cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BMP‐6 accelerates both chondrogenesis and mineral maturation in differentiating chick limb‐bud mesenchymal cell cultures

Chick limb-bud mesenchymal cells, plated in micromass culture, differentiate in vitro to form a cartilaginous structure analogous to the epiphyseal growth plate. When inorganic phosphate, Pi, is included in the medium such that the total Pi concentration is 4 mM, apatite mineral precipitates around the ''hypertrophic'' chondrocytes. These hypertrophic chondrocytes are characterized by their increased expression of type X collagen, alkaline phosphatase activity, and apoptosis, as well as by the ability of their extracellular matrices to support mineral deposition. Under standard mineralizing conditions (0.8 10 6 cells/micromass; 4 mM Pi, 1.3 mM Ca 2a , 10% FCS, and antibiotics) mineralization does not commence until day 14-16. Based on the ability of bone morphogenic protein 6 (BMP-6) to stimulate chondrocyte maturation in other systems, 100 ng/ml BMP-6 was added to chick limb-bud mesenchymal cell cultures 2 and 5 days after plating, and the effects of this addition on mineral accretion and the characteristics of the mineral and matrix determined. Addition of BMP-6 accelerated the differentiation of the mesenchymal cells to hypertrophic chondrocytes. In the presence of BMP-6 added on both days 2 and 5, mineralization (assessed on basis of 45 Ca uptake) commenced by day 12. Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI) was used to monitor the mineral content and mineral crystallinity as a function of time from day 9 to 21 in cultures with and without exogenous BMP-6. While BMP-6 accelerated the rate of mineral accretion, and the crystals that were formed in the BMP-6 cultures were initially more mature, by day 21 the crystal size distribution in experimental and control cultures were not significantly different. This study, the first to report the detailed application of FTIRI to cell cultures, indicates the importance of the extracellular matrix in the control of crystal maturation. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 509-519, 2002. fl 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measuring the Ensemble Spread–Error Relationship with a Probabilistic Approach: Stochastic Ensemble Results

Abstract One widely accepted measure of the utility of ensemble prediction systems is the relationship between ensemble spread and deterministic forecast accuracy. Unfortunately, this relationship is often characterized by spread–error linear correlations, which oversimplify the true spread–error relationship and ignore the possibility that some end users have categorical sensitivities to forecast error. In the present paper, a simulation study is undertaken to estimate the idealized spread–error statistics for stochastic ensemble prediction systems of a finite size. Under a variety of spread–error metrics, the stochastic ensemble spread–error joint distributions are characterized by increasing scatter as the ensemble spread grows larger. A new method is introduced that recognizes the inherent nonlinearity of spread–error joint distributions and capitalizes on the fact that the probability of large forecast errors increases with ensemble spread. The ensemble spread–error relationship is measured by the sk...
Downslope Fossil Contamination: Mammal-Bearing Fluvial Conglomerates and the Paleocene–Eocene Faunal Transition (Willwood Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming)

Downslope fossil contamination is the result of erosion and subsequent redeposition of fossil material onto lower stratigraphic horizons. This produces time-averaged and potentially anomalous faunal records. Here, we describe vertebrate concentrations in Bighorn Basin (Wyoming) conglomerates that are early Wasatchian (earliest Eocene) in age (Wa-1) and rest erosionally upon Wa-0 strata deposited during the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). The Wa-1 conglomerates were deposited during river channel migration and sheetflooding onto abandoned parts of an avulsion belt immediately after the PETM. Dark-colored Wa-1 fossil teeth eroding from the conglomerates are now mixed in places with the lighter-colored teeth of Wa-0 mammals. The spatial distribution of the conglomerate fossils and a vertical model of downslope contamination, based on species proportions from overlying stratigraphic intervals, are used to calculate an expected contribution of fossil contaminants to an assemblage. Results of this model are applied to address the principal weakness of the hypothesis that transient decreases in mammalian body size during the PETM were an evolutionary dwarfing response to climate change. Rare occurrences of large taxa with congeners of small size would refute the argument for evolutionary dwarfing, but our results indicate that such rare occurrences can be explained by downslope contamination alone. We conclude more generally that alluvial architecture is important for understanding the potential for downslope fossil contamination and that complications imposed by this type of contamination can be assessed quantitatively.
RNA Polymerase II Translocation and Fidelity are Governed by Trigger Loop Dynamics: A Single-Molecule Study

RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) carries out the transcription of all mRNA in eukaryotic cells. During transcript elongation, RNAPII must select the correct nucleotide, catalyze its addition to the growing RNA chain, and move stepwise along the template DNA until the gene is fully transcribed. The trigger loop is an evolutionarily conserved protein subdomain that has been implicated in substrate selection and catalysis in multi-subunit RNA polymerases, but its role in the elongation process is not fully elucidated. Here, we used an optical-trapping assay with high spatiotemporal resolution to probe directly the motions of individual wild-type and trigger-loop mutant RNAPII molecules. We report direct evidence for trigger loop involvement in the RNAPII translocation event. Global fits to the force-velocity relationships for RNAPII and its trigger loop mutants support a Brownian-ratchet model for elongation, where the incoming NTP is able to bind in either pre- or post-translocated states, and movement between these two states is governed by the trigger loop. Under conditions that promote misincorporation, the observed pausing kinetics suggest that the trigger loop governs fidelity in both substrate selection and mismatch recognition.
Buoyancy Flux Modeling for Cloudy Boundary Layers

The modeling of the buoyancy flux in a partly cloudy atmospheric boundary layer is complicated by its dependence on the correlation between clouds and vertical velocity elements, which can vary significantly with the underlying layer dynamics (e.g., stratocumulus versus shallow cumulus). The buoyancy flux is sometimes modeled in terms of higher-order statistics, such as vertical velocity skewness or saturation variance, to try to capture some of these dynamical effects. In this work an approximate expression for the buoyancy flux is formulated solely in terms of the liquid potential temperature and total water profiles and their respective flux profiles. The predictions compare favorably with the results of an extensive set of large-eddy simulations (LES), including simulations of stratocumulus, shallow cumulus, and transitional behavior in between. This formulation is combined with previous results on the relation between cloud-top entrainment rate and circulation structure to predict the behavior of quasi-steady cumulus-coupled boundary layers as a function of a basic set of physical input parameters. These predictions also compare favorably with LES results.
Lagged implementation as an element in constitutional strategy

Abstract Lagged implementation may be an important element in a strategy of constitutional current bias stemming from sensory perception may be reduced. Choice among lagged constitutional alternatives may allow for a more ‘reflective’ personal evaluation.
Motor and associative deficits in D2 dopamine receptor knockout mice

Abstract Behavioral abnormalities produced by D2 dopamine receptor gene deletion in mice have been attributed either to resulting Parkinson-like features (i.e. response slowing and response initiation difficulties) or to behavioral deficits contributed by alleles of the originating 129Sv strain. Three strategies were used to address these conflicting hypotheses: (1) we used mice congenic at n 10 backcross into the C57BL/6 line to minimize the 129Sv contribution; (2) we compared mice that were wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/−), or homozygous (−/−) for the D2 gene with the two most relevant inbred lines (129Sv and C57BL/6) and (3) we used both conventional and novel behavioral assessment methods. Behavioral attributes were expressed in terms of locomotor activity, wall rearing, rotarod performance, operant response acquisition, operant response performance, lick dynamics (force, rhythm), grip strength, and tremor in response to harmaline challenge. Results showed that, compared to controls, the −/− mice exhibited longer duration wall rears, retarded operant response acquisition, increased latencies to move from the operandum to the reward well, and exaggerated response to harmaline. Age was investigated as a variable (10–11 weeks versus 41–44 weeks of age) in the locomotor activity and wall rear assessments. A gene dosage effect (deficits in the +/− mice) on these two variables became apparent in the older mice. Taken together, the results showed that mice without the D2 gene exhibited Parkinson-like behavioral features that were not easily attributed to alleles contributed by the 129Sv strain, but were consistent with basal ganglia dysfunction.
Augmented reality visualization

In Civil Infrastructure System (CIS) applications, the requirement of blending synthetic and physical objects distinguishes Augmented Reality (AR) from other visualization technologies in three aspects: (1) it reinforces the connections between people and objects, and promotes engineers' appreciation about their working context; (2) it allows engineers to perform field tasks with the awareness of both the physical and synthetic environment; and (3) it offsets the significant cost of 3D Model Engineering by including the real world background. This paper reviews critical problems in AR and investigates technical approaches to address the fundamental challenges that prevent the technology from being usefully deployed in CIS applications, such as the alignment of virtual objects with the real environment continuously across time and space; blending of virtual entities with their real background faithfully to create a sustained illusion of co-existence; and the integration of these methods to a scalable and extensible computing AR framework that is openly accessible to the teaching and research community. The research findings have been evaluated in several challenging CIS applications where the potential of having a significant economic and social impact is high. Examples of validation test beds implemented include an AR visual excavator-utility collision avoidance system that enables workers to "see" buried utilities hidden under the ground surface, thus helping prevent accidental utility strikes; an AR post-disaster reconnaissance framework that enables building inspectors to rapidly evaluate and quantify structural damage sustained by buildings in seismic events such as earthquakes or blasts; and a tabletop collaborative AR visualization framework that allows multiple users to observe and interact with visual simulations of engineering processes.
Isotretinoin and Cutaneous Helper T-Cell Lymphoma (Mycosis Fungoides)

Retinoids, including isotretinoin, have demonstrated antiproliferative and antineoplastic activity in laboratory and clinical trials. In a phase II trial, 25 patients with extensive mycosis fungoides were evaluated for response to isotretinoin. There was a 44% (11 patients) objective clinical response rate with three clinical complete responses without concomitant evidence of pathologic clearing of the disease. An additional 24% (six patients) showed a minor degree of clinical improvement. The median time to response was two months (range, 0.5 to eight months) and the median response duration was eight months or longer (range, one to 25 months). Chronic toxic reactions consisted primarily of drying of the skin and mucous membranes and resulted in dose reduction in the majority of patients. It is concluded that isotretinoin produces significant clinical benefit to some patients with mycosis fungoides.
Communication theoretic image restoration for binary-valued imagery

We present a new image-restoration algorithm for binary-valued imagery. A trellis-based search method is described that exploits the finite alphabet of the target imagery. This algorithm seeks the maximum-likelihood solution to the image-restoration problem and is motivated by the Viterbi algorithm for traditional binary data detection in the presence of intersymbol interference and noise. We describe a blockwise method to restore two-dimensional imagery on a row-by-row basis and in which a priori knowledge of image pixel correlation structure can be included through a modification to the trellis transition probabilities. The performance of the new Viterbi-based algorithm is shown to be superior to Wiener filtering in terms of both bit error rate and visual quality. Algorithmic choices related to trellis state configuration, complexity reduction, and transition probability selection are investigated, and various trade-offs are discussed.
Sectorial keratitis and uveitis: differential diagnosis.

Abstract Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the importance of considering the differential diagnosis for patients with sectorial keratitis and uveitis by case summary and literature review. Methods. A retrospective review of patients with sectorial keratitis and uveitis seen at the Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Service of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and a summary of the diagnoses of cases with similar ocular findings that have been reported in the literature. Results. Data on six patients with sectorial keratitis and uveitis were reviewed. Four patients were female and two were male, ages 21–50 years. All were eventually diagnosed with herpes simplex viral stromal sectorial keratitis. The corneal infiltrates were most common in the superior corneal quadrants, located in the posterior corneal layers. Anterior non-granulomatous uveitis was present in all cases. One case had bilateral ocular involvement. Five of the six patients responded to topical steroids and antiviral treatment. Immunomodulation with methotrexate, cyclosporine, and systemic prednisone was required in one patient. Glaucoma was a complication in six of the seven eyes. Five patients developed corneal scarring, localized in the anterior and mid-stroma. Conclusion. The differential diagnosis of sectorial keratitis and uveitis is limited. The entities included in the differential are diverse; some of them threaten not only vision but also life. It is important for the ophthalmologist to be familiar with these entities, in order to pursue pertinent diagnostic investigations and arrive at an accurate diagnosis and institute appropriate management.
A Mixed-Priority Queue with Applications to the Analysis of Real-Time Systems

Jobs arrive in a Poisson stream to a single processor. Associated with each job is a priority j = 1, 2, '. The processing time requested by a job can be partitioned into an arbitrary number of intervals of two types, 1 noninterruptible portions and 2 interruptible portions. Type 2 intervals can further be classified as preemptive-resume intervals and preemptive-repeat intervals that, in turn, can be further classified as being repeat with resampling or repeat without resampling. When a job is interrupted, a setup time which is interruptible must first be expended before the job can regain the processor. Steady-state moments and Laplace transforms are obtained.
Can we explain the Santa Clara county housing market

Abstract Santa Clara County has recently had the highest house prices of any large housing market in the nation. Part of the explanation lies in the extraordinarily low user cost of housing caused by the interaction of high incomes and the tax deductions available to homeowners. But this article also evaluates whether changes in stock wealth have been responsible for the recent increase in housing prices in Santa Clara County. Although three different stock market measures add explanatory power to a model of housing prices in the region, none of these indexes predicts the housing price increases seen in 1999 and 2000. In fact, the within‐sample models have .R‐squares of only 0.22, and even the best model (based on the Standard & Poor's 500) does not forecast well out of sample. Still, the market is unusual in that stock prices seem to have some impact on house prices.
Titania-silica glasses prepared by sintering alkoxide derived spherical colloids

Abstract Titania-silica glasses of 3.1 to 8.5 wt% titania were prepared by sintering alkoxide synthesized colloidal powders. The process capitalizes on the advantages of sol-gel chemistry for powder synthesis while circumventing the problem of drying gels. Green bodies formed by colloidal gelation, uniaxial dry pressing and tape casting were sintered from 1200 to 1500°C to yield crystallite-free glasses. Complete solution of up to 8.5 wt% titania was inferred from TEM and FTIR analysis. Thermal expansion coefficients ranged from 2.6 × 10 −7 to −0.38 × 10 −7 /°C between 25 and 700°C for glasses containing 3.1 to 8.5% TiO 2 , respectively.
Green fluorescent protein-adenoviral construct as a model for transient gene therapy for human cultured keratinocytes in an athymic mouse model.

Background: The goal of gene therapy for cultured keratinocyte grafts is to accelerate growth and wound healing following engraftment without producing long-term complications from the delivered gene. We studied a Green Fluorescent Protein-Adenoviral construct (GFP-ADV) to determine the characteristics of gene expression in human cultured keratinocyte grafts. Methods: Twelve GFP-ADV grafts and twelve control grafts were transplanted to the flanks of 24 athymic mice. Mouse flanks were monitored with fluorescence-filtered microscopy and, on Day 21, were sectioned and stained with antihuman MHC Class I with H&E counterstaining. Real-time PCR was performed on graft biopsies for adenoviral DNA. Results: Fluorescence decreased from Days 3 to 5 resulting in no difference between GFP-ADV and control grafts from days 5 to 10. All grafts were positive for human MHC Class I with an epithelial architecture by H&E. Day 21 GFP-ADV grafts were negative for adenoviral DNA. Conclusion: The delivered gene was transiently expressed without the persistence of viral DNA, demonstrating the potential of adenoviral gene delivery for the improvement of wound healing without long-term adverse effects to the graft.
Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics targeted to the control of amyloid precursor protein translation: Maintenance of brain iron homeostasis

The neurotoxicity of amyloid beta (Aβ), a major cleavage product of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), is enhanced by iron, as found in the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. By contrast, the long-known neuroprotective activity of APP is evident after α-secretase cleavage of the precursor to release sAPPα, and depends on the iron export actions of APP itself. The latter underlie its neurotrophic and protective effects in facilitating the homeostatic actions of ferroportin mediated-iron export. Thus APP-dependent iron export may alleviate oxidative stress by minimizing labile iron thus protecting neurons from iron overload during stroke and hemorrhage. Consistent with this, altered phosphorylation of iron-regulatory protein-1 (IRP1) and its signaling processes play a critical role in modulating APP translation via the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of its transcript. The APP 5'UTR region encodes a functional iron-responsive element (IRE) RNA stem loop that represents a potential target for modulating APP production. Targeted regulation of APP gene expression via the modulation of 5'UTR sequence function represents a novel approach for the potential treatment of AD since altering APP translation can be used to improve both the protective brain iron balance and provide anti-amyloid efficacy. Approved drugs including paroxetine and desferrioxamine and several novel compounds have been identified that suppress abnormal metal-promoted Aβ accumulation with a subset of these acting via APP 5'UTR-dependent mechanisms to modulate APP translation and cleavage to generate the non-toxic sAPPα.
4 Iron Status, REM Deprivation and Spatial Watermaze Performance in Rats.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has long-lasting effects on cognition and behavior in humans, even into adolescence. Sleep disturbances are common in adolescence and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is thought to be important for memory consolidation. No study has assessed for an additive effect of REM deprivation (REMD) on learning and memory after IDA during development.
Building International Research Partnerships to Develop HIV Programs for Women of Color in the Context of Social Inequalities and Human Rights

This article examines relationships among social inequality, drug use, and HIV risk for women of color in the United States and South Africa. In the first section, social and cultural factors that may place women of color at risk for drug use and exposure to HIV are identified. In the second section, lessons learned while developing HIV prevention research protocols for women of color in South Africa are presented and discussed. Experience suggests that to effectively address women's risks of drug use and AIDS requires specific theoretical models and methodological approaches that acknowledge the critical interface that may exist among social inequality, drug use, and AIDS risk for women worldwide. Successful HIV prevention and intervention programs for women of color worldwide also require international research partnerships that are based on mutual respect between partners and attention to the needs and priorities of the target populations.
Preoperative chemotherapy in stage III non-small cell lung cancer: long-term outcome.

The role of induction chemotherapy (CT) or chemoradiotherapy (CT/RT) prior to surgical resection in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains highly controversial [1–3]. Equally important and undefined is the role of post-induction surgery itself in various subsets of stage III NSCLC, particularly bulky disease. Fortunately, a number of randomized clinical trials are ongoing worldwide to address these issues. In the interim, the available literature has generated more questions than answers regarding the optimal approach to combined modality therapy of stage III disease. However, recent updates in Lung Cancer of two prospective randomized trials by Roth (21:1– 6, 1998) and Rosell (this issue) provide an important perspective regarding long-term outcome in patients treated with preoperative CT. Both of these trials compared induction CT followed by surgery to surgery alone in patients with stage IIIA disease. In each trial, interim analysis by data monitoring committees disclosed superior survival in the CT arm, and further accrual was appropriately halted based on ethical considerations. As a result, the total patient sample size in each trial was approximately 60, or 30 patients per arm. Considering the heterogeneity of stage III NSCLC and variability in prognostic factors, the general applicability of these two small trials to the day-to-day treatment of patients has remained in doubt. One additional question has been whether the results of these trials would stand the test of time. As confirmed in this issue of Lung Cancer, each continues to show longterm survival benefit. This commentary will consider several aspects of this controversy, and attempt to place the two randomized trials cited above into perspective: (1) what subsets of stage III disease have been studied, and how do studies differ in staging requirements?; (2) what about restaging after preoperative CT or CT/RT?; (3) is there an optimal induction CT or CT/RT regimen?; and (4) can post-induction surgery be recommended as a standard of care in any subset of stage III disease? * Corresponding author. Fax: +1-9167-347946. E-mail address: david.gandara@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu (D.R. Gandara)
Planar and vertical induction of anteroposterior pattern during the development of the amphibian central nervous system

In amphibians and other vertebrates, neural development is induced in the ectoderm by signals coming from the dorsal mesoderm during gastrulation. Classical embryological results indicated that these signals follow a "vertical" path, from the involuted dorsal mesoderm to the overlying ectoderm. Recent work with the frog Xenopus laevis, however, has revealed the existence of "planar" neural-inducing signals, which pass within the continuous sheet or plane of tissue formed by the dorsal mesoderm and presumptive neurectoderm. Much of this work has made use of Keller explants, in which dorsal mesoderm and ectoderm are cultured in a planar configuration with contact along only a single edge, and vertical contact is prevented. Planar signals can induce the full anteroposterior (A-P) extent of neural pattern, as evidenced in Keller explants by the expression of genes that mark specific positions along the A-P axis. In this review, classical and modern molecular work on vertical and planar induction will be discussed. This will be followed by a discussion of various models for vertical induction and planar induction. It has been proposed that the A-P pattern in the nervous system is derived from a parallel pattern of inducers in the dorsal mesoderm which is "imprinted" vertically onto the overlying ectoderm. Since it is now known that planar signals can also induce A-P neural pattern, this kind of model must be reassessed. The study of planar induction of A-P pattern in Xenopus embryos provides a simple, manipulable, two-dimensional system in which to investigate pattern formation.
Hybrid-genetic algorithm based descriptor optimization and QSAR models for predicting the biological activity of Tipranavir analogs for HIV protease inhibition

The prediction of biological activity of a chemical compound from its structural features plays an important role in drug design. In this paper, we discuss the quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) prediction models developed on a dataset of 170 HIV protease enzyme inhibitors. Various chemical descriptors that encode hydrophobic, topological, geometrical and electronic properties are calculated to represent the structures of the molecules in the dataset. We use the hybrid-GA (genetic algorithm) optimization technique for descriptor space reduction. The linear multiple regression analysis (MLR), correlation-based feature selection (CFS), non-linear decision tree (DT), and artificial neural network (ANN) approaches are used as fitness functions. The selected descriptors represent the overall descriptor space and account well for the binding nature of the considered dataset. These selected features are also human interpretable and can be used to explain the interactions between a drug molecule and its receptor protein (HIV protease). The selected descriptors are then used for developing the QSAR prediction models by using the MLR, DT and ANN approaches. These models are discussed, analyzed and compared to validate and test their performance for this dataset. All three approaches yield the QSAR models with good prediction performance. The models developed by DT and ANN are comparable and have better prediction than the MLR model. For ANN model, weight analysis is carried out to analyze the role of various descriptors in activity prediction. All the prediction models point towards the involvement of hydrophobic interactions. These models can be useful for predicting the biological activity of new untested HIV protease inhibitors and virtual screening for identifying new lead compounds.
Teaching evidence-based practice in a distance education occupational therapy doctoral program: strategies for professional growth and advancing the profession.

ABSTRACTThe Centennial Vision of the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) projects that by 2017 all occupational therapy (OT) practice areas will be supported by evidence. Achieving this goal requires preparing clinicians with the skills to assimilate, analyze, and apply research to their areas of practice and communicate the value of OT services to consumers and payers. These skills are at the heart of evidence-based practice (EBP). Educators must be prepared to teach EBP skills in both entry-level and postprofessional programs. This article outlines how EBP can be taught to postprofessional occupational therapy clinical doctoral students using a distance education format. Key features of a successful EBP course include having access to full-text electronic articles, opportunities for students to explore the literature in their own areas of interest, consistent and timely feedback on written work and discussion topics, and opportunities to collaborate with peers.
A Mental Health Simulation Experience for Baccalaureate Student Nurses

Abstract Background Baccalaureate student nurses entering their psychiatric or mental health clinical rotation are often fearful of their upcoming experience. Method To give students the opportunity to deal with some of these issues in a safe, nonthreatening environment, nursing faculty developed a Mental Health Simulation experience using two individual scenarios that included difficult-to-address behaviors and topics encountered in psychiatric as well as general hospital settings. Results A total of 54 students participated in this quality improvement educational project. Results showed overall decreases in anxiety levels and positive responses on all items in the Medical Education Technologies, Inc., Simulation Effectiveness Tool. Conclusion Simulation experiences in the psychiatric or mental health arena, both as participants and as observers, appeared to decrease students' anxiety about their upcoming clinical rotation and enhanced their clinical understanding.
Prostate volumes and organ movement defined by serial computerized tomographic scans during three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy.

The aim of this study was to assess changes in prostate volumes and organ movement during a course of external beam irradiation using serial computerized tomographic (CT) scans and three-dimensional treatment planning software. Ten consenting prostate cancer patients underwent repeat CT scans at biweekly intervals during the course of external beam irradiation. The spacing of 5 mm was used because this spacing mimics our clinical treatment approach. Prostate locations were determined by merging CT images using bony anatomy and comparing the differences in the prostate volumes, the edges (anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, and lateral) and centers of the prostate (EoP and CoP, respectively). Compared to the 10 initial treatment planning CT scans, the prostate volume determined by the repeat CT scans tended to be smaller (approximately 14%, P or = 3 mm was noted in 47% of the studies in the superior direction, with the average displacement being approximately 2.0 mm. In this study, the prostate volume tended to be smaller 2 weeks after the start of radiotherapy. Moreover, the prostate volumes defined by the serial CT scans were less reproducible than expected. Superior displacement of the prostate is the most common and significant type of displacement, while inferior movement is least frequent when patients are simulated with their rectums empty. Because of the magnitude of daily setup errors, organ movement, and problems with reproducibility in target definition, additional field edge reductions do not appear to be warranted during the delivery of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Efforts should be directed at improving our ability to reduce organ movement and accurately targeting the prostate.
Is polyhydramnios in an ultrasonographically normal fetus an indication for genetic evaluation

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the frequency of fetal chromosomal anomalies in pregnancies complicated by polyhydramnios. STUDY DESIGN: Between Jan. 1, 1992, and July 31, 1993, an amniotic fluid index was measured prespectively in 2730 third-trimester pregnant women. Polyhydramnios was defined as an amniotic fluid index ≥ 24 cm. A computer search identified all infants born with structural anomalies. RESULTS: Polyhydramnios was detected in 49 of 2730 women (1.7%). The incidence of chromosomal anomalies was twoin 49 (4.1%) compared with three in 2681 (0.12%) among women with normal fluid ( p p 30 cm. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Polyhdyramnios is associated with an increased incidence of congenital fetal anomalies. (2) Growth-retarded fetuses with polyhydramnios warrant genetic evaluation. (3) A genetic study is not absolutely indicated for patients with polyhydramnios and a sonographically normal fetus.
High sensitivity pulse-counting mass spectrometer system for noble gas analysis

A pulse‐counting mass spectrometer is described which is comprised of a new ion source of cylindrical geometry, with exceptional optical properties (the Baur source), a dual focal plane externally adjustable collector slits, and a 17‐stage Allen‐type electron multiplier, all housed in a metal 21 cm radius, 90° magnetic sector flight tube. Mass discrimination of the instrument is less than 1 per mil per mass unit; the optical transmission is more than 90%; the source sensitivity (Faraday collection) is 4 ma/torr at 250μm emission; and the abundance sensitivity is 3×104. A low blank extrction system is also described which routinely provides precedural blanks at 1600°C of approximately 10,000 atoms of 132Xe. The corresponding blanks for 84Kr, 36Ar, and 20Ne are 70,000, 4×106, and 5×107 atoms respectively.
921-75 Restenosis After Pulmonary Artery Angioplasty

The expanding role of combined catheter and surgical therapies for complex congenital cardiac defects has led to wider application of pulmonary artery (PA) angioplasty. However remarkably little information is available on the fate of previously dilated pulmonary arteries. We undertook this study to determine the frequency and predictabilityof restenosis after PA angioplasty. All PA dilations performed from 1/90 to 12/93 at Children's Hospital were reviewed to determine initial success (a. ≥ 50% increase in stenosis diameter; b. g20% decrease in the ratio of right ventricular to aortic pressure (intact ventricular septum); or C. ≥ 20% increase in lung perfusion). Initial and followup up catheterization data for successful dilations (based on angiogra phic criteria only) were then reviewed to determine patient age and diagnosis; etiology of stenosis; balloon size, type, inflation pressure; complications; and diameters of the stenosis and distal vessel pre and post dilation, and at followup. Univariate analyses were performed by Student t-test or one-tailed analysis of correlation coefficients. Significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results Seventy-three percent of 59 dilations performed in 29 patients at a median age of 2.5 y (range 6 m to 32 y) were successful. Based on angiographic measurements alone, 37 were successful; this group was subjected to further analysis. Followup catheterizations were performed in 21 of 37 cases (57%l a mean of 7 ± 6 m after dilation. No significant differences in patient or procedure characteristics were present between cases with and without followup studies except the latter had undergone dilation more recently (p = 0.02). Followup angiograms demonstrated some degree of restenosis in g 60% of cases. Based on standard criteria (g 50% loss in initial gain) significant restenosis occurred in 11 of 21 vessels (52%). Neither risk nor severity of restenosis correlated significantly with any patient or procedure characteristics reviewed (see methods). Of note, there was no correlation between restenosis and the interval between the initial dilation and followup angiogram. Conclusions Significant restenosis is common early after pulmonary artery dilation. In this small series we were unable to identify any factors predicting subsequent restenosis. Future study should be directed at identifying mechanisms and predictors of restenosis after pulmonary angioplasty. All patients undergoing successful pulmonary artery dilation require followup angiography.
Abstract 505: Hypoxia inducible factor-dependent breast cancer-mesenchymal stem cell bidirectional signaling promotes metastasis.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Metastasis involves critical interactions between cancer and stromal cells. Intratumoral hypoxia promotes metastasis through activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). We have demonstrated that HIFs mediate paracrine signaling between breast cancer cells (BCCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that facilitate metastasis. In an orthotopic implantation model, MSCs were recruited to primary breast tumors and promoted BCC metastasis to lymph nodes and lungs in a HIF-dependent manner. In vitro gene analysis of co-culture of MSCs with BCCs showed induced expression of the chemokine CXCL10 in MSCs and its cognate receptor CXCR3 in BCCs, which was augmented by hypoxia. Further we showed that CXCR3 expression was blocked in co-cultures treated with neutralizing antibody against CXCL10. Conversely, CXCL10 expression was blocked in MSCs co-cultured with BCCs that did not express CXCR3 or HIFs. MSC co-culture did not enhance the metastasis of CXCR3-deficient or HIF-deficient BCCs. Co-culture of MSCs with BCCs augmented HIF activity in BCCs. BCCs and MSCs expressed placental growth factor (PGF) and its cognate receptor VEGF1, respectively, in a HIF-dependent manner. The expression of CXCL10 by MSCs was dependent on PGF expression by BCCs. PGF promoted metastasis of BCCs and also facilitated homing of MSCs to tumors. Thus, HIFs mediate complex and bidirectional paracrine signaling between BCCs and MSCs that stimulates breast cancer metastasis. Citation Format: Pallavi Chaturvedi, Daniele Gilkes, Gregg Semenza. Hypoxia inducible factor-dependent breast cancer-mesenchymal stem cell bidirectional signaling promotes metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 505. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-505
A new approach to power integrity with thinfilm capacitors in 3D IPAC functional module

This paper presents a new active and passive integration concept called 3D IPAC (Integrated Actives and Passives) to address the power integrity in high-performance and multifunctional systems. The 3D IPAC consists of an ultra-thin glass module with through-vias and double-side integration of ultra-thin active and passive components to form functional modules. By integrating power ICs, storage capacitors and inductors, and high-frequency decoupling capacitors in ultra-thin (30-100 μm) glass substrates, 3D IPAC Voltage Regulator Module (3D IPAC VRM) provides a complete and ultra-miniaturized solution to power integrity. The ultra-thin 3D IPAC allows both actives and passives very close to each other and to the other active dies, resulting in improved performance over conventional SMDs and state-of-art IPDs for decoupling functions. The first part of the paper presents modeling results to show the benefits of the 3D IPAC module as a power integrity solution. The second part of the paper presents the fabrication and characterization of high-k thinfilm capacitors and etched aluminum film capacitors integrated on either sides of a through-via 3D IPAC glass substrate. This paper, therefore, demonstrates the integration of heterogeneous capacitors on a single ultra-thin glass substrate for the first time, and presents its benefits as a complete solution for power integrity.
Stimulus properties of antidepressants in the rat.

Various doses of bupropion HCl (Wellbatrin) (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), a new phenylaminoketone antidepressant, were employed as cues in a two-lever operant discrimination from saline control injections in rats on an FR10 schedule of food reinforcement. Subjects reached and maintained a high level of discrimination in the 0 vs 20 mg/kg bupropion stimulus condition but not at the lower doses. In generalization testing, the following compounds produced dose-related responding on the bupropion lever: viloxazine, nomifensine, caffeine, d-amphetamine, cocaine, methylphenidate, and benzylpiperazine. Drugs that failed to show dose-related generalization included phenethylamine, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, imipramine, nortriptyline, amitriptyline, desipramine, mianserin, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, scopolamine, phenobarbital, and morphine. With the important exception of viloxazine, the generalization profile of bupropion seems to reflect its previously reported locomotor stimulant effects in the rat rather than its antidepressant activity and suggests that species differences exist between man and rat with regard to the pharmacologic activity of this new antidepressant.
Importance of minimal residual disease in hairy cell leukemia: monoclonal antibodies as a therapeutic strategy

With the use of nucleoside analogs as frontline therapy, the prognosis of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) has improved dramatically. Unfortunately, disease recurrence remains problematic. Eradication of minimal residual disease (MRD) persisting after therapy may further improve outcome. The evolution of available techniques used to assess MRD, and the potential incorporation of novel agents such as monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) into the treatment armamentarium for HCL mandate that MRD analyses be performed concurrently with routine assessments of disease status. Herein, the available data regarding the prevalence and clinical relevance of MRD after therapy for HCL is reviewed.
Model of heterogeneous combustion of small particles

Abstract A steady model of heterogeneous combustion for a spherical particle in the transition heat and mass transfer regime is developed. The model assumes formation of condensed products and reaction rate controlled by the transport of oxidizer to the particle surface. The model is based on the Fuchs’ limiting sphere approach. Calculations are performed for combustion of zirconium particles of different sizes. Temperature and oxygen concentration profiles are calculated and compared to those predicted by the continuous medium transfer model. The predictions are compared with available experimental data. For coarse particles, both predicted combustion temperatures and burn rates match respective experimental data when the reaction is assumed to produce zirconium–oxygen solution rather than stoichiometric ZrO2. A weaker effect of particle size on their burn time is predicted for smaller particles, in qualitative agreement with recent experiments. However, the model underestimates the burn times and overestimates the combustion temperatures for small particles. This discrepancy is likely associated with the finite reaction kinetics at the particle surface that must be accounted for in the future work.
Optimism and the Big Five factors of personality: Beyond Neuroticism and Extraversion

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the Big Five factors of personality and dispositional optimism. Data from five samples were collected (Total N = 4332) using three different measures of optimism and five different measures of the Big Five. Results indicated strong positive relationships between optimism and four of the Big Five factors: Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Agreeableness and Conscientiousness explained additional variance in dispositional optimism over and above Neuroticism and Extraversion, providing evidence for the complexity of optimism. The position of optimism in the larger web of human personality constructs is discussed.
Teliospore germination and nuclear behavior of Puccinia rutainsulara, a microcyclic Hawaiian rust

Puccinia rutainsulara recently was described as a microcyclic rust on Melicope (= Pelea) spp. (Ru- taceae) endemic to Hawaii. Spermogonia are not pro? duced, and teliospores are extruded from deep-seated telia in tightly compacted bristle-like columns. Telio? spores produced an elongate basidium, typically with one, but rarely two, basidiospores. Following kary- ogamy, the nucleus migrated into the basidium and divided one or more times to produce variably two, three, or four daughter nuclei. While the other nuclei remained apparently functionless in the basidium, the distal-most nucleus migrated into the developing ba? sidiospore and divided to produce a tetranucleate ba? sidiospore. The observed nuclear behavior and pro? duction of a single basidiospore are not typical of rust fungi elsewhere, but similar unusual teliospore ger? mination and nuclear behavior have been observed in other Hawaiian rusts.
Regulation of protein kinase C activity by various lipids.

Protein kinase C has recently attracted considerable attention because of its importance in the control of cell division, cell differentiation, and signal transduction across the cell membrane. The activity of this enzyme is altered by several lipids such as diacylglycerol, free fatty acids, lipoxins, gangliosides, and sulfatides. These lipids may interact with protein kinase C either directly or through calcium ions and produce their regulatory effect (activation or inhibition) on the activities of the enzymes phosphorylated by this kinase. These processes widen our perspective of the regulation of intercellular and intracelluular communication.
EFFECTS ON THE PLASMASPHERE OF A TIME-VARYING CONVECTION ELECTRIC FIELD.

Abstract The time evolution of the plasmasphere has been investigated theoretically, using simple computational models. The magnetic field is assumed to be dipolar and time-independent, but the convection electric field is allowed to vary in time. For purposes of comparison, various spatial distributions of the magnetospheric electric field are considered. Plasmasphere flux tubes are assumed to be filled by diffusion of plasma upwards from the dayside ionosphere. Following a reduction in the convection field, the bulge of the original plasmasphere develops into a long tail that gradually wraps itself around the main plasmasphere. Periodic gusts in a spatially uniform convection field produce extremely complicated fine structure that depends strongly on both local time and universal time. Each large gust produces a distinct tail of cold plasma that stretches from the main body of the plasmasphere to the magnetopause, and causes a peak in density, outside the main plasmapause; similar features have been observed by OGO satellites. The calculations indicate that a periodic gusty field has a major effect on the size of the plasmasphere if the field has large Fourier components close to the drift period of cold plasma near the plasmapause. Gusts occurring randomly, at an average rate of several a day, can also cause substantial reduction in the size of the plasmasphere. The assumption that the convection field is spatially uniform, but gusty, leads to better agreement with the observed average shape of the plasmasphere than the assumption of a constant, uniform electric field. The theory indicates that the thickness of the plasmasphere boundary should be inversely correlated with magnetic activity, in general agreement with OGO 5 observations.