cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron diffraction studies of epitaxial C60 thin films on mica(001)

C60 thin films were thermally evaporated onto mica(001) substrates at a temperature of 200°C and a deposition rate of 0.5 A s−1. The 2500 A thick films were studied using high-voltage transmission electron microscopy (HVTEM) and electron diffraction. Oriented growth of C60 on mica with C60 (111)||mica(001) was observed as well as twin formation about the three 〈111〉 axes. The observed orientation relationships are discussed on the basis of structural considerations.
JAPANESE MARKET ENTRY STRATEGY AT WORK: KOMATSU vs. CATERPILLAR

Elaborating on the positions of two key players in the global earthmoving and construction industry, this article discusses the Japanese market entry strategies. Also discussed are alternative strategies for retaliation against Japanese competition.
Microbiology of the lower genital tract in postmenarchal adolescent girls: Differences by sexual activity, contraception, and presence of nonspecific vaginitis

The prevalence of selected microorganisms in the lower genital tract in postmenarchal adolescent girls was assessed, including vaginal Gardnerella vaginalis, group B streptococcus, lactobacillus, Mycoplasma species, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Staphylococcus aureus, and yeast, and endocervical Mycoplasma species, U. urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Specific attention was focused on important sexually transmitted disease organisms, and differences in isolations by age, sexual activity, ethnicity, contraception, and the diagnosis of nonspecific vaginitis were measured. Sexually active subjects had a mean of 6.05 organisms (SD = 3.16), compared with 3.12 organisms (SD = 3.92) in non-sexually active subjects (P = 0.001). Sexually active subjects had significantly more vaginal G. vaginalis, lactobacilli, Mycoplasma species, and U. urealyticum, as well as endocervical Mycoplasma species and U. urealyticum, compared with non-sexually active subjects; C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoea, and T. vaginalis were isolated exclusively from the sexually active group. Significant differences in isolation rates by ethnicity were found in vaginal Mycoplasma species and U. urealyticum, and endocervical Mycoplasma species, U. urealyticum, C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, and T. vaginalis. In general, organisms were isolated from blacks most frequently; N. gonorrhoea was isolated from blacks exclusively. Differences were found in microbiologic isolations by the presence or absence of nonspecific vaginitis. Vaginal G. vaginalis and Mycoplasma species and endocervical Mycoplasma species and U. urealyticum were found significantly more often in isolates from the group with nonspecific vaginitis. It is important to define the microbial flora of the lower genital tract in adolescent girls in order to understand its role in the pathogenesis of acute salpingitis.
Warm-starting dynamic traffic assignment with static solutions

Dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) convergence can be accelerated by providing an initial feasible solution from static traffic assignment (STA). While this strategy seems natural, it has received little attention in the literature despite a number of choices which must be made, including STA stopping criteria, determining STA demand from dynamic demand, how to create a path-based DTA solution from the STA solution and the choice of STA algorithm itself. This paper studies these variations in the context of a cell-transmission based DTA algorithm. Experimental results on two networks of different size indicate that the STA solution can provide significant improvements in convergence despite the time-varying and flow model differences. A sensitivity analysis provides evidence that these benefits to convergence are likely to persist over varying inputs. The analysis further suggests that although the optimal parameter choice depends on the network, practitioners will observe significant improvements in conver...
Child Sexual Abuse Prevention: Psychoeducational Groups for Preschoolers and Their Parents

Teaching parents and their young children about ways to avoid harm can be accomplished with much success in a group setting. Parents as Teachers of Safety (PaTS) is a multi-family educational group which instructs families on environmental and personal body safety rules, with an emphasis on improving knowledge and skills related to sexual abuse prevention. This article reviews the process of the group, feedback from the group leaders, and outcomes related to both the child and parent participants. Recruitment and retention issues are described in order to assist in implementation of similar programs in the future.
Measuring the Effect of Multimarket Contact on Competition: Evidence from Mergers Following Radio Broadcast Ownership Deregulation

This paper examines the effects of multimarket contact on advertising prices in the U.S. radio broadcasting industry. While it is in general difficult to measure the effect of multimarket contact on competition, the 1996 Telecommunications Act substantially relaxed local radio ownership restrictions, giving rise to a major and exogenous consolidation wave. Between the years of 1995 to 1998, the average extent of multimarket contact in major U.S. media markets increased by 2.5 times. Importantly, the extent of change in multimarket contact varies across markets, and the change in multimarket contact varies separately from the change in concentration. Using a panel data set on 248 geographic U.S. radio broadcast markets, 1995-1998, we find that multimarket contact has little effect on advertising prices. This paper contributes to the empirical literature on multimarket contact by analyzing a different industrial context and using longitudinal data surrounding an ownership deregulation.
Why delayed choice experiments do Not imply retrocausality

There is a common fallacy, here called the separation fallacy, that is involved in the interpretation of quantum experiments involving a certain type of separation such as the: double-slit experiments, which-way interferometer experiments, polarization analyzer experiments, Stern-Gerlach experiments, and quantum eraser experiments. It is the separation fallacy that leads not only to flawed textbook accounts of these experiments but to flawed inferences about retrocausality in the context of "delayed choice" versions of separation experiments.
Lymphedema diagnosis and management

AbstractPurposeTo provide advanced practice nurses with a greater understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of lymphedema.Data sourcesComprehensive literature review of the relevant clinical journals, systematic reviews, and medical textbooks.Conclusion
Sex differences in striatal dopamine: in vivo microdialysis and behavioral studies.

Experiments were conducted to examine sex differences in striatal dopamine function using in vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats. We report here a sex difference in basal extracellular striatal dopamine determined by quantitative microdialysis (the no net flux method) when castrated and ovariectomized rats were compared. There was no sex difference in dopamine uptake into synaptosomes. This indicates that the sex difference in extracellular dopamine is most likely due to sex differences in dopamine release, synthesis, and/or metabolism. Within 30 min after a single injection (s.c.) of either estradiol benzoate (2.0 ~tg/100 g) or 17/3-estradiol (1.5 ~g/100 g) the amphetamine-stimulated release of dopamine was enhanced in the striatum of ovariectomized rats, but there was no effect in castrated male rats. The enhanced amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release in ovariectomized rats was associated with an enhanced frequency of stereotyped head and limb movements and an increased peak in extra 1/4 turns. There were also sex differences in stereotyped behavior and extra 1/4 turns whether or not animals received estrogen treatment. Thus, there are sex differences in striatal extraceUular dopamine and in the effect of estrogen on the striatal dopamine neurochemical and behavioral responses to amphetamine.
Response surface methodology as optimization strategy for reduction of reactive carbonyl species in foods by means of phenolic chemistry

Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to investigate the dose–response relationships of a phenolic mixture (catechin, genistein and daidzein) as a pre-thermal processing technique to reduce reactive carbonyl species (RCSs; glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone) in ultra-high temperature (UHT) bovine milk. A modified derivatization technique for RCSs was developed to overcome quantitative error caused by interference from the phenolic compounds. For the statistical analysis, a Box–Behnken 3-factor (catechin, genistein and daidzein) 3-level (0.17, 0.645 and 1.12 mM) design was employed. In general, all phenolic mixtures were able to reduce RCSs in UHT milk; some compositions reported RCSs levels at or below levels reported in pasteurized milk. Predictive models with no significant lack of fit (p > 0.05), high R2-values (0.886–0.979) and good predictive power were developed. ANOVA analysis of the glyoxal levels indicated that only linear effects of each phenolic compound had a significant effect (p < 0.05) meaning that no significant interactions between the different phenolic compounds influenced glyoxal levels. Linear, cross product and quadratic effects of factors were reported (p < 0.05) for methylglyoxal, indicating more complicated interactions between the phenolic compounds. Both linear and quadratic effects were also reported (p < 0.05) for 3-deoxyglucosone. Overall, based on canonical analysis, catechin seemed to be the most influential factor for the reduction of RCSs in UHT milk. In summary, RSM provided a basis to understand phenolic structure–reactivity and to optimize the composition of a tertiary mixture of phenolic compounds for reduction of RCSs in UHT milk.
Fuel-grade ethanol transport and impacts to groundwater in a pilot-scale aquifer tank

Fuel-grade ethanol (76L of E95, 95%v/v ethanol, 5%v/v hydrocarbon mixture as a denaturant) was released at the water table in an 8150-L continuous-flow tank packed with fine-grain masonry sand. Ethanol, which is buoyant and hygroscopic, quickly migrated upwards and spread laterally in the capillary zone. Horizontal migration of ethanol occurred through a shallow thin layer with minimal vertical dispersion, and was one order of magnitude slower than the preceding bromide tracer. Dyes, one hydrophobic (Sudan-IV) and one hydrophilic (Fluorescein) provided evidence that the fuel hydrocarbons phase separated from the E95 mixture as ethanol was diluted by pore water and its cosolvent effect was diminished. Most of the added ethanol (98%) was recovered in the effluent wells that captured the flow through the high water content regions above the water table. Complementary bench-scale 2-D visualization experiments with E95 confirmed hydrocarbon phase separation, residual NAPL formation and migration within the capillary fringe. These results corroborate previous bench-scale studies showing that ethanol has high affinity for vadose-zone pore water and can migrate through the capillary zone. The pilot-scale tank experiment provides the first hydrocarbon and ethanol concentration measurements (and thus, quantification of impacts to groundwater quality) from a subsurface spill of E95 in a well-characterized system with a well-defined source. It also provides the first quantitative near-field-scale evidence that capillarity can significantly retard the vertical dispersion and horizontal advection of ethanol. Such effects could be important determinants of the extent of ethanol migration and longevity as well as groundwater impacts.
Compromised intervention policies for phenotype alteration

We take a Markovian approach to modeling gene regulatory networks and assume that phenotypes are characterized by the steady-state probability distribution of such networks. We desire intervention policies that maximally shift the probability mass from undesirable states to desirable ones. In doing so, we might also be concerned about the steady-state mass of some “ambiguous” states, which are not directly related to the pathology of interest but could be associated with some anticipated risks. We propose a direct formulation of this constrained optimization problem, rather than assuming a subjective cost function, and provide optimal intervention policies. Within this framework, we investigate the performance of “compromised” policies, these being policies for which we accept some increase of the ambiguous mass to achieve more decrease in the undesirable mass.
Botulinum toxin type B (Myobloc, NeuroBloc): a new choice in cervical dystonia.

Botulinum toxin has dramatically improved the treatment of cervical dystonia. Prior to the use of botulinum toxin for many neurologic disorders, patients had few effective therapeutic options. Botulinum toxin type B (Myobloc™, NeuroBloc™) is a new antigenically distinct botulinum toxin with a unique structure and mechanism of action. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that im. injections of botulinum toxin type B effectively induce a dose-dependent paralysis. Controlled clinical trials have shown that it is safe and effective in alleviating symptoms associated with cervical dystonia. Given its efficacy and safety profile, the clinical use of type B toxin is anticipated to expand into other therapeutic areas.
Body Shape Satisfaction in Female Exercisers and Nonexercisers

Twenty-eight high frequency exercisers, twenty-six moderate frequency exercisers, and twenty nonexercisers were recruited to examine the relationship between exercise and body shape satisfaction in women. All subjects were within average body weight and body fat percentage, and those subjects who reported the clinical features of anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia nervosa were not included in the data analysis. Results showed that the high frequency exercisers had a significantly more negative view of their body shape than a group of moderate exercisers and nonexercisers. In addition, high frequency exercisers were more likely to continue to exercise even when feeling ill than were moderate exercisers. Group differences between moderate and high frequency exercisers were not found for exercising while injured. Differences in exercise attitudes and habits of the two groups are discussed in addition to their reasons for exercising.
Novel airway findings in a patient with 1p36 deletion syndrome

1p36 deletion syndrome comprises a phenotypic presentation that includes central nervous system, cardiac, and craniofacial anomalies. There has been no report of associated airway anomalies with this syndrome. We present here a case report and literature review. Prenatally, amniocentesis for chromosomal analysis was performed on our patient, with results consistent with 1p36 deletion syndrome. Respiratory distress and unsuccessful attempts at intubation prompted transfer to Children's Hospital of Colorado. Microlaryngoscopy was subsequently performed, revealing a persistent buccopharyngeal membrane and unidentifiable larynx. Emergent tracheostomy was then performed to secure the airway. Airway anomalies may be associated with 1p36 deletion syndrome.
Transvisceral Lactate Fluxes During Early Endotoxemia

The pathogenesis of hyperlacticemia during sepsis is poorly understood. We investigated the role of lung, kidney, gut, liver, and muscle in endogenous lactate uptake and release during early endotoxemia in an intact, pentobarbital-anesthetized dog model (n= 14). Ultrasonic flow probes were placed around the portal vein and hepatic, renal, and femoral arteries. After splenectomy, catheters were inserted into the pulmonary artery, aorta, and hepatic, left renal, and femoral veins. Whole blood lactate and blood gases from all catheters, organ flows, and cardiac output were measured before and 30 to 45 min after a bolus infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 mg/kg). After endotoxin infusion, mean arterial blood lactate level increased from 0.92±0.11 to 1.60 ±0.15 mmol/L (p
Synthesis and terminal functionalization of a polymerizable phosphatidylethanolamine.

We report the design and synthesis of bifunctional phospholipid conjugates, which contain a polymerizable acrylate group and a terminal linker, such as biotin or N-(e-maleimidocaproyl (EMC), to facilitate bioconjugation reactions. The lipid conjugate can be used to generate a multifunctional substrate-supported phospholipid film that is further stabilized via in-situ photocopolymerization.
Transient generalized forces due to dislocation array-growing crack interaction

Abstract For insight into the dynamic interaction between growing cracks and dislocations during fracture, the dislocation forces and the crack driving force due to the dislocations themselves are calculated for a Mode III crack initially in equilibrium with a stationary array of screw dislocations. The calculations are based on the exact closed-form solution for a single, arbitrarily-placed, screw dislocation and a crack growing at a largely arbitrary speed. They show that, in the absence of an applied stress in the material, the dislocation has no tendency to follow the crack edge as it moves but is, instead, attracted to the crack surface. If the dislocation is a member of an array, however, it can either be attracted to or repulsed by the crack surface, and could very well follow the crack edge by jogging. More generally, both the dislocation and crack driving forces exhibit dynamic effects embodied in the crack edge speed, and undergo rapid changes at fracture initiation, especially if the crack instantaneously attains a finite speed.
Fragmentation and the Nuclear Equation of State

Progress on the determination of the order of the fragmentation phase transition, the location of its critical point in the nuclear matter phase diagram, the values of the critical exponents that determine the universality class of the transition, and finite size scaling effects is discussed. Evidence for the presence of Zipf-Mandelbrot-scaling in the relative size of the largest clusters is examined, and the connection to the value of the critical exponent τ is established.
New technologies for neglected diseases: Can tax credits help biotechnology companies advance global health?

Biotechnology companies can play an important role in advancing technologies for global health. Initiatives such as Genzyme's Humanitarian Assistance for Neglected Diseases and Alnylam's Intellectual Property (IP) contributions to the Pool for Open Innovation against Neglected Tropical Diseases show a commitment to helping produce badly needed health technologies, but unmet needs for new drugs, vaccines and diagnostics for diseases affecting developing countries remain. Controlling malaria, visceral leishmaniasis and other infectious diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality requires new and improved technological tools. Biotechnology companiesâ€™ expertise in biologics, point-of-care diagnostics and preclinical drug development is invaluable in this field, which is short of innovators.Most firms, however, face disincentives in conducting R&D for global health since product markets are small and uncertain, the scientific problems are tough to solve, and few existing financing or policy mechanisms compensate for the risk. Product Development Partnerships and other non-profit initiatives have taken on much of the work in this area through grant financing and have often partnered with industry, but biotechnology firms could play a greater role. New policy and financing mechanisms that can balance the investment equation and encourage biotechnology and pharmaceutical firms to include global health diseases in their R&D portfolios could unleash important advances in global health technologies.
Women's Sexual Addiction and Family Dynamics, Depression and Substance Abuse

This study utilized a stepwise multiple regression analysis to investigate predictors of women's sexual addiction, including an initial investigation of father bonding. It contains the largest sample of sexually addicted women in an empirical study utilizing the W-SAST. Participants included 99 self-identified sexual addicts, who completed numerous scales. A significant positive correlation was found between sexual addiction and childhood abuse, depression and substance abuse. Perceived family cohesion and adaptability were inversely correlated. Father care was inversely correlated and father protection was positively correlated. Depression accounted for 28.5% of the variance, while family adaptability and drug abuse accounted for 13.8 and 4%, respectively. Additional analyses supported mediating variables.
Long loop participation of red nucleus in contact placing in the adult cat with facilitation by tactile input at the spinal level.

Abstract This report focuses on the question ‘Why does stimulation of a few hairs of a cat's unsupported paw lead to biceps activation and contact placing (CP) while stimulation of the supported paw does not?’ The rubral system is used as the model; individual rubral neurons (RN) are recorded in the awake cat during CP and rubrospinal tract neurons (RTN) are identified by demonstrating antidromic invasion. Classes of RN were identified corresponding to each of the main stages of CP. In particular, a contingent, contact-locked category was identified, responding only if placing followed the contact. Another category, the pre-delayed movement-locked, responded 40–160 ms prior to delayed placing. Both of these categories imply that the rubral system dynamically participates (with other higher motor neurons) in CP, a conclusion strengthened by the positive relationship between RN discharge and movement parameters under varying load conditions. Physiological stimulation of the supported paw may fail to excite RN, which respond strongly to gentle contact of the unsupported paw (which leads to CP). Cooling or making permanent lesions in nucleus interpositus and dentatus drastically reduces resting and evoked RN and especially RTN activities in the awake cat. Some evidence of recovery was present by 4–6 weeks after the lesions. The effect of behavioral context was also studied on the biceps responses in the awake cat to a train of 3–4 pulses at 500 Hz delivered either to the red nucleus or to the rubrospinal tract (RT). The biceps responses were enhanced when the forepaw was removed from a support (the pre-condition for CP). When contact of the unsupported paw triggered the RT train, biceps responses were markedly facilitated and their latency was reduced from 8–10 ms to 5–7 ms. With such stimulation, tactile facilitation must be occurring at the spinal level. Thus, both at the red nucleus and at the spinal level, behavioral context influences the motor outcome from tactile stimulation.
Soft computing technologies in nuclear engineering applications

Abstract The application of soft computing technologies, particularly neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms, to the surveillance, diagnostics and operation of nuclear power plants and their components is an area that has great potential for exploitation. Areas of potential application are to the surveillance and diagnostics of complete nuclear power plants and to specific systems such as check valves, instrumentation systems, and rotating machinery. Applications include sensor surveillance and calibration verification, diagnostics of both plant transients and specific faults, efficiency optimization, vibration analysis, loose parts monitoring, and adaptive and/or optimal control. The synergistic benefits of combining the use of neutral networks, fuzzy systems and genetic algorithms are illustrated in several application. Although some of the work cited (e.g. vibration systems) are not necessarily associated with nuclear power plants, the results are directly applicable. Indeed, the methodologies of soft computing technologies have many applications outside the nuclear power field, e.g., fossil-fired power plants, chemical process facilities, high performance aerospace systems, financial market issues, sociological systems, and others.
Growth and characterization of quaternary (GaInAsP-GaAs) graded heterostructures

The growth conditions of Ga x In 1−x AsyP 1−y lattice-matched to GaAs using MOCVD on (001) oriented substrates are analyzed. The epitaxial layer composition is varied from GaAs to lattice-matched Ga 0.52 In 0.48 P via quaternary grade. The layer quality is more sensitive to experimental variables as the composition approaches the Ga 0.52 In 0.48 P side than when growing quaternaries. TEM images show promising results even though the top layer Ga 0.52 In 0.48 P needs to be further optimized. The fundamental objective of this work is to improve understanding over the growth of LMM alloys on GaAs with special emphasis on quaternary grades. We believe that incorporation of LMM quaternaries with ternaries in a single-junction device will provide flexibility in design which may ultimately lead to record PV conversion efficiencies.
Above- and below-ground plant inputs both fuel soil food webs

Soil food webs depend almost exclusively on plant derived resources; however, it is still subject to debate how plants affect soil biota. We tested the effects on soil decomposers of three components of soil inputs of plant species identity: presence of live plants (representing rhizodeposits), identity of shoot litter input and identity of root litter input; using all combinations of these for Trifolium pratense and Plantago lanceolata. We assessed impacts on soil microorganisms, Collembola, Oribatida and earthworms in a full-factorial greenhouse experiment. Species identity of shoot litter input had greatest effect on decomposers, following by species identity of live plant. Microbial carbon use efficiency and Oribatida density were significantly higher in the presence of T. pratense shoot litter input than in that of P. lanceolata shoot litter input, while earthworm body mass ratio was significantly higher in the presence of P. lanceolata plants than in that of T. pratense plants. Oribatida density was at minimum in the presence of P. lanceolata plants, shoot and root litter input, resulting in a significant three-way interaction and pointing to the relevance of all investigated plant input pathways. Live plant identity effects were not due to differences in living root biomass among species and treatments. Detrimental P. lanceolata effects may have been due to significantly lower N concentrations than in T. pratense tissue. Our results indicate that both above- and below-ground plant inputs into soil determine the performance of decomposers, and thus suggest due consideration of both types of inputs fueling soil food webs in future studies.
Weak signal sensing using empirical mode decomposition and stochastic data reordering

A weak signal sensing technique that exploits the dyadic filter-bank property of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique for noise-dominated signals is presented in this paper. The EMD procedure decomposes wideband noise into a series of constituents with linearly decreasing mean energy and mean frequency on the logarithmic scale, and the energy of the appropriate modes, corresponding to frequency subbands, constitutes our signal feature. A weak stochastic signal contributes to the energy of certain modes that correspond to the frequency content of the signal, which can be used to detect their presence. The effectiveness of this technique is further enhanced via local stochastic reordering of the original data samples that generates new noise realizations while affecting the stochastic part negligibly. Averaging the signal features obtained using the nonlinear decomposition over multiple reordering realizations improves signal detection reliability. This novel application of the EMD procedure is described in this paper and its performance compared against standard signal detection techniques.
Synthesis of an attached autosome, C(3)RM, in Drosophila pseudoobscura.

Drosophila pseudoobscura has three acrocentric autosomes. In the experiments reported, homologous arms of the third chromosome were attached to the same centromere. This is a ‘reversed metacentric compound’ third chromosome, denoted by C(3)RM. This compound chromosome is relatively fertile in within-strain crosses (ca. 50% egg hatch) but sterile when outcrossed to a normal karyotype. When constructing translocations for this experiment, the behavior of the Y-autosome translocations suggested that this species can tolerate more Y chromosome deficiency while retaining fertility than canDrosophila melanogaster. Finally, there were no Robertsonian exchanges observed among the 96 autosome-autosome translocations analyzed cytologically.
Noise and hysteresis in charged stripe, checkerboard, and clump forming systems

We numerically examine noise fluctuations and hysteresis phenomena in charged systems that form stripe, labyrinth or clump patterns. It is believed that charge inhomogeneities of this type arise in two-dimensional (2D) quantum hall systems and in electron crystal structures in high temperature superconductors, while related patterns appear in manganites and type-I superconductors. Recent noise and transport experiments in two-dimensional electron gases and high temperature superconducting samples revealed both 1/fα noise signatures and hysteretic phenomena. Using numerical simulations we show that 1/fα noise fluctuations and hysteresis are generic features that occur in charge systems which undergo a type of phase separation that results in stripes, clumps, checkerboards, or other inhomogeneous patterns. We find that these systems exhibit 1/fα fluctuations with 1.2 < α < 1.8, rather than simple 1/f or 1/fα fluctuations. We also propose that the 2D metal insulator transition may be associated with a clump electron glass phase rather than a Wigner glass phase.
Trimmed NOAA budget supports agency programs

Although the Bush Administration has proposed a decrease in the budget of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of $60.8 million, or 2%below FY01 enacted levels, its proposed FY02 budget generally supports NOAAs programs and goals, and makes ends meet by not including Congressional earmarks. What is unclear, though, is what might happen to the budget balancing act if Congress adds earmarks, and if advocates are successful in increasing funding for some areas slated for cuts, including programs related to coastal and Great Lakes research.
Injuries in Intercollegiate Women’s Lacrosse

Background: Historically, the sport of women’s lacrosse has required little or no protective equipment. Recently, there has been increasing concern over trauma to the face and head incurred during play. A rule change passed in spring 2003, during the course of this study, mandates goggles in 2005.Purpose: To survey injuries in women’s lacrosse over multiple seasons and institutions and to categorize injury rates and patterns.Study Design: A prospective survey.Methods: A standard report-of-injury form was sent to participating institutions. Injuries were defined by athletic training staff as any event resulting in the athlete missing one or more games or practices.Results: The overall injury rate for women’s lacrosse for the 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 seasons from participating schools was 3.8 per 1000 athlete exposures. The rate of head and face injuries was 1.4 per 1000 athlete exposures, representing 38.5% of all injuries incurred. The rate of eye injuries was 0.43 per 1000 athlete exposures, accounting fo...
Choice reaction time: An analysis of the major theoretical positions.

Choice reaction time to visual stimuli - analysis of major theoretical positions to perceptual recognition theories
Long-term trends in loblolly pine productivity and stand characteristics in response to thinning and fertilization in the West Gulf region

Abstract Two levels each of thinning and fertilization were applied to a 7-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation on a nitrogen- and phosphorus-deficient West Gulf Coastal Plain site in Louisiana. Levels of thinning were no thinning, or thinning applied 7 and 14 years after stand initiation. Levels of fertilization were no fertilization or broadcast fertilization with diammonium phosphate at age 7 years plus refertilization with urea, monocalcium phosphate, and potash at age 14 years. Long-term measurements of climate, stand development and productivity, projected leaf area index, and foliar nutrition were initiated at age 11 years. We found that by age 17 years, thinning increased mean live-crown length from 4.2 to 7.8 m, and mean tree diameter from 15.0 to 21.8 cm compared to the unthinned treatment. After rethinning at age 14 years, stand basal area increased 1.2 and 19.2% between ages 15 and 17 years on the unthinned and thinned plots, respectively. Refertilization at age 14 years reestablished foliar N, P and K sufficiency, which increased leaf area index from 4.2 to 6.0 m2 m−2 on the unthinned plots and from 3.2 to 3.8 m2 m−2 on the thinned plots, and subsequently, increased gross stand biomass from 114 to 141 Mg ha−1 on the unthinned plots and from 78 to 95 Mg ha−1 on the thinned plots by age 17 years. Leaf area was an important factor controlling loblolly pine productivity. At our study site, however, competition for light and water and nutrition-limited foliage growth influenced the variability and scope of this relationship. Our results suggest that a positive and linear relationship between leaf area and loblolly pine productivity does not universally occur on loblolly pine sites.
Cataclastic deformation mechanism for the development of core-mantle structures in amphibole

Core-mantle structures in mineral grains have typically been interpreted as having formed during crystal plastic deformation. Optical, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscope investigations of what appear to be core- mantle structures in amphibole from the Cheyenne belt, southeastern Wyoming, indicate that subgrainlike structures (herein "subgrains") formed as a result of cataclastic rather than crystal plastic deformation. Optical and scanning electron microscope evidence to support a cataclastic origin include (1) the angular shape of subgrains with boundaries commonly parallel to (110) cleavage; (2) the wide variety of subgrain sizes; (3) the compositional zonation of the amphibole subgrains with actinolitic hornblende interiors overgrown by magnesio- hornblende; and (4) the observation that some of the undulatory extinction in porphyroclast cores is due to slip along cleavage planes. Whether dislocations observed in the amphibole grains were formed prior to cataclastic deformation (work hardening) or formed in response to crack propagation is unknown. The implication of these observations is that core-mantle structures in other minerals may, at least in some cases, have also formed during cataclastic deformation rather than during recovery and/or recrystallization. Therefore, optical identification of core-mantle structures is not a priori evidence for a crystal plastic deformation mechanism.
Psychiatric residents' self-assessment of teaching knowledge and skills following a brief "psychiatric residents-as-teachers" course: a pilot study.

Objectives Resident physicians have an important role in medical student teaching. There has been limited curriculum development in this area for general psychiatric residents. A 4-hour workshop for PGY-2 psychiatric residents was designed and implemented to improve residents’ self-assessment of their knowledge of the medical student curriculum and core teaching skills.
Photolysis of alkyl aralkyl sulfides

Reactions analogous to the photolytic formation of dibenzyl, stilbene and phenanthrene from dibenzyl sulfide have been observed on irradiation of various alkyl aralkyl sulfides. Exceptions were found in alkyl α-alkylbenzyl sulfides containing a hydrogen atom at the β-carbon relative to the aromatic ring. From these a dibenzyl derivative is obtained, but instead of stilbenes and phenanthrenes styrenes are formed. A possible explanation for the results is given.
Adaptive control to a dry etch process by microcomputer

Dry etch processes are relatively new in the field of the manufacture of solid-state components. Standard equipment, however, is normally not prepared for more complex control requirements. It was, therefore, the aim of this paper to show, using a pilot installation, that adaptive control is able to solve development demands concerning working point variations during one run and to help the process engineer to investigate a new tool. For this purpose dry etch equipment has been interfaced with a microcomputer containing a real-time control system with adaptive control methods. Four nonlinear process variables are adaptively controlled with a recursive least-squares estimation method combined with a deadbeat controller. The starting fluctuation of the model parameters and their behavior after setpoint changes are shown. Experience gained with this microcomputer-based system will be discussed, and it will also be shown that development time can be saved by using such a system.
Radiative Spin-up and Spin-down of Small Asteroids

The Yarkovsky–O'Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack (YORP) effect may spin up or spin down 5-km-radius asteroids on a 108-year timescale. Smaller asteroids spin up or down even faster due to the radius-squared dependence of the YORP timescale. The mechanism is the absorption of sunlight and its re-emission as thermal radiation from an irregularly shaped asteroid. This effect may compete with impacts and tidal encounters as a way of changing rotation rates for small asteroids, especially in the near-Earth region. The YORP effect may explain the rapid rotation of 1566 Icarus and the slow tumbling of 4179 Toutatis. It may explain to some extent the slow rotation of 253 Mathilde. Meteoroids spin up or down on timescales fast compared to their cosmic ray exposure ages.
Dendritic HCN channels shape excitatory postsynaptic potentials at the inner hair cell afferent synapse in the mammalian cochlea.

Synaptic transmission at the inner hair cell (IHC) afferent synapse, the first synapse in the auditory pathway, is specialized for rapid and reliable signaling. Here we investigated the properties ...
Development of a piezoelectrically-controlled hydraulic actuator for a camless engine. Part 2: System modelling:

AbstractAn analysis of existing models for hydraulic servo valves is presented for use in simulations of a camless engine actuator. Because of the limitations of the accepted models, a new servo valve model is derived, presented and verified. The updated model allows for more complex internal geometry, including new port shapes and port lapping parameters. Comparative results are presented, outlining the significant improvement in valve lift versus time simulation of the newly derived model. The improved model results allow for better simulations and control system design for camless engine valve actuators.
Dielectrically Addressable Microspheres Engineered Using Self-Assembled Monolayers.

We have used self-assembled monolayer techniques to produce a new class of microspheres with specifically engineered dielectric properties to enable their dielectrophoretic manipulation and identification in microsystems. Dielectrophoresis is an electrokinetic phenomenon that exploits frequency-dependent polarizability differences between a particle and its suspending medium to drive the movement of the particle toward or away from the high-field regions of an inhomogeneous electric field. While dielectrophoretic methods have been used extensively for cell manipulation, separation, and identification, we wished to extend the applicability of dielectrophoresis to molecular analysis by developing a panel of dielectric microspheres or “handles”. Dielectric shell theory was used to model the dielectrophoretic response for a biomimetic particle composed of a thin insulating shell over a conductive interior. We specifically sought to modulate the specific capacitance, and thereby the dielectric properties, of t...
Cluster of workstation based nonrigid image registration using free-form deformation

ABSTRACT Nonrigid image registration plays an important role in medical application elds. Owing to its complex com-putations, it incurs high computational cost. In this paper, a parallel algorithm schema for nonrigid imageregistration methods that use B-splines for deformation and mutual information as a similarity measure is pro-posed. It involves a complex interplay of various steps which are analyzed in considerable detail from the viewpoint of parallelizing registration. The algorithms are implemented on a cluster of w orkstations. We presentsome results on a 10 processor cluster of PCs and compar e them with a sequential impl ementation. The resultsshow that a speed up of n/ 2forn processors in registering large images. The method is fully portable andseamlessly expandable.Keywords: Nonrigid registration, cluster of workstations, free-form deformation, cubic B-spline, mutual infor-mation, image pyramid, multiresolution, optimization, parallel algorithm 1. INTRODUCTION Many medical applications require the comparison of images taken over time, longitudinal or immediate time.Image registration techniques allow such comparisons and further analysis. To address the deformable natureof organs and tissues, a variety of nonrigid registration methods have been developed. However, owing to theircomputational complexity, they usually require a large computation time, which limits their clinical usability onlarge data sets. To address this problem, especially on large data sets, we present a methodology for parallelizingsuch algorithms.A parallel nonrigid registration algorithm on a shared memory multiprocessor system (MPS) has been previ-ously reported.
Region-of-interest material decomposition from truncated energy-resolved CT.

Purpose Energy-resolved CT using photon-counting detectors has the potential to provide improved material decomposition compared to dual-kVp approaches. However, available photon-counting detectors are susceptible to pulse-pileup artifacts, especially at the periphery of the field of view (FOV) where the object attenuation is low compared to the center of the FOV. Pulse pileup may be avoided by imaging a region-of-interest (ROI) where the dynamic range is expected to be limited. This work investigated performing material decomposition and reconstructing ROI basis images from truncated energy-resolved data. Methods A method is proposed to reconstruct images of basis functions primarily contained within the ROI, such as targeted or localized K-edge contrast agents. Material decomposition is performed independently for each ray in the sinogram, followed by filtered backprojection from the truncated data encompassing the ROI. A second method is proposed that uses a prior conventional energy-integrating image to estimate energy-resolved data outside the ROI. The measured and estimated energy-resolved data are decomposed into basis projections and merged into basis sinograms of the full FOV. Basis images of the ROI are then reconstructed through filtered backprojection. This method is most easily applied to objects that do not contain K-edge contrast agents outside the ROI. Simulations of a voxelized thorax phantom with iodine in the blood pool and a detector with five energy bins were performed. Full FOV, truncated, and truncated data merged with data estimated from the prior energy-integrating image were decomposed into Compton, photoelectric, and iodine basis functions. An empirical weighting factor was determined to blend the merged sinogram at the boundary of the truncated data. The effects of noise and misalignment in the prior image were also quantified. Basis images of the central 15 cm × 15 cm ROI containing the heart were reconstructed via filtered backprojection. Basis image accuracy was quantified relative to gold-standard basis images reconstructed from full FOV energy-resolved data. Results The error in the iodine basis image reconstructed from truncated energy-resolved data without prior information was less than 1% for the central 7 cm of the 7.5-cm-radius ROI and 3% at the edge of the ROI. When the truncated and estimated basis sinograms were blended, the error was below 1% throughout the ROI for photoelectric basis images and ranged from 1% at the center of the ROI to 4% at the edge for the Compton basis image. Conclusions The density of localized K-edge contrast agents can be estimated to within 1% error using filtered back projection without prior information. For noncontrast and localized-contrast scans, ROI images of general basis functions can be reconstructed to within a few percent error using a prior energy-integrating image. The ability to perform material decomposition for a limited ROI may facilitate energy-resolved CT with available photon-counting detectors.
A comparative physico-chemical characterization of lactate dehydrogenase: Isozymes in Brook trout, Lake trout and their hybrid Splake trout.

Peptide maps and amino acid composition of LDH crystallized from skeletal muscle extracts of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and lake trout (S. namaycush) are similar to those of the hybrid splake trout. The molecular weights are identical to mammalian LDH on the basis of sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The five A′–A isozymes are restricted to LDH from trout muscle and migrate very slowly toward the anode. The B′–B subunit series of isozymes are ubiquitous in trout tissues, although cell specific proportions of isozymes occur. While the A′–A subunit genes must be present in all trout cells, they are active only in the muscle where their products are responsible for essentially all of the LDH activity in this tissue. Isozyme patterns reveal that B subunit-containing tetramers (less anodal) predominate in LDH from liver, whereas B′ subunit molecules (more anodal) prevail in LDH from trout heart. Therefore, extracts from heart, muscle, and liver tissues were utilized to characterize and compare the duplicated subunit tetramers of LDH in terms of several physico-chemical and physiological parameters. Substrate kinetics show that trout B′ subunit tetramers are very sensitive to increases in pyruvate and lactate. These isozymes attain maximum initial velocity at about 0.8 μmole of pyruvate, while substrate inhibition begins at 7 μmoles. The B and the A′–A tetramers reach maximum initial velocity at 1.3 and 3.5 μmoles of pyruvate, respectively, and inhibition does not begin until substrate concentrations of about 20 μmoles are reached. Results are similar with lactate as substrate. Only the B′ tetramers exhibit substrate inhibition with lactate. An analysis of competitive pyruvate and oxamate inhibition reveals that the LDH active site(s) binds one molecule of inhibitor (or substrate). The inactivating temperature for trout B′ subunit tetramers is 70–75°C; for B subunit tetramers, 65–70°C; and for A′–A tetramers, 46–54°. The A′–A and the B subunit-containing tetramers possess the generally lower thermal stability characteristic associated with LDH-5 from most other animals, but thermolability is much more pronounced in the A′–A tetramers. Kinetics of the thermal inactivation process show that it is a first-order, unimolecular event consistent with protein denaturation. Homologies of trout LDH isozymes with those of higher vertebrates are discussed in relation to these data.