cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Portrait of Alzheimer Secretases--New Features and Familiar Faces

The amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is a principal component of the cerebral plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzeheimer9s disease (AD). This insoluble 40– to 42–amino acid peptide is formed by the cleavage of the Aβ precursor protein (APP). The three proteases that cleave APP, α-, β-, and γ-secretases, have been implicated in the etiology of AD. β-Secretase is a membrane-anchored protein with clear homology to soluble aspartyl proteases, and α-secretase displays characteristics of certain membrane-tethered metalloproteases. γ-Secretase is apparently an oligomeric complex that includes the presenilins, which may be the catalytic component of this protease. Identification of the α-, β-, and γ-secretases provides potential targets for designing new drugs to treat AD.
The consultant pharmacist's role in dialysis: an introduction.

Objectives To describe the emerging role of the consultant pharmacist in dialysis, to provide an overview of dialysis procedures, and to discuss drug-dosing considerations and medication-related problems facing chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Data sources Primary literature from medical journals and health care information available from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the New Jersey Department of Health, the National Kidney Foundation, and the United States Renal Data System. Study selection and data extraction Relevant and current literatures related to CKD, dialysis, consultant pharmacist, and medication-related problems in CKD and dialysis patients. Data synthesis CKD affects many aspects of life, and the consequences of CKD can be devastating. Dialysis is an alternative medical treatment option for many people living without functioning kidneys. Often, complicated drug regimens and multiple pharmacotherapies are required for the management of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Medication-related problems occur at a relatively high rate and the cost for management of CKD is high. General background on CKD, the emerging role of the consultant pharmacist, an overview of the kidneys, dialysis procedures and medication-dosing consideration, and medication-related problems are discussed in this article. Conclusion Dialysis patients often require multiple pharmacotherapies and complicated drug regimens to manage their conditions. They have increased risk of drug adverse events and drug complications. The consultant pharmacist can play a key role in the multidisciplinary renal-care team to manage pharmacotherapy for this vulnerable patient population.
Localization of carbohydrases at the surface of fungus spores by acid treatment.

Abstract 1. 1. Treatment of spores of the fungi M. verrucaria or A. luchuensis with 0.1 N HCl destroys the enzymatic activity of the spores toward certain substrates yet does not significantly affect the viability of the cells, their subsequent rate of growth, nor their general metabolic activity. 2. 2. It is concluded that the enzymes inactivated by this treatment are at the external surface of the plasma membrane. Such enzymes in M. verrucaria spores are invertase, and in A. luchuensis spores, invertase, cellobiase, trehalase, and maltase.
Sexual Experiences of Adolescents with Low Cognitive Abilities in the U.S

This study explores differences in sexual behaviors between adolescents with low and with average cognitive abilities in the U.S. Using data from Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we identified 422 respondents who had low cognitive abilities. Logistic and multinomial logistic regression methods were used to compare their experiences of romantic attraction, coital sex, contraceptive use, STDs, and pregnancy with those of respondents who were mentally average. Results show that adolescents with low cognitive abilities had fewer experiences of romantic attraction and coital sex. Given romantic-attraction experience, these boys had higher odds for same-sex (vs. opposite-sex) attraction compared with average boys. Among non-virgins, mentally disadvantaged adolescents were less likely to use contraceptives and had higher risks of STDs and pregnancy. More attention is needed to guide and protect them in their sexual understanding and development.
Dose-dependent dual effect of morphine on electrophysiologic correlates of positive reinforcement (reward contingent positive variation: RCPV) in the cat.

In cats trained to press a lever for milk reward, the postreinforcement EEG synchronization (PRS) and the associated epicortical steady potential shift, known as "Reward Contingent Positive Variation (RCPV) restricted to the occipital cortex, were studied prior to and after administration of morphine sulfate. Contrary to what has ordinarily been described as a typical feline response to morphine, such as restlessness, aggressiveness, rage, and exaggerated startle reaction to environmental stimuli, associated with an increased tonus of the brainstem-hypothalamic arousal system and desynchronized EEG patterns, doses of 0.1-0.4 mg/kg, IM, caused a strong monophasic enhancement of the PRS-RCPV phenomenon. Doses of 0.6-1.0 mg/kg, IM, had clearly a biphasic action: the initial enhancement of the PRS-RCPV responses was followed by their strong suppression. Chlorpromazine (0.1-1.6 mg/kg, i.e.) promptly restored the EEG responses. During the peak effect of the enhancing doses of morphine, the reward-related EEG phenomena also occurred prior to or after the nonrewarded bar press when the animals licked the empty cup. This dissociation of the PRS-RCPV from consumption was much more conspicuous in animals whose control frequency of the PRS oscillations was higher, and after morphine showed more significant slowing. Despite the strong facilitation of the PRS-RCPV in the presence of light, morphine, in contrast to LSD-25, was not able to restore the reward-induced phenomena in the dark.
Immunization information and population data sources: the information needs of public health practitioners

Immunizations are an important component of the preventive services provided, managed and promoted by public health. The need to understand the information behaviors of public health practitioners related to immunizations has become more acute as health policy changes encourage the exchange of individual level immunization data between electronic health record (EHR) systems and Immunization Information Systems (IISs). We sought to further that understanding by conducting a series of interviews focused on information needs related to immunization administration and immunization data in Washington State. Interviews were conducted with public health practitioners who represented a variety of roles in local health jurisdictions. Following transcription, interviews were coded using qualitative data analysis software. Here, we will report on the thematic analysis of the interviews and preliminary interpretations and implications of our inquiry.
The Effect of a Balance Training Program on the Risk of Ankle Sprains in High School Athletes

BackgroundAnkle sprains are the most common musculoskeletal injuries that occur in athletes, and they have a profound impact on health care costs and resources.HypothesisA balance training program can reduce the risk of ankle sprains in high school athletes.Study DesignRandomized controlled clinical trial; Level of evidence, 1.MethodsSeven hundred and sixty-five high school soccer and basketball players (523 girls and 242 boys) were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (27 teams, 373 subjects) that participated in a balance training program or to a control group (28 teams, 392 subjects) that performed only standard conditioning exercises. On-site athletic trainers recorded athlete exposures and sprains.ResultsThe rate of ankle sprains was significantly lower for subjects in the intervention group (6.1%, 1.13 of 1000 exposures vs 9.9%, 1.87 of 1000 exposures; P = .04). Athletes with a history of an ankle sprain had a 2-fold increased risk of sustaining a sprain (risk ratio, 2.14), whereas athl...
Variability of the wood monoterpenoids from Pinus aristata

Abstract Striking differences in turpentine composition between California-Nevada-Utah populations and Colorado-New Mexico-Arizona populations of the Bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) were demonstrated by GLC analyses of the wood extracts. These differences are in line with Bailey's taxonomic division of Pinus aristata sensu lato into western Pinus longaeva and eastern Pinus aristata sensu stricto.
Swelling of a polymer brush by a poor solvent

The addition of a small amount of a poor solvent impurity (methanol) to a theta solvent (cyclohexane) is found to cause appreciable swelling (30% increase of the average brush height) in a model end-grafted polystyrene (PS) brush layer. This unusual type of swelling is not observed if octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) is first grafted to the portion of the silicon substrate uncovered by the grafting end-groups of the PS chains. Brush swelling in the absence of OTS surface protection is interpreted as arising from a segregation of methanol to the solid substrate and the resulting modi- fication of the polymer-surface interaction. We also observe that the addition of a small amount of methanol to an adsorbed PS layer exposed to cyclohexane causes rapid film delamination from the silicon substrate. Together these observations imply a strong influence of surface active impurities on the structure and adhesive stability of polymer layers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4126 - 4131, 2004
Identification of a Novel Regulator for the Escherichia coli fit Iron Transport System.

The Escherichia coli fit iron transport system consists of 6 genes, fitA, B, C, D, E and fitR. Based on in silico analysis, FitA-E composes a typical bacterial iron transporter, while FitR was deduced to be a regulator. In this paper the regulation of fit expression by FitR was studied using a quantitative RT-PCR technique and a lacZ reporter assay. It was found that fit expression was repressed when FitR was over-expressed and de-repressed when fitR was knocked out by mutation. When the mutation in fitR was complemented in trans- with the wild type fitR gene, repression of fit expression by FitR was restored. Finally, recombinant FitR was found to bind to the fit promoter DNA when employed in an electrophoretic mobility-shift assay. These results demonstrated that fitR encodes an auto-repressor for the E. coli fit system.
Ionization equilibrium in isolated H II regions

Theoretical ionization equilibrium models are combined with Copernicus ultraviolet observations to study a particular H II region absorption-line component in the spectra of Lambda Sco and Upsilon Sco. The Lambda Sco observations imply that the region is characterized by a hydrogen density of approximately 0.2/cu cm and an extent along the line of sight of approximately 16 pc. Three choices for the relative placement of Lambda Sco and Upsilon Sco are considered. Conclusions are that Lambda Sco is the primary source of ionization and that there is a separation of approximately 5 pc between the H II region and Lambda Sco. Observational data support an enhanced dielectronic recombination rate for S III. Comparison of the Upsilon Sco and Lambda Sco observations suggests that spatial variations of density may be present.
Biogeography and population genetics of the Lake Malawi cichlid Melanochromis auratus: habitat transience, philopatry and speciation

Migration rates among nine populations of the endemic Lake Malawi cichlid Melanochromis auratus were estimated along a 42-km stretch of habitat in the southern end of the lake. Allele frequencies were surveyed at four simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. The data suggest migration rates among populations are quite low. Exact tests indicate that statistically detectable allele frequency differences exist between many adjacent populations in the study. The F ST value among all populations was estimated to be 0.151 ( P < 0.0002). A biogeographic survey suggests that the highest levels of genetic differentiation exist between populations separated by stretches of deep water. Migration is more common between populations separated by shallower water or with shoreline dispersal routes. Reduced allelic diversity was observed at more recently created habitat patches, suggesting that either bottlenecks are associated with the colonization of new habitat patches or that these shallower sites were all founded by genetically depauperate ancestral populations. The extreme philopatry of M. auratus , coupled with the patchy distribution and transient nature of its preferred habitat, provides opportunities for both selection and genetic drift to produce genetic differentiation among populations. Both processes may be important to the evolution of taxonomic diversity in the East African cichlid species flocks.
Sentinel node staging of primary melanoma by the “10% rule”: pathology and clinical outcomes

Abstract Background Surgical staging of clinically node-negative primary melanoma involves identification and removal of “sentinel” lymph nodes (SLNs). Although some suggest removal of only the “hottest” SLN, the “10% rule” dictates that nodes are removed until the background count is 10% or less of the count of the “hottest” node. Methods To determine the utility of the 10% rule, a university database of clinically node-negative melanomas surgically staged by using this rule was examined. Results Twenty-two of 177 cases (12.5%; 15% of T2 and T3 lesions) were SLN positive. Among the SLN-positive cases, use of the rule resulted in removal of 21 additional nodes, 7 of which contained tumor. In 3 cases (14%), the positive SLN was not the “hottest” node. At 49 months of mean follow-up time, overall survival was 63% for SLN-positive patients versus 92% for SLN-negative patients ( P = .01). Conclusions Sentinel node staging of melanoma by the 10% rule provides significant prognostic information and a modest increase in tumor detection compared with removal of only the “hottest” node.
Analytical Chemistry in a GMP Environment: A Practical Guide. James M. Miller and Jonathan B. Crowther, eds. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000, 509 pp., $115.00, hardcover. ISBN 0-471-31431-5.

I like this book. It grew out of “a need for more and better training of pharmaceutical laboratory analysts, as perceived by the Food and Drug Administration”. In the spring of 1996, Johnson & Johnson began the development of a two-week, in-house training course to meet this need. That course became the basis for this book. The 15 chapters are contributed by 21 authors, 17 from industry (Janssen is well represented with 10 authors), …
Studies on the effect of the carrier molecule on antihapten antibody synthesis. II. Carrier specificity of anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl-poly-l-lysine antibodies.

Equilibrium measurements of interactions of anti-DNP antibodies, prepared using DNP-PLL and several DNP-proteins for immunization, with DNP0.6-PLL240 and with the univalent hapten, e-DNP-L-lysine, were made utilizing the technique of fluorescence quenching. Carrier specificity of anti-DNP-PLL antibodies was demonstrated by a higher average intrinsic association constant (K0) of anti-DNP-PLL antibodies with DNP0.6-PLL240 than with e-DNP-L-lysine. The free energy contribution of the PLL carrier to the interaction of intact anti-DNP-PLL antibodies with DNP0.6-PLL240 was from –0.8 to –2.1 kcal/mole. On the other hand, intact anti-DNP-protein antibodies displayed a lower energy of interaction with DNP0.6-PLL240 than with e-DNP-L-lysine of up to +2.4 kcal/mole. Fab' fragments of both anti-DNP-PLL and anti-DNP-BGG antibodies have K0's with e-DNP-L-lysine identical to the K0's of the intact anti-DNP antibodies from which they were prepared. However, K0 of interaction of Fab' fragments with DNP0.6-PLL240 (a large proportion of the conjugated PLL molecules in this preparation bear more than one DNP group) is considerably lower than that of the intact antibody. Thus a cooperative effect in the binding of bivalent antibody and bivalent (or greater) antigen exists and is of the order of –1.2 to –2.0 kcal/mole of IgG antibody. Although the direct contribution of the carrier to the interaction of Fab' fragment of anti-DNP-PLL and DNP0.6-PLL240 is –0.4 kcal/mole, the energy of carrier specificity, based upon consideration of cooperative effects and of repulsion of anti-DNP-protein antibodies for portions of the DNP-PLL determinants, is of the order of –3 kcal/mole (approximately 30% of total binding energy).
Δ effects in pion-nucleon scattering and the strength of the two-pion-exchange three-nucleon interaction

We consider the relationship between p-wave $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ scattering and the strength of the p-wave two-pion-exchange three-nucleon interaction (TPE3NI). We explain why effective theories that do not contain the Delta resonance as an explicit degree of freedom tend to overestimate the strength of the TPE3NI. The overestimation can be remedied by higher-order terms in these ``Delta-less'' theories, but such terms are not yet included in state-of-the-art chiral effective field theory calculations of the nuclear force. This suggests that these calculations can predict the strength of the TPE3NI only to an accuracy of $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25$%.
Spontaneous neuronal unit activity in the primate basal ganglia and the effects of precentral cerebral cortical ablations

The discharge properties of single neuronal units in the putamen, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus were studied in awake primates. The effects of restricted deafferentation of the striatum were determined by recording single unit activity in animals with unilateral ablation of areas 4 and 6 of Brodmann. The most striking change was on the regularity of unit firing in the putamen. Units in the normal putamen exhibited a wide range of firing rates and variability. In many units discharge rate was very slow. After the lesion, putaminal units discharged in steady spike trains with highly regular patterns of interspike intervals having on average a 63% reduction in the coefficient of variation. Contrary to expectations, average firing rates actually increased slightly (22%) from a median value of 4.88 Hz in controls to 5.95 Hz in lesioned animals. Although the rates and variability observed in lesioned animals completely overlapped the range of the sample observed in controls, the distributions were shifted such that there were more units with regular discharge patterns and slightly faster firing rates. The caudate nucleus showed no significant change in firing rate or variability. In the globus pallidus, firing rate decreased significantly in the internal segment, and both segments showed an increase in discharge variability. The findings demonstrate that the cerebral cortex strongly influences the spontaneous discharge properties in the basal ganglia. The effects on the variability of spontaneous activity are greater than on the maintenance of tonic firing.
Acid lipase in rat intestinal mucosa: physiological parameters.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that up to a half of infused triacylglycerol does not exit the intestine via lymphatics. This suggests the presence of a mucosal lipase which could provide fatty acids for potential transport via the portal vein. The present study describes an acid-active lipase in rat intestinal mucosa. Acid lipase was assayed using a glyceryl tri[14C]oleate emulsion (pH 5.8). Mucosal homogenates were differentially centrifuged to yield cellular organelles and cytosol. Cells were sequentially released from villi using citrate and EDTA. The enzyme was found to be most active in the proximal quarter intestine and in the upper third of villi. Its greatest activity was in the lysosomal fraction. Esophageal diversion demonstrated that lingual lipase was not the precursor of the mucosal acid lipase. Bile salts stimulated activity 3- to 5-fold, but other neutral or anionic detergents were inhibitory. Of the detergents tested, taurocholate at super critical micellar concentrations could restore activity only with SDS. Sepharose 6B chromatography suggested that the enzyme partitioned into an SDS and taurocholate mixed micelle. We conclude that mucosal acid lipase is a distinct, intrinsic enzyme of the intestinal mucosa. It is predominantly lysosomal in origin. The location of its greatest activity in the villus tips of the proximal intestine suggests that it is potentially involved in mucosal triacylglycerol disposal.
Interrupting the Cycle of Moral Exclusion: A Communication Contribution to Social Justice Research1

This research broadly maps the territory of moral exclusion to include communication within its boundaries. Communicative strategies may provide the means for the interruption or even the reversal of the moral-exclusion cycle. While the current studies do not provide empirical verification of the reversal mechanism, they do prepare the theoretical groundwork through the use of a contemporary example: Romanian orphans. The first study is a survey of 225 Romanian students designed to reveal how they analyze the social issue of orphans and whether it is possible to differentiate between those who have and those who have not excluded orphans from their scope of justice. The second study consists of 2 focus-group discussions conducted in Bucharest: one with project managers from nongovernment organizations working with children in crisis, and the other with ordinary citizens. The results and discussion concentrate on the im plications and practical applications for potentially countering moral exclusion.
Note on inversion of reflection data for layered media

Summary It is pointed out that the data on which the Marchenko inversion of the second-order equation for fluid media reconstructs the impedance are not all independent. In particular, the derivative Z'0 of the surface impedance is implied by the displacement velocity response at the surface. We also note that unless Z'0= 0 the zero-frequency reflection amplitude must always equal — 1.
The Public Health Significance of Viable but Nonculturable Bacteria

A bacterium in the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state is defined here as a cell which fails to grow on the routine bacteriological media on which it would normally grow and develop into a colony, but which is in fact alive and capable of metabolic activity. The term “nonculturable” seems to be a misnomer as, under the proper conditions, it appears that these cells are able to “resuscitate” to the metabolically active and culturable state (this point, along with a brief discussion on why cells enter this state of dormancy, is presented later in this chapter). In this review, the discussion of cells entering the VBNC state is limited to those cells which respond to a natural environmental stress (e.g., a temperature downshift) in such a manner. Thus, this review does not include a discussion of the detrimental effects of such agents as antibiotics, chlorine, heavy metals, or other chemicals to which cells may be exposed and which may result in cell injury or death (this area is reviewed in chapter 15). Similarly, this review does not describe cells that are most correctly termed “nonculturable,” e.g., those animal symbionts which have never been cultured in the laboratory. Such cells are described in chapter 5. Instead, this chapter is limited to a discussion of human bacterial pathogens which are known to enter the VBNC state. Finally, I have for the most part selected to review only those studies which have employed such methods as the “direct viable count” originally described by Kogure et al. (38), p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet (INT) reduction (86), or 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) hydrolysis (64) to demonstrate viability in cells no longer culturable. These methods have been described in an earlier review on the VBNC state (49), as well as in other chapters of this monograph. Despite these restrictions, bacterial cells from at least 16 different genera, mostly but not exclusively gram negative, comprising over 30 different species, have now been reported to enter the VBNC state (50).
Academic Radiology on the World Wide Web

Beginning with the January 2001 issue (volume 8, number 1), Academic Radiology has joined the ranks of major medical journals that are available on the World Wide Web with full text and illustrations. The uniform resource locator (URL) for the site is http://www.academicradiology.com. The full text and illustrations are available for viewing and downloading in portable document format (PDF) (Acrobat; Adobe Systems, Mountain View, Calif). To access these files, navigate with your Internet browser to the URL above. The index page has links to each issue in chronologic order (Fig 1). For issues from 2001 and later, the links lead to a table of contents page (Fig 2). Each item on the table of contents page is a link to a PDF file containing full text and illustrations of the article (Fig 3). These files may be viewed online or may be downloaded and viewed off-line by using Acrobat Reader (Adobe Systems). For issues from 2000, the links from the index page lead to PDF files of the tables of contents, but not to the articles themselves. Web-based supplements to Academic Radiology are also planned for the site, including material from the annual meetings of the Association of University Radiologists and its component societies. The Academic Radiology Web site is sponsored by iRAD: interactive Radiology Review and Assessment (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) and the Wake Forest University Department of Radiology. It is currently available at no cost through the World Wide Web. The presence of our society’s official journal on the World Acad Radiol 2001; 8:696–697
The Dark Side of Structural Holes A Multilevel Investigation

While previous research has investigated structural hole positions through single-level models, describing their positive effects, this article elaborates a multilevel model and supports an antithetical position, revealing a dark side of structural holes. Although individual-level structural holes are supposed to exercise positive effects, it is theorized that group-level mean and group-level variance in structural hole positions are negatively associated with individual outcomes. The argument that justifies the aforementioned negative association is that the individualistic, competitive, manipulative and power-oriented behaviors of employees occupying structural hole positions may be beneficial when considering independent individuals, but, instead, they create frictions and problems when it comes to group functioning and group climate. This article provides evidence that group composition variables exercise a constraining effect on individuals, making them perceive less autonomy, and negatively affect s...
Comparison of regional brain metabolism in bulimia nervosa and affective disorder assessed with positron emission tomography

Women with bulimia often present with symptoms of depression in addition to bingeing and purging behavior. Brain metabolism in eight women with bulimia nervosa was compared to that in eight women with major affective disorder and eight normal women, using positron emission tomography and 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose. Normal women have higher right than left cortical metabolic rates and active basal ganglia. Bulimics lost the normal right activation in some areas, but maintained basal ganglia activity. Depressives retained right hemisphere activation, but had decreased metabolism in basal ganglia. This suggests that although women with bulimia frequently present with symptoms of depression, the pathophysiologic changes associated with bulimia differ from major effective disorder.
Chipping fracture resistance of dental CAD/CAM restorative materials: part 2. Phenomenological model and the effect of indenter type.

Abstract The edge chipping resistances of six CAD/CAM dental restoration materials are analyzed and correlated to other mechanical properties. A new quadratic relationship that is based on a phenomenological model is presented. Objective The purpose of this study was to further analyze the edge chipping resistance of the brittle materials evaluated in Part 1. One objective was to determine why some force-distance trends were linear and others were nonlinear. A second objective was to account for differences in chipping resistance with indenter type. Methods Edge chipping experiments were conducted with different indenters, including some custom-made sharp conical indenters. A new force – distance quadratic expression was correlated to the data and compared to the linear and power law trends. Results The new quadratic function was an excellent fit in every instance. It can account for why some materials can be fit by a linear trend, while others can be fit by the power law trend. The effects of indenter type are accounted for variations in crack initiation and by the wedging stresses once an indentation hole is created. Significance The new quadratic force – edge distance function can be used with edge chipping data for all brittle materials, not just those evaluated in this study. The data trends vary from linear to nonlinear depending upon the material's hardness, fracture toughness, and elastic modulus.
An enhanced operator-oriented genetic search algorithm used to solve nonlinear dynamic control problems

An order-based enhanced operator oriented genetic algorithm (EOOGA) is used to find solutions to nonlinear dynamic control type problems. Solutions are expressed as a sequence of decision vectors that result in near optimal performance. The algorithm is tested on a satellite trajectory problem. The results are compared to randomly generated solutions, and solutions obtained using dynamic programming.
Top Management Team Attraction As A Strategic Asset: A Longitudinal Simulation Test Of The Resource Based View

The Resource Based View’s (RBV) main prescription is that strategic assets are sustainable sources of superior industry returns. In the current research, we examined the ability of top management team attraction (TMTA) to operate as a strategic asset and produce sustainable competitive advantage. We used a longitudinal study of 83 simulation teams functioning as top management teams of competing airlines to demonstrate that top management team attraction was positively associated with superior returns, and that this relationship increased over time. Our study benefits both theorists and managers. The key implication for theorists is that TMTA can positively impact firm performance over time, thereby providing strong support for the RBV. The key implication for managers is that taking steps to enhance TMTA and team dynamics can create competitive advantage for their firms.
V. Gastrointestinal peptide signaling through tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins

Gastrointestinal (GI) peptides (also referred to as neuropeptides or regulatory peptides), including the mammalian bombesin-like peptides gastrin and CCK, elicit the synthesis of classic second messengers (e.g., Ca2+, diacylglycerol, and cAMP) and the consequent stimulation of serine/threonine protein kinase cascades. An emerging theme in signal transduction is that these agonists also induce rapid and coordinate tyrosine phosphorylation of a set of focal adhesion proteins, including the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase p125fak and the adaptor proteins p130cas and paxillin. GI peptide-mediated induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of these focal adhesion proteins is critically dependent on the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton and on functional Rho. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in unraveling this novel tyrosine kinase pathway(s), because it appears to play a fundamental role in the mediation of important biological effects induced by GI peptides, including cell migration and proliferation.
An Uncertain Order of Things: Governing Banyarwanda Mobility in Southwestern Uganda, 1945-1966

Traditional histories of the twentieth century global refugee regime invariably begin with European displacement in the wake of WWI and WWII. Africa features in this traditional narrative as the ‘third chapter’ in global refugee history – as a mere recipient of western categories, practices, and institutions. The proposed paper challenges this linear ‘first-West-then-the-Rest’ narrative through an ethnographic history of Banyarwanda displacement and refugee governance in Uganda, a country that has hosted some of the largest refugee populations on the continent since the 1950s. It will argue that decolonizing African states like Uganda did not receive pre-packaged definitions and protocols for managing refugees. Rather, they provided critical arenas in which a transnational set of actors – refugees, citizens, colonial officials, African bureaucrats, and Western aid workers – debated legal definitions, argued over best practices, and clashed over divisions of responsibility and lines of authority in managing mobile populations. Furthermore, these debates, while in dialogue with emergent global discourses about asylum and citizenship, were informed by distinctly regional histories and political concerns. Drawing on extensive archival research and oral histories with Banyarwanda families, this case study points to the multiple origins and contested categories of the twentieth century global refugee regime.
The Enough Moment : Fighting to End Africa's Worst Human Rights Crimes, John Prendergast with Don Cheadle : book review

This is the second book in which John Prendergast has collaborated with Don Cheadle. The first book, Not on Our Watch, was published in 2007 and was a New York Times bestseller. Prendergast is the primary author of eight other books, mostly dealing with conflict and post-conflict situations on the African continent. These books have included information on Sudan, Eritrea and Tigray, Somalia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Prendergast, a human rights advocate, and Cheadle, an Oscar-nominated actor, pair up in this book to have a dialogue about how ordinary people can do extraordinary things to combat genocide, mass rape as a weapon of war, and child-soldier conscription in Africa. The authors talk about what it means to have an 'Enough Moment', which they describe as when the "perfect storm is gathering for real action in response to some of the worst atrocities in world history" (page 4). The authors give examples of the work of people they refer to as Upstanders - those citizens who choose to do something about a problem - as opposed to Bystanders, who may bemoan an issue but choose not to get involved. The book is rich with real stories of people who have worked at all levels to make changes in these three catastrophes (genocide, rape and child soldiers) of our time.
Impact of frailty on outcomes in geriatric femoral neck fracture management: An analysis of national surgical quality improvement program dataset

Abstract Introduction Frailty is a clinical state of increased vulnerability resulting from aging-associated decline in physiologic reserve. Hip fractures are serious fall injuries that affect our aging population. We retrospectively sought to study the effect of frailty on postoperative outcomes after Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) and Hemiarthroplasty (HA) for femoral neck fracture in a national data set. Methods National Surgical Quality Improvement Project dataset (NSQIP) was queried to identify THA and HA for a primary diagnosis femoral neck fracture using ICD-9 codes. Frailty was assessed using the modified frailty index (mFI) derived from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality and secondary outcomes were 30-day morbidity and failure to rescue (FTR). We used multivariate logistic regression to estimate odds ratio for outcomes while controlling for confounders. Results Of 3121 patients, mean age of patients was 77.34 ± 9.8 years. The overall 30-day mortality was 6.4% (3.2%-THA and 7.2%-HA). One or more severe complications (Clavien-Dindo class-IV) occurred in 7.1% patients (6.7%-THA vs.7.2%-HA). Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for mortality in the group with the higher than median frailty score were 2 (95%CI, 1.4–3.7) after HA and 3.9 (95%CI, 1.3–11.1) after THA. Similarly, in separate multivariate analysis for Clavien-Dindo Class-IV complications and failure to rescue 1.6 times (CI95% 1.15–2.25) and 2.1 times (CI95% 1.12–3.93) higher odds were noted in above median frailty group. Conclusions mFI is an independent predictor of mortality among patients undergoing HA and THA for femoral neck fracture beyond traditional risk factors such as age, ASA class, and other comorbidities. Levels of evidence Level II.
When Is an Adolescent an Adult? Assessing Cognitive Control in Emotional and Nonemotional Contexts

An individual is typically considered an adult at age 18, although the age of adulthood varies for different legal and social policies. A key question is how cognitive capacities relevant to these policies change with development. The current study used an emotional go/no-go paradigm and functional neuroimaging to assess cognitive control under sustained states of negative and positive arousal in a community sample of one hundred ten 13- to 25-year-olds from New York City and Los Angeles. The results showed diminished cognitive performance under brief and prolonged negative emotional arousal in 18- to 21-year-olds relative to adults over 21. This reduction in performance was paralleled by decreased activity in fronto-parietal circuitry, implicated in cognitive control, and increased sustained activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, involved in emotional processes. The findings suggest a developmental shift in cognitive capacity in emotional situations that coincides with dynamic changes in prefrontal circuitry. These findings may inform age-related social policies.
Diagnostic imaging practices for children with suspected appendicitis evaluated at definitive care hospitals and their associated referral centers.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare rates of ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) for suspected appendicitis at hospitals able to provide definitive surgical care with those from their associated referral hospitals. Methods A retrospective cohort study of children undergoing appendectomy using the Pediatric NSQIP Appendectomy Pilot Database (1/1/2013–8/31/2014) was performed. Imaging rates at the initial hospital of presentation were compared between groups after adjusting for differences in demographic characteristics. Results We identified 4859 patients from 28 definitive care hospitals, of which 35% underwent diagnostic imaging at a referral hospital prior to transfer (range: 20.3–70.4%). The overall odds of receiving a CT scan was 10.9-times greater (95% CI: 9.4–12.5) at referring hospitals compared to definitive care hospitals, and the odds were significantly higher for referral hospitals in 96% (27/28) of the geographic regions represented. The overall odds of an initial attempt at US prior to CT was 11.1 times greater (95% CI: 9.09–14.28), and the odds of receiving any ultrasound was 6.25-times greater (95% CI: 5.26–7.14) at definitive care hospitals compared to referral hospitals. Conclusions Children initially evaluated for suspected appendicitis at referring hospitals are much more likely to receive a diagnostic CT, and those imaged with CT are much less likely to receive an US as the initial diagnostic test.
PHYLOGENETIC EVOLUTION IN COLUMBIDAE AS REVEALED BY INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF GENETIC SYSTEMS OF ANTIGENIC CHARACTERS

It is well known that fertile species hybrids are rarely obtained in animals. Therefore, the analysis of the differences that exist between each of four species of Streptopelia (chinensis, humilis, orientalis and senegalensis) and a fifth (risoria) as revealed by segregation of cellular antigens of the erythrocytes in the respective backcross generations, presents unique material for detecting the interrelationships among these species. This paper describes these relationships in four genetic systems and also related antigenic specificities that appear in other species of Columbidae. Differences among these species in their content of certain proteins and enzymes are also presented. Myriads of words have been written about the species problem as a basic element in the overall problem of evolution. Rather than add additional words to introduce the subject whose only virtue would be that they might be stated in a different sequence, the reader is referred to a recent and excellent article by Dobzhansky (1972).
Vagus Nerve Stimulator in a Patient with Adenylosuccinate Lyase Deficiency: a Case Report

Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency (ADSL) is a rare inborn error of metabolism in which epilepsy is a common feature, and often seizures are intractable. We present the first documented case of a female patient with intractable epilepsy secondary to ADSL who had exacerbation of her seizures following implantation of a vagus nerve stimulator (VNS). In addition, using PubMed search engine, we reviewed the current literature on treatment of epilepsy associated with ADSL as well as VNS therapy in patients with epilepsy associated with inborn errors of metabolism. VNS has shown to be a safe and efficacious treatment option for patients with intractable epilepsies of various causes; however, there are no published cases of VNS in this particular syndrome. There are limited data on the efficacy of VNS in patients with epilepsy associated with inborn errors of metabolism, and further study is needed.
Temperature-dependent changes in the host-seeking behaviors of parasitic nematodes

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are lethal parasites of insects that are of interest as biocontrol agents for insect pests and disease vectors. Although EPNs have been successfully commercialized for pest control, their efficacy in the field is often inconsistent for reasons that remain elusive. EPN infective juveniles (IJs) actively search for hosts to infect using a diverse array of host-emitted odorants. Here we investigate whether their host-seeking behavior is subject to context-dependent modulation. We find that EPN IJs exhibit extreme plasticity of olfactory behavior as a function of cultivation temperature. Many odorants that are attractive for IJs grown at lower temperatures are repulsive for IJs grown at higher temperatures and vice versa. Temperature-induced changes in olfactory preferences occur gradually over the course of days to weeks and are reversible. Similar changes in olfactory behavior occur in some EPNs as a function of IJ age. EPNs also show temperature-dependent changes in their host-seeking strategy: IJs cultured at lower temperatures appear to more actively cruise for hosts than IJs cultured at higher temperatures. Furthermore, we find that the skin-penetrating rat parasite Strongyloides ratti also shows temperature-dependent changes in olfactory behavior, demonstrating that such changes occur in mammalian-parasitic nematodes. IJs are developmentally arrested and long-lived, often surviving in the environment through multiple seasonal temperature changes. Temperature-dependent modulation of behavior may enable IJs to optimize host seeking in response to changing environmental conditions, and may play a previously unrecognized role in shaping the interactions of both beneficial and harmful parasitic nematodes with their hosts.
Heterodyne terahertz detection through plasmonic photomixing

A novel heterodyne terahertz detection scheme based on plasmonic photomixing is presented, which is capable of offering high terahertz detection sensitivity levels and detection bandwidths at room temperature. The presented heterodyne detection scheme replaces terahertz mixer and local oscillator of conventional heterodyne receivers with a plasmonic photomixer pumped by an optical local oscillator provided by two wavelength tunable lasers with a terahertz frequency difference. We demonstrate a first proof-of-concept heterodyne receiver prototype designed for operation at 0.1 THz frequency range.
Does School Quality Matter? A Travel Cost Approach

Abstract While the majority of school districts in the United States assign students to schools on the basis of geographic location, there is increasing interest from parents and policy-makers in school choice programs. These programs allow parents (and children) to choose their school. In many cases, when students opt to attend a non-local school, the parent is responsible for transportation. This creates a trade-off between school quality and travel expenditure. This paper estimates the value of school quality in a random utility model framework, using data on rank-ordered preferences submitted in a school choice program in Garland, Texas. I find that a standard deviation of high school quality is valued between $495 and $783, substantially lower than hedonic estimates that include non-educational benefits associated with good schools. In addition to estimating the average value of school quality, this approach can also be used to estimate the value of school quality for demographic groups or for indivi...
Engaging the General Public with High Altitude Ballooning

The interest and excitement involved in performing a high altitude balloon (HAB) flight can be used to spark interest in science and engineering among members of the general public. High profile launches can highlight a ballooning program, recruit students, gain supporters, inspire children, and can disseminate scientific information to a broad range of citizens who might not otherwise have access. Using a recent HAB flight to commemorate the Grand Opening of the Do Space in Omaha, NE as an example, anecdotes and suggestions will be given on how to engage a large number of observers and how to effectively use social media to the advantage of your HAB program. From prior experiences in the Education and Public Outreach (E/PO) arena, the topics shared will highlight successes using Twitter, Facebook, Google Hangouts, Periscope, QR codes, and blogs.
A Method to Measure Pyruvate in Milk

A simple procedure to measure pyruvate in fluid milk products was developed. A supernatant fluid from test milk was prepared by clotting with rennet followed by centrifugation. The supernatant fluid was then boiled centrifuged again, and finally membrane-filtered. This filtrate was then used in the spectrophotometric assay of pyruvate via the NADH NAD+ mediated conversion of pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). This procedure recovered nearly 100% of pyruvate added to various milks, and detected a difference of 1 ppm of pyruvate (p < 0.01).