cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Ag sheathed, Bi-2212 tapes by a novel liquid wicking method

Abstract A novel liquid wicking process has been developed to produce silver-sheathed Bi-2212 samples with oxide core thicknesses of 10–20 μm, uniform oxide/silver interfaces, small non-superconducting phases and low porosity. This technique avoids many problems associated with oxide-powder-in-tube (OPIT) processing by exploiting the wicking behavior exhibited by BiSrCaCuO (BSCCO) liquid between silver surfaces. Critical current densities over 50 000 A/cm 2 at 4 K in self-field have been achieved with an isothermal melt process and Bi 2.1 Sr 2 Ca 0.9 Cu 2 O x composition powder.
Species composition and distributions of mesopelagic fishes over the slope of the north-central Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Midwater fish faunas over three cold seep habitats >1000 m (AC601, GC852, AT340) and over a cold-water coral bank (VK826, R =0.20, p =0.1%, pairwise R values p Lepidophanes guentheri , Diaphus dumerilii , Vinciguerria nimbaria , Vinciguerria poweriae , Valenciennellus tripunctulatus , Argyropelecus aculeatus , Notolychnus valdiviae , Benthosema suborbitale , Gonostoma elongatum , and Hygophum taaningi. Deeper station groups (mean depth=609 m) were typified by Cyclothone alba , Cyclothone acclinidens , Cyclothone braueri , Cyclothone obscura , Cyclothone pallida , Cyclothone pseudopallida , V. tripunctulatus , and Hygophum benoiti. Depth, diel, and size distributions were also analyzed for abundant species. For example, Cyclothone spp., abundant at all sites except VK826, usually occurred in deeper waters (>130 m), especially during daylight hours (>335 m). Most Cyclothone individuals were captured at night at GC852, whereas catches were more evenly distributed across times at AT340 and VK826. Cyclothone spp. individuals occurred in the deeper parts of the sampled depth range at AT340 and VK826 at all times compared with GC852, where they appeared to undergo a diel migration. The two most abundant Cyclothone spp., C. pallida and C. pseudopallida , had the broadest depth ranges (150–1377 m) and exhibited a trend for larger specimens to occur deeper at GC852. Most V. tripunctulatus were captured at night and tended to have larger mean sizes in deeper waters. This species did not exhibit strong diel patterns of vertical distribution. Shallower depths were occupied at night by some individuals at all sites, but most individuals remained somewhat deeper at night at VK826 (350–450 m at night and 200–350 m by day) and AT340 (200–600 m at night and 300–500 m by day) compared with GC852 (150–450 m at night and 750 and 1000 m by day). Nearly all Vinciguerria poweriae were caught at night, and no clear trend of size with depth was apparent. This species occupied a wider depth range at night, with most in the upper 200 m. Most myctophids, the strongest diel migrators, were captured at night at the offshore stations. The dominant myctophid, N. valdiviae , was most abundant at GC852 (550–1050 m by day and 50–750 m at night), but diel movement was more distinct at AT340 ( N. valdiviae , and size distributions were similar among sites . This study and others support the hypothesis that there is a geographically similar mesopelagic fish fauna throughout the GOM. However, the fauna does vary by depth, with some species remaining in deep waters at all times (e.g., Cyclothone spp.) and others occurring at mid-depths and exhibiting varying degrees of diel migration (e.g., many myctophids). Even though faunal composition is similar across the GOM, some species exhibit different movement behaviors at different locations. Such variances could be related to differences in physical or chemical factors, food resources, lunar phase, or bottom depth.
GENETIC VARIATIONS OF PHOSPHATASES IN LARVAE OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.

DURING the past few years a large number of protein polymorphisms have been described in different animal groups. This development is largely due to improvements in the techniques for protein separation, such as the method of starch-gel electrophoresis1. The combination of starch-gel electrophoresis with different enzyme staining methods has made it possible to examine also electro-phoretic variations in various enzymes2,3. In Drosophila melanogaster two different protein polymorphisms have recently been described4,5. One of them concerns a genetic variation in a particular esterase from adult flies4. This communication reports a genetic phosphatase variation found in larvae of D. melanogaster. Single larvae of D. melanogaster were homogenized in a small drop of distilled water and this homogenate was absorbed in a small piece of filter paper (about 4 mm × 6 mm). These protein samples were examined by means of starch-gel electrophoresis. Two different types of discontinuous tris buffer systems were used6,7. After electrophoresis the gels were sliced and stained for phosphatase activity using α-naphthyl phosphate and fast blue RR salt in the gel buffer (pH 8.6).
Intercellular Connections Are Developmentally Controlled to Help Move Molecules through the Plant

The work of Oparka et al. 1999xOparka, K.J., Roberts, A.G., Boevink, P., Santa Cruz, S., Roberts, I., Pradel, K.S., Imlau, A., Kotlizky, G., Sauer, N., and Epel, B. Cell. 1999; 97: 743–754Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (286)See all ReferencesOparka et al. 1999 will no doubt assume a prominent place in the textbooks, as opening up our understanding of plasmodesmata means opening up so many important areas in basic plant biology. This basic knowledge might be of practical importance as well. Could plasmodesmata be a target for the future crop engineer? There are at least two reasons this might be so. First, of course, understanding plasmodesmata may give new insights on how to prevent the spread of viral infections. Second, many biologists have speculated that understanding how the plant controls its flow of carbon- and nitrogen-rich compounds could be important for improving crop yields and quality. Often, only a particular component of the plant, such as seed, is harvested. Diversion of even a little more of the plant's total photosynthetic products into the desired organ might result in significant increases in yield. Plasmodesmata clearly play a central role in the delivery of such products into harvestable sink tissues, and as such remain a prime target for genetic modification. Of course, plasmodesmata are only one feature of the plant's resource distribution network. Nevertheless, new understanding of developmental regulation of plasmodesmata is certain to have a large impact on how we look at practical agricultural problems as well as how we think about basic plant cell biology.
Hypnotic self administration and dose escalation.

The dependence liability of benzodiazepines in the context of their use as hypnotics (i.e. by insomnia patients as pre-sleep medications) is unresolved. A recent study found that insomniacs self administer capsules at bedtime at a high rate, with triazolam (0.25 mg) taken as often as placebo. This study sought to determine if differential self administration would develop when multiple capsules are available nightly. Eighteen men and women, age 21–45 years, with insomnia complaints (nine with objective sleep disturbance and nine without) were studied, I week with placebo and I week with triazolam (0.25 mg). The two conditions were administered double-blind and presented in a counter-balanced order with a week between conditions. In each condition, after 3 consecutive sampling nights of the available single capsule for that condition, subjects could self administer 0–3 capsules before bed on the 4 subsequent nights. Triazolam was self administered as many nights as placebo, but the number of placebo capsules self administered was twice that of triazolam capsules. The objective insomniacs self administered more capsules than the subjective insomniacs and neither group differentially choose triazolam over placebo. The number of triazolam capsules taken nightly was stable and the number of placebo capsules variable. It is concluded that insomniacs show no shortterm escalation of triazolam dose, but do choose an increased and variable number of placebos, a pattern which is interpreted as being insomnia relief-seeking behavior.
Right hemisphere activation during stress

Abstract To examine the effects of psychological stress upon hemisphere activation, subjects' lateral eye movements to reflective questions were observed under conditions of neutral instructions and instructions designed to be stressful. An increased frequency of left eye movements during the stress condition suggested greater right than left hemisphere activation with emotional arousal.
Toward a More Accurate Quantitation of the Activity of Recombinant Retroviruses: Alternatives to Titer and Multiplicity of Infection

In this paper, we present a mathematical model with experimental support of how several key parameters govern the adsorption of active retrovirus particles onto the surface of adherent cells. These parameters, including time of adsorption, volume of virus, and the number, size, and type of target cells, as well as the intrinsic properties of the virus, diffusion coefficient, and half-life (t(1/2)), have been incorporated into a mathematical expression that describes the rate at which active virus particles adsorb to the cell surface. From this expression, we have obtained estimates of C(vo), the starting concentration of active retrovirus particles. In contrast to titer, C(vo) is independent of the specific conditions of the assay. The relatively slow diffusion (D = 2 x 10(-8) cm(2)/s) and rapid decay (t(1/2) = 6 to 7 h) of retrovirus particles explain why C(vo) values are significantly higher than titer values. Values of C(vo) also indicate that the number of defective particles in a retrovirus stock is much lower than previously thought, which has implications especially for the use of retroviruses for in vivo gene therapy. With this expression, we have also computed AVC (active viruses/cell), the number of active retrovirus particles that would adsorb per cell during a given adsorption time. In contrast to multiplicity of infection, which is based on titer and is subject to the same inaccuracies, AVC is based on the physicochemical parameters of the transduction assay and so is a more reliable alternative.
Direct Spectrophotometry of Total Serum Bilirubin in the Newborn

A simple, rapid direct spectrophotometric method for the determination of total serum bilirubin on a micro basis, with a 1:21 dilution of serum in phosphate buffer, is presented for use with the Junior Coleman spectrophotometer. The formula, mg./100 ml. bilirubin = 50 A455 - 119 A575, is applied, where A represents the absorbancy at the wave length specified. The method for obtaining this or a similar equation is presented. The spectrophotometric method, when applied to sera obtained from newborns, gives apparently reliable results in the presence or absence of hemolysis. An evaluation of the method and its limitations is presented.
Studies on filariasis. III. Dirofilaria immitis: emergence of infective larvae from the mouthparts of Aedes aegypti.

Infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis commonly escaped from the tips of the Iabella and rarely from the mid-portion of the labium of Aedes aegypti as they engorged blood or just probed on mice. During the infective feed a small quantity of liquid, not more than 1 µI in volume, accumulated around the emerging larvae. Liquid was never seen when uninfected mosquitoes engorged on mice. This fluid is of insect origin and probably haemolymph that exuded from the lumina of the labella or labium during worm emergence. The presence of the fluid prevents dessication of larvae on the surface of the skin and maintains them in a liquid medium until they enter the puncture wound that remains after withdrawal of the biting fascicle. The possible effects of the fluid on the geographical distribution of mosquito borne filariae are discussed.
Joins and covers in inverse semigroups and tight C*-algebras

We show Exel's tight representation of an inverse semigroup can be described in terms of joins and covers in the natural partial order. Using this, we show that the \(C^*\)-algebra of a finitely-aligned category of paths, developed by Spielberg, is the tight \(C^*\)-algebra of a natural inverse semigroup. This includes as a special case finitely-aligned higher-rank graphs: i.e., for such a higher-rank graph \(\Lambda\), the tight \(C^*\)-algebra of the inverse semigroup associated to \(\Lambda\) is the same as the \(C^*\)-algebra of \(\Lambda\). DOI: 10.1017/S0004972713001111
Risk Aversion versus Expected Profit Maximization with a Progressive Income Tax

This article introduces the terms "apparent," or "pseudo," risk aversion to represent those situations where "real" risk aversion is falsely attributed simply because second and higher moments of random variables are arguments in a decision maker's objective function. Apparent risk aversion can occur when stochastic variables nonlinearly enter the objective function. The progressive income tax structure is highlighted as a neglected but important source of apparent risk aversion. Such sources of apparent risk aversion should be recognized, otherwise an incorrect level of risk aversion might be claimed, or risk aversion might be claimed when risk neutrality prevails.
Nanowire and Mesh Conformations of Diblock Copolymer Blends at the Air/Water Interface

We investigated the structures formed when blends of poly(styrene-b-ferrocenyl silane) (PS-b-FS) and poly(styrene-b-2-vinyl pyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) were spread at the air/water interface. The results demonstrated that new structures were formed which were distinct from those formed when either of the copolymers was spread alone. Furthermore, in contrast to the pure copolymer films, the morphologies could also be controlled with surface pressure and applied external electric fields. This greatly increases the range of nanostructured patterns that could be produced by this technique in the fabrication of polymeric templates for lithography.
Iron‐responsive degradation of iron‐regulatory protein 1 does not require the Fe–S cluster

The generally accepted role of iron-regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) in orchestrating the fate of iron-regulated mRNAs depends on the interconversion of its cytosolic aconitase and RNA-binding forms through assembly/disassembly of its Fe–S cluster, without altering protein abundance. Here, we show that IRP1 protein abundance can be iron-regulated. Modulation of IRP1 abundance by iron did not require assembly of the Fe–S cluster, since a mutant with all cluster-ligating cysteines mutated to serine underwent iron-induced protein degradation. Phosphorylation of IRP1 at S138 favored the RNA-binding form and promoted iron-dependent degradation. However, phosphorylation at S138 was not required for degradation. Further, degradation of an S138 phosphomimetic mutant was not blocked by mutation of cluster-ligating cysteines. These findings were confirmed in mouse models with genetic defects in cytosolic Fe–S cluster assembly/disassembly. IRP1 RNA-binding activity was primarily regulated by IRP1 degradation in these animals. Our results reveal a mechanism for regulating IRP1 action relevant to the control of iron homeostasis during cell proliferation, inflammation, and in response to diseases altering cytosolic Fe–S cluster assembly or disassembly.
Navigational ultrasound imaging: A novel imaging tool for aiding interventional therapies of equine musculoskeletal injuries

Summary Reasons for performing study Navigational ultrasound imaging, also known as fusion imaging, is a novel technology that allows real-time ultrasound imaging to be correlated with a previously acquired computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. It has been used in man to aid interventional therapies and has been shown to be valuable for sampling and assessing lesions diagnosed with MRI or CT that are equivocal on ultrasonography. To date, there are no reports of the use of this modality in veterinary medicine. Objectives To assess whether navigational ultrasound imaging can be used to assist commonly performed interventional therapies for the treatment of equine musculoskeletal injuries diagnosed with MRI and determine the appropriateness of regional anatomical landmarks as registration sites. Study design Retrospective, descriptive clinical study. Methods Horses with musculoskeletal injuries of the distal limb diagnosed with MRI scheduled for ultrasound-guided interventional therapies were evaluated (n = 17 horses with a total of 29 lesions). Anatomical landmarks used for image registration for the navigational procedure were documented. Accuracy of lesion location and success of the procedure were assessed subjectively and described using a grading scale. Results All procedures were accurately registered using regional anatomical landmarks and considered successful based on our criteria. Anatomical landmarks were described for each lesion type. The addition of navigational imaging was considered to greatly aid the procedures in 59% of cases and added information to the remainder of the procedures. The technique was considered to improve the precision of these interventional procedures. Conclusions Navigational ultrasound imaging is a complementary imaging modality that can be used for the treatment of equine soft tissue musculoskeletal injuries diagnosed with MRI.
A silver-catalyzed cis-trans isomerization

Abstract A silver (Ag+) catalyzed conversion of 4-maleylacetoacetate and of maleylacetone to their trans isomers has been demonstrated in dilute aqueous solutions at 25°. Parallel increases in the degree of catalysis, in the ionization of adjacent (maleyl) carboxyl group, and in the enolization of the carbonyl group adjacent to the double bond accompanied elevation of the pH from 1 to 6. The conversion of maleic to fumaric acid was not catalyzed by Ag+.
Calcium efflux from Myxicola giant axons: effects of extracellular calcium and intracellular EGTA

1. (45)Ca efflux was examined in Myxicola giant axons injected with (45)CaCl(2) or various concentrations of (45)Ca/EGTA buffers. In axons injected with (45)CaCl(2), the Ca(o)-dependent Ca efflux in 1 mM-Ca(o) was about half that in 10 mM-Ca(o).2. Axons injected with (45)Ca/EGTA buffers consistently showed two types of results: in one type (B type), K((1/2)) for Ca(o) activation was less than 1 mM-Ca(o). In the other type of result (A type), there was an additional Ca activation of Ca efflux. This additional efflux exhibited a linear dependence on Ca(o) when the Ca(o) values ranged between 1 mM-Ca(o) and 10 mM-Ca(o).3. The B-type result remained unchanged when the injected Ca/EGTA concentrations were varied. The A type result, however, changed as a function of Ca/EGTA(i) in the following way: (a) at a constant ratio of Ca/EGTA(i) = 8/10, the megnitude of the linear component of the Ca(o)-activated Ca efflux was reduced by increasing the intracellular concentration of (Ca/EGTA) buffer; and (b) at a ratio Ca/EGTA = 1/10, the linear component of the Ca(o)-activated Ca efflux appeared to acquire a slower time response to changes in Ca(o).4. Na(o) acts synergistically with Ca(o) to produce the linear component of the Ca-activated Ca efflux seen in the A type result.5. With axons containing (45)Ca/EGTA buffers (total EGTA(i) = 1 mM), changing the Ca/EGTA ratio by repetitive injections of CaCl(2) did not increase (45)Ca efflux by as great an amount as would be predicted if Ca(i) (2+) were controlled by the EGTA buffer alone.6. Ca(i) (2+) (measured by arsenazo III absorbance) is influenced by Ca(o) irrespective of the presence of 1 mM-EGTA buffer inside the axon. There was a variability in the sensitivity of Ca(i) to Ca(o) that resembled the variability found in (45)Ca efflux measurements.7. (45)Ca influx is not affected by the concentration of Ca/EGTA buffer injected into the cell and appears to be only slightly, if at all, affected by increasing ionized Ca(i) (2+) from 0.016 to 0.56 muM in the injection medium.8. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the Ca efflux system of the Myxicola giant axon, or something controlling it, can exist in more than one state. One of these states, which exhibited a large Ca(o)-dependent Ca efflux, may represent axons in which Ca(i) is poorly controlled by the natural endogenous Ca buffers.
Ultra-high Q silicon gyroscopes with interchangeable rate and whole angle modes of operation

We report a new family of ultra-high Q silicon MEMS tuning fork gyroscopes demonstrating angle rate and, for the first time, rate integrating (whole angle) operation. The novel mechanical architecture eliminates low frequency in-phase modes and maximizes the Q-factors. A vacuum packaged SOI dual mass gyroscope with a 1.7 kHz operational frequency demonstrated drive- and sense- mode Q-factors of 0.31 and 0.64 million, respectively. A completely symmetric, dynamically balanced quadruple mass gyroscope with a 2.2 kHz operational frequency demonstrated identical drive- and sense-mode Q-factors of 0.45 million. Due to the stiffness and damping symmetry, the new gyroscope can be instrumented to measure the angle of rotation directly, eliminating the bandwidth and dynamic range limitations of conventional MEMS vibratory rate gyroscopes. The technology may enable silicon micromachined devices for inertial guidance applications previously limited to precision-machined quartz hemispherical resonator gyroscopes.
Erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase, platelet monoamine oxidase, and platelet phenol sulfotransferase activities in patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas

Abstract Dopamine is metabolized by oxidative deamination catalyzed by monoamine oxidase, O-methylation catalyzed by catechol-O-methyltransferase, and sulfate conjugation catalyzed by phenol sulfotransferase. This study was performed to determine whether platelet monoamine oxidase, red blood cell catechol-O-methyltransferase and platelet phenol sulfotransferase enzymatic activities in patients with prolactinomas were quantitatively different from the same enzyme activities in blood samples from normal subjects. The mean enzyme activities in blood samples from 22 women with histologically proven prolactinomas were compared to the mean enzyme activities in blood samples from 32 normal women. The blood levels of these 3 enzymatic activities were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.4). If the regulation of these catecholaminemetabolizing enzyme activities in blood elements reflects the regulation of the enzymes in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal region, these results suggest that a defect i...
Neuroradiology of the Sequelae of Spinal Cord Trauma

More than 850 patients with acute injuries to the spinal cord were explored by means of neuroradiological procedures (1954–1981). The sequelae of cord damage were assessed in 125 of these patients and the results of neuroradiological examinations correlated with the surgical or autopsy findings. Such opportunities to demonstrate the changes that follow the acute phase of a spinal cord injury are infrequent because of a lack of centralized team care and continuity of follow-up. Chronic post-traumatic changes, induced by mechanical kinetic or non-mechanical energies, were demonstrated after a long period of time, occasionally after two to ten years. They were classified into six groups. Disturbances of arterial circulation are emphasized as a major source of aggravation of the post-traumatic state of the spinal cord.
A unique kinesin-8 surface loop provides specificity for chromosome alignment

Microtubule length control is essential for the assembly and function of the mitotic spindle. Kinesin-like motor proteins that directly attenuate microtubule dynamics make key contributions to this control, but the specificity of these motors for different subpopulations of spindle microtubules is not understood. Kif18A (kinesin-8) localizes to the plus ends of the relatively slowly growing kinetochore fibers (K-fibers) and attenuates their dynamics, whereas Kif4A (kinesin-4) localizes to mitotic chromatin and suppresses the growth of highly dynamic, nonkinetochore microtubules. Although Kif18A and Kif4A similarly suppress microtubule growth in vitro, it remains unclear whether microtubule-attenuating motors control the lengths of K-fibers and nonkinetochore microtubules through a common mechanism. To address this question, we engineered chimeric kinesins that contain the Kif4A, Kif18B (kinesin-8), or Kif5B (kinesin-1) motor domain fused to the C-terminal tail of Kif18A. Each of these chimeric kinesins localizes to K-fibers; however, K-fiber length control requires an activity specific to kinesin-8s. Mutational studies of Kif18A indicate that this control depends on both its C-terminus and a unique, positively charged surface loop, called loop2, within the motor domain. These data support a model in which microtubule-attenuating kinesins are molecularly "tuned" to control the dynamics of specific subsets of spindle microtubules.
TEXTING A NATION

Since its publication in 2007, Trish Loughran's The Republic in Print has earned a reputation as a trenchant critique of the vision of the pre-1876 United States as a state whose national integrity depended upon the dissemination of print. Commentators fixed particularly on its argument that the early republic never manifested that degree of integration of internal improvements, roads, print technology, and local interests to materialize the Federalist vision of nationhood. In some circles it was hailed as a salutary counter to historians who embrace Benedict Anderson's account of the national imaginary—a virtual nationhood irradiating citizens’ imaginations through reading newspapers and novels that impute national being. Loughran marshaled evidence that no newspaper, certainly no novel, and not even that most legendarily popular imprint, Thomas Paine's Common Sense , enjoyed sufficiently broad distribution to invoke even a coherent fantasy of national identity. In print-culture studies she has emerged as the most vocal chronicler of the fragmented republic. She has earned the respect of those political historians who have pondered the incapacity of public-sphere historiography to account for the republic's drift into the contending sections of the 1830s and the warring states of the 1860s.
Impact of expiratory strength training in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Introduction We evaluated the feasibility and impact of Expiratory Muscle Strength Training (EMST) on respiratory and bulbar function in persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Status Construction and Group Position Influences on the Demography of Front-Line Supervisors

This paper examines how population proportions, resource inequalities, and perceived racial threats influence the demography of supervisory personnel in firms. It draws on two influential structural social-psychological theories (the status construction and group position perspectives) to predict that (1) there will be a positive association between the demography of supervisors in firms and the racial composition of the markets in which they operate, (2) there will be a negative relationship between resource inequality within the community and the likelihood of a supervisor from a less-advantaged group, and (3) those relationships are moderated by the presence of racial tension within firms. Using data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality (MCSUI), the paper's hypotheses were supported. Although racial proportions and resource disparities matter in the hiring of supervisors, results show that the positive relationship between the percentage of blacks in the customer and employment base and the likelihood of a black supervisor in a working group becomes weaker when managers report racial tension within the firm.
Continental glacier meltwater contributions to late summer stream flow and water quality in the northern Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA.

The Wind River Range in Wyoming contains more than 60 glaciers that are part of the headwaters for the Wind-Missouri, Green-Colorado and Snake-Columbia River systems. Continental Glacier lies on the crest of the northern Wind River Range and covers approximately 2.5 km2 with meltwater flowing into West Torrey Creek and the Wind River. Discharge measurements of upper Continental Glacier meltwater were made in August 2012 and 2014. Water samples were collected in 2014 for the analysis of stable isotopes, field parameters and 23 trace elements. This study demonstrated that Continental Glacier meltwater accounted for a mean of 32.91 ± 8.4 % of Torrey Creek flow, and 4.11 ± 18.38 % of Wind River flow as measured above Red Creek for August 2012 and 2014. Scaling of these results to all perennial snow and ice in the upper Torrey Creek basin yielded an estimate of 82.70 % contribution to Torrey Creek flow, and 10.32 % of Wind River flow above Red Creek, during August. Glacier meltwater contributions versus snow melt to Torrey Creek based on δ18O ratios ranged from 81.05 to 82.70 % of flow, with a mean of 81.88 ± 1.17 % for August 2014. Continental Glacier meltwater accounted for 89.99 % of nitrate-nitrite and 34.83 % of total phosphorus loading to Torrey Creek in August 2014. The pH of the snow and glacier meltwater was less than 6.0, likely the result of nitrate-nitrite and other atmospheric deposition. Finally, analysis of trace elements showed distinct differences between water sources.
HPV Awareness, Knowledge and Attitudes among Older African-American Women

OBJECTIVE To assess correlates of human papillomavirus (HPV) awareness, knowledge, and attitudes among older, church-going African-American women. METHODS Participants (N = 759), aged 40-80, answered survey questions about HPV awareness, knowledge, and attitudes toward vaccination of adolescent daughters. Associations between participant characteristics and HPV items were assessed using chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Younger age, higher education, a family history of cancer, and less spirituality were each associated with HPV awareness individually, and when considered jointly in a single model (p values <.038). Higher education was related to HPV knowledge (p = .006). CONCLUSIONS African-American women of older age, less education, no family history of cancer, and/or higher spirituality might benefit from targeted church-based HPV educational campaigns.
How big is big? Separation by conventional methods, X-ray and electronic structures of positional isomers of bis-tert-butylisocyano adduct of 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-tetrachloro-3(2),10(9),17(16),24(23)-tetra(2,6-di-iso-propylphenoxy)-phthalocyaninato iron(II) complex

A presence of bulky 2,6-di-iso-propylphenoxy groups in bis-tert-butylisocyano adduct of 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-tetrachloro-3(2),10(9),17(16),24(23)-tetra(2,6-di-iso-propylphenoxy)-phthalocyaninato iron(II) complex allows separation of two individual positional isomers and a mixture of the remaining two isomers using conventional chromatography. X-ray structures of “D2h” and “C4h” isomers were confimed by X-ray crystallography. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations of each individual positional isomer allowed insight into their electronic structures and vertical excitation energies, which were correlated with the experimental UV-vis and MCD spectra.
America's 'Top Economists' On the Spot: What Explains Their Low Opposition to a Minimum Wage Increase in 2013?

In February 2013, the University of Chicago's Initiative on Global Markets surveyed some three dozen economists from top American universities about the possibility of increasing the U.S. minimum wage. Only four, or 11%, said that such an increase would be undesirable. This figure is out of line with the major surveys of economists on that question done over the preceding several years, in which the level of opposition to increasing the minimum wage was 38% or higher. I explore several hypotheses to explain this gap in opposition. One hypothesis is that the gap could be explained by the differing levels of professional achievement attained by top-university economists and economics professors at large, but I provide new evidence that weighs against this hypothesis. Survey-design differences, sampling error, and a real shift in economists' views since 2010 are more plausible explanations for the gap.
Finding novel distinctions between the sAPPα-mediated anabolic biochemical pathways in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Fragile X Syndrome plasma and brain tissue

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Fragile X syndrome (FXS) are developmental disorders. No validated blood-based biomarkers exist for either, which impedes bench-to-bedside approaches. Amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) and metabolites are usually associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). APP cleavage by α-secretase produces potentially neurotrophic secreted APPα (sAPPα) and the P3 peptide fragment. β-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1) cleavage produces secreted APPβ (sAPPβ) and intact Aβ. Excess Aβ is potentially neurotoxic and can lead to atrophy of brain regions such as amygdala in AD. By contrast, amygdala is enlarged in ASD but not FXS. We previously reported elevated levels of sAPPα in ASD and FXS vs. controls. We now report elevated plasma Aβ and total APP levels in FXS compared to both ASD and typically developing controls, and elevated levels of sAPPα in ASD and FXS vs. controls. By contrast, plasma and brain sAPPβ and Aβ were lower in ASD vs. controls but elevated in FXS plasma vs. controls. We also detected age-dependent increase in an α-secretase in ASD brains. We report a novel mechanistic difference in APP pathways between ASD (processing) and FXS (expression) leading to distinct APP metabolite profiles in these two disorders. These novel, distinctive biochemical differences between ASD and FXS pave the way for blood-based biomarkers for ASD and FXS.
A Turlington balsam phial from Montserrat, West Indies: genuine or counterfeit?

A pharmaceutical phial of the “cello” shape, quite similar to one recovered at Wetherburn’s Tavern, Williamsburg, was found in a colonial period burial ground on Montserrat, West Indies. A patent date of OCT 29 1751 inscribed on the Montserrat phial is the principal, although not the only, difference between the two bottles. The Montserrat phial could be either an authentic Turlington Balsam of Life bottle or one of the counterfeits produced in the 1750s.
Urge Surfing as Aftercare in Adolescent Alcohol Use: a Randomized Control Trial

High-quantity and frequency alcohol use is associated with a variety of negative consequences and outcomes. While treatment approaches that emphasize effective coping and self-efficacy have yielded favorable abstinence and reduction rates, relapse continues to be prevalent in this population. A common predictor of adolescent relapse is high-intensity urges to use alcohol. Therefore, it is important to identify effective coping skills that combat alcohol-related urges in order to improve the effectiveness of alcohol treatments. Urge surfing is a mindfulness skill that promotes attending to cravings and urges in high-risk situations rather than avoiding them. Urge surfing is supported as an effective coping skill for adult alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use; however, research on urge surfing with adolescent alcohol users is limited. This study investigated the utility of adding urge surfing as aftercare following a school-based intervention. Hypotheses predicted that urge surfing provided as aftercare to a standard alcohol treatment intervention would continue to improve alcohol use outcomes (e.g., reduced frequency and quantity) as compared to waitlist control. Sixty-seven adolescents (aged 14–18; M = 16.34, SD = 1.07) were randomly assigned to waitlist control (n = 31) or 4 weeks of urge surfing (n = 36). Participants represented a variety of ethnic backgrounds including Caucasian (64 %), Asian/Pacific Islander (12 %), Hispanic (9 %), multiethnic (9 %), African American (4 %), and Native American (2 %). Adolescents completed pre- and posttest assessments for alcohol quantity and frequency. Repeated measures design evaluated differences for alcohol use outcomes. Results indicated significant treatment effects for alcohol frequency, Wilks’ ∧ = .95, F(1, 52) = 3.00, p = .08, multivariate η 2 = .06 and quantity, Wilks’ ∧ = .95, F(1, 52) = 2.67, p = .10, multivariate η 2 = .05. Results suggest that urge surfing improved effectiveness of alcohol use outcomes when provided as aftercare.
A Capacious Account of Liberal Feminism

This paper presents an account of liberal feminism as a capacious family of doctrines. The account is capacious in the sense that it sweeps in a wide variety of doctrines, including some thought to be challenges to liberal feminism, and allows us to refer to doctrines with more than one label—so we can identify, for example, care-ethical liberal feminism, socially conservative liberal feminism, and liberal socialist feminism. The capacious account also provides a conceptual framework to allow us to think with greater clarity about the scope of liberal feminist claims to justice, and about how that justice is to be secured and sustained. Since there is such variety within the liberal feminist family of doctrines, it makes little sense to criticize or defend liberal feminism simpliciter. The capacious account both requires and makes it possible for us to eschew such talk and focus instead on the particular doctrines we have in mind.
Building an Outpatient Kidney Palliative Care Clinical Program.

Abstract Context A diagnosis of advanced chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease represents a significant life change for patients and families. Individuals often experience high symptom burden, decreased quality of life, increased health care utilization, and end-of-life care discordant with their preferences. Early integration of palliative care with standard nephrology practice in the outpatient setting has the potential to improve quality of life through provision of expert symptom management, emotional support, and facilitation of advance care planning that honors the individual's values and goals. Objectives This special report describes application of participatory action research methods to develop an outpatient integrated nephrology and palliative care program. Methods Stakeholder concerns were thematically analyzed to inform translation of a known successful model of outpatient kidney palliative care to a practice in a large urban medical center in the U.S. Results Stakeholder needs and challenges to meeting these needs were identified. We uncovered a shared understanding of the clinical need for palliative care services in nephrology practice but apprehension toward practice change. Action steps to modify the base model were created in response to stakeholder feedback. Conclusion The development of a model of care that provides a new approach to clinical practice requires attention to relevant stakeholder concerns. Participatory action research is a useful methodological approach that engages stakeholders and builds partnerships. This creation of shared ownership can facilitate innovation and practice change. We synthesized stakeholder concerns to build a conceptual model for an integrated nephrology and palliative care clinical program.
Optical evaluation of the wave filtering properties of graded undulated lattices

We investigate and experimentally demonstrate the elastic wave filtering properties of graded undulated lattices. Square reticulates composed of curved beams are characterized by graded mechanical properties which result from the spatial modulation of the curvature parameter. Among such properties, the progressive formation of frequency bandgaps leads to strong wave attenuation over a broad frequency range. The experimental investigation of wave transmission and the detection of full wavefields effectively illustrate this behavior. Transmission measurements are conducted using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer, while a dedicated digital image correlation procedure is implemented to capture in-plane wave motion at selected frequencies. The presented results illustrate the broadband attenuation characteristics resulting from spatial grading of the lattice curvature, whose in-depth investigation is enabled by the presented experimental procedures.
Estimating disease burden of a potential A(H7N9) pandemic influenza outbreak in the United States

Since spring 2013, periodic emergence of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China has heightened the concern for a possible pandemic outbreak among humans, though it is believed that the virus is not yet human-to-human transmittable. Till June 2017, A(H7N9) has resulted in 1533 laboratory-confirmed cases of human infections causing 592 deaths. The aim of this paper is to present disease burden estimates (measured by infection attack rates (IAR) and number of deaths) in the event of a possible pandemic outbreak caused by human-to-human transmission capability acquired by A(H7N9) virus. Even though such a pandemic will likely spread worldwide, our focus in this paper is to estimate the impact on the United States alone. The method first uses a data clustering technique to divide 50 states in the U.S. into a small number of clusters. Thereafter, for a few selected states in each cluster, the method employs an agent-based (AB) model to simulate human A(H7N9) influenza pandemic outbreaks. The model uses demographic and epidemiological data. A few selected non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) measures are applied to mitigate the outbreaks. Disease burden for the U.S. is estimated by combining results from the clusters applying a method used in stratified sampling. Two possible pandemic scenarios with R 0 = 1.5 and 1.8 are examined. Infection attack rates with 95% C.I. (Confidence Interval) for R 0 = 1.5 and 1.8 are estimated to be 18.78% (17.3–20.27) and 25.05% (23.11–26.99), respectively. The corresponding number of deaths (95% C.I.), per 100,000, are 7252.3 (6598.45–7907.33) and 9670.99 (8953.66–10,389.95). The results reflect a possible worst-case scenario where the outbreak extends over all states of the U.S. and antivirals and vaccines are not administered. Our disease burden estimations are also likely to be somewhat high due to the fact that only dense urban regions covering approximately 3% of the geographic area and 81% of the population are used for simulating sample outbreaks. Outcomes from these simulations are extrapolated over the remaining 19% of the population spread sparsely over 97% of the area. Furthermore, the full extent of possible NPIs, if deployed, could also have lowered the disease burden estimates.
Brd4 binds to active enhancers to control cell identity gene induction in adipogenesis and myogenesis

The epigenomic reader Brd4 is an important drug target for cancers. However, its role in cell differentiation and animal development remains largely unclear. Using two conditional knockout mouse strains and derived cells, we demonstrate that Brd4 controls cell identity gene induction and is essential for adipogenesis and myogenesis. Brd4 co-localizes with lineage-determining transcription factors (LDTFs) on active enhancers during differentiation. LDTFs coordinate with H3K4 mono-methyltransferases MLL3/MLL4 (KMT2C/KMT2D) and H3K27 acetyltransferases CBP/p300 to recruit Brd4 to enhancers activated during differentiation. Brd4 deletion prevents the enrichment of Mediator and RNA polymerase II transcription machinery, but not that of LDTFs, MLL3/MLL4-mediated H3K4me1, and CBP/p300-mediated H3K27ac, on enhancers. Consequently, Brd4 deletion prevents enhancer RNA production, cell identity gene induction and cell differentiation. Interestingly, Brd4 is dispensable for maintaining cell identity genes in differentiated cells. These findings identify Brd4 as an enhancer epigenomic reader that links active enhancers with cell identity gene induction in differentiation.
More than Just Food: Food Justice and Community Change: by Garrett M. Broad. Oakland: University of California Press, 2016. 276 pp.

Garrett M. Broad's More Than Just Food is an exciting and timely analysis of the strengths and limitations of community-based food justice efforts in southern California. Broad highlights Community...
Automatic Flaw Detection System for Eddy Current Inspection of Steam Generator Tubes

Eddy current testing is a widely used nondestructive testing (NDT) method, particularly for inspecting the heat-exchanger tubes in steam generators. Due to the complex nature of the eddy current technique, the analysis of such inspection data is a difficult task which requires a huge amount of work by experienced human analysts [1]. This is time consuming and expensive. Human nature itself will cause some variance in analysis. Also, the variation of many different properties in the eddy current signal makes it very difficult to analyze. To overcome these obstacles, an eddy current automatic analysis system is needed to aid the analysts.
Modified Miniprep Method for the Rapid Recovery of Episomes from Transfected Breast Epithelial Cells

Episomal vectors such as pCEP4 are useful in expression cloning because they can replicate in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells. We have found a rapid and efficient means of extracting them from transfected MCF-10A nonmalignant human breast epithelial cells. We show that a plasmid miniprep protocol, modified by the addition of an extraction that eliminates a DNase activity, can consistently harvest pCEP4 episomes from the transfected cells (516 +/- 112 pg/harvest, mean +/- standard deviation; n = 11). The quality of the episomal DNA obtained in this manner was verified by PCR, Southern blot and the retransformation of Escherichia coli. This simple method enables the efficient recovery of episomes and is applicable in the expression cloning of potential oncogenes using host MCF-10A cells.
Dynamical Aspects of Small-Molecule Protein Interaction

Conventional discussions of associations of small molecules and large with proteins are based on structural concepts which are probably of secondary importance. Although we cannot discuss these in any critical way, we provide a description of the alternatives and the basis in conformational fluctuations on which they rest. Recently developed descriptions of protein hydration and the thermodynamics of protein structure emphasize fluctuation characteristics and dynamical matching or modification of protein fluctuations in association reactions. Many of the ideas are untested and some may be exaggerated but they are presented as hypotheses for testing which must inevitably improve the sophistication of our thinking about proteins. Insofar as they prove correct, they will have a profound influence on the development of pharmacology since they show that successful drug design at present often rests on concepts which we are only now able to formulate and that more efficient philosophies of drug design are likely to appear only when the essential role of fluctuations in biology is more fully understood.
Compression and Shaping of Femtosecond Pulses

During the Past several years ultrashort pulse technology has advanced dramatically from the picosecond to the femtosecond time domain. The colliding-pulse modelocked (CPM) cw dye laser [1] is now a reliable source of pulses shorter than 100 fsec; and pulses from other laser systems are being compressed to similar durations by nonlinear optical fiber methods [2]. Fiber compression of amplified pulses from a CPM-based system has already been used to generate 30 fsec pulses [3]. In the first part of this paper we describe experiments in which this same combination of techniques has been extended to produce pulses as short as 16 fsec [4]. These pulses, with a center wavelength of about 625 nm, are comprised of only 8 optical cycles. Then, as an application for such ultrashort pulses, we describe tine-resolved reflectometry studies of multilayer dielectric mirror coatings. Dramatic pulse distortions can be observed after a single reflection from a broadband mirror. Finally, we discuss the use of transient four-wave mixing for pulse shortening and sharing at much higher power levels.