cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunopathogenicity and oncogenicity of murine leukaemia virus. IV. Antinuclear antibody response and tumour induction in B10.A recombinant mice.

The levels of murine leukaemia virus (MuLV) proteins p30 and gp70, antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-soluble nuclear protein, anti-single-stranded DNA, anti-double-stranded DNA and anti-histone antibodies were measured in B10.A and B10.A recombinant mice neonatally infected with MuLV-Scripps (Lerner et al., 1972). The incidence and latency of lymphoma and the incidence of glomerulonephritis were also determined. The mice studied could be divided into high-responder and low-responder groups. Most of the high ANA antibody could be attributed to anti-histone antibody. High response was associated with the H-2b haplotype and recombinant strains on the B10 background which were identical at the I-A subregion derived from the H-2b parental stock. In contrast, low ANA response was associated with the I-A subregion derived from the H-2k haplotype. In all groups of virus-inoculated animals, most animals developed serum elevations of p30 and gp70 and at least 72% of the inoculated animals developed lymphomas. High serum p30 levels correlated inversely with latency and directly with gp70 values. From 4 to 28% of the animals in each virus-inoculated group had histological evidence of glomerulonephritis, although no clear genetic basis could be ascribed to the incidence of glomerulonephritis, serum p30 or gp70 levels, or latency of lymphoma development.
Impact of information technology investment: An empirical assessment

Abstract Assessing the impact of information technology (IT) investment on organizational performance has been found to be problematic. Past studies of relationships between information technology investment and organizational performance has generally produced mixed, inconclusive, and even confusing results. The research described here attempts to demonstrate the impact of IT investment by investigating relationships between sets of IT investment measures and organizational performance measures. The results reveal positive and significant relationships between certain of the IT investment measures and organizational performance measures used in the study, indicating that organizations with greater levels of IT investment also had higher performance, as measured by return on investment, return on sales, sales per employee, sales by total assets, and market value to book value.
Partisans, nonpartisans, and the antiwar movement in the United States

American social movements are often bitterly divided about whether their objectives are achieved better by working with one of the major political parties or by operating independently. These divisions are consequential for how social movements and political parties respond to one another. First, differing partisan attitudes shape the structure of activist networks, leading activists to join organizations with others who share their party loyalties or disloyalties. Second, partisan attitudes affect how activists participate in the movement, with strong partisans more likely to embrace institutional tactics, such as lobbying. Third, partisanship affects activists' access to the institutions of government, such as Congress. Relying on surveys of antiwar activists attending large-scale public demonstrations in 2004 and 2005 and a Capitol Hill Lobby Day in September 2005, the authors argue that some activists integrate into major party networks through the “party in the street,” an arena of significant party-...
The creation of point defects in alkali halides

Abstract Three aspects of the creation of defects in alkali halides with ionizing radiation have been considered: (i) the mechanism by which Frenkel pairs are initially created, (ii) the effect of the thermal stability of the interstitial on the temperature dependence of the defect formation energy and the final equilibrium configuration of point defects, and (iii) the effect of radiation on the equilibrium between F-centers and F-aggregate centers. It has been suggested that a large body of experimental evidence indicates that Frenkel pairs are created in the negative ion sub-lattice by the ejection of a halogen interstitial in a replacement sequence along a [110] direction away from the vacancy. At low temperatures the nature of the Frenkel pair resulting from this process seems to depend on the magnitude of the Coulomb interaction between the vacancy and the interstitial and hence their final separation in the lattice. Since simple interstitial forms become unstable at relatively low temperatures the stability of interstitials at higher temperatures, as indicated by volume expansion and lattice parameter measurements, is associated with the formation of various halogen “molecular” species in the crystal matrix. These “molecules” may be associated with point defects and impurities in the positive ion sub-lattice and many of the effects due to the addition of divalent positive impurities seem to be related to such associations. It has been suggested that the temperature dependence of the equilibrium defect configuration arises from the need to form different types of stable “molecule” at various temperatures and not from some change in the fundamental mechanism of radiation damage. From this point of view the various “stages” of defect production arise from a saturation of a particular mechanism of interstitial stabilization and a consequent change in the relative importance of an alternate stabilization process. This would suggest that from the point of view of the vacancy only one “type” of F-center exists, and that many of the observations indicating more than one type of F-center is present could more properly be associated with the presence of a different interstitial species. Consideration of the negative-ion vacancy centers indicated that in X-irradiated crystals these existed in equilibrium concentrations determined by two processes: (a) the migration of previously created vacancies and (b) the radiation production and destruction of vacancies via the ejection and capture of interstitial halogens. The first process has an activation energy of about 0.6 eV and is essentially inoperative below 200°K. It seems that the migrating defect has the vacancy configuration of an α-center and that the aggregation with an F-center is controlled by an electron exchange interaction between the two defects. The second process is consistent with the favored model of vacancy creation via the ejection of an interstitial in a replacement sequence and its lower activation energy is close to the measured value for interstitialcy migration.
Contextualized design: Teaching critical approaches to web authoring through redesign projects

Abstract Web-based curricula should encourage students to make situated design choices. Rather than simply privileging technological imperatives, instruction should integrate technical proficiencies with rhetorical analysis, medium-specific concerns, and consideration of larger cultural contexts. Redesign projects offer rich opportunities for pursuing these pedagogical principles. Reflecting on student examples, this article explores redesign as a method for teaching critical engagement with technology and contextualized web authoring. Through research and revision of an existing web site, students employ rhetorical approaches and gain more complex understandings of web development. Redesign projects also slow the pace of web instruction and provide students opportunities to develop situated strategies and reflect critically on their authoring choices.
Lazy-leucocyte syndrome. A new disorder of neutrophil function.

Abstract A primary abnormality of leucocyte function—a deficiency of chemotaxis— has been found in two unrelated children with recurrent infection. The syndrome is characterised by recurrent stomatitis, otitis, gingivitis, and low-grade fevers, normal humoral and cellular immunity, severe peripheral neutropenia, normal numbers of mature, morphologically normal neutrophils in the bone-marrow, poor peripheral blood leucocyte response to chemical or inflammatory stimulation, poor neutrophil chemotaxis, and severely impaired random mobility of neutrophils. Neutrophils from peripheral blood or from bone-marrow suspensions had normal phagocytic and bactericidal activities, but almost no chemotactic activity. Infection and fever in these patients seems to result from an inability to release and mobilise otherwise functionally normal neutrophils in the presence of bacterial stimuli. The precise receptor defect in these " lazy leucocytes " remains to be defined.
Ignition by shock wave focusing and staging of thermonuclear microexplosions

FROM the beginning of laser fusions research1 the main problem has been the very large size of the ignition apparatus. For this reason relativistic electron beams2 and, more recently, ion beams3 have been proposed as alternatives. Relativistic electron beams have the following principal problems, however, when compared with laser beams: first the pulse length is rather long, and second the beam focusing is not as good. Ion beams are not as easily focused as either laser or electron beams. Furthermore, in both laser- and electron-beam induced implosion most of the energy goes into the ablation products, rather than the thermonuclear target. I propose here an alternative, non-ablative energy deposition method, applicable to laser, electron or ion beams, and which has the following distinct advantages: (1) The energy is delivered to the target by a shock wave. (2) The beam energy can be focused precisely on the target. (3) The energy pulse length can be shortened by about an order of magnitude. (4) The method permits staging, whereby a small microexplosion can set off a larger one.
Direct Assessment of Skeletal Muscle Contractile Strength in Live Wildtype and Rbfox Morphant Zebrafish Larvae

The accessible genetics and abundant skeletal musculature of the zebrafish make it an ideal model for studies of muscle contraction. Current functional assays for quantifying the effect of experimental modification of zebrafish muscle are indirect and observational, or they underestimate contractile force. Therefore, we developed an in vivo assay for measuring muscle contractile force. As proof of concept, we have measured contractile strength of skeletal muscle in wildtype larvae and in a morphant model from 2-5 days post fertilization (dpf). Mean maximum tetanic whole-body forces produced by wildtype 2, 3, 4, and 5 dpf larvae amounted to 3.03 mN, 7.31 mN, 8.67 mN, and 10.94 mN, respectively. Mean twitch forces produced by larvae were 0.90 mN, 5.58 mN, 7.08 mN, and 9.08 mN for 2, 3, 4, and 5 dpf respectively. The morphants we have analyzed are knockdowns of two zebrafish paralogs of rbfox, rbfox1l and rbfox2, which regulate muscle-specific splicing programs. We assessed the contractile force developed during contraction and found that our assay is clearly able to differentiate between morphant phenotypes. rbfox2 morphants appear to produce maximal tetanic forces similar to wildtype larvae, while rbfox1l morphants demonstrate significantly impaired function by producing decreased forces at the same developmental time points. This supports the conclusion that rbfox1l regulates the majority of splicing events in larval skeletal muscle. rbfox1l/rbfox2 morphants are paralyzed and their lack of significant contractile force production in our assay indicated a muscle-specific defect, not just a motoneural defect, causing the characteristic paralysis. We have also developed an immunohistological assay for empirically determining the cross-sectional area of larval trunk skeletal muscle in order quantify muscle-specific force per cross-sectional area. These functional results quantify muscle-specific phenotypes sans neural input.
Oncogenic tyrosine kinase NPM/ALK induces activation of the rapamycin-sensitive mTOR signaling pathway

The mechanisms of cell transformation mediated by the nucleophosmin (NPM)/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase are only partially understood. Here, we report that cell lines and native tissues derived from the NPM/ALK-expressing T-cell lymphoma display persistent activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as determined by phosphorylation of mTOR targets S6rp and 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). The mTOR activation is serum growth factor-independent but nutrient-dependent. It is also dependent on the expression and enzymatic activity of NPM/ALK as demonstrated by cell transfection with wild-type and functionally deficient NPM/ALK, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated NPM/ALK depletion and kinase activity suppression using the inhibitor WHI-P154. The NPM/ALK-induced mTOR activation is transduced through the mitogen-induced extracellular kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway and, to a much lesser degree, through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Accordingly, whereas the low-dose PI3K inhibitor wortmannin and Akt inhibitor III profoundly inhibited Akt phosphorylation, they had a very modest effect on S6rp and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. In turn, MEK inhibitors U0126 and PD98059 and siRNA-mediated depletion of either ERK1 or ERK2 inhibited S6rp phosphorylation much more effectively. Finally, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin markedly decreased proliferation and increased the apoptotic rate of ALK+TCL cells. These findings identify mTOR as a novel key target of NPM/ALK and suggest that mTOR inhibitors may prove effective in therapy of ALK-induced malignancies.
Multi-Level Re-Planning For Reconnaissance Drones

The Navy currently uses airborne drones for reconnaisance, controlling them by radio uplink or autopilot technology. Radio contact is not always possible, however, and autopilot control does not monitor non-navigational sensors, such as a CDC camera. We are developing a system that will monitor the autopilot as it follows a pre-planned mission, and re-plans in response to conditions detected by non-navigational sensors. At its heart is a novel approach to real time system control, called Register Vector Grammar. We demonstrate how this modified finite state automaton is able to model both hierarchical decomposition and heterarchical responsiveness--both needed to handle the range and interaction of behaviors susceptible to intelligent control--without calling for inordinate computational complexity.
Transnational advocacy networks in international and regional politics

of Political Science, Johns Hopkins University, 338 Mergenthaler Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA, email: mkeckKjhu.edu She is author of The Workers’ Party and Democratisation in Brazil (1992) and PT: A Logica da Diferenca (in Portuguese) (1991). Kathryn Sikkink is Professor of Political Science, University of Minnesota, 1414 Social Science, 267 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, email: KsikkinkKpolisci.umn.edu She is author of Ideas and Institutions: Developmentalism in Brazil and Argentina (1991). Transnational advocacy networks in international and regional politics*
Camptothecin Induces Nuclear Export of Prohibitin Preferentially in Transformed Cells through a CRM-1-dependent Mechanism

Prohibitin is a growth-suppressive protein that has multiple functions in the nucleus and the mitochondria. Our earlier studies had shown that prohibitin represses the activity of E2F transcription factors while enhancing p53-mediated transcription. At the same time, prohibitin has been implicated in mediating the proper folding of mitochondrial proteins. We had found that treatment of cells with camptothecin, a topoisomerase 1 inhibitor, led to the export of prohibitin and p53 from the nucleus to the mitochondria. Here we show that the camptothecin-induced export of prohibitin occurs preferentially in transformed cell lines, but not in untransformed or primary cells. Cells that did not display the translocation of prohibitin were refractive to the apoptotic effects of camptothecin. The translocation was mediated by a putative nuclear export signal at the C-terminal region of prohibitin; fusion of the nuclear export signal (NES) of prohibitin to green fluorescence protein led to its export from the nucleus. Leptomycin B could inhibit the nuclear export of prohibitin showing that it was a CRM-1-dependent event driven by Ran GTPase. Confirming this, prohibitin was found to physically interact with CRM-1, and this interaction was significantly higher in transformed cells. Delivery of a peptide corresponding to the NES of prohibitin prevented the export of prohibitin to cytoplasm and protected cells from apoptosis. These results suggest that the regulated translocation of prohibitin from the nucleus to the mitochondria facilitates its pleiotropic functions and might contribute to its anti-proliferative and tumor suppressive properties.
Amine screening for flue gas CO2 capture at coal-fired power plants: Should the heat of desorption be high, low or in between?

Researchers worldwide have been measuring properties of amine-based scrubbing solutions, seeking alternatives to aqueous monoethanolamine that will reduce the costs of flue gas CO 2 capture (FGCC). Because the operating costs of FGCC are closely tied to the stripper reboiler duty ( Q Reb ), many laboratories have been screening for low heats of desorption, Δ H Des . Recently, their logic was challenged on the grounds that Q Reb has three components, one of which is greater when Δ H Des is higher , another of which is greater when Δ H Des is lower . This paper supports that argument and concludes that the complex dependence of Q Reb on Δ H Des , and on other amine properties, makes process simulation a necessary adjunct to rational amine screening.
Promise and Practice of Professional Portfolios.

Abstract Professional portfolios provide a tool for improving teacher education on several levels. First, they enable programs to assess preservice students' progress in developing the myriad of complex skills necessary for effective teaching. Secondly, portfolios serve to clarify, reinforce, and evaluate attainment of a program's goals. Finally, professional portfolios reflect the national trend towards performance assessment in career placement and as a vehicle for demonstrating competency on state and national teaching standards. In response to these multiple uses of professional portfolios, faculty at a southwestern teacher training institution implemented a professional portfolio component. This study surveyed preservice students' perceptions regarding the impact of portfolios on professional development and the transition from school to work. Results indicated the process promoted reflective practice, increased self-confidence, prepared them for the job search, and heightened awareness of profession...
Thermal Stability of Nanocrystalline Grain Size in Ternary Fe-Base Alloys

We report recent research in our laboratory on the thermal stabilization of nanocrystalline binary alloys with ternary additions. Fe-Cr and Fe-Ni alloys with the ternary addition of Zr are studied. The thermal stability of these nanocrystalline alloys, prepared by mechanical alloying of powders, is studied by XRD, TEM and hardness as a function of annealing temperature. The relative importance of thermodynamic or kinetic stabilization in various temperature ranges is discussed for the different alloys. In agreement with our recent model for thermodynamic stabilization, it is found that Zr solute additions are more effective in stabilizing the nanocrystalline grain size in the Fe-Cr than in the Fe-Ni system.
Subcellular Distribution of Aminoacyl‐tRNA Synthetases in Various Eukaryotic Cells

The total amount, size distribution and binding of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to ribosomes in a variety of mammalian and avian cells was studied under standard conditions of sample preparation and assay. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases appear to exist in three general forms; ‘free’ enzyme of about 4–9 S, one or more ‘enzyme complexes’ of about 18–25 S, and in association with ribosomes. The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity for many individual amino acids was surprisingly similar in cell types chosen to be diverse with respect to differentiation state, transformation, and growth rate. Total activity for all amino acids varied about 4-fold, based on a constant volume of cells. Embryonic tissues had a comparatively high proportion of total synthetase activity associated with ribosomes, whereas this value was relatively low for mouse liver. Distinctive distribution patterns with common and variable features were observed for individual enzymes. The only aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases found not to be associated in significant amounts with either 18–25-S enzyme complexes or ribosomes in any of the cell types examined were the enzymes for alanine, histidine, and serine. All cell types evidenced 18–25-S synthetase activity for arginine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, proline, and valine, although in quite variable proportions of the total activity observed for these amino acids. For example, of the valyl-tRNA synthetase activity not associated with ribosomes, 35% and 100% were found to sediment at 18–25 S in Friend leukemia cells and mouse liver respectively. All cells had two easily distinguishable peaks of arginyl-tRNA synthetase activity at 4–9 S and 18–25 S respectively; however, the relative proportion of enzyme activity in the peaks differed between cell types. Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase was not observed to occur in an 18–25-S complex in any of the cell types examined but was bound to ribosomes in variable but generally relatively high proportions. Numerous other specific differences are described. No underlying physiological or biochemical principle has been recognized to account for the specific distribution patterns observed. However, they may reflect variations in cellular architecture that may be related to regulation of protein synthesis.
Finite element analysis of the heat transfer in concentric-tube heat exchangers

This study applies fundamental principles in physics to concentric-tube heat exchangers by solving the problem of momentum and energy coupling in fluids, as well as the problem of heat conduction in solid bodies simultaneously. Both the parallel flow configuration and the counterflow configuration are analyzed by using the Galerkin formulation of the finite element method. The technique, in general, can predict more realistic results than the classical log-mean-temperature-difference method can. In addition, the temperature distribution in the heat exchanger can also be easily determined by using the finite element analysis. However, the method is still far from becoming a practical design tool because it can only be used to solve simple and idealistic cases as of now. 3 refs.
The effect of leaf source and developmental stage on shoot organogenic potential of sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.) leaf explants

Leaf explants harvested from shoot proliferating cultures and intact plants of Liquidambar styraciflua ‘Variegata’ were placed on solidified Woody Plant medium supplemented with 0.1 mgl-1 (0.5 μM) naphthaleneacetic acid and 2.5 mgl-1 (11.1 μM) benzyladenine to initiate shoot meristems directly. Leaves from intact plants produced over 4 times more adventitious shoots than leaves from in vitro shoots and had a greater tendency to form shoots on the lamina. The relative developmental age of leaf tissue used dramatically influenced the shoot organogenic response observed for leaf explants from intact plants of L. styraciflua ‘Variegata’ and ‘Moraine’.-Leaves that were either 20% or 50% of full size and still actively expanding were superior to other developmental stages for shoot organogenesis. As developmental leaf age increased throughout the period of leaf expansion, the number of shoots forming on the petiole stub remained constant, whereas shoot formation on the lamina increased 8 fold. Shoots derived from ‘Variegata’ leaves rooted well and grew normally as plants. Differences in rooting ability and plant size could be detected between groups that had been separated according to explant source (in vitro vs. intact plant) and the location of shoot formation (petiole vs. lamina).
Collisional energy transfer in predissociative OH laser-induced fluorescence in flames.

Collisional vibrational energy transfer from the predissociative v′ = 3 level of the OH A ∑+ state was studied with laser-induced fluorescence. For CH4/O2, CH4/air, and H2 /O2 flames at pressures ranging from 14 to 760Torr, the v′= 3 level was excited, and transfer into the lower v′ = 0, 1, 2 levels was measured. Energy transfer occurred in all flames, as exemplified by the 760-Torr CH4 /air flame in which only 30% of the total ultraviolet fluorescence emitted came from the initially excited v′ = 3 level. For quantitative measurements, one must either correct for vibrational energy transfer or alter the detection strategy to collect only fluorescence emitted by v′ = 3
Biochemical characterization of the subunits of the Na+/K+ ATPase expressed in insect cells.

The Na+/K+ ATPase is composed of two subunits called α and β chains. In insect cells, independently expressed α and β chains are localized to intracellular membranes. Sucrose density gradient sedimentation, crosslinking analysis, and immunoprecipitation of radio-labeled proteins show that the α chains expressed alone are in large aggregates of different molecular weights with less than 4% being monomeric. Analysis by non-reducing SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting show that the β chains expressed alone are in Triton X-100 insoluble, disulfide-linked aggregates. Co-expression of both subunits in insect cells results in only a small fraction (less than 15%) of the α chains being assembled as the active recombinant enzyme, with at least 22% of the active recombinant enzyme localized to the plasma membrane as determined by a biochemical assay. The small amount of β chain at the plasma membrane in cells that express both subunits is beyond the limit of detection by the biochemical assay. Immunoprecipitation of Triton X-100 soluble α chains from radio-labeled cells expressing both subunits shows that the α chains are mostly in large aggregates containing β chains. These results suggest that, in insect cells, the availability of correctly folded β chains is the rate limiting step in the assembly of active Na+/K+ ATPase.
Explicit solutions for differential equations

Advantages exist in use of the decomposition method [1, 2] for solutions of differential equations. Even for the trivial case of solution of first-order separable differential equations the decomposition solutions are more useful because of the resulting convenient computable explicit solutions. The same techniques and benefits apply to the algebraic equations obtained by transform methods in solving differential equations. A comparison is made also between solutions by integrating factor and decomposition, and it is shown that decomposition is an obvious recourse when an integrating factor is not available. To show advantages of the procedure, a differential equation solvable by several methods and involving a logarithmic nonlinearity is solved by Adomian's decomposition for comparisons. The decomposition method will also solve higher-order differential equations and partial differential equations with logarithmic or even composite nonlinearities [2] when the other methods fail.
Low-complexity identifier for M-ary QAM signals

Automatic modulation classifier that reports the modulation type of a received signal blindly has found many applications in adaptive communications, software defined radio and non-cooperative communications. However, the majority of existing techniques does not include the classification of QAM signals that have been widely used in modem standards and high capacity radio systems. This paper developed a low-complexity Haar wavelet transform based QAM classifier by taking into account the ease of computation of the Haar wavelet transform. The number of multiple steps in the Haar wavelet transform magnitude was first detected through finding the numbers of peaks in the histogram of the Haar wavelet transform magnitude. It is then used for recognizing the size of the constellation. Simulations proved that the developed QAM classifier has high identification accuracy. It achieves more than 94% correct classification when SNR is 8dB and is practically inerrable when SNR is greater than 12dB.
Chikungunya: here today, where tomorrow?

Until 2005, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was a relatively littlestudied pathogen restricted to parts of Africa and Asia. Epidemics were sporadic and separated by years of quiescence. In late 2004, the East Central South African genotype of CHIKV moved from Kenya onto the Indian Ocean island of Comoros. The global onslaught of CHIKV had begun. In November of 2005, viral isolates were identified with, what might normally be regarded as an insignificant, single alanine to valine mutation at position 226 of the envelope E1 gene. 1 This simple mutation had a remarkable effect; making the virus approximately 100 times more infectious to the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, and it was this species that was transmitting the virus rather than the usual vector, Aedes aegypti. 2 Subsequent ‘second-step’ mutations further enhanced the ability of the virus to infect and/or disseminate from the midgut to the salivary glands in Ae. albopictus. 3 However, these viruses can still be transmitted byAe. aegypti. Within a yearof the Indian Ocean lineage emerging, over 250 000 people had been infected. An epidemic in Asia began within months and has infected several million people in India and other Asian countries. Chikungunya infectionsoccurred in manycountriesasaresult ofpeopletravelling fromareaswith activetransmission.The presence oftiger mosquito vector has been critical to enable localized CHIKVoutbreaks in Italy and France. This species continues to invade new territory, 4 being
I Did it For Me: Negotiating identity and agency

Scholars have debated the feminist critique of female beauty practices for years with the fundamental disagreement revolving around the notion of “agency.” This study used textual analysis to explore how the concept of “agency” has been employed in cosmetic surgery ads placed in large city magazines. Three themes emerged: realize your potential, pleasing yourself, and control your destiny. This research expands our understanding of how physicians are repositioning cosmetic surgery to women through discourses that empower, appeal to their sense of self, and play upon feminist sensibilities that privilege individual choice. This research also contributes to the literature surrounding the ongoing debate of agency by examining how it plays out in another form of text previously unexamined (physician advertising) and how it touches upon a new player in the health beauty system (physicians) rather than prior studies, which focus on idealized images in the media.
Who shall lead: is there a future for population health?

Despite renewed interest in population health concerns, elevation of this field in policy considerations faces many challenges. At present there is much concern about disparities and meeting improved population health objectives, but interest waxes and wanes with scientific developments and especially with dominant politi- cal alignments and ideologies. If the field of population health is to have sustained pol- icy influence, it requires a persistent constituency, a strong organizational base both within and outside of government, and academic respectability. Population health faces many issues in seeking to become legitimized as both a unique field of study and as a significant force in public policy. Among these are a clear definition of the boundaries of the field, a continuing flow of resources for development, and attractive career structures for new recruits and future leaders. Observers have long noted that the health of populations is substantially a result of how people live and the quality of their environments. Medi- cine, in contrast, is a response to illness and distress once it occurs and a service to individuals who seek assistance. For most of human history doc- tors and their surrogates could do little more than provide support, caring, and hope. With the public health revolution in the nineteenth century, the development of the germ theory, and the introduction of immunization, the scope of medical activities expanded to include more prevention. Such responsibilities, however, were only a small part of the work of doctors in contrast to the activities of public health practitioners and social reform- ers. More attention is given to public health today, but expenditures on such efforts remain only a minor aspect compared with expenditures on
Differential Expression of Voltage-Gated K+ Channel Subunits in Adult Rat Heart : Relation to Functional K+ Channels?

Polyclonal antibodies against each of the K+ channel subunits (Kv1.2, Kv1.4, Kv1.5, Kv2.1, and Kv4.2) shown previously to be expressed in adult rat heart at the mRNA level were used to examine the distributions of these K+ channel subunits in adult rat atrial and ventricular membranes. Immunohistochemistry on isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes revealed strong labeling with the anti-Kv4.2 and anti-Kv1.2 antibodies. Although somewhat weaker (than with anti-Kv1.2 or anti-Kv4.2), positive staining was also observed with the anti-Kv1.5 and anti-Kv2.1 antibodies. Ventricular myocytes exposed to the anti-Kv1.4 antibody, in contrast, did not appear significantly different from background. Qualitatively similar results were obtained on isolated adult rat atrial myocytes. Western blots of atrial and ventricular membrane proteins confirmed the presence of Kv1.2, Kv1.5, Kv2.1, and Kv4.2 and revealed differences in the relative abundances of these subunits in the two membrane preparations. Kv4.2, for example, is more abundant in ventricular than in atrial membranes, whereas Kv1.2 and Kv2.1 are higher in atrial membranes; Kv1.5 levels are comparable in the two preparations. In contrast to these results, nothing was detected in Western blots of atrial or ventricular membrane proteins with the anti-Kv1.4 antibody at concentrations that revealed intense labeling of a 97-kD protein in adult rat brain membranes. A very faint band was detected at 97 kD in the atrial and ventricular preparations when the anti-Kv1.4 antibody was used at a 5- to 10-fold higher concentration. The simplest interpretation of these results is that Kv1.4 is not an abundant protein in adult rat atrial or ventricular myocytes. Therefore, it seems unlikely that Kv1.4 plays an important role in the formation of functional depolarization-activated K+ channels in these cells. The relation(s) between the (other four) K+ channel subunits and the depolarization-activated K+ channels identified electrophysiologically in adult rat atrial and ventricular myocytes is discussed in the present study.
The fine structure of the zona glomerulosa and the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex of the opossum

The normal fine structure of the zona glomerulosa and the zona fasciculata of the opossum is described, with emphasis on the structure of the smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and mitochondria. The cells of the zona glomerulosa are characterized by the presence of numerous rod-shaped mitochondria with shelf-like cristae, small amounts of tubular SER and moderate amounts of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The cells of the zona fasciculata possess large quantities of SER, spherical mitochondria with tubular cristae and a few profiles of rough surfaced reticulum. A Golgi apparatus is present in cells of both zones as are coated vesicles, coated invaginations of the plasmalemma, lysosomes and lipid droplets. It is concluded that the tubular SER seen in electron micrographs corresponds closely to the form of this membrane system found in the living cell. The functional significance of the associations observed among lipid droplets, mitochondria and SER are discussed.
History and dynamics of net rotation of the mantle and lithosphere

The net rotation of Earth's lithosphere with respect to the underlying mantle is the longest-wavelength component of toroidal flow in the mantle and is sensitive to both mantle buoyancy structure and lateral viscosity variations. The lithospheric net rotation in the geologic past implied by plate reconstructions using a hotspot reference frame for the past 100 Myr is up to five times greater than the present-day rate of lithospheric net rotation. We explore the role of lateral viscosity variations associated with subcontinental keels in producing the lithospheric net rotation for the geologic past and find that the introduction of subcontinental keels improves the agreement between modeled net rotation and the net rotation present in the plate reconstructions for the past 25 Myr. However, our models with continental keels produce at most 0.16°/Myr of differential rotation between the lithosphere and lower mantle for present-day, and explaining the most rapid rates of lithospheric net rotation during the Cretaceous and Paleogene remains challenging. This suggests the need for either an additional mechanism for generating lithospheric net rotation, or an adjustment to the absolute mantle reference frame relative to which plate motions are specified.
Forum: The Commodification of Indian Identity

Pre-Cabotian, Native North American peoples, like all peoples, had myriad ways of defining their group's membership, relying generally on kinship criteria - consanguinity and affinity - of many varied types. Like most others, they also had systems of naturalization that could confer group membership on nonkin. The Navajo, for example, took in large numbers of foreigners, creating Jemez, Zia, and Mexican clans in the process. The systems of self-definition were group specific, and there is little evidence of a any shared label of common identity that was pan-Indian, one including all of the hundreds of separate linguistic and cultural entities of North America. With the arrival of Europeans, things changed. Large territorial state had emerged and some were generating more complex heterogeneous citizenship notions. The colonialists made a market for ethnic identities, in which they have been traded as a commodity ever since. The federal government itself has taken steps to regulate the purity of the product-to guarantee the customer is getting The real McCoy
Financial Ratio Analysis

Financial analysis involves the selection, evaluation, and interpretation of financial data and other pertinent information to assist in evaluating the operating performance and financial condition of a company. The operating performance of a company is a measure of how well a company has used its resources—its assets, both tangible and intangible—to produce a return on its investment. The financial condition of a company is a measure of its ability to satisfy its obligations, such as the payment of interest on its debt in a timely manner. The analyst has many tools available in the analysis of financial information. These tools include financial ratio analysis and quantitative analysis. The analyst must understand how to use these tools, along with economics and accounting information, in the most effective manner. Keywords: financial ratio; coverage ratio; return ratio; turnover ratio; component percentage; return-on-investment ratios; basic earning power ratio; operating earnings; return on assets; return on equity; equity multiplier; liquidity; liquidity assets; working capital; net working capital; operating cycle; average day's cost of goods sold; number of days of inventory; average credit sales per day; days sales outstanding; number of days of credit; average day's purchase on credit; days payables outstanding; cash conversion cycle; net operating cycle; current ratio; acid-test ratio; quick ratio; net working capital-to-sales ratio; profitability ratio; profit margin ratios; gross profit margin; operating profit margin; net profit margin; activity ratios; inventory turnover ratio; accounts receivable turnover ratio; net credit sales; total asset turnover ratio; fixed-asset turnover; financial risk; financial leverage ratios; debt-to-assets; interest coverage ratio; times interest-covered ratio; fixed-charge coverage ratio; cash-flow interest coverage ratio; common-size analysis; vertical common-size analysis; horizontal common-size analysis; common-size balance sheet; common-size income ratio
Mindful Belief: Accountability, Expertise and Cognitive Kinds

: It is sometimes said that humans are unlike other animals in at least one crucial respect. We do not simply form beliefs, desires and other mental states, but are capable of caring about our mental states in a distinctive way. We can care about the justification of our beliefs, and about the desirability of our desires. This kind of observation is usually made in discussions of free will and moral responsibility. But it has profound consequences, or so I shall argue, for our conception of the very nature of beliefs and other mental states. Suitably developed, it allows us to draw a line between two distinct ways in which a creature may possess a belief, represent a scene, and fall into error. The first way (which I shall call the ‘mindless’ way) involves little more than an encoding of information in some way designed to guide appropriate response. This is the common heritage of humans, and many other animals. The second way (which I shall call the ‘mindful’ way) requires that the creature be capable in addition of a special kind of second-order reflection, and (importantly) be expert at detecting the kinds of situation in which such reflection is called for. The differences between these two ways of ‘believing that P’ are sufficiently deep and significant to warrant (or so I claim) our treating them as two distinct classes of mental states. For it is only courtesy of the second layer of complexity, I shall argue, that it becomes proper to hold someone accountable for their beliefs or other mental states, and it is this fact of (something like) accountability that in turn raises the most significant challenge for philosophical attempts to give naturalized accounts of meaning, belief, and mentality.
Nuclei growth kinetics during the nucleation of gold on UHV-cleaved mica substrates

Measurements of crystalline sizes during nucleation of gold on mica surfaces cleaved in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) reveal the presence of symmetric, sharply peaked distributions which flatten and broaden with increasing nucleation time. When the number density of nuclei increases, the growth rate is suppressed. The time taken to reach a given size increases with increasing temperature when the nuclei are growing as isolated particles. When the nuclei are spaced so far that their diffusion fields overlap, then the time taken to reach a given size decreases with increasing temperature.
A new approach to securing a difficult airway

The ability to provide a patent airway for gas exchange is a mandatory skill for the anesthesiologist. Because of variations in the anatomy and physiology of patients, a technique used to intubate the trachea of one patient may not be successful for another. Thus, it is crucial that the anesthesiologist have multiple ways in which to approach an airway. We first describe a new technique for airway management that can be used electively or in an emergent situation to intubate the trachea of a patient during anesthesia. We then provide 2 detailed case reports in which the technique was found to be helpful. We have since used it in more than 60 patients, without any related complications.
The intracellular degradation of poly(ε-caprolactone)

Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) [PEC], a biodegradable aliphatic polyester, undergoes a two-stage degradation process: The first lengthy phase involves nonenzymatic hydrolytic cleavage of ester groups, the second phase beginning when the polymer is more highly crystalline, and of low molecular weight. The cellular events of the second phase were examined by implanting gelatin capsules containing 25 mg of low molecular weight (Mn 3000) PEC powders, 106 to 500 micron, in rats. PEC fragments ultimately were degraded in phagosomes of macrophages and giant cells, the process requiring less than 13 days for completion at some sites. PEC was also identified within fibroblasts. These studies support the intracellular degradation of PEC as the principal pathway of degradation once the molecular weight of the aged polymer is reduced to 3000 or less.
A novel robust low voltage and fault ride through for wind turbine application operating in weak grids

Wind turbines are very susceptible to any disturbance, faults and low grid voltages. They are disconnected from the grid whenever these conditions arise and reconnected once the grid is healthy. Maintaining the wind turbine connected to grid is real challenge. Future grid codes will require wind turbines connected to grid even during the fault condition and have low voltage ride through (LVRT) feature installed. LVRT feature is not available in most of the present wind turbine and few do with addition circuitry and control increasing the cost of the system. In this paper, a novel control strategy and LVRT for wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators is presented to maintain the turbine connected to grid during fault and post fault condition without addition circuitry. The controller is designed using H/sub /spl infin// technique and /spl mu/-analysis based robust control technique to take into account various adverse conditions. The controller is tested on low power hardware prototype and the results are presented.
Association Between Transient Hypothyroxinaemia of Prematurity and Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Low‐Birthweight Cohort: An Exploratory Study

Background Transient hypothyroxinaemia of prematurity (THOP) is associated with increased risk of cerebral palsy and lower IQ in low-birthweight infants. This study explores whether THOP is also associated with increased risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Methods This secondary analysis uses data from a birth cohort of newborns weighing 500 –2000 g (n = 1105) who were followed to age 21 years, when they were assessed for ASD in the second of a two-stage process. Of the 187 assessed at age 21, 14 had ASD. Neonatal thyroxine results were available for 12/14 and 165/173 participants diagnosed with and without ASD, respectively. THOP was defined as thyroxine z-score <−2.6. Unadjusted relative risks (RR) and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results The mean neonatal thyroxine z-score in young adults diagnosed with ASD was 0.5 SD lower [95% CI −0.16, 1.06] than in those without ASD. Participants with THOP were at 2.5-fold greater risk of ASD (RR 2.5 [95% CI 0.7, 8.4]). While neither of these differences was statistically significant, in a secondary subgroup analysis of those whose mothers did not have hypertension during pregnancy, THOP significantly increased the RR for ASD (5.0 [95% CI 1.2, 20.5]). Conclusion While the primary relation between THOP and ASD found here is not statistically significant, the magnitude of association and significant relationship observed in the subgroup whose mothers did not have hypertension during pregnancy suggest that it is worthy of further investigation.