cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutron energy spectra following radiative pion absorption on 16O and 28Si nuclei

Abstract The energy spectra of neutrons emitted following radiative capture on 16O and 28Si nuclei of negative pions at rest have been measured. There is some evidence in the 16O spectrum for a group of neutrons between 4 and 5 MeV which may correspond to decay of a giant resonance state, while both the 16O and 28Si data have an excess of neutrons at the higher energies which may be due to direct emission of neutrons.
Comparison of intestinal absorption and esterification of 4-C14 vitamin D3 and 4-C14 cholesterol in the rat.

SummaryIntestinal absorption and esteri-fication of 4-C14 vitamin D3 and 4-C14 cholesterol were studied in rats with lymph fistulas. After oral administration, extracts of lymph, fractionated by thin-layer chroma-tography, were found to contain the sterols, their esters and unidentified more polar compounds. In contrast to cholesterol, very little vit. D was esterified. The esters of both sterols, separated by thin-layer chromatogra-phy on the basis of the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid moiety, were found to consist principally of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.The technical assistance of Rosemarie Komen is gratefully acknowledged.
Latin American Studies in the Twenty-first Century: Why? How?

Creating spaces within our institutions that will allow scholar-activists to work in ways that are consistent with progressive educational and social ideals requires, initially, a nucleus of faculty members who share perceptions about the field. Many young Latin Americanists in the late 1960s and early 1970s had developed the critical dependency perspective that made such cross-disciplinary cooperation possible. By the end of the century, the growing dissatisfaction with neoliberal solutions to the problems of the region had produced a new generation of academics who wanted to combine their teaching and research with community involvement and the development of perspectives that would lead to meaningful social change. What is more, this was what many students were seeking. Even university administrations might look kindly upon such an enterprise if it seemed to fit into institutional requirements for "service learning" and "community outreach." The establishment of an interdisciplinary Latin American studies program in a college or university may in many cases require a fortuitous combination of circumstances. In the contemporary university environment, support for area studies is not abundant, although late-twentieth-century foundation initiatives such as that of the Ford Foundation indicate that in some circles the idea may be coming back into fashion. However, the strength of such a program will depend on the presence of faculty experts on Latin America in various social science and humanities disciplines, a language program in Spanish and ideally Portuguese, and faculty members in these positions with a commitment to establishing and supporting such an endeavor.
On the interaction of auroral protons with the earth's atmosphere

The interaction of energetic auroral protons with the atmosphere is investigated. The results of a random number algorithm that describes the proton-hydrogen interconversion reactions as the beam loses energy are adopted to construct an energy deposition curve applicable over a wide range of initial proton energies. Ionization rates and production rates of ejected electrons are computed and emission rates of hydrogen Balmer alpha and beta lines are evaluated using recently available low energy cross-sections.
Separation of fast and slow variables for a linear system by the method of multiple time scales

Abstract A matrix method, introduced by Geigenmuller, Titulaer and Felderhof, for separating fast and slow motions of a system of first order linear differential equations is shown to arise in a natural way from a multiple time scales expansion. The general method is then used to derive the Smoluchowski equation (and its initial data) for Brownian motion in a strong magnetic field from the corresponding Kramers-Chandrasekhar initial value problem.
Glycosphingolipid Accumulation in the Aortic Wall Is Another Feature of Human Atherosclerosis

Abstract High accumulation of lipids is a typical feature of an atherosclerotic lesion. We have previously identified the chemical structure of the major glycosphingolipids (GSLs) of human aorta; however, quantification of the absolute concentration of GSLs was not carried out. In the present study, for the first time we have performed a quantitative comparative analysis of GSL composition in the media and two sublayers of the intima taken from normal regions, fatty streaks, and atherosclerotic plaques of the human aorta. The intimal tissue containing fatty streaks and atherosclerotic plaques accumulated GSLs, predominantly glucosylceramide (GlcCer), lactosylceramide (LacCer), and ganglioside GM3. GSL levels in plaques were highest: GlcCer was 18- and 8-fold, LacCer was 8- and 7-fold, and GM3 was 2.5- and 12-fold higher than in musculoelastic and elastic-hyperplastic intimal layers of normal regions, respectively. We did not observe a significant increase in other GSLs. An increase in the content of gangliosides GD3 and GD1a was detected in the media underlying atherosclerotic lesions. On the basis of an analysis of the ratio of GlcCer, LacCer, and GM3 accumulated in the tissue and cells of the elastic-hyperplastic layer of intima, we have concluded that the accumulation of the above-mentioned GSLs occurs mainly in the extracellular space of the intima. In this study, we have also demonstrated that extracellular lipid liposomes, which appear in the early stages of atherogenesis, are one locus of GSL accumulation in the extracellular space of the intima. The findings suggest that the GSL concentration and distribution within the normal and atherosclerotic aorta reflects a number of factors that include (1) synthesis of GSLs within the vessel wall, (2) deposition of GSLs within the vessel wall from plasma-derived lipoproteins, (3) the degree of association of the various GSLs with intimal cells as well as extracellular lipid particles, and (4) metabolic relationships between cholesterol and GSL accumulation.
The equilibrium beach

The equilibrium beach has curvature and sand-prism characteristics adjusted to each other so delicately that the potential littoral motion provides precisely the energy needed to transport the detritus supplied at the up-current end. The time element in this balance is long-term rather than instantaneous. A beach which performs in any other way is not in equilibrium. The maintenance of certain beaches in equilibrium form is of great economic or political importance. The most pressing case of inequilibrium is that of the rapidly retrograding beach. In many instances the beach can be restored to an equilibrium condition by decreasing the actual littoral drift or increasing the available supply of sand.
Equilibrium systems of recurrent Markov processes

Let &, , n 3 0, be a Markov process with states in a measurable space (x, F), where F is a u-algebra containing all one-point sets, and let P”(x, B) be the nth step transition function of the process. In this paper we will always assume that P has at least one u-finite invariant measure h (henceforth taken as fixed), and that the process is recurrent in the sense that for any B of positive h measure,
Secondary Cation Effects On Sodium And Potassium Zeolite Syntheses at Si/Al2 = 9: Part 1- Phase Development in the Sodium System

The influence of Group 1A elements, and various alkyl ammonium cations, on a metastable faujasite synthesis at a silica/ alumina ratio of 9 are reported. Co-crystallization of faujasite, gmelinite and gismondine (P) occurs in reactions with Li+, K+ and Rb+, but the trapping of Cs+ in the FAU sodalite cage (CSZ-1/ CSZ-3) inhibits subsequent reactions to GIS, and blocks the formation of GME. Morphological effects of these cations include platelet formation and the promotion of small crystals. TMA addition promotes mazzite analogues; and DEDM stabilizes FAU, and at 140°C., induces the crystallization of ECR-1. The derivation of all these phases from a restricted number of secondary building units is discussed.
Non-Ohmic Normal State Behavior and the Onset of Global Superconductivity in Partially Annealed Quench‐Condensed Films of Tin

Films of tin condensed onto 4K pyrex substrates can be driven from “insulating” (i.e. dR/dT □ , shrinks to a value very near R □ ≡ h/4e a , as in experiments where R □ is changed by increasing the film thickness. When R □ > R □ , conduction is decidedly non-ohmic, with R □ (T,V) = R □ (T) + R 1 (T)exp(−m(T)|V|).
The influence of interval versus continuous exercise on thermoregulation, torso hemodynamics, and finger dexterity in the cold

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how interval (INT) and continuous (CONT) exercise alter body temperatures and manual dexterity in the cold (5 degrees C). Fourteen young men underwent two trials consisting of a 90-min period of acute cold exposure (ACE), 30 min of exercise (INT or CONT), and a 60-min recovery period (REC). Participants donned approximately 1 clo but the hands remained bare for the entire protocol so that a steep decline in dexterity performance occurred prior to the initiation of exercise. INT and CONT were isoenergetic, reflecting 50 +/- 1% of each individual's VO(2) peak. Rectal (Tre) and skin temperatures were monitored continuously and dexterity testing was conducted at ten time points throughout each 3-h trial. In addition, oxygen consumption (VO(2)) and torso hemodynamics were assessed via indirect calorimetry and impedance cardiography (ICG), respectively. As expected, finger temperature and dexterity declined during ACE, relative to baseline. Both modes of exercise increased finger temperature and dexterity, relative to ACE. However, CONT was more effective than INT at increasing finger temperature on the dominant hand, which was associated with better dexterity scores during REC. Tre was not different between trials but a significant increase in stroke volume was found following CONT. Perhaps elevated stroke volume during post-exercise REC plays a role in finger rewarming and dexterity performance. Further mechanistic studies are needed to confirm the role of cardiovascular function in the enhancement of manual performance in the cold.
Synthesis and evaluation of [18F] labeled pyrimidine nucleosides for positron emission tomography imaging of herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase gene expression.

Synthesis of three novel 2‘-deoxy-2‘-[18F]fluoro-1-β-d-arabinofuranosyluracil derivatives [18F]FPAU, [18F]FBrVAU, and [18F]FTMAU is reported. The compounds were synthesized by coupling of 1-bromo-2-deoxy-2-fluoro sugars with corresponding silylated uracil derivatives. In vitro cell uptake indicated that all three compounds are taken up selectively in RG2TK+ cells with negligible uptake in RG2 cells. The results indicate that [18F]FBrVAU and [18F]FTMAU have better uptake profiles in comparison to [18F]FPAU and have potential as PET probes for imaging HSV1-tk gene expression.
Supercoil Dynamics along Stretched DNA by Brownian Dynamics

DNA supercoiling is an often overlooked participant in essential cellular processes including transcription, replication and recombination. Supercoils are both a byproduct of and a significant input to these processes. For example, RNA polymerase prefers binding negatively supercoiled DNA and produces positive supercoiling ahead of (and negative supercoiling behind) the transcription site. Subject to thermal fluctuations and DNA-protein interactions, supercoils are dynamic structures which accumulate, rearrange, translocate, and dissipate. Recent single molecule studies have observed the dynamic formation, diffusion, hopping, and dissipation of supercoils. Here, we employ coarse-grain Brownian dynamics simulations, paralleling recent experiments, to build understanding beyond the capabilities of current experimental techniques. Our computational model incorporates hydrodynamic interactions, thermal fluctuations, bending, torsion, extension, and electrostatics. We perform many simulations including trajectories of 21 kilo-basepair lengths of supercoiled DNA spanning up to about 100 ms. We observe several quantities describing the dynamics of supercoils, including: the average number of supercoils, their lifetime, first juxtaposition time, and diffusion constants.
Schedule-induced polydipsia in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)

Two of three wild-caught cotton rats developed schedule-induced polydipsia on fixed-time (FT) food schedules in which both level of deprivation and length of the interpellet interval were varied systematically. One cotton rat first developed polydipsia on an FT 2-min schedule at 80% body weight; the other cotton rat did not develop polydipsia until placed on an FT 3-min schedule and body weight was reduced to 70%. These data indicate the importance of systematic variation of relevant variables before concluding that a given species does not display schedule-induced polydipsia. The adaptive significance of adjunctive behaviors is discussed.
Environmentalism as a source of corporate competitive advantage

The theory of corporate environmentalism has shifted dramatically over the past twenty years from a focus on compliance with environmental regulations to heightened environmental sensitivity. Increasing numbers of firms now incorporate environmental responsibility into mission statements and include an assessment of environmental impact in all aspects of decision making. Some firms, including Intel, Polaroid, and Monsanto, note that proactive environmentalism can be a source of competitive advantage. While this view is not a consensus throughout the business community, it is a philosophy which is gaining momentum in the United States and elsewhere. This paper examines environmentalism as a potential source of competitive advantage. Potential sources of competitive advantage are explored and numerous examples of corporate anecdotal evidence are provided which support the claim that firms can utilize environmentalism to create competitive advantage.
Why be against darwin? Creationism, racism, and the roots of anthropology†

In this work, I review recent works in science studies and the history of science of relevance to biological anthropology. I will look at two rhetorical practices in human evolution--overstating our relationship with the apes and privileging ancestry over emergence--and their effects upon how human evolution and human diversity have been understood scientifically. I examine specifically the intellectual conflicts between Rudolf Virchow and Ernst Haeckel in the 19th century and G. G. Simpson and Morris Goodman a century later. This will expose some previously concealed elements of the tangled histories of anthropology, genetics, and evolution-particularly in relation to the general roles of race and heredity in conceptualizing human origins. I argue that scientific racism and unscientific creationism are both threats to the scholarly enterprise, but that scientific racism is worse.
Gender differences in Parkinson's disease

Because estrogen has numerous effects on dopamine neurotransmission, many researchers are interested in its possible use to either slow the progression or reduce the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). The incidence of PD is greater in men than in women. Gender differences in neurotoxicity have been observed, and basic research in experimental animals indicates that estrogen protects neurons from various forms of injury. However, the results of retrospective surveys of the neuroprotective effects of estrogen replacement in PD have been mixed, with some showing no effect on risk and others showing a reduction in risk. A mildly significant gender difference in disability and quality-of-life reporting has been noted, with women citing greater disability and reduced quality of life. Gender differences have been shown in response to treatment of PD, for example, in how levodopa is metabolized--women have greater levodopa bioavailability. In the Parkinson's Disease on Estrogen Therapy Replacement in the Menopause Years (POETRY) study, participants were found to have improved scores on the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale. Based on the POETRY results, it is hypothesized that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) may lead to improvement in PD symptoms and provide an opportunity to reduce the dosage of antiparkinsonian medication in women.
Origin, characteristics, and provenance of plant macrodetritus in a Holocene crevasse splay, Mobile Delta, Alabama

Lower delta plains are primary sites for the deposition, accumulation, and preservation of macrodetrital plant parts. Chacaloochee Bay, an interdistributary estuary in the Mobile Delta, Alabama, is being infilled actively by crevasse-splay sedimentation. Within this system are a variety of sites in which plant macrodetritus has accumulated and has the potential of being preserved. Aerial plant parts constitute laminar leaf-litter beds within various sediments, in addition to extensive accumulations of relatively pure organics (peats). The leaf-litter beds in the crevasse-channel distributary mouth bar and a detrital peat shoal have been examined with respect to the distribution of accumulated plant parts and their size fractionation. Whole leaves recovered from the sediment-water interface of the crevasse channel provide an insight as to the provenance of the accumulated plant litter. The vast majority of leaves being incorporated into the interdistributary bay sediments have not originated from the surrounding vegetational communities. Rather, most recovered leaves originated from communities existing at least 13 km north of the depositional site. The taphonomic processes responsible for the transport, deposition, and alteration of the accumulated macrodetritus include heterochronous leaf fall, fluctuations in bedload and suspension-load transport, rates of periodic flooding, redistribution by tidal and wind-generated surface currents, biodegradation, and bioturbation.
Induction of ventrolateral hypothalamic fatty acid oxidation in diabetic rats

Diabetic rats were used to test a previous hypothesis that alterations in ventrolateral hypothalamic (VLH) fatty acid oxidation observed in over- and underfed rats were a function of the animals' peripheral energy balance and not merely a function of their energy intake. Standard adaptations to the diabetic condition were exhibited in streptozotocin diabetic rats such as depressed body weights, hyperphagia and hyperglycemia, elevated serum free fatty acids, depressed insulin concentrations, depressed hepatic glucose oxidation and elevated hepatic fatty acid oxidation. Rates of VLH fatty acid oxidation to CO2 and to an acid, water-soluble fraction in diabetic rats were elevated relative to non-diabetic rats. The alterations in VLH fatty acid oxidation in diabetic rats were similar to changes previously observed in animals exhibiting a negative energy balance. The results were discussed with respect to the concept that VLH fatty acid oxidation was a component in the recognition of peripheral energy balance and, in part, served to alter the regulators of energy balance and food intake.
Dynamics of a monomeric insulin analogue: testing the molten-globule hypothesis.

The structure of insulin exhibits local and nonlocal differences among crystal forms and so provides an important model for analysis of protein dynamics. A novel combination of order and disorder has recently been inferred from 2D-NMR studies of the monomeric analogue des-pentapeptide(B26-B30) insulin (DPI) under acidic conditions [the molten-globule hypothesis; Hua, Q.X., Kochoyan, M., & Weiss, M.A. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 2379-2383]. Distance-geometry structures are similar in general to crystal structures but differ by rigid-body displacements of alpha-helices; the hydrophobic core is not well ordered due to insufficient long-range restraints. To test whether such informational uncertainty may represent physical disorder, we have performed complementary studies of the thermal unfolding of DPI and its interaction with 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS). Experimental design is based on a predicted analogy between DPI and A-state models of protein-folding intermediates (the "molten globule"). Unfolding is monitored by five distinct biophysical probes: photochemical dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), circular dichroism (CD), 1H-NMR chemical shifts, and slowly exchanging amide 1H-NMR resonances in D2O solution. The results provide evidence that DPI adopts a compact partially folded state. Because the 2D-NMR spectrum of an engineered insulin monomer under physiological conditions is similar to that of DPI under acidic conditions [Weiss, M.A., Hua, Q.X., Frank, B.H., Lynch, C., & Shoelson, S.E. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 7373-7389], we propose that the functional form of insulin is a molten globule.
Chemical stability and adsorption of atracurium besylate injections in disposable plastic syringes

Atracurium besylate (AB) is supplied as a sterile, non-pyrogenic aqueous solution for intravenous use. Hospitals pre-fill disposable plastic syringes with these solutions so that they are ready for immediate use when required. Drug loss due to potential adsorption on to the plastic material of the syringes has not been studied. Atracurium is also administered by intravenous infusion using a diluted solution in either 5% dextrose injection (USP) or 0.9% sodium chloride injection USP. Drug solutions not used within 24 h are usually discarded, resulting in tremendous waste. The purpose of these investigations was to determine the adsorption behaviour of atracurium when stored in plastic syringes, and to study the degradation of atracurium in i.v. fluids. For the adsorption study, 10 mg/ml solutions were used, whereas the diluted infusion solutions were prepared to contain 0.5 mg/ml of atracurium. Drug degradation was monitored using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method. Degradation studies were conducted at 5 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 40 degrees C. Refrigeration was observed to improve drug stability. The manufacturer's recommended expiry period was too conservative. Storage at room temperature for up to 6 weeks can be safely recommended, without significant loss of chemical stability.
Diffusion-limited aggregation in three dimensions

We study by numerical simulation the aggregation of particles in three dimensions according to the model introduced by Witten and Sander. We find a Hausdorff dimension of 2.39\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.18 by examination of the density-density correlation function. We show that random electrical charges added to the aggregating particles change short-range properties of aggregates but the long-range behavior is unchanged. These results disagree with the observed properties of real aggregates such as soot and metallic smokes.
High-frequency pn phases observed in the pacific at great distances.

Earlier observations of a seismic waveguide in the northwestern Pacific with a velocity of 8.3 kilometers per second to distances of approximately 30° are complemented by suggestions of a possible waveguide with a velocity of 7.8 kilometers per second to distances well in excess of 30°.
2DEG electrodes for piezoelectric transduction of AlGaN/GaN MEMS resonators

A 2D electron gas (2DEG) interdigitated transducer (IDT) in Gallium Nitride (GaN) resonators is introduced and demonstrated. This metal-free transduction does not suffer from the loss mechanisms associated with more commonly used metal electrodes. As a result, this transducer can be used for both the direct interrogation of GaN electromechanical properties and the realization of high Q resonators. A 1.2 GHz bulk acoustic resonator with mechanical Q of 1885 is demonstrated, with frequency quality factor product (f·Q) of 2.3×1012, the highest measured in GaN to date.
Inflation‐induced adaptive behavior

Periods of rapidly rising prices are seen by many as cyclical and pervasive phenomena in modern day economic systems. When rapid price increases occur, they are likely to induce adaptive behavior on the part of consumers. This article reports on a study seeking to analyze consumer inflation-induced adaptive behavior as it relates to three food-related consumer activities–food buying, preparation, and consumption. Results indicate that consumers, in general, attempt to adjust to the changing economic environment in several ways: they exercise more care and planning in food shopping, are more price sensitive and price conscious, are willing to sacrifice convenience but not quality, and try to maintain their usual level of food consumption and food habits. Results also indicate that inflation leads to greater adaptive behavior on the part of lower income consumers.
On the ergodic theory of cellular automata

When properly viewed, the transition rule of a cellular automaton becomes a mapF from a set to itself. The set may be made a probability space. Sufficient conditions are given to ensure thatF be measure-preserving and ergodic. Some geometric consequences of ergodicity are noted.
Functional expression of components of the natriuretic peptide system in human ocular nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells.

Abstract The expression of the natriuretic peptide system in the human ocular ciliary epithelium (CE) and in cultured nonpigmented (NPE) ciliary epithelial cells was examined. By RT-PCR and DNA sequencing, we demonstrated that the CE and NPE cells express mRNA for (i) ANP; (ii) BNP; (iii) NPR-A, NPR-B, and NPR-C receptors; and (iv) the neutral endopeptidase 24.11. Radioimmunoassay results indicate that BNP is secreted by cultured NPE cells at much higher levels than ANP. NPR-A and NPR-B receptors elicited a cGMP response to ANP, BNP, and CNP, in a rank order of potency (CNP ⪢ ANP ≥ BNP), indicative that the NPR-B receptor is predominant in NPE cells. A71915, an inhibitor of NPR-A activity, attenuated (65–75%) cGMP response to ANP and BNP, but not to CNP. C-ANP4–23elicited an inhibitory effect (30–37%) on basal levels of cAMP in NPE cells and on forskolin NPE-treated cells, indicative that the NPR-C receptor is functional in these cells. PMA induced, in NPE cells, a long-term downregulation (75–85%) of NPR-C receptor mRNA, but not of NPR-A or NPR-B receptor mRNA, suggesting a differential regulation of NPR-C receptor mRNA via activation of PKC. Collectively, our data provide molecular evidence that all the components of the natriuretic peptide system with the exception of CNP are coexpressed in the ocular NPE ciliary epithelial cells, where they may function as local autocrine/paracrine modulators to influence eye pressure.
The Soldier as Lethal Warrior and Cooperative Political Agent: On the Soldier’s Ethical and Political Obligations toward the Indigenous Other:

An adequate configuration of the military ethic, which encompasses the U.S. Army’s professional and ethical self-understanding, should integrate the soldier’s ethicopolitical obligations toward the...
Thymosin α1 and thymosin β4 in serum: Comparison of normal, cord, homosexual and AIDS serum

Thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 were first isolated from thymosin fr. 5 and have demonstrated biological activities on the immune system. They are chemically distinct and differ in their immunological activity profiles. The levels of thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 were assessed by radioimmunoassay in the same serum samples. Normal thymosin alpha 1 levels were 670 +/- 163 pg/ml for males and 652 +/- 162 pg/ml for females. Normal thymosin beta 4 levels were 974 +/- 400 ng/ml for males and 889 +/- 345 ng/ml for females. No correlation between the levels of the peptides in serum from normal donors was observed. Although many samples of serum from neonates (cord blood), homosexuals and AIDS patients had elevated levels of one or both peptides, no correlation between the two peptides was found. Of potential significance is the observation that while thymosin alpha 1 and beta 4 are elevated in many individuals with AIDS (57 and 48% respectively), the individuals with AIDS related immune dysfunctions had predominantly elevated thymosin alpha 1 (54 vs 15%). These studies suggest that serum levels of the two peptides are modulated separately and that both are of potential value in defining the risk of individuals for developing AIDS.
Optical Peregrinations in Great Britain

The history of the development of optics was studied during a sabbatical in Great Britain. Such a study can effectively be undertaken there because many of the advances in optics were undertaken by Britons and most of the remainder was rapidly communicated to the Royal Society. Stonehenge, built some 4000 years ago, has recently been shown to have had significance as a device to measure and predict astronomical events. Evidence of the Arabic advancement of Greek science can be gained from a study of manuscripts kept in Great Britain. Many of the optical instruments used in the Renaissance and before, as aids to navigation, telling of time, etc., are kept in museums there. Many examples of telescopes and microscopes, reflecting the craftsmanship of seventeenth and eighteenth century artisans, were examined. Instruments indicating the broadened aspects of optics were also studied, including spectroscopes, cameras, photometers, and radiometers. The homes of a number of optical scientists were visited to gain an added insight into their lives. Libraries also afforded an aid in this by preserving letters as well as the volumes owned by these scientists. Contemporary optics in Great Britain reflects diversity of activity that carries through from the historical perspective.
Temperature Effects on Cotton Fruit Retention

Temperature is a major environmental factor that affects cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production. Temperatures of 35 to 40°C are frequently observed in cotton-producing areas. High-temperature environments are sometimes associated with cotton sterility and boll retention problems; however, there is little specific information available on cotton sensitivity to temperature. We conducted a series of experiments in naturally lit growth chambers where the temperature was accurately controlled so we could measure its effects on cotton fruiting site production, abscission of flower buds (squares), flowers, and bolls. Cotton plants grown from seedlings at 40°C for 12 h d⁻¹ shed all their squares. Plants grown from seedlings in the natural environment, then exposed to daytime temperatures of 30,35, or 40°C during the fruiting period accumulated 47, 5.7, and <1%, respectively, of their mass as bolls. The time of day when plants were exposed to high temperature did not influence percent boll retention. Number of bolls produced, bolls retained, and percent retention were progressively reduced as time per day at 40°C was increased. Three week exposure to 40°C for 2 or 12 h d⁻¹ resulted in 64 or 0% bolls, respectively, retained on the plants. Cultivars appeared to be similar in sensitivity to high temperature. Cultivars tolerant to short periods of high temperature would probably be more productive in today's environment and increased tolerance to high temperature will be even more essential in a warmer environment. Contribution from Dep. of Agronomy, and the USDA-ARS Crop Simulation Res. Unit, Crop Sci. Res. Lab., Mississippi State Univ.
A causal model of faculty turnover intentions

A causal model is proposed and estimated to assess the relative influence of individual attributes, institutional characteristics, contextual-work environment variables, and multiple measures of job satisfaction on the intentions of faculty to leave their current institutions. Special attention is given to similarities and differences among variables in the model for tenured and untenured faculty. Regardless of tenure status, younger faculty, those at institutions that have experienced decline and that have more autocratic forms of governance, and those that have lower levels of organizational and career satisfaction are more likely to leave their institutions. Being a male, spending more time on research, and having a stronger record of scholarly productivity are positive influences on the intentions of tenured faculty to leave their institution, while salary satisfaction is an influential variable only for nontenured faculty. The research and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Growing Season Measurement of Petiole Sap Nitrate-N Concentrations in Burley Tobacco to Predict Yield and Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines in the Cured Leaf

Nitrogen is one of the most important inputs over which Burley growers have control. Nitrates accumulate in the leaf and form building blocks for bacteria that create tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Tobacco-specific nitrosamines are important to buyers because they constitute some of the most potent carcinogens in tobacco. During the course of a two-site, 3-year Burley tobacco-growing practices study, the Horiba Cardy meter readings of nitrate-nitrogen (N) in petiole sap were evaluated for predicting both yield and TSNAs from petiole sap nitrate-N analysis. Yield results did not correlate well with petiole sap nitrate-N at 6 weeks after harvest. Yield response to applied nitrogen was much less than expected and in some cases lacking at all and this probably accounts for the poor correlation observed. Correlation of petiole sap nitrate-N at week 8 from transplant and TSNA concentrations in the cured leaf were consistent and ranged from 0.39 to 0.86.
EFFECT OF COSOLVENTS ON Ca-Na EXCHANGE ONTO WYOMING BENTONITE

Calcium-sodium exchange on Wyoming bentonite in methanol, ethanol and acetone-water systems were investigated at 0.03 N Cl and at room temperature. Calcium-sodium exchange isotherms were plotted at cosolvent concentrations ranging from 0 to 70% wt./wt. using Ca and Na ionic activities before and after correction for CaCl+ formation. In both cases and in all treatments, a greater selectivity of bentonite surfaces for Ca ions was observed. When compared to water, different trends were observed among and within cosolvents. These trends varied depending on whether or not CaCl+ formation was accounted for. Ignoring the formation of CaCl+, the preference of bentonite for Ca increased in methanolwater systems with increased percent methanol at low equivalent Ca fraction (<0.2). At higher Ca fractions, this preference matched that of water. In ethanol-water, no increased preference of the surface for Ca was observed. In acetone-water, increasing cosolvent concentration decreased the preference of the surface for Ca. The magnitude of this decrease was larger at low equivalent Ca fraction (<0.2). After correction for CaCl+, both in solution and on the surface, the preference of bentonite for Ca2+ was larger in methanol- and ethanol-water systems. In acetone-water, increased surface preference for Ca was only apparent at low acetone fractions (<50%). At higher acetone fractions, there was evidence of increased Na loading but no increase in Ca2+ selectivity. Clearly, ion-pair formation and its effects on Ca-Na exchange reactions cannot be ignored in mixtures of aqueous-organic solvents. After accounting for this effect, Ca-Na exchange in the studied solvents appears to be more of a surface- than a solution-controlled phenomenon that involves both electrostatic and specific solvent-surface types of interactions that have not been elucidated.
Evidence of the protective immunogenicity of native and recombinant Clostridium haemolyticum phospholipase C (beta toxin) in guinea pigs

The immunogenic effects of the beta toxin of Clostridium haemolyticum were investigated in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs passively immunized with toxin-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies were protected from a 100 LD(50) spore challenge that was lethal to nonvaccinated controls. Guinea pigs actively immunized with varying doses of immunoaffinity-purified native beta toxin were similarly protected. In a third experiment, a recombinant toxoid was prepared from E. coli expressing the beta toxin gene. Guinea pigs immunized three times with recombinant toxoid also were protected against challenge. In each experiment, protection was correlated to the presence of anti-beta toxin antibodies in the serum. Taken together, these results indicate that a neutralizing antibody response to the beta toxin is a key component of protective immunity to C. haemolyticum in guinea pigs.
Use of ion chromatography with post-column reaction for the measurement of tribromide to evaluate bromate levels in drinking water.

Abstract A user-friendly ion chromatography method in conjunction with a post-column reaction (PCR) achieves practical quantitation limits for the oxyhalides bromate and chlorite of 0.05 μg/l and 0.10 μg/l, respectively. This level of measurement allows for the accurate assessment of bromate contributed to finished drinking waters that have been chlorinated using sodium hypochlorite. The target sensitivity of oxyhalides in the presence of other major ion species typically found in drinking water is achieved by PCR using excess bromide under acidic conditions to form a tribromide species that is detected by ultraviolet spectrometry. The method setup involves non-hazardous materials, as opposed to other recently developed methods that employ somewhat hazardous chemicals for generating the reaction necessary for the detection of bromate at sub-μg/l levels. No pretreatment of the samples is required, other than filtration and quenching of oxidant residual.
Can patients with coronary artery disease receiving beta blockers obtain a training effect

Abstract Fifty-nine male volunteers with stable coronary artery disease underwent 1 year of supervised exercise and were compared with 69 similar control patients. Both groups underwent exercise tests initially and at 1 year to determine maximal oxygen uptake. Initial and 1-year tests were performed with patients off all cardiac medications including β blockers. Although patients had been randomized to exercise intervention, administration of β blockers was at the prerogative of their physicians. Thirty-seven percent of the trained group and 39 % of the control group were taking β blockers during the year of study. Regardless of whether or not β blockers were administered, patients in the exercise intervention group had a significant increase in aerobic capacity and improvement in the other hemodynamic markers of training compared with control subjects. Of the trained patients, those on β blockers were able to comply with the exercise regimen as well as those not taking β blockers.
Study of the excited states of 46V using the (3He, t) reaction

Abstract Differential cross sections were measured for the 46 Ti( 3 He, t) 46 V reaction at 37.7 MeV using solid-state detectors with an energy resolution of about 100 keV. Angular distributions were obtained for 16 levels in 46 V ranging from the O + ground state to 4.01 MeV. The data were compared to both macroscopic and microscopic distorted-wave calculations where a tensor force was included in the effective two-body interaction. Definite J , π assignments could be made to five states including the 0+ (0.0), 2 + (0.97) and 4 + (2.00) isobaric analog states. The spin and parity assignments for ten other levels could be restricted to two or three possibilities. The resulting level scheme differed appreciably from that predicted by shell-model calculations involving just the f 7 2 nucleons, but the general ordering of the levels was in approximate agreement.
Abstract 1422: Validation of primary non-small cell lung cancer model: Stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (SIRM) reveals functional biochemistry

Stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (SIRM) provides a comprehensive and functional readout of cellular activity and is therefore a useful tool both for biomarker discovery and fundamental cancer biology. We have established a primary lung squamous cell carcinoma line (PSLC1), isolated from the lung tumor tissue of a non-small cell lung cancer patient, for which the metabolic profile has been established. We used SIRM to characterize the metabolic activity of the cells in mouse xenografts and in cell culture. Here we report the metabolic activities of the cell line in culture using two different tracers to evaluate central metabolism. PSLC1 cells were grown in either [U-13C]-glucose or [U-13C,15N]-glutamine labeled medium. Cell extracts and medium were prepared and analyzed by 1H-NMR, HSQC, TOCSY, GC-MS, and FTICR-MS. Cells exhibited linear glucose consumption that persisted even as proliferation plateaued. The conversion of glucose to lactate occurred at a strikingly high 89%. Anaplerotic pathways involving pyruvate carboxylation and glutaminolysis were active and appeared to be dependent on cellular proliferation. Glutamine represented an important contributor for biosynthetic and bioenergetic cellular needs, including de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis and glucose-independent TCA cycling. In addition, glutamine served as the major precursor in proline and glutathione biosynthesis. Distinct glutamine utilization and labeling patterns indicated that this cancer might be driven by C-MYC overexpression. C-MYC overexpression was observed by targeted protein analysis guided by metabolomics-edited transcriptomics analysis (Pro-META). The ability of SIRM to generate hypotheses about protein expression demonstrates its potential use as a first line biomarker detection method. Comparison with upstream in situ and xenograft data will allow us to assess model validity and the effects of tumor microenvironment. In turn, the in vitro data will help us interpret human in situ data more robustly. Supported by grant R25-CA-134283 and 1P01CA163223-01A1 from the National Cancer Institute Citation Format: Connor J. Kinslow, Teresa W-M Fan, Jin L. Tan, Pawel K. Lorkiewicz, Ramya Balasubramaniam, Yihua Cai, Jun Yan, Andrew N. Lane. Validation of primary non-small cell lung cancer model: Stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (SIRM) reveals functional biochemistry. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1422. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1422
Body dysmorphic disorder and the liposuction patient.

background. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an under-recognized disorder that affects a sizeable number of patients who seek cosmetic enhancement, in particular liposuction. Understanding and recognizing BDD can positively impact the care delivered to patients. objective. To familiarize physicians with the presenting signs of BDD and present strategies for caring for BDD patients in a liposuction and/or cosmetic surgery practice. methods. Review of currently available literature and diagnostic criteria. results. BDD affects approximately 1% of patients in the United States, but as many as 7 to 15% of patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Patients with BDD will usually demonstrate an obsession with the area they seek treatment of. In addition, patients with BDD present a unique challenge to the liposuction surgeon. conclusions. Physicians who care for patients seeking liposuction or other cosmetic procedures should learn to recognize those who have BDD. Proper recognition and counseling of BDD patients can have a significant positive impact on not only their care but also on the patient-physician relationship. Failure to recognize BDD can, and often does, lead to patient dissatisfaction, as well as difficult future interactions with the BDD patient.
IgM and IgG secretion in human B-cell lines regulated by B-cell-inducing factors (BIF) and phorbol ester.

Abstract Human B-cell lines were screened for stimulation of immunoglobulin production by incubation with lymphokine (LK) or tumor promoter, phorbol myristic acetate (PMA). One group of lines had essentially no immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) under any condition (less than 0.01%), detected by a reverse plaque assay. Another group of lines had high levels of ISC (>5%) which was not increased substantially by inducing agents. In a third group of IgM and IgG lines, there were intermediate levels of ISC which could be increased by LK, PMA or both agents. No evidence for isotype switching in a number of stimulated IgM and IgG cell lines was detected. Clone SKW6.4 of an IgM line was highly responsive to a B-cell-inducing factor (BIF) in LK. BIF for SKW6.4 and IgG line ARH-77 was weakly binding to DEAE cellulose, about 20,000 mol. wt., and separable from IL-2 by blue agarose chromatography. IL-2 did not stimulate secretion in SKW6.4 with or without field BIF. In Clone SKW6.4, BIF stimulated ISC per recovered cell up to 30-fold by day 1 of culture, and these plateau levels of about 6% ISC were maintained for longer than 4 days. Treatment of cells with BIF for less than 1 day was sufficient to produce maximum effect on this clone for the succeeding 4 days. Cells stimulated with BIF and then subcultured at day 3 without BIF showed ISC numbers increasing but at a slower rate than the total population, suggesting that the induced differentiation state is long-lived (half-life of % ISC >6 days) and that ISC produce some daughter ISC. In declining cultures readdition of BIF boosted ISC levels again to about 6%. The continual presence of 20K BIF for 12 days had no apparent effect on total cell growth. In conclusion, a number of cell lines are sensitive to stimulation of immunoglobulin secretion and may provide models for induction of human antibody production.
Some comments on the “Effect of aging on the blood-brain barrier”

Dr. Mooradian should be commended on a timely review of this important but complicated and diffuse subject. Most single-authored reviews of such subjects are slanted towards the reviewer's areas of expertise or interest, and this is no exception. In the brief commentary that follows, I shall identify some areas that I think were neglected, in addition to other general and specific comments.
Water quality requirements for reuse systems

Water quality criteria for aquaculture systems have typically considered parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, total gas pressure, ammonia, and nitrite. Many of the published criteria are derived for environmental protection of a wide range of species and life stages. These criteria may not be appropriate for a single species and life stage, especially in commercial applications. The value of a given water quality criterion may depend strongly on the species, size, and culture objectives. In water reuse systems, fine solids, refractory organics, surface-active compounds, metals, and nitrate may become important. The limiting factors in very high intensity reuse systems are not entirely understood at this time. Development of more relevant water quality criteria for reuse systems will require production-scale trials. Separate water quality criteria for biofilter operation are also needed.