cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Symmetry in the Elementary Curriculum

Introduction Symmetry is a fundamental part of geometry, nature, and shapes. It creates patterns that help us organize our world conceptually. We see symmetry every day but often don’t realize it. People use concepts of symmetry, including translations, rotations, reflections, and tessellations as part of their careers. Examples of careers that incorporate these ideas are artists, craftspeople, musicians, choreographers, and not to mention, mathematicians. It is important for students to grasp the concepts of geometry and symmetry while at the elementary level as a means of exposing them to things they see everyday that aren’t obviously related to mathematics but have a strong foundation in it. According to the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics grades 3-5 should be able to apply transformations and use symmetry to analyze mathematical situations. This includes predicting and describing the results of sliding, flipping, and turning two-dimensional shapes. They should also be able to describe a motion or a series of motions that will show that two shapes are congruent, and identify and describe line and rotational symmetry in 2 and 3-dimensional shapes and designs. The Montana State Standards for Mathematics are in line with NCTM’s standards indicating that by the end of grade 4 students will be able to identify lines of symmetry, congruent and similar shapes, and positional relationships. Geometry software is a very important tool in developing and testing individual ideas in the classroom. Students can make their own conjectures and “see” them as they are tested, making a connection between what they were thinking and a visual for what is really happening. For a lot of students this is all that is needed to make something “click” inside their heads that tells them “oh, yeah, now I get it”. By showing students that symmetry and it’s properties surround us in the world we live in gives them a greater appreciation for the wide-reaching arms of mathematics and how we really do use math throughout our lives beyond the basic adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing. We can use dynamic geometry software to let students explore and create the concepts that we are trying to teach. Students will soon be pointing out symmetry and visualizing how shapes move around in our world.
Personality Measures Analyzed in Terms of the Temperament Framework

In Chapter 1, evidence was reviewed from a variety of areas of psychologic research pointing to the fundamental relevance of three low-level cognitive and correlated emotional factors in human behavior. If, in fact, pleasure-displeasure, arousal-nonarousal, and dominance-submissiveness are necessary and sufficient to describe and measure emotional states, then an analogous set of dimensions may be highly relevant for measuring and describing average or characteristic emotional reactions of individuals (i.e., their emotional traits or temperament).
Hypermedia and Virtual Reality

In the previous three chapters, we have surveyed different representation formats associated with three human senses. It is doubtful that the two other human senses—smell and touch—will soon be effectively used to “visualize” complex information. This chapter discusses two concepts— hypermedia and virtual reality—that integrate the different representation formats discussed in the previous three chapters.
Endoscopy in gynecology

Abstract This report is an analysis of 191 cases in which endoscopy was employed in an effort to establish the correct diagnosis in patients whose symptoms and findings did not unequivocally warrant abdominal surgery. In 87 per cent of all cases studied, we were able to establish the diagnosis by this method. In the remaining 13 per cent of cases, failure to enter the peritoneal cavity or inadequate visualization made positive diagnosis impossible. The method has proved particularly valuable in the rapid identification of the presence or absence of ectopic pregnancy, chronic bilateral salpingitis, endometriosis, adnexal neoplasms, and pelvic pathology associated with anxiety states. It would appear to be of value in the determination of female factors contributing to infertility. The incidence of serious complications in culdoscopy was 6.8 per cent. Two rectal perforations occurred early in the series. These, when they occur, are retroperitoneal and should be treated by observation with or without antibiotic medication. The incidence of pelvic peritonitis may have been increased by breaks in technique associated with prolonged viewing by multiple examiners. There was no mortality. It is our belief that the complications were not sufficient in number or extent to preclude the use of the instrument in the manner and under the conditions described. There were no complications following peritoneoscopy. Endoscopy, in our experience, is of such value, and can be employed with such ease, as to deserve more widespread use among gynecologists.
Exploring alternative map products to enhance transportation option awareness

The steady increase in automotive vehicle usage in highly populated areas, leading to intensified traffic, suggests the need for new approaches to traffic management and commuting options. Maps as ...
Converging on β-Catenin in Wilms Tumor

A common thread in some cancers is mutations in a developmental signaling pathway that ultimately affect the action of a single component.
Sites of Playful Engagement: Twitter Hashtags as Spaces of Leisure and Development in Kenya

Through an analysis of popular Kenyan hashtags on Twitter, we argue that everyday leisure and entertainment practices interact with development and civic engagement in Kenya. This research draws from participation in the Kenyan Twittersphere, analysis of spaces created by hashtags, and fieldwork conducted in Nairobi between 2009 and 2012. Through hashtags, Kenyans on Twitter unite against perceived government corruption, respond to media misrepresentations of their country, share jokes, and participate in global conversations. We argue that sites emerge through the interaction of playful and serious content and that these sites should be examined within ICTD research. Playful activities should not be dismissed as irrelevant to development, as everyday use of Twitter is often imbued with topics tied to social, political, and economic development.
Repressor--operator interaction in the lac operon. III. Nuclear magnetic resonance observations with altered amino-terminal DNA binding domains.

Abstract We have examined the N-terminal 56 amino acid fragment, the domain that can bind DNA independently, from 3-fluorotyrosine-substituted Escherichia coli lac repressor by 19F-nuclear magnetic resonance. The fragments or “headpieces” from four altered repressers missing each of the tyrosines in turn were examined in parallel. When the wild-type N-terminal fragment is titrated with a 36 base-pair lac operator DNA sequence, the 19F resonances undergo changes in their chemical shifts that are different from those changes when the N-terminal fragment is titrated with non-specific DNA fragments. By looking at these operator-induced changes as well as pH-dependent effects with all four altered N-terminal fragments, we show systematic correlations with the genetic data. The data lead us to conclude that upon operator DNA binding: (1) tyrosine 7 is displaced to a less polar environment and the higher than normal pK value of the phenolic OH group is decreased; (2) tyrosine 12 does not change much in either its mobility or environment; and (3) tyrosine 17 is involved, as suggested by the genetic data, when the headpiece forms a complex with operator DNA.
Stabilization of relative equilibria for systems on Riemannian manifolds

Describes a systematic procedure to exponentially stabilize relative equilibria of mechanical systems. We review the notion of relative equilibria and their stability in a Riemannian geometry context. Potential shaping and dissipation are employed to obtain full exponential stabilization to the desired trajectory. Two necessary conditions are that the effective potential be positive definite over a specified subspace and that the system be linearly controllable.
Hemostatic changes in patients with brain tumors

Abnormal hemostasis is a functional property of cancer. Hemostatic abnormalities are common in patients with systemic malignant disease and brain tumors. However, the incidence of thromboembolism is higher in patients with brain tumors than in those with systemic disease. This raises the question of whether or not hemostatic abnormalities found in the blood of the two groups of patients differs, suggesting different pathogeneses. The purpose of this report is to review abnormalities in blood and clinical manifestations of abnormal hemostasis found in brain tumors and cancer patients in an attempt to answer this question. Normal hemostasis, as currently understood, will be considered with an emphasis on features unique to the central nervous system.
How much more rain

Smart Dust particles, are small smart materials used for generating weather maps. We investigate question of the optimal number of Smart Dust particles necessary for generating precise, computationally feasible and cost effective 3-D weather maps. We also give an optimal matching algorithm for the generalized scenario, when there are N Smart Dust particles and M ground receivers.
Mothers' Reports of Nonresident Fathers' Involvement with Their Children: Revisiting the Relationship between Child Support Payment and Visitation.

Nonresident fathers' financial support and time are both important to children's well-being, although the association between these two types of involvement is mixed in the literature. Using the 1994 - 2004 waves of the Current Population Survey-Child Support Supplement, this article examined the associations between mothers' reports of child support payments and visitation. The results indicated that about 36% of nonresident fathers did not visit their children at all, and the distribution of visitation was highly skewed. Therefore, zero-inflated Poisson regression was used, and the results indicated that the amount of child support payments was positively associated with the onset but not the frequency of visitation. Policy and research implications are discussed.
Retained products of conception mimicking a large endometrial AVM: Complete resolution following spontaneous abortion

We report an unusual appearance of retained products of conception that mimicked an arteriovenous malformation. A 38-year-old woman presented with persistent scant vaginal bleeding and declining levels of serum beta-HCG after therapeutic abortion. Sonographic examination revealed a highly vascular lobulated mass, which on spectral Doppler examination showed low resistance and high peak systolic velocity suggestive of arteriovenous shunting. The patient spontaneously passed tissue per vagina, after which the endometrial vascular mass completely disappeared, indicating that the sonographic abnormality was the retained products of conception. The pathologic basis for such a finding is discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2006
Physical coupling of N-formyl peptide chemoattractant receptors to G protein is unaffected by desensitization

Abstract Desensitization of N -formyl peptide chemoattractant receptors (FPR) in human neutrophils results in association of these receptors to the membrane skeleton. This is thought to be the critical event in the lateral segregation of receptors and guanyl nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) within the plane of the plasma membrane resulting in an interruption of the signaling cascade. In this study we probed the interaction of FPR with G protein in human neutrophils that were desensitized to various degrees. Human neutrophils were desensitized using the photoreactive agonist N -formyl-met-leu-phe-lys-N e -[ 125 I]2( p -azidosalicylamido)ethyl-1, 3'-dithiopropionate (ƒMLFK-[ 125 I]ASD). The interaction of FPR with G protein was studied via a reconstitution assay and subsequent analysis of FPR-G protein complexes in sucrose density gradients. FPR-G protein complexes were reconstituted with solubilized FPR from partially and fully desensitized neutrophils with increasing concentrations of G i purified from bovine brain. The respective ec 50 values for reconstitution were similar to that determined for FPR from unstimulated neutrophils (Bommakanti RK et al. , J Biol Chem 267 : 7576-7581, 1992). We conclude, therefore, that the affinity of the interaction of FPR with G protein is not affected by desensitization, consistent with the model of lateral segregation of FPR and G protein as a mechanism of desensitization.
Mapping of the solar wind electric field to the Earth's polar caps

A quantitative model of a magnetically interconnected (open) magnetosphere is developed as a perturbation of Voight's closed magnetosphere model with a given magnetopause shape. The model is shown to give a reasonable representation of the open magnetosphere configuration and is especially useful in testing the magnetospheric consequences of various merging theories. The convection pattern obtained for southward IMF is in reasonable agreement with observations, especially in the manifestation of a convection 'throat' near noon. For northward IMF, this region of constricted flow is rotated in local time in the direction of the IMF, also in accordance with observations.
Assessment of the status of cell-mediated immunity in cytomegalovirus-infected renal allograft recipients.

Abstract Renal allograft recipients are unusually susceptible to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. Since humoral immunity to CMV is uncompromised in these patients, it was felt desirable to assess the competence of cell mediated immunity (CMI). Several parameters were used. On skin testing with candida, SK-SD, mumps, and PPD-5 antigens, 80.0% of patients and 5.0% of controls were unreactive. T-lymphocyte ratios (SRBC rosette test) were 18.7% in transplant patients, vs. 40.3% in controls. These differences are statistically significant. Lymphocyte stimulation assay ([ 3 H] thymidine uptake) was developed to study CMI to CMV. Lymphocytes from all the normal seropositive subjects (10) had increased [ 3 H]thymidine uptake on exposure to CMV antigens. There was no antigen specific stimulation of lymphocytes from the seronegative controls (five). Six of nine (67.7%) CMV infected renal allograft recipients, studied six or more months post-transplantation, had no evidence of CMI to CMV by this assay.
Lapped vector quantization of images

We present an improved decoding paradigm for vector quantization (VQ) of images. In this new decoding method, the dimension of the code vectors at the decoder is higher than the dimension of the input vectors at the encoder, so that the area covered by each output vector extends beyond the input block of pixels into its neighborhood. The image is reconstructed as an overlapping patchwork of output code vectors, where the pixel values in the lapped region are obtained by summing the corresponding elements of the overlapping code vectors. With a properly designed decoder code book, this lapped block-decoding technique is able to improve the performance of VQ by exploiting the interblock correlation at the decoder. We have developed a recursive algorithm for designing a locally optimal decoder code book from a training set of images, given a fixed VQ encoder. Computer simulation with both full-search VQ and pruned-tree-structured VQ encoders demonstrate that, compared to conventional VQ decoding, this new decoding technique reproduces images with not only higher SNR but also better perceptual quality.
Syntheses, molecular structures and electrochemical behavior of two isomeric Ru(PhNpy)2(PPh3)2 complexes

Abstract The title compounds, isomers of Ru(PhNpy)2(PPh3)2 (PhNpy = the anion of 2-(N-anilino)-pyridine), having C1 and C2 symmetry, were prepared by reacting RuCl2(PPh3)3 with LiPhNpy in toluene. The crystal and molecular structures of these compounds have been determined from three-dimensional X-ray study. Both compounds crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c with the following unit cell dimensions: C1-isomer: a = 13.852(3), b = 18.872(3), c = 18.206(3), β = 84.32(5), V = 4736(2) and Z = 4. C2-isomer: a = 11.166(9), b = 20.404(8), c = 20.716(16), β = 97.14(7), V = 4683(10) and Z = 4. The structures were refined to R = 0.053 (Rw = 0.083) for the C1-isomer and R = 0.055 (Rw = 0.063) for the C2-isomer. In the C1-isomer, the coordinating atoms N-py, N-Ph and PPH3 are all in cis-arrangement. In the C2-isomer, the py-rings are trans to each other. The complexes are six-coordinate with four-membered chelate rings. The NRuN angle in the chelate rings is ca. 62° in each case. The RuP bond lengths lie in the range 2.286(3)–2.337(1) A. The average RuN(py), and RuN(Ph) bond lengths are 2.083 A and 2.171 A, respectively. Dichloromethane solutions of the C1 and C2 isomers display two quasireversible oxidation waves at 0.480, 1.175 V and 0.290, 1.040 V, respectively. The responses have one-electron stoichiometry and are assignable to RuIII/RuII and RuIV/RuIII couples.
Antiphospholipid antibody associated thrombosis: a consensus for treatment?

The results of several studies have demonstrated that antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA) are associated with an increased risk of both venous and arterial thrombosis. Additional work has suggested ...
Multifocal adenocarcinoma of the proximal small intestine in a patient with celiac sprue.

Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine is a known complication of celiac sprue. We report a 63-year-old man with a history of celiac disease who developed anemia, guaiac-pos-itive stools, and jaundice. Five discrete adenocarcinomas of the proximal small intestine were identified over a 9 year period.
Effectiveness of "Dangerous Decibels," a school-based hearing loss prevention program.

Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of the “Dangerous Decibels” educational program in increasing students' knowledge and positively changing their attitudes and intended behaviors related to hea...
The use of animal models for the evaluation of ocular antiviral agents

Animal models have been used extensively in the evaluation and development of topical ocular antiviral agents. Rabbit ocular models have proven predictive of the clinical efficacy of topical antiviral agents for HSV-1 epithelial keratitis and in clinical trials for adenoviral ocular infections. The current presentation will discuss the limitations of these models and present data on potential new topical antiviral agents, focusing primarily on antivirals for adenoviral ocular infections.
Using Common Sense in Common Settings Active Supervision and Precorrection in the Morning Gym

The management of a large number of children in a nonclassroom or common setting (e.g., gymnasium, auditorium) can present a challenge to school staff. This article describes a set of commonsense s...
Privacy, fair information practices and the fortune 500: the virtual reality of compliance

Corporate information privacy policies are receiving increased attention in the information privacy debate. Prior studies used Web surveys to analyze the content of online information privacy policies and to assess whether or not the policies comply with a standard known as the Fair Information Practices. One assumption of these studies is that the main role of a privacy policy is to protect the consumer by communicating a firm's information practices. This paper employs Habermas's Theory of Communicative Action to uncover the much more complex and multifaceted roles that privacy policies actually play in a social context. Overall, the study's findings offer insights into the reflective nature of information privacy policies, specifically their role in social interactions among companies, consumers and government regulators. The theoretical and managerial implications of the results are discussed and directions for future research provided.
Levels of the four lowest two-particle configurations in 210Po studied by in-beam gamma -ray and conversion-electron spectroscopy with the 209Bi

We have used the $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$(t,2n${)}^{210}$Po reaction with standard in-beam \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray and conversion-electron spectroscopic techniques to study the two-proton states in $^{210}\mathrm{Po}$. With the possible , all states of the proton ${\mathit{h}}_{9/2}^{2}$, ${\mathit{h}}_{9/2}$${\mathit{f}}_{7/2}$, ${\mathit{f}}_{7/2}^{2}$, and ${\mathit{h}}_{9/2}$${\mathit{i}}_{13/2}$ configurations have been identified. The level energies agree within 100 keV, typically, with results from shell-model calculations. Relative intensities of M1 and E2 \ensuremath{\gamma} transitions from the ${h}_{9/2}$${f}_{7/2}$ and ${f}_{7/2}^{2}$ configurations are compared with calculated intensities. Published experimental single-proton transition matrix elements were used for the calculations, which were performed both for pure and for mixed states. The results indicate admixture amplitudes of only a few percent or less into the main components of the wave functions.
Hydrophobic bonding and micelle stability; the influence of ionic head groups

Abstract Our previous theory of nonionic micelles involved three contributions to the overall free energy: the external free energy of the micelle (i.e., translational and rotational free energy), the free energy due to solvent effects around the hydrocarbon tails, and the internal free energy arising from the “loose” nature of hydrophobic bonds. To extend the theory to ionic micelles it is necessary to introduce an electrostatic free energy and a free energy arising from the solvation of the charged heads. It is argued that the original Debye concept of ionic micelle stability, arising from a balance of the positive free energy due to electrostatic repulsion between the charged heads on the surface of the micelle and the negative free energy of bringing the hydrocarbon tails together, is the major explanation of a stable micelle of large size, thus making the formation of ionic micelles easier to explain than the corresponding nonionic ones. It is shown how the addition of a term, representing the repulsion of charged heads, alters our previous treatment of nonionic micelles and, by means of the graphical procedure of that paper, how charged heads shift the most probable micelle size to smaller values. The Nemethy-Scheraga theory of the stability of hydrophobic bonds predicts that the critical micelle concentration should have a minimum at about 60°C. when one considers only the nonpolar portions of a micelle. In ionic micelles this minimum is observed at about 25°C., from which we argue that there must be a negative enthalpy corresponding to a change in a solvation process around the charged head on entering a micelle.
Kemp's triacid at oil-water interfaces

Abstract Kemp's triacid is studied as an emulsion-stabilizing agent by taking advantage of its conformation with three carboxyl groups triaxially oriented. Its surface active nature is investigated through interfacial tension measurements and electrokinetic studies on emulsions, with and without the acid. A hexadecane-water system provides the basis for all studies, and the effects of the presence of Kemp's triacid are then highlighted. Appreciable adsorption of the triacid molecule on the oil-water interface, particularly at very low pH of about 3.40, is evident from this study. The surface activity deteriorates with increase in pH, due to the conformation change in the molecule. Hence, emulsions stabilized with Kemp's triacid at low pH may be destabilized by simply raising the pH, through desorption of the acid from the oil-water interface. In the course of these studies, some interesting aspects of pure oil-in-water emulsions are revealed, which are justified by correlating the various data for interfacial tension, electrokinetic measurements, the size distribution of emulsions, and the change in initial aqueous phase pH after emulsification. A unique feature of the Kemp's acid emulsions observed is floc formation, at all initial solution pH's higher than 6.50. These flocs appear as solid-like flakes upon mild shaking of the emulsions, which is in contrast to the usual instability of the pure oil-in-water emulsions by drop coalescence and creaming.
Single-wire RF transmission lines for implanted devices

We consider the use of insulated single wires as transmission lines to carry 100 MHz - 3 GHz radio frequency (RF) signals among devices implanted in biological tissue. In contrast to near-field magnetically coupled links, the use of transmission lines to carry RF signals results in higher efficiency for a given implant package size once the antenna is included, albeit with the disadvantage of tissue displacement along the path of the wire. We present a theory based on the work of Goubau and Rao that describes the transmission line loss of a single insulated wire in a lossy dielectric medium. We experimentally verify the characteristic impedance and insertion loss of transmission lines formed by thin wires insulated with Teflon fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). We consider media including 0.91% saline (a homogeneous tissue proxy), muscle tissue, and brain tissue, and present a launcher design based on a dielectric loaded coaxial sleeve. For example, in the saline proxy, a single FEP-insulated conductor of only 0.127 mm diameter presents a measured return loss of 10 dB in a 50Ω system, with a measured insertion loss of only 1 dB/cm at 1 GHz.
Impacting Key Performance Indicators in an Academic MR Imaging Department Through Process Improvement

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate all aspects of workflow in a large academic MRI department to determine whether process improvement (PI) efforts could improve key performance indicators (KPIs). Methods KPI metrics in the investigators' MR imaging department include daily inpatient backlogs, on-time performance for outpatient examinations, examination volumes, appointment backlogs for pediatric anesthesia cases, and scan duration relative to time allotted for an examination. Over a 3-week period in April 2011, key members of the MR imaging department (including technologists, nurses, schedulers, physicians, and administrators) tracked all aspects of patient flow through the department, from scheduling to examination interpretation. Data were analyzed by the group to determine where PI could improve KPIs. Changes to MRI workflow were subsequently implemented, and KPIs were compared before (January 1, 2011, to April 30, 2011) and after (August 1, 2011, to December 31, 2011) using Mann-Whitney and Fisher's exact tests. Results The data analysis done during this PI led to multiple changes in the daily workflow of the MR department. In addition, a new sense of teamwork and empowerment was established within the MR staff. All of the measured KPIs showed statistically significant changes after the reengineering project. Conclusions Intradepartmental PI efforts can significantly affect KPI metrics within an MR imaging department, making the process more patient centered. In addition, the process allowed significant growth without the need for additional equipment or personnel.
INCREASING SPELLING ACHIEVEMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF TREATMENT PROCEDURES UTILIZING AN ALTERNATING TREATMENTS DESIGN

Two studies which examine the effectiveness of spelling remediation procedures are reported. In both studies, an alternating treatment design was employed. In the first study, positive practice overcorrection plus positive reinforcement was compared to positive practice alone and a no-remediation control condition. In the second study, positive practice plus positive reinforcement was compared to a traditional corrective procedure plus positive reinforcement and a traditional procedure when used alone. Results of both studies indicated that the combined positive practice plus positive reinforcement procedure was more efficient and that it was preferred by the children. Following brief training under this combined procedure, all children demonstrated 100% spelling accuracy.
Use of electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of catatonia

While the mechanisms of catatonia remain poorly understood, there are known and effective treatments for it, namely high-dose benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). For more than 75 years, ECT has been successfully used for the treatment of severe psychiatric disorders, including catatonia. This special report describes ECT in patients with catatonia, its indications, treatment logistics, decision-making about when to use ECT instead of conservative treatment, special circumstances and adverse effects.
Rituximab for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas relapsing after or refractory to autologous stem cell transplantation.

PURPOSE: The median survival for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas relapsing after or refractory to high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation therapy is 6.2 months. In these cases, there is limited salvageability with the use of conventional therapy. The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate single-agent rituximab as treatment for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in these cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1997 and February 2000, we treated 17 patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas whose disease was refractory to, or relapsed after, autologous stem cell transplantation. Treatment consisted of rituximab, 375 mg/m2 as a single agent for four weekly doses. Thirteen patients had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and four patients had mantle cell lymphoma. The median time from autologous stem cell transplantation to relapse was 10 months (range, 2-40 months). The median number of prior therapies, including autologous stem cell transplantation, was three (range, 2-6). RESULTS: The overall response rate to rituximab was 53%, and there were four complete responses and five partial responses. Seven of 13 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (three complete responses, four partial responses) responded, and two of four patients with mantle cell lymphoma (one complete responses, one partial responses) responded. The median progression-free survival for all responders was 13 months (range, 6-18 months). Four responders (two complete responses, two partial responses) were re-treated with a second course of rituximab for disease recurrence and responded to further antibody therapy. Rituximab was well tolerated with no serious adverse events. DISCUSSION: Rituximab is effective and well-tolerated palliative treatment for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas that relapse after or is refractory to autologous stem cell transplantation.
Meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method for two-dimensional nonlinear water wave problems

In this paper, the meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method is extended to dealing with nonlinear water wave problems. The formulation is based on general fluid governing equations and a time marching procedure. At each time step, the boundary value problem for the pressure is solved using the MLPG method; and the velocity and position of nodes are updated by numerical integration. The newly-extended method is applied to simulating water waves generated by a wave maker and good agreement with analytical solutions and finite element results is presented.
A one octave, 20 w GaN chireix power amplifier

In this paper we present a wideband high power amplifier that achieves an output power of 20 W with a bandwidth greater than one octave in the L and S bands. Two 10 W Class AB PAs are implemented with GaN-HEMT devices and a low loaded Q matching network to achieve wideband performance. High PAE is achieved by combining outphased saturated power amplifiers in a broadband combiner. The impedance transforming Wilkinson combiner is designed to interface the system with a 50 ohm load. The L-S band (1.2 ~2.5 GHz) amplifier was simulated, fabricated and characterized. The fabricated HPA provides an average output power of 43dBm, an average gain of 15dB with an average PAE of >50%. The average efficiency for 7-dB back-off, typical of LTE waveforms was 33.1%.
Lesbian health care research: a review of the literature from 1970 to 1990.

The author critically examines the research about health care providers’ attitudes toward lesbians and the research about lesbians’ experiences in health care encounters. Results of the review suggest that caregivers hold prejudiced views of lesbians and are generally condemnatory and ignorant about their lesbian clients. Lesbians frequently interpret caregivers’ behaviors as hostile and rejecting and fear for their safety in health care interactions. Upon disclosure of their lesbian identity, many have been mistreated. Because of their negative experiences, they often delay seeking health care. Rather than conditions of respect and regard, lesbians report atmospheres of intimidation and humiliation, which encumber their interactions with health care providers. Tables outlining the study foci, samples, methods, and findings are provided. Ramifications of findings are discussed, implications for practice and policy are identified, and directions for future research about lesbian health care are suggested.
Environmental acquisition revisited

In 1996, Gil and Lorenz proposed programming language constructs for specifying environmental acquisition in addition to inheritance acquisition for objects. They noticed that in many programs, objects are arranged in containment hierarchies and need to obtain information from their container objects. Therefore, if languages allowed programmers to specify such relationships directly, type systems and run-time environments could enforce the invariants that make these programming patterns work.In this paper, we present a formal version of environmental acquisition for class-based languages. Specifically, we introduce an extension of the ClassicJava model with constructs for environmental acquisition of fields and methods, a type system for the model, a reduction semantics, and a type soundness proof. We also discuss how to scale the model to a full-scale Java-like programming language.
New graph model for channel assignment in ad hoc wireless networks

The channel assignment problem in ad hoc wireless networks is investigated. The problem is to assign channels to hosts in such a way that interference among hosts is eliminated and the total number of channels is minimised. Interference is caused by direct collisions from hosts that can hear each other or indirect collisions from hosts that cannot hear each other, but simultaneously transmit to the same destination. A new class of disk graphs (FDD: interFerence Double Disk graphs) is proposed that include both kinds of interference edges. Channel assignment in wireless networks is a vertex colouring problem in FDD graphs. It is shown that vertex colouring in FDD graphs is NP-complete and the chromatic number of an FDD graph is bounded by its clique number times a constant. A polynomial time approximation algorithm is presented for channel assignment and an upper bound 14 on its performance ratio is obtained. Results from a simulation study reveal that the new graph model can provide a more accurate estimation of the number of channels required for collision avoidance than previous models.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON PLANT SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION WITH BEAN YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS BY APHID TRANSMISSION.

Abstract Numbers of plants infected with bean yellow mosaic virus by aphid transmission decreased with increasing preinoculation temperature in the 15° to 33° range in some experiments. Preinoculation temperature had no effect in other experiments. The effect was related to differences in postinoculation environment other than temperature. A 2-day postinoculation exposure to 30° resulted in aboft twice as many infected plants as at 15–24° when plants were maintained at 15°, 24°, or 30°, for 2 days before inoculation.
Capacity, confidentiality and consequences: balancing responsible medical care with mental health law.

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is routinely cited as the reason physicians cannot share critical medical information about patients’ condition, even when doing so could save the life of the patient or others. However, this is only one of the many factors that interfere with appropriate communication among all of people trying to help patients remain safe and well. The result of these various factors for families of people with schizophrenia is a devastating lack of ability to care for people, some of whom, realistically lack the capacity to care for themselves. The heart of the matter is that people with schizophrenia retain their right to make decisions, even when their illness may result in behaviors that are based on false beliefs, false sensory experiences and a fundamental lack of insight. Clinicians who treat schizophrenia patients are all too familiar with the daily experience of watching a patient discontinue care due to lack of insight, coupled with persistence or exacerbation of symptoms. Under these circumstances, the patient becomes increasingly disorganized, disconnected from society and in many cases dangerous. Worse yet, this cyclic pattern of disengagement, followed by deterioration, leading to hospitalization and recovery is often highly predicable. Yet, even under these circumstances, it is practically impossible to reach out and take benevolent control of the individual's choices until they have already demonstrated a clear and present danger. The same would not be true for any other form of medically-induced disruption of brain function. Rather, a patient with encephalitis or brain malignancy that alters their capacity to make rational decisions would be cared for by surrogate decisions makers until such time that they could responsibly make their own choices. The three cases noted below illustrate how this dichotomy between so-called “organic” brain disorders and schizophrenia should be abolished. A more civilized and humane system would require that physicians, family members and governing bodies provide benevolent intervention to care for symptomatic schizophrenia patients long before they either harm themselves or someone else. Each of the cases is true, although demographic details have been sufficiently altered to protect the privacy of the patients and their families.
Reoperative Sentinel Lymph Node Surgery

The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy for staging of primary breast cancer is well established. However, in cases of previous surgery to the breast or axilla, the reliability of sentinel lymph node biopsy has not been well established. Reoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy potentially has the same benefits as sentinel lymph node biopsy done at the time of the primary diagnosis, including staging, identifying at-risk lymph nodes, and providing critical information for use in treatment decision making. This article reviews the literature regarding reoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy and makes recommendations for implementation of the technology in this setting.
Tonic sympathetic chemoreflex after blockade of respiratory rhythmogenesis in the rat.

1. We sought to determine whether the increase in sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) caused by carotid chemoreceptor stimulation requires the integrity of ventrolateral medullary structures involved in generating respiratory rhythm and pattern. Experiments were done in urethane-anaesthetized, vagotomized, aortic deafferented, ventilated rats except when indicated (see paragraph 3). 2. Brief hypoxia (N2 for 5-12 s) or I.V. NaCN (50-100 micrograms kg-1) activated SND in bursts synchronized with the phrenic nerve discharge (PND). No effect was produced in chemo-deafferented rats. 3. In unanaesthetized vagotomized decerebrated rats, ligation of the internal carotid arteries preserved peripheral chemoreceptor function but abolished baroreflexes. In this preparation, stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors (N2 for 2-6 s) also activated SND in bursts synchronized with PND. 4. Bilateral microinjection of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol into the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) instantly blocked the sympathetic baroreflex, eliminated PND at rest and during chemoreceptor stimulation but did not change the mean increase in SND produced by chemoreceptor stimulation. Sympathoactivation in response to chemoreceptor stimulation became tonic after 1-13 min and was still totally dependent on the integrity of the carotid sinus nerves. 5. Muscimol injection instantly eliminated the respiratory outflow of the Xth and XIIth cranial nerves, both at rest and during chemoreceptor stimulation. 6. Muscimol eliminated the on-off respiratory pattern of neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). During chemoreceptor stimulation, these cells became activated or inhibited tonically. 7. Muscimol injection raised the resting discharge rate of vasomotor presympathetic cells in RVLM, blocked their baroreceptor inputs but did not change the magnitude of their excitation by chemoreceptor stimulation. Muscimol injection eliminated their respiratory modulation. 8. In conclusion, the sympathetic response to chemoreceptor stimulation may be due to convergence and integration in RVLM of two processes: respiration-independent excitatory input to RVLM neurons and respiratory patterning of their activities via inputs from the pre-Botzinger complex.
Coulometric Titration of Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) with Spectrophotometric Endpoint Detection: An Experiment for the Instrumental Analysis Laboratory.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) is commonly used as an anticoagulant in blood-collection procedures. In this experiment for the instrumental analysis laboratory, students determine the quantity of EDTA in commercial collection tubes by coulometric titration with electrolytically generated Cu2+. The endpoint is detected spectrophotometrically using a UV−vis spectrophotometer equipped with a fiber optic probe. Students gain experience with two instrumental methods and learn about a practical application of complexation chemistry.
Federal Categorical Grants and the Stimulation of State-Local Expenditures

Many outstanding students of intergovernmental relations have argued that categorical aid does not distort the influence relationships that define the American federal system. Specifically, they claim that federal categorical grants do not lead to the stimulation of excess spending by the states and localities as a corollary of increased federal influence and clientele pressure. Other students have argued just the opposite.'
The Long-Run Effects of a Residential Property Tax and Local Public Services

Abstract The long-run effects of a residential property tax and local public services are analyzed in the context of an urban spatial model. An endogenous labor market allows the local wage rate to adjust, in conjunction with residential and business land prices, in response to local fiscal changes.
The uptake of metal ions and organic components by co-polyoxamides

Abstract The interaction of metal ions and of certain organic components in aqueous solution with water-insoluble co-polyoxamides was examined. Studies were performed with one-plate batch equilibrations and percentage uptake was determined spectrometrically. The metal ions investigated were Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Cr(III), Ag(I), Ca(II), and Li(I). Studies performed included variations of metal ion concentrations, pH, temperature, ionic strength, competitive uptake with other metal ions, degree of aromatic content of the resin, time, surface area, physical form of resin (whether particle or film), and comparison studies on uptake by sand particles. The results indicate the discovery of a resin whose mechanism of uptake can be converted from complexation at slightly acidic pH values to ion exchange at high base strengths or vice versa. Investigations into the uptake of aromatic acids and bases by co-polyoxamides have shown that percentage uptake is increased as the aromatic content of either the polymer or of the low-molecular-weight organic compounds is increased.
A QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF OTT AND MEDER'S PREDICTION ERROR FILTER*

Ott and Meder's prediction error filter can be rederived so that it correctly handles input noise vectors which are of smaller dimension than the state vector. The poor performance obtained by Ott and Meder for their example can be explained by means of the error covariance matrix for the prediction error filter.
Federal programs for wetland restoration and use of wetlands for nonpoint source pollution control

Abstract A review of federal wetlands programs in the United States shows that a number of agencies have significant wetland restoration and creation efforts. Water quality improvement is not the main objective of most of these programs, and areas with high nonpoint source (NPS) pollution may actually be avoided in order to protect wetland values such as habitat. However, ancillary water quality benefits are provided by many created and restored wetlands, and agencies such as the US Department of Agriculture are actively evaluating the use of created and restored wetlands as components of NPS control strategies.
tRNA synthetase paralogs: Evolutionary links in the transition from tRNA-dependent amino acid biosynthesis to de novo biosynthesis

Amino acids enter into protein synthesis by virtue of their attachment to transfer RNAs. The fidelity of translation results from the summed accuracy of three distinct processes: the esterification of amino acids to their cognate tRNAs by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) (1); the binding selectivity for cognate AA-tRNA pairs by elongation factor (2); and the tRNA:mRNA decoding process mediated by the small subunit of the ribosome (3). Collectively, these processes ensure that the error frequency does not exceed, on average, ≈0.03%, and that the overall rate of protein synthesis is not unduly compromised. Although the components of the translational apparatus are highly conserved, the biosynthetic machinery responsible for producing the amino acid precursors to proteins is tremendously diverse, and the capability to produce all 20 canonical standard amino acids is not universal. This apparent contradiction presents a significant challenge to untangling the connection between amino acid and protein biosynthesis, but clarity is gradually beginning to emerge. In this issue of PNAS, Roy et al. (4) provide evidence that asparagine synthetase A (AsnA) emerged from a functional aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, and thus establish the evolutionary origin of one of the two enzymes responsible for the direct biosynthesis of the amino acid asparagine. This observation forges a new, significant link between aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis and amino acid biosynthesis. For at least some of the 20 standard amino acids, indirect pathways for amino acid biosynthesis (i.e., those occurring on the tRNA) preceded direct pathways, in which de novo biosynthesis occurs before the formation of the aminoacyl-tRNA linkage. In his original formulation of the Adaptor hypothesis, Crick (5) proposed a separate activating enzyme (aaRS) for each amino acid. The relationship is now known to be quite a bit more complex, precisely because aminoacyl-tRNA can serve as a substrate for additional transformations of the amino acid (6). The …