cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redefinition of myocardial infarction by a consensus dissenter: reply

We would like to thank Dr. Tunstall-Pedoe for his comments. Controversy is the soul of all intellectual activities, and we welcome Dr. Tunstall-Pedoe’s minority opinion concerning the recently published consensus statement on the definition of myocardial infarction. Unfortunately, Dr. Tunstall-
Ion Transport and Ferrocene Incorporation in Electroactive Fullerene Films

Thick (10 μm) C60 films are prepared by sublimation at 575 °C for 5 min on a pyrolytic carbon film electrode. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the fullerene film consists of crystallites of ...
A modification of kendall's tau for measuring association in contingency tables

A coefficient of associationτ′ is described for a contingency table containing data classified into two sets of ordered categories. Within each of the two sets the number of categories or the number of cases in each category need not be the same.τ′=+1 for perfect positive association and has an expectation of 0 for chance association. In many casesτ′ also has −1 as a lower limit. The limitations of Kendall'sτ a andτ b and Stuart'sτ c are discussed, as is the identity of these coefficients toτ' under certain conditions. Computational procedure forτ′ is given.
The development of the polycystic ovary syndrome: family history as a risk factor.

Three general genetic models for the development of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can be proposed, namely: (1) the "single-gene Mendelian" model, which considers the majority of defects present in PCOS to be unique; (2) the "multifactorial" model, which suggests that the defects present in PCOS are not unique, and simply represent the conglomeration of abnormalities already present separately, and to a significant degree, in the general population (e.g. as in cardiovascular disease and non-insulin-dependent diabetes); and (3) the "variable expression-single gene" model, a modified version of the above two. Overall, our data support this third model, suggesting that PCOS is a familial disorder, with a single autosomal dominant gene effect, and a variable phenotype. Family history can then be considered as an important factor determining the risk of developing PCOS. Our preliminary data indicate that a woman's risk of developing PCOS is approximately 40% if her sister is affected. Alternatively, only 19% of mothers were affected, suggesting that the inheritance of PCOS may be preferentially paternal, although expanded clinical studies will be required to confirm these findings. Considering PCOS to be a dominant genetic disorder with a high degree of expressivity, we propose that the risk of developing the disorder is governed by family history and the degree of exposure to the selected environmental and/or other genetic influences.
Donor-Acceptor Complexes of Alkylcarbazole and Dicarbazolylalkane Donors with the Acceptors Tetracyanoethylene and Tetranitromethane

Electron donor−acceptor complexes of conformationally flexible 1,n-dicarbazolylalkanes (C12H8N−(CH2)n−NC12H8), where n = 1−5, were examined. Carbazole, methylcarbazole, ethylcarbazole, and cyanoethylcarbazole also were studied as monochromophoric analogues for comparison. In dichloromethane solution, the dicarbazolylalkanes form 1:1 complexes with the terminal carbazolyl chromophores acting as independent donors when n ≥ 2. With the acceptor tetranitromethane (TNM), the carbazoles form contact complexes displaying small positive enthalpies of formation. In contrast, stable complexes form with the acceptor tetracyanoethylene (TCNE). Crystalline TCNE complexes were isolated for the bichromophoric donors with n = 2−4. The solid complexes and their uncomplexed donor components were analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The solid-state stoichiometries of (carbazolyl donor):(TCNE acceptor) were found to depend on the donor conformation. Dicarbazolylalkane donors separated by two or four methylene units ...
Ceres by telescope

Ceres, the largest of the asteroids, has been the object of considerable study by earth-based telescope. No small part of the growing interest in studying Ceres' surface is the observation of infrared absorption spectra that are interpreted to be produced by clay minerals. The absorption bands are like the condensed-water bands in montmorillonite, the clay-type that occurs on the Murchison meteorite. The Murchison also has a complement of organic matter. Donald L. DeVincenzi, in A Meeting with the Universe (Bevan M. French and Stephen P. Maron (Eds.), pp. 145–159, NASA, Washington, D.C., 1981), describes a suggested link between clay and the origin of life:
Closure and Quality Equivalence for Efficient Synthesis of Grasps from Examples

One goal of grasp selection for robotics is to choose contact points that guarantee properties such as force- or form-closure. Many efficient algorithms have been developed to address this problem, but most of these algorithms focus on grasps having a minimal number of contact points. Increasing the number of contacts can dramatically improve the quality and flexibility of grasps that are constructed. However, computation time becomes a problem, as grasp synthesis algorithms that can be generalized to an arbitrary number of contacts typically require time exponential in the number of contacts. This paper presents an efficient algorithm for synthesis of manycontact grasps. The key idea is to geometrically construct families of grasps around a single example such that all grasps within a family meet user-specified design goals. We show that our construction technique can be used to form force-closure grasps, partial forceclosure grasps, and grasps above a quality threshold. Our approach requires time polynomial in the number of contacts, making it feasible to handle grasps with relatively large numbers of contacts. Results are shown for three-dimensional grasps with friction having five to twelve contacts and specialized for a variety of tasks. We have used this approach to design grasps for a robot hand and quasi-static manipulation plans for a humanoid robot. KEY WORDS—grasping, grasp synthesis, example-based grasping, enveloping grasps, grasp quality, contact regions
Demonstration of time reversal methods in a multi-path environment

Time reversal methods (TRM) offer a unique opportunity for solving the problem of electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation and focusing in a spatially varying (inhomogeneous) medium. While the concept of time reversal is new to the field of EM wave propagation, it has been applied in the area of acoustics and ultrasonics for several years (Fink, M. and Prada, C., Inverse Problems, vol.17, p.R1-38, 2001). In any finite size array that occupies a limited spatial area, the system is diffraction limited; however in acoustics, it has been shown that, in an inhomogeneous medium, a time reversal array is not always diffraction limited and can achieve super-resolution. Basically, scatterers near the transmitting array and/or focal point act as an extension of the array in the focusing process. The paper shows that the same phenomenon exists for EM waves. While the feasibility of applying TRM to EM problems has been demonstrated, many issues must be investigated and resolved before TRM can be implemented practically in a communications or radar imaging system.
A bienzyme sensor for the determination of hypoxanthine and inosine

A biosensor for the detection of hypoxanthine (Hx) and inosine (HxR) has been developed by the coimmobilization of nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) and xanthine oxidase (XO) on a chemically modified electrode, which uses a glassy carbon electrode coated with a Nafion - paraquat film. This sensor responds to Hx and HxR in the presence of phosphate, and it responds only to Hx in the absence of phosphate (borate buffer as medium). The sensor measurement is based on the oxygen consumed due to the enzymatic reaction involving xanthine oxidase which is immobilized on the electrode surface. In this study, the experimental parameters are optimized and the linear relationships between the decreased currents and the concentrations of both Hx and HxR in the range of 1 × 10−6-2 × 10−4 M are obtained. This biosensor exhibits a high degree of sensitivity and can be used for the assay for Hx and HxR in fish meat or other biological samples.
Computerized tomography of brain abscess

Computerized tomography CT with contrast enhancement is of great value in the diagnosis and follow-up of brain abscess. Wc have reviewed 58 CT Scans done on 17 patients and have observed four different patterns depending on the stage of the abscess. The CT scan may show an irregular area of decreased density, a well defined nodular-appearing mass, a thick or thin walled cavity or a lesion with an incompletewall. These patterns may be seen either initially or at some stage in the development or r~solution of an abscess.
Frequency Adding Media For Short Wavelength Lasers And Phase Insensitive Beam Combining Devices

We show that, with favorable spontaneous emission damping rates, substantial steady state population inversions can be created in coherently pumped multilevel systems. We relate the conditions to achieve inversion to the phenomenon of effective Rabi cycling between separated levels in a ladder coupling scheme and to a detailed balance obtained with damping rates between levels mixed by the Rabi cycling. We consider the inversion process and the process of energy extraction into a cavity for a five level system with realistically chosen parameters. We show that the system behaves very much like a conventional laser, resulting in a device with output at frequency near the sum of the pump frequencies.
Face-integrated Fukui function: understanding wettability anisotropy of molecular crystals from density functional theory.

Wettability is one of the anisotropic surface properties of molecular crystals that exhibit the structural variance of chemical moieties on various growth faces. The divergence in liquid−solid interactions at different faces is thought to be related to the inherent responding capacity or sensitivity of a solid surface to the perturbation in electronic structures and atomic positions as a result of the contact by a liquid. Since the Fukui function, according to density functional theory (DFT), is a local function for describing such sensitivity to the structural perturbation and is directly related to local softness, it has been proposed and tested to use an integrated Fukui function over a crystallographic plane for describing the anisotropy of solid−liquid interactions. It is found that the contact angle of a polar solvent, such as water, on a crystal surface shows an intimate connection to the integrated Fukui functions of the surface, illustrating an extension of Pearson's HSAB (hard and soft acids and...
A microRNA regulon that mediates endothelial recruitment and metastasis by cancer cells

non-cell-autonomously regulates endothelial cell recruitment to metastatic breast cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo. It suppresses metastatic endothelial recruitment, metastatic angiogenesis and metastatic colonization through coordinate targeting of IGFBP2, PITPNC1 and MERTK—novel pro-angiogenic genes and biomarkers of human metastasis. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) secreted by metastatic cells recruits endothelia by modulating IGF1-mediated activation of the IGF type-I receptor on endothelial cells; whereas c-Mer tyrosine kinase (MERTK) receptor cleaved from metastatic cells promotes endothelial recruitment by competitively antagonizing the binding of its ligand GAS6 to endothelial MERTK receptors. Co-injection of endothelial cells with breast cancer cells non-cell-autonomously rescues their miR126-induced metastatic defect, revealing a novel and important role for endothelial interactions in metastatic initiation. Through loss-of-function and epistasis experiments, we delineate an miRNA regulatory network’s individual components as novel and cellextrinsic regulators of endothelial recruitment, angiogenesis and metastatic colonization. We also identify the IGFBP2/IGF1/ IGF1R and GAS6/MERTK signalling pathways as regulators of cancer-mediated endothelial recruitment. Our work further reveals endothelial recruitment and endothelial interactions in the tumour microenvironment to be critical features of metastatic breast
On the origins of giant screw dislocations in polymer lamellae

Giant screw dislocations in chain-folded polymer crystals, having axes necessarily parallel to chain stems, traverse lamellar thickness and, although without hollow cores, have large Burgers vectors, often in excess of 100 A. From a geometrical standpoint, their mode of formation was recognized four decades ago by Geil and Reneker. On a molecular scale, however, mechanisms by which shear forces, and necessary planes of easy shear oblique to growth faces (effectively tears or slits), arise during crystallization by chain folding have long remained obscure. For some time shear has credibly been associated with lamellar warping under the influence of inhomogeneously distributed congestion in fold surfaces. A study of dendritic crystals in polyethylene has now shown how on occasion impingements inherent in layer spreading by folded chains, combined with kinetic barriers of entropic character, can produce defects that permit shear across nominal fold planes with little or no encumbrance from bridging folds. Evidence for this mechanism is particularly clear for dislocations initiated at reentrant corners and, although not readily amenable to direct observation, similar behavior likely underlies marked increase in dislocation densities observed with transition from Regime I to Regime II in crystallization from the melt. Proposed mechanisms do not rely upon specific characteristics of the experimental system studied.
Centrifuge model testing at Caltech

Abstract In the past eight years a variety of model tests has been performed on the geotechnical centrifuge at Caltech. They include soil mechanics experiments, such as static and dynamic pile and foundation tests, and other investigations of a more geographical nature where ground faulting and earthquake motions have been modeled. This paper summarizes and illustrates the studies undertaken.
Evaluating Psychometric Properties of the Spanish-version of the Pediatric Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Perceived Cognitive Function (pedsFACIT-PCF)

The pediatric Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Perceived Cognitive Function (pedsFACIT-PCF) is a 13-item short-form derived from the pediatric Perceived Cognitive Function item bank (pedsPCF), which was developed to measure children’s daily cognitive behaviors and was validated on the US general population and children with cancer. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of Spanish language pedsFACIT-PCF and the measurement equivalence between Spanish and English versions. pedsFACIT-PCF items were translated into Spanish using a standard iterative methodology. A total of 1358 English- and 604 Spanish-speaking children aged 8–17 years who completed English and Spanish versions of pedsFACIT-PCF, respectively, were administered through an Internet survey company. Unidimensionality was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Item responses were modeled using item response theory. The presence and impact of differential item functioning (DIF) were evaluated using ordinal logistic regression. Unidimensionality of the pedsFACIT-PCF was supported. One of the 13 items demonstrated statistically significant DIF by language; however, impacts of language DIF on both individual scores and at the test level were negligible. No Spanish items showed DIF with respect to age and gender. The 13-item pedsFACIT-PCF demonstrated stable measurement properties on language, gender and age and can be used for future trials.
Transplantation for Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Improvement in the Lung Allocation Score Era

Background— Lung transplantation and heart-lung transplantation represent surgical options for treatment of medically refractory idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. The effect of the lung allocation score on wait-list and transplantation outcomes in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is poorly described. Methods and Results— Adults diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and listed for transplantation in the 80 months before and after the lung allocation score algorithm was implemented (n=1430) were identified in the United Network for Organ Sharing thoracic registry. Patients were stratified by organ listed and pre– and post–lung allocation score era. The cumulative incidences of transplantation and mortality for wait-listed patients in both eras were appraised with competing outcomes analysis. Posttransplantation survival was assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method. These analyses were repeated in propensity-matched subgroups. Cox proportional hazards analysis evaluated the effect of prelisting and pretransplantation characteristics on mortality. We found that patients in the post–lung allocation score era had significantly worse comorbidities; nevertheless, both lung transplantation and heart-lung transplantation candidates in this era enjoyed lower wait-list mortality and a higher incidence of transplantation in unmatched and propensity-matched analyses. On multivariable analysis, heart-lung transplantation and double-lung transplantation were associated with improved survival from the time of wait-listing, as was being listed at a medium- to high-volume institution. Donor/recipient sex matching predicted posttransplantation survival. Conclusions— The incidence of transplantation has increased while wait-list mortality has decreased in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension wait-listed for transplantation in the post–lung allocation score era. Both heart-lung transplantation and double-lung transplantation are predictive of survival in transplantation candidates with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, as is being listed at a medium- to high-volume institution. Donor/recipient sex matching is associated with better posttransplantation survival.
Loss of 3H-corticosterone binding capacity in hippocampal slices maintained in vitro.

Abstract Nuclear uptake of 3 H-corticosterone was studied in hippocampal slices subjected to varying periods of preincubation before application of steroid. Uptake capacity declined rapidly toward nonspecific levels over the course of 3 hours from the time of cutting. Glucocorticoid receptors in the cytosol fraction of hippocampal slices also were found to decline and Scatchard analysis indicated a loss of corticosterone binding sites rather than a change in binding affinity. These results are discussed in terms of the reported effects of corticosterone in vitro .
Philo of Alexandria’s Use of Sleep and Dreaming as Epistemological Metaphors in Relation to Joseph

Dreams are used figuratively throughout Greek literature to refer to something fleeting and/or unreal. In Plato, this metaphorical language is specifically used to describe an epistemological distinction: the one who has false knowledge or opinion is said to be dreaming while the one who has true knowledge is said to be awake. These figures are also central to Philo of Alexandria’s philosophical language in De somniis 1-2 and De Iosepho. Although scholars have documented these epistemological metaphors in Plato and related treatments of the concept of sleep in Heraclitus, it has not been discussed in any detail in relation to Philo’s treatment of Joseph in these two treatises. In De somniis 1-2, Philo primarily emphasizes his role as a dreamer and thus one incapable of true knowledge. In De Iosepho, Joseph is a dream interpreter who is not only awake but also capable of interpreting the figurative dream of life to which most people are subject. Although some scholars have considered these treatises contradictory in terms of their treatments of Joseph, an analysis of Philo’s figurative use of sleep and dreaming reveals that they are a part of a coherent exegetical framework.
Seven strategies for successful surveys.

Did you ever want to get information from your clients and families to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing or medical interventions? Or have you ever wanted to gain an understanding of the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of children and their families? What about understanding the impact of illness and interventions on
Absence of localization in disordered tight binding models with external electric field: transmission properties

Abstract A disordered discrete model with external dc electric field is presented. The hopping term between nearest neighbour sites is consistent with the condition that the acceleration is constant and proportional to the external field in absence of disorder. It is argued that the localization length, related to the disordered system, goes to infinity due to this external dc electric field. So, strong localization does not exist. Calculations were carried out in the band centre and one crossover, between transmission and weak localization, was found for the transmitted current.
Grouping tropical wood species for kiln drying using mathematical models

ABSTRACT Because of the large variety and diffuse occurrence of tropical hardwood species in the forest, an efficient method to kiln dry these hardwoods in groups is needed. However, tropical hardwoods have a wide variety of drying properties, which makes drying mixtures of species difficult. This paper describes a mathematical model for grouping species by similar drying times. Our goal is to kiln dry so that all species emerge at the same time within set limits of moisture content. The model, which uses previously reported data, incorporates specific gravity, initial moisture content, and thickness as criteria for grouping species based on estimated drying time. The model can be used to calculate drying times and moisture content distributions within multiple-step kiln schedules, followed by calculations to equalize all members of the mixture within final moisture content specifications. The model can also be used to base grouping on green weight density, thus eliminating the need for direct information...
Entrainment and mixing in stratified shear flows

The results of a laboratory experiment designed to study turbulent entrainment at sheared density interfaces are described. A stratified shear layer, across which a velocity difference ΔU and buoyancy difference Δb is imposed, separates a lighter upper turbulent layer of depth D from a quiescent, deep lower layer which is either homogeneous (two-layer case) or linearly stratified with a buoyancy frequency N (linearly stratified case). In the parameter ranges investigated the flow is mainly determined by two parameters: the bulk Richardson number RiB = ΔbD/ΔU2 and the frequency ratio fN = ND=ΔU.When RiB > 1.5, there is a growing significance of buoyancy effects upon the entrainment process; it is observed that interfacial instabilities locally mix heavy and light fluid layers, and thus facilitate the less energetic mixed-layer turbulent eddies in scouring the interface and lifting partially mixed fluid. The nature of the instability is dependent on RiB, or a related parameter, the local gradient Richardson number Rig = N2L/ (∂u/∂z)2, where NL is the local buoyancy frequency, u is the local streamwise velocity and z is the vertical coordinate. The transition from the Kelvin–Helmholtz (K-H) instability dominated regime to a second shear instability, namely growing Holmboe waves, occurs through a transitional regime 3.2 5:8.Laser-induced fluorescence measurements of both the interfacial buoyancy flux and the entrainment rate showed a large disparity (as large as 50%) between the two-layer and the linearly stratified cases in the range 1.5 < RiB < 5. In particular, the buoyancy flux (and the entrainment rate) was higher when internal waves were not permitted to propagate into the deep layer, in which case more energy was available for interfacial mixing. When the lower layer was linearly stratified, the internal waves appeared to be excited by an ‘interfacial swelling’ phenomenon, characterized by the recurrence of groups or packets of K-H billows, their degeneration into turbulence and subsequent mixing, interfacial thickening and scouring of the thickened interface by turbulent eddies.Estimation of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget in the interfacial zone for the two-layer case based on the parameter α, where α = (−B + e)/P, indicated an approximate balance (α ∼ 1) between the shear production P, buoyancy flux B and the dissipation rate e, except in the range RiB < 5 where K-H driven mixing was active.
Freie und erzwungene Schwingungen der Magnetisierung in dünnen Permalloy-Schichten

Free oscillations of the magnetization ranging from 500 to 1100 mc/sec have been excited in thin permalloy films by a pulse field with a risetime less than 0·35 nsec, and observed with a sampling oscilloscope. The eigenfrequencies and the damping constants of these free oscillations are compared with the resonance frequencies and the damping constants of forced oscillations obtained in ferromagnetic resonance experiments. Perpendicular and parallel orientation of the magnetization with respect to the easy direction of the induced uniaxial anisotropy of the film are considered. The results show reasonable agreement with theoretical values gained from the Landau-Lifshitz equation.
Motor evoked potentials in Wilson's disease : early and late motor responses

Abstract Motor evoked potentials following magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex and the spinal roots were studied in 13 patients with Wilson's disease (WD). The fast-conducting motor pathway function was normal in 9 patients. The cortically-evoked motor responses were absent in patients with cerebral white matter lesion and akinetic rigid syndrome. In addition to the primary or early motor response, late motor response was common in WD and occurred with a latency of 70–90 msec for the upper limb and 90–110 msec for the lower limb. The cause of the late motor response is unknown, but may be an enhanced late response infrequently observed in normal subjects.
Fission in Heteropolar Tandem Grafts of the Ciliate Stentor coeruleus

SYNOPSIS Stentor pairs fused by their posterior ends show persisting mutual adhesion, tho they eventually pull apart. When immobilized in methyl cellulose these grafts constricted in 2 in the line of heal. In no other type of stentor graft has such deliberate separation been observed.
Are supernovae sources of presolar grains

ISOTOPIC measurements1 in chondritic meteorites have revealed that live 26Al was present in the early solar system. 26Al and other reported isotopic peculiarities2–4 in the meteorite Allende could be attributable to explosive nucleosynthesis, sparking suggestions1–8 that a nearby supernova may have contaminated the early solar nebula. One explanation for isotopic anomalies in early nebular condensates is the injection of supernova grains. An advantage of this mechanism is that it could avoid excessive dilution of the anomalies by the bulk of the nebula. We examine here the early expansion of supernovae to determine the likelihood of grain nucleation and growth.
A solution to the strong CP problem in N = 1 supergravity models

Abstract We point out that the simplest embedding of the SU(2) L × U(1) weak interaction model in N = 1 supergravity leads to an effective theory at low energies with a softly broken Peccei-Quinn symmetry. The combined impact of this soft breaking and supergravity is then to produce a finite and negligible small strong CP parameter: θ ≲ 10 −20 , thus predicting invisible strong CP violation.
Acrobeads Test as a Predictor of Fertilization In Vitro

PROBLEM: To determine whether the results of the Acrobeads test, which measures the expression of the complement regulator molecule CD46 on the inner acrosomal membrane following the acrosome reaction, accurately identifies semen specimens that will exhibit reduced or failed fertilization following conventional IVF insemination. METHOD: The Acrobeads test was performed on semen specimens from 97 consecutive patients preparing to undergo an IVF cycle utilizing a standardized insemination protocol. Motile sperm populations were examined at 6 h and 24 h post-isolation for sperm-bead agglutination. Results of the Acrobeads test were compared to that of TRITC-PSA staining in matched specimens to directly measure the spontaneous loss of acrosome content. The percentages of TRITC-PSA-negative sperm were determined in freshly isolated motile populations and in duplicate aliquots incubated 18 to 20 h under sperm capacitating conditions. The relationship between the results of both analyses estimating spontaneous acrosome reactions and the rate of fertilization of metaphase II oocytes was examined. RESULTS: The Acrobeads score did not correlate significantly with the rate of fertilization by insemination at 6 h or at 24 h. The negative predictive value of this test was 21.4%. There was no correlation between the Acrobeads score and the percentage of sperm undergoing a spontaneous acrosome reaction as detected by TRITC-PSA labeling. In contrast, the increment increase in the percentage of spontaneous acrosome reactions as quantified by TRITC-PSA staining was correlated with the fertilization rate. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to previous reports, our prospective, double-blinded study failed to demonstrate that the Acrobeads test can accurately predict fertilization outcome in IVF. Therefore, the routine use of this test to screen patients prior to an IVF cycle in order to select appropriate treatment (i.e., ICSI) cannot be recommended.
A coupled surface boundary-layer-quasigeostrophic model

Abstract A three-dimensional model of the mesoscale surface boundary layer of the open ocean is developed through scale analysis of the primitive equations with mixing included. A set of surface boundary-layer equations appropriate for a broad range of oceanic and atmospheric scales is thereby derived. The essential basis of the model is a coupling between quasigeostrophic dynamics away from the boundary layer and arbitrary mixing models within the mixed layer. The coupling consists of advection of the boundary layer by the horizontal and vertical components of the interior quasigeostrophic flow and forcing of the interior by the boundary layer in the form of divergence within the boundary layer which leads to vortex stretching/compression in the interior. The divergence is generalized for mesoscale wind-driven flows and includes nonlinear interaction between the directly wind-driven boundary-layer flow and the interior flow in the form of interior relative vorticity advection by the wind-driven flow. The nature of the equations leads us to apply a numerical algorithm to their solution. This algorithm is calibrated through application to idealized problems to determine the temporal and spatial grid requirements. The model is initialized with a realistic ocean flow having the properties of the Gulf Stream.
A demonstration of mon-axial polarity in the naked ameba

1. Enucleated fragments are not capable of normal locomotion. 2. The nucleus may be an active agent in cytoplasmic organization. 3. The protoplasm of enucleate segments gradually becomes more viscous until coagulation ensues. 4. The uroid is necessary to the normal form during locomotion. 5. Immediately after being severed from the body, a nucleated segment displays a sequence of three periods of protoplasmic behavior: a) A period of quiescence. b) A period of un-coordinated movement. c) A period of coordinated movement. 6. A nucleated segment regenerates along the same axis of the animal from which it was severed. 7. The antero-posterior axis of an entire individual persists in a nucleated segment of the individual.
Reynolds Number and Cowl Position Effects for a Generic Sidewall Compression Scramjet Inlet at Mach 10: A Computational and Experimental Investigation

Reynolds number and cowl position effects on the internal shock structure and the resulting performance of a generic three-dimensional sidewall compression scramjet inlet with a leading edge sweep of 45 degrees at Mach 10 have been examined both computationally and experimentally. Prior to the experiment, a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code was adapted to perform preliminary parametric studies leading to the design of the present configuration. Following this design phase, the code was then utilized as an analysis tool to provide a better understanding of the flow field and the experimental static pressure data for the final experimental configuration. The wind tunnel model possessed 240 static pressure orifices distributed on the forebody plane, sidewalls, and cowl and was tested in the NASA Langley 31 Inch Mach 10 Tunnel.
High-resolution macromolecular structure determination using CCD detectors and synchrotron radiation

Abstract Background: Synchrotron radiation sources have made impressive contributions to macromolecular crystallography. The delay in development of appropriate X-ray detectors has, however, been a significant limitation to their efficient use. New technologies, based on charge-coupled devices (CCDs), provide capabilities for faster, more accurate, automated data collection. Results A CCD-based X-ray detector has been developed for use in macromolecular crystallography and has been in operation for about one and a half years at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source. It has been used for a variety of crystallographic projects, including a number of high-resolution structural studies. The statistical quality of the data, the detector's ease and efficiency of use, and the growing number of structural results illustrate the practical utility of this new detector system. Conclusion The new detector has enhanced capabilities for measuring diffraction patterns from crystals of macromolecules, especially at high resolution, when the X-ray intensities are weak. The survey of results described here ranges from virus crystallography to weakly diffracting small-molecule structure determination and demonstrates the potential of CCD detectors when combined with synchrotron radiation sources.
This Land Was Made for You and Me: Teaching for Economic Justice in Upper Elementary and Middle School Grades

ABSTRACT Teaching for economic justice can be challenging for upper elementary and middle school teachers. Many teachers may feel uncomfortable with the subject matter and thus avoid addressing sensitive social issues related to economic/financial inequities. This article describes how selected songs and works of visual art, expressions of social protest and social commentary from past and present, can be used appropriately as starting points for introducing the concept of economic justice. By using principles and strategies of Discipline-Based Arts Education (DBAE) and employing works of art as organizing centers for instruction, potentially sensitive social issues are simultaneously personalized and depersonalized. Music and art provide a relatively safe and comfortable means for teachers to promote student awareness and sensitivity towards economic injustices. Two sample lesson plans, the first for upper elementary students and the second for middle school students, are provided and discussed.
Robust neural networks using motes

The goal of this research is to derive circuits that can recover from component failure. Our approach is to replace a single monolithic computing element with a system of simple, redundant, interconnected processing nodes such as a neural net. Each node will be a hardware device called a mote that can sense data, do simple processing and wirelessly transmit and receive data from its neighbors. The neural net is trained using an evolutionary algorithm called particle swarm optimization (PSO). This paper discusses the PSO algorithm, simulated results using the algorithm, and its application to the mote-based neural net. We also describe and show results for a new algorithm called dispersive PSO, which is useful when a neural net needs to be retrained to a different function or when a neural net needs to be retrained due to a node failure.
Pinpointing prognostic indicators of fungal infections in transplant patients.

A number of advances have been made in the prevention and treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in transplant recipients. However, despite best clinical efforts, patient outcomes are often disappointing. The study of prognostic indicators of IFI for transplant patients may aid in the development of improved prevention measures, or determine more aggressive treatment pathways. Owing to the rarity of IFI, appropriately powered studies are often difficult to achieve; moreover, a lack of standardized outcome definitions make study comparisons difficult. Herein, prognostic indicators for mortality in transplant patients with IFI are reviewed, with a focus on invasive aspergillosis and invasive candidiasis
EuO/Tb-Fe-Co EXCHANGE COUPLED FILMS

Macroscopic ferrimagnets have been prepared by codepositing Co, Tb and Eu2O3 by e-beam evaporation. The films show compensation temperatures at compositions which indicate that the europium is in the divalent state and is coupled antiparallel to the Co magnetization. Under the present conditions of deposition, these films do not show perpendicular easy axis anisotropy, whereas previously studied Co-EuS films did. At room temperature there is magneto-optical evidence that the EuO precipitate phase is coupled antiparallel to the cobalt. That is, a film with 80 mole % Co (in the Co dominated composition range) shows a positive peak in the Kerr spectrum at 1.7 eV, whereas a Tb doped EuO film shows a negative peak in the same energy range. The change of sign of the Kerr peak shows that the EuO phase is coupled antiparallel to the cobalt.
From Darwin to Hitler. Evolutionary Ethics, Eugenics, and Racism in Germany

“Darwinism was a necessary, but not sufficient, cause for Nazi ideology.” This is the thesis of Richart Weikart's important, scholarly, controversial, but narrowly conceived book. Put more strongly, but within the parameters of Weikert's argument: No Darwin, no Hitler.
Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in four human species of Leishmania: a comparative survey.

SYNOPSIS. The occurrence and levels of activity of various enzymes of carbohydrate catabolism in culture forms (promastigotes) of 4 human species of Leishmania (L. brasiliensis, L. donovani, L. mexicana, and L. tropica) were compared. These organisms possess enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway but lack lactate dehydrogenase. No evidence could be found for the production of lactic acid by growing cultures and lactic acid could not be detected either in cell-free preparations or after incubation of cell-free extracts with pyruvate and NADH under appropriate conditions. All 4 species possess α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and α-glycerophosphate phosphatase which together could regenerate NAD, thus compensating for the absence of lactate dehydrogenase. The oxidative and nonoxidative reactions of the hexose monophosphate pathway are present in all 4 species. Cell-free extracts have pyruvate dehydrogenase activity which allows the entry of pyruvate into and its subsequent oxidation through the tricarboxylic acid cycle. All enzymes of this cycle, including a thiamine pyrophosphate dependent α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase are present. Both NAD and NADP-linked malate dehydrogenase activities are present. The isocitrate dehydrogenase is NADP specific. There is an active glutamate dehydrogenase which could compete with α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase for the common substrate (α-ketoglutarate). Replenishment of C4 acids is accomplished by heterotrophic CO2 fixation catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase. All 4 species have high levels of NADH oxidase activity. Several enzymes thus far not found in any species of Leishmania have been demonstrated. These are: phosphoglucose isomerase, triose phosphate isomerase, fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, enolase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, α-glycerophosphate phosphatase, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, citrate synthase, aconitase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and NADH oxidase.
Disentangling the effects of arousal and valence on memory for intrinsic details.

Kensinger (2009) and Mather (2007) both argue that intrinsic features of emotional items are remembered better than intrinsic features of non-emotional items. However, Kensinger attributes these effects to negative valence whereas Mather attributes them to arousal. In this paper, we note several reasons why arousal may be the driving factor even when a study reveals more detailed memory for negative items than for positive items. We also reanalyze previous data (Mather & Nesmith, 2008) to show that although both arousal and negative valence were correlated with memory accuracy, enhanced memory accuracy was accounted for by arousal rather than valence.
Effects of Domain Size and Numerical Resolution on the Simulation of Shallow Cumulus Convection

The authors present three-dimensional numerical simulations of oceanic trade cumulus clouds underlying stratocumulus clouds. The case studied is a Global Energy and Water Experiment (GEWEX) Cloud System Study (GCSS) model intercomparison that is loosely based on observed conditions during the Atlantic Trade Cumulus Experiment (ATEX). It is motivated by the importance of this cloud type to global cloud radiative forcing, and their role as a feeder system for deep convection in the Tropics. This study focuses on the sensitivity of the modeled cloud field to the domain size and the grid spacing. Domain widths from 6.5 to 20 km and horizontal grid spacings ranging from 10 to 80 m, with corresponding vertical grid spacing ranging from 5 to 40 m, are studied, involving massively parallel computations on up to 2.5 billion grid cells. The combination of large domain size and small grid resolution provides an unprecedented perspective on this type of convection. The mean stratocumulus cloud fraction, optical depth, and vertical fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum are found to be quite sensitive to both the domain size and the resolution. The sensitivities are associated with a strong feedback between cloud fraction, cloud-top radiative cooling, and entrainment. The properties of individual cumulus clouds rising into the stratocumulus are less affected than the stratocumulus clouds. The simulations with 80-m horizontal by 40-m vertical resolution are clearly under-resolved, with distinctly different distributions of liquid water within the clouds. Increasing the resolution to finer than 40 m horizontal/20 m vertical affects the inversion structure and entrainment processes somewhat, but has less impact on the structure of individual clouds. Large-domain simulations exhibit mesoscale structure in the cloud organization and liquid water path. This mesoscale variability feeds back on the domain-mean properties through the cloud-radiative feedback. These simulations suggest that very large computations are required to obtain meaningful cloud statistics for this case.
STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF SILICON RADIATION DETECTORS OF THE DIFFUSED p-n JUNCTION TYPE TO X RAYS. II. PHOTODIODE MODE OF OPERATION

The response to x rays of silicon radiation detectors of the p-n junction type was investigated with special consideration of their dependence on the applied voltage. In agreement with theory, the photocurrent, I g , was found to consist of a voltage-independent part mainly determined by the average diffusion length of minority carriers in the base layer, and a voltage-dependent part which is proportional to the width of the depletion region, w. Due to the voltage dependence of w, I g increases with increasing voltage applied, but its relative change produced by different voltages is independent of exposure rate and quality of radiation. Exposure rate and energy dependence of I g expressed in relative values are thus independent of applied voltage. Silicon radiation detectors, used as photodiodes can therefore be useful for monitoring of radiations at exposure rates larger than 1 R/min, taking advantage of the possibility to increase current sensitivity by increasing the voltage V and to increase the voltage signal by increasing the load resistance R L . There are however limitations in increasing V and R L . because of the increasing noise with increasing dark current and some dependence of measured current signals on R L . The temperature coefficient of I g is positive and independent of R L , but shows some small voltage dependence. In the temperature range between 25 and 50 °C, the average temperature coefficient is approximately 0.35 percent per degree centigrade. A value of the average diffusion length of minority carriers in the base layer has been derived from the measured voltage dependence of I g .
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 : Dubious Prospects for Diversity as a Compelling Governmental Interest

The Supreme Court applied strict scrutiny to diversification plans for public high school enrollment in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007). Unlike the diversity plan upheld in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), where law school applicants were potentially denied a benefit, all students in the Seattle plan were awarded a high school seat but perhaps not in their preferred school. Nevertheless, this plan was struck down by the Court as a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, on the grounds that it was not sufficiently narrowly tailored. The question of whether diversity can withstand the other aspect of strict scrutiny, serving a compelling government interest, was not as definitively answered, although the prospects appear dim. A reasonable inference from Parents Involved for public human resource management is that race-conscious diversity plans are not likely to receive constitutional cover from the current Court.
Gas permeance measurement of hollow fiber membranes in gas‐liquid environment

An apparatus and methodology were developed to measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide permeance of hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) in a gas-liquid environment. The gas-liquid permeance measurements were compared with measurements made in a gas-gas environment to validate the methodology and to determine whether the permeance of an HFM in a gas-liquid environment differs inherently than in a gas-gas environment. The methodology is based on measuring the overall system permeance for a range of liquid velocities and isolating the membrane resistance to gas flux from the liquid boundary layer resistance by regression of a nonlinear system model to the data. The success of the methodology in accurately estimating membrane permeance depended on the maximum liquid velocity which the system could consistently generate past the fibers.
DYNAMICS OF CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE PHASE-BOUNDARY BETWEEN A NORMAL AND A SUPERCONDUCTING REGION.

The time-dependent Bogoliubov Equations — which are derived in a slightly generalized form — are applied to the problem of quasiparticle reflection from the phaseboundary between a normal and a superconducting region. The momentum balance of current flow through the boundary is discussed. The supercurrent induced by a quasiparticle with excitation energy less than the maximum value of the pair-potential is calculated.