cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teratogenic potential of noise in mice and rats

The effect of noise on the developing embryo was studied in mice and rats. The first experiment was designed to determine whether noise associated with the routine husbandry in a large animal facility plays a role in producing “spontaneous” malformations. From Days 1 through 18 of gestation one group of mice was exposed only to self-generated noise [30–45 dB(A)] and another group, housed in regular animal quarters, was exposed to the usual noise level [50–60 dB(A)]. The reduction in noise level did not decrease the incidence of malformations detected but significantly decreased maternal weight gain through pregnancy. The second experiment involved exposure of mice on Days 3–6, 7–10, or 11–14 of gestation and of rats on Days 6–15 of gestation to 100 dB of white noise (20-20,000 Hz). Mice exposed on Days 3–6 and 11–14 gained significantly less weight through pregnancy (p < 0.01 and 0.05) and the incidence of resorptions was significantly increased (p < 0.01) upon comparison with the control mice. Neither fetal weight nor the incidence of malformed offspring was significantly affected by exposure to noise during gestation. In rats, maternal weight gain was significantly decreased but developmental toxicity was not observed in the experimental group. Results of this study indicated that white noise had maternal and fetotoxic effects in mice, little effect in rats, and was not teratogenic in either species.
Plasma enhanced chemical vapor depositions to encapsulate crystals in thin polymeric films: a new approach to controlling drug release rates.

An RF plasma discharge was employed to deposit thin polymeric films on drug particles. This study utilized acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) crystals and allyl alcohol as polymerizable monomer for this new approach to controlling drug release rates. Release rates of coated and uncoated particles were measured in aqueous solution at a pH of 1.0. The drug release rates could be varied over wide ranges by appropriate control of the polymeric films. These controls included film composition, extent of polymer cross-linking and film thickness. A 360° rotating plasma reactor was employed to provide effective agitation and mixing of the drug particles during the coating operation. The plasma discharge was operated in a pulsed mode to provide improved control of the polymer film compositions and, at the same time, minimize undesirable decomposition of drug molecules. Overall, the results obtained clearly indicate that the pulsed RF plasma coating process developed represents a viable, one-step, solventless route to controlled drug release.
A systems-level approach to resolve tension between research misconduct and confidentiality.

The author examines methods of resolving tensions between confidentiality and research conduct and methods of avoiding these tensions. He mentions universities are obligated to address misconduct allegations and considers how to do this while respecting confidentiality between patient and therapist. He comments an underlying aspect of research ethics is a core commitment to honesty and states students are obligated to self-report even when patient-therapist confidentiality restricts reporting.
Asymmetric Memory Extension for Openshmem

Memory allocation in Openshmem is a global operation that requires in-step calls from all Processing Elements (PEs). Although this approach works with applications that split the work evenly, it prevents using Openshmem in cases where the workload and the memory it uses are allocated dynamically and can change significantly while the application is running. To broaden the cases where Openshmem can be used, we propose an extension -- asymmetric memory support. The extension allows PEs to allocate memory independently, and make this memory available for remote access from other PEs.
Ocular manifestations and pathology of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1

The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), endemic in defined geographical areas around the world, is recognized as the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), or HTLV-1. ATL is a rare adult onset T-cell malignancy that is characterized by the presence of ATL flower cells with T-cell markers, HTLV-1 antibodies in the serum, and monoclonal integration of HTLV-1 provirus in affected cells. Ocular manifestations associated with HTLV-1 virus infection have been reported and include HTLV-1 uveitis and keratoconjunctivitis sicca, but reports of ocular involvement in ATL are exceedingly rare. This article describes the ocular manifestations and pathology of ATL. We also report for the first time a case of a 34-year-old male with systemic ATL and prominent atypical lymphoid cell infiltration in the choroid. To our knowledge, this is the first report defining prominent choroidal involvement as a distinct ocular manifestation of ATL. ATL may masquerade as a variety of other conditions, and molecular techniques involving microdissection and PCR have proven to be critical diagnostic tools. International collaboration will be needed to better understand the presentation and diagnosis of this rare malignancy.
Experimental density measurements of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate at elevated temperatures and pressures

Abstract Experimental high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) density data for bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are reported in this study. DEHP is a popular choice as a reference fluid for viscosity calibrations in the HTHP region. However, reliable HTHP density values are needed for accurate viscosity calculations for certain viscometers (e.g. rolling ball). HTHP densities are determined at T = (373, 424, 476, 492, and 524) K and P to 270 MPa using a variable-volume, high-pressure view cell. The experimental density data are satisfactorily correlated by the modified Tait equation with a mean absolute percent deviation (δ) of 0.15. The experimental data are modeled with the Peng–Robinson (PREoS), volume-translated PREoS (VT-PREoS), and perturbed chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT EoS) models. The required parameters for the two PREoS and the PC-SAFT EoS models are determined using group contribution methods. The PC-SAFT EoS performs the best of the three models with a δ of 2.12. The PC-SAFT EoS is also fit to the experimental data to obtain a new set of pure component parameters that yield a δ of 0.20 for these HTHP conditions.
The Fourth Revolution: Family Systems in the Schools.

Notwithstanding repeated and long-standing public policy and legal mandates, school systems still seem to resist involving parents in counseling and mental health services. This article identifies the historical roots, public policy evolution, and legislative mandates relevant to schools meeting students' mental health needs and creating a school-family effort. To promote acceptance, the linkage between the school systems and family systems theory is explained, and assessment and intervention strategies appropriate for application by counselors and other educational specialists are described.
Dementia in Down's syndrome: Observations from a neurology clinic

Clinical manifestations of dementia were reviewed in 15 Down's syndrome (DS) patients referred to a neurological clinic over a 24-month period for mental deterioration. The ages ranged from 32-64 years. One hundred percent showed personality changes and loss of independent daily living skills, the presenting symptoms in two-thirds of the cases. Other manifestations included seizures (53%), gait deterioration (73%), sphincteric incontinence (40%), and pathological release reflexes (67%). All 7 patients with CT-scans showed moderate or severe central and peripheral cortical atrophy. Detailed clinical information is presented for two patients, one of whom showed a temporary remission with imipramine. A characteristic dementia syndrome appears to be present in a subpopulation of aging DA patients with radiographic findings of Alzheimer's disease.
A method of surface marker location optimization for tumor motion estimation in lung stereotactic body radiation therapy

Purpose: Accurately localizing lung tumor localization is essential for high-precision radiation therapy techniques such as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Since direct monitoring of tumor motion is not always achievable due to the limitation of imaging modalities for treatment guidance, placement of fiducial markers on the patient’s body surface to act as a surrogate for tumor position prediction is a practical alternative for tracking lung tumor motion during SBRT treatments. In this work, the authors propose an innovative and robust model to solve the multimarker position optimization problem. The model is able to overcome the major drawbacks of the sparse optimization approach (SOA) model. Methods: The principle-component-analysis (PCA) method was employed as the framework to build the authors’ statistical prediction model. The method can be divided into two stages. The first stage is to build the surrogate tumor matrix and calculate its eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors. The second stage is to determine the “best represented” columns of the eigenvector matrix obtained from stage one and subsequently acquire the optimal marker positions as well as numbers. Using 4-dimensional CT (4DCT) and breath hold CT imaging data, the PCA method was compared to the SOA method with respect to calculation time, average prediction accuracy, prediction stability, noise resistance, marker position consistency, and marker distribution. Results: The PCA and SOA methods which were both tested were on all 11 patients for a total of 130 cases including 4DCT and breath-hold CT scenarios. The maximum calculation time for the PCA method was less than 1 s with 64 752 surface points, whereas the average calculation time for the SOA method was over 12 min with 400 surface points. Overall, the tumor center position prediction errors were comparable between the two methods, and all were less than 1.5 mm. However, for the extreme scenarios (breath hold), the prediction errors for the PCA method were not only smaller, but were also more stable than for the SOA method. Results obtained by imposing a series of random noises to the surrogates indicated that the PCA method was much more noise resistant than the SOA method. The marker position consistency tests using various combinations of 4DCT phases to construct the surrogates suggested that the marker position predictions of the PCA method were more consistent than those of the SOA method, in spite of surrogate construction. Marker distribution tests indicated that greater than 80% of the calculated marker positions fell into the high cross correlation and high motion magnitude regions for both of the algorithms. Conclusions: The PCA model is an accurate, efficient, robust, and practical model for solving the multimarker position optimization problem to predict lung tumor motion during SBRT treatments. Due to its generality, PCA model can also be applied to other imaging guidance system whichever using surface motion as the surrogates.
Sirt1, a Negative Regulator of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Diabetic Retinopathy

Purpose. In the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 damages retinal mitochondria, activating the apoptotic machinery. Transcription of MMP-9 is regulated by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and the activation of NF-κB is modulated by the acetylation of its p65 subunit. Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), a deacetylase, plays an important role in the acetylation-deacetylation of p65. The goal of this study is to investigate the role of Sirt1 in the activation of MMP-9 in diabetic retinopathy.
Dynamic mechanical properties and creep of poly-n-dodecyl methacrylate☆

Abstract The real ( J ′) and imaginary ( J ″) components of the complex compliance have been measured between 24 and 3600 cycles/sec. in the temperature range from −40° to 45° C. for a fractionated poly- n -dodecyl methacrylate with molecular weight 0.95 × 10 6 . The creep compliance, J ( t ), was measured from −30° to 30°C. The method of reduced variables gave superposed curves for J ′ and J ″ against frequency and for J ( t ) against time except for an anomaly at and below −28°, interpreted as due to crystallization of the side groups. The temperature dependence of relaxation times followed the WLF form with α f (thermal expansion coefficient of free volume) = 3.7 × 10 −4 deg. −1 . The retardation and relaxation spectra, combining dynamic and creep data, show a rudimentary plateau region from which the average spacing between entanglement points is estimated to correspond to a degree of polymerization of 650. The logarithm of the monomeric friction coefficient (in dynes-sec./cm.) is −6.57 extrapolated to 100°C. The dependence of friction coefficient on side group length in the methacrylate series, using revised data including now those for the dodecyl polymer, can be rather satisfactorily attributed to differences in free volume by either the treatment of Dannhauser, Child, and Ferry or that of Fujita and Kishimoto.
Bilateral effects of unilateral visual cortex lesions in human

Summary We studied the vision of 12 patients with unilateral lesions of the visual cortex. All had a VI-type scotoma located in the contralateral visual fields, as expected, and visual acuity of 20/30 or better. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that they also had a visual deficit in their ipsilesional or ‘good’ visual fields. The first experiment tested the subjects' ability to respond to transient signals presented at unpredictable temporal intervals and spatial locations amongst many spatially random and identical distracter elements. The results showed that, compared with controls, the lesion group had a significantly reduced sensitivity to signal and increased response times affecting both hemifields. In a second experiment, we tested the useful field of view (UFOV) in two of the patients under conditions of differing attention demand.Both showed bilateral constriction, compatible with the results of the first experiment. One possible explanation for the bilateral effects of unilateral occipital lobe lesions is damage to interhemispheric connections along their presplenial course, affecting the synthesis of visual information from both hemifields (i.e. the interhemispheric diaschisis effects put forth by von Monakow). The trouble is task dependens and can be construed as a global reduction in visual attension capacity. It is subtle in comparison with the coniralesional V1-type scotoma that Holmes measured, yet may account for unexplained complaints of reduced performance in some patients, particularly in tasks with high visual information processing demands, such as reading and automobile driving.
Sub-urethral slings for treatment of stress urinary incontinence

Sling surgery is considered to be the gold standard for the treatment of incontinence resulting from internal sphincter deficiency. A century of experience is reviewed and evolving new concepts and techniques are presented.
Macroscopic Singularity In Morphogen Gradient And Bioelectric Field Of Growth Control

In embryogenesis, every physiological system is developed through a growth control system mediated by organizers and growth control boundaries. The growth control signal transduction is embedded in various physiological functions. Many physiological processes are regulated through growth control mechanisms such as hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, apoptosis and signal transduction pathways involving growth control genes such as proto-oncogenes. A model of growth control system suggests that a growth control system originates from a network of organizers which distribute at extreme points of structural surface (or interface) curvature. Organizers and growth control boundaries are macroscopic singularities (i.e. discontinuity and abrupt transition) of morphogen gradient field and bioelectric field. Small, nonspecific perturbations around singular points - organizers can have long lasting systemic effect. This offers an efficient way of manipulating the system. The growth control model further suggests that singular points - organizers and separatrices - boundaries in growth control form an undifferentiated, interconnected cellular network that regulates growth and physiology both during and after embryogenesis. Stem cells are important components of this undifferentiated network. Acupuncture points and meridians originate from organizers and growth control boundaries respectively. The model of growth control system has met the gold standard of science - the following predictions of the model have been independently confirmed: 1. Organizers have high electric conductance, high electric current density and high density of gap junctions. 2. Growth control boundaries have high electric conductance and high density of gap junctions. 3. Singularity has important role in morphogenesis. 4. Morphogens and organizers partially retain their regulatory function after embryogenesis. 5. Nonspecific stimulation at acupoints - potential organizers in adult causes extensive growth control effects.Singularity provides a potentially efficient way of manipulating the growth control, stem cells and physiological systems.
Female secondary sexual coloration and sex recognition in the keeled earless lizard, Holbrookia propinqua

Abstract Relationships between male social behaviour and female reproductive coloration in the iguanid lizard Holbrookia propinqua were examined by introduction of tethered non-resident lizards into the territories of adult males. Introduced lizards were plainly coloured females, females having bright reproductive coloration, adult males, plain females painted to resemble brightly coloured females, bright females painted to mimic plain females, and males painted with the bright yellow and orange secondary sexual coloration of females. Resident males courted all unpainted females, despite being aggressively rejected by the brightly coloured ones. They also courted all but two females in each of the painted groups. All unaltered non-resident males were challenged, attacked or subjected to other aggressive behaviour by residents, but all non-resident males painted to resemble bright females were courted. This differential treatment is highly significant. It clearly demonstrates that the bright female pigmentation functions in sex recognition, identifying a female to males. Other stimuli, especially pheromonal and behavioural cues, may contribute to sex recognition. Because sex recognition alone seems insufficient to account for the evolution of bright female coloration in H. propinqua and several other iguanids, several proposed additional functions are discussed.
Long-Term Functional Outcomes After Bilateral Total Wrist Arthrodesis

Purpose To report on the long-term outcomes of bilateral total wrist arthrodeses. Methods We conducted a review of all living patients who underwent bilateral wrist arthrodeses from 1980 to 2010 within a single institution. Outcome measures included pain, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire, Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation, Michigan Hand Questionnaire, satisfaction scores, complications, and revision surgeries. Results Thirteen patients (26 wrists) were treated with an average follow-up of 14 years (range, 3–28 y). Average time for contralateral wrist arthrodesis was 16 months after initial wrist arthrodesis. Eleven wrists had undergone prior surgery. Eleven patients had a primary diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis. Wrists were fused from 5° flexion to 30° extension, with all but one patient's wrist fused within 10° of the contralateral wrist. There was a significant improvement in postoperative grip strength and pain levels. Postoperative Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand, Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation, and Michigan Hand Questionnaire scores were 21, 29, and 73, respectively. Increasing age, preoperative steroid usage, and concomitant shoulder or elbow disorders were associated with worse outcomes. Twelve patients (93%) were satisfied and would repeat the surgery and 9 returned to full-time work. The major functional limitation was turning a doorknob or tight jar lid. Seven patients underwent additional surgery including 5 revision arthrodeses and 2 plate removals. Revision surgeries were more common in patients with prior surgeries or preoperative steroid usage, women, smokers, those with ipsilateral elbow dysfunction, and those with fixation with a dorsal locking plate. Conclusions Bilateral total wrist arthrodesis improved pain while enabling patients with severe carpal arthrosis to maintain a satisfactory level of extremity function and quality of life. In general, patients adapted and were satisfied with functional capabilities. This is a viable salvage option for patients with severe bilateral disease. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
A slater-transform-preuss (STP) wavefunction for the ground state of Be

Abstract A class of integral transform functions previously applied to He and Li has been extended to the ground state of Be where an energy of −14.567553 au was obtained. Although the function is slightly less than double-zeta quality and requires numerical integration techniques, it is shown how the parameters of the function can be related to single-zeta screening constants while obtaining much improved minimal basis energies.
The Effects of Single and Multiple Models When Teaching Counseling Interviewing Behaviors.

The effects of viewing a single model (one female model) as compared to viewing multiple models (two male and two female) were tested with 27 beginning master's degree students enrolled in a prepracticum course. Four measures of the dependent variable, open-ended exploratory leads (OEEL's) were taken to allow for examination of both quantitative and qualitative differences due to the modeling conditions. Viewing multiple models, although not statistically superior to viewing a single model, did result in the highest means and smallest within treatment variation on all dependent measures. Only the quantity of produced OEEL's was significantly greater for those participants who viewed models as compared to those who did not. As a result of both the descriptive and inferential data, implications for the use of multiple and single models for counselor training are presented and discussed.
Elevated CK‐MB and CK‐BB in serum and tumor homogenate of a patient with lung cancer

Elevated serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) were found in a patient with small-(oat) cell carcinoma of the lung. Fractionation of the enzyme showed markedly elevated CK-MB and CK-BB isoenzymes. Clinical and subsequent pathological examination showed no evidence of infarction, inflammation, or tumor involvement of the heart; however, analysis of tumor tissue for CK showed predominance of CK-MB and CK-BB isoenzymes, thus implicating tumor as the source of the circulating levels of CK-MB and CK-BB. Our case is the first to document CK-MB from neoplastic tissue homogenates, and illustrates that markedly elevated circulating levels of CK-MB, or increased levels of CK-MB in combination with CK-BB may point away from a myocardial source, and toward the existence of a malignancy.
Digital control of mean arterial blood pressure in dogs by injecting a vasodilator drug.

An automated drug administration system is presented here to control the desired decrease of the mean arterial blood pressure\((\overline {bp} )\) in dogs. The system consists of a microprocessor (6800) with A/D and D/A converters and a syringe pump, which injects the drug into the dog. For the control of the\(\overline {bp} \), the micro-processor first estimates the parameters of a discrete-time model for the open-loop system by means of the least squares algorithm. Using the resulting model, the feedback gains of an optimal controller are determined so that the\(\overline {bp} \) is maintained at the desired level. The microprocessor acts then as the controller. Its input consists of the sampled values of the actual\(\overline {bp} \), and it generates an output which is fed into the syringe pump via the D/A converter. The drug delivery system designed was tested using sodium nitroprusside as a vasodilator drug in five dogs. The controller parameters were computed for each test run. The closed-loop system was tested in the range 90–170 mm Hg of the\(\overline {bp} \) over a time period of 6–10 min. The desired mean arterial blood pressure value was maintained within ±10 mm Hg over the test period.
Evolving Role of Gene Expression Signatures as Biomarkers in Early-Stage Colon Cancer

Purpose Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health problem in the USA and worldwide. At the time of initial presentation, approximately 26 % of CRC patients will have stage II disease while another 30 % will present with stage III disease. Although surgical resection plays a critical role in the management of patients who have early-stage disease, it is usually not curative by itself. As a result, adjuvant chemotherapy is generally administered to eradicate clinically occult micrometastatic disease. It is now being increasingly realized that not all patients with stage II and III disease derive significant benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Moreover, due to a growing concern for long-term chemotherapy-associated adverse effects, its utility in unselected stage II/III patients is now being questioned.
Distribution anisotropy: The cause of AMS in igneous rocks?

Understanding of AMS in pristine basic igneous rocks in terms of flow-orientation of ellipsoidal magnetite grains is thwarted by the fact that these grains (1) typically are irregularly equant or skeletal rather than distinctly ellipsoidal, and (2) usually crystallize interstitially and late, after magma flow has ceased. However, the distribution of such grains will be relatively anisotropic if they grew in residual liquid volumes within a preferredly-oriented (by flow) silicate “template”. This constraint may impose a slight preferred shape orientation to the irregular magnetite grains during their growth, but in addition, we suggest it is the anisotropic magnetic interaction between the grains which is the basic cause of AMS. Experiments involving the casting of magnetite-epoxy mixtures in various foliated or lineated glass templates have yielded samples with the expected AMS symmetry, i.e. K3 perpendicular to glass plates or K1 parallel to glass rods. Slicing of near isotropic synthetic blank- and natural rock-cores and interleaving with glass slides showed a progressive increase in anisotropy of the blank from ∼0.4% to 2%, and the natural rock from ∼0.9% to ∼2.9%. In both the K3 axis migrates to be perpendicular to the glass slides.
Observation of Critical Fluctuations Associated with Plasma-Wave Instabilities

legd VOLUME «I 1a h. 4 i MARCH 15, 1962 NUMBER OBSERVATION OF CRITICAL FLUCTUATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PLASMA-WAVE INSTABILITIES S. Ichimaru Departments and D. Pines of Physics and Electrical Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois N. Rostoker John Jay Hopkins Laboratory for Pure and Applied Science, General Atomic Division of General Dynamics Corporation, San Diego, California (Received February 21, 1962) The existence of plasma-wave instabilities as- sociated with the drift of electrons vs ions under the action of an applied electric field in a fully ionized plasma has been considered recently by a. number of authors. ' ' In this Letter we wish to point out the possibility of utilizing the scattering of electromagnetic waves to observe the onset of such instabilities. As the plasma approaches from a region of stability a critical point corre- sponding to the onset of an instability, a phenom- enon analogous to critical opalescence is predict- ed, in which at certain angles enormously en- hanced scattering of the electromagnetic radiation is expected to occur. The scattering of electromagnetic waves by electron density fluctuations in a fully ionized plasma is determined by S(kv), the Fourier trans- form of the electron density-density correlation function. ' The differential cross section, d'o/ diode, for the transfer of momentum Rk (corre- sponding to scattering into a solid angle dQ) and energy S~ from an electromagnetic wave to the electrons in the plasma is given by d dOdu mc' (l sin'8) S(klan), where 8 is the angle between the incident and scattered waves, and we have averaged over di- rections of polarization of both waves. S(kyar) is defined by S(k~) =2mL' t, dr dt I oo (n(r', t')n(r'+r, t'+t)) x exp[-t(k r -~t)], where N is the total number of electrons in a vol- ume L', n(r, t) denotes the electron number den- sity, and the angular brackets refer to a statisti- cal average over the electron states. In many cases of practical importance the fractional change in wavelength of the scattered radiation is small; under these circumstances a measurement of the intensity of the radiation scattered into a given angle yields directly the structure factor, S(k), which is S(k) = (1/N) J d&u S(k&u) S(%) is typically of order unity. We first summarize some results of the theory of fluctuations in a fully ionized plasma. Within the random phase approximation the spectrum of electron density fluctuations S(k, ~) for a two- component plasma (electrons and positive ions with charge e) may be simply obtained by super- posing the fields due to the dressed particles (electrons or ions plus their associated screening
Emotion and Consumption: Perspectives and Issues

Over the course of the last two decades, consumer research has been making considerable contributions to the study of affect. The articles in this volume deal with conceptual and methodological issues in affect research that bridge the gap between theory and practice and represent sample of the many research topics currently being explored by consumer researchers. In my remarks, I briefly discuss each article and I provide some directions for future research in each of the specific areas covered in the articles. Much research in affect is motivated by the desire to test and extend theory and resolve theoretical debates stemming from conflicting evidence. While the focus of affect research is increasingly on theory, we may not always be as careful about our constructs and methods and we need to apply additional, new and more precise methodologies to address old theoretical problems. I conclude that among the most important future tasks are the needs to adopt appropriate methods aimed at capturing affect's influence and underlying processes, and to refine the theoretical basis for such methods.
On the use of critical distance theories for the prediction of the high cycle fatigue limit stress in notched Ti–6Al–4V☆

Abstract Methods are investigated for predicting the high cycle fatigue (HCF) lives of notched cylindrical Ti–6Al–4V specimens using critical distance concepts that employ the stress distribution in the vicinity of the notch. Cylindrical fatigue specimens had circumferential V-notches with a range of elastic stress concentration factors ( k t =1.97–4.07). Notched and unnotched specimens were cycled to failure using a step-loading technique to generate points on a Haigh (Goodman) diagram for a constant fatigue life of 10 6 cycles. Finite element solutions were generated to provide stress distributions for the notched gage sections. The stress distributions were used in the search for a critical distance over which the quantities of mean stress, stress range, or elastic strain energy may contribute to the fatigue process and can be correlated to similar quantities from smooth, unnotched specimens. If the decrease in the local stress ratio at the notch root for high applied stress ratio is accounted for in the analysis, trends independent of applied stress ratio were found in the calculated critical distances. Predictions based upon the results gave accuracy to within 12% of the experimental fatigue limit stresses and illustrate the method has promise for use in fatigue design of Ti–6Al–4V components.
Viscous drift forces in regular and irregular waves

Abstract A method to compute wave- and current-induced viscous drift forces and moments on floating platforms in regular and random waves is presented. The relative velocity drag term of Morison's equation is used in conjunction with frequency domain first-order motion transfer functions to compute the drift forces and moments. Mean viscous drift forces and moments in regular waves in all six degrees-of-freedom of a tension leg platform are computed. The relative importance of the free-surface force integration, steady current, wave-current interaction and platform motions on the computed drift forces and moments are discussed. The results from this method, in the frequency domain, are used to compute the drift forces and responses in irregular waves using existing methods developed for potential drift computations. Comparisons with results from time-domain computations are also presented and good agreement between the frequency-domain and time-domain results is found. Some comparisons with experimental data are also made. The frequency-domain method is found to be an efficient and useful tool for the analysis of semi-submersible and tension leg platforms during the preliminary design stage in which extensive parametric studies need to be undertaken.
Self-aligned double patterning (SADP) compliant design flow

Double patterning with 193nm optical lithography is inevitable for technology scaling before EUV is ready. In general, there are two major double patterning techniques (DPT): Litho-Etch-Litho-Etch (LELE) and sidewall spacer technology, a Self-Aligned Double Patterning technique (SADP). So far LELE is much more mature than SADP in terms of process development and design flow implementation. However, SADP has stronger scaling potential than LELE due to its smaller design rules on tip-tip and tip-side as well as its intrinsic self-align property. In this paper, we will explain in detail about how to enable a SADP-friendly design flow from multiple perspectives: design constructs, design rules, standard cell library and routing. In addition, the differences between SADP and LELE in terms of design, scaling capability and RC performance will be addressed.
An improved field-effect analysis for the determination of the pseudogap-state density in amorphous semiconductors

Abstract A method is described for determining the gap-state density N(e) of an amorphous semiconductor from field-effect data, in which no assumptions are made about the form of the band-bending in the semiconductor. The problem is reduced to three successive integrations over an assumed N(e) by change of variable from depth x to voltage V, and the best fit to the experimental data is obtained by iteration of the assumed state density. The method is shown to be no less rigorous and considerably more economical than the recent analysis of Goodman, Fritzsche and Ozaki (1980). In addition, we demonstrate an experimental means of determining flat-band conditions to an accuracy of 1/2 kT of band bending, by finding the value of V g for which (kT/e)d log I SD/dV g is independent of temperature.
The Mahdī and the Treasures of al-Ṭālaqān

Abstract This study highlights a hitherto neglected trope of Muslim apocalyptic literature—namely, that in a region known as al-Ṭālaqān there awaits the future Mahdī a great treasure that will gain him a mighty army to aid him fight the final battle against evil. Tracing the trope’s origin in Zoroastrian apocalypticism and its subsequent dissemination in a wide array of Muslim apocalyptic traditions, this paper argues that this apocalyptic trope ultimately entered into Muslim apocalypticism, in particular Sīʿite apocalypticism, during a Zaydī revolt against the ʿAbbāsids led by the Ḥasanid Yaḥyā b. ʿAbd Allāh in the year 176/792. The paper then explores how the revolt of Yaḥyā b. ʿAbd Allāh shaped the function of the ‘treasures of al-Ṭālaqān’ trope in Muslim apocalypticism and how Yaḥyā’s personality and the revolt he inspired continued to leave an indelible imprint on Imāmī apocalypticism thereafter.
Wenn C‐H‐Bindungen sprechen könnten – selektive Oxidationen von C‐H‐Bindungen

Die C-H-Oxidation hat eine lange Geschichte und ist seit jeher Teil der Spitzenforschung in der Chemie und verwandten Gebieten. Folgerichtig wurde bereits eine grose Zahl sehr nutzlicher Originalbeitrage und Ubersichten zu diesem Thema veroffentlicht. Logischerweise wurden diese Artikel im Allgemeinen mit Blick auf die Anwendungsmoglichkeiten und Grenzen der verwendeten Reagentien geschrieben. Ziel dieses Kurzaufsatzes ist es hingegen, stattdessen die durch die Eigenschaften der Substrate hervorgerufene Chemoselektivitat herauszuarbeiten. Dies bringt es mit sich, dass viele bahnbrechende Entdeckungen auf dem Gebiet der C-H-Oxidationen nicht behandelt werden; die hier eingenommene Sichtweise wird aber hoffentlich eine schnellere Aufnahme von C-H-Oxidationsreaktionen in Syntheseplanungen ermoglichen.
Effects of pH, Storage Time and Temperature on the Tin Content of Single Strength Canned Grapefruit Juice

Grapefruit juice modified to pH 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 and stored at 4, 21, 27, 32 and 38°C manifested a consistent two-stage pattern for tin uptake. The first stage consisted of a rapid (3 wk) uptake of tin (from 12 to approximately 100 ppm) and was relatively independent of juice pH or storage temperature. In the second stage, the increase in tin concentrations was extremely temperature dependent and only slightly pH dependent. Canned grapefruit juice should be stored below 27°C to insure tin contents do not exceed the Codex maximum of 250 ppm. In a survey of 55 commercially canned grapefruit juice samples stored 1-8 months under commercial conditions, tin concentrations ranged from 34-180 ppm.
Structure of layer IV in the somatosensory neocortex of the rat: description and comparison with the mouse.

The cytoarchitecture of layer IV of SmI neocortex of the rat has been studied in sections parallel and perpendicular to layer IV. The neurons of layer IV are arranged into discrete multicellular units, called barrels, which we have previously described in both mouse and rat. Using the barrels as markers, it is possible to outline precisely a cytoarchitectonic field—the barrel field—which (1) is confined to SmI. (2) has a consistent appearance from hemisphere to hemisphere, and (3) contains at least 220 barrels. A special region of the barrel field has been identified—the posteromedial barrel subfield (PMBSF)—in which the barrels are arranged in five rows and are larger than elsewhere. However, in contrast to other barrels in the rat barrel field and to the barrels that make up the PMBSF in the mouse, the PMBSF barrels in the rat are filled with small neurons nearly throughout the thickness of layer IV. From experimental evidence, it has been possible for the first time to establish consistent homologies between small groups of neocortical neurons in layer IV. The most surprising finding is that homologous barrels in the PMBSF of two closely related species, the rat and the mouse, have such a different cytoarchitectonic appearance. On the basis of this observation, we suggest that a careful study of these PMBSF barrels in the mouse, the rat and other species may provide a clue to understanding how neocortical neuronal circuits of varying complexity are assembled.
Sensing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and consequences to both host and bacillus

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the primary causative agent of human tuberculosis, has killed more people than any other bacterial pathogen in human history and remains one of the most important transmissible diseases worldwide. Because of the long-standing interaction of Mtb with humans, it is no surprise that human mucosal and innate immune cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to detect Mtb during initial contact. To that end, the cell surface of human cells is decorated with numerous pattern recognition receptors for a variety of mycobacterial ligands. Furthermore, once Mtb is ingested into professional phagocytes, other host molecules are engaged to report on the presence of an intracellular pathogen. In this review, we discuss the role of specific mycobacterial products in modulating the host's ability to detect Mtb. In addition, we describe the specific host receptors that mediate the detection of mycobacterial infection and the role of individual receptors in mycobacterial pathogenesis in humans and model organisms.
On job scheduling on a hypercube

The problem of scheduling n independent jobs on an m-dimensional hypercube system to minimize the finish time is studied. Each job J/sub i/, where 1 >
Review Essay: The International Network of Terrorism

Claire Sterling's The Terror Network and Edward Herman's The Real Terror Network are reviewed and reactions to the authors' research and subject matter in the scholarly and popular press compared. It is ar gued that Sterling's work suffers from sloppy argument and questionable evidence and a lack of apprecia tion of the interaction between politics and history. Herman's work, an avowedly polemical piece, deserves far more attention that it has thus far received despite some shortcomings in the analysis which at times seem to confuse structural arguments with conspiracy. Both works point to the need to further explore the role of the state in the terror process.
Effect of source of supplemental selenium on uterine health and embryo quality in high-producing dairy cows.

Lactating Holstein cows (n = 135) were randomly assigned to one of the two sources of supplemental selenium (Se), sodium selenite (SS) or Se yeast (SY), fed at 0.3 mg/kg diet dry matter from 25 d before calving to 70 d in milk (DIM), in diets not suboptimal in basal Se concentrations. Cows were evaluated for health daily in the first 10 DIM, and uterine cytology of the previously gravid uterine horn was assessed at 30 DIM. The Ovsynch protocol was initiated at 42 DIM; ovarian responses to hormonal treatments were evaluated by ultrasonography. The uteri of cows were flushed 6 d after timed AI for collection of embryos and oocytes. Plasma concentrations of Se and progesterone were measured throughout the postpartum period and during the reproductive protocol, respectively, and plasma glutathione peroxidase activity was determined 6 d after AI. Concentrations of Se in pre- and postpartum diets ranged from 0.43 to 0.56 mg/kg of dry matter. Incidence of retained placenta, fever, ketosis, mastitis, acute puerperal metritis, clinical endometritis, and subclinical endometritis were not significantly different between treatments. There were no differences between groups in concentrations of Se and progesterone or glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma. Treatment did not influence ovarian responses to the synchronization protocol, fertilization rate, number of blastomeres and live blastomeres, or proportions of grades 1 and 2, degenerated, and degenerated-unfertilized embryos/oocytes. Odds of subclinical endometritis on Day 30 postpartum more than doubled in cows with fever of unknown origin or acute puerperal metritis in the first 10 DIM. Fertilization rate tended to be reduced in cows with subclinical endometritis. In summary, replacing SS with an organic source of Se in diets not suboptimal in basal Se concentrations did not improve Se status, uterine health, fertilization, or embryo quality in early lactation dairy cows.
Dynamic selected mapping for OFDM

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission systems generally have low power efficiency, due to the large peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) of the OFDM signal. Selected mapping (SLM) is a promising technique to reduce the PAR for OFDM. A drawback of SLM is its high computational requirement, which hinders its practical implementation. In this paper, we propose a dynamic, two-buffer structure to reduce the computational requirement without sacrificing the PAR reduction capability. Performance analysis and simulations of the proposed technique are also carried out.
Determination of the dorsal-ventral axis in eggs of Xenopus laevis: complete rescue of uv-impaired eggs by oblique orientation before first cleavage.

Eggs of Xenopus laevis were exposed to ultraviolet (uv) radiation (2537 A) on the vegetal hemisphere soon after fertilization at doses sufficient to impair greatly the subsequent development of dorsal structures. It was found that temporary orientation of irradiated eggs 90° off the natural vertical axis rescues these eggs, allowing them to develop into normal embryos. Complete rescue results when oblique orientation is initiated well before first cleavage, and eggs remain in this position until the 16-cell stage. Significant rescue is seen, however, in eggs which remain off axis for shorter periods of time or when eggs are obliquely oriented, even after first cleavage. Furthermore, a period of oblique orientation prior to uv irradiation results in insensitivity of eggs to irradiation. Ultraviolet irradiation is found to randomize the position of the dorsal side with respect to the sperm entrance point, whereas the position of the dorsal side of rescued embryos is strongly specified by the orientation of the egg during the rescue period, and not by the sperm entrance point. Other effects of uv irradiation on early development include decreased pigmentation differences among 4-cell stage blastomeres and delayed gastrulation. It is proposed (1) that oblique orientation promotes in irradiated eggs a set of internal rearrangements mimicking those normally accomplished by the unirradiated egg in a period prior to first cleavage and as part of an early dorsalization process, and (2) that the uv-sensitive targets are part of the morphogenic machinery used by the egg for internal rearrangements in this period and are not elements of a system of transmitted particulate dorsal determinants.
On models for a trusted application system

A trusted application system must support the processing needs of a specific operating environment. Its security policy includes many constraints that are specific to the application, so the trusted application system can be more difficult to develop and evaluate than a trusted product. One approach for reducing the development and evaluation effort for a trusted application system is to build the system on an evaluated product. Among other advantages, this approach may relieve the developer from demonstrating that the application's trusted computing base enforces those application policies that are enforced by the evaluated product. The authors discuss their thoughts on modeling a trusted application system based on an evaluated product. They identify some lessons learned from experience in evaluating a trusted application system formal model and provide a set of guidelines for writing a formal model for a trusted application system based on an evaluated product. >
Divine exchanges: Applying social exchange theory to religious behavior

All social exchanges involve some degree of uncertainty, although the amount depends on the conditions of the exchange. Uncertainty may arise due to the unverifiable quality of the good exchanged or the indeterminable quality of the exchange partner (i.e., whether she is trustworthy). Social exchange theory offers several mechanisms by which uncertainty may be reduced or mitigated such as through trust, repeated exchanges, reputation, information regarding the exchanges of others, and institutions. This paper applies principles from social exchange theory to religious behavior and argues that the same mechanisms that reduce uncertainty in social exchanges also reduce uncertainty in ‘religious’ exchanges, resulting in higher levels of religious commitment. In particular, this paper proposes that having experiences believed to be supernatural, having close ties to others within one’s religious congregation, and being affiliated with a higher tension church should increase religious commitment through decrea...