cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sparse boosting

We propose a boosting algorithm that seeks to minimize the AdaBoost exponential loss of a composite classifier using only a sparse set of base classifiers. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient and in test examples produces composite classifiers that are sparser and generalize as well those produced by Adaboost. The algorithm can be viewed as a coordinate descent method for the l 1 -regularized Adaboost exponential loss function.
Critical Mass Estimates for Homogeneous Metal-Water Mixtures of Key Fissionable Nuclides

This work involved estimating the homogeneous metal-water mixture critical mass curves of 34 fissionable nuclides from thorium to einsteinium. Calculations were performed using the discrete ordinat...
An integrated visualization system for interactive analysis of large, heterogeneous cosmology data

Cosmological simulations produce a multitude of data types whose large scale makes them difficult to thoroughly explore in an interactive setting. One aspect of particular interest to scientists is the evolution of groups of dark matter particles, or "halos," described by merger trees. However, in order to fully understand subtleties in the merger trees, other data types derived from the simulation must be incorporated as well. In this work, we develop a novel interactive linked-view visualization system that focuses on simultaneously exploring dark matter halos, their hierarchical evolution, corresponding particle data, and other quantitative information. We employ a parallel remote renderer and a local merger tree selection tool so that users can analyze large data sets interactively. This allows scientists to assess their simulation code, understand inconsistencies in extracted data, and intuitively understand simulation behavior on all scales. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system through a set of case studies on large-scale cosmological data from the HACC (Hardware/Hybrid Accelerated Cosmology Code) simulation framework.
Iron deficiency in children.

The enthusiasm for iron-fortification of foods should be tempered by an awareness of the potential dangers of its misuse. Iron therapy should be confined to the prevention or correction of a specific deficiency whose mechanism has been adequately explained.
Freeze frame: women, celebrity and cultures of aging

When I typed “celebrity aging” into Google the morning I began this review, my 0.31 second search turned up about 10,700,000 hits. Though I didn’t click on every site (but I’ll confess to having fa...
“To Give Like a Priest”: George Herbert, Dearth, and the Transformation of Charity in Caroline Wiltshire

AbstractThis essay re‐examines George Herbert's poetic and pastoral career in the rural parish of Bemerton, Wiltshire in light of the county's social history during his arrival in 1630, shedding new light on a location that scholars have often characterized as peaceful and isolated. It shows that Wiltshire experienced significant economic distress and subsequent riots during the dearth years of 1629–1631, and documents local and national innovations in charitable giving that were designed in response to the crisis. The essay argues that Herbert's observations about charity in both his pastoral manual A Priest to the Temple and in his famous lyric “The Collar,” though often considered as abstract theological meditations, can also be read as localized responses to the secularization of charity and the attendant attrition of ministerial prerogatives.
THE GELFOND-SCHNEIDER THEOREM

Hilbert's seventh problem. In 1900 David Hilbert announced a list of twenty-three outstanding unsolved problems. The seventh problem was settled by the publication of the following result in 1934 by A. O. Gelfond, which was followed by an independent proof by Th. Schneider in 1935. T heorem 10.1. If α and β are algebraic numbers with α ≠ 0, α ≠ 1, and if β is not a real rational number, then any value of α β is transcendental. Remarks. The hypothesis that “ β is not a real rational number” is usually stated in the form “ β is irrational.” Our wording is an attempt to avoid the suggestion that β must be a real number. Such a number as β = 2 + 3i, sometimes called a “complex rational number,” satisfies the hypotheses of the theorem. Thus the theorem establishes the transcendence of such numbers as 2 i . In general, α β = exp {β log α) is multiplevalued, and this is the reason for the phrase “any value of” in the statement of Theorem 10.1. One value of i −2i = exp {−2i log i} is e π , and so this is transcendental according to the theorem. Before proceeding to the proof of Theorem 10.1, we state an alternative form of the result.
Operating System Fingerprinting

Operating system fingerprinting, helps IT administrators to perform vulnerability assessment and internal auditing in securing their networked systems. Meanwhile, it is, oftentimes, the first step to launch security attacks to a targeted system or service online, thereby enables an adversary to tailor attacks by exploiting known vulnerabilities of the target system(s). In this chapter, we focus on major approaches in fingerprinting techniques at operating system level. We examine the instantiations of the OS fingerprinting concepts, and discuss the details of their design and implementation to demonstrate the complexity and limitations. In particular, we present a case study on OS identification against smartphones that use encrypted traffic. We consider the security of these schemes in term of effectiveness, and raise challenges that future OS fingerprinting research must address to be useful for practical digital forensic investigations.
AIGA National Design Conference 2015

AbstractAIGA’s biannual conference was held in New Orleans, October 8–10 2015. This year’s theme, Revival, nodded to both the resurgence of New Orleans after Katrina and AIGA’s desire to inspire its membership. The main conference was prefaced by a Design Educator pre-conference, professional development workshops, the Emerging Designers Symposium, and other special events. This review focuses on the main stage presentations as key indicators of event trends and themes.
Endocrine Control of Growth

Growth requires the coordinated integration of specific hormones, growth factors and their receptors. Although multiple hormones affect growth, both in utero and postnatally, the growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays a central role in fetal and childhood–adolescent growth. This chapter reviews the cascade of events from GH release from the pituitary to the roles of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b), IGF-1 and its key binding proteins, IGF receptor at the tissue level and the resulting chondrocyte proliferation leading to statural growth. Growth failure resulting from IGF-deficient states may be either secondary to defects in GH production, or primary, characterized by low IGF levels despite normal or elevated GH production. Molecular defects of the GH–IGF axis have been identified, with phenotypes corresponding to specific genetic lesions. Therapy with GH or IGF-1 can be matched to specific defects in the GH–IGF axis.
Taxonomy of ' Euconnus complex'. Part IX. Problematic synonymy between Pycnophus and Nudatoconnus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

The subgenus Nudatoconnus Franz of Euconnus Thomson was established for a group of Neotropical species, but later this name was placed as a junior synonym of Pycnophus Casey; the type species of the latter taxon is Nearctic. Examination of the type series of Scydmaenus rasus LeConte (type species of Pycnophus ) and Euconnus sphaerocephalus Franz (type species of Nudatoconnus ) revealed that both taxa share strikingly similar general appearance, especially the shape of the head and pronotum and largely reduced dorsal setae, and many taxonomically important structures that may justify the previously proposed synonymy. Differences are relatively minor (e.g., Sc. rasus lacks prosternal process, present as a narrow carina in E. sphaerocephalus ), except for the shape of the mesoventral intercoxal process. In Sc. rasus , the process is typical as in Euconnus s. str. (and all remaining, previously studied subgenera of Euconnus ), i.e., narrowly carinate and strongly elevated. In E. sphaerocephalus , however, the mesoventral process is strongly broadened and flattened ventrally. This unusual structure may justify not only removing Nudatoconnus from synonymy with Pycnophus , but even treating it as a separate genus. However, similarities in other structures between Sc. rasus and E. sphaerocephalus are so numerous that it seems unlikely that the two species are not closely related. More logical explanation is that the unusual form of the mesoventral process is derived from the typical narrow keel and has evolved as an autapomorphy of E. sphaerocephalus or a group of species related to the latter, possibly within Euconnus ( Pycnophus ). The synonymy is maintained, pending further study.
A longitudinal population study of the impact of cataract extraction on sleep quality.

Purpose: To investigate the longitudinal effects of cataract extraction on sleep quality in two discrete population cohorts. Methods: 301 participants who had senile cataract in both eyes at the ba...
Response of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ‘Ruby’ to Foliar Applications of Micronutrient Fertilizers and Miticide

Abstract Loropetalum chinense (also called Chinese Fringebush or Chinese Witch Hazel) is commonly used in the Florida landscapes. However, in recent years, there have been increasing reports and complaints of unexplained decline throughout Central Florida. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and quality response of declining L. chinense plants to foliar micronutrient and miticide applications. L. chinense ‘Ruby’ plants exhibiting significant decline symptoms were treated with eight foliar fertilizer treatments (High Cu, Low Cu, Kocide® 2000 [copper hydroxide], B, Mn, Zn, and Peters S.T.E.M.) and half of the plants also received two treatments of GardenTech Sevin Concentrate Bug Killer® (carbaryl, 22.5% AI). Plant growth was not influenced by miticide or fertilizer treatments. However, plants sprayed with Cu (i.e., Cu high, Cu low, and Kocide) had quality ratings, at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment, that were significantly higher than plants treated with other foliar fertilizers. Additiona...
The fast-neutron breeder fission reactor - Introductory remarks

The fast-neutron breeder reactor is the principal means now envisaged of exploiting the very large resource of energy residing in the naturally abundant isotope of uranium , 238 U. Extensive research and development programmes are being carried out in a num ber of countries to realize this potential. There are about a dozen substantial reactors operating; and wide-ranging supporting programmes include fuel processing and development, and safety and environmental issues. The purpose of this Discussion Meeting is to present the principal recent scientific and engineering results of these world-wide program m es; and, in the final session, to discuss the future trends in this research and its utilization.
Nonsmooth Differential-Algebraic Equations in Chemical Engineering

Abstract This article advocates a nonsmooth differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) modeling paradigm for dynamic simulation and optimization of process operations. A variety of systems encountered in chemical engineering are traditionally viewed as exhibiting hybrid continuous and discrete behavior. In many cases such discrete behavior is nonsmooth (i.e. continuous but nondifferentiable) rather than discontinuous, and is appropriately modeled by nonsmooth DAEs. A computationally relevant theory of nonsmooth DAEs (i.e. well-posedness and sensitivity analysis) has recently been established ( Stechlinski and Barton, 2016a , Stechlinski and Barton, 2017 ) which is suitable for numerical implementations that scale efficiently for large-scale dynamic optimization problems. Challenges posed by competing hybrid modeling approaches for process operations (e.g. hybrid automata) are highlighted as motivation for the nonsmooth DAEs approach. Several examples of process operations modeled as nonsmooth DAEs are given to illustrate their wide applicability before presenting the appropriate mathematical theory.
Mathematical Cryptology for Computer Scientists and Mathematicians

The author includes not only information about the most important advances in the field of cryptology of the past decade-such as the Data Encryption Standard (DES), public-key cryptology, and the RSA algorithm-but also the research results of the last three years: the Shamir, the Lagarias-Odlyzko, and the Brickell attacks on the Knapsack methods; the new Knapsack method using Galois fields by Chor and Rivest; and the recent analysis by Kaliski, Rivest, and Sherman of group-theoretic properties of the Data Encryption Standard (DES).
The instability of the sternoclavicular joint

Instability of the sternoclavicular joint is a rare diagnosis and will mostly be found after motor vehicle accidents or sports injuries. Depending on the severity of the trauma open reduction is rarely required, and most cases will be treated successfully with conservative management. Associated injuries to the surrounding anatomic structures are not rare, and can be found in posteriorly directed injuries.
HIV risk and testing behaviors among pregnant women tested for HIV in Florida by site type, 2012.

ABSTRACTThe numbers of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in the United States have continued to decline, but the prevalence of female adults and adolescents living with diagno...
Dawn of Justice: Revisioning, Accountability, and Batman in the Twenty-first Century

The scene plays out like this: A black-gauntleted fist is aimed with unerring accuracy until the recipient submits and tells the assailant what he wants to know. Or, it goes like this: Something gleaming and sharp flies through the air, knocking down the first line of defense, or thwacking just a hair away from skin, or landing mercilessly and excruciatingly in some vulnerable flesh that incapacitates, but certainly doesn’t kill. Or: A man is snatched from the street by a bat-masked specter and suspended in terror from the edge of a very tall building, a fall from which will almost certainly prove to be lethal. He is interrogated, threatened, and terrified because the Bat believes his victim knows something that might prove useful to his crime-fighting mission.
Influence of adventure education instructor education on the perspectives and practices of preservice adventure educators

The research described in this paper built on the embryonic work on the occupational socialization of adventure educators (AEs). Its purpose was to determine the influence of one adventure education instructor education (AEIE) program on the perspectives and practices of preservice AEs (PAEs). Fifteen PAEs and their instructor were participants. Data were collected with six qualitative techniques and analyzed by employing analytic induction and constant comparison. Results revealed that PAEs entered the AEIE program with one of three broad orientations to their subject matter: a leisure orientation, an outdoor pursuits orientation, and an unsophisticated adventure orientation. In addition, they revealed how these orientations were shaped by the differing acculturation the PAEs experienced. The study’s findings also suggested that well-taught AEIE had helped those PAEs near to completing the program acquire a relatively sophisticated adventure orientation regardless of the orientations with which they commenced their training. Keys to the success of the AEIE program were the blend of personal and pedagogical skill displayed by the instructor and the nature and sequencing of the coursework in which the PAEs engaged.
Screening children for type 1 diabetes-associated antibodies at community health fairs

OBJECTIVE The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is increasing, most notably in young children and in racial and ethnic minorities. Historically, screening for risk with T1D-associated antibodies has been limited to those with a family history, while up to 90% of newly diagnosed patients lack such a family history. To address the needs to screen diverse ethnic groups in the general population, we screened children for T1D-associated antibodies in the Denver, Colorado metro area at community health fairs. METHODS Children attending health fairs from 2015 to 2018 were offered free T1D screening by measuring the four prototypical T1D-associated antibodies. A finger stick capillary puncture was performed to collect blood spots on filter paper. Dried blood spots (DBSs) were eluted and antibodies were measured using fluid-phase radio-binding assays. RESULTS At 39 health fairs, children were educated on the signs and symptoms of diabetes, and screened for T1D-associated antibodies (n = 478), which represented 90% of those that attended. Median age was 9.0 years (range of 1-18) with diverse ethnic backgrounds: 37% Hispanic, 31% Caucasian, 20% African American, and 12% other. Nine children screened positive for antibodies, single n = 8 and multiple n = 1, and confirmation with serum samples showed excellent correlation to the measurements from DBSs for antibodies directed against GAD, IA-2, and ZnT8 (P < .01 for each). CONCLUSIONS Screening for T1D risk at community health fairs using DBSs on filter paper is feasible and provides an avenue to screen children from ethnically diverse backgrounds.
Abstract WP264: Frequency of Hypercoagulability in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source and Patent Foramen Ovale

Introduction: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is more commonly found in patients with cryptogenic stroke and paradoxical embolism is commonly assumed to be the primary mechanism. Our objective was to de...
Revisiting the π → π* transition of the nitrite ion at the air/water interface: A combined experimental and theoretical study

Abstract Broadband deep ultraviolet electronic sum frequency generation spectroscopy allows measurement of electronic |χ(2)|2-spectra at aqueous interfaces, providing considerable improvement over deep ultraviolet electronic second harmonic generation spectroscopy that yields error-prone, pointwise spectra. Reexamination of the π → π* transition of nitrite at the air/water interface reveals that the interfacial |χ(2)|2-spectrum is strikingly similar to the bulk absorption spectrum. Molecular dynamics simulations and SOS-CIS(D0) electronic structure calculations provide no evidence for the previously reported contact ion pair-induced red-shift of the π → π* transition at the air/water interface. Our results thus revise the previous description for nitrite interfacial adsorption as a contact ion pair.
Rapid Recovery of Cranial Nerve Deficits After Anterior Petrosal (Kawase) Approach for Medically Refractory Petrous Apicitis.

Background The mainstay treatment for petrous apicitis (Gradenigo’s syndrome) is medical management with antibiotics, steroids, and placement of pressure equalization tubes. The role for surgery is limited as second-line treatment if conservative methods have failed. Case Description We report 2 cases of medically refractory petrous apicitis presenting with progressive cranial neuropathies who underwent petrous apex resection and debridement via an anterior petrosal (Kawase) approach. Both patients had improvement of their preoperative cranial nerve deficits within 24–48 hours of surgery, that previously did not improve after 2 weeks of medical management. Conclusions To our knowledge, the use of the Kawase approach for petrous apicitis has not been previously reported. In addition, we postulate that surgical intervention can potentially result in quicker recovery of preexisting cranial nerve deficits in medically refractory petrous apicitis. This raises the potential role of earlier surgical intervention.
How Algorithmic Popularity Bias Hinders or Promotes Quality

Algorithms that favor popular items are used to help us select among many choices, from top-ranked search engine results to highly-cited scientific papers. The goal of these algorithms is to identify high-quality items such as reliable news, credible information sources, and important discoveries-in short, high-quality content should rank at the top. Prior work has shown that choosing what is popular may amplify random fluctuations and lead to sub-optimal rankings. Nonetheless, it is often assumed that recommending what is popular will help high-quality content "bubble up" in practice. Here we identify the conditions in which popularity may be a viable proxy for quality content by studying a simple model of a cultural market endowed with an intrinsic notion of quality. A parameter representing the cognitive cost of exploration controls the trade-off between quality and popularity. Below and above a critical exploration cost, popularity bias is more likely to hinder quality. But we find a narrow intermediate regime of user attention where an optimal balance exists: choosing what is popular can help promote high-quality items to the top. These findings clarify the effects of algorithmic popularity bias on quality outcomes, and may inform the design of more principled mechanisms for techno-social cultural markets.
A thermogenetics protocol for detecting gap junction channels in Drosophila egg chambers.

Summary In this protocol, we took a “thermogenetics” approach to detect functional gap junction channels between cells in Drosophila egg chambers. We expressed the thermosensitive cation channel TrpA1-A in the germline using Gal4, and a fluorescent [Ca2+] sensor (GCaMP6), in all follicle cells using the LexA/LexAop system. If gap junctions connect germ cells and follicle cells, we expect a temperature-dependent TRPA1-A-dependent cation influx into the germline from the culture medium to result in a GCaMP signal in follicle cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Miao et al. (2020) .
A simplified approach to assist process development for microwave assisted pasteurization of packaged food products

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop a convenient method to assist the food industry in developing process schedules for production of ready-to-eat meals using microwave assisted pasteurization system (MAPS). An analytical model was applied to estimate the temperature increase in the cold zone in packaged foods during heating in a 915 MHz single-mode microwave system. This model was validated in a pilot-scale four-cavity MAPS using mashed potato-gellan gum model food with different thicknesses (22 to 36 mm) and salt contents (0.0 to 1.0%). Mobile sensors were placed in the packages to measure temperature at the pre-determined cold spots. For 2.48 min of microwave heating with 5, 5, and 8.7 kW 915 MHz microwave powers, the highest temperature increase at the cold spot during microwave heating was 33.2 °C in the 22 mm thick model food with 0.6% salt content, whereas the lowest temperature increase was 10.3 °C in the 36 mm thick model food with 1.0% salt content. There was a deviation of 1.9 ± 1.2 °C between experimental and predicted data with an R2 of 0.89. A simplified chart was developed based on the validated analytical results to allow rapid prediction of temperature increases in MAPS as influenced by food dielectric properties and package thickness. Examples were used to illustrate how the chart could assist in process scheduling. The chart can help assess the heating rates of various pre-packaged food products in a specific industrial MAPS or guide product development for desired heating uniformity.
Stress states of isolated carbonate platforms: Implications for development and reactivation of natural fractures post burial

Abstract We use 2D finite element numerical geomechanical modeling to interrogate how different scenarios of far field stress regimes, rock mechanical properties and margin morphology affect stresses post burial within a generic isolated carbonate platform. We test a range of stress scenarios that include normal and strike-slip faulting conditions, under low and high differential far field stress regimes. Rock mechanical properties are representative of both young (weak) and ancient (strong) end-member reservoir rocks and distributed within two distinct domains (rimming reef and platform interior). Results show that platform geometry is a first order control on the magnitude and orientation of stresses. Characteristic features of carbonate margins like scallops or promontories tend to preferentially concentrate stresses, and can become sweet spots for fracture development. In low differential far field stress scenarios, the maximum horizontal stress rotates to mimic the margin orientation, while no rotations are observed under high differential stress scenarios. The stiffer nature of the carbonate rocks, compared to the surrounding siliciclastic basin infill, amplifies the far field differential stresses within the carbonate platform. In high differential far field stress scenarios, the local differential stresses can increase to the point that shear failure can be achieved within the platform interior, resulting in the potential development of fracture corridors. Some margin parallel pre-existing fractures show a high likelihood of reactivation. We postulate that some early margin syndepositional fractures are long lived conduits for fluid flow as they are prone to undergo multiple reactivation phases during and post burial, thus potentially controlling diagenetic overprints and present-day fluid flow in hydrocarbon reservoirs. Results from this type of modeling can be used to predict areas of increased fracture density within a carbonate reservoir (i.e. reservoir characterization), as well as to optimize trajectories of highly deviated wellbores (i.e. wellbore stability).
The Impact of Telemedicine on Sexual Medicine at a Major Academic Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

ABSTRACT Introduction Telemedicine has the potential to improve access to care; however, its utility in the field of sexual medicine remains in question. Aim To examine the importance of video visits for the treatment of male sexual medicine at our academic center during the period of peak telemedicine use in April 2020. Methods We collected and compared deidentified data from all nonprocedure, adult outpatient encounters conducted as either office visits in April 2019 (n = 1,949) or video visits in April 2020 (n = 608). The primary International Classification of Diseases codes (ICD-10) labeled as diagnoses from all encounters were collected, with most encounters linked to several disease codes (n = 4,584). Demographic data were also collected. We performed comparative analyses on Stata (College Station, TX, USA) with significance set at α = .05. Main Outcome Measures Disease codes were categorized based on their use and classification in urological care and the proportion that each category made up within the outpatient practice was calculated. Results In comparison to the office visits, which took place in April 2019, male sexual medicine visits in April 2020, during the peak of telemedicine use, made up a significantly larger overall share of our practice (P = .012), defined by relative rises in encounters pertaining to male hypogonadism, infertility, penile abnormalities, and testicular abnormalities. Outpatients seen over video visits were also younger than outpatients seen during the previous year over office visits (58.9 vs 60.8, P = .008). Further, race and ethnicity characteristics in the outpatient population were unaffected during the period of telemedicine use. Conclusions During the period of historically high telemedicine use following the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, encounters associated with male sexual medicine made up a significantly larger portion of our outpatient practice. Although the full influence of the COVID-19 pandemic cannot be delineated, our findings suggest telemedicine use is compatible with the field of sexual medicine. Rabinowitz MJ, Kohn TP, Ellimoottil C, et al. The Impact of Telemedicine on Sexual Medicine at a Major Academic Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sex Med 2021;9:100366.
Book Review - Middle Income Access to Justice

This is a solicited book review of the excellent Canadian book Middle Income Access to Justice (Michael Trebilcock, Anthony Duggan, & Lorne Sossin, eds., 2012) from the Toronto Law Review.
Rescreening Practices of Negative Papanicolaou Tests With Positive Human Papillomavirus Test Result: Survey Results of Laboratories Participating in the College of American Pathologists Gynecologic Cytology (PAP Education) Program.

CONTEXT.— The yield of the prospective rescreening process for "negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy" (NILM) Papanicolaou (Pap) tests is higher with the inclusion of a greater proportion of high-risk cases. One of the suggested criteria for classifying a Pap test finding as high-risk is recent or concurrent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity. OBJECTIVE.— To evaluate how the results of HPV testing have been incorporated in the prospective rescreening of NILM Pap tests across a wide range of laboratories. DESIGN.— A questionnaire survey was sent to laboratories participating in the 2019 College of American Pathologists (CAP) Gynecologic Cytology (PAP Education) Program. RESULTS.— Of the 1507 participating laboratories, 667 (44%) responded to the survey. Most laboratories (59.4%; 396 of 667) had not incorporated HPV test/genotyping results to select NILM Pap tests for rescreening. Amongst the remaining laboratories, for NILM HPV-positive Pap test results, 112 (16.8%) had a policy to rescreen by a cytotechnologist only, 51 (7.6%) by a pathologist only, and 86 (12.9%) by both. Of 264 laboratories, 181 (68.6%) reported the cytology upon availability of the HPV test result and completion of the secondary review. Of 661 laboratories, 145 (21.9%) included consensus-type recommendations in the cytology report for such Pap tests. CONCLUSIONS.— This CAP survey provides significant information regarding the current trends in the use of HPV test results in prospective rescreening of NILM Pap tests. Future studies on quality improvement can further assist in the standardization of this process across different laboratories.
Deinstitutionalizing Independence: Discourses of Disability and Housing in Accessible Computing

The meaning of “homes” is complicated for disabled people because of the historical link between (de)institutionalization, housing, and civil rights. But, it is unclear whether and how this history impacts Accessible Computing (AC) research in domestic spaces. We performed Critical Discourse Analysis on 101 AC articles to explore how (de)institutionalization affects domestic AC research. We found (de)institutionalization motivates goals of “independence” for disabled people. Yet, discourses of housing reflected institutional logics which are in tension with “independence”—complicating how goals were set, housing was understood, and design was approached. We outline three discourses of housing in AC and identify parallels to those used to justify institutionalization in the USA. We reflect upon their consequences for AC research. We offer principles derived from the Independent Living Movement as frameworks for challenging institutional conceptions of housing, to open new avenues for more holistic and anti-ableist domestic AC research.
Evaluation of Aircraft Sensor Failures Effects Using the Artificial Immune System Paradigm

This paper presents the development of simple models for the assessment of flight envelope reduction under aircraft sensor failures within the artificial immune system paradigm. The proposed methodology is expected to facilitate the design of on-board augmentation systems increasing aircraft survivability and improving operation safety. It demonstrates and exploits the capability of the artificial immune system to not only detect and identify aircraft subsystem abnormal conditions but also evaluate their impact and consequences. An artificial immune system built through simulation for a fighter aircraft is used in conjunction with a hierarchical multi-self strategy for estimating ranges of flight envelope relevant variables at post-failure conditions affecting angular rate sensors that are needed within the control augmentation system. Failure-specific algorithms correlated with the characteristics and dimensionality of self projections are developed for roll, pitch, and yaw rate sensors affected by bias. Metrics for the performance evaluation of the proposed approach are defined and used for successful demonstration in a motion-based flight simulator.
Numerical Methods for Differential Equations

An equation that involves an unknown function, y and one or more of its derivatives is called a differential equation. In this chapter, we will consider the case when y = y(x) is a function of x.
Helicopter Trajectory Planning using Optimal Control Theory

A methodology for optimal trajectory planning useful in the nap-of-the-earth guidance of helicopters is presented. This approach employs an adjoint-control transformation along with a one-dimensional search scheme for generating the optimal trajectories. In addition to being useful for helicopter nap-of-the-earth guidance, the trajectory planning solution is of interest in several other contexts such as robotic vehicle guidance and terrain following guidance for cruise missiles and aircraft. A distinguishing feature of the present research is that the terrain constraint and the threat envelopes are incorporated in the equations of motion. Second order necessary conditions are examined.
Space Telescope and the Fe II Problem

The capabilities of the Hubble Space Telescope, especially as they apply to the “Fe II problem” are reviewed. The major spectroscopic observing modes of both the Faint Object Spectrograph and the High Resolution Spectrograph are discussed and compared with those of the IUE satellite, with a detailed illustrative look at the options available for observations of Fe II (UV 1) near 2600A. Finally, the major impacts to be expected on astrophysical investigations of Fe II from the Space Telescope and associated instrumentation are summarized.
Unequal error protection with CRC-16 bits in EPC class-1 generation-2 UHF RFID systems

This paper deals with cyclic-redundancy-check (CRC) bits stored in the memory of tags of electronic product code (EPC) class-1 generation-2 UHF radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems. It is shown that tag memory bits transmitted via backscattering to a reader have two levels of error protection. The structure and properties of the underlying binary linear unequal-error-protection (UEP) (128,112,4) code are studied. The amount of redundancy provided by the 16 CRC bits is shown to be sufficient for the decoder in the reader to correct all single-bit errors and 79% of all possible double-bit errors. Moreover, the number of tag memory bits with additional error protection as well as the structure of the associated correctable error patterns are established.
Amino Acid Sequence Studies with the Tryptophan Synthetase α Chain of Aerobacter aerogenes

The separation, composition, and amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides of the tryptophan synthetase α chain of Aerobacter aerogenes are described. The probable over-all sequence is compared with that of Escherichia coli; there are 39 residue differences between the two polypeptides. The amino acid sequence of the A. aerogenes α chain is 1 residue longer at the COOH terminus than those of E. coli and S. typhimurium. The phylogenetic implication of residue differences among these three α chains is discussed.
HIV-1 designed to use different tRNAGln isoacceptors prefers to select tRNAThr for replication.

Background Previous studies have shown that infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) causes acceleration of the synthesis of glutamine tRNA (tRNAGln) in infected cells. To investigate whether this might influence HIV-1 to utilize tRNAGln as a primer for initiation of reverse transcription, we have constructed HIV-1 proviral genomes in which the PBS and the A-loop region upstream of the PBS have been made complementary to either the anticodon region of tRNAGln,1 or tRNAGln,3 and 3' terminal 18 nucleotides of each isoacceptor of tRNAGln.
High frequency synchrony in the cerebellar cortex during goal directed movements

The cerebellum is involved in sensory-motor integration and cognitive functions. The origin and function of the field potential oscillations in the cerebellum, especially in the high frequencies, have not been explored sufficiently. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the spatio-temporal characteristics of high frequency field potentials (150-350Hz) in the cerebellar cortex in a behavioral context. To this end, we recorded from the paramedian lobule in rats using micro electro-corticogram (µ-ECoG) electrode arrays while the animal performed a lever press task using the forelimb. The phase synchrony analysis shows that the high frequency oscillations recorded at multiple points across the paramedian cortex episodically synchronize immediately before and desynchronize during the lever press. The electrode contacts were grouped according to their temporal course of phase synchrony around the time of lever press. Contact groups presented patches with slightly stronger synchrony values in the medio-lateral direction, and did not appear to form parasagittal zones. The size and location of these patches on the cortical surface are in agreement with the sensory evoked granular layer patches originally reported by Welker’s lab (Shambes, 1978). Spatiotemporal synchrony of high frequency field potentials has not been reported at such large-scales previously in the cerebellar cortex.
Muslim Women's Education: Between East and West

Copyright 2004, Nimat Hafez Barazangi. This is a pre-published version of an article accepted for publication in the edited book Women in Islamic and Judaic Societies following peer review to be published by Holmes and Meier: http://www.holmesandmeier.com. See also: http://www.eself-learning-arabic.cornell.edu/publications.htm#2
Spatial coherence of extreme precipitation events in the Northwestern United States

The complexity of impacts resulting from extreme precipitation events varies with the spatial extent of precipitation extremes. Characteristics of precipitation extremes, defined by the top 5% of 3-day accumulated precipitation, including their spatial coherence and relationships to two contrasting synoptic phenomena, were examined at stations across the Northwestern United States. The spatial coherence of precipitation extremes generally decayed with distance between stations. However, distinct geographic variability in region-wide coherence of precipitation extremes was present with overall higher coherence west of the Cascades, and lower coherence in the lee of the Cascades and Northern Rocky Mountains. Illustrative patterns of coherence were also seen with respect to atmospheric circulation regimes; atmospheric rivers favoured broadly coherent extremes occurring primarily west of the Cascades during fall and winter, while closed lows favoured more isolated precipitation extremes in the lee of the Northern Rocky Mountains and Cascades, occurring primarily during spring. Geographic variability in spatial coherence, direction of maximum coherence and seasonality of extremes suggest that extreme precipitation events result from the interaction of atmospheric circulation and complex topography.
No Soup for You! Religion in the Post-PPACA Era

President Obama’s Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) has been the focus of debate since its announcement. Having already passed constitutional muster in respect to Congress’s power to require individuals to purchase health insurance, the Act is set to be scrutinized by the Supreme Court once again – this time for its provision allowing Health and Humans Services (HHS) to establish regulations mandating employer provided health plans to cover, at no cost to the insured, all Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved contraceptive methods and sterilization procedures for women with reproductive capacity. At the heart of the debate over this HHS contraceptive mandate is the sincerely held religious belief of several faiths that contraception, especially methods believed to induce abortions, is sinful. Will the Supreme Court act to protect these religious objectors by granting an exemption from the mandate or accept the government’s narrow definition of religion by finding that the mandate does not impose a substantial burden on these religious beliefs?This comment seeks to analyze the treatment of religion under the current legislative and jurisprudential climate in light of the historical evolution of religious protections under the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and subsequent federal law. This analysis, along with a brief survey of the current makeup of the Supreme Court and its recent decisions, will provide the foundation for a prediction of what is to come for religious liberty in the United States.
Evaluation of a long-acting converting enzyme inhibitor (Enalapril) for the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure

Converting enzyme inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system has proved a valuable therapeutic approach in patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure. In the present study, a new long-acting converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril) was evaluated with acute single dose testing (10, 20 or 40 mg) in nine patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure. Four hours after administration, there was a significant reduction of systemic vascular resistance (-19%) and pulmonary wedge pressure (-19%); in addition, there were related increases of cardiac index (+16%) and stroke index (+19%) (probability [p] ≤ 0.05 for all changes). This was associated with an increase of plasma renin activity (9 ± 3 to 35 ± 11 ng/ml per hour) and a decrease of plasma aldosterone (19 ± 4 to 9 ± 2 ng/100 ml) (p In conclusion, the long-acting converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, was effective in patients with chronic congestive heart failure; however, additional studies will be necessary to further delineate the optimal dose range and identify those patients who are most likely to respond to the drug.
Ba2+-induced ATP release from adrenal medullary chromaffin cells is mediated by Ba2+ entry through both voltage- and receptor-gated Ca2+ channels.

Abstract We have measured on-line the exocytotic secretion of ATP from adrenal medullary chromaffin cells induced by Ba 2+ using a luciferin/luciferase assay. We have found that Ba 2+ -induced ATP release requires the entry of Ba 2+ through either voltage- or receptor-gated Ca 2+ channels. This conclusion is based on the observations that short preincubations with low concentrations of either nicotine or K + greatly enhance Ba 2+ -induced ATP release and that this augmentation can be blocked with the nicotinic receptor antagonist, hexamethonium, and the Ca 2+ antagonist, nifedipine, respectively. Moreover, both nicotine and K 2+ stimulate 133 Ba 2+ uptake, which in the case of K 2+ is inhibited by nifedipine. These results support the hypothesis that the cellular events leading to Ba 2+ -induced secretion coincide at least in part with the events leading to Ca 2+ -dependent exocytosis.
Picosecond Fluorescence Dynamics Of P-Dimethylaminobenzonitrile In Alcohol Solution

The dynamics of the intramolecular charge transfer reaction of p-dimethylaminobenzonitrile is examined in alcohol solutions. The rate of charge separation is faster than the solvent fluctuation rate, TEl. Comparison of the experimental results with a recent theoretical model by Nadler and Marcus suggests that the rate of charge transfer is controlled by fluctuations in the intramolecular vibrational modes, not solvent diffusion. In addition, the TICT emission is observed to undergo a time dependent Stokes shift. The spectral relaxation is examined and compared to dielectric continuum models of solvent relaxation.
Security risk during the transient in a key exchange protocol using random signals and feedback

Random signals and feedback may facilitate the exchange of shared keys in secure communications systems. In this Letter, the security risk during the initial turn-on is examined. Results indicate that causality plays a critical role. If signals are continuous, the eavesdropper can use extrapolation to breach the security. In digital signaling, however, two parties in communication are in control. They use sampling and set the quantization accuracy to limit the information available to eavesdropper. They can gradually increase the feedback coefficient. By using these countermeasures, they can prevent the eavesdropper from gathering useful information during the transient.
Permutation symmetry and a derivation of unitary symmetry

Abstract Assuming the existence of three basic fields φ1, φ2, φ3 with their linear combinations ψ1, ψ2, ψ3 given by ψμ = ∑3v=1αμv · φv for some aμν, we shall prove the following: The total Hamiltonian, H is invariant under the three dimensional unitary group U(3) if H is invariant under permutations of φ1, φ2, φ3 and if H preserves the particle numbers associated with the ψμ-fields (μ = 1, 2, 3). This holds in general except for a very special form of aμν in which case we obtain instead a broken U(3) symmetry.
Genome Mining for New α-Amylase and Glucoamylase Encoding Sequences and High Level Expression of a Glucoamylase from Talaromyces stipitatus for Potential Raw Starch Hydrolysis

Mining fungal genomes for glucoamylase and α-amylase encoding sequences led to the selection of 23 candidates, two of which (designated TSgam-2 and NFamy-2) were advanced to testing for cooked or raw starch hydrolysis. TSgam-2 is a 66-kDa glucoamylase recombinantly produced in Pichia pastoris and originally derived for Talaromyces stipitatus. When harvested in a 20-L bioreactor at high cell density (OD600 > 200), the secreted TSgam-2 enzyme activity from P. pastoris strain GS115 reached 800 U/mL. In a 6-L working volume of a 10-L fermentation, the TSgam-2 protein yield was estimated to be ∼8 g with a specific activity of 360 U/mg. In contrast, the highest activity of NFamy-2, a 70-kDa α-amylase originally derived from Neosartorya fischeri, and expressed in P. pastoris KM71 only reached 8 U/mL. Both proteins were purified and characterized in terms of pH and temperature optima, kinetic parameters, and thermostability. TSgam-2 was more thermostable than NFamy-2 with a respective half-life (t1/2) of >300 min at 55 °C and >200 min at 40 °C. The kinetic parameters for raw starch adsorption of TSgam-2 and NFamy-2 were also determined. A combination of NFamy-2 and TSgam-2 hydrolyzed cooked potato and triticale starch into glucose with yields, 71–87 %, that are competitive with commercially available α-amylases. In the hydrolysis of raw starch, the best hydrolysis condition was seen with a sequential addition of 40 U of a thermostable Bacillus globigii amylase (BgAmy)/g starch at 80 °C for 16 h, and 40 U TSgam-2/g starch at 45 °C for 24 h. The glucose released was 8.7 g/10 g of triticale starch and 7.9 g/10 g of potato starch, representing 95 and 86 % of starch degradation rate, respectively.