cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spiritual Elites: Setting the Stage of Social and Political Conviction

The concept of natural selection and Darwinian evolution and its web of influences, effects, and at times distorted interpretations and applications—astutely adopted by some and ardently feared by others—spanned a wide range of fields and sparked much public debate during the era. Cosmopolitan religious thinkers, as we have seen, also responded to these controversial and weighty topics. Despite the nebulous formulations that frequently typified the writing of these religious iconoclasts, their co-optation of the prevalent scientific paradigms of the era was not just an exercise in intellectual conjecture, or just a means to join the cultural fray without consideration of how to achieve practical outcomes. Rather, their anti-materialist stances and pseudo-scientific theories of spiritual evolution and history anticipated tangible social and political ramifications, however esoteric and vague the application of their precepts was at times expressed.
Neural Mechanisms of Attention to Speech

In everyday environments, listeners can selectively attend to one talker even in the presence of multiple competing sounds. Although this so-called cocktail party effect has been studied behaviorally for more than half a century, our understanding of its neural mechanisms has advanced rapidly only in the past decade. The brain networks that coordinate attentional control to speech largely overlap with those for vision, suggesting a supramodal system for both volitional and reflexive allocation of attention. In contrast, the levels of attentional selection where speech representations are modulated may vary depending on task goals and stimuli, for instance, how acoustically distinguishable the speech and noise happen to be. The brain then selects one speech message for conscious awareness and further processing, in part by the relative neural response to the attended speech envelope (the slower, syllable-rate power fluctuations). Ultimately, understanding the neural bases of attention to speech might improve our approaches to common, costly challenges such as aging and hearing loss.
Campylobacter jejuni Secretes Proteins via the Flagellar Type III Secretion System That Contribute to Host Cell Invasion and Gastroenteritis

This chapter is divided into three major sections. In the first section, a model of Campylobacter jejuni-mediated enteritis is presented. The second section presents a general overview of the organism's pathogenic mechanisms and virulence determinants. Finally, in the third section, various aspects of C. jejuni-host cell invasion and protein secretion are discussed. Specifically, in the third section C. jejuni protein export via the flagellar type III secretion system (T3SS), the development of an assay to identify C. jejuni secreted proteins, the evolutionary relatedness of the flagellum and virulence T3SS, and the putative roles of C. jejuni secreted proteins in disease, are discussed. Although much remains unknown regarding the identity and functional characteristics of the proteins exported via the flagellar apparatus, the chapter highlights evidence supporting the proposal that these proteins contribute to C. jejuni-mediated enteritis. Motility, adherence, invasion, protein secretion, intracellular survival, and toxin production may contribute to the pathogenicity of a given C. jejuni strain. C. jejuni nonmotile strain can be either secretion positive (i.e., the flaA flaB+ mutant) or secretion negative (i.e., the flaA flaB mutant), and the ability of the bacterium to secrete proteins can result in an increase in its invasive potential. Although these data helped clarify the relationship between C. jejuni motility, secretion, and host cell invasion, the significance of protein secretion and host cell invasion in C. jejuni-mediated gastroenteritis was not known.
The toxicity of an organic arsenical, 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid. II. Chronic toxicity.

Abstract No detectable effect resulted from the oral ingestion, through a two-year period, of 3N4HPA at levels of 50 and 100 ppm in the dog or mouse. In the rat no effect was seen at 50 ppm and a mild and only early growth rate depression was the sole result of ingestion at a 200 ppm level. Topical application at approximately 1 mg per mouse three times a week for one year was without effect over a two-year observation period. A single massive subcutaneous injection, too, induced no toxic finding over the same observation period.
Molecular beam studies of ion-molecule reactions

In this brief review I will attempt to highlight some of the areas in which molecular beam techniques are contributing to the understanding of ion-molecule reaction dynamics. Because of space limitations, only a few examples can be cited here, out of what has developed over the last decade into a large and vigorous field of research. Those readers who are interested in a more detailed and comprehensive discussion are referred to a previous review article [1], which includes an extensive bibliography of work published in the period from 1973 through early 1978.
Feminists in Power

In contrast to the scholarship allied with first and second waves of feminism, feminist analysts today survey a changed landscape of gender across the United States and much of the world: formal exclusions and discrimination are outlawed, gender hierarchies have been undermined, and women are appearing among economic, political, and other elites to an unprecedented degree even as gender inequalities stubbornly persist across multiple arenas. A focal point of debate among analysts of sexuality, political economy, and culture is the meaning and implications of pursuing gender equality in a world that no longer neatly divides into subordinated women and powerful men, and in which the increasing number of women among the socially advantaged problematizes traditional notions of female victimization and male domination. In this essay, we first offer an overview of earlier approaches to gender equality, then turn to critiques of these approaches which insist on the need for a new starting point for considering gender equality and women's emancipation. Keywords: feminist; political economy; sexuality; gender; female victimization; male domination; gender equality; feminism
Predictive Mobile IP for rapid mobility

Mobile computers require Mobile IP to preserve connectivity and properly route information while roaming over foreign networks. Registration, forwarding delay, and tunnel initialization diminishes the performance of mobility protocols during handoff. We propose a proactive rather than reactive solution to improve the performance of Mobile IP. We extend the current protocol with two new entities: ghost mobile host and ghost foreign agent. Our target is mobility scenarios in which mobile hosts are moving at a very high-speed. Our protocol extension uses the Kalman filter to determine the trajectory and speed of the mobile host and to allocate resources for Mobile IP proactively. Preliminary experiments conducted using the RAMON emulator show that the proposed predictive methods offer a promising range of 20-50% of performance improvement.
Load balancing design issues on prefetch-based DSM systems

In recent years, the cluster computing technology has become a cost-effective computing infrastructure, because it aggregates resources of computational power, communication and storage. It is also considered a very attractive platform for low-cost supercomputing. Software distributed shared memory (DSM) provides a convenient and effective solution for programming parallel applications. However, both page faults and communication are major sources of overheads in DSM systems. Prefetching strategy can overlap data transporting time with computation time, as also reducing page faults. Unfortunately, it conducts load imbalance during barrier synchronization. For solving such inconveniences, this research paper discusses the load balancing for barrier synchronization in DSM systems. We discuss that, leaving the loop when half of hosts have finished prefetching is the best method, and therefore, we modify the threshold of leaving loop. Experiments show that, by incorporating load balancing into DSM systems, the barrier synchronization has been improved.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum inhibits human neutrophil apoptosis via upregulation of bfl‐1, maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential and prevention of caspase 3 activation

The inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis plays a central role in human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Intracellular signalling pathways through which the obligatory intracellular bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum inhibits the spontaneous apoptosis of human peripheral blood neutrophils were investigated. bfl-1 mRNA levels in uninfected neutrophils after 12 h in culture were reduced to approximately 5-25% of 0 h levels, but remained high in infected neutrophils. The eukaryotic RNA synthesis inhibitor, actinomycin D, prevented the maintenance of bfl-1 mRNA levels by A. phagocytophilum. Differences in mcl-1, bax, bcl-w, bad or bak mRNA levels in infected versus uninfected neutrophils were not remarkable. By using mitochondrial fluorescent dyes, Mitotracker Red and JC-1, it was found that most uninfected neutrophils lost mitochondrial membrane potential after 10-12 h incubation, whereas A. phagocytophilum-infected neutrophils maintained high membrane potential. Caspase 3 activity and the degree of apoptosis were lower in dose-dependent manner in A. phagocytophilum-infected neutrophils at 16 h post infection, as compared to uninfected neutrophils. Anti-active caspase 3 antibody labelling showed less positively stained population in infected neutrophils compared to those in uninfected neutrophils after 12 h incubation. These results suggest that A. phagocytophilum inhibits human neutrophil apoptosis via transcriptional upregulation of bfl-1 and inhibition of mitochondria-mediated activation of caspase 3.
Eat Right–Live Well! Supermarket Intervention Impact on Sales of Healthy Foods in a Low-Income Neighborhood

Abstract Objective To evaluate a multifaceted supermarket intervention promoting healthier alternatives to commonly purchased foods. Design Sales of 385 foods promoted between July and October, 2012 in the Eat Right–Live Well! intervention supermarket were compared with sales in a control supermarket. Setting Two supermarkets in geographically separate, low-income, urban neighborhoods. Participants One control and 1 intervention supermarket. Intervention Product labeling, employee training, community outreach, and in-store promotions, including taste tests. Main Outcome Measures Number of items sold; absolute and percent differences in sales. Analysis Difference-in-difference analyses compared absolute and percent changes between stores and over time within stores. Sub-analyses examined taste-tested items and specific food categories, and promoted items labeled with high fidelity. Results Comparing pre- and postintervention periods, within-store difference-in-differences for promoted products in the intervention store (25,776 items; 23.1%) was more favorable than the control (9,429 items; 6.6%). The decrease in taste-tested items' sales was smaller in the intervention store (946 items; 5.5%) than the control store (14,666 items; 26.6%). Increased sales of foods labeled with high fidelity were greater in the intervention store (25,414 items; 28.0%) than the control store (7,306 items; 6.3%). Conclusions and Implications Store-based interventions, particularly high-fidelity labeling, can increase promoted food sales.
Alert Messaging in the CMS Distributed Workflow System

WMAgent is the core component of the CMS workload management system. One of the features of this job managing platform is a configurable messaging system aimed at generating, distributing and processing alerts: short messages describing a given alert-worthy information or pathological condition. Apart from the framework's sub-components running within the WMAgent instances, there is a stand-alone application collecting alerts from all WMAgent instances running across the CMS distributed computing environment. The alert framework has a versatile design that allows for receiving alert messages also from other CMS production applications, such as PhEDEx data transfer manager. We present implementation details of the system, including its Python implementation using ZeroMQ, CouchDB message storage and future visions as well as operational experiences. Inter-operation with monitoring platforms such as Dashboard or Lemon is described.
Franz Schneeweiss: A '48er in New Brunswick

Eyck looks at a collection of papers on and by Franz Schneeweiss, an Austrian immigrant to New Brunswick, New Jersey, held in the Library.Â He left Austria after the abortive revolutions of 1848-1849 and arrived the United States in 1851 as a nineteen-year-old deserter from the imperial army of Austria.Â He became a promoter of German cullture in America and founded the Association for the Furtherance of German Sciences, whose aims were to deliver and discuss lectures of a scientific nature "with the strictest exclusion of non-Christian tendencies."
Dressed for Sex: Red as a Female Sexual Signal in Humans

Background In many non-human primate species, a display of red by a female serves as a sexual signal to attract male conspecifics. Red is associated with sex and romance in humans, and women convey their sexual interest to men through a variety of verbal, postural, and behavioral means. In the present research, we investigate whether female red ornamentation in non-human primates has a human analog, whereby women use a behavioral display of red to signal their sexual interest to men. Methodology/Principal Findings Three studies tested the hypothesis that women use red clothing to communicate sexual interest to men in profile pictures on dating websites. In Study 1, women who imagined being interested in casual sex were more likely to display red (but not other colors) on their anticipated web profile picture. In Study 2, women who indicated interest in casual sex were more likely to prominently display red (but not other colors) on their actual web profile picture. In Study 3, women on a website dedicated to facilitating casual sexual relationships were more likely to prominently exhibit red (but not other colors) than women on a website dedicated to facilitating marital relationships. Conclusions/Significance These results establish a provocative parallel between women and non-human female primates in red signal coloration in the mating game. This research shows, for the first time, a functional use of color in women's sexual self-presentation, and highlights the need to extend research on color beyond physics, physiology, and preference to psychological functioning.
The association of depression and problem drinking: Analyses from the Baltimore ECA follow-up study

In this study, we hypothesized that there would be an increased risk of greater alcohol consumption among depressed problem drinkers than those without depression in the prior year, and that the strength of this association would be stronger for women. As part of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program, probability samples of area residents were selected and the baseline interview for the Baltimore site was completed in 1981. Between 1993 and 1996, 73% of the survivors (n = 2633) were reinterviewed. For the 334 problem drinkers identified, the occurrence of a depressive episode and level of alcohol consumption for each intervening year between the baseline and follow-up interviews were assessed. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used for logistic regression analyses to examine the association between the occurrence of depression in the prior year with transition to higher-level drinking in the subsequent year. The problem drinkers tended to have a bimodal association of transitioning to higher-level drinking; although the strength of the association was greater for men. Future research will need to assess the potential influences on this relationship of other sociodemographic and psychopathologic characteristics, including the effect of treatment for depression or substance use.
Leading Edge Film Cooling Heat Transfer Through One Row of Inclined Film Slots and Holes Including Mainstream Turbulence Effects

The effects of film opening shape and mainstream turbulence on the leading edge heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness were experimentally investigated. The experiments were performed using test models with a semi-cylindrical leading edge and a flat afterbody. A bar grid (Tu=5.07 percent) and a passive grid (Tu=9.67 percent) produced two levels of mainstream turbulence. Two separate cases of one-row injection through film slots or holes located only at ±15 deg or only at ±40 deg from the stagnation line were studied for three blowing ratios of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.7 at the Reynolds number (Re D ) of 100,000. The slots in each row were spaced three cross-sectional slot lengths (P=3l) apart, while the holes were spaced four holes diameters (P=4d) apart
Schwinger Pair Creation of Kaluza-Klein Particles: Pair Creation Without Tunneling

We study Schwinger pair creation of charged Kaluza-Klein (KK) particles from a static KK electric field. We find that the gravitational backreaction of the electric field on the geometry\char22{}which is incorporated via the electric KK-Melvin solution\char22{}prevents the electrostatic potential from overcoming the rest mass of the KK particles, thus impeding the tunneling mechanism which is often thought of as responsible for the pair creation. However, we find that pair creation still occurs with a finite rate formally similar to the classic Schwinger result, but via an apparently different mechanism, involving a combination of the Unruh effect and vacuum polarization due to the $E$-field.
Cloning and sequencing of the 23 kDa mouse photoreceptor cell-specific protein.

The 23 kDa protein was localized by immunocytochemistry to photoreceptor cells of the mouse retina, and bovine and mouse cDNA clones were isolated and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequences showed that the mouse 23 kDa protein is 91% identical to the bovine protein, and is the same as S-modulin, the CAR (cancer-associated retinopathy) protein and recoverin, the Ca2+-dependent activator of photoreceptor guanylate cyclase. The amino acid sequence reveals two Ca2+ binding sites, no internal repeats, 59% homology to the chicken visinin protein and 40% homology to calmodulin while Northern analysis demonstrated a single 1.0 kb mRNA species in bovine and mouse retina.
Optimal consumption, portfolio and life insurance rules for an uncertain lived individual in a continuous time model

Abstract A continuous time model for optimal consumption, portfolio and life insurance rules, for an investor with an arbitrary but known distribution of lifetime, is derived as a generalization of the model by Merton (1971). The classic Tobin-Markowitz separation theorem obtains with the mutual funds being identical to those obtained under the assumption of certain lifetime. The investor is found to have a ‘human capital’ component of wealth, which is independent of his preferences and risky market opportunities and represents the certainty equivalent of his future net (wage) earnings. Explicit solutions, which are linear in wealth, are found for the investor with constant relative risk aversion.
FROG MYOFIBRILLAR ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY.

Abstract 1. 1. Thoroughly washed myofibrils isolated either from glycerinated or fresh frog muscle, in contrast to actomyosin from the frog, exhibit both Mg 2+ - and Ca 2+ -activated ATPase activity which has pH optima in the alkaline region with Ca 2+ and in the neutral range with Mg 2+ . 2. 2. In contrast to the rabbit myofibrillar system (Perry & Grey, 1956) the frog system shows pronounced substrate (ATP) inhibition with both Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions as well as with ITP. 3. 3. It is concluded that in the frog myofibrils there are two ATPases operating: one, the actomysin ATPase, which is Ca 2+ -activated, and the other a particulate ATPase which is Mg 2+ -activated.
Effect of Temperature and Photoperiod on Sorghum Resistance to Biotype C and E Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Resistance mechanisms and the effect of temperature and photoperiod on them were assessed for greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), biotype C on ‘Tx2737’ and ‘Tx2783’ sorghums and for biotype E on ‘Tx2783’ at 21, 26, and 30°C at photoperiods of 10:14 (L:D) h and 14:10 (L:D) h. Damage to resistant sorghum was less (≍50%) than damage to susceptible ‘Tx430’ sorghum. Tolerance resistance was greater at 30 than at 21 or 26°C. Antixenosis resistance also was greatest at 30°C. At 21 and 26°C, resistant sorghum was as preferred by greenbug as was susceptible sorghum. Antibiosis resistance also was affected by temperature. Greenbug development (time from birth to maturity) on resistant sorghum was delayed at 30°C but was comparable with that on susceptible sorghum at 21°C. At 30°C, greenbugs on resistant sorghum produced threefold fewer progeny than on susceptible sorghum. Greenbug longevity, especially on resistant sorghum, was shorter at 30 than at 21 or 26°C. Photoperiod had little effect on the expression of resistance. These data confirmed that temperature affects the expression of resistance to greenbugs in resistant sorghum and should be considered in plant resistance assessments.
Photoelectron spectroscopy of MoS2 at the sulfur 2p absorption edge

Abstract The sulfur 2p absorption edge and valence-band resonant photoelectron spectra of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), obtained using synchrotron radiation, are compared to the Mo4p edge results from previous work. A pre-edge feature in the S2p data shows transitions to unoccupied, dominantly Mo4d anti-bonding levels, indicating that significant covalent interactions exist between Mo and S valence orbitals. Resonant enhancement of valence-band photoelectron shake-up peaks is observed at the S2p → Mo4d excitation energies, while the sulfur (L2,3VV) Auger peak dominates the spectrum when the S2p ionization threshold is reached. Anti-resonant intensity modulation of main valence band peaks is observed at photon energies corresponding to the S2p → Mo4d pre-edge feature. The results show that the principal decay channel after the S2p → Mo4d excitation leads to the enhancement of final states having S(3p)4 Mo(4d)3 electron configurations.
Imaging of adults with low back pain in the primary care setting

The evidence for the diagnostic accuracy of the four main imaging modalities used in low back pain (plain radiographs, CT, MR imaging, radionuclide bone scans) is variable in quality and limits the ultimate conclusions regarding the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies. In addition, the frequent finding of abnormalities in normal adults limits the specificity of all of these tests. Nevertheless, MR imaging is likely in most cases to offer the greatest sensitivity and specificity for systemic diseases, and its performance is superior to that of radiographs and comparable with CT and radionuclide bone scans for most conditions causing neurologic compromise.
Medical versus fiscal gatekeeping: navigating professional contingencies at the pharmacy counter.

Commercialization of medicine is a growing trend that threatens to undermine physicians’ commitments to patient care in favor of personal financial interests. Bemoaned by Arnold Relman as early as 1980, growing for-profit sectors of health care have been reshaping medicine from a profession into a business, forming the foundation of what he terms a “medical-industrial complex” that threatens to undermine professional identity and reshape health care funding. Commercialization poses new ethical challenges for health care providers who have a financial stake in their health care decisions and may undermine their fiduciary duties to patients. Certainly, commercialization has brought about new trends in medicine — one need only to look as far as the rise in for-profit hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, and proprietary nursing homes to see how opportunities for financial gain reposition physicians’ orientations vis-a-vis patients.
Edge doping of graphene sheets

Abstract We present a direct comparison between two fundamental methods of chemically doping the 2-dimensional graphene sheet: (1) passivation of dangling σ-bonds resulting from a vacancy defect and (2) charge transfer from adsorption on the pristine basal plane. Using electron beam lithography and the negative tone resist hydrogen silsesquioxane, we are able to observe the doping contribution from the passivation of such defects that naturally reside along the edge of graphene sheets, and directly compare them to the doping limitations of basal plane adsorption methods. We demonstrate that the passivation of the edge is over three orders of magnitude more efficient for chemical doping than adsorption, in terms of conducting carriers donated per available C-atom. Moreover, as large-area graphene sheets are tailored into nanoscale devices, and the portion of C-atoms that occupy the edge increases, we demonstrate that edge decoration becomes a more pronounced method of chemical doping, exhibiting a scaling law that will induce vast carrier densities and dominance over adsorption techniques in the nanoscale.
PREVENTION OF COMMON TRAVEL AILMENTS

Prevention of common problems while traveling can be the easiest or the hardest thing to do. Most prevention involves the application of common sense, which sometimes is lacking in travelers. This article highlights those ignored areas of travelers' health that may make the difference between an enjoyable journey and one that is fraught with discomfort. Recommendations, along with available scientific evidence, are provided for the travel health advisor to be passed on to the traveler.
Identification of an archaeal presenilin-like intramembrane protease.

Background: The GXGD-type diaspartyl intramembrane protease, presenilin, constitutes the catalytic core of the c-secretase multi-protein complex responsible for activating critical signaling cascades during development and for the production of b-amyloid peptides (Ab) implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. The only other known GXGD-type diaspartyl intramembrane proteases are the eukaryotic signal peptide peptidases (SPPs). The presence of presenilin-like enzymes outside eukaryots has not been demonstrated. Here we report the existence of presenilin-like GXGD-type diaspartyl intramembrane proteases in archaea. Methodology and Principal Findings: We have employed in vitro activity assays to show that MCMJR1, a polytopic membrane protein from the archaeon Methanoculleus marisnigri JR1, is an intramembrane protease bearing the signature YD and GXGD catalytic motifs of presenilin-like enzymes. Mass spectrometry analysis showed MCMJR1 could cleave model intramembrane protease substrates at several sites within their transmembrane region. Remarkably, MCMJR1 could also cleave substrates derived from the b-amyloid precursor protein (APP) without the need of protein co-factors, as required by presenilin. Two distinct cleavage sites within the transmembrane domain of APP could be identified, one of which coincided with Ab40, the predominant site processed by c-secretase. Finally, an established presenilin and SPP transition-state analog inhibitor could inhibit MCMJR1. Conclusions and Significance: Our findings suggest that a primitive GXGD-type diaspartyl intramembrane protease from archaea can recapitulate key biochemical properties of eukaryotic presenilins and SPPs. MCMJR1 promises to be a more tractable, simpler system for in depth structural and mechanistic studies of GXGD-type diaspartyl intramembrane proteases.
CARBON CYCLE FOR RAPESEED OIL BIODIESEL FUELS

Abstract The greenhouse effect, thought to be responsible for global warming, is caused by gases accumulating in the earth's atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, which makes up half of the gas accumulation problem, is produced during respiration and combustion processes. This paper provides an outline of the carbon cycle for rapeseed oil-derived fuels. Plant processes, fuel chemistry and combustion are examined with respect to carbon. A diagram is presented to interpret the information presented graphically. A comparison of carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of rapeseed oil biodiesel and petroleum diesel is made. Complete combustion converts hydrocarbon fuels to carbon dioxide and water. The carbon cycle consists of the fixation of carbon and the release of oxygen by plants through the process of photosynthesis, then the recombining of oxygen and carbon to form CO 2 through the processes of combustion and respiration. The carbon dioxide released by petroleum diesel was fixed from the atmosphere during the formative years of the earth. Carbon dioxide released by biodiesel is fixed by the plant in a recent year and is recycled. Many scientists believe that global warming is occurring because of the rapid release of CO 2 in processes such as the combustion of petroleum diesel. Using biodiesel could reduce the accumulation of CO 2 in the atmosphere.
Binding property of avian skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor isoforms with dihydropyridine receptor and calmodulin.

Ca2+ release during excitation–contraction coupling in avian skeletal muscle is controlled by two ryanodine receptor isoforms, αRYR and βRYR. Two other proteins, dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) and calmodulin (CaM), have been shown to play important roles in regulating the RYR channel activity. In the current study, we measured the protein contents of DHPR and RYR in turkey skeletal muscle and obtained a ratio of 1:1 between DHPR and αRYR which suggests that only a subpopulation of αRYR is interacting with DHPR. Two CaM derivatives, the photoactivable crosslinking probe [125I]-Bz-CaM and metabolically labeled probe [35S]CaM, were used to study the interaction between CaM and RYR isoforms in turkey skeletal muscle. The αRYR and βRYR displayed a marked difference in their CaM binding behavior. At a Ca2+ concentration of 200 μM, CaM bound to both isoforms at a ratio of one CaM molecule per one RYR subunit. At a Ca2+ concentration of <10 nM, CaM bound primarily to αRYR and the binding affinity was significantly lower than that at micromolar level of Ca2+ concentration. Cloning and sequencing of putative CaM binding sites in αRYR and βRYR suggests that differences in primary structures of the CaM binding sites of each RYR isoform may contribute to the differential CaM binding behavior of αRYR and βRYR.
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking of Gauge Supersymmetry

Spontaneous symmetry breaking of gauge supersymmetry to global supersymmetry is seen to determine in part the internal-symmetry gauge group through the equations ${R}_{\mathrm{AB}}=\ensuremath{\lambda}{g}_{\mathrm{AB}}$. For the case $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\ne}0$ the determination is complete, the resultant group being the U(1) Maxwell-Einstein coordinate group. For $\ensuremath{\lambda}=0$, spontaneous breaking automatically requires parity breakdown in the vacuum, and is consistent with SU(2) \ensuremath{\bigotimes} U(10 \ensuremath{\bigotimes} color.
Readiness as a Variable Influencing Comprehension in Content-Area Reading at the Secondary Level: A Cognitive View.

A cognitive theory of readiness is offered as a possible explanation of the learning problems of learning or reading disabled secondary students. A discussion of the implications of the theory for secondary content-area reading is included along with a model for implementation of the readiness components.
Surface Shear Stress and Pressure Measurements in a Turbine Cascade

To further the understanding of secondary flow loss, a set of surface measurements are presented for a planar turbine cascade tested at low Mach number (0.23) and at an inlet axial chord Reynolds number of 5.9 × 105 . The endwall and airfoil surface measurements are of shear stress, limiting streamline direction, and static pressure. An oil film interferometry (OFI) measurement technique applied to the endwall and suction and pressure airfoil surfaces (at some 5000 locations) provides an extensive passage surface map of wall shear stress values and limiting streamline topology. Measurements of pressures on the same passage surfaces are also presented, resulting in a complete picture of endwall and airfoil surface pressure and shear.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Numerical approximation of a one-dimensional space fractional advection-dispersion equation with boundary layer

Finite element computations for singularly perturbed convection-diffusion equations have long been an attractive theme for numerical analysis. In this article, we consider the singularly perturbed fractional advection-dispersion equation (FADE) with boundary layer behavior. We derive a theoretical estimate which shows that the under-resolved case corresponds to @e
Left temporal deficit of P300 in patients with schizophrenia : effects of task

P300 is often, but not always, observed to be more reduced over left than right temporal lobes in patients with schizophrenia. The possibility that task differences contribute to the inconsistency in the literature was explored in this study. ERPs were collected from 17 right-handed men with schizophrenia (DSM-IIIR) and 11 right-handed healthy male community controls, performing three auditory oddball tasks - respond to a target tone by: (1) counting; (2) pressing a response button with the right index finger; or (3) pressing a response button with the left index finger. Although patients with schizophrenia had smaller and later P300 amplitudes than controls, they did not have smaller P300s over the left temporal scalp (T3) than over the right (T4). P300 recorded over the left (C3) and right (C4) motor cortices indicated sensitivity to responding hand, with greater negativity being associated with contralateral button pressing. Failure to find P300 asymmetry is not related to the presence or absence of a button pressing task, or the hand used for button pressing. Rather, P300 asymmetry may be related to structural neuroanatomical asymmetries.
Association between pregnancy-induced hypertension and asthma during pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: Pregnancy-induced hypertension is an important cause of maternal mortality, intrauterine growth retardation, and perinatal mortality. We examined the relationship between pregnancy-induced hypertension and asthma. STUDY DESIGN: The study population consisted of 24,115 women without a history of chronic systemic hypertension who were delivered of live born and stillborn infants at Mount Sinai Medical Center between January 1987 and December 1991. Pregnancy-induced hypertension was defined as blood pressure of at least 140/90 mm Hg or an increase of ≥30 mm Hg in systolic pressure or ≥ 15 mm Hg in diastolic pressure. RESULTS: There was a significant association between pregnancy-induced hypertension and asthma during pregnancy (χ 2 = 17.86, p 2 = 11.8, p = 0.001). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the association between pregnancy-induced hypertension and asthma during pregnancy persisted after adjustment for the confounding factors of race or ethnicity, maternal age, parity, and prepregnancy weight (adjusted odds ratio 2.52, 95% confidence interval 1.47 to 4.35, p = 0.0008). An association between pregnancy-induced hypertension and a history of asthma was also found (χ 2 = 11.2, p = 0.001). However, after adjustment for potential confounders, this association failed to achieve statistical significance (adjusted odds ratio 1.2, 95% confidence interval 0.97 to 1.53, p = 0.083). CONCLUSION: Both pregnancy-induced hypertension and asthma might be caused by a third factor affecting smooth muscle reactivity.
An electrical optimizer that considers physical layout

Electrical performance and area improvement are important parts of the overall VLSI design task. Given designer specified constraints on area, delay, and power, EPOXY will size a circuit's transistors and will attempt small circuit changes to help meet the constraints. In addition, the system provides a flexible framework within which to evaluate the effects of different area and electrical models, as well as different optimization algorithms. Since the sum of transistor area is a better measure of dynamic power than cell area, a more accurate area model is presented. Optimization of a CMOS eight-stage inverter chain illustrates this difference; a typical minimum power implementation is 32.3% larger than the one for minimum area. The combination of a TILOS-style heuristic and augmented Lagrangian optimization algorithm yields quality results rapidly. EPOXY'S circuit analysis is from 5 to 56 times faster than Crystal.
Position Control of Motion Compensation Cardiac Catheters

Robotic catheters have the potential to revolutionize cardiac surgery by enabling minimally invasive structural repairs within the beating heart. This paper presents an actuated catheter system that compensates for the fast motion of cardiac tissue using 3-D ultrasound image guidance. We describe the design and operation of the mechanical drive system and catheter module and analyze the catheter performance limitations of friction and backlash in detail. To mitigate these limitations, we propose and evaluate mechanical and control-system compensation methods, which include inverse and model-based backlash compensation, to improve the system performance. Finally, in vivo results are presented, which demonstrate that the catheter can track the cardiac tissue motion with less than 1-mm rms error. The ultimate goal of this research is to create a fast and dexterous robotic catheter system that can perform surgery on the delicate structures inside of the beating heart.
Layers of Influence: Important Contextual Factors in Directing Dementia Care Programs

Researchers have documented the powerful influence of the physical and social environment on persons with dementia; however, most intervention studies fail to include contextual assessments when exploring outcomes. As part of a larger study assessing a horticultural therapy (HT) intervention, the authors explored the contextual and procedural factors that impacted results. Guided by the theory of environmental press, interviews were conducted with five of the study’s activity facilitators who worked in seven dementia care programs possessing varied social and physical environments. Findings indicated that the theory of environmental press should be expanded beyond the person with dementia and applied to program facilitators. A hierarchical relationship became evident; for program participants to achieve congruence between their competence and their environment, the facilitator must first achieve such a fit. Facilitators with fewer competencies were more vulnerable to the shortcomings of their environments...
Evolutionary Perspectives on the Development of Social Exchanges

Evolutionary theory suggests that developmental context and genetic relatedness may fundamentally alter social exchange processes.
Medium range order in high aluminum content amorphous alloys measured by fluctuation electron microscopy

We have used fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM) to measure nanoscale mediumrange order in amorphous Al92Sm8. Samples of this amorphous alloy formed by rapid quenching (melt-spinning) show a high density of pure Al nanocrystals (>1020 m−3) after low temperature (< 250 °C) devitrification. In samples amorphized by deformation (cold-rolling), primary Al-crystallization does not occur. This difference in devitrification behavior suggests an underlying structural difference in the amorphous state. FEM is a quantitative microscopy technique for determining nanoscale medium-range order in amorphous materials. Our measurements show that amorphous alloys formed by melt-spinning and cold-rolling have significant structural differences, and that annealing melt-spun alloy under conditions previously shown to modify the devitrification thermodynamics also changes the medium-range structure.
Developmental biomechanics of the human cervical spine

Head and neck injuries, the leading cause of death for children in the U.S., are difficult to diagnose, treat, and prevent because of a critical void in our understanding of the biomechanical response of the immature cervical spine. The objective of this study was to investigate the functional and failure biomechanics of the cervical spine across multiple axes of loading throughout maturation. A correlational study design was used to examine the relationships governing spinal maturation and biomechanical flexibility curves and tolerance data using a cadaver human in vitro model. Eleven human cadaver cervical spines from across the developmental spectrum (2-28 years) were dissected into segments (C1-C2, C3-C5, and C6-C7) for biomechanical testing. Non-destructive flexibility tests were performed in tension, compression, flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. After measuring their intact biomechanical responses, each segment group was failed in different modes to measure the tissue tolerance in tension (C1-C2), compression (C3-C5), and extension (C5-C6). Classical injury patterns were observed in all of the specimens tested. Both the functional (p<0.014) and failure (p<0.0001) mechanics exhibited significant relationships with age. Nonlinear flexibility curves described the functional response of the cervical spine throughout maturation and elucidated age, spinal level, and mode of loading specificity. These data support our understanding of the child cervical spine from a developmental perspective and facilitate the generation of injury prevention or management schema for the mitigation of child spine injuries and their deleterious effects.
Estrogen inhibits caudal progression but stimulates proliferation of developing müllerian ducts in a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination.

Abstract Mullerian duct development appears to be similar in many vertebrate groups, and previous studies have shown that this development is estrogen sensitive. For example, embryonic exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in humans and mice, and estrogen exposure in chickens, can have multiple, usually adverse, effects on mullerian duct differentiation and growth. The current study investigates 17β-estradiol's effects on mullerian duct development in a reptile, the turtle Trachemys scripta . In T. scripta , normal mullerian duct development proceeds cranially to caudally over developmental stages 15 to 21. To ascertain 17β-estradiol's effect on this process, four groups of eggs were incubated at a female-producing temperature. Each group was treated with 50 μg of 17β-estradiol or a vehicle control at one of four stages (15, 17, 19, 21). The degree of mullerian duct development was assessed by examining gross morphology and histology. Results showed that estradiol-17β blocked development of the mullerian duct if applied before differentiation began. If applied afterwards, 17β-estradiol caused hypertrophy in the differentiated portion, but prevented further differentiation of the mullerian duct in more caudal regions. Therefore, reptilian mullerian ducts in T. scripta are estrogen sensitive and estrogen's effects may be similar to those reported for birds.
Efferent actions in the chinchilla vestibular labyrinth.

Efferent fibers were electrically stimulated in the brain stem, while afferent activity was recorded from the superior vestibular nerve in barbiturate-anesthetized chinchillas. We concentrated on canal afferents, but otolith afferents were also studied. Among canal fibers, calyx afferents were recognized by their irregular discharge and low rotational gains. In separate experiments, stimulating electrodes were placed in the efferent cell groups ipsilateral or contralateral to the recording electrode or in the midline. While single shocks were ineffective, repetitive shock trains invariably led to increases in afferent discharge rate. Such excitatory responses consisted of fast and slow components. Fast components were large only at high shock frequencies (200-333/s), built up with exponential time constants 1 s in duration. Slow responses were obtained even at shock rates of 50/s, built up and decayed with time constants of 15-30 s, and could show little adaptation. The more regular the discharge, the larger was the efferent response of an afferent fiber. Response magnitude was proportional to cv*b, a normalized coefficient of interspike-interval variation (cv*) raised to the power b = 0.7. The value of the exponent b did not depend on unit type (calyx vs. bouton plus dimorphic, canal vs. otolith) or on stimulation site (ipsilateral, contralateral, or midline). Responses were slightly smaller with contralateral or midline stimulation than with ipsilateral stimulation, and they were smaller for otolith, as compared to canal, fibers. An anatomical study had suggested that responses to contralateral afferent stimulation should be small or nonexistent in irregular canal fibers. The suggestion was not confirmed in this study. Contralateral responses, including the large responses typically seen in irregular fibers, were abolished by shallow midline incisions that should have severed crossing efferent axons.
Influence of Grain Moisture and Storage Temperature on the Effectiveness of Five Insecticides as Grain Protectants

In a study of the influence of moisture content and storage temperature on the residual persistence and effectiveness of selected dosages of 5 insecticides in protecting stored grain against insects, the insecticides used and dosages applied in acetone solutions onto Ramona wheat included DDVP (diehlorvos)- 10 ppm; diazinon-10 ppm; Dibrom® (naled)-5 ppm; Guthion® O,O -dimethyl S -( 4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4H)-ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate-5 ppm; and ronnel-15 ppm. The influence of moistme on insecticides, applied on wheat with a graded moisture range of 10%, 13%, and 16%, and stored at 60° F, was shown by reduced mortalities of the rice weevil, Sitophilus Oryzae (L.), and increased number of progeny with increases in moisture content of grain. Likewise, the influence of storage temperature on insecticides applied to wheat of 10% moisture content and stored at graded ranges of 60°, 70°, 80°, 90°, and 100° F was shown by reduced mortalities of the rice weevil and increased number of progeny with increases in storage temperature. Under the conditions of the study, residual effectiveness of insecticide treatments was in the order of diazinon>Guthion >ronnel>DDVP>Dibrom.
Combinatorial optimization of ternary Pt alloy catalysts for the electrooxidation of methanol.

We report the combinatorial and high-throughput optimization of improved ternary Pt alloy electrocatalysts for the oxidation of methanol for use in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) anodes. Following up on the discovery of a ternary Pt20Co60Ru20 catalyst(1) with significantly improved electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation over standard Pt−Ru catalysts, we optimize the electrocatalytic activity of this composition using a closely sampled Pt−Co−Ru “optimization library”. We also screen for compositional and structural stability using high-throughput methods. Composition−activity maps confirmed improved activity in compositional neighborhood of the Pt20Co60Ru20 catalyst. Activity trends of Pt−Ru binary alloys were in excellent agreement with fundamental surface electrochemical studies. Structural and compositional catalyst stability was probed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Combination of the stability−composition and activity−composition maps resulted in ...