cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biology of the Red Abalone, Haliotis rufescens, in Northern California

The red abalone, Haliotis rufescens Swainson 1822, supports the only recreational free-dive abalone fishery in the United States. I examined annual survivorship of three size classes ( 178 mm) of red abalone from five sites in northern California and one site in southern California using capture-mark-recapture data. Survival was variable spatially and among size classes. Survivorship values were incorporated into a size based projection matrix model. Elasticity values were found to be greatest for the sub-legal red abalone 150 mm to 178 mm (maximum shell length) indicating that changes in the vital rates of this size class are most important to population growth. Current methods to describe the age-at-length relationship of red abalone are insufficient because shell lengths exceed those predicted by growth models. I evaluated the utility of analyzing atomic bomb generated radioisotope 14C in shell to validate this relationship.
Tennessee's Inventory of Pavement Skid Resistance

TENNESSEE HAS BEEN CONTINUOUSLY ENGAGED IN SKID RESISTANCE AND CORRECTIVE ACTION RESEARCH SINCE 1952. A NEW PROGRAM WAS INITIATED IN JULY 1970 AS A SPECIFIC EFFORT OF INVENTORYING THE PRESENT SKID RESISTANT LEVEL OF THE STATE'S PRIMARY HIGHWAY SYSTEM. THE SKID RESISTANCE LEVEL IS MEASURED WITH THE UNIVERSITY'S TWO-WHEEL SKID TRAILERS THAT ESSENTIALLY MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF ASTM DESIGNATION E 274 USING THE STANDARD ASTM E 249 TIRE. THE SKID TESTS ARE PERFORMED ON WETTED PAVEMENTS AT A CONSTANT SPEED OF 40 MPH. TESTS ARE CONDUCTED AT INTERVALS OF APPROXIMATELY ONE-HALF MILE OR LESS IN THE INNER WHEEL PATH OF BOTH LANES OF THE PAVEMENT. TO DATE, 66 COUNTIES OF THE 95 COUNTIES WITHIN THE STATE HAVE BEEN SURVEYED. THIS AMOUNTS TO ABOUT 48 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL RURAL HIGHWAY MILEAGE. FOR EACH TEST SECTION BASE DATA ON ROADWAY GEOMETRY, PAVEMENT SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS, PAVEMENT TYPE AND DATE OF CONSTRUCTION, AND THE LENGTH OF THE TEST SECTION ARE RECORDED FOR FUTURE EVALUATION. THE RESULTS OF THE SKID MEASUREMENTS ARE SUMMARIZED IN TABULAR FORM AND PRESENTED GRAPHICALLY. THE GRAPHICAL FORM DEPICTS THE MEASURED SKID NUMBER OR COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION AS RELATED TO THE LOG MILE ALONG THE HIGHWAY SURFACE. THIS TYPE PRESENTATION PROVIDES A CONTINUOUS LOG OF THE CHANGES IN SKID NUMBER THROUGHOUT A PARTICULAR PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION SECTION. IN SOME INSTANCES, IT CAN BE READILY SEEN THAT THE TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION INFLUENCES THE SKID RESISTANCE LEVEL. ALSO, VARIATIONS WITHIN A CONSTRUCTION SECTION CAN BE READILY IDENTIFIED. THE RESULTS OF THE INVENTORY ARE REPORTED SYSTEMATICALLY TO THE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT, AND, WHERE INDICATED, CORRECTIVE MEASURES ARE TAKEN. THE CORRECTIVE ACTION MAY BE COMPLETE RESURFACING WITH A HOT PLANT MIX OR THE APPLICATION OF A SEAL COAT. ALTHOUGH INTENSIVE FIELD AND LABORATORY RESEARCH HAS BEEN SPONSORED DURING THE PAST 19 YEARS BY THE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT, THIS PROJECT OF INVENTORYING ALL PRIMARY HIGHWAY SURFACES AFFORDS A SYSTEMATIC OPPORTUNITY OF PINPOINTING SURFACES OF QUESTIONABLE SKID RESISTANCE LEVEL FOR CORRECTIVE ACTION. IT IS ANTICIPATED THAT THE INVENTORY AND CORRECTIVE ACTION PROGRAM WILL RESULT IN MAINTAINING A SATISFACTORY LEVEL OF SKID RESISTANCE ON THE ROADWAY THROUGHOUT THE STATE AND HOPEFULLY WILL RESULT IN THE REDUCTION OF ACCIDENTS. THE DATA COLLECTED RELATIVE TO CHARACTERIZING THE PAVEMENT SURFACE AND ROADWAY GEOMETRY WILL BE USEFUL IN IMPROVING PAVEMENT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES. /ASTM/
Optimality conditions and duality in continuous programming II. The linear problem revisited

Abstract This is Part II of a two-part paper; the purpose of this two-part paper is (a) to develop new concepts and techniques in the theory of infinite-dimensional programming, and (b) to obtain fruitful applications in continuous time programming. In Part II the continuous time version of Farkas' theorem developed in Part I serves as the foundation for the duality theory for a broad class of linear continuous time programming problems distinct from those previously examined. In particular, we establish duality under analytic conditions, e.g., whether the given functions are measurable or continuous, that are weaker, and algebraic conditions that are more general, than those previously imposed. The new class of problems arising from these conditions allows for several important resource allocation problems previously excluded from consideration. In addition, an assumption needed to prove the Kuhn-Tucker theorem for the nonlinear problem of Part I is shown in the linear case to be completely analogous to the well-known Slater condition utilized in finite-dimensional programming theory. An example is given that exhibits the essential role of the constraint qualification in linear continuous time programming, a result at variance with the theory in finite dimensions but consistent with other results concerning linear programs in infinite-dimensional spaces.
Effect of oxygen on the electronic properties of Pd

Abstract Low field magnetization measurements are presented for PdFe alloys obtained by implanting Fe + into pure Pd-foils and Pd-foils pre-doped with B + and O + . Using the ferromagnetic transition as a probe for the susceptibility of Pd, PdB and PdO alloys, it is shown that oxygen in solid solution in Pd reduces the Pd susceptibility at a rate of 25% per at.% oxygen, exactly twice the rate of boron.
Testing PPP in the non-linear STAR framework

Abstract We apply the standard ADF test and a new test that incorporates non-linearity in time series to the real effective exchange rates of 23 industrial countries. The new test provides support for PPP in more countries than the ADF test.
Patterns in the evolution of physiological specialization in salt-marsh animals

Patterns of tolerance to stressful abiotic variables among animals that have colonized salt marshes provide models for the study of the evolution of physiological specialization. We provide an overview of some closely related pairs or groups of species that show hierarchical gradations in tolerance, and thereby physiological mechanisms of compensation, along a line perpendicular to the shore. However, a full understanding of the evolution of physiological specialization requires that we evaluate the role of abiotic factors in light of the biotic interactions in which salt-marsh species are embedded. The common occurrence of salt-marsh endemics in a species-poor environment must be related to the unusual character of this habitat, in which the reduced importance of some biotic forces is paired with highly stressful abiotic factors. The salt marsh is probably not a refuge for competitively inferior forms so much as it is a highly selective environment that admits only those specialized species that can muster the necessary physiological adaptations. Thus the apparently lower competitive ability of salt-marsh species under conditions that are not abiotically stressful is likely to be a secondary consequence of the costs of mechanisms conferring tolerance, and of life in a species-poor habitat. Salt marshes provide an arena in which it is possible to experimentally evaluate the evolutionary and ecological importance of abiotic stress, especially in relation to parapatric or allotopic distributions. Yet very few studies have provided such a rigorous approach, despite a long-standing recognition that abiotic factors interact strongly with biotic forces in the salt marsh.
A New Perspective on Nonprescription Statins: An Opportunity for Patient Education and Involvement

Education of the public and encouragement of patients' involvement in their own health care have been repeatedly proved effective means of increasing health awareness, promoting lifestyle modifications, and improving early disease detection in a variety of clinical scenarios. Despite substantial efforts from different public and private organizations to educate the population on cardiovascular risk, coronary heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States, and its prevalence continues to grow. Therefore, alternative approaches with the potential to elicit a meaningful impact in the community deserve consideration. A nonprescription statin program could provide consumers with a tool of proved benefit in cardiovascular risk prevention. The magnitude of the target population (millions of subjects with intermediate to high risk), as well as the safety and efficacy profile of lovastatin 20 mg, support the consideration of this drug for "over-the-counter" availability. Moreover, a nonprescription statin program could represent a unique opportunity not only to enhance patients' involvement in primary prevention but also to reinforce the education of the public and to encourage interaction with health care providers. The success of such a program will undoubtedly require precise labeling of the risks and benefits of the therapy, as well as active support and participation from major medical organizations. In conclusion, nonprescription statin availability, through enhanced unique patients' involvement, offers the potential for enormous public health benefit.
The Generalized Stepping Stone Method for the Machine Loading Model

This paper gives a detailed description of an algorithm for the solution of a specialized Linear Programming model, to be called the Machine Loading model. It is a generalization of the Transportation Problem, in that weighting factors are applied to the individual elements which form the row and column sums. For the Machine Loading model, the simplex method reduces to a specialized algorithm which generalizes the stepping stone method of the Transportation Problem [2], [3]. With the resulting generalized stepping stone method, it becomes practicable to solve many large-scale problems for which the direct application of the simplex method would be impracticable. The present paper is restricted to a discussion of the following topics: i the general characteristics of the model and its topological features; ii a detailed solution algorithm, including a consideration of degenerate cases and the use of a computer; iii a more restrictive capacitated model and the corresponding modifications to the solution algorithm; and iv the complete illustrative solution of a numerical example. The purpose is to aid interested readers in gaining familiarity with the algorithm and facility in the solution of numerical problems. No derivations or proofs will be included.
A Petri-net-based state-transition model for an optimal operator cyclic walking pattern development in GT cells

An approach for developing the optimal operator scheduling solution for a group technology (GT) production problem is studied. A state-transition model is developed to analyse and gain insight into the operator-machine interaction of the problem. Operator cyclic walking patterns are then denned. A Petri net model has succeeded in determining the optimal cyclic walking pattern. The computational efforts needed for the Petri net model are compared with those for an integer programming model. The results show large savings in computational effort by using the Petri net model. In addition, the extendability of the Petri net model for various system aspects is addressed
The effect of precipitation hardening on the Hg-induced embrittlement of a Cu-Be alloy

Abstract In bending tests of notched bars of a Cu–0.29% Be alloy wetted with mercury, it is shown that liquid-metal embrittlement occurs with negligible plasticity in the fully hardened condition, but only after increasing amounts of strain hardening as the hardness decreases, until at low hardness embrittlement does not occur.
Overexpression of Bcl-2 is neuroprotective after experimental brain injury in transgenic mice.

The cell death regulatory protein, Bcl-2, has been suggested to participate in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). The cognitive function and histopathologic sequelae after controlled cortical impact brain injury were evaluated in transgenic (TG) mice that overexpress human Bcl-2 protein (n = 13) and their wild type (WT) controls (n = 9). Although brain-injured Bcl-2 TG mice exhibited similar posttraumatic deficits in a Morris water maze (MWM) test of spatial memory as their WT counterparts at 1 week postinjury, the preinjury learning ability of Bcl-2 TG mice was impaired significantly compared with their WT littermates (P < 0.05). In contrast, histopathologic analysis revealed significantly attenuated tissue loss in the ipsilateral hemisphere (p < 0.01) and decreased tissue loss in ipsilateral hippocampal area CA3 (P < 0.001) and the dentate gyrus (P < 0.01) in brain-injured Bcl-2 TG mice compared with brain-injured WT mice. Immunohistochemical evaluation of glial fibrillary acidic protein also revealed a significant decrease in reactive astrocytosis in the ipsilateral dorsal thalamus (P < 0.05) and the ventral thalamus (P < 0.01) in brain-injured Bcl-2 TG mice. These results suggest that overexpression of Bcl-2 protein may play a protective role in neuropathologic sequelae after TBI. J. Comp. Neurol. 412:681–692, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sediment retention in encrusting Palythoa spp. : a biological twist to a geological process

Carpet sea anemones of the genus Palythoa are common inhabitants of reef crest environments in the Florida Keys reef tract. Through a unique assimilation mechanism, Palythoa spp. entomb carbonate sediment within their tissues. The amount of sediment assimilated is significant, averaging almost 45% of wet tissue weight. Palythoa spp. assimilate all available minerals on the reef. Aragonite, magnesium calcite, calcite and minor quantities of siliciclastic components are all assimilated in proportions comparable to their content in adjacent sediment sinks. There is also no preference in terms of skeletal composition; coral grit, coralline red algae, Halimeda and other allochems are all equally assimilated into Palythoa spp. tissue. The only preference is particle size. Sediment extracted from tissue samples is generally ?125 μm in size, far finer than ambient sediment found adjacent to Palythoa spp. colonies (predominantly >500 μm). Much of the finest sediment extracted from Palythoa spp. tissue is composed of elongated crystal aggregates of aragonite. These particles appear to have been produced in situ through biologically influenced mineralization. Aggregates nucleated on exogenous sediment and attained their elongated form as assimilation proceeded. When Palythoa spp. colonies die, the assimilated sediment and the crystal aggregates are released back into the reef environment. The eventual fate of this material has yet to be determined.
Detecting subtle differences in behavior using waveform display analysis.

CAMPBELL, K. M., R. M. ROHLAND, M. J. McGRATH, S. D. SATOSKAR AND F. H. BURTON. Detecting subtle differences in behavior using waveform display analysis. Physiol Behav 64(1) 83–91, 1998. We have devised a method, behavioral waveform display analysis, to analyze complex ethological information by measuring behavior in real time and visualizing it as a time-dependent, multistate waveform. To facilitate the generation and statistical analysis of behavioral waveform displays, we have designed a simple Macintosh-based software program. When keystrokes coded to particular behavioral states are entered in real time, this software measures and collates the time, frequency, and duration of each behavioral state. These data can then be displayed either in a tabular format for statistical analysis of behavioral duration and frequency or as graphical coordinates for creating waveform displays by direct importing into graphing programs. An illustration of the use of waveform display analysis to detect anomalous behaviors in cocaine- and amphetamine-treated mice, some of which are not detectable by a standard time-sampling assay, is shown. Both waveform display and time-sampling analysis detected drug-induced changes in sniffing, bar hanging, digging, and rearing. However, unlike time-sampling analysis, waveform display analysis also detected changes in the total duration, frequency, and average duration of these behaviors as well as additional changes in gnawing and locomotion. Additionally, visual scanning of behavioral waveform displays detected drug-induced changes in the patterns of behavior not detectable by time-sampling, including 1) a staged progression to a limited behavioral repertoire consisting of sniffing, locomotion, and rearing; 2) rapid switching between these remaining few behaviors; 3) a delayed onset of postinjection rearing relative to sniffing and locomotion; and 4) the absence of other transient stereotypies during the onset of drug action. These data indicate that behavioral waveform display provides an approach for the detection, visualization, and statistical analysis of aspects of complex behavior not amenable to detection by time-sampling methods.
Effect of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone on xylose uptake by isolated rat soleus muscle.

Abstract To determine the effects of glucocorticoids on sugar uptake, xylose uptake by isolated rat soleus muscle of bilaterally adrenalectomized animals was studied. The results indicate that in vitro addition of 10−4 M hydrocortusine, dexamethasone or hydrocortisone sodium succinate had no inhibitory effect on basal xylose uptake. In the presence of both low and high medium insulin, the above steroids failed to inhibit insulin-stimulated uptake. When the concentration of hydrocortisone sodium succinate was increased to 10−2 M, insulin-stimulated uptake was decreased. The results thus indicate that glucocorticoids at concentrations observed under physiological or pathological conditions do not inihibit basal or insulin-stimulated sugar uptake.
H+ transport and coupling by the F0 sector of the ATP synthase: insights into the molecular mechanism of function.

The F0 sector of the ATP synthase complex facilitates proton translocation through the membrane, and via interaction with the F1 sector, couples proton transport to ATP synthesis. The molecular mechanism of function is being probed by a combination of mutant analysis and structural biochemistry, and recent progress on theEscherichia coli F0 sector is reviewed here. TheE. coli F0 is composed of three types of subunits (a, b, andc) and current information on their folding and organization in F0 is reviewed. The structure of purified subunitc in chloroform-methanol-H2O resembles that in native F0, and progress in determining the structure by NMR methods is reviewed. Genetic experiments suggest that the two helices of subunitc must interact as a functional unit around an essential carboxyl group as protons are transported. In addition, a unique class of suppressor mutations identify a transmembrane helix of subunita that is proposed to interact with the bihelical unit of subunitc during proton transport. The role of multiple units of subunitc in coupling proton translocation to ATP synthesis is considered. The special roles of Asp61 of subunitc and Arg210 of subunita in proton translocation are also discussed.
New World Symphonies: How American Culture Changed European Music

This groundbreaking book shows for the first time the profound and transformative influence of American literature, music, and mythology on European music. Acknowledging the impact of European tradition on American composers, Jack Sullivan contends that, beginning in the nineteenth century, an even more powerful musical current flowed from the New World to the Old.
Twinkling lights and nested loops: distributed problem solving and spreadsheet development

Abstract In contrast to the common view of spreadsheets as “single-user” programs, we have found that spreadsheets offer surprisingly strong support for cooperative development of a wide variety of applications. Ethnographic interviews with spreadsheet users showed that nearly all of the spreadsheets used in the work environments studied were the result of collaborative work by people with different levels of programming and domain expertise. We describe how spreadsheet users cooperate in developing, debugging and using spreadsheets. We examine the properties of spreadsheet software that enable cooperation, arguing that: (1) the division of the spreadsheet into two distinct programming layers permits effective distribution of computational tasks across users with different levels of programming skill; and (2) the spreadsheet's strong visual format for structuring and presenting data supports sharing of domain knowledge among co-workers.
Nonlinear pion-nucleon lagrangians

Abstract The group space of SU2 is used as a representation space for the pion field in order to obtain effective Lagrangians which have SU2 x SU2 symmetry and are invariant under nonlinear transformations of the pion field. The method can be extended to other chiral groups.
Aortic stenosis: clinical findings in six cats

Congenital aortic stenosis was diagnosed in six cats. Clinical findings included dyspnoea, systolic murmurs with maximal intensity at the left apex or right sternal border, and cardiomegaly with congestive heart failure. Some clinical features of feline aortic stenosis were similar to those observed in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Definitive diagnosis was obtained by angiographic imaging of a discrete, consistent subvalvular obstruction, Doppler-echocardio-graphy, or by necropsy. Although, two of the cats were diagnosed at ages older than usually reported, the overall prognosis for cats with aortic stenosis was poor. Four of the six cats died or were euthanased within one year of the onset of clinical signs.
Two-dimensional normal grain growth: topological aspects

Abstract Normal grain growth in polycrystals is an important example of a capillarity driven coarsening phenomenon where topological structure of the system plays a major role. The process is practically important and attracts much interest, in particular in two-dimensional (2D) polycrystals because of the growing technological importance of thin polycrystalline films. In the present paper we discuss various approaches to normal grain growth in 2D polycrystals. We stay mostly within the framework of the uniform boundary model. This model provides a reasonable simplification leading to the Von Neumann-Mullins relation that relates the rate of growth of an individual grain to its local topology. Comparing different approaches—relatively simple mean-field theories, more sophisticated models incorporating real topology, and computer simulations adequately reproducing local equations of motion—we identify the principal factors responsible for different features of the phenomenon.
Forced Oscillations of Non-Linear Two-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

This paper shows how the Lighthill-Poincare perturbation technique may be used to determine the transient response of ‘lightly coupled’ non-linear multi-degree-of-freedom oscillatory systems subject to arbitrary forcing functions. The results in general are complex but simplify in many important cases. A comparison is made between the analytical results and results obtained by a numerical integration of the equations on a computer. Good agreement is noted. The method fails under conditions of ‘internal resonance’ of the system.
N1 and P300 abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia, epilepsy, and epilepsy with schizophrenialike features

Abstract Background: The scalp-recorded N1 and P300 components of the event-related brain potential (ERP) are commonly reduced in patients with schizophrenia but not in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy patients with interictal chronic schizophrenialike features (EPI-SZ) provide a comparison group for determining whether the ERP amplitude abnormalities seen in schizophrenic patients are associated with shared clinical features of EPI-SZ and schizophrenic patients or overlapping pathophysiologies, or are specific to a distinct schizophrenia etiology. Methods: Patients with schizophrenia ( n = 24) were compared with normal control subjects ( n = 32) and patients with epilepsy syndromes on visual and auditory oddball ERP paradigms. Epilepsy patients included those with chronic interictal schizophrenialike features ( n = 6) and those without ( n = 16). Results: Auditory P300 amplitude was reduced in both schizophrenic and EPI-SZ patients, whose positive or negative symptoms did not differ. In contrast, N1 amplitude was reduced only in schizophrenic patients. Delays in both N1 and P300 were associated with epilepsy patients and EPI-SZ but not schizophrenic patients. Conclusions: The schizophrenialike symptoms in epilepsy probably represent a phenocopy of schizophrenia with common clinical features and some common pathophysiologies but distinct etiologies. P300 amplitude appears to be sensitive to schizophrenialike features, regardless of whether they occur in the context of schizophrenia or epilepsy. N1 amplitude reduction appears to be specific to schizophrenia, suggesting its sensitivity to the distinct etiology of schizophrenia.
Janet Malcolm: Constructing boundaries of journalism

In the 1980s, Janet Malcolm was sued for libel for allegedly fabricating direct quotations in a profile she wrote for the New Yorker. The suit lasted nine years and generated a wealth of legal docu...
Traditional Attitudes and Teacher Consistency in Producing Student Learning Gains in the Early Elementary Grades.

Abstract Questionnaire responses of second- and third-grade teachers specially selected because of their relatively high consistency in producing student learning gains on standardized achievement tests ( N =30) were compared with responses of other teachers working in the same school system at the same grade levels ( N = 38). Due to sample selection procedures, the highly consistent teachers were older and averaged more years of teaching experience than the teachers in the comparison group. In order to see whether the consistent teachers differed in any other ways from the teachers in the comparison group, the teachers in each group were administered a 495-item questionnaire. Group difference analyses revealed 57 items showing differences beyond the .05 level of significance, when only about 25 would have been expected by chance. For the most part, the items showing group differences did not form interpretable patterns. However, a subset of 10 items emerged from a factor analysis to form a traditionalism factor. Further analyses revealed that the highly consistent teachers were more traditional in their attitudes and beliefs than the teachers in the comparison group, and that this difference was not related to teacher age or years of experience. Thus, traditionalism in beliefs and attitudes was related to consistency in relative success in producing student learning gains. Possible reasons for this puzzling finding are discussed.
Effect of Source and Condition of Animal Excrement on Attractiveness to Adults of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

On potted host trees in field cages, we evaluated effects of source and condition of excrement from domestic and feral animals on attractiveness to released laboratory-cultured and wild Mediterranean fruit flies (medflies), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Compared with PIB-7, which is a widely used proteinaceous attractant in bait sprays against medflies, droppings from domestic gamecocks, gamehens, chickens, and feral geckos (lizards) were significantly more attractive, droppings from feral Myna birds were equally attractive, and droppings from horses, cows, goats, and pigs were significantly less attractive. All of these substances were significantly more attractive than water alone. Gamecock droppings collected within 24 h of deposition proved most attractive when tested a few hours after collection or 1 d after removal from cold storage. They were less attractive when tested 2–3 d after collection or a few hours after removal from cold storage. Differences in attractiveness among droppings may be attributed to differences in nitrogen excretion systems and diets among animals from which droppings were collected and to differences in composition and quantity of bacteria associated with droppings. We conclude that chemically characterizing the odor of relatively fresh droppings from birds such as gamefowl or chickens receiving high-protein diets could lead to improved lures for monitoring or eventually controlling C. capitata females.
The effect of hibernation on the positional distribution of ethanolamineglycerophospholipid fatty acids in hamster brain membranes

Microsomal and myelin membrane fractions were prepared from the brains of warm-adapted (room temperature) and hibernating Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Ethanolamineglycerophospholipids were isolated and subjected to a fraction scheme to separate the fatty acids of the plasmenylethanolamine and the phosphatidylethanolamine 1 and 2 positions. The major changes in microsomal phosphatidylethanolamine with hibernation were relative increases in 18∶1 at the 1 position and 20∶4(n−6) in the 2 position. In myelin, 18∶1 increased and 18∶0 decreased at the 1 position while the 2 position showed an increase in 16∶0 and a decrease in 22∶6(n−3). Plasmenylethanolamine fatty acids also changed in microsomes and myelin although the magnitudes were not as great and confined to longer chain fatty acids. In both membranes, fatty acid alterations were position-specific, and no new types of fatty acids were introduced at any position.
Gel Permeation Chromatography of Polysaccharides Using Universal Calibration

Abstract Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has been utilized to characterize a number of representative polysaccharides (i.e., dextrans, pullulans, celluloses, arabinogalactans, amyloses, and amylopectins). N.N-dimethylacetamide with lithium chloride, the solvent of choice for high-molecular weight cellulose analysis, readily dissolved all samples and was also used as the mobile phase. GPC allows calculation and comparison of molecular weight averages and distribution, branching and intrinsic viscosity. The concept of universal calibration, which takes into account the hydrodynamic volume of the molecule, was successfully applied to this set of analyses.
Effect of the Medium of Item Presentation on Examinee Performance and Item Characteristics

Studies that have investigated differences in examinee performance on items administered in paper-and-pencil form or on a computer screen have produced equivocal results. Certain item administration procedures were hypothesized to be among the most important variables causing differences in item performance and ultimately in test scores obtained from these different administration media. A study where these item administration procedures were made as identical as possible for each presentation medium is described. In addition, a methodology is presented for studying the difficulty and discrimination of items under each presentation medium as a post hoc procedure.
Awake cardiopulmonary bypass to prevent hemodynamic collapse and loss of airway in a severely symptomatic patient with a mediastinal mass.

Management of a large mediastinal mass causing respiratory and hemodynamic compromise represents a major challenge during induction of anesthesia and surgical resection. The hemodynamic changes associated with anesthetic induction and initiation of positive-pressure ventilation can lead to acute hemodynamic collapse or inability to ventilate, or both. Initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass before anesthetic induction represents a safe alternative. We present a 37-year-old woman who underwent successful resection of a large anterior mediastinal mass through sternotomy. Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted using the right femoral vessels under local analgesia to allow safe anesthetic induction. Her postoperative course was uneventful. This represents an example of a team approach to the management of a complex patient to achieve a successful outcome.
Sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis contain antibodies to recombinant human T-lymphotrophic virus type I/II envelope glycoprotein p21

Abstract A possible retroviral etiology for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been raised by results of recent studies. Therefore, we examined sera of patients with RA, including those with coexisting Felty's syndrome or leukemia of large granular lymphocytes, for the presence of antibodies to retroviral proteins of human T-lymphotrophic virus type I and type II (HTLV-I/II). Reactivity to recombinant HTLV-I envelope protein rpg21 alone was the primary pattern observed. Twenty-five percent of RA sera, 28% of Felty's syndrome sera, and 30% of large granular lymphocyte leukemia/RA sera reacted with rgp21, each significantly more than the 8% of normal sera ( P
ONTOGENY OF ANNUAL GRASS GRAIN PROTEIN FRACTIONS AND AMINO ACIDS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN SUPPLY

Mechanisms involved in uptake, assimilation, and distribution of nitrogen (N) in plants may reflect the effectiveness of various physiological functions developed under the conditions a species was evolved. The purpose of these studies was to determine the influences of N nutrition on the partitioning of different N forms within the Avena sativa grain during its maturation. Plants were grown in a glasshouse using nutrient solution sand culture with four N treatments: two high-N (5.33 mM), a mid-N (2.67 mM) and a low-N (5.33mM before anthesis and no N after anthesis). One high-N series was labeled with 15N at anthesis to distinguish the N in the grain taken up after anthesis (exogenous N) from that absorbed prior to anthesis and translocated to the grain (endogenous N). Exogenous N accumulated in a sigmoidal pattern for the measured grain protein fractions and total grain- N, reaching 35–40% of the N for these three fractions/classes of N. The grain prolamin-glutelin protein fraction responds more to diffe...
Cidofovir Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in a Patient Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a frequently fatal demyelinating disease caused by JC virus, occurs as an opportunistic infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Curative therapy has been elusive, but recent reports suggest its improvement after institution of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We describe a case of PML that developed 6 months after the patient, a 55-year-old man, began to receive HAART. The PML progressed despite good virologic and immunologic response to HAART. Substantial symptomatic and radiographic improvement occurred after the addition of cidofovir to the treatment regimen. We reviewed the scientific literature on this rare occurrence of PML after institution of HAART and describe the patient characteristics, potential pathogenesis, and therapeutic options, including the successful use of cidofovir as an adjunctive agent.
Quality assessment of anticoagulation dose management: comparative evaluation of measures of time-in-therapeutic range.

Background: The results of clinical trials often hinge on the quality of oral anticoagulation management, yet the quality of such management is frequently not mentioned or measured. Time-in-therapeutic range (TTR) is one measure of quality of anticoagulation dose management, but various methodologies exist for measuring TTR. Objective: This study was initiated to compare three commonly used methodologies for measuring TTR to see how they compare within the same cohort of patients. Patients/Methods: Three common methodologies of calculating time-in-therapeutic range were analyzed retrospectively in a cohort of patients over six two-month intervals. Additional analysis was performed for three and six-month intervals. The methodologies included fraction of INRs in range; cross-section of the files; and linear interpolation. Results: Fraction of the INRs in range and cross-section of the files methodologies gave similar results, while linear interpolation yielded significantly shorter time-in-range for the two-month, three-month, and six-month intervals measured. The advantages and disadvantages of each methodology are discussed. Conclusions: The decision of which method to use should be based on clinic size, information desired, and clinic resources for ease of applying either of the methods in clinical practice. Each of these methodologies has their limitations and the question remains as to which method best reflects the quality of anticoagulation management. Regardless of these limitations, investigators are urged to employ at least one method of measuring the quality of oral anticoagulation management so as to better assess the validity of the clinical outcomes.
Infrared Calibration: Very Low Signals May Have Very Large Errors

While infrared signals at the levels of watts per square centimeter and milliwatts per square centimeter are commonly measured and calibrated with accuracies of a few percent and less, the measurement and calibration of infrared signals with values of nanowatts per square centimeter, picowatts per square centimeter and lower values may have errors of 100% or more. These large errors for low signals involve such problems as chopper blades, baffle systems, stay radiation, detector optics, attenuators, spectral mismatch, experiment planning and blunders.
Help for the LD College Student

College programs must become responsive to the needs of LD students. Here are specific recommendations for intervention oriented to common problems.
Period and phase of customer replenishment: A new approach to the Strategic Inventory/Routing problem☆

The delivery of inventory to customers involves the use of vehicles for which purchase or lease agreements may need to be signed months or even years before the start of actual delivery operations. Such long lead times make it impractical to build a fleet incrementally and motivated study of the Strategic Inventory Routing Problem (SIRP). SIRP focuses on estimating, in advance of the start of actual delivery operations, the minimum size (or cost) vehicle fleet required to supply inventory from a central depot to spatially dispersed customers. A fundamental difference between SIRP and the associated tactical IRP's (route an existing fleet, given knowledge of actual customer inventory levels) is that all possible realizations of the tactical problem must be considered, at least implicitly, when solving SIRP. This paper generalizes Larson's approach for SIRP through the use of period and phase of customer replenishment as additional decision variables. Routing solutions based on customer-specific period and phase of replenishment are developed for a simple model of the tactical routing problems the fleet will eventually encounter. Estimates of the fleet size required are developed on the basis of these routing solutions. The period/phase approach can be generalized to take long-term operating costs into account. Computational tests show that the new approach yields significant reductions in solution cost when the vehicle is large enough to replenish several customers in a single trip and/or when there is significant variation in the maximum inter-replenishment intervals of the customers.
An Overview of the Life Course Perspective: Implications for Health and Nutrition

The life course perspective is emerging as a powerful organizing framework for the study of health, illness, and mortality. The argument of this article is that the more explicit use of the life course perspective would enhance the already interdisciplinary approach to dietary and nutritional habits that nutrition educators apply to their practice. This article defines 7 major concepts used in applying the life course perspective: trajectories, transitions, turning points, culture and contextual influences, timing in lives, linked lives, and adaptive strategies. The utility of this perspective is demonstrated by the insights it brings to understanding the relationship between historical time, social context, and changes in population and group health and nutritional practices over time.
Expression of mutant huntingtin in mouse brain astrocytes causes age-dependent neurological symptoms

Huntington disease (HD) is an inherited neurological disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the protein huntingtin and is characterized by selective neurodegeneration that preferentially occurs in striatal medium spiny neurons. Because the medium spiny neurons are innervated abundantly by glutamatergic axons from cortical neurons, the preferential degeneration in the striatal neurons supports the glutamate excitotoxicity theory for HD pathogenesis. Thus, glutamate uptake by glia may be particularly important for preventing glutamate excitotoxicity in HD. Although mutant huntingtin is expressed ubiquitously in various types of cells, it accumulates and forms aggregates in fewer glial cells than in neuronal cells. It remains largely unknown whether and how mutant huntingtin in glia can contribute to the neurological symptoms of HD. We generated transgenic mice that express N-terminal mutant huntingtin in astrocytes, a major type of glial cell that remove extracellular glutamate in the brain. Although transgenic mutant huntingtin in astrocytes is expressed below the endogenous level, it can cause age-dependent neurological phenotypes in transgenic mice. Mice expressing mutant huntingtin show body weight loss, have motor function deficits, and die earlier than wild-type or control transgenic mice. We also found that mutant huntingtin in astrocytes decreases the expression of glutamate transporter by increasing its binding to Sp1 and reducing the association of Sp1 with the promoter of glutamate transporter. These results imply an important role for glial mutant huntingtin in HD pathology and suggest possibilities for treatment.
Effects of Proteases and Neuraminidase on RBC Surface Charge and Agglutination

Electrophoretic mobility, membrane sialic acid content and agglutinability by "incomplete" antisera against Rh-o, hr' and k antigens were determined for red blood cells in the course of treatment with trypsin, ficin and neuraminidase. Neuraminidase gradually produces a slight to moderate agglutinability as it reduced surface charge density in proportion to the amount of sialic acid removed. Proteases acted in two distinct steps. The first stage is characterized by the cells rapidly becoming highly agglutinable and by the unmasking of new negative charge as the first half of the sialic acid is removed. In the second stage the cells show a slight gain in agglutinability as surface charge is removed in proportion to sialic acid removal as in the case of neuraminidase. Neuraminidase-treated cells are considerably less agglutinable than cells reduced to the same zeta-potential by protease treatment. The greater efficacy of proteases compared to neuraminidase in making cells agglutinable could be because they not only reduce surface charge density but also increase antigen-antibody bond strength, render antigens more mobile in the membrane to allow clustering in regions of cell to cell antibody bridging and remove glycopeptide chains which may be causing steric hindrance to antigen-antibody binding or to cell-cell contact.
Distortion-product otoacoustic-emission suppression tuning in human infants and adults using absorbed sound power

The greatest difference in distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) suppression tuning curves (STCs) in infant and adult ears occurs at a stimulus frequency of 6 kHz. These infant and adult STCs are much more similar when constructed using the absorbed power level of the stimulus and suppressor tones rather than using sound pressure level. This procedure incorporates age-related differences in forward and reverse transmission of sound power through the ear canal and middle ear. These results support the theory that the cochlear mechanics underlying DPOAE suppression are substantially mature in full-term infants.
The methodological potential of focus groups in population geography

Within population geography, the last decade has seen an explosion in qualitative work in terms of the types of work, the topics addressed, and the potential theoretical consequences. Yet focus groups have received less attention as an alternative method. This paper highlights the particular promises, challenges, and practicality of doing focus group research in population geography. I begin by addressing how this research method answers ongoing pleas within the subdiscipline for non-essentialist ways of thinking about taken-for-granted social categories and labels. I then outline two other promising outcomes of this method, including the potential for unique and spontaneous group interactions, and the potential for the empowerment of participants. I use the rest of the paper to provide a review of some of the methodological details of focus group research, with the idea of encouraging more population geographers to engage with this method. Throughout, I contend that focus groups have the capability to further our understanding of population processes, and to connect population geography research to ongoing debates within the broader discipline. Observations stem from an extensive review of existing focus group research, along with my own focus group research conducted with residents living in multiracial suburban communities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induction of labor versus expectant management for pregnancies beyond 41 weeks

AbstractObjective: To compare the outcome following labor induction at 41 + 1 weeks of gestation and after expectant management and selective induction at 42 completed weeks.Method: A retrospective analysis of post-term pregnancies in a 2-year period. In the induction group, women at 41 + 1 weeks of gestation received 3 mg prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone) in the posterior fornix, repeating the dose 6 h later. Women with a Bishop score >6 had artificial rupture of the membranes. In the expectant management group, women at more than 41 weeks gestation were checked every 2 days in the hospital. In case of abnormalities either in the fetal heart rate evaluation or in the biophysical profile, labor was induced. Labor was also induced in all cases that pregnancy exceeded 42 + 1 gestational weeks.Results: A total of 438 women who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. In all, 211 comprised the induction group, while the expectant management group consisted of 227 women. The cesarean delivery rate ...
Initial Stages of Growth of Heteroepitaxial Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia Films on Silicon Substrates

A low temperature process has been developed to grow high quality heteroepitaxial yttria‐stabilized zirconia films on Si substrates at 200–800°C. The technique involves reactive sputtering in an electron cyclotron resonance plasma stream reactor. Successful growth of this heteroepitaxial film on Si is important for applications such as high temperature superconductors on Si, silicon‐on‐insulator, and high permittivity dielectrics for dynamic random access memory applications. The material prepared in this investigation was determined to be of high crystalline quality by X‐ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. The presence of an oxygen passivating layer on the Si substrate surface was determined to be important for the heteroepitaxial growth of this material. Once heteroepitaxial growth is established, it can be successfully continued at substrate temperatures as low as 200°C. Material quality was also observed to improve with increasing film thickness due to a self‐healing process. Furthermore, material quality could be significantly improved by a postdeposition high temperature anneal step. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Fabrication of optically nonlinear semiconductor mirrors for mode locking of neodymium and ytterbium-doped fiber lasers

Mode locked fiber lasers have a variety of applications including range-resolved Doppler imaging [1]. All-semiconductor, nonlinear optical mirrors can be used for passive mode locking of fiber lasers [2]. The implementation is simple, the mirrors are compact, and the operation is robust. Here we describe fabrication of nonlinear mirrors for mode locking of neodymium and ytterbium-doped fiber lasers.