cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relating The Microwave Radar Cross Section To The Sea Surface Stress: Physics And Algorithms

The FASINEX (Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment) provided a unique data set with coincident airborne measurements of the ocean surface radar cross section (at Ku-band) and surface windstress. It is being analyzed to create new algorithms and to better understand the air-sea variables that can have a strong influence on the RCS (radar cross section). Several studies of portions of data from the FASINEX indicate that the RCS is more dependent on the surface stress than on the wind speed. Radar data have been acquired by the JPL and NRL groups. The data span 12 different flight days. Stress measurements can be inferred from ship-board instruments and from aircraft closely following the scatterometers.
The use of fMRI for determining the topographic organization of cortical fields in human and nonhuman primates

In this study, we demonstrate activation of somatosensory cortex in the anesthetized macaque monkey and awake human using fMRI, and confirm the topographic organization of somatosensory cortex previously described in both species. The macaque model provides an efficient means of addressing questions regarding the capabilities and neurophysiological relevance of fMRI, and serves as an interface between established invasive electrophysiological methods in nonhuman primates, and noninvasive imaging assays of functional activation in humans.
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for HIV Treatment Side Effects: A Randomized, Wait-List Controlled Trial

Abstract Context Advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV offer life-extending benefit; however, the side effects associated with ART use negatively impact quality of life and medication adherence among people living with HIV. Objectives This study tested the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) for reducing ART symptoms and bother/distress related to ART side effects. Secondary aims were to test the impact of MBSR on medication adherence and psychological functioning. Methods Seventy-six people living with HIV who were actively taking ART and reported distress from ART-related side effects were randomly assigned to an MBSR program or a wait-list control (WLC) standard care condition. We measured side effects, ART adherence, perceived stress, depression, positive and negative affect, and mindfulness at three time points: baseline, three-month follow-up, and six-month follow-up. Side effects and related distress were assessed separately from other symptoms. Results Compared with a WLC, participants in the MBSR condition experienced a reduction in the frequency of symptoms attributable to ARTs at three months post-intervention (mean difference=0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.01, 0.66; t(132)=2.04, P=0.044) and six months post-intervention (mean difference=0.38; 95% CI=0.05, 0.71; t(132)=2.27, P=0.025). MBSR participants also experienced a reduction in distress associated with those symptoms at three months post-intervention (mean difference=0.47; 95% CI=0.003, 0.94; t(132)=1.99, P=0.048) compared with the WLC condition. Conclusion MBSR is a promising approach for reducing HIV treatment-related side effects.
Tirapazamine: A new drug producing tumor specific enhancement of platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer

Background: Tirapazamine (TPZ), a new anti-cancer drug activated to a toxic free radical under hypoxic conditions, produces a tumor specific potentiation of cell kill by cisplatin. In the present study we discuss the mechanism and clinical potential of this effect, as well as investigate the influence of p53 mutations on the activity of TPZ. Materials and methods: For in vitro experiments we have used mouse SCCVII tumor cells, minimally transformed mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) from wild-type and p53 knockout mice, and several human NSCLC cell lines. For in vivo experiments we have used RIF-I tumors implanted subcutaneously into C3H mice. Results: Prior injection of TPZ into tumor-bearing mice markedly potentiated tumor cell kill by cisplatin, but produced no effect on systemic toxicity. The maximum potentiation occurred when TPZ was injected two to three hours prior to cisplatin administration. Experiments performed with cells in vitro showed a similar synergistic interaction between the two drugs when cells were exposed to TPZ under hypoxic conditions prior to exposure to cisplatin. Experiments with MEFs from either p53 wild-type or p53-knockout mice showed no influence of p53 on the sensitivity of cells to killing by TPZ under hypoxia. A similar lack of influence of p53 on the toxicity to TPZ was obtained for a panel of NSCLC cell lines. Conclusions: TPZ is a novel anticancer drug that produces tumor selective potentiation of cisplatin and carboplatin in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. The fact that the drug produces no potentiation of the systemic side effects of these drugs, or of other anticancer drugs used in combination with platinum in NSCLC, suggests that TPZ could become a useful agent in the treatment of lung cancer.
A note on the use of windows for two-dimensional FIR filter design

Using a one-dimensional window as a prototype, a two-dimensional window may be formulated having either a square region of support or a circular one. In this paper we compare the effects of using each of these window formulations for 2-D FIR filter design and present formulas for estimating filter order in terms of design specifications, using a Kaiser window as a prototype.
An Application of Latent Dirichlet Allocation to Analyzing Software Evolution

We develop and apply unsupervised statistical topic models, in particular latent Dirichlet allocation, to identify functional components of source code and study their evolution over multiple project versions. We present results for two large, open source Java projects, Eclipse and Argo UML, which are well-known and well-studied within the software mining community. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of probabilistic topic models in automatically summarizing the temporal dynamics of software concerns, with direct application to project management and program understanding. In addition to detecting the emergence of topics on the release timeline which represent integration points for key source code functionality, our techniques can also be used to pinpoint refactoring events in the underlying software design, as well as to identify general programming concepts whose prevalence is dependent only of the size of the code base to be analyzed. Complete results are available from our supplementary materials website at http://sourcerer.ics.uci.edu/icmla2008/software_evolution.html.
Function of Insect Compound Eyes Containing Crystalline Tracts

Image formation is studied in compound eyes of insects that contain crystalline tracts. In optical experiments the course of light is studied in fresh scalps of dark-adapted eyes using point and extended sources. In the tract region a point source gives a diffusely lighted area within which are punctate spots about 10 times brighter. Because the position of these spots does not change when the source is moved, and because their spacing agrees with estimates based on the known scalp depth, we conclude that these spots represent light radiating from the cut ends of tracts. An extended source gives a dim erect image in the tract region that may come from the pattern of illumination radiating from the cut ends of the tracts. In electrophysiological experiments intracellular microelectrode recordings of responses to illumination are made from single retinular cells of the skipper, Epargyreus clarus, an animal that lacks iris pigment. Measurements of visual fields of single retinular cells by three methods give half-power beam widths of about 2°. Though not conclusive, these experiments suggest that only the light contained in the tract is effective in stimulating the retinular cell. This agrees with the theoretical study of Allen (1968) and is inconsistent with the superposition theory of Exner (1891) as applied to certain moth and skipper eyes.
Multiple Redundant Effector Mechanisms of CD8+ T Cells Protect against Influenza Infection

We have previously shown that mice challenged with a lethal dose of A/Puerto Rico/8/34-OVA(I) are protected by injection of 4-8 × 10(6) in vitro-generated Tc1 or Tc17 CD8(+) effectors. Viral load, lung damage, and loss of lung function are all reduced after transfer. Weight loss is reduced and survival increased. We sought in this study to define the mechanism of this protection. CD8(+) effectors exhibit multiple effector activities, perforin-, Fas ligand-, and TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity, and secretion of multiple cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, IFN-γ, and TNF) and chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10). Transfer of CD8(+) effectors into recipients, before infection, elicits enhanced recruitment of host neutrophils, NK cells, macrophages, and B cells. All of these events have the potential to protect against viral infections. Removal of any one, however, of these potential mechanisms was without effect on protection. Even the simultaneous removal of host T cells, host B cells, and host neutrophils combined with the elimination of perforin-mediated lytic mechanisms in the donor cells failed to reduce their ability to protect. We conclude that CD8(+) effector T cells can protect against the lethal effects of viral infection by means of a large number of redundant mechanisms.
Invasive Arterial BP Monitoring in Trauma and Critical Care: Effect of Variable Transducer Level, Catheter Access, and Patient Position

Objectives: (1) To determine the validity of current recommendations for direct arterial BP measurement that suggest that the transducer (zeroed to atmosphere) be placed level with the catheter access regardless of subject positioning: and (2) to investigate the effect of transducer level, catheter access site, and subject positioning on direct arterial BP measurement. Design: Prospective, controlled laboratory study. Setting: Large animal laboratory. Subjects: Five Yorkshire pigs. Interventions: Anesthetized animals had 16F catheters placed at three access sites: aortic root, femoral artery, and distal hind limb. Animals were placed in supine, reverse Trendelenburg 35°, and Trendelenburg 25° positions with a transducer placed level to each access site while in every position. Measurements and main results: For each transducer level, five systolic and diastolic pressures were measured and used to calculate five corresponding mean arterial pressures (MAPs) at each access site. When transducers were at the aortic root, MAP corresponding to aortic root pressure was obtained in all positions regardless of catheter access site. When transducers were moved to the level of catheter access, as current recommendations suggest, significant errors in aortic MAP occurred in the reverse Trendelenburg position. The same trend for error was noted in the Trendelenburg position but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: (1) Current recommendations that suggest placing the transducer at the level of catheter access regardless of patient position are invalid. Significant errors occur when subjects are in nonsupine positions. (2) Valid determination of direct arterial BP is dependent only on transducer placement at the level of the aortic root, and independent of catheter access site and patient position. (CHEST 2001; 120:1322–1326)
From Policy Design to Campus: Implementation of a Tuition Decentralization Policy

This study analyzes the implementation of a tuition decentralization policy in North Carolina. Concepts of organizational culture served as a guiding framework for an interpretive analysis. Qualitative case study data for the research was collected from interviews with key policy makers within the University of North Carolina as well as an extensive collection of documents. The findings demonstrate the importance of shared norms and beliefs in achieving successful policy implementation through a case study where incongruence of stakeholder values, beliefs, and goals created institutional conflict.
Geophysical parameter retrieval and validation

The methodology for retrieval of atmospheric temperature and composition profiles, and surface thermal properties from observed radiance spectra is reported. These retrieval parameters are determined using a three-stage approach that combines three algorithms: (1) statistical physical-eigenvector-regression, (2) simultaneous non-linear matrix inversion, and (3) trace species profile enhancement. NAST-I aboard a high altitude aircraft has been successfully collecting data during many field campaigns. NAST-I provides relatively high spectral resolution (0.25 cm/sup -1/) measurements in the spectral region of 645-2700 cm/sup -1/ with moderate spatial resolution (a linear resolution equal to 13% of the aircraft altitude at nadir) and cross track scanning (producing a swath width on the Earth's surface of approximately twice the aircraft altitude). Retrieval results from several NAST-I field campaigns are presented in conjunction with co-incident ground and in situ measurements for validation. These results demonstrate the ability of the NAST interferometer to reveal fine-scale horizontal features with relatively high vertical resolution.
Dysregulated LIGHT expression on T cells mediates intestinal inflammation and contributes to IgA nephropathy

Whether and how T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) has not been well defined. Here, we explore a murine model that spontaneously develops T cell-mediated intestinal inflammation accompanied by pathological features similar to those of human IgAN. Intestinal inflammation mediated by LIGHT, a ligand for lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbetaR), not only stimulates IgA overproduction in the gut but also results in defective IgA transportation into the gut lumen, causing a dramatic increase in serum polymeric IgA. Engagement of LTbetaR by LIGHT is essential for both intestinal inflammation and hyperserum IgA syndrome in our LIGHT transgenic model. Impressively, the majority of patients with inflammatory bowel disease showed increased IgA-producing cells in the gut, elevated serum IgA levels, and severe hematuria, a hallmark of IgAN. These observations indicate the critical contributions of dysregulated LIGHT expression and intestinal inflammation to the pathogenesis of IgAN.
Regulation of Synaptic Transmission by Presynaptic CaMKII and BK Channels

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and the BK channel are enriched at the presynaptic nerve terminal, where CaMKII associates with synaptic vesicles whereas the BK channel colocalizes with voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane. Mounting evidence suggests that these two proteins play important roles in controlling neurotransmitter release. Presynaptic BK channels primarily serve as a negative regulator of neurotransmitter release. In contrast, presynaptic CaMKII either enhances or inhibits neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity depending on experimental or physiological conditions and properties of specific synapses. The different functions of presynaptic CaMKII appear to be mediated by distinct downstream proteins, including the BK channel.
Complications of hypogastric artery cisplatin infusions

In an attempt to increase the therapeutic index of Cisplatin (CDDP), 29 continuous 48 hour intra-arterial (IA) infusions of 100-150 mg/m2 CDDP were given to 26 patients with bulky stage T3-T4 bladder cancer. Hypogastric artery catheters were placed distal (n = 42) or proximal (n = 7) to the origin of the superior gluteal artery. Atherosclerosis (n = 5) or aneurysm (n = 2) prevented successful IA catheter placement. Catheter maintenance resulted in no bleeding or thromboembolic episodes. Urethral catheters caused two urinary tract infections. Systemic toxicity was mild with on 4/29 infusions resulting in WBC less than 3,000, 3/29 infusions resulting in creatinine elevation, and 1/29 in peripheral neuropathy. Local effects of the IA CDDP included gluteal pain and ecchymosis (n = 1) and moderately disabling lower extremity neuropathies (n = 3). Systemic side effects of CDDP can be diminished by use of IA route of administration and slow continuous infusion.
Tension-Stiffening in Reinforced High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cement-Based Composites under Direct Tension

The unique properties of High Performance Fiber-reinforced Cement-based Composite (HPFRCC) materials provide significant damage reduction and energy dissipation in structural systems and are under investigation by numerous researchers. Unlike traditional fiber reinforced concrete, ductile HPFRCC materials can carry tension to strains greater than the yield strain of reinforcing steel and exhibit distributed compression damage with little to no spalling. Understanding the interaction between the reinforcement and the HPFRCCs through experimental testing is the focus of this research to develop modeling and performance prediction tools. A large-scale dogbone test set-up has been validated and the results for two different HPFRCC materials are presented. The multiple cracking observed in all specimens is hypothesized to have led to both distributed yielding and hardening in the reinforcement, which did not fracture “early” but rather fractured at strains of 14.5-19%, well beyond the typical strains reached at peak stress for grade 60 reinforcement (~10%).
Spatial statistics: Marks, maps, and shapes

Spatial statistics is concerned with phenomena unfolding in space and possibly also evolving in time, expressing a system of interactions whereby an observation made at a (spatiotemporal) location is informative about observations made at other location..
Culture of Hippelates pusio (Diptera: Chloropidae) in the West Indies for natural enemy exploration and some notes on behavior and distribution.

Behavioral characteristics observed while rearing Hippelates pusio Loew on 4 West Indian islands attest to the separate identities of the several H. pusio-like forms as different strains if not species. The H. pusio complex predominated on each island, as was evident from baittrap collections. In laboratory cultures liquid adult food was undesirable because of its rapid decomposition. Egg production was highest in Bermuda, followed by Jamaica, Trinidad, and Puerto Rico in descending order, and parallel results were observed at Riverside with cultures of Jamaican and Puerto Rican gnats. Puerto Rican and Jamaican H. pusio failed to mate with H. pusio in experiments at Riverside, Calif. Standard larval food media were not so suitable for West Indian eye gnats as for California species, but the incorporation of local plants into the media increased their suitability by about one-third. Distribution of the H. pusio complex was concentrated on the drier portions of the respective islands. Differences in field aggressiveness, time of maximum activity, response to various physical phenomena, and mating behavior are noted.
The Effect of Alkalinizing Agents on Calcium Oxalate Stone Formation in a Rat Model

In an attempt to determine the relative efficacy of therapy to reduce calcium oxalate stone formation in patients with enteric hyperoxaluria, the effects of the alkalinizing agents sodium bicarbonate, sodium orthophosphate and sodium citrate have been studied with an experimental animal model capable of inducing rapid enteric hyperoxaluric stone formation.
Analysis on a Case of Foodborne Disease Caused by Yersinia enterocolitica

Objective To investigate the serotype,pathogenicity and drug resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica causing a case of foodborne disease.Method Serum agglutination method,modified K-B paper method and PCR were used for serotyping,evaluation on sensitivity,detection of virulence genes (ail,ystB,virF) and the rfbc gene which biosynthesizing the specific lipopolysaccharide O-side chain of O:3 serotype strain.Results The Y.enterocolitica strain isolated in this study is positive in O:3 serotyping test,carrying the virulence genes of ail and virF and specific gene rfbc but no ystB.The strain is resistant to cefazolin,ampicillin,and sulfamethoxazole compound,but sensitive to other drugs such as cephalosporins,carbapenems,and aminoglycoside.Conclusions The case of foodborne disease is caused by pathogenic non-biotype 1A serotype O:3 Yersinia enterocolitica strains carrying virulence genes of ail and virF.
Leukocytic alkaline phosphatase in busulfan-induced remissions of chronic granulocytic leukemia.

The alkaline phosphatase content of mature neutrophils, characteristically low in chronic granulocytic leukemia, became normal in 7 of 12 cases developing full initial remissions as a result of Myleran therapy. The alkaline phosphatase content was also found to be normal in 2 further cases in which these enzyme levels were first estimated with the patients already in full remission. The data presented suggest that the return of the alkaline phosphatase level to normality may presage a lengthy remission.
Archäologie: Die Destruktion des Subjekts

In den sechziger Jahren entfaltet Foucault, zunachst eher sporadisch in verschiedenen historischen Arbeiten und schlieslich explizit in einer methodologischen Studie, die Konzeption einer alternativen Wissenschaftsgeschichtsschreibung. Der Archaologie des Wissens geht es um die Rekonstruktion von ›Logiken des Ursprungs‹ derzeit in Geltung stehender Begriffe und Theorien. Ans Licht gebracht werden sollen Konstitutionsbedingungen von Erfahrungsgegenstanden in den Wissenschaften, die wesentlich zur Gestaltung unserer heutigen Erfahrung beigetragen haben, die uns aber gleichwohl in dieser Funktion nicht bewust sind. Im Prinzip kann jede wissenschaftliche Theorie und Erfahrung auf derartige ›implizite‹, d. h. versteckte und gleichwohl strukturbildende Momente untersucht werden. Foucault selbst hat freilich, auch weil er an der gesamtgesellschaftlichen Relevanz der Humanwissenschaften besonders interessiert war, vor allem die Herausbildung des Objekts ›Mensch‹ und seiner spezifischen Erfahrungsweisen in den Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften zum Thema gemacht.
Effect of Nanocrystal Size and Carbon on Grain Growth during Annealing of Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Nanocrystal Coatings

Polycrystalline films were prepared by annealing coatings cast from colloidal dispersions of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanocrystals in sulfur vapor. This nanocrystal dispersion-based route is a promising potential low-cost approach for production of low-cost thin-film solar cells. We studied the effects of nanocrystal size, sulfur pressure, and carbon concentration on the microstructure development and grain growth during annealing. Coatings prepared from dispersions of CZTS nanocrystals with an average diameter of either 5 or 35 nm were annealed for 10–60 min at 600 °C in 50 or 500 Torr of sulfur. The CZTS nanocrystal size influenced both the rate and mechanism of grain growth. When coatings composed of 5 nm nanocrystals are annealed, abnormal grain growth forms micrometer-scale CZTS grains on the surface of the coating. In contrast, when CZTS coatings composed of 35 nm nanocrystals are annealed, grains grow uniformly via normal grain growth. Grain growth rates increased with sulfur pressure regardless of the nan...
A Citizen’s Pathway Gone Astray — Delaying Competition from Generic Drugs

Brand-name drug companies have been filing citizen petitions with the Food and Drug Administration expressing concerns about generic drugs under review, in last-ditch efforts to hold off competition. A promising solution lies in erecting procedural blocks.
Adolescent and Young Adult Problem Drinking

Men and women classified as problem drinkers while adolescents or college students (1972–1973) tended to be nonproblem drinkers as young adults (1979), although young men tend to be at greater risk than young women to maintain problem drinking. Those whose earlier personality, perceived-environment and behavior scores indicated greater theoretical proneness for problem behavior were significantly more likely as young adults to be involved in problem drinking.
There Is No Advantage to Transpapillary Pancreatic Duct Stenting for the Transmural Endoscopic Drainage of Pancreatic Fluid Collections: A Meta-Analysis.

Background/aims Options for the endoscopic management of symptomatic pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) include transmural drainage (TM) alone, transpapillary drainage (TP) alone, or a combination of both drainage method (CD). There have been conflicting reports about the best method. This study performed a meta-analysis to determine whether CD presents an added clinical benefit over TM. Methods The included studies compared TM with CD and reported clinical success for both methods. A random-effects model was used to determine the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the following outcomes: technical success, clinical success, complications, and recurrence. Results Nine studies involving a combined total of 604 drainage procedures-373 TMs (62%) and 231 CDs (38%)-were included. CD showed no additional benefit over TM in terms of technical success (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.37-3.37; p=0.85), clinical success (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.65-1.89; p=0.70), recurrence (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.53-4.21; p=0.45), or complications (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.61-2.18; p=0.67). Conclusions Pancreatic duct (PD) stenting provides no additional clinical benefit for the TM of PFCs (particularly pseudocysts). Patients undergoing the TM of symptomatic pseudocysts may not require endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP).
Ionic channels of vascular smooth muscle in hypertension.

Altered handling of ions by the vascular muscle membrane is viewed as a potential mechanism contributing to the development and maintenance of high blood pressure. This hypothesis is based on the premise that disturbances in membrane function may enhance vascular reactivity and increase total peripheral resistance. However, while there is a large body of evidence linking an increase in total peripheral resistance with the established stage of hypertension in many animal models of hypertension and in human essential hypertension (for review, 1), pinpointing cellular membrane abnormalities related to the genesis or maintenance of hypertension has been difficult.
A review of the biology, ecology, and control of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Acari: Macronyssidae)

The northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini & Fanzago, 1877), is found on several continents and has been a major pest of poultry in the United States for nearly a century. Lack of earlier USA reports in the United States suggests an introduction or change to pest status in domestic poultry systems occurred in the early 1900s. Though predominantly a nest-parasite of wild birds, this obligate hematophagous mite is a permanent ectoparasite on domestic birds, especially egg-laying chickens. Economic damage is incurred by direct blood feeding and activation of the of host's immune responses. This in turn causes decreased egg production and feed conversion efficiency, and severe infestations can cause anemia or death to birds. Here we review the biology, ecology, and recent control measures for the northern fowl mite. Photomicrographs are included of adult males and females, protonymphs, and larvae with key characters indicated. Special emphasis is placed on current knowledge gaps of basic and applied science importance.
Cecal volvulus with necrosis following deceased-donor renal transplantation.

A 55-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease secondary to IgA nephropathy underwent an uneventful de novo deceased-donor kidney transplantation under induction with intravenous solumedrol 250 mg × 2 and antithymocyte globulin 1.5 mg × 2. Postoperative renal allograft sonography was unremarkable and she continued to make adequate urine. An immunosuppressive regimen with tacrolimus maintained at a level of 8–10 ug/L, mycophenolate mophetil 1000 mg two times per day, and prednisone 10 mg po once daily was started. On the third postoperative day, the patient developed abdominal distention and inability to tolerate oral intake. Initial abdominal CT scan showed prominent colonic distention involving portions of the small bowel but no mechanical obstruction. With conservative management, the abdominal distention and pain continued to progress with increasing sinus tachycardia. A repeat CT scan demonstrated a cecal diameter of 12 cm, with small foci of extra luminal air along the ascending colon, and a small amount of free fluid throughout the peritoneal cavity but no contrast extravasation. Decision was made to proceed with a diagnostic laparoscopy. Intraoperatively, it was converted to an open laparotomy because of unexpected finding of cecal volvulus (figure 1) with ischemia (figure …
What's in a Name? The New ICD-10 (10th Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) Codes and Type 2 Myocardial Infarction.

A generation of experimental and clinical research provides the pathophysiological construct for the classification of myocardial infarction (MI) described in the 2012 European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/World Heart Federation Expert Consensus Document on the Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction.1 Notably, subtypes of Type 1 MI (ie, ST elevation MI [STEMI] and non-ST elevation MI [NSTEMI]) share common pathophysiological mechanisms (typically spontaneous plaque rupture, ulceration, erosion, or dissection with thrombus formation resulting in myocyte necrosis), with extensive guidelines defining best clinical practice. By contrast, Type 2 MI, defined as myocardial injury with myocyte necrosis due to an acute ischemic imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and/or demand without plaque disruption, has heterogeneous underlying causes (eg, coronary spasm, coronary endothelial dysfunction, arrhythmias, anemia, respiratory failure, shock, severe hypertension, or hypotension). Despite distinct causes, Type 1 NSTEMI and Type 2 MI can be particularly difficult to distinguish at presentation, with the diagnosis becoming clear only after further testing.2,3 The difficulty in distinguishing between these diagnoses complicates both initial patient management and systematic research about Type 2 MI, and no set of guidelines is currently appropriate for Type 2 MI patient management. Through the 10th Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) Coordination and Maintenance Committee of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), representatives of the American Heart Association …
Coherent solid-state LIDAR with silicon photonic optical phased arrays

We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of coherent solid-state light detection and ranging (LIDAR) using optical phased arrays in a silicon photonics platform. An integrated transmitting and receiving frequency-modulated continuous-wave circuit was initially developed and tested to confirm on-chip ranging. Simultaneous distance and velocity measurements were performed using triangular frequency modulation. Transmitting and receiving optical phased arrays were added to the system for on-chip beam collimation, and solid-state beam steering and ranging measurements using this system are shown. A cascaded optical phase shifter architecture with multiple groups was used to simplify system control and allow for a compact packaged device. This system was fabricated within a 300 mm wafer CMOS-compatible platform and paves the way for disruptive low-cost and compact LIDAR on-chip technology.
Urbanity: A System for Interactive Exploration of Urban Dynamics from Streaming Human Sensing Data

With the urbanization process worldwide, modeling the dynamics of people's activities in urban environments has become a crucial socioeconomic task. We present Urbanity, a novel system that leverages geo-tagged social media streams for modeling urban dynamics. Urbanity automatically discovers the spatial and temporal hotspots where people's activities concentrate; and captures the cross-modal correlations among location, time, and text by jointly mapping different units into the same latent space. With Urbanity, the end users are able to use flexible query schemes to retrieve different resources (e.g., POIs, hotspots, hours, activities) that meet their needs. Furthermore, Urbanity can handle continuous streams to update the learned model, thus revealing up-to-date patterns of urban activities.
Decomposition of the Total Effect in the Presence of Multiple Mediators and Interactions

Mediation analysis allows decomposing a total effect into a direct effect of the exposure on the outcome and an indirect effect operating through a number of possible hypothesized pathways. Recent studies have provided formal definitions of direct and indirect effects when multiple mediators are of interest and have described parametric and semiparametric methods for their estimation. Investigating direct and indirect effects with multiple mediators, however, can be challenging in the presence of multiple exposure-mediator and mediator-mediator interactions. In this paper we derive a decomposition of the total effect that unifies mediation and interaction when multiple mediators are present. We illustrate the properties of the proposed framework in a secondary analysis of a pragmatic trial for the treatment of schizophrenia. The decomposition is employed to investigate the interplay of side effects and psychiatric symptoms in explaining the effect of antipsychotic medication on quality of life in schizophrenia patients. Our result offers a valuable tool to identify the proportions of total effect due to mediation and interaction when more than one mediator is present, providing the finest decomposition of the total effect that unifies multiple mediators and interactions.
An Eco-inspired control strategy for DC microgrids

This paper presents a novel control strategy for DC microgrids inspired by robust formations observed in ecological systems. Classic control approaches such as pole placement and LQR have been extensively used in the literature and in practical systems. Each technique has specific strengths, but there are also drawbacks. The new approach proposed in this paper combines the strengths of both techniques while avoiding their disadvantages to obtain highly robust systems. A simple DC microgrid is used as a test case to verify the proposed robust control strategy for power systems.
Irans Sicherheit und die Atombombe. Über Rationalität und Wahrnehmung in der Nuklearkrise

Iran befindet sich in einer prekaren Sicherheitslage. Das Bestreben Teherans, ein funktionierendes Atomwaffenprogramm zu etablieren, erscheint als rationale Reaktion auf ein seit langerem wahrgenommenes regionales wie internationales Bedrohungsszenario. Die Losung der Krise hangt damit wesentlich davon ab, ob und inwieweit es gelingen wird, die Bedrohungswahrnehmung auf Seiten Irans zu verandern. Die Kubakrise ist die geeignete Blaupause zur Analyse der Irankrise, weil auch hier Wahrnehmungsdifferenzen der involvierten Parteien fur die Eskalation verantwortlich waren.
Cycling and Cycling Indices

The same nutrients are utilized multiple times by different organisms. This phenomenon is usually addressed as ‘recycling’ or simply cycling of energy–matter, and it is an important feature of natural systems. This article provides an overview of cycling and cycling indices in ecosystems ecology: first, the concept of cycle in food webs and ecological networks is introduced. Then it is applied to food webs (description of who eats whom in the ecosystem) and ecological networks (weighted, mass-balanced versions of food webs). Means of estimating recycling and removing cycles from ecological networks are presented. Finally, the importance of cycling in ecosystems and the applications of cycling indices are discussed.
Oligoclonal T cells transiently expand and express TIM3 and LAG3 following CD19 CAR t cell therapy.

e19017Background: CAR T therapies targeted towards the CD19 antigen have shown tremendous promise in the treatment of multiple B cell malignancies. However, not all B cell malignancies show the sam...
A systematic assessment of socioeconomic status and executive functioning in early childhood.

Abstract Lower socioeconomic status (SES) consistently relates to poorer executive function (EF). This study used a systematic and nuanced approach to understand how SES relates to children’s EF at a process level. We assessed children aged 4.5–5.5 years. This is a key developmental period because EF is no longer a unitary construct but rather EF components statistically load on separate factors and index distinct aspects of EF. Children completed a working memory task that involved a cognitive load component and a go/no-go task to assess inhibitory control and vigilance. Accuracy and reaction time were assessed, and each task involved four blocks to assess performance over time. Lower SES related to lower accuracy for working memory, inhibitory control, and vigilance as well as slower reaction time for working memory. SES did not relate to go/no-go reaction time. For working memory, lower SES related to poorer accuracy on lower cognitive load trials, but there were no SES differences on higher cognitive load trials. SES did not relate to maintenance of performance over time. Results suggest that for this age group the majority of domains showed SES differences. However, there were no SES differences in performance for remembering two items and maintaining performance. Thus, although overall lower SES related to poorer EF performance, there were no SES effects for skills that are still emerging for all children, namely, maintaining task performance across time and remembering two items at once. Results highlight the importance of assessing EF as a multidimensional construct and may help to identify targets for intervention.
Identification and Quantification of Carotenoids and Tocochromanols in Sorghum Grain by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Carotenoids and tocochromanols are lipid-soluble secondary plant metabolites that are essential for the normal functioning of plants and, in some cases function as a source of vitamin A and E in humans. Enhancement of the provitamin A carotenoid and tocochromanols levels in sorghum and other cereal grains through traditional breeding and transgenic methods has increased in recent years with interest in biofortification of grains to combat micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. With this increase in research, reliable methodology for the extraction, identification, and quantification of individual carotenoids and tocochromanols species from sorghum and other cereal grains is essential. Here, we describe a basic method for extraction of carotenoid and tocochromanols adapted to sorghum grain and chromatographic condition for separation, identification, and quantification of individual carotenoid using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system.
TBAL: Tunnel FET-Based Adiabatic Logic for Energy-Efficient, Ultra-Low Voltage IoT Applications

A novel, tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET)-based adiabatic logic (TBAL) circuit topology has been proposed, evaluated and benchmarked with several device architectures (planar MOSFET, FinFET, and TFET) and AL implementations (efficient charge recovery logic, 2N-2N2P, positive feedback adiabatic logic) operating in the ultra-low voltage ( $0.3~\text{V}\geq V_{DD} \leq 0.6~\text{V}$ ) regime. By incorporating adiabatic logic functionality into standard combinational logic, an 80% reduction in energy/cycle was achieved. A further 80% reduction in energy/cycle was demonstrated by utilizing near broken-gap TFET devices and simultaneous scaling of supply voltage to 0.3 V, resulting in a 96% reduction in energy/cycle as compared to conventional Si CMOS. Extension of operating frequency beyond 10 MHz, coupled with sub-threshold circuit operation, shows the feasibility of TBAL for energy-efficient Internet of Things applications.
Systematic Review of the Impact of Varicocele Grade on Response to Surgical Management

Purpose:We evaluated the impact of varicocele grade on the response to varicocelectomy or spermatic vein embolization.Materials and Methods:We systematically reviewed the published English language...
Separating different individual effects in a panel data model

SummaryIn this paper we consider a panel data model with individual effects that are arbitrarily correlated with the explanatory variables. The effects are composed as the sum of two different interpretable components, such as inefficiency versus heterogeneity in a production frontier setting, or ability versus socioeconomic background in an earnings function, or genetics versus environment in an epidemiological analysis. We wish to predict the two components separately. This is made possible by assuming that there are observables that are correlated with the first component but not with the second, and other observables that are correlated with the second component but not with the first. This can be true in terms of either simple correlations or partial correlations.
A cross-sectional study of skin prick test to Aspergillus fumigatus antigen in asthmatic patients seen at a tertiary healthcare center

INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a significant public health problem. The severity of asthma varies from patient to patient and the reasons for this are not fully understood. Atopy is known to play an important part in the pathogenesis of asthma. Sensitization to aeroallergens like house dust mite, animal dander from pets and environmental fungi are evaluated in asthmatics. Severe asthma seems to be associated to environmental fungi with sensitization especially to Aspergillus species. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: The study aimed at determining the prevalence of Cutaneous Sensitization to Aspergillus species by Skin Prick Test (SPT) in moderate- severe asthmatics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was done on 205 clinically diagnosed asthmatic patients, between September 2012 and August 2013. SPT and spirometry was done in all subjects along with a detailed history. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of Aspergillus sensitized patients is 59.5%. Observations of this study also suggest that the severity of asthma is more in Aspergillus sensitized patients when compared to non-sensitized patients and the duration of asthma was more in Non sensitized. There was no significant association between AEC, total IgE levels and Aspergillus species culture positivity in Aspergillus sensitized patients. Aspergillus terreus was the predominant fungal isolate from both SPT positive and negative patient. There was no significant correlation of fungal culture with SPT. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of Aspergillus sensitization is seen in south Indian subjects and is associated with greater severity and shorter duration of asthma.
Compartmental Models in Metabolic Studies: Vitamin C

STELLA® and similar computer programs allow one to use modeling and simulation as a tool for thinking. However, no one has time to squander; our modeling should have a purpose. Also, in coming to grips with questions, one must consider the rich source of data that is already available in the scientific literature. Modeling has been used as a quantitative tool to answer many significant medical questions, and simulation programs such as STELLA® may be used to interpret this information. Much of this information has been reported in a format derived from compartmental analysis. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce this method and ideas about using STELLA® to help interpret this kinetic information. Let us note that the comment quoted above concerning model development and testing implies a need to apply statistical methods to ensure that a model functions in a robust manner. However, it is reasonable for the student to use models that have already been developed with these research methods.
Surgeon crossover between pediatric and adult centers is associated with decreased rate of loss to follow‐up among adolescent renal transplantation recipients

The risk of adverse outcomes for pediatric renal transplant patients is highest during the transition from pediatric to adult care. While there have been many studies focus on graft failure and death, loss to follow-up likely plays a large role in patient outcomes. We hypothesize patients are lost to follow-up during this transition period and that patients transplanted at pediatric centers with a closely affiliated adult center (AFFs) are less likely to suffer from fragmentation of care and become lost to follow-up. AFFs were defined as those pediatric centers whose transplant surgeons were also on staff at an adult center and were identified using center websites. We included patients undergoing renal transplantation at <=18 years of age and had data for the entire transition period on the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (n = 6,762, 92.3% in 95 AFFs). 32% of patients were lost to follow-up. On regression, patients transplanted at AFF were 33% less likely to be lost to follow-up compared with those from non-AFF (OR 0.67 CI 0.54-0.82, P < 0.01). The proportion of patients lost to follow-up during the transition period is remarkably high, but lower among recipients transplanted at AFFs. Poor follow-up may be mitigated by improving integration of care.
Modeling the impact of GIC neutral blocking devices on distance protection relay operations for transmission lines

Abstract Geomagnetic Induced Current (GIC) blocking devices typically include a capacitor on the neutral grounding path of wye-configured transformers. This type of GIC blocking device was designed as an effective countermeasure to prevent possible damages caused on the power grid by geomagnetic storms, and by the slow-varying component of a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP). The insertion of a capacitor in the transformer neutral impedes the establishment of GICs in lines terminated with wye-connected transformer windings. With the presence of a capacitively grounded neutral, however, it becomes important to evaluate that no adverse effects are introduced in the general grid operations. In this context, this study investigates the impact of GIC neutral blocking devices on the functionality of distance protection relays for different values of transformer neutral blocking capacitors, and at different transmission line voltages. This study was conducted with a real-time simulation platform, and the simulations were performed by introducing a phase-to-ground fault at different line locations, and by measuring the apparent impedance at the protection relay location. The results indicated that, for typical values of capacitance considered for GIC neutral blocking devices, the distance protection relay model operates properly, without requiring a modification of the relay settings.
Review on gall bladder myeloid sarcoma: a great masquerader

Pain in abdomen has wide differentials and narrowing down the clinical possibilities depends on type of pain, location, characterization which is usually assisted by imaging studies. Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis are amongst the common causes of acute abdomen. This study reviews the literature for the clinical characteristics, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of reported cases of gallbladder myeloid sarcoma (GB-MS) who presented with abdominal symptoms. A total of 17 cases of GB-MS were studied. The median age was 52 years with age range of 23 to 84 years. All except 1 patient presented with abdominal symptoms. Based on imaging or pathological studies, 3 cases were initially confused with gallbladder lymphoma or cancer. Only 5 patients were treated with AML like chemotherapy. Treatment given included combinations of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. None of the cases underwent HSCT for GB-MS. Seven patients were alive till the time of last F/U, 9 succumbed to death while F/U of 1 patient was not available. Irrespective of treatment protocol followed suggesting the poor prognosis in GB-MS cases. In conclusion, acute abdomen complicating blood malignancies is life threatening and can be devastating if not detected and treated in a timely fashion.