cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Denitrification in san francisco bay intertidal sediments.

The acetylene block technique was employed to study denitrification in intertidal estuarine sediments. Addition of nitrate to sediment slurries stimulated denitrification. During the dry season, sediment-slurry denitrification rates displayed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and ambient NO3− + NO2− concentrations (≤26 μM) were below the apparent Km (50 μM) for nitrate. During the rainy season, when ambient NO3− + NO2− concentrations were higher (37 to 89 μM), an accurate estimate of the Km could not be obtained. Endogenous denitrification activity was confined to the upper 3 cm of the sediment column. However, the addition of nitrate to deeper sediments demonstrated immediate N2O production, and potential activity existed at all depths sampled (the deepest was 15 cm). Loss of N2O in the presence of C2H2 was sometimes observed during these short-term sediment incubations. Experiments with sediment slurries and washed cell suspensions of a marine pseudomonad confirmed that this N2O loss was caused by incomplete blockage of N2O reductase by C2H2 at low nitrate concentrations. Areal estimates of denitrification (in the absence of added nitrate) ranged from 0.8 to 1.2 μmol of N2 m−2 h−1 (for undisturbed sediments) to 17 to 280 μmol of N2 m−2 h−1 (for shaken sediment slurries).
Experimentally produced prior residence effect in male convict cichlids: The role of initial proximity to territorial markers

Investigating the effects of initial proximity to territorial markers on experimentally produced prior residence effects, 16 pairs of male convict cichlids were randomly assigned to two treatment conditions: a nonreversal condition where the natural resident was closest to the territorial markers at the onset of the encounter, or a reversal condition where the intruder had initially closer proximity to these cues. Results showed that the proximity variable did not change the relative frequency of dominance by the natural resident. The relative frequency of natural residents biting first was also not affected by the proximity variable. As in past studies, the natural residents significantly dominated over intruders, and bit first more frequently, with biting first being a reliable predictor of eventual dominance.
The preparation of 99mTechnetium-labeled cystine, methionine and a synthetic polypeptide and their distribution in mice

Abstract Methods are presented for the labeling with Tc-99m of the pancreatotrophic amino acids cystine and methionine and a synthetic heptacosapeptide amide hormone with secretion-like properties. The distribution of these compounds in the organs of mice is presented with implications for the use of these compounds and their analogs as potential scanning agents for the pancreas and other organs. Further studies are in progress to use these compounds for scanning the human pancreas for abnormalities of function and structure.
Sequence-dependent conformational differences of small RNAs revealed by native gel electrophoresis.

In this study, we use native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and one-dimensional NMR spectroscopy to analyze small RNA hairpins containing a UUCG tetraloop. The aggregation state of one RNA 16-mer (5*-CGGCUUCGGUCGACCA-3*) in the presence of Mg 21 was confirmed by laser light scattering. Although it is widely known in the RNA field that some RNAs tend to aggregate, especially when present at high concentrations, the sequence elements responsible for this effect are rarely identified. In this work, we show that Mg 21 -induced aggregation of the 16-mer RNA hairpin is sensitive to the presence of the 3*-terminal base and a specific 2*-hydroxyl group. Our study highlights the fact that even small changes in a particular RNA sequence can increase its tendency to undergo Mg 21 -dependent aggregation in an unpredictable manner. Our analysis also shows that native gel electrophoresis is a sensitive probe of RNA conformation with the capability to detect differences apparently caused by subtle base stacking effects at the ends of helices. © 1999 Academic Press
Infrared spectra of some deuterated tertiary amides

Abstract Infrared frequency measurements of the CO and amide CN stretching modes of N,N-dimethylacetamide- d 9 and some of its derivatives have been made in the liquid and vapor state. The observed changes of frequencies of these bands with change of state and chlorine substitution confirm the assignments.
Amphotericin B synergy testing by the FCST

The flow cytofluorometric susceptibility test (FCST) was incorporated into two in vitro synergy assays of amphotericin B-drug combinations. The FCST checkerboard assay and the FCST concentration-effect assay were developed to detect subtle modulation of amphotericin B fungicidal effects onCandida albicans andCryptococcus neoformans. Amphotericin B × cyclosporine A was a synergistic fungicidal combination against bothC. albicans andC. neoformans. Amphotericin B×gentamicin and amphotericin B×ketoconazole were synergistic combinations againstC. neoformans. In all cases tested, the synergy was effective when 0.50–0.62 μg amphotericin B/ml was used with>-0.50 μg of the other drug/ml. The fungicidal effect of ≥1.00 μg amphotericin B/ml overwhelmed the synergistic effects. A number of other drug combinations were additive, autonomous, or antagonistic.
Optical ringing in solids: The observation of optical coherence and resonance decay from selectively prepared molecular packets in molecular crystals

The optical ringing and the incoherent resonance decay of electronically excited (resolution ≈ 10^(−4) cm^(−1)) solids is observed using the technique of single-mode laser spectroscopy (SLS). The results show that localized states of pentacene in p-terphenyl, at 1.7 K, have a definite phase memory that can be destroyed only above 3 K due to the increased phonon population. Moreover, the optical coherence of the 0, 0 origin (at 16 882 cm^(−1)) gives a homogeneous linewidth of 40 MHz which is approximately 1100 the width of the vibronic origin, and orders of magnitude less than the “apparent” width of the resonance.
Time on trial estimates with bivariate risks

SUMMARY A common estimator for comparing mortality rates in epidemiological studies, the time on trial or person years at risk estimator, is based upon failure times with an underlying exponential distribution. Since in most follow-up studies individuals are also at risk of dying of unrelated causes, the time on trial estimator is here generalized to the competing risk situation. Behaviour of the resulting estimator is studied when the failure time of the two causes are distributed as dependent exponentials or Weibulls with joint distribution function expressed in the Morgenstern-Farlie form. Certain results of this investigation suggest a more cautious use of this estimator than is presently exhibited.
Aversive Control of Bruxism in a Mentally Retarded Child: A Case Study

Summary.-Reduction of audible bruxing by an 8-yr.-old, non-verbal boy was effected from baseline (5 days) in 17 days of treatment ac school (a contingent verbal No accompanied by the teacher's finger to the child's jaw). Reduction continued at a 3-wk. follow-up and generalized to the home. Although it appears that practitioners seldom encounter bruxism, there is no lack of evidence regarding the many problems (excessively worn teeth, facial pain, inflammed or recessed gums, etc.) associated with this type of behavior (Glaros & Rao, 1977). While corrective dentistry may, in some cases, solve the problem (Ramfjord, 1961) correction is not always possible (Ramfjord & Ash, 1971) and may simply prevent further damage without eliminating the problem (as in the continued use of a bite place). Previous research has dealt largely with nocturnal bruxism and has indicated that reduced levels of teeth-grinding have resulted from massed practice of teethclenching exercises (Ayer & Levin, 1975), relaxation training (Solberg & Rugh, 1972), and the application of aversive contingencies (Heller & Strang, 1973). Diurnal bruxism has also been treated successfully with aversive procedures (Jenkins & Peterson, 1978). In the current project a program was designed to assess and modify the level of a child's bruxing and to permit the program to be implemented by a teacher in the "real" world. Most professionals are not afforded the luxury of multiple observers, equipment, and financial resources that characterize many successful interventions which appear in the literature. The present investigation focused on practical considerations as well as methodological and treatment issues. METHOD The subject was an 8-yr.-old non-verbal male attending a class for trainable mentally retarded children. He was referred by his teacher who reported that his loud and repeated grinding was damaging his teeth and gums and that his behavior was both annoying and distracting to her and members of the class. Data during baseline, treatment, and follow-up were recorded by the teacher during at least one 30-min. period each morning and afternoon. Baseline- (5 days) and treatment (17 days) data were collected on 22 consecutive school days. The follow-up (7 days) data were collected 3 wk. later. During base
An overrelaxation for a numerical inverse of a constant

When division is performed by a power series implementation with additions, subtractions, digit shifts, and multiplications, the convergence rate of the power series is important in practical application. Particularly if the rate of the power series is close to one, the convergence is slow and therefore a special method to accelerate the convergence is needed. Without such an acceleration, the power series implementation is less attractive. An acceleration method is proposed for the slow convergence rate. First, the worst case convergence rate of the power series is determined for a given appropriate acceleration factor. Next, a simple way to choose the appropriate acceleration factor is presented.
Automatic registration between reference and on-board digital tomosynthesis images for positioning verification

The authors developed a hybrid multiresolution rigid-body registration technique to automatically register reference digital tomosynthesis (DTS) images with on-board DTS images to guide patient positioning in radiation therapy. This hybrid registration technique uses a faster but less accurate static method to achieve an initial registration, followed by a slower but more accurate adaptive method to fine tune the registration. A multiresolution scheme is employed in the registration to further improve the registration accuracy, robustness, and efficiency. Normalized mutual information is selected as the criterion for the similarity measure and the downhill simplex method is used as the search engine. This technique was tested using image data both from an anthropomorphic chest phantom and from eight head-and-neck cancer patients. The effects of the scan angle and the region-of-interest (ROI) size on the registration accuracy and robustness were investigated. The necessity of using the adaptive registration method in the hybrid technique was validated by comparing the results of the static method and the hybrid method. With a 44 degrees scan angle and a large ROI covering the entire DTS volume, the average of the registration capture ranges in single-axis simulations was between -31 and +34 deg for rotations and between -89 and +78 mm for translations in the phantom study, and between -38 and +38 deg for rotations and between -58 and +65 mm for translations in the patient study. Decreasing the DTS scan angle from 44 degrees to 22 degrees mainly degraded the registration accuracy and robustness for the out-of-plane rotations. Decreasing the ROI size from the entire DTS volume to the volume surrounding the spinal cord reduced the capture ranges to between -23 and +18 deg for rotations and between -33 and +43 mm for translations in the phantom study, and between -18 and +25 deg for rotations and between -35 and +39 mm for translations in the patient study. Results also showed that the hybrid registration technique had much larger capture ranges than the static method alone in registering the out-of-plane rotations.
A rat liver RNA-DNA-protein complex with template activity for protein synthesis.

Abstract Total RNA isolated from rat liver by a phenol technique at pH 9.0 has template activity for protein synthesis. Much of this template activity is extracted with 1.0 M NaCl. An RNA-DNA-protein complex with template activity is isolated from the saline extract by precipitation with isopropanol. The complex, composed of 81–89 % RNA, 5–12 % DNA, and 6–7 % protein, shows the highest specific template activity for protein synthesis of all the liver RNA fractions tested. Streptomycin and ribonuclease reduce the template activity shown by the complex as well as that shown by the total RNA and the saline-insoluble RNA.
Relationship of internal-external control to work motivation and performance in an expectancy model.

Internal-external control represents the extent to which a person perceives himself to control the events around him. Internality (perception of much control) was hypothesized to be positively related to the following: (a) the concept of instrumentality from expectancy theory, (b) work motivation as measured by ratings and by expectancy theory measures, (c) job performance as measured by ratings, and (d) rank. Data were collected from naval personnel comprising 52 work groups of four each; ratings from their supervisors were also obtained. These hypotheses were confirmed at or beyond the .05 significance level. A multitrait-mul tirater matrix showed convergent but no discriminant validity for ratings by supervisors, peers, and the subjects themselves on the subjects' job effort and performance. The Internal-External Scale (Rotter, 1966) measures a person's perception that the events which happen to him are contingent upon his behavior. An internal person essentially feels in control of the things which happen to him; an external person believes that the events in his life are for the most part beyond his influence. Commonly used terms for designating the two ends of this continuum are the belief in skill and the belief in chance. Perceptions of Internal-External control
Teaching the teachers: Faculty development in inter-professional education

Abstract Aims The purpose of this study is to evaluate changes in self-concept for the knowledge, skills and attitudes toward inter-professional teamwork of facilitators who participated in training and an inter-professional team training event. Background Inter-professional education requires dedicated and educated faculty. Methods A pretest posttest quasi-experimental design was used for the evaluation. Fifty-three facilitators were asked to complete pre–post questionnaires to measure inter-professional team self-concept (IPTSC), assessing self-concept for the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for performing in an inter-professional team. Results Post-session scores on inter-professional team knowledge, skills and attitudes were significantly higher ( F (1, 31) = 5.59, p = .02). Conclusion A facilitator development course and participation in the teaching event had a positive impact on perceived knowledge, skills and attitudes toward inter-professional teamwork.
Synthesis of allenamides by copper-catalyzed coupling of allenyl halides with amides, carbamates, and ureas.

A variety of N-substituted allenes have been synthesized by the copper-catalyzed coupling reaction between allenyl halides and amides, carbamates, and ureas. The reactions proceed in good to excellent yield using 7 mol % copper thiophenecarboxylate and 15 mol % of a diamine catalyst.
Some properties of proline-sRNA synthetase from rat liver

Abstract 1. 1. Some of the properties of a proline-sRNA synthetase from rat liver have been studied by either the hydroxamate assay or the proline-dependent 32 PP i -ATP exchange. 2. 2. The enzyme was noticeably stabilized by sucrose. Although all preparations were stimulated by mercaptoethanol, some aged preparations had an absolute requirement for added mercaptan for activity. 3. 3. The enzyme required either magnesium, manganese, or calcium for activity. Hydroxamate formation was inhibited by PP i . 4. 4. [ 14 C]Proline hydroxamate formation was inhibited by 3,4-dehydroproline; azetidine carboxylic acid; thiazolidine carboxylic acid; 2-methyl-, 2-ethyl-, or 2-propylthiazolidine carboxylic acid; thiazolidine; and mercaptoethylamine. Thiazolidine and mercaptoethylamine were competitive inhibitors of proline. 5. 5. The specific activity of extracts from younger rats was higher than that from older rats. Starvation also increased the activity of the extracts.
Determination of cell number in monolayer cultures

Determining the cytostatic or cytotoxic effects of various conditions on monolayer cells requires techniques that are rapid, reproducible, and able to monitor these effects as a function of time. Methods currently used to monitor cytostasis or cytotoxicity are either static or indirect; that is, they are designed to test effects of various treatments either at single time points or on associated cellular processes, such as membrane integrity. Because of these limitations in extant techniques, we undertook this study to improve methods for the rapid determination of cell number in monolayer cultures. We have arrived at conditions of staining cell nuclei with crystal violet under fixed regimens which allow rapid and reproducible quantification of cell number in cultures grown in 24-well miniwells. Quantification is possible by solubilizing the adsorbed dye into a solution of Triton X-100 and determining optical density (O.D.) using spectrophotometry. The present communication documents that O.D. is linearly related to cell number with a sensitivity of ca. 500 cells and that the technique is applicable to study agents which affect cell proliferation.
Systematics of pion double-charge-exchange reactions on T = 0 nuclei

Abstract Pion induced double charge exchange on 12 C, 16 O, 24 Mg, 28 Si, 32 S, and 40 Ca exhibits forward-angle cross sections that vary rapidly with pion energy and fall off roughly as A −4 3 . Angular distributions at 164 MeV appear diffractive for targets of 12 C, 16 O, and 40 Ca.
Physical Problems of Decision-Making Constraints

The question is posed as to whether the behavior of living matter gives us any reason to reconsider fundamental physical principles. How is the problem of language likely to influence our concepts of physics? The problems of neuronal activity are felt to be too complex to confront directly with physical principles. We need to understand the physical basis of all symbolic activity on a more fundamental level.
Studies on the Source-Origin of Activated Flavor in Milk

Milk unduly exposed to radiation, either natural or artificial, will acquire a flavor defect called activated, sunshine, or burnt. This defect is to be differentiated from that referred to as oxidized fiavor. Homogenized milk is known to acquire the flavor more readily than unhomogenized milk. Excessive or improper exposure of milk to artificial radiation is a frequent cause for occurrence of the flavor. The ultimate prevention of the development of the flavor, however, necessitates further information concerning its origin and method of development. In the study presented here, milk or milk products, and other substances were exposed for prolonged periods to radiation so as to accentuate the intensity of the flavor, and permit its ready identification and isolation. Reviews of the literature on the activated flavor of milk have been included in previous reports (4, 8). I t was pointed out that the flavor originates with the protein fraction of milk, and it was indicated that the flavor which results from undue exposure to ultra-violet radiation is identical or very similar to the burnt or sunshine flavor caused by exposure of milk to sunlight. Radiation is known to cause destructive effects upon proteins in general and to produce disagreeable flavors and odors. Casein and lactalbumin have been shown to develop the typical activated flavor of milk. The present study is concerned with ascertaining the specific source of the flavor.
Spin-labeling as a general method in studying antibody active site

Abstract Dimensional characteristics of the nature of the hapten combining site (HCS) for rabbit anti-DNP antibodies with various spin-labeled haptens have been determined using the method of Electron Spin Resonance and spin-labeling (1). By systematically increasing the chain length separating the hapten from the spin-label moiety, an estimate of the average “depth” of the combining site was determined to be 10 A.
Carcinoma arising in thyroglossal duct remnant: case reports and review of the literature.

Two cases of thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma are presented and the world literature is reviewed. There are only 74 cases reported to date. In nearly all the cases the clinical diagnosis was thyroglossal cyst. Although the great majority of the tumours were papillary adenocarcinomas, 13.15 per cent were of other histological types. The treatment has been quite variable, but the most common initial treatment was Sistrunk's (1928) operation. Following the establishment of the diagnosis of malignancy, thyroidectomy was done in several cases, but it failed to show any evidence of malignancy in most of the thyroids removed, which establishes firmly the de novo origin of these tumours from the thyroglossal duct remnant. In only one case had tumour disseminated to distant organs, the lung, liver, etc. The scepticism as to whether some of the carcinomas associated with thyroglossal duct remnants may not in fact represent metastases from a small primary tumour of thyroid gland is examined. It appears that, though a possibility of primary or metastatic tumour in the thyroid does exist, the probability does not appear to be high. From our own experience it is suggested that local excision followed by radiotherapy, irrespective of recurrence, may be worth considering for the treatment of such carcinomas.
Structural Differences in Mullite Xerogels from Different Precursors Characterized by 27Al and 29Si MASNMR

Abstract Mullite (3Al2O3-2SiO2) was prepared from different precursors by multicomponent metal alkoxide and metal alkoxide-metal nitrate methods. Extreme hydrolysis conditions were used to prepare mullite gels of various degree of homogeneities. Thermal treatment of the mullite gels prepared by the multicomponent metal alkoxide method led to the crystallization of pure mullite powder at lower temperatures (≤ 1200°C) via a cubic spinel phase, while the gel prepared by the metal alkoxide-metal nitrate method crystallized to mullite completely only around 1300°C, via a cubic spinel and α-Al2O3. The nearest neighbor environments of aluminum and silicon in the gels themselves and after they were heated to various temperatures were studied by 27Al and 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MASNMR) spectroscopy. The sequence of VI, V, and IV coordination changes in aluminum are clearly identified. The results show that there are clear differences in structure at the nearest neighbor level between nitrate-organic and purely organic derived gels. The difference between gels derived from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS) are also clearly shown. The exotherm appearing between 970 and 995°C in the differential thermal analysis (DTA) curve is discussed based on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and MASNMR data. 29Si MASNMR results indicated the presence of silica-rich regions with some Si(Al) or residual-OH groups attached to silicon in the partially crystallized samples containing the cubic spinel.
Modeling TB and HIV co-infections.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The study of the joint dynamics of HIV and TB present formidable mathematical challenges due to the fact that the models of transmission are quite distinct. Furthermore, although there is overlap in the populations at risk of HIV and TB infections, the magnitude of the proportion of individuals at risk for both diseases is not known. Here, we consider a highly simplified deterministic model that incorporates the joint dynamics of TB and HIV, a model that is quite hard to analyze. We compute independent reproductive numbers for TB ($\R_1$) and HIV ($\R_2$) and the overall reproductive number for the system, $\R =\max \{\R_1, \R_2\}$. The focus is naturally (given the highly simplified nature of the framework) on the qualitative analysis of this model. We find that if $\R <1$ then the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable. The TB-only equilibrium $E_T$ is locally asymptotically stable if $\R_1>1$ and $\R_2 1$, does not necessarily guarantee the stability of the HIV-only equilibrium $E_H$, and it is possible that TB can coexist with HIV when $\R_2>1$. In other words, in the case when $\R_1 1$ (or when $\R_1>1$ and $\R_2>1$), we are able to find a stable HIV/TB coexistence equilibrium. Moreover, we show that the prevalence level of TB increases with $\R_2>1$ under certain conditions. Through simulations, we find that i) the increased progression rate from latent to active TB in co-infected individuals may play a significant role in the rising prevalence of TB; and ii) the increased progression rates from HIV to AIDS have not only increased the prevalence level of HIV while decreasing TB prevalence, but also generated damped oscillations in the system.
How physician and patient perceptions differ regarding medical management of stone disease.

Purpose: We compared patient and urologist perceptions regarding the medical management of stone disease.Materials and Methods: A total of 159 patients were prospectively interviewed. Patients were asked 3 questions concerning subjective tolerance of stone passage and surgical intervention weighed against the use of daily preventive medication. The same questions were sent to members of the Endourological Society.Results: Mean ± SD patient age was 51 ± 14 years. Recurrent stone formers comprised 72% of patients and 76% had undergone a prior surgical procedure while 43% were taking prophylactic medication. Overall 81% and 88% of patients responded that they would rather take medication than tolerate a single stone event at home or in the emergency room, respectively. Likewise 92% of patients stated that they would prefer daily medication compared to any surgical procedure. Among 61 urologists 26%, 38% and 18% responded that patients would likely tolerate 1, 2 or an unlimited number of stone passages at hom...
Complement activation by vascular sutures both alone and in combination with synthetic vascular prostheses

Polymer surfaces activate complement pathways resulting in platelet and leucocyte deposition as well as possible release of growth factors. A consequence of these interactions may be early graft failure or intimal hyperplasia leading to late graft failure. C5a generation in human plasma by vascular sutures, both alone and in combination with synthetic vascular prostheses was measured by radioimmunoassay to determine the influence of suture materials on C5a activation. Prolene and ePTFE suture material caused significant activation of C5a ( p p p The pattern of C5a activation by Prolene, ePTFE and Novafil sutures parallels the relative degree of in-vivo platelet accumulation on these suture materials as previously reported by our group. Since these experiments demonstrate that vascular suture material influences human complement activation, it may be that this interaction contributes to either early or late graft failure by enhancing platelet reactivity or neointimal proliferation, respectively.
Loss Measurement in Plasmonic Modes in Metal-Insulator-Metal Waveguides by Attenuated Total Reflection

We report experimental characterization of plasmonic modes in metal-insulator-metal waveguides based on the attenuated total reflection (ATR) configuration. The loss is measured without physically changing the waveguide length as in conventional methods.
A selection of open problems

Abstract This is a collection of open problems which touch on Neil Hindman's mathematics and were collected in conjunction with the Conference on Ramsey Theory and Topological Algebra in his honor.
Care of the pregnant thyroid cancer patient

Purpose of reviewThyroid cancer is the fastest rising type of cancer among women in North America. Care of the pregnant patient with thyroid cancer is, therefore, of concern to obstetricians, internists and endocrine specialists. Guidelines for the care of the pregnant patient with thyroid disease w
Tumor-Targeted Responsive Nanoparticle-Based Systems for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Therapy

Purpose Design and synthesis of a tumor responsive nanoparticle-based system for imaging and treatment of various cancers.
Forensic analysis of printing inks using tandem Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Abstract Elemental analysis, using either LA-ICP-MS or LIBS, can be used for the chemical characterization of materials of forensic interest to discriminate between source materials originating from different sources and also for the association of materials known to originate from the same source. In this study, a tandem LIBS/LA-ICP-MS system that combines the benefits of both LIBS and LA-ICP-MS was evaluated for the characterization of samples of printing inks (toners, inkjets, intaglio and offset.). The performance of both laser sampling methods is presented. A subset of 9 black laser toners, 10 colored (CMYK) inkjet samples, 12 colored (CMYK) offset samples and 12 intaglio inks originating from different manufacturing sources were analyzed to evaluate the discrimination capability of the tandem method. These samples were selected because they presented a very similar elemental profile by LA-ICP-MS. Although typical discrimination between different ink sources is found to be > 99% for a variety of inks when only LA-ICP-MS was used for the analysis, additional discrimination was achieved by combining the elemental results from the LIBS analysis to the LA-ICP-MS analysis in the tandem technique, enhancing the overall discrimination capability of the individual laser ablation methods. The LIBS measurements of the Ca, Fe, K and Si signals, in particular, improved the discrimination for this specific set of different ink samples previously shown to exhibit very similar LA-ICP-MS elemental profiles. The combination of these two techniques in a single setup resulted in better discrimination of the printing inks with two distinct fingerprint spectra, providing information from atomic/ionic emissions and isotopic composition (m/z) for each ink sample.
Incremental response of thermoelastic solids with initial thermal and mechanical fields

The equations describing the incremental response of a thermoelastic solid under pre-existing mechanical and thermal fields are derived. The associated differential system is shown to be self-adjoint. This property in turn is used to establish the equivalence of linear static and dynamic stability criteria.
Anorexigenic effects of d-amphetamine and 1-dopa in the rat

The effect of amphetamine and 1-dopa was compared in 22-hr food- and water-deprived rats. Amphetamine produced marked anorexia, and 1-dopa significantly reduced food intake at 200 mg/kg. Following pretreatment with RO 4-4602, a decarboxylase inhibitor, 100 mg/kg of 1-dopa, a dose that did not significantly affect eating, produced marked anorexia. The anorectic effect of both amphetamine and 1-dopa was antagonized by propranolol, a β adrenergic antagonist. Phentolamine, an a-adrenergic antagonist, potentiated the anorectic effect of amphetamine and 1-dopa. Haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), a dopamine antagonist, failed to prevent the anorexia due to amphetamine but accentuated that due to 1-dopa. Methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, also failed to prevent the anorexigenic effect of amphetamine. Finally, the administration of 1-dopa with or without peripheral decarboxylase inhibition resulted in more than twice the increase in hypothalamic dopamine levels without significant changes in 5-HT or norepinephrine levels. The data show that the anorexigenic effect of amphetamine and 1-dopa are similar and indicate a functional role for both norepinephrine and dopamine neurons in feeding behaviour in the rat.
Predictors of mortality for patients undergoing cardiac valve replacements in New York State

Abstract Background . The objective of this study was to identify the mortality rates and significant independent risk factors for mortality for each of six valve replacement groups. Methods . A total of 14,190 patients who underwent valve replacement in New York State from 1995 to 1997 were classified into six major groups and significant independent risk factors for inpatient mortality were identified for each of the groups using stepwise logistic regression. Results . Mortality rates ranged from 3.33% for isolated aortic valve surgical procedures to 18.72% for multiple valve replacements with coronary artery bypass graft operations. The number of years in excess of age 55 was a significant multivariate predictor of mortality for all six groups of patients. Shock was a significant predictor for five of the six groups, and in each of those groups it was the risk factor with the highest odds ratio. Conclusions . Significant patient risk factors are relatively consistent across different types of valve replacement procedures. The probability of survival from valve surgical procedures is highly dependent on the patient's preoperative profile and the type of valve operation.
A real-time tritium monitor with an MPC proportional response to airborne mixtures of TH and THO

Abstract A fast response tritium-in-air monitor that can detect airborne HT and HTO in proportion to the occupational maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of either species has been developed at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. The sample gas is selectively filtered through a dimethyl silicon membrane resulting in a throughput that is 400 times greater for HTO than for HT. After filtering, the tritium is detected in a 10 cm3 flow-through proportional counter. A short accumulation time, for a 5 s response to high levels of tritium (⩾ 1000 MPC), and a longer accumulation time, for a 60 s response to low levels of tritium (⩾ 10 MPC), are included. To avoid false alarms, the short accumulation counter is continuously compared to a pulser set at three standard deviations above background.
Depth constraints on azimuthal anisotropy in the Great Basin from Rayleigh-wave phase velocity maps

Abstract We present fundamental-mode Rayleigh-wave azimuthally anisotropic phase velocity maps obtained for the Great Basin region at periods between 16 s and 102 s. These maps offer the first depth constraints on the origin of the semi-circular shear-wave splitting pattern observed in central Nevada, around a weak azimuthal anisotropy zone. A variety of explanations have been proposed to explain this signal, including an upwelling, toroidal mantle flow around a slab, lithospheric drip, and a megadetachment, but no consensus has been reached. Our phase velocity study helps constrain the three-dimensional anisotropic structure of the upper mantle in this region and contributes to a better understanding of the deformation mechanisms taking place beneath the western United States. The dispersion measurements were made using data from the USArray Transportable Array. At periods of 16 s and 18 s, which mostly sample the crust, we find a region of low anisotropy in central Nevada coinciding with locally reduced phase velocities, and surrounded by a semi-circular pattern of fast seismic directions. Away from central Nevada the fast directions are ∼ N–S in the eastern Great Basin, NW–SE in the Walker Lane region, and they transition from E–W to N–S in the northwestern Great Basin. Our short-period phase velocity maps, combined with recent crustal receiver function results, are consistent with the presence of a semi-circular anisotropy signal in the lithosphere in the vicinity of a locally thick crust. At longer periods (28–102 s), which sample the uppermost mantle, isotropic phase velocities are significantly reduced across the study region, and fast directions are more uniform with an ∼ E–W fast axis. The transition in phase velocities and anisotropy can be attributed to the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary at depths of ∼ 60 km. We interpret the fast seismic directions observed at longer periods in terms of present-day asthenospheric flow-driven deformation, possibly related to a combination of Juan de Fuca slab rollback and eastward-driven mantle flow from the Pacific asthenosphere. Our results also provide context to regional SKS splitting observations. We find that our short-period phase velocity anisotropy can only explain ∼ 30% of the SKS splitting times, despite similar patterns in fast directions. This implies that the origin of the regional shear-wave splitting signal is complex and must also have a significant sublithospheric component.
Remanent magnetization of instrument materials for low magnetic field applications

We report remanent magnetization and magnetic susceptibility measurements made on materials used in the construction of cryogenic instruments. SQUID based magnetometers were used to make the measurements over a range of background fields from 102 to 10−7 Gauss. Although the materials tested are generally regarded as nonmagnetic, some samples have sufficiently high magnetization values, or values which vary with foundry lot and heat, that use in low field or magnetically sensitive applications is contraindicated.
Electrokinetic modeling of metal oxides.

The focus of this study is the electrokinetic transport of metal oxide colloidal particles. These transport properties include electrophoretic mobility and the primary electroviscous effect of dilute suspensions of spherical particles that may contain a “gel layer” of uniform density on their outer surface. Charge on the surface or in the gel layer is assumed to arise from specific protonation, deprotonation, or complex formation reactions of oxide sites. Charge regulation, or the modulation of the equilibrium constants due to high absolute charge densities, is examined. Both the electrostatics and electrokinetic transport properties are solved numerically within the framework of the continuum-primitive model. With regards to the electrokinetics, detailed account is taken of the finite size of the particle as well as the “electrophoretic effect” and the “relaxation effect.” The methodology is then applied to two metal oxide systems: Ludox (a silica sol) and goethite. The charge density, electrophoretic mobility, and primary electroviscous effect of Ludox at pH 8.7 in KCl salt solutions, can be well explained by a gel layer model that expands as the salt concentration is lowered. A spherical model containing no gel layer is unable to account for the electrophoretic mobility of goethite in 0.01 M KNO3. However, a “sparse” gel layer model that contains 7.5% of the charge sites and consists of 96% solvent can account for both the experimental charge density and mobility over the pH range 4.0 to 11.0.
Practical Bibliotherapy Strategies for the Inclusive Elementary Classroom.

This article was developed to assist the regular education elementary classroom teacher in utilizing practical bibliotherapy strategies for the inclusive classroom. Using quality children’s literature for bibliotherapy helps students to grow socio-emotionally by identifying with the main character in the story with a disability which leads to personal insight and growth. Teachers will learn how to use a checklist which was developed by the authors to select appropriate bibliotherapy literature and lead classroom discussions. A top ten list of books on bibliotherapy for the inclusive elementary classroom is provided.
Sulfur dioxide in the tropical marine boundary layer: dry deposition and heterogeneous oxidation observed during the Pacific Atmospheric Sulfur Experiment

Research flights with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) C-130 airborne laboratory were conducted over the equatorial ocean during the Pacific Atmospheric Sulfur Experiment (PASE). The focused, repetitive flight plans provided a unique opportunity to explore the principal pathways of sulfur processing in remote marine environments in close detail. Fast airborne measurements of SO2 using the Drexel University APIMS (Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometer) instrument further provided unprecedented insight into the complete budget of this important sulfur gas. In general, turbulent mixing in the marine boundary layer (MBL) continuously depletes SO2 due to the shallow convection of the tropical trade wind regime by venting the gas into the buffer layer (BuL) above. However, on nearly one-third of the flights a net import of SO2 into the MBL from the BuL was observed. Concurrent measurements of the DMS budget allowed for a heterogeneous S(IV) oxidation rate to be inferred from the SO2 budget residual. The average heterogeneous loss rate was found to be 0.05 h−1, which taken in conjunction with the observed aerosol surface area distributions and O3 levels indicates that the supermicron aerosols maintain a near neutral pH. The average dry deposition velocity of SO2 was found to be 0.4 cm s−1, about 30% lower than predicted by standard parameterizations. The yield of SO2 from DMS oxidation was found to be near unity. The mission averages indicate that approximately 57% of the SO2 in the MBL is lost to aerosols, 27% is subject to dry deposition, 7% is mixed into the BuL, and 10% is oxidized by OH.
Immigration, Migration, and State Redistributive Expenditures

The effect of immigration on state and local budgets is a frequent topic of both political and academic conversations. A controversial issue among scholars is whether or not immigration induces outmigration of low income native born residents, a population movement which would potentially have implications for the jurisdictional distribution of immigration's fiscal impact. It is hypothesized here that if interstate poverty migration occurred, it should cause fiscal spillovers by distributing some of the public sector burden of immigration from immigrant “host” states to neighboring states. This paper uses cross-sectional state data from 1988–1995 to explore the relationship between immigration in neighbor states and state redistributive expenditures. The results suggest that there is a positive relationship between immigration to neighboring states and redistributive expenditures. While most discussion of the fiscal impact of immigration has focused on the effects on host states and localities, the implications of these findings are that there are fiscal spillovers to neighboring states, suggesting that fiscal impacts on host states have been over-estimated and effects on neighboring states have been underestimated. Additionally, the implications of recent welfare reform, which gives states the opportunity to use citizenship as a criterion for program eligibility, are discussed.
An efficiency model for general purpose instruction level parallel architectures in image processing

Abstract RISC instruction level parallel systems are today the most commonly used high performance computing platform. On such systems, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition (IPPR) tasks, if not thoroughly optimized to fit each architecture, exhibit a performance level up to one order of magnitude lower than expected. In this paper we identify the sources of such behavior and we model them defining a set of indices to measure their influence. Our model allows planning program optimizations, assessing the results of such optimizations as well as evaluating the efficiency of the CPUs architectural solutions in IPPR tasks. Besides it lends itself to automatic evaluation and visualization. A case study using a combination of a specific computing intensive IPPR task and a RISC workstation is used to demonstrate these capabilities. We analyze the sources of inefficiency of the task, we plan some source level program optimizations, namely data type optimization and loop unrolling, and we assess the impact of these transformations on the task performance. We observe an eight times performance improvement and we analyze the sources of such speed-up. Finally our study allows us to conclude that, in low-intermediate level IPPR tasks, it is more difficult to efficiently exploit superscalarity than pipelining.
Evaluating HIV/AIDS Education in the University Setting

Abstract Surveys to determine learning and behavioral changes that result from education about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) should be constructed to account for high levels of background knowledge and knowledge of safer sex practices among college students. This article evaluates the learning and behavioral changes of students enrolled in an HIV/AIDS education course offered by the Department of Biological Sciences at Rutgers University as part of a university-wide HIV/AIDS education program. Responses of students in the HIV/AIDS class were compared with those of students enrolled in other biology classes, using paired and unpaired t tests and multivariate discriminant analysis. Participants revealed they had significant knowledge about HIV/AIDS as a result of the HIV/AIDS class, but students campus-wide had a far higher level of general knowledge about HIV/AIDS than the authors expected. In addition, many students already were practicing behaviors that...
Meteorology and Infrared Measurements

Earlier sessions of this review have dealt with infrared physics and with problems of building construction. This session deals with meteorological effects of the real life world as these effects apply to the use of infrared to fine heat loss or heat gain of buildings.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Deforming Maps for Quantum Algebras

Abstract We find explicit functionals that map SU(2) algebra generators to those of several quantum deformations of that algebra, as well as their SU(1, 1) analogs. We explain how any such quantized algebra can be mapped to any other, and how representations of any such algebra can be expressed as simple functions of SU(2) representations. We also discuss comultiplication rules, and explore quantum deformations of the Virasoro algebra.
The SUMO Ubiquitin-Protein Isopeptide Ligase Family Member Miz1/PIASxβ/Siz2 Is a Transcriptional Cofactor for TFII-I

Abstract We have shown previously that a TFII-I-related protein, hMusTRD1/BEN, represses transcriptional activity of TFII-I. The repression by hMusTRD1/BEN was hypothesized to occur via a two-step competition mechanism involving a cytoplasmic shuttling factor and a nuclear cofactor required for transcriptional activation of TFII-I. Employing a two-hybrid approach with both yeast genomic and mouse cDNA libraries in parallel, we have identified the RING-like zinc finger containing Miz1/PIASxβ/Siz2, which is a ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase in the SUMO pathway, as the potential nuclear cofactor that interacts with both TFII-I and hMusTRD1/BEN. Our conclusion is based on the following observations. First, the interactions are biochemically confirmed in mammalian cells where Miz1/mPIASxβ interacts with both TFII-I and hMusTRD1/BEN when these proteins are ectopically co-expressed. Second, co-expression of a nuclear localization signal-deficient mutant of Miz1/mPIASxβ with wild type TFII-I fails to alter the subcellular localization of the former. Finally, ectopically expressed Miz1/mPIASxβ augments the transcriptional activity of TFII-I and relieves the repression exerted by a mutant hMusTRD1/BEN that co-localized with TFII-I in the nucleus.
Feature Extraction From Range Imagery Using Mathematical Morphology

This paper presents several experimental results of using the techniques of set and function and mathematical morphology (MM) for feature extraction from real and synthetic range imagery. More specifically, we consider the problem of extracting silhouetted appendages from real imagery with coarse range resolution and that of extracting appendages and corners from synthetic imagery with high range resolution.