cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beverage emulsions: Comparison among nanoparticle stabilized emulsion with starch and surfactant stabilized emulsions

Abstract Emulsions are widely used in beverages to impart desired appearance and flavor to the products. Ring formation in beverages with emulsions during thermal processing and storage is one of the key challenges. This study was aimed at comparing the relative effectiveness of silica nanoparticle based emulsifiers with surfactant and biopolymer based emulsifier (modified starch) in influencing physical stability of emulsions in a model juice. The stability of emulsions was measured by characterizing changes in emulsion droplet size, zeta potential, UV–vis absorbance and visual evaluation of phase separation or ring formation in both primary emulsions and beverage emulsions as a function of storage time. The influence of thermal processing on stability of emulsions both immediately after processing and upon storage was evaluated. The thermal processing conditions simulated both high temperature short time and low temperature long time pasteurization conditions. The results demonstrate that the mean droplet diameter of primary emulsions stabilized by selected emulsifiers was stable during storage for 21 days with and without pasteurization. Based on measurements of mean droplet diameter and visible ring formation, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (tween-20) stabilized emulsion was not stable in a model juice and the stability of this emulsion was further reduced with thermal processing. In contrast, starch and silica stabilized emulsions in a model juice did not show significant changes in particle diameter or visible ring formation during storage with and without prior thermal processing, although starch stabilized emulsion did show a decrease in absorbance during storage. Zeta potential measurements in a model juice indicate that the surface properties of emulsions were significantly distinct from those of primary emulsion, indicating interaction of juice components with the emulsion interface influencing the surface charge at the interface. These changes in zeta potential of emulsion droplets did not correlate with reduced stability of the emulsions. Overall, the results demonstrate that nanoparticle stabilized emulsions can improve stability of emulsion in beverages as compared to surfactant and biopolymer stabilized emulsions and provides a comprehensive matrix to evaluate stability of emulsions in beverages.
Type-specific streptococcal antibodies in amniotic fluid.

Abstract Type-specific antibodies against group B streptococcal and pneumococcal capsular antigens were measured in 68 amniotic fluid samples from healthy women between 16 and 20 weeks of pregnancy. Mean antibody levels ranged from 0.13 to 0.61 μg/ml, with few samples having >1 μg/ml against any antigen. The role of antibodies in protection against intrauterine infection is discussed.
Characterization of chloride transport in the unsaturated zone near salted road

The application of road salts as deicing agents contributes to the anthropogenic loading of chloride (Cl−) on the environment. Using a 2D solute model, the potential of the unsaturated zone to serve as a reservoir and the mechanisms controlling the movement of Cl− were examined. Physical properties and initial pore-water Cl− concentrations were derived from an array of soil borings. Initial pore-water concentrations show the presence of a Cl− “slug” approximately 0.75 m below the surface. Simulations show that within the unsaturated zone, Cl− transport is predominantly vertical, driven by molecular diffusion. After a 1-year simulation, a Cl− slug similar to the background observation was noted. While Cl− is retained in the unsaturated zone, a net loss of Cl− from the unsaturated zone was simulated for the first 10 years. In year 11, an equilibrium between the Cl− input and output is achieved. The presence of Cl− in the unsaturated zone becomes a long-term source of chloride to the groundwater, which eventually discharges into the surface water. Historically, surface water chemistry data support the continual discharge of chloride to the surface water in the area, further supporting the hypothesis that the unsaturated zone serves as a Cl− reservoir.
Detection of radioactive components in polyacrylamide gel disc electropherograms by automated mechanical fractionation.

An accurate, expedient method has been developed for the automated assay of radioactivity in polyacrylamide gels. In this method gels are fractionated following disc gel electrophoresis with a mechanical fractionator, mixed with an eluent carrier and then with scintillation solution, and passed through a flow cell. The flow cell can be monitored either by a single-channel scintillation spectrometer equipped with a rate meter and a single-pen chart recorder, or by a multichannel spectrometer. Analysis of gels 10 cm in length requires about 130 ml of scintillation solution and is completed in about 45 min. Assays of high- and low-concentration gels containing profiles of 3H- and 14C-labeled nucleotides (the products of enzymic reactions of adenine and hypoxanthine-quanine phosphoribosyltransferases) have shown that this method is accurate, highly discriminating, sensitive, and substantially more expedient than manual methods of slicing and digestion.
Laparoscopic cryoablation for small renal masses: three-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVES To report our experience with laparoscopic renal cryoablation for patients who have completed a minimum of 3 years of follow-up. METHODS From July 2000 to March 2005, 81 patients underwent laparoscopic renal cryoablation for renal masses. Of these 81 patients, 31 (38%) underwent laparoscopic renal cryoablation for 36 tumors and have completed a minimal follow-up of 3 years (mean 45.7 months). The postoperative follow-up protocol consisted of serial contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging at 1 day, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, and yearly thereafter. RESULTS Twenty-seven tumors were partially exophytic, five were totally endophytic, and four were hilar tumors. The mean operative time was 2.9 hours, with a mean estimated blood loss of 97 mL. The mean renal tumor size was 2.1 cm. In early follow-up, the ablation zone was larger than the tumor but subsequently diminished to the original tumor size 6 months postoperatively. Thereafter, the ablation zone size decreased. The biopsy results revealed that 22 tumors (61%) were malignant and 14 (39%) were benign. The renal tumor 3-year cancer-specific survival rate was 100%, and no patient developed metastatic disease. One patient demonstrated return of abnormal enhancement within the cryolesion during follow-up, suggesting tumor recurrence. One patient had a hemorrhage and urinary leak after cryoablation of an endophytic tumor and was treated conservatively. CONCLUSIONS Renal cryoablation is safe and offers a minimally invasive nephron-sparing alternative. The oncologic adequacy of renal cryoablation requires long-term follow-up data, but the intermediate-term data seem equivalent to that achieved with extirpative therapy.
Detection of disease in stored potatoes by volatile monitoring

The feasibility of early disease detection in potato storages by the monitoring of volatiles was investigated usingErwinia carotovora as a model storage pathogen (soft rot) in both laboratory and commercial site tests. Volatiles were collected by cryogenic air liquefaction and concentrrated on Tenax-GC adsorbent. Analyses by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy identified acetone, ethanol, and 2-butanone being produced in abnormal concentrations during host-soft rot incubations in a controlled environment. Preliminary comparisons between diseased and normal commercial bins at different storage sites (two cultivars) indicated soft rot infection also created abnormally high concentrations of the above three volatiles, with most notable differences in 2-butanone concentrations. The criteria of selection for volatiles for possible use as incipient disease indicators are discussed in terms of the composite rate of pathogenic destruction within a potato pile. Additional volatiles identified from potatoes inoculated withE. carotovora include: acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propanethiol, hydrogen sulfide, methyl sulfide, methyl disulfide, n-propanol, and isobutanol.
Tobacco use outcomes among patients with head and neck carcinoma treated for nicotine dependence: a matched-pair analysis.

BACKGROUND The current study described tobacco use outcomes among patients with head and neck carcinoma who underwent treatment for nicotine dependence at the Mayo Clinic Nicotine Dependence Center (NDC; Rochester, MN). METHODS Using a 1:1 matched-pair design, conditional logistic regression was employed to compare the 6-month tobacco abstinence outcomes of patients with head and neck carcinoma (n = 101) with controls (n = 101) from the general patient population treated for nicotine dependence between 1988 and 2001. The two groups were matched with regard to age, gender, date of treatment, and type of NDC treatment service. RESULTS Baseline demographics were similar between both groups. However, patients with head and neck carcinoma smoked significantly more cigarettes per day (cpd) than controls (P = 0.003). The self-reported tobacco abstinence rate at the 6-month follow-up was 33% for patients with head and neck carcinoma compared with 26% for matched controls (P = 0.279; after adjusting for baseline cpd and stage of change, P = 0.205). Among patients with head and neck carcinoma, the tobacco abstinence rates were 47%, 22%, and 19%, respectively, for those receiving an NDC consult within 3 months, between 3 months and 5 years, and > 5 years after their diagnosis (P = 0.021). Furthermore, the patients with head and neck carcinoma treated within 3 months of diagnosis who received surgery (with or without radiation therapy) were more likely to be tobacco abstinent than those who received primary radiation therapy (P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that nicotine dependence treatments were effective among patients with head and neck carcinoma, particularly when delivered shortly after initial diagnosis and for those who received surgery as their primary treatment. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Differentiation and maturation of cultured fetal rat jejunum.

To determine whether differentiation and maturation of mammalian intestinal mucosa require influences available only in vivo or whether they can occur in vitro, fetal rat jejunum was cultured in chemically defined medium using organ culture methodology. Segments of jejunum from 18-day fetal rats were cultured in modified Liebowitz L-15 medium in room air at 37°C. Segments harvested after 24, 48, and 72 hr of culture were examined by light and electron microscopy. Uncultured jejunum from 18-day fetuses had either no or very few rudimentary villi and was lined largely by undifferentiated stratified epithelium. Goblet cells were not seen. In contrast, villi were present in the majority of 24-hr cultures, and simple columnar rather than stratified epithelium predominated. After 48 and 72 hr, villi were present in over 90% of cultured jejunal segments and stratified epithelium had disappeared. Goblet cells were seen in jejunal segments cultured 48 hr or longer in 47 of 74 fetuses. Electron microscopy further documented progressive differentiation of the epithelium during culture. Microvilli increased in number and height, a terminal web developed in the apical cytoplasm and the number of apical vesicles, mitochondria and formed elements of endoplasmic reticulum increased in absorptive cells. Jejunal lactase and alkaline phosphatase activity increased nine- and sevenfold, respectively, during 72 hr of culture, while the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme, ornithine carbamoyl transferase, increased fourfold. These observations indicate that jejunum from 18-day fetal rats can be cultured in vitro for at least 72 hr in chemically defined medium and that, during culture, maturation of the jejunal mucosa takes place with the appearance of villi, conversion of stratified to columnar epithelium and differentiation of individual epithelial cells.
Process‐Induced Morphological Defects in Epitaxial CVD Silicon Carbide

Silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductor technology has been advancing rapidly, but there are numerous crystal growth problems that need to be solved before SiC can reach its full potential. Among these problems is a need for an improvement in the surface morphology of epitaxial films that are grown to produce device structures. Various processes before and during epilayer growth lead to the formation of morphological defects observed in SiC epilayers grown on SiC substrates. In studies of both 6H and 4H-SiC epilayers, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and other techniques have been used to characterize SiC epilayer surface morphology. In addition to the well-known micropipe defect, SiC epilayers contain growth pits, triangular features (primarily) in 4H-SiC, and macro step due to step bunching. In work at NASA Lewis, it has been found that factors contributing to the formation of some morphological defects include: defects in the substrate bulk, defects in the substrate surface caused by cutting and polishing the wafer, the tilt angle of the wafer surface relative to the basal plane, and growth conditions. Some of these findings confirm results of other research groups. This paper presents a review of published and unpublished investigations into processes that are relevant to epitaxial film morphology.
Plasma membrane insulin receptors in fetal rabbit lung.

Summary: Previous studies have suggested that fetal hyperinsulinemia which occurs in offspring of diabetic mothers is responsible for diminished surfactant production and respiratory distress syndrome. Recognition of specific insulin effects on fetal lung tissue prompted us to characterize insulin receptors on plasma membranes of fetal rabbit lung tissue and to investigate the effects of maternal diabetes on such receptors. Six pairs of pregnant New Zealand rabbits were studied. One of each pair received alloxan (60 mg/kg) intravenously on day 14 of pregnancy, whereas the controls received saline. Animals were sacrificed on day 28 of gestation, and for each experiment, crude plasma membranes were prepared from maternal and pooled fetal lung tissue for 125I-insulin binding studies. Plasma glucose values were elevated for both maternal diabetic (246 ± 81 versus 98.5 ± 7.1 mg/dl; P < 0.001) and fetal diabetic offspring (160 ± 69 versus 55 ± 12 mg/dl; P < 0.02) in comparison to controls. Fetal diabetic offspring had plasma insulin values significantly higher than control fetuses (84.8 ± 25 versus 23.2 ± 3.7 μU/ml), (mean ± S.D.); P < 0.05). Insulin was undetectable in diabetic mothers. Lung membranes from fetuses of diabetic animals bound significantly more insulin than did those of control fetuses. Scatchard analysis yielded curvilinear plots of bound fractions versus total amount of insulin bound suggesting the presence of more than one class of receptors or negative cooperativity. Assuming two classes of receptors, one of high affinity and low capacity and another of low affinity and high capacity, we found that fetal membranes had a five-fold increase in binding capacity of high-affinity receptors as compared to adult membranes. In spite of marked hyperinsulinemia in the offspring of the diabetic animal, the fetal lung, far from experiencing a down-regulation of insulin receptor binding, showed increased insulin binding. This finding is consistent with observations made previously on circulating monocytes of infants of diabetic mothers. Speculation: Hyperinsulinemia occurring postnatally appears to lead to down-regulation of insulin binding. Although the mechanisms of down-regulation are not clearly understood, from a teleological standpoint the phenomenon may be viewed as partially protecting the organism from the effects of hyperinsdinism because less binding sites are available for insulin to exert its effects on target tissues. In the fetus, this protective mechanism does not appear to exist in at least two tissues examined thus far, circulating monocytes of the human and lung tissue of the rabbit. The fetus with hyperinsulinemia may therefore be subject to the double jeopardy of higher concentrations of insulin and higher binding of insulin to its target tissues.
Indentation-induced localized deformation and elastic strain partitioning in composites at submicron length scale

Abstract Three-dimensional spatially resolved strains were mapped in a model NiAl/Mo composite after nanoindentation. The depth-dependent strain distributed in the two phases and partitioned across the composite interfaces is directly measured at submicron length scale using X-ray microdiffraction and compared with a detailed micromechanical stress analysis. It is shown that indentation-induced deformation in the composite material is distinct from deformation expected in a single-phase material. This difference arises in part from residual thermal strains in both phases of the composite in the as-grown state. Interplay between residual thermal strains and external mechanical strain results in a complex distribution of dilatational strain in the Mo fibers and NiAl matrix and is distinct in different locations within the indented area. Reversal of the strain sign (e.g., alternating tensile/compressive/tensile strain distribution) is observed in the NiAl matrix. Bending of the Mo fibers during indentation creates relatively large ∼1.5° misorientations between the different fibers and NiAl matrix. Compressive strain along the 〈0 0 1〉 direction reached −0.017 in the Mo fibers and −0.007 in the NiAl matrix.
Diagnostic specificity and nonspecificity in the dimensions of preschool psychopathology

Background: The appropriateness of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) nosology for classifying preschool mental health disturbances continues to be debated. To inform this debate, we investigate whether preschool psychopathology shows differentiation along diagnostically specific lines when DSM-IV symptoms are aggregated statistically. Methods: One thousand seventy-three parents of preschoolers aged 2‐5 years attending a large pediatric clinic completed the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5‐5. A stratified probability sample of 193 parents of high scorers and 114 parents of low scorers were interviewed with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on symptoms from seven DSM disorders. Results: Comparison of competing models supported the differentiation of emotional syndromes into three factors: social phobia (SOC), separation anxiety (SAD), and depression/generalized anxiety (MDD/GAD), and the differentiation of disruptive syndromes into three factors: oppositional defiant/ conduct syndrome (ODD/CD), hyperactivity/impulsivity, and inattention. Latent syndrome correlations were moderately high after accounting for symptom overlap and measurement error. Conclusions: Psychopathology appears to be differentiated among preschoolers much as it is among older children, and adolescents. We conclude that it is as reasonable to apply the DSM-IV nosology to preschoolers as it is to apply it to older individuals. Keywords: Internal validity, comorbidity, preschool children, nosology, DSM, validity, confirmatory factor analysis.
Ocean science: Follow the fish.

A global, long-term programme of ecological monitoring is needed to track ocean health, say J. Anthony Koslow and Jennifer Couture.
Thoracoscopy training in a residency program

Video-assisted thoracoscopy (VAT) is rapidly gaining application in a variety of thoracic surgical procedures. As a result, fellowship programs in thoracic surgery need to provide training in VAT techniques. Instruction should include emphasis on aspects of the open procedures, including the anatomic relationships as seen through an open thoracotomy and on cross-sectional imaging techniques. Standardization of the indications for VAT, as well as emphasis on the basic principles of visualization and operative manipulation, will serve to reinforce the advantages and limitations inherent to VAT. An initial exposure to VAT in a nonclinical context, including didactic instruction in the instrumentation and skills, review of videotapes, and animate or inanimate laboratory instruction, provides a controlled setting for learning the fundamentals. Interactive assistance with clinical VAT procedures should be encouraged once the basic principles are learned. Ultimately, guidelines and qualifications for performing VAT procedures should be incorporated into the requirements for thoracic surgical training programs.
Nanoparticle Heat Transfer and Its Application to Laser Hyperthermia

Nanoparticles-enabled laser hyperthermia holds a great promise as a new therapeutic treatment for cancer patients. This paper presents some preliminary data on the frequency tenability of nanostructures and on the heat transfer aspect of this process that results from the interaction between high frequency electromagnetic field and nanostructures. Maxwell equations are solved to predict heat generation from the surface plasma resonance excitation of a nano-sized particle or structure by a laser beam. An experimental system has also been setup to validate the concept of heat generation through particle-laser interaction. Results obtained on both model tissues and on mice are consistent with the model predictions. Experiments further show that concentrated local heating can be generated in cancerous cells for a thermal kill.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Limitations of ground-based solar irradiance estimates due to atmospheric variations

[1] The uncertainty in ground-based estimates of solar irradiance is quantitatively related to the temporal variability of the atmosphere's optical thickness. The upper and lower bounds of the accuracy of estimates using the Langley plot technique are proportional to the standard deviation of aerosol optical thickness (approximately ±13σ(δτ)). The estimates of spectral solar irradiance in two Cimel Sun photometer channels at 340 and 380 nm from the Mauna Loa site of the Aerosol Robotic Network are compared with satellite observations from the Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) on the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite for almost 2 years of data. The true solar variations related to the 27-day solar rotation cycle observed from SOLSTICE are ∼0.15% at the two Sun photometer channels. The variability in ground-based estimates is statistically 1 order of magnitude larger. Even though ∼30% of these estimates from all Level 2.0 Cimel data fall within the 0.4–0.5% variation level, ground-based estimates are not able to capture the 27-day solar variation observed from SOLSTICE.
Enhanced behavioral response to repeated d-amphetamine and personality traits in humans

Abstract Background: This study examined whether the magnitude of the behavioral response to repeated d-amphetamine administration previously demonstrated in a double-blind study in humans was associated with certain personality characteristics. Methods: Eleven normal volunteers completed the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) prior to being administered three doses of d-amphetamine (0.25 mg/kg) alternating with three doses of placebo over 6 consecutive days. Behavioral measures included eye-blink rates as well as ratings of elevated mood, increased motor activity/energy, and increased speech. These variables were assessed once prior to dosing, then hourly for 5 hours. Results: A greater magnitude of change in elevated mood over the three amphetamine doses significantly correlated with ratings of the Novelty Seeking on the TPQ. Conclusions: These results suggest that similar to findings in animal models, there are certain intrinsic behavioral characteristics that are associated with amphetamine sensitivity in humans.
Hydrolysis of cellulose by saturating and non-saturating concentrations of cellulase: implications for synergism

Hydrolysis of Cellulose by Saturating and Non–Saturating Concentrations of Cellulase: Implications for Synergism
Does Gender Moderate the Relations Between Externalizing Behavior and Key Emergent Literacy Abilities? Evidence From a Longitudinal Study.

Objective: There is a significant negative relation between externalizing behavior and emergent literacy skills among preschool children. Method: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of gender on the predictive relation of externalizing behavior and emergent literacy in a group of 178 preschool children (mean age = 48.50 months, SD = 3.66; 48% boys). Results: Externalizing behaviors predicted emergent literacy over time. Distinct patterns of predictive associations dependent on gender were found. Girls with higher levels of externalizing behaviors experienced less change in their vocabulary skills compared with the vocabulary change shown by girls with lower levels of these problem behaviors. Conclusion: The results suggest that early identification programs that include externalizing behavior problems and their relation with emergent literacy development should account for potential gender differences. A theoretical framework in which girls with behavior problems receive less opportunity f...
Color filter array design based on a human visual model

ABSTRACT To reduce cost and complexity associated with registering multiple color sensors, most consumer digital colorcameras employ a single sensor. A mosaic of color lters is overlaid on a sensor array such that only one colorchannel is sampled per pixel location. The missing color values must be reconstructed from available data beforethe image is displayed. The quality of the reconstructed image depends fundamentally on the array pattern andthe reconstruction technique. We present a design method for color lter array patterns that use red, green,and blue color channels in an RGB array. A model of the human visual response for luminance and opponentchrominance channels is used to characterize the perceptual error between a fully sampled and a reconstructedsparsely-sampled image. Demosaicking is accomplished using Wiener reconstruction. To ensure that the errorcriterion reects perceptual eects, reconstruction is done in a perceptually uniform color space. A sequentialbackward selection algorithm is used to optimize the error criterion to obtain the sampling arrangement. Twodierent types of array patterns are designed: non-periodic and periodic arrays. The resulting array patternsoutperform commonly used color lter arrays in terms of the error criterion.Keywords: Color lter array, human visual model, optimal sample selection
A rapid and accurate procedure for assaying DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, or ribosome dependent protein synthesis.

Abstract A descending paper chromatographic procedure for separating trichloracetic acid soluble from precipitable material is described. Its use for assaying DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis from a variety of sources with various states of purity attests to its general applicability to reactions of interest to molecular biologists. Large numbers of analyses can be carried out in a short period of time without compromising accuracy or reliability. The use of this procedure for still more enzymes, those involved in modifying DNA, RNA, or proteins, is discussed.
A Thin Film Process to Improve Off Axis Viewing of Liquid Crystal Displays

Abstract A well known technique to obtain homogeneous alignment of nematic liquid crystals with positive dielectric anisotropy for use in twisted nematic displays is to deposit a silicon monoxide film onto the aligning substrate surface at an oblique angle between 3–6°. This range of deposition angles provides excellent normal contrast ratio but is poor when viewed off axis. This paper describes an alternative approach utilizing a double SiO deposition that improves off axis viewing. The first SiO layer (350 A) was deposited at 6°. The second layer (20–50 A) was deposited at 30°. The second layer seems to have a smoothing effect on the 6° structure, as substantiated by TEM studies, thus lowering the tilt angle.
Participation in Extracurricular Activities and Adolescent Adjustment: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Findings

This study extends previous understanding of the association between adolescent extracurricular activity participation and adjustment by asking whether participation in school-based extracurricular activities is associated with lower substance use and depression, higher grades and academic aspirations, and more positive attitude toward school. In addition, it examines the role of life events stress and time spent in activities as potential moderators of the association. Data come from an ethnically diverse sample of adolescents from 6 California highschools (N = 3,761). Cross-sectional results suggest participation is associated with more positive adolescent outcomes for all variables except alcohol use and depression, controlling for gender, ethnicity, and grade. Longitudinal analyses are consistent with these findings. Cumulative participation over a 3-year period predicts adolescent outcomes controlling for both Time 1 outcomes and demographic characteristics. In addition, within-person analyses reveal year-to-year covariation of participation and positive outcomes.
Finding the corridor more traveled

As wildlands give way to an expanding human footprint, scientists and land managers have struggled to develop land conservation strategies that protect biodiversity. A favored strategy is to connect large habitat areas with landscape corridors (1–3). Yet, the scientific question remains: Do corridors actually work to promote dispersal and conserve biodiversity? In this issue of PNAS, Gillies and St. Clair's (4) answer this question with a clever behavioral experiment that offers new insights into the circumstances under which corridors benefit species.
Self-Generating Brayton Cycle Performance Model

A mathematical model is described which permits the performance analysis of advanced Brayton cycles as used in turbine engines for stationary and flight power plant applications. The model permits the performance evaluation of different working fluids, provides for various component combinations, and facilitates exchange of parameters and variables for off-design point performance and tradeoff studies. The concept of entropy production is used for expressing the losses (irreversible effects, efficiencies) occurring in components of turbine engines. The derived equations permit the use of specific heat as a function of temperature in energy, entropy, and mass flow relations and establish a consistent set which facilitates the generalized performance analysis. Examples related to open and closed Brayton cycles are discussed. Two significant relationships are obtained for the evaluation of working fluids.Copyright © 1968 by ASME
Targeted therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: Current challenges and future directions

Progress in understanding tumor biology has led to the identification of a number of candidate molecules that are potential targets for the medical treatment of cancer. Drugs that impede these molecules are labeled targeted therapies. The goal of these drugs is to selectively interrupt the molecular pathways responsible for tumor growth and survival. Some of these targeted therapies have made important, albeit modest, contributions to the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. It is becoming apparent, however, that the activity levels with the currently available targeted therapies are far lower than hoped, and toxicities are often nontrivial. In this review, we first discuss the data regarding these agents and the challenges of optimizing targeted therapies through combinations with cytotoxic chemotherapies and combinations of multiple targeted agents. We also focus on some of the newer promising drugs and strategies currently being tested in clinical trials.
Nanosecond Resolved Temperature Measurements Following Pulsed Laser Irradiation

A transient resistance technique has been developed which allows monitoring the temperature of a thin film sample at a fixed depth from the surface following pulsed laser irradiation. The technique utilizes the temperature dependence of a thin, electrically insulated, semiconducting or metallic layer. Temperature determinations with nanosecond resolution, an absolute accuracy of ±50 K, and a relative accuracy of ±5 K are demonstrated. Combined with simultaneous interface position and velocity measurements, the undercooling at the interface during rapid solidification may be obtained. Preliminary results using this technique during the solidification of thin Ge films are presented.
Microdeformation in partially compatible blends of poly(styrene-acrylonitrile) and polycarbonate

Dilute 3-component 1-phase solutions in methylene chloride of poly(styrene-acrylonitrile) PSAN and polycarbonate PC are used to cast phase separated thin films. Films of pure PSAN, pure PC and five intermediate compositions are examined. The films are bonded to copper grids and strained at a constant rate of 4.1 × 10−6sec−1. The median tensile strainev for void formation is determined using an optical microscope and the regions surrounding the voids are examined by TEM. At room temperature and slow strain rates both PSAN and PC plastically deform by shear yielding. For pure PSANev was found to be ≈ 0.13 whereas for PCev exceeds 0.23. The addition of the more ductile polymer PC to PSAN at weight fractionsx forx ⩽ 0.4 decreasesev. In this case voids form in crazes at the boundaries between the PC-rich inclusion and the PSAN-rich matrix. When the PC content is increased tox = 0.8,ev approaches 0.23. The effect of physical ageing (annealing belowTg the glass transition temperature) on the mode of plastic deformation was also examined over the same compositional range. Physical ageing was found to suppress shear deformation and favour crazing in PSAN and PSAN-rich phases. Because crazes are more susceptible to breakdown than DZ's (shear deformation zones), physical ageing results in a marked decrease inev. The breakdown statistics of these phase separated partially compatible blends was found to follow a Weibull distribution in strain from which two parameters may be extracted: ϱ the Weibull modulus andew the Weibull scale parameter. δ is a measure of the breadth of distribution of void initiation andew is a measure of the median strain to void formation in the films. The behaviour ofew was found to approximately mirrorev. The Weibull modulus ϱ appears to be primarily controlled by the matrix phase.
O brother, where art thou? The fraternal birth-order effect on male sexual orientation

Sigmund Freud has a lot to answer for. As the 20th century began, he convinced medical professionals that abnormal family relationships caused children to develop a homosexual orientation, which could be “cured” by psychoanalysis. Not until the 1970s would psychiatric and psychological associations finally repudiate this idea that gay people have any illness that needs treating. Since then, a host of reports bolster the idea that prenatal events, rather than family relations, affect the likelihood that a person will grow up to be straight or gay. For example, for each additional brother that precedes him, a boy’s chance of growing up to be gay increases by a third. If Freud had known that, he might have suggested that the presence of older brothers shifts family dynamics, subjecting the youngest son to a social milieu that leads to homosexuality. However, in this issue of PNAS, Anthony Bogaert (1) provides evidence that the social influence of an older brother is irrelevant to whether his younger brother will develop a homosexual orientation. It is the number of older biological brothers the mother carried, not the presence of older brothers while growing up, that makes some boys grow up to be gay. Older stepbrothers in the home have no effect, although older biological brothers raised apart still exert their influence. These data, by elimination, strengthen the notion that the common denominator between biological brothers, the mother, provides a prenatal environment that fosters homosexuality in her younger sons.
Long-term dynamics of high area-to-mass ratio objects in high-Earth orbit

Abstract The dynamics of high area-to-mass ratio (HAMR) objects has been studied extensively since the discovery of this debris population in near GEO orbits. A sound understanding of their nature, orbital evolution, and possible origin is critical for space situational awareness. In this paper, a new averaged formulation of HAMR object orbit evolution that accounts for solar radiation pressure, Earth oblateness, and lunisolar perturbations is explored. The first-order averaged model, explicitly given in terms of the Milankovitch orbital elements, is several hundred times faster to numerically integrate than the non-averaged counterpart, and provides a very accurate description of the long-term behavior. This model is derived and presented along with comparisons with explicit long-term numerical integrations of HAMR objects in GEO. The dynamical configuration of the Earth–Moon–Sun system was found to have a significant resonance effect with HAMR objects leading to complex evolutionary behavior. The properties of this resonant population may serve as important constraints for models of HAMR debris origin and evolution. A systematic structure associated with their distribution in inclination and ascending node phase space is identified. Given that these objects are difficult to target and correlate, this has many implications for the space surveillance community and will allow observers to implement better search strategies for this class of debris.
Thermopower and the virtual bound state in liquid CuNi

Abstract We report measurements of the thermopower of liquid CuNi across the entire phase diagram. These results, when compared with similar measurements for liquid CoNi and AgPd, strongly support both the existance of the virtual bound state, and a model of the thermopower that depends on dn(E)/dE| E f .
Peripheral pressor effects of sympathetic stimulation, noradrenaline, angiotensin II and vasopressin in Brattleboro rats

The following study was designed to test the hypothesis that peripheral blood vessels of vasopressin deficient (Di/Di) rats are less responsive to pressor substances than normal rats. To address this question, pithed Di/Di and normal Long-Evans rats (LE) were exposed to intravenous injections of arginine-vasopressin, angiotensin II and noradrenaline. In addition, blood pressure increments and noradrenaline release in response to spinal cord stimulation in pithed Di/Di and LE rats were studied. The results show no abnormalities in peripheral vascular sensitivity to any of the pressor substances administered, nor was there any change in blood pressure and sympatho-adrenomedullary response to graded stimulation of the sympathetic outflow from the spinal cord. This study suggests that the failure of vasopressin deficient rats to recover from acute hemorrhage is not due to hyporesponsiveness of the peripheral vasculature to pressor agents but, rather, to the deficiency in the direct pressor effect of vasopressin.
Digital Alloys of AlN/AlGaN for Deep UV Light Emitting Diodes

We report a systematic study of the optical and electrical properties of deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes based on digital alloy structures of AlN/Al0.08Ga0.92N grown by gas source molecular beam epitaxy with ammonia. Digital alloys are formed by short period superlattices consisting of Al0.08Ga0.92N wells, 0.50 or 0.75 nm thick, and AlN barriers, 0.75 to 1.5 nm thick. For digital alloys with effective bandgap of 5.1 eV, average AlN composition 72%, we obtain room temperature electron concentrations up to 1×1019 cm-3 and resistivity of 0.005 Ωcm and hole concentrations of 1×1018 cm-3 with resistivity of 6 Ωcm. Light emitting diodes based on digital alloys are demonstrated operating in the range of 250 to 290 nm.
Near carrier noise in TWT amplifiers

Near carrier amplitude and phase noise modulations have been measured for low noise (receiving type) and medium power (20 w) TWT amplifiers at 6 GHz. The measured noise is greater than predicted by the noise figure measured 30 MHz from the carrier. Below 20 kHz, at least part of the excess can be accounted for by phase modulation products coherent with the power line frequency.
Azerbaijani Mugham and Carpet: Cross-Domain Mapping

In Azerbaijani culture, mugham (classical music) and carpet relate structurally, semiotically, and socially. This article compares a specific mugham (Rast) and a specific carpet (Shakhnazarli). The cognitive method of cross-domain mapping reveals the interplay of repetition and disruption, symmetry and asymmetry in both art forms. The structural dynamics of the two reflect the process of their production. Historically, carpet making and mugham performance have been divided by gender. Carpet, made by women, signifies historical and cultural territorialization while mugham, travelling in space and covering an indefinite area, represents the male territory and motion. Reinforcing gender boundaries, carpet and mugham also serve as agents of inter-gender communication. The changing structures, vocabulary, and modes of production of the two arts reflect dramatic changes taking place in the Soviet and post-Soviet era.
Ensemble averages when β is a square integer

We give a hyperpfaffian formulation of partition functions and ensemble averages for Hermitian and circular ensembles when L is an arbitrary integer and β = L2 and when L is an odd integer and β = L2 + 1.
Ahimsa, identification and sacrifice in the Gujarat pogrom

Central Gujarat is often called the ‘laboratory of Hindutva’. This paper examines how complicity during the Gujarat pogrom in 2002 was tied to an imagery of sacrifice invoked through a language of ritual and diet. By means of the spectacle of uncanny terrorism, the deployment of sacrificial language, rumours of abduction of young women, and circulation of images of excess, a Hindu victim was mimetically constructed through Muslim victimisation. Ahimsa, initially deployed as an ethical critique of the violence of sacrifice, was transformed into an element of violent identification contributing to widespread complicity among residents of the city of Ahmedabad.
Misconception and Miseducation: Presentations of Radical Behaviorism in Psychology Textbooks

Behavior analysts have recently expressed concern about what appear to be misrepresentations of behaviorism in psychology textbooks. This paper presents an analysis of currently used textbooks in the areas of introductory, social, cognitive, personality, and developmental psychology that confirms this. Topics on which behavior analysis is most often misrepresented relate to the role of animal learning research, environmentalism, the “empty organism,” language, and the overall utility of the approach. Because textbooks are often a major medium of interaction between the public and behaviorism, behavior analysts must work to correct these errors and to prevent possible negative consequences of widespread misunderstanding. Several potential solutions to these problems are presented that take into account current publishing practices and the monetary contingencies which support them.
Modeling cognitive influences on the dynamics of negotiations

A series of simulation-based analyses demonstrate that the dynamics of the negotiating process may be critically affected by three cognitive factors. These are: (1) negotiators' subjective, self-interested evaluations of potential settlements, which determine the shape of the feasible region for potential settlements and define the structure of the negotiation problem; (2) the parties' strategic negotiating orientations, or the manner in which their evaluations of the desirability of settlements are influenced by concern for the other negotiator's welfare; and (3) the tactical rules that guide the choice of concessionary offers that negotiators make during the bargaining process. >
Fine-Grain Episodic Memory Processes in Cognitive Control

Previous task-switching research raises a question concerning the role of episodic memory processes in cognitive control. The question is framed by the contrast between two procedures, explicit cuing and randomized runs, one of which presents a task cue perceptually on every trial and the other of which involves uncued trials. The present study compares performance across these procedures. Performance errors sensitive to errors in focusing on the correct task were higher under explicit-cuing conditions than under randomized-runs conditions, consistent with a high level of proactive interference from old task information. The results support an account in which control codes stored in episodic memory play an integral role in cognitive control, even under conditions in which all information needed for performance is perceptually available. A central question in the study of cognitive control is how the system is able to respond flexibly to changing environ- mental constraints. This question is often studied using task-switching procedures in which there are different can- didate tasks to perform on each imperative stimulus and the environment periodically presents a cue to indicate which task to perform now (Kiesel et al., 2010; Vandierendonck, Liefooghe, & Verbruggen, 2010). One specific question raised by such procedures con- cerns the role of episodic memory processes. The question is framed by the contrast between the explicit-cuing and randomized-runs procedures. In the former, a task cue (ran- domly selected) is presented for each trial. The cue typi- cally onsets first, often followed by a cue-stimulus interval (CSI) and then onset of the target stimulus, after which the cue and target remain displayed together. The participant applies the task signified by the cue to the imperative stimulus to make a response, after which the next trial begins with another cue. In the randomized-runs procedure, a task cue (also randomly selected) is presented at the start of a run of consecutive trials and then with- drawn, and indicates the task to perform for the full run. The cue typically offsets before the target stimulus for the first trial of the run onsets (e.g., Altmann & Gray, 2008), but the procedure can also be set up so that the first trial of a run is an explicit-cuing trial, with the cue and the imperative stimulus visible together, with some number of uncued trials coming afterwards. This is the approach taken in the experiment presented here. The two procedures differ in terms of whether it is func-
Rat Strain Differences in Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Ca2+ Entry Following Chronic Hypoxia

Effects of chronic hypoxia (CH) on store- and receptor-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE, ROCE) in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle (VSM) are controversial, although whether genetic variation explains such discrepancies in commonly studied rat strains is unclear. Since protein kinase C (PKC) can inhibit Ca(2+) permeable nonselective cation channels, we hypothesized that CH differentially alters PKC-dependent inhibition of SOCE and ROCE in pulmonary VSM from Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. To test this hypothesis, we examined SOCE and endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced ROCE in endothelium-disrupted, pressurized pulmonary arteries from control and CH Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. Basal VSM Ca(2+) was elevated in CH Wistar, but not Sprague-Dawley, rats. Further, CH attenuated SOCE in VSM from Sprague-Dawley rats, while augmenting this response in Wistar rats. CH reduced ROCE in arteries from both strains. PKC inhibition restored SOCE in CH Sprague-Dawley arteries to control levels, while having no effect on SOCE in Wistar arteries or on ROCE in either strain. We conclude that effects of CH on pulmonary VSM SOCE are strain dependent, whereas inhibitory effects of CH on ROCE are strain independent. Further, PKC inhibits SOCE following CH in Sprague-Dawley, but not Wistar, rats but does not contribute to ET-1-induced ROCE in either strain.