cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of small molecules on the dipalmitoyl lecithin liposomal bilayer: III. Phase transition in lipid bilayer

The effect of more than ninety lipid-soluble compounds on the phase transition behavior ofdl-α-dipalmitoyl lecithin bilayer has been examined by differential scanning calorimetry. The type of effect on the phase transition profile depends on the nature of the additive, whereas the extent of the effect depends on the concentration. The compounds examined include uncouplers, alkanols, fatty acids, detergents, organic solvents, ionophores, inorganic ions, and some commonly used spin-labelled and fluorescent membrane probes. A qualitatively distinct effect of several of these additives on the phase transition behavior of bilayer provides a method of determining the nature of the perturbation they induce in the bilayer organization. The observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the type of effect induced by an additive on the phase transition profile of the bilayer is related to the position of localization of the additive along the thickness of the bilayer. At least four different types of modified transition profiles that are related to changes in bilayer fluidity can be distinguished. These correspond to the localization of the additive in phosphorylcholine (type D), glycerol backbone (type B), C1–C8 methylene (type A), C9–C16 methylene (type C) region of the bilayer. A possible relationship between the type of phase transition profiles of modified liposomes and the physiological effects of drugs is also discussed.
Assessment of crude oil biodegradation in arctic seashore sediments: effects of temperature, salinity, and crude oil concentration.

The expected increase in offshore oil exploration and production in the Arctic may lead to crude oil spills along arctic shorelines. To evaluate the potential effectiveness of bioremediation to treat such spills, oil spill bioremediation in arctic sediments was simulated in laboratory microcosms containing beach sediments from Barrow (Alaska), spiked with North Slope Crude, and incubated at varying temperatures and salinities. Biodegradation was measured via respiration rates (CO2 production); volatilization was quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry (GC/MS) analysis of hydrocarbons sorbed to activated carbon, and hydrocarbons remaining in the sediment were quantified by GC/flame ionization detector (FID). Higher temperature leads to increased biodegradation by naturally occurring microorganisms, while the release of volatile organic compounds was similar at both temperatures. Increased salinity had a small positive impact on crude oil removal. At higher crude oil dosages, volatilization increased, however CO2 production did not. While only a small percentage of crude oil was completely biodegraded, a larger percentage was volatilized within 6–9 weeks.
Seroepidemiological Investigation on Tick-born Rickettsial Disease of People and Livestock in Different Regions of Anhui Province

Objective To explore the infection status and the characteristics of distribution of the Tick-borne rickettsial disease in population and livestock in rural areas of Anhui province,and to provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of this disease.Methods 613 serum samples of people in rural area and 150 serum sample of livestock were collected in GuangDe,MingGuang and HuaiYuan county from April to May of 2009.Indirect fluorescence assay(IFA) was used to detect the Antibody level of spotted fever(SGF),human monocytic ehrlichiosis(HME) and human granulocytic Anaplasma disease(HGA).Meanwhile,in accordance with different geographical region,different age and different sex,the antibody level of the serum samples were made a comparison.Results Among those 613 human serum samples,the antibody-positive sera of SGF,HME and HGA were 250,98 and 17 one by one,and the positive rate reached 40.78%,15.99%,2.77% respectively.There are significant differences in serum antibody levels of SGF in different regions,age and sex groups.There were significant differences in serum antibody levels of HME in different regions.Among 150 serum samples of livestock,the antibody-positive sera of SGF,HME and HGA were 91,33 and 4 one by one,and the positive rate reached 60.67%,22.00%,2.67% respectively.The HGA serum antibody-positive rate of dog was significantly higher than that of sheep and cattle,and there was significant difference in the antibody levels of SGF and HME of livestock in different regions.Conclusion Rural areas of Anhui province were the endemic area of Tick-born rickettsial disease.
Analysis of Shock Injury of Ship Personnel due to Underwater and Air Explosion

In modern naval wars,the ships may be attacked by air or underwater explosive weapons,which not only damage the ship structures,instruments and weapon systems,but also seriously injure the crew on shipboard.In this paper,the refined description,comparison and analysis on ship shock injury,air shock injury and underwater shock injury were given respectively in several aspects,including shock wave characters,injury mechanisms,injury symptoms,safety limits and protection measures.Results of the research will be helpful to precisely and fast diagnose and cure the wounded,as well as offer a reference for anti-shock protection research.
Magnetic Hysteresis in Disordered Magnets

By studying the evolution (with field H and temperature T) of the free energy surface, we numerically calculate various history-dependent magnetizations for Ising, and Heisenberg spin glasses as well as for nondisordered ferromagnets. Only the simplest mean-field (MF) approximation to the free energy functional F[|mi}] (where mi is the thermally averaged spin at the ith site) is studied. We have calculated hysteresis loops which compare favorably with experiment for a variety of situations and make predictions for additional hysteresis effects. The close correspondence between our theory and experiment supports the hypothesis that on intermediate-time scales the behavior of spin glasses is primarily determined by the properties of the free-energy surface: Irreversibility occurs when minima of F are destroyed with changing H or T.
Estadio de excepción”: reflexiones sobre el Estado de Excepción a propósito de los mundiales de fútbol profesional

El pasado Mundial de Futbol organizado por la FIFA en Brasil dejo en evidencia no solo en lo que se ha transformado el deporte hoy en dia, sino tambien, el tipo de sociedad en la cual vivimos y sus correspondientes Estados, es decir, una sociedad de control amparada en un Estado de Excepcion constante. Un ejemplo particular resalta esta tesis: el caso de los aficionados chilenos, quienes ingresaron sin boletos y por el sector de prensa al Estadio Maracana, quienes posteriormente fueron expulsados del pais. A este caso es posible sumar un antecedente de similares caracteristicas en cuanto a la solucion adoptada: cuando barrabravas argentinos fueron expulsados de Sudafrica en el Mundial de Futbol FIFA de dicho pais. Sin embargo, los casos de Brasil y Sudafrica no son aislados, ni siquiera unas instancias limitrofes relativas a este magno-evento, sino mas bien la generalidad dentro de un espectaculo cada vez mas intervenido, tanto por el Estado como por los organismos de seguridad (publica y privada).
Policy Implications of a Probabilistic Gravity Model

The probabilistic gravity model for shopping center choice in an urban setting has been used extensively for planning purposes. This paper examines its policy implications, based on a cross-cultural empirical study to derive its parameter values for different category of goods, utilizing the data obtained in both Quebec and Japan.
Gated magnetic resonance imaging of normal and hypertrophied murine hearts.

Transgenic murine models are being used increasingly to explore the molecular basis of heart disease. Until recently, there were no means for noninvasive assessment of changes in mass and function ...
The impact of moderate-vigorous intensity physical education class immediately prior to standardized testing on student test-taking behaviors

Abstract Regular physical activity improves academic performance in children, yet the short-term impact of activity on test scores and related behaviors, such as testing anxiety, is less established. Laboratory research demonstrates a positive relationship, but the impact of activity before testing in the school setting remains unstudied. We assessed the impact of a moderate-vigorous intensity physical education (PE) lesson directly before reading/math standardized tests on 5th grade student test-taking outcomes. A cluster RCT design was employed within a highly diverse public school district. Fifth grade classes (n = 29) were randomized to a standardized 40-min PE lesson immediately prior to testing or control condition. After testing, teacher ratings of students’ classroom behavior during math testing were 12% higher in intervention vs. control classes (p = 0.047; Cohen’s d = 0.79). There were no overall differences in student reported test-taking anxiety between groups, though differences by race/ethnicity and sex were present; intervention African American students reported a more positive physical state on math tests (11% higher, p = 0.012; Cohen’s d = 0.51) and on reading (10% higher, p = 0.040; Cohen’s d = 0.40) tests, and lower overall test anxiety during the math test (13% lower, p = 0.018; Cohen’s d = 0.48) than controls. However, intervention boys reported more off-task behavior (4% higher, p = 0.040; Cohen’s d = 0.03) than controls. There was no difference in test scores between groups. Teachers felt the PE lesson may have been too vigorous, as it left some students perspiring and thirsty during testing. Further research is necessary to better understand the conditions under which physical activity prior to testing impacts student’s testing anxiety and behaviors.
A Hierarchical Model of Health Care Delivery in New York State

One of the major problems facing the United States is the escalating cost of health care. Although the rate of inflation, in general, has declined, inflation in health care cost is steadily increasing. Health care is one of the major items of federal, state, and local budgets, and it must be controlled in order to reduce deficits. The main reason for this escalation in health care is the rise in hospital costs. The population of the United States is aging, and there will be significant transformation of its demographic structure. Due to the high cost of services and sophisticated equipment, as well as counter-productive reimbursement policy, the operations of many hospitals are becoming economically inefficient. As a consequence, many hospitals are either closing or becoming increasingly dependent on a high level of subsidies from public agencies. Besides, due to the low rate of population growth, the demand for health care may not rise significantly, and, in many cases, hospitals have to be maintained with large numbers of empty beds, particularly in some regions.
Selenium and Muscular Dystrophy

Selenium metabolism and supplementation in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy was studied at the Muscle Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, and the Universitat Klinik Mainz, Mainz, FRG.
Hospitalizations for Substance Abuse Disorders Before and After Hurricane Katrina: Spatial Clustering and Area-Level Predictors, New Orleans, 2004 and 2008.

INTRODUCTION: Identifying at-risk groups is a challenge in post-disaster psychosocial response. Geospatial techniques can support the design and deployment of targeted and tailored interventions. This study compared spatial patterns in the distribution of hospitalizations for substance abuse disorders and associated area-level predictors before and after Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana. METHODS: We used hospital data from the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals for 2004 (pre-Katrina) and 2008 (post-Katrina). Data were assessed by using descriptive statistics, multivariable Poisson regression, and geospatial analysis. We assessed hospitalizations by US Census block group in relation to the presence of blighted properties (ie, buildings declared an imminent health threat, in danger of collapse, or a public nuisance), race of residents (white or nonwhite), presence of nondisplaced residents (measured by the number of households receiving mail in 2008), and depth of water levels. RESULTS: The hospitalization rate for substance abuse disorders was 7.13 per 1,000 population for 2004 and 9.65 per 1,000 for 2008. The concentration of hospitalizations shifted geographically from block groups exposed to floods (levee breaches) in 2004 to the center of the city in 2008. Post Katrina, predictors for hospitalizations were presence of blighted properties, nonwhite populations, and presence of nondisplaced residents. Distance from flooded areas (high water depth) and levee breaches was negatively associated with hospitalizations. Men were more likely than women to be hospitalized during both periods (78%, 2004; 63%, 2008), and the percentage of the hospitalized white population increased from 2004 (28.8%) to 2008 (44.9%). CONCLUSION: Geographic patterns of hospitalizations for substance abuse disorders shifted in post-Katrina New Orleans from flood-exposed areas to less exposed areas in the center of the city; however, poverty was a main predictor for hospitalizations during both periods. Approaches used in this study are generalizable to other disaster areas and to other psychological vulnerabilities (eg, anxiety). Language: en
IRF-4 Functions as a Tumor Suppressor in Early Stages of B Cell Development.

Abstract Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4) is a hematopoietic cell restricted transcription factor important for hematopoietic development and immune response regulation. IRF-4 is essential for mature B and T lymphocyte development, dendritic cell differentiation and some macrophage functions. It was also originally identified as the product of a proto-oncogene involved in chromosomal translocations in multiple myeloma. Recent studies show that expression of IRF-4 is essential for the maintenance of multiple myeloma cells, making IRF-4 an attractive target for the development of cancer therapies. In addition to its role in late stages of lymphocyte development, IRF-4 functions redundantly with its closely related family member, IRF-8, to promote differentiation at the pre-B to immature B transition, apparently by repressing the pre-B cell receptor signaling and promoting light chain gene rearrangement. In contrast to its oncogenic properties, expression of IRF-4 is downregulated in BCR/ABL positive acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and is increased in response to imatinib, a selective BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor. To assess the role of IRF-4 in the pathogenesis of BCR/ABL-positive B-ALL, we examined the effect of both loss of and forced expression of IRF-4 in BCR/ABL leukemogenesis using a mouse bone marrow transduction and transplantation model system. We found that BCR/ABL induced B-ALL significantly faster in IRF-4-deficient cells than control cells. On the other hand, forced expression of IRF-4 potently suppressed BCR/ABL transformation of bone marrow derived B lymphoid precursors in vitro and BCR/ABL induced B-ALL in vivo. These results provide evidence that IRF-4 functions as tumor suppressor in early B cell development and may allow elucidation of new molecular pathways significant to the pathogenesis of BCR/ABL positive B-ALL. In a parallel study, we have shown that IRF-4 functions as a tumor suppressor in myeloid lineage. The context dependent roles of IRF-4 in oncogenesis should raise caution in the development of cancer therapies targeting IRF-4. Further dissecting the mechanisms by which IRF-4 functions as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies precisely targeting the IRF-4 oncogenic pathway as well as for developing therapeutic strategies taking advantage of the IRF-4 tumor suppressor pathway.
Student Veterans with Invisible Disabilities: Accommodation-Seeking in Higher Education

Large numbers of recent generations of U.S. military veterans are returning to postsecondary education, as they utilize the Post-9/11 GI Bill. However, some of these student veterans may have invisible/non-apparent disabilities such as, posttraumatic stress disorder or other mental health issues that may impact their ability to readjust to the learning environments in educational settings. Minimal research assesses factors impacting student veterans’ disclosure of their disability to receive accommodations. Authors conducted a literature search of military veterans and help-seeking behaviors in higher educational settings based on the criteria of: 1) pertaining to stigma among student veterans/with a non-apparent disability; 2) barriers to engaging in help-seeking behaviors; and 3) acquiring services in a non-military postsecondary educational setting. 15 articles met our search criteria, and offer contextual factors that if accounted for, may make some student veterans more willing to disclose to seek classroom accommodations for a non-apparent disability should the need arise. We conclude by applying theories and recent empirical findings related to enhancing veterans’ willingness to address mental health issues and help-seeking behaviors in higher education.
A biologically-inspired distributed resilient flocking control for multi-agent system with uncertain dynamics and unknown disturbances

In this paper, the problem of flocking of MultiAgent Systems (MAS) in presence of system uncertainties and unknown disturbances is investigated. A biologically-inspired novel distributed resilient controller based on a computational model of emotional learning in mammalian brain is proposed. The methodology, known as Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Controller (BELBIC), embeds a resilience mechanism with multi-objective properties into the flocking control strategy in a distributed fashion. The new strategy combines the learning capabilities of BELBIC with the flocking, and makes it a very promising approach, especially while dealing with system uncertainties and/or unknown disturbances. In addition, the low computational complexity of the proposed method makes it very suitable for practical implementation in real-time applications. Eventually, the effectiveness of the proposed intelligent resilient flocking control approach is demonstrated for flocking control of MAS.
Interleukin-1 Blockade in Recently Decompensated Systolic Heart Failure: Results From REDHART (Recently Decompensated Heart Failure Anakinra Response Trial)

Background An enhanced inflammatory response predicts worse outcomes in heart failure (HF). We hypothesized that administration of IL-1 (interleukin-1) receptor antagonist (anakinra) could inhibit the inflammatory response and improve peak aerobic exercise capacity in patients with recently decompensated systolic HF. Methods and Results We randomly assigned 60 patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction ( 2 mg/L), within 14 days of hospital discharge, to daily subcutaneous injections with anakinra 100 mg for 2 weeks, 12 weeks, or placebo. Patients underwent measurement of peak oxygen consumption (Vo 2 [mL/kg per minute]) and ventilatory efficiency (the VE/Vco 2 slope). Treatment with anakinra did not affect peak Vo 2 or VE/Vco 2 slope at 2 weeks. At 12 weeks, patients continued on anakinra showed an improvement in peak Vo 2 from 14.5 (10.5–16.6) mL/kg per minute to 16.1 (13.2–18.6) mL/kg per minute ( P =0.009 for within-group changes), whereas no significant changes occurred within the anakinra 2-week or placebo groups. The between-groups differences, however, were not statistically significant. The incidence of death or rehospitalization for HF at 24 weeks was 6%, 31%, and 30%, in the anakinra 12-week, anakinra 2-week, and placebo groups, respectively (log-rank test P =0.10). Conclusions No change in peak Vo 2 occurred at 2 weeks in patients with recently decompensated systolic HF treated with anakinra, whereas an improvement was seen in those patients in whom anakinra was continued for 12 weeks. Additional larger studies are needed to validate the effects of prolonged anakinra on peak Vo 2 and rehospitalization for HF. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01936909.
Simplices, Complexes, and Triangulations

As explained in Sect. 1.2, every surface can be triangulated. This is a key ingredient in the proof of the classification theorem. Informally, a triangulation is a collection of triangles satisfying certain adjacency conditions. To give a rigorous definition of a triangulation it is helpful to define the notion of a simplex and of a simplicial complex. It does no harm to define these notions in any dimension.
A Predictive Model for Primary Closure Lengths in Mohs Surgery Based on Skin Cancer Type, Dimensions, and Location.

BACKGROUND Surgical scar length is a common concern among patients undergoing Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). OBJECTIVE This study evaluates 3 metrics of preoperative lesion size to determine which correlates best with primary linear closure lengths for nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) treated with MMS. This metric is then used to develop predictive models for linear closure lengths in 10 different anatomical regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study of 4,049 NMSCs treated with MMS and repaired with primary linear closure was conducted. Primary closure lengths were plotted against preoperative lesion circumference, area, and short axis length. Linear regression analysis was performed. RESULTS Preoperative NMSC circumference correlated best with closure length. Twenty-one of the 28 regression models had coefficients of determination (R) above 0.5. Closure lengths increased by 0.52 to 1.1 mm, depending on location, for every millimeter increase in preoperative NMSC circumference. CONCLUSION Preoperative lesion circumference is directly proportional to primary closure length and is a better indicator of closure length than preoperative area and short axis for MMS of NMSCs. Closure lengths located on the nasal tip, supratip, or periocular areas are most sensitive to differences in NMSC size. These data might aid Mohs surgeons with preoperative planning for wound reconstruction and patient counseling.
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of gallbladder with concomitant hepatitis C infection.

Neuroendocrinetumour (NET) of the gallbladder is an extremely rare tumour and with coexisting adenocarcinoma an even rarer occurrence. Mixed NETs have the tendency to invade the lymph nodes and the hepatic tissue from their high malignant potential, leading to poor prognosis. Survival rates of the patients with mixed NET can be improved with wide excision, adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation. We present a case of 62-year-old woman with history of hepatitis C infection, a risk factor for both hepatic and extrahepatic gastrointestinal malignancies. Patient underwent exploratory laparotomy with resection of the gallbladder and partial hepatectomy. Pathology showed high-grade larger cell neuroendocrine carcinoma 5×4×3 cm along with two separate lesions found out to be adenocarcinomas. In our patient, hepatitis C infection can be an inciting factor for the development of these carcinomas. We will discuss the presentation, treatment modalities and outcomes with this kind of coexisting tumours.
The Enneagram: An Enhancement to Family Therapy

The enneagram (pronounced any-a-gram) is an ancient tool consisting of nine points depicting personality styles. It is a tool that can be integrated into different theoretical approaches. The enneagram is adaptable to the unique style of each client and can aid a counselor in conceptualizing a client or family. This manuscript includes the enneagram theory integrated within a family systems framework. To demonstrate the enneagram’s compatibility with family systems perspective, the enneagram is presented to facilitate therapy with a couple. A case study is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the enneagram as a tool to promote awareness in the counseling relationship.
The M.I.T. Bag, 1976 Edition

We assume (1,2) that hadrons consist of colored quarks and gluons, and that the dynamics is described by the standard non-Abelian gauge field theory. However, we also assume that space exists in two phases. In the first phase, I, ordinary space, colored fields are not carried on the spatial points. In the second phase, II, which is the kind of space inside hadrons, the spatial points carry colored field variables; Further, we assume that the second kind of space carries an energy per unit volume, BGT0, greater than the first kind and that the second kind of space can exist as bubbles in the first kind. This is done in a relativistically covariant way, by associating with the second kind of space a local stress-energy of the form, -gμν B. The phase II space is called a bag.
Differentiation between crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis

In the last several decades, the incidence of CD has been rising. This trend in part has been due to the clinical recognition of isolated CD. The differentiation can usually be made based on careful clinical history, physical examination, and diagnostic testing. The most reliable, sensitive method for differentiating these two diagnoses is colonoscopy. The ability to obtain directed endoscopic colonic biopsy specimens gives an even greater diagnostic yield. In many situations, observation of the clinical course and repeated diagnostic evaluations result in further clarification of the disease process involved. The importance of establishing an accurate diagnosis becomes most relevant when surgery is indicated. Once surgery has been performed, evidence of recurrent disease at the site of an ileostomy, ileal pouch, or ileorectal anastomosis establishes the disease as CD. In the absence of recurrent disease after colectomy, the difference becomes one of academic interest.
Protective Mechanism of PPAR-delta-HIF1 signaling in the Ischemic Diabetic Heart

Diabetes associated heart disease is at epidemic proportions often manifesting as ischemic heart disease. Therapies which improve myocardial energy availability mitigate the development of myocardi...
A review on the status and challenges of electrocatalysts in lithium-sulfur batteries

Abstract Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, which have a high theoretical specific capacity (1,675 mA h g−1 of S) and a high energy density (2,600 Wh kg−1 of S), have received a great deal of attention in recent years. Intense research efforts have been made to solve the outstanding issues in Li-S batteries. Various catalysts with high activity for stabilizing the lithium-polysulfide shuttle process and thus improving the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries are reviewed here. Challenges and prospects for designing highly efficient catalysts for Li-S batteries are discussed.
Defining and Measuring Abstinence in Clinical Trials of Smoking Cessation Interventions: An Updated Review.

Background Changes in tobacco products, use patterns, and assessment technology in the last 15 years led the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) Treatment Research Network to call for an update to the 2003 SRNT recommendations for assessing abstinence in clinical trials of smoking cessation interventions. Methods The SRNT Treatment Research Network convened a group of investigators with decades of experience in conducting tobacco treatment clinical trials. To arrive at the updated recommendations, the authors reviewed the recommendations of the prior SRNT Workgroup as well as current literature. Ten additional experts in the field provided feedback on this paper and these recommendations. Results With respect to defining abstinence, the authors recommend: (1) continuing to use the definition of no use of combustible tobacco products (regardless of use of noncombustible tobacco products [e.g., snus] and alternative products [e.g., e-cigarettes]) and collecting additional data to permit alternate abstinence definitions; (2) no use of combustible or smokeless tobacco products; and (3) no use of combustible or smokeless tobacco products or alternative products, as appropriate for the research question being addressed. The authors also recommend reporting point prevalence and prolonged abstinence at multiple timepoints (end of treatment, ≥3 months after the end of treatment, and ≥6 months postquit or posttreatment initiation). Conclusions Defining abstinence requires specification of which products a user must abstain from using, the type of abstinence (i.e., point prevalence or continuous), and the duration of abstinence. These recommendations are intended to serve as guidelines for investigators as they collect the necessary data to accurately describe participants' abstinence during smoking cessation clinical trials. Implications This paper provides updated recommendations for defining abstinence in the context of smoking cessation treatment clinical trials.
An Empirically Validated Virtual Source FET Model for Deeply Scaled Cool CMOS

In this work we extend the compact Virtual Source (VS) model for nanoscale MOSFET from room temperature to 6K to advance the development of an ultra-compact model for low temperature CMOS (Cool-CMOS) technology. To achieve this we characterize 30 nm channel length bulk-Si CMOS FETs from 300K to 6K and extract the VS model parameters to investigate the ballistic efficiency of nanoscale FETs as a function of temperature. We conclude that while ballistic efficiency of nanoscale MOSFETs degrade in linear region as we approach cryogenic temperature, its ballistic efficiency improves in the saturation region at low temperature. Parametric V DD sweeps show that the VS model is also ready for use in low power cryogenic circuit design. Finally, the model is used to project performance of Cool CMOS technology for 15nm channel length FETs at deeply scaled nodes and prove its viability for use.
Controllable Growth of Copper on TiO 2 Nanoparticlesby Photodeposition Based on Coupled Effects of Solution Viscosityand Photoreduction Rate for Catalysis-Related Applications

The wet chemical growth of nanomaterials is widely reported as an alternative to high vacuum growth. There have been numerous studies that investigate the morphology change of formed nanomaterials ...
Entrepreneurship as Complex, Bundled Decisions: An Inframarginal Analysis

We contend microeconomic theory’s inability to confront the essence of entrepreneurship is due, at least in part, to marginal analysis, which implies infinitely fine adjustments as external parameters change. If, as we argue, entrepreneurs make decisions over complex bundles of choices, entrepreneurial decisions will be discrete or inframarginal. Marginal analysis will, in this setting, be unworkable and even misleading. Building on Yang and colleagues’ inframarginal approach, we model entrepreneurs as consumer–producers who weigh expected total net benefits across their bundled decisions rather than marginal ones. Introducing real time gives rise to path dependence—or a status quo bias—because of the transaction costs of acquiring/liquidating assets and the change in entrepreneurial productivity from learning-by-doing. This path dependence does not however imply inefficiency.
USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PROFESSIONAL LANGUAGE TRAINING OF FUTURE NAVIGATORS

The article deals with the problem of influence of the information environment on navigators’ professional activity. It is emphasized that it is a topical issue in the system of higher marine education. It was clarified that at the present stage of training of marine specialists one of the most urgent problems is professional interaction in the process of professional activity. The safety of navigation, as well as the lives of passengers, depend on how effectively a navigator can communicate with crew members, and his level of professional interaction. In the process of professional interaction, navigators face a variety of non-standard and unpredictable situations which require new decisions and communicative understanding. In the study it was noted that the vast majority of vessels have multilingual inter- ?ational crews, which sometimes are not able to demonstrate necessary professional skills for various reasons, including lack of English, thus endangering passengers, companies, property and environment. An important role is played by professional communicative interaction, which is extremely important for the safety of sea trans- ?ortation. It is emphasized on the improvement of the process of teaching professional communicative interaction based on the introduction of elements of blended learning.
Gait kinetics impact shoe tread wear rate.

Abstract Background Adequate footwear is an important factor for reducing the risk of slipping; as shoe outsoles wear down, friction decreases, and slip and fall risk increases. Wear theory suggests that gait kinetics may influence rate of tread wear. Research question Do the kinetics of walking (i.e., the shoe-floor force interactions) affect wear rate? Methods Fourteen participants completed dry walking trials during which ground reaction forces were recorded across different types of shoes. The peak normal force, shear force, and required coefficient of friction (RCOF) were calculated. Participants then wore alternating pairs of shoes in the workplace each month for up to 24 months. A pedometer was used to track the distance each pair of shoes was worn and tread loss was measured. The wear rate was calculated as the volumetric tread loss divided by the distance walked in the shoes. Three, mixed linear regression models were used to assess the impact of peak normal force, shear force, and RCOF on wear rate. Results Wear rate was positively associated with peak RCOF and with peak shear force, but was not significantly related to peak normal forces. Significance The finding that shear forces and particularly the peak RCOF are related to wear suggests that a person’s gait characteristics can influence wear. Therefore, individual gait kinetics may be used to predict wear rate based on the fatigue failure shoe wear mechanism.
Interictal Spikes as an EEG Biomarker of Cognitive Impairment.

SUMMARY Although interictal spikes (IISs) are a well-established EEG biomarker for epilepsy, whether they are also a biomarker of cognitive deficits is unclear. Interictal spikes are dynamic events consisting of a synchronous discharge of neurons producing high frequency oscillations and a succession of action potentials which disrupt the ongoing neural activity. There are robust data showing that IISs result in transitory cognitive impairment with the type of deficit specific to the cognitive task and anatomic location of the IIS. Interictal spike, particularly if frequent and widespread, can impair cognitive abilities, through interference with waking learning and memory and memory consolidation during sleep. Interictal spikes seem to be particularly concerning in the developing brain where animal data suggest that IISs can lead to adverse cognitive effects even after the disappearance of the spikes. Whether a similar phenomenon occurs in human beings is unclear. Thus, although IISs are a clear biomarker of transitory cognitive impairment, currently, they lack sensitivity and specificity as a biomarker for enduring cognitive impairment.
Mathematical Models for Verbal Learning

Publisher Summary The use of language is perhaps the most distinctive feature of human behavior. The laboratory study of how verbal associations are formed, in addition to having practical implications, has played an important role in testing theoretical ideas about the nature of the learning process. It is this last matter that will chiefly concern this chapter, and it concentrates on a particular kind of verbal learning problem known as paired associate learning. A number of alternative models are proposed to account for the learning of simple verbal associations. In the linear model, which is considered first, it is assumed that learning of an association proceeds gradually in an incremental fashion. The all-or-none model presented next assumes that learning takes place on a single trial; prior to that trial, the subject responds at random. The third model presented (the TDF model) postulates all-or-none acquisition and interference-produced forgetting. The models are applied to an experiment in which subjects were required to learn lists of 9, 15, or 21 stimulus-response pairs. The effect of increasing the number of pairs is to increase the number of errors in a way that is well accounted for by the TDF model.
Exploitation of Thermal Signals in Tidal Flat Environments

Abstract : The overall goal is to identify and understand the physical processes that shape and change coastal environments. Emphasis is on the application of remotely sensed infrared signals that can be compared with in situ observations and assimilated within predictive models. In tidal flat environments, major goals are detection of: geotechnical properties (e.g., sediment strength), morphologic features (e.g., channels), and hydrodynamics events (e.g., plumes). The primary objective of these joint efforts is to develop thermal methods for improved monitoring and prediction of tidal flat environments. Specific objectives are to: 1) Test and apply the Lovell [1985] hypothesis for the porosity of sediment as a function of thermal conductivity, 2) Refine methods to estimate inter-tidal bathymetry using sequential waterline detection, 3) Quantify the importance of channel networks and associated flows. The technical approach is to conduct field experiments using simultaneous remote and in situ observations of thermal signals in tidal flat environments. Infrared images collected from airborne and fixed platforms are being used to study surface temperatures, which are then related to an array of interior (sediment and water) temperature measurements. The experiments are designed to study geotechnical, hydrodynamic, and morphologic aspects of tidal flats. Using a combination of remote infrared imagery and in situ temperature measurements, we have quantified the flow in a tidal channel at low tide and confirmed the source as pore water from mud flats (as opposed to surface water drainage). In addition to a strong correlation of temperatures between the channel outflow and the sub-surface mud, a hydrodynamic analysis shows the low-tide outflow to be distinct from the ebb drainage, consistent with baseflow observed in groundwater studies. This flow is also consistent with the classic Manning equation for open channel flow.
Dialog-based protocol: an empirical research method for cognitive activities in software engineering

This paper proposes dialog-based protocol for the study of the cognitive activities during software development and evolution. The dialog-based protocol, derived from the idea of pair programming, is a significant alternative to the common think-aloud protocol, because it lessens the Hawthorne and placebo effects. Using screen-capturing and voice recording instead of videotaping further reduces the Hawthorne effect. The self-directed learning theory provides an encoding scheme and can be used in analyzing the data. A case study illustrates this new approach.
Climatological analysis of tornado report counts using a hierarchical Bayesian spatiotemporal model

[1] Recent evidence suggests that tornado report counts for monthly or longer periods may be correlated to climate indices in space and time. However, the climatological analysis of tornado reports is complicated by reporting errors, by the non-Gaussian nature of count data and rare events, and by the presence of spatial and temporal correlation. Typically, such factors have not been formally included in the underlying statistical model used for inferential decisions. We present an analysis in which a statistical model is constructed so that the aforementioned characteristics of tornado reports are explicitly accommodated in the model structure. In particular, a hierarchical Bayesian framework is considered, in which the various complicated structures are considered in a series of conditional models, formally linked by basic probability rules. This formalism allows one to evaluate characteristics of the spatiotemporal variability of an underlying (unobservable) tornado count process given the noisy observations (tornado reports). In addition, one can consider the effects of exogenous climate processes on this tornado count process. We find that an index of El Nino activity is significantly associated with tornado reports over the continental U.S. and that there is substantial regional variability in this relationship. In addition, we find evidence of temporal trends in tornado counts, with spatial variation in the magnitude and sign of the trend.
The Role of "Very Important" Nonparental Adults in Adolescent Development.

Two hundred one adolescents of diverse ethnic backgrounds (mean age = 16.7 years) reported whether they considered any adult other than their parents to be a “very important” person (VIP) in their lives, and described various attributes of the VIP and their relationship with this individual. Perceived VIP characteristics—especially perceived involvement of the VIP in behavior that is uniformly illegal (e.g., theft) or illegal for adolescents (e.g., alcohol use)— were robust predictors of boys' self-reported misconduct and had modest links with their level of self-reported depressive symptomatology. In contrast, VIP attributes showed their strongest linkages to girls' depressive symptoms, with perceived VIP warmth and acceptance related to a lower incidence of depressed mood. Regression analyses indicated that these VIP attributes contributed uniquely to the explanation of misconduct and depressive symptoms even when analogous parental and friend attributes were included in the models. In view of the findings of this exploratory study, several future research directions are suggested, including research on the mechanisms through which VIP “effects” may be transmitted.
Design and Implementation of Metadata System in PetaShare

As the size of scientific and commercial datasets grows, it becomes imperative that an expressive metadata framework to be developed to facilitate access to the semantics of the data. However, the drive to enhance expressiveness and maximize performance often turns out to be contradictory. Hence, the design of metadata framework needs to take into consideration many factors in order to achieve balance between expressive power and performance. In this paper, we discuss the metadata framework developed for PetaShare and explain the design and implementation decisions we made in the process.
Microprocessor-based protection scheme for power transformers

This paper presents a microprocessor based relay scheme for differential protection of large power transformers. This scheme provides protection against internal faults on transformers, and restrains the tripping operation during the inrush condition by detecting the second harmonic component in the current. The functions of various blocks of the relay scheme are explained. A brief review of different relay algorithms for computing fundamental and second harmonic components of the differential current is presented. A block pulse functions based algorithm is explained. Details of simulating the inrush and internal fault currents using a transformer model are described. The relay scheme was tested off-line using the simulated currents, and the test results are included in this paper.
Mixed-Metal Clusters.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses mixed-metal clusters, methods of characterization, reactivity, and dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. Transition-metal cluster compounds are currently under intensive scrutiny because of their potential catalytic applications, both as models for understanding catalytic metal surfaces and as catalysts in their own right. Noticeably, few metal clusters have been prepared by designed or rational synthetic procedures. Pyrolysis reactions generally involve heating together two or more stable compounds of different metals, presumably to give fragments that then combine to yield the mixed-metal clusters. Relatively few clusters have been prepared by the pyrolysis of two monomeric compounds, and only two examples are given. Metal–carbonyl dimers have proved to be useful reagents for the synthesis of mixed-metal clusters. The pyrolysis of clusters in the presence of monomers, dimers, or other clusters usually requires much more severe reaction conditions. These coordinatively unsaturated species are apparently the key intermediates that condense to give the cluster products. The reaction of carbonylmetalates with monomeric and dimeric carbonyls has yielded many mixed-metal clusters. The reaction of carbonylmetalates with trinuclear clusters provides, in many cases, a convenient synthesis of tetranuclear clusters. Carbonylmetalates displace a halide from a metal–halide complex to yield a metal–metal bonded species.
Special Populations At-Risk for Dropping Out of School: A Discipline-Based Analysis of STEM Educators

This study investigated, from a national perspective, the instructional teaching load of STEM educators specific to students with disabilities and limited English Proficiency (LEP). The most recent School and Staffing Survey results of in-service science, technology, and mathematics teachers were compiled and analyzed to form subject area comparisons concerning service capacity of students at-risk. It was determined that technology educators served a higher number of students with disabilities and LEP than science educators and mathematics educators. Prospective implications on teacher practice, teacher preparation, and professional development are explored within the context of educating students with disabilities and LEP.
Spiritual Histories and Latter-day Saints: A Mixed-Method Preliminary Validation Study

Spirituality plays a primary role in health and wellness for many Latter-day Saints (LDS). Despite being one of the largest religious cultures in the nation, few, if any, spiritual assessment tools have been validated with this population. This mixed-method study modifies an existing spiritual assessment approach—spiritual histories—that may be congruent with LDS culture. Using a national sample of experts in LDS culture (N = 100), this study identifies: 1) the degree of cultural consistency, strengths, and limitations of the approach at a conceptual level, and 2) a culturally valid question protocol to operationalize the concept for use with LDS clients. The results suggest that spiritual histories represent a highly appropriate assessment method for LDS clients. The paper concludes by providing suggestions to administer an assessment in a culturally competent manner in clinical settings.
Phenomenal evidence and factive evidence

Perceptions guide our actions and provide us with evidence of the world around us. Illusions and hallucinations can mislead us: they may prompt as to act in ways that do not mesh with the world around us and they may lead us to form false beliefs about that world. The capacity view provides an account of evidence that does justice to these two facts. It shows in virtue of what illusions and hallucinations mislead us and prompt us to act. Moreover, it shows in virtue of what we are in a better epistemic position when we perceive than when we hallucination. In this paper, I develop the capacity view, that is, the view that perceptual experience has epistemic force in virtue of the epistemic and metaphysical primacy of the perceptual capacities employed in perception. By grounding the epistemic force of experience in facts about the metaphysical structure of experience, the capacity view is not only an externalist view, but moreover a naturalistic view of the epistemology of perceptual experience. So it is an externalist and naturalistic alternative to reliabilism. I discuss the repercussions of this view for the justification of beliefs and the epistemic transparency of mental states, as well as, familiar problem cases.