cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Biotic and Abiotic Stressors on Managed and Feral Bees

Large-scale declines in bee abundance and species richness over the last decade have sounded an alarm, given the crucial pollination services that bees provide. Population dips have specifically been noted for both managed and feral bee species. The simultaneous increased cultivation of bee-dependent agricultural crops has given rise to additional concern. As a result, there has been a surge in scientific research investigating the potential stressors impacting bees. A group of environmental and anthropogenic stressors negatively impacting bees has been isolated. Habitat destruction has diminished the availability of bee floral resources and nest habitats, while massive monoculture plantings have limited bee access to a variety of pollens and nectars. The rapid spread and increased resistance buildup of various bee parasites, pathogens, and pests to current control methods are implicated in deteriorating bee health. Similarly, many pesticides that are widely applied on agricultural crops and within beehives are toxic to bees. The global distribution of honey bee colonies (including queens with attendant bees) and bumble bee colonies from crop to crop for pollination events has been linked with increased pathogen stress and increased competition with native bee species for limited resources. Climatic alterations have disrupted synchronous bee emergence with flower blooming and reduced the availability of diverse floral resources, leading to bee physiological adaptations. Interactions amongst multiple stressors have created colossal maladies hitting bees at one time, and in some cases delivering additive impacts. Initiatives including the development of wild flower plantings and assessment of pesticide toxicity to bees have been undertaken in efforts to ameliorate current bee declines. In this review, recent findings regarding the impact of these stressors on bees and strategies for mitigating them are discussed.
Strengths of Character in Schools

Good character is important in the daily lives of individuals and families, in the workplace, in school, and in the larger community. For centuries, building and strengthening good character among children and youth have been universal goals for parenting and education. Good character is what parents look for in their children, what teachers look for in their students, what siblings look for in their brothers and sisters, and what friends look for in each other. Character is critical for lifelong optimal human development (Colby, James, & Hart, 1998). Despite the importance of good character, psychology largely neglected this topic throughout much of the 20th century. However, character has never gone away. It has gured in public discourse at least from the time of Aristotle in the West (Aristotle, 2000), and Confucius in the East, and it remains a major societal concern today (Hunter, 2000).
Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of 1,4-Diazepan-5-ones

We report the palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation of 1,4-diazepan-5-ones. This reaction proceeds smoothly to give gem-disubstituted diazepanone heterocycles bearing various functional groups in up to >99% yield and up to 95% ee. An electron-rich p-anisoyl lactam protecting group and the use of a nonpolar solvent proved crucial to obtaining high enantioselectivity in most cases. Additionally, we demonstrate the use of our methodology in the synthesis of a gem-disubstituted analogue of the FDA-approved anti-insomnia drug suvorexant.
Comparison of radiation dose and image quality between flat panel computed tomography and multidetector computed tomography in a hybrid CT-angiography suite

The purpose of this study was to compare, using the same radiation dose and image quality metrics, flat panel computed tomography (FPCT) to multidetector CT (MDCT) in interventional radiology. A single robotic angiography system with FPCT was compared to a single MDCT system, both installed in a hybrid CT-angiography laboratory and both operating under automatic exposure control. Radiation dose was measured on the central axis (Dc ) of a CT dosimetry phantom 30 cm in diameter and 60 cm in length using default protocols for FPCT and MDCT with the imaged length in MDCT matched to the field of view of FPCT. The noise power spectrum (NPS), modulation transfer function (MTF), and z-axis resolution were measured using the same phantom. Iodine contrast to noise ratio (CNR) was also measured. Radiation dose (Dc ) was 41%-69% lower in MDCT compared to FPCT when default protocols and automatic exposure control were used. While spatial resolution could generally be matched with appropriate choice of kernel in MDCT, MTF dropped more quickly at higher spatial frequency for MDCT than FPCT. Image noise was 49%-120% higher for MDCT compared to FPCT for comparable in-plane spatial resolution. Z-axis resolution was slightly better for MDCT than FPCT, while iodine CNR depended on protocol selection. Radiation dose was much lower for MDCT compared to FPCT, but image noise was much higher. Matching image noise in MDCT to FPCT would result in similar radiation doses. Iodine contrast depended on dose modulation settings for MDCT.
Bank diversification and entrepreneurship: evidence across US states

Although a sizeable literature has examined the impact of income diversification on risk and return, the implication of banks diversification on entrepreneurial activities has not yet been studied. Using state-level data for the US spanning the period 1977-2014, the present study examines the impact of banks asset, income and funding diversification on different facets of entrepreneurial activities. We find banks asset and funding diversification to promote net business formation and net job creation. Additionally, bank profitability, deposit growth, as well as state-level personal income and housing price growth foster entrepreneurship.
Heterogeneously integrated on-chip nanolasers

We discuss nanoscale metal-dielectric-semiconductor resonant gain geometries to create a new type of light emitters focusing on three key aspects: second order intensity correlation characterizations, direct modulation and electromagnetic isolation in a nanolaser system.
Sexual health attitudes and beliefs among nursing faculty: A correlational study.

Abstract Background Sexual health is an integral part of nursing care across the life span. Nurses internal and external factors influenced their knowledge, experiences, and competencies. These impact nursing education and professional practice. There was no known research regarding the nursing faculty's sexual health attitudes and beliefs and the relationship with predictive factors. Objectives The purpose aims to identify any statistical relationships between nursing faculty age, nursing educational level, nursing specialty, years of work, and years of teaching in nursing to predict their sexual health attitudes and beliefs. Design This is nonexperimental and quantitative research of predictive correlational design with multiple linear regression statistical analyses. Settings Data gathered from nursing faculty across the United States. Participants Nursing faculty teaching at the baccalaureate, master, and or advanced practice nursing programs. Methods Online survey of sexuality attitudes and beliefs (SABS). Results A convenience sample of 371 nursing faculty. The results showed a statistically significant and a moderate correlation (R = 0.35, R2 = 0.12, F(9, 361) = 5.68, p Conclusions The findings of this study showed personal, educational, and professional factors as predictors affecting positively or negatively the faculty's sexual health attitudes and beliefs. Awareness of those findings should promote changes in nursing education, decrease sexual health barriers, and prepare faculty, students, and nurses to provide sexual health care across the life span.
Pricing Moral Hazard in Residential Properties: The Impact of Sinkhole Claims on House Prices

Previous research shows that sinkhole presence, proximity, and density create negative externalities and all have a significant negative effect on house prices. This study extends sinkhole research by examining opportunistic fraud and moral hazard associated with the relationship between sinkhole insurance claims and house prices. This is done by evaluating the relationship between house prices and the payment or denial of sinkhole insurance claims for both affected properties and neighboring properties. Applying a spatial error regression model to single-family detached home sales and sinkhole insurance claims data for Hillsborough County, Florida for the period 2008 to 2016, we find that not only do sinkhole insurance claims have a negative impact on the property associated with the claim, but also have a negative impact on surrounding properties regardless of the source of classification. This result holds for both paid and unpaid insurance claims. The results also show a price discount even after the sinkhole has been remediated.
Acute Ketamine Modulated Functional Brain Coupling and Dissociative and Affective States in Human Subjects: Interim Analyses

Ketamine is a non-competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor that is both a drug of abuse and an FDA-approved anesthetic used off-label for treatment-resistant depression. Despite its growing clinical use for depression and pain, the relationships between the acute dissociative and affective effects of ketamine that contribute to its abuse liability and therapeutic potential, along with the neural mechanisms underlying these effects, are not well established. To address this need, we have implemented a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, within-subjects mechanistic trial. Healthy adult subjects undergo infusion with two fixed doses of subanesthetic racemic intravenous (IV) ketamine and placebo and their acute responses are assessed with self-report questionnaires, behavioral measures, hormone levels, and neuroimaging. As planned in our analysis strategy, we present interim results for the first 7 subjects of our study, focusing on dissociative and affective states and resting functional brain coupling signatures of these states. The first key finding was that ketamine induced dose-dependent increases in dissociation and related intoxication. Ketamine also altered affective states, reducing emotional insensitivity but increasing stress assessed by cortisol. Second, ketamine had an effect on altering brain connectivity, particularly for specific connections between regions of the reward and negative affect circuits and involving thalamic sub-regions. Third, regarding brain-response associations, ketamine-induced increases in amygdala-anteroventral thalamus coupling were correlated with greater dissociation and intoxication, whereas decreases in the coupling of the anteromedial thalamus and posterior parietal thalamus were correlated with increased sensory aspects of reward responsiveness. Additional specific correlations were observed between affective measures relevant to reward responsiveness or its absence and drug-altered changes in localized functional connections involving the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), amygdala, and thalamic sub-regions. We also discovered a consistent profile of negative associations between ketamine altered connectivity involving the NAcc and specific thalamic sub-regions and effects of anxiety. Further, drug-altered increases in the coupling of the amygdala and anteroventral thalamus were associated with increases in cortisol, an indicator of biochemical stress. The findings highlight the utility of integrating self-reports, objective measures, and functional neuroimaging to disentangle the brain states underlying specific acute responses induced by ketamine. With the likely continued expansion of FDA indications for ketamine, understanding acute responses and underlying neural mechanisms is important for maximizing the therapeutic potential of ketamine while minimizing the risk of promoting misuse or abuse of this substance. Clinical Trial Registration ID #: NCT03475277
The effect of tonsillectomy on the incidence of streptococcal respiratory disease and its complications.

A population of military men with acute streptococcal respiratory infections (diagnosis established by clinical, bacteriologic and serologic studies) was investigated. Evidence is presented indicating that individuals who have had a tonsillectomy are neither more nor less susceptible to acute streptococcal infections of the respiratory tract. Once individuals acquire a streptococcal infection, the clinical course of the acute illness is not modified appreciably by the presence or absence of the tonsils. However, if antibiotic therapy is withheld, suppurative complications occur less frequently in those patients who have had their tonsils removed. Tonsillectomy did not alter significantly the attack rate of acute rheumatic fever as a sequel of streptococcal infections, nor did it reduce significantly the development of valvular heart disease in patients with acute rheumatic fever. Moreover, it appears that streptococcal infections are less readily recognized in tonsillectomized patients and, therefore, are more likely to escape treatment appropriate for the prevention of rheumatic fever.
Optimized code restructuring of OS/2 executables

This paper describes the design and algorithms of FDPR/2 (Feedback Directed Program Restructuring of OS/2 executables), a general-purpose tool that can be used to instrument, profile, and restructure/optimize OS/2 executables for the tel x86 architecture. The optimizations delivered by FDPR/2's restructuring include improved utilization of the (instruction) memory hierarchy, improved branch alignment, and dead code elimination. These optimizations are known to be critical for object-oriented programs written in C++, and the relative performance gains observed are higher for large programs such as database engines, compilers, and debuggers that have large working sets and complex control flow. The code restructuring in FDPR/2 is performed at the basic-block granularity with the flexibility of general code motion of basic blocks across function boundaries.A full-function prototype of FDPR/2 has been developed at IBM, targeted to restructure OS/2 Intel executables and DLLs generated by the IBM Visual Age C++ compiler and linker. The performance gains delivered by FDPR/2 have been quite encouraging so far; e.g., a performance gain of about 18% has been achieved for launching and closing IPMD, the interactive debugger in Visual Age C++.An important characteristic of FDPR/2 is that it does not require any access or change to the source code of applications that it instruments or restructures. All it requires are the executables and the Dynamically Linked Libraries (DLL's) that make up an application, thus making it suitable for use by independent software vendors to optimize their applications written for the OS/2 platform and compiled by the Visual Age C++ compiler.
Effects of activin A on survival, function and gene expression of pancreatic islets from non-diabetic and diabetic human donors

Emerging evidence suggests that activin with its associated receptors, second messengers, and antagonists would be excellent targets for therapeutic drug development in the treatment of diabetes. We undertook the current study to investigate the ability to extrapolate findings from rodent studies to human islets in which data thus far has been scarce. We tested the hypothesis that human islets synthesize activin and that activin participates in the regulation of islet β-cells. Human islets from 33 separate isolations were categorized based on functional status, culture status and diabetic status. Statistical comparisons were made by ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc adjustment for multiple comparisons. Experiments investigating activin utilized qPCR, FACS cell sorting, immunofluorescent antibody staining, functionality assays, viability assays and protein secretion assays. We have defined the transcript expression patterns of activin and the TGFβ superfamily in human islets. We found INHBA (the gene encoding activin A) to be the most highly expressed of the superfamily in normal, cultured islets. We elucidated a link between the islet microenvironment and activin A. We found differential ligand expression based on diabetic, culture and functional status. Further, this is also the first report that links direct effects of activin A with the ability to restore glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in human islets from type 2 diabetic donors thereby establishing the relevance of targeting activin for therapeutic drug development.
Utilizing context in generative bayesian models for linked corpus

In an interlinked corpus of documents, the context in which a citation appears provides extra information about the cited document. However, associating terms in the context to the cited document remains an open problem. We propose a novel document generation approach that statistically incorporates the context in which a document links to another document. We quantitatively show that the proposed generation scheme explains the linking phenomenon better than previous approaches. The context information along with the actual content of the document provides signicant improvements over the previous approaches for various real world evaluation tasks such as link prediction and log-likelihood estimation on unseen content. The proposed method is more scalable to large collection of documents compared to the previous approaches.
Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza A virus: evaluation of the A/Victoria/75-ts-1A2 temperature-sensitive recombinant virus in seronegative adult volunteers.

An influenza A virus recombinant bearing the surface antigens of the A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) strain and the two ts genes of the A/Udorn/72-ts-1A2 virus was evaluated for attenuation, antigenicity, and protective effect in 42 doubly seronegative adult volunteers (i.e., individuals who lacked detectable serum antibodies for the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens). This recombinant, which had a 37 degrees C shutoff temperature for plaque formation and ts mutations on the genes thought to code for the P1 and P3 polymerase proteins, infected 90% of the volunteers. Of the volunteers, 5% developed mild coryza or rhinitis but other signs or symptoms were not observed, indicating that the A/Victoria/75-ts-1A2 recombinant was more attenuated than the A/Victoria/75-ts-1[E] recombinant. Vaccinees shed virus for a shorter interval and at a lower titer than did the A/Victoria/75-ts-1[E] vaccinees. Each ts-1A2 isolate retained the ts phenotype indicating that the recombinant was stable genetically in doubly seronegative adults. Finally, the ts-1A2 recombinant induced significant resistance to subsequent challenge with A/Victoria/75 wild-type virus.
Multiple Objective Design Optimization

A common problem confronting a designer is selecting the best alternative from a set of feasible alternatives. In many situations this is not a difficult task as the best course of action is well defined, namely the alternative that minimizes (or maximizes) a well defined scalar-valued objective function. But in many decision making scenarios, no single objecfive function can adequately serve to compare the difference in desirability among feasible solutions. The theory of multiple objective optimization (MOO) deals with such problems and first arose in mathematical economics. In the framework of mathematical programming, the MOO problem was first mentioned by Kuhn and Tucker (1951) and in engineering literature by Zadeh (1963). For a comprehensive review of various aspects of the MOO problem, see Stadler (1984), Evans (1984), Stadler and Dauer (1992), and Koski (1993).
Absorption of light by excitons and trions in monolayers of metal dichalcogenide Mo S 2 : Experiments and theory

We measure the optical-absorption spectra and optical conductivities of excitons and trions in monolayers of metal dichalcogenide MoS${}_{2}$ and compare the results with theoretical models. Our results show that the Wannier-Mott model for excitons with modifications to account for small exciton radii and large exciton relative wave function spread in momentum space, phase space blocking due to Pauli exclusion in doped materials, and wave-vector-dependent dielectric constant gives results that agree well with experiments. The measured exciton optical-absorption spectra are used to obtain experimental estimates for the exciton radii that fall in the $7--10\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{\AA{}}$ range and agree well with theory. The measured trion optical-absorption spectra are used to obtain values for the trion radii that also agree well with theory. The measured values of the exciton and trion radii correspond to binding energies that are in good agreement with values obtained from first-principles calculations.
Notochord vacuoles are lysosome-related organelles that function in axis and spine morphogenesis

The notochord plays critical structural and signaling roles during vertebrate development. At the center of the vertebrate notochord is a large fluid-filled organelle, the notochord vacuole. Although these highly conserved intracellular structures have been described for decades, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in their biogenesis and maintenance. Here we show that zebrafish notochord vacuoles are specialized lysosome-related organelles whose formation and maintenance requires late endosomal trafficking regulated by the vacuole-specific Rab32a and H+-ATPase–dependent acidification. We establish that notochord vacuoles are required for body axis elongation during embryonic development and identify a novel role in spine morphogenesis. Thus, the vertebrate notochord plays important structural roles beyond early development.
Novel techniques for assessing infant and pediatric lung function and structure.

Background: Voluntarily performed pulmonary function tests are used in adults and older children to assess lung dysfunction and changes in function that occur during disease progression and treatment. However, because infants are unable to comply with voluntary respiratory maneuvers, alternate testing methods are needed to allow similar progress in the treatment and prevention of respiratory disorders that begin in infancy. Methods: Two new methods for assessing lung function and structure in infants and young children who are unable to perform voluntary respiratory maneuvers are described: raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression pulmonary function testing and controlled ventilation, high resolution computed tomography for lung imaging. Conclusions: Both methods are performed in sedated, sleeping infants and depend on the induction of a pause in normal respiratory effort. This pause is produced by delivering several deep breaths via the child's nose and mouth using a facemask. The induced pause in respiration permits the performance of the respiratory maneuvers needed to acquire pulmonary function and high resolution computed tomography results in infants. These results are virtually identical with those obtainable during voluntary maneuvers performed by adults and older children. Together these 2 new methods permit evaluation of the functional and structural changes that occur in the lungs and airways of infants and young children with respiratory disease. These 2 novel techniques permit the investigation of lung disorders as they first develop early in life, thus optimizing opportunities for early intervention and prevention.
De novo synthesis and photophysical characterization of annulated bacteriochlorins. Mimicking and extending the properties of bacteriochlorophylls

Bacteriochlorophylls contain the bacteriochlorin chromophore and a fifth, five-membered oxopentano ring that encompasses positions 13–15 known as the “isocyclic” ring E. Such bacterio-131-oxophorbines have heretofore only been available in the naturally occurring compounds, and analogues bearing six-membered rings have only been available by derivatization of bacteriochlorophylls. A de novo route to synthetic bacteriochlorins, which bear a geminal dimethyl group in each pyrroline ring, has been extended to gain access to a bacterio-131-oxophorbine and bacteriochlorin-13,15-dicarboximides. The route relies on acid-catalyzed condensation of a dihydrodipyrrin-acetal to form the bacteriochlorin, which then is subjected to regioselective 15-bromination. Pd-mediated cyclization of the 15-bromobacteriochlorin bearing a 13-acetyl group (intramolecular α-arylation) or 13-ethoxycarbonyl group (carbamoylation and intramolecular imidation) gives the bacterio-131-oxophorbine or bacteriochlorin-13,15-dicarboximide, respectively. The resulting macrocycles exhibit absorption in the near-infrared spectral region (733–818 nm), which extends the spectral coverage beyond that obtained previously with synthetic bacteriochlorins that lack a fifth ring. The macrocycles also exhibit excited singlet-state lifetimes (1.9–4.6 ns) comparable to or longer than those of natural photosynthetic pigments. Density functional theory calculations predict that the bathochromically shifted absorption is primarily due to lowering of the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The new route complements existing semisynthetic routes and should enable fundamental spectroscopic studies and diverse photochemical applications.
The continuous UV flux of Alpha Lyrae - Non-LTE results

Non-LTE calculations for the ultraviolet C I and Si I continuous opacity show that LTE results overestimate the importance of these sources of opacity and underestimate the emergent flux in Alpha Lyr. The largest errors occur between 1100 and 1160 A, where the predicted flux in non-LTE is as much as 50 times larger than in LTE, in reasonable accord with Copernicus observations. The discrepancy between LTE models and observations has been interpreted to result from the existence of a chromosphere. Until a self-consistent non-LTE model atmosphere becomes available, such an interpretation is premature.
Psychometric Properties and Construct Validity of the Knowledge Information Profile–Coumadin:

Background: Oral anticoagulation therapy using Coumadin (warfarin) requires significant patient involvement. Limited validated instruments exist to test patient knowledge of Coumadin, and low health literacy may impede patient self-management. Objective: This article reports the psychometric testing of the Knowledge Information Profile–Coumadin (KIP-C20) to determine (a) minimum number of items and dimensions, (b) reliability, and (c) construct validity. Methods: Participants (N = 192) were recruited from outpatient pharmacist-directed anticoagulation clinics associated with an urban teaching hospital in the Midwest United States. Instruments were the Animal Naming test (AN), Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), and KIP-C20. Multidimensional item response theory modeling and exploratory factor analyses were used to determine the best fitting model. Results: The final instrument, renamed KIP-C14, with 3 factors and 14 items, had a good fit to data (M2 = 96.49, P < .0001; root mean square e...
Studies on the stimulation of the bacterial, collagenolytic enzyme clostridiopeptidase A by cobalt (II) ions.

Abstract 1. 1. Co(II) ions increase the Vmax of clostridiopeptidase A, producing a maximum stimulation of overall enzymic activity of 120%. 2. 2. Co(II) does not displace Zn(II) from the active site, nor Ca(II) from its binding site on the enzyme. 3. 3. There appears to be an additional transition metal-binding site on clostridiopeptidase A, accepting Zn(II), which is inhibitory (Ki= 550 μM), or Co(II), which is stimulatory (Kact = 200 μM).
Fallopian tube removal: “stic-ing” it to ovarian cancer: what is the utility of prophylactic tubal removal?

Ovarian cancer and associated fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers fall under a continuum of malignancies arising from the mullerian tract.[...]
Thyroglossal duct cyst: an infrequently considered diagnosis in pediatric patients with anterior neck masses.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe a pediatric patient with an anterior neck mass and discuss the evaluation and treatment. Methods We present a case report and a discussion of the differential diagnosis of anterior cervical masses. The workup and therapy for an anterior neck mass, which was a thyroglossal duct cyst, are reviewed. Results A thyroglossal duct cyst in pediatric patients is an uncommon finding. For establishing a correct diagnosis, surgical confirmation is necessary. Identification is important because of the high incidence of misdiagnosis, recurrent infections, inadequate treatment, and possible neoplastic change. Conclusion A thyroglossal duct cyst should be included in the differential diagnosis of an anterior neck mass. Recommended treatment consists of surgical removal of the cyst, the entire thyroglossal duct tract, and the central portion of the hyoid bone. (Endocr Pract. 1999;5:191-193) Abbreviations: TGD thyroglossal duct; TGDC thyroglossal duct cyst
Glaucoma in patients with ocular chemical burns.

Purpose To examine the development and management of glaucoma in patients with ocular chemical burns. Design Retrospective, observational case series. Methods setting: University of Washington Eye Clinics. patient population: Twenty-nine eyes (18 patients) with ocular chemical burns seen between 1997 and 2010 with a minimum of 3 months of follow-up. observation procedure: Eyes were graded using the Roper-Hall scale. main outcome measures: Long-term use of glaucoma medications (3 months or more) and need for glaucoma surgery. Results The mean age was 45 ± 17 years, with a mean follow-up of 75 ± 47 months (median, 66 months). Roper-Hall grade III or IV eyes (n = 20) had significantly higher intraocular pressure at presentation (35.9 vs 16.4 mm Hg; P = .001) and over follow-up were more likely to require long-term glaucoma medications (P = .003) or to undergo glaucoma surgery (P = .016) than Roper-Hall grade I or II eyes. Thirteen eyes (12 Roper-Hall grade III or IV) underwent glaucoma surgery. Eight eyes underwent glaucoma tube implant surgery; 4 required at least 1 revision. Seven eyes underwent diode laser cyclophotocoagulation; 4 required repeat treatment. Most (89%) eyes had controlled intraocular pressure at the last follow-up. However, 76% of eyes with visual acuity of 20/200 or worse at initial evaluation did not have improved vision at the last follow-up. Conclusions Eyes with Roper-Hall grade III or IV ocular chemical burns were more likely to have glaucoma and to require surgery for it. Outcomes of glaucoma management generally were good, although tube implant surgeries often had complications requiring revision.
Beamline for measurement and characterization of multilayer optics for EUV lithography

Currently, intense efforts are in progress to develop a system to print 0.1 μm features operating at an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength between 11 and 14 nm. Such a development is critically dependent on the multilayer reflectors which are needed to coat the reflective masks and the optical elements of both the condenser and the projection systems. Understanding of the optical properties of these coatings (period, reflectivity, scattering, etc.) requires an accurate, well-characterized and stable measurement facility operating over the appropriate wavelength range. This paper describes a beamline installed on a synchrotron radiation source (the Advanced Light Source) which provides exceptionally high flux, high spectral resolution, absolute wavelength calibration, and excellent higher order suppression in the EUV range. It allows reflectivity measurements to be made to a precision of better than 0.5%, determination of wavelength to 0.01%, and the measurement of scattering down to 10 -10 of the specular beam. The achievement of this performance through the design of the beamline is briefly discussed, and a variety of representative results are presented.
Interleukin-4 suppresses the expression of macrophage NADPH oxidase heavy chain subunit (gp91-phox).

Abstract The production of superoxide anion by NADPH oxidase is a principal nonspecific bactericidal activity of macrophages and neutrophils in host defense. However, exuberant production of superoxide anion also damages host tissues. Cloning and DNA sequencing of the 91 kDa subunit (gp91-phox) open reading frame indicated a high degree of sequence conservation, greater than 90% in nucleotide and amino acid sequences, between the porcine and human cDNAs. We show in pigs that interleukin-4 (IL-4), a T lymphocyte cytokine which plays a major role in mediating antibody responses to pathogens, suppresses superoxide anion production in macrophages by specifically reducing the level of mRNA encoding gp91-phox. Messenger RNA levels are suppressed approx. 70% within 4 h and persist for 24 h without any change in the rate of mRNA turnover. Nuclear run-on analysis showed that IL-4 did not alter the rate of gp91-phox gene transcription under conditions in which IL-1β transcription was inhibited. These results indicate that IL-4 suppresses the inflammatory response of macrophages by mechanisms that include post-transcriptional regulation of the 91 kDa catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase, and transcriptional regulation of inflammatory cytokine expression.
IUE spectroscopy of U Cephei during the mass flow outburst of 1986 June

The interacting Algol-type binary U Cep underwent another of its irregularly occurring transient high-mass flow events during June 1986. For the first time, high-resolution ultraviolet spectroscopy of U Cep during such an event was possible. High-resolution spectra in the far-ultraviolet and near-ultraviolet were obtained with IUE. These spectra show that the ultraviolet continuum decreased by factors of 1.2 to 3.0 during the greatest activity. In addition, one or more narrow absorption components with radial velocities as high as -500 km/s appeared in association with a number of C, Si, Al, Fe, Zn, and Mg lines. The Mg II doublet developed a flat-bottomed appearance with a residual intensity of about 0.31 and a width of at least 800 km/s. These phenomena are interpreted in terms of high-velocity gas streams, mass loss from the system, and the formation of an optically thick equatorial bulge around the B star.
TET1 is a tumor suppressor of hematopoietic malignancy

The methylcytosine dioxygenase TET1 ('ten-eleven translocation 1') is an important regulator of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in embryonic stem cells. The diminished expression of TET proteins and loss of 5hmC in many tumors suggests a critical role for the maintenance of this epigenetic modification. Here we found that deletion of Tet1 promoted the development of B cell lymphoma in mice. TET1 was required for maintenance of the normal abundance and distribution of 5hmC, which prevented hypermethylation of DNA, and for regulation of the B cell lineage and of genes encoding molecules involved in chromosome maintenance and DNA repair. Whole-exome sequencing of TET1-deficient tumors revealed mutations frequently found in non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma (B-NHL), in which TET1 was hypermethylated and transcriptionally silenced. Our findings provide in vivo evidence of a function for TET1 as a tumor suppressor of hematopoietic malignancy.
EXPERIMENTAL LEARNING ASPECTS OF BUSINESS GAME PLAYING WITH INCOMPLETE INFORMATION ABOUT THE RULES

Summary.-Some findings from questionnaire-based research in which business games were used for experimental purposes are described. Two games were used with 41 undergraduate students who had no information about the names, nature, and rules of these games in order to test their ability to perceive the environment and critical variables involved. Evidence indicated that even under conditions of complete "ignorance" the players discerned the important characteristics, critical variables, and some ranges of maximum and minimum performance. Recent developments in the curriculum of schools of business have emphasized an apparent interest in inductive thinking and experimentation. This interest can be in part ascribed to the diverse talents and educational backgrounds of both faculty and students. However, the heterogeneity of the participants alone does not account for the imaginative attempts at experimentation. We believe that the complexities of organizational problems confronting teacher and student alike, strengthened by the diversity of inter-disciplinary approaches, have inspired a new approach to learning (Schwartz & Philippatos, 1968). Of course, inductive learning has been with higher business education for a number of years in terms of case studies and "incident" methods of business education, but these approaches have been strengthened recently by a proliferation of business games and simulations, which provide the further advantage of dynamic interactions and feedback. However, there is as yet little known about the effectiveness and efficiency of business gaming as a pedagogical technique. The difficulty exists primarily because of the apparent disagreement regarding the intended uses of gaming. P~evious Research
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 blunts signaling by interferon alpha.

Abstract Although many animal viruses block the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway, this issue has not been previously investigated in retrovirus-infected cells. For this purpose, an infectious molecular clone of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was transfected into 293T or HeLa cells and was found to reduce interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) reporter activity. This effect was independent of expression of the polymerase or envelope products and independent of the ability of Tax to activate the NFκB transcriptional pathway. IFN-α activation of 6 of 7 endogenous ISRE-regulated genes was also variably reduced, but not IFN-γ-activated response element-mediated expression of interferon regulatory factor 1. HTLV-1 reduced the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) and signal transducer and transcriptional activator 2 (STAT2), suggesting a specific effect of HTLV-1 on the ability of an adaptor tyrosine kinase to transfer an IFN signal to the STAT–transcriptional activator complex.
Topological insulators beyond the Brillouin zone via Chern parity

The topological insulator is an electronic phase stabilized by spin-orbit coupling that supports propagating edge states and is not adiabatically connected to the ordinary insulator. In several ways it is a spin-orbit-induced analog in time-reversal-invariant systems of the integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE). This paper studies the topological insulator phase in disordered two-dimensional systems, using a model graphene Hamiltonian introduced by Kane and Mele [Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 226801 (2005)] as an example. The nonperturbative definition of a topological insulator given here is distinct from previous efforts in that it involves boundary phase twists that couple only to charge, does not refer to edge states, and can be measured by pumping cycles of ordinary charge. In this definition, the phase of a Slater determinant of electronic states is determined by a Chern parity analogous to Chern number in the IQHE case. Numerically, we find, in agreement with recent network model studies, that the direct transition between ordinary and topological insulators that occurs in band structures is a consequence of the perfect crystalline lattice. Generically, these two phases are separated by a metallic phase, which is allowed in two dimensions when spin-orbit coupling is present. The same approach can be used to study three-dimensional topological insulators.
Myocardial Stunning and Reperfusion Injury in Cardiac Surgery

This article reviews the evidence that myocardial stunning during surgical reperfusion after coronary revascularization or heart transplantation is not strictly due to myocardial injury sustained during ischemia, but results from pathophysiological events triggered by reperfusion (reperfusion injury). In sheep, left ventricular (LV) dP/dt and stroke work were reduced up to 50%, and 60% to 70% necrosis was observed in the area at risk during 3 hours reperfusion following coronary occlusion and cardioplegic arrest on bypass. Reperfusion with leukocyte depleted blood, or pharmacological blockade of either thromboxane or leukotriene receptors, provided significant improvements in LV function and myocardial blood flow, with a 40% to 50% reduction in necrosis. Similar results have been obtained using animal heart subjected to 2 to 3 hours arrest at either 4 degrees C or 15 degrees C, simulating cardiac preservation and reperfusion after transplantation. Diastolic pressure was significantly elevated, and increases in the time constant for relaxation of LV pressure and coronary vascular resistance were noted. These indices of myocardial stunning were reversed after blocking neutrophil-endothelial cell interaction with monoclonal antibodies against CD18 or ICAM-1 receptors, and significant improvements were also obtained after either thromboxane or leukotriene receptor blockade. We conclude that immediate postoperative myocardial stunning results largely from reperfusion injury that occurs due to an acute inflammatory response to ischemia and reperfusion, and that stunning can be largely reversed with appropriate pharmacological intervention.
Conditioned suppression and the information hypothesis.

individuallywas measured. During CS-US pairings Si occasionally occurred alone for 1group and thus predicted shock unreliably; for the other group, Si predictedshock reliably, making 82 redundant. Contrary to the information hypothesis,both redundant and unreliable stimuli produced as much suppression as theirmore informative counterparts. A pseudoconditioning control group did notsuppress to either stimulus, and 2 differentially conditioned groups showedthat subjects could discriminate between Si and S
Living Abroad: Cross-Cultural Training for Families

A young Latin American woman accompanied her husband to an industrial community in Southern Wisconsin, where he was to work for a large multinational company for some months. The company helped them find a furnished apartment in a semi-suburban area of the city. Every day the husband left for work and his wife sat in the nearly bare apartment. She had not met other employees or their spouses, nor had she been able to meet others in the neighborhood. She spoke little English, and despite a sizeable Spanish-speaking population in the city, she had no basis for interaction with people in it. Not surprisingly, she was very unhappy and most anxious for her husband's assignment to end so that they could return home.
HPABM: A Hierarchical Parallel Simulation Framework for Spatially‐explicit Agent‐based Models

A Hierarchical Parallel simulation framework for spatially-explicit Agent-Based Models (HPABM) is developed to enable computationally intensive agent-based models for the investigation of large-scale geospatial problems. HPABM allows for the utilization of high-performance and parallel computing resources to address computational challenges in agent-based models. Within HPABM, an agent-based model is decomposed into a set of sub-models that function as computational units for parallel computing. Each sub-model is comprised of a sub-set of agents and their spatially-explicit environments. Sub-models are aggregated into a group of super-models that represent computing tasks. HPABM based on the design of super- and sub-models leads to the loose coupling of agent-based models and underlying parallel computing architectures. The utility of HPABM in enabling the development of parallel agent-based models was examined in a case study. Results of computational experiments indicate that HPABM is scalable for developing large-scale agent-based models and, thus, demonstrates efficient support for enhancing the capability of agent-based modeling for large-scale geospatial simulation.
Computational Analysis of Rupture-Oxide Phase-Change Memory Cells

The potential of rupture-oxide mushroom phase-change memory cells is assessed through 2-D finite element analysis using electro-thermal models with temperature-dependent material parameters, coupled with a circuit model for access transistors. The mushroom cell structure used for the simulations consists of a 100-nm thick Ge2Sb2Te5 layer separated from a 20-nm wide TiN bottom heater by a 3-nm thick SiO2 rupture-oxide layer. The ruptured oxide is modeled as a conductive filament through the oxide layer at the center of the heater. The effects of supply voltage, gate voltage, access transistor width, filament diameter and resistivity are studied using a read/reset/read sequence enabled by a dynamic amorphization model. The simulation results show that rupture-oxide cells can be operated with smaller voltages, currents and transistor widths compared to their conventional counterparts for the same resistance contrast. Moreover, it is shown that the cell performance is further improved for narrower and more resistive filaments.
Repeated social defeat stress-induced sensitization to the locomotor activating effects of d-amphetamine: role of individual differences

Rational In this study, we sought to examine individual differences in stress-induced behavioral sensitization to d-amphetamine after repeated social defeat stress. In an effort to understand what mechanisms underlie stress-induced sensitization to d-amphetamine, we examined striatal gene expression of the dopamine receptor D2. Additionally, we investigated if repeated social defeat was associated with changes in dendritic spine density in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens of rats that exhibit stress-induced sensitization.
Post-myocardial infarction trials: Beta blockers, antiarrhythmics, thrombolytics

This paper reviews trials of postmyocardial infarction therapies including beta adrenergic blockers, antiarrhythmic agents other than amiodarone, and thrombolytic drugs. The results of certain beta blockers on overall cardiovascular mortality and sudden death mortality after myocardial infarction are discussed, along with the results of CAST and subgroup analyses on patients at high risk for death. The effects of thrombolysis during acute myocardial infarction on subsequent arrhythmic mortality are also reviewed.
Multilevel Random Coefficient Analyses of Event- and Interval-Contingent Data in Social and Personality Psychology Research

Increasingly, social and personality psychologists are conducting studies in which data are collected simultaneously at multiple levels, with hypotheses concerning effects that involve multiple levels of analysis. In studies of naturally occurring social interaction, data describing people and their social interactions are collected simultaneously. This article discuses how to analyze such data using random coefficient modeling. Analyzing data describing day-to-day social interaction is used to illustrate the analysis of event-contingent data (when specific events trigger or organize data collection), and analyzing data describing reactions to daily events is used to illustrate the analysis of interval-contingent data (when data are collected at intervals). Different analytic strategies are presented, the shortcomings of ordinary least squares analyses are described, and the use of multilevel random coefficient modeling is discussed in detail. Different modeling techniques, the specifics of formulating an...
Newton's method and periodic solutions of nonlinear wave equations

We prove the existence of periodic solutions of the nonlinear wave equation satisfying either Dirichlet or periodic boundary conditions on the interval [O, π]. The coefficients of the eigenfunction expansion of this equation satisfy a nonlinear functional equation. Using a version of Newton's method, we show that this equation has solutions provided the nonlinearity g(x, u) satisfies certain generic conditions of nonresonance and genuine nonlinearity. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.