cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discontinuous Classroom Innovation: Waves of Change for Marketing Education:

The authors suggest that faculty adoption patterns move through three identifiable stages. In wave 1, technology serves a support function that improves efficiency but does not significantly affect teaching. During wave 2, teaching technology enables faculty to efficiently “mirror” classroom activities using new technologies. Not until wave 3, however, does discontinuous innovation occur. Wave 3 is characterized by unique applications that result in extending the classroom in ways that result in a more current, active, and interactive learning environment. The authors’ conceptualization helps faculty and administrators better understand how they are currently using technology, identify barriers to wave 3 adoption behavior, and develop goals and create applications that will push faculty beyond using new technologies merely to support or mirror previous functions.
Comment on estimating the solar proton environment that may affect Mars missions.

Abstract Estimates of the energetic proton environment for a Mars mission are generally extrapolated from the solar proton observations at 1 AU. We find that solar particle events may be divided into two general classes. Events dominated by a near-sun injection of particles onto interplanetary magnetic field lines leading to the spacecraft position represent the “classical” solar particle event associated with solar activity. This class of event will scale in radial distance by the classical power law extrapolation. The extended-interplanetary-shock source generates a maximum flux as the shock passes the detection location. This class of event typically generates maximum fluence, but in this case, the flux and fluence will not scale in the classical manner with radial distance.
The β to γ transformation in cerium—A twenty year study

Cerium has four allotropic modifications at one atmosphere pressure: {alpha}-Ce -- the so called ``collapsed fcc`` phase; {beta}-Ce -- the double hexagonal close packed phase; {gamma}-Ce -- the normal fcc phase; and {delta}-Ce -- the high temperature bcc phase. The phase relationships are transformations between the {alpha}, {beta} and {gamma} forms of cerium are complex and temperature hysteretic in nature, and these are described in great detail by Koskenmaki and Gschneidner. Recently, however, the authors decided to make heat capacity measurements on allotropically pure {beta}-Ce and {gamma}-Ce below 350 K, since the data obtained in the 1950`s were made on samples which contained two or more of the low temperature phases of cerium. The {beta}-Ce sample which was initially used had been prepared in May 1975. When the heat capacity was measured on this sample after it had been cooled down to 77 K to start the run (December 13, 1994), a large peak in the heat capacity was observed at {approximately}180 K, indicating that {alpha}-Ce was transforming primarily to {gamma}-Ce (and perhaps to {beta}-Ce). Since {beta}-Ce is stable down to {approximately}45 K before it transforms to {alpha}-Ce, the question was, where did the {alpha}-Ce come from? The most likely more » answer was that in the 19.6 years since the {beta}-Ce had been prepared, some of it must have transformed to {gamma}Ce while sitting at room temperature (295 {+-} 2 K), and the {gamma}-Ce phase present in the sample transformed to {alpha}-Ce when cooled down below {approximately}110 K. Another piece of the {beta}-Ce starting material was examined by x-rays, which confirmed that this sample contained {approximately}25% {gamma}-Ce. These measurements indicate that at room temperature the true equilibrium phase is {gamma}-Ce, and that the {beta} {l_equilibrium} {gamma} equilibrium temperature must be less than 295 {+-} 2 K. « less
[123I]Iomazenil SPECT benzodiazepine receptor imaging in schizophrenia

Abstract Deficient inhibitory neurotransmission of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia based on postmortem studies. However, in vivo studies have shown predominantly negative or conflicting results. The goal of this study was to better characterize possible changes of the regional GABA A -benzodiazepine receptor distribution volume (BZR V 3 -p) in schizophrenia in vivo, using a larger sample size than previous studies. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with [ 123 I]iomazenil was used with a constant infusion paradigm to measure the BZR V 3 -p under sustained radiotracer equilibrium conditions. Twenty-five patients with schizophrenia and 24 matched healthy control subjects were studied. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) ratings were done in all subjects. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) 96 was used to compare patients and control subjects as well as to study the relationship between SPECT results and composite PANSS scores based on two factorial models: the pentagonal model (positive, negative, dysphoric mood, activation, and autistic preoccupation factors) and the taxometric model (disorganized dimension). On the basis of ‘absolute' values of V 3 -p with no normalization for total brain uptake, the schizophrenic patients showed no signficant differences in BZR levels compared to the healthy control subjects. With a global normalization procedure, which is more sensitive to relative regional differences in activity, BZR V 3 -p was significantly decreased in the patients in the left precentral gyrus (BA 6). The relative BZR V 3 -p showed a significant positive correlation with duration of illness in the superior occipital gyri (BA 19). No significant correlations were observed between either absolute or relative BZR V 3 -p and either age or any of the composite PANSS scores based on any of the two factorial models in either patients or control subjects. No significant differences were observed between cigarette smoking vs. non-smoking patients, nor between the patients on atypical antipsychotics vs. on typical antipsychotics vs. not on any antipsychotics. In general, no significant differences in BZR V 3 -p were observed between patients and control subjects, except for a decrease in relative BZR V 3 -p in the left precentral gyrus. Grey matter atrophy is unlikely to be the cause for this decrease. However, we could not exclude that possibility. The positive correlation with duration of illness might reflect the relative preservation of neurons expressing BZR in the superior occipital gyri as compared to other cortical brain regions in schizophrenia.
A feasibility and dosimetric evaluation of endoscopic radiofrequency ablation for human colonic and rectal epithelium in a treat and resect trial

Background Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been used effectively for ablation of foregut disorders and also may have a role in treating colonic pathology. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of delivering RFA to locations within the colon and to determine a range of safe treatment parameters.
Virial expansion of the free energy of a molecule with N inequivalent associating particles

It is pointed out that, for a system of $N$ particles which can associate reversibly with a molecule, to second order in perturbation the standard free energy is linear in each particle density plus terms in their pairwise products. This means that, because of symmetry, only $\frac{N(N+1)}{2}$ standard chemical potential parameters need be determined. The system is, therefore, highly overdetermined by available experimental studies. Furthermore, this form for the standard chemical potential is sufficiently orthogonalized so that evaluation of the individual elements of the chemical potential matrix can be made from data without noteworthy accuracy. Such a fitting process is carried out using data for hemoglobin, with oxygen, hydrogen ions, chloride ions, and 2,3 diphosphoglyserate as the associating particle systems. The analysis allows one to fit the Hill index, the Bohr effect, the equilibrium association constants, the shift of the oxygen gas pressure axis with changes in the $p\mathrm{H}$, the chloride ion and diphosphoglyserate solute concentrations, and with temperature. The oxygenation data taken in a hyperbaric environment are interpreted to yield changes in the hemoglobin molecule's volume as the number of associating particles is varied.
Philothermal and chemotactic locomotion of leukocytes. Method and results.

A newly developed technique for quantitating the locomotion of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) populations in temperature gradients has revealed that PMNs accumulate toward higher temperatures. The experiments yield measurements of the numbers of cells that adhere to glass and migrate from a cell suspension through a liquid/gel meniscus into a glass/agarose interface, and of their spatial distribution at subsequent time intervals. Cell locomotion was investigated as a function of the magnitude, sign, and temporal variation of the temperature gradient, the cell concentration in the source suspension, and the presence or absence of chemoattractant grandients. It was found (1) that a temperature gradient stimulates crossing of the meniscus toward higher temperatures, (2) that only a portion of the cells reverses direction of locomotion in response to reversal of the temperature gradient after the cells have traversed the meniscus, and (3) that the distribution of cells in the migration space depends on cell concentration, suggesting that the dynamics of PMN locomotion depend on cell-cell interactions.
Income taxes and the income velocity of money: An empirical analysis☆

Abstract From 1981 iv to 1983 ii , the growth rate of the income velocity of money declined sharoly. Almost all forecasts of this rate based on standard models overpredicted the velocity growth rate over this period. In this paper it is argued that income taxes exert a direct and discernible influence on velocity of money which has not been recognized by these models. As a result, most models failed to capture the 1981–1983 Reagan tax cuts and, consequently, overpredicted the velocity growth rate in this period. It is shown that the tax-velocity hypothesis is supported by the results of an empirical test. It is also shown that the inclusion of taxes in a model of velocity helps alleviate the overprediction of the velocity growth rate in the 1981–1983 period.
Substituent effects on1H NMR spectra of 4-and 4′-substitutedtras-N-benzylideneanilines in acidic solution

Various 4- and 4′-substitued trans-N-benlizylidenanilines were synthesized and their 1H NMR spectra recorded at 30 °C in DMSO-d6, and acidic media (TFA-d and D2SO4). The effects of substituents on the chemical shifts of H-α (proton on carbon of imine group) and H-2′ (protons on benzaldehyde ring ortho to the imine group) were analysed by the Hammett single parameter and Taft dual substituent parameter (DSP) techniques. In the neutral solvent DMSO-d6, there is transmission of the electronic effects of substituents on the benzaldehyde ring to the H-α and H-2′ protons, but no electronic transmission for substituents on the aniline ring. There is a dramatic change in acid media. Protonation of the imine group results in significant electronic transmission from substituents on the aniline ring to the H-α and H-2′ protons, as well as an enbancement in electronic transmission from substituents on the benzaldehyde ring. DSP analysis indicates that both inductive and resonance factors are responsible for the observed electronic transmission effects, with resonance being the major factor.
Rankine combined vortex interaction with a rectangular prism

Large eddy simulation is utilised to study the three-dimensional interaction between a travelling Rankine combined vortex and a rectangular prism. The study examines the strength and the topology of a vortex during the interaction with a prism that is much wider than the vortex core diameter. The physics of the interaction is revealed for the straight (β = 0°) and the oblique (β = 45°) impacts. For both cases, the low-level portion of the vortex undergoes displacements in the streamwise and the lateral directions. Also the vortex shape and the core vorticity are substantially disrupted. Behind the prism the full vortex circulation is recovered after a considerable distance. This created a low-velocity region. The sheltering effect of the prism is noticed for both straight and oblique impacts. The flow velocities in the sheltering region, right behind the prism, are reduced by more than 42% compared to the maximum flow speeds before the interaction.
A continuous-time model of departure time choice for urban shopping trips

Abstract This paper proposes a continuous-time hazard duration model for urban shopping trip departure time choice. The time frame for the analysis of departure time is the entire day. The continuous-time model uses a non-parametric baseline hazard distribution, employs a non-parametric representation for the time-varying effect of covariates, and accommodates time-varying covariates. These econometric issues are important to recognize and consider in a departure time model spanning the entire day. The model also accommodates unobserved heterogeneity and recognizes the “rounding” of reported departure times by individuals in surveys to an integral multiple of 5 min. The continuous-time model is estimated using shopping trip data from the 1996 activity survey collected in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area. The effects of individual and household socio-demographics, employment attributes, and trip-related characteristics on departure time choice are presented and discussed. Application of the continuous-time model to forecast temporal shifts in shopping trip-making due to changes in socio-demographic characteristics and trip-chaining behavior is demonstrated. The use of the formulation as a powerful evaluation tool to manage and influence traffic patterns through dynamic congestion pricing control schemes is also highlighted.
Façade: virtual storage devices with performance guarantees

High-end storage systems, such as those in large data centers, must service multiple independent workloads. Workloads often require predictable quality of service, despite the fact that they have to compete with other rapidly-changing workloads for access to common storage resources. We present a novel approach to providing performance guarantees in this highly-volatile scenario, in an efficient and cost-effective way. Facade, a virtual store controller, sits between hosts and storage devices in the network, and throttles individual I/O requests from multiple clients so that devices do not saturate. We implemented a prototype, and evaluated it using real workloads on an enterprise storage system. We also instantiated it to the particular case of emulating commercial disk arrays. Our results show that Facade satisfies performance objectives while making efficient use of the storage resources--even in the presence of of failures and bursty workloads with stringent performance requirements.
The UNC–Chapel Hill RDA Boot Camp: Preparing LIS Students for Emerging Topics in Cataloging and Metadata

The implementation of Resource Description and Access (RDA) in 2013 or after will have a powerful impact on the skill set required of new library and information science professionals. This article chronicles the development of an RDA “boot camp” at UNC–Chapel Hill's School of Information and Library Science. Curriculum for the three-hour camp included a review of relevant theoretical frameworks and a hands-on exercise creating RDA records. Findings from a post–boot camp survey point to areas for further growth in cataloging and metadata course development and suggest that students are eager for more practical experience with emerging schema.
Integrating health communication pedagogy, social science, and health interventions

Three studies exemplify how health communication research concepts can be integrated pedagogically with health interventions in undergraduate courses. The academic structure for creating and conducting applied community health communication research using current theoretical frameworks is explained. Three empirical projects, increasing community seatbelt use, examining conscientiousness and campus safety behaviors, and increasing cervical cancer screening among college women, are described in detail. Student outcomes for the class demonstrate high learning and satisfaction. Suggestions for future interventions integrated with general health communication classes are explored. But the overarching outcome is that even with low financial resource significant change can be achieved in health related outcomes, while simultaneously introducing students to health communication and social science procedures.
Molecular Phenotypes of Atherosclerosis Fingering the Perpetrators

The initiation and progression of atherosclerosis appears driven by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Access to circulating lipoproteins or to molecules shed into the blood from arterial wall cells permits genetic diversity to be evaluated in relation to disease risk; environmental factors are commonly understood to relate to macro-risk such as diet, smoking, etc. However, a more precise and detailed understanding of the genetic and in vivo environment in the immediate vicinity of the predictive, developing, or advanced lesion is desirable. The presence at autopsy of atherosclerotic lesions of varying severity and classifications1 within the same individual reflects the complexity of this chronic inflammatory process. Furthermore, certain arterial locations are predictive for lesion formation before any detectable pathological change is apparent, whereas other sites appear to be protected.2,3 Systematic and serendipitous studies of genetic variants associated with atherogenesis have largely been conducted in lipoproteins and blood cells, yet genetic variation in the arterial wall components is an important contributor to disease susceptibility and progression. The most prevalent gene expression changes may identify the inheritance of multiple gene variants as a collection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may predict both the susceptibility to environmental risk factors and the characteristics of lesion progression. However, the development …
Cytophotometric differentiation of high elevation spruces: physiological and ecological implications.

Red and black spruce and their hybrids can be determined by morphological indices; however, the criteria are somewhat subjective and increasingly difficult to use at higher elevations. Although the chromosome number is identical (2n = 24), red spruce has twice as much nuclear DNA (48 pg) than black spruce (24 pg) and thus the species and their hybrids can also be separated by cytophotometry. This is relevant to spruce decline studies because black spruce is much more resistant to high elevation environmental stresses, both natural and anthropogenic. It also has implications for the effect of climatic changes on the composition of high elevation spruce-fir forests because red spruce can outcompete black spruce under more mesic conditions. Four elevation transects sampling spruce on the east and west sides of Mount Washington (New Hampshire) and Camels Hump (Vermont) and a single transect on the southwest side of Whiteface Mountain (New York) were made to investigate the degree of hybridization and introgre...
Abstract B80: Deletion of Smad4 results in enhancement of lymphangiogenesis and node metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Lymph node metastasis is the single most important clinical prognostic factor in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The 5-year overall survival is reduced by approximately 50% in HNSCC patients with node metastasis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of lymph node metastasis in HNSCC is thus of pivotal importance for improving patient's survival. It has been shown that increased lymphatic vessel density in HNSCC tumors correlates with high metastasis rate to lymph nodes, suggesting a connection of enhancement of lymphangiogenesis and node metastasis in HNSCC. We have recently shown that deletion of Smad4, a tumor suppressor commonly inactivated in human HNSCC patients, in a genetically engineer mouse model developed head and neck squamous cell carcinomas with metastasis to cervical lymph nodes. Moreover, examining Smad4 expression and lymphangiogenesis marker podoplanin by immunohistochemistry in human HNSCC patients with node metastasis revealed a negative correlation between Smad4 and podoplanin, validating our initial findings from the Smad4 knockout mouse model. To further investigate the functional role of Smad4 in lymphangiogenesis and node metastasis, we restored Smad4 expression in a Smad4-deficient HNSCC cell line, Cal27. We then orthotopically injected both cell lines on the floor of mouth of nude mice, and observed tumor formation and cervical lymph node metastasis around 7 weeks. Analysis of tumor tissues showed that Smad4 restoration reduced lymphangiogenesis, as revealed by LYVE1, a lymphangiogenesis marker immunostaining. Furthermore, the rate of cervical lymph node metastasis is decreased upon the Smad4 restoration. The potential molecular mechanism of Smad4 in regulating lymphangiogenesis is currently undergoing. In conclusion, our studies have shown the deletion of Smad4 increases lymphangiogenesis and node metastasis from both HNSCC mouse models and human patient samples. Further investigation of the underneath molecular mechanism will be ultimately translated into novel therapeutical approaches for controlling lymph node metastasis and improving survival for human HNSCC patients. Citation Format: Masako Oka, Xi Chen, Xiao-Jing Wang, Shi-Long Lu. Deletion of Smad4 results in enhancement of lymphangiogenesis and node metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B80.
Role of Metazoan Mediator Proteins in Interferon-Responsive Transcription

The interferon (IFN)-induced signal transduction and transcription activation complex, ISGF3, is assembled from three proteins, STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9. Of these components, STAT2 provides a fundamental and essential transcriptional activation function for ISGF3. In the present study, we show that ISGF3-mediated transcription is dependent on STAT2 interactions with DRIP150, a subunit of the multimeric Mediator coactivator complex. Other Mediator subunits, DRIP77 and DRIP130, were found either to bind STAT2 without augmenting ISGF3 transcriptional activity or to enhance ISGF3 transcription without binding STAT2, but only DRIP150 both enhanced IFN-dependent transcription and coimmunoprecipitated with STAT2. Endogenous DRIP150 and STAT2 were able to interact in solution, and DNA affinity chromatography and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that DRIP150 binds to the mature, activated ISGF3-DNA complex and is recruited to target gene promoters in an IFN-dependent fashion. IFN-dependent recruitment of DRIP130 to an ISGF3 target promoter and SRB10-STAT2 coprecipitation suggest indirect association with a multisubunit Mediator complex. The site of STAT2 interaction was mapped to DRIP150 residues 188 to 566, which are necessary and sufficient for interaction with STAT2. Expression of this DRIP150 fragment, but not DRIP150 fragments outside the STAT2 interaction region, suppressed ISGF3-mediated transcriptional activity in a dominant-negative fashion, suggesting a direct functional role of this domain in mediating STAT2-DRIP150 interactions. These findings indicate that the IFN-activated ISGF3 transcription factor regulates transcription through contact with DRIP150 and implicate the Mediator coactivator complex in IFN-activated gene regulation.
Interdiffusion, Segregation, and Dissolution in InAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Superlattices

We have investigated the effects of in situ and ex situ post-growth thermal annealing on the organization of InAs/GaAs quantum dot superlattices, which consist of regular arrays of InAs islands embedded in GaAs. Using large-scale and high resolution cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy, we have mapped out the spatial distributions of the island arrays and the positions of indium atoms located both vertically and laterally between the island arrays. Both in situ and ex situ annealing induce vertical and lateral dissolution of the islands, which in turn significantly affects the organization of the island arrays. Annealing-induced variations in the positions of the indium atoms between the island arrays have enabled us to directly measure indium–gallium interdiffusion and indium segregation lengths. We discuss the effects of residual strain on these processes, which are critical for the design of novel devices based upon semiconductor nanostructures.
Cost-effective spam detection in p2p file-sharing systems

Spam is highly pervasive in P2P file-sharing systems and is difficult to detect automatically before actually downloading a file due to the insufficient and biased description of a file returned to a client as a query result. To alleviate this problem, we propose probing technique to collect more complete feature information of query results from the network and apply feature-based ranking for automatically detecting spam in P2P query result sets. Furthermore, we examine the tradeoff between the spam detection performance and the network cost. Different ways of probing are explored to reduce the network cost. Experimental results show that the proposed techniques successfully decrease the amount of spam by 9% in the top-200 results and by 92% in the top-20 results with reasonable cost.
Microtubules Regulate Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction

Microtubules are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells. However, the role of microtubules in the mechanisms of pulmonary vascular smooth contraction has not previously been described. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of microtubular inhibition (vinblastine) on the following mechanisms of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle contraction in rats using isolated pulmonary artery rings: (1) receptor-independent, calcium-dependent contraction via smooth muscle cell depolarization (response to KCl); (2) receptor-dependent, calcium-dependent contraction via alpha 1-adrenergic receptor stimulation (response to phenylephrine, PE); (3) receptor-dependent, calcium-independent contraction via thromboxane A2 receptor stimulation (response to the thromboxane mimetic, U-46619). Rats were studied 4 days after administration of vinblastine (750 micrograms/kg i.v.). Concentration-response curves were generated for KCl (5 mM to 100 mM) and for PE and U-46619 (10(-9) to 10(-4) M) (n = 8 rings/4 rats per group). Saline injected rats were controls. Pulmonary vascular smooth muscle contraction by calcium-dependent and -independent mechanisms was significantly increased following microtubular inhibition. These findings suggest that microtubules have an important role in the response of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstricting agonists.
A Snore Extraction Method from Mixed Sound for a Mobile Snore Recorder

This paper presents a snore recorder that can separate snores from their delayed mixtures. This is useful to study the snore sounds of individuals when these sounds occur in a normal in-home sleeping environment, where two people are sleeping together and both produce sounds. Based on methods for blind source separation, we give a snore separator that solves the blind delayed source separation problem and provide a performance index to monitor its convergence. The separated snores can be analyzed to detect symptoms of sleep apnea prior to polysomnography or as a monitoring device after polysomnography has been performed. Experimental results show good performance of the snore separator.
Teaching Social Responsibility for the Conduct of Research

In this essay I draw on the history of engineering and research ethics, and on the way priorities in those disciplines were established in the United States, to discuss how we should teach social responsibility in research ethics. Following Deborah Johnson, I use the term ?social responsibility? in the sense of having a moral obligation ?to protect the safety and welfare of society? [1]-[3].1 I focus on one obstacle in teaching this aspect of research ethics: the long-standing belief that social responsibility is not the primary concern of scientists because they produce basic knowledge rather than technology. In this view, scientific knowledge is seen as neutral, neither good nor bad, and those who apply this knowledge, mainly engineers, should bear the primary social responsibility for its use.
Sexual minority youth, social connection and resilience: from personal struggle to collective identity.

Abstract Sexual minority youth are at increased risk for negative health outcomes including substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and suicide. Researchers suggest that sexual orientation victimization is a predictor of such outcomes. Social connectedness—or the importance of belonging where youth perceive they are cared for and empowered within a given context—has been associated with positive youth outcomes. This qualitative study utilized life story methodology. Life stories are considered to be important expressions of one’s identity and are shaped by personal, social, and cultural contexts. Twenty-two interviews were conducted with 15 young people ranging in age from 14 to 22 years. Two focus groups with youth were also conducted. Youth were recruited from rural and urban communities in Massachusetts. This study contributes to the literature on resilience by including the voices of sexual minority youth and explores the meaning of social connection in their lives. Youth discuss the ways in which individual connection and group affiliation served to affirm one’s identity, and provided a forum for moving personal struggle to collective action. The findings suggest the need to reconceptualize consequences of disconnection (such as depression or suicide) from individual pathology and attend to these consequences as a response to discrimination and stigma. Implications for these findings and areas for future research are discussed.
The interactions of hyperactive and normal boys with their fathers and mothers

This study examined the interactions of fathers and mothers with their hyperactive and normal children during both free-play and task periods. Eighteen hyperactive and 18 normal boys were observed interacting separately with their mothers and fathers in a playroom setting. Behavioral observations indicated, with minor exceptions, that fathers and mothers did not differ in their interactions with their sons. Substantial differences were found between hyperactive and normal boys in their parent-child interactions, particularly during the task setting. Hyperactive boys were generally less compliant and their parents more directive than normal parent-child dyads. Methodological problems are discussed that may have precluded the emergence of differences between mothers and fathers in their interactions with their sons.
Azolidene Carbenes Derived from Biologically Relevant Molecules.(1) Synthesis and Characterization of Iridium Complexes of Imidazolidene Ligands Based upon the Antifungal Drugs Econazole and Miconazole.

The azole-based antifungal drugs econazole and miconazole are readily converted into imidazolidene carbenes, which are trapped by coordination to iridium(I). The resulting complexes are the first antifungal drug−metal conjugates incorporating an M−C σ bond. This demonstration of the capacity of azole-containing bioactive molecules to form carbene ligands may open the door to the investigation of complexes derived from such species for a variety of biological and medicinal purposes.
Potential-Energy and Differential-Stopping-Power Functions from Energy-Loss Spectra of Fast Ions Channeled in Gold Single Crystals

Structure has been observed in the energy-loss spectrum of ions channeled between low-index planes in thin Au single crystals. It is proposed that the cause of this structure lies in the nature of the transverse oscillations of the ion in the interplanar potential. The particle's motion is characterized by an anharmonic oscillation; the wavelength is a function of the amplitude, and each amplitude is characterized by an energy loss. With narrowly collimated beams and small-angle detector, only particles having an integral number of wavelengths within the crystal are detected. Measurement of the wavelengths gives information about the interplanar potential. The dependence of energy loss on amplitude gives a mapping of the stopping power in the channel. Various features of the model are tested and quantitative measurements for 3-MeV $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ ions and 60-MeV $^{127}\mathrm{I}$ are given. Correlations with atomic parameters are discussed.
RBCs: Repurposed and Refurbished

Red blood cells (RBCs) are nature’s delivery vehicle. Having evolved to distribute oxygen throughout the body, they are abundant, possess a large surface area for transferring payload, and have a circulating lifespan of 120 days in humans. Despite such favorable qualities, attempts to usurp RBCs
Brownian Motion Indexed by a Time Scale

In this article, we generalize Wiener's existence result for one-dimensional Brownian motion by constructing a suitable continuous stochastic process where the index set is a time scale. We construct a countable dense subset of a time scale and use it to prove a generalized version of the Kolmogorov–Centsov theorem. As a corollary, we obtain a local Holder-continuity result for the sample paths of generalized Brownian motion indexed by a time scale.
Observations of rapid photochemical destruction of ozone in snowpack interstitial air

Measurements in central Greenland demonstrate that ozone is rapidly destroyed through a photochemical process in the surface snowpack. The rate of destruction is too high to result from reaction with NOx or HOx, but could result from catalytic destruction by bromine if its release from snowpack bromide is highly efficient. The pristine nature of the Greenland snowpack implies that ozone destruction may be widespread in illuminated snowpacks and thus influence the budget of boundary-layer ozone. Similar destruction on tropospheric cloud ice crystals may explain observations of very low ozone levels associated with cirrus clouds.
Convection and mass-transport in laser-induced chemical vapor deposition

Gas flow and energy and species transport in laser-induced chemical vapor deposition (LICVD) of amorphous silicon films by silane pyrolysis are analyzed by finite element analysis of a two-dimensional model for the process. Spatial nonuniformity of the deposited film is shown to result from diffusion controlled transport of products between the beam and substrate. Deposition profiles are affected by buoyancy-driven convection only at increased gas pressures. Horizontal orientation of the reactor with respect to gravity is optimal because the stagnation-like flow, that results adjacent to the substrate, enhances mixing, and smoothes the film profile.
Orchard floor management effects on nitrogen fertility and soil biological activity in a newly established organic apple orchard

This study addresses the often-competing goals of organic fertility and weed control by evaluating alternative orchard floor management strategies for their impact on N cycling, tree performance, and soil biological activity in a newly established apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchard. The standard tillage weed control practice resulted in satisfactory tree growth with desirable levels of leaf N and most other nutrients; however, soil biological activity did not improve. Maintenance of a living cover understory increased soil N concentration and availability and improved soil biological activity; however, tree growth was less than in other treatments likely in response to competition with the living cover understory for space and water. Application of wood chip mulch resulted in exceptional tree growth which may have resulted from greater water availability, but available soil N was lower, and consequently, tree leaf N concentration was low; in addition, soil biological activity was not improved. Clove oil organic herbicide provided poor weed control resulting in lower leaf N and tree growth and did not improve soil biological activity. Brassicaceae seed meal applications enhanced N availability and soil nematode abundance, but leaf N and many other nutrients were below desirable levels, and additional research is needed to optimize this treatment. We conclude that meeting the multiple objectives of weed control, optimal tree health, and increased soil biological activity may require employment of different orchard floor management strategies at different times during the life of the orchard.
Envy, politics, and age

In the last 5 years, the phrase “politics of envy” has appeared more than 621 times in English-language newspapers, generally in opinion essays contending that political liberalism reflects and exploits feelings of envy. Oddly, this assertion has not been tested empirically. We did so with a large adult sample (n = 357). Participants completed a Dispositional Envy Scale and questions about political ideology, socioeconomic status, and age. Envy and age were moderately correlated; younger people reported greater envy. Political ideology and envy were weakly correlated; however, this relationship was not significant when controlling for age.
Alcohol-induced poikilothermia, sleep and motor impairment: actions on brain of EGTA and verapamil.

Abstract In the early 1970's, calcium ions were implicated in the mechanism underlying the perturbation of the “set point” for body temperature produced by a thermolytic drug. Since Ca ++ is thought to be involved in the incapacitating effects of ethanol on body temperature and motor coordination, this investigation sought to compare the differential central actions of a Ca ++ chelating agent with those of a Ca ++ channel antagonist on ethanol-induced poikilothermia and motor functions. A chronically indwelling cannula for intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection was implanted stereotaxically in each of 25 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Following postoperative recovery, each rat was given ethanol in a 20% v/v solution by the intraperitoneal route in a dose of 4.0 g/kg, which was selected to insure a clear-cut impairment of autonomic and motorial functions. Colonic temperature, behavioral sleep, righting reflex and degree of motor coordination on a rotorod were monitored at selected intervals for 5.0–7.0 hr after the injection of ethanol. Two experimental designs were used: First, either 12.5, 25 or 50 μg ethyleneglycol-bis-(β-amino ethyl ether) N,N′-tetra-acetic acid (EGTA), or 25 or 50 μg verapamil, both dissolved in an artificial CSF vehicle, were infused ICV at the same time as ethanol's administration. In the second design, the compounds were infused at the nadir of the ethanol-induced temperature decline. EGTA infused ICV in the rat together with ethanol produced a dose-dependent inhibition of ethanol hypothermia and a more rapid recovery of the animal's righting reflex, arousal and motor coordination than that following ethanol alone. Although verapamil infused ICV in the 50 μg but not 25 μg dose minimized the poikilothermic response to ethanol, it was not as efficacious as that of EGTA. When infused ICV at the point of maximum fall in the rats' temperature, EGTA entirely reversed the hypothermia induced by ethanol and evoked a thermogenic response in the rat. In contrast, verapamil infused ICV in the same doses tended only to retard the further decline in the animal's body temperature. Similarly EGTA was far more effective than verapamil in ameliorating the other physiological actions of ethanol in terms of the reversal of areflexia, behavioral sleep and motor incoordination. These results suggest that the characteristic attributes of membrane Ca ++ in terms of its binding and other neuronal properties play a significant functional role in the incapacitating action of ethanol on the diverse physiological processes mediated by the brain. The differential potency of EGTA in comparison to verapamil indicates also that Ca ++ channel mechanisms do not participate to as great a degree in ethanol's impairment of these vegetative control systems as the membrane Ca ++ component.
A fractal analysis for the binding of riboflavin binding protein to riboflavin immobilized on a SPR biosensor

Abstract A fractal analysis is presented for the binding of riboflavin binding protein (RBP) in solution to riboflavin (Rf) derivative immobilized on a sensor chip. The influence of complexation of RBP with Rf in solution on its binding kinetics to immobilized Rf is also analyzed. A better understanding of the kinetics provides physical insights into these interactions and complements the original work of [I. Caelen, A. Kalman, L. Wahlstrom, Anal. Chem. 76 (2004) 137]. These authors [I. Caelen, A. Kalman, L. Wahlstrom, Anal. Chem. 76 (2004) 137] used a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor where no kinetic binding rate coefficients were provided. Numerical values of the binding rate coefficient are presented and linked to the degree of heterogeneity made quantitative by the fractal dimension, Df, on the sensor chip surface. Both, single- and dual-fractal analysis are used to provide an adequate fit. The results presented here are consistent with the original work [I. Caelen, A. Kalman, L. Wahlstrom, Anal. Chem. 76 (2004) 137]. Predictive relations are presented for the binding rate coefficient, k, and for the fractal dimension, Df, as a function of the RBP concentration in solution. The binding rate coefficient, k, is very sensitive to the degree of heterogeneity that exists on the surface (order of dependence equal to 6.583). In general, the changes in the degree of heterogeneity (fractal dimension, Df) on the sensor chip surface and in the binding rate coefficient, k, are in the same direction. Both the fractal dimension, Df, and the binding rate coefficient, k, exhibit rather low orders of dependence equal to 0.087 and 0.576, respectively, on the RBP concentration in solution. At the lowest RBP concentration (0.1 μg/mL) in solution, a dual-fractal analysis is required to describe the binding kinetics, whereas in the 0.2–10.0 μg/mL RBP concentration range in solution a single-fractal analysis is adequate. This indicates that there is a change in the binding mechanism at the lowest RBP concentration in solution (0.1 μg/mL).
2011 TAU power grid simulation contest: benchmark suite and results

Benchmark suite is an immensely useful tool in performing research since it allows for rapid and clear comparison between different approaches to solving CAD problems. Technology scaling with decrease in supply voltage, increase in power density and frequency will continue to impose strong challenges in designing of robust power delivery networks. An accurate analysis of power delivery networks has become an absolute necessity. A critical issue in power grid analysis is the large size of the power grid network. At the 45-nm technology node, the typical size of the power grid network is in the range of hundreds of million nodes. In this paper, we review the TAU 2011 Power Grid Simulation Contest. This contest was held to seek new efficient methods for solving very large power grid networks. Accuracy, run-time and memory were used as metrics to evaluate the solutions and consequently, prizes were awarded to the top three teams. The benchmarks in [1] are expanded to include larger networks that were created from real industry designs. These are made public along with the score from various teams that participated in the contest. These new benchmarks would aid in furthering academic research to address the increasing demands in the analysis of very large power grid networks.
Cobbett and Gillray

This article concerns the series of hand-colored plates entitled "The Life of William Cobbett by Himself," executed by the great English political caricaturist John Gillray, and published at London September 29, 1809, by H. Humphrey.Â It is one of a number of anti-Cobbett publications of the time.
A proctolin‐like peptide in crab pericardial organs

Evidence is presented that one of the cardio-excitatory peptides known from crab pericardial organs is identical to or a close analog of proctolin, a putative peptide-transmitter in insects. Acid ethanol extracts of crab pericardial organs contain a cardioexcitatory peptide which is pharmacologically and chromatographically indistinguishable from proctolin. The peptide exhibits an apparent molecular weight of approximately 600 as determined by gel filtration, is not degraded by trypsin but readily inactivated by leucine aminopeptidase. Application of this decapod cardioexcitatory peptide to the cockroach gut effects a dose-dependent contracture identical to that produced by proctolin. Similarly, proctolin elicits a characteristic inotropic response from crab hearts.
Effects of repeated administration of amphetamine on behavioral vigilance: evidence for "sensitized" attentional impairments.

The effects of repeated intermittent administration of amphetamine (1, 2, 3 mg/kg, IP) on the performance of rats in a task designed to assess sustained attention were tested. A substantial increase in the number of false alarms (i.e., “claims” for hits in non-signal trials) was observed following subsequent administrations of amphetamine. This effect could not be accounted for by drug-induced side or position biases, switching behavior or stereotypy. The effects of repeated amphetamine may model some of the cognitive processes which mediate the attribution of incentive salience to stimuli associated with repeated psychostimulant administration and the development of psychostimulant-induced psychotic symptoms.
Frequency of mouthing behavior in young children.

Young children may be more likely than adults to be exposed to pesticides following a residential application as a result of hand- and object-to-mouth contacts in contaminated areas. However, relatively few studies have specifically evaluated mouthing behavior in children less than 5 years of age. Previously unpublished data collected by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC) were analyzed to assess the mouthing behavior of 72 children (37 males/35 females). Total mouthing behavior data included the daily frequency of both mouth and tongue contacts with hands, other body parts, surfaces, natural objects, and toys. Eating events were excluded. Children ranged in age from 11 to 60 months. Observations for more than 1 day were available for 78% of the children. The total data set was disaggregated by gender into five age groups (10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60 months). Statistical analyses of the data were then undertaken to determine if significant differences existed among the age/gender subgroups in the sample. A mixed effects linear model was used to test the associations among age, gender, and mouthing frequencies. Subjects were treated as random and independent, and intrasubject variability was accounted for with an autocorrelation function. Results indicated that there was no association between mouthing frequency and gender. However, a clear relationship was observed between mouthing frequency and age. Using a tree analysis, two distinct groups could be identified: children 24 months of age. Children 24 months exhibited the lowest frequency of mouthing behavior with 42+/-4 events/h (n=44 subjects, 117 observations). These results suggest that children are less likely to place objects into their mouths as they age. These changes in mouthing behavior as a child ages should be accounted for when assessing aggregate exposure to pesticides in the residential environment.