cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Analytical Investigations of the Dynamic Response of Adhesively Bonded Single Lap Joints

Dynamic response of single lap joints, subjected to a harmonic peeling load is studied theoretically and experimentally. In the theoretical part, dynamic response of a single lap joint clamped at one end and subjected to a harmonic peeling load at the other end is investigated. Adherents are modeled as Euler-Bernouli beams joined in the lap area by a viscoelastic adhesive layer Both axial and transverse deformations of adherents are considered in deriving the equations of motion. The effects of adhesive layer thickness, mechanical properties and its loss factor on the dynamic response of the joint are investigated. Furthermore, effects of defects such as a void in the lap area on the dynamic response of the joints are studied. The results showed that frequencies where peak amplitudes occurred were little dependent on the adhesive loss factor However, peak amplitudes reduced for joints with a higher adhesive loss factor. Furthermore, the results indicated that for the joint geometries and properties investigated the system resonant frequencies were not affected by the presence of a central void covering up to 80% of the overlap length. In the experimental part, single lap joints were fabricated using 6061-T6 Aluminum. Adherents were joined together using Hysol EA 9689 adhesive film. Joints with various central voids were manufactured by removing adhesive film from the desired area of lap joints prior to bonding adherents. Dynamic responses of the joints were investigated using the hammer test technique. The system response was measured using both an accelerometer and a noncontact laser vibrometer. The natural frequencies of the joints obtained by using the laser vibrometer were very close to those obtained theoretically. However, natural frequencies obtained by using an accelerometer depended on the accelerometer location in the system, which was attributed to its mass contribution to the overall system mass. A central void covering less than 80% of the overlap length had little effect on the system resonance frequencies. This was in agreement with the theoretical results. In contrast total system-damping ratios were a function of the void size. Joints without a void exhibited higher damping.
Thermotropic ionic liquid crystals. VII. Calculation of sodium-23 quadrupole coupling constants in lamellar phases of sodium alkanoates

The 23Na quadrupole coupling constants (QCC) were calculated for a quasicrystalline model of the neat phase of anhydrous amphiphiles. The magnitude of the QCC in short‐chain sodium alkanoates and its dependence on the lateral packing area of the polar heads was accurately predicted by assuming the charges to lie in a double‐layered square array of interdigitated ion pairs.
Synchronous Machine Damping by Excitation Control with Direct and Quadrature Axis Field Windings

Damping of synchronous machines by means of rapid response excitation control is analyzed for a one-field and two-field machine connected through a line impedance to an infinite bus. Emphasis is placed on the influence of the control parameters upon the damping characteristics of a conventional one-field machine. Regions of instability which may occur due to improper controller design or adjustment are established. Optimization of controller parameters and the effect of controller compensation are considered. Also, the damping characteristics of a two-field machine are presented and compared with those of a one-field machine. The application of the two-field machine to damp frequency oscillations in power systems has the potential of being of practical importance. Damping by excitation control ("forced" damping) is compared to damping due to the action of damper windings. The advantages of forced damping are clearly established; particularly in systems where long line lengths exist between large generating units.
Comparison of pain and emotional symptoms in soldiers with polytrauma: unique aspects of blast exposure.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the physical and emotional presentation and pain treatment outcomes of service members who sustained polytrauma secondary to blast with those of soldiers injured by other means. DESIGN: Retrospective medical record review. SETTING AND PATIENTS: One of four Veterans Affairs multidisciplinary inpatient Polytrauma Rehabilitation Centers. One hundred twenty-eight Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom military personnel with serious polytrauma injuries and concomitant pain categorized into three groups based on type of injuries: blast injuries, combat injuries other than blast, and noncombat, nonblast injuries. INTERVENTIONS: Intensive, interdisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation and pain treatment. OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain intensity ratings; Functional Independence Measure scores; Rancho Los Amigos levels; and opioid analgesic doses. RESULTS: Service members injured via blast demonstrated a broader spectrum of physical injuries, higher levels of admission and discharge opioid analgesic use, reduced improvement in pain intensity following treatment, and much higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric diagnoses than those injured via other means. CONCLUSIONS: Blast injury may be associated with differential physical, emotional, and pain-related symptoms that pose increased challenges for successful treatment. Language: en
A new saprophytic species of Lagenidium, with notes on other forms

Up to the present time so far as known no species of the Ancylistales has been grown in pure culture either on solid or in liquid media. The new species described below, while a facultative parasite on mosquito larvae, Daphne and copepods, can be cultured on a variety of nutrient agars. It is also noteworthy because it probably represents a connecting link between these two lower orders of non-filamentous fungi and the filamentous Phycomycetes. To date about fifteen species of Lagenidium have been de? scribed, only three of which have been reported in the United States and these from the northeastern states. In the present paper, in addition to the new species, four species known heretofore only from Europe are reported in America, as well as another form, the specific identity of which is doubtful.
MEASURING UTILITY BY A SINGLE-RESPONSE SEQUENTIAL METHOD,

The purpose of this paper is to describe a sequential experiment that provides, at each stage in the sequence, an estimate of the utility to the subject of some amount of a commodity (e.g., money), and to present a few experimental results obtained with the method. The procedure is based upon the following well-known ‘expected utility hypothesis’. For each person there exist numerical constants, called utilities, associated with the various possible outcomes of his actions, given the external events not under his control. If, for a given subject, we could know the values of these constants and the (‘personal’) probabilities he assigns to the various external events we could, according to this model, predict his choice from among any available set of actions. He will choose an action with the highest expected utility; i.e., with the highest average of utilities of outcomes, weighted by the probabilities he assigns to the corresponding events. He will be indifferent between any two actions with equal expected utilities. Note that (by the nature of weighted averages) the comparison between expected utilities does not depend on which two particular outcomes are regarded as having zero-utility and unit-utility.
Regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism at rest in mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Previous observations and clinical manifestations suggest the presence of ischemia in the disproportionately thickened septum of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Metabolic consequences of ischemia can be demonstrated with positron emission tomography. Therefore, 10 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and an echocardiographic septum to posterior wall thickness ratio of 1.8 +/- 0.4 cm (range 1.3 to 2.5) were studied with the use of nitrogen (N)-13 ammonia, carbon (C)-11 palmitate and fluoro (F)-18 2-deoxyglucose as tracers of myocardial blood flow, fatty acid metabolism and exogenous glucose utilization. The results of positron emission tomography in 9 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were compared with those in 10 normal volunteers. In the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy group, observed myocardial activity of N-13 ammonia and C-11 palmitate in the septum was similar to that in the lateral wall. Septum to lateral wall tissue activity ratios averaged 1.04 +/- 0.15 for N-13 ammonia and 1.04 +/- 0.18 for C-11 palmitate, and were similar to those in the normal volunteers (0.98 +/- 0.07 and 0.98 +/- 0.03, respectively; p = NS). Myocardial clearance half-time and residual fraction of C-11 palmitate did not differ significantly between the septum and lateral wall. However, F-18 2-deoxyglucose uptake was significantly lower in the septum than in the lateral wall (15,768 +/- 4,314 versus 19,818 +/- 5,234 counts/pixel; p less than 0.003). The mean septum to lateral wall activity ratio of 0.83 +/- 0.21 was less than that observed in normal volunteers (0.92 +/- 0.07; p = NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Biochemical studies of the maturation of herpesvirus nucleocapsid species

Three distinct species of nucleocapsids of equine herpesvirus type-1, designated as either light (L), intermediate (I), or heavy (H) on the basis of their densities in Renografin-76 density gradients (Perdue et al. 1975), were characterized with respect to their amino acid content, DNA content, and role in the maturation process. Preparations of L and I nucleocapsids, shown previously to lack a densely staining core within the capsid, exhibited virtually identical amino acid compositions. Preparations of H nucleocapsids, which possess densely staining cores, contained significantly more lysine, glutamic acid, and serine than did L and I capsids and, in general, more closely resembled the enveloped virion in amino acid composition. The increased content of lysine and glutamic acid in H nucleocapsids indicates that polypeptide IVa (30,000 mol wt), which is present only in H nucleocapsids, is rich in these amino acids. These amino acids may be present as polylysine and polyglutamic acid which have been shown to collapse DNA and function in the DNA packaging event of bacterial viruses (Laemmli, 1975). DNA isolated from preparations of each of the three nucleocapsid species was characterized and shown to be identical to the DNA of enveloped virus in density (1.716 g/cm(3)) and size (50-55 S). The intranuclear production of the three nucleocapsid species was studied with respect to both the time and rate of synthesis of each and the relative amount of each species present during infection. All three species appeared at 6-8 hr postinfection and were produced in a logarithmic fashion until 15 hr postinfection. The ratio of L:I:H particles, based on the percentage that each species comprised of the total purified nucleocapsid population, remained constant and was approximately 45:45:10 at all times postinfection. Analysis of the fate of each of the three intranuclear nucleocapsid classes by pulse-chase experiments indicated that I and H species are removed from the nucleus by participation in the maturation process, but L capsids remain in the nucleus throughout infection and are defective by-products of virus assembly. Based on the evidence accumulated in this study and on previous data (Perdue et al. 1974, 1975), a model depicting equine herpesvirus maturation is proposed. This model proposes that the viral DNA is inserted into I nucleocapsids and that this process is accompanied by condensation of the internal protein resulting in the formation of a dense core and hence an H nucleocapsid.
Theology and the Crisis in Darwinism

In the past decade, the scientific challenges to “orthodox Darwinism” have multiplied rapidly, such that it is no longer unthinkable that natural selection’s days as a universal law are numbered. But if this is the case, theologians have their work cut out for them. If Darwin’s law proves to be historically and scientifically false, a new horizon appears for the discourse between theology and natural science. What will orthodox Christianity make of the crisis in Darwinism? This article, which follows the methodological imperative of “Radical Orthodoxy”, employs Aquinas and contemporary “post-Darwinian” science to trace a space for a theological discourse beyond both natural selection and natural theology.
The fungal genetic system: A historical overview

J. Goner., Vol. 75, Number 3, December 1996, pp. 245 - 253. O Indian Academy of Sciences The fungai genetic system: a historical overview ROWLAND H. DAVIS Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA The early years The genetics of filamentous fungi was initiated through the efforts of rather few people, whose work led to the explosive development of the genetics and biochemistry of Neurospora crassa and Aspergitlus nidulans in the 1940s and 1950s. Among the major contributors is David Perkins, whom this issue of Journal of Genetics honours, and who continues to this day to be an international resource of new knowledge about N. crassa. This article is biased towards Neurospora, in keeping with its intent to honour David and with the focus of many of the articles to follow. I have chosen a historical theme, leaving to others the task of illuminating the present. Neurospora became part of a continuous line of organisms underlying the twentieth- century revolution in biology. Many of the interests and traditions of geneticists working with Drosophila, mouse and corn were carried over to N. crassa, together with a new ambition to understand the relationship between genes and enzymes. It is easy for today's student to forget that work on Neurospora genetics and biochemistry preceded the modern development of these areas in Escherichia coli and yeast. In fact, E. coli genetics originated in the laboratory of E. L. Tatum, already a pioneer in Neurospora. The clarification of the sexual life histories of N. crassa, N. sirophila and N. tetrasperma by B. O. Dodge (Shear and Dodge 1927) and his advocacy of the organism to others sparked the interest of T. H. Morgan. Morgan accepted the idea that Neurospora might be a useful experimental organism for genetic work. Morgan urged Neurospora upon Lindegren, who did the first detailed genetic studies on N. crassa, confirmed the observations by Dodge on second-division segregation, and demonstrated linkage (Perkins 1992). He thus began to realize the potential of this organism for other studies in which genetics might play a role. In a brief letter to Dodge in 1941, Beadle asked for N. crassa cultures, and with astonishing speed, he and Tatum published their first paper on the biochemical genetics of N. crassa later that year (Beadle and Tatum 1941). Work on the genetics, biology and bio- chemistry of N. crassa was soon extended to A. nidulans, with its parasexual mode of recombination. This mechanism was then quite novel, and it broadened the defini- tion of sexuality to a point that it could include E. coli and bacteriophage as well. However, before and during the time of Dodge's studies with Neurospora, another tradition was developing elsewhere. Early studies on basidiomycetes by Kniep, Buller and others had revealed a multifactorial system of mating types, some of the properties of which were analysed correctly through tetrad analysis (Raper 1966). The two ascomycetes and several basidiomycetes dominated development of the field of fungal genetics.
Sociology of Early Christianity By Way of Introduction

The articles that follow by Harry W. Eberts, David Horrell, and Lloyd Pietersen should occasion some satisfaction on the part of sociologists of religion. Each article reports a study by a scholar from another discipline who has benefited from our own line of work. It has not always been so; many earlier works in the sociology of early Christianity involved forced impositions of our theoretical frameworks and terms of art to materials for which they were illsuited. The result was often a caricature of our field. However in recent years we have witnessed more sophisticated readings and uses of our collective insights by biblical scholars, historians of religion, and comparative religionists. The present set of articles is only illustrative of the kinds of sociological work now being done in these fields, as well as our own, on early Christian materials since there are many more to which one can point.1 Early Christian phenomena are of importance to the sociology of religion as a field. The Weberian trajectory of study, including the typological framework of Ernst Troeltsch, was based in part on early Christian history as that was understood early in the twentieth century. The religious texts that took form in the early Christian setting have provided tenets and customs that came to be elements of a large civilizational framework that, in crystallized form, define twentieth century conventionality. Moreover, in recent years an interest has emerged in new religious movements; with early Christian materials we have historical data on a new religion that over time became an established Ecclesia and later a tradition embracing many denominations and sects. Comparisons between the ancient new religion and contemporary ones, as well as between the ancient and contemporary contexts, follow naturally from our disciplinary perspective. It is necessary to keep a few basic facts in mind in order to assess and appreciate sociological studies of early Christianity. First, the context is that of the Roman Empire, a setting in which all three kinds of stratification class, status, party were at work. Discrepancies among these dimensions were known and written about in the satirical literature of the period. Consequently there was a tendency to seek social acceptance on the one hand and on the other, in a true
Partition column chromatography of insulin in 2-butanol-aqueous acid systems

Abstract 1. 1. The behavior of crystalline insulin of bovine origin in partition column chromatography between the systems composed of 2-butanol equilibrated with 0.1 N solutions of perchloric, nitric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, methylsulfonic, or hydroxyethylsulfonic acids is reported. 2. 2. Elution curves which indicated heterogeneity in the eluted fractions of insulin were noted in several of the solvent systems. 3. 3. The degree of resolution of components increased with decreasing distribution constant of the insulin in the 2-butanol-0.1 N acid systems. 4. 4. A relationship was noted between the distribution constant of the acid in 2-butanol-water and the distribution constant of the insulin in 2-butanol-0.1 N aqueous acid systems.
Are newborns receiving premedication before elective intubation

To determine the extent and type of premedication used for elective endotracheal intubation in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). A pretested questionnaire was distributed via e-mail to the program directors of the neonatology divisions with accredited fellowship programs in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine in the United States. Of the 100 individuals contacted, 78 (78%) participated in the survey. Only 34 of the 78 respondents (43.6%) always use any premedication for elective intubation. Nineteen respondents (24.4%) reported to have a written policy regarding premedication. Morphine or fentanyl was used most commonly (57.1%), with a combination of opioids and midazolam or other benzodiazepines used less frequently. Fourteen respondents (25%) also use muscle relaxants with sedation for premedication, but only nine respondents combined paralysis with atropine and sedation. Most neonatology fellowship program directors do not report always using premedication for newborns before elective endotracheal intubation despite strong evidence of physiologic and practical benefits. Only a minority of the NICUs has written guidelines for sedation, which may preclude effective auditing of this practice. Educational interventions may be necessary to ensure changes in clinical practice.
American gay and lesbian student leaders’ perceptions of job discrimination

Purpose – This research explores the extent to which expectations of discrimination affect American undergraduate officers in gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered (GLBT) groups.Design/methodology/approach – Using structured interviewing, I conducted both phone and face‐to‐face interviews without gay and lesbian student officers in GLBT student organizations on campuses all across the USA. I specifically wished to discover their expectations relating to discrimination and information about their job seeking behaviors through analysis of the participants’ detailed oral descriptions of their viewpoints and experiences.Findings – Overall, the data reveal that when students search for professional positions they often expect discrimination, but many will not let that fear force them back into the closet. It is interesting to note that while some students fear discrimination and hide their sexual orientation and leadership activities in GLBT groups on their resumes, many state that they will be out at work...
Usefulness of the Neuroform stent for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms: results at initial (3-6-mo) follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: The Neuroform microstent, a flexible, self-expanding, nitinol stent specifically designed for use in the cerebral vasculature, became available in North America for aneurysm treatment in November 2002. The present report details our experience with the Neuroform stent over the past 2 years, with an emphasis on evolving treatment strategies and treatment durability at initial (3-6 mo) follow-up. METHODS: All patients included in this report were registered in a prospectively maintained database. We assessed the clinical history, indications for stent use, aneurysm dimensions, technical details of the procedures, degree of aneurysm occlusion, angiographic and clinical findings at follow-up, and complications. RESULTS: Over a 20-month period, 64 patients with 74 aneurysms were treated with 86 Neuroform stents. Of 64 patients, 16 (25%) were treated in the context of subarachnoid hemorrhage (8 acute, 7 subacute, 1 remote). Indications for stent use included broad aneurysm neck (n = 51 stents; average neck, 5.1 mm; aneurysm size, 8.2 mm), fusiform/dissecting morphology (n = 17), salvage/bailout for coils prolapsed into the parent vessel (n = 7), and giant aneurysm (n = 11). Sixty-one aneurysms were stented and coiled with complete or near complete (>95%) occlusion in 28 patients (45.9%) and partial occlusion (<95%) in 33 patients (54%). Follow-up angiographic (n = 43) or magnetic resonance angiographic (n = 5) data (average follow-up, 4.6 mo; median, 4 mo; range, 1.5-13 mo) for 48 aneurysms (46 patients) after stent-supported coil embolization demonstrated progressive thrombosis in 25 patients (52%), recanalization in 11 patients (23%) (8 of whom were retreated), and no change in 12 patients (25%). Follow-up angiography in 5 additional patients with dissecting aneurysms treated with stents alone demonstrated interval vascular remodeling with decreased aneurysm size in all patients. Delayed, severe, in-stent stenosis was observed in 3 patients, 1 of whom was symptomatic and required angioplasty and subsequently superficial temporal artery-to-middle cerebral artery bypass surgery. Using the second-generation Neuroform2 delivery system (n = 53), very few technical problems with stent delivery and deployment have been encountered (n = 2). CONCLUSION: The Neuroform stent facilitates adequate embolization of complex cerebral aneurysms, which would not otherwise be amenable to endovascular therapy. Initial follow-up data indicate favorable progressive thrombosis and recanalization rates for aneurysms after Neuroform stent-assisted embolization. These advantages of stenting were most evident for small aneurysms with wide necks.
Colocalization of immunoreactive substance P and neurotensin in amacrine cells of the goldfish retina

Using an immunohistochemical double-label technique, neurotensin and substance P immunoreactivity were localized to amacrine cells in the goldfish retina. Both peptides were found in a single population of unistratified amacrine cells branching in sublamina 3 of the inner plexiform layer. A monostratified amacrine cell branching in sublamina 1 contained only substance P immunoreactivity and a bistratified cell branching in sublaminae 1 and 3 contained only neurotensin immunoreactivity.
Patterns of pharmacologic treatment of congestive heart failure in elderly nursing home residents and related issues: a review of the literature.

Abstract Background: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a serious clinical syndrome associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and health-related expenditure. In the United States, the incidence and prevalence of CHF have been shown to increase with age, particularly among the elderly (age ≥65 years). In addition, more elderly persons are living in or will be living in nursing homes. Given these trends, it is important to consider the quality of care, including pharmacologic treatment, received by elderly nursing home residents with a diagnosis of CHE There is currently a lack of clinical trial data on the pharmacologic treatment of CHF among elderly nursing home residents and, therefore, no standard of care. In lieu of clinical trial data, empiric studies based on nursing home populations may be useful. Objective: This article reviews empiric studies concerning the pharmacologic treatment of CHF in elderly nursing home residents. Methods: Empiric studies on the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, digoxin, and diuretics in elderly nursing home residents with a diagnosis of CHF were identified through searches of MEDLINE, Cochrane Trials, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts using the terms elderly, nursing home, geriatric , and heart failure . The search was limited to the past 11 years (1991–2002) to identify current patterns of treatment in the population of interest. Additional studies were identified through a manual search of the reference lists of the retrieved articles. Results: Thirteen empiric studies were identified: 9 examined ACE-inhibitor use, 4 digoxin use, and 7 diuretic use. The findings of these studies indicated that ACE inhibitors are underused, are often prescribed at clinically inefficient doses, and are used more often in "young" elderly nursing home residents (age 65–74 years). Among patients who received a prescription for digoxin, many did not have an appropriate indication (eg, no documented atrial fibrillation, normal sinus rhythm). Similarly, diuretics were found to be inappropriately prescribed to elderly nursing home residents for the treatment of CHF. Conclusions: Based on the available empiric studies, elderly nursing home residents with a diagnosis of CHF do not appear to receive adequate treatment with ACE inhibitors, digoxin, or diuretics based on the recommendations of clinical or als or clinical guidelines. However, the clinical trials and clinical guidelines target the general elderly population and thus may not be applicable to elderly nursing home residents. Future research should explore factors influencing the pharmacologic treatment of CHF in elderly nursing home residents, and trials of new pharmacologic treatments for CHF should include elderly nursing home residents.
Model Reduction of Large Space Structures Using Approximate Component Cost Analysis

State-space model reduction methods, such as the component cost analysis (CCA), requires the solution of Lyapunov equations of order equal to the order of the system. However, for many engineering applications, the storage requirements and computational time needed for the solution of such large Lyapunov equations is often prohibitive.Inthiswork,theuseofKrylov-subspaceiterativemethodsisexaminedtoobtain low-rankapproximate solutionsofLyapunov equationsforusein CCAmodelreduction oflargespacestructures.Themethodsareapplied to obtain reduced-order models of the International Space Station multibody assembly stages for simulation and control purposes. In addition, closed-form expressions for cost-equivalent and cost-decoupled realizations are derived based on the approximate Lyapunov solutions. It is shown that using the proposed methods, approximate CCA reduced-order models can be obtained with a signie cant reduction in the computational effort and time.
Detecting small amounts of information in memory: Savings for nonrecognized items.

Three experiments with a total of 102 undergraduates investigated the relative sensitivities of a recognition test and a savings test for detecting information about items that were nonrecallable (forgotten). Four weeks after learning a list of number-word pairs, Ss had a test of recall retention, f
Community assembly and food web stability

Abstract The ecological assembly of food web is considered as a process of predator colonizations and extinctions. The results of computer simulations using predator-prey equations allow us to identify three types of food web stability and examine how they may change through development of food webs. Species turnover stability increases, stability to extensive species extinction remains constant, and local stability to population fluctuations decreases as food web assembly proceeds.
Short-term weight gain and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor classification among pre- and postmenopausal women

Obesity is well established as a cause of postmenopausal breast cancer incidence and mortality. In contrast, adiposity in early life reduces breast cancer incidence. However, whether short-term weight change influences breast cancer risk is not well known. We followed a cohort of 77,232 women from 1980 to 2006 (1,445,578 person-years), with routinely updated risk factor information, documenting 4196 incident cases of invasive breast cancer. ER and PR status were obtained from pathology reports and medical records yielding a total of 2033 ER+/PR+ tumors, 595 ER-/PR- tumors, 512 ER+/PR- tumors. The log incidence breast cancer model was used to assess the association of short-term weight gain (over past 4 years) while controlling for average BMI before and after menopause. Short-term weight change was significantly associated with breast cancer risk (RR 1.20; 95 % CI 1.09-1.33) for a 4-year weight gain of ≥15 lbs versus no change (≤5 lbs) (P_trend < 0.001). The association was stronger for premenopausal women (RR 1.38; 95 % CI 1.13-1.69) (P_trend = 0.004) than for postmenopausal women (RR 1.10; 95 % CI 0.97-1.25) (P_trend = 0.063). Short-term weight gain during premenopause had a stronger association for ER+/PR- (RR per 25 lb weight gain = 2.19; 95 % CI 1.33-3.61, P = 0.002) and ER-/PR- breast cancer (RR per 25 lb weight gain = 1.61; 95 % CI 1.09-2.38, P = 0.016) than for ER+/PR+ breast cancer (RR per 25 lb weight gain = 1.13; 95 % CI 0.89-1.43, P = 0.32). There are deleterious effects of short-term weight gain, particularly during pre-menopause, even after controlling for average BMI before and after menopause. The association was stronger for ER+/PR- and ER-/PR- than for ER+/PR+ breast cancer.
Interaction of dietary antibiotic supplementation and stocking density on broiler chick performance and immune response.

Abstract 1. The growth depression caused by reducing the space allowance in battery brooders from 0.047 to 0.019 m2 per chick was ameliorated by subtherapeutic inclusion rates of dietary antibiotics. However, the interaction of antibiotic supplementation and stocking density was not significant for the variables measured. 2. Increasing stocking density improved the efficiency of food utilisation. 3. The high density regimen resulted in decreased weights of the bursa and thymus relative to body weight but there was no concurrent reductions in antibody response, spleen weight or mortality.
Holographic multiplexing in multilayer recording medium

The possibility of reducing information loss in holographic memory systems in which different wavelengths are used for data recording and reconstruction has been investigated. We suggest replacing a thick recording medium which provides selective reconstruction of the holographic data with a multilayer recording structure. It has been shown that such a structure has the selectivity which significantly exceeds the selectivity of a single layer. At the same time it permits compensation for the Bragg mismatch along the thickness of the recording medium when 2-wavelength reconstruction is implemented. We consider various methods for such compensation and the possibility of their realizations.
The Chartered Alternative Investment AnalystSM Program: An Update

In this issue9s Web Review, the newly updated website of the CAIA AssociationSM is reviewed.
Infrared absorption by alkali halides in the transparent regime and its temperature dependence

Abstract The problem of residual absorption in the transparent regime of ionic solids is discussed in terms of multiphonon density of states functions. Calculated values of the absorption coefficient for NaC l follow the expected exponential frequency dependence. Absolute values of the absorption coefficient and its temperature dependence also agree with experimental results.
Bolus ejection: a method for removing sea urchin spines.

0196-0644/2002/$35.00 + 0 Radiographic localization of the spine is indicated to determine joint disruption or bony penetration to assess for future sequella. The number of spines and degree of serration are noted to determine the difficulty of removal. Whether future scanning will be a diagnostic help is not known. Tumescent local anesthesia is produced by injecting a 1.5-mL bolus of subcutaneous lidocaine into each lateral surface of the involved phalanx. The apex of the edematous wound or site of maximal discoloration, pain, or potency is nicked with the point of a scalpel blade. Any liquid discharge can be cultured in the appropriate media for mycobacteria, fungi, or aquatic bacteria, and any recovered debris can be examined in the pathology laboratory. This technique was safely used in the case of an 11-year-old boy.2 The spine was safely extruded by propulsion initiated by the lidocaine tumescence. It is anticipated that this simple outpatient technique can be adopted and extrapolated successfully for other emBolus Ejection: A Method for Removing Sea Urchin Spines
EFFECTS OF MARINE TOXINS ON ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY AND K+ EFFLUX OF EXCITABLE MEMBRANES.

Abstract Two marine toxins clam poison and holothurin, have been tested on the Ranvier nodes of isolated myelinated nerve fiber and the monocellular electroplax preparation of Electrophorus electricus. Changes in action and resting potential were recorded with the air-gap technique or intracellular electrodes. Clam poison (10−8 M) blocks electrical activity without depolarization. Clam poison does not prevent the depolarization produced by acetylcholine or carbamylcholine. It has no effect on the increased 42K+ efflux produced by these compounds. Holothurin in a concentration of 10−5 M blocks electrical activity, and depolarizes the conducting membrane, an effect not prevented by tetracaine. Holothurin causes an initial increase in 42K+ efflux which steadily declines. The possible interactions of these toxins with the acetylcholine system are discussed.
Glaciation on the Continental Margin off New England

The Pleistocene glacial limit in the marine environment off New England can be traced by plotting the seaward limit of abundant sandy gravel and the position of shoals. Maximum limit of the last glaciation was probably along an irregular line extending through Nantucket Shoals, across Great South Channel, northern Georges Bank, and at least to the edge of the Scotian Shelf. If, as we assume, glaciers lowered sea level approximately 130 m, the ice margin was probably a subaerial one on Nantucket Shoals and Georges Bank, and it was bordered by outwash and meltwater channels leading away from the ice front. On the Scotian Shelf, the margin may have bordered directly on the ocean, to judge by the lack of shoals and the widespread dispersion of gravel out to the shelf edge. The glaciofluvial nature of the original deposits and marine reworking during the eustatic rise in sea level have made it difficult to recognize ice-contact deposits near the limit of maximum glacial advance. The gravel on shallow banks and ledges is in a bimodal mixture with sand. Association of coarse gravel and sand suggests postdepositional reworking of till by marine processes and removal of silt and clay. Gravel in the Gulf of Maine is mixed with sand, silt, and clay, a mixture characteristic of till.
Parameter sensitivity of a hydrocarbon biodegradation model under uncertainty of permeability

The effects of permeability variability on uncertainty of the results of a hydrocarbon biodegradation model are addressed. The model includes saturated and unsaturated flow, multi-species transport, heat transport, and bacterial-growth processes. A stochastic approach was used in the uncertainty analysis. Sensitivity analyses were conducted, taking into consideration the effects of heterogeneity. The Monte Carlo method was used, with permeability as the input stochastic variable. Results showed that uncertainty increases with time. This can lead to difficulties regarding cleanup decision making such as predicting the timeframe to reach an aquifer cleanup goal. It was not possible to replace the heterogeneous system with a homogeneous one through the use of effective parameters that preserve an equivalent behavior of the two systems. Effective permeability is space and time dependent and also depends on values of bioactivity parameters. The study also emphasized the importance of accurately measuring certain bacterial parameters, namely, maximum substrate uptake rate for degradation and cell yield coefficient. Uncertainties regarding nutrient and oxygen uptake and saturation parameters were less important for the current application.
Research Report: A Reexamination of IT Investment and the Market Value of the Firm--An Event Study Methodology

Evaluating the effectiveness of Information Technology (IT) investments has always been an elusive but important goal of IS researchers. This study builds on a prior study that examined changes in the market value of the firm as reflected by the stock price in response to IT investment announcements. Data on stock prices were analyzed for 238 publicly traded companies. In addition to the stock price analysis, reaction of trading volume to the announcements was also examined to identify whether IT investment announcements affect investors' beliefs about IT value. Potentially confounding factors such as industry, size, and time lag effects were also analyzed. Size and time lag effects were found for all IT investment announcements. Reactions of price and volume were negatively related to firm size and became more positive over time. The positive excess return for smaller firms shows that smaller firms can leverage the lower price/performance ratio of new IT and reap greater rewards from IT investments than larger firms. Also, the result of time lag effect demonstrates that the stock market has recently begun to identify both tangible and intangible benefits of IT investments. For recent IT investment announcements, industry classification and firm size also affected the reactions of stock price to the announcements. This study provides optimism on the stock market reaction to IT investment announcements as well as further insight into the study of IT impacts on organizational performance.
Hemodynamic, left ventricular structural and hormonal changes after discrete myocardial damage in the dog

Abstract Transmyocardial direct-current (DC) shock produces localized left ventricular myocardial necrosis without obstruction to coronary blood flow. In 43 dogs sequential measurements of hemodynamic, neuroendocrine and myocardial structural changes were made at baseline and for 16 weeks after DC shock. Six dogs (14%) died in the peri-shock period. By 1 week after shock, left ventricular mass, as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, had increased from a mean value ± SD of 67.9 ± 10.1 to 82.5 ± 12.9 g (p = 0.0001). Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was unchanged at 1 week but increased at 16 weeks from 56.1 ± 10.3 to 70.3 ± 10.7 ml (p = 0.0003). Left ventricular mass demonstrated a further increase at 12 months (107.8 ± 14.8 g). Rest cardiac output was significantly decreased at 4 months (3.67 ± 1.23 to 3.18 ± 0.81 liters/min, p Plasma norepinephrine was increased at 4 months (318 ± 190 to 523 ± 221 pg/ml, p = 0.0003), whereas plasma renin activity was not significantly changed (4.3 ± 2.6 vs. 5.2 ± 3.4 ng/ml per h). Microsphere regional blood flow studies demonstrated a 50% reduction in skeletal muscle blood flow at 4 months (0.06 ± 0.06 ml/min per g compared with 0.12 ± 0.09 in normal dogs, p = 0.05), and a reduction in the endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratio (1.11 ± 0.13 compared with 1.24 ± 0.13 in normal dogs, p = 0.02). Therefore, in this model of acute left ventricular damage, left ventricular hypertrophy precedes progressive left ventricular dilation. The hemodynamic and hormonal changes mimic the pattern observed in patients who develop left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction and the model thus provides a unique opportunity to study physiologic and pharmacologic responses during this period.
A fluorescence study of thianthrene complexes

Abstract A fluorometric method is used to study complexes between thianthrene and various solvents including CCl 4 , CHCl 3 , acetone and dichloroethane. Dichloromethane and dichloroethane are used as solvents and systems are analyzed at 20 and 30°C. Complex formation constants ( K f ) determined in dichloroethane are corrected for the solvent-thianthrene complex and are seen to be similar to those determined in dichloromethane. The Stern-Volmer equation is shown to be an incorrect choice in the analysis despite its yielding a linear plot. The correct method yields a different value for K f than does the Stern-Volmer approach. Enthalpies of complex formation are also determined.
Maturation of the supraoptic nucleus: A multidisciplinary analysis

Abstract The ontogeny of the rat supraoptic nucleus (SON) has been studied with several different techniques: Microscopic and ultrastructural evaluation of cytodifferentiation of the nucleus, radioimmunoassay of vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) content of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system, immunocytochemical evaluation of neurophysin (NP) production, and histofluorescence analysis of the noradrenergic innervation of the nucleus. Observations from these varied approaches correlate well and indicate cytodifferentiation of the SON occurring simultaneously with initiation of synthesis and transport of VP and NP. Several phenomena were observed for the first time on 17 days post coitus (dpc). These include identification of the SON as a distinguishable nucleus at the light microscopic level, detection of VP by RIA in the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS), visualization of NP immunocytochemically in the neurons of the SON and in the axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract in the rostral median eminence, and ultrastructurally, observation of developing cytoplasmic apparatus for hormone synthesis. Developing endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were observed, and occasional cells possessed dense core granules. Dramatic development was observed in all of the analyzed parameters from 17 dpc to parturition which occurred in the afternoon of 22 dpc. VP content of the HNS increased 3–6 fold daily and NP staining intensity increased concomitantly in the SON. Ultrastructural analysis revealed cellular maturation during this period such that cytodifferentiation was essentially complete by 21 dpc. Evaluation of the development of noradrenergic innervation of the SON was performed simultaneously with the NP studies with alternate sections from the same brains prepared either for immunocytochemical NP visualization or for formaldehyde induced catecholamine (CA) fluorescence. A few CA varicosities were visible in the SON on 17 dpc. The density of CA varicosities increased progressively and by 28 days postnatal an essentially adult-like pattern of varicosity-cell contact was established. At early stages the CA varicosities did not appear to be in juxtaposition to the NP stained cells as is seen in the adult. This observation may correlate with the ultrastructural observation that synaptic contacts were not present on the soma and dendrites of SON neurons until 21 dpc although even at this stage, they were seen infrequently. The appearance of VP and NP in the SON prior to the establishment of CA varicosity-cell contacts may indicate a trophic influence of the neurosecretory neurons on the ingrowing CA axons.
Abrasive machining of porcelain and zirconia with a dental handpiece

Abstract The machining characteristics and material removal mechanisms of two dental ceramics—feldspathic porcelain and yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia—were investigated using a dental handpiece and diamond burs with different grit sizes. The material removal rates were measured as a function of total machining time using a constant load of 2 N on the bur, consistent with clinical cutting conditions. As the diamond grit size was increased from ultrafine (UF) (10 μm) to fine (F) (41 μm) and coarse (C) (172 μm), the removal rate and the resulting surface roughness for each material increased substantially. The mechanisms of material removal determined through microscopic examination of the machined surfaces and the machining debris on the burs were found to consist of a combination of ductile and brittle-type chip formation processes. The occurrence of brittle fracture increased as the diamond grit size was increased. While the material removal process in porcelain was dominated by brittle fracture, zirconia was primarily subjected to ductile cutting. Four wear processes were identified on the burs in prolonged cutting tests: grit microfracture, grit pullout, wear flat generation, and matrix abrasion. The results demonstrated that while the material removal rate for the zirconia evaluated in this study was lower than those for porcelain and many other dental ceramics, the zirconia could be machined under clinical conditions with no edge chipping damage.
Alternative Test for Phosphorous in Cheese

Abstract A modified test for phosphorous in cheese based on quantitative precipitation, filtration, and indirect titration of milligram quantities of phosphorous is presented. The procedure was designed specifically for Cheddar cheese and was used to analyze a wide range of Cheddar samples including some with atypically high and low calcium and phosphorous. A modification of the procedure permitted measurement of total ash, calcium, and phosphorous in the same cheese sample. With reagent adjustments it is possible to test other cheese varieties as well as other dairy products. Average recovery of phosphorous from 10 replicate solutions containing known amounts of calcium and phosphorous was 99.1±.7%. Average recovery of phosphorous added to 10 replicate Cheddar cheese samples was 98.9±1.5%. Ten Cheddar cheeses were analyzed in duplicate by the proposed method and by atomic emission. Results of the two methods differed by an average of .015% phosphorous, a significant difference, but the methods were strongly correlated (r =.94). Duplicate analyses by the proposed method were conducted on 54 Cheddar cheese samples ranging from .427 to .555% phosphorous. The average difference between duplicate measurements was .011±.009% phosphorous. The principle of the proposed test and modifications required for cheese analysis are discussed.