cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anesthesia information management systems: a review of functionality and installation considerations

The functionality and rate of implementation of Anesthesia Information Management Systems (AIMS) has markedly risen over the past decade. These systems have now become much more than the generic automated record keepers, originally proposed and developed in the 1980s. AIMS have now become complex integrated systems, which have been shown to improve patient care and, in some cases, the financial performance of a department. Although the underlying technology has improved greatly over the past 5 years, the process of selecting and completing an AIMS installation still presents a number of challenges, and must be approached carefully in order to maximize the benefits provided by these systems.
Acute and chronic effects of water quality criteria‐based metal mixtures on three aquatic species

Acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted with three aquatic species to determine the effects of metals combined as mixtures at proposed water quality criteria concentrations and at multiples of the LC50 and maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) obtained from tests on six metals. These studies were the first part of a larger research effort to derive water quality criteria for combined pollutants by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury and lead combined at criterion maximum concentrations caused nearly 100% mortality in rainbow trout and daphnids (Ceriodaphnia dubia) during acute exposures. Fathead minnows were not adversely affected at this or two times this concentration, although a mixture of four to eight times the maximum value caused 15 to 60% mortality. Metals combined at the criterion average concentrations significantly reduced production of daphnid young and growth of fathead minnows after 7 and 32 d, respectively. Embryo hatchability and survival of rainbow trout were reduced at four times this criterion but not at the criterion average concentration. Acute tests with metals mixed at multiples of the LC50 indicated that the joint action of the metals was more than additive for fathead minnows and nearly strictly additive for daphnids, based on toxic units calculated from the individual components of the mixture. Chronic tests showed that the joint action was less than additive for fathead minnows but nearly strictly additive for daphnids, indicating that long-term metal interactions may be different in fish than in lower invertebrates. Adverse effects were observed at mixture concentrations of one-half to one-third the MATC for fathead minnows and daphnids, respectively, suggesting that components of mixtures at or below no effect concentrations may contribute significantly to the toxicity of a mixture on a chronic basis. These results point out the need for additional studies to determine the type and degree of interaction of toxicants because single-chemical water quality criteria may not sufficiently protect some species when other toxicants are also present.
Shyness, alcohol expectancies, and drinking behavior : Replication and extension of a suppressor effect

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to follow-up on previous research which showed that positive expectancies about alcohol's effects operate as a suppressor variable, revealing a small but significant relation between shyness and alcohol use. We replicated the role of alcohol expectancies as a suppressor variable, showing a significant inverse relation between shyness and alcohol use for both men and women. Subjects also completed a measure of negative life consequences resulting from drinking. There was no evidence, however, that alcohol expectancies suppressed the relation between shyness and negative consequences of drinking. Instead, there was a significant correlation between shyness and negative consequences for men but not for women. Implications of the growing evidence that shyness is associated with minimal drinking and possible avoidance of risky alcohol-related behaviors are discussed.
A road to assimilation: immigrants and financial markets

This paper compares the financial market participation of immigrants and native-born Americans. Financial asset ownership is examined after controlling for the immigrants’ country of origin using a nationally representative National Longitudinal Survey (NLSY79) data set. The determinants of preference for financial asset ownership and the amount of financial equity held by households are estimated using a two-stage procedure. The results indicate that immigrants are less likely to own financial assets and more likely to have lower financial equity than native-born residents. Income uncertainty and risk tolerance of immigrants are associated with their preference for financial investments. Immigrants’ years of residence in the United States also increase their financial asset ownership. A discussion of the implications of these findings for policy makers, immigration researchers, and scholars of household savings behavior is also included.
Solution structure of Gfi-1 zinc domain bound to consensus DNA.

Abstract Gfi-1 is a crucial transcriptional repressor for the precise regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in hematopoiesis. Recently, this protein has also been demonstrated to be capable of restricting the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells, a process that appears to be vital for the long-term competency of hematopoietic stem cells. These two seemingly opposite outcomes of regulation are likely to arise from its interactions with a variety of cellular partners. Such interactions can directly affect the genes that Gfi-1 recognizes through its DNA binding zinc-finger domain. In this work, we report the determination of the solution structure of Gfi-1 zinc fingers 3–5 in complex with a 16-mer consensus DNA using multidimensional NMR method. Unlike a proposed minor-groove binding model based on methylation interference experiments, our structure clearly shows that Gfi-1 zinc fingers 3–5 bind into the major groove of the target DNA reminiscent of canonical C2H2 zinc-finger domains. The fourth and fifth zinc fingers recognize the AATC core sequence by forming base-specific hydrogen bonds between the side chains of Asn382, Gln379, and Asp354 and the bases of the invariant adenines and cytosine. Overall, the current work provides valuable insight into the structural determinants for DNA binding specificity, in particular for the TCA triplet that has not been observed in any other structures of zinc finger–DNA complexes, as well as molecular rationales for a naturally occurring mutation that causes acute myeloid leukemia.
Prostaglandins and immunity

The prostaglandins are a family of biologically active compounds generated from unsaturated fatty acids. They are produced and found in every tissue of the body and their diverse biological activities and possible role in human disease processes are receiving much attention. There is increasing evidence that these compounds are a vital component of the balance achieved by normal immunoregulatory mechanisms. How this balance is achieved, the cells involved, and the consequence of an imbalance in prostaglandin production or consumption are the subject of the articles which follow.
Balanced scheduling: instruction scheduling when memory latency is uncertain

Traditional list schedulers order instructions based on an optimistic estimate of the load delay imposed by the implementation. Therefore they cannot respond to variations in load latencies (due to cache hits or misses, congestion in the memory interconnect, etc.) and cannot easily be applied across different implementations. We have developed an alternative algorithm, known as balanced scheduling, that schedule instructions based on an estimate of the amount of instruction level parallelism in the program. Since scheduling decisions are program-rather than machine-based, balanced scheduling is unaffected by implementation changes. Since it is based on the amount of instruction level parallelism that a program can support, it can respond better to variations in load latencies. Performance improvements over a traditional list scheduler on a Fortran workload and simulating several different machine types (cache-based workstations, large parallel machines with a multipath interconnect and a combination, all with non-blocking processors) are quite good, averaging between 3% and 18%.
Utilization of Lotic, Lentic, and Temporary Habitats by the Amphipod Crangonyx gracilis

ABSTRACT A 1994 field survey of freshwater habitats in twenty-one counties of southeastern Wisconsin yielded 3,332 amphipods from 210 collecting sites. Over 400 (12.33%) of these amphipods were members of the crangonyctid genus Crangonyx, the species being C. gracilis Smith 1871, C. minor Bousfield 1958, C. pseudogracilis Bousfield 1958, and C. richmondensis Ellis 1940. Crangonyx gracilis was the most frequently collected (n=260) of these crangonyctids. This species appeared in samples throughout the collecting season and showed an unusual pattern of habitat utilization that included not only a wide variety of the usual lentic and lotic sites but also unique instances of occupying a temporary water habitat.
The Ottoman Emigration to America,1860–1914

Population movements have always played a major role in the life of Islam and particularly the Middle East. During the nineteenth century, however, the transfer of vast numbers of people from one region to another profoundly altered the social, ethnic, and religious structure of the Ottoman state—that is, the Middle East and the Balkans. The footloose tribes of eastern Anatolia, Syria, Iraq, and the Arabian peninsula were spurred into motion on an unprecedented scale by economic and social events, and the Ottoman government was forced to undertake settlement measures that had widespread effects. The Ottoman-Russian wars, which began in 1806 and occurred at intervals throughout the century, displaced large groups of people, predominantly Muslims from the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands. Uprooted from their ancestral homelands, they eventually settled in Anatolia, Syria (inclusive of the territories of modern-day Jordan, Lebanon, and Israel as well as modern Syria), and northern Iraq. These migrations continued until the time of the First World War. In addition, after 1830 waves of immigrants came from Algeria—especially after Abdel Kader ended his resistance to the French—and from Tunisia as well. These people too settled in Syria at Damascus.
Mechanisms of injury in operative brachial plexus lesions.

Object The authors focus on injury mechanisms involved in 1019 operative brachial plexus injuries (BPIs) managed between 1968 and 1998 at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC). Methods Data regarding these mechanisms of injury were obtained via retrospective chart reviews of patients who had undergone operations at LSUHSC. Five main mechanisms of injury to the brachial plexus occurred in the series. These included 509 stretch/contusion injuries (49%) with four patterns of presentation in 366 patients: 208 C5–T1 nerve injuries; 75 C5–7, 55 C5–6 injuries; and 28 involving the C8–T1 or C7–T1 nerves. Stretch/contusion injury was followed in frequency by gunshot wound (GSW), resulting in 118 injuries (12%). Most of the 293 involved plexus elements had some gross continuity when surgically exposed. Seventy-one lacerations involved the brachial plexus (7%), including 83 sharp lacerations caused by knives or glass; 61 blunt transections due to automobile metal, fan, and motor blades, chain sa...
Expression of CaV3.2 T-type Ca2+ channels in a subpopulation of retinal type-3 cone bipolar cells

Retinal bipolar cells and ganglion cells are known to possess voltage-gated T-type Ca(2+) channels. Previous electrophysiological recording studies suggested that there is differential expression of different T-type Ca(2+) channel α1 subunits among bipolar cells. The detailed expression patterns of the individual T-type Ca(2+) channel subunits in the retina, however, remain unknown. In this study, we examined the expression of the Ca(V)3.2 Ca(2+) channel α1 subunit in the mouse retina using immunohistochemical analysis and patch-clamp recordings together with a Ca(V)3.2 knock out (KO) mouse line. The specificity of a Ca(V)3.2 Ca(2+) channel antibody was first confirmed in recombinant T-type Ca(2+) channels expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and in Ca(V)3.2 KO mice. Our immunohistochemical analysis indicates that the Ca(V)3.2 antibody labels a subgroup of type-3 cone bipolar cells (CBCs), the PKAβII-immunopositive type-3 CBCs. The labeling was observed throughout the cell including dendrites and axon terminals. Our patch-clamp recording results further demonstrate that Ca(V)3.2 Ca(2+) channels contribute to the T-type Ca(2+) current in a subpopulation of type-3 CBCs. The findings of this study provide new insights into understanding the functional roles of T-type Ca(2+) channels in retinal processing.
A Meta-Analysis of Single Case Research Studies on Aided Augmentative and Alternative Communication Systems with Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Many individuals with autism cannot speak or cannot speak intelligibly. A variety of aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) approaches have been investigated. Most of the research on these approaches has been single-case research, with small numbers of participants. The purpose of this investigation was to meta-analyze the single case research on the use of aided AAC with individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Twenty-four single-case studies were analyzed via an effect size measure, the Improvement Rate Difference (IRD). Three research questions were investigated concerning the overall impact of AAC interventions on targeted behavioral outcomes, effects of AAC interventions on individual targeted behavioral outcomes, and effects of three types of AAC interventions. Results indicated that, overall, aided AAC interventions had large effects on targeted behavioral outcomes in individuals with ASD. AAC interventions had positive effects on all of the targeted behavioral outcome; however, effects were greater for communication skills than other categories of skills. Effects of the Picture Exchange Communication System and speech-generating devices were larger than those for other picture-based systems, though picture-based systems did have small effects.
Stability Design Criteria for Distribution Systems With Solid-State Transformers

Due to recent advancements in semiconductor technology, power-electronic converters for high-voltage, high-power, and high-frequency applications will soon be commercially available. The theoretical concept of a distribution solid-state transformer (SST) is not recent, but with the use of advanced electronic switches and control strategies, the SST may soon become a practical reality. In this paper, conventional single-phase distribution transformers are replaced by solid-state transformers in a distribution test system to investigate their interactive dynamics. Under certain circumstances, instabilities due to harmonic resonance are observed. A design criterion for a solid-state transformer during no-load conditions has been proposed in order to avoid instability using an impedance-based analysis. Analytical and simulation results are provided to support the proposed design approach.
Structural opportunity and perceived opportunity in social-movement theory : the Iranian revolution of 1979

Les analyses de Tocqueville des mouvements sociaux apparaissent comme des cas limites ou les chances structurelles (la vulnerabilite de l'Etat a la pression politique populaire) coincide avec les chances percues (le fait que le public soit au courant des possibilites de succes dans le cadre de son activite de protestation). L'A. estime toutefois que cette coincidence n'apparait pas toujours. Il met en avant une disjonction de ce type en ce qui concerne la revolution iranienne entre 1977 et 1979. Sur certains plans la monarchie n'etait pas, en soi, vulnerable sur le plan structurel. Les iraniens ont percu, en revanche, une possibilite de succes en observant un changement dans la nature du mouvement de protestation
Non-linear behavior of gas targets for isotope production

Abstract Gas targets have been used for production of many isotopes, especially for use in nuclear medicine.(1) We have recently used this technique to produce 81Rb,(2) and have observed that the yields of this isotope were not proportional to the beam current of gas pressure. An investigation of this effect has shown it to be present both when the target was used for preparation of 81Rb and 15O, and presumably for any other product. Therefore it was considered important to investigate the effect in detail.
Cardiac carnitine leakage is promoted by cardiomyopathy

Abstract Objective We investigated whether a damaged heart with cardiomyopathy (CM) influences cardiac-stored carnitines. Methods A sensitive, specific, carnitine-requiring yeast was used to determine blood carnitine concentration in 116 healthy subjects. For comparison with blood carnitine concentrations from patients with CM, we selected 33 male patients, ages 29 to 67 y, with evidence of CM and 24 male patients, ages 31 to 66 y, with no CM as categorized by cardiac catheterization. Results During catheterization, significantly higher concentrations of arterial blood levels of carnitines leaked from hearts of patients specifically with CM; no arterial blood carnitines leaked from hearts of patients without CM. Venous blood carnitine concentration for all patients was within the normal range. Carnitine did not accumulate in venous blood and was not a source of large amounts of leaked blood carnitines in patients with CM. Conclusion CM causes leakage of carnitines from heart stores, possibly making cardiac tissue vulnerable to damage. We do not know whether cardiac carnitine leakage leads to CM or if established CM promotes cardiac carnitine leakage.
Matrix sector functions and their applications to systems theory

The paper presents a new matrix function, the matrix sector function of a square complex matrix A, and its applications to systems theory. Firstly, based on an irrational function of a complex variable ㎻, a scalar sector function of λ,(λ/ n √㎻ n ), is defined. Next, a fast algorithm is developed with the help of a circulant matrix for computing the scalar sector function of λ. Then, the scalar sector function of λ is extended to a matrix sector function of A, A( n √A n ) -1 , and to associated partitioned matrix sector functions of A. Finally, applications of these matrix sector functions to the separation of matrix eigenvalues, the determination of A-invariant space, the block diagonalisation of a matrix, and the generalised block partial fraction expansion of a rational matrix are given. It is shown that the well-known matrix sign function of A is a special class of the newly developed matrix sector function of A. It is also shown that the Newton-Raphson type algorithm cannot, in general, be applied to determine the matrix sector function of A.
Controlled human studies on the pulmonary effects of indoor air pollution: Experiences with sulful dioxide and formaldehyde

Abstract We have studied the acute pulmonary effects of low-level exposure to sulfur dioxide (SO2) [0–1.0 μL/L] and formaldehyde (FA) [0 and 2 μL/L] in a controlled environmental chamber. Both healthy and asthmatic subjects were tested at rest and with moderate activity. Lung function changes (partial and maximal flow-volume curves) were confined to SO2 exposure with activity in asthmatics. Neither group demonstrated an untoward lung function response to FA. Respiratory symptoms were mild to moderate from both pollutants and did not persist when measured up to 24 h after exposure. A discussion of differences seen in the responses between the groups tested, activity of subjects, and the pollutants themselves is provided.
Voters, Emotions, and Memory

In this paper we argue that emotional response to information encountered in campaigns has implications for the likelihood of remembering that information at the time of the vote. Most voting models are built on what voters remember-whether it is the placement of candidates on issues, or opened ended responses to prompts. That recall of memory is biased is well-known, but the extent to which those biases are driven by affective response to candidate information has not been studied. Using dynamic process tracing, we examine voters' emotional responses, information search, and candidate evaluations during a simu lated presidential primary campaign. By manipulating anxiety and the amount of incon gruent information that voters encounter, we can detect the direct influence of affect in information processing. We find evidence that voters are more likely to remember informa tion that generates any affective reaction as opposed to information for which the subjects report no emotional response. However, we find little evidence that anxiety has a special role, compared to enthusiasm or anger, in increasing the likelihood that an individual item is remembered. This challenges a primary contention of the theory of Affective Intelligence that anxiety leads to more memories for campaign information.
Similarity of apparently random structures in the outer region of wall turbulence

Structural similarities between samples of individual, apparently random structures in various wall-bounded turbulent flows are examined using a template-matching technique. Two-dimensional structural patterns obtained by particle image velocimetry in a turbulent boundary layer are sampled along streamwise lines to extract one-dimensional spatial series that are used as templates. These templates are correlated with time series data obtained in turbulent pipe flow, turbulent channel flow, and atmospheric boundary layer flow in order to determine the frequency and coherency with which similar structures occur. The results indicate that a small ensemble of templates from one flow can be concatenated to represent a large fraction of the entire velocity–time history of each of the other flows by using episodes during which the various templates correlate well. Thus, within the pipe flow, channel flow, and atmospheric boundary layer, one frequently finds detailed time series segments that coincide closely, i.e., in fine detail, with a handful of templates found in a laboratory boundary layer. This type of similarity, which includes seemingly random, fine details at large and small scales, is much stronger than similarity based on statistical comparisons. The individual templates that work best, i.e., those that most frequently yield episodes of high correlation, are segments of hairpin-vortex packets. The high frequency with which these particular structures occur suggests that they are common features of all wall-bounded turbulent flows, including turbulent flows at very high Reynolds number such as the atmospheric boundary layer.
The “Output Gap” and Excess Labor Employment

The debate surrounding the current status of monetary policy and inflation has appealed to the existence of an output gap that will prevent the resurgence of substantial inflation. This paper presents evidence that the expansion in the late 1990s was unusual and should not be used as a basis for benchmarking the output gap at zero. In particular, there was an unusual psychology that prevailed in the late 1990s and 2000 that led to excessive capital spending and hiring. If policymakers overestimate the magnitude of the output gap by overestimating excess labor supply, they run the risk of making timing errors in the implementation of economic policy.
Redox regulation of autophagy in healthy brain and neurodegeneration

Autophagy and redox biochemistry are two major sub disciplines of cell biology which are both coming to be appreciated for their paramount importance in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus far, however, there has been relatively little exploration of the interface between autophagy and redox biology. Autophagy normally recycles macro-molecular aggregates produced through oxidative-stress mediated pathways, and also may reduce the mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species through recycling of old and damaged mitochondria. Conversely, dysfunction in autophagy initiation, progression or clearance is evidenced to increase aggregation-prone proteins in neural and extraneural tissues. Redox mechanisms of autophagy regulation have been documented at the level of cross-talk between the Nrf2/Keap1 oxidant and electrophilic defense pathway and p62/sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1)-associated autophagy, at least in extraneural tissue; but other mechanisms of redox autophagy regulation doubtless remain to be discovered and the relevance of such processes to maintenance of neural homeostasis remains to be determined. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the relationship of redox signaling, autophagy control, and oxidative stress as these phenomena relate to neurodegenerative disease. AD is specifically addressed as an example of the theme and as a promising indication for new therapies that act through engagement of autophagy pathways. To exemplify one such novel therapeutic entity, data is presented that the antioxidant and neurotrophic agent lanthionine ketimine-ethyl ester (LKE) affects autophagy pathway proteins including beclin-1 in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer's disease where the compound has been shown to reduce pathological features and cognitive dysfunction.
NEUROVIDEO : A PROGRAM FOR CAPTURING AND PROCESSING TIME-LAPSE VIDEO

We have developed a program for the Macintosh computer to control a Panasonic Optical Memory Disk Recorder (OMDR) in order to generate time-lapse video recordings of growing neurons. The software, in addition to regulating the timing of a recording in a flexible way, can also digitize and pre-process images before writing them out to the optical disk. NeuroVideo includes a complete set of functions to enhance images, and provides both an easy-to-use graphical interface and a simple but powerful text-based scripting language.
Tensors: Geometry and Applications

Tensors are ubiquitous in the sciences. The geometry of tensors is both a powerful tool for extracting information from data sets, and a beautiful subject in its own right. This book has three intended uses: a classroom textbook, a reference work for researchers in the sciences, and an account of classical and modern results in (aspects of) the theory that will be of interest to researchers in geometry. For classroom use, there is a modern introduction to multilinear algebra and to the geometry and representation theory needed to study tensors, including a large number of exercises. For researchers in the sciences, there is information on tensors in table format for easy reference and a summary of the state of the art in elementary language. This is the first book containing many classical results regarding tensors. Particular applications treated in the book include the complexity of matrix multiplication, $\mathbf{P}$ versus $\mathbf{NP}$, signal processing, phylogenetics, and algebraic statistics. For geometers, there is material on secant varieties, $G$-varieties, spaces with finitely many orbits and how these objects arise in applications, discussions of numerous open questions in geometry arising in applications, and expositions of advanced topics such as the proof of the Alexander-Hirschowitz theorem and of the Weyman-Kempf method for computing syzygies.
Linkages between Construction Engineering Education and Research

The needs of the construction industry require that an appropriate balance be provided between construction engineering topics and management topics in both education and research. Because construction is less mature as a research area compared to other areas in civil engineering, limitations on research funding have made the investigation of construction management topics more feasible in comparison to construction engineering topics. Because faculty members are drawn from the pool of Ph.D. students who have primarily researched management topics, there has been a tendency for them to continue emphasis on management topics in both education and research. Other civil engineering disciplines form their research programs around the needs of design codes and standards’ development, and academic participation is high. Similar efforts exist within construction engineering; however, there is less academic participation. It is suggested that greater effort be invested in the improvement of construction process s...
Hardware architecture and cost estimates for breaking SHA-1

The cryptanalysis of hash functions has advanced rapidly, and many hash functions have been broken one after another. The most popular hash function SHA-1 has not been broken yet, but the new collision search techniques proposed by Wang et al. reduced the computational complexity down to 269, which is only 1/2,000 of the 280 operations needed for a birthday attack. The complexity is still too large even for today's supercomputers, but no feasibility study of breaking SHA-1 using specialized hardware has been reported. The well known brute force attack on DES simply repeats the DES operation 256 times at a maximum, but the complexity of 269 hash operations to break SHA-1 does not mean 269 SHA-1 operations. Complex procedures using SHA-1 functions are required, and the total number of operations based on the probability of a collision occurrence is almost equivalent to the 269 SHA-1 operations. Therefore, we describe a procedure and propose an LSI architecture to find real collisions for SHA-1 in this paper. The hardware core was synthesized by using a 0.13-μm CMOS standard cell library, and its performances in speed, size, and power consumption were evaluated. A $10 million budget can build a custom hardware system that would consist of 303 personal computers with 16 circuit boards each, in which 32 SHA-1-breaking LSIs are mounted. Each LSI has 64 SHA-1 cores that can run in parallel. This system would find a real collision in 127 days.
Highly efficient inelastic four-wave mixing using dual induced transparency and coherently prepared states

We investigate a life time broadened and coherently prepared five-state system for multi-wave mixing processes. We show that very efficient wave mixing occurs, producing an unconventional mixing wave that has the characteristics of both conventional four-wave mixing (FWM) and stimulated hyper-Raman (SHR) emission. In addition, we show interesting multiple simultaneous multi-photon interference effects at large propagation distances and demonstrate more than 10 orders of magnitude suppression of populations of the probe wave terminal state and the near three-photon resonance mixing wave generating state. These new type of multi-photon interference based induced transparency effects, which are critically dependent on two distinctive relaxation processes involving both an external supplied and an internally generated fields, are fundamentally different from the conventional three-state electromagnetically induced transparency effect which does not depend on propagation. As a consequence, both the probe and the wave-mixing field to propagate nearly free of absorption and distortions in a highly dispersive medium. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Trying the Perpetrators and Fueling the War: The (Perverse) Effects of the International Criminal Court?

The International Criminal Court (ICC) was designed to try the worst war criminals for crimes against humanity, genocide and other instances of mass human suffering. By providing a permanent, international mechanism to hold perpetrators of mass human rights abuse accountable, the ICC is also meant to be a deterrent — to prevent potential genocidaires from committing systematic human rights abuses in the first place. This assumption is a powerful one and suggests that international human rights law has the ability both to rectify and to prevent abuses. But what if the effect is actually quite the opposite? What if the prospect of being held accountable at the International Criminal Court makes perpetrators of war crimes fight harder and longer? While many scholars have made conjectures about the effect of the ICC on stopping human rights abuses, the existing scholarship does not empirically test assumptions about the relationship between international criminal justice and violence. Building on the human rights, transitional justice and international law literatures, this paper seeks to fill an important theoretical lacuna by asking what effect, if any, the ICC has on the perpetration of violence. Using time-series intervention analyses of the relationship between the ICC’s referrals, indictments and investigations and the level of violence and human rights abuses in Libya, this paper seeks to advance our understanding of the role of the ICC and explore the possibility that by trying the perpetrators the international community is really fueling the war.
Electrokinetic Flow and Dispersion in Capillary Electrophoresis

Electrophoretic separation of a mixture of chemical species is a fundamental technique of great usefulness in biology, health care, and forensics. In capillary electrophoresis (which has evolved from its predecessor, slab-gel electrophoresis), the sample migrates through a single microcapillary instead of through the network of pores in a gel. A fundamental design problem is to minimize dispersion in the separation direction. Molecular diffusion is inevitable and sets a theoretical limit on the best separation that can be achieved. But in practice, there are a number of effects arising out of the interplay between fluid flow, chemistry, thermal effects, and electric fields that result in enhanced dispersion. This paper reviews the subject of fluid flow in such capillary microchannels and examines the various causes of enhanced dispersion that limit the efficiency of separation.
Fitness Landscape of Antibiotic Tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms

Bacteria in biofilms have higher antibiotic tolerance than their planktonic counterparts. A major outstanding question is the degree to which the biofilm-specific cellular state and its constituent genetic determinants contribute to this hyper-tolerant phenotype. Here, we used genome-wide functional profiling of a complex, heterogeneous mutant population of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MPAO1 in biofilm and planktonic growth conditions with and without tobramycin to systematically quantify the contribution of each locus to antibiotic tolerance under these two states. We identified large sets of mutations that contribute to antibiotic tolerance predominantly in the biofilm or planktonic setting only, offering global insights into the differences and similarities between biofilm and planktonic antibiotic tolerance. Our mixed population-based experimental design recapitulated the complexity of natural biofilms and, unlike previous studies, revealed clinically observed behaviors including the emergence of quorum sensing-deficient mutants. Our study revealed a substantial contribution of the cellular state to the antibiotic tolerance of biofilms, providing a rational foundation for the development of novel therapeutics against P. aeruginosa biofilm-associated infections.
A Single-Pass Algorithm for Spectrum Estimation With Fast Convergence

We propose a single-pass algorithm for estimating spectral densities of stationary processes. Our algorithm is computationally fast in the sense that, when a new observation arrives, it can provide a real-time update within O(1) computation. The proposed algorithm is probabilistically fast in that, for stationary processes whose auto-covariances decay geometrically, the estimates from the algorithm converge at a rate which is optimal up to a multiplicative logarithmic factor. We also establish asymptotic normality for the recursive estimate. A simulation study is carried out and it confirms the superiority over the classical batched mean estimates.
Imaging Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Potentials:

Direct tissue profiling and imaging mass spectrometry (MS) allow for detailed mapping of the complex protein pattern across a tissue sample. Utilization of these tools provides spatial information across a tissue section for target protein expression and can be used to correlate changes in expression levels with specific disease states or drug response. Protein patterns can be directly correlated to known histological regions within the tissue, allowing for the direct monitoring of proteins specific for morphological regions within a tissue sample. Profiling and imaging MS have been used to characterize multiple tissues, including human gliomas and lung cancers, as well as tumor response to specific therapeutics, suggesting the use of proteomic information in assessing disease progression as well as predicting patient response to specific treatments. This article discusses both the technology and methods involved in analyzing proteins directly from tissue samples as well as several MS applications, including profiling human tumors, characterizing protein differences between tumor grades, and monitoring protein changes due to drug therapy.
Low-Level, High-Frequency Mechanical Signals Enhance Musculoskeletal Development of Young Women With Low BMD

The potential for brief periods of low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical signals to enhance the musculoskeletal system was evaluated in young women with low BMD. Twelve months of this noninvasive signal, induced as whole body vibration for at least 2 minutes each day, increased bone and muscle mass in the axial skeleton and lower extremities compared with controls. Introduction: The incidence of osteoporosis, a disease that manifests in the elderly, may be reduced by increasing peak bone mass in the young. Preliminary data indicate that extremely low-level mechanical signals are anabolic to bone tissue, and their ability to enhance bone and muscle mass in young women was inves- tigated in this study. Materials and Methods: A 12-month trial was conducted in 48 young women (15-20 years) with low BMD and a history of at least one skeletal fracture. One half of the subjects underwent brief (10 minutes requested), daily, low-level whole body vibration (30 Hz, 0.3g); the remaining women served as controls. Quantitative CT performed at baseline and at the end of study was used to establish changes in muscle and bone mass in the weight-bearing skeleton. Results: Using an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, cancellous bone in the lumbar vertebrae and cortical bone in the femoral midshaft of the experimental group increased by 2.1% ( p 0.025) and 3.4% ( p < 0.001), respectively, compared with 0.1% ( p 0.74) and 1.1% ( p 0.14), in controls. Increases in cancellous and cortical bone were 2.0% ( p 0.06) and 2.3% ( p 0.04) greater, respectively, in the experimental group compared with controls. Cross-sectional area of paraspinous musculature was 4.9% greater ( p 0.002) in the experimental group versus controls. When a per protocol analysis was considered, gains in both muscle and bone were strongly correlated to a threshold in compliance, where the benefit of the mechanical intervention compared with controls was realized once subjects used the device for at least 2 minute/day (n 18), as reflected by a 3.9% increase in cancellous bone of the spine ( p 0.007), 2.9% increase in cortical bone of the femur ( p 0.009), and 7.2% increase in musculature of the spine ( p 0.001) compared with controls and low compliers (n 30). Conclusions: Short bouts of extremely low-level mechanical signals, several orders of magnitude below that associated with vigorous exercise, increased bone and muscle mass in the weight-bearing skeleton of young adult females with low BMD. Should these musculoskeletal enhancements be preserved through adulthood, this intervention may prove to be a deterrent to osteoporosis in the elderly.
The Relative Effects of Unionism on the Earnings Distributions of Women and Men

This study examines the differential effects of union density on the degree of earnings inequality among women and among men. Our results suggest an equalizing impact of union density for all men and for both men and women who work year-round and full time. Union density does not appear to equalize and may even contribute to a disequalization of the earnings distribution for all women.
On the anonymizability of graphs

Many applications such as social networks, recommendation systems, email communication patterns, and other collaborative applications are built on top of graph infrastructures. The data stored on such networks may contain personal information about individuals and may therefore be sensitive from a privacy point of view. Therefore, a natural solution is to remove identifying information from the nodes and perturb the graph structure, so that re-identification becomes difficult. Typical graphs encountered in real applications are sparse. In this paper, we will show that sparse graphs have certain theoretical properties which make them susceptible to re-identification attacks. We design a systematic way to exploit these theoretical properties in order to construct re-identification signatures, which are also known as characteristic vectors. These signatures have the property that they are extremely robust to perturbations, especially for sparse graphs. We use these signatures in order to create an effective attack algorithm. We supplement our theoretical results with experimental tests using a number of algorithms on real data sets. These results confirm that even low levels of anonymization require perturbation levels which are significant enough to result in a massive loss of utility. Our experimental results also show that the true anonymization level of graphs is much lower than is implied by measures such as $$k$$k-anonymity. Thus, the results of this paper establish that the problem of graph anonymization has fundamental theoretical barriers which prevent a fully effective solution.
Kierkegaard's teleological suspension is not a bridge in Madison County

Etude de la conception religieuse de la passion infinie qui participe a la constitution de la personnalite de l'individu chez Kierkegaard. Distinguant une forme resignee et une forme croyante (faithful) de l'amour, l'A. montre que la reference au roman de R. J. Waller intitule «The Bridges of Madison County», suggeree par l'un de ses etudiants, n'illustre pas l'idee de suspension teleologique de l'ethique caracteristique de l'acte de foi chez Kierkegaard.
Sustainable Lighting for Healthcare Facilities: More Than Just Lumens Per Watt

Abstract Sustainability is, as the name implies, a movement to ensure long-term, efficient utilization of resources. Sustainability does not imply that resources should be restricted nor that resou...
Clickenomics: Using a Classroom Response System to Increase Student Engagement in a Large-Enrollment Principles of Economics Course

Abstract One of the most important challenges facing college instructors of economics is helping students engage. Engagement is particularly important in a large-enrollment Principles of Economics course, where it can help students achieve a long-lived understanding of how economists use basic economic ideas to look at the world. The author reports how instructors can use Classroom Response Systems (clickers) to promote engagement in the Principles course. He draws heavily on his own experience in teaching a one semester Principles course at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill but also reports on how others have used clickers to promote engagement. He concludes with evidence that students find clickers very beneficial and with an assessment of the costs and benefits of adopting a clicker system.
Why Politicians Like Electoral Institutions: Self‐Interest, Values, or Ideology?

We examine whether MPs and candidates for parliament are motivated by electoral self-interest, values, ideology, or all of these when evaluating proposals for changing electoral institutions. Using survey data from four countries (Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, and New Zealand), we find that candidates who won election are less supportive of proposals to change institutions, while those who lost elections are more supportive of institutional changes. Winning candidates share preferences for institutions that are independent of whether they are affiliated with a governing or opposition party. This self-interest effect is attenuated by ideology and attitudes about democracy. Pure self-interest, then, is an incomplete explanation for politicians’ attitudes towards electoral institutions. We discuss how these findings are related to the static nature of political institutions.
Use of compliant adhesives in the large area processing of MCM-D substrates

Large area substrate processing is a key solution for improving the productivity of multichip module deposition (MCM-D) technology. This project is focused on high temperature polymeric adhesives for attachment of silicon tiles to suitable pallets to facilitate large area film processing of MCM structures. Current polymeric high temperature adhesives are predominately polyimide-based that are not reworkable, which places an obstacle to remove the coated substrates and to reuse the high cost pallets. However, an approach will be presented in this paper to address this demand by introducing thermally cleavable links in the thermoset polyimide-amide resin. A series of novel reworkable high temperature (in excess of 350-400/spl deg/C) adhesives have been developed, that can meet the requirements of adhesion, viscosity, thermal stability, and reworkability of the MCM-D production. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) microstructure images are presented for intuitive reworkability analysis.
Dephasing In Hyper-rayleigh Scattering From Organic Materials

Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) has attracted much attention recently as a method of measuring the first hyperpolarizability of nonlinear optical chromophores.1 HRS involves measurement of radiation incoherently scattered at exactly twice the frequency of the input beam. Many nonlinear optical chromophores fluoresce in the visible spectrum, and multiphoton fluorescence competes with the hyper-Rayleigh response. We have studied this competition by spectrally resolving light scattered near the second harmonic from well- known organic molecules at several fundamental wavelengths.
"Fractional statistics" in arbitrary dimensions: A generalization of the Pauli principle.

The concept of ``fractional statistics'' is reformulated as a generalization of the Pauli exclusion principle, and a definition independent of the dimension of space is obtained. When applied to the vortexlike quasiparticles of the fractional quantum Hall effect, it gives the same result as that based on the braid-group. It is also used to classify spinons in gapless spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic chains as semions. An extensive one-particle Hilbert-space dimension is essential, limiting fractional statistics of this type to topological excitations confined to the interior of condensed matter. The new definition does not apply to ``anyon gas'' models as currently formulated: A possible resolution of this difficulty is proposed.