cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Threonine-insensitive Homoserine Dehydrogenase from Soybean GENOMIC ORGANIZATION, KINETIC MECHANISM, AND IN VIVO ACTIVITY

Aspartate kinase (AK) and homoserine dehydrogenase (HSD) function as key regulatory enzymes at branch points in the aspartate amino acid pathway and are feedback-inhibited by threonine. In plants the biochemical features of AK and bifunctional AK-HSD enzymes have been characterized, but the molecular properties of the monofunctional HSD remain unexamined. To investigate the role of HSD, we have cloned the cDNA and gene encoding the monofunctional HSD (GmHSD) from soybean. Using heterologously expressed and purified GmHSD, initial velocity and product inhibition studies support an ordered bi bi kinetic mechanism in which nicotinamide cofactor binds first and leaves last in the reaction sequence. Threonine inhibition of GmHSD occurs at concentrations (Ki = 160–240 mm) more than 1000-fold above physiological levels. This is in contrast to the two AK-HSD isoforms in soybean that are sensitive to threonine inhibition (Ki∼150 μm). In addition, GmHSD is not inhibited by other aspartate-derived amino acids. The ratio of threonine-resistant to threonine-sensitive HSD activity in soybean tissues varies and likely reflects different demands for amino acid biosynthesis. This is the first cloning and detailed biochemical characterization of a monofunctional feedback-insensitive HSD from any plant. Threonine-resistant HSD offers a useful biotechnology tool for manipulating the aspartate amino acid pathway to increase threonine and methionine production in plants for improved nutritional content.
Circumferential Tensile Stiffness of Glaucomatous Trabecular Meshwork

Purpose Our previous work indicated that a larger circumferential Young's modulus (E) of trabecular meshwork (TM) correlated with a higher outflow facility (C) in normal human donor eyes. The current study investigated the influence of glaucomatous TM stiffness and cellularity on C. Methods Eight left eyes from glaucomatous human donors were perfused within 48 hours post mortem. Values of C were determined at pressures of 10, 20, 30, and 40 mm Hg. The TM was then dissected and imaged with optical coherence tomography to determine its cross-sectional area. Uniaxial tensile stress was applied longitudinally to TM segments to determine stress-strain curves. E was calculated at zero strain, representing the circumferential stiffness of the TM at a relaxed state. Confocal images of DAPI-stained TM segments were used to determine cellularity after mechanical stretching. Results C (μL/min/mm Hg) of glaucomatous eyes was 0.18 ± 0.02 (mean ± SE) at 10 mm Hg and decreased to 0.11 ± 0.02 when the pressure was increased to 40 mm Hg. C measured at 30 and 40 mm Hg correlated with TM cellularity. E was 12.5 MPa and 1.4 (geometric mean and SE) and did not statistically correlate with postmortem time, age, C, or cellularity. Conclusions Compared with data of normal eyes observed in a previous study, C in glaucomatous eyes was reduced significantly, and the amount of reduction increased with increasing the pressure. E of glaucomatous TM was approximately one-fifth that of normal TM. Prospective studies are needed to further investigate the influence of TM tensile stiffness on outflow regulation.
Explaining religious terrorism: A data-mined analysis

What is the relationship between religious liberty and faith-based terrorism? The wider literature on freedom and terrorism has failed to reach a conclusive verdict: some hold that restricting civil liberties is necessary to prevent acts of terrorism; others find that respecting such rights undermines support for terrorist groups, thus making terrorism less likely. This article moves the debate on liberty and terrorism forward by looking specifically at terrorism motivated by a religious imperative and a country’s level of religious liberty—something not attempted in previous studies. Using classification data mining, we test a unique dataset on religious terrorism in order to discover the characteristics that contribute to a country experiencing religiously motivated terrorism. The analysis finds that religious terrorism is indeed a product of a dearth of religious liberty. The study concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for policy-makers.
Emissivity measurements of reflective surfaces at near-millimeter wavelengths.

We have developed an instrument for directly measuring the emissivity of reflective surfaces at near-millimeter wavelengths. The thermal emission of a test sample is compared with that of a reference surface, allowing the emissivity of the sample to be determined without heating. The emissivity of the reference surface is determined by one’s heating the reference surface and measuring the increase in emission. The instrument has an absolute accuracy of Δe = 5 x 10^-4 and can reproducibly measure a difference in emissivity as small as Δe = 10^-4 between flat reflective samples. We have used the instrument to measure the emissivity of metal films evaporated on glass and carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composite surfaces. We measure an emissivity of (2.15 ± 0.4) x 10^-3 for gold evaporated on glass and (2.65 ± 0.5) x 10^-3 for aluminum evaporated on carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composite.
The cloning of a T4 transfer RNA gene cluster.

Abstract Bacteriophage T4 codes for eight tRNAs that are clustered between genes e and 57. In order to obtain a well-defined T4 fragment containing only the tRNA genes and their promoter(s) for the study of tRNA biosynthesis, recombinant DNA technology was applied. However, in numerous attempts the T4 fragment carrying a cluster of seven T4 tRNA genes had not been cloned, while other T4 genes were cloned repeatedly. This led us to believe that there must be a segment of DNA whose expression was detrimental to bacterial viability contained within this region. In this paper we describe the successful cloning of the T4 fragment that contained the DNA segment “lethal” to the host. Three kinds of λ-T4 hybrid phages containing the tRNA gene cluster were isolated. Some had a deletion in the T4 fragment. Using our restriction map of the cloned fragment, the deletions were mapped. All the deletions encompass a common region, about 1000 base-pairs upstream from the tRNA cluster. Deletion of this DNA segment allowed us to locate a T4 tRNA promoter. λ-T4 hybrid phages that had a full-length fragment produced T4 tRNAs, while little T4 tRNA synthesis was detected in cells infected with λ-T4 hybrid phages deleted in the lethal region. RNA polymerase binding experiments confirmed this conclusion that there was a promoter in the deleted region. These results strongly support the idea that T4 tRNAs are synthesized in a large transcriptional unit. T4 tRNAs are then matured mainly by the host enzymes. However, the fact that three of the T4 tRNAs were not produced in any infections with these λ-T4 hybrid phages indicates that some T4 factor(s) is involved in the biosynthesis of some of the T4 tRNAs. Having cloned and mapped the T4 fragment containing the tRNA gene cluster, we now can proceed toward obtaining an understanding of the biosynthesis of the tRNAs at the molecular level.
Wired to mobilize: The effect of social networking messages on voter turnout

Abstract Recent scholarship has documented the effect of online social networking on political participation, a relationship hypothesized to be due to the generation of social capital. This paper tests the hypothesis that impersonal get-out-the-vote messages delivered via an online social network can increase voter turnout. Specifically, this study uses a field experiment of randomly assigned students from a large southern public university to test the effect of exposure to political messages via Facebook on the likelihood of them voting in the November 2010 election. The results indicate that encouragements to vote delivered through a social networking site can have substantively large effects on political behavior.
220 fs Er-Yb:Glass Laser Mode-Locked by a Broadband Low-Loss Si/Ge Saturable Absorber

We report a silicon/germanium saturable Bragg reflector, compatible with CMOS processing. Its sub-picosecond recovery time enables a C-band spanning mode-locked Er-Yb:glass laser at 1540 nm, generating 220 fs pulses.
Alkanethiolate-Protected Palladium Nanoparticles

The synthesis and characterization of stable nanometer-sized alkanethiolate-protected palladium particles are described. The particles were synthesized in a biphasic system, and the formation appeared to involve a dynamic process, where initially larger particles were quickly formed, followed by decomposition into smaller and more stable particles. The solution color was found to change concurrently. With varied synthetic conditions, the particle size was found to vary and fall mainly within the size range of 1−5 nm in diameter with modest dispersity as determined by transmission electron microscopy. UV−vis spectroscopic measurements showed a Mie scattering profile, but no well-defined surface−plasmon resonance. FTIR studies indicated that the monolayers became more ordered with longer chain lengths of the protecting alkanethiolates. Electrochemical studies exhibited the solution-phase Coulomb staircase charging of the particle double layers, analogous to the observations with gold particles, where the pe...
Jejeunal Variceal Hemorrhage: An Unusual Complication of Needle Catheter Jejeunostomy

Needle catheter jejeunostomy is a useful method for providing fluid and nutritional support in selected patients after laparotomy. The technique is widely used, and complications are infrequent. We report herein a new complication of this procedure. A cirrhotic patient with portal hypertension underwent needle catheter jejeunostomy subsequent to esophageal transection for esophageal hemorrhage. The catheter functioned satisfactorily in the postoperative period and was removed before discharge. Approximately 1 yr later, gastrointestinal hemorrhage recurred which was localized to the site of the previous needle catheter jejeunostomy. Portasystemic collaterals between the small bowel and the abdominal wall at the jejeunostomy were the source of bleeding. Take-down of the jejeunostomy site and resection of the involved bowel successfully controlled hemorrhage. Needle catheter jejeunostomy may be contraindicated in patients with portal hypertension. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition7:489-491, 1983)
Mononchoides Changi N. Sp. and M. Bollingeri N. Sp. (Nematoda: Diplogasterinae), From a Waste Treatment Plant 1 )

Mononchoide.r changi n. sp. is characterized by a curved, doubly notched plate with a singly notched dorsal section, large phasmids in both sexes, gubernaculum narrow with a constriction 2/5 distance from anterior end, and eight or nine pairs of caudal setae on the male. M. bollingeri n. sp. has a doubly notched curved plate with the dorsal section modified to a long tooth, the anterior part of the gubernaculum is short and not set off by a constriction, there are ten pairs of caudal setae on the male, and large phasmids are present in both sexes.
Nursing at a crossroads. Exploring the need for advanced nursing education.

Changes in the health care workplace following many of the reforms instituted by that industry—now coupled with a nationwide nursing shortage resulting from an aging population of nurses, increased career opportunities for women and declining enrollments in schools of nursing—have influenced the ways in which nurses work and are educated.
Disruption and Reconnection: Counseling Young Adolescents in Japanese Schools:

Adolescents face a range of problems in all industrialized nations. In Japan, middle school teachers have a variety of committees and support systems available to assist them in counseling early adolescents. Beginning with two case studies, the author examines the specific systems teachers use. Due to the absence of formal counselors in Japanese schools, teachers are required to provide counseling for a variety of serious mental and emotional problems. Although the system works well on a preventative basis, it can substantially drain a teacher's time if a child 's problems are severe. In comparing Japanese and U.S. systems, the author finds that some of the basic organizational elements used by the Japanese have been implemented in California schools. The author argues for a systematic effort at reform rather than trying to adopt certain techniques piecemeal.
Alteration of Normal Development of Drug Metabolism by Injection of Growth Hormone

GROWTH hormone (STH) may affect the normal development of the rat hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system, for there is a normal postnatal, age-related increase in activity of this system1,2. A relation between pituitary hormones and liver drug metabolism was suggested by the observation that the normal postnatal development of hexobarbital, aminopyrine and p-nitrobenzoic acid metabolism was prevented in young male rats which had high levels of STH (ref. 2) from a pituitary mammotropic tumour (MtT–F4) (ref. 3). In adult rats injected with STH a decrease in hepatic microsomal drug metabolism was observed4. This report demonstrates a reduction in the level and rate of increase with age of aminopyrine and ethylmorphine metabolism by liver from STH injected young rats and thus suggests STH as an endogenous agent responsible for the observed postnatal development pattern of this metabolism.
Legion scribe: real-time captioning by the non-experts

Real-time captioning provides people who are deaf or hard of hearing access to aural speech in the classroom and at live events. The only reliable approach currently is to recruit a local or remote expert stenographer who is able to type at natural speaking rates, who charge more than $100 USD per hour and must be scheduled in advance. We introduce Legion Scribe (Scribe) that allows 3-5 ordinary people who can hear and type to collectively caption speech in real-time together. Each individual is unable to type at natural speaking rates, and so each is only asked to type part of what they hear. Scribe computationally stitches the partial captions together to form a final caption stream. We have shown that the accuracy of Scribe captions approaches those of a professional stenographer, while its latency and cost is dramatically lower.
The impact of food aid on world malnutrition.

Does food aid enhance or diminish the nutritional status of recipient populations in less developed countries? In proposing that the long-term impact is negative, critics have argued that aid depresses local food production, is maldistributed and mismanaged such that it does not reach the needy in sufficient quantities, or, where effective, that aid merely reduces the death rate relative to the birth rate, permitting more people to survive at the margin of existence. This study explores the long-term impact of U.S. Public Law 480 food aid through a crossnational analysis of aggregate data on aid receipts and change in nutritional status over the period from 1962 through 1974. Alternative hypotheses are tested through least squares methods and.mean difference tests in the framework of a nonequivalent control group, quasi-experimental design. This study supports the following generalizations: food aid is significantly related with improved nutritional status; the greater the aid, the greater the improvement in nutrition; higher aid recipients do not have significantly lower rates of growth in domestic food production; higher aid recipients do not have higher rates of population growth; and food aid may lead to greater meat consumption among higher aid recipients. Negative effects, experienced in some countries at some times, are not systematically incurred by all food aid recipients over time. In general, food aid does improve nutrition.
In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation of Hepatobiliary Drug Clearance in Humans

The biliary clearance (Clbiliary) of three compounds was estimated using sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) and compared with Clbiliary values measured in vivo. Tc-99m sestamibi (MIBI) Clbiliary was determined in seven healthy volunteers using an oroenteric catheter to aspirate duodenal secretions, and gamma scintigraphy to determine gallbladder contraction; this technique was used previously to determine Tc-99m mebrofenin (MEB) and piperacillin (PIP) in vivo Clbiliary. In vitro Clbiliary of MEB, MIBI, and PIP was quantified in SCHH as the ratio of mass excreted into bile canaliculi and area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) in medium. MIBI Clbiliary in vivo was 5.5±1.2 mL/min/kg (mean±SD). The rank order of Clbiliary predicted from SCHH corresponded well with the in vivo Clbiliary values in mL/min/kg for MEB (7.44 vs 16.1), MIBI (1.20 vs 5.51), and PIP (0.028 vs 0.032). In conclusion, the methods developed allowed for reproducible quantification of Clbiliary of drugs in healthy humans and prediction of Clbiliary from in vitro data. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2007) 81, 406–413. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100059; published online 18 January 2007
Prognostic significance of systolic time intervals after recovery from myocardial infarction.

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that left ventricular global performance as assessed from systolic time intervals provides a prognostic indicator in patients with coronary artery disease. The ratio of preejection period to left ventricular ejection time ( PEP LVET ) was determined in 136 patients an average of 14.3 months (standard deviation 2 months) after a clinically documented acute myocardial infarction. The patients were followed up a minimum of 24 and an average of 43 ± 15 months. Coronary arteriography was performed within 48 hours of determination of the sol PEP LVET ratio. The cumulative 5 year survival rate was 70 percent for the entire series; it was 93 percent for patients with a normal PEP LVET ratio (0.42 or less) and 57 percent for patients with an abnormal ratio (greater than 0.42) (p There was diminishing cumulative survival with increasing extent of coronary arterial obstruction (p PEP LVET ratio and one, two or three vessel disease, the 5 year survival rate was 97, 92 and 87 percent, respectively. Among patients with an abnormal PEP LVET ratio, the respective rates were 82, 51 and 41 percent. Multivariate analysis of factors shown to vary significantly between groups with a normal or abnormal PEP LVET ratio or to have independent prognostic value (age greater than 60 years, angina pectoris, dyspnea, multiple sites of myocardial infarction on electrocardiography, third sound gallop, and cardiothoracic ratio greater than 0.5 on chest roentgenography) revealed that only a cardiothoracic ratio greater than 0.5 added significant predictive information to that of the PEP LVET ratio. The presence of dyspnea, a third or fourth sound gallop and a cardiothoracic ratio greater than 0.5, alone or in combination, did not permit accurate segregation of the patients with a normal or abnormal PEP LVET ratio. Determination of the PEP LVET ratio permits stratification of patients with a previous myocardial infarction into groups with markedly divergent survival patterns. The level of resting left ventricular performance in such patients constitutes a more potent prognostic indicator than does the extent of coronary arterial occlusive disease.
Sensitivity analysis of a nonlinear lumped parameter model of HIV infection dynamics

A formal sensitivity analysis is performed on a delay differential equation model for the viral dynamics of an in vivo HIV infection during protease inhibitor therapy. We present results of both a differential analysis as well as a principle component based analysis and provide evidence that suggests the exact times at which specific parameters have the most influence over the solution. We offer insight into the pairwise mathematical relationships between the productively infected T-cell death rate δ, the viral plasma clearance rate c, and the time delay τ between infection and viral production as they relate to the viral dynamics. The results support the claim that the presence of a nonzero delay has a major impact on the model dynamics. Lastly, we comment upon the inadequacies of an alternative principle component based analysis.
Purification and analysis of a gross murine oncornavirus protein with a molecular weight of about 12,000 specific for the gross virus subgroup

Abstract A structural protein with a molecular weight of approximately 12,000 has been purified from Gross murine oncornavirus by phosphocellulose column chromatography. The protein was distinct from all other of the principle Gross virus components and did not react with antisera prepared against other purified Gross virus proteins with molecular weights of about 30,000, 17,000, 14,000 and 10,000. The immunologic properties of the protein were analyzed by competition radioimmunoassay. The antigenic determinants were chiefly subgroup-specific with a close homology to the analogous protein of AKR, Kirsten, or BALB/c xenotropic viruses but not to proteins of Friend, Rauscher, Moloney, NIH Swiss xenotropic, or NZB xenotropic viruses. Group-specific determinants cross-reactive with the analogous protein of these latter viruses were present but were minor components of the total antigenic specificities of the protein. Weak interspecies cross-reactivity was demonstrated with the Theilen feline virus, but very little, if any, with different primate oncornaviruses. The identity of the related, cross-reactive proteins of other murine viruses was analyzed both by competition radioimmunoassay and immunoprecipitation. It was identified as the 15,000 MW component of Rauscher and Friend viruses, and a 12,000 MW component of Moloney and BALB xenotropic viruses. The close similarity in the properties of the p15 of Rauscher murine virus and this p12 of Gross murine virus establish these as the homologous subgroup-specific proteins of the FMR and Gross subgroups of viruses.
Boundary conditions of the hydrocascade model and relativistic kinetic equations for finite domains

A detailed analysis of the coupled relativistic kinetic equations for two domains separated by a hypersurface having both space- and time-like parts is presented. Integrating the derived set of transport equations, we obtain the correct system of the hydro+cascade equations to model the relativistic nuclear collision process. Remarkably, the conservation laws on the boundary between domains conserve separately both the incoming and outgoing components of energy, momentum and baryonic charge. Thus, the relativistic kinetic theory generates twice the number of conservation laws compared to traditional hydrodynamics. Our analysis shows that these boundary conditions between domains, the three flux discontinuity, can be satisfied only by a special superposition of two cutoff distribution functions for the 'out' domain. All these results are applied to the case of the phase transition between quark gluon plasma and hadronic matter. The possible consequences for an improved hydro+cascade description of the relativistic nuclear collisions are discussed. The unique properties of the three flux discontinuity and their effect on the space-time evolution of the transverse expansion are also analyzed. The possible modifications of both transversal radii from pion correlations generated by a correct hydro+cascade approach are discussed.
Investigation of the role of charged species in hot filament assisted CVD of diamond

Low pressure formation of diamond is well known, and has been accomplished by activating hydrocarbon/hydrogen mixtures near a heated substrate by means of a hot filament, dc glow discharge, etc. Many researchers have reported that externally applied voltages strongly affect the CVD process, and this is often attributed to electron bombardment effects. For this work, a filament assisted CVD reactor was modified by placing a grid between the filament and substrate, enabling independent control of the substrate potential and the filament to substrate current. Growth experiments under various bias conditions indicate that negatively charged species participate in the growth process, and that the reaction rate depends on the substrate potential. The growth rate becomes negligible when the substrate is held at a negative potential, even in the presence of a large current, which calls into question the electron bombardment explanation of the growth rate dependence on electrical bias.
Medium Effects on the Rates of Stereomutation of a Pair of Diastereomeric Cyclopropanones. Ground State Stabilization in Nucleophilic Solvents Induces Deviation from Solvent Polarity Controlled Behavior

The synthesis of the two stereoisomers of spiro(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,1‘-cyclopropan)-2‘-one, 3a and 4a, from diazomethane and the ketene 2-carbonylylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane in ether at 195 K yields a ∼1.6 to 1 ratio. At 245 K, the ratio changes in a first-order manner, with an observed rate constant of 1.7 × 10-4 s-1, to an equilibrium ratio of 0.8 to 1. The temperature dependence of the interconversion of 3a and 4a (GC method) and that of their dideuterio derivatives 3b and 4b (NMR method) have been determined and yield activation parameters Ea = 16.3 ± 1.4 kcal/mol and log A = 10.4 ± 1.4 (A in s-1) (GC method) and Ea = 15.3 ± 1.4 and log A = 9.6 ± 1.4 (NMR method). The free energies of activation at 239 K have been determined in four solvents: dichloromethane (16.1 kcal/mol), acetone (17.7), hexane (17.9), and ether (19.1). The solvent dependence does not correlate well with commonly used measures of solvent polarity, and the reaction is unexpectedly slow in acetone and ether. This deceleration is exp...
A calorimetric investigation of the thermodynamics of H2 absorption/desorption by Pd–Sn alloys

Abstract Relative partial molar enthalpies, Δ H H , have been measured calorimetrically for the reaction of H 2 with a series of disordered, fcc Pd–Sn alloys over the H content ranges available up to p H 2 ≈ 0.17 MPa at 303 K. Enthalpy changes for the 1 2 H 2 + dilute ⇄ hydride phase transition , Δ H plat , have been measured for both the hydride phase formation and decomposition. Hydrogen isotherms, p H 2 1 / 2 - r , have been determined (303 K) for the Pd–Sn alloys where r = H-to-Pd 1− x Sn x , mol ratio. From the isotherms and Δ H H / T values, Δ S H has been determined as a function of r for the various alloys. At a constant low p H 2 , the H solubilities increase by alloying with Sn, however, they markedly decrease with increase of Sn at a constant, high p H 2 .
Common pathobiologic origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer: more than just a smoking gun

239 ISSN 1758-1966 Lung Cancer Manage. (2012) 1(4), 239–242 10.2217/LMT.12.39 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and primary malignancies of the lung are highly prevalent, and often fatal, conditions affecting large numbers of people worldwide. As of 2010, there were approximately 14.8 million cases of COPD that were physician diagnosed in the USA, as well as an additional 12 million estimated un diagnosed cases. There are well over 100,000 deaths annually attributed to COPD in the USA [1]. Lung cancer remains the most lethal malignancy worldwide. It is estimated that lung cancer will account for over 160,000 deaths in the USA alone in 2012 [2]. Tobacco use is a well-publicized – and potent – shared risk factor between the two. There is a large body of evidence suggesting that there are other factors connecting these two disease processes as well. Reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 s, after adjusting for cigarette smoking status, conferred a significantly increased risk of lung cancer [3]. Studies disagree regarding whether there is a linear relationship between the degree of airflow obstruction and the risk of malignancy [4]. The data are also controversial with regards to whether or not computed tomo graphy evidence of emphysema (even in the absence of airflow obstruction) represents an increased risk of primary lung malignancy; one study demonstrated a 3.6fold increase in lung cancer [5]. We will focus on underlying pathways and mechanisms common to both COPD and lung cancer. The evidence suggests that four areas in particular contribute to the shared risk of these two diseases: inflammation, acquired genetic and epigenetic alterations, inheritance and a hypoxic cellular microenvironment.
Unger's Neo-classical Scepticism

Unger introduces his case for Ignorance with what he calls 'the classical argument for scepticism', which he claims is 'the same in form as the "evil demon" argument in Descartes's Meditations'. His version 'is but a more modern, scientific counter-part' to the Cartesian dilemma, in which the evil genius is incarnated as a neuroscientist who accomplishes his deceptions by means of implanted electrodes.' Unger's classical argument, however, is radically defective. Because of this, and because some have accepted Unger's claim to have updated Descartes,' it seems worthwhile to point out the differing roles of diabolical deception in Unger's argument and the original. Here is Unger's brief statement of the argument, before it is complicated to meet contingencies which do not concern us here:
Effect of perfusion pressure on sodium and calcium excretion in the isolated dog kidney (35919).

Summary1. The effect of increasing renal arterial pressure on sodium and calcium excretion in an isolated kidney was studied. 2. Increasing renal arterial pressure by about 50 mm Hg caused a significant increase in both the absolute and fractional excretion of sodium and calcium in the absence of consistent changes in GFR or RBF. 3. A significant correlation was found between calcium and sodium excretion and provides additional evidence that the transport of these two cations is linked.
Sexual identification and gender identity among father-absent males

The present study used multiple measures of sexual identification and of gender identity to determine discriminant functions in order to classify 100 college males and 100 females. These functions were then applied in classification of a separate sample of 50 father-absent and 50 father-present males as masculine or feminine for sexual identification and for gender identity. True similarity to response patterns of a female sample, as reflected in differences in classification rates for father-present and -absent groups, was not observed for either variable. However, substantial support was obtained for a positive association between father absence for male subjects and less masculine gender identity. Different elements of family structure were observed to be associated with the development of sexual identification among father-absent and father-present males. Sons of mothers who remained single after the father's absence were more frequently classified female in sexual identification than were sons of mothers who remarried. Within intact families, a positive father-son relationship was associated with masculine sexual identification.
Dependence of Magnetic Shielding of Nuclei upon Molecular Orientation

An expression is calculated for the dependence of the magnetic shielding of nuclei in linear molecules upon the magnetic quantum number of the molecule. The expression for the dependence upon orientation is shown to consist of two different terms. The first of these is directly related to the spin-rotational magnetic interaction constant of the molecule. Since the interaction is known experimentally in the important case of molecular hydrogen, this term can directly be evaluated from the experimental measurements. The other term is proportional to $\frac{(3{\ensuremath{\zeta}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{r}^{2})}{{r}^{3}}$ averaged over the electron coordinates in the molecule. This term can be calculated from the wave function of the hydrogen molecule. For molecular hydrogen, the dependence of the nuclear shielding upon the molecular orientation is in principle measurable. Such a measurement, combined with the theory of the paper, provides an important check on the molecular hydrogen wave function.
Robust scheduling in a flexible fork-join network

We consider a general flexible fork-join processing network, in which jobs are modeled as directed acyclic graphs with nodes representing tasks, and edges representing precedence constraints among tasks. Both servers and tasks are flexible in the sense that each task can be processed by several servers, which in turn can serve multiple task types. The system model is motivated by the problem of efficient scheduling of both sequential and parallel tasks in a flexible processing environment, which arises in application areas such as healthcare, cloud computing, and manufacturing. A major challenge in designing efficient scheduling policies is the lack of reliable estimates of system parameters such as arrival and/or service rates. We call a policy robust if it does not depend on system parameters such as arrival and service rates. In this paper, we propose a robust scheduling policy for the flexible fork-join network model, and prove that it is rate stable when service rates can be written as products of a task-dependent quantity and a server-dependent quantity. We also provide a detailed simulation study to demonstrate the performance of the proposed policy.
INFORMATION PROCESSING IN STRATEGIC ALLIANCE BUILDING: A MULTIPLE‐CASE APPROACH*

Strategic alliance building has proliferated in many industries in recent years. This research focuses on the dynamic aspects of the alliance building process that have been neglected in previous research. the study examines how organizations process information during strategic alliance building and how the effective management of uncertainty and equivocality is linked to alliance success. Analysis of qualitative and quantitative data from a multi-case study leads to a proposed model of information processing in strategic alliance building and research propositions. the research propositions suggest that strategic alliance success is facilitated or impeded by a number of factors including the selection of information-processing mechanisms, the management of alliance building momentum, political activity, and information-processing structure. These factors collectively form information-processing environments that are linked to the success or failure of the alliance. Successful alliance building efforts seem to require adaptive information-processing environments that alter information-processing mechanisms to match information-processing needs.
Inter and Intra Professional Social Work Differences: Social Works Challenge

Social work historically has had two overarching domains. One domain is concerned with communities and policy development, the other with direct practice involving individuals, groups and families. Both the macro and micro domains are infused with concerns of social justice and advocacy. Conflict in the profession between social justice and casework began over a century ago, with early social work leaders Mary Richmond and Jane Addams. Controversy within the profession continues today. This paper will present many of the differing viewpoints within the ever-changing kaleidoscope of the profession. The paper will objectively present the issues of debate regarding micro and macro foci and recent debates related to professionalization, licensure, and the education of social workers. It will challenge readers to critically think about their own practices and view points. The synergy of the profession is much more than either people changing or society changing. As a profession we must move beyond the discord to the embodiment of harmony. The problem of AIDS will be discussed in order to demonstrate the challenges of working at both the micro and macro levels.
Impact of placebo assignment in clinical trials of Parkinson's disease.

Informed consent procedures in placebo-controlled trials are developed to ensure that subjects entering studies clearly understand the possibility of placebo assignment. The extent of patient understanding and the impact of learning that they were assigned placebo treatment have not been extensively studied. By using a standardized questionnaire, we interviewed 50 consecutive placebo-treated patients from 14 placebo-controlled clinical trials of Parkinson's disease (PD) after completion of their involvement. All patients interviewed understood that their study contained a placebo arm. All had hoped to receive the study drug rather than placebo, and more than half the subjects believed they had improved clinically during their placebo exposure. Positive impressions of enrollment in placebo-controlled trials were more frequent than negative, included helping to advance science (86%); liking the experience, education, and attention associated with the clinical trial (90%); and participating in research for the benefit of other patients as well as for themselves (80%). If another placebo-controlled trial was offered, 88% expressed that they would possibly, likely, or definitely be interested in enrollment. PD patients clearly understand the concept of placebo-controlled trials they complete them, but they are inaccurate in assessing whether they received placebo treatment. Although most wish they received the active compound being tested, the overall view of participation in placebo-controlled trials is viewed very positively by PD patients.
Noncoordinate control of RNA synthesis in eucaryotic cells

Abstract Inhibition of protein synthesis in confluent monolayers of chick fibroblasts stimulates selectively the synthesis of 4S RNA, resulting in a net accumulation of 4S RNA in the inhibited cells. Under these conditions, inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis and processing occurs, as does a decrease in soluble uridine phosphate concentrations; increased pools of certain amino acids are also apparent. Recovery of cells from inhibition is accompanied by a rapidly increasing rate of protein synthesis that lasts for several hours. The small molecular weight RNA synthesized during inhibition of protein synthesis appears properly methylated, and in the presence of cycloheximide and actinomycin D shows a precursor-product conversion. Radiolabeled RNA synthesized during inhibition of protein synthesis is stable following the recovery of cells from inhibition. Stimulation of uridine incorporation into 4S RNA during arrest of protein synthesis is also demonstrated in high-density cultures of L- and Hep-2 cells, suggesting that this non-coordinate stimulation of 4S RNA may be a general property of eucaryotic cells.
TWO ENGLISH MODIFICATION PATTERNS FOR CHINESE STUDENTS

OTH CHINESE AND ENGLISH use word order as a structural device. B However, this does not indicate that all the patterns of word order in the one language are the same as those of the other language. Neither does it indicate that the two languages do not use one or more patterns that are alike. The purpose of this article is to show one striking similarity and one striking difference between the English modification patterns and those in Chinese, to point out the importance of the knowledge of such a difference both to the teacher and to the students, and to show how a difficulty resulting from such a difference can be effectively overcome. The English modification patterns discussed here are limited to those composed of words modifying words that function as nouns. Such modifications fall into two main divisions : pre-modifications and post-modifications. Modifiers which are single words usually precede the word modified: e.g., “I have a red book.” Modifiers which are groups of words usually follow the word modified: e.g., “I have a book from China.” In Chinese, modifiers of both kinds usually precede the word modified. In English a single word when used as a modifier usually precedes what is modified. For example: “the English books,” “the hard books,” “the two books,” “the first books,” “the boy’s books.” When such single words are put together, they usually fall into a specific order. For example:
Differences in foraging behaviour explain interspecific growth inhibition in competing salamanders

Abstract Co-existence in a species-pair of pond-breeding salamanders has been attributed to a trade-off in the competitive abilities of their larvae: the mole salamander,Ambystoma talpoideum, is aggressively superior to the spotted salamander,A. maculatum. Conversely,A. maculatuminhibits the growth of both conspecifics andA. talpoideum, yet the mechanism of this growth inhibition is unknown. Interspecific variation in foraging behaviour was examined to test the hypothesis thatA. maculatumreduces the growth of competitors through its superior performance as a forager. In replicated trials, the behaviour of individual larvae was recorded as each foraged on a single type of prey,Daphnia pulex, provided at a constant density.A. maculatumwas exploitatively superior totalpoideum: larvae of the former species had significantly faster rates of prey capture than did their interspecific competitors. Moreover, relative to the behaviour ofA. talpoideum,A. maculatumlooked towards prey items at a significantly greater rate, spent a greater proportion of time in pursuit of prey and spent less time handling each prey item. These interspecific differences in foraging behaviour provide a mechanism by which larvae ofA. maculatummay inhibit the growth of competitors. The results support the hypothesis that exploitative superiority inA. maculatumcounteracts aggression byA. talpoideum, thus emphasizing the importance of ‘trade-offs’ in competitive abilities to co-existence in this species-pair.
Nitrogen limited biobarriers remove atrazine from contaminated water: Laboratory studies

Abstract Atrazine is one of the most frequently used herbicides. This usage coupled with its mobility and recalcitrant nature in deeper soils and aquifers makes it a frequently encountered groundwater contaminant. We formed biobarriers in sand filled columns by coating the sand with soybean oil; after which, we inoculated the barriers with a consortium of atrazine-degrading microorganisms and evaluated the ability of the barriers to remove atrazine from a simulated groundwater containing 1 mg L − 1 atrazine. The soybean oil provided a carbon rich and nitrogen poor substrate to the microbial consortium. Under these nitrogen-limiting conditions it was hypothesized that bacteria capable of using atrazine as a source of nitrogen would remove atrazine from the flowing water. Our hypothesis proved correct and the biobarriers were effective at removing atrazine when the nitrogen content of the influent water was low. Levels of atrazine in the biobarrier effluents declined with time and by the 24th week of the study no detectable atrazine was present (limit of detection − 1 ). Larger amounts of atrazine were also removed by the biobarriers; when biobarriers were fed 16.3 mg L − 1 atrazine 97% was degraded. When nitrate (5 mg L − 1 N), an alternate source of nitrogen, was added to the influent water the atrazine removal efficiency of the barriers was reduced by almost 60%. This result supports the hypothesis that atrazine was degraded as a source of nitrogen. Poisoning of the biobarriers with mercury chloride resulted in an immediate and large increase in the amount of atrazine in the barrier effluents confirming that biological activity and not abiotic factors were responsible for most of the atrazine degradation. The presence of hydroxyatrazine in the barrier effluents indicated that dehalogenation was one of the pathways of atrazine degradation. Permeable barriers might be formed in-situ by the injection of innocuous vegetable oil emulsions into an aquifer or sandy soil and used to remove atrazine from a contaminated groundwater or to protect groundwater from an atrazine spill.
Modeling and Functional Analysis of the Interaction between von Willebrand Factor A1 Domain and Glycoprotein Ibα

Binding of the von Willebrand factor (vWF) A1 domain to the glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex mediates platelet adhesion to reactive substrates under high shear stress conditions, a key event in hemostasis and thrombosis. We have now used the known three-dimensional structure of the A1 domain to model the interaction with the GP Ibα sequence 271–279, which has previously been implicated in ligand binding. Docking procedures suggested that A1 domain residues in strand β3 and preceding loop (residues 559–566) as well as in helix α3 (residues 594–603) interact with Asp residues 272, 274, 277 and sulfated Tyr residues 278 and 279 in GP Ibα. To verify this model, 14 mutant A1 domain fragments containing single or multiple side chain substitutions were tested for their ability to mediate platelet adhesion under flow. Each of the vWF residues Tyr565, Glu596, and Lys599proved to be strictly required for A1 domain function, which, in agreement with previous findings, was also dependent on Gly561. Moreover, an accessory functional role was apparent for a group of positively charged residues, including Arg at positions 629, 632, 636 and Lys at positions 643 and 645, possibly acting in concert. There was, however, no evidence from the model that these residues directly participate in forming the complex with GP Ibα. These results provide a partial model of the vWF-GP Ibα interaction linked to the manifestation of functional activity in platelet adhesion.
The conjugacy of the vestibulo-ocular reflex evoked by single labyrinth stimulation in awake monkeys

It is well known that the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is conjugate when measured in the dark with minimal vergence. But the neural basis of the VOR conjugacy remains to be identified. In the present study, we measured the VOR conjugacy during single labyrinth stimulation to examine whether the VOR conjugacy depends on reciprocal stimulation of the two labyrinths. There are conflicting views on this issue. First, since the vestibular signals carried by the ascending tract of Deiters' are distributed exclusively to the motoneurons of the ipsilateral eye, the neural innervations after single labyrinth stimulation are not symmetrical for the two eyes. Thus, single labyrinth stimulation may generate disjunctive VOR responses. Second, the only published study on this issue was an electrooculography (EOG) study that reported disjunctive VOR responses during unilateral caloric irrigation (Wolfe in Ann Otol 88:79-85, 1979). Third, the VOR during unilateral caloric stimulation performed in clinical vestibular tests is routinely perceived to be conjugate. To resolve these conflicting views, the present study examined the VOR conjugacy during single labyrinth stimulation by recording binocular eye position signals in awake monkeys with a search coil technique. In contradiction to the previous EOG study and the prediction based on the asymmetry of the unilateral brainstem VOR circuits, we found that the VOR during unilateral caloric irrigation was conjugate over a wide range of conditions. We conclude that the net neural innervations received by the two eyes are symmetrical after single labyrinth stimulation, despite the apparent asymmetry in the unilateral VOR pathways. A novel role for the ascending tract of Deiters' in the VOR conjugacy is proposed.