cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Institutional Analysis of Neighborhood Collective Action

Sublocal governance organizations may provide a way for some urban neighborhoods to stabilize and improve property values. Recent advances in collective action theory, spatial statistical methods, and data availability now make it possible to more directly evaluate the effects of these organizations. The analysis combines geocoded assessor's data and data from a survey of neighborhood and homeowner associations to analyze a model of prices of single-family homes in Little Rock, Arkansas, from 2012 to 2016. The results show that neighborhood and homeowner associations both have significant positive effects on neighborhood property values relative to unorganized neighborhoods and that the effect of neighborhood associations is at least as large as that of homeowner associations. Moreover, the results indicate that neighborhood association structure mediates the effect on property values, although this is not the case for homeowner associations.
P-026 Cervical Carotid "Pseudo-Occlusion:" Intracranial Occlusions Masquerading as Extracranial Occlusions

Introduction The entity of internal carotid artery (ICA) “pseudo-occlusion,” where an occlusion of the intracranial ICA appears as an occlusion of the extracranial cervical ICA on computed-tomography angiography (CTA) or digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is more common than previously thought. We aim to accurately describe and analyze this entity for the benefit of the treating interventionalist. Methods This was a retrospective review of a prospectively collected thrombectomy database between February 2011-January 2016. Over 900 patients were treated within the study period, and we subselected the 46 patients who had an occlusion of the intracranial ICA without evidence of a tandem occlusion in the cervical ICA. These patients’ angiograms were analyzed for the presence of cervical ICA “pseudo-occlusion.” Details of their demographics, medical history, thrombectomy procedure, and outcome were then analyzed. Results The mean age for the total population was 62.3 (Range: 31–91). There was an exact split between sexes in the total population. Cervical ICA “pseudo-occlusion” was found in 21 of the 46 patients (46%) on CTA. 17 (81%) of these patients had “pseudo-occlusion” of the proximal cervical ICA and 4 had “pseudo-occlusion” of the mid-cervical ICA. 15 (71%) of these patients continued to have “pseudo-occlusion” on DSA during their thrombectomy procedure. When comparing the two groups, 48% of the“pseudo-occlusion” group and 52% of the non-“pseudo-occlusion” group were male. The mean age of the “pseudo-occlusion” cohort was 64.8 versus 60.1 in the non-“pseudo-occlusion” cohort. 38% of the “pseudo-occlusion” patients and 40% of the non-“pseudo-occlusion” patients received IV TPA. The rates of mTICI 2 b/3 reperfusion were 81% in the “pseudo-occlusion cohort” versus 100% in the non-“pseudo-occlusion” cohort. (p versus 62.16 minutes in the non-“pseudo-occlusion” group (p = 0.07). The rate of ECASS Parenchymal Hematoma Type 2 was 4.8% in the “pseudo-occlusion” group versus 4% in the non-“pseudo-occlusion” group. 90 day follow-up mRS was available in 20 “pseudo-occlusion” patients and 19 non“pseudo-occlusion” patients. The rate of 90 day mRS 0–2 was 35% in the “pseudo-occlusion” group and 63% in the non-“pseudo-occlusion” group. The 90 day mortality rate was 25% in the “pseudo-occlusion” group and 21% in the non-“pseudo-occlusion” group. Conclusions Carotid “pseudo-occlusion” is a common entity in the thrombectomy population, and its presence is associated with increased procedure time and decreased rates of reperfusion. Disclosures J. Grossberg: None. F. Cardoso: None. L. Rebello: None. D. Haussen: None. M. Frankel: None. R. Nogueira: None.
By Any Means Necessary? the Fcc's Implementation of Net Neutrality

Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) removed common carriage obligations from Internet cable broadband providers in 2002, free speech and open access advocates have been lamenting the FCC’s market-oriented, laissez-faire approach and have called for net neutrality regulation to remedy the problems brought about by an unregulated market for Internet communications. Such regulation would reimpose some of the common carriage/non-discrimination obligations historically imposed on telecommunications providers and would prohibit broadband providers from censoring, blocking, or otherwise discriminating against any legal content or applications that users sought to communicate via broadband pipes. In August 2008, however, the FCC reversed its laissez-faire course and censured Comcast — one of the nation’s largest broadband providers — for engaging in discriminatory network management practices. In its Comcast order, the FCC condemned Comcast’s practice of engaging in the clandestine blocking of certain peer-to-peer file-sharing applications and ordered it to discontinue these and other “unreasonable” network management practices and to come clean with the public about the ways in which it manages communications on its network. Some have argued that the FCC’s willingness to act in these circumstances obviates the need for general net neutrality regulation or for broadly-applicable rulemaking by the FCC.6 In this Article, I contend that, while these recent actions by the FCC are a step in the right direction, the FCC’s ad hoc, ex post adjudication actions stand on uneasy jurisdictional footing and, in any case, are insufficient to remedy fully the problems caused by the FCC’s removing nondiscrimination obligations from broadband providers in the first place — most significantly, the harm to the free flow of expression on the Internet. In Part I of this Article, I describe the uneven history of the FCC’s regulatory treatment of Internet service providers (ISPs). In Part II, I analyze the Comcast network management practices that were the subject of the FCC’s August 2008 order, as well as the order itself. In particular, I scrutinize the FCC’s asserted basis for claiming jurisdiction to adjudicate such actions by broadband providers, in light of the fact that the FCC had previously classified such providers as subject to minimal regulatory oversight. In Part III, I contend that — notwithstanding the order and the FCC’s apparent willingness of late to impose checks on broadband providers’ censorial and discriminatory conduct — broadly applicable, ex ante legislative or agency action is necessary to impose general nondiscrimination obligations on broadband providers. Congress should enact net neutrality legislation to prohibit broadband providers from discriminating against legal content or applications in the form of censoring or degrading such expression, or should require the FCC to adopt binding, generally-applicable rules prohibiting such discrimination.
Tracing a cartography of struggle: reflections on twenty years of transnational solidarity with the U’wa people of Colombia

The author reflects upon two decades of research and activism by mapping a cartography of struggle that emphasizes the importance of relationality and Indigenous theory and practice.
Glacier Flow Modeling

As a geophysical fluid dynamics phenomenon, glacier motion has features in common with some of the other terrestrial and planetary flows considered in this book, but it also has a number of special features that give it a character of its own. It can be compared to mantle flow and convection: both involve slow flow of essentially incompressible fluids of very high viscosity, at very low Reynolds number, with negligible inertial, magnetic, and Coriolis forces. The rheology is similar in terms of temperature dependence and nonlinear stress dependence. Also, coupling of fluid flow and heat flow is usually important. A notable difference between mantle flow and glacier flow problems is in the nature of the flow boundary conditions: in convection one usually assumes either a no-slip condition or a no-shear-stress condition at the base of the mass, whereas in glacier flow a stress-controlled slip-rate condition is required in many cases; also in convection it is common to place a no-slip or specified-slip condition at the surface, whereas in glacier flow the surface boundary condition is always stress free. Another difference is that, while both types of flow are in response to gravity as the driving force, in mantle flow it is usually expressed either as a buoyancy force or as a surface mass loading, whereas in glacier flow it usually acts as a downslope body force. Glaciers are often, and ice sheets always, thin compared to their horizontal dimensions, and in this respect their flow has geometrical similarity with “thin-skinned tectonics, ” or, on an even larger scale, the tectonics of the earth’s crust as distinct from that of the mantle. Among tectonic phenomena glacier flow is most closely related to detachment thrusting and other forms of gravitational tectonics (Bucher, 1956; Hills, 1963, p. 79, 336; Suppe, 1985, p. 286). And of course glacier mechanics and mantle mechanics share common ground in dealing with isostatic adjustment to ice-sheet loading.
Unsupervised learning methods to perform material identification tasks on spectral computed tomography data

Sandia National Laboratories has developed a method that applies machine learning methods to high-energy spectral x-ray computed tomography data to identify material composition for every reconstructed voxel in the field-of-view. While initial experiments led by Koundinyan et al. demonstrated that supervised machine learning techniques perform well in identifying a variety of classes of materials, this work presents an unsupervised approach that differentiates isolated materials with highly similar properties, and can be applied on spectral computed tomography data to identify materials more accurately compared to traditional performance. Additionally, if regions of the spectrum for multiple voxels become unusable due to artifacts, this method can still reliably perform material identification. This enhanced capability can tremendously impact fields in security, industry, and medicine that leverage non-destructive evaluation for detection, verification, and validation applications.
Abstract 110: Thrombectomy With Longer Stent Retrievers Increases Rates of First-pass Reperfusion

Background: Longer stent retrievers have become recently available and may enhance device purchase distal to the clot (increasing chances of rolling clot out) and prevent misplacement. We aim to ev...
A discontinuous Galerkin fast spectral method for the multi-species Boltzmann equation

Abstract We introduce a fast Fourier spectral method for the multi-species Boltzmann collision operator. The method retains the advantages of the single-species fast spectral method Gamba et al. (2017) including: (a) spectral accuracy, (b) reduced computational complexity compared to direct spectral method, (c) reduced memory requirement in the precomputation, and (d) applicability to general collision kernels. The fast collision algorithm is then coupled with discontinuous Galerkin discretization in the physical space Jaiswal et al. (2019) to result in a highly accurate deterministic method (DGFS) for the full Boltzmann equation of gas mixtures. A series of numerical tests is performed to illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method. Various benchmarks highlighting different collision kernels, different mass ratios, momentum transfer, heat transfer, and in particular the diffusive transport have been studied. The results are directly compared with the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method.
Integrating Visual Psychophysical Assays within a Y-Maze to Isolate the Role that Visual Features Play in Navigational Decisions

Collective animal behavior arises from individual motivations and social interactions that are critical for individual fitness. Fish have long inspired investigations into collective motion, specifically, their ability to integrate environmental and social information across ecological contexts. This demonstration illustrates techniques used for quantifying behavioral responses of fish, in this case, Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), to visual stimuli using computer visualization and digital image analysis. Recent advancements in computer visualization allow for empirical testing in the lab where visual features can be controlled and finely manipulated to isolate the mechanisms of social interactions. The purpose of this method is to isolate visual features that can influence the directional decisions of the individual, whether solitary or with groups. This protocol provides specifics on the physical Y-maze domain, recording equipment, settings and calibrations of the projector and animation, experimental steps and data analyses. These techniques demonstrate that computer animation can elicit biologically-meaningful responses. Moreover, the techniques are easily adaptable to test alternative hypotheses, domains, and species for a broad range of experimental applications. The use of virtual stimuli allows for the reduction and replacement of the number of live animals required, and consequently reduces laboratory overhead. This demonstration tests the hypothesis that small relative differences in the movement speeds (2 body lengths per second) of virtual conspecifics will improve the speed and accuracy with which shiners follow the directional cues provided by the virtual silhouettes. Results show that shiners directional decisions are significantly affected by increases in the speed of the visual cues, even in the presence of background noise (67% image coherency). In the absence of any motion cues, subjects chose their directions at random. The relationship between decision speed and cue speed was variable and increases in cue speed had a modestly disproportionate influence on directional accuracy.
The sleeper framing effect: The influence of frame valence on immediate and retrospective judgments☆

Prior research on attribute framing has documented a robust valence-consistent shift whereby positively valenced options (e.g., 75% lean beef) are preferred over equivalent negatively valenced options (e.g., 25% fat beef). However, this research has typically explored how labels influence judgments of prospective or hypothetical consumption. In contrast, we examine how frames interact with actual consumption experiences to influence both immediate and retrospective judgments. We find evidence of a sleeper framing effect wherein a valence-consistent shift emerges for retrospective judgments even when absent immediately after consumption. We attribute this effect to differences in how consumers integrate the more cognitive information of the frame with the more affective information acquired during consumption. Specifically, three experiments show that consumers attend to and rely relatively more on affective information from experience when making immediate judgments, but relatively more on cognitive information from the frame when making retrospective judgments. In addition, we identify the valence of the experience as an important boundary condition, such that the sleeper framing effect is most pronounced when the experience is relatively neutral in valence.
Diffractive anisoplanatism and tracker bandwidth limitations.

This work develops the concept of “diffractive anisoplanatism,” a phenomenon that limits tracker performance for directed-energy applications by introducing differences between point-source-beacon tilt measurements and scoring-beam centroid motion. Our theoretical analysis of this phenomenon, checked against wave-optics simulations, highlights two relevant effects: diffractive conversion of phase to amplitude in the beacon light, and diffractive spreading of the scoring beam into regions outside of the geometric cone sampled by the beacon. In this work, we derive expressions for the variance and power spectral density of the differential jitter between beacon tilt and scoring-beam centroid motion. Additionally, we find a scenario-dependent frequency fS above which corrections of atmospheric tilt will increase, rather than decrease, scoring-beam centroid jitter on target. Diffractive anisoplanatism provides a fundamental-physics limit on tracker performance that should be considered alongside other practical limitations.
A framework for automated time-lapse thermography data processing

Abstract The current research develops a framework to automatically extract sub-surface defects from time-lapse thermography (TLT) images of reinforced concrete bridge components. Traditional approaches for processing TLT data typically require manual interventions that are not easily scaled to a large network of concrete bridges. A backbone of robust algorithms for detecting and analyzing deep sub-surface defects in concrete is needed to support condition assessment of concrete structures such as bridges. The current paper leverages advances in adaptive signal and image processing to develop a fully automated TLT data processing pipeline that is capable of efficiently detecting defects at different depths in concrete. The methodology decomposes raw TLT datasets into narrow band time-frequency domains via a multiscale data analysis approach called a wavelet transform. The resulting decomposed modes are mined to extract defect information using thermal contrast enhancement routines. An objective measure of effectiveness based on signal-to-noise ratio was developed and used to compare the current framework with traditional approaches for processing TLT data. Active contour models were also designed to automatically extract the boundary location and geometric properties of the sub-surface defects. The results of this study show that the detection of deeper defects (3 in. and beyond) can be improved by analyzing the time-frequency response of surface temperature variations over a period of time. Compared to traditional lock-in algorithms and conventional infrared thermography images, the proposed framework is more effective at removing noisy information and produces images with greater contrast between intact and defective areas of concrete.
Ultrasound-Guided Proximolateral Approach for Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath Injection in the Horse: A Cadaver Study

Objectives The aim of this study was to define a reliable ultrasound-guided proximolateral approach (PLA) for injection of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) in horses that would be as accurate as the landmark-guided basilar sesamoidean approach (BSA). Study Design Forty cadaveric limbs with no palpable effusion or DFTS abnormalities were randomly and evenly distributed between one senior (WRR) and one resident clinician (CRH) and between ultrasound-guided PLA and landmark-guided BSA groups. Limbs were injected with contrast, radiographed, and dissected. For each injection, the following was recorded: clinician, order of injection, number of attempts, if contrast was present within the DFTS, and if a structure other than the DFTS was penetrated. Results The ultrasound-guided PLA resulted in a greater number of successful injections into the DFTS than the landmark-guided BSA (19/20 vs. 16/20, respectively) with significantly fewer attempts (p = 0.03). The ultrasound-guided PLA also resulted in significantly less penetration of the surrounding soft tissue structures compared with the landmark-guided BSA (p = 0.02). Neither clinician experience nor injection number within the series was determined to have an effect on injection outcome. Conclusions The ultrasound-guided PLA to the DFTS is accurate and technically easy to perform. This approach should be considered for synoviocentesis of the DFTS, particularly in cases in which effusion is not present to reduce soft tissue trauma.
A Bayesian method for rare variant analysis using functional annotations and its application to Autism

Abstract Rare genetic variants make significant contributions to human diseases. Compared to common variants, rare variants have larger effect sizes and are generally free of linkage disequilibrium (LD), which makes it easier to identify causal variants. Numerous methods have been developed to analyze rare variants in a gene or region in association studies, with the goal of finding risk genes by aggregating information of all variants of a gene. These methods, however, often make unrealistic assumptions, e.g. all rare variants in a risk gene would have non-zero effects. In practice, current methods for gene-based analysis often fail to show any advantage over simple single-variant analysis. In this work, we develop a Bayesian method: MIxture model based Rare variant Analysis on GEnes (MIRAGE). MIRAGE captures the heterogeneity of variant effects by treating all variants of a gene as a mixture of risk and non-risk variants, and models the prior probabilities of being risk variants as function of external information of variants, such as allele frequencies and predicted deleterious effects. MIRAGE uses an empirical Bayes approach to estimate these prior probabilities by combining information across genes. We demonstrate in both simulations and analysis of an exome-sequencing dataset of Autism, that MIRAGE significantly outperforms current methods for rare variant analysis. In particular, the top genes identified by MIRAGE are highly enriched with known or plausible Autism risk genes. Our results highlight several novel Autism genes with high Bayesian posterior probabilities and functional connections with Autism. MIRAGE is available at https://xinhe-lab.github.io/mirage.
Understanding Lung Cancer Resources and Barriers Among Worksites With Mostly Male Employees in Eight Rural Kentucky Counties: A Focus Group Discussion:

Kentucky has the highest cancer incidence and mortality rates in the United States, and lung cancer is Kentucky's leading cause of cancer deaths. Males in Kentucky have higher lung incidence and mortality rates than females. Through support from the SelfMade Health Network, Kentucky developed a Regional Resource Lead Organization that collaboratively developed a multi-component worksite intervention on lung cancer among male populations. The intervention targets eight Kentucky counties. The first component and focus of this manuscript included focus group meetings with organizational representatives in each county that provide health, educational, and social services to men and worksites. The focus groups discussed four distinct areas: (a) lung cancer-related resources and services in each county; (b) perceived ways men in worksites learn about and access health-related services; (c) identification of potential challenges and barriers to reaching men in worksites; and (d) creation of linkages and potential partnerships between community organizations and worksites. Forty-five organizational representatives participated in the eight focus groups. Most resources and services discussed were related to tobacco treatment. Employers were the most commonly perceived way men learn about and access health-related services, while attitudes and behaviors were the most commonly perceived barriers preventing men from accessing services. The most common potential linkages and partnerships across all areas were community organizations and groups, employers, health-care providers, and mass media. Partnering with employers may provide an opportunity to reach males with lung cancer prevention and control resources and services.
Assessing the Techno-Economic Feasibility of Solvent-Based, Critical Material Recovery from Uncertain, End-of-Life Battery Feedstock

As emerging technologies drive up demand for rare earths, value recovery from recycling end-of-life products provides an option for partially closing the material loop, conserving natural capital and enhancing resource security. Yet the techno-economic feasibility of recycling depends on uncertainties associated with the feed input to the recovery process, and the effect of these uncertainties on the viability of the recycling facility. In this study, we couple a first-principle solvent extraction model with an economic model for a separation facility and apply it to assess byproduct recovery and rare earth separation from spent nickel-metal hydride batteries, illustrating the significance of parametric uncertainties. The study shows the importance of risk-informed decision making in the investment, design, and operation of recycling facilities.
Toward Hydrogen Economy: Selective Guaiacol Hydrogenolysis under Ambient Hydrogen Pressure

Abstract The conversion of guaiacol into the nylon precursors, cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, is catalyzed by palladium supported on high surface area ceria (Pd/HS CeO2) under mild conditions (100 °C, ≤1 bar H2) via sequential hydrodemethoxylation and hydrogenation. In contrast, the 2-methoxycyclohexanol side product is generated by direct guaiacol hydrogenation. Reaction selectivity is determined by competing C O bond hydrogenolysis versus arene hydrogenation. Hydrogenolysis selectivity increases as H2 pressure decreases, and over 80 % H2 is incorporated into the products at 1 bar H2. Higher reactivity of guaiacol than anisole implies that the hydroxyl group is essential in Pd/HS CeO2 catalysis. Participation of water in the conversion is evidenced by deuterium incorporation at non-exchangeable positions when the reaction is performed in D2O. The combination of near quantitative mass balance of H2, high recyclability, and use of water as a solvent offers a simple, green and efficient conversion of lignin-derived aromatics into commercial products.
Interfacial mixed-mode fracture toughness characterization of flexible layered materials

Abstract Flexible hybrid electronics (FHEs) are finding increasing applications because they overcome many of the limitations of non-deformable traditional electronic boards while still maintaining low-cost fabrication. A critical key to the performance of FHEs depends on the adhesion energy of the interface between printed conductive silver pastes and a flexible substrate. Predicting the fracture energy and evaluating the reliability of these devices under large deformation is crucial in future design efforts. However, because of the size of the components and complex nonlinear behavior of the materials, standard methods of interface characterization may not always be practical. In this study, a new interface characterization experiment for FHE interfaces was created with the help of numerical models. The mixed-mode characterization experiment was performed using a bi-axial loading configuration where the bi-axial loading ratio was used to control the phase angle of the mode mixture. The loading ratio was chosen to produce mode II-dominant loading to better represent typical loading in application. The crack growth was measured using digital image correlation (DIC) by tracking displacement rate changes. Finally, the fracture energy of the interface was calculated based on the experimental data and using finite element (FE) model to include the effects of material inelasticity plasticity in the entire structure.
Dynamically Adaptable Topological Photonics for Nonlinear and Quantum Optics

We present a generalized light source architecture offering dynamic topological control with a broad ensemble of complex states of light to drive, probe or interact with quantum and nonlinear systems..
Abstract PO-127: Single-cell liquid biopsy reveals circulating heterogeneity and converging subpopulations in relation to immunotherapy response in melanoma

Though treatment with immune checkpoint blockage (ICB) has greatly improved clinical outcomes, not all patients respond to this treatment. Being able to predict which patients are likely to respond would be a significant clinical advance. Thus there remains a need for predictive biomarkers to determine in advance those with the most potential to benefit from immune checkpoint blockade. To date, most biomarkers of response are identified in tumor tissue, whereas biomarkers that can be assessed from peripheral blood are more desirable, due to the ease of access and reproducibility of sampling. To identify biomarkers associated with ICB response from peripheral blood, we apply single cell RNA sequencing to 24 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples, collected from 12 stage III and IV melanoma patients before and after treatment with anti-PD1 monotherapy. Among these 12 patients, 6 are responders and 6 are non-responders. After quality control, a total of 62,273 single cells remains for further analysis. To define the cell type landscape in an unbiased manner, unsupervised clustering is used. We identify 20 robust cell clusters, including two B cell clusters (B-cell_1; B-cell_2), three myeloid clusters (monocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and M2 macrophages), twelve clusters enriched for T/NK cells, two clusters of platelets, and Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells (HSPCs). Across all patients, cell composition differs between pre- and post-treatment samples. Strikingly, responders have significant greater proportions of B-cell_1 cells in their pre-treatment samples than non-responders. At gene level, our analysis identifies an individual overexpressed marker in B-cell_1, i.e. IGLC3, which is highly enriched in responders than non-responders before treatment. In summary, our analysis identifies specific cell type and gene within patients’ PBMC samples that can serve as predictive biomarkers for patient’s response to ICB. Citation Format: Qianqian Song, Elizabeth Forbes, Lance D. Miller, Pierre L. Triozzi, Liang Liu, Wei Zhang, David R. Soto-Pantoja. Single-cell liquid biopsy reveals circulating heterogeneity and converging subpopulations in relation to immunotherapy response in melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Tumor Heterogeneity: From Single Cells to Clinical Impact; 2020 Sep 17-18. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(21 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-127.
Grid-Based Probability Density Methods

The generality and computability of the methods described in the Chapter 3 depend largely on the representation of probability distributions functions. A moment representation is attractive since the representation and manipulation of uncertainly is relatively simple, however, as we discussed, it has a number of limitations. Hence, to go further with a Bayesian philosophy we mush find a class of probability distributions that is flexible enough to describe both prior and posterior distributions that is flexible enough to describe both prior and posterior distributions after updating with a nonlinear, coupled sensor description, that can be easily transformed and integrated to accommodate a variety of task descriptions, and that is still computationally tractable.
Time-domain modelling and thermometry of the CH4 ν1 Q-branch using hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

Abstract We present time-domain measurements and modelling of the CH4 ν 1 vibrational Q-branch, as well as simultaneous temperature acquisition from the CH4 and N2 vibrational Q-branches using broadband hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs/ps CARS). Accurate measurements with fs/ps CARS require knowledge of the time-domain response of the probed molecule at different temperatures and pressures. In this work, a fs/ps CARS model was developed for the CH4 ν 1 Q-branch and validated using time-resolved probe delay scans at pressures between 70 and 600 Torr and temperatures between 295 and 1000 K. A simplified modified exponential energy gap model was used to determine the linewidths of the Raman transitions within the Q-branch. Total Q-branch linewidths for the entire explored parameter space were also determined from the probe delay scans. This enabled quantitative measurements of CH4 with fs/ps CARS as well as the temperature through the hot bands of the CH4 ν 1 Q-branch. With a broadband fs laser pulse in a two-beam phase matching scheme, the N2 Q-branch and CH4 ν 1 Q-branch were simultaneously measured in a heated cell, and the temperatures from each molecule's spectra was evaluated. The fitted temperatures corresponded well with differences ranging from 4 to 17%. It was also shown that exchanging 90% of CH4 for N2 or Ar at 295 K and 500 Torr did not significantly impact the normalized time-domain signal prior to a 100 picosecond probe delay. Spatially resolved one-dimensional (1-D) thermometry using the CH4 Q-branch was also demonstrated with an imaged spatial resolution of 40 µm. With the developed model, 1-D quantitative measurements of CH4 concentration and temperature can be measured with time resolution of tens of picoseconds.
Acoustoelastic Response of Tungsten Fiber-Reinforced Kanthal Metal Matrix Composites Due to Thermal Loading

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) can have many attractive properties including high specific modulus and strength, high temperature performance, and the ability to be tailored to specific applications. However, due to the mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the reinforcement and matrix, residual stresses can develop due to processing or in-service conditions.
General Consideration of Laser Treatment of Cancer in Man

It is obvious that laser instrumentation must be modified to make it more flexible for cancer therapy. Outputs must remain constant and measures should be provided for constant monitoring of each output. The low energy output laser will continue to be used for experimental work in animals, in some melanomas of man and often in the field of laser neurosurgery. But in the clinical research field in cancer, high energy outputs will be needed. Recent developments in the production of high output flexible ruby and neodymium laser operating room equipment and in the production of high transmission curved tapered quartz rods are encouraging. Laser technology must provide effective, reliable and safe instrumentation. It has been remarked before that those in laser technology who have responsibilities usually are not as interested in the biomedical applications. Continued progress of laser cancer research and demonstration of value will assure continued interest and development of laser surgery.
Blue and Fin Whale Habitat Modeling from Long-Term Year-Round Passive Acoustic Data from the Southern California Bight

Abstract : During this project, we will develop predictive, year-round habitat models of the presence of calling blue and fin whales in the Southern California Bight, to facilitate Navy s operational needs in this area. The primary objective of this research is to develop predictive, year-round habitat models of the presence of calling blue and fin whales in the Southern California Bight (SCB). We will also investigate the scales over which blue and fin whales respond to their environment to better understand the functionality of the predictive relationships in those models. We will base our models on the available passive acoustic and remotely sensed data, as well as buoy data available for the SCB.
Anatomy and muscle activity of the dorsal fins in bamboo sharks and spiny dogfish during turning maneuvers.

Stability and procured instability charac- terize two opposing types of swimming, steady and maneuvering, respectively. Fins can be used to manipu- late flow to adjust stability during swimming maneuvers either actively using muscle control or passively by struc- tural control. The function of the dorsal fins during turn- ing maneuvering in two shark species with different swimming modes is investigated here using musculoskel- etal anatomy and muscle function. White-spotted bamboo sharks are a benthic species that inhabits complex reef habitats and thus have high requirements for maneuver- ability. Spiny dogfish occupy a variety of coastal and conti- nental shelf habitats and spend relatively more time cruising in open water. These species differ in dorsal fin morphology and fin position along the body. Bamboo sharks have a larger second dorsal fin area and propor- tionally more muscle insertion into both dorsal fins. The basal and radial pterygiophores are plate-like structures in spiny dogfish and are nearly indistinguishable from one another. In contrast, bamboo sharks lack basal ptery- giophores, while the radial pterygiophores form two rows of elongated rectangular elements that articulate with one another. The dorsal fin muscles are composed of a large muscle mass that extends over the ceratotrichia overlying the radials in spiny dogfish. However, in bam- boo sharks, the muscle mass is divided into multiple dis- tinct muscles that insert onto the ceratotrichia. During turning maneuvers, the dorsal fin muscles are active in both species with no differences in onset between fin sides. Spiny dogfish have longer burst durations on the outer fin side, which is consistent with opposing resist- ance to the medium. In bamboo sharks, bilateral activa- tion of the dorsal in muscles could also be stiffening the fin throughout the turn. Thus, dogfish sharks passively stiffen the dorsal fin structurally and functionally, while bamboo sharks have more flexible dorsal fins, which result from a steady swimming trade off. J. Morphol. 000:000-000, 2013. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Grounded Theory Description of Pastoral Counseling

Historically, clerical paradigms of ordained ministry historically have defined pastoral counseling. However, these fail to describe pastoral counselors in the complex social, theological and medical contexts in which they now work. This study asks the question: How do pastoral counselors in clinical practice describe what is uniquely “pastoral” about the counseling they offer clients? Grounded theory was used to propose a preliminary description and an intermediate theory of how pastoral counselors interpret “pastoral.” Eighty-five pastoral counselors were selected for the study over a four year period using criteria to assure maximum variation. Interviews and pastoral identity statements were collected and coded, and theoretical models were organized using NVIVO , a computer assisted qualitative design and analysis software (CAQDAS) package. Results suggest that pastoral counselors share some common ideas regarding “pastoral identity” and clinical practice. How pastoral counselors interpret “pastoral” is highly context sensitive and varies widely.
The integration of remotely sensed data, wildlife surveys, and landscape metrics for the determination of habitat scale and quality

This paper presents work in progress to determine the scale of habitats and the affect of human influenced land cover types on bird diversity. This investigation is based on the incorporation of land cover maps generated from remotely sensed imagery and a field survey of diversity. The collected data from these two sources are analyzed using landscape metrics as well as linear and spatial linear regression for the purpose of determining the association of avian diversity with proximity to human influence land cover, size of habitat patch, heterogeneity, and shape characteristics of the habitat patch.
Explorations in Southeastern Archaeology

The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast. David G. Anderson and Kenneth E. Sassaman. eds. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996. 526 pp. Native American Interactions: Multiscalar Analyses and Interpretations in the Eastern Woodlands. Michael S. Nassaney and Kenneth E. Sassaman. eds. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995. 376 pp.
Exploring solute transport and streamline connectivity using lidar-based outcrop images and geostatistical representations of heterogeneity

[1] Using high-resolution lidar scans of a braided stream deposit, we investigate solute transport characteristics and streamline-based connectivity that are lost when simulating the outcrop heterogeneity using geostatistical methods based on two-point covariance functions. Attributes of the lidar scans were used to segment the outcrop into sand- and gravel-dominated lithofacies. Simulated fields were created using sequential indicator methods based on the two-point covariance of the binary segmented lidar field. Sand and gravel lithofacies are then assigned reasonable hydraulic conductivity values. Two-dimensional advective-diffusive solute transport simulations in the segmented lidar field show strong solute focusing through gravel-dominated strata, resulting in a heavy-tailed (e.g., non-Fickian) breakthrough. The sequential indicator fields do not replicate the early and late time arrival characteristics. Streamline-based analysis shows that the sequential indicator fields do not reproduce connectivity of the segmented lidar field. Even when the sequential indicator fields are highly conditioned, streamlines migrate between sands and gravel beds nearly twice as often as streamlines in the segmented lidar field.
The shielding of a convected source by an annular jet with an application to the performance of multitube suppressors

Abstract The total power 0f a convectiog monopole source shielded by an annular and doubly infinite jet of fluid is calculated. The jet velocity is idealized by a constant profile (i.e., slug flow) and the source is 0f a single frequency in its own moving frame. The source convection and the jet velocities are assumed t0 be the same for simplicity. The results 0f this problem are used t0 throw some light on the jet shielding hypothesis for multitube suppressors and to rationalize one empirical expression for the effective number of radiating tubes.
Validity of the semiclassical approximation and back reaction.

Studying two-dimensional evaporating dilatonic black holes, we show that the semiclassical approximation, based on the background field approach, is valid everywhere in regions of weak curvature (including the horizon), as long as one takes into account the effects of back reaction of the Hawking radiation on the background geometry. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A comparison of paralleling and bisecting radiographic techniques as experienced by dental students.

Abstract Evaluation of 8,726 periapical radiographs made by 158 dental students revealed 9 per cent less technical errors when the students applied the paralleling technique and used the XCP and the Precision x-ray instruments than when they applied the bisecting-angle technique and used the Snap-A-Ray film holder. In applying the bisecting-angle technique, the most frequent errors noted were improper film positioning, incorrect vertical angulation, cone-cutting, and incorrect horizontal angulation. In applying the paralleling technique, the most frequent errors were improper film positioning and faulty horizontal angulation.
Investigation of Genetically Mediated Child Effects on Maltreatment

Theory and empirical evidence suggest that children’s genetically influenced characteristics help to shape the environments they experience, including the parenting they ‘receive’. The extent of these genetically-mediated child effects on childhood maltreatment is not well known. The present study estimates the magnitude of genetically mediated child effects on maltreatment in 3,297 twins and siblings who were part of a large nationally representative sample of adolescents (ADD health). Participants in early adulthood retrospectively reported their experiences of physical and sexual maltreatment and neglect. Results are consistent with small genetically-mediated child effects on physical maltreatment and neglect, and none on sexual maltreatment, and all three forms of maltreatment are influenced mainly by idiosyncratic individual circumstances.
Digital imaging of extended criteria donor livers to facilitate placement and utilization

The disparity between organ supply and demand has necessitated more aggressive use of livers from extended criteria donors. Organ sharing between donor service areas and transplant centers in other regions is common. Confidence in the graft quality is greatly improved with a digital image taken in conjunction with the recovery surgeon's report and biopsy data. Three cases in which digital images of various levels of quality allowed the recipient's surgery to proceed, minimized the cold ischemia time, and yielded excellent outcomes are described. Another case in which a picture was not available and the liver was discarded after importation is also presented for comparison.
Modeling of Lambda Sensor Output With Exhaust Gas Mixtures From Natural Gas-Fueled Engines

The increasingly strict emission regulations may require implementing Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR) system as a promising emission control technology for stationary rich burn spark ignition engines. Many recent investigations used NSCR systems for stationary natural gas fueled engines showed that NSCR systems were unable to consistently control the emissions level below the compliance limits. Modeling of NSCR components to better understand, and then exploit, the underlying physical processes that occur in the lambda sensor and the catalyst media is now considered an essential step toward the required NSCR system performance. This paper presents the work done to date on a modeling of lambda sensor that provides feedback to the air-to-fuel controller. Several recent experimental studies indicate that the voltage signal from the lambda sensor may not be interpreted correctly because of the physical nature in the way the sensor senses the exhaust gas concentration. Correct interpretation of the sensor output signal is necessary to achieve consistently low emissions level. The goal of this modeling study is to improve the understanding of the physical processes that occur within the sensor, investigate the cross-sensitivity of various exhaust gas species on the sensor performance, and finally this model serves as a tool to improve NSCR control strategies. This model simulates the output from a planar switch type lambda sensor. The model consists of three modules. The first module models the multi-component mass transport through the sensor protective layer. Diffusion fluxes are calculated using the Maxwell-Stefan equation. The second module includes all the surface catalytic reactions that take place on the sensor platinum electrodes. All kinetic reactions are modeled based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic mechanism. The model incorporates for the first time methane catalytic reactions on the sensor platinum electrode. The third module is responsible for simulating the reactions that occur on the electrolyte material and determine the sensor output voltage. The model results are validated using field test data obtained from a mapping study of a natural gas-fueled engine equipped with NSCR system. The data showed that the lambda sensor output voltage is influenced by the reducing species concentration, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2 ). The results from the developed model and the experimental data showed strong correlations between CO and H2 with the sensor output voltage within the lambda operating range between 0.994 to 1.007 (catalytic converter operating window). This model also showed that methane does not significantly influence the lambda sensor performance compared to the effect of CO and H2 .Copyright © 2011 by ASME