cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beryllium & Magnesium: Organometallic Chemistry

Victor Grignard found in 1900 that solutions of organomagnesium halides form easily in the reaction of an organic halide with magnesium metal in diethyl ether. These Grignard reagents undergo useful reactions with many kinds of substrates. This discovery ushered in a new era in organometallic chemistry and provided chemists with a powerful and versatile reagent for synthesis of a wide variety of organic and organometallic compounds. This article discusses Grignard reagents in the broader context of organomagnesium chemistry. Preparatory methods surveyed include direct reaction of organic halides with the metal, exchange reactions with other organometallic compounds, as well as carbo- and hydrometalations. The current level of understanding of the mechanism of Grignard formation is summarized. The formation and reactivity of unusual species such as cluster Grignard reagents, for example, RMg4X (R = organic group, and X = halide) and polymagnesium compounds, for example, Ru[C5(MgCl)5]2 are also discussed. The bonding and structure of organomagnesium compounds (as well as that of beryllium analogues) as described by diffraction methods, thermochemical data, colligative properties, spectroscopic (vibrational, nuclear magnetic, and electronic) measurements, kinetic studies, mass spectrometry, and theoretical methods are outlined. The most prominent chemical property of organomagnesium compounds is their ability to deliver an effectively ‘anionic’ organic group with nucleophilic properties. As alkylating reagents, their important reactions include nucleophilic displacement of less basic leaving groups from saturated carbon atoms or other elements, addition to carbonyl groups and other unsaturated functions, and nucleophilic substitution at the acyl group of carboxylic acid derivatives. This broad array of substrates is surveyed, as are the effects of solvents and catalysts on reactivity. Less conspicuous reactions with wholly or predominantly inorganic substrates are also considered. Electron transfer reactions where organomagnesium compounds act as reductants are discussed. Organoberyllium compounds are more difficult to prepare and are less nucleophilic than their magnesium counterparts. These features, together with their high toxicity, have limited their utility. Methods of preparation, as well as descriptions of bonding, structure, and reactivity patterns are presented. Of special note are recent advances in cyclopentadienyl beryllium chemistry, as well as the advent of beryllium–silicon chemistry. Keywords: beryllium; magnesium; organometallic; grignard; beryllocene; magnesocene; silylene; cyclopentadiene
Tunneling and Josephson Junctions

The sections in this article are 1 Metal–Insulator–Metal Tunneling 2 Alternating Current Josephson Effect 3 Magnetic-Field Effects 4 The Resistively Shunted Junction (RSJ) Model 5 Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices 6 Mixing and Detection 7 Digital Applications 8 High-Temperature Superconductor Systems 9 Three-Terminal Devices 10 Related Superconducting Devices 11 Acknowledgments
Discussion of “Stop It, You're Making Me Sick” Papers

The author, who is research director of the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-V Task Force, discusses the preceding papers on psychiatric diagnosis and homosexuality.
How, When, and Where to Use Demonstrations: Suggestions for the Practitioner

(1978). How, When, and Where to Use Demonstrations: Suggestions for the Practitioner. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 65-68.
Geometric Ergodicity and Scanning Strategies for Two-Component Gibbs Samplers

In Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis, rapid convergence of the chain to its target distribution is crucial. A chain that converges geometrically quickly is geometrically ergodic. We explore geometric ergodicity for two-component Gibbs samplers (GS) that, under a chosen scanning strategy, evolve through one-at-a-time component-wise updates. We consider three such strategies: composition, random sequence, and random scans. We show that if any one of these scans produces a geometrically ergodic GS, so too do the others. Further, we provide a simple set of sufficient conditions for the geometric ergodicity of the GS. We illustrate our results using two examples.
Government Contracting with Faith-Based Providers: An Economic Perspective

This article analyses the policy debate surrounding the possible expansion of government contracting with faith-based providers of social services, from the perspective of recent developments in the economics of contracts. It presents a non-technical introduction to the economic tools used in the study of contracts, in particular the decision faced by governments of whether to provide services in-house or to contract out to a private nonprofit organization. In particular the paper looks at the problems of monitoring the quality of service provision and ensuring fairness in the procurement process. When the analysis is applied to the question of faith-based provision, the conclusion is that monitoring the terms of the contract is less of an issue than the debates that will arise over the distribution of contracts across different faith-based organizations.
Hierarchical comparative analysis of genetic and genitalic geographical structure: testing patterns of male and female genital evolution in the scarab beetle Phyllophaga hirticula (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

It is generally accepted that genitalia are among the fastest evolving characters in insects and that selection on these structures may increase speciation rates in groups with polygamous mating systems. If selection is causing genitalic divergence between or among populations of a species, one prediction is that geographical structure of genitalic morphology would be in place before genetic structure of a rapidly evolving neutral marker. The current study tests this hypothesis in the geographically widespread scarab beetle Phyllophaga hirticula by evaluating whether standing variation in male and female genitalia is more or less geographically structured than a mitochondrial genetic marker. Geographical structure of mitochondrial (mt)DNA and male and female genitalic shape were analysed using analysis of variance, multivariate analysis of variance, Mantel tests, and tests of spatial autocorrelation. The results show that, although female genitalia are more geographically structured than mtDNA, male genitalia are not. This pattern suggests that selection on female genitalic variation may be causing divergence of these structures among populations. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 96, 135–149.
Atomistic models of vacancy-mediated dopant diffusion in silicon at high doping levels

This paper uses Monte-Carlo simulation on the silicon lattice to investigate vacancy-mediated dopant diffusion. By considering vacancy/dopant interaction potentials which extend out to third-nearest-neighbor distances as required for pair diffusion theories, we observe the very rapid increase in dopant diffusivity at concentrations above 2/spl times/10/sup 20/ cm/sup -3/ that has been observed experimentally for group IV and V atoms in silicon. We also derive an improved analytic expression for dopant diffusivity at low and moderate doping levels as a function of interaction potential that agrees with the simulation results. Further simulations verify the central role of third-nearest-neighbor interactions to vacancy-mediated diffusion in silicon. >
Anti-Leishmania Vaccine

Vaccination against cutaneous leishmaniasis has been used or tested in humans for approximately 75 years. In the Old World, deliberated inoculation of virulent organisms from the pus of an active lesion (probably L. major) in non-exposed areas of the body is an ancient practice. Promastigotes of L. major grown in culture was first used in Russia in 1937 by Lawrow and Dubowokoj as a means to effectively induce protection against natural infection (1). More recently, standardized inoculum of culture promastigotes were developed by Israeli scientists and used in several trials (2). This process known as leishmanization is still used in some countries, notably Uzbekistan (3). Leishmanization has been proven to be efficacious against Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (4). However, several basic and logistic problems have precluded the widespread use of this procedure to prevent cutaneous leishmaniasis. Some of these problems include: 1. Difficulty in standardizing the virulence of the vaccine; and 2. Side effects such as the severe and long lasting lesions that occur in many vaccinated individuals (5). Moreover, there are no evidences of the effectiveness of leishmanization against either New World tegumental leishmaniasis or against human visceral leishmaniasis.
Human Papillomavirus Induced Transformation in Cervical and Head and Neck Cancers

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most widely publicized and researched pathogenic DNA viruses. For decades, HPV research has focused on transforming viral activities in cervical cancer. During the past 15 years, however, HPV has also emerged as a major etiological agent in cancers of the head and neck, in particular squamous cell carcinoma. Even with significant strides achieved towards the screening and treatment of cervical cancer, and preventive vaccines, cervical cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths for women in developing countries. Furthermore, routine screens are not available for those at risk of head and neck cancer. The current expectation is that HPV vaccination will prevent not only cervical, but also head and neck cancers. In order to determine if previous cervical cancer models for HPV infection and transformation are directly applicable to head and neck cancer, clinical and molecular disease aspects must be carefully compared. In this review, we briefly discuss the cervical and head and neck cancer literature to highlight clinical and genomic commonalities. Differences in prognosis, staging and treatment, as well as comparisons of mutational profiles, viral integration patterns, and alterations in gene expression will be addressed.
Chemoreception and perception of the bitterness of isohumulones

Psychophysical experiments were conducted to determine whether isohumulones share a common receptor mechanism with other bitter compounds, and whether parotid saliva flow affects perception of their bitterness. Findings from a study of inter-individual differences in sensitivity to 23 sweet and/or bitter compounds among 25 subjects using the time-intensity (TI) method suggest that isohumulone and tetrahydroisohumulone may share a common receptor mechanism with other bitter compounds except those with the thiourea moiety. Isohumulone and tetrahydroisohumulone displayed a unique dome-shaped TI profile. The bitterness of the two compounds took longer to develop, but it lasted as long as for other bitter stimuli. In a study of the relation between perception of bitterness in beer and parotid saliva flow in 20 young adults, no significant difference was found among the mean saliva flows triggered by 0, 15 and 30 mg/L of isohumulones added to beer, and no significant correlation was found between saliva flow and maximum intensity or total duration of bitterness.
Searching for an Obama Doctrine: Christian Realism and the Idealist/Realist Tension in Obama's Foreign Policy

President Barack Obama entered office with a promise to change the style and substance of his predecessor’s foreign policy. This essay evaluates his efforts by identifying the key policy goals and principled underpinnings of what might be called an Obama Doctrine. I argue that Obama’s distinctive worldview, which holds idealism and realism in generative tension, is deeply rooted in Niebuhrian Christian realism yet diverges from it in important ways. I close with a brief articulation of an Obama Doctrine that reflects the president’s perspective on the proper role of American power and influence in the world.
Correlation of Multiple Peptide Mass Spectra for Phosphoprotein Identification

When collision induced dissociation is used to fragment phosphorylated peptides during tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)), an ion exhibiting the neutral loss of phosphoric acid can be the major product. The neutral loss ion can then be fragmented during MS(3) for additional resolution of the peptide sequence. Together, MS(2) and MS(3) spectral pairs can offer supporting identification of phosphorylated peptides and proteins. Here, the software program PANORAMICS has been modified to make use of Mascot results for MS(2) and MS(3) spectral data sets. For pairs, the algorithm considers the number of shared m/z peaks used for peptide assignment and then adjusts the score evaluating that a peptide was correctly matched to these spectra using a mathematical model. The algorithm then calculates peptide probabilities for paired and unpaired spectra, and deduces a probability that a protein was identified given the set of matched peptides. The output provides information useful for determining whether peptides and proteins are phosphorylated. The program can process large result files often generated by multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT).
Abstract LB-112: Increase in glutaminase (GLS1) levels through SLUG-induced repression of hsa-miR-23a in triple negative breast cancer cells.

Aggressive breast cancers of the triple negative type (TNBC) are often characterized by their high rate of proliferation and dissemination to other organs. One hallmark of this type of cancer cells is their adaptation to rely upon an altered metabolic scheme that includes changes in the glycolytic pathway, known as the Warburg effect, and elevated glutamine metabolism. Glutamine is taken up in a high rate by the proliferating cells and metabolized to provide a major source of energy and nitrogen for biosynthesis of nucleic acids. It is also used as a carbon substrate for anabolic processes in the cancer cells but the regulation of glutamine metabolism in the TNBC cells is not studied in details. Glutamine metabolism is thus implicated as a viable target for anticancer chemotherapy. Here we report that the transcriptional repressor protein SLUG, which is highly expressed in the most of the subtypes of the TNBC cells, indirectly up regulates the level of the glutaminase GLS1 through the repression of hsa-miR-23a gene. Knockdown of SLUG in the SLUG-high TNBC cells increases the hsa-miR-23a levels with subsequent decrease in the GLS1 levels. SLUG binds to the E2-box sequences at the hsa-miR-23a gene promoter and heterochromatinizes the promoter DNA through chromatin remodeling. A specific double-stranded DNA decoy against SLUG also alleviates the SLUG repression of the hsa-miR-23a gene promoter and thus decreases the glutaminase levels in the TNBC cells inhibiting the tumor cell growth. We postulate that maintenance of normal levels of GLS1 in the TNBC cells through the inhibition of the functions of SLUG will control aggressiveness and multiplication of breast tumors. Supported in parts by the DOD-CDMRP grants BC050641, BC086542 and BC103645 to GC. Citation Format: Mukul K. Mittal, Gautam Chaudhuri. Increase in glutaminase (GLS1) levels through SLUG-induced repression of hsa-miR-23a in triple negative breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-112. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-112
Mathematical ``Lower Bounds'' and the Logic Circuit Designer

The use of published theorems on least times to perform arithmetic operations as aids in optimizing logic circuit designs is discussed. An illustrative example is presented involving the optimum maximum fan-in of circuits in a binary adder.
Developing Portfolios to Evaluate Teacher Performance in Early Childhood Education

One goal of the teacher's professional portfolio is to describe the full range of abilities and document effective teaching over an extended period of time. In this article we discuss the procedure that teachers can use in developing their own portfolio assessment to help generate data for making decisions about teaching performance. The development of a teacher portfolio requires planning, time, organization and cooperation from students, colleagues, parents and supervisors. The format of the portfolio may vary from individual to individual and be based upon personal preference. Organizations and contents of the teacher portfolio are suggested. Questions and associated lists of teaching artifacts are discussed based on the authors' experiences as early childhood classroom teachers and university professors. The answers to these questions will guide the selection of activity-generated products to best represent the essence of the teacher performance.
Impact of statin therapy on survival in epithelial ovarian cancer

Abstract Objective 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, or statins, are common therapeutic agents in the management of dyslipidemias. Epidemiologic and pharmacologic data also suggest statins have an effect on cancer biology. We sought to determine the association between use of statins and epithelial ovarian cancer survival, disease progression, and clinico-pathologic factors. Methods After IRB approval, we performed a retrospective review of all patients with advanced stage (III/IV) epithelial ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer undergoing primary cytoreductive surgery by a gynecologist oncologist between 6/1996 and 6/2001. Abstracted data included statin use at time of initial cytoreductive surgery, as well as clinico-pathologic factors and survival. Statistical analysis included Fisher's exact test, Kaplan–Meier survival, and Cox regression analyses. Results 126 patients met criteria for review. Seventeen (14%) patients were undergoing concurrent statin therapy at time of initial cytoreductive surgery. Statin users were statistically older (median age 67 years, versus 60 years for non-users, p =0.002) and had a greater incidence of diabetes mellitus (18% versus 3% in non-users, p =0.03). Of the entire cohort, 21 patients (17%) were suboptimally cytoreduced after initial surgery, with residual disease >1 cm; statin use did not correlate with incidence of optimal resection ( p =0.3). Median progression-free survival for statin users was 24 months, compared to 16 months for statin non-users ( p =0.007). Similarly, overall survival was significantly longer for statin users (62 months) compared to statin non-users (46 months, p =0.04). Multivariable analysis identified statin use as an independent positive prognostic factor, after controlling for age, stage, grade, and suboptimal cytoreduction ( p =0.02). Conclusions These data indicate statin use in patients diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer is associated with improved survival, and suggest a potential suppressive impact of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on tumor biology. Studies are proposed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying these clinical observations.
What are the Channels Through Which External Debt Affects Growth

This paper investigates the channels through which debt affects growth, specifically whether debt affects growth through factor accumulation or total factor productivity growth. It also tests for the presence of nonlinearities in the effects of debt on the different sources of growth. We use a large panel dataset of 61 developing countries over the period 1969-98. Results indicate that the negative impact of high debt on growth operates both through a strong negative effect on physical capital accumulation and on total factor productivity growth. On average, for high-debt countries, doubling debt will reduce output growth by about 1 percentage point and reduce both per capita physical capital and total factor productivity growth by somewhat less than that. In terms of the contributions to growth, approximately one-third of the effect of debt on growth occurs via physical capital accumulation and two-thirds via total factor productivity growth. The results are generally robust to the use of alternative estimators to control (to different extents) for biases associated with unobserved country-specific effects and the endogeneity of several regressors, particularly the debt variables. In particular, the results are shown to be compatible with a simultaneous significant effect of growth on debt ratios, as suggested by Easterly (2001).
Characterization of deoxy- and ribo-containing oligonucleotide substrates in the hammerhead self-cleavage reaction.

Abstract Deoxynucleotides were introduced into a substrate fragment of the hammerhead RNA self-cleaving domain. A substrate lacking the 2′ hydroxyl adjacent to the cleavage site showed no detectable cleavage under a variety of reaction conditions. Competition experiments indicate that this fragment binds to the ribozyme with an affinity similar to the all RNA fragment, suggesting that the attacking 2′ hydroxyl does not substantially contribute to the binding of substrate to ribozyme. Similar competition experiments with the all DNA substrate indicate a much lower affinity for the ribozyme perhaps due to the lack of other 2′ hydroxyls. A substrate containing all deoxy residues except for a ribonucleotide at the cleavage site was also shown to be active.
Simultaneous approximation from PSI spaces

Abstract For any principal shift invariant space S(φ) generated by φ ∈ Wm2( R s), a necessary and sufficient condition is supplied for determining whether S(φ) provides simultaneous approximation order (m, k). For a certain type of φ this necessary and sufficient condition is proved to be equivalent to having some constant const so that, for all β ∈ Z s\0, |φ(· + 2 πβ)| ≤ const |·|k |φ)| on a neighborhood of the origin.
Introduction to personality-biological interactions in alcoholism: 'The Markku Linnoila Memorial Symposium'.

Although a number of specific personality disorders, including anti-social personality, passive-dependent personality, and explosive personality, have been associated with the diagnosis of alcoholism, studies of the relationship of underlying personality and/or temperament to the nature, phenomenology, psychobiology, prognosis, and treatment of alcoholism have occurred much less frequently. However, there is a growing body of evidence that core or underlying personality and temperament are important determinants of vulnerability to becoming an alcoholic and of the nature of alcoholic subtypes. Furthermore, these personality and temperament variables appear linked to biological and/or genetic mechanisms. In parallel to human studies, experiments using rodents and primates have demonstrated animal behavioural characteristics, such as impulsivity, excessive or deficient behavioural inhibition, and a tendency to explore, which appear to parallel human personality characteristics, and these characteristics may predict genetically determined excessive alcohol consumption in animals. This special section is devoted to the memory of our esteemed colleague, Dr Markku Linnoila, honouring his many contributions to the field of alcoholism research and specifically to the theme of this special section. It is derived from a symposium presented at the Ninth Congress of the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism (ISBRA), held during the period 27 June‐2 July 1998 in Copenhagen, Denmark. As a world renowned expert on serotonin, Dr Linnoila led a team that was widely recognized as the world’s leading research group investigating serotonin and behaviour. His work was particularly focused on the relationship between serotonin and personality and he published numerous papers showing a relationship between the two. His 1983 landmark research paper investigating serotonin, fire-setting, and violence, bridged three disparate research fields: suicide, alcoholism, and aggression, and showed that the common link between these serotonin-mediated psychopathologies was impulsivity. While pursuing cutting-edge research with scientists in his homeland of Finland, where he was able to investigate the biological correlates of personality in violent offenders and alcoholics, he forged a relationship with those who were investigating non-human primate personality, leading to the first comprehensive non-human primate model linking serotonin and psychopathology. This model has been instrumental in understanding the biological and psychosocial correlates of Type 2-like excessive alcohol consumption. In this special section, we explore the interface
Laser microsurgery for two-photon imaging in fruit flies

We demonstrate precise, minimally invasive, laser microsurgery of the fruit fly cuticle for in vivo brain imaging. Following surgery, flies behave normally, as determined by their phototaxis. We recorded odor-evoked calcium transients with 60% ΔF/F.
5-HT1A agonists disrupt memory of fear conditioning in mice

A series of experiments was carried out to analyze the effects of the 5-HT1A agonists tandospirone or buspirone on the retention of fear conditioning in mice. Fear was produced by pairing tone and shock in a conditioned emotional response (CER) paradigm and strength of conditioning was assessed by measuring suppression of drinking in presence of tone. Fear conditioning was disrupted if tandospirone and buspirone were administered before the conditioning session but not before the test trial. Diazepam disrupted conditioning at both times. Tandospirone did not disrupt performance if conditioning was tested 1 hr rather than 24 hr after training, suggesting that disrupted memory rather than impaired acquisition was responsible for the deficit. The effect of tandospirone on fear conditioning could be reversed by administration of d-amphetamine prior to the retention test, which suggests that information was stored but is inaccessible to normal retrieval cues. Tandospirone and buspirone also retarded extinction, a clear indication that the disruption caused by these drugs is unrelated to their anxiolytic action.
Thermal ecology of Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): a new mechanism of behavioral thermoregulation

I document a new mechanism for behavioral thermoregulation, not previously described in animals, called reflectance basking. This behavior, described here for Pieris butterflies, involves the use of the wings as solar reflectors that reflect solar radiation onto the body to increase body temperature. Results show that Pieris require thoracic (body) temperature. between 29° and 40° C in order to take off and fly, and achieve these elevated temperatures by basking. Diurnal patterns of population flight activity are closely correlated with patterns of body temperature during basking. Behavioral studies indicate that 1) Pieris orient to solar radiation, 2) they use thermoregulatory postures consistent with reflectance basking, and 3) they do not use the basking postures found in other Pierid butterflies (i.e., the Coliadinae). There are consistent differences in wing angles used in reflectance basking between Pieris in different subgenera. Results are discussed with respect to thermoregulation and wing color in other Pierid butterflies, and suggest that a re-evaluation of the functional significance of melanization in Pieris is needed.
The Location of the Shoe Industry in the United States

The theory of industrial location, 254.— Preliminary deductions in the case of the shoe industry, 255.— History of the distribution of the industry. Period 1630–1760: non-localized hand work, 257.— Period 1760–1860: localization of the hand industry, relation of railroads to factors of transportation and labor cost, 259.— Period 1860–1900: effect of mechanization, shifts in the tanning industry, changes in financing; equalization of regional advantages, 264.— Period since 1900: rapid style changes, foreign markets, labor organization, 269.— Outlook for the future, 273.— The theory in the light of experience in the shoe industry, 274.
Health Service Regionalization in New Brunswick, Canada: A Bold Move

New Brunswick moved swiftly in 1992 to regionalize hospital and physician services along with the reform and expansion of other health care services. The dissolution of 51 hospital and community health services center boards and the establishment of eight region hospital corporations to oversee services in the seven health regions set the tone for regionalization in the province. The plan provides the flexibility to meet specific regional needs. The initial regionalization of hospital services was followed by the determination of the appropriate number, mix, and distribution of physician resources for each region, also to be managed by the region hospital corporation. The provincial government's central role not only guides the regions, but also uses incentives and disincentives to ensure that regional goals are.met. While regionalization is not new and some components of the New Brunswick plan have been used elsewhere, the effort offers an integrated model for the regionalization of hospital and physician services, with the expansion of complementary services.
VERTEBRAL OSTEOSCLEROSIS IN A CAT SECONDARY TO RHABDOMYOSARCOMA

A 5–year–old cat was presented for pelvic limb weakness. Sclerosis of the vertebral body of T–10 was visible on thoracic radiographs. A compressive lesion at this area was noted on myelography. A tumor was partially removed at surgery, but the cat was killed because of poor postoperative response. Rhabdomyosarcoma was diagnosed at necropsy, with bone marrow necrosis and myelofibrosis, and new bone proliferation of the body of T–10. Causes of bone necrosis are discussed.
The effects of coenzyme a and carnitine on steady-state ATP/ADP ratios and the rate of long-chain free fatty acid oxidation in liver mitochondria

1. Conditions for the optimal coupled oxidation by rat liver mitochondria of long-chain free fatty acids were defined. The fatty acids studied were in the omega9 series: oleic (18 : 1), gondoic (20 : 1) and erucic (22 : 1) acids. Carnitine (about 0.1 mM) maximally stimulated State 3 respiration due to oleic and gondoic acids about three-fold (coenzyme A present), and coenzyme A (10--20 micrometer) stimulated about two-fold (carnitine present). When neither coenzyme A nor carnitine was added, respiration was very slow. 2. When respiration was limited by ADP, concentrations of added CoA only slightly in excess of that required for fatty acid oxidation very significantly decreased the ATP/ADP ratio maintained at a given rate of respiration imposed by externally added ATPase, and increased the level of membrane-associated acyl-CoA. This effect was most pronounced with oleic acid, and least with erucic acid. When excess ADP was present, higher concentrations of added coenzyme A (50--200 micrometer) inhibited to oxidation of oleic acid in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas the oxidation of substrates other than fatty acids was essentially unaffected. 3. It is concluded that, in addition to its requirement for fatty acid oxidation, coenzyme A exerts two independent effects on mitochondrial metabolism as here determined in vitro: (a) under conditions mimicking those in the intact cell with respect to phosphorylation-dependent respiration (ADP limiting), acyl-CoA formed from added coenzyme A and fatty acid inhibits the adenine nucleotide translocase, resulting in a lowering in the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio obtained at any given rate of phosphorylation-limited respiration, and (b) under State 3 conditions (ADP in excess) coenzyme A ( less than 50--200 micrometer) specifically suppresses oxidation of long-chain fatty acids by limiting the rate of formation of intramitochondrial acyl-CoA.
Enteropathogenicity: recent developments.

Recent studies have added important new information to our understanding of the pathogenesis and ethiology of diarrheal disease.Vibrio cholerae produces a heat-labile enterotoxin, affecting cyclic AMP. A very similar heat-labile enterotoxin is produced also by certain strains ofEscherichia coli, as well as byCitrobacter, Klebsiella, andAeromonas. E. coli may also produce a heat-stable enterotoxin, stimulating guanylate cyclase activity. In order to produce the pathologic effects,E. coli first attaches to epithelial cells of the intestinal tract by means of pili or surface antigens. Enterotoxin can be demonstrated by both in vivo and in vitro tests, but none are yet suitable for routine diagnostic laboratories. A third mechanism wherebyE. coli causes diarrheal disease consists of enteroinvasiveness.Campylobacter, Yersinia, andClostridium difficile have been added to the list of enteric pathogens of man.
Development of an adaptive disturbance rejection system for the rapidly deployable stable platform–part 1: Mathematical modeling and open loop response

Abstract A Rapidly Deployable Stable Platform (RDSP) concept was investigated at Florida Atlantic University in response to military and civilian needs for ocean platforms with improved sea-keeping characteristics. The RDSP is designed to have enhanced sea-keeping abilities through the combination of a novel hull and thruster design coupled with active control. The RDSP is comprised of a catamaran that attaches via a hinge to a spar, enabling it to transit like a trimaran and then reconfigure so that the spar lifts the catamaran out of the water, creating a stable spar platform. The focus of this research is the mathematical modeling, simulation, and response characterization of the RDSP to provide a foundation for controller design, testing, and tuning. The mathematical model includes a detailed representation of residual drag, friction drag, added mass, hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure, and control actuator dynamics. Validation has been performed by comparing the simulation predicted motions of the RDSP operating in waves to the measured motions of the 1/10th scale prototype measured at sea. Resulting from this paper is an empirical assessment of the response characteristics of the RDSP that quantifies the performance under extreme conditions and provides a solid basis for controller development and testing.
Base-heating measurements on Apollo Block II command module

where £ is the time into flight, p is the solar pressure on a unit area of perfectly absorbing surface normal to the incident radiation, d and I are boom diameter and length, 8(t) is the fraction of the time spent in the sunlight. The symbols a and /3 denote the coefficients of absorbtivity and reflectivity of the boom, co(0 the satellite spin rate, T the boom thermal time constant, and \(t) = pu(t)H/B, where p and B are the mass density (per unit length) and flexural stiffness of the boom. The spin axis attitude enters via /i, /2, and fa which are functions of the angle between the spin axis and the solar vector, 6(t). Specifically,
Nutrient Regeneration by Zooplankton in Southern Lake Huron

Rates of nutrient regeneration by zooplankton (μmol/mg dry wt/hr) in southern Lake Huron from April to August 1975 ranged from undetectable to 2.6 for total phosphorus (TP), undetectable to 0.8 for total soluble phosphorus (TSP), undetectable to 0.12 for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), undetectable to 0.97 for ammonia (NH3), undetectable to 3.8 for nitrate plus nitrite (NO3 + NO2), and undetectable to 2.9 for silica (SiO2). Two diel experiments were conducted. Times of highest rates of regeneration varied for the different nutrients on these dates. Using the average concentration of zooplankton in the surface waters during this study, the calculated average concentration of nutrients regenerated by zooplankton was 0.012 μmol P/L/ hr for TP, 0.0046 μmol P/L/ hr for TSP, 0.0016 μmol P/L/ hr for SRP, 0.0146 μmol N/L/ hr for NH3, 0.043 μmol N/L/ hr for NO3 + NO2, and 0.058 μmol Si/L/ hr for SiO2. The contribution of nutrient regeneration by zooplankton to the turnover time of the various nutrients in the surface waters was calculated to be 212 hr for TP, 239 hr for TSP, 69 hr for SRP, 62 hr for NH3, 505 hr for NO3 + NO2, and 531 hr for SiO2. Although the turnover time for most of these nutrients is fairly slow, the nutrient pools for SRP and NH3 are replenished in less than 70 hr by nutrient regeneration. Zooplankton therefore appear to play a significant role in the cycling of SRP and NH3 in southern Lake Huron.
Changing Patterns of Relative State Economic Growth Over Time: Limitations On Cross-Sectional Tests of Olson's Thesis

The interaction between politics and economics has recently generated renewed interest among social scientists. In an important and provocative work rising out of this emerging literature, Mancur Olson (1982) proposes an "organized interests" theory of economic growth, which suggests that the magnitude and strength of interest organization within political systems is likely to result in the adoption of inefficient economic policies and, subsequently, declining levels of economic growth. Organized interests, suggests Olson, have greater influence than unorganized interests on policymaking, and utilize that influence in pressuring the political system to adopt policies that provide exclusive benefits to their members. Because such policies often involve the inefficient allocation of societal resources, the components of the economy under the control of the governmental system (through its economic policies) are likely to grow at a slower rate than the part of the economy determined by the private market. Olson's work has spawned an extensive body of research purporting to test his organized interests theory, much of which has been conducted using data from the American states (Gray and Lowery 1988; Ambrosius 1985; Brace and Dudley 1985; Brace and Dudley forthcoming; Brace 1988, 1989; Choi 1979, 1983; Dye 1980; Olson 1982; Brace, Cohen, Gray, and Lowery 1989). For the most part, scholars testing Olson's framework in the American states have found moderately strong levels of empirical support for the model, though this finding of support is by no means universal (e.g., Gray and Lowery 1988). With only a few exceptions (cf. Brace 1989), empirical tests of Olson's thesis in the American states have relied on cross-sectional
Host and parasite diversity jointly control disease risk in complex communities.

Host–parasite interactions are embedded within complex communities composed of multiple host species and a cryptic assemblage of other parasites. To date, however, surprisingly few studies have explored the joint effects of host and parasite richness on disease risk, despite growing interest in the diversity–disease relationship. Here, we combined field surveys and mechanistic experiments to test how transmission of the virulent trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae was affected by the diversity of both amphibian hosts and coinfecting parasites. Within natural wetlands, host and parasite species richness correlated positively, consistent with theoretical predictions. Among sites that supported Ribeiroia, however, host and parasite richness interacted to negatively affect Ribeiroia transmission between its snail and amphibian hosts, particularly in species-poor assemblages. In laboratory and outdoor experiments designed to decouple the relative contributions of host and parasite diversity, increases in host richness decreased Ribeiroia infection by 11–65%. Host richness also tended to decrease total infections by other parasite species (four of six instances), such that more diverse host assemblages exhibited ∼40% fewer infections overall. Importantly, parasite richness further reduced both per capita and total Ribeiroia infection by 15–20%, possibly owing to intrahost competition among coinfecting species. These findings provide evidence that parasitic and free-living diversity jointly regulate disease risk, help to resolve apparent contradictions in the diversity–disease relationship, and emphasize the challenges of integrating research on coinfection and host heterogeneity to develop a community ecology-based approach to infectious diseases.
Restoration of sympathetic noradrenergic nerve fibers in the spleen by low doses of L-deprenyl treatment in young sympathectomized and old Fischer 344 rats.

It is well-established that noradrenergic (NA) nerve fibers in spleen and lymph nodes influence cell-mediated immune responses. Such responses are diminished in young animals following chemical sympathectomy and in older animals accompanying an age-related decline in NA nerve fibers in spleen and lymph nodes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether treatment with deprenyl, an irreversible monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor, would hasten the process of splenic NA reinnervation following chemical sympathectomy in young rats and would reverse the age-related loss of sympathetic NA fibers in the spleen of old rats. To examine the effects of deprenyl in young sympathectomized rats, 3-month-old male Fischer 344 (F344) rats were treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and administered 0, 0.25, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 mg deprenyl/kg body weight (BW)/day intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 1, 15, or 30 days. In another study, 21-month-old male F344 rats were treated with 0, 0.25, or 1.0 mg deprenyl/kg BW/day i.p. for 9 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, spleens were removed and NA innervation was assessed by fluorescence histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and quantitation of norepinephrine (NE) by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). In the spleens of young sympathectomized rats, there was faint fluorescence or absence of fluorescence and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) fibers around the central arteriole and in the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath of the white pulp one day after administration of 6-OHDA, indicating a severe loss of NA innervation compared with unlesioned control animals. Treatment of sympathectomized rats with 1.0 mg, 2.5 mg, and 5.0 mg/kg deprenyl for 30 days increased the density of NA innervation estimated by both fluorescence histochemistry and immunocytochemistry compared with vehicle-treated controls recovering spontaneously from 6-OHDA. Splenic NE concentration was increased in the hilar region of sympathectomized rats treated with 2.5 mg and 1.0 mg/kg deprenyl after 15 and 30 days, respectively, compared with untreated and vehicle-treated sympathectomized rats. The spleens of untreated and saline-treated old rats showed a reduction in the density of NA innervation in the white pulp compared with young animals. Treatment of old rats for 9 weeks with 1.0 mg/kg deprenyl induced moderate to intense fluorescent fibers and linear TH+ nerve fibers around the central arteriole and in other compartments of the white pulp, and increased splenic NE concentration in the hilar region and NE content in the whole spleen. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence for a neurorestorative property of deprenyl on sympathetic NA innervation of the spleen, which may lead to an improvement in cell-mediated immune responses.
Convective boiling in a rod bundle: transverse variation of vapor superheat temperature under stabilized post-CHF conditions

Abstract Transverse variations of vapor superheat temperatures across a rod bundle are measured for convective boiling of water in the post-CHF regime. Significant differences in superheat (up to 120°C) are observed across the flow subchannels. The steepness of this transverse superheat profile decreases with increasing vapor Reynolds number.
Update in Injection Sclerotherapy of Esophageal Varices

Injection sclerotherapy has recently become a first-line treatment modality for bleeding varices of the esophagus. In this report the technique and complications, as well as the results of controlled and uncontrolled studies, are reviewed and discussed.
Electrochemical Studies of the LiFePO4 Thin Films Prepared with Pulsed Laser Deposition

Thin films of LiFePO 4 have been prepared on stainless steel substrates with pulsed laser deposition utilizing an Ar atmosphere. Raman spectral analysis revealed the presence of carbon in the films, even though the targets contained less than a few percent residual carbon. The Raman spectra also suggest the presence of iron oxide species on the surface of the film. Though the film morphology became rough with cycling and thicker films were cleaved; the films showed good stability on cycling. The 75-nm-thick film prepared with a carbon-containing target showed a reversible cycling of more than 90 mAh/g for 60 cycles. The use of the low-carbon (<1 wt %), green-colored target significantly lowered the carbon content of the LiFePO 4 film. The low-carbon films cycled stable at moderate current density but with lower capacities such as 80 and 51 mAh/g for the 75 and 335-nm films, respectively. Film capacity and crystallinity improved significantly when the pulsed-laser-deposited target-substrate distance was reduced to less than 5 cm. The 156-nm-thick film produced in this way showed a layered texture in surface morphology and delivered more than 120 mAh/g, keeping its particle morphology on cycling. The excellent capacity retention, despite low-carbon content, can be attributed in part to the enhanced conductivity derived from the excellent adherence between pulsed-laser-deposited film and the substrate.
Unconformity Detection and Characterization Using 3-D, 3-C Surface Seismic Data, Joffre Field, Alberta, Canada

Summary A 3-D, three-component (3-C) seismic data survey is acquired over Joffre Field area, Alberta, Canada, as part of the Reservoir Characterization Project (RCP) at Colorado School of Mines (CSM). This study demonstrates the importance of utilizing the 3-D, 3-C data volumes to identify and characterize the top of the Paleozoic unconformity that exists in the Joffre Field area. In the interval of interest, the unconformity is better imaged in the compressional (P)-wave data than the S-wave data. The shearwave volumes and the rotation analysis, on the other hand, provided spatial distribution of fractures. Additionally, amplitude anomalies and velocity ratios (Vp/Vs) support the presence of the unconformity, and they identify lateral heterogeneity across the intervals of interest. The identification of the Mississippian unconformity has significant implications for identifying new prospects for hydrocarbon reservoir within the Joffre Field.
Melnikov's method at a saddle-node and the dynamics of the forced josephson junction

A Version of Melnikov’s method is developed for time-periodic perturbations of a planar vector field having a separatrix loop at a saddle-node. The method is applied to the forced pendulum, or Josephson junction, equation $\beta \ddot \phi + \dot \phi + \sin \phi = \rho + \varepsilon \sin \omega t$.
Lactogenesis in Explant Cultures of Mammary Tissue from Pregnant Cows

The hormonal requirements for lactogenesis were investigated using explant cultures of mammary tissue obtained from cows at 30–40 days prepartum. Hormones used were insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin, and parameters examined were radioactive acetate incorporation into fatty acids, secretory response ratings, and histological and ultrastructural analysis. Data indicated that insulin was essential for mammary epithelial cell survival, but insulin alone did not result in the initiation of milk synthesis. The culture of explants in a medium containing insulin plus hydrocortisone resulted in alterations in the cytology of alveolar cells but no induction of milk synthesis. Biosynthesis results and secretory response ratings indicated that the initiation ofmilk synthesis occurred when explants were cultured in insulin and prolactin; however, synthesis was limited and alveolar integrity was not well maintained. Results from all parameters demonstrated that the maximal lactogenic response was obtained when the...
Nitro derivatives of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne and source particulate matter

Abstract The concentrations of 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene were measured in a variety of airborne and source particulate samples and appeared to be correlated with the mutagenicity ( Salmonella TA-98, direct-acting). Data available are insufficient to allow source allocation for these compounds in the atmosphere.