cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The network security architecture and possible safety benefits of the AeroMACS network

The IEEE 802.16 standard known as the Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN), which is also commonly referred to as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) was initially created as a final mile; point-to-point wireless communication protocol known as 802.16(d), or Fixed WiMAX [1]. Further development of the WiMAX standard created a mobile version which is 802.16(e), or Mobile WiMAX [2]. The aeronautical industry is adopting a version of the Mobile WiMAX 802.16(e)–2009 standard known as the Aeronautical Mobile Airport Communications System (AeroMACS). The goal of AeroMACS is to create a broadband wireless network with the ability to transfer data between fixed and mobile assets on the airport surface. Aircraft, air traffic control (ATC), airlines, ground crews and other stakeholders on the airport surface are examples of the intended end users of the AeroMACS network. The need for such a network has been identified by the joint FAA-EUROCONTROL, Future Communications Study (FCS) as documented in the Communications Operating Concept and Requirements (COCR) for the Future Radio System (FRS) [3]. One of the goals of the FCS was to determine a possible medium of communication that can augment the current VHF radio based communication system for aircraft and controllers. Some of the data that will be transported over the AeroMACS network is considered critical to flight operations, depending on the data set and which party is providing the data. The guidelines for the utilization of the AeroMACS network are that the data transmitted over the network is necessary for the safety and regularity of fligh t. Therefore AeroMACS data transmissions must remain secure and reliable so the information provided by AeroMACS can be trusted by industry stakeholders and the FAA. To ensure that the 802.16(e) standard will be able to provide a secure and reliable means of wireless communication, it is important to analyze the network security protocol. In doing so, we will be able to identify any potential weaknesses in the network security protocol, allowing us to find ways of mitigating the risk associated with any weaknesses found.
Biotechnology: industry of the 21st century. Creating the new bio-product markets

This quarter century has seen the arrival of the biotechnology industry, beginning with the scientific unveiling of genes (the double helix) and understanding the process of cell renewal, through DNA, mRNA and protein production. That process showed the manner and the consequences of modification of genes. Social embedding of gene-modified products is found in integration of industry and markets, under standards and regulation and acceptance by consumers. That implementation is based on the overall delivery chain, from research of the science, to manufacture, to distribution to the consumer. Each step in the chain can be varied, so that opportunities are available in each step. In the food/crop market, the traits to be changed are found in few functions: resistance to pest, resistance to pesticide, increase in yield, increase in nutrition. In the drug/pharmaceutical market, gene modification provides specific selectivity which heightens therapy achievable for nutrition or disease, and, in some instances, displaces traditional medical procedure. Research and development of the science is the building block. This paper discusses the market analysis, bioproducts positioning, conflict environment of genetically modified food, global markets, and implementation considerations.
Recent Developments in the Study of Opioid Receptors

It is now about 40 years since Avram Goldstein proposed the use of the stereoselectivity of opioid receptors to identify these receptors in neural membranes. In 2012, the crystal structures of the four members of the opioid receptor family were reported, providing a structural basis for understanding of critical features affecting the actions of opiate drugs. This minireview summarizes these recent developments in our understanding of opiate receptors. Receptor function is also influenced by amino acid substitutions in the protein sequence. Among opioid receptor genes, one polymorphism is much more frequent in human populations than the many others that have been found, but the functional significance of this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been unclear. Recent studies have shed new light on how this SNP might influence opioid receptor function. In this minireview, the functional significance of the most prevalent genetic polymorphism among the opioid receptor genes is also considered.
Rethinking the history of medicine in Asia: Hakim Mohammed Said and the Society for the Promotion of Eastern Medicine.

In 1963 Hakim Mohammed Said took a Pakistani delegation from the Society for the Promotion of Eastern Medicine on a monthlong trip to China to meet with and learn from practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine. This essay focuses on Said's interpretation of the history of medicine in Asia, which was inspired by this trip and informed by a broad, global understanding of how Unani medicine developed from the eighth century to the present. Said's advocacy of Eastern Medicine provides a way to think about the history of medicine and medical revitalization that is not limited by colonial, postcolonial, or nationalist assumptions and priorities.
Mutational Analysis of Arginine 276 in the Leucine-loop of Human Uracil-DNA Glycosylase

Uracil residues are eliminated from cellular DNA by uracil-DNA glycosylase, which cleaves the N-glycosylic bond between the uracil base and deoxyribose to initiate the uracil-DNA base excision repair pathway. Co-crystal structures of the core catalytic domain of human uracil-DNA glycosylase in complex with uracil-containing DNA suggested that arginine 276 in the highly conserved leucine intercalation loop may be important to enzyme interactions with DNA. To investigate further the role of Arg276 in enzyme-DNA interactions, PCR-based codon-specific random mutagenesis, and site-specific mutagenesis were performed to construct a library of 18 amino acid changes at Arg276. All of the R276X mutant proteins formed a stable complex with the uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitor protein in vitro, indicating that the active site structure of the mutant enzymes was not perturbed. The catalytic activity of the R276X preparations was reduced; the least active mutant, R276E, exhibited 0.6% of wildtype activity, whereas the most active mutant, R276H, exhibited 43%. Equilibrium binding studies utilizing a 2-aminopurine deoxypseudouridine DNA substrate showed that all R276X mutants displayed greatly reduced base flipping/DNA binding. However, the efficiency of UV-catalyzed cross-linking of the R276X mutants to single-stranded DNA was much less compromised. Using a concatemeric [32P]U·A DNA polynucleotide substrate to assess enzyme processivity, human uracil-DNA glycosylase was shown to use a processive search mechanism to locate successive uracil residues, and Arg276 mutations did not alter this attribute.
Assembly of the Warfarin-sensitive Vitamin K 2,3-Epoxide Reductase Enzyme Complex in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane

γ-Carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent proteins requires a functional vitamin K cycle to produce the active vitamin K cofactor for the γ-carboxylase which posttranslationally modifies precursors of these proteins to contain γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues. The warfarin-sensitive enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) of the cycle reduces vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to the active vitamin K hydroquinone cofactor. Because of the importance of warfarin as an anticoagulant in prophylactic medicine and as a poison in rodent pest control, numerous attempts have been made to understand the molecular mechanism underlying warfarin-sensitive vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reduction. In search for protein components that could be involved in this reaction we designed an in vitro γ-carboxylation test system where the warfarin-sensitive VKOR produces the cofactor for the γ-carboxylase. Dissection of this system by chromatographic techniques has identified a member(s) of the glutathione S-transferase gene family as one component of the VKOR enzyme complex in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The affinity-purified glutathioneS-transferase(s) was sensitive to warfarin but lost its warfarin sensitivity and glutathione S-transferase activity upon association with lipids in the presence of Mn2+ or Ca2+. In the γ-carboxylation test system, loss of warfarin-sensitive glutathione S-transferase activity coincided with formation of the VKOR enzyme complex. It is proposed that formation of VKOR in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane resembles formation of the lipoxygenase enzyme complex where the glutathioneS-transferase-related FLAP protein binds cytosolic lipoxygenase to form a membrane enzyme complex.
Developmental trajectories of forward and backward digit spans in deaf children with cochlear implants.

Background: Accounting for outcome variability among pediatric cochlear implant (CI) recipients is an enduring clinical challenge. Short-term memory and working memory (STM/WM), as indexed by digit span forward (DSF) and digit span backward (DSB), have been shown to be strongly correlated with speech and language (S/L) outcomes. The enormous variability observed in conventional outcome measures of S/L may reflect individual differences in STM/WM. Methods: Repeated measure auditory digit spans were obtained from 110 children (age 3–15 years; mean 7.2 years) with at least 2 years of CI use. Growth curves were computed for each child, and linear functions were fit to both DSF and DSB. Slopes and intercepts were used as parameters in mixed-models to assess relations between STM/WM capacity change over time and S/L outcome measures including vocabulary (PPVT), open-set set spoken word recognition (PBK), and sentence perception (HINT-C). Results: For DSF, the percent of the sample more than 1 SD below the norm at each age ranged from 54 to 90% (mean = 66.5%). For DSB, the percent of the sample more than 1 SD below the norm at each age ranged from 23 to 42% (mean = 34.5%) at ages where there were at least five children. Four subgroups within our CI sample emerged: (Subgroup 1) children demonstrating age-appropriate growth in both DSF and DSB scores over time (49/110, 44.55%); (Subgroup 2) children demonstrating age appropriate growth in DSF over time but below average growth in DSB over time (23/110, 20.91%); (Subgroup 3) children demonstrating below average growth in DSF over time but age-appropriate growth in DSB over time (19/110, 17.27%); and (Subgroup 4) children demonstrating below average growth in both DSF and DSB over time (19/110, 17.27%). For all tests except CELF-3, Subgroup 4 demonstrated the poorest performance among the four DS slope subgroups. Significant differences were observed between Subgroup 1 and Subgroup 4 on last visit PBK-Word (P = 0.029), PPVT (P = 0.018), and HINT-C in Quiet (P = 0.001), but not CELF-3 (P = 0.433). Conclusion: The findings from this longitudinal study suggest that differences in the rate of development of STM/WM may influence S/L outcomes in children with CIs. The clinical implications of these findings are significant because they indicate that the rate of development of STM/WM, and not just the actual level of STM/WM at a single time point, predicts later S/L development in this clinical population. Targeted interventions to improve developmental rate of verbal STM/WM may hold promise for enhancing S/L skills in children with CIs.
Recovering Non-overlapping Network Topology Using Far-field Vehicle Tracking Data

This paper presents a weighted statistical method to learn the environments topology using a large amount of far field vehicle tracking data collected by multiple, stationary non-overlapping cameras. First, an appearance model is constructed by the combination of normalized color and overall model size to measure the moving objects appearance similarity across the non-overlapping views. Then based on the similarity in appearance, weighted votes are used to learn the temporally correlating information and hence to estimate the mutual information. By exploiting the statistical spatio-temporal information, our method can automatically learn the possible links between disjoint views and recover the topology of the network. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by experimental results both on simulated and real video surveillance data.
Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzazepinesulfonamides and Their Rearrangement to Diarylsulfones

Abstract A new class of diarylsulfones, in which tetrahydrobenzazepine comprises one of the aromatic moieties, has been synthesized via the acid‐catalyzed rearrangement of several substituted benzazepinesulfonamides. The rearrangement is normally ortho but in at least one case a para isomer is also formed. Sulfones of this type have been shown to possess potent anti‐HIV activity.
Regulation of Toll-like receptor 4-induced proasthmatic changes in airway smooth muscle function by opposing actions of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling.

Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on immune surveillance cells in the lung has been implicated in the pathobiology of allergic asthma, a condition associated with altered airway smooth muscl...
The relationship of electromyographic and vasomotor activity to MMPI subgroups in chronic headache patients: the use of the original and contemporary MMPI norms.

SYNOPSIS The relationship of electromyographic (EMG) and temporal artery vasomotor activity to MMPI subgroups was examined in 60 chronic headache sufferers. Analysis of the right frontalis data revealed a significant interaction between MMPI sub-group and position (reclining, sitting, standing) with a trend toward the same interaction with the left frontalis. However, this effect was only found when the contemporary MMPI norms were utilized in the formation of the subgroups. No effects were found for the bilateral trapezius EMG or bilateral temporal artery sites. Analysis of the self report data revealed a significant main effect for the Total Pain Score of the Pain Mannequin but not for a current headache intensity rating. Again, the former effect was seen most clearly when the contemporary MMPI norms were used. In general, these data support a Psychological Distress Hypothesis in that patients with significant elevations (>70) demonstrated greater frontalis EMG activity and higher Pain Mannequin scores. Additionally, the data demonstrate the importance of utilizing the contemporary MMPI norms in the formation of subgroups.
Preservation of continence after posterior sagittal surgery.

AbstractPurpose: An animal study was performed to evaluate the effect of posterior sagittal pararectal mobilization on anorectal sphincter function.Materials and Methods: We initially divided 11 juvenile pigs into 3 groups: group 1–anesthesia alone (3), group 2–posterior sagittal incision alone (4) and group 3–posterior sagittal incision with unilateral pararectal dissection (4). Two animals in group 1 subsequently underwent posterior sagittal incision with circumferential pararectal dissection (group 4). The anal canal was preserved intact in all animals. Anorectal sphincter manometry was performed preoperatively, and 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks postoperatively. Electromyography was performed 12 weeks postoperatively. Anorectal sphincter muscle complexes were harvested for histological examination.Results: All animals had postoperative bowel continence. Postoperatively manometry revealed no difference from preoperative measurements in all study groups (p = 0.90). Electromyography and histological examination of...
Visual pattern recognition using morphological methods

An effective method for visual pattern recognition using morphological techniques is presented. It is shown that it can be successfully used for the recognition of deformed letters. The method extracts morphological information by the successive dilation of an idealized letter set. At each stage a properly defined similarity index is computed. The maximum values of the similarity index for each stored letter are compared and are used for the classification decision. Classification results are presented for a set of deformed capital English letters with a realistic level of deformation. Skeletonization of the deformed pattern is shown to improve the performance of the classification method. The described method can be easily implemented using a parallel architecture. >
Mediators of Arachidonic Acid–Induced Relaxation of Bovine Coronary Artery

Bovine coronary arteries relax in response to bradykinin, methacholine, sodium nitroprusside, isoproterenol, and arachidonic acid in a concentration-dependent manner. The relaxations to methacholine, bradykinin, and arachidonic acid are lost when endothelium is removed. Indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, attenuated the relaxations to methacholine, bradykinin, and arachidonic acid and shifted the EC 50 (control versus indomethacin) to each (1×10 −7 versus 3×10 −7 mol/L, 3×10 −10 versus 2×10 −9 mol/L, and 3×10 −7 versus 2×10 −6 mol/L, respectively). Nitro-l-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, also attenuated the relaxations to methacholine, bradykinin, and arachidonic acid and shifted the EC 50 (control versus nitro-l-arginine) to each (1×10 −7 versus 3×10 −7 mol/L, 3×10 −10 versus >10 −9 mol/L, and 3×10 −7 versus >10 −6 mol/L, respectively). The combination of indomethacin and nitro-l-arginine blunted the relaxations to these agents and also shifted the EC 50 values (control versus indomethacin plus nitro-l-arginine) to each (1×10 − 7 versus 5×10 − 7 mol/L, 3×10 − 10 versus >10 − 9 mol/L, and 3×10 − 7 versus >10 − 6 mol/L, respectively). Methacholine, bradykinin, and arachidonic acid stimulated the release of prostaglandin I 2 , measured as 6-keto-PGF 1 α . Indomethacin, but not nitro-l-arginine, inhibited arachidonic acid–induced release of 6-keto-PGF 1 α . Vascular cGMP content was unchanged by arachidonic acid but was significantly elevated by bradykinin. Relaxations to prostaglandin I 2 and sodium nitroprusside, but not 8,9-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid or isoproterenol, were inhibited by nitro-l-arginine. We conclude that the endothelium-dependent relaxations to methacholine, bradykinin, and arachidonic acid are partly due to prostaglandin I 2 release. The remainder of the responses to these agents is due to the release of other relaxing factor or factors. Since bradykinin increased cGMP and nitro-l-arginine partially inhibited its relaxant effects, nitric oxide also appears to participate in the bradykinin-induced effect. Since the combination of indomethacin and nitro-l-arginine failed to completely block the relaxations to methacholine, bradykinin, and arachidonic acid, another endothelial factor must contribute to their vascular effects. Surprisingly, nitro-l-arginine attenuated the relaxations to arachidonic acid; however, l-arginine failed to reverse the effects of nitro-l-arginine on arachidonic acid–induced relaxations. In addition, arachidonic acid failed to increase cGMP. Nitro-l-arginine also reduced the responses to prostaglandin I 2 and sodium nitroprusside. These data indicate that these arginine analogues may have effects other than competitive inhibition of nitric oxide synthase.
Institutional Treatment of Severely Disturbed Children: Fact, Possibility, or Nonsequitur?

A significant problem facing many thousands of children, their parents, and society, is the treatment of severe childhood psychopathology and mental deficiency. The magnitude of this problem is not only a function of the number of severely disturbed children,1 but also of the degree of their impairment. That is, these are children for whom the normal day-to-day environments of the home and school are inadequate to teach simple social, language, self-help, and cognitive skills. Thus, many, or indeed the majority, of severely disturbed children lead very impoverished lives and have an extremely poor prognosis with respect to functioning independently or semiindependently in the community as adults. Most will require an intensively supervised, sheltered, living environment for their entire lives.
A mosaic Lauralean flower from the Early Cretaceous of Myanmar

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The floral history of early angiosperms is far from complete. The fossil discussed here has the potential to expand our knowledge of timing, reproductive biology, and paleobiogeography in early angiosperms. METHODS Cutting-edge methodologies in CT scanning in conjunction with tomography software have opened new possibilities for discovering details in amber-preserved fossils that were inaccessible for meaningful study in the past. KEY RESULTS The fossil is small and complex, cupulate, with numerous stamens and a suite of characters distributed in the modern families of Laurales. The most parsimonious placement of the fossil based on morphology is as a sister taxon of Atherospermataceae + Gomortega (Gomortegaceae). CONCLUSIONS This fossil taxon, a Laurasian Lauralean from the mid-Cretaceous, is an important example of fossil Laurales with implications for biogeography and timing in the radiation and extinction in this group.
Report from the Radcliffe Exploratory Seminar on the 'Human Rights to Water and Sanitation: From Theory to Practice' held on December 7 & 8, 2012 at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University

On Friday, December 7 and Saturday, December 8, 2012, sixteen scholars came together for a thought-provoking Radcliffe Exploratory Seminar at Harvard University on “The Human Rights to Water and Sanitation: From Theory to Practice.” The participants reflected a variety of academic disciplines, including philosophy, law, urban planning, geography, engineering, public health and economics. The agenda was developed in response to participant feedback and structured to promote cross-cutting dialogue. This report shares the key findings from the workshop. It is organized according to the key themes that emerged at the seminar: (1) Nature of the Right(s) to Water and Sanitation; (2) Content of the Human Right(s) to Water and Sanitation; (3) Strategies for Accountability; and (4) Community Perspective and Bottom-Up Critique of Human Rights.
INFLUENCES OF THE SEWING CONDITIONS OF THE LOCK-STITCH SEWING MACHINE FOR INDUSTRIAL USE ON THE NEEDLE THREAD TENSION

The influences of the setting conditions, i. e. sewing machine speed, drawing tension of bobbin thread and stitch length, of the lock-stitch sewing machine for industrial use on the needle thread tension have been investigated under the standard sewing condition of seam balance about 100 percent.Needle thread tension have been measured by the home made stress detector put on between the frame thread guide and the needle bar thread guide of the sewing machine, and stress was changed to the electric signal, amplified by the strain amplifier and recorded by the electro-magnetic oscirograph. It was found the following matters. The needle tension varied remarkably and some tension peaks occurred during one revolution of sewing machine motion. They were distinguished four, the first was peak groups (named “peak A”), the second was the tension passed through the contact point between the rotating hook bobbin case holder and the rotating hook bobbin case holder position bracket (peak B), the third was the tension when the thread was drawn up the thread take-up lever (peak C) and the fourth was peak D. Peak B did not appear at slow speed sewing, but the tension increased as the sewing speed increased and was often larger than peak C at high speed. Peak B appeared in the region of 25-35 degrees of turning angle of arm shaft, and the value of the turning angle of the arm shaft had a tendency to increase with machine speed increasing. As bobbin thread tension increased, peak C increased linearly and peak B decreased. As the stitch length increased, peak C increased, but its increasing ratio was not proportional to increase of the stitch length.
Effect of epinephrine on the neutrophile count of normal and adrenalectomized mice.

SummaryAdrenal cortical extract in doses which caused a similar or greater decrease in eosinophiles of intact mice did not produce as extreme a degree of neutrophilia as epinephrine. Even in animals which had been completely adrenalectomized, as indicated by the lack of an eosinopenia after epinephrine, this substance produced a marked increase of neutrophiles in the circulating blood. Neither sex hormones nor peanut oil had this effect. Since epinephrine also caused marked neutrophilia in splenectomized mice its influence was not exerted through the spleen. Preliminary observation of bone marrow smears of intact injected animals indicated a higher proportion of neutrophilic to eosinophilic cells in the marrow of epinephrine injected mice as compared with those injected with ACE. This suggests a direct effect of epinephrine on the bone marrow.
Fluorinated pyrimidines. XLII. Effect of 5-trifluoromethyl-1-2'-deoxyuridine on transcription of vaccinia viral messenger ribonucleic acid.

The effect of 5-trifluoromethyl-29-dexoyuridine (F 3 dThd) on transcription in vaccinia virus-infected HeLa cells was studied. The sedimentation profile of the RNA in the cytoplasmic fraction extracted from HeLa cells infected with vaccinia virus in the presence of the analogue shows that no detectable normal late viral mRNA was produced; only 4 S RNA was detected. Hybridization competition experiments, using purified total viral RNA preparations and the isolated 12 S early and 16-28 S late viral mRNA peaks, show that the viral RNA transcribed late in the presence of the analogue lacks 30% of the sequences found in normal late viral RNA. The 4 S RNA transcribed late in the presence of F 3 dThd contains both small mRNA sequences and 4 S RNA sequences that are presumably due to tRNA. The presence of F 3 dThd has no effect on the size or sequences of viral RNA transcribed from the parental viral genomes.
Origin of weak lensing convergence peaks

Weak lensing convergence peaks are a promising tool to probe nonlinear structure evolution at late times, providing additional cosmological information beyond second-order statistics. Previous theoretical and observational studies have shown that the cosmological constraints on ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{m}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{8}$ are improved by a factor of up to $\ensuremath{\approx}2$ when peak counts and second-order statistics are combined, compared to using the latter alone. We study the origin of lensing peaks using observational data from the $154\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{deg}}^{2}$ Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Lensing Survey. We found that while high peaks (with height $\ensuremath{\kappa}g3.5{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\kappa}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\kappa}}$ is the rms of the convergence $\ensuremath{\kappa}$) are typically due to one single massive halo of $\ensuremath{\approx}1{0}^{15}{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$, low peaks ($\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\kappa}}$) are associated with constellations of 2--8 smaller halos ($\ensuremath{\lesssim}1{0}^{13}{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$). In addition, halos responsible for forming low peaks are found to be significantly offset from the line of sight towards the peak center (impact parameter $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}$ their virial radii), compared with $\ensuremath{\approx}0.25$ virial radii for halos linked with high peaks, hinting that low peaks are more immune to baryonic processes whose impact is confined to the inner regions of the dark matter halos. Our findings are in good agreement with results from the simulation work by Yang et al. [Phys. Rev. D 84, 043529 (2011)].
Interleukin-1 inhibition of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in inner medullary collecting duct cells: role of PGE2.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a cytokine produced by macrophages, causes an increase in Na+ excretion in experimental animals. Micropuncture studies have determined that the natriuretic effect of IL-1 is largely due to inhibition of Na+ reabsorption in the collecting duct. The current studies made use of suspensions of rabbit inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells to examine the mechanism by which IL-1 regulates Na+ transport. IL-1 reduced ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake by 48% at 10 s, 36% at 30 s, and 29% at 60 s, suggesting an inhibitory effect on Na(+)-K(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity. IL-1 inhibition of 86Rb+ uptake occurred in a dose-dependent manner. This effect appears to be mediated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) because 1) ibuprofen blocks the inhibitory effect of IL-1 on IMCD Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, 2) IL-1 and PGE2 cause equivalent and nonadditive inhibition of 86Rb+ uptake, 3) IL-1 causes a two- to threefold increase in PGE2 content in IMCD cells, and 4) dose-response curves were s...
Cerebral Microvascular and Systemic Effects Following Intravenous Administration of the Perfluorocarbon Emulsion Perftoran

Oxygen-carrying perfluorocarbon (PFC) fluids have the potential to increase tissue oxygenation during hypoxic states and to reduce ischemic cell death. Regulatory approval of oxygen therapeutics was halted due to concerns over vasoconstrictive side effects. The goal of this study was to assess the potential vasoactive properties of Perftoran by measuring brain pial arteriolar diameters in a healthy rat model. Perftoran, crystalloid (saline) or colloid (Hextend) solutions were administered as four sequential 30 min intravenous (IV) infusions, thus allowing an evaluation of cumulative dose-dependent effects. There were no overall changes in diameters of small-sized (<50 μm) pial arterioles within the Perftoran group, while both saline and Hextend groups exhibited vasoconstriction. Medium-sized arterioles (50–100 μm) showed minor (~8–9%) vasoconstriction within saline and Hextend groups and only ~5% vasoconstriction within the Perftoran group. For small- and medium-sized pial arterioles, the mean percent change in vessel diameters was not different among the groups. Although there was a tendency for arterial blood pressures to increase with Perftoran, pressures were not different from the other two groups. These data show that Perftoran, when administered to healthy anesthetized rats, does not cause additional vasoconstriction in cerebral pial arterioles or increase systemic blood pressure compared with saline or Hextend.
Aerosol microphysical properties retrievals from high spectral resolution lidar data

An Optimal Estimation (OE) inversion method has been developed to retrieve aerosol effective size, volume concentration, and complex refractive indices using three wavelengths backscattering (3β) and two wavelengths of extinction (2α) lidar measurements. The algorithm is capable of retrieving multiple aerosol modes and can retrieve vertical profiles simultaneously using altitude resolved HSRL data. The algorithm is designed in such as way that it can include additional measurements (e.g., polarimeter or Sun photometer) for improved aerosol microphysical property retrievals. In a traditional aerosol retrieval algorithm, one solves for aerosol size distributions under various parameter space (rmin, rmax, real and imaginary refractive index) using Tikhonov (or other) regularization and then selects physically and mathematically meaningful solutions from hundreds of thousand retrievals. In an attempt to speed up the retrieval and to provide retrieval error estimates, the OE method solves for all related aerosol microphysical parameters (e.g., number concentrations, particle size distribution, real and imaginary part of refractive indices) simultaneously in a maximum-likelihood sense by fitting the observed data. Other quantities such as effective particle radius, surface area concentration, volume concentration, and single scattering albedo are also derived from the retrieved size distribution and the number concentrations. Preliminary results using both simulated data and airborne measurements from HSRL-2. Coincident airborne in-situ and surface remote sensing datasets will be used to evaluate the performance of the new OE algorithm.
Convergence Acceleration of Fluid Dynamics Solvers Using a Reduced-Order Model

A new method based on reduced-order modeling is presented for the purpose of accelerating the convergence of an iterative solver via solution prediction in the framework of a computational fluid dy...
Outcomes of Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma and Bone Metastases in the Targeted Therapy Era.

Abstract Background Bone metastases (BMs) occur commonly in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have improved the outcomes for patients with mRCC. However, data on the outcomes of mRCC patients with BMs treated with TKIs are limited. We describe the outcomes of patients with BMs treated with TKI therapy and compare them with the outcomes from a pre-TKI group. Patients and Methods Using an institutional tumor registry, a retrospective review of patients with mRCC from 2002 to 2003 and 2006 to 2007 was performed. The baseline characteristics were analyzed, and overall survival (OS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The predictors of OS were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. Results The data from 375 patients were reviewed. Of these patients, 188 (50%) started treatment with TKIs and 187 (50%) had started treatment in the pre-TKI era. The distribution of patient characteristics was similar. The sites of organ metastases were equally distributed, including BMs in 48% of the patients in each cohort. The median OS for the patients treated in the TKI era was 22 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 17-25 months) compared with 14 months (95% CI, 10-19 months; P Conclusion The rate of BM development was the same in the pre- and post-TKI era. The management of BMs in patients with mRCC remains challenging.
Who Counts as a Real American? Dual Citizenship, Hybridity, and the U.S. Men’s National Team

Since the early twentieth century, the US Men’s National Soccer Team (USMNT) has featured players from immigrant and transnational backgrounds. Following their first qualification to the FIFA World Cup in 1990 in 40 years, the USMNT began to regularly compete in international competitions at the highest level. As part of their effort to become a successful and competitive national team, USMNT managers began to recruit dual nationals for the United States. These players, largely drawn from dual national families with German and Latino heritage, chose the USMNT despite being eligible for other national team programs.
Kinetics Study of the Reactions of OH with n-Undecane and n-Dodecane Using the RR/DF/MS Technique

The kinetics of the reactions of hydroxyl radical with n-undecane (n-C11H24) and n-dodecane (n-C12H26) has been studied at 240–340 K and a total pressure of 1 Torr using the relative rate/discharge flow/mass spectrometry (RR/DF/MS) technique. The rate constants at 298 K for these reactions were determined to be kn-undecane+OH = (1.59 ± 0.24) × 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 and kn-dodecane+OH = (1.83 ± 0.26) × 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, respectively. The rate constants of these reactions were found to positively dependent on temperature at 277–340 K, and negatively dependent on temperature at 240–277 K. The atmospheric lifetime of these compounds are estimated to be 25.8 and 19.8 h for n-undecane and n-dodecane, respectively, based the kinetics results in the present study.
Full Inclusion: An Empirical Perspective.

It is argued that educational treatments of children with disabilities should be empirically validated. From this perspective the current press for full inclusion is examined against empirical evid...
Differentiating predatory scholarship: best practices in scholarly publication.

OBJECTIVE The intent of this article is to define predatory publishing, identify the risks and costs associated with publishing scholarship with these types of organizations and to provide recommendations for best practices how a potential author can protect themselves against predatory organizations. METHODS A thorough review of the literature concerning predatory publishing was conducted and gleaned for best practices along with the authors' experiences. KEY FINDINGS Pharmacy scholars and researchers worldwide recognize the virtues of the open access (OA) publication system, which is intended to freely disseminate research electronically, stimulate innovation and improve access to scholarship. Both subscription-based and OA publication systems, however, have potential areas of conflicts, including coordination of the peer-review process and the potential for the publisher to capitalize on selling the commodity in a capitalistic society. The intent of OA is welcomed; however, publishers are still in a business and profits need to be made. It is by the exploitation of the model that has given rise to a small but growing subset known as predatory publishers. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacy researchers and clinicians alike need to be aware of predatory organizations, both publishers and meeting organizers, when seeking a venue to publish their own scholarly research. Additionally, this knowledge is critical when evaluating medical literature in providing direct patient care services to assure the best available evidence is utilized.
Axial Elongation in the Mouse and its Retardation in Homozygous Looptail Mice

Mice carrying the gene Looptail were first described by Strong & Hollander (1949), who named the mutation from the looped or kinked appearance of the tail in heterozygotes. Animals homozygous for Lp, as the gene was designated, have neural folds closed only as far posteriorly as the myelencephalon, and die shortly before or at birth. Stein & Rudin (1953) traced the abnormality of the nervous system back to the time of closure and found that it resulted from the failure of the neural folds to fuse rather than from a secondary breakdown of the roof of the neural tube, and that histological differentiation of the various tissues of the embryo was comparatively normal. Various skeletal abnormalities were reported by Stein & Mackensen (1957), who considered them secondary effects of the abnormality in the neural tube.
Metal ion cycling of Cu foil for selective C–C coupling in electrochemical CO2 reduction

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to higher-value hydrocarbons beyond C1 products is desirable for applications in energy storage, transportation and the chemical industry. Cu catalysts have shown the potential to catalyse C–C coupling for C2+ products, but still suffer from low selectivity in water. Here, we use density functional theory to determine the energetics of the initial C–C coupling steps on different Cu facets in CO2 reduction, and suggest that the Cu(100) and stepped (211) facets favour C2+ product formation over Cu(111). To demonstrate this, we report the tuning of facet exposure on Cu foil through the metal ion battery cycling method. Compared with the polished Cu foil, our 100-cycled Cu nanocube catalyst with exposed (100) facets presents a sixfold improvement in C2+ to C1 product ratio, with a highest C2+ Faradaic efficiency of over 60% and H2 below 20%, and a corresponding C2+ current of more than 40 mA cm–2. Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to products containing multiple carbon atoms is useful for producing high-value chemicals and fuels. This work uses theory to predict the preferred copper surface for C–C coupling, and subsequent metal ion cycling to produce the desired facets results in a catalyst that is highly selective for C2+ products.
The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS)

CVSS is an industry standard for assessing the severity of computer system security vulnerabilities. It attempts to establish a measure of how much concern a vulnerability warrants, compared to other vulnerabilities, so efforts can be prioritized. It offers the following benefits.
Microphone Array for Hands-Free Voice Communication in a Car

We present the results of our research on developing a speech acquisition and enhancement system so that a speech recognizer can reliably be used inside a noisy automobile environment, for the digital cellular telephone application. Our research results have demonstrated that a beamforming method with a microphone array is a reliable approach for hands-free voice dialing application in the car noise environment. Two beamforming algorithms were investigated in our research: delay-and-sum beam-former and generalized sidelobe canceler. Performance evaluation results of these two algorithms are presented for speech database collected in real cars under different noise conditions. Signal-to-noise ratio and speech recognition error rate were used as performance measures in these evaluations.
Military sexual trauma and suicidal behavior among National Guard personnel.

Abstract Background Preliminary evidence suggests military sexual trauma (MST) may be associated with increased risk for suicidal behaviors among active duty military personnel and veterans. Among National Guard personnel, a high-risk subgroup, MST and suicide risk have not received much empirical attention. Purpose To examine the association of MST with suicide ideation and suicide attempts among National Guard personnel. Procedures N = 997 National Guard personnel from Idaho and Utah participated in an anonymous online survey. Weighted analyses were conducted to minimize sampling bias. Main findings 9% of participants had a history of MST (6% of men, 28% of women). Among participants reporting MST, 68% reported a service member perpetrator and 44% reported a civilian perpetrator (12% reported both). A history of MST was associated with significantly increased risk for lifetime suicide attempt. MST remained a significant predictor of lifetime suicide attempt even when restricting the sample to the subgroup with a history of suicidal thoughts (n = 257, 27% of full sample). When adjusting for premilitary sexual victimization, MST was no longer significantly associated with lifetime suicide attempts, but premilitary sexual victimization was. Conclusions The rate of MST among National Guard personnel is comparable to rates among active duty military personnel, although the perpetrators of MST are less likely to be service members. MST is a risk factor for suicide attempts, but premilitary sexual victimization is a relatively stronger risk factor.
T helper 2 differentiation is necessary for development of lymphedema

T cells infiltrating lymphedematous tissues have a mixed T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 differentiation profile. Treatment with neutralizing antibodies targeting cytokines that promote Th2 differentiation (interleukin 4 [IL-4] and IL-13) decreases the severity of lymphedema in preclinical models, suggesting that Th2 cells play a key role in the pathology of this disease. However, these previous studies do not address the contribution of Th1 cells and it remains unknown if IL-4 and IL-3 blockade acts primarily on T cells or decreases the pathological changes of lymphedema by other mechanisms. Therefore, this study sought to analyze the effect of lymphatic injury in transgenic mice with mutations that cause defects in Th1 and Th2 cell generation (T-bet knockout or T-betKO and STAT6 knockout or STAT6KO mice, respectively). Using both the mouse tail and popliteal lymph node dissection models of lymphedema, we show that Th2-deficient (STAT6KO) mice are protected from developing lymphedema, have decreased fibrosis, increased collateral vessel formation, and preserved collecting lymphatic vessel pumping function. In contrast, mice with defective Th1 cell generation (T-betKO) develop disease with the same severity as wild-type controls. Taken together, our results suggest that Th2 differentiation is necessary for development of lymphedema following lymphatic injury and that Th1 differentiation does not significantly contribute to the pathology of the disease. Such findings are important as immunotherapy directed at Th2 cells has been found to be effective in well-studied Th2-mediated diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis and may therefore be similarly useful for lymphedema management.
Noninvasive imaging of tumor progression, metastasis, and fibrosis using a nanobody targeting the extracellular matrix.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition is a hallmark of many diseases, including cancer and fibroses. To exploit the ECM as an imaging and therapeutic target, we developed alpaca-derived libraries of “nanobodies” against disease-associated ECM proteins. We describe here one such nanobody, NJB2, specific for an alternatively spliced domain of fibronectin expressed in disease ECM and neovasculature. We showed by noninvasive in vivo immuno-PET/CT imaging that NJB2 detects primary tumors and metastatic sites with excellent specificity in multiple models of breast cancer, including human and mouse triple-negative breast cancer, and in melanoma. We also imaged mice with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in which NJB2 was able to detect not only PDAC tumors but also early pancreatic lesions called pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias, which are challenging to detect by any current imaging modalities, with excellent clarity and signal-to-noise ratios that outperformed conventional 2-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT imaging. NJB2 also detected pulmonary fibrosis in a bleomycin-induced fibrosis model. We propose NJB2 and similar anti-ECM nanobodies as powerful tools for noninvasive detection of tumors, metastatic lesions, and fibroses. Furthermore, the selective recognition of disease tissues makes NJB2 a promising candidate for nanobody-based therapeutic applications.
The utility of immunohistochemical testing for mismatch repair proteins in fine needle aspiration specimens of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Introduction Microsatellite instability (MSI) testing is recommended for all colonic and endometrial carcinomas to screen for Lynch syndrome. The role of MSI testing in pancreatic adenocarcinoma has not been well-established. Screening can be done via immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for mismatch repair (MMR) proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2). We report our experience and the clinical utility of MMR IHC on pancreatic adenocarcinomas in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective review to identify all patients diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma by FNA at our institution between December 2017 and September 2019. For cases with sufficient tumor cells for testing, the MMR results and morphology were summarized, as well as corresponding clinical information, including age, clinical stage, treatment, and concurrent other cancers. Results From December 2017 to September 2019, there were a total of 184 pancreatic FNAs with a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. Of these 184 FNAs, 65 (35%) contained sufficient material in the cell block to perform IHC for MMR. The cell block material was collected in either RPMI or CytoLyt. Poor technical quality precluded interpretation of PMS2 in 4 cases and MSH6 in 2 cases. All other cases showed intact expression of all four proteins. Conclusions IHC for MMR proteins can be done on specimens collected in RPMI or CytoLyt, but RPMI appears to be more reliable. None of the pancreatic adenocarcinomas in this study showed loss of MMR protein expression. Routine testing of MMR loss may not be indicated in pancreatic adenocarcinomas in the general patient population.