cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADDITIONAL HUMAN FOSSILS FROM THE MIDDLE STONE AGE OF DIE KELDERS CAVE 1, SOUTH AFRICA : 1995 EXCAVATION

Die Kelders Cave 1 (DK1) preserves Middle Stone (MSA) horizons, the uppermost of which date to between 60 and 80 kyr ago. Excavation of these layers in 1995 yielded 12 human specimens, comprising 10 isolated teeth, a mandibular fragment, and a partial manual middle phalanx. This sample brings the inventory of human remains from the DK1 MSA to 27. Most of the 1995 specimens represent juvenile individuals: four are deciduous teeth, three of the permanent crowns exhibit little or no wear, and the mandible contains an unerupted permanent incisor. The preponderance of immature individuals in this sample is consistent with those excavated earlier. Some of the DK1 crowns tend to be larger than most recent African homologues, and comparable to the teeth of penecontemporaneous populations from Eurasia, which might be expected for teeth of such antiquity. Other of the DK1 crowns, however, are smaller than the majority that have been sampled for the Late Pleistocene archaic inhabitants of Eurasia. The majority of morphological variants displayed by the DK1 crowns characterise the teeth of recent sub-Saharan Africans, and in some instances the resemblances between the DK1 and recent African teeth are in traits that differentiate sub-Saharan Africans from other geographic populations. The similarities between the teeth of the MSA inhabitants of DK1 and recent Africans, however, do not necessarily signify modernity of the former, because these crown variants may also have characterised earlier populations from which the MSA peoples were derived. Currently available dental samples are inadequate to detennine crown variant frequencies in earlier African (MSA or ESA) populations.
Malthus with Institutions: A Comparative Analysis of Prudential Restraint

T. Robert Malthus is usually remembered for the “gloomy presentiments” of the population principle articulated in the first edition of An Essay on the Principle of Population. Less attention is given to the subsequent editions of the Essay, in which Malthus refined the principle, and evaluated it against evidence from around the world. The principle’s refinement allowed Malthus to sharpen the distinction between preventive checks that depended upon individual prudential foresight and those that requiring moral restraint. Prudential foresight allowed individuals to evaluate fertility decisions because of the constraints the individual faced. Few of us are graced with moral restraint, but societies provide institutional constraints that create a cost structure which our prudential reason uses to make what were, in Malthus’ time, decisions regarding the timing of marriage.The refined population principle provided the basis for an empirical claim that could be tested. Where a civilization provided institutional incentives to delay marriage, prudential reasoning would become the primary means of checking population growth. Where the incentives to delay marriage were weak or did not exist, the civilization’ population would be checked primarily by the positive checks of disease, starvation, war, and disaster. Subsequent editions of the Essay provide the empirical check of this claim. In these editions, Malthus provided a comparative analysis of the variety of institutional frameworks within which human fertility decisions are made, and examines their effectiveness in delaying marriage, and hence, encouraging the operation of the prudential v. positive checks.His comparative analysis provided a scale along which civilizations could be placed. Societies with few institutions featured early marriage, and, his empirical investigations showed, the operational primacy of the positive checks. Some societies, like Malthus’ own Great Britain, had developed some institutions which provided incentives to delay marriage, but had other institutional features which encouraged early marriage. Hence, while these societies were advancing because of the operation of the prudential checks, their populations were sometimes subject to the operation of the positive checks. The question remained whether any society could in the future achieve sufficiently advanced institutional features to control population almost exclusively via the prudential checks.
Managing knowledge through people

Knowledge management is a key issue to firms. While many firms have gained a considerable technological edge over their competitors, managers in these firms still find themselves inadequate to deal with knowledge. Knowledge derived from technology is mostly conceived in syntactic levels, which managers can easily understand and manage. However, knowledge that is based on social relations is soft, impersonal, and sensitive, and is difficult to manage through a set of standards and techniques. An in-depth study of two firms showed that too much emphasis on technology could be one-sided, without offering any significant advantages to firms. On the other hand, firms which pay equal attention to technology as well as people by encouraging informal meetings among employees, get-together, and personal interactions perform better to meet customers’ expectations in products and services.Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Cornwallis Emmanuel Ltd.
Eustachian tube dysfunction symptoms in patients treated in a tertiary rhinology clinic

BACKGROUND Ear symptoms are common among patients presenting to a rhinology clinic. Validated inventories are available for patient quality-of-life in sinonasal disease and Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD). This study sought to determine the extent of ETD symptoms, using validated metrics, in a large population of patients presenting to a tertiary rhinology clinic. METHODS Seven-item Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaires (ETDQ-7) and 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Tests (SNOT-22) were prospectively collected from 492 patients treated in a tertiary rhinology clinic. Patient diagnoses were retrospectively determined from the medical record. Correlation between reported SNOT-22 and ETDQ-7 scores were analyzed, in addition to the number of patients meeting the criterion score for ETD. RESULTS A total of 213 patients reported mean ETDQ-7 scores >2.1, consistent with a diagnosis of ETD. Overall SNOT-22 scores were strongly correlated with ETDQ-7 scores (r = 0.679, p < 0.001). The SNOT-22 ear subdomain was very strongly correlated with the ETDQ-7 score (r = 0.847, p < 0.001), while there was a moderate correlation with the SNOT-22 rhinologic subdomain (r = 0.486, p < 0.001). Patients with allergic fungal sinusitis had decreased ETDQ-7 scores compared to patients with other rhinologic diagnoses (p = 0.010). CONCLUSION Symptoms of ETD are common in patients treated in a rhinology clinic, with 43.3% of patients reporting symptom scores consistent with a formal diagnosis of ETD. Increased SNOT-22 scores are correlated with increased ETDQ-7 scores, even when only the SNOT-22 rhinologic subdomain is considered. Patients presenting for treatment of rhinologic symptoms likely have an increased prevalence of otologic symptoms and ETD.
The Opportunities and Challenges with Social Media and Big Data for Research in Human Dynamics

Geographers and scientists can collect and analyze social media and Big Data via smartphones, sensors, and mobile devices with locational contents, such as global positioning system tags, check-ins, place names, and user location profiles. The dynamic characteristics of social media and Big Data offer geographers research opportunities for examining and modeling human behaviors, communications, and movements. To discuss this emerging research themes in the field of geography and GIScience, a series of special paper sessions were organized at AAG annual meetings in 2015 and 2016, Human Dynamics in the Mobile Age: Linking Physical and Virtual Spaces and Symposium on Human Dynamics Research: Social Media and Big Data. This short viewpoint paper first reports on a summary of papers presented in these AAG sessions. Then we discuss the current state-of-the-arts in human dynamics research and highlight their key concepts, opportunities, and challenges.
Williams Syndrome: An Overview of Medical, Cognitive, and Behavioral Features

This article provides an overview of the many medical problems that can complicate Williams syndrome. New findings pertaining to the genetic basis of Williams syndrome also are reviewed. A detailed account of cognitive, behavioral, and personality profiles with their implications for psychologists and psychiatrists is provided as well.
Distributed Multi-layered Network Management for NEC Using Multi-Agent Systems

Within the military environment it is important that effective communication lines are maintained so that critical messages are able to reach their destinations and remain secure. Currently the bulk of the communications infrastructure is preplanned prior to mission start, and requires manual intervention when reality fails to match the plan. The communication systems need to be highly flexible, and adaptable in the face of (unforeseen) hostile and adverse conditions. We believe that this is where a combination of a distributed agent-based system and a reconfigurable peer-to-peer overlay network can be used help to provide a communication system that is robust and highly adaptable in the face of ever changing and adverse conditions with a minimal amount of planning and enable us to reduce the burden placed on dedicated staff in the field.
The Rework Hypothesis

The final element for interpreting Kant’s Critique is our hypothesis that Kant came to the view set out in the preceding four chapters only through two previous flawed attempts at a non-descriptivist theory of thought, and that all three attempts appear in the A edition of the Critique. Further each flawed attempt constitutes a topically complete book, so that the text of the Critique is actually an overlay of three complete books, each an attempt to work out the answer to the 1772 Herz question. We call this hypothesis, the rework hypothesis, since it claims that Kant entirely reworked the topics of the Critique, and we label the three attempts the early view, the middle view and the late view. In this chapter we set out this hypothesis in preliminary fashion.
Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery for Rectal Neoplasms

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is a new minimally invasive technique that allows complete excision of rectal lesions and wound closure. Large, sessile, benign neoplasms and small, superficial carcinomas may be excised by these methods.
Does getting high hurt? Characterization of cases of LSD and psilocybin-containing mushroom exposures to national poison centers between 2000 and 2016.

Background:Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are serotonergic hallucinogens that are used primarily for recreational abuse. Small studies evaluated the efficacy of LSD and psilocybin ...
SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE, AND ION SELECTIVE COMPLEXATION OF TRANS AND CIS ISOMERS OF PHOTOCHROMIC DITHIA-18-CROWN-6 ETHERS

Photochromic styryl dyes containing benzodithia-18-crown-6 and N-substituted benzothiazolium moieties are synthesized and characterized spectroscopically and, for a specific case, by X-ray crystallography. The effects of the N-substituent and of sulfur atom substitution in the crown ether cavity on metal cation complex formation and on photochromism due to reversible trans−cis photoisomerization are evaluated. High selectivities for heavy metal ions, such as Ag+ and Hg2+, are observed, in contrast to the benzo-18-crown-6 dyes which selectively bind alkali and alkali earth cations. Relative complex formation stability constants, determined spectrophotometrically, are converted to absolute values by polarographic measurements. The stability constant for Hg2+ complex formation by the trans dye is enhanced 47-fold upon substitution of the 4-butylsulfonate group for methyl at the nitrogen of the benzothiazolium moiety. Photoisomerization to the cis dye is accompanied by a further 11-fold stability constant inc...
Classification of C*-algebras generated by representations of the unitriangular group UT(4,Z)

Abstract It was recently shown that each C*-algebra generated by a faithful irreducible representation of a finitely generated, torsion free nilpotent group is classified by its ordered K-theory. For the three step nilpotent group U T ( 4 , Z ) we calculate the ordered K-theory of each C*-algebra generated by a faithful irreducible representation of U T ( 4 , Z ) and see that they are all simple A T algebras. We also point out that there are many simple non- A T algebras generated by irreducible representations of nilpotent groups.
Practical considerations for territorial perfusion mapping in the cerebral circulation using super-selective pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling

Purpose This paper discusses several challenges faced by super-selective pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling, which is used to quantify territorial perfusion in the cerebral circulation. The effects of off-resonance, pulsatility, vessel movement, and label rotation scheme are investigated, and methods to maximize labeling efficiency and overall image quality are evaluated. A strategy to calculate the territorial perfusion fractions of individual vessels is proposed. Methods The effects of off-resonance, label rotation scheme, and vessel movement on labeling efficiency were simulated. Two off-resonance compensation strategies (multiphase prescan, field map), cardiac triggering, and vessel movement were studied in vivo in a group of 10 subjects. Subsequently, a territorial perfusion fraction map was acquired in 2 subjects based on the mean vessel labeling efficiency. Results Multiphase calibration provided the highest labeling efficiency (P = .002) followed by the field map compensation (P = .037) compared with the uncompensated acquisition. Cardiac triggering resulted in a qualitative improvement of the image and an increase in signal contrast between the perfusion territory and the surrounding tissue (P = .010) but failed to show a significant change in temporal and spatial SNR. The constant clockwise label rotation scheme yielded the highest labeling efficiency. Significant vessel movement (>2 mm according to simulations) was observed in 50% of subjects. The measured territorial perfusion fractions showed good agreement with anatomical data. Conclusion Optimized labeling efficiency resulted in increased image quality and accuracy of territorial perfusion fraction maps. Labeling efficiency depends critically on off-resonance calibration, cardiac triggering, optimal label rotation scheme, and vessel location tracking.
Maintenance of complex, converged, and interoperable medical device/information systems

Abstract In order to manage clinical information and patient care, one needs an appropriate way to identify the “clinical device” and adequate ways to measure and display its input and output. The process of “managing” implies some process of intervention to improve or optimize the output to meet a desired goal or target.
Debugging program failure exhibited by voluminous data

It is difficult to debug a program when the data set that causes it to fail is large (or voluminous). The cues that may help in locating the fault are obscured by the large amount of information that is generated from processing the data set. Clearly, a smaller data set which exhibits the same failure should lead to the diagnosis of the fault more quickly than the initial, large data set. We term such a smaller data set a data slice and the process of creating it data slicing. The problem of creating a data slice is undecidable. In this paper, we investigate four generate-and-test heuristics for deriving a smaller data set that reproduces the failure exhibited by a large data set. The four heuristics are: invariance analysis, origin tracking, random elimination and program-specific heuristics. We also provide a classification of programs based upon a certain relationship between their input and output. This classification may be used to choose an appropriate heuristic in a given debugging scenario. As evidence from a database of debugging anecdotes at the Open University, U.K., debugging failures exhibited by large data sets require inordinate amounts of time. Our data slicing techniques would significantly reduce the effort required in such scenarios. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing an Interstate Compact for a Pandemic Testing Board

Analysts have recently focused their attention on two pathways for the United States to reopen prior to the development of a vaccine for COVID-19. The first is to accept a series of rolling openings and closings: reopening as infection rates decrease, then reclosing as they rise again due to increased interac- tions. This approach is generally thought to be enormously costly economically and socially, as people will be kept in their homes and commerce restrained for considerable amounts of time. The second approach is to massively ramp up the production of testing, either through a universal testing regime (which would require capacity to test all 300+ million Americans every week or two) or a system of testing, tracing, and supported isolation (which would require testing 5 million Americans a day, plus tracing those who were in contact with the infected and isolating them). The testing pathway would enable the United States to reopen without having to close repeatedly and it would, as a result, save billions of dollars. The problem is that we do not have the number of tests necessary to pursue a testing pathway to reopening. Scaling up testing presents a variety of challenges -- including supply of the underlying materials within the supply chain; coordination problems that link supply to demand; and personnel and plans for how to deploy millions of tests per day. One solution to these challenges, which the Harvard Roadmap for Pandemic Resilience has outlined, is to establish a single coordinating body—a Pandemic Testing Board—to be tasked with ensuring the necessary supply of tests, deploying those tests, and facilitating a tracing program. There are two ways to design this body. It could be a federal government institution, part of the Executive Branch. Or it could be built through an interstate compact, with federal appropriations but not federal administration. This paper offers a blueprint for how to design a pandemic testing board via an interstate compact.
A sustainable lean production framework with a case implementation: Practice-based view theory

Abstract Due to its competitive advantages and mitigation of global climate change, sustainability development has become a center of attention in the manufacturing society to improve production processes. Scant research exists on the three pillars of sustainability ― economy, environment, and society ― in production frameworks through the lens of process improvement tools such as lean and six-sigma. Based on lean six-sigma, this paper develops a sustainable lean production framework (SLPF) for manufacturing companies supported by the theory of practice-based view. Since a high portion of production frameworks failed to reach the sustainability goals in the implementation, we use practitioners’ and scholars’ perspectives to build a framework including five stages and fifteen steps. To validate the framework, we empirically apply practitioners’ opinions using the Delphi method. Moreover, we experimentally verify the framework by implementing it in a cookware manufacturing company. The result showed that the proposed framework can significantly improve sustainability pillars, e.g., after an investment of $10,212, our case implementation was improved in the economy by $120,142 saving per year, the environment by reducing 257.14 tonnes CO2 per year and the society by minimizing 48 safety incidents per year, and 24 worker-absence per year.
Urinary levels of the acrolein conjugates of carnosine are associated with inhaled toxicants

The inhalation of air-borne toxicants is associated with adverse health outcomes which can be somewhat mitigated by enhancing endogenous anti-oxidant capacity. Carnosine is a naturally occurring di...
Slacking On: Organizing 50 Student Staff Remotely

As with all IT departments, remote work brought a surge of support needs from our community. Faced with the increased demands on our time, the thought of trying to run the Helpdesk with a reduction or the elimination of our student staff was not a pleasant one. However, we were allowed to employ our staff remotely, providing we had specific plans for the type of work, scheduling of shifts, and in particular communication and tracking. Fortunately, a number of our existing practices lent themselves to adaptation. With the judicious use of Slack, soft phones, and a drive to maintain existing working relationships, we modified our service approach and student focus such that we seemed to meet the campus needs. We thought that we'd share what changes we made, how we implemented them, and a little of what went well and what might still need some work.
Phosphorus digestibility and relative phosphorus bioavailability in two dried black soldier fly larvae meals and a defatted black soldier fly larvae meal in broiler chickens.

ABSTRACT Two chicken assays were conducted to determine P availability, using three different approaches, for 2 black soldier fly larvae meals (BSFL 1 and 3) and one partially-defatted BSFL. Experiment 1 was conducted to determine ileal P digestibility and total tract P retention. Three experimental diets containing a BSFL as the only source of P were fed to broiler chickens from 19 to 22 days of age. Each diet contained 0.25% total dietary P. Ileal digesta and excreta were collected on day 22. Ileal digestibility of P was 87%, 75%, and 88% for BSFL 1, BSFL 3, and partially-defatted BSFL, respectively. Total tract P retention was 87%, 73%, and 85% for BSFL 1, BSFL 3, and partially-defatted BSFL, respectively. The objective of experiment 2 was to determine the relative bioavailability of P in the 3 insect meals relative to KH2PO4 using a chicken bone ash bioassay. Chickens were fed one of nine dietary treatments from 8 to 22 days of age. These diets included a P-deficient cornstarch-dextrose-SBM based diet (0.14% nonphytate P) or that diet supplemented with 0.05% or 0.10% P from KH2PO4, 7% or 14% BSFL 1, 8%, or 16% BSFL 3, and 8% or 16% partially-defatted BSFL. The slope-ratio method using multiple regression for tibia ash regressed on supplemental P intake was used to calculate the relative bioavailability of P where values for BSFL 1, BSFL 3, and partially-defatted BSFL were 54%, 51%, and 57%, respectively, relative to KH2PO4. The results of this study indicated that availability of P in BSFL based on ileal P digestibility and total tract P retention values was high, whereas relative bioavailability values for P based on tibia ash were approximately 20 to 30 percentage units lower.
Cell-specific imputation of drug connectivity mapping with incomplete data

ABSTRACT Motivation Drug repositioning allows expedited discovery of new applications for existing compounds, but re-screening vast compound libraries is often prohibitively expensive. “Connectivity mapping” is a process that links drugs to diseases by identifying compounds whose impact on expression in a collection of cells reverses the disease’s impact on expression in disease-relevant tissues. The high throughput LINCS project has expanded the universe of compounds and cell types for which data are available, but even with this effort, many potentially clinically useful combinations are missing. To evaluate the possibility of repurposing drugs this way despite missing data, we compared collaborative filtering with either neighborhood-based or SVD imputation methods to two naive approaches via cross-validation. Results Methods were evaluated for their ability to predict drug connectivity despite missing data. Predictions improved when cell type was taken into account. Neighborhood-based collaborative filtering was the most successful method, with the best improvements in non-immortalized primary cells. We also explored which classes of compounds are most and least reliant on cell type for accurate imputation, and we identified connections between related compounds even when many were not measured in the relevant cells. We conclude that even for cells in which drug responses have not been fully characterized, it is possible to identify unassayed drugs that reverse in those cells the expression signatures observed in disease. Contact donna.slonim@tufts.edu
Perilymphatic gusher in osteogenesis imperfecta

Abstract Perilymphatic gusher is a rare event during stapes surgery that can have dramatic consequences on hearing outcomes. While gusher has been reported in X-linked deafness and otosclerosis, this is the first report of perilymphatic gusher during stapedotomy in osteogenesis imperfecta. A 15-year-old female, with no hearing or vestibular symptoms aside from mixed hearing loss, underwent endoscopic stapedotomy when a perilymphatic gusher was unexpectedly encountered intraoperatively. Prompt insertion of the stapes prosthesis and packing with fascial and cartilage graft were used to manage the gusher. At 7-month follow-up, the patient reported improved hearing and denied dizziness; audiogram showed complete closure of air-bone gap. Preoperative computed tomography scan did not reveal obvious radiologic signs to predict the gusher. Perilymphatic gusher should thus be recognized by the otologic surgeon as a possible complication during stapes surgery in osteogenesis imperfecta despite normal imaging findings. Patients and their families should be counseled of this risk appropriately.
The Exercise of Negotiator and Mediator Discretion

This book began with a description of the problems generated by the bureaucratic and adversarial processes now used to review proposed development projects. Even when a project produces net benefits, a local community will often bear costs that outweigh its share of total benefits (O’Hare, 1977). When communities and individuals express opposition through administrative and judicial challenges, their actions can block needed and beneficial projects. Often opponents of a project challenge the adequacy of an environmental impact statement (Bardach and Pugliaresi, 1977; Frieden, 1979) and demand a fuller consideration of alternative sites.
Reducing issue queue power for multimedia applications using a feedback control algorithm

We propose a dynamic power-aware issue queue in a general-purpose microprocessor for multimedia applications. Resources can be adapted at runtime in accordance with the feedback from a formal closed-loop control system such that power dissipation is reduced while still meeting the real time target for multimedia applications. We partition the issue queue into multiple sets (i.e., FIFOs) such that only instructions at the head of each set are able to issue. We then dynamically reconfigure the issue queue by changing the number and/or size of FIFOs to satisfy specific application's needs. The optimal configuration and timing are predicted by the closed-loop control system. Our results show an average power savings of over 90% in the issue queue with a negligible affect on the performance.
Axl Receptor Blockade Protects from Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Mice

Aspergillus fumigatus is a sporulating fungus found ubiquitously in the environment, which is quickly contained in the immunocompetent host but can cause lethal invasive aspergillosis in the immunocompromised host. We have recently demonstrated that Axl (one member of the Tyro3, Axl, Mertk receptor family) is a key regulator of antiviral immune responses in the lung. In this study, we investigated the role of Axl in antifungal immunity in a model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). In this model, Aspergillus fumigatus conidia were administered into the lungs of neutrophil-depleted mice, and the mice were monitored for survival, lung inflammatory response, and fungal clearance. The lethal effect of IPA was significantly reduced in anti-Axl mAb-treated mice compared with IgG control-treated mice. Targeting Axl significantly inhibited pulmonary inflammation, including the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and chitinase-like proteins in whole lung. Further, anti-Axl mAb treatment significantly increased M1 macrophages that highly expressed inducible NO synthase and decreased M2 macrophages that expressed Arginase 1 and were found in inflammatory zone protein (Fizz1). More importantly, anti-Axl mAb treatment significantly increased the number of IFN-γ-producing T cells and NK cells compared with the IgG control group during IPA. Together, our results demonstrate that the Axl mAb treatment is protective during invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic mice. Collectively, these data suggest a potential deleterious role for Axl during primary immune responses directed against A. fumigatus and novel therapeutic strategy for IPA.
Comparison of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Measurements by Radioimmunoassay and In Vitro Bioassay

A sensitive, accurate, and reproducible in vitro bioassay was developed for measuring human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), based on testosterone production by collagenase-dispersed interstitial cells of rat testes in response to hCG. The results were compared to those obtained by established beta hCG radioimmunoassay. The assay sensitivity was 25 pg hCG-CR119/ml (65 microIU second IRP/ml). The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) was 8.8%, and the interassay CV was 13% and 33% in the high and low ranges of the standard curve, respectively. hCG recoveries were 89.6 +/- 3.12% (SE, n = 12). The pattern of serum bio-hCG followed established patterns of immuno-hCG, with the highest level measured during the first trimester (mean, 52,600 +/- 7,250 SE (mIU/ml, n = 11), decreasing thereafter to a mean value of 7,400 +/- 1,500 mIU/ml at term. The mean ratio of the bio/immunoactivity was consistently greater than one and did not significantly change at the various stages of pregnancy, or between normal and molar pregnancies (first trimester, 1.75 +/- 0.12 SE; midtrimester, 1.46 +/- 0.12; term, 1.50 +/- 0.09; molar, 1.55 +/- 0.2). When serum bioactive and immunoactive hCG were measured in a woman at five weeks of pregnancy, an episodic secretion of hCG was obtained by both assays.
Immunological memory in tuberculosis: I. Influence of persisting viable organisms☆

Abstract Rats were immunized with 10 8 BCG and treated with rifampicin plus isoniazid for 9 months; similarly immunized subjects received no chemotherapy. Immediately before the institution of chemotherapy and at predetermined intervals thereafter, the immunological status of these two groups of animals was evaluated with respect to tuberculin hypersensitivity, resistance to reinfection with virulent tubercle bacilli (H37Rv), and the capacity of thoracic duct lymphocytes to consider specific antimicrobial resistance on normal recipients. Treatment with antituberculosis drugs had very little influence upon these parameters of acquired immunity despite the fact that living BCG were eradicated from the animals given chemotherapy. It is concluded that immunological memory in tuberculosis does not depend upon the persistence of viable tubercle bacilli.
Molecular Events in Transmembrane Signaling via E-selectin SHP2 ASSOCIATION, ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX FORMATION AND ERK1/2 ACTIVATION

E-selectin is a cytokine-inducible adhesion molecule that is expressed by activated endothelial cells at sites of inflammation. In addition to supporting rolling and stable arrest of leukocytes, there is increasing evidence that E-selectin functions in transmembrane signaling into endothelial cells during these adhesive interactions. We have previously shown that adhesion of HL-60 cells (which express ligands for E-selectin), or antibody-mediated cross-linking of E-selectin, results in formation of a Ras/Raf-1/phospho-MEK macrocomplex, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) activation, and c-fos up-regulation. All of these downstream signaling events appear to require an intact cytoplasmic domain of E-selectin. Here we demonstrate that tyrosine 603 in the cytoplasmic domain of E-selectin is required for the E-selectin-dependent ERK1/2 activation. Tyrosine 603 plays an important role in mediating the association of E-selectin with SHP2, and the catalytic domain of SHP2 is, in turn, critical for E-selectin-dependent ERK1/2 activation. An adapter protein complex consisting of Shc.Grb2.Sos bridges between SHP2 and the Ras.Raf.phospho-MEK macrocomplex. These molecular events thus outline a mechanism by which cross-linking of E-selectin by engagement of ligands on adherent leukocytes can initiate a multifunctional signaling pathway in the activated endothelial cell at sites of inflammation.
The effects of cold preservation and subimmunosuppressive doses of FK506 on axonal regeneration in murine peripheral nerve isografts.

BACKGROUND FK506 is a frequently used immunosuppressant with neuroregenerative effects. The neuroregenerative and immunosuppressive mechanisms of FK506, however, are distinct, suggesting that FK506 may stimulate nerve regeneration at lower doses than are needed to induce immunosuppression. The effects of cold preservation, a technique known to improve axonal regeneration through nerve allografts, are not well studied in nerve isografts and are also reported here. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of subimmunosuppressive doses of FK506 and cold preservation on nerve regeneration in isografts. METHODS The neuroregenerative properties of immunosuppressive and subimmunosuppressive doses of FK506 were compared in a murine model receiving either fresh or cold preserved nerve isografts. Sixty female BALB/cJ mice were randomized into six groups. Animals in groups I, III and V received fresh nerve isografts. Animals in groups II, IV and VI received cold-preserved nerve isografts. Mice in groups I and II received no medical therapy, while those in groups III and IV received subimmunosuppressive doses of FK506, and those in groups V and VI received immunosuppressive doses as confirmed by mixed lymphocyte reactivity assays. Nerve regeneration was evaluated with histomorphometry and functional recovery was evaluated with walking track analysis. RESULTS Pretreatment with cold preservation did not significantly affect neural regeneration. The potent neuroregenerative effect of immunosuppressive doses of FK506 was confirmed, and the ability of subimmunosuppressive doses of FK506 to stimulate axonal regeneration in murine nerve isografts is reported. CONCLUSIONS Less toxic subimmunosuppressive doses of FK506 retaining some neuroregenerative properties may have a clinical role in treating extensive nerve injuries.
Lunar polar ice deposits: scientific and utilization objectives of the Lunar Ice Discovery Mission proposal.

Abstract The Clementine mission has revived interest in the possibility that ice exists in shadowed craters near the lunar poles. Theoretically, the problem is complex, with several possible sources of water (meteoroid, asteroid, comet impact), several possible loss mechanisms (impact vaporization, sputtering, photoionization), and burial by meteorite impact. Opinions of modelers have ranged from no ice to several times 10 16 g of ice in the cold traps. Clementine bistatic radar data have been interpreted in favor of the presence of ice, while Arecibo radar data do not confirm its presence. The Lunar Prospector mission, planned to be flown in the fall of 1997, could gather new evidence for the existence of ice. If ice is present, both scientific and utilitarian objectives would be addressed by a lunar polar rover, such as that proposed to the NASA Discovery program, but not selected. The lunar polar rover remains the best way to understand the distribution and characteristics of lunar polar ice.
GIFTS SM EDU Level 1B Algorithms

The Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) SensorModule (SM) Engineering Demonstration Unit (EDU) is a high resolution spectral imager designed to measure infrared (IR) radiances using a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS). The GIFTS instrument employs three focal plane arrays (FPAs), which gather measurements across the long-wave IR (LWIR), short/mid-wave IR (SMWIR), and visible spectral bands. The raw interferogram measurements are radiometrically and spectrally calibrated to produce radiance spectra, which are further processed to obtain atmospheric profiles via retrieval algorithms. This paper describes the GIFTS SM EDU Level 1B algorithms involved in the calibration. The GIFTS Level 1B calibration procedures can be subdivided into four blocks. In the first block, the measured raw interferograms are first corrected for the detector nonlinearity distortion, followed by the complex filtering and decimation procedure. In the second block, a phase correction algorithm is applied to the filtered and decimated complex interferograms. The resulting imaginary part of the spectrum contains only the noise component of the uncorrected spectrum. Additional random noise reduction can be accomplished by applying a spectral smoothing routine to the phase-corrected spectrum. The phase correction and spectral smoothing operations are performed on a set of interferogram scans for both ambient and hot blackbody references. To continue with the calibration, we compute the spectral responsivity based on the previous results, from which, the calibrated ambient blackbody (ABB), hot blackbody (HBB), and scene spectra can be obtained. We now can estimate the noise equivalent spectral radiance (NESR) from the calibrated ABB and HBB spectra. The correction schemes that compensate for the fore-optics offsets and off-axis effects are also implemented. In the third block, we developed an efficient method of generating pixel performance assessments. In addition, a random pixel selection scheme is designed based on the pixel performance evaluation. Finally, in the fourth block, the single pixel algorithms are applied to the entire FPA.
Substantive Issues in the Soroka V. Dayton-Hudson Case

The Soroka v. Dayton-Hudson case is popularly known as the “Target” case because it was the Target Department Stores against whom the case was filed as a class action by S. Soroka on September 7, 1989, in the Superior Court, Alameda County, California Involved in the case as a major issue were the charges by the plaintiffs that the Rotlgers Condensed CPI-MMPI (RCCM), used in the pre-employment screening of applicants for Store Security Officer, violated the applicants' rights to privacy which are protected by the Constitution of the State of California. Also sought by the plaintiffs were sanctions against unfair discriminatory application of tests and subjugation of the applicants to inquiries regarding sexual orientation and religious beliefs. The parties reached an out-of-court settlement on September 23, 1993. The substantive issues relating to sound test theory and test practices are discussed along with a review of the court proceedings.
Effects of human serum albumin concentration on binding of [3H]amphetamine, [3H]atropine, [3H]epinephrine, and [14C]histamine

The binding of [3H]amphetamine, [3H]atropine, [3H]epinephrine, and [14C]histamine to human serum albumin was examined with a constant ligand concentration and varying albumin concentrations. Two concentrations of each ligand were studied. Scatchard plots of the binding data were linear and had positive slopes; the slopes were greater at the higher ligand concentration. The lowest point was for the highest albumin level and increased in sequence to the lowest albumin concentration. The β (fraction bound) value increased with an increasing amount of albumin in the system. The change in β per change in albumin concentration [d(β)/d(albumin)] when plotted against albumin concentration yielded curves with negative slopes; the slope was greatest at the lower albumin levels and was much less at the higher albumin levels (equivalent to those encountered in human blood). In agreement with literature data for other systems, the nK value (number of binding sites times the association constant) decreased with increasing albumin concentration. In previous studies of the same ligands and protein, when the albumin concentration was kept constant and the ligand concentration was varied, the Scatchard plots had positive slopes. Positive slopes also were found in this study with constant ligand concentrations and varying albumin levels. These results suggest cooperativity in the binding of these ligands to human serum albumin.
Transient decay of satellite lines of bound excitons in Si: P

The transient decay of the α and β series of lines in the photoluminescence spectrum of Si: P are reported. The decays of the α lines are compared with the decays of the β lines. The results are consistent with β_2 having the same initial state as α3. The results for β_1 and β_3 are less certain. Their decays are consistent with β_1 having the same initial state as either α_2 or α_3, and with β3 having the same initial states as α_4. Overlap between lines, uncertainty in the decay of the boron bound exciton and the presence of unidentified background all make it difficult to make conclusive line assignments.
HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE SOLID WASTE FORM EVALUATION: MODEL FOR PREDICTING LEACHING BEHAVIOR

Abstract Chemical stability, in particular the leaching resistance of sintered modified SYNROC-13 ceramic waste form, has been studied at leaching temperatures of 25, 75, and 150 °C in deionized H2O. The leach rate data of the tests are reported and compared with the leach rate data of borosilicate glass (PNL 72-68) at 75 °C under similar conditions. New leaching quantities, incremental erosion rate [Er(T)] and accumulated eroded layer [e(T)] have been introduced in this study to represent the leaching behavior of the proposed solid waste forms. The accumulated eroded layer has been expressed by a linear combination of two possible release mechanisms: [1] a transient first-order dissolution reaction and [2] a mass diffusion of the radioactive ions from the interior of the solid to the surface. Experimental data from current leaching tests for modified SYNROC-13 at 25 and 150 °C were found to fit the proposed model very well, but with different dissolution reaction rate constants, which indicate the effect of temperature on such a release mechanism. The applicability of the model and its accuracy are discussed.
'The Elephant Man' as 'self' and 'other': the psycho-social costs of a misdiagnosis.

'The Elephant Man's Disease' acquired enormous notoriety through the portrayals of the life of Joseph Merrick, 'The Elephant Man', on American stage, screen and television. These portrayals, inspired by Ashley Montagu's book, The Elephant Man (1971) parleyed the designation of Merrick's condition into a household phrase, a metaphor for the grimmest extreme of ugliness. This paper explores the impact of 'The Elephant Man' as the chief referent and role model for persons who believed they shared the condition of neurofibromatosis 1, a neurological genetic disorder, which was erroneously believed at the time his story was popularized to have affected Joseph Merrick. Data were gathered through interviews with sixty affected individuals and families about their responses to the media representations of 'The Elephant Man'. Informants were recruited from three NF Support Groups and two urban hospital caseloads in Northern California.
Simple procedures to remove mimosine from young leaves, pods and seeds of Leucaena leucocephala used as food

The effect of boiling and soaking in water on the mimosine and protein contents of young leaves, pods and seeds of the tropical leguminous tree Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) was investigated. It was observed that the soluble protein content in leucaena tissue was overestimated because of the presence of mimosine. A more accurate method of determining the soluble protein content in leucaena tissue containing mimosine was developed and used in this study. It was found that boiling removed mimosine from young leaves, pods and seeds of leucaena but it also reduced the amount of soluble protein significantly. Soaking in water for 24 h eliminated 97% of mimosine from young leaves, pods and split seeds of leucaena, and up to 20% of mimosine from the whole young seeds without significantly reducing the soluble protein content.
A rapid whole-mount staining procedure for Ascaris embryo chromosomes.

(1975). A Rapid Whole-Mount Staining Procedure for Ascaris Embryo Chromosomes. Stain Technology: Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 362-363.
A K-Theory of Dispersion, Settling and Deposition in the Atmospheric Surface Layer

Dispersion estimates with a Gaussian plume model are often incorrect because of particle settling (β), deposition (γ) or the vertical gradient in diffusivity (Kv(z) = K0 + μz). These “non-Gaussian” effects, and the interaction between them, can be evaluated with a new Hankel/Fourier method. Due to the deepening of the plume downwind and reduced vertical concentration gradients, these effects become more important at greater distance from the source. They dominate when distance from the source exceeds Lβ = K0U/β2, Lγ = K0U/γ2 and Lμ = K0U/μ2 respectively. In this case, the ratio β/μ plays a central role and when β/μ = 1/2 the effects of settling and K gradient exactly cancel. A general computational method and several specific closed form solutions are given, including a new dispersion relation for the case when all three non-Gaussian effects are strong. A more general result is that surface concentration scales as C(x) ~ γ−2 whenever deposition is strong. Categorization of dispersion problems using β/μ, Lγ and Lμ is proposed.
The role of fetal hemoglobin–enhancing agents in thalassemia

Augmentation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) synthesis can reduce the severity of β-thalassemia by improving the imbalance between α- and non–α-globin chains. However, previous clinical trials of pharmacologic induction of HbF in thalassemia produced inconsistent results. Striking responses in HbF and total hemoglobin synthesis were occasionally observed, but in most patients, the increase in γ-globin synthesis was inadequate to influence the clinical course of thalassemia. A small number of patients treated with azacytidine demonstrated a consistent response, but the development of this drug was abandoned due to concerns over toxicity. Decitabine, an analog of azacytidine, is a more potent inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, and may be less toxic in clinical use. Trials in sickle cell anemia have confirmed that decitabine is effective in patients refractory to hydroxyurea. The clinical trials of decitabine in thalassemia must carefully evaluate the dose and route of administration, and address concerns about long-term side effects.