cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Days beyond recall: subsistence homesteading in the rural south, circa 1920.

Accented in some 100 semi-structured interviews with Southern aged poor is the bitter struggle to survive. People worked long hours for little, bartering farm produce for the few store-bought necessities. Primitive housing, education and medicine sufficed. Both black and white poor suffered brutal exploitation, despite which they review their life with satisfaction. We hypothesize that, to maintain mental health, it is better to idealize the unalterable past. Several global assessments of "morale" are discussed. It is also suggested that this journal become a clearing house for questions that measure psychic wellbeing in the aged more naturally and by indirection than do scales in current use. Language: en
Teratoid tumors of the nasopharynx in children

Abstract Benign nasopharyngeal teratomas are rare lesions that can give rise to sudden severe respiratory distress in the neonatal period. Symptoms at birth, however, may be mild and consist of excessive nasal mucus and intermittent cyanosis, especially when feeding or in the supine position. Experience with five such tumors indicates that the diagnosis can usually be made by careful examination of the pharyngeal area. These tumors are frequently mobile and pedunculated and should be promptly removed to prevent sudden death from airway obstruction.
Effect of Combined Ozone and Organic Acid Treatment for Control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on Lettuce

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to determine the effects of ozonated water (1, 3, and 5 ppm) alone with different exposure times (0.5,1,3, or5min), and combinations of 3 ppm ozone with 1% organic acids (acetic, citric, or lactic acids) during 1-min exposure for inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on lettuce and to observe the regrowth of these pathogenic bacteria on treated lettuce during storage for 10 d at 15°C. Results showed that 5 ppm ozone treatment for 5 min gave 1.09-log and 0.94-log reductions of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes, respectively, indicating insignificant reductions compared with 3 ppm ozone treatment for 5 min. Treatment with 3 ppm ozone combined with 1 % citric acid for 1 min immersing resulted in 2.31 - and 1.84-log reductions (P < 0.05), respectively. During storage at 15°C for 10 d after combined treatment and packaging, populations of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes increased to approximately 9.0-log colony forming unit (CFU) /g, indicating that this treatment did not have a residual antimicrobial effect during storage. Although the storage study did not show control of these pathogens, the combined ozone-organic acid treatment was more effective in reducing population levels of these pathogens on lettuce than individual treatments.
Reading the Judicial Canon: Alexander Bickel and the Book of Brandeis

American constitutionalism exhibits a rhetorical characteristic not always found in other parts of American politics: reliance on the authority of the past. The imagery of the revolutionary generation and other national demigods, which once played so large a part in political debate, has long since ceased to be the currency of popular politics.' By contrast -perhaps because most judicial opinions are signed artifacts that can be cited as authority constitutional debate, especially as carried on by the United States Supreme Court and its critics, features continuing references to canonical historical figures, be they the Framers or more recent judicial heroes. No one holds a more secure place in this judicial pantheon than Louis D. Brandeis, associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1916 to 1939. So much is apparent from the biographical literature on Brandeis, the tone of which is worshipful even by the standards of that often benevolent genre. Further evidence of the ideological staying power of Brandeis's image is the fervor with which judges and legal scholars have invoked it in behalf of their own constitutional visions. Yet it is puzzling that Brandeis, fifty years after his death, remains an authoritative figure for jurists who otherwise agree on little concerning the nature and purpose of constitutional law. One might expect to find such breadth of favor associated with a judge (John Marshall comes to mind) whose propositions are so universally accepted or so remote from contemporary constitutional dilemmas that there is little at stake in claiming him. Brandeis does not fall into this category; he is cited on
Effect of critical fluctuations on the electrical resistivity of GdSb and HoSb above the Néel temperature

Abstract We have measured the resistance R of the antiferromagnet GdSb and found it to have a positive divergence in dR/dT which is quantitatively similar to the prototype ferromagnet nickel above the magnetic ordering temperature. By contrast, we find that HoSb, in which magnetic ordering is accompanied by a lattice distortion, has a qualitatively similar but anomalously strong divergence in dR/dT above the Neel point. It is concluded that long-range spin correlations as discussed recently by Richard and Geldart are the most probable source of the strong divergence in HoSb.
Assessing the horizontal refraction of ocean acoustic tomography signals using high-resolution ocean state estimates.

The analysis of signals for acoustic tomography sent between a source and a receiver most often uses the unrefracted geodesic path, an approximation that is justified from theoretical considerations, relying on estimates of horizontal gradients of sound speed, or on simple theoretical models. To quantify the effects of horizontal refraction caused by a realistic ocean environment, horizontal refractions of long-range signals were computed using global ocean state estimates for 2004 from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO2) project. Basin-scale paths in the eastern North Pacific Ocean and regional-scale paths in the Philippine Sea were used as examples. At O(5 Mm) basin scales, refracted geodesic and geodesic paths differed by only about 5 km. Gyre-scale features had the greatest refractive influence, but the precise refractive effects depended on the path geometry with respect to oceanographic features. Refraction decreased travel times by 5–10 ms and changed azimuthal angles by about 0.2°. At O(500 km) regional scales, paths deviated from the geodesic by only 250 m, and travel times deviated by less than 0.5 ms. Such effects are of little consequence in the analysis of tomographic data. Refraction details depend only slightly on mode number and frequency.
Separation of Church and State: Myth and Reality

Now simmering, now boiling up, church-state problems in America have always constituted a serious dilemma for Protes tantism. Whether thinking about prayers in school, abortion, "blue laws," Catholic statues in public parks, buses and books for parochial schools, public school baccalaureates, taxation of church-owned property, birth control information and devices dispensed by public agencies, or the possibility of a Vatican appointment by the President, the usual Protestant response is often emotional and uninformed and masks an anti Catholic animus. This article seeks to explode the myth that this country was founded "purist" with absolute separation of church and state and that new bricks are rapidly falling out of that "wall of separation," and to trace the historical and the ological roots of both the "Separationists" and the "Transforma tionists," the two parties now in contention within Protestantism, and show why the latter is theologically sound and best for a position on public policy.
Resource allocation for controlling epidemics: Calibrating, analyzing, and optimizing an agent-based simulation

This is a companion article to Kasaie and Kelton (2013), and provides an extended discussion on the calibration, analysis, and optimization of an agent-based simulation (ABS) model of an epidemic. The detailed information is presented for the illustrative case of a resource-allocation (RA) problem in the control of an influenza pandemic as described in Section 4 of Kasaie and Kelton (2013). The suggested protocol, however, can be adapted to address other instances of the RA problem in the context of other infectious disease epidemics. Section 1 defines all the parameters and run conditions for the ABS model. In Section 2 we discuss calibration of the RA objective function (DALYs function) and related sensitivity analyses. An investigation of variance reduction for the ABS model is presented in Section 3. A short discussion on application of mixture design and the corresponding triangular output displays for this design is discussed in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 presents the numerical results of the RA ...
The Meteor metric for automatic evaluation of machine translation

The Meteor Automatic Metric for Machine Translation evaluation, originally developed and released in 2004, was designed with the explicit goal of producing sentence-level scores which correlate well with human judgments of translation quality. Several key design decisions were incorporated into Meteor in support of this goal. In contrast with IBM's Bleu, which uses only precision-based features, Meteor uses and emphasizes recall in addition to precision, a property that has been confirmed by several metrics as being critical for high correlation with human judgments. Meteor also addresses the problem of reference translation variability by utilizing flexible word matching, allowing for morphological variants and synonyms to be taken into account as legitimate correspondences. Furthermore, the feature ingredients within Meteor are parameterized, allowing for the tuning of the metric's free parameters in search of values that result in optimal correlation with human judgments. Optimal parameters can be separately tuned for different types of human judgments and for different languages. We discuss the initial design of the Meteor metric, subsequent improvements, and performance in several independent evaluations in recent years.
Tannin, nitrogen, and cell wall composition of green vs. senescent Douglas-fir foliage : Within- and between-stand differences in stands of unequal density.

Tannin, cell wall, and nitrogen composition of green foliage and needle litter of similar-aged Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco) from two stands differing in density and crown closure were compared. Trees in the closed-canopy stand had a lower basal area growth rate than those in the open-canopy stand. Stands did not differ in wood basal area/ha or forest floor C/N ratios, but the closed-canopy stand had a significantly larger accumulation of forest floor biomass and significantly higher levels of field-extractable nitrogen and nitrogen mineralization rates. Green foliage from trees in the closed-canopy stand had significantly lower nitrogen, astringency, and lignin contents, but higher cellulose concentration than trees in the open-canopy stand. These trends, inconsistent with the inverse relationship often observed between nitrogen and polyphenol contents of foliage, may result from differences in relative resource availability in the two stands. In contrast to green foliage, needle litter from the two stands had comparable contents of nitrogen, cellulose, and lignin, but astringency was significantly higher in litter from the closed-canopy stand. It is suggested that, within the constraints imposed by site conditions, evergreens may alter the tannin composition of senescing foliage, potentially affecting herbivory and decomposition differently.
Long-Term Effects of Changing Land Use Practices on Surface Water Quality in a Coastal River and Lagoonal Estuary

The watershed of the Neuse River, a major tributary of the largest lagoonal estuary on the U.S. mainland, has sustained rapid growth of human and swine populations. This study integrated a decade of available land cover and water quality data to examine relationships between land use changes and surface water quality. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis was used to characterize 26 subbasins throughout the watershed for changes in land use during 1992–2001, considering urban, agricultural (cropland, animal as pasture, and densities of confined animal feed operations [CAFOs]), forested, grassland, and wetland categories and numbers of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). GIS was also used together with longitudinal regression analysis to identify specific land use characteristics that influenced surface water quality. Total phosphorus concentrations were significantly higher during summer in subbasins with high densities of WWTPs and CAFOs. Nitrate was significantly higher during winter in subbasins with high numbers of WWTPs, and organic nitrogen was higher in subbasins with higher agricultural coverage, especially with high coverage of pastures fertilized with animal manure. Ammonium concentrations were elevated after high precipitation. Overall, wastewater discharges in the upper, increasingly urbanized Neuse basin and intensive swine agriculture in the lower basin have been the highest contributors of nitrogen and phosphorus to receiving surface waters. Although nonpoint sources have been emphasized in the eutrophication of rivers and estuaries such as the Neuse, point sources continue to be major nutrient contributors in watersheds sustaining increasing human population growth. The described correlation and regression analyses represent a rapid, reliable method to relate land use patterns to water quality, and they can be adapted to watersheds in any region.
Electrocutaneous Tracking: A Methodology for Evaluating Sensory Feedback Codes

An objective and relevant methodology for evaluating sensory feedback codes has been developed using electrocutaneous tracking. This methodology involves dynamic (or continuous) interpretation and response by a subject to electrically produced cutaneous sensations. Results from the comparison of ten codes are briefly presented here to show the usefulness of this methodology. A general purpose computer-controlled electrocutaneous stimulation facility being developed is expected to expedite the examination of many other sensory feedback codes.
Linguistic associations and retention

Four experiments were concerned with the role of linguistic associations in producing interference in recall. In the first, strong associates were crossed (inappropriately paired) in a paired-associate list, and recall after 24 hr was compared with that for control lists. Although the crossed-associate list was more difficult to learn than the control lists, recall was superior. Evidence indicated the superiority was due to higher response availability. In Exp. II, connectives were used as stimuli in the critical list. Learning was slower than for the control lists but retention was not depressed. In Exp. III three interfering lists were used to study PI in the 24-hr recall of a fourth list. All lists had the same stimuli. For the E Group the pairs in the first three lists were associates; this was not true for the C Group. To equalize performance for the two groups on the first three lists the E Group was given one anticipation trial on each, the C Group five trials. Both groups had six trials on the fourth. Recall for the E Group was twice as high as that for the C Group and the magnitude of the recall (68%) indicated little PI. In Exp. IV the same lists were used but the E Group was given five trials on each of the first three lists. Recall for the E Group was 22%, and did not differ from the C Group. It was suggested that differentiation based on differences in trial frequency between the list to be recalled and the interfering lists was in part responsible for the high recall of the E Group in Exp. III.
Induction of mixed-function oxidase and protein synthesis by DDT and dieldrin in German and American cockroaches

Abstract Pretreatment with dieldrin of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica L., while making a susceptible strain more sensitive, made a dieldrin-resistant strain and the hybrids between the two strains more tolerant to diazinon and carbaryl. Pretreatment of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. (normally tolerant to DDT), with a high dose of DDT also made them more tolerant to these insecticides. The treated cockroaches of both species showed higher in vitro benzo[α]pyrene hydroxylase as well as [ 14 C]leucine incorporation activities in their fat body than the control roaches. The induction is associated with increased synthesis of proteins and nuclear and nonnuclear RNA. These RNA from DDT-treated roaches showed higher template activity with leucine as compared with untreated roaches.
Accumulation of high level of pp60c-srcN is an early event during GM3-antibody mediated differentiation of neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells, when differentiated via a cAMP-dependent pathway by treatment with anti-GM 3 monoclonal antibody, accumulated a high level of pp60 c-src protein and pp60 c-src kinase activity just before the onset of neurite formation. The specific kinase activity of the accumulated c-src protein was found to be comparable to that of normal cerebellar neurons, but was about 6- to 8-fold higher than that of normal astrocytes. These results, and migrations of peptide fragments in the SDS-polyacrylamide gels after V8 proteolysis, strongly indicate the accumulation of the neuron-specific isoform of the c-src protein (pp60 c-srcN ) in the GM 3 antibody-treated Neuro-2a cells. Similar high levels of pp60 c-src protein and pp60 c-src kinase activity were observed in the Neuro-2a cells differentiated via a cAMP-dependent pathway by treatment with dibutyryl cAMP, but not in the same cell line when differentiated via a cAMP-independent pathway with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine. These results demonstrate that the accumulation of high levels of the neuron-specific isoform of the pp60 c-src protein (pp60 c-srcN ) in the Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells depends on the specific signal transduction pathway involved during the differentiation of these cells.
Assessing winter wheat dry matter production via spectral reflectance measurements

Abstract The objectives for this study were (1) to investigate the potential usefulness of growing-season spectral measurements in order to predict end-of-season winter wheat dry-matter production and (2) to evaluate straw-total-dry-matter relationships and their possible usefulness in residue management decisions. A field experiment was located on a Williams loam soil (fine—loamy mixed, Typic Argiborolls), 11 km northwest of Sidney, Montana. “Roughrider”, a winterhardy hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, was seeded to seven stands of from 0 to 100% (100%=1,570,000 plants per hectare). On clear mornings, a handheld radiometer was used to measure reflectances, corresponding to the Landsat multispectral scanner bands. Grain and straw yield data were collected to determine the degree of relationship between grain and dry matter. Relationships between the normalized difference vegetation index [ND7=(MSS7− MSS5)/(MSS7 + MSS5)] as determined from late tillering until the beginning of flowering growth stages, and end-of-season straw and total dry matter clearly established the potential of remote sensing for predicting straw and total dry-matter yield. Predicting dry-matter production is useful in providing an estimate of residue production for erosion control and as a potential source for feed and energy.
The extreme behavior of the radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy J0849+5108

Simultaneous radio, optical (both photometry and polarimetry), X-ray, and γ-ray observations of the radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 (RL-NLSy1) galaxy J0849+5108 are presented. A massive three-magnitude optical flare across five nights in 2013 April is detected, along with associated flux increases in the γ-ray, infrared, and radio regimes; no comparable event was detected in the X-rays, though this may be due to poor coverage. A spectral energy distribution (SED) for the object using quasi-simultaneous data centered on the optical flare is compared to the previously published SEDs for the object by D'Ammando et al. The flare event coincided with a high degree of optical polarization. High amplitude optical microvariability is clearly detected, and is found to be of comparable amplitude when the object is observed in both faint and bright states. The object is also seen to undergo rapid shifts in polarization in both degree and electric vector position angle within a single night. J0849+5108 appears to show even more extreme variability than that previously reported for the similar object J0948+0022. These observations appear to support the growing claim that some RL-NLSy1 galaxies constitute a sub-class of blazar-like active galactic nuclei.
Optics for the Large Binocular Telescope

The two primary mirrors for the Large Binocular Telescope are the largest mirrors ever made. Lightweight honeycomb mirrors 8.4 m in diameter and f/1.14, they present a number of challenges in fabrication and testing. Both mirrors have been cast in a spinning furnace at the Steward Observatory Mirror Lab. The first has been generated, and is currently being polished with a 1.2 m diameter stressed lap that bends to match the varying curvature of the mirror surface. The primary mirrors are matched with adaptive secondary mirrors to provide diffraction-limited imaging.
Novel MOSFET structures for RF applications

Rising demand for computing, mobile and telecommunication applications has fueled increasing efforts to integrate analog and digital functions on a single chip to create System-on-Chip (SOC) type applications. To improve RF performance of devices alternate structures must be explored to overcome problems such as degrading ROUT and gain, parasitics, noise and linearity. Towards this end, novel asymmetric Tunneling Source SOI-MOSFETs are proposed in this paper. The main feature of these devices is the concept of gate controlled carrier injection through tunneling at the source junction. The tunneling source MOSFETs can be fabricated using conventional CMOS processes. Compared to conventional SOI MOSFETs, these novel devices show excellent short channel immunity which improves scalability into sub-50 nm regime and make them an attractive candidate for analog operations.
Object representation and recognition in shape spaces

In this paper, we describe a shape space based approach for invariant object representation and recognition. In this approach, an object and all its similarity transformed versions are identified with a single point in a high-dimensional manifold called the shape space. Object recognition is achieved by measuring the geodesic distance between an observed object and a model in the shape space. This approach produced promising results in 2D object recognition experiments: it is invariant to similarity transformations and is relatively insensitive to noise and occlusion. Potentially, it can also be used for 3D object recognition.
Hydroboration. 44. Diisopinocampheylborane of High Optical Purity. Asymmetric Synthesis via Hydroboration with Essentially Complete Asymmetric Induction

The reaction of borane with α-pinene in tetrahydrofuran attains equilibrium in 3 days at 0°. With 15% excess (+)-α-pinene ([α]D26.5 + 47.99°), the formation of diisopinocampheylborane is essentially quantitative (-99.5%). The longer reaction time is accompanied by a selective incorporation of the major isomer into the reagent. Thus, (+)-α-pinene, dehydroborated from diisopinocampheylborane with triethylamine, exhibits an optical rotation of [α]D23.5 + 51.0°, indicating an optical purity of 99.8%, and the isopinocampheol, obtained following the oxidation of the reagent, showed [α]D23 −35.1° (c 10, benzene), a higher rotation than any realized previously. The hydroboration of cis-2-butene with this diisopinocampheylborane in tetrahydrofuran at −25° provided 2-butanol of high optical purity, [α]D22.5 −13.29°, an optical purity of 98.4%. Thus this reaction proceeds with nearly complete asymmetric induction.
Genetic variants of NOXA and MCL1 modify the risk of HPV16-associated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Background The cooperation between phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced protein 1 (NOXA) and myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) is critical in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16), by inducing p53 and pRb-E2F degradation, may play an essential role in development of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) through NOXA-MCL1 axis-mediated apoptosis. Therefore, genetic variants of NOXA and MCL1 may modify the SCCHN risk associated with HPV16 seropositivity.
Epidemiology of self‐reported past heavy drinking in Hispanic adults

Abstract Objectives. Self‐reports of past heavy drinking correlate with the current drinking practices and with risk of mortality in non‐Hispanic males. The prevalence of past heavy drinking has not been reported in Hispanic populations. Methods. Using data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) we (1) report on the prevalence, duration and severity of past heavy drinking in three Hispanic groups, (2) compare the current alcohol consumption patterns among past heavy drinkers and those who do not report a history of past heavy drinking and (3) compare the risk factor profiles and health indicators in these two groups. Results. The prevalence of past heavy drinking among Mexican American and Puerto Rican males ranged from 28–35% while the rates for Cuban American males ranged from 7–16%. The rates for Hispanic women were much lower (1–8%). The average years of past heavy drinking ranged from 2.3–14.9 years, while the alcohol consumption during the past heavy drinking period range...
A Comprehensive Review of Apples and Apple Components and Their Relationship to Human Health

There has been an increasing appreciation and understanding of the link between dietary fruit and vegetable intake and improved health in humans. The widespread and growing intake of apples and apple juice/products and their rich phytochemical profile suggest their important potential to affect the health of the populations consuming them. This review summarizes current clinical, in vitro, and in vivo data and builds upon earlier published reports that apple may reduce the risk of chronic disease by various mechanisms, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cell signaling effects. Exposure to apples and apple products has been associated with beneficial effects on risk, markers, and etiology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and Alzheimer’s disease. Recent work suggests that these products may also be associated with improved outcomes related to cognitive decline of normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, pulmonary function, and gastrointestinal protection.
Web application security engineering

Integrating security throughout the life cycle can improve overall Web application security. With a detailed review of the steps involved in applying security-specific activities throughout the software development life cycle, the author walks practitioners through effective, efficient application design, development, and testing. With this article, the author shares a way to improve Web application security by integrating security throughout the life cycle. The ideas he present here are based on empirical evidence from consulting with hundreds of customers - real-world scenarios with real project constraints and security concerns - across a variety of scenarios and putting into practice the security techniques that the experts know. The result is an approach that has evolved and refined itself over time
The development of a computer aided instruction in electromagnetic wave propagation

This paper describes the development of a computer software package to be used for undergraduate computer based instruction in electromagnetic wave propagation, and to introduce its application in communication link calculations. The package contains four parts. Part I introduces some of the basic concepts in electromagnetic wave propagation. Part II discusses line-of-sight space wave propagation and equations to calculate power and power density at the receiver site. With proper inputs specified by the students, the computer can provide numerical answers to various wave propagation problems. Space wave propagation with ground reflection are discussed in Part III, while the procedures developed by Norton to estimate the ground wave field strength and power density at far distances are presented in Part IV.
Power-Adjusted Random Access to a Wireless Channel

The operation of widely-deployed random access to wireless networks is based on limited information on the result of each access attempt. When making a random access attempt, users usually do not know the exact amount of transmit power to make it successful. Also, upon failure of a transmission attempt, a user cannot tell whether the failure was caused by collision with other simultaneously-transmitting users or by his use of insufficient transmit power. To handle lack of information on the cause of failure, we propose an innovative Cause-of-Failure (CoF) resolution which increases the transmit power after a given number of consecutive unsuccessful access attempts when the probability that a given failure is caused by collision becomes sufficiently low. To exploit the thus-achieved transmit power for the next random access attempt, we also determine the Cause-of-Success (CoS) based on the number of consecutive successful attempts, i.e., whether to decrease or maintain the present transmit power probabilistically. This way, users can adjust their transmit power for random access, which we call Auto Power Fallback (APF). We evaluate APF by modeling analysis and numerical computation based on the slotted Aloha, showing that APF makes significant energy-savings for uplink random accesses while achieving good performance.
Non-ionizing radiation with nanosecond pulsed electric fields as a cancer treatment: in vitro studies

Cancer continues to be a major risk to the health and well being among populations around the world. A new method using ion-ionizing radiation with nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) provides a novel means to treat cancer at local sites. NsPEFs promote cell death in several cell types and here we investigated mechanisms for cell death induction. In murine B16f10 melanoma, murine E4 squamous carcinoma, murine Hep1-6 and human HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma, nsPEFs induced cell death in 90-95% of cells. Cell death coincides with decreases in the mitochondria membrane potential, increases in YO-PRO-1 uptake and active caspases in the presence or absence of cytochrome c release. The results indicate that nsPEFs induced cell death by multiple apoptosis mechanisms that involve mitochondrial responses, but not necessarily through cytochrome c release. Further, these in vitro studies suggest a potential to induce cell death that bypasses cancer mechanisms that evade apoptosis.
Decentralized robust control of interconnected resonators

The control of multiple, interconnected resonators under parametric uncertainty is addressed. The control objective is to provide closed-loop stability and asymptotic regulation of the frequency, gain, and phase of each resonator. It is desired to use a minimal controller configuration to reduce implementational complexity and production costs. Since a resonant system's energy is mainly distributed in the passband, a frequency translation technique based on the Hilbert transform is applied to the nominal plant to obtain a low-frequency equivalent model that also includes the dynamics of the (nonlinear) amplitude/phase detectors and modulators. Feedforward and robust feedback control systems are then synthesized for the baseband system using the controller identification approach. Various control structures such as centralized, partially decentralized, or fully decentralized are considered. In each case, the stabilizing controller gain can be determined by performing a limited number of steady-state experiments on the plant. A synthesis algorithm is provided to summarize the design steps in a systematic manner. >
Nucleotide-sequence-specific and non-specific interactions of T4 DNA polymerase with its own mRNA

The DNA-binding DNA polymerase (gp43) of phage T4 is also an RNA-binding protein that represses translation of its own mRNA. Previous studies implicated two segments of the untranslated 5′-leader of the mRNA in repressor binding, an RNA hairpin structure and the adjacent RNA to the 3′ side, which contains the Shine–Dalgarno sequence. Here, we show by in vitro gp43–RNA binding assays that both translated and untranslated segments of the mRNA contribute to the high affinity of gp43 to its mRNA target (translational operator), but that a Shine–Dalgarno sequence is not required for specificity. Nucleotide sequence specificity appears to reside solely in the operator’s hairpin structure, which lies outside the putative ribosome-binding site of the mRNA. In the operator region external to the hairpin, RNA length rather than sequence is the important determinant of the high binding affinity to the protein. Two aspects of the RNA hairpin determine specificity, restricted arrangement of purine relative to pyrimidine residues and an invariant 5′-AC-3′ in the unpaired (loop) segment of the RNA structure. We propose a generalized structure for the hairpin that encompasses these features and discuss possible relationships between RNA binding determinants of gp43 and DNA binding by this replication enzyme.
Hepatic Abscess: Case Report And Review

Hepatic abscess is an uncommon occurrence in North America, but can be a diagnostic challenge for emergency department physicians. The clinical signs and symptoms may vary, leading to delays in diagnosis and higher morbidity. We present a case of a 35-year old male with a hepatic abscess initially misdiagnosed as pneumonia. On subsequent return to the ED for back pain complaints, a bedside ultrasound led to the appropriate diagnosis. This case report and discussion will attempt to review the literature on the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of hepatic abscess for the emergency physician.
Multiparametric flow cytometric analysis in a breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7)

Objective: To investigate whether multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of solid tumor specimens, including gynecologic tumors, which were stained triply with phycoerythrin (PE), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and propidium iodide (PI), can be performed simultaneously without interference from normal diploid cell populations and spectral overlap on a standard flow cytometer. Methods: MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and heterogeneous cell populations mixed with MCF-7 cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with 100% methanol. Cytokeratin and several proliferation-associated cellular antigens (proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p53, c-erbB/2 and c-myc) were labeled with PE and FITC, which was followed by DNA staining using PI. These labeled cells were measured on a standard FACScan flow cytometer equipped with a 488 nm single laser. Results: The coefficient of variation (CV) of the G 0 G 1 peak of MCF-7 cells was 4.3 and the cell cycle phase fractions of G 0 G 1 , S and G 2 M were 44.9, 45.9 and 9.2%, respectively. Fluorescein isothiocyanate, PE and PI fluorescences were detected without interference. The MCF-7 cells expressed cytokeratin, PCNA, p53, c-erbB/2 and c-myc antigen. In the heterogeneous population of MCF-7 cells mixed with PBL, two cellular populations were clearly separated into diploid PBL and aneuploid MCF-7 cells without interference. The CV of G 0 G 1 peak of PBL was 2.3 and the G 0 G 1 , S and G 2 M phase fractions were 85.5, 2.7 and 11.8%, respectively. The DNA index of MCF-7 cells was 1.7, which indicated that the MCF-7 cell line was composed of tumor cells with aneuploid DNA. The CV of the G 0 G 1 peak of the MCF-7 cells was 4.2, and the cell cycle phase fractions were 47.5% for G 0 G 1 , 42.3% for S, and 10.2% for G 2 M. The MCF-7 cells expressed cytokeratin, but the PBL did not. Conclusions: Multiparameter flow cytometer analysis was useful to determine DNA ploidy status, phase fraction of the cell cycle and expression of cellular antigens and selective cytokeratin expression allowed epithelial originated tumor cells to be differentiated from normal stromal cells. This analysis could be performed without interference of spectral overlaps of fluorochromes using software-based algorithmic compensation of spectral overlaps. Thus, this method offers new possibilities for multiparameter flow cytometric analysis and its use should be extended to future studies of the diagnosis, treatment and prediction of prognosis of the neoplasm.
Practical starter pig amino acid requirements in relation to immunity, gut health and growth performance

Immune system activation begins a host of physiological responses. Infectious agents are recognized by monocytes and macrophages which in turn stimulate cytokine production. It is the hormone-like factors called cytokines that orchestrate the immune response. The classic responses observed with immune system activation and cytokine production include: anorexia, fever, lethargy, recruitment of other immune cells, and phagocytosis. While production of immune system components is known to require some amino acids, increases in amino acid requirements are more than offset by the associated decrease in protein accretion and increased muscle protein degradation that also accompanies immune system activation. However, the biggest impact of cytokine production is a decrease in feed intake. Therefore, as feed intake decreases, the energy needed to drive protein synthesis is also decreased. This suggests that diets should still be formulated on a similar calorie:lysine ratio as those formulated for non-immune challenged pigs. The evidence is sparse or equivocal for increasing nutrient requirements during an immune challenge. Nutritionists and swine producers should resist the pressure to alter the diet, limit feed, or add expensive feed additives during an immune challenge. While immune stimulation does not necessitate changes in diet formulation, when pigs are challenged with non-pathogenic diarrhea there are potential advantages on gut health with the increased use of crystalline amino acids rather than intact protein sources (i.e., soybean meal). This is because reducing crude protein decreases the quantity of fermentable protein entering the large intestine, which lowers post weaning diarrhea. It also lowers the requirement for expensive specialty protein sources or other protein sources such as soybean meal that present immunological challenges to the gut. The objective of this review is two-fold. The first is to discuss immunity by nutrition interactions, or lack thereof, and secondly, to review amino acid requirement estimates for nursery pigs.
Response of African-American Adolescents in North Carolina to Gun Carrying by School Mates

This study examined adolescents' perceptions concerning the presence of guns in their school and the adolescents' emotional and behavioral responses associated with these perceptions. Survey data from 376 African-American sixth, seventh, and eighth grade students of a low-income area of a North Carolina city were studied. Twenty-eight percent of adolescents reported that other students brought guns to school, 36% felt afraid that someone would hurt or attack them while at school, 15% avoided school (or places in school) because of fear that a student would hurt or attack them, and 20% carried weapons to school for self-protection. Logistic regression analyses found that, compared to their peers, adolescents who perceived that their school mates brought guns to school were almost twice as likely to experience fear while at school, were more than three times more likely to exhibit school avoidance behavior, and were more than twice as likely to bring a weapon to school themselves for self-protection. Educators and school health professionals are urged to work together to address these problems concerning school safety.
Mammalian ear specializations in arid habitats: structural and functional evidence from sand cat ( Felis margarita )

To test whether structural specializations of sand-cat ears are adaptations to their desert habitats we measured structural and acoustic features of their ears. The area of the external ear's pinna flange is similar to that of domestic cat. The dimensions of the ear canal are about twice domestic cat's, as is the volume of the middle-ear air space. The magnitude of the acoustic input-admittance at the tympanic membrane is about five times larger than that of domestic cat; both the middle-ear cavities and the ossicular chain contribute to the increase. Structure-based models suggest the acoustic admittance looking outward through the external ear is generally larger for sand cat than for domestic cat; the radiation power-efficiency is also larger in sand cat for frequencies below 2 kHz. Hearing sensitivity (estimated from measurements and model calculations) in sand cat is predicted to be about 8 dB greater than in domestic cat for frequencies below 2 kHz. Analysis of attenuation of sound in deserts implies that the increased sensitivity extends sand cat's hearing range beyond domestic cat by 0.4 km at 0.5 kHz. Thus, the structural specializations may provide habitat-specific survival value.
Object oriented circuit-generators in Java

Generators, parameterized code which produces a digital design, have long been a staple of the VLSI community. In recent years, several field programmable gate array (FPGA) design tools have adopted generators, as it is a convenient way to specify reusable designs in a familiar programming environment. We have built a generator framework in Java as a basis for programming reconfigurable devices and as a tool to be embedded in larger development systems. In addition to the conventional benefits of generators, this powerful framework allows for partial evaluation, simulation, specialization, and easy inclusion of other automatic services. In order to verify the utility of this system, we have implemented several applications using this framework and compared them with implementations using schematic capture and HDL synthesis. Our system runs significantly faster and produces comparable or superior results when mapped to a target FPGA.
THE ORIGIN AND EARLY EVOLUTION OF THE MONTASTRAEA “ANNULARIS” SPECIES COMPLEX (ANTHOZOA: SCLERACTINIA)

This study represents the first in a series tracing the early evolution of a dominant Caribbean reef coral, the Montastraea ''annularis'' species complex, using a combination of morphometric and phylogenetic approaches. It focuses on Costa Rica and Panama; additional geographic locations and reef environments will be treated in subsequent work. To distinguish species, new landmark methods are developed by comparisons with genetically characterized modern colonies from Panama. The fossil material consists of transverse thin-sections of 94 well-preserved specimens of M. annularis-like corals collected in Plio-Pleistocene reef sequences in the Limon basin of Costa Rica and the Bocas del Toro basin of Panama. The landmarks comprise 27 spatially homologous points, which define the thickness and structure of the corallite wall and associated costosepta. Bookstein size and shape coordinates are analyzed using cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis, and a total of 10 morphotypes are distinguished. Cladistic analyses are performed using characters derived partially from morphometric data. A matrix consisting of 16 taxa and eight characters is analyzed using global parsimony and a sister group of two species as the outgroup. The results reveal two distinct evolutionary groups, which are distinguished by the new corallite wall characters. One group contains one modern species, and the other contains a second; the relationships of the third are poorly resolved. Despite the low number of equally parsimonious trees, high numbers of plesiomorphic taxa, long range extensions, and lack of agreement with genetic data indicate that the new characters alone are inadequate for completely interpreting evolutionary relationships, and more samples and characters are needed. Nevertheless, these preliminary results do show that three modern species of the M. ''annularis'' complex arose prior to accelerated extinction at the end of late Pliocene to early Pleistocene faunal turnover of Caribbean reef corals, and two may have originated younger than 4 Ma. Six or more new species may be represented in upper Pliocene to lower Pleistocene sequences in Costa Rica and Panama. Coexistence of predominantly pre- and post-turnover clades may have been responsible for the high diversity observed within the species complex in these two sequences.
Shell stability and conditions analyzed using a new method of extracting shell areal density maps from spectrally resolved images of direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions

In warm target direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments performed at the OMEGA laser facility, plastic micro-balloons doped with a titanium tracer layer in the shell and filled with deuterium gas were imploded using a low-adiabat shaped laser pulse. Continuum radiation emitted in the core is transmitted through the tracer layer and the resulting spectrum recorded with a gated multi-monochromatic x-ray imager (MMI). Titanium K-shell line absorption spectra observed in the data are due to transitions in L-shell titanium ions driven by the backlighting continuum. The MMI data consist of an array of spectrally resolved images of the implosion. These 2-D space-resolved titanium spectral features constrain the plasma conditions and areal density of the titanium doped region of the shell. The MMI data were processed to obtain narrow-band images and space resolved spectra of titanium spectral features. Shell areal density maps, ρL(x,y), extracted using a new method using both narrow-band ima...
Effects of Group Status and Victim Sex on Male Bystanders’ Responses to a Potential Party Rape

This study examined male bystanders’ responses to risk for party rape. Undergraduate men (N = 77) imagined attending a party (either alone or with 3 friends) where a sober man led an intoxicated potential victim (either a man or woman) into a bedroom. After random assignment to 1 of these 4 conditions, participants completed measures of behavioral inaction and barriers to action. Bystanders in groups were more inactive than lone bystanders. Compared to bystanders who saw a woman at risk, bystanders who saw a man at risk reported greater inaction and greater barriers to action, including risk uncertainty, lack of responsibility to help, and skills deficits. Results highlight social factors that inhibit male bystanders’ prosocial responses to high-risk situations.
Memory recall and spike-frequency adaptation

The brain can reproduce memories from partial data; this ability is critical for memory recall. The process of memory recall has been studied using autoassociative networks such as the Hopfield model. This kind of model reliably converges to stored patterns that contain the memory. However, it is unclear how the behavior is controlled by the brain so that after convergence to one configuration, it can proceed with recognition of another one. In the Hopfield model, this happens only through unrealistic changes of an effective global temperature that destabilizes all stored configurations. Here we show that spike-frequency adaptation (SFA), a common mechanism affecting neuron activation in the brain, can provide state-dependent control of pattern retrieval. We demonstrate this in a Hopfield network modified to include SFA, and also in a model network of biophysical neurons. In both cases, SFA allows for selective stabilization of attractors with different basins of attraction, and also for temporal dynamics of attractor switching that is not possible in standard autoassociative schemes. The dynamics of our models give a plausible account of different sorts of memory retrieval.