cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing “Atypical” Eating Disorders: an Overview of Emerging Eating Disorder Phenotypes

Recent changes to the diagnostic framework of eating disorders (ED's) in DSM-5 were introduced to reduce the large preponderance of cases falling within the residual and undifferentiated category. However, current reports continue to illustrate overrepresentation of cases in this residual category, suggesting that clinical reality comprises more diverse ED psychopathology than is accounted for in the current diagnostic spectrum. However, with emerging evidence preliminarily delineating several additional distinct phenotypes, we aim to provide a narrative overview of emerging ED phenotypes which (i) are not currently located as a specific diagnostic category in diagnostic criteria for ED's, (ii) centrally feature ED psychopathology, and (iii) have emerging empirical evidence suggesting the distinct nature of the syndrome. A greater awareness of these emerging phenotypes will likely facilitate accurate diagnostic practice and may also serve to facilitate further empirical efforts.
Ground moving target indication via multi-channel airborne SAR

We consider moving target detection and velocity estimation for multi-channel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) based ground moving target indication (GMTI). Via forming velocity versus cross-range images, we show that small moving targets can be detected even in the presence of strong stationary ground clutter. Furthermore, the velocities of the moving targets can be estimated, and the misplaced moving targets can be placed back to their original locations based on the estimated velocities. An iterative adaptive approach (IAA), which is robust and user parameter free, is used to form velocity versus cross-range images for each range bin of interest. Moreover, we discuss calibration techniques to combat near-field coupling problems encountered in practical systems. Furthermore, we present a sparse signal recovery approach for stationary clutter cancellation. We conclude by demonstrating the effectiveness of our approaches by using the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) publicly-released Gotcha airborne SAR based GMTI data set.
Guarding against Threatening HIV Prevention Messages: An Information-Processing Model

Previous research has suggested that fear-provoking HIV prevention messages can lead to defensive coping strategies among sexually active students who encounter such messages. An information-processing model of defensive responses is proposed that identifies and operationally defines four mediating processes--attention avoidance, blunting, suppression, and counterargumentation--that may lead to the rejection or denial of threatening health messages. Attention avoidance occurs when people indiscriminately avoid all messages; blunting is the use of distraction to avoid only threatening information in the message. Suppression occurs when people try to stop thinking about the information and avoid forming inferences about its self-relevance; counterargumentation is the biased assessment that follows comprehension and arises along with self-relevant elaboration. Situational influences on people's choice of defensive coping strategy are considered, and implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
On the Importance of Well-being

Many among philosophers and non-philosophers would claim that well-being is important in moral theory because it is important to the individual whose well-being it is. The exact meaning of this claim, however, is in need of clarification. Having provided that, I will present a charge against it. This charge can be found in the recent work of both Joseph Raz and Thomas Scanlon. According to the latter the concept of well-being plays an unimportant role in an agent’s deliberation. As I will show, to claim this much is to undermine our initial claim; and to do that is to undermine some of the most central theories in normative ethics. I will focus on Scanlon’s discussion in particular because it affords us with two criteria for the assessment of the importance for a person of a value-concept such as well-being. I will claim that much of Scanlon’s case rests on the idea that well-being is an inclusive good, a good constituted by other things that are good in and for themselves. Then, I will put forward a case against Scanlon’s challenge by (1) showing that inclusiveness, when properly understood, does not lead to the conclusion Scanlon is led to and (2) showing that on at least the reading Scanlon prefers, his criteria are inappropriate.
Iterative decoder architectures

Implementation constraints on iterative decoders applying message-passing algorithms are investigated. Serial implementations similar to traditional microprocessor datapaths are compared against architectures with multiple processing elements that exploit the inherent parallelism in the decoding algorithm. Turbo codes and low-density parity check codes, in particular, are evaluated in terms of their suitability for VLSI implementation in addition to their bit error rate performance as a function of signal-to-noise ratio. It is necessary to consider efficient realizations of iterative decoders when area, power, and throughput of the decoding implementation are constrained by practical design issues of communications receivers.
Design of Layered Crystalline Materials Using Coordination Chemistry and Hydrogen Bonds

The supramolecular chemistry and crystal structures of five bis(imidazolium 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate)M(II) trihydrate complexes, where M = Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, or Zn2+ (1−5, respectively), are reported. These complexes serve as supramolecular building blocks that self-assemble when crystallized to generate a single, well-defined, predictable structure in the solid state. 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylate anions and imidazolium cations form strong ionic hydrogen bonds that dominate crystal packing in compounds 1−5 by forming two-dimensional networks, or layers of molecules. This layer motif serves as a platform with which to control and predict molecular packing by design for engineering the structures of crystals. Moreover, compounds 1−5 create a robust organic host lattice that accommodates five different transition metals without significantly altering molecular packing. Growth of crystals from solutions that contain two or more different metal complexes produces mixed crystals in which mixtures of the diff...
Gender, ethnicity and entrepreneurship in initial public offerings: illustrations from an open database* ☆

Abstract This paper describes the variables in a freely available database of all emerging growth firms (EGF) that made an initial stock offering (IPO) on US public markets from 1990 through 2010. Our expectation is that researchers from a variety of disciplines can use this data to answer a wide variety of social science questions and combine it with other databases. To illustrate how the data can be used, we describe the gender and nationality of the top management teams (TMTs) and board of directors (BoDs) of these firms. We confirm that women are under-represented in all functional positions, but, in contrast to much of the popular press, we find that statistically Silicon Valley firms perform better than the national average. Gender ratios differ by function with women most prevalent at the CFO position and are most prevalent in the biomedical industry. Using undergraduate education, as an identifier for nationality, we find that, contrary to the popular press, there are more European than Asian immigrants in the TMTs. This suggests that European immigrants are more likely to immigrate with advanced degrees, while the Asian immigrants have only Bachelor’s degrees. In the immigration literature, it has been observed that specific immigrant groups concentrate in particular occupations. To test for this effect, we study the backgrounds of all identifiable Taiwanese immigrants. A remarkably high concentration of Taiwanese TMT members were from two Taiwanese universities’ electrical engineering departments, then received U.S. graduate degrees, particularly from UC Berkeley, and entered semiconductor-related industries. This database will contribute to reproducible social science as the same quality-controlled data is now available to all researchers.
Trehalose regulation of glucose-6-phosphate hydrolysis in blowfly extracts.

The presence of trehalose enhances the rate of glucose-6-phosphate hydrolysis in extracts of fat body and other tissues of adult Phormia regina Meigen. The activation appears to be specific, and increasing the concentration of trehalose changes both V max and K m for glucose-6-phosphate. There is, however, no easily recognizable phosphotransferase in the extract.
Growth and yield responses of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars to ozone

Abstract Dose-response equations relating exposure to an air pollutant with yield losses in crops are essential elements in economic assessments of the impacts of air pollution on agriculture. However, dose-response equations for some crop species, such as tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), are based upon research with a single cultivar, which may or may not represent the response of the species as a whole. This experiment was conducted to determine the relative susceptibility to yield losses of four cultivars of processing tomato plants exposed to ozone (O3) and to determine if physiological characteristics of the cultivars could be used to predict cultivar responses to O3. Four field-grown tomato cultivars were exposed in open-top chambers to charcoal-filtered air (CF), non-filtered air (NF), and NF plus 1.5 times ambient O3 (NF150) from July to October in Riverside, CA. Results showed that ambient levels of O3 had relatively little effect on vegetative growth or yields of these tomato cultivars, but that 1.5 times ambient O3 concentrations reduced yields from 17% in cv. “UC204C” to 54% for cv. “Hybrid 31”. However, the cultivar-by-O3 interaction term in the ANOVA of yield data was not statiscally significant, indicating that in this experiment the cultivars responded relatively uniformly to O3. Rates of stomatal conductance were also relatively uniform among the cultivars, and conductance rates were not correlated with cultivar responses to O3. The hypothesis that differences in cultivar responses to O3 could be predicted by measurements of rates of maximum stomatal conductance was not confirmed by this study.
Inverse Nyquist and INAP

This paper describes a programming language designed to perform inverse Nyquist analysis. The acronym INAP stands for Inverse Nyquist Analysis Programme. The INAP language is written in Fortran IV INAP is written for a design engineer in a control theory and/or electronic circuit application. The input is in conventional Laplace Transform form. The incoming data is actually accepted in equation form, therefore making it practically effortless for the engineer to use. Each equation is referenced by a block number The routine assists the control engineer in the following : (1) performs the required calculations for routine inverse Nyquist analysis ; (2) once these numbers are calculated, provides the user with two different plotting schemes—a printer plot or a digital plot on a Calcomp ; (3) allows the engineer to alter various time constants or the whole modular structure; and (4) automatic calculation of frequency range.
An Optical Method for Assessing Angiogenesis: Preliminary Results

Anti-angiogenic therapy inhibits the creation of new blood vessels by tumors. These drugs reduce the permeability of tumor blood vessels. We propose an optical method for quantifying changes in vessel permeability to evaluate anti-angiogenic agents.
Oscar Buneman, a personal remembrance

Oscar Buneman, professor emeritus of electrical engineering at Stanford University and significant contributor to the fields of numerical analysis, plasma electrodynamics, and fundamental electromagnetic theory, died in his sleep on January 24, 1993. Numerous tributes to his memory have been published; however, I would like to concentrate on my own marvelous experiences with him. I knew Oscar Buneman through his interesting lectures at the International School for Space Simulation (ISSS) II, held in Kauai, Hawaii, in 1985. Later during ISSS III, held in France in 1987, Oscar was my instructor for the practical courses. I enjoyed his experienced guidance on the 1-D electrostatic code and developed a close relationship with him. After this course, I presented a poster on a 3-D magnetostatic simulation of whistler waves driven by an electron beam a a symposium in Beaulieu-sur-Mer, France. A friend told me that Oscar Buneman had attended my poster session and had said that he had also done a similar model. After the 1987 Fall AGU Meeting in San Francisco, I met Oscar Buneman at Stanford University. He was interested in my 3-D magnetostatic simulation of Whistler waves.
Zhang et al. Reply

A Reply to the Comment by Michel van Veenendaal and A. J. Fedro, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 219701 (2004).
The cancer experience in the framingham heart study cohort

The almost 40-year records of The Framingham Heart Study (FHS) cohort were reviewed to establish the cancer experience of this noninstitutionalized group of white subjects. Diagnoses were confirmed from pathology and laboratory reports and clinical notes. Age-specific incidence rates were compared with Connecticut Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data. Among the 5209 subjects, 1201 malignancies were confirmed. Median age at diagnosis was 69 for men and 65 for women. Lung, prostate, skin, and colon accounted for more than half of men's cancers; breast, colon, and skin made up half of the women's. FHS and Connecticut SEER rates matched closely, with the same primary tumor sites appearing commonly in both groups. Thus, the FHS cohort should provide a fair database for analysis of risk factors in cancer incidence, as it has done in cardiovascular diseases.
Surface morphologies of MOCVD-grown GaN films on sapphire studied by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract The surface morphologies of MOCVD GaN films grown on sapphire substrates have been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). High quality STM images could not be obtained prior to cleaning the samples in HF, hot HCl or 2 M NaOH. STM images of the GaN films showed that the surfaces consisted of curved step edges and interlocking terraces, which were roughly 224 nm wide. Surface pits approximately 2–5 nm deep and 50–80 nm wide were observed on the GaN films, and these pits were preferentially located at a juncture between two step edges. Previous studies in the literature involving MOCVD-grown GaN on sapphire have demonstrated that the surface pits are associated with screw-component threading dislocations. Therefore, the number of screw-component threading dislocations in these GaN films is estimated as 6.3×10 8 cm −2 from the number surface pits observed in the STM images. X-ray photoelectron studies indicated that the major surface contaminants before cleaning were carbon and oxygen. Treatment in HF or HCl removed oxygen from the surface while treatment in NaOH was more effective at removing surface carbon.
Factors affecting element distributions in a silurian graptolite band

Abstract Element distributions in a graptolitic shale band from the Early Paleozoic geosyncline of England and Wales may be described as the result of at least five basic causal influences. These influences, which are deduced from the application of factor analysis, are: 1. (1) An ion exchange factor, evident because of grain size variations. 2. (2) A scavanging factor due to the marginal deposition of clays and ferric hydroxides. 3. (3) An Eh-pH factor. 4. (4) A sulphur diagenesis factor. 5. (5) A detrital contribution factor. Other factors are important, particularly organic factors, but their nature and influences cannot be elucidated from the present data.
The European Union in the Quartet: Acceptance and Influence in the Middle East Peace Process

In 2002, the European Union (EU), the United States, Russia, and the United Nations coordinated their efforts to find a peaceful end to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict collectively, as the Quartet for Middle East Peace. There are few examples of the EU represented as one by the supranational body on a global stage over a matter of foreign affairs. This paper asks how the EU and its institutions have been accepted by the other members of the Quartet, and whether or not the EU is an influential group member. The Road Map negotiations in late 2002 illustrate two important trends: the EU’s desire to foster a mutually acceptable, two-state solution between Israel and Palestine, and its persistent belief that the United States must remain impartially dedicated to the Middle East Peace Process. These proceedings demonstrate that the EU is accepted as a legitimate and indirectly influential force in the peace negotiations.
Oblique and Hierarchical Multiwavelet Bases

Abstract We develop the theory of oblique multiwavelet bases, which encompasses the orthogonal, semiorthogonal, and biorthogonal cases, and we circumvent the noncommutativity problems that arise in the construction of multiwavelets. Oblique multiwavelets preserve the advantages of orthogonal and biorthogonal wavelets and enhance the flexibility of the theory to accommodate a wider variety of wavelet bases. For example, for a given multiresolution, we can construct supercompact wavelets for which the support is half the size of the shortest orthogonal, semiorthogonal, or biorthogonal wavelet. The theory also produces the h-type, piecewise linear hierarchical bases used in finite element methods, and it allows us to construct new h-type, smooth hierarchical bases, as well as h-type hierarchical bases that use several template functions. For the hierarchical bases, and for all other types of oblique wavelets, the expansion of a function can still be implemented with a perfect reconstruction filter bank. We illustrate the results using the Haar scaling function and the Cohen–Daubechies–Plonka multiscaling function. We also construct a supercompact spline uniwavelet of order 3 and a hierarchical basis that is based on the Hermit cubic spline, and we explicitly give the coefficients of the corresponding filter bank.
Differential regulation of small heat shock proteins in transgenic mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases

Previously, several studies have demonstrated changes in the levels of small heat shock proteins (sHSP) in the transgenic mouse models of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) linked to mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Here, we compared the expression of sHSPs in transgenic mouse models of fALS, Parkinson's disease (PD), dentato-rubral pallido-luysian atrophy (DRPLA) and Huntington's disease (HD); where the expression of mutant cDNA genes was under the transcriptional regulation of the mouse prion protein promoter. These models express G37R mutant Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1G37R; fALS), A53T mutant alpha-synuclein (alpha-SynA53T; PD), full-length mutant atrophin-1-65Q, and htt-N171-82Q (huntingtin N-terminal fragment; HD). We found that the levels and solubilities of two sHSPs, Hsp25 and alpha B-crystallin, were differentially regulated in these mice. Levels of both Hsp25 and alpha B-crystallin were markedly increased in subgroups of glias at the affected regions of symptomatic SODG37R and alpha-SynA53T transgenic mice; abnormal deposits or cells intensely positive for alpha B-crystallin were observed in SODG37R mice. By contrast, neither sHSP was induced in spinal cords of htt-N171-82Q or atrophin-1-65Q mice, which do not develop astrocytosis or major motor neuron abnormalities. Interestingly, the levels of insoluble alpha B-crystallin in spinal cords gradually increased as a function of age in nontransgenic animals. In vitro, alpha B-crystallin was capable of suppressing the aggregation of alpha-SynA53T, as previously described for a truncated mutant SOD1. The transgenes in these mice are expressed highly in astrocytes and thus our results suggest a role for small heat shock proteins in protecting activated glial cells such as astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases.
Enhanced oral bioavailability of a poorly water soluble drug PNU-91325 by supersaturatable formulations

Supersaturatable cosolvent (S‐cosolvent) and supersaturatable self‐emulsifying drug delivery systems (S‐SEDDS) are designed to incorporate water soluble cellulosic polymers such as hydroxypropyl me...
Fatal Pericarditis due to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

A 27-year-old white male homosexual with AIDS presented 19 months after the initial diagnosis with persistent fever, marked dyspnea at rest, and severe substernal pain in the chest. A pericardial friction rub was auscultated, and an effusion was demonstrated echocardiographically. Pericardiocentesis yielded 220 ml of serosanguinous fluid. Special stains of the fluid for microorganisms were negative. A mycobacterial infection was suspected, and therapy with multiple antimycobacterial agents was initiated. Cultures of the fluid eventually yielded MAI. Despite therapy, cardiac function declined, and the patient died two months after presentation. Autopsy confirmed the diagnosis of chronic pericarditis due to MAI. Pericarditis due to MAI should be included in the differential diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction in patients with AIDS.
US Navy superconductivity program

Both the new high temperature superconductors (HTS) and the low temperature superconductors (LTS) are important components of the Navy's total plan to integrate superconductivity into field operational systems. Fundamental research is an important component of the total Navy program and focuses on the HTS materials. Power applications (ship propulsion) use LTS materials while space applications (millimeter wave electronics) use HTS materials. The Space Experiment to be conducted at NRL will involve space flight testing of HTS devices built by industry and will demonstrate the ability to engineer and space qualify these devices for systems use. Another important component of the Navy's effort is the development of Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometers. This program will use LTS materials initially, but plans to implement HTS materials as soon as possible. Hybrid HTS/LTS systems are probable in many applications. A review of the status of the Navy's HTS materials research is given as well as an update on the Navy's development efforts in superconductivity.
Capacity for synthesis of a pyrimidine biosynthetic enzyme in mammalian cells

Abstract 1. 1. The control of formation of the first enzyme unique to the pyrimidine pathway was studied in Sarcoma-180 cells growing in culture. Pyrimidine starvation, induced by the addition of 6-azauridine, produced a three- to four-fold increase in the level of aspartate transcarbamylase relative to total cell protein. 2. 2. The level of this enzyme was not changed either by the addition of preformed pyrimidines to growing cultures, or by the simultaneous addition of uridine and 6-azauridine. 3. 3. The results show that the level of aspartate transcarbamylase is under the control of end-product pyrimidines, and that the cells have a potential forincreased enzyme synthesis ordinarly not expressed.
Computation of the Onset of Point Defect Aggregation in Crystalline Silicon Using an Empirical Interatomic Potential

The Stillinger-Weber interatomic potential is used in molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the equilibrium, transport and aggregation properties of self-interstitials and vacancies in crystalline silicon at temperatures ranging from 500K to the melting point. The simulations predict equilibrium configurations of a dumbbell for the single self-interstitial and an inwardly relaxed structure for the single vacancy. Both single-defect structures exhibit significant derealization at high temperatures resulting in strongly temperature dependent entropies of formation, as suggested by diffusion experiments. Diffusion coefficients and mechanisms for the single defects are predicted as a function of temperature. The results for the single point defects are discussed in the context of the existing literature values. Aggregation of two point defects is investigated by the computation of binding energies and entropies for these structures. Interstitials exhibit significant aggregation driving forces across the entire temperature range under simulation conditions, while vacancies aggregate less readily.
Tracking performance of the mercury quad-helix acquisition aid

Project Mercury uses a telemetry-frequency direction finder as an acquisition aid for assisting narrow-beam radars to acquire the spacecraft, but the broad beamwidth of the quad-helix antenna allows multipath reception to degrade tracking accuracy at low elevation angles. Analyses of aircraft and spacecraft tracking results prove that aircraft tests at close range are valid for evaluating orbital tracking performance. Aircraft acquisition tests show the ability of the equipment to place the AN/FPS-16 tracking radar on target.
Easy as ABC? Facilitating Pictorial Communication via Semantically Enhanced Layout

Pictorial communication systems convert natural language text into pictures to assist people with limited literacy. We define a novel and challenging problem: picture layout optimization. Given an input sentence, we seek the optimal way to lay out word icons such that the resulting picture best conveys the meaning of the input sentence. To this end, we propose a family of intuitive "ABC" layouts, which organize icons in three groups. We formalize layout optimization as a sequence labeling problem, employing conditional random fields as our machine learning method. Enabled by novel applications of semantic role labeling and syntactic parsing, our trained model makes layout predictions that agree well with human annotators. In addition, we conduct a user study to compare our ABC layout versus the standard linear layout. The study shows that our semantically enhanced layout is preferred by non-native speakers, suggesting it has the potential to be useful for people with other forms of limited literacy, too.
Constructing Maximal Commutative Subalgebras of Matrix Rings in Small Dimensions

Let k denote an algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic. Let C denote the set of all commutative, finite dimensional, local k-algebras of the form (B, m, k) with i(m) ⋚2. Here i(m) denotes the index of nilpotency of the maximal ideal m. A Akalgebra (R, J,k)∈L is called a (c1-construction if there exists (B, m, k)∈ £ ≅ {(k, (0), k)} and a finitely generated, faithful B-module N such that R,≅B⋉(the idealization of N). (R.J.k) is called a (c2::-construction if there exist a (B,m k)∈ L, a positive integer p $ge;2 and a nonzero z £ SB(the socle of B) such that R≅B[x]/(mX, Xp- z). Let Mn×n(K) denote the set of all n x n matrices, over k with n≥2. Let .Mn(k) denote the set of all maximal, commutative A;-subalgebras of Mn×n(k). In this paper, we show any (R J, k) ∈£⋂Mn;(k) with n>5 is a C1 or C2 -construction except for one isomorphism class. The one exception occurs when n = 5.
Documentation of advance care planning for community-dwelling elders.

Abstract Background: Advance planning for end-of-life care has gained acceptance, but actual end-of-life care is often incongruent with patients' previously stated goals. We assessed the flow of advance care planning information from patients to medical records in a community sample of older adults to better understand why advance care planning is not more successful. Methods: Our study used structured interview and medical record data from community-dwelling older patients in two previous studies: Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders (ACOVE)-1 (245 patients age ≥65 years and screened for high risk of death/functional decline in 1998–1999) and ACOVE-2 (566 patients age ≥75 who screened positive for falls/mobility disorders, incontinence, and/or dementia in 2002–2003). We compared interview data on patients' preferences, advance directives, and surrogate decision-makers with findings from the medical record. Results: In ACOVE-1, 38% of surveyed patients had thought about limiting the aggressiveness of medic...
Managing Nonprofit Mergers: The Challenges Facing Human Service Organizations

A growing number of nonprofit organizations are considering strategic restructuring opportunities in the form of mergers due to the current social services environment of increasing competition and decreasing resources. Mergers can be viewed negatively with the loss of an organization's identity or positively as an opportunity to survive and enhance services. Drawing on the literature from both the for-profit and the nonprofit sectors, this article examines the elements of successful mergers related to the nature of the merger process and the role of the human element in all aspects of the merger process. It concludes with recommendations for managers considering a merger and suggestions for future research.
The phases of the O(3) σ-model for imaginary ϑ

Abstract The lattice O(3) σ-model in two dimensions is studied for imaginary values of the vacuum angle ϑ ( ϑ = iϑ i ) and positive β by numerical simulation. We find that the theory exhibits a line of first-order transitions starting at β = ∞, ϑ = i ∞ which ends in the ( β , ϑ i ) plane in a critical endpoint. This line separates a gas phase from a liquid-like phase of topological excitations. We illustrate the physics of the phase transitions with two simple models. We also study the effect of increasing the action of small sized instantons.
Changing presentation of seizures with aging: clinical and etiological factors

Background: The historically higher incidence of seizures in children has changed, the elderly now have a higher incidence than any age-group, 2–3 times of that found in children. C
An interstellar line coincident with the P(2,1) transition of hydronium (H3O+)

Double-sideband observations of the Orion KL nebular region with the NRAO 12 m radiotelescope in March 1986 detected a weak emission spectral line that coincided with the P(2,1) rotation-inversion transition of H3O+. Spectral maps are provided for the observed line at 307,192 MHz with 2 and 1 MHz resolution. The line parameters, along with a calculated transition dipole moment of 1.44 D, are used to estimate column densities of 7.7 and 8.7 x 10 to the 13/sq cm for excitation temperatures of 50 and 90 K, respectively. A minimum H2 density of 1 million/cu cm is estimated for the region if the thermalization of the transition to the excitation temperatures is to occur. Finally, fractional abundances of H2O in the Orion cloud are projected to be 1/100,000 and 1/1 million for the nonthermal and thermal transition cases, respectively.
Global nonlinear electroelastic dynamics of a bimorph piezoelectric cantilever for energy harvesting, sensing, and actuation

Inherent nonlinearities of piezoelectric materials are inevitably pronounced in various engineering applications such as sensing, actuation, their combined applications for vibration control, and most recently, energy harvesting from dynamical systems. The existing literature focusing on the dynamics of electroelastic structures made of piezoelectric materials have explored such nonlinearities in a disconnected way for the separate problems of mechanical and electrical excitation such that nonlinear resonance trends have been assumed to be due to different additional terms in constitutive equations by different researchers. Similar manifestations of softening nonlinearities have been attributed to purely elastic nonlinear terms, coupling nonlinearities, hysteresis, or a combination of these effects, by various authors. However, a reliable nonlinear constitutive equation for a given piezoelectric material is expected to be rather unique and valid regardless of the application, e.g. energy harvesting, sensing, or actuation. A systematic approach focusing on the two-way coupling can result in a sound mathematical framework. To this end, the present work investigates the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a bimorph piezoelectric cantilever under low-to-high mechanical and electrical excitation levels in energy harvesting, sensing, and actuation. A physical model is proposed including both ferroelastic hysteresis, stiffness, and electromechanical coupling nonlinearities. A lumped parameter electroelastic model is developed by accounting for these nonlinearities to analyze the primary resonance of a cantilever using the method of harmonic balance. Strong agreement between the model and experimental investigation is found, providing solid evidence that the the dominant source of observed softening nonlinear effects in geometrically linear piezolectric cantilever beams is well represented by a quadratic term resulting from ferroelastic hysteresis. Electromechanical coupling and cubic softening nonlinearities are observed to become effective only near the physical limits of the brittle and stiff bimorph cantilever used in the experiments, revealing that the quadratic nonlinearity associated with hysteresis has the primary role in nonlinear nonconservative dynamic behavior.
Hyaluronidase activity in alveolar secretions of human lung

The enzyme hyaluronidase, capable of liberating N-acetylglucosamine from hyaluronic acid, was found in the alveolar secretions of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The enzyme extract, which showed an optimum pH of 3.8, was stable at room temperature for several days and lost no significant activity by repeated freezing and thawing. Presence of NaCl appeared essential for the preservation of enzyme activity.
Steroid exposure, acute coronary syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease: insights into the inflammatory milieu.

Background Steroids are anti-inflammatory agents commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammation plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of both inflammatory bowel disease and acute coronary syndrome. We examined the relationship between steroid use in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and acute coronary syndrome.
Evidence for an Epigenetic Mechanism by which Hsp90 Acts as a Capacitor for Morphological Evolution

Morphological alterations have been shown to occur in Drosophila melanogaster when function of Hsp90 (heat shock 90-kDa protein 1α , encoded by Hsp83) is compromised during development 1 . Genetic selection maintains the altered phenotypes in subsequent generations1. Recent experiments have shown, however, that phenotypic variation still occurs in nearly isogenic recombinant inbred strains of Arabidopsis thaliana2. Using a sensitized isogenic D. melanogaster strain, iso-Kr If-1 , we confirm this finding and present evidence supporting an epigenetic mechanism for Hsp90’s capacitor function, whereby reduced activity of Hsp90 induces a heritably altered chromatin state. The altered chromatin state is evidenced by ectopic expression of the morphogen wingless in eye imaginal discs and a corresponding abnormal eye phenotype, both of which are epigenetically heritable in subsequent generations, even when function of Hsp90 is restored. Mutations in nine different genes of the trithorax group that encode chromatin-remodeling proteins also induce the abnormal phenotype. These findings suggest that Hsp90 acts as a capacitor for morphological evolution through epigenetic and genetic mechanisms. The D. melanogaster segmentation gene Kruppel (Kr) encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor that is required for the development of several thoracic and abdominal segments 3 . The dominant Kr Irregular facets (Kr If-1 ) allele causes ectopic expression of Kr protein mostly in the ventral region of the eye imaginal disc, which causes a reduction in the size of the eye (refs. 4,5; Fig. 1a,b). In a deficiency (Df) chromosome screen, the details of which will be presented elsewhere, we found that deficiency for ten chromosomal regions caused ectopic outgrowth in eyes of Kr If-1 flies. When we mated females with any of these deficiencies (Df/+) to Kr If-1 homozygous males, a considerable percentage of the Kr If-1/+ offspring had ectopic outgrowth (data not shown). But the reciprocal cross (Kr If-1 homozygous females × Df/+ males) produced at least an order of magnitude fewer offspring with ectopic outgrowth, suggesting that the phenotype is induced primarily by dosage-sensitive maternal-effect loci. Consistent with this genetic designation, ectopic outgrowth was independent of inheritance of the Df chromosome. Thorough testing of previously identified mutations uncovered by these Df lines identified 15 mutations in ten maternal-effect genes, dubbed Me(Kr If-1 ), that cause ectopic outgrowth. Although we tested mutations in multiple genes that were uncovered by the deficiencies, we identified only one Me(Kr If-1 ) gene in each Df region (Table 1). letter
Standardizing the Essential Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes for Democratic Life: A Content Analysis of Virginia Standards of Learning and Social Studies Textbooks.

This content analysis explored how Civics and Government textbooks and the Virginia Standards of Learning for Civics and Government courses reflect citizenship outcomes, specifically deconstructing the unique needs of marginalized students. The coding frame was constructed by using themes and categories from previous literature, specifically highlighting Kahne and Westheimer's (2003) three Cs (Commitment, Connection, Capacity) framework. The findings support previous literature, which suggest that civics textbooks and state standards emphasize individual rights and a philosophy of liberalism, but deemphasize civic ideals of collectivism and a classical republicanism philosophy based on deliberation and community action. Furthermore, the findings illuminate the lack of content that provides authentic examples for marginalized students in the narrative of American democracy.
Specificity of TRAF3 in its negative regulation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) are critical signaling adaptors downstream of many receptors in the TNF receptor and interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor superfamilies. Whereas TRAF2, 5, and 6 are activators of the canonical NF-kappaB signaling pathway, TRAF3 is an inhibitor of the noncanonical NF-kappaB pathway. The contribution of the different domains in TRAFs to their respective functions remains unclear. To elucidate the structural and functional specificities of TRAF3, we reconstituted TRAF3-deficient cells with a series of TRAF3 mutants and assessed their abilities to restore TRAF3-mediated inhibition of the noncanonical NF-kappaB pathway as measured by NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) protein levels and processing of p100 to p52. We found that a structurally intact RING finger domain of TRAF3 is required for inhibition of the noncanonical NF-kappaB pathway. In addition, the three N-terminal domains, but not the C-terminal TRAF domain, of the highly homologous TRAF5 can functionally replace the corresponding domains of TRAF3 in suppression of the noncanonical NF-kappaB pathway. This functional specificity correlates with the specific binding of TRAF3, but not TRAF5, to the previously reported TRAF3 binding motif in NIK. Our studies suggest that both the RING finger domain activity and the specific binding of the TRAF domain to NIK are two critical components of TRAF3 suppression of NIK protein levels and the processing of p100 to p52.
Opiate withdrawal behavior after focal brain stimulation

Electrical stimulation of the brainstem abolishes pain, while continued stimulation induces tolerance to the analgesic effect. Analgesic drugs producing tolerance also induce physical dependence, suggesting that the phenomenon of tolerance is associated with addiction. There is evidence that the neural mechanism for stimulation-produced analgesia is related to the release of opiate substances within the brain. We therefore propose that repeated or protracted brain stimulation elicits dependence upon the endorphins released by electrical stimulation of the neurons themselves. To investigate this possibility, rats were given repetitive bursts of analgesic electrical brain stimulation for two hours. Immediately thereafter, they were injected with the opiate antagonist, naloxone. Behaviors associated with low grade opiate withdrawal were observed. These data suggest that prolonged analgesic stimulation can result in naloxone-precipitated behaviors similar to the behaviors exhibited during opiate withdrawal.
Age Differences in Efficiency of Reading Comprehension from Printed versus Computer-Displayed Text.

Computer technology has become a tremendous aid in examining the aging process as it relates to reading by allowing researchers to measure and control processing time. But is the computer a passive player in the study of reading and aging? Are we overlooking interactions between computers and participants using them? This study compared two types of computer presentation (investigator‐paced and self‐paced by the reader) to reading from the printed page. Older adults were most efficient in their reading comprehension when reading from the printed page, while young adults were most efficient from computer‐paced text. Although reading is a highly practiced skill for both young and old adults, the computer method of presentation is much less familiar to old adults. An overestimation of age differences with misleading findings may occur if computers are routinely used to study age differences in reading comprehension.
Predation by noisy advertising

The paper considers a market where heterogeneous consumers are imperfectly informed about product characteristics, and an incumbent firm has developed a clientele. In this context, the paper addresses the following question: Can the incumbent advertise in such a way as to make survival by a recent entrant infeasible? The main conclusion is that such a policy, which is termed noisy advertising, can generally succeed in driving the recent entrant from the market, and is likely to prove attractive to the incumbent.
Temperature dependence of peptide carboxylic group IR spectra in the amide I′ region at neutral and acidic pH

Abstract Analysis of the temperature-dependent amide I′ bands of peptides and proteins can be complicated by their overlap with other IR bands, particularly those of carboxylic groups of amino acid side-chains and the C-terminus. Previously, we reported IR spectra of charged carboxylic side-chains in Asp and Glu amino acids, and C-terminal groups of several amino acids and dipeptides at neutral pH. To complement these results, here we investigate the IR absorptions of Asp and Glu side-chains in capped amino acids (AcAspNMe and AcGluNMe), at both neutral and acidic pH. Spectra of protonated (acidic pH) C-terminal group absorptions are also investigated, using three dipeptides (AlaGly GlyAla and GlyGly) as model compounds. Sets of temperature-dependent experimental IR spectra were analyzed using pseudo-Voigt lineshape profiles. We find that the temperature-dependent behavior of the IR bands of deprotonated (neutral pH) side-chains in AcAspNMe and AcGluNMe dipeptides are generally similar to those reported previously for Asp and Glu. Protonated carboxylic group (acidic pH) IR bands behave uniformly with respect to temperature, showing very similar magnitude frequency shifts and intensity changes. Implications for analyses of amide I′ bands of peptides and proteins are discussed.
The inverse problem of estimating heart parameters from cardiograms

Abstract A model of the electrical activity of the heart relating the ventricular dipoles to cardiogram measurements naturally leads to the inverse problem of estimating the heart parameters from the observation of skin potentials. The quasilinearization method for handling this multipoint boundary value problem necessitates the use of an initial guess for some of the parameters and the use of a large digital computer for the solution of a large system of linear equations. An alternate technique involving differential quadrature which obviates the use of any initial guess, if feasible. In this technique, a small on-line computer will produce the results on a real-time basis for as many as 20 myocardial segments. The details of this procedure and some numerical experiments form the contents of this article.
Gemcitabine in cervical cancer

Abstract Objective Recurrent and advanced cervical cancers are associated with high mortality and a lack of effective treatment options, especially for women who are poor candidates for surgery or radiation therapy. The broad clinical effectiveness and low toxicity of gemcitabine in other human malignancies suggest that it might be useful in treating cervical tumors. Methods Fifteen phase I/II clinical trials on the use of gemcitabine, both as a single agent and in combination with cisplatin, in patients with recurrent or advanced carcinoma of the cervix were reviewed. Data from studies in which gemcitabine was used in combination with radiotherapy for induction therapy and with cisplatin for neoadjuvant chemotherapy were also evaluated. Results Although single-agent gemcitabine was generally inferior to cisplatin, when used concurrently with cisplatin and/or radiation therapy, objective response rates were high and survival was prolonged. The drug also showed promise when used with cisplatin as neoadjuvant therapy. Conclusions Initial studies suggest that gemcitabine may be useful in the management of recurrent or advanced cervical cancer when used concurrently with cisplatin. Accordingly, a large phase III study will compare cisplatin/gemcitabine with the current standard, and further evaluation of gemcitabine appears to be warranted in conjunction with radiotherapy and in the neoadjuvant setting.
Improved imaging of rat hindfoot prints for walking track analysis

Walking track analysis is an investigative technique that allows a researcher to assess objectively the functional capacity of the limb in the rat sciatic nerve model. This study has shown that paint and paper is a better method for imaging the rat foot plantar surface than other methods described in the literature. The block printing paint has the distinct advantage of keeping radial diffusion error to a minimum. Paint more correctly images the important anatomical landmarks of the rat plantar surface. There is better traction (less slippage) rendering the prints easier to interpret. The authors conclude that the paint and paper is a superior method to the other methods currently available.
Influence of fertilizer management and soil fertility on tuber specific gravity : A review

Tuber specific gravity is a measure of potato internal quality and is used by the potato processing industry for assessing crop acceptability. Potato growers, therefore, have an interest in understanding how nutrient management practices influence specific gravity. This paper provides a review of research on fertilizer and soil fertility influences on specific gravity. Excessive application rates of nitrogen and potassium, along with excessive soil levels of either nutrient, may reduce tuber solids. Phosphorus applications may improve specific gravity when soil test phosphorus levels are low. Fertilizer materials with higher salt indices will decrease specific gravity more than fertilizer materials with lower salt indices.