cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a high-efficiency 12V/1kW 3-phase BLDC motor drive system for diesel engine emissions reductions

For the conventional vehicle, an efficient and effective heat source that provides autonomous exhaust temperature control is of interest, and one solution is a diesel burner which needs to adjust its air delivery based on transient operating conditions through a three-phase motor drive system powered by a 12V lead-acid battery. The system proposed in this paper consists of a series-resonant LLC MOSFET full-bridge converter, which provides high-efficiency energy transfer through implementing Zero Voltage Switching, and an IGBT inverter which provides the high-side phase currents to a 1kW brushless DC motor. Experimental results on this prototype system demonstrate the LLC DC/DC part efficiency is 97.6% and the inverter efficiency is 92%.
Gastric dilatation as a complication of bulimia.

Bulimia is an eating disorder characterized by a pattern of episodic binge eating.1.2 Although frequently described in association with anorexia nervosa, bulimia can also occur separately. The disorder has been described most commonly in women during late adolescence and early adulthood. Patients with this problem frequently induce vomiting following a binge and commonly employ other methods to prevent weight gain, including fasting, vigorous exercise, and the use of laxatives or diuretics. The purpose of this communication is to report acute gastric dilatation as a complication of bulimia in a patient with a history of anorexia nervosa who was not emaciated at the time the dilatation developed. Although gastric dilatation has been reported as an infrequent complication of anorexia nervosa,3-IO this case demonstrates that gastric dilatation can develop from binging without emaciation.
Pairing, π-bonding, and the role of nonlocality in a dense lithium monolayer

Results of self-consistent ab initio all-electron calculations of a lithium monolayer are presented. Upon increase in mean density, the electronic structure of the monolayer is found to deviate significantly from nearly free electronlike behavior: instead of growing with compression, the width of lowest subband actually diminishes. The resulting band structure exhibits a \ensuremath{\pi}-bonding character, and it is found that this feature cannot be modeled with a local pseudopotential. Similar to the case in three dimensions, the monatomic monolayer is also found to be unstable to pairing at ${r}_{s}=1.96.$
Art History 2.0

The author develops a theory showing how archival technicity impacts art historical thinking. She describes an example of a web-based art critcal/contextual platform and indicates the prevalent theme of performativity in art history as per today’s web-based archival imperative.
The influence of the structure of the radical cation dimer pair of aromatic molecules on the principal values of a g-tensor: DFT predictions

Abstract The density functional theory calculations were carried out to determine the influence of the structure of the radical cation dimer pair of model aromatic molecules on the principal values of a g -tensor. The calculated results for different model structures of (naphthalene) 2 and ( p -dimethylenebenzene) 2 and individual model naphthalene and p -dimethylenebenzene molecules were analyzed by comparing results of calculations for different models. This comparison predicts an analogous effect for g -tensor principal values of P 700 + special dimer pair radical cation in core Photosystem I and for g -tensor principal values of the P 700 T special dimer pair triplet radical in core Photosystem I. The change in the g -tensor principal values in stacked structures of p -terphenyl cation radical was deduced from an extended model stacked multimer structure.
Cellular binding proteins for fatty acids and retinoids: similar or specialized functions?

The cellular fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP) and cellular retinoid (retinol, retinoic acid)-binding proteins (CRtBP) are structurally and functionally-defined groups within an evolutionarily conserved gene family. CRtBP are expressed in both fully differentiated and developing tissues in a manner that supports a relationship to the action of retinoic acid in morphogenesis and cellular differentiation. The FABP are, by contrast, expressed only in fully differentiated tissues in a manner compatible with a major function in the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) for energy production or storage. The precise function(s) of FABP and CRtBP remain imperfectly understood, while subspecialization of function(s) within the two groups is suggested by the complex diversity in both of structurally distinct members that display striking tissue and temporal specificity of expression in addition to ligand specificity. Notwithstanding this considerable apparent functional diversity among the FABP and CRtBP, available evidence supports a dual set of generic functions for both protein groups in a) promoting cellular flux of poorly water-soluble ligands and their subsequent metabolic utilization or transformation, and b) sequestration of ligands in a manner that limits their association with alternative binding sites within the cell, of which members of the steroid hormone nuclear receptor superfamily (HNR) are a potentially important category. Theoretical as well as experimental models probing diffusional fluxes of LCFAin vitro and in living cells have provided support for a function for FABP in intracellular LCFA transport. Protein-bound ligand also appears to provide the substrate for metabolic transformation of retinoids bound to CRtBP, but convincing evidence is lacking for an analogous mechanism in the direct facilitation of fatty acid utilization by FABP. An emerging relationship between FABP and CRtBP function centers on their binding of, and induction by, ligands which activate or transform specific HNR-the retinoic acid receptors and the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor in the case of CRtBP and FABP, respectively. Evidence consistent with both a ‘promotive’ role (provision of ligands for HNR) and a ‘protective’ role (limiting availability of free ligand for HNR association) has been advanced for CRtBP. Available data supports a ‘protective’ function for cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins (CRABP) and liver FABP (L-FABP) and points to the existence of ligand-defined, lipid-binding-protein-HNR relationships in which CRABP serve to attenuate the induction of gene expression by retinoic acid, and in which L-FABP may modulate a cellular adaptive multigene response to increased LCFA flux or compromised LCFA utilization. Furthermore, the emerging role of LCFA in the regulation of gene expression combined with the complex interplay between heterologous HNR-ligand associations and gene cross-regulation implies an important potential interaction between FABP, CRtBP, and their respective ligands in gene regulation.
Postcommunist Deinstitutionalization of Children With Disabilities in Romania: Human Rights, Adoption, and the Ecology of Disabilities in Romania

The author examines the policies and treatment of children institutionalized during and after the communist regime, the adoption policies for these children, the human rights claimed in the name of these children, and the ecology of disabilities in Romania. Institutionalized children fell into three categories: children who had one or more minor to severe disabilities, children who had been abandoned, and children who were part of ethnic minorities, especially the Roma. The author reviews the literature on these topics and adds her own perspective, as a Romanian special education teacher and researcher. While during communism, institutionalized persons were invisible to the public and kept in inhuman conditions, after communism, increased awareness about the situation in state institutions and about disabilities and human rights in general led to the adoption and implementation of new disability-friendly policies. Currently, there is increased advocacy for the rights of the people with disabilities, altho...
Seeking a balanced physician workforce for the 21st century.

THE HALLS of academia and the chambers of Congress echo with a call for more primary care physicians. Much of this stems from the need that managed care systems have for more primary care providers. 1-4 In addition, many believe that more primary care physicians would improve access to care in rural towns and inner cities. 5-7 There also is a perception that we have too many specialists and that the care they provide is too expensive, 3,8-14 and there is alarm that the proportion of physicians training in primary care is decreasing. 4,7-9,14-20 A consensus has developed that better balance in the proportion of primary care physicians and specialists must be achieved, and this consensus has been translated into a specific proposal: that the percentage of medical graduates entering the primary care disciplines of family medicine, general internal medicine, and general pediatrics be increased from the recent levels of
Inter-reserve distance

Since the mid-1970s, reserve planners have been advised to locate reserves in close proximity to facilitate biotic migration. The alternative, putting great distance between reserves as a safeguard against catastrophe or long-standing chronic degradation forces, has received little discussion. The demise of a population can be caused by both natural and anthropogenic agents and the latter, including poaching and global warming, could be the bigger threat. Reserves sharing biotic components, whether close together or far apart, have advantages as well as costs. We need to consider whether the result of adopting the proximate reserve design guideline to preserve maximum species number will contribute to the potential extinction or extirpation of some rare flagship species? Should such extinctions occur, will society be understanding of science-based advise? Current conservation dogma that claims reserves should be located in close proximity demands more scrutiny because that choice may be tested this century.
Black-White Differences in Job Satisfaction: Evidence from 21 Nationwide Surveys:

Examination of a number of published studies of black-white differences in job satisfaction suggests their contradictory results are explained, at least in part, by misinterpretation of the represe...
Employment, ownership, and Survival in microbusiness: A study of New retail and service establishments

This investigation provides new data and commentary on several neglected topics: employment contributions of microbusinesses, characteristics of the selfemployed, business survival rates, and psychological and social aspects of new business ownership. A survey and archival analysis of 413 retail and service establisments that began operation in 1985 is reported. The modal staff size of these establishments was three persons; 28% had no employees. Women, young people, and Latinos were among the larger groups of employees, although employment patterns varied according to size and type of business. The typical owner was male, white, in his 30s or 40s, and relatively inexperienced in business. Fifty-nine percent of the establishments survived two years; survival was associated with corporate ownership, with the owners' reliance on the business for a livelihood, and with their prior employment experience.
Stabilization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA in macrophages in response to chronic ethanol exposure

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is one of a number of cytokines implicated in the progression of alcohol-induced liver disease. Activation of hepatic macrophages by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during exposure to ethanol is thought to be an important mechanism for stimulation of TNF-α expression. Chronic exposure of macrophages to ethanol, both in vivo after ad libitum feeding of ethanol for 4 weeks and in culture for 48 h, has an impact on specific elements within the LPS-stimulated signaling cascade, disrupting both transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of TNF-α biosynthesis. Stabilization of TNF-α mRNA after chronic exposure to ethanol is one important mechanism for increased TNF-α production by hepatic macrophages. Increased LPS stimulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase contributes to this stabilization of TNF-α mRNA in macrophages. Stabilization of TNF-α mRNA after chronic exposure to ethanol requires both cis -acting elements in the TNF-α mRNA and trans -acting mRNA-binding proteins. The adenosine plus uridine–rich element in the 3′ untranslated region of the TNF-α mRNA is an important regulator of TNF-α mRNA stability. Its activity is required for stabilization of TNF-α mRNA induced by chronic exposure to ethanol. Moreover, results from studies have demonstrated that at least one mRNA-binding protein, HuR, is also involved in stabilization of TNF-α mRNA stability after chronic exposure to ethanol. Taken together, the results from these studies identify the regulation of TNF-α mRNA stability as a novel mechanism by which chronic exposure to ethanol increases the expression of TNF-α.
Synthesis of Copper(I) Complexes with Ketimide and Hydrazide Ligands

Copper(I) chloride reacted with lithium ketimides to form tetrameric homoleptic copper(I) ketimide complexes, [Cu(N=CR2)]4, where R = t-Bu or Ph. Mesityl copper reacted with excess 1-trimethylsilylmethyl-2,2,-dimethylhydrazine to give the mixed ligand complex (2,4,6-C6Me3H2)Cu4[N(SiMe3)NMe2]3. Single-crystal X-ray crystallographic studies revealed that the three complexes have eight-member ring structures in which the ring has a hinged or butterfly shape. Although an eight-member ring structure is common for copper(I) amido, alkyl, and aryl clusters, the structure of [Cu(N=C-t-Bu2)]4 is unusual because the hinge angle is significantly smaller than is common, resulting in short Cu···Cu contacts compared to related complexes.
On the role of ligand in retinoid signaling: Positive cooperativity in the interactions of 9-cis retinoic acid with tetramers of the retinoid X receptor

Previously, we have shown that the retinoid X receptor (RXR) forms tetramers with a high affinity and that interactions of the receptor with its ligand, 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA), result in dissociation of protein tetramers. Here it is shown by fluorescence anisotropy studies that ligand-induced tetramer dissociation displays a pronounced positive cooperativity. The binding affinity of RXR for 9cRA at low saturation levels of the receptor with ligand was found to be significantly weaker than the affinity observed at higher levels of saturation. In addition, the rate of dissociation of 9cRA from RXR was found to be faster at low vs. high saturation levels of the receptor. These data suggest that the observed positive cooperativity of the ligand-induced dissociation of RXR tetramers stems from positive cooperativity in binding of 9cRA by the receptor. Kinetic studies showed that dissociation of RXR tetramers upon ligand binding is a rapid reaction characterized by a t1/2 of 80 ms, which is about 5 orders of magnitude faster than the rate of dissociation in the absence of ligand. The data indicate that the oligomeric state of RXR is tightly regulated by the precise concentrations of 9cRA and that it rapidly responds to changes in the ligand's concentrations. These findings further substantiate the hypothesis that modulation of the oligomeric state of RXR by 9cRA is an important regulatory step in the pathway by which retinoids affect gene transcription.
Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method for a Nonlinear Boundary Value Problem

In this paper, we investigate the a priori and a posteriori error estimates for the discontinuous Galerkin finite element approximation to a regularization version of the variational inequality of the second kind. We show the optimal error estimates in the DG-norm (stronger than the H1 norm) and the L2 norm, respectively. Furthermore, some residual-based a posteriori error estimators are established which provide global upper bounds and local lower bounds on the discretization error. These a posteriori analysis results can be applied to develop the adaptive DG methods.
Lateral dopant profiling with 200 nm resolution by scanning capacitance microscopy

Measurement of dopant density in silicon with lateral resolution on the 200 nm scale has been demonstrated with a near‐field capacitance technique. The technique is based upon the measurement of local capacitance between a 100 nm tip and a semiconducting surface. Lateral dopant imaging is achieved by the measurement of the voltage‐dependent capacitance between tip and sample due to the depletion of carriers in the semiconductor, as the tip is scanned laterally over the surface. Measurements of dopant density have been demonstrated over a dopant range of 1015–1020 cm−3. Capacitance‐voltage measurements have been made on a submicrometer scale.
Inhibitory effects of high pressure and heat on Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores in apple juice.

The effectiveness of combined high pressure and heat treatment for reducing spore levels of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, a thermoacidophilic spore-forming bacterium, in commercial pasteurized apple juice was investigated. Spores suspended in apple juice were successfully destroyed by combining high pressure with a mild or high temperature (45, 71, or 90°C).
Modeling hospital closure relative to organizational theory: the applicability of ecology theory's environmental determinism and adaptation perspectives.

Abstract The writers present a set of hypotheses testing the strength of organizational ecology theory's environmental determinism perspective and the adaptation perspective. Some of these hypotheses are analayzed relative to data on hospital closures in the United States between 1980 and 1985. Initial empirical analyses indicate that environmental determinism's liability of smallness holds relative to hospital closure, but the liability of newness doesn't hold. There are no published accounts where the liability of newness hypothesis hasn't held in research on other industries. The writers speculate that the inverse relationship between a highly changing health care environment and the liability of newness of hospitals may be because newer hospitals are better able to tap into the ongoing changes of the today's turbulent health care delivery environment in the United States. Also, analysis findings show that the environmental interdependence orientation of the adaptation models has some explanatory power in that hospitals with greater community support have much lower closure rates. Consideration of the more organization action oriented framework of the adaptation perspective is called for over the environmental determinism perspective that has been promoted in recent publications. The writers suggest that the more community sponsored a hospital is, the less likely its survival will hinge solely on standard environmental selection criteria, and that the ability of a hospital's administration to correctly adapt to environmental fluctuations is critical, especially in today's turbulent health care delivery environment in the United States.
The metabolism of 1-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid in normal and neoplastic tissues.

Abstract The distribution, excretion and metabolism of the carcinostatic amino acid derivative, 1-amino cyclo pentane-1-carboxylic acid, was investigated in normal and tumor-bearing mice. After intraperitoneal injection of 14 C-carboxyl-labeled drug, the amount of radioactivity in the blood remained constant for 4 days, while the urinary excretion of this drug also remained at a constant low level during this period of time. An insignificant quantity of 14 CO 2 was liberated. All the tissues and tumors analysed contained significant amounts of radioactivity, almost all of which was in the cold acid-soluble fraction. There was very little incorporation of the drug into protein. Chemical fractionation and chromatography of tissues, tumor cells and urine have indicated that all radioactivity present was in the form of the original compound. The significance of these results is discussed.
Evaluation of a microplate assay specific for heavy metal toxicity

A rapid, quantitative microbial assay, which is specific for heavy metal toxicity, has been developed. The assay (MetPLATE) is in a 96-well microtitration plate format and is suitable for determining toxicity characteristics such as median inhibitory concentrations. The sensitivity of MetPLATE to heavy metals [Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr(III)] was generally higher than Microtox and was of the same order as or better than Daphnia and fish bioassay. MetPLATE was insensitive to organic compounds at concentrations higher than those found in the environment. Six out of 10 industrial wastewaters or process waters surveyed were toxic. Heavy metal analysis of these waters confirmed the presence of heavy metals in the toxic samples. MetPLATE can be run concurrently with other assays for general toxicity to help determine the nature of chemicals causing toxicity.
Brain biochemistry and personality: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

To investigate the biochemical correlates of normal personality we utilized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Our sample consisted of 60 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 32 (27 females). Personality was assessed with the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). We measured brain biochemistry within the precuneus, the cingulate cortex, and underlying white matter. We hypothesized that brain biochemistry within these regions would predict individual differences across major domains of personality functioning. Biochemical models were fit for all personality domains including Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Our findings involved differing concentrations of Choline (Cho), Creatine (Cre), and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in regions both within (i.e., posterior cingulate cortex) and white matter underlying (i.e., precuneus) the Default Mode Network (DMN). These results add to an emerging literature regarding personality neuroscience, and implicate biochemical integrity within the default mode network as constraining major personality domains within normal human subjects.
Kinetics of the Reaction Between Zinc(II) and Tetrakis(2-Fluoro-3-Sulfonatophenyl)Porphyrin

Abstract The kinetics of the reaction between Zn(II) ion and the peripherally negatively charged tetrakis(2-fluoro-3-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (H2T2FSPP) were investigated at 25°C and 0.1 M ionic strength (NaNO3). The reaction was found to he first order in Zn(II) and porphyrin concentration. The rate of zinc ion incorporation was equal to k1[Zn2-][H2T2FSPP], where k1 = 0.349±0.002 M1 sec-1 at 25°C and pH = 6.63. This rate is slower than the corresponding rates for the reaction of negatively charged tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (H2TPPS) and a peripherally positively charged tetrakis(p-trimethylammoniumphenyl)porphyrin (H2TAPP). The reaction rate increased with an increase in pH between 4.95 and 9.20.
The role of values in psychotherapy: A critical review of process and outcome effects

Abstract A recent surge of research and interest in the role of patient/therapist personal values in psychotherapy has followed the observation that therapists do not remain value free even when they intend to do so. The literature to date suggests that: (a) the increasing similarity of patients' values with therapists' values during therapy, known as convergence, often occurs and may be an important mechanism of patient improvement, and (b) an initial dissimilarity of patient/therapist values may be related to both convergence and improvement. Values research, however, has been plagued with discrepant construct definitions, unreliable measures, weak study designs, and contradictory results. Addressing these issues, this paper clarifies the definition and measurement of values by selecting the work of Rokeach as a referent. A referent-based critical review of empirical studies investigating the role of values in psychotherapy yielded three findings: (a) Patient/therapist values convergence does occur in therapy and is associated with initial values dissimilarity; (b) patient/therapist values convergence is associated with the therapist's rating of improvement, but not with the patient's rating and not with a standardized measure of symptom amelioration; and (c) patient/therapist initial values similarity evidences a complex association with improvement. It is concluded that in order for research to progress, investigators must address several issues, including: construct clarity, increased specificity of both values and outcome measures, and a tripartite perspective on outcome.
Laparoscopic repair of traumatic abdominal wall hernia from handlebar injury

Abstract A 14-year-old boy was seen at an outside hospital after falling over the handlebar of his bicycle and was discharged home. He was subsequently seen in our emergency department with complaints of persistent abdominal pain. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed disruption of the muscles of the upper right abdominal wall containing the hepatic flexure of the colon, with a small amount of intraperitoneal free fluid noted. The patient underwent laparoscopic exploration using 3 ports (2-5 mm and 1-12 mm) and 2 separate stab incisions. The traumatic abdominal wall hernia was repaired with interrupted sutures placed with an ENDO CLOSE (Covidien, Mansfield, MA) device, and a mesenteric defect in the colon was approximated with intracorporeal sutures. The trocar sites were sutured closed. The patient recovered well and was discharged home. Follow-up examination revealed no abdominal wall defect and resolution of his symptoms. Laparoscopic repair of a traumatic abdominal wall defect and exploratory laparoscopy after trauma is feasible and safe in the pediatric patient. It should be considered as an alternative approach with potentially less morbidity than an exploratory laparotomy for handlebar injuries in a stable patient.
Effect of dobutamine stress echocardiography on mitral regurgitation

Abstract Objectives. This study was performed to examine the effect of dobutamine stress echocardiography on mitral regurgitation and to test the hypothesis that mitral regurgitation will increase in patients with an ischemic response. Background. New or worsening mitral regurgitation during stress testing has been proposed as a marker of ischemia. However, it is unclear whether ischemia induced by dobutamine is associated with mitral regurgitation because the hemodynamic effects of dobutamine may vary with regard to mitral regurgitation, depending on left ventricular function and maximal dose attained. Methods. Dobutamine stress echocardiography was performed in 102 consecutive patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease. Color flow Doppler was used to determine the presence and change in mitral regurgitation at baseline and peak dobutamine infusion (up to 40 μg/kg body weight per min). The mitral regurgitation color flow Doppler area was semiquantitatively graded as mild ( 8 cm2). Patients were assigned to ischemic and nonischemic groups according to the dobutamine stress echocardiographic results. Results. The two groups achieved the same maximal dose and demonstrated similar blood pressure and heart rate responses to dobutamine infusion. Only two patients developed new mitral regurgitation during dobutamine infusion, and both had a normal dobutamine echocardiographic result. More patients without ischemia had no mitral regurgitation compared with patients with ischemia. There was an insufficient number of patients with coronary angiographic data to determine the effects of mitral regurgitation on the sensitivity and specificity of dobutamine stress echocardiography. Of 23 patients with a rest ejection fraction Conclusions. These data indicate that although dobutamine infusion often improves mitral regurgitation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction during stress echocardiography, it does not induce or worsen mitral regurgitation in those who demonstrate an ischemic response. Future studies are necessary, with larger numbers of patients, to determine the effects of mitral regurgitation on the sensitivity and specificity of dobutamine stress echocardiography.
Influence of promoter potency on the transcriptional effects of YY1, SRF and Msx-1 in transient transfection analysis

Potent viral promoters/enhancers are often used to achieve high level expression of ectopic genes in transient transfection analysis. By using a GAL4-responsive transcription assay system, we show that the use of potent eukaryotic expression vectors can lead to biased transcriptional effects. Three functionally diverse transcription factors, YY1, SRF and Msx-1, were examined and each was found to exhibit a strong transrepression function in the context of the DNA binding domain of GAL4 when expressed from the cytomegalovirus (pCMV) or simian virus 40 (pSV) promoters/enhancers. An internal 15 amino acid domain of YY1 mediating transrepression in the viral promoter setting was identified. This GAL4-mediated transcriptional repression could, however, be completely relieved by using the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase promoter (pADH) to drive gene expression, which is approximately 100-fold weaker than canonical pCMV and pSV in cultured mammalian cells. In addition, low level expression achieved with the pADH vector unveiled the intrinsic transactivation functions of YY1 and SRF previously not observed with the GAL4 assay system. Our results highlight a potential pitfall in conventional pCMV- and pSV-based transfection assays and suggest that the use of a low level expression system may be preferable in most transcriptional analysis.
Sexual Headaches: Case Report, Review, and Treatment with Calcium Blocker

SYNOPSIS A case is reported in which a patient with sexual and orgasmic headaches was treated successfully with a calcium channel blocker, diltiazem. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of successful treatment of sexual headaches with calcium channel blockers reported in the English medical literature. The literature on sexually related headaches is reviewed, and classification, evaluation, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of sexual headaches are discussed.
Youth's Battle for the Ballot: A History of Voting Age in America

Preface Suffering Suffrage: The Military Influence on the Ballot (1607-1941) Bullets versus Ballots: A Congressional Concern (1941-1952) The Battle Debated (1953-1954) Confidence, Compromise and Converts (1953-1960) Youth Suffrage: A Global Concern (1791-1971) Youth Mobilizes Its Forces (1961-1968) Youth On the Attack (1969) The Senate Attempts a Flanking Action (1970) The Call to Arms in the House (1970) State Legislatures Under Federal Siege (1970) The Supreme Court Becomes the Battleground (1970) The Franchise in Disunion (1971) The Battle Returns to Capitol Hill (1971) Suffrage Guns Stand Silent (1971) Youth Armed with the Ballot (1971-1991) Summary Bibliography Index
Ribosomal DNA of Caenorhabditis elegans.

Abstract We have characterized the organization of the genes coding for 18 S, 5·8 S and 26 S ribosomal RNAs in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . These ribosomal genes, present in about 55 copies per haploid genome, alternate in a repeating tandem array. The repeating unit is only 7000 base-pairs, containing a non-transcribed spacer of no more than 1000 base-pairs. Most of the repeating units have identical restriction maps, but one repeat contains a deletion of 2900 base-pairs, which eliminates all or part of the 18 S coding region. We have found no difference in the major ribosomal DNA restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns between two interbreeding strains of C. elegans , but found differences between C. elegans and the closely related Caenorhabditis briggsae .
A Temperature Dependent, Single Particle, Lithium Ion Cell Model Including Electrolyte Diffusion

Low-order, explicit models of lithium ion cells are critical for real-time battery management system (BMS) applications. This paper presents a seventh-order, electrolyte enhanced single particle model (ESPM) with electrolyte diffusion and temperature dependent parameters (ESPM-T). The impedance transfer function coefficients are explicit in terms of the model parameters, simplifying the implementation of temperature dependence. The ESPM-T model is compared with a commercially available finite volume based model and results show accurate matching of pulse responses over a wide range of temperature (T) and C-rates (I). The voltage response to 30s pulse charge‐discharge current inputs is within 5% of the commercial code for 25 � C < T < 50 � Ca t I� 12:5C and � 10 � C < T < 50 � Ca t I� 1C for a graphite/nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) lithium ion cell. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4028154]
Raman microprobe characterization of urea: n‐paraffin inclusion compounds

Urea:n-paraffin inclusion compounds have been formed through sonification of urea with pure paraffin liquids. Raman microprobe spectra of individual microcrystals (5–50 μm in size) of these materials are interpreted in terms of a non-planar conformation for the included paraffins. A series of trans and gauche bonds is shown to yield a conformation of the included alkane that preserves the full symmetry of the hexagonal urea host. The urea host lattice spectrum thereby shows additional sharp bands consonant with a more highly ordered host lattice. These observations are contrasted to the case of the trans-planar conformation normally encountered and verified in this work for urea:n-paraffin inclusion compounds prepared from solution.
A revised estimate of daily ration in the tiger shark with implication for assessing ecosystem impacts of apex predators

NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast FisheriesScience Center, 3500 Delwood Beach Road, Panama City, Florida 32408, USAApex predators may impact ecosystem structure and func-tion through trophic cascades (Estes, Tinker & Williams1998). Studies of diets, feeding patterns and food webdynamics can contribute to an understanding of commu-nity structure and ecological interactions (Winemiller 1989;Krebs 1998). Thus, understanding trophodynamics isimportant for developing ecosystem models for predictingcommunity responses to anthropogenic changes (Walters,Christensen & Pauly 1997). Studies of this kind are espe-cially critical in the case of large sharks, given that severalspecies are experiencing varying levels of populationdeclines on a global scale (Dulvy et al. 2008; Camhi et al.2009). Accordingly, there is mounting concern – andincreasing eﬀort – to predict the consequences of largeshark declines for food web dynamics (Estes et al. 2011).In a recent study, Hammerschlag et al. (2012) investi-gated the movement patterns of an apex marine predator,the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), in relation to an eco-tourism provisioning site. The authors rejected the nullhypothesis that sharks displayed restricted long-term habi-tat use at the site. However, they speculated that theobserved long-term and large-scale shark movements maybe related to cryptic, lesser-understood aspects of Atlantictiger shark life history (i.e. reproduction, mating, foragingforays).As part of their discussion, Hammerschlag et al. (2012)considered the daily ration of 210-kg adult female tigersharks. However, no published studies exist that havequantiﬁed this aspect of tiger shark food-consumptiveneeds. To get a broad approximation of daily ration, theauthors averaged values derived from two other species ofsharks found in the subtropical Atlantic: the lemon shark(Negaprion brevirostris), daily ration estimate of 2 1%body weight (Cortes & Gruber 1990); and shortﬁn makoshark (Isurus oxyrinchus), daily ration estimate of 4 6%body weight (Wood et al. 2009). The species used in thecalculation here were chosen in part because of theirbehavioural and geospatial overlap with the tiger sharkmovements found in Hammerschlag et al. (2012). How-ever, the resulting approximation of the daily ration valuefor an adult tiger shark (3 7%) is likely inﬂated for twoprimary reasons: (i) using values derived from juvenile spe-cies, although daily ration in sharks is known to decreasewith size (Wetherbee & Cortes 2004) and (ii) averaging val-ues from two species, one of which, the shortﬁn mako, isregionally endothermic, while tiger sharks are ectothermic(Carlson, Goldman & Lowe 2004).Here we present a diﬀerent, more traditional approachto estimate the daily ration for tiger sharks followingWinberg (1956). Accordingly, daily ration (kcal day
Modeling dynamic recrystallization of olivine aggregates deformed in simple shear

Experiments by Zhang and Karato [1995] have shown that in simple shear dislocation creep of olivine at low strains, an asymmetric texture develops with a [100] maximum rotated away from the shear direction against the sense of shear. At large strain where recrystallization is pervasive, the texture pattern is symmetrical, and [100] is parallel to the shear direction. The deformation texture can be adequately modeled with a viscoplastic self-consistent polycrystal plasticity theory. This model can be expanded to include recrystallization, treating the process as a balance of boundary migration (growth of relatively underformed grains at the expense of highly deformed grains) and nucleation (strain-free nuclei replacing highly deformed grains). If nucleation dominates over growth, the model predicts a change from the asymmetric to the symmetric texture as recrystallization proceeds and stabilization in the “easy slip” orientation for the dominant (010)[100] slip system. This result is in accordance with the experiments and suggests that the most highly deformed orientation components dominate the recrystallization texture. The empirical model will be useful to simulate more adequately the development of anisotropy in the mantle where olivine is largely recrystallized.
Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by chemically modified encephalitogen.

Abstract The results of enzymatic and chemical degradation studies of the basic myelin protein suggested that tryptophan is essential for encephalitogenic activity in the guinea pig. The object of the present investigation was to modify the protein through its tryptophan residue in such a way that it becomes non-encephalitogenic, yet suppresses experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Accordingly, the single tryptophan residue of the protein was modified with specific reagents such as 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylbromide (HNB-BR), 2-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride (NPSCl) and performic acid. Injection of the modified proteins did not result in neurological disease, although some guinea pigs did exhibit histological changes in the brain. Starting 3 days after injection with the active inoculum, the treatment with the modified proteins was carried out for four weeks, using a total of 900 μg og the modified proteins. The guinea pigs treated with HNB and performic acid oxidized protein did not show neurological signs of the disease, but from the NPSCl group, two out of 10 developed EAE, although at a later data compared with those guinea pigs which were injected with the unmodified encephalitogen. The results not only confirm previous findings that intact tryptophan in the protein is a prime requirement for the production of EAE in guinea pigs, but also provide evidence that tryptophan is not essential for suppression of the disease. The conclusion we may draw from these studies is that the encephalitogenic basic myelin protein has two active sites: one which contains tryptophan required for the paralytic effect, the other without tryptophan which provides protection.
Cardiometabolic syndrome: Pathophysiology and treatment

The cardiometabolic syndrome, an interesting constellation of maladaptive cardiovascular, renal, metabolic, prothrombotic, and inflammatory abnormalities, is now recognized as a disease entity by the American Society of Endocrinology, National Cholesterol Education Program, and World Health Organization, among others. These cardiovascular and metabolic derangements individually and interdependently lead to a substantial increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality, making the cardiometabolic syndrome an established and strong risk factor for premature and severe CVD and stroke. Established and evolving treatment strategies including moderate physical activity, weight reduction, rigorous blood pressure control, correction of dyslipidemia, and glycemic control have proven beneficial in reversing these abnormal responses and decreasing the CVD risk.
Purification of cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria.

Abstract One soluble cytochrome P.450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria has been purified to near homogeneity. The purified enzyme catalyses side-chain cleavage of cholesterol and to a much lesser extent 11β-hydroxylation (
Synthesis of CDP-diglyceride from phosphatidylinositol and CMP

A reaction in which CDP-diglyceride and inositol are formed from 1-stearoyl, 2-arachidonoyl phosphatidylinositol and CMP occurs readily in dialyzed microsomal preparations from the mouse pancreas. The reaction is Mn2+-dependent, and it is inhibited by each of the two products, CDP-diglyceride and myoinositol. It is presumed to involve the back-reaction of CDP-diglyceride: inositol phosphatidyltransferase (phosphatidyl-inositol synthetase, EC.2.7.8.11.)
Wdr68 Requires Nuclear Access for Craniofacial Development

Wdr68 is a highly conserved scaffolding protein required for craniofacial development and left-right asymmetry. A Ras-Map3k-Wdr68-Dyrk1 signaling relay may mediate these and other diverse signaling events important in development and disease. While the sub-cellular localization of Wdr68 has been shown to be dependent on that of its interaction partners, it is not clear where Wdr68 activity is required during development. Here we show that while a GFP-Wdr68 fusion functionally substituted for craniofacial development in the zebrafish, that a Nuclear Export Signal (NES) fusion protein (GFPNESWdr68) failed to support craniofacial development. As control for NES activity, we show that while GFP-Wdr68 exhibited a pan-cellular distribution in C2C12 cells, the GFPNESWdr68 fusion predominantly localized to the cell cytoplasm, as expected. Interestingly, while GFP-Wdr68 and RFP-Dyrk1a co-localized to the cell nucleus as expected based on the known sub-cellular localization for Dyrk1a, we found that the GFPNESWdr68 fusion redistributed RFP-Dyrk1a to the cell cytoplasm potentially disconnecting the Ras/Dyrk1 signal relay from further downstream targets. Consistent with a nuclear role in gene regulation, we also found that while a transcriptional activation domain fusion, CebpFlagWdr68, functionally substituted for endogenous Wdr68 for craniofacial development, that a transcriptional repression domain fusion, MadFlagWdr68, failed to support craniofacial development. Dyrk1b is required for myogenin (myog) expression in differentiating mouse C2C12 cells and here we report that wdr68 is also important for myog expression in differentiating C2C12 cells. Using a C2C12 cell myog promoter-reporter system, we found that Wdr68 overexpression increased reporter activity while moderate expression levels of MadFlagWdr68 interfered with reporter activity. Taken together, these findings support a nuclear role for Wdr68-containing complexes.
Accumulation and disappearance of enflurane from rat brain.

Enflurane accumulation and loss from rat brain tissue was determined by direct analysis of tissue concentrations. Equilibration is rapid and concentrations resultant from administering different dosages are non-linear at very low subanesthetic levels and above the anesthetic range. Clearance from brain following termination of exposure is at least an order of magnitude faster than for halothane.
Identifying Vital/Protect Patterns for Classification in Multiple Phenotypes Medical Data

Previous works on medical data only focus on bi-phenotypes medical data. However, with the fast development of medical technique, it is inevitable to classify multiple medical data. In this paper, we first define two patterns (adapting an interestingness measure by statics method) and then propose a new algorithm called MVP that is specially designed to discover such two patterns. At last, applies the discovered optimal rule sets to classify multiple medical data. The key advantage of MVP, as compared to other techniques for pattern discovery, is that MVP directly finds the interesting patterns which are non-redundancy and sense in a specific domain. The experiment results demonstrate the proposed method enables the user to focus on fewer rules and to be assured that the survival rules are all medical domain interesting. The classifier build on the rules generated by our method outperforms existing classifiers
Potentiometric titration methods for antihistamine bases and their salts.

When liberated in base form, antihistamines may be dissolved in alcohol and titrated directly with 0.05 N aqueous sulfuric acid, or dissolved in a measured volume of the acid and the excess titrated with 0.05 N aqueous sodium hydroxide; the end point is determined potentiometrically. A much simpler and more precise method is that of direct titration of either the base or salt form of antihistamines, dissolved in glacial acetic acid, with 0.1 N perchloric acid in dioxane; the end point is preferably determined potentiometrically but may also be determined colorimetrically. Interference by the halide acid component of salts is avoided by addition of mercuric acetate.
Sterility testing of apheresis hematopoietic progenitor cell products using an automated blood culture system

Background AABB Standards require monitoring of hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) products for microbial contamination. To date, there is no automated blood culture system cleared by the Food and Drug Administration for this application. Our objective was to validate the VersaTREK system (TREK Diagnostic Systems) for sterility testing of apheresis HPC products. Study Design and Methods Four aerobic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mitis, and Bacillus cereus), five anaerobic bacteria (Fusobacterium necrophorum, Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides fragilis, Prevotella loescheii, and Propionibacterium acnes), and one fungus (Candida albicans) were spiked into apheresis HPC products at concentrations of 10, 102, 103, and 104 colony-forming units (CFUs)/mL. Aerobic and anaerobic bottles were incubated until positive or for up to 5 days. DNA was simultaneously extracted for polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. Results All aerobic bacteria grew in both bottles at all concentrations tested within 24 hours, and the time to positivity (TTP) was significantly shorter with aerobic bottles. C. albicans grew in the aerobic media at all concentrations within 30 hours. Anaerobes grew in the anaerobic bottle at all concentrations within 5 days. No bacteria were detected by using 16S rRNA gene amplification at 104 CFUs/mL. Conclusion Compared to culture, 16S rRNA gene amplification of HPCs does not improve sensitivity or turnaround time for HPC sterility testing. The VersaTREK system is a reliable tool for detecting microbial contamination of apheresis HPC products with a limit of detection of less than or equal to 10 CFUs/mL. Inclusion of both the aerobic and the anaerobic culture bottles achieves the shortest TTP for all species tested.
Therapy Termination and Persistence Patterns of Elderly Clients in a Community Mental Health Center

Analyses were conducted on 180 community and nursing home clients, ages 60 to 98, who received psychotherapy as part of a community mental health center program. Case records were reviewed to identify factors associated with persistence in therapy and dropout patterns. Very few (less than 12%) terminated therapy appropriately (as judged by the therapist), about 59% completed at least 10 sessions, and a majority of the community residents themselves initiated termination. Persistence in treatment was associated with nursing home residence, religious beliefs, and receiving the therapy at home. Contrary to predictions, persistence was not associated with self-referral, type of psychiatric diagnosis, age, or gender.