cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aging and Task Switching: A Meta-Analysis

A meta-analysis of 26 published articles (with 36 independent participant groups) was conducted to analyze the relationship between task-switching effects and aging. Latency served as the dependent measure. Multilevel modeling was used to test for additive and multiplicative complexity effects in local and global switch costs. Global task switching was found to add 1 or more stages to processing and resulted in a marked age deficit. Local task-switching costs, on the other hand, showed a multiplicative complexity effect but no specific attention-related age deficits. Cueing or switch predictability did not affect age differences.
Twelve tips for teaching reflection at all levels of medical education

Background: Review of studies published in medical education journals over the last decade reveals a diversity of pedagogical approaches and educational goals related to teaching reflection. Aim: The following tips outline an approach to the design, implementation, and evaluation of reflection in medical education. Method: The method is based on the available literature and the author’s experience. They are organized in the sequence that an educator might use in developing a reflective activity. Results: The 12 tips provide guidance from conceptualization and structure of the reflective exercise to implementation and feedback and assessment. The final tip relates to the development of the faculty member’s own reflective ability. Conclusion: With a better understanding of the conceptual frameworks underlying critical reflection and greater advance planning, medical educators will be able to create exercises and longitudinal curricula that not only enable greater learning from the experience being reflected upon but also develop reflective skills for life-long learning.
SideCar: building programmable datacenter networks without programmable switches

This paper examines an extreme point in the design space of programmable switches and network policy enforcement. Rather than relying on extensive changes to switches to provide more programmability, SideCar distributes custom processing code between shims running on every end host and general purpose sidecar processors, such as server blades, connected to each switch via commonly available redirection mechanisms. This provides applications with pervasive network instrumentation and programmability on the forwarding plane. While not a perfect replacement for programmable switches, this solves several pressing problems while requiring little or no change to existing switches. In particular, in the context of public cloud data centers with 1000s of tenants, we present novel solutions for multicast, controllable network bandwidth allocation (e.g., use-what-you-pay-for), and reachability isolation (e.g., a tenant's VM only sees other VMs of the tenant and shared services).
Why there are so few trophic levels: Selection against instability explains the pattern ☆

Food chains are short, rarely more than five trophic levels long. The cause of this pattern remains unresolved, and no current hypothesis fully explains this phenomenon. We offer an explanation based on the stability of food chains that have been shifted away from linearity to be more web-like. We start with a simple example of food webs of two to six species arranged so that species consume all those with a trophic level less than their own. The probability of stability, for such “universal omnivory” chains declined strongly with chain length, and was as low as 1% with six level chains but highest for two and three level chains. We further explored the influence of chain length on food web stability by testing food webs with varying levels of connectance that were constructed either randomly or with the niche model. By additionally altering the relative impacts of predators on prey, and vice-versa, we test the role of our assumptions on the relationship between chain length and stability. Food webs characterized by low to moderate degrees of connectance, asymmetrical interactions, and relatively weak density dependence showed a pattern of reduced stability with longer trophic chains. The simple view that food webs characterized by long trophic chains are less stable seems to resolve the long-standing question of why there are so few trophic levels in nature.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Syncytial-Type Cell Plates during Endosperm Cellularization Visualized by High Resolution Electron Tomography

The three-dimensional architecture of syncytial-type cell plates in the endosperm of Arabidopsis has been analyzed at ∼6-nm resolution by means of dual-axis high-voltage electron tomography of high-pressure frozen/freeze-substituted samples. Mini-phragmoplasts consisting of microtubule clusters assemble between sister and nonsister nuclei. Most Golgi-derived vesicles appear connected to these microtubules by two molecules that resemble kinesin-like motor proteins. These vesicles fuse with each other to form hourglass-shaped intermediates, which become wide (∼45 nm in diameter) tubules, the building blocks of wide tubular networks. New mini-phragmoplasts also are generated de novo around the margins of expanding wide tubular networks, giving rise to new foci of cell plate growth, which later become integrated into the main cell plate. Spiral-shaped rings of the dynamin-like protein ADL1A constrict but do not fission the wide tubules at irregular intervals. These rings appear to maintain the tubular geometry of the network. The wide tubular network matures into a convoluted fenestrated sheet in a process that involves increases of 45 and 130% in relative membrane surface area and volume, respectively. The proportionally larger increase in volume appears to reflect callose synthesis. Upon fusion with the parental plasma membrane, the convoluted fenestrated sheet is transformed into a planar fenestrated sheet. This transformation involves clathrin-coated vesicles that reduce the relative membrane surface area and volume by ∼70%. A ribosome-excluding matrix encompasses the cell plate membranes from the fusion of the first vesicles until the onset of the planar fenestrated sheet formation. We postulate that this matrix contains the molecules that mediate cell plate assembly.
Characterization of the AggR Regulon in Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli

AggR is a transcriptional regulator of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) and has been proposed as the defining factor for typical EAEC strains. Expression of multiple putative virulence factors, including the aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAF), dispersin, the dispersin translocator Aat, and the Aai type VI secretion system, have been found to be regulated by AggR. Here, we confirm the existence of at least 44 AggR-regulated genes using DNA microarray and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR); these genes include chromosomal and plasmid-borne loci and 19 previously unsuspected genes. Two previously uncharacterized virulence plasmid-encoded open reading frames (ORFs) (designated ORF3 and ORF4) exhibit significant identity with isoprenoid biosynthesis genes of Bacteria and Archaea. The predicted ORF4 product is closely related to isopentenyl isomerase (IDI) enzymes, whereas the predicted product of the adjacent ORF3 exhibits an aspartate-rich region that is common among trans-isoprenyl phosphate synthases. We show that mutations in these ORFs confer changes in bacterial surface properties. AggR coordinately controls expression of a large number of EAEC genes.
Rare gases from stepwise heating of lunar rock 12013

Abstract Helium, neon, argon and xenon data are presented from a seven step heating of lunar rock 12013. Helium, neon and argon contain radiogenic and spallation components with no discernible trapped component. 3He and 21Ne cosmic ray exposure ages are 60 ± 12 m.y. The xenon contains a well defined spallation component, a fission component and possibly a trapped component but no evidence for decay products of extinct 129I or 244Pu. Apparent solidification ages are UThHe: 2.3 ± 0.5 by; K-Ar: 3.0 ± 0.7 by; 238U-136Xe: 3.6−1.4+1.0 by (assuming solar wind type xenon as trapped xenon) or 2.2−2.2+1.6 by (assuming atmospheric trapped xenon).
Women Students at Coeducational and Women's Colleges: How Do Their Experiences Compare?

This study compared the experiences of women attending women's colleges with those of women attending coeducational institutions. Analyses of data from the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) from random samples of female first-year and senior students from 26 women's colleges and 264 other four-year institutions were conducted. Women at single-sex institutions were more engaged in effective educational practices and reported higher levels of feelings of support and greater gains in college. With regard to the effect of different backgrounds on college experiences, transfer students at women's colleges were as engaged or more engaged than students who start at and graduate from the same school, and students of color tended to be less engaged than White students.
Spatial, spectral and temporal patterns of tropical forest cover change as observed with multiple scales of optical satellite data

This article describes the development of a methodology for scaling observations of changes in tropical forest cover to large areas at high temporal frequency from coarse resolution satellite imagery. The approach for estimating proportional forest cover change as a continuous variable is based on a regression model that relates multispectral, multitemporal MODIS data, transformed to optimize the spectral detection of vegetation changes, to reference change data sets derived from a Landsat data record for a study site in Central America. A number of issues involved in model development are addressed here by exploring the spatial, spectral and temporal patterns of forest cover change as manifested in a time-series of multi-scale satellite imagery. The analyses highlighted the distinct spectral change patterns from year-to-year in response to the possible land cover trajectories of forest clearing, regeneration and changes in climatic and land cover conditions. Spectral response in the MODIS Calibrated Radiances Swath data set followed more closely with the expected patterns of forest cover change than did the spectral response in the Gridded Surface Reflectance product. With forest cover change patterns relatively invariant to the spatial grain size of the analysis, the model results indicate that the best spectral metrics for detecting tropical forest clearing and regeneration are those that incorporate shortwave infrared information from the MODIS calibrated radiances data set at 500-m resolution, with errors ranging from 7.4 to 10.9% across the time periods of analysis.
The Piezo-Electric Resonator

The general theory of piezo-electricity is summarized, and the equations applicable to quartz are stated. The "concentrated mass theory" of longitudinal vibrations in rods is then developed, and the properties of the "resonance circle" discussed. On this theoretical basis the equations for the reaction of a piezo-electric resonator upon a circuit are derived, and solved by a graphical method. From the vector diagram, important parameters, including the capacity and resistance of the resonator at any frequency, may readily be found. The construction and operation of quartz and of quartz-steel resonators is described, and an account is given of their application as wave length standards and as frequency-stabilizing devices. Other practical applications are also suggested.
Physics of the Ideal Semion Gas: Spinons and Quantum Symmetries of the Integrable Haldane-Shastry Spin Chain

Various aspects of the Haldane-Shastry spin chain with 1/r 2 exchange, and its various generalizations, are reviewed, with emphasis on its Yangian quantum group structure, and the interpretation of the model as the generalization of an ideal gas (of “spinons”) to the case of fractional statistics. Some recent results on its dynamical correlation function are discussed, and conjectured extensions of these remarkably simple results to the SU(n) model, and to the related Calogero-Sutherland model with integer coupling constant, are presented.
Trends in Labor‐Management Relations

IN THE UNITED STATES a new era began with the Roosevelt administration. Hitherto, this nation was committed to the laissez-faire principle. It was generally accepted that the best central government was one that interfered little with business functions and labor relations. Before the New Deal, unemployment was not considered to be a national problem. The alleviation of suffering because of a business depression was likewise not a concern of the federal government.' With the breakdown of the thirties and the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt, a new program was adopted. The government tried to end the depression and to reduce unemployment. It spent large sums on this attempt. The functions, the expenses and the debt of the federal government increased markedly. However, it took the advent of the second World War to end depression and unemployment. The war further tended to strengthen the federal government and greatly to increase its expenditures and debts. Soon after the war ended, a definite reaction started. Voices were raised demanding less government in business and a reduction of government bureauracy, expenditures and debt. But the eggu cannot be completely unscrambled. More government in industry is to continue, aided considerably by the ever-present threat of World War III. At what point does a free-enterprise system become a government-directed economy? Even pioneer economy was not entirely a so-called free-enterprise system, -there were, for example, taxation, control of the minting and printing of money, a publicly-operated postal service and the determination or limitation of private property rights.
The Capacity of Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Although capacity has been extensively studied in wireless networks, most of the results are for homogeneous wireless networks where all nodes are assumed identical. In this paper, we investigate the capacity of heterogeneous wireless networks with general network settings. Specifically, we consider a dense network with n normal nodes and m = n^b (0 < b < 1) more powerful helping nodes in a rectangular area with width b(n) and length 1/b(n), where b(n) = n^w and -1/2 < w &#8804; 0. We assume there are n flows in the network. All the n normal nodes are sources while only randomly chosen n^d (0 < d < 1) normal nodes are destinations. We further assume the n normal nodes are uniformly and independently distributed, while the m helping nodes are either regularly placed or uniformly and independently distributed, resulting in two different kinds of networks called Regular Heterogeneous Wireless Networks and Random Heterogeneous Wireless Networks, respectively. In this paper, we attempt to find out what a heterogeneous wireless network with general network settings can do by deriving a lower bound on the capacity. We also explore the conditions under which heterogeneous wireless networks can provide throughput higher than traditional homogeneous wireless networks.
Designing and Teaching Courses to Satisfy the ABET Engineering Criteria

Since the new ABET accreditation system was first introduced to American engineering education in the middle 1990s as Engineering Criteria 2000, most discussion in the literature has focused on how to assess Outcomes 3a-3k and relatively little has concerned how to equip students with the skills and attitudes specified in those outcomes. This paper seeks to fill this gap. Its goals are to (1) overview the accreditation process and clarify the confusing array of terms associated with it (objectives, outcomes, outcome indicators, etc.); (2) provide guidance on the formulation of course learning objectives and assessment methods that address Outcomes 3a-3k; (3) identify and describe instructional techniques that should effectively prepare students to achieve those outcomes by the time they graduate; and (4) propose a strategy for integrating program-level and course-level activities when designing an instructional program to meet the requirements of the ABET engineering criteria.
Beneficial effect of protracted sterilization of lentils on phytase production by Aspergillus ficuum in solid state fermentation.

Water addition to the solid substrate preceding autoclaving increased substrate porosity and phytase production in solid state fermentation. In comparison with dry sterilization, the phytase activity increased 6-, 8.5-, and 10-fold when the autoclaving time was 20, 40, and 60 min, respectively. Autoclaving increased the void space of sterilized lentils, and the increase was 16% higher when water was supplemented to the lentils before sterilization. Image analysis of SEM pictures of the solid substrate showed that water supplementation presterilization portended greater micro-fissure surface area, which also increased with increasing the sterilization time. SEM pictures of the fermentation product showed that fungal growth into the center of the solid substrate was ubiquitous when water was supplemented before sterilization but was absent when water was supplemented post sterilization. Similarly, spore formation on the substrate surface for the presterilization water supplementation samples far exceeded spore formation for samples that received supplementation poststerilization. This evidence suggests that improved mass transfer into the solid substrate resulting from additional pore volume and the formation of micro-fissures on the substrate surface is responsible for the observed gains in phytase productivity in solid state fermentation. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Unconscious word processing engages a distributed network of brain regions

A briefly exposed visual stimulus may not be consciously perceived if it is preceded and followed by a dissimilar visual pattern or mask. Despite the subject's lack of awareness, prior behavioral studies have shown that such masked stimuli, nevertheless, engage domain-specific processes [Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Cohen, L., Le Bihan, D., Mangin, J.-F., Poline, J.-B., et al. Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 752--758, 2001; Bar, M., & Biederman, I. Subliminal visual priming. Psychological Science, 9, 464--469, 1998; Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Le Clec'H, G., Koechlin, E., Mueller, M., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., et al. Imaging unconscious semantic priming. Nature, 395, 597--600, 1998; Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 411--418, 1998; Marcel, A. J. Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 197--237, 1983]. Masking thus provides a method for identifying language processes that are preattentive and automatic. Functional magnetic resonance imaging used in concert with masking may identify brain regions engaged by these unconscious language processes. In an adaptation design, subjects viewed a continuous stream of masked words and masked nonwords while performing an unrelated detection task, in which they were asked to make a response to a visible colored nonword stimulus (i.e., ampersands in red or blue font). Most trials were masked nonwords and masked words were presented once every 12--15 sec. The task ensured participant engagement, while the masked nonword baseline controlled for perceptual and orthographic processing. Participants were naive to the purpose of the experiment and testing indicated that they did not consciously perceive either the words or nonwords. Masked words, but not masked nonwords, strongly activated left hemisphere language regions, including Broca's area, the angular gyrus, and the lateral temporal lobe. Differential activation of the posterior corpus callosum was also observed.
Sonographic findings in cases of missed gallstones

Purpose We retrospectively evaluated sonographic findings in 946 cases of gallstones to determine whether the false-negative rate for gallstone detection by sonography has decreased as a result of technologic advances over the past 15 years. Methods We reviewed preoperative sonographic reports, operative notes, and pathologic reports for 614 women and 332 men (ages 22–78 years) seen over a 2.5-year period and compared sonographic findings with surgical pathologic findings after cholecystectomy. Sonograms for patients whose gallstones were missed on sonography were reviewed by 3 board-certified radiologists. Results Preoperative sonography of the gallbladder accurately predicted the presence of gallstones in 934 cases (98.7%). Gallstones were not identified by sonography in the remaining 12 cases. In those cases, sonography revealed polyps in 5, sludge in 5, sludge plus a polyp in 1, and neither stones nor polyps in 1. Thus, the false-negative rate was 1.3%. Conclusions Despite improvements in sonographic technology, detection of small gallstones remains difficult in some cases. Adherent gallstones can mimic gallbladder polyps. Our false-negative rate for detection of gallstones was no different from that in earlier studies. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 27:117–121, 1999.
Ecological genomics--changing perspectives on Darwin's basic concerns.

Ecological Genomics is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to understand the genetic and physiological basis of species interactions for evolutionary inferences. At the 7th annual Ecological Genomics Symposium, November 13‐15, 2009, members of the Ecological Genomics program at Kansas State University invited 13 speakers and 56 poster presentations.
Cryptosporidial infection in children with inflammatory bowel disease

Background and aims: Cryptosporidiosis is usually a self-limiting illness in healthy patients. However, it can cause severe life threatening complications in immunocompromised patients. The effect of cryptosporidial infection on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been well studied and available literature is largely restricted to adult case reports. The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics of cryptosporidial infection in children with IBD. Methods: Stool studies from children with IBD presenting with presumed relapse during the period 2005–2011 were reviewed retrospectively. Cryptosporidial infection was diagnosed by stool enzyme immunoassay. An age matched control group of IBD patients without cryptosporidial infection was used for comparison. Results: Medical records of 170 IBD patients were reviewed and a total of 149 presumed relapses were identified. Cryptosporidial infection was found in seven of the 39 patients with positive stool studies (four ulcerative colitis/three Crohn's disease) presenting with relapse. The median age was 13 years (range: 3–17) and five patients were female. The median duration of the IBD was 18 months (range 2–48 months). All but one patient had stable disease prior to acquiring infection. Five patients required hospitalization due to significant dehydration. Three of the five patients treated with nitazoxanide had significant clinical improvement in 3 days. All patients had complete resolution of symptoms by three weeks and no infection related complications were noted. In comparison to patients with cryptosporidial infection, the control group required an increased need for escalation of therapy (71% vs. 0.0%, p=001) and higher re-hospitalization rates (24% Vs.0.0%, p=0.54) within 6 months following indexed relapse. Conclusion: In IBD patients, cryptosporidiosis can cause significant illness leading to increased need for hospitalization. In the absence of appropriate stool studies, cryptosporidiosis can be Abbreviations: CD, Crohn's disease; IBD, Inflammatory bowel disease; UC, Ulcerative colitis; 5-ASA, 5-Amino-salicylic acid; aTNFα, Anti-tumor
Radiation-induced intestinal pseudoobstruction

A case of intestinal pseudoobstruction occurring 30 yr after radiation therapy is described. Mechanical causes of obstruction were excluded by laparotomy. Histology of full-thickness sections of the small bowel revealed vascular ectasia and sclerosis, serosal fibrosis, neuronal proliferation within the submucosa, and degeneration of the muscle fibers of the circular layer of the muscularis propria. On the basis of the clinical and histologic findings we conclude that, in this patient, intestinal pseudoobstruction was due to muscular and neuronal injury from abdominal irradiation.
The analysis of capacitive pressure sensors with large deflection

A set of analytical equations for the calculation of large deflection of square or rectangular boron-doped P/sup +/-Si diaphragms under pressure is obtained. Based on these equations and the mechanical properties of the Si thin diaphragm, such as the residual stresses, direct and shearing stresses, and Young's modulus, a computer program using a personal computer was developed to calculate the deformation of the boron-doped P/sup +/-Si thin diaphragm, and the capacitance and sensitivity of a silicon capacitive sensor. A calculated curve for capacitive sensors with a thin silicon diaphragm agrees well with the measured results of those sensors. This simulation can be a simple but useful tool for the design of a large-deformation silicon capacitive pressure sensor. >
Animal echolocation and signal processing

The echolocation capabilities of dolphins and small whales exceed those of current man-made sonars. Dolphins, beluga whales and false killer whales can perceive small targets presented over 110 m away, can classify target shapes independent of internal target reverberation, can discriminate wall thickness differences in targets of less than .2 mm, and can operate in high noise environments. Recent natural observations indicate that several species may also detect and choose targets buried in sediment. These tasks are accomplished through the use of range-gated clicks that tend to be broad band with peak frequencies exceeding 100 kHz. The short (50 microsec) pulses can have amplitudes exceeding 220 db and bandwidths exceeding 60 kHz. This paper provides a short review of animal echolocation capabilities, methodologies used to examine them, and potential uses of neural networks and other signal processing techniques to understand and perhaps duplicate those animal capabilities. >
Edelweiss: automatic storage reclamation for distributed programming

Event Log Exchange (ELE) is a common programming pattern based on immutable state and messaging. ELE sidesteps traditional challenges in distributed consistency, at the expense of introducing new challenges in designing space reclamation protocols to avoid consuming unbounded storage.We introduce Edelweiss, a sublanguage of Bloom that provides an ELE programming model, yet automatically reclaims space without programmer assistance. We describe techniques to analyze Edelweiss programs and automatically generate application-specific distributed space reclamation logic. We show how Edelweiss can be used to elegantly implement a variety of communication and distributed storage protocols; the storage reclamation code generated by Edelweiss effectively garbage-collects state and often matches hand-written protocols from the literature.
An Examination of Motorcycle Antilock Brake Systems in Reducing Crash Risk

To prevent wheel lockup (and possible loss-of-control and capsize) during hard braking, motorcycle manufacturers have equipped motorcycles with antilock brake systems (ABS) either as an option or as standard equipment. Several studies utilizing real-world crash data have been published, which estimate the effectiveness of motorcycle ABS in reducing the risk of a crash based on varying assumptions. These investigations have reported mixed results. The present investigation relies upon the fatality analysis reporting system (FARS) and the Florida police-reported crash databases to further investigate the effectiveness of motorcycle ABS by expanding upon and refining previous approaches. Notably, a case-control approach is used, whereby crashes involving ABS- and non-ABS-equipped motorcycles are divided into five groups with a varying likelihood that ABS will affect the risk of crashes in that group. The group of crashes with the least likelihood of being influenced by ABS is considered the control group and used as a measure of exposure to crashes. This methodology attempts to reduce any selection biases that might exist in the two motorcycle classes. The results support the hypothesis that ABS is effective in reducing the crash risk in some crash types. However, it was found that the case-control approach does not incorporate all factors that might influence the overall effectiveness of ABS, e.g., motorcycle class and operator age. Accounting for these additional factors would likely require the use of regression analyses and would benefit significantly from additional data.
An Overview of the U.S. Highway Vehicle Fire Problem

Statistics about vehicle fires attended by U.S. fire departments can help prioritize future research and areas for design improvement. Roughly three-fifths of highway vehicle fires result from equipment failure. Although collisions or overturns cause only two percent of the highway vehicle fires, they account for half of the associated fire deaths. Two-thirds of highway vehicle fires originated in the engine, running gear or wheel area of the vehicle. While only 2% began in the fuel tank or fuel line, these accounted for one-sixth of the fire deaths. Using national estimates from the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) and the National Fire Protection Association's (NFPA's) annual fire department survey, this paper will provide an overview of the U.S. highway vehicle fire problem. It will also briefly address implications of changes in vehicle features for emergency responders.
Roundtable Discussion: Making It Through the Tenure Process Successfully at Various Types of Institutions

Attendees will learn from insights of scholars who have successfully earned tenure at various types of academic institutions using a variety of approaches. Each tenured faculty member will discuss their process and how it may be different from processes at other types of institutions. Faculty members will discuss the tenure process at liberal arts, research, comprehensive, and other types of institutions. Special attention will be paid to particular obstacles that may be faced by Black scholars in the process. There will be ample time for questions and discussion. This roundtable will be of most use to graduate students and individuals in the midst of the tenure process.
Synthesis and structure elucidation of 3-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-1,2,4,-triazol-5-amine and 5-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-1,2,4,-triazol-3-amine

Previously it was shown that condensation of dimethyl N-cyanodithioimidocarbonate (1a) with methylhydrazine gave predominantly 1-methyl-5-methylthio-1H-,2,4-triazol-3-amine (2), which was initially identified erroneously as the regioisomer l-methyl-3-methylthio-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine (3). We have found that reaction of dimethyl N-cyanoimidocarbonate (1b) with methyl hydrazine affords a high yield of 3-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine (4) rather than the regioisomer 5-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine (5). The structure assignment of 4 was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the benzenesulfonyl isocyanate adduct 7. Triazole 5 was obtained after reacting dimethyl N-cyanothioimidocarbonate (1c) with methylhydrazine.
Oxidation of phenanthrene.

This investigation was on the oxidation ot phenanthrene. The oxidation was attempted by pass1ng unheated atmospherio air through l1~id phenanthrene, by passing preheated atmospherio air through liquid phenanthrene, and by passing unheated pure oxygen through liquid phenanthrene, varying the tempera~re of the phenanthrene and using no oatalyst. only traoes or small yields of the d1basl0 ao1~s were obtained in any ot the :rwuJ that were made. is
Integrating Subsystem Sizing into the More Electric Aircraft Conceptual Design Phase

The aircraft industry is transitioning from conventional aircraft subsystem architectures to more electric architectures, as part of the More Electric Initiative. This initiative presents the conceptual designer with several unique challenges that stem from the lack of historical data regarding the More Electric solutions and significant coupling among subsystems that had previously been absent. For More Electric Aircraft, the sizing of the aircraft subsystems must occur in parallel with the aircraft and propulsion system sizing in the conceptual design phase, instead of being deferred to later design stages. In this paper, a framework is presented that captures the requirements associated with a combination of subsystems chosen by the analyst. These requirements are propagated to analysis modules that size the subsystems and feed back relevant information to the aircraft sizing and propulsion system analyses. In the current work, this integrated methodology is demonstrated using four aircraft subsystems: flight control surface actuation, landing gear actuation, the environmental control system, and the wing ice protection system.
Research on Offensive Turnover in 11th National Games Men's Basketball Competition

In order to investigate and study on turnover of Chinese men's basketball team in recent international competitions,this paper makes analysis on type,condition,phase and player's position of turnover in 46 matches in 11th National Games by using the method of expert interview,observation,mathematical statistics and logical analysis.The conclusion is as follow:the number of turnover per game of each team has negative correlation with their ranking.The type of turnover is mainly on errant pass and receiving,traveling.In the positional attack,the time for turnover of forward is relative higher than that of central forward and guard.In the press of full-court,the guard makes much more mistake.In quick attacks,the guard and the forward make much more turnover.Finally,the corresponding suggestion for Chinese men's basketball team training is put forwarded.
Experimental and Computational Research on the Uplift of Composite Foundation of Belled Pier and Rock Anchor in Transmission Line Engineering

The composite foundation of belled pier and rock anchor is a new type tower foundation in transmission line engineering.The uplift test was carried out and the load-displacement characteristic was monitored.Based on the test data,the foundation uplift load bearing characteristic and failure pattern were analyzed.The calculation methodology on ultimate uplift capacity of composite foundation was proposed and was also verified by the field test results.The research result could give reference to future similar design and application.
Influence of Finite Element Model on Mechanical Analysis of Transmission Towers

Some 110 kV cat-tower is taken as an example and ANSYS is used for mechanical analysis on rigid model and truss-beam model of transmission tower,effect of the two models on stress and defornation of levers is concluded.The research shows that there exists little difference in maximum integrated displacement and maximum integrated stress calculated by the two models.Besides,the operting conditions and lever locations for extreme value of maximum integrated stress calculated by the two models are identical.The practice shows that in the same operating condition,the structural design of truss-beam model is safer than that of rigid model.
Diagnosis and treatment of acute poisoning in 189 children

OBJECTIVE To study the diagnosis and treatments of acute poisoning in children, and to investigate their causes. METHODS The blood drug concentrations were monitored by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) . The liquid of washing stomach were analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GS/MS). The patients were treated with hemoperfusion (HP) .The age, sex,poisoning substances and reasons, and diagnosis and treatments of the patients were analyzed.RESULTS Biosamples from 20 cases (11%) and 101 cases(53%) of the 189 cases were analyzed by FPIA and GC/MS, respectively. The rates of treatment effectiveness and mortality were 92%(173/189) and 8%(16/189) ,respectively. 17 severe cases were saued successfully by HP.The acute poisoning accident most frequently occurred in children aged 1-7 years (130/189) . The poisoning substances were pharmaceutics 36% (68/189), Chinese herb 2% (4/189),organic substances 59% (121/189) and food 3% (5/189) .The accidents were caused by medicine-toxication 12%(22/189) .self-medication or disobedience 20% (38/189) , taking drugs or other substance on the sly 6% (12/189), environment or food pollution 59% (112/ 189) or food 3%(5/189) .CONCLUSION The results showed that it is very important to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the poisonous substances. HP is a safe and effective treatment for severe children with acute poisoning. Attention should be payed to take precautions a-gainst childhood injury.
Cardiovascular Effects of Chloroquine with Special Reference to Its Antifibrillatory Action

Intravenous injections of chloroquine terminated experimental atrial fibrillation in open chest dog preparations. Chloroquine and quinidine possess equal vasodilating properties when injected intra-arterially in the same dosage. Chloroquine and quinidine were equally effective in decreasing resting excitability of isolated cat papillary muscle; conduction velocity was markedly slowed by quinidine, but only slightly decreased by chloroquine.
The Impact of Molecular Diagnostics on Surveillance of Foodborne Infections

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that foodborne diseases cause illness in one in six Americans (or 48 million people) each year, leading to 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths (1, 2). Among the known foodborne pathogens, bacteria proportionally cause the most severe illness, being associated with 64% of hospitalizations and 64% of the deaths. The foodborne bacteria associated with most hospitalizations and deaths are Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and Listeria monocytogenes. These bacteria are all zoonotic; i.e., they may be found in the normal intestinal biota of animals without causing disease and may spread to the environment and contaminate the food we eat.
Automatic detection of solar photovoltaic arrays in high resolution aerial imagery

Abstract The quantity of small scale solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays in the United States has grown rapidly in recent years. As a result, there is substantial interest in high quality information about the quantity, power capacity, and energy generated by such arrays, including at a high spatial resolution (e.g., cities, counties, or other small regions). Unfortunately, existing methods for obtaining this information, such as surveys and utility interconnection filings, are limited in their completeness and spatial resolution. This work presents a computer algorithm that automatically detects PV panels using very high resolution color satellite imagery. The approach potentially offers a fast, scalable method for obtaining accurate information on PV array location and size, and at much higher spatial resolutions than are currently available. The method is validated using a very large (135 km 2 ) collection of publicly available (Bradbury et al., 2016) aerial imagery, with over 2700 human annotated PV array locations. The results demonstrate the algorithm is highly effective on a per-pixel basis. It is likewise effective at object-level PV array detection, but with significant potential for improvement in estimating the precise shape/size of the PV arrays. These results are the first of their kind for the detection of solar PV in aerial imagery, demonstrating the feasibility of the approach and establishing a baseline performance for future investigations.
233: Multiparametric high dimensional analysis of normal & VZV infected human tonsil T cells at a single cell resolution by mass cytometry

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), an alpha-herpesvirus, is a host and cell type restricted pathogen that infects humans to cause “Varicella” (chicken pox) and “Zoster” (shingles). VZV infects tonsil CD4+ T lymphocytes that carry the virus to the skin cells and sensory ganglion neurons; how VZV hijacks immune T cells to replicate and be transported is poorly understood. Mass Cytometry (Cytof) has recently been successfully applied to study complex biological systems at a single cell resolution by using isotope labeled antibodies in a multiplex system. A dual panel comprising of (a) “phenotypic panel” (to detect 20 different surface proteins) and (b) “functional panel” (to detect 11 surface +15 phospho-proteins) were used for this study. VZV-infected & uninfected primary T cells were subjected to the dual panel Cytof analysis; infected cells were detected by an antibody to glycoprotein E tagged to isotope Dy164. Data was analyzed by the SPADE software and other novel statistical algorithms that were designed to detect phenotypic and signaling changes within and between the infected and uninfected populations. Reproducibility of detected changes was addressed through the new notion of “stable assimilation” of single cell level information. This multiplexed study provided an extensive insight into the presence of phenotypically and functionally different sub-populations of T cells in human tonsils. In context of infection, there was decreased expression of CD3 and increased expression of PD-1 and CD69 on infected cells correlating with increased phosphorylation of proteins in the TCR pathway similar to changes observed during T cell activation. In addition, infected naive T cells appeared to be transitioning to the memory-like phenotype – a phenomenon also associated with T cell activation. VZV-infected cells demonstrated decreased CD7, a feature characteristic of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Several other interesting findings along with these observations will be discussed in context of herpesvirus pathogenesis.
Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and the Tumor Immune System

Stroma of solid tumors contains immune-suppressive cells such as regulatory T-cells, type 2 macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and fibroblasts. The supporting cells within the tumor produce growth-supporting factors similar to those involved in tissue remodeling. Tumor formation and progression is a multistep process that includes tumor initiation at the primary sites followed by invasion to secondary metastatic sites. At the secondary site, the cells that initiated the tumor could comprise of cancer stem cells that sustain the tumor. Here we review the mechanistic functions of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and their association with immune cells during tissue homeostasis compared to tumorigenesis. This chapter discusses how cancer cells interact within a network created by MSCs in communication with other microenvironment cells, especially those belonging to the immune system. The information presented in this chapter can be extrapolated to the crosstalk between MSCs and other cells inside the stromal compartment.
Veterans’ Perspectives on the Psychosocial Impact of Killing in War

Based on focus group and individual interviews with 26 combat veterans, this qualitative thematic analysis examines the psychosocial and interpersonal consequences of killing in war. It describes t...
An Automated Methodology for Assessing Anatomy-Specific Instrument Motion during Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery.

Objectives Describe instrument motion during live endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS) and evaluate kinematics within anatomic regions. Design Case series. Setting Tertiary academic center. Participants A single skull base surgeon performed six anterior skull base approaches to the pituitary. Main Outcomes and Measures Time-stamped instrument coordinates were recorded using an optical tracking system. Kinematics (i.e., mean cumulative instrument travel, velocity, acceleration, and angular velocity) was calculated by anatomic region including nasal vestibule, anterior and posterior ethmoid, sphenoid, and lateral opticocarotid recess (lOCR) regions. Results We observed mean (standard deviation, SD) velocities of 6.14 cm/s (1.55) in the nasal vestibule versus 1.65 cm/s (0.34) near the lOCR. Mean (SD) acceleration was 7,480 cm/s2 (5790) in the vestibule versus 928 cm/s2 (662) near the lOCR. Mean (SD) angular velocity was 17.2 degrees/s (8.31) in the vestibule and 5.37 degrees/s (1.09) near the lOCR. We observed a decreasing trend in the geometric mean velocity, acceleration, and angular velocity when approaching the pituitary (p Conclusion Using a novel method for analyzing instrument motion during live ESBS, we observed a decreasing trend in kinematics with proximity to the pituitary. Additional characterization of surgical instrument motion is paramount for optimizing patient safety and training.
An Implementation Study of two Algorithms for the Minimum Spanning Circle Problem

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses an implementation study of two algorithms for the minimum spanning circle problem. The chapter presents shrinking algorithm for the spanning circle problem. This algorithm has a worst-case bound of 0(n 2 ) and works for any point set. There are three major components in an implementation of the Shrink algorithm: (1) the way to find an initial spanning circle; (2) the way to test if the set of contact points fits in a semicircle of the current spanning circle, and, if so, how to compute the separating line; and (3) the way to shrink to a smaller spanning circle. Approximation algorithm to the minimum spanning circle problem is much different. An approximation algorithm computes a convex region that is sure to contain the center of the minimum spanning circle. The area of this region may be made as small as desired allowing the location of the center to be approximated more and more accurately. The accuracy with which the center is located is a parameter of the algorithm and should be chosen with the application in mind.
Squeezing the fundamental temperature fluctuations of a high- Q microresonator

Temperature fluctuations of an optical resonator underlie a fundamental limit of its cavity stability. Here we show that the fundamental temperature fluctuations of a high-$Q$ microresonator can be suppressed remarkably by pure optical means without cooling the device temperature. An optical wave launched into the cavity is able to produce strong photothermal backaction which dramatically suppresses the spectral intensity of temperature fluctuations and squeezes its overall level by orders of magnitude. The proposed photothermal temperature squeezing is expected to significantly improve the stability of optical resonances, with potentially profound impact on broad applications of high-$Q$ cavities in sensing, metrology, and nonlinear and quantum optics.
In Defense of Ritual Propriety

Confucians think ritual propriety is extremely important, but this commitment perplexes many Western readers. This essay outlines the early Confucian Xunzǐ’s defense of ritual, then offers a modified defense of ritual propriety as a real virtue, of value to human beings in all times and places, albeit one that is inescapably indexed to prevailing social norms in a non-objectionable way. The paper addresses five likely objections to this thesis, drawing on but going beyond recent Kantian defenses of courtesy and civility. The objections concern cultural relativity, insincerity, separating style from substance, elitism, and possible incoherence in the virtue itself.