cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of “Aging” on Bioreactive Chemical Retention, Transformation, and Transport in Soil

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how aging can affect the behavior of bioreactive chemicals in the soil. This paper will focus on the sorption process, which can directly or indirectly control transformation and transport processes. Most commonly, aging effects have been characterized by batch equilibration and batch sequential extraction methods, in which changes in sorption coefficients (i.e. Kd) are determined for the chemical remaining after a given equilibration or incubation period. Alternative innovative methods to determine aging effects include isotopic exchange and supercritical fluid extraction methods. Kd values have generally been shown to increase with aging time. The mechanisms that result in aging effects on sorption in soils can be artifacts of the methodology used to characterize sorption, or changes in chemical or physical processes, or a combination of these processes, all of which may affect the retention or sorption/desorption of the chemical in soil, which in turn affects pesticide transport and transformation. Regardless of the mechanisms involved in aging, observed increases in sorption during pesticide aging should be taken into account during characterization of the sorption process for mathematical models of pesticide transport. Potential transport of the pesticide would be over predicted if freshly treated soil Kd values were used to predict transport. The question of whether increases in sorption with aging affect degradation is still unanswered.
Binary Hypothesis Testing using Structured Adaptive Networks

The design of binary hypothesis tests in the absence of any statistical information, based only on a set of available observations is studied. A Structured Adaptive Network (SAN) configuration for the design of such tests based on several criteria of optimality, is presented and certain key asymptotic properties of these criteria are established.
Basal cell carcinoma of the vulva

Abstract Four cases of basal cell carcinoma of the vulva are presented with case histories and treatment. One death is recorded due to postoperative cardiac failure and pulmonary edema following a Basset operation two years after the preliminary vulvectomy. At the time of the gland removal there was no evidence of any local recurrence. The other 3 patients are alive and well, eight years, nine years, and six months, respectively. All were treated by surgical extirpation without radiation. Three patients had a regional lymph gland removal, but in no case was there any evidence of any metastasis.
Design and growth of InAlAs/InGaAlAs strained-superlattice-barrier heterostructures for use in light-emitting devices

In this paper, we describe the design, growth, and characterization of an improved strained-superlattice barrier (SSLB) projected to increase the conduction-band offset, ΔE c , for the InAlAs /In 0.52 Ga 0.13 Al 0.35 As (λ = 1.3 μm)/InP system by a factor of three. This increase is expected to improve the confinement of electrons in the InAlAs/InGaAlAs double-heterostructure active region and could improve the performance of uncooled lasers emitting at 1.3 and 1.55 μm. The enhancement of the conduction-band offset has been demonstrated by measuring the I-V curves of n-i-n tunneling diodes and by 300 and 4.2 K photoluminescence measurements on unintentionally doped InAlAs/InGaAlAs double heterostructures having SSLB confinement layers. The beneficial effect of the SSLB upon the performance of LEDs is also demonstrated.
Perinotochordal sheath of heterozygous and homozygous danforth's short-tail mice.

This study reveals significant differences in the development of the perinotochordal sheath of heterozygous (Sdl+) and homozygous (SdlSd) mice. The magnitude of the effect on the basement membrane and surrounding sheath apparently is determined by whether one or two copies of the Sd gene are present.
Data Reuse Driven Memory and Network-On-Chip Co-Synthesis

NoCs present a possible communication infrastructure solution to deal with increased design complexity and shrinking time-to-market. The communication infrastructure is a significant source of energy consumption and many attempts at energy efficient NoC synthesis have been proposed. However, in addition to the communication subsystem, the memory subsystem is an important contributor to chip energy consumption. These two subsystems are not independent, and a design with the lowest memory power consumption may not have the lowest overall power consumption. In this paper we propose to exploit a data reuse analysis approach for co-synthesis of memory and NoC communication architectures. We present a co-synthesis heuristic targeting NoCs, such as AEthereal, with mesh topology. We show that our data reuse analysis based synthesis reduces communication energy alone by 31% on average as well as memory and communication energy by 44% on average in comparison with the similar approaches that do not employ data reuse analysis. We also show that our memory/NoC co-synthesis heuristic further reduces communication energy by up to 38% in comparison with a computationally less expensive traditional two-step synthesis approach, where the memory subsystem is synthesized before the synthesis of NoC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to investigate the influence of memory subsystem synthesis on NoC power consumption and to present a memory and NoC co-synthesis heuristic.
A Novel Method to Establish Microglia-Free Astrocyte Cultures: Comparison of Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression Profiles in Pure Cultures of Astrocytes and Microglia

Increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) proteolytic activity contributes to the pathogenesis of many neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions in the CNS. To fully understand this process, it is important to define the MMP expression profile of specific cell types, including the CNS-resident cells astrocytes and microglia. While previous studies have characterized astrocyte MMP expression by using mixed glial cultures, these results are likely complicated by the presence of contaminating microglia within these cultures. In the current study, we sought to clarify this complexity, by taking a novel approach to prepare pure astrocyte cultures entirely devoid of microglia, by promoting neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation into astrocytes. The MMP expression profile of mixed glial cultures, neurosphere-derived astrocytes, and pure microglia was characterized by RNase protection assay. This revealed that MMP gene expression is largely cell-type specific. Astrocytes constitutively expressed MMP-11, MMP-14, and MMP-2 and showed induction of MMP-3 in response to IL-1beta but did not respond to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast, microglia constitutively expressed high levels of MMP-12 and showed strong induction of MMP-9 and MMP-14 in response to LPS. Gelatin zymography confirmed that LPS and TNF-alpha induced strong expression of MMP-9 in microglia but not astrocytes. In summary, these studies demonstrate that neurosphere-derived astrocytes represent an attractive alternative system in which to study astrocyte behavior in vitro. Using this system, we have shown that astrocytes and microglia express distinct sets of MMP genes and that microglia, not astrocytes, are the major source of MMP-9 in response to LPS or TNF-alpha.
Deterministic parallel computation of Bayesian deblurring using cluster approximations

A family of approximations to Bayesian estimators based on Markov random fields models of images and mean squared error reconstruction criteria is described. The computation of the estimator requires the solution of a multivariable fixed point problem for which existence, uniqueness, and convergent algorithm results are stated. These algorithms preserve the structure of the grey levels. Two simple examples are given which show excellent performance. >
Arginine: An Essential Amino Acid for the Cat

The essentiality of arginine for the near-adult cat was demonstrated in three preliminary and two main experiments. In the pre liminary experiments, changing cats (body weights all in excess of 1.6 kg) from a purified diet containing a complete amino acid mixture (basal) to a similar isonitrogenous diet without arginine ( â€”Arg) caused rapid loss of body weight ( mean Â±SE93.3 Â±6.8 g in the first 24 hours ), emesis, and inappetance. In the main experiments the mean Â±SE body weight of the cats was 2.6 Â±0.4 kg. When eight of these cats were given the â€”Argdiet after an overnight fast, they all exhibited emesis, had tetanic spasms, and one died. Other symptoms included hypersalivation, depression which in some cases was followed by hyperesthesia, hyperactivity, ataxia, and dyspnea. The plasma of these cats showed hyperammonemia and hyperglycemia indicating that the clinical condition was caused by acute ammonia intoxi cation. The eight cats given the comparable diet with arginine showed no ill effects. Five cats given the basal diet with ornithine replacing arginine on an equimolar basis showed neither an increase in plasma ammonia nor glucose concentrations. Cats given the â€”Argdiet had extremely low 120 minute post-prandial levels of plasma free arginine (less than one-quarter of the prefceding level ). It was concluded that the cat lacks the ability to synthesize ornithine. The consequence of this metabolic deficiency in the cat is that arginine is an essential nutrient: it provides a unique example of a nutrient so critical that one meal without dietary arginine may result in death. The â€”Argdiet supported growth in young rats, albeit at a slower rate than rats fed the basal diet. J. Nutr. 108: 1944-1953, 1978. INDEXING
SU-GG-I-63: Radiation Dose of Patient Receiving CTA and CTP Studies of Brain

Purpose: As radiation injury to patients undergoing CT perfusion study of brain was reported in the media, the radiation dose delivered to our own patients receiving the same procedures was being questioned by attending radiologists, physicians and surgeons. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the radiation dose delivered to the stroke patients receiving CTangiography and CT perfusion study of brain at our institution. Materials and Methods: The Landauer CTdosimeter utilizing aluminum oxide, optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) technology, was employed as the radiation detector to measure the radiation dose profile in the standard CTDI head phantom simulating the patient. We performed a CT perfusion acquisition using our clinical protocol (fixed tube current mode, no mA‐modulation). Radiation dose was measured at the 12 O'clock and in the central position to simulate the retina or brain. Measurements were performed for those three component scans in the stroke study; (a) a non‐contrast scan of the brain, (b) a perfusion scan with contrast (the shuttle mode), and (c) a CTangiography (CTA) scan. Results: The total dose for the skin exposure (at 12 O'clock), and the retina/brain (in the center) were 85 mGy and 70 mGy for scan series (a), and 300 mGy and 230 mGy for scan series (b), and 60 mGy and 60 mGy for scan series (c), respectively. A total skindose of 445 mGy and braindose of 360 mGy have been obtained.Conclusion: The results show it is quite possible to reach the erythema dose of 2000 mGy if the same patient had gone through more than 4 times the same procedure. While we were assured that the CTA/CTP procedure at this institution is less than 500 mGy/procedure, it is also prudent to exercise precautionary measures to minimize the radiation as a ongoing practice.
On the interpretation of polyoxymethylene valence XPS spectra using band calculations

Abstract Tight binding calculations of the extended Huckel type were performed on two conformations of polyoxymethylene. Valence XPS spectra were calculated and compared to previously reported theoretical spectra derived from ab initio calculations. Good agreement in the qualitative features of the spectra suggest that band calculations, even at a crude level of approximation, may be useful for interpreting XPS valence band spectra. Differences in the calculated spectra of the two conformations are attributed to the packing efficiency of the more stable conformer. Because the more stable conformer has a smaller unit cell, the bands are dispersed over a wider energy range.
Occurrence of Togninia fraxinopennsylvanica on Esca-Diseased Grapevines (Vitis vinifera) and Declining Ash Trees (Fraxinus latifolia) in California.

Esca (black measles) and Petri disease (young esca) are two of the most destructive diseases of grapevines in California and other grape-producing countries. This disease is now known to be caused by multiple species of Phaeoacremonium including P. aleophilum, P. angustius, P. parasiticum, P. rubrigenum, and P. mortoniae. The teleomorph of P. aleophilum was confirmed recently as Togninia minima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Berl. (2), but the teleomorph for the other Phaeoacremonium species are not known. During the summer of 2004, plant specimens were collected from declining ash trees surrounding vineyards as well as from grapevines that were showing typical symptoms of esca including the presence of purple-to-brown spots on berries and necrosis between the veins and on margins of leaves. The specimens were cut into small pieces (15 cm), placed in plastic bags, and thoroughly sprayed with 50 ml of sterile distilled water. The specimens were soaked in water for 10 min at room temperature (25 ± 2°C). Plant materials w...
Effect of lactobacilli on the properties of Swiss cheese

Abstract Two Lactobacillus strains produced by mutagenesis of Lactobacillus bulgaricus AR2 were selected on the basis of the flavor generated after their growth in milk or whey permeate, and these strains were tested for acid development and proteolysis in milk cultures. Although differences in the flavor generated by the mutants and their parent strain could not be verified by a formal panel, there were significant differences between the mutants and their parent strain in proteolysis and acid development. Strain AR2, its two mutants, and two other lactobacilli that differed from them in flavor, proteolysis, and acid development were used to make Swiss cheese on a small scale. Significant differences were found in the flavor, proteolysis, and texture of the cheeses made with different strains of lactobacilli.
Usefulness of electrophysiologic testing in evaluation of amiodarone therapy for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with coronary heart disease

Abstract The prognostic importance of electrophysiologic studies in patients with sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias treated with amiodarone was prospectively studied in 100 consecutive patients. Sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT)/ventricular fibrillation (VF) was inducible in all patients before amiodarone therapy. After amiodarone administration 2 groups of patients were identified. In group 1 patients the ventricular tachyarrhythmia was no longer inducible and in group 2 patients the arrhythmia remained inducible. In group 1, no recurrent arrhythmia occurred during a follow-up of 18 ± 10 months. In group 2, 38 of 80 patients (48%) had arrhythmia recurrence during a follow-up of 12 ± 9 months. The difference between group 1 and 2 could not be explained by clinical variables, amiodarone doses or plasma concentrations, or electrocardiographic variables. In patients in whom cardiovascular collapse or other severe symptoms where noted during electrophysiologic study after amiodarone treatment, recurrences caused sudden death (n = 12). However, in patients in whom the induced arrhythmia produced moderate symptoms, the recurrent arrhythmia was nonfatal VT (n = 26). Electrophysiologic testing provides clinical guidance and predicts prognosis in patients treated with amiodarone as it does for the evaluation of other antiarrhythmic agents.
Colored hearing synesthesia: An investigation of neural factors

We studied a 17-year-old boy with colored hearing synesthesia (chromesthesia), using psychophysical and neurophysiologic tests. Specific musical notes consistently evoked the same color hues. Unlike controls, he could make new musical note-color associations in a single trial. Auditory evoked potential studies showed no evidence of abnormal activation. The results in this subject do not favor the notion that chromesthesia was due to aberrant neural transmission in collateral pathways, and support the alternative hypothesis that chromesthesia results from strong cross-modal associative ability.
A pilot study of vitamin D, calcium, and percent breast density in Hispanic women

No studies have examined the associations of vitamin D and calcium intake with mammographic breast density in Hispanic women. Using the Southwest Food Frequency Questionnaire, we investigated these associations in a sample of 99 Hispanic women from the Chicago Breast Health Project Phase II Pilot Study. Using cutpoints based on recommended daily allowances, we classified women according to their intake status as low, medium, or high and compared adjusted mean percent density and dense area across the intake groups. Mean percent densities were 22.0%, 20.3%, and 9.6%, respectively, in the low, medium, and high intake groups for dietary vitamin D (P = .009). Inverse associations also were observed when the analysis was stratified by menopausal status. Total dense area was weakly and inversely associated with intake of dietary vitamin D (P = .1). There were no other meaningful associations. These results support previous findings of inverse associations between dietary vitamin D and breast density.
Fungal infections in bone marrow transplant patients.

Purpose of reviewInvasive fungal infections have become the leading infectious cause of death in recipients of hematopoietic cell transplantation. Several factors have led to a renaissance in the study of invasive fungal infections. The growing incidence of both commonly encountered as well as emerg
Testicular rupture secondary to paint ball injury

Paint ball has been associated with bodily injuries including ocular trauma.1 To our knowledge testicular trauma and rupture have not been reported previously. We report a case of testicular rupture secondary to paint ball injury. CASE REPORT A 27-year-old male sustained trauma to the right scrotum while playing paint ball. He presented to the family physician 2 days after the incident, as pain and swelling did not improve with rest and application of ice. Physical examination revealed a tender right testicle with swelling in the right scrotal cavity. Scrotal ultrasound demonstrated tunical rupture (see figure). The patient was referred to us, and debridement of the seminiferous tubules with primary closure of the tunica albuginea was performed. Recovery was uneventful. DISCUSSION To our knowledge this is the first reported case of testicular rupture secondary to paint ball injury. This case underscores the importance of having a high index of suspicion and low threshold for scrotal imaging when pain and swelling do not improve after scrotal trauma. Physicians should be cautioned that ultrasound may not be accurate in diagnosing tunical rupture and surgical exploration may be necessary if the patient does not show any clinical improvement.2 Family practitioners and emergency physicians need to be alerted to this potential injury, as they are usually the first to see these patients. Typically, scrotal hematomas are managed conservatively with rest, application of ice and pain medications, while testicular rupture is an indication for urgent surgical repair. 3 REFERENCES
Health care access in rural areas Evidence that hospitalization for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions in the United States may increase with the level of rurality

Abstract We examined whether levels of rurality are associated with hospitalization for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (ACSH) in eight states of the United States. ACSH is an indicator of access to reasonably effective primary health care. ACSH for children did not vary systematically with rurality. Compared to the most urban counties, the adjusted rate in the most rural was 90% greater for ages 18–64 and 45% greater for ages 65+ (both p Conclusions Increasing levels of rurality may be positively associated with ACSH, suggesting rural disparities in access to primary health care.
Optimization of radiotherapy dose-time fractionation with consideration of tumor specific biology

The "four Rs" of radiobiology play an important role in the design of radiation therapy treatment protocol. The purpose of this work is to explore their influence on external beam radiotherapy for fast and slowly proliferating tumors and develop an optimization framework for tumor-biology specific dose-time-fractionation scheme. The linear quadratic model is used to describe radiation response of tumor, in which the time dependence of sublethal damage repair and the redistribution and reoxygenation effects are included. The optimum radiotherapeutic strategy is defined as the treatment scheme that maximizes tumor biologically effective dose (BED) while keeping normal tissue BED constant. The influence of different model parameters on total dose, overall treatment time, fraction size, and intervals is also studied. The results showed that, for fast proliferating tumors, the optimum overall time is similar to the assumed kickoff time T(k) and almost independent of interval patterns. Significant increase in tumor control can be achieved using accelerated schemes for the tumors with doubling time smaller than 3 days, but little is gained for those with doubling time greater than 5 days. The incomplete repair of normal tissues between two consecutive fractions in standard fractionation has almost no influence on the fractional doses, even for the hyperfractionation with an interval time of 8 h. However, when the resensitization effect is included, the fractional doses at the beginning and end of each irradiated week become obviously higher than others in the optimum scheme and the hyperfractionation scheme has little advantage over the standard or hypofractionation one. For slowly proliferating tumors, provided that the alpha/beta ratio of the tumor is comparable to that of the normal tissues, a hypofractionation is more favorable. The overall treatment time should be larger than a minimum, which is predominantly determined by the resensitization time. The proposed technique provides a useful tool to systematically optimize radiotherapy for fast and slow proliferating tumors and sheds important insight into the complex problem of dose-time fractionation.
Cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic responses to upper body exercise.

ABSTRACTPENDERGAST, D. R. Cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic responses to upper body exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 21, No. 5 (Supplement), pp. S121–S125, 1989. Many studies have suggested that arm exercise, particularly in the supine position or with arms elevated, is more stressfu
Acute allergic contact dermatitis from diazolidinyl urea (Germall II) in a hair gel

Diazolidinyl urea (Germall II) is a preservative recently used in cosmetics. It is effective against most contaminating microorganisms, especially Pseudomonas. We report the first case of an acute allergic contact dermatitis from diazolidinyl urea that was contained in a hair gel.
Postpartum follow-up of a positive purified protein derivative (PPD) among an indigent population.

Objective This study was undertaken to investigate the rates and predictors of follow-up and treatment for postpartum patients with a positive purified protein derivative (PPD). Study design Retrospective cohort study of all women delivered at San Francisco General Hospital in 2000. All patients with a positive PPD were identified and their demographic and PPD follow-up and treatment data were collected and analyzed. Results Among the 1331 patients delivered, the prevalence of a positive PPD was 32% (n=425). Of the 393 patients who had not been previously treated, 42% (n=167) attended a follow-up visit with 42% of these (n=71) actually completing 6 months of therapy. Among different ethnicities, Asian patients were more likely to follow-up at a rate of 52% ( P =.03). Patients who received care from the same physician both antepartum and postpartum were more likely to attend and complete therapy at rates of 67% ( P P =.01), respectively. Conclusion We found that despite the opportunity given by the interaction with the medical system during pregnancy, only 18% of patients with a positive PPD actually completed therapy.
Strain and Strain Rate Imaging in Cardiomyopathy

The most common indication for an echocardiogram is for the assessment of left ventricular (LV) function and, in the evaluation of cardiomyopathy (CM), this becomes even more important. However, conventional echocardiographic measures of ventricular function are insensitive at detecting subtle perturbations in contractility. In patients with CM, the ability to detect abnormalities early in the course of the disease to establish a diagnosis can be critical and often may influence specific treatments administered as well as establish important prognostic information. Technologic advances in echocardiographic imaging during the last decade now allow for the measurement of LV strain and strain rate (SR) imaging. Strain and SR imaging allow for a more precise characterization of the mechanics of myocardial contraction and relaxation (deformation imaging) and emerging data are establishing the use of these techniques in a variety of different cardiomyopathic conditions. After establishing a common understanding of strain imaging as well as defining the methods by which these measures can be incorporated into an echocardiographic examination, we will review the accumulating information illustrating the great promise that this imaging modality has in the care of patients with CM. This review will focus on the role of strain and SR imaging in CM.
A Modular 125 PS Resolution Time Interval Digitizer for 10 MHz Stop Burst Rates and 33 MS Range

A high resolution multiple stop time interval digitizer is described. It is capable of resolving stop burst rates of up to 10 MHz with an incremental resolution of 125 ps within a range of 33 ms. The digitizer consists of five CAMAC modules and uses a standard CAMAC crate and controller. All the functions and ranges are completely computer controlled. Any two subsequent stop pulses in a burst can be resolved within 100 ns due to a new dual interpolation technique employed. The accuracy is maintained by a high stability 125 MHz reference clock. Up to 131 stop events can be stored in a 48-bit, 10 MHz derandomizing storage register before the digitizer overflows. The experimental data are also given.
Gender Differences in the Object-Oriented Play of Preschoolers with Cognitive Delays:

Gender differences in the play of preschool children with cognitive delays were investigated. Twelve dependent variables representing categorical and sequential play were coded from observations of 18 boys and 12 girls playing during an independent-play session at home. Boys and girls were observed to play differentially with three toy sets (mixed, doll, and vehicle) with which they were presented. Overall, boys engaged in more functional play than girls and were more sophisticated when playing with the vehicle toy set. Girls, however, engaged in more constructive play than boys and demonstrated a tendency for greater sophistication with respect to the doll toys. The implications of these findings are discussed in comparison with the research of the play of children without cognitive delays.
Factors That Drive Restoration of Nekton Communities in Impaired Salt Marshes of Northeastern North America

Salt marshes have a long history of tidal restriction, resulting in marsh compaction, subsidence, reduced tidal range, and invasion of nonnative species that impair nekton support functions. At Cape Cod National Seashore, the availability of high-quality, long-term monitoring data provides an opportunity to evaluate factors that drive restoration success of biological communities in marsh ecosystems undergoing gradients of restoration. In the restored marsh at Hatches Harbor (“HHR”), 67.5 % of the variability in nekton community composition (“NCC”) was due to a temporal trend, due to large abundances of Fundulus heteroclitus that changed to Crangon septemspinosa and Carcinus maenas in the later years. The paired unrestricted marsh (“HHUR”) also showed a temporal trend, with 57.6 % of the variability attributed to a change from F. heteroclitus to C. septemspinosa. At the partially restored Moon Pond (“MP”) site, NCC was only moderately influenced by a temporal trend (30.1 %), with samples in early years dominated by Palaemonetes spp. and F. heteroclitus shifting to C. septemspinosa, Menidia spp., and C. maenas. Water quality (6.1 %) and sample timing (10.3 %) were also important drivers of NCC at MP. The unrestricted Nauset Marsh showed a weak temporal trend (49.5 %) with samples in early years dominated by C. septemspinosa, whereas F. heteroclitus and C. maenas drove NCC patterns in the later years. The nekton community in the Hatches Harbor marsh has converged over time, but NCC at the partially restored MP site is still changing due to hydrologic restoration.
Precision electronics for ionization chamber measurements

Abstract By using commercially available units, an electrometer and an IBM personal computer, it was relatively inexpensive and simple to assemble a system which permits γ-ray-emitting radionuclide activities to be measured in an ionization chamber with an uncertainty of ± 0.5% and a reproducibility of ± 0.05%.
Evaluating IR's Crystal Balls: How Predictions of the Future Have Withstood Fourteen Years of Unipolarity

The fall of the Berlin Wall inspired speculation about why the Cold War came to such an abrupt and shocking end, why no school of thought anticipated its demise, and what the event meant for international relations theory ([Gaddis 1992–1993][1]; [Hogan 1992][2]; [Kegley 1994][3]; [Lebow 1994][4]; [Lebow and Risse-Kappen 1995][5]). A set of articles simultaneously emerged purporting to identify the most salient aspects of the new system—structural and otherwise—and to anticipate the direction in which it was heading. This essay begins a reexamination of some of those predictions, using the evidence that has accumulated over the decade and a half since the collapse of bipolarity to evaluate how early visions of the post-Cold War international system have matched the events that followed. [1]: #ref-23 [2]: #ref-30 [3]: #ref-41 [4]: #ref-56 [5]: #ref-57
Experimental study of steady-state localization in coupled beams with active nonlinearities

Steady-state nonlinear motion confinement is experimentally studied in a system of weakly coupled cantilever beams with active stiffness nonlinearities. Quasistatic swept-sine tests are performed by periodically forcing one of the beams at frequencies close to the first two closely spaced modes of the system, and experimental nonlinear frequency response curves for certain nonlinearity levels are generated. Of particular interest is the detection of strongly localized steady-state motions, wherein vibrational energy becomes spatially confined mainly to the directly excited beam. Such motions exist in neighborhoods of strongly localized antiphase nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) which bifurcate from a spatially extended NNM of the system. Steady-state nonlinear motion confinement is an essentially nonlinear phenomenon with no counterpart in linear theory, and can be implemented in vibration and shock isolation designs of mechanical systems.
Darwin’s analogy between artificial and natural selection: how does it go?

View/download or read postprint via a streaming viewer with the turning page feature in SOAR, or click on the DOI link to access the publisher's copy of this article (may not be free)
Dissociation, Somatization, Substance Abuse, and Coping in Women With Chronic Pelvic Pain

Abstract Objective: To examine the relationships between histories of sexual or physical abuse and current reports of dissociation, somatization, substance abuse, adaptive coping, and maladaptive coping strategies among chronic pelvic pain patients. Methods: Using a structured interview, we assessed sexual and physical abuse and somatization. The Dissociative Experiences Scale was used to assess dissociation, and an abbreviated version of the COPE scale was employed to assess adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies as well as substance abuse. Participants included 46 women with chronic pelvic pain. Results: Women with self-reported sexual or physical abuse histories were found to have significantly higher dissociation, somatization, and substance abuse scores than women without such a history. Significant positive correlations were found between reports of both dissociation and somatization with maladaptive coping strategies and among dissociation, somatization, and substance abuse. Conclusion: These results support the association between a positive abuse history and the high levels of dissociation, somatization, and substance abuse often noted in the chronic pelvic pain population. Findings suggest that such psychological variables are more likely to be associated with abuse than with the general medical condition. These psychological variables are conceptualized as maladaptive coping, which may be addressed as part of a biopsychosocial model of treatment for chronic pelvic pain patients.
A criterion for the free character of fields II

Abstract The clothed particle formalism is shown to be of no practical use as it leads either to an incomplete current or to a non-local field theory which violates not only the locality condition but also the Yang-Feldman equation. A short proof is given of the statement that neither the current nor the Heisenberg field can be expressed as a polynomial (in a generalized sense) in the incoming (or outgoing) fields. This statement is based on the assertion of O.W. Greenberg that the outgoing field cannot be expressed as a polynomial with respect to the incoming fields unless both fields coincide.
Verbal memory deficits associated with fornix atrophy in carbon monoxide poisoning.

Magnetic resonance (MR) images and neuropsychological testing data of 69 carbon monoxide (CO) poisoned patients were prospectively obtained within 1 day of CO poisoning, two weeks and six months. CO patients' Day 1 cross-sectional fornix surface area measurements, corrected for head size by using a fornix-to-brain ratio (FBR), were compared to normal age and gender-matched controls. Additionally, a within-subjects analysis was performed comparing the mean areas between CO patients' Day 1, 2 weeks and 6-month FBR. The FBR was correlated with patients' neuropsychological data. There were no significant differences between CO patients' Day 1 fornix measurements compared to normal control subjects. However, significant atrophic changes in the fornix of CO poisoned patients occurred at two weeks with no progressive atrophy at 6 months. By 6 months, CO patients showed significant decline on tests of verbal memory (when practice effects were taken into account), whereas visual memory, processing speed and attention/concentration did not decline. This study indicates that CO results in brain damage and cognitive impairments in the absence of lesions and other neuroanatomic markers. (JINS, 2001, 7, 640–646.)
Insidious Trauma: Examining the Relationship Between Heterosexism and Lesbians’ PTSD Symptoms

Recently, scholars have begun to conceptualize oppressive experiences as traumatic events and have advocated that categories of traumatic events be expanded to include experiences of oppression tha...
Amelioration of oral mucositis pain by NASA near-infrared light-emitting diodes in bone marrow transplant patients

Purpose This study seeks to investigate the use of extraorally applied near-infrared phototherapy for the reduction of oral pain secondary to chemotherapy- and radiation therapy-induced mucositis in adult and pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients. Methods Eighty HSCT patients were divided into regular (R) and low (L) risk groups, then to experimental (E)
Nonproton ion release by purple membranes exhibits cooperativity as shown by determination of the optical cross-section.

The amplitudes of the conductivity transients in photoexcited purple membranes were studied as a function of the energy of the actinic flash to determine the optical cross section of the process giving rise to the conductivity transient. Heating of the solution by the absorbed light causes an additional conductivity change and serves as an internal actinometer; the experiment directly yields the ratio of the cross section of ion release/uptake to that for light absorption. In effect, this counts the number of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) molecules involved in the conductivity transient per photon absorbed. At pH 7 in 0.4–0.5 M NaCl, where the conductivity signals are dominated by nonproton ions, the ratio is between 3 and 4, i.e., excitation of any one of several chromophores generates the same ion release signal. The simplest interpretation is that at pH 7 cooperative conformational changes cause a transient change in the surface charge distribution near all the affected bR molecules, resulting in the transient release of numerous counterions. As a comparison, at pH 4 where the signals are due to protons alone, the cross section data indicate that only a single bR molecule is involved in the proton movements. In this case, the results also show that the sum of the primary forward and reverse quantum yields (for the reactions: bR----K) is 0.88 +/- 0.09.
False memory and obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Background: The memory deficit hypothesis has been used to explain the maintenance of repetitive behavior in individuals with obsessive–compulsive disorder, yet the majority of studies focusing on verbal memory show mixed results. These studies primarily evaluated memory accuracy via the inclusion or omission of previously encountered material, as opposed to false recognition (i.e., the inclusion of erroneous material). We evaluated false memories and memory processes in individuals with obsessive–compulsive washing symptoms (OC), individuals matched on depression and anxiety without OC symptoms (D/A), and in nonanxious individuals (NAC). Methods: Twenty-eight OC, 28 D/A, and 29 NAC individuals read OC-threat relevant, positive, and neutral scenarios and then performed a recognition test. Erroneous recognition of words associated to encoded, but not previously viewed, scenarios were classified as false memories. To evaluate processes underlying memory, participants completed a modified remember/know task to examine whether the OC individuals differed from the other individuals in recollective clarity for false memories of OC-relevant (e.g., germs), positive (e.g., lottery), and neutral (e.g., bread) material. Results: The OC individuals used ‘‘know’’ more than the D/A and NAC individuals for false memories of threat. For veridical memories, the OC individuals used ‘‘know’’ more than the NAC, but not, D/A individuals. Conclusions: The greater reliance on ‘‘know’’ (i.e., feelings of familiarity) in general and false threat memories in particular in individuals with OC symptoms may add to feelings of uncertainty for threat-relevant material, which may contribute to compulsive behavior. Depression and Anxiety 26:396–402, 2009. r2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
‘Kolberg’ (1945) as historical film and historical document

(1994). ‘Kolberg’ (1945) as historical film and historical document. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 433-448.
Bladder cancer: advances in biology and treatment

Integrating systemic chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with invasive bladder cancer is essential to improve survival because the majority of deaths are from systemic relapse. However, as experience with invasive tumors evolves, it is clear that treatment recommendations need to be tailored to an individual patient based on metastatic risk and, ideally, sensitivity to treatment. For those with tumors that do not extend through the bladder wall, standard therapy remains radical surgery. Nevertheless, encouraging results are being reported with increasing frequency using strategies designed to preserve bladder function through a variety of means. Crucial to the recommendation of a specific approach for an individual is improving our ability to define prognosis prior to initiating treatment. Patients with a high risk of systemic recurrence generally require chemotherapy, although the optimal route of integration, pre vs. post-operatively, remains controversial. In those patients who require it, chemotherapy can be administered more safely with the concomitant administration of hematopoietic growth factors. These factors alone, however, are unlikely to improve overall survival. Crucial to the latter effort will be the identification of more active agents, improving our understanding of intrinsic and acquired resistance to chemotherapy, and better delivery of the chemotherapeutic agents currently available. Of equal importance, is the enrollment of patients in clinical trials. These can include large scale randomized comparisons with using a survival end-point, as well as new therapies in high risk populations. The latter would include patients with advanced T3b, T4 and N+ disease, with a high risk of metastatic failure, and low complete response proportions to presently available regimens.
One‐sided testing for conditional heteroskedasticity in time series models

Engle’s autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model and its various generalizations have been widely used to model the volatility of economic and financial time series. Most existing ARCH tests fail to exploit the one-sided nature of the alternative hypothesis. Lee and King (A locally most mean powerful based score test for ARCH and GARCH regression disturbances. J. Bus. Econ. Stat. 11 (1993), 17–27) recently proposed a locally most mean powerful score-based one- sided test for ARCH effects. In this paper a new one-sided test for ARCH effects of the disturbance of a dynamic regression model is proposed. The test is based on a weighted sum of sample autocorrelations of squared regression residuals, with the weighting function typically giving more weight to lower orders of lags and less weight to higher orders of lags. Lee and King’s (1993) test can be viewed as a special case of the present approach with the use of uniform weighting. Many non-uniform weighting schemes deliver better power than uniform weighting; the efficiency gain is substantial when a relatively long lag is used. A simulation experiment confirms the gains from exploiting the one-sided nature of the alternative hypothesis and from using non-uniform weighting.
Fabrication of platinum nano-array model catalysts

We fabricated and characterized one- and two- dimensional nanoscale arrays of platinum for study of model catalysts. One-dimensional arrays of nanoscale facets were fabricated by annealing a high-index plan of platinum single crystals. The high-index plane forms rows of alternating two low-index facets, (111) and (100), widths of which are ~10 nanometers. Two-dimensional arrays were fabricated lithographically from the epitaxial films of platinum grown on SrTiO3 substrates. Electron beam lithography was used to create precisely registered square arrays of millions of identical platinum nanocrystals with ~30 nm in diameter.
Similarity in dose responses, action spectra and red light responses between phototropism and photoinhibition of growth.

— First positive phototropism and photoinhibition of growth of oat colcoptiles share similar dose response curves and action spectra. Both responses increase with increasing dosage of blue light (440 nm) up to 1013 photons cm-2, then both decrease with increasing dosage. Action spectra for both responses have peaks at 360, 440, and 470 nm. When red light (660 nm) was given beforehand, the sensitivity of each response to blue light was lessened. These data indicate a close correlation between phototropism and photoinhibition of growth. Both phenomena can be explained as a result of photoinhibition of basipetal transport of auxin.
Direct Phosphorylation of IκB by IKKα and IKKβ: Discrimination Between Free and NF-κB-Bound Substrate

A large protein complex mediates the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of κB (IκB), which results in the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Two subunits of this complex, IκB kinase α (IKKα) and IκB kinase β (IKKβ), are required for NF-κB activation. Purified recombinant IKKα and IKKβ expressed in insect cells were used to demonstrate that each protein can directly phosphorylate IκB proteins. IKKα and IKKβ were found to form both homodimers and heterodimers. Both IKKα and IKKβ phosphorylated IκB bound to NF-κB more efficiently than they phosphorylated free IκB. This result explains how free IκB can accumulate in cells in which IKK is still active and thus can contribute to the termination of NF-κB activation.
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GROWTH MACHINES

The growth machine perspective is reviewed in light of various critiques of urban political economy as being overdeterministic, ignoring cultural issues, place diversity, and environmental crises. ...
Axons which take up [3H]serotonin are presynaptic to enkephalin immunoreactive neurons in cat dorsal horn.

Abstract Through combined ultrastructural localization of ENK immunoreactivity and [ 3 H]5-HT uptake sites, it was found that 5-HT radiolabeled axons contact ENK immunoreactive cell bodies and small dendrites in the cat superficial dorsal horn. While some contacts displayed both pre- and postsynaptic specializations, the majority lacked a definitive synaptic cleft and postsynaptic density. These results suggest that 5-HT-containing axons, presumably derived from the medullary nucleus raphe magnus, directly influence spinal opioid antinociceptive activity.
The Local Role in Homeland Security

There has been considerable discussion since September 11 of the enormous resource that local police potentially represent in the fight against terrorism. This article identifies limits to the local role in homeland security by analyzing a case study of Dearborn, Michigan. Partly because Dearborn is home to one of the largest concentrations of Arabs in the United States, its experience with homeland security highlights two kinds of burdens that cities incur when they engage in proactive surveillance to identify potential terrorists: damage to their reputation (since police surveillance implies that its objects are not trustworthy) and damage to police legitimacy (since new surveillance may undermine trust between police and the community). Because the benefits of efforts to identify terrorists typically accrue to jurisdictions other than the one that engages in itFunlike street crime, terrorism is a national or even international problemFlocal governments have little reason to pursue it. Instead, cities such as Dearborn have reason to emphasize what I call the ‘‘community protection’’ aspects of homeland security, such as target hardening and emergency response. This finding has more general implications for our understanding of the police role and the politics of policing, showing how both are shaped by the structural location police occupy in federalist systems of government. In the face of a national problem such as homeland security, the most striking feature of American policing is its decentralization: the overwhelming majority of U.S. police are distributed across nearly 13,000 autonomous local police departments. As many participants in the debate about homeland security have observed, there are more than 600,000 local police but only 12,000 FBI agents, and from this fact they conclude that the nation will maximize its ability to prevent new attacks by enlisting local police in the search for terrorists (Berger 2002; Biden 2003; Flanagan 2002; Northeast Regional Homeland Security Agreement 2003). Schol