cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating biomarkers into clinical decision making for colorectal cancer.

Abstract The advent of pharmacogenetics and its underlying concept that disparities in drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity are determined by the genetic makeup of an individual has birthed the concept and promise of ‘tailored medicine.' One such facet of medicine that serves to benefit greatly from this tailored approach is the implementation of chemotherapy in cancer treatment. The past decade has witnessed significant advances in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC); however, tumor drug resistance remains a major obstacle in CRC treatment, and many patients do not receive any clinical benefit from chemotherapy. In addition, a significant patient population will experience adverse reactions to treatment, resulting in dose reductions or chemotherapy withdrawal, which can severely affect treatment efficacy. In light of these considerable challenges, significant research efforts are currently under way to identify reliable and validated biomarkers with the power to guide the clinician in deciding when to implement chemotherapy and which strategy is likely to have the greatest clinical impact with minimal toxicities. However, current biomarkers for CRC are few, and the search for reliable biomarkers has turned out to be more challenging than previously anticipated, with much disparity in the published literature. Recent progress in the identification of biomarkers to the anti–epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies in the form of KRAS and possibly BRAF provide hope that the goal of individualized treatment is within reach. This review seeks to highlight and discuss current progress in the search for biomarkers, the challenges presented, and the future direction of biomarker-driven CRC treatment.
Spatial and Seasonal Variability of Dissolved Methylmercury in Two Stream Basins in the Eastern United States

We assessed methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations across multiple ecological scales in the Edisto (South Carolina) and Upper Hudson (New York) River basins. Out-of-channel wetland/floodplain environm...
Viscous heat generation in slit flow

The onset of significant departure from isothermality caused by viscous energy dissipation in flow through a slit is determined for isothermal and adiabatic walls. A series solution of the energy equation enables calculation of dimensionless profiles for any power law fluid. Such solutions provide useful standards for judging performances of numerical schemes for solving complex nonisothermal flows.
Particle characterization for angularity and the effects of particle size and angularity on erosion in a fluidized bed environment

Abstract A number of parameters for characterizing the angularity of particles have been proposed in the literature. These parameters serve as good indicators of irregularity as opposed to roundness, but fail to provide a good measure of angularity. The relevant parameter in erosion is angularity and not irregularity. In this work, a new parameter for characterizing the angularity of particles is proposed. It takes into account the sharpness of particle corners and the probability of these corners contacting the target surface. The particles of SiO 2 , gamet, Al 2 O 3 and SiC are characterized for angularity in terms of this parameter and compared with other measures, P 2 A and W L , where P , A , W and L denote the perimeter, area, width and length of the particle, respectively. It is found that the new parameter provides the characterization for angularity even where the other measures fail. In addition to the above, the effect of particle angularity and size on the erosion of 1020 HR steel in a fluidized bed atmosphere at 500 °C and 5 m s −1 impingement velocity is studied. It was found that the erosion rate increases with increases in both particle angularity and size. The erosion features have been studied as a function of these variables and the erosion mechanisms are discussed.
Failure of Bacteroides gingivalis W83 to accumulate bound C3 following opsonization with serum

Our previous studies have demonstrated that strains of Bacteroides gingivalis are capable of proteolytic degradation and inactivation of complement proteins including the third component of complement C3. Since a crucial step in the ability of complement to control bacterial infections is the binding of C3 fragments to the bacterial surface with subsequent enhancement of phagocytosis, further examination of the importance of the proteolytic capacity of Bacteroides in interactions with complement proteins was carried out by quantitating the amount of C3 bound to two proteolytic Bacteroides gingivalis strains. Pooled normal human serum (NHS) containing 125I-C3 was incubated with strains of B. gingivalis (W83 and ATCC 33277) and the non-proteolytic pathogen A. actinomycetemcomitans strain Y4, and samples of the reaction mixtures were removed at various time intervals for determination of bound C3. B. gingivalis 33277 bound only half the number of C3 molecules as did A. actinomycetemcomitans, while B. gingivalis W83 bound very little C3. A large increase in the number of C3 molecules bound to B. gingivalis W83 was noted in assays carried out in the presence of the protease inhibitor TLCK, indicating that bacterial proteases may be responsible for the lack of binding of C3 to strain W83. TLCK treatment modestly increased the accumulation of C3 on strain 33277, but had no effect on A. actinomycetemcomitans. Analysis of 125I-C3 in supernatants from reaction mixtures of strain 33277, W83, or a proteolytic strain of B. intermedius demonstrated no qualitative differences in the C3 fragments amongst the tested strains or in the presence or absence of TLCK. However, elution of the bound C3 fragments from the B. gingivalis strains following treatment with TLCK and analysis by autoradiography revealed that the majority of C3 fragments bound by both strains in the presence of TLCK was in the form of C3b or iC3b. Therefore, B. gingivalis W83 fails to accumulate C3 during opsonization by serum due to its proteolytic capacity.
Brain gray matter phenotypes across the psychosis dimension

This study sought to examine whole brain and regional gray matter (GM) phenotypes across the schizophrenia (SZ)–bipolar disorder psychosis dimension using voxel-based morphometry (VBM 8.0 with DARTEL segmentation/normalization) and semi-automated regional parcellation, FreeSurfer (FS 4.3.1/64 bit). 3T T1 MPRAGE images were acquired from 19 volunteers with schizophrenia (SZ), 16 with schizoaffective disorder (SAD), 17 with psychotic bipolar I disorder (BD-P) and 10 healthy controls (HC). Contrasted with HC, SZ showed extensive cortical GM reductions, most pronounced in fronto-temporal regions; SAD had GM reductions overlapping with SZ, albeit less extensive; and BD-P demonstrated no GM differences from HC. Within the psychosis dimension, BD-P showed larger volumes in fronto-temporal and other cortical/subcortical regions compared with SZ, whereas SAD showed intermediate GM volumes. The two volumetric methodologies, VBM and FS, revealed highly overlapping results for cortical GM, but partially divergent results for subcortical volumes (basal ganglia, amygdala). Overall, these findings suggest that individuals across the psychosis dimension show both overlapping and unique GM phenotypes: decreased GM, predominantly in fronto-temporal regions, is characteristic of SZ but not of psychotic BD-P, whereas SAD display GM deficits overlapping with SZ, albeit less extensive.
Inconsistent handedness and saccade execution benefit face memory without affecting interhemispheric interaction.

Individuals who consistently use their dominant hand for most tasks exhibit poorer memory than individuals whose handedness is relatively inconsistent, but consistent-handers’ memory can be enhanced by making repetitive saccadic eye movements before attempting retrieval. One account of these effects is that inconsistent handedness and saccade execution are associated with increased interhemispheric interaction, which putatively facilitates retrieval. We tested this account by having participants classify faces as famous or novel. Faces were presented in the left and right visual fields simultaneously (bilaterally) or in one field only (unilaterally). As in prior studies, famous faces were classified more quickly and more accurately given bilateral presentation, but novel faces were not. These bilateral gain effects indicate that interhemispheric interaction specifically facilitates famous-face recognition, and therefore larger gains may reflect greater interhemispheric interaction. However, neither incons...
Education in the United States: Is it a Black Problem?*

This review sheds light on John Ogbu’s, Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: A study of academic disengagement. Although Ogbu offers empirical evidence to make a compelling case about Black middle-class students cultural attitudes toward academics to explain the Black–White achievement gap, this study is replete with several limitations—deficit-oriented thinking, unsound methodology, coupled with a failure to properly consider the interaction of identity formation, culture, and history; the authors highlight these shortcomings in the review.
On the Institutionalization of Sociology in the United States

(1973). On the Institutionalization of Sociology in the United States. Sociological Focus: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. i-xxvi.
Pancreas: healing response in critical illness.

ObjectiveThe pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis represents a diverse mix of congenital, hereditary, and acquired problems associated with or causing acute pancreatic inflammation. Acute pancreatitis is characterized by acinar cell injury that may involve regional and systemic inflammatory respons
Edge effects on the order and freezing of a 2D array of block copolymer spheres.

The order in a single layer of spherical domains of a block copolymer melt is investigated as a function of distance from the edges of the $15\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ wide, 30 nm deep wells that confine it along a substrate. At 255 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the edge induces the formation of a hexatic phase whose orientational and translational order decreases slowly away from the edge until in the center of the well the block copolymer spheres have liquidlike order.
Distortions in circular dichroism patterns of particulate (or membranous) systems

Abstract Two sources are proposed for the distortion of circular dichroism patterns of particulate systems. One is the absorption flattening of Duysens and the second, for which equations are derived, is a dispersion distortion due to light scattering. Both result in wavelength-dependent decreases in the number of absorbing units. As such the Kronig-Kramers transforms which relate circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion are valid and shifts and decreases in magnitude observed with one physical measurement will be reflected in the other. The Duysens absorption flattening results in maximum damping at the wavelength of the absorption peak. The dispersion distortion results in maximum damping at positions defined by the half-width of the absorption band in accord with anomalous dispersion in absorption regions. In terms of polypeptide circular dichroism this results in greatest damping of ellipticity near 208 mμ. When these wavelength-dependent effects are applied to the circular dichroism pattern of helical poly-γ-methyl- l -glutamate the circular dichroism curve characteristic of membranes is obtained. Thus the red shift and decreased magnitude of membrane CD curves are in part the result of the particulate nature of a system wherein about half of the polypeptide exhibits the features of an α-helix.
Determination of acid hydrolases in human platelets.

Abstract Most acid hydrolases in platelets are determined by methods developed for other tissues. Therefore, we have established the optimal conditions for the measurements of 13 acid glycosidases, aryl phosphatase, aryl sulfatase, and β-glycerophosphatase in crude and dialyzed lysates of human platelets. The substrates used were the glycosides, phosphates and sulfates of p-nitrophenol and 4-methylumbelliferone, phenolphthalein-β-glucuronide, p-nitrocatechol sulfate and β-glycerophosphate. The pH optimum for each enzyme activity did not depend on the type of substrate, whereas Km and V could vary as much as 100-fold. For most of the acid hydrolases, V was higher than the enzyme level determined in the usual way, with the highest substrate concentration obtainable, because this concentration was close to Km. The possible existence of low molecular weight enzyme inhibitors in the lysates was tested by comparing Km at two different lysate concentrations and by comparing the enzyme level in crude lysate with that obtained after dialysis. Only inhibitors for α- and β-galactosidase and aryl sulfatase were found. α-Glucosidase had two pH optima, one at pH 4.1 and the other at 6.0. p-Nitrocatechol sulfatase had a nonlinear time course, similar to the enzyme present in liver. Where possible, Km and V were determined in both citrate-phosphate and acetate buffers, and differences were found for β-fucosidase, α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and α-mannosidase. The sensitivity and accuracy of the fluorophor-based assays with 4-methylumbelliferone-containing substrates were markedly better than the chromophore-based assays. In contrast, the determination of β-glycerophosphatase was particularly inaccurate due to formation of large amounts of phosphate from endogenous sources in the lysates. The following acid hydrolases activities were found in human platelet lysates (listed in descending order of total levels): Aryl phosphatase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, α-mannosidase, aryl sulfatase (p-nitrocatechol substrate), α-arabinosidase, β-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, α-galactosidase, α-fucosidase, β-fucosidase, β-glucosidase, and α-glucosidase (pH 4.1). β-Cellubiosidase and α-xylosidase were not present in the lysates.
On the Generalized Network Sharing bound and edge-cut bounds for network coding

We consider sum-rate edge-cut bounds on network coding rates for the multiple unicast problem. We first show that the Generalized Network Sharing (GNS) bound is equivalent to a functional dependence bound in the literature. After defining a notion of profile of an edge-cut, we show that the only profiles for which, every edge-cut with the said profile leads to a fundamental bound on network coding rates, are the so-called GNS profiles and further, we quantify with a tight constant factor, the amount by which network coding can potentially beat edge-cuts associated with other profiles. Finally, we show that the problem of computing the GNS bound is NP-complete, even for two-unicast networks.
Divergent Selection for Mature Body Weight in Dwarf White Leghorns 1. Growth and Reproductive Responses to Selection

Abstract Genetic selection for high (H) and low (L) 20-week body weight (BW) in dwarf White Leghorns was practiced for three generations. The base population was the Oregon State University dwarf Leghorn population (C) selected previously for part year hen-housed egg production (EP), early sexual maturity (SM), and large initial egg weight (EW). Asymmetry of response was observed in both sexes. Realized heritabilities for 20-week BW for H and L males were .49 and .36 and for H and L females were .45 and .79, respectively. Twenty-week BW of the 3rd generation H and L line females were 1.48 and .80 kg, respectively, compared to 1.13 kg for the C line. Similar weights for the males were 1.74, .97, and 1.27 kg for the H, L, and C line, respectively. The H and L lines diverged significantly in 10, 20, 40, and 60-week BW, SM, and EW after one generation of selection and the divergence continued through the third generation. The EP and egg specific gravity did not differ among lines. The C line was intermediate to the selected lines for all traits except EP. The EW at 35 and 60 weeks differed between the H and L lines by 10 g at generation 3 and SM was 149 and 157 days for the H and L lines, respectively.
Edge cracks in stiffened plates

Abstract An analytical method for the determination of stress intensity factors in two-dimensional plane elastostatic problems is extended for the parametric study of edge cracks in stiffened panels. Two problems are studied: the case of a cracked panel reinforced with stringers and the case of two panels, connected by rivets, one of which contains a crack. The loading in each problem is uniform tensile stress applied normal to the crack plane. A parametric investigation of these problems is to discover the influence of geometric factors on the strength of the panels. The results show that the influence depends on the crack tip location relative to the reinforcement. The results for some examples are also compared with finite element calculations.
Source monitoring improvement in patients with schizophrenia receiving antipsychotic medications

Rationale The absence of a relationship between cognitive deficit treatment response and positive symptom treatment response is often assumed, and few data have shed light on this issue. Most of these data have been collected using standard neuropsychological measures, which are ill-designed to assess the types of neurocognitive disturbances associated with psychotic symptoms. This study investigates the effect of treatment on source monitoring performance and its relation to the reduction of certain psychotic symptoms associated with the inability to identify self-generated mental events, known as "autonoetic agnosia".
Agricultural health in The Gambia II: A systematic survey of safety and injuries in production agriculture

This study was undertaken to provide baseline information on the injuries and health and safety conditions in Gambian agriculture. The objective was to produce information to guide the formulation of an agricultural health and safety policy for the country, future investigations, prevention and surveillance of the adverse health effects in agriculture. A cross-sectional survey of 20 farmers, 20 nurses, and 20 agricultural extension workers was conducted in the Central and Upper River Divisions of The Gambia. The survey was implemented by the means of questionnaires, walk-through survey and hazard checklist. Seventy percent of farms reported an injury during the past year. Major sources and contributing factors for the injuries were characterized. Predisposing factors to the injuries were climatic conditions, working in static positions, bending and twisting and carrying heavy objects. Cuts and lacerations were identified as the commonest injury types and the most common sources were hand tools (hand hoe, cutlass, axe and knife) and animal-powered carts. A workshop for the major stake holders in the country's agriculture was also held to identify problems and possible solutions for health promotion of Gambian farmers.
Resilience: A Dynamic Perspective

Identifying characteristics that distinguish youth who achieve adaptive outcomes in the face of adversity from those who do not has furthered our understanding of developmental psychopathology. How...
Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists in Children with Inattention, Hyperactivity and Impulsiveness

Although originally developed for the treatment of hypertension, α2-agonists have been used to treat Tourette’s syndrome, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental disorders and substance abuse for nearly three decades. Based on studies of clonidine, α2-agonists were presumed to reduce arousal by decreasing the firing of noradrenaline neurons in locus ceruleus. Accumulated preclinical evidence indicates that guanfacine has features in common with clonidine, in addition to other pharmacological effects. Clonidine binds to the three subtypes of α2-receptors, A, B and C, whereas guanfacine binds more selectively to α2A-receptors, which appears to enhance prefrontal function. Several reports on the use of the α2-agonists show improvements in children with ADHD and improvements in hyperactivity, impulsiveness and inattention in children with tic disorders and pervasive developmental disorders. Both clonidine and guanfacine are associated with sedation, fatigue and somnolence. Reductions in heart rate and blood pressure are modest and rarely lead to discontinuation of treatment across these trials.
Target set reachability criteria for dynamical systems described by inaccurate models

S is taken to be a dynamical system (described by Banach space operators) whose outputy we wish to regulate. The structural complexity ofS (nonlinearities, distributed parameters, etc.) forces us to design a controller forS using an approximate modelM ofS. A convex error bound ϑ describes the accuracy of the approximation ofS byM.
Transition-Focused Education: Foundation for the Future

In response to information regarding students’ postschool outcomes, the past 15 years have reflected an increased focus on improving transition education and services for youth with disabilities. Three specific initiatives characterize this development: (a) federal special education and disability legislation; (b) federal, state, and local investment in transition services development; and (c) effective transition practices research. Outcomes of these initiatives include (a) an expanded perspective concerning transition education and services and (b) identification of practices that apply this perspective to individual student needs. The authors describe effective transition practices in five areas: student-focused planning, student development, interagency collaboration, family involvement, and program structures. Developing specific interventions and service arrays for individual students within each of the transition practice areas is essential for postschool success.
Integration of organ systems in avian osmoregulation

In birds, the kidney does not function as the sole organ of osmoregulation, as it does in mammals. The urine of birds, at a relatively low osmotic potential, enters the terminal portion of the gastrointestinal tract and is moved by a reverse peristalsis into the colon. In the colon, the urine comes in contact with epithelial tissues that modify its composition. If the osmotic potential of the urine exceeds the plasma osmolality by more than 200 mOsm/Kg H2O, refluxing of urine into the colon is reduced, which prevents fluid from moving in a serosal-to-mucosal direction. Uric acid, the principal mode of nitrogen excretion by birds, has a very low aqueous solubility, which allows water to be conserved. However, to keep the uric acid in a colloidal suspension in the urine, a significant amount of protein is filtered and secreted by the kidney. This imparts a significant cost for excreting nitrogen as uric acid. J. Exp. Zool. 283:702–707, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Quality of Manageability of Web Services

Web Services has become a predominant paradigm in delivering services to users. A number of standards and solutions have paved the way to reliable and secure way of Web Services execution. One area that still has not sufficiently matured is management of Web Services. There are currently a couple of standards that are being defined, such as Web Services Distributed Management and Web Services Management. However, this is a complex problem, encompassing dependencies on the underlying resources, dealing with distributed services, their availability, scalability, security, etc. Of particular concern is the automation of management and cost of management.
ACOUSTIC EFFECT of CHEVRONS on JETs Exiting Conical C-D NOZZLES

This paper describes a joint study of the acoustics of conical convergent-divergent (C-D) nozzles such as those found on high-performance military aircraft. In this paper we examine the influence of chevrons on a nozzle with an area ratio corresponding to a design Mach number of 1.5 (design pressure ratio of 3.67). The nozzle is tested at its design condition and at pressure ratios of 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 representing overexpanded conditions and 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 representing underexpanded conditions. Each case is compared to a baseline nozzle at the same condition without chevrons. Shadowgraph images show that chevrons reduce the shock cell spacing, and introduce additional weak shock waves. Far-field acoustic measurements show that the application of chevrons reduces screech, broad-band shock-associated noise and mixing noise except for frequencies above the broad-band shock-associated noise peak for over-expanded and perfectly expanded conditions. Near-field acoustic reveal that chevrons produce significant noise near the nozzle exit across the whole range of frequencies, but reduce mixing noise, and broad-band shock-associated noise elsewhere and they all but eliminate screech.
Rare decay modes of the K-mesons in the chiral lagrangian

Abstract The decays KS → γγ, KL → γγ and KL → μ+μ− are studied within the framework of chiral lagrangians. The one loop contribution to KS → γγ turns out to be finite, giving an unambiguous prediction. The results also indicate that the long-distance dispersive part of KL → μ+μ− is the dominant one. As for KL → γγ, a possible difficulty is pointed out with the recently published value ϑ ⋍ 20° for the η − η′ mixing angle.
Climate, Water Navigability, and Economic Development

Geographic information systems (GIS) data was used on a global scale to examine the relationship between climate (ecozones), water navigability, and economic development in terms of GDP per capita. GDP per capita and the spatial density of economic activity measured as GDP per km2 are high in temperate ecozones and in regions proximate to the sea (within 100 km of the ocean or a sea-navigable waterway). Temperate ecozones proximate to the sea account for 8 percent of the world’s inhabited land area, 23 percent of the world’s population, and 53 percent of the world’s GDP. The GDP densities in temperate ecozones proximate to the sea are on average eighteen times higher than in non-proximate non-temperate areas.
SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER IN YOUTH: PHENOMENOLOGY, ASSESSMENT, AND TREATMENT.

Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is the most commonly diagnosed and impairing childhood anxiety disorder, accounting for approximately 50% of the referrals for mental health treatment of anxiety disorders. While considered a normative phenomenon in early childhood, SAD has the potential to negatively impact a child’s social and emotional functioning when it leads to avoidance of certain places, activities and experiences that are necessary for healthy development. Amongst those with severe symptoms, SAD may result in school refusal and a disruption in educational attainment. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current literature on SAD etiology, assessment strategies, and empirically supported treatment approaches. New and innovative approaches to the treatment of SAD that also employ empirically supported techniques are highlighted. In addition, future directions and challenges in the assessment and treatment of SAD are addressed.
Better Algorithms to Minimize the Cost of Test Paths

Model-based testing creates tests from abstract models of the software. These models are often described as graphs, and test requirements are defined as sub paths in the graphs. As a step toward creating concrete tests, complete (test) paths that include the sub paths through the graph are generated. Each test path is then transformed into a test. If we can generate fewer and shorter test paths, the cost of testing can be reduced. The minimum cost test paths problem is finding the test paths that satisfy all test requirements with the minimum cost. This paper presents new algorithms to solve the problem, and then presents data from an empirical comparison. The algorithms adapt approximation algorithms for the shortest super string problem. The comparison is with an existing tool that uses a brute force approach to extend each sub path to a complete path. One new algorithm is based on the greedy set-covering algorithm and the other is based on finding a matching over a prefix graph. The comparison was performed on open software and showed that both new solutions generate fewer test paths than the brute force approach. The prefix-graph based solution takes much less time than the other two solutions when the number of test requirements is large.
A novel approach to the solid-state electrochemistry of fullerenes: Cyclic voltammetry at a C-modified graphite-PTFE composite electrode

A Buckminsterfullerene (C60)-modified graphite-PTFE composite electrode was prepared by pelletizing a powder mixture of 10% C60, 30% graphite, and 60 % PTFE (by weight). Multicyclic voltammetry of the electrode in acetonitrile solution of tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate shows reproducible, two-step, C60 charging and discharging, in the potential range for which only the first two, i.e., C and C electroreductions occur. This behavior favorably compares to that reported earlier for the C60 solid films, in the same solution. The composite electrode is recommended as a convenient tool for investigation of the solid-state electrochemistry of fullerenes.
Cutting edge: differential requirements for Stat4 in expression of glycosyltransferases responsible for selectin ligand formation in Th1 cells.

A role for Stat4 in IL-12-induced up-regulation of selectin ligands on Th1 cells was explored. Th1 cells generated from Stat4−/− mice exhibited no IL-12-inducible P-selectin ligands, no up-regulation of core 2 β1,6-glucosaminyltransferase I (C2GlcNAcT-I), and low levels of the Th1 transcription factor T-bet. In contrast, Stat4−/− Th1 cells exhibited only a partial defect in expression of IL-12-inducible E-selectin ligands and expressed equivalently high levels of α1,3-fucosyltransferase VII (FucT-VII) as wild-type Th1 cells. FucT-VII expression was induced by T cell activation, and was enhanced by IL-12 independently of Stat4, whereas C2GlcNAcT-I up-regulation was mediated exclusively by IL-12, acting through Stat4. These data show that FucT-VII and C2GlcNAcT-I are controlled through distinct pathways and imply the existence of at least one other IL-12-inducible glycosyltransferase required for E-selectin and possibly P-selectin ligand formation in Th1 cells.
On Reliability of Smart Grid Neighborhood Area Networks

With the integration of the advanced computing and communication technologies, smart grid system is dedicated to enhance the efficiency and the reliability of future power systems greatly through renewable energy resources, as well as distributed communication intelligence and demand response. Along with advanced features of smart grid, the reliability of smart grid communication system emerges to be a critical issue, since millions of smart devices are interconnected through communication networks throughout critical power facilities, which has an immediate and direct impact on the reliability of the entire power infrastructure. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of reliability issues posted by the smart grid with a focus on communications in support of neighborhood area networks (NAN). Specifically, we focus on network architecture, reliability requirements and challenges of both communication networks and systems, secure countermeasures, and case studies in smart grid NAN. We aim to provide a deep understanding of reliability challenges and effective solutions toward reliability issues in smart grid NAN.
Effect of Overload Warm-up on the Velocity and Accuracy of Throwing

(1962). Effect of Overload Warm-up on the Velocity and Accuracy of Throwing. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 472-475.
Simulating future water temperatures in the North Santiam River, Oregon

Summary A previously calibrated two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water-quality model (CE-QUAL-W2) of Detroit Lake in western Oregon was used in conjunction with inflows derived from Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) hydrologic models to examine in-lake and downstream water temperature effects under future climate conditions. Current and hypothetical operations and structures at Detroit Dam were imposed on boundary conditions derived from downscaled General Circulation Models in base (1990–1999) and future (2059–2068) periods. Compared with the base period, future air temperatures were about 2 °C warmer year-round. Higher air temperature and lower precipitation under the future period resulted in a 23% reduction in mean annual PRMS-simulated discharge and a 1 °C increase in mean annual estimated stream temperatures flowing into the lake compared to the base period. Simulations incorporating current operational rules and minimum release rates at Detroit Dam to support downstream habitat, irrigation, and water supply during key times of year resulted in lower future lake levels. That scenario results in a lake level that is above the dam’s spillway crest only about half as many days in the future compared to historical frequencies. Managing temperature downstream of Detroit Dam depends on the ability to blend warmer water from the lake’s surface with cooler water from deep in the lake, and the spillway is an important release point near the lake’s surface. Annual average in-lake and release temperatures from Detroit Lake warmed 1.1 °C and 1.5 °C from base to future periods under present-day dam operational rules and fill schedules. Simulated dam operations such as beginning refill of the lake 30 days earlier or reducing minimum release rates (to keep more water in the lake to retain the use of the spillway) mitigated future warming to 0.4 and 0.9 °C below existing operational scenarios during the critical autumn spawning period for endangered salmonids. A hypothetical floating surface withdrawal at Detroit Dam improved temperature control in summer and autumn (0.6 °C warmer in summer, 0.6 °C cooler in autumn compared to existing structures) without altering release rates or lake level management rules.
Let’s get technical: Enhancing program evaluation through the use and integration of internet and mobile technologies

Program evaluation has become increasingly important, and information on program performance often drives funding decisions. Technology use and integration can help ease the burdens associated with program evaluation by reducing the resources needed (e.g., time, money, staff) and increasing evaluation efficiency. This paper reviews how program evaluators, across disciplines, can apply internet and mobile technologies to key aspects of program evaluation, which consist of participant registration, participant tracking and retention, process evaluation (e.g., fidelity, assignment completion), and outcome evaluation (e.g., behavior change, knowledge gain). In addition, the paper focuses on the ease of use, relative cost, and fit with populations. An examination on how these tools can be integrated to enhance data collection and program evaluation is discussed. Important limitations of and considerations for technology integration, including the level of technical skill, cost needed to integrate various technologies, data management strategies, and ethical considerations, are highlighted. Lastly, a case study of technology use in an evaluation conducted by the Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State is presented and illustrates how technology integration can enhance program evaluation.
Is Localized Infrared Spectroscopy Now Possible in the Electron Microscope

The recently developed in-column monochromators make it possible to record energy-c spectra with resolutions better than 30 meV from nanometer-sized regions. It should therefore in principle be possible to detect localized vibrational excitations. The scattering geometry in the electron microscope means that bond stretching in the specimen plane or longitudinal optic phonons dominate the scattering. Most promising for initial studies are vibrations with energies between 300 and 400 meV from hydrogen bonded to other atoms. Estimates of the scattering cross-sections on the basis of a simple model show that they are about the same as inner shell scattering cross-sections. Cross-sections also increase with charge transfer between the atoms, and theory incorporating realistic charge distributions shows that signal/noise is the only limitation to high-resolution imaging. Given the magnitude of the scattering cross-sections, minimizing the tail of the zero-loss peak is just as important as achieving a small-width at half-maximum. Improvements in both resolution and controlling the zero-loss tail will be necessary before it is practical to detect optic phonons in solids between 40 and 60 meV.
A phase I study of carfilzomib for relapsed or refractory acute myeloid and acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The outcome for adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains poor; new chemotherapy agents with activity against these leukemias are urgently need...
Apparent Parthenogenesis in Pityophthorus puberulus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

No males were found among 559 specimens of Pityophthorus puberulus (LeConte) from several localities. No sperm was found in the spermatheca of 10 females taken from recently established galleries containing eggs and young larvae. This is the third record of thelytoky in a scolytid. The known distribution and environment of parthenogenetic populations of P. puberulus does not fit the usual patterns of distribution and environmental situations associated with parthenogenetic animals.
UV filters interaction in the chlorinated swimming pool, a new challenge for urbanization, a need for community scale investigations

Sunscreen products and some personal care products contain the Ultraviolet (UV) chemical filters, which are entering the surface water. Public concerns about secondary effects of these compounds are growing because of the contamination of the aquatic environment that may reach to potentially toxic concentration levels. This article highlights the reaction of certain UV filters with hypochlorite disinfectant in the presence of sunlight. Due to urbanization and industrialization, use of outdoor plastic swimming pools is increasing. The relatively smaller volume of these pools compared to larger pools may increase the concentration of the UV filters in the pool and their potential interactions with materials of human origin (urine, sweat, cosmetics, skin cells, and hair) to the levels of toxicity concerns for children through the creation of disinfection by products (DBP). Based on our analysis, the minimum concentration levels of 2.85, 1.9, 1.78 and 0.95g/L, respectively, for EHMC, OC, 4-MBC and BP3 UV filters in children pools are predicted. Therefore, this article calls for an urgent investigation of potential toxic effects of the UV filters, the creation of DBPs and their subsequent impacts on human health.
Uncertainty in Treatment Rankings: Reanalysis of Network Meta-analyses of Randomized Trials

Ranking interventions is an appealing feature of network meta-analysis. The authors of this analysis evaluated the extent of uncertainty in intervention rankings from network meta-analysis and foun...
Frozen landscapes: climate-adaptive design interventions in Ladakh and Zanskar

AbstractDuring the course of the past three decades, a number of subsistence agricultural villages in the Himalayan mountain range have witnessed ever-shrinking glaciers and an increasingly erratic supply of glacial meltwater. Having relied on these relatively stable reserves for crop irrigation for centuries, today’s high-Himalayan farmers must now contend with irregular weather patterns and events, such as drought, mudslides and cloudbursts. In the face of this shifting landscape, many farming villages have responded by altering long-standing agricultural practices in an effort to adapt to a changing climate. In this context, the incorporation of frozen landscape infrastructures can help to control the flow of surface meltwater, direct valuable water resources and stockpile irrigation reserves in the form of ice and snow. This article describes three types of frozen landscape design interventions currently employed in northern India: artificial glaciers, ice stupas and snow barrier bands. Although these...
Alterations induced in heme pathway enzymes and monooxygenases by gold.

In this study, the effects of the gold compound, gold sodium thiomalate, on the heme biosynthetic pathway, on cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases, and on heme catabolism were examined. The addition of the gold compound, in vitro , resulted in the inhibition of hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activities. There was also a slight decrease in cytochrome P-450 content. Gold was a noncompetitive inhibitor of both δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activities. Gold sodium thiomalate, administered acutely, altered heme biosynthetic pathway enzymes in erythrocytes, liver, and kidney. Erythrocyte δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity was decreased with a concomitant increase in protoporphyrin content. In the liver δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and ferrochelatase activities were significantly inhibited and the microsomal heme content was significantly decreased. In the kidney, the major site of gold deposition, the activities of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase, δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, and ferrochelatase were markedly inhibited and total porphyrin content was markedly decreased. After acute gold treatment, monooxygenase activities in liver and kidney were decreased. Cytochrome P-450 content of both tissues decreased significantly and ethylmorphine N-demethylase and benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activities were both inhibited. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity, however, was not altered. In contrast to its inhibitory effects on the heme biosynthetic pathway and cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases, gold caused a 1.5- and 8-fold induction in the liver and kidney, respectively, of microsomal heme oxygenase activity, the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of heme. There was no change in any of the parameters in the liver or erythrocytes after chronic treatment with gold. In the kidney, δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and total porphyrins were significantly decreased. However, as in the liver, cytochrome P-450 content was not significantly altered. These results indicate that an adaptive response develops during chronic gold treatment which prevents the depression of heme biosynthesis and the formation of cytochrome P-450.
Ordinary Persons Doing Extraordinary Evil

One day in July, 1941, half of the population of the Polish village of Jedwabne murdered the other half. Until Polish-born historian Jan Gross described this, the accepted truth was described on a plaque in Jedwabne as the work of the Gestapo and Nazi occupation police. Gross concluded, however, that the Polish villagers had willingly tortured and murdered some 1,600 Jews of their village. Only a handful of the village’s Jews survived (Gross 2001).
Applications of the Hypergeometric Method to the Generalized Ramanujan-Nagell Equation

In this paper, we refine work of Beukers, applying results from the theory of Pade approximation to (1 − z)1/2 to the problem of restricted rational approximation to quadratic irrationals. As a result, we derive effective lower bounds for rational approximation to \(\sqrt m\) (where m is a positive nonsquare integer) by rationals of certain types. Forexample, we have $$\left| {\sqrt 2 - \frac{p}{q}} \right| \gg q^{ - 1.47} {\text{ and }}\left| {\sqrt 3 - \frac{p}{q}} \right| \gg q^{ - 1.62}$$ provided q is a power of 2 or 3, respectively. We then use this approach to obtain sharp bounds for the number of solutions to certain families of polynomial-exponential Diophantine equations. In particular, we answer a question of Beukers on the maximal number of solutions of the equation x2 + D = pn where D is a nonzero integer and p is an odd rational prime, coprime to D.
Assessment of the antimicrobial activity of Lentinula edodes against Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

Abstract Bacterial spot of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) is a devastating disease of tomato world-wide. In the southeastern United States, high summer temperatures and humidity are ideal conditions for this disease, resulting in defoliation, fruit spotting and a significant reduction in fruit yield. Current organic production practices restrict the use of synthetic chemicals for disease control; hence, there is a need for the development of new and effective biopesticides to mitigate plant diseases. Among several biological agents with potential for disease control, Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) has been shown to have antibacterial properties. A controlled-environment study was therefore conducted to validate L. edodes mycelia culture filtrate (Lemcf) foliar application to control bacterial spot of tomato using the cultivar Agriset 761. Lentinula edodes mycelia culture filtrate foliar spray significantly suppressed bacterial spot incidence in tomato foliage in vitro but was not effective in vivo. The phytotoxicity symptoms in Lemcf-treated tomato foliage were attributed to the presence of 422.78 μg of oxalic acid per milliliter of Lemcf (quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography). Plant height and flowering were normal in Lemcf-treated plants. Additionally, Lemcf seed treatment did not adversely impact tomato germination but significantly enhanced the germination of marginal tomato seeds subjected to biotic stress (Xcv). Our results suggest that after eliminating oxalic acid from Lemcf, the product may be a potential biopesticide for managing bacterial spot of tomato. Future greenhouse or field experiments should be conducted after eliminating oxalic acid from L. edodes culture filtrates.
Unity in Vedic Aesthetics: The Self-Interacting Dynamics of the Knower, the Known, and the Process of Knowing

In his PMLA “Presidential Address 1987: Woven Close,” Winfred P. Lehmann writes that Benjamin Whorf, in the posthumous essay “Language, Mind, and Reality,” “presents a conception of language that contrasts sharply with the views of the dominant school of criticism today. That conception he [Whorf] bases on ‘an idea, entirely unfamiliar to the modern world, that nature and language are inwardly akin’, pointing out that this ‘idea ... was for ages well known to various high cultures whose cultural continuity on the earth has been enormously longer than that of Western European culture.’ ”1 The Vedic civilization of ancient India is perhaps the oldest culture of this kind and the one whose knowledge of higher consciousness has much to offer modern culture and literary criticism. Vedic literature,2 reputed to be the oldest record of human knowledge, has given rise to a language theory that underlies the entire tradition of Sanskrit poetics. This tradition has its roots in “unknown beginnings”3 and extends from A.D. 800 to 1800.