cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model for training graduate psychology students to become legally informed clinicians

A legally informed clinician is one who possesses sufficient knowledge of mental health law to recognize and address legal issues that arise in clinical practice (Bersoff et al., 1997). This article argues that students, programs, and the communities they serve have much to gain by training graduate students to become legally informed clinicians. The authors describe how one clinical psychology PhD program has infused the principle of legally informed training into its training model and the perceived impact of legally informed training on student outcomes (e.g., internship match rates), training clinic resources (e.g., revenue), and community mental health services (e.g., providing access to services that may not otherwise be available).
Multi-institutional phase II study of temozolomide administered twice daily in the treatment of recurrent high-grade gliomas.

BACKGROUND. The prognosis for patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas is poor and treatment options are limited. Current chemotherapeutic regimens can improve clinical outcomes, but extend survival by only a few months. Temozolomide is a methylating agent that is typically administered once daily. Because preclinical studies suggested that a twice-daily dosing schedule might be more effective, the safety and efficacy of twice-daily dosing of temozolomide were studied in patients with recurrent gliomas at their first, second, or third recurrence. METHODS. This multi-institutional trial enrolled 120 patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), or anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO). An initial oral dose of 200 mg/m2 of temozolomide was followed by 9 consecutive doses of 90-mg/m2 every 12 hours. Treatment cycles were repeated every 28 days. Doses were escalated to 100 mg/m2 twice daily in the absence of unacceptable toxicity or were reduced if unacceptable toxicity occurred. RESULTS. For GBM, AA, and AO patients, respectively, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.2 months, 5.8 months, and 7.7 months, whereas the median overall survival (OS) was 8.8 months, 14.6 months, and 18 months. The overall response rate (partial and complete) for the GBM, AA, and AO patients was 31%, 46%, and 46%, respectively. Grade 3/4 toxicities included neutropenia (1.1%), thrombocytopenia (3.6%), and anemia (0.3%) (graded according to the World Health Organization grading system). CONCLUSIONS. Twice-daily dosing may enhance the efficacy of temozolomide in the treatment of recurrent gliomas without increasing toxicity. This regimen compares favorably with other dosing schedules of temozolomide reported in the literature. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Confidence intervals for the calibration estimator with environmental applications

The article investigates different estimation techniques in the simple linear controlled calibration model and provides different types of confidence limits for the calibration estimator. In particular, M-estimation and bootstrapping techniques are implemented to obtain estimates of regression parameters during the training stage. Moreover, bootstrap is used to construct several types of confidence intervals that are compared to the classical approach based on the assumption of normality. For some of these intervals, the second order asymptotic properties can be established by means of Edgeworth expansions. Two data sets—one on space debris and the other on bacteriological counts in water samples—are used to illustrate the method's environmental applications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoperiod regulates neuronal bromodeoxyuridine labeling in the brain of a seasonally breeding mammal

intermediate numbers of BrdU-labeled cells in the ABSTRACT: Seasonal changes in vertebrate dentate gyrus, but was as effective as long-term photo- brain function are pervasive, but annual cycles in the periodic exposure in the subependymal zone. Photo- rates of neuronal incorporation are established only period also had similar effects in the hypothalamus in songbirds. Although cell division continues in the and cingulate/retrosplenial cortex, but not in the cen- subependymal and hippocampal subgranular zones of tral gray or preoptic area. Double-label immunocyto- adult rodents, there exists no parallel evidence that chemistry indicated that very few of the BrdU-ir cells seasonal plasticity in mammals extends to changes in were glia, but that a majority had neuronal pheno- neuronal or glial number. We examined the effect of type. In the subependymal zone, short days signifi- photoperiod on incorporation of new neurons in the cantly increased the number of BrdU-labeled neurons. brain of the adult golden hamster, a long-day breeder.
Photometry and polarimetry of Titan: Pioneer 11 observations and their implications for aerosol properties

Pioneer 11 measurements of Titan's limb darkening and polarization at red and blue wavelengths are refined, and the integrated disk brightness measurements at phase angles from 22 to 96 deg, over which Titan's phase coefficient averages about 0.014 magnitudes/deg in both colors, are reduced. Comparisons of the data with vertically homogeneous multiple scattering models indicate that the single-scattering phase functions of the aerosols in both colors are flat at scattering angles between 80 and 150 deg, with a small peak at larger scattering angles. Although a vertically homogeneous model in which particles are assumed to scatter as spheres cannot simultaneously match the polarization observations of both colors for any refractive index, observed polarizations are most sensitive to the particle properties near optical depth 1/2 in each color. Models based on single scattering by spheres can therefore be successful over a range of refractive indices, if the size of the particles increases with depth and if the cross section of the particles increases sufficiently rapidly with decreasing wavelength.
Understanding and teaching key concepts and tools of evidence-based medicine: perspectives of a clinician-researcher pharmaceutical physician.

Abstract Clinical practice benefits from research to inform good decision making. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) helps physicians integrate experience and individual expertise with the best evidence. Various philosophical concepts, including “primum non nocere,” are balanced to achieve this. The tools of EBM, such as number needed to treat, are easy to calculate and to use. Other valuable tools include number needed to harm, attributable risk, and likelihood of being helped or harmed. It is also important to distinguish between relative risk and absolute risk to avoid drawing the wrong conclusions. With the right teaching techniques to grab attention and encourage active participation, real examples can be used to impart practical skills that the clinician can employ in translating research findings into something that helps the individual patient.
Effects of Hurricane Frederic on Morphology of Dauphin Island, Alabama: ABSTRACT

Hurricane Frederic made landfall at Dauphin Island, Alabama, on September 12, 1979. With property damage estimates as high as $2 billion, Frederic represents the costliest natural disaster in United States history. Most of the destruction caused by Frederic was due to winds up to 65 m/s (126 knots), storm-surge (3.1 m above mean sea-level) flooding, beach erosion, and overwash. The latter of these three factors was the most significant in terms of property damage. Photographic overflights, ground surveys, and inspection of structures after the hurricane all led to the conclusion that damage was controlled by the following features: (1) nearshore bathymetry, (2) relative elevation of different parts of the island, (3) location and orientation of pre-storm canals and driveways, and (4) placement of house-support pilings. The ebb-tidal delta of Mobile Pass dominates the nearshore bathymetry of eastern Dauphin Island. Extending several kilometers offshore, this delta platform produced shoaling and breaking of storm waves offshore, and thus spared the eastern part of the island from more intense wave attack. However, immediately west of the delta, wave refraction and focusing produced the highest beach retreat (40 m) of any place on the island. Dauphin Island exhibits two distinct physiographic divisions. The eastern fifth of the island is composed of a Pleistocene core topped by high dunes, with elevations over 10 m. This area escaped much of the destruction of the storm, receiving only relatively minor wind damage. The western four-fifths of Dauphin Island consists of a low-lying Holocene spit, which was completely inundated by the passage of Frederic. The overwash of this part of the island resulted in damage to virtually every building and complete destruction of many. Streets and canals which ran perpendicular to the beach on the Holocene spit served as initial passageways for storm-driven water. These areas developed into the major overwash channels and were responsible for the most intense property damage. Numerous small overwash channels were found to have developed in the lee of house-support pilings. Presumably scour was enhanced by the turbulence of water flowing around such pilings. In areas of high building concentration, this effect was most pronounced and caused significant damage. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1558------------
Comparison of analytic performance models using closed mean-value analysis versus open-queuing theory for estimating cycles per instruction of memory hierarchies

Analytic models provide a simple but approximate method for predicting the performance of complex processing systems early in the design cycle. Over the years, extensive use has been made of various queuing models to analyze the memory hierarchies of multiprocessor systems in order to estimate the finite cache penalty and resulting system performance measured in cycles per instruction executed. Two general modeling techniques widely used for such performance evaluation are the open-system and closed-system queuing theories. Closed-queuing models can be solved by various methods, but mean value analysis is the most common for closed systems of the type considered here. The basic differences between these two approaches have been somewhat obscure, making them difficult to compare. This work explores some fundamental issues from a practical engineering viewpoint with the intention of illuminating the essential differences in the general techniques at the very basic level. In addition, the results of a detailed study comparing the two in a moderately complex multiprocessor memory hierarchy are presented.
Metallocenes for protein modification: II. Maleylirontetracarbonyl-maleyl-ribonuclease

Abstract Reaction of bovine ribonuclease A with maleic anhydride in the presence of the inhibitor, pyrophosphate, results in maleyl-ribonuclease, which is fully active after removal of the pyrophosphate. Further reaction of this derivative with maleic anhydride irontetracarbonyl, a metallocene-like compound, results in the formation of maleylirontetracarbonyl-maleyl-ribonuclease, which is rich in metallo spectral properties. This product is largely inactive and contains close to 1 mole of the maleylirontetracarbonyl group per mole of enzyme. Acid hydrolysis and amino acid analysis of this derivative, RNase, and maleyl ribonuclease, each reacted with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, show that the matallocene-like moiety modifies lysine(s) of maleylribonuclease. The corresponding 14 C-maleylirontetracarbonyl-maleyl-ribonuclease is then prepared and reduced with mercaptoethanol in the presence of urea, alkylated with iodoacetamide, and digested with trypsin plus chymotrypsin.The maleyl peptides and maleylirontetracarbonyl peptides are isolated by affinity chromatography using an appropriate antibody-Sepharose conjugate. A 14 C-peptide is purified by subsequent ion-exchange chromatography and recovered in a 55% absolute overall yield. This peptide comprises residues 40–46. Since lysine 41 is the only lysyl residue in this peptide, at least 55% of the maleylirontetracarbonyl group is attached to lysine 41.
DNA synthesis in cell-free extracts of a DNA polymerase-defective mutant.

Abstract A DNA-synthesizing activity has been isolated from an E. coli mutant defective in DNA polymerase. Like DNA polymerase, the system requires the presence of all four deoxynucleoside triphosphates, magnesium ion and a native DNA template for maximal activity. The activity can be distinguished from E. coli DNA polymerase on the basis of its sensitivity to high ionic strength and to p-chloromercuribenzoate. The activity is insensitive to antiserum directed against E. coli DNA polymerase. Our results do not exclude the possibility that the activity isolated is composed of, in part, an altered form of DNA polymerase.
Boundary Layer Control by Means of Strong Injection

The gas mixture produced by coal gasifier contains components that have serious corrosive effects on the walls of the pipe flow system. To reduce these, a non-corrosive gas is injected into the stream of the coal gas products, in a direction parallel to the pipe wall. The interaction between the injected stream and the original pipe flow is investigated analytically and is an example of the so-called Wall Jet Problem.
Mesectodermal Leiomyoma of the Ciliary Body Managed by Partial Lamellar Iridocyclochoroidectomy

Abstract In the right eye of an 11-year-old girl, a large iridociliochoroidal mass developed that measured approximately 14 × 12 × 9 mm in size. The tumor initially resembled a uveal melanoma on the basis of clinical appearance and ancillary studies. Enucleation was not done, however, because of the patient's age and the unusual transillumination properties of the lesion. Instead the tumor was resected by a partial lamellar iridocyclochoroidectomy with an excellent visual outcome. Light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry established that the tumor was a Leiomyoma. A literature review showed that all but one of the 15 previously reported cases of ciliary body leiomyoma that the authors were able to verify were found in women with an average age of 30 years. The possible significance of this apparent age and sex predilection for this unusual tumor is discussed, and the clinical features which may help differentiate leiomyoma from uveal melanoma are presented.
Infantile trauma, narcissistic injury and agoraphobia.

This detailed report of a seven-year analysis illustrates how childhood traumata, including blatant sexual traumata, culminated in crucial fixations that ultimately played a major role in the evolution of a markedly narcissistic character structure from which the ultimate symptom complexes emerged.
A Note on the Concavity of the Mean-Variance Problem

In a problem involving physical production the Gj(-) would be regarded as production functions and the Zi as allocations of a homogeneous input supplied inelastically at a level WO. The problem clearly has a unique solution, and if it is an interior one, considerable comparative statics information is available from (1) once we restrict the riskaversion properties of the utility function. The mean-variance approach is to assume the random Pi are normally distributed,2 and make the transformation Y = Y+ YZ, where Y is the expected value of Y, ay is its standard deviation, and Z is the standard normal random variable. Then we solve
EFFECT OF CONCURRENT CALORIC INTAKE ON THE RESPONSE TO ORAL MONOSODIUM L‐GLUTAMATE IN SUSCEPTIBLE SUBJECTS

A study was undertaken to assess the susceptibility of a population of proven reactors to a standard 5g dose of MSG given as part of a lunch-type snack. The study was also designed to test the response to naturally occurring L-glutamic acid in amounts comparable with the test dose of MSG. Results show the latency of symptom onset to be consistently longer when MSG is administered in juice accompanied by a snack. Response rate to snacks containing 5g MSG is significantly lower for high protein, high natural L-glutamic acid and high carbohydrate snacks than for the high-fat snack or MSG administered without a snack. The high-fat snack (also low in bulk) afforded no protection.
A Technique to Measure Submillimeter Tokamak Synchrotron Radiation Spectra

A wire-mesh Fabry-Perot interferometer with millisecond response time has been constructed. The application of this instrument to study the millimeter and submilliieter synchrotrons radiation emitted by magnetically confined Tokamak plasmas is discussed.
Low SNR design of space-time block codes based on union bound and indecomposable error patterns

Space-time block codes have attracted recent interest due to their ability to take advantage of available diversity to transmit data over a wireless fading channel. Since they were first introduced, several strategies have been proposed for their design. In most cases, these designs were optimized for high SNR through a worst case pairwise error probability analysis and either placed strict constraints on the structure of codewords or were limited to codesets of low cardinality. This work addresses the issue of code design specifically for low SNR environments using union bound-based performance criteria which are SNR dependent. A more accurate union bound-based measure for performance evaluation of codes is developed and a variation of a locally optimum algorithm used to systematically construct good codeword sets is presented. New found codes are compared via simulation with other existing codes and are shown to exhibit improved performance.
Prompt K X Rays as a Function of Fragment Mass and Total Kinetic Energy in the Thermal Fission of U 235

In order to obtain information about the deexcitation of fission fragments and the division of nuclear charge in fission for the case of thermal-neutron fission of ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$, a measurement of the prompt $K$ x rays (0 to\ensuremath{\sim}1 nsec after fission) was performed. A thin foil of uranium was caused to fission by a beam of neutrons from a beam port of a nuclear reactor. The fission fragments were detected by silicon surface-barrier detectors, and the x rays, by a NaI(Tl) scintillator. A three-parameter analyzer recorded the energies of the two fragments and the energy of the x ray emitted in coincidence with the fragments. The x-ray energies were sorted "off line" according to fragment mass or total kinetic energy in order to obtain x-ray spectra for different mass groups and different energy groups. From these spectra, x-ray yields were found as a function of fragment mass and as a function of total kinetic energy of the fragments. The results are compared, where possible, with those obtained in other laboratories for the thermal-neutron fission of ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ and with results for the spontaneous fission of ${\mathrm{Cf}}^{252}$. Differences and similarities are noted. The most probable charge versus mass was also estimated from the spectra, and these results are in agreement with radiochemical analysis.
Retinoids suppress premalignant MCF10AT but not malignant MCF10CA1a breast epithelial cells in vivo. Role of retinoic acid receptor β2 expression

Recently we found that retinoic acid receptors (alpha, beta, gamma) and retinoid X receptors (alpha, beta, gamma) are variably expressed in MCF10A model of breast cancer development and progression. Here we employed this model to assess both in vitro and in vivo sensitivity of cells to retinoids and the role of RARbeta2 in mediating the antitumor potential of retinoids. In vitro, we found that transformation of the benign MCF10A cells into premalignant MCF10AT and malignant MCF10CA1a cells increased their sensitivity to 4-(Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) and all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) but not to 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA) and LGD1069 and this was associated with loss of induction of RARbeta2 by retinoids. RARbeta2 expression in premalignant MCF10AT cells decreased their proliferating activity and increased their sensitivity to atRA. In vivo, when transplanted into the mammary fat pads of nude mice, MCF10A cells did not grow, MCF10AT cells formed slow-growing tumor nodules, and MCF10CA1a cells were highly malignant, grew quickly and infiltrated the surrounding tissues. Of the retinoids used, only 4-HPR suppressed the growth of slow-growing hyperplastic and premalignant MCF10AT but not of the malignant MCF10CA1a tumor nodules. These data may have clinical implication in selecting women with hyperplastic and premalignant breast lesions that may benefit the most from clinical trials with retinoids.
An approximate analytical method for evaluating the performance of closed-loop flow systems with unreliable machines and finite buffers

We present an efficient and accurate approximate analytical decomposition method for evaluating the production rate and distribution of inventory of a closed-loop manufacturing system with unreliable machines and finite buffers. It is based on an earlier decomposition for a tandem line; it differs only in accounting for the different sets of machines that could cause blockage or starvation to other machines. The method can be applied to tandem production lines with a limited number of pallets or fixtures; the pallets travel in a closed loop even though the parts do not. It can also be applied to systems controlled by a CONWIP policy with infinite or finite buffers since such a policy can be implemented with a limited number of tokens that behave in the same way as pallets.
“Sacrificing at the altar of tenure”: Assistant professors’ work/life management

Abstract Work/family scholars are increasingly paying attention to how professors manage their work responsibilities, mainly examining how women with children handle such duties. Virtually nothing is known about how male and female professors without children manage their work demands in relation to their personal lives. The author explores this topic through in-depth interviews with untenured tenure track assistant professors with and without children at two research universities in the U.S. Some participants prioritized work over other aspects of their lives whereas other participants exhibited a shared dedication to work and family. This research demonstrates that the academe's expectations of professors not only affect faculty with children, but others as well.
Suggestive evidence of linkage identified at chromosomes 12q24 and 2p16 in African American prostate cancer families from Louisiana.

BACKGROUND In the United States, incidence of prostate cancer in African American men is more than twice than that of any other race. Thus far, numerous disease susceptibility loci have been identified for this cancer but definite locus-specific information is not yet established due to the tremendous amount of genetic and disease heterogeneity; additionally, despite high prevalence of prostate cancer amongst African American men, this population has been under represented in genetic studies of prostate cancer. METHODS In order to identify the susceptible locus (loci) for prostate cancer in African Americans, we have performed linkage analyses on members of 15 large high-risk families. Specifically, these families were recruited from Louisiana and represent a uniquely admixed African American population exclusive to Southern Louisiana. In addition to geographical constraints, these families were clinically homogeneous creating a well-characterized collection of large pedigrees. The families were genotyped with Illumina Infinium II SNP HumanLinkage-12 panel and extensive demographic and clinical information was documented from the hospital pathological reports and family interviews. RESULTS We identified two novel regions, 12q24 and 2p16, with suggestive evidence of linkage under the dominant model of inheritance. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that chromosome 12q24 (HLOD = 2.21) and 2p16 (HLOD = 1.97) has been shown to be associated with prostate cancer in high-risk African American families. These results provide insight to prostate cancer in an exceptional, well-characterized African American population, and illustrate the significance of utilizing large unique, but homogenous pedigrees. Prostate 72:938–947, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of injecting contacts in photoconductors

Abstract It is usually assumed that the only role of the “ohmic,” i.e. injecting, contacts is that of supporting Ohm's law currents through the photoconductor. In actual fact the injecting contact plays a key role in limiting the available gain (G)-bandwidth ( 1 τ 0 ) product of the photoconductor, through the agency of space-charge which is either injected and volume-distributed or spatially localized near the potential minimum at the contact. G τ 0 has a limiting value M τ r where τr is the dielectric relaxation time under operating conditions and M is a dimensionless quantity determined by either the volume-distributed or contact-localized space charge. Where the negative contact is injecting for electrons and the positive contact injecting for holes, two-carrier current flow in the insulator is supplied by the contacts. Double injection and photo-conductivity are closely related in that the characteristics of both phenomena are governed by the same recombination centers. Double injection has been analyzed for an idealized insulator with a single set of recombination centers completely filled in thermal equilibrium. Outstanding results are : (i) a threshold voltage for the double injection, and (ii) a negative resistance associated with a hole lifetime which increases with injection level.
Experience performing 64 consecutive stapled intestinal anastomoses in small children and infants

Abstract Background/Purpose Intestinal anastomosis in children has traditionally been performed using hand-sewn techniques. Little data exist evaluating the efficacy of stapled intestinal anastomoses in the infant and pediatric populations. Methods A review of a 5-year experience using a mechanical stapler to treat 64 consecutive children requiring intestinal anastomoses was performed. An intestinal stapler was used to complete a side-to-side functional end-to-end anastomosis. Postoperative outcomes and modifications made to the technique were identified. Results Since 2004, 64 children (median age, 3 months; range, newborn to 24 months) underwent procedures requiring intestinal anastomosis. Twenty-six children (41%) were 1 week or less in age. Twenty-seven children (42%) underwent a stoma closure using a stapler. Thirty-seven children (58%) underwent bowel resection and stapled anastomosis in treating a variety of surgical disorders. Complications included wound infection (n = 2) and anastomotic stricture (n = 1). No issues suggesting anastomotic dilatation and subsequent stasis/overgrowth were identified. Conclusions These results suggest that stapled bowel anastomosis is an effective approach applicable to a variety of surgical diseases in newborns and infants.
Development of lateral line organs in the axolotl

Lateral line sensory receptors and their cranial nerves in axolotls arise from a dorsolateral series of placodes, including the octaval placode, that gives rise to the inner ear and the octaval nerve. Anterodorsal and anteroventral placodes occur rostral to the octaval placode and give rise to anterodorsal and anteroventral lateral line nerves and electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the snout, cheek, and lower jaw. Middle, supratemporal, and posterior placodes occur caudal to the octaval placode and give rise to similarly named lateral line nerves, electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the occipital region of the head, and trunk neuromasts. All placodes, except the posterior placode, elongate, forming sensory ridges, following the genesis of sensory ganglia. Primary mechanoreceptor primordia begin to form within the central zone of the sensory ridges at stage 36; primary electroreceptor primordia originate within the lateral zones of these ridges at stage 38. The first primary mechanoreceptors erupt during stage 37; all primary mechanoreceptors have erupted at hatching (stage 41). Primary electroreceptors begin to erupt at stage 43. Secondary mechanoreceptor primordia begin to form in 1-week-old larvae and erupt 1-2 weeks later. Secondary electroreceptor primordia also begin to form in 1-week-old larvae and continue until clusters of two to five electroreceptors are formed. The developmental stages thought to characterize lateral line placodes in the earliest gnathostomes suggest that this ancestral ontogeny has been truncated in modern amphibians, and ontogenetic mechanisms underlying placodal differentiation are suggested.
Mechanical behavior of MoSi2 and MoSi2 composites

Abstract MoSi 2 is a key member of a new class of high-temperature structural silicide materials. Important features of the mechanical behavior of MoSi 2 and MoSi 2 composites are reviewed. The mechanical properties of Mosi 2 single crystals, polycrystalline MoSi 2 , and MoSi 2 -based composites are discussed in association with properties such as elevated temperature deformation and low-temperature fracture toughness. Interrelationships between single crystal, polycrystal, and composite mechanical behavior are identified.
Fabry-Perot Prefilter for Raman Spectroscopy

Current interest in low frequency excitations in polymers and biopolymers has raised anew the long standing problem of stray light rejection in Raman spectrometers. We report here progress in an attempt to use a Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer in tandem with a Spex double monochromator for high contrast. This combination has produced a useful improvement in contrast over the Spex alone, by a factor of about 200, while maintaining the throughput, about 50% of the Spex alone. The system was not optimal by any means and we describe results from an apparatus which is now undergoing considerable development.
Therapeutic Effects of Small-Particle Aerosols of Ribavirin on Parainfluenza (Sendai) Virus Infections of Mice

Small-particle aerosol administration of ribavirin (1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) increased survival rates, extended the time to death, delayed lung pathology, and reduced pulmonary virus levels in Sendai virus-infected mice.
Written narratives of normal and learning disabled children

Writing samples of children in grades one through three were collected in two midwestern elementary schools using the Picture Story Language Test. Each story was scored for productivity, syntax, and level of abstraction. Results indicated that performance in all aspects of written language improved with age. A second study was conducted to compare the writing of normal children who were average readers in grades one through three with learning disabled children who were reading at comparable levels. The results indicated no significant differences in productivity but there were differences in syntax. Problems were noted particularly in morphology. Further observations indicated the learning disabled poor readers also had more problems with handwriting and spelling than average readers.
Microfluidic separation of satellite droplets as the basis of a monodispersed micron and submicron emulsification system

Emulsions are widely used to produce sol-gel, drugs, synthetic materials, and food products. Recent advancements in microfluidic droplet emulsion technology has enabled the precise sampling and processing of small volumes of fluids (picoliter to femtoliter) by the controlled viscous shearing in microchannels. However the generation of monodispersed droplets smaller than 1 microm without surfactants has been difficult to achieve. Normally, the generation of satellite droplets along with parent droplets is undesirable and makes it difficult to control volume and purity of samples in droplets. In this paper, however, several methods are presented to passively filter out satellite droplets from the generation of parent droplets and use these satellite droplets as the source for monodispersed production of submicron emulsions. A passive satellite droplet filtration system and a dynamic satellite droplet separation system are demonstrated. Satellite droplets are filtered from parent droplets with a two-layer channel geometry. This design allows the creation and collection of droplets that are less than 100 nm in diameter. In the dynamic separation system, satellite droplets of defined sizes can be selectively separated into different collecting zones. The separation of the satellite droplets into different collecting zones correlates with the cross channel position of the satellite droplets during the breakup of the liquid thread. The delay time for droplets to switch between the different alternating collecting zones is nominally 1 min and is proportional to the ratio of the oil shear flows. With our droplet generation system, monodispersed satellite droplets with an average radius of 2.23 +/- 0.11 microm, and bidispersed secondary and tertiary satellite droplets with radii of 1.55 +/- 0.07 microm and 372 +/- 46 nm respectively, have been dynamically separated and collected.
Application of Volatility Diagrams for Low Temperature, Dry Etching, and Planarization of Copper

A thermodynamic analysis of the dry etching process for copper using halides is undertaken with the development of volatility diagrams. The construction of such diagrams for the Cu-Cl system is illustrated for temperatures ranging from 50 to 200°C. The copper condensed phase species and the partial pressures of the predominant copper vapor phase species are depicted on these diagrams as a function of the partial pressure of chlorine at various temperatures. From these diagrams, it is apparent that reactive ion etching (RIE) of copper based on a procedure previously utilized for aluminum, is inefficient at temperatures less than 200°C. However, closer examination of the metastable equilibrium line between condensed CuCl 2 and gaseous Cu 3 Cl 3 reveals the possibility of extremely high etch rates at low temperatures, if a reducing environment based on hydrogen is utilized for etching CuCl 2 . The design of a multistep, low temperature RIE process for copper, that first requires the formation of condensed CuCl 2 followed by the hydrogen based etching of condensed CuCl 2 land hence copper) due to the formation of Cu 3 Cl 3 gas, is discussed. Some important aspects for the successful implementation of this etching scheme are considered. The further utilization of this process for the purpose of reactive ion planarization of copper as a potential replacement for the problematic chemical mechanical planarization step in the damascene process, is also suggested. The role of capillarity effects in this dry planarization process is discussed briefly.
Surface point mutations that significantly alter the structure and stability of a protein's denatured state.

Significantly different m values (1.9-2.7 kcal mol-’ M”) were observed for point mutations at a single, solventexposed site (T53) in a variant of the B1 domain of streptococcal Protein G using guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCI) as a denaturant. This report focuses on elucidating the energetic and structural implications of these m-value differences in two Protein G mutants, containing Ala and Thr at position 53. These two proteins are representative of the high (mi-) and low (m-) m-value mutants studied. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed no evidence of equilibrium intermediates. A comparison of GuHCl denaturation monitored by fluorescence and circular dichroism showed that secondary and tertiary structure denatured concomitantly. The rates of folding (286 s” for the m+ mutant and 952 s” for the m- mutant) and the rates of unfolding (1 I s-l for m+ mutant and 3 s-I for the m- mutant) were significantly different, as determined by stopped-flow fluorescence. The relative solvation free energies of the transition states were identical for the two proteins (at = 0.3). Small-angle X-ray scattering showed that the radius of gyration of the denatured state (Rgd) of the mf mutant did not change with increasing denaturant concentrations (Rgd - 23 8,); whereas, the R8d of the m- mutant increased from approximately 17 8, to 23 A with increasing denaturant concentration. The results indicate that the mutations exert significant effects in both the native and GuHCI-induced denatured state of these two proteins.
Measurements of Shortwave Radiation: The Value of Spectral Resolution for Cloud and Aerosol Remote Sensing

Spectrally resolved airborne and ground-based measurements of shortwave radiation have advanced cloud and aerosol remote sensing. They provide new insights into the radiative energy budget. We illustrate this with results from recent experiments.
Progress of Infants/Toddlers with Severe Disabilities: Perceived and Measured Change.

An exploratory case study was undertaken to examine child and caregiver outcomes in a diverse sample of 21 infants/toddlers with severe disabilities who received services from an urban, Part C program where caregiver-focused intervention was emphasized. Purposive sampling and mixed methods were used to collect data on child developmental change, rate of progress, and caregiver self-efficacy. Analyses revealed that (a) child developmental gains were significant across all subscales of the Early Learning Accomplishment Profile–Revised (ELAP-R) with large effect sizes, (b) individual rates of progress were highly variable as measured by proportional change index (PCI) scores, (c) caregivers attributed improvement in self-efficacy and parenting competence to involvement in this program, (d) caregivers whose child received services at home reported slightly greater levels of self-efficacy than those whose child was seen in a center-based context, and (e) location of service produced equally significant, positi...
Drug—Biomolecule Interactions: Bioelectrometric Study of the Mechanism of Carbachol Interactions with the Cornea and its Relation to Miotic Activity

The augmentation of carbachol miotic activity attributable to enhanced transcorneal absorption, which results from the action of cationic adjuvants included in ophthalmic vehicles, suggested a study of carbachol-corneal tissue interaction as a further step toward understanding the phenomenon. The present study was performed in vivo using an innocuous electrometric technique. A fixed charge density of the corneal epithelial surface versus carbachol concentration profile was obtained from the electrometric results; it revealed three distinct concentration regions defined by precipitous decreases of fixed charge over extremely small concentration ranges. This anomalous behavior is attributed to cooperative alterations in the binding affinities of fixed anionic sites on the tissue surface, which result in an all-or-none release of protons and/or other nicrocations. The unmasked anionic sites become reoccupied with carbachol except in the last region where the reoccupation by carbachol is competitive with other cations in the solution in contact with the surface. This behavior, postulated on the basis of the construction of a carbachol-tissue binding isotherm from which thermodynamic interaction affinities were computed, was corroborated by the observed dependency of the duration of miotic activity on carbachol concentration. Allosteric interactions between anionic binding sites, which are mediated through electron inductive and electrostatic field effects and likely involve a cooperative alteration in tissue water structure, are implicated as underlying the observed phenomena.
Maneuvering and Stability Performance of a Robotic Tuna

The Draper Laboratory Vorticity Control Unmanned Undersea Vehicle (VCUUV) is the first mission-scale, autonomous underwater vehicle that uses vorticity control propulsion and maneuvering. Built as a research platform with which to study the energetics and maneuvering performance of fish-swimming propulsion, the VCUUV is a self-contained free swimming research vehicle which follows the morphology and kinematics of a yellowfin tuna. The forward half of the vehicle is comprised of a rigid hull which houses batteries, electronics, ballast and hydraulic power unit. The aft section is a freely flooded articulated robot tail which is terminated with a lunate caudal fin. Utilizing experimentally optimized body and tail kinematics from the MIT RoboTuna, the VCUUV has demonstrated stable steady swimming speeds up to 1.2 m/sec and aggressive maneuvering trajectories with turning rates up to 75 degrees per second. This paper summarizes the vehicle maneuvering and stability performance observed in field trials and compares the results to predicted performance using theoretical and empirical techniques.
Low-energy electron diffraction and work function studies of adsorbed organic monolayers on the (100) and (111) crystal faces of platinum

Abstract The adsorption and ordering characteristics of a large group of organic compounds has been studied on the platinum (100) and (111) single-crystal surfaces. Low-energy electron diffraction has been used to determine surface structures. Work function change measurements have been made to determine the charge redistribution which occurs on adsorption. The molecules which have been studied are acetylene, aniline, benzene, biphenyl, n-butyl-benzene, t-butylbenzene, cyanobenzene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, cyclopentane, ethylene, n-hexane, mesitylene, 2-methylnaphthalene, napthalene, nitrobenzene, propylene, pyridine, toluene and m-xylene. All molecules studied adsorb on both the Pt(111) and Pt(100)-(5×1) surfaces and act as electron donors to the metal surface. The adsorbed layers are more ordered on the hexagonally symmetric Pt(111) surface than on the square symmetric Pt(100) surface. Unsaturated molecules generally adsorb on these crystal faces of platinum by forming π-bonds with the metal surface.
A massive open online course on pharmacogenomics: not just disruptive innovation but a possible solution.

In 2005, Latif stated “there is significant opportu­ nity to deliver pharmacogenetics and pharmaco­ genomics educational content via internet­based instruction” [1]. Internet­based instruction is not a new concept and has probably been adopted, in part, at most US colleges/schools of pharmacy. Curricula courses may provide an electronic course syllabus, have didactic lectures recorded and then ‘podcasted’, or have utilized online dis­ cussion forums between faculty and students. Recently, there has been significant attention and proliferation of massive online open courses (MOOCs). The general intent of a MOOC is to provide an open access, distance­learning model, aiming for large­scale interactive par­ ticipation. Instructional design approaches of MOOCs include peer­review, group collabora­ tion and automated feedback by way of quizzes and exams [101]. In the last year, major MOOC developments have occurred, including increased acceptance by public and private higher educa­ tion institutions, the ability to obtain course credit, and the abundance of content in areas including science, engineering, mathematics, humanities and economics [102]. Creating a MOOC on pharmacogenomics, through col­ laboration with several US colleges/schools of pharmacy known for their expertise in this field, has the potential to solve the challenges of inadequate depth of instruction and the lack of resources for recruiting and/or training faculty in pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomic/pharmacogenetic instruc­ tion in US colleges/schools of pharmacy has increased over the last several years [2,3]. The majority of colleges/schools provide 10–30 hours of didactic teaching focusing on basic genetic concepts and terminology, genetic variability impacting drug response, and clinical utility of pharmacogenetic testing [3]. In addition, there are numerous reports of several colleges/schools of
AN EFFICIENT CYCLIC AMP ASSAY FOR THE FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION OF BETA -ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR LIGANDS

Abstractβ-Adrenoceptors are G-protein linked receptors that are positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase. We wanted to develop an alternative method to the detection of cAMP using radioimmunoassay for functional analysis of ligands for human β-adrenoceptors (ARs). Chinese hamster ovary cells that stably expressed the β2-AR were transiently transfected with reporter plasmids containing the firefly luciferase gene under the transcriptional control of 6 or 12 cAMP response elements. The transiently transfected cells (electroporated at 150 volts, single pulse, 70 ms) were grown in 96-well microtiter plates (50,000 cells per well) for 20 hours, exposed to various ligands for 4 hours, and the luciferase activity was assayed. Stimulation of β-ARs in these transfected cells resulted in a greater than 25-fold induction of luciferase activity. This activity was maximally increased in response to 20 μM forskolin, 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and 10–30 nM (-)-isoproterenol. Exposure of cells to (-)-isoproterenol e...
Electrostatic and Excluded Volume Effects on the Transport of Electrolytes in Poly(ethylene glycol)-Water "Mixed Solvents"

The transport properties of NaCl in poly(ethylene glycol)-water (PEG-water) mixtures are presented, with special regard to the dielectric and hydrodynamic effects. We report experimental data of mutual diffusion, viscosity, and conductivity for the aqueous ternary system containing PEG with an average molecular weight of 2000 a.m.u. (PEG2000, component 1) and sodium chloride (NaCl, component 2). Both PEG2000 and NaCl are used extensively as protein-crystallizing agents. The four diffusion coefficients ( D11, D12, D21, and D22) that are required to describe the diffusive properties of a ternary system correctly were determined by the precise Gouy interferometric method. We also report measurements of the dielectric constant for several aqueous binary systems containing PEG with three different molecular weights (200, 400, and 2000 a.m.u.), which significantly decreases the dielectric constant of aqueous solutions. The experimental values of the four diffusion coefficients are discussed in terms of obstruction, excluded volume, and dielectric effects. The dependence of the PEG main-term diffusion coefficient, D11, on the salt concentration is quantitatively described by the corresponding change of viscosity. The cross-term diffusion coefficients, D12 and D21, are described in terms of excluded volume effects and PEG-salt nonpreferential interactions. The dependence of the salt main term diffusion coefficient, D22, on PEG concentration is essentially due to obstruction effects. Moreover, a remarkable agreement between D22 and the salt equivalent conductivity has been determined. This correlation suggests that, even though the dielectric constant significantly changes in the presence of PEG, the electrostatic ion-ion interactions (the summation of the extent of ion-pairing and electrophoretic contributions) are not significantly modified by the polymer. This analysis of the diffusive and conductivity properties of electrolytes in the presence of PEG have allowed us to clarify important aspects of the electrostatic properties of aqueous PEG-salt systems and supplies valuable information for salt properties in “mixed solvents”. A useful classification of mixed solvents is proposed, distinguishing between “viscous” and “dielectric” mixed solvents.