cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proportional response dynamics leads to market equilibrium

One of the main reasons of the recent success of peer to peer (P2P)file sharing systems such as BitTorrent is their built-in tit-for-tat mechanism. In this paper, we model the bandwidth allocation in a P2P system as an exchange economy and study a tit-for-tat dynamics, namely the proportional response dynamics, in this economy. In aproportional response dynamics each player distributes its good to its neighbors proportional to the utility it received from them in thelast period. We show that this dynamics not only converges but converges to a market equilibrium, a standard economic characterization of efficient exchanges in a competitive market. In addition, for some classes of utility functions we consider, it converges much faster than the classical tat process and any existingalgorithms for computing market equilibria.As a part of our proof we study the double normalization of a matrix, an operation that linearly scales the rows of a matrix sothat each row sums to a prescribed positive number, followed by a similar scaling of the columns. We show that the iterative double normalization process of any non-negative matrix always converges. This complements the previous studies in matrix scaling that has focused on the convergence condition of the process when the row and column normalizations are considered as separate steps.
Behavior disorders in childhood: The psychodynamic interpretation

There have been numerous attempts over the years to explain the causes of behavior disorders in children. The causes of these disorders may have many roots and presently a clear explanation has not been agreed upon. Followers of the psychodynamic orientation attempt to understand psychopathology by carefully analyzing when and why the disturbances occurred. This paper will provide an overview of numerous theories under the rubric of the psychodynamic orientation. A rationale for the development of pathology will be discussed applying various theories as a source of explanation.
Precise orbit determination for GRACE

Abstract The twin, co-orbiting GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellites were launched in March 2002. The primary objective of the GRACE mission is to determine the Earth's gravity field and its temporal variations with unprecedented accuracy. To satisfy this objective as well as other applications (e.g. atmospheric profiling by radio occultation), accurate orbits for GRACE are required. This paper describes several results related to the use of the data collected by the GRACE GPS receiver, high precision accelerometer observations and precise attitude data from star trackers in the application of the GRACE Precise Orbit Determination (POD). The orbit accuracy is assessed using a number of tests, which include analysis of GPS tracking observation residuals, Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) residuals, K-Band Ranging (KBR) residuals and external orbit comparisons. The results show that an accuracy of better than 5 cm in each direction for GRACE orbits can be obtained. The relative accuracy of the two GRACE satellites is about 1 cm in position and 10 micrometers per second in velocity.
A flexible approach to Bayesian multiple curve fitting

We model sparse functional data from multiple subjects with a mixed-effects regression spline. In this model, the expected values for any subject (conditioned on the random effects) can be written as the sum of a population curve and a subject-specific deviate from this population curve. The population curve and the subject-specific deviates are both modeled as free-knot b-splines with k and k^' knots located at t"k and t"k"^"', respectively. To identify the number and location of the ''free'' knots, we sample from the posterior p(k,t"k,k^',t"k"^"'|y) using reversible jump MCMC methods. Sampling from this posterior distribution is complicated, however, by the flexibility we allow for the model's covariance structure. No restrictions (other than positive definiteness) are placed on the covariance parameters @j and @s^2 and, as a result, no analytical form for the likelihood p(y|k,t"k,k^',t"k"^"') exists. In this paper, we consider two approximations to p(y|k,t"k,k^',t"k"^"') and then sample from the corresponding approximations to p(k,t"k,k^',t"k"^"'|y). We also sample from p(k,t"k,k^',t"k"^"',@j,@s^2|y) which has a likelihood that is available in closed form. While sampling from this larger posterior is less efficient, the resulting marginal distribution of knots is exact and allows us to evaluate the accuracy of each approximation. We then consider a real data set and explore the difference between p(k,t"k,k^',t"k"^"',@j,@s^2|y) and the more accurate approximation to p(k,t"k,k^',t"k"^"'|y).
A STUDY OF SERUM SALVARSANIZED IN VITRO.

1. Addition of salvarsan to serum in vitro produces a spirocheticidal mixture which is increased in potency by heating. 2. The heated serum of salvarsan-treated patients is more spirocheticidal if it has been in contact with the clot over night than if it has been separated immediately after coagulation. This is not true with the serum from blood which has been salvarsanized in vitro . 3. The addition of salvarsan directly to serum produces a more potent mixture than results from the serum from blood to which salvarsan has been added in equivalent amounts. 4. The increase in activity of salvarsanized serum produced by heating to 56°C. is due in part to the removal of inhibitory substances in the serum and in part to a direct increase in spirocheticidal power in the heated salvarsan. 5. Both salvarsanized and neosalvarsanized serum are rendered more spirocheticidal by heating. 6. A more active spirocheticidal mixture is produced by mixing small amounts of salvarsan with the serum of a salvarsan-treated patient than by mixing the same amount with normal serum.
Ethnographic strategies in the tracking and retention of street-recruited community-based samples of substance using hidden populations in longitudinal studies

The article presents practical and methodological strategies in the tracking and retention of a longitudinal community-based sample of 300 Mexican American noninjecting users of heroin. Presented are the ethnographic strategies the research team utilized to maintain high retention rates among this highly marginalized and hidden population. Findings indicate that these ethnographic strategies are the basis for a reliable method for subject retention among drug-using populations. Further, the strategies illustrate how qualitative methods can complement the collection of quantitative data. Discussed is how these strategies can be used to identify and engage similar populations in research studies.
A naturally occurring truncated Cav1.2 α1-subunit inhibits Ca2+ current in A7r5 cells.

Alternative splicing of the voltage-gated Ca2+ (CaV) α1-subunit adds to the functional diversity of Ca2+ channels. A variant with a 73-nt deletion in exon 15 of the Cav1.2 α1-subunit (Cav1.2Δ73) pr...
Multi-way FSM decomposition based on interconnect complexity

Various strategies for multi-way general decomposition have been investigated in the past. These strategies differ in how they reflect the cost of a logic-level implementation. The authors are concerned with the lower bound on the number of interconnecting wires which must exist when a machine is decomposed into several submachines. From a VLSI implementation point of view having a cost function based at least in part on interconnect complexity would be advantageous. The authors present a way to establish this bound for the multi-way decomposition of an arbitrary machine and tabulate the bound for a number of benchmarks. This tabulation shows that many large benchmarks are indeed highly decomposable from an interconnect point of view. >
The compartmentalization of antigen-reactive lymphocytes in desensitized guinea pigs.

A single injection of e,DNP-Lys7–10 can render previously sensitized guinea pigs specifically unreactive to subsequent intradermal challenge with that antigen. Antigen-reactive lymphocytes, as assayed by macrophage-migration in-inhibition or thymidine incorporation, were depleted from the peritoneal exudates of those animals. In contrast, it was intriguing to find that lymph node lymphocytes from such animals responded normally in the antigen-induced thymidine incorporation assay. These studies demonstrate a compartmentalization of antigen-reactive lymphocytes in desensitized animals which may account for the short-lived nature of this phenomenon.
The Tag Genome: Encoding Community Knowledge to Support Novel Interaction

This article introduces the tag genome, a data structure that extends the traditional tagging model to provide enhanced forms of user interaction. Just as a biological genome encodes an organism based on a sequence of genes, the tag genome encodes an item in an information space based on its relationship to a common set of tags. We present a machine learning approach for computing the tag genome, and we evaluate several learning models on a ground truth dataset provided by users. We describe an application of the tag genome called Movie Tuner which enables users to navigate from one item to nearby items along dimensions represented by tags. We present the results of a 7-week field trial of 2,531 users of Movie Tuner and a survey evaluating users’ subjective experience. Finally, we outline the broader space of applications of the tag genome.
A Review of “The psychology of second language acquisition”

Starting from the premise that second language acquisition (SLA) is a fundamentally (though not exclusively) psychological process, and that applied linguists should therefore be aware of relevant ...
Cosmogenic exposure ages of basalt flows: Lunar Crater volcanic field, Nevada

[sup 36]Cl and [sup 10]Be cosmogenic exposure age data for the Black Rock basaltic lava flow, Lunar Crater volcanic field, Nevada, imply an emplacement age of [approximately] 38 [+-] 10 ka. [sup 36]Cl data for the 600 ka flow north of the Lunar Crater maar are consistent with (1) an apparent erosion rate of [approximately] 3 m/m.y., (2) a model of desert pavement formation in which basalt clasts eroded from the flow remain on the surface of the eolian-derived sediments that mantle the flow, and (3) the early formation of the eolian-derived sediment mantle. 20 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
Newcastle Disease Immunization Studies 2. The Immune Response of Chickens Vaccinated with B1 Newcastle Disease Virus Administered through the Drinking Water

Abstract THIS investigation was undertaken to further study and to determine the efficacy of mass vaccination of chickens for Newcastle disease (ND) via the drinking water (Luginbuhl et al., 1954; Winterfield and Seadale, 1955; Luginbuhl et al., 1955). Factors having a possible influence on immunity induced from this route of administration were studied, and the results are presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS B1 strain Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (Hitchner and Johnson, 1948) vaccines, designated A, B, and C, used in all trials, were obtained from three sources. Vaccine A was a lyophilized product of commercial origin. It was supplied in 500-dose vials accompanied by 15 ml. diluent per vial in separate, plastic containers. It was suggested that chicks 3 to 21 days of age be vaccinated after being deprived of water for 4 hours. The dried virus was reconstituted with the diluent and immediately added to the drinking water in the ratio …
Walking the walk: how kinesin and dynein coordinate their steps

Molecular motors drive key biological processes such as cell division, intracellular organelle transport, and sperm propulsion and defects in motor function can give rise to various human diseases. Two dimeric microtubule-based motor proteins, kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein can take over one hundred steps without detaching from the track. In this review, we discuss how these processive motors coordinate the activities of their two identical motor domains so that they can walk along microtubules.
THE FIRST RECORDS OF MYRMARACHNE FORMICARIA (ARANEAE, SALTICIDAE) IN THE AMERICAS

Abstract A population of Myrmarachne formicaria has been discovered in northeastern Ohio. There is reason to believe that this species, which is widespread in Europe, is a recent accidental introduction to this area. This species seems to be well established, having been found with increasing frequency over the past three years. The species appears to be common in a variety of situations, including occasionally inside buildings.
Effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 on Proliferation and Osteoblast Differentiation of Human Marrow Stromal Cells Require CYP27B1/1α-Hydroxylase

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] has many noncalcemic actions that rest on inhibition of proliferation and promotion of differentiation in malignant and normal cell types. 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulates osteoblast differentiation of human marrow stromal cells (hMSCs), but little is known about the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] on these cells. Recent evidence shows that hMSCs participate in vitamin D metabolism and can activate 25(OH)D3 by CYP27B1/1α-hydroxylase. These studies test the hypothesis that antiproliferative and prodifferentiation effects of 25(OH)D3 in hMSCs depend on CYP27B1. We studied hMSCs that constitutively express high (hMSCshi-1α) or low (hMSCslo-1α) levels of CYP27B1 with equivalent expression of CYP24A1 and vitamin D receptor. In hMSCshi-1α, 25(OH)D3 reduced proliferation, downregulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), upregulated p21Waf1/Cip1, and decreased cyclin D1. Unlike 1,25(OH)2D3, the antiapoptotic effects of 25(OH)D3 on Bax and Bcl-2 were blocked by the P450 inhibitor ketoconazole. The antiproliferative effects of 25(OH)D3 in hMSCshi-1α and of 1,25(OH)2D3 in both samples of hMSCs were explained by cell cycle arrest, not by increased apoptosis. Stimulation of osteoblast differentiation in hMSCshi-1α by 25(OH)D3 was prevented by ketoconazole and upon transfection with CYP27B1 siRNA. These data indicate that CYP27B1 is required for 25(OH)D3's action in hMSCs. Three lines of evidence indicate that CYP27B1 is required for the antiproliferative and prodifferentiation effects of 25(OH)D3 on hMSCs: Those effects were not seen (1) in hMSCs with low constitutive expression of CYP27B1, (2) in hMSCs treated with ketoconazole, and (3) in hMSCs in which CYP27B1 expression was silenced. Osteoblast differentiation and skeletal homeostasis may be regulated by autocrine/paracrine actions of 25(OH)D3 in hMSCs. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Ethical considerations in psychiatric profiling of political figures.

The majority of the articles in this issue on psychiatric ethics undoubtedly will objectively and dispassionately review specific aspects of the current nature of psychiatric practice and research that have the potential for raising ethical questions or concerns. In inviting me to contribute an article on ethical considerations in the psychiatric profiling of political figures, the editor of this issue, Dr. Glen Gabbard, was assuredly aware of my career-long specialization in developing political personality profiles, initially for the United States Government and, since 1987, in connection with my role as Professor of Psychiatry, Political Psychology, and International Affairs and as Director of the Political Psychology Program at George Washington University. Indeed, it was precisely because of Dr. Gabbard’s knowledge of my special interest in this topic and my intense personal concern with the ethical concerns associated with psychiatric profiling that he extended the invitation to contribute this article. But it would be disingenuous to review this subject in an apparently objective and dispassionate manner, for I am assuredly not dispassionate on the subject, which has been a continuing matter of intense concern as I have continued to pursue my chosen specialty and to conduct my work with integrity in a manner that is considered ethical. This review, accordingly, necessarily reflects a strong point of view and is often distinctly subjective, as it draws on personal experiences. Questions concerning such matters as the effects of health and alcoholism on Boris Yeltsin’s decision making; the mind of the Unabomber; the psychology and decision making of Saddam Hussein of Iraq, who was initially characterized by the US Government as ‘‘the madman of the Middle East’’; the psychology of David Koresh and the Branch Davidians, who were involved in an extended siege with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and
Got the MEMO? Management education is moving on

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to present the author's findings from eight conferences, organized over the course of four years by two major management education organizations in the USA, and pertaining to the trend of management education.Design/methodology/approach – This paper offers a constructive critical review of the trend of management education, and the need for greater interaction and more hands‐on approaches, against the reality of adhering to requirements of accrediting bodies.Findings – The trend toward more interaction and a broader variety, as well as greater inclusion of art and other areas in management education is unstoppable. The growing interest in workshop submissions and attendance at major conferences is proof of that. However, it may take a while before all stakeholders will support this reality optimally.Practical implications – Management educators may get encouraged to explore alternative ways of engaging their students, and seek outlets to share these new findings on a lar...
A grid simulator with control of single-phase power converters in D-Q rotating frame

A control method in the direct-quadrature (DQ) rotating frame for a single-phase inverter or PFC rectifier is proposed to provide an infinite control gain (theoretically), thus zero steady state error at its fundamental frequency to achieve superior steady state and dynamic performance. This new control method transforms the physical "real circuit", in conjunction with an "imaginary orthogonal circuit", from the stationary frame to the DQ rotating frame so that the steady state voltage/current in the DQ frame become DC variables. The new control concept is validated through a single-phase grid simulator used for utility compatibility tests, as described in IEEE P1547 draft standard, IEEE Std 929, UL 1741 and NYSIR, for single-phase distributed generators (DG), such as residential fuel cell generators or photovoltaic power conditioning systems. Experimental results in steady state with programmable simulated utility line impedance are given along with the dynamic transient response for NYSIR type test. The control concept is also applicable to zero-sequence control for three-phase four-wire systems.
L-functions of twisted Legendre curves

Abstract Let K be a global field of char p and let F q be the algebraic closure of F p in K . For an elliptic curve E / K with nonconstant j -invariant, the L -function L ( T , E / K ) is a polynomial in 1 + T ⋅ Z [ T ] . For any N > 1 invertible in K and finite subgroup T ⊂ E ( K ) of order N , we compute the mod N reduction of L ( T , E / K ) and determine an upper-bound for the order of vanishing at 1 / q , the so-called analytic rank of E / K . We construct infinite families of curves of rank zero when q is an odd prime power such that q ≡ 1 mod l for some odd prime l . Our construction depends upon a construction of infinitely many twin-prime pairs ( Λ , Λ − 1 ) in F q [ Λ ] × F q [ Λ ] . We also construct infinitely many quadratic twists with minimal analytic rank, half of which have rank zero and half have (analytic) rank one. In both cases we bound the analytic rank by letting T ≅ Z / 2 ⊕ Z / 2 and studying the mod-4 reduction of L ( T , E / K ) .
Study of process variables in supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of soybeans

Soybean flakes were extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide at 48.3 MPa and 80 ℃, which is a higher temperature than previously reported. Several operational parameters were explored to determine their effect on extractions. Flakes, as typically used in this industry, provided the best extraction performance. Particle size distributions were created through grinding. Reducing average particle diameters smaller than 0.069 mm had no appreciable effect on increasing extraction efficiencies. Exploration of flow rate indicated that a residence time of less than 60 s for the supercritical carbon dioxide would be sufficient for complete extractions. A solvent mass to load mass ratio of 10:1 was found to be sufficient for extraction of oils from soybean flakes. Increasing moisture in the soybeans led to decreasing extraction efficiency of oils. Finally, soybean hulls had no effect on extraction efficiency. Thus, the de-hulling procedure can be removed from the extraction process without decreasing extraction...
Flumazenil reversal of lorazepam-induced acute delirium

We report the case of a 63-year-old man who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with a 1-week history of sore throat, hoarseness and dysphagia. During his ED workup, the patient experienced an acute delirium 25 min after being given 2 mg of Lorazepam. The patient's mentation returned to normal within 1-2 min of being given 1 mg of Flumazenil. We discuss the various behavioral side effects of benzodiazepines and the indications for the use of Flumazenil.
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Fetuses with Unilateral Cortical Malformations and Callosal Agenesis

DWI was performed in fetuses with callosal agenesis and unilateral cortical malformations. ADC values were retrospectively measured in the developing white matter underlying the cortical malformation and compared with the corresponding contralateral white matter. In all 3 patients, ADC values were lower under the areas of cortical malformation compared with the normal contralateral side. Our findings suggest that there are structural differences in the developing white matter underlying areas of cortical malformation.
Why Do We Still Have a Maternally Inherited Mitochondrial DNA? Insights from Evolutionary Medicine

AbstractThe human cell is a symbiosis of two life forms, the nucleus-cytosol and the mitochondrion. The nucleus-cytosol emphasizes structure and its genes are Mendelian, whereas the mitochondrion specializes in energy and its mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes are maternal. Mitochondria oxidize calories via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to generate a mitochondrial inner membrane proton gradient (ΔP). ΔP then acts as a source of potential energy to produce ATP, generate heat, regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and control apoptosis, etc. Interspecific comparisons of mtDNAs have revealed that the mtDNA retains a core set of electron and proton carrier genes for the proton-translocating OXPHOS complexes I, III, IV, and V. Human mtDNA analysis has revealed these genes frequently contain region-specific adaptive polymorphisms. Therefore, the mtDNA with its energy controlling genes may have been retained to permit rapid adaptation to new environments.
Applying Brain-Based Learning Principles to Athletic Training Education

Objective: To pr esent different concepts and techniques related to the application of brain-based learning principles to Athletic Training clinical education. Background: The body of knowledge concerning how our brains ph ysically learn con tinues to gr ow. Brain-based learning p rinciples, developed by numerous authors, offer advice on how to facilitate learning in students. Implementing these principles into clinical instruction lessons, whatever the instructional strategy being used, may potentially increase the retention of student knowledge and their ability to transfer that knowledge to different contexts. Description: A review of brain-based learning literature was c o n d u c t e d t h r o u g h s e ar c h e s i n Me d l i n e , E RI C, SPORTDiscus, and DAI. Common themes from the literature are described. Concepts to use when creating lessons and examples of techniques are then presented to aid the athletic training instructor in implementing some of the brain-based learning p rinciples i n cl inical education. Examples usi ng different athletic training proficiencies are offered. Application: The profession of athletic training lends itself well to many of the brain-based learning principles. Specifically, the clinical e ducation component o f athletic training e ducation i s f ull of possibilities f or incorporation o f these principles. Many techniques are offered to enhance the athletic training instructor’s ability to facilitate student learning through thoughtful incorporation of brain-based learning principles. Key W ords: brain-compatible l earning, brain r esearch, effective teaching research, teaching methodology
A Note on Prufer *-multiplication Domains

nthisnote,weprovethatforanarbitrarystaroperation⋆onadomainR,thedomainRisa Prufer ⋆-multiplication domain if every 2-generated ideal of R is ⋆f invertible. Some characterizations of Prufer-⋆ multiplication domains are therefore obtained.
Phase II open-label, safety, pharmacokinetic and efficacy study of Panzem® NCD administered orally to patients with ovarian cancer

A14 Background: 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2; Panzem ® ) inhibits tumor cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by inhibiting microtubule polymerization and increasing reactive oxygen species-induced cell damage. In addition, 2ME2 downregulates HIF-1α at the posttranscriptional level and inhibits HIF-1α-mediated VEGF expression. Preclinical studies confirm that the agent has significant in vitro and in vivo activity in ovarian cancer xenograft models as monotherapy or in combination with paclitaxel. Based on these data, we performed a multi-center, phase 2 study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of Panzem ® Nanocrystal Colloidal Dispersion (NCD) in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods: Key eligibility criteria for the study included: presence of recurrent ovarian cancer, platinum resistant or refractory disease; presence of measurable or detectable disease by GCIC criteria; ECOG performance status 0 or 1; and adequate organ function. Panzem ® NCD was given orally 4 times per day at a dose of 1000mg (4gm/day). Patients were evaluated after every 28-day cycle. Efficacy endpoints included measurement of objective tumor response, measurement of detectable disease response, duration of progression free survival, assessment of relative change from baseline in CA-125 levels, and rate of overall clinical benefit. Results: Eighteen female patients were enrolled. The median age was 66 years (range, 40-73 years) and the median number of prior therapies was 4 (range 1-8). Forty-two cycles have been administered to date. Grade III-IV toxicities that occurred in more than one patient include fatigue (grade 4, n=2), dyspnea (grade 3, n=1; grade 4, n=1) and nausea (grade 3, n=3). Two patients died of progressive disease during the study or the immediate follow-up period. Five patients (27%) achieved stable disease lasting greater than 3 months. One patient had a 20% unconfirmed response by RECIST criteria. One patient had a confirmed partial response by CA-125 (251 U/mL at baseline to 110 U/mL) at Cycle 7. Follow-up is ongoing. Conclusions: Panzem ® NCD, administered as monotherapy daily, is well tolerated and associated with modest anti-tumor activity in patients with recurrent platinum resistant ovarian cancer. Further studies of Panzem ® NCD in combination with taxanes are planned.
Building Confidence in Confidentiality, Documentation, and Record Retention

This issue’s column focuses on a number of questions regarding medical records and other documentation regarding subject care in the context of clinical trials. Q: There has been an ongoing discussion regarding the confidentiality of subjects’ medical records and case report forms (CRFs). As
Pediatric Sepsis from Start to Finish

“Understanding the true risk of death in an episode of severe sepsis or septic shock in childhood is surprisingly complex.” This conclusion reported by Cvetkovic and colleagues from London (1), nicely summarizes a database investigation that provides new insight into pediatric sepsis epidemiology. Once again, these investigators have ascertained that sepsis (and critical illness in general) begins and ends outside of the confines of the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) (2).
Isolation and Structural Characterization of a Mackay 55-Metal-Atom Two-Shell Icosahedron of Pseudo-Ih Symmetry, Pd55L12(μ3-CO)20 (L = PR3, R = Isopropyl): Comparative Analysis with Interior Two-Shell Icosahedral Geometries in Capped Three-Shell Pd145, Pt-Centered Four-Shell Pd–Pt M165, and Four-Shell Au133 Nanoclusters

We present the first successful isolation and crystallographic characterization of a Mackay 55-metal-atom two-shell icosahedron, Pd55L12(μ3-CO)20 (L = PPri3) (1). Its two-shell icosahedron of pseudo-Ih symmetry (without isopropyl substituents) enables a structural/bonding comparison with interior 55-metal-atom two-shell icosahedral geometries observed within the multi-shell capped 145-metal-atom three-shell Pd145(CO)72(PEt3)30 and 165-metal-atom four-shell Pt-centered (μ12-Pt)Pd164-xPtx(CO)72(PPh3)20 (x ≈ 7) nanoclusters, and within the recently reported four-shell Au133(SC6H4-p-But)52 nanocluster. DFT calculations carried out on a Pd55(CO)20(PH3)12 model analogue, with triisopropyl phosphine substituents replaced by H atoms, revealed a positive +0.84 e charge for the entire Pd55 core, with a highly positive second-shell Pd42 surface of +1.93 e.
Women and Austerity: The Economic Crisis and the Future for Gender Equality

This collection is an essential resource for those who wish to understand the gender impacts of the economic crisis that unfolded in Europe and the Unoted States in the aftermath of the financial m...
The Online Monitoring Data Based Research of Transmission Line Icing Form

Based on online monitoring system,four typical icing morphology of transmission lines of South China Power Grid are studied,to analyze the relationship between these icing morphology and air temperature,humidity and other weather conditions and analyze their impact on the transmission line.The results showed that in certain conditions of wind speed and the icing content of cloud,it is possible to produce rime icing as long as about –5 ℃ temperature.Due to the long cold rain and snow weather,in high altitude mountainous area of yunnan and guizhou,icing process easily develop into hybrid battle of ice,great harm to the transmission line.
Organization of Data

In Chapter 2 we start with the statistical information as it is obtained by the investigator; this information might be an instructor’s list of students and their grades, a record of the tax rates of counties in Florida, or the prices of Grade A large eggs in each of ten Chicago grocery stores averaged over the past 36 months. We refer to such statistical information as data, the recorded results of observation. After the collection of data, the next step in a statistical study is to organize the information in meaningful ways, often in the form of tables and graphs or charts. These displays or summaries are descriptions which help the investigator, as well as the eventual reader of the study, to understand the implications of the collected information. In later chapters we shall develop numerical descriptions that are more succinct than these tables and charts.
Factors of Influencing the discoloration of PVC profiles

Factors of influencing the discoloration of PVC profiles were discussed in the aspects of environmental weather conditions,the dehydrochlorination of PVC resin and processing additives.In order to solve the discoloration problem,the following ideas were proposed.In order to reduce and control the occurring of conjugated polyene,the profile formula should be designed according to the weather conditions,the selected rutile TiO_2 pigment should be weather resistant,and the stabilizing system should be optimized.The quality and discoloration factors of ingredints(including PVC resin,stabilizer,anti-oxidation system,titanium pigment,fillers and etc.)were also the prerequisite to reduce the discoloration of profiles and should be controlled.
Relationship between an intrauterine device and changes in tubal histochemistry in the rabbit.

Genital tract tissue from female rabbits was obtained in the presence and absence of a plastic intrauterine device. Staining techniques were employed to demonstrate P.A.S.-positive material before and after diastase digestion. No differences were noted in the histologic sections of control and device uterine horns. There was a greater retention of P.A.S.-positive granules before and after diastase digestion in the tubal epithelium on the device side. This retention of P.A.S.-positive material was not seen when the device was removed the first day after ovulation and the animal killed 3 days after ovulation. The relationship between these histologic changes and the alterations produced by a foreign body in the reproductive processes of the rabbit is discussed.
The population of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria neutrophils deficient in decay-accelerating factor is also deficient in alkaline phosphatase

In patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) the RBCs, neutrophils (PMNs), monocytes, and platelets derived from the abnormal clone are deficient in the complement-regulatory protein decay- accelerating factor (DAF). RBC acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) activities are also characteristically low. DAF, AChE, and LAP are known to be anchored within cell membranes to glycophospholipid-containing phosphatidylinositol (PI).Because PNH progenitors contain DAF that appears to be lost with maturation, it has been proposed that this disorder results from abnormal tethering of these and possibly other proteins to membrane PI. We were puzzled, therefore, that our two PNH patients consistently had normal LAP levels. Consequently, we studied their isolated PMNs to compare DAF and LAP activities in individual cells.PMNs were separated by flow cytometry into DAF-positive and - negative populations by using rabbit anti-DAF antiserum and fluorescein- conjugated goat antirabbit IgG. In both patients the majority of PMNs were DAF deficient, and these cells contained very little alkaline phosphatase activity. In contrast, the smaller, DAF-positive cell populations were phosphatase replete. This is the first demonstration that abnormalities in DAF and LAP activity occur in the same PNH PMN population and strengthens the hypothesis that defective anchoring of proteins to membrane glycophospholipid underlies the pathophysiology of this disorder.
The identification and significance of Apalachicola for the origins of the Creek Indians in the Southeastern United States

Apalachicola was a Hitchitee community that was considered the capital of the Creek Nation during the seventeenth and eighteenth century in the Southeastern United States. The role of this communit...
Domestic and Global Interactions

“Why should [Westerners] fear China?…I believe the Americans will always have the advantage because of their all-embracive society, and the English language that makes it easy to attract foreign talent.” – Lee Kuan Yew (former Singapore prime minister) The financial crisis and recession of the past few years have seriously strained the American economy and thus the capacity of the United States to play its accustomed international role. Unprecedented annual budget deficits, a steep trajectory for the costs of entitlement and health care programs, and soaring increases in the national debt pose severe challenges. As a proportion of the overall economy, deficits in the federal budget as well as the total federal debt have reached their highest levels since the end of World War II. According to a widely cited estimate by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), and assuming current policies continue, public debt would reach nearly 90 percent of GDP by the year 2020, leading the Director of the CBO to warn that federal debt could grow to “unsustainable levels.”
Increasing the social significance of treatment goals

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of some areas that needs to be considered when developing and evaluating the social importance of treatment goals. It describes the strategies for identifying relevant treatment goals along with recommendations for increasing the potential social importance of these goals. It describes each of these areas within a framework similar to the distributive model of treatment acceptability described by Carter. A socially valid treatment requires consideration of the goals, procedures, and outcomes associated with treatment. While each of these aspects of treatment plays an important part in attaining social validity, one of the most important aspects may lie in the quality, accuracy, and specificity of treatment goals. Without correctly identifying and aiming toward an important treatment goal, the chances of achieving a socially valid treatment may be greatly diminished. The establishment of socially important treatment goals may require a period of pretreatment assessment. This type of assessment may take many forms and could be a rather lengthy process, depending on the complexity of the problems. In any case, a good rule to remember when considering various treatment goals is the principle of parsimony. While complex goals may be impressive, typically the most important goals are those that are simple and concise.
Time as a Variable in Behavior Analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses time as a variable in behavior analysis. Behavior takes place in time and has temporal dimensions. As an independent variable, time is an essential property of the environments within which behavior occurs. As a dependent variable, it includes not only response durations but also the distribution of responses in time. Each stimulus dimension has intrinsic properties, and those of the temporal dimension differ in important ways from those of other stimulus dimensions such as wavelength, intensity, and spatial extent. The molecular properties of behavior involve the properties of individual stimuli and responses. The processes of discrimination and differentiation are molar as they are aspects of populations of stimuli and responses observed over extended periods of time. If the search for behavior mediating timing were successful, the outcome might be regarded as relevant to the organism's temporal receptor.
Using the WAIS–IV/WMS–IV/ACS Following Moderate-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are associated with a variety of cognitive deficits particularly in attention, memory, processing speed, and executive functioning. Impairments in language functioning, perceptual reasoning, and social perception can also occur. Cognitive impairment associated with TBI is quite variable and can range from mild to severe, depending on the nature and severity of the injury, and the assessment of cognitive functioning can be complicated by premorbid abilities, pre-injury health status, and post-injury individual differences. This chapter presents data comparing patients with a moderate-to-severe TBI to healthy controls on WAIS–IV and WMS–IV indexes (including newly developed index scores) and subtests. WAIS–IV/WMS–IV multivariate base rates and variability indicators are also presented. Acquired cognitive deficits can be quantified using the TOPF, OPIE–IV, and Demographic Adjustment to Norms described in previous chapters. The assessment of performance validity is an important component of clinical evaluations in this population. There is growing evidence that deficits in social cognition are associated with TBI. Data are presented showing that social perception deficits are comparable to, or great than, impairments in memory, working memory, and processing speed. This chapter fully illustrates the usefulness of the WAIS–IV/WMS–IV and ACS as part of a comprehensive clinical assessment of patients with TBIs.
Over- and Underdiagnosis in Lung Cancer: Searching for a “Solid” Diagnosis

The articles by Ko et al and Yoon et al in this issue of Radiology use different approaches and different modalities to address these questions; as a result, they highlight a different piece of the puzzle, underscoring ongoing challenges in the field.
Sharing Your Findings

This chapter guides the reader through the various options for disseminating findings. It details the differences between peer-reviewed presentations, peer-reviewed publications, and other works. It provides the reader with information on journals and resources that focus specifically on collaboration and parental involvement; and outlines step-by-step instructions for submitting a paper for peer-reviewed publication or presentation.
Relative planar strain control and minimizing deformation work in elastomeric sheets via reinforcing fiber arrays

Abstract This study investigates soft composite sheets that undergo significant deformations. The fiber reinforcement in these systems not only increases the stiffness of sheets like a traditional composite, but also controls the relationships between strains in orthogonal planar directions. Such an ability is useful in controlling the deformation of soft robots, and also enhancing the output of soft actuation techniques like electro-active polymer actuators (also called dielectric actuators). The inspiration for this work comes from squid mantle structures that couple orthogonal components of strain using helical fiber reinforcement. The resulting null space of deformations corresponding to the fiber restrictions creates a family of body deformations that optimize propulsion. The strain dynamics in the composite sheet are modeled geometrically from fiber orientations, assuming that the fibers are inextensible. After the strain dynamics have been determined, the stress/strain relationship is modeled by considering the matrix and reinforcing fibers to be two separate homogeneous systems interacting through local stresses. Both steps of this modeling technique are validated experimentally showing planar strains in a preferred direction to be as high as 16 times the resulting planar strain of an equivalent unreinforced sheet by forcing negative strains in the orthogonal planar directions. The work required for deformation is derived from the stress/strain relationship by calculating the strain energy stored in the material, and an optimal balance between increased planar strain output and increased material stiffness is analyzed. It is shown that for the specific materials used to create the soft composite sheets (thermoplastic elastomer with cotton fibers) optimal fiber angles lie between 15° and 25° to minimize work required for deformation, but this optimal range will increase with increasing ratio of fiber to matrix modulus.
A sneak peek at training English-medium instructors in China: University instructors’ perspectives on training programs in English-speaking countries

English-medium Instruction (EMI) has become increasingly common in non-English speaking countries such as China. EMI instructors’ inadequate English proficiency has been reported as a major hindrance to successful EMI. This study examined EMI instructors’ perceptions on the effectiveness of overseas training programs. The participants of the study were 75 instructors from 20 universities in a big metropolis in China who were engaged in a four-month international assignment in one of the universities in Australia, Canada and the US between 2009 and 2010. Data sources included survey and written reports. Constant comparison was applied to generate common themes. Results indicated that the instructors regarded the training programs that focused more heavily on pedagogy as more effective and hoped for more context-specific pedagogy applicable to Chinese educational systems. They perceived the training programs with an emphasis on supervised teaching practices as more effective. Implications are provided for EMI instructors and administrators.
Abstract TP238: Evaluation of Transfer Delays for Emergent Stroke Patients From Regional Centers to a Comprehensive Center

Introduction: There is overwhelming evidence that endovascular treatment is beneficial for most acute stroke patients suffering a large vessel occlusion (LVO). It is also clear that all revasculari...
Winning at All Costs: Analysis of Inflation in Nursing Homes’ Rating System

The Nursing Home Compare system administrated by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is widely used by patients, medical providers and payers. We argue that the rating system is prone to inflation in self-reported measures, which leads to biased and misleading ratings. We use the CMS rating data over 2009–2013 and the corresponding financial data reported by Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development and patients’ complaints data reported by California Department of Public Health for 1219 nursing homes in California to empirically examine the key factors affecting the star rating of a nursing home. We find a significant association between the changes in a nursing home's star rating and its profits, which points to a financial incentive for nursing homes to improve the ratings. We then demonstrate that this association does not always lead to legitimate efforts to improve service quality, but instead can induce inflation in self-reporting in the rating procedure. A prediction model is then developed to evaluate the extensiveness of inflation among the suspect population based on which 6% to 8.5% of the nursing homes are identified as likely inflators. We also summarize the key characteristics of likely inflators, which can be useful for future audit.
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting as a Complication of Maxillofacial Surgery

Postoperative and post-discharge nausea and vomiting are common complications following administration of general anesthesia or sedation for surgery. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) can severely impact postanesthetic recovery time and time to discharge and contribute to an overall patient dissatisfaction for the experience. The pathophysiology of PONV is clearly understood, and so are the risk factors associated with the complication. Management of the condition is done efficiently when all patients that present for surgery are assessed preoperatively and risk stratified for potential PONV. Consensus guidelines are available and updated frequently to help manage PONV. While management guidelines rely on pharmacologic agents, other strategies can also help prevent PONV and also help manage it effectively.
Growth Factors, Oxidative Damage, and Inflammation in Exfoliation Syndrome

Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) produces deleterious ocular aging and has protean systemic manifestations. Local ocular production of TGFβ1 is of central importance in XFS. TGFβ1 appears to induce the expression of LOXL1 and the production of other extracellular matrix components which are known to be present in exfoliation material. Furthermore, results from several studies find that the aqueous humor of exfoliation glaucoma patients exhibits a decreased antioxidant defense and increased oxidative stress systems. Finally, studies show that the levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in the aqueous humor of XFS patients were 3-fold higher than in controls. Overall TGFβ1, as well as a prooxidative and proinflammatory environment seems to play an important role in XFS.