cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Petri Nets: Past, Present and Future

Numerous papers, reports, and books on Petri nets and their applications in various areas have been published since Petri nets were first conceived in 1962. This chapter first attempts to give an overview of Petri net theory development and to discuss briefly some important landmarks from its origin to the present. Next, previous and current applications of Petri nets in manufacturing and automation are discussed. They include modeling, validation, performance analysis, simulation and rapid prototyping of automated manufacturing systems. The use of Petri nets as a tool for designing supervisory controllers for various manufacturing systems, as well as their implementation, is stressed. Research on the synthesis of Petri nets for asynchronous and concurrent systems is summarized in detail. Synthesis methods for deadlockfree control structures are particularly emphasized. Finally, future research in the area of Petri nets for manufacturing automation is discussed.
Biomechanics and Pathophysiology of Concussion

Major progress in the basic and clinical science of concussion has been realized over the past decade. Innovative new paradigms for brain injury research have advanced our scientific understanding of the biomechanics, true natural history of clinical recovery, and window of cerebral vulnerability associated with concussion. Modern technologies have provided a translational bridge from animal brain injury models to direct study of the characteristics and pathophysiology of concussion in humans. In the overwhelming majority of cases, clinical recovery occurs over a period of several days to weeks after concussion, without persistent symptoms or functional impairments. Young, developing brains may be at heightened risk of serious or catastrophic outcomes following concussion, which are extremely rare. The collective body of research in recent years ultimately provides a more evidence-driven approach to clinical management of concussion in all settings.
Expression of the inactive ZmMEK1 induces salicylic acid accumulation and salicylic acid-dependent leaf senescence.

Leaf senescence is the final leaf developmental process that is regulated by both intracellular factors and environmental conditions. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades have been shown to play important roles in regulating leaf senescence; however, the component(s) downstream of the MAPK cascades in regulating leaf senescence are not fully understood. Here we showed that the transcriptions of ZmMEK1, ZmSIMK1, and ZmMPK3 were induced during dark-induced maize leaf senescence. Furthermore, in-gel kinase analysis revealed the 42 kDa MAPK was activated. ZmMEK1 interacted with ZmSIMK1 in yeast and maize mesophyll protoplasts and ZmSIMK1 was activated by ZmMEK1 in vitro. Expression of a dominant negative mutant of ZmMEK1 in Arabidopsis transgenic plants induced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and SA-dependent leaf senescence. ZmMEK1 interacted with Arabidopsis MPK4 in yeast and activated MPK4 in vitro. SA treatment accelerated dark-induced maize leaf senescence. Moreover, blockage of MAPK signaling increased endogenous SA accumulation in maize leaves. These findings suggest that ZmMEK1-ZmSIMK1 cascade and its modulating SA levels play important roles in regulating leaf senescence.
Vitamin K Deficiency

In Reply.— We agree with Aballi that a combination of factors placed our patient1 at high risk for vitamin K deficiency during her first month of life. These factors include decreased intestinal absorption of vitamin K due to the cholestatic liver disease of α-1-antitrypsin deficiency and a diet consisting solely of breast milk which is known to have little vitamin K. Aballi correctly points out the lack of data on the role of vitamin K in preventing late-onset hemorrhagic disease.
Applications: Nobel-Prize Winning Applications of Sets, Functions, and Relations

This chapter shows concrete applications of sets, functions, and relations: 1. Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem. Kenneth J. Arrow received the Nobel Prize in Economic Science in 1972, mainly for his Impossibility Theorem, from work at the RAND Corporation in 1948 [4, p. 328, footnote 1]. 2. Gale and Shapley’s Matching Algorithm. Gale and Shapley’s Ph.D. advisor was Princeton’s Albert William Tucker; Lloyd S. Shapley received the Nobel Prize in Economic Science in 2012, for work that can be traced back to a lecture by John von Neumann in 1948 at the RAND Corporation [68, p. 384]. 3. Nash’s Equilibrium. Nash’s Ph.D. advisor was Princeton’s Albert William Tucker; John Forbes Nash, Jr., received the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994, for work that can be traced to Melvin Dresher and Merrill Meeks Flood in 1950 at the RAND Corporation [12, 124, 125]. He received the Abel Prize in 2015.
Long-Acting Opioid Use Independently Predicts Perioperative Complication in Total Joint Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Opioid therapy is an increasingly used modality for treatment of musculoskeletal pain despite multiple associated risks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how preoperative opioid use affects early outcomes after total joint arthroplasty. Methods A total of 174 patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty were matched by age, gender, and procedure into 3 groups stratified by preoperative opioid use (nonuser, short acting [eg, Vicodin], long acting [eg, Oxycontin]). Results Compared to nonusers, preoperative long-acting use was associated with increased postoperative mean opioid consumption (46 mg vs 366 mg mean morphine equivalents, P P = .013). Conclusion Preoperative opioid use should be disclosed as a risk factor for complication to patients and taken into consideration by physicians before initiating opioid management.
Anomalies in non-polynomial closed string field theory

Abstract The complete classical action for the non-polynomial closed string field theory was written down last year by the author and the Kyoto group. It successfully reproduces all closed string tree diagrams, but fails to reproduce modular invariant loop amplitudes. In this paper we show that the classical action is also riddled with gauge anomalies. Thus, the classical action is not really gauge invariant and fails as a quantum theory. The presence of gauge anomalies and the violation of modular invariance appear to be a disaster for the theory. Actually, this is a blessing in disguise. We show that by adding new non-polynomial terms to the action, we can simultaneously eliminate both the gauge anomalies and the modular-violating loop diagrams. We show this explicitly at the one loop level and also for an infinite class of p -puncture, genus- g amplitudes, making use of a series of non-trivial identities. The theory is thus an acceptable quantum theory. We comment on the origin of this strange link between local gauge anomalies and global modular invariance.
Late sown effect on growth

Using three different varieties Shennong-602,Akihikari and Liaojing-9 as materials,studying on relationship of dry matter and yield;LAI and yield,Panicle,the effect of sowing date on growing stage,in order to make clear the mechanism of high yield of Shennong-602.The result indicate:the dry matter is the basic of high yield;The beginning time of dry matter's transportation has much effect on the last transportation and yield;The fertilizer should be attentioned,not more and not less;the spikelets per panicle is not affected very much by different sowing date;Delaying sowing date can save 18～21 days on Shennong-602.
Impact of the Kohn–Sham Delocalization Error on the 4f Shell Localization and Population in Lanthanide Complexes

The extent of ligand to metal donation bonding and mixing of 4f (and 5d) orbitals with ligand orbitals is studied by Kohn–Sham (KS) calculations for LaX3 (X = F, Cl, Br, I), GdX3, and LuX3 model complexes, CeCl62–, YbCp3, and selected lanthanide complexes with larger ligands. The KS delocalization error (DE) is quantified via the curvature of the energy for noninteger electron numbers. The extent of donation bonding and 4f–ligand mixing correlates well with the DE. For Lu complexes, the DE also correlates with the extent of mixing of ligand and 4f orbitals in the canonical molecular orbitals (MOs). However, the localized set of MOs and population analyses indicate that the closed 4f shell is localized. Attempts to create situations where mixing of 4f and ligand orbitals occurs due to a degeneracy of fragment orbitals were unsuccessful. For La(III) and, in particular, for Ce(IV), Hartree–Fock, KS, and coupled cluster singles and doubles calculations are in agreement in that excess 4f populations arise from...
Incentive Roots of the Securitization Crisis and Its Early Mismanagement

Structured securitizations transform traditional default and interest-rate risks into hard-to-understand and hard-to-monitor counterparty and funding risks that in distressed times pass onto financial safety nets. This Essay explains the chain of incentive conflicts that led private and government supervisors to neglect their commonsense moral obligation to understand and control these risks and to underinvest in planning and staffing for adverse events. Lack of planning for the bursting of the mortgage-lending bubble made it easy for assetbacked securities markets to sink into turmoil and for authorities to adopt policies that turned market turmoil into crisis. The analysis makes it clear that to bring safety-net subsidies under control, the U.S. does not need to make major changes in the structure of its regulatory bureaucracy. What it needs to repair is the incentive structure under which financiers and government officials operate.
Corporate Environmentalism and Public Policy: Markets, politics, and models

INTRODUCTION One of the most important elements of the framework presented in chapter 1 is the notion of the policy life cycle . The strategic effects of corporate environmentalism differ greatly depending on the stage of the cycle in which an issue is at a given time. In this book, we present a series of models that lay out these effects in detail. Since our overall objective is to capture the interplay between corporate strategy and public policy, we devote careful attention to both variations in market structure and stages of the policy life cycle. This chapter provides a context for the chapters to come by surveying the political economy literature on legislative and regulatory behavior. Given the enormous amount of material that has been written on these topics, our review is necessarily highly selective. Our goal in this chapter is to highlight some of the most influential political economic models of legislative and regulatory behavior, and to explain the various models we have chosen to use for the study of corporate environmental strategy. This will prepare the reader for the analytical approach we will take in subsequent chapters. COMPANIES AND MARKETS Business firms vary widely in size, structure, and success. Nevertheless, economists have made enormous progress in understanding business behavior by using the simplifying assumption that companies maximize profits. Throughout this book, we will take this as a maintained hypothesis. However, we will consider a variety of different market structures within which a firm may operate, ranging from competitive to monopolistic.
Soil Carbon Sequestration in Central U.S. Agroecosystems

Cropland soils of the central U.S. represent a large potential sink for atmospheric carbon (C). This chapter reviews recent literature on C storage in cropland soils of the central U.S. to define agricultural management impacts on soil C sequestration. The most widely adopted management practice to enhance C sequestration in this region is conservation tillage. Recent research has demonstrated that no-tillage (NT) management has greater surface soil organic C (SOC) than plow tillage, but in some studies subsoil C content can be greater under plowing. There is evidence that changes in tillage management has altered C cycling processes resulting in greater retention of corn-derived C in NT compared to plowed systems. However, greater subsoil C content in plowed soils has led to similar total-profile SOC contents (0–100 cm) for NT and plowed soils in several studies, except in the western Corn Belt, where NT has been shown to retain greater soil C than plow tillage. For the few studies that included initial SOC contents measured at the beginning of the field experiment, SOC declined in both NT and plowed soils relative to baseline. These results suggest that NT may not necessarily facilitate C sequestration, but rather simply prevents additional SOC losses associated with conventional tillage (CT). Enhanced crop rotation complexity fosters soil C sequestration, especially when small grains and forage legumes are included in extended rotations and through planting of perennial grasses and trees on marginally productive cropland. Some studies have reported that N fertilizer application increased SOC, others reported decreased SOC, and still others reported no change in SOC. Although we have made some progress in the past decade towards defining the effects of agricultural management practices on surface and subsurface SOC, we still have a poor understanding of the mechanisms that determine observed SOC patterns in response to land management practices. Further research is needed to increase our understanding of the interactive effects of agricultural management practices, increased atmospheric CO 2 , and changing climate variables on C sequestration in central U.S. agroecosystems.
Emotion regulation in mathematics homework: An empirical study

ABSTRACTThe author examined 2 distinctive aspects of emotion regulation in mathematics homework, including emotion management and cognitive reappraisal. Participants were 1,799 high school students from 46 classes in China. Two multilevel models were run, 1 with emotion management and another with cognitive reappraisal as the dependent variable. Both emotion management and cognitive reappraisal were positively associated with 5 individual-level variables (monitoring motivation, managing time, learning-oriented reasons, self-concept, and teacher feedback) and 1 class-level variable (self-concept). In addition, at the individual level, emotion management was associated negatively with adult-oriented reasons but positively with arranging the environment and prior mathematics achievement. Meanwhile, cognitive reappraisal was positively associated with parent education at the class level.
Efficacy and Outcomes After Vasopressin Guideline Implementation in Septic Shock.

Background: In septic shock, the dose of norepinephrine (NE) at which vasopressin (AVP) should be added is unknown. Following an increase in AVP price, our medical intensive care unit (MICU) revised its vasopressor guidelines to reserve AVP for patients requiring greater than 50 µg/min of NE. Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare efficacy and safety outcomes for patients admitted before the guideline revision with those for patients admitted after the revision. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to Vanderbilt University Medical Center from November 1, 2014, to November 30, 2015. Before June 1, 2015, the vasopressor guidelines recommended initiation of AVP for patients requiring 10 µg/min of NE or greater. After June 1, 2015, the guidelines recommended initiation of AVP at a NE dose of 50 µg/min or greater. Results: Time to achieve goal mean arterial pressure (MAP) was shorter in the postintervention group (2.0 vs 1.3 hours; P = 0.03) in univaria...
Conservation Equations and Characteristics

A conservation law for a physical system states that a certain quantity (e.g., mass, energy, or momentum) is independent of time. For continuous systems such as fluids or gases, these global quantities can be defined as integrals of density functions. The conservation law then translates into a local form, as a PDE for the density function. In this section we will study some first-order PDE that arise from conservation laws. We introduce a classic technique, called the method of characteristics, for analyzing these equations.
The Human Costs of "Free Association": Socio-cultural Narratives and the Legal Battle for Micronesian Health in Hawai'i

As part of its Compacts of Free Association (COFA) with the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and Palau (the “Freely Associated States”), the United States acknowledged the persisting damage of its military and nuclear presence and its failures to promote Micronesian self-sufficiency, independence, and self-government. It committed to repair this persisting damage, including allowing COFA residents to “establish residence” in Hawaiʻi and other states and territories as “nonimmigrants.” After COFA residents became ineligible for Medicaid and the State of Hawaiʻi discontinued their health benefits, plaintiffs filed suit in Korab v. McManaman, arguing, among other things, that the State of Hawaiʻi violated the Equal Protection Clause when it cut health benefits to individuals based on their alienage and national origin. Viewing courts as sites of cultural performances, this article explores the socio-cultural narratives in Korab v. McManaman. Through procedural openings, the plaintiffs offered critical narratives to counter the prevailing story that COFA residents were a drain on the state’s resources, an unfair burden on the rest of Hawai’i’s residents, and undeserving of equal health care treatment. Through partnership with community members and the medical community, the plaintiffs used declarations to tell their clients’ stories and personalize the human and economic consequences of health coverage denial. In particular, the article analyzes the author’s amicus curiae brief filed in the case, which offered a larger narrative to show why the denial of adequate health care to COFA residents in Hawai’i is a powerful justice issue rooted in U.S. colonialism.
Trait and facet-level predictors of first-onset depressive and anxiety disorders in a community sample of adolescent girls.

BackgroundIndividual differences in neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness are associated with, and may predict onset of, internalizing disorders. These general traits can be parsed into facets, but there is a surprising paucity of research on facet risk for internalizing disorders. We examined general traits and facets of neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness in predicting first onsets of depressive and anxiety disorders.MethodsA community sample of 550 adolescent females completed general and facet-level personality measures and diagnostic interviews. Interviews were re-administered 18 months later.ResultsFirst onsets of depressive disorders were predicted by neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness. Facets predicting first onset of depression included depressivity (neuroticism facet) and lower positive emotionality and sociability (extraversion facets). First onsets of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) were predicted by neuroticism, and particularly the facet of anxiousness. First onsets of social phobia were predicted at the facet level by anxiousness. First onsets of specific phobia were predicted by neuroticism, low conscientiousness, and all neuroticism facets. In multivariate analyses, first onsets of depression were uniquely predicted by depressivity, and onsets of GAD and social phobia were uniquely predicted by anxiousness over and above the general trait of neuroticism.ConclusionsGeneral traits predict first onsets of depressive and anxiety disorders. In addition, more specific associations are evident at the facet level. Facets can refine our understanding of the links between personality and psychopathology risk, and provide finer-grained targets for personality-informed interventions.
The Role of Sexual Abuse in Trauma Symptoms, Delinquent and Suicidal Behaviors, and Criminal Justice Outcomes Among Females in a Juvenile Justice Diversion Program:

Female juvenile justice-involved (JJI) youth experience more sexual abuse (SA) than their non-JJI counterparts or their male JJI counterparts. This study examines SA's role among JJI females ( N = 1,307) in a behavioral health diversion program. Results indicate that SA increases the risk of psychological trauma, particularly posttraumatic stress and depression. SA also increases the odds of suicidal behavior, running away, and substance use. SA females have the same odds of successfully completing behavioral health diversion and being charged with any offense or misdemeanor after termination as non-SA females. Implications of research and future directions are discussed.
Dwarf Palmetto (Sabal minor) Population Increase in Southeastern Oklahoma

ABSTRACT A small population of dwarf palmetto (Sabal minor; Arecaceae) was described in 2011 from Beavers Bend State Park, Oklahoma, approximately 40 km farther north than the species had previously been known to occur along the Red River. The goal of this study was to determine whether this population's size was changing. A 2.75 ha study site along the Lower Mountain Fork River in Beavers Bend State Park was visited in 2011, 2013, and 2015, and all S. minor encountered were marked with a GPS with submeter accuracy. The stage of each S. minor encountered was recorded as either seedling, split leaves, or palmate leaves. Over the course of the study, the number of individuals with palmate leaves increased from 22 in 2011 to 37 in 2015. This increase was mirrored by an increase in the number of seedlings (N = 61 in 2011 and N = 173 in 2015) as well as an increase in the number of individuals with split leaves (N = 9 in 2011 and N = 59 in 2015). The increase of this species at the extreme northwestern edge o...
Integration through Data Processing

(1973). Integration through Data Processing. The Journal of Data Education: Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 18-23.
Landmark-Constrained Statistical Shape Analysis of Elastic Curves and Surfaces

We present a framework for landmark-constrained elastic shape analysis of curves and surfaces. While most of statistical shape analysis focuses on either landmark-based or curve-based representations, we describe a new approach that is able to unify them. The described method has its roots in elastic shape analysis, where elastic metrics are used for comparisons and statistical analysis of shapes. The landmark information is incorporated into the shape representation via hard constraints in the re-parameterization group. We use the square-root velocity function representation for curves and square-root normal field representation for surfaces to greatly simplify the implementation of these methods. We give multiple complex examples from graphics and computer vision, wherein the landmark-constrained shape analysis framework is able to provide natural deformations between shapes as well as representative summaries, including the average and principal directions of variability, of samples of shapes.
Molecular imaging programs in the United States: results of a national survey.

Rationale and Objectives We sought to identify and describe the characteristics of molecular imaging (MI) programs in the United States and to determine the factors considered critical for their future. Materials and Methods In a cross-sectional study, a validated survey was sent to members of the Society of Chairmen in Academic Radiology Departments (SCARD) in the United States, and 26 variables were studied. Results The response rate was 40.3%; 67.9% of the departments surveyed have an MI program. The main focus of 47.4% of departments is oncology. The number of radiologists working for the department was the only variable found to be significantly positively correlated with (1) number of researchers in the MI program, (2) number of MI modalities available, (3) total number of grants, and (4) having ongoing MI clinical trials. These four variables plus the number of federal grants and the space used by MI programs were independent of the geographical region, hospital size (number of beds), and department size (number of radiological examinations per year). All the MI programs received grants during 2005. Only 16.1% have no alliances with industry. Among all the departments, 82% identified staff training and recruitment as the keys for success; 78.57% considered oncology the most important future application of MI and cancer management the hospital service most affected by MI. Conclusion MI programs are starting to be more widespread throughout the United States, and the trend is for more academic radiology departments to become engaged in MI activities; their development is independent of department characteristics. Radiology departments strongly agreed about the key components for success of MI initiatives and the areas that will be most affected by MI applications.
Toward a Concrete Logic: Continua and Disorder

The history of logic is filled with the analysis of verbal arguments. Beginning with Aristotle, the Megarians and Stoics and continuing with the Romans and medieval Christians, this interpretation of logic has been reinforced by repetition. It was not until the influence of mathematics was felt and expressed by Frege and others in a new interpretation that logic was again considered to be anything objective. Even in the nineteenth century logic was still held to be the laws of thought. With Frege, however, in the first great development of logic since Aristotle, there appeared a new interpretation. Logic began to be seen objectively as a domain of abstract deductive structures. No doubt the new interpretation will remain, for its prospects are enormous. Yet it stands in need of supplementing. The concrete events in the world of interacting individual particulars have their own logic. The logic of matter received some consideration in Aristotle’s study of motion and in an ambiguous way in Hegel’s analysis of the dialectic, but not much in between, and little since Hegel, except of course by Marx and Engels and their followers.
Autoimmunity in Multiple Sclerosis: Do we have an Experimental Model?

Experimental autoimmunity of the CNS has been well characterized — the antigen has been identified, effector cell specificity has been defined, and the relationship between cellular sensitization and antibody production has been partially clarified. In the guinea pig, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is induced by one injection of myelin basic protein in complete Freun ds adjuvant (BP/CFA). If BP/CFA is preceded by repeated injections of basic protein in incomplete Freun’s adjuvant(BP/IFA), EAE is not induced; the guinea pigs survive and ultimately produce antibody. Induction and prevention of EAE as well as antibody induction by this schedule are dependent on the presence of the intact encephalitogenic (T-cell) site in the polypeptide used for sensitization and preimmunization. In contrast, B-cell sites (those peptide sequences which bind antibody) are independent of the T-cell site. At least 5 specific antigenic regions (B-cell sites) have been demonstrated in the BP molecule. High mycobacteria levels bypass the specificity requirement of helper T-cells but cannot bypass the specificity requirement of effector T-cells. In spite of the sophisticated immunologic techniques available, our knowledge of humoral and cellular sensitivity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is very limited. The experimental demonstration of an analogy between EAE and MS is weak: a) Demonstration of BP-sensitized cells or BP-specific antibodies in peripheral blood of MS patients has not been successful. b) Anti-myelin serum factors reported to be associated with both disease states (experimental autoimmunity and MS) are clearly not identical. Nevertheless, successful treatment of EAE in animals by BP/IFA injections has encouraged consideration of clinical trials to test the therapeutic value of BP injections in MS patients. If successful, the question will be answered: if unsuccessful, the dilemma still remains.
Methodological Issues in the Evaluation of Therapies

Whereas many conceptualizations of evidence-based therapies or treatments emphasize the selection of therapies based largely on the number of randomized clinical trials, it is increasingly important that clinicians consider demonstrated effect sizes as a selection criterion. The authors of this chapter provide a succinct background on meta-analyses as foundational information for clinical practice. A meta-analysis is an aggregation of the statistical effects from multiple research studies systematically collected from the available literature. Functionally, a meta-analysis allows a clinician to pull together scientifically derived information as a means of estimating the overall effectiveness for a treatment approach within one or more populations. The effect sizes obtained from meta-analyses indicate the proportion of people in a population that would likely benefit from a particular therapy, as well as the relative magnitude of the average effect. When combined with more individualized approaches (e.g., probability of treatment benefit), the use of effect sizes can provide more precise estimates of treatment efficacy for individual patients. The chapter is a primer on the use and application of meta-analytic findings to bridge science and practice and facilitate clinicians’ application of meta-analyses and the resulting effect sizes to clinical cases.
Automated smFRET microscope for the quantification of label-free DNA oligos

Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying inhomogeneous dynamics in biological systems. However, because of the intrinsic variations that accompany the sample sizes, massive data sets are essential to extract statistically reliable information. In this aspect, a simple motorized stage and autofocusing modification can save time without the expense of a high-end automated microscope. In this report, we describe a simple and economical modification of a commercial inverted microscope with a manual stage to automate the data acquisition and measurement process. We collected 8000 images with a 100 ms exposure time in 1000 fields of view in approximately 13 min, where it would take more than 8 h by manual collection. We demonstrated the method with a DNA oligo quantification experiment. In this experiment, the measurement platform is a FRET signal from a dye-labeled DNA duplex containing unmatched base pairs. The target DNA replaces one of the strands because of the formation of a perfect duplex. This thermodynamically driven exchange reaction causes FRET to disappear, which correlated with the DNA concentration. The data are batch processed with the freeware ImageJ. These modifications are feasible and economical for general smFRET experiments.
Big Earth data analytics: a survey

Big Earth data are produced from satellite observations, Internet-of-Things, model simulations, and other sources. The data embed unprecedented insights and spatiotemporal stamps of relevant Earth ...
Low Mach, compressibility, and finite size effects of localized uniform heat sources in a gas

The temporal evolution of the initial shock front and the low Mach regime produced behind the front due to the sudden introduction of a spherical, finite-size, low Biot number, uniformly heated energy source in a variable property gas is investigated. While the sphere is of physical interest, analogous problems of a uniformly heated infinitely long cylindrical wire and an infinite plate are also studied. Compressibility, finite-size, and nonlinear heating effects are studied without constraining the temperature of the source. Shortly after the energy source is introduced, compressibility is significant and a strong shock wave forms which weakens as it moves away from the source eventually becoming an acoustic wave. Behind it, fluid motion occurs at a much lower speed (low Mach regime), where the resulting nonlinear heating problem is solved analytically using the method of homotopy perturbation expansion leading to weak decoupling of finite-size effects and nonlinear heating effects.
GP279 A review of the diagnostic evaluation of complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema in an irish tertiary hospital

Introduction Complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema is a relatively common complication of pneumonia, often requiring thoracocentesis. The diagnostic yield with traditional culture of blood or pleural aspirate specimens is low, emphesizing the role for new molecular techniques to improve identification of the responsible pathogens. Aim The purpose of this study was to review the laboratory investigation of childhood complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema with the view to optimising diagnosis. Methods A retrospective review of paediatric cases of complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema requiring thoracocentesis was undertaken in an acute tertiary referral paediatric hospital, over a five year period, from January 2014 to December 2018. Cases with clinical and radiographic findings consistent with a diagnosis of complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema were only included if a sterile site specimen was taken for diagnostic microbiologic evaluation. Baseline patient demographic data, clinical findings, laboratory indices, microbiology results and imaging findings were collected. Results Sterile site specimens from 43 children with parapneumonic effusion/empyema were identified (females,60%). 79% of the children were younger then 5 years of age. 45% (14 of 31) of children who had virologic testing performed had at least one respiratory virus detected. Six children had multiple viruses detected. A causative bacteria was identified in 24 cases (56%), 6 by conventional culture (pleural fluid, 5; blood,1) and 21 by PCR (pleural fluid, 20; blood, 3). Three children had both culture and PCR positive. PCR had the highest detection rate of causative organism: pleural fluid PCR positive, 52% (20 of 38 tested); blood PCR positive, 50% (3 of 6 tested). Pleural fluid culture positive, 11.6% (5 of 43 tested); and blood culture positive 2.5% (1 of 39 tested). Streptococcus pneumonia was the causative organism detected in 95% cases. Conclusion This retrospective review confirms that in paediatric cases of complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema traditional microbiological culture of sterile site specimens infrequently identifies a causative organism. For such culture negative cases, appropriate PCR testing significantly improves the detection rate of causative organisms.
Trends and outcomes of pulmonary valve replacement in tetralogy of Fallot

Abstract Background Pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) is associated with improvement in symptoms and right ventricular remodeling in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). There are limited population-based data about outcomes after PVR. We therefore hypothesized a temporal increase in annual volume of PVR and decrease in in-hospital mortality after PVR in the United States. Methods We reviewed the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) for PVR performed in adults (>18 years) with TOF, 2000–2014. The primary outcome was trends in admissions for PVR, in-hospital mortality after PVR, and age at time of PVR. In order to assess trends, we divided the study period into tertiles: early era (2000–2004), mid era (2005–2009) and late era (2010–2014). Results There were 18,353 admissions in adults with TOF diagnosis, of which PVR was performed in 1230 (6.7%), and 90 (7.3%) were transcatheter PVRs. The median age at PVR was 34 years and in-hospital mortality was 1.5%. Comparisons by study era showed temporal increase in the proportion of admissions for PVR (3.7% vs 6.3% vs 9.6%, p Conclusions The proportion of admissions for PVR increased while in-hospital mortality and age at time of PVR decreased over time. A younger age at the time of PVR highlights important concerns and knowledge gaps about the cumulative lifetime risk of reinterventions and prosthetic valve endocarditis. Further studies are required to address these knowledge gaps.
Negative Externalities of Financial Reporting Frequency: Peer Reporting Choice and the Loss of Investor Attention

This study examines whether one firm’s choice of reporting frequency generates negative externalities for other firms. We find that firms lose investor attention when more of their peers report quarterly instead of semi-annually, and such loss of attention is associated with a decrease in market value and market liquidity. Thus, firms experience negative externalities when their peers report quarterly. We find that the loss of attention is robust to alternative specifications, settings, and additional controls that capture other disclosures by peers. Finally, we test for, but fail to find, evidence of positive externalities in the form of information spillovers. Overall our evidence suggests that firms are negatively impacted when their peers choose to adopt a higher reporting frequency.
Conservation practice complementarity and timing of on-farm adoption

The adoption of conservation practices is a dynamic process. Factors that vary over time can affect farmers’ decision to adopt and adoption timing. We used a duration model to evaluate the farmer's adoption time for continuous no‐till (CNT), cover crops (CCs), and the variable‐rate application of inputs (VRA). We found that producers who had previously adopted soil conservation practices were more likely to adopt additional complementary practices. Farmers using crop rotation adopted CNT and CCs approximately 48% and 62% faster than farmers without a crop rotation, respectively. The CC adoption time was also reduced by 70% for farmers who had adopted CNT. Complementarities between conservation practices may enhance the benefits from adoption and allow farmers to adopt bundles of conservation practices more quickly over time. This can be taken advantage of in conservation programs by promoting or requiring practices first that enhance adoption of other practices. We also found important heterogeneity in the adoption speed associated with farm management characteristics, producers’ attitudes, weather patterns, and crop prices.
Navigating Increasing Levels of Relational Complexity: Perceptual, Analogical, and System Mappings.

Relational thinking involves comparing abstract relationships between mental representations that vary in complexity; however, this complexity is rarely made explicit during everyday comparisons. T...
Cumulative disruptions: interdependency and commitment escalation as mechanisms of illicit network failure

Disruptions can take many forms resulting from both internal and external tensions. How illicit networks fail to adapt to a wide range of disruptions is an important but understudied area of networ...
A surgeon's predicament: Clinical predictors of surgery and mortality in neutropenic enterocolitis.

Abstract Background Neutropenic enterocolitis is uncommon but potentially life-threatening, with the cornerstone of treatment being medical management (MM), and surgical intervention reserved for clinical deterioration or bowel perforation. We hypothesized that the Shock Index Pediatric Age-Adjusted (SIPA) is elevated in patients who are at greatest risk for surgical intervention and mortality. We also sought to identify computed tomography (CT) findings associated with surgical intervention and mortality. Methods A single-center cancer registry was reviewed for neutropenic enterocolitis patients from 2006 -2018. Survival models compared patients with normal versus elevated SIPA throughout their hospitalizations for the time to surgical management (SM), as well as in-hospital mortality. Results Seventy-four patients with neutropenic enterocolitis were identified; 7 underwent surgery. In-hospital mortality was 12% in MM and 29% in SM; mortality among patients with elevated SIPA was 4.7 times higher compared to those with normal SIPA (95% CI: 1.1, 19.83, p = 0.04). CT findings of bowel obstruction, pneumatosis, and a greater percentage of large bowel involvement were associated with surgical intervention (all ps Conclusion Select pre-operative CT findings were associated with need for operative management. Elevated SIPA was associated with increased mortality. Elevated SIPA in pediatric cancer patients with neutropenic enterocolitis may help to identify those with more severe disease and expedite beneficial interventions.
Physician-Industry Financial Relationships, Key Opinion Leader Status, and Program Visibility.

Abstract This 8-year cross-sectional study of AAO Annual Meeting presenters revealed significant associations between the extent of physician-industry relationships, KOL status, and program visibility of speakers, encouraging further research into the programmatic significance of those associations.
Solar global horizontal and direct normal irradiation maps in Spain derived from geostationary satellites

Abstract Solar radiation derived from satellite imagery is a powerful and highly accurate technique for solar resource assessment due to its maturity and to the long term database of observation images available. This work presents the methodology developed at CIEMAT for mapping solar radiation from geostationary satellite information and it also shows solar irradiation maps of global horizontal and direct normal components elaborated for Spain. The maps presented here have been developed from daily solar irradiation estimated for eleven years of satellite images (2001–2011). An attempt to evaluate the uncertainty of the presented maps is made using ground measurements from 27 meteorological stations available in Spain for global horizontal irradiation obtained from the World Radiation Data Centre. In the case of direct normal irradiation the ground measurement database was scarce, having available only six ground stations with measurements for a period of 4 years. Yearly values of global horizontal irradiation are around 1800 kWh m −2 in most of the country and around 1950–2000 kWh m −2 for annual direct normal irradiation. Root mean square errors in monthly means were of 11% and of 29% for global horizontal and direct normal irradiation, respectively.
Preventive Health Care: A Marketing Approach

This article addressed the applicability of marketing concepts to the delivery of community health programs, with specific emphasis on health promotion. The realization that marketing has much to offer community health is not new. However, the article “highlights” health promotion and develops a framework that integrates the goals, action criteria and feasible actions that can lead to behavioral and environmental changes conducive to health.
Antiferromagnetic Transitions in Some Thiourea Coordinated Compounds

The low-temperature study of the transition metal chlorides and bromides coordinated with thiourea was undertaken in order to determine the nature of any observable magnetic ordering transition. Each of the three salts listed here exhibits an antiferromagnetic transition in the behavior of both the proton magnetic resonance and the magnetic susceptibility in the temperature range 0.4°K to 4.2°K. This preliminary report will summarize the data taken up to the present time and give some indications of the nature of the ordered spin states of these materials.
Slavery, Free Blacks and Citizenship

The most nettlesome issue in American constitutional law in the days surrounding the Civil War, before the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment, may have been how to address the status of native-born free blacks. The core issue was whether free blacks should be treated as free people who should be fully included in the polity or as the equivalent of free slaves who should not be fully included in the polity. The liberty and equality embodied in the Constitution suggest that free people who have aligned themselves with the American republic should be eligible to become citizens and members of the American polity. However, that was not necessarily true of free blacks in the
Changes in the care of patients with cervical spine fractures following health reform in Massachusetts.

Abstract Introduction There is a substantial concern among spine surgeons that healthcare reform efforts will alter the processes through which spinal care is delivered and decrease overall quality. We used the Statewide Inpatient Dataset for Massachusetts to evaluate changes in hospital processes and quality of care for patients with cervical fractures following the implementation of health reform. Methods This was a pre–post retrospective analysis of patients (n = 9,387) treated for cervical fractures in Massachusetts between 2003–2006 and 2008–2010. Changes in hospital processes (surgical intervention, length of stay (LOS) and environment of care) and quality of care (mortality, complications, reoperation and failure to rescue (FTR)) were the outcomes of interest. FTR is a quality measure that evaluates a hospital's capacity to avoid mortality following the occurrence of a sentinel complication. Patients treated between 2003 and 2006 were considered the pre-reform group. The post-reform cohort consisted of those treated from 2008 to 2010. Baseline differences between cohorts were evaluated using chi-square or Mann–Whitney U tests. Unadjusted comparisons between the dependent variables and the onset of healthcare reform were performed, followed by regression techniques that adjusted for differences in case-mix and whether a surgical intervention was performed. Multivariable logistic regression was used for categorical variables and negative binomial regression was employed for continuous variables. Results The rates of surgical intervention remained unchanged pre- and post-reform (p = 0.25). Hospital length of stay (RC: −0.18, 95% CI: −0.22, −0.14) and the FTR rate following surveillance insensitive complications (OR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.94) were significantly reduced following health reform. Post-reform, academic centers experienced a 22% reduction in mortality (95% CI: 0.61, 0.99) a 40% decrease in FTR (95% CI: 0.40, 0.89), a 30% decrease in surveillance insensitive complications (95% CI: 0.51, 0.96) and a 67% reduction in FTR after surveillance insensitive morbidity (95% CI: 0.11, 0.94). Conclusions In the period following Massachusetts healthcare reform, significant improvements were noted in hospital process and quality measures around the care of patients with cervical spine fractures. Such findings were particularly robust among academic centers. These results may forecast changes in the delivery of spine surgical care following other health reform initiatives. Level of Evidence III.
Diatom viability in insect fecal material: comparison between two species, Achnanthidium lanceolatum and Synedra ulna

We examined differences in digestibility and viability following gut passage through water penny larvae (Psephenus herricki) of Synedra ulna and Achnanthidium lanceoloatum, two common diatom taxa that differ in growth habit and autecological characteristics. Prior to the experiment, diatoms were cultured in Chu-10 media in petri plates to establish a monospecific biofilm to offer grazers. After collection, insects were left to clear their guts over night, allowed to graze for 3 hours on diatom biofilms, and then placed in vials over 1-mm mesh to defecate. Samples from source material and from insect feces were mounted in syrup media and the ratio of chloroplast-containing to empty diatom frustules was microscopically assessed. In addition, subsamples from source material and feces were sprayed onto agar plates prepared with Chu-10 and individual cells were mapped and tracked for 5 days to quantify reproduction. Cells of both S. ulna and A. lanceolatum taken from source material formed colonies on agar. Achnanthidium lanceolatum cells from insect feces also formed colonies, but with lower densities than those from source material. In contrast, none of the S. ulna cells tracked from fecal cultures formed colonies, and the percentage of S. ulna cells that were dead was significantly greater in feces relative to source material. Dead cell percentages of A. lanceolatum were also higher in feces relative to source material, but to a lesser degree than observed for S. ulna. These findings have potential implications for linking patterns of energy transfer in stream ecosystems and the structure and dynamics of benthic microalgal communities.