cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Embedding Theorems

We first consider pairs \((\mathcal{N},\mathcal{T} )\) where \(\mathcal{N}\) is a closed connected smooth manifold and \(\mathcal{T}\) a nowhere vanishing smooth real vector field on \(\mathcal{N}\) that admits an invariant metric and shows that there is an embedding \(F : \mathcal{N} \rightarrow {S}^{2N-1} \subset {\mathbb{C}}^{N}\) for some N mapping \(\mathcal{T}\) to a vector field of the form \(\mathcal{T}\prime = \mathrm{i}\sum _{j=1}^{N}{\tau }_{j}\big{(}{z}^{j} \frac{\partial } {\partial {z}^{j}} -{\overline{z}}^{j} \frac{\partial } {\partial {\overline{z}}^{j}}\big{)}\) for some τ j ≠0. We further consider pairs \((\mathcal{N},\mathcal{T} )\) with the additional datum of an involutive subbundle \(\overline{\mathcal{V}} \subset \mathbb{C}T\mathcal{N}\) such that \(\mathcal{V} + \overline{\mathcal{V}} = \mathbb{C}T\mathcal{N}\) and \(\mathcal{V}\cap \overline{\mathcal{V}} ={ \mbox{ span}}_{\mathbb{C}}\mathcal{T}\) for which there is a section β of the dual bundle of \(\overline{\mathcal{V}}\) such that \(\langle \beta ,\mathcal{T}\rangle = -\mathrm{i}\) and $$X\langle \beta ,Y \rangle - Y \langle \beta ,X\rangle -\langle \beta ,[X,Y ]\rangle = 0\quad \text{ whenever }X,Y \in {C}^{\infty }(\mathcal{N};\overline{\mathcal{V}}).$$ Then \(\overline{\mathcal{K}} =\ker \beta \) is a CR structure, and we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a CR embedding of \(\mathcal{N}\) (with a possibly different, but related, CR structure) into S 2N − 1 mapping \(\mathcal{T}\) to \(\mathcal{T}\prime\). The first result is an analogue of the fact that for any line bundle \(L \rightarrow \mathcal{B}\) over a compact base, there is an embedding \(f : \mathcal{B}\rightarrow { \mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}}^{N-1}\) such that L is isomorphic to the pullback by f of the tautological line bundle \(\Gamma \rightarrow { \mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}}^{N-1}\). The second is an analogue of the statement in complex differential geometry that a holomorphic line bundle over a compact complex manifold is positive if and only if one of its tensor powers is very ample.
Correlation Analysis of Duty Cycle Effects on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy

Correlation analysis was performed to investigate the effects of drive cycle characteristics on distance-specific emissions (g/mile) and fuel economy (mpg) and consequently determine the most influential cycle metrics for modeling. A detailed analysis of linear and non-linear correlations was performed among cycle metrics to avoid collinearity and reduce the number of variables. The order of importance of the selected cycle metrics was determined. Results show that average speed with idle, number of stops per mile, percentage idle, and kinetic intensity were the most important cycle metrics affecting emissions and fuel economy. Preliminary regression analysis reinforced their importance for emissions modeling purposes.
Do U.S. Courts Discriminate Against Treaties?: Equivalence, Duality, and Treaty Non-Self-Execution

Despite the inclusion of treaties in the Supremacy Clause, only self- executing treaties are immediately enforceable in U.S. courts. The Supreme Court confirmed as much in its recent decision in Medellm v. Texas, which adopted a broad notion of non-self-execution. Most foreign relations law scholars seek to limit the incidence of non-self-execution. They argue, among other things, that non-self-execution violates the Supremacy Clause, which mandates equivalent treatment of the Constitution, statutes, and trea¬ties. A minority of scholars have responded by arguing variously that the doctrine of non-self-execution does not discriminate against treaties, that the Constitution does not require equivalence, and that differential treatment is justified by treaties' dual nature—they are, first, instruments of foreign af-fairs and, second, domestic law. This Essay introduces a new argument in favor of a broad notion of non-self-execution. Rather than emphasize the unique duality of treaties, this Essay highlights that the Constitution and statutes also possess a dual nature. While their primary role is as domestic law, they also play a role in foreign relations, particularly when they apply extraterritorially. Recent gui¬dance from the Supreme Court on the extraterritorial application of the Constitution and statutes permits a timely comparison of the judicial treat-ment of all three sources of supreme law in their areas of secondary applica-tion. Comparison along this new axis reveals that treaties fare better than statutes under even a broad notion of non-self-execution. The new analysis thus advances the argument for non-self-execution. The comparison also has important implications for other issues bearing on the domestic status of treaties.
Spam, phishing, and fraud detection using random projections, adversarial learning, and semi-supervised learning

Spam, phishing, and fraud detection are security applications that impact most people. Challenges for building spam, phishing, and fraud detection models include difficulty in obtaining annotated data, increased computational complexity for robust detection methods, annotation errors, and changes in the underlying data distribution. We address the above challenges as follows. Clustering and active learning are combined to make efficient use of annotated data, yielding state of the art spam detection performance using only 10% of the annotated data employed by previously published methods. Social Network Analysis (SNA) reputation features for mail transfer agents are introduced to evaluate paths from sender to receiver, increasing the detection rate by 70% (with the same false positive rate) for state of the art spam detection. Random projections with boosting achieve state of the art spam detection with a 75% reduction in computational cost for message classification. The Randomized Hough Transform - Support Vector Machine updates training set annotations, increasing the (precision, recall) F measure by 9.3% compared to a state of the art method for handling adversarial noise. Spectral clustering of URL n-grams and transductive semi-supervised learning are used to increase the detection rate by 100% (doubling the detection rate with the same false positive rate) for state of the art phishing detection under adversarial modification of message text. Reputation and similarity features are used to enhance the ability to withstand changes in underlying data distributions, producing a 13.5% increase in cost savings for state of the art fraud detection.
Democracy in Experiment: Political Institutions During the Early Republican Period

The revolution in Wuchang had inflamed many provinces. A need to discuss matters of vital importance and common interest created an increasing demand for a temporary organization to be set up in a centrally located place such as Shanghai. On November n, 1911, Ch’eng Teh-chuan and Tong Shou-ch’ien, military governors of Kiangsu and Chekiang respectively, made a joint suggestion to that effect to Ch’en Chi-mei, the military governor of Shanghai. According to their proposal, the military governors of the provincial governments and the provincial assemblies would send one representative each to Shanghai for a conference. Prompt action was taken the following day by the representatives of Kiangsu and Chekiang through a circular telegram to the various provincial authorities. On November 15, the Representative Conference of the Military Governors held its first meeting; and, five days later, it reached a decision to recognize Wuchang as the seat of the Central Military Government of the Republic, headed by the military governor of Hupei province.
Halliburton, Basic and Fraud on the Market: The Need for a New Paradigm

This Article argues that price impact, materiality, and loss causation are all interrelated concepts that should be determined, not at the certification stage, but in a trial on the merits. While this Article argues that all that should need to be proven at the certification stage is information distortion, not price distortion, it also considers an alternative approach using price distortion, as opposed to market efficiency, as a basis for presuming reliance.
Nonconstructive Computational Mathematics

We describe a nonconstructive extension to primitive recursive arithmetic, both abstractly and as implemented on the Boyer-Moore prover. Abstractly, this extension is obtained by adding the unbounded µ operator applied to primitive recursive functions; doing so, one can define the Ackermann function and prove the consistency of primitive recursive arithmetic. The implementation does not mention the µ operator explicitly but has the strength to define the µ operator through the built-in functions EVALd and VC.
Modulations in the CuO chain layer of YBa2Cu3O7- delta : Charge density waves?

We have performed reversed-bias scanning tunneling microscopy at 20 K on the CuO chain layer of cold-cleaved single crystals of $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$. We find 1.3-nm corrugations which change sign under bias polarity reversal. This behavior and the 1.3-nm wavelength are in agreement with the hypothesis that the one-dimensional CuO chains undergo a charge density wave transition. This is the first real-space evidence of such a transition in $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$. We also explore the possibility that the corrugations are caused by Friedel oscillations or bipolaron scattering. Several-nm depressions along the CuO chains transform into broad swells and depressions as the bias voltage is increased.
Presynaptic Recording of Quanta from Midbrain Dopamine Neurons and Modulation of the Quantal Size

The observation of quantal release from central catecholamine neurons has proven elusive because of the absence of evoked rapid postsynaptic currents. We adapted amperometric methods to observe quantal release directly from axonal varicosities of midbrain dopamine neurons that predominantly contain small synaptic vesicles. Quantal events were elicited by high K 1 or a-latrotoxin, required extracellular Ca 21 , and were abolished by reserpine. The events indicated the release of 3000 molecules over 200 msec, much smaller and faster events than quanta associated with large dense-core vesicles previously recorded in vertebrate preparations. The number of dopamine molecules per quantum increased as a population to 380% of controls after glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) exposure and to 350% of controls after exposure to the dopamine precursor L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). These results introduce a means to measure directly the number of transmitter molecules released from small synaptic vesicles of CNS neurons. Moreover, quantal size was not an invariant parameter in CNS neurons but could be modulated by neurotrophic factors and altered neurotransmitter synthesis.
Theory of dielectric breakdown in metal-loaded dielectrics

We have examined a very simple model of dielectric breakdown in random mixtures of metal and dielectric.1,2,3 We expect this analysis to be relevant for an class of materials which are composed of a random mixture of metallic particles embedded in a dielectric matrix. An example is solid fuel rocket propellant4 which is a mixture of microscopic aluminum particles (the fuel) in a dielectric matrix composed of oxidizer and rubber binder. The model we analyze is a percolation model in which the bonds of a d-dimensional lattice with lattice spacing a are occupied by conductors with probability p and by capacitors with probability 1-p. The probability p is chosen to be less than the percolation threshold pc so that no conducting path traverses the entire system. The breakdown process is modeled by assuming that the capacitors can withstand a maximum voltage drop of 1 volt. The entire lattice has a size of L lattice spacings. A macroscopic voltage is applied across the lattice. This voltage is raised until the voltage drop across one of the capacitors exceeds 1 volt. This macroscopic voltage is called V1 the initial breakdown voltage. The capacitor which fails is replaced by a conducting element. The process of failing one of the capacitors is repeated until a conducting path is formed across the sample. The maximum value of the applied voltage during this procedure is called the complete breakdown voltage and is denoted Vb.
Offenders' Perceptions of House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring

This article reports on a study designed to examine the perceptions of house arrest (HA) and electronic monitoring (EM) among offenders who have recently experienced this criminal sentence. Data were gathered via a self-administered questionnaire and follow-up interviews with a sample of offenders. Our primary areas of interest were to assess (a) the extent to which HA and EM are perceived as punitive, (b) the extent to which this sanction impacts the offenders at home and at work, and (c) to explore the ways in which this criminal sanction impacts family members. While HA with EM was perceived as being less severe than incarceration, it is clear that HA with EM is experienced as a punitive criminal sanction.
Site specificity of bleomycin cleavage in purified and intracellular simian virus 40 DNA

The sites of bleomycin-induced cleavage of purified and intracellular simian virus 40 DNA were examined. Breaks in purified DNA were mapped to several discrete sites that were distributed throughout the viral genome, but were not associated with a common genetic element. Double-stranded breaks were made in positions of the first single-stranded nick, and regions of cuts were unaffected by changes in DNA superhelicity. Bleomycin cut intracellular chromosomes at the same sites that were cleaved in purified DNA. These results indicate that SV40 DNA contains DNA secondary structures that are highly preferred sites for BLM cleavage. These conformations appear to be unaffected by nucleoproteins bound to DNA.
Indifference principle and anthropic principle in cosmology

The successes scored by the big bang model of cosmic evolution in the 1960’s led to an intensive application of quantum theory to the problem of how the expansion might have begun and what its likely first stages were. It seemed as though an incredibly precise setting of the initial conditions would have been needed in order that a long-lived galactic universe containing heavy elements might develop. One response was to suppose that the fine-tuning could somehow be explained by the presence of humans in the universe. This ran quite counter to the traditional supposition, according to which an initial "chaos" was sufficient. This essay outlines the history of the two principles, argues that the so-called "weak" anthropic principle is banal, distinguishes between two sorts of anthropic explanation, and assesses the prospects of the anthropic turn in cosmology.
Wireless tomography, Part III: Compressed sensing for ultra-wideband signals

This is Part III of the wireless tomography three-paper series. Wireless tomography is related to wireless communications in that it requires the channel recovery between different waveforms at transmit and receive, as well as multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication system. According to the pulse propagation mechanisms of reflection and diffraction, ultra-wideband (UWB) waveforms suffer pulse distortion. Distorted pulses will overlap and therefore increases the sampling rate for accurate UWB channel recovery. Thanks to the recent progresses in sampling theory and radio propagation theory, we are able to propose a compressed sensing (CS) based UWB channel recovery method considering pulse distortion. The concept has been demonstrated through simulations. The sampling rate is as low as 2 Gsps, compared with the Nyquist rate of 50 Gsps. A CS based 2×2 MIMO communication system is also proposed and simulated. The communication problem is modeled as CS problem, and further reduce sampling rate required at the receiver.
Experience with an Enteral-Based Nutritional Support Regimen in Critically-Ill Trauma Patients

Background Assuring adequate enteral nutritional support in critically ill patients is challenging. By describing our experience, we sought to characterize the challenges, benefits, and complications of an approach that stresses enteral nutrition. Study Design We examined nutritional support received by victims of blunt trauma from 8 trauma centers. We grouped patients according to mean daily enteral caloric intake during the first 7 days. Group 1 received the fewest (0 kcal/kg/d) and group 5 the greatest (16 to 30 kcal/kg/d) number of calories in the first week. We focused our analyses on the patients remaining in the ICU for 8 days or longer and compared clinical outcomes among the groups. Results There were 1,100 patients in the ICU for 8 days or longer. Patients receiving the greatest number of enteral calories during the first week (group 5) had the highest incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (49%) and the lowest incidence of bacteremia (14%). Use of parenteral nutrition was associated with bacteremia (adjusted odds ratio = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.8–3.5), ventilator-associated pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.7–3.3), and death (adjusted odds ratio = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1–3.1). Conclusions Enteral caloric intake during the first week was related to the pattern and severity of injury and was associated with important infectious outcomes. Our observations support moderating enteral intake during the first week after injury and avoiding parenteral nutrition.
IEX-1 targets mitochondrial F1Fo-ATPase inhibitor for degradation

IEX-1 (Immediate Early response gene X-1) is a stress-inducible gene. It suppresses production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protects cells from apoptosis induced by a wide range of stimuli, but the underlying mechanism is not known. This study reveals that IEX-1 targets the mitochondrial F1Fo-ATPase Inhibitor (IF1) for degradation, resulting in acceleration of ATP hydrolysis, concomitant with reduction in ROS production. A prominent role for IF1 degradation in the function of IEX-1 was corroborated by siRNA-mediated gene silencing of IF1 that recapitulated the effects of IEX-1 on ATP hydrolysis and ROS production. Moreover, progressive C-terminal truncation studies demonstrated that IEX-1 interacted with the C terminus of IF1 and the interaction might render IF1 prone to degradation by an as yet unidentified mitochondrial protease. In support of a physiological importance of IEX-1 in the modulation of IF1 expression, gene-targeted deletion of IEX-1 stabilized IF1 and reduced mitochondrial F1Fo-ATPase activity in vivo. The altered activity of the F1Fo enzyme may account for a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation toward glycolysis in IEX-1 deficient cells. Thus, IEX-1 deficient cells were more susceptible to glucose deprivation than wild type counterparts and displayed increased glucose uptake and lactate production in hypoxic conditions. The cells were also relatively refractory to oligomycin-mediated inhibition of ATP production. The studies offer novel insights into the primary role of IEX-1 in regulating a balance between energy provision and ROS production.
Characterization of a monoclonal antibody that binds equally to all apolipoprotein and lipoprotein forms of human plasma apolipoprotein B. I. Specificity and binding studies

Abstract A stable mouse hybridoma cell line has been developed that produces monoclonal antibody to human plasma apolipoprotein B. This antibody was proven to be specific for apolipoprotein B by immunoblotting and an enzyme immunoassay using apolipoprotein B and other apolipoproteins. The antibody bound with comparable affinities to soluble apolipoprotein B, chylomicrons, very-low-density (VLDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Coupled to agarose, this antibody allowed complete removal of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins from normolipidemic, hypertriglyceridemic and hypercholesterolemic plasma. Desialyzation and deglycosylation had no effect on its binding to LDL. The described antibody had no effect on the receptor-mediated binding of radiolabeled LDL to the human hepatoma cells (HepG2) in culture. Analysis of 25 different samples of human plasma indicated identical expression of the corresponding epitope in these individuals. The described monoclonal antibody, most likely, binds to a rather stable domain of apolipoprotein B that is not altered by the interaction with lipids or polymorphism of the apolipoprotein B. We propose that this antibody be called ‘Pan B’ antibody.
Relationship Between Resting Blood Pressure and Laboratory-Induced Pain Among Healthy Children

Background Adult studies have demonstrated that increased resting blood pressure (BP) levels correlate with decreased pain sensitivity. However, few studies have examined the relationship between BP and experimental pain sensitivity among children.
Regulation of the nitrogen transfer pathway in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: gene characterization and the coordination of expression with nitrogen flux.

The arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) brings together the roots of over 80% of land plant species and fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota and greatly benefits plants through improved uptake of mineral nutrients. AM fungi can take up both nitrate and ammonium from the soil and transfer nitrogen (N) to host roots in nutritionally substantial quantities. The current model of N handling in the AM symbiosis includes the synthesis of arginine in the extraradical mycelium and the transfer of arginine to the intraradical mycelium, where it is broken down to release N for transfer to the host plant. To understand the mechanisms and regulation of N transfer from the fungus to the plant, 11 fungal genes putatively involved in the pathway were identified from Glomus intraradices, and for six of them the full-length coding sequence was functionally characterized by yeast complementation. Two glutamine synthetase isoforms were found to have different substrate affinities and expression patterns, suggesting different roles in N assimilation. The spatial and temporal expression of plant and fungal N metabolism genes were followed after nitrate was added to the extraradical mycelium under N-limited growth conditions using hairy root cultures. In parallel experiments with 15N, the levels and labeling of free amino acids were measured to follow transport and metabolism. The gene expression pattern and profiling of metabolites involved in the N pathway support the idea that the rapid uptake, translocation, and transfer of N by the fungus successively trigger metabolic gene expression responses in the extraradical mycelium, intraradical mycelium, and host plant.
IDENTIFY: a Prolog program to help identify fossils

Abstract A program in Turbo Prolog assists the user to identify fossils consistently and expeditiously. The database includes information on variable character-states for each species, and the user is encouraged to input the variability of the form to be identified. Annotated sketches are associated with each taxon in the database. Although this working prototype is for a paleontological application, the same program can be used with other databases in a wide spectrum of disciplines in the natural sciences.
A Critical Assessment of the Role of Viscometers in Quantitative Elastohydrodynamics

Until very recently, viscometers have not had a significant role in the development of the field of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL). Viscosity has generally been treated as an adjustable parameter that assumed the values at elevated pressure necessary to validate whatever model was proposed. The description of the pressure dependence of viscosity in EHL requires the choice of a model that reproduces the way that viscosity changes with pressure and requires values for the parameters of the chosen model. Viscometers are necessary for both requirements if a quantitative understanding of the mechanisms of film generation and friction is sought. Four types of pressurized viscometers, two based on Poiseuille flow and two on Couette flow, are investigated here. They yield remarkably similar pressure responses. There is therefore no ambiguity in the measurement of the pressure dependence of viscosity in pressurized viscometers. A significant challenge for engineers wishing to apply the results archived in th...
A comparison of extrapolation models on yearly sales forecasts

Abstract This study compares the performance of seven extrapolation models and three combinations of models on nearly 1,500 forecasts of annual, unit sales series. The focus is on two important issues — the identification of those instances when forecasting with extrapolation models is likely to be successful (irrespective of the model selected), and which extrapolation approaches offer the greatest potential. This study replicates many of the finding of the M-competition. It also adds some new evidence. For example, Gardner's dampened smoothing was found to perform especially well on the series tested. Also, extrapolation forecasts of durable good series and ‘mature’ product categories were rarely superior to forecasts made using a simple random-walk model.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTRON-IRRADIATED CdS.

Measurements were made of the change in low-temperature thermal conductivity of high-resistivity sulfur-compensated single-crystal CdS upon electron irradiation and annealing. Samples oriented parallel and perpendicular to the hexagonal $c$ axis of CdS were irradiated with 2-MeV electrons below 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to fluences $\ensuremath{\Phi}$ totaling 7.8 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{17}$ electrons/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The increase in the additive thermal resistivity at 11 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K on irradiation was found to be independent of the orientation of the sample, and $\frac{1}{K}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{{K}_{0}}=(5.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}){\ensuremath{\Phi}}^{0.5}$ cm deg/W. Isochronal annealing measurements show almost complete annealing out of the additive thermal resistivity below room temperature, and recovery begins as low as 35 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. There are three major annealing stages centered near 45, 75, and 225 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Annealing above 60 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K produces an anisotropic thermal conductivity for subsequent measurements below 20 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The anisotropic additive thermal resistivity is much greater if the temperature gradient is perpendicular to the $c$ axis than if it is parallel. The anisotropic phonon scattering is attributed to the formation and temperature-dependent orientation of anisotropic defects. It is concluded that the defect orientation parallel to the $c$ axis has the lowest energy, and measurements of the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity parallel and perpendicular to the $c$ axis give the equilibrium energy difference for reorientation to be $\ensuremath{\approx}1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ eV.
A comparison of photolytic fluorine-atom sources for chemical laser studies

Abstract WF 6 , CF 3 I, CF 2 CFCl, and CF 2 CFBr have been used as photolytic fluorine-atom sources to study the F+H2 chemical laser under identical apparatus and sample conditions. From a comparison of the observed HF laser transitions and from other experiments, WF 6 and, by implication, many other previously used fluorine-atom sources appear to be unsuitable for quantitative chemical laser studies of reaction energy partitioning. In constrast, CF 3 1, CF 2 CFCl, and CF 2 CFBr may be highly suitable for quantitative studies.
The use of nuclear resonant scattering of gamma rays for in vivo measurement of iron

Abstract A technique for determination of elements in human body in-vivo, utilizing nuclear resonant scattering of gamma rays has been developed. 847 keV photons emitted from a gaseous 56 MnCl 2 source are resonantly scattered from 56 Fe present in the body. The detection of these gamma rays is used to estimate the iron content of the liver or heart of patients. Details of the calibration procedure and potential molecular effects are described.
Optimization of the peak capacity per unit time.

Abstract The peak capacity per unit time or chromatographic productivity, P c t , was calculated and optimized for four different sample mixtures (small molecules, peptides from protein digests, and mixtures of small and large intact proteins) analyzed on 4.6 mm I.D. columns packed with three different brands of core–shell particles. The calculations were based on the column permeabilities and on their van Deemter curves measured under isocratic conditions. The 3D plots of the peak capacity are provided as a function of the gradient steepness and the column length at three values of the inlet pressure and two temperatures. The maximum peak capacities obtained per unit time were 103 min−1 for small molecules, 111 min−1 for peptides, 63 min−1 for small proteins, and 22 min−1 for large proteins. They are all achieved for the shortest column lengths run at the maximum achievable flow rate (5 mL/min) and for an optimum gradient steepness, which had to be calculated. Remarkably, the best separation productivity of these columns cannot be achieved with modern UPLC instruments that deliver flow rates no larger than 5 mL/min. With instruments able to deliver a 15 mL/min flow rate and acquire data at 320 Hz, 4.6 mm × 50 mm columns packed with shell particles operated at 600 bar and a temperature of 60 °C, would give peak capacities per unit time of 256 min−1 for small molecules, 237 min−1 for peptides, 186 min−1 for small proteins, and 59 min−1 for large proteins.
Antigenicity of heterologous and homologous insulin

Abstract Studies on insulin antigenicity in the past have been concerned primarily with the kinetics of binding of many insulins to a single antibody. Factors governing the variations in antibody production to different insulins in single species are not known. The relationship of the molecular structure of various insulins to antibody production in rabbit, pig and human subjects has been studied. Injected insulins which differ in varying degrees from the endogenous insulin of recipient appear to have similar antigenicity. In human subjects, the form in which the insulin is given is an important factor in the antigenicity; crystalline zinc insulin is much less antigenic than insulin in other forms. Antigenicity to insulin is not eliminated by removing from the primary molecular structure of injected insulin the amino acid that is different from that found in the insulin of the recipient. Finally, it was shown that crystalline pork insulin stimulated insulin antibodies when injected into the pig. On the basis of these findings, a method for extraction of insulin should be sought which does not render the product antigenic when reinjected in the same species. This technic might then be applied to the human pancreas to obtain a nonantigenic human insulin.
Finding needles in haystacks: Reranking DOT results by using shape complementarity, cluster analysis, and biological information.

We present an evaluation of our results for the first Critical Assessment of PRedicted Interaction (CAPRI). The methods used include the molecular docking program DOT, shape analysis tool FADE, cluster analysis and filtering based on biological data. Good results were obtained for most of the seven CAPRI targets, and for two systems, submissions having the highest number of correctly predicted contacts were produced.
ENDOGENOUS NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTION IN THE CONTROL OF PULMONARY VASOMOTOR TONE IN NEONATAL PIG LUNGS. • 2043

ENDOGENOUS NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTION IN THE CONTROL OF PULMONARY VASOMOTOR TONE IN NEONATAL PIG LUNGS. • 2043
The Role of Social Support in Exposure Therapy for Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom Veterans: A Preliminary Investigation.

The lack of social support has consistently been identified as a relevant factor in the development, maintenance, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Prospective studies with combat veterans have supported the erosion model of social support in the development of PTSD. This model posits that increased PTSD symptoms lead to diminished social support over time. Additional epidemiological work that has investigated mental health and functional impairment in recently returning Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) veterans has suggested that interpersonal problems coincide with the onset of PTSD. Despite research that suggests OIF/OEF veterans experience high rates of PTSD and associated interpersonal problems, no studies have examined social support in relation to treatment response in this group. The current study examined the role of four theorized functional aspects of social support— emotional/informational support, positive social interactions, affectionate support, and tangible support— on pretreatment PTSD symptom severity and treatment response in a sample of OIF/OEF veterans receiving exposure-based psychotherapy. Findings showed that positive social interactions were negatively correlated with pretreatment symptom severity, and emotional/informational support was positively related to increased treatment response. Together, these findings suggest that specific types of social support may have an important influence on the course of exposure treatment.
Diagenesis in Clay Minerals—A Review

Diagenesis refers to the process, and the changes (usually excluding cation exchange) that take place in sediments after deposition, but definitions of the process vary widely over which changes, and what part (or all) of the time between the transportation of the sediment and the time that the sediment(ary rock) is studied, should be included in diagenesis. Furthermore, Weaver, Griffin, and others, have favored alternative explanations to account for many clay mineral distributions that previously have been interpreted as representing changes in clay minerals in both recent and ancient sediments, and which were referred to diagenesis. Although agreeing that such alternative explanations account best for many distributions of clay minerals, additional evidence that presumably is convincing of diagenesis is presented herein to account for the formation of certain other occurrences of glauconitic mica, glauconite, illite, corrensite, kaolinite, and vanadiferous micaceous clay. A two-stage mechanism is proposed for a possible process by which illite and probably corrensite are formed: (1) cation sorption driven by energy (activities) of the ions in solution, and binding energy of the clay minerals, and (2) subsequent rearrangement of ions in the clay mineral to produce illite. It is finally proposed that diagenesis of clay minerals is characterized by the addition to and incorporation into them of Me ions, such as Mg, K, Ca, Na, Al, Fe, V, SiO2, and others, driven mainly by chemical energy and aided by mechanical and thermal energy, but as the latter two become more effective the process is designated metamorphism (anamorphism). Long-time, diagenetic reactions after burial of sediments are probably less important, volume-wise, than provenance and terrestrial weathering in determining the mineralogy of argillaceous sedimentary rocks in the geologic column.
Theoretical interpretation of the variability of global solar properties

Abstract As the Sun evolves through a magnetic cycle the distribution and amplitude of magnetic regions is altered. Surface phenomena (e.g., sunspots, faculae, and coronal structures) signify clearly the variations, but it is less obvious how the global, interior structure of the Sun responds. Theory suggests that the interior structure may respond directly to the magnetic fields via their associated pressure, and that convective energy transport efficiency will be perturbed. The changes of diameter and luminosity (and thus effective temperature) depend upon details of assumed mechanisms and the position in the interior at which they are applied. The p-mode oscillation frequencies can be perturbed either via changes in the mean structure, or by interaction with distributed magnetic field domains. No definitive variations of diameter, p-mode frequencies, effective temperature, neutrino flux, etc. have yet been shown to exist.
Characteristics of Milk and Butter from Cows Fed Sunflower Seeds

Abstract Composition of milk and butter was evaluated from cows fed either control or experimental diets containing added fat of partially unsaturated fatty acid composition. The control diet concentrate mix consisted mainly of corn and soybean meal. The two experimental diets substituted either 20% high oleic sunflower seeds (>79% of fatty acids as oleic acid) or 20% regular sunflower seeds (>67% of fatty acids as linoleic acid) for part of the corn and soybean meal in the concentrate mix. Feeding lactating dairy cattle sunflower seeds resulted in lower concentrations of short and medium chain and higher concentrations of long-chain fatty acids in milk fat and butter. Milk unsaturated fatty acid concentrations were (28.9, 38.8, 45.6%), and butter unsaturated fatty acid concentrations were (29.6, 38.1, 44.3%) for control, high oleic sunflower seed, and regular sunflower seed treatment milk, respectively. Organoleptic evaluation indicated the high oleic sunflower seed and regular sunflower seed treatment butters were equal or superior in flavor to the control butter. The high oleic sunflower seed and regular sunflower seed treatment butters were softer, more unsaturated, and exhibited acceptable flavor, manufacturing, and storage characteristics.
Construction of an efficient evaluative instrument for Myasthenia Gravis: The MG composite

We assessed the performance of items from the Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis (QMG), MMT (Manual Muscle Test), and MG-ADL (Myasthenia Gravis - Activities of Daily Living) scales, using data from two recently completed treatment trials of generalized MG. Items were selected that were relevant to manifestations of MG, meaningful to both the physician and the patient, and responsive to clinical change. After the 10 items were chosen, they were weighted based on input from MG experts from around the world, considering factors such as quality of life, disease severity, risk, prognosis, validity, and reliability. The MG Composite is easy to administer, takes less than 5 minutes to complete, and requires no equipment. Weighting of the response options of the 10 items should result in ordinal scores that better represent MG status and are more responsive to meaningful clinical change. To better determine its suitability for clinical use and for treatment trials, the MG Composite will be tested prospectively at several academic medical centers and will be used as a secondary measure of efficacy in pending clinical trials of MG.
Amyloid Precursor Protein Regulates Brain Apolipoprotein E and Cholesterol Metabolism through Lipoprotein Receptor LRP1

Summary Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) cause early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the only genetic risk factor for late-onset AD is the ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE), a major cholesterol carrier. Using Cre-lox conditional knockout mice, we demonstrate that lipoprotein receptor LRP1 expression regulates apoE and cholesterol levels within the CNS. We also found that deletion of APP and its homolog APLP2 , or components of the γ-secretase complex, significantly enhanced the expression and function of LRP1, which was reversed by forced expression of the APP intracellular domain (AICD). We further show that AICD, together with Fe65 and Tip60, interacts with the LRP1 promoter and suppresses its transcription. Together, our findings support that the γ-secretase cleavage of APP plays a central role in regulating apoE and cholesterol metabolism in the CNS via LRP1 and establish a biological linkage between APP and apoE, the two major genetic determinants of AD.
Matrix isolation study of the reactions of CrO2Cl2 with a series of silanes.

The reactions between CrO2Cl2 and a series of silanes have been investigated using matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy. Twin-jet codeposition of the two reagents into argon matrices at 14 K followed by irradiation with light of λ > 300 nm led to the growth of a number of new bands. These have been assigned to the appropriate silanol species formed by oxygen insertion into the Si−H bond, strongly complexed to CrCl2O. The structures and vibrational frequencies of these complexes have been characterized by high-level theoretical calculations. These calculations also support the relative preference for the insertion reaction compared to other possible pathways. Merged-jet codeposition of SiH2Cl2 with CrO2Cl2 at 200 °C also led to the formation of the free silanol, HSiCl2OH.
Value‐based Business Strategy

This paper offers an exact definition of the value created by firms together with their suppliers and buyers. The “added value” of a firm is similarly defined, and shown under certain conditions to impose an upper bound on how much value the firm can capture. The key to a firm's achieving a positive added value is the existence of asymmetries between the firm and other firms. The paper identifies four routes (“value-based” strategies) that lead to the creation of such asymmetries. Our analysis reveals the equal importance of a firm's supplier and buyer relations. Cooperative game theory provides the underpinnings of the analysis.
Large photocurrents in single layer graphene thin films: effects of diffusion and drift.

This paper reports large photocurrents in air-assisted depositions of single layer graphene (derived from reduced single layer graphene oxide) upon illumination with near-infrared (NIR) light. NIR-induced charge carrier generation and subsequent separation at the metal–graphene interface resulted in photocurrent generation. Varying bias voltages were applied to test samples and allowed for evaluating photoresponses in either diffusion- or drift-dominated regions. In the diffusion-dominated region, position-dependent effects of photoconductivity were demonstrated. The photocurrent exhibited increase when the positive electrode was illuminated, decrease when the negative electrode was illuminated, and negligible response when the area between the electrodes was illuminated. At a 100 μV bias voltage, a per cent change in current from ∼150% (40 mW NIR) to ∼1800% (335 mW NIR) is reported. Such large photocurrent responses result from built-in electric fields and optically generated temperature gradients (maximum NIR-induced temperature rise ∼70 °C). The per cent photocurrent change was observed to depend on both annealing temperature and NIR power, but not resistance value. In the drift-dominated realm, a Gaussian photocurrent profile was obtained, signaling drift of charge carriers with increase in localized electric field, akin to the classic Haynes–Shockley experiment. A minority carrier mobility value of μ ∼ 700 cm2 V −1 s−1 is reported. The simple low cost graphene devices presented in this paper were fabricated without lithographic processing and are ideal candidates for assorted infrared imaging applications.
The bacteroides NBU1 integrase performs a homology-independent strand exchange to form a holliday junction intermediate.

The Bacteroides mobilizable transposon NBU1 uses an integrase (IntN1) that is a tyrosine recombinase for its integration and excision from the host chromosome. Previously we showed that IntN1 makes 7-bp staggered cuts within the NBU1 att sites, and certain mismatches within the crossover region of the attN1 site (G(–2)C attN1) or the chromosomal target site (C(–3)G attBT1-1) enhanced the in vivo integration efficiency. Here we describe an in vitro integration system for NBU1. We used nicked substrates and a Holliday junction trapping peptide to show that NBU1 integration proceeds via formation of a Holliday junction intermediate that is formed by exchange of bottom strands. Some mismatches next to the first strand exchange site (in reactions with C(–3)G attBT1-1 or G(–2)C attN1 with their wild-type partner site) not only allowed formation of the Holliday junction intermediate but also increased the rate of recombinant formation. The second strand exchange appears to be homology-dependent. IntN1 is the only tyrosine recombinase known to catalyze a reaction that is more efficient in the presence of mismatches and where the first strand exchange is homology-independent. The possible mechanisms by which the mismatches stimulate recombination are discussed.
The canary in the mine

Abstract Iezzoni LI. The canary in the mine. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:1476-8. Many Americans are concerned about their access to health care in the future, especially their ability to pay for needed services. However, a person with a disabling condition requiring ongoing clinical vigilance, supportive care, and other assistive services or technologies faces special difficulties: that person is the "canary in the mine," warning others about fundamental problems within our health care system. Persons with disabilities who have health insurance are often unable to get items and services not covered by their plans. They experience more problems than others with follow-up care, availability of specialists, getting to doctors, and obtaining help during off hours. These problems suggest that people with disabilities fall into the "quality chasm," the metaphor used by the Institute of Medicine to describe the gap between ideal care and current reality. The Crossing the Quality Chasm report suggests 6 aims for fundamental reform, exhorting the health care system to become safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable. Each of these aims holds special resonance for persons with disabilities. Despite the compelling need to overhaul the health care system, the American public as yet seems little inclined to fundamental change. Perhaps the impetus must come from subgroups within the population who are particularly at risk from the current system, such as persons with disabilities. As solutions are crafted, people with disabilities, their families, and communities should help design and direct fundamental changes to the health care system. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
The Renin-Angiotensin System Is Not Responsible for Hypertension Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Systemic hypertension following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures has been reported to occur in 15% to 80% of cases. Previous reports have implicated the renin-angiotensin system as being responsible, at least in part, for this phenomenon. In this prospective study, 18 previously normotensive subjects were studied before, during, and after CABG. In 4 patients (22%), paroxysmal postoperative hypertension developed (systolic blood pressure greater than 150 mm Hg). There were no differences between the normotensive and hypertensive groups in plasma renin activity, angiotensin II level, or aldosterone level. Despite the trend toward elevation of these variables during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), all had returned to control levels within two hours after CPB, whether or not hypertension developed. Serum norepinephrine levels were elevated (.10 greater than p greater than .05) in the hypertensive group at the time hypertension developed. No other relationship or pattern could be defined to distinguish the hypertensive from the normotensive group. The renin-angiotensin system does not appear to be responsible for paroxysmal hypertension following CABG.