cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Correlates of the Perpetration of Cyber Dating Abuse among Early Adolescents

Much is known about the prevalence and correlates of dating violence, especially the perpetration of physical dating violence, among older adolescents. However, relatively little is known about the prevalence and correlates of the perpetration of cyber dating abuse, particularly among early adolescents. In this study, using a predominantly ethnic-minority sample of sixth graders who reported ever having had a boyfriend/girlfriend (n = 424, 44.2 % female), almost 15 % reported perpetrating cyber dating abuse at least once during their lifetime. Furthermore, using a cross-sectional design, across multiple levels of the socio-ecological model, the individual-level factors of (a) norms for violence for boys against girls, (b) having a current boyfriend/girlfriend, and (c) participation in bullying perpetration were correlates of the perpetration of cyber dating abuse. Collectively, the findings suggest that dating violence interventions targeting these particular correlates in early adolescents are warranted. Future studies are needed to establish causation and to further investigate the relative importance of correlates of the perpetration of cyber dating abuse among early adolescents that have been reported among older adolescents.
Evaluating normalization approaches for the better identification of aberrant microRNAs associated with hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIM Dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but only a small proportion have been confirmed. An appropriate normalizer is crucial to determining the accuracy and reliability of data from miRNA studies. METHODS Different normalization strategies were used to validate genome-wide miRNA profiles in HCC tumor and non-tumor tissues, and to determine the consistency and discrepancy of data on dysregulated miRNAs. RESULTS Two sets of stable miRNAs (miR-30c/miR-30b and miR-30c/miR-126) were identified in HCC tissues by geNorm and NormFinder tools, respectively. The mean of global miRNAs also showed good stability for ranking the top 1-2 miRNAs, but the stabilities of the manufacturer-recommended ncRNAs controls were poor. Four panels of miRNAs were significantly associated with HCC by separately using various normalizers, and 14 miRNAs were consistently identified by three normalization strategies. Although fewer miRNAs (17-26) were dysregulated in HCC using the global mean or the 2 stable miRNAs as normalizers, perfect clustering of tissues was also obtained with only 1 to 2 misclassifications, suggesting the efficiency of the miRNA panels. Using global mean as the normalizer, the authors identified 7 miRNAs, including 2 novel (miR-324-5p and miR-550) significantly upregulated in HCC that were omitted when using 3 endogenous controls as the normalizer. CONCLUSION An optimal normalization strategy to identify biologically important miRNAs in HCC tissue studies of miRNA may be the combination of global mean and 2 stable miRNAs. Selection of appropriate normalization strategies to adjust miRNAs levels is particularly important for epidemiological studies dealing with large data sets and covering multiple experimental batches.
Leaving it in the Sand: Creatively Processing Military Combat Trauma as a Means for Reducing Risk of Interpersonal Violence

ABSTRACTPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized, in part, by symptoms of arousal, which may result in anger, hostility, and aggression toward others. These symptoms, and the manifestation of interpersonal violence and aggression, are problems faced by approximately a third of military service members returning from conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The authors discuss how the neurobiological effects of trauma reduce the effectiveness of traditional talk therapy and frame the creative approach of sandtray therapy as a means for processing through trauma events and reducing PTSD symptomology within the military population, thereby reducing risk for interpersonal violence. Instructions for a sandtray intervention and a case example are included.
Evaluation of vegetation size and its relationship with septic pulmonary embolism in tricuspid valve infective endocarditis: A real time 3DTEE study

Background Tricuspid valve infective endocarditis (TVIE) causes septic pulmonary embolism (PE). However, the impact of vegetation size on PE is not fully elucidated. Methods In 26 consecutive patients with definite TVIE according to Duke criteria, we tested clinical, microbiological, and echocardiographic data including real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE) as potential predictors of PE. 3DTEE measurement of maximum length of vegetation (MLV) was obtained with Advanced QLAB Quantification Software by cropping the 3D volume with the appropriate 2D plane to obtain the largest value. The standard two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (2DTEE) images were also evaluated to determine the MLV. Results Pulmonary embolism occurred after TVIE diagnosis with 3DTEE assessment and initiation of antibiotic therapy in 12 patients (46.2%). The 3DTEE MLV was larger than the 2DTEE value with a mean difference of 3.6 mm (95% CI, 2.5–4.6 mm). The best cutoff value for prediction of PE was MLV ≥16.4 mm with 3DTEE and MLV ≥9.5 mm with 2DTEE. The positive predictive value increased from 76.9% to 90% when 3DTEE was used. The accuracy of classification of patients with PE increased from 80.6% to 84.9% with 3DTEE. On multivariate analysis, 3DTEE MLV ≥16.4 mm (odds ratio 20.5; 95% confidence interval 1.31–322; P=.031) was independently associated with the occurrence of PE after adjustment for age, sex, complex vegetation, and the number of vegetation-attached leaflets. Conclusions In TVIE, vegetation length is a strong predictor of the occurrence of PE. In combination with 2DTEE, 3DTEE may identify high-risk patients who will need a more aggressive therapeutic strategy.
Combined High Stretchability and Gas Barrier in Hydrogen-Bonded Multilayer Nanobrick Wall Thin Films.

Hydrogen-bonded multilayer thin films are very stretchable, but their gas barrier properties are modest compared to more traditional ionically bonded assemblies. In an effort to improve the gas barrier of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)–poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) multilayer films without sacrificing stretchability, montmorillonite (MMT) clay platelets were combined with PAA and alternately deposited with PEO. A ten-bilayer PEO/PAA+MMT film (432 nm thick), deposited on a 1 mm PU substrate, resulted in a 54× reduction in oxygen transmission rate after exposure to a 20% strain. This system is the best combination of stretchability and gas barrier ever reported.
Autonomous Weapons and International Law

Autonomous weapons — those weapons which can select and engage targets without human involvement — herald perhaps the most fundamental change in warfare in generations. The rise of autonomous weapons has sparked a robust international debate centered on one fundamental question: are the current laws of armed conflict sufficient to govern autonomous weapon systems? Positions span the spectrum from a call for preemptive prohibition to arguments that current legal norms are adequate to regulate these future weapon systems. While autonomous features may give rise to circumstances in which the application of the law is rendered uncertain or difficult, the current normative legal framework is sufficient to regulate the new technology. This article considers the entirety of positions and seeks to present a comprehensive, objective discussion of the relevant issues in international law. In the course of this examination, the article reaches two broad conclusions. First, autonomy is less a technology as it is a capability comprised of multiple technologies. Given this fact, “autonomous weapons” cannot be considered a homogeneous category of weapons that complies, or not, with the law of armed conflict. Rather, whether a given system meets the requirements of this body of law will depend on the system and the manner in which it is used. Second, the normative framework established by the law of armed conflict is sufficient to ensure the lawful operation of most types of weapons employing autonomous technologies. This article represents the culmination of two years of research including feedback and input from meetings with organizations and individuals, military and civilian, at the forefront of AWS research and development. These organizations include U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Navy Autonomous Research Labs, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, the Geneva Academy, Human Rights Watch, Human Rights First, Professor Marco Sassoli at the University of Geneva, Professor Tim McCormack at the University of Melborne Law School, Professor Peter Margulies at Roger Williams University, Paul Scharre at the Center for a New American Security, Professor Leslie Kaelbling at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ben Price and colleagues at the Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Cardiorenal biomarkers: one step closer.

Patients with renal insufficiency have increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (1), as lower estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) and greater albuminuria are both independently associated with higher risk of coronary heart disease and heart failure (2).
New photothermal deflection technique to discriminate between heating and cooling

Abstract Photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) is a highly sensitive and precise technique that is used to measure the optical absorption and thermal characteristics of a sample. While most applications of PDS utilize a heating beam, laser cooling of solids, or optical refrigeration as it is sometimes called, use this technique to determine if a laser is cooling or heating a sample. Current PDS methods for laser cooling require multiple laser wavelengths in both the Stokes and anti-Stokes region to ensure that cooling is occurring. This can cause problems if lasers must be changed or no lasers in the desired wavelength are available. Herein, we present a photothermal deflection technique that uses the deflection of the probe laser to determine if microcooling is occurring inside a sample.
Schopenhauer and Nietzsche on the Nature and Limits of Philosophy

Mesurant l'influence de Schopenhauer sur la conception du philosophe-artiste et du philosophe-apologiste de la connaissance chez Nietzsche, l'A. montre que l'approche nietzscheenne et schopenhauerienne du probleme des valeurs ou de la signification de la connaissance constitue une alternative a la conception de la nature et des limites de la philosophie chez Platon et le jeune Wittgenstein. Examinant le projet metaphysique du «Monde comme volonte et comme representation», qui consiste a etablir un lien entre l'activite theorique de la philosophie et l'experience pratique de la vie, l'A. montre que Nietzsche partage la conception de la philosophie comme activite creatrice, d'une part, et que Schopenhauer integre les positions de Platon et Wittgenstein tout en evitant l'optimisme du premier et les limitations rationalistes du second, d'autre part
Dimensional Field Theory

Building on Bourdieu’s field theory, this study proposes a dimensional model to understand the journalistic field and its adoption of audience metrics as a trend. To trace the cross-field influence...
Effect of Stiffener Geometry on the Response of Grid-Stiffened Panels

AbstractIt is well established that the lateral bending stiffness of thin panels is considerably enhanced by judicious use of ribs or stiffeners. This increase in stiffness is primarily due to a di...
Attitudes of Wisconsin pediatricians toward influenza immunization.

OBJECTIVE Determine the influenza immunization practices of Wisconsin pediatricians in response to evolving influenza prevention strategy in the United States. DESIGN Two hundred fifty members of the Wisconsin Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics were surveyed prior to the 2004-2005 influenza season about their expectations for implementing the latest and future influenza vaccination recommendations for children and their use of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines free of thimerosal as a preservative. RESULTS Ninety-two percent of respondents expected to vaccinate most medically high-risk children against influenza, but only 53% would recommend influenza vaccine for most of their household contacts. Although 57% planned to vaccinate most healthy children ages 6 months to 23 months, just 27% thought the majority of household contacts of healthy infants under 23 months of age would be vaccinated. Fewer than 24% favored universal influenza vaccination for the majority of healthy school-aged children. Seventy percent had little or no concern about recommending thimerosal-containing influenza vaccines, but 60% agreed or strongly agreed thimerosal-free vaccine availability would increase parental acceptance of vaccinating their children. CONCLUSION Although Wisconsin pediatricians are aware of the importance of preventing influenza disease in children, barriers to universal influenza vaccination of children and key household contacts remain.
Remembering and Forgetting the Tasmanian Genocide

In this particular chapter the author defends the need for more debates about colonial genocides by focusing attention on the types of arguments that are advanced by scholars and activists who argue about the colonial-settler perpetration of a “Tasmanian genocide.” While some skeptics of this thesis use Raphael Lemkin’s definition of genocide to argue that only a few hundred Tasmanians died in conflicts like the Black War, there are others who are adamant that it is not the exact numbers who die that determines whether certain colonial acts constitute a genocide. The chapter puts on display evidence from public and academic sources to show that further debate is needed about the attempted “extirpation” of the Tasmanians.
Multiparametric CMR in Cardiomyopathies: Beyond Diagnosis and Toward Prognosis

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] In the past 2 decades, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, with its versatility in tissue characterization with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and T1 and T2 mapping, has made major inroads in differentiating among the underlying causes of heart
Validity of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurement of Hip Labral Width Compared With Intraoperative Assessment

Purpose To determine if magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could accurately determine the width of the labrum. Methods Consecutively enrolled patients between the ages of 18 and 65 indicated for hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement were included between December 2017 and June 2018. Inclusion criteria for preoperative MRIs included: MRI availability in picture archiving and communication system; performance on a 1.5T or 3T MRI or 3T MRA; and adequate quality and lack of labrum ossification. Intraoperative labral width measurements were taken at standardized locations using an established acetabular “clockface” paradigm. Measurement was performed using a calibrated probe. The labral width was defined as the distance from the labrum extended laterally from the acetabular rim. MRI measurements were taken by 2 blinded musculoskeletal fellowship-trained radiologists at the same positions. Measurements were made at the 11:30 o’clock position (indirect rectus) on coronal proton density (PD) sequence, at 3 o’clock position (psoas-U) on axial oblique PD sequence, and at 1:30 (a point halfway between the 2) on sagittal fat-suppressed PD. The surgeons were blinded to the radiologists’ measurements and vice versa. Intraoperative and radiographic labral width measurements were compared using an intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), absolute agreement, and 2-way random effects model. The 2 radiologists’ measurements were compared for interrater reliability using the same ICC model. Results Fifty-one patients were included (30 females, 26 right hips). Average labrum width at the 3:00, 11:30, and 1:30 o’clock positions by arthroscopic measurement were 5.8 mm (range; standard deviation, 2-8; ±1.4), 6.3 mm (2-10; ±1.5) and 6.0 mm (2-9; ±1.5), and by MRI were 6.3 mm (2-10; ±1.5), 6.7 mm (3-10; ±1.4), and 6.1 mm (2-9; ±1.6), respectively. When including all MRI modalities, ICC agreement between intraoperative assessment, and radiologist assessment at the 3:00 o’clock, 11:30, and point halfway between was 0.82 (P Conclusions Strong agreement was found between radiologic and arthroscopic measurement of labrum width when using MRI, suggesting MRI is an accurate way to measure labral width. There was not a significant difference between different MRI modalities. Accurately measuring labral width preoperatively with MRI may aid in surgical decision making. Level of Evidence Level II, diagnostic study.
Significance of conformation changes during the binding and release of chromium(III) from human serum transferrin.

Abstract Trivalent chromium has been proposed to be transported in vivo from the bloodstream to the tissues via endocytosis by transferrin (Tf), the major iron transport protein in the blood. While both Cr(III) binding and release from Tf have been proposed to be too slow to be physiologically relevant, recent kinetic studies under physiological conditions demonstrate that Cr(III) binding and release are sufficiently fast to occur during the time of the endocytosis cycle (circa 15 min). Consequently, the release of Cr(III) from human and bovine serum Tf has been examined under conditions mimicking an endosome during endocytosis. These studies have also found that Cr(III)2-Tf can exist in multiple conformations giving rise to different spectroscopic properties and different rates of Cr(III) release. Time-dependent spectroscopic studies of the binding and release of Cr(III) from human serum Tf have been used to identify three different conformations of Cr(III)2-Tf. The conformation of Cr(III)2-Tf used in most previous studies forms too slowly to be physiologically relevant and slowly releases Cr(III) in endosomal pH range. The conformation formed between 5 min to 60 min after the addition of Cr(III) to apoTf at pH 7.4 in 25 mM bicarbonate resembles the conformation of Cr(III)2-Tf in its complex with Tf receptor (TfR) and loses Cr(III) rapidly at endosomal pH, although not as fast as the Tf-TfR complex. The significance of these conformations and the potential role of Tf in detoxification of Cr(III) are described.
Carpatho-Rusyn Scholarship in America, 1988-2019

Karpackorusinskie badania naukowe w Ameryce, 1988-2019 Wspolczesne amerykanskie badania karpackorusinskie rozpoczely sie na początku lat siedemdziesiątych XX w. Począwszy od 1988 r. i kontynuując do 2019 r., badacze karpackorusinscy regularnie uczestniczyli w amerykanskim świecie naukowym, w tym w panelach i okrąglych stolach podczas corocznych konferencji Stowarzyszenia Studiow Slowianskich, Wschodnioeuropejskich i Eurazjatyckich (Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies) oraz Stowarzyszenia do Badan Narodowości (the Association for the Study of Nationalities). Niniejszy artykul analizuje historie i rozwoj badan karpackorusinskich w Stanach Zjednoczonych poprzez analize prezentacji przedstawionych na tych konferencjach od 1988 roku. Ewolucja badan karpackorusinskich w ciągu ostatnich trzydziestu lat pokazuje rozwoj tej dziedziny tak pod wzgledem ilości, jak i specyfikacji naukowej: od ogolnych tematow w panelach organizowanych przez inne grupy etniczne, po szczegolowe prezentacje w panelach z konkretnymi tematami karpackorusinskimi, a ostatnio w prezentacjach, ktore stosują nowe perspektywy i metodologie badan w wieloetnicznych, multidyscyplinarnych panelach i okrąglych stolach. Do artykulu dolączono liste paneli i prezentacji na karpackorusinskie tematy, ktore przedstawiono na konferencji Stowarzyszenia Studiow Slowianskich, Wschodnioeuropejskich i Eurazjatyckich w latach 1988-2019.
Dispatchability Limits for PV Generation in Unbalanced Distribution Networks with EVs

The increase in the installed capacity of small-scale photovoltaic generation and the growing demand for electric vehicles introduce operational challenges for the unbalanced distribution networks. This paper presents a two-stage optimization problem to determine the dispatchability limits of photovoltaic generation considering the electric vehicles’ interconnection to ensure the security of the distribution network. The uncertainty associated with a) the state of charge at arrival and departure times; b) the energy and power capacity of electric vehicles; c) the maximum forecasted solar radiation and demand were considered. The proposed optimization problem is solved using the column-and-constraint-generation approach. A modified IEEE 13-bus test system is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Leon L. Wiltse, MD (1913-2005).

This biographical sketch draws on articles written by and about one of the most influential orthopedic spine surgeons of our time, Dr. Leon L. Wiltse. Our aim is to commemorate his life and contrib...
Protein enriched biowaste: A viable feedstock to make durable bio-binders for bituminous composites

Abstract Low resistant to water damage is a major concern in bituminous composites used in roads and roofs. Water damage is attributed to desorption of molecules which are pre-adsorbed to siliceous stone mainly due to the water molecules' higher affinity to active sites of siliceous substrates. This paper shows feasibility of engineering highly water-resistant bio-modifiers from a hybrid biomass feedstock containing a balanced combination of protein and lipid. In the present study, this concept is illustrated by synthesizing a novel bio-modifier referred to as Swilgae from coliquefaction of high-protein algae (A) with high-lipid swine manure (S) for use in bituminous composites. To examine efficacy of Swilgae bio-modifier to enhance bitumen's resistance to water damage, this paper specifically studies adsorption and de-wetting of Swilgae molecules from siliceous substrates as surrogates for quartz and granite stones used in bituminous composites. To do so, we use computational modeling geared toward the use of density functional theory (DFT) combined with laboratory experiments using a moisture-induced shear-thinning test and in-situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The study results showed that Swilgae bio-modifier is more effective at improving the asphalt resistance to moisture damage than those made from either algae or manure individually, owing to the synergy between lipid-rich swine manure combined with protein-rich algae. This was evidenced in bitumen containing 1A:1S Swilgae showing the least change in the moisture-induced shear thinning among all studied scenarios. This was attributed to the molecular structures of the Swilgae having both lower polarizability and higher adsorption energy per unit area of siliceous surface compared to those made from isolated feedstock. Additionally, Swilgae showed to passivate the active sites of silica and replace water molecules over the silica surface via a competitive adsorption with the water molecules on the hydroxylated silica surface that is consistent with the FTIR results. Therefore, 1A:1S Swilgae molecules build a well-structured bridge between bitumen and siliceous substrates, leading to improved adhesive forces and subsequently enhaced durability in the bituminous composites used in roads and roofs.
Incivility Within The Professorship

The following presentation analyses a case scenario of a college Professors’ behavior toward his students and peers due to his administration forcing him to teach developmental coursework and a closer look at the effects his behavior has on students, peers, and possible solutions.
Abstract 1902: Elevated thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) in cancer serum may suppress immune function

In this project, we wanted to investigate the role that TK1 may play in macrophage activation and immune suppression. The relationship between immune response and cancer development has been an enigma that researchers have sought to elucidate for decades. Recent and past studies have suggested that the presence and abundance of nucleotides can affect immune response. Thymidine Kinase 1 (TK1) is a salvage pathway enzyme that converts thymidine to thymidine monophosphate, a precursor to DNA synthesis. It is secreted into serum and as such has been suggested to be a tumor biomarker. TK1 has also shown to be present on the surface of many different cancer cell lines including breast, lung, and colorectal cancer. The reason for this upregulation of surface TK1 is unclear, but it has been suspected that the surface expression of TK1 may be beneficial to tumor growth and survival since high TK1 expression and secretion is an early event in tumorigenesis. Although the immunosuppressive properties of purines have been well established, pyrimidines such as thymidine have not been studied as potential immune suppressants. In our investigation, we first confirmed the increased surface expression levels of TK1 in cancerous cell lines. Flow cytometry showed that non-cancerous cells expressed surface TK1 at minimal levels (0.7%), MDA-MB-231 cells expressed TK1 at higher levels (45%), and PC3 cells expressed TK1 at elevated levels as well (64.6%). Bioinformatic analysis of nucleotide transport in relation to TK1 surface expression showed a strong positive correlation between the nucleotide transporter SLC29A2 and surface TK1 expression in colon adenocarcinoma (correlation value 0.455, p-value Citation Format: Kathryn R. Smith, Rachel M. Morris, Edwin J. Velazquez, David M. Bellini, Kim O9Neill. Elevated thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) in cancer serum may suppress immune function [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1902.
Worker centres and coming out politics in migrant struggles

Through an ethnographic account of an immigrant worker centre in San Francisco, this paper examines their role in brokering the practice of citizenship among undocumented workers through strategies...
Trace amine-associated receptor 1: A promising target for the treatment of psychostimulant addiction

Abuse of and addiction to psychostimulants remains a challenging clinical issue; yet no effective pharmacotherapy is available. Trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR 1) is increasingly recognized as a novel drug target that participates in the modulation of drug abuse. This review analyzed existing preclinical evidence from electrophysiological, biochemical to behavioral aspects regarding the functional interactions between TAAR 1 and dopaminergic system. TAAR 1 knockout mice demonstrate increased sensitivity to dopaminergic activation while TAAR 1 agonists reduce the neurochemical effects of cocaine and amphetamines, attenuate abuse- and addiction-related behavioral effects of cocaine and methamphetamine. It is concluded that TAAR 1 activation functionally modulates the dopaminergic activity and TAAR 1 agonists appear to be promising pharmacotherapies against psychostimulant addiction.
Rigidity of Origami Universal Molecules

In a seminal paper from 1996 that marks the beginning of computational origami, R. Lang introduced TreeMaker, a method for designing origami crease patterns with an underlying metric tree structure. In this paper we address the foldability of paneled origamis produced by Lang’s Universal Molecule algorithm, a key component of TreeMaker.
Quantification of Diffusion Characteristics in Spherical Nodules: A Comparison of Methods

Nitrogenase, the enzyme responsible for nitrogen fixation, is inactivated by oxygen (Bergersen 1962), yet leguminous nitrogen fixation is a highly energy-dependent reaction. A high energy requirement necessitates high rates of oxygen consumption (Tjepkema 1971). Nodules must be able to support high respiration rates and at the same time provide a nearly oxygen-free environment in which nitrogen fixation is sequestered. This oxygen paradox has led to a wide range of hypotheses concerning the nature and physiology of oxygen protection in leguminous nodules.
Dynamic Decision Making in Stochastic Partially Observable Domains: Ischemic Heart Disease Example

The focus of this paper is the framework of partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) and its role in modeling and solving complex dynamic decision problems in stochastic and partially observable medical domains. The paper summarizes some of the basic features of the POMDP framework and explores its potential in solving the problem of the management of the patient with chronic ischemic heart disease.
Before Beyond Function

A study of how for Hegel the relation of architecture to building function has varied throughout history. Architecture strives to liberate itself, never completely, from domination by function.
Handbook of Laser Wavelengths

Introduction Solid State Lasers Crystalline Paramagnetic Ion Lasers Glass Lasers Solid State Dye Lasers Color Center Lasers Semiconductor Lasers Polymer Lasers Liquid Lasers Organic Dye Lasers Rare Earth Liquid Lasers Gas Lasers Neutral Atom, Ionized, and Molecular Gas Lasers Optically Pumped Far Infrared and Millimeter Wave Lasers References Other Lasers Extreme Ultraviolet and Soft X-Ray Lasers Free Electron Lasers Nuclear Pumped Lasers Natural Lasers Inversionless Lasers Commercial Lasers Solid State Lasers Semiconductor Lasers Dye Lasers Gas Layers Appendices Abbreviations, Acronyms, Initialisms, and Common Names for Types and Structures of Lasers and Amplifiers Abbreviations, Acronyms, Initialisms, and Mineralogical or Common Names for Solid-State Laser Materials Fundamental Constants
Retinopathy of prematurity and risk factors: a prospective cohort study

Increased survival of extremely low birth infants due to advances in antenatal and neonatal care has resulted in a population of infants at high risk of developing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Therapeutic interventions include the use of antenatal and postnatal steroids however, their effects on the severity of ROP is in dispute. In addition, it has not been investigated whether severe ROP is due to therapeutic interventions or due to the severity of illness. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between the incidence of severe retinopathy of prematurity (greater than stage 2 – International classification of ROP) and mechanical ventilation, oxygen therapy, gestational age, antenatal and postnatal steroids in extremely low birth weight infants. Neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit in Lansing, Michigan, during 1993–2000 were followed to determine factors influencing the development of severe retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmologic examinations were started at 6 weeks and followed until resolution. We used logistic regression to estimate the relative risk (odds ratio) associated with risk factors of ROP. Of the neonates with ≤ 1500 g birth weight, admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, 85% (616/725) survived. Severe retinopathy of prematurity was detected in 7.8% of 576 neonates who had eye examinations. Neonates of lower gestational age (≤ 25 weeks and 26–28 weeks) had an increased odds ratio of 8.49 and 3.19 for the development of severe retinopathy of prematurity, respectively, compared to those 29 weeks and older. Late postnatal steroid treatment starting after 3 weeks of life showed 2.9-fold increased odds ratio, in particular administration for two weeks and more (OR: 4.09, 95% CI: 1.52–11.03). With increasing antenatal steroids courses the risk of severe retinopathy of prematurity decreased, however, it was not significant. Lower gestational age, dependence on ventilation, and use of postnatal steroids were intertwined. Simultaneous presence of these factors seems to indicate severe disease status. Prolonged and late postnatal steroids treatment in very low birth weight infants may pose an increased risk for the development of severe retinopathy of prematurity; however, use of postnatal steroids may also be a marker for severity of illness. Further studies need to focus on biologic markers in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity and to better understand the influence of therapies.
Human α-Fetoprotein ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND DEMONSTRATION OF MICROHETEROGENEITY

Abstract Human α-fetoprotein has been isolated from the sera of hepatoma patients by the combined techniques of preparative electrophoresis, Sephadex gel filtration, and preparative isoelectric focusing. The purity of the isolated α-fetoprotein was demonstrable by (a) a single line on Ouchterlony immunodiffusion versus anti-α-fetoprotein, with no reaction versus a potent polyvalent anti-human serum of anti-albumin; (b) a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis; and (c) the production of monospecific antibody upon immunization of rabbits. The molecular weight of α-fetoprotein was 72,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide electrophoresis. Two major molecular forms of α-fetoprotein were found by isoelectric focusing, ion exchange chromatography, and agarose electrophoresis. Both forms were present in most hepatoma and fetal sera, but their relative amounts appeared to have no relationship to gestational age, clinical status, serum concentration, or method of storage. The two forms, with isoelectric points of 4.85 and 5.2, were isolated by preparative isoelectric focusing and were found to convert to a single homogeneous form with slower electrophoretic mobility after treatment with neuraminidase.
Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: comparison of clinical outcomes among obese patients.

Object Minimally invasive (MI) transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) has been demonstrated in previous studies to offer improvement in pain and function comparable to those provided by the open surgical approach. However, comparative studies in the obese population are scarce, and it is possible that obese patients may respond differently to these two approaches. In this study, the authors compared the clinical benefit of open and MI TLIF in obese patients. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study based on review of electronic medical records at a single institution. Eligible patients had a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, were ≥ 18 years of age, underwent single-level TLIF between 2007 and 2011, and outcome was assessed at a minimum 6 months postoperatively. The authors categorized patients according to surgical approach (open vs MI TLIF). Outcome measures included postoperative improvement in visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), estimated blood loss (EBL...
Real-world multitasking from a cognitive neuroscience perspective

This chapter examines the demands made by multitasking situations in the real world, and argues that the human brain systems critical in dealing with them may be surprisingly circumscribed. Four kinds of evidence are considered: single-case studies of patients with selective multitasking problems; group studies of the relationship between multitasking failures and other cognitive control problems; the neuroanatomical locus of multitasking deficits according to group lesion studies, and evidence from functional imaging. These studies suggest three distinct brain systems are involved in supporting the retrospective memory, prospective memory and planning demands of multitasking, and tentative suggestions for the neuroanatomical correlates of these systems are proposed. In a recent television program, the U.S. astronaut Jerry Linenger described his experiences aboard the Mir space station: “We had many system failures and they were in need of your constant attention. Many days I’d start an experiment in the morning and then I’d run over and help hacksaw through a pipe and plug the ends and then run back to my experiments. I’d have three or four watches on with alarms set to different things that I’d have to run back to. So I was multitasking in order to try to get everything accomplished.’’ Although, at first sight, Jerry Linenger’s use of the term multitasking accords well with the Compact Oxford English Dictionary definition: the “ability to perform concurrent tasks or jobs by interleaving,’’ his account suggests something more complex than interleaving tasks in a multipletask sense. The situation he faced also required further mental activities, such as prioritization, planning, and prospective memory (i.e., the realization of a delayed intention; Ellis 1996). The ability to deal with such complex situations is clearly important to effectiveness in everyday life. Neurological patients who have lost this ability are severely handicapped, especially in work situations. However, although the present volume is testament to recent advances in understanding many situations which have some relevance to aspects of multitasking (e.g. dualor multiple-task paradigms, task switching etc), more complex situations akin to those faced by Jerry Linenger have been rarely studied within an experimental psychology or cognitive neuroscience framework. Indeed, the complexity of such situations would seem to 20
Enhancement of laser desorption ionization mass spectrometric signals of cesium iodide by elemental sulfur

RATIONALE The utility of elemental sulfur as a matrix for inorganic salts such as CsI, AgI, and KI was investigated because the conventional matrices deployed to generate gaseous ions from organic compounds, upon irradiation with a laser beam, are not suitable for inorganic salts. METHODS Sulfur and inorganic salts were admixed and irradiated with a 337-nm UV laser. Laser desorption ionization (LDI) mass spectra were recorded in both positive and negative ion mode on a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. RESULTS The positive ion laser desorption ionization mass spectrum of CsI showed peaks at m/z 133, 393, etc. for [(CsI)nCs]+ ions. Similarly, negative ion spectra showed peaks at m/z 387, 647, etc. for [(CsI)nI]– ions. However, for n >2 ion clusters, the intensities of peaks were negligibly small in both ionization modes. In contrast, spectra recorded from CsI admixed with elemental sulfur showed peaks up to n = 13 for (CsI)nCs+, and n = 9 for (CsI)nI–. A similar enhancement of ion abundances by sulfur was observed for the cluster ions generated from KI and AgI. CONCLUSIONS The dramatic increase in intensities of the higher-mass CsI cluster peaks suggests that sulfur acts as a laser-absorbing matrix for inorganic salts far superior to conventional matrices such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water and filler content of hybrid glass ionomers

Summary form only given. The objective of this study was to determine the water and filler content of five different hybrid glass ionomers (GI) after aging in distilled water at 37 /spl deg/C for 7 days. The materials were A.) Encapsulated and B.) hand mixed Variglass (Caulk Dentsply, Milford, DE) C.) Photacfil Aplicaps (ESPE Premier, Norristown, PA) D.) Fuji II capsules (GC corp., Tokyo, Japan) and E.) Vitremer (3M, St. Paul, MN). Based upon the mass loss with increasing temperature and the residual mass, the percent water and filler content of the materials were determined. Comparison of the results using ANOVA and the Tukey test (p <.05) reveals that the water content is significantly different for every material and the filler contents are different for every material except C and D.
Phase Homogeneity in MgO–ZrO2 Nanocomposites Synthesized by a Combined Sol–Gel/Thermal Decomposition Route

A combined sol–gel/thermal decomposition route has been used to produce powders of MgO–50 vol% ZrO2 nanocomposites and the influence of synthesis variables on the phase homogeneity in ceramic materials produced from these powders has been investigated. The starting precursors were solutions of magnesium nitrate and zirconium acetate, which were mixed, dried to form a gel, and then calcined to give ceramic powders. The effects of urea additions to the precursor mixture and changes in the calcination temperature were investigated using a combination of thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Although all of the ceramic materials produced from the powders consist of fine grains of the MgO and ZrO2 phases, in most cases these are clustered into coarse-phase domains that are distributed rather inhomogeneously. For ceramics synthesized from powders calcined at lower temperatures, and those produced from precursor mixtures containing 2 wt% or more of urea, the phase domains are finer and are distributed much more homogeneously. These observations are explained on the basis of the way in which the phase separation occurs during thermal decomposition of the precursors and crystallization of the oxides.
Pharmacokinetics of O6-benzylguanine (NSC637037) and its metabolite, 8-oxo-O6-benzylguanine.

O 6 -Benzylguanine and its metabolite, 8-oxo-O 6 -benzylguanine, are equally potent inhibitors of the DNA repair enzyme, O 6 -alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Pharmacokinetic values are derived from cancer patients participating in a phase I trial (10 or 20 mg/m 2 of O 6 -benzylguanine in a single bolus dose or 10 to 120 mg/m 2 as a 60-min constant infusion). A two-compartment model fits the plasma concentration versus time profile of O 6 -benzylguanine. O 6 -Benzylguanine is eliminated rapidly from the plasma compartment in humans (t 1/2α and t 1/2β are 2 ± 2 min and 26±15 min [mean±SD, n = 7], respectively), and its plasma clearance (513 ± 148 mL/min/m 2 ) is not dose dependent. Metabolite kinetics are evaluated using both a novel approach describing the relationship between O 6 -benzylguanine and 8-oxo-O 6 -benzylguanine and classical metabolite kinetics methods. With increasing doses of O 6 -benzylguanine, the plasma clearance of 8-oxo-O 6 -benzylguanine decreases, prolonging elimination of the metabolite. This effect is not altered by coadministration of BCNU. The urinary excretion of drug and metabolites is minimal.
Fluorescence-Detected Exciton-Coupled Circular Dichroism: Scope and Limitation in Structural Studies of Organic Molecules

The potential of fluorescence-detected circular dichroism (FDCD) to extend the scope of the exciton chirality method is rooted in the increased sensitivity and selectivity of fluorescence as compared with absorbance measurements. In this paper, several practical aspects of FDCD are addressed with model compounds possessing a (1R,2R)-trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol skeleton and two chromophores attached to the diol through ester linkages. We have probed the utility of fluorescent chromophores that have previously been shown to be excellent chromophores for the conventional absorbance-based circular dichroism (CD) exciton chirality method. Certain fluorophores, such as 2-naphthoate or 6-methoxy-2-naphthoate, provide FDCD spectra that are in good agreement with the conventional CD. In other cases, a bischromophoric derivative results in an FDCD spectrum that significantly deviates from the absorbance based data. Here it is shown that the extent of fluorescence polarization, an estimate of sample anisotropy, is dir...
Photoperiodic control of reproductive behavior and physiology of the male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The effects of changes in day length on the reproductive condition of the male Japanese quail (Coturrzix coturnix ~uponicu) were investigated in an experiment in which several measures of sexual behavior, size of cloacal protrusion, and amount of cloacal foam were the dependent variables. Thirtysix laboratory-raised male cotumix, 6 or 12 months old, were tested on alternate days throughout the experiment’s three phases, during which the experimental groups received different combinations and sequences of long days (16 hr light: 8 hr dark) or short days (8L:16D), testosterone propionate (TP) or no hormone, castration or sham castration. The several measures of reproductive condition were highly correlated, reflecting the same trends. Short days brought males out of breeding condition (in 10-20 days) if they had been maintained in long days. Long days sustained peak reproductive condition, or returned males to breeding condition (in 10-15 days) if they had been maintained in short days. The breeding condition of the lZmonth-old males was, relative to that of the 6-month-old males, more readily stimulated by long days and less readily inhibited by short days. A long-light cycle of only 3 days duration exerted a stimulatory effect on reproductive condition for several days afterward. The breeding condition of the males was never insensitive to long days, suggesting that adult male coturnix are nonphotorefractory. TP prevented the effects that transfer from long to short days had on sexual behavior and the cloacal protrusion, but TP caused regression of the testes. Similarly, TP given to males maintained in short photoperiods yielded the same effects as did transfer to long days, except that it was effective Sooner (l-5 days) and also caused testicular regression. TP-induced regression of the testes was reversible by withdrawing the hormone and shifting the males to long photoperiods. The crucial role of light in the regulation of reproductive cycles in animals has been the subject of experimental study for over 40 years. Still most of our knowledge on photoperiodic control of reproduction in birds comes from research on temperate zone passerines. This limitation has restricted our understanding of the nature of photoperiodic control of breeding cycles in
Evaluating Corn Nitrogen Variability via Remote-Sensed Data

Abstract Transformations and losses of nitrogen (N) throughout the growing season can be costly. Methods in place to improve N management and to facilitate split N applications during the growing season can be time consuming and logistically difficult. Remote sensing (RS) may be a method to rapidly assess temporal changes in crop N status and to promote more efficient N management. This study was designed to evaluate the ability of three different RS platforms to predict N variability in corn (Zea mays L.) leaves during vegetative and early reproductive growth stages. Plots (15 × 15 m) were established in the Coastal Plain (CP) and in the Appalachian Plateau (AP) physiographic regions each spring from 2000 to 2002 in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of four N rates (0, 56, 112, and 168 kg N ha−1) applied as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) replicated four times. Spectral measurements were acquired via spectroradiometer (λ = 350–1050 nm), Airborne Terrestrial Applications Sensor (ATLAS) (λ = 4...
Global Dynamics of the MLT

The transition between the middle atmosphere and the thermosphere is known as the MLT region (for mesosphere and lower thermosphere). This area has some char- acteristics that set it apart from other regions of the atmosphere. Most notably, it is the altitude region with the lowest overall temperature and has the unique characteristic that the temperature is much lower in summer than in winter. The summer-to-winter-tem- perature gradient is the result of adiabatic cooling and warming associated with a vigorous circulation driven primarily by gravity waves. Tides and planetary waves also contribute to the circulation and to the large dynamical variability in the MLT. The past decade has seen much progress in describing and understanding the dynamics of the MLT and the inter- actions of dynamics with chemistry and radiation. This review describes recent observa- tions and numerical modeling as they relate to understanding the dynamical processes that control the MLT and its variability. Results from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), which is a comprehensive high-top general circulation model with interactive chemistry, are used to illustrate the dynamical processes. Selected observations from the Sounding the Atmosphere with Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument are shown for comparison. WACCM simulations of MLT dynamics have some differences with observations. These differences and other questions and dis- crepancies described in recent papers point to a number of ongoing uncertainties about the MLT dynamical system.