cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging Studies for Evaluating Impact of Position Sampling Techniques in PET Scanners

Previously we have evaluated two crystal calibration techniques that can be applied to pixelated detector designs to improve system spatial resolution without detector motion. The inter-crystal positioning technique utilizes sub-sampling in the crystal flood map to better sample the Compton scatter events in the detector. The Compton scatter rejection technique, on the other hand, rejects those events that are located further from individual crystal centers in the flood map. Here we performed imaging studies with a Mini Deluxe hot rod phantom and a hot sphere phantom (sphere diameters of 4.95 and 7.86-mm with 6:1 uptake relative to background) using the standard crystal calibration technique, as well as the inter-crystal and Compton rejection calibration techniques. Our results show improved separation of 1.6-mm diameter hot rods with the two new crystal calibration techniques that is consistent with improved spatial resolution. For the hot sphere phantom the contrast recovery is improved with both the inter-crystal and Compton rejection calibration techniques over the standard calibration technique. The only drawback of the inter-crystal calibration technique is the increase in the number of possible lines-of-response (LORs) (factor of 16) that may slow image reconstruction. With the Compton rejection calibration technique, loss of counts leads to increased noise in the images.
Mirror versus parallel bimanual reaching

In spite of their importance to everyday function, tasks that require both hands to work together such as lifting and carrying large objects have not been well studied and the full potential of how new technology might facilitate recovery remains unknown. To help identify the best modes for self-teleoperated bimanual training, we used an advanced haptic/graphic environment to compare several modes of practice. In a 2-by-2 study, we compared mirror vs. parallel reaching movements, and also compared veridical display to one that transforms the right hand’s cursor to the opposite side, reducing the area that the visual system has to monitor. Twenty healthy, right-handed subjects (5 in each group) practiced 200 movements. We hypothesized that parallel reaching movements would be the best performing, and attending to one visual area would reduce the task difficulty. The two-way comparison revealed that mirror movement times took an average 1.24 s longer to complete than parallel. Surprisingly, subjects’ movement times moving to one target (attending to one visual area) also took an average of 1.66 s longer than subjects moving to two targets. For both hands, there was also a significant interaction effect, revealing the lowest errors for parallel movements moving to two targets (p < 0.001). This was the only group that began and maintained low errors throughout training. Combined with other evidence, these results suggest that the most intuitive reaching performance can be observed with parallel movements with a veridical display (moving to two separate targets). These results point to the expected levels of challenge for these bimanual training modes, which could be used to advise therapy choices in self-neurorehabilitation.
Subfossils of the Common Musk Turtle (Sternotherus odoratus) from a Holocene Peat Deposit in Northern Indiana

Abstract Sternotherus odoratus (Latreille) is reported from a Holocene peat deposit in northern Indiana. In addition to turtle bones, sediment included subfossils of aquatic plants (Najas flexilis, Ceratophyllum demersum, Brasenia schreberi, Nymphaea odorata, Drepanocladus aduncus, Calliergon stramineum, Meesia triquetra), a gastropod (Gyraulus parvus) and fish (Centrarchidae). Vascular plant fragments from the sediment immediately surrounding the bones yielded a radiocarbon (14C) date of 3680 ± 80 y BP.
Brain Cholinergic Enzymes in Schizophrenia

It is a fact that acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in many aspects of animal and human behavior (Karczmar and Dun, 1978). It is natural that the cholinergic system be investigated for possible abnormalities in mental disease including the schizophrenias. The enzymes of obvious interest are those which synthesize and hydrolyze ACh. In addition, the levels of the two substrates acetylcoenzyme A and choline are of great importance, as well as the turnover of both substrates and their product ACh. In human autopsy material the cholinergic brain enzymes and receptors are the only substances that can be measured reliably. Hence, this review will concentrate on these enzymes in schizophrenia.
Honeybee Responses to Reward Size and Colour in an Artificial Flower Patch

SummaryWe describe an artificial flower patch suitable for quantitative ecological studies of plant-pollinator interactions. The number of flowers visited per trip by honeybees foraging on the patch was negatively dependent on mean nectar yield per flower in a logarithmic relationship. The relationship held whether all flowers provided reward or some were empty. Individual foragers on a mixed-colour patch of flowers were constant to one colour.
Cardiovascular risk factors one year after a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy.

Abstract Objective: To identify differences in women's cardiovascular risk, independent of obesity, one year after delivery of a pregnancy complicated by a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP). Methods: We compared traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors of women recruited at delivery following the diagnosis of an HDP with those of women with uncomplicated pregnancies, at 3 months and 12–18 months postpartum. Measures included blood pressure, fasting lipids, inflammatory biomarkers, and measures of insulin resistance. Multiple linear regressions were used to adjust for body mass index (BMI) and other characteristics. Results: We studied 71 subjects: 31 women with HDP and 40 with an uncomplicated pregnancy. There were no significant differences between groups for total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, HgbA1c, or homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance. Values for tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly higher in the HDP group (p<0.01), while those for interleukin...
Enhancing Silver Photocathode Performance by Exciting Surface Plasmon Resonance on Ag corrugated thin films

The silver photocathodes have been limited into application due to its low quantum efficiency. We explore the enhancement of silver photocathode performance by exciting surface plasmon resonance on grating Ag thin film to overcome high reflectivity.
Status perception through syntax

Previous studies have indicated that untrained judges are able to assign correct social status to a speaker on the basis of a very short sample of speech. However, it is unknown if the linguistic f...
Age‐related changes in mastication are not improved by tongue exercise in a rat model

Objectives/Hypothesis Aging results in progressive changes in deglutitive functions, which may be due in part to alterations in muscle morphology and physiology. Mastication is a critical component of bolus formation and swallowing, but aging effects on masticatory function have not been well studied. Study Design The purpose of this study was to 1) quantify the effects of aging on mastication, and 2) determine the effects of tongue exercise on mastication in young adult and old rats. We hypothesized that there would be significant differences in mastication characteristics (number of bites, interval between bites, time to eat) as a function of age, and that tongue exercise would resolve preexercise differences between age groups. Methods We expanded the established model of progressive, 8-week tongue exercise to include a mastication measurement: acoustic recordings of vermicelli pasta biting from 17 old and 17 young adult rats, randomized into exercise and control groups. Results We found the following: 1) Mastication characteristics were impacted by age. Specifically in older rats, there was an increase in time to eat and number of bites and intervals between bites decreased, suggesting increased oral motor-processing requirements for bolus formation. 2) tongue exercise did not impact mastication behaviors in young adult or old rats. Conclusion Tongue exercise may not have been specific enough to result in behavioral changes in mastication or exercise dose may not have been sufficient. Nevertheless, results were noteworthy in expanding the established rat model of aging and have relevant clinical implications for future translation to human populations. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope, 2016
The Development of Polysemous ‘One’-phrase in Mandarin Chinese

Mandarin ‘one’-phrase, [ yi ‘one’+classifier+noun], has multiple interpretations, such as counting /measuring phrases, negative polarity items (NPIs), and expressions meaning ‘whole’. Each function of the ‘one’-phrase is treated as a construction that has different relationships among its three components. ‘One’ serves as a reference point on a scale, so the numeral sequence can mean maximality or minimality depending on contexts. The scalar implications are built into the whole construction instead of one lexeme through grammaticalization. This study aims to provide a unified account for the synchronic polysemous ‘one’-phrase by looking into its diachronic development.
Prosthetic Anterior Cruciate Ligament

1. All synthetic anterior cruciate ligaments can be divided into three broad categories--permanent, stent, and ingrowth. 2. Theoretical advantages (e.g., potential increased strength, decreased harvest morbidity, time to return to sport, ease of insertion, ease of revision) warrant further attempts to develop synthetic ACLs. 3. Permanent ACLs require 5-year follow-up. Gore-Tex I had 85% to 90% good to excellent results at 2 years. 4. Acceptable failure rates for permanent prosthesis (5 years? 10 years?) should be discussed. 5. Gore-Tex II will represent a significant improvement to Gore-Tex I (increased abrasion resistance). 6. Prosthetic debris and effusions should continue to be analyzed carefully. Dr. Freddie Fu's protocol for retrieval and analysis should be accepted and standardized. 7. LAD. Careful analysis of the control group in U.S. Series II should enable us to determine the "true" contribution of this augmentation device. 8. Leeds-Keio. If biomechanically significant intra-articular tissue is stimulated, this is a potentially attractive prosthetic concept. U.S. clinical studies will start in 1990. 9. Stryker-Dacron. This device appears to have a failure rate similar to that of Gore-Tex I. 10. Six new prosthetic devices are currently under evaluation by the FDA and are in phases I through V.
Conclusion: Frontiers in CGE Modeling

Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are sometimes criticized for being “black boxes” in which so many things are moving at once that results are difficult to explain and their credibility as a theoretically consistent, analytical tool is undermined. By deconstructing a standard CGE model with the aid of basic principles of economics, we hope to have dispelled some of their mystery and made them more comprehensible and useful to students and professional economists alike. Such an introductory study seems especially timely given the increased accessibility of CGE models and CGE model databases. In this book, we studied the main components of a CGE model. We learned that producers in the model are assumed to maximize efficiency, and consumers are assumed to maximize utility. Their microeconomic behavior adds up to the macroeconomic performance of the economy. Our study of each component of the model – supply, demand, factor markets, trade, and taxes – emphasized the model's underlying economic theory and supplied practical examples from small-scale CGE models to illustrate these concepts. We studied a “standard” CGE model that assumes a representative household consumer, a representative producer of each type of product, and uniquely determined solution values for prices and quantities. It is a static, or single-period, model that provides a before-and-after comparison of an economy after a shock, such as a new tax, but it does not describe the economy's adjustment path from the old to the new equilibrium. All of these features of our CGE model can at times represent shortcomings or constraints. The aggregation of all households, despite the great diversity in their income sources and tastes and preferences, into one representative household consumer is quite a strong assumption. Producers, too, may be diverse in ways that are important to an analysis, perhaps producing the same product using different types of technologies or facing very different transportation costs in different regions of a country. In addition, our world is characterized by some amount of randomness, like weather variability, and this stochasticity is not reflected in our deterministic CGE model. Static models also may not fully address the concerns of policymakers about the transition process, when there can be high unemployment or other types of dislocation as an economy adapts to shocks.
Further investigations I: great power interference?

Perhaps the most obvious criticism of the results reported in chapter 5 is they are based on analyses of a dataset which includes neither cases nor variables representing great power interference in minor power interactions. This may be especially egregious in some situations. For instance, it is hard to think of the outbreak of various Arab–Israeli wars without consideration of American and Soviet activity in providing weapons, intelligence, etc. At the same time, it is not hard to imagine that Israel and Egypt were at parity, one of them dissatisfied with the local status quo, and both itching to go to war with the other in, say, 1965. However, escalation in Vietnam might have drawn American strategic attention away from the Middle East, and thus the Americans might have pressured the Israelis into avoiding war at that point in time. In these hypothetical cases the actions of external great powers affect whether minor powers wage war. In the first case superpower activity makes war more likely, while in the second it makes it less likely. In both cases the activity of one or both superpowers might have been an important causal factor in whether war occurred. In none of the analyses in chapter 5 is such activity represented in any way. Consequently, if external great power activity is systematically related to the occurrence of minor power war, the analyses in chapter 5 are potentially contaminated by omitted variable bias. Omitting variables does not mean I believe they have no effect.
Comparison of Global Precipitation Estimates across a Range of Temporal and Spatial Scales

AbstractCharacteristics of precipitation estimates for rate and amount from three global high-resolution precipitation products (HRPPs), four global climate data records (CDRs), and four reanalyses are compared. All datasets considered have at least daily temporal resolution. Estimates of global precipitation differ widely from one product to the next, with some differences likely due to differing goals in producing the estimates. HRPPs are intended to produce the best snapshot of the precipitation estimate locally. CDRs of precipitation emphasize homogeneity over instantaneous accuracy. Precipitation estimates from global reanalyses are dynamically consistent with the large-scale circulation but tend to compare poorly to rain gauge estimates since they are forecast by the reanalysis system and precipitation is not assimilated. Regional differences among the estimates in the means and variances are as large as the means and variances, respectively. Even with similar monthly totals, precipitation rates var...
Lost bus: Solving the obsolete PC bus standards problem in ATE

Every 6 to 11 years a new PC peripheral interface standard is developed. As the new interface gains in popularity, the old interfaces that are replaced become obsolete. This poses a challenge for ATE and UUT equipment that rely on the PC peripheral interfaces for testing. The solution for the obsolescence problem in PXI (and similar) systems is to move the interfaces away from the PC and into an instrument. A peripheral instrument would need to include several standard PC interfaces such as Ethernet, USB, SATA, UART, and I2C. By moving the interfaces to an instrument, when the PC and the associated interfaces become obsolete, the instrument can continue to be produced allowing the continued testing of the legacy UUTs. Furthermore, the instrument can maintain software compatibility through multiple OS releases preventing costly rehosts of TPS (Test Program Set).
Dietary salt restriction is beneficial to the management of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

The CRISP study of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) found that urinary sodium excretion associated with the rate of total kidney volume increase. Whether sodium restriction slows the progression of Autosomal Dominant PKD (ADPKD) is not known. To evaluate this we conducted a post hoc analysis of the HALT-PKD clinical trials of renin-angiotensin blockade in patients with ADPKD. Linear mixed models examined whether dietary sodium affected rates of total kidney volume or change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with an eGFR over 60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 (Study A) or the risk for a composite endpoint of 50% reduction in eGFR, end-stage renal disease or death, or the rate of eGFR decline in patients with an eGFR 25–60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 (Study B) all in patients initiated on an under100 mEq sodium diet. During the trial urinary sodium excretion significantly declined by an average of 0.25 and 0.41 mEq/24 hour per month in studies A and B, respectively. In Study A, averaged and time varying urinary sodium excretions were significantly associated with kidney growth (0.43%/year and 0.09%/year, respectively, for each 18 mEq urinary sodium excretion). Averaged urinary sodium excretion was not significantly associated with faster eGFR decline (–0.07 ml/min/1.73m 2 /year for each 18 mEq urinary sodium excretion). In Study B, the averaged but not time-varying urinary sodium excretion significantly associated with increased risk for the composite endpoint (hazard ratio 1.08 for each 18 mEq urinary sodium excretion) and a significantly faster eGFR decline (–0.09 ml/min/1.73m 2 /year for each mEq 18 mEq urinary sodium excretion). Thus, sodium restriction is beneficial in the management of ADPKD.
Pediatric cardiac arrest due to drowning and other respiratory etiologies: Neurobehavioral outcomes in initially comatose children

Abstract Aim To describe the 1-year neurobehavioral outcome of survivors of cardiac arrest secondary to drowning, compared with other respiratory etiologies, in children enrolled in the Therapeutic Hypothermia after Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Out-of-Hospital (THAPCA-OH) trial. Methods Exploratory analysis of survivors (ages 1–18 years) who received chest compressions for ≥2min, were comatose, and required mechanical ventilation after return of circulation (ROC). Participants recruited from 27 pediatric intensive care units in North America received targeted temperature management [therapeutic hypothermia (33°C) or therapeutic normothermia (36.8°C)] within 6h of ROC. Neurobehavioral outcomes included 1-year Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (VABS-II) total and domain scores and age-appropriate cognitive performance measures (Mullen Scales of Early Learning or Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence). Results Sixty-six children with a respiratory etiology of cardiac arrest survived for 1-year; 60/66 had broadly normal premorbid functioning (VABS-II≥70). Follow up was obtained on 59/60 (30 with drowning etiology). VABS-II composite and domain scores declined significantly from premorbid scores in drowning and non-drowning groups (p Conclusions Risks for poor neurobehavioral outcomes were high for children who were comatose after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to respiratory etiologies; survivors of drowning had better outcomes than those with other respiratory etiologies.
CLEO Results on Hadron Spectroscopy

I present the results of three recent analyses from the CLEO Collaboration: 1) a search for two-photon production of the glueball candidate f j (2220), 2) a search for two-body radiative Υ(1S) decays and study of a 3.8σ enhancement observed in the mass range 1.2–1.4 GeV/c2, and 3) a study of the dipion transitions Υ(2S)→ Υ(1S) π π.
Clinical Implications and Management of Chronic Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Purpose of Review The purpose of this review is to discuss the clinical implications of occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) and management options.
The Future Scholar: Researching and Teaching the Frameworks for Writing and Information Literacy

With The Future Scholar, English professors Randall McClure and James P. Purdy continue a series that also includes The New Digital Scholar and The Next Digital Scholar. Four sections in this new v...
Capacity Of The Model To Explain Behavior Of The Macroeconomy Beyond The Period Used To Estimate The Model

Tests were undertaken of how well the GDP, consumption, and investment models described conditions during the decade after the models had been developed. As a percent of GDP, the average error of estimate was 0.5% for GDP and consumption, 1.5% for exports, and 3.4% for investment.
A Game-Oriented Educational Tool for Location Privacy Topics

Recent years witnessed a tremendous growth in the area of mobile computing. Users with mobile devices are able to access services customized to their geographical coordinates, and to engage in complex interactions with other users in their proximity. However, in addition to its many benefits, sharing location with service providers and other users also introduces serious privacy threats. If not properly addressed, the loss of location privacy can bring significant harm to mobile users. Currently, there is a low level of awareness among mobile users with respect to the contingent threats on location privacy, and to the approaches available to mitigate such threats. We propose an educational capture-the-flag (CTF) - style tool designed to raise the level of awareness about the dangers of uncontrolled sharing of location data, and to illustrate prominent location protection techniques. The game-based approach represents an effective and engaging educational tool, suitable for high-school and college students, as well as computer-literate general population mobile users.
Structural basis for DNMT3A-mediated de novo DNA methylation.

DNA methylation by de novo DNA methyltransferases 3A (DNMT3A) and 3B (DNMT3B) at cytosines is essential for genome regulation and development. Dysregulation of this process is implicated in various diseases, notably cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying DNMT3 substrate recognition and enzymatic specificity remain elusive. Here we report a 2.65-angstrom crystal structure of the DNMT3A-DNMT3L-DNA complex in which two DNMT3A monomers simultaneously attack two cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides, with the target sites separated by 14 base pairs within the same DNA duplex. The DNMT3A-DNA interaction involves a target recognition domain, a catalytic loop, and DNMT3A homodimeric interface. Arg836 of the target recognition domain makes crucial contacts with CpG, ensuring DNMT3A enzymatic preference towards CpG sites in cells. Haematological cancer-associated somatic mutations of the substrate-binding residues decrease DNMT3A activity, induce CpG hypomethylation, and promote transformation of haematopoietic cells. Together, our study reveals the mechanistic basis for DNMT3A-mediated DNA methylation and establishes its aetiological link to human disease.
Blunt Injuries to the Thorax and Abdomen in Adults: Evidence-Based Emergency Imaging

Traumatic injuries are the leading cause of death of individuals between the ages of 1 and 44 in the USA with both blunt thorax and abdominal trauma causing significant morbidity and mortality. Appropriate utilization of imaging is essential to the management of trauma. Understanding both the initial and secondary imaging modalities of choice based on the trauma severity, location of injury, and clinical condition is important. Initial imaging must allow for rapid identification of life-threatening injuries, as rapid stabilization in the initial hours after injury is essential. Secondary imaging then provides a detailed evaluation of all injuries potentially affecting patient outcomes. This chapter is an evidence-based review of the appropriate imaging for patients with blunt thoracic and abdominal trauma.
Active front end motor-drive system operation under power and phase loss

Active Front End “AFE” power converters are widely used in numerous renewable energy applications including but not limited to photovoltaic, wind power as well as industrial regenerative motor-drive systems. These power converters are extensively applied in industrial applications that mandate reduced input current harmonics and flexible bidirectional power flow. In spite of the fact that the power topology can be very similar in all of the above mentioned applications, the operating requirements and the control structure can widely vary based on each application. This paper is centered on analyzing the performance of the motor-drive systems and single phase operating conditions under voltage sag/ power loss ride through in regenerative motor-drive systems, and a novel power loss ride through algorithm is introduced to enable continuous operation of the drive under temporary power loss and phase loss conditions.
Hydrogen Atom Abstraction from a Molybdenum Hydride: Radical Clock Studies

Rate expressions for the reaction of primary, secondary, and tertiary radical clocks with the molybdenum hydride (CH3)5CpMo(CO)3H are reported. Relative rates of group displacement reactions from primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl bromides, phenyalkyl selenides and sulfides by a molybdenum radical are presented.
Analysis of Organic and Elemental Carbon in Ambient Aerosols by a Thermal-Optical Method

A thermal-optical method has been developed for the analysis of organic and elemental carbonaceous aerosol on glass or quartz fiber filters. Organic carbon is volatilized in two steps: at 350°C in an O2 (2%)-He mixture and at 600°C in He. The volatilized organic carbon is oxidized to CO2, reduced to CH4, and measured by a flame ionization detector. Elemental carbon is combusted to CO2 in O2 (2%)-He at 400, 500, and 600°C, and the CO2 is measured as above. The reflectance of the filter segment, which is continuously monitored with a He-Ne laser system, decreases during the organic analysis because of pyrolytic conversion of organic to elemental carbon and increases during the combustion of elemental carbon. Correction for pyrolytic production of elemental carbon is accomplished by measuring the amount of elemental carbon oxidation necessary to return the filter reflectance to the value it had before pyrolysis occurred. This is facilitated by the slow, three step elemental carbon combustion process. All switching of gas flows, timing, temperature control, pyrolysis correction, analog to digital conversion electronics, electrometer functions, signal integration, data storage, and data outputs are controlled by a microcomputer system built around a Motorola 6802 microprocessor. The instrument has been used to measure organic and elemental carbon concentrations at 42 urban sites in the United States.
LONG-ROD PENETRATION AND THE CALCULATION OF TARGET RESISTANCE

Numerical simulations of penetration of a tungsten-alloy long-rod projectile into semi-infinite S-7 steel and Ti-6A1-4V are compared and contrasted against the one-dimensional modified Bernoulli theory of Tate. Penetrator nose and tail velocities, and nose and tail positions as a function of time from the analytical and numerical models are compared. Although the theory assumes that the target resistance is a constant during penetration, it is found that the deviation of penetration from ideal steady fluid flow, as measured by how far the numerical solution is from satisfying the Bernoulli equation, changes considerably with penetration depth.
The Developing Brain: New Directions in Science, Policy, and Law--Introduction

Scientific findings on brain development increasingly are influencing how we understand children’s social and emotional development and how we interpret their behavior. Such understandings and interpretations, in turn, can shape public policy and legal precedent, as shown by the U.S. Supreme Court’s recognition of constitutional limitations on criminal punishments imposed on young offenders. This essay introduces a transdisciplinary symposium that explores new learning about the negative impact of “early stressors” on brain development and the opportunities that such learning presents for law and policy reforms. The symposium, part of a Washington University initiative on Neuroscience and Society, builds on the influence that neuroscience has already exerted on criminal law and juvenile justice and examines both the promise and the challenges of attempting to replicate this relationship in other contexts. For example, one challenge emerges from American jurisprudence’s distinction between constitutional limits on government action (as in the juvenile justice cases) versus calls for government support in response to demonstrated individual and societal benefits (as in interventions to minimize early stressors). The symposium contributions reflect the diverse expertise of the authors—including law, medicine, neuroscience, psychology, economics, public health, and social work, as well as insights from those with on-the-ground experience in policy making and implementation. Thanks to the wide array of perspectives, the symposium presents a conversation not only about how neuroscience might influence law and policy but also about how neuroscientists can undertake research that would prove most useful in influencing law and policy. For the full symposium, entitled Bringing Science to Law and Policy, see volume 57 of the Washington University Journal of Law & Policy (available online).
Experimenter Effects on Cardiovascular Reactivity and Task Performance during Mental Stress Testing.

Experimenter effects have long been hypothesized to influence participants’ responses to mental stress testing. To explore the influence of experimenter warmth on responses to two mental stress tasks (mental arithmetic, mirror tracing), 32 young women participated in a single 45-min experimental session. Participants were randomized into warm experimenter or cold experimenter conditions that were operationalized using differential contact scripts, interpersonal styles, and attire. Heart rate (HR) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were measured during rest and task periods, and participants completed subjective ratings of anxiety and several items rating the experimenter. Results showed greater effort and improved performance on both tasks for participants in the warm experimenter condition, although no significant differences in HR, SBP, DBP, or subjective ratings of anxiety were observed between the conditions. These findings suggest that experimenter effects have a more robust influence on motivational factors than on physiologic or emotional response parameters.
Mast Cells in Neurodegenerative Disease

Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide, yet there are currently no effective treatments. Because risk of neurodegenerative disease substantially increases with age, greater life expectancy with a concomitant aging population means more individuals will be affected in the coming decades. Thus, there is an urgent need for understanding the mechanisms driving neurodegenerative diseases in order to develop improved treatment strategies. Inflammation in the nervous system, termed "neuroinflammation," has become increasingly recognized as being associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Early attention focused primarily on morphological changes in astrocytes and microglia; however, brain and CNS resident mast cells are now receiving attention as a result of being "first responders" to injury. Mast cells also exert profound effects on their microenvironment and neighboring cells including behavior and/or activation of astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, which, in turn, are implicated in neuroinflammation, neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. Mast cells also affect disruption/permeability of the blood brain barrier enabling toxin and immune cell entry exacerbating an inflammatory microenvironment. Here, we discuss the roles of mast cells in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration with a focus on development and progression of four prominent neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntington's Disease.
Experimental Filmmaking and the Motion Picture Camera: An Introductory Guide for Artists and Filmmakers

Experimental Filmmaking and the Motion Picture Camera is an introductory guide to experimental filmmaking, surveying the practical methods of experimental film production as well as the history, theory, and aesthetics of experimental approaches. Author Joel Schlemowitz explains the basic mechanism of the camera before going on to discuss slow and fast motion filming, single-frame time lapse, the long take, camera movement, workings of the lens, and the use of in-camera effects such as double exposure. A comprehensive guide to using the 16mm Bolex camera is provided. Strategies for making films edited in-camera are covered. A range of equipment beyond the basic non-sync camera is surveyed. The movie diary and film portrait are examined, along with the work of a range of experimental filmmakers including Stan Brakhage, Rudy Burckhardt, Paul Clipson, Christopher Harris, Peter Hutton, Takahiko Iimura, Marie Losier, Rose Lowder, Jonas Mekas, Marie Menken, Margaret Rorison, Guy Sherwin, and Tomonari Nishikawa. This is the ideal book for students interested in experimental and alternative modes of filmmaking. It provides invaluable insight into the history, methods, and concepts inherent to experimental uses of the camera, while providing students with a solid foundation of techniques and practices to foster their development as filmmakers. Supplemental material, including links to films cited in the book, can be found at www.experimentalfilmmaking.com.
On-chip photoswitchable microresonator using azo monolayers

Photoswitchable organic molecules can undergo reversible structural changes, with an external light stimulus. These special molecules have found uses in the development of “smart”polymers, optical writing of grating films, and even controllable in-vivo drug release. Traditional photoswitchable small molecules include azobenzenes, spiropyrans, diarylethenes, and a whole host of their derivatives. These classes of molecules can either photoisomerize or undergo reversible ring opening, respectively. Being the simplest class of photoswitches in terms of structure, azobenzenes have become the most ubiquitous, well-characterized, and implemented organic molecular switch. In this work, an azobenzene derivative is utilized and covalently attached to the surface of a silica microtoroidal optical resonator and is used to tune the resonance around fifty percent of the cavity’s free spectral range. An evanescently coupled 1300nm laser is used as the probe wavelength to monitor the trans-cis isomerization initiated by a 450nm laser source which is also coupled into the device. Results and kinetics are compared to UV-Vis spectroscopy and ellipsometry, and the tuning sensitivity is compared to other established methods in the literature.
Accelerating next generation sequencing data analysis: an evaluation of optimized best practices for Genome Analysis Toolkit algorithms

Advancements in next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have significantly increased the translational use of genomics data in the medical field as well as the demand for computational infrastructure capable processing that data. To enhance the current understanding of software and hardware used to compute large scale human genomic datasets (NGS), the performance and accuracy of optimized versions of GATK algorithms, including Parabricks and Sentieon, were compared to the results of the original application (GATK V4.1.0, Intel x86 CPUs). Parabricks was able to process a 50× whole-genome sequencing library in under 3 h and Sentieon finished in under 8 h, whereas GATK v4.1.0 needed nearly 24 h. These results were achieved while maintaining greater than 99% accuracy and precision compared to stock GATK. Sentieon's somatic pipeline achieved similar results greater than 99%. Additionally, the IBM POWER9 CPU performed well on bioinformatic workloads when tested with 10 different tools for alignment/mapping.
Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers with Special Properties. Progress, Potential and Problems

Inorganic and organometallic polymers, IOPs, offer considerable potential as multifunctional materials because of the opportunity for: (1) novel structural arrangements derived from multiple ligand arrangements (e.g. octahedral, planar, etc.); (2) varied oxidation states of the elements used in IOP backbones and sidegroups; (3) three-dimensional delocalization of charge; and (4) higher bond dissociation energies than are possible in organic polymers. These intrinsic properties offer the possibility of creating materials with novel electronic, optical, magnetic and structural properties. Considerable progress has already been made in deveIOPing IOPs with special (multiple) properties; however, there is an exceptional and continuing need for new, general synthetic routes to IOPs, new characterization techniques, and the establishment of multidisciplinary research teams to explore the many scientific facets of each new IOP system.
Some influences of touch and pressure cues on human spatial orientation

During constant velocity rotation about his recumbent Z axis, a blindfolded subject feels as if he were on an orbital path in the same direction. This experienced motion results from the pattern of touch and pressure stimulation of the body surface. If the subject changes the pressure pattern on his body by bracing himself in the rotating apparatus in different ways, it is possible for him to influence profoundly and systematically his apparent orientation. For example, pressure on the top of his head while he is rotating can make the subject feel he is upside down on a cylindrical path. The changes in apparent ongoing posture elicited by different patterns of pressure cues are very similar for different subjects and are constant for the same subject over time. During experienced orbital motion, a subject will hear a continuously emitting sound source--one that is stationary in the external environment--as circling his head in the direction opposite that of his true rotation. If the rotating subject is permitted unrestricted sight of his surroundings, he neither experiences orbital motion nor mislocalizes sounds. These observations provide insight into the spatial orientation mechanisms that normally allow an organism to distinguish accurately between those changes in activity at its receptors contingent on its own movements, and those resulting from movement within the environment. They also provide a way of understanding some of the postural illusions experienced during exposure to unusual force environments, including free fall.
The field-space metric in spiral inflation and related models

Multi-field inflation models include a variety of scenarios for how inflation proceeds and ends. Models with the same potential but different kinetic terms are common in the literature. We compare spiral inflation and Dante's inferno-type models, which differ only in their field-space metric. We justify a single-field effective description in these models and relate the single-field description to a mass-matrix formalism. We note the effects of the nontrivial field-space metric on inflationary observables, and consequently on the viability of these models. We also note a duality between spiral inflation and Dante's inferno models with different potentials.
Short of Breath for the Long Haul: Diaphragm Muscle Dysfunction in Survivors of Severe COVID-19 as Determined by Neuromuscular Ultrasound

Abstract Many survivors from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) suffer from persistent dyspnea and fatigue long after resolution of the active infection. In a cohort of 25 consecutive COVID-19 survivors admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation hospital (76% male), 80% of them had at least one sonographic abnormality of diaphragm muscle structure or function. Specifically, when compared to established normative data, 76% had reduced diaphragm thickening ratio (impaired contractility), and 20% patients had reduced diaphragm muscle thickness (atrophy). These findings support neuromuscular respiratory dysfunction as a highly prevalent underlying cause for prolonged functional impairments after hospitalization for COVID-19.
Reconstruction of adaptive swept surfaces from scanned data for styling design

This study presents a new method for reconstructing an adaptive underlying surface, $$\tilde{\varvec{S}}$$ , from scanned data for styling design objects. $$\tilde{\varvec{S}}$$ is usually generated by sweeping a curve that varies its shape gradually while being swept. However, when $$\tilde{\varvec{S}}$$ is reconstructed from a segmented part of the scanned data, it is generally more difficult to control the gradual variation as the ratio of the segmented part to the area of $$\tilde{\varvec{S}}$$ becomes smaller. Therefore, this study represents $$\tilde{\varvec{S}}$$ by the sum of two surfaces, $$\tilde{\varvec{S}}={\varvec{S}}^{\mathrm{U}}+{\varvec{S}}^\Delta $$ . Here, an underlying surface $${\varvec{S}}^{\mathrm{U}}$$ is generated by the standard sweep method and the difference surface $${\varvec{S}}^\Delta $$ not only compensates for the error between $$\tilde{\varvec{S}}$$ and the scanned data but also exhibits monotonous change in the curvatures. Consequently, the gradual change in a curve being swept is represented by $${\varvec{S}}^\Delta $$ , which does not encounter the aforementioned problem because it is intended to control the deviation from the “reference” $${\varvec{S}}^{\mathrm{U}}$$ under the constraint of “curvature monotonicity.” The experimental results demonstrate the validity of surface reconstruction from real-world scanned data as well as an application of the proposed method.
Second Amendment Federalism

In the decade since District of Columbia v. Heller, the paradigm-shifting 2008 Supreme Court case affirming the right of individuals to keep handguns in the home for self-defense, lower courts have struggled to reconcile the case’s broad conception of the Second Amendment with longstanding restrictions on the keeping and bearing of firearms. A burgeoning literature has urged courts and scholars to approach this tension with an eye toward Heller’s repeated proclamations that self-defense is the “central component” of the Second Amendment right, suggesting that principles of common law self-defense may offer insight into the scope of the Amendment’s protections. Examining self-defense law as a U.S. tradition, this Note contends that the right to self-preservation has evolved significantly from its common law origins, with different states adopting different standards, procedures, and definitions over time. This diversity makes it difficult to extract universal principles of self-defense law for purposes of shaping Second Amendment doctrine. But even as the law has changed across time and jurisdictions, federal courts have been consistent in allowing states to define the contours of the self-defense right. Therefore, courts today should recognize self-defense law as a site of iterative policy development, and treat laws regulating the instrumentalities of self-defense (for example, firearms) with a degree of deference. This Note argues that this approach, which I term “Second Amendment Federalism,” comports with the dictates of Heller and provides a roadmap for doctrinal development.
ExoForm: Shape Memory and Self-Fusing Semi-Rigid Wearables

Semi-rigid and rigid structures have been utilized in many on-body applications including musculoskeletal support (e.g., braces and splints). However, most of these support structures are not very compliant, so effortless custom fitting becomes a unique design challenge. Furthermore, the weight and space needed to transport these structures impede adoption in mobile environments. Here, we introduce ExoForm, a compact, customizable, and semi-rigid wearable material system with self-fusing edges that can semi-autonomously assemble on-demand while providing integrated sensing, control, and mobility. We present a comprehensive and holistic engineering strategy that includes optimized material composition, computationally-guided design and fabrication, semi-autonomous self-morphing assembly and fusing steps, heating control, and sensing for our easy-to-wear ExoForm. Finally, we fabricate wearable braces using the ExoForm method as a demonstration along with preliminary evaluation of ExoForm's performance.
Real-world Experience with Ocrelizumab - A Safety Analysis (4199)

Objective: To assess the safety of ocrelizumab in clinical practice at a comprehensive multiple sclerosis (MS) center. Background: Ocrelizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively targets CD20+ B lymphocytes, resulting in their depletion. It was approved in 2017 for relapsing-remitting and primary-progressive MS. Pooled safety analysis from clinical trials revealed an increase incidence of infection, infusion reaction (IR), and neoplasms in ocrelizumab treatment groups. We present a real-world safety analysis of ocrelizumab. Design/Methods: Subjects treated with ocrelizumab at the University of Florida were identified by chart review of electronic records. Longitudinal safety laboratories including and clinical data including disease course, prior disease modifying therapies, IRs and other adverse events (AE) were compiled. This data was analyzed to assess for trends in laboratories and occurrence of AEs. Results: Thirty-nine of a potential 200 patients have been reviewed thus far. The most common abnormal laboratory values after initiation of Ocrelizumab were leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and T-cell counts, as well as decreased immunoglobulin-A and immunoglobulin-M levels. Nine subjects were diagnosed urinary tract infections, 3 with respiratory tract infections and 2 with abscesses. Two subjects were hospitalized for sepsis and appendicitis respectively. Ocrelizumab was discontinued in one patient due to pneumonia. Most infections occurred in subjects above 55 years old. Twelve IRs were reported, and treatment was discontinued in 1 subject due to bronchospasm. One subject was diagnosed with breast cancer and another with uterine fibroma. Conclusions: Our data revealed that infections and IRs are common amongst patients treated with ocrelizumab, while neoplasms were rare. Though infusion reactions were common, they were mild and resolved quickly. Treatment discontinuations were due to serious IR and pneumonia, but were uncommon. These factors are important to consider when selecting treatment for patients with MS. More data is needed to corroborate trends in laboratory values and potential correlation with AEs. Disclosure: Dr. Bolling has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vasquez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vervloet Sollero has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carlson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gyang has nothing to disclose.