cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer at speed of sound

Abstract In this manuscript, heat transfer at the speed of sound has been established by introduction of a local form of the second law of thermodynamics and conservation laws and validated by experimental data. When the local form, excess entropy, equals to zero, the boundary of the second law is reached and superfluidity and sound are observed; otherwise, motion is dissipative. First and second sound are generated in super momentum and super energy flows, respectively. From differential equations of conservation, wave equations, speed of sound, and impedance and thermal resistance of first and second sound are derived. Dependent on conventional thermomechanical properties, a formula of second sound is obtained, which has not been found in public domain. The theory and formulas of sonic heat transfer and interface thermal resistance and conductance are derived according to the principles of acoustics first time. We validated the speed of second sound and formulas for for heat transfer at sound speed by experimental data. Overall, calculations from formulas capture key characteristics of the experimental data satisfactorily. At lower temperature, the predicted temperature jump at the interface matches data well. Predictions of interface thermal conductance demonstrate all important characteristics and some of them match data well. Temperature discontinuity at an interface is the result of acoustic effect of second sound of two materials. Differential equations of conservation of both regular and super states can be utilized to solve a complex problem computationally.
Multitarget molecule, PTUPB, to treat diabetic nephropathy in rats.

Background and purpose Diabetic nephropathy is a common complications related to high morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes. We investigated the action of the dual modulator, PTUPB, a soluble epoxide hydrolase and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor against diabetic nephropathy. Experimental approach Sixteen-week-old type 2 diabetic and proteinuric obese ZSF1 rats were treated with vehicle, PTUPB or enalapril for 8 weeks. Measurements were made of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, thromboxane B2 (TBX2 ) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) in the kidney of these and lean ZSF1 rats along with their blood pressure. Key result Obese ZSF1 rats were diabetic with fivefold higher fasting blood glucose levels and markedly higher HbA1c levels compared with lean ZSF1 rats. PTUPB nor enalapril reduced fasting blood glucose or HbA1c but alleviated the development of diabetic nephropathy. In PTUPB-treated obese ZSF1 rats, glomerular nephrin expression was preserved. Enalapril also alleviated diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic renal injury in obese ZSF1 rats was accompanied by renal inflammation with six to sevenfold higher urinary MCP-1 (CCR2) level and renal infiltration of CD-68 positive cells. PTUPB and enalapril significantly reduced urinary MCP-1 levels and renal mRNA expression of cytokines. Both PTUPB and enalapril lowered blood pressure. PTUPB but not enalapril decreased hyperlipidaemia and liver injury in obese ZSF1 rats. Conclusion and implications Overall, the dual modulator PTUPB does not treat hyperglycaemia but can effectively alleviate hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, hyperlipidaemia and liver injury in type 2 diabetic rats. Our data further demonstrate that the renal actions of PTUPB are comparable with a current standard diabetic nephropathy treatment.
A Path Analysis of the Effect of Welfare on Infant Mortality

Social epidemiologists have found a relationship between poverty and infant mortality. Welfare policy experts have found that welfare benefits affect work effort, family structure, migration, and the rate of intergenerational transmission of welfare receipt. Social epidemiologists have paid little attention to the effects of poverty policies on infant mortality. Welfare policy experts have paid little attention to the effect of welfare on infant mortality. This paper merges the concerns of social epidemiologists and welfare policy experts by examining the relationship between welfare and infant mortality. The key finding is that welfare directly and indirectly affects infant mortality rates. States with higher welfare benefit levels also have lower infant mortality rates. The policy implications of this finding are discussed
Appropriate Antitrust Policy Towards Single-Firm Conduct

In this article we distinguish between two types of single-firm conduct. The first, which we call "extraction," is conduct engaged in by the firm to capture surplus from what the firm has itself created independent of the conduct's effect on rivals. The second, which we call "extension," is single firm conduct that increases the firm's profit by weakening or eliminating the competitive constraints provided by products of rivals. We propose as a fundamental antitrust policy towards single-firm conduct the following: Conduct merely to extract surplus the firm has created independent of the conduct's effect on rivals should be permitted. Conversely, conduct that extends the firm's market power by impairing the competitive constraints imposed by rivals presents a legitimate cause for concern. We subscribe strongly to the view that an essential element of appropriate antitrust policy is to allow a firm to capture as much of the surplus that, by its own investment, innovation, industry or foresight, the firm has itself brought into existence. We believe that alternative approaches to single-firm conduct, including in particular ones aiming to enhance static efficiency at the possible cost of dynamic efficiency and ones seeking to maximize overall welfare through more targeted intervention on a case-by-case basis (not to mention the use of competition policy to protect competitors rather than consumers) threaten seriously to impede economic growth and welfare over time. A policy that goes further, and which permits all unilateral conduct regardless of competitive effects (perhaps on grounds that "even more profit will generate even more innovation") is considered below and rejected as overly lenient, inconsistent with widely accepted presumptions in favor of inter-firm competition, and unwise, at least under the current state of economic knowledge. But we note that this conclusion is one based on our current economic knowledge and should remain a topic of ongoing research. It requires an empirical assessment of the gains from motivating more competition ex ante versus the subsequent loss of competition ex post.
Mechanochemical coupling in flagella. I. Movement-dependent dephosphorylation of ATP by glycerinated spermatozoa.

Abstract The ATP-reactivated movement of the tails of glycerinated sea urchin spermatozoa is prevented when the spermatozoa are broken by vigorously mixing the sperm suspension. Broken spermatozoa dephosphorylate ATP at a lower rate than unbroken spermatozoa, and this difference may represent movement-coupled dephosphorylation of ATP by the motile spermatozoa. This conclusion is supported by experiments which show that the difference in ATP dephosphorylation between unbroken and broken sperm suspensions is specifically inhibited by thiourea or by increased viscosity, which inhibit motility without inhibiting the dephosphorylation of ATP by the broken sperm suspensions. The movement-dependent dephosphorylation of ATP appears to be proportional to the beat frequency of the spermatozoa, and not, as in the case of muscle, to their energy expenditure. If the movement-dependent dephosphorylation of ATP is related to the estimated number of motile spermatozoa in the suspension, the number of ATP molecules used per beat by each molecule of the flagellar ATPase, dynein, lies between 0.3 and 2.5.
In vitro avian pro-epicardial cell spreading challenges the notion of how epicardial cells spread during cardiac morphogenesis (LB65)

In the developing heart, the epicardium is derived from the pro-epicardial organ (PEO), which spreads over the cardiac tube (purportedly as an epithelium), and then undergoes what is believed to be an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to generate the subepicardial mesenchyme. We are interested in the process of epicardial cell spreading and the mechanisms that regulate the epicardial EMT. To study these processes, we have developed fluorescent labeling techniques to visualize the PEO and the spreading epicardium using time-lapse confocal imaging in intact hearts and on a planar substratum. When the PEO is labeled and then explanted before it begins to spread in vivo, we saw that each cell has numerous filopodia and lamellipodia around its borders. Fixed images of spreading PEO cells labeled in ovo confirm the presence of numerous filopodia and lamellipodia in the spreading epicardium in vivo. Although the PEO has been assumed to spread as an epithelium with the force being generated at the free e...
Practical technique for adequate cleansing of endoscopes:: A bacteriological study of pHisoHex and Betadine

Adequate cleansing of endoscopes is desirable to prevent en-doscopy-related bacteremia and infections. Cross contamination of instruments was found in all cultures after routine hexachlorophene (pHisoHex) cleansing. Using the same technique with povidone iodine (Betadine) in uncontrolled concentration and time exposure, 9 of 15 instruments were sterile. A controlled exposure to Betadine (4 minutes with 0.0035% concentration) resulted in sterile cultures from all endoscopes. Further studies will be helpful in ascertaining the most efficacious and economical method of disinfection of endoscopic equipment. Whether sterilization of instruments prevents bacteremia is a future question to be investigated.
On the Statistical Calibration of Physical Models

We introduce a novel statistical calibration framework for physical models, relying on probabilistic embedding of model discrepancy error within the model. For clarity of illustration, we take the measurement errors out of consideration, calibrating a chemical model of interest with respect to a more detailed model, considered as “truth” for the present purpose. We employ Bayesian statistical methods for such model-to-model calibration and demonstrate their capabilities on simple synthetic models, leading to a well-defined parameter estimation problem that employs approximate Bayesian computation. The method is then demonstrated on two case studies for calibration of kinetic rate parameters for methane air chemistry, where ignition time information from a detailed elementary-step kinetic model is used to estimate rate coefficients of a simple chemical mechanism. We show that the calibrated model predictions fit the data and that uncertainty in these predictions is consistent in a mean-square sense with the discrepancy from the detailed model data.
Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an account of different neural network architectures for pattern recognition. A neural network consists of several simple processing elements called neurons. Each neuron is connected to some other neurons and possibly to the input nodes. Neural networks provide a simple computing paradigm to perform complex recognition tasks in real time. The chapter categorizes neural networks into three types: single-layer networks, multilayer feedforward networks, and feedback networks. It discusses the gradient descent and the relaxation method as the two underlying mathematical themes for deriving learning algorithms. A lot of research activity is centered on learning algorithms because of their fundamental importance in neural networks. The chapter discusses two important directions of research to improve learning algorithms: the dynamic node generation, which is used by the cascade correlation algorithm; and designing learning algorithms where the choice of parameters is not an issue. It closes with the discussion of performance and implementation issues.
Uncertainty Analysis of Drug Concentration in Pharmaceutical Mixtures

Using a Taylor expansion to first order, a novel method was developed to calculate the uncertainty of drug concentration in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method allows, in principle, calculation of the maximum potential error in drug concentration in a mixture composed of an infinite number of ingredients that are measured on multiple balances of variable sensitivity requirements.
Role of coherent structures in turbulent shear flows

A definition for the large-scale coherent structure is presented, and the nature and role of coherent structures in turbulent shear flows are examined. The equations governing the coherent motions and the experimental considerations as well as constraints in the investigations of coherent structures in wall-bounded and free turbulent shear flows are discussed. Results from a few of our recent and ongoing studies of coherent structures in excited and unexcited free turbulent shear flows are reviewed. These results show that coherent structures are dominant in transport in the early stages of their formation, but not in the self-preserving regions of turbulent shear flows.
Surface flashover characteristics of polished-polycrystalline diamond and diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films in vacuum

Polycrystalline diamond and diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films are becoming attractive candidates for protective coatings, and, as dielectric materials. They may also find application areas in construction of spacecraft components. However, the space environment is very harsh, and survivability of these materials in that environment has not been clearly understood. In this work, the authors present experimental results identifying some surface flashover characteristics of polycrystalline diamond and diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films in space vacuum conditions. The polycrystalline diamond and DLC samples used in the experiments are produced by a microwave plasma deposition technique. The diamond films were polished to optical-quality before the experiments. The electrode material was copper, and a dc voltage was applied between the electrodes. When surface flashover occurred between the electrodes, it only occurred on the surface of the diamond or DLC samples. Surface flashover voltage characteristics and breakdown voltage-wave forms of polished polycrystalline diamond and DLC thin film samples were determined.
Review of Live like the Banyan Tree: Images of the Indian American Experience

LIVE LIKE THE BANYAN TREE: IMAGES OF THE INDIAN AMERICAN EXPERIENCE. The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies, Philadelphia. February 4-December 31, 1999
Climate and Streamflow Trends in the Columbia River Basin: Evidence for Ecological and Engineering Resilience to Climate Change

Large river basins transfer the water signal from the atmosphere to the ocean. Climate change is widely expected to alter streamflow and potentially disrupt water management systems. We tested the ecological resilience—capacity of headwater ecosystems to sustain streamflow under climate change—and the engineering resilience—capacity of dam and reservoir management to overprint a climate change signal—in seven sub-basins of the Columbia River from 1950 to 2011. Sub-basins had a headwater gauge above dams with a long-term streamflow record and a nearby climate station with a long-term record of air temperature and precipitation, as well as matching long-term streamflow records at gauges downstream of dams. Trends were fitted to daily data for maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, and streamflow over the period of record (mostly 1950–2011). Consistent with predicted streamflow response to climate warming, annual snowmelt runoff peaks in five of seven headwater basins shifted to a few days earlier o...
Conversion ofL-sorbose to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid by mixtures of immobilized cells ofGluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 andPseudomonas species

L-Sorbose was converted to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid by mixtures ofGluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 andPseudomonas syringae NRRL B-865 entrapped simultaneously in polyacrylamide gel. Since the temperature optima of both enzymatic reactions involved differed, a two-stage process with cells immobilized separately seems to offer a more efficient method to prepare 2-keto-L-gulonic acid.
Fault geometry and cumulative offsets in the central Coast Ranges, California: Evidence for northward increasing slip along the San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault

Estimates of the dip, depth extent, and amount of cumulative displacement along the major faults in the central California Coast Ranges are controversial. We use detailed aeromagnetic data to estimate these parameters for the San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri and other faults. The recently acquired aeromagnetic data provide an areally consistent data set that crosses the onshore-offshore transition without disruption, which is particularly important for the mostly offshore San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault. Our modeling, constrained by exposed geology and in some cases, drill-hole and seismic-reflection data, indicates that the San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri and Reliz-Rinconada faults dip steeply throughout the seismogenic crust. Deviations from steep dips may result from local fault interactions, transfer of slip between faults, or overprinting by transpression since the late Miocene. Given that such faults are consistent with predominantly strike-slip displacement, we correlate geophysical anomalies offset by these faults to estimate cumulative displacements. We find a northward increase in right-lateral displacement along the San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault that is mimicked by Quaternary slip rates. Although overall slip rates have decreased over the lifetime of the fault, the pattern of slip has not changed. Northward increase in right-lateral displacement is balanced in part by slip added by faults, such as the Reliz-Rinconada, Oceanic–West Huasna, and (speculatively) Santa Ynez River faults to the east.
Olfactory identification and WAIS-R performance in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia

Abstract Introduction : An expanding database supports the notion that the deficit syndrome (DS) is a discrete condition within schizophrenia and recent data argues that Smell Identification Deficits (SID) may have a primary relationship with its pathophysiology. If so, then the relationship of University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) scores with other neurocognitive measures in DS patients may point to the neural substrate of the deficit syndrome. Method : We examined the relationship of UPSIT scores and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) performance in 46 DSM-IV schizophrenia patients. The Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome (SDS) interview was used to subgroup the sample into 13 DS and 33 nondeficit syndrome (NDS) patients. Results : DS and NDS groups had similar mean ages, age of onset, and GAF scores, but DS patients had fewer years of education. DS and NDS patients also did not differ in full scale, verbal or performance IQ or in any WAIS-R subtest. However, UPSIT scores were significantly worse in the DS patients, most of whom met criteria for a clinically meaningful olfactory impairment. In DS patients, UPSIT scores were significantly correlated with Performance IQ, Block Design, and Object Assembly, all of which are associated with complex visual–motor organizational function thought to be mediated by parietal circuitry. UPSIT scores in NDS patients were significantly related with Vocabulary, Similarities, and Digit Symbol subtests, which are indicative of verbal functioning. Conclusion : These preliminary data support previous findings suggesting that in addition to frontal neuropsychological abnormalities, DS patients may have greater performance impairments on tasks associated with parietal functioning. Our findings furthermore suggest that the parietal circuitry may be a conspicuous substrate for impaired odor identification ability in these patients. The lesser abnormalities in UPSIT ability in NDS patients may be attributed to verbal ability. These data are preliminary and further investigations with larger samples are needed to support our findings.
Region-of-interest detection for fingerprint classification

This paper discusses the use of neural networks to locate regions of interest for fingerprint classification using feature-encoded fingerprint images. The target areas are those useful for the classification of fingerprints: whorls, loops, arches, and deltas. Our approach is to limit the amount of data which a classification algorithm must consider by determining with high accuracy those areas which are most likely to contain relevant features (effective for classification). Several feature sets were analyzed and successful preliminary results are summarized. Five feature sets were tested: (1) grayscale data, (2) binary ridges, (3) binary projection, and (4 & 5) 4- and 8-way directional convolutions. Four-way directional convolution produced accurate results with a minimal number of false alarms. All work was conducted using fingerprint data from NIST Special Database 4. The approach discussed here is also applicable to other general computer vision problems. In addition to fingerprint classification, an example of face recognition is also provided to illustrate the generality of the algorithmic approach.
Drug poisoning deaths by urbanisation and geographic region, US 1999–2009

Background Beginning in 2009, drug poisoning deaths outnumber traffic fatalities in the US. Aims/Objectives/Purpose The goal of this study is to examine drug poisoning death rates by degree of urbanisation and geographic region. Methods The US National Vital Statistics Multiple Cause Mortality files from 1999–2009 were analysed. Drug poisoning deaths were defined by ICD-10 UCOD: X40-X44, X60-X64, X85, Y10-Y14. Metropolitan counties were assigned to 4 levels: large core and large fringe (population >1 million); medium (population 250 000–999 999); and small (population Results/Outcome In the US from 1999–2009, the drug poisoning AADR nearly doubled, from 6.1 per 100 000 population to 12.0. Increases were seen at each urbanisation level. However, AADR in rural areas increased more rapidly than the metro areas with an APC in rates of 12% while the urban core increased slower at 4.4%. Rates varied by region of the county, for instance in the Appalachia the AADR (15.6) was 34% higher than the rate for the rest of the US. Significance/Contribution to the Field The variability in magnitude and trend by degree of urbanisation and region suggest that societal and structural factors are influencing drug poisoning death rates. Prevention efforts typically focus on more urban areas; however, rural areas should join forces to prevent these deaths using regionally appropriate strategies.
Diagnostic challenges in a child with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 3 (FHLH3) presenting with fulminant neurological disease

Background Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH) is an autosomal recessively inherited multisystem disease characterized by fever, rash, splenomegaly, cytopenias, and variable central nervous system (CNS) manifestations.
Finite Larmor radius hydromagnetics

Abstract A complete set of fluid equations in the so-called finite Larmor radius or drift approximation is obtained by a systematic asymptotic expansion using the gyration period and radius, respectively, as small space and time parameters. The time and space scales must be linked together by velocities characterizing the plasma. In this case, these velocities are chosen to be the so-called gradient and pressure drifts, whereas in ordinary hydromagnetics the Alfven and thermal velocities are used. This limit is particularly relevant for high temperature spatially inhomogeneous plasmas. Given this linkage, rough physical arguments are used to obtain scalings for all the other variables in the theory. Careful attention is then paid to consistency and inclusiveness in the derivation of the equations. This set is applied to the simple problem of linear wave propagation and stability in a one-dimensional inhomogeneous plasma. It provides a unified treatment of FLR wave phenomena.
Brain tumor chemotherapy with intrathecal methotrexate.

Two patients harboring recurrent posterior fossa tumors were treated with intrathecal methotrexate. The patient with an ependymoma responded dramatically and, when he died of a leukoencephalopathy 2 years later, no evidence of intracranial tumor remained. A medulloblastoma in the second patient responded to methotrexate but became moderately drug resistant and spread to bone. In this case, concomitant use of intrathecal methotrexate and systemic citrovorum factor offered no apparent advantage. Relevant literature relating to methotrexate and tumor kinetics is reviewed. In the light of present knowledge, brain tumors selected for intrathecal methotrexate should be treated weekly for an indefinite period of time. The need for additional information regarding the behavior of citrovorum factor in the central nervous system is acknowledged.
The effects of cholinergic and dopaminergic antagonists on nicotine-induced cerebral neurotransmitter changes.

In a continuing study of nicotine-induced mechanisms in brain areas associated with cognitive processes, the effects of cholinergic and dopaminergic antagonists on nicotine-induced changes in dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin were examined. These effects were measured via in vivo microdialysis in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus and in the prefrontal and medial temporal cortex of conscious, freely moving, adult male rats. Nicotine (0.3 mg/kg, free base) was administered subcutaneously and the antagonists were infused locally via the microdialysis probe. Nicotine alone induced an increase of dopamine and its metabolites in all areas, an increase of norepinephrine in the cortex, and an increase of the norepinephrine metabolite 4–hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenylglycol in all areas. Serotonin was decreased in the hippocampus and increased in the cortex. Nicotine-induced dopamine increases were inhibited by nicotinic (mecamylamine 100 μM, methyllycaconitine 500 μM), muscarinic (atropine 100 μM), and dopaminergic D1 (SCH23390 100 μM) and D2 (eticlopride 100 μM) antagonists, in the hippocampal and cortical areas. In the hippocampal areas, these antagonists had less significant effect on norepinephrine and serotonin. However, in the cortical areas, all antagonists inhibited the nicotine-induced increase of serotonin to varying degrees; and some, primarily nicotinic and dopamine D1 antagonists, inhibited the induced increase of norepinephrine. In the hippocampal and cortical areas, the mechanisms of nicotine-induced dopamine increase seem to be similar, but the mechanisms seem to be different for noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, as shown by the fact that nicotine induces no change in norepinephrine and a decrease in serotonin in the hippocampus, while it induces an increase in both in the cortex. Nicotine-induced dopamine release seems to be mediated, in part locally, by nicotinic and muscarinic receptors on dopaminergic cells. In contrast, nicotine’s effect on norepinephrine and serotonin is at least partially mediated by initial changes at other than local sites, and through different receptors. Thus, the effects of nicotine and the mechanisms involved differ for different neurotransmitters and in different brain areas.
Bone Grafts and Substitutes

Bone is a complex organ system that provides structural support for the human body while also serving an important protective function for the internal organs. It is estimated that over 500,000 bone-grafting procedures are performed annually in the United States. These procedures have stimulated the pursuit of novel biomaterials with ideal properties. Key goals are to develop a biomaterial to replace bone that is inexpensive, biocompatible, radiolucent, resistant to infection, compressible, and replaced by host bone. The purpose of this review is to present the uses of commercially available bone grafts substitutes including allografts, calcium sulfates, calcium phosphates, and polymer materials. Descriptions of these biomaterials are provided in the context of their applications including craniofacial surgery, neurosurgery, fracture repair, dental and periodontal procedures, as well as pediatric reconstruction.
The solubility of medium molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons and the effects of hydrocarbon co-solutes and salinity

Abstract The solubilities of several medium molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons were determined at 25°C in aqueous binary, ternary, and quaternary systems. The binary systems consisted of distilled water plus one each of the following: naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, biphenyl, 2-ethylnaphthalene, 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene, 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, acenaphthene and phenanthrene. The ternary systems consisted of distilled water plus one of the following hydrocarbon pairs: naphthalene/biphenyl, naphthalene/acenaphthene, naphthalene/phenanthrene, biphenyl/phenanthrene, biphenyl/2-methylnaphthalene, acenaphthene/phenanthrene and 2-methylnaph-thalene/phenanthrene. Quaternary systems consisted of distilled water and one of the following hydrocarbon mixtures: naphthalene/biphenyl/phenanthrene, 2-methylnaphthalene/biphenyl/phenanthrene and naphthalene/acenaphthene/phenanthrene. In binary systems at S %. = 0, solubilities ranged from 31.3 ppm for naphthalene to 1.07 ppm for phenanthrene. The alkyl naphthalenes exhibited solubilities which were a function of molar volume and substituent size and position. In ternary and quaternary systems, solubilities often deviated from values obtained in binary systems presumably due to solute-solute interactions and/or formation of solid solutions. Aromatic hydrocarbons are ‘salted out’ by increasing concentrations of inorganic salts. At S %. = 35, the solubility of naphthalene is 22.0 ppm and of phenanthrene, 0.71 ppm. The empirical salting parameters are identical in both binary and quaternary systems.
Structural, histochemical, and protein analysis of male reproductive development in willow

Information on the development of the male reproductive structures in willow will help advance our understanding of its reproductive behavior and contribute to our ability to work towards its improvement. Willow also offers the opportunity to study male sterility, a subject matter which is not typically dealt with in woody plants. As compared to the three willow species examined (Salix eriocephala, S. exigua, and S. purpurea), pollen development in S. discolor ‘S365’ showed several abnormalities starting with the delay in meiosis. This lasted for about 10 days and meiosis eventually occurred as manifested by the formation of microspores. However, most of the resulting microspores collapsed, while only a few developed into pollen grains. The large number of undeveloped and disintegrated microspores appeared to make the few pollen grains sticky, preventing them from being dispersed. Histochemical analysis showed that meiosis in most species of willow was associated with the presence of large amounts of insoluble polysaccharides in the anther wall layers, but only very few of these were observed in S. discolor. Also, a 32-kDa protein which is the most abundant protein in the reproductive structures of willow, was absent in S. discolor ‘S365’. Proteomic analysis showed that this is similar to the storage proteins in Populus x canadensis and P. deltoides. Therefore, male sterility in S. discolor may be due to some genetic defects affecting the accumulation of essential reserves in its reproductive structures. The mechanism behind this is unknown, but this study has established the nature of sterility in S. discolor ‘S365’.
Central nervous system plasticity after spinal cord injury in man: interlimb reflexes and the influence of cutaneous stimulation.

In persons who have sustained severe injuries to the cervical spinal cord, electrical stimulation of mixed peripheral nerves in a lower limb can evoke short-latency, bilateral motor responses in muscles of the distal upper limbs; such motor responses have been termed interlimb reflexes. In the present study, we investigated the role that cutaneous stimulation plays in evoking interlimb reflexes. Fifteen subjects with chronic injury (> 1 year) to the cervical spinal cord were investigated. Single motor unit activity was recorded from a number of distal upper limb muscles. The lower limb cutaneous area within which stimulation recruited a given motor unit of the upper limb was defined as that motor unit's 'receptive field'. Activity from a total of 48 single motor units was analyzed. The majority of motor units responded to light touch, individual hair movement, and thermal (hot and cold) stimulation. Excitatory responses were observed bilaterally, although contralateral responses predominated. Stimulation occasionally resulted in inhibition of a spontaneously active motor unit. Receptive fields varied a great deal in size, with proximal locations being larger than those encountered in more distal lower limb locations (i.e. the toes). The spinocervical tract is a possible candidate for mediating some portion of these interlimb reflexes, the origin of which may be due to new growth (regenerative sprouting) in the spinal cord caudal to a severe injury.
Two conformations of RNA polymerase II revealed by electron crystallography.

Abstract A new two-dimensional crystal form of yeast RNA polymerase II was obtained in which the conformation of the enzyme appears “open”, allowing entry of DNA, as required for the initiation of transcription. By contrast, a previous crystal form contained the enzyme in a “closed” conformation, appropriate for retention of DNA during RNA chain elongation. Interaction with two polymerase subunits, Rpb4 and Rpb7, favors the closed conformation, and binding of general transcription factor TFIIE may do so as well. The effect of Rpb4 and Rpb7, together with previous biochemical evidence, leads to the conclusion that the open to closed transition is a crucial step in the transcription initiation process.
Design of a novel circular wavelength division multiplexing laser chip (CWDLC) using an open loop laser design algorithm

This paper examines the major issues in the design and fabrication of a circular wavelength division multiplexing laser chip (CWDLC) which is composed of 8 buried heterostructure, InGaAs multiple quantum well distributed feedback lasers (BH-MQW-DFB). The CWDLC has the advantage of being quite small-820 /spl mu/m in diameter-which is a factor of ten times smaller than other integrated WDM laser chips reported in the literature. Only 5% of the surface area is utilized; the unused area could be used to fabricate monitor and drive circuitry for the individual lasers.
A general asymptotic theory of diffusion flames with application to cellular instability

A general asymptotic formulation is presented for diffusion flames of large-activation-energy chemical reactions. In this limit chemical reaction is confined to a thin zone which, when viewed from the much larger diffusion scale, is a moving two-dimensional sheet. The formulation is not restricted to any particular configuration, and applies to conditions extending from complete combustion to extinction. The detailed structure of the reaction zone yields jump conditions that permit full determination of the combustion field on both sides of the reaction zone, as well as the instantaneous shape of the reaction sheet itself. The simplified system is subsequently used to study the intrinsic stability properties of diffusion flames and, in particular, the onset of cellular flames. We show that cellular diffusion flames form under near-extinction conditions when the reactant in the feed stream is the more completely consumed reactant, and the corresponding reactant Lewis number is below some critical value. Cell sizes at the onset of instability are on the order of the diffusion length. Predicted cell sizes and conditions for instability are therefore both comparable with experimental observations. Finally, we provide stability curves in the fuel and oxidant Lewis number parameter plane, showing where instability is expected for different values of both the initial mixture strength and the Damkohler number.
You must have been a beautiful baby: Ratings of infant facial attractiveness fail to predict ratings of adult attractiveness

Facial attractiveness has been studied extensively, but little research has examined the stability of facial attractiveness of individuals across different stages of development. We conducted a study examining the relationship between facial attractiveness in infants (age 24 months and under) and the same individuals as young adults (age 16-18 years) using infant and adult photographs from high school yearbooks. Contrary to expectations, independent raters' assessments of infant facial attractiveness did not correlate with adult facial attractiveness. These results are discussed in terms of the adaptive function of heightened attractiveness in infancy, which likely evolved to elicit and maintain parental care.
Commentary: nursing and health information technology.

Care delivered in the US today is mediocre in quality and is often unsafe. Most of the caregivers in hospitals are nurses, who deliver most of the care. Health information technology (HIT) is believed by many—including the Institute of Medicine—to represent a key tool for improving safety and quality, and an area of special focus will need to be ensuring that certain processes are carried out much more reliably than they are today. However, to date, as Lang notes, HIT has relatively neglected nursing and does not capture most nursing data. When such data are captured, they are often not in coded form, and they are even more rarely represented in ways that would let information be exchanged among organizations.
Line shape of the Ag N23W Auger spectrum measured by Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy

We present Ag N3VV and N2VV Auger spectra obtained in coincidence with 4p 3/2 and 4p 1/2 core photoelectrons, respectively. We have also obtained the 4p 3/2 and 4p 1/2 core level spectra in coincidence with N3VV and N 2 VV Auger electrons. As the on-site Coulomb correlation energy of Ag, U, is comparable to the 4d band width, W, the coincidence Auger spectra exhibit aspects of both atomic-like and band-like components. We find a surprisingly large - 30% of the spectral weight of 2-hole decays is in the band-like region. Furthermore, the Auger spectra have large low energy tails that are attributed to nonradiative decays involving more than two electrons. In the coincidence core level spectra, the large (> 5 eV) lifetime broadening is eliminated, leaving a width of 2.5 eV associated with the Auger lifetime. This sharp peak in the coincidence photoemission spectrum resides on a broader feature owing to the properties of the Auger transitions.
Activation of floral homeotic genes in Arabidopsis.

The identity of floral organs in Arabidopsis thaliana is determined by homeotic genes, which are expressed in specific regions of the developing flower. The initial activation of homeotic genes is accomplished at least in part by the products of two earlier acting genes with overlapping functions. These are the floral meristem—identity genes LEAFY and APETALA1. The requirements of LEAFY and APETALA1 activity vary for different homeotic genes.
Matching achievement styles and instructional environments

Abstract Reactions of students with four achievement styles based on combinations of the Achievement via Conformance and the Achievement via Independence scales of the CPI to small group learning experiences are explored as a function of group composition, achievement styles, and the demands of different tasks over time. Student reactions to working in homogeneous groups were largely positive; there were no differences due to achievement styles alone. Comparisons of reactions of students with the same achievement style in homogeneous and heterogeneous groups showed outcomes to be complex interactions between achievement styles, group composition, task, and time. Results were integrated with sociometric data from the perspective of students with different achievement styles.
Mindful Eating and Its Relationship to Body Mass Index and Physical Activity Among University Students

Mindful eating is conceptualized as being aware in the present moment when one is eating, paying close attention to the senses, including physical and emotional sensations. There are little published data exploring mindful eating in samples of the general population, and no work evaluating the concept in a university setting; thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of mindful eating to BMI and physical activity levels among students at a 4-year university and to assess the potential usefulness of mindful eating interventions in this campus setting. Ninety participants completed the 28-item Mindful Eating Questionnaire, consisting of five subscales (Disinhibition, Awareness, External Cues, Emotional Response, and Distraction) and questions about height, weight, and physical activity. Lower BMI was associated significantly with overall mindful eating. Level of physical activity was not related significantly to overall mindful eating scores; however, students who were more physically active were more likely to lack awareness of their food and to eat in response to negative emotions. These results suggest that mindful eating may be a useful concept to explore further, because the relationships among mindful eating, BMI, and physical activity are not straightforward. A better understanding of these complexities might lead to more effective intervention strategies for addressing overweight and obesity risk in university populations.
Prognostic Usefulness of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Patients Who Have Clinically Node Negative, Localized, Primary Invasive Cutaneous Melanoma: A Bayesian Analysis Using Informative Published Reports

Objective To assess the prognostic value of sentinel lymph node biopsy status for patients with localized, clinically node negative, primary invasive cutaneous melanoma. Design Predictive value of positive or negative sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) results for melanoma-related death, using raw numbers from informative publications. Setting and Participants Reports comprising 50 patients with cutaneous melanoma who had undergone SLNB, based on PubMed search (January 1, 1993, through June 3, 2010). Main Outcome Measure Melanoma-related death. Results For the 2 informative reports of patients with tumors of intermediate thickness (1-4 mm), risk of melanoma-related death ranged from 26.2% to 31.6% for node-positive cases and from 9.7% to 15.6% for node-negative cases. Based on 4 informative reports of patients with thin tumors (≤1 mm), risk of melanoma-related death ranged from 0% to 0.6% for both node-positive and node-negative cases. For the single informative report of patients with thick tumors (≥4 mm), risk of melanoma-related death was 32.5% for node-positive cases and 30.1% for node-negative cases. For 19 informative case series with any tumor thickness, risk of melanoma-related death ranged from 0% to 47.8% for node-positive cases and from 0% to 13.3% for node-negative cases. Conclusion Prognostic information provided by SLNB status may be variably useful for patients who have tumors of intermediate thickness (1-4 mm) and not very useful for patients who have thin (≤1 mm) or thick (≥4 mm) tumors.
Histamine-1 receptor antagonism for treatment of insomnia

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the literature regarding the use of histamine-1 (H 1 ) receptor antagonists and to describe their role in the treatment of insomnia in adult patients, including the elderly. Data sources Literature was identified via PubMed and Medline through April 1, 2012, using the search terms insomnia and sleep , each individually combined with histamine antagonist, tricyclic antidepressant, trazodone, mirtazapine, doxepin, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, trimipramine, doxylamine, diphenhydramine , and antihistamine . Study selection and data extraction Data included randomized double-blind trials that statistically evaluated H 1 receptor antagonist treatment in patients with insomnia compared with a placebo control or Food and Drug Administration–approved insomnia treatment. Trials selected evaluated sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, total sleep time, number of awakenings, and/or sleep efficiency in a subjective or objective manner. A total of 65 trials were evaluated, and 16 met inclusion criteria. Data synthesis With the exception of low-dose doxepin (Silenor—Somaxon), trials evaluating the clinical effectiveness of H 1 receptor antagonists show mixed results and are limited by sample size and generalizability. Large, randomized, appropriately controlled trials are lacking, making it difficult to define the safety and efficacy of these agents. In contrast, low-dose doxepin has been shown to provide consistent sleep benefit compared with placebo. Conclusion Over-the-counter antihistamines may have a role for short-term insomnia treatment in younger adults, but tolerance develops rapidly. Mirtazapine should not be used solely for the treatment of insomnia. Sedating antidepressants can be considered after failure of first-line insomnia treatments. Patients taking these agents chronically should be evaluated for continued efficacy and potential harm. Low-dose doxepin may have a unique role in the treatment of insomnia in elderly patients given its tolerability, documented efficacy, and lack of important adverse effects.
Evaluation of Coronary CTA Appropriateness Criteria® in an Academic Medical Center

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate published appropriateness criteria for CT angiography (CTA) at the authors' academic medical center. Methods Two observers independently reviewed the medical records of 251 patients who had undergone dual-source coronary CTA from June 1 to December 31, 2007. Patients were assigned to indications from 1 of 7 tables from the American College of Cardiology Foundation and ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® . Agreement between the two observers was assessed using κ statistics. Disagreements were resolved by consensus panel. The final numbers of appropriate, uncertain, inappropriate, and not classifiable indications were recorded. Results Indications for testing were classified as appropriate in 69 patients (27%), inappropriate in 42 patients (17%), and uncertain in 25 patients (10%). One hundred fifteen indications for coronary CTA (46%) were not classifiable. Analysis of interobserver variability for overall appropriateness yielded a κ value of 0.31, which was considered to indicate fair agreement. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that a significant proportion (46%) of the coronary CTA studies performed at the authors' institution are for indications that are not covered by the published appropriateness criteria. Modifications to these criteria could help decrease the number of studies that are not classifiable. Physician education could decrease the number of inappropriate studies.