cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subtotal Resection of an Anaplastic Ganglioglioma in Pregnancy.

Background. Anaplastic ganglioglioma is a rare malignant brain tumor associated with high morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis of a central nervous system malignancy in the early 3rd trimester presents management challenges to both neurosurgeons and obstetricians. Case. A 33-year-old woman, gravida 2 para 1, presented at 28 6/7 weeks with four months of worsening headaches, nausea, vomiting, and mental status changes due to a 7.5 cm anaplastic ganglioglioma. Maternal deterioration necessitated subtotal tumor debulking allowing prolongation of the gestation to 34 6/7 weeks. After delivery, the patient underwent further resection, followed by chemotherapy and radiation. Both mother and infant are well. Discussion. This case underscores the importance of timely diagnostic imaging in pregnant women and demonstrates subtotal tumor debulking as a viable means of prolonging gestation.
Tipping points, thresholds and the keystone role of physiology in marine climate change research.

Abstract The ongoing and future effects of global climate change on natural and human-managed ecosystems have led to a renewed interest in the concept of ecological thresholds or tipping points. While generalizations such as poleward range shifts serve as a useful heuristic framework to understand the overall ecological impacts of climate change, sophisticated approaches to management require spatially and temporally explicit predictions that move beyond these oversimplified models. Most approaches to studying ecological thresholds in marine ecosystems tend to focus on populations, or on non-linearities in physical drivers. Here we argue that many of the observed thresholds observed at community and ecosystem levels can potentially be explained as the product of non-linearities that occur at three scales: (a) the mechanisms by which individual organisms interact with their ambient habitat, (b) the non-linear relationship between organismal physiological performance and variables such as body temperature and (c) the indirect effects of physiological stress on species interactions such as competition and predation. We explore examples at each of these scales in detail and explain why a failure to consider these non-linearities – many of which can be counterintuitive – can lead to Type II errors (a failure to predict significant ecological responses to climate change). Specifically, we examine why ecological thresholds can occur well before concomitant thresholds in physical drivers are observed, i.e. how even small linear changes in the physical environment can lead to ecological tipping points. We advocate for an integrated framework that combines biophysical, ecological and physiological methods to generate hypotheses that can be tested using experimental manipulation as well as hindcasting and nowcasting of observed change, on a spatially and temporally explicit basis.
TWO PROBLEMS IN NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes two problems in nonlinear finite element analysis. The first problem is the deflection of thin membranes, as this is described directly by the minimal surface equation; the second problem is that of compressible flow in which the minimal surface equation is a particular form that corresponds to the choice of a quite fictitious gas for the flow problem. The study of minimal surfaces has long been an active area of research, the celebrated example being of the soap film. The corresponding mathematical problem concerns the solution of a nonlinear elliptic partial differential equation in a weak or generalized sense, that is, minimization of an associated functional. In the case of the soap film, the functional to be minimized is the area; for large deflection of a membrane, it is the potential energy; and for compressible flow, it is the pressure integral. This chapter explores the construction of an appropriate weak variational statement of each nonlinear problem, finite element formulation for computing an approximate solution, and determination of a priori error estimates.
Acanthamoeba Binds to Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Vitro

Purpose. To identify host-tissue amoeba interactions that may be important in the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba keratitis, the ability of the opportunistic pathogen Acanthamoeba polyphaga to bind various components of the extracellular matrix (collagen type IV, laminin, or fibronectin) was examined in vitro. Methods. A. polygphaga, isolated from a case of human amoebic keratitis, was used in the studies. In the experiments, 96-well plates were coated with 0-, 5-, 10-, 20-, or 50-Mg/ml solutions of the basal lamina proteins laminin or collagen type IV, the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin, or casein (control). Amoeba were metabolically labeled with 35 [S]methionine, and 1X10 4 labeled amoeba in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were seeded per well and allowed to bind for 20 min. After washing with PBS, bound amoeba were solubilized with 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and scintillation counting was used to determine the number of bound amoeba. Results. Counts from casein and protein-free controls were not significantly different from each other (F>0.05). There was a significant increase in the binding of 35 [S]-labeled A. polyphaga to collagen IV, laminin, and fibronectin over controls (P laminin>>fibronectin. Alpha-methyl-mannopyranoside, but not fucose, inhibited binding of labeled A. polyphaga to collagen IV, laminin, and fibronectin in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion. In summary, the binding assays show that Acanthamoeba bind preferentially to collagen, laminin, and fibronectin, in that order, and that the adherence process is inhibited by mannose. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:658-662.
3D Chip/Package Co-analysis of Stress-Induced Timing Variations

In this chapter, we study a chip/package stress-aware timing co-analysis methodology for TSV-based 3D ICs. While previous works ignore the stress and mobility variation due to die-stacking and package components, we address these impacts on full-stack 3D IC timing. First, we build hole and electron mobility variation maps based on the chip/package stress co-analysis that considers on/off-chip elements such as TSVs, μ-bumps, and package-bumps ( = C4 bumps). Second, we compare our approach with conventional TSV stress aware timing analysis methods that ignore packaging impacts. Our major finding is that we observe different mobility variation behavior across the stack when we consider both chip and package components. In addition, we observe significant mobility variations in the die closest to the package-bump layer due to the highly compressive stress caused by package-bumps and underfill. Based on these findings, we develop a full-stack 3D static timing analysis engine and provide results for practical 3D IC designs including wide-I/O and block-level 3D ICs.
Learning Embeddings of Directed Networks with Text-Associated Nodes---with Applications in Software Package Dependency Networks

A network embedding consists of a vector representation for each node in the network. Its usefulness has been shown in many real-world application domains, such as social networks and web networks. Directed networks with text associated with each node, such as software package dependency networks, are commonplace. However, to the best of our knowledge, their embeddings have hitherto not been specifically studied. In this paper, we propose PCTADW-1 and PCTADW-2, two algorithms based on neural networks that learn embeddings of directed networks with text associated with each node. We create two new node-labeled such networks: The package dependency networks in two popular GNU/Linux distributions, Debian and Fedora. We experimentally demonstrate that the embeddings produced by our algorithms resulted in node classification with better quality than those of various baselines on these two networks. We observe that there exist systematic presence of analogies (similar to those in word embeddings) in the network embeddings of software package dependency networks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such systematic presence of analogies is observed in network and document embeddings. We further demonstrate that these network embeddings can be novelly used for better understanding software attributes, such as the development process and user interface of software, etc.
Modifiable Predictors of Ventricular Ectopy in the Community.

Background Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) predict heart failure and death. Data regarding modifiable risk factors for PVCs are scarce. Methods and Results We studied 1424 Cardiovascular Health Study participants randomly assigned to 24-hour Holter monitoring. Demographics, comorbidities, habits, and echocardiographic measurements were examined as predictors of PVC frequency and, among 845 participants, change in PVC frequency 5 years later. Participants exhibited a median of 0.6 (interquartile range, 0.1-7.1) PVCs per hour. Of the more directly modifiable characteristics and after multivariable adjustment, every SD increase in systolic blood pressure was associated with 9% more PVCs (95% confidence interval [CI], 2%-17%; P=0.01), regularly performing no or low-intensity exercise compared with more physical activity was associated with ≈15% more PVCs (95% CI, 3-25%; P=0.02), and those with a history of smoking exhibited an average of 18% more PVCs (95% CI, 3-36%; P=0.02) than did never smokers. After 5 years, PVC frequency increased from a median of 0.5 (IQR, 0.1-4.7) to 1.2 (IQR, 0.1-13.8) per hour ( P<0.0001). Directly modifiable predictors of 5-year increase in PVCs, described as the odds per each quintile increase in PVCs, included increased diastolic blood pressure (odds ratio per SD increase, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.02-1.31; P=0.02) and a history of smoking (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02-1.68; P=0.04). Conclusions Enhancing physical activity, smoking cessation, and aggressive control of blood pressure may represent fruitful strategies to mitigate PVC frequency and PVC-associated adverse outcomes.
Evaluation of non-ECG and ECG-gated computed tomographic angiography for three-dimensional printing of anomalous coronary arteries in dogs with pulmonic stenosis.

Abstract Introduction/objectives Coronary artery abnormalities are described sporadically in dogs, most commonly with pulmonic stenosis. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) allows non-invasive assessment of coronary anatomy. Three-dimensional (3D) models improve the understanding and visualization of spatially complex anatomy. The study objective was to evaluate coronary artery anomalies using CTA imaging and using rapid prototyping technology to create life-sized coronary artery models of these studies. Animals, material and methods Combined retrospective case and prospective pilot study. Inclusion criteria were dogs with reported coronary artery anomalies. The CTA data sets were imported into a medical imaging framework for the analysis of the coronary arteries and into a 3D-planning and printing software for creating printable 3D models. The 3D models were printed using fusion deposition modeling technology. Results Six male dogs with an R2A coronary artery anomaly and pulmonic stenosis diagnosed by CTA were included. Electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated CTA allowed better identification of anomalous coronary arteries than non-gated CTA. In all dogs, the right coronary artery had a smaller diameter than the left and the left coronary artery or its branch had a prepulmonic course. All ECG-gated studies were 3D printed while non-gated studies were not printable due to CTA artifacts. Conclusion In dogs, CTA is effective for diagnosis of coronary artery anomalies. Printed 3D models of ECG-gated CTA studies were of excellent quality and allowed direct visualization of abnormal coronary artery anatomy. The usefulness of these models to improve the understanding of anomalous coronary artery anatomy could be evaluated in future studies.
Molecular and macromolecular diffusion in human meniscus: relationships with tissue structure and composition.

Summary Objective To date, the pathophysiology of the meniscus has not been fully elucidated. Due to the tissue’s limited vascularization, nutrients and other molecular signals spread through the extracellular matrix via diffusion or convection (interstitial fluid flow). Understanding transport mechanisms is crucial to elucidating meniscal pathophysiology, and to designing treatments for repair and restoration of the tissue. Similar to other fibrocartilaginous structures, meniscal morphology and composition may affect its diffusive properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of solute size, and tissue structure and composition on molecular diffusion in meniscus tissue. Design Using a custom FRAP technique developed in our lab, we measured the direction-dependent diffusivity in human meniscus of six different molecular probes of size ranging from ∼300Da to 150,000Da. Diffusivity measurements were related to sample water content. SEM images were used to investigate collagen structure in relation to transport mechanisms. Results Diffusivity was anisotropic, being significantly faster in the direction parallel to collagen fibers when compared the orthogonal direction. This was likely due to the unique structural organization of the tissue presenting pores aligned with the fibers, as observed in SEM images. Diffusion coefficients decreased as the molecular size increased, following the Ogston model. No significant correlations were found among diffusion coefficients and water content of the tissue. Conclusions This study provides new knowledge on the mechanisms of molecular transport in meniscal tissue. The reported results can be leveraged to further investigate tissue pathophysiology and to design treatments for tissue restoration or replacement.
Prosthetic shape, but not stiffness or height, affects the maximum speed of sprinters with bilateral transtibial amputations.

Running-specific prostheses (RSPs) have facilitated an athlete with bilateral transtibial amputations to compete in the Olympic Games. However, the performance effects of using RSPs compared to biological legs remains controversial. Further, the use of different prosthetic configurations such as shape, stiffness, and height likely influence performance. We determined the effects of using 15 different RSP configurations on the maximum speed of five male athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations. These athletes performed sets of running trials up to maximum speed using three different RSP models (Freedom Innovations Catapult FX6, Ossur Flex-Foot Cheetah Xtend and Ottobock 1E90 Sprinter) each with five combinations of stiffness category and height. We measured ground reaction forces during each maximum speed trial to determine the biomechanical parameters associated with different RSP configurations and maximum sprinting speeds. Use of the J-shaped Cheetah Xtend and 1E90 Sprinter RSPs resulted in 8.3% and 8.0% (p<0.001) faster maximum speeds compared to the use of the C-shaped Catapult FX6 RSPs, respectively. Neither RSP stiffness expressed as a category (p = 0.836) nor as kN·m-1 (p = 0.916) affected maximum speed. Further, prosthetic height had no effect on maximum speed (p = 0.762). Faster maximum speeds were associated with reduced ground contact time, aerial time, and overall leg stiffness, as well as with greater stance-average vertical ground reaction force, contact length, and vertical stiffness (p = 0.015 for aerial time, p<0.001 for all other variables). RSP shape, but not stiffness or height, influences the maximum speed of athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations.
Bridging the Gap Between "Do One" and "Teach One": Impact of a Procedural Objective Structured Teaching Encounter on Resident Procedural Teaching Proficiency.

Minimal formal training exists in teaching invasive bedside procedures during Internal Medicine (IM) residency despite the large role trainees have in instructing junior colleagues. We investigated if using a Procedural Objective Structured Teaching Encounter (PrOSTE) to disseminate a novel method for teaching procedures would improve supervising residents’ (n = 7) ability to teach ultrasound-guided peripheral IV’s (USGIV) to incoming interns (n = 67) at a single, large academic IM residency. Supervising residents were assigned to receive the PrOSTE training versus standard procedure training, and then, both groups instructed incoming interns. The impact of the PrOSTE was measured by participant surveys, observed changes in teacher behavior, and performance of incoming interns on a USGIV blinded assessment station. PrOSTE-trained residents reported high levels of satisfaction with the session and demonstrated increased desirable behaviors when teaching procedures. There was no statistical difference in incoming intern performance when placing USGIVs between intervention and standard groups (81.0% vs 74.8% items correct; difference 6.2; SD = 12.4; p = 0.22). The PrOSTE is a feasible, well-received tool for training supervising residents in our novel teaching framework, as demonstrated in this pilot study. Despite not showing a difference in learner performance, qualitative data suggests the impact of the PrOSTE would be even greater in a more controlled teaching environment. Using a PrOSTE to deliver this teaching framework has broad applicability to any IM residency, and the tenets can be used with any bedside invasive procedure with an effective task trainer.
Temperature alters the shape of predator-prey cycles through effects on underlying mechanisms.

Background Predicting the effects of climate warming on the dynamics of ecological systems requires understanding how temperature influences birth rates, death rates and the strength of species interactions. The temperature dependance of these processes-which are the underlying mechanisms of ecological dynamics-is often thought to be exponential or unimodal, generally supported by short-term experiments. However, ecological dynamics unfold over many generations. Our goal was to empirically document shifts in predator-prey cycles over the full range of temperatures that can possibly support a predator-prey system and then to uncover the effect of temperature on the underlying mechanisms driving those changes. Methods We measured the population dynamics of the Didinium-Paramecium predator-prey system across a wide range of temperatures to reveal systematic changes in the dynamics of the system. We then used ordinary differential equation fitting to estimate parameters of a model describing the dynamics, and used these estimates to assess the long-term temperature dependance of all the underlying mechanisms. Results We found that predator-prey cycles shrank in state space from colder to hotter temperatures and that both cycle period and amplitude varied with temperature. Model parameters showed mostly unimodal responses to temperature, with one parameter (predator mortality) increasing monotonically with temperature and one parameter (predator conversion efficiency) invariant with temperature. Our results indicate that temperature can have profound, systematic effects on ecological dynamics, and these can arise through diverse and simultaneous changes in multiple underlying mechanisms. Predicting the effects of temperature on ecological dynamics may require additional investigation into how the underlying drivers of population dynamics respond to temperature beyond a short-term, acute response.
Downsizing - Confronting Our Possessions in Later Life by David J. Ekerdt.

As one would expect, as we go through life, we accumulate stuff. We are often unaware of exactly how much stuff we have – that is, until we must move it from one dwelling to another. Moving can be ...
Population risk factors for nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex caesarean birth: a national cross-sectional study.

Objective To characterize medical, obstetric, and demographic risk factors associated with nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex (NTSV) cesarean birth. Study design Cross sectional study. Setting United States delivery hospitalizations. Population NTSV births in 2016-2018 US natality data. Methods This study analyzed a national sample of natality data generated by the United States National Vital Statistics System. NTSV deliveries were identified. The primary outcome was cesarean birth. Risk factors including maternal age, body mass index (BMI), and pre-gestational diabetes were analyzed. Multivariable log-linear regression models analyzed factors associated with NTSV cesarean with adjusted risk ratios (aRR) as measures of effect. Results Of 3,764,707 of 11,622,400 deliveries that met NTSV criteria the cesarean rate was 25.9%. Maternal age 35-39 (aRR 1.51, 95% CI 1.50-1.52) and 40-54 (aRR 2.03, 95% 2.00-2.05) compared to age 19-34, BMI 25 to
X-ray Emission from Planetary Nebulae

X-ray emission from planetary nebulae (PNe) may originate from two sources: central stars which are 100,000–200,000 K will emit soft X-rays, and shocked fast stellar winds reaching 106 – 107 K will emit harder X-rays. The former are point sources, while the shocked winds are expected to be extended sources emitting continuously out to the inner wall of the visible nebular shell (Weaver et al. 1977; Wrigge & Wendker 1996).
Economic Growth: Education as a Factor of Production

This book presents theoretical and empirical investigation of the possible impact of human capital on economic growth in transition economies of Ukraine, Russia, Poland, and Hungary during the period of 1990-2007. This research defines place and role of human capital in the process of transition from the exogenous to the endogenous forms of growth and socio-economic development. Substantial part of the book is devoted to the integrative scholarly synthesis with the special emphasis on theoretical aspects of economic growth. The research presents both exogenous and endogenous models of growth, including Harrod-Domar, Solow, Solow-Swan, Leontief, Mankiw, Barro, and other models.
Methadone Use and the Risk of Hypoglycemia for Inpatients With Cancer Pain.

Abstract Context Methadone is an important drug in the management of both cancer-related and non–cancer-related pain and is the main pharmacologic agent used in the treatment of opioid addiction. Unexpected hypoglycemia has been observed in patients receiving methadone, prompting a more detailed investigation. Objectives To evaluate the incidence of hypoglycemia in a cohort of inpatients receiving methadone versus other opioids including fentanyl, hydromorphone, and morphine. Methods Retrospective observational cohort of inpatients in a tertiary cancer center admitted for more than 48 hours from November 1, 2011 to October 30, 2013. The main outcomes were lowest measured daily blood glucose (in mg/dL) and incidence of hypoglycemia (defined as blood glucose Results Of the 641 eligible patients admitted during the study period who received at least one dose of methadone during admission, multivariable logistic regression showed significant associations between methadone and hypoglycemia at doses greater than 40 mg oral equivalents per day or with patient-controlled analgesia use. A dose-response relationship was observed, with an odds ratio of 3.1 (95% confidence interval 2.5, 3.6) when doses greater than 80 mg/day were used. No evidence of increased risk of hypoglycemia or of a dose-response curve was seen for the other opioids. Conclusion The risk of hypoglycemia is increased for patients taking more than 40 mg oral methadone equivalents per day. When starting methadone at or more than 40 mg/day, we recommend blood glucose monitoring.
Asphalt Emulsion Sealing of Uranium Mill Tailings

The use of asphalt emulsion to contain radon and radium in uranium tailings is being investigated at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Results of these studies indicate that a radon flux reduction of greater than 99% can be obtained using either a poured-on/sprayed-on seal (3.0 to 7.0 mm thick) or an admix seal (2.5 to 15.2 cm thick) containing about 18 wt % residual asphalt. A field test was carried out at the Grand Junction tailings pile in order to demonstrate the sealing process. A reduction in radon flux ranging from 4.5 to greater than 99% (76% average) was achieved using a 15.2 cm (6 in.) admix seal with a sprayed-on top coat. A hydrostatic stabilizer was used to apply the admix. This was followed by compaction to form the radon seal. Overburden was applied to provide a protective soil layer over the seal. Included in part of the overburden was a herbicide to prevent root penetration.
Protecting Due Process from the PROTECT Act: The Problems with Increasing Periods of Supervised Release for Sexual Offenders

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 354II. A Brief Overview of the Supervised Release Revocation Process 361III. The Supreme Court Speaks on Supervised Release: Johnson v. United States 364IV. The Revocation of Supervised Release After Apprendi, Blakely, and Booker 366A. Apprendi v. New Jersey 366B. Blakely v. Washington 368C. Blakely in the Supervised Release Context 369D. The Courts of Appeals Rej ect die Apprendi Argument ......... 371V. Reconciling Apprendi and Blakely with Johnson - at the Expense of the Defendant 376A. Revocation is Punishment for the Initial Offense (Sort of, Kind of, Maybe) 376B. Out of the Frying Pan, into the Double Jeopardy Clause? 378VI. Problems Specific to the Child Sex Offender Context 382A. Revocation or Prosecution?: A Problem of Conflicting Statutes 384B. The Federal Prosecutor's Predicament 385VII. Where to Go from Here?: Three Potential Solutions 387A. Solution 1 388B. Solution 2 391C. Solution 3 394D. The Recommended Solution 396VIII. Conclusion 397I. IntroductionDr. Norman Earl McElheney was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on September 29, 1956.1 The older of two children, Dr. McElheney was born into the seemingly quintessential Ail-American family - his father was an engineer, and his mother was an elementary school teacher.2 Active in both his church and community, he became an Eagle Scout before graduating from high school.3 Also while a high school student, McElheney joined "Amigos de las Americas" and traveled to Guatemala to help distribute medical vaccines to the country's poor.4After high school, Dr. McElheney attended college at Emory University, majoring in chemistry.5 He then enrolled at Georgia State University to pursue a Master's Degree in immunology, though he ultimately never completed the program, withdrawing from the school upon his acceptance to the Medical College of Georgia.6 After finishing in the top ten percent of his graduating class and receiving his degree as a Doctor of Medicine, McElheney completed his residency at the University of California at San Francisco.7 During this time, he also worked at two children's hospitals.8In his free time, Dr. McElheney enjoyed going to the lake with his children and relaxing on his farm with his three dogs, as well as exercising at his local health club.9 He was also a member of numerous professional organizations and provided medical services for many local sports teams.10 Never losing his charitable spirit, McElheney volunteered his services to a program that provided free health care to the poor and uninsured."The above description paints a portrait of the ideal role model: an educated and successful professional, an active and caring father, and a compassionate and generous member of society. …
Auto-organizaiton and emergence of shared language structure

The principal goal of attempts to construct computational models of the emergence of language is to shed light on the kinds of processes that may have led to the development of such phenomena as shared lexicons and grammars in the history of the human species. Researchers who attempt to model the emergence of lexicons make a set of shared assumptions about the nature of the problem to be solved. First, there are constraints on what counts as a shared lexicon. A lexicon is a systematic set of associations (a mapping) between forms and meanings. Forms are patterns. Tokens of a form are physical structures that bear the pattern of a particular form. For example, words are forms in this sense. Each instance of a particular word is a token of that word because it bears the pattern (sequence of sounds or letters) of that word. Forms must be discriminable from one another. Meanings are generally taken to be mental structures which, on the one hand, shape agents’ interactions with a world of objects and, on the other hand, also shape agents’ interactions with forms.
Dry-heat Resistance of Bacillus Subtilis Var. Niger Spores on Mated Surfaces

Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores were placed on the surfaces of test coupons manufactured from typical spacecraft materials (stainless steel, magnesium, titanium, and aluminum). These coupons were then juxtaposed at the inoculated surfaces and subjected to test pressures of 0, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 psi. Tests were conducted in ambient, nitrogen, and helium atmospheres. While under the test pressure condition, the spores were exposed to 125 C for intervals of 5, 10, 20, 50, or 80 min, with survivor data being subjected to a linear regression analysis that calculated decimal reduction times. Differences in the dry-heat resistance of the test organism resulting from pressure, atmosphere, and material were observed.
Average Ambulatory Measures of Sound Pressure Level, Fundamental Frequency, and Vocal Dose Do Not Differ Between Adult Females With Phonotraumatic Lesions and Matched Control Subjects.

Objectives:Clinical management of phonotraumatic vocal fold lesions (nodules, polyps) is based largely on assumptions that abnormalities in habitual levels of sound pressure level (SPL), fundamenta...
Community Colleges and Proprietary Schools: A Comparison of Sub-Baccalaureate Institutions

This exploratory article describes how community colleges and proprietary schools differ, which students are served by these two types of schools, and how these institutions compare in the areas of financial aid and school quality. I describe and synthesize existing data sources and analyze a new data set of California’s for-profit colleges. I find that there are many more proprietary schools and students than previous estimates suggest. I note key similarities and differences between the private and public sectors and investigate hypotheses explaining the observed patterns.
Heart conditioned medium promotes central cholinergic regeneration in vivo

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a proposed cholinergic growth factor, heart conditioned medium (HCM), on the regeneration of the cholinergic septo-hippocampal pathway in rats. At 0, 4, 8 and 16 days after mechanical injury to septo-hippocampal axons, animals received either repeated intraseptal injections of HCM or control vehicles. Recovery of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in iris implants placed in the hippocampus was used as an index of cholinergic regeneration. The results indicate that CAT activity in iris implants from animals receiving HCM was significantly greater than in control implants. Thus, this is the first report of the in vivo activity of heart conditioned medium as a cholinergic growth factor.
Smooth image segmentation via multiresolution analysis

In this paper, the problem of segmentation of smooth images has been studied using multiresolution analysis. The approximated image intensity function is modeled as a quadratic polynomial with additive noise within local windows. The analysis has been carried out with the aid of a new orthonormal wavelet basis introduced in this paper. A procedure has been developed to approximate an image at a coarse resolution by dropping the components of the image in such a way that small bumps at finer resolutions are suppressed. An image segmentation scheme is proposed. It performs initial segmentation on a coarse approximation of the image, and then updates the segments of the image at a finer resolution. The proposed algorithm has been tested on a variety of real images such as human faces, natural scenes, and medical images.
Charge state dependence of K X-ray production in thin targets by multicharged silicon ions

Abstract Typical data for target K-shell X-ray production cross sections in different charges states q are reviewed. Charge-state dependence is revisited and a small, shallow minimum in the cross section as a function of q , at q = 10 or 11 for Si ions, is noted. A number of mechanisms that are considered show a monotonic decrease in cross sections with the decreasing q , which is contrary to the observed trend. We postulate that the increase of K-shell X-ray cross sections, as q becomes smaller, can be understood in terms of a larger ionization probability into L- and higher shells by a greater number of the projectile's electrons, which widens the excitation channels for the K-shell and, hence enhances the K-shell X-ray production cross section with the decreasing q .
Powerful Exact Unconditional Tests for Agreement between Two Raters with Binary Endpoints

Asymptotic and exact conditional approaches have often been used for testing agreement between two raters with binary outcomes. The exact conditional approach is guaranteed to respect the test size as compared to the traditionally used asymptotic approach based on the standardized Cohen's kappa coefficient. An alternative to the conditional approach is an unconditional strategy which relaxes the restriction of fixed marginal totals as in the conditional approach. Three exact unconditional hypothesis testing procedures are considered in this article: an approach based on maximization, an approach based on the conditional p-value and maximization, and an approach based on estimation and maximization. We compared these testing procedures based on the commonly used Cohen's kappa with regards to test size and power. We recommend the following two exact approaches for use in practice due to power advantages: the approach based on conditional p-value and maximization and the approach based on estimation and maximization.
Design of narrow-band Compton scattering sources for nuclear resonance fluorescence

The design of narrow-band Compton scattering sources for specific applications using nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) is presented. NRF lines are extremely narrow ($\ensuremath{\Delta}E/E\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$) and require spectrally narrow sources to be excited selectively and efficiently. This paper focuses on the theory of spectral broadening mechanisms involved during Compton scattering of laser photons from relativistic electron beams. It is shown that in addition to the electron beam emittance, energy spread, and the laser parameters, nonlinear processes during the laser-electron interaction can have a detrimental effect on the gamma-ray source bandwidth, including a newly identified weakly nonlinear phase shift accumulated over the effective interaction duration. Finally, a design taking these mechanisms into consideration is outlined.
The Conduct of the Survey on the Opportunities for and Status of Women in Agricultural Economics

At its July 1980 meeting, the Executive Board of the American Agricultural Economics Association authorized formation of an ad hoc committee to investigate systematically the status, role, and opportunities for women in agricultural economics. A survey of females and wales in the profession, including but not limited to, members of AAEA, was undertaken. Because of the small number of women in agricultural economics (e.g., membership lists indicate that women comprise less than 5 percent of the AAEA), all women who could be identified in agricultural economics or related specialties were included in the survey. A sample of the much larger population of male economists was selected.
Alloimmunization to Red Cell Antigens in Thalassemia: Comparative Study of Usual versus Better-Match Transfusion Programmes

Abstract. Transfusion records and serological data concerning 120 regularly transfused thalassemic children were followed up, beginning with their first transfusion, for a 5-year period. All patients had been phenotyped for 18 red cell antigens before their first transfusion. The usual-match (UM) group consisted of 64 children who received blood compatible with their ABO and Rho (D) antigens. The better-match (BM) group comprised 56 children who received blood compatible with ABO, CcDEe and K antigens. It was found that a statistically significant difference does not exist in the overall frequency of alloimmunization between the UM (23.43%) and BM group (14.28%) and also between the children that started transfusion therapy before they were 12 months old regarding UM (9%) and BM policies (5.2%). However, a large numerical difference, which might become statistically significant with a larger number of patients was observed in the group of children who were started on transfusions after they were 12 months old, between the UM (38.7%) and BM (18.9%) policy. Finally, a statistically significant difference (<0.005) was found only between the children that started transfusions early (7.69%) and those that started them later in life (27.9%), irrespective of the transfusion policy observed. We report, in this study, the mean transfusion numbers of immunized and nonimmunized patients and the frequency, specificity and clinical significance of the identified antibodies are analyzed. Our conclusion is that a BM policy in transfusion programmes, including at least the Rhesus and Kell antigens, is recommended for all thalassemic children that start transfusion therapy after they are 12 months of age; if they start earlier, observation of the BM policy is not necessary.
On Hilbert's Irreducibility Theorem

Abstract A method for obtaining very precise results along the lines of the Hilbert Irreducibility Theorem is described and then applied to a special case. In addition, the relationship of the irreducibility theorem to other tools of diophantine analysis is investigated. In particular, we give a proof of the irreducibility theorem that uses only Noether's lemma and the fact that an absolutely irreducible curve has a rational point over a finite field of large order.
Hydrovinylation of Olefins Catalyzed by an Iridium Complex via CH Activation

Olefin dimerizations are typically proposed to proceed via a Cossee−Arlman type migratory mechanism involving relatively electron-rich metal hydrides. We provide experimental evidence and theoretical calculations that show, in contrast, relatively electron-poor O-donor Ir complexes can catalyze the dimerization of olefins via a mechanism that involves olefin CH bond activation and insertion into a metal−vinyl intermediate.
A periodic acid schiff-staining macromolecular component of human hepatic bile☆

Abstract A method has been developed for isolating and purifying a macromolecular water-soluble component from human hepatic bile by precipitation from barbital solution. The purity and homogeneity of the component have been demonstrated by paper electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy. The component is a mucoprotein composed of nearly spherical macromolecules 150 A in diameter with an extrapolated sedimentation constant in water of 22.6 S. The presence of the mucoprotein in human bile may be correlated with the occurrence of cholecystitis and biliary calculi.
Combining medication and psychosocial treatments: an evidence-based medicine approach

In a perfectly evidence-based world, selecting an appropriate treatment regimen for the anxious child from among the many possible options would be reasonably straightforward. In the complex world of clinical practice, choices are rarely so clear-cut. Many experts recommend the combination of medication and psychosocial treatment as offering the best chance of normalization. Despite a lack of supporting evidence, valid reasons for combining treatment include the presence of comorbidity and the propensity of single treatments to yield partial response. Within the conceptual framework of evidence-based medicine (EBM), this article provides a conceptual framework for how to combine drug and psychosocial treatments at the level of the individual patient.
An optimal‐incentive contract for managers with exponential utility

This paper examines the manager–investor relationship in the case of exponential utility when the manager of investments in real or financial assets has an endowment which can be invested in the risky assets for which he has private information. We obtain a relationship showing trade-offs or hedging behavior among the investments the manager can choose for himself and the principal. Even with the hedging ability of the manager, the well-known first-best solution with ‘no moral hazard’ risk-sharing is obtained among these possible solutions to the manager's problem by specifying a ‘no conflict of interest’, zero investment by the manager of his own endowment in those risky assets for which he has private information. Thus, the agent imputes no disutility to the assignment of the principal's investments and the investor is assured of an investment strategy that he would make if he had access to the manager's private information.
The Assessment of Ambitious-Narcissistic Character Style with Three Projective Tests: The Early Memories, TAT, and Rorschach

This study describes the construction of scales designed to assess ambitious-narcissistic character style on three projective tests: the Early Memories, TAT, and Rorschach. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of these scales. A secondary aim was to demonstrate the feasibility of assessing particular character styles with projective tests commonly available to clinicians and researchers. Forty male college students volunteered as subjects. The overall reliability of the three projective scales was found to be acceptable. The scales were then tested for validity in two ways. First, they were intercorrelated and found to show a pattern suggesting a common dimensionality. Secondly, the scales were found to successfully differentiate subjects rated by clinically-trained raters as ambitious-narcissistic in style from those subjects rated as non-ambitious-narcissistic.
Cavity Potentials of the Human Ventricles

Intracavitary potentials of the human left ventricle were studied in 8 patients by the technic of retrograde ulnar artery or, in one case, pulmonary vein catheterization. The intracavitary potentials from the left ventricle were of the QS variety and confirm Wilson's concept of the earlier depolarization of the intraventricular septum from left to right.
The Protection of Glazing Systems With Dedicated Sprinklers

Water spray is one method of protecting glazing exposed to fire. Research conducted at the National Research Council's National Fire Laboratory indicates that, under ideal con ditions, a window assembly, when protected by special sprinklers, will stay intact, and can obtain a fire resistance rating of 2 hours or longer. Experiments showed that there are several parameters related to sprinkler operation which affect the performance of the glazing assembly under fire exposure. This paper describes the test facility and discuss es the results of investigations conducted to determine the effect of the sprinkler activa tion time and sprinkler water flow rate on the effectiveness of dedicated sprinkler sys tems for protecting large glazing assemblies. The effect of the sprinklers on the average temperature and temperature gradient in the test room is also discussed.
Distributed algorithm for shortest path problem via randomized strategy

In this paper, we introduce a distributed algorithm for single source shortest path problem for undirected graphs. In this problem, we find the shortest path from a given source node to other nodes in the graph. We start with undirected unweighted graphs in which the shortest path is a path with minimum number of edges. Following, we modify the algorithm to find shortest path for weighted graphs in which the shortest path is a path with minimum cost, i.e., sum of the edge weights. We examine the convergence time of the given algorithm for random Erdos-Renyi graphs as a random variable; based on that we approximate the stop-time criteria of the algorithm for graphs with unknown topology. We claim that the stop-time criteria is related to the graph parameters such as number of nodes and graph diameter.
Effects of monotherapy with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by serial quantitative arteriography. The Canadian Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial.

BACKGROUND3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors are widely prescribed for hyperlipidemia, yet their effect on the evolution of coronary atherosclerosis has not been defined.METHODS AND RESULTSTo address this issue, 331 patients with diffuse but not necessarily severe coronary atherosclerosis documented on a recent arteriogram and with fasting serum cholesterol between 220 and 300 mg/dL were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. All patients received intensive dietary counseling. Lovastatin or placebo was begun at 20 mg/d and was titrated to 40 and 80 mg during the first 16 weeks to attain a fasting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol < or = 130 mg/dL. The mean lovastatin dose was 36 mg/d. Coronary arteriography was repeated after 2 years. In 299 patients (90%), 3858 coronary segments containing 2309 stenoses were measured blindly on pairs of films with an automated computerized quantitative system. Total and LDL cholesterol decreased by 21 +/- 11% and...
Spontaneous Resolution of Primary Small Bowel Volvulus With Oral Contrast

We report a case of 49 year-old male who presented to the emergency room with abdominal pain. CT of the abdomen revealed a small bowel volvulus. After ingestion of the contrast dye used for the CT imaging study, he experienced resolution of his presenting symptoms. Furthermore, his follow up abdominal radiograph done 1 hour later showed a decrease in the number of distended small bowel loops, corresponding to an immediate improvement in his condition. This is the first report of spontaneous resolution of primary small bowel volvulus after ingestion of oral contrast. This case can be used for further investigation of a therapeutic role of oral contrast in the management of primary small bowel volvulus. doi:10.4021/jcs67w
Disturbance attenuation via state feedback for systems with a saturation nonlinearity in the control channel

Abstract We study the problem of disturbance attenuation via state feedback for asymptotically stable systems with a saturation nonlinearity in the control channel. The disturbance is assumed to be bounded, with the bound known. This amounts to adding a saturation nonlinearity in the disturbance channel. A sufficient condition is derived in terms of algebraic matrix inequalities, which are much simpler to solve than the general Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs partial differential inequality. A suboptimal control law is given based on the solution to the Riccati inequalities. The computational complexity of solving the optimal controller is similar to that of liner H∝ controller design.
The effect of MR contrast medium dose on pituitary gland enhancement, microlesion enhancement and pituitary gland-to-lesion contrast conspicuity.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in gland enhancement, microlesion enhancement and gland–lesion contrast ratio in patient groups in which half-dose (HD), standard-dose (SD) and double-dose (DD) contrast medium was used in pituitary MR imaging.
Parametric sensitivity in fixed-bed catalytic reactors: the role of interparticle transfer resistances

The parameteric sensitivity behavior of a plug-flow catalytic fixed-bed reactor with negligible intraparticle mass and heat transfer resistances is examined for any positive-order irreversible reaction. By combining information about multiplicity and runaway, a complete picture of the steady state reactor behavior is obtained. Calculations of the parametrically sensitive region for various values of the involved dimensionless parameters are reported.