cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reading Course-Readings in Educational Leadership for All Their Worth: Tending to the Three Worlds of the Text.

The intent of this essay is to provoke thought on how to increase the impact of course readings on individual and group learning. A set of strategies for tapping the generative potential of texts that build on the interpretive insights of Gadamer and Ricoeur is provided. Generative potential refers to the ability of a text to generate new thoughts, insights, and possibilities for the reader. It is argued that the realization of this potential is increased as the instructor consciously encourages students to attend to the three worlds of the text as they read—the worlds behind, in, and in front of the text.
The EPA, NHTSA, and the Multiple Streams drive climate policy outcome

ABSTRACTAlthough United States environmental policy is frequently being decided in administrative agencies, it is unclear what factors influence policy outcomes. Some limited scholarship has explored whether the Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) used for congressional policymaking can be used to explain rulemaking outcomes. This research explores the validity of the MSF via a case study of the controversial 2017 and Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards Rule (CAFE Standards Rule) jointly published by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). This research relies on original interviews with 30 agency staff and stakeholders to conclude that the model is helpful in understanding why these agencies produced the policy they did. However, the results here illustrate the importance of understanding the role and impact of the political stream on outcomes earlier in the process than ou...
Statin Utilization Patterns and Outcomes for Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome During and Following Inpatient Admissions

High-intensity statins (HIS) are recommended by current treatment guidelines for patients with clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and should be administered soon after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) event and maintained thereafter. However, adherence to guidelines remains adequate. Statin utilization patterns during index hospitalization and the first year after ACS event, and the association between statin utilization and post-discharge clinical and economic outcomes, are described. Retrospective, observational study of US adults from the MarketScan Research Databases (2002–2014) with ≥ 1 inpatient admission for ACS and no evidence of previous ACS event 91 days. The most common post-index hospital admissions for cardiovascular events were due to recurrent ACS (incidence rate = 115.2), heart failure (110.0), and revascularization (76.4). During follow-up, 2355 patients (30.2%) had all-cause inpatient admissions and 1136 (14.6%) had cardiovascular-specific admissions; mean all-cause medical and healthcare costs were $2456 and $2870, respectively, per patient per month. Statin dosing and utilization of HIS remains lower than recommended in current treatment guidelines, leaving patients at considerable risk of subsequent cardiovascular events.
The Role of Nitric Oxide in Nonadrenergic Noncholingergic Neural Relaxation of Mammalian Airway Smooth Muscle

Extensive evidence accumulated over the past two decades has documented the existence of an inhibitory nervous system in the airways of most mammalian species, including man, that is neither adrenergic nor cholinergic. Because the neurotransmitter of this system has not been identified with certainty, the system continues to be referred to as the nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) inhibitory system. Most recently, attention has been focused on nitirc oxide (NO) as a possible transmitter of NANC inhibitory responses in the airways. This paper will succinctly review relevant background information regarding the airway NANC inhibitory system as well as current evidence advocating or disputing a role for NO in NANC inhibitory nerve-mediated relaxation of airway smooth muscle. Results from our own laboratory will be integrated with data reported by other investigators in an effort to present the reader with a balanced perspective on this intriguing, yet controversial topic.
Regiomontanus on the Critical Problems of Astronomy

Among the manuscripts of Johannes Muller of Konigsberg, generally known as Regiomontanus (1436–1476), is one containing letters to and from the astronomers Giovanni Bianchini, Jacob von Speier, and Christian Roder.1 Most of the correspondence consists of problems and solutions, above all in spherical astronomy, but also in commercial arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, other aspects of astronomy such as eclipses and planetary theory, and chronology and astrology, including an inquiry into the date of the Crucifixion (the full moon of Monday 11 April A.D. 35).2 There is much of value in these letters for they show, as no other source of which I am aware, the particular concerns of those few scholars proficient in astronomy in the period 1463–71 in which they were written, and indeed in the second half of the fifteenth century during which, largely through the work of Regiomontanus himself, the foundations were laid for Europeans to master the astronomy of Ptolemy and begain to make original contributions of their own. One of the letters, to Giovanni Bianchini, is of particular interest because it contains an account of what Regiomontanus considers the most notable problems, or rather defects, in the astronomy of his time, defects that he intends, or at least wishes, to correct.
Creating a stronger STEM community by addressing our bias.

New research shows that historical notions of scientific inferiority still underlie contemporary beliefs about scientific talent, or lack of it, in women and minority groups. If we do not address these biases, we are upholding an unhealthy system, argues Heather Metcalf.
Stress corrosion testing of roof bolt grade 60 steel in simulated underground coal mine atmosphere

Corrosion of roof bolts in underground mine environments could have an adverse impact on ground control, which is directly related to workforce safety. Past studies state that stress corrosion crac...
Critical Visual Methodology: Photographs and Narrative Text as a Visual Autoethnography

This paper considers how I combined unique qualitative methodologies in a recent study, which examined the construction of self-identity through photographs and narrative text as primary data, in order to develop a visual autoethnography. Critical visual methodology, grounded in Barthesian visual semiotics, was combined with traditional and non-traditional ethnographic methods to interrogate these data in order to construct the autoethnography. These data came from a gallery showing of my photographic exhibition: Wunderkammer: Specimen views of my postmodern life. The resultant analyses of narrative text and photographs revealed an underlying sub-text of significant racial encounters as well as several social and institutional ideological issues that contributed to my findings. Implications from this particular methodological design indicate usefulness not only in photography, but also in allied disciplines such as communication, education, cultural, and media studies. This form of analysis also finds a place in the broader notion of social or cultural identity.
Delayed splenic rupture

Abstract A case is reported of delayed splenic rupture occurring four days after the original trauma of an automobile accident. A study of fifty-eight such cases indicates that approximately 50 per cent occur during the first week after injury and about 25 per cent additional during the first half of the second week. Prompt operation with splenectomy supported by adequate blood or plasma transfusions is the procedure of choice. The importance of this traumatic injury in wartime is emphasized.
Synthesis of bis-3-alkyl-5-arylhydantoins and bis-3-alkyl-5-arylthiohydantoins separated by two and four carbon atoms

Synthesis of 1,2- and 1,4-bis-thiohydantoins and hydantoins employing ethylenediamine and 1,4-diaminobutane as spacers is described. Compounds containing a two carbon bridge were synthesized by alkylation of ethylenediamine with two equivalents of N-t-butyl-α-(p-toluenesulfonyloxy)phenylacetamide 3. The phenyl isothiocyanate adduct of 3 cyclized in refluxing toluene to form 1a. Other isothiocyanate or isocyanate adducts derived from alkylation product 4 required hydrolysis to induce cyclization. Compounds 1b-1f were obtained in this way. Compounds with a four carbon bridge were obtained by reaction of two equivalents of methyl α-bromophenyl acetate and 1,4-diaminobutane to produce N,N'-bis-[(α-phenyl-α-methoxycarbonyl)methyl]butylenediamine 6. The isothiocyanate or isocyanate adducts from 6 cyclized, without hydrolysis, to form compounds 2a-2e.
Cooperation and Fairness

The neural underpinnings of cooperation are best understood by studying people who are immersed in actual social interactions. Findings show that human cooperation depends upon both subcortical and cortical systems. Whereas amygdala activity can interfere with cooperation, activity in the caudate nucleus supports the motivation to cooperate in multiple contexts. Oxytocin can modulate activity in these areas to support cooperation. Prefrontal cortical regions sensitize people to the long-term benefits of cooperative relationships, and to the threat of punishment for social norm violation. These neural substrates endow humans with a remarkable capacity to cooperate when compared with other species.
The reactivity, selectivity and structure of 2-butanol on clean and oxygen-covered Au/Pd(100) alloys

Abstract The surface chemistry of 2-butanol is studied on clean and oxygen-saturated Au/Pd(100) alloys using a combination of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) as a function of alloy composition. The alloys are synthesized by evaporating gold on a Pd(100) substrate and heating to various temperatures to obtain a range of alloy compositions. It is found that 2-butanol initially forms 2-butoxide species both on clean and oxygen-saturated Au/Pd(100) alloys and can react either to reform 2-butanol or undergo a β-hydride elimination reaction to form 2-butanone. No 2-butanone is formed on alloys with palladium coverages below ~0.5 ML, and the 2-butanone yield increases linearly with palladium coverage at high coverages as the proportion of Pd‒Pd bridge sites on the alloy increases. Some ethylene is formed on alloys with palladium coverages between ~0.4 and 0.6 ML. Saturating the gold-palladium alloy with oxygen for palladium coverages above ~0.5 ML, where oxygen can dissociatively adsorb on the surface at pressures attainable in ultrahigh vacuum, increases the selectivity to 2-butanone formation to 100% for palladium coverages above ~0.75 ML, when Pd‒Pd bridge sites are present, while the selectivity decreases for palladium coverages of ~0.6 ML, when both isolated and bridge sites are present. This indicates that alloy catalysts containing just bridge sites at gold coverages below ~0.35 ML should be the most selective, while still being able to dissociatively adsorb oxygen
Impairment of the Gβγ-SNAP25 brake on exocytosis enhances insulin action, protects against diet-induced obesity, and promotes adipocyte browning

The Gβγ complex inhibits vesicle exocytosis by two mechanisms: inhibiting calcium entry by binding to voltage gated calcium channels, and binding to SNAP25 in the SNAP Receptor (SNARE) complex. To de-convolute the role of each of these mechanisms in vivo, we have made a mouse with the second mechanism disabled. The SNAP25Δ3 mutation renders the SNARE complex deficient in binding to Gβγ and was used to investigate the importance of the Gβγ-SNAP25 interaction in glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and global metabolic homeostasis. GSIS and α2A adrenergic receptor-mediated inhibition of GSIS were not altered in SNAP25Δ3/Δ3 mice. Nevertheless, SNAP25Δ3/Δ3 mice exhibited a marked improvement in insulin sensitivity and were resistant to weight gain when challenged with a high fat diet (HFD). Reduced food consumption in the early stages of HFD feeding were partly responsible for the inability of SNAP25Δ3/Δ3 mice to gain weight on HFD. Additionally, improved insulin-mediated glucose uptake into white adipose tissue and increased browning were observed in SNAP25Δ3/Δ3 mice, which is consistent with an impaired ability to retain energy stores. These phenotypic changes in SNAP25Δ3/Δ3 mice are all metabolically protective, indicating that pharmacological targeting of the Gβγ-SNAP25 interaction may have a metabolic benefit.
Evaluating the Impact of Pharmacists on Clinical Outcomes and Adherence in Patients with Mental Illness: A Literature Review

Purpose: The purpose of this literature review is to investigate the role of pharmacists in improving clinical outcomes and adherence to psychotropic medications in patients with mental illness. The majority of patients tend to stop taking their medications due to the delayed effects or adverse events. It has been established that pharmacists have a positive effect on patients’ clinical outcomes in different chronic disease states other than mental illness. There is also a stigma associated with how comfortable pharmacists are on counseling patients about psychotropic medications. This literature review will evaluate the level of pharmacists’ involvement in treating patients with mental illness as well as strategies used to achieve persistence and compliance with therapy. Methods: A PubMed search was conducted to identify articles related to mental illness and pharmacists. MeSH terms included “antidepressants”, “adherence”, “pharmacists”, and “bipolar disorder”. A free-text search was conducted using the same terms and to search for the most updated American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines. The National Institute of Mental Health database was searched for current mental health statistics in the United States. Collectively, 62 results returned for the MeSh search. This review included studies on adults with mental disorders who were evaluated by pharmacists for adherence and clinical outcomes between the years of 1995-2019. The results of five clinical trials assessing the role of pharmacists in adherence to psychotropic medications will be discussed in this literature review. Results: The clinical trials included in this review showed a statistically significant increase in adherence to psychotropic medications associated with pharmacists’ interventions. The results were not statistically significant for the clinical outcomes in most studies but presented positive improvements in the inpatient and outpatient settings. Canales et al. results showed that patients receiving pharmacists’ interventions in the inpatient setting had >30% improved clinical outcomes measured by different rating scales. The results of Valenstein et al. study conducted at Veteran Affairs clinics were statistically significant for adherence improvement presented by a 25% increase in medication possession ratio. Aljumah et al. clinical trial had a 18% increase in adherence associated with pharmacist interventions. The EMDADER-TAB trial resulted in a statistically significant decrease in ER visits, significant improvement of the depression symptoms, and overall improvement of severity of symptoms. Conclusion: Mental illness should be treated as any other medical condition that requires interventions whenever clinical outcomes are not optimal. Pharmacists have the skills to evaluate clinical symptoms of different psychiatric disorders as well as the knowledge on therapeutic treatments necessary for the optimization of medication use.
Stomatal density and mechanics are critical for high productivity: insights from amphibious ferns

Angiosperm dominance in terrestrial landscapes is partially attributable to high photosynthetic capacities. Angiosperms benefit from diverse anatomical and physiological adaptations, making it difficult to determine which factors may have been prerequisites for the evolution of enhanced photosynthetic rates in this group. We employed a novel approach to this problem: comparisons between angiosperms and Marsileaceae, a family of semi-aquatic ferns that are among the only land plants to match angiosperm photosynthetic rates. We found that Marsileaceae have very high stomatal densities and, like angiosperms but unlike all other ferns previously studied, exhibit wrong-way stomatal responses to excision. These results suggest that stomatal density and a little-studied angiosperm trait, the capacity for lateral displacement of guard cells into neighboring epidermal cells, are crucial for facilitating high rates of gas exchange. Our analysis also associates these adaptations in Marsileaceae with an increased risk of excessive water loss during drought. Our findings indicate that evolution in stomatal physiology was a prerequisite for high photosynthetic capacities in vascular plants and a key driver of the abrupt Cretaceous rise of the angiosperms.
Unexplored MBE growth mode reveals new properties of superconducting NbN

Accessing unexplored crystal growth conditions often reveals new regimes of physical behavior. In this work, performing molecular beam epitaxy growth of the technologically important superconductor NbN at temperatures greater than 1000 ${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C}$ reveals a growth mode that has not been accessed before. This mode results in persistent reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) oscillations through the entire growth, resulting in atomically smooth surfaces, normal metal resistivities of $\ensuremath{\sim}37\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$ cm. We find that the superconducting critical temperature depends strongly on growth temperature, and report a maximum superconducting critical temperature of 15.5 K. Electron microscopy studies reveal a rich range of crystalline phases that depend on the growth temperature and correlate to the physical properties. Surprisingly, a reversal of the sign of the Hall coefficient from n-type to p-type is observed as the NbN films are cooled, indicating an electronic structure that has not been observed before in this material. In addition to this observation, the crystallinity of the high-temperature epitaxial NbN allows for an ordered Abrikosov vortex lattice to be imaged for the first time in this superconductor.
Perishable artifacts from Last Canyon Cave, Montana

Perishable artifacts are rare finds in the Northwest Plains and the adjacent Rocky Mountains and any addition to the inventory makes a significant contribution. In the case of perishable objects fr...
Advances in the Molecular Biology of Chondrosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma (CS) is a highly treatment-resistant tumor of cartilage-producing cells and the second most common primary bone malignancy following osteosarcoma. As CS is refractory to available chemotherapy and radiotherapy, aggressive surgical resection with wide margins remains the only effective treatment option. Cancer immunotherapies and targeted therapies have failed in clinical trials, and no prognostic biomarkers exist within the clinic. A deeper understanding of the molecular biology and dysregulated pathways in CS is necessary for more effective precision therapies. In response, several large-scale genetic and epigenetic studies have recently emerged, with several notable pathways holding therapeutic promise. In this review, we summarize the emerging works on CS biology, focusing on both genomic and epigenomic mechanisms and targets. These studies highlight several valuable clinical opportunities for earlier detection, prognostic accuracy, and therapeutic targeting that may potentially improve patient outcomes.
Innovation Variety and Patent Breadth

When innovations are heterogeneous, it may be advantageous to provide a variety of patents. By trading off patent breadth for length, it is possible that fees are not needed in the optimal policy. We present two examples. The first is a quality-ladder model, in which innovations benefit society directly as well as through their use as building blocks to future inventions, and the rate of arrival for the future innovation is unobserved. More fertile innovations get more breadth for a shorter time. Menus may also be useful in the case of horizontal product differentiation.
Empirical Study of PLC Authentication Protocols in Industrial Control Systems

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) run a ‘control logic’ program that defines how to control a physical process such as a nuclear plant, power grid stations, and gas pipelines. Attackers target the control logic of a PLC to sabotage a physical process. Most PLCs employ password based authentication mechanisms to prevent unauthorized remote access to control logic. This paper presents an empirical study on proprietary authentication mechanisms in five industry-scale PLCs to understand the security-design practices of four popular ICS vendors, i.e., Allen-Bradley, Schneider Electric, AutomationDirect, and Siemens. The empirical study determines whether the mechanisms are vulnerable by design and can be exploited. It reveals serious design issues and vulnerabilities in authentication mechanisms, including lack of nonce, small-sized encryption key, weak encryption scheme, and client-side authentication. The study further confirms the findings empirically by creating and testing their proof-of-concept exploits derived from MITRE ATT&CK knowledge base of adversary tactics and techniques. Unlike existing work, our study relies solely on network traffic examination and does not employ typical reverse-engineering of binary files (e.g., PLC firmware) to reveal the seriousness of design problems. Moreover, the study covers PLCs from different vendors to highlight an industry-wide issue of secure PLC authentication that needs to be addressed.
A comparative study on the band diagrams and efficiencies of silicon and perovskite solar cells using wxAMPS and AMPS-1D

Abstract wxAMPS is a popular software widely used in simulating state-of-art solar cells; however, the official documentation for it does not exist. Herein, we compiled information from literature and compared the wxAMPS simulation results with the software it was developed from, AMPS-1D. We first delineated three new tunneling models introduced in wxAMPS: trap-assisted, intra-band, and band-to-band, and highlighted its salient features of the GUI, file I/O, data visualization, and numerical methods. Conventional c-Si solar cells were then used to elucidate the origin of the photovoltaic response. It was evident that devices operating on the built-in electrostatic field achieved a higher efficiency (3%) than those on the effective field (0.05%) and Dember effect (almost zero). High-efficiency Si solar cells in p-n and p-i-n junctions were further studied. It was found both hole and electron transport layers play critical roles in optimizing the power conversion efficiencies. An occasional convergence issue was observed in calculating charge carrier densities in p-i-n device, in which case the slightly deviated JV characteristics can be mainly attributed to the tunneling models. When running the batch simulation on homojunction perovskite solar cells, the voltage bias step size was tuned smaller than 0.01 V in wxAMPS to produce data of higher accuracy than AMPS-1D. Among all the performance parameters, the fill factor was found to be most sensitive to the voltage bias step.
A Transition toward Sustainability

This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities facing efforts to shape a transition toward more sustainable relations between humans and their planet. It begins with a review of international goals for human development and environmental conservation, past trends in interactions between the earth’s social and natural systems that set the stage for contemporary efforts to meet those goals, and some of the foreseeable problems that will have to be addressed in the years ahead. Arguing that the successful strategies for navigating a sustainability transition will necessarily be knowledge intensive, the paper discusses strategies for social learning about sustainability. It closes with a review of the institutional reforms that will be necessary to implement such strategies.
A critical re-evaluation of the specificity of action of perivagal capsaicin

Key points • Perivagal application of capsaicin (1% solution) is considered to cause selective degeneration of vagal afferent (sensory) C fibres and has been used extensively to examine the site of action of many gastrointestinal (GI) neuropeptides. • The actions of both capsaicin and GI neuropeptides may not be restricted to vagal afferent fibres, however, as other non-sensory neurones displayed sensitivity to capsaicin and brainstem microinjections of these neuropeptides induce GI effects similar to those obtained upon systemic application. • The present study used immunohistochemical, biophysical and functional approaches to test the hypothesis that perivagal capsaicin induces degeneration of vagal efferents controlling GI functions. • Our data indicate that perivagal application of capsaicin induces degeneration of vagal efferent motoneurones and decreased vagal motor responses. Treatment with perivagal capsaicin cannot therefore be considered selective for vagal afferent C fibres and, consequently, care is needed when using perivagal capsaicin to assess the mechanism of action of GI neuropeptides. Abstract Perivagal application of capsaicin (1% solution) is considered to cause a selective degeneration of vagal afferent C fibres and has been used extensively to examine the site of action of many gastrointestinal (GI) neuropeptides. The actions of both capsaicin and GI neuropeptides may not be restricted to vagal afferent fibres, however, as other non-sensory neurones have displayed sensitivity to capsaicin and brainstem microinjections of these neuropeptides induce GI effects similar to those obtained upon systemic application. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that perivagal capsaicin induces degeneration of vagal efferents controlling GI functions. Experiments were conducted 7–14 days after 30 min unilateral perivagal application of 0.1–1% capsaicin. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that, as following vagotomy, capsaicin induced dendritic degeneration, decreased choline acetyltransferase but increased nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurones. Electrophysiological recordings showed a decreased DMV input resistance and excitability due, in part, to the expression of a large conductance calcium-dependent potassium current and the opening of a transient outward potassium window current at resting potential. Furthermore, the number of DMV neurones excited by thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and the gastric motility response to DMV microinjections of TRH were decreased significantly. Our data indicate that perivagal application of capsaicin induced DMV neuronal degeneration and decreased vagal motor responses. Treatment with perivagal capsaicin cannot therefore be considered selective for vagal afferent C fibres and, consequently, care is needed when using perivagal capsaicin to assess the mechanism of action of GI neuropeptides.
Essays on Mobile Networks and Applications

The explosive growth of mobile phone usage has opened up a huge market for innovative M-Commerce (Mobile Commerce) products and services. Emerging M-Commerce applications allow users to conduct retail transactions, utilize mobile payment services and receive subscription-based content services such as news, financial information, and entertainment. Additionally, the ability to obtain real-time information on the geographic location of users has introduced a market for location-based services like mobile advertising. While the outlook for M-Commerce appears promising, there are numerous problems that need to be addressed as mobile applications are developed and deployed. This dissertation is composed of three essays that focus on the economic and design issues of wireless networks and mobile applications. The first essay introduces a game theoretic model to understand location-based advertising (LBA) strategies for competing stores. Specifically, couponing strategies based on consumers’ physical location and store loyalty are studied. The second essay examines various economic models (buy, rent, or subscribe) and conditions for the optimal policy in the case of music downloads on mobile phones. The analytical framework provides pricing guidelines for the profit maximizing Digital Content Provider (DCP). The third essay provides solutions to an important optimization problem in wireless networks, known as the Minimum Energy Broadcasting (MEB) problem.
Complexities, Catastrophes and Cities: Emergency Dynamics in Varying Scenarios and Urban Topologies

Complex Systems are often characterized by agents capable of interacting with each other dynamically, often in non-linear and non-intuitive ways. Trying to characterize their dynamics often results in partial differential equations that are difficult, if not impossible, to solve. A large city or a city-state is an example of such an evolving and self-organizing complex environment that efficiently adapts to different and numerous incremental changes to its social, cultural and technological infrastructure [1]. One powerful technique for analyzing such complex systems is Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) [9], which has seen an increasing number of applications in social science, economics and also biology. The agent-based paradigm facilitates easier transfer of domain specific knowledge into a model. ABM provides a natural way to describe systems in which the overall dynamics can be described as the result of the behavior of populations of autonomous components: agents, with a fixed set of rules based on local information and possible central control. As part of the NYU Center for Catastrophe Preparedness and Response (CCPR1), we have been exploring how ABM can serve as a powerful simulation technique for analyzing large-scale urban disasters. The central problem in Disaster Management is that it is not immediately apparent whether the current emergency plans are robust against such sudden, rare and punctuated catastrophic events.
Importance of the national petroleum reserve-alaska for aquatic birds.

We used data from aerial surveys (1992-2010) of >100,000 km(2) and ground surveys (1998-2004) of >150 km(2) to estimate the density and abundance of birds on the North Slope of Alaska (U.S.A.). In the ground surveys, we used double sampling to estimate detection ratios. We used the aerial survey data to compare densities of birds and Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), the major nest predator of birds, on the North Slope, in Prudhoe Bay, and in nearby areas. We partitioned the Prudhoe Bay oil field into 2 × 2 km plots and determined the relation between density of aquatic birds and density of roads, buildings, and other infrastructure in these plots. Abundance and density (birds per square kilometer) of 3 groups of aquatic birds-waterfowl, loons, and grebes; shorebirds; and gulls, terns, and jaegers-were highest in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA) and lowest in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Six other major wetlands occur in the Arctic regions of Canada and Russia, but the largest population of aquatic birds was in the NPRA. Aquatic birds were concentrated in the northern part of the NPRA. For example, an area that covered 18% of the NPRA included 53% of its aquatic birds. The aerial surveys showed that bird density was not lower and fox density was not higher in Prudhoe Bay than in surrounding areas. Density of infrastructure did not significantly affect bird density for any group of species. Our results establish that the NPRA is one of the most important areas for aquatic birds in the Arctic. Our results and those of others also indicate that oil production, as practiced in Prudhoe Bay, does not necessarily lead to substantial declines in bird density or productivity in or near the developed areas. Prioridades para la Conservacion de Aves en el Norte de Alaska.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 in MLL leukaemia maintenance and targeted therapy

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase that participates in numerous signalling pathways involved in diverse physiological processes. Several of these pathways are implicated in disease pathogenesis, which has prompted efforts to develop GSK3-specific inhibitors for therapeutic applications. However, before now, there has been no strong rationale for targeting GSK3 in malignancies. Here we report pharmacological, physiological and genetic studies that demonstrate an oncogenic requirement for GSK3 in the maintenance of a specific subtype of poor prognosis human leukaemia, genetically defined by mutations of the MLL proto-oncogene. In contrast to its previously characterized roles in suppression of neoplasia-associated signalling pathways, GSK3 paradoxically supports MLL leukaemia cell proliferation and transformation by a mechanism that ultimately involves destabilization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1. Inhibition of GSK3 in a preclinical murine model of MLL leukaemia provides promising evidence of efficacy and earmarks GSK3 as a candidate cancer drug target. The serine/threonine protein kinase GSK-3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) is part of many signalling pathways, including those involved in glycogen production, apoptosis and stem-cell maintenance. Some of these pathways have been linked to human disease and GSK-3 inhibitors are seen as possible therapeutics in diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Now GSK-3 has been found to have a previously unexpected role in supporting the progression of acute leukaemia — the opposite of what would be predicted based on its known roles in suppressing signalling pathways that are aberrantly activated in some cancers. Paradoxically, GSK-3 supports a distinctive genetic subtype of leukaemia caused by MLL (mixed-lineage leukaemia) oncogenes. Inhibition of GSK-3 in a mouse model of MLL leukaemia impairs cancer progression, suggesting that it is indeed a candidate drug target.
Calculations of the structure of basin volumes for mechanically stable packings.

Experimental and computational model systems composed of frictionless particles in a fixed geometry have a finite number of distinct mechanically stable (MS) packings. The frequency of occurrence for each MS packing is highly variable and depends strongly on preparation protocol. Despite intense work, it is extremely difficult to predict a priori the MS packing probabilities. We describe a novel computational method for calculating the volume and other geometrical properties of the ``basin of attraction'' for each MS packing. The basin of attraction for an MS packing contains all initial conditions in configuration space that map to that MS packing using a given preparation protocol. We find that the basin is a highly complex structure. For a compressive-quench-from-zero-density protocol, we show the existence of a small core volume of the basin around each MS packing for which all points map to that MS packing. However, in contrast to previous studies for supercooled liquids, glasses, and over-compressed jammed systems, we find that the MS packing probabilities are very weakly correlated with this core volume. Instead, MS packing probabilities obtained from compression protocols that use initially dilute configurations and do not allow particle overlaps (i.e., those relevant to granular media) are determined by complex geometric features of the basin of attraction that are distant from the MS packing. In particular, we find that the shape of the average basin profile function $S(l)$, which gives the probability for a point on a hyperspherical shell a distance $l$ from a given MS packing to map back to that packing, can be described by a $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ distribution with a peak that increases as the system size increases and as the quench rate decreases. We find a simple model which predicts $S(l)$ for the extreme cases of very slow and fast quench rates.
Exact Analysis of an Interacting Bose Gas. II. The Excitation Spectrum

We continue the analysis of the one-dimensional gas of Bose particles interacting via a repulsive delta function potential by considering the excitation spectrum. Among other things we show that: (i) the elementary excitations are most naturally thought of as a double spectrum, not a single one; (ii) the velocity of sound derived from the macroscopic compressibility is shown to agree with the velocity of sound derived from microscopic considerations, i.e., from the phonon spectrum. We also introduce a distinction between elementary excitations and quasiparticles, on the basis of which we give some heuristic reasons for expecting the double spectrum to be a general feature, even in three dimensions, and not an exception.
Preliminary Concepts for Deployable Wings on Small UAVs Using Compliance

Advances in technology for Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) have given rise to increasingly smaller UAVs and a growing need for adaptable UAV wing structures. Deployable, or collapsible, wings offer space savings and broaden the number of possible applications for UAVs. Aerial surveillance applications, such as military reconnaissance, law enforcement, forestry, map making, pipeline surveillance, and border patrol typically demand a UAV that can be carried and deployed by a single user in an isolated field. This paper provides a framework of deployable wing concepts using compliant mechanisms. Compliant mechanisms offer reduced part count, decreased need for lubrication, efficient manufacturability, and space savings compared to traditional joint systems. The design space for compliant deployable wings is explored, concepts are categorized into classes based on motion type, and opportunities are identified for creating new concepts. A method is presented for selecting and evaluating concepts for specific applications. A product development project illustrates selection of a deployable wing design for a particular application, and the paper concludes with suggestions for further work.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Role of Lymphadenectomy in Surgical Treatment of Solid Tumors: An Update on the Clinical Data

The role of lymphadenectomy as an adjunct of standard excision for treatment of cancer is highly debated and controversial. Standard practice for treatment of solid tumors is resection with regional lymphadenectomy. This surgical concept assumes that cancers grow and spread in an orderly manner, from primary cancer to regional lymph nodes and finally to vital organs. We reviewed randomized trials, published a description of lymphatic anatomy and physiology, and presented data that disputed the role of lymphadenectomy as standard practice. The present review updates the literature and reiterates the concept that lymphadenectomy does not increase survival in the surgical treatment of solid tumors. We reviewed the English-language literature (Medline) for prospective randomized trials and nonrandomized reports, as well as retrospective studies addressing the role of lymphadenectomy in cancers of the esophagus, lung, stomach, pancreas, breast, and skin (melanoma) reported between 2000 and 2006. This extensive review demonstrates that there are few prospective randomized trials assessing patient survival with solid tumors that contrast resection with or without lymphadenectomy. However, there was at least one, and for some cancers more than one, prospective randomized trial for each organ site studied, and the data demonstrate no statistically significant difference in overall survival of patients treated with or without lymphadenectomy. Most nonrandomized and retrospective studies, with a few exceptions, support the conclusions of randomized trials; lymphadenectomy does not improve overall survival in solid tumors. Overall survival is primarily a function of the biological nature of the primary tumor, as evidenced by lymphovascular invasion, lymph node involvement, and other prognostic features. This extensive literature review of recent reports indicates that lymphadenectomy does not improve overall survival. Lymph node resection should be conceived in terms of staging, prognosis, and regional control only.
A Multivariate Analysis of Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field-North

We use the ultraviolet and optical WFPC2 and near-infrared NICMOS images of the Hubble Deep FieldNorth to measure and statistically compare an array of parameters for over 250 of the galaxies it contains. These parameters include redshift, rest-frame visible asymmetry and concentration, bolometric luminosity, and extinction-corrected star formation rate. We —nd only one strong correlation, between bolometric luminosity and star formation rate, from which early-type galaxies noticeably deviate. When our asymmetry measurements are combined with those of a sample of nearby galaxies covering the full Hubble sequence, we —nd a weak correlation between redshift and rest-frame visible asymmetry, consistent with the qualitative evidence of galaxy morphological evolution from these and other deep Hubble Space Telescope images. The mean values of these asymmetry measurements show a monotonic increase with redshift interval over the range increasing by a factor of approximately 3. 0 ( z ( 2, If this trend is real, it suggests that galaxy morphological evolution within the last D70% of the Hubble time is a gradual process that is continuing through the present cosmological epoch. There is evidence that the dominant source of this evolution is the ii minor ˇˇ mergers of disk galaxies with smaller companions, which could also transform late-type spiral galaxies to early-type spiral galaxies. Interestingly, in contrast to local galaxies we —nd no correlations between galaxy star formation rate and either UV or visible asymmetry. This could arise if the star formation of high-redshift galaxies proceeds in episodes that are short (D100 Myr) relative to the timescales over which galaxy mergers produce strong asymmetries (D500 Myr), a result suggested by the high star formation rates of Lyman break galaxies. Subject headings: cosmology: observationsgalaxies: evolutiongalaxies: fundamental parameters ¨ galaxies: structure On-line material: machine-readable table
In vitro transcription analysis of the Drosophila tropomyosin and other muscle genes.

Abstract Nuclear transcription extracts were prepared from embryos of Drosophila melanogaster to study the in vitro transcription of the tropomyosin genes. Several non-muscle gene promoters, including the non-muscle promoter of the Tropomyosin II gene, were shown to be efficiently transcribed in vitro. The Tropomyosin 1 gene and the muscle promoter of the Tropomyosin II gene, as well as two other contractile protein muscle genes, were not transcribed in vitro. The embryonic extract did, however, contain developmental-specific proteins that bound to the muscle enhancer regulatory region of the Tropomyosin I gene.
Nuclear structure from the FDSM and its astrophysical implications

Abstract The nuclear structure physics from the Fermion Dynamical Symmetry Model (FDSM) is discussed. Applications of this physics to the astrophysical R-path is given.
Potential Impact of National School Nutritional Environment Policies: Cross-sectional Associations With US Secondary Student Overweight/Obesity, 2008-2012

Importance The latest US Department of Agriculture school meal and competitive venue standards (USDA standards) aim to improve student nutrition and health. However, significant opposition has been raised to their implementation. Objective To examine (1) the percentages of US middle and high school students who currently attend schools that have specific components of the USDA standards; (2) evidence that the identified USDA standard components may be associated with student overweight/obesity; and (3) evidence of sociodemographic differences in the observed associations. Design, Setting, and Participants We used data from annual nationally representative cross-sectional studies of students and school administrators in US public middle and high schools from the 2007-2008 through 2011-2012 school years. Exposures Administrator-reported school meal and competitive venue food and beverage availability. Main Outcomes and Measures Body mass index and overweight/obesity calculated from student self-reported height and weight. Results Analytical samples included 22 716 eighth grade students in 313 schools and 30 596 tenth and 12th grade students in 511 schools. The mean student response rate was 86.5%; mean school administrator response rate, 83.1%. During the study period, 21.1% of middle school and 30.1% of high school students attended schools without any of the identified components; all 5 identified components were in schools attended by only 1.8% and 0.3% of middle school and high school students, respectively. No significant associations between standard components and self-reported overweight/obesity were observed among middle school students overall. Among high school students, significantly lower odds of overweight/obesity were associated with having fruits or vegetables available wherever foods were sold (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.86 [95% CI, 0.77-0.96]; P = .009), the absence of milk with higher fat levels (AOR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.85-1.00]; P = .04), and having 3 or more USDA standard components (AOR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.79-1.00]; P = .04). A significant association between the absence of sugar-sweetened beverages and lower overweight/obesity was found for Hispanic middle school students (AOR, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.51-0.82]; P P = .001). Conclusions and Relevance Because only 2% of middle school and less than 1% of high school students attended schools with all 5 identified USDA standard components in place, full implementation has the potential to substantially improve school nutritional environments. Some USDA standard components were associated with a lower risk for student overweight/obesity, especially for high school and nonwhite students.
Am I Doing Expressive Arts Therapy or Creativity in Counseling

PERSPECTIVES is a special feature included in this issue of the Journal of Creativity in Mental Health that provides mental health professionals with an opportunity to discuss their positions on a variety of creativity-related topics. In this article, 2 counselor educators, Christina M. Rosen and Sally S. Atkins, share their perspectives on the use of expressive arts in counseling and therapy. These perspectives emerged from a supervisory session between the 2 authors. As their discussion expanded, issues of definition, ethical practice, theoretical grounding, credentialing, and supervision emerged. The authors explore these issues by means of personal story, literature, and dialogue, and they encourage counselors to trust their intuition and creative ways of working with clients while staying mindful of their professional spectrum of competence and ethical guidelines.
A numerical simulation of laryngeal flow in a forced-oscillation glottal model

Abstract A numerical simulation of laryngeal flow was developed to study flow patterns and pressure and velocity waveforms in a model of the oscillating glottis. The unsteady Navier–Stokes equations were solved with a finite volume method using a nonuniform staggered grid. The numerical method was tested against published experimental data. In this study of glottal aerodynamics, the vocal folds independently and sinusoidally were moved from a converging to a diverging and back to a converging shape, and the input airflow sinusoidally varied from zero to a maximum and back to zero. The typical results were obtained for a Reynolds number of 2000 and for an oscillation frequency of 100 Hz. Results indicate that with this simulation of the entire flow field, periodic velocity and pressure fields exist throughout the laryngeal duct. The airflow separates within the glottis, creating intraglottal (and downstream) asymmetric flow throughout the glottal cycle, with formation of eddies downstream of the glottis. The observed maximum velocity delays due to the glottal wall movement would contribute to the well-known glottal volume velocity skewing during phonation.