cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon storage in old-growth forests of the Mid-Atlantic: toward better understanding the eastern forest carbon sink

Few old-growth stands remain in the matrix of secondary forests that dominates the eastern North American landscape. These remnant stands offer insight on the potential carbon (C) storage capacity of now-recovering secondary forests. We surveyed the remaining old-growth forests on sites characteristic of the general Mid-Atlantic United States and estimated the size of multiple components of forest C storage. Within and between old-growth stands, variability in C density is high and related to overstory tree species composition. The sites contain 219 ± 46 Mg C/ha (mean ± SD), including live and dead aboveground biomass, leaf litter, and the soil O horizon, with over 20% stored in downed wood and snags. Stands dominated by tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) store the most live biomass, while the mixed oak (Quercus spp.) stands overall store more dead wood. Total C density is 30% higher (154 Mg C/ha), and dead wood C density is 1800% higher (46 Mg C/ha) in the old-growth forests than in the surrounding younger forests (120 and 5 Mg C/ha, respectively). The high density of dead wood in old growth relative to secondary forests reflects a stark difference in historical land use and, possibly, the legacy of the local disturbance (e.g., disease) history. Our results demonstrate the potential for dead wood to maintain the sink capacity of secondary forests for many decades to come.
Metabolic action of prolactin in regressing prostate: independent of androgen action.

Abstract The mechanism of the observed synergistic effect of prolactin and androgen on the lateral lobe of the rat prostate is not established. The observation that prolactin alone delayed the rate of loss of weight, protein, and DNA of the lateral lobe in castrated rats has led us to question the assumption that the effect of prolactin is produced by a modification of recognized androgen-induced intracellular changes. The present study was conducted to explore whether or not the sites of prolactin action in the rat prostate coincided with those recognized as the androgen effect. Two anterior pituitaries from female donors were grafted under the right renal capsule of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Seven days later, bilateral orchiectomy and unilateral nephrectomy were performed in these rats. In one half of the animals, the kidney bearing the pituitary grafts was removed. In the other half, the contralateral kidney was removed. Seven days following the orchiectomy-nephrectomy, animals bearing the pituitary grafts had a higher level of serum prolactin (93 +/- 7 ng/ml, mean +/- SE) than in those without the graft (26 +/- 3 ng/ml). This condition of hyperprolactinemia was associated with the delay of castration-induced regression in the lateral prostate. The rate of protein degradation, as judged by the amount of radioactivity remaining in the tissue following a single i.v. pulse of 3H-leucine 24 hr before orchiectomy-nephrectomy, was significantly slower in the lateral prostate in graft-bearing animals than in those without grafts. However, the rate of protein synthesis, as judged by both in vitro and in vivo incorporation of 3H-leucine into the protein fractions of the prostate, was not significantly different between the two groups. Nor was the total activity of cathespin D in the lateral prostate different. These results were not consistent with parameters known as the effect mediated through androgen-controlled mechanisms. We therefore conclude that the action of prolactin in the regressing rat prostate is probably not mediated through the action of androgen.
An Empirical Evaluation of Profit Cycle Theory

This study tests key hypotheses of Markusen's profit cycle theory of regional growth by examining the recent time path of industrial development for eight U.S. sectors. The analysis uses annual data for 1954–1990 and incorporates the influence of national economic trends and random effects in identifying stages of the profit cycle. Based upon those stages, the hypothesized changes in the behavior of other aspects of the growth cycle are assessed in simple statistical models. The results of the empirical tests are mixed. Employment follows a general pattern of early rapid growth followed by slow growth and eventually decline, but the pattern is not symmetric. The value-added curves are similarly asymmetric, and some even contradict the expected monotonicity of the growth and decline process. The lack of spatial dispersion is probably the most striking result of the study. The stability over time of the employment percentage in top states is inconsistent with the spatial dispersion implications of the profit cycle model.
Model-based summary conclusions on the use of UWB radar for detecting unexploded ordnance

The utility of ultra-wideband (UWB) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for detecting surface and flush buried unexploded ordnance (UXO) is examined using a layered-medium moment method analysis. Clutter models of a subsurface root system have been created using a set of discrete clutter objects. Given the size of the targets and the wideband frequencies of interest, it is shown that the problem size quickly grows beyond the capabilities of even supercomputers. As a result, an approximate linear superposition technique is developed to model the response from a large number of targets (UXO plus clutter objects). The root system clutter model is used in conjunction with the buried UXO targets. Results show that sufficient signal to clutter ratios are achieved to make such a scenario amenable to target detection. The scattering from multiple, randomly oriented, surface-laid UXO is examined next. Results show that targets oriented broadside to the radar aperture have the largest signatures in the SAR image. This suggests a multi-pass strategy over the potential UXO test area for airborne SAR systems.
What Can and Cannot Reasonably Be Expected from Teacher Induction Programs.

Huling-Austin presents a number of ideas related to what can and cannot be accomplished through teacher induc tion programs. The author's intent is to help educators who are conceptualizing and designing induction programs for beginning teachers to identify reasona ble expectations for those programs.
A tree representation for P 4 -sparse graphs

A graph G is P4-sparse if no set of five vertices in G induces more than one chordless path of length three. P4-sparse graphs generalize both the class of cographs and the class of P4-reducible graphs. We give several characterizations for P4-sparse graphs and show that they can be constructed from single-vertex graphs by a finite sequence of operations. Our characterization implies that the P4-sparse graphs admit a tree representation unique up to isomorphism. Furthermore, this tree representation can be obtained in polynomial time.
Low frequency shock absorption in human walking

Abstract This study was designed to investigate the capability of the joints to absorb shock while walking at a constant speed on a treadmill under various frequency conditions. Eight subjects were required to walk at their preferred frequency, at a frequency predicted as the resonance of a hybrid pendulum-spring model of the legs and at metronome-driven frequencies ± 15%, ± 25% and ± 35% of the predicted frequency. Subjects were filmed in the sagittal plane. Shock absorption was calculated based on the ratios of mean peak two-dimensional (2-D) resultant accelerations between the ankle, knee, shoulder and head. A univariate measures ANOVA was used to compare shock absorption across all frequency conditions except the preferred. A U-shaped curve for frequency versus head:ankle shock absorption was observed with maximal absorption at the predicted frequency. The amount of shock reaching the head across conditions was small ranging from 8% of the shock at the feet at the predicted frequency to 15% at the lowest frequency. These findings suggest that minimization of shock to the head is an important constraint on gait regardless of the adopted frequency-stride length.
Inducing giant nonreciprocal effects in metamolecules, metasurfaces and metamaterials

We discuss venues to realize magnetic-free nonreciprocal integrated components based on linear and/or nonlinear metamaterials. These solutions, being based on azimuthal spatio-temporal modulation or nonlinear effects, are ideally suited for newly-developed metasurfaces with giant nonlinearities.
Altered phospholipid biosynthesis in type II pneumocytes isolated from streptozotocin-diabetic rats

To determine whether type II pneumocytes isolated from diabetic animals could serve as a useful model for the study of surfactant phospholipid biosynthesis and its regulation, type II pneumocytes were isolated from adult streptozotocin-diabetic rats and placed in short-term primary culture. On a DNA basis, total cellular disaturated phosphatidylcholine (disaturated PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) were decreased 36 and 66%, respectively, in type II cells from diabetic animals. 7 days of insulin treatment of diabetic rats returned the cellular disaturated PC and PG content to control values and increased the total cellular phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) content by 51%. The rates of glucose and acetate incorporation into disaturated PC per unit DNA were reduced 32 and 38%, respectively, in cells isolated from diabetic rats, while glycerol incorporation was increased by 143%. Insulin treatment of diabetic rats returned the glucose and glycerol incorporation rates to control values and increased acetate incorporation into disaturated PC by 66%. These data suggest that the biosynthesis of surfactant is altered by both diabetes mellitus and in vivo insulin treatment.
Reciprocity in trade: the utility of a bargaining strategy

Recent works in international relations theory have focused on the value of reciprocity as a means of achieving cooperation in international politics. They argue that even in an anarchic setting in which self-help typifies the behavior of sovereign nation states, the strategy of matching comparable responses to the actions of other nations may educate them over time to cooperate. This article empirically confirms that this assumption is correct. It examines the use of flexible reciprocal bargaining strategies between the United States and its major trading partners in key sectors in which surplus capacity and domestic adjustment difficulties have made commercial conflicts apparent. The outcomes of most of the disputes demonstrate that reciprocity is an effective means of eliciting cooperation from trading partners. Results also illustrate that this cooperation is usually consistent with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) norms of liberal trade and dispute settlement, even when it is inconsistent with the GATT principle of nondiscrimination.
Differential Proliferative and Interleukin-10 Responses to Fractionated Filarial Antigens: Preferential Recognition by Patients with Chronic Lymphatic Dysfunction

To characterize filarial antigens that may be associated with the development of chronic lymphatic dysfunction in persons with lymphatic filariasis, T cell responsiveness to Brugia pahangi adult worm extracts and SDS-PAGE antigen fractions were examined among Haitians from an area in which Wuchereria bancrofti is endemic. Greater T cell proliferation and interleukin-10 (IL-10) production were observed in amicrofilaremic patients with hydrocele or elephantiasis than in amicrofilaremic or microfilaremic asymptomatic persons. Antigen fractions that stimulated the highest proliferative responses (in the 25-49 kDa range) and IL-10 production were not identical. Further separation of an immunodominant 30- to 38-kDa fraction by ion exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography identified several subfractions, including a 32-kDa protein band, that elicited T cell responses from patients with elephantiasis or hydrocele. By immunoblot, these patients also had markedly greater humoral reactivity to parasite antigens of approximately 52, 43, 32, and 30 kDa.
The α2-HeremansSchmid glycoprotein (AHSG) promotes growth in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)

Background AHSG is a calcium-binding glycoprotein synthesized primarily by the liver [1-3] and secreted into serum [1-3]. Primarily known for its role in bone growth and remodeling, it is also reported to be involved in the progression of breast and lung cancer with these cells utilizing the liver synthesized form [1,4,5]. Uniquely, HNSCC cells synthesize their own AHSG, suggesting autocrine signaling fueling cell proliferation and movement. Here we present data showing the presence of AHSG mRNA in HNSCC cell line SQ20B and phenotypic and transcriptomic changes resulting from shRNA knockdown of AHSG protein expression.
Variations in Cellulosic Ultrastructure of Poplar

A key property involved in plant recalcitrance is cellulose crystallinity. In an attempt to establish the typical diversity in cellulose ultrastructure for poplar, the variation and distribution of supramolecular and ultrastructural features, including the fraction of crystalline cellulose forms $$ {\text{I}}_{\alpha } $$ and $$ {\text{I}}_{\beta } $$ , para-crystalline cellulose and amorphous cellulose content were characterized. In this study, the percent crystallinity (%Cr) and lateral fibril dimensions of cellulose isolated from poplar were determined for 18 poplar core samples collected in the northwestern region of the USA.
Multilayer thin-film stacks with steplike spatial beam shifting

This paper demonstrates the use of a single multilayer thin-film stack for generating custom-engineered spatial dispersion, i.e., spatial shift as a function of wavelength. Based on group-velocity effects similar to the superprism effect observed in photonic crystals, this thin-film grating (TFG) device allows for multiplexing or demultiplexing multiple wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) channels using a single nonperiodic thin-film stack. We designed a four-channel TFG for coarse WDM applications with 20-nm channel spacing and flat-top passbands. This paper shows that flat-top passbands correspond to a steplike spatial beam shifting with wavelength. The influence of a finite beamwidth on the passband shape is discussed using Fourier decomposition of the beam into plane-wave components. The paper concludes with experimental results for a three-channel TFG demonstrating steplike beam shifting.
Serotype, antimicrobial resistance, and adherence properties of Escherichia coli strains associated with outbreaks of diarrheal illness in children in the United States.

Since most recorded outbreaks of diarrhea in U.S. infants attributed to Escherichia coli occurred before currently available pathogenicity assays existed, we examined the characteristics of nonenterotoxigenic E. coli strains isolated from 50 outbreaks of diarrheal disease in U.S. infants between 1934 and 1987. We assayed the strains for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) serotype, localized adherence (LA) and diffuse adherence to tissue cultures, the presence of EPEC adherence factor genes, Shiga-like (Vero) toxin production, and antimicrobial resistance. EPEC serotypes were identified in 28 outbreaks (56%). LA to HeLa cells was found in 23 outbreak strains and correlated 100% with the EPEC adherence factor probe. LA was observed in 21 of 28 EPEC and 2 of 22 non-EPEC strains; however, 5 of 23 strains that were LA positive for HeLa cells did not adhere to HEp-2 or HL cells. One strain was diffuse adherence positive, and none was Shiga-like toxin positive. Multiple resistance was common in EPEC (64%), LA-positive (74%), and LA-positive EPEC (76%) strains but not in others (10%). EPEC serotypes or LA was found in 60% (n = 30) of the outbreak strains. The remaining E. coli strains may represent nonpathogenic normal flora, as-yet-undefined pathogens, or pathogens that have lost virulence-associated traits during storage or subculturing.
Steps along the Pathway of V(D)J Recombination

The mechanism of lymphoid-specific gene rearrangement (V(D)J recombination) is discussed, with a focus on the existence of broken DNA intermediates. Older evidence in support of this idea includes the sequence alteration at the recombined junctions and the presence of aberrant recombinants. More recently, broken DNA molecules have been directly detected in recombinationally active cells. The signal sequence ends have normal blunt-ended DNA breaks, but the coding ends have a hairpin (self-joined) structure that provides an explanation for the self-complementary P nucleotide insertions often found after V(D)J joining in the antigen receptor genes.
Diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodobacter sphaeroides inhibits complexes that form in vitro between lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein, soluble CD14, and spectrally pure LPS

An early event in septic shock is the activation of macrophages by a complex consisting of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS-binding protein (LBP), and the cell surface antigen CD14. The complexes that form between [3H]ReLPS (ReLPS is deep-rough-chemotype hexacyl LPS from E. coli D31m4), soluble CD14 (sCD14), and LBP were analyzed by two independent methods, native (nondenaturing) gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This is the first reported use of HPLC to purify and study LPS-protein complexes. The binding of [3H]ReLPS to LBP and sCD14 was inhibited by preincubation with diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RsDPLA), a potent LPS antagonist. In addition, [3H]ReLPS bound to LBP and to a truncated form of sCD14 [sCD14(1-152)] that contained the LPS binding domain. Binding to both proteins was blocked by RsDPLA. Thus, RsDPLA competes in a 1:1 ratio for the same or nearby binding sites on ReLPS complexes. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of aggregated ReLPS eluting from the HPLC indicated that only LBP, not sCD14, was bound to the aggregated ReLPS. This finding supports the binary model of LPS complex formation with LBP and sCD14.
A novel MOF with mesoporous cages for kinetic trapping of hydrogen

A stable MOF, assigned PCN-105, with two types of mesoporous cages, has been prepared by using a new multidentate flexible ligand with amine functional groups, and PCN-105 exhibits a marked N2, O2, Ar and H2 hysteretic behaviour.
Extreme ultraviolet polarizing optics using bare and aluminum-coated silicon carbide.

A deformable three-reflection system that uses a bare silicon carbide substrate can function as an in-line, high-throughput (>30%), 90° phase shifter in the 50–100 nm spectral range. For a given extreme ultraviolet wavelength, an aluminum thin film can be deposited on the silicon carbide substrate to suppress the parallel (p) or perpendicular (s) polarization on single reflection or to introduce quarter-wave retardation and equal reflectances for incident p- and s-polarized light.
Enzyme Studies on Human Blood. II. The Substrate in the Fibrinogen-Thrombin Reaction.

SummaryFifty-one experiments on 34 fibrinogen fractions prepared by the low temperature-ethanol principle confirm the reports of those investigators who observed an optimum concentration of substrate for the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction. The results also demonstrate that the level and range of this optimum concentration are determined by the nature of the fibrinogen preparation.
Experiences with a transportation information system that uses only GPS and SMS

We present our experiences with an SMS-based system for providing transit information based solely on existing cellular and GPS networks. The aim is to permit the development of information services that do not rely on a central authority or complex web hosting. We developed and applied our system to the network of privately-run marshrutka buses in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. However, our goal is to more broadly address issues of ad-hoc shared transportation systems in the developing world. A custom designed GPS-GSM unit is placed on a vehicle, and users can query our server over SMS with their own non-GPS-enabled cell phones. We report on the accuracy of our location naming approach and estimates of bus arrival times. In addition, we summarize interviews with bus drivers and bus riders relating their views of the system and outline directions for future work. Our system is a grassroots solution to the persistent lack of transport information in developing countries.
The Selection Index—Then, Now, and for the Future

When improvement is desired for several traits that may differ in variability, heritability, economic importance, and in the correlation among their phenotypes and genotypes, simultaneous multiple-trait index selection was more effective than independent culling levels or sequential selection. Such comparisons required definition of aggregate breeding value determined jointly by breeding values and economic importance of the component traits. The economic weight should approximate the partial regression of cost per unit of enterprise output value on breeding value for each trait. These can vary with production and marketing system, with performance of traits, and with breed role (i.e., paternal, maternal, or general) in crossbreeding systems. Genetic gains desired to maintain competitive ranking also may define the relative importance of traits. Because information available to estimate breeding values varies among the ages and categories of individuals under selection and because means are unknown, regressed (BLUP) predictions of trait breeding values are useful. They allow appropriate economic weights to be applied as the last step for predicting aggregate breeding values for individuals of different age classes, and they simplify choosing the proportions of selected breeders from each age class that maximize rate of change in aggregate breeding values. Inappropriate economic weights or errors in the parameters used to predict trait breeding values overestimate realized response in true aggregate breeding value.
Analyzing software measurement data with clustering techniques

For software quality estimation, software development practitioners typically construct quality-classification or fault prediction models using software metrics and fault data from a previous system release or a similar software project. Engineers then use these models to predict the fault proneness of software modules in development. Software quality estimation using supervised-learning approaches is difficult without software fault measurement data from similar projects or earlier system releases. Cluster analysis with expert input is a viable unsupervised-learning solution for predicting software modules' fault proneness and potential noisy modules. Data analysts and software engineering experts can collaborate more closely to construct and collect more informative software metrics.
Social class gradients and health in childhood

Objective.— To determine if there are social class gradients in health in children aged 6 to 11 years. Methods.— Self and parent reports of health of children in 5 sites across the United States were assessed using the Child Health and Illness Profile‐Child Edition. Distribution of scores in 4 domains: satisfaction (with health); comfort; resilience; and risk avoidance were used to create profiles of health. Social class was defined as a composite of parental education and work participation. Results.— Social class gradients were found for all but the satisfaction domain and for most subdomains in the parent version; the most notable gradient was in the risk avoidance domain, with better health the higher the social class. Apparent gradients did not reach statistical significance in the child reports. Children from a higher social class were more likely to be in excellent/average health and less likely to be in poor health profiles than were lower class children. Conclusions.— The findings generally mirror those from a prior study of adolescents, using the same conceptual framework for health and the same measure of social class, and are consistent with a cumulative effect for most aspects of health, and with a critical-period effect for risky behaviors. Ambulatory Pediatrics2002;2:238 246 A world-wide focus on achieving equity 1 and a US national focus on eliminating disparities in health by age, gender, race, ethnicity, social class, and disability 2 has focused attention on elucidating the reasons for inequities and disparities for the purpose of developing alternative strategies to deal with them. The earlier focus on poverty versus nonpoverty did not facilitate explanation of the mechanisms by which disparities arise; it is likely that the pathways to abject poverty are multiple and require multiple and simultaneously applied strategies. Recognition of the existence of social gradients, wherein health is better at each successively higher level of social position, has facilitated the development of hypotheses about the relative impact of a diverse set of adverse influences that manifest themselves in varying degrees along the social spectrum. 3,4 Understanding which pathways are most salient for which health outcomes would facilitate development of more informed health and social policies. The vast majority of studies on gradients have been conducted with adults; the literature has converged on the conclusion that the higher the social class, the lower the prevalence and severity of many, if not most, illnesses. The literature in children, and especially in early schoolage children, is much sparser and less conclusive. In an extensive recent review, Chen et al 5 concluded that there are social gradients in all-cause mortality, mortality from specific common chronic and acute conditions, parents’ ratings of their children’s health, injury rates, and mor
The Labor of U.S. Farm Women A Knowledge Gap

Census procedures may lead to serious undercounting of women's farm labor. This exploratory study of 27 farm women from Oklahoma, Vermont, and Colorado indicates substantial involvement in farm work, as well as in auxiliary economic enterprises. There is no clear relationship between involvement in farm work and farm decision-making; high enjoyment of the farm way of life and a suggestion that rural and urban values differ sufficiently to make interpretation of the farm-based division of labor between spouses difficult.
Evaluation of chest percussion in the treatment of patients with copious sputum production.

The effect of manual chest percussion was studied in nine patients with copious sputum production. Treatment consisting of postural drainage (PD) and the forced expiration technique (FET) produced sputum at the rate of 0·831 g min −1 . When percussion was included in the treatment regimen, the rate of sputum production was significantly greater ( P −1 for fast percussion and 1·040 g min −1 for slow percussion. Pulmonary function and oxygen saturation were unaffected by any of the treatment regimens. This study demonstrates that manual chest percussion is a useful adjunct to PD and FET in the treatment of patients with copious sputum production.
A new algorithm for optimal estimation of plant parameters from input-output data

A theoretical and algorithmic framework is proposed for optimal identification of rational transfer function parameters of discrete-time linear systems from input-output (IO) data. The nonlinear optimization criterion is theoretically decoupled into a purely linear problem for estimating the optimal numerator and nonlinear problem for the optimal denominator. An iterative computational algorithm is given for estimation of the denominator. Once the denominator is estimated, the numerator is obtained with only a single step of linear estimation. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified with simulation examples. >
GMTI tracking improved by 18 dB using cognitive algorithm

Existing tracking algorithms face combinatorial complexity in heavy clutter. Their performance is limited by the number of computer operations, they do not extract all the information available in radar signals, and do not reach Cramer-Rao performance bounds. A cognitively inspired algorithm was developed and applied for improved tracking. Models for GMTI tracks have been developed as well as cognitive architecture incorporating these models. The cognitive tracker overcomes combinatorial complexity of tracking in highly-cluttered scenarios; its performance achieves Cramer-Rao Bounds and results in about 20 dB (two orders of magnitude) improvement in signal-to-clutter ratio.
Effects of respiratory vaccination timing and growth-promoting implant on health, performance, and immunity of high-risk, newly received stocker cattle1

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of pentavalent respiratory vaccination timing with or without a hormonal growth implant on arrival (d 0) on health, performance, complete blood count, and vaccine response in
Exploring the Content of Intraoperative Teaching.

Introduction Much teaching to surgical residents takes place in the operating room (OR). The explicit content of what is taught in the OR, however, has not previously been described. This study investigated the content of what is taught in the OR, specifically during laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LCs), for which a cognitive task analysis (CTA), explicitly delineating individual steps, was available in the literature. Methods A checklist of necessary technical and decision-making steps to be executed during performance of LCs, anchored in the previously published CTA, was developed. A convenience sample of LCs was identified over a 12-month period from February 2011 to February 2012. Using the checklist, a trained observer recorded explicit teaching that occurred regarding these steps during each observed case. All observations were tallied and analyzed. Results In all, 51 LCs were observed; 14 surgery attendings and 33 residents participated in the observed cases. Of 1042 observable teaching points, only 560 (53.7%) were observed during the study period. As a proportion of all observable steps, technical steps were observed more frequently, 377 (67.3%), than decision-making steps, 183 (32.7%). Also when focusing on technical and decision-making steps alone, technical steps were taught more frequently (60.9% vs 43.3%). Conclusions Only approximately half of all possible observable teaching steps were explicitly taught during LCs in this study. Technical steps were more frequently taught than decision-making steps. These findings may have important implications: a better understanding of the content of intraoperative teaching would allow educators to steer residents' preoperative preparation, modulate intraoperative instruction by members of the surgical faculty, and guide residents to the most appropriate teaching venues.
Chuck: A strongly timed computer music language

ChucK is a programming language designed for computer music. It aims to be expressive and straightforward to read and write with respect to time and concurrency, and to provide a platform for precise audio synthesis and analysis and for rapid experimentation in computer music. In particular, ChucK defines the notion of a strongly timed audio programming language, comprising a versatile time-based programming model that allows programmers to flexibly and precisely control the flow of time in code and use the keyword now as a time-aware control construct, and gives programmers the ability to use the timing mechanism to realize sample-accurate concurrent programming. Several case studies are presented that illustrate the workings, properties, and personality of the language. We also discuss applications of ChucK in laptop orchestras, computer music pedagogy, and mobile music instruments. Properties and affordances of the language and its future directions are outlined.
Elucidating Hydrogen Oxidation/Evolution Kinetics in Base and Acid by Enhanced Activities at the Optimized Pt Shell Thickness on the Ru Core

Hydrogen oxidation and evolution on Pt in acid are facile processes, while in alkaline electrolytes, they are 2 orders of magnitude slower. Thus, developing catalysts that are more active than Pt for these two reactions is important for advancing the performance of anion exchange membrane fuel cells and water electrolyzers. Herein, we detail a 4-fold enhancement of Pt mass activity that we achieved using single-crystalline Ru@Pt core–shell nanoparticles with two-monolayer-thick Pt shells, which doubles the activity on Pt–Ru alloy nanocatalysts. For Pt specific activity, the two- and one-monolayer-thick Pt shells exhibited enhancement factors of 3.1 and 2.3, respectively, compared to the Pt nanocatalysts in base, differing considerably from the values of 1 and 0.4, respectively, in acid. To explain such behavior and the orders of magnitude difference in activity on going from acid to base, we performed kinetic analyses of polarization curves over a wide range of potential from −250 to 250 mV using the dual...
Positron Emission Tomography Studies of Potential Mechanisms Underlying Phencyclidine-Induced Alterations in Striatal Dopamine

Positron emission tomography (PET), in combination with 11C-raclopride, was used to examine the effects of phencyclidine (PCP) on dopamine (DA) in the primate striatum. In addition, we explored the hypotheses that GABAergic pathways as well as molecular targets beyond the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex (ie dopamine transporter proteins, DAT) contribute to PCP's effects. In the first series of experiments, 11C-raclopride was administered at baseline and 30 min following intravenous PCP administration. In the second series of studies, γ-vinyl GABA (GVG) was used to assess whether enhanced GABAergic tone altered NMDA antagonist-induced changes in DA. Animals received an initial PET scan followed by pretreatment with GVG (300 mg/kg), then PCP 30 min prior to a second scan. Finally, we explored the possible contributions of DAT blockade to PCP-induced increases in DA. By examining 11C-cocaine binding a paradigm in which PCP was coadministered with the radiotracer, we assessed the direct competition between these two compounds for the DAT. At 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg, PCP decreased 11C-raclopride binding by 2.1, 14.9±2.2 and 8.18±1.1%, respectively. These effects were completely attenuated by GVG (3.38±3.1% decrease in 11C-raclopride binding). Finally, PCP (0.5 mg/kg) decreased 11C-cocaine binding by 25.5±4.3%, while at 1.0 mg/kg this decrease was 13.5%, consistent with a competitive interaction at the DAT. These results suggest that PCP may be exerting some direct effects through the DAT and that GABA partially modulates NMDA-antagonist-induced increases in striatal DA.
9 Ivabradine Alters Fibroblast Number and Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 Expression in Heart Failure

Cardiac fibrosis is associated with disruptions of the myocardial architecture through changes in volume, composition and organisation of the extracellular matrix. Ivabradine (IVA), a selective inhibitor of the pacemaker current, has shown to have beneficial effects on pathological remodelling. As fibroblasts are the predominant mediators of fibrosis we investigated whether IVA has direct effects on fibroblasts. Heart failure (HF) was induced by permanent coronary artery ligation in rats; sham-operated animals (S) were used as controls. After 12 weeks, HF animals were treated either with IVA or saline (HF-S) for a further 4 weeks. Discoidin domain-containing receptor-2 (DDR-2) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were measured as markers of fibroblasts and activated fibroblasts respectively. IVA reduced the DDR-2 (in arbitrary units (a.u.), S: 0.33 ± 0.03, n = 4; HF-S: 0.77 ± 0.06, n = 5; HF-IVA: 0.57 ± 0.02, n = 5; p
An Extension of the DINA Model Using Covariates Examining Factors Affecting Response Probability and Latent Classification

When students solve problems, their proficiency in a particular subject may influence how well they perform in a similar, but different area of study. For example, studies have shown that science a...
Electronic Structure of Deep-Lying Sulfur Centers in Si

A theoretical analysis has been made of infrared absorption spectra measured earlier for four deep-lying sulfur centers in Si. The data consist of absorption frequencies and polarization selection rules determined for uniaxial stress applied along [001], [111], and [110] axes. Both ls + np transitions and ls → ls transitions are observed. The A and B centers (binding energies 0.1090 eV and 0.1872 eV, respectively) are found to be He-like, while the C and D centers (binding energies 0.3683 eV and 0.6116 eV, respectively) are found to be He+-like. The D center spectra are consistent with Td symmetry, while the A, B and C spectra are consistent in most respects with C3v or D3d symmetry. One noteworthy result is the finding that the ls + np spectral frequencies observed under stress for the A center are consistent with a ls(E) ground state.
Missiles and Memory: Dismantling South Dakota's Cold War

For much of the cold war, 150 Minuteman missiles dotted South Dakota's western plains. Today the warheads are gone, but one silo remains as the Minuteman Missile National Historic Site. This article considers South Dakota's relationship with the Minuteman—from deployment to preservation—in order to examine the domestic cold war and the creation of a national cold war narrative.
The response of migratory populations to phenological change: a Migratory Flow Network modelling approach

Declines in migratory species have been linked to anthropogenic climate change through phenological mismatch, which arises due to asynchronies between the timing of life-history events (such as migration) and the phenology of available resources. Long-distance migratory species may be particularly vulnerable to phenological change in their breeding ranges, since the timing of migration departure is based on environmental cues at distant non-breeding sites. Migrants may, however, be able to adjust migration speed en route to the breeding grounds, and thus, ability of migrants to update their timing of migration may depend critically on stopover frequency during migration; however, understanding how migratory strategy influences population dynamics is hindered by a lack of predictive models explicitly linking habitat quality to demography and movement patterns throughout the migratory cycle. Here, we present a novel modelling framework, the Migratory Flow Network (MFN), in which the seasonally varying attractiveness of breeding, winter and stopover regions drives the direction and timing of migration based on a simple general flux law. We use the MFN to investigate how populations respond to shifts in breeding site phenology based on their frequency of stopover and ability to detect and adapt to these changes. With perfect knowledge of advancing phenology, 'jump' migrants (low-frequency stopover) require more adaptation for populations to recover than 'hop' and 'skip' (high or medium frequency stopover) migrants. If adaptation depends on proximity, hop and skip migrants' populations can recover but jump migrants cannot adjust and decline severely. These results highlight the importance of understanding migratory strategies and maintaining high-quality stopover habitat to buffer migratory populations from climate-induced mismatch. We discuss how MFNs could be applied to diverse migratory taxa and highlight the potential of MFNs as a tool for exploring how migrants respond to other environmental changes such as habitat loss.
Epidemic Situation of Notifiable Communicable Diseases in Haizhu District of Guangzhou in 2006

Objective To analyze the epidemic status of notifiable communicable diseases in Haizhu district of Guangzhou,and provide basis for prevention,control and treatment of communicable diseases.Methods The data of notifiable communicable diseases in Haizhu district in 2006 were collected and analyzed.Results In 2006,a total of 6 907 cases in 21 categories with Type B and C of communicable disease were reported in Haizhu district,Guangzhou with an incidence rate of 775.82/105,and the total reported deaths of infectious diseases were 18 cases with a mortality rate of 2.02/105.No type a communicable disease found.Communicable diseases were mainly composed of the diseases of respiratory tract,intestine,blood and STD.Tuberculosis,infectious diarrhea,influenza,hepatitis B,epidemic mumps,syphilis,gonorrhea and measles were the major types of the diseases.Conclusion More effective control measures for prevention should be taken for the disease of respiratory tract infection,intestine infectious disease,blood infectious disease and STD.The prevention and control work,especially on tuberculosis,viral hepatitis,gonorrhea,syphilis and measles should be streng thened.
The Relationship Between Supplier Development and Firm Performance: Utilizing the Market-Based Asset Framework

The last few decades have seen a fundamental shift in the source of a firm’s competitive advantage from physical assets such as plant and machinery to market-based assets (intangible assets) such as brands, knowledge, innovation and supplier relationships (Eisenhardt & Martin 2000, Wernerfelt 1984). As a result, there has been a substantial increase in the contribution of market-based assets toward the market capitalization of firms (Ramaswami et al. 2009). The value of market-based assets is hard to measure since they are intangible and typically not recorded on a firm’s balance sheet (Sharp 1995) and to help determine the contribution of market-based assets to a firm’s performance, Srivastava et al. (1999) developed a conceptual framework that links market-based assets to performance. The framework argues that market-based assets must be transformed and leveraged as part of an organization’s processes if they are to generate economic value to the organization. Thus, to assess the contribution of market-based assets, the framework links market-based assets, to firm performance through the processes and routines utilized to develop those assets (Srivastava et al. 2001).
Introduction: Grand Tours and Workers’ Tours: Rethinking Victorian Travel and Education

Sifting through his morning correspondence, Peter Le Neve Foster would have paused at a rough envelope postmarked 5 November 1878, the return address, “Peckham House Lunatic Asylum, London,” scrawled in the corner. It was a letter from Alexander Kay, an unfortunate Scottish joiner with whom he had corresponded since the 1867 “Artisan Tours” of the Paris Exhibition. Foster had neglected to respond to Kay’s September post. Yet here was another letter to pester and perhaps sadden him with the musings of a man who had lost his mind, his capacity for self-government, and his freedom.
High Order Accurate Difference Methods in Hydrodynamics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a class of problems in which the fluid is to exhibit no perceptible viscous or heat conducting effects. Much effort has been spent, in recent years, on the construction of finite difference approximations to the equations of hydrodynamics. The chapter discusses some current techniques being used in Lagrange calculations and then describes some aspects of Eulerian type calculations, that is, the method of Lax and Wendroff. These methods apply to problems in three independent variables.
A Capstone Design Project for Teaching Cybersecurity to Non-technical Users

This paper presents a multi-year undergraduate computing capstone project that holistically contributes to the development of cybersecurity knowledge and skills in non-computing high school and college students. We describe the student-built Vulnerable Web Server application, which is a system that packages instructional materials and pre-built virtual machines to provide lessons on cybersecurity to non-technical students. The Vulnerable Web Server learning materials have been piloted at several high schools and are now integrated into multiple security lessons in an intermediate, general education information technology course at the United States Military Academy. Our paper interweaves a description of the Vulnerable Web Server materials with the senior capstone design process that allowed it to be built by undergraduate information technology and computer science students, resulting in a valuable capstone learning experience. Throughout the paper, a call is made for greater emphasis on educating the non-technical user.
MDCT of hand and wrist infections: emphasis on compartmental anatomy

Hand and wrist infections can present with a spectrum of manifestations ranging from cellulitis to deep-space collections. The various infectious processes can be categorised as superficial or deep infections based on their respective locations relative to the tendons. Superficial hand infections are located superficial to the tendons and are comprised of cellulitis, lymphangitis, paronychia, pulp-space infections, herpetic whitlow, and include volar as well as dorsal subcutaneous abscesses. Deep hand infections are located deep to the tendon sheaths and include synovial space infections, such as infectious tenosynovitis, deep fascial space infections, septic arthritis, necrotising fasciitis, and osteomyelitis. Knowledge of hand and wrist compartmental anatomy is essential for the accurate diagnosis and management of hand infections. Although early and superficial infections of the hand may respond to non-surgical management, most hand infections are surgical emergencies. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), with its muliplanar reformation (MPR) and three-dimensional (3D) capabilities, is a powerful tool in the emergency setting for the evaluation of acute hand and wrist pathology. The clinical and imaging features of hand and wrist infections as evident on MDCT will be reviewed with emphasis on contiguous and closed synovial and deep fascial spaces. Knowledge of hand compartmental anatomy enables accurate characterisation of the infectious process and localise the extent of disease in the acute setting.
Glucose Driven Changes in Beta Cell Identity Are Important for Function and Possibly Autoimmune Vulnerability during the Progression of Type 1 Diabetes.

There are important unanswered questions about what happens to pancreatic beta cells during the progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The process can evolve over many years from the appearance of beta cell autoantibodies, which is thought to result from injury by cytotoxic T cells, to the development of hyperglycemia, which is then typically followed by killing of the vast majority of beta cells. Some of the critical questions are: What happens to beta cell mass and function over time? What happens to beta cell vulnerability when its phenotype changes in response to rising glucose levels? What makes a beta cell a target? Why are only some cells being killed at any given time? How much regeneration occurs as the autoimmune process proceeds? These fundamental questions cannot be fully answered until we have a better understanding of the variations of beta cell identity that change over time.
Benign Anal Disease: When to Operate on the Patient with an Anal Fissure

Anal fissures have been reported to affect an estimated 235,000 individuals per year, though the true incidence is likely higher. The majority of anal fissures are associated with high internal anal sphincter tone. The etiology is thought to be related to local trauma caused by hard stool and/or related to chronic ischemia associated with increased sphincter pressures. While most acute fissures heal spontaneously with stool bulking, local care, and topical treatments, the management of chronic fissures, specifically the decision on when lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) is appropriate, represents a clinical challenge.