cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Inductorless DC–DC Converter for Energy Harvesting With a 1.2- $ \mu\hbox{W}$ Bandgap-Referenced Output Controller

We present a fully integrated dc-dc converter for micropower energy harvesting. A 1.2- μW bandgap-referenced output controller provides output regulation at 1.4 V, achieving quiescent power of 3 μW and a maximum overall efficiency of 58% at 11 μW output power. A modified four-phase charge pump provides a 3× voltage boost and a minimum input voltage of 270 mV in free-running mode. Using dual switches driven from both the converter input and output, the chip achieves boost without external excitation or external components.
Experimental evaluation of application-level checkpointing for OpenMP programs

It is becoming important for long-running scientific applications to tolerate hardware faults. The most commonly used approach is checkpoint and restart (CPR) - the computation's state is saved periodically to disk. Upon failure the computation is restarted from the last saved state. The common CPR mechanism, called System-level Checkpointing (SLC), requires modifying the Operating System and the communication libraries to enable them to save the state of the entire parallel application. This approach is not portable since a checkpointer for one system rarely works on another. Application-level Checkpointing (ALC) is a portable alternative where the programmer manually modifies their program to enable CPR, a very labor-intensive task.We are investigating the use of compiler technology to instrument codes to embed the ability to tolerate faults into applications themselves, making them self-checkpointing and self-restarting on any platform. In [9] we described a general approach for checkpointing shared memory APIs at the application level. Since [9] applied to only a toy feature set common to most shared memory APIs, this paper shows the practicality of this approach by extending it to a specific popular shared memory API: OpenMP. We describe the challenges involved in providing automated ALC for OpenMP applications and experimentally validate this approach by showing detailed performance results for our implementation of this technique. Our experiments with the NAS OpenMP benchmarks [1] and the EPCC microbench-marks [21] show generally low overhead on three different architectures: Linux/IA64, Tru64/Alpha and Solaris/Sparc and highlight important lessons about the performance characteristics of this aproach.
Submarine groundwater discharge of nutrients and copper to an urban subestuary of Chesapeake Bay (Elizabeth River)

We investigated the role submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) plays in the delivery of nutrients and copper to the Elizabeth River (Virginia) estuary, a major subestuary of lower Chesapeake Bay. Using an approach based on radium isotopes, we concluded that two distinct sources of groundwater were equally impacting the estuary: a surface (marsh) aquifer and deep aquifer source each with a unique 228 Ra/ 226 Ra activity ratio. Considering each of these sources, we calculated an SGD flux of I × 10 6 m 3 d -1 (± 10%), which represented ∼6% of the SGD flux for the entire Chesapeake Bay and ∼5% of the James River, a major source of freshwater to lower Chesapeake Bay. SGD-derived dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) fluxes averaged 4.5 (±4.6) and 0.16 (±0.17) mmol m -2 d -1 , respectively, and compared well with area-normalized fluxes to Chesapeake Bay. In contrast, SGD-derived Cu input of 730 (±390) kg yr -1 was a relatively small source of Cu (∼3%) to the Elizabeth estuary given that surface water inputs, such as antifouling paints associated with naval operations, are a major component of the Cu budget for this system These findings were in general agreement with prior studies of SGD for this region.
Bone regeneration with BMP-2 delivered from keratose scaffolds

Infuse(®) is used clinically to promote bone repair. Its efficacy is dependent on a crosslinked collagen carrier/scaffold system that has come under scrutiny due to an inability to control BMP-2 release, which may result in unwanted outcomes such as heterotopic ossification. In this study, keratose biomaterial was evaluated as a new carrier/scaffold. Keratose was mixed with BMP-2, fabricated into a scaffold, and implanted into a critical-size rat femoral defect. This construct showed bridging as early as 4 weeks and induced trabecular morphology characteristic of a remodeling hard fracture callus at 16 weeks. Compared to the normal cortical bone, the regenerated tissue had greater volume and mineral content but less density and ultimate shear stress values. Moreover, μ-CT, biomechanics, FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, and polarized light microscopy data showed regeneration using keratose was similar to an Infuse control. However, unlike Infuse's collagen carrier system, in vitro analysis showed that BMP-2 release correlated with keratose scaffold degradation. Surprisingly, treatment with keratose only led to deposition of more bone outgrowth than the untreated negative control at the 8-week time point. The application of keratose also demonstrated a notable reduction of adipose tissues within the gap. While not able to induce osteogenesis on its own, keratose may be the first biomaterial capable of suppressing adipose tissue formation, thereby indirectly enhancing bone regeneration.
Time-resolved luminescence studies of a ruthenium(II) complex on porous glass. Pore size dependence of photoinduced electron transfer

Abstract Photoinduced electron transfer occurs from Ru(bpy) 3 2+ (bpy, bipyridine) adsorbed on porous glass to aqueous titanium species in the pore. The lifetime of excited Ru(bpy) 3 2+ decreases with an increase in the pore size, indicating that the lifetime reflects the mobility of the molecules in the pore.
The 2011 presidential election in Peru: a thorny moral and political dilemma

The 2011 presidential elections in Peru was the third one held in the post-Fujimori era. A perusal of the campaign's political dynamics reveals pervasive anti-democratic behaviours, attitudes and rhetoric on the part of key political actors, showcasing the degree to which Peru remains an unconsolidated, precarious democracy. The second round presented a moral and political dilemma insofar as two unsavoury candidates of highly dubious democratic credentials vied for the presidency: Ollanta Humala, a former army lieutenant burdened by accusations of human rights violations who, additionally, led or supported two military uprisings; and Keiko Fujimori, the daughter of a convicted and jailed dictator who unabashedly touted the legacy of her father's authoritarian regime and surrounded herself with tainted fujimoristas. The paradox of this undesirable electoral outcome, which can be read as a popular rebuke of the status quo, is that it took place in the Latin American country posting the fastest economic grow...
Reduced B Lymphoid Kinase (Blk) Expression Enhances Proinflammatory Cytokine Production and Induces Nephrosis in C57BL/6-lpr/lpr Mice

BLK, which encodes B lymphoid kinase, was recently identified in genome wide association studies as a susceptibility gene for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and risk alleles mapping to the BLK locus result in reduced gene expression. To determine whether BLK is indeed a bona fide susceptibility gene, we developed an experimental mouse model, namely the Blk+/−.lpr/lpr (Blk+/−.lpr) mouse, in which Blk expression levels are reduced to levels comparable to those in individuals carrying a risk allele. Here, we report that Blk is expressed not only in B cells, but also in IL-17-producing γδ and DN αβ T cells and in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Moreover, we found that solely reducing Blk expression in C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production and accelerated the onset of lymphoproliferation, proteinuria, and kidney disease. Together, these findings suggest that BLK risk alleles confer susceptibility to SLE through the dysregulation of a proinflammatory cytokine network.
GaAs vapor-grown bipolar transistors

Discussion of an approach for the fabrication of high-temperature GaAs transistors which is centered on the preparation of n-p-n three-layered structures entirely by a vapor-phase growth technique, as described by Tietjen and Amick (1966). The low growth temperature of approximately 750 C is thought to reduce contamination during crystal growth and to contribute to the reasonably high minority-carrier lifetimes obtained for the vapor-grown p-n junctions. The fact that impurity concentrations and layer thicknesses can be precisely controlled for epitaxial layers as thin as 1 micrometer is an important feature of this growth technique.
Benefit/cost comparisons of SMES in systems-specific applications scenarios

Abstract The inherently high storage efficiency, instantaneous dispatch capability, and multifunction uses of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) are attributes that gives it the potential for widespread application in the electric utility industry. Opportunities appear to exist where SMES at a given location could provide multiple benefits either simultaneously or sequentially as system conditions dictate. These benefits, including diurnal storage and system stability and dynamics cotnrol enhancement, increase the application potential of SMES to a larger number of opportunities than might be justified by the value of its diurnal storage capability alone. However, the benefits an individual utility may realized from SMES applications are strongly influenced by the characteristics of the utility system, the location of the SMES unti, and the timing of its installation in the system. Such benefits are typically not evaluated adequately in generic studies. This paper summarizes results of case studies performed by Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) with funding provided by the Bonnevillle Power Administration (BPA) and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The derivation of SMES benefits and costs are described and benefit/cost (B/C) ratios are compared in system-specific scenarios of intereste to BPA. Results of using the DYNASTORE production cost model show the sensitivity of B/C ratios to SMES capacity and power and to the forecast system load. Intermediate-size SMES applications, which primarily provide system stability and dynamic control enhancement are reveiwed. The potential for SMES to levelize the output of a wind energy complex is also assessed. Most of the cases show SMES to provide a positive net benefit with the additional, sometimes surprising indication, that B/C ratios and net present worth of intermediate-size units can exceed those of larger systems.
A preliminary report of combination chemotherapy with cisplatin and mitomycin-C followed by radical hysterectomy or radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer.

Abstract Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and mitomycin-C was used in the primary treatment of 17 patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (stages Ib–IIIb; tumor diameter greater than 5 cm) prior to definitive local treatment with radical hysterectomy or radiotherapy. Thirteen of the seventeen patients (76.5%) responded to initial chemotherapy, permitting a radical hysterectomy in ten patients. At histologic examination of the surgically resected primary tumor and lymph nodes, complete pathologic responses were found in 2 patients and partial pathologic responses in 8 patients. The median follow-up time is 14.5 months with a median survival for all patients of 52 weeks. All responders are alive. No therapy-related deaths, major complications, or delay in treatment occurred. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with mitomycin-C and cisplatin is feasible and may be of benefit for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer.
The Effect of Implicit and Explicit Rules on Customer Greeting and Productivity in a Retail Organization

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of presenting organizational information through implicit and explicit rules on sales-related target behaviors in a retail setting. Results indicated that when organizational information was presented in a specific form, productivity was increased and maintained longer than when presented in other forms. The data provided by secret shoppers generally resembled the findings of the data collected in the experiment.
The regulation of pollen foraging by honey bees: how foragers assess the colony's need for pollen

The honey bee colony presents a challenging paradox. Like an organism, it functions as a coherent unit, carefully regulating its internal milieu. But the colony consists of thousands of loosely assembled individuals each functioning rather autonomously. How, then, does the colony acquire the necessary information to organize its work force? And how do individuals acquire information about specific colony needs, and thus know what tasks need be performed? I address these questions through experiments that analyze how honey bees acquire information about the colony's need for pollen and how they regulate its collection. The results demonstrate features of the colony's system for regulating pollen foraging: (1) Pollen foragers quickly acquire new information about the colony's need for pollen. (2) When colony pollen stores are supplemented, many pollen foragers respond by switching to nectar foraging or by remaining in the hive and ceasing to forage at all. (3) Pollen foragers do not need direct contact with pollen to sense the colony's change of state, nor do they use the odor of pollen as a cue to assess the colony's need for pollen. (4) Pollen foragers appear to obtain their information about colony pollen need indirectly from other bees in the hive. (5) The information takes the form of an inhibitory cue. The proposed mechanism for the regulation of pollen foraging involves a hierarchical system of information acquisition and a negative feedback loop. By taking advantage of the vast processing capacity of large numbers of individuals working in parallel, such a system of information acquisition and dissemination may be ideally suited to promote efficient regulation of labor within the colony. Although each individual relies on only limited, local information, the colony as a whole achieves a finely-tuned response to the changing conditions it experiences.
The interaction of gallium with biological systems

Abstract The element gallium, although it has no known trace element function, interacts with biological systems in many unique ways. When administered intravenously at low levels in the trivalent form, it initially binds to plasma proteins, principally transferrin. These plasma protein binding sites are saturable, and, when milligram quantities of gallium are administered, deposition of gallium in bone is enhanced and its urinary excretion is greatly increased. Gallium uptake in soft tissues is at the same time decreased. In the absence of saturation or blocking by other agents, the eventual tissue distribution of gallium is mainly controlled by the binding of gallium to plasma proteins. When carrier-free 67 Ga is administered, it is concentrated to a remarkable degree in malignancies and in inflammatory processes. Other factors that affect the gross tissue distribution of 67 Ga include: viability, age, sex, pregnancy, lactation, exposure to ionizing radiation, and food intake. At the subcellular level 67 Ga is predominantly associated with lysosomes and small lysosomel-like particles. In addition to being bound to transferrin, it has been suggested that the association of 67 Ga with ferritin, siderophores, lactoferrin, and a 4–5 × 10 4 dalton glycoprotein may be of biological importance. There is considerable controversy about the mechanism(s) that may be involved in the preferential uptake of 67 Ga by malignancies and inflammatory lesions. Hyperpermeability of the plasma membrane, transferrin receptor sites, and endocytotic processes are some of the factors that may be involved.
The early ontogeny of ventilation and hemeothermy in an altricial bird, Agapornis reseicollis (psittaciformes)

The body temperature (Tb) of brooded Agapornis nestlings increased with age from 36.2 on the day of hatching to 38.9 °C on day 11.5, whereas the thermally neutral ambient temperature (Ta,n) decreased with age. The Tb of nestling after a 20 min exposure to Ta ≈ 5 °C < Ta,n increased from 31.9 on day 0.5 to 37 °C on day 11.5 At Ta,n, both resting VO2 and mass-independent resting VO2 increased with age. Ventilation frequency (f) at Ta,n increased with age from 14.9 br/min on day 0.5 to 65.6 on day 11.5. This trend is the opposite of the allometric prediction based upon data from adult birds. At hatching, tidal volume (VT) was larger than predicted allometrically, whereas minute volume (VI) was smaller. After 20 min exposure to Ta 5 °C < Ta,n, f, VT and VI in nestlings 1 to 3 days old remained unchanged, but VO2 and oxygen extraction efficiency decreased. This mild cold-challenge caused a transient increase in VO2 of nestlings 5 to 8 days of age and 20 to 35% of adult mass. By the time the nestlings were 11.5 days old and had a mass 44% that of adults, their metabolic response, to a mild cold-challenge was equal to that of an adult of the same mass. However, they were not capable of effective homeothermy over a wide range of Ta's.
The Increasing Utility of Non-Lethal Force in International Conflict

Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has attained mixed results using the traditional instruments of power in pursuit of foreign policy objectives. In the future these instruments may prove even less effective because of domestic problems and changes in the geopolitical environment. Advanced military capabilities enabled by emerging technology may provide policymakers with broader options and greater utility when coercion is required in international relations. The application of non-lethal force is not a substitute for war but an effective lever to consider in future conflict. This article proposes several concepts: digital blockade, conflict termination, wide-area denial, and offshore control, which could be used during future state-level conflict. While these emerging capabilities offer great promise, they are not a panacea. Policymakers and military leaders must fully understand the conditions in which these capabilities provide maximum effectiveness, as well as overcoming legal barriers a...
Outcomes of Comprehensive Care for Children Empirically Treated for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in a Setting of High HIV Prevalence

Background:Few studies have examined outcomes for children treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) including those receiving concomitant treatment for MDR-TB and HIV co-infection. In Lesotho where the adult HIV seroprevalence is estimated to be 24% we sought to measure outcomes and adverse events in a cohort of children treated for MDR-TB using a community-based treatment delivery model.Methods:We reviewed retrospectively the clinical charts of children less-than or equal to 15 years of age treated for culture-confirmed or suspected MDR-TB between July 2007 and January 2011.Results:Nineteen children ages two to 15 received treatment. At baseline 74% of patients were co-infected with HIV 63% were malnourished 84% had severe radiographic findings and 21% had extrapulmonary disease. Five (26%) children had culture-confirmed MDR-TB ten (53%) did not have culture results available and four (21%) subsequently had results indicating drug-susceptible TB. All children with HIV co-infection who were not already on antiretroviral therapy (ART) were initiated on ART a median of two weeks after the start of the MDR-TB regimen. Among the 17 patients with final outcomes 15 (88%) patients were cured or completed treatment two (12%) patients died and none defaulted or were lost to follow-up. The majority of patients (95%) experienced adverse events; only two required permanent discontinuation of the offending agent and only one required suspension of MDR-TB treatment for more than one week.Conclusions:Pediatric MDR-TB and MDR-TB/HIV co-infection can be successfully treated using a combination of social support close monitoring by community health workers and clinicians and inpatient care when needed. In this cohort adverse events were well tolerated and treatment outcomes were comparable to those reported in children with drug-susceptible TB and no HIV infection.
Association between transforming growth factor-β1 and left ventricular mass and diameter in hypertensive patients

Angiotensin II influences development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by stimulating cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen synthesis. Because pro-fibrotic actions of angiotensin may be mediated by increased production of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)), we assessed whether serum TGF-beta(1) levels might reflect involvement in LVH development. We analyzed relationships between left ventricular mass and levels of renin, aldosterone, and TGF-beta(1) in 67 hypertensive subjects (mean age 64 +/- 11.3 years) with electrocardiographic evidence of LVH. Levels were obtained after a 2-week washout of antihypertensive medications; two-dimensional echocardiography was subsequently performed. Linear regression analysis showed a correlation between TGF-beta(1) and LV mass (r = 0.36, P = .002). This was apparently explained by the correlation between TGF-beta(1) and left ventricular diastolic internal diameter (r = 0.42, P < .001), because no correlation between TGF-beta(1) levels and LV wall thickness was found. In multivariate analysis, the correlation between TGF-beta(1) and internal diameter remained significant (r = 0.39, P = .0014). There were no racial differences in levels of TGF-beta(1) or left ventricular geometry, and no correlations between age, blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, and left ventricular mass or dimensions. These findings indicate that serum TGF-beta(1) levels are related to left ventricular structure in hypertensive subjects, suggesting its possible involvement in the process of hypertensive left ventricular remodeling.
Control of a redundant, reconfigurable ball wheel drive mechanism for an omnidirectional mobile platform

This paper develops a controller for position tracking of a new ball wheel drive mechanism for a robust omnidirectional wheeled mobile platform, an adaptive controller with physical parameter estimation. This platform, integrated with a manipulator, is designed for use in highway maintenance and construction, which is a generally unstructured and congested environment. The proposed ball wheel mechanism can move in all directions on the plane, instantaneously and isotropically. Reconfiguration of the redundant drive system of the ball wheel mechanism is accomplished by altering the contact pressure between the drive wheels and the sphere based on platform heading direction. The system redundancy is resolved through a Weighted Optimal Torque Distribution method allowing for smooth reconfiguration. Finally, experimental and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Craniofacial Resection for Cranial Base Malignancies Involving the Infratemporal Fossa

Advanced surgical resection and reconstructive techniques have improved survival rates and decreased morbidity for patients undergoing resection of anterior cranial base malignancies; however, malignant tumors involving the infratemporal fossa have generally been considered unresectable. Tumor resection was avoided in this region because of the perceived biological aggressiveness of these tumors, difficulty in achieving negative histological margins, and the associated surgical morbidity and mortality. Although several articles have provided outcome data for resection of anterior cranial base tumors (1–7, 10, 13, 14), very few authors have addressed cranial base malignancies specifically involving the infratemporal fossa (2, 9). The infratemporal fossa includes the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, the pterygoid plates, and cranial base margins that include numerous structures with functional significance. The anterior margin is the maxillary sinus, and the posterior margin comprises the parotid gland and medial pterygoid fascia. The lateral border is the ascending ramus of the mandible, and the superior margin comprises the zygomatic arch and the greater wing of the sphenoid, including the foramina rotundum, ovale, and spinosum and associated traversing nerves and arteries. The internal carotid artery is located at the posteromedial aspect of this space. Several approaches have been described to resect tumors transgressing the infratemporal fossa, including the Fisch C and subtemporal-preauricular infratemporal fossa approaches (8, 15). These are most useful in patients with tumors that involve the petrous apex and carotid artery. The tumors discussed herein predominantly involved the anterior segment of the infratemporal fossa, often extending to the anterior cranial base and orbit. In this article, we propose a scheme for the systematic evaluation and resection of malignant infratemporal fossa tumors. Outcome analysis is presented on a consecutive series of 25 patients.
Symbolic Self-Completion, Attempted Influence, and Self-Deprecation

A concept of symbolic self-completion states that people define themselves as musicians, athletes, etc. by use of indicators of attainment in those activity realms, such as possessing a prestige job, having extensive education, or whatever is recognized by others as indicating progress toward completing the self-definition. The self-completion idea postulates that when important symbols—indicators of self-definition—are lacking, the person will strive after further, alternative symbols of the self-definition. In the present research two modes of symbolizing completeness were studied: (1) attempting to influence others directly within the self-definitional area; or (2) simple self-descriptions of one's own performance, such that others would be exposed to those self-descriptions. Two correlational studies showed that the less education (Study 1) or on-the-job experience (Study 2) subjects had, the more they desired to influence others. Experimental subjects (Study 3) who were interrupted while writing a po...
SRK, the Stigma-Specific S Locus Receptor Kinase of Brassica, Is Targeted to the Plasma Membrane in Transgenic Tobacco

The S locus receptor kinase (SRK) gene is one of two S locus genes required for the self-incompatibility response in Brassica. We have identified the product of the SRK6 gene in B. oleracea stigmas and have shown that it has characteristics of an integral membrane protein. When expressed in transgenic tobacco, SRK6 is glycosylated and targeted to the plasma membrane. These results provide definitive biochemical evidence for the existence in plants of a plasma membrane-localized transmembrane protein kinase with a known cell-cell recognition function. The timing of SRK expression in stigmas follows a time course similar to that previously described for another S locus-linked gene, the S locus glycoprotein (SLG) gene, and correlates with the ability of stigmas to mount a self-incompatibility response. Based on SRK6 promoter studies, the site of gene expression overlaps with that of SLG and exhibits predominant expression in the stigmatic papillar cells. Although reporter gene studies indicated that the SRK promoter was active in pollen, SRK protein was not detected in pollen, suggesting that SRK functions as a cell surface receptor exclusively in the papillar cells of the stigma.
The weight of head nouns in noun-modifying constructions in conversational Japanese

This paper investigates the weight of head nouns in noun-modifying constructions (NMCs) in conversational Japanese. In my data about 70% of head nouns are ‘light’, 20% of the nouns are ‘heavy’, and the remaining is in a ‘gray zone.’ As a close observation of NMCs reveals the issues of two-way light-heavy classification for heads, I establish six parameters according to which I can model the head nouns on a scale from ‘heaviest’ to ‘lightest.’ I argue that in NMCs ‘lighter’ heads are employed instead of ‘heavier’ ones. I also argue that usage of ‘heavy’ heads is further motivated by the factors: (a) pragmatic or referential concerns, and (b) fixed expressions.
Must Our Communities Bleed to Receive Social Services? Development projects and collective reparations schemes in colombia:

The provision of social services in protracted conflicts, such as the Colombian conflict, is scarce and sometimes non-existent. Collective reparations are normally composed of restitution, compensation, rehabilitation and guarantees of no repetition. They constitute what normally would encompass development projects and can provide basic social services in contexts of peace and stability with additional symbolic and psychosocial elements. After more than five decades of conflict in Colombia, it seems that significant political will for transitional justice programmes — and in particular, reparations programmes — has emerged with the 2010 election of President Juan Manuel Santos and the ratification of the 2011 Victim's Law. In 2007, a pilot project of collective reparations programmes was initiated with the support of international development agencies. This paper uses data collected from these pilot projects to demonstrate the complexity of introducing development projects as a form of reparations in con...
Toxicokinetics of fluoranthene to the amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus, in water-only and sediment exposures

The ability of the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) and critical body residue (CBR) approaches to predict the toxicity of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, fluoranthene, to a standard sediment toxicity test organism, the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus was examined in a series of water-only and sediment exposures. Concentrations of fluoranthene in water that resulted in 50% mortality (10-d LC50) were 39.2 (35.1–43.8, 95% C.I.) and 39.2 (34.1-– 45.1, 95% C.I.) μg / liter in replicate tests. CBR or tissue concentrations that produced 50% mortality after replicate 8-d water-only exposures (LD50) were 0.694 (0.596–0.876, 95% C.I.) and 2.44 (1.83–3.68, 95% C.I.) mmol total fluoranthene-equivalents/kg wet wt tissue, values somewhat lower than the range of CBR established for nonpolar narcotics in other organisms (2–8 mmolkg). No significant mortality of L. plumulosus was observed over 26-d sediment toxicity tests, even though estimated interstitial water concentrations (up to 212 μg/liter) exceeded the average water-only LC50 (39.2 μg/liter) by more than a factor of five, suggesting that the EqP approach over-estimated toxicity to this species. Average tissue concentrations attained in sediment tests (0.30 mmolkg) were substantially lower than the CBR for nonpolar narcotics in other organisms, and in the water-only tests. Thus, lack of mortality in sediment exposures agrees with CBR predictions. The CBR approach appears to be a useful complement to the EqP approach for predicting the toxicity of sediment-associated contaminants.
Influence of solvent on porosity and microstructure of an yttrium based aerogel

Monolithic yttrium-based aerogels and xerogels were prepared by the epoxide addition method. The effects of changing both the gelation solvent and the yttrium salt precursor in the reaction were investigated. The porous morphology of the resulting aerogel materials was investigated using gas adsorption/desorption analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The solvent in which the aerogels were formed was found to significantly impact the porous structure and physical morphology of these materials. The counterion used to synthesize the gels also had a profound impact on gel formation. The chloride salt precursor gave successful gels while the nitrate salt gave only precipitates. The yttrium-based xerogels synthesized were annealed at various temperatures in static air, nitrogen, and oxygen atmospheres. The annealed materials were analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction. The amorphous as-synthesized material is found to form the stoichiometric yttrium oxide by way of an oxygen deficient yttrium oxide species which is black in color.
University Libraries-Electronic Reserve

The Arizona State University Libraries Electronic Reserve system provides ASU students easy online access to required course reading. Journal articles, tests, syllabi and class notes are digitized ...
Numerical simulation of three-dimensional heat transfer and plastic flow during friction stir welding

Three-dimensional visco-plastic flow of metals and the temperature fields in friction stir welding have been modeled based on the previous work on thermomechanical processing of metals. The equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy were solved in three dimensions using spatially variable thermophysical properties and non-Newtonian viscosity. The framework for the numerical solution of fluid flow and heat transfer was adapted from decades of previous work in fusion welding. Non-Newtonian viscosity for the metal flow was calculated considering strain rate, temperature, and temperature-dependent material properties. The computed profiles of strain rate and viscosity were examined in light of the existing literature on thermomechanical processing. The heat and mass flow during welding was found to be strongly three-dimensional. Significant asymmetry of heat and mass flow, which increased with welding speed and rotational speed, was observed. Convective transport of heat was an important mechanism of heat transfer near the tool surface. The numerically simulated temperature fields, cooling rates, and the geometry of the thermomechanically affected zone agreed well with independently determined experimental values.
Development of children's self-regulations in idealized and mother-child interactions

Abstract The present study examined relationships among different aspects of adult-child (preschoolers) interactions and children's learning within Vygotsky's “zone of proximal development”. Adult regulations were ranked according to levels of explicitness and were coded to reflect whether they were contingent on children's task activities-that is, whether the explicitness of regulations changed as a function of children's correct or incorrect activities. There were two kinds of interaction conditions: (a) children interacting with their mothers ( n = 20), and (b) children interacting with an experimenter ( n = 9) who was trained to provide maximally contingent kinds of regulations. Interactions were coded during two trials of a puzzle completion task, and children's learning was assessed according to pre- to postinteraction changes on a near- and far-transfer task. Findings supported the hypothesis that adults providing contingent regulations promote children's learning.
Shear capacity of diagonally reinforced coupling beams

Abstract This paper summarizes a theoretical model to predict the monotonic load–deformation behavior of diagonally reinforced coupling beams. The model assumes all load is resisted by diagonal tension and compression. The diagonal compression is carried by the diagonal reinforcement and the concrete core surrounded by the diagonal bars in that direction, while the diagonal tension is carried only by the diagonal reinforcement. Either rupture of the diagonal reinforcement or crushing of the concrete core defines the end point of the behavior (failure) of the coupling beam. The strain hardening of the reinforcing steel is considered in this study, which is an important source of strength at high deformation. The model is applied and compared to experimental tests that were conducted by several investigators (total of 13 specimens). The specimens vary in terms of dimensions, reinforcement and material properties. The model gave good results compared to the test results.
Whitney theorem of interpolatory type for k -monotone functions

One of the main results of this paper is the following Whitney theorem of interpolatory type for k-monotone functions (i.e., functions f such that divided differences f[x 0,…, x k ] are nonnegative for all choices of (k + 1) distinct points x 0,…, x k .
The Witch Hunt, or, the Triumph of of Morality

The Witch Hunt, or, the Triumph of Morality. F. G. Bailey. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994. ix. 221 pp., photographs, Index.
Chaos assisted adiabatic passage

We study the exact dynamics underlying stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) for a particle in a multilevel anharmonic system (the infinite square well) driven by two sequential laser pulses, each with constant carrier frequency. In phase space regions where the laser pulses create chaos, the particle can be transferred coherently into energy states different from those predicted by traditional STIRAP. It appears that a transition to chaos can provide an additional tool to control the outcome of STIRAP.
MexiRicans: Interethnic Language and Identity

Studies of Mexican and Puerto Rican communities living in the same United States cities suggest that a combination of historical factors and local conditions strongly influence to what extent these two groups interact and form a shared sense of pan-ethnic Latino unity. However, few studies have examined “MexiRican” individuals, those who have one Mexican and one Puerto Rican parent and who experience both cultures and dialects in their homes. This study examines various aspects of ethnolinguistic identity among 24 MexiRican individuals in Chicago, Illinois. It also formally assesses their Spanish proficiency and dialect characteristics. Almost all of the participants possessed a concept of identity that incorporated aspects of both Hispanic backgrounds, and none had experienced pressure to deemphasize or to stress one or the other. As found in other work on Spanish in the United States, Spanish proficiency declined with increasing generational presence. The primary factor related to the expression of Mexi...
Glycine-nitrate synthesis of a ceramic-metal composite

Abstract A ceramic-metal composite material, consisting of NiO, NiFe 2 O 4 and Cu metal, was prepared by the glycine-nitrate combustion synthesis process (GNP). The synthesized powder consisted of intimately mixed nanometer size crystallites. This GNP powder was cold-pressed and solid-state sintered, which produced a dense cermet with micron size grains. The scale of the microstructure in the GNP material was about one order of magnitude smaller (linear basis) than that for samples fabricated by mechanical mixing of single phase powders followed by sintering at a temperature above the melting point of the metal phase. The paper also discusses synthesis of powders containing a single metal, Ni, Cu, or Fe, and the two-metal system containing Ni with Cu. The phases produced by oxidizing versus reducing combustion conditions are explored.
FDSOI CMOS with dual backgate control for performance and power modulation

We demonstrate, for the first time, modulation of power-performance of a ring oscillator fabricated on thin-BOX (buried oxide) FD (fully-depleted) SOI using independent backgate controls for nFET and pFET. The thin BOX facilitates an effective modulation of ring characteristics with small (1–2V) independent backgate voltages. Leakage current per stage can be reduced by more than 100× with 30% increase of inverter delay. In addition, the inverter delay can be improved by 15% with 2× increase of the stand-by current. Compatible with conventional CMOS process, our results suggest the baekgate technology, an additional knob for power/performance optimization and variability control, is attractive for continued CMOS scaling.
Biodistribution of synthetic thymosin β4 in the serum, urine, and major organs of mice

Thymosin fraction 5 (TF5), a thymic preparation, has been shown to be an immune-potentiating agent consisting of biologically active polypeptide components with hormone-like activities. Thymosin alpha1 (T alpha1) was the first biologically active polypeptide to be purified from TF5 and completely characterized. It is an acidic peptide with an isoelectric point of 4.2 and a molecular weight of 3108. T alpha1 is considered a biological response modifier which amplifies T-cell immunity. In the present study, we have studied some pharmacokinetic properties of T alpha1 by measuring its concentrations in serum, urine and ten major organs of female Swiss-Webster mice following administration of 500 microg T alpha1 intraperitoneally. Using a modified enzymatic immunoassay, our data show a significant increase of T alpha1 in serum 2 min after injection and lasting for 2 h (average: 1.55 +/- 0.27 microg/ml). In urine, at four different time points after injection (20 min, 40 min, 2 h, 6 h), increased concentrations of T alpha1 were found between 24.2 and 25.4 microg/ml (average: 25 +/- 0.47 microg/ml). Of the 500 microg T alpha1 administered to mice, 8.97% was recovered at the end of the study, of which 2% corresponded to urine, 1.25% to serum (2 ml of serum per mouse), and 5.72% to organs. Since the urine/day volume and the serum volume of any Swiss Webster mouse is ca 2 ml, additional extrapolation of the above mentioned values could show percentages of recovery close to 40% for urine and 2.5% for serum. In most of the organs, the wet weight concentrations of T alpha1 increased significantly during the first 40 min after injection in comparison to their baseline wet weight concentrations. These organs consisted of the following: thymus (33.1 +/- 3.5 microg/g vs 18 microg/g baseline); lungs (7.7 +/- 1.1 microg/g vs 1.9 microg/g baseline); spleen (15.6 +/- 0.7 microg/g vs 5.6 microg/g); kidneys (6.2 +/- 1.1 microg/g vs 3.9 microg/g); ovaries (9.2 +/- 1.4 microg/g vs 0 microg/g); and peritoneal fat (4 +/- 1 microg/g vs 0 microg/g). No significant increases were observed in the liver (1.7 +/- 0.1 microg/g vs 1.4 microg/g) and heart (0.7 +/- 0.5 microg/g vs 0 microg/g). Increased concentrations of T alpha1 were not detected in the brain and skeletal muscle tissues. These pharmacokinetic studies of T alpha1 in mice indicate that rapid renal excretion of T alpha1 represents a major source of humoral loss following I.P. administration. Recent preliminary studies in humans confirm that the kidney rapidly releases high levels of T alpha1 in urine in a time frame consistent with that observed in mice.
Calymperes (Musci: Calymperaceae): World ranges, implications for patterns of historical dispersion and speciation, and comments on phylogeny

Refinements in the taxonomy of the genus Calymperes (Musci: Calymperaceae) allow increasingly accurate estimates of the total number of species worldwide and new assessments of world ranges of the species. Instead of the 272 correct names of Calymperes listed in Volume 1 of Index Muscorum, the world total of “good” species now appears to be in the range of 30 to 40, and contrary to the high degree of narrow endemism implied from the compilation of Index Muscorum, many species of Calymperes have broad ranges in the paleo- or neotropics. A few species, including C. afzelii, C. erosum, C. palisotii, C. lonchophyllum, and C. tenerum, are pantropical. World ranges of species of Calymperes are mapped and implications for historical patterns of dispersal and speciation are discussed. Suites of endemic species and species groups in the neotropics differ from those in the paleotropics, demonstrating different ancestries, a long period of geographic separation, and independent evolution in two fundamentally different environments. It is suggested that Calymperes shares close phylogenetic relationship with limbate Syrrhopodon.
Polycrystalline Silicon Gettering Layers with Controlled Residual Stress

We report on a novel method of low pressure chemical vapor deposition of polycrystalline silicon layers used for external gettering in silicon substrate for semiconductor applications. The proposed method allowed us to produce layers of polycrystalline silicon with pre-determined residual stress. The method is based on the deposition of a multilayer system formed by two layers. The first layer is intentionally designed to have tensile stress while the second layer has compressive stress. Opposite sign of the residual stresses of the individual layers enables to pre-determine the residual stress of the gettering stack. We used scanning electron microscopy for structural characterization of the layers and intentional contamination for demonstration of the gettering properties. Residual stress of the layers was calculated from the wafer curvature.
Global marine gravity grid and poster developed

Over the last 6 months, a dramatic increase in satellite altimetry coverage of the oceans has led to great improvements in the resolution of the marine gravity field. The 35-day repeat orbit of the ERS-1 altimeter has doubled spatial coverage globally, and recently declassified Geosat altimeter data have provided extremely dense coverage south of 30'S. Early results from these new data (see Eos, March 24, 1992) were presented at the AGU 1992 Fall Meeting in San Francisco. To provide better access to these large and diverse data sets, a global gravity grid has been constructed using satellite altimeter profiles from ERS-1, Geosat, and Seasat.
A radiation-hard, steady state, digital imaging bolometer system

Abstract The concept and design of a new type of bolometer system which can function with excellent spatial resolution and good time resolution in the next generation of long-pulse (or steady state), harsh-neutron environment, fusion plasmas, is outlined. It uses a cooled pinhole-camera design, employing a robust, passive, segmented radiation absorber. In one scenario, IR emission from the absorber's front surface is relayed by metal mirror optics to a shielded, high resolution IR video camera with ±0.01°C temperature resolution. In a second scenario, the matrix is viewed from its back side, in order to eliminate any extraneous IR radiation from the vessel or plasma. The system can make thousands of simultaneous `pixel' measurements at up to 50–60 Hz, with no wire leads through the vacuum interface.
Waist to hip ratio and psychosocial factors in adults with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: The Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications study

The relationship between waist to hip ratio (WHR) and psychosocial factors has seldom been investigated, although both may contribute to cardiovascular risk. Therefore, these variables were examined in adults with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ([IDDM] N = 592; mean age, 29 years; mean duration, 20 years), a population at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Moreover, the association between changes in psychosocial factors and change in WHR was considered. After adjusting for body mass index (BMI), WHR in men was correlated with higher levels of depressive symptomatology (r = .19, P < .001), greater anxiety (r = .13, P < .05), less social support (r = −.20, P < .01), and lower type A scores (r = −.25, P < .001). In women, WHR was significantly correlated with higher levels of depressive symptomatology (r = .18, P < .01), greater stress (r = .16, P < .01), and alcohol consumption (r = .12, P < .05). For both sexes, smokers had a significantly greater mean WHR than nonsmokers (P < .01). For men, multiple regression analyses adjusting for BMI and age demonstrated that smoking, lower income, less exercise, and lower type A scores were the most significant variables associated with WHR. In women, the independent predictors of WHR were a history of smoking, lower educational level, and depressive symptomatology. The most significant independent predictors of change in WHR from baseline to 2-year follow-up study were change in weight (men), change in BMI (women), and change in depression scores (both sexes). These results suggest that psychosocial factors may affect cardiovascular disease risk through their influence on body fat distribution, and both may be important in identifying those most at risk for cardiovascular disease in populations with IDDM.