cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Temperature Phase Change Materials (PCM) Candidates for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Applications

It is clearly understood that lower overall costs are a key factor to make renewable energy technologies competitive with traditional energy sources. Energy storage technology is one path to increase the value and reduce the cost of all renewable energy supplies. Concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies have the ability to dispatch electrical output to match peak demand periods by employing thermal energy storage (TES). Energy storage technologies require efficient materials with high energy density. Latent heat TES systems using phase change material (PCM) are useful because of their ability to charge and discharge a large amount of heat from a small mass at constant temperature during a phase transformation like melting-solidification. PCM technology relies on the energy absorption/liberation of the latent heat during a physical transformation. The main objective of this report is to provide an assessment of molten salts and metallic alloys proposed as candidate PCMs for TES applications, particularly in solar parabolic trough electrical power plants at a temperature range from 300..deg..C to 500..deg.. C. The physical properties most relevant for PCMs service were reviewed from the candidate selection list. Some of the PCM candidates were characterized for: chemical stability with some container materials; phase change transformation temperatures;more » and latent heats.« less
Spectral entropy in a fractional order model of anomalous diffusion

Fractional order dynamic models of complex systems provide improved fits to experimental data with a reduced mean-squared error. The success of this approach, however, is dependent on the order of the derivatives included in the model. Fractional order models, for example, work better in describing the electrical and mechanical properties of multi-scale, heterogeneous materials than do integer order models. In order to estimate a measure of the expected improvement provided by fractional order models, we calculate the spectral entropy for anomalous diffusion as governed by the generalized diffusion equation in space and time. This fractional order representation of diffusion gives a minimum spectral entropy for Gaussian diffusion and predicts an increasing spectral entropy for non-Gaussian, or fractional, diffusion.
Non-linear magnetoelectric effect in Cr2O3 crystals

Abstract The dielectric constant (K′) of Cr2O3 crystals has been measured under orthogonal E and H fields. The change in K′ due to the fields shows a non-linear magneto-electric effect in the neighbourhood of the Neel point T N. The effect can be explained in terms of antiferromagnetic domains.
FIH-1 disrupts an LRRK1/EGFR complex to positively regulate keratinocyte migration.

Factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (FIH-1; official symbol HIF1AN) is a hydroxylase that negatively regulates hypoxia-inducible factor 1α but also targets other ankyrin repeat domain–containing proteins such as Notch receptor to limit epithelial differentiation. We show that FIH-1 null mutant mice exhibit delayed wound healing. Importantly, in vitro scratch wound assays demonstrate that the positive role of FIH-1 in migration is independent of Notch signaling, suggesting that this hydroxylase targets another ankyrin repeat domain–containing protein to positively regulate motogenic signaling pathways. Accordingly, FIH-1 increases epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, which in turn enhances keratinocyte migration via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, leading to extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 activation. Our studies identify leucine-rich repeat kinase 1 (LRRK1), a key regulator of the EGFR endosomal trafficking and signaling, as an FIH-1 binding partner. Such an interaction prevents the formation of an EGFR/LRRK1 complex, necessary for proper EGFR turnover. The identification of LRRK1 as a novel target for FIH-1 provides new insight into how FIH-1 functions as a positive regulator of epithelial migration.
Virtual camera scouting with 3DOF motion trackers

The Screenplay Scout interface enables a filmmaker to scout camera placements and angles in a virtual 3D world using a lightweight and low-cost combination of a gamepad and a three-degree of freedom (3DOF) orientation sensor. He or she records the camera moves as the orientation sensor's real-time 3DOF data is mapped to the aim direction of the virtual camera and the gamepad controls camera position and the zoom lens. During recording the Screenplay Scout automatically saves to disk still frame images and a text log of camera setting data to support creation of storyboards and cinematic previsualization.
Prostate angiosarcoma: a case report and literature review

Angiosarcomas are a relatively rare histological subtype of sarcomas and represent <1% of all sarcomas. Prostate angiosarcoma is extremely rare and displays remarkable clinical and pathological heterogeneity. Despite the rarity, it usually presents with dysuria, hematuria, or pelvic pain and represents a treatment challenge. Only nine cases have been reported in the literature, and we report the 10th case of prostate angiosarcoma and the first case of prostate angiosarcoma with recurrent adenocarcinoma.
Head circumference measurements in children with autism.

To assess head circumference in children with autism, 148 charts were retrospectively reviewed. All of the children met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III or DSM-III-R) criteria for autism and had no known underlying condition that might affect head circumference. In addition, data were collected regarding height, weight, brain imaging, cognitive development, adaptive behavior, and language. The children were divided into two groups: those with head circumference at or above the 98th percentile (Group 1) and those with head circumference below the 98th percentile (Group 2). Group 1 consisted of 27 (18.2%) of the children. Height measurements were significantly higher in Group 1 as compared with Group 2 (P = .0006) as were weight measurements (P = .0003). Group 1 had a significantly lower percentage of females (P = .04) and lower adaptive behavior scores (P = .0067) than Group 2. Routine brain imaging studies could not explain the macrocephaly in Group 1. The etiology of large head circumference and increased growth indices in children with autism is unclear.
Reliable gains? Evidence for substantially underpowered designs in studies of working memory training transfer to fluid intelligence

In recent years, cognitive scientists and commercial interests (e.g., Fit Brains, Lumosity) have focused research attention and financial resources on cognitive tasks, especially working memory tasks, to explore and exploit possible transfer effects to general cognitive abilities, such as fluid intelligence. The increased research attention has produced mixed findings, as well as contention about the disposition of the evidence base. To address this contention, J. Au and colleagues (2014; doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0699-x) recently conducted a meta-analysis of extant controlled experimental studies of n-back task training transfer effects on measures of fluid intelligence in healthy adults; the results of which showed a small training transfer effect. Using several approaches, the current review evaluated and re-analyzed the meta-analytic data for the presence of two different forms of small-study effects: 1) publication bias in the presence of low power and; 2) low power in the absence of publication bias. The results of these approaches showed no evidence of selection bias in the working memory training literature, but did show evidence of small-study effects related to low power in the absence of publication bias. While the effect size estimate identified by Au and colleagues provided the most precise estimate to date, it should be interpreted in the context of a uniformly low-powered base of evidence. The present work concludes with a brief set of considerations for assessing the adequacy of a body of research findings for the application of meta-analytic techniques.
The Effects of a Two-Year Education Program on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Pre-menopausal Women

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To understand which cardiovascular disease risk factors are most likely to be affected by education and at which time periods these effects are greatest for pre-menopausal Midwestern women. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment and reduction are important issues concerning women's health in the U.S. The objective of this study was to determine whether a two-year education program would decrease CVD risk in pre-menopausal women. Two hundred eighty-two pre-menopausal women were recruited through Cooperative Extension Service at seven Illinois sites. Half served as controls receiving no educational intervention. The intervention consisted of six monthly education sessions, followed by 6 months of fact sheet mailings. Four educational follow-up sessions were provided in year two. CVD risk factor assessment data was collected at baseline and 6, 12, 24 months. CVD risk was calculated based upon body mass index (BMI) >25, % body fat >30%, waist-to-hip ratio >0.8, and % intake of calories from fat > 30%. T-tests were used to determine differences between mean scores for treatment (T) and control (C) groups; repeated measures analysis for differences within a group over time. At baseline, 45% had a BMI > 25; 48% were consuming > 30% of calories as fat; 25% had a waist:hip ratio > 0.8; and 74% had a body fat percentage > 25. There were no significant differences (p
Effects of Cyproterone Acetate on Uterine Motility in Rats

The effect of cyproterone acetate, an antiandrogen, on uterine contractility when the compound is administered to rats during midpregnancy was investigated. Pregnant Wistar rats were given cyproterone acetate subcutaneously on Days 8–11 of gestation. The results indicate that cyproterone acetate, either directly or indirectly, inhibits uterine contractility, an effect that may explain the prolongation of the gestational period observed in all treated animals.
Power spectra of digital p.m. signals

A formula of Shimbo et al. for the power spectrum of signals pulse-modulated in accordance with random sequences is specialised for Markov chains. In the analysis, z transform techniques are used rather than explicit matrix methods. The resulting expressions may be used to find the spectra of a wide class of digital signals obtained by pulse modulating the amplitude, frequency, phase, or any combination of these, of a radio-frequency carrier. Attention is directed to phase modulation and, in particular, to ideal phase reversal and signals which practical systems might produce as approximations to it. In the first such signal, amplitude modulation is introduced in addition to the phase modulation, while in the other there is a nonzero switching time between the two phase levels. The power spectra of these signals are determined and compared with the phase reversal spectrum.
Evidence for anterior cingulate cortex involvement in monitoring preparatory attentional set.

Abstract An important cognitive function underlying unified, voluntary behavior is attentional control. Two frontal regions, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), appear to be particularly involved in attentional control and monitoring. In this study, we investigated whether ACC is involved in monitoring the preparatory allocation of attention during task switching, or whether ACC is active only when subjects are processing target stimuli and selecting a response, via a cued-attention design. Event-related BOLD fMRI activity was examined using a cue–target paradigm in which subjects performed task switches that selectively required reallocation of attention when tasks changed. There were three cue conditions: informative switch, informative repeat, and neutral. There were four target conditions: informatively cued switch, informatively cued repeat, neutrally cued switch, and neutrally cued repeat. Significant ACC activity was observed following both informative switch and informative repeat cues, but not after neutral cues. No significant ACC activity was observed following any of the target conditions. Significant DLPFC activity was observed following all three cue conditions and following neutrally cued switch targets. Overall, our results suggest that ACC is involved in monitoring the preparatory allocation of attention for conflict at the level of activation of competing attentional sets. The results also support the role of DLPFC in holding cognitive goals in working memory and allocating attention to the appropriate processing systems to meet those goals.
Marked behavioral activation from inhibitory stimulation of locus coeruleus α1-adrenoceptors by a full agonist

Abstract α1-Adrenoceptors are concentrated in the locus coeruleus (LC) where they appear to regulate various active behaviors but have been difficult to stimulate effectively. The present study examined the behavioral, pharmacological and neural effects of possible stimulation of these receptors with 6-fluoronorepinephrine (6FNE), the only known selective α-agonist that has full efficacy at all brain α-receptors. Infusion of this compound in the mouse LC was found to produce extreme activation of diverse motivated behaviors of exploration, wheel-running and operant approach responding in different environments consistent with a global behavioral function of the dorsal noradrenergic system. Infusion of selective antagonists of α1- (terazosin) or α2- (atipamezole) receptors or of either the partial α1-agonist, phenylephrine, or full α2-agonist, dexmedetomidine, indicated that the behavioral effects of 6FNE were due largely due to activation of LC α1-receptors consistent with the known greater density of α1- than α2-adrenoreceptors in the mouse nucleus. Immunohistochemistry of fos in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive LC neurons following IV ventricular infusions indicated that 6FNE markedly depressed whereas terazosin strongly enhanced the apparent functional activity of the nucleus. The changes in fos expression following 6FNE and terazosin were significantly greater than those following dexmedetomidine and atipamezole. It is hypothesized that the α1-receptors of the mouse LC are strongly activated by 6FNE and serve to potently inhibit its tonic or stress-induced activity which in turn disinhibits prepotent motivated behaviors.
Conceptual and pedagogical challenges in understanding the whole person

Abstract The article introduces the special issues addressing Eric Johnson's account of Form Psychology, which provides a conceptual method to scientifically study the whole person. Form Psychology is presented as a theoretically significant proposal that integrates multiple conceptualizations of the whole person. The pedagogical value of such an understanding is also emphasized as undergraduate psychology students hold strong intuitions that the person is an integrated whole rather than a set of distinct systems.
Diagnosing and Treating Traumatic Brain Injury Among Veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq Wars: Implications for Social Work

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious condition affecting many American veterans who have served in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Using a biopsychosocial perspective, the authors delineate and discuss the challenges of diagnosing and treating this neurological disability among soldiers who have returned to the United States from combat theaters in the Middle East. They explain recent changes including the Veterans Affairs Polytrauma System of Care, as well as social work's role on the interdisciplinary team who promote rehabilitation and community reentry for OEF/OIF veterans with TBI.
Eating in Mouthfuls while Facing the Door: Some Notes on Childhoods and their Displacements in Eastern Zimbabwe

Following one child referred to as Priscilla, the article explores the fluid nature of childhood and parenthood within the complexities and losses of contemporary Zimbabwean chaos while also noting the historical precursors of current social forms. The extreme hardships faced by Zimbabwean children are thrown into relief by the exigencies of living with HIV, and further dramatized by being marginal actors in the failing state. The article argues that, methodologically, children's experiences require the ‘thick description’ generated through attention to the use of language and, more theoretically, that the social costs of mass impoverishment and displacement require scholarly attention to the most marginal, liminal and expendable members of Zimbabwean society.
Regulation of angiotensin I-converting enzyme in cultured bovine bronchial epithelial cells.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) is present in cultured bovine bronchial epithelial cells (BBECs) and whether its activity can be modulated. We found that extracts of confluent monolayers of cultured BBECs degraded [glycine-1-14C]hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine at a rate of 843 ± 66 pmol/hr/mg protein (mean ± SEM, n = 5). In addition, we found that the enzyme was shed into the culture medium. ACE activity in BBECs was inhibited by three selective, but structurally different, ACE inhibitors (captopril, quinapril, and cisalaprilat) with an IC50 of approximately 2 nM. Increasing chloride concentration in the assay buffer resulted in an increase in BBECs ACE activity of 63%. Enzyme activity was also modulated by the presence of zinc cation in the assay buffer. Addition of dexamethasone to the culture medium was associated with a significant increase in BBECs ACE activity (P < 0.05), which was inhibited by the steroid receptor antagonist RU 38486. Western blot analysis of BBECs, tracheal and bronchial mucosal strips utilizing a cross-reacting rabbit anti-mouse ACE antibody, showed a faint 175 kDa band and additional strong 52 kDa and 47 kDa band. The mechanism of generation of the low M.W. bands is unknown. Our data indicate the presence of ACE in cultured BBECs and that enzyme activity can be modulated.
Easing vasomotor symptoms: Besides HRT, what works?

Now that many menopausal women prefer to avoid taking hormone replacement therapy, what are the best alternative treatments when hot flashes are a problem?
Utility of Radiosonde Wind Data in Representing Climatological Variations of Tropospheric Temperature and Baroclinicity in the Western Tropical Pacific

The utility of the thermal wind equation (TWE) in relating tropospheric (850–300 hPa) wind and temperature on climatological time scales is assessed, based on data from 59 radiosonde stations in the western tropical Pacific during 1979–2004. Observed long-term mean and seasonal variations closely obey geostrophic balance; incorporating additional (ageostrophic) terms yields negligible improvement. The authors conclude that observed winds offer a useful constraint on the horizontal structure of monthly and longer temperature variations (although the reverse is not true close to the equator where f → 0). This conclusion is also supported by general circulation model output. Wind data show a slowing of the midlatitude jets in the Maritime Continent region since 1979, indicating that tropical thicknesses and temperature have increased less than those poleward of 25°N/S. This pattern is consistent with Microwave Sounding Unit temperature trends in the region but is exaggerated south of the equator in trends obtained directly from the temperature data. The latter are however sensitive to which stations are used and how the data are averaged, and the discrepancy is fairly small in a homogenized climatology from the Hadley Centre (HadAT). The discrepancy is most easily explained by spurious cooling at stations in the near-equatorial western Pacific. These results support the use of the wind field as a way of overcoming heterogeneities in the temperature records in the monitoring of climate change patterns.
Whole-Body Positron Emission Tomography with 2-[18F]-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose Can Detect Recurrent Ovarian Carcinoma

The existing means of detecting recurrent ovarian carcinoma are notoriously poor. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a form of computer-assisted imaging which produces images reflective of the biochemistry of the tissues rather than their physical characteristics. PET imaging with the positron emitting glucose analog 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) exploits the accelerated rate of glycolysis characteristic of malignant tissue to image tumors. To begin to study PET's ability to diagnose recurrent ovarian cancer, whole-body PET FDG scanning was performed on 13 patients prior to planned surgical exploration. Seven patients were suspected of having recurrence based upon clinical findings, and 6 patients were clinically free of disease. In all 6 of the patients with suspected recurrence who subsequently underwent surgery, PET images demonstrated increased FDG uptake in a distribution that correlated with surgical-pathologic findings. Both intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal lesions were detected by PET. All 6 patients judged clinically free of disease had negative PET scans, but in 5 of these microscopic foci of residual tumor were found at surgery. Although PET FDG cannot replace surgery in the detection of microscopic recurrence, it can accurately detect tumors greater than 1.0 cm in diameter.
A δ2-Opioid Agonist Inhibits p38 MAPK and Suppresses Activation of Murine Macrophages

Background δ-Opioid agonists have been shown to attenuate ischemic organ injury in multiple models. The purpose of the present study was to determine if δ-opioid agonists could inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production by macrophages. Material and methods Murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were pretreated for 4 h with media, a dose range (10 −4 to 10 −7 M) of DADLE ([D-Ala 2 ], D-Leu 5 ]-enkephalin, a nonspecific δ-opioid receptor agonist), a dose range (10 −4 to 10 −7 M) of DPDPE ([D 2,5 Pen]-enkephalin, a specific δ 1 -opioid receptor agonist), or a dose range (10 −4 to 10 −7 M) of Deltorphin-D variant (a specific δ 2 opioid receptor agonist) and then incubated with 0.1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 1 or 4 h. Cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Activation of NF-κB, AP-1, and p38 MAPK were determined by mobility shift assays and Western blot. Results LPS induced significant increases in TNFα and MIP-2 production. Deltorphin-D variant , but not DADLE or DPDPE, dose-dependently reduced both TNFα and MIP-2 production. Deltorphin-D variant did not alter activation of the transcription factors NF-κB or AP-1, but greatly reduced activation of p38 MAPK. Conclusions The data show that δ 2 - but not δ 1 -opioid agonists suppress LPS-induced p38 MAPK activation and expression of TNFα and MIP-2.
System Diagnosis with Repair

The model of Preparata et al. [1] is used for system diagnosis. The problem of characterizing systems which are sequentially diagnosable is considered. A new concept (detection set), which gives a new insight to the structure of these systems, is defined in this paper and utilized to prove two theorems which expand the class of known sequentially diagnosable systems. An algorithm for finding a faulty unit is discussed, and a conjecture is stated which, if true, characterizes those systems. Finally, detection sets are also used in the context of Friedman's model of t/s diagnosability, to extend the repair strategies proposed by Karunanithi and Friedman [6] for single loop systems to systems whose diagnostic graph is strongly connected.
Toward a critical theory of happiness: Philosophical background and methodological significance

Abstract Happiness is discussed in its development since the pragmatists' interpretation of the concept. From early psychological approaches onwards, the notion of happiness has existed in the tension between the normative “ summum bonum ” and the empirical — “subjective well-being”. Dialectical philosophy attempted to mediate between these two levels, with Hegel locating happiness in the sphere of reason, and Marx interpreting it as a consequence of social practice. Building upon this materialist notion and upon Freud's analysis of distorting forces, the Critical Theorists of the Frankfurt School warn against taking the subjective experience of well-being at face value. The appropriateness of their caveats is illustrated in the methodological debates over response bias in the social psychology literature. It would appear that it is quite unsatisfactory to define happiness operationally as that which is reflected directly in self-reports.
Recruiting and Surveying Catholic Parishes for Cancer Control Initiatives Lessons Learned From the CRUZA Implementation Study

Background. We describe activities undertaken to conduct organizational surveys among faith-based organizations in Massachusetts as part of a larger study designed to promote parish-based cancer control programs for Latinos. Method. Catholic parishes located in Massachusetts that provided Spanish-language mass were eligible for study participation. Parishes were identified through diocesan records and online directories. Prior to parish recruitment, we implemented a variety of activities to gain support from Catholic leaders at the diocesan level. We then recruited individual parishes to complete a four-part organizational survey, which assessed (A) parish leadership, (B) financial resources, (C) involvement in Hispanic Ministry, and (D) health and social service offerings. Our goal was to administer each survey component to a parish representatives who could best provide an organizational perspective on the content of each component (e.g., A = pastors, B = business managers, C = Hispanic Ministry leaders...
Partitioned Holographic Optical Elements

A new type of holographic optical element is demonstrated which combines some of the flexibility of computer generated holograms with the large space-bandwidth product and high diffraction efficiency of interferometrically recorded volume phase holograms. The optical element is recorded by subdividing a volume hologram film surface into numerous small areas (facets), each of which is individually exposed under computer control. Each facet is used to produce a portion of the desired final wavefront. This new method allows the rapid production of high efficiency, customized, space-variant optical elements. A holographic cylindrical lens which has greater than 90% light efficiency and forms a line focus on a curved surface is demonstrated.
SCORING COLLEGIATE ARCHERY

selection of the appropriate schedule enhances the validity and reliability of the scoring process. The selection of the best trial out of several is not a suitable procedure (3) but is sometimes utilized by instructors. An additional consideration is the separation of men's and women's scores for evaluation. For example, post-secondary bowling classes require separate standards when assigning grades (4). The purpose of this investigation was to determine an appropriate measurement schedule of collegiate archery classes while comparing men's and women's scores. Subjects were 141 men and 47 women enrolled in beginning archery classes at North Carolina State University. Classes met twice per week for 8 wk. During the last week of instruction scores were recorded. The scores were based on each student shooting five consecutive ends at 20 and 30 yd. These distances were deemed appropriate for beginning classes. Scoring at each distance occurred on separate days with specific instructions not to allow any practice prior to shooting. Scores for the five trials at each distance were analyzed using a subject-by-trials analysis of variance design. From this analysis, scores on trials on which means were not approximately equal to the means on the other trials were discarded. This is a recommended procedure when a significant P ratio indicates a trend in the trials (1). The grouping of selected trials minimized trial-to-trial variation and maximized the group's mean performance. A second two-way analysis of remaining scores produced another P value. When a nonsignificant F was calculated, the reliability of the criterion score of the remaining trials was estimated by computing an interclass correlation using the mean square within subjects as the error term. t tests were utilized to compare men's and women's data on the criterion score. Means of trials for men's and women's data are presented in Table 1. Separate subject-by-trials analysis of variance designs were conducted. Using all five trials for both men and women gave significant F ratios (P < .03) at both 20 and 30 yd., indicating trial-tmtrial variation (see Table 1). The scores from the first trial were discarded, and the analysis of variance when repeated gave nonsignificant P ratios. Omitting the first trial gives a better measure than including the initial trial. Reliability estimates were
A general framework for reason maintenance

Abstract There are several different kinds of reason-maintenance system in existence, which provide rather different functionalities. I present a general structure that subsumes most such systems, and that allows some new behaviors to emerge. The general framework is based on logic-style clauses (disjunctions of literals) instead of justifications. Literals are tagged with labels that say what assumption sets make them true and false. Nonmonotonicity is implemented by allowing clauses to contain disjuncts of the form L p , which supports propagation through a clause whenever p is not known to be true. The resulting system supports two popular styles of dependency-directed backtracking, using nogoods and assumption retraction. Assumption retraction does not require a separate contradiction-elimination phase, but occurs automatically during label propagation. Label propagation can be achieved by the usual variants of Boolean constraint propagation, provided there are no “odd loops” through the clauses, and it can be shown that the system itself never creates odd loops.
Abstract 4340: Development of short peptide probe to detect ovarian tumors in mouse xenograph model

Ovarian cancer is the leading gynecological cancer in women with five year survival rate less than 45%. Ovarian epithelial cancer (OEC) is responsible for 80 to 90% of all ovarian cancers. Postmenopausal women have high level of gonadotropin in blood circulation and high occurrence of OEC. Therefore, the elevated gonadotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), was proposed to contribute to transforming normal ovarian surface epithelium to neoplastic ovarian surface epithelium. The studies on gonadotropin theory have shown both supporting and conflicting epidemiological and animal model data. Therefore an alternative marker for ovarian tumor detection is beneficial. Follicule Stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR) belongs to G protein-coupled receptor with substantial extracellular domains. FSHR normally is expressed on normal ovarian epithelium, fallopian tubal epithelium and similar to LHR. Recent studies showed that FSHR is not only highly expressed on many ovarian cancer cells but is involved in the development and progression of ovarian cancer influencing a variety of oncogenes (MAPK, EGFR, c-myc, and HER-2/neu). FSHR expression increases in the following order: ovarian epithelial inclusions (OEIs) to benigh ovarian epithelial tumor (OET), and to borderline OETs. Our objective is to develop a small molecular weight ligand to image in vivo the differential expression of FSHR associated with OEC, possibility to image OEC in different stages with associated binding molecules to FSHR. D.W. Lee et. al. identified a deca peptide (BI-10) from FSH binding inhibitor of bovine serum. We conjugated the BI-10 peptide with fluorescein to quantify the binding affinity of OVCAR3 cells in flow cytometry. The cells were incubated with BI-10 at various concentrations for 30 mins before removing from six-well culture plates and washing off free peptides. The EC50 of BI-10 binding peptides to OVCAR3 was measured to be 160 μM, with an average number of FSHR receptors per cell to be 1.7×10 7 . After conjugating a NIR fluorochrome (Alexa Fluoro 750) to this peptide and and injection (i.v.) into a mouse xenograft model of ovarian cancer, OEC tumors were clearly detected by optical imaging. A tumor-to-reference tissue update ratio was measured to be 1.20, 1.26, and 1.43 with respect to injected dose 15, 30, and 120 μg probe, respectively. We are currently testing techniques to further increase the BI-10 peptide binding to various ovarian cancer cell lines both in vitro and in vivo by constructing multimeric forms including the BI-10 peptide with various flexible linkers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4340.
Minimizing residential electrical energy costs using microcomputer energy management systems

Abstract Load dependent or time dependent pricing structures provide electrical utilities with a means to use their existing capacities more effectively. Assuming that some type of load or time dependent price structure will be implemented by most utilities in the near future, it is worthwhile to assess the use of microcomputer energy control systems for minimizing residential electrical energy costs. This paper discusses the development of an optimizing energy management algorithm to reduce the cost of electricity under either a time-of-use or demand dependent price structure. A computer model which simulates the electrical demand and energy needs of a typical residence was developed to test the effectiveness of the optimizing algorithms. The results are presented for a period of 30 days for each season and price structure, under varying demand profiles. For a customer with an all-electric home using 2000 kWh each month, a savings of $140 a year is very realistic.
Source identification of the distributed parameter transport processes

We solve the problem of the pointwise source identification of the convection-diffusion transport processes. This is done by converting the identification problem into an optimization problem of finding a spatial location and the capacity of a point source which results in the best match of the model-predicted measurements to the observed measurements.
Are the benefits of debt declining? The decreasing propensity of firms to be adequately levered

Abstract We observe a persistent increase in the percentage of firms with little or no debt in their capital structure over the last three decades. The fraction of firms with less than five percent debt in their capital structure increases from 14.01 percent in 1977 to 34.42 percent in 2010 while the percentage of all-equity firms increases 200 percent over the same period. We find that even after controlling for firm- and industry-specific variables that are relevant to capital structure policy, there is a deficiency in firms' propensity to be levered. Additionally, the deficiency is increasing over time and by 2010 the percent of firms that are nearly all-equity is twice the predicted level. Our findings are robust to different methodologies, specifications, and time periods. Overall, these results suggest that the well-documented benefits of leverage are less valuable over the sample period and that the determinants of firms' capital structure decisions have evolved since the 1970s.
Local Autonomy in Japan Since the Occupation

N OWHERE IS THE SIGNI'ICANCE of the relationship between the social sciences and the formulation of effective governmental policies seen more clearly than in the experience of the allied powers in the occupation of Japan. One of the important responsibilities of the social sciences is to establish funds of knowledge in specific areas designed to aid the understanding and to inform the decisions of those who face the "kaleidescope of civic choices" constantly unrolling before us. Recent developments in Japan suggest that this responsibility has not always been fully met. It is a well known fact that Asia generally and Japan in particular have been most assiduously neglected by western scholars.2 We have studied Europe at the expense of Asia. The primary reasons for this have been the happy fact of a common background and understanding with European peoples and the negative and
Biogeochemical impacts due to mesoscale eddy activity in the Sargasso Sea as measured at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS)

Abstract A comparison of monthly biogeochemical measurements made from 1993 to 1995, combined with hydrography and satellite altimetry, was used to assess the impacts of nine eddy events on primary productivity and particle flux in the Sargasso Sea. Measurements of primary production, thorium-234 flux, nitrate+nitrite, and photosynthetic pigments made at the US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site were used. During the 3 years of this study, four out of six high thorium-234 flux events occurred during the passage of an eddy. Primary production nearly as high as the spring bloom maximum was observed in two mode-water eddies (May 1993 and July 1995). The 1994 spring bloom at BATS was suppressed by the passage of an anticyclone. Distinct phytoplankton community shifts were observed in mode-water eddies, which had an increased percentage of diatoms and dinoflagellates, and in cyclones, which had an increased percentage of Synechococcus . These variations in species composition within mode-water eddies and cyclones may be associated with the ages of the sampled eddies, and/or differences in physical, chemical, and biological factors in these two distinct eddy types. In general, eddies that were 1–2 months old elicited a large biological response; eddies that were 3 months old may show a biological response and were accompanied by high thorium flux; eddies that were 4 months old or older did not show a biological response or high thorium flux. A conceptual model depicting temporal changes during eddy upwelling, maturation, and decay can explain the observations in all seven upwelling eddies present in the time-series investigated herein.
Major element composition of phyllosilicates in the Orgueil carbonaceous meteorite

Abstract Phyllosilicates in Orgueil are depleted in Ca, Mn and Fe relative to the bulk meteorite. Partition of Fe and Mn was apparently established in the oxidized state and may reflect a late-stage redistribution, possibly after accretion of the parent body. Mineralogical identity of phyllosilicate species cannot be completely specified but an upper limit of 30% may be placed on the proportion of montmorillonite-like species.
Stereological techniques for solid textures

We describe the use of traditional stereological methods to synthesize 3D solid textures from 2D images of existing materials. We first illustrate our approach for aggregate materials of spherical particles, and then extend the technique to apply to particles of arbitrary shapes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach with side-by-side comparisons of a real material and a synthetic model with its appearance parameters derived from its physical counterpart. Unlike ad hoc methods for texture synthesis, stereology provides a disciplined, systematic basis for predicting material structure with well-defined assumptions.
School Wellness Policies and Foods and Beverages Available in Schools

Background Since 2006–2007, education agencies (e.g., school districts) participating in U.S. federal meal programs are required to have wellness policies. To date, this is the only federal policy that addresses foods and beverages sold outside of school meals (in competitive venues). Purpose To examine the extent to which federally required components of school wellness policies are associated with availability of foods and beverages in competitive venues. Methods Questionnaire data were collected in 2007–2008 through 2010–2011 school years from 892 middle and 1019 high schools in nationally representative samples. School administrators reported the extent to which schools had required wellness policy components (goals, nutrition guidelines, implementation plan/person responsible, stakeholder involvement) and healthier and less-healthy foods and beverages available in competitive venues. Analyses were conducted in 2012. Results About one third of students (31.8%) were in schools with all four wellness policy components. Predominantly white schools had higher wellness policy scores than other schools. After controlling for school characteristics, higher wellness policy scores were associated with higher availability of low-fat and whole-grain foods and lower availability of regular-fat/sugared foods in middle and high schools. In middle schools, higher scores also were associated with lower availability of 2%/whole milk. High schools with higher scores also had lower sugar-sweetened beverage availability and higher availability of 1%/nonfat milk, fruits/vegetables, and salad bars. Conclusions Because they are associated with lower availability of less-healthy and higher availability of healthier foods and beverages in competitive venues, federally required components of school wellness policies should be encouraged in all schools.
Reflective evaluation in a “technologically textured” world: An activity theory approach

Evaluation inquiry is increasingly mediated by the use of complex electronic technologies such as Web-based communication tools, multimedia applications, and electronic tracking devices. Activity theory provides a useful conceptual framework with which to understand the epistemological, practical, and moral implications of that mediation.
Diversification and asymmetrical gene flow across time and space: Lineage sorting and hybridization in polytypic barking frogs

Young species complexes that are widespread across ecologically disparate regions offer important insights into the process of speciation because of their relevance to how local adaptation and gene flow influence diversification. We used mitochondrial DNA and up to 28 152 genomewide single nucleotide polymorphisms from polytypic barking frogs (Craugastor augusti complex) to infer phylogenetic relationships and test for the signature of introgressive hybridization among diverging lineages. Our phylogenetic reconstructions suggest (i) a rapid Pliocene-Pleistocene radiation that produced at least nine distinct lineages and (ii) that geographic features of the arid Central Mexican Plateau contributed to two independent northward expansions. Despite clear lineage differentiation (many private alleles and high between-lineage FST scores), D-statistic tests, which differentiate introgression from ancestral polymorphism, allowed us to identify two putative instances of reticulate gene flow. Partitioned D-statistics provided evidence that these events occurred in the same direction between clades but at different points in time. After correcting for geographic distance, we found that lineages involved in hybrid gene flow interactions had higher levels of genetic variation than independently evolving lineages. These findings suggest that the nature of hybrid compatibility can be conserved overlong periods of evolutionary time and that hybridization between diverging lineages may contribute to standing levels of genetic variation.
Reconstruction of Patellar Tendon Disruption After Total Knee Arthroplasty: Results of a New Technique Utilizing Synthetic Mesh

Background: Patellar tendon disruption associated with total knee arthroplasty is an uncommon but potentially disastrous complication. Repair with isolated suture fixation is insufficient, and autograft and allograft tendon reconstruction techniques have variable results. The purpose of this study was to determine the results of a novel surgical technique in which readily available synthetic mesh is used for patellar tendon reconstruction. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed thirteen consecutive patients who underwent extensor mechanism reconstruction for subacute or chronic patellar tendon disruption following total knee arthroplasty at an average age of sixty years (range, thirty-seven to seventy-seven years). Five patients had already been treated unsuccessfully with an allograft extensor mechanism reconstruction and eight had a prior revision knee arthroplasty. The surgical technique included use of a knitted monofilament polypropylene graft to reconstruct the patellar tendon and to facilitate fixation of adjacent host tissue into the graft. Follow-up was available for all patients at a mean of forty-two months (range, eleven to 118 months). Results: Three patients had evidence of failure of the graft reconstruction, all within six months. One patient with previous sepsis had recurrent infection and was treated with a knee arthrodesis. The remaining nine patients all demonstrated an extensor lag of no greater than 10° and have had no loss of extension at the time of final follow-up. Knee flexion was maintained in all patients (a mean of 103° preoperatively versus a mean of 107° postoperatively). The mean Knee Society scores for pain and function improved significantly (p < 0.01). Synthetic mesh was significantly less expensive than allograft for this reconstruction. Conclusions: The use of synthetic mesh to reconstruct a disrupted patellar tendon is a straightforward surgical procedure that was successful and durable in the majority of patients in our series. Compared with the use of an allograft, this technique eliminates the possibility of disease transmission and may be more cost-effective. No complications unique to the synthetic mesh were observed. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Genetics of sweet taste preferences

Inbred mouse strains display marked differences in avidity for sweet solutions due in part to genetic differences among strains. Using several techniques, we have located a number of regions throughout the genome that influence sweetener acceptance. One prominent locus regulating differences in sweetener preferences among mouse strains is the saccharin preference (Sac) locus on distal chromosome 4. Afferent responses of gustatory nerves to sweeteners also vary as a function of allelic differences in the Sac locus, suggesting that this gene may encode a sweet taste receptor. Using a positional cloning approach, we identified a gene (Tas1r3) encoding the third member of the T1R family of putative taste receptors, T1R3. Introgression by serial back-crossing of a chromosomal fragment containing the Tas1r3 allele from the high sweetener-preferring strain onto the genetic background of the low sweetener-preferring strain rescued its low sweetener-preference phenotype. Tas1r3 has two common haplotypes, one found in mouse strains with elevated sweetener preference and the other in strains relatively indifferent to sweeteners. This study, in conjunction with complimentary recent studies from other laboratories, provides compelling evidence that Tas1r3 is equivalent to the Sac locus and that the T1R3 receptor (when co-expressed with taste receptor T1R2) responds to sweeteners. However, other sweetness receptors may remain to be identified.