cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crack Shielding in Ceria‐Partially‐Stabilized Zirconia

The crack tip shielding stress intensity factor has been calculated for several elongated transformation zone shapes observed in high-toughness ceria-zirconia ceramics. The results show that the measured increases in fracture toughness of these materials are consistent with the crack tip shielding mechanism, to which the toughening of other zirconia ceramics has been attributed. Moreover, the presence of a very elongated zone ahead of a steady-state crack is shown to decrease the degree of shielding compared with that of a zone with semicircular frontal shape and equivalent width by a factor of about 2.
The effect of pressure on the thermal decomposition of nitroalkanes catalyzed by amines

Abstract Solutions of 1° and 2° nitroalkanes were thermolyzed in the presence of amines at hydrostatic pressures up to 1.5 GPa, and their rates of decomposition were measured. The probable mechanism of base catalyzed decomposition involves a bimolecular reaction of the aci-nitroalkane with the nitronate ion to yield a carbonyl compound, its corresponding oxime, and nitrite ion as the early rate determining steps. In the case of nitroethane, the products react further to give 3,4,5-trimethylisoxazole as a major product above 0.4 GPa. The effects of pressure on the rates of decomposition of nonacidic nitroalkanes, 2,2-dinitropropane and 2-methyl-2-nitropropane, were measured and used to infer the rate-controlling steps. 2,2-Dini-tropropane appears to undergo rearrangement to a nitrite, followed by homolysis to give acetone, NO and NO2. 2-Methyl-2-nitropropane gives mostly isobutylene and HONO, probably via a 5-membered cyclic transition state.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF GROOMING AMONG FEMALE PRIMATES: TESTING HYPOTHESES WITH THE SHANNON-WIENER DIVERSITY INDEX

The Shannon-Wiener diversity index ( H ) has been used to characterize grooming relationships among adult female primates. To make comparisons among different groups, the value of H has been divided by the maximum value it can reach for a particular group size. This ratio, the grooming diversity ratio (GDR), has been used to test predictions from hypotheses that may explain the distribution of social relationships among adult female primates. Using grooming data from different primate populations and random computer simulations I show that the mean value of H and GDR are positively affected by the ln of the mean number of grooming bouts recorded per dyad (LnMNBD) and negatively by the coefficient of variation in the frequency of grooming bouts recorded for the females within a group (CV). These two variables reflect the combined effect of sampling effort and the rate of interactions among individuals (and their variance) and should be statistically controlled to make sensible use of H or GDR. After controlling for LnMNBD and CV, I found no significant effect of female group size, the degree of female involvement in inter-group encounters and the patterns of female dispersal on the mean value of GDR. The socioecological model of female social relationships (Sterck et al. , 1997) predicts that groups categorized as resident-egalitarian should have higher GDRs than resident-nepotistic ones. I find some support for this prediction when using a data set where some species contributed more than one data point but not when using mean values per species as in the previous analyses. This result may be confounded by a phylogenetic effect: langurs seem to have more diverse relationships than other primates. Data from more species are necessary to corroborate these results and to disentangle the effect of phylogeny from that of the social categories since most monkey groups characterized as resident-egalitarian were langurs.
Effects of unfractionated and low molecular weight heparin on antiphospholipid antibody binding in vitro.

Objective To compare the efficacy of unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin in the in vitro binding of antiphospholipid antibodies obtained from the sera of patients with recurrent pregnancy loss. Methods Women with immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies to the phospholipids cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine were selected based on a positive test by a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The sera were reassayed for antiphospholipid antibodies in a modified ELISA using increasing doses of unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin (0, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 IU). Sera were fractionated by unfractionated and low molecular weight heparin affinity chromatography to compare the binding avidity and antiphospholipid antibody activity. Results All sera demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition in measured antiphospholipid antibody activity with the addition of unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin. Levels of IgG cardiolipin and IgG phosphatidylserine were significantly inhibited in the presence of 32 IU of low molecular weight heparin (P < .001 and P < .05, respectively) and in the presence of 64 IU of unfractionated heparin (P < .001 and P < .05, respectively). Antiphospholipid antibody binding activity in serum as measured in the ELISA was maximally reduced 76–89% with 256 IU of either heparin derivative. Affinity chromatography with unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin columns absorbed 72% and 66% of IgG cardiolipin activity, respectively, and 46% and 54% of IgG phosphatidylserine activity, respectively. Conclusion These data suggest that low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin reduce the in vitro binding of antiphospholipid antibodies on a per unit basis. Both heparins demonstrate binding activity similar to that of antiphospholipid antibodies in vitro.
Taking Paul seriously

This article explores what it might mean to take Paul seriously about the ‘revelatory foundations ‘of Christianity. 1 I argue that the apostle, unlike most Christian philosophers and theologians today, shows little interest in defending the respectability or reasonableness of Christian belief, whether to insiders or to outsiders. Indeed, Paul concedes that his ‘message about the cross‘ will inevitably seem – and remain – utter ‘foolishness' to the overwhelming majority who learn of it (1 Cor 1:18-25). Moreover, because the gospel cannot be inferred from a common body of knowledge or derived with principles of logic, believers have little choice but to trust that Paul has, in fact, received communication from a sacred realm and relayed the message accurately. In an age when evidence and good reasons are (rightly) sought for our models of reality, conceding that the whole edifice rests on the purported veridicality of the visionary experiences of a handful of ancient witnesses, whose credibility we are not well-positioned to assess, necessarily comes with some epistemic embarrassment. But this is the price any Christian who is honest about the origins of her tradition must pay. Unlike the teachings of, say, Confucius or Buddha, most of which have their basis in trial-and-error and rational inquiry, the Christian gospel does not. Paul is not ashamed to admit this. I suggest that those who see Paul as an authority ought to as well.
Molecular factors in cell (and tumor) response to photodynamic therapy: the role of Bid

The phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 binds preferentially to mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Upon photoirradiation of Pc 4-loaded cells, membrane components, including Bcl-2, are photodamaged and apoptosis is triggered. We recently prepared analogues of Pc 4 containing two axial ligands, one identical to the single ligand in Pc 4, and the other containing one or two hydroxyl groups on a dimethylsiloxy alkyl chain. Pc 181 is representative of this group of photosensitizers. In MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, the new analogues preferentially localized in lysosomes and were highly efficient in inducing apoptosis and overall cell death. The Bcl-2 family member Bid is required for signaling to mitochondria for apoptosis in response to primary lysosomal photodamage. To further evaluate the role of Bid, we compared the effects of PDT with Pc 4 or Pc 181 in wild-type murine embryonic fibroblasts and those knocked out for Bid. We find that the two cell lines are equally sensitive to killing by Pc 4-PDT, but the Bid -/- cells are significantly more resistant to killing and apoptosis induction by Pc 181-PDT than are the Bid +/+ cells. The data show that low levels of lysosomal photodamage are not alone lethal and that a specific defect in a factor required for apoptosis can severely compromise cell response to PDT.
Ipriflavone improves bone density and biomechanical properties of adult male rat bones

To assess the potential impact of ipriflavone on the biomechanical properties and mineral composition of bone, we administered two doses (200 or 400 mg/kg bw) of the drug orally to adult male rats for 1 month. Bone biomechanics were evaluated by vibration damping, an index of strain energy loss, and impact strength (the amount of energy required to fracture after a single impact). At the higher dose, ipriflavone significantly decreased vibration damping of rat femurs by 23.0±9.8% compared with control, vehicle-treated animals, suggesting a higher capacity to withstand dynamic stress. This result was confirmed by the impact strength studies showing that a higher energy (49.6±21.3% above control) was required to fracture femurs of rat treated with 400 mg/kg bw ipriflavone. The high dose of ipriflavone increased bone mineral density, assessed by both volume displacement and ash analysis (4.2% and 2.5% above controls, respectively). The relative content of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the ashes was not different among the treated and untreated groups, indicating that no gross abnormalities in mineral composition of bone occurred after ipriflavone administration. Similarly, there were no differences in serum calcium and magnesium levels between treated and control animals at the end of the study, whereas lower circulating phosphorus levels were detected in the latter. Ipriflavone treatment was not associated with significant changes in serum alkaline phosphatase nor type I collagen telopeptide levels, two markers of bone turnover. In summary, 1-month treatment with ipriflavone increased bone density and improved the biomechanical properties of adult rat male bones without altering mineral composition. These results lend support to the use of ipriflavone in osteoporotic syndromes.
Non-Newtonian conversion solves problems of stability, permeability, and swelling in emulsion liquid membranes

Abstract Our recent experiments have proved the effectiveness of non-Newtonian conversion of the membrane in emulsion liquid membrane separation processes, with regard to simultaneously enhanced stability, retained – or improved – permeability, and reduced swelling. These findings for Type 1 (non-carrier) systems are now extended here to two new solutes with a variety of membrane formulations to demonstrate the generality of this approach. There are grounds for optimism in the proposed extension of this new procedure to Type 2 (carrier-containing) membranes, despite their unique stability problems.
LOT 2: The Language of Thought Revisited

LOT 2: The Language of Thought Revisited JERRY A. FODOR Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2008 228 pages, ISBN: 0199548773 (hbk); $37.95 It has been over thirty years since the publication ...
Effect of assertiveness training on levels of stress and assertiveness experienced by nurses in Taiwan, Republic of China

The purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of assertiveness training in improving self-perceived levels of stress and assertiveness among nurses in Taiwan, Republic of China. The two-group experimental design was conducted in a 2,000-bed veteran general hospital. A sample of 60 volunteer Chinese-speaking nurses participated in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: assertiveness training (AT) or alternate treatment control (ATC), which served as a control and contained updated knowledge of new computer technology for in patient settings. Subjects in each group participated in six 2-hour workshops in the same two-week period. All subjects were pre-, post-, and follow-up posttested for stress and assertiveness with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS), respectively. Results revealed the following: (1) subjects in both groups of pretest were clearly subassertive and under considerable stress; (2) by the end of training, the AT group scored significantly higher on the rating of assertiveness than those in the ATC group, and had successfully maintained their improvement by the 4-week follow-up; and (3) by the end of training, the AT group reported significantly lower levels of stress than the ATC group as indicated on the PSS, and successfully maintained their improvements at the 4-week follow-up. Overall, the results indicate clear support for the effectiveness of assertiveness training for treating subassertive behaviors and stress in a population of professional nurses in Taiwan.
Linear dichroism spectroscopy of gas phase biological molecules embedded in superfluid helium droplets

This article presents the current status of gas phase linear dichroism (LD) spectroscopy, including the theoretical background, the experimental technique, and a few examples in the UV/VIS and IR. Orientation and alignment of gas phase samples are achieved using a DC electric field. To reach the necessary degree of alignment, biological molecules vaporized from a heated oven need to be embedded in superfluid helium droplets. Excitation under different polarization directions of the light source relative to the alignment field can then be used to derive the direction of the transition dipole, or the size of the permanent dipole, or both. For biological molecules that have no resonance lines or too many resonance lines, LD offers an additional parameter for spectroscopic assignment and tautomeric and conformational identification. The direction of the vibrational transition dipole is proven more reliable for vibrational and tautomeric assignment than the energy or frequency information, which is often probl...
Urodynamic evaluation: periurethral striated EMG versus perianal striated EMG

Fifty consecutive spinal injury patients who underwent simultaneous EMG of the peri-urethral and perianal striated muscles along with cystometrogram on a multiple channel recorder are analysed. Bladder filling, voiding and also influence of spasticity on the EMG activity of both perianal and periurethral striated muscles were compared. Periurethral striated EMG along with CMG has a better diagnostic value (95 per cent) as compared to perianal EMG-CMG which was diagnostic in 72 per cent patients.
Sex differences in symptoms of posttraumatic stress: Does culture play a role?

If gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder follow from culturally-defined roles and rules, they should be greater in societies that foster traditional views of masculinity and femininity than in societies that adhere to these traditions less rigidly. Data were collected 6 months after Hurricanes Paulina (Acapulco; N = 200) and Andrew (Miami; White n = 135; Black n = 135). In regression analyses predicting scores on the Revised Civilian Mississippi Scale, Sex × Cultural Group interactions emerged for the total scale and for subscales of Intrusion, Avoidance, and Remorse. Only a sex main effect (women higher) emerged for Arousal. Overall, the results indicated that Mexican culture amplified, whereas African American culture attenuated, differences in the posttraumatic stress of male and female disaster victims.
ASYMPTOTIC NORMALITY OF A QUADRATIC MEASURE OF ORTHOGONAL SERIES TYPE DENSITY ESTIMATE

LetX1,...,Xn be i.i.d. random variable with a common densityf. Let\(f_n (x) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{q_n } {\hat a_k \phi _k } (x)\) be an estimate off(x) based on a complete orthonormal basis {φk:k≧0} ofL2[a, b]. A Martingale central limit theorem is used to show that\((\sqrt 2 \sigma _n )^{ - 1} \left[ {n\int {(f_n (x) - f(x))^2 dx - \mu _n } } \right]\xrightarrow{\mathcal{L}}N(0,1)\), where\(\mu _n = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{q_n } {Var[\phi _k (X)]} \) and\(\sigma _n^2 = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{q_n } {\sum\limits_{k' = 0}^{q_n } {[Cov (\phi _k (X),\phi _{k'} (X))]^2 } } \).
Organizational Strategy in a Gentrifying Neighborhood

This article explores how human service providers in a gentrifying neighborhood have responded to change. Using Miles and Snow’s (1978/2003) typology for organizational strategy, it analyzes how these providers have responded to the external environment and have planned strategically for their futures while serving the low-income residents and homeless in the neighborhood. Analysis shows that the providers’ strategic responses closely align with the framework and expected behaviors. However, notable differences were found between organizations in Heartside that are stable (Defender, Prospector, Analyzer) and those that are unstable (Reactor) with regard to impact of neighborhood changes and organizational strategic responses.
Amphetamine activation of hippocampal drive of mesolimbic dopamine neurons: A mechanism of behavioral sensitization

The repeated administration of psychostimulants induces an enhanced behavioral response to a subsequent drug challenge. This behavioral sensitization is proposed to model the increased drug craving observed in human psychostimulant abusers. Using in vivo extracellular recordings from identified ventral tegmental area dopamine (DA) neurons, we report that amphetamine-sensitized rats display an activation of ventral hippocampal neuron firing and a significantly greater number of spontaneously active DA neurons compared with saline-treated rats. Moreover, TTX inactivation of the ventral hippocampus restores DA neuron activity to control levels and also blocks the expression of locomotor sensitization. Taken as a whole, we propose that behavioral sensitization to psychostimulant drugs is attributable, at least in part, to persistent activation of the ventral hippocampus-nucleus accumbens pathway, with the resultant increase in tonic DA neuron firing enabling an abnormally higher response to subsequent psychostimulant administration.
Characterization and selective poisoning of acid sites on sulfated zirconia

Microcalorimetric measurements and infrared spectroscopy of ammonia adsorption were used to characterize the acidic properties of sulfated zirconia catalysts. Reaction kinetic measurements forn-butane isomerization were conducted over catalysts that were selectively poisoned with controlled amounts of ammonia. Initial heats of ammonia adsorption on the strong acid sites of sulfated zirconia were 150–165 kJ/mol, and these sites contain Bronsted acid and possibly Lewis acid centers. Sulfated zirconia samples that show high activity for the isomerization ofn-butane possess Bransted acid sites of intermediate strength, with differential heats of ammonia adsorption between 125 and 140 kJ/mol. The results of selective poisoning of sulfated zirconia with ammonia confirm that Bransted acid sites of intermediate strength are active forn-butane isomerization at 423 K while not discounting a possible role of the stronger acid sites.
Loss of T-bet Sends Host-Microbe Mutualism Awry

Immune homeostasis in the intestine involves complex interactions between microbial organisms and host cells. In this issue, Garrett et al. (2007) describe a communicable form of colitis that is induced by deficiency of the transcription factor T-bet in cells of the innate immune system.
On the Wess-Zumino Term for a General Anomalous Gauge Theory with Second Class Constraints

We proposed an algorithm to modify anomalous gauge theories by inserting new degrees of freedom in the system which transforms the constraints from second to first class. We illustrate this technique working out the cases of a massive vector boson field and the chiral Schwinger model.
Managers, specific human capital, and firm productivity in major league baseball

Recent research on the role of managers in firms concentrates on the relationship between compensation and individual performance, which links managerial skills and firm production only indirectly. In this paper, two related analyses test this link directly by examining how the experience of major league baseball managers affects both team and individual player performance. Grouped-data probit estimates indicate that, with team skills held constant, the probability of winning depends on the baseball-specific human capital of the manager. Further estimates, using the first-stage managerial attributes, also indicate that individual player performance improves when traded to "better-trained" managers.
Parametric and Topological Control in Shape Optimization

We propose a novel approach to shape optimization that combines and retains the advantages of the earlier optimization techniques. The shapes in the design space are represented implicitly as level sets of a higher-dimensional function that is constructed using B-splines (to allow free-form deformations), and parameterized primitives combined with R-functions (to support desired parametric changes). Our approach to shape design and optimization offers great flexibility because it provides explicit parametric control of geometry and topology within a large space of freeform shapes. The resulting method is also general in that it subsumes most other types of shape optimization as special cases. We describe an implementation of the proposed technique with attractive numerical properties. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by several numerical examples.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The skin conductance orienting response in neuroleptic-free schizophrenics: Replication of the scoring criteria effect

It has been suggested that the use of invalid scoring criteria might be responsible for the finding of excessive nonhabituation of the skin conductance orienting response (SCOR) in schizophrenia. Certain criteria may confuse SCOR and spontaneous SC activity in subjects with high rates of the latter (Levinson et al. 1984). To replicate this finding, data were reanalyzed from a study of 25 neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients and 23 normal male subjects. Analysis of response latency and amplitude during a habituation paradigm of 11 78.5-dB tones confirmed the predictions. Broad scoring criteria (SCOR onset 1-5 sec poststimulus, and a three-no-response-trials habituation criterion) produced significantly different habituation scores than more restrictive criteria (1.6-3.0 sec latency window and a two-trials habituation criterion). Nonhabituation was scored in five patients and six normals by the former criteria, but in no patient and one normal by the latter. Nonhabituators, defined by using the broad criteria, had higher rates of spontaneous activity. The narrow latency window contained significantly more responses than could be explained by the spontaneous activity rate, but this was not true for the added time permitted by the broad window. It is concluded that the use of more restrictive scoring criteria may help to clarify the validity of SCOR nonresponse or hyporesponse as a marker for a type of schizophrenic illness.
Multiculturalism and the decline of Stanford

6 6 1 couldn't have taught this class 10 years ago," History Professor Kennell Jackson declared to an overflowing classroom on the first day of the 1992 Spring quarter at Stanford University, "But people don' t look at me like I'm crazy anymore-what history does has broadened considerably." And Professor Jackson was not exaggerating. "Black Hair as Culture and History," his new upper-level history seminar, addressed the subject of black hair as it "has interacted with the black presence in this country" and "played a role in the evolution of black society." Turning from the chalkboard, Professor Jackson asked whether anyone had experienced "A Black Hair Event" recently. One student piped up from the back of the room: '~luliette Lewis's cornrow hair at the Oscars." "That's a good one," Professor Jackson agreed, producing a picture of the actress from USA Today. "Any others? No? Well, look for next week. ''1 If not for Professor Jackson's earnestness, one might have mistaken the class for a parody of multiculturalism. The syllabus outlined the curriculum for the quarter:
Approved and future pharmacotherapy for multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND Pharmacotherapy for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) advanced with the demonstration that interferon beta and glatiramer acetate improve the clinical course of this disease. Mitoxantrone is the first drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of secondary progressive MS. Despite this progress, the agents presently available are only partially effective, are difficult to administer, and may have significant side effects. Several orally administered immunomodulatory agents are presently being evaluated for treatment of MS. One class of drugs, HMG CoA inhibitors (statins), is safe and well-tolerated and could become another mainstay of MS therapy. REVIEW SUMMARY This article reviews the clinical evidence for approved MS therapies and discusses their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the clinical and laboratory data suggesting a potential role for statins in MS therapy are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Although treatment with interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, and mitoxantrone, the approved therapies, provide important treatment options for patients with relapsing-remitting MS and secondary progressive MS, the potential benefits of other medications, including statins, should be explored in controlled clinical trials.
Measurement of the atmospheric neutrino flux with AMANDA-II and IceCube

The IceCube Observatory presently consists of an array of 22 vertical strings, deployed between 1450 m and 2450 m of depth and containing 1320 digital optical sensors, and 26 IceTop surface stations with 104 sensors. The denser AMANDA-II array is integrated into IceCube in order to extend the sensitivity to lower energies. The Observatory is the world's largest neutrino telescope in operation. Recent results on the measurement of the atmospheric neutrino flux with IceCube are discussed, with an emphasis on the acceptance and sensitivity potential of the growing IceCube neutrino telescope.
Capillary Electrophoresis and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Determination of Polyglutamyl 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate Forms in Citrus Products

The 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5mTHF) polyglutamates in citrus products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Folate species were purified from citrus products and concentrated from 2- to 100-fold using combined folate-affinity chromatography and C18 extraction. Seven polyglutamyl 5mTHFs were found in most not-from-concentrate (NFC) orange juices (OJ) in total amounts of approximately 1 nmol/mL, with varying distributions of individual polyglutamates. Folate amounts and distributions were also measured in orange fractions, single-strength OJ from concentrate, NFC grapefruit juice, and citrus peel molasses. Models containing ascorbic acid had folate thermal degradation rates one-seventh that of models without ascorbic acid. Pasteurization studies demonstrated that folate loss was <2% for commercial OJ pasteurization conditions (i.e., 93 degrees C for 5 s, 88 degrees C for 15 s, and 82 degrees C for 30 s). Both methods were precise, reproducible, and potentially faster than traditional analytical procedures requiring enzymatic deconjugation and microbial assays.
Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction as therapeutic targets in patients with heart failure

Evidence suggests that vascular endothelium plays key role in the regulation of vascular tone, in the process of inflammation and in the thrombotic mechanisms. Recent studies indicate that it is an important component of the pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure. Heart failure may induce endothelial dysfunction by different mechanisms, such as reduced synthesis and release of nitric oxide (NO), increased degradation of NO or by increased production of endothelin-1. In addition, endothelial dysfunction has been associated with the progression of heart failure. Alterations in neurotransmitters, hormones and also in physiological stimuli are present in heart failure and affect the vascular endothelium. Treatments with beneficial effects on endothelial dysfunction may also improve prognosis in patients with heart failure.
Induction of prostaglandin synthesis-dependent suppressor cells with endotoxin: occurrence in patients with thermal injuries.

The induction of lymphocyte suppressor activity with bacterial endotoxin is well documented. While most of the evidence has been obtained using animal models and has required large doses of endotoxin, we have demonstrated that additions of as little as 1.0 ng of chromatographically purified endotoxin [fromEscherichia coli 055:B5,E. coli 0111:B4,Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Fisher-Devlin immunotype 1),Serratia marcescens, orSalmonella minnesota] to human mixed lymphocyte or to mitogen-stimulated cultures produced statistically significant suppression. In each case, endotoxin was most suppressive when present in the culture system prior to the introduction of the alloantigen or mitogen. Suppressive effects were dependent upon the participation of peripheral blood monocytes and could be blocked by the addition of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin or meclofenamate sodium. Prostaglandin production by monocytes appeared to induce a population of “short-lived” suppressor cells, identified by the immediate and delayed addition of lymphocyte cocultures to endotoxin-preincubated cells. The suppressive behavior of endotoxin-primed lymphocytes was identical to the behavior of burn patient serum-primed lymphocytes or to lymphocyte populations derived from a subpopulation of burn patients whose serum wasLimulus positive. We, therefore, feel that endotoxin plays a significant immunologic role in these patients.
Purification of cultured primary rat hepatocytes using selection with ricin a subunit

We had found several methods of hepatocyte isolation to be inadequate for removing Kupffer and endo thelial cells and so developed a method of selectively killing these nonparenchymal cells in hepatocyte cultures using the known selective uptake and toxicity of the protein synthesis inhibitor ricin and its A chain by nonparenchymal cells. Kupffer cells were quantitated with the Ku-1 monoclonal antibody. Endothelial and Kupffer cells were identified by means of fluorescence microscopy after uptake of fluorescent-labeled, acetylated low-density lipoprotein. Freshly isolated hepatocyte suspensions contained 21% ± 1.2% (mean ± S.E.M.) as many nonparenchymal cells as hepatocytes (n=12), including 7.6% ± 1.0% as many Kupffer cells as hepatocytes (n=10). In monolayers of hepatocytes maintained up to 48 hr in serum-free medium, 3% to 7% of cells were Ku-1 positive, and 2% to 11% took up fluorescence-labeled, acetylated low-density lipoprotein. Purification of hepatocytes using Percoll densitygradient centrifugation, elutriation rotor or other means was only partially effective. Hepatocyte monolayers in serum-free medium were incubated with various concentrations of ricin A chain for 1 hr, then washed and studied up to 48 hr later. Optimal treatment with 1.0 ng/ml ricin A chain resulted in decreased nonparenchymal cells 24 hr later and nearly complete loss of Kupffer and endothelial cells at 48 hr. Hepatocyte morphology and protein synthesis were unchanged. Ricin A chain can be used to eliminate Kupffer and endothelial cells from hepatocyte cultures. (Hepatology 1994;20:436–444.)
The Effects of Oral Doses of Theophylline and Fenoterol on Exercise-Induced Asthma

The effects of oral doses of theophylline and a s -adrenergic agonist, fenoterol, were examined in 18 asthmatic young adults. Significant bronchodilation was seen with high-dose theophylline (FEV 1 increased 14 percent) and with full 10-mg doses of fenoterol (FEV 1 increased 10 percent). Low-dose theophylline alone (130 mg) increased FEV 1 by 5 percent, but when combined with 5 mg of fenoterol, a 14 percent improvement was seen, demonstrating significant (P=.003) additive effects. The ability of the two drugs to prevent the asthmatic response to exercise was not additive. The mean fall in FEV 1 was not statistically different when subjects exercised after receiving a placebo (32 percent) 130 mg of theophylline (27 percent), or 130 mg of theophylline with 5 mg of fenoterol (18 percent). Furthermore, side effects associated with the two drags, such as tachycardia, tremor, or CNS stimulation, were significantly increased when the two drugs were given simultaneously. Thus, little therapeutic benefit was gained from simultaneous therapy. Both bronchodilation and toxicity were equivalent to that seen with larger therapeutic doses of either drug given alone, and protection from the effects of a frequently encountered stress was not significantly enhanced.
Response units for evaluating the hydrologic performance of rangeland watersheds

Abstract A technique is presented for isolating areas within rangeland watersheds which are homogeneous enough in hydrologic characteristics to permit their use as field experimental units or as computational units in hydrograph synthesis. A study of the interactions among geology, soils, topography, and climate on the 90-square mile Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho, revealed predictable relations among these features and the capacity of a given unit of landscape to retain precipitation. The range site concept incorporates similar considerations and may be used in deriving hydrologic units for synthesizing the hydrology of ungaged areas.
Phase Diagrams of Stoichiometric Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Complexes

Phase diagrams for a series of self-assembled, stoichiometric poly[(acrylate)-co-acrylamide]−cetyltrimethylammonium (PAAm−CTA+) complexes in aqueous environments have been established using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Space groups and unit cell dimensions for each observed structure were measured as a function of salt type, ionic strength, polyelectrolyte charge density, and applied osmotic pressure. As osmotic pressure and charge density were increased, a phase sequence of Pm3n cubic ↔ hexagonally close-packed cylinders (hcpc) ↔ lamellar was observed over an osmotic pressure range of 0−1000 atm. This progression of structures was accompanied by a concomitant reduction in the Bragg spacings within each phase, and the osmotic pressure dependence of these spacings indicated the presence of exponential forces between surfactant assemblies. Typical unit cell sizes were on the order of 100−150 A for the cubic phase, 45−60 A for the hexagonal phase, and 25−35 A for the lamellar phase. Bragg spacings we...
Par proteins and neuronal polarity

A hallmark of neurons is their ability to polarize with dendrite and axon specification to allow the proper flow of information through the nervous system. Over the past decade, extensive research has been performed in an attempt to understand the molecular and cellular machinery mediating this neuronal polarization process. It has become evident that many of the critical regulators involved in establishing neuronal polarity are evolutionarily conserved proteins that had previously been implicated in controlling the polarization of other cell types. At the forefront of this research are the partition defective (Par) proteins. In this review,we will provide a commentary on the progress of work regarding the central importance of Parproteins in the establishment of neuronal polarity.
Culturing embryogenic protoplasts of ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange in calcium alginate beads

Protoplasts were enzymatically isolated from log phase embryogenic sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Hamlin] suspension cultures, embedded in 3-mm diameter Ca-alginate beads, and cultured in a growth cabinet (15–20 μ mol m-2 s-1, 4-h photoperiod, 27°C). Plating efficiency exceeded 90% for Ca-alginate embedded protoplasts vs. 30% for protoplasts cultured in a liquid medium. Embryoids formed from protoplasts were recovered after 20 days by dissolving the Ca-alginate matrix with a calcium sequestrant. Embryoids readily formed shoots that were rooted on MS+0.01 μM NAA+5% sucrose. Potential applications are discussed.
Phase-contrast imaging of tissue using near-infrared diffusing light.

We describe a new model-based image reconstruction method that can extract the spatial variation of tissue refractive index with near-infrared diffusing light. The model of light propagation is a diffusion approximation to the radiative transfer equation for highly scattering media with spatially varying refractive index. The spatial map of refractive index is recovered using a finite element-based Newton-type reconstruction algorithm. The imaging method is validated using several tissue-like phantom experiments. Initial in vivoimaging of breast tissue is also presented, demonstrating the ability of this new imaging method for tumor detection.
Asymptotic freedom and the "color" gauge group

In the light of a recent discovery by Chang that there exist particular solutions to the renormalization-group equations which may render a field theory asymptotically free even though the general solutions do not, we present a gauge model of superstrong quark interactions based on local SU(2) in which functional conditions are imposed on the coupling constants so that the theory remains asymptotically free despite the complete breakdown of symmetry which occurs by way of the Higgs mechanism. This model is also highly realistic in the sense that it is consistent with the usual quark phenomenology, in addition to providing a clue to the dynamics involved.
Identifying structures in clouds of induced microseismic events

A method for finding improved relative locations of microearthquakes accompanying fluid production and injection is presented. The method is based on the assumption that the microearthquake locations are more clustered than found when events are located using conventional techniques. By allowing the rms misfit between measured arrival times and predicted arrival times to increase if events move closer together, the authors find that there is more structure in the pattern of seismic locations. The method is demonstrated using a dataset of microearthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing. The authors find that structures found using relative arrival times of events having similar waveforms to find improved relative locations of events can also be recovered using the new inversion method but without the laborious repicking procedure. The method provides improved relative locations and hence, an improved image of the structure within the seismic zone that may allow for a better relation between microearthquake locations and zones of increased fluid permeability to be found.
Chemical characterization studies of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Porthetria dispar

Abstract The nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of Porthetria dispar was isolated and purified through a two-step zonal centrifugation procedure. The LD50 of the purified NPV was determined by a dose-response assay. Quantitative analyses were made of whole polyhedra and of separated fractions of polyhedral protein, virus rods, and denatured material, i.e., the pellet obtained from low speed centrifugation of dissolved polyhedra, to determine the protein, DNA, and “RNA” (orcinol-positive material) present in this NPV. Approximately one-half the “RNA” was present in the denatured material. Trace elements were also determined, and four, Fe, Mg, Cu, and Zn, of the ten assayed were present in the polyhedral protein fraction, while only Mg and Zn were in the virus rod fraction.
Quality-of-life (QOL) assessment of older consumers: A retrospective review

This article provides a series of historical reflections (for a period corresponding roughly to the past 20 or 30 years) on the evolving QOL status of older consumers. It uses a two-category QOL framework consisting ofobjective components (e.g., socioeconomic indicators, health and longevity, housing and family living arrangements, and gender differences) andsubjective components (e.g., life satisfaction and cognitive age) to explore the QOL of older consumers. It then examines the strategic reality of “diversity” and speculates on strategic implications of these QOL observations.
SEARCHING FOR INSPIRATION: AN IN-DEPTH LOOK AT DESIGNERS EXAMPLE FINDING PRACTICES

Designers frequently use examples during the design process as a way to provide a visual framework, allow for re-interpretation and allow for evaluation of design ideas. Although the use of examples is an important part of the design process, little is known about how designers retrieve these examples or the characteristics of the example set designers collect for a given project. Knowledge of this behavior is important, as research has shown that using examples too similar to the design problem or too familiar to the designer can cause design fixation and hinder creativity. Therefore, the current study was conducted to provide insights into these example retrieval processes by monitoring 18 professional designers during a 90-minute design task complemented by surveys and interviews for an in-depth understanding of user behavior. We relate our results to research on design fixation and provide implications for the development of example finding tools.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Faculty and Student Use of Technologies, User Productivity, and User Preference in Distance Education

The authors surveyed faculty and students in Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business-accredited U.S. business colleges on their use of information technologies in distance education and their perceptions of the technologies' effect on productivity and technology preference. The authors collected data from 140 professors across the nation and 300 students from 4 states. The findings indicated that faculty and students used Internet-based tools heavily and perceived them as productivity enhancers. However, significant differences existed between faculty and students (e.g., although significantly more instructors preferred using TV-based live video and audio, significantly more students preferred using Internet live video and audio).
Repression of simian virus 40 early transcription by viral DNA replication in human 293 cells.

Repression of simian virus 40 early transcription by viral DNA replication in human 293 cells
FtsZ and the division of prokaryotic cells and organelles

Binary fission of many prokaryotes as well as some eukaryotic organelles depends on the FtsZ protein, which self-assembles into a membrane-associated ring structure early in the division process. FtsZ is homologous to tubulin, the building block of the microtubule cytoskeleton in eukaryotes. Recent advances in genomics and cell-imaging techniques have paved the way for the remarkable progress in our understanding of fission in bacteria and organelles.
What Lies Ahead

Members of the American Statistical Association arid guests, it is indeed a pleasure to officially welcome you to the 136th annual meeting of the Association. I want to extend special congratulations to those who were honored by being elected as fellows of our Association; I want to extend a special welcome to those who have travelled long distances and from foreign countries to attend these meetings and those of the Biometric Society; finally I want to extend a special thanks to the many people who have worked hard to make these meetings successful. I especially want to thank the people on the various organizing committees and the local arrangements committees. This year the United States of America is celebrating its Bicentennial, the 200th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. During the course of this year many of the people in this nation have been involved in a search for a sense of history, purpose, and destiny for themselves and their institutions. It is also a worthwhile endeavor for a professional society to examine its past, its present, and its goals and objectives for the future. I can well imagine the surprise and amazement of the founding fathers of this nation if they were to look in upon their product today some 200 years later. I also think the five men who met in this city in November, 1839, to organize a statistical society would be very surprised at the present state of their offspring. I wonder if they would be pleased or disappointed. John Fiske closes his account of the American Federal Convention with a story of merit [2, p. 5].
Once-Daily vs. Continuous Aminoglycoside Dosing: Efficacy and Toxicity in Animal and Clinical Studies of Gentamicin, Netilmicin, and Tobramycin

The dosing frequency of aminoglycoside antibiotics may alter efficacy and toxicity independent of total daily dose. Once-daily tobramycin dosing was compared with continuous infusion in three models of efficacy. Acute pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in guinea pigs responded better to once-daily dosing, and chronic pneumonia in rats and endocarditis in rabbits responded equally to both regimens. Dogs given gentamicin, tobramycin, or netilmicin once daily, with maximum serum concentrations of greater than 100 mg/liter, had less nephrotoxicity than dogs given continuous infusions. Tobramycin was given once daily or continuously to 52 patients with cystic fibrosis who in 10 days had no change in creatinine clearance or hearing despite maximum serum tobramycin concentrations of 40 mg/liter. Intermittent dosing of aminoglycosides, causing infrequent large maximum serum concentrations, may be less toxic and equally efficacious as frequent dosing.
Sex differences among participants in a weight-control program

The present study examines whether sex differences in behavioral and psychological variables related to weight control are explained by sex differences in weight standards and prior history of dieting. The predictive value of these sex differences for subsequent outcome in a behavioral weight-loss program was also examined. Women (N = 88) reported (a) more dieting behavior (both past and present), (b) leaner standards of desired weight, (c) more knowledge of weight-loss methods and nutrition, and (d) more motivational barriers to weight control than men (N = 98). Men reported (a) more knowledge barriers to weight control, and (b) higher levels of physical activity. Sex differences in motivational barriers, nutrition knowledge, and some of the weight-loss behaviors were eliminated by controlling statistically for weight standards and dieting history. Weight losses at 6, 12, and 18 months were consistently related to only two of the variables discriminating between men and women. Positive eating behaviors, such as eating diet foods and limiting food quantity, were prospectively related to less weight loss. Stimulus-control eating behaviors, such as eating only in one location, were prospectively related to greater weight loss. Men and women differed little in weight loss success. Since few behavioral and psychological variables were related to weight loss, different emphases in weight-loss treatments for men and women are not clearly indicated.
Africa and the new international economic order

(1980). Africa and the new international economic order. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 295-304.
Consequences of a possible adiabatic transition between ν = 1 / 3 and ν = 1 quantum Hall states in a narrow wire

We consider the possibility of creating an adiabatic transition through a narrow neck, or point contact, between two different quantized Hall states that have the same number of edge modes, such as $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{1}{3}$. We apply both the composite-fermion and Luttinger-liquid formalism to analyze the transition. We suggest that using such adiabatic junctions one could build a dc step-up transformer, where the output voltage is higher than the input. Difficulties standing in the way of an experimental implementation of the adiabatic junction are addressed.