cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IT-Security Beyond Borders — an Assessment of Trust Levels Across Europe

The world is changing — faster and faster. Every now and then we realize that if we had planned, if we had envisioned the transformation of the society’s use of technology, we would have been much more prepared for fighting IT-security threats and challenges.
CHRFAM7A alters binding to the neuronal alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Abstract Introduction CHRFAM7A is a uniquely-human gene that encodes a human-specific variant of the alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAchR). While the homopentameric α7nAChR consists of 5 equal subunits, previous studies demonstrated that CHRFAM7A expression disrupts the formation of α7nAChR homopentamers. Here we use a rat neuronal cell line expressing CHRFAM7A and a transgenic mouse expressing CHRFAM7A to define the alpha-bungarotoxin (α-BTX) binding in vitro and in vivo. Methods Rat PC12 cells were stably transfected with human CHRFAM7A. α-BTX, a protein that irreversibly binds the α7nAchR, was utilized to assess the capacity for CHRFAM7A to interfere with α 7AchR subunits using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. To evaluate the effects of CHRFAM7A on α7nAchR at the neuromuscular junction in vivo, transgenic mice were engineered to express the uniquely human gene CHRFAM7A under the control of the EF1-α promoter. Using this model, muscle was harvested and CHRFAM7A and CHRNA7 gene expression evaluated by PCR. Binding of α-BTX to the α7nAchR in muscle was compared in sibling-matched wild-type C57 mice by immunostaining the neuromuscular junction using α-BTX and neurofilament antibodies. Results Expression of CHRFAM7A in transfected, but not vector cells, was confirmed by PCR and by immunoblotting using an antibody we raised to a peptide sequence unique to CHRFAM7A. CHRFAM7A decreased α-BTX binding as detected by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. In vivo, α-BTX co-stained with neurofilament at the neuromuscular junction in wild-type mice, however, α-BTX staining was decreased at the neuromuscular junction of CHRFAM7A transgenic mice. Conclusion CHRFAM7A expression interferes with the binding of α7nAchR to α-BTX. Understanding the contribution of this uniquely human gene to human disease will be important in the identification of potential therapeutic targets.
Twisted vortex Gaussian Schell-model beams

We introduce a new class of partially coherent vortex beams in which the angular momentum of the beam is provided from two different sources: the underlying vortex of the random beam and the "twist" given to the ensemble of beams. The statistical and propagation properties of such beams are investigated, and their orbital angular momentum properties are analyzed. The combination of distinct orbital angular momentum sources allows unusual behaviors that were previously unobserved.
CHAPTER 58 – Parametric Imaging by Mixture Analysis in 3D Validation for Dual-Tracer Glucose Studies

The quantitative analysis of dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) data to obtain estimates of tissue characteristics, such as blood flow, energy consumption, or receptor density, usually relies on fitting an appropriate kinetic model to the radiotracer time course data. This chapter presents a technique for constructing parametric images from three-dimensional dynamic PET studies. The approach is based on a mixture analysis model in which the time activity curve (TAC) at a given volume element (voxel) is expressed as a weighted sum of sub-TACs corresponding to homogeneous tissues represented there. Estimates of metabolic parameters at a voxel are defined as a weighted sum of the parameters associated with the individual sub-TACs. Segmentation plays a key role in the methodology. This chapter also presents an overview of the implementation of the approach illustrated by the application to a dual-tracer study designed to measure the local cerebral glucose lumped constant.
Abstract TP7: Isolated Basal Ganglia Strokes Undergoing Thrombectomy Have High Rates of Good Clinical Outcomes

Background and Purpose: Isolated basal ganglia strokes are thought to have worse clinical outcomes as compared to mixed and cortical infarcts. Methods: Review of a prospectively collected database ...
NF-κB upregulates glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 to promote migration in non-small cell lung cancer

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) results in changes that promote de-differentiation, migration, and invasion in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While it is recognized that EMT promotes altered energy utilization, identification of metabolic pathways that link EMT with cancer progression is needed. Work presented here indicates that mesenchymal NSCLC upregulates glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2). GFPT2 is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). UDP-GlcNAc is the obligate activator of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT). Analysis of our transcriptomic data indicates that GFPT2 is one of the most significantly upregulated metabolic genes in mesenchymal NSCLC. Ectopic GFPT2 expression, as well as gene silencing strategies were used to determine the importance of this metabolic enzyme in regulating EMT-driven processes of cell motility and invasion. Our work demonstrates that GFPT2 is transcriptionally upregulated by NF-κB and repressed by the NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT6. Depletion of GFPT2 expression in NSCLC highlights its importance in regulating cell migration and invasion during EMT. Consistent with GFPT2 promoting cancer progression, we find that elevated GFPT2 expression correlates with poor clinical outcome in NSCLC. Modulation of GFPT2 activity offers a potentially important therapeutic target to combat NSCLC disease progression.
Outcomes of low-intensity biopsy surveillance for rejection in paediatric cardiac transplantation.

Background:Significant inter-centre variability in the intensity of endomyocardial biopsy surveillance for rejection following paediatric cardiac transplantation has been reported. Our aim was to determine if low-intensity biopsy surveillance with two scheduled biopsies in the first year would produce outcomes similar to published registry outcomes.Methods:A retrospective study of paediatric recipients transplanted between 2008 and 2014 using a low-intensity biopsy protocol consisting of two surveillance biopsies at 3 and 12–13 months in the first post-transplant year, then annually thereafter. Additional biopsies were performed based on echocardiographic and clinical surveillance. Excluded were recipients that were re-transplanted or multi-organ transplanted or were followed at another institution.Results:A total of 81 recipients in the first 13 months after transplant underwent an average of 2 (SD ± 1.3) biopsies, 24 ± 6.8 echocardiograms, and 17 ± 4.4 clinic visits per recipient. During the 13-month period, 19 recipients had 24 treated rejection episodes, with the first at an average of 2.8 months post-transplant. The 3-, 12-, 36-, and 60-month conditional on discharge graft survival were 100%, 98.8%, 98.8%, and 90.4%, respectively, comparable to reported figures in major paediatric registries. At a mean follow-up of 4.7 ± 2.1 years, four patients (4.9%) developed cardiac allograft vasculopathy, three (3.7%) developed a malignancy, and seven (8.6%) suffered graft loss.Conclusion:Rejection surveillance with a low-intensity biopsy protocol demonstrated similar intermediate-term outcomes and safety measures as international registries up to 5 years post-transplant.
HEMA Hydrogel Copolymer Surface Chemistry Influences Localization and Release of Single and Multiple Wound Healing Growth Factors

(Hydroxyethyl)methacrylate (HEMA)-based hydrogel copolymers are ideal growth factor delivery vehicles for wound healing purposes. However, copolymer surfaces often exhibit micron-scale phase segregation that can influence the behavior of proteins, cells, and tissues in contact with the surface. In this work, we used time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, and confocal microscopy to evaluate the effects of HEMA, HEMA/5% methyl methacrylate (HEMA/MMA), and HEMA/5% methacrylic acid (HEMA/MAA) copolymer surface chemistry on protein localization, surface concentration, release profiles, and 3D distribution. We evaluated polymers releasing Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF), and polymers co-releasing KGF, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), and Platelet Derived Growth Factor-AA (PDGF-AA). First, we characterized differences in the identity, shape, and size of pores at the polymer surfaces. Then, we found that phase segregation at the HEMA/MMA and HEMA/MAA copolymer surfaces increased localization, surface concentration and release of KGF in comparison to HEMA homopolymers. We also observed higher concentrations of KGF distributed throughout the first few microns of the copolymers. In the case of tandem growth factor release, increased interactions between the HEMA/MMA and HEMA/MAA copolymer surfaces and KGF, EGF, and PDGF-AA induced colocalization of KGF and PDGF-AA, causing KGF delivery to impede PDGF-AA delivery. In contrast, the HEMA homopolymer kept each growth factor spatially segregated, showed the least amount of colocalization, and efficiently delivered all three growth factors. We expect the observed differences between polymers to induce differential biological response in future cell-based assays modeling wound healing.
Risk Analysis: Its Application to Argumentation and Decision-Making.

Utility theory has enjoyed renewed interest among debate critics and other decision-makers. While proponents claim that its application will objectify decision-making, a selective review of the lit...
Property Exchange Rules Offer Tax Opportunities for Hotel Owners

One strategy often overlooked by hospitality owners in developing cost-saving strategies is the use of like-kind exchanges to acquire property. The author reviews some alternative methods of like-kind exchanges, which may not only provide new business opportunities for the hospitality owner, but lucrative tax benefits as well. This article is available in Hospitality Review: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/hospitalityreview/vol14/iss2/4 Property Exchange Rules Offer Tax Opportunities for Hotel Owners
A Global Learning Wiki Project for Preservice Teachers

In this study the author investigated 228 preservice teachers’ experiences with a global learning wiki project in an undergraduate educational technology course . The project connected students around the world on a wiki site, participants and their overseas partners posting questions about topics of interest to them and responding to one another’s questions on the site. The goals of this study were to determine whether the global learning wiki project (a) enhanced participants’ knowledge of other cultures and competence in working with those who are culturally different and (b) benefited the participants professionally by improving their technology skills. Results of the study show that participants enjoyed this project and the contacts they made with educators and students in other countries. They gained knowledge of another culture and grew more comfortable working with people who speak another language; however, their responses were mixed about the professional benefits and enhancement of their technology skills.
Case series, contemporary review and imaging guided diagnostic and management approach of congenital pericardial defects

Objective Congenital pericardial defect (CPD) is a rare entity with an estimated frequency of 0.01%–0.04%. The recognition of this anomaly is important since it can be associated with serious complications. The aim of this study and review was to describe clinical and imaging features that help in establishing the diagnosis of this condition. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all adult patients at the Cleveland Clinic Health System with the diagnosis of CPD between the years 2000 and 2015. Baseline clinical characteristics, clinical manifestations, ECG, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), cardiac CT and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images were reviewed. Results Eight patients were included in the study. Sixty-three percent of patients were males with mean age at diagnosis of 48 years, 63% had a partial pericardial defect on the left side and right ventricular (RV) dilation on TTE. Three patients had CMR. Levocardia was present in all CMRs. One patient had greater than 60° clockwise rotation and none of the CMRs showed ballooning of the left ventricular apex. One patient required surgical pericardioplasty. The remaining seven patients had a median follow-up of 17.3 months (5–144.9 months) and all remained asymptomatic. Conclusion CPDs are more likely to be partial on the left side and patients often have RV dilation on the TTE and levocardia on CMR. Most patients remain stable and do not require surgical intervention. TTE and CMR play an important role in making the diagnosis of this anomaly.
Tackling two crises at once

We can't lose sight of the climate emergency when dealing with the covid-19 pandemic, say Christiana Figueres and Tom Rivett-Carnac
CHAPTER 13 – FOOD PRESERVATION

Publisher Summary The purpose of food preservation is to prevent or to delay enzymatic and/or microbial changes in food so that the food is available at some future time. A discussion of food preservation involves enzymes and microorganisms and the basic principles of preventing their activity in food. The principles are employed in several basic techniques of food preservation including applying heat; lowering temperatures, water activity, and pH; adding inhibitory substances; and irradiating the food. Controlled or modified atmosphere packaging may be used with any of the basic methods of preservation. The prevention of the growth or destruction of pathogenic microorganisms or the microorganisms responsible for spoilage is basic to most methods of food preservation. Yeasts and molds are killed by heat, but the ease of destruction of bacteria varies with the type of bacteria and with their condition. Actively growing bacteria are destroyed easily than the bacteria that are in the spore form. For all the methods of preservation, it is important that the raw food contain as few microorganisms as possible.
The white moderate, sport and black lives matter: echoes from Martin Luther King Jr.’s “letter from birmingham jail” at the University of Iowa

This article examines responses of the “white moderate” in U.S. sport to Black Lives Matter and the current movement for racial justice. We combine Martin Luther King Jr.’s (1963) conceptualization...
Field-Polarization Sensitivity in rf Atomic Magnetometers

Optically pumped atomic magnetometers achieve impressive sensitivity in measuring dc or rf magnetic fields, competing with state-of-the-art SQUID detectors. Noise cancellation in rf atomic magnetometers is important, and is often used for applications in unshielded environments. Common noise-rejection techniques rely on differences in the spatial or temporal properties of signal and noise. This study demonstrates noise suppression of linearly polarized noise based on the magnetometer's polarization sensitivity. Directional phase sensitivity of the magnetometer is also demonstrated.
Post-traumatic Headache in Children and Adolescents

Post-traumatic headache is a common disorder in the pediatric age group, seen both by child neurologists and by non-neurologists. The current review of post-traumatic headache in children and adolescents aims to review the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical features, neuroimaging, and both acute and preventive treatment options. Recent literature provides insight into specific risk factors in the pediatric age group for developing post-traumatic headache as well as unique pathophysiologic changes seen in neuroimaging and neurometabolic pathways. It also elucidates common treatment options and novel treatments being currently explored, such as with monoclonal antibodies to CGRP. Finally, current evidence and guidelines recommend the benefit of a gradual return to normal activity based on symptom stability rather than a specific time period. Review of literature on pediatric post-traumatic headache reveals a growing understanding of the factors involved in developing headache after head trauma and the diagnosis/treatment of headache though future research will help further elucidate these areas.
Oncologic Outcomes for Robotic Vs. Open Radical Cystectomy Among Locally Advanced and Node-Positive Patients: Analysis of The National Cancer Database.

Abstract Introduction Despite concerns of atypical recurrence following robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC), utilization of the modality is increasing. The presumed mechanisms of peritoneal immunomodulation and pneumoperitoneum-induced tumor cell intravasation are especially relevant for higher stage, locally advanced disease, where intrinsic metastatic potential of tumor cells may be greater. This study aims to compare the oncologic outcomes and survival after RARC compared to open radical cystectomy (ORC) among patients with stage pT3-4 or node-positive muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Patients and Methods Retrospective cohort analysis of pT3-4N0-3 and pT(any)N1-3 patients who underwent RARC or ORC was performed using the National Cancer Database (2010-2016) to investigate perioperative and oncologic outcomes. Results 9,062 ORC cases and 2,544 RARC cases met inclusion criteria. The robotic approach was significantly associated with superior unadjusted survival compared to open as well as lower proportions of unadjusted 30- and 90-day mortality, lower positive margin status, and shorter surgical inpatient stay (all respective P Conclusions RARC is no less safe than ORC for patients with locally advanced bladder cancer on the basis of overall, 30- and 90-day survival. Unadjusted mortality and surgical outcomes demonstrate advantages to RARC, which are attenuated after multivariate analysis. Perioperative benefits may favor the robotic approach, consistent with previous randomized control studies.
Protocol stack virtualization support in IoT

Abstract Massive IoT scenarios involve a huge number of devices where deployment, provisioning, and configuration are carried out without any human intervention. Well‐known mechanisms of resource d...
Children's gesture use provides insight into proportional reasoning strategies.

Abstract Children struggle with proportional reasoning when discrete countable information is available because they over-rely on this numerical information even when it leads to errors. In the current study, we investigated whether different types of gesture can exacerbate or mitigate these errors. Children aged 5–7 years (N = 135) were introduced to equivalent proportions using discrete gestures that highlighted separate parts, continuous gestures that highlighted continuous amounts, or no gesture. After training, children completed a proportional reasoning match-to-sample task where whole number information was occasionally pitted against proportional information. After the task, we measured children’s own gesture use. Overall, we did not find condition differences in proportional reasoning; however, children who observed continuous gestures produced more continuous gestures than those who observed discrete gestures (and vice versa for discrete gestures). Moreover, producing fewer discrete gestures and more continuous gestures was associated with lower numerical interference on the match-to-sample task. Lastly, to further investigate individual differences, we found that children’s inhibitory control and formal math knowledge were correlated with proportional reasoning in general but not with numerical interference in particular. Taken together, these findings highlight that children’s own gestures may be a powerful window into the information they attend to during proportional reasoning.
CEO’s Industry Experience and Firm Performance: The Effects of Corruption and Political Uncertainty

We examine how CEO’s industry-specific experience influences firm performance in emerging markets. Drawing from upper echelons theory and a learning perspective, we argue that as CEOs accumulate in...
Acoustic Emission from Macro-Microcrack Configurations

It has been noted in the literature that for certain materials the presence and propagation of a microcrack is often accompanied by the nucleation and coalescence of microvoids or microcracks in a process zone surrounding the tips of the macrocrack. During these processes, stored energy is intermittently released and transient elastic waves are emitted. These wave emissions can be measured experimentally to detect this process.
Power flow control of a single distributed generation unit with nonlinear local load

Distributed generation units with small energy sources, such as fuel cells, micro-turbines, and photovoltaic devices, can be connected to utility grid as alternative energy sources besides providing power to their local loads. The distributed generation units are interfaced with utility grid using three phase inverters. With inverter control, both active and reactive power pumped into the utility grid from the distributed generation units can be controlled. Reactive power flow control allows the distributed generation units to be used as static VAr compensation units besides energy sources. This work presents a distributed generation unit control technique which provides robust voltage regulation with harmonic elimination under island running mode and decoupled active and reactive power flow control under grid-connected mode. The control technique, which combines discrete-time sliding mode current control, robust servomechanism voltage control, and integral power control, enables seamless switching between island mode and grid-connected mode and guarantees sinusoidal line current waveform such nonlinear local load. The P Q coupling issue is addressed and the stability of the power control loop is proved using Lyapunov direct method.
EARLY RENAL DENERVATION PREVENTS DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERTENSION IN GROWTH-RESTRICTED OFFSPRING

1. Low birth weight is associated with an increased risk for the development of hypertension. Our laboratory uses a model of reduced uterine perfusion in the pregnant rat that results in intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) offspring that develop hypertension at a prepubertal age. Although hypertension develops in both prepubertal male and female IUGR offspring, only male IUGR offspring remain hypertensive after puberty. We reported previously that bilateral renal denervation abolishes hypertension in adult male IUGR offspring, indicating an important role for the renal nerves in the maintenance of established IUGR-induced hypertension. We also reported that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition abolishes hypertension in adult male IUGR offspring. However, activation of the renin-angiotensin system does not occur in male IUGR offspring until after puberty, or after the development of established IUGR-induced hypertension. Therefore, the mechanisms involved in the development of IUGR-induced hypertension may differ from those involved in the maintenance of established IUGR-induced hypertension. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether the renal nerves play a causative role in the early development of IUGR-induced hypertension in prepubertal IUGR offspring. 2. Intrauterine growth-restricted and control offspring were subjected to either bilateral renal denervation or sham denervation, respectively, at 4 weeks of age. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was determined at 6 weeks of age in conscious, chronically instrumented animals. Adequacy of renal denervation was verified by renal noradrenaline content. 3. Whereas renal denervation had no effect on MAP in control offspring (103 +/- 2 vs 102 +/- 3 mmHg for sham vs denervated, respectively), it reduced blood pressure in growth-restricted offspring (114 +/- 3 vs 104 +/- 1 mmHg for sham vs denervated, respectively; P < 0.01). Renal noradrenaline content was significantly reduced in denervated animals relative to sham operated rats. 4. Thus, the data indicate a role for the renal nerves in the aetiology of IUGR-induced hypertension and suggest that the renal nerves may participate in the early development of hypertension in IUGR offspring in addition to established hypertension observed in adult male IUGR offspring.
A Sociological Analysis of the California Taxi-Dancer: The Hidden Halls

Examining the social factors contributing to taxi-dancing, this study provides a participant-observer perspective from the author who was herself employed as a taxi-dancer. The work seeks to voice the contexts defining the personal and professional spheres of the dancers' lives.
Zero-Temperature Casimir Fluctuations and the Limits of Force Microscope Sensitivity

It is predicted that in force microscopy the quantum fluctuations responsible for the Casimir force can be directly observed as temperature-independent force fluctuations having spectral density $9\pi/(40\ln(4/e)) \hbar \delta k$, where $\hbar$ is Planck's constant and $\delta k$ is the observed change in spring constant as the microscope tip approaches a sample. For typical operating parameters the predicted force noise is of order $10^{-18}$ Newton in one Hertz of bandwidth. The Second Law is respected via the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. For small tip-sample separations the cantilever damping is predicted to increase as temperature is reduced, a behavior that is reminiscent of the Kondo effect.
Graphs, Tables and Discussion to Aid in the Design and Evaluation of an Acceptance Sampling Procedure Based on Cumulative Sums.

An acceptance sampling procedure for attributes inspection proposed by Beattie seems well suited for situations when production is continuous, sampling is destructive, a constant sampling rate is required, and discrimination between two quality levels i..
NetKuang: a multi-host configuration vulnerability checker

NetKuang is an extension to Baldwin's SU-Kuang. It runs on networks of computers using Unix and can find vulnerabilities created by poor system configuration. Vulnerabilities are discovered using a backwards goal-based search that is breadth-first on individual hosts and parallel when multiple hosts are checked. An implementation in C++ found real vulnerabilities on production systems. Tests show reasonably fast performance on a Lan.
On controlling continuous-time processes with data on occurrence of discrete events

Discrete-events, usually considered to be "inertialess" nondynamic events, are often the consequence of an underlying system with well characterized dynamics. In such systems it is possible to synthesise dynamic control systems using the separation principle paradigm. These observer-based control systems are driven by threshold crossings events which convey minimal but sufficient information to reconstruct the state of the underlying system. Two examples of observer-based threshold event-driven systems are presented.
Methodological Balkanization, Language Games and The Persistence of The Identity Crisis in Public Administration: A Student's Perspective

This paper offers the perspective of a student on the problems addressed within this symposium. Topics of import in this paper include methodology, language, the composition of graduate education programs, and the challenges of student life in public administration.
Experimental infection of six North American fish species with the North Carolina strain of spring Viremia of Carp Virus

Abstract Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a rhabdoviral pathogen associated with disease outbreaks in cultured and wild fish worldwide. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio carp), and koi (C. carpio koi) suffer the highest mortalities from SVCV infections, while other cyprinid fish species have varying susceptibility. Although salmonid fish typically are considered refractory to infection by SVCV, there have been a few reports suggesting infection has occurred in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). There have been no reports of Percid fish being infected with SVCV. Since the first North American outbreak of SVCV at a North Carolina koi farm in 2002 there have been eight subsequent detections or outbreaks of SVCV among fish species from the families of Cyprinidae and Centrarchidae within the US and Canada. Thus, this exotic virus is considered a potential threat to native and cultured fish populations in North America. We performed multiple experimental challenges with fish species from three families (Salmonidae, Cyprinidae, and Percidae) to identify the potential risk associated with SVCV exposure of resident fish populations in North America. Three salmonid species, rainbow and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka), were challenged by immersion or injection with the North Carolina SVCV isolate. Two cyprinid species, koi and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and one percid species, yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were also challenged. Koi were highly susceptible to SVCV up to 11 months of age and fathead minnows had chronic disease expression with moderate mortality (29%). SVCV also induced moderate mortalities (33%) in yellow perch fry. Virus challenged salmonid fish had cumulative percent mortalities ranging from 0 to 100%, with sockeye salmon fry being the most vulnerable. A sub-sample of mortalities and survivors were screened for virus by plaque assay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In general, all mortalities tested positive for SVCV with high viral titers while survivors had variable persistence of SVCV with overall lower virus titers. Our SVCV challenges of multiple North American fish species suggested that host age is a key factor in determining disease outcome. Other factors, such as fish broodstock, virus strain, water temperature, and rearing conditions in association with the intrinsic level of species susceptibility may also impact infection dynamics. This is the first report of SVCV infecting a species (yellow perch) in the family Percidae and that sockeye salmon fry can suffer similarly high mortalities as the primary SVCV host species.
Rapid awakening protocol in complex head and neck reconstruction

Background Patients undergoing complex head and neck free flap reconstructions are commonly maintained on mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit (ICU). This study reviews indications and outcomes of such patients undergoing a rapid awakening protocol (RAP). Methods We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients who underwent head and neck microvascular reconstructions by a single surgeon between 2001 and 2013. Results Seventy-five patients underwent RAP and 605 received mechanical ventilation. Overall complications were significantly higher in mechanical ventilation patients than in the RAP cohort (61% vs 31%, respectively; p < .001). Univariate analysis demonstrates mechanical ventilation, age, and aerodigestive tract involvement are significant risk factors for a complication and longer hospital stay. Multivariate logistic regression model demonstrates RAP patients had significantly less risk of a complication (odds ratio [OR] = 0.32; 95% [CI] = 0.19–0.54; p < .001). Conclusion The recovery of select patients with early extubation/spontaneous breathing is superior to maintenance on mechanical ventilation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 464–470, 2015
Boundary integral equation for electromagnetic wave scattering by a homogeneous body of arbitrary shape

Boundary integral equation is derived for the problem of scattering of electromagnetic waves by 3D homogeneous body of arbitrary shape.
Foreign Perspectives of Brazil: A textual Analysis of American Newspaper coverage

Journalists´ perceptions of objectivity and news judgment may be inﬂ uenced by extraneous factors such as audience, companies, and national politics, as well as personal cultures. Foreign correspondents have additional factors inﬂ uencing these perceptions. This study analyzes the narrative of texts from three mainstream American newspapers written by their foreign correspondents in Brazil during the weeks prior to the 2004 American presidential election, looking at how the ideology of both foreign correspondents and newspapers were involved in the coverage of Brazil’s human and political reality. Although it is not possible to say that all the themes of the stories presented were based on American ideology or the writer’s ideological discourse, some of the issues reported on followed an American political framework. The little importance given to Brazilian sources and the presence of almost exclusively political and diplomatic sources may indicate a limited interaction between those correspondents and people from Brazil.
X-ray-induced deficiencies of chromosome 11 in the tomato.

The tomato linkage group V, including the markers at and hl, was identified with chromosome 11 by means of the radiation-induced deficiency method. Terminal deficiencies were induced in both arms and an interstitial deficiency ln one arm of chromosome 11, and plants monosomic for this chromosome were also cytologically identified in the progeny. The gene a/sub 1/ resides in the achromatic region of the long arm and hl in either the achromatic or chromatic close to the junction of the two in the short arm of chromosome 11. The significance of survival of tomato monosomics in this test is discussed. (auth)
The Tetraspan Protein EMP2 Regulates Expression of Caveolin-1 *

Caveolin-1 is the primary component of caveolae and functions in a variety of intracellular activities, including membrane trafficking and signal transduction. EMP2 (epithelial membrane protein 2) is a tetraspan protein recently identified as a novel regulator of caveolin-1 expression. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism of EMP2-mediated caveolin-1 regulation. In NIH 3T3 cells and in the human retinal pigment epithelium cell line (ARPE-19), EMP2 regulates caveolin-1 transcription and more substantially its protein levels. EMP2-mediated down-regulation of caveolin-1 does not affect caveolin-1 translational efficiency, phosphorylation, or proteasome-mediated degradation. Analysis of caveolin-1 protein half-life indicates the EMP2-mediated loss of caveolin-1 occurs rapidly. Protease inhibition and laser confocal microscopy associates this fate with specific intracellular compartmentalization, including early lysosomal delivery. These findings elucidate a new mechanism of caveolin-1 regulation and define an additional role for EMP2 as a key regulator of cell membrane composition.
Validation and comparison of luminex multiplex cytokine analysis kits with ELISA: Determinations of a panel of nine cytokines in clinical sample culture supernatants

Abstract Problem: Analyses of the expression pattern of multiple cytokines are frequently required for characterization of the status of the immune system as it pertains to Th type bias and intrinsic levels of inflammation. Classically, analysis of cytokine expression patterns has been performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for each separate analyte. A new technology, Luminex MAP ® , facilitates the simultaneous evaluation of multiple immune mediators with advantages of higher throughput, smaller sample volume, and lower cost. Validation of this technology has been limited to small sample sets, limited use of clinical study specimens, and use of non-commercial reagents. Methods: Ninety-six specimens from women over the course of their respective pregnancies were evaluated for cytokine concentrations using commercially available ELISA kits and commercially available Luminex MAP ® kits according to the manufacturers’ directions. Correlations between data sets were evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient ( r ). Results: Excellent correlations were demonstrated for IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFN γ, and TNF α, in contrast to IL-12 p70 and IL-13. Conclusions: Luminex multiplex technology has distinct advantages and is a valid alternative method to ELISA for the evaluation of the majority of cytokines tested and for the characterization of immune system status.
Advances in Human Biology: Combining Genetics and Molecular Biophysics to Pave the Way for Personalized Diagnostics and Medicine

Advances in several biology-oriented initiatives such as genome sequencing and structural genomics, along with the progress made through traditional biological and biochemical research, have opened up a unique opportunity to better understand the molecular effects of human diseases. Human DNA can vary significantly from person to person and determines an individual’s physical characteristics and their susceptibility to diseases. Armed with an individual’s DNA sequence, researchers and physicians can check for defects known to be associated with certain diseases by utilizing various databases. However, for unclassified DNA mutations or in order to reveal molecular mechanism behind the effects, the mutations have to be mapped onto the corresponding networks and macromolecular structures and then analyzed to reveal their effect on the wild type properties of biological processes involved. Predicting the effect of DNA mutations on individual’s health is typically referred to as personalized or companion diagnostics. Furthermore, once the molecular mechanism of the mutations is revealed, the patient should be given drugs which are the most appropriate for the individual genome, referred to as pharmacogenomics. Altogether, the shift in focus in medicine towards more genomic-oriented practices is the foundation of personalized medicine. The progress made in these rapidly developing fields is outlined.
Chemoprophylaxis before transesophageal echocardiography in patients with prosthetic or bioprosthetic cardiac valves.

The risk of infective endocarditis after transesophageal echocardiography is not known. Some investigators have found a low rate of bacteremia during or immediately after the procedure,1–4 but at least 1 current study has suggested an occurrence rate of 17%.5 There is only 1 case report of a patient who developed infective endocarditis temporally related to transesophageal echocardiography6. Since the question of whether or not to give chemoprophylaxis before transesophageal echocardiography in patients with mechanical prosthetic or bioprosthetic cardiac valves has not been settled, we prospectively followed patients with prosthetic heart valves who did not receive antibiotic coverage before a transesophageal echocardiography procedure to assess the risk of their developing infective endocarditis.
A unifying framework for trie design heuristics

Abstract A general framework for the design of tries with various cost functions is presented. A systematic procedure is proposed which is analogous to the information theoretic heuristic in the use of uncertainty-based information measures. For any file of records to be retrieved by means of keys arranged in a trie, an uncertainty measure must constitute a lower bound on the cost of any trie associated with the file. A trie can be constructed by selecting as the next key to be tested the key that maximizes the information per unit cost based on the uncertainty measure chosen. This stepwise heuristic for constructing tries can be applied to arbitrary cost functions, and it is shown that these information measures possess properties similar to those from information theory. The technique is applied to the problem of constructing tries for the r -error digital search problem which deals with locating the binary word in a file that matches a given input word, while taking into account that as many as r digits of the input may be erroneous.
The AI in AI EDAM

A natural question is why AI in design? Although the design applications written about in the journal vary widely, the common thread is that researchers use AI techniques to implement their ideas. The use of AI techniques for design applications, at least when AI EDAM was started, was partially a reaction against the predominant design methods based on some form of optimization. Knowledge-based techniques, particularly rule-based systems of various sorts, were very popular. One of the draws of these methods, I believe, was their ability to represent knowledge that is hard or awkward to represent in traditional optimization frameworks. This mirrors my experience: at the time, I was working in configuration with components that had a large number compatibility and resource constraints. Although many constraints could be represented in mixed integer linear programming systems, it was not easy to conceptualize, write, and most importantly, maintain the constraints in those systems.
Strategic Labor Organizing in the Era of Industrial Transformation: A Comparative Historical Analysis of Unionization in Steel and Coal, 1870-1916

Between 1870 and 1916 rapid and widespread mechanization and capitalization dramatically transformed the means and relations of production in the mass industries. At the same time, increasing ethnic diversity challenged the class basis of labor solidarity. The cases of steel and bituminous coal mining illustrate important contrasting responses to these forces on the part of organized labor. In particular, the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers lost members and became increasingly ineffectual, while the United Mine Workers underwent intense and sustained growth. Our comparison of the two unions' notably different trajectories reveals the importance of socio-historical factors as well as union strategies for dealing with technological innovation and ethnic divisions.
When States Discriminate: The Non‐uniform Tax Treatment of Municipal Bond Interest

There is a long history of states using tax systems to encourage residents to invest in bonds issued by jurisdictions within their state. This preferential or discriminatory tax treatment was ruled unconstitutional in 2006 by the Kentucky Court of Appeals. The Kentucky court decision, which sets the stage for this essay, was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2008. This essay addresses the possible implications of this and similar discriminatory tax policies. Such discriminatory policies are the foundation of the municipal bond market, and altering the practice would have significant implications for revenue collections and borrowing costs in most states and localities. While the Supreme Court's position has been rendered, the case has caused policy makers and administrators to scrutinize discriminatory tax policies and their impact on budgets and borrowing costs.
Control of a supersonic reattaching shear layer

A reattaching supersonic shear layer was perturbed by transverse air injection, and the effects were investigated using flow visualization. It was found that shear layer mixing was increased and that the shock system was strongly disturbed due to the heightened three dimensionality of the flow. Mixing enhancement was also achieved in an incompressible downstream-facing step flow using the same blowing procedure.
Cavity quantum electrodynamics: A bundle of photons, please

A two-level system in an optical cavity pumped by an external laser can be coaxed to emit light bursts of exactly N photons at a time.
High Performance, Energy Efficient Chipkill Correct Memory with Multidimensional Parity

It is well-known that a significant fraction of server power is consumed in memory; this is especially the case for servers with chipkill correct memories. We propose a new chipkill correct memory organization that decouples correction of errors due to local faults that affect a single symbol in a word from correction of errors due to device-level faults that affect an entire column, sub-bank, or device. By using a combination of two codes that separately target these two fault modes, the proposed chipkill correct organization reduces code overhead by half as compared to conventional chipkill correct memories for the same rank size. Alternatively, this allows the rank size to be reduced by half while maintaining roughly the same total code overhead. Simulations using PARSEC and SPEC benchmarks show that, compared to a conventional double chipkill correct baseline, the proposed memory organization, by providing double chipkill correct at half the rank size, reduces power by up to 41%, 32% on average over a conventional baseline with the same chipkill correct strength and access granularity that relies on linear block codes alone, at only 1% additional code overhead.
The relation of soluble lead to toxicity: an in vitro analysis.

Summary Cells of human origin maintained in vitro in a phosphate-free medium (PFM) remain viable for over 24 h but lose viability rapidly in the presence of soluble lond. The threshold for this loss of viability is less than 1 ppm. In the presence of Ca 2+ in high concentrations, the cells maintain their viability. These data suggest that soluble lead is far more toxic than paniculate lead, and that the protective action of the Ca 2+ ion in lead toxicity is not on a specific cell type.
Mussel glue protein has an open conformation.

Abstract Both native glue protein from marine mussels and a synthetic nonhydroxylated analog were analyzed by far-uv CD under a variety of conditions. Analysis of the CD spectra using various models strongly suggests a primarily random coil structure for both forms of the protein, a fact also supported by the absence of spectral change for the glue protein upon dilution into 6 m guanidine hydrochloride. The nonhydroxylated analog, which consists of 20 repeats of the peptide sequence Ala-Lys-Pro-Ser-Tyr-Pro-Pro-Thr-Tyr-Lys, was further characterized by enzyme modification using mushroom tyrosinase. Enzymatic hydroxylation of tyrosines was found to be best fit by a model containing two rate constants, 5.6 (±0.6) × 10−3 and 7.2 (±0.3) × 10−2 min−1. At equilibrium, HPLC analysis of digests showed nearly 100% conversion of Tyr-9 and only 15 to 35% conversion of Tyr-5. The Chou and Fasman rules for predicting structure were applied to the repeat sequence listed above. The rules predict the absence of α helix and β pleated sheets in the structure of this peptide. On the other hand, β turns are predicted to be present with Tyr-5 being in the region of highest probability. These data suggest that the protein in solution has only a small amount of secondary structure.
Growth of epitaxial layers of gallium nitride on silicon carbide and corundum substrates

Single crystal epitaxial layers of gallium nitride have been grown on α-SiC and α-Al2O3 substrates in the temperature range 1000– 1150 °C. At lower temperatures polycrystalline deposits are obtained, while at higher temperatures extensive decomposition of the layers becomes apparent. Epitaxial relationships developed are (0001)α−SiC ‖ (0001)GaN, (1010)α−Al2O3, ‖ (1015)GaN, (0001)α− Al2O3 ‖ (0001)GaN and (1120)α−Al2O3 ‖ (0001)GaN. The GaN adheres badly to the α-SiC and tends to shatter upon cooling. The best GaN surface finishes are obtained with (0001) Czochralski and (1120) flame fusion corundum substrates.
Building upon Negroponte: a hybridized model of control suitable for responsive architecture

Abstract Responsive architecture is commonly defined as a type of architecture that has the ability to alter its form in response to changing conditions. While this description is successful in capturing the gist of the topic, it does not provide us with the more detailed understandings required to build it. The knowledge required to build a truly responsive form of architecture is substantial, understandings of architecture, robotics, artificial intelligence and structural engineering are all beneficial. The links that are required between each knowledge base to actuate and control the responses of this type of architecture further complicate matters—suggesting potential reasons for the ambivalence of architects towards deeply exploring to the topic or extending it beyond the aesthetic application of an event-based architecture. This paper will build a model of responsive architecture that explains one possible approach to the topic, emphasizing ways to build it and control it in the process.