cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visions of Empire in the Nazi-Occupied Netherlands: “Indies Lost, Disaster Born”

On December 7, 1941, Japanese forces attacked Pearl Harbor, and the following day the Dutch government-in-exile declared war on Japan. These events sent immediate shockwaves throughout metropole and colony alike. Dutch colonial authorities in the colonial capital of Batavia placed the Royal Netherlands Indies Army (KNIL) on high alert and, as a precaution, rounded up a few thousand Japanese men, women, and children who were then sent to Australia. Speaking in a radio broadcast from London on December 9, Queen Wilhelmina proclaimed her country’s solidarity with the British and Americans, pledging to lend any necessary military forces and supplies to her allies as they bravely fought Japanese aggression. She called on all Dutch citizens in the Indies, civilians and soldiers alike, to accept their pure and righteous mission, the success of which she had no doubt. However, despite this rousing call to arms, soon echoing in the pages of clandestine press, public responses in the German-occupied Netherlands evidenced trepidation, fear, and anger. Apparently, the Dutch Nazis were not alone in worrying that the government’s declaration of war would force Japan’s hand. During the first weeks of December, civilian and military occupation officials repeatedly noted the presence of a generalized and mounting anxiety concerning the present position of the East Indies. On December 11, for instance, an official of the Aussenpolitisches Amt der NSDAP (the Foreign Political Office of the Nazi Party) in The Hague explained that “in spite of all omens” pointing in this direction, the outbreak of war in the Pacific Ocean had come as a great surprise to the Dutch. According to his vantage point, public opinion concerning the queen’s declaration of war was clearly ambivalent. Those who traveled in more anti-German circles saw the declaration as a positive contribution to the fight against the Axis powers, whereas others were convinced that “with Holland’s entry into the war in the Pacific, the colonial empire in the Far East has been lost, whether to Japan or to the United States.” Similarly, a staff member attached to the offices of General Christiansen, Commander of the Armed Forces in the Netherlands, explained that these events overseas had caused many Dutchmen to “begin to doubt whether the present political policy of alliance with England was correct.” In fact, so speculated this military staffer, the Germans could drastically improve their public image in the occupied country if they could convince the Dutch that friendship with Germany was the best guarantee of their economic welfare, now that a Japanese New Order in Asia was in the works.
Early in the Morgan: Leftist Theories of Sport

ABSTRACTIn what follows, I shall begin by highlighting what I take to be a few of the central points of the ‘critique’ section of the book, all of which will point to what I take to be the core thesis of the ‘reconstruction’ section of the work, his argument that the liberation of sport as a potentially subversive element to the dominant political and social regime will be accomplished only when we succeed in turning the authority over each sporting activity away from the various institutions that presently dominate most sport practices and returning that authority to what Bill calls the respective ‘practice communities’, by which I take him to mean those who actually play the sport, and perhaps others with a genuine interest in what he calls the ethos of the sport practice, such as coaches and referees. In this targeted summary, I shall have to pass over the remarkably detailed discussion and evaluation of the large sport literature that Bill engages throughout. I shall then spend some time discussing wh...
Pathways to Water Supply Security

This chapter looks at four examples of how areas with extreme water scarcity are working to achieve security and sustainability of water supplies. Case studies are described in this comparative study of alternative affordable methods of approaching the need for achieving sustainability in water-scarce regions. A widening and possibly insurmountable gap between water supply and demand is projected to occur in 2030 in four locations: India, China, South Africa and Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm repairs: Operative technique and lessons learned.

Objective Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) aneurysms are rare and data on operative management are limited. They can cause right ventricular outflow tract or pulmonary artery compression, and rupture may be fatal. In this study, we describe our experience with the repair of 13 SOV aneurysms. Methods All patients who underwent SOV aneurysm repair from May 2001 to December 2017 at our single tertiary referral center were reviewed retrospectively. Results Thirteen patients (92% male) with a mean age of 60 years underwent repair of an SOV aneurysm; mean aneurysm diameter was 5.9 ± 0.8 cm and four patients (30.7%) presented with rupture into another cardiac chamber. Operative interventions included six Bentall procedures, five patch repairs (one with aortic valve replacement [AVR]), and two primary aneurysm closures both with concomitant AVR. There were no strokes, myocardial infarctions, re-explorations, or deaths in the postoperative period. After an average of 2.25 years, computed tomographic imaging in five patients demonstrated no aneurysm recurrence. Conclusions Surgery is a safe option for both ruptured and nonruptured SOV aneurysms. A variety of repair strategies may be used. Larger studies are needed.
Lignin valorization process control under feedstock uncertainty through a dynamic stochastic programming approach

The randomness introduced by reactants is an issue when processing renewable bioresources. In this paper, we apply tools from dynamic stochastic programming theory to the biochemical process. Instead of introducing extra preprocessing units, we consider the inherent randomness of the process and optimize in expectation the performance of the system. In a general setting, this is a multistage stochastic optimization problem and we investigate its approximate solution via two approaches, namely stochastic dual dynamic programming (SDDP) and the finite state, finite action Markov decision process (MDP) framework. These two methods are implemented to a case study of lignin valorization that is crucial to a cost-effective biorefinery process using biomass as the feedstock.
Reaction: Life Is Messy

Irving R. Epstein is a university professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Professor at Brandeis University, where he has served as chemistry chair, dean of arts and sciences, and provost. His research focuses on nonlinear chemical dynamics and pattern formation in chemical, biological, and social systems.
Economic Imperialism in Iran

This chapter examines how economic imperialism was imposed on Iran by dominating its economy through the concession of exclusive monopolies, loans, foreign trade and investment, and the political means to protect such economic relationships. Britain and Russia were able to establish their mastery over Iran by controlling the Qajar kings who were ruling the country. Using data from various sources, the author shows how the two powers controlled Iran’s economy by obtaining concession monopolies, by using Iran’s sources of income as collateral for their loans, and by arranging low tariff treaties to open Iran’s market to their manufactured products, which resulted in the stagnation of the country’s economy. The two powers converted Iran into an exporter of primary goods and importer of manufactured goods, mostly from Britain and Russia. The low tariffs worsened Iran’s trade deficits and prevented the country from becoming industrialized.
Replacement Hormone Therapy for Gender Dysphoria and Congenital Sexual Anomalies.

What is it about sexuality that makes it such a burning matter since the dawn of mankind? Much was lost of humankind heritage because of society’s attitude toward sex and gender, but we’ve made progress. Medical knowledge progressed incredibly and so did social and cultural norms. In these days, on most places on the planet, there is acceptance. Still, gender issues take a center stage, often inflaming the social and political milieu everywhere. So how informed and prepared is the medical community to deal with these issues? Aside from medical treatments, gender dysphoric patients need mental health and social support throughout life. Do we have enough guidelines for treatments that have life-long effects? Do we actually know all of those effects? There are many issues to consider, like fertility preservation, puberty suppression with its adverse effects, and not in the least, the effects of the hormonal therapy on the target tissues.
Apical suspension is underutilized for repair of stage IV pelvic organ prolapse: an analysis of national practice patterns in the United States

Support of the vaginal apex is paramount for a durable repair of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Our aim is to assess national utilization of apical suspension procedures for the surgical treatment of complete POP. We hypothesize that there might be a high rate of apical suspension with advanced prolapse. The 2006–2016 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for a primary postoperative diagnosis of complete POP. The primary outcome was type of repair. Secondary outcomes included patient characteristics associated with apical suspension or colpocleisis. Procedures were delineated using CPT codes. Chi-squared and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate factors associated with repair type. A total of 2,784 women underwent surgery for complete POP with a mean age of 64.6 ± 11.0 years. Overall, 1,300 (46.7%) patients underwent apical suspension: 487 sacrocolpopexies (17.5%), 428 extraperitoneal suspensions (15.4%), and 391 uterosacral suspensions (14.0%). 5.2% (144) underwent colpocleisis, and 47.5% (1,332) of women had a concurrent hysterectomy (CH). With CH, 38.6% (502) had apical suspension or colpocleisis versus 69.5% (940) of post-hysterectomy cases. On logistic regression, CH was inversely associated with apical suspension (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.37, CI 0.32–0.44, p < 0.001). Colpocleisis was associated with older age (aOR 4.9 per 10 years, CI 3.8–6.3, p < 0.001), post-hysterectomy surgery (aOR 0.23, CI 0.1–0.4, p < 0.001 for CH), and higher comorbidity index (OR 1.7, CI 1.1–2.6, p = 0.009). Complication rates are similar with and without apical suspension (8.2% versus 7.0%, p = 0.269). During surgery for complete POP, an apical suspension procedure is performed in 46.7% of patients and is more common post-hysterectomy.
Reduced-Order Modeling for Dynamic Mode Decomposition Without an Arbitrary Sparsity Parameter

Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) yields a linear, approximate model of a system’s dynamics that is built from data. This paper seeks to reduce the order of this model by identifying a reduced set o...
H2 evolution from H2O via O–H oxidative addition across a 9,10-diboraanthracene

The water reactivity of the boroauride complex ([Au(B2P2)][K(18-c-6)]; (B2P2, 9,10-bis(2-(diisopropylphosphino)-phenyl)-9,10-dihydroboranthrene) and its corresponding two-electron oxidized complex, Au(B2P2)Cl, are presented. Au(B2P2)Cl is tolerant to H2O and forms the hydroxide complex Au(B2P2)OH in the presence of H2O and triethylamine. [Au(B2P2)]Cl and [Au(B2P2)]OH are poor Lewis acids as judged by the Gutmann–Becket method, with [Au(B2P2)]OH displaying facile hydroxide exchange between B atoms of the DBA ring as evidenced by variable temperature NMR spectroscopy. The reduced boroauride complex [Au(B2P2)]− reacts with 1 equivalent of H2O to produce a hydride/hydroxide product, [Au(B2P2)(H)(OH)]−, that rapidly evolves H2 upon further H2O reaction to yield the dihydroxide compound, [Au(B2P2)(OH)2]−. [Au(B2P2)]Cl can be regenerated from [Au(B2P2)(OH)2]−via HCl·Et2O, providing a synthetic cycle for H2 evolution from H2O enabled by O–H oxidative addition at a diboraanthracene unit.
Learning Discriminative Virtual Sequences for Time Series Classification

Temporal data are continuously collected in a wide range of domains. The increasing availability of such data has led to significant developments of time series analysis. Time series classification, as an essential task in time series analysis, aims to assign a set of temporal sequences to different categories. Among various approaches for time series classification, the distance metric learning based ones, such as the virtual sequence metric learning (VSML), have attracted increased attention due to their remarkable performance. In VSML, virtual sequences attract samples from different classes to facilitate time series classification. However, the existing VSML methods simply employ fixed virtual sequences, which might not be optimal for the subsequent classification tasks. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a novel time series classification method named Discriminative Virtual Sequence Learning (DVSL). Following the unified framework of sequence metric learning, our DVSL method jointly learns a set of discriminative virtual sequences that help separate time series samples in a feature space, and optimizes the temporal alignment by dynamic time warping. Extensive experiments on 15 UCR time series datasets demonstrate the efficiency of DVSL, compared with several representative baselines.
SparsePak Observations of Diffuse Ionized Gas Halo Kinematics in NGC 891

We present WIYN SparsePak observations of the diffuse ionized gas (DIG) halo of NGC 891. Preliminary results of an analysis of the halo velocity field reveal a clear gradient of the azimuthal velocity with z which agrees with results for the neutral gas. The magnitude of the gradient has been determined, using two independent methods, to be approximately 15 km/s/kpc.
HIV-1 cure strategies: why CRISPR?

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed prognoses for HIV-1-infected individuals but requires lifelong adherence to prevent viral resurgence. Targeted elimination or permanent deactivation of ...
Patron Saints? Political Incentives to Promote Religious Change

Why has Pentecostalism grown rapidly in some sub-Saharan democracies but not others? This question matters for the promotion of peace and human rights, as African Pentecostal movements are increasingly associated with vote-buying, campaigns against minority rights (e.g. LGBTQ communities), and in some cases, political violence. Drawing on extant cross-national data and original, sub-national data from Zambia, this paper makes two main contributions: First, I demonstrate puzzling variation in the rise of Pentecostalism both across and within countries for which conventional explanations for conversion (e.g., poverty, urbanization, and globalization) cannot account. Instead, I argue that church-state relations during periods of democratic transition played an important role in shaping future religious change: Amidst increased political competition, in cases where established religions could credibly threaten to mobilize opposition to ruling parties' favored policy faced incentives to promote indigenous Pentecostal networks in order to undercut existing religion and to build party-voter linkages on the backs of new religious networks. Focusing on the case of Zambia, I draw on over 110 interviews and an original quantitative database of state records to show that the ruling party systematically targeted urban land, tax breaks, and political appointments to Pentecostals more often during election years and in more electorally competitive districts. I conclude with discussion of policy implications.
Wachstumstreiber Marketing Automation

Unternehmen mussen sich auf die wichtigsten Komponenten der Rentabilitat und des Wachstums konzentrieren, um Erfolge zu erzielen. Jedes Unternehmen hat dabei seinen eigenen einzigartigen Ansatz, um diese Faktoren zu optimieren. Jedoch gibt es einige Gemeinsamkeiten, die bei erfolgreichen Unternehmen auftreten. In diesem Beitrag wird eine haufig angewandte und effektive Strategie vorgestellt, die viele Unternehmen mit grosem Wachstum verfolgen. Es kommt Marketing-Automation-Technologie zum Einsatz, mit der sie ihre Erfolge uber alle Aspekte der Customer Journey, von der Akquise bis hin zum Empfehlungsmarketing, beschleunigen.
Hitting a Wall: An Ambiguous Case of Wallenberg Syndrome.

Wallenberg syndrome is the most common stroke of the posterior circulation. Diagnosis of Wallenberg syndrome is often overlooked as initial MRI may show no visible lesion. We present an atypical case of Wallenberg syndrome in which the initial MRI of the brain was normal. Our patient is a 65-year-old male who was brought in by emergency medical services complaining of right-sided facial droop, slurred speech, and left-sided weakness for one day. Physical examination showed decreased left arm and leg strength compared to the right side, decreased left facial temperature sensations, decreased left arm and leg temperature sensations, and difficulty sitting upright with an associated leaning towards the left side. An initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with and without contrast revealed no abnormality. In light of such a high suspicion for stroke based on the patient's neurologic deficits, a repeat MRI of the brain was performed three days later and exposed a small focus of bright signal (hyperintensity) on T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the left posterior medulla. Wallenberg syndrome, also known as lateral medullary syndrome or posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome, is a constellation of symptoms caused by posterior vascular accidents. The neurological deficits associated with this disease are due to damage of the lateral medulla, inferior cerebellar peduncle, nucleus of trigeminal nerve, nucleus and fibers of vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves, descending sympathetic tract, spinothalamic tract, and/or vestibular nuclei. MRI with DWI is the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis. Wallenberg syndrome has the potential to leave patients extremely debilitated. Early detection, management, and rehabilitation are critical for improving post-stroke recovery.
On the Dynamics of the Hecksher-Ohlin Theory

Over the last decades, large labor intensive countries, like China, have played a growing role in world trade. Using the factor proportions theory, this paper investigates the dynamic effects of economic growth consequent to international trade between countries with different factor proportions. I present a complete characterization of the equilibrium dynamics with initial factor endowments outside the cone of diversification where factor prices are not equalized and either one or both of the countries specialize. I find that while a small country can grow without the retarding force of a terms-of-trade deterioration, a large, capital-intensive country can experience terms-of-trade deteriorations, as a consequence of trading with a large, labor-intensive partner. These terms-of-trade effects have consequences over growth and the pattern of specialization in production. For instance, the capital stock of the poor country can overshoot its long-run steady state. However, at the steady state, the labor intensive country will always remain poorer compared to the capital intensive country. The model can also help to explain why countries experience non-monotonic changes in their pattern of specialization as they grow, why countries do not converge to the same steady state level of income, and why non-factor price equalizations might be the most likely outcome after all.
Effects of data aggregation on the power of tests for a unit root

This paper studies the effects of data aggregation on the powers of the Phillips-Perron and augmented Dickey-Fuller tests for a unit root by simulation. It is shown that using the data generated by aggregating subinterval data results in lower powers of the tests. In addition, especially for the aggregate data, the Phillip-Perron tests appear to be more powerful than the augmented Dickey-Fuller test in finite samples, according to our experimental format.
Recent Advances in High-Temperature Superconductivity

After more than 15 years of intense research since the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity [1], many interesting physical phenomena unique to the cuprate superconductors are better understood, and various applications have been realized. However, the underlying mechanism for high-temperature superconductivity remains elusive, largely due to the complication of numerous competing orders in the ground state of the cuprates. We review some of the most important physics issues and recent experimental developments associated with these strongly correlated electronic systems, and discuss current understanding and possible future research direction.
Decentralized control of large vehicular formations: stabilit y margin and sensitivity to external disturbances

We study the stability and robustness of large-scale vehicular formations, in which each vehicle is modeled as a double-integrator. Two types of information graphs are considered: directed trees and undirected graphs. We prove stability of the formation with arbitrary number of vehicle s for linear as well as a class of nonlinear controllers. In the case of linear control, we provide quantitative scali ng laws of the stability margin and sensitivity to external disturbances (H1 norm) with respect to the number of vehicles N in the formation. It is shown that the formation with directed tree graph achieves size-independent stabil ity margin but suffers from high algebraic growth of initial errors. The stability margin in case of the undirected graph decays to 0 as at least O(1/N). In addition, we show ...
Inflammation in joint injury and post-traumatic osteoarthritis

Inflammation is a variable feature of osteoarthritis (OA), associated with joint symptoms and progression of disease. Signs of inflammation can be observed in joint fluids and tissues from patients with joint injuries at risk for development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Furthermore, inflammatory mechanisms are hypothesized to contribute to the risk of OA development and progression after injury. Animal models of PTOA have been instrumental in understanding factors and mechanisms involved in chronic progressive cartilage degradation observed after a predisposing injury. Specific aspects of inflammation observed in humans, including cytokine and chemokine production, synovial reaction, cellular infiltration and inflammatory pathway activation, are also observed in models of PTOA. Many of these models are now being utilized to understand the impact of post-injury inflammatory response on PTOA development and progression, including risk of progressive cartilage degeneration and development of chronic symptoms post-injury. As evidenced from these models, a vigorous inflammatory response occurs very early after joint injury but is then sustained at a lower level at the later phases. This early inflammatory response contributes to the development of PTOA features including cartilage erosion and is potentially modifiable, but specific mediators may also play a role in tissue repair. Although the optimal approach and timing of anti-inflammatory interventions after joint injury are yet to be determined, this body of work should provide hope for the future of disease modification tin PTOA.
Retrospective study of risk factors for mortality in human avian influenza A(H7N9) cases in Zhejiang Province, China, March 2013 to June 2014.

Summary Background The influenza A(H7N9) virus causes a serious disease that threatens human health. Fatalities associated with human infections caused by this virus are of great public health concern; however, the possible risk factors are not yet fully known. Methods A stratified sampling method, incorporating household income levels and a random number table method, was used to select laboratory-confirmed A(H7N9) cases for this study. Eighty-five patients were selected randomly from 139 laboratory-confirmed A(H7N9) cases occurring in Zhejiang Province between March 1, 2013 and June 30, 2014. Data were collected using a standard method. To test the statistical significance among discrete variables, univariate analyses were used to compare two groups. The Kaplan–Meier product-limit method was used to analyze the patient survival fraction. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze all variables with p ≤ 0.05 in the univariate analysis. Lastly, a stepwise procedure was used to construct a final model with a significance level of p > 0.10 for removal and p Results A total of 85 patients with H7N9 virus infection were identified. Among these, 30 (35.29%) died. In the univariate analysis, the following factors were associated with a high risk of influenza A(H7N9) case fatality: age ≥60 years ( p =0.008), low education level ( p =0.030), chronic diseases ( p =0.029), poor hand hygiene ( p =0.010), time from illness onset to the first medical visit ( p =0.029) and to intensive care unit admission ( p =0.008), an incubation period of ≤5 days ( p =0.039), a peak C-reactive protein ≥120mg/l ( p =0.012), increased initial neutrophil count ( p =0.020), decreased initial lymphocyte count ( p =0.021), and initial infection of both lungs ( p =0.003). Multivariate analysis confirmed that the independent predictors of H7N9 virus infection mortality in Zhejiang, China were hand hygiene (hazard ratio (HR) 5.163, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.164–22.661), age (HR 1.042, 95% CI 1.007–1.076), and peak CRP (HR 1.009, 95% CI 1.002–1.016). Conclusions Improvements in immunity, early case identification and treatment, and personal protection measures are key to addressing the high human avian influenza A(H7N9) case fatality rate.
Emission Line Properties of Active Galactic Nuclei from a pre-COSTAR Faint Object Spectrograph Hubble Space Telescope Spectral Atlas

UV/optical emission lines offer some of the most detailed information obtainable about the intrinsic properties of quasars. Studies of the density, ionization and metal abundance of gas near the accreting black hole are probed through an intriguing but poorly understood complex of correlations between emission lines and overall quasar spectral energy distributions that has long suffered from a lack of large, consistently measured samples. As part of a broader effort to expand and systematize the data upon which these studies are built, we present measurements of the UV/optical emission line parameters in a sample of 158 active galactic nuclei observed with the Faint Object Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), prior to the installation of COSTAR. We use an automated technique that accounts for galactic reddening, includes iron emission blends, galactic and intrinsic absorption lines, and performs multicomponent fits to the emission line profiles. We present measured line parameters (equivalent width and FWHM) for a large number (28) of different UV/optical lines, including upper limits for undetected lines. We also study the relations between the emission line equivalent widths and luminosity (the Baldwin effect), as well as redshift (evolution). We compare results from this HST FOS sample with our previous measurements of 993 QSOs in the Large Bright Quasar Survey using the same analysis technique and sum the samples to achieve better coverage of the luminosity-redshift plane. We confirm a significant Baldwin effect for UV iron emission from Green et al. and find that evolution dominates the effect for iron and for Si IV emission. The values of the Baldwin effect slopes for all UV emission lines and the dependence of the slopes on the sample's luminosity range point to a change of the SED as the cause of the Baldwin effect in the FOS sample.
Aminoalcohol Esters of Sorbic Acid

Abstract A report is given of the preparation of three new esters of sorbic acid, diethylaminopropyl sorbate, 4‐morpholinoethyl sorbate, and piperidinoethyl sorbate, and of one previously reported ester, diethylaminoethyl sorbate.
The Hasimoto transformation and integrable flows on curves

Abstract A simple formula for the differential of the Hasimoto transformation (relating vortex filament flow to the cubic Schrodinger equation) is presented.
Effects of anthropogenic land use on Odonata in playas of the Southern High Plains

Playas are ephemeral wetlands that are the only source of aboveground freshwater in the southern Great Plains, making them of vital importance to aquatic and amphibious animals. Playas are also highly threatened from anthropogenic land use (chiefly agriculture, which decreases hydroperiod through increased sedimentation). We examined community structure of adult odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) in playas differing in the 2 main regional forms of surrounding land use (cropland vs. grassland). Analysis of odonate diversity revealed high overlap between cropland and grassland playas. Traditional species-area theory did not fit observed patterns, as there appears to be a threshold playa size that supports maximal odonate diversity; this nonlinear response may reflect a tradeoff between hydroperiod and availability of emergent vegetation that is required for perching and oviposition. Since agriculture effectively reduces playa depth but not size of the overall playa watershed, this may mean that cropland playas serve as "ecological traps." This property has important implications for regional odonate diversity.
Immunoprofiles of Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) and Oncocytoma

Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty nine patients attending the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Washington DC were studied after approval from the local Institutional Review Board. The study period was 2008 to 2011 and focused on those patients with atypical urine cytology. The UroVysion test was performed as a reflex test on the residual aliquot of the fixed urine samples with atypical cytology. The specimens included 19 voided and 110 cystoscopic urines. Results were correlated with clinical history, cytomorphological features, cystoscopic examination and, where available, bladder biopsy. Results: All patients except one were male, with an age range of 31 to 90 years (median 65 years; mean 66.7 years). Overall, 34/129 (26%) of cytologically atypical samples were UroVysion positive. These included 6/18 voided and 28/107 cystoscopic urine specimens. Four specimens were borderline or quantity insufficient by standard UroVysion manufacturer’s guidelines. Biopsies were performed on 18 UroVysion positive cases (2 voided and 16 cystoscopic urines) within 0 to 3 months of the test. Urothelial neoplasia was seen in 2/2 voided and 16/16 cystoscopic urine specimens resulting in a high specificity. On the other hand, biopsy proven urothelial carcinoma was seen in 6 of 14 UroVysion negative specimens, cases with tumor present on cystoscopic examination, resulting in low sensitivity. The most common Urovysion abnormality was gain of chromosomes 3, 7 and 17. Loss of 9p21 occurred in 6 cases and was the sole abnormality in 3. Conclusions: This study indicates that the UroVysion test could be a useful test in the diagnosis of bladder cancer in conjunction with urine cytology and cystoscopic examination, especially in cases with atypical cytology in voided urine and atypical cytology and no tumor identified on cystoscopic examination in cystoscopic urine. In our study in all UroVysion positive cases, follow up biopsy showed neoplastic changes, indicating that UroVysion has high specificity and that UroVysion positive cases need periodic further evaluation.
Visual studies of flow in a regular array of spheres

Abstract Studies have been made of the motion of dye streamers on the surface of a sphere in a close packed cubic array of spheres. At a Reynolds number of 82 a completely steady flow is observed with nine distinct regions of reverse flow. The same type flow pattern is also observed a Reynolds number of 200 where the flow is unsteady. The flow patterns are described by identifying the singular points of the limiting streamlines. Contact points were observed to be saddle points of these limiting streamlines.
We need expanded newborn screening.

For many conditions, when newborn screening detects an abnormality that can be effectively treated, it can make the difference between a healthy life and one that requires long-term care. For this reason, the World Health Organization in 1998 recommended that newborn screening be mandatory and free of charge when early diagnosis and treatment could benefit children.1 Carlson recently commented that “newborn screening represents one of the major child health advances of this past century.”2 Those of us who have cared for infants affected with conditions for which screening has been introduced would agree heartily with this comment. Our ability to identify affected newborn infants, when totally asymptomatic, and institute programs and treatments that prevent serious morbidity and mortality is a great privilege for the pediatrician. A core of our specialty is preventive medicine, such as the practice of the careful evaluation of infants through weight and measurement in an effort to detect and treat serious underlying medical conditions. Newborn screening for serious metabolic disorders is one of the most dramatic of our preventive pediatric measures. More than 40 years ago a special diet was developed for phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare metabolic condition; it has dramatically improved the outcomes of these infants when the diet is initiated early in infancy. A simple screening test was developed by Guthrie using dried blood spots—a system that is still at the core of newborn screening today.3 After enormous advocacy by both professional and parent groups, newborn screening was adopted widely throughout the developed world. When newborn screening for PKU started, there were many unknowns about PKU, including maternal PKU. There were some adverse outcomes during this learning period, almost always reversible, as clinicians and scientists learned the spectrum of the disease and how best to treat these children.4,5 … Address correspondence to R. Rodney Howell, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami (D820), PO Box 016820, Miami, FL 33101. E-mail: rhowell{at}miami.edu
Classes and collections: Conceptual organization and numerical abilities

Abstract Collections (e.g., forest, army) and classes (e.g., trees, soldiers) are natural concepts that differ in their organizational principles. Collections are organized into part-whole relations (e.g., trees are parts of a forest). Classes are organized according to class inclusion relations (e.g., oaks are kinds of trees). Because of their part-whole organization, collections are assumed to have greater psychological coherence than classes and therefore an advantage on tasks that require thinking about an aggregate as well as the individuals in it. Number requires aggregate analysis since it is a characteristic of sets, not of individuals. Four studies tested the hypothesized collection advantage in numerical reasoning tasks. In each, children viewed identical displays that were labeled with either class or collection terms. With perceptual input constant, the collection labels in contrast to the class labels promoted children's insight into certain numerical principles and facilitated the use of these principles in a variety of numerical tasks. Collection labels appear to induce a cognitive reorganization of importance to the child: the shift from inclusion to part-whole relations.
Neurofibromatosis presenting as perineal pain and urethral burning.

Abstract Two unusual cases of neurofibromatosis are presented. The symptoms, focal perineal pain, and urethral burning, mimicked chronic prostatitis or prostadynia. The cause of perineal pain is often baffling. The patients described had a very specific reason for their discomfort, which proved to be involvement of the peripheral nerves of the perineum by plexiform neurofibromas. Neurofibromatosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of perineal pain, especially when palpable nodules are present.
Zero-phonon photochemistry of hydrogen bonded hyroxy quinones as studied by photochemical hole burning

Abstract It is shown that several hydroxy quinones undergo photochemical transformation at low temperatures (1.8K). This phenomenon, which is investigated by photochemical hole burning, is shown to be extremely matrix dependent. From spectroscopic data and from CNDO model calculations it is concluded that the photochemical process involves both intramolecular and intermolecular hydr bonds.
Developing a database of authoring system software

AuthorBase, a working prototype database of authoring system software, was developed as part of a study of authoring software conducted by the National Library of Medicine. In this article, the authors discuss development issues ranging from the scope of the database to what information to document. The prototype demonstrates that records of reasonable integrity can be derived from vendor-supplied information. However, users should understand that the database is only a starting point in searching for authoring software and a resource for becoming generally familiar with the technology.
Cone-beam volume CT breast imaging: wavelet analysis-based multiresolution reconstruction and denoising technique

This paper presents a wavelet analysis-based multi-resolution cone-beam volume CT breast imaging technique that is adaptive for high-resolution and ultra-high resolution reconstructions. Wavelet analysis-based de-noising techniques are employed to improve image quality and further reduce the required absorbed dose. The following steps can summarize this technique. First, in the high-resolution mode, the high spatial resolution projections are rebinned into lower resolution projections through a wavelet decomposition/synthesis procedure while in the ultra-high-resolution mode the original spatial resolution of the projection data is kept. Second, a wavelet analysis-based de-noising technique is applied upon the projection data with quantum fluctuations to suppress the noise level in the reconstructed images. Third, a de-noising method through an adaptation of a wavelet shrinkage approach for noise reduction is utilized in the reconstructed data to improve the image quality in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio and dose efficiency. The computer simulations show that the wavelet analysis-based multi-resolution rebinning approach provides the flexibility to adjust spatial the reconstruction resolution and noise level for various imaging tasks. Also, the wavelet analysis-based de-noising technique efficiently suppresses the quantum mottle induced noise, and contributes to a better low contrast object reconstruction in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement. In addition, the reconstruction of a high contrast object, for example, a tiny calcification grain, is obtained with less density spread. The noise level in the reconstructed image is reduced, which means the necessary dose level can be further reduced while the image quality is not compromised.
An alternative method for calculation of semi-gray radiation heat transfer in solar central cavity receivers

Abstract This paper describes a general method to calculate the semi-gray radiation heat transfer that occurs within an enclosure comprised of diffuse surfaces. The method is implemented in an existing solar power tower cavity receiver model in the System Advisor Model (SAM, NREL, 2011 ). The semi-gray radiation model is used to find an optimal distribution of emissivities for the thermal- and solar radiation wavelength bands for surfaces that comprise the solar central cavity receiver. The optimal distribution of emissivities maximizes the overall thermal efficiency of a cavity receiver. The model shows an effective way to reduce heat loss from the cavity is to minimize the temperatures of the passive surfaces through manipulation of their radiative surface properties. For the cavity receiver design considered, an optimal emissivity distribution for the active absorber surfaces of the cavity is a selective surface with high absorptivity in the solar wavelength band and low emissivity in the thermal wavelength band. Passive surfaces within the cavity should be highly reflective for radiation over the full spectrum. For absorber surfaces with solar absorptivity of 0.95, thermal emissivity of 0.1 and reflective passive surfaces with emissivities of 0.1, for the full spectrum, the thermal efficiency of the receiver can be increased by about 0.7% in comparison to gray surfaces having an emissivity of 0.95 for all wavelengths.
Age, Sex, and the Familial Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis

The familial aggregation of rheumatoid arthritis was examined to determine factors modifying the risk of rheumatoid arthritis in first degree relatives of 165 cases ascertained from January 1, 1987, through March 31, 1987, using the Saint Margaret Memorial Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Registry, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, without regard to previous information concerning the occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis among their family members. The reported affection status of first degree relatives, verified through a structured clinical evaluation, revealed a false-positive reporting rate for family members of 61%. In contrast, there were no false-negative cases detected. There were no differences in average family size or total number of years at risk between 135 simplex and 30 multiplex families; however, aggregation analysis revealed that only 18 of 30 confirmed multiplex families had significant excess risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Significant differences were found when probands from multiplex families were compared with those from simplex families with regard to female to male ratio for probands (1:1 in multiplex families vs. 3:1 in simplex families) and average age of onset for probands (41 years in multiplex families vs. 48 years in simplex families). The familial risk for rheumatoid arthritis was similar in parents (4.2%) and siblings (4.6%) and lowest for children (0.7%) of probands. The authors assert that the affection status of first degree relatives of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is often falsely reported as positive. The familiality of rheumatoid arthritis may be more accurately related to the sex and age at onset of the affected family member.
Using Media for Developing Mental Models and Anchoring Instruction

My goal here was to discuss ways in which research and theory in the areas of learning and cognition can guide the development of integrated media systems. We began our discussion by exploring how IM technology can be used to embellish existing curricula, noting that its many advantages are quite obvious. Nevertheless, other issues related to IM development are more subtle, yet important. We discussed ways that the research literature can help us think about these issues in more detail. My major argument was that the full implications of exploring existing theory and research cannot be appreciated by simply using IM technologies to embellish existing curricula. Based on the cognitive literature, there is a need to develop principles for breaking the mold. I provided some reasons for doing this and discussed examples of work going on in our center that suggest possible alternatives to typical text-based curricula. The major characteristic of these alternatives is that they drastically reduce the amount of time that students spend receiving already-discovered information (from teachers or texts) and, instead, provide problem-rich environments that can be explored and discussed by students. Many other examples of alternative problem-rich environments are currently being developed and studied by others (Bank Street College, 1984; Lipman, 1985; Tinker, 1991). As new principles for breaking the mold begin to emerge from research, we hope that the result will be major advances in learning for all students.
Functional Recovery in Hemiparkinsonian Primates Transplanted with Polymer-Encapsulated PC12 Cells

Cross-species neural grafting of cell lines immunoisolated by a permselective polymer membrane represents a promising source of neuroactive molecules for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Utilization of a cell line of xenogeneic origin is advantageous since the transplanted cells will be rejected by the host immune system in case of breakage of the immunoisolating envelope. Polymer-encapsulated PC12 cells, a dopaminergic cell line derived from a rat pheochromocytoma, were transplanted in five Macaca fascicularis monkeys which had been previously rendered hemiparkinsonian by a unilateral carotid injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Well-preserved, tyrosine hydroxylase positive encapsulated PC12 cells were observed in the lesioned striatum for up to 5 months after implantation. Four out of five monkeys which received polymer-encapsulated PC12 cells showed significant behavioral improvement, whereas three monkeys implanted with either encapsulated bovine chromaffin cells or empty polymer envelopes showed no amelioration.
Automated essay scoring for nonnative English speakers

The e-rater system™ is an operational automated essay scoring system, developed at Educational Testing Service (ETS). The average agreement between human readers, and between independent human readers and e-rater is approximately 92%. There is much interest in the larger writing community in examining the system's performance on nonnative speaker essays. This paper focuses on results of a study that show e-rater's performance on Test of Written English (TWE) essay responses written by nonnative English speakers whose native language is Chinese, Arabic, or Spanish. In addition, one small sample of the data is from US-born English speakers, and another is from non-US-born candidates who report that their native language is English. As expected, significant differences were found among the scores of the English groups and the nonnative speakers. While there were also differences between e-rater and the human readers for the various language groups, the average agreement rate was as high as operational agreement. At least four of the five features that are included in e-rater's current operational models (including discourse, topical, and syntactic features) also appear in the TWE models. This suggests that the features generalize well over a wide range of linguistic variation, as e-rater was not confounded by non-standard English syntactic structures or stylistic discourse structures which one might expect to be a problem for a system designed to evaluate native speaker writing.