cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Illness self-schemas in depressed and nondepressed rheumatoid arthritis patients.

This study examined the hypothesized illness self-schema construct in persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Biases in self-description, information processing, and schema-consistent illness behavior were examined in depressed and nondepressed persons with RA and compared with those of depressed and nondepressed controls. Major findings revealed that RA-depressed subjects exhibited pervasively negative self-description and biased processing of negative illness-related information. RA-nondepressed subjects demonstrated a bias for positive self-description and enhanced processing of positive illness-related information. Using regression analysis, the illness self-schema construct predicted unique variance in self-reported functional disability. Findings are reviewed in the context of previous research on self-schemas, chronic pain, and cognitive variables in chronic illness. Potential clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed. The illness self-schema construct has significant heuristic value which could guide further research on the psychosocial adjustment of individuals with chronic illnesses.
Apple Consumption Protects Sprague Dawley Rats Against High Fat Diet-induced Metabolic Disorders Associated With Obesity

Apples contain non-digestible compounds including fiber and phenolics reported for their benefits associated with prevention of chronic diseases. Our objective was to investigate the effects of app...
Naturalists, Natural History, and the Nature of Biological Diversity

AbstractIn this essay, I argue that natural history—observing the natural world and deciphering its patterns—is as essential today as it was during Darwin’s lifetime to the continuing development of ecology and evolutionary biology. This tradition, which I illustrate through the example of E. O. Wilson’s discovery of the taxon cycle 50 years ago, is still very much alive, but there is a growing tendency for observation to serve theory rather provide new insight or to test the predictions of theory. This tendency manifests itself in the failure of ideas about the diversity, distribution, and abundance of species to be informed by patterns in nature that are readily apparent. On the one hand, supporters of neutral theory have sidestepped the unrealistically slow dynamics of random processes in large metacommunities, and they have failed to note global correlations in species numbers and population sizes within taxa. On the other hand, proponents of niche theory have disregarded the implications of variation...
In-plane motion estimation for artifact reduction in fan-beam CT

It is well known that a rigid in-plane motion can be decomposed into a translation and a rotation around an origin. Based on our previous work [1], we first extend the Helgason-Ludwig consistency condition (HLCC) to cover a general rigid motion in fan-beam geometry. Then, we model the general motion by several parameters, and develop a multi-scale iterative scheme for estimation of the in-plane motion parameters. This scheme determines the motion parameters by numerically minimizing an objective function constructed based on the HLCC. After the motion parameters are estimated, image reconstruction can be performed to compensate for the motion effects. Finally, we implement the algorithm in Matlab and C++, and evaluate its performance in numerical simulations.
Social environmental factors and preteen health-related behaviors

PURPOSE: To examine associations among risk and protective factors with negative (substance use, delinquent behavior, sedentary recreation, empty calorie consumption, suicidal behavior) and positive behaviors (prosocial recreation, productive behavior, exercise, nutrition behavior, academic achievement, seatbelt use). METHODS: Data were from sixth-grade public school students (n = 133,629) in 2001. Factor analysis produced five risks, five protectors, seven negative and six positive behaviors. Associations were tested among single and cumulative risks and protectors with behaviors (linear, logit regression) and combinations of high and low risks and protectors with behaviors (analysis of variance, Chi-square). RESULTS: Individual and cumulative risks were related to higher and protectors were related to lower negative behaviors. Protectors were associated with higher positive behaviors, with some exceptions. Risks and their sum were associated with lower academic achievement and seatbelt use, but were linked to higher, rather than lower productive behavior. Being bullied or victimized was correlated with higher levels of exercise, good nutrition, and prosocial recreation. The high risk/low protection combination had the highest negative behaviors and low risk/high protection the lowest, but for positive behaviors, high protectors with either high or low risks showed higher positive behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide new information about how (a) risks and protectors are associated with negative behaviors besides substance use and delinquency, (b) cumulative protectors, as well as risks, are related to negative and positive behaviors, and (c) combinations of high and low risks and protectors are related to behaviors. The unusual findings for positive behaviors merit further exploration.
Wind Energy Technology: Training a Sustainable Workforce

Through innovative teaching and technology, industry and educational institution partnerships, Cloud County Community College is preparing a qualified workforce for the emerging wind industry estimated to create 80,000 jobs by 2020. The curriculum blends on-campus, on-line and distance learning, land-lab, and field training opportunities for traditional and nontraditional students.
Neonatal Exposure of Rats to Antidepressants Affects Behavioral Reactions to Novelty and Social Interactions in a Manner Analogous to Autistic Spectrum Disorders

We have demonstrated that neonatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors has lasting effects on behavior and serotonergic neurons in Long Evans rats. Hyperserotoninemia and altered sensory processing are reported in autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). We hypothesized that early life exposure to SSRIs alters sensory processing, disrupts responses to novelty, and impairs social interactions in a manner similar to that observed in ASD. Male and female Long-Evans rat pups were administered citalopram, buproprion, fluoxetine, or saline from postnatal day (P) 8-21. Rats were tested for response to a novel tone before weaning (P25). Later, rats were tested 2× for response to a novel object (P39), and to a novel conspecific (P78, P101). In addition, rats were assessed for juvenile play behaviors (P32-P34) and later, we assessed sexual response to an estrus female in male rats (P153-184). Antidepressant exposure increased freezing after tone, diminished novel object exploration, and reduced conspecific interaction up to 3× compared to saline exposed rats. Juvenile play was profoundly reduced in antidepressant-exposed males when compared to saline exposed groups. Exposure to the SSRIs, but not bupropion disrupted male sexual behaviors. Moreover, specific male responses to female proceptive behaviors were disrupted in SSRI, but not bupropion exposed rats. We conclude that neonatal exposure to antidepressants in rats results in sensory and social abnormalities that parallel many of those reported in ASD.
An integrated patch-clamp system with dual Input

We present the first, fully integrated, multi-channel implementation of a patch-clamp measurement system. The system was implemented in a 0.5 μm silicon-on-sapphire process. The system can record two simultaneous cell membrane currents up to ±20 μA with a rms noise of 8 pA in a 10 kHz bandwidth. The system can compensate for the capacitance and resistance of the pipette electrode, up to 10 pF and 100 MΩ respectively. The system die size is 3 × 3 mm and the power consumption is 5 mW per channel at 3.3 V.
Gold as a Donor in Silicon

Resistivity-temperature data show gold produces a donor level 0.33 ev above the occupied band in silicon.
Development of the Dialogic Reading Inventory of Parent-Child Book Reading.

This study reports the construction of the Dialogic Reading Inventory (DRI), a tool for assessing a parent and child's storybook reading behaviors. Twenty-three parent-child dyads participated in the study. The Adult-Child Interactive Reading Inventory (DeBruin-Parecki, 1999) items were grouped into four categories and revised to reflect current reading theory. Parent-child dyads were videotaped reading a storybook together for a total of 23 videotaped sessions. Videotaped sessions (N = 115) were scored on the DRI by five graduate student raters; three independent raters were used to conduct interrater reliability. Internal consistency coefficient alpha was .89, and the split-half coefficient corrected for the full length of the test was .97. Interrater reliability was satisfactory, r = .60, .63, .74, p < .01. Results of the factor analysis revealed the print awareness/phonological awareness factor accounted for 39.34% of the item variance, the comprehension/vocabulary factor accounted for 22.49% of the i...
Scanning Optical Microscopy at λ/10 Resolution Using Near‐Field Imaging Methodsa

Throughout this conference we have been discussing various aspects of the spatial and spectral imaging of components of biological systems. In fact, most of the imaging or microcharacterization methods discussed in this symposium and presently in use are fundamentally limited by the wavelength of the exciting radiation used. Furthermore, as nature would have it, in general, the smaller the wavelength of the radiation probe, the greater the structural damage to the sample under study. For example, optical microscopy (and spectroscopy) can be reasonably nondestructive if visible wavelengths are used, but the spatial resolution achievable is only of the order of one-half micron or so. Even with the new confocal scanning methods recently developed (e.g. REFERENCE 1) the resolution is only about 2,500 A, and that using near UV radiation. Thus, for this method to achieve higher spatial resolution, more destructive, shorter wavelength UV radiation needs to be used. Of course, there are proponents at this symposium who circumvent that resolution limit by using high-energy electrons. There, using conventional electron microscopes of 100 kV to 300 kV accelerating voltages, electron wavelengths of ,037 to .0197 A are achievable. The aberrations of the lenses used limit the spatial resolution to about 100 times the wavelength (a few A or so), but that is still significantly better than that achievable with conventional light microscopy. The problem is that electrons of such high energies are extremely destructive (e.g. REFERENCE 2) and the sample preparation required to view the object in vacuo requires extreme care. There are other proponents who would use soft X rays rather than electrons for their imaging (see REFERENCE 3), but again radiation damage to the sample can play a deleterious role. An alternative way around this wavelength limit to resolution is that described by 0. H. Griffith (e.g. REFERENCES 4, 5) using photoelectron microscopy. In this case, light is incident on the sample, but one images the resultant photoelectrons. Thus, the resolution achievable is ultimately limited by the photoelectron wavelength and not the incident light. Since the wavelength of an electron is less than that of a photon of the same energy ( X, , , , , , = (150/E)'/' whereas Xphoton = 12,399/E where E is the energy of the photon or electron), this method can achieve resolutions almost two orders of
Ventilatory Management and Extubation Criteria of the Neurological/Neurosurgical Patient:

Approximately 200 000 patients per year will require mechanical ventilation secondary to neurological injury or disease. The associated mortality, morbidity, and costs are significant. The neurological patient presents a unique set of challenges to airway management, mechanical ventilation, and defining extubation readiness. Neurological injury and disease can directly or indirectly involve the process involved with respiration or airway control. This article will review the basics of airway management and mechanical ventilation in the neurological patient. The current state of the literature evaluating extubation criteria in the neurological patient will also be reviewed.
Design of Novel Metal Nanostructures for Broadband Solar Energy Conversion

Solar power holds great potential as an alternative energy source, but current photovoltaic cells have much room for improvement in cost and efficiency. Our objective was to develop metal nanostructures whose surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectra closely match the solar spectrum to enhance light absorption and scattering. We employed the finite-difference time-domain simulation method to evaluate the effect of varying key parameters. A novel nanostructure with SPR absorption matching a region of the solar spectrum (300 to 1500 nm) that contains 90% of solar energy was successfully designed. This structure consists of a large gold-silica core-shell structure with smaller gold nanoparticles and nanorods on its surface. Such complex nanostructures are promising for broad and tunable absorption spectra. In addition, we investigated the SPR of silver nanoparticle arrays, which can achieve scattering close to the solar spectrum. We demonstrated an improvement in efficiency of over 30% with optimal nanoparticle radius and periods of 75 nm and 325 nm, respectively. In combination, our studies enable high-efficiency, tunable, and cost-effective enhancement of both light absorption and scattering, which has potential applications in solar energy conversion as well as biomedical imaging.
Pediatric head injury.

Pediatric head injury is a public health problem that exacts a high price from patients, their families and society alike. While much of the brain damage in headinjured patients occurs at the moment of impact, secondary injuries can be prevented by aggressive medical and surgical intervention. Modern imaging devices have simplified the task of diagnosing intracranial injuries. Recent advances in monitoring technology have made it easier to assess the effectiveness of medical therapy. These include intracranial pressure monitoring devices that are accurate and safe, and jugular bulb monitoring which provides a continuous, qualitative measure of cerebral blood flow. The cornerstones of treatment remain hyperventilation and osmotherapy. Despite maximal treatment, however, the mortality and morbidity associated with pediatric head injury remains high. Reduction of this mortality and morbidity will likely depend upon prevention rather than treatment.
Aluminum oxide crystal microdermabrasion. A new technique for treating facial scarring.

BACKGROUND. Aluminum oxide crystal microdermabrasion, a newly developed technique, has the advantages of less bleeding, fewer complications, better compliance, and no need for local anesthesia or high surgical skill in comparison with traditional dermabrasion. OBJECTIVE. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this new technique in the treatment of facial scarring. METHODS. A total of 41 patients were treated by this technique during the past 2 years (July 1992 to June 1994). RESULTS. All patients treated had good to excellent clinical improvement with 9.10 mean treatment sessions. CONCLUSION. From our experience and results, we think aluminum oxide crystal microdermabrasion is a safe surgical procedure and will be a good supplement to traditional dermabrasion especially in this era of HIV infection. Dermatol Surg 1995 ;21 :539
Elastic fields in two joined transversely isotropic solids due to concentrated forces

Abstract This paper presents closed-form fundamental solutions for the elastic fields in two joined dissimilar transversely isotropic semi-infinite solids induced by concentrated forces. Two types of concentrated forces are considered in the paper. One is the forces concentrated at a point and the other is the forces uniformly distributed along a circle in the interior of the two joined dissimilar solids. The fundamental solutions are expressed in the forms of elementary harmonic functions and the complete elliptic integrals for the concentrated point forces and the concentrated ring forces, respectively. Numerical results show that the anisotropic bi-material properties have a significant effect on the singularities of the elastic fields when the forces are located at the bi-material interface.
The Course Structure Inventory: Discriminant and Construct Validity

The development and validation of the Course Structure Inventory (CSI), a measure of student attitude toward course structure and course difficulty, is described. A sample of 215 college students was given the CSI along with measures of arousal-seeking tendency, achievement motivation, and dogmatism. A significant negative correlation was found between scores on the arousal seeking measure and those on the attitude toward course structure subscale of the CSI (high scores indicating preference for high structure). A significant positive correlation was observed between scores on the dogmatism measure and the attitude toward course structure subscale. Finally, a significant negative correlation was found between scores on the dogmatism measure and those on the subscale representing attitude toward course difficulty (high scores indicating a preference for more difficult courses). Potential applications of the CSI are discussed.
On the cause of spatial displacement of long T1 species in segmented inversion recovery prepared imaging.

Using inversion recovery steady-state free precession segmented k-space imaging for the detection of myocardial infarction, we noticed that some structures appeared in the wrong locations of the image. In this work, the spatial displacement is demonstrated and explained from both theoretical and experimental points of view. The effect is due to a change in phase from segment to segment of the detected magnetization from species with long T1's such as cysts, fluid collections, and cerebrospinal fluid. Depending on the number of k-space segments and view ordering, structures can be replicated throughout the image or displaced by half of the phase-encoding field of view. Magn Reson Med 54:481–485, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Polarization in neutron-helium elastic scattering at 23 MeV

The asymmetry in the elastic scattering of 23 MeV polarized neutrons by helium was measured. A neutron-helium double scattering experiment was also performed with unpolarized 23 MeV neutrons to normalize the 23 MeV asymmetries to absolute polarizations in terms of the well-known n-alpha analysing power near 11 MeV. The T(d, n)He4 source polarization at 30°, Ed = 7.0 MeV was found to be +0.489±0.059. The measured n-alpha polarizations do not agree with the values predicted by the p-alpha phase shifts of Gammel and Thaler.
Classical Genetic Analyses of Responses to Sedative‐Hypnotic Drugs in Crosses Derived from Long‐Sleep and Short‐Sleep Mice

A classical (Mendelian) genetic analysis of responses to eight sedative-hypnotic compounds (ethanol, urethane, trifluoroethanol, chloral hydrate, barbital, paraldehyde, methyprylon, pentobarbital) was conducted in crosses derived from mouse lines that were selectively bred for differential duration of anesthesia following ethanol. The sleep-time responses of these mice, the long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) mouse lines, as well as the F1, F2 and backcross (F1 × LS, F1 × SS) generations were measured. Generally, differences in responses among the generations were greater for water soluble compounds than were differences for more lipid soluble compounds. Also, the inheritance of responses to water soluble compounds could be explained primarily by additive effects of alleles while the inheritance patterns for more lipid soluble compounds were more complex. Genetic correlation with ethanol response decreased with increasing lipophilicity. These results suggest that the selection of the LS-SS mouse lines was specific for water soluble anesthetic agents. Because several of these agents are known to act at GABA receptors, examination of the interactions of compounds which differ in lipid solubility at GABA receptors from LS and SS mice may prove useful in elucidating the mechanism of the anesthetic actions of ethanol and other drugs.
The Psychometric Properties of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory: Questions Concerning Reliability and Validity.

This investigation examined criticisms of the Bem Sex‐Role Inventory, a measure of gender orientation, and further examined its reliability and validity. Study 1 produced a two factor solution which was similar to other analyses. Study 2 demonstrated what adjectives best described males and females in American society. From the two studies, a revision of the Bem Sex‐Role Inventory was proposed with 10 items each measuring masculinity and femininity.
Temporal behavior of cross-phase-modulated second-harmonic generation of ultrashort laser pulses in nonlinear-optical media

Pulse propagation and phase modulation of second-harmonic generation of ultrafast pulses in nonlinear-optical media have been modeled and analyzed based on experimental work. In order to describe the temporal pulse profile, both cross-phase-modulation and induced-absorption processes have been introduced. The pulse profiles of cross-phase-modulated second-harmonic pulses for non-phase-matched nonlinear media with short interaction length are shown to depend on group-velocity dispersion, absorption, and induced phase matching.
Jejunal disaccharidase activity in maturity onset diabetes

Because intestinal disaccharidase activity is elevated in experimental diabetes of rats, we measured these enzymes in small bowel biopsies from a group of patients with maturity onset diabetes and a group of controls. There was no difference in disaccharidase activity between the two groups, and we conclude that in man maturity onset diabetes not requiring insulin therapy does not affect intestinal disaccharidase activity.
A nuclear-detection method for sulfur in thin films

Abstract A method is described for identifying the presence of sulfur in thin films on coins through the use of the S32(d,p)S33 reaction. A sample film was bombarded with a 2.0 MeV deuteron beam from a Van-de-Graaff accelerator, and a high resolution solid-state detector, located at 135° with respect to the incident beam direction, was used to detect the protons emitted from the target. The method is non-consuming and has proven to be simple and sensitive; sulfur films with surface densities of 10−7 g/cm2 are estimated to be easily identifiable. In the present work, the area of the sample film bombarded by the beam was approximately 0.5 mm2. No attempts were made to determine the ultimate sensitivity of the method. The technique described here should prove useful also for other combinations of thin film and backing materials. For each case, however, choice of the appropriate nuclear reaction will depend on considerations of interfering radiation from the backing materials and from likely contaminants.
Suprapubic cystostomy A simplified technique

A simple technique for performing a suprapubic cystostomy is presented. The only necessity is a modified male urethral sound.
Probing molecular structure at interfaces for comparison with bulk solution behavior: water/2-propanol mixtures monitored by vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy.

The orientation of the isopropyl group at the liquid/vapor interface in 2-propanol/water binary mixtures was studied by vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy. The CH3 stretch modes of the two methyl groups were used to determine the molecule's orientation by employing a novel united atom approach to model the (CH3)2X moiety. For this purpose, the changes in the molecular susceptibility of the isopropyl group stretches were derived in the laboratory frame as a function of the tilt and twist angles. The results indicated that the methyl groups lay down on the surface at low alcohol mole fraction and gradually twisted with increasing mole fraction. At the azeotrope, xiso = 0.68, one of the methyl groups aligned approximately parallel to the surface normal, whereas the other was nearly parallel with the liquid/vapor interface. When the mole fraction of 2-propanol was higher than 0.68, the orientation of 2-propanol remained almost constant. The change in the alcohol's orientation with 2-propanol mole fraction...
Excitotoxity and the NMDA receptor

Abstract The same receptors for excitatory amino acids (EAA) that mediate direct neuronal depolarization can also be responsible for neuronal injury. Prolonged stimulation of EAA receptors of either the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) or non-NMDA types eventually results in the death of most central neurons. The exact mechanism(s) of cell injury is complicated, since depolarization and neuronal swelling, calcium influx, and possibly second messengers all contribute. Evidence is accumulating that the brain damage associated with anoxia, stroke, hypoglycemia, epilepsy, and perhaps neurodegenerative illnesses such as Huntington's disease may be at least partially produced by excessive activation of NMDA receptors. To the extent that the pathophysiology can be explained by this mechanism, it may be amenable to rational therapies now under development.
Interactions of the crustacean nuclear receptors HR3 and E75 in the regulation of gene transcription

Endocrine signal transduction occurs through cascades that involve the action of both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent nuclear receptors. In insects, two such nuclear receptors are HR3 and E75 that interact to transduce signals initiated by ecdysteroids. We have cloned these nuclear receptors from the crustacean Daphnia pulex to assess their function as regulators of gene transcription in this ecologically and economically important group of organisms. Both nuclear receptors from D. pulex (DappuHR3 (group NR1F) and DappuE75 (group NR1D)) exhibit a high degree of sequence similarity to other NR1F and NR1D group members that is indicative of monomeric binding to the RORE (retinoid orphan receptor element). DappuE75 possesses key amino acid residues required for heme binding to the ligand-binding domain. Next, we developed a gene transcription reporter assay containing a luciferase reporter gene driven by the RORE. DappuHR3, but not DappuE75, activated transcription of the luciferase gene in this system. Co-transfection experiments revealed that DappuE75 suppressed DappuHR3-dependent luciferase transcription in a dose-dependent manner. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that DappuHR3 bound to the RORE. However, we found no evidence that DappuE75 similarly bound to the response element. These experiments further demonstrated that DappuE75 prevented DappuHR3 from binding to the response element. In conclusion, DappuHR3 functions as a transcriptional activator of genes regulated by the RORE and DappuE75 is a negative regulator of this activity. DappuE75 does not suppress the action of DappuHR3 by occupying the response element but presumably interacts directly with the DappuHR3 protein. Taken together with the previous demonstration that daphnid HR3 is highly induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone, these results support the premise that HR3 is a major component of ecdysteroid signaling in some crustaceans and is under the negative regulatory control of E75.
Acquired epileptiform aphasia

The acquired epileptiform aphasias, with Landau-Kleffner's syndrome as the example, represent an important group of syndromes in our quest to understand the relationship between epilepsy, language, and behavior. The controversy that truly frames the literature on the acquired epileptiform aphasias is the role of epileptiform activity on language, behavior, and cognition. This review expands the model of Landau-Kleffner's syndrome to include two other encephalopathies with language and behavioral regression in association with an epileptiform electroencephalogram. Both of these encephalopathies, autistic epileptiform regression and disintegrative epileptiform regression, are associated with an acquired language disorder. The developmental period in which the acquired language disorder begins, the type of language disorder, and the location and type of the epileptiform activity are all important variables that may affect clinical manifestations and prognosis.
Elimination of background signals in a modified polymerase chain reaction-based reverse transcriptase assay

Abstract Three highly sensitive reverse transcriptase (RT) assays were recently published that are at least one million times more sensitive than conventional RT assays. These assays derive their high sensitivities through the ability to amplify the complementary DNA (cDNA) product of the RT reaction by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We describe a modified PCR-basecl RT (PBRT) assay that retains the high sensitivities of the original assays while reducing their inherent background signals. The background signal of the PBRT assay was found to be due to an intrinsic RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity of the Taq DNA polymerase, the enzyme used for the PCR. It could be eliminated by inserting a ribonuclease digestion step prior to amplifying the cDNA product of the RT reaction by PCR and by using a thermostable DNA polymerase identified as having reduced RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity. Comparable results were obtained using three RNA templates with two purified RT enzymes. This modified assay is capable of detecting reliably between 10 and 100 molecules of RT, which is equivalent to between 1 and 10 retrovirus particles.
Reactivation of human polyomaviruses in immunocompromised states

Infection with various human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) is prevalent, with rates as high as 80 % within the general population. Primary infection occurs during childhood through respiratory or urino-oral transmission. While the majority of individuals exhibit asymptomatic latent infection, those immunocompromised persons are at risk for viral reactivation and disease progression resulting in conditions such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), trichodysplasia spinulosa, Merkel cell carcinoma, and polyomavirus associated nephropathy. Individuals with altered immune systems due to HIV, organ transplantation, lymphoproliferative diseases, and monoclonal antibody therapy are particularly susceptible to reactivation of various HPyVs. While the specific factors that induce lytic infection have yet to be defined, it is evident that dysfunctional host cellular immune responses allow active infection to occur. Immunosuppressant conditions, such as in chronic alcohol abuse, may serve as added risk factors for reactivation of HPyVs. Since the human HPyV family is rapidly expanding, continuing studies are needed to characterize the role that known and newly discovered HPyVs play in human disease.
Centrifuge Testing of Plumb and Battered Pile Groups in Sand

Pile groups are generally used under structures subject to heavy axial loads or large lateral forces with or without scour. The focus in this paper is only on pile groups subject to large lateral forces. Currently, little, if any, full-scale lateral load data exist on pile groups that vary pile head fixity or batter. Reported here is the summary of a series of centrifuge tests on free- and fixed-head plumb and battered pile groups. Influence of pile head constraint, pile spacing, soil density, and vertical dead load is reported for groups ranging from 3 X 3 to 3 X 7 in size. Results reveal a significant lateral resistance of fixed- over free-head pile groups; fixed-head piles develop significant axial forces; battered piles without vertical dead loads are generally no better than plumb piles; and in the case of plumb piles, the use of multipliers to represent group interaction is valid.
Subnormal roots of subnormal operators

Suppose that S is a subnormal operator and that S has a square root. Must S have a subnormal square root? We give two examples which answer this question in the negative.
Toxic interaction of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDF,1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, and 1,2,3,4,7,8-HeCDD: On the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Abstract The Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) early-life-stage (ELS) and 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) assays were used to test the hypothesis of additivity for toxic and biochemical effects from binary mixtures of chlorinated dioxins and furans. The effect of the appearance of any lesion in developing embryos was additive for the mixture of TODD with 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 1,2,3,4,7,8-HeCDD or 2,3,7,8-TCDF. The induction of EROD activity decreased statistically in the TCDF/PeCDD and the TCDD/HeCDD combinations. For other combinations, the effects were simply additive. The uptake of [3H]-TCDD by either embryos or larvae was not affected by the presence of another congener at the concentrations studied.
Neutralization of LSD by active immunization.

Mice immunized with a lysergic acid derivatized protein showed subsequent resistance to the effects of intravenously administered LSD as measured by the poke and rearing tests. Mice immunized with a tryptophyl conjugated protein displayed similar refractoriness relative to normal control mice. Thus, significant immunological cross reactivity as expressed by neutralization, was evident due to the common indole moiety of the two haptenic groups studied.
Graves disease presenting as painful thyroiditis

Hyperthyroidism associated with subacute (painful, viral) thyroiditis is well-recognized as a clinical entity; the thyroid gland in Graves disease is minimally, if ever, tender and painful. We describe a 10-year-old girl with hyperthyroidism whose initial clinical presentation was predominantly a painful, tender goiter. Graves disease was established by high uptake of 131I with a diffuse pattern of distribution of radioactivity on scan and the presence of thyroid-stimulating antibody. Thyrotropin-binding inhibiting IgG and antibody to thyroid microsomal antigen were both positive. She responded well to treatment with propylthiouracil and had spontaneous regression of her thyroid pain. The cause of the severe pain and tenderness remains speculative.
Cardiovascular disease, aging, and traffic accidents

Abstract Mean individual traffic accident and violation rates were compared for 267 “healthy” drivers age 30–59, 83 “healthy” persons age 60 or older, 82 senile persons age 60 or older, 80 oldsters with cardiovascular abnormalities, and 199 oldsters with cardiovascular and senile changes. Accident rates significantly higher than that of middle-aged drivers were found only for the senile oldsters and the oldsters with cardiovascular and senile changes. This latter group also had significantly higher violation rates. Drivers with cardiovascular disease only also had an apparent increase in accident and violation rates, but the differences were not statistically significant.
Optimization of device area and overall delay for CMOS VLSI designs

This paper addresses specific design tradeoffs that should be considered relative to CMOS VLSI designs using gate-array, semi-custom, or full-custom implementations. The main focus is on design optimization for speed and device area and on meeting the on-chip load drive requirements using one- and two-dimensional expansion techniques. Detailed comparisons are made between the effectiveness of the various design options in their ability to yield a specific performance within speed and/or area constraints while driving on-chip loads with and without geometrical constraints. These comparisons result in a number of design curves that cover the range of full CMOS custom design, for which two-dimensional scaling can be optimally utilized, to those cases involving semi-custom and gate-array designs for which geometric constraints exist (fixed height cells or fixed device sizes). A figure of merit is defined that relates speed and area to each specific circuit implementation, indicating that it can be used to make an effective comparison between overall performance and design option. It is finally suggested that a chip layout approach can be adopted that is useful for implementing any of the design options discussed.
Surgical treatment of pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii.

Abstract Over a period of thirteen years, 35 patients at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Ill., have undergone thirty-eight surgical procedures, including thirty-four pulmonary resections and four collapse procedures, for pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii. Major complications following operation occurred in 2 patients; 1 died from staphylococcal empyema. All patients with positive sputum cultures achieved prompt bacteriological conversion following operation. Long-term follow-up ranging from one to more than eleven years following operation was available in 31 of the 35 patients. All patients achieved a quiescent or inactive status. There were 2 late deaths due to unrelated causes.
Elaborating models of mathematics teaching: A response to Steffe and D'Ambrosio

In my article, I framed a developing model of mathematics teaching. As such, the model presented was neither complete nor elaborated in detail. The article was designed to generate discussion that can contribute to the further development of this and other models. Steffe and D'Ambrosio's response contributes in important ways to this discussion. They indicate an acceptance of many of the components of the model and elaborate several of them.
Effects of soybean meal hydrolysate as the nitrogen source on seed culture morphology and fumaric acid production by Rhizopus oryzae

Abstract Fumaric acid production by fungal fermentation from renewable resources has received much attention, but suffers from low productivity and yield largely because of poor cell morphology limiting mass transfer. In this study, a simple seed culture medium was developed with soybean meal hydrolysate (SMH) as the nitrogen source for controlling the morphology of Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 20344. With the optimal seed culture conditions (pH 3.0, SMH concentration: 30% (v/v), and inoculation spore concentration: 8 × 10 7 /L), uniformly dispersed mycelial clumps with a diameter of ∼0.1 mm were formed, which gave high fumaric acid production from glucose in shake flasks, reaching a fumaric acid titer of 50.2 g/L and yield of 0.72 g/g glucose. Compared to the fermentation with cell pellets, the fermentation with mycelial clumps generated with SMH as nitrogen source increased fumaric acid production because of improved mass transfer. This process can lower the cost for bio-based fumaric acid and provide a novel way of using soybean meal besides its current use as animal feed supplement.
Auxin and cytokinin related gene expression during active shoot growth and latent bud paradormancy in Vitis riparia grapevine

Cultural practices for canopy management in grapevines rely on intensive manipulation of shoot architecture to maintain canopy light levels. In contrast to common model plant systems used to study regulation of branch outgrowth, the grapevine has a more complex architecture. The node contains first, second and third order axillary meristems. The prompt bud (N+1) develops into a summer lateral and a latent compound bud develops in the basal node of the summer lateral (N+2, N+3(1,2)). The outgrowth potential of latent buds was determined using common canopy management treatments (shoot tip decapitation and removal of summer laterals and leaves) and monitoring the rate of latent bud outgrowth. Two shoot node regions (apical and basal) with differential outgrowth potential were characterized and it was noted that the shoot tip, summer laterals and leaves in addition to node position contributed to the inhibition of latent bud outgrowth. To advance the understanding of the molecular regulation of bud outgrowth and paradormancy in the complex shoot architecture of grapevines, the expression of auxin and cytokinin genes involved in branching (amidase (VrAMI1), PINFORMED-3 (VrPIN3) and isopentenyl transferase (VrIPT)) were monitored in shoot tips and differentially aged buds of Vitis riparia grapevine shoots. In addition, Histone 3 (VrH3) and a hexose transporter (VrHT1) expression were monitored as a measure of tissue activity. The expression of VrAMI1 and VrPIN3 remained constant in actively growing shoot tips and decreased significantly with increasing bud maturation in paradormant buds. VrHT1 expression was greater in buds than in any other plant tissue tested. VrHT1 may have the potential to be used as an indicator of paradormancy status in grapevines. These characterizations in the complex architecture of the grapevine provide an excellent model system for molecular analysis of bud outgrowth and shoot architecture development.
The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920

1. The grassland environment 2. The genesis of the Nomads 3. The Nomadic experiment 4. The ascendancy of the market 5. The wild and the tamed 6. The return of the bison.
A comparison of the cost-efficiencies of the sequential, group-sequential, and variable-sample-size-sequential probability ratio tests

Wald and Wolfowitz (1948) have shown that the Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) for deciding between two simple hypotheses is, under very restrictive conditions, optimal in three attractive senses. First, it can be a Bayes-optimal rule. Second, of all level α tests having the same power, the test with the smallest joint-expected number of observations is the SPRT, where this expectation is taken jointly with respect to both data and prior over the two hypotheses. Third, the level α test needing the fewest conditional-expected number of observat ions is the SPRT, where this expectation is now taken with respect to the data conditional on either hypothesis being true. Principal among the strong restrictions is that sampling can proceed only in a one-at-a-time manner. In this paper, we relax some of the conditions and show that there are sequential procedures that strictly dominate the SPRT in all three senses. We conclude that the third type of optimality occurs rarely and that decision-makers are better served by looking for sequential procedures that possess the first two types of optimality. By relaxing the one-at-a-time sampling restriction, we obtain optimal (in the first two senses) variable-s ample-size- sequential probability ratio tests.
The strategic human resource management process in practice

Becton Dickinson (BD) is a $2.5 billion medical technology company. Our primary product lines are disposable medical devices such as syringes, needles and scalpels. The other half of the business is diagnostic instruments and systems, ranging from one‐step pregnancy tests to large instrument systems. Fifty‐five percent of our sales are in the U.S., although our international segment is growing much faster than our domestic operations.
Symbolic Confrontation With Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Victimization

Abstract This article describes an investigation of the impact of symbolic confrontation as an element of a group procedure for women survivors of childhood sexual victimization.
FRACTIONATION OF THE RNA COMPONENTS OF RAT BRAIN POLYSOMES

— The incorporation in vivo of [3H]uridine into the RNA isolated from the free polyribosomes of rat cerebral cortex was studied. Sedimentation in sucrose gradients showed that initially (at times less than 60 min after injection of precursor) the label was associated with a heterodisperse species, while at longer times there was an increased coincidence of label with stable rRNA. Further fractionation was accomplished by means of differential extraction with phenol and analysis on polyacrylamide-agarose gels. Most of the rapidly labelled RNA was concentrated in a fraction obtained at pH 8-3 and 40°C. The base composition of this fraction differed greatly from that of rRNA, preribosomal RNA and DNA. Analysis by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide-agarose gels showed it to be composed of several distinct species in addition to residual 18 and 28S rRNA. Most of the latter was concentrated in a fraction extracted at pH 60 at 0°C.
Degrees of convex dependence in recursively enumerable vector spaces

Abstract Let W be a recursively enumerable vector space over a recursive ordered field. We show the Turing equivalence of the following sets: the set of all tuples of vectors in W which are linearly dependent; the set of all tuples of vectors in W whose convex closures contain the zero vector; and the set of all pairs ( X, Y ) of tuples in W such that the convex closure of X intersects the convex closure of Y . We also form the analogous sets consisting of tuples with given numbers of elements, and prove similar results on the Turing equivalence of these.
The radical trace property

or II-’ E Spec(R) [4, Prop. 2.41. Using this formulation of TP, Fontana, Huckaba and Papick gave characterizations for Noetherian TP domains and a special class of Priifer TP domains [4]. It is our goal to extend this work by studying RTP (radical trace property) domains, i.e., domains satisfying the condition that ZZ- ’ =
Hydropathic analysis of the non-covalent interactions between molecular subunits of structurally characterized hemoglobins

The software program, HINT (Hydropathic INTeractions), which characterizes non-polar-non-polar, polar-polar, and non-polar-polar interactions, has been used to examine subunit interface associations involved in the hemoglobin allosteric transition at a residue and atomic level. HINT differs from many other computational programs in that it is based not on a statistical method or a force-field but employs parameters experimentally determined from solvent transfer experiments. The main focus of this study is to compare HINT scores that are based upon experimentally and thermodynamically derived measurements with experimentally determined thermodynamic results. The HINT analysis yields a good first-order approximation of experimentally measured energies for these interactions as determined by free energies of dimer-tetramer assembly for mutant hemoglobins. The results provide a framework for understanding subunit stabilities based upon individual atom interactions and repulsions. HINT, in agreement with previous analyses, indicates that: (1) the alpha1beta1 and alpha2beta2 subunit contacts are stabilized via several polar and many hydrophobic interactions with few repulsive contact areas in both the T (deoxyhemoglobin) and R (oxyhemoglobin) structures; (2) the alpha1alpha2 subunit contacts are primarily stabilized by polar salt bridge linkages in both T and R states; and (3) the alpha1beta2 and alpha2beta1 contacts have both strong positive and negative interactions in both T and R states with few hydrophobic interactions. The HINT scoring methodology provides a quantitative characterization of the major role of the alpha1beta2 and alpha2beta1 interfaces in the T-->R quaternary transition. HINT also confirms the stronger hydrogen bond formation in mutant Hb Rothschild (Trp 37beta-->Arg) with Asp94alpha1 that gives rise to a low-affinity (deoxy) hemoglobin. HINT shows that the stabilization of the alpha1beta2 interface with mutant Hb Ypsilanti (Asp99alpha-->Tyr) produces a high-affinity (oxy) hemoglobin by reducing hydrophobic-polar contacts in the R state. HINT interaction maps also identified specific sites for mutagenesis at the alpha1beta2 interface that can be explored to shift the allosteric equilibrium in either direction. In addition, the HINT program provides useful diagnostic data for checking the quality of refined crystallographic structures.
Shock-impedence-match experiments at pressures to 2.5 TPa (25 Mbar)

Abstract Shock-impedance-match experiments were performed in proximity to underground nuclear explosions. Shock velocities were measured in pairs of adjacent materials. The reference material was Al in all cases. Specimens were Mo, Cu, Fe, Be and graphite-phase C. Relative to a theoretical equation of state for Al, shock pressures in the specimens ranged up to 2.5 TPa.