cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Multiscale Observational Case Study of a Pacific Atmospheric River Exhibiting Tropical–Extratropical Connections and a Mesoscale Frontal Wave

AbstractA case study is presented of an atmospheric river (AR) that produced heavy precipitation in the U.S. Pacific Northwest during March 2005. The study documents several key ingredients from the planetary scale to the mesoscale that contributed to the extreme nature of this event. The multiscale analysis uses unique experimental data collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) P-3 aircraft operated from Hawaii, coastal wind profiler and global positioning system (GPS) meteorological stations in Oregon, and satellite and global reanalysis data. Moving from larger scales to smaller scales, the primary findings of this study are as follow: 1) phasing of several major planetary-scale phenomena influenced by tropical–extratropical interactions led to the direct entrainment of tropical water vapor into the AR near Hawaii, 2) dropsonde observations documented the northward advection of tropical water vapor into the subtropical extension of the midlatitude AR, and 3) a mesoscale fr...
Metabolic heterogeneity in human calf muscle during maximal exercise

Human skeletal muscle is composed of various muscle fiber types. We hypothesized that differences in metabolism between fiber types could be detected noninvasively with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy during maximal exercise. This assumes that during maximal exercise all fiber types are recruited and all vary in the amount of acidosis. The calf muscles of seven subjects were studied. Two different coils were applied: an 11-cm-diameter surface coil and a five-segment meander coil. The meander coil was used to localize the 31P signal to either the medial or the lateral gastrocnemius. Maximal exercise, consisting of rapid plantar flexions, resulted in an 83.7% +/- 7.8% decrease of the phosphocreatine pool and an 8-fold increase of the inorganic phosphate (Pi) pool. At rest the Pi pool was observed as a single resonance (pH 7.0). Toward the end of the first minute of exercise, three subjects showed three distinct Pi peaks. During the second minute of exercise the pH values stabilized at 7.12 +/- 0.12, 6.63 +/- 0.15, and 6.27 +/- 0.23. The same pattern was seen when the signal was collected from the medial or lateral gastrocnemius. In four subjects only two distinct Pi peaks were observed. The Pi peaks had differing relative areas in different subjects, but they were reproducible in each individual. This method allowed us to study the appearance and disappearance of the different Pi peaks, together with the changes in pH. Because multiple Pi peaks were seen in single muscles they most likely identify different muscle fiber types.
Winds of change: toward systemic improvement of a computer science program

Computer science programs at small, liberal arts universities often have difficulty with effectively managing change, and attracting and retaining top students and faculty. They also sometimes struggle to provide a relevant and appealing curriculum while maintaining an appropriate level of academic rigor. This paper presents a restructuring of our department and computer science degree program, identifies several key areas of our curriculum which needed attention, outlines our improvement areas, and proposes a self-assessment strategy for gauging the effectiveness of the program changes over time.
GHz Micron-Scale Electro-optic Modulator in Deposited Polysilicon

We demonstrate 2.5 Gbps electro-optic modulation using microring resonators fabricated in a deposited thin film of polycrystalline silicon. This device is a critical building block for the 3D integration of high-performance integrated optical data networks.
Fitting Chinese syllable-to-character mapping spectrum by the beta rank function

Abstract We define the syllable-to-character mapping spectrum in Chinese as the normalized number of characters per syllable ranked from high to low. This spectrum provides a statistical characterization of the relationship between spoken and written Chinese. We have shown that two functions, the logarithmic function and the beta rank function, fit the syllable-to-character mapping spectrum well. The beta rank function is even better than the logarithmic function judged by two measures of data-fitting performance: the sum of square errors, and Akaike information criterion. We comment on why the beta rank function is a good fitting function for many range-limited ranking data, whereas for range-open data it may be out-performed by other functions, such as a power-law function in the case of Zipf’s law.
Mechanism of Small Heat Shock Protein Function in Vivo A KNOCK-IN MOUSE MODEL DEMONSTRATES THAT THE R49C MUTATION IN αA-CRYSTALLIN ENHANCES PROTEIN INSOLUBILITY AND CELL DEATH

alphaA-crystallin (Cryaa/HSPB4) is a small heat shock protein and molecular chaperone that prevents nonspecific aggregation of denaturing proteins. Several point mutations in the alphaA-crystallin gene cause congenital human cataracts by unknown mechanisms. We took a novel approach to investigate the molecular mechanism of cataract formation in vivo by creating gene knock-in mice expressing the arginine 49 to cysteine mutation (R49C) in alphaA-crystallin (alphaA-R49C). This mutation has been linked with autosomal dominant hereditary cataracts in a four-generation Caucasian family. Homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells was performed using a plasmid containing the C to T transition in exon 1 of the cryaa gene. alphaA-R49C heterozygosity led to early cataracts characterized by nuclear opacities. Unexpectedly, alphaA-R49C homozygosity led to small eye phenotype and severe cataracts at birth. Wild type littermates did not show these abnormalities. Lens fiber cells of alphaA-R49C homozygous mice displayed an increase in cell death by apoptosis mediated by a 5-fold decrease in phosphorylated Bad, an anti-apoptotic protein, but an increase in Bcl-2 expression. However, proliferation measured by in vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling did not decline. The alphaA-R49C heterozygous and homozygous knock-in lenses demonstrated an increase in insoluble alphaA-crystallin and alphaB-crystallin and a surprising increase in expression of cytoplasmic gamma-crystallin, whereas no changes in beta-crystallin were observed. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis showed increased interaction between alphaA-crystallin and lens substrate proteins in the heterozygous knock-in lenses. To our knowledge this is the first knock-in mouse model for a crystallin mutation causing hereditary human cataract and establishes that alphaA-R49C promotes protein insolubility and cell death in vivo.
Implementation of a decentralized Pareto optimal algorithm

Iterative flow control algorithms to achieve a Pareto optimal point have been proposed in the telecommunications literature. In this paper, we present several relaxation and estimation techniques to improve the performance of the algorithms. We also explore several possible implementations that extend support to the proposed analytical models. Simulations of these possible implementations are carried out, and the performance of the flow control algorithms studied. The proposed implementations for the Pareto algorithms achieve optimization of the product of powers of individual user classes. The effect of additional factors like the length of the observation cycle, the structure of the observation cycle, and the relaxation factors are also studied. The simulation results suggest that better convergence is achieved when the observation windows are maintained at the node level and are packet count based. The window size has to be sufficiently long. The relaxation techniques are useful with the right choice of relaxation factors. The greedy algorithms using estimation techniques to achieve complete decentralizability are very appealing.
What have worm models told us about the mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction in human neurodegenerative diseases

The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has become an intensely studied model organism, and worm studies have made significant contributions to developmental biology and other fields. The experimental advantages of C. elegans, particularly its simple anatomy, optical transparency, short lifespan, and facile genetics, have also led researchers to use this model to investigate neuronal cell degeneration and death. Worm studies of neurodegeneration can be divided into two general classes: studies in which mutations of C. elegans genes lead to neuronal dysfunction and death, and studies in which external manipulations (e.g., chemical treatments or introduction of engineered transgenes) are used to induce neurodegeneration. For both types of studies the primary approach has been to use forward genetic, reverse genetic, or candidate gene approaches to identify genes that modify neurodegeneration. The ease and relatively low cost of C. elegans propagation also suggests a role for these C. elegans models for compound screening. An excellent review has been previously published that summarizes much of the work done on mutationally-induced neuronal death in C. elegans [1]. This review focuses on studies that have attempted to model specific human neurodegenerative diseases using transgenic approaches. These studies have given us a variety of insights into the specific disruptions of cellular processes that may underlie human neurodegenerative diseases.
THE LETHAL EFFECT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON AIR-BORNE BACTERIA

The viability of pneumococcus, Type I, sprayed into the atmosphere from a liquid suspension was measured as a function of the relative humidity. When broth, saliva, or 0.5 per cent saline solution is employed as the suspending medium, a very high mortality rate is observed at relative humidities in the vicinity of 50 per cent. However, at humidities above or below this value the microorganisms survive for long periods. Measurement of the rate of settling of droplets employed in these experiments demonstrated that the disappearance of microorganisms from the air is a true lethal process, rather than a manifestation of aerosol collision processes. When a saline-free fluid was used, the sharp peak in death rate at intermediate relative humidities disappears. The lethal effect of intermediate relative humidities on pneumococci atomized from a saline-containing suspension is increased when the particle size of the atomized droplets is increased or when the temperature is raised. Cultures of hemolytic streptococcus group C and staphylococcus sprayed from a broth medium exhibit the same general survival pattern as a function of relative humidity although the mortality rates are smaller than that of the pneumococcus. These effects can be explained by assuming the existence of a critical degree of cellular dehydration at which microorganisms become much more sensitive to toxic agents than in states where either more or less water is bound to the cell. The results presented here may be significant in elucidating certain aspects of the epidemiology of air-borne infections.
Rethinking the chemical heterogeneity of the mantle

Mantle-derived magmas are among the best sources of information about the chemistry of the Earth's mantle. For the past two decades, geochemists have used ratios of certain trace elements and isotopes of these magmas, considered to be largely unaffected by crystal-liquid separation, to argue that the mantle is compositionally heterogeneous. This development has led to models of crust-mantle evolution that involve dynamic processes such as recycling of oceanic lithosphere. Hard data supporting mantle heterogeneity come from ocean island and mid-ocean ridge basalts and are rapidly accumulating, particularly as our analytical capabilities improve. These high quality data allow us to rigorously test a fundamental assumption of geochemical mantle models: that oceanic basalts faithfully reflect particular geochemical characteristics of their mantle sources. Recent work suggests that interaction between ocean island magmas and ocean crustal material may be more common than previously thought and that such interaction may compromise chemical characteristics that were assumed to represent the mantle.
Using line integral convolution for flow visualization: curvilinear grids, variable-speed animation, and unsteady flows

Line integral convolution (LIC), introduced by Cabral and Leedom (1993) is a powerful technique for imaging and animating vector fields. We extend the LIC technique in three ways. Firstly the existing algorithm is limited to vector fields over a regular Cartesian grid. We extend the algorithm and the animation techniques possible with it to vector fields over curvilinear surfaces, such as those found in computational fluid dynamics simulations. Secondly we introduce a technique to visualize vector magnitude as well as vector direction, i.e., variable-speed flow animation. Thirdly we show how to modify LIC to visualize unsteady (time dependent) flows. Our implementation utilizes texture-mapping hardware to run in real time, which allows our algorithms to be included in interactive applications. >
Local Government Use of GIS in Comprehensive Planning

The use of GIS by local governments for planning applications is increasingly becoming commonplace. In some cases, GIS departments have evolved into what Roger Tomlinson calls an enterprise-wide system, in which agencies easily share data among themselves. This chapter explores recent trends in the use of GIS for planning. We examine organizational structure, infrastructure, data sharing and data analyses. Specifically, we look at the use of GIS for compiling a Comprehensive Plan in Cobb County, Georgia and highlight models used by the County for green space preservation and industrial assessment. We conclude that the county’s decentralized organizational GIS structure facilitates data collection, maintenance and updating, and the enterprise-wide system infrastructure allows for easy data sharing among agencies and the public. These characteristics were vital in helping to assemble the county’s latest comprehensive plan.
Fatigue of Aluminum Films Leading to Melting by Multiple Laser Pulses

Repeated laser pulses at a single point on an aluminum thin film can reduce the power needed to melt or damage the surface as compared with CW application. This multi-pulse effect was found to depend on metal thickness and number of pulses, while being weakly dependent on the pulse length. This behavior appears to result from cumulative mechanical fatigue due to cyclic thermal stress in excess of the aluminum yield stress. This principle has been applied to cutting metal wires in microelectronic applications for deletive redundancy. The results suggest a significant advantage over CW laser application since the power needed to cut a metal wire is reduced by more than 70%, and 87% as compared to a single pulse.
“There is no such thing as being Guamanian”: Controversial Issues in the Context of Guam

Engaging students in controversial issues provides numerous benefits for developing democratic citizenship. A wide variety of pathways and challenges exist to their discussion in classrooms, many of which are based upon societal and cultural context. This study explores the context of Guam and maps the issues of controversy within categories of identity, colonization, and the relationship with the U.S. military. This study provides multicultural and other contextual considerations for future curricular and instruction efforts directed toward the full release of controversial issue discussions in Guam classrooms. Findings from this research add to the growing body of literature documenting country-specific case studies of controversial issues education.
The Use of Standardized Indicators as Quality Improvement Tools: An Application in Pennsylvania Nursing Homes:

The Institute of Medicine recommends the use of key quality indicators (resident outcomes that suggest the presence of good or bad care) as tools for interfacility comparison of the quality of care provided in nursing homes. In the spirit of this recommendation, the Health Care Financing Administration released selected results from its Medicare and Medicaid Annual Certification Survey to guide consumers in purchasing nursing home services. However, because this information is published without adjustment for resident characteristics that can influence the outcomes of nursing home care, its utility for policy-makers or consumers interested in variation in nursing home quality is limited. This research study utilizes federal and state survey data to evaluate variations in mortality, pressure ulcers, urethral catheterization, and physical restraint use in 438 Medicare-certified skilled nursing care facilities in Pennsylvania. A standardization function adjusting for resident characteristics known to influence outcomes is developed and estimated by ordinary least squares regression. Results suggest considerable variation in rates for these indicators across Pennsylvania nursing home facilities. Alternative uses for risk-adjusted key quality indicators as tools for improving nursing home quality and assisting potential consumers of nursing home care in making better informed choices are considered.
Evaluating Ionic Liquids as Hypergolic Fuels: Exploring Reactivity from Molecular Structure

A total of 38 ionic liquids (19 of which are new) comprised of 13 cations, 1-propargyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, 1-allyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, 1,3-dimethyl-imidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, 1-meth-oxyethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, 1-methyl-4-butyl-1,2,4-triazolium, 1-methyl-4-allyl-1,2,4-triazolium, 1-methyl-4-amino-1,2,4-tri-azolium, N-butyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium, N-allyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium, N-allyl-pyridinium, and N-butyl-3-methyl-pyridinium, paired with three anions, dicyanamide, azide, and nitrocyanamide, have been prepared, characterized, and evaluated as potential hypergolic fuels by determining key physical, thermal, and ignition properties. The reactivity of these ionic liquids (32 liquids and 6 solids which melt below 100 °C) was strongly correlated to increased electron density in the cation, while small changes in physical properties had little effect beyond a certain threshold, suggesting that subtle changes in chemical reactivity can greatly influence the ...
Healthcare Outcomes Associated with Beers' Criteria: A Systematic Review

Objective:To examine healthcare outcomes associated with Beers' criteria of inappropriate medication use based on a literature review.Data Sources:A search of MEDLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature was conducted to identify articles published from October 1991 to October 2006. The following key words were used: Beers, inappropriate, medication, drug, use, prescribing, and elderly. A manual search was also conducted using the references listed in the articles identified through the database search.Study Selection And Data Extraction:Studies that examined the impact or outcomes of Beers' criteria of inappropriate medication use (1991, 1997, and 2003 critera) were selected. Each article was examined for study setting, data source, study sample, study design, criteria, analysis and covariates, type of healthcare outcome, and study findings. Of 235 articles retrieved, 18 presented studies that examined healthcare outcomes associated with in...
Incorporating Transformative Consumer Research Into the Consumer Behavior Course Experience

In contrast to understanding consumer behavior for the benefit of business organizations, transformative consumer research (TCR) seeks to understand consumer behavior for the benefit of consumers themselves. Following Mari’s (2008) call for the incorporation of TCR in doctoral programs in marketing, this article outlines the relevance of TCR to the undergraduate consumer behavior course experience and develops topical and structural recommendations for implementation. Empirical evidence indicates positive student perceptions of TCR-based course projects in terms of complementing traditional projects, personal relevance, awareness of social responsibility issues, and marketing applications.
Radiolabeled lipid nanoparticles for diagnostic imaging

Background: Nanoparticles are increasingly being incorporated into the design of diagnostic imaging agents. Significant research efforts have been conducted with one class of lipid nanoparticle (liposomes) radiolabeled with gamma-emitting radionuclides as radiopharmaceuticals for scintigraphic imaging of cancer, inflammation/infection and sentinel lymph node detection. Objective: This article reviews the current literature with special emphasis on the clinical studies performed with liposome radiopharmaceuticals for detection of tumors, infectious/inflammatory sites or metastatic lymph nodes. Future uses of liposome radiopharmaceuticals are also described. Methods: Characteristics required of the radionuclide, liposome formulation and radiolabeling method for an effective radiopharmaceutical are discussed. A description of the procedures and instrumentation for conducting an imaging study with liposome radiopharmaceutical is included. Clinical studies using liposome radiopharmaceuticals are summarized. Fu...
THE EFFECTS OF FACIAL SYMMETRY AND SEXUALLY- DIMORPHIC FACIAL PROPORTIONS ON ASSESSMENTS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION

This study examined how perceptions of a person’s sexual orientation may be influenced by facial bilateral symmetry and sexually-dimorphic facial proportions thought to be influenced by sex hormones. Pictures of individuals who self-identified their sexual orientation were measured for facial symmetry and certain facial proportions. Independent raters were asked to identify the sexual orientation of those in the pictures on a continuum scale. Self-identified heterosexuals had facial measures that were less asymmetrical than homosexuals. The more likely raters perceived someone to hold a heterosexual orientation, the more symmetrical that person’s facial features were. There were few differences seen for the individual, sexually-dimorphic trait measurements between self-identified heterosexual and homosexual individuals; however, an examination of a composite of traits showed that heterosexual men had greater overall masculine facial features than did gay men. Furthermore, the more masculine a male’s overall facial features were, the more likely he was perceived as being heterosexual. These findings suggest that individuals may be using cues of facial symmetry and male facial masculinity to judge one’s sexual orientation.
Determinants of Arab public opinion on foreign relations

Using Zogby International polling data from seven different Arab nations (Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) this paper offers a societal-level quantitative analysis ( N =91 dyads) of the determinants of Arab public opinion toward 13 different non-Arab countries (Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Pakistan, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States). We first explore whether Arab public opinion toward these countries is predicted by general “realist,”“liberal,”“Marxist,” and/or “cultural” hypotheses suggested in the IR/foreign policy literature. After finding few statistically significant relationships among these variables, we present evidence that Arab publics evaluate non-Arab countries on the basis of those countries' specific foreign policy behaviors throughout the wider Middle East (e.g., especially those behaviors affecting Palestine and Iraq). Noting that these evaluations occur in the context of competing identity frames, we provisionally link Arab publics' concerns with “regional” matters to the high salience of “Arabist” identity among respondents to the Zogby survey.
God and Real Time

While certain of the traditional attributes of God such as omnipotence or omniscience (particularly divine foreknowledge) have been thoroughly – and, one is tempted to say, nearly exhaustively – analyzed and defended in recent philosophical literature, others of the divine attributes such as God's eternity have received scant and generally superficial analysis. Current discussions of God's eternity have been for the most part carried out in almost complete ignorance of the philosophy of space and time and without any profound knowledge of Relativity Theory and its analysis of time – a remarkable shortcoming, when one thinks about it, for how can one pretend to formulate an adequate doctrine of God's eternity and His relationship to time without taking cognizance of what modern philosophy and science have to say about time?
A professional practice course of EE's [electrical engineering]

At the University of Hartford a 1 credit course in professional practice in EE (electrical engineering) has been developed which is required to be taken during the second semester of junior year and serves as a prelude to the sensor design project. The goal of this course is to introduce students to a variety of topics that are needed for their professional growth but are not included in regular EE courses. The topics range from managerial issues, through design tools, to employment options. >
Reduction of AgI, AuIII, CuII, and HgII by FeII/FeIII hydroxysulfate green rust ☆

Green rusts are mixed Fe(II)/Fe(III) hydroxides that are found in many suboxic environments where they are believed to play a central role in the biogeochemical cycling of iron. X-ray absorption fine structure analysis of hydroxysulfate green rust suspensions spiked with aqueous solutions of AgCH(3)COO, AuCl(n)(OH)(4-n), CuCl(2), or HgCl(2) showed that Ag(I), Au(III), Cu(II), and Hg(II) were readily reduced to Ag(0), Au(0), Cu(0), and Hg(0). Imaging of the resulting solids from the Ag(I)-, Au(III)-, and Cu(II)-amended green rust suspensions by transmission electron microscopy indicated the formation of submicron-sized particles of Ag(0), Au(0), and Cu(0). The facile reduction of Ag(I), Au(III), Cu(II), and Hg(II) to Ag(0), Au(0), Cu(0), and Hg(0), respectively, by green rust suggests that the presence of green rusts in suboxic soils and sediments can have a significant impact on the biogeochemistry of silver, gold, copper, and mercury, particularly with respect to their mobility.
Phase II trial of GM-CSF + thalidomide in patients with androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer.

Abstract Background Androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer is a major therapeutic dilemma. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and thalidomide have some biologic activity as single agents in this disease subset. We performed a Phase II trial of this combination to assess its toxicity and potential utility as an immunomodulatory approach to management of advanced prostate cancer. Methods Twenty-two patients were treated with GM-CSF 250 μg administered SC on Monday, Wednesday and Friday of each week. Thalidomide was escalated to reach the study dose of 200 mg/day. Patients were assessed every 4 weeks with therapy continuing to a maximum of 6 months. Results All 22 patients had a decrement in PSA at 2 weeks postinitiation of therapy. Five patients had a ≥50% decline (56, 64,66,66, and 94%, respectively) from baseline verified at 4 weeks post best response. This corresponds to an observed response rate of 23% (95% confidence interval 8–45%). Therapy was well tolerated with the majority of patients experiencing only one event. Conclusions The combination of GM-CSF + thalidomide is relatively well tolerated and has the potential to produce antitumor activity in a population of patients with metastatic, androgen independent prostate cancer. This nonchemotherapy combination should be explored in a subset of patients with less advanced disease.
Towards a fraud-prevention framework for software defined radio mobile devices

The superior reconfigurability of software defined radio mobile devices has made it the most promising technology on the wireless network and in the communication industry. Despite several advantages, there are still a lot to discuss regarding security, for instance, the radio configuration data download, storage and installation, user's privacy, and cloning. The objective of this paper is to present a fraud-prevention framework for software defined radio mobile devices that enhances overall security through the use of new pieces of hardware, modules, and protocols. The framework offers security monitoring against malicious attacks and viruses, protects sensitive information, creates and protects an identity for the system, employs a secure protocol for radio configuration download, and finally, establishes an anticloning scheme, which besides guaranteeing that no units can be cloned over the air, also elevates the level of difficulty clone units if the attacker has physical access to the mobile device. Even if cloned units exist, the anticloning scheme is able to identify and deny services to those units. Preliminary experiments and proofs that analyze the correctness of the fraud-prevention framework are also presented.
Stimulant use and treatment retention among individuals in an opioid maintenance treatment program

pg 6 Lay Summary pg 7 Specific Aims pg 7 Background and Significance pg 7 Methods pg 12 Study Subjects/Selection Criteria pg 12 Measurement and Data Collection pg 12 Variables pg 13 Regression Analysis pg 15 Markov Chain Analysis pg 15 Results pg 16 Discussion pg 24 Conclusions pg 26 References pg 28
Why (Cancer) Risk Communication Can Be Hard

Effective risk communication uses audience members' time well by providing them with the information that they most need, in a form that they can easily comprehend. Accomplishing this task can be hard because of problems with both the transmitter and the receiver. The former must determine what is most worth saying. The latter must integrate that message with their often fragmentary mental models of the processes creating and controlling the risks. One strategy for improving communication is to use analytic methods for selecting the information to transmit, based on its criticality to recipients' decision making. A second strategy for improving communications is adapting the message to the cognitive processes of its recipients. Together, these strategies can reveal the limits to communication and how best to work within them.
Multidimensional Flux-Form Semi-Lagrangian Transport Schemes

Abstract An algorithm for extending one-dimensional, forward-in-time, upstream-biased, flux-form transport schemes (e.g., the van Leer scheme and the piecewise parabolic method) to multidimensions is proposed. A method is also proposed to extend the resulting Eulerian multidimensional flux-form scheme to arbitrarily long time steps. Because of similarities to the semi-Lagrangian approach of extending time steps, the scheme is called flux-form semi-Lagrangian (FFSL). The FFSL scheme can be easily and efficiently implemented on the sphere. Idealized tests as well as realistic three-dimensional global transport simulations using winds from data assimilation systems are demonstrated. Stability is analyzed with a von Neuman approach as well as empirically on the 2D Cartesian plane. The resulting algorithm is conservative and upstream biased. In addition, it contains monotonicity constraints and conserves tracer correlations, therefore representing the physical characteristics of constituent transport.
Resilience of LTE networks against smart jamming attacks: Wideband model

LTE/LTE-A networks have been successfully providing advanced broadband services to millions of users worldwide. Lately, it has been suggested to use LTE networks for mission-critical applications like public safety, smart grid and military communications. We have previously shown that LTE networks are vulnerable to Denial-of-Service (DOS) and loss of service attacks from smart jammers. In this paper, we extend our previous work on resilience of LTE networks to wideband multipath fading channel, SINR estimation in frequency domain and computation of utilities based on observable parameters under the framework of single-shot and repeated games with asymmetric information. In a single-shot game formulation, network utility is severely compromised at its solutions, i.e. at the Nash Equilibria (NE). We propose evolved repeated-game strategy algorithms to combat smart jamming attacks that can be implemented in existing deployments using current technology.
Concealed Target Detection with Fusion of Visible and Infrared

Concealed or buried improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are a major cause of fatalities for both civilians and soldiers. For detecting hidden targets, many technologies have been considered such as ground penetrating radar (GPR), infrared cameras, and even visible wavelength cameras. In this work, we propose fusing visible and infrared sensors for automatic detection of shallowly buried (< 10cm) or above ground targets. We use Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) to create a base model of the temperature and color variation of the background scene and dynamically update our models for new scenes. Anomalous temperatures and colors are identified using the GMM components. Fusion is performed at the pixel level, confidence map level, and decision level for comparison. Data was collected with a Xenics Gobi 480 long wave infrared camera and a Canon Powershot A1200 visible wavelength camera with metal targets placed in various concealed configurations. The observed results show that infrared can detect shallowly buried targets and targets above ground ”out in the open” effectively, but cannot detect metal targets nearby bushes. Visible cameras, on the other hand, can detect the metal targets in the bushes effectively. Confidence map and decision level fusion led to the best results when there was a mix of buried targets and targets hidden in bushes.
A Nonvolatile Sense Amplifier Flip-Flop Using Programmable Metallization Cells

In this work, a zero-leakage nonvolatile flip-flop architecture based on a differential CMOS sense-amplifier flip-flop is presented. The flip-flop stores data in complimentarily programmed resistive memory devices during inactive period while power supply is turned off and then restores the data to flip-flop outputs once power supply is turned back on. The resistive memory technology considered here are known as programmable metallization cell (PMC) that switches via metal ion transport within a solid electrolyte. Simulations of the proposed circuit using a PMC compact model fitted to experimental data are performed to estimate the reliability of the read operation and energy consumption for both nominal and sub-threshold power supply regimes. Energy and reliability tradeoffs in the choice of the programmable low resistance state are also discussed. The proposed sense amplifier- based design is more compact than previously reported master-slave latch based nonvolatile designs and presents a modified data restore circuit for more robust read operation at subthreshold voltage supply levels. The wide margin between high and low resistance states of the PMC devices further improves robustness of the flip-flop. Lastly, possible extension of this architecture for low power logic computation application is briefly discussed.
A review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions with antipsychotics.

Abstract Introduction: Antipsychotics are widely used and often in combination with other drugs, thereby frequently subjected to drug-drug interactions. This review will provide a summary of potential pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) drug interactions associated with antipsychotic drugs. Methods: A literature search was conducted for clinically significant drug interactions with antipsychotics. Results: Most common PK drug interactions take place via the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. PK profiles of first generation antipsychotics are inadequately studied; nevertheless most common drug interactions involve changes to their metabolic processes. Interactions with second generation antipsychotics are somewhat well-established, documented, and give some guidance for therapeutic treatment interventions. PD interactions occurring at the receptor level result in additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects. Discussion: This review summarizes a collection of relevant literature of significant PK and...
Genetic Differences in Behavioral Sensitivity to a Neuroactive Steroid

Recent work found that lower endogenous levels of the γ-aminobutyric acid-agonist, neuroactive steroid 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP) may be correlated with increased ethanol withdrawal severity in the selectively bred Withdrawal Seizure-Prone and -Resistant mice. The present studies were conducted to determine whether decreased sensitivity to 3α,5α-THP was correlated with ethanol withdrawal hyperexcitability in another genetic mouse model, namely the C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) inbred strains. These strains also differ in ethanol withdrawal severity (D2 ≫ B6). B6 and D2 male mice were injected with 3α,5α-THP (0–10 mg/kg i.p.) 15 min before the timed tail vein infusion of pentylenetetrazol. B6 mice were more sensitive than D2 animals to the anticonvulsant effect of 3α,5α-THP. Subsequent studies measured sensitivity to several of the pharmacological effects of 3α,5α-THP. B6 and D2 male mice were injected with 3α,5α-THP (0–32 mg/kg) before testing for locomotor activation (total number of entries) and anxiolysis (percent open arm entries) on the elevated plus maze, muscle relaxation (impairment of forelimb grip strength), ataxia (impairment of Rotarod performance) and seizure susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol. B6 mice were more sensitive than D2 animals to the anxiolytic, locomotor stimulant and anticonvulsant effects of 3α,5α-THP. In contrast, D2 mice were more sensitive than B6 mice to 3α,5α-THP-induced muscle relaxation and ataxia. Plasma 3α,5α-THP levels did not differ in the B6 and D2 mice injected with this steroid, suggesting that the strain differences were not pharmacokinetic. Collectively, the results in selectively bred Withdrawal Seizure-Prone and -Resistant mice and B6 and D2 inbred strains suggest that genetic differences in neuroactive steroid sensitivity and biosynthesis may contribute to ethanol withdrawal severity.
Accurate in-situ runtime measurement of energy per operation of system-on-chip on FPGA

Accurate energy estimates for applications running on FPGA based processors at runtime can enable advanced energy management algorithms to dynamically tune the system to optimize its energy consumption and in turn increase the battery life in the mobile systems. This paper presents an online methodology to monitor energy per instruction on FPGA platform that can be used to accurately estimate energy consumed by the application at runtime that is chip specific and suppresses effects of noise. We then extend this methodology to account for energy consumed by the peripherals. Results suggest our methodology is immune to noise and can estimate energy online with less than 3% deviation from total measured energy at less than 2% measurement overhead.
Biological Anthropology in 2015: Open Access, Biocultural Interactions, and Social Change

The year 2015 was an active research year in biological anthropology in many areas, including fossil hominins, ancient DNA, health and disease, and primate research. Particularly noteworthy this year was a sea change in paleoanthropological research when the newest fossil discovery, Homo naledi, was shared both through open-access journal articles and through 3D printable fossil casts. Despite many bright research areas, we continue to struggle with issues of sexual harassment and diversity, as do many sciences, and I discuss positive, substantive actions in these areas. With race, genetics, health, and primates in the news, public interest in biological anthropology is booming. I highlight social media that pull people into well-researched content areas and new books that reflect the breadth of the field.
Collusion through communication in auctions

We study the extent to which communication can serve as a collusion device in one-shot first- and second-price sealed-bid auctions. Theoretically, second-price auctions are more fragile to collusion through communication than first-price auctions. In an array of laboratory experiments we vary the amount of interactions (communication and/or transfers without commitment) available to bidders. We find that the auctioneer's revenues decrease significantly when bidders can communicate. When, in addition, bidders can make transfer promises, revenues decline substantially, with 70% of our experimental auctions culminating in the object being sold for approximately the minimal price. Furthermore, the effects of communication and transfers are similar across auction formats.
Retrospective Congressional Oversight and the Dynamics of Legislative Influence over the Bureaucracy

Research stresses that congressional committees increase their oversight of the bureaucracy during divided government. We extend this research by developing an explanation, rooted in a more dynamic view of policymaking, for why Congress would sometimes conduct vigorous oversight under unified control as well. In short, committees seem to engage in what we call “retrospective oversight” and take advantage of newly friendly executive administration to refocus existing policy made under a past opposition president. We assess our perspective using two separate sources of data on oversight hearings spanning more than 60 years and find support for our claims regarding retrospective oversight.
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM

The reliability of substation automation system is a very importance precondition for the economic dispatch and secure operation of power system. In this paper the basic concept of reliability is expounded, the reliability of substation automation system is analyzed and some measures forimproving the reliability of substation automation system are proposed.
Comparison of three self-applied topical fluoride preparations for control of decalcification

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a 1100 ppm fluoride toothpaste used alone, or together with a 0.05% NaF rinse used once daily or a 0.4% SnF2 gel applied twice daily, in controlling the decalcification that often accompanies orthodontic treatment. Ninety-five consecutively treated adolescent patients were matched for age and sex and assigned to one of these three regimens. Single blind assessments of decalcification were performed on all labial surfaces of all erupted teeth before appliances were placed and 3 months after appliances were removed. Because the first molars had the highest decalcification scores, data for the whole mouth and for first molars were analyzed separately. When pre-treatment levels of decalcification were subtracted from post-treatment values, significantly lower decalcification scores (p < 0.05) were found for both whole mouth and first molars in the rinse and gel groups as compared with the control group (toothpaste alone). Although the gel ...
'Unprovoked' respiratory distress in young adult.

(1985). ‘Unprovoked’ Respiratory Distress in Young Adult. Hospital Practice: Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 110A-110F.
Glucocorticoids Mediate Short-Term High-Fat Diet Induction of Neuroinflammatory Priming, the NLRP3 Inflammasome, and the Danger Signal HMGB1

The impact of the foods we eat on metabolism and cardiac physiology has been studied for decades, yet less is known about the effects of foods on the CNS, or the behavioral manifestations that may result from these effects. Previous studies have shown that long-term consumption of high-fat foods leading to diet-induced obesity sensitizes the inflammatory response of the brain to subsequent challenging stimuli, causing deficits in the formation of long-term memories. The new findings reported here demonstrate that short-term consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) produces the same outcomes, thus allowing the examination of mechanisms involved in this process long before obesity and associated comorbidities occur. Rats fed an HFD for 3 d exhibited increases in corticosterone, the inflammasome-associated protein NLRP3 (nod-like receptor protein 3), and the endogenous danger signal HMGB1 (high-mobility group box 1) in the hippocampus. A low-dose (10 μg/kg) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) immune challenge potentiated the neuroinflammatory response in the hippocampus of rats fed the HFD, and caused a deficit in the formation of long-term memory, effects not observed in rats fed regular chow. The blockade of corticosterone action with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone prevented the NLRP3 and HMGB1 increases in unchallenged animals, normalized the proinflammatory response to LPS, and prevented the memory impairment. These data suggest that short-term HFD consumption increases vulnerability to memory disruptions caused by an immune challenge by upregulating important neuroinflammatory priming and danger signals in the hippocampus, and that these effects are mediated by increases in hippocampal corticosterone.
Some Reflections on Ward Edwards

As its title announces, this volume consists of a collection of papers, each one of which reflects upon one or more contributions Ward Edwards has made to the study of probabilistic inference and choice. I was very pleased when asked to provide an introduction that would contain some reflections about Ward himself. My credential for performing this task includes an association with Ward that goes back 35 years. I was also honored by this request since there are others, some of whom aie contributors to this volume, whose association with Ward goes back at least as long. In another contribution to this volume, I reflect upon the benign influence Ward has always had on my own research. I have seen Ward at various times as a mentor and always as a colleague and friend. Though we have disagreed about various research issues, not one cross word has ever passed between us in all these years. Our arguments about research and other matters have always ended with the two of us dissolving in laughter. I mention these things to alert the reader to the fact that I would not know how to write a dispassionate account of Ward’s background, interests, and accomplishments.
Thermal Conductivity of Investment Casting Ceramics

Ceramics used in investment casting shells and cores are complex refractory materials which contain more than one refractory phase, and porosity, which may be dispersed, continuous, or both. As a r...
How Can Social Robots Motivate Students to Practice Math

In this paper, we describe the social perceptions and emotions of 5th grade students (N=22) studying multiplication with a social robot by measuring students' multiplication knowledge, their perceptions of the technologies, emotions after interaction, willingness to continue, and preference for technology use. The goal of this study was to investigate specific social traits that lead to increasing students' motivation to learn math with a robot and promoting robot acceptance. Our results show that students' positive perceptions and attitudes toward a robot tutor leads to student motivation, as well as intentional acceptance of the technology.
A physically based scalable SPICE model for silicon carbide power MOSFETs

This paper proposes a novel physical and scalable SPICE model for Silicon Carbide (SiC) power MOSFETs. The model is based on process and layout parameters, enabling design optimization through a direct link between SPICE, physical design, and process technology. One model applies to the entire technology instead of conventional discrete models for each device size and process variation. The SPICE agnostic model ports across multiple industry standard simulation platforms. The model has been validated with On Semiconductor's advanced 1200V SiC MOSFET technology.