cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser interaction with SiCr thin film resistors: "the bubble theory"

This paper introduces a theoretical model to qualitatively describe the mechanisms involved during laser trimming of SiCr thin film resistors. The model was developed to address the problems encountered when trying to cut these resistors. It is based upon the physical laws of laser-matter interaction and extrapolates them to the confines of a thin film resistor. This was achieved with planar TEM images of the laser cut thin film resistors to provide support for the theory. With this model it was then possible to recommend and implement solutions about the design of the SiCr thin film in order to enhance its capabilities as a potential laser trim tab or thin film fuse.
Microbial contamination of hematopoietic progenitor and other regenerative cells used in transplantation and regenerative medicine

Background Microbial contamination of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and other regenerative cells used in transplantation and regenerative medicine can occur during collection and after in vitro manipulation, including purging, cryopreservation, thawing, and infusion. Study Design And Methods Microbiologic culture findings on consecutive HPCs and other cell preparations at a single institution derived from peripheral blood, marrow, cord blood, and mesenchymal stromal cells during all phases of manipulation were retrospectively examined from 2005 through 2011. Results were classified as confirmed positive, false positive, and indeterminate. Results During the 6-year surveillance period, 365 patients underwent 912 procedures involving HPC or other cell-based transfusion. True positive microbial contamination was found in five of 663 (0.8%) peripheral blood and two of 34 (5.9%) marrow preparations (p = 0.04), while no contamination was found in 118 preparations from other sources. True-positive microbial contaminants included coagulase-negative staphylococci in autologous HPC products derived from peripheral blood from two patients with asymptomatic central venous catheter infections at time of apheresis and Propionibacterium acnes in one apheresis and two marrow products. Organism loads were low in all cases (≤500 colony-forming units/mL), and no adverse sequelae occurred in four patients that received contaminated products. Conclusion The incidence of microbial contamination of progenitor cell products in our institution over a 6-year period was low (0.8% overall), with contaminants originating from infected central venous catheters or from skin flora. All contaminants were bacterial species of low virulence, present in low titers and, if transfused, did not result in adverse reactions.
Anaerobic Sludge Digestion

Conversion of the organic material in solid wastes to methane-containing gases can be accomplished in a number of ways, including hydrogasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. Hydrogasification is usually associated with the conversion of petrochemical raw materials. Although the process has been tried with solid wastes, it is not well defined and therefore is not considered in this book. The production of methane from solid wastes by pyrolysis has been considered previously. The production of methane from solid wastes by anaerobic digestion, or anaerobic fermentation as it is often called, is described in the following discussion.
Teachers Perceptions of One State's Alternate Assessment: Implications for Practice and Preparation

In the current study, 206 special education teachers in Kentucky completed a one-page survey examining the amount of time and effort required on that state's alternate assessment. Additional questions on the survey addressed teaching experience, score, student involvement, and other factors relating to the Alternate Portfolio. The results of this research revealed that teachers spend a significant number of hours outside of class time completing one portfolio. However, teacher hours are only minimally related to students' scores on the portfolio. Instead, instructional variables (student involvement, extent to which portfolio items are embedded into instruction, and teacher's perceived benefit of the portfolio to the student) are strongly related to student scores. Finally, we present implications of these findings for practice and teacher preparation.
Activities of two dissimilar thioredoxins from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120.

Thioredoxin is a small redox protein that functions as a reducing agent and modulator of enzyme activity. A gene for an unusual thioredoxin was previously isolated from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 and cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. However, the protein could not be detected in Anabaena cells (J. Alam, S. Curtis, F. K. Gleason, M. Gerami-Nejad, and J. A. Fuchs, J. Bacteriol. 171:162-171, 1989). Polyclonal antibodies to the atypical thioredoxin were prepared, and the protein was detected by Western immunoblotting. It occurs at very low levels in extracts of Anabaena sp. and other cyanobacteria. No antibody cross-reaction was observed in extracts of eukaryotic algae, plants, or eubacteria. The anti-Anabaena thioredoxin antibodies did react with another unusual thioredoxin-glutaredoxin produced by bacteriophage T4. Like the T4 protein and other glutaredoxins, the unusual cyanobacterial thioredoxin can be reduced by glutathione. The Anabaena protein can also activate enzymes of carbon metabolism and has some functional similarity to spinach chloroplast thioredoxin f. However, it shows only 23% amino acid sequence identity to the spinach chloroplast protein and appears to be distantly related to other thioredoxins. The data indicate that cyanobacteria, like plant chloroplasts, have two dissimilar thioredoxins. One is related to the more common protein found in other prokaryotes, and the other is an unusual thioredoxin that can be reduced by glutathione and may function in glucose catabolism. Images
Metal Stents and Biliary Obstruction Secondary to Lymphoma: A Tale of Caution

We read with great interest the recent article by Ross et al. [1] reporting one cancer center’s experience with the treatment of obstructive jaundice in patients with lymphoma. This article describes outcomes for 35 patients who underwent biliary decompression endoscopically or percutaneously; biliary stents were placed in 43 of the 50 ERCP’s completed, and all but four of these stents were plastic. As quoted by Ross et al. [1], the need for a permanent metal stent in cases of biliary obstruction secondary to lymphoma is less prevalent given the increased chemoresponsiveness of many lymphomas when compared to other more refractory types of malignant biliary obstruction. The authors conclude that metal stents should be reserved for patients with lymphomas refractory to treatment who are expected to live more than 6 months. Based on experiences at our institution, we fully agree with the placement of plastic biliary stents for obstructive lymphomas, but would also urge more caution when considering uncovered metal stent placement in these cases, given the potential complications which can ensue due to the difficult (if not impossible) removal of such stents. We have two cases that illustrate this point.
Explicit design equations for an active distributed RC network

Explicit design and sensitivity equations are given for an active distributed RC network. This network is used to approximate a low-pass transfer function with a pair of complex poles. The expression for the transient response shows that the dominant poles alone yield a good approximation.
Fossil ice-wedge polygons in the Colorado Front Range: Origin and significance

Polygonal patterned ground in a tundra valley near Sawtooth Peak, Boulder County, Colorado, is unique in the Front Range because of its large size and its resemblance to fossil ice-wedge polygons. The polygons occur in a terminal moraine of latest Pinedale age (about 15,000 to 10,000 B.P.), at an altitude of 3,390 m. They range from 10 to 25 m in diameter and are outlined by shallow, vegetated troughs that show no surface indication of sorting. The polygonal ground pattern is attributed to thermal contraction cracking and ice-wedge formation during a late Pinedale or early Holocene cold interval in which permafrost existed at least 350 m below its present lower altitudinal limit. Frost-sorted rubble accumulated in troughs above the melting ice wedges; evidence of sorting, however, is concealed by humus-rich loessal or slope-wash sediments that bury the stones and fill interstices between them to form wedges of silty material as deep as 1.0 m. Organic matter in the humus-rich silt is believed to have eroded from an Altithermal A1 horizon during early Neoglaciation; radiocarbon dates of 5750 ± 110 and 5765 ± B.P. apply to formation of the Altithermal soil and are maximum ages for its erosion and redeposition, but they have no bearing on the time of patterned ground formation. Stones in the polygon borders have experienced no important frost sorting since the close of the Triple Lakes stade of Neoglaciation, which ended prior to 2855 ± 90 B.P. in the Sawtooth valley.
Survival Analysis With Quantile Regression Models

Quantile regression offers great flexibility in assessing covariate effects on event times, thereby attracting considerable interests in its applications in survival analysis. But currently available methods often require stringent assumptions or complex algorithms. In this article we develop a new quantile regression approach for survival data subject to conditionally independent censoring. The proposed martingale-based estimating equations naturally lead to a simple algorithm that involves minimizations only of L1-type convex functions. We establish uniform consistency and weak convergence of the resultant estimators. We develop inferences accordingly, including hypothesis testing, second-stage inference, and model diagnostics. We evaluate the finite-sample performance of the proposed methods through extensive simulation studies. An analysis of a recent dialysis study illustrates the practical utility of our proposals.
Reversing Compiled Executables for Malware Analysis via Visualization

Reverse engineering-compiled executables is a task with a steep learning curve. It is complicated by the task of translating assembly into a series of abstractions that represent the overall flow of a program. Most of the steps involve finding interesting areas of an executable and determining their general functionality. This article presents a method using dynamic analysis of program execution to visually represent the general flow of a program. We use the Ether hypervisor framework to covertly monitor a program. The data are processed and presented for the reverse engineer. The VERA (Visualization of Executables for Reversing and Analysis) system specifically accelerates the location of the original entry point and understanding of overall executable functionality. Using this method, the amount of time needed to extract key features of an executable is greatly reduced, improving productivity. Two malware samples are used to demonstrate the advantages of using the VERA system to reverse engineer malware...
Impact of various plasma instabilities on reliability and performance of tokamak fusion devices

Abstract Plasma instability events such as disruptions, resulting runaway electrons, edge-localized modes (ELM), and vertical displacement events (VDE) are mainly the most limiting factor for successful tokamak reactor concept. The plasma-facing components (PFC), e.g., wall, divertor, and limited surfaces of a tokamak as well as coolant structure materials are subjected to intense particle and heat loads and must maintain a clean and stable surface environment between them and the core/edge plasma. This is critical to fusion device performance. Comprehensive research efforts are developed utilizing the HEIGHTS simulation package to study self-consistently various effects of high power transient on material operation/selection. The package consists of several models that integrate different stages of plasma–wall interactions starting from energy release at scrape-off-layer and up to the transport of the eroded debris and splashed wall materials as a result of the deposited energy. The integrated model predicts material loss, PFC lifetime from transients, and effects on core plasma performance. HEIGHTS initial simulation shows that a single event such as a major disruption, VDE, or runaway electron could severely damage the reactor wall and structural materials and disrupt operation for a significant time. HEIGHTS is used to identify safer operating window regimes and upper transient limits that PFC can withstand during various instabilities.
Sustainability and the engineering worldview

This paper explores what is included in the worldview of the modern engineer and how this compares to the concept of sustainability. Worldviews are important to humanity because they are interwoven throughout civilizations. Societies do not contain but one homogenous worldview, however, they do essentially contain a dominant worldview characterized by the collection of values, beliefs, habits, and norms. This dominant worldview forms the frame of reference for a collectivity of people, such as a nation or culture. In this paper, we attempt to articulate modern worldviews, the contemporary engineering worldview, and the sustainability worldview. We use the concept of worldviews to address the compatibility of sustainability and engineering. Our synthesis suggests that the two ideologies are misaligned and incompatible in many respects. We suggest that for sustainability to gain prominence within an engineering context, engineers and engineering educators must first become conscious of these inconsistencies. Through the philosophical synthesis presented in this paper, it is our goal to begin rethinking how we educate engineering students about engineering and sustainability.
Turnover of ribosomal RNA in cells in culture

Summary BALB/c 3T3 cells have been used to study the turnover of ribosomal RNA. It has been found that as the cells become confluent there ensues a stochastic degradation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which had been isotopically labeled by exposure of the cells to methyl-labeled methionine during the growth phase of the cultures. The rate of loss of label from the 18S RNA was slower than that from the 28S RNA when the RNA was fractionated by centrifugation in aqueous sucrose gradients, but not when the RNA was fractionated in dimethylsulfoxide-sucrose gradients. The RNA of sedimentation velocities intermediate to the 18S and 28S appears to arise from the 28S by a time-dependent chain cleavage. Results of studies with 3T3 cells labeled to equilibrium with 32 P show that there are at least two kinds of endonucleolytic chain scissions particularly in the 28S RNA: (1) Those which lead to fragmentation of the RNA on deproteinization of the ribosomes at room temperature; and (2) those which only appear when the isolated RNA is fractionated in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide. No significant difference in the level of such scissions could be established in RNA derived from native ribosomal subunits, monomeric ribosomes, or polysomes. Neither did the results support the conclusion that the endonucleolytic process which gives rise to these chain scissions was connected with the mechanism which results in the degradation of ribosomes in these cells at confluence.
Split-domain harmonic balance solutions to Burger's equation for large-amplitude disturbances

A new split-domain harmonic balance approach is presented. The split-domain approach combines the conventional multidomain harmonic balance approach with a split-operator technique in a unique way to solve periodic unsteady e ow problems efe ciently. The new technique is applied to Burger’ s equation to obtain solutions for two large-amplitude periodic boundary conditions— a single-frequency sine wave and a simulated wake function. Solutions containing strong moving discontinuities are obtained with Fourier series containing up to 48 frequencies for various grid densities. The split-domain harmonic balance solutions are compared with conventional time-accurate solutions. The differences between the two are found to be asymptotic with respect to the number of Fourierfrequenciesincluded.In addition, theharmonicbalanceapproachwasfound to besensitiveto grid density.
Microeconomic analysis of parallel markets

Abstract We examine the conditions under which estimating retail demand in planned economies via the relationship between parallel-market price and combined parallel- and official-market output is valid. We find that these conditions hold to differing extents for Soviet meat and milk.
Molecular Weight and Chain Length of Rabbit Reticulocyte rRNA

THE molecular weight of mammalian ribosomal RNA has been the subject of various studies. Estimates of molecular weight of RNA by sedimentation and viscosity from Jensen sarcoma1, liver2 and HeLa cell3 ribosomes are between 0.58 and 0.67 × 106 daltons for the small subunit and between 1.64 and 1.9 × 106 daltons for the large subunit. Estimates made by measuring the length of RNA molecules are 0.86 and 0.83 and 1.73 and 1.61 × 106 daltons for the small and large subunits of erythroblast and HeLa cell rRNA when compared with the length of Escherichia coli rRNA4. Estimates made by exonuclease digestion, when compared with E. coli RNA, give values of 0.4 and 0.8 × 106 daltons for the small and large subunits of HeLa cell rRNA5. I now present data which suggest that the RNA from rabbit reticulocytes consists of two main subunits of molecular weight 0.65 and 1.53 × 106 daltons and that in most conditions of isolation there is a small molecule of RNA associated in equimolar amounts with the large RNA subunit.
Virtual Duplex: Scaling Dense WLANS and Eliminating Contention Asymmetry

In this paper, we propose "Virtual Duplex, " a wireless architecture which, like Frequency Division Duplex (FDD), divides spectrum resources into two sub-bands. However, in contrast to FDD, both bands in Virtual Duplex are physically bidirectional, and transmissions are allocated to the bands according to whether they correspond to download or upload traffic. The "download data channel" carries data originating from the AP and that data's associated reversed-direction acknowledgements, and vice-versa for the "upload data channel." Thus, Virtual Duplex separates upload and download traffic at the link layer so that MAC layer Data-ACK handshakes are allocated into one of the two (physical) independent and asynchronous bi-directional channels. The spectrum division can be equal (as is typical with FDD) or weighted with a configurable bandwidth allocated to each channel to guarantee a spectrum share independent of client density. We show that the logical division and spectrum isolation between upload and download Data-ACK handshakes increases spectral efficiency, eliminates contention asymmetry and provides scalability to traffic asymmetry. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate that Virtual Duplex matches download vs. Upload throughput to demand ratio within 1% under any client density and traffic load. This matching capability offers unbounded download gains as congestion increases, minimizing and in some cases eliminating retransmissions and contention time.
Unilateral memory after binocular discrimination training: left hemisphere dominance in the chick?

Abstract After learning a pattern discrimination with both eyes open, chicks demonstrated good monocular retention when tested through the right, but not the left, eye. Since the avian optic nerves cross completely to the contralateral hemisphere, the results suggest that the left hemisphere of the chick brain was dominant for pattern discrimination and that memory for the discrimination was stored as ununilateral engram which was not available to the right hemisphere.
Fulminant Colitis and Toxic Megacolon

Toxic megacolon may be a complication of various forms of fulminant colitis. The high mortality associated with unattended toxic megacolon signifies the impor tance of early detection. The removal of potential pre cipitating factors, along with aggressive medical sup port, may prevent the need for surgical intervention. Treatment of patients with toxic megacolon should in clude immediate resuscitative measures, use of nasogas tric suction, and administration of antibiotic and intrave nous steroids. Vigorous replacement of fluid and blood to stabilize and maintain blood pressure and an ade quate central venous pressure is critical. A period of observation of 24 to 48 hours should be undertaken, during which time clinical assessment and serial radio graphs should be used to gauge improvement. If there is either deterioration or no improvement, surgery should be performed without delay.
Prognostic significance of gene-specific promoter hypermethylation in breast cancer patients

The association between promoter methylation status and survival was investigated in a large cohort of women with breast cancer, participants in the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. Archived tumor tissues (n = 839) were collected from women diagnosed with a first primary invasive or in situ breast cancer in 1996-1997. Vital status was followed through the end of 2005 with a mean follow-up time of 8 years. Promoter methylation of eight breast cancer-related genes was assessed by Methy- Light. The frequencies of methylation for HIN1, RASSF1A, DAPK1, GSTP1, CyclinD2, TWIST, CDH1 and RARb were 62.9, 85.2, 14.1, 27.8, 19.6, 15.3, 5.8 and 27.6%, respec- tively. Since survival rates of in situ and invasive breast cancers are substantially different, survival analyses were conducted within 670 invasive cases with complete data on all genes. Age-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models revealed that GSTP1, TWIST and RARb methylation was significantly associated with higher breast cancer-specific mortality. Methylation of GSTP1 and RARb was signifi- cantly associated with higher all-cause mortality. To investigate the relationship between the number of meth- ylated genes and breast cancer-specific mortality, we included previously published MethyLight data on p16 and APC methylation status. Breast cancer-specific mortality increased in a dose-dependent manner with increasing number of methylated genes (Ptrend = 0.002), although confidence intervals were wide. Our results suggest that promoter methylation, particularly for a panel of genes, has the potential to be used as a biomarker for predicting prognosis in breast cancer.
Operational life testing of power transistors switching unclamped inductive loads

This paper describes three types of high voltage power transistors that are in widespread use in the electronics industry today, and their susceptibility to reverse-biased second breakdown while switching unclamped inductive loads. It provides a brief explanation of the phenomenon of second breakdown in transistors under both forward-biased and reverse-biased conditions. It describes a stress circuit that has been developed to incorporate switching of unclamped inductive loads as an integral part of operational life testing. A case history incorporating this technique is presented for the 2SD1739 high voltage NPN bipolar power transistor.
Emotional distress and prenatal attachment in pregnancy after perinatal loss.

Purpose: To evaluate the association of previous perinatal loss with parents' levels of depressive symptoms, pregnancy-specific anxiety, and prenatal attachment in a subsequent pregnancy, and to determine whether higher levels of depressive symptoms and pregnancy-specific anxiety were associated with prenatal attachment. Design: A three-group comparative design was used to collect cross-sectional survey data. The sample consisted of 103 couples who were in the second trimester of pregnancy: 40 couples who had a perinatal loss in a previous pregnancy, 33 couples were pregnant for the first time, and 30 couples had a history of prior successful pregnancies. Methods: Structured questionnaires via in-person or telephone interviews were used to measure depressive symptoms, pregnancy-specific anxiety, and prenatal attachment. Findings: Couples with a history of perinatal loss had higher levels of depressive symptoms and pregnancy-specific anxiety than did couples with past successful pregnancies and no losses; mothers had higher levels of symptoms than did fathers in all groups. Couples with and without a history of perinatal loss did not differ in their level of prenatal attachment in the current pregnancy. Conclusions: These findings do not support the theory that depressive symptoms and pregnancy-specific anxiety affect subsequent parent-infant attachment in a pregnancy after perinatal loss. However, they do provide insight into the continuing influence of parents' previous loss experience on their depressive symptoms and pregnancy-specific anxiety in subsequent pregnancies. Families should be assessed to examine the potential long-term influence of emotional distress as a result of prior perinatal loss.
Ranking 37th — Measuring the Performance of the U.S. Health Care System

The U.S. health care system has been ranked 37th in the world. Drs. Christopher Murray and Julio Frenk ask why we spend so much to get so little.
Building semantic/ontological knowledge by text mining

People have long talked about having NLP systems employ semantic knowledge on a large scale. However, no-one has yet built a large ontology that was indeed practically useful for tasks such as question answering, machine translation, and information retrieval. Work on WordNet, a major contender, shows that it requires more content to realize its full potential, while efforts to use CYC show how hard it is to build general-purpose ontologies that can support NLP applications. In this talk I outline some recent efforts to automatically acquire knowledge that may be placed into terminological ontologies and used by NLP systems, and mention some problems in evaluating the quality of the results.
Orientations, ellipticities and nearest-neighbor correlations in rich clusters of galaxies

Abstract Using the Einstein Observatory data base, we have analyzed X-ray images of rich clusters of galaxies to determine the ellipticity of the images. The basic premise behind this analysis is that if “top-down” scenarios of supercluster/cluster formation hold, then clusters should “point” towards their nearest neighbor rich cluster, if the nearest-neighbor cluster is less than some specific distance away. Optical data hinted that such an effect existed as long as the cluster/nearest- neighbor separation was under about 25 Mpc (Hubble constant = 50 km/sec/Mpc). Our own analysis shows no such effect, which favors “bottom up” scenarios of galaxy/cluster formation.
Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Prematurely Born Children Treated With Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Infancy

OBJECTIVE: To compare the neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants treated with recombinant human erythropoietin with that of control infants. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 20 treated infants and 20 control infants who had completed randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of recombinant human erythropoietin as treatment for anemia of prematurity were followed for growth and developmental outcome in an intensive care nursery follow-up program. Infants were assessed by standard developmental tests. RESULTS: No differences were found between groups for neurologic outcome, cognitive outcome, or growth patterns. All infants treated with recombinant human erythropoietin were neurologically normal. The rate of cognitive deficits was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION: In this small sample we did not see differences in neurodevelopmental outcome between infants treated with recombinant human erythropoietin and control infants.
Growth and Dissolution of Gas Bubbles in Molten Boric Oxide

The dissolution of air, N/sub 2/, and O/sub 2/ bubbles in molten B/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was measured by injecting the gases directly into the melt at 550/sup 0/C and recording changes in bubble size with time. The shrinkage of air and N/sub 2/ bubbles followed a relatively simple equation for bubble dissolution, from which the diffusion coefficient of N/sub 2/ in molten B/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was calculated. Oxygen had a lower diffusion coefficient but a higher solubility than N/sub 2/; the rapid diffusion of O/sub 2/ from O/sub 2/ bubbles was accompanied by absorption of N/sub 2/ from the melt, which subsequently diffused from the bubble. Evidence for a strong decrease of O/sub 2/ solubility in B/sub 2/O/sub 3/ with increase of temperature was found, which, together with the high solubility, indicated strong chemical interaction of O/sub 2/ with molten B/sub 2/O/sub 3/.
Intratunnel versus extratunnel fixation of hamstring autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Purpose To determine which is more effective: intratunnel or extratunnel anterior cruciate ligament soft-tissue graft fixation. A secondary purpose was to determine whether groups displayed differing relations between objective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) grade and the timing of full weight bearing (FWB), jogging/running, and return to sports. The study hypotheses were that intratunnel fixation would display a greater percentage of normal or nearly normal objective IKDC grades and enable earlier FWB, return to jogging/running, and return to sports. Methods We performed a systematic review of prospective, Studies with Level I or II evidence published from 2000 to 2011 with at least 2 years' follow-up that used interference screw hamstring autograft fixation (intratunnel group) or button, staple, or post hamstring autograft fixation (extratunnel group) for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. We also compared IKDC grades; Tegner and Lysholm scores; instrumented anterior laxity and pivot-shift test findings; timing of FWB, jogging/running, and return to sports; and modified Coleman Methodology Scores. Results The groups showed comparable modified Coleman Methodology Scores, objective IKDC grades, Lysholm and Tegner scores, instrumented anterior laxity and pivot-shift test findings, and return-to-sports timing. The intratunnel group displayed earlier FWB and jogging/running; however, return-to-sports timing did not differ between groups. Early FWB and the percentage of patients with normal or nearly normal objective IKDC grades were directly related for the extratunnel group. Conclusions Patients who received intratunnel fixation were released earlier to FWB and jogging/running, supporting the study hypotheses. Groups did not differ in return-to-sports timing or objective IKDC grades, not supporting the study hypotheses. Early FWB in the extratunnel group was related to a greater percentage of patients having normal or nearly normal objective IKDC grades. Return-to-sports timing and having a normal objective IKDC grade were related in both groups; however, this relation was stronger with intratunnel fixation. Level of Evidence Level II, systematic review of Level I and II studies.
Rating of perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration during submaximal running

We examined whether the relation between of ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and exercise intensities associated with the lactate threshold (LT) and blood lactate concentrations (BLC) of 2.5 and 4.0 mM, established with an incremental protocol, held during 30-min treadmill run at constant velocity (V). RPE (11.6, 14.9, 16.8, 18.9), oxygen uptake (VO2) (3.2, 3.7, 3.9, 4.2 l.min-1), and V (168, 196, 215, 227 m.min-1) at LT, BLC of 2.5, and 4.0 mM and peak were determined for nine males during incremental exercise. Subjects then completed three 30-min runs at the V associated with LT and BLC of 2.5 and 4.0 mM, with RPE, VO2, and blood [HLa] determined every 5 min. After min 10 during the 30-min runs, RPE, VO2, and BLC were not significantly different from corresponding values observed during the incremental protocol. Regression equations predicting BLC from RPE were generated from results obtained during the incremental protocol. RPE values from the 30-min runs were used to predict BLC, and the measured BLC was used to validate the use of RPE as a predictor of BLC. Correlations ranged from r = 0.79 to r = 0.98 [total error (TE) ranged from 0.6-1.3 mM]. We conclude that RPE is a physiologically valid tool for prescribing exercise intensity when the intent is to use LT and/or BLC as the intensity criterion.
Distribution of Immatures and Monitoring of Adult Sweetpotato Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), in Peanut, Arachis hypogaea

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), attacking peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., in Georgia was identified as Strain B. Based on the Brooks-Dyar rule for geometric growth, four nymphal instars occurred on peanut. Average length and width (μm), respectively, for the instars were (mean ± SE): first, 207.8 ± 5.4, 120.9 ± 4.4; second, 314.9 ± 8.8, 194.0 ± 6.4; third, 442.6 ± 11.2,289.1 ± 8.0; and fourth, 619.3 ± 9.2, 428.7 ± 4.4. Few immatures were found on the terminal and second leaf of a lateral branch. They were most abundant on leaves 3, 4, and 5, and then numbers declined with an increase in leaf age. Immatures occurred on both upper and lower leaf surfaces. Immatures were equally distributed among the tetrafoliates of a peanut leaf, but their location on upper versus lower leaf surface varied over time. Yellow sticky traps placed in a horizontal position at ground level or at canopy level and with the sticky surface upward were most effective in capture of adult sweetpotato whiteflies. The number of immatures on peanut leaves was only weakly related to the number of adults captured in sticky traps 1 wk earlier.
Suppression of antidiuretic hormone secretion by clonidine in the anesthetized dog.

Suppression of antidiuretic hormone secretion by clonidine in the anesthetized dog. Studies were performed to determine the mechanism by which the antihypertensive agent clonidine increases urine flow (V). In 11 anesthetized, hydropenic dogs, i.v. administration of clonidine (30 µg/kg) increased arterial pressure from 128±4 to 142±3 mm Hg and slowed heart rate from 138±7 to 95±7 beats/min within 30 min of injection; blood pressure then fell to 121±5 mm Hg 30 to 60 min after injection, and 112±5 mm Hg in the next 30-min period. V increased from 0.36±0.09 to 0.93±0.13 ml/min and urine osmolality (U OSM ) decreased from 1378±140 to 488±82 mOsm/kg of H 2 O 30 to 60 min following injection (P C H 2 O . This increased V was not associated with increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or solute excretion, and occurred in acutely denervated kidneys and kidneys protected from the initial increase in arterial pressure by constriction of a suprarenal aortic clamp. By contrast, V, T C H 2 O and U OSM were not altered by clonidine administration in seven acutely hypophysectomized dogs receiving a constant infusion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (80 µU/kg/min), despite similar hemodynamic changes produced by the drug. The results suggest that clonidine increases V through inhibition of ADH release, possibly via an indirect pathway mediated by the drug's alpha-adrenergic effects on the circulation. Suppression de la secretion d'hormone antidiuretique par la clonidine chez le chien anesthesie. Ce travail a ete entrepris pour determiner le mecanisme par lequel la clonidine, agent hypotenseur, augmente le debit urinaire (V). Chez 11 chiens anesthesies, hydropeniques, la clonidine intraveineuse (30 µg/kg) fait augmenter la pression arterielle de 128±4 a 142±3 mm Hg et ralentit le rythme cardiaque de 138±7 a 95±7 battements/minute dans les 30 min qui suivent l'injection, puis la pression arterielle chute a 121 ±5 mm Hg 30 a 60 min apre l'injection et a 112 ±5 mm Hg dans les 30 min suivantes. V augmente de 0,36 ±0,09 a 0,93 ±0,13 ml/min et l'osmolalite urinaire (V OSM ) diminue de 1378 ±140 a 488 ±82 mOsm/kg H 2 O 30 a 60 min apres l'injection (P C H 2 O . L'augmentation de V n'est pas associee a une augmentation de GFR ou de l'excretion de substances dissoutes et survient aussi bien quand les reins sont denerves de facon aigue ou quand ils sont proteges de l'augmentation initiale de la pression arterielle par une constriction aortique sus-renale. Au contraire, V, T C H 2 O et V OSM ne sont pas modifies par la clonidine administree a sept chiens hypophysectomises qui recoivent une perfusion constante d'ADH (80 µU/kg/min), malgre des modifications hemodynamiques semblables. Les resultats suggerent que la clonidine augmente V par l'inhibition de la liberation d'ADH, peut-etre par une voie indirecte empruntant les affets alpha adrenergiques de la drogue sur la circulation.
Comparing Restored HST and VLA Imagery of R Aquarii

The maximum entropy method is applied to Hubble Space Telescope data taken of the R Aquarii binary system and its jet with the Faint Object Camera in order to restore an image in forbidden O III at 5007 A plagued by spherical aberration and detector saturation. These results are compared with 2-cm radio continuum imagery taken with the Very Large Array at the same limiting resolution of about 0.1 arcsec. The comparison suggests that shock excitation of the inner jet accounts for a spatial difference between the forbidden O III and radio continuum emission regions.
Recommended roles for uninhabited team members within mixed-initiative combat teams

Trust in automation is a well-researched topic that is particularly important when planning mixed initiative interaction. When working with teams comprised of both human and non-human team members, the amount of trust the operator places in the automation often determines which parts of the interaction can be automated and the optimal level of automation. The mixed-initiative community has created numerous systems that leverage trust in automation, but results have been inconclusive. After examining the primary factors that impact trust in automated systems, we make several recommendations regarding the assignment of roles for human and non-human mixed-initiative team members.
New surprises in very old places: Civil War nurse leaders and longevity.

While the average woman in the U.S. Civil War times lived to the age of about 40, a group of 17 extraordinary nurses--including Louisa Mae Alcott, Dorothea Dix, and Clara Barton--survived to much older ages. A variety of possible reasons, from social and marital status to altruism and religion, is explored. More than any tangible factor, however, the presence of a "pioneering spirit" seems to be at the root of their longevity.
Physiologic responses of dairy calves to environmental heat stress.

The effects of thermal stress were identified in terms of a calf's systemic response. The following physiological parameters were monitored during successive exposure of eight Holstein calves to five temperature levels ranging from 15.5°C to 37.7°C at 60% RH: stroke volume, heart rate, arterial systolic and diastolic pressures, plasma cortisol and thyroxine levels, and internal and skin temperatures. Results indicated that 3 to 4- week-old male calves respond to acute heat stress only above 32.2°C at 60% RH and do not demonstrate a marked attempt to acclimate until at least four to five hours of exposure at 37.7°C.
Glow-discharge characteristics of a 0.8 J multi-atmosphere rare gas halide laser

Abstract The temporal behaviour of the discharge in a transversely excited high-power KrF laser has been investigated using streak photography as a diagnostic technique. The experimental results demonstrate that uniform glow discharges occur over a broad range of laser pressures and dc charging voltages, up to the nominal operating limits of 6 atm and 100 kV.
Evidence for multiple effects in the methanol activation of chloroplast coupling factor 1.

Abstract Activation of the latent ATPase of soluble CF 1 by methanol is shown to involve several distinct effects. CaATPase activity of whole, but not epsilon-deficient or heat-activated CF 1 , is stimulated by methanol. This suggests that one effect of methanol is to overcome inhibition by the epsilon subunit. In contrast, the MgATPase activities of both whole and epsilon-deficient CF 1 are further stimulated by methanol. This second activating effect can be traced in part to a greatly increased affinity of CF 1 , due to methanol, for those anions which reverse the inhibitory effect of Mg 2+ . Since the inhibition by free Ca 2+ is much less severe than that caused by Mg 2+ , anions have relatively little effect on CaATPase. Thus methanol has little or no effect when Ca 2+ is the divalent cation, but stimulates the reaction when Mg 2+ is used. Methanol also stimulates the MgATPase activity of ϵ-deficient CF 1 in the complete absence of activating anions. This additional effect is shown to arise from an increase in the V max rather than from changes in either the K m for MgATP or the K i for free Mg 2+ . Since this change in V max occurs with the MgATPase but not the CaATPase, it can be inferred that different steps are rate-limiting in the two activities.
Complications of spinal infusion therapies

The infusion of opioids and other analgesics into the intrathecal and epidural spaces has been a mainstay in the management of malignant and nonmalignant chronic pain. Although rare, serious adverse events can occur with spinal infusions. The intrathecal route of administration of spinal medications appears to be more efficacious and is associated with a lower incidence of complications than the epidural route. Internalized systems are similarly superior to percutaneous systems. Careful patient selection and preprocedure evaluation may help improve the outcomes. Strict adherence to aseptic techniques and guidelines to neuraxial procedures in anticoagulated patients are essential to help avoid major complications of spinal infection and bleeding. A high index of suspicion for potential serious adverse events should be maintained when following up patients with implanted devices, as serious neurologic deterioration can occur when complications are not promptly recognized and treated.
Radial flow with discharging-well and observation-well storage

Abstract A simple extension of the Theis equation removes the requirement that discharging wells have infinitesimal diameter. Further, in this extension, observation wells also have finite diameters and storage. Type curves for dimensionless drawdown versus dimensionless time can be calculated for the discharging well and all observation wells for conditions of constant discharge or constant drawdown. For an observation well with no storage approaching infinite distance from the discharging well, the type curves became the Theis type curve. For observations at the discharging well with no storage, the type curves become the Hantush type curve. For observations at the discharging well with storage and no observation wells, the type curves become the type curves of Papadopulos and Cooper. The effect of observation-well storage increases with increasing observation-well diameter and number of observation wells. The effect also becomes greater as the discharging well is approached and as the storage coefficient is decreased.
A novel splicing mutation in the ferrochelatase gene responsible for erythropoietic protoporphyria.

Abstract An aberrant ferrochelatase mRNA lacking exon 7 was found in a patient with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). The exon 7 skipping appears to result from a G⪢A transition at position +5 of the donor site of intron 7 of the ferrochelatase gene. The patient is heterozygous for the mutation. Since the patient's paternal half-brother (not available for testing) also has clinically obvious EPP, their father appeared to be the source of the mutant allele. The father was in fact found to be a carrier of the same mutation and his ferrochelatase activity was 35% of normal; however, he is asymptomatic, with only a slightly elevated erythrocyte protoporphyrin level. These findings confirm that the observed mutation is responsible for the defect. The variability in clinical expression of EPP probably reflects the great heterogeneity of the ferrochelatase gene defects and the contribution of additional exogenous and endogenous inducers of latent disease.
Strategies and tactics for managing environmental conflicts: insights from Goldman Environmental Prize recipients.

Disputes over minerals, forests, wildlife, water, and other natural resources continue to rise in frequency and intensity across much of the world. Few scholars have described specific approaches to addressing these disputes, and none have done so systematically across multiple locations with a uniform nomenclature. This article fills part of that gap by analyzing approaches taken by Goldman Environmental Prize recipients. Based on 126 cases spanning 78 countries, 21 years, and 588 actions, we classify environmental conflict management strategies and tactics embodied in this rich data set. The resulting typology offers scholars a systematic lexicon for understanding, describing, and comparing conflict management strategies and tactics, with an emphasis on grassroots efforts. It also provides policymakers and practitioners with a rich tool box of proven approaches for addressing natural resource conflicts.
Mathematical representation of current density profiles from ion thrusters

Ion thrustor ion beam current density profiles mathematical representation by two parameter equation
Space-filling models for coal. 2. Extension to coals of various ranks

Abstract Space-filling models of scale 108:1 have been constructed for low-, intermediate-, and high-rank coal molecules. The molecules have been designed to conform to experimentally determined parameters, such as chemical composition, aromaticity and ring index. The molecules do not actually occur in nature, but are merely statistically-averaged structures. The low-rank coal species appears fluffy, porous and random, with essentially all interior atoms exposed as surface. The intermediate-rank coal model structure is more flat and oriented, with closed ended pores and only occasional non-coplanar protrusions due to aliphatic, alicyclic, and hydroaromatic moeities. The high-rank coal model is highly ordered with locally graphitic domains. Physicochemical properties and ultimate utilization of the various coals are discussed with respect to the model structures.
Beta-delayed proton emission in the lanthanide region

Several new β-delayedproton precursors were produced in (HI; xn, yp) reactions at the LBL SuperHILAC and studied with the isotope separator OASIS. Unambiguous Z-identifications were obtained in all cases by observing characteristic x-rays coincident with the protons. Ground state spins were determined in favorable cases. The lowest 2+ levels in the rotational bands of126Ce and130Nd were confirmed.
Assigning Enzyme Function from the Metabolic Milieu

In this issue of Chemistry & Biology , Rhee and co-workers develop a metabolic profiling technique that probes a mycobacterial small molecule extract and use it to correctly assign enzyme function to a previously mis-annotated gene product of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (de Carvalho et al., 2010).