cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The place of chemotherapy in the treatment of early breast cancer

The choice of systemic treatment for breast cancer depends on the tumour characteristics and stage of disease, and the patient's age, general state of health, menopausal status and oestrogen receptor (ER) status. Traditionally, endocrine therapy has been reserved for post-menopausal women, combination chemotherapy being more commonly used in premenopausal women. Chemotherapy remains the only option for patients with ER-negative breast cancer. The 1992 EBCTCG overview showed that, overall, polychemotherapy as adjuvant treatment for early breast cancer produced significant reductions in annual odds of recurrence and mortality, with a statistically significant trend towards greater benefits in patients aged under 50 years. Several trials have shown combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) to be more effective than single-agent chemotherapy in premenopausal women with node-positive tumours. However, although CMF chemotherapy seems to be effective irrespective of menopausal status, this benefit appears greatest in premenopausal women. The addition of anthracyclines to combination chemotherapy regimens has extended disease-free and overall survival rates in both premenopausal and post-menopausal women, including those with ER-positive tumours. The use of high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell support in early breast cancer is unjustified outside the clinical trial setting--current data indicate that such treatment may result in increased morbidity without a reduction in disease recurrence. Tamoxifen is effective in ER-positive disease; however, as yet few large comparative trials have compared endocrine treatment with chemotherapy in early breast cancer. Combination chemoendocrine therapy may provide a greater benefit than tamoxifen alone in early breast cancer, but this requires further study.
Disruption of the mouse Large gene in the enr and myd mutants results in nerve, muscle, and neuromuscular junction defects.

Abstract The autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder associated with the enervated (enr) mouse transgene insertion manifests impaired peripheral nerve regeneration due to defects in Schwann cells and resembles the myodystrophy (Largemyd) phenotype. Here we show that the enr transgene has integrated into Chr 8 approximately 160 kb downstream from the 3′ end of the Large gene disrupting its expression as confirmed by the lack of genetic complementation between Largemyd and enr mice, the very low Large mRNA levels in enr tissues and hypoglycosylation of α-dystroglycan, a known substrate of LARGE. Mutant nerve conduction and grip strength were impaired whereas sodium channel clustering at the nodes of Ranvier was unaffected. Interestingly, the mutant neuromuscular junctions displayed abnormal acetylcholine receptor clustering with reduced immunostaining for β-dystroglycan, laminin, agrin, MuSK, and to a lesser extent acetylcholinesterase and rapsyn. These data implicate LARGE in nerve, muscle, and neuromuscular junction function.
Influence of Sequential Guanidinium Methylation on the Energetics of the Guanidinium···Guanine Dimer and Guanidinium···Guanine···Cytosine Trimer: Implications for the Control of Protein···DNA Interactions by Arginine Methyltransferases†

Arginine methylation is a post-translational protein modification that is catalyzed by proteins known as arginine methyl transferases (RMTs). Recently, arginine methylation was postulated as an important modification in modulating biomolecular interactions. RMTs largely target nuclear proteins, so it is highly likely that they aid in modulating protein···DNA interactions. In this study, we probe the influence that sequential guanidinium methylation has on the energetics of the guanidinium···guanine and guanidinium···guanine···cytosine complexes using ab initio and double-hybrid density functional theory (DFT) methods. Structures of guanidinium···guanine complexes derived at the MP2/6-31+G** level of theory show that monomethylated, symmetrically dimethylated, and unsymmetrical dimethylated guanidiniums are all capable of forming guanidinium···guanine complexes. However, when cytosine is involved in a base pair to guanine, only the monomethylated and symmetrically dimethylated guanidinium groups are capabl...
rf surface resistance of Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films

The rf surface resistance of superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films has been measured using a stripline resonator technique. The electron-beam-evaporated films have been measured from 0.6 to 17.4 GHz and from 4.2 to 8 K. The surface resistance reaches as low as 3.9 x 10/sup -4/ ..cap omega.. at the lowest frequency, and is expected to improve significantly as the film quality is optimized.
Virtualization Technology and its Impact on Computer Hardware Architecture

The computer hardware of today's world was designed and architected for the purpose of running a single operating system and its applications and therefore most of the hardware of such computer would be left underutilized. Virtualization enables the option of running multiple virtual computers on a single physical system. This paper studies the various methods, through which virtualization is supported in computer systems. The impact of this solution on computer hardware architecture is also investigated.
A hybrid strain finite element for plates and shells

This paper describes a new hybrid strain finite element for geometrically linear analysis of plates and shells. The formulation for materially linear problems is based on a mixed variational principle having strain and displacement rates as independently varied fields. To facilitate extension to materially non-linear analysis, the variational principle is used in rate form and the plane stress assumption is not imposed a priori in the formulation. When desired, the plane stress assumption is imposed in a manner similar to imposition of fixed boundary conditions. The element geometry is based on a nine-noded quadrilateral with biquadratic interpolation of the displacement field. The strain field is based on a bilinear interpolation with additional non-linear terms, chosen on the basis of eigenvalue analysis. The element passes the required patch tests, does not display either membrane or shear locking effects, and is free of communicable spurious modes. Numerical results are presented for elastic analyses of several standard plate and shell test problems.
Factors Associated With Neonatal Intensive Care Follow-up Appointment Compliance

Background and methods. Our goal was to identify factors that affect neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) follow-up appointment compliance. Compliant and noncompliant infants discharged from the NICU over 1 year and scheduled for follow-up (133) were compared retrospectively; a prospective telephone survey of noncompliant families was also undertaken. Results. Maternal drug use (odds ratio [OR] = 0.049, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.005-0.506), multiple gestation pregnancy (OR = 0.163, 95% CI = 0.050-0.533), male sex (OR = 0.308, 95% CI = 0.112-0.850), and greater distance from the hospital (OR = 0.987, 95% CI = 0.976-0.999) were independently associated with lower appointment compliance. A greater number of days on oxygen was associated with greater odds of compliance (OR = 1.057, 95% CI = 0.976-0.999). Shorter NICU stays (P = .047) and less chronic lung disease (P = .026) were significantly associated with noncompliance by bivariate analysis only. Distance from the hospital and travel expense were the...
Probing near-surface nanoscale mechanical properties of low modulus materials using a quartz crystal resonator atomic force microscope

We describe the development of a technique for making indentations on the top 5‐20 nm of the surfaces of relatively low modulus materials using a high spatial and force sensitivity atomic force microscope (AFM) whose optical cantilever has been replaced by a quartz crystal resonator (QCR). Unlike conventional optical-cantilever-based AFMs, the accuracy of this technique is not compromised by the compliance of the loading system due to the high stiffness of the QCR. To obtain material modulus values from the indentation results, we find the commonly used Oliver‐Pharr model to be unsuitable because of our use of a sharp tip and relatively deep indentation. Instead, we develop a new analysis that may be more appropriate for the geometry we use as well as the non-linear constitutive behavior exhibited by the materials we examined. We calculated values for the moduli of several different materials, which we find to be consistent with the range of published data.
The benzene metabolite, hydroquinone and etoposide both induce endoreduplication in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells

Both occupational exposure to the leukemogen benzene and in vitro exposure to its metabolite hydroquinone (HQ) lead to the induction of numerical and structural chromosome changes. Several studies have shown that HQ can form DNA adducts, disrupt microtubule assembly and inhibit DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) activity. As these are potential mechanisms underlying endoreduplication (END), a phenomenon that involves DNA amplification without corresponding cell division, we hypothesized that HQ could cause END. We measured END in the human lymphoblastoid cell line, TK6, treated with HQ (0‐ 20 mM) and etoposide (0‐0.2 mM) for 48 h. Etoposide was used as a positive control as it is a topo II poison and established human leukemogen that has previously been shown to induce END in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Both HQ and etoposide significantly induced END in a dosedependent manner (Ptrend < 0.0001 and Ptrend 5 0.0003, respectively). Since END may underlie the acquisition of high chromosome numbers by tumour cells, it may play a role in inducing genomic instability and subsequent carcinogenesis from HQ and etoposide. In order to further explore the cytogenetic effects of HQ and etoposide, we also examined specific structural changes. HQ did not induce translocations of chromosome 11 [t(11;?)] but significantly induced translocations of chromosome 21 [t(21;?)] and structural chromosome aberrations (SCA) (Ptrend 5 0.0415 and Ptrend < 0.0001, respectively). Etoposide potently induced all these structural changes (Ptrend < 0.0001). The lack of an effect of HQ on t(11;?) and the reduced ability of HQ to induce t(21;?) and SCA, compared with etoposide, further suggests that HQ acts primarily as a topo II catalytic inhibitor rather than as a topo II poison in intact human cells.
What Are the Ants Doing? Vision-Based Tracking and Reconstruction of Control Programs

In this paper, we study the problem of going from a real-world, multi-agent system to the generation of control programs in an automatic fashion. In particular, a computer vision system is presented, capable of simultaneously tracking multiple agents, such as social insects. Moreover, the data obtained from this system is fed into a mode-reconstruction module that generates low-complexity control programs, i.e. strings of symbolic descriptions of control-interrupt pairs, consistent with the empirical data. The result is a mechanism for going from the real system to an executable implementation that can be used for controlling multiple mobile robots.
Distant metastasis is a critical mode of failure for patients with localized major salivary gland tumors treated with surgery and radiation.

Excellent local–regional control can be achieved for major salivary gland tumors treated with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. We evaluated the cumulative incidence and predictors of distant metastasis in high-risk major salivary gland tumors. Between 1990 and 2011, 200 patients with major salivary gland tumors received postoperative radiotherapy at our center. The patients’ median age was 60 years. Patients had primary tumors of the parotid gland (84 %), submandibular (16 %), and one sublingual gland. Among the patients, 34 % had T3-T4 tumors, 32 % had nodal involvement. Other high-risk features included close/positive margins and high-grade tumors. The median RT dose was 63 Gy. With a median follow-up of 50 months, the 5-year local control and regional control were 88 and 94 %, respectively. The 5-year freedom from distant metastasis was 73 %. The median overall survival was 14.6 years corresponding to a 5- and 10-year overall survival of 77 and 59 %, respectively. T category and nodal involvement were independent predictors of distant metastasis. Nodal involvement was also an independent predictor of overall survival. Distant relapse was the predominant mode of failure despite excellent local–regional control in high-risk major salivary gland tumors. Both advanced T category and nodal involvement were independent predictors of distant metastasis. More effective systemic therapy is needed to combat distant relapse.
Computer as chalk: cultivating and sustaining communities of youth as designers of tangible user interfaces

My research efforts focus primarily on two areas: (1) developing engaging technological tools that promote learning and creative expression and (2) designing supportive environments that invite broad participation with these technologies. In this dissertation, I argue that the ways in which people use chalk (e.g., drawing hopscotch grids) can serve as an inspiration for rethinking how people can harness the expressive power of computational technologies. Today's computing devices have the potential to enhance expressive activities for diverse groups in similar ways that chalk does, but that potential has yet to be realized. At the core of my research is the Hook-ups System, a set of technologies and activities designed to enable young people to create interactive experiences by programming connections between physical and digital media. With it, young people integrate sensors with various materials to create tangible interfaces for controlling images and sounds in computer programs that they themselves create. For example, a 10-year-old created a paper-plate-based flying saucer, added a sensor, then wrote a program to control an animated flying saucer image on the computer screen. A framework called the Constellation of Connected Creators emerged from my work with the Hook-ups System. It provides facilitators with strategies for introducing technological tools and activities to communities of learners. It identifies several roles that both facilitators and participants adopt over time to sustain youth engagement in technology-rich learning activities: creator, co-learner, collaborator, coach, and colleague. This dissertation reports on my investigation that took place in two after-school technology centers over a five-year period. Two sets of questions guided my inquiry. The first set probed how attributes of the Hook-ups System enabled diverse audiences to engage in building personally meaningful projects, express themselves, and transform how they approached design. The second set examined which strategies were successful for using the Constellation of Connected Creators to establish a culture in which facilitators engaged groups of newcomers, cultivated future facilitators and supported their successors. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Stereocontrolled Preparation of 3‐Acyltetrahydrofurans from Acid‐Promoted Rearrangements of Allylic Ketals: (2S,3S)‐3‐Acetyl‐8‐Carboethoxy‐2,3‐Dimethyl‐1‐Oxa‐8‐Azaspiro[4.5]Decane

Stereocontrolled preparation of 3-acyltetrahydrofurans from acid-promoted rearrangements of allylic ketals: (2S,3S)-3-acetyl-8-carboethoxy-2,3-dimethyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane intermediate: 10 g of a colorless oil that is comprised of the 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentene-3,4-diols intermediate: (2R,3S)- and (2S,3S)-1,4-dioxa-2,3-dimethyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-8-carboethoxy-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane reactant: nitromethane (100 mL) product: (2S,3S)-3-acetyl-8-carboethoxy-2,3-dimethyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane Keywords: acetal (and thioacetal) formation; addition, to CO; addition, to CO; annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; cyclization, miscellaneous; deprotection, oxygen; Grignard and related reactions; metalation reactions, lithium; metalation reactions, lithium; rearrangements; stereoselective reactions, diastereoselective; assay methods, of enantiomeric purity of alcohols by NMR analysis of Mosher esters; assay methods, of enantiomeric purity of ketones; 2-bromopropene; 2-lithiopropene; nitromethane; tetrahydrofuran; tert-butyllithium, extremely pyrophoric; nitromethane, potential explosive
Le syndrome d'abandon dans cinq romans de George Sand

II a souvent ete dit que les romans “champetres” de George Sand se lisent comme des contes de fee. car ils en sont proches, a la fois par l'agencement de leurs structures narratives, et par la richesse de leur investissement symbolique. L'un des moments privilegies du conte de fee est la scene d'abandon de l'enfant dans la foret. scenario qui trouve une elaboration tres importante chez George Sand. Ce scenario deborde d'ailleurs la nomenclature restreinte des romans champetres, puisqu'on le trouve non seulement dans la trilogie de La mare au Diable. Francois le Champi et La petite Fadette, mais aussi, avec certaines variantes, dans d'autres romans, dont Indiana et Mauprat. C'est une thematique qui illustre bien le “syndrome d'abandon”, decrit par la psychanalyse comme une angoisse d'insecurite affective, et qui se traduit, chez Sand, par tout un fantasme de l'egarement. Cette etude discutera du dispositif qui enclenche le traumatisme de l'abandon dans les cinq romans cites. Il s'agira des conditions de son occurrence, de la necessite de sa repetition, et des circonstances de sa resolution. La constance de certains elements spatio-temporels (eau, paysage non balise, regime nocturne) y sera examinee. La valorisation sexuelle (positive ou negative) d'une telle experience est inscrite dans chacun des cinq romans (c'est d'ailleurs la theme unique de La mare au Diable). Dans chaque cas, la regression necessaire que subit le sujet perdu lui permet un “retour sur soi”, et prepare la reparation gratifiante et stabilisante que le personnage sandien trouve toujours dans le geste therapeutique du maternage.
Active board concurrent maintenance

Due to the shrinking time allowed for deferred repair of system hardware in an increasing number of customer environments, it became evident that concurrent maintenance was a highly desirable capability. Concurrent maintenance is a method of installing or replacing a circuit card into a functioning, powered board without disrupting any part of the active system. With the appropriate hardware and software, defective cards can be replaced without impacting system operation or availability. When the power connection between a card and board is made, large transient current surges occur in the power distribution system. This creates noise on adjacent card voltage plates and signal lines. This disturbance can be reduced by slowing down and limiting the current surge into a card during a field replacement. This paper reviews the general requirements needed to implement concurrent maintenance in a card on board package. Concurrent maintenance impacts card design, board design, and power system design. However, the key to implementing concurrent maintenance is the design of a multiple pin length connector system. >
A different ocean acidification hazard--The Kolumbo submarine volcano example

1039 Detailed knowledge of the geochemistry of CO 2 , the signature molecule of the 21 st century, is a modern day requirement for almost all geochemists. Concerns over CO 2 driven contemporary climate change, its relationship to past climates in Earth history, skills required for geologic CO 2 sequestration, and the rapid emergence of ocean acidifi cation as an environmental threat are all prime subject matter for the literate geoscientist today. In this issue of Geology, Carey et al. (2013, p. 1035) describe a new, interesting, and quite powerful natural example of the intersection of these concerns in describing the build-up of a large body of acidic, dense CO 2 rich sea water in the shallow crater of the Kolumbo volcano close to the Mediterranean island of Santorini. They present this fi nding in the context of a geochemical hazard to humans and as a natural test bed for CO 2 sequestration leakage from shallow injection. How real are these concerns, how similar are the situations to known threats, what strategies could be taken, and how useful an analog is this fi nding to the broad discussion over world-wide ocean acidifi cation or the specifi c concerns over leakage from geologic CO 2 sequestration? Kolumbo last explosively erupted in A.D. 1650, and ~70 people were killed by volcanic gases (Fouque, 1879) so plainly the potential is real. The build-up of CO 2 in the crater at the time of this earlier eruption is not known, but some signifi cant concentration must surely have been present. The population of Santorini has likely increased since then, and thus some concern is clearly justifi ed. But what would it take to destabilize the CO 2 -rich waters, how large is the chemical reservoir compared to known hazards, and how might this threat be detected? The fi nding of submarine volcanos close to populated areas, and discussion of hazards from their eruptions, is not new, with the 2011‐ 2012 eruption of El Hierro, Canary Islands (see the Geology Research Focus by Schmincke and Sumita [2013]) a prominent recent example. But Carey et al. focus not only on the sporadic eruptive events, but also on the physical stability of the large (2.0 ◊ 10 5 m 3 STP; 395 metric tons) pool of excess CO 2 accumulated within the crater only 500 m below sea level, and draw attention to the similarity with the deadly abrupt release of CO 2 gas from the volcanic lakes Monoun and Nyos in Cameroon, Africa (Sigurdsson et al., 1987). Clearly there are some similarities: in both locations there is a crater-contained pool of CO 2 -enriched water made dense, and thus held in place, by the dissolution of the gas under hydrostatic pressure. This arises simply due to the fact that the partial molal volume of CO 2 in sea water (~30 ml/mol) is much less than its molecular weight (44 g/mol), so that dissolution creates a dense fl uid. The effect is well known, and dense plumes of CO 2 -enriched water have been readily created in experimental investigations of deep seafl oor CO 2 sequestration scenarios (Brewer et al., 2005).
Brain diabetic neurodegeneration segregates with low intrinsic aerobic capacity

Objectives Diabetes leads to cognitive impairment and is associated with age-related neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, understanding diabetes-induced alterations in brain function is important for developing early interventions for neurodegeneration. Low-capacity runner (LCR) rats are obese and manifest metabolic risk factors resembling human “impaired glucose tolerance” or metabolic syndrome. We examined hippocampal function in aged LCR rats compared to their high-capacity runner (HCR) rat counterparts. Methods Hippocampal function was examined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging, unbiased stereology analysis, and a Y maze. Changes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain function and levels of hyperphosphorylated tau and mitochondrial transcriptional regulators were examined. Results The levels of glutamate, myo-inositol, taurine, and choline-containing compounds were significantly increased in the aged LCR rats. We observed a significant loss of hippocampal neurons and impaired cognitive function in aged LCR rats. Respiratory chain function and activity were significantly decreased in the aged LCR rats. Hyperphosphorylated tau was accumulated within mitochondria and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α, the NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A were downregulated in the aged LCR rat hippocampus. Interpretation These data provide evidence of a neurodegenerative process in the hippocampus of aged LCR rats, consistent with those seen in aged-related dementing illnesses such as AD in humans. The metabolic and mitochondrial abnormalities observed in LCR rat hippocampus are similar to well-described mechanisms that lead to diabetic neuropathy and may provide an important link between cognitive and metabolic dysfunction.
Paradoxical effects of increased expression of PGC-1α on muscle mitochondrial function and insulin-stimulated muscle glucose metabolism

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α has been shown to play critical roles in regulating mitochondria biogenesis, respiration, and muscle oxidative phenotype. Furthermore, reductions in the expression of PGC-1α in muscle have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. To determine the effect of increased muscle-specific PGC-1α expression on muscle mitochondrial function and glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo, we examined body composition, energy balance, and liver and muscle insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies and muscle energetics by using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in transgenic mice. Increased expression of PGC-1α in muscle resulted in a 2.4-fold increase in mitochondrial density, which was associated with an ≈60% increase in the unidirectional rate of ATP synthesis. Surprisingly, there was no effect of increased muscle PGC-1α expression on whole-body energy expenditure, and PGC-1α transgenic mice were more prone to fat-induced insulin resistance because of decreased insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake. The reduced insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake could most likely be attributed to a relative increase in fatty acid delivery/triglyceride reesterfication, as reflected by increased expression of CD36, acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase1, and mitochondrial acyl-CoA:glycerol-sn-3-phosphate acyltransferase, that may have exceeded mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, resulting in increased intracellular lipid accumulation and an increase in the membrane to cytosol diacylglycerol content. This, in turn, caused activation of PKCθ, decreased insulin signaling at the level of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) tyrosine phosphorylation, and skeletal muscle insulin resistance.
Hedgehog-Regulated Processing of Gli3 Produces an Anterior/Posterior Repressor Gradient in the Developing Vertebrate Limb

Ci/Gli zinc finger proteins mediate the transcriptional effects of Hedgehog protein signals. In Drosophila, Ci action as transcriptional repressor or activator is contingent upon Hedgehog-regulated, PKA-dependent proteolytic processing. We demonstrate that PKA-dependent processing of vertebrate Gli3 in developing limb similarly generates a potent repressor in a manner antagonized by apparent long-range signaling from posteriorly localized Sonic hedgehog protein. The resulting anterior/posterior Gli3 repressor gradient can be perturbed by mutations of Gli3 in human genetic syndromes or by misregulation of Gli3 processing in the chicken mutant talpid2, producing a range of limb patterning malformations. The high relative abundance and potency of Gli3 repressor suggest specialization of Gli3 and its products for negative Hedgehog pathway regulation.
Deletion of the COX7 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals a role for cytochrome c oxidase subunit VII in assembly of remaining subunits.

Summary Cytochrome c oxidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is composed of nine subunits. Subunits I, II and III are products of mitochondrial genes, while sub-units IV, V, VI, VII, Vila and VIII are products of nuclear genes. To investigate the role of cytochrome c oxidase subunit VII in biogenesis or functioning of the active enzyme complex, a null mutation in the COX7 gene, which encodes subunit VII, was generated, and the resulting cox7 mutant strain was characterized. The strain lacked cytochrome c oxidase activity and haem a/a3 spectra. The strain also lacked subunit VII, which should not be synthesized owing to the nature of the cox7 mutation generated in this strain. The amounts of remaining cytochrome c oxidase sub-units in the cox7 mutant were examined. Accumulation of subunit I, which is the product of the mito-chondrial COX1 gene, was found to be decreased relative to other mitochondrial translation products. Results of pulse-chase analysis of mitochondrial translation products are consistent with either a decreased rate of translation of COX1 mRNA or a very rapid rate of degradation of nascent subunit I. The synthesis, stability or mitochondrial localization of the remaining nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits were not substantially affected by the absence of subunit VII. To investigate whether assembly of any of the remaining cytochrome c oxidase subunits is impaired in the mutant strain, the association of the mitochondrial-encoded subunits I, II and HI with the nuclear-encoded subunit IV was investigated. Relative to the parental COX7+ strain, the cox7 mutant strain showed no association of sub-unit IV with subunit I, and decreased association of subunits IV and II. These results provide direct evidence for a role for subunit VII in assembly between mitochondrial-encoded and nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits.
Identification of an apical Cl−/HCO3 − exchanger in the small intestine

HCO 3 − secretion is the most important defense mechanism against acid injury in the duodenum. However, the identity of the transporter(s) mediating apical HCO 3 − secretion in the duodenum remains...
Acetylcholine translocation in synaptic vesicle ghosts in vitro.

— Translocation of acetylcholine (ACh) into cholinergic synaptic vesicles depleted of ACh and ATP was studied by Sephadex gel filtration. The hypo-osmotically shocked vesicles become transiently leaky, but retain ACh under iso-osmotic conditions. Intravesicular accumulation of [3H]ACh is due to a simple diffusional equilibration. Addition of 2mM-ATP and Mg2+ to the incubation medium is without effect. When acetylcoenzyme A (AcCoA) and choline (Ch +) are used in place of preformed ACh, the intravesicular concentration of ACh does not exceed that of the newly synthesized, extravesicular ACh. However, in the absence of Na + the quantity of [3H]ACh associated with the vesicles increased, presumably due to ACh binding to ion-exchanger sites in the vesicles.
Selecting Spatiotemporal Patterns for Development of Parallel Applications

Design patterns for parallel computing attempt to make the field accessible to nonexperts by generalizing the common techniques experts use to develop parallel software. Existing parallel patterns have tremendous descriptive power, but it is often unclear to nonexperts how to choose a pattern based on the specific performance goals of a given application. This paper addresses the need for a pattern selection methodology by presenting four patterns and an accompanying decision framework for choosing from these patterns given an application's throughput and latency goals. The patterns are based on recognizing that one can partition an application's data or instructions and that these partitionings can be done in time or space, hence we refer to them as spatiotemporal partitioning strategies. This paper introduces a taxonomy that describes each of the resulting four partitioning strategies and presents a three-step methodology for selecting one or more given a throughput and latency goal. Several case studies are presented to illustrate the use of this methodology. These case studies cover several simple examples as well as more complicated applications including a radar processing application and an H.264 video encoder.
Spatial Dependence and Neighborhood Effects in Mortgage Lending: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach

Current research on mortgage lending disparity is mostly based upon the process-based approach on discrimination, and the outcome-based approach on lending disparity and redlining. In recent years, the outcome-based model has received much attention, particularly on the relationship between intra-metropolitan geography and mortgage lending outcomes. From a policy perspective, the theoretical and empirical evidence on lending disparity is of great importance. However, there exists a mismatch between theoretical models, which focus on racial preferences, and empirical studies, which are essentially reduced form without adequate information. Besides, it may be difficult to unravel the effects of neighborhood race and other attributes. So far most studies conducted with the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data ignore determinants of geographic variations in lending outcome, or simply attribute them to local variations in risk. This study intends to investigate spatial dependence and neighborhood effects of mortgage lending disparities in the Southern California Five-county Region. In so doing, it assesses indicators of primary mortgage market activity and their determinants for the region as a whole and for the sub-regions inside it. The study compiles data from the 2002 HMDA and the 2000 U.S. Census to undertake a variety of analyses, including computation, assessment, and mapping of social-economic characteristics, as well as home mortgage origination, denial rates, and secondary market purchase rates by census tracts among sampled areas and population cohorts. Cluster analysis on those social-economic and mortgage parameters show distinctive patterns of spatial clustering among tracts across the region. In observing these blueprints of spatial dependence, the study further undertakes a geographically weighted regression (GWR) to analyze the spatial non-stationarity of the determinants of variability in primary market loan denial rates across locations for the year 2002. The modeling result reveals that significant spatial non-stationarity exists between mortgage denial rates and the social-economic determinants. Specifically, the study finds that those census tract-level attributes, including income, population, age, racial composition, housing stock, etc., show significant and varying impacts on mortgage denial rate pattern by spatial clusters. In particular, higher values of spatially varying coefficients on racial composition on traditionally underserved areas, such as south-central Los Angeles, and central cities of outer counties, shed lights on the concerns of redlining. The study concludes that mortgage lending pattern is better understood by the geographically-weighted model than traditional Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression approaches on lending outcome, which ignore the spatial correlation among local determinants.
Cassini Maneuver Experience for the Fourth Year of the Solstice Mission

After sixteen years of successful mission operations and invaluable scientific discoveries, the Cassini orbiter continues to tour Saturn on the most complex gravity-assist trajectory ever flown. To ensure that the end-of-mission target of September 2017 is achieved, propellant preservation is highly prioritized over maneuver cycle minimization. Thus, the maneuver decision process, which includes determining whether a maneuver is performed or canceled, designing a targeting strategy and selecting the engine for execution, is being continuously re-evaluated. This paper summarizes the maneuver experience throughout the fourth year of the Solstice Mission highlighting 27 maneuvers targeted to nine Titan flybys.
Technique for Applying Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Eggs to Cotton

Greenhouse and field studies showed larval infestations from Heliothis virescens (F.) eggs could be developed on various parts of a cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., plant by applying eggs with a syringe to these plant parts. Plant damage was observed on greenhouse plants and larvae were recovered from 30% of the eggs placed on the plants. Lint yield in the field plots was reduced by 27% in plants that had been infested with six to eight eggs per 0.3 m of row.
Microtexture determination and its application to materials science

The study of structure-property relationships requires knowledge of the crystallographic texture on a local scale. Electron diffraction in scanning and transmission electron microscopy in combination with computerized analysis techniques can be used to determine the crystallographic orientations of individual grains in large quantities. In this way, the texture of local features in a microstructure, the misorientations between grains, and the spatial arrangement of grains of specific crystallographic orientations can be determined. This information is crucial for a mechanistic understanding of microstructure evolution during processing of materials.
Models for Interacting Populations

When species interact the population dynamics of each species is affected. In general there is a whole web of interacting species, sometimes called a trophic web, which makes for structurally complex communities. We consider here systems involving 2 or more species, concentrating particularly on two-species systems. The book by Kot (2001) discusses such models (including age-structured interacting population systems) with numerous recent practical examples. There are three main types of interaction. (i) If the growth rate of one population is decreased and the other increased the populations are in a predator- prey situation. (ii) If the growth rate of each population is decreased then it is competition. (iii) If each population’s growth rate is enhanced then it is called mutualism or symbiosis.
Objectification as negotiation: reexamining the agency of targets

ABSTRACTWhy and under what conditions do individuals participate in their own physical objectification? Literature across disciplines acknowledges such conditions exist but has limited capacity to specify when and how a person might participate in her own objectification. This article argues that a target of objectification, under certain conditions, can accept objectification in pursuit of another goal. This conception is counterintuitive given that existing approaches sometimes treat the targets of objectification as lacking agency. However, by obscuring this agency such accounts further the same objectification they highlight as problematic. This article offers a positive model of objectified targets’ agency. This model, called “Negotiated Objectification,” serves as an analytical tool that scholars can leverage in feminist academic debates over objectification. The utility of the model is illustrated using three examples: FEMEN’s topless protests; the politics of the Muslim headscarf; and women’s body...
Thrust Magnitudes, Rates, and 3-Dimensional Directions Delivered in Simulated Lumbar Spine High-Velocity, Low-Amplitude Manipulation.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to measure faculty performance of simulated spinal manipulation on a mannequin to help identify teaching standards. Methods We measured 3-dimensional transmitted loads using a force plate mounted in the table. Thrusts were delivered through a compliant, jointed mannequin by faculty members along predefined “listings” as taught in lumbopelvic technique courses. Results Eleven chiropractic faculty members participated, delivering 9 thrusts at 3 loads (light, moderate, and heavy) along 9 different prone and side-posture listings, totaling 81 thrusts per participant. Single-hand Gonstead-style thrusts had variability in magnitude across participants and loads: light thrusts averaged 365 N (95% confidence interval [CI] 327-402), moderate thrusts 454 N (421-487), and heavy thrusts 682 N (623-740). All faculty members could easily distinguish the loads within their performances, but there was some crossover of load levels between participants. Thrust rates averaged 3.55 N/ms (95% CI 3.29-3.82). The dominant vector of prone thrusts was in the z direction (vertically downward), but side-to-side and inferior-to-superior vector components occurred. Conclusion Faculty member performance of simulated spinal manipulation indicated that they are able to control the thrust magnitude and rate as well as direction. In this sample, there was significant variability in peak loads between participants, which needs to be considered in student learning standards. These findings may be useful in translating the understanding of force characteristics to the technique teaching lab.
Osteoradionecrosis: a review of pathophysiology, prevention and pharmacologic management using pentoxifylline, α-tocopherol, and clodronate.

A significant complication of radiotherapy to the head and neck for cancer treatment is osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaws. The management of ORN can be complex and often requires a multimodality approach. Nonsurgical treatments with or without adjunct measures and surgical interventions have all been employed on the basis of staging of the disease process. New theories on the pathophysiology of ORN have led to the identification of novel treatment modalities, including pharmacologic management using pentoxifylline, tocopherol, and clodronate (together referred to as “Pentoclo”). In this review article, we discuss the definition and staging of ORN, its etiology and pathophysiology, and traditional treatment options and present the available information on pentoxifylline, tocopherol, and clodronate and their use in combined therapy for ORN. Limited studies to date have demonstrated the effective pharmacologic use of Pentoclo in treating ORN and radiation-induced injury at other body sites. Further research is necessary to elucidate any potential role for the use of Pentoclo in the management of this debilitating disease process.
Maternal and offspring effects on the timing of parturition in western Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)

Identifying factors that affect the timing of parturition among annual breeders is important to aid our understanding of how variations may adversely affect population trends over both short and long temporal scales. We investigated the effect of several parameters on the timing of parturition among individual Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)) over 6 years between 2005 and 2016 using an information–theoretic approach. In addition to the random effect of year, birth and care of a pup in the previous year had the largest effect on parturition, causing a 2.4 day delay. Maternal age was negatively correlated with timing of parturition and male pups were born nearly a day earlier than female pups, on average. There was limited support for effects of sex and mass, with heavier pups born marginally earlier than lighter ones. This study illustrates some of the complexity of variables that can influence the timing of birth in this species and which should be considered in models that attempt ...
Observational Signatures of Planet Formation in Recent Resolved Observations of Protoplanetary Disks

Planets form in gaseous protoplanetary disks surrounding newborn stars. As such, the best way to learn how planets form from observations is to directly watch them forming in disks. By doing so, we can directly address the three most fundamental questions in planet formation : when, where, and how planets form. In the past, due to the difficulties in directly detecting planets in disks, planet formation has been a subject of theoretical astrophysics. Now, thanks to a fleet of new instruments with unprecedented resolving power that have come online in the past decade, we have just started to be able to directly resolve structures in protoplanetary disks that are unambiguously associated with planet formation activities. By comparing these observations with theoretical models of disk–planet interactions , we will be able to constrain the locations and properties of the (unseen) planets. This is the onset of a new field—observational planet formation. In this chapter, we highlight selected recent progresses in this field, with emphases on numerical modeling of observational signatures of planet-induced structures in disks, as well as the comparison between models and observations.
Home appliance detection from aggregated energy consumption data on a single circuit

Home appliance detection helps identify individual electrical and electronic appliances, which in turn can be used to foster more efficient energy usage habits and promote energy conservation, and enable load forecasting and demand response support. Prior approaches, however, require sub-metering high resolution power signals of individual appliances during training or testing, which is not practical as in practice such high resolution power signals would not be made available economically. We propose an alternative, low cost approach for home appliance detection that can be used to detect home appliances from the aggregated energy consumption data on a single circuit. In the first step, our proposed approach utilizes pattern matching algorithms to recover power from the minute level time series of aggregated energy use metered on a single circuit. In the second step, a domain knowledge based approach is proposed to label individual appliances based on matching with the known signatures for the appliances. Our proposed approach is validated using a dataset from Clarkson University's Smart Housing Project, where we apply the proposed approach to the dataset and measure precision and recall. The evaluation shows that our approach is promising in detecting those appliances that contribute the predominate energy consumption, such as mini-fridges, desktops, lamps, and laptops. We also analyze in detail the reasons why some appliances are harder to detect correctly.
„Career-Management“: Formen Organisatorischer Anpassung an den Technischen Wandel in den Amerikanischen Streitkräften

Wie alle Organisationen reagieren auch die amerikanischen Streitkrafte in unterschiedlichem Mase auf den Wandel in den internen und externen Erfordernissen. So haben die Entwicklungen in der Technologie der Kriegfuhrung die Zerstorungskraft und den Zielbereich ihrer Waffen vervielfacht, und neue technische Ausbildungswege wurden fur die Handhabung und Pflege der neuen Waffensysteme erforderlich. Diese Aspekte moderner Waffensysteme haben insbesondere in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten erhebliche Anderungen in der Struktur militarischer Organisationen erzwungen.
The productive infection of alveolar macrophages by simian immunodeficiency virus

Alveolar macrophages obtained from healthy rhesus monkeys were infected with SIV in vitro as documented by the appearance of reverse transcriptase activity in the cell-free supernatant, electronmicroscopy, and immunohistochemical methods detecting SIV-related core protein. The results demonstrate permissive infection of alveolar macrophages with SIV in vitro and define a system for studying macrophage-SIV interactions.
Bridging Micro and Macro Scales in Fluids

This paper presents coarse-graining methodologies for the passage from Molecular Dynamics (MD) models of fluids to the Navier-Stokes equations via an intermediate scale model. The microscopic and macroscopic descriptions of fluids are bridged by taking spatial and temporal averages of atomic quantities. The result is a set of discrete stochastic equations governing the evolution of coarse-grained mass, momentum, and energy, which can be shown to converge to a finite-difference representation of the Navier-Stokes equations in the large scale limit.
5G in E-Commerce Activities

5G services, on their own or in combination with other technologies, are likely to have a transformative impact on e-commerce activities.
Safety and Tolerability of Accelerated Infliximab Infusions in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

INTRODUCTION:Infliximab for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is FDA-approved to be administered 2 h or more. We adopted a new protocol to infuse infliximab over 1 h and in this study, we aimed to determine the safety of a 1-h infusion.METHODS:This retrospective cohort included adult IBD patients who