cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rainforest understory beetles of the Neotropics, Mizotrechus Bates 1872, a generic synopsis with descriptions of new species from Central America and northern South America (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Perigonini).

Information on the single previously described species, Mizotrechus novemstriatus Bates 1872 (type locality: Brazil – Amazonas, Tefe), is updated and 17 new species for the genus from Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Guyane are described. The species records in the literature and on determined specimens in some collections of Mizotrechus novemstriatus Bates from Central America are not that species; currently, Mizotrechus novemstriatus is known only from its type locality in Amazonian Brazil. For the new species described, their known general distributions are as follows: Mizotrechus batesi sp. n. (Guyane), Mizotrechus bellorum sp. n. (Guyane), Mizotrechus brulei sp. n. (Guyane), Mizotrechus belevedere sp. n. (Guyane), Mizotrechus costaricensis sp. n. (Costa Rica), Mizotrechus dalensi sp. n. (Guyane), Mizotrechus edithpiafae sp. n. (provenance unknown), Mizotrechus fortunensis sp. n. (Panama), Mizotrechus gorgona. sp. n. (Colombia), Mizotrechus grossus sp. n. (Guyane), Mizotrechus jefe sp. n. (Panama), Mizotrechus marielaforetae sp. n. (Guyane), Mizotrechus minutus sp. n. (Guyane), Mizotrechus neblinensis sp. n. (Guyane, Venezuela), Mizotrechus poirieri sp. n. (Guyane), and Mizotrechus woldai sp. n. (Panama). Long-term use of flight intercept traps in Guyane provided so many new species that apparently the use of FITs is the way to collect adults of this taxon, previously known from very few specimens. Many more species of this genus can be expected to be discovered throughout the Neotropics; the present contribution is a preliminary synopsis with identification key and adult images of all known species. Likely numerous species are yet to be discovered throughout tropical climes.
Mineral Concentrations of Cool Season Pasture Forages in North Florida During the Winter-Spring Grazing Season: II. Trace Minerals

ABSTRACT Trace mineral concentrations of annual cool season pasture forages grazed by growing beef cattle during late fall-winter-spring grazing season were evaluated during two experimental cool season grazing studies, each lasting two years at the North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), Marianna, Florida. Eight 1.32 ha fenced pastures or paddocks were divided into two groups of pasture land preparation/planting methods, four pastures for the sod seeding treatments (SS) and four for the prepared seedbed treatments (PS). Two different pasture forages, small grains, (rye/oats mix) with or without ryegrass for the first two years (Study 1); and oats with ryegrass or ryegrass only for the last two years (Study 2) were planted in these pasture lands. Each of the four forage, type, and cultivation combination treatments was assigned to two pastures each year, thereby giving two replicates per pasture treatment per year. Forage samples were collected at the start of pasture grazing and twice monthl...
State of the Art Reviews: Smoking Cessation A Review of Treatment Considerations

Smoking cessation continues to be an area of great concern for public health. Smoking status and willingness to quit should be assessed at every patient visit. A variety of nonprescription and prescription pharmacotherapy options exist for those willing to quit. Medications currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for smoking cessation include nicotine replacement therapy (gum, lozenge, patch, inhaler, and nasal spray), bupropion sustained release, and the newly approved varenicline. Nortriptyline and clonidine are not indicated for smoking cessation but have been used as second-line agents. This review focuses on each treatment option, including precautions, proper dosing and duration, adverse effects, and medication delivery issues. Attention is also given to individual patient considerations such as combination therapy, pregnancy, postcessation weight gain, and effects of cessation on the current medication regimen.
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEUROENDOCRINE-SPECIFIC 5'-REGULATORY REGION OF THE HUMAN CHROMOGRANIN A GENE

Chromogranin A (CgA) expression is specific to cells of endocrine and neuroendocrine (NE) tissues. Our transfection studies with CgA have identified two DNA regions 5' of the transcription start site that regulate CgA gene transcription: a distal regulatory region (DRR) located between -726 and -455, and a proximal regulatory region (PRR) between -60 and -26. In studies of the DRR using four human NE and six human non-NE cell lines, we demonstrated enhanced transcription of DRR-containing CgA-GH plasmids by the NE cells as a group compared to the non-NE cells. DNase I footprinting identified a protected area in the DRR from -570 to -555 base pairs (bp) composed of the sequence TAATGATGACTAAACA. Centered in this sequence is the simian virus 40 version of the activator protein-1-binding site, TGACTAA. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) with an oligonucleotide containing the 27 bp of the DRR between -576 and -550, which we refer to as the distal regulatory element (DRE), produced a specific comple...
Novel low reflective index fluoropolymers based top anti-reflective coatings (TARC) for 193-nm lithography

Implant lithography, which has up to now utilized 365-nm (i-line) and 248-nm (KrF) light sources, must now turn to 193-nm (ArF) sources. In implant lithography, an anti-reflective material is often used to coat the resist-film. The top anti-reflective coating (abbreviated to TARC) is most often used to reduce CD swing. TARC materials must have low refractive index and water solubility. The TARC materials for used 193-nm use must have very low reflective index and alternatives to perfluorooctylsulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) must be found. We synthesized some novel fluorinated amorphous polymers as 193-nm TARC candidates. Their fundamental properties were characterized, such as transparency and reflective index at 193-nm (wavelength) along with their solubility in water and a standard alkaline developer. High transparency, i.e., k value less than 0.01, and very low reflective index, i.e., lower than n=1.4 at 193-nm wavelength are confirmed. Their dissolution behaviors are studied using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) method. In surprise finding, we find that several of the polymers examined, those that have high fluorine content, dissolved in water. Test results show that the proposed polymers can be applied as top anti reflective coatings .
Visual recognition memory in IUGR and normal birth-weight infants

Recognition memory as measured by visual novelty preference was studied in 20 7-month-old term intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) infants and 20 matched normal birth-weight infants. Preference for novelty was significantly lower for the IUGR group, p
Genome screen for quantitative trait loci contributing to normal variation in bone mineral density: the Framingham Study.

A genome-wide scan was performed in a randomly ascertained set of 330 extended families from the population-based Framingham Study to identify chromosomal regions possibly linked to bone mineral density (BMD). A set of 401 microsatellite markers was typed at a 10-centimorgan (cM) average density throughout the genome. BMD was measured at the femoral neck, trochanter, Ward's area, and lumbar spine in 1557 participants of both Framingham cohorts. BMDs were adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), height, alcohol, caffeine, calcium and vitamin D intakes, smoking, physical activity, and estrogen use in women within each sex and cohort. Strong heritabilities (values between 0.543 and 0.633) were found for the adjusted BMD at all sites. Two-point and multipoint quantitative linkage analyses were performed for each BMD site using the maximum likelihood variance components method. By two-point screening, loci of suggestive linkage were identified on chromosomes 6 and 21, with the maximum log10 of the odds ratio (LOD) scores of 2.34 for the trochanter at D21S1446 and 2.93 for the femoral neck at D6S2427. Lumbar spine BMD had maxima at D6S2427 (LOD = 1.88) and at D12S395 (LOD = 2.08). Multipoint linkage analysis revealed suggestive linkage of trochanteric BMD at a broad (∼20 cM) interval on chromosome 21q, with the peak linkage close to D21S1446 (LOD = 3.14). LOD scores were 2.13 at 8q24 with Ward's BMD and 1.92 at 14q21.3 with lumbar spine BMD. This largest genome screen to date for genes underlying normal variation in BMD, adjusted for a large number of covariates, will help to identify new positional candidate genes, otherwise unrecognized.
Molecular Markers of Arachis and Marker-Assisted Selection

Abstract Many agronomic traits are difficult to select in Arachis hypogaea L. by conventional selection techniques, and marker-assisted selection offers an additional tool for obtaining improved germplasm lines. Molecular markers allow more efficient selection and offer a mechanism to eliminate undesirable traits associated with hybridizing diverse genotypes. The cultivated peanut has been analyzed by several marker systems, including RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and SSRs. Variation has been observed among diverse genotypes in approximately 5% of the markers analyzed, but the number is much lower between pairs of A. hypogaea lines. Conversely, a large amount of variation has been observed among Arachis species. Molecular maps have been constructed independently in two laboratories by utilizing Arachis species; however, a map of the cultivated peanut will be very difficult and costly to produce. Studies of advanced-generation inter-specific hybrids have shown that A. cardenasii genes can be incorporatead into most...
Assessment of the Core Learning Objectives Curriculum for the Urology Clerkship

Purpose: The traditional approach to the surgical clerkship has limitations, including variability of clinical exposure. To optimize student education we developed and introduced the core learning objectives curriculum, which is designed to allow students freedom to direct their learning and focus on core concepts. We performed a prospective, randomized, controlled study to compare the efficacy of core learning objectives vs traditional curricula through objective and subjective measures.Materials and Methods: Medical students were randomly assigned to the core learning objectives or traditional curricula during the 2-week urology clerkship. Faculty was blinded to student assignment. Upon rotation completion all students were given a 20-question multiple choice examination covering basic urology concepts. In addition, students completed a questionnaire addressing subjective clerkship satisfaction, comprising 15 questions.Results: Between June 2005 and January 2007, 10 core learning objectives students and...
Dynamic-intentional thalamic aphasia: a failure of lexical-semantic self-activation.

Background: Previous research has described patients with aphasia from thalamic lesions, some of whom were non-fluent with intact comprehension, others who were fluent with impaired comprehension, and some of whom are non-fluent with impaired comprehension. Whereas these three subtypes usually have normal repetition, they had impaired naming, suggesting a deficit in lexical (phonological word forms)-semantic processing. We report a patient with a left thalamic hemorrhage in which lexical-semantic representations appear to be intact but the patient demonstrates an inability to spontaneously activate his lexical-semantic system Methods: A 82-year-old, right-handed man presented with decreased verbal fluency and memory loss following a thalamic hemorrhage. Neuropsychological assessment revealed significant decrements in verbal fluency with intact naming, comprehension, repetition and vocabulary. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge this pattern of language disturbance, which mirrors dynamic aphasia indu...
The Role of Lipolysis Stimulated Lipoprotein Receptor in Breast Cancer and Directing Breast Cancer Cell Behavior

The claudin-low molecular subtype of breast cancer is of particular interest for clinically the majority of these tumors are poor prognosis, triple negative, invasive ductal carcinomas. Claudin-low tumors are characterized by cancer stem cell-like features and low expression of cell junction and adhesion proteins. Herein, we sought to define the role of lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) in breast cancer and cancer cell behavior as LSR was recently correlated with tumor-initiating features. We show that LSR was expressed in epithelium, endothelium, and stromal cells within the healthy breast tissue, as well as in tumor epithelium. In primary breast tumor bioposies, LSR expression was significantly correlated with invasive ductal carcinomas compared to invasive lobular carcinomas, as well as ERα positive tumors and breast cancer cell lines. LSR levels were significantly reduced in claudin-low breast cancer cell lines and functional studies illustrated that re-introduction of LSR into a claudin-low cell line suppressed the EMT phenotype and reduced individual cell migration. However, our data suggest that LSR may promote collective cell migration. Re-introduction of LSR in claudin-low breast cancer cell lines reestablished tight junction protein expression and correlated with transepithelial electrical resistance, thereby reverting claudin-low lines to other intrinsic molecular subtypes. Moreover, overexpression of LSR altered gene expression of pathways involved in transformation and tumorigenesis as well as enhanced proliferation and survival in anchorage independent conditions, highlighting that reestablishment of LSR signaling promotes aggressive/tumor initiating cell behaviors. Collectively, these data highlight a direct role for LSR in driving aggressive breast cancer behavior.
Theoretical Considerations about Phase Growth and Phase Formation

The first part of this paper constitutes a summary account of reactive phase formation as seen from a purely kinetic point of view. In the longer second part a more detailed analysis of phase formation based on microscopic, and calorimetric observations is presented. It is shown that these phenomena also tend to be dominated by kinetic factors. This explains why purely kinetic considerations (which should always prevail in any case at some point) usually provide a fairly accurate account of the growth of new chemical phases forming on a solid substrate, regardless of the physical state (solid, liquid or gas) of the second reactant.
Mechanisms and preclinical efficacy of silibinin in preventing skin cancer

Eukaryotic cellular machineries including the genome face continuous challenge from environmental deleterious agents, as well as from the by products of their own metabolism. Our skin is the most important barrier. It protects us from xenobiotic and genotoxic agents including ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation and potential carcinogens, which are notorious for causing skin cancer. There is a rise in non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), which is diagnosed in more than a million people every year in the United States alone, and is also prevalent in the other Western countries. In addition to sunscreens, chemoprevention of skin cancer by natural non-toxic compounds is suggested as an effective strategy to prevent the incidence of skin cancer. Our extensive animal studies on silibinin, a non-toxic bioactive component in milk thistle, suggest that it has a strong potential to prevent skin cancer incidence, promotion and progression in response to chemical carcinogens and tumour promoters as well as UV radiation. Our data suggest that silibinin has multiple targets in the cell, and can be protective against the harmful effects of cytotoxic agents such as reactive oxygen species and inflammation. Further, silibinin modulates mitogenic and survival signalling, p53, Cip1/p21 and other cell cycle regulatory molecules to prevent UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis. Our ongoing studies also suggest the positive effect of silibinin on the repair of UVB-induced DNA damage in mouse skin. Overall, the protective efficacy of silibinin against skin cancer is supported by sound mechanistic rationale in animal and cell culture studies, and suggests its potential use for humans.
The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of and κ and A λ Bence-Jones cyroglobulin

Two Bence-Jones cryolobulins, one of κ and the other of λ ligh chain type, where detected among a series of 70 Bence-Jones proteins. Cryoprecipitation was only observed with the covalently linked Bence-Jones protein dimer byt not monomer or reduced and alkylated dimer. The amino acid composition of the cryoglobulins were unremarkable as compared to other Bence-Jones proteins and the proteins did not contain a carbohydrate moiety. The amino-terminal sequence of the two proteins indicated that they belonged to the variable subgroups VκI and VλIII, respectively.
Assembly and dispersal of Pangea: Large-scale tectonic effects on coeval deposition of North American, marine, epicontinental, black shales

Abstract Both before and after inclusion of Laurussia in Pangea, the continent was a site of extensive epicontinental, marine, black-shale deposition, but from Pennsylvanian to Jurassic time when North America was an integral part of Pangea, the pattern of black-shale deposition was one of long-term decline. In North America the decline seems to have been greatest in Late Permian and Triassic times. Although this decline could have reflected a period of global cooling and a related decrease in organic productivity brought on by conditions associated with the supercontinent state, mapping the distribution of black shales in time and space on North American parts of Pangea suggests that the restricted availability of suitable repositories for organic-rich sediments may have been an equally important cause. In fact, mapping shows that the distribution of North American, Pangean, marine, black shales was greatest during Mississippian assembly of Laurussia when foreland-basin-type repositories were abundant and again during Late Jurassic fragmentation when rift-basin-type repositories were abundant. In both cases, tectonically conditioned basins formed the major repositories and promoted certain conditions that enhanced early basin anoxia. During Late Permian and Triassic time, when Pangea had been assembled, neither compressive orogenies nor crustal extension were major influences on North America. Consequently, suitable repositories were minimal and so was the extent of black-shale deposition. However, the continued presence of even a few major black-shale deposits during this time of minimum suggests that even low organic productivity was not a primary cause of decline and points to the possible significance of active continent assembly and breakup in generating tectonic-basin repositories conducive to accumulation and preservation of the organic matter that is nearly always present in quantities great enough to form major black-shale deposits.
The role of secondary cytoreduction in low-grade serous ovarian cancer or peritoneal cancer

Objectives We sought to determine the benefit of secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCRS) in patients with low-grade serous ovarian or peritoneal carcinoma, and whether cytoreduction to no gross residual disease affects survival.
Projection finite element methods for semiconductor device equations

Abstract In this paper, a class of nonstandard finite element methods, which we call projection finite element methods, is introduced to numerically solve the stationary drift-diffusion semiconductor device equations in two and three space dimensions. The methods are based on the use of nonconforming finite elements and the projection of coefficients into finite element spaces, produce symmetric and positive definite systems of algebraic equations, allow to design optimal order multigrid methods for the solution of the linear systems, and yield error estimates of high order. Numerical results are presented to show the performance of the methods.
Amino acids as taste stimuli. II. Quality coding

Abstract Two experiments were performed in rats to evaluate the relative taste qualities of 12 L -amino acids, each at a concentration which evoked half the maximum response for that chemical. The first study involved recording the activity of 40 individual chorda tympani fibers to the stimulus series. Only 34% of the evoked responses resembled the short latency phasic-tonic activity which characterizes gustatory responses to inorganic salts and acids. 32% had latencies exceeding 1 s; another 27% consisted of only a phasic burst lasting less than 1 s. The remaining 7% were inhibitory. Both long latency and purely phasic activity were stimulus selective: 61% of the former were in responsive to Gly or Pro while 69% of the latter were evoked by Cys-HCl, Lys-HCl or His. Response inhibition was not associated with either specific fibers or stimuli. Thus amino acids, which to humans represent a class of perceptually complex stimuli, show a corresponding complexity of evoked neural properties in the rat. The second study employed a conditioned taste aversion paradigm to assess the qualitative similarity of each amino acid to the others and to the 4 prototypical taste stimuli: NaCl, HCl, quinine-HCl and sucrose. Some amino acids showed strong generalization to a single gustatory prototype (Pro and Gly to sucrose; Cys-HCl to HCl); others generalized well to multiple prototypes (e.g. Arg to sucrose and NaCl). Several showed poor generalization to all 4 prototypical tastes, calling into question the assumption that these 4 totally encompass the gustatory domain.
Coincident secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in early postpartum beef cows: effects of suckling and low-level increases of systemic progesterone.

The current experiment was conducted with beef cows during the first 2 weeks postpartum (PP) to determine the effects of suckling and low-level increases of systemic progesterone on secretory characteristics of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in peripheral plasma. Variables measured included mean gonadotropin concentrations, FSH/LH pulse frequencies, pulse amplitudes and synchrony of coincident release. Suckled (S) cows had lower (P less than 0.01-P less than 0.05) mean concentrations of FSH and LH in plasma, lower (P less than .05) FSH and LH pulse frequencies and a lower (P less than 0.05) pulse synchrony (21.6 vs 72.3% coincident pulses) than nonsuckled (NS) cows on Day 7 PP. Neither FSH nor LH pulse amplitude was affected by suckling. Similar differences existed for mean gonadotropin concentrations, pulse frequencies and pulse synchrony on Day 14 PP between S and NS cows. Implanting cows with progesterone implants on Day 7 PP, which chronically increased plasma progesterone to 0.5-0.6 ng/ml, increased (P less than 0.05) mean plasma FSH and LH concentrations, FSH and LH pulse frequencies and pulse synchrony (87.5 vs. 66.3%) in NS-implanted (NSI) versus NS-nonimplanted (NSNI) cows. Progesterone implants had no beneficial effect in S cows. Thus, three major findings seem pertinent: 1) associated with the suckling-induced depression of episodic gonadotropin release was a marked decline in FSH/LH pulse synchrony; 2) a high degree of FSH/LH pulse synchrony (72-88%) was restored in the absence of suckling when gonadotropin pulse frequency increased to 4-5/6 h; 3) the absence of suckling, followed by the provision of low-level progesterone stimulation for 7 days, appeared to have additive effects on FSH and LH secretion. These results provide evidence that the neuroendocrine block associated with suckling in early PP beef cows is, in addition to being associated with depressed LH release, comprised of characteristic anomalies in FSH secretion, FSH/LH pulse synchrony and failure to respond to a putative hypothalamo-hypophyseal potentiator, progesterone.
Inhibition of adenosine kinase attenuates interleukin-1- and lipopolysaccharide-induced alterations in articular cartilage metabolism.

Summary Objective To investigate the effect of adenosine kinase inhibition on interleukin (IL)-1β- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cartilage damage. Design Articular cartilage was obtained from the metacarpophalangeal joints of 10 young adult horses. Following a stabilization period, weighed cartilage explants were exposed to IL-1β (10ng/ml) or LPS (50μg/ml) to induce cartilage degradation. To test the potential protective effects of adenosine, these explants were simultaneously exposed to adenosine (100μM), the adenosine kinase inhibitor 5′iodotubercidin (ITU, 1μM) or to both adenosine and ITU. After 72h in culture, conditioned medium was collected for evaluation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 release. Results IL-1β and LPS stimulated significant release of GAG, NO, PGE 2 and MMP-3. Incubation with ITU significantly inhibited both IL-1β- and LPS-induced GAG release, but did not alter MMP-3 production. Exposure to ITU also reduced IL-1β-induced PGE 2 release and LPS-induced NO production. Direct adenosine supplementation did not attenuate the effects of IL-1β or LPS, and the addition of adenosine or ITU in the absence of IL-1β or LPS did not have any detectable effect on cartilage metabolism in this model. Conclusions The adenosine kinase inhibitor ITU attenuated experimentally induced cartilage damage in an in vitro cartilage explant model. Release of adenosine from chondrocytes may play a role in the cellular response to tissue damage in arthritic conditions and modulation of these pathways in the joint may have potential for treatment of arthropathies.
Non rigid image registration by modeling deformations as elastic waves

In this paper we propose an inter-subject non-rigid image registration method that is derived from the concept of elastodynamics. Non-rigid warps are modeled as elastic waves which tend to recover extensive deformations. The deformable transformation model is given by Navier PDE which is solved iteratively using finite difference approximations. The dynamical displacements so computed represent the warp field which is then used to bring the subject image into spatial correspondence with the atlas. The results were validated using Jaccard coefficient (J), Dice coefficient (D), Overlap coefficient (O) and Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC) with mean ± std values of 0.81 ± .04, 0.89 ± .03, 0.99 ± .01 and 0.97 ± .01 respectively. This quantitative assessment confirmed that the proposed registration method performs very well.
Advancing Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometric Imaging for Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis of Peptides

In this work, the utilization of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometric imaging (MALDI-MSI) for capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis of peptides based on a simple and robust off-line interface has been investigated. The interface involves sliding the CE capillary distal end within a machined groove on a MALDI sample plate, which is precoated with a thin layer of matrix for continuous sample deposition. MALDI-MSI by time of flight (TOF)/TOF along the CE track enables high-resolution and high-sensitivity detection of peptides, allowing the reconstruction of a CE electropherogram while providing accurate mass measurements and structural identification of molecules. Neuropeptide standards and their H/D isotopic formaldehyde-labeled derivatives were analyzed using this new platform. Normalized intensity ratios of individual ions extracted from the CE trace were compared to MALDI-MS direct analysis and the theoretical ratios. The CE−MALDI-MSI results show potential for sensitive and q...
History of Symptom Triggers in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department for Asthma

Objectives. Understanding triggers is important for managing asthma particularly for patients who seek emergency department (ED) care for exacerbations. The objectives of this analysis were to delineate self-reported triggers in ED patients and to assess associations between triggers and asthma knowledge, severity, and quality of life. Methods. At the time of an ED visit, 296 patients were asked what were their usual asthma triggers based on a checklist of 25 potential items, and what they thought specifically precipitated their current ED visit. Using standardized scales, patients also were asked about asthma knowledge, severity, and quality of life. Results. The mean age was 44 years and 72% were women. Patients cited a mean of 12 triggers; most patients had diverse triggers spanning respiratory infections, environmental irritants, emotions, allergens, weather, and exercise. Patients with more triggers were more likely to be women (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0, confidence interval (CI) = 1.3, 3.2, p = .002), o...
Responses of soil foodweb organisms in the first year following clearcutting and application of chloropicrin to control laminated root rot

Abstract Alteration in soil foodweb organism populations (numbers, biomass and activity) were monitored following clearcutting of a mature 70-year old Douglas-fir forest and compared with an uncut mature Douglas-fir stand. Changes in soil foodweb organisms were assessed following application of chloropicrin to stumps in the clearcut to reduce infection by Phellinus weirii, which causes laminated root rot. The effect of chloropicrin was measured using two different spatial scales: (1) around treated stumps, and (2) within 0.2 ha areas where all stumps within the area were treated with chloropicrin. A 10-fold decrease in total fungal biomass, between 2- and 3-fold reductions in total bacterial biomass, a 2-fold reduction in nematode numbers and a nearly 10-fold reduction in the ratio of total fungal to total bacterial biomass were observed between 9 months to a year following clearcutting. Active fungal biomass in the 20% chloropicrin treatment was reduced 1 year (October) after application. Reduction in amoebae numbers were observed between April and June in the 100% chloropicrin treatments, while no effects of chloropicrin on total fungal biomass, total bacterial biomass, flagellate, ciliate or nematode numbers were observed. The ratio of total fungal to total bacterial biomass was reduced as compared to the control in the 100% chloropicrin-treated infected areas in April following chloropicrin treatment. Chloropicrin decreased soil foodweb organisms in only one out of 45 random soil samples from 0.2 ha areas. In samples collected from around stumps, three points out of 180 had significant decreases in all organism numbers as compared to non-chloropicrin treated stumps. Chloropicrin-sensitive tomato and alfalfa seedlings, planted at 2 m from stumps to monitor the release of chloropicrin from stumps, indicated there was no significant release of chloropicrin in the first year following clearcutting and chloropicrin application.
Education in sleep disorders in US dental schools DDS programs

Introduction Medical school surveys of pre-doctoral curriculum hours in the somnology, the study of sleep, and its application in sleep medicine/sleep disorders (SM) show slow progress. Limited information is available regarding dentist training. This study assessed current pre-doctoral dental education in the field of somnology with the hypothesis that increased curriculum hours are being devoted to SM but that competencies are still lacking.
Section II: Martin Buber's Ethics and the Problem of Norms

In few cases among modern religious ethicists are the contemporary issues concerning the problem of norms and of criteria more intriguingly brought to the fore than in the ethics of Martin Buber.
Behavioural and autonomic thermoregulation in hamsters during microwave-induced heat exposure

Abstract 1. 1.|Preferred ambient temperature (Ta) and ventilatory frequency were measured in free-moving hamsters exposed to 2450 MHz microwaves. A waveguide exposure system which permits continuous monitoring of the absorbed heat load accrued from microwave exposure was imposed with a longitudinal temperature gradient which allowed hamsters to select their preferred Ta. Ventillatory frequency was monitored remotely by analysing the rhythmic shifts in unabsorbed microwave energy passing down the waveguide. 2. 2.|Without microwave exposure hamsters selected an average Ta of 30.2°C. This preferred Ta did not change until the rate of heat absorption (SAR) from microwave exposure exceeded approx. 2 W kg−1. In a separate experiment, a SAR of 2.0 W kg−1 at a Ta of 30°C was shown to promote an average 0.5°C increase in colonic temperature. Hamsters maintained their ventilatory frequency at baseline levels by selecting a cooler Ta during microwave exposure. In contrast, hamsters maintained at a Ta of 30°C (without a temperature gradient) underwent a sharp increase in ventilatory frequency compared to animals allowed to select their own Ta. 3. 3.|These data support previous studies suggesting that during thermal stress behavioural thermoregulation (i.e. preferred Ta) takes prescedence over autonomic thermoregulation (i.e. ventilatory frequency). It is apparent that selecting a cooler Ta is a more efficient and/or effective than autonomic thermoregulation for dissipating a heat load accrued from microwave exposure.
Ultraviolet Emission from Oxygen Precipitating into Jovian Aurora

The ultraviolet emission-line spectra of precipitating oxygen atoms and ions excited by charge transfer interaction with the molecular hydrogen in the auroral atmosphere of Jupiter are calculated using our computed cross sections of state-selective charge transfer. The charge transfer processes preferentially populate the ground states of neutral oxygen and low-charge ions and the highly excited states of high-charge ions, yielding low UV and high X-ray efficiencies, respectively. Much weaker than the underlying emission spectrum of H2 excited by energetic electron precipitation, the UV emission from oxygen is not expected to be discernible in the Jovian auroral spectrum. This reconciles the absence of UV emission with the presence of X-ray emission from the heavy ions precipitating in the Jovian aurora.
968-23 Evaluation of Proliferation in Human Atherectomy Specimens Using In Situ Hybridization for Histone H3

Previously, using immunocytochemistry for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen, we detected low levels of replication (≤ 1%) in 100 restenotic coronary atherectomy specimens. Histone H3 mRNA increases 30-50-fold as cells pass through S phase of the cell cycle and can be used as an independent marker of cell replication. Therefore, using in situ hybridization for histone H3 mRNA we examined the proliferative profile of: i) coronary atherectomy specimens (n = 12) obtained within the first 60 days after a previous interventional procedure, and ii) primary (n = 13) and restenotic (n = 10) peripheral atherectomy specimens because of their larger tissue sample size. For these respective tissue groups, the number of specimens that had any cells expressing histone mRNA on a slide were 2/12, 5/13 and 7/10. The total number of cells per slide expressing histone H3 mRNA ranged from 0 to 23.0 to 82 and 0 to 118 for these 3 groups of specimens. Typical coronary and peripheral atherectomy specimens contain 4,500 and 10,200 cells per slide, respectively. Therefore, the highest replication profiles (0.5%, 1.2%) were seen in restenotic coronary and peripheral artery specimens obtained 1 and 2 days post-atherectomy, respectively. Smooth muscle and endothelial cells expressed histone H3 mRNA. Conclusions These results suggest that: 1) replication is a modest event in human atherosclerosis and restenosis; 2) replication may be more prevalent in peripheral compared to coronary atherectomy specimens; and 3) anecdotally, an important time window for proliferation may be in the days immediately post-intervention.
Transplants of cholinergic septal explants reinnervate adult rodent hippocampus

Abstract Embryonic septal-basal forebrain tissue was grown in expiant culture for 1, 4 or 5 days prior to transplantation to the hippocampus ot adult rats denervated of its septal input by a fomix/fimbria transaction. The expiant transplants were compared with transplants of septal cell suspensions. Analysis of fiber ingrowth by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry at various timepoints post-transplantation shows little difference in the developmental time course or extent of cholinergic axon ingrowth into the host hippocampus between the suspension transplants and the expiant transplants. Septal expiants in culture for 5 days were as effective as those in culture for one day prior to transplantation in providing cholinergic reinnervation to the host hippocampus. Studies using antibodies to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the fluorescent retrograde tracer, fast blue, confirmed that the AChE-positive cells in the transplants were cholinergic and that the innervation to the host hippocampus came from the transplanted cholinergic neurons. Thus the results demonstrate that embryonic cholinergic septal neurons can be maintained in short-term culture prior to transplantation without adversely affecting their ability to innervate an appropriate CNS target in vivo .
Correlates of satisfaction with performance appraisal feedback

The relative lack of research on employees’ reactions to performance appraisal feedback is the primary impetus for this study which advances this important, but neglected, research area by investigating potential predictors and consequences of satisfaction with appraisal feedback. Survey responses from 112 employees were matched with their performance ratings from two different appraisal periods to test specific hypotheses. Results indicate that satisfaction with rater and previous performance ratings influence employees’ satisfaction with appraisal feedback. Satisfaction with appraisal feedback was positively related to job satisfaction and organizational commitment and negatively related to turnover intentions. Supervisory status moderated the relationship between satisfaction with appraisal feedback and subsequent performance such that the relationship existed only for supervisory employees who, in addition to receiving feedback about their own performance, also provided feedback to their subordinates. Implications of results for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
Height and the risk of gestational diabetes: variations by race/ethnicity.

Aims Gestational diabetes is a common pregnancy complication affecting races/ethnicities disproportionally. Adult height, an indicator of both genetic and early-life factors, is inconsistently associated with gestational diabetes risk. We examined the association and whether it varies by races in a nationally representative US cohort. Methods Analyses were conducted among 135 861 pregnancies in the Consortium on Safe Labor, 5567 of which were diagnosed with gestational diabetes based on medical records review. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of gestational diabetes, controlling for other risk factors including body weight. Additionally, a meta-analysis of 15 761 pregnancies with gestational diabetes and 205 828 without gestational diabetes was conducted to estimate the pooled mean difference in height between those with gestational diabetes and control subjects. Results Height was inversely associated with gestational diabetes risk across races/ethnicities, with the strongest association among Asians (P for interaction 168 vs. < 157 cm), adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.18 (0.09–0.36) for Asians/Pacific Islanders, 0.33 (0.29–0.38) for non-Hispanic white women, 0.39 (0.31–0.51) for Hispanics and 0.59 (0.47–0.75) for non-Hispanic black women. Meta-analysis found women with gestational diabetes to be significantly shorter than others. Conclusions Taller women are at lower risk of developing gestational diabetes, with the magnitude of association varying significantly across races/ethnicities.
UV remote detection of the solar wind termination shock

Abstract The location of the solar wind termination shock is currently one of the most interesting questions in Space Physics, since it has now become possible to detect and locate its position using the four deep space probes, Pioneers 10 11 and Voyagers 1 2 . Since none of these probes have actually crossed the solar wind termination shock, it is necessary at present to use remote sensing techniques to detect it. The UV remote sensing technique depends on the observation of the solar Lyman Alpha backscattered from the shock modified neutral H atoms flowing into the solar system. The neutral H atom distribution depends on the location of the termination shock, and this shock modified distribution in turn modifies the radial dependence of the backscattered UV light. We present here model independent upper bound to the downstream heliospheric neutral hydrogen density. In order to fully interpret the upstream and downstream glow, the model dependent heliospheric H densities and the resulting Ly-α glow are presented. The results will be compared both qualitatively and quantitatively with the Pioneer 10 Lyman alpha glow data, and the most probable location of the solar wind termination shock will be presented.
Mechanistic Study of the Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitric Oxide with Methane over Yttrium Oxide

The catalytic activity of nanocrystalline Group IIIB metal oxides for the reduction of nitric oxide with methane was shown to be comparable to that of Co-ZSM-5. The mechanism of selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with methane in excess oxygen was examined over nanocrystalline yttrium oxide. A series of heterogeneous and homogeneous reaction steps was proposed to account for the observed trends in catalytic properties. Methyl radicals generated at the catalyst surface desorb into the gas phase, where they react with nitric oxide to form nitrosomethane. Nitrosomethane then decomposes in a series of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions to produce nitrogen and nitrous oxide. Evidence for gas-phase reaction of methyl radicals with nitric oxide was found in the adsorption studies of nitric oxide on yttrium oxide, the presence of ethane and ethene in the reactor effluent, catalytic studies involving nitrosomethane and nitromethane, as well as the successful prediction of methane selectivities based on a homogeneous reaction mechanism for methyl radical consumption. The proposed pathway for nitrogen production was supported by the observation of hydrogen cyanide under certain operating conditions, as well as adsorbed NCO species detected by infrared spectroscopy.
Injury to nerves and the initiation of amphibian limb regeneration

The possibility has been investigated that nerves, which pro- mote mitotic activity during the growth phase of limb regeneration, may also release factors upon injury to stimulate the cellular events during the initia- tion of regeneration. These events have been compared in control, innervated limb stumps and in limbs denervated for various periods before amputation. Wound closure occurred in an essentially normal manner in limbs denervated at the time of amputation but frequently occurred at reduced rates or not at all in limb stumps denervated 5 days before amputation. Tissue loss and various degrees of morphological regression were seen in many of the prede- nervated limb stumps, including all of those denervated for 6 days or more before amputation. Evidence is presented which suggests that regression may result from a combination of the denervated state and disturbance to the limb's vascular system. Limbs predenervated 2-10 days before amputation were fixed 7 days after amputation and examined histologically. All limb stumps, includ- ing those involved in regression, showed tissue dissociation and cellular dedif- ferentiation. Autoradiography revealed that the dedifferentiation involved DNA synthesis in both denervated and innervated limbs. Seven days after amputation, DNA-labeling indices in limb stumps predenervated 2 or 4 days were similar to those of control limbs, but labeling indices were significantly reduced in limbs predenervated 6 or more days. The results are assessed in light of the state of nerve degeneration in the limbs at the time of amputation and are discussed in terms of what is known regarding nerve-derived growth- promoting substances.
Obstetrics and gynecology

It is vital that every emergency medicine physician be well-trained in regard to obstetric and gynecologic emergencies. From diagnosing bacterial vaginosis to ovarian torsion, this chapter covers all of the common gynecologic conditions seen in the emergency department. We also discuss the essentials in obstetrics, specifically normal pregnancy, labor and delivery, and the postpartum period, along with their respective complications.
DRUGS USED IN PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES.

Abstract Drug therapy in peripheral vascular diseases is a problem of great complexity and many facets. The multiplicity of approaches and variability of reported results indicate that there is no single solution. Each patient must be given thoughtful and individual evaluation. The various medications can be divided into those which cause transient vasodilatation of primarily cutaneous small arteries and arterioles, those which influence intravascular clotting, and those which suppress inflammatory reactions.
Small molecule penetrant diffusion in aromatic polyesters: a molecular dynamics simulation study

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to study diffusion of methane in three highly impermeable aromatic polyesters that are good barrier materials. These are amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) (PEN), and the nematic mesophase of the thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester (LCP) of p-hydroxy benzoic acid (HBA) and 2,6 hydroxy naphthoic acid (HNA). Diffusion coefficients were determined in the temperature ranges of 450–625 K for PET, 500–625 for PEN, 425–530 K for the LCP, where values are large enough to be accessible to MD in practical computation times. Extrapolation, via Arrhenius plots, of the coefficients to near room temperature gave good agreement with experimental data in that region. This was found even though the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of PET (350 K) and PEN (390 K) lie in the intervening temperature range. This finding confirms previous observations that a low temperature hopping regime for small penetrants sets in on cooling well before the Tg of the host. Analysis of diffusant trajectories in terms of diffusive jump size distribution also shows that the low temperature hopping regime remains in place over the temperature range studied in these low diffusion coefficient polymers. Correlation of diffusion coefficients with free volume was examined. The LCP, even though diffusion there is highly anisotropic, is found to lie on a correlation found previously for five other polymers studied via MD. However, PET and PEN fail badly and are found to diffuse much more slowly than inferred from free volume vs diffusion coefficient behavior in the other polymers.