cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global borderlands: a case study of the Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines

By developing the concept of “global borderlands”—semi-autonomous, foreign-controlled geographic locations geared toward international exchange—this article shifts the focus of globalization literature from elite global cities and cities on national borders to within-country sites owned or operated by foreigners and defined by significant social, cultural, and economic exchange. I analyze three shared features of these sites: semi-autonomy, symbolic and geographic boundaries, and unequal relations. The multi-method analyses reveal how the concept of global borderlands can help us better understand the interactions that occur among people of different nationalities, classes, and races/ethnicities and the complex dynamics that occur within foreign-controlled spaces. I first situate global borderlands within the literatures of global cities and geopolitical borderlands. Next, I use the case study of Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ), Philippines to show (1) how the semi-autonomy of global borderlands produces different regulations depending on nationality, (2) how its geographic and symbolic borders differentiate this space from the surrounding community, and (3) how the semi-autonomy of these locations and their geographic and symbolic borders reproduce unequal relations. As home of the former US Subic Bay Naval Base and current site of a Freeport Zone, the SBFZ serves as a particularly strategic research location to examine the different forms of interactions that occur between groups within spaces of unequal power.
Replacing annual shut-in well tests by analysis of regular injection data: Field-case feasibility study

Regulations governing deep injection of industrial wastes for disposal require regular tests for monitoring the formation hydraulic properties changes in the vicinity of the wellbore. Such a monitoring is performed through transient pressure well testing, a procedure that is routinely used in the environmental and oil industries. In such tests, the pumping pressures and rates are recorded and analyzed to estimate the transmissivity and storativity of the rock in the vicinity of the wellbore. Numerous methods for analyzing such data have been developed since the pioneering paper by Theis (1935). The well test analysis methods are summarized in several monographs, see, e.g., Earlougher (1977) and Matthews (1967). Traditional well test analysis methods are often based on estimating the slope of the pressure fall-off curve in a special time scale, e.g., using the Horner plot method (Horner, 1951). Such an approach is justified by asymptotic analysis of the pressure change relative to a uniform initial pressure distribution. However, in reality, such an initial condition may not hold true because the operations preceding the test make the pressure distribution not uniform. It has been demonstrated in Silin and Tsang (2002, 2003) that in the Horner plot method, this circumstance partially explains themore » deviation of the data points from the theoretically predicted straight line. A new method has been proposed to analyze well test data accounting for the pre-test operations. This method has been validated using synthetic and field well test data. In this paper, we demonstrate how the method can be applied to analyze regular pumping data from an injection field to estimate the formation's hydraulic properties without interrupting the operations. In this estimation, we use the code ODA developed at Berkeley Lab. This code implements the methods and algorithms developed by Silin and Tsang (2002, 2003).« less
The Cost of Hospice Services in Terminally Ill Patients With Head and Neck Cancer.

Importance Hospice care has been suggested as a way to preserve dignity and to lower costs at the end of life, which may be particularly important for patients with head and neck cancer because this disease is associated with considerable morbidity and a high mortality risk. Objectives To use data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)–Medicare linked database to estimate monthly costs of all services used during the last months of life by patients with oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers and to determine whether those who used hospice services had lower costs. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort analysis of SEER-Medicare data (January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2007). The setting was all participating SEER hospitals that treated patients with oral cavity or pharyngeal cancer. Participants were 65 years and older who were diagnosed as having oral cavity (n = 4205) or pharyngeal (n = 3178) cancer between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2005, who subsequently died between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2007. Exposure Use of hospice services before death. Main Outcomes and Measures Hospice use was identified through Medicare claims. The primary outcome was all-cause Medicare expenditures, inflated to 2009 US dollars. We used a propensity score analysis to estimate the difference in the mean costs to Medicare in the last month of life between patients who used hospice services and patients who did not use hospice services. Results Most patients (63.4% [1018 of 1605] with oral cavity cancer and 57.8% [644 of 1114] with pharyngeal cancer) who enrolled in hospice did so within 30 days of death. Patients who received hospice care had $7035 (95% CI, $6040-$8160) lower costs in the last month of life for oral cavity cancer and $7430 (95% CI, $6340-$9100) lower costs in the last month of life for pharyngeal cancer. These cost savings were greater in the last month of life when patients enrolled in hospice more than 30 days before death. Conclusions and Relevance Encouraging hospice admissions for patients with oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers provides not only compassionate, dignified care at the end of life but also an opportunity for substantial savings in health care costs.
A case of a colocolic intussusception in a horse

Summary The purpose of this report is to describe the clinical course and pathological findings in a horse admitted to the emergency service of the University of Georgia Large Animal Teaching Hospital for evaluation of colic, fever and diarrhoea of several days' duration. A presumptive historical diagnosis of colitis was made initially, but, due to the lack of faecal output during the first 12 h of hospitalisation and subsequent examination findings, an impaction of the ascending colon was suspected. Initial therapy consisted of rehydration with oral fluids and management of the abdominal pain with analgesic therapy. The horse did not respond to medical therapy and because of signs of persistent abdominal pain and financial constraints, the owner elected euthanasia after several days of supportive care. At necropsy, the horse was diagnosed with a colocolic intussusception.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE: CULTURE COUNTS

This article introduces a Psychology in the Schools special topic issue on “Culture Counts: Preparing School Psychologists for Working With Diverse Populations.” A brief overview of the need for diversity research in school psychology is discussed given the changing demographics of the school age population. Most importantly, there is a need for research that informs us about training and practice with diverse populations. This special issue is focused on training, practitioner, and school issues that provide us with information on ways to move the field forward. The goal is to move from simple cultural exploration to cultural explanation. A brief introduction to the six articles is provided as well.
High-pressure cylindrical acoustic resonance diffusion measurements of methane in liquid hydrocarbons

A novel cylindrical acoustic resonance method for the measurement of gas diffusion into liquids at high pressures is described. The measurements were per formed in a vertically oriented cylindrical acoustic resonator containing both the liquid solvent and gaseous diffusant while under high-precision isothermal and isobaric control. Individual resonance modes of the liquid column, the gas column, and the two-phase coupled fluid are resolved in the fast Fourier trans form acoustic-resonance spectrum (FFT-ARS). High-resolution acoustic spectra measured at frequent time intervals reveal the changes which accompany the diffusion fusion of gas into the liquid phase. One change, namely, the growth in length of the liquid column, results in a systematic shift to higher frequencies of axial modes in the gas column. The temporal behavior of this moving boundary, together with quantitative measurement of the flow to the gas column required to sustain the constant pressure, permits determination of the gas-into-liquid diffusion coefficient. Diffusion coefficients were determined from the change in frequency as a function of time of axial resonance modes in the gas-phase virtual cylinder as the surface of the underlying liquid phase advanced due to gas absorption. Measurements of the systems methane/n-octane, methane/n-nonane, and methane/n-decane were performed as a function of temperature at a pressure of 250 psia. Comparisons is made to results obtained elsewhere and by other methods but at the same temperatures and pressure.
Archaeological Investigations on the Small Islands of Aiwa Levu and Aiwa Lailai, Lau Group, Fiji

ABSTRACT We present archaeological data from the small limestone islands of Aiwa Levu (1.21 km2) and Aiwa Lailai (1.0 km2), Lau Group, Fiji. Surveys revealed prehistoric occupations of a sinkhole cave, rockshelters, and a fortified site. We excavated six sites, all with abundant pottery and faunal materials. Eleven radiocarbon dates from four sites span nearly the entire period of Fijian prehistory, from 2710–2330 cal BP to 430–10 cal BP. From inland sites on Aiwa Levu, the stratification, long chronology, and abundance of midden, and other artifacts argue for more permanent prehistoric occupation than the island's current use as a temporary fishing camp for people from nearby Lakeba (55.84 km2). Our archaeological data reinforce the notion that small islands were important in the prehistoric settlement and long-term occupation of Oceania, even in archipelagos where much larger islands exist nearby. In spite of their typically limited agricultural potential, small islands may be easy to defend and may off...
Subset warping: rubber sheeting with cuts

Abstract Image warping, often referred to as "rubber sheeting," represents the deformation of a domain image space into a range image space. In this paper, a technique which extends the definition of a rubber-sheet transformation to allow a polygonal region to be warped into one or more subsets of itself, where the subsets may be multiply connected, is described. To do this, it constructs a set of "slits" in the domain image, which correspond to discontinuities and concavities in the range image, using a technique based on generalized Voronoi diagrams. The concept of medial axis is extended to describe inner and outer medial contours of a polygon. Polygonal regions are decomposed into annular subregions, and path homotopies are introduced to describe the annular subregions. These constructions motivate the definition of a ladder , which guides the construction of grid point pairs necessary to effect the warp itself.
Field Test for Titratable Acidity in Milk

Abstract A field test was developed to enable milk haulers to assess titratable acidity at pickup. The test involved adding a volume of milk to a set volume of standard base in calibrated screwcapped test tubes. Judgment was based on final color after adding phenolphthalein. No color change indicated titratable acidity above a chosen cutoff point, and the typical pink color of phenolphthalein indicated milk with titratable acidity at or below the cutoff point. Of 116 samples examined by tlie field test, 4 failed to give the correct reaction, and these were ≤.01% from the cutoff point when titratable acidity was determined by titration. A survey of 192 samples of raw manufacturing and Grade A milk samples showed a mean titratable acidity of .164% with no significant difference between grades or seasons.
Profit maximizing cost allocation for firms using cost-based pricing

This work develops a profit maximizing cost allocation scheme for firms that allocate all costs to their various outputs and then use these costs to set prices, a process known as fully-distributed cost-based pricing. If the costs incurred by the firm are not easily traced to a particular output for example, the electric bill for a shared manufacturing plant, the costs must be allocated. The demand for a given output is assumed to be a function of the price. Hence, the cost allocation scheme that is selected will affect both the price and the demand for the output. The allocation of common costs that maximizes the firm's overall profit under these conditions is identified. Frequently, the profit maximizing allocation allocates none of the untraceable common costs to one or more of the outputs. This allocation scheme stands in contrast to common practices of sharing costs equally or proportionally across outputs. Examples explore the implications of such a profit maximizing cost allocation on prices and demand in four scenarios: i no constraints, ii constraints on maximum allowable prices, iii a change in market size, and iv cost containment incentives.
Sonority and markedness among onset clusters in the interlanguage of ESL learners

This paper is intended as a contribution to an evergrowing body of literature on the role played by principles and parameters of Universal Grammar in second-language acquisition theory.A recent paper by Broselow and Finer (1991) proposes that markedness as defined in terms of the multivalued Minimal Sonority Distance (MSD) parameter is definitive in their subjects' knowledge of certain consonant clusters in syllable onsets. This parameter provides for the characterization of the various types of consonant clusters allowed in the onsets of syllables in different languages. The object of Broselow and Finer's study was to determine whether L2 learners find clusters which are relatively more marked according to the MSD parameter to be more difficult to learn than cluster types which are relatively less marked.The present paper, however, argues that it is typological markedness (Hawkins, 1987) rather than sonority distance per se which better explains L2 learners' knowledge of English clusters in syllable onse...
Lessons learned in evaluating DARPA advanced military technologies

For the past six years, personnel from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have served as the Independent Evaluation Team (IET) for two major DARPA programs. DARPA ASSIST (Advanced Soldier Sensor Information System and Technology) is an advanced technology research and development program whose objective is to exploit soldier-worn sensors to augment a Soldier's situational awareness, mission recall and reporting capability to enhance situational knowledge during and following military operations in urban terrain (MOUT) environments. This program stresses passive collection and automated activity/object recognition that output algorithms, software, and tools that will undergo system integration in future efforts. TRANSTAC (Spoken Language Communication and Translation System for Tactical Use) is another DARPA advanced technology and research program whose goal is to demonstrate capabilities to rapidly develop and field free-form, two-way speech-to-speech translation systems enabling English and foreign language speakers to communicate with one another in real-world tactical situations where an interpreter is unavailable. Several prototype systems have been developed under this program for numerous military applications including force protection, medical screening and civil affairs. Both of these efforts are concluding and as such this paper will focus on overall lessons learned in evaluating these types of technologies.
Regression models for vegetation radar-backscattering and radiometric emission

Simple regression estimation of radar backscatter and radiometric emission from vegetative terrain is proposed, based on the exact radiative transfer models. A vegetative canopy is modeled as a Rayleigh scattering layer above an irregular Kirchhoff surface. The rms errors between the exact and the estimated ones are found to be less than 5 percent for emission, and 1 dB for the backscattering case, in most practical uses. The proposed formulas are useful in quickly estimating backscattering and emission from the vegetative terrain.
Experimental fusion barrier distributions reflecting projectile octupole state coupling to prolate and oblate target nuclei.

Fusion excitation functions have been measured spanning the entire barrier region in 1 MeV energy steps for the two systems ${}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}{+}^{192}\mathrm{Os},{}^{194}\mathrm{Pt}$. Precautions were taken to ensure sufficiently small errors to allow for extraction of the distribution of fusion barriers from the second differential of the product of E and $\ensuremath{\sigma}$. These results are compared with coupled channel calculations which take into account the most important degrees of freedom of both projectile and target. The influence of the prolate deformation of ${}^{192}\mathrm{Os}$ and the oblate deformation of ${}^{192}\mathrm{Pt}$ as well as the octupole vibration of ${}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ is apparent.
Corporate Leaders, Resistant Youth, and School Reform in Sunbelt City: The Political Economy of Education

This paper reports on a 1988 field study of a chamber of commerce Task Force on Education and Jobs in a southern U. S. city we call Sunbelt City. It highlights a local controversy among business and education leaders over school reform. We argue that this local problem reflects a growing national trend of business intervention in public schools around a putative “crisis in education” over the quality of students not bound for college. Local and national capitalists hold that schools “fail to educate, ” producing a labor pool that cannot and/or will not work diligently. We draw on resistance literature in education to argue that non-college bound students' educational outcomes are realistic responses to the unstable and unpromising labor market in the United States. We believe the resulting local policy paralysis, seen in Sunbelt City, reflects capitalists' inability to see how they contribute to an array of contradictions in the social fabric.
WiMAX mobile subscriber verification using Gabor-based RF-DNA fingerprints

Considerable effort has been put forth to exploit physical layer attributes to augment network bit-level security mechanisms. RF-DNA fingerprints possess such attributes and can be used to uniquely identify authorized users and mitigate unauthorized network activity. These attributes are unique to a given electronic device and difficult to replicate for cloning, spoofing, etc. Device discrimination (identification) of WiMAX devices has been successfully demonstrated using a one-to-many comparison against a pool of unknown device fingerprints. The work here now addresses device authentication using a one-to-one comparison against the specific fingerprint associated with a claimed bit-level identity (MAC, SIM, IMEI, etc). The concept is demonstrated using Gabor-based RF-DNA extracted from near-transient burst responses of 802.16e WiMAX mobile subscriber devices-device identification of better than 96% is achieved with verification EER ≤ 1.6% for SNR ≥ −3 dB.
Diimide formation on the Ni(100) surface

Abstract Diimide (N 2 H 2 ), an extremely reactive species, is observed as a gas phase product from the Ni(100) surface in the 200 to 450 K range during hydrazine thermal decomposition and during thermal desorption of predissociated ammonia. These results suggest that the primary mechanism for diimide formation is recombination of an adsorbed NH surface intermediate. The observation that diimide can be formed from predissociated ammonia illustrates that a nitrogennitrogen bond in the precursor is not required for diimide formation. Diimide formation from predissociated ammonia is enhanced by coadsorbed hydrogen, which we believe stabilizes NH on the Ni(100) surface. In addition, the direct decomposition of adsorbed N 2 H 4 contributes to the production of diimide at 230 K.
Possible failure of NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase to participate directly in nitrogen repression of the allantoin degradative enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The extent of repression exerted by various nitrogen-containing compounds was measured in wild type and NADP-GDH defective strains of Saccharomyces . We found that in strains carrying the gdhA 6− mutation, repression was relieved only for compounds whose metabolism involved the intermediate generation of ammonia. This raises the possibility that relief of repression observed in these strains is the result of their failure to effectively metabolize ammonia rather than an inability of the NADP-GDH protein to function as a regulator itself.
Proton-proton bremsstrahlung at 20 MeV, 35°: Theory☆

Abstract Proton-proton bremsstrahlung predictions from the Hamada-Johnston and Tabakin potentials are found to be in close agreement with each other, with the on-energy-shell approximation, and with the experimental value at 20 MeV, 30°. The Coulomb interaction is included in the on-shell approximation. The Low approximation is also examined.
Water Vapor Resistance of Red Delicious Apples and Celery Sticks Coated with Edible Caseinate‐Acetylated Monoglyceride Films

An optimal caseinate-acetylated monoglyceride edible coating consisting of 1.5% Alanate-310 (a calcium caseinate) and 1.5% Myvacet-5-07 (an acetylated monoglyceride) produced a reduction (75%) in moisture loss from celery (Apium graveolens) sticks. Similar edible coatings on apple (Malus domestica) fruits produced higher water vapor resistance. However, since apples have a natural high resistance to water vapor, edible coatings did not decrease water loss from whole fruit. Edible coatings did not modify respiration or ethylene production by apples or celery sticks. Quality of minimally processed fruits and vegetables that are susceptible to water loss could be improved with edible coatings, but quality of commodities with high water vapor resistance would not.
Electric dipole scattering in nonpolar semiconductors

Abstract The electronic mobility due to the scattering of charge carriers by electric dipole moments is calculated with the Born approximation scattering cross section. Two special cases are considered; (1) random orientation of the dipoles, (2) perfect alignment of the dipoles. For a non-degenerate electron gas, the relaxation time is found to be proportional to E 1 2 and the mobility, to T 1 2 .
Characterization of the neutron flux energy spectrum at the Missouri University of Science and Technology Research Reactor (MSTR)

Abstract A newly constructed remotely accessible shielded cell is available at the Missouri University of Science and Technology Research Reactor (MSTR). This heavily shielded cell will be able to receive high activity specimens (up to 0.457 Ci of Cs137 or 102.2 mCi Co60) coming directly from the reactor core. The cell also allows the manipulation and monitoring of specimens both from local as well as remote locations using a Web-based internet interface making it useful to a wide variety of users. In support of the shielded cell the neutron spectrum of MSTR has been fully characterized for the first time using foils as neutron flux monitors. Multiple foils were irradiated in the core of MSTR and iterative runs were completed using the SAND-II program. An MCNP model was used to obtain an approximate neutron flux spectrum to serve as an initial estimate for the SAND-II least squares fitting technique. The results showed good agreement in the thermal neutron energy region, while in the intermediate and fast neutron energy regions the agreement was not as good, probably due to self-shielding in the intermediate region of the spectrum. Thermal, intermediate, and fast neutron full power fluxes for the MSTR were respectively calculated to be 2.94E + 12 ± 1.9E + 10, 1.86E + 12 ± 3.7E + 10, and 2.65E + 12 ± 3.0E + 3 n/cm2s. The total neutron flux was calculated to be 7.55E + 12 ± 5.7E + 10 n/cm2s.
A STUDY OF ATYPICAL TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCI

1. At least twelve subgroups of atypical Type II pneumococcus may be recognized by specific agglutination reactions. They have been designated Subgroups IIa, IIb, IIc, IId, IIe, IIf, IIg, IIh, IIj, IIk, IIl, and IIm. 2. These subgroups have an incidence of 11 per cent in lobar pneumonia, and of 18 per cent in normal mouths. 3. Certain groups, IIb, IIc, IIf, and IIm, occur in normal mouths. 4. Subgroups IIa and IIh are met with largely in connection with disease. 5. The mortality of acute lobar pneumonia due to these atypical Type II pneumococci is fairly high—32 per cent.
HPLC/UV quantitation of retinal, retinol, and retinyl esters in serum and tissues

We report robust HPLC/UV methods for quantifying retinyl esters (RE), retinol (ROL), and retinal (RAL) applicable to diverse biological samples with lower limits of detection of 0.7, 0.2, and 0.2 pmol, respectively, and linear ranges greater than 3 orders of magnitude. These assays function well with small, complex biological samples (10-20mg tissue). Coefficients of variation range from 5.9 to 10.0% (intraday) and from 5.9 to 11.0% (interday). Quantification of endogenous RE, ROL, and RAL in mouse serum and tissues (liver, kidney, adipose, muscle, spleen, testis, skin, brain, and brain regions) reveals utility. Ability to discriminate spatial concentrations of ROL and RE is illustrated with C57BL/6 mouse brain loci (hippocampus, cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamus, cerebellum, and striatum). We also developed a method to distinguish isomeric forms of ROL to investigate precursors of retinoic acid. The ROL isomer assay has limits of detection between 3.5 and 4.5 pmol and has a linear range and coefficient of variation similar to those of the ROL/RE and RAL assays. The assays described here provide for sensitive and rigorous quantification of endogenous RE, ROL, and RAL to elucidate retinoid homeostasis in disease states such as Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cancer.
Fumarate hydratase inactivation in renal tumors: HIF1α, NRF2, and "cryptic targets" of transcription factors.

Biallelic inactivation of fumarate hydratase (FH) causes type 2 papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC2), uterine fibroids, and cutaneous leimyomas, a condition known as hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). The most direct effect of FH inactivation is intracellular fumarate accumulation. A majority of studies on FH inactivation over the past decade have focused on the theory that intracellular fumarate stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A) through competitive inhibition of HIF prolyl hydroxylases. Recently, a competing theory that intracellular fumarate activates nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) through post-translational modification of its negative regulator. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) has emerged from a computational modeling study and mouse model studies. This review dissects the origin of these two governing theories and highlights the presence of chromatin-structure-regulated targets of transcription factors, which we refer to as “cryptic targets” of transcription factors. One such cryptic target is heme oxygenase I (HMOX1), the expression of which is known to be modulated by the gene product of SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4 (SMARCA4, also known as BRG1).
Natural orbits of the first kind in the restricted problem

Abstract Lindstedt's method is applied to expand analytically the natural families of periodic orbits of the first kind in the restricted problem of three bodies. The mass ratio is kept as a literal variable; the series proceed in the powers of Hill's ratio of periods. They cover all four cases at once, namely, the direct or retrograde orbits for either inferior planets or for satellites. When the mass ratio is given a numerical value, the expansions contain fewer terms and thus can be carried up to degree 17 within a 32K core of an IBM 7094. For the system Sun-Jupiter, the initial conditions provided by the series have been corrected to yield the beginnings of all four natural families, and the characteristic exponents have been computed. Comparison between the values computed out of the series and their improvement by numerical integrations and successive variational corrections show that, within an accuracy of one part in ten thousand, the series represent moderately well even the orbit of J VIII; the retrograde planetary orbits are fairly well covered up to 90% of the distance from Sun-Jupiter, whereas the direct planetary orbits are covered only up to 60% of that distance.
Community-based learning to support South African early group care

The Developing Families Project-South Africa (DFP-SA) is a community-based model of education and training for the care, support and education of vulnerable children birth-to-three and their caregivers, guardians and families in rural and peri-urban townships. The approach fosters interactive learning among community members about early care and education integrated with HIV/AIDS education and prevention. This article focuses on the early group care component of the program. The DFP curriculum was co-constructed by the authors in conjunction with local parents and early childhood practitioners and trainers, based in part on findings from creche observations and situational assessments of indigenous beliefs and attitudes concerning child development, early care and HIV/AIDS, implemented in five township settings across four provinces. This work is situated in the context of globalized educational practices with an eye toward meaningful integration of indigenous and Western ideas that together can help part...
Accurate measurements of fetal hemoglobin for neonates with different gestational ages.

The purposes of this study were to examine the accuracy of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F, α2γ2) as quickly measured by a hemoximeter but verified by high performance liquid chromatography [HPLC, including Hb F total (Hb Ft), acetylated Hb F (Hb F1), and non acetylated Hb F ( Hb F*)], and to predict the Hb F levels for different gestational weeks of neonates. Thirty-nine neonates of predominantly Hispanic and African American ethnicity, with gestational ages ranging from 25 to 38 weeks, were investigated. Analyses were performed on 163 blood samples that were pure neonates’ blood before the transfusion of any adult blood. Two neonates had increased Hb C [β6(A3)Glu→Lys, GAC→AAG] levels (1.67–2.79%) and one neonate whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy, had elevated Hb A2 levels (0.12–0.14%). After excluding these data points, the mean Hb F were overestimated by hemoximeter, 118.4 ± 8.77% vs. 92.6 ± 2.77% by HPLC (mean difference: 25.8 ± 7.71%, p = <0.001). Mean Hb F1 was 10.5 ± 2.28%. Hb F levels decreased a...
Low Burnout and High Engagement Levels in Athletic Trainers: Results of a Nationwide Random Sample

Abstract Objective: To assess the prevalence of occupational burnout, engagement, and somatic health complaints and the associations among these constructs experienced by certified athletic trainer...
Introduction: What Regional Studies can Contribute to Applied Anthropology

The case studies in this issue suggest the diversity, creativity and deep historical roots of experiments in community/academic/government partnership in Appalachia. On one hand, it is important to understand these case studies as emerging from a distinctive Appalachian context. On the other hand, interesting resonances and convergences can be found with larger national and global movements. The word "partnership" has, as it were, become globalized—carrying many meanings and purposes. A diversity of movements experiment with a diversity of models for blurring, mixing, and matching roles bringing citizens, experts (academic and otherwise), teachers, students and government officials together in all sorts of combinations as they tackle problems deemed insoluble within older role definitions. This introduction tries to chalk out some of these larger connections—looking for the lessons to be learned from these case studies in defining best practices for partnership building.
Markers of immune activation and viral load in HIV-associated sensory neuropathy

Background: HIV infection is associated with a painful distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) that can severely limit the quality of life of affected subjects. The pathogenesis of DSP is unknown, although both HIV proteins and products of immune activation triggered by HIV infection have been implicated. Objective: To assess the association between baseline markers of immune activation and HIV RNA levels (viral load) and time to symptomatic DSP (SDSP). Methods: A cohort of 376 subjects, most receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), were followed semiannually for up to 48 months. Blood and CSF levels of HIV viral load, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), matrix metalloproteinase-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured in addition to CD4 lymphocyte cell count. Results: In subjects without SDSP at baseline (62.5% of the cohort), among the virologic and immunologic markers, only baseline CSF M-CSF levels were associated with time to SDSP (hazard ratio = 2.97, p = 0.05). The Kaplan–Meier estimate of the 1-year incidence of SDSP was 21%, a 15% decrease from that observed in the Dana cohort, a pre-HAART cohort enrolled with the same inclusion/exclusion criteria. Conclusion: Highly active retroviral therapy (HAART) has changed the natural history of HIV-associated symptomatic distal sensory polyneuropathy (SDSP), which may explain, in contrast with studies from the pre-HAART era, the lack of association between SDSP and baseline HIV viral load and CD4 cell count.
Reliability of a fjord glacier's fluctuations for paleoclimatic reconstructions

Abstract Historical observations of fjord glaciers in southern Alaska suggest that their fluctuations may be asynchronous with one another and with climate. Possible causes for anomalous fjord glacier response to climatic changes involve the instabilities inherent in a calving terminus, the interaction of fjord geometry with the extent of the calving terminus, and the intersection of low-lying snow line by a thickening glacier. The Lituya glacier system in southeast Alaska is analyzed with reference to these phenomena to test the reliability of its Holocene glacial deposits as paleoclimatic records. This fjord glacier is shown to have been probably free of major, nonclimatic responses during the Holocene except for an insensitive period of up to 1000 yr that followed calving retreats. The insensitive period has no functional effect on how the relatively coarse geologic record is interpreted in terms of paleoclimate. However, it makes impossible any inference of climatic trends from this glacier's behavior in historical times. Fjord glacier deposits can be dependable records of paleoclimate but each glacier requires careful scrutiny. Anomalous glacier responses to climate are most likely to occur in fjords of complex geometry, in regions of relatively low snow line, and where glaciers terminate at fjord mouths bordering the open sea.
Digital Storytelling as a Signature Pedagogy for the New Humanities

This essay argues that digital storytelling is a hybrid, multimedia narrative form that enables critical and creative theorizing. As an assets-based social pedagogy, digital storytelling constructs...
CONSTRUCTION OF BELIEF AND DECISION NETWORKS

We describe a representation and set of inference techniques for the dynamic construction of probabilistic and decision-theoretic models expressed as networks. In contrast to probabilistic reasoning schemes that rely on fixed models, we develop a representation that implicitly encodes a large number of possible model structures. Based on a particular query and state of information, the system constructs a customized belief net for that particular situation. We develop an interpretation of the network construction process in terms of the implicit networks encoded in the database. A companion method for constructing belief networks with decisions and values (decision networks) is also developed that uses sensitivity analysis to focus the model building process. Finally, we discuss some issues of control of model construction and describe examples of constructing networks.
Diversity of decision-making models and the measurement of interrater agreement.

Several papers have appeared criticizing the kappa coefficient because of its tendency to fluctuate with sample base rates. The importance of these criticisms is difficult to evaluate because they are presented with regards to a highly specific model of diagnostic decision making. In this article, diagnostic decision making is viewed as a special case of signal detection theory. Each diagnostic process is characterized by a function that relates the probability of a case receiving a positive diagnosis to the severity or salience of symptoms. The shape of this diagnosability curve greatly affects the value of kappa obtained in a study of interrater reliability, how it changes in response to variation in the base rates, and how closely it corresponds to the validity of diagnostic decisions. The common practice of evaluating a diagnostic procedure, when criterion diagnoses for comparison are unavailable, on the basis of the magnitude of the kappa coefficient observed in a reliability study is questionable. New methods for measuring interrater agreement are necessary, and possible directions for research in this area are discussed.
The Source of Flannery O'Connor's "Flung" Fish in The Violent Bear It Away

(2005). The Source of Flannery O'Connor's 'Flung' Fish in The Violent Bear It Away. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 70-74.
Hesiod: Man, Law and Cosmos

In his two chief works, the Theogony and Works and Days, Hesiod treats the possibility of providence. In the former poem, he considers what sort of god could claim to gives human beings guidance. After arriving at Zeus as the only consistent possibility, Hesiod presents Zeus’ rule as both cosmic and legalistic. In the latter poem, however, Hesiod shows that so long as Zeus is legalistic, his rule is limited cosmically to the human being. Ultimately, Zeus’ rule emerges as more human than cosmic, and thus unable to fulfil the cosmic demands of piety. Hesiod’s presentation thus begs, without thematically posing, the question of how human beings ought to live. Accordingly, Hesiod’s theological analysis, and not his theogony (or, implicit cosmogony or cosmology), sets the stage for the inquiries of the early Greek philosophers, and so political philosophy as a whole.
IEA bioenergy agreement task XI: Municipal solid waste conversion to energy end of task review

Abstract This paper overviews the main work and achievements of the International Energy Agency's Task on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) conversion to energy. The objectives of the Task were to encourage information exchange between research and development programmes and other new initiatives relating to energy recovery from MSW, and to use this information to benefit research, development and deployment programmes on energy recovery from MSW in participating countries. Governments are now encouraging the sustainable use of MSW resources, both domestically and as part of their international obligations. These encourage development of a waste management hierarchy which places greater emphasis on waste prevention and minimisation through materials and energy recovery. The IEA Task provided participating countries with an international perspective in the areas of thermal technologies (incineration of MSW and refuse derived fuel and ash residues), biological technologies (landfill gas and anaerobic digestion of MSW) and generic issues relating to MSW conversion technologies (source separation, recycling, mechanical processing, sampling and analytical protocols). Work was carried out through meetings, study tours and networks. The main benefits from this international collaboration were that participants obtained up-to-date information on technical and non-technical issues affecting energy from waste technologies, including legislation, methodologies, and plant experience, that they could then use to encourage the development of energy from waste in their own countries. The work of the Task will continue for a further three years during 1995–1997.
Relationship between utilization of fat and synthesis of cholesterol and total lipid in young female rats.

Young adult female rats were fed diets containing 2% of calories from corn oil plus 20, 40, 60 or 80% of calories as beef tallow or diets containing 2% corn oil and the calorie allowance restricted to 80, 60, 40 or 20% of ad libitum consumption. Incorporation of C14-acetate into cholesterol and total fat was determined as an indication of rate of synthesis.
Homogeneous nucleation of CdS nanocrystals in glass

Abstract The precipitation of CdS and Cd 1− x Zn x S crystallites in borosilicate glass was studied using optical absorption, resonant Raman scattering and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Evolution of the optical spectrum indicates that precipitates form by homogeneous nucleation of CdS from the glass, followed by Lifshitz-Slyozov coarsening.
Protochordate allorecognition is controlled by a MHC-like gene system.

Colonial tunicates, unlike vertebrates, undergo transplantation in nature. Rejection or acceptance between colonies of Botryllus is controlled by a single gene locus with multiple alleles. The same genetic region apparently maintains this polymorphism by preventing fertilization between gametes sharing alleles. The Botryllus histocompatibility system may reflect the original adaptive function of ancestral MHC genes.
Synthesis of a co-cross-linked nanocomposite hydrogels from poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid)-polyethylene glycol and nanofibrillated cellulose

This study demonstrates the preparation of a renewable and biocompatible co-cross-linked nanocomposite hydrogel from poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid), poly(ethylene glycol) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). The cross-linking reaction was favored by the formation of ester linkages as evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The increase in gel fraction content of the treated NFC varied from 22 to 85 % which exhibited an increase in degree of chemical cross-linking to form a rigid network with the addition of varying amount of NFC (20–60 %). This increase in gel rigidity influenced gel swelling, showing relatively reduced water uptake ability above 40 % NFC. Rheological measurements indicated the formation of gels with superior mechanical properties.
Antibody against mouse liver 5′-nucleotidase immunostains white matter in the adult mouse central nervous system

Abstract An antiserum against rat liver 5′-nucleotidase has been shown to immunostain myelinated fibers and oligodendrocytes in the rat CNS, consistent with evidence for 5′-nucleotidase activity in rat brain myelin and oligodendrocytes (Cammer, Sacchi and Kahn, Devel. Brain Res. , 1985, 20: 89–96). However, in the mouse CNS, in which myelin also has 5′-nucleotidase activity, that antiserum stained only blood vessels. To obtain an antibody against the mouse enzyme, 5′-nucleotidase was partly purified from mouse liver membranes by detergent extraction, heat treatment, affinity chromatography, acidification, and ammonium sulfate fractionation. The preparation, which was enriched about 110-fold in 5′-nucleotidase specific activity, compared to the starting extract, was electrophoresed on a preparative slab gel containing Triton X-100, a strip was stained histochemically for 5′-nucleotidase, and the material corresponding to the stained band was used to immunize a rabbit. The immune IgG fraction, but not the preimmune IgG, reacted with mouse brain homogenates. The immune serum gave consistently greater inhibition of 5′-nucleotidase activity in mouse liver homogenates, mouse brain myelin and mouse brain homogenates, but not rat brain or liver homogenates, compared to the preimmune serum. The immune serum, but not the preimmune serum, immunostained white matter in the normal adult mouse brain and spinal cord. The findings suggest that the mouse may have one isozyme of 5′-nucleotidase similar to that in rat with respect to subunit sizes but differing in primary structure at one or more antigenic sites and support previous observations of 5′-nucleotidase activity in myelin from mouse brains and spinal cords.
Soldier fly larvae as feed in commercial fish production

Abstract Soldier fly larvae ( Hermetia illucens L.), grown on chicken manure at a commercial caged layer house, were fed to channel catfish and tilapia, alone, and in combination with high-(45%) and low-(30%) protein commercial diets. The commercial diets also were fed alone as standards. Similar effects of the six diets on body weight and total length of the two species of fish for the 10-week test indicated that soldier fly larvae may be valuable feedstuff in commercial fish production. Results of the taste tests indicated that fish fed soldier fly larvae are acceptable to the consumer.
The Radiations of Lanthanum-140

The radiations of ${\mathrm{La}}^{140}$ have been studied with a magnetic spectrometer of radius 20 cm. The beta spectrum is complex consisting of five groups whose maximum energies are: 0.83 Mev, 1.10 Mev, 1.34 Mev, 1.67 Mev, and 2.15 Mev. Gamma rays with energies of 0.110 Mev, 0.130 Mev, 0.240 Mev, 0.270 Mev, 0.328 Mev, 0.485 Mev, 0.815 Mev, and 1.60 Mev, respectively, were found. The 1.60-Mev gamma is very intense. A tentative decay scheme is proposed.
Maize: A Paramount Staple Crop in the Context of Global Nutrition

Abstract: The maize plant (Zea mays), characterized by an erect green stalk, is one of the 3 great grain crops of the world. Its kernels, like other seeds, are storage organs that contain essential components for plant growth and reproduction. Many of these kernel constituents, including starch, protein, and some micronutrients, are also required for human health. For this reason, and others, maize has become highly integrated into global agriculture, human diet, and cultural traditions. The nutritional quality and integrity of maize kernels are influenced by many factors including genetic background, environment, and kernel processing. Cooking procedures, including nixtamalization and fermentation, can increase accessibility of micronutrients such as niacin. However, man cannot live on maize alone. For one-third of the world's population, namely in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America, humans subsist on maize as a staple food but malnutrition pervades. Strategies to further improve kernel macronutrient and micronutrient quality and quantities are under intense investigation. The 2 most common routes to enhance grain nutritional value are exogenous and endogenous fortification. Although exogenous fortification, such as addition of multivitamin premixes to maize flour, has been successful, endogenous fortification, also known as “biofortification,” may provide a more sustainable and practical solution for chronically undernourished communities. Recent accomplishments, such as low-phytate, high-lysine, and multivitamin maize varieties, have been created using novel genetic and agronomic approaches. Investigational studies related to biofortified maize are currently underway to determine nutrient absorption and efficacy related to human health improvement.