cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Totally clairvoyant scheduling with relative timing constraints

Traditional scheduling models assume that the execution time of a job in a periodic job-set is constant in every instance of its execution. This assumption does not hold in real-time systems wherein job execution time is known to vary. A second feature of traditional models is their lack of expressiveness, in that constraints more complex than precedence constraints (for instance, relative timing constraints) cannot be modeled. Thirdly, the schedulability of a real-time system depends upon the degree of clairvoyance afforded to the dispatcher. In this paper, we shall discuss Totally Clairvoyant Scheduling, as modeled within the E-T-C scheduling framework [Sub05]. We show that this instantiation of the scheduling framework captures the central issues in a real-time flow-shop scheduling problem and devise a polynomial time sequential algorithm for the same. The design of the polynomial time algorithm involves the development of a new technique, which we term Mutable Dynamic Programming. We expect that this technique will find applications in other areas of system design, such as Validation and Software Verification.
MINING POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION RULES: AN APPROACH FOR BINARY TREES

Mining association rules and especially the negative ones has received a lot of attention and has been proved to be useful in the real world. In this work, a set of algorithms for finding both positive and negative association rules (NAR) in databases is presented. A variant of the Apriori, traditional association rules algorithm, is achieved using support and confidence in order to discover two types of NAR; the confined negative association rules (CNR), and the generalized negative association rules (GNAR). For the CNR, where only one negative rule exists among positive ones, the negative rule can be discovered by applying the measure of correlation in terms of the conditional and marginal probability along with the contingency tables. This measure is also used for finding positive rules in the case of branches of itemsets. The negative associations of CNR can be used for substitution of items in market basket analysis. A method of Binary Tree Rules Construction (BTRC) has been developed for the discovery of rules that belong to GNAR , when one or more negative rules along with positive ones exist. In each computation process from disjoint sets, the BTRC produces nested subtrees in order to find the NAR. BTRC is based on successive partitioning of the events of observing a sequence with a certain number of positive and negative items. A set of formulas depending on the height of the tree has been developed. The process can be divided into two parts; the external and the internal subtree process. For the discovery of both types of rules an algorithm (BTA) is developed based on a traditional method and the BTRC. Keywords—Association Rules, negative rules, conditional probability
A Spline Analysis of the Small Firm Effect: Does Size Really Matter?

This paper uses average monthly returns and linear spline regressions to investigate the relation between expected return and firm size during 1980-1994. We find that the average monthly returns are approximately constant across size deciles. The estimated spline regressions vary substantially from year-to-year. Our analysis of the year-by-year estimates suggests that the annual regression function is essentially flat, except possibly for the smallest two deciles. The results are similar for the January and non-January months. Hence, the evidence does not support the prevalent use of size as an explanatory variable for returns during the 1980-1994 period.
Light in the built environment: potential role of circadian disruption in endocrine disruption and breast cancer

Life in industrialized societies is primarily life inside buildings. Illumination from electric lighting in the built environment is quite different from solar radiation in intensity, spectral content, and timing during the 24-hour daily period. Humans evolved over millions of years with the day-night pattern of solar radiation as the primary circadian cue. This pattern maintained a 24-hour rhythm of melatonin release, as well as a host of other physiological rhythms including the sleep-wake cycle. Electric lighting in the built environment is generally more than sufficient for visual performance, but may be inappropriate for the maintenance of normal neuroendocrine rhythms in humans; e.g., insufficient during the day and too much at night. Lighting standards and engineering stress visual performance, whereas circadian function is not currently emphasized. The molecular biological research on the circadian clock and on mechanisms of phototransduction makes it clear that light for vision and light for circadian function are not identical systems. In particular, if electric lighting as currently employed contributes to 'circadian disruption' it may be an important cause of 'endocrine disruption' and thereby contribute to a high risk of breast cancer in industrialized societies.
The temporal stability of factors affecting driver-injury severities in single-vehicle crashes: Some empirical evidence

This study explores the temporal stability of factors affecting driver-injury severities in single-vehicle crashes. Using data for single-vehicle crashes in Chicago, Illinois from a nine-year period from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2012, separate annual models of driver-injury severities (with possible outcomes of severe injury, minor injury, and no injury) were estimated using a mixed logit model to capture potential unobserved heterogeneity. Likelihood ratio tests were conducted to examine the overall stability of model estimates across time periods and marginal effects of each explanatory variable were also considered to investigate the temporal stability of the effect of individual parameter estimates on injury-severity probabilities. A wide range of variables potentially affecting injury severities was considered including driver-contributing factors, location and time of day, crash-specific factors, driver attributes, roadway characteristics, environmental conditions, and vehicle characteristics. The results indicated that, although data from different years share some common features, the model specifications and estimated parameters are not temporally stable. In addition, complex temporal stability behaviors were observed for individual parameter estimates such as driver gender, apparent physical condition of driver, type of vehicle, vehicle occupancy, road surface, weather, and light conditions. It is speculated that this temporal instability could be a function of the urban nature of the data, possible variations in police-reporting of crash determinants over time, the impact of continuing improvements in vehicle safety features and drivers’ response to them, and/or the effects of macroeconomic instability that was present over the time period considered in this study. Although the source of temporal stability is not clearly known, the general subject of temporal instability warrants substantial attention in future research. The possible presence of temporal instability in injury-severity models can have significant consequences in highway-safety practice where accurate forecasting of the impacts of alternative safety countermeasures is sought.
DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT, CROWDING OUT, AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT IN THE DUALISTIC ECONOMY

labor from the rural sector in the advanced sector where wages are higher, an inflow of foreign capital may then make it possible to employ more labor in the advanced sector. The international flow of capital can thus be interpreted as an alternative to labor migration from the poor country... The social benefit from the foreign investment in the advanced sector is then greater than the profits on this investment, for the wages received by the newly employed exceed their former real wage in the rural sector, and this excess should be added as a national benefit. But while the prospect of lessening underemployment is a considerable lure, it is also feared that foreign investment (FI) may crowd out a substantial amount of domestic investment. This fear often results in F1 being restricted to sectors where domestic investment is 'deficient'. Potential crowding out of domestic investment is frequently deemed undesirable for non-economic reasons (loss of 'national sovereignty') but may also be justified on economic grounds. If the private discount rate exceeds the social discount rate for any of the reasons advanced in the project evaluation literature (Marglin, 1963; Feldstein, 1964; Sen, 1967), a reduction in domestic investment produces a welfare loss which has to be set against the gain from less underemployment. Moreover, when
Cutting Edge: Telomerase Activation in Human T Lymphocytes Does Not Require Increase in Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) Protein But Is Associated with hTERT Phosphorylation and Nuclear Translocation

Capacity for cellular replication is critically important for lymphocyte function and can be regulated by telomerase-dependent maintenance of telomere length. In contrast to most normal human somatic cells that do not express telomerase due to the failure to transcribe telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), lymphocytes express telomerase in a highly regulated fashion yet constitutively transcribe hTERT during development and activation. Here, we report that hTERT protein is present in both thymocytes and blood T cells at equivalent levels despite their substantial differences in telomerase activity, and that induction of telomerase activity in resting CD4(+) T cells is not dependent on net hTERT protein increase. Moreover, hTERT is phosphorylated and translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus during CD4(+) T cell activation. Thus, human T lymphocytes regulate telomerase function through novel events independent of hTERT protein levels, and hTERT phosphorylation and nuclear translocation may play a role in regulation of telomerase function in lymphocytes.
The Possible Use of Semiconductor Devices in Aircraft: Possible Airborne Applications for a Range of New Materials with Unusual Properties

SINCE the early years of the last decade a great deal of research has been done on the properties of the new class of materials called semiconductors because their electrical properties lie between those of conductors and insulators. Some of the results of these researches are described in this article, in particular those which are of interest to aircraft engineers. A simple explanation of the mechanism of these devices is given and some emphasis is laid on work done by staff and students of the Department of Aircraft Electrical Engineering at The College of Aeronautics.
The Marxist Approach to Dostoyevsky's Writings in the 1920's

(1963). The Marxist Approach to Dostoyevsky's Writings in the 1920's. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 50-63.
Frequency of Abnormalities of Cortisol Secretion and Water Metabolism in Patients With Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung and Other Malignancies

Previous studies have suggested that ectopic production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) may occur commonly in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL) and that evidence of such production may be elicited only by provocative tests of water excretion and adrenal function. We studied 28 patients with SCCL and 29 patients with other cancers. Adrenal function, assessed by measuring the 8 am plasma cortisol, the 8 am to 4 pm diurnal variation in plasma cortisol, and the suppressibility of the 8 am plasma cortisol following administration of 1 mg of dexamethasone, was found to be abnormal in 28.5, 71, and 25 percent, respectively, of the patients with SCCL, compared with 18, 65, and 29.5 percent in patients with other types of cancer (P greater than 0.3). The possibility of ectopic ADH secretion was assessed by a standard water loading test, which showed excretion impairment in 60 percent of patients with SCCL and 68 percent of patients with other cancers (P greater than 0.9). Neither the stage of neoplastic disease, sites of metastatic deposits, nor performance status of the patients correlated with abnormalities of water and cortisol metabolism, indicating that such abnormalities are common in patients with all types of cancer. These data do not suggest that subclinical disturbances of adrenal function or water excretion are characteristic of any histologic type of cancer. The precise mechanism(s) underlying these abnormalities are unknown.
Multilocular cyst of renal hilum

A case of a multilocular cyst in a sixty-three-year-old woman is reported. The cyst was located in the hilum of a kidney and was distorted but did not involve the renal pelvis or parenchyma. Although unique in location, it fulfilled all the criteria for a multilocular renal cyst.
Melanoid tapeta lucida in teleost fishes

In a limited survey of bony fishes of the superorder Ostariophysi, melanoid tapeta lucida were found in ten families of siluroids (catfishes), three families of characoids, and one family of gymnotoids (knife-fishes). The tapeta contained 9catfish reflecting material9, which is a compound consisting of oligomers of 5,6-dihydroxindole-2-carboxylic acid combined with decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine. The tapetum lies in the retinal pigment epithelium and the reflecting material is enclosed within tapetal spheres. They are 0.27 $\mu $m in diameter (Corydoras) and are densely distributed through the cell processes. Chemical methods for recognizing and quantifying reflecting material (including both moities) are given. The content of catfish tapetal pigment was 1.1-18 mg/g wet eye; and of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine, 0.2-3.3 mg/g; the higher values were found in the smaller eyes. Among characins a red pigment was found in the pigment epithelium; it was apparently the same as New Zealand parrotfish red pigment. A method of extracting the pigment is described and a spectrum presented. Variations in the relative extent of the tapetum and red pigmented areas in some characoids are noted.
Automotive electronics power up

People are spending increasing amounts of time in their cars. As a result, automakers are equipping vehicles with more and more power-draining creature comforts as selling points. Cup holders have given way to navigational systems, separate driver and passenger climate controls, and surround sound and compact disk players. But performance and handling improvements under the hood, such as dynamic stability controls, electronic suspensions, and precision-controlled fuel injection, also need power from the 14-V system featured in today's cars. To handle the situation, automotive manufacturers and suppliers are embracing a 42-V standard for system voltage as they design new products. The challenge for designers, however, is that the cost of the new electronics cannot prohibit the economic production of automobiles. This hurdle must be cleared before cars with 42-V systems will become available to consumers. The paper discusses why 42 Volts was chosen, how many batteries will be needed, control systems, start/stop operation, and the influence of silicon devices on cost.
Immunoelectron-microscopic studies of human platelet thrombospondin, Von Willebrand factor, and fibrinogen redistribution during clot formation

The relative distributions of the human platelet alpha-granule proteins fibrinogen, thrombospondin, and von Willebrand factor were mapped by immunoelectron microscopy in thin cryosections of activated platelets, platelet aggregates, and clots during the first 24 h of in vitro clot formation. In early activated platelets, the results suggest that the canalicular system constitutes a significant component of the external platelet surface, and may act as a compartment for biochemical reactions occurring during granule release. Further, detection of coagulation proteins by various non-morphological procedures may reflect protein contained within canalicular elements. Later in the release process, von Willebrand factor was detected as a major antigen on the platelet canalicular and plasma membranes; thrombospondin, on the other hand, showed minimal binding to platelets and only limited binding to the extensive fibrin network. Comparison of radioimmunoassays of supernatants of thrombin-stimulated platelets in plasma, clotted whole blood, and Triton X-100 platelet releasates indicated that virtually all of the platelet thrombospondin appears in serum. These data confirm the immunocytochemical results indicating that very little platelet thrombospondin binds to the platelet surface, compared with von Willebrand factor, studied here under the same conditions, which binds extensively to the platelet membrane following release and clot formation.
Sol-gel based silica electrodes for inorganic membrane direct methanol fuel cells

Abstract Inorganic glass electrodes are of interest for use with inorganic proton exchange membranes for direct methanol fuel cells. Platinum–ruthenium glass electrodes (PtRu/C-SiO 2 ) have been prepared by incorporating the PtRu/C nanoparticles into a silica-based matrix. The SiO 2 matrix was synthesized through the sol–gel reaction of 3-(trihydroxysilyl)-1-propanesulfonic acid (3TPS) and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS). The distribution of the PtRu/C particles can be controlled by changing the properties of the gel matrix. The effect of gelation time, mole fraction of reactants within the sol, curing temperature, and glass ionomer content were investigated. The adhesion of the catalyst layer on the membrane, catalytic activity for methanol oxidation, and inhibition of methanol permeation through the membrane have been characterized and optimized. The electroless deposition of PtRu onto the PtRu/C nanoparticles was performed to increase the sheet conductivity of the electrode. It was found that the electrolessly deposited metal improved the catalytic activity for methanol oxidation and decreased the methanol cross-over. The methanol fuel cell performance using the inorganic membrane electrode assembly was 236 μA cm −2 at 0.4 V and was stable for more than 10 days.
Vane Rheometry for Textural Characterization of Cheddar Cheeses: Correlation with Other Instrumental and Sensory Measurements

Abstract The relationship between instrumental (vane method, texture profile analysis (TPA), uniaxial compression) and sensory texture measurements of Cheddar cheeses was investigated. A Haake VT 550 viscotester equipped with a four-bladed vane rotor was used for the vane test. Instrumental TPA was performed with a TA.XT2 Texture Analyser, and compression variables were calculated from TPA data. Vane parameters were significantly correlated with respective variables of compression and TPA ( r =0.56–0.91), and sensory tests ( r =0.54–0.88). Multivariate analysis indicated that seven sensory attributes of ten commercial Cheddar cheeses were satisfactorily predicted (calibration regression coefficient, R cal >0.62) by variables of the vane, uniaxial compression and TPA tests. In particular, cheese firmness and cohesiveness evaluated by sensory panel were well described by vane stress and apparent strain. The results validate the vane method as an alternative to the existing cheese testing methods for rapid evaluation of cheese texture.
Lysosomotropic amines modulate neutrophil calcium homeostasis

Lysosomotropic amines can raise the acidic internal pH of the neutrophil lysosome and inhibit neutrophil function. Because pH and calcium regulation are intimately connected in various types of excitable cells, we studied the effects of several lysosomotropic weak bases on neutrophil calcium homeostasis. Base-treated cells had normal to minimally elevated resting cytosol free calcium, but weak bases produced significant release of calcium from organelles when this release was directly measured in permeabilized cells, even after depletion of inositol-triphosphate-sensitive stores. Collapse of transmembrane pH gradients with monensin similarly released organelle calcium. The initial cytosol calcium response to f-met-leu-phe was enhanced by some of the lysosomotropic amines but the calcium rise was more transient in base-treated cells than in control samples. These findings suggest that existence of an acidic intracellular compartment, such as the lysosome, is important to normal calcium homeostasis in the neutrophil and that pH sensitivity and inositol triphosphate sensitivity may define two pools of releasable organelle calcium. The effect of pH perturbation on calcium homeostasis may partially account for the inhibition of neutrophil function by lysosomotropic amines.
The varying effects of progestins on lipid levels and cardiovascular disease

A recent study at George Washington University Lipid Research Clinic compared three oral contraceptives containing different progestins and found that increases in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and apoprotein. All were not progestin related. Other effects, however, were apparently dependent on the type of progestin, with the androgenically potent agent dl-norgestrel causing dramatic increases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and the ratio of low-density to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and decreases in HDL, particularly HDL2, and apoprotein Al. Reductions in HDL2 and increases in the LDL/HDL ratio are strongly associated with the development of atherosclerosis. In a study of postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy, estrogen alone was compared with estrogen plus dl-norgestrel. In contrast to the findings of the previous study, norgestrel lowered LDL and produced less substantial decreases in HDL and HDL2. Thus, although an antiestrogenic effect was evident, it cannot be assumed that the changes associated with progestin-containing oral contraceptives will automatically occur when lower doses of progestin are used in hormone replacement therapy.
Nonlinear RISE-Based Control of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

This study focuses on the development of a nonlinear control design for a fully-actuated autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) using a continuous robust integral of the sign of the error control structure to compensate for system uncertainties and sufficiently smooth bounded exogenous disturbances. A Lyapunov stability analysis is included to prove semiglobal asymptotic tracking. The resulting controller is experimentally validated on an AUV developed at the University of Florida in both controlled and open-water environments.
Diffusion-bonded stacks of periodically poled lithium niobate.

We constructed diffusion-bonded stacks of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN).?Such crystals combine the advantages of planar processing used to make PPLN wafers with the power-handling capability of large apertures. We demonstrated an optical parametric oscillator that uses a 3-mm-thick diffusion-bonded stack consisting of three 1-mm-thick PPLN crystals.
Integration of neural heuristics into knowledge-based inference

Summary form only given, as follows. Analogies observed between relief networks and neural networks lead to the plausibility of introducing heuristics developed under the neural network approach into knowledge-based systems. An approach has been developed that maps a rule-based system into the neural architecture in both the structural and the behavioral aspects. Under this approach, the knowledge base and the inference engine are mapped into an entity called conceptualization, where a node represents a concept and a link represents a relation between two concepts. Inference in the conceptualization involves the propagation and combination of activations as well as maximizing information transmission through layers. Learning is based upon a mechanism called backpropagation, which allows proper modification of the connection strengths in order to be adapted to the environment. Finally, the validity of this approach has been demonstrated by experiments. >
Of Free Trade and Debt Bondage: Fighting Banks and the State in Mexico

Years from now, economic historians studying the 1990s will likely pinpoint Mexico as the birthplace of a new and devastating sort of financial crisis. In a sequence of events that scholars of Thailand, Malaysia, South Korea, and Indonesia will now find familiar, Mexican leaders' announcement in December 1994 of a "controlled" currency devaluation created a financial panic of devastating proportions. Set off by market jitters over a presidential succession and a negative balance of payments, ten days of manic sell-offs of peso holdings, Mexican treasury bonds, and corporate shares erased every bit of employment and income progress made since a halting recovery from depression-level conditions in the middle and late 1980s. For months prior to the crisis the disaster had been imminent. Speculation, gross political corruption, unsound economic policy, and bad investment bets hinging on the stability of an overvalued peso were hollowing out the financial system from within. In early 1995, a hurried U.S.$50 billion "rescue package" cobbled together from the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the U.S. Treasury bailed out foreign investors but left the bill with Mexican farmers, workers, and middle classes in the form of a severely restricted money supply, buying power cut in half or more, government budgets slashed, and exorbitant interest rates. Three years later, at the end of 1998, Mexicans were further punished by the crisis when legislators converted U.S.$60 billion in bad loans bought by the government's bank insurance fund to public debt, thereby leaving the remaining cost of the debacle to taxpayers. The sum owed by the Mexican people on this count today tops U.S.$100 billion as interest capitalizes and more bad debts surface. The news that filtered into the North American media about the Mexican crisis and its aftermath generally centered on the impact it would have on immigration and the U.S. economy and on what measures ought to be taken
Empathy, Framing, and Structural Artifice: Implicit Didacticism in French Romantic Verse

AbstractThe three major French Romantic poets — Lamartine, Vigny, and Hugo — suggested as well as proclaimed humanitarian ideals. They framed their messages with the familiar doctrines of Catholicism, adapting these beliefs to a post-Christian message in which the visionary poet rather than Jesus implicitly served as the chief mediator for justifying God. They implied social values by contrasting leitmotifs of persecution and innocence, and by featuring innocence more prominently. In a century of political and religious turmoil, both the monarchy and the Church had failed to ensure justice. Lamartine's Jocelyn and La Chute d'un ange, Vigny's Journal d'un Poete, and Hugo's La Legende des Siecles and L'Art d'etre grand-pere depict suffering victims to make readers uneasy with the status quo. Lamartine aims mainly to elicit sympathy. Vigny at times suggests, in addition, that readers may risk incurring the characters' fate. But it is Hugo who most richly integrates his personal experience with universal appe...
A Generalized Time-Optimal Bi-Directional Scan Algorithm for Constrained Feedrate Optimization

The problem of generating an optimal feedrate trajectory has received a significant amount of attention in both the robotics and machining literature. The typical objective is to generate a minimum-time trajectory subject to constraints such as system limitations on actuator torques and accelerations. However, developing a computationally efficient solution to this problem while simultaneously guaranteeing optimality has proven challenging. The common constructive methods and optimal control approaches are computationally intensive. Heuristic methods have been proposed that reduce the computational burden but produce only near-optimal solutions with no guarantees. A two-pass feedrate optimization algorithm has been proposed previously in the literature by multiple researchers. However, no proof of optimality of the resulting solution has been provided. In this paper, the two-pass feedrate optimization algorithm is extended and generalized. The generalized algorithm maintains computationally efficiency, and supports the incorporation of a variety of state dependent constraints. By carefully arranging the local search steps, a globally optimal solution is achieved. Singularities, or critical points on the trajectory, which are difficult to deal with in optimal control approaches, are treated in a natural way in the generalized algorithm. A detailed proof is provided to show that the algorithm does generate a globally optimal solution under various types of constraints.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
High-current-density small-area SIS junctions for high-frequency radio astronomy

At the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, we have been developing expertise in the construction of high-frequency heterodyne receivers using SIS junctions as their first mixing elements. This research has been carried out in support of the Submillimeter Array (SMA), a radio interferometer soon to be built on Mauna Kea that will require multiple reciever systems at a number of bands between 177 GHz and 920 GHz. In this paper, we describe research on the fabrication of all-refractory SIS junctions. To be useful as high-frequency mixers, SIS junctions must have small area and high critical current density. At the lower SMA frequencies, Nb/Al-Oxide/Nb ahs proven to be an ideal material system, and optical photolithography has sufficient resolution for junction definition. At the higher frequencies, NbN/MgO/NbN may enjoy an advantage due to its larger energy gap, and electron-beam lithography may be necessary for defining junctions much smaller than one micron in size. We report good initial results for Nb/Al-Oxide/Nb junctions, fabricated using a self-aligned optical technique, with area $AP 0.5 micrometers 2 and critical current density $AP 10,000 Amp/cm2.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of microwave irradiation (2.45 GHz, CW) on egg weight loss, egg hatchability, and hatchling growth of the Coturnix quail

Fertile eggs of the Coturnix quail were exposed twice a day for 30 min to 2.45-GHz continuous wave radiation at power densities of 25 or 50 mW cm-2 throughout the 17-day incubation period. Other eggs were exposed to 20 degrees C or 24 degrees C temperatures twice daily. Repeated exposures to 20 degrees C, 24 degrees C, or 25 mW cm-2 did not reduce hatchability. Irradiation at 50 mW cm-2 lowered hatchability, probably as a result of high egg temperatures. Hatchlings that had been irradiated by microwaves as embryos had normal growth rates and no obvious developmental abnormalities.
Spectrum of a fast sporadic meteor.

The spectrum of a fast (63 km/s) sporadic meteor for which altitude and orbit data are available is reported. The -6 mag meteor occurred on January 5, 1976, over southern New Mexico. Fifty features have been identified in the spectrum. The spectrum is essentially identical to that of Perseid meteors of similar brightness. It is shown that heavy-particle collisions do not dominate bright meteor spectra lacking time resolution. Low-energy electron excitation of Ca II is strongly indicated in the wake to such an extent as to strongly affect spectra of this type lacking time resolution.
Children's Use of Multiple-Counting Skills: Adaptation to Task Factors.

The purpose of the study was to determine conditions under which young children enumerate by counting in multiples. Thirty-eight kindergartners and first-graders enumerated dot displays and gave verbal reports of their strategies; additionally, they were given an independent assessment of multiple-counting skill. Dot displays varied according to overall numerosity, perceptual arrangement (random, clustered, rectangular), and numerosity of subgroupings. Children were relatively accurate at enumerating small-numerosity and nonrandom displays. They were relatively likely to report counting by multiples, rather than by ones, on small-numerosity and clustered displays. Contingent upon their skill level, children counted by multiple units (twos, threes, and fours) that corresponded to the numerosity of subgroupings (2, 3, and 4). Contrasting effects of different numerosities and perceptual arrangements are discussed in terms of contextual support for the use, and development, of numerical skills among young children.
Metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to the brain.

Abstract Background: To evaluate the natural history of patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) of the head and neck to the brain. Methods: A retrospective review of patients with brain metastases treated over a 20-year period identified five that had a head and neck SCCA primary. Results: Five cases of patients with SCCA of the head and neck that developed brain metastases are presented in detail. Conclusion: In patients with aggressive disease, large infiltrative lesions, and in late survivors with initially advanced disease, metastasis to the brain should be considered. Perineural metastasis appears to be the most common mode of spread of head and neck SCCA to the brain. Pain, paresis, or paresthesias in the distribution of cranial nerves or other neurological symptoms should alert the otolaryngologist to neural or central nervous system involvement in patients with SCCA of the head and neck. Surgery with or without post-operative whole brain radiation therapy is the mainstay of treatment in most patients. Stereotactic radiosurgery may play a major role in treating brain metastases from head and neck primary tumors.
Chronic prostatitis and sensory urgency: Whose pain is it?

Difficulties encountered in diagnosing and effectively treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is frustrating for clinicians and patients. Scientific evidence cannot establish an exact relationship between the prostate and the symptoms of CP/CPPS, and the prostate continues to be the diagnosis of convenience in this complex syndrome in men. However, if the pain is not the prostate’s, whose pain is it? A heterogeneous group of insults can result in a common neurogenic pain response, resulting in recurring pain and voiding or sexual dysfunction. To add to this dilemma, certain life-threatening diagnoses, such as carcinoma-in-situ, is in the differential diagnosis and must be excluded. Urodynamics may be useful in evaluating and treating patients whose voiding symptoms predominate. However, many patients with CP/ CPPS will not have measurable abnormalities by conventional methods and likely suffer from a functional somatic syndrome that is best treated with a multimodality approach.
Somatosensory Cortex of Prosimian Galagos: Physiological Recording, Cytoarchitecture, and Corticocortical Connections of Anterior Parietal Cortex and Cortex of the Lateral Sulcus

Compared with our growing understanding of the organization of somatosensory cortex in monkeys, little is known about prosimian primates, a major branch of primate evolution that diverged from anthropoid primates some 60 million years ago. Here we describe extensive results obtained from an African prosimian, Galago garnetti. Microelectrodes were used to record from large numbers of cortical sites in order to reveal regions of responsiveness to cutaneous stimuli and patterns of somatotopic organization. Injections of one to several distinguishable tracers were placed at physiologically identified sites in four different cortical areas to label corticortical connections. Both types of results were related to cortical architecture. Three systematic representations of cutaneous receptors were revealed by the microelectrode recordings, S1 proper or area 3b, S2, and the parietal ventral area (PV), as described in monkeys. Strips of cortex rostral (presumptive area 3a) and caudal (presumptive area 1‐2) to area 3b responded poorly to tactile stimuli in anesthetized galagos, but connection patterns with area 3b indicated that parallel somatosensory representations exist in both of these regions. Area 3b also interconnected somatotopically with areas S2 and PV. Areas S2 and PV had connections with areas 3a, 3b, 1‐2, each other, other regions of the lateral sulcus, motor cortex (M1), cingulate cortex, frontal cortex, orbital cortex, and inferior parietal cortex. Connection patterns and recordings provided evidence for several additional fields in the lateral sulcus, including a retroinsular area (Ri), a parietal rostral area (PR), and a ventral somatosensory area (VS). Galagos appear to have retained an ancestoral preprimate arrangement of five basic areas (S1 proper, 3a, 1‐2, S2, and PV). Some of the additional areas suggested for lateral parietal cortex may be primate specializations. J. Comp. Neurol. 457:263‐292, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: primates; neocortex; motor cortex
HRD as a profession: Current status and future directions

Where does HRD stand as a bona fide profession? Where does it need to go in the future in its quest to become an established and widely recognized profession? What short- and long-range strategies are needed to get it there? What issues and challenges need to be addressed that will enable HRD to continue evolving, growing, and advancing as a profession? This article is an attempt to begin addressing these critical and complex questions. An assessment of where HRD currently stands as a profession and two potential strategies that might assist HRD to elevate its professional stature are offered.
Optimization of holonomic attitude dynamics using IDVD method

This paper exploits advantages of the differential flatness of rotational dynamics of a three-dimensional holonomic robot, and presents two alternative approaches to invert it. Specifically, it utilizes the inverse dynamics in the virtual domain method, widely used for the translational motion, to develop a simple and yet effective numerical procedure for optimization of attitude dynamics based on the Euler angles or quaternion.
Clinical characteristics and referral pattern of patients with left ventricular dysfunction and significant coronary artery disease undergoing radionuclide imaging

Background Many observational studies that predict patient outcomes have examined the use of myocardial perfusion imaging results. However, a referral pattern for radionuclide testing could bias these analyses and should be determined. These patients may also differ with regard to the extent of coronary artery disease (CAD). All of these differences must be incorporated into proper outcomes examinations. We sought to identify the nuclear perfusion imaging referral pattern for patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and significant CAD.
An elasto-viscoplastic interface model for investigating the constitutive behavior of nacre

Abstract In order to better understand the strengthening mechanism observed in nacre, we have developed an interface computational model to simulate the behavior of the organic present at the interface between aragonite tablets. In the model, the single polymer-chain behavior is characterized by the worm-like-chain (WLC) model, which is in turn incorporated into the eight-chain cell model developed by Arruda and Boyce [Arruda, E.M., Boyce, M.C., 1993a. A three-dimensional constitutive model for the large stretches, with application to polymeric glasses. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40, 389–412] to achieve a continuum interface constitutive description. The interface model is formulated within a finite-deformation framework. A fully implicit time-integration algorithm is used for solving the discretized governing equations. Finite element simulations were performed on a representative volume element (RVE) to investigate the tensile response of nacre. The staggered arrangement of tablets and interface waviness obtained experimentally by Barthelat et al. [Barthelat, F., Tang, H., Zavattieri, P.D., Li, C.-M., Espinosa, H.D., 2007. On the mechanics of mother-of-pearl: a key feature in the material hierarchical structure. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 55 (2), 306–337] was included in the RVE simulations. The simulations showed that both the rate-dependence of the tensile response and hysteresis loops during loading, unloading and reloading cycles were captured by the model. Through a parametric study, the effect of the polymer constitutive response during tablet-climbing and its relation to interface hardening was investigated. It is shown that stiffening of the organic material is not required to achieve the experimentally observed strain hardening of nacre during tension. In fact, when ratios of contour length/persistent length experimentally identified are employed in the simulations, the predicted stress–strain behavior exhibits a deformation hardening consistent with the one measured experimentally and also captured by the phenomenological cohesive model used in the study carried out by Barthelat et al. [Barthelat, F., Tang, H., Zavattieri, P.D., Li, C.-M., Espinosa, H.D., 2007. On the mechanics of mother-of-pearl: a key feature in the material hierarchical structure. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 55 (2), 306–337]. The simulation results also reveal that the bulk modulus of the polymer controls the rate of hardening, feature not captured by more simple cohesive laws.
Quantitation of CYP24A1 enzymatic activity with a simple two-hybrid system.

Context: Mutations of the CYP24A1 gene encoding the 24-hydroxylase (24OHase) that inactivates metabolites of vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia in infants and adults; in vitro assays of 24OHase activity have been difficult. Objective: We sought an alternative assay to characterize a CYP24A1 mutation in a young adult with bilateral nephrolithiasis and hypercalcemia associated with ingestion of excess vitamin D supplements and robust dairy intake for 5 years. Methods: CYP24A1 exons were sequenced from leukocyte DNA. Wild-type and mutant CYP24A1 cDNAs were expressed in JEG-3 cells, and 24OHase activity was assayed by a two-hybrid system. Results: The CYP24A1 missense mutation L409S was found on only one allele; no other mutation was found in exons or in at least 30 bp of each intron/exon junction. Based on assays of endogenous 24OHase activity and of activity from a transiently transfected CYP24A1 cDNA expression vector, JEG-3 cells were chosen over HepG2, Y1, MA10, and NCI-H295A cells for two-hybrid assays o...
Hospitalization for serious blood and skin disorders following co-trimoxazole.

Aims The objective of this study was to quantify the risk of serious blood and skin disorders associated with co-trimoxazole. Methods We conducted a population-based cohort study of serious blood and skin disorders requiring hospitalization among otherwise healthy users of co-trimoxazole at Group Health Cooperative and Puget Sound (GHC). Results During the years 1987 to 1993 we found six cases of co-trimoxazole-associated blood disorders and three cases of co-trimoxazole-associated skin disorders yielding risks of 5.6/100 000 (95% CI 2.6–12.2) and 2.8/100 000 (95% CI 0.9–8.2) respectively. In all cases found there was prompt recovery after discontinuation of co-trimoxazole. We found no cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis. Conclusions We conclude that the risk of blood and skin disorders associated with the use of co-trimoxazole leading to hospitalization is low.
FURTHER EVIDENCE ON THE LIQUIDITY EFFECTS OF STOCK SPLITS AND STOCK DIVIDENDS

Currently, there is a limited amount of empirical evidence suggesting that stock splits are associated with a decline in trading liquidity. This evidence directly contrasts with managements' professed intentions for undertaking a split. The evidence to date, however, is of a short-run nature. This study reexamines the liquidity effects of stock splits and stock dividends by assessing both their short- and long-term effects on trading liquidity (i.e., proportional trading volume and percentage bid-ask spreads). The results suggest that stock dividends are associated with decreased proportional trading volume in both the short term and long term, but stock splits are not. The results also indicate that neither stock splits nor stock dividends have an effect on percentage bid-ask spreads.
NUCLEAR MASSES AND DEFORMATIONS

Abstract A semi-empirical theory of nuclear masses and deformations is presented. The potential energy of a nucleus, considered as a function of N, Z and the nuclear shape, is assumed to be given by the liquid-drop model, modified by a shell correction. The shell correction is a simple function of N and Z and is supposed to disappear as the nucleus is distorted away from the spherical shape. The resulting semi-empirical expression for the nuclear deformation energy has seven adjustable parameters, four in the liquid-drop part and three in the shell correction. By making the deformation energy stationary with respect to distortions, the equilibrium deformations (i.e., the quadrupole moments) and the ground-state masses of nuclei are derived as functions of N and Z. In addition, from unstable shapes of equilibrium corresponding to saddle-point configurations, barrier energies for nuclear fission are deduced. The predictions of the theory are compared with some 1200 experimental nuclear masses, 240 quadrupole moments and 40 fission barriers. The results lead, on the one hand, to a re-assessment of the accuracy of the liquid-drop model and a firmer determination of its characteristic constants and, on the other, to a semi-quantitative understanding of the effects of shell structure on nuclear masses and deformations. A number of minor anomalies are isolated, one apparently related to the so-called Wigner term in the binding energy and one relevant for the understanding of fission barriers. Applications to the analysis of the centrifugal stretching of nuclei and to the possible existence of “islands of stability” in the region of super-heavy nuclei are mentioned.
On simulation of some Cayley-based networks

Abstract This paper addresses the simulation of four networks whose underlying topology is a Cayley graph. The SIMD model of parallelism is used in this study. The networks considered are: star graph, bubble-soart graph, and pancake graph. The simulation is performed by mimicking the interconnection functions of the guest (network to be simulated) using a set of interconnection functions offered by the host. The interconnection function of the network to be simulated that requires the most time to simulate determines the simulation time of that network. The simulation times for all cases are derived and shown to be optimal. Results indicate the superiority of pancake networks over star networks in simulating the networks under study.
IBM system/7 and plant automation

The recently announced IBM System/7 was developed for use in a broad range of data acquisition and control applications and provides the foundation for comprehensive plant automation applications. Its unique modular structure and broad spectrum of features satisfy the basic plant automation requirements described in the paper by Kinberg and Landeck in this issue. In the present paper the functional characteristics, important design features, and the basic architectural concepts of hardware and software are discussed. An example of the use of this new system in the automation of the System/7 manufacturing process itself is provided to illustrate its use in the testing of complex electronic assemblies as part of an integrated plant automation system.