cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-molecule measurements calibrate green fluorescent protein surface densities on transparent beads for use with 'knock-in' animals and other expression systems.

Quantitative aspects of synaptic transmission can be studied by inserting green fluorescent protein (GFP) moieties into the genes encoding membrane proteins. To provide calibrations for measurements on synapses expressing such proteins, we developed methods to quantify histidine-tagged GFP molecules (His6-GFP) bound to Ni-NTA moieties on transparent beads (80‐120 mm diameter) over a density range comprising nearly four orders of magnitude (to 30 000 GFP:mm 2 ). The procedures employ commonly available Hg lamps, fluorescent microscopes, and CCD cameras. Two independent routes are employed: (1) single-molecule fluorescence measurements are made at the lowest GFP densities, providing an absolute calibration for macroscopic signals at higher GFP densities; (2) known numbers of His6-GFP molecules are coupled quantitatively to the beads. Each of the two independent routes provides linear data over the measured density range, and the two independent methods agree with root mean square (rms) deviation of 11‐21% over this range. These satisfactory results are obtained on two separate microscope systems. The data can be corrected for bleaching rates, which are linear with light intensity and become appreciable at intensities\ 1W :cm 2 . If a suitable GFP-tagged protein can be chosen and incorporated into a ‘knock-in’ animal, the density of the protein can be measured with an absolute accuracy on the order of 20%. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Modeling context in haptic perception, rendering, and visualization

Haptic perception refers to the ability of human beings to perceive spatial properties through touch-based sensations. In haptics, contextual clues about material,shape, size, texture, and weight configurations of an object are perceived by individuals leading to recognition of the object and its spatial features. In this paper, we present strategies and algorithms to model context in haptic applications that allow users to haptically explore objects in virtual reality/augmented reality environments. Initial results show significant improvement in accuracy and efficiency of haptic perception in augmented reality environments when compared to conventional approaches that do not model context in haptic rendering.
The Greater Plains Collaborative: a PCORnet Clinical Research Data Network.

The Greater Plains Collaborative (GPC) is composed of 10 leading medical centers repurposing the research programs and informatics infrastructures developed through Clinical and Translational Science Award initiatives. Partners are the University of Kansas Medical Center, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Iowa Healthcare, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the Medical College of Wisconsin and Marshfield Clinic, the University of Minnesota Academic Health Center, the University of Nebraska Medical Center, the University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. The GPC network brings together a diverse population of 10 million people across 1300 miles covering seven states with a combined area of 679 159 square miles. Using input from community members, breast cancer was selected as a focus for cohort building activities. In addition to a high-prevalence disorder, we also selected a rare disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Pharmacogenetic tests in asthma therapy.

β 2 -Agonist medications, such as albuterol and salmeterol, are widely used to treat asthma. However, there are a significant number of poor responders. Poor response may present as decreased lung function, and in extreme cases (a small percentage), patients who have asthma are at increased risk for mortality. A common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the β 2 -adrenergic receptor gene ( ADRB2 ) results in an arginine substitution for glycine at amino acid 16 (Arg16→Gly) of the β 2 -adrenergic receptor protein. Although this SNP has been associated with increased responsiveness at therapy initiation, it has also been associated with decreased lung function and increased asthma exacerbations with long-term use of β 2 -agonists with or without corticosteroids in Caucasians. This pharmacogenetic relationship is less well studied in other ethnic groups. Experts have proposed that regular use of albuterol or salmeterol may be inappropriate for Caucasian asthmatics who have the homozygous ADRB2 Arg16 genotype.
Murine nitrofen-induced pulmonary hypoplasia does not involve induction of TGF-β signaling

Abstract Background/Purpose: In the murine nitrofen-induced model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), the lungs are primarily hypoplastic and immature even before diaphragmatic closure. Because excess transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling induces pulmonary hypoplasia, the authors hypothesized that primary hypoplasia after nitrofen exposure may be caused by abberant signaling by the TGF-β pathway. Therefore, abrogation of TGF-β signaling might rescue the hypoplasia. Methods: The authors performed intratracheal microinjections of a recombinant adenoviral vector encoding a dominant-negative TGF-β type II receptor (AdIIR-DN) in nitrofen-exposed and control E12 mouse lungs, which then were cultured for 4 days in serumless chemically defined media. The mRNA expression of Smad2, 3, 4, and 7 in nitrofen-exposed and control E12 lungs after 4 days in culture were compared. Results: ADIIR-DN increased terminal branching in control lungs by 28% compared with lungs injected with control virus (61.8 ± 4.6 v. 48.4 ± 4.7, P =.004). However, there was no difference between nitrofen-exposed lungs injected with ADIIR-DN and those injected with control virus. Compared with control lungs, Smad mRNA expression was decreased markedly in nitrofen-exposed lungs: Smad2 (40%, P =.16), Smad3 (29%, P =.02), Smad4 (25%, P =.07), and Smad7 (36%, P =.04). Conclusions: Because abrogation of TGF-β signaling does not rescue the hypoplasia seen in the nitrofen model, and Smad expression is decreased in nitrofen-exposed lungs, the TGF-β pathway does not appear to play a role in nitrofen-induced pulmonary hypoplasia. J Pediatr Surg 37:1123-1127. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Therapy Options in Imatinib Failures

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is defined by the presence of the constitutively active tyrosine kinase breakpoint cluster region/Abelson (Bcr-Abl), which activates numerous signal transduction pathways leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. The development of the Bcr-Abl-targeted imatinib represents a paradigm shift in the treatment of CML, because treatment with imatinib resulted in significantly better patient outcome, response rates, and overall survival compared with previous standards. Despite this advance, not all patients benefit from imatinib because of resistance and intolerance. Resistance to imatinib can develop from a number of mechanisms that can be defined as Bcr-Abl-dependent (e.g., most commonly resulting from point mutations in the Abl kinase domain) and Bcr-Abl-independent mechanisms (including the constitutive activation of downstream signaling molecules, e.g., Src family kinases), which could result in the activation of the pathway regardless of Bcr-Abl inhibition. Clearly, new treatment approaches are required for patients resistant to or intolerant of imatinib, which can be dose escalated in patients who demonstrate resistance. This does not result in long-term responses. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is limited by the availability of matched donors and the potential for morbidity. Dasatinib, a dual Bcr-Abl/Src kinase inhibitor, has shown efficacy against all imatinib-resistant Bcr-Abl mutations except for T315I. A large trial program showed that dasatinib is effective in patients previously exposed to imatinib and has a manageable safety profile in all phases of CML and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia, resulting in its approval. Nilotinib, an analogue of imatinib, also has demonstrated activity in a similar patient population. These agents and less clinically advanced strategies are discussed in this review.
Disease-mediated inbreeding depression in a large, open population of cooperative crows.

Disease-mediated inbreeding depression is a potential cost of living in groups with kin, but its general magnitude in wild populations is unclear. We examined the relationships between inbreeding, survival and disease for 312 offspring, produced by 35 parental pairs, in a large, open population of cooperatively breeding American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos). Genetic analyses of parentage, parental relatedness coefficients and pedigree information suggested that 23 per cent of parental dyads were first- or second- order kin. Heterozygosity-heterozygosity correlations suggested that a microsatellite-based index of individual heterozygosity predicted individual genome-wide heterozygosity in this population. After excluding birds that died traumatically, survival probability was lower for relatively inbred birds during the 2-50 months after banding: the hazard rate for the most inbred birds was 170 per cent higher than that for the least inbred birds across the range of inbreeding index values. Birds that died with disease symptoms had higher inbreeding indices than birds with other fates. Our results suggest that avoidance of close inbreeding and the absence of inbreeding depression in large, open populations should not be assumed in taxa with kin-based social systems, and that microsatellite-based indices of individual heterozygosity can be an appropriate tool for examining the inbreeding depression in populations where incest and close inbreeding occur.
Work hours reform: perceptions and desires of contemporary surgical residents

Abstract Background New Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requirements on resident duty hours are scheduled to undergo nationwide implementation in July 2003. General surgery residents, because of their long duty hours, are likely to be among those most affected by changes imposed to comply with the ACGME requirements. There are few contemporary data on their attitudes toward work hours reform. Study design The study entailed a region-wide survey of residents enrolled in general surgery residencies in New England to characterize the perceptions and desires of surgical residents on the issue of work hours reform. Results Respondents reported working a mean of 105 ± 0.7 hours per week, considerably more than the 80-hour limit stipulated by the ACGME. Of the respondents, 81% reported that sleep deprivation had negatively affected their work. A strong majority of respondents believe that work hours reform would improve their quality of life but less than one half expect it to have a positive impact on patient care. A greater percentage of senior residents than junior residents (p Conclusions Changes imposed by residency programs to comply with work hour requirements might have detrimental effects on senior residents and patient care. The impact of such changes should be carefully monitored as the ACGME requirements are implemented.
NUCLEAR-ELECTROMAGNETIC CASCADES IN GLASS, IRON, AND TUNGSTEN ABSORBERS.

Nuclear-electromagnetic cascades longitudinal development in glass, Fe and W absorbers, presenting Monte Carlo simulation
Separating the early universe from the late universe: Cosmological parameter estimation beyond the black box

We present a method for measuring the cosmic matter budget without assumptions about speculative early Universe physics, and for measuring the primordial power spectrum ${P}_{*}(k)$ nonparametrically, either by combining CMB and LSS information or by using CMB polarization. Our method complements currently fashionable ``black box'' cosmological parameter analysis, constraining cosmological models in a more physically intuitive fashion by mapping measurements of CMB, weak lensing and cluster abundance into k space, where they can be directly compared with each other and with galaxy and $\mathrm{Ly}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ forest clustering. Including the new CBI results, we find that CMB measurements of $P(k)$ overlap with those from 2dF galaxy clustering by over an order of magnitude in scale, and even overlap with weak lensing measurements. We describe how our approach can be used to raise the ambition level beyond cosmological parameter fitting as data improves, testing rather than assuming the underlying physics.
8: Implications of Educational Evaluation for Evaluation Policy:

The aim of this paper is to review certain policy implications of evaluative research. Our special interest lies in evaluation policy, rather than in the broad category of educational policy, which may be educed from research results. Of the several reasons for the choice of topic, not the least is a simple, perhaps morbid curiosity about what can be said about evaluation policy, taking account of recent large-scale efforts to estimate the effects of educational programs. A second reason is rather more pragmatic. Policy does affect the quality of evaluative research (at least at times), and the United States lacks a coherent evaluation policy in education as it lacks such policy in health services and other areas. We do not pretend that this paper provides coherent policy. However, we do believe the matters covered here are a legitimate part of any durable evaluation policy. Part I of the paper deals with the recent history of evaluation including the instability of national interest in evidence, unfounded discouragement, and catholicity. Part 2 focuses on design of evaluations, especially its influence on the quality of information that is generated about an educational program. The implementation of new pilot programs and the independent execution of evaluation design are discussed in Part 3; policy implications of collective experience in analyzing results are discussed in Part 4. Part 5 deals with the availability of
AISO: Annotation of Image Segments with Ontologies

Background Large quantities of digital images are now generated for biological collections, including those developed in projects premised on the high-throughput screening of genome-phenome experiments. These images often carry annotations on taxonomy and observable features, such as anatomical structures and phenotype variations often recorded in response to the environmental factors under which the organisms were sampled. At present, most of these annotations are described in free text, may involve limited use of non-standard vocabularies, and rarely specify precise coordinates of features on the image plane such that a computer vision algorithm could identify, extract and annotate them. Therefore, researchers and curators need a tool that can identify and demarcate features in an image plane and allow their annotation with semantically contextual ontology terms. Such a tool would generate data useful for inter and intra-specific comparison and encourage the integration of curation standards. In the future, quality annotated image segments may provide training data sets for developing machine learning applications for automated image annotation.
Crystal structure of S-glutathiolated carbonic anhydrase III

S-Glutathiolation of carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) occurs rapidly in hepatocytes under oxidative stress. The crystal structure of the S-glutathiolated CAIII from rat liver reveals covalent adducts on cysteines 183 and 188. Electrostatic charge and steric contacts at each modification site inversely correlate with the relative rates of reactivity of these cysteines toward glutathione (GSH). Diffuse electron density associated with the GSH adducts suggests a lack of preferred bonding interactions between CAIII and the glutathionyl moieties. Hence, the GSH adducts are available for binding by a protein capable of reducing this mixed disulfide. These properties are consistent with the participation of CAIII in the protection/recovery from the damaging effects of oxidative agents.
Experimental characterization of electrical properties of carbon nanotube networks using planar transmission lines

This paper explores building planar transmission lines using carbon nanotube (CNT) networks. Transmission lines with carbon nanotube networks replacing the conventional metallic traces are presented. The experimental realization and the repeated two-port microwave measurements of the proposed transmission lines enable accurate extractions of the fundamental parameters showing percolation effects in CNT networks. The frequency-dependent phase velocity characteristics show a dramatic reduction compared to the speed of light in vacuum. The large magnitude of extracted complex permittivity for CNT networks also exhibits its percolation performance. The effects of CNTs' bulk density on measured and calculated parameters is explained.
Exposure devices for electrophotographic print engines

Summary form only given. Over the last fifteen years, the number of laser printers has exploded into the millions. Demand has been spurred by increased performance and near-typeset print quality at ever decreasing cost. The heart of a laser printer is the polygonal laser scanner that exposes the image to be printed on a photoconductor. Other exposure devices, such as LED light bars, electroluminescent emitters, or moving micromirror arrays, may also be used. The resolution of the exposure devices used in desktop laser printers has evolved from 300 DPI (dots per inch) to 600 DPI and 1200 DPI.
Photoproduction of charged pions in deuterium

An experimental analysis of the process is presented. Theσ(−)/σ(+) ratio has been measured in the photon energy interval (170÷230) MeV and Lab. angles 45°, 75°, 105°, 150°. The results are interpreted on the base of the impulse approximation with the aim of getting information on the processhv+n →π −+p.
HABP2 G534E Variant in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

The main nonmedullary form of thyroid cancer is papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) that accounts for 80–90% of all thyroid malignancies. Only 3–10% of PTC patients have a positive family history of PTC yet the familiality is one of the highest of all cancers as measured by case control studies. A handful of genes have been implicated accounting for a small fraction of this genetic predisposition. It was therefore of considerable interest that a mutation in the HABP2 gene was recently implicated in familial PTC. The present work was undertaken to examine the extent of HABP2 variant involvement in PTC. The HABP2 G534E variant (rs7080536) was genotyped in blood DNA from 179 PTC families (one affected individual per family), 1160 sporadic PTC cases and 1395 controls. RNA expression of HABP2 was tested by qPCR in RNA extracted from tumor and normal thyroid tissue from individuals that are homozygous wild-type or heterozygous for the variant. The variant was found to be present in 6.1% familial cases, 8.0% sporadic cases (2 individuals were homozygous for the variant) and 8.7% controls. The variant did not segregate with PTC in one large and 6 smaller families in which it occurred. In keeping with data from the literature and databases the expression of HABP2 was highest in the liver, much lower in 3 other tested tissues (breast, kidney, brain) but not found in thyroid. Given these results showing lack of any involvement we suggest that the putative role of variant HABP2 in PTC should be carefully scrutinized.
The Battle of the Asian Transshipment Hubs: Psa Vs Ptp (C)

Competition had arrived in the Southeast Asia ports industry and was not going to disappear. Group Chairman Dr. Yeo Ning Hong and his executive team had set the ambitious goal for the state-owned Port of Singapore Authority (PSA) upon its incorporation in 1997 to earn status as the "Worlds Port of Call." PSA operated the Port of Singapore, which was the dominant transshipment hub in Southeast Asia. The Port of Singapore had long been among the worlds busiest ports and was a model of efficiency and operational excellence within the industry. But the events of the first few years of the millennium proved a challenge to PSAs competitive mettle. By the end of 2001, PSA had lost two key customers to an emergent competitor, the upstart Port of Tanjung Pelepas (PTP) in neighboring Malaysia. In 2002, Chinese shipper COSCO Pacific was considering a shift to PTP. And by 2003, for the first time in 20 years, PSA laid off staff, and both PSA and government officials were in overdrive trying to explain the reasons behind the layoffs. This three-case series explores competitive strategies in a mature industry within the context of Asia Pacific.
A semi-automated evaluation metric for dialogue model coherence

We propose a new metric, Voted Appropriateness, which can be used to automatically evaluate dialogue policy decisions, once some wizard data has been collected. We show that this metric outperforms a previously proposed metric Weak agreement. We also present a taxonomy for dialogue model evaluation schemas, and orient our new metric within this taxonomy.
A young woman with altered mental status.

Dr. Shan Liu: Today’s case is that of a 45-year-old woman who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with a change in mental status. The patient’s employer became concerned when the patient did not arrive for work and was not answering the telephone at her house. The employer called the police, who arrived at the patient’s home, found the patient with slurred speech, and subsequently witnessed a grand mal seizure. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) was called; paramedics arrived and administered 3 mg of naloxone IV, checked a finger stick glucose, which was 40 mg/dL, and subsequently administered 1 ampule of D50 IV. The patient reportedly had minimal improvement in mental status after the administration of glucose. During transport to the hospital, the patient became increasingly agitated. Because of the alteration in mental status, the patient was unable to provide any additional information regarding her past medical history, medications, allergies, family, or social history. Dr. Eric Nadel: Are there any questions regarding the initial presentation? Dr. Hilary Cranmer: Were there any family members or contacts available to provide further information? Dr. Liu: Upon initial presentation to the ED, no other information was available, and no contacts were found. After our initial assessment, the patient’s employer arrived at the hospital and reported that the patient was otherwise healthy as far as he knew, except that she had complained of vague abdominal pain on the day before presentation. The employer also reported that there was a restraining order against a former boyfriend, and that this person may have been the last to see her. Dr. Laura Bontempo: When had the patient been seen before presentation? It would be helpful to know if this was a sudden event or one with gradual onset. Initial assessment should certainly focus on traumatic causes of injury, especially in light of the social history, infectious causes such as sepsis or meningitis, intracranial hemorrhage, or toxicologic causes. Dr. Liu: According to the employer, the patient had not been seen in a number of days, and therefore, no information regarding onset of symptoms was available. Dr. Eric Legome: Although the above information will be helpful in discussing the differential diagnosis of the patient, I am more concerned initially about assessment of the patient’s airway and hemodynamic status. Please tell us how these were handled. Dr. Liu: Initial vital signs revealed: blood pressure 200/110 mm Hg, temperature was 35.5°C (96°F), pulse 125 beats per minute, respiratory rate 18 breaths per minute, and oxygen saturation 100% on oxygen delivered by facemask. After an additional ampule of D50 was administered, the patient remained somnolent with pooled secretions in the mouth. We intubated the patient without difficulty using lidocaine, etomidate, and succinylcholine.
Raman Scattering in α-Sn

The inelastic scattering of light in the presence of a magnetic field in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Sn is discussed. Both interband and intraband Landau-level electronic transitions are considered. Calculated values of the scattering cross section and of the Raman shift for several electronic transitions indicate that observations of these scatterings should be highly feasible.
A Dual-Cure, Solid-State Photoresist Combining a Thermoreversible Diels–Alder Network and a Chain Growth Acrylate Network

A Diels–Alder (DA) network containing dissolved multiacrylate monomers is demonstrated as a novel two-stage reactive polymer network, with a potential application in self-supporting stereolithography. Initially, a thermoreversible Diels–Alder “scaffold” network is formed, containing unreacted acrylate monomers and photoinitiator. During photopatterning with light at 15 mW/cm2 from a 365 nm source for 16 s of exposure at either ambient temperature or 70 °C, both acrylates and unreacted maleimides polymerize to form a permanent, covalently cross-linked network structure that simultaneously maintains the thermoreversible characteristics afforded by the underlying DA network. Light exposure of a DA network containing between 25 and 50 wt % acrylate monomer resulted in a sharp increase in cross-link density and a 60 °C jump in glass transition temperature of the material. As a result of the temperature-dependent DA equilibrium, the temperature of the film during light exposure has dramatic effects on the resul...
Multiscale active layer morphologies for organic photovoltaics through self-assembly of nanospheres.

We address here the need for a general strategy to control molecular assembly over multiple length scales. Efficient organic photovoltaics require an active layer comprised of a mesoscale interconnected networks of nanoscale aggregates of semiconductors. We demonstrate a method, using principles of molecular self-assembly and geometric packing, for controlled assembly of semiconductors at the nanoscale and mesoscale. Nanoparticles of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) or [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) were fabricated with targeted sizes. Nanoparticles containing a blend of both P3HT and PCBM were also fabricated. The active layer morphology was tuned by the changing particle composition, particle radii, and the ratios of P3HT:PCBM particles. Photovoltaic devices were fabricated from these aqueous nanoparticle dispersions with comparable device performance to typical bulk-heterojunction devices. Our strategy opens a revolutionary pathway to study and tune the active layer morphology systemati...
WET VERSUS DRY DIETS FOR WEANED PIGS

Summary Wet feeding and dry feeding of a starter diet for weaned pigs were compared at three stations Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VPI), Clemson University (CLEM) and the University of Arkansas (ARK). Ninehundred and thirty-six pigs (average weight 7.8 kg) were used in all. A commercial liquid self-feeder provided the wet diet in an approximate diet to water ratio of 1:2. Self-feeders were used to provide the diet in a dry form. Daily gain and daily feed did not differ (P>.10) between pigs fed by the wet method and those fed by the dry method. Feed to gain ratio favored pigs fed the diet in a dry form. A significant station x treatment interaction for daily gain was observed. At VPI, gain favored dry-fed pigs, while at ARK it favored wetfed pigs; there was no difference in gain between dry- and wet-fed pigs at CLEM. Improved daily gains reflected greater daily feed intakes. These results suggest that there is no major difference in the performance of pigs fed wet and dry diets; thus, the decision to use a liquid or wet feed should be based solely on the merits of the feeding system.
Reading and Understanding a Source Credit in the United States Code

This article discusses how to read and understand the source credit for a statutory section in the United States Code.
Sphingosine 1‐phosphate: a prototype of a new class of second messengers

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (SPP) is an important sphingolipid-derived second messenger in mammalian cells that acts to promote proliferation and to inhibit apoptosis. Various growth factors increase the intracellular concentration of SPP by activating sphingosine kinase, the molecular cloning of which has revealed that it defines a new type of lipid kinase. Cell fate is influenced by the balance between the intracellular concentration of SPP and that of ceramide, a pro-apoptotic sphingolipid metabolite. The observation that a similar "rheostat" is a determinant of cell survival in yeast cells exposed to heat shock indicates that it is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of stress regulation. SPP also acts extracellularly to inhibit cell motility and to influence cell morphology, effects that appear to be mediated by the G protein-coupled receptor EDG1. These observations indicate that SPP is the prototype of a new class of lipid mediators that exert both intracellular and extracellular actions.
The Changing Face of Espionage: Modern Times Call for Amending the Espionage Act

II. THE ESPIONAGE ACT 516 A. A Brief History of the Espionage Act 516 B. The Core Sections of the Espionage Act 518 1. Section 793 518 2. Section 794 520
Rotator cuff tear state modulates self-renewal and differentiation capacity of human skeletal muscle progenitor cells

Full thickness rotator cuff tendon (RCT) tears have long-term effects on RC muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration, with lasting damage even after surgical tendon repair. Skeletal muscle progenitor cells (SMPs) are critical for muscle repair in response to injury, but the inability of RC muscles to recover from chronic RCT tear indicates possible deficits in repair mechanisms. Here we investigated if muscle injury state was a crucial factor during human SMP expansion and differentiation ex vivo. SMPs were isolated from muscles in patients with no, partial-thickness (PT), or full-thickness (FT) RCT tears. Despite using growth factors, physiological niche stiffness, and muscle-mimetic extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, we found that SMPs isolated from human RC muscle with RCT tears proliferated slower but fused into myosin heavy chain (MHC)-positive myotubes at higher rates than SMPs from untorn RCTs. Proteomic analysis of RC muscle tissue revealed shifts in muscle composition with pathology, as muscle from massive RCT tears had increased ECM deposition compared with no tear RC muscle. Together these data imply that the remodeled niche in a torn RCT primes SMPs not for expansion but for differentiation, thus limiting longer-term self-renewal necessary for regeneration after surgical repair. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1816-1823, 2017.
The research of an intelligent braking control system

Applies the self-optimizing control to the control strategy of anti-lock braking system (ABS) and adds the braking pressure feedback to the system. The slipping rate change is thus controlled by way of controlling wheel speed and the double circuit of braking pressure. Simulation results prove that the approach to control is not only simple in algorithm but also able to recognize automatically the road surface change so as to provide the most suitable braking torque that serves the function intellectual braking. The shortcomings of conventional of logical thresholds, which were not based on systematic theories but on empirical trial and could not readjust quickly to respond to the change in road surface, are therefore overcome. The self-optimizing control is importance to improving the braking of various cars to ensure their driving safety
Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) and Related Technologies

The Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) is an experimental programme of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and was the first space-based mission devoted to the measurement of ocean color and temperature. As its name implies, the mission was designed to collect data over the world’s coastlines, as these waters are a significant source of planktonic plants that are crucial to the total ocean food chain. Since its launch in 1978, numerous results have verified that the experimental goals were achieved, and the stage has now been set to initiate global oceanic observations that can build upon the findings and insights gained from the CZCS mission. This chapter briefly reviews the CZCS programme and offers the participants at this meeting some suggestions on how they can improve upon the benefits they might receive in their respective countries as a result of research programmes like CZCS.
Special Report: 1989 Tax Act Compounds Confusion over Tax Status of Personal Injury Damages

The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 narrowed the scope of the Internal Revenue Code section 104(a)(2) — personal injury damages from the recipient's gross income. The Act eliminated the exclusion for punitive damages in connection with a case not involving physical injury or sickness. Moreover, the amendment created a negative presumption that punitive damages received on account of physical injuries are excludable. The amendment compounded the problem of the allocation of recoveries between punitive and compensatory damages in cases involving nonphysical injuries, such as employment discrimination cases (which suffer from the additional complication that an award restoring back pay is taxable as wages). Congress should resolve these ambiguities by either taxing all punitive damages or limiting the exclusion to damages received on account of physical injuries.
Safety and tolerability of topiramate in children.

Three double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies of topiramate that include children have been published and prospective but unblinded and retrospective reviews have been reported providi...
Keynote Mo-K: Graphene for next generation silicon photonics

We show that graphene can be provide electro-optic properties to traditionally passive optical materials and enable efficient integrated active nanophotonic devices. We show devices with GHz absorption modulation based on ring resonators. We also report the first experimental demonstration of a graphene electro-refractive modulator with V π L of 0.14 V cm, and minimal absorption modulation based on graphene capacitor integrated on Si3N 4 with embedded high-K and high breakdown dielectric.
Tactical Urbanism for Librarians: Quick, Low-Cost Ways to Make Big Changes

Secretive, hit and run, guerrilla warfare are words that come to mind when the reviewer saw this title. Libraries are unlikely places for these activities, but the author is using the planning tech...
Coaching to create a smoke-free home in a brief secondhand smoke intervention.

Few community interventions exist to reduce secondhand exposure to tobacco smoke in the home. This study presents the coaching process of a larger intervention to promote smoke-free homes across an efficacy and 2 effectiveness trials. It furthers assesses the coaching call’s reach and participants’ satisfaction with the call across three intervention sites. The sources of the data were from baseline and 3-month follow-up surveys, coaching forms or online tracking system and interviews with coaches. Reach for the coaching call across trials was fairly high from 72% to 92%. Overall, the majority of participants were highly satisfied with the intervention (M = 3.76) and found it useful in creating a smoke-free home (M = 3.63). Common goals set were changing the environment to support a home smoking ban (e.g. putting up signs, removing ashtrays) (82%) or picking a date (60%). Challenges to a smoke-free home were consistent with other literature on barriers related to household smoking restrictions, including need for assistance in quitting, outside weather and smokers who do not want to quit. Additional research is needed to explore differential reach and reactions to the coaching call as it is disseminated and the impact of coaching call on the outcome of a smoke-free home.
Elementary equivalence versus isomorphism, II

In this note we give sentences φK in the language of fields which describe the isomorphy type of K among finitely generated fields, provided the Kronecker dimension of K is ≤ 2, or equivaelntly, K is the function field of a curve over a global field, thus extending the corresponding results by Rumely concerning global fields. This closes the gap from Scanlon’s [Sc] approach to proving what he calls Pop’s Conjecture for K as above.
Hepatitis B Virus Transgenic Mice: Models of Viral Immunobiology and Pathogenesis

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a noncytopathic, enveloped virus with a circular, double-stranded DNA genome that causes acute and chronic necroinflammatory liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (reviewed in CHISARI and FERRARI 1994). HBV infection acquired in adult life is often clinically inapparent and the vast majority of acutely infected adults recover completely from the disease and clear the virus. Rarely, however, the acute liver disease may be so severe that the patient can die from fulminant hepatitis. Approximately 5%–10% of acutely infected adults become persistently infected by the virus and develop chronic liver disease of varying severity. Neonatally transmitted HBV infection, however, is rarely cleared, and over 90% of such children become chronically infected. Because HBV is commonly spread from infected mother to newborn infant in highly populated areas of Africa and Asia, several hundred million people throughout the world are persistently infected by HBV for most of their lives and suffer varying degrees of chronic liver disease which greatly increases their risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Indeed, the risk of HCC is increased 100-fold in patients with chronic hepatitis, and the lifetime risk of HCC in males infected at birth approaches 40% (BEASLEY ET AL. 1981). Accordingly, a large fraction of the world’s population suffers and dies from these late complications of HBV infection.
The History of Supplementary Schooling

Chapter 3 provides historical context pertaining specifically to supplementary schooling in the UK. This chapter charts the inception and rise of supplementary schools and the corresponding policy movements within mainstream education, focusing mainly on the period from the 1960s to the1980s. The 1960s in particular has great significance in terms of schooling and race relations as it was during this time period that educational policy began to mirror the state’s problematic construction of immigrants from the commonwealth (Grosvenor 1997). The chapter will contextualise the supplementary schooling movement against the backdrop of mainstream policy and practice, looking closely at the circulating agendas within mainstream education that served in limiting opportunities for ethnic minority groups and thereby impelling the rise of supplementary schooling.
Baggett’s Problem for Frame Wavelets

Baggett’s problem asks whether every Parseval wavelet ψ is associated with a generalized multiresolution analysis (GMRA). Equivalently, one can ask whether the intersection of all dilates of the space V(ψ) of negative dilates of ψ must be necessarily trivial. We present the current state of knowledge and ramifications of this open problem for the wavelet theory. We also construct an example of (nontight) frame wavelet ψ with many desirable properties (such as smoothness, good decay, having a dual frame wavelet) such that its corresponding space of negative dilates is equal to the entire space V(ψ) = L2(ℝ). This improves the original example of this kind by Rzeszotnik and the author [Math. Ann. 332 (2005), 705–720].
Synthesis of Spatial CC Dyads and 4C Mechanisms for Pick & Place Tasks with Guiding Locations

A novel dimensional synthesis technique for solving the mixed exact and approximate motion synthesis problem for spatial CC kinematic chains is presented. The methodology uses an analytic representation of the spatial CC dyad’s rigid body constraint equation in combination with an algebraic geometry formulation of the perpendicular screw bisector to yield designs that exactly reach the prescribed pick & place locations while approximating an arbitrary number of guiding locations. The result is a dimensional synthesis technique for mixed exact and approximate motion generation that utilizes only algebraic geometry and does not require the use of any iterative optimization algorithms or a metric on spatial displacements. An example that demonstrates the synthesis technique is included.
The Kondo system CuFe: Comparison of theory and experiment

Abstract Experimental data for the susceptibility, specific heat, magnetization and resistivity for dilute Cu Fe alloys are compared to exact theoretical results for the n-channel Kondo problem. Good agreement is obtained for S = n 2 = 2, T K = 18K and g-factor 2.
Assessment of Epidemiology Capacity in State Health Departments, 2004–2009:

Objectives.To assess the number of epidemiologists and epidemiology capacity nationally, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists surveyed state health departments in 2004, 2006, and 20...
And What about Cryogenic Refrigeration

In attempting to transition any cryogenic electronic technology, such as superconductivity or cooled semiconductor chips, from the laboratory into the marketplace, one of the most frequently asked questions is “… and what about cryogenic refrigeration?” A answer to this question that satisfies the end user is crucial if a new cryogenic electronic technology is to be introduced into the market place for, either, civilian or military applications. In the past, the cryogenics community has responded to the needs of the infrared sensor community.
Evolution of the Neural Circuitry Underlying Laughter and Crying

Laughter and crying are species-specific vocalizations that are respectively similar to the affiliative and distress signals produced by other primates. These signals are distinct from speech both in their functions and in the salient neural circuitry involved in their production. This article reviews findings from stimulation and lesion studies using nonhuman and human primates to elucidate those areas of the brain that play crucial roles in the production of laughter and crying: the periaqueductal gray (PAG), anterior cingulate gyrus, and various limbic and brainstem regions.
Disparity Refinement of Building Edges Using Robustly Matched Straight Lines for Stereo Matching

Abstract. Stereo dense matching has already been one of the dominant tools in 3D reconstruction of urban regions, due to its low cost and high flexibility in generating 3D points. However, the image-derived 3D points are often inaccurate around building edges, which limit its use in several vision tasks (e.g. building modelling). To generate 3D point clouds or digital surface models (DSM) with sharp boundaries, this paper integrates robustly matched lines for improving dense matching, and proposes a non-local disparity refinement of building edges through an iterative least squares plane adjustment approach. In our method, we first extract and match straight lines in images using epipolar constraints, then detect building edges from these straight lines by comparing matching results on both sides of straight lines, and finally we develop a non-local disparity refinement method through an iterative least squares plane adjustment constrained by matched straight lines to yield sharper and more accurate edges. Experiments conducted on both satellite and aerial data demonstrate that our proposed method is able to generate more accurate DSM with sharper object boundaries.
Can a multiple ascending dose study serve as an informative proof‐of‐concept study?

Drug development is a long, complex, and costly process. The majority of the cost arises from Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical development. Reducing Phase 2 and Phase 3 failure rates would greatly reduce the average drug development cost. Obtaining more informative data on a candidate drug's efficacy and safety prior to moving to Phase 2 will improve Phase 2 success and, hence, reduce the overall development cost. While, typically, multiple ascending dose (MAD) study focuses on safety, this article proposes a model-based MAD design that not only can provide the desired safety information but also can provide informative efficacy data for certain endpoints in certain therapeutic areas where the parametric models for the longitudinal dose response and the impact of dose titration on a response variable are utilized. This type of MAD design allows relatively informative efficacy data available prior to Phase 2 development and, hence, can serve as a proof-of-concept study. This approach may greatly reduce the drug development cycle time without increasing the risk of Phase 2 development.
Ventricular mass index predicts mortality in incident patients with PAH

Background: Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is the leading cause of mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) measures of RV volumes and mass are known to predict mortality in PAH. Ventricular mass index (VMI), a ratio of RV mass to left ventricular (LV) mass, predicts the presence of PAH in scleroderma. We hypothesized that VMI would predict mortality in incident PAH. Methods: 65 subjects with incident PAH underwent CMR, and VMI was calculated (RV end-diastolic mass/LV end-diastolic mass). Subjects were followed prospectively until death or censor. Associations between VMI and mortality were assessed with Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis and Cox proportional hazard (CPH) modeling. Results: Subjects were 57±11 years of age; most were women (91%) with connective tissue disease (CTD) (72%) and NYHA functional class I/II symptoms (64%). There was 52% mortality over a median follow up of 8.3 years. KM analysis showed that VMI>0.43, the median for the cohort, was associated with increased risk of death (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.07-4.46, p Conclusion: VMI, a CMR metric that reflects the effect of PAH on both RV and LV remodeling, most robustly predicts mortality in PAH. Supported by NIH R01HL114910 and U01HL125175
Positioning children׳s literature to confront the persistent avoidance of LGBTQ topics among elementary preservice teachers

Abstract Using a queer theory and disrupting heteronormativity framework, we applied a model lesson in the elementary methods course to understand preservice teachers’ experiences with LGBTQ individuals and families and their beliefs about utilizing children׳s literature portraying LGBTQ families in the elementary classroom. Participants reported a range of personal experiences with LGBTQ individuals and families and relatively positive responses to the family text set presented but wavered on LGBTQ themed books due to perceived conflict, religious beliefs, and ideas about what is appropriate content for young learners. A discussion of the findings also includes preservice teachers’ intentions for future teaching related to LGBTQ topics. Implications for teacher education and social studies education are explored.
Nanoreactors get tumor cells hot (but not bothered)

A near-infrared light-responsive nanoreactor enables heat ablation of tumors while preventing the inflammatory response to this approach.