cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tales of a cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA)

With the advent of new government policies regarding technology transfer from government institutions to the commercial sector, we have had much attention drawn to Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADA) with federal laboratories for process and product development. I would like to relate the generally positive experiences Corning Incorporated has had in creating a CRADA with the Photonics Center at Rome Laboratory. Because our CRADA is still on-going, I cannot point out as yet any particular successful application of technology, as we're still working on it! However, I can describe some of our experiences in going through the CRADA process.
Integral membrane protein interaction with triton cytoskeletons of erythrocytes

Abstract The organization of erythrocyte membrane lipids and proteins has been studied following the release of cytoplasmic components with the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100. After detergent extraction, a detergent-resistant complex called the erythrocyte cytoskeleton is separated from detergent, solubilized lipid and protein by sucrose buoyant density sedimentation. In cytoskeletons prepared under isotonic conditions all of the major erythrocyte membrane proteins are retained except for the integral protein, glycophorin, which is quantitatively solubilized and another integral glycoprotein, band 3, which is only 60% removed. When cytoskeletons are prepared in hypertonic KCl solutions, band 3 is fully solubilized along with bands 2.1 and 4.2 and several minor components. The resulting cytoskeletons have the same morphology as those prepared in isotonic buffer but they are composed of only three major peripheral proteins, spectrin, actin and band 4.1. We have designated this peripheral protein complex the ‘shell’ of the erythrocyte membrane, and have shown that the attachment of band 3 to the shell satisfies the criteria for a specific interaction. Although Triton did affect erythrocyte shape, cytoskeleton lipid content and the activity of membrane proteases, there was no indication that Triton altered the attachment of band 3 to the shell. We suggest that band 3 attaches to the shell as part of a ternary complex of bands 2.1, 3 and 4.2.
Electron Transport Chains of Phototrophically and Chemotrophically Grown Chloroflexus Aurantiacus

The photosynthetic gliding green bacterium Chloroftexus aurantiacus is capable of both phototrophic and chemotrophic growth (Sprague et at., 1981). Cells grown under phototrophic conditions contain BChl a associated with the cytoplasmic membrane plus antenna BChl c located in chlorosomes attached to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane (Pierson and Castenholz, 1976). During chemotrophic growth chlorophyll synthesis is repressed and the number of chlorosomes decline (Sprague et at., 1961). Synthesis of pigment-binding polypeptides and of electron carrier proteins such as Cyt “c554” the immediate electron donor to the reaction center P870-, has been shown to be controlled by O2 tension in Chloroftexus (Foster et al., 1965; Bruce et al., 1982; Wynn et al., 1987). Other aspects of the cytochrome content of Chloroftexus, particularly the Cyt b:Cyt c ratio and the presence of heme a, have been shown to vary with growth conditions (Bruce et at., 1982; Wynn et at., 1987; Pierson, 1985; Zannoni and Ingledew, 1986; Zannoni, 1986). We have characterized the membrane-bound components of the electron transfer chains of both phototrophicatly and chemotrophicalLy grown Chloroftexus. Particular attention has been placed on the cytochrome and iron-sulfur center content of chemotrophically grown cells, cultured under conditions of vigorous aeration in the dark (Foster et al., 1966; Wynn et al., 1987). Cells grown under these conditions are completely free of BChl c and contain < 0.02% of the BChl a found in cells grown anaerobicalLy in the Light.
Caffeine withdrawal increases cerebral blood flow velocity and alters quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) activity.

Rationale: Cessation of daily caffeine consumption produces a withdrawal syndrome comprised of subjective symptoms and functional impairment. Few controlled studies have examined the physiological effects of caffeine withdrawal. Objective: The present study examined the effect of caffeine withdrawal on cerebral blood flow velocity and quantitative EEG. Methods: Ten volunteers reporting moderate caffeine intake (mean 333 mg/day) participated in this double-blind study. Subjects completed several tests when maintaining their normal diet (baseline period) and during two 1-day periods during which they consumed caffeine-free diets and received capsules containing placebo (placebo test session) or caffeine (caffeine test session) in amounts equal to their baseline daily caffeine consumption. Blood flow velocity was determined for four arteries: right and left middle (MCA), and right and left anterior (ACA) cerebral arteries using pulsed transcranial Doppler sonography. EEG was recorded for 3 min from eight scalp sites while subjects sat, with eyes closed, in a sound-attenuated electronically shielded chamber. Subjective effects were assessed with questionnaires. Results: Results showed an effect of the placebo (21-h withdrawal) condition compared to the caffeine condition. Placebo significantly increased the mean velocity, systolic velocity and diastolic velocity (cm/s) in all four cerebral arteries. In the MCA, the pulsatility index was significantly decreased following placebo. Placebo significantly increased EEG theta power. Placebo also produces subjective effect changes, including increases in heavy feelings in arms and legs and decreases in ability to concentrate. The caffeine and baseline conditions produced similar results on both the physiological and subjective measures. Conclusion: Cessation of daily caffeine consumption produced changes in cerebral blood flow velocity and quantitative EEG. These changes may be related to classic caffeine withdrawal symptoms of headache, drowsiness and decreased alertness.
Parameter estimation in low order fractionally differenced ARMA processes

A class of regression type estimators of the parameterd in a fractionally differencedARMA (p, q) process is introduced. This class is an extension of the estimator considered by Geweke and Porter-Hudak. In a simulation study, we compared three estimators from this class together with two approximate maximum likelihood estimators which are based on two separate approximations to the likelihood. One approximation ignores the determinant term in the likelihood and the other includes a compensating factor for the determinant. When the determinant term is included, the estimate tends to be much less biased and is in general superior to the other estimate. The approximate maximum likelihood estimator out performed, by a large margin, the regression type estimators for pureARIMA (0,d,0) processes. However, forARIMA (1,d,1) processes, a regression type estimator turned out to be the best for realizations of length 400 in 3 out of the 5 cases we tried.
Therapeutic Metformin/AMPK Activation Promotes the Angiogenic Phenotype in the ERα Negative MDA-MB-435 Breast Cancer Model

Metformin, a first line treatment for type 2 diabetes, has been implicated as a potential anti-neoplastic agent for breast cancers as well as other cancers. Metformin is known to work in part through the activation of AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, especially under stress conditions where biosynthetic pathways are blocked by the phosphorylation of downstream AMPK substrates. Stimulation of AMPK by metformin resulted in a significant repression of cell proliferation and active MAPK1/2 in both estrogen receptor α (ERα) negative (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435) and positive (MCF-7, T47D) human breast cancer cell lines. However, when ERα negative MDA-MB-435 cells were treated with metformin, they demonstrated increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in an AMPK dependent manner; while the ERα positive MCF-7 cells did not. Systemic therapy with metformin was tested for efficacy in an orthotopic model of ERα negative breast cancer performed in athymic nude mice. Surprisingly, metformin therapy significantly improved tumorigenic progression as compared to untreated controls. The metformin-treated group showed increased VEGF expression, intratumoral microvascular density and reduced necrosis. Metformin treatment was sufficient, however, to reduce systemic IGF-1 and the proliferation rate of tumor cells in vascularized regions. The data presented here suggests that, although metformin significantly represses breast cancer cell growth in vitro, the efficacy with respect to its therapeutic application for ERα negative breast cancer lesions in vivo may result in promotion of the angiogenic phenotype and increased tumorigenic progression.
The Effect of Temperature on Drainage Capillary Pressure in Rocks Using a Modified Centrifuge

A commercially available centrifuge was modified to measure drainage capillary pressures of various core samples at temperatures up to 400/sup 0/F. The modifications provided good control over the following core parameters that needed to be accurately measured: maximum capillary pressure, average wetting phase saturation, and temperature. The results of this study showed that for the McKittrick crude oil-brine system, the irreducible brine saturation increased with increases in temperature with all lithologies confirming the results of the previous investigators. However, for the nitrogen-brine system, irreducible brine saturation was found to decrease with increase in temperature for all lithologies studied (clean sandstones, shaly sandstones, and limestone. The implications of these results as applied to formation evaluation and reservoir engineering are discussed. 31 refs.
Mammographic second opinions prior to biopsy of nonpalpable breast lesions.

The recent report of the Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Medical Association 1 summarizes the status of screening mammography as follows: "There is strong epidemiologic evidence that mammography screening in asymptomatic women aged 50 years or older reduces breast cancer mortality.. [and] suggest reductions in mortality and better survival in younger women as well." Documentation of the benefits of screening mammography makes cost the major limiting factor in large-scale adoption of this examination. Surprisingly, in this country probably less than one half of the total costs of screening mammography actually relate to the screening examination. 2 The remaining "downstream" expenses relate to the false-positive mammographic diagnosis of cancer with subsequent physician consultation, roentgenographic localization, and surgical biopsy. I believe that too many breast biopsies are recommended for minimally suspicious nonpalpable lesions and that the cost of performing these biopsies jeopardizes mammography screening programs. As a partial remedy to
The use of treatments for erectile dysfunction among survivors of prostate carcinoma

BACKGROUND The objectives of this survey were to describe the prevalence of using a treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED) among men after therapy for localized prostate carcinoma and to construct models explaining the variance in trying a treatment, treatment success, and adherence to treatment. METHODS A postal survey was sent to 2636 men in The Cleveland Clinic Foundation's Prostate Cancer Registry who were treated initially with either definitive radiotherapy or prostatectomy for localized prostate carcinoma. The survey asked about demographic items, past and current sexual functioning, and the partner's sexual function. Men were asked about their current and intended use of medical treatments for ED. Standardized questionnaires included the Sexual Self-Schema Scale-Male Version, the International Index of Erectile Function, urinary and bowel symptom scales from the Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index), and the Short-Form Health Survey. RESULTS The return rate was 49%. Differences between men who returned the questionnaire and men who did not respond suggest that the sample was weighted toward men who were more interested in staying active sexually. ED was a problem for 85% of men, and 59% of this group used at least 1 treatment for ED. Only 38% of men found that a medical treatment was at least somewhat helpful in improving their sex lives, however, and 30% of respondents still were using at least 1 treatment at the time of the survey. Factors that were associated with the efficacy of treatments for ED and with their continued use included having a sexual partner, younger age, choosing a treatment for prostate carcinoma that was more likely to spare some sexual function, and not having had neoadjuvant or current antiandrogen therapy. Men who tried a greater number of treatments for ED were more likely to find one that worked. Men were more likely to continue using treatments for ED that produced greater improvements in sexual function. CONCLUSIONS The success of medical treatments for men with ED among long-term survivors of prostate carcinoma is limited. Men prefer noninvasive treatments, although invasive treatments are more effective. Sexual counseling for men and their partners is recommended, because it may increase the use of medical therapies for ED. Creating more realistic expectations in both partners also may enhance treatment adherence. Cancer 2002;95:2397–407. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10970
Photonic Crystal Sensors for the Rapid Detection of Myocardial Ischemia

Coronary Heart Disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and was responsible for approximately one of every five deaths in 2003 [1]. Unnecessary admissions to US Hospitals of patients with suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is estimated to cost about 12 billion dollars a year [2]. The earliest biochemical markers currently assayed do not appear in the blood for hours after the onset of chest pain; a rapid test for myocardial ischemia would help to expedite treatment and avoid unnecessary hospital admissions [3].Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Comparative analysis of fracture characteristics of the developing mandible: The Mayo Clinic experience

Abstract Objective To review and compare the epidemiology and treatment of mandibular fractures in subgroups of a pediatric population. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of pediatric patients (age, ≤18 years) with mandibular fractures treated at our institution from January 1996 through November 2011. Results We identified 122 patients (93 [76%] male) with 216 mandibular fractures. The prevalent mechanisms of injury were motor vehicle accidents ( n = 52 [43%]), sports injuries ( n = 24 [20%]), and assault ( n = 13 [11%]). The most common fracture sites were subcondylar, parasymphyseal, angle, and body. Two patients (2%) were treated conservatively by observation only, 67 (55%) underwent maxillomandibular fixation alone, 41 (34%) underwent maxillomandibular fixation with plate fixation, and 7 (5.7%) underwent plate fixation only. The average duration of maxillomandibular fixation was 26 days (range, 7–49 days). Complications occurred in 11 patients (9.0%) over a mean follow-up of 92 days (range, 21–702 days). Fifty patients (41.0%) had comorbid conditions or a history of mental illness at the time of injury, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( n = 11 [9%]), mental disorders other than attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( n = 23 [19%]), and asthma ( n = 17 [14%]). Twenty-six patients (21%) had a history of substance use, the most common being tobacco ( n = 18 [15%]), alcohol ( n = 13 [11%]), and marijuana ( n = 11 [9%]). Conclusions Treatment approach and outcomes were affected by age and fracture characteristics. In addition, a marked proportion of this cohort had preexisting mental disorders and history of substance use, which may have implications on treatment approach.
Post-silicon performance modeling and tuning of analog/mixed-signal circuits via Bayesian model fusion

Post-silicon tuning has recently emerged as an important technique to combat large-scale uncertainties (e.g., process variation, device modeling errors, etc) for today's nanoscale circuits. This talk presents a novel Bayesian Model Fusion (BMF) technique for efficient post-silicon performance modeling and tuning of analog and mixed-signal (AMS) circuits. The key idea is to borrow the simulation or measurement data from an early stage (e.g., pre-silicon) to accurately build AMS performance models at a late stage (e.g., post-silicon). The post-silicon models are then used to facilitate efficient tuning of AMS circuits. A circuit example designed in a commercial 32 nm CMOS process is used to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed post-silicon performance modeling and tuning methodology based on BMF.
Labor market contracting and wage dispersion

This paper uses a variety of data sources to document the effect of long-term contracts (LTCs) on wage dispersion. The paper first shows that LTCs are responsible for the decrease in wage dispersion observed as labor markets tighten; absent LTCs (as in most other advanced nations outside North America), this effect does not exist. The paper next examines the relationship between cost-of-living escalators (COLAs) and wage dispersion. COLAs are typically found only in those countries that rely on LTCs, although the incidence of COLAs in these nations is affected by inflation variability. Thus, in the United States, COLAs became much more prevalent in long-term contracts during the 1970s, which caused an increase in wage dispersion, particularly between the union and nonunion sectors. The paper concludes that, despite some suggestions that we ban LTCs and COLAs because of their perverse effects on wage dispersion and other economic outcomes, such a ban would be unwise in light of historically high levels of industrial strife in those nations that rely on these contractual devices.
Large-scale compute-intensive analysis via a combined in-situ and co-scheduling workflow approach

Large-scale simulations can produce hundreds of terabytes to petabytes of data, complicating and limiting the efficiency of workflows. Traditionally, outputs are stored on the file system and analyzed in post-processing. With the rapidly increasing size and complexity of simulations, this approach faces an uncertain future. Trending techniques consist of performing the analysis in-situ, utilizing the same resources as the simulation, and/or off-loading subsets of the data to a compute-intensive analysis system. We introduce an analysis framework developed for HACC, a cosmological N-body code, that uses both in-situ and co-scheduling approaches for handling petabyte-scale outputs. We compare different analysis set-ups ranging from purely off-line, to purely in-situ to in-situ/co-scheduling. The analysis routines are implemented using the PISTON/VTK-m framework, allowing a single implementation of an algorithm that simultaneously targets a variety of GPU, multi-core, and many-core architectures.
Imaging with singular electromagnetic beam

Laguerre-Gaussian beams are considered as basis functions for inverse scattering applications. First order perturbation theory is applied to paraxial higher order Gaussian beams. Information about the scattering potential is deduced from the coupling coefficients between otherwise orthogonal modes. This leads to a theoretical description analogous to plane wave diffraction tomography. Differences between the plane wave model and the Laguerre-Gauss formalism highlight both limitations as well as opportunities for applying singular Gaussian beams to the inverse scattering problems. The perturbation analysis is applied to a number of examples illustrating how information about the scattering object can be deduced from measurements of the scattered paraxial field.
Neuropeptide-Gated Perception of Appetitive Olfactory Inputs in Drosophila Larvae

Understanding how smell or taste translates into behavior remains challenging. We have developed a behavioral paradigm in Drosophila larvae to investigate reception and processing of appetitive olfactory inputs in higher-order olfactory centers. We found that the brief presentation of appetitive odors caused fed larvae to display impulsive feeding of sugar-rich food. Deficiencies in the signaling of neuropeptide F (NPF), the fly counterpart of neuropeptide Y (NPY), blocked appetitive odor-induced feeding by disrupting dopamine (DA)-mediated higher-order olfactory processing. We have identified a small number of appetitive odor-responsive dopaminergic neurons (DL2) whose activation mimics the behavioral effect of appetitive odor stimulation. Both NPF and DL2 neurons project to the secondary olfactory processing center; NPF and its receptor NPFR1 mediate a gating mechanism for reception of olfactory inputs in DL2 neurons. Our findings suggest that eating for reward value is an ancient behavior and that fly larvae are useful for studying neurobiology and the evolution of olfactory reward-driven behavior.
Obesity and retropubic surgery for stress incontinence: Is there really an increased risk of intraoperative complications?

Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of obesity on length of surgery, blood loss, and intra- and postoperative complications in women who underwent retropubic surgery for stress urinary incontinence. Study design Of 449 women participating in a multicenter, randomized trial evaluating antibiotic prophylaxis in women with suprapubic catheters, 250 women underwent retropubic anti-incontinence procedures. This is a prospective nested cohort study of these women, 79 (32%) of whom were obese (body mass index 30 or greater) and 171 (68%) overweight or normal weight (body mass index less than 30). Data collected included demographic variables, past medical history, physical examination, and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Data were analyzed with Fisher's exact for dichotomous variables, Student t tests for continuous variables, and analysis of variance for multivariate analysis. Significance was set at P Results Obese women undergoing stress urinary incontinence surgery were younger than nonobese women (48.7 versus 51.9 years, respectively, P P = .006) or abdominal paravaginal repairs ( P = .001); therefore, estimated blood loss, change in hematocrit, length of stay, surgery, and suprapubic catheterization comparisons are adjusted for the performance of these procedures. Estimated surgical blood loss was greater for obese women (344 versus 284 P = .03); however, change in hematocrit was lower for obese than nonobese women (6.6 versus 7.3, P = .048). Mean length of surgery was 15 minutes longer in obese women ( P = .02). Length of hospital stay did not vary between groups ( P = NS). Major intraoperative complications were uncommon (14 [5.6%]), with no difference between weight groups. Incidence of postoperative urinary tract infection, wound infections, or postoperative major complications were likewise similar between groups (all P > .05). Conclusion Surgery takes longer for obese patients, but blood loss as recorded by change in hematocrit is lower. Major complications were rare and similar between weight groups, as were infectious complications.
INFLUENCE OF ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC FACTORS ON AMPHIBIANS IN EPHEMERAL PONDS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LONG-TOED SALAMANDERS (AMBYSTOMA MACRODACTYLUM)

Animals living in ephemeral habitats are subjected to various abiotic and biotic selection pressures that may not be present to the same degree in permanent habitats. For example, pond drying can lead to increased predation and competition as resources become limited and temperature and water quality undergo drastic fluctuations. Amphibians provide an excellent model for studying factors associated with survival in temporary habitats. Aquatic amphibians developing in ephemeral habitats must find food, avoid predators, and cope with potentially great fluctuations in abiotic parameters under increasingly harsh conditions. In Oregon (U.S.A.), larval long-toed salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) often inhabit temporary ponds that gradually dry during the summer. We have been studying several factors that may influence long-toed salamander behavior, growth, and survival in ephemeral montane ponds in the Cascade Range. These include biotic interactions focusing on cannibalism and predation, and abiotic factor...
High-melting bisphenol-A polycarbonate from annealing of vapor-induced crystals

Polycarbonate is known to crystallize thermally, but only slowly and to a limited (25%) extent. The melting points reported exhibit a wide variation. We have found that the melting temperature of polycarbonate may be drastically increased by employing a sequence of vapor-induced crystallization and annealing treatments. The crystals formed by the treatment with organic vapor act as a nucleation or precursor state for further crystallization into larger, more perfect lamellae. An initial peak melting temperature of 195°C has been annealed up to 239°C, and then to 295°C by a double-heat treatment. This sample is 60% crystalline, based on heat-of-fusion calculations. An equilibrium melting point of 335°C has been obtained for PC from an extrapolation of reciprocal lamellar thickness.
Nonoscillatory magnetoresistance in Co/Cu/Co layered structures with oscillatory coupling

Using sputtered thin-film layered structures comprising Si/[8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(20-\AA{} Ru/x Cu)] /(30-\AA{}) Co/${\mathit{t}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}$ Cu/30-\AA{} Co /(150-\AA{} ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{50}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{50}$) with x=8 and 12 \AA{}, we demonstrate that the oscillation in the coupling of the two Co layers as the Cu-layer thickness, ${\mathit{t}}_{\mathrm{Cu}}$, is varied, is not accompanied by an oscillation in the amplitude of the magnetoresistance. Thus the previously reported oscillation in magnetoresistance in Fe/Cr, Co/Ru, Co/Cr, and Co/Cu multilayers is not a fundamental electronic effect but a consequence of the inability to vary consistently the angles between the magnetizations of these multilayers.
Circulatory effects of mental stress during exercise in coronary artery disease patients

We examined the effects of mental stress during steady-state exercise on heart rate, blood pressure, pressure-rate product, and oxygen uptake in 10 coronary artery disease patients. Subjects walked at three mph with grade increases of 4% every two minutes until the target heart rate (60% peak heart rate from a previous symptom-limited exercise test) was reached. A computerized Stroop-Color-Word Test (mental stress) was added one minute after the subject reached steady-state exercise and lasted 11 +/- 4 minutes. When mental stress was added to steady-state exercise it significantly (p less than 0.01) increased the heart rate (101 +/- 15 to 108 +/- 19 beats per min), systolic (154 +/- 26 to 170 +/- 26 mmHg) and diastolic (86 +/- 10 to 92 +/- 13 mmHg) blood pressure, and pressure-rate product (158 +/- 42 to 179 +/- 48 x 10(-2)). This increase in the mean response during exercise and mental stress was not observed for oxygen uptake (17 +/- 6 to 18 +/- 5 ml/kg/min). The circulatory changes probably reflect increased sympathetic activity with both centrally mediated cardioacceleratory (and probably cardiac output) and vasoconstrictor effects during the combination of mental stress and steady-state exercise. The altered hemodynamics without concomitant changes in oxygen uptake has major implications concerning the safety of competitive exercise for people with coronary artery disease.
Role for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in JC virus reactivation and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

JCV causes the CNS demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). After primary infection, JCV persists in a latent state, where viral protein expression and replication are not detectable. NF-κB and C/EBPβ regulate the JCV promoter via a control element, κB, suggesting proinflammatory cytokines may reactivate JCV to cause PML, e.g., in HIV-1/AIDS. Since HIV-1 induces cytokines in brain, including TNF-α, we examined a role for TNF-α in JCV regulation. TNF-α stimulated both early and late JCV transcription. Further, the κB element conferred TNF-α response to a heterologous promoter. Immunohistochemistry of HIV+/PML revealed robust labeling for TNF-α and TNFR-1. These data suggest TNF-α stimulation of κB may contribute to JCV reactivation in HIV+/PML.
On the prospect of using butterfly diagrams to predict cycle minimum

On the basis of butterfly diagrams for the period 1874-present (covering late cycle 11 through late cycle 21), features are identified that may be useful for predicting the beginning and the length of a solar cycle, as well as the discernment of turning points in the period-growth dichotomy. For example, the first occurrence of high latitude new cycle spots during the decline of an old cycle usually occurs in the northern hemisphere, regardless of bimodal class, about 1.4 yr before new cycle minimum or about 5.4 yr after old cycle maximum, being true for 7 out of the 10 data-available cycles. Also, the last occurrence of high latitude old cycle spots tends to occur in the southern hemisphere when the old cycle is of long period (4 out of 4 cycles) and to occur in the northern hemisphere when the old cycle is of short period (4 out of 5 cycles). Application of these sorting features to the butterfly diagram for late cycle 21 yields candidate dates for the last occurrence of high latitude old cycle spots which in every case predict that cycle 21 will be a long-period cycle, ending after July 1987. Taking April 1985 to be the first occurrence of high latitude new cycle (cycle 22) spots during the decline of cycle 21 (the old cycle), one deduces that the last occurrence of high latitude old cycle spots was September 1983 (occurring in the southern hemisphere) and predicts that minimum for cycle 22 will be about 1986.7 ± 1.1 yr, or that it should occur before the end of 1987.
The New Left and American Politics After Ten Years

A participant observer interpretively sketches the nature and history of the New Left movement, from its genesis in the civil rights movement in the early 60s to its recent factional divisions, focusing primarily upon how New Left groups such as the Students for a Democratic Society have viewed their own aspirations and efforts and (to a lesser extent) those of the Old Left (here called “corporate liberals”). Particular attention is given to the significance and contributions of the two SDS documents, “The Port Huron Statement” (1962) and “America and the New Era” (1963). The paper concludes that, as a result of co-optation and of the failure of the liberals to embrace the New Left program as a whole, the movement is now largely defunct; nevertheless, the legacy of the New Left will be historically significant.
Auditory-evoked responses in chronic alcohol and drug abusers

Although the effects of alcohol and drug intoxication on auditoryevoked potentials arc well documented, reports on the effects of abstinence or detoxification therapy are still emerging. Stockard and colleagues (1976) first reported reversibility of auditory brainstem response (ABR) I-V latency prolongations with ameliorating clinical manifestations of central pontine myelinolysis in two chronic alcoholics. They suggested edema and demyelination to account for this reversibility. Studies reporting increased ABR variability in newly detoxified atcoholic mid -' coholic/cocaine subjects (Spitzer and Newman 1987; Metz and Adelman 1990), as well as abnormal absolute and interpeak ABR latencies in cocaine babies at birth (Shih et al 1988), but not a few months postpartum (Salamy et al 1990), also allude to reversib!e changes. High correlations between abnormal ABRs and ce.':ebr"2 atrephy in ¢e,,~_puterized tomographic scans (Chu et al 1982), and marked interpeak latency prolongations in abstinent alcoholics (Begleiter et al 1981; Diaz et al 1990) indicate that increased incidence of abnormal ABRs may be related to alcoholic neurological diseases. Measurements of middle latency response (MLR) have been reported only by Diaz et al (1990). After 1 month of abstinence, alcoholics in this study si~owed significa.nt decrease in the latencies of the Na and Pa components of the response, without any alteration in the Na-Pa amplitude. These investigators suggested that such changes may be a result of structural degeneration of the auditory neurons and the neuronal connections, and/or neurochemical alterations within the thalamus. The present study documented ABR and MLR changes at the beginning of detoxmCauuu therapy in a group of ,,,u~vmuaa~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . who used alcohol and cocaine concurrently.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of mucous retention cyst of the tongue: distinction from other cystic lesions of the tongue.

Mucous retention cyst (MRC) is a common submucosal lesion of the oral cavity that, when deeply seated, simulates a neoplasm. This report describes the fine-needle aspiration cytology findings of a lingual MRC of complex architecture and with metaplastic epithelium. In addition, we emphasize its cytologic differential diagnosis from other benign and malignant cystic lesions of the tongue. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of aspiration cytology of a complex MRC of the tongue.
New year address on the state of psychosomatic medicine in Japan

The Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine was founded in 1959, and its first congress was held in 1960, with fewer than 100 members. The society has grown tremendously since then, both in terms of scope and size. In 2012, we had 3,600 members. We have hosted the World Congress of Psychosomatic Medicine two times, first in 1977 in Kyoto, then in 2005 in Kobe, where we were very honored by the attendance of the Emperor and Empress and privileged to hear the Emperor’s encouraging speech. In 2012, Kyushu University celebrated the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, the first such department in Japan. There are currently nine university hospitals with Psychosomatic Medicine departments. Our initial focus was research on the mind/body relationship in typical psychosomatic diseases, such as IBS, bronchial asthma, hypertension, headache, and atopic dermatitis. Great changes have occurred over the past 50 years. With the introduction of new technologies, such as f-MRI and PET scanning, and new knowledge gained by our research, we have been able to shift our focus to the genetic basis of disease and the involvement of environmental factors. This has lead to a change from simple mind/body relationships to a focus on psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrinology. Psychosomatic medicine has shifted from being on the periphery of medical practice to where it is now considered a core discipline of clinical medicine. We have been able to develop a harmony between evidence based medicine and narrative based medicine. This shift has brought great benefits, but it has also brought about a number of problems that need to be resolved. These include educational, economical, and philosophical issues. In terms of education, we need encourage all universities, not just the current nine, to include extensive teaching of psychosomatic medicine in their curriculums. The Japanese health insurance system must be updated to include provisions that allow the successful treatment of patients with psychosomatic diseases, many of which take more time for treatment than is currently funded. We need to continue our public education efforts to impress on the healthy population the importance of stress management, health promotion, and other forms of preventive medicine. It is very encouraging that over the past few years we have been able to integrate our efforts to promote psychosomatic medicine with other members of the world community. Our members have been impressively active in their participation in the World Congress of Psychosomatic Medicine and the Asian College of Psychosomatic Medicine, which has grown tremendously in recent years. Our interactions with the world community serve to broaden our perspectives and to promote the perspectives of the Japanese Society, build strong bonds with individual researchers and clinicians, and help us provide the best possible care to our patients.
Identification of seasonal water supply forecasting models using Akaike's information criterion

A streamflow model representative of basins subject to seasonal snowcover is developed using Akaike's information criterion for structure determination. A seasonal water supply forecasting function based on the model is given and its performance is evaluated. Extensions to include hydrometeorological inputs in the model and to make it self-tuning to changes in streamflow dynamics are discussed.
The effect of damage on breakage kinetics

Abstract Algorithms are developed for describing the batch grinding kinetics of particles with a distribution of strengths subjected to repeated impacts of a known specific impact energy (as in a hammer mill). It is shown that the critical number of (equal) impacts required to produce sufficient damage that the final impact will cause disintegrative fracture is T c = least integer ≥ E(1) E N β , 1≤E(1) E N ≤5 1/β least integer ≥ E(1) 5 1/β−1/γ E N γ , E(1) E N ≥5 1/β 1 , E(1) E N ≤1 where β=0.62α 0.59 γ=β+(5.5)(10 −3 )α 2.32 where E(1) is the particle strength defined as the specific impact energy required to fracture the particle in one impact, EN is the applied specific impact energy, and α is the damage accumulation coefficient. The amount of unbroken feed left from a feed of a single 2 sieve interval was calculated as a fraction of grinding time, assuming literature values of the distribution of strengths of a limestone. If a weak impact is used and no allowance is made for damage accumulation, then it is predicted that some fraction will always remain unbroken. If damage accumulation is included, the strongest material will eventually break. First-order breakage kinetics was not predicted in either case.
What happened in the origin of human consciousness

At some point in its evolutionary history, our species Homo sapiens ceased to be a nonlinguistic, nonsymbolic organism, living in the world as presented to it by Nature, and instead began to exist in a world that it reconstructs in its own mind. Most scientists since Darwin have been content to explain this extraordinary transformation in human consciousness by the operation of natural selection. However, the human fossil and archaeological records indicate that modern human symbolic consciousness is not the culmination of the long trend that natural selection would predict. Instead, it shows that major change in the human past has been episodic and rare and that, as far as can be determined from the archaeological record, the passage from nonsymbolic to symbolic cognition is a recent event as well as an unprecedented one. So recent, indeed, that it significantly postdates the acquisition of modern human anatomy as expressed in skeletal structure. It, thus, appears most likely that the biological (neural) capacity underwriting the radically new behavioral mode arose as an incidental exaptation in the same process that produced the new skeletal structure of Homo sapiens, but that it lay unexpressed until it was "discovered" by means of a cultural innovation, plausibly the invention of language. As in the case of the modern anatomical structure, it appears that the new capacity was initially expressed in Africa and that its various behavioral potentials were sequentially discovered in a drawn-out process that is continuing today. An "accidental" origin of the human capacity helps understand why so many human behaviors have proven self-destructive and contradictory, a feature of our species that reductionist, selection-based scenarios are hard-put to explain.
Effect of Surface Impulsive Thermal Loads on Fatigue Behavior of Constant Volume Propulsion Engine Combustor Materials

The development of advanced high performance constant-volume-combustion-cycle engines (CVCCE) requires robust design of the engine components that are capable of enduring harsh combustion environments under high frequency thermal and mechanical fatigue conditions. In this study, a simulated engine test rig has been established to evaluate thermal fatigue behavior of a candidate engine combustor material, Haynes 188, under superimposed CO2 laser surface impulsive thermal loads (30 to 100 Hz) in conjunction with the mechanical fatigue loads (10 Hz). The mechanical high cycle fatigue (HCF) testing of some laser pre-exposed specimens has also been conducted under a frequency of 100 Hz to determine the laser surface damage effect. The test results have indicated that material surface oxidation and creep-enhanced fatigue is an important mechanism for the surface crack initiation and propagation under the simulated CVCCE engine conditions.
Accessibility and usability of online library databases

Purpose – The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) mandates that all library services, programs and activities be accessible to people with disabilities. Web‐based indexes and databases have become a major staple in today's academic libraries. This study aims to investigate the accessibility and usability of these online resources for people using adaptive software to interface with computers.Design/methodology/approach – Database interfaces were evaluated with two different methods: Selected screens of the interfaces were checked for compliance with major Section 508 and web Content Accessibility Guidelines components; and involving minimally trained subjects to carry out routine search‐related tasks, the interfaces were tested for functionality when used along with adaptive software commonly employed by people with print disabilities. Content accessibility within documents was judged based on document format.Findings – The results indicate that, while most indexes and databases are now largely complian...
Managing resource dependency: The United States and Japan in the markets for copper, iron ore and bauxite

Abstract This study analyses the different arrangements through which the US and Japan have procured their imports of non-fuel minerals, and attempts to shed light on the likely implications of these arrangements for the relations between these two countries. It focuses on three critical minerals — copper, iron ore and bauxite — which, after oil, constitute the core of every industrial society. Because both the US and Japan exhibit high levels of dependence on foreign supplies of these three minerals, it is clear that ensuring adequate supplies at reasonable costs will be a major guiding force in their respective future policies. This paper examines factors affecting the international markets for these minerals, the structure of investment, production and trade, and the relations with the source countries. From the discussion of these issues two paradoxical themes emerge: (1) that Japan has been able to procure much of her raw materials during the 1960s and 1970s at more favourable terms than has the US, even though the latter country had tighter links to its supply sources; (2) that the changing conditions in the minerals industries under study have resulted in recent years in a convergence in the procurement mechanisms of the US and Japan and this convergence is likely to increase strains on US-Japanese relations.
Genetic counseling: Implications for social work practice

Considerable advances have been made in recent years in medical genetics. These advances have led to a better understanding of the inheritance of disease. Social workers involved in schools, child welfare, medical, and other institutional settings often work with clients who have genetically inherited disorders. Consequently, there is a growing need for social workers to increase their knowledge of genetics and genetic counseling. In this article, the authors discuss the emerging field of genetic counseling and its implications for social work practice.
DISSECTING TELEOST B CELL DIFFERENTIATION USING TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

B cell developmental pathways in teleost fishes are poorly understood. In the absence of serological reagents, an alternative approach to dissecting teleost B cell development is to use transcription factors that are differentially expressed during B cell development. This review discusses the structure and function of six transcription factors that play essential roles during teleost B cell development: Ikaros, E2A, EBF, Pax5, Blimp1, and XbpI. Research on alternative splicing of both the Ikaros and Pax5 genes in rainbow trout is presented, including their functional significance. An application is discussed that should aid in elucidating teleost B cell development and activation, by using transcription factors as developmental markers in flow cytometric analysis. Possible future studies in teleost B cell development are suggested in the context of gene regulation. Lastly, broader impacts and practical applications are discussed.
Geology of the Deer Butte Formation, Malheur county, Oregon: faulting, sedimentation and volcanism in a post-caldera setting

Abstract The Deer Butte Formation accumulated during the middle Miocene in fault-controlled basins in an extensional setting. The basins developed as regional faults asserted influence after eruption of ash-flow sheets and collapse of calderas of the Lake Owyhee volcanic field. The sequences of Hurley Flat, Dry Creek, and Oxbow Basin contain a lower basalt tephradominated unit formed by basalt hydrovolcanism overlain by fine-grained fluvial and lacustrine volcaniclastic sedimentary units. The sequence of Freezeout Creek was deposited in an erosional valley that was incised into older units and cut across the concurrently active Wall Rock Ridge fault zone. The sequence of Hurley Flat and Dry Creek contain alkaline tholeiitic basalt flows and tephra deposits, whereas the sequences of Freezeout Creek and Oxbow Basin contain subalkaline calcalkaline basaltic andesite. The compositional change occurred after local uplift due to faulting along the Wall Rock Ridge fault zone. The youngest unit, well-sorted, medium-grained, muscovite-bearing arkose of the arkose of Dry Creek Buttes, was deposited in a large river that drained westward from source areas in western Idaho. The Deer Butte Formation was deposited between approximately 15 and 12.6 Ma, while basin and range-type faulting dominated regional structural patterns.
Concussion History and Knowledge Base in Competitive Equestrian Athletes

BACKGROUND: Head injuries are responsible for the majority of serious equestrian sports injuries and deaths. Because of significant health risks to equestrians, education regarding the prevention of head and brain injuries is essential. HYPOTHESIS: A significant number of riders have experienced a concussion, and few have knowledge of concussion. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 2. METHODS: Ninety-four riders competing, riding, or attending equestrian events at the Palm Beach International Equestrian Center in Wellington, Florida, from January to April 2010 were surveyed. Measures of central tendency were utilized to evaluate response patterns. RESULTS: Almost half of equestrian riders (44%) experienced concussions during their careers. Those riders who suffered a brain injury were likely to return to riding without seeking medical clearance. Almost 40% of riders were never educated regarding concussions, while 15% received education from their trainers. CONCLUSION: Education of riders, parents, and horse trainers is needed to raise awareness of concussions and reduce the likelihood of subsequent injuries. Language: en