cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust optimal power flow with wind integration using conditional value-at-risk

Integrating renewable energy into the power grid requires intelligent risk-aware dispatch accounting for the stochastic availability of renewables. Toward achieving this goal, a robust DC optimal flow problem is developed in the present paper for power systems with a high penetration of wind energy. The optimal dispatch is obtained as the solution to a convex program with a suitable regularizer, which is able to mitigate the potentially high risk of inadequate wind power. The regularizer is constructed based on the energy transaction cost using conditional value-at-risk (CVaR). Bypassing the prohibitive high-dimensional integral, the distribution-free sample average approximation method is efficiently utilized for solving the resulting optimization problem. Case studies are reported to corroborate the efficacy of the novel model and approach tested on the IEEE 30-bus benchmark system with real operation data from seven wind farms.
Cross-sectional analysis of composite beams including large initial twist and curvature effects

An asymptotically exact methodology, based on geometrically nonlinear, three-dimensional elasticity, is presented for cross-sectional analysis of initially curved and twisted, nonhomogeneous, anisotropic beams. The analysis is subject only to the restrictions that the strain is small relative to unity and that the maximum dimension of the cross section is small relative to the wavelength of the deformation and to the minimum radius of curvature and/or twist. The final one-dimensional strain energy per unit length exhibits asymptotically correct second-order dependence of the initial curvature and twist parameters. Cross-sectional constants of the one-dimensional theory are obtained via finite element discretization over the cross-sectional plane. Numerical results obtained for both isotropic and composite beams are compared with published results from special purpose analyses for initially twisted, straight beams, as well as initially curved, untwisted beams. The agreement with previously published results is excellent.
Synthesis of secorapamycin esters and amides

Abstract Secorapamycin acid has been converted to a variety of functionalized esters and amides. Sequential retroaldol / realdol reaction of a secorapamycin amide provided a truncated analog.
Layer-oriented adaptive optics for solar telescopes

First multiconjugate adaptive-optical (MCAO) systems are currently being installed on solar telescopes. The aim of these systems is to increase the corrected field of view with respect to conventional adaptive optics. However, this first generation is based on a star-oriented approach, and it is then difficult to increase the size of the field of view beyond 60-80 arc sec in diameter. We propose to implement the layer-oriented approach in solar MCAO systems by use of wide-field Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors conjugated to the strongest turbulent layers. The wavefront distortions are averaged over a wide field: the signal from distant turbulence is attenuated and the tomographic reconstruction is thus done optically. The system consists of independent correction loops, which only need to account for local turbulence: the subapertures can be enlarged and the correction frequency reduced. Most importantly, a star-oriented MCAO system becomes more complex with increasing field size, while the layer-oriented approach benefits from larger fields and will therefore be an attractive solution for the future generation of solar MCAO systems.
Rigidity of hyperbolic P-manifolds: a survey

In this survey paper, we outline the proofs of rigidity results (Mostow type, quasi-isometric, and Diagram rigidity) for simple, thick, hyperbolic P-manifolds. These are stratified spaces, and are in some sense the simplest non-manifold locally CAT(−1) spaces one can create, having codimension one singularities along embedded totally geodesic submanifolds. All the proofs depend on the highly non-homogenous structure of the boundary at infinity of the (universal covers of the) spaces in question, and in particular, on an understanding of the local topology of the boundary at infinity. We emphasize the similarities and differences in the proofs of the various rigidity results. These results should be viewed as a first step towards understanding stratified locally CAT(−1) spaces.
Mentoring Faculty to Improve Teaching and Student Learning

For teaching to improve, three factors must be in place. First, the college must use a valid and reliable student evaluation instrument in combination with other feedback mechanisms. Second, there must be an accompanying norming report that provides comparative and diagnostic information to departmental chairs and teachers. Raw data from even a valid and reliable instrument may not be informative. Third, the college must have a mentoring process in place. This paper discusses briefly each of the three elements to initiate and sustain a successful mentoring program to improve teaching and student learning.
Highly efficient synthesis of amides via Ritter chemistry with ionic liquids

Abstract The utility of Bronsted-acidic imidazolium ionic liquid [BMIM(SO 3 H)][OTf] as catalyst for the high yield synthesis of a wide variety of amides under mild conditions via the Ritter reaction of alcohols with nitriles has been demonstrated. As alternative methods for the carbocation generation step, NOPF 6 immobilized in [BMIM][PF 6 ] ionic liquid was used in the Ritter reaction of bromides with nitriles and for the synthesis of adamantyl amides from adamantane and nitriles.
Photonic Sensing Components for Fiber Networks

Photonic sensing technologies are an integral part of Remote Fiber Test Systems used for maintaining optical fiber networks. Optical components used for this purpose such as branching components, filters, switches, water sensors and fiber identifiers are overviewed.
Plants new to Missouri

Roland, A. E. & W. G. Doue. 1942. Notes on the Flora of Nova Scotia III. Rhodora 44: 334-338. Schofibld, W. B. & E. C. Smith. 1953. Contributions to the Flora of Nova Scotia III: Some interesting white forms. Can. Field Nat. 67: 93 94. Smith, E. C. & W. B. Schofield. 1952. Contributions to the Flora of Nova Scotia I & II. Rhodora 54: 220-228. Smith, E. C. & J. S. Erskine. 1954. Contributions to the Flora of Nova Scotia IV. Rhodora 56: 242-252.
Optimization of battery strengths in the Hodgkin-Huxley model

We study the effects of the ionic reversal potentials for sodium (E"N"a) and potassium (E"K) on the dynamics and energetics of the action potential in the Hodgkin-Huxley model of the squid giant axon, finding that larger action potentials, whose size is controlled primarily by the difference between E"N"a and E"K, can be evoked more rapidly, travel at a faster speed, and consume more metabolic energy than smaller ones. We then systematically investigate whether the biological values of the reversal potentials are optimal for any of a large class of objective functions combining common functional properties of the axon. There appear to be no unconstrained local maxima or minima in these functions over either the two-dimensional {E"N"a,E"K} parameter space or, more significantly, over higher-dimensional parameter spaces which also include the ionic conductances and the axon diameter. This implies that any optimization of these functions in the Hodgkin-Huxley model must necessarily involve some kind of constraint among the parameters. We identify and discuss some possible constrained optimizations: if E"N"a is fixed, then the biological value of E"K is optimal for action potential velocity and for the metabolic energy divided by the maximum firing frequency.
Why Don't We See Poverty Convergence?

Average living standards are converging among developing countries and faster growing economies see more progress against poverty. Yet we do not find poverty convergence; countries starting with higher poverty rates do not see higher proportionate rates of poverty reduction. The paper tries to explain why. Analysis of a new dataset suggests that, at given mean consumption, high initial poverty has an adverse effect on consumption growth and also makes growth less poverty-reducing. Thus, for many poor countries, the growth advantage of starting out with a low mean is lost due to a high incidence of poverty. (JEL D63, I31, I32, O15)
Plasma investigation in a reversed current electron bombardment ion engine.

Plasma measurements in cesium electron bombardment ion engine indicate that reversed cathode-anode configuration improves radial ion distribution
Finite-Element Analysis of Transonic Flows in Highly Staggered Cascades

A finite-element method is employed in the solution of a full-potential equation for analyzing steady, transonic flows through highly staggered cascades. Convergence characteristics and efficiency of the developed numerical procedure are discussed. Accuracy of the mathematical model is investigated in terms of the employed computational grid. In particular, the importance of an accurate representation of the trailing edge together with the shock on the obtained flow results are studied. Numerical results include choked flows, for cascades of NACA 0012 and 8% circular-arc airfoils with a pitch/chord ratio of 1 and a stagger angle of 45 deg.
Document segmentation using polynomial spline wavelets

Wavelet transforms have been widely used as effective tools in texture segmentation in the past decade. Segmentation of document images, which usually contain three types of texture information: text, picture and background, can be regarded as a special case of texture segmentation. B-spline wavelets possess some desirable properties such as being well localized in time and frequency, and being compactly supported, which make them an effective tool for texture analysis. Based on the observation that text textures provide fast-changed and relatively regular distributed edges in the wavelet transform domain, an efficient document segmentation algorithm is designed via cubic B-spline wavelets. Three-means or two-means classification is applied for classifying pixels with similar characteristics after feature estimation at the outputs of high frequency bands of spline wavelet transforms. We examine and evaluate the contributions of different factors to the segmentation results from the viewpoints of decomposition levels, frequency bands and wavelet functions. Further performance analysis reveals the advantages of the proposed method.
The One Body of Christian Environmentalism

Using a conceptual model consisting of three intersecting spheres of concern (environmental protection, human needs provision, and economic welfare) central to most environmental issues, we map six major Christian traditions of thought. Our purpose is to highlight the complementarities among these diverse responses in order to inform a more holistic Christian environmentalism founded on one or more of the major tenets of each of the six core traditions. Our approach also incorporates major premises of at least the more moderate versions of biocentrism, ecocentrism, and anthropocentrism. We label this holistic approach “cosmocentrism” and use it as the basis for a preliminary description of the notion of “pluralistic stewardship.” We argue that only such holistic environmental perspectives, where societal needs are more directly coupled with environmental protection, and a pluralism of worldviews are acknowledged as potentially contributing to such efforts are capable of successfully addressing the complex issues we face today. We note that, at the international level in particular, Christian thought and secular environmentalism already have been moving in such a direction.
Minimal grand unification model in an anthropic landscape

It has been recently pointed out by Arkani-Hamed and Dimopoulos that if the universe is a landscape of vacua, and if therefore fine-tuning is not a valid guidance principle for searching for physics beyond the standard model, supersymmetric unification only requires the fermionic superpartners. We argue that in that landscape scenario, the fermionic superpartners are not needed for unification, which can be achieved in SO(10) either via a direct breaking to the standard model at the grand unification scale or through an intermediate gauge symmetry. In most minimal SO(10) models, the proton lifetime is long enough to avoid the experimental bounds. These models are the truly minimal fine-tuned extensions of the standard model in the sense proposed by Davoudiasl et al.
Film Boiling Incipience at the Departure From Natural Convection on Flat, Smooth Surfaces

The present research is an experimental study of pool boiling nucleation behavior using flat, smooth surfaces immersed in saturated highly wetting liquids, FC-72 and FC-87. A flush-mounted, copper surface of 10 mm × 10 mm is used as a heat transfer surface, simulating a microelectronic chip surface. At the nucleation incipient points of higher wall superheats with steady increase of heat flux, vapor film blankets the smooth surface and remains on the surface. To predict this film boiling incipience phenomenon from the smooth surface, an incipience map is developed over the boiling curve. When the incipient heat flux is higher than the minimum heat flux (MHF) and the incipient wall superheat value is higher than the transition boiling curve value at the incipient heat flux, the transition from single-phase natural convection to film boiling is observed at the incipient point. To prevent film boiling incipience, a microporous coating is applied over the smooth surface, which decreases incipient wall superheat and increases minimum heat flux. The film boiling incipience should be avoided to take advantage of highly efficient nucleate boiling heat transfer for the cooling of high-heat-flux applications.
Identification of nucleation rates in droplet-based microfluidic systems

Abstract Characterization of the rate of nucleation of crystals from solution continues to be of interest, both for investigations into fundamental molecular phenomena as well as for applications in the pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and fine chemicals industries. Substantial experimental evidence indicates that nucleation in some solute-solvent systems does not agree with classical theory, especially at high supersaturations. An approach is proposed for computing bounds on the nucleation rate as a function of supersaturation that does not require an assumed analytical expression for the nucleation kinetics. The approach involves (1) a microfluidic platform that measures crystal nuclei formation in droplets, (2) the analytical solution of the Chemical Master equation for nucleation that takes finite-volume effects into account, and (3) a numerical algorithm that employs linear splines to construct upper and lower bounds on the nucleation rate from the experimental data produced by the microfluidic platform. The approach is demonstrated for mean induction times measured for the nucleation of paracetamol and glycine crystals in aqueous solution. The approach can be used to suggest dependencies for the development of new nucleation expressions and for providing kinetic information needed for the simulation of crystallizers that operate at high supersaturations, such as dual-impinging-jet and vortex-mixer crystallizers.
Optimal explicit strong stability preserving Runge–Kutta methods with high linear order and optimal nonlinear order

High order spatial discretizations with monotonicity properties are often desirable for the solution of hyperbolic PDEs. These methods can advantageously be coupled with high order strong stability preserving time discretizations. The search for high order strong stability timestepping methods with large allowable strong stability coefficient has been an active area of research over the last two decades. This research has shown that explicit SSP Runge–Kutta methods exist only up to fourth order. However, if we restrict ourselves to solving only linear autonomous problems, the order conditions simplify and this order barrier is lifted: explicit SSP Runge–Kutta methods of any linear order exist. These methods reduce to second order when applied to nonlinear problems. In the current work we aim to find explicit SSP Runge–Kutta methods with large allowable time-step, that feature high linear order and simultaneously have the optimal fourth order nonlinear order. These methods have strong stability coefficients that approach those of the linear methods as the number of stages and the linear order is increased. This work shows that when a high linear order method is desired, it may be still be worthwhile to use methods with higher nonlinear order.
Reduction of 3‐Acyl Derivatives of Oxindoles, Benzo[b]furan‐2‐ones, and Benzo[b]thiophen‐2‐ones to the Corresponding Alkyl Derivatives by Sodium Borohydride–Acetic Acid

Abstract It was found that 3‐acyl derivatives of oxindoles, benzo[b]furan‐2‐ones, and benzo[b]thiophen‐2‐ones could be efficiently and conveniently reduced to the corresponding alkyl derivatives by pelletized sodium borohydride in acetic acid. A typical procedure involves heating the acylated substrates for approximately 90 min in a slurry of glacial acetic acid and sodium borohydride to provide the 3‐alkyl product in yields ranging from 62% to 96%. This synthetic methodology represents a convenient approach to the synthesis of the alkyl derivatives.
Further Estimates of the Economic Return to Schooling from a New Sample of Twins.

Abstract In a recent, and widely cited, paper, Ashenfelter & Krueger (1994) use a new sample of identical twins to investigate the contribution of genetic ability to the observed cross-sectional return to schooling. This paper re-examines Ashenfelter & Krueger's estimates using three additional years of the same twins survey. I find that the return to schooling among identical twins is about 10% per year of schooling completed. Most importantly, unlike the results reported in Ashenfelter and Krueger, I find that the within-twin regression estimate of the effect of schooling on the log wage is smaller than the cross-sectional estimate, implying a small upward bias in the cross-sectional estimate. Ashenfelter & Krueger's measurement error corrected estimates are insignificantly different from those presented here, however. Finally, there is evidence of an important individual-specific component to the measurement error in schooling reports. [ JEL : J24, I21]
A sensitivity analysis procedure for Bayesian decision-making

In an effort to see how analytical model outputs change with respect to variations in model inputs, sensitivity analysis procedures have been widely used in applications such as mathematical programming and classical optimisation. However, until recently, sensitivity analysis has seen only limited application in the area of decision theory and support. This paper investigates the use of sensitivity analysis in the realm of classical Bayesian reasoning, where the probabilities of the states of nature are revised based on additional information. These updated probabilities only become useful, however, if they lead to an optimal decision different from that obtained on the basis of prior probabilities. This paper develops a novel sensitivity analysis procedure for Bayesian decision-making and proposes a set of criteria for the ranges of the model input parameters over which the current solution will remain optimal.
A geometric approach to the cascade approximation operator for wavelets

This paper is devoted to an approximation problem for operators in Hilbert space, that appears when one tries to study geometrically thecascade algorithm in wavelet theory. Let\(\mathcal{H}\) be a Hilbert space, and let π be a representation ofL∞(\(\mathbb{T}\)) on\(\mathcal{H}\). LetR be a positive operator inL∞(\(\mathbb{T}\)) such thatR(1) =1, where1 denotes the constant function 1. We study operatorsM on\(\mathcal{H}\) (bounded, but noncontractive) such that $$\pi (f){\rm M} = M\pi (f(z^2 ))andM*\pi (f)M = \pi (R*f),f \in L^\infty (\mathbb{T}),$$ where the * refers to Hilbert space adjoint. We give a complete orthogonal expansion of\(\mathcal{H}\) which reduces π such thatM acts as a shift on one part, and the residual part is\(\mathcal{H}\)(∞) = ∩ n [M n \(\mathcal{H}\)], where [M n \(\mathcal{H}\)] is the closure of the range ofM n . The shift part is present, we show, if and only if ker (M*)≠{0}. We apply the operator-theoretic results to the refinement operator (or cascade algorithm) from wavelet theory. Using the representation π, we show that, for this wavelet operatorM, the components in the decomposition are unitarily, and canonically, equivalent to spacesL2(E n ) ⊂L2(ℝ), whereEn ⊂ ℝ, n=1,2,3,..., ∞, are measurable subsets which form a tiling of ℝ; i.e., the union is ℝ up to zero measure, and pairwise intersections of differentE n 's have measure zero. We prove two results on the convergence of the cascale algorithm, and identify singular vectors for the starting point of the algorithm.
Diagrid Structures for Complex-Shaped Tall Buildings

Diagrid structures are widely used for today’s tall buildings due to their distinguished architectural aesthetics in any existing urban context and structural efficiency in carrying lateral loads. With prevalent emergence of complex-shaped buildings throughout the world, this paper investigates structural efficiency of diagrid structures employed for complex-shaped tall buildings, such as twisted, tilted and freeform towers. For each complex form category, tall buildings are designed with diagrid systems, and their structural efficiency is studied in conjunction with building forms. In order to investigate the impacts of various important geometric configurations of complex-shaped tall buildings, parametric models are generated using appropriate computer programs, and the models are exported to structural engineering software for design and analyses. Based on the study results, structural efficiency of diagrids for tall buildings of each complex form category is estimated.
Total synthesis and examination of three key analogues of ramoplanin: a lipoglycodepsipeptide with potent antibiotic activity.

The total synthesis and evaluation of three key ramoplanin aglycon analogues are detailed. The first (5a) represents replacement of the labile depsipeptide ester with a stable amide (HAsn2 → Dap2) with removal of the HAsn pendant carboxamide, and it was found to be slightly more potent than the natural aglycon in antimicrobial assays providing a new lead structure with an improved profile and a more stable and accessible macrocyclic template on which to conduct structure−function studies. In contrast, a second amide analogue 5b which contains a single additional methylene relative to 5a (HAsn2 → Dab2) was found to be inactive in antimicrobial assays (>100-fold loss in activity). The third key analogue 5c in which the Asn1 lipid side chain was replaced with an acetyl group revealed that it contributes significantly to the antimicrobial activity (16-fold) of the ramoplanins, but is not essential.
Clustering Properties of Stars in Simulations of Wind-driven Star Formation

Several recent observational studies have shown that the clustering of young stars in local star-forming regions and of Cepheids in the LMC can be described by a power-law two-point correlation function. We show by numerical simulations that the observed range in power-law slopes can be accounted for by a model in which stellar winds drive expanding shells that are subjected to nonlinear fluid advection and interactions with other shells and in which star formation occurs when a threshold shell column density is exceeded. The models predict how the power-law slope should depend on the maximum age of the stellar sample and the average star formation rate, although a number of effects preclude a comparison with currently available data. We also show how stellar migration flattens the power-law slope below a scale that depends on the velocity dispersion and age of the sample, an effect that may explain the secondary breaks in the observed correlation functions of some regions at large separations. Problems with using the correlation function as a descriptor of clustering structure for statistically inhomogeneous data sets are discussed.
Efficient three-component Strecker reaction of aldehydes/ketones via NHC-amidate palladium(II) complex catalysis.

A simple and efficient one-pot, three-component method has been developed for the synthesis of α-aminonitriles. This Strecker reaction is applicable for aldehydes and ketones with aliphatic or aromatic amines and trimethylsilyl cyanide in the presence of a palladium Lewis acid catalyst in dichloromethane solvent at room temperature.
On the mean free paths of pions and kaons in hot hadronic matter

Abstract Pion and kaon mean free paths within a thermal hadronic background are calculated using relativistic kinetic theory. Free cross sections are used which include contributions from ρ, K ∗ , Δ and heavier resonances. Given pion to baryon ratios appropriate for the breakup stage of a 200 · A GeV relativistic-heavy-ion collision, we find for temperatures less than 100 MeV, kaons have a shorter mean free path than pions, while for higher breakup temperatures the reverse is true. Since breakup temperatures should be in the neighborhood of 100 MeV, this suggests that kaon interferometry samples the same emission distribution as pion interferometry.
Connecting protein and mRNA burst distributions for stochastic models of gene expression

The intrinsic stochasticity of gene expression can lead to large variability in protein levels for genetically identical cells. Such variability in protein levels can arise from infrequent synthesis of mRNAs which in turn give rise to bursts of protein expression. Protein expression occurring in bursts has indeed been observed experimentally and recent studies have also found evidence for transcriptional bursting, i.e. production of mRNAs in bursts. Given that there are distinct experimental techniques for quantifying the noise at different stages of gene expression, it is of interest to derive analytical results connecting experimental observations at different levels. In this work, we consider stochastic models of gene expression for which mRNA and protein production occurs in independent bursts. For such models, we derive analytical expressions connecting protein and mRNA burst distributions which show how the functional form of the mRNA burst distribution can be inferred from the protein burst distribution. Additionally, if gene expression is repressed such that observed protein bursts arise only from single mRNAs, we show how observations of protein burst distributions (repressed and unrepressed) can be used to completely determine the mRNA burst distribution. Assuming independent contributions from individual bursts, we derive analytical expressions connecting means and variances for burst and steady-state protein distributions. Finally, we validate our general analytical results by considering a specific reaction scheme involving regulation of protein bursts by small RNAs. For a range of parameters, we derive analytical expressions for regulated protein distributions that are validated using stochastic simulations. The analytical results obtained in this work can thus serve as useful inputs for a broad range of studies focusing on stochasticity in gene expression.
Adaptive optics for biological imaging using direct wavefront sensing

This presentation will be on the use of adaptive optics (AO) with direct wavefront sensing for biological imaging. Adaptive optics have been used in ground based astronomy to correct image aberrations caused by refraction as light passes through Earth's turbulent atmosphere. As shown on the left in Figure One, light from the telescope has a distorted wavefront, as indicated by the wavy lines. A wavefront sensor measures these distortions and applies the opposite shape on an adaptive mirror using a feedback control system. After reflection from the adaptive mirror a corrected wavefront is generated and is recorded by a high-resolution camera. An image of the planet Neptune before and after AO correction is shown on the right in Figures 1(a) and 1(b). After correction the cloud structure on Neptune can be resolved in 1(b)
A New Twist on Top Quark Spin Correlations

Top-antitop pairs produced at hadron colliders are largely unpolarized, but their spins are highly correlated. The structure of these correlations varies significantly over top production phase space, allowing very detailed tests of the Standard Model. Here, we explore top quark spin correlation measurement from a general perspective, highlighting the role of azimuthal decay angles. By taking differences and sums of these angles about the top-antitop production axis, the presence of spin correlations can be seen as sinusoidal modulations resulting from the interference of different helicity channels. At the LHC, these modulations exhibit nontrivial evolution from near-threshold production into the boosted regime, where they become sensitive to almost the entire QCD correlation effect for centrally produced tops. We demonstrate that this form of spin correlation measurement is very robust under full kinematic reconstruction, and should already be observable with high significance using the current LHC data set. We also illustrate some novel ways that new physics can alter the azimuthal distributions. In particular, we estimate the power of our proposed measurements in probing for anomalous color-dipole operators, as well as for broad resonances with parity-violating couplings. Using these methods, the 2012 run of the LHC may be capable of setting simultaneous limits on the top quark’s anomalous chromomagnetic and chromoelectric dipole moments at the level of 3 × 10−18 cm (0.03/m t ).
Dynamical Models of the Resonant Pair of Planets Orbiting the Star GJ 876

We present two planet fits to the radial velocity measurements of the M dwarf star GJ 876 that account for the mutual perturbations between the planets, as well as their interactions with the star. We also give the results of long-term integrations testing the stability of some of our best-fit systems. Our Newtonian models fit the data much better than do Keplerian models, reducing the χ from 1.88 to as low as 1.34 for an unstable high-inclination system and 1.43 for a stable low-inclination system. Several different local minima with comparable χ are found in parameter space; thus, our results are not able to provide tight constraints on the inclinations of the orbits to the line of sight and actual planetary masses. Most sets of planetary parameters that we have derived represent systems that are stable for at least 108 yr. Test particles orbiting between the two planets within our best-fit planar system are lost in less than 300 yr.
Public Health Emergencies: What Counts?

Although Jonathan Herington, Angus Dawson, and Heather Draper offer valuable insights on how to conceptualize health hazards and understand their effects on populations, I resist the label “public health emergency” for obesity, and here is why. It is important—politically and pragmatically—to be judicious with words that have legal and real-world consequences. Once a concept is stretched to encompass a broad swath of events, it loses its power. The broader the application of the term “public health emergency,” the more it loses the core idea of an emergent event. Thus, framing a long-simmering health hazard such as obesity as an emergency would mute the voices of public health authorities seeking a surge response to a truly emergent event, such as a rapidly spreading novel disease or a natural or man-made disaster.
Wind enhanced planetary escape: Collisional modifications

The problem of thermal escape is considered in which both the effects of thermospheric winds at the exobase and collisions below the exobase are included in a Monte Carlo calculation. The collisions are included by means of a collisional relaxation layer of a background gas which models the transition region between the exosphere and the thermosphere. The wind effects are considered in the limiting cases of vertical and horizontal flows. Two species are considered: terrestrial hydrogen and terrestrial helium. In the cases of terrestrial hydrogen the escape fluxes were found to be strongly filtered or throttled by collisions at high exospheric temperatures. The model is applied to molecular hydrogen diffusing through a methane relaxation layer under conditions possible on Titan. The results are similar to the case of terrestrial hydrogen with wind enhanced escape being strongly suppressed by collisions. It is concluded that wind enhanced escape is not an important process on Titan.
Distributed Connectivity Control of Mobile Networks

Control of mobile networks raises fundamental and novel problems in controlling the structure of the resulting dynamic graphs. In particular, in applications involving mobile sensor networks and multiagent systems, a great new challenge is the development of distributed motion algorithms that guarantee connectivity of the overall network. Motivated by the inherently discrete nature of graphs as combinatorial objects, we address this challenge using a key control decomposition. First, connectivity control of the network structure is performed in the discrete space of graphs and relies on local estimates of the network topology used, along with algebraic graph theory, to verify link deletions with respect to connectivity. Tie breaking, when multiple such link deletions can violate connectivity, is achieved by means of gossip algorithms and distributed market-based control. Second, motion control is performed in the continuous configuration space, where nearest-neighbor potential fields are used to maintain existing links in the network. Integration of the earlier controllers results in a distributed, multiagent, hybrid system, for which we show that the resulting motion always ensures connectivity of the network, while it reconfigures toward certain secondary objectives. Our approach can also account for communication time delays as well as collision avoidance and is illustrated in nontrivial computer simulations.
Reaction operator approach to non-abelian energy loss

Abstract A systematic expansion of induced gluon radiation associated with jet production in a dense QCD plasma is derived using a reaction operator formalism. Analytic expressions for the induced inclusive gluon transverse momentum and light-cone momentum distributions are derived to all orders in powers of the opacity of the medium for gluons, Nσ g /A ⊥ =L/λ g . The reaction operator approach leads to a simple algebraic proof of the “color triviality” of single inclusive distributions and leads to a solvable set of recursion relations. The analytic solution to all orders in opacity generalizes previous continuum solutions (BDMPS) by allowing for arbitrary correlated nuclear geometry and evolving screening scales as well as the inclusion of finite kinematic constraints. The latter is particularly important because below LHC energies the kinematic constraints significantly decrease the non-abelian energy loss. Our solution for the inclusive distribution turns out to have a much simpler structure than the exclusive (tagged) distribution case that we studied previously (GLV1). The analytic expressions are also obtained in a form suitable for numerical implementation in Monte Carlo event generators to enable more accurate calculations of jet quenching in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions. Numerical results illustrating the first three orders in opacity are compared to the “self-quenching” hard radiation intensity that always accompanies jet production in the vacuum. A surprising result is that the induced gluon radiation intensity is dominated by the (quadratic in L ) first order opacity contribution for realistic geometries and jet energies in nuclear collisions.
Electron beam acceleration and compression for short wavelength FELs

Abstract A single pass UV or X-ray FEL will require a low emittance electron beam with high peak current and a beam energy of a few hundred MeV to many GeV. To achieve the necessary peak current and beam energy, the beams must be bunch compressed and accelerated in long transport lines where dispersive and wakefield emittance dilutions are important. In this paper, we will describe the sources and significance of the dilutions during acceleration, bunch compression, and transport through the undulator. In addition, we will discuss sources of jitter as well as possible cancellation techniques.
Free orbit dimension of finite von Neumann algebras

Abstract We introduce a new free entropy invariant, which yields improvements of most of the applications of free entropy to finite von Neumann algebras, including those with Cartan subalgebras, simple masas, property T , property Γ , nonprime factors, and thin factors.
Optimal trajectories for hypersonic launch vehicles

In this paper, we derive a near-optimal guidance law for the ascent trajectory from Earth surface to Earth orbit of a hypersonic, dual-mode propulsion, lifting vehicle. Of interest are both the optimal flight path and the optimal operation of the propulsion system. The guidance law is developed from the energy-state approximation of the equations of motion. The performance objective is a weighted sum of fuel mass and volume, with the weighting factor selected to give minimum gross take-off weight for a specific payload mass and volume.
Effect of Glass Additions on BaO–TiO2–WO3 Microwave Ceramics

The effect of glass addition on the properties of BaO–TiO2-WO3 microwave dielectric material N-35, which has Q= 5900 and K= 35 at 7.2 GHz for samples sintered at 1360°C, was investigated. Several glasses including B2O3, SiO2, 5ZnO–2B2O3, and nine other commercial glasses were selected for this study. Among these glasses, one with a 5 wt% addition of B2O3 to N-35, when sintered at 1200°C, had the best dielectric properties: Q= 8300 and K= 34 at 8.5 GHz. Both Q and K increased with firing temperature as well as with density. The Q of N-35, when sintered with a ZnO–B2O3 glass system, showed a sudden drop in the sintering temperature to about 1000°C. The results of XRD, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the chemical reaction between the dielectric ceramics and glass had a greater effect on Q than on the density. The effects of the glass content and the mixing process on the densification and microwave dielectric properties are also presented. Ball milling improved the densification and dielectric properties of the N-35 sintered with ZnO–B2O3.
A characterization of revolution quadrics by a system of partial differential equations

It is shown that existence of a global solution to a particular nonlinear system of second order partial differential equations on a complete connected Riemannian manifold has topological and geometric implications and that in the domain of positivity of such a solution, its reciprocal is the radial function of only one of the following rotationally symmetric hypersurfaces in : paraboloid, ellipsoid, one sheet of a two-sheeted hyperboloid, and a hyperplane.
Effect of baffle on slosh reaction forces in rotating liquid helium subjected to a lateral impulse in microgravity

Sloshing dynamics within a partially filled rotating Dewar of superfluid He II are investigated in response to a lateral impulse. The study investigates several factors, including how the rotating bubble of superfluid He II reacts to the impulse in microgravity, how the amplitudes of slosh reaction forces act on the Dewar with various rotating speeds, how the frequencies of the sloshing modes excited differ in terms of differences in rotating speeds, and how the sloshing dynamics differ with and without a baffle. The numerical computation of sloshing dynamics is based on the noninertial frame spacecraft-bound coordinates. Results of the simulations are illustrated.
X-Ray Observations of the Compact Source in CTA 1

We have studied the point source RX J0007.0+7302, at the center of supernova remnant CTA 1, using the X-Ray Multi-mirror Mission (XMM-Newton). The X-ray spectrum of the source is consistent with that of a neutron star and is well described by a power law with the addition of a soft thermal component that may correspond to emission from hot polar cap regions or to cooling emission from a light-element atmosphere over the entire star. There is evidence of extended emission on small spatial scales, which may correspond to structure in the underlying synchrotron nebula. No pulsations are observed. Extrapolation of the nonthermal spectrum of RX J0007.0+7302 to gamma-ray energies yields a flux consistent with that of EGRET source 3EG J0010+7309, supporting the proposition that there is a gamma-ray-emitting pulsar at the center of CTA 1. Observations of the outer regions of CTA 1 with ASCA confirm earlier detections of thermal emission from the supernova remnant and show that the synchrotron nebula extends to the outermost reaches of the remnant.
The Top One Percent and Exploitation Measures

With the Occupy Movement that recently took place on Wall Street and in other parts of the globe, a lot of attention has recently been given to growing income inequality. The 2008 United States financial crisis, the Great Recession, and the subsequent weak recovery have brought about a more serious focus on income inequality and the widening income gap between the top one percent and other groups. These events have brought about some social unrest and instability in American society perhaps not seen since the Great Depression. How much has the top 1 percent of households gained in terms of income versus the other 99 percent in the United States over the last 30 years or so? Mainstream economists and other social scientists point to various causes which have been mentioned in many scholarly and popular writings. All of these mainstream factors affecting inequality have been found to be statistically significant in one scholarly study or another. This research paper explores other major concepts to explain income inequality rather than to dispute the findings of other existing research efforts. The empirical findings of this paper support radical arguments that income accumulation of those at the top is not connected to the productivity of capital investment, but rather instead is connected to the declining incomes and exploitation of the rest of the US population despite the rising output per worker of the US workforce over the last 30 to 40 years.
Non-perturbative orientifolds

Abstract We consider non-perturbative six and four dimensional N =1 space-time supersymmetric orientifolds. Some states in such compactifications arise in “twisted” open string sectors which lack world-sheet description in terms of D-branes. Using Type I-heterotic duality we are able to obtain the massless spectra for some of such orientifolds. The four dimensional compactification we discus in this context is an example of a chiral N =1 supersymmetric string vacuum which is non-perturbative in both orientifold and heterotic pictures. In particular, it contains both D9- and D5-branes plus non-perturbative “twisted” open string sector states as well.
Cleaning process versus laser-damage threshold of coated optical components

Several tests were completed to measure the laser-damage threshold of coated optics processed through different cleaning methods. Initial results indicate that the mechanical-scrub cleaning step is critical to high-laser-damage performance.
Cationic nitridoruthenium(VI) catalyzed hydrosilylation of ketones and aldehydes

The first example of a ruthenium nitrido compound as hydrosilylation catalyst is described, using phenylsilane as reductant. A variety of ketones and aldehydes are reduced to alcohols with good to high isolated yields. Some mechanistic insight on this new system is provided on the basis of the available experimental findings.
On link-disjoint Hamiltonian cycles of Torus networks

The problem of embedding link-disjoint Hamiltonian cycles into torus networks is addressed. The maximum number of link-disjoint cycles is limited to half the degree of the node in a regular network. Simple methods are presented to embed the maximum number of link-disjoint Hamiltonian cycles in an r-dimensional torus network. An algorithm for finding a Hamiltonian cycle in an r-dimensional torus in the presence of a set of faulty links is also given.
Rigidity of quantum tori and the Andruskiewitsch–Dumas conjecture

We prove the Andruskiewitsch–Dumas conjecture that the automorphism group of the positive part of the quantized universal enveloping algebra \({\mathcal {U}}_q({\mathfrak {g}})\) of an arbitrary finite dimensional simple Lie algebra \({\mathfrak {g}}\) is isomorphic to the semidirect product of the automorphism group of the Dynkin diagram of \({\mathfrak {g}}\) and a torus of rank equal to the rank of \({\mathfrak {g}}\). The key step in our proof is a rigidity theorem for quantum tori. It has a broad range of applications. It allows one to control the (full) automorphism groups of large classes of associative algebras, for instance quantum cluster algebras.
Manufacturability-Based Optimization of Aircraft Structures Using Physical Programming

Complex design optimization problems, which involve many nonlinearly coupled design objectives and constraints, pose considerable difficulties in the formulation of the aggregate objective function. A representative example of such a complex optimization problem is the design of aircraft structures based on strength, stiffness, manufacturability, and cost requirements. An effective methodology for such a design has recently been developed. This methodology has been used to develop a computational tool for analysis and optimization of primary structural aircraft components. A wing spar design problem was used to demonstrate the effects of manufacturability and cost requirements on the optimal design configuration. By the use of the computational analysis tool that has been developed, physical programming is applied to the optimization phase of the design. The effectiveness of the physical programming method is demonstrated in the context of such complex problems. In the previous approach, the problem complexity necessitated the minimization of one objective at a time in conjunction with behavioral constraints. The associated Pareto hypersurface is not convex, and the employed approach did not allow the designer to explore the design space efficiently. The use of physical programming is explored for this class of complex problems and it is concluded that physical programming offers the formulation flexibility needed to obtain efficiently the desired points on the Pareto frontier. A comparison with the weighted sum method, as well as the previous results, is made.
Design of a hydraulic actuator for active control of rotating machinery

A hydraulic actuator is described which consists of a pump, a hydraulic servo-valve, and a thin elastic plate which transduces the generated pressure variations into forces acting on a mass which simulates the bearing of a rotor system. An actuator characteristic number is defined to provide a base for an optimum design of force actuators with combined weight, frequency, and force considerations. This characteristic number may also be used to compare hydraulic and electromagnetic force actuators. In tests, this actuator generated 182.3 Newton force at a frequency of 100 Hz and a displacement amplitude of 5.8 x 10 exp -5 meter.
The Limited Influence of Unemployment on the Wage Bargain

When a job-seeker and an employer meet, find a prospective joint surplus, and bargain over the wage, conditions in the outside labor market, including especially unemployment, may have limited influence. The job-seeker's only credible threat during bargaining is to hold out for a better deal. The employer's threat is to delay bargaining. Consequently, the outcome of the bargain depends on the relative costs of delays to the parties, rather than on the payoffs that result from exiting negotiations. Modeling bargaining in this way makes wages less responsive to unemployment. A stochastic model of the labor market with credible bargaining and reasonable parameter values yields larger employment fluctuations than does the standard Mortensen-Pissarides model. (JEL J22, J23, J31, J64)