cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motion Characteristic Research on a Transfer Mechanism of an Engine Without Piston Sideforce

According to generating principle of hypocycloid,a planetery gear mechanism based on structure of a S195 type internal combustion engine has been designed coits Solidworks software.Two dynamic simulation models of the planetery gear mechanism and crank-connecting rod mechanism have been developed with mutibody dynamics theory and ADAMS/View software.Simulation results show that the simple sinusoidal pistion motion of the cycloid engine can be obtained,many adverse effects on the conventional crank-connecting rod mechanism have been avoided.Piston sideforces,piston friction and cylinder wear have been reduced greatly,much impoved NVH behaviour have been observed in the planetery gear mechanism.The valuble exploration on replacing the crank-connecting mechanism of the conventional engines has been made.Simulation conclusions can provide theorical support for the engineering application of the hypocycloid planetery gear mechanism.
Hepatic infarction associated with eclampsia

Pregnancy-related liver diseases are complex in presentation and oftentimes confusing to clinicians, leading to misdiagnoses and unwarranted or delayed therapies. The exact pathogenesis of these disorders and their relationship to pre-eclampsia/eclampsia is unclear, thus making categorization difficult. We present a patient who in the third trimester of pregnancy developed severe abdominal pain, fever and transaminases greater than 30 times normal. The patient's laboratory data, abdominal CT scan, abdominal MRI scan, liver-spleen scan and liver biopsy performed 28 days postpartum subsequently confirmed the diagnosis of hepatic infarction. Hepatic infarction is a rare complication of late pregnancy usually associated with severe eclampsia that has distinctive histologic and laboratory findings. Recognition of infarction as a separate entity among the spectrum of the pregnancy-related liver disorders should help avoid unneeded delay in diagnosis or inappropriate treatment of these critically ill patients.
In vivo comparison of anticoagulant citrate dextrose versus heparin for use as an anticoagulant with the UltraTag® Red Blood Cell kit

Objective: The package insert for the UltraTag® RBC kit recommends the use of either heparin or anticoagulant citrate dextrose (ACD) as an anticoagulant. A comparison study between heparin and ACD solution was done to assess image quality. Methods: Fourteen patients’ red blood cells (RBC) were labeled with the UltraTag® RBC kit and 99mTc using 10 units of heparin or 0.15 ml of ACD solution-A per ml of blood. The labeling efficiency (LE) of the 99mTc-labeled RBC was determined before and after reinjection, and multigated acquisition (MUGA) and whole-body images were subsequently obtained. Results: The images were analyzed by comparing the heart-to-background ratio, heart-to-lung ratio and kidney-to-background ratio. Both heparin and ACD gave similar LE and ratios of regions of interest. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between ACD and heparin groups in overall image quality either on MUGA or on visual inspection of whole-body images.
Approximation by Perturbed Neural Networks

This chapter deals with the determination of the rate of convergence to the unit of each of three newly introduced here perturbed normalized neural network operators of one hidden layer.
Producing Spatial Words Is Not Enough: Understanding the Relation Between Language and Spatial Cognition.

Prior research has investigated the relation between children's language and spatial cognition by assessing the quantity of children's spatial word production, with limited attention to the context in which children use such words. This study tested whether 4-year-olds children's (N = 41, primarily white middle class) adaptive use of task-relevant language across contexts predicted their spatial skills. Children were presented with a spatial scene description task, four spatial tasks, and vocabulary assessments. Children's adaptive use of task-relevant language was more predictive of their spatial skills than demographic and language factors (e.g., quantity of spatial words produced). These findings identify new links between language and spatial cognition and highlight the importance of understanding the quality, not just quantity, of children's language use.
Computational Modeling of Nitric Oxide Bioavailability in Hemolytic Anemias.

Intravascular hemoglobin (Hb) scavenges nitric oxide (NO), which decreases the availability of endothelial-derived NO, thereby reducing smooth muscle relaxation. Under normal conditions, there are various mechanisms that limit consumption of NO by Hb in vivo including 1. a physical barrier to NO diffusion across the red blood cell (RBC) membrane, 2. an unstirred layer creating a concentration gradient in NO outside the RBC, and 3. and a cell-free zone between the endothelium where NO is made and the location of the RBCs. However, in hemolytic conditions, these mechanisms can be compromised, leading to reduced levels of NO reaching the smooth muscle cells to cause vasodilation. Although it is generally accepted that cell-free Hb scavenges NO more effectively than Hb encapsulated in the red blood cell (RBC), some do not believe that the low concentrations of cell-free Hb that are present in hemolytic conditions, such as sickle cell disease, can impact NO bioavailability in the presence of the large amounts of RBC encapsulated Hb (about 10 mM in heme) present in vivo. We have performed computational modeling looking at the effects of cell-free Hb on NO bioavailability within blood vessels. We have found that concentrations of cell-free Hb as low as one micromolar significantly reduces the availability of NO. Thus, 0.01% hemolysis has a significant affect on steady state NO levels. Extravasation of cell-free Hb into the interstitial space of as low as one micromolar further reduces the bioavailability of NO. At low hematocrit values, cell-free Hb scavenging of NO was found to be more efficient than at high hematocrit values. We have also found that the effect of RBC membrane permeability diminishes at cell-free Hb concentrations of only four micromolar and above. These theoretical results support experimental evidence indicating that cell-free Hb contributes to the pathology of hemolytic diseases. Supported by NIH grant RG0489.
Shifting from N-based to P-based manure management maintains soil test phosphorus dynamics in a long-term corn and alfalfa rotation

Multiyear repeated dairy manure application based on nitrogen (N) needs of corn (Zea mays L.) increases soil test phosphorus (P) concentration and risk of P runoff over time. A P removal based application of manure adds less P but could impact yield. A corn field trial was implemented in New York in 2001 and rotated into alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in 2006 to examine soil test P dynamics over a corn-alfalfa rotation (2001 to 2011). Treatments were annual spring applications of N-based versus P removal based compost (74 and 46 Mg ha−1, respectively), liquid dairy manure (196 and 68 m3 ha−1, respectively), and two control treatments (0 N and 112 kg ha−1 sidedress N). No manure or compost was applied during the alfalfa years. In the five corn years, Morgan-extractable soil test P concentrations increased 4- and 2-fold for N-based and P-based manure and 6- and 4-fold for N-based and P-based compost, respectively, consistent with greater P balances possibly combined with differences in P fractions in each source. Soil test P concentrations declined in the alfalfa years but reached initial concentration only in the P-based manure system. Our findings show, for the first time in dairy forage rotations, the long-term sustainability benefits of P-based manure management and emphasize the importance of rotation fertility management rather than single-year P management. In conclusion, we demonstrated that a shift from N- to P-based manure allocation in corn years is a good approach to maintaining soil test P concentrations over the rotation while for higher application rates, a greater number of years in alfalfa than corn might be needed to prevent soil test P from building over the rotation.
“TPACK Stories”: Schools and School Districts Repurposing a Theoretical Construct for Technology-Related Professional Development

AbstractTPACK (Koehler & Mishra, 2008), a theoretical construct that describes the knowledge that teachers use to teach with digital tools and resources, has flourished in university-based teacher education and research. Increasingly, K–12 schools and districts have also appropriated TPACK in their professional development efforts. This study of seven schools and districts explored how the TPACK construct was understood and used in these K–12 organizations. Study results revealed the importance of context and professional culture in appropriating the construct; the use of TPACK as a way to connect disparate professional development initiatives; TPACK conceptualized as applied knowledge; and how educational leaders' beliefs about professional development shape how TPACK is understood and enacted. (Keywords: TPACK, TPCK, professional development, context)
Molecular Structure and Symmetry

Although the molecular orbital approach for the description of bonding is used more often, the valence bond approach has several advantages. The geometric arrangement of hybrid orbitals is often useful when describing structures. After illustrating the valence bond method, molecular symmetry is discussed in terms of the rotation axes and mirror planes that a molecule possesses. The symmetry characteristics are then applied to the description of a molecule in terms of group theory. For some molecules, there are too few electrons for all bonds to involve shared pairs of electrons. In such cases, an orbital on one atom serves as a bridge between two other atoms to generate a three-center bond. The symmetry properties of orbitals can affect the way in which molecules interact, and this is illustrated by considering conrotation and disrotation in the 1,3-butadiene molecule.
Approach to the Patient with Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy

A stepwise approach can be utilized for the assessment and treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and its most severe form, hyperemesis gravidarum. Prompt treatment is important to prevent further progression of symptoms. Diagnostic testing should focus on evaluation for signs of dehydration and electrolyte disturbance. In addition to volume and vitamin repletion, the use of antiemetic medications pyridoxine with doxylamine as first-line therapy is recommended for mild symptoms. Management of persistent/severe symptoms may include use of diphenhydramine, metoclopramide, ondansetron, and promethazine as second-line agents. Hospital admission is reserved for cases of refractory vomiting requiring continued intravenous antiemetics, failed outpatient management of symptoms, and severe fluid or electrolyte imbalance.
Concussion knowledge, attitudes, and perceived level of involvement by american youth sport coaches in concussion management

Objective To describe concussion knowledge and attitudes of youth sport coaches and relationships among knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of coach involvement in concussion management. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Youth sport coaches in North Carolina and Arizona. Subjects 81 youth sport coaches (males: n=69; females: n=11; age=42, IQR=33,45). Intervention A validated survey identifying demographics, concussion knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. Outcome measures The primary outcome was perceived level of coach involvement in concussion management. Descriptive and univariable statistics were used to examine knowledge and attitude differences by demographic factors and perceived involvement. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations between knowledge and attitude and perceived level of coach involvement (lower agreement vs. higher agreement). Results Knowledge was low-moderate (Median=13/23, IQR=11,14.5), with 75% indicating a loss of consciousness always occurs with concussion. Attitudes were positive (Median=42/42, IQR=40,42). Forty-seven (58%) strongly agreed or agreed that coaches should be involved in clinical decision-making. There were no differences in knowledge or attitudes across gender, age, previous concussion education, or previous concussion history. Knowledge and attitude were not correlated (r=0.114; p=0.343). There were no knowledge (Median=13, IQR=12,15 vs. Median = 12, IQR=11,14) or attitude (Median=42, IQR=41,42 vs. Median = 42, IQR=39,42) differences between lower and higher perceived involvement, respectively. No associations were observed in the multivariable model with perceived coach involvement (p>0.05). Conclusions Coaches had limited knowledge, but expressed positive attitudes towards concussion. Educational efforts should target both knowledge and attitudes, as these constructs are not related, but are both key to improving the culture concerning concussion. Competing interests The project was funded in part by a grant from the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment.
Abstract P213: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and c-Src Are Involved in Stretch-Induced Activation of JNK1/2 and P38 in Cardiac Myocytes and Cardiac Fibroblasts

Mechanical stretch is a major determinant that leads to heart failure. Heart failure is associated with a steady increase in myocardial angiotensinogen (Ao) expression and the biological peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) formation. We have previously identified key downstream effectors that couple to mechanical stretch-induced Ao gene expression. JNK1/2 and p38α were found to have opposing roles on stretch-induced Ao gene expression in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (NRVM) and cardiac fibroblasts (NRFB). JNK negatively regulated Ao expression in NRVM and NRFB following acute stretch, whereas with prolonged stretch, p38α was responsible for upregulation of Ao expression. However, the mechanisms leading to activation of these kinases and cross-talk between these signal molecules remain to be determined. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is expressed in both NRVM and NRFB, but its precise role in mechanosensing is poorly understood. In NRVM, stretch caused JNK1/2 activation (phosphorylation) within 2 min, with a peak response at 15 min (3.96 ± 0.71 fold, p
Community Reinforcement Training with Concerned Others

It is widely acknowledged that problems related to alcohol misuse can seriously affect the lives of family members, friends, and close associates of the drinker (Collins, Leonard, & Searles, 1990; Orford & Harwin, 1982; Paolino & McCrady, 1977). Very often those individuals closest to the drinker are the first to feel the negative effects of problematic drinking. In the past, self-help programs advised individuals who were concerned about someone else’s drinking to disengage or “detach” from the problems of the user and to concentrate on taking care of themselves. In recent years counseling approaches have been developed that include procedures for training concerned others (COs) in more active strategies for dealing with someone else’s drinking. Furthermore, they help COs address areas of their own lives, such that they are better able to recognize and cope with the problems and stresses associated with being close to a problem drinker.
Molecular Classification of Primary Immunodeficiencies of T Lymphocytes

Proper regulation of the immune system is required for protection against pathogens and preventing autoimmune disorders. Inborn errors of the immune system due to inherited or de novo germline mutations can lead to the loss of protective immunity, aberrant immune homeostasis, and the development of autoimmune disease, or combinations of these. Forward genetic screens involving clinical material from patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) can vary in severity from life-threatening disease affecting multiple cell types and organs to relatively mild disease with susceptibility to a limited range of pathogens or mild autoimmune conditions. As central mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses, T cells are critical orchestrators and effectors of the immune response. As such, several PIDs result from loss of or altered T cell function. PID-associated functional defects range from complete absence of T cell development to uncontrolled effector cell activation. Furthermore, the gene products of known PID causal genes are involved in diverse molecular pathways ranging from T cell receptor signaling to regulators of protein glycosylation. Identification of the molecular and biochemical cause of PIDs can not only guide the course of treatment for patients, but also inform our understanding of the basic biology behind T cell function. In this chapter, we review PIDs with known genetic causes that intrinsically affect T cell function with particular focus on perturbations of biochemical pathways.
Shakespeare and the Performative Sign: Towards an Ethics of Representation

ABSTRACTShakespeare was the major conduit through which Aristotelian economics were transmitted to the study of modern capitalism. His economic views are predicated on a moral critique of the performative power of signs, and his plays challenge the assumptions that appearance is identical with reality and that there is no essence that can be distinguished from experience. This makes his work especially pertinent to today’s economy, in which the performative signs called “financial derivatives” have become the main repositories of value.
C. difficile Infection in Children: What’s New?

The purpose of this review is to present the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection in children and to present a number of clinical challenges in diagnosis and therapy that are unique to the pediatric population. Current research has focused on novel methods of prevention and treatment of C. difficile infection in children. Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) for recurrent C. difficile is increasingly prescribed for children, and recent data includes comparisons of effectiveness and tolerability between methods of delivery. The incidence of C. difficile infection in children has risen in recent decades both in healthy children and those with underlying comorbidities. Antibiotic use, acid suppressive medication use, and the presence of enteric feeding tubes are well-documented risk factors. There is no standard method of testing for C. difficile infection in children, which complicates epidemiological tracking and detection of active disease versus asymptomatic colonization. First-line therapy for initial infection in children is metronidazole, while vancomycin may be reserved for those with severe infection or high risk of complications. Recurrence of infection is frequent, and while repeat courses of antibiotics may be effective, fecal microbial transplant should be considered a safe and efficacious alternative therapy.
Lysine-691 of the anion exchanger from human erythrocytes is located on its cytoplasmic surface.

A combination of vectorial modification and site-directed immunochemistry has been used to determine the disposition, with respect to the membrane, of Lys-691 of the anion exchanger from human erythrocytes. Intact erythrocytes and inside-out vesicles were vectorially modified in the same container with pyridoxal phosphate and sodium [3H]borohydride. The modified inside-out vesicles were separated from erythrocytes by differential centrifugation and the vesicles and erythrocyte membranes were treated with alkali and digested with trypsin and thermolysin to liberate the peptides IVSKPER and IVSK?Nepsilon-[4'-(5'-phospho-[4-3H]pyridoxyl)]?PER. These peptides, containing the unmodified and modified versions of Lys-691, were retrieved from the digests by site-directed immunochemistry and were identified by HPLC and liquid scintillation spectroscopy. Both the inside-out vesicles and the intact erythrocytes contained the peptide IVSKPER, however, the 3H-label from the phosphopyridoxylated peptide could be detected only in the inside-out vesicles. The incorporation of 3H into Lys-691 of the anion exchanger from inside-out vesicles was at least 30-fold greater than the incorporation into Lys-691 of the anion exchanger from intact erythrocytes. It follows that Lys-691 of the anion exchanger is located on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
Some relations between predicate calculus and semantic net representations of discourse

Networks can be used to represent syntactic trees of the semantic relations that hold between words in sentences. They can be alternately symbolized as association lists or conjoined sets of triples. A semantic net represents a sentence as a conjoined set of binary predicates. An algorithm is presented that converts a semantic network into predicate calculus formalism. The simpler syntax of semantic network representations in contrast of ordinary predicate logic conventions is taken as an argument for their use in computational applications. Descriptive Terms: Semantic networks, Predicate logic, Natural language, Computational linguistics, Association lists.
Scarless healing. The fetal wound.

Incisional skin wounds in the early gestation fetus heal rapidly and without scarring. If the biological characteristics that make fetal skin resistant to scarring are determined, these properties might be replicated in the adult environment with tremendous clinical benefit. This article provides an overview of the biology of fetal repair.
A model and experimental approach to the middle ear transfer function related to hearing in the humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ).

At present, there are no direct measures of hearing for any baleen whale (Mysticeti). The most viable alternative to in vivo approaches to simulate the audiogram is through modeling outer, middle, and inner ear functions based on the anatomy and material properties of each component. This paper describes a finite element model of the middle ear for the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) to calculate the middle ear transfer function (METF) to determine acoustic energy transmission to the cochlea. The model was developed based on high resolution computed tomography imaging and direct anatomical measurements of the middle ear components for this mysticete species. Mechanical properties for the middle ear tissues were determined from experimental measurements and published values. The METF for the humpback whale predicted a better frequency range between approximately 15 Hz and 3 kHz or between 200 Hz and 9 kHz based on two potential stimulation locations. Experimental measures of the ossicular chain, tympanic membrane, and tympanic bone velocities showed frequency response characteristics consistent with the model. The predicted best sensitivity hearing ranges match well with known vocalizations of this species.
Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis reduces febrile neutropenia, bloodstream infections from mucosal translocations, and intensive care admissions in high risk hematological patients, a single center experience

Administering antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent bacterial infections in neutropenic patients is a common clinical practice. Randomized controlled trials and subsequent meta-analyses have shown t...
Calculated Costs and Non-participatory Membership

This chapter adds to the literature on non-participatory membership by examining not only the exporter’s decision to file, but the importer’s choice to become a defendant as well. It does this by probing why China in its dispute chose to avoid the DSB, while Guatemala and the United States accepted their complainants’ threat to litigate in their respective cases. It therefore addresses why states initiate disputes as well as why prospective defendants pursue and not back down from threats. Other scholars have also looked at the financial, reputational, audience and interdependent payoffs of litigation, but hardly in a single study. This chapter takes a more general approach to costs to test for a wider variety of determinants of non-participatory membership in the DSB. These are then probed through the information-theory approach to assess the litigation choices that China, Jamaica, Guatemala, Mexico and the United States made.
Characterizing Steady-State Cardiovascular and Metabolic Responses of Recreational Climbers During Motorized Treadmill Climbing

Given that the popularity of indoor climbing exceeds that of outdoor climbing, health professionals need a better understanding of how these indoor climbing activities can be used to prescribe exercise. The primary goal of this study was to characterize both cardiovascular and metabolic responses of motorized treadmill climbing with respect to thresholds for heart rate as a percent of maximum (%HR) and metabolic equivalents (METs). Additionally, this study used these data to generate MET and energy expenditure (EE) prediction equations for prescription purposes. Methods: Twenty non-competitive recreational climbers (16 men; 4 women) were recruited to climb six combinations of “slow” and “fast” climbing speed (4.6-9.1 m/min) across three treadmill grades: vertical (90°), overhang or negative incline (85-80°), positive incline (95-100°). A portable metabolic system was worn by climbers during testing to measure HR and oxygen uptake (VO2), the latter of which was converted to EE and METs using standard formulae. Mean HR% and MET values were compared to intensity thresholds (65%, or 3 and 6 METs) using one-sample t-tests, while standard multiple regression techniques were used to predict EE and METs from a pool of variables (climbing treadmill speed and grade, body mass, gender. Results: HR% (70.0-85.4%) was >65% at all test conditions (P<0.01) and mean MET values exceeded the 3-MET threshold and was ?6-MET threshold at all conditions (6.0-8.5 METs; P<0.01). Multiple prediction equations for both EE (R2=0.81; SEE=±0.83 kcals/min; P<0.001) and METs (R2=0.73; SEE=±0.6 METs; P<0.001) included speed, grade, and gender. Conclusions: The vigorous metabolic intensity for motorized treadmill climbing (?6 METs) in this study was clearly sufficient to promote positive health and metabolic fitness in healthy adults. In addition, health professionals can use the EE and MET prediction equations to prescribe specific motorized treadmill climbing intensities to clients, as well as generate climbing-specific testing protocols.
Congenital internal rotation deformity of the distal femur presenting as patellofemoral instability and pain

Objectives Femoral antetorsion, defined as the angle of rotation of the femoral head and neck axis in relation to the transcondylar axis of the distal femur, is a cause for patellofemoral instability and anterior knee pain. Most clinical reports do not distinguish between antetorsion of the femur distal to the isthmus and anteversion of the proximal femur, which is another cause of femoral internal rotational deformity. Methods This retrospective observational case series evaluated four cases in three female patients who underwent evaluation of surgical intervention for chronic anterior knee pain since childhood. Physical examination and radiographic images supported the diagnosis of internal rotation deformity at the distal femora in all four cases. Distal femoral derotational osteotomy of 45°, 60° and 30° were performed, respectively. Kujala scoring system for patellofemoral pathology was used to assess the change in knee symptoms before and after the osteotomies. Results This study demonstrated successful treatment of the resultant knee symptoms from femoral antetorsion with distal femur derotational osteotomy in all three patients. Conclusions Patellofemoral syndrome is multifactorial, and the true anatomic reason for each patient’s individual pathology must be determined before surgery proceeds. Level of evidence Level V.
Impaired central hemodynamics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during submaximal exercise.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease leads to cardiac structural changes and pulmonary derangements that impact the integrative response to exercise. However, it is unknown whether these pathophys...
Central Nervous System Inflammatory Aggregates in the Theiler's Virus Model of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Persistent central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, as seen in chronic infections or inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), results in the accumulation of various B cell subsets in the CNS, including naive, activated, memory B cells (Bmem), and antibody secreting cells (ASC). However, factors driving heterogeneous B cell subset accumulation and antibody (Ab) production in the CNS compartment, including the contribution of ectopic lymphoid follicles (ELF), during chronic CNS inflammation remain unclear and is a major gap in our understanding of neuroinflammation. We sought to address this gap using the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) model of progressive MS. In this model, injection of the virus into susceptible mouse strains results in a persistent infection associated with demyelination and progressive disability. During chronic infection, the predominant B cell phenotypes accumulating in the CNS were isotype-switched B cells, including Bmem and ASC with naive/early activated and transitional B cells present at low frequencies. B cell accumulation in the CNS during chronic TMEV-IDD coincided with intrathecal Ab synthesis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Mature and isotype-switched B cells predominately localized to the meninges and perivascular space, with IgG isotype-switched B cells frequently accumulating in the parenchymal space. Both mature and isotype-switched B cells and T cells occupied meningeal and perivascular spaces, with minimal evidence for spatial organization typical of ELF mimicking secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). Moreover, immunohistological analysis of immune cell aggregates revealed a lack of SLO-like ELF features, such as cell proliferation, cell death, and germinal center B cell markers. Nonetheless, flow cytometric assessment of B cells within the CNS showed enhanced expression of activation markers, including moderate upregulation of GL7 and expression of the costimulatory molecule CD80. B cell-related chemokines and trophic factors, including APRIL, BAFF, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL19, and CXCL13, were elevated in the CNS. These results indicate that localization of heterogeneous B cell populations, including activated and isotype-switched B cell phenotypes, to the CNS and intrathecal Ab (ItAb) synthesis can occur independently of SLO-like follicles during chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease.
Protecting the Soil (1): Communal Labor and Land Degradation in Central Province

In the decade following the passage of the Forced Labour Convention, soil erosion became a more intractable problem in the African reserve areas of Kenya Colony. The issue of soil erosion was also intertwined with renewed ideas of colonial development following WWII. To counter soil erosion, the administration began to implement a soil preservation program utilizing various agronomic techniques, like soil terracing. In order to facilitate these techniques, the administration depended heavily upon communal labor, wielded by the traditional authorities. In Central Province the increased demands of soil terracing, particularly on women, led to protests and various forms of resistance. The forms of resistance to communal labor varied depending upon the region of Central Province. In the areas of Central Province inhabited by the Gikuyu, Embu and Meru peoples, protests against forced communal terracing were more directly confrontational and in some cases violent. However, in the Kamba areas absenteeism was a more common form of protest against the demands of communal labor.
Monoclonal Antibody to Marinobufagenin Downregulates TGFβ Profibrotic Signaling in Left Ventricle and Kidney and Reduces Tissue Remodeling in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension.

Background Elevated levels of an endogenous Na/K‐ATPase inhibitor marinobufagenin accompany salt‐sensitive hypertension and are implicated in cardiac fibrosis. Immunoneutralization of marinobufagen...
A novel gene editing system to treat both Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases.

The GM2-gangliosidoses are neurological diseases causing premature death, thus developing effective treatment protocols is urgent. GM2-gangliosidoses result from deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase (Hex) and subsequent accumulation of GM2 gangliosides. Genetic changes in HEXA, encoding the Hex α subunit, or HEXB, encoding the Hex β subunit, causes Tay–Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease, respectively. Previous studies have showed that a modified human Hex µ subunit (HEXM) can treat both Tay–Sachs and Sandhoff diseases by forming a homodimer to degrade GM2 gangliosides. To this end, we applied this HEXM subunit in our PS813 gene editing system to treat neonatal Sandhoff mice. Through AAV delivery of the CRISPR system, a promoterless HEXM cDNA will be integrated into the albumin safe harbor locus, and lysosomal enzyme will be expressed and secreted from edited hepatocytes. 4 months after the i.v. of AAV vectors, plasma MUGS and MUG activities reached up to 144- and 17-fold of wild-type levels (n = 10, p < 0.0001), respectively. More importantly, MUGS and MUG activities in the brain also increased significantly compared with untreated Sandhoff mice (p < 0.001). Further, HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that GM2 gangliosides in multiple tissues, except the brain, of treated mice were reduced to normal levels. Rotarod analysis showed that coordination and motor memory of treated mice were improved (p < 0.05). Histological analysis of H&E stained tissues showed reduced cellular vacuolation in the brain and liver of treated Sandhoff mice. These results demonstrate the potential of developing a treatment of in vivo genome editing for Tay–Sachs and Sandhoff patients.
Simulating the outer layers of rapidly rotating stars

This paper presents the results of a set of radiative hydrodynamic (RHD) simulations of convection in the near-surface regions of a rapidly rotating star. The simulations use microphysics consistent with stellar models, and include the effects of realistic convection and radiative transfer. We find that the overall effect of rotation is to reduce the strength of turbulence. The combination of rotation and radiative cooling creates a zonal velocity profile in which the motion of fluid parcels near the surface is independent of rotation. Their motion is controlled by the strong up and down flows generated by radiative cooling. The fluid parcels in the deeper layers, on the other hand, are controlled by rotation.
Racial differences in the relationship between surgical choice and subsequent patient-reported satisfaction outcomes among women with early-stage hormone-positive breast cancer.

The last fifteen years has seen a rising proportion of women who are eligible for breast conserving therapy (BCT) choosing mastectomy despite equivalent survival in early-stage breast cancer. We aim to explore potential racial differences in the association of surgical choice with subsequent patient-reported satisfaction outcomes. Women who were within one year of diagnosis with hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer were asked the Short Version of Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-18), which assesses their overall satisfaction with their medical care. We conducted bivariate analyses, including paired t-tests, to clarify differences in these patient-reported factors by surgical choice and race. Multivariable linear regression models were used to adjust for clinical and demographic control variables. For the sample of 279 women who underwent definitive surgery, women who received a mastectomy had lower levels of overall satisfaction, 71 vs. 75 (out of 90) (p = .001). In stratifying this relationship by race, the difference in total satisfaction score was largest among Black women (69 among mastectomy patients vs. 75 among BCT patients; p = 0.016). On multivariable linear regression, Black race and mastectomy status (together) exhibited a significantly large negative association with total satisfaction score, with negative associations across all domains of the PSQ-18. Despite the high prevalence of mastectomy among Black women with early-stage, HR-positive breast cancer, this population is more likely to report lower levels of patient satisfaction compared to patients receiving BCT. These findings suggest there may be potential racial differences in the psychosocial consequences of surgical choice.
Catatonia in the medically ill: Differences and parallels in etiology, phenomenology and management.

ObjectiveCatatonia is a disorder characterized by psychomotor symptoms. The etiology, symptomatology, response and outcome of catatonia in the medically ill has not been vigorously studied. Those w...
Equity as a consideration in National Cancer Control Plans from the American continent: a comparative content analysis

Abstract Background Social determinants of health contribute to disparities in cancer outcomes. At the same time, national cancer control plans (NCCP) are increasingly recognised as an important tool to address cancer burden, organise programmes, and promote equitable care. In this study, we aim to evaluate how cancer-related health plans in American countries promoted equity in cancer care. Methods We conducted a comparative content analysis of cancer-related health plans from countries within the American continent. We identified plans for inclusion by systematically screening the St. Jude Global CoreBank, the WHO Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Document Repository, the International Cancer Control Partnership Portal, and doing online searches. Each plan was coded in accordance with 33 pre-defined indicators across three categories: coherence, or how plans align with priorities set and existing cancer control strategies; equity—which social determinants of health are prioritised and whether the plan prescribes public interventions that promote equity; and governance, measuring transparency, accountability, participation, and integrity. Findings We included 46 cancer-related health plans from 34 countries in North, Central, and South America in analysis (26 were written in Spanish, 18 in English, one in French, and one in Portuguese). Twenty-four countries (71%) included cancer control in their NCD strategy, of which 12 (35%) also had a NCCP. Five countries had only an NCCP, and the other five had national health plans with some cancer components. Eight countries (23%) included a situational analysis to support the plan's interventions. Countries were more consistent across governance indicators and less consistent in creating targeted equity interventions. Equity was most often framed as an access problem, and although 25 countries (73%) designed equitable interventions, 17 of them (50%) declared the intended outcomes without defining their measures, and no country dedicated a budget for these interventions. The most prioritised social determinants of health were socioeconomic status (25 countries, 73%), place of residence (22, 64%), race/ethnicity (21, 62%), and gender/sex (21, 62%). Most countries defined their monitoring plan and evaluation variables (33, 97%) as well as the responsible party for supervision (29, 85%). While the authorship process included participants from different backgrounds, 24 countries (71%) recruited stakeholders from the government to the implementation process, signalling a commitment to a Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach to cancer care. Interpretation American NCCPs do not integrate equity sufficiently. When included, equity focused on care access, but did not translate into actionable measures. Lack of budget and proper implementation monitoring may limit plan effectiveness. Future NCCPs should define measurable equity objectives across the cancer continuum, strengthen the HiAP approach, and allocate a budget to all interventions. Funding None.
Inverted metamorphic GaInAs solar cell grown by dynamic hydride vapor phase epitaxy

We present an inverted metamorphic rear heterojunction ∼1.0 eV GaInAs solar cell deposited by dynamic hydride vapor phase epitaxy (D-HVPE) with high growth rate. This device uses a Ga1−xInxP compositionally graded buffer (CGB) to bridge the lattice constant gap between the GaAs substrate and the Ga0.71In0.29As emitter layer. High-resolution x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the Ga0.71In0.29As emitter is grown lattice-matched to the in-plane lattice constant of the CGB with minimal generation of defects at the GaInAs/GaInP interface. The device contains a threading dislocation density of 2.3 × 106 cm−2, a level that enables high-performance minority carrier devices and is comparable to previously demonstrated GaInP CGBs grown by D-HVPE. The device exhibits an open-circuit voltage of 0.589 V under a one-sun AM1.5G illumination condition and a bandgap-voltage offset of 0.407 V, indicating metamorphic epitaxial performance nearly equal to state-of-the-art devices. We analyze the dark current of the device and determine that reducing recombination in the depletion region, which can be achieved by reducing the threading dislocation density and optimizing the device doping density, will improve the device performance. The CGB and device layers, comprising ∼8 μm of thickness, are grown in under 10 min, highlighting the ability of D-HVPE to produce high-quality metamorphic devices of all types with the potential for dramatically higher throughput compared to present technology.
A fully hardware-based memristive multilayer neural network.

Memristive crossbar arrays promise substantial improvements in computing throughput and power efficiency through in-memory analog computing. Previous machine learning demonstrations with memristive...
Support for ‘watchdog’ and ‘consensus’ roles of the press: The influence of education and community structure

Press critics and social theorists have suggested that the press should take on a “watchdog” role, monitoring powerful institutions and guarding against abuses of authority. At the same time, news media often are called on to play a “consensus” role, emphasizing social cohesion and downplaying conflict. This study seeks to measure public support for these roles, to determine how opinions on the two roles are related, and to examine the effect of community pluralism and education levels on those opinions. A structural theory of mass communication suggests three hypotheses: HI: The higher the education level, the lower the support for either the “watchdog” or “consensus” roles. H2: The greater the level of structural pluralism, the greater the difference will be in support for the “watchdog” role between high and low education groups. H3: The greater the level of structural pluralism, the smaller will be the difference in support for the “consensus” role between high and low education groups.
RHIC Accelerator Commissioning, Cryogenic Tests and Initial Operating Experience of the 25 kW Refrigerator and Distribution System

The installation, initial cooldown, and cryogenic testing of the RHIC accelerator magnets and cryogenic system are complete. This paper covers the final phase of cryogenic equipment installation, performance of the system during the first accelerator cooldown, and difficulties encountered with cooling and commissioning. The 25 kW refrigerator, although operated for limited time periods in the past, has been running continuously for months. Operational experiences of the refrigerator and warm compressor systems will be discussed.
Analysis of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in a Magnetized Re-Entry Plasma Sheath Via the Kinetic Equation

Based on a theoretical model of the propagation of electromagnetic waves through a hypersonically induced plasma, it has been demonstrated that the classical radiofrequency communications blackout that is experienced during atmospheric reentry can be mitigated through the appropriate control of an external magnetic field of nominal magnitude. The model is based on the kinetic equation treatment of Vlasov and involves an analytical solution for the electric and magnetic fields within the plasma allowing for a description of the attendant transmission, reflection and absorption coefficients. The ability to transmit through the magnetized plasma is due to the magnetic windows that are created within the plasma via the well-known whistler modes of propagation. The case of 2 GHz transmission through a re-entry plasma is considered. The coefficients are found to be highly sensitive to the prevailing electron density and will thus require a dynamic control mechanism to vary the magnetic field as the plasma evolves through the re-entry phase.
Mutants of Escherichia coli with Temperature-sensitive Malonyl Coenzyme A-Acyl Carrier Protein Transacylase

Abstract We have characterized two mutants of Escherichia coli in which fatty acid biosynthesis is adversely affected by elevated temperature. Under conditions which do not alter the activity of wild type cell-free extracts, virtually all of the malonyl coenzyme A-acyl carrier protein (ACP) transacylase and fatty acid synthetase activities present in mutant extracts are thermolabile. Malonyl transacylase from wild type cells restores normal fatty acid synthetase activity to inactivated mutant extracts. Furthermore, fatty acid synthesis in mutant extracts is corrected by malonyl-ACP. Malonyl transacylase and fatty acid synthetase activities are also restored in revertants which were selected for their ability to grow at elevated temperatures. These experiments furnish evidence that the mutants are altered in the structural gene for malonyl transacylase and that this is their only genetic defect. When these strains, defective in the synthesis of a substrate vital for fatty acid elongation, are grown at elevated temperatures, their phospholipids become deficient in long chain acyl groups. Supplementation of these cultures with long chain fatty acids permits sustained growth and the maintenance of a normal fatty acid composition.
Cell death in pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses (VIR2P.1027)

Pandemic influenza virus strains are exceptionally transmissible or virulent, leading to their potential for increased morbidity and mortality. Seasonal influenza strains are relatively predictable causing ~ 40,000 deaths, whereas the influenza pandemic of 1918 caused up to 100 million deaths. Little is known about the virus host interactions that contribute to pandemic and seasonal infections. To gain insight into these differences, we compared temporal gene programs and cell viability in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) infected with pandemic (Cal/09, Brevig/1918) or seasonal (Tex/91, NC/99) strains. Influenza infection is associated with cell death at late timepoints related to virion release. Strikingly, as early as 4 hrs after infection, the seasonal strains caused a degree of widespread mRNA degradation and cell death not seen with the pandemic viruses. In contrast, in epithelial cells, only the late occurance (24 hrs) of cell death was observed. These studies identify a dramatic difference in the virus-host interaction between seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses in a crucial cell type of the innate and adaptive immune system.
Creating a flexible preservation infrastructure for electronic records

As universities begin to address their first significant collections of electronic records, the needs of the collections often outstrip the resources and support available. This poster will illustrate the steps taken to transition and preserve a presidential electronic records collection into an university archives with limited systems support and preparation for future preservation needs. The infrastructure created was designed to quickly ingest at-risk records and allow for file migration and system evolution as future technologies are implemented.