cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Modern Approach to the Surgical Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Abstract Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder that can cause a variety of typical and atypical symptoms. Although most patients can be rendered asymptomatic with medical treatment, some experience persistent breakthrough symptoms. A long history of GERD is associated with the risk for the development of Barrett's esophagus and ultimately esophageal carcinoma. Although often underutilized, minimally invasive antireflux surgery can help manage these patients. However, thorough evaluation and accurate diagnosis of GERD and its underlying pathophysiology are critical in ensuring successful surgical treatment. This review offers a stepwise approach to the diagnostic workup of GERD and how to appropriately tailor available surgical treatments to specific patient subgroups.
Bacterial Degradation of Biotin: V. METABOLISM OF 14C-CARBONYL-LABELED BIOTIN d-SULFOXIDE

Abstract Biotin d-sulfoxide can be utilized as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur for growth of a pseudomonad. The following series indicates the relative rates of uptake of 14C-biotin and the 14C-analogues by 0.9% NaCl solution-washed cells, which were grown in a medium containing biotin d-sulfoxide: biotin sulfone g biotin l-sulfoxide g biotin d-sulfoxide g biotin g dethiobiotin. Bacteria grown on a salts-trace element medium containing 0.3% 14C-carbonyl-labeled biotin d-sulfoxide have an extended initial period of slow growth as compared to that on a medium containing 14C-biotin. Biotin is slowly produced in the d-sulfoxide culture, and the concentration of biotin reaches a maximum of approximately 5 to 7% of the total remaining substrate during the log phase of growth. Several metabolites have been isolated from culture filtrates of the pseudomonad grown for 9 days on a medium containing 14C-carbonyl-labeled d-sulfoxide. Purification of the following metabolites has been achieved by anion exchange chromatography over Dowex 1-X2: biotin; bisnorbiotin; tetranorbiotin; biotin l-sulfoxide; biotin sulfone; and a new catabolite, bisnorbiotin sulfone. The results are consistent with the conclusion that reduction of d-sulfoxide to the thioether precedes utilization of the sulfur atom. Thus, the major pathway for the degradation of biotin d-sulfoxide appears to be through biotin.
Framing legislative bills in parliament: Regional-nationalist parties’ strategies in Spain’s multinational democracy

This article analyzes the strategies parties employ during the inter-electoral phase of party competition. It focuses on Spain’s multi-national democracy and how regional-nationalist parties frame ...
Polymeric tannins significantly alter properties and in vitro digestibility of partially gelatinized intact starch granule.

Abstract Excess calorie intake is a growing global problem. This study investigated effect of complexing partially gelatinized starch with condensed tannins on in vitro starch digestibility. Extracts from tannin and non-tannin sorghum, and cellulose control, were reacted with normal and waxy maize starch in 30% (30E) and 50% ethanol (50E) solutions at 70 °C/20 min. More tannins complexed with the 30E than 50E starches (mean 6.2 vs 3.5 mg/g, respectively). In the 30E treatments, tannins significantly increased crystallinity, pasting temperature, peak viscosity, and slow digesting starch (from 100 to 274 mg/g) in normal, but not waxy starch, suggesting intragranular cross-linking with amylose. Tannins doubled resistant starch (RS) to approx. 300 mg/g in both starches. In 50E treatments, tannins made both maize starches behave like raw potato starch (>90% RS), suggesting granule surface interactions dominated. Non-tannin treatments generally behaved similar to cellulose. Condensed tannins could be used to favorably alter starch digestion profile.
Performance modeling of component assemblies: Research Articles

A parallel component environment places constraints on performance measurement and modeling. For instance, it must be possible to instrument the application without access to the source code. In addition, a component may admit multiple implementations, based on the choice of algorithm, data structure, parallelization strategy, etc., posing the user with the problem of having to choose the ‘correct’ implementation and achieve an optimal (fastest) component assembly. Under the assumption that an empirical performance model exists for each implementation of each component, simply choosing the optimal implementation of each component does not guarantee an optimal component assembly since components interact with each other. An optimal solution may be obtained by evaluating the performance of all of the possible realizations of a component assembly given the components and all of their implementations, but the exponential complexity renders the approach unfeasible as the number of components and their implementations rise. This paper describes a non-intrusive, coarse-grained performance monitoring system that allows the user to gather performance data through the use of proxies. In addition, a simple optimization library that identifies a nearly optimal configuration is proposed. Finally, some experimental results are presented that illustrate the measurement and optimization strategies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PROBE OF INTERNET ORGANIZATION

At present, the new-economy originated in America is rapidly sweeping over the world at the uncommon speed. The new-economy requires the new style organizational structure, internet organization (IO) is just the model which is suitable for the new-economy's need. This paper introduces the organization and the definition of IO, and analyses its characteristic, superiority and difference from virtual organization.
The Effects of Fire and Other Habitat Characteristics on Habitat Selection of Exyra ridingsii (Riley), the Riding's Pitcherplant Looper Moth

ABSTRACT Exyra ridingsii is a host-specific moth that spends its entire immature life cycle in the Sarracenia flava L. pitcher plant. Sarracenia flava requires a habitat that undergoes frequent fires and has acidic moist soil. During this investigation we studied the degree to which E. ridingsii damaged S. flava under different environmental conditions. From summer 2012 to fall 2013, five sites in the Croatan National Forest, North Carolina, were surveyed four times each year. At each site, 7 to 20 quadrats were randomly selected for sampling. In each quadrat, pitchers were counted and measured for height and whether the pitchers were affected by herbivory; the fraction affected was calculated (herbivory per clump). Median herbivory per clump at the burned sites ranged from 86–100%. All other sites ranged from 50–75% with the exception of the unburned pocosin site, which was the lowest at 32%. Herbivory per clump was found to differ by site, but because sites varied in environmental characteristics other...
Strain sensing in composites using aligned carbon nanotube sheets embedded in the interlaminar region

Abstract This paper introduces a novel technique for embedding aligned sheets of two millimeters long, interconnected CNTs into the interlaminar region of composite structures. The potential of these embedded CNT sheets to function as damage detecting and strain sensing elements was demonstrated via various mechanical tests that were accompanied by real time electrical resistance change data acquisition. The experimental results suggested that the CNT sheet sensitivity could be further enhanced by an oxygen plasma treatment and also by pre-straining the CNT sheets before embedding them. The samples containing two CNT sheets layers exhibited long term stability, sensitivity and repeatability which are vital features for health monitoring.
Hoffmann's Tragic Heroes

(1970). Hoffmann's Tragic Heroes. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 94-104.
Some Factors Affecting Testosterone, Dihydrotestosterone, 5α-Andro­stan-3α,17β-Diol and 5α-Androstan-3β,17β-Diol Secretion by in Vitro Perfused Rabbit Testes

Dihydrotestosterone* and 5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol are present in the peripheral circulation of several vertebrate species (1–11). Although considerable quantities of these 5α-reduced androgens are derived via the peripheral conversion of blood borne precursors (5,12,13) it is now clear that significant amounts of 5α-reduced androgens originate from the gonads of two species, namely, dogs (6,14) and rabbits (15,16). The most likely explanation for gonadal derivation of these androgens is that testicular and epidi­dymal function are testosterone dependent (17,18) and that testosterone probably exerts its regulatory effects only after conversion to DHT (19,20) which subsequently is metabolized to androstanediols (3α-androstanediol and 3β-androstanediol) in the male gonad. Thus, testosterone secretion might represent a balance between intra-testicular biosynthesis on one hand and intratesticular metabolism on the other. In fact, such a scheme has been proposed to explain the transient changes in net testosterone biosynthesis in maturing guinea pig (21) and rat (22–28) testis. Significant metabolism of a steroidal hormone prior to its secretion from the biosynthetic source is not without precedent since Kitay and co-workers (29–32) showed that corticosterone secretion by the rat adrenal depends not only upon the rate of corticosterone synthesis but also upon its conversion to 5α-reduced metabolites.
Sensing textile seam-line for wearable multimodal physiological monitoring

This paper investigates a novel multimodal sensing method by forming seam-lines of conductive textile fibers into commercially available fabrics. The proposed ultra-low cost micro-electro-mechanical sensor would provide, wearable, flexible, textile based biopotential signal recording, wetness detection and tactile sensing simultaneously. Three types of fibers are evaluated for their array-based sensing capability, including a 3D printed conductive fiber, a multiwall carbon nanotube based fiber, and a commercially available stainless steel conductive thread. The sensors were shown to have a correlation between capacitance and pressure; impedance and wetness; and recorded potential and ECG waveforms.
Social Policy Expansion in Latin America

Throughout the twentieth century, much of the population in Latin America lacked access to social protection. Since the 1990s, however, social policy for millions of outsiders - rural, informal, and unemployed workers and dependents - has been expanded dramatically. Social Policy Expansion in Latin America shows that the critical factors driving expansion are electoral competition for the vote of outsiders and social mobilization for policy change. The balance of partisan power and the involvement of social movements in policy design explain cross-national variation in policy models, in terms of benefit levels, coverage, and civil society participation in implementation. The book draws on in-depth case studies of policy making in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico over several administrations and across three policy areas: health care, pensions, and income support. Secondary case studies illustrate how the theory applies to other developing countries.
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries Associated With Military Survival Swim Training

ABSTRACT Objectives: Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries are relatively common injuries associated with athletic activities and high-energy trauma. Posterolateral corner (PLC) injuries frequently accompany injury to the PCL. Diagnosis can be challenging and requires a comprehensive history and physical examination. Patients frequently report vague, nonspecific symptoms and the mechanism of injury is often useful in localizing injured structures. Two of the more common mechanisms for PCL injury include a direct blow to the proximal anterior tibia with the knee flexed, as well as a significant knee hyperextension injury. With a PCL tear, patients rarely describe an audible “pop” that is commonly reported in ACL injuries. On physical exam, a frequent finding in PCL tears is a loss of 10 to 20° of knee flexion. Although the most common clinical tests for PCL tears include the posterior drawer test, the posterior sag sign, and the quadriceps active test, there is a lack of high-quality diagnostic accura...
Plasmon canalization and tunneling over anisotropic metasurfaces

We discuss the possibility of plasmon canalization, collimation, and tunneling over ultrathin metasurfaces, enabled by extreme anisotropy in their complex conductivity dyadic. The interplay between anisotropy, conductivity-near-zero, and loss is exploited here to derive general conditions for plasmon canalization and efficient energy transport. We also demonstrate how the intrinsic in-plane anisotropy of black phosphorus can provide a natural platform to engineer these conditions, exhibiting important advantages over isotropic plasmonic materials. Our findings have implications for plasmonic sensors, planar hyperlenses, and plasmon steering over a surface, and they highlight the potential of two-dimensional materials beyond graphene.
High-performance sodium-organic battery by realizing four-sodium storage in disodium rhodizonate

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) for grid-scale applications need active materials that combine a high energy density with sustainability. Given the high theoretical specific capacity 501 mAh g−1, and Earth abundance of disodium rhodizonate (Na2C6O6), it is one of the most promising cathodes for SIBs. However, substantially lower reversible capacities have been obtained compared with the theoretical value and the understanding of this discrepancy has been limited. Here, we reveal that irreversible phase transformation of Na2C6O6 during cycling is the origin of the deteriorating redox activity of Na2C6O6. The active-particle size and electrolyte conditions were identified as key factors to decrease the activation barrier of the phase transformation during desodiation. On the basis of this understanding, we achieved four-sodium storage in a Na2C6O6 electrode with a reversible capacity of 484 mAh g−1, an energy density of 726 Wh kg−1 cathode, an energy efficiency above 87% and a good cycle retention.
Kant's Robust Theory of Grace

In this paper I argue against two prevailing views of Kant’s Religion. Against commentators such as Michalson and Quinn, who have argued that Kant’s project in Religion is riddled with inconsistencies and circularities, I show that a proper understanding of Kant’s views on grace reveals these do not exist. And contra commentators that attribute to Kant at best a minimalist conception of grace (e.g., Wood 1991 and Pasternack 2014), I show that Kant’s view of it is remarkably robust. I argue that Kant works with three different conceptions of grace. These are: a) grace and the God within, b) grace and the transformation of the fundamental orientation, and c) grace that can be laid hold of; the first and the last play a significant role in his philosophy of religion.
Reasons for Retirement Following Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Among Major League Baseball Pitchers

Background:Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) has become an increasingly common procedure among Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers. The long-term effects of this procedure on the car...
A coupled dislocation dynamics-continuum barrier field model with application to irradiated materials

Abstract A new computational methodology for 3-dimensional (3D) Discrete Dislocation Dynamics (DDD) in barrier-strengthened materials is developed. We couple the discrete 3D DDD framework with the Finite Element Method (FEM) solution of a continuum field equation for the evolution of dispersed barriers. Coupled model parameters are obtained from detailed statistical analysis of 3D DDD simulations of single dislocation-barrier interactions. We develop a crystal lattice based continuum material point arrangement method to precisely distribute localized plastic strain as a result of dislocation-barrier interactions, enabling the method to be crystal-structure sensitive. The model is demonstrated by an application to the study of the physics of dislocation channel formation and plastic instability phenomena in irradiated materials. The results are shown to be in agreement with experiments on the magnitude of radiation hardening and the onset of plastic instability. Plastic flow localization in irradiated materials was shown to be more prevalent at high irradiation dose. The method enables future studies of the plastic deformation in precipitation-strengthened alloys, hydrogen-embrittled materials, and the plasticity of irradiated materials.
A Comprehensive Noninvasive Assessment of Anatomy and Function in Patent Ductus Arteriosus

While the dimensional and functional cardiac effects of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) have been echocardiographically assessed in infants and children, the direct noninvasive imaging of ductus contour and shunting has not been achieved. Since PDA patients occasionally have atypical findings and some premature infants have no murmur, we have combined M-mode study, saline echo contrast techniques, real-time cross-sectional echo imaging and saline contrast during cross-sectional echo, in a comprehensive evaluation of PDA.
Property in the Bible

The Bible is a rich source of information about the theory and practice of property law in ancient times. The text deals insightfully with the concept of the root of title and sets forth sensible rules for defining property rights, protecting those rights against infringement, and facilitating transfers of ownership. Overall, the institutions of ancient Israel responded in an efficient way to the challenge of administering a regime of private property under technological conditions which were substantially less advanced than those which prevail today.
REFLECTION OF A THICK PLANAR SHOCK WAVE FROM A COPLANAR SURFACE

The reflection of a thick shock wave from an adsorbing surface has been studied for argon and neon test gases using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method and laboratory shock-tube experiments. In the simulation, collisions between gas atoms were calculated with a point-center repulsive intermolecular potential, and collisions between gas atoms and the surface were described by a simple two-parameter model which includes the effects of adsorption and thermal accommodation. Experimental data included normal stress and temperature time histories on the surface of a shock-tube and wall. These data and published data of density variations near the end wall were compared with simulation results to assess the influence of adsorption and accommodation on the flowfield and the surface and also to infer optimum values for the surface-interaction model parameters. Good quantitative agreement between simulation and laboratory data was found with this simple surface-interaction model.
Three-Dimensional Characterization of Trabecular Bone Mineral Density of the Distal Radius Utilizing Quantitative Computed Tomography.

Background: Distal radius (DR) fractures demonstrate patterns of predictable fragments. Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements of these regions of interest (ROIs) may guide more precise treatment....
Leadership Reflections: Parent Leadership

There are many types of leadership but little known is parent leadership – how parental skills are applied to the workplace. Libraries depend more on soft skills that facilitate work and advance an organization. How individuals work together in an organization is just as critical as the work they accomplish. This depends on the ability of employees to develop and utilize their soft skills complementing their technical skills and expertise. As leaders focus more on behavior, they may tap into their parenting techniques in order to coach, guide, direct, and resolve conflicts. While a leader may not be able to ground an employee or take away their TV watching privileges, they might find themselves resorting to similar techniques in their management.
Mixed effects of an introduced ecosystem engineer on the foraging behavior and habitat selection of predators

Invasive ecosystem engineers both positively and negatively affect their recipient ecosystems by generating novel habitats. Many studies have focused on alterations to ecosystem properties and to native species diversity and abundance caused by invasive engineers. However, relatively few studies have documented the extent to which behaviors of native species are affected. The red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Rhodophyta) invaded estuaries of the southeastern United States within the last few decades and now provides abundant aboveground vegetative cover on intertidal mudflats that were historically devoid of seaweeds. We hypothesized that G. vermiculophylla would affect the foraging behavior of native shorebirds positively for birds that target seaweed-associated invertebrates or negatively for birds that target prey on or within the sediment now covered with seaweed. Visual surveys of mudflats >1 ha in size revealed that more shorebirds occurred on mudflats with G. vermiculophylla relative to mudflats without G. vermiculophylla. This increased density was consistent across 7 of 8 species, with the one exception being the semipalmated plover Charadrius semipalmatus. A regression-based analysis indicated that while algal presence predicted shorebird density, densities of some bird species depended on sediment composition and infaunal invertebrate densities. At smaller spatial scales (200 m2 and <1 m2 ), experimental removals and additions of G. vermiculophylla and focal observations showed strong variation in behavioral response to G. vermiculophylla among bird species. Birds preferentially foraged in bare mud (e.g., C. semipalmatus), in G. vermiculophylla (e.g., Arenaria interpres), or displayed no preference for either habitat (e.g., Tringa semipalmata). Thus, while the presence of the invasive ecosystem engineer on a mudflat appeared to attract greater numbers of these predators, shorebird species differed in their behavioral responses at the smaller spatial scales that affect their foraging. Our research illuminates the need to account for species identity, individual behavior, and scale when predicting the impacts of invasive species on native communities.
Neonatal ethanol exposure impairs long-term context memory formation and prefrontal immediate early gene expression in adolescent rats.

Abstract Fetal alcohol exposure leads to severe disruptions in learning and memory involving the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in humans. Animal model research on FASD has documented impairment of hippocampal neuroanatomy and function but animal studies of cognition involving the prefrontal cortex are sparse. We have found that a variant of contextual fear conditioning in which both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex is required, the Context Preexposure Facilitation Effect (CPFE), is particularly sensitive to neurobehavioral disruption caused by neonatal ethanol exposure during the third trimester equivalent of human pregnancy in the rat (i.e., PD4-9). In the CPFE, learning about the context, acquiring a context-shock association, and retrieving contextual fear are temporally separated across three days. The current study asked whether neonatal alcohol exposure impairs context learning, consolidation, or retrieval and examined prefrontal and hippocampal molecular signaling as correlates of this impairment. Long-Evans rats that received oral intubation of ethanol (AE; 5.25 g/kg/day, split into two doses) or underwent sham-intubation (SI) from PND4-9 were tested on the CPFE on PD31-33. Extending our previous reports, ethanol abolished both post-shock and retention test freezing in the CPFE. Assays (qPCR) of immediate early gene expression revealed that ethanol disrupted prefrontal but not hippocampal expression of c-Fos, Arc, Egr-1, and Npas4 during context learning. Finally, ethanol-exposed animals were unimpaired in a standard contextual fear conditioning procedure in which learning about the context and acquiring a context-shock association occurs concurrently. These findings implicate impaired prefrontal function in cognitive deficits arising from 3rd-trimester equivalent alcohol exposure in the rat.
Sulfur heat transfer behavior in vertically-oriented and nonuniformly‑heated isochoric thermal energy storage systems

Abstract Elemental sulfur thermal energy storage (SulfurTES) is a promising low-cost solution for many medium to high temperature (300–1200 °C) TES applications. Demonstrations of SulfurTES have shown that the heat transfer behavior of sulfur in isochoric tubes is critical to system thermal performance. Previous studies have elucidated and quantified the sulfur heat transfer rate for idealized uniform charge and discharge; however, nonuniform conditions are more likely to be encountered in practice and need to be understood. This paper uses experimental and computational efforts to investigate sulfur heat transfer as well as exergy and energy performance in vertically-oriented tubes for two nonuniform thermal charge scenarios: top-heating and bottom-heating. In comparison with uniform thermal charge, the top-heating causes significant thermal stratification of sulfur that helps the SulfurTES system achieve superior exergetic performance. In contrast, the bottom-heating causes rapid mixing between hot and cold sulfur resulting in high charge rates. Both nonuniform charge strategies could be utilized during the operation of the SulfurTES system to improve system performance as well as provide operational flexibility. Using the computational results, this article originally develops two simplified analytical procedures to estimate the energy and exergy performance of sulfur in tubes of different sizes under top- and bottom-heating. The current study provides significant qualitative and quantitative heat transfer descriptions and design bases for SulfurTES systems and encourages further investigations into the complicated thermal performance for other thermal storage applications.
Influence of magnesium deficiency on horse foal tissue concentrations of Mg, calcium and phosphorus

1. The effects of feeding with a purified magnesium-deficient diet (--Mg, 7-8 mg Mg/kg) on horse foal blood serum and tissue concentrations of Mg, calcium and phosphorus were studied, and the results compared with histopathological findings. 2. Serum concentrations of Ca and P were unaffected by feeding with the --Mg diet, whereas serum Mg concentrations decreased from a mean initial (day o) concentration of 0.78 mmol/l to 0.53 mmol/l 7 d after foals were placed on the -Mg diet, and then continued to decrease at a slower rate. 3. Aorta concentrations of Ca and P, but not Mg, were positively correlated with the period of time foals were given the -Mg diet, verifying histopathological findings. Results for both aorta Ca and P analyses and histopathological studies indicated that mineralization of the aorta began approximately 30-35 d after foals were placed on the -Mg diet. 4. Feeding with the -Mg diet had no significant, analytically detectable effect on brain, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, skeletal or cardiac muscle concentrations of Ca, P or Mg, although microscopic evidence of mineralization was seen in some of these tissues from foals given the Mg diet for 71-180 d. 5. A significant negative correlation was found between bone ash concentrations of Mg (rib, metacarpus and metatarsus) and the length of time foals were fed on the Mg diet. Bone ash concentrations of Ca and P were, however, unchanged. 6. Low serum Mg values and negative correlations between the bone ash concentration of Mg and the period of time foals were fed on the -Mg diet supplemented with 390 mg. Mg as MgO/kg were interpreted as suggesting that either this level of Mg supplementation is marginal for the growing foal, or that the Mg in MgO is not readily available to the growing foal.
Parent Satisfaction with Professionals Having a Family Systems Orientation to Early Intervention

This article describes a pilot study conducted to examine parent satisfaction with professionals who provided early intervention services to rural families. Professionals working with infants and y...
Optimizing Term Delivery and Mode of Delivery.

Full-term deliveries are defined as occurring between 39 weeks and 40 weeks and 6 days. Because contemporary research suggests improved outcomes with delivery in the term period compared with the early term period, nonindicated delivery should be pursued no earlier than 39 weeks. There are, however, multiple medical, obstetric, and fetal indications for delivery before 39 weeks, and the obstetric provider must weigh the risks and benefits of delivery versus expectant management on both the mother and fetus. This review serves to provide a basic framework of evidentiary support toward optimizing the term delivery.
Strength and Reliability of Structural Steel Roofs Subjected to Ponding Loads

AbstractRoof collapses due to ponding instability are among the most frequent structural failures. Although methods of design for other types of instability have evolved and improved with computati...
Advanced Micro-/Nanostructured Wicks for Passive Phase-Change Cooling Systems

Heat pipes and vapor chambers have been widely utilized for the thermal management of electronic devices due to their effective heat transport, passive cooling operation, and high reliability. In t...
Ex uno plures: Splitting One Model into an Ensemble of Subnetworks

Monte Carlo (MC) dropout is a simple and efficient ensembling method that can improve the accuracy and confidence calibration of high-capacity deep neural network models. However, MC dropout is not as effective as more compute-intensive methods such as deep ensembles. This performance gap can be attributed to the relatively poor quality of individual models in the MC dropout ensemble and their lack of diversity. These issues can in turn be traced back to the coupled training and substantial parameter sharing of the dropout models. Motivated by this perspective, we propose a strategy to compute an ensemble of subnetworks, each corresponding to a non-overlapping dropout mask computed via a pruning strategy and trained independently. We show that the proposed subnetwork ensembling method can perform as well as standard deep ensembles in both accuracy and uncertainty estimates, yet with a computational efficiency similar to MC dropout. Lastly, using several computer vision datasets like CIFAR10/100, CUB200, and Tiny-Imagenet, we experimentally demonstrate that subnetwork ensembling also consistently outperforms recently proposed approaches that efficiently ensemble neural networks.
Recombination and restart at blocked replication forks

Replication fork stalling occurs when the replisome encounters a barrier to normal fork progression. Replisome stalling events are common during scheduled DNA synthesis, but vary in their severity. At one extreme, a lesion may induce only temporary pausing of a DNA polymerase; at the other, it may present a near-absolute barrier to the replicative helicase and effectively block fork progression. Many alternative pathways have evolved to respond to these different types of replication stress. Among these, the homologous recombination (HR) pathway plays an important role, protecting the stalled fork and processing it for repair. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how blocked replication forks in vertebrate cells can be processed for recombination and for replication restart.
Histone Deacetylases in the Control of Epidermal Homeostasis: From Chromatin Biology toward Therapy

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) induce gene repression and modify the activity of nonhistone proteins. In a new article in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Zhu et al. (2021) demonstrate essential roles for HDAC1/2 in maintaining keratinocyte proliferation and survival in adult epidermis and basal cell carcinoma, thus providing a rationale for using HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of hyperproliferative and neoplastic skin disorders.
The Utilization of Cytologic Fine-Needle Aspirates of Lung Cancer for Molecular Diagnostic Testing.

In this era of precision medicine, our understanding and knowledge of the molecular landscape associated with lung cancer pathogenesis continues to evolve. This information is being increasingly exploited to treat advanced stage lung cancer patients with tailored, targeted therapy. During the management of these patients, minimally invasive procedures to obtain samples for tissue diagnoses are desirable. Cytologic fine-needle aspirates are often utilized for this purpose and are important not only for rendering diagnoses to subtype patients’ lung cancers, but also for ascertaining molecular diagnostic information for treatment purposes. Thus, cytologic fine-needle aspirates must be utilized and triaged judiciously to achieve both objectives. In this review, strategies in utilizing fine-needle aspirates will be discussed in the context of our current understanding of the clinically actionable molecular aberrations underlying non-small cell lung cancer and the molecular assays applied to these samples in order to obtain treatment-relevant molecular diagnostic information.
What Does It Mean to Know a Client? Personal and Theoretical Reflections

SYNOPSISTraditional theories of counseling and psychotherapy presume that helpers can come to know their clients. However, when subjected to critical examination, questions about knowing others become complex and problematic. Through personal and theoretical reflections, the author attempts to clarify the complex question of ‘What does it mean to know a client?’
IN SEARCH OF CHANGED CLIMATES: Water, Weather, and Sociality in Gary Pak's ‘Language of the Geckos’

In postcolonial studies, national and indigenous communities are often partly framed in relation to the relatively stable, enduring space of the land. As we move into more amphibious or aerial realms, however, questions about these frameworks emerge. Is there a space indicated by water and climate? Do the spaces of water and climate designate particular socialities (such as the nation), as the land often has? If any concept and practice of community requires some kind of permanence and stability, how are possible communities imaginatively linked to the disruptive but also cyclical temporalities of water and weather? In discussing these questions in this essay, I trace the shifting shapes and pathways of water and weather conditions in recent literature from Hawai‘i. I find that Gary Pak, in his short story ‘Language of the Geckos’, theorizes a history of trans-Pacific US economic and military expansion and marginalization of indigenous Hawaiian water regimes, as well as the emergence of a new kind of soci...
Stealth Compensation via Retirement Benefits

This paper analyzes an important form of stealth compensation provided to managers of public companies. We show how boards have been able to camouflage large amounts of executive compensation through the use of retirement benefits and payments. Our study illustrates the significant role that camouflage and stealth compensation play in the design of compensation arrangements. It also highlights the importance of having information about compensation arrangements not only publicly available but also communicated in a way that is transparent and accessible to outsiders. To improve the transparency of executives' retirement payments and benefits, we propose several changes in current disclosure requirements. Among other things, firms should be required to report to investors each year the dollar value of all the retirement benefits to which their executives become entitled. For example, firms should disclose to investors the annual buildup in the actuarial value of executives' retirement plans, as well as the tax savings reaped by executives at the company's expense through the use of deferred compensation arrangements. Firms should also disclose to investors each year the present value of all the retirement benefits their top executives have accumulated and the text of any compensation agreements entered into with their executives.
Model Simulations Of A Coastal Jet And Undercurrent In The Presence Of Eddies And Jets In The California Current System

A high-resolution, multi-level, primitive equation ocean model is used to examine the response of an initial baroclinic jet in an idealized, flat-bottomed, oceanic regime along an eastern ocean boundary. The initial system, intending to represent the mean California Current System during the upwelling season, consists of an equatorward coastal jet overlying a poleward undercurrent. After ~30 days, eddies and jets are generated, due to the baroclinic instability associated with the vertical shear between the Coastal Upwelling Jet (CUJ) and the California Undercurrent (CUC). An examination of both the near-surface and subsurface flow fields in the presence of the eddies shows a complex structure. In the presence of cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddies close to shore, the near-surface (subsurface) current meanders cyclonically (anticyclonically) around the eddies, thereby extending its offshore domain. In the presence of anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies, the near-surface (subsurface) flow continues equatorward (poleward) in a narrowly confined nearshore region of ~40 km for the surface flows (~8–20 km for the subsurface flows).
Control Charts, Selection of

The control chart is an essential tool in the area of statistical process monitoring. As the applications of control charts become more varied, control charts are continuously being adapted to meet the new data environments. Many types of control charts and monitoring schemes are now available to practitioners. This article provides general guidelines for selecting appropriate control charts for a given application. Keywords: quality control; control charts; statistical process control; process monitoring; quality improvement; Six Sigma
Autocratic Ratification: Environmental Cooperation to Prolong Survival

The spread of democracy, and specifically the establishment of more democratic institutions within states, has long been held as a sufficient condition for unlocking greater levels of international cooperation and the spread of better environmental quality. However, the exploration of a new dataset of 51 environmental treaties suggests that it may not be a necessary one. Autocracies ratify these treaties at rates not dramatically different from their democratic counterparts and these outcomes depend on substantively different leadership incentives and institutional constraints. This paper provides evidence that dictators weigh the costs of the ratification decision (threats to rent extraction and revenue maximization) against the benefits (the promise of environmental goods to prolong survival) when evaluating an environmental treaty. If an important aim is to maximize environmental treaty participation, then exploring the incentives that have successfully motivated dictator behavior in the past may provide useful lessons for the design of treaties in the future.
Enhanced terrestrial weathering/runoff and surface ocean carbonate production during the recovery stages of the Paleocene‐Eocene thermal maximum

[1] The carbonate saturation profile of the oceans shoaled markedly during a transient global warming event known as the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) (circa 55 Ma). The rapid release of large quantities of carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system is believed to have triggered this intense episode of dissolution along with a negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE). The brevity (120–220 kyr) of the PETM reflects the rapid enhancement of negative feedback mechanisms within Earth's exogenic carbon cycle that served the dual function of buffering ocean pH and reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas levels. Detailed study of the PETM stratigraphy from Ocean Drilling Program Site 690 (Weddell Sea) reveals that the CIE recovery period, which postdates the CIE onset by ∼80 kyr, is represented by an expanded (∼2.5 m thick) interval containing a unique planktic foraminiferal assemblage strongly diluted by coccolithophore carbonate. Collectively, the micropaleontological and sedimentological changes preserved within the CIE recovery interval reflect a transient state when ocean-atmosphere chemistry fostered prolific coccolithophore blooms that suppressed the local lysocline to relatively deeper depths. A prominent peak in the abundance of the clay mineral kaolinite is associated with the CIE recovery interval, indicating that continental weathering/runoff intensified at this time as well (Robert and Kennett, 1994). Such parallel stratigraphic changes are generally consonant with the hypothesis that enhanced continental weathering/runoff and carbonate precipitation helped sequester carbon during the PETM recovery period (e.g., Dickens et al., 1997; Zachos et al., 2005).
Facilitation of Monosynaptic and Complex PSPs in Type I Interneurons of Conditioned Hermissenda

Synaptic plasticity and intrinsic changes in neuronal excitability are two mechanisms for Pavlovian conditioning. Pavlovian conditioning of Hermissenda produces synaptic facilitation of monosynaptic medial B–medial A IPSPs and intrinsic changes in excitability of type A and B cells in isolated and intact sensory neurons of the conditioned stimulus (CS) pathway. Recently two types of interneurons that receive either excitatory or inhibitory monosynaptic or polysynaptic input from photoreceptors have been identified. On the basis of morphological and electrophysiological criteria, the interneurons have been classified as type I e , I i (direct), and type II e , II i (indirect). We have now examined synaptic facilitation of monosynaptic PSPs in type I e and I i interneurons after conditioning and pseudorandom control procedures. Here we report that CS-elicited spike activity is increased in type I e interneurons and decreased in type I i interneurons of conditioned animals relative to their respective baseline activity and pseudorandom control groups. Classical conditioning resulted in synaptic facilitation of type I e and I i monosynaptic PSPs elicited by lateral B spikes and enhancement of the amplitude of complex PSPs elicited by the CS. These results provide additional sites of plasticity in the neural circuit involved with the expression of learned behavior produced by Pavlovian conditioning of Hermissenda .
MODIFICATION OF ANTHRAX BY IONIZING RADIATION.

Since dogs are not susceptible to anthrax when inoculated cutaneously, the possible effect of irradiation on susceptibility was explored. Beagles received x irradiation combined with anthrax either simultaneously or three days after irradiation. The controls were irradiated or infected with anthrax alone. A single dose of 125, 250, or 325 r total-body 1-Mev x irradiation was used, which was either equall to or less than the LD/sub 50/ for dogs. A dose rate of 68 r/min in air was used. The distal 1/3 of the femur and the tibia of both hind legs of some dogs in the 250-r group were shielded from radiation. Spores of Bacillus anthracis which had been heat-shocked 48 hr earlier were injected in two doses (5 x 10/sup 4/ or 1 x 10/sup 6/ spores) by the subcutaneous route into the right axilla either simultaneously with or three days after irradiation. Regardless of dose, anthrax alone did not kill dogs. Irradiation alone killed three of six animals in the 250-r group, two of two in the 325-r group, and none in the 125-r group. The dogs died with the acute radiation syndrome characterized by severe lymphohematopoietic depletion and multiple visceral hemorrhages or manifestations of amore » hemorrhage diathesis. Lymphopenia was observed. Shielding of hind legs protected the irradiated animals from death. Anthrax combined with irradiation killed most of the dogs, inoculated with either high or low doses of anthrax, between 6 and 12 days after infection regardless of dose and time of irradiation. Shielding of the hind legs of irradiated anthrax- infected dogs did not fully protect the dogs from death; four of seven animals in this group died. In contradistinction to the controls, irradiated anthrax- infected dogs invariably developed septicemia with concomitant diffuse and massive cellulitis and a peculiar histopathologic reaction. The histopathologic reaction was essentially hemorrhagic, poor in inflammatory cells, and exceptionally rich in bacilli and bacterial thrombi. This reaction was not observed in other species injected with anthrax. Thus, the normal resistance of the dog to anthrax was markedly reduced by irradiation. Irradiation may increase the harmful effect of anthrax by disturbing the mechanism of defense in this resistant host. This is probably due to damage to the lymphatic and hematopoietic systems by irradiation, further complicated by the infection. Therefore, this combination seems to create a favorable medium for anthrax spores to germinate and multiply. It seemed to stimulate the germination with rapid dissemination and overwhelming septicemia. This was confirmed by the fact that no bacteremia nor significant, persistent cellulitis was observed in the dogs infected with anthrax alone, while irradiated anthrax-infected dogs died with massive, overwhelming septicemia and extensive cellulitis. (BBB)« less
Autoignition of Flowing Hydrogen-Air Mixtures

A shock tube was used to determine the cause of autoignitions occurring at low temperatures in flowing hydrogen-air mixtures. For flow speeds above 750 m/sec, ignitions were observed at temperatures 400K below that established in static mixtures by the thermal explosion limit method. Gasdynamic processes which can produce high local static temperatures were absent. Therefore, the classical concept of "ignition temperature" does not seem to apply to these spontaneous ignitions. The onset of ignition has been experimentally correlated to the flow speed, the density in the boundary layer, the wall temperature, and the stagnation temperature of the flow. It has been concluded that the low temperature ignition originates in the boundary layer and is caused by friction induced ionization of the hydrogen molecule at the surface of the tube. When the boundary layer is turbulent, the low temperture ignitions do not occur.
Liganded and Unliganded Thyroid Hormone Receptor Modulation of β 1 Adrenergic Receptor Gene Transcription

Liganded and Unliganded Thyroid Hormone Receptor Modulation of β 1 Adrenergic Receptor Gene Transcription
A Highly Configurable Vortex Initialization Method for Tropical Cyclones

AbstractA highly configurable vortex initialization methodology has been constructed in order to permit manipulation of the initial vortex structure in numerical models of tropical cyclones. By using distinct specifications of the flow in the boundary layer and free atmosphere, an array of parameters is available to modify the structure. A nonlinear similarity model that solves the steady-state, height-dependent equations for a neutrally stratified, axisymmetric vortex is solved for the boundary layer flow. Above the boundary layer, a steady-state, moist-neutral, hydrostatic and gradient wind balanced model is used to generate the angular momentum distribution in the free atmosphere. In addition, an unbalanced mass-conserving secondary circulation is generated through the assumption of conservation of mass and angular momentum above the boundary layer. Numerical simulations are conducted using a full-physics mesoscale model to explore the sensitivity of the vortex evolution to different prescriptions of t...