cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Illness Behavior: Reaction and Help-Seeking

This chapter focuses on illness behavior, including how people react to mental illness and how they seek help for their problems. The term "illness behavior" is used to describe how a person behaves when he becomes ill. In a broad sense, it covers a set of sequential behaviors, including how the person recognizes, perceives, and interprets the discomfort or suffering and reacts against it; how he seeks help, attention, or treatment from others; how he communicates and presents his problems or illness to his family, healers, and others; how his role changes when he is sick, including how he is cared for by family members, friends, or others; how he reacts to therapy prescribed or treatment offered by healers, including compliance and adherence to it; and how he accepts or reacts to the results of treatment and the prognosis of his disorders. Various factors, including individual personality, gender, age, and medical knowledge, shape the process of illness behavior. Beyond these factors, cultural views of illness certainly mold how one perceives and reacts to suffering. People also react to certain stresses and problems with different intensity based on their orientation and viewpoint. For instance, depression is considered a potentially serious matter for those who emphasize emotional life and regard happiness as their goal in life. In contrast, for those who view life as full of misery and depression as nothing but an expected part of life, the occurrence of depression is not regarded as critical. Help-seeking behavior is also a part of overall illness behavior, which particularly refers to how the patient (or his family) seeks help for the care of his illness.
Sustained release hormonal preparations: X. Uptake of 6-methyl-17α-acetoxy-4,6-pregnadiene-3, 20-dione released from polydimethylsiloxane implants by various tissues of male and female rats

Abstract Plasma levels and uptake by various tissues of 6-methyl-17α-acetoxy-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione and metabolites released from polydimethylsiloxane implants were compared in female and male rats. In females circulating levels 4 days after implantation were 3120 ng 100 ml of plasma; in males the corresponding value was 2790 ng 100ml . The uptake by the hypothalamus, cerebellum, pituitary, adrenals, liver and body fat was higher in female animals than in male animals. Estrone treatment of males influenced uptake in the liver, adrenals and fat but not in the other organs.
Male-female wage differentials: Additional evidence

Abstract By applying a richer data set than others have used to a simultaneous equation regression model, the analysis sheds new light on the existence and magnitude of the male-female wage differential.
An Integrated Bilingual Curriculum Model

The purpose of this paper is to directly contribute to the improvement and successful implementation of integrated bilingual education at the kindergarten level. It first offers a theoretical framework including a brief review of the literature on the importance of attitudes and second language learning, bilingualism and cognition, and bilingualism and language acquisition. Based on this theoretical framework, an integrated curriculum model is presented. Bilingual kindergartens were suggested in the Plan for School Desegregation in Boston in 1975. It was not until 1977 that their implementation began. An integrated bilingual kindergarten consisted of having minority language children and a minority language teacher share a classroom with an English teacher and English speaking children. Team teaching in an integrated kindergarten classroom was a new experience for almost all involved. The potential benefits, however, of a linguistically integrated situation were being neglected. In this situation both cul...
Induction of labor with intravenous prostaglandin.

Abstract The present study utilizing an open label design evaluates the efficacy of prostaglandin F 2α in the induction of labor in normal and complicated primigravid and multigravid pregnancies and in particular in patients with an unripe cervix. The results reveal that labor was successfully induced in 33 of 38 (86.8 per cent) normal patients in the 0 to 5 Bishop group and in 17 of 18 (94.4 per cent) in the 6 to 13 Bishop group. In the complicated pregnancies (abnormal group) 26 to 28 (84 per cent) in the 0 to 5 Bishop group and 13 of 13 (100 per cent) in the 6 to 13 Bishop group were successfully induced. There were two cesarean sections for obstetric indications. Hypertonus occurred only four times and responded to dose reduction. The most common problem—nausea and vomiting (29 per cent)—was easily controlled. Prostaglandin when judiciously used appears to be a safe drug for the induction of labor at term in normal as well as complicated pregnancies and in patients with low inducibility scores.
Toxicity of Irradiated Medium for Repair-Deficient Strains of Escherichia coli

Nutrient agar medium is made highly toxic to certain repair-deficient strains of Escherichia coli by exposure of the uninoculated plates to radiation from cool-white fluorescent lamps or black-light fluorescent lamps. This sensitivity is associated with the genetic deficiencies, fil, phr, and recA. Repair-sufficient and uvr strains are only slightly affected by the irradiated media. The poor growth and reduced plating efficiency frequently associated with BPhr and recA strains are very likely caused by inadvertent exposure of the medium to fluorescent light.
360 degree panoramic HMD immersion

Panoramic video image acquisition is based on multiple overlapped sub-images. We will demonstrate high-resolution panoramic video by employing an array of five video cameras viewing the scene over a combined 360-degrees of horizontal arc and 50-degrees vertical. The five live video streams are digitized and processed in real time by a computer system. The camera lens distortions and colorimetric variations are corrected by the software application and a complete panoramic image is constructed in memory. Users can navigate the scene by wearing a head mounted display (HMD). A single window with a resolution of 800x600 is output to the HMD. A real-time (inertial-magnetic) orientation tracker is fixed to the HMD to sense the user’s head orientation. The orientation is reported to the viewing application through an IP socket, and the output display window is positioned (to mimic pan and tilt) within the full panoramic image in response to the user’s head orientation.
Observations on auditory excitation and masking patterns

Excitation patterns and masking patterns are used extensively in perceptual audio coders and quality assessment algorithms. Numerous algorithms for calculating these patterns have been proposed. This paper provides comparisons among the patterns generated by several of these algorithms. The comparisons are based on audio program material, rather than tones and noise. Explored areas include synthesis functions, spreading functions, masking indices, tonality measures, and the treatment of the absolute threshold of hearing. Several mathematical relations are provided to characterize observations in these areas. Patterns from simpler algorithms are considered as approximations to patterns from more complex algorithms, and the approximation error is characterized. Results may be useful to those who apply auditory excitation or masking patterns in their work.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Regulates Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle

Background— Inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and interferon γ (IFN-γ) may change coronary plaque integrity by altering vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) survival and modifying the extracellular matrix. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) prevents apoptosis, promotes matrix formation, and can decrease TNF-α or IL-1β–induced proteoglycan degradation. Methods and Results— To determine the effects of cytokines on the IGF-1 system, rat aortic VSMCs were exposed to TNF-α (10 to 500 ng/mL), IL-1β (20 pg to 10 ng/mL), IL-6 (100 pg to 15 ng/mL), or IFN-γ (10 to 600 U/mL). IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ did not regulate IGF-1, IGF-1 receptor (R), or IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). However, TNF-α markedly decreased IGF-1 mRNA (85% reduction at 24 hours) and increased IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein (300% increase at 24 hours). These changes were blocked by actinomycin D, consistent with a transcriptional mechanism. Experiments using TNF binding protein-1 indicated that ...
Progesterone receptor requires a co-chaperone for signalling in uterine biology and implantation

Embryo implantation is absolutely dependent on the preparation of the uterus to the receptive stage and attainment by the blastocyst of implantation competency. Co-ordinated effects of progesterone and oestrogen are essential for these processes and determine the window of implantation. In rodents, a generalized stromal edema occurs before blastocyst attachment followed by uterine luminal closure. This leads to apposition of the blastocyst trophectoderm against the luminal epithelium and ultimately attachment. Progesterone is essential for luminal closure, which must occur for successful implantation. More importantly, progesterone is critical for almost every stage of pregnancy, including ovulation, fertilization, implantation, decidualization and pregnancy maintenance. Progesterone exerts its effects on target tissues primarily via nuclear progesterone receptor (PR) whose optimal activity is potentiated by an immunophilin co-chaperone, FK-506 binding protein 4 (FKBP52). While mice lacking PR are infertile due to complete failure of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation, female mice with targeted deletion of the Fkbp52 gene are infertile specifically because of implantation failure resulting from compromised uterine receptivity. This review highlights the evolution of knowledge about progesterone signalling during early pregnancy. Future studies are likely to provide a better understanding of FKBP52-PR signalling in promoting uterine receptivity for implantation and may reveal new targets for improving infertility.
Brachiopods from a Lower Palaeozoic mass flow deposit near Llanafan Fawr, Central Wales

Brachiopod-dominated assemblages from the Allt y Clych conglomerate near Llanafan Fawr provide good evidence for a Silurian (Lower Llandovery) age. The conglomerates are interpreted as mass flow deposits and are related to the revised stratigraphy of Davies (1980) by emendation of some of the author's previous interpretations.
Do notions of risk inform patient choice? Lessons from a study of prenatal genetic counseling

Risk modeling is an increasingly important part of clinical medicine; however, "risk status" is a complex notion, understood differently by patients and clinicians. Patients' ability to make informed choices about clinical procedures often requires that they interpret risk statistics, which may be difficult to understand and apply. In this article, which is based on a study of prenatal care in South Texas, we consider how notions of risk affect patient decisions about prenatal genetic testing. The term "risk" carries multiple meanings for clinicians and patients. These meanings may conflate concepts of danger and probability as well as muddle population risk and individual risk. We propose that failure to articulate the varied and contrasting meanings of risk held by clinicians and patients can undermine clinical communication and, thereby, hamper patients' ability to make autonomous, informed choices. Attending to these differences may prove useful in empowering patients to make truly informed decisions.
Materials design: a useful research focus for inelastic behavior of structural metals

An overview of emerging needs for new developments in the field of inelastic behavior of materials is given. Attention is focused principally on the application of plasticity models to support the design of durable microstructures and to engineer mesostructures to serve specified functions. Challenging issues include development of methods for characterizing maps of microstructure shakedown, reversed plasticity and ratcheting regimes, material representation for simulations, algorithms for speeding up computations, methods for meshing and representing digitized microstructures, methods for capturing the essential aspects of solutions of highly non-linear elasto-plastic and elasto-viscoplastic solutions using low degree-of-freedom representations, determining optimal microstructure configurations of multi-phase materials, combined experimental/modeling techniques for inferring in situ elasto-plastic properties of multi-phase materials, and properties of interfaces or interphases, and identification of systems-based approaches for the design of material microstructures with distributed elasto-plastic deformation.
A biological context for the self-nonself discrimination and the regulation of effector class by the immune system

An effective immune response to an antigen requires two sets of decisions: Decision 1, the sorting of the repertoire, and Decision 2, the regulation of effector class. The repertoire, because it is somatically generated, large, and random, must be sorted by a somatic mechanism that subtracts those specificities (anti-self) that, if expressed, would debilitate the host, leaving a residue (anti-nonself) that, if not expressed, would result in the death of the host by infection. The self-nonself discrimination is the metaphor used to describe Decision 1, the sorting of the repertoire. In order to be functional, the sorted repertoire must be coupled to a set of biodestructive and ridding effector functions, such that the response to each antigen is treated in a coherent and independent manner. Although a reasonably complete framework for Decision 1 exists, Decision 2 lacks conceptualization. The questions that must be considered to arrive at a proper framework are posed. It should be emphasized that manipulation at the level of Decision 2 is where clinical applications are likely to be found.
Can a pharmacokinetic approach to immunosuppression eliminate ethnic disparities in renal allograft outcome

Although renal allograft outcome correlates more closely with area under the concentration time curve (AUC) for cyclosporin (CsA) compared with the 12-h trough level (C0), few studies have prospectively evaluated pharmacokinetic monitoring in kidney transplantation. This paper describes a study designed to evaluate the impact of a novel approach to CsA-based immunosuppression on ethnic differences in renal allograft outcome. Sixty (32 African Americans and 28 Caucasians) renal transplant recipients were treated with cyclosporin-based triple therapy. Morning and evening doses were independently adjusted to reach an AUC0-12 of 6600-7200 ng h/mL and a C0 of 250-325 ng/mL, respectively. AUCs were measured within 48 h of starting CsA, and as often as necessary to maintain target levels. Only two patients experienced significant adverse events related to immunosuppression. One (Caucasian) developed haemolytic uremic syndrome and was converted to tacrolimus, while another (African American) developed acute vascular rejection. One graft was lost (Caucasian) due to death with a functioning graft. An average of 8 AUCs (range 5-13) were measured in the first 3 months. AUCs were significantly higher in African Americans compared with Caucasians only in the first and second month. C0 values were similar in both groups throughout the study period. A pharmacokinetic approach to immunosuppression allows individualization of CsA exposure, and appears to reduce ethnic disparities in renal allograft outcome.
A prospective study of smoking, caffeine, and alcohol as risk factors for seizures or epilepsy in young adult women: data from the Nurses' Health Study II.

Purpose Seizures and epilepsy are associated with significant disability and substantial treatment costs, yet little is known about primary prevention. We prospectively examined the association of cigarette smoking, caffeine use, and alcohol intake with risk of seizure or epilepsy among women, aged 25-42 years, in the Nurses’ Health Study II.
An analytical network process-based framework for successful total quality management (TQM): An assessment of Turkish manufacturing industry readiness

Abstract In this study, we have developed an analytic network process (ANP)-based framework to identify the level of impact of different factors on total quality management (TQM) implementation and to assess the readiness of the Turkish manufacturing industry to adopt TQM practices. ANP is a methodology recently introduced by Saaty for multiple criteria problems where there is feedback and interdependence among decision attributes and alternatives. We determined the factors that affect the level of implementation of TQM by doing literature searches and further refined those factors through a survey conducted among 250 large manufacturing companies in Turkey. We ended up with 32 factors. When we applied the model into large manufacturing companies zero defect and costly and long-term study turned out to be the most influential factors contrary to those of survey respondents’ quality improvement and higher revenue. The results of our decision model show that the Turkish manufacturing industry has a readiness level of 59.2% for implementing TQM. Model identifies a number of factors for successful application; therefore, an understanding of the critical factors would help managers to advance TQM implementation. Since there is feedback and interdependence among these factors, ANP proves to be an effective framework for assessing readiness to adopt TQM and facilitating TQM implementation.
Ferrocene-containing cationic lipids for the delivery of DNA: oxidation state determines transfection activity.

Abstract The ability of two redox-active, ferrocene-containing cationic lipids [11-(ferrocenylundecyl)trimethylammonium bromide (FTMA) and bis(11-ferrocenylundecyl)dimethylammonium bromide (BFDMA)] to transfect mammalian cells was investigated. This study sought to determine the range of conditions over which these lipids were capable of transfecting cells and whether the oxidation state of the ferrocenyl groups in these materials could be used to influence the extent of transfection. Experiments conducted in the COS-7 cell line demonstrated that reduced and oxidized FTMA were substantially cytotoxic and did not transfect cells. Subsequent experiments conducted using BFDMA and reporter plasmids encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and firefly luciferase demonstrated that BFDMA was able to transfect cells. However, the extent of transfection depended significantly upon both the concentration of BFDMA and the oxidation state of the lipid. Quantitative characterization of cytotoxicity and gene expression demonstrated that a window of concentration existed over which reduced BFDMA was non-cytotoxic and yielded high levels of transfection, but over which electrochemically oxidized BFDMA yielded very low (background) levels of transfection. Characterization of lipoplexes using dynamic light scattering demonstrated that reduced and oxidized BFDMA formed small aggregates (ca. 90 to 250 nm) at concentrations of lipid ranging from 2 to 10 μM. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the oxidation state of BFDMA, which can be controlled electrochemically, can be used to control the extent of cell transfection. These results could form the basis of transfection procedures that exploit the redox behavior of ferrocene-containing lipids to achieve active spatial and temporal control over transfection using electrochemical methods.
Cognitive Mapping Meets Semantic Networks

Cognitive mapping has been a valuable tool in understanding how individuals view their external environment. It has been used successfully to investigate crisis decision making, juror decision making, and international negotiation, and may find further use as a support tool in negotiation and mediation. This article presents a method for enhanced cognitive mapping—WorldView, which uses the symbol-based formalism of semantic networks. WorldView provides important advantages over more traditional cognitive mapping and assists in the systematic study of belief system content and decision process. WorldView eliminates constraints on represented relationships and captures more information than previous content analysis systems for belief structures, provides aggregation over texts or subject responses, provides a synonym facility for collapsing similar concepts, incorporates structural and comparative measures for analysis, and constructs manipulable cognitive maps that provide a basis for process models of be...
Kinetics of formation and dissociation of complexes of pentacyanoferrate(II) with benzonitrile, dicyanobenzenes and cyanopyridines

Abstract A series of organonitrile complexes of pentacyanoferrate(II) have been prepared in aqueous solution by the reacion of Fe(CN) 5 OH 3− 2 with the appropriate nitrile. The complexes exhibit a metal to ligand charge transfer absorption at 341 (benzonitrile), 413 (1,2-dicyanobenzene), 381 (1,3-dicyanobenzene) and 419 nm (1,4-dicyanobenzene). The rate constants for the formation of these complexes at 25° and ionic strength 0.10 M (lithium perchlorate) are (same order as above); 270, 453, 638 and 410 M −1 sec −1 . The rate constants for the dissociation under the same conditions are: 0.115, 0.0812, 0.0786 and 0.0663 sec −1 . The reactions of Fe(CN) 5 OH 3− 2 with 2-, 3-, and 4- cyanopyridine proceed in two stages. The first corresponds to the formation of a mixture of pyridine-bound and nitrile-bound linkage isomers, and the second to the linkage isomerization of the unstable isomer. For 3- and 4-cyanopyridine, the unstable isomers are nitrile-bond, but for 2-cyanopyridine, because of the steric hindrance between the nitrile group in thte 2-position and the cis cyanide groups attached to the iron, the unstable isomer is pyridine-bound. The metal to ligand charge transfer bands of the nitrile-bound isomers are at 387, 370 and 405 nm for 2-, 3-, and 4-cyanopyridine, respectively. The bands for the pyridine bound isomers are at 470, 414 and 477 nm. The rate constants for the formation and the dissociation of the nitrile bound isomers are: 365-441 M −1 sec −1 and 9.3 × 10 −2 sec −1 (2-cyanopyridine); 223 M −1 sec −1 and 0.117 sec −1 (3-cyanopyridine); 235 M −1 sec −1 and 9.7 × 10 −2 sec −1 (4-cyanopyridine). The rate constants for the pyridine bound isomers are, in the same order: 155-231 M −1 sec −1 and 1.18 sec −1 ; 413 M −1 sec −1 and 2.80 × 10 −3 sec −1 ; 383 M −1 sec −1 and 1.02 × 10 −3 sec −1 . The rate and equilibrium data for the dissociation of these complexes exhibit a linear free energy relationship of slope 0.98, indicating a dissociative mechanism. An intramolecular pathway for linkage isomerization is absent in the 4-cyanopyridine systems and makes, at most, an 18% contribution in the 2-cyanopyridine system.
WE‐D‐304A‐02: Exploring Non‐Linear Feature Space Dimension Reduction and Data Representation in Breast CADx

Purpose: Preliminary study to explore potential of recently developed non‐linear dimension reduction and data representation techniques as applied to breast lesion CADx generated feature spaces. Method and Materials: Two new methods were explored: Laplacian eignenmaps of (Belkin and Niyogi) and t‐distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t‐SNE) (van der Maaten and Hinton). The properties of these methods were evaluated in the context of malignancy classification performance as well as visual inspection of the sparseness for two and three dimensional mapping representations. The robustness of the proposed techniques were tested against four separate imaging modality feature databases, including 2956 ultrasound(US), 735 full‐field digital mammography (FFDM), 850 screen‐film mammography (SFM), and 356 DCE‐MRI biopsy proven breast mass lesions. Using the reduced dimension mapped feature output as input, as opposed to feature selection, two classifiers, linear and non‐linear, were tested: Markov Chain Monte Carlo based Bayesian artificial neural network (MCMC‐BANN) and linear discriminate analysis (LDA). To evaluate performance, the AUC was estimated for each classifier using ROC analysis and 0.632+ bootstrap validation on over 500 samples. In addition, performance was compared to a non‐linear Automatic Relevance Determination (ARD), linear step‐wise feature selection method, as well as a linear reduction Principle Component Analysis based method. Results: The new methods were found to match or exceed performance of current state‐of‐the‐art breast lesion CADx algorithms for feature selection and classification across all modalities. Additionally, the new techniques possess the added benefit of naturally delivering sparse lower dimensional representations for visual interpretation, thus, revealing intricate data structure of the feature space. Conclusion: These methods maintain predictive power while also preserving both local and global structural information present in the original high dimensional feature space for breast lesion feature data used in CADx.Conflict of Interest: M. Giger is a stockholder and receives royalties from Hologic.
The demonstration of beta cells in pancreatic islets and their tumors.

The stain is applied routinely to tissues fixed in 10% buffered formalin (pH near 7.0) or in Bouin's fluid. Bring paraffin section to water as usual and mordant 72 hr in 5% CrCl3 dissolved in 5% acetic acid. Wash in water and in 70% alcohol and stain 6 hr. Formula of staining solution: new fuchsin, 1% in 70% alcohol, 100 ml; HCl, conc., 2 ml and paraldehyde, 2 ml, mixed together and added to the dye solution; let stand 24 hr before use. After staining, wash in running tap water 5-10 min, rinse in distilled water and counterstain if desired. Dehydration in alcohol, clearing and covering completes the process. When the paraldehyde is obtained from a freshly opened bottle, standardized staining times can be used and thus eliminate the necessity of differentiating individual slides. The granules of beta cells stained deep blue to purple and were demonstrated in the pancreatic islet of man, dog, mouse, frog, guinea pig and rabbit.
Energy growth in viscous channel flows

In recent work it has been shown that there can be substantial transient growth in the energy of small perturbations to plane Poiseuille and Couette flows if the Reynolds number is below the critical value predicted by linear stability analysis. This growth, which may be as large as O( lOOO), occurs in the absence of nonlinear effects and can be explained by the non-normality of the governing linear operator - that is, the nonorthogonality of the associated eigenfunctions. In this paper we study various aspects of this energy growth for two- and three-dimensional Poiseuille and Couette flows using energy methods, linear stability analysis, and a direct numerical procedure for computing the transient growth. We examine conditions for no energy growth, the dependence of the growth on the streamwise and spanwise wavenumbers, the time dependence of the growth, and the effects of degenerate eigenvalues. We show that the maximum transient growth behaves like O(R2), where R is the Reynolds number. We derive conditions for no energy growth by applying the Hille-Yosida theorem to the governing linear operator and show that these conditions yield the same results as those derived by energy methods, which can be applied to perturbations of arbitrary amplitude. These results emphasize the fact that subcritical transition can occur for Poiseuille and Couette flows because the governing linear operator is non-normal.
Thermostabilization Due to Rigidity: A Case Study of Rubredoxin

The source of increased stability in proteins from organisms that thrive in extreme thermal environments is not well understood. Previous experimental and theoretical studies have suggested many different features responsible for such thermostability. Many of these thermostabilizing mechanisms can be accounted for in terms of structural rigidity. Thus a plausible hypothesis accounting for this remarkable stability in thermophilic enzymes states that these enzymes have enhanced conformational rigidity at temperatures below their native, functioning temperature. This study investigates the relationship between thermostability and rigidity using rubredoxin as a case study. The FIRST software is used to calculate local (residue level) and global rigidity for available rubredoxin structures and simulated mutants. Quantitative global rigidity measures indicate that an increase in structural rigidity (equivalently a decrease in flexibility) corresponds to an increase in thermostability. At the level of individual residues, hydrogen deuterium exchange experiments level indicate differential changes in flexibility between mesophilic and thermophilic rubredoxin structures that agree with computational flexibility analysis from the FIRST software.
The Changing Corporate Mind: Organizations, Vision, Missions, Purposes, and Indicators on the Move Toward Societal Payoffs

Where are the world's organizations headed? What do they see as their primary destination and contribution? What do they commit to deliver and to whom? How rigorous are they in defining their destinations? What label do they use to describe statements of their intended future? To find the answers to these and other questions, we examined 26 of the leading organizations internationally as well as 60 leading organizations in the United States. Based on this sample of world organizations, we found indications that many organizations see some aspect of societal good as basic to their future, while many others regard their own organization's well-being as what is most important. We find no clear favorite for what organizations label their statements of purpose: most use “mission” while some use “vision,” and some use “values” or “philosophy.” Few of the organizations in our sample state their intended destination in measurable performance terms. From these data, we discuss the implications in terms of an increasing emphasis in the literature on organizations having to deliver outputs that contribute to external clients and society. We also note that purpose statements must be accompanied by appropriate actions to achieve those intentions. In addition, we discuss how this move toward socially-responsive organizations is impacting the role of the performance technologist.
Formation, distribution and ecological consequences of flood-related wood debris piles in a bedrock confined river in semi-arid South Africa

The Sabie River, located within the semi-arid savanna of South Africa, experienced a ∼100-year return interval flood in 2000, providing a rare opportunity to quantify the resultant pattern and consequence of woody debris piles for riparian areas. Biophysical attributes of rivers in arid and semi-arid regions differ strongly from those in mesic regions, but differences in the role and dynamics of woody debris remain largely unknown. Our primary goal was to determine the basic ecology and distribution of wood piles formed by a large infrequent flood in a bedrock-confined river. In particular, we sought to determine the mechanism of pile formation, their position, size, and structural attributes of piles as well as regeneration from resprouting and seedling recruitment within piles in different channel types. We observed relatively distinct patterns of distribution and mechanisms of formation in 421 piles and provide a description of the distribution, abundance and short-term fate of each pile type. Patterns of wood accumulation were largely controlled by characteristics of the trapping sites, particularly toppled trees that remain rooted in their growth location. In general, wood was primarily strewn against toppled, transported and standing trees, though several large piles formed on bedrock outcrops. Buried piles were also discovered upon excavation of depositional features (alluvial mounds). Resprouting of toppled trees with intact roots and living tissues was the dominant mode of vegetation reestablishment in the piles. We observed resprouting in 36% of piles surveyed. Resprouting piles were most common (48%) in the seasonally inundated portion of the macro-channel. Tree seedlings were recorded in 28% of the piles. The flood appeared to create heterogeneity in the establishment of new woody vegetation by forming distinct wood piles from the ruins of the previous riparian forest. Even though the input of wood to semi-arid rivers appears to be a fairly rare occurrence and wood piles are rapidly depleted by decay and fire, we expect their influence will be long-lived, preserved in the pattern of vegetation establishment and alluvial mounds within the macro-channel.
Learners: Research on learners and learning in distance education: A review

(1989). Learners: Research on learners and learning in distance education: A review. American Journal of Distance Education: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 22-34.
LDL, IGF-1, and VSMC apoptosis: linking atherogenesis to plaque rupture in vulnerable lesions

See article by Gonzales-Timon [12] (pages 247–255) in this issue. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) play an important role in the sequence of events leading to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. VSMC that normally reside in the arterial media undergo a series of phenotypic changes and migrate to the arterial intima where they proliferate and secrete extracellular matrix that contributes to the formation of the protective fibrous cap. Eventually these “synthetic” VSMC [1] can undergo apoptosis which is thought to degrade the stability of the plaque and ultimately leads to rupture of the fibrous cap and deposition of thrombus, and thus acute myocardial infarction [2]. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1), a small protein (70 amino acids) secreted by VSMCs and other cells in the vascular wall, appears to stimulate the proliferation of the VSMCs and may also protect these cells from apoptosis [3]. In the early atherogenic period IGF-1 … *Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-215-8988856; fax: +1-215-7622299. labelle{at}vet.upenn.edu
An Analysis of Instructional Procedures in a College-Level Dalcroze Eurhythmics Class

By developing techniques for describing the varieties of behaviours and experiences in a college-level Dalcroze Eurhythmics class and by using those techniques to record practices in two semesters of Eurhythmies classes, this study addressed both the need in the arts for systematic procedures for documenting the nature of arts experiences and the need to codify features in a Dalcroze Eurhythmics class.The findings yield a description of regular practices in one particular classroom which may provide a base for future research. The findings also suggest that description of surf ace phenomena does not capture all that we need to know about the instruction process, and it may not yield an understanding of what occurs in a Eurhythmies class.
A Theoretical Analysis of Dissolved-Gas Transfer to the Bulk Liquid in Gas Absorption with a First-Order Reaction

Abstract A theoretical analysis using the surface-renewal and film-penetration models, which includes gas-phase resistance to mass transfer, is presented for the rate of absorption of a gas and its transfer to the bulk liquid in the case where the solute gas undergoes a first-order chemical reaction in the liquid phase. It reveals that: a. The fraction of absorbed gas transported to the bulk liquid depends upon the Hatta number Ha in case of the surface-renewal model and on Ha as well as a dimensionless hydrodynamic parameter in case of the film-penetration model. b. The widely assumed law of addition of resistances is valid for the surface-renewal and film-penetration models. c. The reaction influences both the overall mass-transfer coefficient and the nature of the driving force, i.e. the increased rate of absorption due to the reaction is not solely due to the enhancement factor multiplying the liquid-phase mass-transfer coefficient for physical absorption as has been conventionally assumed in the lite...
Structure of the mammalian ribosomal pre-termination complex associated with eRF1•eRF3•GDPNP

Eukaryotic translation termination results from the complex functional interplay between two release factors, eRF1 and eRF3, in which GTP hydrolysis by eRF3 couples codon recognition with peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis by eRF1. Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy structure of pre-termination complexes associated with eRF1•eRF3•GDPNP at 9.7 -A resolution, which corresponds to the initial pre-GTP hydrolysis stage of factor attachment and stop codon recognition. It reveals the ribosomal positions of eRFs and provides insights into the mechanisms of stop codon recognition and triggering of eRF3’s GTPase activity.
Iron in Food: Effect of Continued Use of Iron Cookware

Two foods (applesauce and spaghetti sauce) were each cooked in an iron skillet 50 times and in a noniron untensil three times. Duplicate samples of the raw (three replications) and cooked foods were dried, ashed, and analyzed for moisture and iron content. Iron was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Iron in foods cooked in iron utensils was greater than that in foods cooked in noniron utensils through continued use of the iron utensils for 50 times.
Fiber-based polarimetric stress sensor for measuring the Young's modulus of biomaterials

Polarimetric optical fiber-based stress and pressure sensors have proven to be a robust tool for measuring and detecting changes in the Young’s modulus (E) of materials in response to external stimuli, including the real-time monitoring of the structural integrity of bridges and buildings. These sensors typically work by using a pair of polarizers before and after the sensing region of the fiber, and often require precise alignment to achieve high sensitivity. The ability to perform similar measurements in natural and in engineered biomaterials could provide significant insights and enable research advancement and preventative healthcare. However, in order for this approach to be successful, it is necessary to reduce the complexity of the system by removing free-space components and the need for alignment. As the first step in this path, we have developed a new route for performing these measurements. By generalizing and expanding established theoretical analyses for these types of sensors, we have developed a predictive theoretical model. Additionally, by replacing the conventional free space components and polarization filters with a polarimeter, we have constructed a sensor system with higher sensitivity and which is semi-portable. In initial experiments, a series of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples with several base:curing agent ratios ranging from 5:1 up to 30:1 were prepared to simulate tissues with different stiffnesses. By simultaneously producing stress-strain curves using a load frame and monitoring the polarization change of light traveling through the samples, we verified the accuracy of our theoretical model.
Coda-wave interferometry analysis of time-lapse VSP data for monitoring geological carbon sequestration

Coda-wave Interferometry Analysis of Time-lapse VSP Data for Monitoring Geological Carbon Sequestration Authors: Rongmao Zhou (1) , Lianjie Huang (1) , James T. Rutledge (1) Michael Fehler (2) Thomas M. Daley (3) and Ernest L. Majer (3) Affiliation: (1) Geophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 (2) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (3) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 Address: (1) Geophysics Group, MS D443 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545 (2) Department of Earth, Atmospheric, & Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 54-524 Cambridge, MA 02139 (3) Geophysics Department, MS 90-1116 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 Email: rongmaozhou@gmail.com (R. Zhou) ljh@lanl.gov (L. Huang) jrutledge@lanl.gov (J. Rutledge) fehler@mit.edu (Michael Fehler) tmdaley@lbl.gov (Thomas Daley) elmajer@lbl.gov (Ernest Majer) Fax:
Correlation of water vapor adsorption behavior of wood with surface thermodynamic properties

To improve the overall performance of wood-plastic composites, appropriate technologies are needed to control moisture sorption and to improve the interaction of wood fiber with selected hydrophobic matrices. The objective of this study was to determine the surface thermodynamic characteristics of a wood fiber and to correlate those characteristics with the fiber's water vapor adsorption behavior. The surface thermodynamic properties, determined by inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution or near zero surface coverage, were the dispersive component of the surface energy, surface acid-base free energy and enthalpy of desorption of acid-base probes, and surface acid-base acceptor and donor parameters (K A and K D ). Water vapor adsorption was expressed in terms of the percentage of weight gain (ΔW%) resulting from water vapor adsorption on the wood particles, calculated relative to their initial weight after preconditioning in a vacuum dessicator at room temperature. The results showed a strong correlation between ΔW% and K A , and between ΔW% and surface acid-base free energy of water desorption (ΔH AB water ), calculated from experimental K A and K D and values in the literature for acceptor and donor values of water. These results suggest that for substrates such as wood, whose surface Lewis acid-base properties are characterized by a relatively stronger tendency to accept electrons, the key to controlling water vapor adsorption is to manipulate the magnitude of ΔH AB water , primarily via K A , and to a lesser extent via K D .
Coronary vasodilator reserve. Comparison of the effects of papaverine and adenosine on coronary flow, ventricular function, and myocardial metabolism.

To evaluate coronary flow reserve during cardiac catheterization, intracoronary adenosine and papaverine have been used in the clinical setting. Although papaverine maximizes coronary blood flow, it induces several toxic side effects that reduce its desirability as a coronary dilator. This investigation was designed to compare the subselective intracoronary administration of papaverine with that of adenosine in an animal model. In dogs (n = 34), we studied the effects of each agent on hemodynamics, regional myocardial blood flow, contractility (sonomicrometric and echocardiographic), metabolism (coronary arterial and venous lactate and tissue high-energy phosphates), and electrocardiographic (ST and QT intervals) parameters. Barbiturate and morphine anesthesia/analgesia was induced, and a left thoracotomy was performed. An arterial shunt was created from the left carotid artery to the left anterior descending coronary artery. Two separate groups were studied: group 1 (n = 16) for regional myocardial blood flow and mechanical function and group 2 (n = 18) for biochemical measurements. Adenosine (67 +/- 2 micrograms/min) or papaverine (6 +/- 1 mg/min) was infused into the coronary shunt at a rate of 0.5 + 0.1 ml/min for a maximum duration of 3.5 minutes. Regional myocardial blood flows were determined at control (predrug) and maximal coronary flow using radiolabeled microspheres. All hemodynamic, wall motion, biochemical, and electrocardiographic parameters were also measured at these times. Both drugs produced comparable increases in total and regional coronary blood flows (adenosine, 1.21 +/- 0.15 to 4.83 +/- 0.36 ml/min/g; papaverine, 1.21 +/- 0.05 to 4.89 +/- 0.28 ml/min/g) upon infusion into the left anterior descending coronary artery. Papaverine produced significant (p less than 0.05) changes in subendocardial ST segment electrocardiogram (-2.5 mm), QT prolongation (8 +/- 2%), myocardial creatine phosphate (47% decrease), and coronary sinus serum lactate (277% increase) compared with control. In addition, intracoronary papaverine induced an abnormal contractile pattern. No significant changes in any of these parameters (i.e., ST segment, QT prolongation, myocardial creatine phosphate level, or lactate level) were observed with intracoronary adenosine infusions. We conclude that intracoronary adenosine is comparable to papaverine for maximizing coronary blood flow without the deleterious properties observed with intracoronary papaverine.
A model for renal-electrolyte regulation.

Abstract The present report provides a detailed systems analysis of the kidney and the associated electrolyte regulatory mechanism, which will be referred to, for purposes of brevity, as the renal chemostat. The model explicitly incorporates the effect of water and salt intake, pulmonary CO2 tension, as well as the main features of renal physiology as it is presently understood. Thus the regulatory function of both aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone are included as well as the effect of such parameters as pH, salt concentration, plasma volume and osmotic factors. The present work thus provides a basis for the development of an electronic analog of the renal-electrolyte system.
Phase-shift and potential-model analysis of experimental information.

First I would like to make a few remarks about potentials and then go on to phase shift analyses and how some of the popular potentials compare to them. Figure 1 shows the sort of progress that has been made in recent years. The 1962 1S0 Hamada-Johnston potential descended to tremendous depths at around 0.5F, just outside an infinitely positive core. Now we have2 much more sensible hard and soft core potentials and they are much easier to use in computer calculations since they do not require such small radial increments for a tabular specification. Finite-core alternatives3, 4 are shown in Figure 2: all three of these give almost identical phase shifts up to 300 MeV, but beyond that their predicted phases diverge. Finally, in Figure 3 we see some momentum-dependent alternatives5. Each of the p2-dependent potentials gives identical phase shifts for all energies, identical also to those from the 0.4F hard-core potential shown. The phases for the O.IF hard (“soft”) core and finite core potentials again diverge from these and from each other above about 300 MeV. That’s all I have to say about recent developments in phenomenological potentials. Now let us turn our attention to phase shifts and see how well the potentials do.
Exchange rate determination, interest rates, and an integrative approach to the demand for money

Abstract This paper presents a simple framework in which the money-in-the-utility-function (MIUF) and the cash-in-advance (CIA) approaches to the demand for money can be seen as equivalent. This integrative approach to money demand is extended to a two-country world and the equilibrium relationship between terms of trade, exchange rates, and interest rates implied by the underlying stochastic structure of the economy is discussed. A theory of currency substitution is presented.
Photodiodes Utilizing Polyesters That Contain Different Colored Oligothiophenes in the Main Chain

Photodiodes active at three different wavelengths were constructed using three polyesters that have oligothiophenes in the main chain.