cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Flow Chart Sequence for Computer Scheduling of High School Classes - From Registration to Grade Reporting

ONE OF THE most persistent and unresolved problems today in administration of the secondary school is how to construct a master schedule of classes that will maximize the number of students successfully scheduled and minimize the number of conflicts which result from the process. With increasing enrollment in the secondary school it has become apparent that traditional meth ods of sectioning students are no longer satisfacto ry in too many instances (1). If the schedule is originated by manual method, it is often necessary that the administrative staff of a school devote much of the summer months to completing the task. For these reasons, many school administrators have begun to consider use of data process equipment as a partial answer to the problem. Contrary to belief, the cost of using data proc ess equipment for scheduling students in m edium and large secondary schools is not prohibitive when compared to the costs in time and salary of those individuals employed by the school to complete the processing by traditional methods (2). The series of flow charts which follow were de signed to graphically represent the operations nec essary to produce a schedule of classes for students of a secondary school by use of data process equip ment.
Pregnane X receptor is essential for normal progression of liver regeneration.

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) mediates xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism as well as hepatocyte proliferation. To determine the role of PXR in liver regeneration, 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PH) was performed on wild-type and PXR-null mice. Our results showed that hepatic steatosis was markedly suppressed in mice lacking PXR 36 hours after PH, concomitant with reduction of hepatocyte proliferation at the same time point. Gene expression analysis revealed the role of PXR in regulating the transcription of genes involved in lipid uptake, transport, biosynthesis, oxidation, and storage during liver regeneration. When PXR was absent, the second wave of hepatocyte proliferation was severely suppressed, which was accompanied by the inactivation of STAT3. Lack of PXR inhibited the second phase of liver growth, leading to 17% less liver mass at the anticipated end point of liver regeneration (day 10). Conclusion: PXR is required for normal progression of liver regeneration by modulating lipid homeostasis and regulating hepatocyte proliferation. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
Review of secondary physical conditions associated with lower-limb amputation and long-term prosthesis use

Musculoskeletal imbalances or pathologies often develop into secondary physical conditions or complications that may affect the mobility and quality of life of people with lower-limb amputation. Using one or more prostheses causes people with amputation to alter the biomechanics of their movement. For example, people with lower-limb amputation often favor and stress their intact lower limb more during everyday activities. This can lead to degenerative changes such as osteoarthritis of the knee and/or hip joints of the intact limb. Since people with amputation spend less time on their residual limb, osteopenia and subsequent osteoporosis often occur secondary to insufficient loading through the long bones of the lower limb. A proper prosthetic fit increases the probability of equal force distribution across the intact and prosthetic limbs during ambulation, thus decreasing the risk of osteoarthritis. People with limb loss commonly complain of back pain, which is linked to poor prosthetic fit and alignment, postural changes, leg-length discrepancy, amputation level, and general deconditioning. We review the literature on secondary complications among people with lower-limb loss who are long-term prosthesis wearers.
"Sisters worthy of respect": family dynamics and women's roles in the Blackwell family.

This paper considers the five daughters of Hannah and Samuel Blackwell, who were born between 1816 and 1826. None of the Blackwell sisters ever married, and four of them made notable achievements in their careers. This paper explores the role of dynamics within the Blackwell family in contributing to this unusual pattern. It argues that it was not a coincidence that this unusual group of women came from the same family, and that the family's history, its special attitudes and understanding of the world, made the family itself a strong influence in shaping the roles these women played once they matured and entered society.
Stability Analysis in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engines With High Dilution

This paper analyzes the stability of the autoignition process of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines with exhaust dilution. We find conditions under which steady-state multiplicity exists with stable and unstable equilibria. This analysis is conducted taking into account the internal feedback structure of the thermal dynamics. Specifically, HCCI combustion timing determines the combustion heat produced and is determined by the heat provided through high internal exhaust gas recirculation from the previous combustion cycle. It is shown that the thermal equilibria are characterized by a simple returning map consisting of two curves, namely the breathing temperature curve and the combustion temperature curve. The influence of heat transfer and the cooling system in the system stability is also analyzed. The returning map and the stability of the multiple steady-state equilibria are confirmed with a high-order dynamic nonlinear model. The high-order dynamic model includes manifold filling and composition dynamics and has been validated both at steady state and during transient. It is shown that a static feedforward controller can cause instability during switching from a high to a low load. A dynamic feedforward controller, on the other hand, is able to stabilize the transition by reducing temperature excursions and, hence, keeping the temperature trajectories within stable regions
Comparison of proliferating cell nuclear antigen to tritiated thymidine as a marker of proliferating hepatocytes in rats.

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an endogenous nuclear protein, has recently been used to identify replicating cells. PCNA was compared to tritiated thymidine ([3H]-TdR), a reliable and a...
Video-EEG Monitoring in the Elderly: A Review of 94 Patients

Summary: Purpose: We sought to determine the utility and results of video-EEG monitoring in elderly patients. There is an increased incidence of epilepsy in the elderly population. Few studies have assessed the characteristics of epileptic and nonepileptic seizures in this age group. Diagnostic evaluation with video-EEG monitoring is a means to distinguish these different types of events. Methods: The authors reviewed all patients aged 60 years and older who were admitted to the epilepsy monitoring unit at Columbia–Presbyterian Medical Center from January 21, 1991, to April 12, 1999. Results: A total of 94 patients and 99 patient admissions were identified, accounting for 8% of all admissions. The average age was 70 years, and the mean length of stay was 3.8 days. Typical events were recorded in 75 of the 99 patient admissions. A total of 118 seizures was recorded in 46 patients, and 98 nonepileptic events were seen in 27 patients. Of the patients with nonepileptic events, 13 had psychogenic seizures. The majority of patients with nonepileptic events were taking antiepileptic medication. Whereas 76% of the patients with epileptic events had interictal epileptiform discharges, 26% of the patients with nonepileptic events had epileptiform discharges as well. Conclusions: Video-EEG monitoring in the elderly leads to a definitive diagnosis in the majority of patients in a relatively short time. Interictal recordings are inadequate in determining the nature of paroxysmal events. Nonepileptic events are common in the elderly, including psychogenic seizures, and these are often misdiagnosed and mistreated as epileptic seizures.
An approach to the study of burnout in professional care providers in human service organizations.

A multidimensional approach is proposed for the study of burnout in professional care providers. The approach depicts relationships between care provider, human service organization and recipient of care in the development of burnout in the providers of human services. This article is both a literature review and a description of a new conceptualization based on, but not limited to, existing literature.
Non-equilibrium phenomena at semiconductor surfaces

Abstract Equilibrium in a crystal containing nearly non-interacting electrons exists when the electrons are distributed according to the Fermi-Dirac function and the phonons and photons distributed according to the Bose-Einstein function. There are thus four general ways in which non-equilibrium may be brought about. In a “quasi-equilibrium” distribution, relative occupancies among energy levels of given sets (e.g. a given band) have the same dependence on energy as in equilibrium. Then the determination of one parameter per band, in addition to the electrostatic potential, all as functions of position and time, serve to solve the problem. When quasi-equilibrium does not pertain, kinetic equations are needed. The principles of microscopic reversibility and detailed balance are often helpful in reducing the number of independent transition probabilities required.
On Store Placement for Response Time Minimization in Parallel Disks

We investigate the placement of N enterprise data-stores (e.g., database tables, application data) across an array of disks with the aim of minimizing the response time averaged over all served requests, while balancing the load evenly across all the disks in the parallel disk array. Incorporating the non-FCFS serving discipline and non work-conserving nature of disk drives in formulation of the placement problem is difficult and current placement strategies do not take them into account. We present a novel formulation of the placement problem to incorporate these crucial features and identify the runlength of requests accessing a store as the most important criterion for placing the stores. We use these insights to design a fast (running time of N logN) placement algorithm that is optimal under the assumption that transfer times are small. Comprehensive experimental studies establish the efficacy of the proposed algorithm under a wide variety of workloads with the proposed algorithm reducing the response time for real storage traces by more than a factor of 2 under heterogeneous workload scenarios.
IDEA -- An API for Parallel Computing with Large Spatial Datasets

We describe IDEA, an API designed specifically for the parallel processing of large spatial datasets on a cluster. Because such datasets present special challenges for efficient I/O and communication, it is especially valuable to provide an API that frees the user from the burden of partitioning the data among the processors. IDEA allows the user to address a communication to neighboring blocks of data, rather than processes or nodes. In addition to being very natural for the user, this data-centric view allows communication to a data block before it has been assigned a process. This is a key ability when handling data sets larger than the aggregate memory capacity of the cluster, since the dataset must be processed in a piecewise fashion.
PIQI-RCP: Design and Analysis of Rate-Based Explicit Congestion Control

Recent research has created a significant interest [18], [19] in the design and development of a new global-scale communication network that can overcome the limitations of the current Internet. Among the many directions for improving networking technology, recent pursuit to design better flow control has led to the emergence of explicit congestion control methods that solicit active feedback from intermediate routers [5], [11], [22], [25], [26]. As a step towards understanding these methods, we analyze stability and transient performance of Rate Control Protocol (RCP) [5], which is a recent method that aims to emulate processor sharing and achieve quick flow completion. However, we find that RCP can become unstable in certain topologies and may exhibit very high buffering requirements at routers. To address these limitations, we propose a new controller called Proportional Integral Queue Independent RCP (PIQI-RCP), prove its stability under heterogeneous delay, and use ns2 simulations, as well as Linux experiments, to show that the new method has significantly better transient dynamics (i.e., much smaller link-capacity overshoot) and better stability properties in single-and multi-bottleneck scenarios.
The yeast cell cycle engine

Abstract The yeast cell cycle is regulated by a number of different cyclin-Cdc28 complexes, some of which orchestrate G1 events, and some of which orchestrate G2/M events. G1 cyclins lead to expression of G2 cyclins; the G2 cyclins then repress the G1 cyclins. G2 cyclin expression eventually leads to mitosis, which causes loss of the G2 cyclins, allowing derepression and reappearance of the G1 cyclins. These interactions between different classes of cyclins push the yeast cell cycle forward. Nutrients act through the G1 cyclins to stimulate division, while mating pheromones act through G1 cyclins to inhibit division.
Sex differences in lipid, lipoprotein, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine responses to acute stress.

This study had two objectives: (a) to examine whether or not lipids and lipoproteins change in response to acute behavioral stress in young adults; and (b) to test the extent of sex differences in the magnitude of the lipid, lipoprotein, neuroendocrine, and cardiovascular changes during stress. Nineteen women and 22 men participated in a serial subtraction task, a videotaped speech task, and a self-evaluation task. The cholesterol portions of low density and high density lipoproteins, triglycerides, free fatty acids, epinephrine, norepinephrine, heart rate, and blood pressure were examined at rest and during each stressor. Repeated measures analyses of variance indicated that stress-related levels of low density and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, norepinephrine, heart rate, and blood pressure were elevated, relative to baseline, and that these responses were partially task or order dependent. Subsequent analyses of sex differences showed that males had larger low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and blood pressure increases during all tasks, relative to those of females, and females had larger heart rate responses to the speech task, relative to those of males. There were no sex differences in plasma catecholamine adjustments. These data demonstrate that the cholesterol fractions of high and low density lipoproteins increase during acute psychological stress, and are the first to systematically examine male/female differences in those stress responses.
Depression in patients with schizophrenia during an acute psychotic episode.

There is disagreement about whether depressive symptoms in schizophrenia are part of the basic disease process, or whether they represent adverse effects of treatment with antipsychotic medications. In a sample of initially antipsychotic drug-free acutely hospitalized patients with schizophrenia (N = 104), we measured change in depressive symptoms after 4 weeks of treatment. We also examined the relationship of changes in depressive symptoms to changes in positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms. Depressive symptoms improved after 4 weeks of antipsychotic medication treatment, and their improvement corresponded with improvement in both positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms. These results suggest that depressive symptoms in schizophrenia are related to the disease process itself, at least during acute exacerbations of schizophrenia. Depressive symptoms may be responsive to antipsychotic medications directly or as a secondary response to improvement in positive and negative symptoms.
Ground-penetrating radar for anthropological research

During its development years, geophysical survey has served field archaeology by defining possible sites underground, prior to excavation or preservation. Now we can see the art taking off as a research method in its own right. After summarising some recent research applications of magnetic mapping, the author gives us three case studies from USA and Jordan, where ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has produced new interpretations of prehistory and history. Since GPR can map in horizontal slices without damage, it opens up important heritage preservation options. In one case, excavation was discouraged on ethical grounds, in another it was inhibited by the presence of later monuments and in a third, an early agricultural site, the GPR actually saw more than the excavators. This presages a research tool of particular power.
Isotopic exchange of carbon-bound hydrogen over geologic timescales

The increasing popularity of compound-specific hydrogen isotope (D/H) analyses for investigating sedimentary organic matter raises numerous questions about the exchange of carbon-bound hydrogen over geologic timescales. Important questions include the rates of isotopic exchange, methods for diagnosing exchange in ancient samples, and the isotopic consequences of that exchange. This article provides a review of relevant literature data along with new data from several pilot studies to investigate such issues. Published experimental estimates of exchange rates between organic hydrogen and water indicate that at warm temperatures (50–100°C) exchange likely occurs on timescales of 10^4 to 10^8 yr. Incubation experiments using organic compounds and D-enriched water, combined with compound-specific D/H analyses, provide a new and highly sensitive method for measuring exchange at low temperatures. Comparison of δD values for isoprenoid and n-alkyl carbon skeletons in sedimentary organic matter provides no evidence for exchange in young ( 350 Ma) rocks. Specific rates of exchange are probably influenced by the nature and abundance of organic matter, pore-water chemistry, the presence of catalytic mineral surfaces, and perhaps even enzymatic activity. Estimates of equilibrium fractionation factors between organic H and water indicate that typical lipids will be depleted in D relative to water by ∼75 to 140‰ at equilibrium (30°C). Thus large differences in δD between organic molecules and water cannot be unambiguously interpreted as evidence against hydrogen exchange. A better approach may be to use changes in stereochemistry as a proxy for hydrogen exchange. For example, estimated rates of H exchange in pristane are similar to predicted rates for stereochemical inversion in steranes and hopanes. The isotopic consequences of this exchange remain in question. Incubations of cholestene with D_2O indicate that the number of D atoms incorporated during structural rearrangements can be far less than the number of C-H bonds that are broken. Sample calculations indicate that, for steranes in immature sediments, the D/H ratio imparted by biosynthesis may be largely preserved in spite of significant structural changes.
Strained Ge channel p-type MOSFETs fabricated on Si1-xGex/Si virtual substrates

We have fabricated strained Ge channelp-type metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (p-MOSFETs) on Si1−xGex (x=0.7 to 0.9) virtual substrates. Capping the channel with a relaxed, epitaxial silicon layer eliminates the poor interface between silicon dioxide (SiO2) and pure Ge. The effects of the Si cap thickness, the strain in the Ge channel, and the thickness of the Ge channel on hole mobility enhancement were investigated. Optimized strained Gep-MOSFETs show hole mobility enhancements of nearly 8 times that of co-processed bulk Si devices across a wide range of vertical field. These devices demonstrate that the high mobility holes in strained Ge can be utilized in a MOS device despite the need to cap the channel with a highly dislocated Si layer.
Student Demographics, Teacher Sorting, and Teacher Quality: Evidence from the End of School Desegregation

The reshuffling of students due to the end of student busing in Charlotte‐Mecklenburg provides a unique opportunity to investigate the relationship between changes in student attributes and changes in teacher quality that are not confounded with changes in school or neighborhood characteristics. Comparisons of ordinary least squares and instrumental variable results suggest that spatial correlation between teachers’ residences, students’ residences, and schools could lead to spurious correlation between student attributes and teacher characteristics. Schools that experienced a repatriation of black students experienced a decrease in various measures of teacher quality. I provide evidence that this was primarily due to changes in labor supply.
Testing Models of the APC Tumor Suppressor/β-Catenin Interaction Reshapes Our View of the Destruction Complex in Wnt Signaling

The Wnt pathway is a conserved signal transduction pathway that contributes to normal development and adult homeostasis, but is also misregulated in human diseases such as cancer. The tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is an essential negative regulator of Wnt signaling inactivated in >80% of colorectal cancers. APC participates in a multiprotein “destruction complex” that targets the proto-oncogene β-catenin for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis; however, the mechanistic role of APC in the destruction complex remains unknown. Several models of APC function have recently been proposed, many of which have emphasized the importance of phosphorylation of high-affinity β-catenin-binding sites [20-amino-acid repeats (20Rs)] on APC. Here we test these models by generating a Drosophila APC2 mutant lacking all β-catenin-binding 20Rs and performing functional studies in human colon cancer cell lines and Drosophila embryos. Our results are inconsistent with current models, as we find that β-catenin binding to the 20Rs of APC is not required for destruction complex activity. In addition, we generate an APC2 mutant lacking all β-catenin-binding sites (including the 15Rs) and find that a direct β-catenin/APC interaction is also not essential for β-catenin destruction, although it increases destruction complex efficiency in certain developmental contexts. Overall, our findings support a model whereby β-catenin-binding sites on APC do not provide a critical mechanistic function per se, but rather dock β-catenin in the destruction complex to increase the efficiency of β-catenin destruction. Furthermore, in Drosophila embryos expressing some APC2 mutant transgenes we observe a separation of β-catenin destruction and Wg/Wnt signaling outputs and suggest that cytoplasmic retention of β-catenin likely accounts for this difference.
Beyond: collapsible tools and gestures for computational design

Since the invention of the personal computer, digital media has remained separate from the physical world, blocked by a rigid screen. In this paper, we present Beyond, an interface for 3-D design where users can directly manipulate digital media with physically retractable tools and hand gestures. When pushed onto the screen, these tools physically collapse and project themselves onto the screen, letting users perceive as if they were inserting the tools into the digital space beyond the screen. The aim of Beyond is to make the digital 3-D design process straightforward, and more accessible to general users by extending physical affordances to the digital space beyond the computer screen.
Placental transport of riboflavin: Differential rates of uptake at the maternal and fetal surfaces of the perfused human placenta

Abstract The kinetics of riboflavin transfer across the perfused human placenta has been studied. With both circulations open, the transfer index (clearance of riboflavin: clearance of antipyrine) toward the fetus was 3.3 ± 0.08 (±SD) versus 0.87 ± 0.02 in the reverse direction (p l -glucose after bolus injection into the maternal perfusate was 35% ± 9.6% versus 3% ± 16%, p = 0.005, which indicates an uptake rate in excess of diffusion. There was no significant difference in uptake at the fetal surface. With recirculation of either the maternal or fetal perfusate, the transplacental gradient that was established was lower at high concentrations of riboflavin, which indicates the saturability of this function. Riboflavin was concentrated in the intracellular space and partly metabolized to flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. An equilibrium was approximated when both perfusates were recirculated, with the concentration lowest in the maternal perfusate, highest in the placenta, and intermediate in the fetal perfusate. It is concluded that the major factor directing riboflavin toward the fetus is the difference in rates of uptake at the two surfaces of the placenta.
The role of mentors in promoting integrity and preventing scientific misconduct in nursing research

Researchers face the challenge of protecting the trust of the subjects they study and ultimately serve. Scientific misconduct in any form violates this trust. This article discusses the importance of mentoring and how it promotes integrity and can help to prevent scientific misconduct in nursing research.
Simulation of Cosmogenic and Radioactive Backgrounds for the CoGeNT Detector

CoGeNT employs p-type point-contact (PPC) germanium detectors to search for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). By virtue of its low energy threshold and ability to reject surface backgrounds, this type of device is ideally suited to search for low-mass dark matter candidates (m χ ∼ 10 GeV/c2). We describe the present understanding of backgrounds affecting the CoGeNT (Coherent Germanium Neutrino Technology) detector at Soudan Underground Laboratory (SUL), including contributions from neutrons, both muon-induced and also for those arising from natural radioactivity in the SUL cavern, contributions from radioactivity in the surrounding shielding, contributions from the front-end electronics, and a comparison with radon levels at SUL. A more comprehensive description of all the background simulations can be found in Aalseth CE et al. (2012, arXiv:1208.5737)
Feasibility and reproducibility of three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and function in pediatric patients.

Background Quantitative assessment of right ventricular (RV) size and function is important in congenital heart disease. Although three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography overcomes geometric challenges that limit two-dimensional echocardiography, its feasibility and reproducibility in children have not been systematically evaluated. The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility and reproducibility of 3D echocardiographic RV measurements in children. Methods Patients aged 0 to 20 years were prospectively enrolled. Full-volume 3D echocardiographic RV data sets were acquired in each from the subxiphoid and apical four-chamber views by a trained sonographer. Another sonographer then acquired a second image data set from the same patient. RV volumes and ejection fraction were then measured offline. Outcomes included successful acquisition, measurable data set, and observer and interstudy variability. Results Three-dimensional echocardiographic RV data sets were obtainable in 67 of 70 patients (96%) and were measurable from at least one view in 39 (58%). Factors associated with nonmeasurable data sets by univariate analysis included older age, larger body surface area and body mass index, no sedation, and female gender. Multivariate analysis identified older age (odds ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.17–1.55, P P = .0135) as independently associated with nonmeasurable RV data sets. Intraobserver, interobserver, and interstudy agreement was excellent for analyzable RV volumes and modest for RV ejection fraction. Conclusions Transthoracic 3D echocardiographic RV volumes were measurable in 58% of children with and without congenital heart disease. Older age and female gender were independently associated with nonanalyzable data sets. When feasible, measurements of RV volumes are highly reproducible.
Components of a successful intervention for monthly skin self-examination for early detection of melanoma: the "Check It Out" trial.

Background Multicomponent Check-It-Out project interventions were found to be effective at increasing thorough skin self-examinations (TSSE). Application of this research will benefit from determining the most important interventions for promoting TSSE. Objective Identification of the most important Check-It-Out intervention components for promoting TSSE. Methods This study analyzed the responses of the 567 participants who were randomized into the skin examination intervention group and who did not report performing TSSE at their baseline interview. Results Watching the video, using the hand mirror, shower card, American Cancer Society brochure, sample photographs, and finding the health educator helpful were associated with performing TSSE at 2 months, 12 months, or both. Limitations Use of the materials within the skin group was not randomly assigned. All data were based on participant self-report. Conclusions As future interventions to increase TSSE are developed, the identified useful components will be important to include.
A Typical Bonus-Malus Evolution: The Belgian Case

Belgium is a heavily regulated country, where third-party automobile insurance was made compulsory in 1956. Traditionally, insurers have used very few classification variables in the rating of automobile third-party liability policies. Only some characteristics of the car model (engine displacement or power, sporting nature) were used to differentiate premiums, along with a very moderate deductible for young drivers. Territory was used by only a few companies, for selected remote areas of the country.
A risk-averse newsvendor with law invariant coherent measures of risk

For general law invariant coherent measures of risk, we derive an equivalent representation of a risk-averse newsvendor problem as a mean-risk model. We prove that the higher the weight of the risk functional, the smaller the order quantity. Our theoretical results are confirmed by sample-based optimization.
Coherence between the Great Salt Lake Level and the Pacific Quasi-Decadal Oscillation

The lake level elevation of the Great Salt Lake (GSL), a large closed basin lake in the arid western United States, is characterized by a pronounced quasi-decadal oscillation (QDO). The variation of the GSL elevation is very coherent with the QDO of sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical central Pacific (also known as the Pacific QDO). However, such coherence denies any direct association between the precipitation in the GSL watershed and the Pacific QDO because, in a given frequency, the precipitation variation always leads the GSL elevation variation. Therefore, the precipitation variation is phase shifted from the Pacific QDO. This study investigates the physical mechanism forming the coherence between the GSL elevation and the Pacific QDO. Pronounced and coherent quasi-decadal signals in precipitation, streamflow, water vapor flux, and drought conditions are found throughout the Great Basin. Recurrent atmospheric circulation patterns develop over the Gulf of Alaska during the warm-to-cool and cool-to-warm transition phases of the Pacific QDO. These circulation patterns modulate the water vapor flux associated with synoptic transient activities over the western United States and, in turn, lead to the QDO in the hydrological cycle of the Great Basin. As the GSL integrates the hydrological responses in the Great Basin, the hydrological QDO is then transferred to the GSL elevation. Because the GSL elevation consistently lags the precipitation by a quarter-phase (about 3 yr in the quasidecadal time scale), these processes take an average of 6 yr for the GSL elevation to eventually respond to the Pacific QDO. This creates a half-phase delay of the GSL elevation from the Pacific QDO, thereby forming the inverse, yet coherent, relationship between them. Tree-ring reconstructed precipitation records confirm that the quasi-decadal signal in precipitation is a prominent feature in this region.
Advanced short take‐off vertical landing combat aircraft: part 2 ‐ the powerplant installation

Reports on the MSc group design project of students at the College of Aeronautics aerospace vehicle design in 1995. The students worked on advanced short take‐off and vertical landing of a combat aircraft. Part 2 reports on powerplant installation and associated systems.
Sensor-Based Mapping of Soil Quality on Degraded Claypan Landscapes of the Central United States

Claypan soils (Epiaqualfs, Stagnic Luvisols) in the central United States have experienced severe erosion as a result of tillage practices of the late 1800s and 1900s. Because of the site-specific nature of erosion processes within claypan fields, research is needed to achieve cost-effective sensing and mapping of soil and landscape properties that quantify the soil’s current ability to produce crops and provide ecosystem services – the concepts of soil quality. In this research, ECa sensors, aerial imagery, yield mapping, and a horizontally operated penetrometer were used for high-resolution mapping of soil quality indicators on a 36-ha claypan soil field in Missouri. Field areas experiencing the most erosion now have reduced grain production, lower plant-available water capacity (PAWC), and slower infiltration. These same areas have higher soil penetration resistance (at 30 cm), yet greater subsoil nutrients. The conclusion of this synthesis is that combining sensor-based information provides a much clearer picture of spatially important characteristics of claypan soil quality and can be used by land managers to target remediation of degraded soils and implement precision conservation practices.
Averaging of Fast-Slow Systems

In this note I present an introduction to a new averaging method in which a fast-slow system will generate its own averaging device (a Young measure), this can be used to estimate the fast observables within the system without computing directly at the fast time scale. For small values of the fast time scale e the new algorithm is O(\frac{1} {e}) times faster than a direct computation.
DNA diagnosis of cystic fibrosis

This article is intended primarily to provide a critical review of the methodology available and the strategies required for DNA testing in cystic fibrosis (CF) and is aimed at those scientists who have some experience of molecular genetics. I would strongly recommend that the reader becomes familiar with the excellent review by Philip Wenham I which provides a very good introduction to the methodology. There are also numerous laboratory manualsv" which provide detailed protocols of the methods described below. This review is therefore intended to give a broad view, with some comparison of the methods available. In the United Kingdom, molecular analysis in CF is usually carried out in Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratories but is not confined to them, and a handful of specialist clinical chemistry laboratories are offering basic testing.
Reason for CPXcitement in AML

In this issue of Blood , Lancet et al report their findings that CPX-351, a liposomal formulation of cytarabine and daunorubicin in a 5:1 molar ratio, produces superior response rates compared with 7+3 in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).[1][1] ![Figure][2] Results of CPX-351
Real-time kinetics of surfactant molecule transfer between emulsion particles probed by in situ second harmonic generation spectroscopy.

Emulsions are widely used in industrial and environmental remediation applications. The breaking and reformulation of emulsions, which occur during their use, lead to changes in their surface composition as well as their physical and chemical properties. Hence, a fundamental understanding of the transfer of surfactant molecules between emulsion particles is required for optimization of their applications. However, such an understanding remains elusive because of the lack of in situ and real-time surface-specific techniques. To address this, we designed and synthesized the surfactant probe molecules MG-butyl-1 (2) and MG-octyl-1 (3), which contain an n-butyl and an n-octyl chain, respectively, and a charged headgroup similar to that in malachite green (MG, 1). MG is known to be effective in generating second harmonic generation (SHG) signals when adsorbed onto surfaces of colloidal microparticles. Making use of the coherent nature of SHG, we monitored in real-time the transfer of 2 and 3 between oil-in-wat...
Comparative diets of subyearling Atlantic salmon and subyearling coho salmon in Lake Ontario tributaries

Abstract Restoration of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) in Lake Ontario could potentially be negatively affected by the presence of non-native salmonids that are naturalized in the basin. Coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) have been spawning successfully in Lake Ontario tributaries for over 40 years and their juveniles will reside in streams with juvenile Atlantic salmon for one year. This study sought to examine interspecific diet associations between these species, and to compare diets to the composition of the benthos and drift in three Lake Ontario tributaries. Aquatic insects, mainly ephemeropterans and chironomids were the major prey consumed by subyearling Atlantic salmon whereas terrestrial invertebrates made up only 3.7% of the diet. Ephemeropterans and chironomids were the primary aquatic taxa consumed by subyearling coho salmon but, as a group, terrestrial invertebrates (41.8%) were the major prey. In sympatry, Atlantic salmon fed more actively from the benthos whereas the diet of coho salmon was more similar to the drift. The different feeding pattern of each species resulted in low interspecific diet similarity. There is likely little competition between these species for food in Lake Ontario tributaries as juveniles.
Direct Capture of Functional Proteins from Mammalian Plasma Membranes into Nanodiscs

Mammalian plasma membrane proteins make up the largest class of drug targets yet are difficult to study in a cell free system because of their intransigent nature. Herein, we perform direct encapsulation of plasma membrane proteins derived from mammalian cells into a functional nanodisc library. Peptide fingerprinting was used to analyze the proteome of the incorporated proteins in nanodiscs and to further demonstrate that the lipid composition of the nanodiscs directly affects the class of protein that is incorporated. Furthermore, the functionality of the incorporated membrane proteome was evaluated by measuring the activity of membrane proteins: Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and receptor tyrosine kinases. This work is the first report of the successful establishment and characterization of a cell free functional library of mammalian membrane proteins into nanodiscs.
The Basics of Contrast and Its Role in Dating

This chapter is an introduction to the mechanisms underlying the use of contrast. The concept of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is presented. Within the brain, contrast is either confined by the BBB and remains within vessels or, in pathologic brain processes, leaks into regions where the BBB has been disrupted. The presence of contrast in abnormal tissue and the time course of the resulting enhancement on magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) aid in dating an injury. These appearances are demonstrated and graphically explained.
Why should optometric research be designated as a priority for the profession

Research is the discovery of new information, ideas or theories that increases our knowledge and understanding of ourselves and our environment. Optometric research focuses on the health, functioning and performance of people with emphasis on their eyes and vision. The goal of optometric research is to enable optometrists to provide high quality eye and vision care for their patients.
High-resolution microscopy

I will discuss the application of coherent mode decomposition and sparsity priors to the problem of phase retrieval and coherent function retrieval. Theoretical, numerical, and experimental results will be presented.
Bone marrow adipocytes promote the warburg phenotype in metastatic prostate tumors via HIF-1α activation

// Jonathan D. Diedrich 1,3 , Erandi Rajagurubandara 1 , Mackenzie K. Herroon 1 , Gargi Mahapatra 2 , Maik Huttemann 1,2 and Izabela Podgorski 1,3 1 Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA 2 Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA 3 Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA Correspondence to: Izabela Podgorski, email: // Keywords : bone marrow adipocytes, bone metastasis, prostate cancer, glycolysis, Warburg effect Received : August 15, 2016 Accepted : August 21, 2016 Published : August 30, 2016 Abstract Metabolic adaptation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in tumor progression, yet its involvement in metastatic bone disease is not understood. Bone is as an adipocyte-rich organ, and a major site of metastasis from prostate cancer. Bone marrow adipocytes are metabolically active cells capable of shaping tumor metabolism via lipolysis and lipid transfer. In this study, using in vitro and in vivo models of marrow adiposity, we demonstrate that marrow fat cells promote Warburg phenotype in metastatic prostate cancer cells. We show increased expression of glycolytic enzymes, increased lactate production, and decreased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in tumor cells exposed to adipocytes that require paracrine signaling between the two cell types. We also reveal that prostate cancer cells are capable of inducing adipocyte lipolysis as a postulated mechanism of sustenance. We provide evidence that adipocytes drive metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells via oxygen-independent mechanism of HIF-1α activation that can be reversed by HIF-1α downregulation. Importantly, we also demonstrate that the observed metabolic signature in tumor cells exposed to adipocytes mimics the expression patterns seen in patients with metastatic disease. Together, our data provide evidence for a functional relationship between marrow adipocytes and tumor cells in bone that has likely implications for tumor growth and survival within the metastatic niche.
Direct carbon-carbon coupling of furanics with acetic acid over Brønsted zeolites

Effective carbon-carbon coupling of acetic acid to form larger products while minimizing CO2 emissions is critical to achieving a step change in efficiency for the production of transportation fuels from sustainable biomass. We report the direct acylation of methylfuran with acetic acid in the presence of water, all of which can be readily produced from biomass. This direct coupling limits unwanted polymerization of furanics while producing acetyl methylfuran. Reaction kinetics and density functional theory calculations illustrate that the calculated apparent barrier for the dehydration of the acid to form surface acyl species is similar to the experimentally measured barrier, implying that this step plays a significant role in determining the net reaction rate. Water inhibits the overall rate, but selectivity to acylated products is not affected. We show that furanic species effectively stabilize the charge of the transition state, therefore lowering the overall activation barrier. These results demonstrate a promising new route to C–C bond–forming reactions for the production of higher-value products from biomass.
Performance evaluation of secure industrial control system design: A railway control system case study

Industrial control systems (ICS) are composed of sensors, actuators, control processing units, and communication devices all interconnected to provide monitoring and control capabilities. Due to the integral role of the networking infrastructure, such systems are vulnerable to cyber attacks. Indepth consideration of security and resilience and their effects to system performance are very important. This paper focuses on railway control systems (RCS), an important and potentially vulnerable class of ICS, and presents a simulation integration platform that enables (1) Modeling and simulation including realistic models of cyber and physical components and their interactions, as well as operational scenarios that can be used for evaluations of cybersecurity risks and mitigation measures and (2) Evaluation of performance impact and security assessment of mitigation mechanisms focusing on authentication mechanisms and firewalls. The approach is demonstrated using simulation results from a realistic RCS case study.
Dummies and Demographics: Islamophobia as Market Differentiation in Post-9/11 Television Comedy

This chapter looks at the cultural and industrial conditions that supported the growth of Islamophobic comedy on post-9/11 US TV. September 11, 2001 arrived as comedy shows pushed back against the perceived restrictions on expression defined in popular discourse as ‘political correctness’. Though certainly contentious, 2001 saw a new cultural demand for Islamophobic humour that fit conveniently into existing trends. Within this milieu, established comedies like South Park and Family Guy found new anti-terrorist and anti-Muslim material for their respective brands of taboo humour, while new ethnic and political identities allowed comics like Dean Obeidallah, Carlos Mencia, and Jeff Dunham to define themselves with and against new understandings of ethnicity that spoke to market logics that increasingly defined and divided audiences along binarist red-state/blue-state, conservative/liberal political lines.
Psychological Processes Underlying True and False Confessions

Recent controversies over the use of psychologically manipulative interrogation methods by U.S. law enforcement, and public concerns regarding the use of physically coercive interrogation methods, have highlighted the need for evidence-based, ethical approaches to facilitate the collection of diagnostic information during interrogation. Over the past few years, our laboratory has sought to better understand the psychological processes that might distinguish true and false confessions from guilty and innocent persons, respectively. Various psychological or decision-making models have been proposed to account for the role of social, cognitive, and affective factors which may lead to a suspect truthfully or falsely confessing. Of note is that little empirical data has sought to assess the validity of these proposed theories. We present here a meta-analysis of the social, cognitive, and affective factors leading to confession across experimental laboratory studies we have conducted using the Russano et al. (Psychological Science 16:481–486, 2005) paradigm. We synthesize this research by proposing a process model that highlights key differences in the psychological states that lead to true and false confessions, focusing on the role of internal and external pressures to confess as the principle mediating mechanism. Specifically, truthful confessions were found to be associated with affect or the emotional response to the interrogation, perceptions of the strength of evidence regarding involvement in the incident, feelings of guilt and the perceived consequences of confessing. In contrast, false confessions were associated with the perceived external pressures originating both from the interrogator and the interrogative context, as well as a perception of the consequences of confessing. Thus, a conception of the role of internal and external psychological mechanisms leading to variation in true and false confessions will be discussed, including the implications of such findings for the development of interrogative approaches that can lead to the elicitation of diagnostic confession evidence.