cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Panic disorder and suicide attempt in the National Comorbidity Survey

Clinical and some epidemiological data conflict concerning the likelihood of suicide attempt in individuals with panic disorder (PD). The purpose of this study was to illuminate the panic disorder-suicide attempt association in the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS; R. C. Kessler et al., 1994). Specifically, suicide attempt histories of those 5,872 respondents answering "yes" or "no" to the suicide attempt question were regressed against lifetime diagnostic histories. Lifetime PD history, in the presence of other disorders, was unrelated to elevated risk of suicide attempt and did not account for additional variance. PD respondents who had made a suicide attempt were characterized by Comorbidity. Epidemiological respondents with lifetime histories of PD alone are not at heightened risk for self-reported suicide attempt.
Gender, Marital Status, and Alcohol Behavior: The Neglected Role of Religion

Substantial previous research indicates that married persons enjoy better mental and physical health than others. One prominent explanation for these patterns is that married persons practice better health behaviors, including lower levels of alcohol consumption, particularly heavy drinking. However, studies of marital status differences in health behaviors have ignored the role of religious homo/heterogamy and attendance, important potential confounding and moderating factors. Focusing on alcohol behavior, we analyze 1977–1994 General Social Survey data, finding that lower levels of drinking are especially pronounced among homogamous conservative couples, and to a lesser extent among mixed-faith unions with one conservative partner. Controlling for other background characteristics, nonconservatives married to nonconservatives do not consistently consume less alcohol than unmarried persons, suggesting that much of the apparent marital status effect on drinking is actually due to religious factors. Contrary to some prior theory and research, these patterns are broadly consistent for both men and women.
COUNTERFACTUALS AND EPISTEMIC PROBABILITY

Philosophers have often attempted to use counterfactual conditionals to analyze probability. This article focuses on counterfactual analyzes of epistemic probability by Alvin Plantinga and Peter van Inwagen. I argue that a certain type of counterfactual situation creates problems for these analyses. I then argue that Plantinga’s intuition about the role of warrant in epistemic probability is mistaken. Both van Inwagen’s and Plantinga’s intuitions about epistemic probability are flawed.
Masculinity Lockdown: The Formation of Black Masculinity in a California Public High School

Masculinity Lockdown is an ethnographic study that analyzes the construction of Black masculinity at Southeast County High School (SCHS) in Southern California. Specifically, the article examines how three young Black males at SCHS navigate amidst a social milieu established by the school that denies the assertion of race and simultaneously fosters a homophobic understanding of masculinity. Through ethnographic accounts, the piece details how explicit utilization of violent, sexist rhetoric encourages Black males to participate within a masculine performance that serves reinforce their oppression. Language: en
Secondary Prevention of Stroke and the Expanding Role of the Neurologist

Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability and dependency in western society. Following stroke, the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) is increased by a factor of around 2–3 compared with baselin
Effectiveness of student admission essays in identifying attrition

Nursing school admission selection processes exist to select the "best and brightest" applicants assuming that those selected will be successful. However, attrition occurs. Effectiveness of grade point averages (GPAs) and test scores have been reported, while the effectiveness of essays in predicting attrition in undergraduate nursing education has not been reported in the literature. For the purposes of this study, attrition was defined as students enrolled in courses following acceptance into the program who did not complete the program. Data from a retrospective longitudinal sample including 236 students from one baccalaureate nursing program were analyzed for differences between students who completed the program ("completers", n=193) and those who dropped out ("non-completers", n=43). t-tests between the group mean essay scores revealed a statistical difference (t=2.092, p=0.043), while there was no statistical difference (t=0.22, p=ns) between the mean admission GPAs of the groups. Content analysis revealed thematic differences in the essays. Non-completers tended to write about nursing as external to themselves, in contrast to the completers who described an internalization of the role. Answers to questions of motivation for entering nursing and personal experience with a nurse may provide helpful information in selecting those students most likely to complete the program.
Disruption in Parental Co-habitation and its Effects on Short-Term, Medium-Term, and Long-Term Outcomes of Adolescents

In this paper the relationships between a disruption in parental co-habitation and various categories of adolescent outcomes over multiple time horizons are explored. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we estimated the effects of a change from living with both parents to just one, on academic and employment outcomes, the likelihood to indulge in risky behaviors, mental health outcomes and body mass index measures, from less than 1 year to over 14 years after the change. Propensity score matching methods were used to control for individual characteristics and pre-existing differences in the family environment that may increase the chances of separation, and the results are compared to those obtained using ordinary least squares or probit methods. Results showed evidence of adverse effects of living with one parent in the short term, medium term and long term. Adolescents living with one parent had lower academic achievement in all term lengths, poor mental health in the short to medium term, and were more likely to engage in risky behaviors in the medium to long term.
Event-related potentials in schizophrenia: their biological and clinical correlates and new model of schizophrenic pathophysiology

Evidence is growing that schizophrenic patients show significant structural damage in the temporal lobe limbic system. We review event-related potentials abnormalities (ERPs) in schizophrenia that may be related to dysfunction in this brain region or its inputs; ERPs discussed include the N100/P200, P300 and N400 components. Additional CT and clinical data have led our laboratory to a unifying working hypothesis of the presence of temporal lobe damage in schizophrenics that is evinced electrophysiologically as ERP alterations, structurally as tissue loss/derangement, and clinically as positive symptoms. The final section of this paper presents a new model of at least one form of schizophrenic pathology that, while speculative, incorporates experimentally based data from both our ERP work and from basic cellular physiology and pharmacology. The model proposes that positive symptoms of schizophrenia are related to limbic system pathology and in particular to a dysregulation of the NMDA form of excitatory amino acid transmission, potentiated by stress, and leading to cell damage and death due to 'excitotoxicity'.
What is the clinical significance of 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) in high anion gap metabolic acidosis following paracetamol (acetaminophen) exposure?

AbstractContext. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) ingestion is the most frequent pharmaceutical overdose in the developed world. Metabolic acidosis sometimes occurs, but the acidosis is infrequently persistent or severe. A growing number of case reports and case series describe high anion gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA) following paracetamol exposure with subsequent detection or measurement of 5-oxoproline (also called pyroglutamic acid) in blood, urine, or both. Typically 5-oxoprolinuria or 5-oxoprolinemia occurs in the setting of inborn genetic errors in glutathione metabolism. It is unknown whether 5-oxoprolinemia in the setting of paracetamol exposure reflects an acquired or transient derangement of glutathione metabolism or previously unrecognized genetic defects. Objective. We reviewed the published cases of 5-oxoprolinemia or 5-oxoprolinuria among patients with HAGMA in the setting of paracetamol exposure. Our goal was to identify any consistent features that might increase our understanding of the patho...
Synthesis of alkoxy derivatives of the 10-vertex manganadecaborane [nido-6-Mn(CO)3B9H13][NMe4]

Abstract The facile synthesis of cyclic oxonium derivatives of the manganadecaborane 1 is reported. A reported THF substituted compound 2 was prepared by using this method. The yield was improved to 90% from previously reported 26%. A similar 1,4-dioxane substituted compound was also prepared and its structure was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. This demonstrates the success of the approach and extends the cyclic oxonium methods to metallaboranes.
The First Two Decades of New Horizons in Adult Education: From Whence have We Come?

This article describes the origins, development, and changing directions in the oldest peer-reviewed online journal in adult education. An analysis of journal issues by the first author provides evidence of the impact and legacy that New Horizons in Adult Education has had on the field of adult education around the world during the past two decades. The content analysis revealed the range of topics, as well as some timeless themes. The major areas covered include the following: the nature and diversity of adult learners, effective approaches and strategies to help them learn, and trends and issues related to distance education and developing technologies. In 1985 the first author began working with the Kellogg Foundation of Battle Creek, Michigan, to secure major funding for a project at Syracuse University. The project was envisioned to use leading edge technologies in providing electronic access to adult education information, research, and discourse. Subsequently, in September, 1986, the Syracuse University Kellogg project began (Hiemstra, 2003). Two of the initial 14 project goals were as follows: 1. To create an electronic network for adult educators throughout the world (this became known as the Adult Education Network or AEDNET). 2. To create and publish a refereed journal that would be disseminated electronically (this became New Horizons in Adult Education and it was disseminated via AEDNET). Work on creating the electronic journal began in the fall of 1986 during the time when AEDNET was created and launched. Procedures were established and editors, authors, and reviewers were sought. Subsequently, the first issue of New Horizons was transmitted to all AEDNET members on July 16, 1987. Hard copies were not disseminated although anyone accessing the journal could print out copies.
Finite approximations to a zero-sum game with incomplete information

In this paper, we investigate a scheme for approximating a two-person zero-sum game G of incomplete information by means of a natural system Gmn of its finite subgames. The main question is: For large m and n, is an optimal strategy for Gmn necessarily an e-optimal strategy for G?
Transaction logfile analysis in health communication research: Challenges and opportunities

Abstract Objective To investigate the individualized nature of eHealth communication, it is necessary for us to go beyond the conventional approach to explain the effect of eHealth initiatives. The current article proposes transaction logfile analysis as a unique method to probe the process by which individuals locate needed information and obtains benefits out of it. Methods This article discusses the background of logfile analysis along with practical and methodological issues related to the analysis of log data. Results This article recommends potential solutions to resolve issues discussed in the Section 2 . Conclusions This article discusses how transaction logfile analysis could benefit eHealth researchers, along with its relevance and application in health communication research. Logfile analysis could provide rich knowledge on how eHealth applications and tools work if performed on a regular basis, incorporated with appropriate measurement techniques and research design, and interpreted carefully. Practice implications Logfile analysis can point toward important design implications for more effective eHealth applications. Further, interventions employing logfile analysis require not only well-designed research models but also interdisciplinary research team to handle the multifaceted work involved in the process.
Assay of intrinsic-factor activity of human gastric juice with zirconyl phosphate gel.

Abstract A method employing zirconyl phosphate gel has been described for measuring the IF activity of human GJ. IF and B 12 binders which do not possess IF activity are differentiated by the use of IF specific antibody found in serum of PA patients. This antibody neutralizes the B 12 combining site of IF, but not the B 12 combining site of other binders present in GJ. For all practical purposes, no IF activity was found in the GJ obtained from 24 patients with pernicious anemia. GJ obtained from 11 controls of approximately the same age group as the PA patients contained about 50 times more IF than the PA gastric juice. There were no overlapping values.
Oligoaminonucleoside phosphoramidates. Oligomerization of dimers of 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-nucleotides (GC and CG) in aqueous solution.

Abstract The self-complementary 5'-phosphorylated dinucleoside 3' (N)----5' (P)-linked phosphoramidates with sequence GC (8a), CG (8b) and the tetranucleoside triphosphoramidate with sequence GCGC (10a) and CGCG (10b) have been synthesized and characterized by physicochemical and enzymatic methods. The dinucleosides 8a or 8b oligomerize in aqueous solution in the presence of a water-soluble carbodiimide. This process is efficient and regiospecific. In the case of GC it produces alternating 3' (N)----5' (P)-linked phosphoramidates up to 15 dimeric units in length with a yield in excess of 70%. The oligomerization of the CG isomer is much less efficient. The mechanism of oligomerization is discussed.
A transaction costs theory of equity joint ventures

This paper presents a transaction costs theory of equity joint ventures. It distinguishes between ‘scale’ and ‘link’ JVs. Scale JVs arise when parents seek to internalize a failing market, but indivisibilities due to scale or scope economies make full ownership of the relevant assets inefficient. Link JVs result from the simultaneous failing of the markets for the services of two or more assets whenever these assets are firm-specific public goods, and acquisition of the firm holding them would entail significant management costs.
Manganese doping of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: tailoring surface reactivity for a regenerable heavy metal sorbent.

A method for tuning the analyte affinity of magnetic, inorganic nanostructured sorbents for heavy metal contaminants is described. The manganese-doped iron oxide nanoparticle sorbents have a remarkably high affinity compared to the precursor material. Sorbent affinity can be tuned toward an analyte of interest simply by adjustment of the dopant quantity. The results show that following the Mn doping process there is a large increase in affinity and capacity for heavy metals (i.e., Co, Ni, Zn, As, Ag, Cd, Hg, and Tl). Capacity measurements were carried out for the removal of cadmium from river water and showed significantly higher loading than the relevant commercial sorbents tested for comparison. The reduction in Cd concentration from 100 ppb spiked river water to 1 ppb (less than the EPA drinking water limit of 5 ppb for Cd) was achieved following treatment with the Mn-doped iron oxide nanoparticles. The Mn-doped iron oxide nanoparticles were able to load ∼1 ppm of Cd followed by complete stripping and ...
Trends in College Students' Computer Use and Ownership

Data from three surveys of undergraduates at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, collected over a five-year period, are examined to uncover the nature and source of change in students' computer use and ownership. Forty-five percent of the students surveyed in 1996 own their own computer. The results show that personal ownership was replacing reliance on campus computers over the five years. In addition, the proportion of students with no computer experience fell to almost zero. Analysis indicates that these changes were partly due to students' progression through college but primarily due to changes external to this experience. The impact of college experience on students' computer use is clearly evident in the data on word-processor use. The rate of word-processing increases with each year that students attend college; so that, first-year students increase their use of word-processors about 50 percent by the time they become seniors. The increasing use of e-mail, particularly in recent years, may be...
Ambivalent Sexism, Scriptural Literalism, and Religiosity.

This correlational study explores the hypothesis that religiosity and scriptural literalism (the degree to which one interprets scriptures literally) are associated with sexism. Participants were female and male (N = 504) university students who anonymously completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996, 1997, 2001a, 2001b), the Scriptural Literalism Scale (Hogge & Friedman, 1967), and the Religious Orientation Scale-Revised (Gorsuch & McPherson, 1989). Intrinsic religiosity, extrinsic religiosity, and scriptural literalism were positively associated with benevolent, but not hostile, sexism. Intrinsic religiosity and scriptural literalism were positively related to the protective paternalism subscale, whereas extrinsic religiosity was related to the heterosexual intimacy, complementary gender differentiation, and protective paternalism subscales.
Infrared Absorption and Valence Band in Indium Antimonide

Infrared absorption is studied at near liquid helium temperature for $n$- and $p$-type degenerate samples of various carrier concentrations. The absorption in $p$-type samples, at photon energies larger than the energy gap, depends on the hole concentration. The results show that the valence band is warped and that the energy at $k=0$ is very close to the maximum energy of the band. A step in the absorption of $n$-type samples is observed which gives an estimate of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.012m$ for the effective mass of light holes. The long wavelength absorption in $p$-type samples is characteristic of intervalence band transitions.
Molecular Insights into the Signaling Mechanism of the Histidine Kinase CheA within an Intact Bacterial Chemosensory Array

The chemotactic response in bacteria relies on the formation of large, highly ordered complexes of sensory proteins, known as chemosensory arrays, which mediate the transduction and regulation of signals that ultimately control cellular motility. Although, a coarse representation of the array's extended organization has recently been sketched out, an outstanding problem concerns the detailed description of the molecular events occurring within the array during signaling. Progress in this area necessitates a high-resolution understanding of the intact chemosensory array structure. Utilizing cryo-electron tomography and 3D subvolume averaging, we have derived density maps of a resolution sufficient for the construction and refinement of an atomic model of the chemosensory array's core structure. Large-scale, all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of an atomic model of the array unit cell, 1.2 million atoms in size, have revealed the molecular details of the interaction interfaces between the receptor, CheA, and CheW proteins, as well as a distinctive conformational change in CheA kinase domain. Mutagenesis and chemical cross-linking studies have further confirmed the important roles of specific residues at these critical interaction interfaces.
Electronic commerce negotiation in a supply chain via constraint evaluation

Negotiation is of critical importance in e-commerce applications where the supply chain is dynamic and reconfiguring. In this research supply chain negotiation problems are addressed as constraint-satisfaction problems. In general each negotiation is handled in the largest scope possible to avoid the sub-optimality that can result from many local solutions. This global approach, however, must be balanced with time constraints that apply in e-commerce supply chain execution. In this paper, we describe a new approach for e-commerce supply chain negotiation via constraint evaluation. As well, results from prototype software, distributed across the internet, are discussed. Beyond the general formulation, we describe a more particular problem of kitted demand where a collection of purchased items must be acquired within the same time horizon. To address slow convergence a time-based penalty function is proposed.
A histidine decarboxylase gene encoded by the Vibrio anguillarum plasmid pJM1 is essential for virulence: histamine is a precursor in the biosynthesis of anguibactin

Summary We have identified and sequenced an hdc gene in the Vibrio anguillarum plasmid pJMl which encodes a histidine decarboxlase enzyme and is an essential component for the biosynthesis of anguibactin. The open reading frame corresponds to a protein of 386 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 44 259.69 Da. The amino acid sequence has extensive homology with the pyridoxal-P-dependent histidine decarboxylases of Morganella morganii, Klebsiella planticola, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Tn3-HoHo1 transposition mutagenesis of the hdc gene present in a recombinant clone carrying the entire pJMI Iron uptake region produced two derivatives, one with the lacZ gene in the same orientation as the direction of hdc transcription and the other with the lacZ gene in the opposite orientation. A V. anguillarum strain harbouring one of the mutated derivatives was unable to grow under iron-limiting conditions and did not produce anguibactin. Therefore, the hdc gene must play a role in the biosynthetic pathway of this siderophore and consequently in conferring the high virulence phenotype to this bacterium. The role of histidine decarboxylase in biosynthesis of anguibactin was confirmed by the fact that growth under iron starvation was restored by addition of histamine to the medium. The presence of anguibactin was also demonstrated in supernatants from cultures of the hdc mutant strains grown under iron starvation with the addition of histamine, further confirming that histamine is a precursor in the biosynthesis of the siderophore. immunoblot analysis of production of β-galactosidase by V. anguillarum strains carrying the lacZ fusions demonstrated that expression of histidine decarboxylase is not regulated by the iron concentration of the medium.
Fibrinolysis in multisystem trauma patients.

Changes in the fibrinolytic system may lead to coagulation disorders in acute trauma patients. This study examined fibrin degradation by measuring D-dimer crosslinked fibrin degradation products (indicates hypercoagulability), plasminogen activators (fibrinolysis), and antithrombin III in 42 adult t
The differential diagnosis and comorbidity of hidradenitis suppurativa and perianal Crohn's disease

Over the last 8 years, 61 patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) have been treated at this institution. Twenty-four have also had a diagnosis of Crohn's disease (38%). This dual pathology is examined in detail in this retrospective review. There were 11 males and 13 females with a mean age of 39 years (range 18 to 75 years). The Crohn's disease was ileal in 1 patient, ileocolic in 4, and affected the large bowel only in 19. The diagnosis of Crohn's disease predated that of HS by an average of 3.5 years. At the time of review, 22 patients had a stoma, 23 had undergone laparotomy and 17 had lost their rectum. Hidradenitis suppurativa occurred in the perineal or perianal area in all patients but involved other sites in 20 cases. Skin grafting had been done in 9 and local procedures in 19 patients. Granulomas were found in excised skin in 6 cases but this finding was not associated with a poor outcome. At a mean follow-up of 3.2 years from the most recent surgery for HS (range 1 to 11 years) 11 were asymptomatic for HS, 11 had symptoms and no follow up was available in 2. These data show that HS may coexist with Crohn's proctocolitis, complicating the diagnosis and management of patients in whom it occurs. An increased appreciation of the possibility is recommended.
My Story, My Self: The Pathologizing of Personal Identity

I will tell you something about stories, [he said] They aren't just entertainment. Don't be fooled They are all we have, you see All we have to fight off illness and death You don't have anything i...
Thermodynamic properties of the Ni–Al–Cr system

Abstract Phase equilibrium and thermodynamic data of the Ni–Al–Cr ternary system were reviewed and analyzed by thermodynamic modeling. The liquid, fcc(Al, Ni) and bcc(Cr) phases were modeled as substitutional solution phases. Two-sublattice models were used for the ordered B2 and L12 phases. The other intermetallic compounds were treated as binary phases without ternary solubilities. No ternary phases were included. A self-consistent thermodynamic description was obtained by optimization. In comparison with a previous Ni–Al–Cr thermodynamic description, the present one gives a better account of experimental data and, at the same time, has fewer model parameters with more reasonable values.
Pre-Retirement Health Needs of Women

Health care needs of pre-retirement midlife women discussed in this article include the need to understand the normal aging process, the need to have accurate information about specific diseases prevalent in midlife women, the impact of work and health relationships in midlife women, and health promotion issues affecting women.
Mating system of the intertidal copepod tigriopus californicus

Male Tigriopus californicus clasp immature females (copepodid stages II–V) for a period of up to a week prior to the female's terminal molt; upon maturation (stage VI) the female is inseminated and released. While females can mate anytime after their terminal molt, experiments using electrophoretically-detected genetic markers indicate that each mates only once in her lifetime. No evidence of sperm displacement was observed. Hence, male mating behavior can be interpreted as pre-copulatory mate guarding, a strategy employed to assure that a potential mate has not been previously inseminated. Males minimize the time investment required to insemiate a single female successfully by preferentially choosing to clasp more developmentally-advanced females; males clasped to stage III females will release them in order to clasp stage V females if the latter are present. Since males are capable of multiple mating, under most conditions of population sex ratio, this mating system results in low availability of unclasped, developmentally-advanced females; consequently, males must clasp successively younger (i.e. developmentally less-advanced) females in order to obtain a successful insemination.
Molten globule unfolding monitored by hydrogen exchange in urea

The molten globule state of Escherichia coli ribonuclease H1 was studied by hydrogen exchange in order to understand how the energetics of individual regions react to the presence of denaturant. Hydrogen exchange rates were monitored (1) directly by NMR spectroscopy and (2) indirectly by quenching the exchange process and returning to the native state for NMR detection. Direct hydrogen exchange on the molten globule state demonstrated that the observed protons exchange 3-100-fold more slowly than in an unfolded peptide. The quenched hydrogen exchange experiments were modeled after the recently developed "native state hydrogen exchange" experiment and were carried out as a function of urea concentration. The free energy of hydrogen exchange varied linearly with denaturant concentration for all 29 measurable protons, suggesting that each amide's exchange behavior can be modeled with only one type of opening transition. The free energy of unfolding measured by hydrogen exchange and corresponding m values varied for each residue implying a noncooperative molten globule structure. These results are in contrast to similar exchange experiments on native proteins which generally display more than one type of exchange behavior. The single type of exchange seen in the molten globule is probably due to its larger conformational freedom and noncooperative nature.
Fibrous histiocytoma and fibrous tissue tumors of the orbit.

Fibrous tumors of the orbital soft tissues are relatively uncommon lesions that present a confusing clinical, histologic, and radiographic spectrum of disease. Orbital fibrous histiocytoma, fibroma, solitary fibrous tumor, fibrosarcoma, fibromatosis, and nodular fasciitis are discussed in this article. Clinical history including age, duration of symptoms, presence or absence of pain, mass effect with ocular displacement, and visual changes may be helpful to the interpreting radiologist. Relatively little, however, is written in the medical literature on the imaging appearance of these fibrous lesions when they involve the orbit. As with many orbital lesions, the imaging appearance of a fibrous mass is usually not specific, and rarely pathognomonic. The radiologist's major contribution when imaging these lesions is to describe the location and extent. The radiologist may be able to give a limited differential diagnosis, but the final diagnosis most often is only obtained by microscopic and histologic examination of the tissue. Imaging orbital lesions is often best done with MR imaging using orbital surface coils or with contrast-enhanced CT. Useful MR imaging sequences in the orbit include a combination of T1-weighted, fat-saturated fast spin echo T2-weighted, short TI inversion recovery (STIR) or fast multiplanar inversion recovery STIR, and fat-saturation postgadolinium T1-weighted images. These sequences maximize the tissue contrast between the lesion and adjacent structures.
RELATIONSHIP OF SYNTAX SCORE WITH MARKERS OF VASCULAR INFLAMMATION

The syntax score (SS) is a novel angiographic scoring system reflective of the severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Higher SS has been shown to be significantly associated with cardiac mortality and major cardiac events. We sought to determine the relationship of the SS with plasma markers of
Identification of Noninterfacial Amino Acids Important for Molecular Recognition in Calmodulin

Calmodulin (CaM) contains two structurally homologous domains that cooperatively bind to a range of different target proteins, such that upon binding the opposing N- and C-domains wrap around the CaM-binding sequence. The N-domain has a binding affinity (Kd = 24 µM) that is approximately 3-orders of magnitude weaker than the C-domain (Kd = 11 nM) to the plasma membrane Ca-ATPase (PMCA). These large differences in binding affinities facilitate ordered binding, which is necessary for the productive activation of many target proteins. To better understand design principles that facilitate molecular recognition, we have used directed evolution combined with yeast surface display to identify mutations that enhance binding between the N-domain of CaM and the PMCA, permitting the identification of combinatorial families of mutate N-domain proteins with nanomolar binding affinities (similar to that of the C-domain). All observed mutations occur at noninterfacial sites that are naturally variable in Nature, suggesting that hypervariable sites between different species may fine tune binding affinities. Mutations in the N-domain that selectively destabilize the unbound state commonly result in enhanced binding affinities with other CaM-binding sequences (i.e., skeletal myosin light chain kinase and ryanodine receptor). In contrast, mutations that structurally couple with residues in the binding interface result in selective high-affinity binding to the PMCA; these mutations commonly result in decreased binding to other target proteins. In total, these results indicate the value of using directed evolution approaches to identify underlying principles that determine binding affinities.This research was supported by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA).
A new method for non-orthogonal decomposition

A new algorithm for nonorthogonal decomposition is proposed and applied to Gabor decomposition of image. The algorithm is iterative and its advantages are discussed. Also a modified version of the algorithm is considered which increases the rate of convergence. Image simulations show that this method gives much lower reconstruction error that the method using biorthogonal functions, at a cost of a greater amount of computer time. >
Neurohumoral Modulators in Heart Failure

There has been intensive research into the pathophysiology of heart failure. Neurohormonal activation is now thought to play a key role in the initiation and progression of heart failure. Neurohormonal activation plays a major role in the cardiac remodeling process. Increased tissue and plasma levels of neurohormones occur in patients with left ventricular dysfunction even when they are at an asymptomatic stage without overt heart failure, with activation increasing further as symptomatic heart failure develops. The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, endothelin system, arginine vasopressin, and naturietic peptides contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of heart failure. Researchers have conducted many clinical trials to assess the impact of medical therapies on patient outcomes. As a result, many therapeutic options are available to manage heart failure. The most important therapeutic advance during the past decade has been the recognition that agents inhibiting neurohormonal activation relieve symptoms, reduce hospitalizations, and prolong survival in patients with heart failure from left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Neurohormonal inhibition has also been shown to prevent the development of heart failure in patients at risk. There is compelling clinical trial evidence that medical therapies including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, and betablockers reduce the risk of hospitalization and
EnVE: A new estimation algorithm for weather forecasting and flow control

Chaotic systems are characterized by long-term unpredictability. Existing methods designed to estimate and forecast such systems, such as Extended Kalman filtering (a “sequential” or “incremental” matrix-based approach) and 4Dvar (a “variational” or “batch” vector-based approach), are essentially based on the assumption that Gaussian uncertainty in the initial state, state disturbances, and measurement noise leads to uncertainty of the state estimate at later times that is well described by a Gaussian model. This assumption is not valid in chaotic systems with appreciable uncertainties. A new method is thus proposed that combines the speed and LQG optimality of a sequential-based method, the non-Gaussian uncertainty propagation of an ensemble-based method, and the favorable smoothing properties of a variational-based method. This new approach, referred to as Ensemble Variational Estimation (EnVE), is an extension of algorithms currently being used by the weather forecasting community. EnVE is a hybrid method leveraging sequential preconditioning of the batch optimization steps, simultaneous backwards-in-time marches of the system and its adjoint (eliminating the checkpointing normally required by 4Dvar), a receding-horizon optimization framework, and adaptation of the optimization horizon based on the estimate uncertainty at each iteration. If the system is linear, EnVE is consistent with the well-known Kalman filter, wi th all of its well-established optimality properties. The strength of EnVE is its remarkable effectiveness in highly uncertain nonlinear systems, in which EnVE consistently uses and revisits the information contained in recent observations with batch (that is, variational) optimization steps, while consistently propagating the uncertainty of the resulting estimate forward in time.
BALANCE IN GENERALIZED TATE COHOMOLOGY

n � � MNand prove the existence of an exact sequence connecting these modules and the modules Ext n � MNand Ext n � MN � . We show n � ProjMNare the generalized Tate cohomology modules (see Section 1 for the definition). So in this case we have an occurrence of balance, i.e. the generalized Tate cohomology can be computed either using a left -resolution and a projective resolution of M or using a right -resolution and an injective resolution of N.
Interactions of High Affinity Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Proteins with the Type V Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor in Mink Lung Epithelial Cells

High affinity insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to -6) are a family of structurally homologous proteins that induce cellular responses by insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The IGFBP-3 receptor, which mediates the IGF-independent growth inhibitory response, has recently been identified as the type V transforming growth factor-beta receptor (TbetaR-V) (Leal, S. M., Liu, Q. L., Huang, S. S., and Huang, J. S. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 20572-20576). To characterize the interactions of high affinity IGFBPs with TbetaR-V, mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu cells) were incubated with 125I-labeled recombinant human IGFBPs (125I-IGFBP-1 to -6) in the presence of the cross-linking agent disuccinimidyl suberate and analyzed by 5% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. 125I-IGFBP-3, -4, and -5 but not 125I-IGFBP-1, -2, and -6 bound to TbetaR-V as demonstrated by the detection of the approximately 400-kDa 125I-IGFBP.TbetaR-V cross-linked complex in the cell lysates and immunoprecipitates. The analyses of 125I-labeled ligand binding competition and DNA synthesis inhibition revealed that IGFBP-3 was a more potent ligand for TbetaR-V than IGFBP-4 or -5. Most of the high affinity 125I-IGFBPs formed dimers at the cell surface. The cell-surface dimer of 125I-IGFBP-3 preferentially bound to and was cross-linked to TbetaR-V in the presence of disuccinimidyl suberate. IGFBP-3 did not stimulate the cellular phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, key transducers of the transforming growth factor-beta type I/type II receptor (TbetaR-I.TbetaR-II) heterocomplex-mediated signaling. These results suggest that IGFBP-3, -4, and -5 are specific ligands for TbetaR-V, which mediates the growth inhibitory response through a signaling pathway(s) distinct from that mediated by the TbetaR-I and TbetaR-II heterocomplex.
Standing out: how new firms in emerging markets build reputation

While strategy and organizational researchers increasingly recognize that observers' perceptions and beliefs about firms have a substantive effect on firms' access to resources and performance, the...
Domestic Trade and Transport Costs in International Trade Theory

This paper examines the effects that domestic trade and transport margins have on international trade and the consequences for the central trade theorems. Specifically, the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model is expanded to include a third industry that produces the nontraded domestic services in transportation, warehousing, wholesaling and retailing required to market goods to final purchasers. It is found that the domestic margins probably impose substantial natural trade barriers and that they can cause the central trade theorems (factor-price equalization, Stolper-Samuelson, and Rybczynski) to fail. [F11]
Membrane Cholesterol, Tumorigenesis, and the Biochemical Phenotype of Neoplasia

The loss of sensitivity to feedback control of lipid synthesis in tumors is especially manifest with regard to cholesterol biosynthesis. This phenomenon has been documented in a wide variety of cells soon after exposure to a carcinogenic insult, and results in the progressive enrichment of diverse cellular membranes with cholesterol during the tumorigenic process. By the time a tumor is identifiable histopathologically, such membrane enrichment with cholesterol can lead to significant changes in the activities of membrane-affiliated enzymes. This, in turn, can effect a wide variety of altered metabolic patterns within the afflicted cell, thereby promoting altered cell function. Some of the altered metabolic patterns in tumors that are consistent with events leading to cholesterol-enriched membranes include increased glutamate and glutamine oxidation in support of tumor bioenergetics; reduced rates of glucose oxidation via respiration together with enhanced levels of aerobic glycolysis; diminished urea cyc...
A private ultraviolet channel in visual communication

Although private communication is considered an important diversifying force in evolution, there is little direct behavioural evidence to support this notion. Here, we show that ultraviolet (UV) signalling in northern swordtails ( Xiphophorus ) affords a channel for communication that is not accessible to their major predator, Astyanax mexicanus , the Mexican tetra. Laboratory and field behavioural experiments with swordtails ( X. nigrensis ) and predators ( A. mexicanus ) demonstrate that male UV ornamentation significantly increases their attractiveness to females but not to this predator, which is less sensitive to UV. UV reflectance among swordtail species correlates positively with tetra densities across habitats, and visual contrast estimates suggest that UV signals are highly conspicuous to swordtails in their natural environment. Cross–species comparisons also support the hypothesis that natural selection drives the use of UV communication. We compared two species, one with high ( X. nigrensis ) and one with low ( X. malinche ) Mexican tetra densities. Xiphophorus nigrensis males reflect significantly more UV than X. malinche , exhibit significant UV sexual dimorphism, and UV is a salient component of the sexual communication system. In X. malinche , however, males reflect minimally in the UV, there is no UV sexual dimorphism, and UV does not play a part in its communication system.
Object tracking and detection after occlusion via numerical hybrid local and global mode-seeking

Given an object model and a black-box measure of similarity between the model and candidate targets, we consider visual object tracking as a numerical optimization problem. During normal tracking conditions when the object is visible from frame to frame, local optimization is used to track the local mode of the similarity measure in a parameter space of translation, rotation and scale. However, when the object becomes partially or totally occluded, such local tracking is prone to failure, especially when common prediction techniques like the Kalman filter do not provide a good estimate of object parameters in future frames. To recover from these inevitable tracking failures, we consider object detection as a global optimization problem and solve it via adaptive simulated annealing (ASA), a method that avoids becoming trapped at local modes and is much faster than exhaustive search. As a Monte Carlo approach, ASA stochastically samples the parameter space, in contrast to local deterministic search. We apply cluster analysis on the sampled parameter space to redetect the object and renew the local tracker. Our numerical hybrid local and global mode-seeking tracker is validated on challenging airborne videos with heavy occlusion and large camera motions. Our approach outperforms state-of-the-art trackers on the VIVID benchmark datasets.
Data Acquisition and Processing of 3-D Fingerprints

To solve the problems associated with conventional 2-D fingerprint scanners such as skin deformation and print smearing, in this paper we introduce a noncontact fingerprint scanner employing structured light illumination to generate high-resolution albedo images as well as 3-D ridge scans. The question to be answered in this research is whether or not ridge depth information improves the quality and matching capability of acquired fingerprints? For evaluation of this question, we use the National Institute of Standards and Technology fingerprint image quality metrics. These metrics require the 3-D prints to be flattened. We present a complete and detailed flattening algorithm based upon unfolding an elastic tube fit to the peaks and valleys of ridges identified within the scan. Further improvement of the flattened print is achieved through the incorporation of ridge information extracted from the albedo image with the depth and albedo ridge information fused together according to local scan quality. Our study compares image quality between the flattened 3-D prints and ink rolled prints. Most significantly, the matching performance of 3-D flattened to 3-D flattened prints is evaluated based on ridge depth only, albedo only, and depth with albedo fusion.
The Archaeology of Urban Landscapes

Urban centers have inner and outer landscapes whose physical remains can be read as the materialization of social, political, economic, and ritual interactions. Inner landscapes are manifested in architecture and spatial organizations that configure relationships on the basis of economic status, ethnicity, occupation, age grade, and gender within the city. Outer landscapes are composed of the hinterlands on which urban centers depend for resources, including agricultural products and in-migrating laborers who seek economic and social opportunities. Urban-based elites reach deep into the countryside not only as a matter of political control, but also for investment of centralized resources into infrastructure such as canals, roads, and territorial borders. The monumental and household configurations of cities, expressed both at the heart of urban centers and in their countrysides, enable a distinct phenomenology of interaction mapped into daily experiences.
A NEW RECOMBINANT ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS (AAV)-BASED RANDOM PEPTIDE DISPLAY LIBRARY SYSTEM: INFECTION-DEFECTIVE AAV1.9-3 AS A NOVEL DETARGETED PLATFORM FOR VECTOR EVOLUTION.

Directed evolution through genetic engineering of viral capsids followed by selection has emerged as a powerful means to create novel recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors with desired tropism and enhanced properties. One of the most effective approaches uses rAAV-based random peptide display libraries. Here we report a novel system based on an infection-defective rAAV1.9-3 as a platform for random peptide display, and show that biopanning of the libraries in vitro effectively identifies the peptides that restore and enhance rAAV transduction. rAAV1.9-3 has a genetically engineered AAV1 capsid with amino acids 445–568 being replaced with those of AAV9, and has been identified as a variant exhibiting significantly impaired infectivity and delayed blood clearance when infused into mice. In this study, we generated rAAV1.9-3 variant libraries in which 7- or 12-mer random peptides were expressed at the capsid amino acid position 590. Three rounds of positive selection for primary human dermal fibroblasts successfully identified new rAAV-peptide variants that transduce them more efficiently than the prototype rAAV2. Thus our study demonstrates that an infection-defective rAAV variant serves as a novel detargeted platform for random peptide display libraries. We also describe a brief review of recent progress in rAAV-based random peptide display library approaches.