cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-1 stimulates ADAM17 through a mechanism independent of its cytoplasmic domain or phosphorylation at threonine 735.

ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) is a membrane-anchored metalloproteinase that regulates the release of EGFR-ligands, TNFα and other membrane proteins from cells. ADAM17 can be rapidly activated by a variety of signaling pathways, yet little is known about the underlying mechanism. Several studies have demonstrated that the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM17 is not required for its rapid activation by a variety of stimuli, including phorbol esters, tyrosine kinases and some G-protein coupled receptors. However, phosphorylation of cytoplasmic residue T735 was recently reported as a crucial step for activation of ADAM17 by IL-1β and by the p38 MAP-kinase pathway. One possible mechanism to reconcile these results would be that T735 has an inhibitory role and that it must be phosphorylated as a pre-requisite for the activation of ADAM17, which would then proceed via a mechanism that is independent of its cytoplasmic domain. To test this hypothesis, we performed rescue experiments of Adam17−/− cells with wild type and mutant forms of ADAM17. However, these experiments showed that an inactivating mutation (T735A) or an activating mutation (T735D) of cytoplasmic residue T735 or the removal of the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM17 did not significantly affect the stimulation of ADAM17 by IL-1β or by activation of MAP-kinase with anisomycin. Moreover, we found that the MAP-kinase inhibitor SB203580 blocked activation of cytoplasmic tail-deficient ADAM17 and of the T735A mutant by IL-1β or by anisomycin, providing further support for a model in which the activation mechanism of ADAM17 does not rely on its cytoplasmic domain or phosphorylation of T735.
Introduction to this special issue on statistics for wildfire processes

This special issue on statistics for wildfire processes brings together foresters, wildfire ecologists, statisticians,mathematicians, and economists. All of these disciplines bring different interests, approaches and expertise to the modeling of wildfire processes. It is not necessarily easy, however, to communicate across disciplines or follow the developments in a variety of fields. Hence, the papers in this issue are primarily expository in nature, with the goal of facilitating and cross-fertilizing cross-disciplinary research on wildfire modeling. The papers in this issue were first presented in two conferences that brought wildfire modelers together. The first seed of the idea for the special issue was planted in a theme session of the 2005 annual meeting of the Eastern North American Region (ENAR) of the Biometric Society in Austin, TX, titled “Statistical Analysis of Wildfire Data.” The project was fertilized and grew in May of that year at a 5-day “Workshop on Forest Fires and Point Processes” at the Fields Institute in Toronto. This issue begins with a paper by B. M. Wotton explaining the Canadian forest fire danger rating system, which is used by Canadian fire management agencies. Fire managers usemodels to help predict forest fire growth and intensity andmakedecisions each day about where to position fire fighting resources. This paper gives statistical modelers a view of these uses of fire models, the current types of models employed by fire managers, and the need for understanding how the relationship between the Canadian Fire Weather Index System outputs and fuel moisture and the probability of fire occurrence vary among regions of the country and forest types. The next two papers describe ideas for stochastic wildfire models that could potentially be used for forecasting the spread of fires that have already started. The first of these, by Boychuk et al., describes a model in which fire spreads from cell to
Discussion of article on comparative studies of new push-pull methods for pole-top resuscitation

QUESTIONS HAVE BEEN RAISED, mostly by safety engineers of electric power supply companies, as to whether the basic principle of the recently accepted Holger-Nielsen push-pull prone method of artificial respiration is applicable as an advantageous revision of the pole-top method of artificial respiration. As a result of the authors' interest in the general problem of artificial respiration, there now is available for study and analysis, data based on well-planned and courageously executed laboratory tests. However, when a change from the time-proved practice is contemplated, serious consideration must be given to two factors of primary importance, namely, whether the present practice is inadequate, either from an application or efficiency viewpoint, or whether the present practice can be replaced by another which is more effective without greatly sacrificing any advantages of the one being replaced.
Taking an effective authorial stance in academic writing: Making the linguistic resources explicit for L2 writers in the social sciences

Abstract Taking an assertive stance toward research being reviewed or reported is a challenging task for second language writers. This aspect of interpersonal meaning is especially difficult to address through direct instruction, as attention to particular grammatical and lexical choices outside of contexts of use is not enough to help students develop the prosodies ( Hood, 2004 , Hood, 2006 , Lemke, 1992 , Lemke, 1998 ) that are required to be authoritative and create a texture that coherently presents an authorial perspective. This article illustrates how a systemic functional linguistics analysis can identify and render explicit to second language writers some ways published authors create textures of expanding or contracting options as research is presented, reviewed, and evaluated. Drawing on the Engagement framework ( Martin & White, 2005 ), we illustrate different approaches to research article introductions in connection with their rhetorical purposes ( Swales, 1990 , Swales, 2004 ), highlighting the linguistic resources that are in interaction with each other as authors introduce their studies and review related studies. Specifically, we describe two patterns of expanding options and two patterns of contracting options found in educational research, and suggest pedagogical approaches to making these patterns salient to L2 writers.
Development of a Pediatric Forearm Finite Element Model for Characterizing Mechanical Responses of Backward Fall

Distal radius and carpal fractures in children and adolescent account for approximately 25% of all pediatric fractures [1]. For the age distribution, 5 to 14 years olds group comprised largest proportion (26%) of all hand and forearm fractures than other age groups. Radius and/or ulna fractures took up the largest proportion of fractures (32.9%) in age group 5 to 14 years old. A population-based study revealed that the incidence rate of forearm fractures in boys and girls aged 5 to 14 years increased dramatically. In particular, the age group 10 to 14 has the highest increase in the period from 1997 to 2009 [1].© 2013 ASME
Line by Line: Schmoller's Grundriss: Its Meaning for the 1980s

In 1988, German‐speaking economists plan to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Gustav von Schmoller. Yet, in contemporary America, Schmoller is hardly known. His work is almost completely locked up in the German language, save for his The Mercantile System and its Historical Significance, published in 1888 and his essay on “The Idea of Justice in Political Economy”. Furthermore, because he was not an econometrician or a mathematical economist, nobody has much use for Schmoller today anyway.
Phosphorylation of polyoma T antigens.

Abstract The T antigens of polyoma virus have been examined for phosphorylation in vivo and associated protein kinase activities in vitro. The 100K "large" T antigen is the major phosphoprotein among the T antigen species in vivo as determined by labeling virus-infected cells with 32 P-orthophosphate. Hr-t mutants show normal phosphorylation of their 100K T antigens. The wild-type 56K plasma membraneassociated "middle" T antigen is also phosphorylated in the cell, but to a lesser extent than the 100K; this low level phosphorylation is also observed in the presumably altered 56K protein induced by hr-t mutant NG59 and in the 50K truncated "middle" T of hr-t mutant SD15. Addition of dibutyryl cyclic AMP to the medium does not affect labeling of either large or middle T antigens in wild-type- or mutant-infected cells. Thus no differences are observed in T antigen phosphorylation in vivo between wild-type virus and hr-t mutants. Hr-t mutants are defective in a protein kinase activity assayed in vitro by adding γ- 32 P-ATP to T antigen immunoprecipitates. In the case of wild-type virus, the 56K protein is the major phosphate acceptor in the in vitro kinase reaction, with a somewhat lower level of phosphorylation observed in the 100K band. Hr-t mutants NG59 and SD15 show no labeling of the altered 56K or 50K, respectively, but do show detectable levels of 32 p in the 100K bands. A wild-type virus carrying a small deletion affecting the 100K and 56K bands shows a normal level of kinase activity associated with the truncated T antigens. Ts-a mutants appear to be normal with respect to the middle T antigen-associated kinase. Photoaffinity labeling of infected cell extracts with 8-azido cyclic AMP shows that the two major classes of regulatory subunits of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases are present in the immunoprecipitates. Phosphorylation of histone H1 occurs when this substrate is added to immunoprecipitates of either mock-infected or virus-infected cells, again demonstrating the presence of cellular kinases. Further experiments will be required to determine whether the middle T antigen of polyoma virus is itself a protein kinase or simply a substrate for one or more cellular kinases.
From fantasy to fact

Monoclonal Antibodies in Clinical Medicine. Edited by Andrew J. McMichael and John W. Fabre. Academic: 1982. Pp.661. £34, $63
Trends in the Design and Implementation of Programming Languages

By the end of the decade, advances in areas such as structured programming, specification, verification, and language design will have transformed programming into a true engineering discipline.
Reactivation of host-dependent src kinase activity by co-expression with a heterologous tyrosine kinase.

Abstract XD4 is a host range deletion mutant (Δ77-225) of the v- src transforming gene. This mutant transforms chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) but not Rat-2 cells. It encodes a product (XD4- src ) that is phosphorylated at tyrosine and active as a tyrosine kinase in CEF, but is neither phosphorylated at tyrosine nor active as a kinase in Rat-2 cells. We report here that the XD4- src kinase activity in Rat-2 cells can be restored by co-expression with the tyrosine kinase encoded by v- fps, but not by co-expression with activated Ha- ras. Mutation of the major tyrosine autophosphorylation site (Y416) in XD4- src reduced but did not abolish the reactivation of XD4 tyrosine phosphorylation and kinase activity by v- fps. These results suggest that deletion of the SH2 and SH3 domains renders v- src kinase activity dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation at Y416 and other sites. The reactivation of XD4- src may result either from direct phosphorylation by the v- fps gene product or may be an indirect consequence of v- fps expression.
Sustained summer heat and fever in infants.

Summary A clinical study of the thermal responses of eighty-eight patients under 2 years of age was made during a five-day heat wave in New York City in the summer of 1948. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. In the majority of infants under 2 years of age, the body temperature rises when exposed to sustained environmental heat. 2. This elevation may exceed 103.0° F. in normal, healthy infants (including mature newborn infants), in the absence of any evidence of acute infection. 3. Under 2 years of age there is no apparent correlation between age, sex, or color and the susceptibility to develop thermal fever. 4. Usually there is a lag phase of thirty-six or more hours from the onset of the atmospheric heat to the rise in body temperature. Similarly, the fever may not subside until twenty-four or more hours after the external temperatures have returned to normal levels. 5. Patients with diarrhea seem to develop fever sooner than normal orotherwise ill infants. It is suggested that additional alimentary salt may be beneficial in restoring the body temperature of infants with diarrhea to normal levels. 6. A pre-existing acute or chronic infection, especially of the respiratorytract, predisposes to the development of high fever upon exposure to sustained environmental heat. 7. In infants with congenital or acquired cerebral defect, there exists amarked tendency to the development of hyperpyretic states and to heat stroke. The temperature may rise to 109.0° F. and the mortality is high. 8. These fevers are exceptionally resistant to antipyretic measures once they become established. Consequently, prevention is the keystone of successful therapy.
Thermal boundary layer of a micropolar fluid at a stagnation point

Abstract The theory of micropolar fluids due to Eringen is used to formulate a set of boundary layer equations for the flow of an incompressible, constant density micropolar fluid in the vicinity of a two dimensional stagnation point. Numerical results are presented illustrating the description of the heat transfer characteristics and their dependence on the material parameters. The wall values of the thermal functions are tabulated for wide ranges of values of the material parameters and Prandtl numbers of the fluid.
Staging Encounters: Assessing the Performance of Context in Students’ Multimodal Writing

Abstract Acknowledging the nearly universal recognition of the significance of context to writing and writing assessment as well as the bedeviling nature of this vague term, this article sketches a theory of context that is at once appropriate to multimodal meaning-making and practicable for multimodal writing assessment. This theory, which insists that texts and contexts are mutually constitutive, reveals the ways in which multimodal texts perform contexts of production and reception. Using a student example, the article models how to assess the performance of context in students’ multimodal writing.
Fire and grazing influences on rates of riparian woody plant expansion along grassland streams.

Grasslands are threatened globally due to the expansion of woody plants. The few remaining headwater streams within tallgrass prairies are becoming more like typical forested streams due to rapid conversion of riparian zones from grassy to wooded. Forestation can alter stream hydrology and biogeochemistry. We estimated the rate of riparian woody plant expansion within a 30 m buffer zone surrounding the stream bed across whole watersheds at Konza Prairie Biological Station over 25 years from aerial photographs. Watersheds varied with respect to experimentally-controlled fire and bison grazing. Fire frequency, presence or absence of grazing bison, and the historical presence of woody vegetation prior to the study time period (a proxy for proximity of propagule sources) were used as independent variables to predict the rate of riparian woody plant expansion between 1985 and 2010. Water yield was estimated across these years for a subset of watersheds. Riparian woody encroachment rates increased as burning became less frequent than every two years. However, a higher fire frequency (1–2 years) did not reverse riparian woody encroachment regardless of whether woody vegetation was present or not before burning regimes were initiated. Although riparian woody vegetation cover increased over time, annual total precipitation and average annual temperature were variable. So, water yield over 4 watersheds under differing burn frequencies was quite variable and with no statistically significant detected temporal trends. Overall, burning regimes with a frequency of every 1–2 years will slow the conversion of tallgrass prairie stream ecosystems to forested ones, yet over long time periods, riparian woody plant encroachment may not be prevented by fire alone, regardless of fire frequency.
Cowboy Chautauqua: An account of its origins in central Texas, 1885–1890

The Chautauqua movement played a vital role in the history of oral interpretation; many isolated areas of the country were introduced to “elocution” through Chautauqua programs. This study traces the development of Chautauqua in central Texas, focusing particularly on the orators and elocutionists who were part of that development. The research is based extensively on historical record, mainly central Texas newspapers published from 1870–1890, and Chautauqua brochures of the period.
Fluorescence emission and anisotropy from rhodamine dimers

The absorption, fluorescence emission, and excitation fluorescence anisotropy spectra of a rhodamine dye in a water-glycerol solution at high concentration were investigated to determine spectroscopic properties of the ground state dimer. The combination of data from these spectra measured at several dye concentrations contained sufficient constraints on the model for dimer association to permit an estimate of: the association constant, the extinction coefficients, the relative fluorescence quantum yield, and the emission spectra of the monomeric and dimeric species. The rhodamine dimer is an efficient fluorescence emitter with fluorescence anisotropy equivalent to that of the pure monomeric species over the range of excitation wavelengths covering its two lowest energy transitions.
The dynamics of specific and diffuse support for the U.S. Supreme Court: A panel study

Abstract Prior inconsistencies in studies regarding specific and diffuse support for the U.S. Supreme Court have largely resulted from confusing two related yet distinct concepts: the level of diffuse support at a given moment, and change in the level of diffuse support over time. The results of a panel study show that specific support is related to both concepts but in different ways. Overall approval of the Supreme Court positively influences the level of diffuse support at a given moment. However, an individual's reaction to a particular Court decision is mediated by pre-existing ideological tension between the individual and the Court, and can cause a sudden change in that individual's diffuse support level. Post-stimulus diffuse support regeneration within an individual is related to support for democratic norms, awareness of the Court, and satisfaction with other governmental institutions.
High-speed rotor dynamics - An assessment of current technology for small turboshaft engines

An extensive study was made to determine current needs for research in rotor dynamics to solve problems encountered in small high-speed turboshaft engines for helicopter and aircraft propulsion. The purpose of this paper is to report the state-of-the-art for this area as completely and concisely as possible. The present and past philosophy of rotor-bearing system design including the impact of the demand for front drives, is discussed. Methods for critical speed prediction and high-speed balancing are reviewed. The trend to higher speeds is seen to require consideration of new approaches to balancing through flexural modes. The major parameters available for control by the designer are shown to be the bearing support properties, and recommendations are made for improving the accuracy of prediction of these properties. Nonsynchronous excitation is categorized according to the mechanisms producing the forces, and a need is shown for better methods to identify the resulting whirling and vibration, since several of these motions are potentially unstable. Finally, reasons are given for the predominant use of rolling-element bearings in these engines, and the potential for special applications of oil-film and gas bearings is discussed.
Wavy and rough cracks in silicon.

Single-crystal silicon exhibits a strong preference to cleave along a few certain planes, but in experiments we observe wavy cracks with almost no evidence of a preferred fracture direction. Furthermore, we find that the fracture surface is an anisotropic and self-affine fractal over five decades in length scale in the direction of the crack with a roughness exponent of 0.78. In our experiments a 1- 4 cm wide strip of single-crystal silicon is heated to 378 °C and lowered into a 20 °C water bath at speeds of 0.2-5 cm/s. The thermal gradient produces cracks that, depending on the speed, are straight, wavy with amplitude 0.1-0.5 cm and wavelength 0.3-1 cm, or multibranched. The transition from one mode of fracture to another is discontinuous and hysteretic. As safety margins in engineering are abbreviated in the quest for ever lighter and smaller devices, failure due to frac- ture is an increasing problem. The manufacturing of micro- electromechanical and microfluidic devices from silicon is a case in point: the drive to miniaturization is on a collision course with the mechanical limits of silicon. Yet, fracture in single crystals is poorly understood in comparison with frac- ture in isotropic materials. In particular, there is no consensus on the path selection criterion for quasistatic cracks in crys- tals. We present experimental results on crack path selection and fracture surface roughness in single-crystal silicon. Our experiments are based on the technique developed by Yuse and Sano @1#, who showed that the shape of the crack pro- duced when a heated strip of glass is lowered into a cold water bath undergoes a transition from straight to wavy as the dipping rate increases. A comparison of theory @2-4 # and the results from that experiment and others @ 4-8 # provides a compelling case for the ''principle of local symmetry'' @9#, which posits that slow cracks advance such that the shear stress at and parallel to the crack tip vanishes. For our experiments we used ^100& single-crystal silicon wafers, which are known to cleave easily and exclusively along the ^110& direction. We expected that the anisotropic surface energy of silicon would prevent the wavy fracture mode or at least make the oscillations jagged. Instead, we found that there is a transition from straight to wavy cracks @10#, that the wavy crack appears smooth to the eye, and that the anisotropy only delays the transition. We also found that the new surface made by wavy cracks is free of facets on all scales above the 10 nm limit of our resolution. Furthermore, even though silicon wafers come moderately close to crys- talline perfection, we find that the fracture surface is self- affine and has a roughness exponent equal to that seen in highly heterogeneous materials.
Mow-plow crop residue management influence on soil erosion in north-central Oregon

Soil loss from dryland farms on the Columbia Plateau in Oregon and Washington (USA) results primarily from rain falling on frozen, cultivated soil. Soils are most susceptible to erosion when moldboard plowed, summer-fallowed, repeatedly rodweeded or cultivated, and fall planted to winter-wheat. These tillage practices are used because they help control weed and disease infestations and consistently produce good crops. Unfortunately, they also destroy soil structure and lead to considerable soil loss by water erosion. Conservation-tillage-practices have not been widely accepted because of associated weed and disease problems. A new conservation system using crop residue management, the mow-plow system, has shown promise for weed control. The moldboard plow is the primary tillage tool, but standing crop residue is cut ahead of the plow and distributed onto the adjacent plowed surface. The system requires a single pass of the equipment. We evaluated runoff and erosion responses in two levels of residue application in the mow-plow (L23% and H36% cover), traditional moldboard plow, and chisel plow winter-wheat/summer-fallow systems near Pendleton, OR, USA. Following extended periods of subfreezing air and soil temperatures, we simulated rainfall at 9, 13, and 19 mm h ˇ1 and collected runoff to evaluate water and soil loss as the soil thawed. Runoff was not significantly different among treatments. For each of the three rainfall intensities, the chisel plow treatment provided the best protection against soil erosion at 0.11, 0.39, and 0.95 Mg ha ˇ1 h ˇ1 , followed closely by the mow-plow (H) 0.26, 0.55, and 0.90 Mg ha ˇ1 h ˇ1 . The moldboard plow treatment was the least effective treatment for erosion control (0.57, 1.38, and 3.76 Mg ha ˇ1 h ˇ1 ). The erosion response from the mow-plow (L) treatment was variable and not statistically different from the moldboard plow treatment (0.33, 2.49, and 1.71 Mg ha ˇ1 h ˇ1 ). These results demonstrate the importance of maintaining cover on the soil surface. The mow-plow system, where adequate straw residue is available, is superior to moldboard plow system for soil conservation. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Appearance-model-based representation and matching of 3-D objects

A model-based technique is presented for recognizing 3-D objects using a novel object representation and a novel generic matching engine. Each object to be recognized is defined by an appearance model (AM) describing the expected appearances of the object over a range of aspects in a specific type of imagery. The AMs for all the objects to be recognized are organized in an AM hierarchy (AMH) defining object classes. This AMH, together with an image event extracted from the input imagery and primitives obtained by decomposing the event, constitute the input to the matching engine. This engine determines which object in the AMH most likely corresponds to the event and its primitives. The approach described is at the heart of an automatic target recognition system built by the authors. >
Die Debatte um Netzneutralität und Quality of Service

Unter Netzneutralitat konnen Netzanbieter und Netznutzer durchaus Verschiedenes verstehen und dann aneinander vorbeireden. Dazu zwei Beispiele: Wahrend der ersten Olkrise in den 70er Jahren hies es, die Franzosen als Freunde der Araber wurden von ihnen niedrigere Preise erwarten als von weniger befreundeten Landern – und waren doch uberrascht, als die Araber von eben ihren Freunden ganz im Gegenteil erwarteten, sie wurden mehr zahlen. Zweites Beispiel: 2006 warf der damalige AT&T Chef Whittacre Google vor, es erhalte den Zugang zu den Internet-Kunden umsonst und bereichere sich zu Lasten der Netzbetreiber.
Policy Preference Formation in Legislative Politics: Structures, Actors, and Focal Points

This article introduces a model of policy preference formation in legislative politics. Emphasizing a dynamic relationship between structure, agent, and decision-making process, it ties the question of policy choice to the dimensionality of the normative and cognitive political space and the strategic actions of parliamentary agenda setters. The model proposes that structural factors, such as ideology, shape policy preferences to the extent that legislative actors successfully link them to specific policy proposals through the strategic provision of focal points. These ideas or images shift attention toward particular aspects of a legislative proposal, thus shaping the dominant interpretation of its content and consequences. This interpretation affects both individual-level policy preferences and policy outcomes. The propositions of the focal-point model are tested empirically in a detailed examination of European Union legislation on cross-border takeover bids, using both qualitative and quantitative methods.
Relation of obesity to consummatory and anticipatory food reward

This report reviews findings from studies that have investigated whether abnormalities in reward from food intake and anticipated food intake increase risk for obesity. Self-report and behavioral data suggest that obese relative to lean individuals show elevated anticipatory and consummatory food reward. Brain imaging studies suggest that obese relative to lean individuals show greater activation of the gustatory cortex (insula/frontal operculum) and oral somatosensory regions (parietal operculum and Rolandic operculum) in response to anticipated intake and consumption of palatable foods. Yet, data also suggest that obese relative to lean individuals show less activation in the dorsal striatum in response to consumption of palatable foods and reduced striatal D2 dopamine receptor density. Emerging prospective data also suggest that abnormal activation in these brain regions increases risk for future weight gain and that genotypes associated with lowered dopamine signaling amplify these predictive effects. Results imply that individuals who show greater activation in the gustatory cortex and somatosensory regions in response to anticipation and consumption of food, but who show weaker activation in the striatum during food intake, may be at risk for overeating, particularly those at genetic risk for lowered dopamine receptor signaling.
Revisiting Arabic diglossic switching in light of the MLF model and its sub-models: the 4-M model and the Abstract Level model

The goal of this paper is twofold. First, I wish to discuss two sets of problematic cases that arose when I applied Myers-Scotton's (1993) Matrix Language Frame model of codeswitching to Arabic diglossic switching (Boussofara-Omar, 1999). The first set involves the co-occurrence of system morphemes from both varieties of Arabic within a single CP. The second set concerns CPs in which the word order is that of the dialect but the system morphemes are from Standard Arabic, and CPs in which clashes occur between the subcategorization restrictions of the two varieties of Arabic participating in diglossic switching. The Matrix Language Frame model neither predicts nor offers explanations for either case. Second, in an effort to provide an explanation to their occurrence, I revisit the same problematic sets in light of Myers-Scotton's sub-models: the 4-M model and the Abstract Level model (Myers-Scotton and Jake, 2000, 2001), the latest refined version of the MLF model.
Geostationary Microwave Sounders: Science, Applications and the Geostar Instrument Concept

Microwave atmospheric sounders have long provided some of the most imporant data for use in numerical weather prediction (NWP) and have played an important role in atmospheric weather and climate research. With 7 US satellites now carrying such sensors, we are in a 'golden age' of microwave remote sensing of the atmosphere. However, as this fleet ages and is replaced by a smaller number of new sensors in the coming yars, the main shortcoming of sensors in low Earth orbit -i.e. poor spacial and temporal converage and sampling - will become more apparent. Placing such sensors on geostationary satellites, enabling time-continuous views of large portions of the Earth disc, would solve this problem. but the GEO orbit is approximately 40 times higher than a typical LEO orbit, which requires antenna apertures also about 40 times larger than for LEO systems to maintain spatial resolution, and it has not been feasible to develop such systems. Recently, a solution to this problem has appeared in the form of aperture synthesis.
Package Electrical Testing

Electronic packages provide a means for interconnecting, powering, cooling, and protecting integrated-circuit (IC) chips. This is made possible through interconnections that provide a connection between active devices, such as integrated-circuit chips or to other discrete components, mounted on the package. Because semiconductor chips are expensive, a testing scheme is necessary to ensure the integrity and performance of all the package interconnection paths. This is a two-step process: final testing of the interconnection paths prior to attachment of the active devices (dies or chips) and subsequent testing of the assembled package. In this chapter, an integrated circuit in its barest form (wafer after dicing) is called a die and when it’s ready to be packaged is called a chip.
Photo-Assisted MOVPE Growth of ZnMgS on (100) Si

Abstract : This paper presents for the first time photo-assisted Metalorganic vapor phase epitaxial (MOVPE) growth of ZnMgS on Si (100) substrates. The growth was done using dimethylzinc (DMZn), bismethylcyclo-pentadienyl-magnesium ((MeCP)2Mg), and diethylsulfhide (DES) as zinc, magnesium, and sulfur precursors. Epitaxial characterization by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and low - angle X-ray Diffraction (XRD) results are presented. Mg solid phase incorporation is estimated to vary from 0 to 60 percent. The epitaxial nature of the ZnMgS layers has been verified using the low-angle X-ray diffraction eliminating any interference from the Si substrate. It can be shown with this technique that the change in the ZnMgS peak position changes from 27.35 degrees to 26.5 degrees with an increase in Mg incorporation, compared with a Si control sample peak at 27.4 degrees. XRD results obtained have been verified with XPS data. Chlorine doping of the ZnMgS layer was also studied. Concentrations up to 3 x 10(exp 13)/cu cm were observed in the ZnMgS layer. Results of the n (ZnMgS:Cl) - p (Si) diodes fabricated are also presented.
Programming with transactional coherence and consistency (TCC)

Transactional Coherence and Consistency (TCC) offers a way to simplify parallel programming by executing all code within transactions. In TCC systems, transactions serve as the fundamental unit of parallel work, communication and coherence. As each transaction completes, it writes all of its newly produced state to shared memory atomically, while restarting other processors that have speculatively read stale data. With this mechanism, a TCC-based system automatically handles data synchronization correctly, without programmer intervention. To gain the benefits of TCC, programs must be decomposed into transactions. We describe two basic programming language constructs for decomposing programs into transactions, a loop conversion syntax and a general transaction-forking mechanism. With these constructs, writing correct parallel programs requires only small, incremental changes to correct sequential programs. The performance of these programs may then easily be optimized, based on feedback from real program execution, using a few simple techniques.
Consolidation and Sedimentation-Compression Studies of a Calcareous Core, Exuma Sound, Bahamas

SUMMARY A comparison is made between the void ratio and pressure relationships resulting from a laboratory consolidation test and a sedimentation-compression computation on a short core of calcareous mud or ooze of low plasticity. Geo-technical measurements of grain size, bulk density, Atterberg limits, water content, vane shear strength, pore-water salinity, and carbonate content are graphically related to depth in the core. Results of the laboratory consolidation test on this material differ markedly from the in-place relationship between void ratio, or water content, and the effective overburden pressure, or burial depth, shown by the sedimentation-compression curve. The previous maximum consolidation pressure, based on laboratory consolidation test data, is about 60 times greater than the computed in-place effective overburden pressure. An explanation for this difference would include the different magnitudes of time available for consolidation, cementation occurring in-place, and orientation of the constituents. It is suggested that results of the consolidation test on carbonate muds or oozes should be interpreted with caution for geological and engineering purposes.
Communication and Teamwork in Patient Care: How Much Can We Learn From Aviation?

Objective To identify evidence on the role of assertiveness and teamwork and the application of aviation industry techniques to improve patient safety for inpatient obstetric care. Data sources Studies limited to research with humans in English language retrieved from CINAHL, PubMed, Social Science Abstracts, and Social Sciences Citation Index, and references from reviewed articles. Study selection A total of 13 studies were reviewed, including 5 studies of teamwork, communication, and safety attitudes in aviation; 2 studies comparing these factors in aviation and health care; and 6 studies of assertive behavior and decision making by nurses. Studies lacking methodological rigor or focusing on medication errors and deviant behavior were excluded. Data synthesis Pilot attitudes regarding interpersonal interaction on the flight deck predicted effective performance and were amenable to behavior‐based training to improve team performance. Nursing knowledge was inconsistently accessed in decision making. Findings regarding nurse assertiveness were mixed. Conclusions Adaptation of training concepts and safety methods from other fields will have limited impact on perinatal safety without an examination of the contextual experiences of nurses and other health care providers in working to prevent patient harm.
Binding of STIL to Plk4 activates kinase activity to promote centriole assembly.

Centriole duplication occurs once per cell cycle in order to maintain control of centrosome number and ensure genome integrity. Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) is a master regulator of centriole biogenesis, but how its activity is regulated to control centriole assembly is unclear. Here we used gene editing in human cells to create a chemical genetic system in which endogenous Plk4 can be specifically inhibited using a cell-permeable ATP analogue. Using this system, we demonstrate that STIL localization to the centriole requires continued Plk4 activity. Most importantly, we show that direct binding of STIL activates Plk4 by promoting self-phosphorylation of the activation loop of the kinase. Plk4 subsequently phosphorylates STIL to promote centriole assembly in two steps. First, Plk4 activity promotes the recruitment of STIL to the centriole. Second, Plk4 primes the direct binding of STIL to the C terminus of SAS6. Our findings uncover a molecular basis for the timing of Plk4 activation through the cell cycle–regulated accumulation of STIL.
Elevation Dependent Model for Estimating Annual Runoff

Two procedures are developed for decomposing runoff into components corresponding to different elevations. In the first method, the individual proportions of area in each band are regressed against the respective basin runoffs for each year to determine coefficients that represent the runoff contribution from each elevation band. Applying the principles of ridge regression analysis to this model yields stable estimates. The second procedure is an extension of the first which develops a functional relationship between the elevation variable and runoff. The two procedures have been tested on 23 yrs of annual runoff from eight drainages in the upper Green River Basin of the Wind River Range. The procedures give hydrologically interpretable results and are useful in modeling a drainage. The procedures are applicable for estimation of annual runoff for ungaged drainages and at stations where gaging has been discontinued.
Investigation of Knowledge and Perception of Tuberculosis Among Hispanics in Utah County, Utah

This study aimed to assess extent of knowledge and perceptions of TB within the growing Hispanic community of Utah County, Utah, and the need for focused community educational intervention within that demographic. A mixed-method approach was used and included a survey of 166 adult males and females, and two focus groups with Hispanic women. TB was better known for its ability to kill (92.8 %) than for being contagious (64.5 %); while most knew that TB mainly affects the lungs (77.7 %) and is spread through coughing (75.3 %). Few believed that overcrowded living conditions were a risk factor for TB (30.1 %). Many believed that TB could be cured with medicine (75.3 %). And 65.7 % reported they had been tested for TB, and 7 % had been told by a doctor they had TB. Focus group data showed while most had knowledge of major TB symptoms, some had key misperceptions about disease transmission, testing, TB vaccine, and various protective factors. Enhanced education and dissemination of information on TB, to include an emphasis on symptoms, testing, and treatment within this demographic is recommended. A culturally-appropriate intervention should utilize a participatory approach, to include the local health department in partnership with various Hispanic community-based organizations.
Mesocosm and macrocosm experiments to examine effects of mowing emergent vegetation on wetland invertebrates

Although mesocosm experiments are often used as alternatives to larger-scale experimental designs, few studies have compared the results obtained in experiments conducted at different scales. This study compares results of mesocosm and macrocosm experiments examining the responses of aquatic invertebrate communities to mowing of the emergent vegetation. In both experiments, 50% of the vegetation in stands of pickleweed, Salicornia virginica L., was mowed, which created open water and vegetated sections within the mowed treatment areas. Invertebrates were sampled epiphytically and benthically in the open water and vegetated sections in mowed treatment areas and in unmanipulated control areas. Epiphytic and benthic densities of many invertebrates were higher in vegetated sections in mowed treatment areas than in control areas. Epiphytic invertebrate densities in open water sections of mowed treatment areas were always lower than control areas. However, benthic invertebrate densities show a mixed response; densities of some species were lower in open water sections, whereas densities of other species were lower in control areas. Overall epiphytic invertebrate densities in mowed treatment areas (combining vegetated and open water densities) and control densities also showed a mixed response. Overall benthic densities were always higher in mowed treatment areas. The results in both experiments were similar and demonstrate that mesocosm experiments can predict results obtained from larger-scale experiments. Because densities of many invertebrate taxa that are consumed by waterfowl were higher in mowed areas and mosquito densities were lower in these areas, mowing can be a useful management technique in wetland habitats.
Anisotropic Helmholtz Equations: Frequency Domain VTI/TTI Modeling Via a Massively Parallel Structured Direct Helmholtz Solver

We consider the discretization and approximate solution of inhomogeneous anisotropic ‘Helmholtz’ equations in 3D. The anisotropy comprises general (tilted) TI symmetries. In particular, we are concerned with solving these equations on a large domain, for a large number of different sources. We make use of a nested dissection based domain decomposition in a massively parallel multifrontal solver combined with Hierarchically SemiSeparable (HSS) matrix compression. The anisotropy requires the introduction of separators with variable thickness in the nested dissection; the development of these and their integration with the multifrontal solver is the main topic of this abstract.
Analysing Fair Procedure in the Society by the Rule of Law

Justice is the greatest value which law pursues and means some equality from beginning to end.The form of justice is not only reflected in the justice entity.The procedure of justice is also the expression of justice,the presupposition and guarantee to complete justice of entity.The value function of procedure justice can play a promoting role in China's society by the rule of law.
Study on the Training of the Biotechnological Applied Talents with High Skills

It is the important way of training talents needed by enterprises for universities to apply the pattern of the integration of production,teaching and research to train the applied talents with high skills.General universities should begin with the social demand,and reform the training target,curriculum system,teaching pattern,construction of teaching base and teaching staff in order to achieve this goal.
Fulfilling the Promise of "Biased" G Protein–Coupled Receptor Agonism

The fact that over 30% of current pharmaceuticals target heptahelical G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) attests to their tractability as drug targets. Although GPCR drug development has traditionally focused on conventional agonists and antagonists, the growing appreciation that GPCRs mediate physiologically relevant effects via both G protein and non–G protein effectors has prompted the search for ligands that can "bias" downstream signaling in favor of one or the other process. Biased ligands are novel entities with distinct signaling profiles dictated by ligand structure, and the potential prospect of biased ligands as better drugs has been pleonastically proclaimed. Indeed, preclinical proof-of-concept studies have demonstrated that both G protein and arrestin pathway-selective ligands can promote beneficial effects in vivo while simultaneously antagonizing deleterious ones. But along with opportunity comes added complexity and new challenges for drug discovery. If ligands can be biased, then ligand classification becomes assay dependent, and more nuanced screening approaches are needed to capture ligand efficacy across several dimensions of signaling. Moreover, because the signaling repertoire of biased ligands differs from that of the native agonist, unpredicted responses may arise in vivo as these unbalanced signals propagate. For any given GPCR target, establishing a framework relating in vitro efficacy to in vivo biologic response is crucial to biased drug discovery. This review discusses approaches to describing ligand efficacy in vitro, translating ligand bias into biologic response, and developing a systems-level understanding of biased agonism in vivo, with the overall goal of overcoming current barriers to developing biased GPCR therapeutics.
Renal Transplantation in End Stage Renal Disease Patients with Existing Urinary Diversion

AbstractFrom 1971 to 1984 renal transplantation was performed in 20 patients with end stage renal disease who presented with an existing form of urinary diversion. These patients were evaluated with a cystometrogram, voiding cystourethrogram and cystoscopy. In some cases bladder function was studied further by cycling through a suprapubically placed catheter.The bladder was considered unstable in 13 patients and undiversion was done at transplantation. The period of prior diversion ranged from 3 to 20 years (mean 12.7 years). There were no surgical complications postoperatively and normal bladder function returned in all patients. Currently, 8 patients have a functioning renal allograft 16 months to 9 years after transplantation (mean 4.2 years).Seven patients were considered to have a nonusable bladder owing to severe neurogenic disease or refractory contracture. In these patients transplantation was done into a pre-fashioned intestinal conduit (5) or cutaneous ureterostomy (2). Currently, 4 patients hav...