cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic resistance crisis: challenges and imperatives

Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest worldwide challenges to modern medicine, and society at large, and one of the least appreciated by practitioners and the lay community. Many strains of multi-drug resistant bacteria such as methicillin and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis continue to plague both developed and underdeveloped countries alike. Collectively over 700,000 deaths occur annually as a consequence of infections from antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Presently, many scientists and clinicians seek to find solutions to this ever-growing crisis. Today, the most common causes of hospital-acquired and multi-drug resistant infections are the ESKAPE group of bacteria (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.), six genera and species with a host of mechanisms to survive against even extremely potent antibiotics. Limited research currently focuses on discovering or developing novel compounds that will hopefully turn the tide and tackle the problem of resistance, but significant changes in healthcare and consumer practices will be necessary as well, to successfully address this dilemma. This review provides a status report on a rather silent global crisis.
Drivers and sequelae of burnout in U.S. dermatology trainees

Abstract Background Burnout is a health care epidemic. Although burnout has been shown to affect dermatologists in multispecialty studies, there are no such studies in dermatology trainees. Objective We conducted a survey-based study of burnout in U.S. dermatology trainees to identify its drivers and sequelae. Methods All residents enrolled in a U.S. dermatology training program were eligible. The 45-question survey included the Maslach Burnout Inventory, a validated quality of life index, and 31 questions based on known drivers of burnout and new research questions. No identifying data were collected. Results A total of 180 residents responded, for a response rate of 14.4%. Notably, an analysis of the cohort showed that our sample was not statistically different from the national complement of trainees based both on proportion of female respondents and mean age (p = .9449 and .2376, respectively). Of the respondents, 59% were female. The average age was 30.6 years. Sixty-nine percent of trainees (124 of 180) met the criteria for burnout. On univariate analysis, age, sex, training year, and relationship status were not associated with burnout. Good work–life balance (p = .032), autonomy in the workplace (p = .0027), intradisciplinary respect (p = .022), and increased work hours (p = .0110) were protective. On multivariate analysis, autonomy in the workplace (odds ratio: 3.580; confidence interval, 1.32–9.71; p = .012) and good work–life balance (odds ratio: 0.262; confidence interval, 0.095–0.722; p = .0097) remained significant. Conclusion Improving control over working environment, as evidenced by the impact of work–life balance and autonomy, may lessen burnout in trainees. Further studies analyzing regional and program-specific variations will help improve trainee experience.
Hsf1 activation by proteotoxic stress requires concurrent protein synthesis.

When cells experience proteotoxic stress, which proteins are actually affected and sensed in the first place? Analysis of heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) activation across proteotoxic conditions and var...
Systems of care among children and youth with special health care needs with and without adverse childhood events: National Survey of Children's Health 2016-2017.

Abstract Background Knowledge of adverse childhood events (ACEs), the associated access to healthcare and unmet needs among children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN) is limited. Objectives Our objectives were to compare the likelihood of CYSHCN versus non-CYSHCN experiencing one or more ACEs and document differences in receipt of recommended and needed health care among CYSHCN with and without ACEs. Methods We combined two years of data from the 2016 and 2017 National Survey of Children's Health (N = 71,181), providing a sample of 16,304 CYSHCN. Our primary outcome measures included eight adverse childhood events, compared to singular and aggregated ACEs among non-CYSHCN. We calculated associations between ACEs and secondary outcome measures for six components of well-functioning systems of care and unmet need for different types of health care using bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results CYSHCN were more likely to have each of the ACEs measured and were likelier to experience aggregated levels of ACEs compared to non-CYSHCN. The likelihood of CYSHCN having a medical home with family-centered and coordinated care decreased with increased ACEs, while one or more ACES increased the likelihood of having unmet needs for mental health care. Conclusion The findings of the current study extend our understanding of the additional adverse event burden associated with special health care needs status, the accompanying limitations in access to family-centered and coordinated care in a medical home and unmet need for mental health care, indicating that much work remains in establishing appropriate care systems for this very vulnerable population.
Autonomous Motion Segmentation of Multiple Objects in Low Resolution Video Using Variational Level Sets

This report documents research that was done during a ten week internship in the Sapphire research group at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during the Summer of 2003. The goal of the study was to develop an algorithm that is capable of isolating (segmenting) moving objects in low resolution video sequences. This capability is currently being developed by the Sapphire research group as the first stage in a longer term video data mining project. This report gives a chronological account of what ideas were tried in developing the algorithm and what was learned from each attempt. The final version of the algorithm, which is described in detail, gives good results and is fast.
How tightly tuned are network parameters? Insight from computational and experimental studies in small rhythmic motor networks.

Abstract We describe theoretical and experimental studies that demonstrate that a given pattern of neuronal activity can be produced by variable sets of underlying conductances. Experimental work demonstrates that individual identified neurons in different animals may show variations as large as 2–5 fold in the conductance densities of specific ion channels. Theoretical work shows that models with this range of variation in many of their maximal conductances can produce similar activity. Together, these observations suggest that neurons and networks may be less tightly tuned than previously thought. Consequently, we argue that instead of attempting to construct single canonical models of neuronal function, it might be more useful to construct and analyze large families of models that give similar behavior.
Fiscal Policy for Stable and Equitable Growth in Latin America

The resumption of economic growth in Latin America is predicated on the successful restoration of fiscal discipline and stabilization. In restoring fiscal discipline, the mix of policy instruments should aim at maximizing efficiency in the use of domestic and foreign resources. Poverty alleviation in Latin America is not likely to be achieved, in the near future, by economic growth. Policy should promote a more equitable distribution of income. While fiscal policy can play an important role in this process, it is important to realize that the current high domestic inflation in many Latin American countries implies that expanding social programs has high social costs. Fiscal policy should aim at increasing the income share for the poor by making the tax system more efficient and by reforming the existing social programs to make them more effectively targeted toward the poor.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF RADIOCARBON ANALYSIS IN HUMAN RIGHTS INVESTIGATIONS

Estimation of time since death represents an essential, but difficult component of the analysis of human remains in the context of human rights investigations. Although morphological indicators of postmortem change can be influenced by many variables, radiocarbon analysis has proven to represent a useful approach. Radiocarbon values clearly reveal if the remains are ancient (radioactive decay) or modern (more recent than 1950 A.D.). If the latter, analysis of the radiocarbon value of specific tissues in consideration of documented atmospheric bomb-pulse values potentially can clarify both the birth date and death date. Frequently in human rights cases, it is important to establish if recovered remains relate to a particular death date or date range. In these cases, hypotheses can be formulated for testing with radiocarbon analysis.
Survival analysis with electronic health record data: Experiments with chronic kidney disease

This paper presents a detailed survival analysis for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The analysis is based on the EHR data comprising almost two decades of clinical observations collected at New York-Presbyterian, a large hospital in New York City with one of the oldest electronic health records in the United States. Our survival analysis approach centers around Bayesian multiresolution hazard modeling, with an objective to capture the changing hazard of CKD over time, adjusted for patient clinical covariates and kidney-related laboratory tests. Special attention is paid to statistical issues common to all EHR data, such as cohort definition, missing data and censoring, variable selection, and potential for joint survival and longitudinal modeling, all of which are discussed alone and within the EHR CKD context.
SU-E-J-264: Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Derived Features to Quantify Radiotherapy-Induced Normal Tissue Morbidity

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-derived features as indicators of Radiotherapy (RT)-induced normal tissue morbidity. We also investigate the relationship between these features and RT dose in four critical structures. Methods: We demonstrate our approach for four patients treated with RT for base of tongue cancer in 2005–2007. For each patient, two MRI scans (T1-weighted pre (T1pre) and post (T1post) gadolinium contrast-enhancement) were acquired within the first six months after RT. The assessed morbidity endpoint observed in 2/4 patients was Grade 2+ CTCAEv.3 trismus. Four ipsilateral masticatory-related structures (masseter, lateral and medial pterygoid, and the temporal muscles) were delineated on both T1pre and T1post and these scans were co-registered to the treatment planning CT using a deformable demons algorithm. For each structure, the maximum and mean RT dose, and six MRI-derived features (the second order texture features entropy and homogeneity, and the first order mean, median, kurtosis, and skewness) were extracted and compared structure-wise between patients with and without trismus. All MRI-derived features were calculated as the difference between T1pre and T1post, ΔS. Results: For 5/6 features and all structures, ΔS diverged between trismus and non-trismus patients particularly for themore » masseter, lateral pterygoid, and temporal muscles using the kurtosis feature (−0.2 vs. 6.4 for lateral pterygoid). Both the maximum and mean RT dose in all four muscles were higher amongst the trismus patients (with the maximum dose being up to 25 Gy higher). Conclusion: Using MRI-derived features to quantify RT-induced normal tissue complications is feasible. We showed that several features are different between patients with and without morbidity and that the RT dose in all investigated structures are higher amongst patients with morbidity. MRI-derived features, therefore, has the potential to improve predictions of normal tissue morbidity.« less
Association of hepatitis C with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in US general population: the impact of the epidemic of obesity

Studies from tertiary care medical centres have linked hepatitis C virus (HCV) to the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between HCV positivity and insulin resistance/diabetes in the US population. Three cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 1988 and 2008 were used. HCV infection was diagnosed using a positive serologic anti-HCV test. Additionally, diabetes was diagnosed as fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL and/or the use of hypoglycaemic medications. Insulin resistance was defined as a homeostasis of model assessment (HOMA) score of >3.0. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of each of the potential risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM). The SUDAAN 10.0 was used to run descriptive and regression analyses. A total of 39 506 individuals from three NHANES cycles (1988-1994, 1999-2004 and 2005-2008) with complete demographic and relevant clinical data were included. Over these three NHANES cycles, prevalence of hepatitis C did not significantly change. During the first NHANES cycle (1988-1994), insulin and diabetes were independently associated with hepatitis C. However, during the later study cycles (1998-2008), these associations were no longer significant. In contrast, other important known risk factors for diabetes and IR (male gender, non-Caucasian race, age and obesity) remained significant over all three NHANES cycles. Although HCV infection was independently associated with an increased risk of diabetes and IR in the US population over a decade ago, assessment of the later NHANES cycles shows that this relationship may have become diluted by the rapid rise of other risks for diabetes, specifically, the prevalence of obesity.
Analysis of the behavioral sequence emitted by rattlesnakes during feeding episodes II. Duration of strike-induced chemosensory searching in rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis, C. enyo)

Eight rattlesnakes (four Crotalus viridis and four C. enyo) were each observed in four experimental conditions: (1) snakes saw, smelled, and detected thermal cues arising from live mice for 3 sec but were not given an opportunity to deliver a predatory strike (the mice were then removed); (2) same as Condition 1, but a strike was permitted at the end of 3 sec (the mice were then removed); (3) same as Condition 2, but the envenomated, dead mice were left in the snakes' cages so that ingestion occurred; and (4) same as Condition 3, except that a second mouse was introduced (as in Condition 2) after the first was consumed. The dependent variable was the rate of tongue flicking (RTF) which was recorded for 315 min, beginning 5 min prior to each condition. A high RTF followed each predatory strike, but not the no-strike mouse presentation of Condition 1. In Condition 2, snakes continued searching for the envenomated mice for 150 min poststrike. Ingestion terminated the high RTF in Condition 3, but a second strike reinitiated high RTF in Condition 4. In the latter condition, snakes continued chemosensory searching for 105 min after the second strike. In Conditions 2 and 4, snakes remained attentive even after they quit chemosensory searching because a 3-sec, no-strike presentation of a live mouse (presented at least 120 min after RTF had returned to baseline) resulted in a reinitiation of tongue flicking. This did not happen after Conditions 1 and 3. Implications of these data for mechanisms mediating strike-induced chemosensory searching are discussed.
Insults, violence, and the meaning of lytegian in the Old English Battle of Maldon

The history of impoliteness — of which insults are a part — and violence are intertwined. In medieval Germanic cultural history, this link manifests itself in historical-pragmatic contexts such as sennur, whettings, and flyting-to-fighting scenarios, which are surveyed in this paper. The ethological origins of such interactions are called into question with reference to the Freudian death drive. Based on the connection between insults and violence, a novel definition of Old English lytegian in the Battle of Maldon is offered, namely ‘jeer, insult’, with comparative support from Icelandic.
The software product feedback flow model for development planning

Abstract The Software Product Feedback Flow (SPFF) model is a high-level probabilistic model that focuses on timing, quality, and cost aspects of iterative software product development processes. It has been developed from an analogous model, created and successfully applied for Computer Integrated Manufacturing research. The new model has been adapted and configured to account for the unique features of software products development. The advantage of SPFF is that with relatively simple formulas and a relatively small amount of input data, it can yield powerful, quantitative estimates of development performance. A preliminary test of SPFF with a major software company empirical data has been performed with some promising results. This article describes the model development and functions. Several cases are then provided to illustrate the utility of this model for high-level software development process planning. Examples include personnel, tasking and schedule issues associated with a software product development project plan.
Shape control of multivalent 3D colloidal particles via interference lithography.

We present a new route for the fabrication of highly nonspherical complex multivalent submicron particles. This technique exploits the ability of holographic interference lithography to control geometrical elements such as symmetry and volume fraction in 3D lattices on the submicron scale. Colloidal particles with prescribed complex concave shapes are obtained by cleaving low volume fraction connected structures fabricated by interference lithography. Controlling which Wyckoff sites in the space group of the parent structure are connected assures specific “valencies” of the particles. Two types of particles, 2D “4-valent” and 3D “6-valent” particles are fabricated via this technique. In addition to being able to control multivalent particle shape, this technique has the potential to provide tight control over size, yield, and dispersity.
Eavesdropping on visual secrets

Private communication may benefit signalers by reducing the costs imposed by potential eavesdroppers such as parasites, predators, prey, or rivals. It is likely that private communication channels are influenced by the evolution of signalers, intended receivers, and potential eavesdroppers, but most studies only examine how private communication benefits signalers. Here, we address this shortcoming by examining visual private communication from a potential eavesdropper’s perspective. Specifically, we ask if a signaler would face fitness consequences if a potential eavesdropper could detect its signal more clearly. By integrating studies on private communication with those on the evolution of vision, we suggest that published studies find few taxon-based constraints that could keep potential eavesdroppers from detecting most hypothesized forms of visual private communication. However, we find that private signals may persist over evolutionary time if the benefits of detecting a particular signal do not outweigh the functional costs a potential eavesdropper would suffer from evolving the ability to detect it. We also suggest that all undetectable signals are not necessarily private signals: potential eavesdroppers may not benefit from detecting a signal if it co-occurs with signals in other more detectable sensory modalities. In future work, we suggest that researchers consider how the evolution of potential eavesdroppers’ sensory systems influences private communication. Specifically, we suggest that examining the fitness correlates and evolution of potential eavesdroppers can help (1) determine the likelihood that private communication channels are stable over evolutionary time, and (2) demonstrate that undetectable signals are private signals by showing that signalers benefit from a reduction in detection by potential eavesdroppers.
Pulmonary Arterioplasty With Decellularized Allogeneic Patches

Background Decellularized allogeneic nonvalved pulmonary artery patches for arterioplasty are a relatively new option compared with cryopreserved allogeneic, crosslinked xenogeneic bioprosthetic or synthetic materials. This study examines the midterm experience with a new decellularized allogeneic patch for congenital cardiac reconstructions. Methods For this prospective postmarket approval, nonrandomized, inclusive observational study, we collected data on a consecutive cohort of 108 patients with cardiovascular reconstructions using 120 decellularized allogeneic pulmonary artery patches (MatrACELL; LifeNet Health, Inc, Virginia Beach, VA) between September 2009 and December 2012. One hundred of the patches were used for pulmonary arterioplasties. Two patients were lost early to follow-up and excluded from subsequent survival and durability analyses. Data included demographics, surgical outcomes, subsequent reoperations, and catheter reinterventions. These variables were also collected for an immediately preceding retrospective consecutive cohort of 100 patients with 101 pulmonary arterioplasty patches who received classical cryopreserved pulmonary artery allografts (n = 59 patches and patients) or synthetic materials (n = 41 patients with 42 patches) for pulmonary arterioplasties between 2006 and 2009. Results In 106 patients with 118 decellularized patches, there were no device-related serious adverse events, no device failures, and no evidence of calcifications on chest roentgenograms. In contrast, the prior comparative pulmonary arterioplasty cohort of 100 patients experienced an overall 14.0% patch failure rate requiring device-related reoperations ( p Conclusions The intermediate-term data obtained in this study suggest favorable performance by decellularized pulmonary artery patches, with no material failures or reoperations provoked by device failure.
Promoting Health and Preventing Disease— Some Thoughts for HMOs

Many of the predisposing factors to current morbidity and mortality relate to societally approved behaviors. Attempts to intervene or change behavioral patterns after a chronic condition is clinically established are limited in effectiveness. Because health maintenance as a conceptual activity occurs outside the medical care delivery system, organizations committed to health maintenance must be active in the school, workplace, and the community if they are to be effective. The concept of prepaid health insurance has been extended in the HMO Act to include responsibility for the maintenance of health and the prevention of disease. This paper provides a three stage model for preventive and promotive activities in HMOs. The case is made that HMOs have a responsibility to provide health promotion and disease prevention services beyond the clinical setting.
SU‐FF‐T‐01: A Newly Designed LDR Brachytherapy Applicator for Treatment of Cervical Cancer with Extension Into the Lower Vagina

Purpose: The new applicator was designed at the University of Kentucky for treatment of cervical cancer with the extension into the vaginal. The design incorporates properties of both the Fletcher-Suit applicator and vaginal cylinder. A dosimetric evaluation of this applicator was performed using TLD measurements and the results were compared to the presently available Fletcher-suit applicator and a commercially available treatment planning system. Method and Materials: Presently, patients with cervical cancer extending to the lower vaginal are being treated with the standard Fletcher suit applicator followed by treatment with a vaginal cylinder. To eliminate the possibility of overdose to critical organs such as of bladder and rectum, arising from two separate treatments, and also reduce the patient inconvenience a new applicator was designed to combine these treatments. To evaluate the dosimetric characteristics of this applicator, a solid water phantom was constructed to accommodate both the applicator and LiF TLD chips. The positions of the TLD chips were selected to represent the most commonly calculated points including vaginal mucosa and point A, as defined in ICRU report 38. The applicator was then loaded with Cs-137 sources, using the standard loading scheme. The 1 cm3 TLD chips were placed in the phantom along with the applicator. The experimental results were compared with the calculated values using a treatment planning system. Results: The data compared dose rates at different points in the phantom which represent points along vaginal mucosa with analogous points from the same digitized set-up in the treatment planning system. The agreement was within or close to 10% for most points. Also, dose rates from the new applicator compared well with the Fletcher-Suit applicator. Conclusion: This dosimetric evaluation provides solid evidence that this applicator is a safe and effective LDR device to treat cervical cancer with extension into the lower vagina.
Structures and Dynamics of Self-Assembled Surface Monolayers Observed by Ultrafast Electron Crystallography

In this communication, we report our first study of self-assembled adsorbates on metal surfaces. Specifically, we studied single-crystal clean surfaces of Au(111) with and without a monolayer of reaction involving the assembly of 2-mercaptoacetic acid from 2,2‘-dithiodiacetic acid. We also studied monolayers of iron hemes. With ultrafast electron crystallography, we are able to observe and isolate structural dynamics of the substrate (gold) and adsorbate(s) following an ultrafast temperature jump.
Training community members to serve as paraprofessionals in an evidence-based, prevention program for parents of preschoolers

Widespread dissemination of evidence-based programs for underserved populations may require non-traditional means of service provision. Collaboration with paraprofessionals from communities that are targeted for intervention holds promise as a delivery strategy that may make programs more accessible and acceptable, especially to parents living in low-income, urban neighborhoods. We describe a paraprofessional training program for individuals living in a community targeted for preventive intervention based on high levels of poverty and community violence. The design and implementation of the training program are described in the context of issues related to the use of paraprofessionals in community-based, preventive interventions with parents of young children. We also provide insight into lessons learned from a feasibility study as well as general guidelines for the development of paraprofessional training programs for delivery of evidence-based programs.
A computational model of ferroelectric domains. Part I: model formulation and domain switching

A model for studying the domain pattern of ferroelectric materials and its evolution is developed. In a departure from prior work, the electrostatic potential is made explicit, and consequently the model is able to predict the microstructural evolution and the macroscopic behavior of ferroelectrics subjected to realistic electro-mechanical boundary conditions. Nucleation of domains and propagation of domain walls are investigated under combined electro-mechanical loading and compared to recent experiments. The correlation between the microstructural change and macroscopic response provides evidence that the recently observed large strain actuation of ferroelectric materials is due to 90° domain switching.
Revolutionary Exhumations in Spain, July 1936

In the first weeks of the Spanish civil war, there occurred massive popular assaults against the Catholic Church in those cities which did not fall to the Nationalists rising, the Church having been widely (and correctly) perceived as hostile to the Republic and sympathetic to the generals who sought its overthrow. As rumors of priests firing on the populace from church towers circulated wildly, churches and convents were rapidly sacked and burnt. Supporters of the Republic killed religious personnel in large numbers—certainly well into the thousands—while desecrating and destroying church paraphernalia and cultic objects en masse.
Low cholesterol values are no longer common in China

In the editorial published in the October 2003 issue, Lewington1stated that‘... lower threshold such as 4mmol/l for total cholesterol... …
AGENCY EFFECTS ON THE OUTCOMES OF DISTRESSED FIRMS

What is the relationship between outcomes for distressed firms and the value of managerial stockholdings in those firms? The outcomes presented are: (1) Chapter 11 reorganization; (2) acquisition/merger; (3) internal turnaround Dollar value of ownership of the firm's common stock by the firm's top managers is used to distinguish between the outcomes for distressed firms which have declining performance. The likelihood of a firm ending up in a merger with or being acquired by another private firm increases with the amount of managerial wealth invested in the firm's stock. Firms whose managers are not owners are more likely to follow an internal turnaround strategy, such as cutting costs and/or selling assets. This strategy offers non‐owner managers a greater opportunity to maintain their managerial prerogatives than does a merger or an acquisition. This outcome is consistent with agency theory, which asserts that where possible, managers act in their own best interests to the detriment of the stockholders' interests. In the context of the firm, agency theory describes the situation wherein stockholders (principals) delegate responsibility for the firm's day to day affairs to managers (agents). One key issue in agency theory is risk sharing. Managers and stockholders may prefer different outcomes for the distressed firm due to their different risk preferences. Findings of the present study suggest that managerial wealth was not a predictor of Chapter 11 reorganization in bankruptcy, but the distressed firms' strategies were affected by the aggregate dollar value of a firm's stock owned by top managers.
Evaluation of sigma (σ) receptors in the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine in vitro and in vivo

Abstract Ketamine is an NMDA antagonist and dissociative anesthetic that has been shown to display rapid acting and prolonged antidepressant activity in small-scale human clinical trials. Ketamine also binds to σ receptors, which are believed to be protein targets for a potential new class of antidepressant medications. The purpose of this study was to determine the involvement of σ receptors in the antidepressant-like actions of ketamine. Competition binding assays were performed to assess the affinity of ketamine for σ 1 and σ 2 receptors. The antidepressant-like effects of ketamine were assessed in vitro using a neurite outgrowth model and PC12 cells, and in vivo using the forced swim test. The σ receptor antagonists, NE-100 and BD1047, were evaluated in conjunction with ketamine in these assays to determine the involvement of σ receptors in the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine. Ketamine bound to both σ 1 and σ 2 receptors with μM affinities. Additionally, ketamine potentiated NGF-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and this effect was attenuated in the presence of NE-100. Ketamine also displayed antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test; however, these effects were not attenuated by pretreatment with NE-100 or BD1047. Taken together, these data suggest that σ receptor-mediated neuronal remodeling may contribute to the antidepressant effects of ketamine.
Translation-invariant functionals on functions defined in euclidean spaces

for all (si, ***, SN) C RN. A linear functional F on X is called translationinvariant (or simply invariant) on X if F (fs1,...,sN) = F (f) for all f C X and all (si, ***, SN) C RN. In the case where X is an invariant subspace of CA(R1) = continuous functions with compact support on R1, Jerison and Rudin [2] have characterized all the invariant functionals on X which arise from a measure on R1. They have shown that the space of such functionals on X is one-dimensional, and that if At is a measure on R1 which gives rise to an invariant functional on X, then there exists an integer p > 0, depending only on X, and a scalar X depending on A such that
Viral polypeptides associated with the RNA replication complex in poliovirus-infected cells.

Abstract A poliovirus-specific protein involved in viral RNA synthesis in vitro has been previously identified and partially purified. A second viral protein which purifies with the replication complex is described in this paper. A comparison of tryptic peptide maps of noncapsid viral protein 2 with the two replication complex-associated proteins indicates that all three are related. We designate this newly identified protein as 4a and refer to the previously identified protein as 4b. The apparent molecular weights of 4a and 4b by SDS-PAGE are 65,000 and 58,000, respectively. Pulse-chase experiments suggest that 4a may be a precursor to 4b. It is degraded within about an hour after being synthesized, and its degradation is inhibited by treatment of infected cells with iodoacetamide. An unstable precursor with the properties of 4a could conceivably contain the sequence for the 5′ terminally linked protein, VPg.
Catalytic Alkane Dehydrogenation by IrClH2(PPri3)2: Evidence for an Alkane Associative Mechanism

IrCIH2(PPri3)2 catalyzes the dehydrogenation of alkanes to alkenes in the presence of the hydrogen acceptor, tert-butylethylene at 150 °C. Mechanistic studies, including labeling experiments with IrClD2(PPri3)2, indicate that reversible coordination and hydride migration to tert-butylethylene is facile and that the slower, subsequent elimination of tert-butylethane requires prior coordination of alkane.
Out-of-hospital and interhospital management of crotaline snakebite

Despite insufficient data for the development of evidence-based guidelines for the out-of-hospital treatment of crotaline snake envenomation, practical concerns dictate a rational approach based on existing information. Out-of-hospital care should focus on stabilization and rapid transport of the victim to a health care facility with the capability of antivenom administration. However, the out-of-hospital interval provides for the evaluation and management of the patients with snakebite. Out-of-hospital providers must be familiar with common first-aid techniques and be aware of their potential complications. Proven measures to slow systemic absorption are limited but should include immobilization of the bitten extremity in a neutral position in every case, and the patient should maintain strict bed rest. Constriction bands or pressure wraps placed on the wound at the scene and without vascular compromise should be left in place until arrival at a health care facility. Placement of a constriction band or pressure wrap (to delay systemic absorption of venom) can be considered for prolonged transport times or when the patient's condition is deteriorating. A suction device, if applied and functioning, should be left in place. Vital signs should be closely monitored to assess for hypotension as a sign of systemic toxicity. The extent of local swelling should be documented, and information regarding extent and progression of the envenomation syndrome should be relayed to the receiving hospital to expedite antivenom administration, if indicated. During interhospital transport of patients who have received or continue to receive antivenom, the patient should be monitored for allergic reactions to treatment and treated appropriately. Routine stocking of the existing horse serum antivenom product on ambulances is not recommended because of the extended length of time required to prepare the infusion and potential allergic complications. Antivenoms with improved side effect profiles may be better suited to use in the out-of-hospital setting in well-defined cases.
Population dynamics of redbay (Persea borbonia) after laurel wilt disease: an assessment based on forest inventory and analysis data

Laurel wilt disease (LWD) is a lethal fungal infection of woody plants in the Lauraceae, including redbay (Persea borbonia). We used forest inventory and analysis (FIA) data from 2003 to 2011 to estimate redbay populations and see if any decline could be observed since the introduction of LWD. Throughout its entire range, the population estimate of redbay was about 862.2 ± 89.8 million in 2003, increasing to 951.8 ± 87.1 million in 2011. However, population estimates from 2003 to 2011 displayed a significant negative curvature, suggesting that the population might start to decline. The population in Georgia significantly decreased from 241.1 ± 11.9 million stems in 2003 to 150.3 ± 7.9 million in 2011. Results at the range-wide scale should be taken with caution, since the FIA estimates are based on a 5-year moving average. However, we show that the FIA data can also be used on a smaller scale. Redbay densities decreased significantly in plots surveyed before and after the reported infection by an average of 89.6 live redbay stems/ha. Density in plots without reported LWD were not statistically different between survey years. We developed a logistic regression model to predict the probability of redbay mortality due to LWD. Number of years since LWD infection was the most significant variable, with every increase in 1 year resulting in a 153.7 % increase in odds of death. Diameter was also a significant predictor, with an increase of 1 cm DBH resulting in a 5.0 % increase in odds of death.
Dynamics of air bearing sliders flying on partially planarized bit patterned media in hard disk drives

Bit patterned media (BPM) recording is one of the promising techniques for future disk drives in order to increase the areal density above 1 Tbit/in2. However, the BPM can change the topography of the disk surface and thus have an effect on the flying characteristics of the air bearing sliders. So achieving a stable flying attitude at the hard disk interface (HDI) becomes one of the main considerations for BPM. In this paper, we apply three methods (complete homogenization, Taylor expansion homogenization and averaging) to solve this BPM problem and finally choose the Taylor expansion homogenization method to investigate the slider’s flying attitude on partially planarized patterned media as well as at transitions over different pattern types such as might occur at boundaries between data and servo sections.
Flexible Work Schedules, Older Workers, and Retirement

Older workers in the United States indicate that they would prefer flexible work arrangements rather than abrupt retirement, yet management has done very little to make this possible. A review of two bodies of literature from the late 1980s is presented: social science writings including sociological, gerontological, and economic literature, and business and management literature. There is a clash between the way jobs are traditionally scheduled and the needs of growing numbers of older workers. Workers continue to be subject to obstacles to phased retirement due to the structuring of health care and pension benefits, downsizing, organizational inflexibility, and "corporate culture." Thus, general views among social scientists regarding the desirability of flexible schedules toward retirement will not produce real changes unless management becomes committed to such changes and they are securely embedded in company policies.
Biofuels: by-products.

In the Policy Forum “Beneficial biofuels—the food, energy, and environment trilemma” (17 July, p. [270][1]), D. Tilman et al. emphasized the importance of a life-cycle assessment that includes the impact of biofuels production on future food supplies, greenhouse gas emissions, and
Spectroscopic, Chromatographic and Visual Investigation of Organic Dyes

An introductory level laboratory experiment is presented in which students learn about color using spectroscopy and chromatography. The pedagogical approach is discovery-based; students are given only enough background information to enable them to take good data. Commercially available dyes are dissolved in water to make concentrated stock solutions, which students then dilute to prepare solutions of primary, secondary and tertiary colors. The class works as a team to study colored solutions representing a range of concentrations and combinations of the three primary colors: cyan, yellow, and magenta. Students record transmission and absorption spectra and compare the results with human perception. They show the number of components in each solution by paper chromatography. They explore the filter nature of dyes, the effects of concentration, and the cumulative effects of mixing dyes. From this information they deduce the principles of color printing. The experiment is best performed with a photodiode array spectrophotometer; alternative approaches include spectrometers and simple spectroscopes which the students make from cereal boxes. The experiment can be performed in either a single three-hour laboratory period, or alternatively, three one-hour sessions.
Adsorption and decomposition of H2S on Pd(111) surface : a first-principles study

Abstract Gradient-corrected density functional theory was used to investigate the adsorption of H 2 S on Pd(1 1 1) surface. Molecular adsorption was found to be stable with H 2 S binding preferentially at top sites. In addition, the adsorption of other S moieties (SH and S) was investigated. SH and S were found to be preferentially bind at the bridge and fcc sites, respectively. The reaction pathways and energy profiles for H 2 S decomposition giving rise to adsorbed S and H were determined. Both H 2 S (ad) → SH (ad) + H (ad) and SH (ad) → S (ad) + H (ad) reactions were found to have low barriers and high exothermicities. This reveals that the decomposition of H 2 S on Pd(1 1 1) surface is a facile process.
Monoclonal antibody―chromophore conjugates as selective phototoxins

Abstract he chromophore chlorin e 6 monoethylene diamine monoamide (CMA) was bound via poly(glutamic acid) (PGA) to two monoclonal antibodies (Mabs), an anti bovine serum albumin (BSA) Mab designated 9.1 and an anti-Leu-1 Mab. The final ratio of chromophore to Mab was dependent on the starting concentration of the chromophore. Binding activity and specificity, determined using 125 I-labeled Mab, showed 70% retention at CMA:Mab ratios of 36. Singlet oxygen quantum yields relative to rose bengal, estimated from the bleaching of N , N ->dimethylnitrosoaniline, were the same for CMA free or bound to Mab. When Mab 9.1 was conjugated to a diamino cyanine, 1,1′-(3-propylamine hydrobromide)-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine (TCC), the resultant conjugates were highly aggregated, presumably due to crosslinking via the two amino groups. When anti-Leu-1 target cells, HPB-ALL T-leukemia cells treated with the conjugate were exposed to broad-band, long wavelength irradiation and cell survival evaluated by fluorescence microscopy, a radiant-exposure-dependent phototoxicity was observed. Cells treated similarly with chlorin e 6 , buffer or Mab alone were unaffected. At the concentrations used in these experiments, neither CMA nor anti-Leu-1 were toxic in the absence of light. These results suggest that conjugates having high chromophore to Mab ratios can be prepared using PGA, and that these conjugates may find use as potential photochemotherapeutic agents.
Enhanced local dendritic cell activity and tumor-specific immunoresponse in combined radiofrequency ablation and interleukin-2 for the treatment of human head and neck cancer in a murine orthotopic model.

Background. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive tumor destruction technique and can provide the antigen source initiating tumor immunity. However, induced immune response is weak and requires additional immunotherapy for optimized RFA treatment against cancer. Methods. A murine orthotopic model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) was established to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of an RFA + interleukin-2 (IL-2) combination adenoviral gene therapy among 6 groups. Tumor volume change, apoptosis, in situ macrophage recruitment, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, migration of dendritic cells into the regional lymph nodes, and systemic antitumor immunity were examined. Results. RFA + IL-2 therapy induced the highest levels of macrophage recruitment and dendritic cell migration resulting in enhanced CTL activity, increased tumor apoptosis, enhanced systemic antitumor immunity, and the best inhibition of tumor growth among all groups. Conclusion. RFA + IL-2 combination therapy generates potent tumor immunity to suppress tumor growth in HNSCC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
A neuroforensic analysis of the wounds of President John F. Kennedy: Part 2 - A study of the available evidence, eyewitness correlations, analysis, and conclusions

A substantial body of literature exists surrounding the assassination and subsequent pathological examination of President John F. Kennedy. In the first part of this series, we provided a previously undocumented eyewitness account by a neurosurgeon of what transpired in Trauma Room 1 of Parkland Memorial Hospital on November 22, 1963. The current article reviews the copious literature and extensive controversy regarding President Kennedy's wounds. The autopsy report, ballistics data, official reviews of the autopsy data, and Dr. Grossman's observations are correlated in an effort to provide a neuroforensic analysis of the nature of the wounds that President Kennedy sustained. The final article of the series will relate the wounds to the timing of the shots and the location of the President as his limousine traversed Dealey Plaza and will discuss the sites from which the bullets could have been fired.
Effects of predation and nutrient enrichment on a food web with edible and inedible prey

Summary 1. Trophic heterogeneity, or differences in edibility or resource consumption among species within a single trophic level, is widespread in natural food webs. Here, we test simple food web models that incorporate trophic heterogenity and that make robust predictions regarding food web responses to nutrient enrichment. To test these predictions, we assembled simple food webs consisting of an inedible alga, a mixed assemblage of bacteria, and a protist bacterivore in laboratory microcosms of contrasting nutrient concentrations. 2. Several results were consistent with model predictions. First, increasing nutrient concentration caused an increase in the abundance of the inedible alga, but only in the presence of the bacterivore. Secondly, nutrient enrichment increased the abundance of bacteria, but only in the absence of their bacterivore. Last, nutrient enrichment had no effect on abundance of the bacterivore. 3. Two results were not consistent with model predictions. First, at low nutrient concentrations, the presence of the bacterivore increased the abundance of bacteria. Secondly, although the abundances of the bacterivore and bacteria were positively correlated, some of the lowest abundances of both occurred in the high nutrient treatment. Thus, while our results were generally consistent with several simple food web models, additional explanations are required for selected food web responses.