cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The pharyngeal contractile integral is a useful indicator of pharyngeal swallowing impairment.

Background A limitation to the expanded use of high-resolution pharyngeal manometry (HRPM) in clinical practice is the lack of useful pharyngeal parameters that are easy to interpret, generalizable between patients, and do not require specialized software. In this study, we sought to test the relationship between the pharyngeal contractile integral (PhCI) with videofluoroscopic abnormalities as assessed with the Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile© ™. Methods Adult dysphagic patients were recruited to undergo simultaneous HRPM and videofluoroscopy during a standardized swallowing protocol. Key results Thirty-six patients were included in the study. The mean PhCI was 247 mm Hg·cm·s (range 2-488 mm Hg·cm·s). The lower pharyngeal total (PT) group (N=20; mean PT=3.9) had a mean PhCI of 299 mm Hg·cm·s, while the higher PT group (N=16; mean PT=12.7) had a mean PhCI score of 188 mm Hg·cm·s (P=.01). There was also a significant negative correlation between normalized PhCI to PT scores (r=-.47; P=.004). Patients with higher PhCIs exhibited less severe penetration-aspiration scores on thin liquids (1.44 vs 3.78; P=.03) and all consistencies combined (1.21 vs 1.99; P=.03). Conclusions & inferences The PhCI is a useful indicator of the presence of pharyngeal swallowing impairment and is technically simple to calculate with currently available software programs. Advancement of software is necessary to refine the clinical value of this parameter. High-resolution pharyngeal manometry has the potential to be a valuable adjunct procedure for the evaluation and treatment of dysphagic individuals.
Coal-Miner: A Statistical Method for GWA Studies of Quantitative Traits with Complex Evolutionary Origins

Association mapping (AM) methods are used in genome-wide association (GWA) studies to test for statistically significant associations between genotypic and phenotypic data. The genotypic and phenotypic data share common evolutionary origins -- namely, the evolutionary history of sampled organisms -- introducing covariance which must be distinguished from the covariance due to biological function that is of primary interest in GWA studies. A variety of methods have been introduced to perform AM while accounting for sample relatedness. However, the state of the art predominantly utilizes the simplifying assumption that sample relatedness is effectively fixed across the genome. In contrast, population genetic theory and empirical studies have shown that sample relatedness can vary greatly across different loci within a genome. This phenomenon -- referred to as local genealogical variation -- is commonly encountered in many genomic datasets. New AM methods are needed to better account for local variation in sample relatedness within genomes. We address this gap by introducing Coal-Miner, a new statistical AM method. The Coal-Miner algorithm takes the form of a methodological pipeline. The initial stages of Coal-Miner seek to detect candidate loci, or loci which contain putatively associated markers. Subsequent stages of Coal-Miner perform test for association using a linear mixed model with multiple effects which account for sample relatedness locally within candidate loci and globally across the entire genome. Using synthetic and empirical datasets, we compare the statistical power and type I error control of Coal-Miner against state-of-the-art AM methods. The simulation conditions reflect a variety of genomic architectures for complex traits and incorporate a range of evolutionary scenarios, each with different evolutionary processes that can generate local genealogical variation. Across the datasets in our study, we find that Coal-Miner consistently offers comparable or typically better statistical power and type I error control compared to the state-of-the-art methods.
Influenza in Man

The clinical expression of infection with influenza virus is variable and is partially influenced by the nature of the infecting virus but to a greater extent is modulated by the age, physiological state, and immunologic experience of the host. Depending on these factors, influenza infection may occur without symptoms, may kill, or, most frequently, may cause an acute, prostrating febrile illness attended by cough and myalgia (Fig. 7-1). Typically, the onset of the disease is rapid, and the degree of prostration and constitutional symptoms are out of proportion to the severity of the respiratory symptoms. Characteristically also, fever is short-lived (3-4 days), and recovery is rapid and uneventful. In its classical form influenza is “an unvarying disease caused by a varying virus” (Kil-bourne, 1980) and as such has been recognized through the centuries. However, even the typical case is diagnosed most easily in the context of an epidemic, and, indeed, epidemicity (simultaneous occurrence of other cases) is an important diagnostic clue.
A pilot investigation to constrain the presence of ring systems around transiting exoplanets

Abstract We demonstrate a process by which to evaluate the presence of large, Saturn-like ring systems around transiting extrasolar giant planets. We use extrasolar planet candidate KOI-422.01 as an example around which to establish limits on the presence of ring systems. We find that the spherical-planet (no-rings) fit matches the lightcurve of KOI-422.01 better than a lightcurve with a planet having obliquity angles 90°, 60°, 45°, or 20°. Hence we find no evidence for rings around KOI-422.01, but the methods that we have developed can be used for more comprehensive ring searches in the future. If the Hedman (2015) low-temperature rings hypothesis is correct, then the first positive detection of exorings might require transits of very long period ( ≳ 10 yr) giant planets outside their stars’ ice lines.
A Historical Note on Hodgson v. Bowerbank

t Assistant Editor, Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, and Lecturer in Political Science, California State College, San Bernardino. I would like to thank Professors Leonard W. Levy and Kenneth L. Karst, Editor and Associate Editor of the Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, who set me the task of discovering what really happened in Hodgson v. Bowerbank, and who offered advice and assistance. I would also like to thank Professor William Cohen, who read and commented on an early draft. l 5 U.s. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803). 2 Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1857). 3 See, e.g., A. BICKEL, THE LEAST DANGEROUS BRANCH 14 (1962); J. CHOPER, JUDICIAL REVIEW AND THE NATIONAL POLITICAL PROCESS 386 (1980); W. 0. DOUGLAS, AN ALMANAC OF LIBERTY 227 (1954); C. FAIRMAN, AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL DECISIONS 31 (rev. ed. 1950); 1 P. FREUND, A. SUTHERLAND, M. HOWE & E. BROWN, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 24 (3d ed. 1967); L. FRIEDMAN, A HISTORY OF AMERICAN LAW 301 (1973); C. E. HUGHES, THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 89 (1928); W. LOCKHART, Y. KAMISAR & J. CHOPER, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 7 n.f (5th ed. 1980); J. NOWAK, R. ROTUNDA & J. YOUNG, HANDBOOK OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 114 n.ll (1978); T. POWELL, VAGARIES AND VARIETIES IN CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION 20 (1956); B. SCHWARTZ, THE LAW IN AMERICA 49 (1974); L. TRIBE, AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2 (1978). See also J. THAYER, JOHN MARSHALL 72 (1901). 4 See, e.g., H. ABRAHAM, THE JUDICIAL PROCESS 303-04 (4th ed. 1980); E. CORWIN, COURT OVER CONSTITUTION 67, 69 (1938); 2 W. CROSSKEY, POLITICS AND THE CONSTITUTION IN THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 978 (1953); R. E. CUSHMAN & R. F. CUSHMAN, CASES IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 17 (3d ed. 1968); 1 C. HAINES, THE ROLE OF THE SUPREME COURT IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 1789-1835, at 120 (1944); A. MASON & W. BEANEY, AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 20-21 (6th ed. 1978); W. MENDELSON, THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION AND THE JUDICIAL PROCESS 6 (1980); C. PRITCHETT, THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION 128 (3d ed. 1977); M. SHAPIRO & R. TRESOLINI, AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 74 (5th ed. 1979); C. SWISHER, AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 107 (1943); S. WASBY, THE SUPREME COURT IN THE FEDERAL JUDICIAL SYSTEM 39 (1978); Mason, Preface to J. COTTON, THE CONSTITUTIONAL DECISIONS OF JOHN MARSHALL, xiv-xv (reprint 1969). See also C. HAINES, THE AMERICAN DOCTRINE OF JUDICIAL SUPREMACY 341-42, 567 (2d ed. 1959); B. WRIGHT, GROWTH OF AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 38 (1942). 6 See, e.g., 3 A. BEVERIDGE, THE LIFE OF JOHN MARSHALL 131-32 n.2 (1919); H. COMMAGER, MAJORITY RULE AND MINORITY RIGHTS 47-48, 89 n.43 (1943); H. HOCKETT, THE CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 1776-1826, at 308 (1939); A. MCLAUGHLIN, A CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 317 (1935); C. WARREN, CONGRESS, THE CONSTITUTION, AND THE SUPREME COURT 135 n.1, 273 (1925); 2 C. WARREN, THE SUPREME COURT IN UNITED STATES HISTORY 533 n.2 (rev. ed. 1926). See also D. FEHRENBACHER, THE DRED SCOTT CASE 223 (1978); A. KELLY & W. HARBISON, THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION 218
Special Issue on Dynamic Traffic Assignment, Parts 1 and 2

Dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) is now an established research specialty overlapping several fields of scholarly enquiry: civil engineering, industrial engineering, operations research, statistics, mathematics, computer science, regional science, city planning, complexity science, sustainability science, and economics. Several hundred scientists and engineers around the globe are devoting substantial energy to DTA research. Moreover, the theory and computational methods arising from DTA research continue to move closer to application and decision support in real-world environments. In 2012 we issued a call for a broad spectrum of DTA research manuscripts in order to provide a snapshot in time of the diverse points of view being pursued by scholars around the world. Presenters at the Fourth International Symposium on Dynamic Traffic Assignment at Martha’s Vineyard, USA, were invited to submit manuscripts for possible publication in Networks and Spatial Economics. From those invitations, we have assembled a collection of 29 papers, each of which has been comprehensively reviewed. Those 29 papers have been arranged as Parts I and II, which will appear under separate covers. Part I focuses on fundamental methodological advances in dynamic traffic assignment including network loading models, continuous time models, day to day dynamics. Part II focuses on application of dynamic traffic assignment in Netw Spat Econ (2015) 15:413–415 DOI 10.1007/s11067-014-9257-3
Causality or Correlation: Measuring the Impact of the Marginal Analyst

This paper develops a new approach to distinguishing clustering in analyst forecasts due to the causal influence of one analyst’s forecast on another from clustering due to a common response to correlated information. We apply this approach by studying how analysts who currently provide forecasts for a firm (“incumbent" analysts) revise their forecasts in response to the first forecasts of analysts initiating coverage of the firm (“new” analysts). We find that, on average, incumbent analysts close the gap between new analysts’ forecasts and their own forecasts, consistent with clustering in forecasts. However, we conclude that this effect is not driven at all by the causal influence of new analysts’ forecasts, but rather by a common response to correlated information. Cross-sectional tests indicate that the effects of correlated information are stronger when the analysts involved are likely to be better-informed.
Brailletouch: mobile texting for the visually impaired

BrailleTouch is an eyes-free text entry application for mobile devices. Currently, there exist a number of hardware and software solutions for eyes-free text entry. Unfortunately, the hardware solutions are expensive and the software solutions do not offer adequate performance. BrailleTouch bridges this gap. We present our design rationale and our explorative evaluation of BrailleTouch with HCI experts and visually impaired users.
OLGA Gastritis Staging for the Prediction of Gastric Cancer Risk: A Long-term Follow-up Study of 7436 Patients

Gastritis OLGA-staging ranks the risk for gastric cancer (GC) in progressive stages (0–IV). This long-term follow-up study quantifies the GC risk associated with each OLGA stage. Consecutive patients (7436) underwent esophagogastroscopy (T-0), with mapped gastric biopsies, OLGA staging, and H. pylori status assessment. Patients with neoplastic lesion (invasive or non-invasive) at the index endoscopy (and/or within 12 months) were excluded. All patients were followed-up (T-1) by combining different sources of clinical/pathological information (Regional Registries of: (i) esophagogastroduodenoscopies; (ii) pathology reports; (iii) cancer, (iv) mortality). The endpoint was histologically documented development of gastric epithelial neoplasia. At T-0, the patients’ distribution by OLGA stage was: Stage 0 = 80.8%; Stage I = 12.6%; Stage II = 4.3%; Stage III = 2.0%; Stage IV = 0.3%; H. pylori infection was detected in 25.9% of patients. At the end of the follow-up (mean/median = 6.3/6.6 years), 28 incident neoplasia were documented (overall prevalence = 0.60 per 103/person-years; low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia = 17/28; high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia = 4/28; GC = 7/28). By OLGA stage at the enrollment, the rate of incident neoplasia was: Stage 0 = 1 case; rate/103 person-years = 0.03; 95%CI: 0.004–0.19; Stage I = 2 cases; rate/103 person-years = 0.34; 95%CI: 0.09–1.36; Stage II = 3 cases; rate/103 person-years = 1.48; 95%CI: 0.48–4.58; Stage III = 17 cases; rate/103 person-years = 19.1; 95%CI: 11.9–30.7; Stage IV = 5 cases; rate/103 person-years = 41.2; 95%CI: 17.2–99.3. Multivariate analysis including gender, age, H. pylori status, and OLGA stage at enrollment only disclosed OLGA stage as predictor of neoplastic progression (OLGA stage III: HR = 712.4, 95%CI = 92.543–5484.5; OLGA stage IV: HR = 1450.7, 95%CI = 166.7–12626.0). Among 7436 patients, OLGA stages at the enrollment correlated significantly with different risk for gastric neoplasia. Based on the obtained results, gastritis staging is a critical adjunct in endoscopy follow-up protocols aimed at GC secondary prevention.
Consumer Acceptance and Readiness for Technology

This study proposes an extended model for consumer adoption of high technology products integrating two models in the consumer behavior literature: the Consumer Acceptance of Technology (CAT) model...
Adaptive Immunodeficiency in WHIM Syndrome

Cysteine-X-cysteine chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a broadly expressed and multifunctional G protein-coupled chemokine receptor critical for organogenesis, hematopoiesis, and antimicrobial host defense. In the hematopoietic system, the binding of CXCR4 to its cognate chemokine ligand, CXCL12, mediates leukocyte trafficking, distribution, survival, activation, and proliferation. Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant, combined immunodeficiency disorder caused by mutations in the C-terminus of CXCR4 that prevent receptor downregulation and therefore result in pathologically increased signaling. The “M” in the acronym WHIM refers to myelokathexis, the retention of neutrophils in the bone marrow resulting in neutropenia, which explains in part the increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. However, WHIM patients also present with B and T lymphopenia, which may explain the susceptibility to human papillomavirus (HPV), the cause of warts. The impact of WHIM mutations on lymphocytes and adaptive immunity has received less attention than myelokathexis and is the focus of this review.
The Relaxation Module — Session 2

Distribution of A/P Sheets, Attendance Taking, Review of Homework, and Completion of A/P Sheets
A simple method for the preparation of N-sulfonylsulfilimines from sulfides.

While excellent methods exist for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides R1R2S → R1R2SO, the aza-version of this atom transfer redox process, i.e., R1R2S → R1R2SN−SO2R3, has been less reliable. In sulfilimine synthesis, sulfoxide has been an inevitable byproduct in all cases to date, and the yields of sulfilimine have varied widely. A nearly ideal procedure for the sulfide to sulfonyl sulfilimine transformation is described. Almost quantitative yields are achieved from a diverse set of sulfides and a broad range of the readily available sulfonyl nitrenoid sources known as chloramine salts (R3SO2NClNa), essentially by simply stirring them together in acetonitrile.
Surgical decision-making for rectal prolapse: one size does not fit all.

Surgery remains the only known treatment option for rectal prolapse. Although over 100 abdominal and perineal procedures are available, there is no consensus as to which intervention is best suited...
Modernizing our way out or digging ourselves in? Reconsidering the impacts of efficiency innovations and affluence on residential energy consumption, 2005-2015.

Abstract This study scrutinizes the impacts of efficiency innovations as well as affluence on residential energy consumption, which is a major driver of greenhouse gas emissions. The study draws on the ecological-modernization perspective, which is optimistic about how technological innovations and affluence can help societies overcome environmental challenges associated with production and consumption, and the political-economy perspective, which raises doubts about whether these factors are beneficial to the environment, given their tendency to drive more consumption. Analysis of nationally representative longitudinal data reveals mixed relationships between efficiency innovations and residential energy consumption: while some measures of efficiency innovations, generally those not requiring human-technology interactions, are negatively related to residential energy consumption, others are either unrelated to it or drive more consumption. These findings suggest efficiency innovations offer only minimal opportunities for conserving energy, and may depend on the nature of the innovation. Raising doubts about the potential for rising affluence to promote environmental protection, this study reveals positive relationships between our measures of affluence and residential energy consumption.
Everyone Loves File: Oracle File Storage Service

Oracle File Storage Service (FSS) is an elastic filesystem provided as a managed NFS service. A pipelined Paxos implementation underpins a scalable block store that provides linearizable multipage limited-size transactions. Above the block store, a scalable B-tree holds filesystem metadata and provides linearizable multikey limited-size transactions. Self-validating B-tree nodes and housekeeping operations performed as separate transactions allow each key in a B-tree transaction to require only one page in the underlying block transaction. The filesystem provides snapshots by using versioned key-value pairs. The system is programmed using a nonblocking lock-free programming style. Presentation servers maintain no persistent local state making them scalable and easy to failover. A non-scalable Paxos-replicated hash table holds configuration information required to bootstrap the system. An additional B-tree provides conversational multi-key minitransactions for control-plane information. The system throughput can be predicted by comparing an estimate of the network bandwidth needed for replication to the network bandwidth provided by the hardware. Latency on an unloaded system is about 4 times higher than a Linux NFS server backed by NVMe, reflecting the cost of replication. FSS has been in production since January 2018 and holds tens of thousands of customer file systems comprising many petabytes of data.
Algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata) mitigate combined toxicity of microplastic and lead on Ceriodaphnia dubia

They not only directly impact aquatic organisms, but also indirectly impact these organisms by interacting with background toxins in the environment. Moreover, under realistic environmental conditions, algae, a natural food for aquatic organisms, may alter the toxicity pattern related to MPs. In this research, we first examined the toxicity of MPs alone, and their effect on the toxicity of lead (Pb) on Ceriodaphnia dubia (C. dubia), a model aquatic organism for toxicity survey. Then, we investigated the effect of algae on the combined toxicity of MPs and Pb. We observed that, MPs significantly increased Pb toxicity, which was related to the increase in soluble Pb concentration and the intake of Pb-loaded MPs, both of which increased the accumulation of Pb in C. dubia. The presence of algae mitigated the combined toxicity of MPs and Pb, although algae alone increased Pb accumulation. Therefore, the toxicity mitigation through algae uptake came from mechanisms other than Pb accumulation, which will need further investigation.
VLC-Enabled Human-Aware Building Management System

“Smart” buildings that can sense and detect people’s presence have been in use for the past few decades, mostly using technologies that trigger reactive responses such as turning on/off heating/ventilating, lighting, security, etc. We argue that to be considered truly smart, buildings must become “aware” about the locations and activities of their inhabitants so they can proactively engage with the occupants and inform their decision making with respect to which actions to execute, by whom and where.
Readiness and Implementation of Quality Improvement Strategies Among Small- and Medium-Sized Primary Care Practices: an Observational Study.

Little is known about what determines strategy implementation around quality improvement (QI) in small- and medium-sized practices. Key questions are whether QI strategies are associated with practice readiness and practice characteristics. Grounded in organizational readiness theory, we examined how readiness and practice characteristics affect QI strategy implementation. The study was a component of a larger practice-level intervention, Heart of Virginia Healthcare, which sought to transform primary care while improving cardiovascular care. This observational study analyzed practice correlates of QI strategy implementation in primary care at 3 and 12 months. Data were derived from surveys completed by clinicians and staff and from assessments by practice coaches. A total of 175 small- and medium-sized primary care practices were included. Outcome was QI strategy implementation in three domains: (1) aspirin, blood pressure, cholesterol, and smoking cessation (ABCS); (2) care coordination; and (3) organizational-level improvement. Coaches assessed implementation at 3 and 12 months. Readiness was measured by baseline member surveys, 1831 responses from 175 practices, a response rate of 73%. Practice survey assessed practice characteristics, a response rate of 93%. We used multivariate regression. QI strategy implementation increased from 3 to 12 months: the mean for ABCS from 1.20 to 1.59, care coordination from 2.15 to 2.75, organizational improvement from 1.37 to 1.78 (95% CI). There was no statistically significant association between readiness and QI strategy implementation across domains. Independent practice implementation was statistically significantly higher than hospital-owned practices at 3 months for ABCS (95% CI, P = 0.01) and care coordination (95% CI, P = 0.03), and at 12 months for care coordination (95% CI, P = 0.04). QI strategy implementation varies by practice ownership. Independent practices focus on patient care–related activities. FQHCs may need additional time to adopt and implement QI activities. Practice readiness may require more structural and organizational changes before starting a QI effort.
Structure and binding of stanene on the Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$(0001) surface

Stanene, the two-dimensional monolayer form of tin, has been predicted to be a 2D topological insulator due to its large spin-orbit interaction. However, a clear experimental demonstration of stanene's topological properties has eluded observation, in part because of the difficulty of choosing a substrate on which stanene will remain topologically nontrivial. In this paper, we present first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations of epitaxial monolayer stanene grown on the (0001) surface of alumina, Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$. We perform a detailed analysis of the binding energy and electronic structure of stanene on Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$, and demonstrate that it is a quantum spin Hall insulator. In addition, we discuss the relevance of decorated stanene and dumbbell stanene on the alumina surface.
Machine Learning to Summarize and Provide Context for Sleep and Eating Schedules.

The relative timing of sleep and of eating within the circadian day is important for human health. Despite much data on sleep and a growing data set for eating, there remains a need for an interpretative framework for the understanding of this data for health decisions. This study provides a new statistical and machine learning analysis of more than 500 participants in the Daily24 project. From their data, and the analysis, we propose a framework for determining the classification of participants into different chronotypes and with that the ability to realize the potential impact of daily circadian habits on health. We propose that our resulting distribution curves could be used, similar to NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data for pediatric growth, as a measure for circadian misalignment and used to help guide re-entrainment schedules.
'When the Sun of Cultural Beauty Rises, the Competent Mind Remains Resilient!': The Journey of Title VII and the Story of Natural Hair

The Article analyzes the origins of black women’s natural hair, the effects of natural hairstyles in the workforce versus other hairstyles, and resolutions to embracing natural hairstyles as a part of a black woman’s culture. The author discusses the importance of culturally competent programs, reviews the need to expand the definition of race, and tracks the progress of legislation in support of natural hairstyles and associated protective hairstyles. The author suggests that the definition of race under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 be expanded to include characteristics of a person’s culture such as hairstyle and that the courts should evaluate cases linked to Title VII by considering both the immutable and mutable characteristics of a person. The Article reviews cases analyzed under Title VII from 1975 to 2016, identifies a trend of how courts apply Title VII based on immutable and mutable qualities, and suggests methods to expand the court’s application of Title VII while intertwining the efforts of legislation at the state level to protect natural hairstyles and other traits of race. The author explains that for changes to be made in the definition of race, culturally competent programs must be established in the workplace to help employees gain an awareness of cultural differences among the workforce, which in return can fuel a new and more expansive definition of race. Furthermore, the author’s research shows that successful efforts at the state level have been made and on-going efforts at the federal level are being made to protect race in respect to traits significant to various cultures. The author recommends stimulating a culturally understanding work environment, which can lead to a broadened interpretation of race under Title VII that is inclusive of different cultural groups.
A case-study on the influence of noise to log-gain principles for flux dynamic discovery

In this paper we show problems associated with the log-gain procedure [13] for determining flux-dynamics from time series by means of applying noise to the data sets. We illustrate this by first creating a set of flux functions and using these flux functions to derive a time series which we then apply Gaussian noise to [7]. This perturbed time series is then used in the log-gain procedure to determine flux-dynamics. The error from the two sets of flux functions is found to be extremely large for signal-to-noise ratios of less than about 25. To further illustrate the disparity in the results, we use these derived flux functions to discover new time series. We show that the log-gain procedure is very susceptible to noise, and that for it to be of practical use with data collect in vivo it must be made much more robust.
Fast Paleogene Motion of the Pacific Hotspots from Revised Global Plate Circuit Constraints

Major improvements in Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary Pacific-Antarctica plate reconstructions, and new East-West Antarctica rotations, allow a more definitive test of the relative motion between hotspots using global plate circuit reconstructions with quantitative uncertainties. The hotspot reconstructions, using an updated Pacific-hotspot kinematic model, display significant misfits of observed and reconstructed hotspot tracks in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The misfits imply motions of 5-80 mm/yr throughout the Cenozoic between the African-Indian hotspot group and the Hawaiian hotspot. Previously recognized misfits between reconstructed Pacific plate paleomagnetic poles and those of other plates might be accounted for within the age uncertainty of the paleomagnetic poles, and non-dipole field contributions. We conclude that the derived motion of the Hawaiian hotspot relative to the Indo-Atlantic hotspots between 61 Ma and present is a robust result. Thus, the Pacific hotspot reference frame cannot be considered as fixed relative to the deep mantle. The bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount chain at 43 Ma resulted from a speedup in the absolute motion of the Pacific plate in a westward direction during a period of southward migration of the hotspot. The relationship between the hotspot motion and plate motion at Hawaii suggests two possible scenarios: an entrainment of the volcanic sources in the asthenosphere beneath the rapidly moving plate while the hotspot source drifted in a plate-driven counterflow deeper within the mantle, or drift of the hotspot source which was independent of the plate motion, but responded to common forces, producing synchronous changes in hotspot and plate motion during the early Tertiary.
Nutrient cycling, transformations, and flows: implications for a more sustainable agriculture

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the characteristics of current nutrient flows, some of the concerns about the condition of nutrient cycles in contemporary agriculture, and opportunities for nutrient cycling in sustainable agriculture. These issues are viewed at different geographic scales, including the soil-plant, field, farm, watershed, regional, and global levels. The chapter also discusses the features of nutrient cycles that influence the relationships of agriculture and society. As the character of nutrient flows is evaluated and modified in the future, changes are likely to have implications for the nonfarm segment of society as well as on-farm practices. Thus, it is important for nonfarm citizens to become familiar with features of nutrient cycles that influence the relationship of agriculture to society. It may well be possible to significantly “tighten-up’’ nutrient cycles and make them function more efficiently in individual soils or on the farm as a whole. This is a challenge for agriculture and society.
Reality Bites: Social Implications of the Early 20th Century Movie

This article discusses the early movie theaters of the 1920's and 30's and their role in giving working-class patrons a place to not only escape from their hardships, but also a place where they could be treated as if they were wealthy. This is emphasized in the decor and physical structure of the movie theaters as well as in the nature of the attractions themselves. This article is available in Constructing the Past: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing/vol4/iss1/5
Morphological differentiation of embryonic rat sympathetic neurons in tissue culture: II. Serum promotes dendritic growth☆

In the preceding paper, we reported that embryonic rat sympathetic neurons formed axons, but not dendrites, when they were maintained in the absence of serum and nonneuronal cells. To assess the effects of serum-derived factors on cellular morphology, cultures were initially maintained in serum-free medium while nonneuronal cells were eliminated. Subsequently some cultures were chronically exposed either to fetal calf serum (10%) or to a high-molecular-weight ammonium sulfate fraction of serum (P40 material, 500 micrograms/ml). Phase-contrast microscopy revealed that serum and P40 material did not alter neuronal survival, but did cause flattening of the somata and fasciculation of processes. When neurons exposed to serum or P40 material were injected with Lucifer Yellow, it was found that the majority (greater than or equal to 90%) had local, tapered processes that could be identified as dendrites by light microscopic criteria. These local processes also exhibited other dendritic characteristics in that (1) they reacted with monoclonal antibodies to nonphosphorylated forms of the M and H neurofilament subunits and to microtubule-associated protein 2; and (2) they had substantial amounts of RNA as determined by [3H]uridine autoradiography. Quantitative measurements of the effects of serum and P40 material on dendritic morphology revealed that (1) an 8-day exposure caused most neurons (greater than 80%) to form dendrites; (2) neurons typically had more than one dendrite (mean of 4.1 +/- 0.2 dendrites/cell after a 28-day exposure); and (3) the dendrites were relatively short with the maximum extent of the dendritic arbor being 110 +/- 13 micron after 4 weeks. Serum and P40 material did not routinely cause the formation of supernumerary axons, did not alter radial axonal outgrowth from ganglion explants, and did not significantly increase [3H]leucine incorporation. Thus, serum contains a factor (or factors) which selectively stimulates the extension of dendrites, but not axons. If such a factor were operative in situ, it could play an important role in determining the morphology of sympathetic neurons. In examining the mechanism of serum-induced dendritic growth, we found that even high concentrations (5 micrograms/ml) of nerve growth factor failed to promote dendritic growth in the absence of serum; thus, nerve growth factor by itself is not a sufficient condition for the extension of dendrites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Algunas observaciones referentes a los problemas derivados de la definición y los objetivos de la Psicología y los psicólogos de la educación

Para un posible analisis de la psicologia y los psicologos de la educacion se recurre a un analisis historico, a un analisis de modelos y a un analisis profesional de la actividad psicoeducativa. Se concluye subrayando la incidencia de estos puntos en el contexto social y academico. Se d a valor relevante a las fuentes bibliograficas utilizadas a lo largo del presente estudio.
A SIMPLE AND RAPID TECHNIQUE FOR THE ISOLATION OF DNA FROM MICROALGAE

A simple method for the purification of PCR- quality DNA from microalgae is presented. This method uses the detergent dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide coupled with cell breakage by agitation in the presence of glass beads and chloroform. A final purification step involves a commercial cartridge system. The procedure requires only about 1–2 mL of algal culture and can be completed in about 20 min. DNA suitable for PCR has been obtained from several algal lineages using this method, including numerous green algae and stramenopiles.
Principles of interneuron development learned from Renshaw cells and the motoneuron recurrent inhibitory circuit

Renshaw cells provide a convenient model to study spinal circuit development during the emergence of motor behaviors with the goal of capturing principles of interneuron specification and circuit construction. This work is facilitated by a long history of research that generated essential knowledge about the characteristics that define Renshaw cells and the recurrent inhibitory circuit they form with motoneurons. In this review, we summarize recent data on the specification of Renshaw cells and their connections. A major insight from these studies is that the basic Renshaw cell phenotype is specified before circuit assembly, a result of their early neurogenesis and migration. Connectivity is later added, constrained by their placement in the spinal cord. Finally, different rates of synapse proliferation alter the relative weights of different inputs on postnatal Renshaw cells. Based on this work some general principles on the integration of spinal interneurons in developing motor circuits are derived.
Robotic partial nephrectomy without renal hilar occlusion.

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE To evaluate operative outcomes among patients undergoing robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) without renal hilar clamping. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a prospective observational study of patients undergoing RPN under perfused conditions (pRPN). Patients with solitary, radiographically enhancing renal cortical lesions gave consent for pRPN. Salient demographic data, including age, body mass index (BMI) and preoperative tumour size were obtained. Operative data, including mean operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), and the presence of any complications, were collected. Renal function was evaluated before and after RPN. Remote adverse events were noted. The pRPN group was then retrospectively compared to a contemporary group of patients who had RPN with renal hilar occlusion. Endpoints for comparison included operative time, warm ischaemia time, EBL, length of hospitalization, and the rate of adverse events. RESULTS Between February 2008 and December 2008, eight had underwent pRPN; the mean age was 59.3 years, mean BMI 28.7 kg/m2, mean operative time 167 min, mean EBL 569 mL and mean hospitalization 3.75 days. Pathology showed renal cell carcinoma in five patients and oncocytoma in three; the mean tumour size was 2.4 cm. Final pathological margins were negative in all patients. Adverse events included one transfusion and one deep venous thrombosis. When compared to the contemporary group who had RPN with hilar clamping, the operative time was shorter (P = 0.035) and EBL greater (P = 0.018) in the pRPN group. There was no significant difference between the groups in transfusion rate, and no significant difference in renal function before and after surgery either group. CONCLUSIONS For selected small renal cortical masses, RPN is safe without renal hilar occlusion. The EBL was higher during pRPN but with no significant difference in the rate of transfusion.
Verification of a defibrillation simulation using internal electric fields in a human shaped phantom

We have developed a computer simulation to evaluate the success of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) in a patient specific manner. Though we have verified the simulations by means of surface recordings of shock potentials in humans, recordings of potentials within the heart and torso are needed to further verify the model for use in a clinical setting. We suspended an explanted porcine heart in a torso shaped electrolytic tank and recorded potentials on the tank surface, the epicardial surface, and within the myocardium during ICD shocks and compared these recordings to finite element solutions based on the same geometries. Potentials recorded from the surface and within the volume of the torso tank agreed well with the simulated potentials. Quantitative comparison between recorded and simulated potentials showed a mean correlation of 0.90, a mean normalized RMS error of 0.102, and a mean relative error of 26.5%. These results suggest that our simulation model can guide the optimization of ICD design and use.
Stability of meperidine in an implantable infusion pump using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a deuterated internal standard.

Abstract A capillary gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric (GC–MS) method is described for the analysis of meperidine using 3,3,5,5-[ 2 H 4 ]-meperidine as an internal standard. Chromatography was performed on a (5% phenyl)methylpolysiloxane column (30 m×0.32 mm I.D., 0.25 μm film thickness) operated at 195°C; helium carrier gas-50 cm s −1 , t R =2.3 min. Ionization was by electron impact (EI) and detection by selected ion monitoring of the molecular ions. The method provided high response linearity (mean r =0.9982) and precision ( −1 ) stability in a surgically implantable infusion pump at 37°C for 90 days revealed no demonstrable drug degradation.
Information Literacy and Cooperative Learning: A Global Housing Project

Close collaboration between faculty and librarians yields a seamless blend of core subject information and information seeking/evaluation skills. This article examines how collaboration and the integration of information literacy skills into an undergraduate global housing unit affects the ability of students to locate and evaluate materials for a global housing unit comparing housing in five countries with that of housing in the United States. Through use of ACRL Information Literacy Standards and the cognitive dimension process of the revised Bloom's taxonomy, the librarian and the faculty member collaborated to present a small group process incorporating several learning techniques in a seamless learning unit.
Aicardi syndrome, metastatic angiosarcoma of the leg, and scalp lipoma

An infant girl with Aicardi syndrome, scalp lipomas, and angiosarcoma of a limb is reported. The cavernous hemangioma of the leg was benign when biopsied at age 5 months but became malignant at 11 months. Angiosarcoma caused multiple distant metastases which were evident at autopsy at age 19 months. This is the first case of Aicardi syndrome associated with lipoma and metastatic angiosarcoma.
Nutritional Requirements of the Child and Teenage Athlete

There has been an explosion in sports participation, especially for women, in the last 35 years mainly because of Title IX. In 2005–2006, nearly 3 million girls and 4.2 million boys participated in high school athletics, and many more participated in club sports and recreational activities. On the other end of the spectrum, the prevalence of obesity in the United States is at an all-time high. Proper nutrition in combination with the appropriate amount of physical activity is of paramount importance for this era of adolescents.
Effects of sound frequency on behavioral and cardiac orienting in newborn and five-month-old infants

Abstract Alert newborn and 5-month-old infants' responsivity to variations in spectral composition of a rattle sound was examined. Each child received four stimulus conditions: low-, mid-, and high-frequency bandpass-filtered rattles and an unfiltered broadband rattle. Stimuli were played through a single loudspeaker laterally positioned, and head orientation and cardiac responses to sound were recorded. Compared to other stimuli, the low-frequency sound elicted less head turning in both age groups, with this effect exaggerated in younger infants. Head orientation toward the mid-frequency, high-frequency, and broadband stimuli did not differ with age. For all conditions, latency and duration of newborns' head turning was longer than that of 5-month-olds. Newborns responded with cardiac deceleration only on trials when they failed to turn. When head turns occurred, an acceleratory cardiac response was obtained. Five-month-olds responded with reliable cardiac deceleration irrespective of head turning toward the sound. Heart rate change did not vary as a function of frequency at either age, suggesting that all stimuli were equally effective in eliciting the infant's attention.
Heartbeat of the People: Music and Dance of the Northern Pow-Wow.

Heartbeat of the People: Music and Dance of the Northern Pow-Wow. Tara Browner .Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002. ix. 163 pp., photographs, notes, bibliography, index.
Electronic spectroscopy of molecular ions by velocity modulation with cw dye lasers: a non-intrusive, in situ state-selective probe of plasma dynamics

Abstract Translational and rotational population distributions were measured for the X 2Σ+ ground states of N2+ and CO+ in plasma environments by velocity modulation laser spectroscopy. These experiments reveal rotational state-dependent linewidths for CO+ in low-pressure plasmas, while translational temperatures in excess of rotational temperatures, and non-Boltzmann rotational distributions were observed for both of these ions in low-pressure plasmas.
A two-equation turbulence model for compressible reacting flows

A two-equation turbulence model (k-epsilon) has been modified to model compressible reacting flows. A compressibility correction model based on modeling the dilatational terms in the Reynolds stress equations has been used. Computations are carried out using the Navier-Stokes solver SPARK which includes a finite rate chemistry model for hydrogen-air combustion. Initially, planar compressible mixing layers are simulated. Comparisons of the predictions with available experimental data and the predictions of a compressible Reynolds stress closure indicate that the model is well suited for the study of such flows. The decrease in the growth rate of the mixing layer with increasing convective Mach number is well predicted. The model is then tested on a three-dimensional supersonic flow problem where solid boundaries are present. An axisymmetric nonreacting mixing layer flow involving dissimilar gases is evaluated next using the model and the predictions are compared with available experimental data. Finally, two reacting turbulent flow configurations have been studied and comparison of predictions and experimental data has been done. The comparisons indicate that the model predicts the overall features of the test cases very well.
Speed Bankruptcy: A Firewall to Future Crises

During the 2008 financial crisis, the U.S. government purchased large equity stakes in major financial institutions. The author argues that another source of equity was available : the long-term bonds issued by these same banks. Overnight debt-to-equity conversions, or what the author refers to as “speed bankruptcy,” could have helped restore these firms to health, while at the same time ending the implicit government guarantee of big-bank debt. While many prominent economists have proposed such conversions, the practical details have received little attention. The author addresses key legal concerns, the political viability of such conversions, and how they fit in with other proposals such as contingent convertibles and funeral planning.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy in a Rio Grande Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) in Southern Utah, USA, 2013

Abstract A male Rio Grande Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) living in semidomestication was submitted for necropsy. Emaciation, a greatly enlarged heart, and chronic passive congestion of the liver were present. Dilated cardiomyopathy occurs in domestic turkey flocks but has not been reported in Wild Turkeys.
Complexes of the type Mo2(O2CR)2X2(LL) In which the bidentate phosphine ligands LL Straddle the MoMo bond

Abstract The reactions of Mo2(O2CCH3)2Cl2(PPh3)2 with the bidentate phosphine ligands Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2(dppe), Ph2PCHCHPPh2(dppee) and o-C6H4(PPh2)2(dppbe) yield purple complexes of the stoichiometry Mo2(O2CCH3)2X2(LL) in which the acetate ligands are believed to be cis and the LL ligands bridge the dimolybdenum core so that their P atoms are anti to one another. The relationship of these complexes to the previously reported complex Mo2(O2CCH3)2Cl2(dppm), where dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2, is discussed. These complexes have been characterized on the basis of their electrochemical redox properties, and electronic absorption and NMR (1H and 31P{1H}) spectral measurements.
A central limit theorem for Ramanujan's tau function

A central limit theorem is established for the absolute value of the modular Fourier-coefficient function defined by Ramanujan, and for that of the error term in the formula counting representations of integers as sums of twenty-four squares, in which the function appears.