cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transference occurs across group boundaries

Abstract Transference occurs when a perceiver's representation of a significant other is activated and applied to a new target person (Andersen & Chen, 2002). Extending past research, it was hypothesized that transference occurs even when a target person possesses a core feature—namely, group membership status—that is inapplicable to the relevant significant-other representation. Supporting this, transference led perceivers to make representation-consistent memory and evaluation judgments about a target—regardless of whether the target's political (experiment 1) or ethnic (experiment 2) group membership was the same or different from that of the relevant significant other. Moreover, in experiment 2, perceivers undergoing transference involving a positively evaluated significant other behaved more positively toward the target even when the target was from an ethnic out-group. The results represent initial evidence of transference processes occurring across group boundaries. Implications for transference and the reduction of out-group bias are discussed.
Myosin and adaptation by hair cells.

Conclusive identification of the adaptation motor is not entirely academic. For example, a rational approach to identifying other members of the transduction apparatus is first to identify one component—the adaptation motor seems most likely—and then to identify interacting proteins using biochemical and molecular biological methods. Furthermore, once we identify the active component of the motor, we can dissect adaptation by studying purified proteins in biochemical or mechanical assays. To understand how Ca2+ and force regulate adaptation-motor activity, it may be best to examine directly the in vitro effects of these modulators both on ATPase activity and on single-molecule mechanics of the myosin isozyme responsible. The time is right to begin this analysis with myosin Iβ.***To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Growth of a normal fault system: observations from the Lake Malawi basin of the east African rift

Abstract We have studied the growth history of the Usisya normal fault system, which bounds the west side of the Lake Malawi basin, one of the largest rift basins in the east African rift system. The Lake Malawi rift basin is a complex of intrabasins and intrabasin highs formed by three major fault segments, each about 100 km in length. The basin has been actively subsiding since the late Miocene, and has a maximum depth of about 3 km. Unlike the majority of previous studies of fault systems, we are able to define the temporal evolution of this fault system using the patterns of sediment infill. This is due almost exclusively to the availability of a high-density seismic reflection network in combination with several clearly identifiable temporal marker beds. An analysis of the seismic reflection data reveals that growth of the basin-bounding faults occurred in the following sequence: 1) In the early stages of rifting (starting about 8.6 Ma), the northern fault was the most active, 2) then, extension shifted to the southernmost fault segment and lasted until about 2.5 Ma, 3) during the interval between about 2.3 Ma and 1.6 Ma, the central segment was most active. Prior to the last interval, the central segment accrued the least total displacement of the three segments. This contradicts the common notion that the location of maximum displacement remains at a fixed location from fault inception or that the largest fault in any population of faults always maintained the highest displacement rate. Consistent with observations on smaller faults, there is a marked increase in the displacement gradient on individual faults in the regions of overlapping segments. Although there is an observable asymmetry in individual segment displacement-profiles, there is a clear evolution toward a flattened ‘bell shaped’ total displacement profile for the fault system that is consistent with the shape and scaling relationships of displacement vs. length that are observed on a wide range of individual normal faults. This suggests that the irregularities in the shape and scaling relationships observed in complex fault systems will eventually smooth-out. Moreover, the observed growth pattern suggests that the profile of the fault system will progress toward that of isolated faults, provided the system is allowed sufficient time to evolve. This in turn describes a process for maintaining a self-similar scaling observed in large populations of faults, which span several orders of magnitude in fault length.
Wide-Band Cable Systems at SLAC

SLAC's first cable TV system was installed in 1979 to remotely monitor a narrow pulse generated in the west end of the klystron gallery. When Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) experimental work began at the west end of the accelerator this cable was upgraded to a bidirectional system. The present accelerator control system is based on a distributed processing configuration using a PDP11/780 VAX in the Main Control Center and Intel single-board computers in a multibus configuration along the accelerator. The high-speed data linking is supplied by a 1 MBaud Time Division Multiple Access Network. A midsplit configuration was chosen for the cable because it provides roughly equal spectra above and below the filter split. The cable will offer the following services when it is completely utilized: four 6 MHz video channels (camera or computer signals); forty channels of voice (CB sets for intercoms); two 6 MHz 1 MBaud channels (monitoring and control of the accelerator); one 6 MHz of Sytek System 20 9600 baud channels (terminal to VAX); and six 6 MHz point-to-point 2 MBaud channels (pattern and fast feedback loops). These subsystems and their interfaces are described and schematicized.
Multiplex Chromosomal Exome Sequencing Accelerates Identification of ENU-Induced Mutations in the Mouse.

Forward genetic screens in Mus musculus have proved powerfully informative by revealing unsuspected mechanisms governing basic biological processes. This approach uses potent chemical mutagens, such as N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), to randomly induce mutations in mice, which are then bred and phenotypically screened to identify lines that disrupt a specific biological process of interest. Although identifying a mutation using the rich resources of mouse genetics is straightforward, it is unfortunately neither fast nor cheap. Here we show that detecting newly induced causal variants in a forward genetic screen can be accelerated dramatically using a methodology that combines multiplex chromosome-specific exome capture, next-generation sequencing, rapid mapping, sequence annotation, and variation filtering. The key innovation of our method is multiplex capture and sequence that allows the simultaneous survey of both mutant, parental, and background strains in a single experiment. By comparing variants identified in mutant offspring with those found in dbSNP, the unmutagenized background strains, and parental lines, induced causative mutations can be distinguished immediately from preexisting variation or experimental artifact. Here we demonstrate this approach to find the causative mutations induced in four novel ENU lines identified from a recent ENU screen. In all four cases, after applying our method, we found six or fewer putative mutations (and sometimes only a single one). Determining the causative variant was then easily achieved through standard segregation approaches. We have developed this process into a community resource that will speed up individual labs’ ability to identify the genetic lesion in mutant mouse lines; all of our reagents and software tools are open source and available to the broader scientific community.
The high-rupturing-capacity cartridge fuse, with special reference to short-circuit performance

After a summary of the advantages of the high-rupturing-capacity cartridge fuse, the breaking-capacity requirements for fuses for use in low- and medium-voltage circuits, as set forth in British Standard No. 88-1939, are enumerated. The short-circuit operation of cartridge fuses is discussed, at first in a general way and then in the light of detailed investigations of the phenomena during the melting and arcing periods. Conclusions are drawn, both analytically and from test results, as to the effect of circuit conditions on the duty imposed, and these are compared with the requirements of B.S. No. 88. Following a Section dealing with the choice of materials, the various types of fuse for low- and medium-voltage circuits and for high-voltage circuits are considered. The paper concludes with notes on the application of these fuses.
Perceived choice, social interaction, and dimensions of morale of residents in a home for the aged

In a study of 50 residents in a home for the aged, the relationships of health at relocation, choice in relocation, income, perceived choice within an institutional environment, and social interaction to four indices of morale were examined in hierarchical multiple regression designs. The theoretical concept of decisional control (i.e., perceived choice) guided the investigation. Significant multivariate effects were found for all dimensions of morale: agitation, attitude toward own aging, lonely dissatisfaction, and a combined morale index. Choice within the institution and social interaction were the major contributors to these significant multivariate relationships, but income was also influential in analysis of the attitudinal and combined morale indices for a subsample. Retrospective measures of health at relocation and choice in relocation were unstable in their contributions to overall multivariate relationships. Relationships of age, recency of loss of a significant other, and length of residency to morale were explored and found not to be significant. Results are discussed against the background of theoretical expectations, and avenues for future research are identified.
Occurrence and distribution of steroids, hormones and selected pharmaceuticals in South Florida coastal environments

The common occurrence of human derived contaminants like pharmaceuticals, steroids and hormones in surface waters has raised the awareness of the role played by the release of treated or untreated sewage in the water quality along sensitive coastal ecosystems. South Florida is home of many important protected environments ranging from wetlands to coral reefs which are in close proximity to large metropolitan cities. Because, large portions of South Florida and most of the Florida Keys population are not served by modern sewage treatment plants and rely heavily on the use of septic systems, a comprehensive survey of selected human waste contamination markers was conducted in three areas to assess water quality with respect to non-traditional micro-constituents. This study documents the occurrence and distribution of fifteen hormones and steroids and five commonly detected pharmaceuticals in surface water samples collected from different near shore environments along South Florida between 2004 and 2006. The compounds most frequently detected were: cholesterol, caffeine, estrone, DEET, coprostanol, biphenol-A, β-estradiol, and triclosan. The concentration detected for estrone and β-estradiol were up to 5.2 and 1.8 ng/L, respectively. Concentrations of caffeine (5.5–68 ng/L) and DEET (4.8–49 ng/L) were generally higher and more prevalent than were the steroids. Distribution of microconstituents was site specific likely reflecting a diversity of sources. In addition to chemical analysis, the yeast estrogen screen assay was used to screen the samples for estrogen equivalency. Overall, the results show that water collected from inland canals and restricted circulation water bodies adjacent to heavily populated areas had high concentrations of multiple steroids, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products while open bay waters were largely devoid of the target analytes.
Mild hypothermia during reperfusion reduces injury following ischemia of the rabbit ear

Ischemia and reperfusion causes tissue injury that can be partially prevented by mild hypothermia. In this study we postulated that hypothermic protection could occur if imposed only during reperfusion. Rabbit ears were partially amputated, the central artery occluded for 6 h followed by reperfusion at an ambient temperature of either 20 or 24 degrees C resulting in ischemic ear temperatures of 22.5 vs. 24.7 degrees C. Ear temperature of rabbits remaining in the 24 degrees C room increased with reperfusion to 32.4 degrees C whereas those moved to the 20 degrees C room increased to 30.0 degrees C by 2 h of reperfusion. Ear volume was used as a measure of tissue edema and was measured for 7 days after the ears were allowed to reperfuse. Normalized myeloperoxidase content (polymorphonuclear cell accumulation) was significantly greater in the 24 degrees C ischemia-24 degrees C reperfusion group compared with the other groups. Ear edema was significantly less in the two groups exposed to 20 degrees C reperfusion compared with the 24 degrees C ischemia-24 degrees C reperfusion group. Peak ear volume was 5.0 times baseline for the 24 degrees C ischemia-24 degrees C reperfusion, 4.0 times baseline for the 20 degrees C ischemia-24 degrees C reperfusion, 3.4 times baseline for the 24 degrees C ischemia-20 degrees C reperfusion, and 3.3 times baseline for the 20 degrees C ischemia-20 degrees C group. We conclude that mild hypothermia reduces PMN accumulation and is more effective in preventing tissue injury when imposed during reperfusion compared with during ischemia.
Nucleolar Clustering of Dispersed tRNA Genes

Early transfer RNA (tRNA) processing events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are coordinated in the nucleolus, the site normally associated with ribosome biosynthesis. To test whether spatial organization of the tRNA pathway begins with nucleolar clustering of the genes, we have probed the subnuclear location of five different tRNA gene families. The results show that tRNA genes, though dispersed in the linear genome, colocalize with 5S ribosomal DNA and U14 small nucleolar RNA at the nucleolus. Nucleolar localization requires tRNA gene transcription-complex formation, because inactivation of the promoter at a single locus removes its nucleolar association. This organization of tRNA genes must profoundly affect the spatial packaging of the genome and raises the question of whether gene types might be coordinated in three dimensions to regulate transcription.
Statistical analysis of road–vehicle–driver interaction as an enabler to designing behavioral models

Telematics form an important technology enabler for intelligent transportation systems. One application of the same is that by deploying on-board diagnostic devices, the signatures of vehicle vibration along with its location and time are recorded. Detailed analyses of the collected signatures offer deep insights into the state of the objects under study. Towards that objective, we carried out experiments by deploying telematics device in one of the office bus that ferries employees to office and back. Data is collected from 3-axis accelerometer, GPS speed and the time for all the journeys. In this paper, we present initial results of the above exercise by applying statistical methods to derive information through systematic analysis of the data collected over four months. It is demonstrated that the higher order derivative of the measured Z-axis acceleration samples display the properties of Weibull distribution when the time axis is replaced by the amplitude of such processed acceleration data. Such an observation offers us a method to predict future behavior where deviations from prediction are classified as context-based aberrations or progressive degradation of the system. In addition, we capture the relationship between speed of the vehicle and median of the jerk energy samples using regression analysis. That analysis is further used to identify low, normal and high JE values for a velocity and classify journey at a micro-trip (small section of a trip) level. Such results offer an opportunity to develop a robust method to model road–vehicle interaction thereby enabling us to predict such like driving behavior and condition-based maintenance, etc.
The Evolution of Vocational Psychology: Questions for a Postmodern Applied Discipline:

Vocational psychology has a long history of acting as a lens that focuses research in basic sciences on the particular experience of work in people’s lives. This article presents several areas on the ascendancy in the broader scientific literature and ask how vocational psychology might apply them to issues of work in people’s lives. The authors’ observations tend to revolve around the growing view of humans as less rational and more intuitive than our earlier understanding. In that vein, the authors discuss (a) differences between the environment in which we evolved and the one in which we currently exist; (b) the singularity of our evolutionary impetus to survive and reproduce (that excludes our current emphasis on happiness); (c) the modular, two-system brain that includes our unconscious/intuitive system and our conscious/rational system; and (d) several recent developments in psychotherapy that recognize and respond to some of these new understandings. For simplicity sake, our questions might be subs...
Neurosarcoidosis: Presentations and Management

Background:Sarcoidosis affects the central nervous system more frequently than previously appreciated. The diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis is often delayed, potentially leading to serious complications. Symptoms, when present, are not specific, may be subtle and resemble those of other neurologic dise
Large sieve inequalities for GL(n)-forms in the conductor aspect

Abstract Duke and Kowalski in [A problem of Linnik for elliptic curves and mean-value estimates for automorphic representations, Invent. Math. 139(1) (2000) 1–39 (with an appendix by Dinakar Ramakrishnan)] derive a large sieve inequality for automorphic forms on GL ( n ) via the Rankin–Selberg method. We give here a partial complement to this result: using some explicit geometry of fundamental regions, we prove a large sieve inequality yielding sharp results in a region distinct to that in [Duke and Kowalski, A problem of Linnik for elliptic curves and mean-value estimates for automorphic representations, Invent. Math. 139(1) (2000) 1–39 (with an appendix by Dinakar Ramakrishnan)]. As an application, we give a generalization to GL ( n ) of Duke's multiplicity theorem from [Duke, The dimension of the space of cusp forms of weight one, Internat. Math. Res. Notices (2) (1995) 99–109 (electronic)]; we also establish basic estimates on Fourier coefficients of GL ( n ) forms by computing the ramified factors for GL ( n ) × GL ( n ) Rankin–Selberg integrals.
Prospective Evaluation of Bone Density in Pregnant Women Receiving the Low Molecular Weight Heparin Enoxaparin Sodium

Objective: To evaluate changes in bone density in women receiving enoxaparin sodium during pregnancy.Methods: Bone density in the proximal femur was serially measured in 16 women receiving enoxaparin sodium (40 mg daily) during pregnancy. Baseline measurements were taken within 2 weeks of starting therapy and then at 6-8 weeks postpartum and 6 months postpartum.Results: Patients received enoxaparin sodium for a mean duration of 25 weeks (range, 19-32 weeks). There was no significant change in mean bone density measurement from baseline measurements to the conclusion of therapy at 6 weeks postpartum and no patient experienced a decrease in bone mass of >10% at 6 weeks postpartum. By 6 months postpartum, there was a significant mean decrease in bone density (P = 0.02) and two of the 14 patients evaluated (14%) experienced an overall bone loss of >10%.Conclusion: The prolonged used of enoxaparin sodium may not cause significant bone loss during pregnancy.
Assessing the impact of INSPIRE on related EU marine directives

The EU’s INSPIRE Directive (EC 2007a) is to create a pan-European Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) focused on environmental data. INSPIRE’s implementing EC Regulations and EU Decisions are intended to provide data harmonization and information services interoperability for spatial data required by many other EU Directives. In the marine community, INSPIRE has been proposed as the supporting SDI for the Water Framework Directive WFD (EC 2000), the Marine Strategy Framework Directive MSFD (EC 2008a), the Flood Risk Assessment Directive (EC 2007b), and other environmentally oriented Directives in many different areas, e.g. air quality, noise, health, etc. INSPIRE harmonized data is also expected to support the principles and data requirements of the Water Information System for Europe (WISE) (water.europa.eu) and its marine component (WISE-Marine) (webgate.ec.europa.eu/maritimeforum/category/554) as well as the Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS) (EC 2008b).
Culture and engineering in the USA and Japan

Comparisons of Japan with Western countries have long been used to explore the relationship between technology and culture. In the 1950s and 1960s such work sought to determine if technological imperatives were diminishing cultural differences. In the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s many sought to identify aspects of Japanese culture that might lie at the root of Japan’s technological successes. This article argues that we should now undertake more micro and more systematic comparative studies that are more directly grounded in theory. Studies concentrating on engineers and the practice of engineering would seem to be an especially promising starting point.
Sex and Population Differences in the Incidence of a Plasma Cholinesterase Variant

Accumulating knowledge of polymorphic enzyme systems poses intriguing possibilities of anthropologic genetics. Development of an automated procedure for determination of heterozygosity or homozygosity of the atypical plasma cholinesterase allele (E(1)(a)) permitted screening of 2317 individuals during a national Preschool Nutrition Survey and several smaller population studies. Frequencies of the allele (E(1)(a)) closely parallel those previously reported. Caucasians manifested a heterozygote male preponderance of 1.85: 1.
Hospital CEO's Viewpoint for Future of Health Care Marketing

In summary, the CEOs have a wide variety of views on what role the marketer will play and what needs the marketer will fill for the CEO. It is important for the marketer to clarify the expected roles as they interview for jobs. Once in the position, it is important to keep communications open with the CEO to know the marketer's expected role.
From politics to nostalgia - and back to politics: Tracing the shifts in the filmic depiction of the Greek 'long 1960s' over time

A number of Greek feature films in the 1990s and early 2000s – from End of an Era to Uranya – created a standard depiction of the Colonels’ dictatorship as an era filled with bittersweet adolescent memories. The Comedy of the Junta: The Light Side of a Dark Era , a recent documentary produced in April 2010 by Elias Kanellis, presented it as a laughable farce. More importantly, even, this period was treated as distant and definitely over. Almost from the onset of the economic crisis, we may say that there is a change of paradigm regarding the use of the junta and a radical departure from both the grotesque and the nostalgic view. Rather, its more brutal aspects began to be stressed in a thinly veiled attempt to highlight the continuities between past and present, the police violence and authoritarian practices of the 1967–74 era and that of the 2010–12 one – best encompassed in the popular slogan of the Indignados “The Junta did not end in ’73”. Typical examples are Fotos Lambrinos’ television documentary series It's just a junta, will it pass? and Alinda Dimitrious’s documentary The Girls of the Rain (2011). This article traces this shift and its poetics, focusing on various representative examples of both tendencies and the ways in which they sought to create a certain form of public memory.
On the matrix cracking stress and the redistribution of internal stresses in brittle-matrix composites

Abstract A concept is proposed to increase the matrix cracking stress of some brittle-matrix composites by taking advantage of the redistribution of internal stresses that occurs when a composite with phases that have dissimilar creep behavior is subjected to thermomechanical loading. The concept is elaborated through the stress analysis of a model unidirectional composite with constituents that exhibit linear viscoelastic behavior. It is shown that if a composite with a matrix that is less creep resistant than the fibers is subjected to a treatment involving both thermal and mechanical loading (e.g. creep test), stresses can be transferred from the matrix to the fibers, resulting in the stress–relaxation of the matrix. Furthermore, it is also shown that by the elastic recovery of the fibers, the matrix can be subjected to large compressive residual stresses at the end of the treatment. The conditions for the viability of this concept and the implications of fiber overloading and potential loss of composite-like behavior are discussed.
Emergency Response Systems and the Creeping Legibility of People and Places

Over the last 35 years, centralized universal-number (in the United States, 9-1-1) systems have come to be the preferred means of emergency-response dispatching. The creation of these systems has motivated the development of information systems that render the landscape, to those with the right access, increasingly legible. This has been to the benefit of those receiving emergency services, but also to the benefit of police and commercial interests, who have used the improved infrastructure as bases for the creation of geodemographic and other profiling systems. More recently, the creation of wireless telephony has motivated the creation of a further surveillance infrastructure built on and integrated into that landscape. One consequence has been the commercialization of the systems in ways that permit the incorporation of more intimate and detailed data into preexisting systems. Public concern with locational surveillance systems has focused on privacy. However, “privacy” may be an inadequate frame throu...
Epidermal browning of saguaro cacti (Carnegiea gigantea): Relative health and rates of surficial injuries of a population

Abstract Epidermal browning appears to be occurring on virtually all medium and older-aged saguaros [ Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. and Rose] throughout the Sonoran Desert. The purpose of this research was to determine if a population of 253 saguaros could be accurately subdivided with regard to health based upon surficial injuries and to determine rates of injuries (morbidity) and death (mortality) by repeated 2–3 year observations of the sampled population. Surficial injuries such as mean percentage of spines present and of crest and trough areas without visible surface blemishes were determined. Data show that the cactus population can be subdivided accurately into (1) cacti that are healthy, (2) cacti that exhibit a health decline, (3) cactic with poor health (many surficial injuries), and (4) cacti that died during the observation period. The changes in percentages of surficial injuries for cacti that exhibited a health decline (group 2 above) were used to determine rates of morbidity; this group comprised 27–49% of the entire cactus population among the three parameters observed. For one group of saguaros (between 11 and 36% of the population), there was up to a 31% decline in health annually. Mortality rates were only between 3 and 4.5% annually, below some other published estimates. From available evidence it appears that the health of a saguaro population can be determined accurately with a relatively small number (253) of cacti examined over a short (2- or 3-year) period because (a) surficial injuries of individual saguaros were determined, (b) three parameters of injury occurred at relatively similar rates, (c) the percentages of cacti that underwent these changes were relatively large, and (d) the negative changes in health were relatively large.
A simplistic approach to model capacity estimation and bandwidth utilization of IEEE 802.11e WLAN

We propose a Markov model for performance evaluation and capacity estimation of IEEE 802.11e-EDCA (Enhanced Distributed Channel Access) WLAN. EDCA defines four traffic classes (voice, video, best effort and background) based on their quality of service requirements. With the help of the proposed Markov model, we derive analytically the service rate of access point and bandwidth utilization, and then validate our model by comparing analytical results with simulation experiments. We also show that there exists a trade-off between user satisfaction and bandwidth utilization.
Reactions of the triply-bonded complex cis-Re2(μ-O2CCH3)2Cl2(μ-dppm)2 with pyridine carboxylic acids. The isolation and structural characterization of a third structural isomer of Re2(dipic)Cl2(μ-dppm)2(dipic = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate)

The diamagnetic dirhenium(II) complexes Re2(pic)Cl3(μ-dppm)2 (2), Re2(dipic)Cl2(μ-dppm)2 (3), Re2(HnicO)2Cl2(μ-dppm)2 (4) and Re2(picO)2(μ-dppm)2 (5) that are formed by the reactions of cis-Re2(μ-O2CCH3)2Cl2(μ-dppm)2 (1) with picolinic acid (Hpic), dipicolinic acid (H2dipic), 2-hydroxynicotinic acid (HnicOH) and 6-hydroxypicolinic acid (HpicOH) represent four different types of reaction products from the displacement of the cis acetate groups of 1. All four compounds have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. Compound 2 can be prepared more logically and in higher yield from Re2Cl4(μ-dppm)2. Compound 3, which retains the same cis,cis coordination of μ-dppm ligands that is present in 1, is the third structural isomer of Re2(dipic)Cl2(μ-dppm)2; the other two, which are prepared from Re2Cl4(μ-dppm)2, contain trans,trans and trans,cis ligation by the pair of μ-dppm ligands. Compounds 4 and 5 are the first dirhenium(II) compounds that contain bridging 2-pyridonate ligands; in 4 the carboxylic acid group of μ-HnicO does not coordinate, whereas the μ-picO ligands in 5 are bound in a tridentate fashion and, consequently, the two axial Re–Cl bonds of 1 have been replaced by axial Re–O (carboxylate) coordination. Complexes 3–5 have quite accessible oxidation chemistry as shown by cyclic voltammetric measurements.
Characterization of Silicon-Nitride Film Growth by Remote Plasmaenhanced Chemical-Vapor Deposition (Rpecvd)

We have characterized RPECVD formation of Si-nitride films by relating the chemical bonding in the deposited films to the growth conditions. Gas flow rates for different N- and Si-atom source gases have been correlated with (i) the film stoichiometry, i.e., the Si/N ratio, and the (ii) the growth rate. N2 and NH3 were used as N-atom source gases, and were either delivered (i) up-stream through the plasmageneration tube, or (ii) down-stream. Different flow-rate ratios of NH3/SiH4 were found for deposition of stoichiometric Si-nitride films using up-stream or down-stream introduction of NH3. This is explained in terms of competition between excitation and recombination processes for the N-atom precursor species. Stoichiometric nitride films could not be obtained using the N2 source gas for (i) either up-stream or down-stream delivery, and (ii) for plasma powers up to 50 W. This is attributed to the higher relative binding energy of N-atoms in N2 compared to NH3, and to significant N-atom recombination at high N2 flow rates through the plasma generation region.
Effects of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Serum Ferritin Concentration and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS)

■ Abstract BACKGROUND: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA) are inversely related to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Both play an important role in reducing serum ferritin (SF) concentration. Increased SF concentration is considered a contributing factor for developing T2D. METHODS: The present cohort study investigated 5,512 adult participants enrolled in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS) between 1995 and 2001. The subjects completed a comprehensive medical examination and a SF evaluation, and had been followed up until either diabetes onset, death, or the cut-off date of November 2007. Three CRF levels were categorized. SF quartile levels were defined by gender and menopausal status. The incidence of T2D was calculated for 10,000 person-years, and hazard ratios (HR) were computed to predict the incidence of T2D based on SF quartiles and CRF levels. RESULTS: SF concentration was significantly higher in males than in females (148.5 ± 104.7 ng/ml vs. 52.2 ± 45.9 ng/ml) and was inversely associated with CRF levels. In the high CRF group, 32.7% of participants had a low SF concentration whereas only 16.8% of participants had a high SF concentration level. After adjusting for potential confounders, male participants in the highest SF quartile level had a 1.7 times (HR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.66; p-trend = 0.027) increased risk for developing T2D compared with those in the lowest SF quartile group. CONCLUSION: Lower SF concentration was associated with lower risk of developing T2D in those regularly participating in CRF. The findings from this study suggest that SF concentration could be used as a diabetic predictor. Based on these results clinicians and public health professionals should promote regular physical activity or fitness to reduce the incidence of T2D.
A collaborative approach to the design of interactive systems for the documentation of dance

This research relates to a doctoral project for the development of LabanAssist as a prototype application [2]. To facilitate its development participatory design methods that involve users in the design process assist in capturing a subjective account of user needs and requirements. The research considers an approach that enables the knowledge of mutual design decisions during task analysis workshops, to be made explicit, based on the collaboration and agreement between potential users of the system and designer. It is suggested that a combination of visual tools may be utilized to facilitate the representation of this information and communicate knowledge of the underlying design rationale and decision-making process. In this way methods of participatory design may be enhanced to enable a shared knowledge of design criteria to be made explicit for productive interaction and its evaluation.
Thyroid hormone and apotransferrin regulation of growth hormone secretion by GH1 rat pituitary tumor cells in iron restricted serum-free defined medium.

Growth hormone (GH) production by GH1 rat pituitary tumor cells in iron restricted serum-free defined medium requires apotransferrin (apoTf) and triiodothyronine (T3). As measured by radioimmunoassay, apoTf plus T3 induced GH levels 2 to 4-fold above controls. Deletion of either apoTf or T3 arrested GH secretion. ApoTf/T3 defined medium regulated GH production as effectively as whole serum. Because glucocorticoids enhance GH secretion in serum containing cultures, the effects of dexamethasone were evaluated in apoTf/T3 defined medium. The steroid hormone showed no enhancing effects unless the cells were exposed to serum prior to incubation in apoTf/T3 defined medium. Even under these conditions, the response to dexamethasone remained T3 dependent. These observations indicate that a yet to be characterized serum factor(s), other than apoTf, regulates the reponse to the steroid hormone. This is the first report of thyroid hormone regulation of GH secretion by rat pituitary tumor cells under completely serum-free chemically defined conditions.
Policy Challenges in Malaria Vaccine Introduction

Recently licensed life-saving vaccines have experienced slow introduction and gradual uptake in the developing world. Policy challenges at the national level contribute to the delay in making new vaccines accessible to people in poor countries. The hurdles that delayed the introduction of other vaccines can provide guidance for navigating the policy challenges that face the introduction of a new malaria vaccine. When a malaria vaccine is licensed, national leaders will rely on available data and analyses to draw conclusions about which malaria interventions have the greatest potential for public health impact. Epidemiologic and economic analyses can help facilitate their decision-making. This article draws attention to the importance of research to inform policy decisions and to minimize delays in the introduction of a new malaria vaccine.
Synthesis of Planar Mechanisms for Pick and Place Tasks With Guiding Positions

A novel dimensional synthesis technique for solving the mixed exact and approximate motion synthesis problem for planar RR kinematic chains is presented. The methodology uses an analytic representation of the planar RR dyad’s rigid body constraint equation in combination with an algebraic geometry formulation of the exact synthesis for three prescribed positions to yield designs that exactly reach the prescribed pick and place positions while approximating an arbitrary number of guiding positions. The result is a dimensional synthesis technique for mixed exact and approximate motion generation for planar RR dyads. A solution dyad may be directly implemented as a 2R open chain or two solution dyads may be combined to form a planar 4R closed chain, also known as a planar four-bar mechanism. The synthesis algorithm utilizes only algebraic geometry and does not require the use of a numerical optimization algorithm or a metric on elements of SE(2); the group of planar displacements. Two implementations of the synthesis algorithm are presented; computational and graphical construction. Moreover, the kinematic inversion of the algorithm is also included. Two examples that demonstrate the synthesis technique are included. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4028638]
A silent cause of sudden cardiac death especially in sport: congenital coronary artery anomalies

Aim To raise awareness of congenital coronary artery anomalies (CCAAs) as an important cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes, we describe a cohort of the malignant subset. Defining the key anatomical features for the cardiologist and pathologist to be aware of and detailing a systematic approach to examining the coronary arteries at autopsy. Methods Retrospective non-case-controlled analysis of 2304 cases of SCD referred by pathologists between 1994 and January 2012. Results 31 (1.3%) of the 2304 cases of SCD had CCAAs; 24 men (77%) and 7 women (23%), mean age 28 years (range 16 months–63 years). In 15 cases (48%), SCD occurred during or immediately after physical exertion. Cardiac symptoms were documented to have occurred in only seven patients (23%) prior to SCD. The anomaly had been identified by the referring pathologist in only 11 of the 31 cases (35%). Conclusions CCAAs are a rare and mostly benign entity, but a subset has the potential to be fatal without any forewarning. In a significant proportion of cases identified in this large cohort, the victim was under exertion at the time of death, highlighting the relevance of this anomaly to the sports and exercise medicine community.
Control of Thin Film Growth in Chemical Vapor Deposition Manufacturing Systems: A Feasibility Study

A study is carried out to design and optimize Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) systems for material fabrication. Design and optimization of the CVD process is necessary to satisfying strong global demand and ever increasing quality requirements for thin film production. Advantages of computer aided optimization include high design turnaround time, flexibility to explore a larger design space and the development and adaptation of automation techniques for design and optimization. A CVD reactor consisting of a vertical impinging jet at atmospheric pressure, for growing titanium nitride films, is studied for thin film deposition. Numerical modeling and simulation are used to determine the rate of deposition and film uniformity over a wide range of design variables and operating conditions. These results are used for system design and optimization. The optimization procedure employs an objective function characterizing film quality, productivity and operational costs based on reactor gas flow rate, susceptor temperature and precursor concentration. Parameter space mappings are used to determine the design space, while a minimization algorithm, such as the steepest descent method, is used to determine optimal operating conditions for the system. The main features of computer aided design and optimization, using these techniques, are discussed in detail.
Reflections on the Field of School Finance: Enduring Questions and Future Directions

The field of school finance is situated within the worlds ofresearch,policy,andpractice.Thenatureandscopeof subject matter that is typically included in thisfield span a number of disciplines: political science, economics, andsociology,tonameafew.Consequently,thefieldcan be characterized in numerous ways and can be viewed from a variety of disciplinary lenses. This brief discussion first examines some of the major questions the field of K‐12 public school finance has addressed over thepastthreedecadesanddescribessomecontributions that have been made in response to these questions. I highlight some of the challenges the field has experienced and conclude with a discussion of issues and questions that may impact its future direction. Many of the questions in school finance that are addressed by policy makers, practitioners, and researchers have no simple or lasting resolution. They might best be thought of as representing dilemmas that have persisted over long periods of time. The field struggles with thesequestionsanddevelopsresponses.Witheachpassing decade, some advances occur, typically in an incremental fashion. The following questions about school finance are addressed: (1) Who pays and who benefits? (2) Who decides and who provides? (3) With what results? and (4) Whose interests are being served?
Diversity in academic medicine no. 6 successful programs in minority faculty development: ingredients of success.

This article describes the ingredients of successful programs for the development of minority faculty in academic medicine. Although stung by recent cuts in federal funding, minority faculty development programs now stand as models for medical schools that are eager to join the 140-year-old quest for diversity in academic medicine. In this article, the ingredients of these successful faculty development programs are discussed by experts in minority faculty development and illustrated by institutional examples. Included are descriptions of program goals and content, mentoring and coaching, selecting participants, providing a conducive environment, managing the program, and sustaining support. This article is a companion to another article, “Successful Programs in Minority Faculty Development: Overview,” in this issue of the Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine. Mt Sinai J Med 75:533–551, © 2008 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Does tobacco marketing undermine the influence of recommended parenting in discouraging adolescents from smoking

Objective: The tobacco industry contends that parenting practices, not marketing practices, are critical to youth smoking. Our objective was to examine whether tobacco-industry marketing practices undermine the protective effect of recommended authoritative parenting against adolescent smoking. Design and setting: Receptivity to tobacco advertising and promotions was assessed in 1996 from a representative sample of California adolescent never-smokers aged 12 to 14 years. A follow-up survey of 1641 of these adolescents was conducted in 1999 that included measures of the key components of authoritative parenting: parental responsiveness, monitoring, and limit setting. Main outcome measure: Smoking initiation in adolescents. Results: Adolescents in families with more-authoritative parents were half as likely to smoke by follow-up as adolescents in families with less-authoritative parents (20% vs 41%, p 0.0001). In families with more-authoritative parents, adolescents who were highly receptive to tobacco-industry advertising and promotions were significantly more likely to smoke (odds ratio3.52, 95% confidence interval 1.10 ‐11.23), compared to those who were minimally receptive. This effect was not significant in adolescents in families with less-authoritative parents. The overall attributable risk (adjusted for exposure to peer smokers) of smoking from tobacco-industry advertising and promotions was 25%. However, an estimated 40% of adolescent smoking in families with more-authoritative parents was attributable to tobacco-industry advertising and promotions; this was five times the attributable risk seen in families with less-authoritative parents (8%). Conclusion: The promotion of smoking by the tobacco industry appears to undermine the capability of authoritative parenting to prevent adolescents from starting to smoke.
Cyclohexyl-linked tricyclic isoxazoles are potent and selective modulators of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP1).

Abstract Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies on the tricyclic isoxazole series of MRP1 modulators have resulted in the identification of potent and selective inhibitors containing cyclohexyl-based linkers. These studies ultimately identified compound 21b, which reverses drug resistance to MRP1 substrates, such as doxorubicin, in HeLa-T5 cells (EC50 = 0.093 μM), while showing no inherent cytotoxicity. Additionally, 21b inhibits ATP-dependent, MRP1-mediated LTC4 uptake into membrane vesicles prepared from the MRP1-overexpressing HeLa-T5 cells (EC50 = 0.064 μM) and shows selectivity (1115-fold) against the related transporter, P-glycoprotein, in HL60/Adr and HL60/Vinc cells. Finally, when dosed in combination with the oncolytic MRP1 substrate vincristine, 21b showed tumor regression and growth delay in MRP1-overexpressing tumors in vivo.
Neuro-fuzzy classification for the job assignment problem

We propose to use an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in order to optimize decision making for the job assignment problem of the US Navy. Results need to be considered carefully because of the high noise level naturally present in the data coming from human decisions. We describe how the data was acquired and preprocessed. The design issues of the ANFIS are discussed.
Distinct macrophage phenotype and collagen organization within the intraluminal thrombus of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Objective Little is known about the etiologic factors that lead to the occurrence of intraluminal thrombus (ILT) during abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development. Recent work has suggested that macrophages may play an important role in progression of a number of other vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis; however, whether these cells are present within the ILT of a progressing AAA is unknown. The purpose of this work was to define the presence, phenotype, and spatial distribution of macrophages within the ILT excised from six patients. We hypothesized that the ILT contains a population of activated macrophages with a distinct, nonclassical phenotypic profile. Methods ILT samples were examined using histologic staining and immunofluorescent labeling for multiple markers of activated macrophages (cluster of differentiation [CD]45, CD68, human leukocyte antigen-DR, matrix metalloproteinase 9) and the additional markers α-smooth muscle actin, CD34, CD105, fetal liver kinase-1, and collagen I and III. Results Histologic staining revealed a distinct laminar organization of collagen within the shoulder region of the ILT lumen and a spatially heterogeneous cell composition within the ILT. Most of the cellular constituents of the ILT were in the luminal region and predominantly expressed markers of activated macrophages but also concurrently expressed α-smooth muscle actin, CD105, and synthesized collagen I and III. Conclusions This report presents evidence for the presence of a distinct macrophage population within the luminal region of AAA ILT. These cells express a set of markers indicative of a unique population of activated macrophages. The exact contributions of these previously unrecognized cells to ILT formation and AAA pathobiology remains unknown.