cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A trust region-based two phase algorithm for constrained black-box and grey-box optimization with infeasible initial point

Abstract This paper presents an algorithm for constrained black-box and grey-box optimization. It is based on surrogate models developed using input-output data in a trust-region framework. Unlike many current methods, the proposed approach does not require feasible initial point and can handle hard constraints via a novel optimization-based constrained sampling scheme. A two-phase strategy is employed, where the first phase involves finding feasible point through minimizing a smooth constraint violation function (feasibility phase). The second phase improves the objective in the feasible region using the solution of the feasibility phase as starting point (optimization phase). The method is applied to solve 92 test problems and the performance is compared with established derivative-free solvers. The two-phase algorithm outperforms these solvers in terms of number of problems solved and number of samples used. We also apply the algorithm to solve a chemical process design problem involving highly-coupled, nonlinear algebraic and partial differential equations.
Pain and the human condition

Pain is almost certainly the most common illness experience on the planet. Yet, it is frequently treated poorly and those who experience pain often endure scepticism, doubt and stigma for their condition. In most places around the world, pain closely tracks social power structures, which means that marginalised groups are both more likely to experience pain and are more likely to have it regarded dubiously and treated inadequately. Moreover, while pain is a near-universal part of the human condition, it remains difficult to define and conceptualise. As Emily Dickinson famously noted, pain has an element of blank. And while pain and suffering are often experienced together, they remain distinct phenomena: some people in pain do not suffer and some people who suffer state that they are not in pain. Pain is an essential pathway to redemption for many and for others it exists only as a devastating, hollowing experience that defies meaning. In short, the paradoxes of pain are multiple, varied and slippery. While pain has not escaped scholarly attention in the medical and health humanities over the last decade, current and inequitable burdens of global pain alone justify the sustained focus and analysis contained in the current Theme Issue on Pain and Its Paradoxes. …
Successful Cancer Treatment: Eradication of Cancer Stem Cells

The increasing incidence of cancer in many countries is a consequence of our success as a species. Otherwise, cancer would be a rare event. This is no accident, and its justification can be found at the root of the evolution of multicellular organisms. Indeed, the emergence of multicellular organisms required coordination and cooperation between cells that became increasingly specialized resulting in an overall benefit for the organism. Multicellularity also brings with it the risk of cancer, viewed as the deregulated proliferation of a new and particular cell-type population that can threaten the integrity and survival of the organism (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2000). Studies during the last 40–50 years have shown that cancer is an acquired genetic disorder due to mutations that activate proto-oncogenes, silence tumor suppressor genes or induce genomic instability (Vogelstein and Kinzler, 2004). Genetic mutations can be due to exogenous genotoxic agents such as ionizing radiation or chemotherapeutic agents that interact with DNA. However, the genome replication machinery is also prone to errors that inevitably result in mutations being incorporated in cells (Kunkel and Bebenek, 2000). Hence, individuals with mutations in DNA-repair enzymes have an intrinsically higher risk of cancer.
Chapter 2 Mathematics for Simulation

Abstract This chapter surveys certain mathematical results and techniques that are pervasive in the analysis of stochastic simulation. The concepts are introduced through the study of a simple model of ambulance operation to ensure clarity, concreteness and cohesion.
Metastasis to the thyroid gland. A report of 43 cases.

Background The incidence of metastasis to the thyroid gland in autopsy series varies from 1.25% to 24%. Metastasis to the thyroid gland is usually considered a terminal event, and the effectiveness of conventional treatment has been questioned. The authors assessed the effects of current methods of diagnosis and treatment on the course of the disease. Methods Forty-three patients with metastasis to the thyroid gland were studied retrospectively. Primary tumor origin was identified in all but two cases. Metastasis to the thyroid gland was confirmed by fine-needle aspiration cytology or histology. Data were analyzed for the frequency and types of malignant lesions, the clinical course of disease, and the prognosis after thyroid involvement. Results The kidney was the most common primary tumor site (33%), followed by lung (16%), breast (16%), esophagus (9%), and uterus (7%). The time from diagnosis of the primary tumor to metastasis to the thyroid gland was considerable for renal cell adenocarcinoma (mean, 106 months) and for adenocarcinomas of the breast (mean, 131 months) and uterus (mean, 132 months). In 12 patients, this interval was more than 120 months. Fine-needle aspiration cytology detected metastatic malignancy in 29 of 30 patients. Treatment involved surgery alone, surgery with adjuvant therapy, or nonsurgical methods. Two patients with uterine adenocarcinoma and one with breast adenocarcinoma had disease regression with no evidence of tumor recurrence. Conclusions In any patient with a previous history of malignancy, no matter how remote that history is, a new thyroid mass should be considered recurrent malignancy until proved otherwise. Although detection of metastasis to the thyroid gland often indicates poor prognosis, aggressive surgical and medical therapy may be effective in a small percentage of patients.
Three-Dimensional Benchmark Problems for Design by Advanced Analysis: Impact of Twist

AbstractDesign codes for steel structures continue to provide additional opportunities for the use of more advanced methods of nonlinear analysis. As the complexity of the analysis increases, it be...
Interactive Programming Environments for Teachers and Students

We present in this hands-on workshop a suite of interactive programming environments for teachers and students, each of them cloud-based and free. The first is CS50 Sandbox, a web app at sandbox.cs50.io that enables teachers and students to create temporary programming environments quickly and share copies of those sandboxes with others. With this app can a teacher start programs in class that students can then finish, distribute starter code for problems, and post interactive solutions. The second tool is CS50 Lab, a web app at lab.cs50.io that enables teachers to create step-by-step programming lessons, providing incremental feedback at each step, and enables students to progress from an empty file (or starter code) to working code, with hints and feedback along the way. Via this app can teachers author their own Codecademy-style lessons using just a GitHub repository of their own. And third in the suite is CS50 IDE, a web app at ide.cs50.io built atop Cloud9 that provides students with their own cloud-based Linux environment. Each of these environments offers a built-in file browser and code editor and, most importantly, an interactive terminal window with shell access to their very own container. And each enables students to write programs in any language. Throughout this workshop will we discuss lessons learned from having deployed these tools in CS50 at Harvard to hundreds of students on campus and thousands of students online. And we'll discuss challenges encountered and best practices adopted.
POST-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION LEFT VENTRICULAR APICAL ANEURYSM POSES CHALLENGES FOR AICD LEAD REVISION

Differential diagnoses of extensive dystrophic cardiac calcification include: ischemia, trauma, infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, drug induced, or pulmonary hypertension. 58 year old man with history of anterior wall myocardial infarction with ejection fraction of 10% and a large left
Post-Transplant Outcomes in Pediatric Patients Receiving Mechanical Circulatory Support: A Multicenter Study from the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) Registry

Purpose While extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was previously the most common type of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) as a bridge to transplant in pediatric heart transplant recipients, the use of ventricular assist devices (VADs) has grown dramatically. The difference in risk profile between VADs and ECMO in patients bridged to transplant is documented, yet there are limited data on the effect of type of MCS on post-transplant outcome. We compare outcomes in pediatric patients bridged to transplant with MCS from an international cohort. Methods The 1998-2017 ISHLT registry data was used to identify patients Results 7050 patients were included with 28.4% Conclusion Patients on ECMO prior to transplant are younger, with more complex anatomy than those supported with VADs. Adjusting for pre-transplant characteristics, ECMO has an increased risk of death compared with VAD, suggesting investigation into VAD support for younger patients and those with CHD may have important clinical implications.
Simple D-module components of local cohomology modules

Abstract For a projective variety V ⊂ P k n over a field of characteristic zero, with homogeneous ideal I in A = k [ x 0 , … , x n ] , we consider the local cohomology modules H I i ( A ) . These have a structure of holonomic D -module over A, and we investigate their filtration by simple D -modules. In case V is nonsingular, we can describe completely the simple D -module components of H I i ( A ) for all i, in terms of the Betti numbers of V.
Computational Simulation of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation in Laboratory Chambers

In the atmosphere, certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) undergo oxidation. Some of these oxidation products then condense into the particle phase. Oxidation products that transform into the particle phase by this route are termed secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Understanding the route by which particulate matter is formed from these reactions is a key challenge in atmospheric chemistry. The principal understanding of SOA formation is derived from studies in laboratory chambers, for which determination of the amount of SOA formed requires a rigorous, quantitative understanding of chamber phenomena. With computational simulation of the processes occurring within an environmental chamber, the extrapolation to atmospheric conditions can be assessed. Moreover, computational chamber modeling of secondary organic aerosol formation will become an integral part of experimental design and data analysis. Here, we present a comprehensive review of processes involved in laboratory chamber SOA formation with a focus on the coupling between different physicochemical processes and understanding that has recently emerged.
Performance Optimization for Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines with Blade-Element Method Models

A numerical optimization of the torque generated by a vertical-axis wind turbine was completed using a double-multiple-streamtube momentum model. Aerodynamic force functions were obtained from curv...
GenUnlock: An Automated Genetic Algorithm Framework for Unlocking Logic Encryption

Logic locking inserts additional key gates to the original circuit for protecting the intellectual property (IP) of modern integrated circuits (ICs). Prior works have identified the vulnerability of logic locking to satisfiability (SAT)-based attacks. However, SAT attacks are ineffective on circuits with SAT-hard structures. In this paper, we propose GenUnlock, the first genetic algorithm-based logic unlocking attack framework addressing the above limitation of SAT attacks. GenUnlock formulates logic unlocking (i.e., identifying the correct keys) as a combinatorial optimization problem and tackles it using genetic algorithms (GAs). Multiple key sequences form the individuals in the population and undergo the following main operations: circuit fitness evaluation, population selection, crossover, and mutation. The key sequences with high fitness scores ‘survive’ the selection and are transformed into the offspring. GenUnlock's evolutionary process of key searching features high scalability, exploration efficiency, and parallelizable fitness evaluation. We take an Algorithm/Software/Hardware co-design approach to optimize GenUnlock's runtime overhead. More specifically, GenUnlock (i) Pipelines each computation stage by automatically constructing auxiliary circuitry for constraints checking, sorting, crossover, and mutation; (ii) Employs hardware emulation on programmable hardware for accelerating circuit fitness evaluation. We perform a comprehensive evaluation of GenUnlock's performance on various benchmarks and demonstrate that GenUnlock achieves up to 1014.1× speedup and is 3974.3× higher energy efficiency compared to the state-of-the-art SAT attacks for logic unlocking.
Discharge against medical advice among neurological patients: Characteristics and outcomes.

Objective To study characteristics and outcomes of patients with stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and epilepsy with discharge against medical advice (DAMA). Data sources/study setting Retrospective analysis of the 2013 Nationwide Readmissions Database, a nationally representative inpatient administrative dataset. Study design Associations between predictors and DAMA at index admission were analyzed using adjusted logistic models. We examined 30-day all-cause readmissions. Data collection methods Patients aged ≥18 years at index admission for International Classification of Diseases-9 diagnosis code of epilepsy, TBI, or stroke were included. Principal findings Discharge against medical advice occurred in 1998/58278 patients (3.43 percent) in the epilepsy group, 1762/211 213 (0.83 percent) in the stroke group, and 1289/74 652 (1.73 percent) in the TBI group. Factors consistently associated with increased likelihood of DAMA included lower age, male sex, non-Medicare and nonprivate insurance, lower socioeconomic status, and behavioral risk factors (smoking history, alcohol history, and drug use). The crude 30-day all-cause readmission rate for those with DAMA from their index admission was 16.4 percent for the stroke cohort, 13.9 percent for epilepsy, and 13.4 percent for TBI. DAMA at index admission was significantly associated with increased risk of 30-day all-cause readmission among all groups (adjusted odds ratio 1.79, 95% CI: 1.65-1.94, P Conclusions Age, sex, insurance status, socioeconomic status, and behavioral factors were associated with DAMA in neurological patients. Further research is needed to develop interventions to reduce DAMA in high-risk groups.
Optimizing Behavioral Sleep Strategies

Patients are increasingly looking to optimize sleep as a health and wellness strategy. Sleep health is often individualized based on three elements that correspond to overall physical and mental well-being: (1) sleep quality, which refers to the continuity and depth of sleep as well as a feeling of restoration upon awakening; (2) sleep quantity, which refers to the duration of sleep that is appropriate for a given age group; and (3) timing of the sleep window, which refers to the positioning of sleep that is aligned with an individual's circadian rhythm for sleep or an ideal circadian zone. In the past, prescribing hypnotic medications was considered the primary approach for improving sleep. However, there has been a recent paradigm shift to favor behavioral approaches, particularly in the case of insomnia where cognitive-behavioral therapy has been shown to have a more favorable benefit-to-harm profile than medications. The clinical vignette is presented here as a springboard for discussion regarding the latest evidence and efficacy for sleep behavior techniques and consumer monitoring devices developed to improve sleep health and awareness for clinicians to consider when educating their patients on maximizing sleep health behaviors.
The importance of frontier orbital symmetry in the adsorption of diiodobenzene on MoS2(0001)

Abstract Evidence of a role of frontier orbital symmetry, in the adsorption process of diiodobenzene on MoS2(0001), appears in the huge differences in the rate of adsorption between 1,3-diiodobenzene, 1,2-diiodobenzene and 1,4-diiodobenzene isomers on MoS2. Experiments indicate that the rate of adsorption of 1,3-diiodobenzene on MoS2(0001) is much greater than that of the 1,2-diodobenzene and 1,4-diiodbenzene isomers. As the differences in calculated diiodobenzene isomer-MoS2 system adsorption energies and electron affinities are negligible, frontier orbital symmetry appears to play a significant role in diiodobenzene adsorption on MoS2(0001). The experimental and theory results, in combination, suggest that a rehybridization requirement, forced by frontier orbital symmetry, comes at a cost of a reduced sticking coefficient. With the introduction of defects, which lower the adsorption site symmetry at the MoS2(0001) surface, the rate of 1,3-diiodobenzene adsorption on MoS2(0001) decreases, while the rates of 1,2-diodobenzene adsorption significantly increases.
Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, and Death in Migraine Patients Treated with Triptans

Objective The goal of this study is to determine the strength of association between treatment with triptans and acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and death. Background Case reports in the literature have raised concerns over an association between treatment of migraine headaches with triptans and cardiovascular events. This study aims to systematically evaluate this association in a contemporary population-based cohort. We hypothesized that triptan exposure is not associated with increased cardiovascular events. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted within an integrated healthcare delivery system in Southern California. From January 2009 to December 2018, 189,684 patients age ≥18 years had a diagnosis of migraine. In this group, 130,656 were exposed to triptans. Patients treated with triptans were matched 1:1 to those not exposed to triptans by using a propensity score. The primary outcome was acute myocardial infarction; secondary outcomes were heart failure, all-cause death, and combined acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and death. Results The incidence rate of acute myocardial infarction was 0.67 per 1000 person-year in triptan-exposed vs 1.44 per 1000 person-year in not exposed patients. In propensity-matched analyses, the adjusted hazard ratio for triptan exposure was 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84-1.08) for acute myocardial infarction; 1.00 (95% CI 0.93-1.08) for all-cause death; 0.93 (95% CI 0.81-1.08) for heart failure; and 0.99 (95% CI 0.93-1.06) for a composite of acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, or death. Sensitivity analyses focusing on stratified subgroups based on age, gender, ethnicity, and several cardiac risk factors also revealed no significant association between triptan exposure and cardiovascular events. Conclusions No association was found between exposure to triptans and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. These data provide reassurance regarding the cardiovascular safety of utilizing triptans for the medical management of migraine headaches.
COVID-19 Vaccines Currently under Preclinical and Clinical Studies, and Associated Antiviral Immune Response

With a death toll of over one million worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become the most devastating humanitarian catastrophe in recent decades. The fear of acquiring infection and spreading to vulnerable people has severely impacted society's socio-economic status. To put an end to this growing number of infections and deaths as well as to switch from restricted to everyday living, an effective vaccine is desperately needed. As a result, enormous efforts have been made globally to develop numerous vaccine candidates in a matter of months. Currently, over 30 vaccine candidates are under assessment in clinical trials, with several undergoing preclinical studies. Here, we reviewed the major vaccine candidates based on the specific vaccine platform utilized to develop them. We also discussed the immune responses generated by these candidates in humans and preclinical models to determine vaccine safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. Finally, immune responses induced in recovered COVID-19 patients and their possible vaccine development implications were also briefly reviewed.
Detection of a novel herpesvirus associated with squamous cell carcinoma in a free-ranging Blanding's turtle.

The spread of both infectious and noninfectious diseases through wildlife populations is of increasing concern. Neoplastic diseases are rarely associated with population-level impacts in wildlife; ...
Disordered exchange is biased

The magnetic properties of intercalated metal dichalcogenides are dramatically affected by small crystal imperfections, potentially providing design principles and materials for spintronic devices.
CT Volumetry of Convoluted Objects-A Simple Method Using Volume Averaging.

Accurate measurement of object volumes using computed tomography is often important but can be challenging, especially for finely convoluted objects with severe marginal blurring from volume averaging. We aimed to test the accuracy of a simple method for volumetry by constructing, scanning and analyzing a phantom object with these characteristics which consisted of a cluster of small lucite beads embedded in petroleum jelly. Our method involves drawing simple regions of interest containing the entirety of the object and a portion of the surrounding material and using its density, along with the densities of pure lucite and petroleum jelly and the slice thickness to calculate the volume of the object in each slice. Comparison of our results with the object’s true volume showed the technique to be highly accurate, irrespective of slice thickness, image noise, reconstruction planes, spatial resolution and variations in regions of interest. We conclude that the method can be easily used for accurate volumetry in clinical and research scans without the need for specialized volumetry computer programs.
A Theoretical Integrative Framework for Teaching Professional Social Work Values

This article provides a historically grounded theoretical framework for professional values education. The approach incorporates personal, social, political, and professional values dimensions, each with explicit learning objectives and educational outcomes. It is premised on the assumption that the currently prevalent infusion model of values education is necessary but not sufficient because it describes and clarifies values, but does not help students integrate professional social work values as they critically reassess prior experiences and values learning. Teaching principles based on the theoretical framework and implications for social work education, along with practical teaching suggestions, are presented.
Chapter 5 – Case-based reasoning driven gene annotation

This chapter examines case-based reasoning (CBR), a form of analogical reasoning, as a means of managing predictions of sparsely represented features in a biological database. CBR has the desirable property that it closely models the approach often taken by biologists when reasoning about structure and function in a new, partially characterized system from examples of well-characterized systems. This method of reasoning is particularly powerful in biology because it reflects the underlying evolutionary history that ties all modern life forms together. CBR can thus be viewed as a formalization of one form of reasoning about biological systems. From a database perspective, CBR provides a convenient framework for exploring issues on maintaining an accurate and consistent view of data automatically. From a biology perspective, CBR is an appropriate framework for making heuristic predictions over sparse features and for building a composite view of the current state of knowledge.
Classification and Application of Cartographic Animation

The development of a definition and classification scheme for cartographic animation is now warranted, since focus on the visualization method increased during the 1990s. This article offers a comprehensive definition of animation, distinguishing between animation, slide shows, multimedia, and hypermedia. In addition, a classification system identifies and offers specific characteristics for four different methods or types of cartographic animation: time, areal, thematic, and process.
Receptor-specific inhibition of bone marrow erythropoiesis by recombinant DNA-derived interleukin-2.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces differential secretion of lymphokines by IL-2 receptor (IL-2R)-positive and IL-2R-negative T cells. We studied T cell IL-2R-specific modulation of adult bone marrow erythropoiesis by recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2). I3–2R were induced by CD3 T cell surface determinant-triggering and analyzed by cytofluorography. Bone marrow monocyte and T cell-depleted (NAB-T) target cells were assessed for early erythroid progenitor expression (BFU-E) in the presence of 0 to 10(3) U/mL of rIL-2, rIL-2 had no significant effect on BFU-E expression in the absence of T cells or in the presence of IL-2R- negative T cells. rIL-2 caused a dose-dependent inhibition (75% to 90%) of BFU-E in the presence of autologous IL-2R-positive T cells. The addition of anti-IL2-receptor antibody to cultures containing rIL-2 plus IL-2R-positive T cells entirely abrogated rIL-2-mediated inhibition of BFU-E. In the presence of rIL-2 (10(2) U/mL) production of interferon gamma (IF-gamma) by adult marrow CD3-triggered IL-2R- positive T cells was increased 37- to 125-fold compared to IL-2R- negative T cells. rIF-gamma caused a dose-dependent (88% +/- 17% at 10(3) U/mL) inhibition of adult BFU-E in the presence of CD3-triggered autologous T cells. rIL2-mediated inhibition of adult BFU-E in the presence of IL-2R-positive T cells was partially abrogated (52% +/- 16%) following addition of monospecific IF-gamma antibody. These results demonstrate (a) rIL-2 modulation of adult marrow erythropoiesis is selectively dependent upon both the presence or absence of autologous T cells and the IL-2R status of these T cells; and (b) rIL-2- induced inhibition of adult marrow erythropoiesis is mediated in part by release of IF-gamma from IL-2R-positive T cells.
Floating gate current mirror for gain correction in CMOS translinear circuits

The exponential behaviour of MOSFETs in subthreshold operation has recently been exploited to build CMOS translinear circuits such as multipliers and log-domain filters. A major obstacle in developing a practical CMOS implementation is the variation in threshold voltage between devices. In translinear circuits, these voltage offsets manifest themselves as gain errors in the current-mode outputs. We have designed a floating-gate CMOS current mirror that can adapt its gain to compensate for these errors. The adaptation process uses only hot-electron injection, so the high voltages typically associated with tunneling are not needed. A small array of these circuits were fabricated in a standard 1.2 /spl mu/m double-poly CMOS process. We demonstrate gain adaptation and discuss the nonlinearity introduced by the adaptive mirror.
Semi-Empirical 2-D MHD Model of the Solar Corona and Solar Wind: Energy Flow in the Corona

We have developed a semi-empirical 2-D MHD model of the solar corona and solar wind for which the major data inputs are white light coronagraph data and plasma and magnetic field data from the Ulysses spacecraft. With regard to the white light coronagraph data we have used data from Spartan 201–05 to construct our empirical models of the electron density and magnetic field. We then use conservations laws of mass, momentum and energy to compute estimates of the flow velocity, effective temperature and effective heat flux as a function of radial distance and latitude. We will then compare our empirical model estimates with that of other theoretical models. An example, is the WKB contribution of Alfven waves to the effective temperature and effective heat flux. We have also investigated the importance of electron heat conduction in the context as past theoretical and empirical models and present a preliminary description of a semi-empirical model of electron heat conduction.
Quantifying Dry Milling in Pharmaceutical Processing: A Review on Experimental and Modeling Approaches

Particle size reduction by mechanical means is an important unit operation in the pharmaceutical industry, used to improve flow, solubility, and in amorphization of drugs. It is usually achieved by the fracturing of particles under the action of applied energy. Despite being pervasive in the pharmaceutical field, it is one of the least understood processes owing to the complexity of material and process variables involved during milling. To comprehend the process, efforts should be focused on techniques that measure the particle size as well as the control the process. With the ongoing initiative of US FDA to encourage design in quality, the review is focused on some process analytical tools to characterize particle size distribution as well as process modeling tools to simulate particle size reduction. Additionally, an overview of some fundamental aspects related to milling is provided. To this end, the review is limited, mainly concentrating on some of experimental and modeling approaches used to quantify and understand the physics behind the process of dry milling.
Performance compared to experience level in a virtual reality surgical skills trainer

A virtual reality (VR) manual skills experiment was conducted comparing Human performance measures to experiences indicated on a questionnaire handed out. How much do past experiences influence human performance on a VR surgical skills simulator? Performance measures included; time, accuracy, efficiency of motion and errors. Past experiences are among video games and computer proficiency. Results showed little or no relations between experience level and performance. Significant results could only be established for computer gaming experience versus task completion time, F(1, 22) = 3.3, p = .083. Participants familiar with computer gaming were able to carry out tasks faster than their counterparts.
Using Social Constructivist Pedagogy to Implement Liberal Learning in Business Education

This article outlines how decision sciences instructors, by pairing Liberal Learning (LL) philosophy with Social Constructivist Pedagogy (SCP), can lead the way in transforming business education. It outlines how these educators can cultivate more critical thinking and creativity in their classrooms in order to prepare students for the ‘real problems’ they will face in today's complex and global world. Instructors can accomplish this when they adjust ‘how’ they teach (rather than ‘what’ they teach) so that students become active learners rather than passive listeners. The purpose of the article is to outline the outcomes advocated by the LL philosophy (Colby, Ehrlich, Sullivan, & Dolle, 2011), and describe how SCP, a pedagogical process, can help decision sciences instructors achieve these outcomes (Vygotsky, 1978). Instructors essentially become facilitators of discussion and dialogue rather than the sole distributor of knowledge in the classroom. Two sample implementations of SCP and LL are also discussed.
Shock amorphization of cristobalite

Shock amorphization of cristobalite is reported and related to shock metamorphism of quartz, both being silicon dioxide polymorphs. Whereas amorphization of quartz takes place over a broad pressure range and is complete only at 35 to 40 gigapascals (350 to 400 kilobars), amorphization of cristobalite was complete (greater than 99.9 percent) by 28 gigapascals with a relatively sharp phase transformation; lower shock pressures up to 23 gigapascals resulted in no significant amorphization. Also, unlike quartz, there was no sign of lamellar amorphization, which is common in shock compression. Cristobalite amorphization should prove a useful indicator of shock pressure and is the first case of pressure amorphization of isochemical polymorphs. The diaplectic glass that is produced has a refractive index and density essentially identical to those of the diaplectic glass made from quartz, which suggests that both polymorphs collapse during shock to similar disordered phases.
Citizen-Based Litter and Marine Debris Data Collection and Mapping

Marine debris and plastic in our oceans is a global issue of increasing concern. However, the monitoring of litter and debris is challenging at the global scale because of disconnected local organizations and the use of paper and pen for documentation. The Marine Debris Tracker mobile app and citizen science program allow for the collection of global standardized data at a scale, speed, and efficiency that wasn't previously possible. The app also serves as an outreach and education tool, with a Web portal that instantly shows the data that users have logged. User engagement through a top tracker competition and social media keeps people interested in the Marine Debris Tracker community. More than 400,000 items have been tracked, with plastic being the most common category noted; maps provide both global and local distribution of data. The Marine Debris Tracker community and dataset continue to grow daily.
Impact of pulmonary hypertension on transplant outcomes in pediatric cardiomyopathy patients

Controversy exists over whether PHTN in heart transplant candidates increases post-transplant mortality. We performed analysis of data reported to UNOS for children who underwent primary heart transplantation for cardiomyopathy from January 1994 to June 2010. Patients were divided into two groups depending on their pre-transplant TPG: no-PHTN (TPG £ 12 mmHg) and PHTN (TPG >12 mm Hg). A total of 6139 children underwent transplantation of whom 2456 (40%) were for cardiomyopathies; 1322 (54%) of these had catheteri- zation data available. The PHTN group (mean TPG 19.5 ± 8.6) had 312 patients and no-PHTN (TPG 6.7 ± 4.0) had 1010. Mortality at one month (4.5% vs. 2.3%) and three months (6.1% vs. 3.1%) post- transplant was significantly higher in the PHTN than the no-PHTN group with an odds ratio of 2 (p < 0.05). There was no significant effect of PHTN on early mortality in children <1 yr age. There was no sig- nificant improvement in early survival for transplants performed after compared to before 2003 in patients with PHTN despite availability of pulmonary dilators. Pre-transplant PHTN increases early post-trans- plant mortality in pediatric cardiomyopathy patients above one yr of age. There has been no significant improvement in the outcome of this group over the last seven yr.
Modified Intelligent Energy Management system in a smart house

Demand response has an important role in improving energy efficiency. By using it, we are able to shift electrical load from peak demand time to other periods which is usually in response to price signal. In residential level and in a dynamic pricing system which modification of energy consumption is unrecognized by a consumer, using an automated Energy Management System (EMS) should be considered. In this paper, which is the modified version of our last work, an intelligent EMS in a smart house is presented1. It has two components, fuzzy component and intelligent lookup table. Fuzzy component is in the EMS and makes the proper output for intelligent lookup table based on i ts fuzzy rules and inputs. The second component which i ts core is an associative neural network is moved to smart appliances. So each appliance has a separate intelligent lookup table. They are able to map inputs to desired outputs. They take three types of inputs which come from fuzzy component, outside sensors and other smart appliances. So, all the appliances should send their control bits to each other. Whatever is trained in these lookup table s are different scenarios in different conditions. This system is able to find the best energy efficiency scenario in different situations.
The Impact of Food Industry Globalization on Agricultural Trade Policy

It has long been an oddity that the food industry has been so quiet when it comes to influencing agricultural policy. Of course, some industry groups have made their position known on certain aspects of agricultural legislation, but, in general, the agri-food processing sector and the distribution sector have not exerted a major influence on policy. Academic interests have reflected this reality; the vast majority of analytical treatments of the politics of agricultural policy and agricultural trade have focussed on the influence of the farm lobby and their supporters in legislatures. Conventional wisdom considers consumer interests weak and diffused, and, hence, they have rarely received much political attention. Farm policy anomalies, such as the fact that massive transfers are made to relatively few small businesses from consumers or taxpayers, are explained in terms of the over-representation of the rural vote, the identification of political interest with production rather than consumption activities, or public sympathy for what is perceived as a poor and backward sector.
Analysis of patient injury based on anesthesiology closed claims data from a major malpractice insurer.

Introduction The analysis of malpractice claims can provide risk managers with a detailed view of patient mortality and morbidity. The data comes from many institutions, encompasses a diverse group of practitioners and practice settings, and contains detailed clinical information. Analysis can help identify patterns of injury, risk factors, and rare and sentinel events. Methods We examined most recent anesthesia closed claims data collected by The Doctors Company, a large national malpractice insurer. We analyzed data from claims closed between 2007 and 2012. Each claim underwent a review by physician and nurse experts, and was then coded using the Comprehensive Risk Intelligence Tool. Injury distribution and association between the injury and patient comorbidity were also examined. Results A total of 607 claims were analyzed. Most frequent injuries were teeth damage (20.8%), death (18.3%), nerve damage (13.5%), organ damage (12.7%), pain (10.9%), and arrest (10.7%). Obesity was most frequently identified as a contributing factor leading to a claim. Injury-to-claim rates were highest in hospitals with fewer than 100 beds, while ambulatory surgery centers had the lowest death-to-claim rate (12%). Average indemnity for an anesthesia claim was $309 066, compared to $291 000 for all physician specialties. Conclusions The most frequent claims were death and nerve damage when teeth damage was excluded. Obesity impacted anesthesia outcomes more frequently than did other comorbidities. Although there were fewer claims from the smaller hospitals, those claims had higher rates of mortality and nerve damage compared to larger-size hospitals. Further analysis is needed to evaluate these trends as well as impact of specific patient comorbidities on anesthesia outcomes.
Bendamustine: the remedy that came in from the cold.

In this issue of Blood , Ludwig and colleagues present the data of a phase 2 clinical trial showing that bendamustine, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (BBD) is a very active and well-tolerated regimen in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.[1][1] More importantly, BBD overcomes the
Cloning of the lacI gene into A ColE1 plasmid.

Abstract The binding of lac repressor to lac operator was utilized to isolate an EcoRI fragment of λh80dlac (i+ as well as iq) that contains the lacI gene and lac promoter-operator regions. Ligation of this fragment into EcoRI cleaved pMB9 yielded chimeric DNA molecules of mol.w.t.9.6 · 106 and 1.5 · 107 daltons. Transformed strains containing the plasmids were analyzed for repressor production in vivo and in vitro. Repressor production in one plasmid strain is 7-fold greater than that in heat-inducible λh80dlac(iq lysogens.
Automating camera management for lecture room environments

Given rapid improvements in network infrastructure and streaming-media technologies, a large number of corporations and universities are recording lectures and making them available online for anytime, anywhere access. However, producing high-quality lecture videos is still labor intensive and expensive. Fortunately, recent technology advances are making it feasible to build automated camera management systems to capture lectures. In this paper we report on our design, implementation and study of such a system. Compared to previous work-which has tended to be technology centric-we started with interviews with professional video producers and used their knowledge and expertise to create video production rules. We then targeted technology components that allowed us to implement a substantial portion of these rules, including the design of a virtual video director. The system's performance was compared to that of a human operator via a user study. Results suggest that our system's quality in close to that of a human-controlled system. In fact most remote audience members could not tell if the video was produced by a computer or a person.
Warfighter-in-the-loop: mental models in airborne minefield detection

The warfighter analyst in the data processing ground control station plays an integral role in airborne minefield detection system. This warfighter-in-the-loop (WIL) is expected to reduce the minefield false alarm rate by a factor of 5. In order to achieve such a significant false alarm reduction and to facilitate the development of an efficient WIL interface, it is critical to evaluate different aspects of WIL operations for airborne minefield detection. Recently, researchers at the University of Missouri-Rolla have developed a graphical user interface (HILMFgui) application using MATLAB to evaluate minefield detection performance for the operator. We conducted a series of controlled experiments with HILMFgui using ten participants. In these experiments, we video-recorded all the experiments and conducted post-experiment interviews to learn more about the usability of the interface and the cognitive processes involved in minefield detection. The effect of various factors including the availability of automatic target recognition (ATR), availability of zoom and time constraints were considered to evaluate their influence on operator performance. Qualitative results of the factors affecting the warfighter performance in the minefield detection loop are discussed. Through the qualitative data analysis, we observed two different types of participants (classified here as aggressive and cautious). We also identified three primary types of mental models: mine centric, mine-field centric, and logical placement. Those who used a primarily mine focus had a substantially higher false alarm rate than those whose mental models were more consistent with a mine-field centric or logical placement perspective.
The Ocean Floor

Over a relatively short period of time Bruce Heezen made significant, imaginative and timely contributions to our understanding of the processes that govern the origin and evolution of oceanic crust in space and time. It is certainly fitting that someone of Heezen's stature be honored by a memorial volume and the collection of papers in The Ocean Floor were gathered together for this purpose. Bruce was a gifted scientist with a wide-ranging appetite for all facets of earth science, and in this respect he would have appreciated the pot pourri of marine geological topics covered in the book (e.g., continental margin investigations, sedimentological processes, plate tectonic models). Unfortunately, the book does not have an overall impact that measures up to the man that it commemorates. Too many of the papers read as if the authors, after having agreed to contribute to the volume, reached deep into their files to dredge up a neglected manuscript on one subject or another. As a consequence, many of the papers lack zest and fail to stimulate interest beyond their narrowly focused themes.
Extended Bandwidth Lorentz Force Magnetometer Based on Quadrature Frequency Modulation

In this paper, a Lorentz force magnetometer demonstrates quadrature frequency modulation operation. The Lorentz force magnetometer consists of a conventional 3-port resonator, which is put into oscillation by electrostatic driving and sensing. The bias current flowing through the resonator is proportional to the displacement, and generates Lorentz force in quadrature with the electrostatic force. As a result, the Lorentz force acts as an equivalent spring and the magnetic field can be measured by reading the change in oscillation frequency. The sensor has a sensitivity of 500 Hz/T with a short-term noise floor of 500 nT $\surd $ Hz. The bandwidth of the sensor is increased to 50 Hz, a factor of 12 greater than that of the same resonator operating in amplitude-modulated mode. The short-term noise floor within 50-Hz bandwidth is comparable with CMOS Hall-effect sensors.
Folding a Protein in the Computer: Reality or Hope?

In this issue of Structure , Herges and Wenzel (2005) describe a structure-based force field that, when combined with a stochastic optimization method, a modified basin hopping method, can fold α-helical proteins. Although limited to α-helical structures, this approach further supports that predicting protein structures in a computer is becoming a reality.
Corpse Photography in Roberto Bolaño's Estrella distante and Cristina Rivera Garza's Nadie me verá llorar

This article considers corpse photography in novels by Bolano (1996) and Rivera Garza (1999) and argues, following the ideas of Elizabeth Bronfen, that it serves male characters as a technique for the disavowal of two enigmas that permanently threaten the male subject: death and femininity. Parallels are drawn with necropornographic precedents in the novela negra and with contemporary Post-Boom novels by Diamela Eltit and Tomas Eloy Martinez. Artistic practice in the novels is related to the photographic theories of Susan Sontag and Roland Barthes, affirming a profound association between the photographic medium and death, as well as to the Surrealist doll photographs of Hans Bellmer and the work of contemporary corpse photographers Joel-Peter Witkin and Andres Serrano. Corpse photography is considered as an exemplary manifestation of major trends in twentieth-century art and mass-media culture, as described by theorists such as Nestor Garcia Canclini (‘morbid spectacularity’), Alain Badiou (‘passion for ...
Silicon Damage Caused by Hydrogen Containing Plasmas

This study shows that the damage observed in silicon slices after exposure to reactive ion etching in a hydrogen containing plasma is caused by physical bombardment of the surface by hydrogen ions. This conclusion is based primarily on extensive measurements of retention time, Rutherford backscattering, and Auger analysis data. When the etch gas is a mixture of and , hydrogen ions are implanted into the silicon surface to an approximate depth of 200A. Because the etch rate of silicon in is slow, any resulting surface damage due to this plasma increases faster than can be removed by a fast silicon etch, like alone. However, the damaged layer can readily be removed by any dry or wet etching agent. Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) measurements of charge retention indicate that an exposure to hydrogen containing plasmas for less than 5 min does not degrade the silicon surface sufficiently to be of concern for device fabrication on VLSI. Good product yields have been fabricated with a plasma that contains hydrogen.