cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RECOGNIZING AND TESTING HOMOLOGY OF COURTSHIP DISPLAYS IN STORKS (AVES: CICONIIFORMES: CICONIIDAE).

Ethological studies in the 1940s and 1950s, most notably those of Lorenz and Tinbergen, emphasized a historical perspective. By the 1970s, the notion that behavioral traits are too plastic to retain historical information became prevalent, and evolutionary approaches in behavioral studies were largely abandoned. However, several recent studies have demonstrated that behavioral characters are remarkably consistent with phylogenies obtained from other data and not particularly prone to homoplasy. In this study, I coded descriptions of courtship display behaviors in stork species (Aves: Ciconiiformes: Ciconiidae) as a matrix of discrete characters. I mapped each behavioral character onto a phylogeny based on DNA-DNA hybridization distances to test the homology of individual characters. Generally, displays occurring early in courtship were congruent with phylogenetic relationships and showed little homoplasy, while displays occurring late in courtship were more homoplastic. I also performed a phylogenetic analysis of the behavioral data matrix using maximum parsimony. The strict consensus of the 24 most-parsimonious trees was congruent with the DNA-DNA hybridization tree in all nodes having greater than 70% bootstrap support.
Thermal Stressed State of a Magnetic Layer Under Ferromagnetic Resonance

We propose representations for the magnetic field strength and establish expressions for the magnetization, magnetic-field induction, and energy and force factors of the action of magnetic fields under the conditions of ferromagnetic resonance. We determine and analyze the distributions of temperature, displacements, and stresses (the components of both symmetric and asymmetric tensors) over the thickness coordinate and, in particular, in the vicinity of resonance frequencies.
Female Tubal Sterilization: Traditional and Research Methods

An easy, safe, effective, inexpensive long-term method of preventing pregnancy has been sought for decades and is especially needed in the developing world. The safety and efficacy of female sterilization have made it one of the most commonly performed operations. Although male sterilization is faster, safer, and cheaper, female sterilization allows a woman to personally control her own reproductive potential, Although the ideal method of sterilization remains elusive, the advent of an effective hysteroscopic approach represents a significant advance in moving female sterilization from an expensive, complex operating room procedure to a more simple office setting. Future research will focus upon finding even less complex methods that may be performed by paramedical personnel, methods that are more easily reversible, methods that reduce or prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, and methods that may be employed at any time in a menstrual cycle without regard to the patient’s pregnancy status.
Analysis on dynamic characteristics of regulable flow gas generator with sliding discal valve

The operating principle of regulable flow gas generator with sliding discal valve was analyzed.An operating process's dynamic model was derived.Then the transfer function of gas generator was gained and the influencing factors on system's magnitude and time parameter were analyzed.And theory was validated by simulating a living example.The results show that reguable system is non-minimum phase system with negative regulation characteristics,and it can provide the reference for further design of reguable system.
Video Conferencing Systems Use and Maintenance

Now with the development of science and technology,video conferencing system has been widely applied to all walks of life work,good habits and maintenance habits can extend the life of the system,reduce the failure rate for the use and maintenance personnel should be raised Into good habits,and have the necessary means of fault detection.
Will the power of the marketplace produce the workforce we need

The medical manpower market will work best as an agent for change in primary care when there is vigorous demand, a sophisticated buyer, and not too large a gap to fill--conditions that we can expect with managed care growth in U.S. urban settings in the next decade. In these circumstances, the primary care supply will adjust without the need for regulatory intervention. The most dramatic workings of the market will be in stripping from the system the excess payments for practicing subspecialist physicians. However, market forces will not quickly moderate the growing oversupply of doctors nor their maldistribution to areas of need. Focused public policy manpower interventions will be needed to correct these deficits quickly.
Circulating antisperm antibodies in recurrently aborting women

One hundred seventy-three women with a history of three or more recurrent consecutive abortions were analyzed for circulating antisperm antibodies with a radiolabeled antiglobulin assay (RAA), a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a tray agglutination test (TAT), and a sperm immobilization test (SIT). No pregnancies were subsequently gestated to term in women who were antisperm antibody-positive unless they were inoculated with their husband's leukocytes as treatment for an immune basis (not related to antisperm antibodies) for their recurrent abortions. In women with an immune basis for their recurrent abortions, immunization with leukocytes from their male partners increased the ability of these women previously aborting their fetuses to carry their fetuses to term, even if they had positive results in the ELISA, TAT, and SIT; women with positive results in the RAA continued to abort subsequent pregnancies, despite leukocyte immunization. Immunization of antisperm antibody-positive women with their partner's leukocytes did not incite or increase the antisperm antibody titer, with any of the assay techniques.
Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in patients with angina using continuous electrocardiographic monitoring.

Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring can be adapted to detect episodes of ST-segment depression. Recent studies using other techniques have confirmed that these changes are definitely due to transient myocardial ischemia. Ambulatory monitoring studies of patients with effort angina show that these silent ischemic episodes occur very frequently, often at heart rates and levels of activity well below those expected to evoke ischemia based on treadmill exercise testing. Some of these episodes of silent ischemia tend to recur very frequently, whereas others last for very long periods of time. Some appear to be provoked by mental stress, exposure to cold, or other trigger mechanisms. Because ischemia can lead to death or myocardial infarction, these silent episodes may have important prognostic implications.
Stimulation of Renal Interstitial Bradykinin by Sodium Depletion

The ability to measure and detect change in renal bradykinin in situ would allow study of relations between local kinin production and renal function in hypertensive or diabetic disorders. A new renal interstitial microdialysis technique allowed collections of renal subcapsular interstitial fluid 2 weeks after microdialysis probe placement in conscious dogs (n = 5) on a normal sodium diet (50 mEq/day) and for 5 subsequent days on low sodium intake (10 mEq/day). Although interstitial bradykinin measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) was undetectable (< 0.08 pg/min) during normal sodium intake, it was detectable (0.34 +/- 0.02 pg/min) after 1 day of low sodium. The kinin level at the end of the 5 subsequent days on low sodium was 1.94 +/- 0.09 pg/min (P < .01). The data show that renal interstitial kinin can be measured in situ. Further, a low sodium diet can rapidly increase interstitial kinin in the conscious dog.
Deep pelvic endometriosis: a radiologist’s guide to key imaging features with clinical and histopathologic review

While endometriosis typically affects the ovaries, deep infiltrating endometriosis can affect the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and deep pelvis, awareness of which is important for radiologists. Symptoms are nonspecific and can range from chronic abdominal and deep pelvic pain to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, hematuria, and rectal bleeding. Ultrasound and computed tomography may show nonspecific soft-tissue density masses causing bowel obstruction and hydronephrosis. This constellation of presenting symptoms and imaging evidence is easily mistaken for other pathologies including infectious gastroenteritis, diverticulitis, appendicitis, and malignancy, which may lead to unnecessary surgery or mismanagement. With this, deep pelvic endometriosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis in a female patient of reproductive age who presents with such atypical symptoms, and further work up with magnetic resonance imaging is imperative for accurate diagnosis, treatment selection, and preoperative planning.
Transdimensional Space: From Moholy-Nagy to Doctor Who

More than ever, Moholy-Nagy’s influence circulates within contemporary art and visual media. In this essay, the author reconsiders his extended influence in regard to the complex scientific theories of space-time and molecular forces he invokes in Light-Space Modulator. To do so effectively and provocatively, the author brings on board a fictive resource: “Doctor Who.” Like the TARDIS, Moholy’s kinetic sculpture is conceptually a transdimensional apparatus that figuratively bores through time and space to connect past, present and future and resonates with today’s perception of space-time-light entanglement.
The Tree of the Credo

The tree is a powerful and near universal symbol of life in ancient myths of many peoples around the world. The arbor vitae linked their human and profane condition to the realm of the divine and the sacred. At an early date, this motif was adopted by theologians to illuminate some of Christianity’s chief mysteries. Salvation through the Cross extended the ancient idea of cosmic renovatio symbolized by the Tree of the World, given the early Christian association of the Tree in Eden with Christ’s Cross. As the Tree of Christ’s Sacrifice, i.e., of Suffering and Salvation, the Cross was homologized with the Cosmic Tree at the center of the world.
BACTERIAL INFECTION AND DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION

ABSTRACT Humans and rabbits with bacterial infection consistently show a hypercoagulable state. In the human with septicemia and normal blood pressure the most consistent coagulopathy appears to be thrombocytopenia and a reduction in the vitamin K dependent coagulation factors. In those with septic shock the coagulation defect is due to disseminated intravascular coagulation. In rabbits the coagulopathy can be abolished by 2 different methods; by anticoagulation with heparin and by neutralization of the endotoxin effect with polymyxin sulfate. The endotoxin from the gram-negative organism probably activates the coagulation mechanism through platelet injury and/or through the release of tissue factors. It is also conceivable that the endotoxin may activate the clotting mechanism through factor XII activation; although, some studies have not confirmed this. Since gram-negative infections and death from septic shock continue to be a major health problem, continued research into the understanding of endotoxin effects and agents that can neutralize these is indicated.
PCI: Protein C Inhibitor?

Blood coagulation is a complex chain reaction of enzyme activations in which inactive zymogens are activated by proteolytic cleavage. Each newly activated enzyme in turn cleaves the next zymogen in the chain, resulting in its activation. The final enzyme in the cascade, thrombin, then cleaves soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin which forms a thrombus. A single enzyme can cleave and activate multiple zymogens, thus a small initial stimulus can amplify into a massive wave of coagulation. In addition, thrombin can feedback and stimulate its own synthesis by proteolytically activating two necessary cofactors in thrombin generation, Factor Va and Factor VIIIa. Thus, the coagulation cascade proceeds by both amplification and a feedback positive mechanism, a potentially deadly combination if not closely regulated.
The Data Librarian's Handbook

Authors Robin Rice and John Southall introduce The Data Librarian's Handbook by stating, “Our aim is to offer an insider's view of data librarianship…We try to link this to wider academic research ...
Exposure to Environmental Mutagens: APC and Colorectal Carcinogenesis

Environmental mutagens are global health hazards and a major risk factor for colon cancer development. Environmental mutagens include a variety of genotoxic carcinogenic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, nitrosamines, and aromatic amines. Their sources are pollution, diet, alcohol and cigarette smoke. These mutagens come in contact with large bowel through blood circulation or direct ingestion. Once these mutagens are in contact with DNA of the gut epithelial cells, they form DNA-adducts. If the damage exceeds the repair capacity of the epithelial cells, then the persistence of mutations can lead to the transformation of these cells. Mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is considered to be one of the earliest events in the genesis of colorectal cancer, and its role has been well documented in a broad spectrum of functions ranging from cell adhesion to cell migration, regulation of Wnt/β-catenin-signaling pathway, cell cycle control, apoptosis, and chromosomal segregation at mitosis. The contribution of environmental mutagens on the APC gene mutations is very scanty in the literature. In the past several years, we have initiated studies to examine the interaction of APC with pathways induced by environmental mutagens. We showed that APC can be transcriptionally upregulated after DNA damage subsequent to the exposure of environmental mutagens including cigarette smoking. In addition, we recently discovered a novel role of APC in base excision repair (BER) pathway. APC interacts with DNA polymerase β and Fen-1 and blocks Pol-β-directed BER. Thus, APC-mediated block of BER in response to environmental mutagens, especially the DNA-alkylating agents, can be detrimental to the cell.
Consistency and Performance of Sovereign Ratings Since the 1980s

This chapter compares the consistency and accuracy of sovereign ratings issued by Fitch, Moody’s, and S&P from January 1987 to January 2011. Sovereign rating policies have refined considerably – and information availability has been much enhanced – since 1918, so this chapter is more exhaustive than Chap. 7. Section 8.1 reviews the literature. Section 8.2 studies rating outlooks and reviews, which did not exist in the interwar years, and shows that the three CRAs are more prone to upgrade sovereigns with a positive outlook or a positive watch than to downgrade issuers with a negative outlook or a negative watch. Focusing on the stability of sovereign ratings, Sect. 8.3 finds that rating changes by Moody’s are the least frequent, but have the greatest magnitude. Section 8.4 compares the accuracy of Fitch, Moody’s, and S&P sovereign ratings. It turns out that S&P ratings are slightly more accurate in the short term, whereas Moody’s ratings perform better in the medium term. Section 8.5 concludes.
Critical Research Perspectives in School Leadership: Putting Dignity and Humanity at the Center

There is no one right way to “do” critical research on educational leadership. This chapter provides an overview of what principles make research methodologies “critical,” with special attention to the role of epistemologies and theoretical frameworks in this approach to research. The chapter focuses not on “how to” engage in critical research in educational leadership, but rather on what many scholars think about when affirming and centering dignity and humanity in critical research. In particular, the chapter reviews some trends in how critical research has developed in the field of educational leadership. Finally, the chapter concludes with several recommendations to consider before, during, and after conducting a critical research study, with commentary on the role of the researcher and the participants in the research agenda.
Rational design and development of a stable liquid formulation of riluzole and its pharmacokinetic evaluation after oral and IV administrations in rats.

Abstract Enterally administered riluzole is currently being investigated in a Phase II/III clinical trial for the treatment of acute spinal cord injury (SCI). Many SCI patients suffer from severe motor dysfunction and exhibit swallowing difficulties and cannot swallow riluzole tablets. The purpose of the present study was to develop a liquid solution formulation of riluzole, which can be administered more easily to this patient population with the capability to adjust the dose if needed. Riluzole was solubilized using water miscible organic solvents, namely, polyethylene glycol 400, propylene glycol and glycerin. A Central Composite Design (CCD) approach was used to develop an optimum co-solvent composition that can solubilize the entire 50 mg dose of riluzole in 5 ml. A three-factor five-level design was employed to investigate the effects of composition of co-solvents on riluzole solubility. The selected optimum formulation consists of 15% v/v PEG 400, 20% v/v propylene glycol and 10% v/v glycerin, with riluzole concentration of 10 mg/ml. The optimum composition was assessed for stability at different temperatures. Satisfactory stability was obtained at room temperature and 4 °C (t90 of 17 and 35 months, respectively). The optimum formulation of riluzole was suitable for both oral and intravenous administrations. Single dose pharmacokinetic studies of the optimum formulation by oral and IV routes were evaluated in rats, using commercially available Rilutek® tablets as a reference. The co-solvent formulation was well tolerated both orally and intravenously. In comparison to the commercial tablet, the co-solvent formulation had a faster rate of absorption and more sustained plasma levels with a significantly longer elimination half-life. Higher concentrations of riluzole in brain and spinal cord were achieved from co-solvent formulation as compared to tablet. The riluzole solution formulation is stable and offers advantages of ease of administration, consistent dosing, rapid onset and longer duration of action, better availability at site of action which can be extremely beneficial for the therapy in SCI patients.
Mapping Physical Tumor Microenvironment and Drug Delivery

The physical microenvironment of pancreatic tumors is highly abnormal, and this causes significant challenges for drug delivery through multiple mechanisms. Measurements of tissue elasticity could be used as a physical biomarker to assess aberrant drug delivery, and potentially guide stroma-targeting treatment strategies and patient stratification.See related article by Wang et al., p. 2136.
Effect of Local Anesthetic Agents on Cardiac Conduction and Contractility

The direct effects of tetracaine, bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, and prilo caine were investigated, using an isolated rabbit heart preparation. All of the agents produced a concentration-related depression of intra-atrial, A-V nodal, intraventricular conduction, and myocardial contractility. The more potent local anesthetic agents depress cardiac conduction and contractility at significantly lower concentrations than the less potent local anesthetic drugs. The A-V node appears to be more resistant to the depressant effects of the local anesthetic agents compared to atrial and ventricular conduction pathways. In general, the degree of myocardial depression produced by the various drugs is related to their relative local anesthetic potency as determined on an isolated nerve. Tetracaine is the most potent drug in terms of inhibition of nerve conduction and is also the most potent depressant of cardiac conduction and contractility.
Contemporary Management of Frontal Sinus Mucoceles

The frontal sinus is the most common location for paranasal sinus mucoceles. Prolonged expansion of a mucocele can lead to complications such as pain and pressure, eyelid edema, frontal headaches, cranial nerve palsy, and facial deformity from bony remodeling. Mucoceles develop due to accumulation of physiologic mucus production which has lost an avenue for egress. After the diagnosis is made, mucoceles require drainage and marsupialization of the mucus-filled cavity. Traditionally drainage of a mucocele was accomplished through open approaches to the sinuses with complete excision of the mucocele. However, mucoceles have increasingly become managed with endoscopic marsupialization techniques. This chapter details the management of frontal mucoceles.
Design of a high numerical aperture achromatic objective lens for endomicroscopy

An achromatic objective lens with the object-space numerical aperture (NA) of 0.7 is designed for endomicroscopy applications for in vivo diagnosis of cancer. For these applications, it is required that the size of the optical components be no more than the diameter of a biopsy needle. The challenges associated with designing such an optical system are discussed. The clear aperture size for the lens is set to 1.5 mm. The lens is achromatic for the wavelength range from 452 to 623 nm. The system was designed and optimized using CODE V optical design software. The performance of the design is analyzed and found to be within the design requirements. Tolerance analysis is also performed to check the robustness of the design.
Geochemistry constrains global hydrology on Early Mars

Abstract Ancient hydrology is recorded by sedimentary rocks on Mars. The most voluminous sedimentary rocks that formed during Mars' Hesperian period are sulfate-rich rocks, explored by the Opportunity rover from 2004–2012 and soon to be investigated by the Curiosity rover at Gale crater. A leading hypothesis for the origin of these sulfates is that the cations were derived from evaporation of deep-sourced groundwater, as part of a global circulation of groundwater. Global groundwater circulation would imply sustained warm Earthlike conditions on Early Mars. Global circulation of groundwater including infiltration of water initially in equilibrium with Mars' CO2 atmosphere implies subsurface formation of carbonate. We find that the CO2 sequestration implied by the global groundwater hypothesis for the origin of sulfate-rich rocks on Mars is 30–5000 bars if the Opportunity data are representative of Hesperian sulfate-rich rocks, which is so large that (even accounting for volcanic outgassing) it would bury the atmosphere. This disfavors the hypothesis that the cations for Mars' Hesperian sulfates were derived from upwelling of deep-sourced groundwater. If, instead, Hesperian sulfate-rich rocks are approximated as pure Mg-sulfate (no Fe), then the CO2 sequestration is 0.3–400 bars. The low end of this range is consistent with the hypothesis that the cations for Mars' Hesperian sulfates were derived from upwelling of deep-sourced groundwater. In both cases, carbon sequestration by global groundwater circulation actively works to terminate surface habitability, rather than being a passive marker of warm Earthlike conditions. Curiosity will soon be in a position to discriminate between these two hypotheses. Our work links Mars sulfate cation composition, carbon isotopes, and climate change.
Comparison of percutaneous minimally invasive versus open posterior spine surgery for fixation of thoracolumbar fractures: A retrospective matched cohort analysis.

Abstract Introduction Percutaneous minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) is a treatment option for thoracolumbar fractures and we aim to evaluate its outcomes. Methods A retrospective matched cohort study of all patients with thoracolumbar fractures treated with MISS or open posterior approach. Results We included 100 MISS and 155 open patients. After controlling for patient characteristics, our results statistically favor MISS in mean operative time, mean intraoperative blood loss, and number of patients requiring postoperative blood transfusions within 48 h. Conclusions Advantages of using MISS for treatment of thoracolumbar fractures are decreased operative time, decreased blood loss, and fewer patients requiring transfusions.
Intraoperative assessment of skull base tumors using stimulated Raman scattering microscopy

Intraoperative consultations, used to guide tumor resection, can present histopathological findings that are challenging to interpret due to artefacts from tissue cryosectioning and conventional staining. Stimulated Raman histology (SRH), a label-free imaging technique for unprocessed biospecimens, has demonstrated promise in a limited subset of tumors. Here, we target unexplored skull base tumors using a fast simultaneous two-channel stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging technique and a new pseudo-hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) recoloring methodology. To quantitatively evaluate the efficacy of our approach, we use modularized assessment of diagnostic accuracy beyond cancer/non-cancer determination and neuropathologist confidence for SRH images contrasted to H&E-stained frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. Our results reveal that SRH is effective for establishing a diagnosis using fresh tissue in most cases with 87% accuracy relative to H&E-stained FFPE sections. Further analysis of discrepant case interpretation suggests that pseudo-H&E recoloring underutilizes the rich chemical information offered by SRS imaging, and an improved diagnosis can be achieved if full SRS information is used. In summary, our findings show that pseudo-H&E recolored SRS images in combination with lipid and protein chemical information can maximize the use of SRS during intraoperative pathologic consultation with implications for tissue preservation and augmented diagnostic utility.
UAV Power Management, Generation, and Storage System Principles and Design

This paper discusses the recent progress of a multi-year project investigating the concept of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) being partially powered by the natural environment the drone will encounter along its flight path. This UAV flight is achieved using power generation, management, and storage systems. The aircraft's improvement in sustainability, or endurance, is the main benefit of this design as it harvests energy from the environment available to it, and also using the potential of replacing some of the UAV structure with the structure of the power storage devices to reduce parasitic weight. These UAV enhancements could have many beneficial applications for a modern technological society. Applications in defense are numerous, as a highly sustainable aircraft can provide longterm surveillance over essential targets. Also, weather monitoring can benefit immensely from a highly sustainable drone, as these drones will be able to follow weather patterns as they develop over time and achieve real time updates. The power generation comes from three sources: flexible solar panels, thermoelectric generators, and vibration induced power generation motors (installed in power pods or inside the wing) that are excited by either atmospheric gusts or wing flutter. These forms of AC and DC current will be combined into usable energy for the UAV energy storage devices. Utilizing these forms of energy should in theory greatly extend the flight time of the UAV as it will continually cycle through these different forms of energy throughout the day and night. The flexible solar cells will be either attached onto the wing or replace the wing upper skin structure and take in the energy from the sun during the day, outputting straight DC current. The vibration induced power generation devices are comprised of DC motors attached to leaf springs and a gear/rack mechanism that oscillate from the vibrations of the wings to spin the motor shaft and generate AC power. The thermoelectric generators will generate energy from heat flux across the hot and cold plates of the power management system and the solar cells. All these sources are combined into a single power output via the power management system (PWMS). The PWMS is based off a hybrid power design, where the input sources are combined into a single stable DC output in which lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries or graphene supercapacitors can be charged and discharged into the UAV electric motor driven propeller load.
Effects of elevated corticosterone on humoral innate and antibody-mediated immunity in southern leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephalus) tadpoles.

As a free-living larval stage of a vertebrate, tadpoles are good subjects for the study of the development of physiological systems and the study of evolutionarily conserved, context-dependent responses to variable environments. While the basic components of innate and adaptive immune defenses in tadpoles are known, the impact of glucocorticoids on immune defenses in tadpoles is not well-studied. We completed four experiments to assess effects of elevation of corticosterone on humoral innate defenses and antibody-mediated immunity in southern leopard frog tadpoles (Lithobates sphenocephalus). To test humoral innate defense within the tadpoles exposed to short-term and long-term elevation of glucocorticoids, we exposed tadpoles to exogenous corticosterone for different lengths of time in each experiment (0-84 days). We used bacterial killing assays to assess humoral innate immune defense. To test antibody-mediated immune responses, we again exposed tadpoles to exogenous corticosterone, while also exposing them to Aeromonas hydrophila. We used A. hydrophila ELISA comparing IgM and IgY responses among groups. Plasma from corticosterone-dosed tadpoles killed more A. hydrophila than control tadpoles each following a short-term (14 day) and long-term (56 day) exposure to exogenous corticosterone. Conversely, corticosterone-dosed tadpoles had significantly lower IgM and IgY against A. hydrophila after 12 weeks. Our fourth experiment revealed that the lower IgY response is a product of weaker, delayed isotype switching compared with controls. These results show that elevated corticosterone has differential effects on innate and acquired immunity in larval southern leopard frogs, consistent with patterns in more derived vertebrates and in adult frogs.
The dentist will scan you now: The next generation of digital-savvy graduates.

INTRODUCTION Undergraduate dental curriculum consisting of digital tools is essential in today's era of modern dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate final-year undergraduate dental students' perception of using intraoral scanners and the feasibility of increasing exposure to intraoral scanners in their undergraduate programme. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty students volunteered to complete one maxillary conventional and optical impression (TRIOS 3, 3Shape A/S). Questionnaires were used to assess their familiarity, perceived confidence levels, difficulties and user-friendliness of each technique using a visual analogue scale prior to and after experiencing each impression technique. RESULTS Students felt more familiar with conventional (C) than digital (D) impressions (P = .00). Their pre-confidence level was also higher with the conventional method (C: 80.9 ± 15.5; D: 39.6 ± 25.5); however, the post-confidence level significantly increased for the digital impression technique (P = .00). Participants perceived conventional technique to be easier (P = .02) and faster than optical impressions (P = .03). User-friendliness of the intraoral scanner scored moderate (67.7 ± 22.9). The difference in the mean total working time was not significant (P = .05). Forty per cent of participants indicated that they preferred using the digital impression technique. CONCLUSIONS Although final-year undergraduate students still perceived the conventional impression technique to be easier and faster than digital scanning, there was a significant increase in the level of confidence by this cohort after only one occasion of clinical optical impressions. Undergraduate dental students are ready to uptake new technology, and it should be strongly considered to incorporate more digital scanning during their training.
Examining strategies for addressing high levels of ‘I don’t know’ responding to risk perception questions for colorectal cancer and diabetes: an experimental investigation

Many people say they ‘don’t know’ their risk for common diseases (DK responders). Inadequate health literacy and higher disease information avoidance may suppress risk knowledge and thereby increas...
MR-Guided Prostate Interventions

The introduction of PSA screening has resulted in dramatic stage migration such that the vast majority of prostate cancer is now diagnosed in a clinically localized stage. Earlier diagnosis of prostate cancer has resulted in superior oncologic outcomes using whole-gland therapies and has also presented opportunities for focal therapies which may limit the morbidity of treatment. Currently, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has emerged as the gold standard for imaging localized prostate cancer and has enhanced image-targeted therapy of prostate cancer in both the primary and salvage settings. Use of mpMRI allows not only for treatment planning and guidance but also for real-time treatment monitoring and posttreatment evaluation. Here we review the characteristics of mpMRI as they pertain to prostate imaging and explore the use of MRI in targeted interventions for prostate cancer.
The Dark Side of Category Expansion: Will (and Which) Existing Ones

Many retailers that manage product assortments believe that “more is better”. We challenge this conventional wisdom by demonstrating that a retailer may face more price-sensitive demand for existing categories after a category expansion. While introducing a new category to a store may increase the demand for the existing ones, this increase sometimes suggests a movement towards the steeper part of the demand curve and an increase in price sensitivity. We build a model of multi-category purchases with transportation costs and generate a series of theoretical predictions of the changes in price sensitivity after category expansion. We then estimate the model parameters in a natural experiment setting, where a set of Washington retailers’ assortments are exogenously affected by the state’s privatization of liquor sales in 2012. Consistent with the theoretical predictions, the increase in price sensitivity is considerable in two out of the six existing categories. Counterfactual simulations suggest that retailers could have a profit loss as high as 2.2% if the changes in price sensitivity were ignored. This suggests that retailers who don't re-estimate and re-optimize their marketing mix may “pay a price” after category expansion.
Increased procoagulant platelet levels are predictive of death in COVID-19.

Prior research has identified abnormal platelet procoagulant responses in COVID-19. Coated-platelets, a form of procoagulant platelets, support thrombin formation and are elevated in ischemic stroke patients with increased risk for recurrent infarction. Our goal was to examine changes in coated-platelet levels over the course of COVID-19 infection and determine their association with disease severity, thrombosis, and death. Coated-platelet levels were assayed after admission and repeated weekly in COVID-19 patients, and in COVID-19 negative controls. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to calculate area under the curve (AUC) values for a model including baseline coated-platelets to predict death. Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to predict risk for death at 90 days. We enrolled 33 patients (22 with moderate and 11 with severe infection) and 20 controls. Baseline coated-platelet levels were lower among moderate (mean ± SD; 21.3 ± 9.8%) and severe COVID-19 patients (28.5 ± 11.9%) compared to controls (38.1 ± 10.4%, p 33.9% was 40.99 when compared to those with levels ≤ 33.9% (p < 0.0001). Platelet procoagulant potential is transiently decreased in most patients during COVID-19; however, increased baseline platelet procoagulant levels predict death. Defining the mechanisms involved and potential links with aging may yield novel treatment targets.
Breaking on Through to the Other Side: How to Make Change Happen?

This chapter presents the second part of the roadmap for realizing the shift from sustainability-as-usual to awakened sustainability. It explores how to make the changes in the four conditions (law, markets, social norms, and organizational design) that are key to achieving awakened sustainability. The chapter draws on the importance of mental models in system transformation, suggesting that the necessary changes in the four conditions will need to be supported by a shift in the mental model dominating corporate sustainability, from “shareholder capitalism 2.0” to “sustainability first, NOW.” It proceeds with a detailed theory of change built on the power of narratives of transformative change to win the “battle of narratives,” which would result eventually in the desired changes in the mental model and consequently in the four conditions. Finally, the shift to awakened sustainability is connected to the different transformation pathways presented in Chapter 5.
Using Google Street View to Examine Urban Context and Green Amenities in the Global South: The Chilean Experience

This study evaluates the use of virtual, human-interpreted, field observations using Google Street View (GSV) to examine the presence of conditions that may be used to analyze green gentrification in the Global South. We propose that green gentrification is characterized by the introduction or improvement of green amenities (such as parks) as well as corresponding changes to the urban context (such as facade materials). While virtual field observations have been used to examine neighborhood context for other applications, this method has not yet been applied to the study of green gentrification, nor in the Global South. Using one urban park located in Talca, Chile, and in three urban parks located in Santiago, Chile, we sought to address the following research questions: 1) How do in situ and virtual field observations compare as methods of evaluating green amenities and urban context? 2) What characteristics of green amenities and urban context must be addressed to investigate green gentrification in the Global South? 3) How do indicators of green amenities and urban context observed via virtual field observations indicate the potential for green gentrification? In order to observe the streetside conditions of the neighborhoods surrounding established, improved, and new parks, we utilize the ground-level 360° imagery through GSV as an alternative to in situ studies, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and logistically challenging. Features related to the land use composition, building materials used, and the presence of aesthetic improvements and pedestrian amenities were noted as potential indicators of gentrification, and the correspondence between the two methods of observation were evaluated. Results indicate that virtual field observations can provide a promising method that may facilitate the identification and investigation of the effects of green gentrification in the Global South, broadening the scope and application of this research. This comparison offers insight into the use and comparison of virtual and in situ observations for identifying green gentrification in the Global South and for the applicability of the virtual observation method in this heterogeneous urban landscape, especially in cases with unreliable or unavailable data.
Building Graphs from Colored Trees

We will explore the computational complexity of satisfying certain sets of neighborhood conditions in graphs with various properties. More precisely, fix a radius $\rho$ and let $N(G)$ be the set of isomorphism classes of $\rho$-neighborhoods of vertices of $G$ where $G$ is a graph whose vertices are colored (not necessarily properly) by colors from a fixed finite palette. The root of the neighborhood will be the unique vertex at the "center" of the graph. Given a set $\mathcal{S}$ of colored graphs with a unique root, when is there a graph $G$ with $N(G)=\mathcal{S}$? Or $N(G) \subset \mathcal{S}$? What if $G$ is forced to be infinite, or connected, or both? If the neighborhoods are unrestricted, all these problems are recursively unsolvable; this follows from the work of Bulitko [Graphs with prescribed environments of the vertices. Trudy Mat. Inst. Steklov. , 133:78–94, 274, 1973]. In contrast, when the neighborhoods are cycle free, all the problems are in the class $\mathtt{P}$. Surprisingly, if $G$ is required to be a regular (and thus infinite) tree, we show the realization problem is NP -complete (for degree 3 and higher); whereas, if $G$ is allowed to be any finite graph, the realization problem is in P .
Radioimmunoassay for Quantitation of Antibodies to Alphaviruses with Staphylococcal Protein A

A radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure is described for measuring antibodies to alphaviruses in human and other mammalian sera. The test employed protein Abearing Staphylococcus aureus as a solid-phase immunoadsorbent for 3H-labeled viruses complexed with immunoglobulin G. Using antibodies produced in humans and guinea pigs, the RIA procedure clearly differentiated among antibodies to Venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Sensitivity of the RIA depended on the concentrations of labeled viruses employed. The dilution of serum that effected binding of 50% of the 3H-labeled virus (determined by probit analysis) was consistently higher than the neutralizing antibody titer determined by a conventional plaque reduction neutralization test using 80% plaque reduction end points. In addition, sera from 73 individuals were screened for seroconversion following live attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine (strain TC-83) inoculation, by RIA using a single serum dilution (1:80); results were identical with seroconversions identified by plaque reduction neutralization test. Hyperimmune Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus sera from a number of mammalian species were successfully titrated by RIA; the species tested were human, guinea pig, white rat, rabbit, burro, dog, monkey, sheep, and cotton rat. The protein A-mediated RIA is a rapid, sensitive, specific, and precise serological tool for measuring antibodies to surface antigens of alphaviruses, and should allow the subsequent development of a competitive binding RIA to measure antigenic potency of inactivated alphavirus vaccines.
Uterine Pathology: Clear cell adenocarcinoma and other uterine corpus carcinomas, including unusual variants

INTRODUCTION Although endometrioid and serous adenocarcinomas comprise the majority of uterine corpus carcinomas, the less common clear cell, mucinous, and very rare squamous variants may pose considerable diagnostic problems. In addition, there are a variety of unusual carcinomas that occur in the uterus, some of which demonstrate distinctive clinical behavior as well as distinctive morphology. In contrast to the more common endometrioid and serous tumors, there are fewer data concerning these tumors. CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA Clear cell carcinoma currently accounts for less than 5% of all endometrial carcinomas in the United States. Clinical characteristics Clear cell carcinoma is considered to be a type II estrogen-independent nonendometrioid carcinoma. Patients tend to be older than those with endometrioid carcinoma, but slightly younger than those with serous carcinoma, with a mean age of 62 to 67 years. As with serous carcinoma, African-American women are more frequently affected. Despite its high grade, disease is confined to the uterus at presentation in 70% of patients. Radiation and tamoxifen have been implicated in a subset of clear cell carcinomas. Clear cell carcinoma has a worse prognosis than endometrioid carcinoma. The five-year overall survival rate is 62.5% for patients with clear cell adenocarcinoma compared with 83.2% for those with endometrioid carcinoma. Stage is the most important prognostic factor; in the M. D. Anderson Center study, patients with low-stage (FIGO I and II) clear cell carcinoma had an estimated survival rate similar to that of patients with FIGO grade 3 endometrioid adenocarcinoma, and better than that of patients with serous carcinoma of similar stages.
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue, T cell trafficking, and chronic intestinal inflammation

The etiologies of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD; Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) have not been fully elucidated. However, there is very good evidence implicating T cell and T cell trafficking to the gut and its associated lymphoid tissue as important components in disease pathogenesis. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in naive and effector T cell trafficking to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT; Peyer's patches, isolated lymphoid follicles), mesenteric lymph nodes and intestine in response to commensal enteric antigens under physiological conditions as well as during the induction of chronic gut inflammation. In addition, recent data suggests that the GALT may not be required for enteric antigen-driven intestinal inflammation in certain mouse models of IBD. These new data suggest a possible paradigm shift in our understanding of how and where naive T cells become activated to yield disease-producing effector cells.
RankPref: Ranking Sentences Describing Relations between Biomedical Entities with an Application

This paper presents a machine learning approach that selects and, more generally, ranks sentences containing clear relations between genes and terms that are related to them. This is treated as a binary classification task, where preference judgments are used to learn how to choose a sentence from a pair of sentences. Features to capture how the relationship is described textually, as well as how central the relationship is in the sentence, are used in the learning process. Simplification of complex sentences into simple structures is also applied for the extraction of the features. We show that such simplification improves the results by up to 13%. We conducted three different evaluations and we found that the system significantly outperforms the baselines.
Human Subordination from a Radical Interactionist's Perspective

Like symbolic interactionism, radical interactionism is derived from the work of George Herbert Mead, Robert Park, and Herbert Blumer. Unlike symbolic interactionism, however, radical interactionism places much more importance on Park's ideas. In the case of the role that subordination plays in human communal life, it emphasizes Park's ideas more than it does either Mead's or Blumer's ideas. Thus, unlike symbolic interaction, radical interactionism focuses the spotlight on nature and operation of subordination among individuals and groups living in minor, major, regional, supra- and even world communities. By building on and extending all three of their ideas, rather than only on those proposed by Mead and Blumer, an explanation is offered for several matters that are crucial to the understanding of subordination. Among the crucial matters explained are the need for the exercise of domination in complex social acts, the imperceptiveness of super-ordinates in their exercise of domination, the invisibility of domination's operation in everyday social acts, its intimate relationship with the operation of power and force, the institutional support for and legitimacy of exerting force to dominate social action, and the creation of dominance orders in groups and communities of various types and sizes.