability

A number of authors have pointed to “convergent evolution” as evidence for the central role of natural selection in shaping predictable trajectories of macroevolution. However, there are numerous conceptual and empirical difficulties that arise in broadly appealing to the frequency of homoplasy as evidence for a non-contingently constrained adaptational design space. Most important is the need to distinguish between convergent (externally constrained) and parallel (internally constrained) evolution, and to consider how the respective frequencies of these significantly different sources of homoplasy affect a strong adaptationist view of life. In this paper, I critically evaluate Simon Conway Morris’s use of the homoplasy literature to support his argument for a non-contingent, counterfactually stable account of macroevolutionary pattern. In so doing, I offer a conception of parallelism which avoids the charge that it differs from convergence merely in degree and not in kind. I argue that although organisms sharing a homoplastic trait will also share varying degrees of homology, it is the underlying developmental homology with respect to the generators directly causally responsible for the homoplastic event that defines parallel evolution and non-arbitrarily distinguishes it from convergence. The notion of “screening-off” is used to distinguish the proximal generators of a homoplastic trait from its more distal genetic causes (such as a master control gene).
DNA adduction by polychlorinated biphenyls: adducts derived from hepatic microsomal activation and from synthetic metabolites

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants and complete carcinogens in rodents. Metabolism of lower chlorinated congeners with rat liver microsomes was investigated in earlier studies and DNA adduction was also reported. The current study was designed to compare DNA adducts formed after bioactivation of PCBs with rat, mouse and human hepatic microsomes, and to investigate the role of quinoid PCB metabolites in DNA adduct formation. Eight congeners ranging from mono- to hexachlorinated biphenyls were tested. Metabolites obtained through microsomal bioactivation as well as synthetic quinoid metabolites of 4-monochlorobiphenyl (4-CB) were incubated with calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA), and the resulting adducts were analyzed by the 32P-post-labelling method. DNA adducts were formed with mono- di- and tri-chlorinated congeners, but not with higher chlorinated congeners. Similar adduct patterns were observed for 2-monochlorobiphenyl (2-CB) activated with hepatic microsomes from rat, mouse and human, while 4-CB, 3,4-dichlorobiphenyl (3,4-CB) and 3,4,5-trichlorobiphenyl (3,4,5-CB) showed similar patterns for two out of the three microsomal systems tested. 4,4′-dichlorobiphenyl (4,4′-CB) showed different adduct patterns in all microsomal systems. Higher adduct levels were obtained with the rodent microsomes compared with human microsomes and were related to higher cytochrome P450 activity. When adducts derived from microsomal activation of 4-CB were compared by co-chromatography with those derived from the incubation of DNA with synthetic 2-(4′-chlorophenyl)-1,4-benzoquinone (4-BQ), one adduct co-migrated in three different chromatography systems. This study demonstrates that rodents as well as human hepatic enzymes metabolize lower chlorinated biphenyl congeners to reactive intermediates that form DNA adducts in vitro and shows that the para-quinone metabolites of PCBs are, in part, involved in direct DNA adduction.
Predictors and outcomes of community agency use in abused mothers.

OBJECTIVE: To identify characteristics of abused mothers that predict use and difficulty of use of community agencies for intimate partner violence (IPV) and to describe the outcomes of community agency use. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: A prospective study design was used. Three hundred mothers who had experienced physical or sexual IPV and were seeking services for the first time at either a safe shelter for abused women or applying for a protection order. MEASURES: Data were collected and analyzed by the research team. Predictors were tested using binary logistic regression and outcomes were tested using a series of Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test of difference on change scores between baseline and 24-month scores. RESULTS: No individual predictors were statistically significant and/or meaningful for use or difficulty using community agencies. There were significant differences in change scores for severity of violence after women used counseling, the police, or legal services. There were also significant change scores for anxiety after women used legal services and social services. CONCLUSIONS: Abused women need individualized attention to assure that they can access the services they need to recover from IPV. Evidence-based practice is needed for community agencies to treat abused women to facilitate safety and health. Language: en
Electrophoretic analysis of the contact zone between Geomys breviceps and Geomys bursarius

An analysis of the contact zone in Oklahoma between karyotypically and electro-phoretically distinct species, Geomys bursarius and G. breviceps , was made to demonstrate the dynamics of this zone. Electrophoretic variation at 17 loci revealed that the species are generally fixed for alternate alleles at four structural gene loci. However, populations of G. bursarius in northwestern Oklahoma have individuals with the G. breviceps allele at the LDH-1 locus, perhaps as a result of gene flow from Kansas G. bursarius . Hybridization was found in five populations, mostly along riverbottoms that form avenues for dispersal. One F1 hybrid was found, and all other hybrids were F2's or backcrosses. Shifts in allelic distributions are abrupt with no evidence of clinal variation. Levels of heterozygosity at the contact zone are not high, indicative of little hybridization. We conclude that the zone is dynamic and that the hybridization represents limited gene exchange that could result from single hybridization events.
In vivo measurement of lithium in humans by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

In vivo lithium-7 NMR spectroscopy was used to measure muscle and brain lithium levels following the administration of both single and multiple doses of lithium carbonate to normal volunteers. This is the first report of the noninvasive measurement of tissue lithium levels in humans. The results suggest that the relatively slow accumulation of lithium in the brain may be responsible for the delay in therapeutic response that is frequently observed after the initiation of therapy. Further application of this technique should provide a wealth of information on the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of lithium in humans.
Comparative biochemical and immunological analysis of the three vitellogenins from Drosophila grimshawi

Abstract 1. 1. The three female-specific vitellogenin proteins, namely V1, V2 and V3, have been isolated and characterized from Drosophila grimshawi . Their mol. wt, as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are 46,000, 45,000 and 43,000 which are in agreement with those determined by Ferguson plot analysis. 2. 2. All three vitellogenins appear to be monomers in the ovarian extracts and they have very similar biochemical and immunological properties. 3. 3. Ion-exchange chromatography, double immunodiffusion tests and partial digestion with Staphyloccus aureus V8 protease indicated more physicochemical and structural similarities between the V1 and the V2 polypeptides. 4. 4. The distribution pattern of the proteolytic polypeptides resulting from limited chymotrypsin digestion suggested partial homology in the primary structure of the three vitellogenin proteins.
Tellurium species in seawater

The marine geochemistry of tellurium is unknown, being one of the few elements whose concentrations in seawater have never been reported1,2. The major problem in studying Te stems from its rarity and the poor sensitivities of most analytical methods (even its crustal abundance is still controversial3). We have developed a very sensitive method allowing accurate measurements to be made of Te(IV), Te(VI) and total Te in seawater and we present here several vertical profiles of these species, which were obtained from the ocean. The Te profiles resemble in part the behaviour of Se and in part that of Po, reflecting the position of Te between Se and Po in Group VIb of the Periodic Table. Te, like Se, is found to be present in two oxidation states, Te(VI) and Te(IV), but their relative stabilities are reversed with respect to Se4–7. Se(VI), which is thermodynamically stable, and the unstable Se(IV) both exhibit nutrient-type distributions, but the distribution of Te, like 210Po8, shows evidence of strong scavenging by marine participates, consistent with the chemical speciation of Te(VI) as a hydrosilate (Te(OH)6), similar to Po(IV)OH4), rather than as an oxyanion, like Se(VI)O2−4.
Impact of patient-specific factors, irradiated left ventricular volume, and treatment set-up errors on the development of myocardial perfusion defects after radiation therapy for left-sided breast cancer.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of patient-specific factors, left ventricle (LV) volume, and treatment set-up errors on the rate of perfusion defects 6 to 60 months post–radiation therapy (RT) in patients receiving tangential RT for left-sided breast cancer. Methods and Materials: Between 1998 and 2005, a total of 153 patients were enrolled onto an institutional review board–approved prospective study and had pre- and serial post-RT (6–60 months) cardiac perfusion scans to assess for perfusion defects. Of the patients, 108 had normal pre-RT perfusion scans and available follow-up data. The impact of patient-specific factors on the rate of perfusion defects was assessed at various time points using univariate and multivariate analysis. The impact of set-up errors on the rate of perfusion defects was also analyzed using a one-tailed Fisher's Exact test. Results: Consistent with our prior results, the volume of LV in the RT field was the most significant predictor of perfusion defects on both univariate ( p = 0.0005 to 0.0058) and multivariate analysis ( p = 0.0026 to 0.0029). Body mass index (BMI) was the only significant patient-specific factor on both univariate ( p = 0.0005 to 0.022) and multivariate analysis ( p = 0.0091 to 0.05). In patients with very small volumes of LV in the planned RT fields, the rate of perfusion defects was significantly higher when the fields set-up "too deep" (83% vs. 30%, p = 0.059). The frequency of deep set-up errors was significantly higher among patients with BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 compared with patients of normal weight (47% vs. 28%, p = 0.068). Conclusions: BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 may be a significant risk factor for cardiac toxicity after RT for left-sided breast cancer, possibly because of more frequent deep set-up errors resulting in the inclusion of additional heart in the RT fields. Further study is necessary to better understand the impact of patient-specific factors and set-up errors on the development of RT-induced perfusion defects.
A preliminary evaluation of wave attenuation by four species of seagrass

Seagrasses are able to modify current flow and sediment composition, yet little information exists describing their effect on waves. Four species of seagrass, Halodule wrightii, Syringodium filiforme, Thalassia testudinum and Zostera marina were evaluated for their ability to reduce wave energy under various combinations of shoot density and water depths over a 1 m test section in a wave tank. Percent wave energy reduction per meter of seagrass bed equaled 40% when the length of these seagrasses was similar to the water depth. Seagrasses are approximately equal to saltmarshes in reducing wave energy on a unit distance basis, but only when water depth is scaled to plant size. When seagrass beds occur as broad, shallow meadows, the influence of seagrasses on wave energy will be substantial.
Total synthesis and absolute stereochemical assignment of (+)- and (-)-galbulimima alkaloid 13.

We describe the total synthesis of (+)- and (−)-galbulimima alkaloid 13. The absolute stereochemistry of natural (−)-galbulimima alkaloid 13 is revised to 2S. Sequential use of catalytic cross-coupling and cross-metathesis reactions followed by an intramolecular Diels−Alder reaction provided the required trans-decalin AB-ring system and masked the C16 carbonyl as an N-vinyl carbamate for late-stage unveiling in the form of the necessary C16 enone. A vinyl radical cyclization secured the C-ring, while successful execution of our strategy for introduction of the CDE-ring system in complex galbulimima alkaloids provided the target pentacycle with complete diastereoselection.
Development of a Technology for Online Measurement of Total and Water-Soluble Copper (Cu) in PM2.5

A novel monitor for online, in situ measurement of copper (Cu) in ambient fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM) was developed based on a recent published high flow rate aerosol-into-liquid collector. This aerosol-into-liquid collector operates at 200 L/min flow and collects particles directly as highly concentrated slurry samples. The Cu concentration in slurry samples is subsequently determined by a cupric ion selective electrode (ISE). Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the cupric ISE. The calibration curve of the cupric ISE was determined using Cu(NO3)2 standard solutions prepared by serial dilution. As part of the evaluation, the effects of ionic strength, temperature and pH of the aerosol slurry sample on the cupric ISE measurement were also evaluated. The Cu measurement system performance was evaluated by collecting and measuring samples of lab-generated Cu(NO3)2 aerosols with known mass concentration. Overall, very good agreement between the theoretical and measured...
Genetic analysis of threshability in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]

The ease with which seeds are detached from panicles is one of the early domestication traits. Genotypes with sticky panicles are hard to thresh, and whenever threshed, the grain tends to remain attached to the glume which reduces market value and processability. This study was conducted to determine the genetic mechanisms underlying the threshability trait in sorghum. Four seed parents and eleven pollinators differing for threshability were intercrossed in Design II mating scheme and the resulting hybrids and the parents were grown in four environments. Threshability was estimated as the ratio of seed yield to panicle weight (TW) and proportion of seeds without sticky glumes (TG). Variation was significant among the entries, inbreds and hybrids with GCA for TG and TW varying markedly. Mean TG for inbred and hybrids of low threshable genotypes was not markedly different indicating that threshability trait is under the control of additive genes with dominant or partially dominant effects. Segregation analysis indicates that the TG trait may be under the control of few major genes with approximately one to three loci affecting the trait.
CANCER-ASSOCIATED GLYCOSPHINGOLIPID ANTIGENS : THEIR STRUCTURE, ORGANIZATION, AND FUNCTION

Experimental and human cancers are often characterized by the presence of tumor-associated glycosphingolipid (GSL) antigens defined by monoclonal antibodies. Major progress has been made during the past two decades on structural identification of these antigens. None of these structures are truly ‘tumor-specific’. However, many of the antibodies show preferential or ‘specific’ reactivity with tumors, based on organizational differences of membrane GSLs in tumor cells versus normal cells. Clustered GSL antigens organized with transducer molecules in microdomain have been found recently to comprise a structural and functional unit involved in tumor cell adhesion coupled with signal transduction. Some of the GSL antigens have been identified as adhesion molecules recognized by carbohydrate-binding proteins or by complementary carbohydrates on target cells. Such adhesion, coupled with signaling, may initiate the metastatic process. Elucidating the mechanism of this initial adhesion/signaling step may lead to discovery of therapeutic agents that disrupt adhesion (‘antiadhesion therapy’) or normalize signaling (‘ortho-signaling therapy’). Tumor-associated GSL antigens are also a target in immunotherapy of tumors, including development of antitumor vaccines.
Detection of bacteria from a cecal anaerobic competitive exclusion culture with an immunoassay electrochemiluminescence sensor

A competitive exclusion (CE) culture of chicken cecal anaerobes has been developed and used in this laboratory for control of Salmonella typhimurium in chickens. The CE culture consists of 29 different species of micro-organisms, and is known as CF3. Detection of one of the CF3 bacteria, Eubacteria, and S. typhimurium were demonstrated using a commercial immunomagnetic (IM) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor, the ORIGENR Analyzer. Analysis was achieved using a sandwich immunoassay. Bacteria were captured on antibody- conjugated 280 micron sized magnetic beads followed by binding of reporter antibodies labelled with ruthenium (II) tris(dipyridyl) chelate [Ru(bpy)32+]. The magnetic beads were then trapped on an electrode in the reaction cell of the ORIGENR Analyzer by a magnet, and the ECL was evoked from Ru(bpy)32+ on the tagged reporter antibodies by an electrical potential at the electrode. Preliminary IM-ECL assays with Eubacteria yielded a detection limit of 105 cfu/mL. Preliminary IM-ECL assays with S. typhimurium yielded a similar detection limit of 105 cfu/mL.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Work, Sex, and Socialism: Reading Beyond Cultural Hybridity in Emine Sevgi Özdamar's Die Brücke vom Goldenen Horn

Emine Sevgi Ozdamar's work reveals and challenges two dominant images of the immigrant woman in circulation in Germany. When she superimposes the images of the headscarf and the cleaning woman, she reveals the often hidden intersections of representations of the veiled immigrant woman and her role in the German service industry. As ‘the Other’ within Germany, the Muslim woman's veiled body constructs emancipated, democratic Germanness while effectively obscuring the role immigrant women's labour has played in Germany's globalised economy. This production of Germanness participates in a peculiar biopolitics that limits the terrain on which immigrant women, particularly Muslim immigrant women, can participate in German culture. In this essay I briefly sketch out one of the dominant discourses within which immigrant women have been represented in Germany. I then consider a novel by the Turkish German author Emine Sevgi Ozdamar, Die Brucke vom Goldenen Horn (1998), in order to consider how her narrative of a ‘sexual’ coming of age also becomes a narrative that reveals and resists those discursive boundaries that circumscribe Muslim woman's femininity and the possibility for ‘Islam in Germany’. Das Werk Emine Sevgi Ozdamars legt die dominanten Bilder von Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland offen, und stellt diese Darstellungen wiederum in Frage. Wenn Ozdamar die Bilder des Kopftuchs und der Putzfrau zusammenbringt, enthullt sie die oft versteckten Verschrankungen der Darstellungen der bedeckten Frau mit Migrationshintergrund und ihre wirkliche Rolle in der Dienstindustrie. Als das schlechthin ‘Andere’ fungiert der bedeckte Korper der muslimischen Frau, um ein emanzipiertes, demokratisches Deutschand zu bestatigen. Gleichzeitig verdeckt er die Rolle, die ihre Arbeit in der globalisierten Wirtschaft Deutschlands spielt. So eine Konstruktion von Deutschland wirkt bei einer seltsamen Biopolitik mit, die den Raum begrenzt, in dem Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund, besonders muslimische Frauen, mitmachen durfen. In diesem Aufsatz skizziere ich zunachst ein wichtiges Diskursfeld, in dem die muslimische Frau dargestellt wird. Ich analysiere den Roman Die Brucke vom Goldenen Horn um zu zeigen, wie dieses Buch die Form eines sexuellen Bildungsromans verwendet, um die diskursiven Grenzen der ‘muslimischen Frau’ und ‘Islam in Deutschland’ in Frage zu stellen.
Incidence and impacts of psychotherapists' feelings toward their clients: A review of the empirical literature

Abstract The empirical literature examining the incidence and impacts of psychotherapists' feelings of fear, anger, and attraction toward clients is reviewed, including: (a) studies reporting the incidence of psychotherapists' feelings toward their clients; (b) studies investigating the measurable impact of psychotherapists' feelings on clients, psychotherapists, and the therapeutic process; and (c) examinations of the psychotherapist-factors that affect either the incidence or impact of psychotherapists' feelings toward their clients. Fear, anger, and attraction toward clients are common experiences for psychotherapists. Many psychotherapists report that they are confused, ashamed, and stressed by these feelings. These feelings, although occasionally an important therapeutic resource, were often reported to have a direct and negative impact on the therapeutic processes or cause behaviors that were destructive. Most psychotherapists feel that they were inadequately trained to acknowledge and successfully ...
Youth Misperceptions of Peer Substance Use Norms: A Hidden Risk Factor in State and Community Prevention

Effective community prevention of substance abuse involves the integration of policies and programs to address many different risk and protective factors across the social ecology. This study sought to examine whether youth perceptions of peer substance use norms were operating as a risk factor at the same level as other known risk factors in a statewide community prevention effort. Several different analytical techniques were employed to examine the self-reported data from a sample of over 8,000 students in grades 6, 8, 10, and 12 from across Wyoming using a survey based on a risk and protective factor model. The findings of this study revealed that youth misperception of peer substance use norms operate at a level of significance similar to other known risk factors, and these misperceptions are a risk factor that should be measured in order to estimate its relationship with substance use. The measurement of this risk factor has important strategic implications for community prevention.
The effect of fixation on the chemical extraction of glycogen from rat liver.

Small samples of rat liver, weighing 15 mg or less, were either (a) frozen in liquid nitrogen or (b) fixed at 4°C for 5 min to 2 hr in absolute alcohol, alcoholic picric acid (Rossman's fluid), or aqueous picric acid (Bouin's fluid). The tissue samples were analysed for total glycogen content by a modification of the procedure described by Goodet al. (1933).
It Is Time for IsoBank

It was back in 1982, when the United States was mired in the Cold War and a recession, that the National Institutes of Health awarded a five-year, $3.2 million grant to a group of scientists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to develop GenBank. It now houses nearly 200 billion bases from 178 million sequences representing more than 300,000 species and is the largest and most frequently accessed collection of experimental data in the world (Strasser 2011). Although it is now difficult to imagine a world without GenBank and the opportunities it provides, its creation did not come without questions—about data collection and distribution, attribution of credit and authorship, and design of infrastructure and access (Strasser 2011). Still, the need for a unifying database of genetic sequences commanded wide agreement. Now is the time to invest in a parallel special-purpose database for a burgeoning field of research with enormous promise: the use of stable isotopes. Isotopic ratios are often idiosyncratic, encoding information about the origin and history of particular matter, whether it be an ancient ice core, a Martian rock, or a fossil. In biological systems, elements such as hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are light enough for isotopes to be differentially affected by biochemical processes such as photosynthesis and respiration, creating isotopic variation. This is extraordinarily useful for studying biological processes. For example, stable isotopes are routinely used for studies of animal and plant physiology, community and ecosystem ecology, biomedicine, paleobiology, evolution, and climatology. The diversity of questions that can be answered with stable isotopes, coupled with advancements in instrumentation that now enable the analysis of hundreds of samples per week on a single mass spectrometer, is what makes the growth of this field parallel that of DNA sequencing. Thus, in this era of “big data” there is a need for IsoBank, a database to house, organize, vet, and make isotopic data readily available.
The role of peripheral T-type calcium channels in pain transmission

Some of the earliest detailed descriptions of biophysical properties of low voltage-activated (LVA) or transient (T) type Ca2+ channels were done using in vitro preparation of primary sensory or dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that are known for their functional role in processing pain signals. However, in spite of these early discoveries, T-type channels were not implicated in sensory transmission in general and pain processing (nociception) in particular until recently. New evidence obtained using an array of techniques such as electrophysiological recordings, pharmacological behavioral experiments as well as molecular techniques strongly supports the role of peripheral T-type Ca2+ channels in boosting nociceptive transmission in a variety of experimental pain models. Therefore, these channels in peripheral sensory neurons may be the important, although previously unappreciated, targets for novel pain therapies. In this article, we review past, present and future findings aimed at illuminating the role of peripheral T-type Ca2+ channels in nociception and the value of these channels as cellular targets for potential drug developments.
A plasma source for Fourier transform mass spectrometry

A plasma source has been designed so as to inject plasma directly into a Fourier transform mass spectrometer analysis cell. The source is a small radio-frequency cavity in which gas is ionized with RF. The source is coupled to the analysis cell through a small orifice. Argon irons from an argon plasma produced in the source have been injected, trapped and heated (excited), and detected in the analysis cell.
Integrated Crop/Livestock Agriculture in the United States: A Review

U.S. agriculture has become increasingly specialized over the last century with attendant benefits to food production and affordability. At the same time, specialized agricultural production has led to concerns for animal welfare, environmental degradation, and loss of biodiversity. An alternative to specialized agriculture is the integration of crops and livestock at the farm scale. Integrated crop/livestock agriculture could improve soil quality, increase yield, produce a diversity of foods, augment pollinator populations, aid pest management, and improve land use efficiency. Crop/livestock agriculture is not without challenges, however, as farmers must confront a history of specialization in agriculture along with loss of animal husbandry knowledge, erosion of genetic diversity, limited meat processing infrastructure, a regulatory framework more suited to specialization, and challenges inherent to animal agriculture.
Expert psychological testimony in cases of alleged child sexual abuse

Concurrent with the rapid rise in allegations of child sexual abuse, psychologists are increasingly assuming the role of experts for the courts. In this position, a new and more controversial role is often assumed by the expert, that of psychological investigator. A review of the common legal contexts for such a role as well as the theoretical and empirical basis for the investigatory role is presented. Ethical issues are also considered. A literature review reveals that many assessment instruments do not meet jurisprudential standards. Suggestions for improving the role of psychological experts in the courtroom include educating the legal audience regarding the limits of psychological testimony, providing standards for qualifications of experts, and emphasizing the data-based probabilistic nature of psychological expert testimony.
Genetic skin disorders

Neonatologists do not require a detailed knowledge of all genetic skin disorders but need to recognize one if they see it. The unique accessibility of the skin makes it possible to observe the physical signs and deduce the child's immediate needs from first principles. The morphological classification given here will help the nondermatologist establish a clinical diagnosis. Tremendous advances over the last 10 years in understanding the molecular basis of skin disease make it possible, in many cases, to confirm the diagnosis and to counsel the family accurately.
Rural-urban differences in service use for memory-related problems in older adults.

The reduced availability of providers and travel difficulties in rural areas may thwart older rural adults from getting the care they need for memory-related problems. The purpose of this study was to determine whether rural-urban differences exist in the probability of any service use of primary care physicians and mental health specialists in a full sample of older adults and in a subset of impaired respondents. In the full sample, rural respondents were 0.66 times as likely (p = .06) to have used primary care physicians for memory-related problems compared with urban respondents. In the subgroup, rural individuals were 0.26 times as likely (p = .02). In both groups, there were no rural-urban differences in the probability of mental health specialty use for memory-related problems. Further investigations are necessary to determine the causes.
Local and Regional Flaps for Hand Coverage

Hand surgeons are frequently challenged by the unique requirements of soft tissue coverage of the hand. Whereas many smaller soft tissue defects without involvement of deep structures are amenable to healing by secondary intention or skin grafting, larger lesions and those with exposed tendon, bone, or joint often require vascularized coverage that allows rapid healing without wound contraction. The purpose of this review was to present an overview of local and regional flaps commonly used for soft tissue reconstruction within the hand.
The evolution of a discipline: a fractal representation of information science

The study of information takes place in nearly all disciplines --- most poignantly in the academic fields of Library and Information Science (LIS) and Computer and Information Science (CIS). Through the interaction of these two a new discipline is emerging which the iSchools have termed the iField. A co-citation analysis was completed using journal articles from LIS and CIS peer-refereed journals and plotted onto six cluster maps, one for each time span (approximately 7 years) from 1965-2009. These cluster maps, demonstrate the evolution of a new discipline from within and across LIS and CIS, and therefore the emergence of the iField, This study applies the theory of concretization of technology to determine whether there are synergies between the emergence of new topics and styles of work and events of significance to the history of computing, information technology, the information professions, and the information disciplines with the co-citation maps.
Activation of MAPK and FoxO by Manganese (Mn) in Rat Neonatal Primary Astrocyte Cultures

Environmental exposure to manganese (Mn) leads to a neurodegenerative disease that has shared clinical characteristics with Parkinson's disease (PD). Mn-induced neurotoxicity is time- and dose-dependent, due in part to oxidative stress. We ascertained the molecular targets involved in Mn-induced neurodegeneration using astrocyte culture as: (1) Astrocytes are vital for information processing within the brain, (2) their redox potential is essential in mitigating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and (3) they are targeted early in the course of Mn toxicity. We first tested protein levels of Mn superoxide dismutase -2 (SOD-2) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx-1) as surrogates of astrocytic oxidative stress response. We assessed levels of the forkhead winged-helix transcription factor O (FoxO) in response to Mn exposure. FoxO is highly regulated by the insulin-signaling pathway. FoxO mediates cellular responses to toxic stress and modulates adaptive responses. We hypothesized that FoxO is fundamental in mediating oxidative stress response upon Mn treatment, and may be a biomarker of Mn-induced neurodegeneration. Our results indicate that 100 or 500 µM of MnCl2 led to increased levels of FoxO (dephosphorylated and phosphorylated) compared with control cells (P<0.01). p-FoxO disappeared from the cytosol upon Mn exposure. Pre-treatment of cultured cells with (R)-(−)-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC), a cysteine analog rescued the cytosolic FoxO. At these concentrations, MAPK phosphorylation, in particular p38 and ERK, and PPAR gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) levels were increased, while AKT phosphorylation remained unchanged. FoxO phosphorylation level was markedly reduced with the use of SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) and PD98059 (an ERK inhibitor). We conclude that FoxO phosphorylation after Mn exposure occurs in parallel with, and independent of the insulin-signaling pathway. FoxO levels and its translocation into the nucleus are part of early events compensating for Mn-induced neurotoxicity and may serve as valuable targets for neuroprotection in the setting of Mn-induced neurodegeneration.
Stray light and shading reduction in digital photography: a new model and algorithm

In optical imaging systems, specifically digital cameras, part of the incoming light flux is misdirected to undesired locations due to scattering, undesired reflections, diffraction and lens aberrations. The portion due mainly to scattering and undesired reflections is called stray light. Stray light reduces contrast and causes color inaccuracy in images. The point spread function (PSF) model for stray light is shift variant and has been studied by Jansson et al. (1998) and Bitlis et al. (2007). In this paper, we keep the model's shift variant nature and improve it by first normalizing it and then incorporating the shading effect inherent in the optical system. We then develop an efficient method to estimate the model parameters by using a locally shift invariant approximation. Finally, we reduce the stray light by deconvolution. We conducted extensive experiments with two camera models. Results from these experiments show the reduction of stray light and thus the improvement of image quality and fidelity.
Recreational trails, human activity, and nest predation in lowland riparian areas

Abstract In areas of human settlement, greenways and open-space land are often intended to serve recreational purposes as well as provide wildlife habitat, but the compatibility of these goals is uncertain. We examined the effect of recreational trails on the risk of nest predation and nest predator activity at four lowland riparian sites along the Front Range of Colorado. At one site on each of two streams, we placed a transect of artificial nests near a recreational trail and another transect on the opposite side of the stream. We also placed another transect of nests at a second site on each stream that was not associated with a recreational trail. In 1995, nests were baited with quail eggs; in 1996 a clay egg was also added to nests to aid us in nest predator identification. Artificial nests are not perfect surrogates for natural nests, but are useful in generating hypotheses about causes of nest failure and for detecting changes in predator assemblages. Overall, predation rates were high (94%). There were significant differences in vulnerability to predation on the different transect types, with a tendency for predation rates to increase with distance from trails. There was a significant effect of time with a greater risk of predation in 1996. In 1996, 83% of the clay eggs that were recovered showed signs of predation. House Wrens destroyed 11% of the clay eggs; impressions from Black-billed Magpies, Blue Jays, and Common Grackles were found on 69%; mice preyed on 25%; and squirrels on 12% of the eggs. Birds attacked more nests near trails than away from trails, whereas mammals appeared to avoid nests near trails to some extent. These results support the contention that recreational trails and human activity may affect nesting success for some species, and suggest that patterns of nest predation reflect the unique, and sometimes, counter-intuitive responses of individual predator species. Rather than relying on simplistic assumptions about the compatibility of recreation and wildlife, it is important to consider how individual species respond to the habitat alteration and human activity associated with trails when deciding where trails should be located and in developing overall conservation strategies in human-dominated areas.
Antineoplastic agents. 487. Synthesis and biological evaluation of the antineoplastic agent 3,4-methylenedioxy-5,4'-dimethoxy-3'-amino-Z-stilbene and derived amino acid amides.

An efficient synthesis of 3,4-methylenedioxy-5,4‘-dimethoxy-3‘-amino-Z-stilbene (1c) and hydrochloride (1d) is reported. The nitrostilbene intermediate 6a was obtained via a Wittig reaction using phosphonium salt 4 and 3-nitro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde 5. A one-step reduction using zinc in acetic acid produced the synthetic objective amine 1c. The coupling of this amine with various Fmoc amino acids, followed by cleavage of the α-amine protecting group, resulted in a series of new cancer cell growth inhibitory amides. Amine 1c, hydrochloride 1d, glycine amide 3b, and tyrosine amide 3f had the highest level (GI50 = 10-2−10-3 μg/mL) of activity against a panel of six human and one animal (P388) cancer cell lines. Amine 1c and its hydrochloride 1d potently inhibited tubulin polymerization by binding at the colchicine site, while the amides had little activity against purified tubulin. Nevertheless, most of the amides caused a marked increase in the mitotic index of treated cells, indicating that tubulin was thei...
Cancellation of the Supercurrent Anomaly in a Supersymmetric Gauge Theory

Abstract It is shown that the anomalous divergence of the supercurrent in a supersymmetric non-Abelian gauge theory may be removed at the one-loop level by coupling three scalar multiplets in the adjoint representation to the supersymmetric Yang-Mills multiplet.