cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A flow reactor study of neopentane oxidation at 8 atmospheres: experiments and modeling

An existing detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism for neopentane oxidation [1] is applied to new experimental measurements taken in a flow reactor [2] operating at a pressure of 8 atm. The reactor temperature ranged from 620 K to 810 K and flow rates of the reactant gases neopentane, oxygen, and nitrogen were 0.285, 7.6, and 137.1 standard liter per minute (SLM), respectively, producing an equivalence ratio of 0.3. Initial simulations identified some deficiencies in the existing model and the paper presents modifications which included upgrading the thermodynamic parameters of alkyl radical and alkylperoxy radical species, adding an alternative isomerization reaction of hydroperoxy-neopentyl-peroxy, and a multistep reaction sequence for 2-methylpropan-2-yl radical with molecular oxygen. These changes improved the calculation for the overall reactivity and the concentration profiles of the following primary products: formaldehyde, acetone, isobutene; 3,3-dimethyloxetane, methacrolein, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water. Experiments indicate that neopentane shows negative temperature coefficient behavior similar to other alkanes, though it is not as pronounced as that shown by n-pentane for example. Modeling results indicate that this behavior is caused by the β-scission of the neopentyl radical and the chain propagation reactions of the hydroperoxyl-neopentyl radical.
A study on usability of a wide-viewing angle LCD for notebook PCs

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usability of a wide-viewing angle TFT-LCD using IPS mode for notebook PCs. In two human factors experiments, an IPS LCD was compared to a TN LCD and two film-compensated-TN LCDs. The results revealed that the IPS LCD had significantly higher image quality than the others. Based on these findings, we proposed new user scenarios. This paper describes the advantages obtained by equipping notebook PCs with wide-viewing angle LCDs.
Timing of repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

Abstract Purpose The optimal timing of repair for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is controversial. Repair during ECMO may improve respiratory function by restoring normal anatomy. However, there is increased risk of complications including surgical bleeding. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of timing of CDH repair on outcomes in a large cohort of patients treated at a single institution. Methods We retrospectively reviewed charts of all CDH patients in our Pulmonary Hypoplasia Program from 2004 to 2013. Categorical variables were analyzed by Fisher's exact test and continuous variables by Mann–Whitney t-test (p Results A total of 77 CDH patients required ECMO support during the study dates. Of these, 16 patients did not survive to repair, 3 patients were repaired prior to cannulation, 41 patients were repaired during ECMO, and 17 patients were repaired after decannulation. Survival was 67%, 43.9%, and 100% for those repaired prior to, during, or post ECMO, respectively, with statistical significance associated with repair after decannulation (P Conclusion Outcomes were improved in CDH patients undergoing surgical repair following ECMO with significantly increased survival, lower rates of surgical bleeding, and decreased total duration of ECMO therapy compared to patients repaired on ECMO. In patients who can be successfully weaned from ECMO, our study supports a role for delayed repair off ECMO with reduced operative morbidity and increased survival.
A species-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Nosema furnacalis (Microspora: Nosematidae)

Abstract A serological assay has been developed that specifically reacts with Nosema furnacalis proteins. N. furnacalis spores were harvested from laboratory-reared Ostrinia nubilalis and purified by centrifugation through a Percoll gradient. Spores were germinated and soluble proteins were used to immunize rabbits and mice. Antibodies from hyperimmune animals were purified and used to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The assay detected N. furnacalis proteins in infected O. nubilalis larvae and pupae, in Helicoverpa zea larvae and pupae, and in H. zea cell culture. Latex beads sensitized with antibody did not agglutinate spores of N. furnacalis or N. pyrausta, indicating that the antigens are probably internal sporoplasm proteins rather than soluble surface proteins. No cross reaction was observed when the assay was tested against five species of Nosema: N. pyrausta in O. nubilalis; N. apis in Apis mellifera; N. locustae in Melanoplus femurrubrum, M. bivitattis, and M. lakinus; N. bombycis in Bombyx mori; and an undescribed species from Malacosoma americanum. Three species of Vairimorpha were also tested, all showing no cross reaction: V. necatrix, another pathogen of O. nubilalis, and two undescribed Vairimorpha spp. in Hyphantria cunea and Alabama argillacea. Western blot analysis confirmed specificity of the ELISA, distinguishing among N. furnacalis infected, N. pyrausta infected, and unifected O. nubilalis.
Retention of conditioned taste aversion to NaCl after chorda tympani transection in Fischer 344 and Wistar rats

Abstract Fischer 344 (F344) rats fail to prefer sodium chloride (NaCl) solution to water, and this behavior is dramatically altered by bilateral transection of the chorda tympani nerve (CTX). Tests of retention and generalization of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to 0.15 M NaCl were used to assess alterations in salt taste perception after CTX. A CTA was established to 0.15 M NaCl in groups of F344 and Wistar rats after two pairings with LiCl (IP, 2% body weight; 0.15 M ). After conditioning, animals received bilateral CTX or sham operations. Approximately 2 weeks after surgery animals were tested for retention of the CTA. Aversion to 0.15 M NaCl was evident in CTX and SHAM rats that had been conditioned prior to surgery, with no apparent difference in magnitude as a function of surgical condition. Thus, although CTX profoundly alters F344 rats' hedonic response to NaCl, it does not alter perceptual characteristics so markedly that NaCl is no longer recognized as the stimulus presented during aversion conditioning. Rather these studies suggest that in both the F344 and Wistar strains the chorda tympani nerve is not necessary for retention of a presurgical CTA to NaCl. These studies, therefore, do not provide evidence of changes in NaCl perceptual “quality” as a consequence of CTX either in F344 rats, where such changes were indicated by the preference data, or in the Wistar rat, where they were not.
Selective presence of opiate receptors on intestinal circular muscle cells.

Abstract Smooth muscle cells isolated separately from the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of guinea pig and human intestine exhibited a unique pattern of response to derivatives of proenkephalin and prodynorphin present in the myenteric plexus. Receptors for other myenteric transmitters (acetycholine, the octapeptide of cholecystokinin and substance P) capable of mediating contraction, were present on both circular and longitudinal muscle cells, whereas opiate receptors were present on circular muscle cells and selectively absent from longitudinal muscle cells in both species. The opiate myoreceptors belonged to the three main subclasses (κ, θ and μ) and exhibited a rank order of sensitivity similar to that of opiate neuroreceptors. The distribution of these receptors parallels the distribution of opioid nerve fibers and appears to reflect the role of opiods in the regulation of neuromuscular activity.
The Compensatory G88R Change Is Essential in Restoring the Normal Functions of Influenza A/WSN/33 Virus Matrix Protein 1 with a Disrupted Nuclear Localization Signal

G88R emerged as a compensatory mutation in matrix protein 1 (M1) of influenza virus A/WSN/33 when its nuclear localization signal (NLS) was disrupted by R101S and R105S substitutions. The resultant M1 triple mutant M(NLS-88R) regained replication efficiency in vitro while remaining attenuated in vivo with the potential of being a live vaccine candidate. To understand why G88R was favored by the virus as a compensatory change for the NLS loss and resultant replication deficiency, three more M1 triple mutants with an alternative G88K, G88V, or G88E change in addition to R101S and R105S substitutions in the NLS were generated. Unlike the other M1 triple mutants, M(NLS-88R) replicated more efficiently in vitro and in vivo. The G88R compensatory mutation not only restored normal functions of M1 in the presence of a disrupted NLS but also resulted in a strong association of M1 with viral ribonucleoprotein. Under a transmission electron microscope, only the M1 layer of the M(NLS-88R) virion exhibited discontinuous fingerprint-like patterns with average thicknesses close to that of wild-type A/WSN/33. Computational modeling suggested that the compensatory G88R change could reestablish the integrity of the M1 layer through new salt bridges between adjacent M1 subunits when the original interactions were interrupted by simultaneous R101S and R105S replacements in the NLS. Our results suggested that restoring the normal functions of M1 was crucial for efficient virus replication.
Introduction the paper: Posterior fossa decompression and the cerebellum in Chiari type II malformation: A preliminary MRI study, by Salman M

The present paper focuses on the possible role of posterior fossa decompression performed in early infancy as a potential aid in preventing cerebellar atrophy progression in children with spina bifida aperta and Chiari II malformation. MR findings in a very limited sample group of children (four cases), operated on in the first 2 years of life for their Chiari II malformation, are compared with those obtained in a group of 28 Chiari II malformation not operated on patients and those of 10 age-matched normal control subjects. An increase in mean MR CSF volume within the cerebellar fissures and the fourth ventricle in operated children, if compared with the CSF volume in non-operated patients and the one of normal subjects is the base for indicating a very early surgical correction. In other words, the operated children would have more space available for postnatal cerebellar growth. There are a number of controversial issues concerning this proposal, that have suggested the claim for comments from people experienced in the field; only to cite some of the possible discussion points: 1) The hindbrain embryological development is completed by the second month of embryological life, and hindbrain abnormalities are already completely defined by that time. 2) The rate of children with open spina bifida becoming symptomatic for a Chiari II malformation is relatively low and might not be enough to justify an early preventive surgery, even in a selected proportion of patients. 3) As the same authors state, in spite of a lower rate of Chiari II malformations in patients with open spina bifida operated on in utero, previous studies suggest that cerebellar structures width on postnatal MR is not different, when the Chiari II malformation is present, if the repair of the spinal defect is performed during fetal life or after birth. 4) The surgical risks of a preventive posterior cranial fossa decompression in neonates should not be underestimated and balanced with the only eventual advantage I can foresee of this kind of surgical timing, which is the possible prevention of hindbrain signs in case of shunt malfunction in shunted patients.
Short-term hemodynamic evaluation of circumferential mitral annuloplasty for correction of mitral valve regurgitation in dogs

Objective—To determine the short-term hemodynamic effects associated with circumferential mitral annuloplasty (CMA) in dogs with mitral regurgitation. Study Design—Prospective experimental study. Animals—Seven healthy adult mongrel dogs. Methods—Mitral regurgitation was surgically induced, and annular dilation occurred. Echocardiography and cardiac catheterization were used to determine forward ejection fraction (FEF), regurgitant fraction (RF), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), and annular diameter before and immediately after CMA in five dogs. FEF and RF were also evaluated 7 days after annuloplasty. Results—Mean annular diameter and PCWP were significantly reduced immediately after CMA. Significant increases in FEF of 19% and 22% were shown immediately and 7 days after CMA. Significant reductions in RF of 19% and 22% were also shown immediately and 7 days after annuloplasty. Conclusions—Sustained hemodynamic benefits and a reduction in annular diameter were achieved by CMA in a canine model of mitral regurgitation. Clinical Implications—CMA may be a suitable treatment for heart failure because of mitral regurgitation when early signs of cardiovascular decompensation persist despite appropriate medical management.
Design of a reversible floating-point adder architecture

The study of reversible circuits holds great promise for emerging technologies. Reversible circuits offer the possibility for great reductions in power consumption, and quantum computers will require logically reversible digital circuits. Many different reversible implementations of logical and arithmetic units have been proposed in the literature, but very few reversible floating-point designs exist. Floating-point operations are needed very frequently in nearly all computing disciplines, and studies have shown floating-point addition to be the most oft used floating-point operation. In this paper we present for the first time a reversible floating-point adder that closely follows the IEEE754 specification for binary floating-point arithmetic. Our design requires reversible designs of a controlled swap unit, a subtracter, an alignment unit, signed integer representation conversion units, an integer adder, a normalization unit, and a rounding unit. We analyze these major components in terms of quantum cost, garbage outputs, and constant inputs.
The roles of vision and the lateral-line system in Sacramento splittail’s fish-screen avoidance behaviors: Evaluating vibrating screens as potential fish deterrents

The roles of vision and the lateral-line system in fish-screen avoidance behaviors were investigated in Sacramento splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus). Fish were viewed swimming in front of water-diversion-type fish screens in a laboratory flume during the day (lit condition) and night (darkened condition, using infrared equipment). Streptomycin-sulfate treatments were used to block the fish’s lateral-line systems. Lateral line neuromasts were labeled with 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-ethylpyridinium iodide (DASPEI) to assess the streptomycin treatment’s effectiveness. Splittail contacted the screens infrequently during the day, but contacted the screens significantly more often during the night. Also, in darkened conditions, streptomycin-treated splittail contacted the screens significantly more often than did control fish. Furthermore 60 % of the streptomycin-treated fish became impinged (stuck) to the screens during night experiments, compared to 15 % of the untreated fish. These findings suggest that splittail use their lateral-line system to detect and avoid objects (screens) in the absence of vision. Splittail displayed no response to stimuli generated from a piston-driven vibrator mounted to the center of the screens. Our findings are the first to show how fish can use different sensory systems to detect and avoid fish screens in the presence or absence of light, and they should benefit fisheries and water resources managers, regarding the timing of water extractions through screened water diversions.
Studies on the nature of relationships between grain size, spikelet number, grain yield and spikelet filling in late duration varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Studies on the nature of relationship between grain size (in terms of thousand grain weight), grain number, rate of filling and yield have been worked out with late duration (140–150 days) rice varieties. Grain number per m2, grains per panicle and yield showed a negative relationship with grain size. There was no compensatory balance between grain size and grain number within a range of thousand grain weight of 15 to 30 g. Based on the peaks in grain filling activity, the varieties were classified into four groups. There was no relationship between grain size and rate of grain filling thereby suggesting that grain filling is determined by inherent endogenous factors.
A Multilevel Analysis of State and Regional Disparities in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity in the United States

This study examines state- and regional disparities in obesity prevalence among 46,707 US children and adolescents aged 10-17 years before and after adjusting for individual socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics and area deprivation measures. The 2003 National Survey of Children's Health was used to calculate obesity prevalence in nine geographic regions and in the 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC). Logistic regression was used to estimate odds of obesity and adjusted prevalence. OLS regression was used to determine the amount of variance explained by income inequality, poverty, and violent crime rates. The prevalence of childhood obesity varied substantially across geographic areas, with the Southcentral regions of the US having the highest prevalence (> or =18%) and the Mountain region the lowest prevalence (11.4%). Children in West Virginia, Kentucky, Texas, Tennessee, and North Carolina (adjusted prevalence >18.3%) had over twice the odds of being obese than their Utah counterparts (adjusted prevalence = 10.4%). Geographic disparities in obesity were similar for male and female children. Individual characteristics such as race/ethnicity, household socioeconomic status, neighborhood social capital, television viewing, recreational computer use, and physical activity accounted for 55% of the state and 25% of the regional disparities in obesity. Area poverty rates accounted for an additional 18% of the state variance in adjusted obesity prevalence. Although individual and area level socioeconomic factors are important predictors, substantial geographic disparities in childhood and adolescent obesity remain. Prevention efforts targeting individual risk factors as well as contextual social and environmental factors may reduce geographic disparities in childhood and adolescent obesity.
Mineral deposits of the Alps and the Alpine Epoch in Europe: Proceedings of the IV ISMIDA, 1981

This book contains 39 of the 50 or so papers presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Mineral Deposits of the Alps (the IV ISMIDA of the title) held at Berchtesgaden, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), October 1981. The proceedings of the third conference (Austria, 1977) were published by the Austrian Geological Institute. I have checked with some large U.S. earth science libraries, and apparently no “proceedings” volumes, if they were published at all, are readily available in the United States for the first (Italy, 1966) and second (Yugoslavia, 1971) conferences.
ARMARKOV least-squares identification

ARMARKOV representations have the same form as ARMA representations, but explicitly involve Markov parameters. This paper generalizes ARMA least-squares time-domain identification to ARMARKOV representations. The ARMARKOV/least-squares identification algorithm is used to estimate the Markov parameters of a linear time-invariant system from measurements of the inputs and outputs. The eigensystem realization algorithm is then used to construct a minimal realization. A numerical example involving a second-order lightly damped system illustrates the decreased sensitivity of the eigenvalues to the Markov parameters of a perturbed ARMARKOV representation compared to the Markov parameters of a perturbed ARMA representation. Finally, using experimental data, the dynamics of an acoustic duct are identified using the ARMA/least-squares identification algorithm to obtain a transfer function representation and the ARMARKOV/least-squares identification algorithm with ERA to obtain a minimal realization.
Shade avoidance and the regulation of leaf inclination in Arabidopsis

As a rosette plant, Arabidopsis thaliana forms leaves near to the ground, which causes the plant to be vulnerable to shading by neighbours. One mechanism to avoid such shading is the regulation of leaf inclination, such that leaves can be raised to more vertical orientations to prevent neighbouring leaves from overtopping them. Throughout Arabidopsis rosette development, rosette leaves move to more vertical orientations when shaded by neighbouring leaves, exposed to low light levels or placed in the dark. After dark-induced reorientation of leaves, returning them to white light causes the leaves to reorient to more horizontal inclinations. These light-dependent leaf movements are more robust than, and distinct from, the diurnal movements of rosette leaves. However, the movements are gated by the circadian clock. The light-dependent leaf orientation response is mediated primarily through phytochromes A, B and E, with the orientation varying with the ratio of red light to far-red light, consistent with other shade-avoidance responses. However, even plants lacking these phytochromes were able to alter leaf inclination in response to white light, suggesting a role for other photoreceptors. In particular, we found significant changes in leaf inclination for plants exposed to green light. This green light response may be caused, in part, by light-dependent regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis.
Metagenomics: genomic analysis of microbial communities.

▪ Abstract Uncultured microorganisms comprise the majority of the planet's biological diversity. Microorganisms represent two of the three domains of life and contain vast diversity that is the product of an estimated 3.8 billion years of evolution. In many environments, as many as 99% of the microorganisms cannot be cultured by standard techniques, and the uncultured fraction includes diverse organisms that are only distantly related to the cultured ones. Therefore, culture-independent methods are essential to understand the genetic diversity, population structure, and ecological roles of the majority of microorganisms. Metagenomics, or the culture-independent genomic analysis of an assemblage of microorganisms, has potential to answer fundamental questions in microbial ecology. This review describes progress toward understanding the biology of uncultured Bacteria, Archaea, and viruses through metagenomic analyses.
Chemotherapeutic Advancements in Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma

The peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) include a pathologic and clinically heterogeneous group of mature aggressive T-cell lymphomas, with overall inferior prognoses compared with aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Diagnosis by expert pathologic analysis is paramount in differentiating the multiple different clinicopathologic subtypes. The clinical presentations of PTCLs are variable, from that of an indolent nature to an aggressive behavior, although most have natural histories as aggressive lymphomas. First-line treatment for most PTCLs should include multi-agent chemotherapy with consideration of inclusion of etoposide chemotherapy for younger patients, as well as consolidation with autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) in select cases. For patients with disease relapse, salvage therapy followed by autologous or allogeneic SCT should be considered. Additionally, several novel therapeutic agents have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for relapsed/refractory PTCL, including romidepsin, pralatrexate, and brentuximab vedotin, the latter specifically for anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Furthermore, there are a number of new, targeted agents being studied. In order to improve outcomes for PTCL, it remains critical to consider these patients for clinical studies. In this article, we examine the recent progress and changing landscape of treatment of PTCL.
Natural Selection and Shape Perception

We present a formal framework that generalizes and subsumes the standard Bayesian framework for vision. While incorporating the fundamental role of probabilistic inference, our Computational Evolutionary Perception (CEP) framework also incorporates fitness in a fundamental way, and it allows us to consider different possible relationships between the objective world and perceptual representations (e.g., in evolving visual systems). In our framework, shape is not assumed to be a “reconstruction” of an objective world property. It is simply a representational format that has been tuned by natural selection to guide adaptive behavior. In brief, shape is an effective code for fitness. Because fitness depends crucially on the actions of an organism, shape representations are closely tied to actions. We model this connection formally using the Perception-Decision-Action (PDA) loop. Among other things, the PDA loop clarifies how, even though one cannot know the effects of one’s actions in the objective world itself, one can nevertheless know the results of those effects back in our perceptions. This, in turn, explains how organisms can interact effectively with a fundamentally unknown objective world.
Lateral spreading of a near-field river plume: Observations and numerical simulations

[1] Data collected from the near-field region of the Merrimack River (Massachusetts) plume were analyzed to examine plume spreading. Estimates of the plume spreading rate were derived from a direct assessment of the spreading of clustered surface drifters and from density and velocity data along a cross-plume arc. Additionally, plume spreading rates were also derived from highly resolved numerical model output (ROMS). These three distinct observational and numerical approaches have reasonable agreement and are compared favorably with observations using a control volume approach in a previous study. It is demonstrated that these three methods are valid to estimate the plume spreading rate. The observations and numerical simulations also allowed estimation of terms in the lateral momentum balance along streamline normals, perpendicular to surface layer streamlines. One principal finding of this study is that the dominant terms in the lateral momentum balance are the centrifugal force term associated with streamline curvature, the buoyancy term, the Coriolis term, and the interfacial stress term. Furthermore, the lateral momentum balance shows that the lateral spreading process is significantly affected by interfacial stress within the first 1 to 2 km but, thereafter, is locally inviscid. However, turbulent mixing continues to play an important role in modifying the spreading rate by adjusting the internal wave speed.
High-power iodine laser application for remote D and D cutting

This paper discusses the use of high-power lasers to remotely process material for decommissioning and dismantlement of nuclear facilities. Process requirements are established and suitable laser systems are compared. The chemical oxygen- iodine laser was identified as the leading candidate for long term dismantlement activities because it offers a high-power, high-brightness beam that can be remotely delivered into radiation containment by optical fibers.
mspecLINE: bridging knowledge of human disease with the proteome

Public proteomics databases such as PeptideAtlas contain peptides and proteins identified in mass spectrometry experiments. However, these databases lack information about human disease for researchers studying disease-related proteins. We have developed mspecLINE, a tool that combines knowledge about human disease in MEDLINE with empirical data about the detectable human proteome in PeptideAtlas. mspecLINE associates diseases with proteins by calculating the semantic distance between annotated terms from a controlled biomedical vocabulary. We used an established semantic distance measure that is based on the co-occurrence of disease and protein terms in the MEDLINE bibliographic database. The mspecLINE web application allows researchers to explore relationships between human diseases and parts of the proteome that are detectable using a mass spectrometer. Given a disease, the tool will display proteins and peptides from PeptideAtlas that may be associated with the disease. It will also display relevant literature from MEDLINE. Furthermore, mspecLINE allows researchers to select proteotypic peptides for specific protein targets in a mass spectrometry assay. Although mspecLINE applies an information retrieval technique to the MEDLINE database, it is distinct from previous MEDLINE query tools in that it combines the knowledge expressed in scientific literature with empirical proteomics data. The tool provides valuable information about candidate protein targets to researchers studying human disease and is freely available on a public web server.
Card Perseveration Task Performance and Post-Task Feeling States: Relationship to Drug Use in Adolescents

This study examined whether performance on the Card Perseveration Task (Card Task) and self-report of feeling state after the task are related to self-report of drug use. The evaluation was of 64 adolescents from an adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinic (40 males, aged 15.5 years, SD = 1.6; 24 females aged 16.9 years, SD = 1.5). Drug use histories were obtained using a substance dependence symptom checklist based on DSM-III-R. The Card Task was administered, and after completion, a Post-Task Self-Report (PTSR) was administered. A factor analysis with varimax rotation grouped the 28 items of the PTSR into Distress, Happy, Satisfied, and Wanting to Win subscales. Correlations of drug use with performance on the Card Task and the PTSR subscales were obtained. Cards Played on the Card Task were correlated with alcohol (cc =. 31, p ≤.01); marijuana (cc =. 35, p ≤. 01) and polydrug (cc =. 26, p ≤. 05) dependence symptoms. Money Won on the Card Task was correlated negatively with nicotine (cc = −. 26, p ≤. 05...
Conformational Changes and Molecular Dynamics of Myosin

The sections in this article are: 1 Myosin Structure 1.1 Subunits 1.2 Actin Interaction Site 2 Myosin Interaction with ATP and its Analogues 2.1 Conformational Changes 2.2 Ultraviolet Spectral Changes 2.3 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectra 2.4 Relation to ATPase Mechanism 2.5 Rod Conformational Changes 3 Chemical Modification 3.1 Cysteine Residue Modification 3.2 Lysine Modification 4 Two-Headed Nature of Myosin 4.1 Are the Two Myosin Heads Identical? 4.2 Interactions of the Two Myosin Heads 5 Molecular Mechanism of Cross-Bridge Cycle 5.1 Segmental Flexibility of Myosin 5.2 Measurement of Correlation Time 5.3 Local Fluctuations in Myosin Structure 6 Organized Systems 6.1 Motion of Myosin Heads 6.2 Orientation of Myosin Heads 7 Force Generation and Elasticity 7.1 Rotating-Head Models 7.2 Helix-Coil Melting Model 7.3 Actin Motions 7.4 X-Ray Studies 7.5 Correlation Functions
Response of ants and spiders to prescribed fire in oak woodlands of California

Conservation managers of oak woodlands have been reintroducing fire both as an ecological process per se and to assist in restoring native plant communities. To increase our understanding of the impacts of reintroduced fire on ground-dwelling invertebrates we examined the response of ants and spiders to a late season (autumn) prescribed fire conducted in a blue oak (Quercus douglasii) woodland ecosystem in northern California. Twelve 100 m × 100 m plots were established, six plots received a burn treatment and the remaining six plots were unburned controls. Ants and spiders were sampled using pitfall traps left open continuously and collected approximately every 32 days. Sampling was conducted over a year, consisting of four pre-burn and nine post-burn collections. Abundance was analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA, which showed seed-harvester ants decreased significantly in the two months following the fire. Total spider abundance also showed a significant decrease in two months, although this did not occur immediately after the burn. One spider hunting guild, the ‘diurnal ambush’ group (Thomisidae) remained suppressed for up to nine months. Correspondence analysis measures of ant species abundance with environmental and vegetation variables (percent rock, bare ground, plant species richness and height of herbaceous vegetation) were higher than expected by chance, which assists in explaining some of the responses. Findings from this study revealed that the reintroduction of autumn burns has modest and short-term effect on the invertebrates sampled, suggesting that late season fires are compatible with other conservation goals for oak woodland ecosystems.
Phase I½ Evaluation and Methodology of RO 20–2230 in Postoperative Patients

This report presents the rationale and methodology of our "phase 1 1/2" model for drug evaluation and reports the results of a typical study. We found that Ro 20-2230, and investigational agonist-antagonist analgesic, was well tolerated in therapeutic doses, with 15 mg intramuscular Ro 20-2230 approximately equivalent to 10 mg intramuscular morphine sulfate.
The Coalescent Process and Background Selection

Some statistical properties of gene trees are described for a model with background deleterious mutations. It is argued that the history of a small sample of genes under this model is a continuous time Markov chain that quickly reaches stationarity. This observation leads to simple expressions for the expected nucleotide diversity and suggests that the frequency spectrum in small samples should be approximately the same as under a strict neutral model. The results concerning expected nucleotide diversity are compared with observed variation on the third chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster.
Transnational Feminism in the United States: Knowledge, Ethics, and Power Leela Fernandes. New York: New York University Press, 2013.

Transnational Feminism in the United States: Knowledge, Ethics, and Power Leela Fernandes. New York: New York University Press, 2013.In Transnational Feminism in the United States: Knowledge, Ethics, and Power Leela Fernandes asks the academy to reconsider the concept of "transnational feminism," a term that has become, according to Fernandes, a catchall phrase for the paradigm within which "[f]eminist scholars have increasingly sought to develop transnational perspectives in order to break free from national narratives and decenter US-oriented approaches" (2). Her main concern is the way academics in the United States have failed at such a decentering and have instead appropriated the concept of "transnational feminism" to fit into an American narrative. Using case studies and extensive engagement with current research, Fernandes puts forth a strong call for academics to reevaluate their relationship with the construction of "transnational feminism" and their study of it.Her main audience is those who work within interdisciplinary fields of study, which she lists as specifically postcolonial, women's, and cultural studies. Those working within those fields, who created the term "transnational feminism," Fernandes claims, also have the opportunity to deconstruct the concept and make it less servile to an American narrative of liberation and freedom, a challenge "that continually arises for feminists who write and teach about women, gender, and sexuality in locations that want to move outside of a national American narrative," an idea she thoroughly explicates in her introduction (2).With a clear introduction that offers each chapter's argument, this text is simultaneously challenging and approachable. It is accessible for specific purposes, as each essay can stand alone. The arguments are clearly and systematically laid out in this thoroughly researched and articulate text. Transnational Feminism in the United States would be most useful to those who write about and teach within the interdisciplinary disciplines previously mentioned. This text asks those educators to reconsider the framing of courses to align with a less Americancentered approach when teaching about women from around the world. Her primary concern for such educators is to show that "less attention has been paid to such national framings of interdisciplinary knowledge and the ways in which these framings produce 'the world' within the United States," i.e., focusing on female genital circumcision or veiling as a way of teaching about women beyond American borders (9). …
Incorporation of high level wastes in SYNROC: Results from recent process engineering studies at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

In this paper, highlights from recent engineering research and development, in particular, results from fluidized bed calcination studies of SYNROC slurry are summarized. A schematic diagram of the envisioned SYNROC process (at this stage of development) is also presented. It shows the use of a fluidized bed calciner to prepare SYNROC powder that is then fed to a storage hopper. Bellows-type canisters are filled, evacuated, sealed and preheated. The preheated canisters are loaded into a hot isotactic pressing unit where they are densified, then removed and cooled and finally loaded into a waste storage container. After sealing, this container is decontaminated and transferred to the interim storage facility and then, ultimately, to an underground repository.
Effect of Intracerebroventricular Glucose Injection on Feeding in Leghorn Chicks

Abstract The food and water intake response of Leghorn chicks to intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of glucose was studied. Experiments were done in both free-feeding and 24-hr fasted birds. The ICV injection of 10 μl of glucose solutions ranging from 5.5 to 30% had no significant effect on food or water intake in free-feeding or in 24-hr fasted Leghorns. This suggests that glucose does not influence food or water intake when injected into the lateral cerebro-ventricle. This effect is discussed in relationship to recent findings showing that injection of glucose into the third ventricle decreases food intake.
The backward bending Phillips curves: competing micro-foundations and the role of conflict

The Phillips curve is a critical part of macroeconomics, yet the theoretical foundations of this important relation remain poorly understood. The current paper excavates the micro-foundations of Phillips curve theory, focusing on the competing theoretical explanations of the Phillips curve that adopt a demand-pull perspective. The paper develops a taxonomy of the different theoretical approaches to the Phillips curve, and then presents a simple model of the backward bending Phillips curve that incorporates elements of wage conflict. The model therefore joins together the logic of both the conflict and demand-pull approaches to the Phillips curve, which in the past have been kept separate.
Extended Hospitalization of Failure to Thrive Infants: Patterns of Care and Developmental Outcome

Infants who fail to thrive without diagnosable physical disease remain a frequent and frustrating treatment dilemma for pediatric and psychological practitioners, and have generated a large and expanding body of clinical research over the past decade. By far, much of the extant literature on psychosocial FTT has focused on the etiological factors associated with the condition (Barbero & Shaheen, 1967; Bullard et al., 1967; Evans, Reinhart & Succop, 1972; Fischoff, Whitten & Pettit, 1971; Leonard, Rhymes & Solnit, 1966), the developmental sequelae for those children who experience growth failure in infancy (Drotar, Malone & Negray, 1979; Elmer, Gregg & Ellison, 1969; Singer & Fagan, 1984), and innovative intervention and treatment modes drawn from a variety of theoretical frameworks (Fraiberg, 1981; Ramey et al., 1975; Drotar et al., 1979).
Crystal structure of the Rous sarcoma virus intasome

Integration of the reverse-transcribed viral DNA into the host genome is an essential step in the life cycle of retroviruses. Retrovirus integrase catalyses insertions of both ends of the linear viral DNA into a host chromosome. Integrase from HIV-1 and closely related retroviruses share the three-domain organization, consisting of a catalytic core domain flanked by amino- and carboxy-terminal domains essential for the concerted integration reaction. Although structures of the tetrameric integrase-DNA complexes have been reported for integrase from prototype foamy virus featuring an additional DNA-binding domain and longer interdomain linkers, the architecture of a canonical three-domain integrase bound to DNA remained elusive. Here we report a crystal structure of the three-domain integrase from Rous sarcoma virus in complex with viral and target DNAs. The structure shows an octameric assembly of integrase, in which a pair of integrase dimers engage viral DNA ends for catalysis while another pair of non-catalytic integrase dimers bridge between the two viral DNA molecules and help capture target DNA. The individual domains of the eight integrase molecules play varying roles to hold the complex together, making an extensive network of protein-DNA and protein-protein contacts that show both conserved and distinct features compared with those observed for prototype foamy virus integrase. Our work highlights the diversity of retrovirus intasome assembly and provides insights into the mechanisms of integration by HIV-1 and related retroviruses.
Concurrent Aircraft Design and Airline Network Design Incorporating Passenger Demand Models

Conceptual aircraft design and the network routes that they trave l on are inextricably linked to passenger driven demand. Decisions made in the acquisition and subsequent allocation of aircraft assets to serve chosen links translate to latent passenger observations of ticket pricing and routes served between origin -destination (OD) pairs. It is proposed that such latency gives rise to a reflexive behavior in demand as subsequent operational decisions give rise to reflexive passenger demand conditions. In this paper, a unifying conceptual framework that builds upon previous works is proposed to concurrently design aircraft and the operational network by incorporating established passenger demand models . A conceptual scenario formulated and solved to exhibit the methodology employed and reflexivity of demand.
Investigation on current status of prevention and control of infectious diseases among primary and middle schools in Dongcheng(north) district of Beijing

Objective To study the current situation of prevention and control of infectious diseases among primary and middle schools in Dongcheng( north) district of Beijing,so as to provide evidence for strengthening prevention and control of infectious diseases.Methods A interviewing questionnaire survey on prevention and control of infectious disease was conducted among 72 primary and middle schools in the district.Results Establishment rate of 10 infectious diseases management system achieved 100% among this schools in the district.The rate of reaching the standard in 6 main prevention and control measure account for 70.8%.It is 71.7% and 69.4% in middle schools and primary schools respectively.There is no statistical difference( P ﹥ 0.05) between the rate a primary and middle schools.The overall rate of reaching the standard including school doctors' assignment,outbreak reporter's education background and job title in the primary and middle schools is 71.2%.It is84.2% and 61.9% in primary and middle schools respectively.The rate in middle schools is higher than that in primary schools,the difference is statistically significant( P 0.05).By analyzing information of absence and symptom inspection in 34 schools,it display that there is record system of morning check,noon check information and tracking of student with symptom in76.5% schools.Conclusion It needs to be improved on implementation of infection diseases prevention and control system in schools.We have to consolidate the building of school health team and enhance the professional ability of infection diseases prevention and control.
Follower Perceptions of Authentic Leadership: A Comparison between Respondents from Romania and the United States

Abstract As a reaction to negative examples of contemporary leadership practice in various societal areas, authentic leadership theory proposes to offer an alternative values-based model. Drawing upon the work of Kernis (2003), Avolio and Gardner (2005) and Walumbwa, Avolio, Gardner, Wernsing, and Peterson (2008), the present endeavor employs the concept of authentic leadership as consisting of the following four dimensions: self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized moral perspective, and balanced processing. Based on previous research about the influence of national culture on leadership behavior, the present endeavor develops a model, which proposes that employees in low power distance cultures perceive their leaders as more authentic than employees in secular and high power distance cultures. The hypothesis was tested among employees from Romania and USA (N = 42). The results revealed there were no significant differences between the two groups in what the four dimensions of authentic leadership are concerned. Implications for leadership research are discussed.
Weight loss advice and prospective weight change among overweight firefighters

Background: Obesity compromises firefighter safety, yet more than 70% of firefighters are overweight. Though healthcare professionals are encouraged to counsel overweight patients, the effectiveness of weight counseling is not consistent across studies.Objective: Examine longitudinal changes in cardiovascular risk factors and determine the role of healthcare professional weight loss advice on six-month weight changes among a national sample of male, overweight and obese firefighters.Methods: This study included baseline and six-month assessments of 757 firefighters. Medical and demographic data were collected using questionnaires. Investigators collected height, weight, percent body fat, waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting serum samples (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, glucose). Multilevel linear regression assessed the association between weight advice and outcomes.Results: Participants lost an average of 0.55 kg (95%CI: 0.17–0.93), and experienced signi...
Inductive power transmission to millimeter-sized biomedical implants using printed spiral coils

The operation frequency (f) has been a key parameter in optimizing wireless power transmission links for biomedical implants with millimeter (mm) dimensions. This paper studies the feasibility of using printed spiral coils (PSCs) for powering mm-sized implants with high power transmission efficiency (PTE) at different fps. Compared to wire-wound coils (WWCs), using a PSC in the implant side allows batch fabrication on rigid or flexible substrates, which can also be used as a platform for integrating implant components. For powering an implant with 1 mm diameter, located 10 mm inside the tissue, the geometries of transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) PSCs were optimized at different f P s of 50 MHz, 200 MHz, and 500 MHz using a commercial field solver (HFSS). In simulations, PSC- and WWC-based links achieved maximum PTE of 0.13% and 3.3%, and delivered power of 65.7 μW and 720 μW under specific absorption rate (SAR) constraints at the optimal fp of 50 MHz and 100 MHz, respectively, suggesting that the performance of the PSC-based link is significantly inferior to that of the WWC-based link.