cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensor Rotation Bias Removal for Multiple Hypothesis Tracking Applications

A new approach for rotation bias removal in the presence of clutter and missed detections is derived that requires a cooperative target. This problem is related to the camera pose estimation problem, and the solution method is based on the formulation for the well-known probabilistic data association filter but executes in a batch mode to avoid convergence on a local maximum. Command and control installations that use multiple hypothesis trackers can apply this approach to correct azimuth and elevation measurements at the multiple hypothesis tracker input by making use of blue force position data within each sensor field of view.
Nonlinear-optical properties of semiconductor composite materials

The propagation of electromagnetic waves in a nonlinear medium composed of semiconductor microcrystallites embedded in a host medium has been investigated. Explicit results are given for the case of cadmium sulfide grains in glass when a saturable two-level approximation is used for the nonlinear dielectric function. The bistable behavior, noticed earlier by Chemla and Miller [ Opt. Lett.11, 522 ( 1986)], for single grains is manifested in the propagation studies conducted here by the occurrence of a discontinuity in the index of refraction in the medium. Various approximations are used to obtain the optical bistability properties. Possible applications of this feature are pointed out.
Constructing narratives of heroism and villainy: case study of Myriad's BRACAnalysis ® compared to Genentech's Herceptin ®

The development of Herceptin® is welcomed as a major advance in breast cancer treatment, while Myriad's development of BRACAnalysis® is a widely used diagnostic. However useful and successful this product is, its presence in the public eye is tainted by predominantly negative press about gene patenting and business practices. While retrospection invites a sharp contrast between Genentech's triumphal narrative of scientific achievement and Myriad's public image as a controversial monopolist, a comparative history of these companies' products reveals two striking consistencies: patents and public discontent. Despite these similarities, time has reduced the narrative to that of hero versus villain: Genentech is lauded - at least for the final outcome of the Herceptin® story - as a corporate good citizen, Myriad as a ruthless mercenary. Since patents undergird both products yet the narratives are so different, the stories raise the question: why have patents taken the fall as the scapegoat in current biotechnology policy debate? A widely publicized lawsuit and accompanying bad press have cast Myriad as a villain in the evolving narrative of biotechnology. While the lawsuit suggests that this villainy is attributable to Myriad's intellectual property, we suggest through a comparative case study that, at least in the Myriad case, it is not simply about the patents but also other business strategies the company chose to pursue. Patents were a necessary but not sufficient cause of controversy.
One perfect worm

Recent studies show that local populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans possess nearly as much genetic variation as that seen in existing worldwide collections. This suggests either wide-ranging migration and intense natural selection or recent dispersal, perhaps by human association. Either way, the effective population size of this ubiquitous model organism is unexpectedly small.
Unusual Presentation of Thoracic Pneumocystis carinii Infection in a Patient with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Pleura-based masses and hilar adenopathy were seen on a chest radiograph of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who had a history of Pneumocystis carinii infection. The differential diagnosis of such a presentation is discussed in light of atypical and extrapulmonary manifestations of P. carinii infection in a patient receiving prophylaxis with dapsone.
Cell Therapy for Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation A New Approach to an Old Problem

Physicians and patients alike have long sought ways by which to tame the rapid and irregular heartbeats that typically accompany atrial fibrillation (AF). In addition to offering symptomatic relief from palpitations, this goal has gained further importance since the recognition that sustained rapid, and perhaps also irregular, ventricular rates can lead to adverse structural cardiac remodeling and the development of a tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.1 In many instances, maintenance of sinus rhythm is either impractical or unachievable, and in addition to therapeutic anticoagulation, most patients will require some strategy to control their ventricular rate during AF. Article p 2485 The mainstays of pharmacological rate control for AF have remained unchanged for decades and consist of digoxin, β-blockers, and the nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists verapamil and diltiazem alone or in combination.2,3 However, medical treatment often is limited by a lack of efficacy or intolerance of side effects. Research involving novel agents such as selective A1 adenosine agonists4,5 remains in early stages and is unlikely to overcome the drawbacks of currently available drugs. A nearly 100% efficacious approach to ventricular rate control in AF is catheter-based radiofrequency ablation of the AV junction (AVJ).6,7 Experimentally, the same result is achievable with cryoablation,8 laser energy,9 or ethanol infusion into the AV nodal artery.10 Although appropriate in selected patients,6,11–13 radiofrequency AVJ ablation has the distinct disadvantage of rendering them permanently pacemaker dependent. An increased risk of tachyarrhythmic sudden death after AVJ ablation may be countered by pacing at higher rates early after the procedure; however, concerns exist over the potential long-term hemodynamic consequences of obligate right ventricular pacing, particularly in the presence of preexisting heart failure.14–17 A notionally more appealing procedure is catheter-based radiofrequency AVJ modification18; however, a high rate of unintended AV implantation …
Synthesis of a “Masked” Terminal Nickel(II) Sulfide by Reductive Deprotection and its Reaction with Nitrous Oxide

The addition of 1 equiv of KSCPh3 to [L(R)NiCl] (L(R) = {(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC(R)}2CH; R = Me, tBu) in C6H6 results in the formation of [L(R)Ni(SCPh3)] (1: R = Me; 2: R = tBu) in good yields. Subsequent reduction of 1 and 2 with 2 equiv of KC8 in cold (-25 °C) Et2O in the presence of 2 equiv of 18-crown-6 results in the formation of "masked" terminal Ni(II) sulfides, [K(18-crown-6)][L(R)Ni(S)] (3: R = Me; 4: R = tBu), also in good yields. An X-ray crystallographic analysis of these complexes suggests that they feature partial multiple-bond character in their Ni-S linkages. Addition of N2O to a toluene solution of 4 provides [K(18-crown-6)][L(tBu)Ni(SN=NO)], which features the first example of a thiohyponitrite (κ(2)-[SN=NO](2-)) ligand.
Fidelity of a conditional quantum teleportation protocol based on collective spontaneous emission

We employ quantum trajectory theory to model temporally and spatially resolved photodetection of collective emission to investigate the performance of a conditional quantum teleportation protocol. The fidelity approaches unity with a success probability of 0.25.
Employer Perspectives on High School Diploma Options for Adolescents With Disabilities

According to the amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act, students with disabilities are required to participate in state- and districtwide assessments with appropriate accommodations and modifications when necessary. The data on the performance of students with disabilities on these assessments indicate that they are not performing well compared to their general education peers. As a result, some states are issuing alternate exit documents from high school in the form of occupational diplomas, General Educational Development diplomas (GEDs), and certificates of attendance, achievement, or completion. The authors interviewed a random sample of employers, asking them if they were willing to hire prospective employees with these types of alternate diplomas. Employers were least willing to hire individuals with certificates of attendance, achievement, or completion and most willing to hire those with occupational diplomas a...
Hunting mice with microsecond circuit switches

Recently, there have been proposals for constructing hybrid data center networks combining electronic packet switching with either wireless or optical circuit switching, which are ideally suited for supporting bulk traffic. Previous work has relied on a technique called hotspot scheduling, in which the traffic matrix is measured, hotspots identified, and circuits established to automatically offload traffic from the packet-switched network. While this hybrid approach does reduce CAPEX and OPEX, it still relies on having a well-provisioned packet-switched network to carry the remaining traffic. In this paper, we describe a generalization of hotspot scheduling, called traffic matrix scheduling, where most or even all bulk traffic is routed over circuits. In other words, we don't just hunt elephants, we also hunt mice. Traffic matrix scheduling rapidly time-shares circuits across many destinations at microsecond time scales. The traffic matrix scheduling algorithm can route arbitrary traffic patterns and runs in polynomial time. We briefly describe a working implementation of traffic matrix scheduling using a custom-built data center optical circuit switch with a 2.8 microsecond switching time.
Constructivism and the Neoliberal Agenda in the Spanish Curriculum Reform of the 1980s and 1990s

This article challenges the assumption underlying most education reforms that constructivism is politically neutral and intrinsically democratic. It makes this argument by examining the curriculum reform in Spain during the 1980s and 1990s in light of the neoliberal politics that the country was experiencing at that time. This study employs the poststructuralist analytical lens of governmentality developed by Foucauldian scholars. Accordingly, it claims that, the psychological version of constructivism adopted by the official curriculum reform failed to deliver promises for democracy because it was crafted within the same neoliberal political rationality that redefined the terms of government in the late 1980s, a redefinition that decontextualized the learner from his/her social context and adopted the logic of the market.
Ironing out the wrinkles in the rare biosphere through improved OTU clustering

Summary Deep sequencing of PCR amplicon libraries facilitates the detection of low-abundance populations in environmental DNA surveys of complex microbial communities. At the same time, deep sequencing can lead to overestimates of microbial diversity through the generation of low-frequency, error-prone reads. Even with sequencing error rates below 0.005 per nucleotide position, the common method of generating operational taxonomic units (OTUs) by multiple sequence alignment and complete-linkage clustering significantly increases the number of predicted OTUs and inflates richness estimates. We show that a 2% single-linkage preclustering methodology followed by an average-linkage clustering based on pairwise alignments more accurately predicts expected OTUs in both single and pooled template preparations of known taxonomic composition. This new clustering method can reduce the OTU richness in environmental samples by as much as 30‐60% but does not reduce the fraction of OTUs in long-tailed rank abundance curves that defines the rare biosphere.
Managing the threats and opportunities afforded by human sociality.

Group living offers humans substantial fitness-enhancing benefits, although it also affords significant fitness-decreasing costs. To enhance these benefits and reduce these costs, individuals use emotional, cognitive, and behavioral mechanisms designed to help them effectively manage the complexities of life in highly interdependent groups. The authors briefly outline their evolutionary, functional analysis of human sociality and summarize accumulating empirical support for various implications derived from this conceptual analysis. In particular, the authors focus on four questions central to intragroup and intergroup relations: (a) How do people manage the need to be selective in their choice of social affiliates? (b) how do people manage the impressions others form of them? (c) how do people manage the threats that fellow group members often
The general inefficiency of batch training for gradient descent learning

Gradient descent training of neural networks can be done in either a batch or on-line manner. A widely held myth in the neural network community is that batch training is as fast or faster and/or more 'correct' than on-line training because it supposedly uses a better approximation of the true gradient for its weight updates. This paper explains why batch training is almost always slower than on-line training--often orders of magnitude slower--especially on large training sets. The main reason is due to the ability of on-line training to follow curves in the error surface throughout each epoch, which allows it to safely use a larger learning rate and thus converge with less iterations through the training data. Empirical results on a large (20,000-instance) speech recognition task and on 26 other learning tasks demonstrate that convergence can be reached significantly faster using on-line training than batch training, with no apparent difference in accuracy.
Approximate is Better than “Exact” for Interval Estimation of Binomial Proportions

Abstract For interval estimation of a proportion, coverage probabilities tend to be too large for “exact” confidence intervals based on inverting the binomial test and too small for the interval based on inverting the Wald large-sample normal test (i.e., sample proportion ± z-score × estimated standard error). Wilson's suggestion of inverting the related score test with null rather than estimated standard error yields coverage probabilities close to nominal confidence levels, even for very small sample sizes. The 95% score interval has similar behavior as the adjusted Wald interval obtained after adding two “successes” and two “failures” to the sample. In elementary courses, with the score and adjusted Wald methods it is unnecessary to provide students with awkward sample size guidelines.
Digitally-Enhanced Phase-Locking Circuits

In this paper, we present an overview of digital techniques that can overcome the drawbacks of analog phase-looked loops (PLLs) implemented in deep-submicron CMOS processes. The design of key building blocks of digital PLLs such as the time-to-digital converter and digital-to-frequency converters are discussed in detail. The implementation and measured results of two digital PLL architectures, (1) based on a digitally controlled oscillator and (2) based on a digital phase accumulator, are presented. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of using digital PLLs in digital systems requiring high-performance PLLs.
Modeling Intraindividual Cognitive Change in Aging Adults: Results from the Einstein Aging Studies

This paper reviews research from the longitudinal Einstein Aging Studies (EAS) that has focused on modeling intraindividual cognitive change in aging adults. We describe how to separate models of intraindividual change at the within-person level from models of individual differences in change at the between-person level. We illustrate this distinction by analyzing new data from the EAS to test the speed hypothesis at the intraindividual level of analyses. The present findings replicate those of Sliwinski and Buschke (1999) by showing that within-person changes in speed predict within-person changes in cognition, but that speed does not substantially attenuate estimates of within-person cognitive decline. We conclude that correct measurement and explanatory modeling of intraindividual change should be the primary focus of longitudinal aging research, and that the more common practice of modeling individual differences in change should be a secondary focus.
Turker-Assisted Paraphrasing for English-Arabic Machine Translation

This paper describes a semi-automatic paraphrasing task for English-Arabic machine translation conducted using Amazon Mechanical Turk. The method for automatically extracting paraphrases is described, as are several human judgment tasks completed by Turkers. An ideal task type, revised specifically to address feedback from Turkers, is shown to be sophisticated enough to identify and filter problem Turkers while remaining simple enough for non-experts to complete. The results of this task are discussed along with the viability of using this data to combat data sparsity in MT.
Electronic medical record analysis of emergency room visits and hospitalizations in individuals with epilepsy and mental illness comorbidity

Objective Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition that significantly increases risk of injury and premature death. Rates of mental illness are also disproportionately high in those with epilepsy, which can be attributed in part to the stress and stigma associated with epilepsy. Psychiatric conditions generally complicate the management of epilepsy, and understanding how psychiatric comorbidity affects use of crisis-based health resources could inform care approaches that help improve epilepsy care. To better understand effects of psychiatric comorbidity on epilepsy burden, we conducted a 5-year retrospective analysis of data from a large safety-net healthcare network and compared the occurrence of negative health events (NHEs), defined as emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations, among individuals with epilepsy and mental illness (E–MI) vs. those with epilepsy alone (E).
Trace metal associations in the water column of South San Francisco Bay, California

Spatial distributions of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) were followed along a longitudinal gradient of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in South San Francisco Bay (herein referred to as the South Bay). Dissolved Cu, Zn and Cd concentrations ranged from 24 to 66 nM, from 20 to 107 nM and from 1·2 to 4·7 nM, respectively, in samples collected on five dates beginning with the spring phytoplankton bloom and continuing through summer,1985. Dissolved Cu and Zn concentrations varied indirectly with salinity and directly with DOC concentration which ranged from 2·1 to 4·1 mg l−1. Available thermodynamic data strongly support the hypothesis that Cu speciation may be dominated by association with dissolved organic matter. Analogous control of Zn speciation by organic complexation was, however, not indicated in our computations. Computed free ion activity estimates for Cu, Zn and Cd were of the order of 10−10, 10−8 and 10−10 M, respectively. The availability of these metals may be among the factors regulating the growth of certain phytoplankton species within this region of the estuary. In contrast to dissolved Cu, dissolved Cd was directly related to the concentration of suspended particulate matter, suggesting a source of dissolved Cd coincident with elevated particle concentrations in the South Bay (e.g. runoff and solute desorption). Consistent with work in other estuaries, partitioning of all three trace metals onto suspended particulates was negatively correlated with salinity and positively correlated with increases in particulate organic carbon associated with the phytoplankton bloom. These results for the South Bay indicate that sorption processes influence dissolved concentrations of these trace metals, the degree of this influence varies among metals, and processes controlling metal distribution in this estuary appear to be more element-specific than spatially- or temporally-specific.
Modeling of trunk muscle recruitment during isometric exertion

Prior modeling approaches are reviewed, and a general nonlinear optimization model for trunk muscle recruitment is developed. The effects of the different cost functions and the load vector characterization on the predicted muscle tensions are investigated. Some of the model's limitations are discussed, and some results obtained using six different cost functions are presented and evaluated. >
Effects of fluctuating oxygenation on tirapazamine efficacy: Theoretical predictions

Purpose: To examine the effects of fluctuating oxygen levels on the hypoxic cytotoxin tirapazamine (TPZ) using theoretical predictions. Methods: and Materials Tirapazamine's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic oxygen dependence has previously been characterized in vitro . Here, a one-dimensional theoretical model was used to examine the effects of fluctuating hypoxia on metabolized TPZ concentration, assuming sinusoidally fluctuating oxygen levels. TPZ concentration is changing according to published experimental data. Simulations of experimentally observed time-courses of perivascular pO 2 were also conducted. Results: The predicted pharmacodynamic effect of TPZ was increased with fluctuating (vs. constant) hypoxia at all frequencies (1–30 min period) and all amplitudes (1–15 mm Hg). Additionally, fluctuating oxygen resulted in more metabolized TPZ near the oxygen source as compared with the steady-state condition of the same overall average pO 2 . Conclusions: Fluctuating pO 2 reduced the concentration of metabolized TPZ at distances farther from the source, thereby limiting its ability to reach and kill the most hypoxic cells. These results suggest that the kinetics of fluctuating oxygenation should be taken into account when considering drug designs that involve oxygen-sensitive agents.
Sex Roles: An Up-to-Date Gender Journal with an Outdated Name

I come to Sex Roles: A Journal of Research as only its fifth editor across its 41-year-old history, following Editors Katz (1975–1990); Zalk (1991–2001); Chrisler (2002–2006), and Frieze (2007–2015). Like most incoming editors, I want to build on the scholarship and practices these past editors have so expertly nurtured, as well as keep the journal at the cutting edge of our fields. I come to this position with my own track-record as the former editor of Psychology of Women Quarterly (2010–2015). Although I certainly acknowledge that where my term as editor of Sex Roles will ultimately take me is necessarily unknown, at this launching point I do have some (a) general directions and (b) practiced and projected practices that I want to share here with prospective contributors to the journal, including authors and reviewers.
Development of a FPSO Motion Simulator

This paper presents the development of a motion simulator for a moored FPSO, which includes numerical prediction of the FPSO motions in wind, waves and current. It also presents the resulting mooring line tension, 3-dimensional visualization of the FPSO motion, and summary analysis of the resulting motion parameters. The FPSO motion in waves was simulated using an in-house seakeeping code, MOTSIM. A spread mooring line routine, based on catenary theory, was developed and added to MOTSIM to calculate the restoring force of each mooring line. The visualizer (or animator) was developed in-house from open source software, including Ogre, Hydrax and Skyx. It can playback a 3-dimensional view of the simulation (above and below water). The user can view the results in a movie-like format, and change viewing position during the play-back. The user can also run a new simulation from the animator by inputting the required parameters.The program for analyzing the time dependent responses generated by MOTSIM was developed as a stand-alone program using MATLAB. The analyzer can conduct statistical analysis of time-domain response signals.A heading control system and a DP control system were also developed in the simulator and can be activated to help control the FPSO motion if required.A validation of the ship motion prediction and mooring tension was conducted against model experiments using 100-year return period environments with different combinations of wave, wind and current directions.The simulator was developed as a forecasting tool to help operators predict platform performance based of forecast weather conditions.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Telling the Child

“Listen to me, and pass it on to all the doctors and nurses and everyone around here: You’re not to tell Franklin the name of his disease and you’re not to tell him it’s fatal.”
Mapping of the css (chloroplast splicing suppressor) gene(s) to a recombinationally suppressed region of chromosome III in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

In previous work, three suppressors of defective group I introns (7151, 71N1, 7120) were isolated from a mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that had a splicing-deficient chloroplast large subunit (LSU) rRNA intron. Genetic analysis indicated that the 7151 and 71N1 suppressor mutations each involved single nuclear loci, and that the 7151 mutation was dominant. Here we present genetic evidence that the 7120 suppressor also involves a single nuclear locus and that the mutation is dominant in vegetative diploids. Moreover, we have employed crosses with the S1D2 strain and molecular markers to map the 7120 and 71N1 suppressors. Based on an analysis of 800 progeny from 7120 × S1D2, the 7120 suppressor is located in a region of ∼400 kb on chromosome III that is devoid of recombination. The ∼400-kb region contains at least 72 genes, about one-third of which (i.e., 22) are predicted to be organelle targeted. Similar analysis of 71N1 × S1D2 using 400 progeny also pointed to the recombination-deficient region of ch...
The Salience of American State Politics

Research emphasizing the correlates of state policy outputs and the performance of particular institutions has overshadowed the role of the citizenry in the drama of state politics. One question of basic concern is the relevance of state government and politics for the inhabitants of a state. At the level of public policy and institutional performance the answer to this is factual and straightforward. The nature, amount, distribution, and to some extent the quality of a state's services and policies can be specified. Since states perform most of the traditional functions of governmental units and since these functions affect the fortunes of the citizens, state politics has an obvious, tangible, objective relevance for a state's inhabitants. At another level, however, the answer is not so clear-cut. Here we are dealing with the idea of what is subjectively relevant. Large numbers of people apparently pass their lives being touched by political institutions in a variety of ways without becoming particularly interested in or involved with these institutions. Other people become intensely, purposively related to these same institutions. Still others fall along a continuum between these two poles. If substantial variations exist in the general salience of politics, there is little reason to doubt that the same conditions may be found in particular subsets of political matters. In the case at hand this subset consists of the cluster of institutions, actors, and processes known as state political systems.
Surface Stress Sensitive Film as a Separation Control Sensor

Low Reynolds number boundary layer separation causes reduced aerodynamic performance in a variety of applications such as MAVs, UAVs, and turbomachinery. The inclusion of a boundary layer separation control system offers a way to improve efficiency in conditions that would otherwise result in poor performance. Many effective passive and active boundary layer control methods exist. Active methods offer the ability to turn on, off, or adjust parameters of the flow control system with either an open loop or closed loop control strategy using sensors. This research investigates the use of a unique sensor called Surface Stress Sensitive Film (S3F) in a closed loop, low Reynolds number separation control system. S3F is an elastic film that responds to flow pressure gradients and shear stress along its wetted surface, allowing optical measurement of wall pressure and skin friction. The S3F sensor was integrated into the curved airfoil surface so as not to perturb the boundary layer. In this proof of concept investigation the S3F image signal was acquired via high speed interface and analyzed using an off board control system. The S3F displacement signal was used directly in a closed loop separation control system to drive a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma actuator used to control laminar boundary layer separation on an Eppler 387 airfoil over a range of low Reynolds numbers. Operation of the plasma actuator resulted in a 33% reduction in section drag coefficient and reattachment of an otherwise separated boundary layer. A simple On/Off controller and Proportional Integral (PI) controller were used to close the control loop.
An author co-citation analysis: examining the intellectual structure of e-learning from 1981 to 2014

Despite the emergence of e-learning trends, the author cocitation analysis (ACA) method has not yet been used to analyze e-learning extensively. This study applies ACA to analyze the collected literature on e-learning from 1981-2015, with the goal of identifying the top intellectual areas in three time periods -- 1981-1991, 1992-2002, and 2003-2014 - to provide a reference framework for future researchers. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to construct an intellectual framework in the field of e-learning.
Containment Care Units for Managing Patients With Highly Hazardous Infectious Diseases: A Concept Whose Time Has Come

The concept of containment care for patients with highly hazardous infectious diseases originated in conjunction with the development of sophisticated biosafety level 4 laboratories at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases in the late 1960s. Over time, the original containment facility served as a model for the development of other facilities in the United States at government and academic centers. The Ebola outbreak of 2014-2015 brought the issue of containment care into the mainstream and led to the development of such capabilities at strategic points around the country. We describe the original concepts behind development of such facilities, how the concept and acceptance has evolved over time, and how the guidelines for managing patients infected with viral hemorrhagic fevers have evolved as new information has been learned about protecting medical care providers from highly hazardous infectious pathogens.
Queue Length Estimation for Freeway Facilities: Based on Combination of Point Traffic Detector and Automatic Vehicle Identification Data:

Queue length is a critical performance measure for assessing and managing transportation network performance. Two new methods that integrate data from point traffic detectors and automatic vehicle identification (AVI) readers to estimate the queue length of freeway segments for both off-line and real-time applications are developed in this study. One method estimates the queue length between two detectors by using linear interpolation between the travel time measurement based on AVI data when the link is fully queued and when no queue is present. In the second method, a segment with a partial queue is divided into two subsegments: the first is assumed to be similar to upstream traffic conditions and the second to downstream traffic conditions. Then, the length of each part is calculated from AVI speed data. The performance of these methods is assessed and compared in two case studies that are based on simulation data and real-world data. The results show that using a combination of point detector data and...
Detecting Peer-to-Peer Botnets in SCADA Systems

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems monitor and control critical infrastructure such as the smart grid. As SCADA systems become increasingly interconnected and adopt more and more cyber-enabled components, the risks of cyber attacks become a major concern. Due to their decentralized organization, peer-to-peer (P2P) botnets are resilient to many existing takedown measures and can be exploited as an effective way to launch cyber attacks on SCADA systems. However, little work has been done to detect P2P botnets in SCADA systems, which carry traffic flows with characteristics significantly different from the Internet. In this paper, we design a P2P-botnet detection method for SCADA systems, leveraging built-in traffic monitoring capabilities of SCADA networking devices. The proposed method consists of two stages. In the first stage, we design a simple feature test to filter out non-P2P hosts, which significantly reduces the data volume for P2P-botnet identification. In the second stage, we jointly consider flow-based and connectivity-based features that effectively set apart bots from benign hosts. We propose to use unsupervised learning for P2P-botnet identification, which not only identifies known P2P botnets but also captures newly emerged ones. Our simulation results show that the proposed system achieves high detection rates with very few false positives. Furthermore, our evaluation shows that the proposed method can detect hosts running P2P SCADA applications that are infected by P2P bots.
Practice makes perfectible: The impact of training and rehearsal on program fidelity

ABSTRACTIntervention fidelity is essential to the implementation of effective educational programs and research. Providing rigorous facilitator training is one method of promoting intervention fidelity. This study documents the rehearsal paradigm and the fidelity of the implementation of a theatre-in-education intervention. The intensive facilitator training schedule, designed to ensure that each actor-teacher had a high level of facilitator expertise and could faithfully administer the program, successfully fostered intervention fidelity. Although the rigorous training paradigm described in this article was designed to prepare professional actor-teachers to administer a theatre-in-education intervention with preschool children in Head Start and their teachers, the depth, breadth, and rigor of the training paradigm can inform other forms of educator preparation and instruction.
Growth and characterization of In1-xGaxAs/InAs0.65Sb0.35 strained layer superlattice infrared detectors

Type-II strained layer superlattices (SLS) are an active research topic in the infrared detector community and applications for SLS detectors continue to grow. SLS detector technology has already reached the commercial market due to improvements in material quality, device design, and device fabrication. Despite this progress, the optimal superlattice design has not been established, and at various times has been believed to be InAs/GaSb, InAs/InGaSb, or InAs/InAsSb. Building on these, we investigate the properties of a new mid-wave infrared SLS material: InGaAs/InAsSb SLS. The ternary InGaAs/InAsSb SLS has three main advantages over other SLS designs: greater support for strain compensation, enhanced absorption due to increased electron-hole wavefunction overlap, and improved vertical hole mobility due to reduced hole effective mass. Here, we compare three ternary SLSs, with approximately the same bandgap (0.240 eV at 150 K), comprised of Ga fractions of 5%, 10%, and 20% to a reference sample with 0% Ga. Enhanced absorption is both theoretically predicted and experimentally realized. Furthermore, the characteristics of ternary SLS infrared detectors based on an nBn architecture are reported and exhibit nearly state-of-the-art dark current performance with minimal growth optimization. We report standard material and device characterization information, including dark current and external quantum efficiency, and provide further analysis that indicates improved quantum efficiency and vertical hole mobility. Finally, a 320×256 focal plane array built based on the In0.8Ga0.2As/InAs0.65Sb0.35 SLS design is demonstrated with promising performance.
A smoking cessation program slowed decline in lung function

Source Citation Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP, et al. for the Lung Health Study Research Group. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the...
Evidence for a deep mantle source for EM and HIMU domains from integrated geochemical and geophysical constraints

Abstract Subduction of oceanic and continental crust (and associated sediments) into the mantle over geologic time generates mantle domains with geochemically distinct signatures, referred to as HIMU (high “μ”, where μ = 238 U / 204 Pb ) and EM (enriched mantle) domains. Identification of EM and HIMU geochemical signatures in hotspot lavas provides evidence that subducted crustal materials are recycled into the source of hotspots. It remains uncertain where these materials are located in the mantle, and a key question is whether upwelling mantle plumes are required to transport mantle domains with EM and HIMU signatures to the shallow mantle beneath hotspots. Therefore, this study evaluates relationships between extreme EM and HIMU compositions at oceanic hotspots and the presence (or absence) of seismically-constrained mantle plumes beneath the hotspots. We draw on three existing plume catalogs based on global seismic shear-wave velocity models, and these plume catalogs indicate the presence or absence of a plume beneath each of 42 oceanic hotspots. From each hotspot, we select a lava with the highest 206Pb/204Pb composition and one with the lowest 143Nd/144Nd composition. We show that hotspots associated with seismically defined plumes show a greater likelihood of hosting lavas with either extreme EM (143Nd/144Nd ≤ 0.512630) or extreme HIMU (206Pb/204Pb ≥ 20.0) compositions than hotspots not associated with plumes, but HIMU hotspots show a stronger association with plumes than EM hotspots. The significance of the relationship between plumes and extreme geochemical signatures at hotspots improves if extreme EM and HIMU compositions are considered together instead of separately: hotspots sourced by mantle plumes are even more likely to exhibit extreme EM or extreme HIMU signatures than hotspots not sourced by plumes. The significance tests also show that hotspots with extreme EM or HIMU compositions are more likely to be associated with mantle plumes than hotspots that lack extreme geochemical signatures. A relationship between seismically detected deep mantle plumes and the presence of extreme EM or HIMU compositions at hotspots provides evidence for a deep mantle source for these geochemical domains.
Cohesive finite element modeling of the delamination of HTPB binder and HMX crystals under tensile loading

Abstract Accurately modeling the mechanical behavior of the polymer binders and the degradation of interfaces between binder and crystal is important to science-based understanding of the macro-scale response of polymer bonded explosives. The paper presents a description of relatively a simple bi-crystal HMX-HTPB specimen and associated tensile loading experiment including computed tomography imaging, the pertinent constitutive theory, and details of numerical simulations used to infer the behavior of the material during the delamination process. Within this work, mechanical testing and direct numerical simulation of this relatively simple bi-crystal system enabled reasonable isolation of binder-crystal interface delamination, in which the effects of the complicated thermomechanical response of explosive crystals were minimized. Cohesive finite element modeling of the degradation and delamination of the interface between a modified HTPB binder and HMX crystals was used to reproduce observed results from tensile loading experiments on bi-crystal specimens. Several comparisons are made with experimental measurements in order to identify appropriate constitutive behavior of the binder and appropriate parameters for the cohesive traction-separation behavior of the crystal-binder interface. This research demonstrates the utility of directly modeling the delamination between binder and crystal within crystal-binder-crystal tensile specimen towards characterizing the behavior of these interfaces in a manner amenable to larger scale simulation of polycrystalline PBX materials. One critical aspect of this approach is micro computed tomography imaging conducted during the experiments, which enabled comparison of delamination patterns between the direct numerical simulation and actual specimen. In addition to optimizing the cohesive interface parameters, one important finding from this investigation is that understanding and representing the strain-hardening plasticity of HTPB binder is important within the context of using a cohesive traction-separation model for the delamination of a crystal-binder system.
Connecting undergraduate programs to high school students: teacher workshops on computational thinking and computer science

The high school preparation of future computer science undergraduates can be varied and depends strongly on the experiences and subject knowledge of their high school teachers. In an effort to connect undergraduate computer science programs to high schools for future student success in college, a public comprehensive university is hosting high school teacher workshops to help teachers enhance their teaching effectiveness. This has established a pathway from the university to the high school. Pre- and post- workshop surveys show that these teacher workshops have changed the perceptions high school teachers had regarding careers in computer science.
A Fundamental Study of Disodium Carboxymethyl Trithiocarbonate (Orfom® D8) in Flotation Separation of Copper-Molybdenum Sulfides

The chalcopyrite-molybdenite (Cu-Mo) flotation industry is increasingly turning to organic depressants as suitable replacements for inorganic reagents, such as NaHS, due to environmental and safety concerns as well as high consumption rates of the inorganic reagents. This presents an opportunity for improvements or design and synthesis of alternative reagents. Disodium carboxymethyl trithiocarbonate (Orfom® D8) depressant is an organic depressant with a carboxylate group on one end and a trithiocarbonate group at the other end. Fundamental results are shown regarding the interaction of the Orfom® D8 depressant in the bulk flotation of a Cu-Mo concentrate from an operating North American mine. Cyclic Voltammetry on pure copper and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements on pure chalcopyrite with Orfom® D8 depressant treatment are also reported. Through such characterization techniques a potential adsorption mechanism of Orfom® D8 on the mineral surface was identified and its depressant characteristics in the Cu-Mo flotation systems explained.
Abstract 149: CD36 in Perivascular Macrophages Contributes to Neurovascular and Cognitive Dysfunction and Amyloid Angiopathy in Mice Overexpressing the Alzheimer Aβ Peptide

Amyloid-β (Aβ) exerts deleterious effects on the cerebral microcirculation, which may play a role in Alzheimer’s disease and mixed dementias. In mouse models of amyloid precursor protein (APP) over...
Lysosomes Dare Cells to be Different(iated).

In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Villegas et al. (2019) used a genome-wide CRISPR screen to identify ESC pluripotency regulators, which generated insights into how signaling from lysosome enables cells to transcriptionally regulate their metabolism. Further investigation of human genetics identified a human developmental disease arising from a defect in this process.
Micro-Raman imaging of isomeric segregation in small-molecule organic semiconductors

Charge transport in organic semiconductors is highly sensitive to film heterogeneity and intermolecular interactions, but probing these properties on the length scales of disorder is often difficult. Here we use micro-Raman spectroscopy to assign vibrational modes of isomerically pure syn and anti 2,8-difluoro-5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl)anthradithiophene (diF-TES ADT) by comparing to density functional theory calculations. With polarization-dependent measurements, we determine the orientation of crystallites in pure isomers. In mixed-isomer samples, we observe narrow linewidths and superposition spectra, indicating coexistence of isomerically pure sub-domains on length scales smaller than the probe area. Using the ring breathing modes close to 1300 cm−1 as indicators of the pure isomer crystalline sub-domains, we image their spatial distribution with 200-nm resolution. These results demonstrate the power of micro-Raman spectroscopy for investigating spatial heterogeneities and clarifying the origin of the reduced charge carrier mobility displayed in mixed-isomer diF-TES ADT. Probing intermolecular interactions and film heterogeneity in organic semiconductors is challenging. Here, the authors use micro-Raman spectroscopy to assign vibrational modes of isomerically pure functionalized anthradithiophenes, which are then used to image crystalline sub-domains in mixed-isomer samples.
Housing Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence Survivors: A Systematic Review:

Intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors are much more likely to experience housing insecurity or homelessness than those who have not experienced IPV. However, little comprehensive research has evaluated the effectiveness of interventions used to address IPV survivors' housing insecurity. To address this knowledge gap, our team conducted a systematic review guided by three questions: (a) What are current interventions for addressing IPV survivors' housing needs? (b) What are the methodological strengths and limitations of the research evaluating those interventions? (c) How effective are the identified interventions? We identified potentially relevant peer-reviewed and gray literature using variations of predetermined search terms and four search methods. Twelve articles met inclusion criteria. Accordingly, this study showed that there is an overall dearth of research concerning interventions that address IPV survivors' housing insecurity and needs. Shelter is the most commonly assessed and available housing intervention for IPV survivors, but only limited empirical evaluation is available of shelter effectiveness. In addition, findings indicate both traditional shelter services and innovative interventions (e.g., rapid rehousing, flexible funding) would benefit from rigorous evaluation including examining survivor and situation characteristics contributing to housing strategy effectiveness.
Product quality analysis for multi-processes with multiple quality characteristics using capability indices

To obtain numerical measures on process potential and process performance which meets the pre-set targets of the customer, process capability indices are used widely in the manufacturing industry. Capability measure for processes with a single set of characteristics has been investigated extensively but is comparatively neglected for processes with multiple characteristics. Also, process capability indices are treated effectively wherein the indices identify and measure deficiencies in process capability owing to individual quality characteristics instead of the product level quality. In this paper, we propose a reliable approach to multiple quality components and how components affect the product level quality overall. Relationships between quality components and product level quality process contribute opportunities for continuous improvement on the manufacturing process.
Overcoming MCL-1-driven adaptive resistance to targeted therapies.

Two complementary studies in Nature Communications define a critical role for the anti-apoptotic protein MCL-1 as a driver of adaptive survival in tumor cells treated with oncogene targeted therapies, providing a rationale for combining these agents with newly developed MCL-1 inhibitors in the clinic.
Abstract WP412: Important Role of Scavenging Receptors on Hemoglobin-Injected Intracerebral Hemorrhage Model

Introduction: Clinical and experimental studies have linked the presence of oxidative damage and neuroinflammation from free hemoglobin (Hb) to the innate immune response. CD36 has been identified ...