cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organizing Power: The Prospects for an American Labor Movement

A comparative perspective on labor unions reveals that the best of all worlds for the workers is coordinated bargaining at thenational level and significant rank-and-file engagement at the local level. But the achievement of national and coordinated bargaining is an unrealistic goal in the foreseeable future in the United States. What American labor can do, however, is to become once again a social movement. In order for organized labor to play its critical role as a countervailing power within the American political system, there must be intensified organizing, internal democratization, increased electoral and lobbying clout, and social-movement unions willing to mobilize with others and, if necessary, on the streets.This paper was originally prepared for presentation at Theme Panel 7, “Politics of Labor,” at the 2002 meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA) in Boston. The commentators at APSA—Glenn Adler, Ron Blackwell, Sakhela Buhlungu, and Linda Kaboolian —gave me generous and insightful feedback. So did Frances Fox Piven, Robby Stern, Victoria Murillo, Katrina Pflaumer, George Lovell, Jennifer Hochschild, Bernhard Ebbinghaus, Wolfgang Streeck, Fritz Scharpf, Bruce Ackerman, and four anonymous reviewers. I particularly want to thank my two most trusty critical readers: John Ahlquist, my research assistant, and David Olson, my long-term colleague and collaborator. I did not always take their advice but always appreciated it.Previous books include Of Rule and Revenue; Consent, Dissent, and Patriotism; and the co-authored Analytic Narratives
Antischistosomal action of mevinolin: evidence that 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase activity in Schistosoma mansoni is vital for parasite survival.

The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA reductase) plays an important role in regulating egg production in the human parasitic trematode Schistosoma mansoni. Infected mice treated with a low dose of mevinolin, an inhibitor of this enzyme, stopped egg production by the parasite and blocked the pathology associated with the infection. As an extension of this work, we exposed adult and developing schistosomes to higher doses of mevinolin for an extended period of time and observed the following: administration of 0.2% mevinolin in the diet of infected mice for 14 days resulted in 96–100% elimination of adult parasites. Administration of the same dose for 2 days before, and for 15 days after infection, resulted in 93–96% reduction of adult parasites. Co-administration of mevinolin with 0.5% mevalonate, but not 0.5% cholesterol, blocked the antischistosomal activity of mevinolin. We monitored schistosomal and mouse liver HMG-CoA reductase activity during the course of treatment and observed that HMG-CoA reductase activity was elevated in the liver but significantly reduced in the parasite. In vitro incubation of paired schistosomes with mevinolin, for up to 11 days, resulted in a dose- and time-dependent reduction of parasite motility and lactate production with eventual death. These in vitro effects were no evident when mevalonate was added to the culture system in place of, or in addition to, mevinolin. Collectively, the evidence suggests that mevalonate and/or metabolite not only plays a vital role in schistosome egg production, but is vital for survival of the parasite.
Ecology and Population Genetics of the Freshwater Bryozoan, Pectinatella magnifica Leidy

ABSTRACT Individuals from three populations of Pectinatella magnifica from different habitats in Ohio (U.S.A.) were analyzed for a variety of ecological and morphological parameters. Genic variation was analyzed using starch gel electrophoresis. Individuals from a lake and an estuary population showed no difference in length, width or stick attachment diameter. Individuals from stream habitat were significantly narrower than individuals of the same length from either the lake or estuary. Two (peptidase-2 and esterase-1) of seventeen presumptive genetic loci were polymorphic. Percent polymorphism (5.9%) and mean heterozygosity (0.013) were lower than values published for other bryozoans and invertebrates as a whole.
Adaptive p-version based finite element formulations for thermal modeling/analysis of structural configurations

Adaptive p-version based hierarchical finite element formulations in conjunction with a posteriori error estimation concepts are described with emphasis on applicability for thermal modeling/analysis of structural configurations. The basic concepts and formulations of hierarchical p-versiion finite element for thermal analysis are first described. A posteriori error estimation features are utililzed to steer the process of adaptive refinement. Several configurations comprised of one-dimensional structures are evaluated to validate the applicability of the proposed formulations and to demonstrate the potential of the p-version adaptive formulations for thermal modeling/analysis. The methodology offers potential and promises to be an attractive alternative to conventional finite element thermal modeling/analysis approaches.
Constitutive modeling and the trousers test for fracture of rubber-like materials

Abstract The classical constitutive modeling of incompressible hyperelastic materials such as vulcanized rubber involves strain–energy densities that depend on the first two invariants of the strain tensor. The most well-known of these is the Mooney–Rivlin model and its specialization to the neo-Hookean form. While each of these models accurately predicts the mechanical behavior of rubber at moderate stretches, they fail to reflect the severe strain-stiffening and effects of limiting chain extensibility observed in experiments at large stretch. In recent years, several constitutive models that capture the effects of limiting chain extensibility have been proposed. Here we confine attention to two such phenomenological models. The first, proposed by Gent in 1996, depends only on the first invariant and involves just two material parameters. Its mathematical simplicity has facilitated the analytic solution of a wide variety of basic boundary-value problems. A modification of this model that reflects dependence on the second invariant has been proposed recently by Horgan and Saccomandi. Here we discuss the stress response of the Gent and HS models for some homogeneous deformations and apply the results to the fracture of rubber-like materials. Attention is focused on a particular fracture test, namely the trousers test where two legs of a cut specimen are pulled horizontally apart. It is shown that the cut position plays a key role in the fracture analysis, and that the effect of the cut position depends crucially on the constitutive model employed. For stiff rubber-like or biological materials, it is shown that the influence of the cut position is diminished. In fact, for linearly elastic materials, the critical driving force for fracture is independent of the cut position. It is also shown that the limiting chain extensibility models predict finite fracture toughness as the cut position approaches the edge of the specimen whereas classical hyperelastic models predict unbounded toughness in this limit. The results are relevant to the structural integrity of rubber components such as vibration isolators, vehicle tires, earthquake bearings, seals and flexible joints.
Marble Queens and Captives: Women in Nineteenth-Century American Sculpture

When 19th century Americans looked at a statue of a nude woman in chains, or a shipwrecked mother and child, what did they see? The author argues that there was a connection between the popularity of artworks such as these, which derive from a sentimental literary culture, and the rapidly changing social, economic, and political environment that was beginning to raise questions about women's nature and role in society. By exploring the once-popular genre of ideal sculpture, with its focus on female subjects and its insistence on narrative content, Kasson is able to shed light on conventional assumptions about gender roles, as well as the tensions that lay behind these beliefs. Kasson reconstructs the intellectual, aesthetic, and literary contexts in which these sculptures were viewed and traces the social history of their production and reception. She shows that sculptors and audiences repeatedly idealized women as fragile, endangered, and vulnerable. Immoral or powerful women, such as Eve, Pandora, or Medea were presented in a web of sentimental narrative that hinted at moral redemption in order to reassure viewers that woman's true nature would remain domestic and maternal. Kasson looks closely at a number of sculptures that exemplified these themes - from Hiram Powers' "The Greek Slave" to works by the most prominent female sculptor of the period, Harriet Hosmer.
The Topological Organization of the Inactive X Chromosome in its Native State

The three-dimensional topology and compaction profile of an individual chromosome likely influences the expression of its genes. We present the first high-resolution description of the structure of an individual chromosome, the inactive X chromosome (Xi), in its native state. Female mouse pre-B cells were vitrified and then imaged using a pair of emerging imaging techniques, cryogenic confocal fluorescence tomography and soft x-ray tomography (CCFT-SXT). Correlation of these two three-dimensional datasets was performed using fiducial markers visible in both modalities. The Xi was identified in each cell by its strong enrichment in a fluorescently-labeled histone variant, macroH2A-EGFP. We present the overall topology, compaction profile, and volume occupied by the Xi in interphase nuclei. Physical contacts with nucleoli and the nuclear envelope are also described. Examination of eleven individual cells showed that there is considerable variation in the spatial arrangement and compaction profile adopted by the Xi.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Imbeddings of the tensor product of graphs where the second factor is a complete graph

Abstract In this paper we present genus result for the tensor product of graphs where the second factor is the complete graph Km and m is a power of 2. We are going to view the second factor as a Cayley graph and we will use an imbedding technique that combines surgery and voltage graph theory. In this imbedding technique we start with a suitable imbedding of H on some surface and then modify the edges of H according to the nature of Km to get a voltage graph H ∗ . The covering graph of this voltage graph H ∗ will be the desired tensor product of H with Km. The genus of H ⊗ Km, where H is a graph with a quadrilateral imbedding and also H is either, bipartite, with bichromatic dual, or with straight-ahead imbedding is given
Measurements in the ultraviolet region of apparent absorption by barium sulfate sols

Abstract Absorbance measurements in the ultraviolet have been shown to be useful for following changes with time in the average particle size of barium sulfate sols. The effects of the method of adding the barium chloride, a change in the temperature, the presence of 1.00M calcium chloride and the percentage of ethanol in the solution have been examined as a function of time. By measuring the apparent absorbance of barium sulfate sols in 10 cm cells, sulfate can be determined in the range of 2.5–10.0 μg per ml. This is a range which, in the past, has had to be handled by nephelometry.
Cost comparison of natural service sires and artificial insemination for dairy cattle reproductive management

Despite the widespread popularity of artificial insemination, many dairymen still prefer the use of natural service sires due to a variety of reasons, including a common perception that it is easier to manage and less expensive than AI. Little has been done to estimate the explicit and implicit costs, including the probable loss of genetic progress associated with the use of natural service sires in dairy herds. A partial budget approach was used to stochastically model the expected costs and returns of reproductive management options in large, western, Holstein dairies. Option one was natural service sires managed using currently recommended approaches including breeding soundness evaluations, bull vaccination, and a rotational breeding system. Option two was an AI system using a modified Presync-Ovsynch timed AI program in conjunction with estrus detection and inseminations performed by a commercial route breeder. Stochastic variables in the model included the cost of the lactating ration and purchased bulls, as well as the value received for milk, market bulls, and net merit gains. All other variables were treated deterministically. Under the model's assumptions, the use of natural service sires averaged approximately US$ 10 more in cost per cow per year as compared to an AI program. Sixty percent of the time, AI was less expensive than using bulls. However, there was wide variation in expected differences in cost between the two systems with net merit estimates having the largest impact, followed by prices received for milk sold and market bulls.
Paleoclimate, Global Change, and the Future

Paleoclimate, Global Change, and the Future defines a new discipline that we might call, for lack of a better term,“paleo-environmentology.” Borrowing from the mantra of the more restricted field of paleoclimatology this volume embraces the viewpoint that documenting past environmental changes is the key to understanding present and future potential changes. The book is a collection of chapters organized into a volume under the auspices of the Past Global Changes (PAGES) project of the International Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP), which is charged with investigating the Earth's past climate and environment. The volume documents the various ways in which both empirical paleoenvironmental information and modeling approaches can provide a perspective on modern changes taking place in our environment—in the dynamics and chemistry of the ocean, atmosphere, biosphere, and climate.
The development of a protocol to assess reproductive effects of toxicants in the rat.

Abstract The determination that a chemical poses a reproductive risk to man typically relies upon fertility studies using rodents. However, fertility in rodents is often difficult to disrupt and more sensitive indicators of reproductive function should be included in the risk assessment process. The present discussion compares the sensitivity of fertility to other endpoints following exposure to known reproductive toxicants. In our studies rats were dosed from weaning through puberty, gestation, and lactation. The reproductive function of the male, the female, and the offspring was assessed. The effects of methoxychlor, carbendazim (MBC), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and lindane are discussed and compared to fertility. For each compound a ratio (SR = sensitivity ratio) of the lowest effect level (LEL) for infertility or reduced fecundity to the LEL for the most sensitive physiologic endpoint was calculated. The SR should be large when a compound produces effects over a wide range of doses, but should equal unity when the dose-response curve is very steep. For methoxychlor, which blocked implantation, pubertal landmarks and estrous cyclicity provided rapid and sensitive indicators of the subsequent reproductive failure. The SR = 8 (100/12) for methoxychlor using data from females. In contrast, DBP and MBC directed altered testicular function, and for these compounds, sperm and testicular measures provided sensitive indicators of toxicity. The SR for MBC was 2 (100/50), while DBP had a SR of 1 (500/500). In the lindane study, fertility was not reduced but most of the pups (F1) died shortly after birth. The SR for lindane is equal to 0.5 (10/20). At 20 mg/kg the treated females were larger and their estrous cycles were erratic. The data from these studies indicate that no single endpoint will consistently be the most sensitive indicator of reproductive toxicity. Studies must include a number of well validated endpoints that provide a comprehensive assessment of the entire reproductive system of the male and female.
Forced Plane Strain Motion of Cylindrical Shells-A Comparison of Shell Theory with Elasticity Theory

A radially directed load is suddenly applied to a portion of the outer surface of a circular cylindrical shell which responds in a state of plane strain. An analytical solution for the resulting dynamic response is obtained within the context of linear elasticity theory, Flugge shell theory, and an improved shell theory. A comparison of results for specific loading conditions indicates that the improved theory is far superior to the Flugge theory in terms of predicting both the magnitude and characteristics of the response. However, as expected, neither shell theory satisfactorily predicts the wave character of the initial response. (Author)
Orientation-dependent recombination hotspot activity in bacteriophage λ☆

Promoters of genetic exchange by the Escherichia coli Rec system, Chi elements, have been analyzed in λ phages carrying bacterial EcoRI restriction fragments. Some fragments confer Chi+ phenotype in one orientation and Chi− in the opposite orientation. The inactivity of Chi in one orientation explains why all active Chi elements in λ manifest a certain recombinational bias of the same sense. When these studies were undertaken, we rather expected to find two classes of Chi, one class which stimulated recombinant formation stronger to its left and one class stimulating recombinant formation more strongly to its right. The failure to find the second class is now understandable by supposing that the orientation of Chi which would have permitted it to act rightward is the orientation in which Chi has no activity at all. Several models are proposed for the orientation dependence of Chi activity.
Implementation and performance analysis of parallel assignment algorithms on a hypercube computer

The process of effectively coordinating and controlling resources during a military engagement is known as battle management/command, control, and communications (BM/C3). One key task of BM/C3 is allocating weapons to destroy targets. The focus of this research is on developing parallel computation methods to achieve fast and cost effective assignment of weapons to targets. Using the sequential Hungarian method for solving the assignment problem as a basis, this paper presents the development and the relative performance comparison of four parallel assignment methodologies that have been implemented on the Intel iPSC hypercube computer. The first three approaches are approximations to the optimal assignment solution. The advantage to these is that they are computationally fast and have proven to generate assignments that are very close the optimal assignment in terms of cost. The fourth approach is a parallel implementation of the Hungarian algorithm, where certain subtasks are performed in parallel. This approach produces an optimal assignment as compared to the sub-optimal assignments that result from the first three approaches. The relative performance of the four approaches is compared by varying the number of weapons and targets, the number of processors used, and the size of the problem partitions.
Benthic diatoms and sulfide fluctuations: upper basin of Pettaquamscutt River, Rhode Island

The purpose of this study was to determine if seasonal anoxia affects the community composition and abundance of benthic diatoms in an estuarine basin. Subtidal benthic diatoms were collected monthly at 1-m water depth intervals from 2 to 7 m in an estuarine basin of Pettaquamscutt River, Rhode Island, during 1981. Water samples were collected at the same depths to measure temperature, salinity, oxygen and sulfide levels. The basin became stratified above 7 m in June and the interface between oxic and anoxic waters remained at 5 or 5·5 m until December when it rose to above 4 m. Motile, biraphid diatoms dominated on the muddy sediments and live cell counts of these were insignificant below 5·5 m. At shallower depths, abundance was seasonally bimodal. In the spring, a peak began in April at 3 m (later in the season with increasing depth) and a smaller fall peak began in October at 4 and 5 m (later at shallower depths). Highest standing crop in August was at 5·5 m when 1% PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) was at 4 m. The position of the interface between oxic and anoxic waters after stratification of the water column affected both abundance and species composition of benthic diatoms within 1·5 m above it. Navicula gregaria Donkin and N. ammophila Grunow dominated the spring and summer assemblages at all depths, but after September N. gregaria vanished from the basin below 3 m. In fall and winter, distinctly different populations were present at 4–5·5 m and at 2 m. The assemblage at 4 m and below consisted of sulfide-tolerant species of Navicula. Healthy populations of Navicula ammophila Grunow, N. pseudocrassirostris Hustedt, and N. peregrina (Ehrenberg) Kutzing together reached 138 × 103 cells cm−2 at less than 1% light levels and up to 88 μM sulfide.
Intensive Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Pharmacotherapy Refractory Insomnia in a Hospitalized Patient

The case of a 59-year-old woman psychiatrically hospitalized with comorbid insomnia, suicidal ideation, and generalized anxiety disorder is presented. Pharmacologic therapies were unsuccessful for ...
Routes of Conflict: Building Roads and Shaping the Nation in Mexico, 1941–1952

This essay explores the social, political, and economic impact of road building in Mexico during the Second World War and early Cold War years. It examines the evolution of federal road-building policy alongside regional case studies of construction efforts in the states of Veracruz and Nuevo Leon to highlight how local politics were influenced by broader transnational processes related to the U.S.—Mexico bilateral relationship. The author argues that road building was an essential component of Mexican economic modernisation in the 1940s and early 1950s, which facilitated new rural—urban market connections and established the development of key commercial industries in the country.
On Scheduling Problems with Deferral Costs

A class of scheduling problems involving deferral costs has been formulated by McNaughton, who has described a simple method of solution for the linear, single-processor case. In this report dynamic programming and linear programming techniques are applied to nonlinear and multiple-processor problems. A dynamic programming solution of the nonlinear, single processor problem is possible, provided the number of jobs is small. Transportation methods of linear programming can be used to solve large nonlinear, multiple-processor problems, provided the processing times for the jobs are equal. Approximate and/or partial solutions are possible for other cases.
Disentangling function from topology to infer the network properties of disease genes.

Background: The topological features of disease genes within interaction networks are the subject of intense study, as they shed light on common mechanisms of pathology and are useful for uncovering additional disease genes. Computational analyses typically try to uncover whether disease genes exhibit distinct network features, as compared to all genes. Results: We demonstrate that the functional composition of disease gene sets is an important confounding factor in these types of analyses. We consider five disease sets and show that while they indeed have distinct topological features, they are also enriched in functions that a priori exhibit distinct network properties. To address this, we develop a computational framework to assess the network properties of disease genes based on a sampling algorithm that generates control gene sets that are functionally similar to the disease set. Using our function-constrained sampling approach, we demonstrate that for most of the topological properties studied, disease genes are more similar to sets of genes with similar functional make-up than they are to randomly selected genes; this suggests that these observed differences in topological properties reflect not only the distinguishing network features of disease genes but also their functional composition. Nevertheless, we also highlight many cases where disease genes have distinct topological properties even when accounting for function. Conclusions: Our approach is an important first step in extracting the residual topological differences in disease genes when accounting for function, and leads to new insights into the network properties of disease genes.
Pre-transfer editing by class II prolyl-tRNA synthetase: Role of aminoacylation active site in "selective release" of noncognate amino acids

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the attachment of cognate amino acids to specific tRNA molecules. To prevent potential errors in protein synthesis caused by misactivation of noncognate amino acids, some synthetases have evolved editing mechanisms to hydrolyze misactivated amino acids (pre-transfer editing) or misacylated tRNAs (post-transfer editing). In the case of post-transfer editing, synthetases employ a separate editing domain that is distinct from the site of amino acid activation, and the mechanism is believed to involve shuttling of the flexible CCA-3′ end of the tRNA from the synthetic active site to the site of hydrolysis. The mechanism of pre-transfer editing is less well understood, and in most cases, the exact site of pre-transfer editing has not been conclusively identified. Here, we probe the pre-transfer editing activity of class II prolyl-tRNA synthetases from five species representing all three kingdoms of life. To locate the site of pre-transfer editing, truncation mutants were constructed by deleting the insertion domain characteristic of bacterial prolyl-tRNA synthetase species, which is the site of post-transfer editing, or the N- or C-terminal extension domains of eukaryotic and archaeal enzymes. In addition, the pre-transfer editing mechanism of Escherichia coli prolyl-tRNA synthetase was probed in detail. These studies show that a separate editing domain is not required for pre-transfer editing by prolyl-tRNA synthetase. The aminoacylation active site plays a significant role in preserving the fidelity of translation by acting as a filter that selectively releases non-cognate adenylates into solution, while protecting the cognate adenylate from hydrolysis.
Pattern matching in reconfigurable logic for packet classification

We describe a digital circuit synthesis algorithm specialized for the domain of pattern matching circuits implemented in reconfigurable logic. We propose to use this algorithm as part of a system for implementing high-throughput pattern classification, for instance as part of a packet filter in an internetwork router. The goals of the approach are throughputs on the order of 100M classifications per second with reconfiguration times (including all synthesis) being held to a minimum.We evaluate the algorithms using rulesets from a pattern classification problem in networking, IP firewalling (150 rules on 100 bits), and evaluate their fitness to handle the demands placed on them by high-speed networks. In addition we use synthetic rulesets in an attempt to explore the scalability of our algorithm.
Steroids and brain function

Abstract Neuroendocrinologists and neuroanatomists have identified and mapped receptors for estrogens, progestins, glucocorticoids, androgens and mineralocorticoids in the CNS. Bruce McEwen now describes the new evidence pointing to diverse regulatory effects which steroids produce on developmental and neurochemical processes in receptor-containing cell groupings within the nervous system.
An Examination of the Role of Local and Distant Knowledge Spillovers on the US Regional Knowledge Creation

This article examines the role of academic and private R&D spending in the frame of a knowledge production function estimated across 3,109 US counties. We distinguish the role of local, face-to-face, knowledge spillovers that are determined by geographical proximity from distant spillovers captured by a matrix of patent creation–citation flows. The advantage of the latter matrix is its capacity to capture the direction of the spillovers. We control for the spatial heterogeneity between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties as well as between states. Our empirical results show that spillovers due to private knowledge contribute to higher returns in metropolitan counties than in nonmetropolitan regions. On the other hand, knowledge created in the academia leads to spillovers displaying spatially homogeneous returns. Our results imply that future innovation policies need to grasp more fully the role of distant knowledge spillovers, especially those generated in the academia, and recognize better the pres...
Regulation of JH epoxide hydrolase versus JH esterase activity in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, by juvenile hormone and xenobiotics

Abstract JH III esterase and JH III epoxide hydrolase (EH) in vitro activity was compared in whole body Trichoplusia ni homogenates at each stage of development (egg, larva, pupa and adult). While activity of both enzymes was detected at all ages tested, JH esterase was significantly higher than EH activity except for day three of the fifth (last) stadium (L5D3). For both enzymes, activity was highest in eggs. Adult virgin females had 4.6- and 4.0-fold higher JH esterase and EH activities, respectively, than adult virgin males. JH III metabolic activity also was measured in whole body homogenates of fifth stadium T. ni that were fed a nutritive diet (control) or starved on a non-nutritive diet of alphacel, agar and water. With larvae that were starved for 6, 28 and 52 h, EH activity per insect equivalent was 48%, 5% and 1%, respectively, of the control insects. At the same time points, JH esterase activity levels in starved T. ni were 29%, 4% and 3% of that of insects fed the nutritive diet. Selected insect hormones and xenobiotics were administered topically or orally to fifth stadium larvae for up to 52 h, and the effects on whole body EH and JH esterase activity analyzed. JH III increased the JH III esterase activity as high as 2.2-fold, but not the JH III EH activity. The JH analog, methoprene, increased both JH esterase and EH activity as high as 2.5-fold. The JH esterase inhibitor, 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (OTFP), had no impact on EH activity. The epoxides trans - and cis -stilbene oxide (TSO and CSO) in separate experiments increased the EH activity approximately 2.0-fold. TSO did not alter JH esterase levels when topically applied, but oral administration reduced activity to 70% of the control at 28 h, and then increased the activity 1.8-fold at 52 h after the beginning of treatment. CSO had no effect on JH esterase activity. Phenobarbital increased EH activity by 1.9-fold, but did not change JH esterase levels. Clofibrate and cholesterol 5 α ,6 α -epoxide had no effect on EH. JH esterase activity also was not affected by clofibrate, but cholesterol 5 α ,6 α -epoxide reduced the JH esterase activity to 60–80% of the control. The biological significance of these results is discussed.
The effect of blocking electrical activity on the efflux of potassium from electroplax

Abstract The effect of various factors which block electrical activity have been tested on the efflux of K from the electroplax of Electrophorus electricus. 1. 1. Increase of K concentration from 5 mM to 110 mM in the Ringer's solution bathing the innervated site of the electroplax, with corresponding decrease in Na concentration, caused an immediate increase of the K efflux. Surprisingly, this increased rate was maintained for a few minutes only and then returned to about the original level. When the K concentration in the outside fluid was raised from 110 to 165 mM, no further change of the rate of K efflux was observed. 2. 2. Addition of d-tubocurarine in high concentrations (1 mg/ml) did not affect the efflux, thus suggesting that the increased efflux with a high external K concentration must be attributed to an increased flow of K ions across the conducting membrane. 3. 3. When the Ringer K concentration was increased to 110 or 165 mM, without corresponding removal of Na, the effects observed with this hypertonic solution were essentially the same. 4. 4. Exposure of the electroplax to either carbamylcholine or to pyridine aldoxime dodeciodide, both known to block electrical activity and to depolarize the conducting membrane, as does high K concentration, affected the rate of efflux of K in essentially the same way as exposure to high K concentration. 5. 5. In contrast, replacement of external Na by either sucrose or choline, in which case activity is blocked without depolarization, did not affect the rate of potassium efflux.
First Report of Turnip mosaic virus Infecting Brassica carinata (Ethiopian Mustard) in the United States.

Brassica carinata L. Braun (Ethiopian mustard) is an annual oil seed crop currently being evaluated for its potential use as a source of biofuel. Due to its high content of erucic acid, it provides a biodegradable non-fossil fuel feedstock that has many applications ranging from biofuels to other industrial uses such as polymers, waxes, and surfactants. Moreover, high glucosinolate content adds the scope of B. carinata being used as a bio-fumigant. B. carinata is amenable to low input agriculture and has great economic potential to be used as a winter crop, especially in the southeastern United States. Virus-like leaf symptoms including mosaic, ringspot, mottling, and puckering were observed on B. carinata (cvs. 080814 EM and 080880 EM) in field trials at Quincy, FL, during spring 2013, with disease incidence of >80%. A more extensive survey of the same field location indicated that mosaic symptoms were the most common. Viral inclusion assays (1) of leaves with a range of symptoms indicated the presence o...
A language for two-dimensional digital picture processing

A new system, that of matrix grammars, for two-dimensional pattern processing, is introduced. A hierarchy, induced on Chomsky's is found. Language operations such as union, catenation (row and column), Kleene's closure (row and column), and homomorphisms are investigated. It is found that the smallest class of these languages may serve as the class of regular arrays, which is defined as the smallest class of arrays closed under union, catenation (row and column) and Kleene's closure (row and column). Eight possible ways of defining a matrix language are discussed and it is suggested that one of them may lead to a normal form for matrix grammars. The method is advantageous over others on several points. Perhaps the most interesting of all is that it provides a compromise between sequential methods which take too much time for large arrays and parallel methods which usually take too much hardware for large arrays.
The Student as Strikebreaker: College Youth and the Crisis of Masculinity in the Early Twentieth Century

In March 1905, Columbia University students deserted their classes en masse to help break a strike of subway workers against the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), the biggest strike New York had ever experienced. Almost immediately after the walkout began, 300 Columbia students volunteered their services to the IRT as motormen, conductors, ticket sellers, and ticket choppers. Marching in squads from the subway exit at City Hall park to the IRT employment office on Dey Street, they gave the Columbia cheer and sang their college songs. The contingent included many of Columbia's top athletes, with the football "eleven," basketball and baseball players, crewmen, and bicycle racers all well represented. The college boys"'joyous exuberance" and "husky appearance" attracted considerable attention. Cries of "Scabs!" hurled at them by newsboys only put "ginger into their enthusiasm." One newspaper remarked that the students were "sublimely confident in their own strength," and "would have been more than pleased to start a rough house.''l By the afternoon, Columbia's lecture rooms and laboratories were completely deserted. At day's end, the collegians had already achieved renown: the first subway train to make a successful run along the whole length of the Broadway line was one manned entirely by Columbia
Analytic epistemology and experimental philosophy

It has been standard philosophical practice in analytic philosophy to employ intuitions generated in response to thought-experiments as evidence in the evaluation of philosophical claims. In part as a response to this practice, an exciting new movement –experimental philosophy– has recently emerged. This movement is unified behind both a common methodology and a common aim: the application of methods of experimental psychology to the study of the nature of intuitions. In this paper, we will introduce two different views concerning the relationship that holds between experimental philosophy and the future of standard philosophical practice (what we call, the proper foundation view and the restrictionist view), discuss some of the more interesting and important results obtained by proponents of both views, and examine the pressure these results put on analytic philosophers to reform standard philosophical practice. We will also defend experimental philosophy from some recent objections, suggest future directions for work in experimental philosophy, and suggest what future lines of epistemological response might be available to those wishing to defend analytic epistemology from the challenges posed by experimental philosophy.
Tropospheric methane in the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere

Results of more than 800 new measurements of methane (CH4) concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere troposphere (34–41° S, 130–150° E) are reported. These were obtained between September 1980 and March 1983 from the surface at Cape Grim, Tasmania, through the middle (3.5–5.5 km) to the upper troposphere (7–10 km). The concentration of CH4 increased throughout the entire troposphere over the measurement period, adding further support to the view that CH4 concentrations are currently increasing on a global scale. For data averaged vertically through the troposphere the rate of increase found was 20 ppbv/yr or 1.3%/yr at December 1981. In the surface CH4 data a seasonal cycle with a peak to peak amplitude of approximately 28 ppbv is seen, with the minimum concentration occurring in March and the maximum in September–October. A cycle with the same phase as that seen at the surface, but with a significantly decreased amplitude, is apparent in the mid troposphere but no cycle is detected in the upper tropospheric data. The phase and amplitude of the cycle are qualitatively in agreement with the concept that the major sink for methane is oxidation by hydroxyl radicals. Also presented is evidence of a positive vertical gradient in methane, with a suggestion that the magnitude of this gradient has changed over the period of measurements.
Intrinsic Cellular Defenses against Human Immunodeficiency Viruses

Viral infections are often detrimental to host survival and reproduction. Consequently, hosts have evolved a variety of mechanisms to defend themselves against viruses. A component of this arsenal is a set of proteins, termed restriction factors, which exhibit direct antiviral activity. Among these are several classes of proteins (APOBEC3, TRIM5, Tetherin, and SAMHD1) that inhibit the replication of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. Here, we outline the features, mechanisms, and evolution of these defense mechanisms. We also speculate on how restriction factors arose, how they might interact with the conventional innate and adaptive immune systems, and how an understanding of these intrinsic cellular defenses might be usefully exploited.
The Effect of the Belief in Equality on Democratic Leadership Intent1

Does the belief in equality correlate significantly with democratic leadership intentions? The belief in equality is defined as a set of assumptions that human ability and potential are widely distributed rather than being concentrated in the most highly educated. A reliable and valid inventory was developed to measure the belief in equality (BE). Two separate samples were studied—one of college students (N= 201) and the other composed of blue- and white-collar workers (N= 192). High BE participants exhibited higher democratic leadership intentions than did low BE participants on 6 paper-and-pencil leadership tasks (p < .0001). The equality construct was found to be relatively independent of authoritarianism.
Erratum to ““Sacrificing at the altar of tenure”: Assistant professors’ work/life management” [Soc. Sci. J. 48 (2011) 335–344]

In section 3 of the paper it refers to “Author A” and “Author B“. This occurs in three places in section 3; in the middle of the first paragraph, in the last line of the first paragraph and in the ...
The effect of changes in pension plan interest rate assumptions on security prices

Abstract Pension plans are a significant aspect of a corporation's financial condition as a result of both relative size and the complexity of estimating these pension liabilities. Numerous studies have documented that pension liabilities are reflected in the market value of the firm. However, stated pension liabilities are a function of the interest rate selected to discount these future payments. Some prior research suggests that market value is based on pension liabilities determined by a common discount rate rather than the firm's particular rate. Firms can change the interest rate used to value pension liabilities and are required to disclose the selected rate only annually. This study examines the effect on market value of a firm's disclosing a change in the interest rate used to value pension liabilities. The results are as expected, with equity prices of firms' lowering interest rates outperforming the market and those of firms' raising interest rates underperforming the market.
Multistate Survival Models as Transient Electrical Networks

In multistate survival analysis, the sojourn of a patient through various clinical states is shown to correspond to the diffusion of 1 C of electrical charge through an electrical network. The essential comparison has differentials of probability for the patient to correspond to differentials of charge, and it equates clinical states to electrical nodes. Indeed, if the death state of the patient corresponds to the sink node of the circuit, then the transient current that would be seen on an oscilloscope as the sink output is a plot of the probability density for the survival time of the patient. This electrical circuit analogy is further explored by considering the simplest possible survival model with two clinical states, alive and dead (sink), that incorporates censoring and truncation. The sink output seen on an oscilloscope is a plot of the Kaplan–Meier mass function. Thus, the Kaplan–Meier estimator finds motivation from the dynamics of current flow, as a fundamental physical law, rather than as a nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate (MLE). Generalization to competing risks settings with multiple death states (sinks) leads to cause-specific Kaplan–Meier submass functions as outputs at sink nodes. With covariates present, the electrical analogy provides for an intuitive understanding of partial likelihood and various baseline hazard estimates often used with the proportional hazards model.
Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Associated Urease by Oregano and Cranberry Phytochemical Synergies

Ulcer-associated dyspepsia is caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori is linked to a majority of peptic ulcers. Antibiotic treatment does not always inhibit or kill H. pylori with potential for antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the potential for using phenolic phytochemical extracts to inhibit H. pylori in a laboratory medium. Our approach involved the development of a specific phenolic profile with optimization of different ratios of extract mixtures from oregano and cranberry. Subsequently, antimicrobial activity and antimicrobial-linked urease inhibition ability were evaluated. The results indicated that the antimicrobial activity was greater in extract mixtures than in individual extracts of each species. The results also indicate that the synergistic contribution of oregano and cranberry phenolics may be more important for inhibition than any species-specific phenolic concentration. Further, based on plate assay, the likely mode of action may be through urease inhibition and disruption of energy production by inhibition of proline dehydrogenase at the plasma membrane.
Neorealists as Critical Theorists: The Purpose of Foreign Policy Debate

The international relations field has recently taken a communicative turn. Social constructivists, for instance, regularly examine frames, persuasion, and other discursive mechanisms by which actors reach intersubjective agreement. Critical theorists add an overtly normative dimension by embracing the transformative potential of public deliberation. In contrast, realists and neorealists claim that outcomes are determined by the distribution of material power—political communication and discursive ideals are virtually meaningless elements in international politics. Put simply, talk is cheap. Given this view, it is puzzling that many prominent realists participate actively in national foreign policy debates and in that context both implicitly and explicitly embrace views about political discourse that are remarkably consistent with those held by constructivists and critical theorists. In the recent Iraq debate, the realists reveal lies, political spin, and other distortions of the debate promulgated by government elites and their allies. They challenge the legitimacy of established policies and critique excessive secrecy. Most importantly, these neorealists seek to transform public and elite consciousness so as to produce social pressures for alternative outcomes. Realists have apparently rejected their own theoretical presuppositions about the meaning and role of political communication, which has important implications for both policy debate and IR theorizing. Rodger A. Payne is Professor of Political Science at the University of Louisville and Director of the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order ( r.payne@louisville.edu ). He would like to thank Josh Busby, Peter Dombrowski, Peter Howard, Jacques Hymans, Piki Ish-Shalom, Avery Kolers, Doug Lemke, John Mearsheimer, Tom Mowle, Stan Scott, and the three anonymous reviewers for offering valuable comments and suggestions. Portions of this paper were previously delivered at the Annual Meetings of the International Studies Association, at Montreal in 2004 and at Honolulu in 2005. Financial and institutional support was provided by a President's Research Initiative Project Initiation Grant from the University of Louisville and by the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard.