cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Images as Evidence and Arguments

That the addition of visuals, be they pictures, diagrams, charts or what-have-you, can make an argument more persuasive there can be no doubt. There is still a question as to whether visuals can make a logical difference as opposed to enhancing the rhetorical strength of an argument. Here opinions divide. Some are skeptical that images can do any work other than rhetorical. Others think that images can carry arguments independently. And some think that images can carry at least some parts of some arguments. In this paper I argue for modest position: In assessing argumentation, the truth of some claim is verified, corroborated or refuted by some visual means. Moreover, the manner in which these visuals do their work is evidentiary. This evidentiary role for visuals can be extended to account for the use of visuals in some mathematical argumentation.
Negacyclic codes of length 2/sup s/ over galois rings

Codes over the ring of integers modulo 4 have been studied by many researchers. Negacyclic codes such that the length n of the code is odd have been characterized over the alphabet Zopf4, and furthermore, have been generalized to the case of the alphabet being a finite commutative chain ring. In this paper, we investigate negacyclic codes of length 2s over Galois rings. The structure of negacyclic codes of length 2s over the Galois rings GR(2a,m), as well as that of their duals, are completely obtained. The Hamming distances of negacyclic codes over GR(2a,m) in general, and over Zopf2 a in particular are studied. Among other more general results, the Hamming distances of all negacyclic codes over Zopf2 a of length 4,8, and 16 are given. The weight distributions of such negacyclic codes are also discussed
Cognitive-based teaching of power electronics

Power electronics has evolved as a distinctive subject area and into many sub-specialties. There are so many important topics to cover within a limited time period of one semester. The questions raise what materials to cover, how to cover to develop and cultivate studentpsilas intellectual abilities for life-long learning knowledge and how to assess the outcomes achieved by the students. This presentation summarizes means of teaching and answering these questions.
Wavefront reconstruction over discontinuous apertures by inclusion of additional integration equations

An extension to zonal wavefront reconstruction estimation algorithms is proposed for irregular and discontinuous apertures. Many applications in astronomy and directed energy feature wavefront reconstruction over apertures partially obscured by a secondary mirror and its supports. In the worst case, these obscurations can separate the aperture into multiple discontinuous regions. The method proposed uses integration equations derived from the Taylor theorem assuming missing slope data. These integration equations are included in the least-squares solution of the wavefront and provide constants of slope integration which minimize the error introduced by the discontinuities. The equations can be included in any zonal estimation scheme. Several algorithms with and without the additional integration equations are evaluated against wavefronts gathered in recent optical flight tests. Finally, an evaluation of the noise-induced error is given for the same set of algorithms.
Regioselective Arylboration of Isoprene and Its Derivatives by Pd/Cu Cooperative Catalysis

A method for the regioselective arylboration of isoprene and its derivatives is presented. These reactions allow for the synthesis of useful building blocks from simple components. Through these studies, an unusual additive effect with DMAP has been uncovered that allows for altered reactivity and the formation of quaternary carbon centers. The utility of this method is demonstrated toward the formal synthesis of mesembrine.
(Re)constructing Family Images: Stepmotherhood Before Biological Motherhood

Strong cultural values and ideals attached to women in families deem the role of stepmother as inferior to that of biological mother. Although biological motherhood is celebrated, stepmotherhood is stigmatized, and women who wish to become mothers but become stepmothers prior to having biological children may grieve the loss of images surrounding normative ideals of creating a family. Using a feminist family science approach, the purpose of this grounded theory study was to explore the experiences of women without children in their transition to stepmotherhood. Interviews with 23 stepmothers (aged 26–47) revealed that women engaged in an internal process of creating and then adjusting personal images of family life to accommodate their new family circumstances. The process of (re)constructing family images had implications for later adjustment to stepmotherhood. Notions of the motherhood hierarchy emerged to depict the unique experiences of women who became stepmothers prior to having biological children.
Digital Addiction: Increased Loneliness, Anxiety, and Depression

Digital addiction is defined by the American Society for Addiction Medicine (ASAM) as well as the American Psychiatric Association (APA) as “… a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social, and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors…” with examples such a such as internet gaming or similar behaviors. Symptoms of digital addiction such as increased loneliness (also called “phoneliness”), anxiety, and depression were observed in a sample of university undergraduates who completed a survey about smartphone use during and outside of class. Other observations included observations of “iNeck” (poor) posture as well as how multitasking/semitasking was prevalent in the sample. Implications of continued digital addition are discussed.
Five New Cases of Primary Renal Carcinoid Tumor: Case Reports and Literature Review

Carcinoid tumors, a slow-growing NET, most commonly arise in the gastrointestinal tract (73.7%), followed by the bronchopulmonary system (25.1%), and least commonly in the genitourinary system (<1%). Primary carcinoid tumors of the kidney-with approximately 100 cases reported in the literature since the first described case in 1966-are thought to be so rare because neuroendocrine cells are not typically found in the renal parenchyma. Here we present a series of five cases at our institution with primary carcinoid tumors of the kidney followed by a literature review. In the literature we describe the diagnostic stains used to determine renal carcinoid tumors. We also describe why partial nephrectomies are the gold standard treatment in these cases, while radical nephrectomy can be used in certain circumstances. Limited research on treatment of metastasis of these tumors exists, but we summarize the results of existing treatments. Major prognostic factors and survival of patients with these tumors is described as well as the increased prevalence of this tumors in patients with horseshoe kidneys. This study presents five new cases of primary renal carcinoid tumors and a comprehensive review of the previously published cases. We are able to make limited prognostic predictions from currently published literature, but we will continue to learn from our patients' long-term courses to draw conclusions about biological behavior, treatment outcomes, and recurrence of rare disease.
Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Hubei Province from 2010 to 2014

Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation in Hubei Province from 2010 to 2014, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the effective malaria elimination strategies and measures in this province. Methods The data from the Disease Reporting Information System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention were collected and analyzed with the descriptive epidemiological method for the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Hubei Province from 2010 to 2014. Results A total of 997 malaria cases were reported in Hubei Province from 2010 to 2014, there were 618 cases of vivax malaria, 352 cases of falciparum malaria, 18 cases of Plasmodium ovale infection, and 9 cases of Plasmodium malariae infection. Among all the reported cases, 479 were local cases and 518 were imported cases. No local malaria cases were reported from Hubei Province since 2013. The overall imported malaria cases showed a gradual increasing trend from 2010 to 2014, the proportion of falciparum malaria increased quite significantly from 2010 to 2014. The malaria cases were mainly distributed in Xiangyang, Wuhan, Xiaogan, Yichang, Jingmen and Suizhou cities, reaching 81.85% of the cases of the whole province. There were 810 male cases and 187 female cases, with a sex ratio of 4.33:1. The local malaria cases were mainly aged from 40 to 69 years, accounted for 78.29% of the total local cases, and 88.22% (457/518) of the whole local cases were concentrated in 20-49 age groups. The local cases were mainly farmers (67.01%). Among the imported malaria cases, the occupation distribution concentrated mainly on the worker, migrant worker, and farmer (63.90%). Conclusions The local malaria epidemic situation has been effectively controlled in Hubei Province, which reflects the initiative achievements of malaria elimination. However, there are still many imported malaria cases from abroad. Therefore, the imported malaria from abroad still remains the key of malaria control in Hubei Province.
Selective hydrothermal reductions using geomimicry

Reduction of carbon–carbon π-bonds has been demonstrated using iron powder as the reductant and simple powdered nickel as the catalyst in water as the solvent at 250 °C and the saturated water vapor pressure, 40 bars. Stereochemical, kinetic and electronic probes of the mechanism suggest reaction via a conventional Horiuti–Polyani process for hydrogenation at the nickel metal surface. Selective reduction of carbon–carbon π-bonds is observed in the presence of other functional groups. The reactions use benign and Earth-abundant reagents that are at low depletion risk and take place in water as the only solvent under conditions that are characteristic of many geochemical processes.
Drip Chemigation with Imidacloprid and Nematodes for Control of Scarab Larvae in Nursery Crops

Larvae of scarabs, also known as white grubs, are subterranean insects that damage ornamental nursery crops when they feed on roots. Management is generally based on application of chemical insecticides to the soil surface, followed by supplemental water to leach the toxicants into the soil. Drip irrigation systems have the potential to deliver insecticides and insect pathogens to the root zones of crops to control subterranean insects. From 2004 through 2006, we tested the effi cacy of imidacloprid (2004-2006), clothianidin (2006), or entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) + imidacloprid (2005) applied through drip irrigation to control white grubs in an ornamental nursery. Insecticides (imidacloprid or clothianidin) or EPN + imidacloprid were injected into drip irrigation lines at the upstream end of rows in a commercial nursery. EPN + imidacloprid was also injected into the root zone of trees or applied as a surface drench. In 2004 and 2005, imidacloprid applied at a preventive timing through drip irrigation lines signifi cantly reduced the numbers of white grubs in the root zones of Kousa dogwood (Cornus kousa Hance) trees. In 2006, variation in the data resulted in no signifi cant differences at the P = 0.05 level, although, the percentage reductions of grubs by imidacloprid and clothianidin applied through drip irrigation were similar to trials in 2004 and 2005. EPN + imidacloprid applied through drip irrigation, injected into the soil, and surface drenched at a curative timing all signifi cantly reduced the numbers of grubs compared to untreated trees. These data indicate drip irrigation is a viable delivery system for controls of white grubs in nursery crops.
Variations in melt-layer frequency in the GISP2 ice core: implications for Holocene summer temperatures in central Greenland

The rare melt features in the GISP2, central Greenland deep ice core have decreased in frequency over the most recent 7000 years. Calibration of this change in melt frequency against modern spatial variation of melt frequency and temperature in central Greenland, and against modern temporal variability of temperatures in central Greenland, indicates that mean mid-summer temperatures have cooled over the most recent 7000 years, probably by slightly more than l°C if variability of summer temperatures has not changed. Comparison to GRIP isotopic records from central Greenland and to the melt record from the Agassiz Ice Cap, Arctic Canada, suggests some seasonal and regional coherence for this cooling signal, as well as for a cold event about 8000-8500 BP .
5.13 – Regulation of Arterial Pressure

The heart produces the arterial pressure by virtue of pumping blood from the low-pressure, venous side of the circulation, into the high-pressure, arterial side. Constriction of the vascular system, however, raises the pressure by virtue of having less compliant vessels in which the heart forces the blood. The total volume of blood in the arterial side, relative to its compliance, also contributes to the blood pressure. Regulation of blood pressure is thus achieved by regulating the strength of the heart beat (cardiac contractility), vascular smooth muscle contractility, and the blood volume. This is achieved through nerves, hormones, and renal mechanisms. The nervous regulation includes the baroreceptor system, in which stretch sensors in the carotid sinus increase their firing rate with increased pressure, which activates parasympathetic output to the heart to reduce heart rate. Hormones include the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, andidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide.
Vorticity and other properties associated with an unsteady, three-dimensional shock

In accord with the analysis by Emanuel [J Eng Math, 117:79–105, 2019], the upstream and downstream vorticities are provided for an unsteady, three-dimensional shock, where the upstream flow may be non-uniform. The transformation for the upstream velocity Taylor series coefficients, $$e_{ij}^{*}\rightarrow e_{ij}$$, is also provided. The analytic approach is illustrated for the vorticity with a simplified flow model. Additionally, the intrinsic coordinate basis, on the downstream side of the shock, is obtained. The analytical representation of the vorticities is in a shock-based, flow-plane coordinate system, whereas the intrinsic coordinate basis is associated with a shock-based, osculating plane. In all cases, results are exact, explicit, and simplified as much as possible.
Transient supply clamp with a variable RC time constant

Abstract This paper summarizes several basic supply clamping techniques and presents an innovative transient clamp circuit that makes use of some properties of a variable voltage clamp. This circuit varies its RC time constant dependent upon whether or not the integrated circuit (IC) is mounted on a printed circuit (PC) board. If the IC is mounted the time constant of the transient clamp is set very short so it will not interfere in the normal operation of the device. However, if the IC is free standing the RC time constant is set much longer to insure the clamp will stay on long enough to discharge the entire ESD pulse should the need arise. This clamp circuit was used as a component in the electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection network for an analog intermediate frequency (IF) Limiter IC. Human Body Model (HBM) ESD levels increased from less than 300 V to greater than 2000 V due to the addition of this protection network.
One of by Map - Two if by See: Implications of Dissonant Affordance Structures in Human-Computer Interaction with especial Reference to the Case of Driver-Automated Vehicle Relationships

While disparate forms of human-computer interaction clearly present a heterogeneous landscape of possibilities, there are some commonalities across contexts, especially as they pertain to contemporary complex systems. Here, we examine the manner in which pattern-predicated, artificial intelligence (AI) is enacted in the transportation world, and how these emerging technologies are expressed in human-dominated operational worlds. We also explore how patterns and principles distilled extend beyond the world of transportation to the full gamut of human-computer interaction.
The Impact of Performing a 3D Mapping Biopsy Prior to Primary Cryotherapy for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer

OBJECTIVE To study the implications of adding a 3D mapping biopsy (3DMB) prior to prostate cryotherapy (PCT) for the treatment of prostate cancer on the following outcomes: recurrence and biochemical failure (BCF), quality of life outcomes, and complication rates. METHODS A retrospective analysis of patients treated with either targeted focal therapy, or subtotal CT for localized prostate cancer was performed. The cohort was stratified by patients who had only had a transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TRUS) and those who had undergone 1 additional 3DMB before definitive treatment. Pre- and postprocedural Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) surveys were collected. BCF was defined using the Phoenix criteria. Patients with BCF were re-biopsied. Differences in pre/post changes in IPSS and SHIM scores were examined with Mann-Whitney U tests, binary measures with chi-square tests, and pre/post changes in PSA with t tests. A Kaplan-Meier time to BCF and recurrence analysis is presented. RESULTS A total of 534 patients underwent PCT following TRUS only (n = 331) and TRUS with subsequent 3DMB (n = 203) between March 2007 and June 2016. No differences were observed in IPSS (P = .60) or SHIM scores drop (P = .06) between groups. PSA drop seemed more pronounced in the TRUS only biopsy group compared to the 3DMB, but again without statistical significance (P = .06). Recurrence rate and BCF were lower in the 3DMB group (P CONCLUSION BCF and local recurrence rates were lower among patients who underwent a confirmatory 3DMB before PCT, most likely due to better risk stratification in these patients. The addition of a 3DMB did not seem to adversely impact either rate of complications or functional outcomes.
Performance on the Single-Legged Step Down and Running Mechanics.

Context Previous authors have shown associations between kinematics on the single-legged step down (SLSD) and running mechanics. Therefore, the SLSD may be a useful tool for identifying runners with poor running mechanics when 2- or 3-dimensional gait analysis is not available. However, the associations between SLSD performance and running kinetics, as well as the influences of sex and muscle strength on these relationships, remain unclear. Objective To evaluate whether kinematics on the SLSD predict kinematics and kinetics while running and whether the relationships differ between men and women and are mediated by muscle strength. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Biomechanics research laboratory. Patients or other participants Fifty highly trained runners (25 men, 25 women; age = 27.8 ± 9.2 years, height = 1.69 ± 0.26 m, mass = 66.3 ± 15.0 kg, running distance = 45.2 ± 19.1 mile/wk [72.32 ± 30.56 km/wk]). Main outcome measure(s) Relationships between kinematics on the SLSD and kinematics and kinetics during running were evaluated. We also assessed whether muscle strength moderated these relationships. Results For men, linear regression revealed that peak hip adduction (R2 = 0.306, P = .012), internal rotation (R2 = 0.439, P = .002), knee valgus (R2 = 0.544, P = .001), and rearfoot eversion (R2 = 0.274, P = .008) on the SLSD were strongly predictive of kinematics during running. In women, only peak hip internal rotation (R2 = 0.573, P = .001), knee valgus (R2 = 0.442, P = .001), and rearfoot eversion (R2 = 0.384, P = .012) predicted running kinematics. In women, total medial collapse on the SLSD predicted peak hip-adductor moment (R2 = 0.364, P = .001) during running. None of the relationships were moderated by muscle strength in either men or women. Conclusions Kinematics during the SLSD predicted kinematics while running in both men and women but only predicted kinetics while running in women. Given that none of the relationships between SLSD performance and running mechanics were moderated by muscle strength, clinicians should assess movement quality and strength independently.
A self-floating oscillating surge wave energy converter

Abstract This paper proposes a new conceptual configuration for oscillating surge wave energy converters. The concept is a self-floating device consisting of two vertical flaps with a common hinge and an averaged density equal to that of water. The two flaps will oscillate in opposite directions when driven by incident waves. Kinetic energy will be extracted from the relative speed between the two flaps by a power take-off embedded at the hinge. Numerical studies reveal that the self-floating device has a smaller resonant period and optimal power take-off damping compared with a bottom-hinged floating device of the same overall dimensions. As long as the power take-off damping is appropriately tuned, the opposite-rotation mechanism is valid in both regular and irregular waves, and no matter whether the hinge is fixed or connected with mooring lines. With the self-floating feature and opposite-rotation mechanism, the proposed concept can potentially benefit deep ocean applications by exerting a significantly less reaction loading on mooring lines and eliminating the need for a supporting frame to house the power take-off. The influence of various design parameters such as flap dimensions, submerged depth, incident wave direction, and water depth is also analyzed for a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed concept.
Lacanian Psychotherapy: Theory and Practical Applications

The work of Jacques Lacan is associated more with literature and philosophy than mainstream American psychology, due in large part to the dense language he employs in articulating his theory – including often at the expense of clinical illustration. As a result, his contributions are frequently fascinating, yet their utility in the therapeutic setting can be difficult to pinpoint. Lacanian Psychotherapy fills in this clinical gap by presenting theoretical discussions in clear, accessible language and applying them to several chapter-length case studies, thereby demonstrating their clinical relevance. The central concern of the book is the usefulness of Lacan's notion that the unconscious is structured like and by language. This concept implies a peculiar manner of listening ("to the letter") and intervention, which Miller applies to a number of common clinical concerns – including including case formulation, dreams, transference, and diagnosis – including all in the context of real-world psychotherapy.
NMR Spectroscopy of Paramagnetic Haem Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the proton NMR spectroscopy of haem proteins in solution, and examines resonance assignments. The porphyrin ring of the various haem prosthetic groups, as well as the iron ion axial ligands, possess several protons that are easily identified and frequently occur in spectral windows away from the crowded region of 0-10 ppm that contains many overlapping resonances of the polypeptide protons. These hyperfine shifts are often unique to paramagnetic metalloproteins. The chapter explores how the structural elements of the haem crevice, combined with studies employing hyperfine shifts, can yield extremely detailed information. Many of the properties of paramagnetic haem proteins depend upon the status of haem iron ion coordination. In haemoglobins, the naturally occurring iron ion oxidation state is ferrous (Fe 2+ ). When the protein is in the deoxygenated form (deoxy) the iron ion is in a high spin state, with four unpaired electrons. This is characteristic of deoxy haemoglobins, deoxy myoglobin, and certain other reduced proteins such as reduced horseradish peroxidase. A paramagnetic haem iron ion often has a dramatic influence on the NMR spectrum of a haem protein.
Monitoring air fluoride concentration around ALUAR smelter in Puerto Madryn (Chubut Province, Argentina)

The emissions of Total Fluoride (gaseous + particulate) (F−) are one of the significant environmental aspects of the aluminum industry. Therefore the government has established regulations aimed at controlling the environmental performance of smelters through monitoring of F− emissions.
DRAG DUE TO LIFT: Concepts for Prediction and Reduction

▪ Abstract This article describes some of the fundamental ideas underlying methods for induced-drag prediction and reduction. A review of current analysis and design methods, including their development and common approximations, is followed by a survey of several approaches to lift-dependent drag reduction. Recent concepts for wing planform optimization, highly nonplanar surfaces, and various tip devices may lead to incremental but important gains in aircraft performance. Focusing on relatively high-aspect-ratio subsonic wings, the review suggests that opportunities for new concepts remain, but the greatest challenge lies in their integration with other aspects of the system.
The economics of future membrane desalination processes and applications

Seawater desalination, the desalination of waters flowing back from hydraulic fracturing processes and brackish water desalination constitute important desalination applications. These have a combined market size in excess of $25 billion per annum and a combined water production rate equivalent to the domestic consumption of over 300 million people. Each application offers its own distinct challenge. Reductions in energy consumption are key to driving down seawater desalination costs. The optimisation of water treatment in tandem with the formulation of fracturing fluids is key to reducing water management costs and environmental impacts in hydraulic fracturing. The development of desalination technologies that allow for high water recovery and high product purity is key to meeting industrial and municipal needs from brackish water sources. This thesis develops and investigates three emerging technologies: forward osmosis, electrodialysis at high salinity and hybrid electrodialysis-reverse osmosis with a view to addressing the three above challenges. Forward osmosis has often been viewed as a technology with the potential to reduce energy consumption in seawater desalination. An analysis is therefore undertaken into the theoretical limits upon its energy requirements paying particular attention to the energy penalty involved in drawing water from the feed stream into a more concentrated solution. Although unaddressed in literature this energy penalty is an important and distinguishing factor between FO and other desalination technologies. In the case of seawater, it is shown to put FO at a disadvantage that makes it difficult to compete with reverse osmosis. Consequently, it is argued that forward osmosis research should be reoriented away from seawater desalination to focus on alternate applications where salinities are above those which reverse osmosis can handle or where draw solution regeneration is not required. For these alternate applications a new framework is provided that explains the influence of the membrane orientation upon water flux through the membrane, an insight that is of particular use in considering the trade-off between water flux and fouling. The conventional view of electrodialysis is that it is most cost effective for the desalination of low salinity waters, and less so for moderate and high salinities, such as those encountered in waters that flow back from hydraulic fracturing processes. A thermoeconomic analysis of the effect of salinity upon cost reveals a different picture whereby electrodialysis is most cost effective removing salt from streams with between 1,000 ppm and 20,000 ppm of total dissolved solids. At lower salinities performance is hampered by low solution conductivity and low salt removal rates. At higher salinities the process is thermodynamically inefficient as the chemical potential of salt is raised only by a small amount when transported into the concentrate stream. The conclusion is that applications requiring salt removal within this 'sweet spot' for electrodialysis,…
On a Class of Singularly Perturbed Parabolic Equations

A method of matched asymptotic expansions has been used to construct an n-term uniformly valid approximate solution for un initiol value problem of a bnear singularly pertarted parabolic equation exhibiting an internal layer behavior. It is shown that each internal layer function caused by a non-smooth initial data can be described by an n-th iteroted integral of the complementary error function.
Does It Sink or Float

ABSTRACT This activity is designed to teach prekindergarten to second grade students about the concept of sink or float through an inquiry activity. Students will use familiar objects to predict and test the properties of sink and float. Background information is offered to teachers to assist them with this activity. This lesson begins with an engaging story, Who Sank the Boat? by Pamela Allen.
Teaching and Learning Guide for: Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of African American Vernacular English

African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and, more generally, African American English (AAE) are the most heavily studied group of dialects in North American English. Much of the enquiry has focused on morphosyntactic variation, but a significant amount has dealt with phonological and phonetic variables. Linguistic variables that can set AAE off from local European American varieties (EAE) in a given community span every realm of phonology and phonetics. Consonantal variables such as non-rhoticity, consonant cluster simplification, and th-stopping have attracted a great deal of attention. These variables usually involve phonological alternations, but phonotactic constraints also occur. Vowel variables, such as the degree of fronting of the GOAT vowel, are gaining some attention, mostly to address how closely local AAE varieties approach local EAE forms. Prosody has received some study and voice quality a small amount. Study of these variables is used to address several theoretical and applied issues. Among the most important theoretical issues are the Creolist ⁄Anglicist controversy, over the origins of AA(V)E; the convergence ⁄divergence controversy, over whether AAVE is becoming more or less like EAE vernaculars; and, recently, the uniformity controversy, concerning the degree of uniformity or diversity within AAE across the United States. Applied issues have focused largely on educational policy: whether or not AAE variants hinder learning for African American schoolchildren and to what extent AAE variants can be incorporated into classroom instruction.
Impact ionisation in multilayered heterojunction structures

Calculations are reported showing that in multilayered heterojunction structures the effective impact ionisation rates for electrons and holes can be very different, even if they are the same in the basic bulk materials. The reason for this is the difference in the band-edge discontinuities for electrons and holes and the lower phonon mean free path for holes in quantum well structures.
Management of biliary tract disease in heart and lung transplant patients.

Abstract Background. Preexisting gallstones and pharmacologic alterations in both bile lithogenicity and immune function may predispose organ transplant recipients to the complications of biliary calculi. Methods. Records of all 178 patients undergoing heart, lung, or heart-lung transplantation at our institution between 1980 and 1998 were reviewed. Patients with biliary tract disease were grouped as follows: group I, pretransplantation diagnosis and treatment; group II, pretransplantation diagnosis and posttransplantation treatment; group III, normal pretransplantation biliary tree with posttransplantation diagnosis and treatment; group IV, unknown pretransplantation biliary status with posttransplantation diagnosis and treatment. Comparison among groups was made with regard to ultrasound findings, presentation, indication for operation, procedure, and outcome. Results. Of the 141 patients undergoing pretransplantation and/or posttransplantation ultrasound surveillance, the prevalence of abnormal ultrasonography was 36%. All patients in group I (n = 11) underwent elective intervention without complication. Of the 14 patients (groups II through IV) undergoing posttransplantation operation, intervention was mandated by acute complications of biliary tract disease in 7. The mortality rate in these 7 patients was 29%. Conclusions. Cholecystectomy in the posttransplantation period is often required emergently and has a high mortality. Posttransplantation surveillance of the biliary tree is crucial because of the high rate of de novo stone formation. All biliary calculi should be eradicated electively in stable patients before transplantation and on diagnosis after transplantation. (Surgery 2000;128:641-9.)
Resisting Capital: Simulationist and Socialist Strategies:

Postmodern theory has problematized the concepts and concerns of Marxism with respect to socialist praxis. One of the most diligent examples of this engagement comes from Jean Baudrillard's simulation theory. Pronouncing the death of Marxist categories, such as depth and revolution, simulation theory offers an aleatory, indeterminate model of society where the real implodes into the hyperreal. With special attention to the concept of resistance, this essay assesses the conceptual framework of both simulation and socialist theory for their promises and problems in the context of postmodernity. Bringing historical materialism into dialogue with simulation theory reasserts the importance of Marxism in addressing the unfinished project of social emancipation. There is much to suggest that with the real becoming hyperreal, exploitation intensifies into hyperexploitation. In short, notwithstanding the merits of simulation theory, Marxist concepts and concerns are still central to both radical theory and praxis....
Heritage of the tissue-bed oximeter

The pulse oximeter is well established in clinical medicine as a monitor of the efficacy of the cardiorespiratory system. The principle of this device represents the end of a long evolutionary line of noninvasive instruments designed to measure the redness of blood i.e. oxygen saturation. This historical note describes the many ingenious devices that are the heritage of the pulse oximeter, which was described by Nakajima et al. (1979) and Yoshiya et al. (1980).
Listeria monocytogenes meningitis: Observations based on 13 case reports and a consideration of recent literature

Meningitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes occurs predominantly in the neonate and the aged. It is the most common manifestation of listeriosis in humans. Although listeriosis is recognized as a major global problem in both human and animal health, the epidemiology of human infection is poorly understood; attention presently centers about events of pregnancy and the puerperium. Animals and animal products may represent reservoirs for human infection. Thirteen instances of meningitis caused by this organism are reported; death occurred in only one infant. Antimicrobial therapy resulted in recovery without evident sequelae in the remaining 12 patients.
Expression of the mitochondrial genome in HeLa cells. X. Properties of mitochondrial polysomes.

Abstract In the present work, polysomal structures, estimated to contain from two to seven 60 s monomers ‡ , have been identified in HeLa cell mitochondria and some of their properties have been investigated. The study of mitochondrial polysomes has been facilitated by the use of RNase inhibitors, which reduced the contamination of these polysomes by endoplasmic reticulum-bound polysomes, and by the use of appropriate antibiotics, which allowed the selective labeling of either the nascent chains or the RNA components of the mitochondrial structures. Mitochondrial polysomes have revealed an unusual resistance to degradation by RNase; furthermore, only a partial dissociation of ribosomes into subunits and very little release of nascent chains were observed in the presence of even high concentrations of EDTA. The evidence derived from enzymic tests and from the comparison with the effects of RNase and EDTA on endoplasmic reticulum-bound polysomes, has suggested that this unusual behavior of mitochondrial polysomes is due to the nature of their polypeptide products, which makes the nascent chains particularly “sticky.” These chains would thus, on one hand, interact by secondary bonds with the two ribosomal subunits, stabilizing the ribosomes against dissociation by removal of Mg 2+ ; on the other, they would interact with other chains on the same polysome, thus stabilizing the whole structure against degradation by RNase. The analysis of the distribution of mitochondrial rRNA among different ribosome structures has indicated that, under the present conditions of cell growth and of subcellular fractionation, about 50% of mitochondrial ribosomes are recovered in polysomes, about 20% as monomers and the rest as free subunits.
Abstract LB-193: APOBEC3 catalyzed genomic mutations in breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL In this work, we present evidence that an endogenous DNA mutating protein, APOBEC3, is massively overexpressed in a high proportion of breast cancers and that this overexpression may be responsible for the genetic variability seen in these cancers. Multiple driver mutations are required for cancer development and recent genome-wide approaches have revealed that many cancers, including breast, harbor staggering numbers of mutations, both point mutations as well as gross chromosomal rearrangements. The molecular origins of most of these somatic aberrations remain unclear. In this work, we test the hypothesis that APOBEC3, an endogenous DNA mutator, is a causative factor driving these mutations. One clue derives from the fact that C/G-to-T/A transition mutations, both within and outside of methyl-C-p-G dinucleotide motifs, predominate in subsets of many tumor types, including breast cancer. We demonstrate that APOBEC3, a DNA cytosine deaminase, is a likely endogenous source of mutation in breast cancer. We show, using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), that APOBEC3 is overexpressed in a majority of commonly available breast cancer cell lines (34/44) when compared to MCF-10A and hTERT-HMEC control lines. This overexpression phenotype persists when examining primary breast tumors (24/37) using patient-matched normal tissues as controls. APOBEC3 is predominantly localized to the nuclear compartment when overexpressed, as seen using fluorescently tagged APOBEC3. Additionally, its catalytic DNA cytosine to uracil deamination activity is dramatically elevated in this compartment in multiple breast cancer cell lines, as quantified using a FRET-based DNA oligonucleotide cleavage assay. This presentation will discuss the potential impact of this potent endogenous mutagen on the breast cancer genome and the implications for tumor evolution and therapy resistance. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-193. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-193
Design of an individualized fixed-dose clinical trial to test the antiepileptic efficacy of a plasma flunarizine concentration

Abstract Flunerizine (FLN) is a potential antiepileptic drug whose pharmacokinetic properties include a long half-life (2–7 weeks) and high interpatient variability in volume of distribution and clearance. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring a randomized, double-masked, multicenter, parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical trial to demonstrate the antiepileptic activity of FLN. The design is based on the premise that plasma concentrations are more strongly related to drug response than are doses. For each patient, an estimate of the concentration-time curve following a single dose of FLN is used to determine a loading dose and maintenance dosage targeted at a specified plasma FLN concentration. After an inpatient, drug-loading period, the fixed maintenance dosage (of FLN or placebo) is prescribed for the entire 24-week outpatient treatment period unless a change is required for medical reasons. If the target concentration is well chosen and approximately achieved, this design has several potential advantages: (a) A fixed-dose design is simpler and less subject to bias than a design involving dosage adjustments; (b) the drug-loading period reduces from several weeks or months to 1 week the time required to achieve the target plasma FLN concentrations; (c) compared with a design in which each patient receives the same dose, the decreased variability in FLN concentrations should result in fewer patients receiving subtherapeutic doses and fewer patients requiring dose reductions, as well as increased power to detect treatment effects in a population where such effects are generally small.
A generalized computer procedure for the design of optimum systems ¿ Part II

Conventional design techniques cannot readily produce optimum solutions to present-day design problems. The ideal characteristics of a design procedure are reviewed herein and compared with the conventional techniques. The characteristics of a currently feasible procedure are noted, and a new technique for use with a digital computer is described. A sample design optimization is employed to illustrate the operation of the new technique, which closely approaches the ideal design procedure.
Two-dimensional images in frequency-time representation: direction images and resolution map

We discuss the concept of the direction image multiresolution, which is derived as a property of the 2-D discrete Fourier transform, when it splits by 1-D transforms. The N×N image, where N is a power of 2, is considered as a unique set of splitting-signals in paired representation, which is the unitary 2-D frequency and 1-D time representation. The number of splitting-signals is 3N−2, and they have different durations, carry the spectral information of the image in disjoint subsets of frequency points, and can be calculated from the projection data along one of 3N/2 angles. The paired representation leads to the image composition by a set of 3N−2 direction images, which defines the directed multiresolution and contains periodic components of the image. We also introduce the concept of the resolution map, as a result of uniting all direction images into log2 N series. In the resolution map, all different periodic components (or structures) of the image are packed into a N×N matrix, which can be used for image processing in enhancement, filtration, and compression
Homoeosis in Drosophila: Roles and spatial patterns of expression of the Antennapedia and Sex combs reduced loci in embryogenesis

Abstract In order to gain insight into the roles and spatial patterns of the embryonic developmental significance of the Antennapedia (Antp+) and Sex combs reduced (Scr+) loci, we have studied the cuticular morphology of lethal embryos defective for these genes and either normal or deficient for the bithorax gene complex (BX-C). We have also analyzed the additional effects of the lack of Polycomb+ (Pc+) activity. Since the 9th and 10th abdominal segments of BX-C− embryos display homoeotic thoracic features, we have examined these caudal segments in our studies of other mutant phenotypes. Phenotypic comparisons indicate that in BX-C− embryos, the Scr+ gene has a marked effect on the prothorax, a more limited effect on the region from the mesothorax through the anterior 8th abdominal segment, and no discernible effect on more posterior features. However, in embryos that are both BX-C− and Pc−, there is a marked effect of Scr+ activity from the prothorax through the 9th abdominal segment, which develops prothoracic features. (The latter observation confirms previous suggestions of homoeotic changes posterior to the 8th abdominal segment in Pc− embryos, and shows that Scr+ activity is necessary for this effect.) In BX-C− embryos, Antp+ gene function appears limited in the anterior prothorax but has a marked effect on the region from the posterior prothorax through the 7th abdominal segment; this gene has a limited effect on the phenotype of the anterior 8th abdominal segment and no detectable effect posterior to that region. Embryos that are Pc− BX-C− as well are similar to Pc+ BX-C− embryos with respect to the expression of the Antp+ gene, except that the effect of the lack of Antp+ function on the anterior 8th abdominal segment is more pronounced. We also suggest that Scr+ function is necessary for normal development of prothoracic cuticle and some head structures, and that Antp+ is involved in establishing the normal developmental pathway of a unit consisting of posterior prothorax and anterior mesothorax, with these regions forming head structures and anterior prothorax, respectively, in the absence of Antp+ activity.
Scattering by gaps and cracks

The contribution from gaps and cracks where two component structures come together is a matter of increasing concern in radar scattering. For the two-dimensional problem of a narrow gap filled with a resistive or impedance material in an otherwise perfectly conducting plane, the integral equations for the currents induced in the gap are approximated under the assumption that w >
Anisotropy-induced transformation of a phase transition from first to second order

Fluctuation-induced first order phase transitions are known to exist in rotation-invariant systems with coupled order parameters. Using exact calculations, it is shown that when a uniform uniaxial anisotropy is added, critical behavior corresponding to second order transitions is restored.
Addressing alcohol problems in primary care: a cluster randomized, controlled trial of a systems intervention. The screening and intervention in primary care (SIP) study.

Although effects seem to differ by physician level of training, prompting physicians with alcohol screening results and recommendations for action can modestly increase discussions about alcohol us...
When institutions can hurt you: Transparency, domestic politics, and international cooperation

Much of the literature on international institutions argues that increased transparency will promote cooperation among states, and that a primary function of institutions is to create it. Even approaches that look specifically at the interactions of domestic and international politics often argue that transparency promotes cooperation. There are, however, circumstances in which increased transparency at the international level can interact with domestic politics in such a way as to actively undermine cooperation, even when cooperation is in the interest of the electorate. The mechanism for this effect is political posturing, using the terms of the existing international institution as a focal point. The argument is illustrated by two brief case studies, one of an international financial institution and the other of an international environmental institution. In both cases, cooperation would have been more likely had the relevant formal institutions not been created.