cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-monitoring, norms, and attitudes as influences on consumer complaining

Abstract Reactions of consumers to marketplace problems vary widely despite the frequent similarity of sources of dissatisfaction. The results of two studies designed to investigate the determinants of consumer inclinations to complain are presented. Two alternative social-psychological explanations of behavior employing self-monitoring, moral and social norms,and attitudes as predictor variables are examined.
Strophan thin sensitivity of frog sartorius muscles in sodium-and-potassium-free solutions

Abstract Substitution of Tris-Cl for NaCl in K + -free Ringer solution resulted in a reduction of the rate of 42 K efflux from 0.057 hr −1 to 0.017 hr −1 and a hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential (E m ) from −118 mV to −144 mV in frog sartorius muscles. The hyperpolarization and reduction of potassium efflux were reversed by the addition of strophanthidin (10 −5 M) when the muscles had been previously sodium-enriched. It was concluded that the very low rate of 42 K efflux in the K + -and Na + -free solution was probably associated with an increased reuptake of potassium ions which was strophanthidin sensitive.
Theory of primary networks

THIS paper purports to answer certain pertinent questions in regard to the operation of primary networks under normal and abnormal conditions with particular emphasis on the interrelated effects of voltage regulation, load distribution, and circulating currents. The conclusions offered are substantiated by calculated data, calculating board analyses, and test data on actual systems in operation.
Low-cycle fatigue/high-cycle fatigue (LCF/HCF) interaction studies using a 10- to 40-kHz HCF loading device

To simulate the testing conditions experienced by aircraft engine turbine blades, a new experimental facility was developed capable of providing interactive low cycle fatigue (LCF)/high cycle fatigue (HCF) loading. The new facility is based on a HCF cell that can operate in the 10-40 kHz frequency range. This HCF testing cell can also be interfaced to a servo-hydraulic load frame, which provides a second fatigue cycle. Sample geometry is critical for the HCF cell to produce the desired applied load on the specimen. The objective of this research is to develop analytical modeling necessary for the design of test coupons to be used in the new HCF testing cell operating at ultrasonic frequencies, and also to demonstrate the capabilities of the new device by performing LCF/HCF interaction studies in Ti-6Al-4V. The results of these studies clearly showed the effect of the HCF component of the load in spite the fact that the HCF component was only 15-19 percent of the overall load. It was also found that the HCF component of the load was the major cause of observed damage with the LCF component having much less effect. Eliminating the HCF component completely resulted in increasing the fatigue life at least an order of magnitude.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Some foundational issues in multiple scale theory

“Optimist” and “pessimist” positions are defined, with regard to the use of multiple scale methods for initial value problems in dynamical systems, and some of the intuitions underlying each position are converted into theorems. It is shown that in principle multiple scale approximations exist which are valid for arbitrarily long expanding intervals, but that complex dynamics (such as chaos) can make it impossible in practice to compute these approximations beyond a certain "separation time" which is determined by the dynamics. In such situations one cannot extend the time of validity by increasing the number of time scales used.
Structure and Function of Mitochondria in Crithidia fasciculata

SYNOPSIS. In correlating mitochondrial structure with composition and function of the electron-transport system in Crithidia fasciculata, failure to find cytochrome oxidase in isolated mitochondria coincided with the presence of longitudinally-oriented lamellar cristae in the mitochondria in intact cells. Cytochromes b and c were detected spectrophotometrically. Respiration of intact cells and mitochondria, measured polarographically, was sensitive to 10−4 M antimycin A and 5 × 10−4 M KCN. The difficulty in detecting cytochrome oxidase and the biogenesis of mitochondria are briefly discussed.
Cooperative catalysis and chemical chaos: a chemical model for the Lorenz equations

Abstract A chemical reaction mechanism is presented that gives the Lorenz equations. After the axes are translated so that the range of all the variables (now representing concentrations) is in the positive quadrant, the resulting set of nonlinear equations can be interpreted in terms of straightforward chemical reactions. The mechanism requires some species to be in excess (constant concentration) and for some steps to be a slow, rate determining reaction, followed by a very fast (instantaneous) reaction. The mechanism does not involve autocatalysis but rather cooperative catalysis where the reactants mutually catalyze appropriate reactions.
Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency thermal ablation of liver tumors: percutaneous, laparoscopic, and open surgical approaches

Only 10% to 20% of patients with primary and colorectal metastatic liver tumors are candidates for curative surgical resection. Even after curative treatment, tumors recur commonly in the liver. As a less invasive therapy, radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) of primary, metastatic, and recurrent liver tumors was performed under percutaneous, laparoscopic, or open intraoperative ultrasound guidance. The safety and local control efficacy of RFA were investigated. RFA was performed mostly in patients with unresectable hepatomas or metastatic liver tumors. Patients with large tumors, major vessel or bile duct invasion, limited extrahepatic metastases, or liver dysfunction were not excluded. An RFA system with a 15-gauge electrode-cannula with four-pronged retractable needles was used. All patients were followed for more than 8 months to assess morbidity and mortality, and to determine tumor recurrence. Sixty RFA operations were performed in 46 patients: 11 patients underwent repeat RFA once or twice. A total of 204 tumors were treated: 70 hepatomas and 134 metastatic tumors. Tumor size ranged from 5 mm to 180 mm (mean 36 mm). RFA was performed in 29 operations for 81 tumors percutaneously, in seven operations for 14 tumors laparoscopically, and in 24 operations for 109 tumors by open surgery. Combined colorectal resection was carried out in five operations and combined hepatic resection was carried out in three operations. There was one death (1.7%) from liver failure, and there were three major complications (5%): one case of bile leakage and two biliary strictures due to thermal injury. There were no intra-abdominal infectious or bleeding complications. The length of hospital stay ranged from 0 to 2, 1 to 3, and 4 to 7 days for percutaneous, laparoscopic, and open surgical RFA, respectively. During a mean follow-up period of 20.5 months, local tumor recurrence at the RFA site was diagnosed in 18 (8.8%) of 204 tumors. The risk factors for local recurrence included large tumor size and major vessel invasion: recurrence rates for tumors less than 4 cm, 4 to 10 cm, and greater than 10 cm, and for those with vessel invasion were 3.3%, 14.7%, 50%, and 47.8%, respectively. Ten of 18 tumors recurring locally were retreated by RFA, and eight of them showed no further recurrence. Ultrasound-guided RFA is a relatively safe, well-tolerated, and versatile treatment option that offers excellent local control of primary and metastatic liver tumors. The appropriate use of percutaneous, laparoscopic, and open surgical RFA is beneficial in the management of patients with liver tumors in a variety of situations.
Conditioning heat stress reduces excitotoxic and apoptotic components of oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuronal death in vitro.

Abstract: We investigated the effects of sublethal heat stress in murine cortical cell cultures exposed to combined oxygen and glucose deprivation. Pretreatment with sublethal heat stress mildly attenuated the widespread neuronal death induced a day later by 30–60 min of oxygen-glucose deprivation. Heat stress also blunted the increase in extracellular glutamate concentrations induced by the oxygen-glucose deprivation, as well as the neuronal death and 45Ca2+ uptake induced by exogenous addition of NMDA, although no reduction was seen in neuronal death caused by exogenous kainate or in NMDA-induced whole-cell currents. However, arguing against the idea that the neuroprotective effect of heat stress against neuronal death was exclusively due to reduction of excitotoxicity was the finding that heat stress also reduced the neuronal apoptosis induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation in the presence of glutamate antagonists. This antiapoptotic effect was specific in that heat stress did not reduce neuronal vulnerability to staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Whereas heat stress transiently suppressed protein synthesis, achieving comparable protein synthesis inhibition with cycloheximide did not reproduce the neuroprotective effects of heat stress. These studies suggest that a conditioning heat stress is able to attenuate both the excitotoxic and the apoptotic components of oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuronal death in vitro, by mechanisms independent of protein synthesis reduction.
The effect of work location on urolithiasis in health care professionals

The objective of this study is to compare the prevalence and risks factors for urolithiasis among health care professionals who work in the operating room (OR) versus other locations. Electronic surveys, focusing on a history of urolithiasis, were sent to 3,921 randomly selected employees at our institution, 34 % (1,340) of which worked in an OR. Additional information regarding potential risk factors such as quantity of daily fluid intake, stress level, activity level, body mass index, relevant medical conditions and family history of urolithiasis were obtained and analyzed. Of those surveyed, 46 % (1,802/3,921) responded. The prevalence of urolithiasis for all responders was 10.9 % (196/1,802). Those individuals working in an OR had a higher prevalence of stone disease compared to those who work elsewhere [14.6 % (64/439) versus 9.7 % (132/1,363); p = 0.004]. Specifically, physicians that work in an OR had the highest prevalence of urolithiasis [17.4 % (20/115) versus 9.7 % (132/1,363); p = 0.009). Additionally, physicians that work in an OR reported significantly less fluid intake (p = 0.04) and higher stress levels (p < 0.0001) compared to employees not working in an OR. On multivariate analysis, working in an OR remained associated with a significantly increased risk stone formation (HR 1.43; p = 0.04). Our survey found that health care professionals working in an OR setting, and physicians in particular, are at higher risk of urolithiasis.
Desorption and Ionization of Heavy Petroleum Molecules and Measurement of Molecular Weight Distributions

Field desorption (FD) ionization is studied for the measurement of the molecular weight distribution of heavy petroleum, vacuum residua, and asphaltene derived from them. Hydrocarbon polymers, heavy petroleum distillation cuts, and chemical and solubility fractions of heavy petroleums were examined to determine the ionization efficiency. FD showed effective ionization of molecules of a wide molecular weight range (300−5000 Da) with different chemical compositions (saturates versus aromatics) and solubility (maltene versus asphaltene) properties. Electrospray ionization (ESI) was explored and compared with FD. Previous studies had shown that ESI is selective toward the ionization of polar molecules (mostly basic and acidic molecules) while FD is a more universal ionization method. The comparison revealed general agreement between the two techniques. Small variation in the molecular weight distribution of polar and nonpolar molecules was observed. ESI yields lower average molecular weights. The difference i...
A New Approach to Adaptive Control of Manipulators

An approach in which the manipulator inverse is used as a feedforward controller is employed in the adaptive control of manipulators in order to achieve trajectory tracking by the joint angles. The desired trajectory is applied as an input to the feedforward controller, and the controller output is used as the driving torque for the manipulator. An adaptive algorithm obtained from MRAC theory is used to update the controller gains to cope with variations in the manipulator inverse due to changes of the operating point. An adaptive feedback controller and an auxiliary signal enhance closed-loop stability and achieve faster adaptation. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme for different reference trajectories, and despite large variations in the payload.
An On-Line Technique for the Determination of the δ18O and δ17O of Gaseous and Dissolved Oxygen

Few studies have used the stable isotopic composition of O2 as a tracer of gas transport or biogeochemical processes in environmental research. Here we demonstrate field sampling techniques for gaseous and dissolved O2 and describe an analytical method for measuring δ18O and δ17O values of O2 in air, soil gas, and water samples using continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (CF-IRMS). A Micromass CF−IRMS was altered to accommodate a sample gas injection port prior to a CO2 and H2O trap and GC column. The GC column was a 1-m, 5-A molecular sieve column held at 35 °C. The resolved sample O2 was introduced to the IRMS via an open split. δ18O and δ17O values were determined by measurement of O2 isotopes at m/z 34/32 and 33/32 and comparison to a reference pulse of O2. Repeated injections of atmospheric oxygen yielded a repeatability (±SD) of ±0.17‰ for δ18O and ±0.5‰ for δ17O. IRMS source linearity was excellent for O2 over a sample size range of 60−400 μL. The smallest sample for routine δ18O and δ17O...
On the status of diacritics

In this article we note that diacritics, both in terms of their definition by the IPA, and in studies of transcriber reliability, are treated as a single group. Further, they are usually treated as being used purely to refine the meaning of a sound and, as such, as having less status phonetically than full symbols. It is argued here that diacritics should be classified into at least two major categories, and it is shown how one of these categories is the equivalent of a ‘full’ symbol. Apart from the implications this has for reliability measures, it is argued in conclusion that a more neutral definition of diacritic by the IPA is required.
Assessment of hyperspectral imaging system for poultry safety inspection

A hyperspectral imaging system demonstrated potential to detect surface fecal and ingesta contaminants on poultry carcasses. Hyperspectral data were analyzed with four pre-processing methods considering two parameters: calibration and 20-nm spectral smoothing. A band-ratio image-processing algorithm, using band equation including 2-wavelengths (565 nm / 517 nm) and 3-wavelengths (576 nm - 616 nm)/(529 nm - 616 nm) equations, was then applied to each pre-processed method that included applying a background mask to the ratio of images, and finally applying a fecal threshold. Based on a high accuracy of 96.2% for predicting surface contaminants and significantly less false positives on the 64 birds measured, the calibrated smooth method was considered the best pre-processing method for contaminant detection. In conjunction with an appropriate image-processing algorithm, the hyperspectral imaging system is an effective technique for the identification of fecal and ingesta contaminants on poultry carcasses. Specifically, band ratio with 2-wavelength equation (565/517) performed very well with 96.4% accuracy and 147 false positives for detecting both feces (duodenum, ceca, colon) and ingesta contaminants.
Climatic variability on the scale of decades to centuries

Climatic variations in the range of 10 to 100 years duration are perhaps of greatest consequence to mankind because; (1) they have a tendency to be regional in nature, (2) they affect third-world countries as well as more developed countries, and (3) they prevail over the planning horizons used in water resources, agriculture and many other disciplines. Documentation of the range of variability experienced regionally for various regions in the western United States as well as North Africa are examined. The recent high water-levels of the Great Salt Lake and other lakes in the Western United States and the prolonged recent drought in North Africa are examples discussed in detail.
A Note on Gupta's Selection Procedure

Abstract Gupta has presented a method which, given samples of size n from each of k normal populations, selects a subset of the k populations which contains the population with the largest mean, with probability at least P* The method guarantees this P* no matter how small the differences between populations. The experimenter may only be interested in differences which are greater than some indifference. This difference allows either smaller subsets or a larger claimed P* for a given subset. An approximation using Gupta's and Sobel's tables and brief exact tables are presented.
A digital leaky integrator

A leaky integrator based on an up/down counter digitally tracks first-order processes, such as radioisotope production by accelerators or reactors.
Matching familiar figures test norms based on IQ.

The Matching Familiar Figures Test (1) has been the most commonly used instrument to assess the dimension of reflection-impulsivity in children. Subjects are typically labeled by use of a median split for time to first response (latency) and for total number of errors. Subjects labeled as reflective score above the median on response time and below the median on errors, while those who score in the opposite direction are labeled impulsive. A problem with this method is that a child's classification could change as the comparison group changed. Norms have been provided based on thousands of subjects which, if used, would obviate this problem ( 3 ) . The present study compared responses of a single sample to the established norms and added IQ for classification purposes. Salkind's norms do not take IQ into consideration, although there is evidence that matching scores are influenced by IQ ( 2 ) . Thc subjects were 104 8-yr.-old children (42 boys and 62 girls) from a lower middle-class group. They were administered the marching task and the Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test. Analysis showed IQ significantly correlated by Pearson's method with both latency ( r = .22, p < .05) and errors ( r = .34, p < .01). The latency-error r was -.59 ( p < .01) which is comparable to Salkind's correlation of -.54. Mean number of errors was 13.36 and mean latency was 8.79 sec., which contrasted with Salkind's mean errors for 8-yr.-olds of 12.39 and mean latency of 13.55. A number of children would have been classified differently in this study without referral to the norms. Most interesting, however, was the classification according to IQ. Group I (IQ 85) had mean latencies and errors of 9.13 and 15.00, respectively. This group might be called slow-inaccurate. Group I1 ( IQ 8 6 1 0 0 ) had mean latencies and errors of 7.44 and 15.65 and might be referred to as fast-inaccurate or impulsive. Group I11 (IQ 101-115) had mean latencies and errors of 8.96 and 11.72 and might be referred to as fast-accurate. Group IV ( IQ I 116) had mean latencies and errors of 9.64 and 11.09 and might be referred to as slow-accurate or reflective. It is imponant to refer to norms based on a large sample when classifying children along this dimension, but it is proposed that exist~ng norms be modified to take IQ into consideration.
Direct velocity observations of volume flux between Iceland and the Shetland Islands

Atlantic Waters flowing northward into the Nordic Seas are important for their role as an early indicator of changes to deepwater formation. As such, this requires a fundamental understanding of the pathways and volume fluxes through the primary passageways from the Atlantic into the Nordic Seas. A mean annual volume transport of 6.1 ± 0.3 Sv was observed flowing in above the σt = 27.8 isopycnal (a proxy for the lower limit of Atlantic Water depth), through the Faroe Shetland Channel (FSC) and over the Iceland Faroes Ridge (IFR) from March 2008 to June 2012, using repeat velocity sections obtained from a vessel mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). A new vessel route has expanded the spatial coverage of FSC observations and reveals a difference in average inflow transport, which most likely results from an interannual variation in the total transport through the FSC, which in turn is tied to a weakening of the southerly flow over the western slope of the channel. This interannual variability has increased the mean transport through the FSC from 0.9 Sv observed over the first 2 years of this program by Rossby and Flagg (2012) to a 4.5 year mean of 1.7 ± 0.2 Sv, which emphasizes the importance of knowing the flow along the Faroese shelf. Interannual fluctuations in transport observed over the IFR are related to the width of the inflow over the Faroese half of the ridge.
Nodules, eosinophilia, rheumatism, dermatitis and swelling (NERDS): a novel eosinophilic disorder.

Summary This study presents the clinical and laboratory findings of a novel syndrome associated with eosinophilia. Two young women presented with marked eosinophilia, and large, non-tender compressible articular nodules arising from the tenosynovium of extensor tendons, dermatitis, episodic swelling of the hands and/or feet and pain in adjacent muscles and joints. Tissue specimens were examined by routine haematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescent staining for eosinophil granule major basic protein (MBP) and rhodamine-avidin or tryptase staining for mast cells. Plasma levels of MBP and eosinophii-derived neurotoxin (EDN) were quantilated by immunoassay. The first patient presented in 1967 at the age of 20 and had, in addition to nodules and eosinophilia, dermographism, recurrent episcleritis and axillary urticaria. Biopsy of a nodule showed lenosynovitis with necrotizing granulomas, non-specific vasculitis, eosinophils and eosinophil degranulation as shown by extracellular deposition of eosinophil granule MBP. Her symptoms responded to low-dose, alternate-day predni-sone and have remained quiescent over the past 15 yr. The second patient presented in 1990 at the age of 28 with generalized pruritic dermatitis for 15 yr, eosinophilia for 2 yr. subcutaneous nodules and non-limiting pain in several joints. Biopsy of a nodule showed chronic mild tenosynovitis, numerous eosinophils and extracellular deposition of M BP. She remains untreated. Serum IgE values and plasma levels of M BP and EDN were elevated in both patients; mast cells were numerous in their synovial tissue. Based on their clinical courses, these patients reveal the existence of a distinctive, relatively benign eosinophilic disorder with good long-term prognosis.
Estimating terrestrial amphibian pesticide body burden through dermal exposure

Dermal exposure presents a potentially significant but understudied route for pesticide uptake in terrestrial amphibians. Our study measured dermal uptake of pesticides of varying hydrophobicity (logKow) in frogs. Amphibians were indirectly exposed to one of five pesticide active ingredients through contact with contaminated soil: imidacloprid (logKow = 0.57), atrazine (logKow = 2.5), triadimefon (logKow = 3.0), fipronil (logKow = 4.11) or pendimethalin (logKow = 5.18). All amphibians had measurable body burdens at the end of the exposure in concentrations ranging from 0.019 to 14.562 μg/g across the pesticides tested. Atrazine produced the greatest body burdens and bioconcentration factors, but fipronil was more permeable to amphibian skin when application rate was considered. Soil partition coefficient and water solubility were much better predictors of pesticide body burden, bioconcentration factor, and skin permeability than logKow. Dermal uptake data can be used to improve risk estimates of pesticide exposure among amphibians as non-target organisms.
Identification of genes in toxicity pathways of trinucleotide-repeat RNA in C. elegans

Myotonic dystrophy disorders are caused by expanded CUG repeats in non-coding regions. To reveal mechanisms of CUG repeat pathogenesis we used C. elegans expressing CUG repeats to identify gene inactivations that modulate CUG repeat toxicity. We identified 15 conserved genes that function as suppressors or enhancers of CUG repeat-induced toxicity and modulate formation of nuclear RNA foci by CUG repeats. These genes regulated CUG repeat-induced toxicity through distinct mechanisms including RNA export and RNA clearance, suggesting that CUG repeat toxicity is mediated by multiple pathways. A subset is shared with other degenerative disorders. The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway plays a conserved role regulating CUG repeat RNA transcript levels and toxicity, and NMD recognition of toxic RNAs depends on 3′UTR GC nucleotide content. Our studies suggest a broader surveillance role for NMD where variations in this pathway influence multiple degenerative diseases.
The development of a learner empowerment measure 1

The concept of empowerment has been used extensively in business, politics, and education in myriad ways and with multiple meanings. In this study, empowerment is conceptualized as a form of motivation (Conger & Kanungo, 1988; Thomas & Velthouse, 1990) which can exist as either a state or a trait. We believe that communication has a major influence on students' empowerment just as communication frequently impacts such conditions as state motivation (Frymier, 1994). The long range goal, for which this research is a first step, is to understand the role of communication in the process of empowerment. The immediate goals of this research are to provide a more specific conceptualization of empowerment as applied to the classroom and to develop an instrument to measure learner empowerment. Drawing heavily on the work of Thomas and Velthouse (1990), two studies were conducted to develop and refine the learner empowerment measure and to establish the construct validity of the instrument.
The h‐index, h‐core citation rate and the bibliometric profile of the Scopus database

Purpose – The h‐index has been used to evaluate research productivity and impact (as manifested by the number of publications and the number of citations received) at many levels of aggregations for various targets. The purpose of this paper is to examine the bibliometric characteristics of the largest multidisciplinary databases that are the most widely used for measuring research productivity and impact.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents preliminary findings about the Scopus database. It is to be complemented and contrasted by the bibliometric profile of the Web of Science (WoS) database.Findings – The test results showed that 18.7 million Scopus records had one or more cited references, representing 42 per cent of the entire database content. The ratio of cited reference enhanced records kept slightly increasing year by year from 1996 to 2009. Scopus classifies the journals and other serial sources into 27 broad subject areas by assigning its journals to 21 science disciplines, four socia...
Prenatal protein malnutrition results in increased frequency of miniature inhibitory synaptic currents in rat CA1 pyramidal cells.

There is growing evidence for an effect of prenatal protein malnutrition on the GABAergic neurotransmitter system in the rat hippocampus and associated structures. In the present study, we examined the functional electrophysiological consequences of observed alterations in GABAA and benzodiazepine receptor systems. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings of spontaneous and of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) generated by CA1 pyramidal cells were performed in in vitro hippocampal slices prepared from control and prenatally protein malnourished adult male rats. The characteristics of spontaneous synaptic currents were unaltered by the prenatal insult, as were the amplitudes and kinetics of GABAA receptor-mediated mIPSCs. The frequency of mIPSCs, however, was significantly increased in CA1 pyramidal cells in slices prepared from prenatally malnourished vs. control rats. The effect of the benzodiazepine receptor agonist chlordiazepoxide on the characteristics of mIPSCs was also examined and found to be the same in cells from both nutritional groups. The increased frequency of mIPSCs together with the lack of a change in amplitude, kinetics, or modulation by benzodiazepines of mIPSCs in response to prenatal protein malnutrition indicate a presynaptic locus of effect of this insult. Synapse 37:23–31, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Constructing Mexicans as Deportable Immigrants: Race, Disease, and the Meaning of “Public Charge”

This article draws on archival records of events in California's Imperial Valley in 1940 that resulted in the arrests and deportation of a group of Mexican workers, some of whom were known union activists. The workers had entered the country lawfully and had lived in the United States for years. These immigrants were nevertheless vulnerable because they were receiving treatment for a communicable disease. This, according to immigration officials, rendered them “likely to become a public charge” (LPC), a deportable offense. Officially designating Mexicans as LPCs discredited them at the same time that it circumvented any discussion of possible violation of labor rights or civil rights, both key aspects of government-sponsored reform efforts underway at the time. Constructions of subjects as illegal, diseased, and threats to the nation-state came together in such a way that provided a surefire formula for marking Mexicans as deportable.
Do teachers’ own learning behaviors influence their classroom goal orientation and control ideology?

Abstract This study explored the relationship between teachers’ own learning behaviors and their teaching practices. Experienced teachers taking graduate courses responded to an instrument measuring their self-regulated learning as students and their teaching practices as indicated by how they conveyed the purpose of engaging in academic work (i.e., goal orientation) and their approach toward discipline (i.e., control ideology). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that teachers own self-regulated learning behaviors influence the extent to which teachers convey a mastery goal orientation, which in turn leads to a more humanistic control ideology. Implications for teacher education programs are discussed.
An exactly conservative particle method for one dimensional scalar conservation laws

A particle scheme for scalar conservation laws in one space dimension is presented. Particles representing the solution are moved according to their characteristic velocities. Particle interaction is resolved locally, satisfying exact conservation of area. Shocks stay sharp and propagate at correct speeds, while rarefaction waves are created where appropriate. The method is variation diminishing, entropy decreasing, exactly conservative, and has no numerical dissipation away from shocks. Solutions, including the location of shocks, are approximated with second order accuracy. Source terms can be included. The method is compared to CLAWPACK in various examples, and found to yield a comparable or better accuracy for similar resolutions.
Methods for crack opening load and crack tip shielding determination: a review

In this paper a review of the literature on crack closure/opening load and crack tip shielding effects determination methods is presented. Commonly used ‘subjective’ (visual) and ‘non-subjective’ approaches have been included. Procedures associated with the determination of an effective crack driving force for both Elber type and that of partial (or incremental) crack closure models have been covered. Comparison among different methods of analyses based on compliance and fatigue crack growth rate measurements is discussed together with their implications and difficulties in fatigue crack growth correlations.
The primary localization of ascorbate and its synthesis in the kidneys of acipenserid (Chondrostei) and teleost (Teleostei) fishes

The kidneys of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (both Teleostei), and the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Chondrostei) displayed similar profiles of ascorbate distribution irrespective of the capability of synthesizing ascorbic acid. The head kidney was found to be the richest in ascorbate, whereas the trunk kidney showed significantly lower ascorbate levels in all three species. The head kidney richness in ascorbate was correlated with the localization of the cortical and chromaffin tissues known to accumulate ascorbate in some fish and mammals. Based on ascorbate concentration, it was possible to distinguish the head from the trunk kidney in salmonids and sturgeons which have an antero-posterior-fused kidney. The absence of l-gulonolactone oxidase activity in the kidneys of the channel catfish and the rainbow trout was asserted biochemically. We also confirmed that the ascorbic acid-synthesizing enzyme exists in white sturgeon kidney, and found that the enzyme distribution was inversely correlated with ascorbate concentrations. An active transport of ascorbate might exist in the head kidney of both acipenserids and the teleosts in order to maintain this vitamin at high concentrations. This report suggests a link between ascorbate concentration and its physiological functions in kidneys of lower vertebrates.
Calcium absorption and bone density in immature horses fed two levels of crude protein

Research in other animal models indicate that high protein diets increase urinary calcium (Ca) excretion and may lead to a negative Ca balance and reduced bone density. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of two common levels of dietary protein intake on physiological parameters, Ca absorption, and bone density in immature horses. Sixteen 10-month old horses were blocked by age and sex into two dietary treatments. The control diet (C) was formulated using common ingredients to provide 100% of the National Research Council (NRC) for crude protein (CP), while the high protein diet (H) was formulated at 150% of NRC recommendations. Lower than expected dietary intake resulted in mean protein intake of 769±16 g/d in C and 978±18 g/d in H, equivalent to 91% and 116% of NRC, respectively. Blood, urine, and faeces were collected during the 112-day study to determine pH and mineral balance. Radiographs of the left third metacarpal were used to estimate bone density via radiographic bone aluminum equivalence (RBAE). Although urine pH decreased over time (P<0.001), no change in blood or urine pH was observed due to diet. Faecal pH, normalised to day 0, was significantly lower in H (P<0.02). Faecal Ca loss was greater in H (P<0.005); while Ca absorption and absorption as a percent of intake were lower for H (P<0.02). RBAE of dorsal and palmar cortices increased over time (P<0.001), but no differences were observed between diets. While excess dietary protein decreased faecal pH, increased faecal Ca excretion, and decreased Ca absorption, there appeared to be no effect on bone density over the course of this study.
The memory orders of states of an automaton

Abstract Given the initial state of an automaton and a suffix portion of the input sequence to the automaton, the possibility of determining the final state of the automaton is investigated.
Beta spectroscopy with a large-area avalanche photodiode module and a plastic scintillator

Abstract Beta spectroscopy utilizing a large-area avalanche photodiode module (LAAPD) and a plastic scintillator is investigated. Beta-emitting radionuclides including 36 Cl, 90 Sr/ 90 Y, and 99 Tc are detected in the plastic scintillator that is coupled to the LAAPD. The detector system is capable of recording energies as low as about 60 keV before noise becomes significant. The LAAPD by itself, without the scintillator present, is well suited to detecting beta particles, enabling it to act as a counter or rate meter. Some spectroscopic information can be gained for low-energy beta emitters, such as 14 C, that are measured directly by the LAAPD.
Reducing turnover is not enough: The need for proficient organizational cultures to support positive youth outcomes in child welfare.

Objective High caseworker turnover has been identified as a factor in the poor outcomes of child welfare services. However, almost no empirical research has examined the relationship between caseworker turnover and youth outcomes in child welfare systems and there is an important knowledge gap regarding whether, and how, caseworker turnover relates to outcomes for youth. We hypothesized that the effects of caseworker turnover are moderated by organizational culture such that reduced caseworker turnover is only associated with improved youth outcomes in organizations with proficient cultures.
Purification of a calcium-binding protein from pig brain.

Abstract Proteins from pig brain were screened for high affinity calcium binding by gel filtration of protein fractions previously incubated with calcium-45. Only two proteins from brain exhibited calcium binding in this assay. One of these proteins has been isolated and purified to homogeneity as judged by electrophoresis as a single band in acrylamide gels. The purification procedure employed extraction of a pig brain acetone powder with 0.05 m Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, and fractionation of the proteins in this aqueous extract by ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on ECTEOLA-cellulose, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The molecular weight of the calcium-binding protein was found to be 13,000 as determined by gel filtration. The electrophoretic behavior of this protein was not influenced by calcium or 8 m urea, which do produce electrophoretic heterogeneity of the S-100 protein, which also binds calcium. Amino acid analysis revealed that the protein is rich in glutamic and aspartic acids, threonine, serine, leucine, glycine and lysine. Fractionation of pig liver acetone powder demonstrated that this calcium-binding protein is not present in liver.
Radiographic Outcomes of Adult Acquired Flatfoot Corrected by Medial Column Arthrodesis with or without a Medializing Calcaneal Osteotomy

Abstract Medial column arthrodesis and calcaneal osteotomies are commonly used for adult acquired flatfoot surgical reconstruction. In this retrospective study, 41 patients (47 feet) with a mean age of 55 ± 13.5 years underwent a medial column arthrodesis, with or without calcaneal osteotomy, between 1999 and 2007. The indication for surgery was a painful flatfoot deformity with peritalar subluxation, and a fault in the naviculocuneiform joint. At a mean of 9.6 (range 3–43) months postoperatively, in patients who underwent a medial column arthrodesis, radiographs showed a mean decrease in the talonavicular coverage angle of 10.2° ± 8.7° ( P P P P P P
I felt like a contributing member of the class: increasing class participation with classcommons

In this paper we describe the design and first deployment experiences of a platform-independent, interactive video commenting system, ClassCommons, using a large public display in two sections of a large-enrollment university class. Our preliminary evaluation suggests that students enjoyed the activity of commenting, that they participated a great deal, and that their sense of community was greater after using the system. Further analysis revealed that reading the comments and posting relevant comments are associated with increases in community members' sense of community. We discuss lessons learned and describe further work we are planning using this and similar interactive activities.
Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in African-American patients—the need to measure disease burden

Gaps in knowledge exist regarding the clinical characteristics of psoriatic disease in ethnic minority patients. We evaluated validated clinical disease measures of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in African-American and Caucasian patients. Adult outpatients with confirmed diagnoses of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis and seen at four urban academic institutions were eligible for evaluation. Validated patient and physician-reported disease outcome parameters, quality of life measures of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, and frequencies of systemic immunosuppressive therapies and patient comorbidities were documented. Psoriatic arthritis was less frequent in African-Americans compared to Caucasians (30 vs. 64.5 %, respectively, p < 0.001); however, African-Americans had more severe skin involvement [Psoriasis Area and Severity Index 8.4 (10.0) vs. Caucasians 5.5 (6.4), p = 0.06], with greater psychological impact and impaired quality of life. Use of biologic therapies was greater in Caucasian patients (46.2 vs. 13.3 % in African-Americans, p < 0.0001); yet, only one in four patients of the study cohort achieved minimal disease activity. Comorbidity was not associated with frequency of immunosuppressive drug use. In order to achieve a target of low disease activity and to reduce ethnic disparities in the care of psoriatic disease, the routine application of measures of disease status is needed.
Atrial natriuretic factor and cGMP inhibit amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport in the cultured renal epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1.

The renal cell culture model, LLC-PK 1 , which contains an amiloride-sensitive conductive Na + transport pathway and a Na + /H + exchanger, was utilized to examine the direct effects of atriopeptin II and cGMP on Na + transport in epithelial cells. Exposure of cells to atriopeptin II (10 −7 M) increased cGMP production within 2 min of addition to cells in monolayer. Atriopeptin II (10 −7 M) or exogenous 8-bromo-cGMP (10 −3 M) maximally inhibited the uptake of 22 Na + through the conductive pathway which accounted for up to 60% of total 22 Na + uptake. The apparent K i for this inhibition by atriopeptin II was 2 × 10 −11 M. Amiloride inhibited 22 Na + uptake to a similar extent as atriopeptin II, and the effects of the presence of both agents was not additive. In contrast, neither atriopeptin II nor cGMP blunted the increment in 22 Na + uptake induced by a pH gradient. Thus atriopeptin II can directly inhibit Na + transport in renal epithelial cells, probably through its stimulation of cGMP.
Problem in the determination of correlation functions. II

This Letter extends the treatment of an earlier note. This time we take into account corrections in the correlation function that must be made when both the mean slope as well as the mean reference level are not known. Again the true correlation function requires the solution of an integral equation.
An economic analysis of the federal Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) education and training programs in Kansas' three major metropolitan areas

Abstract This study examines welfare recipients' progress following assessment through job skills programs and job readiness activities. While past research has focused upon process measures of success such as client participation, this research focuses upon two outcome measures, job-readiness and self-reliance. The research finds that there is a significant correlation between JOBS programs, job readiness and employment only when programs are coordinated with the private sector. This finding holds important implications for welfare reform.
A critical overview of evaluations of alcoholism treatment.

Most alcoholism treatment evaluations do not use adequate evaluation research designs or an adequate array of outcome measures whose reliability and validity have been established. Data about the durability of treatment effects are also missing. As a result, many evaluation study findings are open to question. Measures of alcohol addiction, general morbidity, and mortality are proposed as essential in evaluating treatment effects, along with the more usual reports of work and criminal history. Estimates of quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption are deemed preferable to current categorizations of alcohol consumption after treatment into moderate or heavy drinking. A large proportion of alcoholics who seek treatment seem to do well even when they do not continue in it. The type of treatment provided does not seem to improve chances of success. Lifestyle and community factors are probably influencing outcomes of treatment; however, these have not been taken into account in most studies. Attempts to improve treatment program management by evaluation studies hold promise. Review by professional standards, management by exception, and cost effectiveness studies have been undertaken in isolated instances. Several cost effectiveness indicators for state alcoholism and treatment programs are proposed for use with available data.
Confirming Fundamental Properties of the Exoplanet Host Star epsilon Eridani Using the Navy Optical Interferometer

We measured the angular diameter of the exoplanet host star Eridani using the Navy Optical Interferometer. We determined its physical radius, effective temperature, and mass by combining our measurement with the star's parallax, photometry from the literature, and the Yonsei-Yale isochrones, respectively. We used the resulting stellar mass of 0.82 ± 0.05 M ☉ plus the mass function from Benedict et al. to calculate the planet's mass, which is 1.53 ± 0.22 M Jupiter. Using our new effective temperature, we also estimated the extent of the habitable zone for the system.
A Theory for the Articulation of Planar Robots: Part I—Kinematic Analysis for the Flexure and the Parallel Operation of Robots

Etude theorique du mouvement articule du mecanisme plan d'un robot. Analyse cinematique de ce mouvement. Cas de plusieurs robots travaillant en parallele
Vegetation, environment, and time: The origination and termination of ecosystems

Terrestrial ecosystems originate when particular plant species attain dominance at specific locations under specific environmental regimes. Ecosystems terminate, gradually or abruptly, when the dominant species or functional types are replaced by others, usually owing to environmental change or severe and irreversible disturbance. Assessing whether current ecosystems are sustainable in the face of future environmental change can be aided by examining the range of environmental variation those ecosystems have experienced in the past, and by determining the environmental conditions under which those ecosystems arose. The range of environmental variation depends on the time scale at which it is assessed. A narrow time span (e.g. 200–300 years) may underestimate the range of variation within which an ecosystem is sustainable, and it may also underestimate the risk of major transformation or disruption of that ecosystem by environmental change. Longer time spans (e.g. 1000–2000 years) increase the range of variation, by encompassing a larger sample of natural variability as well as non-stationary variability in the earth system. Most modern ecosystems disappear when the time span is expanded to 10000–15 000 years owing to secular changes in earth's climate system. Paleo-ecological records can pinpoint the time of origination of specific ecosystems, and paleo-environmental records can reveal the specific environmental changes that led to development of those ecosystems and the range of environmental variation under which those ecosystems have maintained themselves in the past. This information can help identify critical environmental thresholds beyond which specific modern ecosystems can no longer be sustained.