cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resuscitation endpoints in trauma.

Shock is defined as inadequate perfusion of tissues with oxygen and nutrients to support cellular function. Resuscitation from shock can therefore only be complete when all evidence of oxygen debt, anaerobic metabolism, and tissue acidosis has been eliminated. All of the diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers performed by trauma nurses today, whether basic or advanced, whether performed in the field, emergency department, operating room, or intensive care unit, can be traced directly or indirectly to this goal. Resuscitation in trauma is now viewed across the continuum of physiologic insult and response that occurs after hemorrhage or tissue injury. Resuscitation endpoints (i.e., variables or parameters) must be viewed across the continuum of shock because the effectiveness of endpoints varies with the phase of resuscitation. The optimal resuscitation endpoint in trauma is controversial, remains elusive, and is one of the most published topics in modern medical literature. This article presents the current understanding of the resuscitation endpoints in trauma.
The Frequency, Nature, and Effects of Naturally Occurring Appearance-Focused Social Comparisons

This research examined the effects of naturally occurring appearance-focused social comparisons on women's affect, body satisfaction, and weight-related cognitions. During their daily activities, women reporting body dissatisfaction (n=53) and women reporting body satisfaction (n=34) recorded their reactions to comparison information. Body-dissatisfied women engaged in more comparisons and a greater proportion of upward comparisons than body-satisfied women. Upward comparisons were associated with an increase in negative affect, body dissatisfaction, and thoughts of exercising for both groups; however, body-dissatisfied women experienced a greater increase in thoughts of dieting following upward comparisons. The daily effects of comparison information on body-dissatisfied women were examined; upward comparisons were associated with increases in daily negative affect, body dissatisfaction, and weight-related cognitions.
Low- δ 18 O tephra from a compositionally zoned magma body: Fisher Caldera, Unimak Island, Aleutians

Abstract We present the results of an oxygen isotope study of phenocrysts in pumice clasts and ash layers produced by the 9100 yr BP composite dacite-basaltic andesite climactic eruption that formed Fisher Caldera in the eastern Aleutians. Products of the eruption represent a low-δ18O magma with δ18O plagioclase (+4.79±0.24‰) and clinopyroxene (3.81±0.23‰) corresponding to equilibrium at magmatic temperatures. Dacitic and overlying basaltic–andesitic tephra of the climactic eruption, subsequent intracaldera basaltic to andesitic lavas, and a cumulate inclusion, are similarly low in δ18O. Other analyzed lavas and pyroclastics of Unimak island and the lower Alaska peninsula, as well as precaldera Fisher basalt, have normal δ18O magmatic values (>+5.5‰). We propose a model in which prior to 9100 yr BP, normal mantle-derived basaltic magma coalesced in a large shallow precaldera magma chamber during Late Wisconsin glaciation. Lowering of magmatic δ18O resulted then from long-term assimilation of ∼5–10% of syn-glacial hydrothermally-altered country rocks. Differentiation of basaltic magma was concurrent with this assimilation and produced low-δ18O Fisher dacites, cumulates, and post-caldera crystal-richer lavas. We propose the use of δ18O values of phenocrysts (especially alteration-resistant pyroxene) in tephra as a tool for tephrochronological and tephrostratigraphic correlation. Distinctly low-δ18O values are useful in identification of the Fisher ash in the eastern Aleutians and in the lower Alaska Peninsula.
Limitations to Natural Bioremediation of Perchlorate in a Contaminated Site

ABSTRACT Perchlorate (ClO4 −) has been detected in many drinking water supplies in the United States, including the Las Vegas Wash and Lake Mead, Nevada. These locations are highly contaminated and contribute perchlorate to Lake Mead and the Colorado River system. Essential elements for perchlorate bioremediation at these locations were examined, including the presence of perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB), sufficient electron donors, occurrence of competing electron acceptors, and ability of PRB to utilize a variety of electron donors. Enumeration of PRB was performed anoxically using most probable number (MPN). Values ranged from ≤20 to 230 PRB/100 ml or ≤20 to ≥ 1.6× 105 PRB/g for Lake Mead water samples and Las Vegas Wash sediments, respectively. 16S rRNA sequences revealed that isolates were γ -proteobacteria, Aeromonas, Dechlorosoma, Rahnella and Shewanella. A screening of potential electron donors using BIOLOGTM demonstrated that all isolates were capable of metabolic versatility. Measurements of ...
Roles of rhizobial symbionts in selenium hyperaccumulation in Astragalus (Fabaceae)

Premise of the study Are there dimensions of symbiotic root interactions that are overlooked because plant mineral nutrition is the foundation and, perhaps too often, the sole explanation through which we view these relationships? In this paper we investigate how the root nodule symbiosis in selenium (Se) hyperaccumulator and nonaccumulator Astragalus species influences plant selenium (Se) accumulation. Methods In greenhouse studies, Se was added to nodulated and nonnodulated hyperaccumulator and nonaccumulator Astragalus plants, followed by investigation of nitrogen (N)-Se relationships. Selenium speciation was also investigated, using x-ray microprobe analysis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Key results Nodulation enhanced biomass production and Se to S ratio in both hyperaccumulator and nonaccumulator plants. The hyperaccumulator contained more Se when nodulated, while the nonaccumulator contained less S when nodulated. Shoot [Se] was positively correlated with shoot N in Se-hyperaccumulator species, but not in nonhyperaccumulator species. The x-ray microprobe analysis showed that hyperaccumulators contain significantly higher amounts of organic Se than nonhyperaccumulators. LC-MS of A. bisulcatus leaves revealed that nodulated plants contained more γ-glutamyl-methylselenocysteine (γ-Glu-MeSeCys) than nonnodulated plants, while MeSeCys levels were similar. Conclusions Root nodule mutualism positively affects Se hyperaccumulation in Astragalus. The microbial N supply particularly appears to contribute glutamate for the formation of γ-Glu-MeSeCys. Our results provide insight into the significance of symbiotic interactions in plant adaptation to edaphic conditions. Specifically, our findings illustrate that the importance of these relationships are not limited to alleviating macronutrient deficiencies.
Separation of Erythromycin-Resistant and -Susceptible Subpopulations of Escherichia coli 15 by Partition in Two-Polymer Aqueous Phases

Abstract Partition of cells in two-polymer aqueous phases depends on subtle differences in the cells' surface properties (primarily surface charge). A culture of Escherichia coli 15 arg− was subjected to countercurrent distribution in a dextranpolyethylene glycol aqueous phase system and found to consist of two well-differentiated subpopulations. Clones derived from these two subpopulations (designated clones 5 and 6) exhibited characteristic partitions and were stable on subculture. Clone 5 cells were found to be susceptible to erythromycin and clone 6 cells were resistant. When a culture of clone 5 was exposed to erythromycin, resistant mutants were selected with the same partition as clone 6. Countercurrent distribution in two-polymer aqueous phase systems is thus shown to be a sensitive method for detecting some heterogeneities of bacterial populations and resolving such mixtures. Possible clinical implications of changes in bacterial surface properties associated with acquired drug resistance are discussed.
Biophysically realistic filament bending dynamics in agent-based biological simulation.

An appealing tool for study of the complex biological behaviors that can emerge from networks of simple molecular interactions is an agent-based, computational simulation that explicitly tracks small-scale local interactions – following thousands to millions of states through time. For many critical cell processes (e.g. cytokinetic furrow specification, nuclear centration, cytokinesis), the flexible nature of cytoskeletal filaments is likely to be critical. Any computer model that hopes to explain the complex emergent behaviors in these processes therefore needs to encode filament flexibility in a realistic manner. Here I present a numerically convenient and biophysically realistic method for modeling cytoskeletal filament flexibility in silico. Each cytoskeletal filament is represented by a series of rigid segments linked end-to-end in series with a variable attachment point for the translational elastic element. This connection scheme allows an empirically tuning, for a wide range of segment sizes, viscosities, and time-steps, that endows any filament species with the experimentally observed (or theoretically expected) static force deflection, relaxation time-constant, and thermal writhing motions. I additionally employ a unique pair of elastic elements – one representing the axial and the other the bending rigidity– that formulate the restoring force in terms of single time-step constraint resolution. This method is highly local –adjacent rigid segments of a filament only interact with one another through constraint forces—and is thus well-suited to simulations in which arbitrary additional forces (e.g. those representing interactions of a filament with other bodies or cross-links / entanglements between filaments) may be present. Implementation in code is straightforward; Java source code is available at www.celldynamics.org.
A model for initial DNA lesion recognition by NER and MMR based on local conformational flexibility.

Initial recognition of DNA damage is the crucial but poorly understood first step in DNA repair by the human nucleotide excision repair (NER) and mismatch repair (MMR) systems. Failure by NER or MMR to recognize DNA damage threatens the genetic integrity of the organism and may play a role in carcinogenesis. Both NER and MMR recognize and repair a wide variety of structurally dissimilar lesions against the background of normal DNA. Previous studies have suggested that detection of thermodynamic destabilization of DNA caused by covalent damage and base mismatches is a potential mechanism by which repair pathways with broad specificity such as NER and MMR recognize their substrates. However, both NER and MMR respectively, repair a wide variety of stabilizing and destabilizing covalent DNA lesions and base pair mismatches. A common feature of lesions that are both thermodynamically stabilizing and destabilizing is the alteration of the local DNA flexibility (dynamics). In this review we describe the experimental evidence for altered dynamics from NMR and thermodynamic studies on normal and damaged DNA molecules with respect to recognition by NER and MMR. Based on these data, we propose a model for initial detection of lesions by both NER and MMR that occurs through an indirect readout mechanism of alternative DNA conformations induced by covalent damage and base mismatches.
Biomarkers of aging and falling: the Beaver Dam eye study

Falls are an important cause of morbidity in older adults and are an important source of health care spending. We hypothesize that falls are associated with systemic biomarkers of aging. The following functions, measured at the 1998-2000 and 2003-2005 examinations of the Beaver Dam eye study, were considered to be biomarkers of aging (frailties): poorer visual acuity, contrast sensitivity or discrepant vision between the eyes, inability to rise from a chair, slower gait time, poorer hand grip strength, and lower peak expiratory flow rate. We found that poorer values on biomarkers of aging (frailties) at the 1998-2000 examination were associated with two or more reported falls in the past year at the 2003-2005 examination (p<0.05 for all markers except peak expiratory flow rate). When the markers were combined as an index of biological aging (frailty), the index was significantly associated with falls after controlling for significant confounders (odds ratio per one step increase in the index: 1.33; 95% confidence interval=CI=1.13-1.57). We conclude that biomarkers of aging, including any of three measures of visual function, are associated with falls. Improvement in these functional measures may lead to decreased risk of falls.
Cupric ammonia picrate for the identification of copper and picric acid

Das Cupritetramminpikrat eignet sich infolge der charakteristischen Kristallbildung zum mikrochemischen Nachweis sowohl von Kupfer als insbesondere von Pikraten, und daher auch mittelbar von solchen organischen Substanzen, die durch Nitrierung leicht in Pikrinsaure ubergefuhrt werden konnen.
Recognition Memory: An Old Idea Given New Life

A new study combining behavioral and physiological approaches has given new life to the old idea that the hippocampus is critically involved in familiarity-based recognition memory.
Forest pest management in a changing world

The scope, context and science guiding forest pest management have evolved and are likely to continue changing into the future. Here, I present six areas of advice to guide practitioners in the implementation of forest pest management. First, human dimensions will continue to play a key role in most pest problems and should always be a primary consideration in management. Next, managers must recognize that it is practically impossible to use population suppression to prevent outbreaks that extend over large geographic regions. Silvicultural practices can sometimes be effective at reducing forest susceptibility to outbreaks but these methods should be based on sound science. Many of the most damaging forest pests are non-native species and minimizing the invasion problem is most effective when steps are taken early on in the invasion process. Furthermore, classical biological control and selection for host resistance are important approaches to managing established non-native pest species. Finally, plantat...
Effective Hamiltonian for conjugated polyenes based on the ground state single-electron density matrix

Abstract A method for constructing effective Hamiltonians using the information contained in the ground state reduced single-electron density matrices for many-electron systems is proposed and applied to trans-polyacetylene oligomers C 2 n H 2 n +2 with n = 4−24. The resulting effective Hamiltonian for π electrons, expanded in the basis set of natural atomic orbitals (NAOs) with nearest neighbor transfer integrals, reproduce accurately the Hartree-Fock ground state density matrices.
Deposition of tantalum oxide films by dual spectral source assisted metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)

Dual spectral source assisted metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is an ideal technique for the deposition of high dielectric constant materials. Tungsten halogen lamps and a deuterium lamp are used as the sources of optical and thermal energy. In this paper, we have reported the deposition and characterization of tantalum penta oxide films. Ta2O5 films were deposited at 660°C for 15 min and annealed at 400°C for 1 h. The leakage current densities of 10.6 nm thick films are as low as 10−10 A/cm2 for gate voltage under 4V. To the best of our knowledge, these are the best results reported to date by any researcher. The high energy photons used in the in-situ cleaning and deposition process play an important role in obtaining high quality films of Ta2O5.
The solvent-initiated photochemistry of tris(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamato)iron(III)

Abstract The photolysis of [Fe(Et2dtc)3], Et2dtc = diethyldithiocarbamate to yield [Fe(Et2dtc)2Cl] proceeds under 313 nm irradiation through a metal complex excited state, as expected. Under 254 nm irradiation, however, the dominant pathway is through a solvent-initiated reaction in which radicals formed after absorption of light by CHCl3 react thermally with [Fe(Et2dtc)3]. The initial rate varies linearly with the light intensity at 313 nm, but at 254 nm varies with the square root of the intensity.
Subcellular distribution of enzymes in Ochromonas malhamensis.

SYNOPSIS. The activity and distribution of 7 enzymes in Ochromonas malhamensis were studied. Subcellular organelles were separated by centrifugation at 648,000 g min to precipitate the larger particles; the resulting supernatant was centrifuged at 5,560,000 g min to separate the microsomal fraction from the supernatant. Sixty-four percent of the cytochrome oxidase (1.9.3.1 ferrocytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase, 81% of the catalase (1.11.1.6 hydrogen-peroxide: hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase) and 70% of the urate oxidase (1.7.3.3 urate:oxygen oxidoreductase) activity was associated with the larger particles, altho only 20% of the total protein was found in this fraction. Three acid hydrolases, cathepsin (3.4.4.9 cathepsin C, acid phosphatase (3.1.3.2 orthophosphoric monoesterphosphohydrolase) and acid ribonuclease (2.7.7.17 ribonucleate nucleotido-2′-transferase) were found mostly in the supernate (50-60%, yet their latency and their similar subcellular distribution indicated the presence of lysosomes. After 2.5 hr centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient (ρ= 1.08–1.25, the acid hydrolases showed a broad distribution which differed greatly from cytochrome oxidase associated with mitochondria. Catalase, which could not be separated from cytochrome oxidase by centrifuging on this gradient, had a different distribution after centrifugation on a kinetic gradient. Urate oxidase had a similar distribution to catalase and both these enzymes were latent, indicating the presence of peroxisomes.
[Bis(trispivalatodimolybdenum (II))-μ-bis(4′-carboxylato-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) ruthenium (II)] (2+) Tetrafluoroborate: Photophysical Studies

The photophysical properties of the title compound have been studied by fs and ns transient absorption spectroscopy. The electronic absorption spectrum consists of three principle absorptions assigned to terpy 1LLCT at ~300 nm, ruthenium (II) t 2g 6 to terpy 1MLCT at ~470 nm and Mo2 δ to terpycarboxylate at ~670 nm. The compound shows weak room temperature emission in THF solution at ~1,100 nm when excited into each of the aforementioned bands. This emission is assigned to the T1 state, 3MMδδ*. Transient absorption spectroscopy indicates a lifetime for T1 of 9.6 μs.
Compost impacts on dissolved organic carbon and available nitrogen and phosphorus in turfgrass soil

Compost application to turfgrass soils may increase dissolved organic C (DOC) levels which affects nutrient dynamics in soil. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of compost source and application rate on soil organic C (SOC), DOC, NO(3), and available P during 29 months after a one-time application to St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] turf. Compost sources had variable composition, yet resulted in few differences in SOC, DOC, and NO(3) after applied to soil. Available NO(3) rapidly decreased after compost application and was unaffected by compost source and application rate. Available P increased after compost application and exhibited cyclical seasonal patterns related to DOC. Compost application decreased soil pH relative to unamended soil, but pH increased during the course of the study due to irrigation with sodic water. Increasing the compost application rate increased SOC by 3 months, and levels remained fairly stable to 29 months. In contrast, DOC continued to increase from 3 to 29 months after application, suggesting that compost mineralization and growth of St. Augustinegrass contributed to seasonal dynamics. Dissolved organic C was 75%, 78%, and 101% greater 29 months after application of 0, 80, and 160 Mg compostha(-1), respectively, than before application. Impacts of composts on soil properties indicated that most significant effects occurred within a few months of application. Seasonal variability of SOC, DOC, and available P was likely related to St. Augustinegrass growth stages as well as precipitation, as declines occurred after precipitation events.
Studies on red‐cell aplasia: IX. Ferrokinetics during remission of the disease

Ferrokinetic studies and external organ measurements of radioiron were performed on five patients with pure red-cell aplasia (PRCA) in remission. One patient with PRCA in relapse was also studied. Of those in remission, one patient had erythroid hyperplasia and ineffective erythropoiesis after the remission occurred. This was indicated by a very short 59Fe clearance rate and reduced red-cell 59Fe incorporation, a marked increase of the erythron iron turnover over the fixed red-cell iron turnover, and a prolonged marrow transit time. These indices were normal three years later. Four patients had normal effective erythropoiesis while in remission. Two patients had an extended marrow distribution. These studies indicate that some cases of PRCA evolve into a state of ineffective erythropoiesis with erythroid hyperplasia. It is possible that in some patients, primary refractory anemia with ineffective erythropoiesis may be related to PRCA because of the evolution from one state into the other. Alternatively, a second pathologic process may have been acquired between the PRCA and normal hematopoiesis.
Probing Structure−Parameter Correlations in the Molten Salt Synthesis of BaZrO3 Perovskite Submicrometer-Sized Particles

Single-crystalline perovskite BaZrO3 submicrometer-sized particles were synthesized using a simple, scaleable molten salt method. In this paper, in addition to a time-dependent particle evolution study, we explored primarily the effects of different experimental processing parameters, such as the identity of the salt, annealing temperatures, overall reaction times, cooling rates, and the chemical nature of the precursor in determining their impact upon the purity, size, shape, and morphology of the as-obtained products. We also discuss the role of additional experimentally controllable factors such as the heating rate applied, the amount of salt used, the molar ratios of precursors involved, and the use of surfactant. By a judicious choice of experimental parameters and conditions, we describe herein a rational means of producing pure products with a reproducible composition and morphology.
Lymphopenia, in the absence of Hypoalbuminemia, is strongly associated with weight loss in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

Abstract In malnourished children and hospitalized surgical patients, a decline in cell-mediated immunity is associated with hypoalbuminemia (kwashiorkor-type PEM) rather than with weight loss (marasmus-type PEM). A study was conducted to see if this was the case in malnourished cancer patients on chemotherapy. Two hundred cancer patients randomly selected from a group of 1,082 outpatients with various types/locations of cancer attending the Cancer Care Center in a local community hospital formed the study group. All patients were on chemotherapy the duration of which varied from 1 month to 14 years with a mean of 1.5 years. For each patient, % weight loss, mean serum albumin concentration and mean total lymphocyte count were calculated from data available in the medical records for the duration of chemotherapy. It was found that 30 patients (15% of total) had lost >5% of initial weight, none had serum albumin concentration 3 . Of the patients who had lost weight, 60% had lymphopenia whereas only 28% of those who had not lost any weight had lymphopenia. Chi-square analysis showed that the proportion of patients with lymphopenia was significantly higher among those who had lost weight than among who had not, at P
Comparison of the effects of PGF2α and bromocryptine in pregnant beagle bitches.

Abstract Termination of pregnancy (abortion) was successful in four of four bitches that received PGF 2 α (125 μg/kg bid s.c.) and in two or four bitches that received bromocryptine (62.5 μg/kg bid po) for up to 6 d beginning 43 to 45 d post ovulation. Four sham-treated controls whelped normally at term. The incidence of side effects, primarily emesis and loose stools, was similar for both experimental groups. Bitches that failed to abort following treatment with bromocryptine whelped normally at term.
Attachment correlates of resource-control strategies: Possible origins of social dominance and interpersonal power differentials

The current study investigates whether adults’ attachment orientations are related to involvement of others in goal strategies in social contexts (e.g., peer relationships). Resource-control Theory identifies strategies that either include (prosocial) or exclude (coercive) others in material goal pursuit. We expect that attachment confidence will predict prosocial strategies (e.g., reciprocation, cooperation), while avoidance will predict use of coercive strategies (e.g., instrumental aggression). Two hundred and sixty-one women and 263 men completed a questionnaire battery that included the Attachment Styles Questionnaire for adults and items addressing critical aspects of their material goal pursuit. The results clearly indicate that attachment orientations are related to resource-control strategies with peers in meaningful ways. Implications for social dominance and power are discussed.
The history of interventional cardiology: Cardiac catheterization, angioplasty, and related interventions

The histories of cardiac catheterization, angioplasty, and other catheter interventions are spectacular journeys marked by undeterred genius, serendipity, and the vindication of the scientific method. Cardiac catheterization began with Hales's 1711 equine biventricular catheterization, other early experimental catheterizations in the nineteenth century, and Forssmann's dramatic 1929 right-heart self-catheterization. Cournand, Richards, and others finished unlocking the right heart in the 1940s; Zimmerman, Cope, Ross, and others unlocked the left heart in the 1950s; and the coronary arteries were inadvertently unlocked by Sones in 1958, leading to the advent of percutaneous femoral coronary angiography by Judkins and by Amplatz in 1967. Dotter's accidental catheter recanalization of a peripheral artery in 1963 ushered in the era of intervention, crowned by Gruentzig's balloon angioplasty in the mid-1970s and leading to today's panoply of devices used percutaneously to revascularize the coronary arteries in a variety of clinical settings.
Detection of the 10-kD antigen structural gene in mycobacteria by using the polymerase chain reaction

Abstract The structural gene encoding the 10-kD antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. The 297-base-pair (bp) product was detected among 45 strains representing 14 mycobacterial species, but was absent from 11 species related to the mycobacteria. The gene was localized to a ∼ 2000-bp SstII restriction fragment of the organisms' chromosomes.
Fish health assessment: a preliminary report on the use of impression smears of skin mucus

Preliminary results from this study suggest that impression smears of the skin mucus of fish can be used to aid in the evaluation of the fish's health status. Nonstressed Lagodon rhomboides and Carassius auratus have numerous superficial epithelial cells, occasional lymphocytes and other mononuclear cells in their cutaneous mucus. Smears of these fish 24 h post-stress had more cellular debris, micro-organisms and erythrocytes when compared to those made pre-stress. Components in the mucus of fish which recovered gradually became normal. Smears of fish, which died, had increasing amounts of debris and micro-organisms. The use of this relatively nontraumatic technique may be a useful adjunct in monitoring fish health.
Postnatal thymus transplantation with immunosuppression as treatment for DiGeorge syndrome

Complete DiGeorge syndrome is a fatal congenital disorder characterized by athymia, hypoparathyroidism, and heart defects. Less than half of patients are 22q11 hemizygous. The goal of this study was to assess if immune suppression followed by postnatal thymus transplantation would lead to T-cell function in 6 infant patients who had host T cells at the time of transplantation. All infants had fewer than 50 recent thymic emigrants (CD3(+)CD45RA(+)CD62L(+)) per cubic millimeter (mm(3)) and all had some proliferative response to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin. Four infants had rash, lymphadenopathy, and oligoclonal populations of T cells in the periphery. Five of 6 patients are alive at the follow-up interval of 15 months to 30 months. The 5 surviving patients developed a mean of 983 host CD3(+) T cells/mm(3) (range, 536/mm(3)-1574/mm(3)), a mean of 437 recent thymic emigrants/mm(3) (range, 196/mm(3)-785/mm(3)), and normal proliferative responses to phytohemaglutinin (follow-up from day 376 to day 873). The TCR repertoire became polyclonal in patients who presented with oligoclonal T cells. All patients had thymopoiesis on allograft biopsy. Postnatal thymus transplantation after treatment with Thymoglobulin shows promise as therapy for infants with complete DiGeorge syndrome who have significant proliferative responses to mitogens or who develop rash, lymphadenopathy, and oligoclonal T cells.
Combined Treatment with Temozolomide and Methoxyamine: Blocking Apurininc/Pyrimidinic Site Repair Coupled with Targeting Topoisomerase IIα

Purpose: Methoxyamine has been shown to potentiate the cytotoxic effect of temozolomide both in vitro and in human tumor xenograft models. We postulate that the enhanced cytotoxicity is mediated by methoxyamine-bound apurininc/pyrimidinic (MX-AP) site, a key lesion formed by the combination of temozolomide and methoxyamine. When located within topoisomerase IIα (topo II) cleavage sites in DNA, MX-AP sites act as dual lethal targets, not only functionally disrupting the base excision repair (BER) pathway but also potentially poisoning topo II. Experimental Design: Using oligonucleotide substrates, in which a position-specific MX-AP site is located within topo II cleavage sites, we examined the effect of MX-AP site on both AP endonuclease– and topo II–mediated DNA cleavage in vitro . Results: MX-AP sites were refractory to the catalytic activity of AP endonuclease, indicating their ability to block BER. However, they were cleaved by either purified topo II or nuclear extracts from tumor cells expressing high levels of topo II, suggesting that MX-AP sites stimulate topo II–mediated DNA cleavages. In cells, treatment with temozolomide and methoxyamine increased the expression of topo II and enriched the formation of γH2AX foci, which were colocalized with up-regulated topo II, confirming that DNA double-strand breaks marked by γH2AX foci are associated with topo II in cells. Conclusions: Our findings identify a molecular mechanism of cell death whereby MX-AP sites that cumulated in cells due to resistance to BER potentially convert topo II into biotoxins, resulting in enzyme-mediated DNA scission and cell death.
Genome-wide association with diabetes-related traits in the Framingham Heart Study

Background: Susceptibility to type 2 diabetes may be conferred by genetic variants having modest effects on risk. Genome-wide fixed marker arrays offer a novel approach to detect these variants. Methods: We used the Affymetrix 100K SNP array in 1,087 Framingham Offspring Study family members to examine genetic associations with three diabetes-related quantitative glucose traits (fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin A1c, 28-yr time-averaged FPG (tFPG)), three insulin traits (fasting insulin, HOMA-insulin resistance, and 0–120 min insulin sensitivity index); and with risk for diabetes. We used additive generalized estimating equations (GEE) and family-based association test (FBAT) models to test associations of SNP genotypes with sex-age-age 2 -adjusted residual trait values, and Cox survival models to test incident diabetes. Results: We found 415 SNPs associated (at p 1%) 100K SNPs in LD (r 2 > 0.05) with ABCC8 A1369S (rs757110), KCNJ11 E23K (rs5219), or SNPs in CAPN10 or HNFa. PPARG P12A (rs1801282) was not significantly associated with diabetes or related traits. Conclusion: Framingham 100K SNP data is a resource for association tests of known and novel genes with diabetes and related traits posted at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/ study.cgi?id=phs000007. Framingham 100K data replicate the TCF7L2 association with diabetes.
Meanings of recreation and leisure among adolescents

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the validity of popular definitions of recreation and leisure. High school students volunteered to participate in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four possible stimulus word by response method groups. Subjects responded to either ‘recreation’ or ‘leisure’ using a production method or a sit and think method. Findings revealed that subjects defined ‘leisure’ as pleasure (and related terms) and specific passive activities. Like ‘leisure’, ‘recreation’ was defined by pleasure (and related terms), but the specific terms used to define ‘recreation’ were often active sports.
The Distribution of HIV DNA and RNA in Cell Subsets Differs in Gut and Blood of HIV-Positive Patients on ART: Implications for Viral Persistence

Even with optimal antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persists in plasma, blood cells, and tissues. To develop new therapies, it is essential to know what cell types harbor residual HIV. We measured levels of HIV DNA, RNA, and RNA/DNA ratios in sorted subsets of CD4+ T cells (CCR7+, transitional memory, and effector memory) and non-CD4+ T leukocytes from blood, ileum, and rectum of 8 ART-suppressed HIV-positive subjects. Levels of HIV DNA/million cells in CCR7+ and effector memory cells were higher in the ileum than blood. When normalized by cell frequencies, most HIV DNA and RNA in the blood were found in CCR7+ cells, whereas in both gut sites, most HIV DNA and RNA were found in effector memory cells. HIV DNA and RNA were observed in non-CD4+ T leukocytes at low levels, particularly in gut tissues. Compared to the blood, the ileum had higher levels of HIV DNA and RNA in both CD4+ T cells and non-CD4+ T leukocytes, whereas the rectum had higher HIV DNA levels in both cell types but lower RNA levels in CD4+ T cells. Future studies should determine whether different mechanisms allow HIV to persist in these distinct reservoirs, and the degree to which different therapies can affect each reservoir.
Domain reduction for the circuit constraint

We present an incomplete filtering algorithm for the circuit constraint. The filter removes redundant values by eliminating non-Hamiltonian edges from the associated graph. We prove a necessary condition for an edge to be Hamiltonian, which provides the basis for eliminating edges of a smaller graph defined on a separator of the original graph.
The Viability of the Minority-Oriented Venture-Capital Industry Under Alternative Financing Arrangements:

The minority business-oriented venture-capital industry grew rapidly in the 1990s, as did its target market of large-scale minority-owned firms. This niche of the venture-capital industry traditionally relied upon the U. S. Small Business Administration (SBA) for funding and guidance. In the 1990s, another branch of the minority venture-capital industry arose that was funded largely by public pension funds. The authors’ comparative analysis of the SBA and pension fund branches of this industry indicates that the former is stunted while the latter is thriving. The analysis indicates that the SBA is too unstable an agency for promoting the minority venture-capital industry. In contrast to the SBA’s propensity to alter policy based on shifting political priorities, the pension funds have been a stable source of support for the growing minority venture-capital industry.
The Simulation of a Neighborhood Family Service Center for Teaching Macro Practice

ABSTRACT This paper describes an approach to teaching macro practice that involves students in the development of a simulated neighborhood family service center. Utilizing existing partnerships between a urban university, several public schools and social-health agencies, students work with actual data from census reports and community surveys to design and administer a simulated center and its programs. An integrated macro practice framework is utilized to ensure that students develop a set of knowledge and skills for community and agency based practice. The course embodies the belief that students must be educated to integrate community and organizational theory and practice in order to be agents of social change. Implications for social work education will be discussed.
Make It a Double? Sobering Results from Simulations Using Single-Moment Microphysics Schemes

Single-moment microphysics schemes have long enjoyed popularity for their simplicity and efficiency. However, in this article it is argued through theoretical considerations, idealized thunderstorm simulations, and radiative‐convective equilibrium (RCE) simulations that the assumptions inherent in these parameterizations can induce large errors in the proper representation of clouds and their feedbacks to the atmosphere. For example, precipitation is shown to increase by 200% through changes to fixed parameters in a singlemoment scheme and low-cloud fraction in the RCE simulations drops from about 15% in double-moment simulations to about 2% in single-moment simulations. This study adds to the large body of work that has shown that double-moment schemes generally outperform single-moment schemes. Therefore, it is recommendedthatfuturestudies,regardlessoftheirfocusandespeciallythoseemployingcloud-resolvingmodelsto simulate a realistic atmosphere, strongly consider moving to the exclusive use of multimoment microphysics schemes.
HIV-2 derived lentiviral vectors: gene transfer in Parkinson's and Fabry disease models in vitro.

Lentiviral vectors are prime candidate vectors for gene transfer into dividing and non-dividing cells, including neuronal cells and stem cells. For safety, HIV-2 lentiviral vectors may be better suited for gene transfer in humans than HIV-1 lentiviral vectors. HIV-2 vectors cross-packaged in HIV-1 cores may be even safer. Demonstration of the efficacy of these vectors in disease models will validate their usefulness. Parkinson's disease and Fabry disease provide excellent models for validation. Parkinson's disease is a focal degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain with progressive loss of ability to produce the neurotransmitter dopamine. Current treatment entails administration of increasing doses of L-dopa, with attendant toxicity. We explore here the hypothesis that gene transfer of aromatic acid decarboxylase (AADC), a key enzyme in the pathway, will make neuronal cells more efficiently convert L-dopa into dopamine. Fabry disease on the other hand is a monogenic inherited disease, characterized by α-galactosidase A (AGA) deficiency, resulting in glycolipid accumulation in several cell types, including fibroblasts. Animal models for preclinical investigations of both of these diseases are available. We have designed monocistronic HIV-1 and HIV-2 vectors with the AADC transgene and monocistronic and bicistronic HIV-2 vectors with the AGA and puromycin resistance transgenes. They were packaged with either HIV-2 cores or HIV-1 cores (hybrid vectors). Gene transfer of AADC gene in neuronal cells imparted the ability on the transduced cells to efficiently convert L-dopa into dopamine. Similarly, the AGA vectors induced Fabry fibroblasts to produce high levels of AGA enzyme and caused rapid clearance of the glycolipids from the cells. Both monocistronic and bicistronic vectors were effective. Thus, the insertion of a second gene downstream in the bicistronic vector was not deleterious. In addition, both the self-packaged vectors and the cross-packaged hybrid vectors were effective in gene transfer. J. Med. Virol. 71:173–182, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Cognitive-Affective Dualism of Music Learning

This paper addresses basic issues concerning the relationships between cognitive and affective growth in children. A theoretical model of affective development, proposed by Giblin (1981), is compared to the Piagetian theories of intellectual development. Implications for music education are drawn from this comparison.
BELONGING AND ADAPTING: MENTAL HEALTH OF BOSNIAN REFUGEES LIVING IN THE UNITED STATES

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the experience of Bosnian refugees currently living in the United States. Using a phenomenological method, seven adult female Bosnian refugees each participated in an audio-recorded interview lasting from one to two hours. Two major themes emerged from the analyses of the text: belonging and adapting. Belonging included concepts of cultural memory, identity and difference, empathy and reciprocity, and perfection of speech. Adapting focused on coping with transitions, coping with memories of past and attendant losses, coping with accepting a new culture while trying to fit into the new culture, and learning the new language perfectly. Implicit in the refugees' experiences were states of culture shock, loneliness, psychic numbness, grief, nostalgia, and feelings of dejection, humiliation, inferiority, and feeling as if they belonged nowhere. Simultaneously, the refugees reported feelings of relief and safety after leaving behind the threat of death in their old homes, feelings of gratefulness for their new freedom to hope for a better life, and their restored ability to notice beauty, as well as a sense of normalcy in their new lives. Recommendations for nursing research include the need to identify additional factors promoting successful belonging and adapting in refugees. Recommendations for nursing practice include the importance of adopting a perspective that is respectful of the uniqueness of each refugee and the necessity for recognizing the normal processes of refugee adaptation.
Pulsed phase-locked loop calibration over frequency

This paper presents a method of correcting for unwanted phase shifts introduced by interchanging ultrasonic transducers and other measurement system components when using the pulsed phase-locked loop (PPLL) ultrasonic system. Theory is derived mathematically separating phase errors into their constituents. The relationship to a previously derived method of determining the number of periods into the tone-burst, at which the system samples, is established, and a method of adjusting this number to be an integer is presented. Implementation of the technology on a computer is demonstrated through experimental results on transducers of differing frequencies and diameters. Sensitivity to path-length is tested. This work has resulted in a straightforward means of calibrating transducers in conjunction with PPLL measurements using a single, fixed reference block.
On the synthesis of control laws for a network of autonomous agents

We study the synthesis problem of a LQR controller when the matrix describing the control law is additionally constrained to lie in a particular vector space. Our motivation is the use of such control laws to stabilize networks of autonomous agents in a decentralized fashion; with the information flow being dictated by the constraints of a pre-specified topology. We formulate the problem as an optimization problem and provide numerical procedures to solve it. Then, we apply the technique to the decentralized vehicle formation control problem and show that the topology can have a significant effect on the optimal cost.
Reply to comments by G. Kosarev, N. Petersen and L. P. Vinnik on ‘The use of velocity spectrum for stacking receiver functions and imaging upper mantle discontinuities’

We thank the editors of GJI for the opportunity to respond to the comment in this issue by Kosarev, Petersen & Vinnik 11996: hereafter referred to as KPV), which disputes the historical and technical accuracy of the paper by Gurrola, Minster & Owens (1994; henceforth referred to as GMO).
Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases

We are given a large database of customer transactions. Each transaction consists of items purchased by a customer in a visit. We present an efficient algorithm that generates all significant association rules between items in the database. The algorithm incorporates buffer management and novel estimation and pruning techniques. We also present results of applying this algorithm to sales data obtained from a large retailing company, which shows the effectiveness of the algorithm.
The effects of vasoactive agents on flow through saphenous vein grafts during lower-extremity peripheral vascular surgery.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of hemodynamic alterations on vein graft flow during peripheral vascular surgery. It was hypothesized that vasopressors can be administered without compromising flow through the vein grafts. Setting: Tertiary care center, university medical center. Study Design: Randomized placebo-controlled double-blinded study. Methods: The effects of phenylephrine, epinephrine, milrinone, intravenous fluid, and placebo on newly constructed peripheral vein grafts were assessed in 60 patients (12 patients in each of 5 groups). Systemic and central hemodynamics were measured by using intra-arterial and pulmonary artery catheters. Vein graft flow was measured by using a transultrasonic flow probe (Transultrasonic Inc, Ithaca, NY). Results: Phenylephrine increased systemic mean blood pressure (mBP) (68.2-94.0 mmHg, p Conclusion: The study hypothesis was partly supported. Although both phenylephrine and epinephrine increased blood pressure, only the former increased vein graft flow in all patients. In conjunction with increases in graft flow after fluid administration, these data suggest that factors affecting vein graft flow are not just simply related to systemic hemodynamics.
Effect of tillage on microbial characteristics and herbicide degradation in a Sharkey clay soil

Abstract Field and laboratory studies were conducted at Stoneville, MS, from 1996 to 1998 to determine the influence of subsoiling (SS) and conventional tillage (CT) of a Sharkey clay soil on microbial characteristics and herbicide degradation. Soil samples obtained from imazaquin-treated and nontreated plots from the soybean row and interrow position were analyzed. Because only the row position is actually disturbed by SS, a comparison of row and interrow position on the parameter was conducted. Imazaquin (preemergence, 140 g ai ha−1) had no effect on microbial populations, microbial enzyme activity (fluorescein diacetate [FDA] hydrolysis and triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride [TTC] dehydrogenase), and organic carbon content. Estimates of microbial activity based on FDA hydrolysis and TTC dehydrogenase activity indicated greater activity under CT; however, microbial biomass and organic carbon were not affected by tillage or row position. A laboratory study assessed the degradation of carboxyl- and ring-label...
Nucleotide Sequences of Both psbD Genes from the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803

A genetic system has been developed for site-specific mutagenesis of the D2 polypeptide of Photosystem II in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803. In chloroplasts, this polypeptide is encoded by the psbD gene (1). The discovery of significant amino acid homologies between the D2 polypeptide and the M-subunit protein of the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center has led to the proposal that certain amino acid residues in D2 might bind the reaction center chlorophyll, the quinone QA, and the ferrous non-heme iron.