cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NEW RACK FOR USE IN CELL CULTURE.

Abstract : A new rack is described with a variety of uses and applications in tissue culture and virology. Its invention was prompted by a need for a simple method of cloning cells. The principal feature of the rack is that it is designed to fit onto the stage of the inverted microscope.
Human perception of 3D shapes

This paper reviews main approaches to 3D shape perception in both human and computer vision. The approaches are evaluated with respect to their plausibility of generating adequate explanations of human vision. The criterion for plausibility is provided by existing psychophysical results. A new theory of 3D shape perception is then outlined. According to this theory, human perception of shapes critically depends on a priori shape constraints: symmetry and compactness. The role of depth cues is secondary, at best.
Optimized Waveforms for Feedback Control of Vortex Shedding

Optimal control theory is combined with the numerical simulation of an incompressible viscous flow to control vortex shedding in order to maximize lift.A two-dimensional flat plate model is considered at a high angle of attack and a Reynolds number of 300. Actuation is provided by unsteady mass injection near the trailing edge and is modeled by a compact body force. The adjoint of the linearized perturbed equations is solved backwards in time to obtain the gradient of the lift to changes in actuation (the jet velocity), and this information is used to iteratively improve the controls. The optimized control waveform is nearly periodic and locked to vortex shedding. We compare the results with sinusoidal open- and closed-loop control and observe that the optimized control is able to achieve higher lift than the sinusoidal forcing with more than 50% lower momentum coefficients. The optimized waveform is also implemented in a simple closed-loop controller where the control signal is shifted or deformed periodically to adjust to the (instantaneous) frequency of the lift fluctuations. The feedback utilizes a narrowband filter and an Extended Kalman Filter to robustly estimate the phase of vortex shedding and achieve phase-locked, high lift flow states.
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea treated with oral tetracycline

Three patients developed severe, incapacitating diarrhea after antibiotic administration. Presenting features included abdominal discomfort, hematochezia, and hypokalemia from voluminous diarrhea. Roetgenographic studies in 1 patient were normal and proctoscopic examinations in 2 patients failed to show antibiotic-associated colitis. Stool cultures were negative. Despite cessation of antibiotics and symptomatic therapy, the diarrhea continued. After the administration of oral tetracycline, the diarrhea stopped without recurrence even after the tetracycline was discontinued. These clinical results suggest that patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea may benefit from tetracycline when standard medical therapy fails.
Kinetics of Insoluble Cellulose Fermentation by Continuous Cultures of Ruminococcus albus.

Data from analyses of continuous culture fermentation of insoluble cellulose by Ruminococcus albus 7 were used to derive constants for the rate of cellulose hydrolysis and fermentation, growth yield, and maintenance. Cellulose concentration was 1% in the nutrient reservoir, and hydraulic retention times of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 1.75, and 2.0 days were used. Concentrations of reducing sugars in the cultures were negligible (less than 1%) compared with the amount of hydrolyzed cellulose, indicating that cellulose hydrolysis was the rate-limiting step of the fermentation. The rate of utilization of cellulose depended on the steady-state concentration of cellulose and was first order with a rate constant (k) of 1.18 day−1. The true microbial growth yield (Y) was 0.11 g g−1, the maintenance coefficient (m) was 0.10 g g−1 h−1, and the maximum YATP was 7.7 g of biomass (dry weight) mol of ATP−1.
LASER MICROPROBE MEASUREMENT OF CHLORINE AND ARGON ZONATION IN BIOTITE

Abstract Neutron activation of chlorine yields 38 Ar which can be liberated by the laser microprobe (LMP) in sufficient quantities to be measured by gas mass spectrometry. When used in conjunction with electron microprobe (EMP) analyses, this technique can precisely measure low concentrations of Cl in minerals. The accuracy is limited by lack of an adequate standard. LMP analyses of standard Mmhb- 1 indicate its Cl concentration is quite heterogeneous and is not a useful standard for LMP Cl analyses. In natural phlogopite and hydrothermally treated (HT) biotite Cl concentration gradients have been measured with the LMP. The zonation probably reflects partial re-equilibration by diffusive anion exchange with Cl transport occurring more rapidly parallel to the silicate sheets than perpendicular to the sheets. The LMP also detected 40 Ar gradients in the phlogopite and HT biotite, suggesting that the rate of Cl transport is comparable to that for Ar diffusion. LMP analyses also indicate that 40 Ar migration is more rapid parallel to the silicate sheets than perpendicular to the sheets and that the radius of diffusion is on the order of the grain size. The latter observation apparently contradicts the relatively much smaller estimates of the radius of diffusion for Ar in biotite (∼ 150 μ m) inferred from 40 Ar analyses of bulk separates of hydrothermally treated biotite. The discrepancy may be related to the numerous pores occurring at layer terminations and pinch outs and at the edges of Guinier-Preston zones detected by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and which appear to be more abundant in the HT biotite than in the original untreated sample biotite. If these pores are sufficiently large to permit a conduit for rapid Cl and Ar transport via pipe diffusion, then they may be the cause of the apparently enhanced diffusivity of 40 Ar observed in large-grain-size fractions of hydrothermally treated biotite.
Animal models for bullous pemphigoid.

Abstract There has been a great deal of speculation (and experimentation) about the precise pathogenic role of bullous pemphigoid autoantibodies since their demonstration in 1964 by Beutner and Jordon 1 and Jordon et al. in 1967, 2 although there is considerable evidence that the autoantibodies are in fact responsible for the cutaneous lesions and are not just and epiphenomenon that has yet to be established beyond doubt. One of the reasons that there are still some questions rests with the fact that there is not a simple, reproducible animal model for production of the cutaneous lesions of BP in vivo , either by systemic passive transfer of the human autoantibodies or by immunization of animals with the BP antigen(s). Some studies have come very close to achieving this goal but have not succeeded entirely. The details of these studies, current thoughts on why these studies have not been successful as yet, and future directions for the definition of this problem are discussed in this chapter.
A comparison of a self-control and a contract procedure for weight control.

Abstract A self-control procedure involving the use of behavior modification techniques was compared with a contract system and an attention-placebo control group. One study revealed significant losses for both treatments after 12 weeks with the contract group losing more; however, a ten month follow-up revealed that the weight loss was not permanent. A second study found no differences between a self-control group and a control group after 16 weeks. Reasons for the poor long-term results of these and other weight-control programs were discussed.
Free latissimus dorsi flap transfer for subtotal scalp and cranium defect reconstruction: report of seven cases

The purpose of this paper is to review the results of free latissimus dorsi transfer for scalp and cranial reconstruction in the case of large defects with exposed brain tissue, cranial bone without periosteal cover, and dura, which cannot be reconstructed with local flaps or skin grafts. Free latissimus dorsi transfer was carried out in seven patients with subtotal and total scalp defects (two reconstruction after tumor removal, two reconstructions after long-standing osteitis, two tissue breakdown after irradiation, one defect reconstruction after high voltage injury). There were three male and four female patients. The age ranged from 36 to 72 years. Reconstruction was performed with a muscle flap (1) or a myocutaneous flap (6) in combination with a split-thickness skin mesh (1:1.5) graft in a single-stage procedure. In a retrospective clinical study, the following criteria were evaluated: (1) flap healing, (2) aesthetic result, and (3) complications. All flaps healed primarily, and all wounds remained closed without any signs of infection. Complete wound healing was achieved after 4 to 8 weeks, depending on the “take” of the skin grafts. Secondary skin grafting was necessary in two patients, while revision of the donor site was necessary in two patients. From an aesthetic point of view, four patients complained about the appearance of the retroauricular skin island. After removal of the skin island 6 months after the initial operation, all patients judged the result as good or acceptable. Besides the free omentum flap, the free latissimus dorsi transfer is the only option for cover of subtotal or total scalp defects. Compared to the omentum flap, the latissimus dorsi offers more tissue, has less donor site morbidity, and secondary surgery such as cranial bone reconstruction is possible. Contrary to most authors, our preferred donor vessels are maxillary artery and the external jugular vein. To avoid any vascular compression, we use a myocutaneous flap. The skin island must be removed secondarily. In patients where no bone reconstruction is possible or planned, the de-epithelialized skin paddle can be used for correction of a contour defect.
A blueprint for automatic indexing

This note summarizes some of the currently available insights in automatic indexing. The emphasis is on aspects that are expected to be useful in a practical automatic indexing applications. The discussion is necessarily cursory, but the references will lead interested readers to a deeper treatment of the indexing problem.
Periodic boundary value problems for second order impulsive integro-differential equations of volterra type

The existence of solutions of periodic boundary value problems for second order impulsive integro-differential equations of Volterra type is investigated. By using the method of upper and lower solutions, it is proved that the problem in whi h impulses occur at fixed times has a solution. Some impulsive integro-differential inequalities related to such problem are also established.
Characterization of photolithographically defined NIS tunnel junctions as X-ray sensors

Abstract We are developing normal-insulator-superconductor (NIS) tunnel junctions for use as X-ray detectors for astronomical purposes and as phonon sensors for dark matter detectors. We are using photolithographic techniques to produce structures in which aluminum is the superconductor, Al 2 O 3 is the tunnel barrier, and copper is the normal metal. We describe microfabrication details and present X-ray pulse data.
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Nucleotide-Binding Domain 1 (NBD-1) and CFTR Truncated Within NBD-1 Target to the Epithelial Plasma Membrane and Increase Anion Permeability

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a member of the traffic ATPase family that includes multiple proteins characterized by (1) ATP binding, (2) conserved transmembrane (TM) motifs and nucleotide binding domains (NBDs), and (3) molecular transport of small molecules across the cell membrane. While CFTR NBD-1 mediates ATP binding and hydrolysis, the membrane topology and function of this domain in living eukaryotic cells remains uncertain. In these studies, we have expressed wild-type CFTR NBD-1 (amino acids 433-586) or NBD-1 containing the DeltaF508 mutation transiently in COS-7 cells and established that the domain is situated across the plasma membrane by four independent assays; namely, extracellular chymotrypsin digestion, surface protein biotinylation, confocal immunofluorescent microscopy, and functional measurements of cell membrane anion permeability. Functional studies indicate that basal halide permeability is enhanced above control conditions following wild-type or DeltaF508 NBD-1 expression in three different epithelial cell lines. Furthermore, when clinically relevant CFTR proteins truncated within NBD-1 (R553X or G542X) are expressed, surface localization and enhanced halide permeability are again established. Together, these findings suggest that isolated CFTR NBD-1 (with or without the DeltaF508 mutation) is capable of targeting the epithelial cell membrane and enhancing cellular halide permeability. Furthermore, CFTR truncated at position 553 or 542 and possessing the majority of NBD-1 demonstrates surface localization and also confers increased halide permeability. These findings indicate that targeting to the plasma membrane and assumption of a transmembrane configuration are innate properties of the CFTR NBD-1. The results also support the notion that components of the halide-selective pore of CFTR reside within NBD-1.
Examining the differences in career thoughts of women in three low socioeconomic status groups

The authors examined differences in career thoughts of 3 groups of women from low socioeconomic status backgrounds. The 3 groups were composed of women who were not seeking employment, women attempting to obtain General Educational Development (GED) certification prior to seeking employment, and women with disabilities who were participating in readiness-to-work programs. Results indicated that there were significant differences in participants' career thoughts. Specifically, career thoughts of women who were not seeking employment were significantly less dysfunctional than were the career thoughts of the women who were pursuing their GED certification and those of the women with disabilities who were participating in a job-readiness training program. The impact of negative career thoughts is discussed.
Comments on “Strategies for Assessing Skill and Significance of Screening Regression Models with Emphasis on Monte Carlo Techniques”

Abstract In a recent paper, Lanzante reviewed methods for estimating the skill and significance of screening regression models through the use of Monte Carlo simulations. The strategies reviewed have several limitations that were not specified by the author. Due to the influence of true model skill, the Monte Carlo method provides an upper bound on the expected artificial skill, not the expected artificial skill itself as assumed. Lanzante emphasizes the advantages of the use of independent (uncorrelated) predictors. However, the disadvantages of their use and the advantages of dependent predictors in a screening regression were not considered. The review of the effects of serial correlation on estimates of skill is misleading. The assertion that the formulations developed by Davis and Chelton are erroneous is incorrect. Moreover, contrary to the implication of the review, the use of effective sample size in tests of model significance has practical utility in applications including the Monte Carlo method.
Selection in a Cyclical Environment: Possible Impact of Phenotypic Lag on Darwinian Fitness

We investigated the effect of generation time (as controlled by chemostat flow rate) and temporal variability in nutrient (arginine) availability on selection at a regulatory locus in Escherichia coli. We first determined the fitness conferred by argR(K12) (which regulates the arginine regulon) relative to argR(B) (a weak constitutive) in constant environments at several generation times across a range of concentrations of arginine. The relative fitness of argR(K12) with respect to argR(B) declines with longer generation times in the absence of arginine yet becomes independent of generation time in the presence of excess arginine. Control experiments show this differential response in selection is entirely attributable to transcriptional regulation by argR(K12). Temporal variability in the supply of arginine generates fluctuations in selection. A simple model, based on the assumption that relative fitness tracks changes in arginine availability instantaneously, captures many of the features of the oscillating allele frequencies and accurately predicts the direction and intensity of selection in environments where arginine concentrations fluctuate frequently or infrequently. However, the model fails to predict the direction and intensity of selection in environments that fluctuate at moderate frequencies. This suggests that phenotypic lag, wherein cellular physiology changes more slowly than the environment, may be influencing the outcome of competition in this experimental system.
Milestones in the history of hernia surgery: Prosthetic repair

Billroth (1878) envisaged prostheses before Bassini's sutured cure (1887). Phelps (1894) reinforced with silver coils. Metals were replaced by plastic (Aquaviva 1944). Polypropylene (Usher 1962), resisting infection, became popular. Usher instituted tensionless, overlapping preperitoneal repair. Spermatic cord was parietalized, to obviate keyholing. Stoppa (1969) championed the sutureless Cheatle-Henry approach encasing the peritoneum. His technique, "La grande prosthese de renforcement du sac visceral" (GPRVS), was adopted by laparoscopists. Newman (1980) and Lichtenstein (1986) pioneered subaponeurotic positioning. Kelly (1898) inserted a plug into the femoral canal; Lichtenstein and Shore (1974) followed. Gilbert (1987) plugged the internal ring, and Robbins and Rutkow (1993) treated all groin herniae thus. Incisional herniation has been controlled by prefascial, retrorectus prosthetic placement (Rives-Flament 1973). ePTFE (Sher et al. 1980) is useful intraperitoneally, since it evokes few adhesions. Here, laparoscopy (Ger 1982) is competitive. Beginning in 1964 (Wirtschafter and Bentley), experimental and clinical studies have shown herniation may be associated with aging and genetic or acquired (smoking, etc.) systemic disease of connective tissue. These data, with prospective trials, all but mandate tensionless prosthetic repair.
Estimated effects of composition on secondary organic aerosol mass concentrations.

The composition dependence of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass concentrations is explored using an absorptive partitioning model under a variety of simplified atmospheric conditions. A thermody...
Regulation of human liver cytochromes P-450 in family 3A in primary and continuous culture of human hepatocytes

The cytochrome P-450 3A gene family comprises the dominant forms of cytochrome P-450 found in human liver. We examined as a possible useful system for studying the regulation of cytochrome P-450 3A under controlled conditions in vitro, primary monolayer cultures of human hepatocytes and compared the results with those obtained from the study of cytochrome P-450 3A in the human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 or in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line TONG/HCC. Using 3A antibodies, 3A cDNAs and 3A3, 3A4, 3A5 and 3A7 isozyme-specific oligonucleotides as probes, we determined that primary human hepatocyte cultures routinely expressed a 3A3/4* immunoreactive protein and 3A mRNA. These gene products were well maintained for many days and were induced by treatment of the cultures with dexamethasone, phenobarbital, macrolide antibiotics, the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin or an antifungal agent, clotrimazole. Of six donor livers examined, only two contained mRNA or protein for 3A5, a form found in only a few adult human subjects. In cultures prepared from one of these two livers, 3A5 mRNA was detectable for several days. In cultures of hepatocytes from the remaining four human livers that did not contain 3A5 mRNA or protein, we detected neither spontaneous nor inducible 3A5 proteins or mRNAs. HepG2 cells contained only 3A7 protein, a form found in human fetal liver, even after treatment with inducers. Treatment of HepG2 cells with dexamethasone, macrolide antibiotics, phenobarbital and phenobarbital-like inducers or lovastatin produced dose-dependent induction of 3A7 mRNA and 3A7 immunoreactive protein. TONG/HCC cells contained 3A3, 3A4 and 3A5 mRNAs, but only 3A5 immunoreactive protein could be detected. Treatment of TONG/HCC cells with dexamethasone, macrolide antibiotics or phenobarbital induced 3A3 and 3A4 mRNAs, as observed in primary cultures, but failed to increase 3A5 mRNA or protein. We conclude that, in addition to primary cultures of human hepatocytes, replicating human hepatic lines HepG2 and TONG/HCC may be useful models for examining regulation of cytochrome P-450 3A genes polymorphically expressed in the living human being. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;18:1254-1262).
The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate stimulates the dephosphorylation of mitochondrial ferredoxin in cultured chick kidney cells.

The tumor promoting phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), presumably through activation of protein kinase C, decreases the production of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] and increases that of 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3] by primary cultures of chick kidney cells. We have previously shown that the regulation of the cellular output of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 by PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3 can be quantitatively accounted for by altered hydroxylase activities within isolated mitochondria. In the present paper, we examined the effects of TPA and 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol (OAG) on the state of mitochondrial protein phosphorylation and on 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] metabolism. There was a good correlation between 25(OH)D3- 1 alpha- and 24-hydroxylase activities in mitochondria isolated from cells pretreated with either TPA or OAG and the pattern of 1- and 24-hydroxylation of 25(OH)D3. The most notable change in protein phosphorylation in the molecular mass range ...
Synthesis of 3-dimensional silver networks and their application in solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract The synthesis of 3-dimensional silver metal structures for use in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) as current collectors and cathodes for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by screen printing and sintering of Ag 2 O particles is presented. The microstructure of the silver thus obtained was found to depend on the processing temperature, with lower sintering temperatures resulting in greater porosity and surface area. The silver current collectors was found to undergo steam embrittlement during SOFC operation, but the embrittlement could be prevented by pre-treating the silver metal with N 2 gas at high temperatures (800 °C) or with 10% H 2 –90% Ar at room temperatures (∼25 °C). An investigation of the polarization resistances of these silver samples by employing them as cathodes for ORR on symmetric cells indicate that the samples with greater porosity show diminished performance, confirming that the rate limiting step for the silver cathodes is oxygen transport. These silver cathodes were also compared to similarly-prepared platinum cathodes, and the silver cathodes were observed to have drastically reduced polarization resistances.
On the assimilation of uncertain physical knowledge bases: Bayesian and non-Bayesian techniques.

Abstract We study the assimilation of uncertain physical knowledge across space and time, and we discuss the resulting issues of environmental inference and prediction. The term “assimilation” refers to a general framework that includes physical knowledge integration and processing activities in a variety of scientific disciplines (atmospheric data analysis and weather forecasting, environmental pollution mapping, exposure assessment, etc.). The choice of an adequate assimilation approach is primarily a conceptual modelling affair that is supported by the physical and logical features of the environmental situation under consideration, rather than merely relying on pure inductive schemes and statistical arguments. In many cases, the assimilation approach involves conditionalization techniques which enable it to merge various forms of site-specific data with modelling frameworks. We distinguish between interpretive conditionalization (which refers to the physical and epistemic characteristics of assimilation modelling) and formal conditionalization (which is a purely mathematical construction), and emphasize the importance of an adequate choice of the latter to represent the former. We point out the considerable improvements of the operational Bayesian conditionalization approach over the standard Bayesian rule. Statistical learning techniques are useful at the descriptive/correlation level of scientific inquiry, whereas the level of explanation/prediction is the domain of advanced operational techniques. An operational approach is based on an epistemic view in which the relevant natural processes are represented in terms of spatiotemporal random fields and the probability laws are expressed in terms of physically meaningful operators. The spirit of this view is to keep the field solutions consistent with the site-specific information (hard data, uncertain observations, etc.) while exactly satisfying the constraints arising from general knowledge sources (physical laws, primitive equations, scientific theories, etc.). Natural field probabilities in space and time are derived for non-Bayesian operational conditionals based on deductively sound inference, which are valid for a wide variety of knowledge bases. Analytical and numerical comparisons are made between Bayesian and non-Bayesian conditionals, and insight is gained in terms of examples and applications which cut across various earth science disciplines. Operational Bayesian conditionalization is a powerful and versatile component of assimilation modelling with many applications in environmental sciences, although in certain cases a non-Bayesian conditional (based on deductive logic and the characterization of physical connection) may provide a meaningful description of the data assimilation framework suggested by the laws of nature.
A Parallel Algorithm for Computing the Generalized Singular Value Decomposition

Abstract A parallel algorithm for computing the generalized singular value decomposition of two matrices A and B having the same number of columns is described in this paper. The algorithm is designed for efficient implementation on distributed-memory parallel computer architectures. The time cost is O(n2) units for parallel preprocessing, and O(n2/p) units for the GSVD of two upper trapezoidal matrices, where p is the dimension of the triangular array of processors.
In situ measurements of rapidly fluctuating, high sediment concentrations

Abstract A new instrument — an almometer — has been developed which measures, instantaneously and continuously, changes in the vertical density distribution of sediment. The almometer consists of two acrylic cylinders, one contains a fluorescent lamp, the other 64 photo-electric cells placed at 1 - or 2-cm intervals. These two tubes are anchored perpendicular to the bottom 30 cm apart. The amount of sediment that can be measured ranges from 10 to 500 g of sediment per liter of water. Calibration shows that differences in sediment size or mineralogy have little effect on the concentration resistance relationship if the size mean is within the sand range and the sediment is not monomineralic.
Contributions to vortex particle methods for the computation of three-dimensional incompressible unsteady flows

Abstract Recent contributions to vortex particle methods for the computation of three-dimensional incompressible unsteady flows are presented. Both singular and regularized vortex particle methods are reviewed, along with an investigation of different evolution equations for the particle strength vector. For the regularized method, a new algebraic smoothing is presented with convergence properties equal to those of Gaussian smoothing. A version of the regularized method which can account for viscous diffusion is developed using a scheme that redistributes the particle strength vectors. Finally, particle methods are investigated with respect to conservation laws, and new expressions for the quadratic diagnostics, energy, helicity, and enstrophy are derived.
HETERONORMATIVITY AND THE EXPERIENCES OF LESBIAN AND BISEXUAL WOMEN AS SOCIAL WORK STUDENTS

This article examines the experiences of 19 women who self-identify as lesbian or bisexual as they pursue degrees in accredited master of social work educational programs located within the Southern United States. The pervasive discomfort and silence surrounding lesbian and bisexual issues, as well as the privileging of heterosexuality experienced by these women, are presented as being reflective of the contextual settings of these programs. Furthermore, factors including the location and structure of, and the presence of other gay, lesbian, or bisexually identified people within these programs, are discussed as mitigating the heteronormativity experienced by these women.
Biogasification of rice straw with an anaerobic-phased solids digester system

Abstract Rice straw was converted into biogas using a high-rate anaerobic digestion system, anaerobic-phased solids digester system (APS-digester system). The system was stable and, with proper design, could become a space-efficient, high-rate solids digestion system. Ammonia is used as a supplemental nitrogen source for rice straw digestion. The effects of different pretreatment methods, physical (mechanical), thermal and chemical (ammonia) treatment, on the digestion of rice straw were investigated at the mesophilic temperature of 35°C. A combination of grinding (10-mm length), heating (110°C), and ammonia treatment (2%) resulted in the highest biogas yield, 0.47 l g−1 VS−1 fed, which is 17.5% higher than the biogas yield of untreated whole straw. Pretreatment temperature has a significant effect on the digestibility of straw.
Glycolytic glioma cells with active glycogen synthase are sensitive to PTEN and inhibitors of PI3K and gluconeogenesis.

Increased glycolysis is characteristic of malignancy. Previously, with a mitochondrial inhibitor, we demonstrated that glycolytic ATP production was sufficient to support migration of melanoma cells. Recently, we found that glycolytic enzymes were abundant and some were increased in pseudopodia formed by U87 glioma (astrocytoma) cells. In this study, we examined cell migration, adhesion (a step in migration), and Matrigel invasion of U87 and LN229 glioma cells when their mitochondria were inhibited with sodium azide or limited by 1% O2. Cell migration, adhesion, and invasion were comparable, with and without mitochondrial inhibition. Upon discovering that glycolysis alone can support glioma cell migration, unique features of glucose metabolism in astrocytic cells were investigated. The ability of astrocytic cells to remove lactate, the inhibitor of glycolysis, via gluconeogenesis and incorporation into glycogen led to consideration of supportive genetic mutations. Loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) releases glycogenesis from constitutive inhibition by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). We hypothesize that glycolysis in gliomas can support invasive migration, especially when aided by loss of PTEN's regulation on the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway leading to inhibition of GSK3. Migration of PTEN-mutated U87 cells was studied for release of extracellular lactic acid and support by gluconeogenesis, loss of PTEN, and active PI3K. Lactic acid levels plateaued and phosphorylation changes confirmed activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and glycogen synthase when cells relied only on glycolysis. Glycolytic U87 cell migration and phosphorylation of GSK3 were inhibited by PTEN transfection. Glycolytic migration was also suppressed by inhibiting PI3K and gluconeogenesis with wortmannin and metformin, respectively. These findings confirm that glycolytic glioma cells can migrate invasively and that the loss of PTEN is supportive, with activated glycogenic potential included among the relevant downstream effects.
Cigarette Smoke: The Effect of Residue on Mitochondrial Structure

Cigarette smoke residue is ciliatoxic to Tetrahymena pyriformis. Principal sites of activity are the mitochondria of the cell. The internal membranes of the mitochondria are degraded with time, correlating well with loss of ciliary activity and cell death.
Interstitial brachytherapy for soft tissue sarcoma: A single institution experience

Abstract Purpose Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are an uncommon, histologically diverse group of malignancies, which are primarily treated with surgery. Depending on location and grade, radiation therapy may be used as adjuvant treatment. In this single institution, retrospective series, we examine treatment outcome for STS treated with surgery and adjuvant interstitial brachytherapy (BTX). Methods and materials Forty-three patients were treated from 1997 to 2005 with adjuvant BTX for primary or recurrent STS. Thirty-four patients were treated for primary and nine for recurrent disease in locations including upper and lower extremity, pelvis, superficial trunk, and retroperitoneum. Twelve patients had low-grade and 31 had high-grade tumors. Most patients had lesions larger than 5 cm. Patients with low-grade tumors received 2500 cGy with BTX, followed by 4500 cGy with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). High-grade tumors were treated with BTX alone to 4500 cGy if they were considered resectable at the time of diagnosis. For concern about resectability with conservative surgery, patients received 4500 cGy EBRT preoperatively, followed by a 2500 cGy BTX boost. Results Median followup was 39 months (range, 12–120). Thirty-four patients were known to be alive at last followup. The overall local control rate was 88%; local control was 87% for high-grade tumors and 92% for low-grade tumors. Disease-free survival was 75% overall with 88% free from distant metastases. No patient with low-grade sarcoma developed distant metastasis. Overall survival was 79%. The rate of long-term musculoskeletal or neurologic toxicity >Grade 3 was 7%, with all but a single case occurring in patients treated with EBRT plus BTX. Conclusions Adjuvant interstitial BTX seemed to provide acceptable local control with well tolerated treatment in patients with low- and high-grade STS.
Evaluating the association between all components of the metabolic syndrome and pre-eclampsia

Objective. Hypothesising that metabolic syndrome may be associated with or useful in the prediction of pre-eclampsia, we investigated the association between all components of metabolic syndrome an...
Towards a developmental theory of place attachment

Place theory offers no explanation of the developmental processes by which place attachment arises. Drawing on recent findings in human attachment theory, this study offers a developmental model of the process by which place attachment emerges from a childhood place experience. A pattern of positively affected experiences of place in childhood are generalised into an unconscious internal working model of place which manifests subjectively as a long-term positively affected bond to place known as place attachment. Qualitative analysis of adult remembrance of childhood place experience provides support for this model and finds important parallels in the developmental processes underpinning place attachment and human attachment as well as some differences.
From home to hospital and back again: economic restructuring, end of life, and the gendered problems of place-switching health services.

Abstract Economic restructuring in the health services industry in the USA exemplifies general patterns of economic change propelled by neoliberalism, especially industry privatization, diminished social services, and dependence on “flexible” labor and management regimes. Combined with the widespread entry of women into the labor force, an aging population, and minimal assistance for high quality long-term care at the end of life, these economic and social conditions raise a set of difficult policy questions for health services planning. Set in these broad contexts, this paper situates access to and experience of health services in the home, the hospital, and nursing facility, to demonstrate how economic changes have relocated and redefined health services in ways that distinctively impact how people experience the places where they receive care. This place switching of health services externalizes costs of subacute and “daily life care” (the so-called custodial care) to the sphere of the individual, their family, and communities. The theoretical analysis uses current geographical and philosophical approaches to place and space, and considers the tensions between institutionally managed health care space , and the patient's experience of receiving health services in place . The place/space dilemma of health services provision is examined through several interrelated subjects: long-term care at the end of life, gendered characteristics of care giving, the limitations of Medicare and Medicaid, historical changes in hospital length of stay, the restructuring of nursing practices, and the “no-care zone”. The analysis is based on examples of stroke and incontinence care to demonstrate the importance of considering place and space issues in health care planning.
New teacher and mentor political literacy: reading, navigating and transforming induction contexts

New teachers are unprepared for school politics and the conflicts they experience with administrators, colleagues and policies. Research and practice on mentorlog often ignore organizational contexts. This artide explores these under-examined contexts, asking: (1) W'hat do mentors need to know and be able to do in relation to school and district contexts to advocate on behalf of their induction work?; (2) W'hat are the challenges mentors face in their school and district contexts? Drawing on practitioner expertise and an intensive case study, this artide highlights three critical domains ofmentors' politicalliteracy: reading, navigating and advocating. Analyses delineate challenges and promising practices in tapping this knowledge base in action. Mentors' politicalliteracy offers novices a way to act in schools' political climates, to address conflicts and, ultimately, to define a professional identity. Rather than viewing politics as negative, this artide reveals how
Catalyst-assisted vertical growth of carbon nanotubes on Inconel coated commercial copper foil substrates versus sputtered copper films

Abstract We have compared the growth of multi-walled carbon nanotubes using thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on two types of substrates, copper foils and sputtered copper films. In both cases an initial 12 nm thin film of Inconel is first deposited on the Cu before growing the nanotubes. The Inconel thin film can act as both a catalyst for nanotube growth as well as a support for the additional Fe catalyst that is supplied in the form of ferrocene during CVD growth. The surfaces of the underlying copper substrates are very different and play a role in the resulting carbon nanotube density. A quantitative analysis of the density and alignment of the resulting carbon nanotubes using scanning electron microscopy shows that the smooth surface of the sputtered copper substrate leads to improvement in vertical growth and density of nanotubes as opposed to the much rougher electropolished Cu foil. We show that this is related to the differences in catalyst islands distributions and graphitic crystallinity seen on the surfaces of the two types of substrates after heating the samples in the CVD chamber. This demonstrates that the surface of the starting substrate plays an important role in the subsequent catalyst surface distribution and therefore the resulting nanotube density.
The a-historical actor on the historical stage: American Studies, the cultural borderline personality, and John Sayles' Lone Star

AbstractThis essay contends that American Studies needs to adopt a performative approach, by considering what America does, not what it is, and what has been said and done in the name of America. Specifically, this essay examines how the Cold War cultural conditions from which American Studies emerged as a discipline isolated the disciplines in an academia that lacked a sense of its own historicity. This condition contributed to America's assuming the role of the a-historical actor on the historical stage, and helped allow the literal and figurative American borders to support narratives that assert, simultaneously, American exceptionalism and American normativity. For the illegal immigrant, whose labor masks the flaws in a marketplace economy, the American borders create cultural conditions that replicate for the emigrant the experience of borderline personality disorder. John Sayles' film, Lone Star (1996), thematizes and interrogates this problem, ultimately substituting contractual power relationships...
Iron removal during oxidative, acid pressure leaching of a zinc sulphide concentrate

Abstract Zinc sulphide leaching is an example of an oxidative, acid pressure leaching process that must be followed by neutralization of excess acid, in this case to remove iron from solution. The leaching behaviour of a zinc sulphide concentrate in moderately acidic solutions (35 g/l H2SO4) has been studied at temperatures from 110° to 180°C to determine the extent of neutralization that can be achieved by the reaction: ZnS +2 H + + 1 2 O 2 = Zn 2+ + H 2 O+ S 0 Extensive neutralization was observed at 150°C, even at pH values well outside of the thermodynamic stability region of sulphur. Neutralization was less effective at the other temperatures. Iron precipitated from solution as jarosite. The lead and silver content of these jarosites decreased markedly with increasing temperature. Substitution of other metals in jarosites was studied in hydrolysis tests, and also decreased with increasing temperature.
Organization of the superior olivary complex in the guinea pig. II: Patterns of projection from the periolivary nuclei to the inferior colliculus

The superior olivary complex is a major source of auditory projections to the inferior colliculus. Although the projections from the medial and lateral superior olivary nuclei have been well characterized, projections from the surrounding periolivary nuclei have received relatively little attention. In the guinea pig, cytoarchitectonic criteria can be used to distinguish 11 periolivary nuclei that can be divided into four groups. These are: (1) a lateral group that comprises the anterolateral and posteroventral periolivary nuclei and the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body; (2) a dorsal group that comprises the dorsal and dorsolateral periolivary nuclei; (3) a ventral group that comprises the rostral, ventromedial, and anteroventral periolivary nuclei and the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body; and (4) a medial group that comprises the superior paraolivary nucleus and the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. In the present study we used horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent tracers to identify olivocollicular cells in each of the periolivary nuclei. The lateral, dorsal, and medial periolivary groups project bilaterally, and the ventral periolivary group projects ipsilaterally. Within groups, individual nuclei contain different numbers of olivocollicular cells. The posteroventral periolivary nucleus is the only periolivary nucleus that does not project to the inferior colliculus. The superior paraolivary nucleus is the only periolivary nucleus that contains significant numbers of individual cells that project to both inferior colliculi. The remaining periolivary nuclei project only ipsilaterally or contain separate populations of cells that project to the two inferior colliculi.
Development of the U.S. Geological Survey Bibliographic System Using GIPSY.

The U.S. Geological Survey's extensive bibliographic contributions to the earth sciences began in 1887 with the publication of the Bibliography of North American Geology. The back-of-the-book indexing system for this and other serials is a partially controlled, 3-level hierarchical scheme of subject headings. Beginning in 1962 computer compatible electronic typesetting equipment was used for bibliographic and abstracts publications with an eye to eventual automated storage and retrieval. A search for an existing retrieval system that could be integrated with the existing publishing program without re-indexing and would also meet the myriad operational and hardware constraints of the Survey's computer center resulted, in 1968, in the adoption of GIPSY (Generalized Information Processing System) developed by the University of Oklahoma. A particularly noteworthy feature of GIPSY is the ability to search variable-field, variable-length records for words, word stems, and prefixes or suffixes. Moreover, retrieved records may be printed in pre-defined formats or formatted as fixed-field, fixed-length records for direct input to other programs, which facilitates exchange of data with other systems. Initial user resistance to automated literature searching was partially overcome by reducing the unwieldy printout to conventional page size and presenting the output in a bibliographic format very similar to the published bibliographies. It was generally felt by the users that more than 10 years of coverage are needed in order for earth scientists to consider that their searches have a reasonable chance of being useful because of the relatively long half-life of geologic literature. Searches of abstracts provided better recall of relevant documents than search of index terms alone.
Enhancement of biophoton emission of prostate cancer cells by Ag nanoparticles

Ultraweak intrinsic bioluminescence of cancer cell is a noninvasive method of assessing bioenergetic status of the investigated cells. This weak biophoton emission generated by prostate cancer cells (PC3) was measured in the presence of Ag nanoparticles and its correlation with singlet oxygen production was investigated. The comparison between nanoparticles concentration, bioluminescence intensity, and cell survival showed that Ag nanoparticles do not significantly affect cell survival at used concentration but they increase cell bioluminescent processes. It was also confirmed that singlet oxygen contributes to biophoton emission, that Ag nanoparticles increase this contribution, and that there are secondary mechanisms independent of singlet oxygen by which Ag nanoparticles contribute to increased cellular bioluminescence, possibly through plasmon resonance enhancement of intrinsic fluorescence.
Effects of fingernail length on finger and hand performance.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of fingernail length on active range of motion (AROM) of the fingers, speed of finger manipulation, number of words typed, and grip strength. Fifteen normal women (mean age, 30 years) performed measurements under four conditions—with no attached fingernails and with fingernails extending 2, 1, and 0.5 cm beyond the tip of the finger. Analyses of variance showed that: 1) with fingernails of all extended lengths, grip strength measured on the first setting of the Jamar hand dynamometer decreased; 2) with fingernails 1 and 2 cm in length, AROM, grip strength on the second dynamometer setting, and finger manipulation decreased; and 3) with fingernails 2 cm in length, typing speed decreased ( p
Fluoro Nissl Green: a novel fluorescent counterstain for neuroanatomy

Fluorescent neuroanatomic techniques, such as immunofluorescence and retrograde and anterograde tracing studies, derive great utility from their specificity. However, the specificity can be a drawback as well, in that it may be difficult to assess labeled neurons or neural processes in their cytoarchitectonic context. We report the characteristics of a newly synthesized fluorescent counterstain, Fluoro Nissl Green (3,8-diamino-10H-quindoline) with spectral characteristics similar to fluorescein. This Nissl-like counterstain can be used as a green neuronal counterstain for red-emitting markers such as rhodamine and Di-I.