cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative description of damage evolution in ductile fracture of tantalum

Dynamic ductile fracture has been studied through incipient spallation experiments on two grades of tantalum. A commercially pure Ta material incipiently spalled at 252 m/s, a highly pure Ta material incipiently spalled at 246 m/s, and a highly pure Ta material preshocked at 250 m/s and incipiently spalled at 246 m/s were used. Microstructural parameters of the fracture process such as porosity, void-size distributions, and void aspect ratios have been quantified using image analysis and optical profilometry techniques. The commercially pure Ta, the highly pure Ta preshocked prior to spall, and the annealed high-purity Ta exhibited 27, 16.6, and 5.5 pct porosity, respectively. The void-size distribution observed in all three tests was adequately represented by either a log-normal or a linear combination of a log-normal and a Weibull distribution function. At least 80 pct of the aspect ratios observed in all three tests were adequately represented by a gamma distribution function.
Numerical solution of transient heat conduction in a cylindrical section during quenching

A two-dimensional numerical solution is developed for transient heat conduction in a copper test section (20 mm thick and 50.8 mm in diameter) during quenching of its downward facing curved surface (surface radius 148 mm) in saturated water. The solution used the measured temperatures in the test section near the surface (~ 0.5 mm) to derive the transient pool boiling curves at different locations on the surface. The study investigated the effects of lateral conduction near the surface on local heat flux and local surface temperature in the different pool boiling regimes. The solution employed a fully implicit, alternating direction, control volume method to ensure numerical stability and reduce the storage and computation time. A parametric analysis is performed to assess the effect of the computation grid size and the value of the convergence coefficient on the accuracy of calculations as well as the computation time on a 50- MHz, 486 PC.
Muonium in semiconductors and some implications for hydrogen impurities

A description of the structures, charge states, and the transitions among them for isolated interstitial muonium in covalent semiconductors is presented. This description appears to be general, explaining a wealth of experimental observations on group IV and III–V semiconductors. Observations which support various features of this general description will be presented. A brief mention of some implications for hydrogen in semiconductors will follow.
Electronic structures and geometries of N-O-F compounds: Fluorinated hydroxylamines

Abstract STO-3G and 4-31G calculations have been carried out on hydroxylamine and its fluorinated derivatives with the hope of shedding some light on the electronic structures of these interesting molecules. The geometries of the hydroxylamines have been optimized using both computational methods and the resulting geometries predicted from the two methods are compared. We have also computed the atomization energies, the bond separation energies, the hydrogenation energies, the heats of formation and the isomerization energies. Whereas STO-3G theory is adequate for hydroxylamine, the indtroduction of fluorines in the molecule necessitates the use of a more flexi ble basis set (4-31G) for adequate description.
Analysis of temporal noise in CMOS APS

Temporal noise sets a fundamental limit on image sensor performance, especially under low illumination and in video applications. In a CCD image sensor, temporal noise is well studied and characterized. It is primarily due to the photodetector shot noise and the thermal and 1/f noise of the output charge to voltage amplifier. In a CMOS APS several addition sources contribute to temporal noise, including the noise due to the pixel rest, follower, and access transistors. The analysis of noise is further complicated by the nonlinearity of the APS charge to voltage characteristics, which is becoming more pronounced as CMOS technology scales, and the fact that the reset transistor operates below threshold for most of the reset time. The paper presents an accurate analysis of temporal noise in APS. We analyze the noise for each stage of the sensor operation, and identify the noise contribution from each source. We analyze noise due to photodetector shot noise taking nonlinearity into consideration. We find that nonlinearity improves SNR reset transistor shot noise is at most half the commonly quoted value. Using HSPICE simulation, we find the noise due to the follower and access transistors. As expected we find that at low illumination reset noise dominates, while at high illumination photodetector shot noise dominates. Finally, we present experimental results from test structures fabricated in 0.35(mu) CMOS processes. We find that both measured peak SNR and reset noise values match well with the results of our analysis.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Photodetachment and photodissociation of the linear OCuO− molecular anion: energy and time dependence of Cu− production

A photodissociative study of CuO2− is presented using a combination of energy and time domain photoelectron spectroscopy. Ion source conditions are used that solely produce linear OCuO−. Photodissociation of this isomer to produce Cu− + O2 is conclusively demonstrated at wavelengths between 765 and 340 nm. Nanosecond pulsed photoexcitation at wavelengths shorter than 340 nm produces single photon detachment transitions from the first excited state of CuO2−. At longer wavelengths narrow Cu− fragment transitions are observed as a result of a sequential two photon process. In addition, the longer wavelengths produce a weak, broad two photon dependent signal, the result of detachment of the dissociating linear isomer. Time resolved pump–probe measurements reveal a long timescale growth (up to 150 ps) of the Cu− fragment yield, consistent with the unfavorable starting geometry for the dissociative process and indicating a potential energy surface which has one or more substantial barriers to dissociation.
Self-Assembled Monolayers as Templates for Heme Crystallization

Homogeneous self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols (HS(CH2)nX) on Au(111) were used as substrates for crystallization of ferriprotoporphyrin IX (heme) in acidic aqueous solution. Different terminal functional groups (X = OH, COOH, NH2, CH3) were used on the SAMs as models of sites where heme crystallization takes place in blood-feeding organisms. Atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) were employed to characterize particle morphology, density, crystallographic orientation, and the coordination environment. It was found that the morphology and extent of growth of particulates were strongly affected by the environment in which they crystallize. As has been previously observed, acicular crystals form in DMSO−methanol solution, whereas irregular aggregates of crystals form in acidic aqueous solution. Here tabular crystals were found to form on -NH2 and -OH terminated SAMs, whereas inclined crystals formed on -COOH and -CH3 terminated sub...
Nitric Oxide Accelerates the Recovery from Burn Wounds

A full-thickness burn wound model was used to evaluate the effects of a topically applied gel-based nitric oxide donor on wound healing in rats. The histological study demonstrated that the nitric oxide (NO) application significantly promoted re-epithelization that resulted in a fast recovery of burn wound. The histological sections further revealed that inflammatory cell infiltration in the NO-treated group was significantly increased in comparison to the control group. The enhanced accumulation of inflammatory cells resulted in a higher expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) that was detected with imunoblotting. An immunohistochemistry study with CD31, a specific marker for endothelial cells, indicated that NO treatment markedly stimulated angiogenesis. Evaluation of collagen synthesis by immunohistochemistry with procollagen antibody demonstrated a significantly increased collagen synthesis in NO-treated wound bed. We concluded that NO treatment promoted re-epithelialization and wound closure by means of enhanced inflammatory cell infiltration, and that it promoted angiogenesis and facilitated collagen synthesis in the wound bed.
A discotic disguised as a smectic: A hybrid columnar bragg glass

We show that discotics, lying deep in the columnar phase, can exhibit an x-ray scattering pattern which mimics that of a somewhat unusual smectic liquid crystal. This exotic, new glassy phase of columnar liquid crystals, which we call a "hybrid columnar Bragg glass," can be achieved by confining a columnar liquid crystal in an anisotropic random environment of, e.g., strained aerogel. Long-ranged orientational order in this phase makes single-domain x-ray scattering possible, from which a wealth of information could be extracted. We give detailed quantitative predictions for the scattering pattern in addition to exponents characterizing anomalous elasticity of the system.
Risk Considerations for the Launch of the SpaceX Falcon 1 Rocket

The FAA has been given the authority by Congress to license commercial launch or reentry activity to ensure protection of public property, the national security interests of the United States and to promote U.S. Commercial Space Transportation. To meet this responsibility the FAA performs a safety evaluation of an application to launch a vehicle from any launch site in the world by a United States citizen or corporation. In this example, the FAA performed a safety analysis using risk analysis tools developed by ACTA Inc. and the FAA, to determine the risk to the uninvolved public as a result of a launch of a SpaceX Falcon 1 rocket from a launch pad on Kwajalein Atoll, which is governed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands. This paper addresses the considerations given to determine the risk to the uninvolved public, in particular trajectory considerations, debris considerations, population considerations, and methodology considerations. The FAA assessed the risk to the uninvolved public in the Marshall Islands and South America from the flight of the SpaceX Falcon 1 rocket. This paper shows that calculated risk is sensitive to population exposure models and propellant venting capabilities.
Intrauterine growth retardation after long-term maternal salicylate administration in the rabbit☆

Abstract The effects of chronic maternal salicylism on fetal growth were studied in chronically catheterized pregnant rabbits. Graded intravenous infusions of sodium salicylate were given continuously between days 22 and 29 of gestation. Maternal plasma salicylate concentrations (mean ± SD) of 12.0 ± 1.6 mg/dl (low-dose group) or 24.1 ± 5.3 mg/dl (high-dose group) were achieved. Control rabbits were infused with saline solution. Pups were delivered by hysterotomy on day 29. Fetal/matermal salicylate concentration ratios were near unity for both infusion groups. There were significant dose-related reductions (mean ± SD) in fetal weight (control, 39.7 ± 6.7 gm; low-dose group, 34.4 ± 6.4 gm; high-dose group, 22.2 ± 7.1 gm; p
On the thermodynamic framework of generalized coupled thermoelastic-viscoplastic-damage modeling

A complete potential based framework using internal state variables is put forth for the derivation of reversible and irreversible constitutive equations. In this framework, the existence of the total (integrated) form of either the (Helmholtz) free energy or the (Gibbs) complementary free energy are assumed a priori. Two options for describing the flow and evolutionary equations are described, wherein option one (the fully coupled form) is shown to be over restrictive while the second option (the decoupled form) provides significant flexibility. As a consequence of the decoupled form, a new operator, i.e., the Compliance operator, is defined which provides a link between the assumed Gibb's and complementary dissipation potential and ensures a number of desirable numerical features, for example the symmetry of the resulting consistent tangent stiffness matrix. An important conclusion reached, is that although many theories in the literature do not conform to the general potential framework outlined, it is still possible in some cases, by slight modifications of the used forms, to restore the complete potential structure.
Measurements and Correction of the PEP Interaction Region Quadrupole Magnets

Lenses for the intersection regions of PEP must be pure quadrupole over the entire magnet aperture to within 1:104. Correction of the magnet and its end fringe regions to this accuracy requires measurement of the field quality (relative field harmonic component amplitudes at the pole radius) to 1:105 through the 30th harmonic. Equipment developed for these measurements and the techniques used for field correction are described.
Potential consequences of widespread antepartal use of ampicillin

Abstract Objective: Recommendations for the use of antenatal antibiotics in obstetrics have increased in the past few years, especially for prophylaxis against group B streptococci, for prolongation of the latency time in patients with preterm premature rupture of the membranes, and as an adjuvant treatment in preterm labor. Our objective was to determine whether the use of antenatal ampicillin affects the incidence of and resistance of early-onset neonatal sepsis with organisms other than group B streptococci. Study Design: A prospective cohort study was performed between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 1996. Every case of blood culture–proven neonatal sepsis was prospectively surveyed. The type of bacteria isolated, drug resistance, antenatal antibiotic use and treatment indication, gestational age at delivery, and other antenatal and outcome variables were gathered. Early-onset neonatal sepsis was defined as disease onset within 7 days after birth. Results: A total of 42 cases of early-onset neonatal sepsis among 29,897 neonates delivered were found during the 6-year period. Of these, 15 cases were due to group B streptococci and 27 were the result of non–group B streptococcal organisms (21 gram-negative rods and 6 gram-positive cocci). Among the 27 non–group B streptococcal cases, 15 mothers had received antenatal ampicillin and 13 of the 15 bacterial isolates from these neonates (87%) were resistant to ampicillin, versus only 2 ampicillin-resistant isolates (17%) among the 12 cases in which no antenatal antibiotics were administered ( P = .0004). Of the 15 mothers who were treated with ampicillin, 13 received more than 1 dose. In evaluating each year of the study, the overall administration of antibiotics to pregnant women in the antenatal period increased from Escherichia coli, increased. Conclusions: The increased administration of antenatal ampicillin to pregnant women may be responsible for the increased incidence of early-onset neonatal sepsis with non–group B streptococcal organisms that are resistant to ampicillin. At this time penicillin G, rather than ampicillin, is therefore recommended for prophylaxis against group B streptococci. In addition, future studies are needed to determine whether alternate approaches, such as immunotherapy or vaginal washing, could be of benefit. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:879-83.)
Proton widths in a diffuse well

Abstract Widths have been calculated for resonant scattering of protons by a Woods-Saxon potential with accepted parameters. It is found that the single-particle estimate is only about one-quarter to one half of the Wigner-Teichman estimate for a radius of about 1.5 A 1 3 fm . This brings observed widths closer to the single-particle widths for certain levels expected to be single-particle levels in the shell model.
Competing microstructure and crystalline phase formation and their roles in glass formability: a molecular dynamics study

Abstract Glass formation is often considered as the transition from a liquid to a surviving non-crystalline phase when all crystallizations fail. What the competing microstructures and crystalline phases are and precisely how they affect the glass formation are important issues that need to be resolved. In this work, we report on a systematic investigation that addresses several aspects of the issues using molecular dynamics simulation. A binary hard sphere model with a purely repulsive interatomic interaction is adopted due to its fast crystallization rates and identifiable complex crystalline phases competing with glass formation. Various microstructure and crystalline phases are identified and their roles in affecting the glass formation are analyzed. Our results provide an independent confirmation that glass formation is a result of the competing phase formation where the times needed for either the crystal nucleation or initial growth of the crystal nucleus exceed the time scales for cooling a glass-forming liquid. The limiting times are critically determined by intrinsic material properties and vary in different systems. Mechanisms of atomic size effect on glass transition and the limitations in the existing theories of the atomic size effect on glass formability are discussed.
How behavioral science can advance digital health

The field of behavioral science has produced myriad data on health behavior change strategies and leveraged such data into effective human-delivered interventions to improve health. Unfortunately, the impact of traditional health behavior change interventions has been heavily constrained by patient and provider burden, limited ability to measure and intervene upon behavior in real time, variable adherence, low rates of implementation, and poor third-party coverage. Digital health technologies, including mobile phones, sensors, and online social networks, by being available in real time, are being explored as tools to increase our understanding of health behavior and to enhance the impact of behavioral interventions. The recent explosion of industry attention to the development of novel health technologies is exciting but has far outpaced research. This Special Section of Translational Behavioral Medicine, Smartphones, Sensors, and Social Networks: A New Age of Health Behavior Change features a collection of studies that leverage health technologies to measure, change, and/or understand health behavior. We propose five key areas in which behavioral science can improve the impact of digital health technologies on public health. First, research is needed to identify which health technologies actually impact behavior and health outcomes. Second, we need to understand how online social networks can be leveraged to impact health behavior on a large scale. Third, a team science approach is needed in the developmental process of health technologies. Fourth, behavioral scientists should identify how a balance can be struck between the fast pace of innovation and the much slower pace of research. Fifth, behavioral scientists have an integral role in informing the development of health technologies and facilitating the movement of health technologies into the healthcare system.
Population Structure Can Inflate SNP-Based Heritability Estimates

To the Editor: Recently, Lee et al.1 presented a method to estimate the proportion of phenotypic variation explained by common SNPs for case-control phenotypes. This extends the work of Yang et al.2 for estimating the proportion of phenotypic variation that can be explained by common SNPs for quantitative traits. Yang et al.2 found that 45% of variation in height in Australian individuals of European descent can be explained by common SNPs. Lee et al. showed that a high proportion (22%–38%) of the variation in liability for Crohn disease, bipolar disorder, and type 1 diabetes in the Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium (WTCCC) data can be explained by common SNPs.1
Energetics of homogeneous nucleation — Approach to a physical spinodal

Abstract The energetics of cluster formation in a supersaturated system is treated thermodynamically. The classical capillarity approximation is avoided by incorporating curvature dependent surface energy terms proposed by Gibbs in the thermodynamic analysis of Reiss. A size dependent surface tension is derived from a form of the Laplace equation including the effects of curvature. This size dependent surface tension is defined as the reversible work necessary to change the surface area of a spherical droplet. This treatment yields a dependence of the surface tension, σ( r ), on radius of the droplet, r , given by σ ( r ) = σ ∞ (1 - δ / r ) 2 , where σ ∞ is the surface tension of a planar interface and δ is a constant equal to the monomer droplet radius or interface thickness. A phenomenological theory of homogeneous nucleation, consistent with the derived energetics of cluster formation, predicts the existence of a physical spinodal point. This physical spinodal point is described by a critical cluster size and critical supersaturation beyond which there is no barrier to cluster growth. At greater supersaturation than the spinodal, nucleation would occur by fluctuation in supersaturation akin to the concentration fluctuations of chemical spinodal decomposition. At lesser supersaturation than the physical spinodal, homogeneous nucleation occurs by classical cluster growth and decay with an existing free energy barrier to growth until a critical size is achieved. The nucleus size and the free energy barrier to nucleation approach the classically predicted values at saturation and approach zero at the physical spinodal limit at a unique critical supersaturation or undercooling.
A comparative evaluation of culture conditions for short-term maintenance (<24 hr) of human islets isolated using the Edmonton protocol.

Once human islets are isolated, they are typically transplanted into type 1 diabetic recipients within 2 h of isolation. This time restriction makes it difficult for patients to travel from distant locations to receive an islet transplant and it also makes it difficult to complete pre-release quality control assessments (i.e., endotoxin and gram stain) before the expiration of the islet product. Therefore, there were two goals for this study. The first was to measure the stability of islets after a 24 h culture period using CMRL media 1066 (CMRL) supplemented with either fetal bovine serum (FBS); albumin or insulin transferrin and selenium (ITS). The second was to determine the impact of cell concentration and media depth on islet stability. The results of the study indicated that culture recoveries at 37 °C with CMRL + ITS (also known as Memphis media) were higher (64.1 ± 8.3%) than with CMRL supplemented with FBS (38.7 ± 9.7%) or albumin (47.6 ± 8.2%) and that post-culture islet viabilities, post-culture purities and stimulation indexes (SIs) were comparable. In the second series of experiments, the results showed that islets recoveries and SIs in cultures with low islet concentrations (300 IE/ml) were significantly better than cultures at high islet concentrations (1500 IE/ml). Additionally, at a shallow media depth (1.4 vs. 7 mm of media) the SI of the islets improved, and this effect was independent of the additive (i.e., FBS, albumin and ITS).
The absence and application of stable carbon isotopic fractionation during the reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls.

A bacterial enrichment culture (specific to doubly flanked chlorine removal) reductively dechlorinated 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (2,3,4,5-CB) to 2,3,5-trichlorobiphenyl (2,3,5-CB) in aqueous media. Approximately 90% conversion to 2,3,5-CB occurred after 90 days, with no other products formed. The δ13C values of 2,3,4,5-CB and 2,3,5-CB were relatively constant over the course of the reaction, indicating a very small or no isotope effect. In addition, compound-specific δ13C analysis performed for every congener in three different lots of Aroclor 1268 showed an intrinsic isotopic trend of decreasing 13C abundance with increasing chlorine content, similar to observations in other commercial mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The results of this laboratory study suggest that microbial reductive dechlorination of PCBs in contaminated sediments will create congeners with more depleted δ13C values than native PCBs of similar chlorination. Such information may provide additional evidence for the occur...
Group and Organizational Involvement Among Persons with Psychiatric Disabilities in Supported Housing

This study examined the patterns and correlates of group and organizational involvement among persons with psychiatric disabilities using a cross-sectional, probability sample of 252 residents in supported independent housing (SIH). Groups and organizations were classified according to whether or not they have a behavioral health focus. Demographic, clinical, and service use characteristics were examined as potential predictors of membership using Poisson regression models. Findings indicated that 60% of the sample was involved in some kind of behavioral or nonbehavioral health organization. Similar to the findings from the general population, higher rates of membership were found among older persons, Blacks, those with more years of education, and those with higher incomes. Other correlates specific to the SIH sample included prior homelessness, perceived discrimination, substance abuse history, psychiatric symptoms, psychiatric diagnosis, and contact with service providers. Implications of study findings for developing intervention strategies to enhance organizational membership and for future research are discussed.
A Learning Technology Curriculum: The First Step

The concepts of learning technology are based on several decades of research and demonstration. A formal curriculum to train people to enter this field, however, does not exist. To initiate the development of such a course of study a conference was held at American University on March 11 and 12, 1975. This meeting, sponsored by American University and the Society for Applied Learning Technology, brought together a group of experts in this field with experience in both theoretical concepts and general applications. Topics covered included the following: performance architecture; instructional delivery methods and management; learning systems design; and, the cost and economics of various approaches to learning technology. Most concepts were illustrated with a number of current applications. As a result of the meeting it was recommended that a learning technology curriculum be specified, broadly consisting of the following categories: 1) a section on performance architecture or systems design, 2) a grouping...
Differential toxicity of enantiomers of maackiain and pisatin to phytopathogenic fungi

Abstract Enantiomers of the isoflavonoid phytoalexins maackiain and pisatin were tested for toxicity to 36 fungal isolates representing 19 species. Nine of these species were pathogens of red clover, which synthesizes (−)maackiain; seven species were reported to be pathogenic on garden pea, which synthesizes predominantly (+)pisatin and minor amounts of (−)maackiain. In general, non-host phytoalexins were more inhibitory than host phytoalexins to growth of these pathogens. In addition, the opposite enantiomer of the host phytoalexin was often more inhibitory to a pathogenic fungus than the normally-occurring enantiomer. There was little correlation between the tolerance of fungi to (+) versus (−)pisatin and differential ability to metabolize the pisatin enantiomers. Nevertheless the data suggest that the production of non-host phytoalexins in transgenic plants might increase resistance of red clover and garden pea to some fungal pathogens.
Synthesis and characterization of SrBi2Se4

Abstract SrBi2Se4 was synthesized at 945°C and its structure was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data obtained at 165 K. SrBi2Se4 is isotypic to 12-BaBi2S4 and Eu1.1Bi2S4. The compound crystallizes in P63/m (Z=12) with a=25.970(2) A and c=4.2437(3) A. Final R1=0.0630 and wR2=0.1246 (I>2σ(I)). The coordination environments of Bi are distorted Se octahedra. These octahedra build up a uniaxial three-dimensional network with tunnels along the z direction, which are filled by Sr2+. There is also a second tunnel along the z direction which is partially occupied by Bi atoms. The coordination spheres of Sr are bicapped trigonal prisms of Se. Transport measurements indicate that SrBi2Se4 is semiconducting. This work adds one high-symmetry compound to the family of complex chalcogenides, in which low-symmetry compounds are common.
Integrating Open Lab Notebooks with Online Databases

My slides from a presentation and panel discussion on integrating open lab notebooks with online databases. A video archive of the presentation is available here: http://vimeo.com/20100632
Bandwidth of spectral resolution for two-formant synthetic vowels and two-tone complex signals.

Spectral integration refers to the summation of activity beyond the bandwidth of the peripheral auditory filter. Several experimental lines have sought to determine the bandwidth of this “supracritical” band phenomenon. This paper reports on two experiments which tested the limit on spectral integration in the same listeners. Experiment 1 verified the critical separation of 3.5 bark in two-formant synthetic vowels as advocated by the center-of-gravity (COG) hypothesis. According to the COG effect, two formants are integrated into a single perceived peak if their separation does not exceed approximately 3.5 bark. With several modifications to the methods of a classic COG matching task, the present listeners responded to changes in pitch in two-formant synthetic vowels, not estimating their phonetic quality. By changing the amplitude ratio of the formants, the frequency of the perceived peak was closer to that of the stronger formant. This COG effect disappeared with larger formant separation. In a second experiment, auditory spectral resolution bandwidths were measured for the same listeners using common-envelope, two-tone complex signals. Results showed that the limits of spectral averaging in two-formant vowels and two-tone spectral resolution bandwidth were related for two of the three listeners. The third failed to perform the discrimination task. For the two subjects who completed both tasks, the results suggest that the critical region in vowel task and the complex-tone discriminability estimates are linked to a common mechanism, i.e., to an auditory spectral resolving power. A signal-processing model is proposed to predict the COG effect in two-formant synthetic vowels. The model introduces two modifications to Hermansky’s [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 1738–1752 (1990)] perceptual linear predictive (PLP) model. The model predictions are generally compatible with the present experimental results and with the predictions of several earlier models accounting for the COG effect.
An ILP-based automatic bus planner for dense PCBs

Modern PCBs have to be routed manually since no EDA tools can successfully route these complex boards. An auto-router for PCBs would improve design productivity tremendously since each board takes about 2 months to route manually. This paper focuses on a major step in PCB routing called bus planning. In the bus planning problem, we need to simultaneously solve the bus decomposition, escape routing, layer assignment and global bus routing. This problem was partially addressed by Kong et al. in [3] where they only focused on the layer assignment and global bus routing, assuming bus decomposition and escape routing are given. In this paper, we present an ILP-based solution to the entire bus planning problem. We apply our bus planner to an industrial PCB (with over 7000 nets and 12 signal layers) which was previously successfully routed manually, and compare with a state-of-the-art industrial internal tool where the layer assignment and global bus routing are based on the algorithm in [3]. Our bus planner successfully routed 97.4% of all the nets. This is a huge improvement over the industrial tool which could only achieve 84.7% routing completion for this board.
One-way imaging with an aberrated reference beam

We demonstrate image reconstruction by way of four-wave mixing for a signal that makes a single pass through a distorting medium. Both the signal and the reference originate from the same source and propagate through the same disturbance. In the four-wave mixing process, phase aberrations are subtracted out. A read beam from a second source reconstructs the undistorted image, yielding a phase conjugate without a double pass through the disturbance. Good reconstructed image fidelity is demonstrated for static distortions if the phase mismatch between the signal and the reference beams is minimized. If there is significant phase mismatch, reconstructed image fidelity is poor. We show that this technique can also be used to measure the autocorrelation function of the disturbance when the mismatch between the signal and the reference in the four-wave mixing scheme is varied.
Alcohol consumption and lipodystrophy in HIV-infected adults with alcohol problems

Lipodystrophy is a common long-term complication of HIV infection that may lead to decreased quality of life and less adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). A complete understanding of the etiology of HIV-associated lipodystrophy has not as yet been achieved, although factors related to the virus, per se, and use of ART appear to be related. Alcohol use is common among HIV-infected patients and has biological effects on fat distribution, yet alcohol’s relationship to HIV-associated lipodystrophy has not been examined. The goal of this clinical study was to assess the effect of alcohol consumption on lipodystrophy in HIV-infected adults with alcohol problems. This was a prospective study (2001 - 2006) of 289 HIV-infected persons with alcohol problems. The primary outcome was self-reported lipodystrophy, which was assessed at one timepoint (median 29 months after enrollment). Alcohol use was assessed every 6 months and classified as: abstinent at all interviews; ≥1 report of moderate drinking but no heavy drinking; 1 or 2 reports of heavy drinking; or ≥3 reports of heavy drinking. Multivariable logistic regression models were fit to the data. Fifty-two percent (150/289) of subjects reported lipodystrophy. Alcohol consumption was: 34% abstinent at all interviews; 12% ≥1 report of moderate drinking, but no heavy drinking; 34% 1-2 reports of heavy drinking; 20% ≥3 reports of heavy drinking. Although not statistically significant, subjects with alcohol use had a higher odds of lipodystrophy [adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI: ≥1 report of moderate drinking, 2.36 (0.89, 6.24); 1-2 reports of heavy drinking, 1.34 (0.69, 2.60); ≥3 reports of heavy drinking, 2.07 (0.90, 4.73)]. Alcohol use may increase the odds of developing HIV-associated lipodystrophy among subjects with alcohol problems. However, larger studies are needed to elucidate fully the role and impact of alcohol consumption on the development of this common long-term complication of HIV infection and its treatment.
CAVITATION EROSION INCUBATION PERIOD

Abstract To evaluate the “incubation period” (IP) stage of cavitation erosion, short-duration vibratory horn tests in tap water were made on soft aluminum alloy (aluminum alloy 1100-O) and also on a much more resistant alloy (316 stainless steel). Curves of weight loss versus time, and corresponding scanning electron microscopy photomicrographs taken during the IP, are presented and discussed. The effects of horn amplitude and temperature are investigated for “open-beaker” tests. The IP for 316 stainless steel is found to be about 500 times that for aluminum alloy 1100-O for the same amplitude and temperature. This ratio can be predicted almost exactly by applying an assumed relation between MDPRmax and IP, i.e. MDPRmax−1 = k(IP)n. Fatigue cracks and individual-blow craters were found for 316 stainless steel but only individual craters were found for aluminum alloy 1100-O, although their ductilities are approximately equal. It is found that the IP based on the eroded area only, IPerod, is much less than the conventional IP (based on the total specimen area) if IP is based on the attainment of a given mean depth of erosion MDP. Relations between the eventual erosion rate MDPRmax and the IP are considered. It is found that IP data can often be used to predict eventual MDPRmax values according to the relation MDPRmax−1 ∝ (IP)n where n ≈ 0.93 and n ≈ 0.95 for our vibratory and Venturi data respectively. However, different values for n have been reported in the literature. By assuming a “characteristic” erosion-time curve the time of occurrence of MDPRmax can also be estimated. It is verified that only bubble collapse stresses are important in the vibratory horn test, although specimens are vibrated under very high accelerations.
The uptake and subcellular distribution of lead in developing sea urchin embryos

Abstract 1. 1. The radioisotope of lead, 210Pb, was used to examine lead uptake and the subcellular distribution of lead in developing sea urchin embryos. 2. 2. 210Pb uptake was found to be linear throughout the first 72hr of development. 3. 3. Each of the subcellular fractions contained substantial quantities of 210Pb with the cytosol generically having the highest concentration, the nuclear fraction the lowest and the mitochrondrial and microsomal fractions having intermediate concentrations. 4. 4. When the cytosol was further fractionated by chromatography on G-75 Sephadex the 210Pb was found associated with three discrete peaks.
Measures for Practice with Families from a Strengths Perspective

Social work practice from a strengths perspective is increasingly a preferred mode of practice. In the current environment of managed care in many fields, practitioners are required to measure and document various aspects of client problems and service effectiveness. The problem focus is inconsistent with the strengths perspective, but strengths-based practitioners are not immune from the accountability demands. This paper identifies and evaluates measurement instruments that can be used in practice with families—from a strengths perspective—and will also enable social workers to document service effectiveness.
An automated measurement system for characterization of RF and gradient coil parameters

A fully automated laboratory-based measurement system for characterization of coil system parameters is presented. This method uses an inexpensive personal computer (PC)-controlled stepper motor positioning system in conjunction with a network/spectrum analyzer and an analog-to-digital converter (A/D) board that allows high resolution data acquisition in an unattended manner. A graphical interface was created for complete control of stepper motor movement, measurement, and data acquisition. The system is capable of performing a wide range of measurements that can, either individually or combined, characterize radiofre-quency (RF) and gradient coils used in MRI. Measurement methods, theory, and results for conductor and shield current distributions, mutual impedance, and magnetic fields are given. Comparisons with theoretical calculations are included to validate the accuracy and utility of the system.
Lycopenoids: are lycopene metabolites bioactive?

Abstract In vitro lycopene is the most potent antioxidant among carotenoids. While antioxidant function may be relevant to health, we hypothesize that metabolites of lycopene may be bioactive and responsible for the beneficial effects of tomato product consumption. We term these metabolites “lycopenoids,” which we believe may be produced from carotenoid monooxygenase (CMO) II, paralleling the production of retinoids from β-carotene by CMO I. We present evidence suggesting that tomato carotenoid metabolites may be responsible for the reduced risk of prostate cancer seen in men consuming high levels of tomato products. Finally, we identify gaps in knowledge in this evolving area of carotenoid research.
An Array for Measuring Detailed Soil Temperature Profiles

Soil temperature dynamics can provide insights into soil variables which are much more difficult or impossible to measure. We designed an array to measure temperature at precise depth increments. Data was collected to determine if the construction materials influence surface and near-surface temperature estimates during peak insolation. In dry sand, arrays disagreed with a bare reference thermistor at the soil surface by -6 to +5 °C, averaging +0.42 °C. At depths of 1 to 4 cm, the arrays averaged from 3 down to 1 °C warmer during a sunny day, indicating that construction material was conducting heat from the surface at a greater rate than the sand. The average difference between arrays and a reference at 13-cm depth in sand was -0.30 °C (standard deviation = 0.42). Under field conditions in a dry silt loam, the arrays did not show the near-surface daytime bias, and agreed within 1 °C of independent measurements at 2 and 5 cm. The array facilitates multiple measurements of detailed temperature profiles. These measurements are capable of detecting the effect of soil conditions such as tillage, layering, or water content on the flow of heat at a resolution of centimeters.
Exploratory laparoscopy for rotational abnormality of the intestine in a child with leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II

Abstract Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II (LAD II) is a rare immunodeficiency that causes frequent, recurrent infections and impaired wound healing. Here we report a case of a patient with LAD II who presented with failure to thrive and abdominal pain, for which underwent exploratory laparoscopy and gastrostomy tube placement. No previous cases of a patient with LAD II undergoing surgery have been reported. We found that this patient was able to tolerate and recover from surgical intervention. Additionally, we report the novel findings of intestinal nonrotation and intra-abdominal adhesions in a patient with LAD II.
School-Based Service Use by Youth with ADHD in Public-Sector Settings.

This study investigates rates and predictors of school-based services (SBSs) for 390 youth meeting criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and served in the San Diego public sectors. Only 60% of youth had received an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder diagnosis; these youth were younger, male, Caucasian (versus Latino), and active to public mental health and special education (Emotional Disturbance category) at enumeration of study participants. Higher rates of SBSs (64%) were revealed than in community samples. Only 26% accessed multimodal treatment including SBSs, medication, and mental health. In multivariate modeling, SBSs displayed a curvilinear relationship with age, which may explain previously conflicting results regarding that relationship. Youth with private insurance or receiving mental health or medication were more likely to receive SBSs. Gender, race/ethnicity, and caregiver education, health, and mental health were not related to SBSs use. These findings may reflect samp...
Applications of Molecular Coherence

Macroscopic molecular coherence allows broadband collinear generation of Raman sidebands, opening possibilities for compression of optical sub-cycle subfemtosecond pulses, and for non-sinusoidal field synthesis; increased coherence also enables improvements in optical detection and sensing applications.
A Comparison of Processing Conditions of Unextracted Soybeans for Utilization by the Chick

Abstract NUMEROUS studies including the work of Stephenson and Tollett (1959) and Renner and Hill (1960), have been concerned with the heating conditions required for satisfactory utilization of unextracted soybeans by the chick. In addition to adequate heating, work by Carew et al. (1959, 1961), Renner and Hill (1960) and Carew and Nesheim (1962) has also shown a need for mechanical pressure to insure maximal utilization of the oil and, therefore, maximal performance of chicks fed unextracted soybeans. The work of Carew et al. (1961) demonstrated that the growth stimulation in chicks resulting from the flaking of heated soybeans was due to increased absorbability of the oil, and as a consequence, increased metabolizable energy as compared to that of ground heated soybeans. Carew and Nesheim (1962) have shown that pelleting of the entire diet containing heated soybeans resulted in increased availability of the oil to the chick. Pelleting of only the …
Single-switch AC/DC converter with power factor correction

A single-switch, one-stage power factor correction converter with output electrical isolation is proposed. To relieve the voltage spike caused by the leakage inductance of the power transformer, two bulk storage capacitors are used. The proposed converter has both a good power factor correction and excellent line and load regulation capabilities with an efficiency of 87%.
Long-term results of malabsorptive distal Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in superobese patients

Abstract Background The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and nutritional outcomes of malabsorptive distal Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (D-RYGB) 20–25 years later at a university hospital. Methods From 1985 to 1989, 49 mostly superobese (body mass index >50 kg/m 2 ) patients had undergone D-RYGB. D-RYGB consisted of open laparotomy with a 50-mL proximal gastric pouch and gastroenterostomy performed 250 cm proximal to the ileocecal junction, with common channels of 50–150 cm. These 49 patients were compared with a similar group of 92 consecutive patients who had undergone long-limb RYGB, with a 75-cm biliopancreatic limb and 150-cm alimentary limb. Results The mean ± SD preoperative body mass index was 58.9 ± 9.3 kg/m 2 . After 1 perioperative death secondary to pulmonary embolism, limb-lengthening revisions were required in 21 (43.7%) of the 48 remaining patients for protein-calorie malnutrition. Of the 23 with a 50-cm common channel, 13 required revision compared with 8 of 25 with ≥100-cm common channel ( P 5 years of follow-up. In these, the latest body mass index was 34.2 kg/m 2 at 10 ± 6.1 years. The percentage of excess weight loss was 66.8% ± 14%. The lowest late serum albumin level was 3.4 ± .5 g/dL (range 2.3–4.4). The mean 25-hydroxy vitamin D level was 14.6 ± 11.3 ng/mL. Compared with patients who had undergone long-limb RYGB, the D-RYGB patients had a significantly greater percentage of excess weight loss after 5 years but significantly lower albumin, hemoglobin, iron, and calcium levels. Conclusion Although D-RYGB afforded superior long-term weight loss, it caused protein-calorie malnutrition requiring frequent revision. The nonrevised patients had frequent severe metabolic derangements. Thus, D-RYGB should not be the primary operation for morbid or superobese patients.
Type of Motor Carrier and Driver History in Fatal Bus Crashes

The Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA) project collects detailed information about buses involved in fatal crashes. The BIFA project is supported by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Using BIFA data for 1999 to 2005, this study focuses on factors associated with driver errors in fatal bus crashes involving different bus operator types. Five different carrier types were identified: school, transit, intercity, charter or tour, and other. Many factors were associated with driver error, including bus operation type, age, sex, hours driving, trip type, method of compensation, and previous driving record. A logistic regression model was used to model the probability of driver error. Bus operation type, previous violations, and previous crashes were significant parameters in the model. Prior driver violations and crashes both increased the probability that a driver would have been coded with an error in the crash. Transit and school bus drivers were the least likely to have contributed to th...