cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of metal contacts on ScN

Abstract Metal contacts deposited on ScN films grown by plasma assisted physical vapor deposition (PAPVD) and rf-sputtering were examined. The metal contacts Ti, Ni, Pd were dc-sputtered while Al and Cu were evaporated. For PAPVD ScN it was found that the best ohmic contact was formed by depositing Pd, with specific contact resistance in the range of 9.0E+01 W cm 2 . In the case of rf-sputtered ScN films deposited at 300 K, all metals tried to form ohmic contacts with specific contact resistance of the order of 10 6 W cm 2 . For the films sputtered at 1000 K, it was found that Pd made the best ohmic contact with a value for the contact resistance similar to PAPVD samples, while for the Ti and Ni contacts, values of the order of 10 6 W cm 2 were calculated. For all samples where Al and Cu metals form contacts, these were ohmic with very high contact resistance. Trends in the ohmic contact formation and properties are believed to be related to the crystalline structure of the ScN.
NUCLEATION AND GROWTH OF Cr ON STEPPED SURFACES WITH FACETS AN FEEM STUDY

Analyse du mecanisme de nucleation et croissance epitaxiale des cristaux de Cr formes par deposition de vapeur sur des surfaces de W et Re nettoyees thermiquement. Les surfaces des substrats sont constituees de terrasses et de facettes de faibles indices, delimitees par des marches atomiques
Diffusion-Based Thermal Tomography

Thermal imaging is one of the fastest growing areas of nondestructive testing. The basic idea is to apply heat to a material and study the way the temperature changes within the material to learn about its composition. The technique is rapid, relatively inexpensive, and, most importantly, has a wide coverage area with a single experimental measurement. One of the main research goals in thermal imaging has been to improve flaw definition through advanced image processing. Tomographic imaging is a very attractive way to achieve this goal. Although there have been some attempts to implement tomographic principles for thermal imaging, they have been only marginally successful. One possible reason for this is that conventional tomography algorithms rely on wave propagation (either electromagnetic or acoustic) and are inherently unsuitable for thermal diffusion without suitable modifications. In this research program, a modified approach to thermal imaging is proposed that fully accounts for diffusion phenomena in a tomographic imaging algorithm. Here, instead of the large area source used in conventional thermal imaging applications, a raster scanned point source is employed in order to provide the well-defined source-receiver positions required for tomographic imaging. An algorithm for the forward propagation problem, based on the Galerkin finite element method in connection with the corresponding weak formulation for the thermal diffusion is considered. A thermal diffusion modified version of the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) is used for image reconstruction. Examples of tomographic images are presented from synthetically generated data to illustrate the utility of the approach.
Nutritional Improvement of Sorghum by Fermentation

A natural lactic fermentation of ground grain sorghum produced significant increases (P < 0.001) in available lysine/leucine, isoleucine, and methionine. The protein quality, expressed as relative nutritive value, increased significantly (P < 0.001) as a result of fermentation. Niacin and thiamin increased significantly (P < 0.001) and riboflavin also increased (P < 0.05) during the fermentation. Protein and carbohydrate appeared to be more available after the fermentation than before the fermentation. Although the fermentation produced increased availability of nutrients, it did not produce change in the proximate analyses.
Criticism of multiparty democracy: Parallels between Wamba‐dia‐Wamba and Arendt

Abstract The IMF, World Bank, and former colonial powers have put pressure on African countries to adopt multiparty democracy. Because of this pressure, many formerly one‐party states as well as some military dictatorships have embraced Western and Parliamentarian democratic forms. But does this mean that democracy has succeeded in Africa? Ernest Wamba‐dia‐Wamba of the University of Dar‐es‐Saalam and CODESRIA argues that embracing Western paradigms in an unthinking fashion will not bring real democracy, i.e. people's liberation. He advances criticisms of party politics and statism, and suggests that African palaver and people's movements are a surer site of political action. In his criticisms of representative government he parallels the thoughts and criticism of Hannah Arendt. Arendt advocated a council system that shares many of the attributes of African palaver communities. By consulting the criticisms of Arendt and Wamba‐dia‐Wamba, we can see that an easy optimism about the multiparty system is unfounded.
Automated nondestructive assay of UF6 cylinders: Detector characterization and initial measurements

Abstract International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors currently perform periodic inspections at uranium enrichment plants to verify UF6 cylinder enrichment declarations. Measurements are typically performed with handheld high-resolution sensors on a sampling of cylinders taken to be representative of the facility's entire cylinder inventory. These measurements are time-consuming and assay only a small fraction of the total cylinder volume. An automated nondestructive assay system capable of providing enrichment measurements over the full volume of the cylinder could improve upon current verification practices in terms of manpower and assay accuracy. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is developing an Integrated Cylinder Verification System (ICVS) intended for this purpose and has developed a field prototype of the nondestructive assay (NDA) components of an ICVS. The nondestructive assay methods would combine the “traditional” enrichment-meter signature (i.e. 186-keV emission from U-235) as well as “nontraditional” high-energy photon signatures derived from neutrons produced primarily by F-19(α,n) reactions. This paper describes the design, calibration and characterization of the NaI(Tl) and LaBr3(Ce) spectrometers utilized in the field prototype. An overview of a recent field measurement campaign is then provided, supported by example gamma-ray pulse-height spectra collected on cylinders of known enrichment.
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome: a critical review

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction syndrome and myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) syndrome have been primarily viewed as dental problems and have only recently received close attention by psychologists. The literature reviewed in the present paper reveals that a substantial portion of the population is affected by these disorders. There is, however, a great deal of confusion that exists in relation to the aetiology and treatment of these syndromes. In an attempt to clarify the current understanding of these disorders, the present review first presents a discussion of the symptoms which comprise each of these syndromes and the proposed physiological mechanisms associated with each symptom. Next, the aetiological theories for each of these syndromes are reviewed and critically evaluated. Treatments which have been derived from the theoretical models are then discussed. Finally, methodological considerations involving classification, assessment and treatment issues are presented and future research needs are outlined.
Paternal predominance in reciprocal channel-blue hybrid catfish

Abstract The male parent of interspecific crosses between blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus , and channel catfish, I. punctatus had controlling influence on several growth patterns. Paternal predominance was considered to exist if the external appearance or if the values for morphometric, meristic, or behavioral traits for one hybrid were statistically different from its reciprocal hybrid and more similar to its male parent than its female parent. Paternal predominance was also considered to exist when a mean for one hybrid was not different from that of its male parent, and a mean for the male parent was statistically different from that of the reciprocal hybrid. The external appearance, swim bladder shape, and anal fin ray number of hybrids were more nearly that of their male parents than their female parents. Paternal predominance was also evident in both growth and morphometric uniformity. Further, susceptibility to capture by seine was influenced more by the male parent than the female parent.
Short-wavelength magnetic anomalies in a region of rapid seafloor spreading

THE main features of the geomagnetic time scale for 0–3 Myr BP are well defined1–3, but the existence and/or number of short events (polarity intervals lasting less than 50,000 yr) is still under discussion. Interest in correlating these short events with features in marine magnetic profiles has focused on three short-wavelength anomalies: anomaly X4,5 which appears at approximately 2.3 Myr BP; anomaly W5–7 at 2.0 Myr BP; and a short-wavelength feature in the centre of the central anomaly3,6,8,9. These anomalies appear rarely, and then usually only in profiles from regions of rapid spreading. We present here an analysis of a remarkable new set of data from just such a region. Our results provide evidence of the existence of two, or possibly three, short events in (the interval 0–3 Myr BP, and of the existence of a magnetised ridge at the precise centre of seafloor spreading.
Kalman filter damage detection in the presence of changing process and measurement noise

Abstract Damage detection using a Kalman filter is based on a hypothesis test on the whiteness of innovations. Correlations in the innovations arise when either the properties of the system, or the statistics of the noise processes, deviate from the values used to formulate the filter. It is shown that the correlations from the first source decay with lags at a rate that depends on the open loop eigenvalues, while those from the second depend on the eigenvalues of the closed loop. Given that these two rates differ, the resolution of the Kalman filter as a damage detector depends on the interval of lags used to formulate the discriminating test statistic. Recommendations for selecting an interval that promotes sensitivity to damage over changes in the noise processes are given. The proposed lag shifted whiteness test (LSWT) extends use of the Kalman filter as a damage detector to situations where variability in the loading makes a standard whiteness test ineffective.
Imaging techniques in the evaluation of pediatric hypertension

Moderate or severe hypertension occurs in a small percentage of hypertensive children, but it is within this group that the surgically correctable causes of hypertension are found. Since cure rates up to 90% have been reported, it is important to diagnose a secondary cause of hypertension. Excretory urography is recommended to screen for renovascular hypertension and renal parenchymal disease. Renal scintigraphy can be substituted for the urogram, but the anatomical resolution is poorer. If renovascular hypertension is suggested by abnormal results of screening examination, arteriography should be part of the evaluation. Ultrasonography is reserved primarily for evaluating neonatal hypertension which most frequently is related to thrombosis. If this diagnosis is documented, renal function should be assessed with radionuclide techniques. If a hormonally active tumor is suspected, evaluation of the adrenals and retroperitoneum is accomplished best by CT.
Gnathostomiasis, or larva migrans profundus

Gnathostomiasis, or larva migrans profundus, is a significant cause of morbidity in many parts of the world, especially the Far East. Over forty cases have recently been reported from South America, and some of those patients are seeking diagnostic evaluation and treatment in the United States. A clinical course of painless migratory recurrent urticarial skin lesions in a patient who has eaten raw or poorly cooked freshwater fish should alert a physician to the diagnosis of gnathostomiasis.
Modulation of cardiovascular reflexes by arginine vasopressin

Arginine vasopressin (AVP), a potent vasoconstrictor, does not raise arterial pressure in normal humans or neurally intact animals, even during infusions that achieve pathophysiological plasma concentrations. It has been proposed that this is because AVP facilitates the baroreflex control of the circulation. We performed a series of investigations to test this hypothesis, and to determine sites at which AVP might act to augment the baroreflex. In anesthetized rabbits, vasopressin (36 pmol∙kg−1∙min−1) increased discharge from both medullated and nonmedullated single fibres from aortic baroreceptor nerves during elevations in aortic arch pressure. Similarly, vasopressin (36 pmol∙kg−1∙min−1) increased the response of left ventricular mechanoreceptor single fibre discharge to elevations of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. These observations suggest that sensitization of high and low pressure baroreceptors is one mechanism by which vasopressin may facilitate baroreflexes. In a further series of experim...
Stereochemistry of low-spin cobalt porphyrins. 9. preparation and characterization of five-coordinate organocobalt(III) derivatives

Abstract Organocobalt(III) derivatives have been prepared by direct aerial oxidation of tetraphenylporphinatocobalt(II) in solutions containing acetone, acetophenone, and malononitrile. The molecular and crystal structure of acetonyl-α, β, γ, δ-tetraphenylporphinatocobalt(III) has been determined by x-ray diffraction techniques. The porphinato core provides the base of a square pyramid, with the acetonyl group at the apex. CH 3 C(O)CH 2 CoTPP crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P 1 . The unit cell has a = 12.187 (8) A, b = 14.157 (5) A, c = 11.925 (5) A, α = 94.70 (2)°, β = 111.39 (4)°, and γ = 68.44 (4)°. The calculated and experimental densities are 1.356 and 1.34 g/cm 3 respectively for Z = 2, required crystal symmetry 1 . Final discrepancy indices are R 1 = 0.050 and R 2 = 0.076. The average Co-N distance is 1.948 A and the Co-C distance is 2.028 A.
Do nitric oxide synthase, NMDA receptor subunit R1 and cytochrome oxidase co-localize in the rat central nervous system?

The activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been linked to excitatory input via NMDA receptors. We hypothesized that NOS-positive neurons that have NMDA receptors on their surface would have high levels of cytochrome oxidase (C.O.) as energy generator for membrane repolarization. In order to compare the distribution of these markers on the same section, we reacted rat brain sections for C.O. histochemistry followed by NOS immunogold silver staining (IGSS). Adjacent sections were reacted for NOS IGSS followed by indirect immunoperoxidase for NMDA receptor subunit R1 (NMDAR1). We found that the staining pattern varied among regions but were consistent within each region examined. There are three types of NOS immunoreactive (NOS-ir) cells: (1) NOS-ir neurons that had moderate to high levels of both NMDAR1 and C.O. staining, such as the pontine reticular nuclei, motor and mesencephalic nuclei of the trigeminal nerve, and some motor neurons in the spinal cord. (2) NOS-ir neurons that were immunoreactive for NMDAR1 (NMDAR1-ir) but had low levels of C.O. activity in thei- somata. Their dendrites, however, were both NMDAR1-ir and rich in C.O. Examples of this type include neurons in the caudate and putamen, and periglomerular cells in the olfactory bulb. (3) We also found that some NOS-ir neurons were not NMDAR1-ir and had low C.O. activity. In addition to postsynaptic neurons, C.O. and NOS levels were both high in the inner segments of retinal photoreceptor cells where energy-demanding active ion transport maintains the dark current and where NO presumably activates guanylate cyclase for the production of cGMP, which keeps the Na+ channels open in the dark. Our findings suggest that NMDA receptors are available for the majority of NOS-ir neurons, which comprise a heterogenous population with varying energy demands.
Infrared study of perfluorovinylphosphonic acid, perfluoroallylphosphonic acid, and pentafluoroallyldiethylphosphonate

Abstract Transmission infrared spectra of three fluorinated phosphonate monomers, perfluorovinylphosphonic acid, perfluoroallylphosphonic acid, and pentafluoroallyldiethylphosphonate, are presented and discussed. Characterization of such compounds by infrared spectroscopy is difficult, because considerable overlap occurs between absorptions arising from C-F stretching vibrations and absorptions arising from phosphonate moieties. Detailed band assignments were made on the basis of subtle similarities and differences in the structures of the compounds, such as degree of fluorination and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The detailed identification of the absorption bands in the infrared spectra of PVPA, PAPA, and PADP provided by this report should be of assistance in subsequent infrared studies of similar compounds and polymers prepared from them.
Earnings Management Using Real Activities: Evidence from Nonprofit Hospitals

ABSTRACT We extend the literature on earnings management through real operating decisions by providing insight into the types of expenditures (core versus noncore and operating versus non-operating activities) affected by earnings management. We partition a sample of California nonprofit hospitals based on their earnings management incentives. We find that expenditures on non-operating and non-revenue-generating activities appear to decrease in hospitals with incentives to engage in such behavior, while core patient care activities remain unchanged. We also find evidence of earnings management in non-core operational expenses. Second, we analyze real earnings management related to pay-for-performance incentives and find that hospitals with stronger performance incentives exhibit a significant incremental decrease in expenditures. Finally, we examine two different kinds of behavior to discriminate between earnings management and good operational decisions and provide weak evidence to support opportunism ra...
NATION-STATES CONFRONT THE GLOBAL: Discourses of Indigenous Rights in Fiji and Tanzania

How do global issue constructions serve as resources for actors engaged in domestic political contention, and what does the appropriation of global ideas by domestic actors imply about the spread of global culture? To contribute to knowledge about conflict-based diffusion of global ideas, we examine the histories of global constructions of indigenous rights and national debates about indigenous rights in Fiji and Tanzania. While global models of indigenous rights emphasize self-determination for nondominant, culturally distinct groups at risk from the nation-state, advocates for indigenization policies in Fiji and Tanzania have argued for state policies to entrench political and economic rights for majority or near-majority groups that were well integrated into the nation-state. Although transnationally connected indigenous rights organizations have a greater presence in Tanzania than in Fiji, actors in Fiji remain more engaged with changes in international indigenous rights discourse than their counterparts in Tanzania. This difference reflects variations in the leverage global culture offered in the two cases because of its externality to national political debates. In Fiji, actors appropriated global culture as a means to internationalize a domestic dispute, while in Tanzania the impetus for indigenization came from global economic pressures. Our findings imply that conflict-based diffusion concentrates agency with respect to the use of global legal discourses in domestic actors rather than the globally connected actors and experts who carry global culture in consensus-based diffusion.
Sheath structure of a probe in a flowing magnetoplasma

Summary form only given, as follows. Distributions of plasma and fields near an electric probe in a flowing magnetoplasma are studied by means of 3-D numerical simulations. The flowing plasma represents the relative motion of the probe with respect to the plasma, as imposed by the orbital motion in space. The field distribution shows wings of a resonance-cone like structure, analogous to the whistler wings created by a moving electrode in a laboratory plasma. In addition to the wings, the relative motion also creates a "bow shock" in front of a positive probe along with the usual wake with negative potentials in its back. The relative motion significantly enhances the current collection by the positive probe over the upper-bound current given by the conservation of the canonical angular momentum in a stationary plasma.
The application of the analytic theory of continued fractions to the study of wave interactions

The analytic theory of continued fractions is used to find the zeros of a complex polynomial representing a wave interaction dispersion equation. This method reveals new insight in studying these problems and may be programmed for the digital computer.
A metric for routing in delay-sensitive wireless sensor networks

We present a new scheme to reduce the end-to-end routing delay in the mission-critical applications of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) under the duty cycle model. While greedy routing in the synchronized MAC model has been studied extensively, efficient routing in an asynchronous MAC model is considerably different because the wake-up time and availability of a node along the pre-decided path are not synchronized and can be changed by many dynamic factors. The challenge is to catch this dynamic change in time and furthermore, to minimize its impact on routing decisions. We propose a normalized evaluation value e [0, 1] at each node under the proactive model for all different paths passing through, saving the cost and delay of the reactive information model. Its measurement interprets the existence of the fastest path to the edge of the networks in a certain direction, directing any local advance greedy in the same direction. We provide a new strategy for greedy routing. First, it waits for the appearance of the expected forwarding successor; if this fails, then it will select the backup by the “first-wake-up, first use” policy to avoid a dead wait. We focus on an “everyone” model, in which each node will apply the same generic process in a fully distributed manner in order to achieve a reliable solution. By applying our approach in the networks with a uniform wake-up schedule, we illustrate the substantial improvement of our approach in both analytical and experimental results compared with the best known results.
Biology of Melichares tarsalis in Association with Plodia interpunctella

When reared on the eggs of Plodia viterpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) under laboratory conditions of about 25°C and 75% relative humidity, the average durations of the stages of Melichares tarsalis (Berlese) (Acarina: Asceidae) in hours were: egg 52, larvae 23, protonymph 42, and deutonymph 47. The total period from egg deposition to adulthood averaged slightly more for females (166 hours) than for males (160 hours). The period from adulthood to oviposition was about 42 hours. Females laid an average of 3 eggs per day at 8-hour intervals. One female laid 62 viable eggs in 20 days. Mating lasted as long as 6 hours and females frequently mated more than once. The female:male ratio was slightly less than 3:1. Larvae of M. tarsalis did not feed, but all subsequent stages fed readily. Each feeding stage consumed about 1 egg per day. Females in all stages fed slightly more than males. The adult mites are phoretic on the adult moths.
Limitations of the Government Budget Constraint: Users vs. Issuers of the Currency

The financial crisis and ensuing economic meltdown has led to sharp increases in the deficits and debt levels of many advanced economies. The run-up in public sector indebtedness helped to restore private sector balance sheets, laying the foundation for economic recovery in these regions. But the so-called “sovereign” debt crisis in the Eurozone has undermined the fiscal resolve that has, thus far, kept truly sovereign governments from slipping into a bona fide depression. Fearful of becoming the next Greece, governments that could allow an unlimited fiscal adjustment to restore full employment, are methodically weakening their fiscal support mechanisms and setting themselves on a path to becoming the next Japan. Key words: Fiscal policy, Deficit, Sovereign risk.JEL: E62, H62, F34.
A Rosa Parks moment? School choice and the marketization of civil rights

In this critical analysis, I interrogate the efforts of elite education reformers to cast market-based school choice reforms as descendants of civil rights movement policies. Drawing from multidisciplinary research, including educational policy, history, and sociology, as well as the voices of contemporary educational reformers, I examine the ideological underpinnings and demographic profile of the market-based school reform movement. In turn, I juxtapose these elite stances and initiatives with grassroots organizing in traditionally marginalized communities and argue that it is the latter which yokes their efforts to issues of justice, equity, and voice and are far more deeply connected to the ongoing struggle for civil rights and social justice. I conclude that civil rights claims in support of market-based choice reforms are a seductive attempt to recast civil rights concerns primarily at the individual rather than at the community level and therefore fail to map onto broader social and educational jus...
Use of solid-phase C1Q to remove soluble antigen/antibody complexes in an inhibition ELISA for streptococcal cell membrane antigens.

Abstract Solid-phase C1q was used to remove antigen/antibody complexes in an inhibition ELISA for low molecular weight streptococcal cell membrane (SCM) polypeptide antigens. To selectively fix IgM monoclonal antibody bound to antigen, binding was carried out in Clq-coated ELISA plates; transfer of supernatants to SCM-coated plates for ELISA permitted measurement of residual antibody. When inhibition occurred in the presence of C1q, the maximal binding was 72–98%. In the absence of C1q the maximum apparent binding was only 45–50%, which we attribute to displacement of the initially bound SCM antigen by solid phase SCM antigen. Removal of antigen/antibody complexes by solid-phase C1q during inhibition assays may facilitate analysis of low affinity antigen/antibody interactions. (KEY WORDS: anti-SCM antibody; ELISA; affinity; Clq binding; antigen/antibody complexes)
A note on intra-elemental isotope effects and the interpretation of non-mass-dependent isotope variations

Abstract Significant deviations from the “normal” intra-elemental isotope fractionation relationship for sulphur isotopes can be caused by isotope exchange by equilibria involving gaseous S 2 and H 2 S. The phenomenon applies to other elements and it is caused by differences in the crossover temperature of isotope exchange reactions for the different (at least three) isotopes of an element.
The trade balance and the exchange rate

Abstract This paper constructs a two-country equilibrium model of the world economy in order to analyze the co-movements of the exchange rate and the trade balance in response to disturbances caused by domestic and foreign monetary and fiscal policies. It is shown that the trade balance may improve in response to a depreciating exchange rate or, conversely, it may deteriorate despite a depreciating exchange rate, depending on the relative importance of different disturbances.
It's A Material World: History, Artifacts, and Anthropology

▪ Abstract History is of critical importance for anthropology because, in human affairs, the present is intimately linked to the past. Archaeology is important to the study of history because the material remains of the past supplement and interrogate historical documents. Collaboration between cultural anthropologists and archaeologists will produce a broader knowledge of past worlds and how those worlds have been constructed in historical texts, both past and present. Cultural anthropologists and archaeologists should also compare the ways in which they engage in discussions about the past with both the American public and local communities—discussions that are quite different in the two subfields.
Locoregional Recurrence of Breast Conserving Surgery after Preoperative Chemotherapy in Korean Women with Locally Advanced Breast Cancer.

Purpose: Preoperative chemotherapy has been used to increase the rate of breast conserving surgery (BCS) in Caucasian women. However, whether it would also increase the rate of BCS in Korean women has not been verified. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of preoperative chemotherapy to make BCS possible in Korean women who have locally advanced cancer without any increase of locoregional recurrence according to operation methods (BCS vs. mastectomy).
What Is the Evidence for Use Dependent Learning After Stroke

Our laboratory has been interested in the patterns of synaptic plasticity after cortical stroke in animal models.1 These protein expression studies suggest that regions both ipsilateral and contralateral to the stroke are involved during the recovery period. An emerging issue of interest is whether the recovered function is indeed normal or reflects some compensatory function.2 One approach to resolving these questions is to assess different patterns of functional recovery in patients who do and do not recover function with and without therapy and compare them to normal patterns. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms of brain plasticity after injury suggests that functional activity stimulates this recovery and guides the development of functional pathways.3,4 Several investigators postulate that recovery from stroke resembles “use-dependent” learning.5 For this report, we review pertinent literature related to this phenomenon, assess how recovery of language resembles normal language function, and provide examples from our own research on functional imaging that assess patterns of activation related to recovery. The primary treatment modality that we review is constraint-induced language therapy (CILT), in which stroke patients are restricted to using verbal communication.6 CILT is based on principles of constraint-induced therapy for other conditions.6 CILT is performed in chronic stroke …
Genetics of the Drosophila flight muscle myofibril: a window into the biology of complex systems.

This essay reviews the long tradition of experimental genetics of the Drosophila indirect flight muscles (IFM). It discusses how genetics can operate in tandem with multidisciplinary approaches to provide a description, in molecular terms, of the functional properties of the muscle myofibril. In particular, studies at the interface of genetics and proteomics address protein function at the cellular scale and offer an outstanding platform with which to elucidate how the myofibril works. Two generalizations can be enunciated from the studies reviewed. First, the study of mutant IFM proteomes provides insight into how proteins are functionally organized in the myofibril. Second, IFM mutants can give rise to structural and contractile defects that are unrelated, a reflection of the dual function that myofibrillar proteins play as fundamental components of the sarcomeric framework and biochemical "parts" of the contractile "engine".
Emerging Treatments for Bipolar Disorder: Safety and Adverse Effect Profiles

Objective:To provide an overview of the safety and tolerability of newer agents used to treat bipolar disorder (BPD) and provide clinicians with management strategies for drug-related toxicity and adverse effects.Data Sources:MEDLINE was searched through July 2005 for BPD treatment, adverse effects, tolerability, safety, emerging agents, atypical antipsychotics, new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), risperidone, quetiapine, clozapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, lamotrigine, topiramate, gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, and olanzapine.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Results from randomized controlled trials, open-label studies, and reviews are described.Data Synthesis:Emerging agents recently approved for BPD include atypical antipsychotics and new AEDs. Safety and tolerability are as Important as efficacy because poor adherence in BPD worsens outcome; metabolic and other comorbidities pose specific challenges; and manic patients often require combination therapy, which increases adverse effects. Most atypical anti...
The academic job offer: what to expect and how to negotiate

In contrast to the familiar college, medical school, residency and fellowship application mechanisms, securing the first academic faculty position has no ground rules and no timelines. The open-ended and idiosyncratic nature of securing a job can be frustrating. Negotiating a competitive start-up package when continuing on the faculty of one's training institution can be particularly challenging. Deciding which offer to accept should be determined less by the "best deal" that can be negotiated and more by the short-term and long-term opportunities for career success.
Energy impacts of wired and wireless networks

Many commercial and residential buildings now have wired telecommunications networks. An emerging trend is to substitute wired with wireless networks, which have generally lower bandwidth but are easier to setup and manage. In order to compare the relative impacts of these two types of computer networks, we consider a case study of Carnegie Mellon University's campus network, which includes ubiquitous wired and wireless networks. We find that the network infrastructure alone consumes 6% of the campus electricity load. Further, while there is some difference in network performance between the two types of networks (and are thus not completely equivalent), the wireless network consumes considerably less energy. Since a college campus (especially a highly computer intensive one like the one studied) is not representative of all commercial, industrial, or residential buildings, these results are not generalizable, but are still useful in understanding some of the components of the 3% of all electrical load that is attributable to information technology in the US. However, there are still important points to be made associated with the relative energy efficiency of wireless networking that can aid future deployment and policy issues.
Thought Reform and Cultural Revolution: An Analysis of the Symbolism of Chinese Polemics*

Although the major purpose of the Cultural Revolution was to transform Chinese political culture, the way in which this transformation took place has remained unclear. This paper attempts to understand cultural transformation as a process of interaction within a semiological system, consisting of a network of communicators and a lexicon of political symbols. The pragmatic aspect of this process is the outcome of an interplay among the intentions of the elites, the masses, and the target of criticism: political circumstances during the Cultural Revolution were more benign to the cathartic and hortatory intentions of the masses and elites than to the expiatory needs of the target. The syntactic aspect of the system concerns the relationship among symbols: These were found to form a dichotomous structure divided by a taboo barrier, which elicited strong but ambivalent desires to achieve a revolutionary breakthrough. The semantic aspect of the symbolism refers to problematic dimensions of experience in Chinese political culture–the psychological repression imposed by a system of rigid social censorship, the political discrimination practiced against certain social categories, the persistence of differences in income or educational achievement in a socialist system–and suggests that these “contradictions” may be resolved by bold frontal assault.The symbolism of Cultural Revolution polemics has now become part of Chinese political culture. Its impact seems to have been to inhibit social differentiation (particularly hierarchical), to encourage greater mass participation, and to foster more frequent and irreconcilable conflict among elites.
Recovery of Sparse Translation-Invariant Signals With Continuous Basis Pursuit

We consider the problem of decomposing a signal into a linear combination of features, each a continuously translated version of one of a small set of elementary features. Although these constituents are drawn from a continuous family, most current signal decomposition methods rely on a finite dictionary of discrete examples selected from this family (e.g., shifted copies of a set of basic waveforms), and apply sparse optimization methods to select and solve for the relevant coefficients. Here, we generate a dictionary that includes auxiliary interpolation functions that approximate translates of features via adjustment of their coefficients. We formulate a constrained convex optimization problem, in which the full set of dictionary coefficients represents a linear approximation of the signal, the auxiliary coefficients are constrained so as to only represent translated features, and sparsity is imposed on the primary coefficients using an L1 penalty. The basis pursuit denoising (BP) method may be seen as a special case, in which the auxiliary interpolation functions are omitted, and we thus refer to our methodology as continuous basis pursuit (CBP). We develop two implementations of CBP for a one-dimensional translation-invariant source, one using a first-order Taylor approximation, and another using a form of trigonometric spline. We examine the tradeoff between sparsity and signal reconstruction accuracy in these methods, demonstrating empirically that trigonometric CBP substantially outperforms Taylor CBP, which, in turn, offers substantial gains over ordinary BP. In addition, the CBP bases can generally achieve equally good or better approximations with much coarser sampling than BP, leading to a reduction in dictionary dimensionality.
Trinucleotide GAA Repeats Dictate pMGA Gene Expression in Mycoplasma gallisepticum by Affecting Spacing between Flanking Regions

The pMGA genes of the avian respiratory pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum encode a family of hemagglutinins that are subject to phase variation. A trinucleotide GAA repeat region is located upstream of the pMGA transcription start site. The length of the repeat region varies at a high frequency due to changes in the number of repeat units. Previous studies have shown that pMGA genes are transcribed when 12 GAA repeats are present but are not transcribed when the number of repeats is not 12. To further analyze the mechanism of gene regulation, the pMGA promoter region was modified either by deleting the nucleotides 5" of the GAA repeats or by inserting linkers of 10 or 12 bp at a position 3" of the repeats. The modified promoter region was fused to a promoterless lacZ gene and transformed into M. gallisepticum by using transposon Tn4001 as a vector. Transformants and successive generations of progeny were analyzed with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) to monitor β-galactosidase activity. For the transformants of M. gallisepticum containing the reporter with deletion of nucleotides 5" of the GAA repeats, GAA-dependent pMGA gene regulation was abolished. For the transformants containing the reporter with an addition of 10- or 12-bp linkers, lacZ was expressed only when eight GAA repeats were present. These data indicate that the nucleotides 5" of the GAA repeats as well as the spacing between the GAA repeats and sequences downstream (3") of the repeats are important for pMGA gene expression.
A scalable sub-1.2mW 300MHz-to-1.5GHz host-clock PLL for system-on-chip in 32nm CMOS

System-on-chips (SoCs) are being widely adopted in mobile applications, and are driven by the need for longer battery life, their power budget continues to decrease. In addition, the phase-locked loop (PLL) for the SoC host clock has to be a very low power circuit to support the always-on always-connected (AOAC) feature for SoCs integrated into hand-held devices. The proposed PLL, implemented in a high-k metal-gate 32nm logic CMOS technology, provides process scalability to the next process technology node, uncompromised system response, and loop stability under process variation and minimum power envelop constraints. As the jitter requirements for the host clocking PLL are not stringent, the proposed architecture emphasizes the power efficiency over the jitter performance.
TSUNAMI: a path oriented scheme for algebraic test generation

An algorithm is presented for generating tests for single stuck line faults using a combination of algebraic processing and conventional path oriented search. Unlike conventional test generation algorithms, this algorithm uses algebraic methods to determine the complete set of input assignments that will propagate an error signal through a gate in a path to a primary output. The algorithm uses ordered binary decision diagrams (BDDs) for algebraic processing. For a large number of circuits that are amenable to analysis using BDDs, the algorithm is faster than previous algebraic methods. The algorithm has been implemented as the program TSUNAMI. Experimental results demonstrate that for most circuits TSUNAMI can generate test sets for all faults in fairly small amounts of time and is very efficient for hard-to-detect and redundant faults. Moreover, since a large set of tests is generated for each fault, these sets can be compacted to a very high degree. Using benchmark circuits as a reference, TSUNAMI obtains test sets up to 70% smaller than test sets generated by conventional algorithms. >
The Life Cycle of the Kidney: Implications for CKD

The growing prevalence of CKD across the world has intensified the search for factors responsible for progressive loss of kidney function over time. In the 1980s, Brenner et al. reported that reduced nephron number results in glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy, leading to maladaptive further
Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Severe Feeding Problems: A Cost-effective Alternative to Tube Feeding?

Forty-six children with severe feeding problems received intensive behavioral therapy in a day treatment program. All of the children were dependent on supplemental tube feedings. The outcomes of the day treatment program were reported at discharge, 12, and 24 month follow-up. The program was found to be cost-effective when compared to the cost of long-term supplemental feeding.
Towards understanding the phylogenetic history of Hydrozoa: Hypothesis testing with 18S gene sequence data

Although systematic treatments of Hydrozoa have been notoriously difficult, a great deal of useful information on morphologies and life histories has steadily accumulated. From the assimilation of this information, numerous hypotheses of the phylogenetic relationships of the major groups of Hydrozoa have been offered. Here I evaluate these hypotheses using the complete sequence of the 18S gene for 35 hydrozoan species. New 18S sequences for 31 hydrozoans, 6 scyphozoans, one cubozoan, and one anthozoan are reported. Parsimony analyses of two datasets that include the new 18S sequences are used to assess the relative strengths and weaknesses of a list of phylogenetic hypotheses that deal with Hydrozoa. Alternative measures of tree optimality, minimum evolution and maximum likelihood, are used to evaluate the reliability of the parsimony analyses. Hydrozoa appears to be composed of two clades, herein called Trachylina and Hydroidolina. Trachylina consists of Limnomedusae, Narcomedusae, and Trachymedusae. Narcomedusae is not likely to be the basal group of Trachylina, but is instead derived directly from within Trachymedusae. This implies the secondary gain of a polyp stage. Hydroidolina consists of Capitata, Filifera, Hydridae, Leptomedusae, and Siphonophora. Anthomedusae may not form a monophyletic grouping. However, the relationships among the hydroidolinan groups are difficult to resolve with the present set of data. Finally, the monophyly of Hydrozoa is strongly supported.
Escape from the computer lab: education in mobile wireless networks

As mobile wireless network technology becomes widespread, the importance of education about this new form of communication is becoming critical. One of the benefits of mobile computing education is that courses focusing on this topic can leverage advances in wireless technology to support novel education and learning paradigms. In particular, the development of wireless communication, together with portable devices, allows the freedom of both mobility and creativity in curriculum and assignments. We describe two recently designed mobile computing courses at the University of California, Santa Barbara, focusing on the methodologies for incorporating handheld computing devices into the course assignments. Course evaluations have shown that the use of mobile computing devices has been well-received by the students in both of these courses, and we encourage their incorporation into similar courses.
Meshless isosurface generation from multiblock data

We propose a meshless method for the extraction of high-quality continuous isosurfaces from volumetric data represented by multiple grids, also called "multiblock" data sets. Multiblock data sets are commonplace in computational mechanics applications. Relatively little research has been performed on contouring multiblock data sets, particularly when the grids overlap one another. Our algorithm proceeds in two steps. In the first step, we determine a continuous interpolant using a set of locally defined radial basis functions (RBFs) in conjunction with a partition of unity method to blend smoothly between these functions. In the second step, we extract isosurface geometry by sampling points on Marching Cubes triangles and projecting these point samples onto the isosurface defined by our interpolant. A surface splatting algorithm is employed for visualizing the resulting point set representing the isosurface. Because of our method's generality, it inherently solves the "crack problem" in isosurface generation. Results using a set of synthetic data sets and a discussion of practical considerations are presented. The importance of our method is that it can be applied to arbitrary grid data regardless of mesh layout or orientation.
Diffusion in MgO at high pressures: Constraints on deformation mechanisms and chemical transport at the core‐mantle boundary

[1] High-pressure experiments on diffusion in MgO were performed to model the rheological and chemical transport properties of the lower mantle. Lattice and grain boundary diffusion coefficients for Mg, O and Al were determined at 2273 K and pressures up to 25 GPa. The results for pure MgO are in excellent agreement with first-principles calculations. In samples doped with Al2O3, cation vacancies were found to attach to Al impurities with a binding energy of ∼0.7 eV. Our results predict that a transition from diffusion creep to dislocation creep will occur in the deep lower mantle if the shear stress exceeds ∼1–10 MPa, for a grain size of ∼0.1–1 mm. Diffusion through periclase is fast enough to allow substantial chemical exchange across the core-mantle boundary since core formation, with length scales of ∼1–10 km for lattice diffusion and 100 km for grain boundary diffusion.